cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How the Culture of Economics Stops Economists from Studying Group Behavior and the Development of Social Cultures

Economic thought evolved over the past two centuries to focus on individual behavior as the basis for all economic activity. Some heterodox economists have pointed to the importance of group behavior and the influence of organizations on economic activity, but the neoclassical paradigm, with the rational isolated individual as its main actor, prevails in mainstream economics. This paper presents a “sociology of economics” to explain why the culture of the field of economics effectively blinds its practitioners to the phenomenon of group behavior. Drawing on the work of Pierre Bourdieu, the paper details the field’s methodology (habitus), which includes the assumptions of the rational and separable individual, and the belief system (doxa), consisting of the metaphors of the invisible hand and rational free choice, that supports the habitus. The culture of economics is firmly held in place by symbolic violence directed at those who question the prevailing culture. The paper further highlights the role of business and financial interests in supporting the prevailing culture of economics. In conclusion, a strong group culture, supported by powerful business and financial organizations, discourages economists from recognizing this group culture or the powerful organizations that support it.
Minimum duration outage for cellular systems: a level crossing analysis

Traditionally, studying outage for cellular systems has been based on the signal level (or, more precisely, the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR)) falling below a required threshold. In real cellular environments, it is not the instantaneous drop of the signal strength below the threshold that determines outage. It is, in fact, the duration of time below a threshold that determines outage for cellular systems. Moreover, the static analysis of outage precludes the time correlation in the signals which is important in real systems owing to mobility, fading and power control. We analyse "minimum duration" outages for such systems, where outage is defined as an excursion of the SIR below a level for a certain minimum duration. We formulate the outage condition as a level crossing problem and extend asymptotic results from the theory of level crossings to derive analytical results for the probability of outage. This method enables us to include the time correlation of signals in the analysis as well. The validity of the asymptotic results is verified using some exact results as well as simulations. These "minimum duration" outages have implications in redefining user capacity and handoff performance.
Exonuclease IX of Escherichia coli

The bacteria Escherichia coli contains several exonucleases acting on both double- and single-stranded DNA and in both a 5'-->3' and 3'-->5' direction. These enzymes are involved in replicative, repair and recombination functions. We have identified a new exonuclease found in E.coli, termed exonuclease IX, that acts preferentially on single-stranded DNA as a 3'-->5' exonuclease and also functions as a 3'-phosphodiesterase on DNA containing 3'-incised apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites to remove the product trans -4-hydroxy-2-pentenal 5-phosphate. The enzyme showed essentially no activity as a deoxyribophosphodiesterase acting on 5'-incised AP sites. The activity was isolated as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein from a sequence of the E.coli genome that was 60% identical to a 260 bp region of the small fragment of the DNA polymerase I gene. The protein has a molecular weight of 28 kDa and is free of AP endonuclease and phosphatase activities. Exonuclease IX is expressed in E.coli , as demonstrated by reverse transcription-PCR, and it may function in the DNA base excision repair and other pathways.
Regulation of Francisella Tularensis Virulence

Francisella tularensis is one of the most virulent bacteria known and a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Category A select agent. It is able to infect a variety of animals and insects and can persist in the environment, thus Francisella spp. must be able to survive in diverse environmental niches. However, F. tularensis has a surprising dearth of sensory and regulatory factors. Recent advancements in the field have identified new functions of encoded transcription factors and greatly expanded our understanding of virulence gene regulation. Here we review the current knowledge of environmental adaptation by F. tularensis, its transcriptional regulators and their relationship to animal virulence.
Laboratory Diagnosis of Dementia

The role of the pathology laboratory in establishing a diagnosis of dementia is evolving. The initial role is to perform routine tests that rule out treatable etiologies of cognitive impairment. The pathology department’s histology laboratory provides a definitive diagnosis for dementia when post-mortem examination of the brain is requested by a clinician or family member. Well-defined neuropathological consensus criteria have been established for confirming a clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and other neurodegenerative diseases resulting in dementia. Although genetic and protein biomarkers have been correlated with Alzheimer’s disease, none of these has led to a molecular diagnostics test that is sensitive and specific enough for routine purposes. Proteomic and gene microarray technology is rapidly advancing our understanding of neurodegenerative diseases and although the direct application of these techniques for a dementia diagnosis is not yet feasible; this technology will facilitate the development of new diagnostic tools and better treatment strategies.
Differences in larval growth among families of Penaeus stylirostris Stimpson and P. vannamei Boone

. Full-sib families of Penaeus stylirostris Stimpson and Penaeus vannamei Boone were grown under controlled conditions in five experiments. Total length of shrimp larvae was measured at the following substages: protozoea one, mysis one and postlarva one. Analysis of variance showed that families differed significantly in size in all experiments at all substages tested. The average size possessed by a group of larvae early in development was significantly correlated with the size obtained in the later stages in P. siylirosiris, but not in P. vannamei. The component of variance in size due to family differences was determined and used to estimate heritabilities of size at the three larval substages in both species. Estimated heritabilities were higher for P. stylirostris than P. vannamei. In P. vannamei. the hcritability of size is greater for the protozoea and postlarval stages than the mysis stage.
Synthesis and characterization of ring polybutadienes

It has been shown that butadiene initiated with potassium naphthalene in the mixture THF-n-hexane polymerizes conveniently rapidly. The active center is sufficiently stable below 0°C to produce narrow molecular weight linear polybutadiene. The two-ended living polymer has also served to prepare ring polybutadienes. The analysis of the ring polymers by a high-resolution set of SEC columns proved superior to the conventional method for the determination of the linear content in rings and in synthetic mixtures of rings and linear polymers. Dilute solution characterization of the linear and ring polymers shows that gr′ = [η]/r[η]l is less than 0.66 in a good solvent.
Descriptive Study of Shared Decision Making About Lifestyle Modifications With Individuals Who Have Psychiatric Disabilities

BACKGROUND: Shared decision making (SDM) is a process of active participation by clients with practitioners in weighing the risks and benefits of treatments. It has not been extended to decisions about making lifestyle modifications. OBJECTIVE: Describe how frequently health lifestyle behaviors are addressed in 15- to 20-minute medicine clinic visits with individuals who have psychiatric disabilities and how often SDM is used in reaching decisions. DESIGN: Content analysis of 98 audiotaped transcripts from practitioner and client medicine clinic visits. RESULTS: The most frequently discussed lifestyle behaviors discussed were sleep (89%) and diet (61%). SDM, defined as sharing information and options about behavior by either or both practitioner and client and affirmation of a decision by both, occurred 48 times (44%) when a problem existed. CONCLUSION: Discussion of lifestyle behaviors along with use of SDM in negotiating changes in behavior is feasible in a 15- to 20-minute visit.
The Rule of Wisdom and the Rule of Law in Plato's Statesman

Recently, the idea of phronesis has assumed great importance among political theorists. This prominence is due to the perception that, contrary to the application of the methods of natural science to politics, phronesis preserves the distinctive character of politics in its refusal to apply inappropriate standards of precision and to find certainty where it does not exist. But precisely because of this, the following question arises: Can we ascertain a nonarbitrary standard of phronesis without denying those characteristics that make it appropriate for the understanding of politics? I address this question by considering the treatment of phronesis (wisdom) found in Plato's Statesman and, in particular, the passage that weighs the relative merits of rule by wisdom and rule by law. In this seminal consideration of phronesis Plato (unlike Aristotle) does not confine his treatment to the practical sphere; even this intensely political passage contains far-reaching reflections on the nature of humanity and the world we inhabit. These explain what we are and what our world is, such that there is a need for this cognitive capacity. As I argue, they express the conditions of phronesis that can provide a guide for its use without negating its essential character.
Co-evolutionary algorithm for structural damage identification using minimal physical testing

The problem of damage identification using minimum test data is studied in this work. Data sparsity in damage identification applications commonly results in inverse problems that are mathematically ill-posed (e.g. non-unique solutions). Although solution non-uniqueness may be addressed by performing multiple tests on a structure, it is not trivial to decide which tests to carry out given that actual physical testing is costly. This problem is addressed in this work through a new co-evolutionary algorithm that interactively searches for damage scenarios and optimum physical tests. The algorithm is composed of two stages: the estimation phase, which searches for damage scenarios that can predict current physical tests, and the exploration phase, which searches for tests that increase the level of information about the damaged system. The feasibility of the methodology is demonstrated using numerical examples. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dual-mode dynamics neural network for non-attacking N-Queen problem

A new approach for solving combinatorial optimization problems is presented, based on a novel dynamic neural network featuring a dual-mode of network dynamics, the state dynamics and the weight dynamics. The major difficulties in the neural network approaches for optimization problems are: (1) the objective function for a given problem should have a form that can be mapped onto the network; and (2) due to the local minima problem, the quality of the solution is quite sensitive to various factors, such as the initial state, the parameters in the objective function, etc. The proposed scheme solves these problems: (1) by maintaining the objective function separately from the network energy function, rather than mapping it onto the network, and (2) by introducing the weight dynamics utilizing the objective function to overcome the local minima problem. >
Kinetic models of C3H mouse mammary tumor growth: implications regarding tumor cell loss.

Three models of tumor cell loss are described. the effects of cell loss on other cellular kinetic parameters are evaluated, and experiments which may distinguish among the models are discussed. Each model is based on a different cell-loss mechanism, and equations for the cell-cycle, cell-frequency distribution, the growth of both the proliferating and non-proliferating cell population, the growth fraction (GF), and the relative rate of volumetric growth, (dV/dt)/V, are derived. The following types of data are simulated for each model: the pulse labelling index, the mitotic index, and the labeling index as a function of time after a single or a series of 3H-TdR injections. the relative volumetric growth rate has the same mathematical form for each model. the PLM curves predicted by each model for the tumor lines studied (S102F and Slow) are not appreciably different. the predicted initial labeling index and mitotic index may differ significantly among the models depending upon the tumor line. the most striking difference among the models lies in the predictions regarding the labeling index as a function of time after a single or after a series of 3H-TdR injections. These types of labeling experiments should be valuable for distinguishing the different cell-loss mechanisms in solid tumors.
Switchable dual-band circularly polarised patch antenna with single feed

A novel patch antenna with switchable slots is proposed for dual-band circularly polarised (CP) operation. Two diode controlled slots are incorporated into the patch for dual-band operation and a pair of tuning stubs are utilised to tune the CP performance. The antenna design and experimental results are presented.
Utilization of Polystyrene for Floatation of Decommissioned Nuclear Submarines in Russia

Over the past several years the Russian Federation (RF) has removed from service a large number of nuclear powered submarines (NPSs) from their Navy. The current RF concept of NPSs dismantlement typically involves the following steps: in-place floating storage, transporting (towing) to a dismantlement shipyard, removing the nuclear reactor fuel, and final dismantlement and disposal of the NPS. Appropriate technical systems and funding has not been allocated for their proper dismantlement. Therefore, long-term floating storage of the NPSs is required. To ensure that the NPSs remain afloat, a system has been developed for inserting polystyrene into the NPSs main ballast tanks (MBTs). The process has been successfully applied to a limited number of intact submarines. This system could also be applied to sections of decommissioned submarines, such as reactor compartments, currently floating in unstable conditions in bays in Northwest and Far East Russia.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Towards a Taxonomy of Verbal Tests Based on Logic

This paper presents a discussion of the problems inherent in verbal test taxonomies which are not based on the schematic domain of logic. This discussion is made in the context of syntactically complex tests such as reading comprehension and inference. A suggested structure for a logically-constructed taxonomy, which has been developed for use in a Federal testing program, is delineated.
Neural mechanisms tracking popularity in real-world social networks

Differences in popularity are a key aspect of status in virtually all human groups and shape social interactions within them. Little is known, however, about how we track and neurally represent others’ popularity. We addressed this question in two real-world social networks using sociometric methods to quantify popularity. Each group member (perceiver) viewed faces of every other group member (target) while whole-brain functional MRI data were collected. Independent functional localizer tasks were used to identify brain systems supporting affective valuation (ventromedial prefrontal cortex, ventral striatum, amygdala) and social cognition (dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, precuneus, temporoparietal junction), respectively. During the face-viewing task, activity in both types of neural systems tracked targets’ sociometric popularity, even when controlling for potential confounds. The target popularity–social cognition system relationship was mediated by valuation system activity, suggesting that observing popular individuals elicits value signals that facilitate understanding their mental states. The target popularity–valuation system relationship was strongest for popular perceivers, suggesting enhanced sensitivity to differences among other group members’ popularity. Popular group members also demonstrated greater interpersonal sensitivity by more accurately predicting how their own personalities were perceived by other individuals in the social network. These data offer insights into the mechanisms by which status guides social behavior.
Influence of increased abdominal pressure on steady-state cardiac performance

The effect of steady-state increases in abdominal pressure (Pab) on cardiac performance was studied in seven acutely instrumented swine with pneumoperitoneum (PP). The animal was placed on volume-preset ventilation, and PP was created by air insufflation. Cardiac output (CO), right atrial (Pra), left atrial (Pla), pericardial (Ppe), and abdominal inferior vena cava pressures (Pivc) were measured while Pab was increased from baseline to 7.5, 15, and 30 mmHg (PP7.5, PP15, and PP30, respectively). Cardiac function curves of the right and left ventricle (RV and LV, respectively) were compared between baseline and PP30. CO presented biphasic changes, with an inital slight increase at PP7.5 followed by a fall at PP30. A significant discrepancy was observed between Pra and Pivc at PP15 and PP30, consistent with development of a "vascular waterfall." Transmural Pla (Pla - Ppe) showed parallel changes with CO, whereas transmural Pra (Pra - Ppe) exhibited a sustained increase. The RV cardiac-function curve was more depressed than was that of the LV at PP30; this suggests an increased RV afterload produced by the elevated airway pressure. These results support the hypothesis that our previously proposed concept of abdominal vascular zone conditions (M. Takata, R. A. Wise, and J. L. Robotham. J. Appl. Physiol. 69: 1961-1972, 1990) is also applicable to steady-state hemodynamic analyses. The abdominal zones appear to play an important role in determining CO, with increases in Pab, by modulating systemic venous return and the LV preload. Simultaneous measurements of Pra and Pivc may provide useful information in the hemodynamic care of patients with elevated Pab.
Autosomal recessive Alport syndrome: Mutation in the COL4A3 gene in a woman with Alport syndrome and posttransplant antiglomerular basement membrane nephritis

Autosomal recessive Alport syndrome can arise from a mutation in either of the genes COL4A3 and COL4A4 on chromosome 2, which encode, respectively, the alpha 3 and alpha 4 chains of Type IV collagen. This report describes a mutation in COL4A3 in a girl who presented at age 5 with hematuria and proteinuria, lacking any family history of renal disease. Renal biopsy at age 8 showed immunoglobulin A nephropathy and Alport syndrome. Sensorineural deafness developed during adolescence, and the patient's renal disease progressed to terminal renal failure by age 20. She received a living related donor renal allograft at age 20 and developed antiglomerular basement membrane nephritis of the allograft 8 months after transplantation. Amplification and sequencing of exon 5 of COL4A3 (counting from the 3' end of the gene) revealed a 7-base-pair deletion, producing a shift of the reading frame and the creation of a premature stop codon. Each parent was heterozygous for the normal and mutant exon 5 sequences. This mutation in COL4A3 would result in the loss of 222 amino acids from the carboxy-terminal noncollagenous domain of the alpha 3(IV) chain. The mutant chain would be unable to form trimers with other Type IV collagen alpha chains. In addition, the mutant chain would lack the Goodpasture epitope, which resides in the carboxy-terminal noncollagenous domain of the alpha 3(IV) chain. The absence of this epitope may underly the subsequent development of anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis in the allograft.
The 49th Meeting of the International Whaling Commission: Problems and Prospects

The article examines the developments at the 49th Meeting of the IWC, including efforts to address environmental change and to implement the Revised Management Scheme.
Serum and in vitro production of IL-1 receptor antagonist correlate with C-reactive protein levels in newly diagnosed, untreated lupus patients

Objective To examine the correlation between C-reactive protein (CRP) and CRP-inducing cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), as well as to study their relationship with systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity (SLEDAI) in newly diagnosed, untreated lupus patients. Methods Sera from newly diagnosed untreated lupus and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients were examined for CRP and cytokines. Data were compared among patient groups and correlated individually among the lupus group. Lupus monocytes and neutrophils were cultured in vitro to produce IL-1ra and experimental results were related to CRP levels and SLEDAI. I. Results Within lupus, serum CRP, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α levels were significantly lower than those of RA (all p values were 0.2, and < 0.001, respectively). Except IL-1ra, which was correlated with CRP (p = 0.045), no substantial correlation was discovered between CRP and IL-6, IL-1β or TNF-α individually. Moreover, excluding IL-1ra (p = 0.024), there was no association between cytokines and SLEDAI. In vitro IL-1ra as secreted by monocytes correlated with serum CRP and SLEDAI. Conclusion In lupus patients, serum IL-1β, IL-6 or TNF-α levels failed to correlate with low CRP levels. This indicates a complicated CRP production process, which can not be explained solely by single cytokines as reported previously. Both serum and in vitro produced IL-1ra may be applied clinically as a surrogate CRP marker in untreated lupus patients as they are both correlated with serum CRP.
Tradespace Exploration of Reconfigurability using Surrogate Points to Simplify Dominance Determination

Reconfigurable system design is known to be a strategy that offers vast performance improvement potential over traditional designs. Extending from previous work, this paper presents a strategy for assessing the domination of a reconfigurable concept. Using objectives that represent the performance demands placed upon a system at different segments of a mission, reconfigurable systems are shown in a multi-objective space as a collection of points. This is different than static designs which are typically represented as a single point. The principles of Pareto dominance are extended to describe the comparisons between systems in this space. A surrogate point is introduced to reduce calculation burden and provide a foundation for the development of a necessary condition for dominance. This approach is then demonstrated on a case study of Mars exploration rovers where a traditional rocker-bogie architecture is compared to the two-state Transforming Rolling Roving Explorer architecture. These principles lay the groundwork for choosing between reconfigurable and static systems when multiple objectives are considered.
On a Filter Approach to Understanding the Perception of Visual Form

One fundamental problem facing vision research is the lack of a physics of form that can describe (in the same mathematical language) both object information and the visual mechanisms. This problem has allowed a large number of competing theories of vision to exist, each offering a different solution to common visual problems. However, criteria can be established to help evaluate the various theories of vision. A physics of form is described, within the context of filtering, that is shown to satisfy reasonable criteria. Demonstrations show that the filtering approach is able to quantify form, solve certain aspects of form generalization and help explain how a wide range of information contained in complex objects can be extracted by a small numbered bank of spatial channels.
Challenges and Innovations in a Community-Based Participatory Randomized Controlled Trial:

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are a long-standing and important design for conducting rigorous tests of the effectiveness of health interventions. However, many questions have been raised about the external validity of RCTs, their utility in explicating mechanisms of intervention and participants' intervention experiences, and their feasibility and acceptability. In the current mixed-methods study, academic and community partners developed and implemented an RCT to test the effectiveness of a collaboratively developed community-based advocacy, learning, and social support intervention. The goals of the intervention were to address social determinants of health and build trust and connections with other mental health services in order to reduce mental health disparities among Afghan, Great Lakes Region African, and Iraqi refugee adults and to engage and retain refugees in trauma-focused treatment, if needed. Two cohorts completed the intervention between 2013 and 2015. Ninety-three adult refugees were randomly assigned to intervention or control group and completed four research interviews (pre-, mid-, and postintervention, and follow-up). Several challenges to conducting a community-based RCT emerged, including issues related to interviewer intervention to assist participants in the control group, diffusion of intervention resources throughout the small refugee communities, and staff and community concerns about the RCT design and what evidence is meaningful to demonstrate intervention effectiveness. These findings highlight important epistemological, methodological, and ethical challenges that should be considered when conducting community-based RCTs and interpreting results from them. In addition, several innovations were developed to address these challenges, which may be useful for other community-academic partnerships engaged in RCTs.
Operational Test Research on Thyristor Valve in ±660 kV HVDC Transmission Project

Thyristor valve is one of the most important devices within high voltage direct current(HVDC) transmission system,therefore as the foundation and precondition for the research and development as well as engineering application of the valves,complete type test should be carried out to ensure the safe,reliable and stable operation.The items and parameters of the valve operational test for Ningdong-Shandong ±660 kV HVDC transmission project are introduced in detail.Furthermore,the synthetic test method employed and test waveforms are illustrated.It is shown from the test results that the valve design for the project is appropriate and can meet the specified test requirements.
Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Prevention, Diagnosis and Classification

Diabetic ulcers are the most common foot injuries leading to lower extremity amputation. Family physicians have a pivotal role in the prevention or early diagnosis of diabetic foot complications. Management of the diabetic foot requires a thorough knowledge of the major risk factors for amputation, frequent routine evaluation and meticulous preventive maintenance. The most common risk factors for ulcer formation include diabetic neuropathy, structural foot deformity and peripheral arterial occlusive disease. A careful physical examination, buttressed by monofilament testing for neuropathy and noninvasive testing for arterial insufficiency, can identify patients at risk for foot ulcers and appropriately classify patients who already have ulcers or other diabetic foot complications. Patient education regarding foot hygiene, nail care and proper footwear is crucial to reducing the risk of an injury that can lead to ulcer formation. Adherence to a systematic regimen of diagnosis and classification can improve communication between family physicians and diabetes subspecialists and facilitate appropriate treatment of complications. This team approach may ultimately lead to a reduction in lower extremity amputations related to diabetes.
Visual-Perceptual Abnormalities in Delusional Misidentification:

Delusional misidentification syndromes are often found in conjunction with visual-perceptual abnormalities. These abnormalities appear to be independent of visual hallucinations and are illusory in nature. A case of delusional misidentification with visual-perceptual abnormalities is presented. Cognitive and visual phenomenology suggests that careful recording of visual abnormalities may shed light on the relation between delusional misidentification and abnormal visual cognition.
Practical alignment method for X-ray spectral measurement in micro-CT system based on 3D printing technology.

This study presents a practical alignment method for X-ray spectral measurement in a rotating gantry based micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) system using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. In order to facilitate the spectrometer placement inside the gantry, supporting structures including a cover and a stand were dedicatedly designed and printed using a 3D printer. According to the relative position between the spectrometer and the stand, the upright projection of the spectrometer collimator onto the stand was determined and then marked by a tungsten pinhole. Thus, a visible alignment indicator of the X-ray central beam and the spectrometer collimator represented by the pinhole was established in the micro-CT live mode. Then, a rough alignment could be achieved through repeatedly adjusting and imaging the stand until the pinhole was located at the center of the acquired projection image. With the spectrometer being positioned back onto the stand, the precise alignment was completed by slightly translating the spectrometer-stand assembly around the rough location, until finding a "sweet spot" with the highest photon rate and proper distribution of the X-ray photons in the resultant spectrum. The spectra were acquired under precise alignment and misalignment of approximately 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0mm away from the precise alignment position, and then were compared in qualitative and quantitative analyses. Qualitative analysis results show that, with slight misalignment, the photon rate is reduced from 1302 to 1098, 1031, and 416 photons/second (p/s), respectively, and the characteristic peaks in the acquired spectra are gradually deteriorated. Quantitative analysis indicates that the energy resolutions for characteristic peak of Kα1 were calculated as 1.56% for precise alignment, while were 1.84% and 2.40% for slight misalignment of 0.2mm and 0.5mm. The mean energies were reduced from 43.93keV under precise alignment condition to 40.97, 39.63 and 37.78keV when misaligned. Accurate spectral measurements in micro-CT systems are significantly influenced by the alignment precision. This practical alignment method using 3D printing technology could be readily applied to other rotating gantry based micro-CT systems with modified design of the supporting structures and careful considerations of the spectrometer and gantry dimensions.
The News Interview: The news interview in context: institutional background and historical development

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term “interview” entered the language in 1514, from the French entre voir (meaning “to be in sight of”), hence referring to a “meeting of persons face-to-face, especially one sought or arranged for the purpose of formal conference at some point” (p. 1740). These first interviews were normally between high ranking individuals and, in a world where travel was difficult and most diplomatic communication was conducted by letter, they were rare events accompanied by high ceremony. The extraordinary 1520 extravaganza, when Henry VIII of England entertained Francis I of France so lavishly that the event (and its location) came to be known as the Field of the Cloth of Gold, may have been one of the first “interviews” ever to be so named. By the end of the nineteenth century and the rise of modern journalism, the term interview came to have a different and more current meaning. Webster's dictionary of 1913 defined an interview as “a conversation, or questioning, for the purpose of eliciting information for publication,” noting that this is a “recent use, originating in American newspapers, but apparently becoming general” (Webster 1913:781). A more recent Webster notes that the term “interviewee” emerged in 1884. By this point, the term had lost its older ceremonial associations, and acquired its primary modern meaning as a journalistic practice.
Speech Perception and the Biology of Language

Despite 25 years of intensive research, only very limited progress has been made in the development of machines capable of speech understanding (Lea, 1974; Rubenstein, 1974). The difficulties that have beset efforts to construct such devices are testimony to the complexity of the relationship between sound and meaning present in every natural language.
Thermal conductivity of melt-processed nanofibers

Optimized thermal management remains a growing challenge for electronics packaging as increased heat fluxes must be dissipated through multiple material interfaces and as demand for smaller, flexible, and low-cost packages persists. Polymers are light weight and offer mechanical properties that make them favorable for thermal interface applications, but suffer from extremely low thermal conductivity. Here we melt polymer films into nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates to fabricate large area arrays of vertically aligned polymer nanofibers. Nanoscale confinement and flow induced alignment effects improve polymer chain alignment and thermal conductivity along the fiber's long axis. Conjugated poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and non-conjugated polyethylene (PE) of various molecular weights are explored to establish a relationship between polymer structure, nanofiber diameter, and the resulting thermal conductivity. In general, thermal conductivity improves with decreasing fiber diameter and increasing polymer molecular weight. Thermal conductivities approaching 10 W/m-K were achieved for both the 200 nm diameter PE fibers and the 100 nm diameter P3HT fibers. These results pave the way for optimization of the processing conditions to produce high thermal conductivity fibers using different polymers, which may be used in a broad range of thermal management applications.
Ammonia concentrations and emission rates at a commercial poultry manure composting facility

Composting facilities are essential parts of most manure-belt (MB) poultry houses in the U.S., but their NH3 concentrations and emission are not well understood. This may affect farm operation safety and limit the development of NH3 mitigation and management strategies. The study aimed to quantify NH3 concentrations and hen-specific emission rates (ER) at a commercial poultry manure composting facility and to understand their diurnal and seasonal variations. Two large tunnel-ventilated composting buildings with twelve 122-cm exhaust fans were chosen as the study site, which received manure from four on-site manure-belt layer barns. The inlet and exhaust NH3 concentrations at the compost building were monitored quasi-continuously for one month per season for two years. Ammonia ERs were calculated based on the NH3 concentrations and building ventilation rates. The average daily mean ± SD of the NH3 concentrations in spring, summer, fall, and winter were 114 ± 20, 144 ± 35, 115 ± 13, and 141 ± 25 ppmv, respectively. Seasonal and diurnal variations existed in both NH3 concentrations and ERs. The daytime NH3 ER was significantly higher than that of night time. These results showed that NH3 emissions from composting facilities are considerably high, and thus mitigation strategies are needed to further reduce NH3 from the whole MB layer facility system.
Fitting strains and displacements by minimizing dislocation energy

We present a procedure for matching a displacement field to a given strain field, or vice-versa, over an arbitrary domain, which can be a finite element. The fitting criterion used is minimization of a dislocation energy functional. The strain field, whether given or fitted, need not be compatible. The method has four immediate applications: (i) finite element stiffness formulation based on fitting assumed-natural-strain (ANS) fields to node displacements; (ii) pointwise recovery of an internal displacement field in ANS elements as required for consistent mass, body load or geometric stiffness computations; (iii) recovery of smoothed strains from node displacements for stress post-processing, and (iv) system identification and damage detection from experimental data. The article focuses on application (i) for the strain fitting (SF) problem and (ii) for the displacement fitting (DF) problem. The separation of mean and deviatoric strains is emphasized whenever it is found convenient to simplify calculations.
HILIC and ERLIC Enrichment of Glycopeptides Derived from Breast and Brain Cancer Cells.

Aberrant glycosylation has been linked to many different cancer types. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a region of the brain that regulates the entrance of ions, diseases, toxins, and so on. However, in breast cancer metastasis, the BBB fails to prevent the crossing of the cancer cells into the brain. Here we present a study of identifying and quantifying the glycosylation of six breast and brain cancer cell lines using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and electrostatic repulsion liquid chromatography (ERLIC) enrichments and LC–MS/MS analysis. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of N-linked glycosylation were performed by both enrichment techniques for individual and complementary comparison. Potential cancer glycopeptide biomarkers were identified and confirmed by chemometric and statistical evaluations. A total of 497 glycopeptides were characterized, of which 401 were common glycopeptides (80.6% overlap) identified from both enrichment techniques. HILIC enrichment yielded 320 st...
Barriers to physical activity as moderators of intervention effects.

The impact of interventions to increase physical activity (PA) may vary as a function of participants' barriers to PA. The aim of this paper is to determine whether individual barriers (demographic, physical health, psychological health, neighborhood factors, perceived barriers to PA, social support for PA) moderate treatment effects on increases in PA. Three treatment conditions tested the relative efficacy of a group-based PA intervention alone or supplemented by either personal or automated phone calls made between group meetings. From 2010 to 2012, 284 African American women (ages 40–65) living in the Chicago, IL, area were randomized to one of the three treatment conditions. Data collection occurred at baseline as well as 24 and 48 weeks after baseline. Moderation of intervention effects by barriers to PA were tested across four outcome measures (self-reported moderate-vigorous PA, self-reported walking, accelerometer steps, and aerobic fitness) using multilevel mixed-effects analyses. Significant condition by barrier interaction effects for the accelerometer steps outcome were found for material hardships, general health, depressive symptoms, neighborhood crime rate, and perceived barriers to PA. For aerobic fitness, intervention effects were moderated by material hardships and perceived pain. Increases in the outcome variables were greater for the conditions in which group sessions were supplemented with personal and/or automated calls. Among participants with greater barriers to PA, supplementing the intervention group meetings with between-session personal and/or automated phone calls may be an effective way to strengthen intervention effects. These results may inform the use of treatment supplements in the context of adaptive interventions.
Goodness and Accentedness Ratings of /hVt/ Tokens by Aware and Naive Listeners.

Purpose This study compares goodness and accentedness ratings of speech tokens rated by listeners who are naive to and aware of speakers' native language backgrounds. Listener responses to open-end...
Vertical Stratification of Soil Phosphorus as a Concern for Dissolved Phosphorus Runoff in the Lake Erie Basin

During the re-eutrophication of Lake Erie, dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) loading and concentrations to the lake have nearly doubled, while particulate phosphorus (PP) has remained relatively constant. One potential cause of increased DRP concentrations is P stratification, or the buildup of soil-test P (STP) in the upper soil layer (<5 cm). Stratification often accompanies no-till and mulch-till practices that reduce erosion and PP loading, practices that have been widely implemented throughout the Lake Erie Basin. To evaluate the extent of P stratification in the Sandusky Watershed, certified crop advisors were enlisted to collect stratified soil samples (0-5 or 0-2.5 cm) alongside their normal agronomic samples (0-20 cm) ( = 1758 fields). The mean STP level in the upper 2.5 cm was 55% higher than the mean of agronomic samples used for fertilizer recommendations. The amounts of stratification were highly variable and did not correlate with agronomic STPs (Spearman's = 0.039, = 0.178). Agronomic STP in 70% of the fields was within the buildup or maintenance ranges for corn ( L.) and soybeans [ (L.) Merr.] (0-46 mg kg Mehlich-3 P). The cumulative risks for DRP runoff from the large number of fields in the buildup and maintenance ranges exceeded the risks from fields above those ranges. Reducing stratification by a one-time soil inversion has the potential for larger and quicker reductions in DRP runoff risk than practices related to drawing down agronomic STP levels. Periodic soil inversion and mixing, targeted by stratified STP data, should be considered a viable practice to reduce DRP loading to Lake Erie.
Gold coated iron phosphide core–shell structures

Core–shell particles Fe2P@Au have been prepared beginning with Fe2P nanorods, nanocrosses and nanobundles prepared from the solvothermal decomposition of H2Fe3(CO)9(μ3-PtBu). Iron phosphide structures can be produced from a single-source organometallic precursor with morphological control by varying the surfactant conditions to yield fiber bundles and dumbbell-shaped bundles ranging from nanometers to microns. Derivatization of the surfaces with γ-aminobutyric acid was used to attach Au nanoparticle seeds to the surface of the Fe2P nanoparticles followed by completion of the Au shell by reduction with formaldehyde or aqueous HAuCl4/CO, with the latter giving somewhat better results. Shell thickness ranged from an incomplete, partially coated Au shell to a thickness of 65 ± 21 nm by varying the amount of gold decorated precursor particles. Increasing the thicknesses of the Au shells produced a redshift in the plasmonic resonance of the resulting structures as was observed previously for FeOx@Au.
The 2009 Honduran Presidential Crisis: Prospects for Future Democratic Development

The early morning sounds of Tegucigalpa, Honduras can be described as anything but peaceful. The clamor of roosters, fruit salesmen, and the occasional weapon discharge pervade the air. On the morning of June 28 th , 2009, these sounds veiled the movement of Honduran soldiers as they carried their orders to arrest the President of Honduras, Jose Manuel Zelaya Rosales. President Zelaya was subsequently loaded onto an aircraft and flown to Costa Rica (U.S. Congress. House Subcommittee Report, 2009, p.37). With this act, the nation of Honduras was vaulted onto the international stage and thrust into a media firestorm. Some observers state that these actions effectively ended over a decade of democracy in the region, yet others insist that this was a legitimate expression of the will of the Honduran people. As is often the case, the truth is somewhere in the middle.
Keynote: Privacy and Trust: Friend or Foe

Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data have fueled the development of fully distributed computational architectures for future cyber systems from data analytics, machine learning (ML) to artificial intelligence (AI). Trust and Privacy become two vital and necessary measures for distributed management of IoT powered big data learning systems and services. However, these two measures have been studied independently in computer science, social science and law.Trust is widely considered as a critical measure for the correctness, predictability, and resiliency (with respect to reliability and security) of software systems, be it big data systems, IoT systems, machine learning systems, or Artificial Intelligence systems. Privacy on the other hand is commonly recognized as a personalization measure for imposing control on the ways of how data is captured, accessed and analyzed, and the ways of how data analytic results from ML models and AI systems should be released and shared.Broadly speaking, in human society, we rely on three types of trust in our everyday work and life to achieve a peaceful mind: (1) verifiable belief-driven trust, (2) statistical evidence based trust, and (3) complex systemwide cognitive trust. Interestingly, privacy has been a more controversial subject. On one hand, privacy is an important built-in dimension of trust, which is deep rooted in human society, and a highly valued virtue in Western civilization. Even though different human beings may have diverse levels of privacy sensitivity, we all trust that our privacy is respected in our social and professional environments, including at home, at work and in social commons. Thus, Privacy is a perfect example of three-fold trust: belief-driven, statistical evident, and complex cognitive trust. On the other hand, many view privacy (and privacy protection) as an antagonistic measure of trust and one is often asked to show trust at the cost of giving up on privacy.Are Privacy and Trust friend or foe? This keynote will share my view to this question from multiple perspectives. I conjecture that the answer to this question can fundamentally change the ways we conduct research in privacy and trust in the next generation of big data enhanced cyber learning systems from data mining, machine learning to artificial intelligence.
HAL Estimator of the Efficient Influence Curve

The construction of an efficient estimator of a pathwise differentiable target parameter \(\varPsi: \mathcal{M}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) relies on the ability to evaluate its canonical gradient D∗(P) at an initial estimator P of P0 based on an original i.i.d. sample from P0. The efficient influence curve D∗(P) is defined as the canonical gradient of the pathwise derivative of the target parameter along parametric submodels through P. It is always possible to represent the pathwise derivative of the target parameter along a parametric submodel as a covariance of a gradient D(P) ∈ L02(P) with the score of the submodel. The canonical gradient is now defined as the projection of this gradient on the tangent space at P, where the tangent space is defined as the closure of the linear span of all scores one can generate with a parametric submodel through P.