cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating Content and Literacy in Social Studies: Assessing Instructional Materials and Student Work From a Common Core-Aligned Intervention

The Common Core State Standards (CCSS) call on science and social studies teachers to engage in literacy instruction that prepares students for the academic rigors of college. The Literacy Design Collaborative (LDC) designed a framework to address the challenge of literacy–content integration. At the heart of the intervention are fill-in-the-blank writing prompts that teachers are expected to populate with appropriate content in English Language Arts (ELA), history, or science. This study examines 42 LDC instructional units designed by 8th grade social studies teachers from 2 states as well as the student written work that emerged from these instructional units. My analysis suggests that, on its own, the content literacy approach reflected in the LDC framework is inadequate for helping students use textual evidence in the ways stipulated by CCSS. In particular, students are unlikely to acknowledge authorship or indicate why the evidence they selected is relevant or credible.
Disorders of sex development (DSD): Clinical service delivery in the United States

Following the principles of care recommended in the 2006 Consensus Statement on Disorders of Sex Development (DSD), along with input from representatives of peer support and advocacy groups, this study surveyed DSD clinical management practices at healthcare facilities in the United States. DSD are congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomic sex is atypical. Facilities providing care for patients with DSD were targeted for participation. Specialty providers completed a survey with questions in six broad categories: Institution Information, Nomenclature and Care Guidelines, Interdisciplinary Services, Staff and Community Education, DSD Management, and Research. Twenty-two of 36 targeted sites (61%) participated. Differences were observed between sites with regard to what conditions were considered to be DSD. All sites reported some degree of involvement of pediatric urology and/or surgery and pediatric endocrinology in the care of DSD patients. Gynecology and neonatology were most frequently not represented. Wide variation was observed across sites in continuing education standards, obtaining informed consent for clinical procedures, and in specific clinical management practices. This survey is the first to assess DSD clinical management practices in the United States. The findings establish a baseline of current practices against which providers delivering care to these patients and their families can benchmark their efforts. Such surveys also provide a practical framework for collaboration in identifying opportunities for change that enhance health and quality of life outcomes for patients and families affected by DSD.
What drives overtreatment? Surgeon and radiation oncologist views on omission of adjuvant radiotherapy for elderly women with early stage breast cancer.

562Background: Although trials have shown no survival advantage and only a modest improvement in local control from adjuvant radiotherapy after lumpectomy in older women with stage I, ER+ breast cancer, radiotherapy is commonly administered, raising concerns about overtreatment. Therefore, we sought to evaluate physician attitudes, knowledge, communication, and recommendations in this scenario. Methods: We mailed a survey to a national sample of 713 radiation oncologists and 879 surgeons between June to October 2015. Of these, 913 responded (57%). We assessed physicians’ attitudes, knowledge of pertinent risk information, and responses to clinical scenarios. Results: In patients age > = 70 with stage I, ER+ breast cancer treated with lumpectomy and endocrine therapy, omission of radiotherapy was felt to be unreasonable by 40% of surgeons and 20% of radiation oncologists (p < 0.001). Many surgeons (29%) and radiation oncologists (10%) erroneously associated radiotherapy in older women with improvement in s...
Functional Movement Screening and Paddle-Sport Performance

The purpose of the study reported here was to determine the relationship between an endurance paddle-sport athlete's total functional movement screening (FMS) score and individual race performance. Fifty elite level endurance canoeists and kayakers completed the seven-stage FMS protocol prior to the 2016 United States Canoe and Kayak Association National Championship race. Time taken to finish the race was then associated to overall FMS score and respective sub-scores. Total FMS score and various sub-scores were significantly related to race performance. Female and male athletes differed in which sub-scores were shown to be significantly correlated to finishing time. Outcomes from this study indicate that limitations in functional movement are related to endurance paddle-sport race performance.
How the balance sheet misrepresents shareholder claims and undermines the entity perspective

While the revised conceptual framework issued by the FASB and the IASB states that an entity perspective is appropriate for financial reporting, the framework nevertheless still contains elements that are inconsistent with this perspective. This paper aims to contribute to the discourse around financial reporting perspective by examining the shareholder-centric focus inherent in the traditional balance sheet. We argue that the current balance sheet configuration presents a potentially misleading characterisation of shareholder claims. We suggest that shareholders do not own the corporation, its undistributed profit or the underlying assets.
Granulomatous inflammation mimicking bone metastases on F18 FDG PET

1062 Learning Objectives 1. Not all FDG avid skeletal lesions are malignant. 2. In special situations, confirmation of a bony metastasis may be valuable. 3. Granulomatous inflammation is a frequent mimicker of pathology on FDG PET in the bone and elsewhere. We describe the case of a 53 yo female with T2N0 anal cancer who was found to have several FDG avid skeletal lesions. Biopsy of a right ischial lesion revealed non-necrotizing granulomas consistent with granulomatous inflammation, and no evidence of squamous cell carcinoma. Full evaluation for sarcoidosis or an infectious etiology was negative. We illustrate several unusual characteristics of granulomatous inflammation in our patient, which may be of value in daily clinical practice. Bone marrow/cortical bone involvement by granulomas is usually discovered mostly after patients become symptomatic - anemic -. In our patient bone marrow involvement was not clinically apparent and our PET scan uncovered it. In the era of PET scanning the rate of bone marrow and solid organ involvement of granulomatous diseases could be assessed with a better accuracy. FDG avid lesions in a patient known or at risk to have granulomatous disease should be evaluated carefully. The occasional association of granulomas and cancers in various organs also requires close attention when staging and restaging patients with FDG PET. Granulomatous diseases have also been reported to occasionally flare up following chemotherapy, which also occurred in our patient [1]. Referring clinicians and radiologists or nuclear medicine physicians should keep in mind that not all FDG avid skeletal lesions are malignant and biopsy of suspicious metastatic lesions should be contemplated in certain circumstances for accurate staging
B0→ωK∗0 and B0→ρ0ρ0 Decays at Belle

We report on a study of the charmless vector-vector decays B 0 → ω K ∗ 0 and B 0 → ρ 0 ρ 0 with 657 × 10 6 B B ¯ pairs collected with the Belle detector at the KEKB e + e − collider. We find evidence for B 0 → ω K ∗ 0 decays and measure the branching fraction to be B ( B 0 → ω K ∗ 0 ) = [ 1.8 ± 0.7 ( stat ) − 0.2 + 0.3 ( syst ) ] × 10 − 6 with 3.0 σ significance. A helicity analysis of the ω and K ∗ 0 vector mesons is performed, and the longitudinal polarization fraction is measured to be f L ( B 0 → ω K ∗ 0 ) = 0.56 ± 0.29 ( stat ) − 0.08 + 0.18 ( syst ) . We also measure a large non-resonant branching fraction B ( B 0 → ω K + π − ; M K π ∈ ( 0.755 , 1.250 ) GeV / c 2 ) = [ 5.1 ± 0.7 ( stat ) ± 0.7 ( syst ) ] × 10 − 6 with a significance of 9.5 σ . We find a small signal for B 0 → ρ 0 ρ 0 decays and set an upper limit of B ( B 0 → ρ 0 ρ 0 ) = 1.0 × 10 − 6 at the 90% confidence level. From our B 0 → ρ 0 ρ 0 measurement and an isospin analysis, we determine the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa phase ϕ 2 to be 91.7 ± 14.9 degrees. Additionally, we find excesses in B 0 → ρ 0 π + π − and non-resonant B 0 → 4 π ± with 1.3 σ and 2.5 σ significance with branching fractions less than 12.0 × 10 −6 and 19.3 × 10 −6 at the 90% confidence level, respectively.
Furthering the Value of the Emergency Department Beyond Its Walls: Transitions to the Medical Home for Pediatric Emergency Patients

Abstract Transitions of care between providers occur frequently in the emergency department (ED), inviting opportunity for error. The evidence base for improving transitions within the hospital is growing, yet the vast majority of children seen in EDs are discharged home to complete outpatient evaluation and management. The transition of care to the caregiver at home, primary care physician, and specialists that will assume management of the patient offers a critical opportunity to generate value for stakeholders and ensure that their needs are addressed. When reviewing in-hospital transitions, many best practices are identified that may apply to both healthy children and those with complex conditions discharged from the ED. The barriers to performing and the enablers that facilitate strong transitions to the community suggest that there is opportunity to create tools and processes including evolving digital platforms to complete efficient, effective transitions that may reduce ED recidivism.
Low Degree Cohomology of Frobenius Kernels

Let G be a simple algebraic group defined over an algebraically closed field of characteristic \(p>0\). For a positive integer r, let \(G_r\) be the r-th Frobenius kernel of G. We determine in this paper a number m such that the cohomology \(\text {H}^n(G_r,k)\) is isomorphic to \(\text {H}^n(G_1,k)\) for all \(n\le m\) where m depends on p and the type of G.
Successful treatment of clozapine-nonresponsive refractory hallucinations and delusions with pimavanserin, a serotonin 5HT-2A receptor inverse agonist.

Abstract Background Clozapine was the widely accepted gold standard treatment for treatment resistant psychotic symptoms. Clozapine has efficacy of about 50% and some responding patients have to discontinue it due to serious adverse effects. The search for novel agents to use for clozapine-non-responders continues. One such possible agent is the non-dopaminergic antipsychotic pimavanserin, an inverse agonist of serotonin 5-HT2A receptors which was recently approved for the hallucinations and delusions of Parkinson's Disease Psychosis. We report here the successful results of using pimavanserin in patients with refractory hallucinations and delusions who failed to respond to clozapine. We also report similar results in refractory psychosis patients who did not receive clozapine. Methods We present ten cases of patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder with refractory hallucinations and delusions who received a trial of pimavanserin when clozapine or multiple antipsychotics failed. Six of ten patients had not responded to a clozapine trial. The subjects' ages ranged between 21 and 77 years and were followed up for several months. Results All 10 patients with refractory hallucinations and delusions showed marked response to pimavanserin 34 mg/day within 4–8 weeks, with continuation of the response for several months of follow-up. Improvements in negative symptoms and social functioning were also observed in several patients. Discussion This series of 10 cases of patients with refractory psychosis who responded to pimavanserin is an important new finding that has never been reported before. Controlled studies comparing clozapine and pimavanserin in refractory schizophrenia are warranted to confirm these clinical observations.
Sharpe-ly Leveraged: A Model of Human Capital Formation Under Debt Service Constraint

Human capital, like any other form of wealth, lends itself to analysis through the tools of mathematical finance. No less than in other forms of enterprise, human capital formation involves risk. Returns on human capital and the risks inherent in its formation are affected by leverage. This is especially true in the United States, where a significant number of students finance higher education by borrowing. This article specifies a basic model of human capital formation that attempts to capture the essence of the risk-adjusted returns that students hope to realize when they pursue further education. This article adapts the Sharpe ratio of modern portfolio theory to measure the risk-adjusted benefit of education-enhanced earnings as the ratio of expected earnings to the volatility of those returns on human capital. It then adjusts both earnings and their dispersion to account for educational debt. On the debt service and earnings premium assumptions adopted by this article, debt-financed higher education will not enhance earnings on a risk-adjusted basis unless (1) the square root of the earnings premium (2) times the square of 1 minus the debt service ratio times the ratio of educational debt to annual earnings (3) exceeds 1.
The role of language ideologies in the self-efficacy of preservice bilingual education teachers

This article examines the language ideologies associated with the sense of self-efficacy of bilingual preservice teachers about their Spanish-language skills. Current teacher shortages in the field...
Innovative Surgical Approaches and Selection Criteria of Large Acne Keloidalis Nuchae Lesions.

Background Acne keloidalis nuchae is a debilitating condition mainly affecting the occipital region or nape of the neck. Surgical approaches are limited in aesthetic outcomes. Three innovative surgical approaches based on selection criteria are presented for enhanced and more predictable wound healing and posterior hairline cosmesis. Methods "Bat excision" and secondary intention healing are shown for 2 of 37 representative patients and confined to the area between the occipital protuberance superiorly and posterior hairline inferiorly. Lesions with ≤3 cm vertical width were required to be in the lower one-half portion of this zone. The same procedure was aided by the use of tension sutures for lesions with >3 cm vertical width area within the defined zone. It was also suitable for breaches of the 2 horizontal lines defined above but generally located in the nuchal area. Debridement of premature epithelizing granulation tissue is shown in 2 additional patients. Results Use of these procedures with debridement in selected patients allowed fine control over the hairline shape and resulted in narrower scars. The mean maximum sagittal width of excised lesions was 5.4 cm. Excised lesion width ≥6.5 cm was highly predictive of >2.5 cm wide scar (P = 0.001). Conclusion Innovative procedures based on selection criteria can extend the approach of acne keloidalis nuchae excision with secondary intention healing to better control the final hairline shape and minimize scarring.
Medical doctor or conscience absolutist? Major challenges to the practice of personal conscience

Summary The extension of conscientious objection (CO) to the refusal to refer to another qualified healthcare practitioner of controversial procedures like abortion exposes the greatest potential challenge to the practice of personal conscience. After a brief review of the history of CO, this paper notes how CO has been extended over several dimensions. Next, a consideration of the difference between the professional conscience and integrity of the primary-care physician and the specialist-technologist reveals a fundamental challenge to the practice of personal conscience of a physician, particularly the specialist-technologist. It is argued that this can lead to a “split conscience” and ultimately to “burn-out” by the health care professional. Since the thrust of the paper is diagnostic, potentially prescriptive resolutions are introduced.
Localized Dielectric Loss Heating in Dielectrophoresis Devices.

Temperature increases during dielectrophoresis (DEP) can affect the response of biological entities, and ignoring the effect can result in misleading analysis. The heating mechanism of a DEP device is typically considered to be the result of Joule heating and is overlooked without an appropriate analysis. Our experiment and analysis indicate that the heating mechanism is due to the dielectric loss (Debye relaxation). A temperature increase between interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) has been measured with an integrated micro temperature sensor between IDEs to be as high as 70 °C at 1.5 MHz with a 30 Vpp applied voltage to our ultra-low thermal mass DEP device. Analytical and numerical analysis of the power dissipation due to the dielectric loss are in good agreement with the experiment data.
Signaling networks in immunometabolism

Adaptive immunity is essential for pathogen and tumor eradication, but may also trigger uncontrolled or pathological inflammation. T cell receptor, co-stimulatory and cytokine signals coordinately dictate specific signaling networks that trigger the activation and functional programming of T cells. In addition, cellular metabolism promotes T cell responses and is dynamically regulated through the interplay of serine/threonine kinases, immunological cues and nutrient signaling networks. In this review, we summarize the upstream regulators and signaling effectors of key serine/threonine kinase-mediated signaling networks, including PI3K–AGC kinases, mTOR and LKB1–AMPK pathways that regulate metabolism, especially in T cells. We also provide our perspectives about the pending questions and clinical applicability of immunometabolic signaling. Understanding the regulators and effectors of immunometabolic signaling networks may uncover therapeutic targets to modulate metabolic programming and T cell responses in human disease.
The Effect of a Nurse-Driven Program Utilizing Implantable Pulmonary Artery Pressure Monitoring to Reduce Hospitalizations in Low-Socioeconomic Urban Patients with Heart Failure

Background Hospitalizations in patients with heart failure (HF) remain high despite advances in treatment. While implantable pulmonary artery pressure monitors (Abbott CardioMEMS) reduce readmissions in largely white and male cohorts, their efficacy in poor, minority populations are not known. We hypothesized that a nurse-driven program using the CardioMEMS device could reduce HF hospitalizations in such patients. Methods 22 high-utilizing patients (86% non-white, 55% female) with NYHA Class III HF were implanted with a CardioMEMS following a hospital admission for HF. Data from the CardioMEMS guided a speciallytrained nurse in adjusting medications. Enrolled patients were matched using 30 clinical and demographic variables with contemporaneous control HF patients who received usual care. Each patient's hospitalizations were recorded for 6 months and compared using Fisher's exact test. Results Patients who received a CardioMEMS experienced a 61% decrease in HF-related readmission and a 70% reduction in HF-related ED visits (p Conclusion A nurse-driven CardioMEMS program reduces HF-related hospitalization and ED visits among high-risk, low-socioeconomic, urban patients.
Local Peritoneal Responses in Peritonities—Clinical Scenarios I: Peritoneal Compartment responses and its clinical consequences

It is conceivable to view the peritoneal cavity as a separate and specialized compartment. Any events, which occur within this compartment are initially “compartmentalized,” but subsequently produce immense pathophysiological changes in the neighboring spaces and organs, and on the whole body as well. This review will focus on the local and systemic consequences of physical changes within the peritoneal compartment, caused by elevated intra-abdominal pressure and the pneumoperitoneum, which is induced during laparoscopic surgery. Intra-abdominal hypertension is yet another factor to consider in the overall management of the surgical and critically ill. Commonly it is relatively silent but contributing to patients SIRS, organ dysfunction and death. It may mimic sepsis and/or contribute to it. This old-new pathophysiological entity, which has been ignored for so long should be recognized, prevented and treated.
Patterns of Convection in Plane Layers and in Spherical Shells

When a homogeneous fluid contained in a rectangular box is heated from below, the instability of the basic static state will be described in general by a single solution bifurcating from the primary solution of the problem. When the physical conditions are such that the two horizontal dimensions of the box are indistinguishable, the instability corresponds to a degenerate bifurcation problem, and the realized solution depends on the initial conditions of the experiment. This degeneracy can be called an orientational degeneracy, since it is associated with the two indistinguishable horizontal directions of the box.
Concentration changes of ten metal and metalloid elements in atmospheric PM_(2. 5) in two districts of Lanzhou City from 2015 to 2018

OBJECTIVE To detect the concentrations of ten metals and metalloid elements in the atmospheric PM_(2. 5) in Chengguan district and Xigu district of Lanzhou City from 2015 to 2018, and analyze the pollutant concentration and its change trend. METHODS From 2015 to 2018, 662 samples of PM_(2. 5) were collected from Chengguan district and Xigu district of Lanzhou City. The concentrations of 10 kinds of metals and metalloid elements such as lead(Pb), arsenic(As), mercury(Hg), cadmium(Cd), chromium(Cr), antimony(Sb), manganese(Mn), nickel(Ni), selenium(Se), beryllium(Be) were detected, and the change trends of different monitoring points, years, seasons and months were analyzed. RESULTS There was a significant difference in lead content between Chengguan District and Xigu District(χ~2=4. 80, P 0. 05). From 2015 to 2018, the element content of PM_(2. 5) in Chengguan District decreased by 47. 66% compared with 2015; Xigu District in 2018 decreased by 43. 79% compared with 2015; the higher element Pb, Mn and As in Chengguan District decreased by 52. 93%, 47. 00% and 49. 37% compared with 2015; in Xigu District, the content in 2018 decreased by 46. 87%, 47. 49% and 41. 98%compared with 2015, the contents of the remaining seven elements decreased in 2018 compared with those in 2015. There was no statistical significance(P>0. 05) in different seasons except for the difference of Ni content(P spring>autumn> summer. The trend of monthly concentration change in the two regions was basically the same, the concentrations of Sb, As, Pb, Mn, Cd, Ni, Se, Hg and Cr were higher in November and February of next year. In Chengguan District and Xigu District, Ni content was higher in July and August, respectively;and Hg in Xigu District was higher in June, and Be was higher in less months, especially in February, October and December. CONCLUSION From 2015 to 2018, the levels of 10 metals and metalloids element pollutants in PM_(2. 5) samples from Chengguan District and Xigu District of Lanzhou City showed a decreasing trend year by year, and had obvious seasonal changes.
Intact Female Mice Acquire Trace-Eyeblink Conditioning Faster Than Male and Ovariectomized Female Mice

Abstract Female subjects have been widely excluded from past neuroscience work because of a number of biases, including the notion that cycling sex hormones increase variability. However, it is necessary to conduct behavioral research in mice that includes both sexes as mice are typically used for developing and evaluating future therapeutics. Understanding sex differences in learning is fundamental for the development of targeted therapies for numerous neurologic and neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, which is more prevalent in females than males. This study set out to confirm the role of sex and necessity of circulating ovarian hormones in the acquisition of the temporal associative memory task trace eyeblink conditioning (tEBC) in C57BL/6J mice. We present evidence that sex and ovarian hormones are important factors in learning. Specifically, intact female mice learn significantly faster than both male and ovariectomized (ovx) female mice. Data from pseudoconditioned control mice indicate that sex differences are because of differences in learned associations, not sensitization or spontaneous blink rate. This study strengthens the idea that ovarian hormones such as estrogen and progesterone significantly influence learning and memory and that further research is needed to determine the underlying mechanisms behind their effects. Overall, our findings emphasize the necessity of including both sexes in future behavioral studies.
A Novel Channel Model for Clustered CubeSat Communication

In this work, a new channel model is proposed to describe communication between clustered CubeSats. The channel is presented as a normalized sum of the line-of-sight, specular, and diffuse components of a three dimensional, double bounce, stochastic model. Normalization is performed using the Ricean K-factor. This model also accounts for the transmit and receive antenna characteristics making it useful for optimization. The channel properties are explored using a reconfigurable antenna with variable inter-element spacing. Results indicate that the mean channel capacity and inter-element spacing are proportionally related.
Identification of QTL for Rice Starch RVA Profile Properties under Different Ecological Sites

Two rice varieties with similar apparent amylose content,Nipponbare(japonica) and 9311(indica),were used as par-ents to establish a recombinant inbred line population consisting of 190 lines using single seed descent method.The genetic link-age map was constructed with 202 SSR,CAPs,and STS markers.Quantitative trait loci(QTLs) were identified for eight rice starch RVA profile properties including peak paste viscosity(PKV),hot paste viscosity(HPV),cool paste viscosity(CPV),break-down viscosity(BDV),setback viscosity(SBV),consistence viscosity(CSV),peaktime(PeT),pasting temperature(PaT) by composite interval mapping method in three different ecological sites(Lingshui,Hefei,and Huaiyuan).A total of 57 QTLs were identified,with 1 to 14 for each trait,indicating that rice starch RVA profile properties were controlled by multiple genes.Thirteen stable QTLs were detected at two or three sites,among which qCPV-3,qCPV-10b,qSBV-10b,qCSV-3b,and qCSV-10b(explain-ing,26.9%,29.5%,29.7%,25.2%,and 28.3% of variance) were detected in all the three sites.Sixteen QTLs were found to have pleiotropy with a single QTL controlling 2-6 traits(RVA profile properties).The interval RM25032-RM1375 on chromosome 10 harbored QTLs for six traits(PKV,HPV,CPV,SBV,PaT,and CSV).
Surgical Stabilization for Patients with Mechanical Back Pain Secondary to Metastatic Spinal Disease is Associated with Improved Objective Mobility Metrics: Preliminary Analysis in a Cohort of 26 Patients.

Objectives To investigate the effect of surgical stabilization for patients with metastatic spinal disease on objective mobility metrics. Methods A retrospective chart review identified patients who had mechanical back pain from metastatic spinal disease and underwent spinal stabilization during 2017. Mobility metrics, the Activity Measure for Post-Acute Care (AM-PAC) inpatient mobility short form (IMSF) and the Johns Hopkins Highest Level of Mobility (JH-HLM), were reviewed. Results A total of 26 patients were included in the analysis with median hospital stay of 8 days. Preoperative JH-HLM scores were available for 17 patients with a mean score of 5.4, increasing to mean score of 6.6 at last follow-up (P = 0.036). Preoperative AM-PAC IMSF scores were available for 14 patients with a mean score of 19.4, decreasing slightly to a mean score of 18.7 at last follow-up (P = 0.367). Last follow-up with mobility metrics occurred a median of 6.5 days postoperatively (range: 3–66 days). Multivariable analysis showed that American Spinal Injury Association and Karnofsky Performance Status scores were significantly associated with both JH-HLM and AM-PAC mobility scores at last follow-up. A higher JH-HLM or AM-PAC score was significantly associated with direct home discharge and a higher AM-PAC score was associated with shorter hospital stay. Conclusions Surgical stabilization for patients with mechanical back pain secondary to metastatic spinal disease might lead to an objective improvement in JH-HLM score. JH-HLM and AM-PAC scores may be correlated with length of hospital stay and discharge disposition. Future studies are encouraged to further characterize the role of these mobility metrics in the management plan of these patients.
Evolving Trust for High Consequence Microelectronics

High consequence systems are built to be in-service for decades and abide by always-never principles. We develop high fidelity models and analyze them under worst-case scenarios, but we often do not or cannot have complete design knowledge. Since we must to some extent rely on third party suppliers and intellectual property, we must also learn to securely open perimeters and assign measures of trust through data artifacts and continuous monitoring. During this talk, I will cover bridges being built to support needs of ongoing programs and research that still remains to address hardware security and assurance challenges for modernization efforts.
Formation of mucosal resident memory CD8 T cells is controlled by mTOR. (IRC9P.705)

Mucosal tissues are sites of frequent pathogen exposure and major routes for the transmission of infectious diseases. Migration of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells into mucosal tissues such as the small intestine and vaginal mucosa is highly restricted to non-circulating tissue resident memory CD8 T cells. Resident mucosal memory CD8 T cells are sufficient to protect against the establishment of mucosa-acquired viral infections, and thus it is essential to develop vaccine strategies that elicit long-lived mucosal CD8 T cells. CD8 T cells residing in mucosal tissues are phenotypically distinct from those in secondary lymphoid tissues and factors critical for their formation are poorly defined. It is also unclear whether mucosal CD8 T cells possess a unique requirement for their generation and maintenance from that of circulating memory CD8 T cells. We report that unlike in the secondary lymphoid tissues, the formation of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells in the small intestine and vaginal mucosa is dependent on mTOR signaling. In addition, we demonstrate using a CD8 T cell mediated model of intestinal autoimmune disease that inhibiting mTOR results in a loss of CD8 T cells in the small intestine and protects mice from lethality. Furthermore, we will discuss data that targets mTOR signaling intrinsically within the CD8 T cells to provide mechanistic insight into how the mTOR pathway specifically controls the generation of mucosal CD8 T cells in response to viral infections.
The Effect of Industry Concentration on Free Riding

The conventional wisdom regarding industry concentration and cooperative behavior has not been fully supported by the empirical literature. This paper develops a game-theoretic model to explain these mixed results. In the context of an industry that lobbies the government for tariff protection, the model shows that the difficulty of enforcing a cooperative agreement is a function of not only the number of firms in the industry but also the rate of return to lobbying. Thus, when the rate of return to lobbying expenditures is high, the expected relationship may break down.
BIOLOGIC RESPONSE MODIFIER-INDUCED INDOLEAMINE 2,3-DIOXYGENASE ACTIVITY IN HUMAN PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELL CULTURES'

Degradation of tryptophan to kynurenine, catalyzed by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), has been augmented in human epithelial cell lines treated with human interferon-gamma (HuIFN-gamma). Several human biologic response modifiers, including HuIFN-gamma, HuIFN-beta, HuIFN-alpha, interleukin 2 (HuIL-2), and tumor necrosis factor alpha, have now been assessed for their ability to enhance tryptophan degradation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PMC) cultures. PMC were isolated from normal donors, cultivated in RPMI 1640 medium containing [3H]tryptophan, and treated with individual biologic response modifiers. At various intervals, culture supernatants were removed, fractionated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography, and radioactivity in resultant fractions was determined. Significantly increased amounts of tryptophan catabolites were observed after treatment with HuIFN-gamma, HuIFN-beta, HuIFN-alpha, and HuIL-2, but not human tumor necrosis factor alpha. Often, greater than 30% of available tryptophan was degraded by treated PMC cultures. Although antibodies to HuIFN-alpha, HuIFN-beta, and HuIFN-gamma specifically neutralized the induction of IDO activity in PMC by their respective HuIFN, only anti-HuIFN-gamma antibody also neutralized HuIL-2-induced IDO activity. Furthermore, T24 bladder carcinoma cells, in which IDO was induced by HuIFN-gamma but not by the other biologic response modifiers, were induced to degrade tryptophan by supernatants of HuIL-2-stimulated PMC cultures, but not by HuIFN-beta-stimulated PMC culture supernatants. Thus, whereas HuIL-2 indirectly induced IDO in PMC cultures by stimulating production of HuIFN-gamma, all cases of interferons appeared to induce IDO directly in PMC cultures.
The Role of Globalization in Economic Development

Globalization is the process of increased interconnectedness among countries. The prosperous economic development that is typically gained because of the increased interconnectedness among countries usually results in a better standard of living, and an overall improved quality of life. The successful economic development of a nation hinges on its ability to globalize. Given that the international integration of national economies has such a profound effect, globalization plays a central role in determining the future of the world. This paper attempts to explain what role globalization has played and its overall impact on economic development.
Pteridines in the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas)—II: Quantitative determination of pteridine content of tissues during growth☆

A method for the quantitative analysis of xanthopterin, isoxanthopterin, and 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine in the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas), is described. Changes in amounts of these pteridines during growth and development and starvation are given, and the relative amount of nitrogen excreted as pteridine and uric acid has been calculated.
Emancipation's Diaspora: Race and Reconstruction in the Upper Midwest – By Leslie A. Schwalm

In 1836, Dred Scott accompanied his owner to the Wisconsin Territory, a tract that encompassed the modern‐day states of Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa. Based on his residence in “free” territory, S...
Inhibition by retinoids of platelet growth factor-dependent stimulation of DNA synthesis and cell division in density-arrested C3H 10T1/2 fibroblasts.

The inhibition of neoplastic transformation by vitamin A and its natural and synthetic analogues, collectively called retinoids, is accomplished by an as yet unknown mechanism. In a recent report, the morphological transformation of carcinogen-treated C3H 10T½ fibroblasts to focusforming transformed cells was shown to be a postconfluence event induced in density-arrested initiated cells by platelet growth factors in serum and was correlated with the mitogenic response of the preneoplastic cells to these polypeptides. The current study investigates the possibility that the inhibition of neoplastic transformation by retinoids is accomplished by blocking the mitogenic response of initiated cells to these growth factors. The results demonstrate that the stimulation by serum of DNA synthesis and cell division in normal and carcinogen-treated C3H 10T½ fibroblasts after density-dependent growth arrest is inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by retinyl acetate, all- trans retinoic acid, and 4-hydroxyphenylretinamide over the same dose range and to the same extent that neoplastic transformation is inhibited by these retinoids. Cellular mitogenic processes sensitive to retinoid inhibition were shown to be induced specifically by platelet growth factors, rather than plasma growth factors, to occur within approximately 2 h of growth factor treatment, and to be common to cell division stimulated in density-arrested normal and initiated cells by highly purified platelet-derived or epidermal growth factor. These data suggest that the inhibition of neoplastic transformation by retinoids is accomplished by blocking the G to G1 transition in the mitotic response of initiated cells to platelet growth factors which act as endogenous promoters of transformation.
Ultrasound imaging of breast tumor perfusion and neovascular morphology.

Abstract A novel image processing strategy is detailed for simultaneous measurement of tumor perfusion and neovascular morphology parameters from a sequence of dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound (DCE-US) images. After normalization and tumor segmentation, a global time–intensity curve describing contrast agent flow was analyzed to derive surrogate measures of tumor perfusion (i.e., peak intensity, time-to-peak intensity, area under the curve, wash-in rate, wash-out rate). A maximum intensity image was generated from these same segmented image sequences, and each vascular component was skeletonized via a thinning algorithm. This skeletonized data set and collection of vessel segments were then investigated to extract parameters related to the neovascular network and physical architecture (i.e., vessel-to-tissue ratio, number of bifurcations, vessel count, average vessel length and tortuosity). An efficient computation of local perfusion parameters was also introduced and operated by averaging time–intensity curve data over each individual neovascular segment. Each skeletonized neovascular segment was then color-coded by these local measures to produce a parametric map detailing spatial properties of tumor perfusion. Longitudinal DCE-US image data sets were collected in six patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer using a Philips iU22 ultrasound system equipped with a L9-3 transducer and Definity contrast agent. Patients were imaged using US before and after contrast agent dosing at baseline and again at weeks 6, 12, 18 and 24 after treatment started. Preliminary clinical results suggested that breast tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy may be associated with temporal and spatial changes in DCE-US-derived parametric measures of tumor perfusion. Moreover, changes in neovascular morphology parametric measures may also help identify any breast tumor response (or lack thereof) to systemic treatment. Breast cancer management from early detection to therapeutic monitoring is currently undergoing profound changes. Novel imaging techniques that are sensitive to the unique biological conditions of each individual tumor represent valuable tools in the pursuit of personalized medicine.
Mitigating Continental-Scale Bottlenecks: How Small-Scale Highway Mitigation Has Large-Scale Impacts

Roads are a primary contributor to habitat destruction and fragmentation yet have only recently become a major focus of conservation efforts. Road ecology originated from the realization that sprawling road systems can have substantial effects on species and ecosystems. Understanding these effects and developing science-based solutions to mitigate them will be central to large-scale landscape connectivity efforts. North American transportation agencies have been slow to adopt ecosystem and landscape-based approaches to planning. Large-landscape connectivity efforts focus on mitigating habitat fragmentation and increasing ecological connectivity at the landscape scale; however, local scale mitigation is equally important. Wildlife crossing structures are an increasingly popular strategy for restoring connectivity across highways but are only as effective as the management strategies developed around them. Coordination is needed between land management and transportation agencies for local scale mitigation to be of value to landscape scale conservation planning. Because population viability is rarely threatened by transportation alone, cumulative human impacts need to be assessed and mitigated for connectivity conservation efforts to be successful at local scales. Here I provide an example where a multi-criteria decision-making process was used to assess potential transportation mitigation opportunities at a local scale but within a regional connectivity context. More work is required to assess the role of crossing structures in allowing animals to adapt and population to redistribute in response to changing climate.
Quantitative determination of cyanoacetic acid as an enzymic product of β-aminopropionitrile☆

Abstract A procedure has been developed for quantitative determination of cyanoacetic acid (CAA) by colorimetric measurement of the orange dye formed with diazotized sulfanilic acid in alkaline solution. The quantitative CAA procedure was used to measure the in vitro formation of CAA from β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) by liver homogenates of various species. Rabbit liver homogenate was much more active than homogenates of the other species studied. CAA was found to appear in the blood serum of turkeys following the administration of either BAPN or CAA in the diet, higher blood levels of CAA appearing at higher dietary levels of the BAPN or CAA.
Discrete Fluctuations and Their Influence on Kinetics of Reactions

We study the fluctuations arising from the discrete particle nature of the reactants in chemical processes, which we termdiscrete fluctuations. It is shown how the magnitude of discrete fluctuations is formally obtained from the Van KampenΩ-expansion of the master equation for the process in question. It is claimed that discrete fluctuations are, at times, an important factor in determining the anomalous kinetics of reaction systems. We specialize to diffusionlimited reactions in systems below their upper critical dimensionality. Some variations of the two-species annihilation process A + B → inert, as well as some other examples, are presented and analyzed. Many of these examples prove our point about the dramatic influence of discrete fluctuations on the reaction kinetics. Our theoretical scaling predictions are backed by extensive Monte Carlo simulations.
Hypo-collagenesis in photoaged skin predicts response to anti-aging cosmeceuticals

Summary Background Chronic sun exposure causes photoaging, the appearance of prematurely aged skin. This phenomenon is characterized by progressive alteration of the dermal extracellular matrix, including elastin and collagen fibers. While many cosmeceuticals claim to improve the appearance of photoaged skin, data are lacking regarding their ability to induce molecular responses associated with wrinkle effacement, particularly increased collagen production. Aims To conduct a meta-analysis to determine whether there was a factor(s) that could predict response to various cosmeceuticals. Patients/Methods Hundred subjects enrolled in five separate studies of cosmeceuticals containing: L-ascorbic acid, pentapeptide, a-lipoic acid, yeast extract, or 1% idebenone. Five groups consisting of 16–20 volunteers applied one cosmeceutical to their photodamaged forearms for several weeks. Punch biopsies were obtained pretreatment and post-treatment and analyzed for type I procollagen by ELISA. Results Analysis of basal collagenesis reinforced the notion that hypo-collagenesis is associated with photoaging severity, independent of age or gender. Treatment outcome varied greatly among subjects, ranging from no improvement to a 7-fold increase in collagenesis. Retrospective statistical meta-analysis was conducted to determine whether age, gender, type of cosmeceutical, or evidence of hypocollagenesis in untreated skin could predict responsiveness to cosmeceuticals. Our analysis revealed that subjects with hypo-collagenesis responded 6.4 times more often than subjects with normo-collagenesis. Discussion Hypo-collagenesis was the only factor that influenced treatment outcome. This study therefore identifies hypo-collagenesis as the unique parameter predicting anti-aging cosmeceutical treatment outcome. These findings provide a basis for future cosmetic testing and the potential development of custom formula skin care.
Psychosocial development in racially and ethnically diverse youth: Conceptual and methodological challenges in the 21st century

As the US population becomes more diverse in the 21st century, researchers face many conceptual and methodological challenges in working with diverse populations. We discuss these issues for racially and ethnically diverse youth, using Spencer's phenomenological variant of ecological systems theory (PVEST) as a guiding framework. We present a brief historical background and discuss recurring conceptual flaws in research on diverse youth, presenting PVEST as a corrective to these flaws. We highlight the interaction of race, culture, socioeconomic status, and various contexts of development with identity formation and other salient developmental processes. Challenges in research design and interpretation of data are also covered with regard to both assessment of contexts and developmental processes. We draw upon examples from neighborhood assessments, ethnic identity development, and attachment research to illustrate conceptual and methodological challenges, and we discuss strategies to address these challenges. The policy implications of our analysis are also considered.
Reasoning about Reasoning: A Course Project:

A course project for a sophomore-/junior-level course in thinking, reasoning, and decision making is described. Students in the course observe and describe the reasoning style of a partner from the class on four different tasks (e.g., geometric analogies and moral dilemmas). Then, they compare the performance across the four tasks to develop an argument about how many distinct kinds of reasoning they have observed in their partner. The assignment is designed to illustrate course material on theories and models of reasoning in concrete ways. Another and more important objective is to elicit from students a degree of critical thinking and creativity as they develop their own models and conclusions.
Further electron spin resonance studies of Cu(II) in Linde Y zeolite*1

Abstract As a continuation of previous work carried out on the electron spin resonance characteristic of Cu(II) Linde Y zeolite, measurements were made in both X-(9.5 GHz) band and in Q-(35 GHz) band at room, liquid-nitrogen and liquid-helium temperatures. Deuterated samples were measured to cut down the influence of dipole-dipole broadening of the Cu(II) signal by the protons of the ligand water molecules. Solid state effect measurements at low temperatures were used to supplement the resolution of the Cu(II) complex spectrum. Evidence for the existence of two sites for Cu(II) in the lattice was examined critically. The presence of copper(II) clusters in more concentrated Cu(II) samples, particularly after heat treatment, was substantiated. The influence of gases adsorbed or reacting with the Cu(II) zeolite was investigated.