cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A carbohydrate force field for amber and its application to the study of saccharide to surface adsorption

Abstract An optimized carbohydrate force field for amber is reviewed. Of the changes to the original amber force field, the revised version contains separate charge sets for α and β anomers and can be extended to polysaccharides. It is tested through free energy perturbation and molecular dynamics simulations. This force field is then used to study the adsorption process of α- d -glucose onto a continuum graphite surface by constructing a potential of mean force (PMF) profile of the sugar molecule with the surface. Analyses at various points along the reaction pathway provide useful insights with respect to the sugar and solvent structures.
The Effects of Classroom Climate on College Science Students: A Replication Study.

This replication studied the effect of two specific classroom climates on learning of science process skills and content achievement in college science classes. Two classroom climates were established and designated as discovery classroom climate (DCC) and nondiscovery classroom climate (NDCC). The term discovery denotes the degree of freedom the teacher established in classroom interactions, both verbal and nonverbal. Verbal interactions were monitored with the Science Laboratory Interaction Categories. These data indicate that students in the two classroom climates achieved equally as well on learning of biological content of the course and on scores in science process skills as measured by the Welch Science Process Inventory. This study indicates students in the less directive discovery climate learned as much content as a more directive comparison class—they lost nothing of what is traditionally sought in a college science class. Differences between the original and the replication study on the Science Process Inventory were noted.
Training needs for chemists in nuclear medicine research and production

The field Nuclear Medicine has expanded rapidly over the last two decades. Individuals with training in radiochemistry are needed in industry, medical centers and hospitals. Although basic training in organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, biochemistry or pharmacy are required, radiochemistry knowledge is essential for all of these individuals. Opportunities and training requirements in these areas will be discussed.
Effects of aerosolized dust in goats on lung clearance of Pasteurella and Mannheimia species

The objective was to determine whether the inhalation of large quantities of feedyard dust predisposed the animals to pulmonary bacterial proliferation. Two control groups, C1 and C2, did not receive dust treatments, and two principal groups (P1 and P2) received a total of 14 dust treatments each. The C1 and P1 groups of goats each received a transthoracic challenge of live Mannheimia haemolytica (4 x 10(6) colony forming units, CFU) The C2 and P2 groups of goats each received a transthoracic challenge of live Pasteurella multocida (1.0 x 10(6) CFU/goat). The results showed that dusted animals had fever when compared with non-dusted controls. In addition, dusted animals demonstrated a leukocytosis with neutrophilia after the first dust treatment that was not sustainable. Finally, dusted animals demonstrated pulmonary clearance of two potential bacterial pathogens that was not significantly different from that shown by control (not dusted) animals.
Swiss Inflation and the Two Versions of the Monetary Approaches to the Balance of Payments

The framework for this study is provided by the monetary approach to the balance of payments (MABP) whose major precepts are discussed in Section 1. The Swiss case provides an excellent counterexample to the conclusions which may arise from the MABP and the closely related global monetarist view of world inflation. Therefore, the initial thrust of the paper is to distinguish between a strong version and a weak version of the MABP from the basic assumptions of the monetary approach.1 While the MABP is not a theory of inflation, the two versions of the MABP suggest different trans-mission mechanisms by which world inflation can be transmitted to a small, open country like Switzerland. Empirical results are reported in Section 2 which suggest that excessive monetary growth resulting from balance-of-payments surpluses and a direct price effect were the principle causes of Swiss inflation. Therefore, the strong version of the MABP and the closely related global monetarist approach are incorrect in concluding that international inflation is transmitted by a direct price effect. The question of the appropriate exchange-rate policy for Switzerland and other concluding remarks follow in Section 3.
In Vivo Transduction of Hematopoietic Stem Cells after Neonatal Intravenous Injection of an Amphotropic Retroviral Vector in Mice

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are important targets for gene therapy. Most protocols involve ex vivo modification, in which HSC are transduced in vitro and injected into the recipient. An in vivo delivery method might simplify HSC gene therapy. We previously demonstrated that iv injection of an amphotropic retroviral vector (RV) into newborn mice resulted in long-term expression from hepatocytes. The goal of this study was to determine if HSC were also transduced. After neonatal administration of 1 x 10(10) transducing units/kg of RV, peripheral blood cells had approximately 0.1 copy of RV per cell for up to 22 months. At 18 months, RV sequences were detected in T, B, and myeloid cells from bone marrow (BM). Unfractionated BM was transplanted into naive recipients after total body irradiation. Recipients maintained similar levels of the RV in their blood cells for 10 months, at which time RV sequences were present at the same integration site in all lineages of cells from BM. We conclude that neonatal iv injection of RV results in transduction of HSC in mice, which might be used for BM-directed gene therapy. Transduction of blood cells after liver-directed neonatal gene therapy might have adverse effects in patients, although no leukemias developed here.
Aberrant radial-ulnar nerve communication in the upper arm presenting as an unusual radial nerve palsy: a case report

An unusual communication between the radial and ulnar nerves was observed during repair of a fracture of the humerus in an adult patient who presented with unusual physical exam findings. The patient had loss of radial and ulnar nerve motor function, as well as decreased sensation in both nerve distributions. Radial nerve injury following fracture of the humerus is a common condition, and anatomic variations are therefore of importance to clinicians. Communications between branches of the brachial plexus are also not uncommon findings; however there is very little mention of communication between the radial and ulnar nerves in the literature. An appreciation of unusual nerve anatomy is important in explaining unusual finding in patients.
Interference of the ammoniiun ion in Mohr's method for the determination of chloride.

The ammonium ion has been found to interfere in the Mohr method for the determination of chloride.
Materializing views with minimal size to answer queries

In this paper we study the following problem. Given a database and a set of queries, we want to find, in advance, a set of views that can compute the answers to the queries, such that the size of the viewset (i.e., the amount of space, in bytes, required to store the viewset) is minimal on the given database. This problem is important for many applications such as distributed databases, data warehousing, and data integration. We explore the decidability and complexity of the problem for workloads of conjunctive queries. We show that results differ significantly depending on whether the workload queries have self-joins. If queries can have self-joins, then a disjunctive viewset can be a better solution than any set of conjunctive views. We show that the problem of finding a minimal-size disjunctive viewset is decidable, and give an upper bound on its complexity. If workload queries cannot have self-joins, there is no need to consider disjunctive viewsets, and we show that the problem is in NP. We describe a very compact search space of conjunctive views, which contains all views in at least one optimal disjunctive viewset. We give a dynamic-programming algorithm for finding minimal-size disjunctive viewsets for queries without self-joins, and discuss heuristics to make the algorithm efficient.
N-alkyl-4-(N′,N′-dialkylamino)pyridinium salts: thermally stable phase transfer catalysts for nucleophilic aromatic displacement

Abstract N-Alkyl salts of 4-dialkylaminopyridines are effective phase transfer catalysts which are up to 100 times more stable than tetrabutylammonium bromide to conditions encountered in nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. These salts are thermally stable to over 300°C, and promote reactions in non-polar solvents (or in the absence of solvent) at temperatures as high as 200°C.
Local sequence-structure correlations in proteins

Considerable progress has been made in understanding the relationship between local amino acid sequence and local protein structure. Recent highlights include numerous studies of the structures adopted by short peptides, new approaches to correlating sequence patterns with structure patterns, and folding simulations using simple potentials.
CAAT/enhancer binding protein activates an enhancer in the glutamine synthetase distal 5'-flanking sequence.

Abstract The glutamine synthetase (GS) gene is expressed at high levels in several cell types, including astrocytes, pericentral hepatocytes, and adipocytes. During hormone-mediated adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells, GS gene expression increases several hundred fold. We previously reported that elements in the distal 5′-flanking sequence and intron-1 participate in establishing the temporal pattern of GS transcription during adipocyte differentiation. To examine the role of the distal 5′-flanking region in regulating adipocyte-specific GS expression, GS–CAT fusion genes were constructed and analyzed in transiently transfected 3T3-L1 cells. In this way, adipocyte differentiation-responsive enhancer activity was localized to a 422-bp sequence that occurs about 3.5 kb upstream from the transcription start site. This sequence includes several putative C/EBP binding sites and is activated by ectopic expression of C/EBPα in NIH-3T3 cells. Thus, our data indicate that C/EBPα has the capacity to activate functional C/EBP sites in the GS gene distal 5′-flanking region.
New technique for coronary sinus cannulafion using a fiberoptic stylet

Abstract Fluoroscopy, echocardiography, blind digital approach, and direct visual insertion have been used for retrograde cannulation of the coronary sinus. We cannulate the coronary sinus by transillumination using a standard flexible retroplegia cannuia with a reusable fiberoptic stylet designed by our open heart program. An attachable light source illuminates the tip, which is guided into the coronary sinus ostium. We have used the technique in 16 patients who could not be cannulated with the blind digital method.
Overcome Support Vector Machine Diagnosis Overfitting

Support vector machines (SVMs) are widely employed in molecular diagnosis of disease for their efficiency and robustness. However, there is no previous research to analyze their overfitting in high-dimensional omics data based disease diagnosis, which is essential to avoid deceptive diagnostic results and enhance clinical decision making. In this work, we comprehensively investigate this problem from both theoretical and practical standpoints to unveil the special characteristics of SVM overfitting. We found that disease diagnosis under an SVM classifier would inevitably encounter overfitting under a Gaussian kernel because of the large data variations generated from high-throughput profiling technologies. Furthermore, we propose a novel sparse-coding kernel approach to overcome SVM overfitting in disease diagnosis. Unlike traditional ad-hoc parametric tuning approaches, it not only robustly conquers the overfitting problem, but also achieves good diagnostic accuracy. To our knowledge, it is the first rigorous method proposed to overcome SVM overfitting. Finally, we propose a novel biomarker discovery algorithm: Gene-Switch-Marker (GSM) to capture meaningful biomarkers by taking advantage of SVM overfitting on single genes.
Central cannulation is safe in acute aortic dissection repair.

Objective The site of cannulation for the repair of ascending aortic dissection remains controversial. It is not clear whether cannulation of the dissected vessel is safe or even preferred. We hypothesized that cannulation of the dissected aorta could be done safely with acceptable complication and mortality rates in this high-risk population. Methods The charts of repairs of acute ascending aortic dissections (n = 70) from 1996 to 2005 were reviewed. Cannulation was accomplished in 24 patients via the dissected aorta (central) and in 46 patients through cannulation of the femoral or axillary artery (peripheral). All were converted to sidearm cannulation of the graft for reperfusion. Groups were compared on the basis of comorbidities in addition to mortality, complications, hospital stays and final disposition. Results The groups were comparable on the basis of age and preoperative comorbidities. Similarly, there were no differences in bypass time, crossclamp time, or hypothermic circulatory arrest time between groups. Hospital mortality and postoperative complications, including stroke, were similar between groups, but the peripheral group experienced more cardiac events (peripheral 15% vs central 0%; P Conclusions Direct cannulation of the dissected aorta was safe compared with peripheral cannulation in these patients. Inasmuch as these data demonstrate that cannulation of the dissected ascending aorta is safe, this technique can be used to tailor the cannulation approach to specific anatomic and patient characteristics that might optimize postoperative outcomes in this disease entity.
Calibration-based reasoning about collision events in 11-month-old infants ☆

Previous research indicates that, when a moving object collides with a stationary object, infants expect the stationary object to be displaced. The present experiment examined whether infants believe that the size of the moving object affects how far the stationary object is displaced. In the experiment, 11-month-old infants sat in front of a horizontal track; to the left of the track was an inclined ramp. A wheeled toy bug rested on the track at the bottom of the ramp. The infants in the midpoint condition were first familiarized with an event in which a medium-sized cylinder rolled down the ramp and hit the bug, causing it to roll to the middle of the track. Next, the infants saw one of two test events. In both events, novel cylinders were introduced, and the bug now rolled to the end of the track. The two test cylinders were identical to the familiarization cylinder in material but not in size: one was larger (large-cylinder event) and one was smaller (small-cylinder event) than the familiarization cylinder. The infants in the endpoint condition saw the same familiarization and test events as the infants in the midpoint condition except that the bug rolled to the end rather than to the middle of the track in the familiarization event. The infants in the midpoint condition looked reliably longer at the small-than at the large-cylinder event, whereas the infants in the endpoint condition tended to look equally at the two events. These results indicated that the infants (a) believed that the size of the cylinder affected the length of the bug's displacement and (b) used the familiarization event to calibrate their predictions about the test events. After watching the bug roll to the middle of the track when hit by the medium cylinder, the infants were surprised to see the bug roll to the end of the track with the small but not the large cylinder. After watching the bug roll to the end of the track when hit by the medium cylinder, however, the infants were not surprised to see the bug do the same with either the small or the large cylinder. Parallel results were obtained with adult subjects. The present findings have implications for research on the nature and development of infants' physical reasoning as well as for assessments of causal reasoning in infancy.
Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and organizational citizenship behavior: A functional approach to organizational citizenship behavior

This study was the first to link a functional view of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) to intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Citizenship behavior and motives were assessed along with motivational orientation and prosocial personality. The results suggest that motives, and the types of OCB they foster, derive in part from individual differences in motivational orientation. Intrinsically motivated individuals manifested internal, other-oriented motives for OCB, while those with extrinsic orientations were driven largely by external, self-focused objectives. Mediation analyses implicated motivational orientation as a causal factor in determining specific motives. Citizenship activities directed at coworkers also showed a strong relationship with prosocial personality. A strong, positive correlation between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation suggested the usefulness of viewing them as complementary rather than competing tendencies, working together to help individuals accomplish a goal. The data further highlight the efficacy of a functional approach to understanding a broad spectrum of prosocial actions.
Control-Based Load Shedding in Data Stream Management Systems

Load shedding has been widely used in data stream management systems (DSMSs) as a means to maintain Qualityof- Service (QoS) of data processing. However, current systems tend to adapt ad hoc strategies in determining the timing and magnitude of load shedding. In this paper, we argue that these strategies cannot effectively maintain QoS due to the existence of environmental/internal dynamics. To remedy this problem, we propose a systematic approach that takes advantages of well-established feedback control techniques. Our approach can achievemuch less QoS violations with the same amount of data loss. Initial experiments performed on a real-world DSMS support our conclusion.
The Center of Excellence in Remote Sensing Education and Research /sup n/dergraduate Research Experience in Ocean/Marine Science

The URE-Ocean/Marine Science program supports active research participation by undergraduate students in remote sensing and GIS. The program is based on a model for undergraduate research programs supported by the National Science Foundation. URE project features mentors, research projects, and professional development opportunities. It is the long-term goal of the URE in Ocean/Marine Science to provide an active research experience as an effective way to attract talented undergraduates and retain them in careers in ocean and marine science. The program objective is to promote the professional development of underrepresented undergraduate students through their participation in ongoing ocean and marine science research. During the summer 2001 and 2002 programs, research team investigations focused on: (1) ARCVIEW/GIS software as a tool for evaluating coastal populations, (2) Coast Watch Remote Sensing Data Validation Study, (3) validation of LITE tropospheric and stratospheric measurements, (4) seasonal changes in phytoplankton concentration in the Atlantic Ocean using MODIS satellite images, (5) fishery stock yield and spawning biomass per recruit model. (6) correlation of AVHRR SST with the presence of loggerhead turtles, and (7) satellite observations of surface eddies in the North Atlantic Ocean reveal complex physical processes that aid in the preservation of regional marine ecosystem.
Software channel approach to data banding

A software channel is used to study the capacity gains made possible by data banding. Data banding increases the data rate in steps as the head moves from ID (inner diameter) to OD (outer diameter) to keep the linear bit density more nearly constant. The software channel is used for this experiment because of the ease in changing data rates and codes and optimizing other channel parameters for each band. The components studied are an MIG (metal-in-gap) head of 9.1- mu m track width on a thin-film disk of 900-Oe coercivity. The projected gains in disk storage capacity using five data bands, an error-rate criterion for maximum data rate, and optimization of channel parameters for each band vary from 15% to 27% depending on code and the use of equalization. >
A 500 MHz/200 mm RT Bore Solid Neon Cooled $rm Nb_3rm Sn$ MRI Magnet&#8212;A Status Report

We report here on the status of our program aimed to build and operate a dry MRI magnet. The system incorporates a new design/operational concept that we believe it will be eventually adopted by manufacturers of the next generation of superconducting magnets. System features include: a) liquid free; b) if required by the user, cryocooler microphonics free over a period of time; c) ability to maintain a constant operating field over a specified period of time, even in the event of a power outage or during cryocooler maintenance. The basis of this new design/operation concept, among other features, is the presence of solid cryogen, solid neon for this system, in the cold body that also contains the magnet to enhance significantly the cold body's heat capacity. Details of the system design-magnetic and cryogenics are presented in this paper
Calcium-mediated modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) responses in cultured rat hippocampal neurones

1. Agonist-independent (inactivation) and agonist-induced (desensitization) refractory states of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors were studied on cultured rat hippocampal neurones using whole-cell and inside-out patch-clamp techniques and a fast perfusion system. 2. Shortly after whole-cell formation, application of 100 microM NMDA in the presence of 10 microM glycine and 0.2 mM [Ca2+]o induced membrane currents that desensitized by 23%. Repeated application of NMDA at 30 s intervals resulted in a progressive increase in the degree and rate of onset of NMDA receptor desensitization. 3. Test responses to NMDA recorded in the presence of 0.2 mM [Ca2+]o were reversibly inactivated by 60% following a train of ten 1 s applications of NMDA delivered at 0.5 Hz in the presence of 2 mM [Ca2+]o; similar results were obtained with 2 mM [Sr2+]o and 2 mM [Ba2+]o. In the presence of Ca2+ or Sr2+, desensitization during the train of responses to NMDA increased by 14 and 19% respectively, while with Ba2+ there was no increase in desensitization. 4. In the presence of 0.2 mM [Ca2+]o at a holding potential of -60 mV, or in the presence of 2 mM [Ca2+]o at a holding potential of +50 mV, a train of ten applications of NMDA failed to induce either inactivation or an increase in desensitization of test responses to NMDA. These results suggest an important role for [Ca2+]o in the induction of both inactivation and desensitization of NMDA receptors. 5. Increasing the intracellular calcium concentration, [Ca2+]i, via repeated activation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, resulted in a reversible inactivation of test responses to NMDA by 35% but failed to increase desensitization. In neurones dialysed with intracellular solution containing 2.5 mM Ca2+ NMDA receptor desensitization was similar to that in neurones dialysed with 10 nM Ca2+. 6. Block of NMDA receptor-channels by 2 mM [Mg2+]o during the train application of NMDA prevented the induction of both inactivation and desensitization. In contrast 3 mM [Mg2+]i was ineffective. 7. The magnitude of both inactivation and desensitization of NMDA receptors was not affected by intracellular dialysis of ATP, the non-hydrolysable ATP analogue 5'-adenylylimido-diphosphate (AMP-PNP), different Ca2+ chelators (EGTA or BAPTA), the Ca(2+)-activated protease inhibitor (leupeptin), dithiothreitol, or the phosphatase inhibitors (okadaic acid and a calcineurin inhibitor). 8. Application of 2.5 mM Ca2+ to the cytoplasmic side of inside-out patches induced inactivation of NMDA responses similar in magnitude to the inactivation seen in whole-cell recording.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Growth Conditions of Sequentially Electrodeposited Buffer Layers for YBCO Superconductor

We report recent technical advances in the fabrication by sequential electrodeposition (ED) of Gd2O3/Gd2Zr2O7 buffer architecture. A systematic study is performed for a fundamental understanding of the buffer structure grown by ED. The electrolyte composition, solution flow rate, composition/concentration of chemicals, and annealing conditions are found to affect considerably the deposition of the layer, formation of the pyrochlore oxide, and film texture. The as-deposited and annealed films were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Smooth and crack-free layers were obtained. The surface roughness of the bilayer buffer was about 3 nm. Both layers were biaxially textured. The out-of-plane mosaic spread Deltaomega was about 6deg and 7.8deg for Gd2Zr2O7 and Gd2O3 grains, respectively. The in-plane grain dispersion Deltaphi was 8.4deg and 9.3deg for Gd2Zr2O7 and Gd2O3 layers, respectively.
The Gender Division of Labor in Two-Earner Marriages Dimensions of Variability and Change

Recent data on the division of domestic labor is examined, suggesting that the inevitability of a “second shift” for wives in dual-earner couples may be overstated. The allocation of paid work more to husbands and housework more to wives creates a combined work week that is, on average, balanced but gender specialized. However, there is also important variation among couples. Some employed wives do face a “double day,” but others are in more equitable arrangements. The implicitly and explicitly gendered expectations that both husbands and wives bring to thinking about housework play a significant role in shaping the degree of egalitarianism in practice.
Calcium-independent phospholipase A2 mediates CREB phosphorylation and c-fos expression during ischemia

In isolated, perfused adult rat hearts, global ischemia increased the phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) relative to control levels, and this phosphorylation was revers...
Performance of a Photomultiplier with a Porous Transmission Dynode

The root-mean-square deviation in number of secondary electrons from a normal secondary emitter increases with the square root of the secondary-emission ratio. The constant of proportionality is slightly greater than unity. The pulse-height resolution of a multiplier is therefore improved by the use of a high-gain first dynode. The secondary-emission ratio from a porous potassium chloride transmission dynode has a much higher value than that from conventional dynodes. Ratios of fifty to a hundred are easily obtained. If the statistics of emission obeys the same laws as for conventional secondary emission, porous dynodes would be advantageous as the first stage of a photomultiplier for scintillation counters used for energy resolution. A multiplier incorporating a porous transmission first dynode was built and tested. The pulse-height resolution was poor compared with that of a normal photomultiplier. The pulse-height resolution can be expressed in terms of FWHM as follows: FWHM =2.35 =1/?Ne?1 + M where Ne is the average number of photoelectrons per pulse and M is the degradation of resolution by the multiplier structure. A conventional photomultiplier operated at normal gain has an M value in the neighborhood of 0.5. A multiplier with a normal first dynode of gain 30 would have an M value of 0.06. The porous-dynode multiplier with a gain of 30 for the first stage had an M value of the order of 4.3.
Closed loop control of automobile engines

Closed loop control of the fuel-air ratio of automotive engines has become widespread in production vehicles. Its purpose is to maintain a sufficiently high accuracy for simultaneous reduction and oxidation of the exhaust emissions in spite of fluctuations in environmental conditions, manufacturing tolerances, and time degradation of the components. Spark advance is also being controlled using accelerometer feedback in some production vehicles to allow a more efficient setting while virtually eliminating detonation even with fluctuations in fuel octane, inlet air temperature and humidity. The benefits of using feedback in these situations have been found to be high enough to warrant their extra cost.
A newly described plant disease complex involving two distinct viruses in a native Alaskan lily, Streptopus amplexifolius

The etiology of a previously unknown disease of Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. (twisted stalk) that occurred in south central Alaska was elucidated. Symptomatic plants with yellow-green dashes and streaks on their leaves contained distinct viruses belonging to the family Potyviridae and (or) tentatively to the family Flexiviridae genus Carlavirus. Each virus’ identity was confirmed by a combination of morphology, serology (ELISA and (or) Western analysis), and sequences obtained from reverse transcriptase – polymerase chain reaction products previously generated by potyvirus- or carlavirus-specific primers. The mechanical transmission of particles (purified from twisted stalk as a mixture of both viruses or as a single preparation of each virus) to S. amplexifolius, Chenopodium amaranticolor Coste et Reyn, and Chenopodium quinoa Willd., fulfilled Koch’s postulates. The relatively high incidence of infected plants and associated severe symptoms in populations from several sites in south central Alaska g...
The expression of decorin in human ovarian tumors.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine ovarian cancer cells for the expression of decorin, a proteoglycan component of the cell matrix that can inhibit cancer cell growth. Experimental Design: Cultured ovarian cancer cells and surgically excised tumors were examined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis for decorin expression. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to analyze cultured cells for decorin transcripts. Results: We detected decorin transcripts in two ovarian cancer cell lines by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. However, no decorin was found in conditioned culture medium from those cell lines. Cells treated with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 showed strong perinuclear staining with a decorin-specific monoclonal antibody by immunohistochemistry. Also, Western blot analysis showed the presence of a ladder of decorin-specific bands that were intensified by treatment with MG132, suggesting that de novo synthesized decorin was degraded by the ubiquitination pathway. The decorin component of tumor stroma was previously shown to contain high levels of chondroitin sulfate as opposed to dermatan sulfate side chains, and those molecules contained unusually high levels of O - and 6-sulfate linkages. We provided immunohistochemical evidence that these chondroitin sulfate side chains may have been produced by myofibroblasts. Conclusions: Decorin protein expression was not detected in ovarian cancer cells. Decorin transcripts were produced and probably translated, but the protein was probably degraded by the ubiquitination pathway. We present evidence that stromal decorin of ovarian tumors was made by myofibroblasts. We also propose that decorin may be a tumor suppressor gene that is inactivated during epithelial cell development.
Relationship between a global rating of speech ability at the age of 3 yrs and a phonological screening 1 yr later: a prospective field study.

Relationship between a global rating of speech ability at the age of 3 yrs and a phonological screening 1 yr later Objective: This study, which was carried out under routine conditions, evaluates the predictability of a global rating of children’s speaking manner made by Child Health Centre nurses. The global rating was added to a formalized screening of 3-yr olds, which intended to identify severely language disabled children. This screening procedure is used in several Swedish counties and the participation rate is nearly 100%. The main questions of the study are: (i) can a global rating of speech ability in children, who have passed the 3-yr screening, predict the outcome of a new population screening 1 yr later? and if so (ii) what is the most efficient cut-off point? Methods: The global ratings of the 3-yr olds were made using a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS). At the age of 4 yrs, 2065 globally rated children with no objections from the 3-yr screening participated in a second, well-established assessment. The purpose of this second screening was to identify not only severe but also moderate disability. Results: The mean VAS value of the global ratings was 62 mm. One-third of the ratings fell on the lower half of the scale. With a cut-off level set at ≤50 mm on the VAS two newly-identified, severely disabled children and 74% of the moderately disabled 4-yr olds were identified. Conclusion: The results suggest that the global rating in connection to the 3-yr screening would serve as a useful tool for selective screening of 4-yr olds, and thus, reduce the work load.
We cannot teach what we don’t know: Indiana teachers talk about global citizenship education:

Globalization significantly influences the very notion of citizenship by challenging the key principle of citizenship as idiosyncratically nation or nation-state related concept.Therefore, the disc...
Superfield calculation of loop contributions in extra dimensional theories

Superfields provide a compact description of supersymmetry representations. Loop corrections with superfield formalism are simpler and much more manageable than the calculation in terms of component fields. In this paper we calculate the contribution of the Kaluza-Klein (KK) states, associated with extra dimensions, to the renormalization group beta function. These Kaluza-Klein particles circulate in the virtual loop, hence affecting the overall corrections at any order. We obtain the one-loop correction, which checks with the result previously obtained using the more laborious component field method. In addition, we calculate the two-loop correction coming from chiral KK states.
Identification of a Targeting Factor for Posttranslational Membrane Protein Insertion into the ER

Hundreds of proteins are anchored in intracellular membranes by a single transmembrane domain (TMD) close to the C terminus. Although these tail-anchored (TA) proteins serve numerous essential roles in cells, components of their targeting and insertion pathways have long remained elusive. Here we reveal a cytosolic TMD recognition complex (TRC) that targets TA proteins for insertion into the ER membrane. The highly conserved, 40 kDa ATPase subunit of TRC (which we termed TRC40) was identified as Asna-1. TRC40/Asna-1 interacts posttranslationally with TA proteins in a TMD-dependent manner for delivery to a proteinaceous receptor at the ER membrane. Subsequent release from TRC40/Asna-1 and insertion into the membrane depends on ATP hydrolysis. Consequently, an ATPase-deficient mutant of TRC40/Asna-1 dominantly inhibited TA protein insertion selectively without influencing other translocation pathways. Thus, TRC40/Asna-1 represents an integral component of a posttranslational pathway of membrane protein insertion whose targeting is mediated by TRC.
Multiseason Verification of the MM5. Part II: Evaluation of High-Resolution Precipitation Forecasts over the Northeastern United States

Abstract This paper evaluates the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) precipitation forecasts over the northeastern United States to show the effects of increasing resolution, the spatial variations in model skill, and the impact of convective parameterizations on the MM5 precipitation forecasts. The MM5 is verified during the cool seasons (November–March) of 1999–2001 and the warm season (May–September) of 2000 using approximately 500 cooperative observer and National Weather Service precipitation sites. During the cool season, the 12-km MM5 produces excessive precipitation immediately downwind of the Great Lakes and along the windward slopes of the Appalachians and too little precipitation in the lee of the barrier. The 36-km MM5 has slightly more skill than at 12-km grid spacing for the light to moderate thresholds, while the 12-km precipitation forecasts are slightly better on average for the heavy precipitation events. During t...
What Is the Internet

No other technology has influenced modern civilization as rapidly as the Internet. In only 5 years, the number of people connecting to the Internet has increased from 1 million in 1992 to over 16 million in 1997 worldwide1; A November 2000 study by NUA (www.nua.ie) Internet surveys estimates 167 million users in Canada and the United States alone.2 In many areas of the world today, people with access to the Internet outnumber those who do not have access. The Internet affects each of us in some way each day. For surgeons to fully utilize the potential of the Internet, it is important first to address the simple question, What is the Internet?
Building damage at Charleston, South Carolina, associated with the 1886 earthquake

abstract Following the Modified Mercalli Intensity X 31 August 1886 earthquake, a privately published report described the damage sustained by each of the approximately 7,000 buildings in Charleston, South Carolina. We have examined this report to seek the factors that contributed to the observed damage. An analysis of the data suggests that the type of material used in the construction was the most important single factor and the site location (made versus solid ground) a secondary one. Over 80 per cent of the damaged buildings were of brick construction. Only a slightly higher proportion of brick buildings located on made ground (69 per cent) suffered compared to those located on firm ground (63 per cent). Only 7 per cent of wood frame structures sustained damage, of these 96 per cent were located on made ground.
Gandhi' s Religion: Politics, Faith, and Hermeneutics

India is widely regarded as an essentially religious society and Gandhi is commonly thought to have been preeminently a man of religion. For some, he was far too saintly to be involved in the life of politics, while others persisted in the view that he was ingenious enough to understand that he could best advance his political interests in a country suffused with the religious spirit if he appeared in the garb of a religious man. What is not disputed is that he lived, so to speak, under the sign of religion. This paper examines the content of Gandhi's religion which has been the subject of numerous inquiries, with a wide spectrum of opinions on his religiosity, his deployment of religious symbols and language, and his adherence to, or departure from, conventional understandings of religion. In the matter of religious belief and conduct, Gandhi was unusually reflective, practical, and wise -- all at the same time. He emphasized reason, a need to understanding all faiths, and the freedom of religious conversion. He came to the realization that 'Truth is God' and had an unshakeable conviction that it was not possible to have a religion without politics or a politics without religion.
Fabrication of single-crystal solar cells from phosphorous-doped CdTe wafer

A phosphorous doped CdTe boule was grown from melt using the modified vertical Bridgman technique. Single crystals prepared from the boule showed hole density of (5–10) × 1015 cm−3, resistivity ∼(10–50) Ω.cm and mobility of ∼50 cm2/v.s determined by Hall measurement. The two-photon excitation time-resolved photoluminescence (2PE-TRPL) measurement revealed a bulk minority carrier lifetime of ∼47 ns. A 500µm thick single-crystal wafer was prepared and CdS/CdTe heterojunction solar cells were fabricated with ITO/CdS/CdTe/Cu/Au structure where all relevant thin film layers were deposited by DC/RF magnetron sputtering. An efficiency of ∼11% and short circuit current density of as high as ∼25 mA/cm2 has been obtained on a cell upon annealing at 320°C. The high short circuit current density could be attributed to the superior quality of the CdTe material with a relatively longer minority carrier lifetime.
The Lock-Out Effect of the U.S. Worldwide Tax System: An Evaluation of the Repatriation Tax Holiday

Recent theoretical research suggests that among U.S. firms that have reached their optimal level of investment in foreign operations some will be induced by the U.S. repatriation tax system to accumulate foreign earnings in foreign financial assets. In this paper we evaluate this behavior which the literature has dubbed the “lock-out effect.” The American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 that created a one-time tax holiday for repatriations provides a powerful setting to evaluate the lock-out effect. Using a hand-collected sample of firms that repatriated under the tax holiday, we find evidence strongly supporting the existence of a lock-out effect.
Fracture Property Improvements of a Nanoporous Thin Film Via Post Deposition Bond Modifications

For 90 nm node devices, the group of materials known as organosilicate glass (OSG) has emerged as the predominant choice for intermetal dielectrics. A potential failure mechanism for this class of low-k dielectric films during the manufacturing process is catastrophic fracture due to channel cracking. The use of an electron beam curing process is being investigated for improvement in the mechanical strength of these silicon-based materials. Within this work, the effects of curing dose (micro-C/cm2) upon the mechanical properties of OSG thin films were characterized. For a set process voltage and current, linear relationships exist between the dose and several mechanical film properties. Channel crack growth velocities were also measured for these cured materials. As the cure dose is increased, the crack growth rate decreases according to a power law relationship. The structural film changes induced by the electron beam cure process are addressed, focusing on their impact upon the mechanical strength of OSG thin films.
Electrophysiological evidence from glutamate microapplications for local excitatory circuits in the CA1 area of rat hippocampal slices

1. Evidence for local excitatory synaptic connections in CA1 of the rat hippocampus was obtained by recording excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) intracellularly from pyramidal cells during ...
Benign Hereditary Chorea: Response to Levodopa

A case of sporadic non-progressive chorea is reported in a 6 year-old girl from Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona University and other centers in Spain and The Netherlands.
Los Hongos de Colombia VI. Two New Applanate Species of Hypoxylon

Two new appianate species of Hypoxylon, H. arnoldii and H. hainesii, are described from Colombia. Ascospores of both species are yellowish and appear smooth by light microscopy. By scanning-electro...
Mortality of Adult Corn Earworms Treated with Insecticidal Formulations in Sweet Corn in Fields and in the Laboratory

Mortality of adult Heliothis zea (Boddie) was studied by caging moths at ear and tassel height in sweet corn and applying selected insecticides with aerial and ground equipment for field evaluations and with oral feeding for laboratory evaluations. Aerial applications of Gardona® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) and methomyl gave mortalities equivalent or superior to the standard insecticidal treatment (Niran® 6-3 (parathion (6) methyl parathion (3) + toxaphene). Emulsiliable concentrate ultra-low-volume (ULV) formulations applied with ground equipment produced similar mortalities. Low-volume dusts were less effective than other formulations. Ground applications of methomyl, Gardona WDL4 (water dispersible liquid at 4 lb/gal), carbaryl wettable powder, monocrotophos, ULV malathionmethyl parathion, and ULV malathion produced >95% mortalities. In feeding trials in the laboratory, dosages (µg/moth) of chemicals that produced 100% mortality were: methomyl 0.1; mevinphos 0.5; Gardona 5.0; Niran above 50; and DDT above 100.
Early and Late Winter CO2 Efflux from Arctic Tundra in the Kuparuk River Watershed, Alaska, U.S.A.

Large amounts of soil carbon and sensitivity of arctic ecosystems to climate change is leading to increased interest in the spatial and temporal variability of CO2 release from arctic tundra during...
Strong Derivatives and Inverse Mappings

(1974). Strong Derivatives and Inverse Mappings. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 81, No. 9, pp. 969-980.
Patient Participation and Compliance in Cancer Chemoprevention Trials: Issues and Concerns:

Cancer chemoprevention trials have unique characteristics that make the tasks of participant recruitment, enrollment, and long-term adherence to the study protocol and intervention regimen especially difficult. Barriers to patient accrual, long-term participation, and optimal adherence are inherent in clinical trial design and organization, and are frequently associated with the attitudes and behavioral dynamics of physicians and the participants themselves. Attracting racially and ethnically diverse populations to trial participation adds additional problems and considerations. Careful planning early in the design phase of a chemoprevention clinical trial must take into account these numerous issues. Clinical investigators should seek expert advice from a number of health care disciplines to better design chemoprevention protocols that minimize logistic complexity, maximize participant eligibility, simplify data collection, and take into account the complex behavioral dynamics of the clinical trial process.
Evidence-based Prevention of Preterm Birth and Rupture of Membranes: Infection and Inflammation

Abstract Prevention of preterm birth and subsequent newborn immaturity is a primary goal of health care in Canada and throughout North America. Much accumulated evidence shows that (I) as many as 30 to 50 percent of preterm births are caused by common genital tract infections and subsequent maternal/fetal inflammatory responses; (2) microbial and maternal host factors (phospholipases, proteases) play roles in preterm labour and preterm premature rupture of membranes (pPROM); (3) identification and systemic treatment of common genitourinary infections, most importantly bacterial vaginosis (BV), reduces risks of preterm delivery and PROM; and, (4) antimicrobial treatment with erythromycin, clindamycin or other antibiotics can significantly delay delivery and reduce the risks of maternal and neonatal morbidity as well as reduce the risk of early onset group B streptococcal sepsis in women with pPROM or preterm labour prior to 34 completed weeks gestation. Diagnosis of EV can be made inexpensively and accurately by using Amsel’s clinical criteria: homogeneous discharge, pH ≥4.5, positive amine test, and “clue” cell identification (3 of 4). Optimal treatment for BV during pregnancy is either prompt administration of oral metronidazole or clindamycin followed by a “test of cure” evaluation and retreatment as necessary. Screening and treatment for BV and other prevalent reproductive tract infections and bacteriuria are most easily and effectively performed during the initial antepartum visit. Screening and treatment can be repeated at 20 or 28 weeks gestation in patients judged at risk for repeated infection. Partners of women with sexually transmitted diseases should be treated; both patients and partners should have “tests of cure.” Both asymptomatic and symptomatic infections should be treated. Potentially powerful interactions of reproductive tract infection and inflammation with other obstetric factors, including a prior history of preterm birth, first trimester bleeding, and possibly, short cervix and multiple gestation can be mitigated by effective treatment of reproductive tract infections. Medical care providers now have the opportunity and the obligation to reduce infection-mediated preterm birth by expeditiously identifying and treating prevalent reproductive tract infections in their pregnant patients.