cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A college admissions clearinghouse

Abstract I propose a centralized clearinghouse for college admissions where students can commit to enroll, as in early-decision programs. Furthermore, students can specify financial aid in their preferences, and they can be matched with multiple colleges simultaneously. This clearinghouse keeps the desirable properties of decentralized college admissions, like commitment and yield management, while getting rid of the undesirable aspects, such as unfairness and unraveling. To study centralized college admissions, I advance the theory of stability for many-to-many matching markets with contracts. In particular, I show that the student-proposing deferred acceptance algorithm (SPDA) produces a stable matching even when college choice rules do not satisfy path independence (or substitutability) but when they have path-independent modifications. In addition, I provide a comparative statics for SPDA and introduce a new monotonicity condition on choice rules when contracts may have different weights to study yield management. My framework opens new avenues for market-design research and raises questions about the standard assumptions made in the literature.
The Helmholtz Equation

The Helmholtz equation $$(\Delta + k^2)w(x) = 0$$ (7.1) arises naturally in physical applications related to wave propagation and vibration phenomena. We mention several important examples.
Imbedded Optical Fiber Sensor of Differential Strain in Composites

Fiber sensors have specifically been applied to the quantitative nondestructive characterization of materials for several years [1–3]. Due to the inherent similarity of unjacketed glass-on-glass optical fibers and individual graphite fibers in graphite/epoxy composites in particular, a number of investigators have considered the use of optical fibers as sensors which may be imbedded directly within composite laminae. The effects of temperature and strain integrated along the length of the sensor fiber in a composite specimen can be determined using a variety of simple methods. Spatial resolution of such quantities along the imbedded fiber in length may be obtained using several more complicated distributed fiber sensing techniques. Strain tensor quantities may be determined by both presuming accurate models of the applied stress and knowing the photoelastic and mechanical properties of the imbedded fiber.
Proton Pump Inhibitors, Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonists, and Hip Fracture Risk among Patients on Hemodialysis

Background and objectives An association between proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use and hip fracture risk has been described in the general population, where the primary causative hypothesis focuses on impaired gastrointestinal calcium absorption. The impact of acid suppressor use on hip fracture risk in a high-risk subset, patients with ESKD requiring hemodialysis, is unknown and could help further distinguish the reason for higher susceptibility among PPI users. Design, setting, participants, & measurements Using the US Renal Data System, we identified all hip fracture events recorded between 2009 and 2014 among patients dependent on hemodialysis. Eligible cases were matched on index date with ten controls. We identified PPI and histamine-2 receptor antagonist use from Medicare Part D claims covering 3 years before the index date and stratified according to proportion of days covered by filled prescriptions. Using logistic regression with multiple imputation for missing data, we estimated unadjusted and multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Results We studied 4551 cases and 45,510 controls. Patients were older, more likely to be female and white, and had shorter dialysis vintage; fewer were obese. A larger proportion of patients had any prior PPI (70% versus 63%) or histamine-2 receptor antagonist (25% versus 23%) use. Use of PPI was associated with higher risk of hip fracture (adjusted OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.28). This association remained within subgroups of low, moderate, and high PPI use, yielding adjusted ORs of 1.16 (95% CI, 1.06 to 1.27), 1.21 (95% CI, 1.11 to 1.31), and 1.19 (95% CI, 1.08 to 1.31), respectively. Conclusions Among patients with ESKD on hemodialysis, PPIs and not histamine-2 receptor antagonists were associated with hip fracture events.
The Rise of Brussels’ Municipal Hospital

The hospital of Saint John in Brussels remains important for two pivotal reasons: its statutes and its continued involvement by the people of the town. This chapter considers what occurred at the hospital of Saint John after its creation and after the dissemination of its statutes. Mid century saw an indulgence campaign that allowed for the hospital to rebuild. Primary in the campaign was the concept of Amor civicus ; the peoples of Brussels donated money and lands to the reconstruction of their beloved hospital. By 1300, Saint John hospital was Brussels’ first true municipal hospital.
Detecting moving targets in multiple-channel SAR via double thresholding

Well executed SAR images are picture-like and it is possible to identify various kinds of targets, e.g., trucks, ships, etc. However, from a single SAR image, it is not possible to determine which surface targets are moving. In many applications, it is imperative to detect objects that are moving and track them through stop-go-stop motion. We have developed a technique for detecting moving surface targets in a single frame of multi-channel SAR image using phase-interferometry. In this paper, we present results using airborne SAR data. (5 pages)
Self-reported sleep duration is associated with time in work physical activity but not transportation or leisure physical activity among Hispanic/Latino adults in the U.S.: results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos

Abstract Objectives The objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that short sleep duration is associated with fewer minutes of transportation, work, and leisure physical activity (PA). Design This is a cross-sectional study conducted from 2008 to 2011. Setting The study setting included four sites across the U.S. (Bronx, NY; Chicago, IL; Miami, FL; San Diego, CA). Participants A total of 14,653 Hispanic/Latino adults aged 18–74 years were enrolled as participants for the study. Measurements Respondents reported sleep duration and transportation (including walking and cycling), work (including volunteering, paid work, and household chores), and leisure (including sports) PA domains and sociodemographic characteristics, other sleep characteristics, cardiometabolic health, health behaviors, and depressive symptoms. Results In analyses weighted to reflect the Hispanic/Latino population of the four cities sampled, 61% had sleep duration 7–9 hours, 19% each had sleep duration 9 hours. Those sleeping Conclusions Short sleep duration is associated with more work-related PA, both in the overall sample and among those employed. Individuals with higher work-related PA may face multiple demands and stressors that negatively influence sleep duration.
Printed Circuit Board Structural Properties and Spiral Groove Trace Conductors for Hydrodynamic Gap Maintenance in Axial Flux Rotating Machines

Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are emerging as a platform fabrication technology for axial flux rotating machines since the machine structure and conductors are manufactured simultaneously. While electric and electromagnetic field theory along with thermal properties of PCB based machines have been established, the mechanical challenges of these types of machines have been largely overlooked in the context of their structural properties. This paper focuses on two mechanical thrusts in PCB machine construction; 1) Materials strength testing and modeling for stator and rotor integrity, 2) Utilizing the PCB surface conductors to form a hydrodynamic bearing for air-gap maintenance. In plane material properties (ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength, and Young’s Modulus) of PCB coupons were determined from a series of uniaxial tension tests performed on an MTS Criterion 43 with 10 kN load, the results of which can serve as a reference for machine design tools. Further, a test bed for evaluating PCB stators and rotors with different surface conductor shapes was constructed. Gap maintenance at speed was demonstrated with smooch PCB rotor disk spinning above stator PCB with herring bone spiral traces, ultimately floating on its own air cushion. Prospective stator spiral conductor arrays may be configured as electromagnetic windings or as electrostatic surfaces. The PCB test stand stator-rotor-set is 180 mm in diameter, 5 mm in axial length and holds an air gap length of 50 - 75 microns, i.e. a radius to air-gap ratio of 1500:1.
Mechanistic Studies on the Insertion of Carbonyl Substrates into Cu-H: Different Rate-Limiting Steps as a Function of Electrophilicity

We report mechanistic studies on the insertion reactions of [(NHC)Cu(μ-H)]2 complexes with carbonyl substrates by UV-vis and 1 H NMR spectroscopic kinetic studies, H/D isotopic labelling, and X-ray crystallography. The results of these comprehensive studies show that the insertion of Cu-H with an aldehyde, ketone, activated ester/amide, and unactivated amide consist of two different rate limiting steps: the formation of Cu-H monomer from Cu-H dimer for more electrophilic substrates, and hydride transfer from a transient Cu-H monomer for less electrophilic substrates. We also report spectroscopic and crystallographic characterization of rare Cu-hemiacetalate and Cu-hemiaminalate moieties from the insertion of an ester or amide into the Cu-H bond.
Signal intensity of peri-rolandic cortex identifies the central sulcus on double inversion recovery MRI.

Background Identification of the central sulcus can require inspection of subtle differences or require certain pulse sequences. This study identifies the central sulcus by signal intensity on Double Inversion Recovery (DIR) images in multiple anatomic locations and imaging planes. Methods 49 patients (98 hemispheres) were retrospectively reviewed by three neuroradiologists and one radiology resident. The central sulcus was compared to the surrounding sulci for differences in signal intensity at axial hand knob, axial operculum, and lateral convexity sagittal images (294 locations) on DIR images. The use of the 'disappearing central sulcus sign' where the window level is increased at constant width and black/white inversion were also assessed. Results In 49 patients (22 female, 27 male; median age 36 years), the central sulcus cortex signal intensity was lower than adjacent sulci with a frequency of 90/98 (91.8%) at the axial hand knob level, 68/98 (69.4%) at the axial operculum level, and 76/98 (77.5%) at the sagittal level. With black and white inversion, the frequencies were of 96/98 (98%), 92/98 (94%), and 87/98 (89%). The central sulcus was the first to disappear at all three levels with high degrees of inter-reader agreement (86%-99%). Traditional anatomic landmarks were absent or conflicting in seven hemispheres (5 patients). The central sulcus was identified by DIR signal intensity in all seven hemispheres. Conclusions The central sulcus can be identified by differences in signal intensity of the peri-rolandic cortex on DIR. Use of black/white inversion and the disappearing central sulcus sign may further facilitate identification.
A novel method on resource allocation for V2X

This paper proposes an enhanced resource allocation mechanism on vehicle to anything (V2X) communication in Mode 2. In Mode 2, a kind of user equipment (UE) autonomous resource selection mode, the UE selects the actual transmission resources from one or more (pre-)configured resource pools based on sensing. The enhanced resource allocation mechanism proposed in this paper is able to allocate the sidelink resource intelligently based on not only the geographic location information but also the local digital map information, e.g., the road direction. This paper also investigates legacy zone based resource allocation mechanism which is only based on the geographic location information of the UE. The metric of packet reception rate (PRR) is used to quantify and compare the performance of the proposed resource allocation mechanism and the legacy mechanism in urban scenario with periodic and aperiodic traffic. Simulation results testify that the proposed enhanced resource allocation mechanism exhibits better performance than the zone based resource allocation mechanism. The proposed mechanism can reduce the interference among UEs, especially alleviate the in-band emission (IBE).
3D Few-View CT Image Reconstruction with Deep Learning

Few-view CT imaging is an important approach to reduce the ionizing radiation dose. In this paper, we propose a threedimensional (3D) deep-learning-based method for few-view CT image reconstruction directly from 3D projection data. The large memory requirement is a critical issue for reconstructing an image volume directly from cone-beam projection data. Our proposed method addresses this problem by compressing the 3D input into a latent space in a data-driven fashion, and then image reconstruction can be performed in the compressed latent space with a significantly reduced computational cost. To avoid the overfitting problem, the network is first pre-trained using natural images from the ImageNet, and fine-tuned on a publicly available abdominal CT dataset.
Triple-Negative Essential Thrombocythemia Complicated by Thrombosis and Acquired von Willebrand Disease in a Young Man

BACKGROUND Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a type of myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) characterized by sustained thrombocytosis in peripheral blood. Patients typically have gene mutations like JAK2V617F, CALR, and MPLW515L/K. This report describes a young man with ET without any of the above mutations who had paradoxical bleeding due to acquired Von-Willebrand disease. CASE REPORT A young man with a medical history of thrombocytosis on aspirin presented with acute chest pain and was found to have had a myocardial infarction. Emergency cardiac catheterization revealed a thrombotic occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) artery and the right posteriolateral system, with an ejection fraction of 25%. He underwent thrombectomy and balloon angioplasty with LAD stenting, and an Impella 2.5 was inserted due to severe left ventricular dysfunction with akinesia. Aspirin and ticagrelor were administered, but the patient later experienced postoperative bleeding from the site of the Impella device. The bleeding was attributed to acquired Von-Willebrand disease secondary to ET. Emergency plateletpheresis was recommended. Further workup demonstrated that he was triple-negative for JAK2, MPL, and CALR gene mutations. CONCLUSIONS The paradoxical bleeding resulting from acquired Von-Willebrand disease was likely an entirely separate entity from the hyper-thrombotic state expected from ET. Careful assessment of clinical symptoms and laboratory markers, in addition to a high degree of suspicion, are needed to diagnose acquired Von-Willebrand disease as a complication of ET.
The Adoption, Issues, and Challenges of Wearable Healthcare Technology for the Elderly

Wearable healthcare technology allows consumers to track their healthcare data for either personal or clinical use. As advancements in this technology continue to rise, the use of these wearable devices has become more widespread. This paper summarizes the factors that influence elderly consumers? adoption of wearable healthcare devices and perceived risks. This paper also reviews advancements for the wearable healthcare devices and examines the associated ethical questions. The use, issues, and future of wearable technology in healthcare need to be critically analyzed to best serve the interest of the elderly population. The suggestions for future studies may help companies interested in increasing the adoption of wearable devices.
Dermal melanocytic tumor with CRTC1-TRIM11 fusion: Report of two additional cases with review of the literature of an emerging entity.

"Cutaneous melanocytic tumor with CRTC1-TRIM11 fusion" (CMTCT) is a newly described, potentially novel entity that typically presents as a dermal nodule on the head and neck, extremities, and trunk of adults. Histopathologically, it is reported as a nodular or multinodular tumor composed of epithelioid and spindle cells that are variably immunoreactive for S100-protein, SOX10, and MITF along with more specific melanocytic markers such as MelanA and HMB45. With only 11 cases reported in the English literature so far, the neoplasm appears to behave in a relatively indolent fashion. Nevertheless, in one case, local recurrence and synchronous distant metastasis were evident after 13 years. Additional cases with longer follow-up are essential to determine the neoplasm's biologic behavior with more accuracy. Herein, two cases of CMTCT, one arising on the lower back of a 65-year-old female and the other on the arm of a 33-year-old female in addition to a comprehensive literature review are reported.
Ruga mechanics of soft-orifice closure under external pressure

Here, we report the closure resistance of a soft-material bilayer orifice increases against external pressure, along with ruga-phase evolution, in contrast to the conventional predictions of the ma...
Life after College: Liminal Legality and Political Threats as Barriers to Undocumented Students’ Career Preparation Pursuits

Prior research has established that undocumented immigration status disrupts students’ transition into life after college, but limited research has examined their preparatory experiences in college...
Association of mental health diagnosis with race and all-cause mortality after a cancer diagnosis: Large-scale analysis of electronic health record data.

BACKGROUND Disparity in mental health care among cancer patients remains understudied. METHODS A large, retrospective, single tertiary-care institution cohort study was conducted based on deidentified electronic health record data of 54,852 adult cancer patients without prior mental health diagnosis (MHD) diagnosed at the University of California, San Francisco between January 2012 and September 2019. The exposure of interest was early-onset MHD with or without psychotropic medication (PM) within 12 months of cancer diagnosis and primary outcome was all-cause mortality. RESULTS There were 8.2% of patients who received a new MHD at a median of 197 days (interquartile range, 61-553) after incident cancer diagnosis; 31.0% received a PM prescription; and 3.7% a mental health-related visit (MHRV). There were 62.6% of patients who were non-Hispanic White (NHW), 10.8% were Asian, 9.8% were Hispanic, and 3.8% were Black. Compared with NHWs, minority cancer patients had reduced adjusted odds of MHDs, PM prescriptions, and MHRVs, particularly for generalized anxiety (Asian odds ratio [OR], 0.66, 95% CI, 0.55-0.78; Black OR, 0.60, 95% CI, 0.45-0.79; Hispanic OR, 0.72, 95% CI, 0.61-0.85) and selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (Asian OR, 0.43, 95% CI, 0.37-0.50; Black OR, 0.51, 95% CI, 0.40-0.61; Hispanic OR, 0.79, 95% CI, 0.70-0.89). New early MHD with PM was associated with elevated all-cause mortality (12-24 months: hazard ratio [HR], 1.43, 95% CI, 1.25-1.64) that waned by 24 to 36 months (HR, 1.18, 95% CI, 0.95-1.45). CONCLUSIONS New mental health diagnosis with PM was a marker of early mortality among cancer patients. Minority cancer patients were less likely to receive documentation of MHDs or treatment, which may represent missed opportunities to identify and treat cancer-related mental health conditions.
Bottom Quark Mass from Upsilon Mesons

The bottom quark pole mass ${M}_{b}$ is determined using a sum rule which relates the masses and the electronic decay widths of the $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}$ mesons to large n moments of the vacuum polarization function calculated from nonrelativistic quantum chromodynamics. The complete set of next-to-next-to-leading order [i.e., $\mathcal{O}({\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}^{2},{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}{v,v}^{2})$ where $v$ is the bottom quark c.m. velocity] corrections is calculated and leads to a considerable reduction of theoretical uncertainties compared to a pure next-to-leading order analysis. However, the theoretical uncertainties remain much larger than the experimental ones. For a two parameter fit for ${M}_{b},$ and the strong $\mathrm{MS}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}$ coupling ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s},$ and using the scanning method to estimate theoretical uncertainties, the next-to-next-to-leading order analysis yields $4.74 \mathrm{GeV} l~{M}_{b}l~4.87 \mathrm{GeV}$ and $0.096l~{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}{(M}_{z})l~0.124$ if experimental uncertainties are included at the $95%$ confidence level and if two-loop running for ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}$ is employed. ${M}_{b}$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}$ have a sizable positive correlation. For the running $\mathrm{MS}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}$ bottom quark mass this leads to $4.09 \mathrm{GeV} l~{m}_{b}{(M}_{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(1S)}/2)l~4.32 \mathrm{GeV}.$ If ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}$ is taken as an input, the result for the bottom quark pole mass reads $4.78 \mathrm{GeV} l~{M}_{b}l~4.98 \mathrm{GeV}[4.08 \mathrm{GeV} l~{m}_{b}{(M}_{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(1S)}/2)l~4.28 \mathrm{GeV}]$ for $0.114l~{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}{(M}_{z})l~0.122.$ The discrepancies between the results of three previous analyses on the same subject by Voloshin, Jamin, and Pich and K\"uhn et al. are clarified. A comprehensive review on the calculation of the heavy-quark--antiquark pair production cross section through a vector current at next-to-next-to leading order in the nonrelativistic expansion is presented.
Merge Strategies for Multiple Case Plan Replay

Planning by analogical reasoning is a learning method that consists of the storage, retrieval, and replay of planning episodes. Planning performance improves with the accumulation and reuse of a library of planning cases. Retrieval is driven by domain-dependent similarity metrics based on planning goals and scenarios. In complex situations with multiple goals, retrieval may find multiple past planning cases that are jointly similar to the new planning situation. This paper presents the issues and implications involved in the replay of multiple planning cases, as opposed to a single one. Multiple case plan replay involves the adaptation and merging of the annotated derivations of the planning cases. Several merge strategies for replay are introduced that can process with various forms of eagerness the differences between the past and new situations and the annotated justifications at the planning cases. In particular, we introduce an effective merging strategy that considers plan step choices especially appropriate for the interleaving of planning and plan execution. We illustrate and discuss the effectiveness of the merging strategies in specific domains.
Neurorehabilitation: Motor recovery after stroke as an example

The field of neurorehabilitation aims to translate neuroscience research toward the goal of maximizing functional recovery after neurological injury. A growing body of research indicates that the fundamental principles of neurological rehabilitation are applicable to a broad range of congenital, degenerative, and acquired neurological disorders. In this perspective, we will focus on motor recovery after acquired brain injuries such as stroke. Over the past few decades, a large body of basic and clinical research has created an experimental and theoretical foundation for approaches to neurorehabilitation. Recent randomized clinical trials all emphasize the requirement for intense progressive rehabilitation programs to optimally enhance recovery. Moreover, advances in multimodal assessment of patients with neuroimaging and neurophysiological tools suggest the possibility of individualized treatment plans based on recovery potential. There are also promising indications for medical as well as noninvasive brain stimulation paradigms to facilitate recovery. Ongoing or planned clinical studies should provide more definitive evidence. We also highlight unmet needs and potential areas of research. Continued research built upon a robust experimental and theoretical foundation should help to develop novel treatments to improve recovery after neurological injury. Ann Neurol 2013;74:373–381
Solving a Nonlinear Problem in Magneto-Rheological Fluids Using the Immersed Interface Method

Many applications lead to a nonlinear elliptic interface problem in which the discontinuous coefficient depends on the solution and the material properties. A finite difference method based on Cartesian grids and the maximum principle preserving immersed interface method is proposed for the nonlinear elliptic interface problems discussed in this paper. Numerical experiments against the exact solutions reveal that our method is nearly second order accurate in the infinity norm. The method is applied to study the magneto-rheological field-responsive fluids that contain iron particles. Numerical experiments are performed against the results from the literature.
Mechanism of bleomycin action: In vitro studies

Abstract The cytotoxic activity of bleomucin results from DNA cleavage, which is also accomplished in vitro by reaction mixtures containing Fe(II), drug and O2. Bleomycin forms a complex with Fe(II) and O2 in the presence or absence of DNA. The species attacking DNA forms rapidly from this complex. The nature of the attacking species and of the primary lesion(s) to DNA are not yet known, but two major insults to DNA have been characterized. They are the release of free bases from their glycosidic linkages and, at other residues, the cleavage of the polymer backbone at the deoxyribose C3-C4 bond.
Secondhand Smoke Exposure Reduction After NICU Discharge: Results of a Randomized Trial.

Abstract Objective Premature infants are at high risk for respiratory disease, and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure further increases their risk for developing respiratory illness and asthma. Yet, SHS exposure remains problematic in this vulnerable population. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of brief asthma education plus motivational interviewing counseling on reducing SHS exposure and improving respiratory outcomes in premature infants compared to asthma education alone. Methods Caregivers and their infants ≤32 weeks' gestational age were enrolled after discharge from a neonatal intensive care unit in Rochester, New York, from 2007 to 2011. Participants (N = 165, 61% Medicaid insurance, 35% Black, 19% Hispanic, 59% male) were stratified by infant SHS exposure and randomly assigned to treatment or comparison groups. Results Caregivers in the treatment group reported significantly more home smoking bans (96% vs 84%, P = .03) and reduced infant contact with smokers after the intervention (40% vs 58%, P = .03), but these differences did not persist long term. At study end (8 months after neonatal intensive care unit discharge), treatment group infants showed significantly greater reduction in salivary cotinine versus comparison (−1.32 ng/mL vs −1.08 ng/mL, P = .04), but no significant differences in other clinical outcomes. Conclusions A community-based intervention incorporating motivational interviewing and asthma education may be helpful in reducing SHS exposure of premature infants in the short term. Further efforts are needed to support sustained protections for this high-risk group and ultimately, prevent acute and chronic respiratory morbidity. Strategies for successfully engaging families during this stressful period warrant attention.
116. The functional role of exosome associated extracellular heat shock protein 72 following exposure to acute stress

One component of the adaptive stress response is that innate immunity is primed by circulating endogenous danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Extracellular heat shock protein 72 (eHsp72) is a DAMP that is upregulated intracellularly after acute stress, but its mechanism of release is unknown. Previous in vitro studies have demonstrated the presence of Hsp72 on extracellular vesicles known as exosomes, which are biologically active vesicles secreted from all known cells in the body. We hypothesize that stress-evoked eHsp72 is released into the blood via an exosome pathway and that these exosomes are a critical component of stress-enhanced immunity. Male Fisher 344 rats (8/group) were subjected to tail shock stress or no stress, and exosome isolation from plasma was verified by size (EM and Nanosight) and common exosome markers (acetylcholinesterase, CD63, and Rab5b). We report that exposure to an acute stressor increases exosome expression of eHsp72, but not other stress-inducible proteins (IL-1β and IL-6). Additionally, exosomes from stressed, but not control, rats facilitates in vivo bactericidal inflammatory response (p
The Social Scientist as Consultant

Social scientists are increasingly drawn to research consulting careers, motivated by a desire to develop the practical implications of research, coupled with a clientele willing to invest in applied social research. Because this is a relatively new development, there are few sourcebooks on the craft of research consulting. To help bridge this gap, this issue provides a window into the way research is practiced by experienced consultants. In this opening article, the culture of consulting is discussed in relation to the culture of academic social science. Different conceptions of applied research and contrasting discourses are highlighted. Then, I show how each of the authors in this issue addresses these differences, which are barriers to communication. As bridge builders, the authors demonstrate the value of social science theory and methodology in solving applied problems in several domains. Together, they show how the pursuit of research can be joined to the business of consulting.
Tracing groundwater with chloride ions and tritium through acid kaolinitic soil

Abstract Chloride ions and tritium were compared as groundwater tracers for acid soils containing kaolinitic clays in laboratory and field tests. The breakthrough for chloride was retarded more than that for tritium, which indicated that chloride ions interacted with the acid soils. Thus chloride and other negatively charged ions have limited usefulness as water tracers in acid soils.
ACTION OF TESTOSTERONE ON THE FEMALE RAT HYPOPHYSIS1

SOME EFFECTS of androgenic substances on the hypophysis of the rat may be studied by the implantation of pituitary gland tissue from treated animals into immature mice or rats. Moore and Price (I) in this way were able to demonstrate a diminution of the gonadotropic activity of immature, but not adult, rats previously injected with androsterone. Wolfe and Hamilton (2, 3) found that testosterone decreased the gonadotropic potency of the hypophyses of both male and female adult rats and suggested that there occurred either, a suppression of the production of gonadotropins or that these hormones, and especially the luteinising factor, were rapidly released from the gland. The present communication deals with our attempts to study the problem from this method of approach. In previous publications (4, 5) we postulated that testosterone in the female rat maintains normal follicle stimulating hormone production from the anterior lobe, but inhibits the formation of the luteinising factor.
Are computers driving real wages down

Abstract The annual growth in mean employee compensation plummeted from 2.6% in 1947–73 to 0.4% in 1973–2003. Using both time-series regression and pooled, cross-section, time-series regression analysis for 44 industries over the period 1953–2000, we find that earnings growth is positively related to overall productivity growth, capital investment excluding computers, and the unionization rate. We find also that computerization has a significant negative effect on earnings growth, but no evidence that the growth of skills or educational attainment has any statistically significant effect on earnings growth. The dominant factors explaining the slowdown in wage growth are decline in the unionization rate, slowdown in both TFP growth and overall capital investment, and acceleration in computer investment.
Analysis of sister chromatid exchange formation in vivo in mouse spermatogonia as a new test system for environmental mutagens

SPERMATOGONIA, as stem cells of male gametes1,2, constitute a highly relevant system for studying the genetic hazards of potential mutagens. Gross chromosome aberrations in spermatogonia have been used as a gauge of the genetic damage induced in animals exposed to agents such as mitomycin C (refs 3–5). Sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) formed in response to DNA damage constitute even more sensitive indices of the impact of alkylating agents and other clastogens on chromosomes6–8. Analysis of SCE induction in cultured cells has been greatly facilitated by techniques in which substitution of DNA with the base analogue 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) is detected either with fluorescent dyes9,10 or by modified Giemsa procedures11–13. This approach has so far been limited to in vitro trials, with the exception of one system14 in which SCEs were visualised in chromosomes of chick embryos after exposure to BUdR in ovo. We report here a BUdR technique which enables the detection of SCEs formed in spermatogonial cells of intact mice. As a prototype of a general in vivo mutagenesis test, this procedure has been utilised to demonstrate a several-fold increase in the sister chromatid exchange frequency in mouse spermatogonia after injection of the animals with small amounts of mitomycin C.
The Logic of Court Reform: Is Frederick Taylor Gloating?

Court reformers for the past 70 years have been advocating court unification. This reform has, within recent years, enjoyed amazing popularity. Dozens of states are presently considering and/or implementing structural and administrative consolidation of their judicial systems. Despite the significance of these reforms, little attention has been paid to the consequences and implications of judicial unification. The present undertaking represents an attempt to fill this void.After discussing the underlying logic of court reform, the author assesses the utility of this "theory " relative to contemporary management thought. Because court unification was developed as a "cure-all," it suffers from overgeneralizations regarding the nature of state and local justice. Indeed, it is characterized as being in direct conflict with many of the most cherished aspects of local justice. A number of alternative reform strategies are offered as potential means of reconciling the need for competent judicial administration w...
Feasibility of Quantitative UV Resonance Raman Spectroscopy with a KrF Excimer Laser

The feasibility of quantitative resonance Raman spectroscopy with a KrF excimer laser providing primary radiation at 249 nm has been examined. The instrumentation is described, and results are reported for measurements with a photomultiplier detector and scanning monochromator. Considerations affecting the success of the internal standardization are described. A least-squares fitting procedure is employed for quantifying the overlapped analyte and internal standard spectral lines. Instrumental detection limits of 2.2, 1.2, and 1.0 mg/L are reported for anthracene, 9-methylanthracene, and 2-methylanthracene, respectively, for spectra obtained with 120 laser pulses per step. Detection limits in the low ppb range are projected for a system employing an intensified diode array detector.
Noninvasive assessment of ulnar bending stiffness in women.

The load-carrying capacity of cortical bone is closely related to its geometry and to its fundamental material properties, including mineral content (BMC). Together these determine the bending stiffness EI, where I is the cross-sectional moment of inertia and E is Young's modulus of elasticity. To assess the relationship of BMC and bone width (BW) to EI in healthy women, we used mechanical response tissue analysis (MRTA), a noninvasive method that involves analysis of tissue responses to ulnar vibration. A total of 48 healthy women were enrolled into an older (64 ± 1y, n = 25) and a younger (25 ± 0.6y, n = 23) group. BMC and BW of the dominant ulna were measured by single-photon absorptiometry (SPA). EI was determined by MRTA. BMC (0.75 ± 0.02 versus 0.63 ± 0.02 g/cm), BMC/BW (0.75 ± 0.02 versus 0.63 ± 0.02 g/cm2), and EI (21.7 ± 1.3 versus 21.3 ± 1.1 N ṁ m2) were significantly greater (p < 0.005) in the young subjects. BW did not change with age (1.00 ± 0.01 versus 1.01 ± 0.01 cm). In young women, simple correlations of BMC and BW with EI were both significant. By multiple regression analysis only BW independently predicted EI (EI = −0.35 + 39.1 × BMC, R2 = 0.52). In older women BMC and BW correlated with EI, but in multiple regression only BMC was significant (EI = −34.5 + 62.1 × BW; R2 = 0.45). When this analysis of older women included only those whose BMC values were within 2 SD of the young mean, BMC remained the only significant predictor of EI. We conclude that ulnar dimensions make important contributions to axial loading strength in healthy young women, whereas changes in internal architecture, porosity, or bone material properties increase the importance of BMC as a determinant of ulnar stiffness for older women.
Analysis of the Oseen-viscoelastic fluid flow problem

Abstract In this article we study the numerical approximation of an Oseen type model for viscoelastic fluid flow. Existence and uniqueness of the continuous and approximate solutions, under a small data assumption, are proved. Error estimates for the numerical approximations are also derived. Numerical experiments are presented which support the error estimates, and which demonstrate the relevance of the small data assumption for the solvability of the continuous and discrete systems.
Perceived recovery as a predictor of physical activity participation after mild stroke

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify what acute care variables and/or perceived recovery factors could predict decreased participation in physical activities post-mild stroke. Methods: Secondary analysis of persons with mild stroke. Participants were split into two groups based on the percentage of high-demand leisure (HDL) activities retained on the Activity Card Sort (ACS) at 6 months post-stroke. Demographic variables, measures from the acute care setting (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), premorbid Barthel Index, and Modified Rankin Scale), and a perceived recovery measure collected at 6 months post-stroke (Stroke Impact Scale (SIS)) were analyzed between groups using independent samples t-tests and logistic regression. Results: There were no significant differences between groups on any of the demographic or acute care setting measures. Logistic regression indicated that only the overall perceived recovery (p = 0.05) and strength domain scores (p = 0.01) of the SIS wer...
Magnitude of opioid dependence after continuous intrathecal infusion of μ- and δ-selective opioids in the rat

Abstract The continuous intrathecal infusion of morphine (2, 6, 20 nmol/h), sufentanil (0.06, 0.2, 0.6 nmol/h), [D- Ala 2 ,MePhe 4 , Glu-ol 5 ]enkephalin (DAMGO) (0.1, 0.3, 1.0 nmol/h) or [D-Ala 2 ,D-Leu 5 ]enkephalin (DADLE) (2, 6, 20 nmol/h) in unanesthetized rats produces a dose-dependent increase in hot plate latency 1 day after pump implant followed by a gradual return to baseline values by days 3–4, i.e. tolerance. Rats assessed for opioid dependence after 7 days of intrathecal (i.t.) infusion of opioids show a withdrawal syndrome most readily noted by withdrawal body shakes (WBS) after injection of the opioid antagonist, naloxone (1 mg/kg i.p.). The number of WBS was proportional to the infusion dose of opioid agonist. Although each tolerance-producing agent was infused in one of three log-spaced (low, medium, high) doses, selected to have approximately equal antinociceptive activity across agents, the agents varied in the apparent degree of dependence. Thus, at the highest infusion dose, the average number of WBS observed was greatest for DADLE (32.8), morphine (30.2) and sufentanil (25.0) while animals treated with DAMGO displayed a significantly less degree of opioid dependence (8.7).
Why is it easier to identify someone close than far away

It is a matter of common sense that a person is easier to recognize when close than when far away. A possible explanation for why this happens begins with two observations. First, the human visual system, like many image-processing devices, can be viewed as a spatial filter that passes higher spatial frequencies, expressed in terms of cycles/degree, progressively more poorly. Second, as a face is moved farther from the observer, the face’s image spatial frequency spectrum, expressed in terms of cycles/ face, scales downward in a manner inversely proportional to distance. An implication of these two observations is that as a face moves away, progressively lower spatial frequencies, expressed in cycles/face—and therefore, progressively coarser facial details—are lost to the observer at a rate that is likewise inversely proportional to distance. We propose what we call thedistance-as-filtering hypothesis, which is that these two observations are sufficient to explain the effect of distance on face processing. If the distance-as-filtering hypothesis is correct, one should be able to simulate the effect of seeing a face at some distance, D, by filtering the face so as to mimic its spatial frequency composition, expressed in terms of cycles/face, at that distance. In four experiments, we measured face perception at varying distances that were simulated either by filtering the face as just described or by shrinking the face so that it subtended the visual angle corresponding to the desired distance. The distance-asfiltering hypothesis was confirmed perfectly in two face perception tasks: assessing the informational content of the face and identifying celebrities. Data from the two tasks could be accounted for by assuming that they were mediated by different low-pass spatial filters within the human visual system that have the same general mathematical description but that differ in scale by a factor of approximately 0.75. We discuss our results in terms of (1) how they can be used to explain the effect of distance on visual processing, (2) what they tell us about face processing, (3) how they are related to “flexible spatial scale usage,” as discussed by Schyns and colleagues, and (4) how they may be used in practical (e.g., legal) settings to demonstrate the loss of face information that occurs when a person is seen at a particular distance.
Uniqueness, Irreversibility, and the Theory of Nonuse Values

Given the controversy surrounding the use of contingent valuation surveys to measure values (particularly "nonuse values") that individuals place on changes in the quantity or quality of natural resources, there is a surprising dearth of work on the economic theoretical underpinnings of the value concepts that are at the heart of the measurement exercise. In this paper we begin by specifying a set of definitions of use and nonuse values. We then review both the early theoretical literature on nonuse values, due largely to Weisbrod and Krutilla, and the more recent formal models of nonuse values. We argue that the early theoretical work often has been misinterpreted and that the more recent formal models are not well-suited to the analysis of the value concepts which contingent value (CV) practitioners have been attempting to measure. We also relate the two strands of theoretical literature and make an argument for the application of several well-known preconditions to any attempts to measure nonuse values.
Structural damage detection and assessment using acceleration feedback

This paper presents a method for structural health monitoring using acceleration measurements. In a previous study a method for detecting, locating, and quantifying structural damages has been developed by directly using the time domain structural vibration measurements. However, only displacement and velocity measurements were used in that study. In this paper, acceleration measurements are used as feedback. Because it is more practical to measure acceleration using accelerometers, it is preferable to use acceleration rather than displacement and velocity measurements for the purpose of structural damage detection and assessment. However, using acceleration measurements is more difficult since the effects of different damages can not be decoupled completely as in the cases of displacement and velocity measurements. One approach of circumventing this difficulty is presented and it involves increasing the order of time derivatives of the linear system. The effectiveness of the proposed method using acceleration feedback is evaluated with illustrative examples of a three and an eight-story model. Results obtained are found to be comparable with results from simulations using displacement measurements as feedback.
Theory of the Faraday and Kerr Effects in Ferromagnetics

Both the Faraday and (magneto-optic, polar) Kerr effects in ferromagnetics are treated on the basis of the band theory of metals. The spin-orbit interaction gives the electron wave functions such left-right asymmetry that the "magnetic" electrons, under the action of a plane polarized light wave, produce an average current perpendicular to the plane of polarization. The polarizability and conductivity tensors are evaluated. The model is capable of describing the rotation of the plane of polarization of the light and the elliptical polarization resulting from transmission or reflection on the ferromagnetic medium. Order of magnitude estimates of the tensor components, based on plausible assumptions on the nature of the electronic wave functions and the energy bands in ferromagnetics, give values that agree reasonably well with experimental results. The temperature and frequency dependence of these effects as given by the formulas is also in agreement with experiment.
Input power minimization of an induction motor operating from an electronic drive under ripple correlation control

This paper elaborates on the application of ripple correlation control (RCC) to induction motor input power minimization. Simulations, hardware experiments, and frequency analyses verify that the direct component of the rotor flux in the synchronous frame (lambdae dr) can be adjusted to minimize the input power to the motor while maintaining the required output power. Motor characteristics are shown to give a convex input power function with respect to lambdae dr which could be feasible for optimization using RCC. Sensitivity analyses based on RCC of a boost converter and for an induction motor are presented. A Simulinkreg simulation shows the convergence of the ripple correlation controller to the optimum operating point that was determined by hardware experiments. Other results include the use of flux estimators from stator-side voltage and current measurements. Efficiency improvement has been verified across the load torque range, including light load conditions.
Aging, experienced nurses: Their value and needs

The nursing workforce mirrors the trend in population; that is, it is aging. Subsequently, older nurses experiencing some aging effects themselves are caring for more elderly patients needing more assistance with illness and wellness problems. To meet the growing demand for care in this era of nursing shortage, predicted to last beyond 2020, these nurses are needed to remain in the workforce longer. Lack of nurses in the workplace compromises patient care and increases job stress. Therefore, retention incentives need to be implemented to assist aging, experienced nurses to delay retirement or prevent them from leaving the profession early, as well as encouraging younger and future nurses to work longer. This article focuses on aging nurses, describing their demographics and needs, explicating their value and listing the resources and benefits needed to prolong their vital services in the workforce. (For this article, aging, older and mature refer to experienced nurses in their 40s, 50s and 60s.).