cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
First unseeded hydrothermal synthesis of microporous vanadosilicate AM-6

Abstract Microporous vanadosilicate AM-6 has been hydrothermally synthesized for the first time in the absence of titanosilicate ETS-10 seeds. High purity (95–100% AM-6) products were crystallized under static conditions at 430–503 K using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH) or tetramethylammonium bromide (TMABr) as a structure-directing agent in mixtures with molar compositions x Na 2 O:1.3K 2 O: y SiO 2 :0.5V 2 O 5 : w TMA: z H 2 O, where x = 4.5 or 5.6, y = 4.3–5.5, w = 2.0–3.0, and z = 206–214. The size (∼250 nm to ∼9 μm range), truncated square bipyramidal morphology (varied from square cuboid to thin (thickness 4+ , V 5+ ) oxidation states of vanadium in the AM-6 framework.
Turbulent flow behavior of surfactant solutions in straight pipes

Abstract In this study, the turbulent flow behavior of surfactant test solutions was examined by measuring pressure drop across a straight pipe at various flow rates. The drag reduction character of surfactant solutions was observed to be affected by concentration, pipe diameter, pipe roughness, and solvent type. Higher percent drag reduction occurred at higher concentrations in larger pipes with minimal surface roughness. Surfactant solutions with salt had increased drag reduction due to the presence of longer micelles. In addition, an analytical Fanning friction factor equation was derived for purely viscous power law fluids. Good agreement was observed between predictions and experimental data in the literature with the new equation.
Evidence-Based Management of Advanced Gastric Cancer: Current and Emerging Targeted Therapies

Gastric cancer is the second leading cause of cancer mortality and the fourth most common malignancy worldwide. An estimated 21,600 new cases of gastric cancer were diagnosed in the United States in 2013, and more than 10,000 people died of the disease. Although treatment of resectable gastric cancer has improved over the last two decades, little progress has been made in advanced gastric cancer. After a patient has progressed on first-line treatment, no second-line treatment for gastric cancer has yet been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Several clinical trials for therapies targeting aberrant signaling pathways either have concluded or are underway. These targeted treatments have the potential to substantially improve patient outcomes. However, with each new treatment, clinicians must stay abreast of a new wave of data on underlying mechanisms, efficacy, and safety, to provide their patients with optimal care. The magnitude of information surrounding emerging treatments for advanced gastric cancer can be daunting; this monograph will provide hospital-based clinicians with a much-needed, concise overview of the available data.
Teaching About Climate Change in the Business Curriculum: An Introductory Module and Resource List

Business managers are increasingly engaged with climate change issues, but pedagogy on climate change in the business curriculum is in its infancy. The author addresses the need for greater integration of climate change knowledge in the business curriculum by describing a teaching module for an undergraduate introductory business course and providing a comprehensive list of resources for teaching about climate change at all levels in the business curriculum.
Supersonic flight and cooking over wood-burning stoves: Challenges to the combustion community

The key word in the title of this presentation is challenge . The realization must be that the Internet Revolution has made the transfer and integration of capital, technology and information across national borders with rapidity heretofore unknown. This globalization creates the necessity of rapidly bringing a product to market on a very new timescale. Thus, an applied science, such as combustion, must be more focused on end-use research in order to retain its funding and prominence. These points are conceptually supported by two recently published books: The Lexus and The Olive Tree (Understanding Globalization) and Pasteur's Quadrant (Basic Science and Technological Innovation) . Combustion research must focus on the solution of economic, environmental, and societal problems: that is, the relevance of combustion research must become of greater importance. Further, the healthy global competition which is developing demands greater innovation and more rapid implementation of research endeavors. These, indeed, are the challenges to the combustion community. Out of what are undoubtedly many possibilities, a few examples, including those mentioned in the title, of end-use and innovative research are offered and illustrated.
Forecasting Peak Daily Ozone Levels—I. A Regression with Time Series Errors Model Having a Principal Component Trigger to Fit 1991 Ozone Levels

This research was motivated by the need to warn the population of Milwaukee, WI, on high-ozone days. A statistical model for the peak daily 1-hr ozone level is proposed. A Regression with Time Series Errors (RTSE) model, which includes a principal component (PC) trigger, is the basis for forecasting the peak daily 1-hr ozone level. The RTSE model, with a PC trigger, is first employed to estimate daily peak ozone measured at the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee-North (UWM-N), during the 1991 ozone season. The RTSE model uses peak daily temperature, morning vector average wind direction, and the PC trigger as predictor variables. The PC trigger was designed to summarize atmospheric circumstances when peak ozone was greater than 100 parts per billion (ppb). It is verified that the RTSE model, with a PC trigger, significantly improves the prediction of peak daily ozone, particularly peak ozone greater than 100 ppb. In comparison with the RTSE model without the PC trigger, the RTSE model with a PC trigger raised the R2 from 0.680 to 0.809. It is suggested that the RTSE model, with the PC trigger, is an adequate statistical model that has the potential for real-time ozone forecasting.
Emerging fluoroquinolone resistance in bacterial keratitis: A 5-year review

Abstract Objective To identify resistance patterns to the fluoroquinolones for patients with bacterial keratitis. Design Retrospective observational case series. Participants All cases of bacterial keratitis presenting to the Charles T. Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory at the Eye and Ear Institute of Pittsburgh from January 1993 to December 1997 were reviewed. A total of 1053 ocular isolates from 825 cases of bacterial keratitis were identified. Main outcome measures In vitro laboratory susceptibility testing of ocular isolates to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and interpreted using the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards serum standards. Results The number of cases of bacterial keratitis per year decreased from 284 in 1993 to 75 in 1997. The ratio of gram-positive to gram-negative organisms changed from 81.8%:18.2% in 1993 to 51.4%:48.6% in 1997 (chi-square, 66.00; degrees of freedom, 4; P Staphylococcus aureus to ciprofloxacin significantly increased annually from 5.8% in 1993 to 35.0% in 1997 (chi-square, 19.80; degrees of freedom, 4; P P Conclusions This in vitro study shows a significant increased resistance of S. aureus to the fluoroquinolones from 1993 to 1997. In addition, gaps in fluoroquinolone coverage for Streptococcus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species raise concern for the use of monotherapy in treating bacterial keratitis. Contrary to what might be expected, the distribution of gram-positive to gram-negative organisms has shifted, with a decrease in the number of gram-positive organisms identified, while the number of gram-negative isolates has remained stable.
An Evaluation of Wound Closure Tapes

Wound closure tapes are often used to decrease tension on wounds, to close wounds, and to reinforce wounds after suture removal. Seven different brands of wound closure tape, both with and without the additional application of the liquid adhesive Mastisol, were tested for their adhesion to the forearms of 8 volunteers when a 225-gram weight was applied. Steri-Strips with Mastisol had the longest time of adhesiveness, and the application of Mastisol markedly increased the adhesiveness of all 7 tapes evaluated. Only 2 of the 7 tapes, Proxi-Strip and Coverstrip II, showed any significant adhesiveness without Mastisol.
Behavioral Summarized Evaluation: An Assessment Tool to Enhance Multidisciplinary and Parent-Professional Collaborations in Assessing Symptoms of Autism

The Behavioral Summarized Evaluation (BSE) was developed by Barthelemy and colleagues (Barthelemy et al., 1990; Barthelemy et al., 1997) for professionals and paraprofessionals to assess autism symptom severity over the course of treatment. The purpose of this article is to review empirical literature examining the utility of this psychometric instrument in research and clinical practice, with an emphasis on the instrument's potential to enhance multidisciplinary collaboration and parent-professional collaborations. This article is organized into 4 interrelated sections. The first section provides a brief description of the BSE. In the second section, research on the psychometric properties of the BSE is reviewed, including (a) reliability (i.e., interrater reliability, inter-item consistency, and temporal stability) and (b) validity (i.e., factorial composition, convergent validity, sensitivity to treatment effects, and criterion-related validity). In the third section, recommendations for future BSE val...
Effect of trehalose on survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum during desiccation.

Aims: A major reason for the ineffectiveness of legume inoculants in the field is the rapid death of rhizobia because of desiccation. The major purpose of this study was to identify conditions under which α,α-trehalose would improve survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum during desiccation. Methods and Results: Trehalose was added to cultures just prior to desiccation or was supplied to bacteria during the 6-day growth period. A wide variety of trehalose concentrations was tested. Trehalose added to cultures at the time of desiccation improved survival slightly, but trehalose loading during growth was much more effective in protection against desiccation. Growth of bacteria with 3 mmol l−1 trehalose increased trehalose concentration in cells by about threefold and increased survival of cells placed on soya bean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds by two- to four-fold after 2 or 24 h. Average of overall results indicate that growth of bacteria with trehalose in the medium resulted in a 294% increase in survival after 24 h of desiccation. The concentration of trehalose in cells was very highly correlated with survival of bacteria. When trehalose-loaded cells were suspended in buffer or water, 60–85% of cellular trehalose was lost in about 1 h and, in spite of these losses, survival during desiccation was not reduced. Conclusions: Accumulation of trehalose in the cytoplasm is critical to the survival of B. japonicum during desiccation. Increasing the periplasmic concentration of trehalose is also beneficial but is not so critical as the concentration of trehalose in the cytoplasm. Because B. japonicum cannot utilize trehalose as a carbon source, cells can be loaded with trehalose by providing the disaccharide during the growth period. Significance and Impact of the Study: Although it may not be practical to use trehalose as a carbon source in inoculant production, it may be possible to engineer greater trehalose accumulation in rhizobia. Trehalose concentration in cells should be a useful predictor of survival during desiccation.
Adjuvant Therapy of Melanoma

This chapter presents and discusses the historical perspective on adjuvant therapy for surgically resected melanoma.
Role of Bound Water on the Viscosity of Nanometric Alumina Suspensions

Rheological properties of aqueous nanometric alumina suspensions with fructose as dispersant were investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry indicated that a significant fraction of the water is immobilized by the nanometric particles in the suspension. This in turn increased the viscosity of the suspensions. It was also shown that the addition of monosaccharides, fructose in particular, reduced the viscosity of the suspensions dramatically. Nuclear magnetic resonance experiments indicated that a monolayer of fructose was adsorbed on the particle surfaces. The reduction in viscosity could be attributed to release of water imposed by fructose adsorption on the alumina particles present.
A Preliminary Study of Heteromeles Arbutifolia Fruit Morphology at Ballona Wetlands and Temescal Canyon, Los Angeles, California

Abstract. Heteromeles arbutifolia, the California holly, is an evergreen shrub native to chaparral habitats of Southern California that fruits from November to January. Fruit species morphology has been shown to be a good indicator of habitat quality among other plants. The variation in fruit morphology was examined for the native plant at two diverse Southern California sites, a wetland and a canyon. California Holly fruits had a significantly greater volume in Ballona Wetlands than at Temescal Canyon (Z=4.367, P<.001), as well as a significantly greater variance in Ballona Wetlands than at Temescal Canyon (F=2.357, P=0.02). The production of fruits with larger and more variable volumes in Ballona Wetlands may be a response to the presence of urban influences and environmental contaminants. As the reproductive structure, fruit morphology may be a good indicator of how habitat stress influences reproductive success.
Beware the Dodo Bird: The Dangers of Overgeneralization

Luborsky et al.'s conclusion that there are no meaningful differences in the efficacy of various psychothera-pies should be reconsidered for the following reasons: (a) errors in data analysis, (b) exclusion of research on many types of clients (e.g., children and adolescents), (c) faulty generalization to comparisons between therapies that have never been made, and (d) erroneous assumption that the average difference between all sorts of treatments for all sorts of problems can be assumed to represent the difference between any two types of treatment for a given problem. Concern for clients' welfare demands that psychologists be very wary of accepting the Dodo bird verdict.
Maternal and neonatal outcomes are similar in twins achieved with assisted reproduction vs spontaneous twins

ASSISTED REPRODUCTION VS SPONTANEOUS TWINS MICHAEL HAYDON (F), CECILIA LYONS, PAMELA RUMNEY, MARK GHAMSARY, DAVID LAGREW, University of California, Irvine, Maternal Fetal Medicine, Orange, California, Loma Linda University, School of Public Health, Loma Linda, California, Saddleback Memorial Medical Center, Laguna Hills, California OBJECTIVE: Conflicting data in the literature exists regarding differences in maternal and neonatal outcomes in twin pregnancies achieved through reproductive assistance and those conceived spontaneously. Our aim was to determine if pregnancy outcomes were worse in twins conceived following assisted reproduction techniques. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study of twin pregnancies at 3 hospitals from 1/1998-12/2004. There were 114 pregnancies achieved through in vitro fertilization, 28 by Clomid/intrauterine insemination (IUI), and 158 spontaneous twin pregnancies. We reviewed maternal and neonatal records for maternal and neonatal pregnacy related outcomes. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student’s t test, Mann-Whitney test and ANOVA. RESULTS: Maternal demographics were similar between groups aside from there being more Hispanic patients in the spontaneous pregnancy group and the average age was higher in the IVF group. There were no differences with respect to maternal or neonatal outcomes between those conceived with assisted reproduction vs those conceived spontaneously. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that twins conceived via IVF or Clomid/IUI have outcomes similar to those conceived spontaneously.
Melanin quantitation from human erythrocytes; Interference by haeme derivatives

AbstractPrecipitates were obtained by 6 N HCl hydrolysis of human erythrocytes and subsequent extractions with ethanol-ether 1:1 and with tetrahydrofuran. The mean quantity of these precipitates (n=16) was 16.60 ± 1.60 (standard deviation) mg/ml, (15.09 ± 1.45 mg/g) and from saline washed erythrocyte samples (n = 8) 16.65 ± 0.73 mg/ml, (15.14 ± 0.67 mg/g). A large part of these precipitates (about 74%) is associated with haemoglobin (in average 12.34 mg/ml). Melanins account for the difference (16.60-12.34) = 4.26 mg/ml, approximately 8.7% of haemoglobin-free erythrocyte solids. Precipitates from red cells, and from haemoglobin produced similar UV-VIS and IR spectra. The precipitates from haemoglobin are mainly derivatives of haeme (about 97%); the remaining ∼ 3% are melanins from globin. The total melanins are about 1.3% of haeme-free solids of erythrocytes. Precipitation from the erythrocytes with 6 N HCl was also achieved in practically complete argon atmosphere, and similar quantities were obtained as...
Structure, molecular evolution, and phylogenetic utility of the 5(') region of the external transcribed spacer of 18S-26S rDNA in Lessingia (Compositae, Astereae).

Abstract The 18S-26S nuclear rDNA external transcribed spacer (ETS) has recently gained attention as a region that is valuable in phylogenetic analyses of angiosperms primarily because it can supplement nucleotide variation from the widely used and generally shorter internal transcribed spacers (ITS-1 and ITS-2) and thereby improve phylogenetic resolution and clade support in rDNA trees. Subrepeated ETS sequences (often occurring in the 5′ region) can, however, create a challenge for systematists interested in using ETS sequence data for phylogeny reconstruction. We sequenced the 5′ETS for members of Lessingia (Compositae, Astereae) and close relatives (26 taxa total) to characterize the subrepeat variation across a group of closely related plant lineages and to gain improved understanding of the structure, molecular evolution, and phylogenetic utility of the region. The 5′ETS region of Lessingia and relatives varied in length from ∼245 to 1009 bp due to the presence of a variable number of subrepeats (one to eight). We assessed homology of the subrepeats using phylogenetic analysis and concluded that only two of the subrepeats and a portion of a third (∼282 bp in total) were orthologous across Lessingia and could be aligned with confidence and included in further analyses. When the partial 5′ETS data were combined with 3′ETS and ITS data in phylogenetic analyses, no additional resolution of relationships among taxa was obtained beyond that found from analysis of 3′ETS + ITS sequences. Inferred patterns of concerted evolution indicate that homogenization is occurring at a faster rate in the 3′ETS and ITS regions than in the 5′ETS region. Additionally, homogenization appears to be acting within but not among subrepeats of the same rDNA array. We conclude that challenges in assessing subrepeat orthology across taxa greatly limit the utility of the 5′ETS region for phylogenetic analyses among species of Lessingia.
Motives of reward among men who rape

Perceptual deterrence research attempts to measure the effect of perceived certainty and severity of punishment in preventing criminal behavior, while considering the rewards (from the perception of the offender) of committing the crime. Many studies in the area of perceptual deterrence are lacking any measure of reward, resulting in an incomplete model. This study will examine the goals of men who commit rape to better understand what compels the rapist. Respondents for this study were drawn from the population of rapists in the maximum security state penitentiaries located in two Southern states. All were surveyed concerning the rewards that would lead them to commit rape, while considering two levels of risk of apprehension. The results reveal that those who rape often have a specific motive in mind and have calculated the risks involved in committing the offense.
Cardiovascular response to epinephrine varies with increasing duration of cardiac arrest

Summary Objective: Epinephrine (adrenaline) is widely used as a primary adjuvant for improving perfusion pressure and resuscitation rates during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Epinephrine is also associated with significant myocardial dysfunction in the post-resuscitation period. We tested the hypothesis that the cardiac effects of epinephrine vary according to the duration of cardiac arrest. Methods and materials: Cardiac arrest (CA) was induced in Sprague—Dawley rats with an IV bolus of KCl (40g/g). Three series of experiments were performed with CPR begun after 2, 4, or 6 min of cardiac arrest. Epinephrine (0.01 mg/kg) IV or placebo was given immediately in the 2 and 4 min CA groups. In the 6 min group, CPR was started after 6 min CA and epinephrine was given at 15 min if no return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) occurred. Time to ROSC was recorded in all groups. Cardiac function was determined with trans-thoracic echocardiography at baseline, 5, 30 and 60 min after ROSC. Results: After 2 min CA, 8/8 (100%) placebo animals and 8/8 (100%) epinephrine animals attained ROSC. Cardiac index was significantly increased during the first 60 min in the epinephrine group compared with the placebo group (p < 0.01). After 4 min of cardiac arrest, 14/29 (48%) placebo animals and 14/16 (88%) epinephrine animals attained ROSC (p < 0.01). Cardiac index after ROSC returned to baseline in both groups, although tended to be lower in the epinephrine group. After 6 min CA, 10/31 (32%) animals attained ROSC without epinephrine and 17/21 (81%) animals with
Intraseasonal Surface Fluxes in the Tropical Western Pacific and Indian Oceans from NCEP Reanalyses

Abstract Reliability of the surface fluxes from National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalyses is assessed across the warm pool of the western Pacific and Indian Oceans. Emphasis is given to the spatial distribution and coherence of the fluxes on intraseasonal (25–100 day) periods, as intraseasonal variability predominates the subseasonal variability across the warm pool. Comparison is made with surface fluxes estimated from data collected at a mooring during the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment and with independent gridded estimates based on operational wind and surface pressure analyses and satellite observations of rainfall, shortwave radiation, and outgoing longwave radiation. In general, fluxes that depend primarily on surface wind variations (e.g., stress and latent heat flux) agree more favorably than fluxes that are largely dependent on fluctuations of convection (e.g., surface shortwave radiation and freshwater or precipitation). In particular, the intraseasonal varia...
Pin-Hole Array Correlation Imaging: Highly Parallel Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy

In this work, we describe pin-hole array correlation imaging, a multipoint version of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, based upon a stationary Nipkow disk and a high-speed electron multiplying charged coupled detector. We characterize the system and test its performance on a variety of samples, including 40 nm colloids, a fluorescent protein complex, a membrane dye, and a fluorescence fusion protein. Our results demonstrate that pin-hole array correlation imaging is capable of simultaneously performing tens or hundreds of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy-style measurements in cells, with sufficient sensitivity and temporal resolution to study the behaviors of membrane-bound and soluble molecules labeled with conventional chemical dyes or fluorescent proteins.
Experimental Cosserat elasticity in open-cell polymer foam

Reticulated open-cell polymer foams exhibit substantial size effects in torsion and bending: slender specimens are more rigid than anticipated via classical elasticity. Such size effects are predicted by Cosserat (micropolar) elasticity, which allows points to rotate as well as translate and incorporates distributed moments (couple stresses). The Cosserat characteristic length is larger than the cell size. The Cosserat coupling coefficient is larger than in dense closed-cell foams and approaches 1 for foam with 0.4 mm cells.
Review of Tarter and Bell, Buried Lives: Incarcerated in Early America

Review of Michele Lise Tarter & Richard Bell's Buried Lives: Incarcerated in Early America, in the Law & History Review.
Improving lateral resolution of optical coherence tomography for imaging of skins

We report on improving lateral resolution of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for imaging of skins using multiframe superresolution technique. Through introduction of suitable slight transverse positional shifts among a series of C-scans, the superresolution processing of the lateral low resolution images at each axial depth reconstructs a high resolution image. Superresolution processing of all depth layers yields a high resolution 3D image. Using known resolution photomasks, 3 times lateral resolution improvement has been confirmed for both low and high numerical aperture OCT imaging. The superresolution processed OCT 3D skin image provides much more feature details for all subsurface depth layers within the OCT axial imaging range.
Spatiotemporal distribution of photosynthetically active radiation in rice canopy

Field experiments were conducted in Nanjing in 2007 and 2008,involving two rice cultivars and three nitrogen application rates.The plant morphology and spatiotemporal distribution of PAR at different canopy heights were measured at filling stage with SunScan canopy analysis system.Nitrogen application rate had significant effects on the plant height,panicle curvature,and leaf angle of rice.The leaf area was greater in mid canopy than in upper and basal canopy.The maximum leaf area index(LAI) layer appeared at 0.60 of relative canopy height.The average PAR transmittance decreased from top to bottom in rice canopy,exhibiting a quick attenuation within the upper and mid canopy and a slow reduction within the basal canopy.In addition,the average PAR transmittance at different canopy heights decreased with increasing nitrogen application rate.The diurnal variation of average PAR transmittance was greater at noon than in the morning and afternoon.With increasing LAI accumulation,the average PAR transmittance at different canopy heights decreased in an exponential pattern.The diurnal variation of population extinction coefficient(K) was smaller at noon than in the morning and afternoon,and the K value was in the range of 0.35 -0.50.The 3-dimensional distribution of PAR in rice canopy indicated that the PAR transmittance on horizontal plane was greater,and exhibited much more light flecks in upper and mid canopy than in basal canopy.The PAR density distribution at the same canopy height was non-uniform on the horizontal plane.Higher PAR transmittance,greater diurnal variation of PAR transmittance,and smaller population extinction coefficient were observed for the erect plant type rice cultivar.
Cultural of the Language and Cultural Responsibility of Foreign Language Teaching

Language is a carrier of the culture,foreign language teaching contains abundant culture teaching.Exploration to the moral penetration of the foreign language teaching in terms of culture,is a new subject of the foreign language education.
Research of web-based equipment overall lifecycle management system

In this paper, we propose data model and case model of the equipment overall lifecyclemanagement system(ELMS) . The architecture of this system is three-level B/S. A wholeELM information database is built,and the prophase management of ELMS is developed.additionally,some key technologies and specialties are introduced.
INFLUENCE OF HISTORIC LANDSCAPES AND CONTEMPORARY SPECIES MANAGEMENT ON CHESAPEAKE BAY BALD EAGLES AND OSPREY

xiv CHAPTER ONE: PALEOGEOGRAPHIC RECONSTRUCTION OF BALD EAGLES AND OSPREY DISTRIBUTION AND THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY IN POPULATIONS EXPANSION AN RECOVERY Introduction 1 Methods 5 Results 9 Discussion 11 Acknowledgements 14 Literature Cited 15 . Tables 20 Figures 23
Venous Thromboembolism in Critical Illness and Trauma: Pediatric Perspectives.

Abstract Critically ill children and those sustaining severe traumatic injuries are at higher risk for developing venous thromboembolism (VTE) than other hospitalized children. Multiple factors, including the need for central venous catheters, immobility, surgical procedures, malignancy and dysregulated inflammatory state confer this increased risk. As well as being at higher risk of VTE, this population is frequently at increased risk of bleeding, making the decision of prophylactic anticoagulation even more nuanced. The use of pharmacologic and mechanical prophylaxis remains variable in this high-risk cohort. VTE pharmacologic prophylaxis is an accepted practice in adult trauma and intensive care to prevent VTE development and associated morbidity, but is not standardized in critically ill or injured children. Given the lack of pediatric specific guidelines, prevention strategies are variably extrapolated from the successful use of mechanical and pharmacologic prophylaxis in adults, despite the differences in developmental hemostasis and thrombosis risk between children and adults. Whether the burden of VTE can be reduced in the pediatric critically ill or injured population is not known given the lack of robust data. There are no trials in children showing efficacy of mechanical compression devices or prophylactic anticoagulation in reducing the rate of VTE. Risk stratification using clinical factors has been shown to identify those at highest risk for VTE and allows targeted prophylaxis. It remains unproven if such a strategy will mitigate the risk of VTE and its potential sequelae.
Extracolonic Findings at Screening CT Colonography: Prevalence, Benefits, Challenges, and Opportunities

OBJECTIVE. Extracolonic findings at screening CT colonography (CTC) represent imaging findings incidentally detected outside the colon and rectum. Confusion regarding rates reported in the literature fuels controversy over the relative benefits versus harms of extracolonic findings. CONCLUSION. From an evidence-based approach, this article reviews the prevalence and benefits of and challenges raised by extracolonic findings, as well as opportunities to further leverage the effect of screening CTC. The role of the radiologist in handling these lesions responsibly is emphasized.
Approximate answering of queries involving polyline–polyline topological relationships:

In geographic information systems, pictorial query languages are visual languages which make easier the user to express queries by free-hand drawing. In this perspective, this article proposes an a...
Application of β-Resorcylic Acid as Potential Antimicrobial Feed Additive to Reduce Campylobacter Colonization in Broiler Chickens.

Campylobacter is one of the major foodborne pathogens that result in severe gastroenteritis in humans, primarily through consumption of contaminated poultry products. Chickens are the reservoir host of Campylobacter, where the pathogen colonizes the ceca, thereby leading to contamination of carcass during slaughter. A reduction in cecal colonization by Campylobacter would directly translate into reduced product contamination and risk of human infections. With increasing consumer demand for antibiotic free chickens, significant research is being conducted to discover natural, safe and economical antimicrobials that can effectively control Campylobacter colonization in birds. This study investigated the efficacy of in-feed supplementation of a phytophenolic compound, β-resorcylic acid (BR) for reducing Campylobacter colonization in broiler chickens. In two separate, replicate trials, day-old-chicks (Cobb500; n=10 birds/treatment) were fed with BR (0, 0.25, 0.5 or 1 %) in feed for a period of 14 days (n=40/trial). Birds were challenged with a 4-strain mixture of C. jejuni (~ 106 CFU/ml; 250 µl/bird) on day 7 and cecal samples were collected on day 14 for enumerating surviving Campylobacter in cecal contents. In addition, the effect of BR on the critical colonization factors of Campylobacter (motility, epithelial cell attachment) was studied using phenotypic assay, cell culture and real-time quantitative PCR. Supplementation of BR in poultry feed for 14 days at 0.5 and 1% reduced Campylobacter populations in cecal contents by ~ 2.5 and 1.7 Log CFU/g, respectively (P0.05). Follow up mechanistic analysis revealed that sub-inhibitory concentration (SIC) of BR significantly reduced Campylobacter motility, attachment to and invasion of Caco-2 cells. In addition, the expression of C. jejuni genes coding for motility (motA, motB, fliA) and attachment (jlpA, ciaB) was down-regulated as compared to controls (P<0.05). These results suggest that BR could potentially be used as a feed additive to reduce Campylobacter colonization in broilers.
Acute Fluid Management of Large Burns: Pathophysiology, Monitoring, and Resuscitation

This article reviews the pathophysiology of large burn injury and the extreme fluid shifts that occur in the hours and days after this event. The authors focus on acute fluid management, monitoring of hemodynamic status, and end points of resuscitation. Understanding the need and causes for fluid resuscitation after burn injury helps the clinician develop an effective plan to balance the competing goals of normalized tissue perfusion and limited tissue edema. Thoughtful, individualized treatment is the best answer and the most effective compromise.
The relationship between manometric subtype and outcomes of surgical treatment for patients with achalasia : Achalasia: manometric subtypes.

The Chicago Classification describes three distinct subtypes of achalasia and it appears to be a promising tool in predicting results of treatment with standard Heller Myotomy. The aim of this study is to analyze the outcomes of surgical treatment for achalasia using an extended Heller myotomy for each subtype and to identify additional parameters that may predict the success of therapy. 72 consecutive patients with achalasia were evaluated at the University of Washington between 2008 and 2013. Symptom duration, patient age, and the degree of esophageal dilation (stage 1–3) as assessed by radiography were determined. We defined treatment failure as no improvement in symptoms and/or need for a second therapy within 1 year. Long-term follow-up data of 25 patients were available in the form of a survey evaluating overall satisfaction with the operation. The distribution of patients according to subtype included 13 with type I, 54 with type II, and 5 with type III. All of the type I patients had some degree of esophageal dilation on radiography, whereas no dilation was found in the type III group. All patients underwent uneventful laparoscopic-extended Heller myotomy. Two patients were classified as failures, including one with type I and one with type II achalasia; however, further investigation revealed the cause of both failures to be the development of peptic stricture. Only one of the 25 patients with long-term follow-up reported dissatisfaction with the treatment result and indicated persistent chest pain without dysphagia. Laparoscopic-extended Heller myotomy is a highly successful treatment for patients with achalasia and outcomes do not appear to vary significantly according to the manometric subtype. Failures may result from reflux in patients who develop esophagitis or stricture. Chest pain is not always responsive to esophagogastric myotomy despite relief of dysphagia.
A case for cold-based continental ice sheets : a transient thermal model

A finite-difference numerical model is used to simulate the temperature profile at the center of an ice sheet throughout the course of a glaciation. The ice sheet is gradually built to a thickness of 3000 m over about 10 000 years, starting on permafrost. A geothermal heat flux is applied at large depth. For an initial surface temperature of −12.5°C. our model shows that basal melting occurs 72 000 years after the onset of the glaciation. The important parameters determining the basal temperatures are the initial temperature of the ice and substrate, the rate of downward advection of cold ice and, to a lesser extent, the thickness of the ice sheet. The growth history of the ice sheet does not significantly influence the time at which basal melting occurs. Our results show the possibility that the central parts of the continental ice sheets were cold-based for a significant part of their existence. Heating due to the geothermal heat flux cannot account for basal melting during most or all of a glacial cycle. These results may help to explain the existence of preserved land forms under the ice sheets.
Active thermal loading control of the modular multilevel converter by a multi-objective optimization method

The modular multilevel converter (MMC) has become the most attractive converter topology for medium/high-power applications. However, uneven power loss distribution and thermal loading among the semiconductor devices of each submodule (SM) compromise the reliability and lifetime of the converter. In this paper, an active thermal loading control method for the MMC is proposed to simultaneously (i) minimize the total semiconductor power loss and (ii) balance the thermal loading of the semiconductor devices within each submodule. In the proposed method, a multi-objective optimization problem is formulated and solved to establish a trade-off between the total power loss and the power loss of the semiconductor devices with the highest thermal loading. Subsequently, the Pareto optimal solutions for circulating currents, output common-mode voltage, and capacitor voltages are explored. Performance and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified by simulation and experimental studies.
Feature-Based Decipherment for Machine Translation

Orthographic similarities across languages provide a strong signal for unsupervised probabilistic transduction (decipherment) for closely related language pairs. The existing decipherment models, h...
Generating synthetic CTs from magnetic resonance images using generative adversarial networks.

PURPOSE While MR-only treatment planning using synthetic CTs (synCTs) offers potential for streamlining clinical workflow, a need exists for an efficient and automated synCT generation in the brain to facilitate near real-time MR-only planning. This work describes a novel method for generating brain synCTs based on generative adversarial networks (GANs), a deep learning model that trains two competing networks simultaneously, and compares it to a deep convolutional neural network (CNN). METHODS Post-Gadolinium T1-Weighted and CT-SIM images from fifteen brain cancer patients were retrospectively analyzed. The GAN model was developed to generate synCTs using T1-weighted MRI images as the input using a residual network (ResNet) as the generator. The discriminator is a CNN with five convolutional layers that classified the input image as real or synthetic. Fivefold cross-validation was performed to validate our model. GAN performance was compared to CNN based on mean absolute error (MAE), structural similarity index (SSIM), and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) metrics between the synCT and CT images. RESULTS GAN training took ~11 h with a new case testing time of 5.7 ± 0.6 s. For GAN, MAEs between synCT and CT-SIM were 89.3 ± 10.3 Hounsfield units (HU) and 41.9 ± 8.6 HU across the entire FOV and tissues, respectively. However, MAE in the bone and air was, on average, ~240-255 HU. By comparison, the CNN model had an average full FOV MAE of 102.4 ± 11.1 HU. For GAN, the mean PSNR was 26.6 ± 1.2 and SSIM was 0.83 ± 0.03. GAN synCTs preserved details better than CNN, and regions of abnormal anatomy were well represented on GAN synCTs. CONCLUSIONS We developed and validated a GAN model using a single T1-weighted MR image as the input that generates robust, high quality synCTs in seconds. Our method offers strong potential for supporting near real-time MR-only treatment planning in the brain.
Determination of Serum Sodium Salicylate Concentrations in Swine Resulting from Administration through Water Medication Systems

Aspirin is widely used in food animal production for pain relief and fever reduction due to the current lack of antiviral drugs, the inexpensive cost, and the over-thecounter availability. However, there is no reported information on dosage or achievable plasma or serum concentrations when acetylsalicylic acid or sodium salicylate products are administered via water medicator dosing systems typically used in swine production facilities. Significant differences are reported in the solubility of aspirin and sodium salicylate in water. These differences potentially impact the amount of each product that can be provided to pigs via water medication systems. Additionally, dose data for the oral route of administration is based on the provision of a daily dose in a single oral gavage. This differs from the typical application in swine where a daily dose is consumed over a 24 hour period via the drinking water. Reported differences in solubility were confirmed in the first phase of this trial. The second phase selected the most soluble product (sodium salicylate) and administered four concentrations to commercial swine for 72 hours. Serum plasma levels were analyzed by HPLC from 10 randomly selected pigs in each group including controls at 0, 24, 60, and 72 hours post administration. Sodium salicylate reached peak serum levels 24 hours post administration and exhibited a dose dependent trend. This study provided information necessary to perform future challenge trials for dose determination.
Seamount Height Estimation from Long-Range, Low Frequency Acoustic Backscatter

We are developing a long-range acoustic backscatter method for mapping major undersea topography in an ocean basin (approximately 2000 km × 2000 km) and for determining the sizes of topography (seamounts and ridges). In this paper we discuss our results on estimating sizes of ocean topography using data from the Bathymetric Hazard Survey Test (BHST). BHST was a proof of concept experiment conducted by the Naval Research Laboratory in the eastern Atlantic Ocean in September 19801,2 .
Catchment area demographic characteristics and rates of state psychiatric hospitalization

This study examines selected demographic characteristics for their associations with rates of state psychiatric hospitalization for each catchment area in Massachusetts. The extent of poverty in each catchment area explains much of the variability in admissions. State planners interested in reducing reliance upon state hospitals should give more attention to catchment area social indicators.
Microelectrodes for Novel Anions and their Application to Some Neurophysiological Problems

The dynamic behavior of the extracellular ions of the brain has been revealed with a new clarity through the use of ion-selective micropipettes (ISMs) Numerous studies have revealed changes in [K+]0, [Ca2+]0, [Na+]0 and [Cl-]0 (see ref. 10 for review). One can go beyond the study of these endogenous brain ions, however, by the introduction of exogenous ionic “probes”, and the subsequent monitoring of their behavior with appropriately chosen ion exchangers in ISMs. In this paper we describe the use of anions, novel to the brain, as probes for the diffusion properties of the extracellular space, and as indicators of extracellular volume changes and changes in membrane permeability during spreading depression.
Receptor Mediated Toxicity: The Dioxin Receptor as an Example of Biological Complexity and Experimental Approaches

During the past decade tremendous advances have been made in understanding the role of receptors as signal transducers, linking cells and their environment in a carefully orchestrated symphony of multicellular life. Through changes in gene expression, receptors facilitate a multitude of complex biological responses including differentiation, mitosis, apoptosis, and quiescence. While the mechanics of receptor activation and subsequent enhancement of transcription have yielded to modern methods of pharmacology and molecular biology, less progress has been made towards understanding causal relationships between changes in gene expression and cellular and tissue responses. Like other critical cellular targets, receptor proteins provide specific, high affinity sites for chemical interaction. In some cases, such chemical interactions have defined the action of receptors in the absence of any knowledge of their endogenous ligand or function. The dioxin receptor is one such example that illustrates both the biological complexity of, and experimental approaches to understanding receptor mediated toxicity.
“Mi Familia”: Counterstories of First-Generation Latina/x Students Navigating a Racially Hostile Campus Climate

Santa-Ramirez highlights the counter-stories of six undergraduate students at a public Research I predominantly White institution (PWI) in the Southwest, US. The author applies critical race and sense of belonging theoretical frameworks to investigate the support systems first-generation Latina/x students utilize for persistence while navigating a racially hostile campus climate. Three themes emerged from the data: (1) Culturally-based academic program, (2) Peer and professional staff support, and (3) Ethnic student organization involvement. The findings of this study assist in providing a greater understanding and awareness of the negative impacts hostile racial tensions on college campuses have on many Latina/x students and the importance of institutional support systems and services during these challenging and transitional times.
Extraversion and neuroticism: Associated responses to a positive mood induction:

The purpose of this investigation was two-fold: (1) to determine if a musical stimulus can successfully generate a positive mood induction and (2) to identify particular personality traits that may...
Observed variation in soil properties can drive large variation in modelled forest functioning and composition during tropical forest secondary succession

Censuses of tropical forest plots reveal large variation in biomass and plant composition. This paper evaluates whether such variation can emerge solely from realistic variation in a set of commonly measured soil chemical and physical properties. Controlled simulations were performed using a mechanistic model that includes forest dynamics, microbe-mediated biogeochemistry, and competition for nitrogen and phosphorus. Observations from 18 forest inventory plots in Guanacaste, Costa Rica were used to determine realistic variation in soil properties. In simulations of secondary succession, the across-plot range in plant biomass reached 30% of the mean and was attributable primarily to nutrient limitation and secondarily to soil texture differences that affected water availability. The contributions of different plant functional types to total biomass varied widely across plots and depended on soil nutrient status. In Central America, soil-induced variation in plant biomass increased with mean annual precipitation because of changes in nutrient limitation. In Central America, large variation in plant biomass and ecosystem composition arises mechanistically from realistic variation in soil properties. The degree of biomass and compositional variation is climate sensitive. In general, model predictions can be improved through better representation of soil nutrient processes, including their spatial variation.