cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
American Indians on the Cotton Frontier: Changing Economic Relations with Citizens and Slaves in the Mississippi Territory

The popular view of how the Cotton South began tells us that Eli Whitney's cotton gin overcame the only real barrier to the expansion of commercial agriculture and slavery into 'unsettled" parts of the Deep South. With industrialized textile factories demanding larger quantities of cotton, manufacturers and merchants indeed began during the 1 790s to encourage cotton agriculture in North America as well as in Asia, West Africa, Brazil, and the Caribbean. Their demand for more cotton supplies coincided with a sharp drop in the prices of tobacco, rice, and indigo due to glutted markets and the removal of bounties by European importers. To avert financial losses from declining prices of those staples, more and more cultivators attempted to grow cotton in upland areas of the South. Influenced by the promotional campaign of English industrialists, governments in the British Caribbean, the American state of Georgia, and the Spanish colony of Louisiana rewarded experimentation on gins that could accelerate the separation of seeds from the tightly clinging fiber of green-seed, short-staple cotton-the variety that grew best in the southern interior. 1 Little is known, however, about the less benign economic changes wrought within regions undergoing that agricultural expansion, especially those experienced by American Indians. The takeoff of cotton production in the Mississippi Territory coincided with a decline in the deerskin trade still important to most Indian communities during the early nineteenth century. The United States government, with cooperation from merchants familiar with Indian commerce, accelerated both processes by manipulating trade debts of Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Creek leaders into cessions of land from the tribes. Indian peoples coped with their diminishing land base through different
Zinc Oxide to Induce Molt in Layers

The effects of the addition of Zn as ZnO to diets to induce molt were evaluated against a fasted control. Experiment 1 involved 315 Leghorn hens, 15 months old, randomly distributed among five treatments, each replicated seven times with 9 hens per replicate. Hens fasted for 10 days were compared with hens fed diets to which ZnO was added at 10,000, 5,000, or 2,500 ppm for 7, 14, or 21 days. No significant differences were observed among treatments for days to return to 50% production, hen-day and hen-housed production, egg weight, grams egg per hen-day, grams of feed per gram egg, mortality, or Haugh units during the 22-week experimental period. Experiment 2 involved 420 Leghorn hens, 18 months old, randomly distributed among five treatments, each replicated seven times with 12 hens per replicate. Treatments involved fasting for 10 days or feeding diets with 10,000, 5,000, or 2,500 ppm ZnO fed for 7, 14, or 21 days. Hens fasted and hens fed diets with 10,000 ppm ZnO at the start of the experiment ceased production in significantly less time (4.6 to 6 days) than hens fed 5,000 ppm ZnO (14.3 to 14.9 days); however, days to return to 50% production from the start of the experiment did not differ among treatments. Feed consumption and feed cost per hen day during molt were lowest (P less than .05) in the fasted hens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
cGMP modulation of Ca2+sensitivity in airway smooth muscle

A β-escin-permeabilized canine tracheal smooth muscle preparation was used to test the hypothesis that cGMP decreases Ca2+ sensitivity in airway smooth muscle primarily by inhibiting the membrane r...
Leptin promotes the proliferation and invasion of human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Huh-7 in vitro

Objective:To observe the effect of leptin on proliferation and invasion of human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Huh-7 and explore its possible molecular mechanism.Methods:Huh-7 cells were cultured and treated with leptin at different concentra- tions of 5,10,50,100 and 200ng/mL for 12,24 and 48h.Huh-7 cells without leptin treatment were used as control group.The pro- liferation rate of the Huh-7 cells was measured by MTT assay.The change of cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry analysis.Tran- swell chamber assay was performed to determine the effect of leptin 100ng/mL on the invasion capability of Huh-7 cells 24 h later.The effect of leptin on mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)of Huh-7 cells was detected by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).Results:Leptin significantly promoted the proliferation of Huh-7 cells.The effect was dose-dependent in certain degree.Flow cytometry analysis found that leptin significantly induced decrease in proportion of cells in G_0/G_1 phase and significantly increased cell proportion in S phase.The invasion capability of Huh-7 cells was significantly increased after leptin 10ng/mL treatment for 24h(P0.01).The number of cells penetrated polycarbonate membrane were(41.80±3.19)and(18. 20±2.86),respectively.Real time fluorogentic quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the expression level of MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA expression were 4.25-fold and 2.73-fold as the control group(P0.01),respectively.Conclusion:Leptin significantly increases the pro- liferation and invasion capabilities of Huh-7 cells in vitro.The possible mechanism may be related with up-regulation of MMPs level.
Discriminative word-spotting using ordered spectro-temporal patch features.

We present a novel architecture for word-spotting which is trained from a small number of examples to classify an utterance as containing a target keyword or not. The word-spotting architecture relies on a novel feature set consisting of a set of ordered spectro-temporal patches which are extracted from exemplar mel-spectra of target keywords. A local pooling operation across frequency and time is introduced which endows the extracted patch features with the flexibility to match novel unseen keywords. Finally, we describe how to train a support vector machine classifier to separate between keyword and nonkeyword patch feature responses. We present preliminary results indicating that our word-spotting architecture achieves a detection rate of 70-95% with false positive rates of about 0.252 false positives per minute.
Textual Strategies and Political Suicide in Flavian Epic

When one tries to characterize the Flavian epics as a group, one encounters a series of chronological and historical problems not faced in many earlier eras of Latin literature. For example, though we know the rough outline of literary history from the death of Nero to the accession of Trajan, precise details regarding the lives of Valerius Flaccus, Statius, and Silius Italicus elude us — we know most about the career of Silius, thanks in large part to Pliny the Younger's letter noting his death, charting his career, and to a large degree dooming his reputation for posterity. Despite Pliny's letter, and despite several references in Martial to Silius, the exact chronology of the Punka's publication is impossible to reconstruct. Martial's poems suggest that Silius was at least reading from his work during the early 90's AD, and a publication date from the mid-90's to around 100 seems probable; that is as far as we can go. The same problems face us with the works and careers of Statius and Valerius. Regarding Statius, we know that the Thebaid was published in the early 90's AD, before Statius moved on to his Sitvae and unfinished Achilleid . For Valerius' Argonautka there is even less evidence; arguments for the date of his epic's composition span two decades, between AD 70 and 92.
Issues and Features

One of the intelligent tutors, AnimalWatch, supports students in solving arithmetic word problems about endangered species, thus integrating mathematics, narrative, and biology. Mathematics problems—addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division problems—are designed to motivate 10- to 12-year-old students to use mathematics in the context of solving practical problems, embedded in an engaging narrative. A second intelligent tutor is the Pump Algebra Tutor (PAT), a full-year algebra course for 12- to 15-year-old students. The PAT design is guided by the theoretical principles of John Anderson's cognitive model, Adaptive Control of Thought, which contains a psychological model of the cognitive processes behind successful and near-successful performance. This chapter presents several features of intelligent tutors. The first feature of intelligent tutors, generativity , is the ability to generate appropriate resources for each student. The second and third features of intelligent tutors are student knowledge and expert knowledge representing topics, concepts, and processes of the domain. The fifth feature of intelligent tutors is interactive learning or being responsive to students' learning needs.
Preparing Nursing Home Data from Multiple Sites for Clinical Research - A Case Study Using Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics.

Introduction: A potential barrier to nursing home research is the limited availability of research quality data in electronic form. We describe a case study of converting electronic health data from five skilled nursing facilities to a research quality longitudinal dataset by means of open-source tools produced by the Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI) collaborative. Methods: The Long-Term Care Minimum Data Set (MDS), drug dispensing , and fall incident data from five SNFs were extracted, translated, and loaded into version 4 of the OHDSI common data model. Quality assurance involved identifying errors using the Achilles data characterization tool and comparing both quality measures and drug exposures in the new database for concordance with externally available sources. Findings: Records for a total 4,519 patients (95.1%) made it into the final database. Achilles identified 10 different types of errors that were addressed in the final dataset. Drug exposures based on dispensing were generally accurate when compared with medication administration data from the pharmacy services provider. Quality measures were generally concordant between the new database and Nursing Home Compare for measures with a prevalence ≥ 10%. Fall data recorded in MDS was found to be more complete than data from fall incident reports. Conclusions: The new dataset is ready to support observational research on topics of clinical importance in the NH including patient-level prediction of falls. The extraction, translation, and loading process enabled the use of OHDSI data characterization tools that improved the quality of the final dataset.
Adolescent Work and Alcohol Use: Moderation by Neighborhood Context and the Role of Peers

ABSTRACTUsing data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), this study looks at the adolescent work and binge drinking relationship among a sample of 4,826 adolescents. The article assesses variability in the work–binge drinking relationship by social class and neighborhood disadvantage and seeks to explain variability by considering social control and social learning processes. Results reveal that the detrimental relationships between work intensity and binge drinking are stronger for those from more advantaged neighborhoods. Results also show that perceived peer substance use explains neighborhood disadvantage differences in the relationship between intense work and binge drinking.
Semilocal Rings and the Jacobson Radical

The main topics of this chapter are (1) the Jacobson radical of a ring and of a module 18.0; (2) the Perlis-Jacobson characterization 18.6 of the radical of a ring; (3) local rings 18.10; (4) semiprimary rings 18.12; (5) the theorem of Hopkins and Levitzki 18.13; (6) the Krull-Schmidt or Unique Decomposition Theorem 18.18; (7) the basic module and ring 18.21–23; (8) the Chinese remainder theorem 18.30–32 and primary decomposable rings 18.36–37; and (9) the characterization 18.47 of rings with semilocal right quorings. (As defined by (I, p. 4.10), R is semilocal if R/rad R is semisimple. Also see 18.10A.)
Abstract 3769: Barriers to Obtaining Informed Consent in Acute Stroke Clinical Trials

Background Identification of barriers to enrollment in acute stroke clinical trials may identify ways to improve enrollment and expedite completion of clinical research trials. In this exploratory ...
Attribution of global ethical norms: Perceptions of journalistic independence and integrity in Serbia, Macedonia and Croatia

This study examines, by comparative thematic analysis, public perceptions of global journalistic norms of independence and integrity by studying perceptions of news media corruption in three Eastern European countries: Serbia, Macedonia and Croatia. In-depth interviews with 61 representatives of the three nations revealed that, in the public eye, the breaches of journalistic independence and integrity are frequent and take different forms. The participants from Serbia, Macedonia and Croatia thought that journalists from their countries often succumb to pressures from politicians, owners and advertisers; that they receive direct bribes for positive coverage and even extort money from people; and that news media are engaged in hidden advertising and journalists are engaged in nepotism. The results show similarity of public perceptions of breaches of journalistic independence and integrity with academic and professional findings and are discussed from the point of view of the cross-country examination of the...
4 – TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS FOR OPTICAL LITHOGRAPHY

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the explanation of techniques and tools for optical lithography. The image field of a step and repeat projection aligner or of a stepping and scanning projection aligner generally is much smaller than the wafer on which the pattern is transferred. These aligners expose a field on the wafer, then step to the next specified site on the wafer and repeat the operation. This chapter discusses the printing tools and their usage in the IC manufacturing world. A technical discussion of optical steppers deals with image quality and image placement. Image quality is concerned with the dimensional control of features of a desired size. Metal oxide semiconductor scaling rules generally maintain that final patterned linewidths, that is controlled within 10% of the nominal feature size and the accuracy of the placement of features should be within 20–25% of the minimum feature size. Optical lithography is the backbone and mainstay of the world's microchip production activity. In the optical arena, it is found that 1–5X reduction printers of the projection scanned and unscanned variety, is described in subsets according to coherent and noncoherent radiation, as well as by wavelengths ranging from visible to deep ultraviolet (UV), then extending to angstrom levels. Higher resolution or more energetic sourced tools are also well described.
The proper treatment of variables in predicate logic

In §93 of The Principles of Mathematics, Bertrand Russell (1903) observes that “the variable is a very complicated logical entity, by no means easy to analyze correctly”. This assessment is borne out by the fact that even now we have no fully satisfactory understanding of the role of variables in a compositional semantics for first-order logic. In standard Tarskian semantics, variables are treated as meaning-bearing entities; moreover, they serve as the basic building blocks of all meanings, which are constructed out of variable assignments. But this has disquieting consequences, including Fine’s antinomy of the variable and an undue dependence of meanings on language (representationalism). Here I develop an alternative, Fregean version of predicate logic that uses the traditional quantifier–variable apparatus for the expression of generality, possesses a fully compositional, non-representational semantics, and is not subject to the antinomy of the variable. The advantages of Fregean over Tarskian predicate logic are due to the former’s treating variables not as meaningful lexical items, but as mere marks of punctuation, similar to parentheses. I submit that this is indeed how the variables of predicate logic should be construed.
Low grip strength predicts incident diabetes among mid-life women: the Michigan Study of Women's Health Across the Nation.

Background skeletal muscle is the primary site of glucose uptake, yet the impact of age-related changes in muscle strength on diabetes risk is unknown. Methods four hundred and twenty-four participants (60% Black, 40% White) from the Michigan site of the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation contributed annual grip strength measures and were followed from 1996 to 2012 to identify incident cases of diabetes. Diabetes was defined as self-reported physician-diagnosed diabetes, use of anti-diabetic medications or measured fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dl or haemoglobin A1c > 6.5%. Results the 16-year diabetes incidence was 37%. The average baseline weight-normalised grip strength (NGS, kg per kg body weight) was 0.41 ± 0.12 and a mean of 0.29 ± 0.14 kg of absolute grip strength was lost per year. Each 0.1 higher NGS was associated with a 19% lower hazard of incident diabetes (P = 0.006) after adjustment for age, race/ethnicity, economic strain, smoking, menopause status, hormone use, physical activity and waist-hip ratio. In race/ethnic-stratified models, each 0.10 increase in NGS was associated with a 54% lower hazard of incident diabetes (P < 0.0001) among White women but the association among Black women was not statistically significant. In models without adjustment for waist-hip ratio or restricted to women <48 years of age at baseline, there was a statistically significant association between baseline NGS and incident diabetes among Black women. The rate of change in grip strength was not associated with diabetes incidence. Conclusion the mid-life is an important risk period for diabetes onset. Improving muscle strength. during mid-life may contribute to preventing diabetes among women.
Google Inc. (Abridged)

Describes Google's history, business model, governance structure, corporate culture, and processes for managing innovation. Reviews Google's recent strategic initiatives and the threats they pose to Yahoo, Microsoft, and others. Asks what Google should do next. One option is to stay focused on the company's core competence, i.e., developing superior search solutions and monetizing them through targeted advertising. Another option is to branch into new arenas, for example, build Google into a portal like Yahoo or MSN; extend Google's role in e-commerce beyond search, to encompass a more active role as an intermediary (like eBay) facilitating transactions; or challenge Microsoft's position on the PC desktop by developing software to compete with Office and Windows.
Trucost: Valuing Corporate Environmental Impacts

Trucost provided corporate environmental performance data and analysis to institutional investors and corporate managers, but after operating for a decade had yet to achieve profitability. Trucost was struggling to effectively differentiate its high quality products from its lower-cost competitors, and needed to develop a strategy to educate the marketplace and pursue new distribution channels. Increased investor interest in environmental issues-and an ever growing number of corporate environmental ranking-led to a proliferation of competitors to Trucost, and an industry shakeout were predicted. How should Trucost compete?Learning Objective: To introduce students to corporate environmental and sustainability ratings and competitive strategies among rating agencies, and the difficulties of competing on high quality information products that are credence goods-in that customers never truly know the quality after they purchase the information.
Terahertz Near-Field Focusing Using a 3-D Printed Cassegrain Configuration for Backscattered Side-Channel Detection

This paper presents the use of terahertz near-field focusing for backscatter side-channel detection. Near-field focusing is done by using a Cassegrain reflector configuration. The focuser is designed to produce the focused beam 28 cm away from the antenna aperture. The focusing is done in the near-field region by axially moving the subreflector from the focal point. It is observed that the subreflector position has to shift approximately 11 wavelengths along the axis to create the focus at the required location. The focused antenna gain is 46 dBi, while the 3 dB focus width and depth of the designed antenna is ~4 mm and 10 cm, respectively. It is found that the focal plane position is sensitive to the subreflector shifts and it is observed that 1 mm change in the subreflector position can shift the focal plane by ~2 cm. The simulations are compared with the measurement results of a fabricated prototype and good agreement is observed. The antenna is fabricated by using 3-D printing technology, which allows rapid prototyping. Finally, we have demonstrated the detection of backscatter side channel from the board placed at 28 cm away from the designed antenna. The received power level of the backscatter signal increases by 6 dB as compared to horn antenna.
PLANE-SOURCE GENERATED LIGHT FIELDS IN DISCRETE SPACES

This chapter discusses plane-source generated light fields in discrete spaces and describes the problem of determining the light field generated by internal plane-sources in an arbitrarily stratified plane-parallel medium. The plane-source problem arises in real optical media such as the sea or the atmosphere whenever there are true emission processes of either physical or biological origin within the media. For example, in the ocean, bioluminescence can exist in layers at various depths, thereby giving rise to local sources of radiant flux in the natural light field. This locally emitted flux initiates a multiple scattering process of its own and adds its share to the natural light field induced by the flux from the sun and sky. The geometric setting of the plane-source problem is an extended cubic lattice that is the discrete-space counterpart to the continuous plane-parallel optical medium. The plane-sources irradiate arbitrary sets of monolayers distributed within the lattice. The discrete-space approach permits a comparatively wide range of exploration of the effects of arbitrary internal sources within optical media.
Seasonal Accumulated Workloads in Collegiate Men's Soccer: A Comparison of Starters and Reserves.

Curtis, RM, Huggins, RA, Benjamin, CL, Sekiguchi, Y, Arent, S, Armwald, B, Pullara, JM, West, CA, and Casa, DJ. Seasonal accumulated workloads in collegiate men's soccer: a comparison of starters and reserves. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2019-The purpose of this investigation was to quantify and compare player's season total-, match-, and training-accumulated workload by player status characteristics (i.e., starter vs. reserve) in American collegiate men's soccer. Global positioning system (GPS) and heart rate (HR)-derived workloads were analyzed from 82 collegiate male soccer athletes from 5 separate teams over the 2016 and 2017 seasons. Differences in total physical and physiological workloads (i.e., total distance, accelerations, and weighted HR-zone training impulse [TRIMP] score) as well as workloads over a range of intensity zones were examined using multilevel mixed models, with mean difference (MD) and effect size (ES) reported. Starters accumulated substantially more total distance (MD = 82 km, ES = 1.23), TRIMP (MD = 2,210 au, ES = 0.63), and total accelerations (MD = 6,324 n, ES = 0.66) over the season. Total accumulated distance in all velocity zones (ES [range] = 0.87-1.08), all accelerations zones (ES [range] = 0.54-0.74), and time spent at 70-90% HRmax (ES [range] = 0.60-1.12) was also greater for starters. Reserves accumulated substantially more total distance (MD = 20 km, ES = 0.43) and TRIMP (MD = 1,683 au, ES = 0.79) during training. Although reserves show elevated physical and physiological loads during training compared with starters, there is an imbalance in overall workloads between player roles, with starters incurring substantially more match and total seasonal workloads. These results indicate managing player workloads in soccer requires attention to potential imbalances between players receiving variable match times. Coaches and practitioners in collegiate men's soccer may consider implementing strategies to reduce discrepancies in loading between starters and reserves. Individualized monitoring of training and match workloads may assist in the implementation of more balanced load management programs.
LCI1, a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii plasma membrane protein, functions in active CO 2 uptake under low CO 2 .

In response to high CO2 environmental variability, green algae, such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, have evolved multiple physiological states dictated by external CO2 concentration. Genetic and physiological studies demonstrated that at least three CO2 physiological states, a high CO2 (0.5-5% CO2 ), a low CO2 (0.03-0.4% CO2 ) and a very low CO2 (< 0.02% CO2 ) state, exist in Chlamydomonas. To acclimate in the low and very low CO2 states, Chlamydomonas induces a sophisticated strategy known as a CO2 -concentrating mechanism (CCM) that enables proliferation and survival in these unfavorable CO2 environments. Active uptake of Ci from the environment is a fundamental aspect in the Chlamydomonas CCM, and consists of CO2 and HCO3 - uptake systems that play distinct roles in low and very low CO2 acclimation states. LCI1, a putative plasma membrane Ci transporter, has been linked through conditional overexpression to active Ci uptake. However, both the role of LCI1 in various CO2 acclimation states and the species of Ci , HCO3 - or CO2 , that LCI1 transports remain obscure. Here we report the impact of an LCI1 loss-of-function mutant on growth and photosynthesis in different genetic backgrounds at multiple pH values. These studies show that LCI1 appears to be associated with active CO2 uptake in low CO2 , especially above air-level CO2 , and that any LCI1 role in very low CO2 is minimal.
Comment on “Test for Trend With a Multinomial Outcome” by Szabo (2019)

Szabo (2019) looked for trends in the probabilities associated with multinomial samples. Specifically she looked at a two-way contingency table with product multinomial sampling and one quantitativ...
An Immunologic Mode of Multigenerational Transmission Governs a Gut Treg Setpoint

At the species level, immunity depends on the selection and transmission of protective components of the immune system. A microbe-induced population of RORγ-expressing regulatory T cells (Tregs) is essential in controlling gut inflammation. We uncovered a non-genetic, non-epigenetic, non-microbial mode of transmission of their homeostatic setpoint. RORγ+ Treg proportions varied between inbred mouse strains, a trait transmitted by the mother during a tight age window after birth but stable for life, resistant to many microbial or cellular perturbations, then further transferred by females for multiple generations. RORγ+ Treg proportions negatively correlated with IgA production and coating of gut commensals, traits also subject to maternal transmission, in an immunoglobulin- and RORγ+ Treg-dependent manner. We propose a model based on a double-negative feedback loop, vertically transmitted via the entero-mammary axis. This immunologic mode of multi-generational transmission may provide adaptability and modulate the genetic tuning of gut immune responses and inflammatory disease susceptibility.
Dose-Dependent Evaluation of the Effects of Nebulized Furosemide on Pulmonary Function in Ventilated Preterm Infants

Objective We have previously shown that a single dose of nebulized furosemide improves tidal volume and pulmonary compliance for up to a 2-hour study period. This study is undertaken in order to find out (a) whether increasing the dose of nebulized furosemide from 1 to 2 mg/kg of body weight will further improve the pulmonary mechanics in premature infants with evolving chronic lung disease and (b) whether the effects of a single dose of nebulized furosemide last beyond 2 hours. Study design The effect of nebulized furosemide on pulmonary mechanics was studied at a mean postnatal age of 24 days (range 14 to 50 days) in 13 premature infants, 24 to 28 weeks' gestational age, who had been dependent on mechanical ventilation since birth. Furosemide was administered by nebulization at doses of 1 and 2 mg/kg of body weight, in random order, on two separate days 24 hours apart. Pulmonary function studies were performed before and 2, 4, and 6 hours after the nebulization. Urine was collected for 6 hours immediately before and for 6 hours after the nebulization. Results Furosemide by nebulization at 1 and 2 mg/kg of body weight resulted in significant improvement in tidal volume and compliance. There was no difference in the magnitude of response between the two doses. Neither 1 nor 2 mg/kg of body weight of nebulized furosemide had any effect on airway resistance. The improvement was maximum for up to 4 hours and lasted for up to 6 hours after the nebulization and was not associated with diuresis or increased excretion of urinary electrolytes. Conclusion A single dose of nebulized furosemide improves pulmonary function for up to 6 hours after its administration. Increasing the dose from 1 to 2 mg/kg of body weight results in no further improvement in the pulmonary function. The pulmonary effects of nebulized furosemide are independent of its diuretic action.
Potential risk of drug-drug interactions with hormonal contraceptives and antiretrovirals: prevalence in women living with HIV.

Background Family planning services are vital for women living with HIV (WLH); however, the use of concomitant antiretroviral therapy (ART) and hormonal contraceptives (HCs) may pose challenges due to the risk of potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs). The objectives of this study were to assess ART and HC use among WLH and quantify the frequency of potential DDIs between ART and HCs. Methods This was a retrospective, observational, cohort study of WLH aged 18-55 years, prescribed ART, with at least one clinic visit from January 1, 2010 to April 30, 2014. Potential DDIs between HCs and ART were assessed using the University of Liverpool HIV Drug Interactions website (www.hiv-druginteractions.org) and categorized as 'weak potential interaction,' 'potential interaction,' or 'do not co-administer.' Results Overall, a contraceptive method was reported in 167 (54%) of the 309 women included in the study. Of those using contraception, 73 (43.7%) reported using HCs, which was most frequently a progestin intrauterine device (n=43), progestin injection (n=17), or combination oral contraceptive pills (n=9). Out of a total of 449 ART regimens, a potential DDI was identified in 21 of 115 (18.3%) ART-HC combinations from 19 women using ART and HCs. Atazanavir/ritonavir was the most common potentially interacting ART (10, 47.6%); for HCs, these were combination oral contraceptive pills (16, 76.2%) and progestin implants (2, 9.5%). Conclusion In this cohort, one-quarter of WLH on ART-HCs had a potential DDI. Future studies should investigate the impact of DDIs on unintended pregnancies, the side effects of DDIs, and the effects of HC DDIs on ART concentrations.
True or not? Chinese government quotes WHO Chief statement “that there is no Evidence that the New Coronavirus Novel COVID 19 was Produced in the Laboratory” But US Government Says, “that the Coronavirus Originated from a Laboratory in China despite the Lack of Evidence”

Emerging infectious diseases are a major challenge in the 21st century. In recent years worldwide outbreaks of Ebola and Middle...
Understanding hydrogen sulfide signaling in neonatal airway disease.

Introduction Airway dysfunction leading to chronic lung disease is a common consequence of premature birth and mechanisms responsible for early and progressive airway remodeling are not completely understood. Current therapeutic options are only partially effective in reducing the burden of neonatal airway disease and premature decline of lung function. The gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been recently recognized for its therapeutic potential in lung diseases. Areas covered Contradictory to its well-known toxicity at high concentrations, H2S has been characterized to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties at physiological concentrations. In the respiratory system, endogenous H2S production participates in late lung development and exogenous H2S administration has a protective role in a variety of diseases such as acute lung injury and chronic pulmonary hypertension and fibrosis. Literature searches performed using NCBI PubMed without publication date limitations were used to construct this review, which highlights the dichotomous role of H2S in the lung and explores its promising beneficial effects in lung diseases. Expert opinion The emerging role of H2S in pathways involved in chronic lung disease of prematurity along with its recent use in animal models of BPD highlight H2S as a potential novel candidate in protecting lung function following preterm birth.
Laboratory Evaluation of Sleep Disorders: PSG, MSLT, MWT, and Actigraphy

The purpose of this chapter is to briefly describe the role of laboratory investigational techniques in the evaluation of patients with sleep complaints. Polysomnography, home sleep apnea testing, objective tests of daytime hypersomnolence including multiple sleep latency testing and maintenance of wakefulness testing, as well as tests for sleep-wake cycle determination (actigraphy) are discussed. A section on the burgeoning field of consumer-oriented sleep technology is also included.
Liver Transplantation for Cholangiocarcinoma: Charting a Path With Lessons Learned From Center Experience

Background While liver transplantation (LT) with neoadjuvant chemoradiation is increasingly utilized for the management of unresectable cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), data on post-LT survival are limited. Methods We identified 844 patients who underwent LT (2002-2019) for nonincidental (CCA listing) or incidental (CCA on explant, not at listing) CCA in the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. Kaplan-Meier and multivariable proportional hazards regression methods evaluated the effects of patient characteristics, donor type, transplant era (before/after 2010), and center volume (center-level CCALTs/active year) on the risk of graft failure and patient mortality. Results One center performed >12 CCALTs/y, and the rest performed ≤4. Five-year graft survival was 50.6%. Multivariable models demonstrated laboratory model of end-stage liver disease ≥40 versus 1 to ≤2, and >2 to ≤4 CCALTs/y compared to >12 were associated with increased risk of graft failure and mortality (all P ≤ 0.002). Extra vessel use was associated with center volume. Among all recipients, extra vessel use occurred in 55.4% of CCALTs performed at the highest volume center and in 14.0% of cases at centers having ≤4 CCAs/y (P < 0.05). Conclusions Center volume-related differences in outcomes and extra vessel use highlight the importance of establishing a unified, effective treatment protocol and the potential utility of regionalization of LT for CCA.
Talking trash: Perspectives on community environmental health in the Dominican Republic.

A safe and healthy natural and built environment is fundamental to children’s health and represents a significant determinant of community well-being. We aimed to identify and prioritize environmental health concerns within resource-poor neighborhoods in the Dominican Republic using free-listing and semi-structured focus groups composed of parents and caregivers in the perirural community of Consuelo, Dominican Republic. Transcripts were coded and relevant themes identified using qualitative content analysis. Demographic data and information regarding trash disposal practices were also collected. Participants described common health concerns, including respiratory infections, asthma, vector-borne illnesses, and diarrheal diseases and linked them to environmental hazards in their communities, such as air quality and sanitation. Interventional priorities that emerged included reduction of trash accumulation and trash burning as well as improvement of sanitation facilities.
Improve the Integrity Rate of Response and Teaching for Tube Care Administered by the Primary Caregiver

Background & problem The need to use an indwelling nasogastric tube, urinary catheter, or tracheostomy tube (the so-called "three tubes") because of illness or prolonged bedrest is increasing. The functions and effectiveness of these tubes may be maintained only with correct care. Improper care, slippage, obstruction, or infection may in severe cases cause septic shock or even death. Purpose To increase the completeness of the reverse demonstration of three tubes care instructions by primary caregivers to further improve related care quality. Resolution Between February 10th and March 31st, 2019, the completeness rates of reverse demonstration of nasogastric tube, urinary catheter, and tracheostomy tube care instructions among the primary caregivers participating in this study were shown to be low, at 42.5%, 38%, and 58.3%, respectively. The plausible causes were: 1. Human: Poor communication, forgetting the care steps, having no time for learning, and fear of performing nasogastric tube rotation; 2. Instrument: Lack of graphic demonstrations in health education materials; 3. Policy: Lack of standards and auditing. The implemented intervention involved creating innovative health-education instruments, videos and flash cards about three tubes care in multiple languages, and straps for holding the urinary catheter and developing standards and an auditing system for the reverse demonstration of three tube care instructions by primary caregivers. Results The completeness rates for the reverse demonstration of nasogastric tube, urinary catheter, and tracheostomy tube care instructions among the primary caregivers improved to 97.3%, 96.3%, and 95%, respectively. Conclusions Using the innovative health-education aids and improvements introduced in this study, the ability of primary caregivers to correctly perform the care steps should improve significantly.
On the number of edges of separated multigraphs.

We prove that the number of edges of a multigraph $G$ with $n$ vertices is at most $O(n^2\log n)$, provided that any two edges cross at most once, parallel edges are noncrossing, and the lens enclosed by every pair of parallel edges in $G$ contains at least one vertex. As a consequence, we prove the following extension of the Crossing Lemma of Ajtai, Chvatal, Newborn, Szemeredi and Leighton, if $G$ has $e \geq 4n$ edges, in any drawing of $G$ with the above property, the number of crossings is $\Omega\left(\frac{e^3}{n^2\log(e/n)}\right)$. This answers a question of Kaufmann et al. and is tight up to the logarithmic factor.
Efficacy and Safety of Vorapaxar by Intensity of Background Lipid‐Lowering Therapy in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease: Insights From the TRA2P‐TIMI 50 Trial

Background Patients with peripheral artery disease are at increased risk of both major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and limb events. The pathobiology of limb events is likely multifactoria...
Measuring the Affine Transform Using Gaussian Filters

Image deformations due to relative motion between an observer and an object may be used to infer 3-D structure. Up to first order these deformations can be written in terms of an affine transform. Here, a novel approach is adopted to measuring affine transforms which correctly handles the problem of corresponding deformed patches. The patches are filtered using gaussians and derivatives of gaussians. The problem of finding the affine transform is reduced to that of finding the appropriate deformed filter to use. The method is local and can handle arbitrarily large affine deformations. Experiments demonstrate that this technique can find scale changes and optical flow in situations where other methods fail.
Development of the Coastal Intensive Site Network (Cisnet)

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) have formed a partnership to establish pilot sites for the development of a network known as the Coastal Intensive Site Network (CISNet). CISNet is composed of intensive, long-term monitoring and research sites around the U.S. marine and Great Lakes coasts. In this partnership, EPA and NOAA are funding research and monitoring programs at pilot sites that utilize ecological indicators and investigate the ecological effects of environmental Stressors. NASA is funding research aimed at developing a remote sensing capability that will augment or enhance in situ research and monitoring programs selected by EPA and NOAA. CISNet has three objectives: 1) to develop a sound scientific basis for understanding ecological responses to anthropogenic stresses in coastal environments, including the interaction of exposure, environment/climate, and biological/ecological factors in the response, and the spatial and temporal nature of these interactions, 2) to demonstrate the value of developing data from selected sites intensively monitored to examine the relationships between changes in environmental Stressors, including anthropogenic and natural stresses, and ecological response, and 3) to provide intensively monitored sites for development and evaluation of indicators of change in coastal systems.
Fair and Impartial Jury - Catch as Catch Can

This article deals with the sixth amendment to the United States Constitution which calls for the right to a jury trial. The jury trial evolved from a rich common-law tradition steeped in principles of fairness and impartiality. However the Supreme Court has since altered the shape and function of the American jury, emphasizing utilitarian values of crime prevention and administrative convenience over the anti-establishment values of citizen protection, among other deviations. This article addresses the peremptory challenge, the challenge for cause, prejudgment, group affiliation, and racism in the jury system.
New Streptococcal Serotypes Causing Pyoderma and Acute Glomerulonephritis Types 59, 60, and 61

Three new streptococcal M serotypes, types 59, 60, and 61; have been described. They were first isolated from patients with pyoderma and acute glomerulonephritis (AGN), seen during epidemiological studies in Alabama. A possible antigenic relationship between types 59 and 61 was suggested by their T-agglutination reactions; a more specific T antiserum prepared for type 59 was useful in separating these two types, as well as other strains known to share T antigens 11, 12, and 5/27/44. On the basis of precipitin tests, a common antigenic determinant among types 59, 61, and 49 was suggested. This is of interest in view of the relation between these types and AGN. Type 59 has been relatively more widespread in distribution than type 61, but neither have been related to epidemic AGN. Type 60, first identified as “T-4,” thus being related to previously described M types which share this antigen, is of great interest in terms of the epidemiology of AGN. Most strains in our collection were recovered from patients with pyoderma and AGN or from their infected siblings. Recently, the type was found to be prevalent among patients with pyoderma and AGN seen in Trinidad. Data reported in relation to these new types further illustrate the dichotomy in M serotypes common to pyoderma and AGN on the one hand and those types found in collections of patients with pharyngitis on the other hand. The high rate of non-M-typable streptococci among pyoderma collections, encountered earlier, is best explained by lack of suitable reference antisera available for prevalent pyoderma serotypes.
MR imaging and MR angiography in the evaluation of pulsatile tinnitus.

PURPOSE 1) To evaluate the scope of imaging findings seen with spin-echo MR and MR angiography (MRA) in patients with pulsatile tinnitus; 2) to determine whether MRA adds additional imaging information (to that provided by spin-echo MR) necessary for determining the cause of pulsatile tinnitus; and 3) to suggest MR and MRA imaging techniques for evaluation of patients with pulsatile tinnitus. METHODS Forty-nine patients with pulsatile tinnitus were evaluated with MR and MRA. Seventeen of these patients had conventional angiography. RESULTS Vascular lesions or paraganglioma were demonstrated in 28 patients. Of these 28 lesions, the majority were seen best (46%) or only (36%) on MRA. The spectrum of lesions detected included dural arteriovenous fistula (nine), extracranial arteriovenous fistula (three), paraganglioma (five), jugular bulb variants (three), aberrant internal carotid artery (one), internal carotid artery stenosis (one), tortuous internal carotid artery (one), carotid dissection with pseudoaneurysm (one), stenosis of the transverse sinus (two), and arteriovenous malformation (two). CONCLUSIONS MRA, in conjunction with spin-echo imaging, markedly enhances the ability of MR to diagnose the lesions responsible for pulsatile tinnitus.
Finding NEMO: near mutually orthogonal sets and applications to MIMO broadcast scheduling

We define a near-orthogonal set of channel vectors as one that meets certain SIR and SNR guarantees. The probability of finding a near-orthogonal set in a pool of n users is characterized. We identify a phase transition phenomenon in channel geometry whereby this probability transitions from 0 to 1 as k, the number of users that have been examined, increases. It is shown that after this transition the probability of failing to find such a set behaves like /spl theta/(k/sup -m/). The rate at which SNR and SIR can be scaled while we remain above this threshold is also characterized. The existence results we provide are not specific to the MIMO scheduling problem, but apply to the more general setting of finding a near-orthogonal set in a random collection of isotropic vectors. The proofs make use of new tight bounds we develop to bound the surface content of spherical caps in arbitrary dimensions. Broader implications of these results are discussed. Specifically, in the case of zero-forcing the best sum rate achievable increases at a rate on the order of log log n.
Edwards Aquifer Region Stakeholder Frame Analysis

ABSTRACTThe 2011 drought was the worst single-year climatic occurrence in Texas's recorded history (Texas AgriLife Extension Service 2011). Texas must meet residential and economic development requirements of a population that will nearly double over the next fifty years and will require dramatic improvements in water conservation and reuse. Located in the south central region of Texas, the Edwards Aquifer is an underground karst formation with water flowing through it that has been at the center of controversy for more than sixty years. As the sole source water supply for nearly 2 million people in San Antonio, the controversy over the use of the Edwards Aquifer water centers on four major concerns: its limited physical structure, multiple users, potential contamination, and the potential loss of endangered species. This qualitative study uses interactional frame theory to demonstrate characterization and identity framing, and provides a definition of frame theory, its nature, and its development. This r...