cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Facilitation of attention to number and conservation of number

Abstract This study examined the relation between number conservation and attention to number, density, and length or area in kindergarteners (age 5 years, 8 months) and third graders (age 8 years, 11 months). Attention was assessed by the dimensional preference technique, using triads. Both the attention and conservation tasks included stimulus factors known to facilitate or hinder conservation: small or large numbers of objects, nonlinear or linear arrays, and trials ordered from easiest to hardest, hardest to easiest, or randomly. The number of objects and type of array affected both tasks similarly and there was an order effect in the attention task. There was an increase in attention to number from kindergarten nonconservers to kindergarten conservers to third-graders. Possible developmental interactions between attention and conservation were suggested.
Sandy beaches contamination by arsenic, a result of nearshore sediment diagenesis and transport (Brazilian coastline)

Abstract We studied the distribution of As, Fe, Ca and Al in beach sands and near-shore surface sediments along the Brazilian coast from the equatorial zone to Rio de Janeiro state. High concentrations of As (up to 120 mg kg −1 ) exceeding the environmentally acceptable thresholds were found in the beach sands and near-shore surface sediment in several segments of the studied coast. That increased from north to south. The significant positive correlation ( R 2 = 0.58) between As and calcium carbonate in the beach sands corroborated the hypothesis that calcareous bioclasts participate in metalloid retention and its accumulation in beach sediments. Most likely, enrichment of As occurs in the oxic horizon of sediments caused by the diagenetic redistribution of various elements. Enrichment of As in beach sands occurs in the coast of Bahia and Espirito Santo states. That is facilitated by clastic material of calcareous algae.
Structural equation modeling in environmental risk assessment.

Environmental epidemiology requires effective models that take individual observations of environmental factors and connect them into meaningful patterns. Single-factor relationships have given way to multivariable analyses; simple additive models have been augmented by multiplicative (logistic) models. Each of these steps has produced greater enlightenment and understanding. Models that allow for factors causing outputs that can affect later outputs with putative causation working at several different time points (e.g., linkage) are not commonly used in the environmental literature. Structural equation models are a class of covariance structure models that have been used extensively in economics/business and social science but are still little used in the realm of biostatistics. Path analysis in genetic studies is one simplified form of this class of models. We have been using these models in a study of the health and development of infants who have been exposed to lead in utero and in the postnatal home environment. These models require as input the directionality of the relationship and then produce fitted models for multiple inputs causing each factor and the opportunity to have outputs serve as input variables into the next phase of the simultaneously fitted model. Some examples of these models from our research are presented to increase familiarity with this class of models. Use of these models can provide insight into the effect of changing an environmental factor when assessing risk. The usual cautions concerning believing a model, believing causation has been proven, and the assumptions that are required for each model are operative.
Becoming savage? The first step toward civilization and the practices of intransigence in New Caledonia

(1998). Becoming savage? The first step toward civilization and the practices of intransigence in New Caledonia. History and Anthropology: Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 319-374.
A psychological perspective on intonational grouping

The empirical bases for some of the tenets of metrical phonology are discussed in light of acoustical studies of speech intonation. The results suggest that a rigorous coupling of theory and experimentation is required for progress in unraveling the mental representations and processes that mediate intonational patterns.
SPECIES-SPECIFIC TRNA RECOGNITION IN RELATION TO TRNA SYNTHETASE CONTACT RESIDUES

Abstract In spite of variations in the sequences of tRNAs, the genetic code (anticodon trinucleotides) is conserved in evolution. However, non-anticodon nucleotides which are species specific are known to prevent a given tRNA from functioning in all organisms. Conversely, species-specific tRNA contact residues in synthetases should also prevent cross-species acylation in a predictable way. To address this question, we investigated the relatively small tyrosine tRNA synthetase where contacts of Escherichia coli tRNATyr with the α2 dimeric protein have been localized by others to four specific sequence clusters on the three-dimensional structure of the Bacillus stearothermophilus enzyme. We used specific functional tests with a previously not-sequenced and not-characterized Mycobacterium tuberculosis enzyme and showed that it demonstrates species-specific aminoacylation in vivo and in vitro. The specificity observed fits exactly with the presence of the clusters characteristic of those established as important for recognition of E. coli tRNA. Conversely, we noted that a recent analysis of the tyrosine enzyme from the eukaryote pathogen Pneumocystis carinii showed just the opposite species specificity of tRNA recognition. According to our alignments, the sequences of the clusters diverge substantially from those seen with the M. tuberculosis, B. stearothermophilus and other enzymes. Thus, the presence or absence of species-specific residues in tRNA synthetases correlates in both directions with cross-species aminoacylation phenotypes, without reference to the associated tRNA sequences. We suggest that this kind of analysis can identify those synthetase-tRNA covariations which are needed to preserve the genetic code. These co-variations might be exploited to develop novel antibiotics against pathogens such as M. tuberculosis and P. carinii.
Perceived family support as a moderator psychological well-being in end-stage renal disease.

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is associated with an increased incidence of psychological distress. The present research examined the salutary effects of a supportive family environment on the psychological well-being of ESRD patients receiving renal transplants. Patients (N=57) completed a measure of perceived family support and an assessment of the physical impact of their illness. Psychological well-being was assessed utilizing two measures of depression and two measures of anxiety. One group of patients was classified as experiencing high illness-related physical dysfunction. In this group, patients perceiving a less supportive family environment displayed significantly higher levels of psychological symptoms of depression and anxiety than patients with a more supportive family environment. A second group of patients was classified as experiencing low illness-related physical dysfunction. In this group, the perceived level of family support was not significantly related to their relatively lower reported levels of depression and anxiety.
Thermal Degradation Behavior and Product Speciation in Model Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Networks

The thermal degradation behavior of a series of well defined poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) model networks has been studied using a combination analytical thermal analysis techniques and multivariate statistical analysis in order to probe the influence of network architecture on degradation chemistry. The aim of this research has been to determine the effect differing network architectures: mono and bimodality, a range of crosslink density, inter-chain molar mass and percentage of free chain ends on the mechanisms of PDMS thermal degradation. A series of model PDMS networks have been formulated using of tin catalyzed condensation cure chemistry and a range of linear precursors to yield a matrix of model network systems. The thermal degradation chemistry of these model networks have been characterized in relation to their structure by means of pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GCMS), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and multivariate statistical analysis. The results clearly demonstrate that the structural architecture of (chemically similar) PDMS networks has a significant impact on the mechanisms of PDMS thermal degradation. Notability, with decreasing inter-crosslink chain length, larger cyclic siloxane species (>D5) become more abundant degradation products and that there is a relationship between inter-chain molar mass, degree of crosslinking and the thermal stability on the mechanisms of degradation. This work effectively demonstrates that quantifiable relationships exist between basic network architectures and the distributions of degradation derived species in PDMS networks.
Deactivation of visual transduction without guanosine triphosphate hydrolysis by G protein

G proteins couple receptors to their target enzymes in many signal transduction cascades. It has generally been thought that deactivation of such cascades cannot occur without the hydrolysis of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) by G protein. This requirement has now been reexamined in both vertebrate and invertebrate phototransduction. Results indicate that GTP hydrolysis is not required for deactivation. Evidence is presented for an alternative model in which the target enzyme is deactivated by an inhibitory factor that is available even when GTP hydrolysis is blocked.
Information embedding and extraction for electrophotographic printing processes

In today's digital world securing different forms of content is very important in terms of protecting copyright and verifying authenticity. One example is watermarking of digital audio and images. We believe that a marking scheme analogous to digital watermarking but for documents is very important. In this paper we describe the use of laser amplitude modulation in electrophotographic printers to embed information in a text document. In particular we describe an embedding and detection process which allows the embedding of 1 bit in a single line of text. For a typical 12 point document, 33 bits can be embedded per page.
Changes in the messenger RNA population during differentiation of Dictyostelium discoideum

Abstract We have employed two independent types of RNA excess hybridization techniques to probe the complexity and diversity of the polyadenylated mRNA population during differentiation of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum . Several striking results have emerged. First, there is only one time period in the developmental program when the initiation of expression of a significant number of genes occurs. This point occurs midway through the developmental cycle, coincident with the time when multicellularity is achieved and just prior to the onset of differentiation of spore and stalk cells. There is coordinate appearance in the cytoplasm and on the polysomes of polyadenylated RNA transcripts corresponding to the expression of 100 to 150 genes at an intermediate level, 80–100 copies per cell, and 3000 genes which are members of a complex class expressed at about 5 copies per cell. These new transcripts correspond to the developmentally specific expression of 11% of the single-copy portion of the genome and represent 31 to 32% of the mass of the polyadenylated RNA in the cells during the late aggregation and culmination stages. The remaining 68 to 69% of the population of cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA sequences from late developing cells is composed of the 5000 different RNA species which were expressed in cells during growth and the early stages of development. Both sets of sequences, those conserved throughout development and those expressed only late in development, are present on polyribosomes in the same proportion in which they are found in the total cytoplasmic fraction. We discuss the relationship of these results to the program of differentiation and to genetic estimates of the number of genes essential for development.
Magnetic resonance studies on membranes and model membrane systems IV. A comparison of yeast and egg lecithin dispersions

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) linewidths and relaxation rates for both protonated and deuterated yeast lecithins are smaller than those exhibited by egg lecithin. Relative to egg lecithin, the yeast lecithins contain a much higher percentage of unsaturated fatty acids, and a higher proportion of the saturated fatty acids are short chain. The relaxation times observed for deuterated yeast lecithin are 2–3 fold greater than those in the protonated analogs, thus identifying dipolar interactions as a major contributor to transverse relaxation. The possibility of using partially deuterated organisms for NMR studies of membranes is suggested.
Managing Education Programs: A Micro-behavioral Analysis

DUCATION MANAGERS-school principals and proE gram directors-are as important to the well-being of the education enterprise as are teachers and students. Policymakers expect the managers to maintain established programs and implement new ones. Analysts and evaluators find that the school principal or program manager is a key figure in the success o r failure of innovations.' Superintendents, teachers, and parents all expect the principal to provide leadership at the school building level. Particularly in a time of declining enrollments, when every dollar in the school budget must be stretched, the school manager is a key figure in producing and maintaining a high quality education program. Yet, in comparison with students and teachers, education managers have not been the subject of a great deal of behavioral research. Gross and Herriott (1964) investigated opinions about the professional leadership of elementary school principals. Cuban (1977) analyzed the impact of urban school superintendents on their districts. Cohen and March (1974) investigated the careers and impact of college presidents on their institutions. Analysts whose primary interest is innovations o r classroom practices acknowledge the importance of , but d o not directly document, the impact of the education manager (for example, Herman et al. 1975; Smith and Keith 1971; Gross et al. 1971). With the exception of Wolcott's (1973) ethnographic study of an elementary school principal, there is little empirically based knowledge of school manager behavior. Expanding our empirically based knowledge of school manager behavior can serve several useful purposes. First, it is commonly asserted that school managers influence teacher and student behavior. Only by understanding what school managers actually do is it possible to determine how that influence occurs. Second, policymakers from school superintendents to the U.S. Commissioner of Education rely on school managers as key figures in any effort a t educational reform. Understanding common patterns of school manager behavior can assist policymakers in identifying both appropriate and inappropriate strategies for intervening in that
Effects of Space Shuttle flight on the reflectance characteristics of diffusers in the near-infrared, visible, and ultraviolet regions

Many remote sensing instruments employ diffuse targets for calibration. These targets usually consist of diftusers with high Lambertian characteristics illuminated by a calibrated irradiance source. There is increasing interest in conducting in-orbit radiance calibration checks of remote sensing instruments using sunlight reflected off a diffuser. We report on the effects of space flight on the reflectance properties of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and aluminum diffuser samples flown on three Space Shuttle flights. These experiments showed good stability of both diffuser types in the visible and near infrared but experienced measurable degradation in the ultraviolet. Degradation varied from flight to flight and seemed to be related to different levels of contamination experienced on the three flights.
gp41: HIV's shy protein.

The first X-ray crystal structures of gp41, the protein that mediates fusion of HIV-1 to target cells, were solved in the mid-1990s. The structures provide a foundation for understanding viral entry and the mechanism of action of compounds that block fusion. The first fusion inhibitor has recently entered the clinic, and the hope is that more potent and broadly active compounds, based on molecular design, will follow.
Family history of psychological problems in generalized anxiety disorder

The current investigation examined self-reported family history of psychological problems in a large sample of individuals diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and nonanxious controls. The GAD participants were all individuals receiving cognitive-behavioral therapy as part of two large randomized clinical trials. Family history information was obtained from the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule-Revised (ADIS-R; DiNardo & Barlow, 1988). The results indicate that, compared to control participants, individuals with GAD were more likely to have family members with anxiety problems, but not other psychological problems. Possible mechanisms for the familial transmission of GAD are discussed.
A Comparison of Sensitivity Analyses of the Effect of Wound Duration on Wound Healing

The effect of an unmeasured exposure on the association between an exposure and outcome can never be fully known in an observational study. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the sensitivity to unmeasured confounding of the previously published association between wound duration and wound healing in a chronic venous leg ulcer. This was estimated using two methods of sensitivity analysis, called Rosenbaum's method and Greenland's external adjustment. The association between wound duration and wound healing was insensitive to confounding unless the odds ratio for the association between the confounder and a younger wound was almost nine (Rosenbaum). In fact, the association between this hypothetical confounder and healing must have an odds ratio of 100 to remove the effect of duration fully (Greenland). Both of these techniques provide useful and complementary information when assessing the effects of a potential unmeasured confounder.
Debate: Midwestern Vascular Surgery Society Meeting, September 10, 2004, Omaha, Nebraska:

This article is the result of a debate. The motion proposed was "Infrainguinal endovascular procedures should be reserved for patients who do not have good open surgical options.'' Arguments in favor of the motion were offered by Daniel J. Reddy of Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit, MI, and arguments against the motion were offered by Peter Kalman of Loyola University Medical Center in Maywood, IL.
Phosphorylation ofEscherichia coli NADP+-specific glutamate dehydrogenase

Glutamate dehydrogenase fromEscherichia coli is phosphorylated in vitro in an ATP-dependent enzymatic reaction. The phosphorylated protein, when exposed to acid conditions, releases the phosphate; this implies that the phosphorylation site is not on a serine, tyrosine, or threonine residue(s). Treatment of glutamate dehydrogenase with diethyl pyrocarbonate, a highly specific histidine-modifying reagent, blocks incorporation of32P-phosphate from [γ-32P]ATP into the enzyme, suggestive that the phosphorylation site is a histidine residue(s). The phosphorylated glutamate dehydrogenase was identified on the basis of its comigration with highly purified glutamate dehydrogenase, isolated fromE. coli, on denaturing, nondenaturing, and isoelectric focusing polyacrylamide gels and by sequence analysis.
Transistor based quantum well optical modulator and its performance in RF links

A novel transistor based quantum well modulator structure is presented and analyzed for applications in RF photonic links. The modulator has been realized in the GaAs epitaxial system using both GaAs/AlGaAs and InGaAs/AlGaAs modulation-doped quantum wells. The modulator operates on the principle of charge filling of a quantum well to shift the absorption edge to shorter wavelengths (blue shift). A generalized absorption model is presented for the modulator in which the relaxed k-selection rule and Lorentzian weighting function are used to represent the absorption coefficient in terms of the carrier Fermi energy. Then the blue shift of the absorption edge is determined by the channel charge density in which the Fermi level is controlled by the applied gate-to-source voltage. From this charge control model the transmission of the modulator is determined to be an increasing function of gate-to-source voltage. Absorption spectra and relative transmission curve for both devices are then calculated and validated by comparison to measurement data. It is found that the enhancement interface offers better performance. It is also found that deionization of charge sheet sets the upper limits on input optical power. The analytical T(V) response enables full distortion analysis. Thus RF link performance is studied based on calculation results and SFDR of 120 dB·Hz 2/3 and 127 dB·Hz 2/3 are predicted for the two modulators respectively.
The importance of time in transit and reliability of transit time for shippers, receivers, and carriers

Abstract Reliability of transit time is reputed to be the most important variable influencing freight transport today, according to shipper surveys. Average transit time also plays a major role. A model is developed that shows how a cost-minimizing shipper will adjust its economic order quantity as reliability and/or time in transit changes. Such changes impact on average inventory costs, ordering costs, expected shortage costs and expected excess costs. The model is developed for both discrete and continuous transit time distributions. Reliability is defined as the variance of transit time. A matrix is prepared for some sample data, which shows the minimum cost attainable with each mean/variance of transit time distribution. Comparing across rows and columns of the matrix enables one to show the value (reduction in total cost) obtainable by improving reliability and/or mean transit time. In addition, value can be obtained by improving reliability while increasing average transit time. It is suggested that the model can be used for shippers in negotiating service improvements with carriers and by carriers in negotiating service improvements with shippers. In the former case, the carrier can determine how much they are willing to pay for the improvement, whereas in the latter case, the carriers can determine how much they are able to charge for the improvement.
EMP Response of a Cavity: Field Generation within a Lossy Dielectric Cylinder Excited by a Radiation Pulse

A transient electromagnetic field problem is solved for a finite length cylindrical cavity bounded by perfectly conducting walls. The cavity is filled with a homogeneous lossy dielectric material. Analytic solutions for the relevant components of the electric and magnetic fields generated by an axially propagating current pulse are presented. Results obtained for various sample problems are discussed.
Axial perturbations on the electronic and magnetic properties of ferric porphyrins I. Effect of axial ligand basicity in bis-substituted pyridine complexes of synthetic porphyrins

Abstract The proton NMR spectra of the bis-4-substituted pyridinates of ferric tetrapheylporphyrin and octaethylporphyrin complexes have been recorded and analyzed fort he purpose of ascertaining the influence of variable axial lignad basicity on the bonding and magnetic properties of the iron. Under the conditions of slow ligand exhange where the bis stoichiometry can be established, all complexes exist exlusively in the low-spin, S = 1 2 , state. The hyperfine shifts at −60° C for both the porphyrins and axial ligands are shown to be very sensitive to the basicity of the substituted pyridine, as measured by its pKa. For the tetraphenylporphyrin complexes, we illustrate that the pattern of the meso-phenyl hyperfine shifts permits a quantitative separation of the contact and dipolar contributions to these shifts. This separation reveals that the shift variations with pyridine pKa are dominated by changes in the magnetic susceptibility anisotropy (dipolar shift), which decreases markedly upon lowering the pyridine basicity; ESR data support this conclusion in the few samples investigated. However, this trend in magnetic anisotropy with ligand basicity is not valid when comparing pyridines with other ligands such as imidazoles. The important change in the contact shift reflects a decrease in porphyrin → iron π change transfer as the ligand basicity is lowered. A correlation between increase in proton NMR linewidth and magnetic anisotrophy of the iron suggests that electron spin relaxation occurs via a process which couples the same levels that control the magnetic anisotropy.
Dopamine receptor signaling in the medial orbital frontal cortex and the acquisition and expression of fructose-conditioned flavor preferences in rats.

Abstract Systemic dopamine (DA) D1 (SCH23390: SCH) and D2 (raclopride: RAC) antagonists blocked fructose-conditioned flavor preference (CFP) acquisition and expression. Fructose-CFP acquisition was eliminated by medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) SCH and mPFC or amygdala (AMY) RAC. Fructose-CFP expression was reduced following SCH or RAC in AMY or nucleus accumbens (NAc). The present study examined fructose-CFP acquisition and expression following SCH and RAC in the medial orbital frontal cortex (MOFC), another ventral tegmental area DA target. For fructose-CFP acquisition, five groups of rats received vehicle, SCH (24 or 48 nmol) or RAC (24 or 48 nmol) in the MOFC 0.5 h prior to 8 training sessions with one flavor (CS+/Fs) mixed in 8% fructose and 0.2% saccharin, and another flavor (CS−/s) mixed in 0.2% saccharin. In six 2-bottle choice tests in 0.2% saccharin, similar fructose-CFP preferences occurred in groups trained with vehicle (76–77%), SCH24 (69–78%), SCH48 (70–74%) and RAC48 (85–92%). RAC24-trained rats displayed significant CS+ preferences during the first (79%) and third (71%), but not second (58%) test pair. For fructose-CFP expression, rats similarly trained with CS+/Fs and CS− solutions received 2-bottle choice tests following MOFC injections of SCH or RAC (12–48 nmol). CS+ preference expression was significantly reduced by RAC (48 nmol: 58%), but not SCH relative to vehicle (78%). A control group receiving RAC in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex displayed fructose-CFP expression similar to vehicle. These data demonstrate differential frontal cortical DA mediation of fructose-CFP with mPFC D1 and D2 signaling exclusively mediating acquisition, and MOFC D2 signaling primarily mediating expression.
No evidence for mycoviruses in Entomophthora egressa

Two strains of Entomophthora egressa which differ in their pathogenicity towards the spruce budworm were surveyed for the presence of double-stranded RNA mycoviruses. There was no evidence for the occurrence of any mycovirus in either strain. This indicates that virulence in E. egressa is not associated with a mycovirus.
Differentiation of guinea-pig κ and λ light polypeptide chains by peptide mapping

Abstract Guinea-pig light polypeptide chains, composed of different known ratios of the κ and λ types, were isolated from anti-DNP and anti-pipsyl antibodies and from three fractions of normal, non-specific immunoglobulins differing in net charge. Peptide maps of tryptic digests of the various light chain preparations showed that κ and λ chains contain different amino acid sequences, presumably located in the C-terminal portions. In the antibody light chain maps there were also some peptides which were not seen in the nonspecific light chain maps. These extra peptides may possibly be related to the immunizing antigens.
Mass spectrometric evaluation of synthetic peptides for deletions and insertions.

Abstract A new technique to evaluate methods for the synthesis of peptides was developed. It is based on the identification and quantitation of peptide by-products by mass spectrometry. Model oligopeptides containing 10 or 20 alanine residues were synthesized by automated solid phase methods using a variety of protocols, and the levels of deletion and insertion peptides were measured by the 252 Cf fission fragment ionization time-of-flight spectrometric technique in which the total, unfractionated, synthetic product was deposited on a film of nitrocellulose and analyzed. The introduction of d -alanine at every third residue of the model eliminated peptide conformation problems that led to incomplete reactions in the all l model. Couplings with preformed symmetrical anhydrides in dimethylformamide gave rise to significant levels of both deletion peptides and insertion peptides. The best of the protocols examined was a double coupling of tert -butyloxycarbonyl-alanine by in situ activation with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in dichloromethane. [ d -Ala 3,6,9,12,15,18 ]Ala 20 -Val was synthesized with an average deletion of only 0.036% per step and an average insertion of only 0.029% per step, which is equivalent to a stepwise yield of 99.93% for the target peptide.
Optimal placement of data replicas in distributed database with majority voting protocol

In a distributed database system, data replicas are placed at different locations of a network to achieve the high data availability in presence of link failure. Optimal placements of data replicas have been studied extensively in the literature for various protocol. In this paper, we present a sufficient and necessary condition for optimality of a placement of odd number of data replicas in a ring network with majority voting protocol. As a corollary, we give a proof of a recent conjecture of Hu et al. (manuscript, 1999). Moreover, we also give a simple algorithm to find optimal placements in tree network with majority voting protocol.
Minimum Number of Satellites for Three-Dimensional Continuous Worldwide Coverage

Global positioning by means of satellites requires simultaneous observation by at least four satellites. The problem is to determine the minimum number of satellites and the corresponding orbital geometry necessary to satisfy this requirement on a continuous basis. To model the problem, a fixed number of users are assumed uniformly distributed in a known manner over the surface of the earth, and the satellites are restricted to exist in either three or four orbital planes. However, the orbit radius and inclination angle are left as variables. Under these assumptions, and starting with a small number of satellites which will be increased afterwards, an algorithm is developed to determine the visibility of satellites at each surface location. In this way it is possible to specify the minimum number of satellites needed by any desired orbital geometry. It is found that the number of satellites required for three-dimensional continuous worldwide coverage decreases as the orbit radius is increased. There appears to be no general trend regarding the effect of the inclination angle on the minimum number of satellites.
Transcranial radiography and linear tomography: a comparative study.

There is continual controversy concerning the use of radiographs to determine the position of the mandibular condyle within the glenoid fossa for the diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular disorders. This study compared joint space measurements from transcranial radiographs and linear tomographs with the anatomic joint space to determine whether condylar position could be accurately recorded radiographically. Anterior, superior, and posterior joint space dimensions were measured from projected radiographs with a sonic digitizer, whereas anatomic joint space dimensions were recorded from the thickness of polyether impressions of the joint space. Posterior/anterior joint space ratios were used to classify relative condylar position as anterior, concentric, or posterior. The Pearson correlations ( α = 0.05) were calculated to determine the consistency between radiographic and anatomic joint space ratios. The corrected and standard transcranial projections did not accurately reproduce the anatomic joint spaces or the relative condylar positions. Only the corrected tomographic projection accurately reflected the condyle-fossa relationships.
Distribution and Fluxes of Total and Methylmercury in Lake Superior

Despite the importance and size of Lake Superior, little is known regarding the biogeochemical cycling or distribution of mercury within its waters. We present the results from two research cruises on total Hg (HgT) and methylmercury (MeHg) distributions in aqueous and particulate phases, and in offshore sediments. Open waters of Lake Superior are similar in HgT content to Lakes Michigan and Ontario (sub-ng L(-1)), whereas MeHg was only 1% of HgT. Seasonality in aqueous HgT distribution was observed, most likely from tributary inputs during Spring snowmelt. Suspended particles were enriched in MeHg relative to water and surficial sediments, suggesting enhanced particle partitioning followed by demethylation in the water column and in surface sediments. Distribution coefficients for mercury in surficial sediments were lower than those in suspended material, likely due to remineralization. Preliminary estimates of mass balance indicate that air-water exchange processes such as evasion and wet deposition dominate the HgT budget, due to the basin's relatively small watershed area relative to lake area. In contrast, methylmercury cycling within Lake Superior is influenced more strongly by watershed sources, as well as by sedimentary sources and photodemethylation. The Hg cycle in Lake Superior is unique in that it is more similar in many aspects to that in marine systems than in small lakes, where management data for freshwaters typically originates.
Relative Bioavailability of Manganese in a Manganese-Methionine Complex for Broiler Chicks

The relative bioavailability of Mn from reagent grade Mn monoxide and feed grade Mn-methionine was compared with that from reagent grade Mn sulfate using 288 one-day-old male Cobb chicks. The basal corn-soybean meal diet (93 ppm Mn dry matter basis) was supplemented with 0, 700, 1,400, and 2,100 ppm Mn as Mn sulfate monohydrate, Mn oxide, or Mn-methionine. Additional diets contained 700, 1,400, and 2,100 ppm Mn as sulfate or oxide in combination with .16, .32, or .48% added DL-methionine, respectively, to equalize methionine concentrations in Mn-methionine-containing diets. Diets were fed ad libitum for 3 wk. Tibia and kidney Mn concentrations increased linearly (P less than .001) as dietary Mn increased. Addition of methionine to diets containing sulfate and oxide did not influence (P greater than .10) tissue Mn concentrations. Based on slope ratios from multiple linear regression of bone and kidney Mn concentrations on added dietary Mn from various sources, the respective relative bioavailability values were 96 and 86% from Mn oxide and 108 and 132% from Mn-methionine compared with 100% from Mn sulfate. Except for the first, all values were significantly different from 100%. Thus, Mn from Mn oxide is significantly less available and Mn from Mn-methionine is significantly more available than that from Mn sulfate monohydrate.
The PMS Illusion: Social Cognition Maintains Social Construction

This article reports the results of a preliminary study of ways that self-serving biases contribute to the maintenance of the cultural stereotype of the premenstrual woman. Self-serving biases such as illusory optimism and the false uniqueness effect lead individuals to believe that they are better than average and less likely to have negative experiences. Thus, even though individual women’s premenstrual symptoms are mild to moderate, they accept the stereotype because they believe that other women’s symptoms are worse than their own. Participants were 92 undergraduate women from two small colleges in southern New England. They completed measures of optimism, locus of control, and premenstrual symptoms and answered a series of questions about the incidence of PMS. Participants showed a significant tendency to believe that other women’s premenstrual symptoms are worse than their own. In addition, women who were high in optimism were significantly less likely to believe that they could be diagnosed with PMS, and they had significantly lower scores on the pain and behavior change subscales of the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire than did those low in optimism.
Pseudomyxoma peritonei: A report of seven cases

Abstract A review of pseudomyxoma peritonei is presented with a report of seven cases. Six had pseudomyxoma peritonei at first laparotomy. One had been operated previously for carcinoma of the colon. No case developed following surgical rupture of a mucinous ovarian cyst. Findings in the present series vary from usual reports in that five of the seven patients had a malignant rather than a benign primary lesion, and three of the seven had previous irradiation to the pelvis for non-mucin secreting lesions. The latter has not been reported previously and a discussion of this as a possible etiologic agent is offered. There did not appear to be a correlation between survival and method of therapy. However, there was an apparent relationship between microscopic malignancy and recurrent or persistent disease.
Richmond Must Fall: The Richmond-Petersburg Campaign, October 1864. By Hampton Newsome. (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2013. Pp. ix, 447. $65.00.)

If pressed to explain the last year of the Civil War in the Eastern Theater, most historians would recite a familiar narrative that included Ulysses Grant's elevation to general in chief, the blood...
Effects of Fiber Type and Size on the Heterogeneity of Oxygen Distribution in Exercising Skeletal Muscle

The process of oxygen delivery from capillary to muscle fiber is essential for a tissue with variable oxygen demand, such as skeletal muscle. Oxygen distribution in exercising skeletal muscle is regulated by convective oxygen transport in the blood vessels, oxygen diffusion and consumption in the tissue. Spatial heterogeneities in oxygen supply, such as microvascular architecture and hemodynamic variables, had been observed experimentally and their marked effects on oxygen exchange had been confirmed using mathematical models. In this study, we investigate the effects of heterogeneities in oxygen demand on tissue oxygenation distribution using a multiscale oxygen transport model. Muscles are composed of different ratios of the various fiber types. Each fiber type has characteristic values of several parameters, including fiber size, oxygen consumption, myoglobin concentration, and oxygen diffusivity. Using experimentally measured parameters for different fiber types and applying them to the rat extensor digitorum longus muscle, we evaluated the effects of heterogeneous fiber size and fiber type properties on the oxygen distribution profile. Our simulation results suggest a marked increase in spatial heterogeneity of oxygen due to fiber size distribution in a mixed muscle. Our simulations also suggest that the combined effects of fiber type properties, except size, do not contribute significantly to the tissue oxygen spatial heterogeneity. However, the incorporation of the difference in oxygen consumption rates of different fiber types alone causes higher oxygen heterogeneity compared to control cases with uniform fiber properties. In contrast, incorporating variation in other fiber type-specific properties, such as myoglobin concentration, causes little change in spatial tissue oxygenation profiles.
Ground-Water Effects Of Underground Coal Gasification Experiments In Northeastern Wyoming

The Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL) has carried out two underground coal gasification (UCG) experiments at its Hoe Creek site in Northeastern Wyoming. Environmental studies are being conducted in conjunction with these UCG experiments, including an investigation of changes in local ground-water quality. Such changes are a consequence of the residual reaction products - coal ash, char, some of the coal tars, and roughly 10% of the product gases - which remain underground after gasification. When ground water returns to the gasification zone, leaching and dissolution processes lead to the formation of a plume of contaminated ground water, which begins to move through the coal seam. In addition, fissuring and roof collapse may destroy the integrity of the underground reaction vessel permitting contaminants to escape to the surface or into overlying aquifers. Field investigations include ground-water quality monitoring near the UCG experiments, geotechnical measurements of ground deformations, and post-burn coring. Limited water quality analysis is performed in the field, and more extensive analysis, including GC-MS, is carried out at LLL and US Geological Survey laboratories. The field program is augmented by laboratory measurements and modeling studies. Ground-water quality in wells near the first experiment was monitored for 2 years following gasification.more » A large number of contaminants were found in wells located up to 100 ft (30 m) from the burn zone, but concentrations have decreased substantially as a result of sorption by the coal. During the second gasification experiment (Hoe Creek II), roof collapse and the inadvertent gasification of an overlying coal seam caused the interconnection of three aquifers, including the two gasified coal seams. We have measured the resulting changes in local hydrology and in the dispersal of reaction-product contaminants.« less
The excess enthalpies of 10 (n-butane + alcohol) mixtures at 298.15 K

The excess enthalpies H E of n -butane + methanol, + ethanol, + n -propanol, + n -butanol, + n -pentanol, + n -hexanol, + n -heptanol, + n -octanol, + n -nonanol, and + n -decanol were measured at 298.15 K with an isothermal flow calorimeter with a reproducibility of better than 1 per cent. All mixtures showed H E > 0 with maximum values occurring in the butane-rich region. A modified form of the Redlich-Kister equation was found to give a good fit of the skewed H E results over the entire composition range investigated.
Room to Improve Conjugated Polymer-Based Solar Cells: Understanding How Thermal Annealing Affects the Fullerene Component of a Bulk Heterojunction Photovoltaic Device

We examine how thermal annealing affects the fullerene network in conjugated polymer bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. We begin by creating electron-only devices with a BHJ geometry by blending the fullerene derivative [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric-acid-methyl-ester (PCBM) with polystyrene (PS). These electron-only PS:PCBM diodes function even with a poly(ethylenedioxithiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) layer, indicating that PEDOT:PSS films do not serve as electron blocking layers. Atomic force microscopy shows that the degree of phase segregation in the PS:PCBM blend films is similar to that in the active layer of blends of PCBM with poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), so that the PS:PCBM blends provide a good model for the fullerene part of the BHJ network in P3HT:PCBM solar cells. We find that thermal annealing dramatically decreases the electron current that flows in the PS:PCBM diodes, suggesting that annealing leads to increased phase segregation that lowers the electron mobility on f...
Social cognitive correlates of physical activity among single mothers with young children

Abstract Objectives Single mothers experience negative health consequences that might be reduced through participation in physical activity, yet little is known about physical activity correlates among this population. This study examined social cognitive theory (SCT) correlates of physical activity among single mothers with young children. Design Cross-sectional. Method Single mothers ( N = 94) with at least one child less than 5 years old completed SCT questionnaires, wore an accelerometer for one week, and then completed the Godin Leisure Time Exercise questionnaire. Physical activity scores were standardized and averaged to yield a composite physical activity score. Results Regression analysis indicated that self-efficacy was a direct predictor of composite physical activity; in the final model planning was the only statistically significant predictor of composite physical activity scores. Conclusions Planning and self-efficacy might be important factors to include when designing physical activity interventions for single mothers.
Inversion profiles of adiabatic inversion pulses for flowing spins: the effects on labeling efficiency and labeling accuracy in perfusion imaging with pulsed arterial spin-labeling

The inversion profile of adiabatic inversion pulses is essential to the accuracy of perfusion measurement with pulsed arterial spin-labeling (ASL). In this paper, the inversion profiles for flowing spins were investigated using a numerical solution of the modified Bloch equations including a term for moving spins. Inversion profiles for spins flowing at a constant or varying velocity were examined for hyperbolic secant (HS) and frequency-offset corrected inversion (FOCI) pulses. Distortions of the inversion profiles were found for both pulses with spins flowing within physiological velocity range. The effects of the distorted profiles on labeling efficiency and labeling accuracy in the application of pulsed ASL perfusion imaging were analyzed. These effects should be taken into account in ASL techniques, in order to obtain robust and accurate perfusion measurements.
PPACK and Bivalirudin nanoparticles enable simultaneous imaging and potent inhibition of acute clotting

Summary Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles functionalized for thombin inhibition with Bivalirudin or PPACK were tested as an inhibitor of thrombin in vitro and in acute thrombosis models. The particles significantly inhibited occlusive arterial thrombi. The particles also manifested binding providing magnetic resonance contrast highlighting thrombi.
First results from the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS)

After engineering flights aboard the NASA U-2 research aircraft in the winter of 1986 to 1987 and spring of 1987, extensive data collection across the United States was begun with the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) in the summer of 1987 in support of a NASA data evaluation and technology assessment program. This paper presents some of the first results obtained from AVIRIS. Examples of spectral imagery acquired over Mountain View and Mono Lake, California, and the Cuprite Mining District in western Nevada are presented. Sensor performance and data quality are described, and in the final section of this paper, plans for the future are discussed.
Intraocular pressure in patients receiving psychotropic medications

Abstract This study was undertaken to confirm and refine previous work suggesting little clinically significant relationship between psychotropics and increased intraocular pressure with potential subsequent glaucoma. Schiotztonometry in 126 psychiatric patients receiving psychotropics did not demonstrate adverse drug effects on intraocular pressure, even in persons with possible additional risk factors such as moderate or heavy smoking or who were more than 50 years old. The mean intraocular pressure was 13.7 mm Hg, and no patient displayed pressure greater than 24 mm Hg.
The Changing Cost of Being a Black Woman

Changes in the economic position of black women ages 26 to 64 who work full-time, year-round are compared to white women, utilizing the 1960 and 1970 Public Use Samples. When black women are given the average charactensncs of whites, and when their differential rates of return are compared, the average "cost" of being a black woman has diminished However, the average amount black women lose because they are inequitably distributed on these characteristics has increased Johnson and Sell (1976) found that the cost of being a black male has increased but black men are more equitably distributed on educational, occupational, and regional characteristics These findings suggest that legislation involving equal pav for equal work has improved the economic status of black women, while upward mobility is responsible for the improved status of black men