cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
‘At times, I feel like I'm sinning’: the paradoxical role of non-lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender-affirming religion in the lives of behaviourally-bisexual Latino men

In this paper, we examine non-lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender-affirming religiosity among behaviourally-bisexual Latino men as it relates to sexual attitudes, experiences and behaviours. We asked how does religiosity correspond to masculine identities, sex roles and condom efficacy? And how might religiosity influence contexts of health risks? Data were analysed from a mixed-methods study of 142 behaviourally-bisexual Latino men, aged 18–60 years. Major findings include positive correlations between religiosity and (1) masculine ideologies, (2) internalised homonegativity, (3) less comfort with receptive sex, (4) low condom efficacy and (5) higher levels of loneliness and incidents of discriminatory events. Results are paired with illustrative, descriptive case studies from life history interviews. It is suggested that non-lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender-affirming religiosity plays a paradoxical role in the lives of behaviourally-bisexual Latino men – on one hand, increasing internalised hom...
Smallpox-related knowledge and beliefs among recent college graduates.

Abstract. Recent world events have increased concern and preparations for possible bioterror events. Despite worldwide efforts to limit access to bio-weapons, smallpox is still considered a potential bioterror threat. Americans' understanding of smallpox could prevent panic and enhance the willingness of citizens to receive vaccinations. Objective: The authors' purpose in this study was to describe graduating college students' levels of smallpox-related knowledge. Method summary: Participants at a graduation ceremony—mostly female, with a mean age of 28.4 \pm 8.1 years—were handed a 35-item questionnaire that assessed smallpox knowledge and whether respondents would submit to vaccination under hypothetical circumstances. Results: The convenience sample was ignorant of numerous facts about smallpox and unaware of government efforts to prepare for an attack, answering an average of 3.8 out of 10 items correctly. Conclusion: These findings raise concern because, in a smallpox event, prompt responses to direc...
Psychophysical stress increases the expression of phospho-CREB, Fos protein and neurokinin-1 receptors in superficial laminae of trigeminal subnucleus caudalis in female rats

Psychological stress and estrogen status are risk factors to develop painful temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJD); however, the neural basis for this relationship is not known. This study tested the hypothesis that repeated forced swim stress and estradiol treatment alter the phosphorylation of cAMP responsive element-binding protein (pCREB) in trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc), the initial site of sensory input from the TMJ. Ovariectomized female rats were given low or high dose estradiol and subjected to repeated forced swim stress for 3 days and on day 4 an intra-TMJ injection of mustard oil or vehicle was given. Forced swim alone increased the number of pCREB-positive neurons, independent of estradiol treatment or TMJ stimulation, in superficial and deep laminae of Vc. Forced swim also increased the number of Fos-positive neurons in superficial laminae and neurokinin-1 receptor mRNA in whole dorsal Vc, independent of estradiol treatment. These results indicated that persistent psychophysical stress alone was sufficient to increase the expression of pCREB and downstream regulated genes associated with enhanced excitability in the caudal medullary dorsal horn, a brainstem region thought to be critical for TMJD pain.
Exploring Phylogeny at the Tree of Life Web Project

The University of Arizona’s Tree of Life Web Project organizes information about the biological taxa on the model of the tree of life itself. This creates intuitive and informative pathways for browsing. The Project has a well-articulated protocol for checking on the quality of information published on the site, which is evaluated a number of times as it is added to the site. This paper is intended to be an entree to the site for teachers at all levels and the general public.
Effect of viscosity on the dynamics of fission

We study the effect of ordinary viscosity on nuclear fission by solving clasical equations of motion for the time evolution of fissioning nuclei. The collective potential energy is calculated both by means of the usual liquid-drop model and by means of a modified liquid-drop model that takes into account the lowering in the nuclear macroscopic energy due to the finite range of the nuclear force. The collective kinetic energy is calculated for incompressible, nearly irrotational hydrodynamical flow by use of the Werner-Wheeler method. The Rayleigh dissipation function, which describes the transfer of energy of collective motion into internal excitation energy, is calculated under the assumption that nuclear dissipation arises from individual two-body collisions. Prior to scission the nuclear shape is specified in terms of smoothly joined portions of three quadratic surfaces of revolution. After scission the fission fragments are represented by two spheroids with collinear symmetry axes. In addition to slowing the system down and converting some of the collective energy into internal energy, two-body viscosity hinders the formation of a neck. This leads to a more elongated scission configuration and consequently to a smaller final fission-fragment kinetic energy. From a comparison of calculated and experimental most probable fission-fragment kinetic energies for nuclei throughout the periodic table, we determine that at high excitation energies the average value of the viscosity coefficient $\ensuremath{\mu}$ is $\ensuremath{\mu}=0.015\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005 \mathrm{TP}=9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ MeV s/${\mathrm{fm}}^{3}$, provided that nuclear dissipation arises from two-body collisions. This is about 30% of the value that is required to critically damp the quadrupole oscillations of idealized heavy actinide nuclei.NUCLEAR REACTIONS, FISSION Calculated dependence of most probable fission-fragment kinetic energies on viscosity and compared with experimental values. Liquid-drop model, hydrodynamical model, nuclear potential energy of deformation, nuclear inertia, nuclear dissipation, numerical solution of classical equations of motion for fissioning nuclei.
Sexual “Liberation” and the Older Woman in Contemporary Mainland China:

Over the past two decades, the People’s Republic of China has witnessed a growing media debate concerning traditional injunctions against romance, sex, and marriage in later life. This article expl...
Steering-wheel ocular injuries

In two instances, patients sustained orbital trauma at the time of a car accident when their faces contacted the steering-wheel, in one case despite proper seat-belt wear. In the first case the trauma resulted in lid lacerations and a blow-out orbital fracture; in the second case there was a retrobulbar hemorrhage. Steering-wheel ocular injuries have been overlooked in the past and seat-belt wear may not prevent their occurrence in certain cases.
Grafting of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) and Polypropylene with Styrene in a Supercritical CO2 Solvent Medium: Synthesis and Characterization

Graft copolymerization of styrene onto poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and polypropylene (PP) was carried out in a supercritical CO 2 medium using AIBN as a free radical initiator. The supercritical CO 2 medium served as a reaction medium in addition to being a solvent for the styrene monomer and the free radical initiator. The reaction temperature and pressure were kept above the critical points of the solvent-monomer mixture to form a homogeneous single-phase medium. The resulting graft copolymers were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. The weight percent of grafting was determined using IR absorbance ratio technique. TGA results showed that the thermal stability of grafted copolymer of PVC was better than that of PVC, while grafted copolymer of PP had poorer thermal stability than PP. DSC results showed that glass transition temperatures (T g 's) of the grafted copolymers were higher than those of the starting polymers PVC and PP. The presence of polystyrene attached to the backbone polymer was confirmed by 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR analyses.
Three-Coloring Graphs Embedded on Surfaces with All Faces Even-Sided

Every graph embedded on a surface of positive genus with every face bounded by an even number of edges can be 3-colored provided all noncontractible cycles in the graph are sufficiently long. The bound of three colors is the smallest possible for this type of result.
Relativistic many-body studies of high density matter☆

Abstract A fully relativistic quantum many-body theory is applied to the study of a model high-density matter which qualitatively describes known nuclear matter. Results pertaining to the equation of state of neutron matter, neutron star mass, vacuum fluctuation corrections, collective modes, exchange energies, and correlation energies are reported.
A preliminary conceptual framework for the design, development, and use of client-oriented information systems in health

Client-oriented information systems (COIS) in the health care arena are defined and discussed. The antecedents of these systems, as well as current examples of the systems, are described. Prior studies in this area suggest content for COIS but demonstrate the lack of a conceptual framework to guide the design, development, adoption, and use of these systems. The purpose of the paper is to suggest a preliminary conceptual framework for future study of COIS that draws upon concepts from the field of management information systems.
Intravenous transfer of apoptotic cell-treated dendritic cells leads to immune tolerance by blocking Th17 cell activity

Apoptotic cell-induced tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in induction of peripheral tolerance in vivo; however, the mechanisms of immune tolerance induced by these DCs are poorly understood. Here we show that treatment of apoptotic cells modulates expression of inflammation- and tolerance-associated molecules including Gr-1, B220, CD205 and galectin-1 on bone marrow-derived DCs. In addition, apoptotic cell-treated DCs suppress secretion of cytokines produced by Th17 cells. Our data also demonstrate that i.v. transfer of apoptotic cell-treated DCs blocks EAE development and down-regulates production of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-17A and IL-17F in CD4+ T cells. These results suggest that apoptotic cell-treated DCs may inhibit activity of Th17 cells via down-regulation of inflammatory cytokine production, thereby affecting EAE development in vivo. Our results reveal a potential mechanism of immune tolerance mediated by apoptotic cell-treated DCs and the possible use of apoptotic cell-treated DCs to treat autoimmune diseases such as MS/EAE.
Effect of Purine Analogs and Their Interactions with Benzyladenine on Bud Burst and Shoot Growth in Apple Bud Explants

The purine analogs 8-azaadenine, 8-azaguanine, 4-aminopyrazolo [3,4-d] pyrimidine, 2-fluoroadenine and 6-methylpurine inhibited bud burst in non-dormant vegetative axillary bud explants obtained from apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) seedlings. The reversal of inhibition was attempted by incorporating increasing concentrations of benzyladenine (BA) in the culture medium. The inhibition caused by 8-azaadenine and 8-azaguanine was reduced especially when BA was added to the media at equimolar ratios along with the inhibitors. The inhibition due to 4-aminopyrazolo [3,4-d] pyridine was reduced only with equimolar BA, BA was ineffective or only minimally effective in reducing inhibition due to 2-fluoroadenine and 6-methypurine. Short pretreatment with 8-azaadenine and 8-azaguinine failed to cause any inhibition when explants were subsequently transferred to BA -containing medium. The effectiveness of 2-fluoroadenine and 6-methylpurine was maintained or only slightly reduced, indicating their long-term inhibitory action.
Ethics, tradition, authority: Toward an anthropology of the fatwa

Prevailing approaches to the fatwa construe it as primarily an instrument of Islamic doctrinal change and reform, as bridging the constant gap between a settled doctrinal past and a future of continual novelty. Underpinning these approaches are familiar but questionable assumptions about temporality, imitation, creativity, and tradition that obscure the fatwa's integral ethical dimensions and our understandings of its pervasive authority. This article unsettles these assumptions and, through ethnography of the Fatwa Council of Al-Azhar in Cairo, offers a different view of the fatwa that helps us both understand its ethical authority and challenges conventional oppositions between authority and ethical agency.
The neurologic consequences of eclampsia.

BACKGROUND Toxemia of pregnancy (preeclampsia/eclampsia) is a syndrome characterized by pregnancy-induced hypertension, edema, and proteinuria, although it is often associated with more generalized multisystem abnormalities that affect the nervous system, the liver, kidneys, and coagulation. For the most part, preeclampsia/eclampsia is a reversible process that almost always improves after delivery of the baby. Despite recent advances in diagnosis and management, eclampsia remains the second most common cause of maternal death in the United States. Because of the often severe repercussions on the nervous system, neurologists can make important contributions to the management of patients with eclampsia. Although preeclampsia is largely under the purview of obstetrics, neurologists can provide input to the management of intracranial vascular problems, seizures, and raised intracranial pressure. Input on the severity and nature of neurologic problems will enable the obstetrician to determine whether to expedite or to delay child birth. REVIEW SUMMARY There is an increasing body of evidence on the associated endothelial dysfunction, breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, and failure of cerebrovascular autoregulation with vasospasm, ischemia, and cerebral edema. Therapy is directed at controlling blood pressure, giving magnesium sulfate to treat the preeclamptic/eclamptic process itself, and instituting antiseizure medicines (e.g., diazepam or phenytoin) when uncontrolled seizures or status epilepticus supervene. CONCLUSION Cerebrovascular accidents occur more frequently in young women during pregnancy and the puerperium, and there is an unmet need for basic and clinical research directed at the pathophysiology of the eclamptic process so as to provide more directed therapy.
First Report of Phytophthora cactorum and P. citrophthora Causing Root Rot of Ribes lobbii in Oregon

Ribes lobbii (Gray) is a native, deciduous shrub from British Columbia, California, Oregon, and Washington that is grown for its pendulous red and white flowers, bristly fruit, and attractive, aromatic foliage. It is uncommon in nature and has only recently begun being propagated for sale in ornamental and native nurseries. In April 2013, 2-year-old containerized plants (15/50 plants) were found with severe wilt and chlorosis symptoms at a nursery production facility in western Oregon. Most fine roots were completely rotted and larger roots exhibited numerous black lesions. By the end of August, 50% of the plants were affected and most died within a few weeks of initial symptom development. At least three initially asymptomatic plants developed symptoms after being sold and planted. Isolation was attempted from 10 plants by plating pieces of necrotic root tissue (3 mm2) that had been surface disinfested for 1 min in 10% bleach and 1 min in 70% ethanol onto PARP medium (2). Eight Phytophthora isolates were recovered and identified as P. cactorum (seven isolates, GenBank Accession No. KM085441) and P. citrophthora (one isolate, KM085442) on the basis of morphology and 99 to 100% internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence similarity to published sequence data (1). One isolate of each species was used to prepare vermiculite inoculum (3) and subsequently to infest potting media (Sunshine Professional Growing Mix) at 100 propagules per gram. Due to the scarcity of R. lobbii in nature and the nursery trade, only a limited number of plants were available for pathogenicity tests. Three 1-year-old rooted cuttings of R. lobbii (~15 to 30 cm tall) were transplanted into individual 10-cm2 pots containing 175 g of the respective infested media for each pathogen. Three plants transplanted into individual pots of noninfested media served as negative controls. Plants were then watered to pot capacity and incubated in a greenhouse at 28/24°C day/night. The entire experiment was repeated 2 weeks later. Within 1 week after inoculation, all inoculated plants in both trials wilted and died, regardless of the Phytophthora species used; negative control plants remained healthy. Each pathogen (with identity confirmed by ITS sequence analysis) was re-isolated from the roots and stem of each respective inoculated plant, but was not isolated from negative controls, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. Therefore, to my knowledge, this is the first report of P. cactorum and P. citrophthora as root rot pathogens of R. lobbii. The use of infected, but asymptomatic native plants in habitat restoration efforts will likely compromise success and there is considerable risk to nearby plant species given the broad host range of both pathogens. References: (1) D. E. L. Cooke et al. Fungal Genet. Biol. 30:17, 2000. (2) M. E. Kannwischer and D. J. Mitchell. Phytopathology 68:1760, 1978. (3) J. E. Weiland et al. Plant Dis. 97:744, 2013.
Electrolysis with a flowing solution on graphite packing

Abstract An electrolytic cell with flowing solution and graphite granules electrode is described. The cell was tested with the reduction of K 3 Fe(CN) 6 . The dependence of limiting current I 1 of reduction on flow velocity is of the type I 1 ∼ U n . The constant n depends on the height of the electrode. At electrode height of 3 cm, practically all flowing K 3 Fe(CN) 6 is reduced and n equals 1.
A TPQ interview: Tony Kushner on theatre, politics, and culture

In this interview, award‐winning author Tony Kushner discusses his ideas on theatre, education, activism, politics, Afghanistan, and human loss. The depth and breadth of Kushner's responses address the America we once were, currently are, and might become through transformation.
Religiosity, Discrimination, and Community Engagement: Gendered Pathways of Muslim American Emerging Adults.

The attacks on September 11, 2001, changed the lives of all Americans. For many immigrant Muslims in the United States this meant dealing with an elevated amount of discrimination. This study investigated how perceived discrimination influenced levels of community engagement among Muslim American emerging adults and whether it varied by gender. Data were gathered from 134 Muslim American immigrant participants aged 18 to 28. Surprisingly the findings showed no significant gender differences in terms of religiosity, perceived discrimination, and community engagement. Those who wore traditional religious dress, as expected, reported higher degrees of discrimination than those who did not. Further analysis also showed that for young women deep religious commitments led to community involvement when perceiving higher levels of discrimination. On the other hand, for young men, perceived discrimination did not have any effect in mediating the role of religiosity on community engagement. The results showed that ...
Calibration Comparison Method for Vector Network Analyzers

We present a technique for comparing the scattering parameter measurements made with respect to two vector network analyzer calibrations. This method determines the worst-case measurement error bounds on any calibration from a benchmark calibration, assuming the two are similar to first order. We illustrate our method by examining the differences between an open-short-load-thru (OSLT) and a sliding load calibration, both of which are available commercially on a variety of vector network analyzers.
Row Spacing and Weed Management Systems for Nonirrigated Early Soybean Production System Plantings in the Midsouthern USA

The new paradigm for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production in the midsouthern USA is the Early Soybean Production System (ESPS), which involves planting early-maturing cultivars in April. Field studies were conducted for 3 yr at Stoneville, MS, on Sharkey clay (very-fine, smectitic, thermic chromic Epiaquert) with a MG IV soybean cultivar grown in 0.5-m-wide rows (NR) and a MG V cultivar grown in 1-m-wide rows (WR), both with varying weed management inputs, to determine the most profitable system for nonirrigated ESPS plantings. Weed management in NR consisted of broadcast application of herbicides. Weed management in WR included band (0.5-m-wide) application of herbicides plus two to three between-row cultivations. Total weed cover at harvest in all treatments was below 10% in the first 2 yr. In the third year, browntop millet [Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf.] plus pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa L.) percentages exceeded 10% in 3 of 10 treatments in NR and in 1 of 10 treatments in WR, but these treatments were among those producing the highest yield and net return. Soybean treated for preemergence (PRE) broadleaf management, PRE broadleaf plus PRE grass management, PRE broadleaf plus postemergence (POST) grass management, and PRE and POST broadleaf plus PRE and POST grass management were among the highest yielding treatments, but only the treatment of PRE broadleaf management provided the highest net return across both NR and WR. Soybean with PRE and POST broadleaf plus PRE grass management provided the lowest net returns across both NR and WR. These results indicate that only a broadcast PRE broadleaf herbicide in NR and a PRE banded broadleaf herbicide plus POST cultivation in WR in an ESPS planting that is not irrigated will produce yield and net return that are among the highest, and weed management cost that is among the lowest of ≤$62 ha -1 .
Verbalization produces a transfer inappropriate processing shift.

When considered in the context of prior research, the articles in this special issue on verbal overshadowing largely support the contention that verbalization can induce a processing shift that interferes with the application of non-verbal operations. Multiple sources of evidence for a processing shift are reviewed, including: (1) verbalization quality often does not correspond to recognition performance; (2) describing one stimulus can interfere with memory for a different stimulus; (3) engaging in a featural processing tasks impairs recognition in a manner comparable to verbalization; and (4) engaging in non-verbal tasks can reverse the negative effects of verbalization. In the light of this evidence, it is suggested that verbalization produces a ‘transfer inappropriate processing shift’ whereby the cognitive operations engaged in during verbalization dampen the activation of brain regions associated with critical non-verbal operations. This account of verbal overshadowing is then used to explain both the generality and fragility of the verbal overshadowing effect. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wisdom and abiding interest: Interviews with three noted historians in later life

This article explores the connections between wisdom-related attributes and abiding interest and draws upon material from interviews with three eminent historians in later life. It is proposed that one characteristic of wisdom, namely, the coordination of affective/attaching and cognitive/detaching modes of processing information, is related to abiding interest or the ability to self-regulate attention in a way that promotes lifelong learning. The article (a) reviews pertinent constructs in the literatures on adult development and wisdom; (b) presents selected excerpts from in-depth interviews; and (c) concludes by discussing the developmental implications of the ideas presented.
Genetic variation in the hepatic lipase gene and the risk of coronary heart disease among US diabetic men: potential interaction with obesity

The −514 C to T polymorphism of the hepatic lipase gene (LIPC) has been associated with lowered LIPC activity and elevated HDL-cholesterol concentrations. Previous findings on the association of this polymorphism with the risk of CHD are inconsistent. Moreover, data on this association among diabetic patients are limited. We investigated the association of the LIPC polymorphism with CHD risk among US diabetic men and evaluated whether this association was modified by adiposity status. The case group consisted of 220 diabetic men who were recruited from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (years 1986–2000) and were free of cardiovascular disease at baseline, but subsequently developed CHD. A total of 641 diabetic men from the same study but without cardiovascular disease constituted the control group. No overall association between the LIPC polymorphism and CHD risk was observed. However, we did observe a significant interaction between this polymorphism and BMI in association with CHD risk. Among obese men, after adjustment for age, duration of diabetes and major lifestyle factors, the CT or TT genotype was associated with an increased CHD risk compared with the CC genotype (odds ratio [OR] 2.52, 95% CI 1.08–5.90); the corresponding ORs (95% CI) were 0.99 (0.58, 1.69) for overweight men (25≤BMI <30 kg/m2) and 0.37 (0.17, 0.79) for lean men (BMI <25 kg/m2) (p for interaction 0.001). Stratified analyses by waist circumference (tertiles) showed a similar pattern of interaction (adjusted p for interaction 0.023). These data suggest that obesity may modify the association between the LIPC C(−514)T polymorphism and CHD risk among diabetic men.
Thermodynamic analysis of fatigue failure in a composite laminate

Abstract We put forward a thermodynamic approach for analyzing fatigue failure in a composite laminate. We show that fatigue is an irreversible progression of increasing entropy that accumulates until it reaches a critical value called the fracture fatigue entropy (FFE) at the onset of failure. Extensive series of fatigue tests are carried out that involve load-controlled tension-tension, and displacement controlled fully-reversed bending fatigue with three different stress ratios as well as constant- and variable-loading. The role of hysteresis energy in the entropy generation is investigated. FFE values are calculated based the experimental data obtained for temperature and hysteresis energy of a woven Glass/Epoxy (G10/FR4) laminate. The concept of tallying entropy accumulation and the use of FFE are useful for determining the fatigue life of composite laminates undergoing cyclic loading.
Simulink simulation of transmission lines

MATLAB can manipulate and invert large matrices and can be used in many numerical applications. MATLAB's capabilities can be extended with a recent addition called Simulink, a program which is normally used in the analysis and synthesis of modern control systems. Simulink, now incorporated into MATLAB, can also be used to analyze distributed transmission lines. Hence, it can be directly used in the analysis and design of microwave, electric power, and VLSI networks. In addition to demonstrating its wider applicability, we include several examples that are normally described in books or papers directed to the study of pulse propagation along transmission lines.
Innovative ambiguities: NGOs’ use of interactive technology in Eastern Europe

This article examines the co-evolution of interactive technology and non-governmental organizations in Eastern Europe. It addresses, on the one side, the emergence of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) as actors who exhibit new organizational topographies and, on the other side, the emergence of the Internet and related interactive technologies that not only provide a new medium of representation in a virtual public sphere but also make possible fundamental changes in the character of organization. We explore how organizations of civil society can be a source of organizational and technological innovation necessary for their societies’ ongoing adaptability in a rapidly changing global economy. As such, NGOs can use new technologies within and beyond their existing roles as safety nets (to mitigate the new social problems of emerging market economies) and as safety valves (to give voice to social groups underrepresented in the newly competitive polities) to function as social entrepreneurs exploring new organizational forms as ongoing sources of innovation.
Honeymoon Shocker: Lucille Fletcher's “Psychological” Sound Effects and Wartime Radio Drama

This paper describes a change in how American radio dramatists used sound effects around the time of Pearl Harbor, particularly on Suspense , one of the signature “shocker” anthologies of the 1940s. In Suspense dramas by writers such as Lucille Fletcher, sound effects no longer merely described settings and action, as had been the custom previously. Instead, effects swept away interpersonal forms of colloquy and coded character psychology, often to the detriment of the populist spatial aesthetics that had prevailed during the Depression. Using accounts of studio technique, as well as a close reading of Fletcher's “The Hitch-hiker,” I argue that when radio told tales of characters under the sway of sound effects, it helped to promulgate the idea that minds are available to penetrating and persuasive “signal-based” communicative acts, just the sort of language required to make works of propaganda meaningful. In a larger way, this paper tries to rediscover the American radio play of the 1940s by treating it as not only “theater of the mind,” but also a theater about the mind.
Rostenkowski: The Pursuit of Power and the End of the Old Politics

This scrupulous political biography of Dan Rostenkowski follows his rise to power from modest origins in the Democratic ward politics of Chicago's Polish northwest side, through his national legislative triumphs, and ultimately to his criminal conviction and imprisonment for abuses of House practice. But the story offers much more than Rostenkowski's personal tragedy: it's a tale of the transformation of American political life, and of the fall of old-fashioned congressional politics. "An insider's story. Anybody wanting to understand Congress and its place in American politics should read it."-Jim Wright. "Masterful...not just a book on Rostenkowski; Cohen has spun the tale of the entire modern period of Congress."-Larry Sabato.
AN IN-USE SNOWMOBILE EMISSION SURVEY IN YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK

Snowmobiles (sleds) have become a very popular way for visitors to explore Yellowstone National Park during its winter season with more than 60 000 visits during the 1997−1998 season. In-use emissi...
What is an empirical analysis of causation

Philosophical accounts of causation have traditionally been framed as attempts to analyze the concept of a cause. In recent years, however, a number of philosophers have proposed instead that causation be empirically reduced to some relation uncovered by the natural sciences: e.g., a relation of energy transfer. This paper argues that the project of empirical analysis lacks a clearly defined methodology, leaving it uncertain how such views are to be evaluated. It proposes several possible accounts of empirical analysis and argues that the most promising approach would treat it as a contingent identity discovered by identifying the relation (or relations) that most nearly approximate the inferential role of causal concepts in a psychological theory of causal judgment.
Simplified inference about dominance in forest stands

In a series of papers, Binkley and coauthors suggested dominance curves as a framework for understanding growth dominance and resource use efficiency in forest stands. Constructing a dominance curve requires three major supporting components: an appropriate allometric equation for biomass, sufficient data to characterize the size distribution of trees in the stand, and data on growth from a sufficient number of trees to characterize the relationship between tree size and growth across the entire size distribution. These components are not always available. Here, I propose a simplified approach to inference that can be used to diagnoze positive, neutral, and reverse dominance when the conditions for constructing a full dominance curve cannot be met. I illustrate the approach with published data from an old-growth kauri (Agathis australis) stand, which shows clear evidence of reverse dominance.
Transmission Electron Microscopy of Excimer Laser Crystallized Amorphous Si Thin Films

The results of a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study of excimer laser crystallized a-Si:H thin films are described in this paper. High resolution TEM has shown the crystallization threshold of 10−2 P a-Si:H, grown by PECVD, to be 85 mj/cm2. TEM reveals that PECVD a-Si:H films crystallize in a stratified structure at laser energy densities greater than 120 mj/cm2. This stratified structure consists of a polycrystalline Si region near the surface, a microcrystalline region below the polycrystalline region and uncrystallized a-Si near the substrate. The depth of the crystallized region increases as the laser energy density increases. Spherical voids are also present in the film in the microcrystalline region. These voids are formed by H2 evolving from the film during crystallization. TEM also reveals that thermal annealing a 50 nm film of a-Si:H followed by laser crystallization produces 100 nm Si grains with low defect density.
Planning Priorities for Marketing to Children

Children are actually three markets in one: a primary market, an influence market, and a future market. The author suggests that companies formulate an integrated strategy to focus on all three areas.
Miglitol (BAY m 1099) treatment of diabetic hypothalamic-dietary obese rats improves islet response to glucose.

AXEN, KATHLEEN V., XUE LI, AND ANTHONY SCLAFANI. Miglitol (BAY m 1099) treatment of diabetic hypothalamic-dietary obese rats improves islet response to glucose. Obes Res. 1999;7:83–89. Objective: The well-absorbed α-glucosidase inhibitor, miglitol (BAY m 1099), was included in the diets of hypothalamic-dietary obese diabetic rats to investigate its ability to improve glycemia and thereby reverse glucotoxic effects on islet secretory response. Research Methods and Procedures: Female rats received bilateral electrolytic lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus and were fed high-fat, sucrosesupplemented diets until hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia were observed after 3 hours of food deprivation (nonfed). Diabetic animals were assigned to miglitol-treated (40 mg/17 g of diet) or untreated groups for 3 weeks; pancreatic islets were isolated for incubation experiments. Results: No differences in food intake, body weights, or nonfed plasma glucose or insulin levels were seen between treated and untreated diabetic rats. Islets isolated from untreated diabetic rats showed elevated basal insulin release and no insulin secretory response to an elevation in glucose concentration. In contrast, islets obtained from miglitol-treated rats showed more normal basal release and a significant insulin secretory response to glucose. Incubation of islets, obtained from normal control rats or untreated diabetic rats, in media containing miglitol at levels estimated to exist in plasma of treated rats had no effect on islet insulin secretory responses to glucose. Discussion: Islet secretory response was improved despite continued hyperglycemia and severe insulin resistance. Miglitol treatment may improve islet sensitivity to glucose either through effects on islet metabolism requiring prolonged exposure or by improvement in postmeal glycemia, despite persistent hyperglycemia.
Remapping the world in 3D

During the past few years, we have witnessed the explosive growth in demand for three-dimensional geospatial data and the popularization of related applications has reached levels never before imaged. Arguably, the major catalysts behind the increasing interest in geospatial information by the general public have been Internet search engines like Google, which places integrated maps into its results, and satellite imagery-based mapping software such as Google Earth and Microsoft Virtual Earth, which offer users a three-dimensional experience.
Effects of gabaculine on 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase during development of bean chloroplasts

Abstract Etiolated bean seedlings ( Phaseolus vulgaris , L., 8-day-old), were treated with 0, 10, 15 and 30 μM gabaculine (GAB) for 10 h and grown under light or dark conditions to study the changes in 5-aminolevulinic dehydratase (ALA D) activity of leaves and plastids. The activity of ALA D in bean leaves developed rapidly in light to reach a maximum of about 2.7-fold of that obtained in the dark, after 60 h of illumination. The corresponding activity in chloroplasts or etioplasts (about 50% of that in the leaves) was clearly reduced upon GAB treatment and correlated with the concentrations used. Inhibition amounting to 50% and 30% of the control values was recorded at 15 μM GAB after two days in light and dark, respectively. The effect of 25 h of treatment with 15 μM GAB in light in combination with 5 mM ALA, using 7- and 9-day-old etiolated seedlings, resulted in a clear reduction of the inhibitory effect of GAB on ALA D activity in leaves. ALA accumulation was also increased compared with the untreated control. These changes were not observed when 4 mM glutamate-1-semialdehyde (GSA) or 2 mM 4,5-dioxovalerate (DOVA) were used instead of ALA. In most cases, however, less pronounced inhibitory effects of GAB on both parameters were obtained with older leaves. The ultrastructure of the chloroplasts was clearly affected by GAB especially at 30 pM resulting in a more rounded organelle with both stroma and grana appearing as a part of a circular arrangement. Also number and size of grana were greatly reduced at 10 and 30 μM GAB. Additionally, the thylakoid membranes at 10 μM GAB appeared to be of the stroma type and were generally reduced in number. These results indicate that GAB inhibits the generation of ALA D activity in addition to its role in limiting ALA synthesis.
Training for Impact: Improving the Quality of Staffs Performance

The study reported in this article examines the effects of training, feedback, and on–the–job coaching on the quality of staff performance. Forty staff members in three units of a psychiatric hospital were trained in a new system for writing patient progress notes. Initial training (Training 1) included a) establishing the importance of progress notes, b) rules and format for good notes, and c) examples of properly written notes. Training 1 resulted in slight improvement in performance over baseline. A second training program (Training 2), including examples and non–examples of well–written notes, was followed by a substantial increase in quality of staff notes. The quality of notes reached desired levels only after a feedback component was added in which the trainer posted data showing overall quality of notes and provided individual coaching to staff members regarding quality of group notes. We conclude from these results that the quality of staff performance of an organizationally significant task can be improved by a combination of training, feedback, and on–the–job coaching. Training using both examples and non–examples of properly completed tasks is superior to training using examples only. Training followed by feedback and on–the–job coaching is superior to training alone. The results support our conclusion that omitting a basic element of performance technology will yield low quality performance.
Molecular gradients of bioinertness reveal a mechanistic difference between mammalian cell adhesion and bacterial biofilm formation.

Chemical gradients play an important role in guiding the activities of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Here, we used molecularly well-defined chemical gradients formed by self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold films to reveal that mammalian cell adhesion and bacterial biofilm formation respond differently to a gradient of surface chemistry that resists cell attachment. Gradient self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) consisting of two mixed alkanethiols were fabricated by differential exposure of the gold film to one alkanethiol, followed by soaking in another alkanethiol solution. A gradient in bioinertness that resisted cell attachment was created on SAMs from a gradient in the surface density of HS(CH2)11(OCH2CH2)3OH, backfilled with either HS(CH2)11OH or HS(CH2)11CH3. Measurements of the amounts of mammalian cells and bacterial biofilms on these gradient surfaces reveal that, for mammalian cells, a critical density of adhesion ligands from absorbed proteins on surfaces exists for supporting maximum ...
How Learning Enables Intelligence Analysts to Rapidly Develop Practical Cognitive Assistants

This paper overviews an end-to-end learning-based approach to the rapid development of practical cognitive assistants for intelligence analysis. A learning agent shell has been trained by a knowledge engineer with general evidence-based reasoning knowledge for intelligence analysis. This agent is further trained by an expert analyst how to analyze complex hypotheses from a given intelligence analysis domain. The resulting cognitive assistant is used by a typical analyst to rapidly analyze hypotheses from agent's area of expertise. During its use, the agent continues to learn reasoning patterns from its user. This approach has been implemented and practical agents have been developed and used. This is a significant application of machine learning to agents development in intelligence analysis that can be generalized to many other domains involving evidence-based reasoning, including medicine, law, and science.
Further studies on fire retardant polystyrene by Friedel–Crafts chemistry

Abstract The combination of a copolymer of 4-vinylbenzyl alcohol and styrene with 2-ethylhexyldiphenylphosphate (DPP) and with metal chlorides has been studied by TGA, radiative gasification, Cone Calorimetry, and oxygen index measurements. Evidence is presented in support of a cross-linking reaction with the additives and the copolymer, which proceeds through a Friedel–Crafts mechanism. This approach reduces the peak heat release rate (HRR) by 60% as measured in the Cone Calorimeter. There is a significant reduction in the mass loss rate during the thermal degradation, and evidence of char formation is observed in the radiative gasification experiments.
Studies on phenylketonuria. V. Observations on a newborn infant with phenylketonuria.

SummaryBiochemical studies have been performed on a phenylketonuric infant from birth to the age of 34 days. Cord blood and newborn infant blood contained normal levels of phenylalanine, the serum ...
A generalized multilevel inverter topology with self voltage balancing

Multilevel power converters that provide more than two levels of voltage to achieve smoother and less distorted AC-to-DC, DC-to-AC, and DC-to-DC power conversion, have attracted many contributors. This paper presents a generalized multilevel inverter (converter) topology with self voltage balancing. The existing multilevel inverters such as diode-clamped and capacitor-clamped multilevel inverters can be derived from the generalized inverter topology. Moreover, the generalized multilevel inverter topology provides a true multilevel structure that can balance each DC voltage level automatically without any assistance from other circuits, thus, in principle, providing a complete and true multilevel topology that embraces the existing multilevel inverters. From this generalized multilevel inverter topology, several new multilevel inverter structures can be derived. Some application examples of the generalized multilevel converter are given.
Game-theoretic static load balancing for distributed systems

In this paper, we present a game theoretic approach to solve the static load balancing problem for single-class and multi-class (multi-user) jobs in a distributed system where the computers are connected by a communication network. The objective of our approach is to provide fairness to all the jobs (in a single-class system) and the users of the jobs (in a multi-user system). To provide fairness to all the jobs in the system, we use a cooperative game to model the load balancing problem. Our solution is based on the Nash Bargaining Solution (NBS) which provides a Pareto optimal solution for the distributed system and is also a fair solution. An algorithm for computing the NBS is derived for the proposed cooperative load balancing game. To provide fairness to all the users in the system, the load balancing problem is formulated as a non-cooperative game among the users who try to minimize the expected response time of their own jobs. We use the concept of Nash equilibrium as the solution of our non-cooperative game and derive a distributed algorithm for computing it. Our schemes are compared with other existing schemes using simulations with various system loads and configurations. We show that our schemes perform near the system optimal schemes and are superior to the other schemes in terms of fairness.
ImageSurfer: A Tool for Visualizing Correlations between Two Volume Scalar Fields

ImageSurfer is a tool designed to explore correlations between two 3D scalar fields. Our scientific goal was to determine where a protein is located, and how much its concentration varies along the membrane of a neuronal dendrite. The 3D scalar field data sets fall into two categories: dendritic plasma membranes (defining the structure) and immunofluorescent staining (defining protein concentration along the structure). ImageSurfer enables scientists to analyze relationships between multiple data sets obtained with confocal microscopy by providing 3D surface view, height field, and graphing tools. Each tool reduces the complexity of the problem by extracting a restricted subset of data: finding a region of interest in 3D; getting a sense of relative concentrations in 2D, and getting exact concentration values in 1D. The current design is presented, along with the rationale for each design decision. The tool is already proving useful for data exploration, analysis, and presentation.
A Young Woman With Indurated Skin and Subcutaneous Lesions

1. What is (are) this patient’s most striking clinical and laboratory finding(s)? 2. How do you explain these findings? 3. What is this patient’s most likely diagnosis? 4. What is the incidence of this patient’s disorder? 5. What is the characteristic clinical presentation of an individual with this patient’s condition? 6. What is the etiology of this patient’s disorder? 7. What are the typical pathological findings on skin biopsy of an individual with this patient’s disorder? 8. What is the differential diagnosis in a patient with signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings similar to those of the patient reported in this case study? 9. What is the treatment for this patient’s condition?