cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward a tool for scheduling application workflows onto distributed grid systems

In this dissertation, we present a design and implementation of a tool for automatic mapping and scheduling of large scientific application workflows onto distributed, heterogeneous Grid environments. The thesis of this work is that plan-ahead, application-independent scheduling of workflow applications based on performance models can reduce the turnaround time for Grid execution of the application, reducing burden of Grid application development. We applied the scheduling strategies successfully to Grid applications from the domains of bio-imaging and astronomy and demonstrated the effectiveness and efficiency of the scheduling approaches. We also proposed and evaluated a novel scheduling heuristic based on a middle-out traversal of the application workflow. A study showed that jobs have to wait in batch queues for a considerable amount of time before they begin execution. Schedulers must consider batch queue waiting times when scheduling Grid applications onto resources with batch queue front ends. Hence, we developed a smart scheduler that considers estimates of batch queue wait times when it constructs schedules for Grid applications. We compared the proposed scheduling techniques with existing dynamic scheduling strategies. An experimental evaluation of this scheduler on data-intensive workflows shows that its approach of planning schedules in advance improves over previous online scheduling approaches. We studied the scalability of the proposed scheduling approaches. To deal with the scale of future Grids consisting of hundreds of thousands of resources, we designed and implemented a novel cluster-level scheduling algorithm, which scales linearly on the number of abstract resource classes. An experimental evaluation using workflows from two applications shows that the cluster-level scheduler achieves good scalability without sacrificing the quality of schedule.
Misuse detection for information retrieval systems

We present a novel approach to detect misuse within an information retrieval system by gathering and maintaining knowledge of the behavior of the user rather than anticipating attacks by unknown assailants. Our approach is based on building and maintaining a profile of the behavior of the system user through tracking, or monitoring of user activity within the information retrieval system. Any new activity of the user is compared to the user profile to detect a potential misuse for the authorized user. We propose four different methods to detect misuse in information retrieval systems. Our experimental results on $2$ GB collection favorably demonstrate the validity of our approach.
GONADAL INFLUENCES ON SURVIVAL AFTER ADRENAL-ECTOMY IN THE GOLDEN HAMSTER

RELATIVELY few reports have appeared on the endocrine glands of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Peczenik (1944) demonstrated a sexual dimorphism in the size of the adrenal gland, that of the male being larger than that of the female. This condition is opposite to that in the rat and indeed, to that found in most other mammajs investigated (Hill 1930; Parkes 1945). Gonadectomy equalizes the size of the male and female adrenals (Peczenik 1944; Keyes 1949) as it does in the rat (Parkes 1945). The equalization is effected by enlargement of the female gland and a decrease of the male gland. This effect can be reversed in the male by treatment with androgen, but not in the female with estrogens (Peczenik 1944). The size of the adrenal of the female rat is reduced by administration of androgen (Hall 1940), and Parkes (1945)
Cervical spinal motion during intubation: efficacy of stabilization maneuvers in the setting of complete segmental instability.

Object. The purpose of this study was to characterize and compare segmental cervical motion during orotracheal intubation in cadavers with and without a complete subaxial injury, as well as to examine the efficacy of commonly used stabilization techniques in limiting that motion. Methods. Intubation procedures were performed in 10 fresh human cadavers in which cervical spines were intact and following the creation of a complete C4–5 ligamentous injury. Movement of the cervical spine during direct laryngoscopy and intubation was recorded using video fluoroscopy and examined under the following conditions: 1) without stabilization; 2) with manual in-line cervical immobilization; and 3) with Gardner—Wells traction. Subsequently, segmental angular rotation, subluxation, and distraction at the injured C4–5 level were measured from digitized frames of the recorded video fluoroscopy. Conclusions: After complete C4–5 destabilization, the effects of attempted stabilization on distraction, angulation, and subluxati...
A regional look at Morrow Formation gas in light of conflicting resource development in southeast New Mexico

Several factors have led to reservoir underdevelopment in the Morrow Formation in southeast New Mexico, including conflicting interests with potash development companies, government regulations protecting potash resources, lack of completions within successful wells, and lack of exploration. Over the past 70 yr, the Secretary of the Interior has set aside 777 mi2 (2012 km2) of southeastern New Mexico, referred to as the Secretary of the Interior's potash area (SPA), to preserve potash resources. Oil and gas drilling are severely limited within the SPA, where leasing is managed by the Bureau of Land Management. The Morrow Formation reservoirs have significant undiscovered reserves in the SPA. Morrow Formation production-well density is roughly half that of the surrounding area, which may also be underdeveloped. Operators have drilled a few directional wells to target Morrow Formation reservoirs while avoiding potash resources near the boundaries of the protected area, and they used horizontal wells to develop the shallower Brushy Canyon Formation in one area. Older abandoned wells within the SPA may be used in the future for drilling islands, but this practice has not yet begun. The purpose of this article is to provide structural and stratigraphic maps of Morrow Formation reservoir horizons, to present areas with future potential, and to suggest future development scenarios. The article also provides a regional Morrow Formation depositional picture and correlates this regional description to field-scale interpretations.The Morrow Formation is typically divided into two intervals: the Morrow clastics and the overlying Morrow limestones. The fluvial-deltaic to shallow-marine Morrow clastic interval currently provides more than 40% of the natural gas production within the SPA. Depth to Morrow clastic production ranges from about 11,000 to approximately 14,000 ft (3352 to approximately 4267 m) in the SPA. This study divides the Morrow clastic interval into three informal subunits based on log character and uses flooding surfaces marked by correlatable bounding shales. The resulting net sand maps for these subunits indicate an overall transgression from deltaic to distributary-mouth bar or reworked deltaic to deposition of overlying carbonates and marine shales. Trends of producing wells along depositional axes that are interpreted in this report indicate potential areas for future exploration and development. Future drilling will target depositionally complex reservoirs. The author recommends directional and horizontal drilling, aided by three-dimensional seismic imaging, to explore and develop SPA resources.
Assessing the greenhouse impact of natural gas

[1] The global warming impact of substituting natural gas for coal and oil is currently in debate. We address this question here by comparing the reduction of greenhouse warming that would result from substituting gas for coal and some oil to the reduction which could be achieved by instead substituting zero carbon energy sources. We show that substitution of natural gas reduces global warming by 40% of that which could be attained by the substitution of zero carbon energy sources. At methane leakage rates that are � 1% of production, which is similar to today’s probable leakage rate of � 1.5% of production, the 40% benefit is realized as gas substitution occurs. For short transitions the leakage rate must be more than 10 to 15% of production for gas substitution not to reduce warming, and for longer transitions the leakage must be much greater. But even if the leakage was so high that the substitution was not of immediate benefit, the 40%-of-zero-carbon benefit would be realized shortly after methane emissions ceased because methane is removed quickly from the atmosphere whereas CO2 is not. The benefits of substitution are unaffected by heat exchange to the ocean. CO2 emissions are the key to anthropogenic climate change, and substituting gas reduces them by 40% of that possible by conversion to zero carbon energy sources. Gas substitution also reduces the rate at which zero carbon energy sources must eventually be introduced.
Target-constrained interference-minimized approach to subpixel target detection for hyperspectral images

Hsuan Ren Chein-I Chang, MEMBER SPIE Remote Sensing Signal and Image Processing Laboratory Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering University of Maryland Baltimore County Baltimore, Maryland 21250 Abstract. Due to significantly improved spatial and spectral resolution, hyperspectral sensors can now detect many substances that cannot be resolved by multispectral sensors. However, this comes at the price that many unknown and unidentified signal sources, referred to as interferers, may also be extracted unexpectedly. Such interferers generally produce additional noise effects on target detection and must therefore be taken into account. The problem associated with this interference is challenging because its nature is generally unknown and it cannot be identified from an image scene. This paper presents an approach, called the target-constrained interference-minimized filter (TCIMF), which does not require one to identify interferers, but can minimize the effects caused by interference. It designs a finite-impulse-response filter that specifies targets of interest in such a way that the desired targets and undesired targets will be passed through and rejected by the filter, respectively; the filter output energy resulting from unknown signal sources is also minimized. More precisely, the TCIMF accomplishes three tasks simultaneously: detection of the desired targets, elimination of the undesired targets, and minimization of interfering effects. A recently developed technique, constrained energy minimization (CEM), can be considered as a suboptimal version of the TCIMF. Computer simulations and hyperspectral image experiments are conducted to demonstrate advantages of the TCIMF over the CEM. © 2000 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. [S0091-3286(00)02912-3]
Stochastic simulation of a T-cell signaling pathway

Understanding, quantifying, and controlling the networked T-cell signaling pathways will impact the understanding and potential treatment design for several immunologically-related and malignant diseases. Currently most T-cell signaling pathways have been mapped out in terms of their demonstrated interactions and participating elements; however, the quantification of these pathways and the identification of rate-limiting interactions, and controlling feedback mechanisms remain to be delineated. A mathematical model of the T-cell MAPK signaling pathway has been constructed to assist in this quantification and delineation. This model is a hybrid model comprising a stochastic module capturing T-cell receptor stimulation, and a deterministic module composed of nonlinear differential equations to simulate the subsequently induced MAPK activation. Upon T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement by a MHC-peptide complex, the affinity of the peptide-TCR bond and the surface density of engaged receptors modulates the phosphorylation state of the CD3 /spl zeta/-chain which in turn controls the induction of signaling pathways (including the MAPK). Our stochastic module incorporates these probabilistic events and integrates them with the deterministic module capturing the downstream MAPK signaling pathway through an initiation event. Simulations and analysis have helped delineate the signaling pathway.
DNA Methylation and Its Basic Function

In the mammalian genome, DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism involving the transfer of a methyl group onto the C5 position of the cytosine to form 5-methylcytosine. DNA methylation regulates gene expression by recruiting proteins involved in gene repression or by inhibiting the binding of transcription factor(s) to DNA. During development, the pattern of DNA methylation in the genome changes as a result of a dynamic process involving both de novo DNA methylation and demethylation. As a consequence, differentiated cells develop a stable and unique DNA methylation pattern that regulates tissue-specific gene transcription. In this chapter, we will review the process of DNA methylation and demethylation in the nervous system. We will describe the DNA (de)methylation machinery and its association with other epigenetic mechanisms such as histone modifications and noncoding RNAs. Intriguingly, postmitotic neurons still express DNA methyltransferases and components involved in DNA demethylation. Moreover, neuronal activity can modulate their pattern of DNA methylation in response to physiological and environmental stimuli. The precise regulation of DNA methylation is essential for normal cognitive function. Indeed, when DNA methylation is altered as a result of developmental mutations or environmental risk factors, such as drug exposure and neural injury, mental impairment is a common side effect. The investigation into DNA methylation continues to show a rich and complex picture about epigenetic gene regulation in the central nervous system and provides possible therapeutic targets for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Characterization of Multiple Multivesicular Body Sorting Determinants within Sna3: A Role for the Ubiquitin Ligase Rsp5

A subset of proteins that transit the endosomal system are directed into the intralumenal vesicles of multivesicular bodies (MVBs). MVB formation is critical for a variety of cellular functions including receptor down-regulation, viral budding, antigen presentation, and the generation of lysosome-related organelles. Entry of transmembrane proteins into the intralumenal vesicles of a MVB is a highly regulated process that is positively modulated by covalent modification of cargoes with ubiquitin. To identify additional MVB sorting signals, we examined the previously described ubiquitination-independent MVB cargo Sna3. Although Sna3 ubiquitination is not essential, Sna3 MVB sorting is positively modulated by its ubiquitination. Examination of MVB sorting determinants within a form of Sna3 lacking all lysine residues identified two critical regions: an amino-terminal tyrosine-containing region and a carboxyl-terminal PPAY motif. This PPAY motif interacts with the WW domains of the ubiquitin ligase Rsp5, and mutations in either the WW or, surprisingly, the HECT domains of Rsp5 negatively impacted MVB targeting of lysine-minus Sna3. These data indicate that Rsp5 function is required for MVB targeting of Sna3 in a capacity beyond cargo ubiquitination. These results uncover a series of determinants impacting Sna3 MVB sorting, including unexpected roles for Rsp5.
Release of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored carboxypeptidase M by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C upregulates enzyme synthesis.

Carboxypeptidase M (CPM), a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored membrane protein, remained at a constant level in confluent Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells but was continually released into the medium in soluble form. The released CPM contained ethanolamine, indicating liberation by a phospholipase. Treatment of MDCK cells with 0.01 U/ml phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C for 6 h led to a 5.5-fold increase in soluble CPM, yet the activity in cells remained constant, resulting in a 30% increase in total activity. The increase was due to new protein synthesis as evidenced by inhibition with 0.2 microM cycloheximide and a 63% increase in [35S]methionine incorporation into newly synthesized CPM. MDCK cells treated with 1-alkyl-2-acyl-glycerol, the diglyceride component of mammalian glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors, exhibited a 36% increase in CPM activity, but diacylglycerols or phorbol esters were ineffective. Thus, release of GPI-anchored CPM can generate a diglyceride signal to replenish and maintain constant levels on the cell surface.
Cure of Implantable Venous Port—Associated Bloodstream Infections in Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Patients without Catheter Removal

The efficacy of antibiotic treatment of port-associated bloodstream infection without device removal has not been systematically studied. We analyzed the outcome of 43 consecutive port-associated bloodstream infections in pediatric hematology-oncology patients. Etiologies included Staphylococcus epidermidis (30) and Staphylococcus aureus (6). Antibiotics were given through the port for a median of 11 days. Four ports were removed within 72 hours. In 36 (92%) of the remaining 39 episodes, there was a response to antibiotic therapy (defervescence and negative blood culture). In 78% of episodes in which there was a response (excluding two in which the catheters were removed because of mechanical problems), the infections were cured without port removal. Two of the four relapses were cured with a second course of antibiotics. The cure rate was 92% for S. epidermidis infections and 67% for S. aureus infections. Thus, the majority of port-associated bloodstream infections in pediatric hematology-oncology patients can be cured without device removal.
Intellectuals in Contemporary Social Theory: A Radical Critique

Contemporary social theorists have been remarkably consistent in advocating an analytically defined ideal-type of the modern intellectual. This ideal-type presents the intellectual as a politically autonomous critic pursuing knowledge for its own sake. I argue that this concept rests on the presupposition of specific empirical and historical conditions concerning the social organization of intellectuals. To the degree that these presuppositions are “falsifiable” by a historically grounded framework of intellectual “action,” one may challenge the “epistemological” claims of modern intellectuals with a “class conscious” sociology of knowledge.
CORROSION RESISTANCE OF STRUCTURAL STEEL PROCESSED USING ELECTRO-PLASMA METHODS

Electro-plasma cleaning and deposition is a recently developed electrolytic method for cleaning mill scale and other debris from steel surfaces, and depositing protective metal coatings. Structural steel was processed using these methods and tested for corrosion resistance. Samples included freshly cleaned steel coupons and samples coated with a metallic zinc layer. Tests included linear polarization resistance, QUV weathering, salt fog exposure, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Steel samples cleaned by electro-plasma methods exhibited superior corrosion resistance to those cleaned by shot­ blasting. The zinc metal coatings demonstrated potential for long-term corrosion protection.
A generalized computer vision approach to mapping crop fields in heterogeneous agricultural landscapes

Abstract Smallholder farms dominate in many parts of the world, particularly Sub-Saharan Africa. These systems are characterized by small, heterogeneous, and often indistinct field patterns, requiring a specialized methodology to map agricultural land cover. Using a variety of sites in South Africa, we present a new approach to mapping agricultural fields, based on efficient extraction of a vast set of simple, highly correlated, and interdependent features, followed by a random forest classifier. We achieved similar high performance across agricultural types, including the spectrally indistinct smallholder fields as well as the more easily distinguishable commercial fields, and demonstrated the ability to generalize performance across large geographic areas. In sensitivity analyses, we determined multi-temporal information provided greater gains in performance than the addition of multi-spectral bands available in DigitalGlobe Worldview-2 imagery.
Nonconforming Finite Element Analysis of Shells

By selectively adding nonconforming displacement modes to the low order isoparametric elements, new highly improved shell elements have been established. To select the best set of nonconforming modes to use, various combinations of modes were added to the original elements. A linear element and a quadratic element, each of which have two nonconforming modes added to the in-plane displacement, four to the out-of-plane displacement, and no additional modes added to the modal rotations have been found to be most effective in terms of the number of nonconforming modes used versus the improvement obtained. These elements have been tested by use on deep beam, plate, and various shell problems. A cylindrical shell and a spherical shell are investigated in order to demonstrate the versatility of the newly developed nonconforming elements. The results obtained from these investigations compare very satisfactorily with the results from well-established analysis methods.
Empiricism as Change Agent.

MS #20065 Empiricism as Change Agent Richard L. Kravitz, MD, MSPH 1 1. Division of General Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA , USA Author address: Richard L. Kravitz, UC Davis Division of General Medicine, 4150 V. Street, Suite 2400 PSSB, Sacramento, CA 95817. email rlkravitz@ucdavis.edu
A New Discomycete Associated with the Roots of Monotropa Uniflora (Ericaceae)

(1983). A New Discomycete Associated with the Roots of Monotropa Uniflora (Ericaceae) Mycologia: Vol. 75, No. 5, pp. 916-920.
Description of the Immature Stages and Adult Male of Pseudophilippia quaintancii (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae)

A lectotype is designated for Pseudophilippia quaintancii Cockerell (Homoptera: Coccidae). The 3 immature instars of the female and 5 instars of the male are described and illustrated. A key for separation of all developmental stages of the species is included together with a discussion of the generic status of Pseudophilippia.
A study on the association of HLA-DPB1 gene with childhood systemic lupus erythematosus

Objective To study the association of HLA-DPB1 gene with childhood systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods DPB1 gene was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP) in 95 patients with SLE and 74 normal controls. Results The frequency of DPB1*0501 was significantly lower in SLE patients (31.6%)than in the controls(48.0%, Pc 0.05), RR was 0.4792, PF was 0.3730. The frequency of DPB1*0201 was higher in SLE patients with central nervous system involvement (44.4% ) than in the controls (17.6% ), the frequency of DPB1*0501 was lower in SLE patients with central nervous system involvement (16.7%)than in the controls(48.0%), but Pf 0.05, the frequency of all other alleles was statistically significant. Conclusion DPB1*0501 is probably the protective allele for SLE.
The Agency of the Spatial

Is feminist theory best served through its traditional focus on women’s attainment of a freedom from patriarchal, racist, colonialist, and heteronormative constraint? Or by exploring what the femal...
Notes on the Take-Off

The sequence of stages, of which the take-off is one, is offered by Professor Rostow as a scheme for viewing and interpreting modern economic development. It is, therefore, a gloss on the major distinction between modern and non-modern (traditional) types of growth; and I regret that in offering his scheme, Professor Rostow does not spell out the characteristics that are inherent in modern economic growth and distinguish it from the traditional and other types. Many come easily to mind: a high and sustained rate of increase in real product per capita, accompanied in most cases by a high and sustained rate of increase in population; major shifts in the industrial structure of product and labour force, and in the location of the population, commonly referred, to as industrialization and urbanization; changes in the organizational units under whose auspices and guidance economic activity takes place; a rise in the proportion of capital formation to national product; shifts in the structure of consumer expenditures, accompanying urbanization and higher income per capita; changes in the character and magnitudes of international economic flows; and others that could be added. Behind all this is the increasing stock of useful knowledge derived from modern science, and the capacity of society, under the spur of modern ideology, to evolve institutions which permit a greater exploitation of the growth potential provided by that increasing stock of knowledge.
Gestures by Children and Adults on Touch Tables and Touch Walls in a Public Science Center

Research on children's interactions with touchscreen devices has examined small and large screens and compared interaction to adults or among children of different ages. Little work has explicitly compared interaction on different platforms, however. Large touchscreen displays can be deployed flat, as in a table, or vertically, as on a wall. While these two form factors have been studied, it is not known what differences may exist between them. We present a study of visitors to a science museum, including children and their parents, who interacted with Google Earth on either a touch table or a touch wall. We compare the types of gestures and interactions attempted on each device and find several interesting results, including: users of all ages tend to make standard touchscreen gestures on both platforms, but children were more likely than adults to try new gestures. Users were more likely to perform two-handed, multi-touch gestures on the touch wall than on the touch table. Our findings will inform the design of future interactive applications for each platform.
Reliable, Continuous, Closed-Circuit 4°K Refrigeration for a Maser Application

In the past several years, rapid advances of technology have greatly reduced the time interval for new scientific discoveries to bridge the gap from laboratory to actual field use, While most attention has been focused on the actual devices under development, certain supporting technological advances have also been greatly stimulated. Reliable, continuous refrigeration in the region of 4°K is one of these supporting technologies that has resulted from the development of the maser and its recent incorporation into actual operational systems.
Case Studies in Tremor

Tremor is a frequent patient complaint in the neurologist's office. Nevertheless, despite the routine nature of this office presentation, misdiagnosis of common tremors is not an infrequent practice. In addition, there are less common causes of tremor that can be missed if the clinician is not aware of key features. An organized and methodical history and neurologic examination are essential in developing the differential diagnosis in tremor patients and ultimately in achieving the correct diagnosis. Awareness of key historical features associated with tremor and knowledge of the movement disorders examination will improve tremor assessment.
Improving Penetration Testing Methodologies for Security-Based Risk Assessment

The crisis of insecure software has resulted in a drastic increase in the frequency and impact of cyber attacks on businesses and individual users alike. The discipline of secure software engineering has evolved as a response to this trend, with the aim of producing software with fewer coding bugs or design flaws that result in exploitable vulnerabilities. However, secure software engineering is a young discipline, and many software artifacts in current use were created before, or in ignorance of, its development. Software practitioners would benefit greatly from a rigorous methodology for analyzing and validating software that has already entered its maintenance lifecycle. In this paper, we present a combined penetrating testing methodology that incorporates strengths of several existing approaches, with the goal to understand their utility and benefit for analyzing security of existing software programs. We exercise this methodology through a case study applied to a popular tool used by many network security practitioners: Wireshark. As a contribution, our study illustrates the benefits of a combined approach and outlines recommendations for a holistic method that will improve security-based risk assessment. Specifically, we show how application of rigorous test-driven threat modeling can produce better abuse cases, which can in turn be used to inform and more precisely define penetration testing activities.
Theranostic Gold Nanoantennas for Simultaneous Multiplexed Raman Imaging of Immunomarkers and Photothermal Therapy

In this study, we demonstrate the theranostic capability of actively targeted, site-specific multibranched gold nanoantennas (MGNs) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells in vitro. By utilizing multiplexed surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) imaging, enabled by the narrow peak widths of Raman signatures, we simultaneously targeted immune checkpoint receptor programmed death ligand 1 (PDL1) and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpressed in TNBC cells. A 1:1 mixture of MGNs functionalized with anti-PDL1 antibodies and Raman tag 5,5-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) and MGNs functionalized with anti-EGFR antibodies and Raman tag para-mercaptobenzoic acid (pMBA) were incubated with the cells. SERS imaging revealed a cellular traffic map of MGN localization by surface binding and receptor-mediated endocytosis, enabling targeted diagnosis of both biomarkers. Furthermore, cells incubated with anti-EGFR–pMBA–MGNs and illuminated with an 808 nm laser for 15 min at 4.7 W/cm2 exhibit...
Building social capital for stable employment: The post prison experiences of Black male ex -prisoners

ABSTRACTThis study examines whether and how Black male exoffenders take the support they receive from personal contacts and build social capital to get and maintain a job. Data were collected using in-depth, semistructured interviews with 20 formerly incarcerated males who were transitioning from state and federal prisons to Chicago, IL communities. The findings indicate that family members, including fictive kin, can provide valuable assistance that facilitates Black male former prisoners obtaining postprison employment.
Motion Strategies for Surveillance

We address the problem of surveillance in an environment with obstacles. We show that the problem of tracking an evader with one pursuer around one corner is completely decidable. The pursuer and the evader have complete information about each other’s instantaneous position. The pursuer has complete information about the instantaneous velocity of the evader. We present a partition of the visibility region of the pursuer where based on the region in which the evader lies, we provide strategies for the evader to escape the visibility region of the pursuer or for the pursuer to track the target for all future time. We also present the solution to the inverse problem: given the position of the evader, the positions of the pursuer for which the evader can escape the visibility region of the target. These results have been provided for varying speeds of the pursuer and the evader. Based on the results of the inverse problem we provide an O(n log n) algorithm that can decide if the evader can escape from the visibility region of a pursuer for some initial pursuer and evader positions. Finally, we extend the result of the target tracking problem around a corner in two dimensions to an edge in three dimensions.
From Theory to Practice:The Second Phase of the NAFTA Environmental Regime

This paper addresses the impact of the NAFTA on environmental enforcement in North America, and on the environment in North America. It starts by briefly describing the approach of the NAFTA to environmental concerns, and points to a few important questions raised by its approach. The main objective of this paper is to focus attention on a new phase of analysis of the NAFTA's environmental impact; that is, the phase of post-entry-into-force empirical analysis. Prior analysis of the NAFTA has concerned the terms of the primary legislation-the NAFTA and the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation. Now that the primary legislation has been set, at least for the near to intermediate term, attention must be turned to the implementation of the primary legislation and to the collection and study of data concerning the effect in-fact of the NAFTA's implementation.The NAFTA does not envision secondary legislation in the European Union sense of that term. There is no regional authority that may, like the European Council and Commission, adopt regulations, directives and decisions with binding effect in the NAFTA Parties. Nevertheless, thecoordinating-cooperative institutions of the NAFTA must implement certain procedural rules and oversee the activities of consultative committees. National governments of the Parties have adopted and continue to adopt laws and regulations to implement the agreement. These rules are of considerable importance in the United States, where the NAFTA has been deprived of self-executing (or direct) effect.The NAFTA and NAAEC environmental provisions are unlikely to have a significant effect on trade and investment patterns among the Parties in the literal sense of resulting in the imposition of trade restrictive measures. However, the NAFTA and NAAEC will have indirect effects on trade and investment patterns, though these effects may be difficult to isolate and identify.
Racial Disparities in Parkinsons Disease at a Tertiary Movement Disorders Center (P6.004)

Objective: To understand the prevalence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) among African Americans compared to non-Hispanic Whites in a tertiary urban Movement disorders center. Background: Determining contributing factors in the prevalence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) based on race may improve health disparities in the United States. According to the largest study analyzing prevalence and incidence of PD in Medicare beneficiaries, the ratio of AA to Caucasians in the general Medicare population is 9%1. The prevalence ratio of PD in AA compared to Caucasians within the general population was about 5%. Design/Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of AA patients with PD in the movement disorders database at Boston Medical Center, which is the largest safety net hospital in New England. All patients in the database were evaluated by one of the Movement Disorders specialists at the clinic. The proportion of the patients seen in the general neurology clinic is 30.57% AA and 38.06% Caucasian. Results: The Movement disorders database included 489 (318 PD) patients. Of the 489 patients 284 were Caucasians and 34 were Black or African Americans with PD. The expected PD case ratio among AA compared to Caucasians was approximately 63%. The ratio in the database is 11% higher then what would be found if our population was representative of the general Medicare population, but substantially lower than expected at Boston Medical Center. Conclusions: The demographics of the PD patients in our movement disorders clinic does not reflect the population at Boston Medical Center, or the demographics of our neurology clinic as a whole. This discrepancy may be accounted for by referral bias with fewer AA being referred for PD by practitioners. Disclosure: Dr. Branson has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Medlink Neurology. Dr. Quehl has nothing to disclose. Dr. Weinberg has received personal compensation for activities with Abbott Laboratories and Janssen. Dr. Hohler has nothing to disclose. Dr. Saint-Hilaire has received personal compensation for activities with Delsys Inc.
Adjoint-Based Design of a Distributed Propulsion Concept with a Power Objective

The adjoint-based design capability in FUN3D is extended to allow efficient gradient-based optimization and design of concepts with highly integrated and distributed aero-propulsive systems. Calculations of propulsive power, along with the derivatives needed to perform adjoint-based design, have been implemented in FUN3D. The design capability is demonstrated by the shape optimization and propulsor sizing of NASA’s PEGASUS aircraft concept. The optimization objective is the minimization of flow power at the aerodynamic interface planes for the wing-mounted propulsors, as well as the tail-cone boundary layer ingestion propulsor, subject to vehicle performance and propulsive constraints.
Capital Femoral Epiphyseal Cupping and Extension May Be Protective in Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis: A Dual-center Matching Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND Peripheral cupping of the capital femoral epiphysis over the metaphysis has been reported as a precursor of cam morphology, but may also confer stability of the epiphysis protecting it from slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between a novel morphologic parameter of inherent physeal stability, epiphyseal cupping, and the development of SCFE in a dual-center matched-control cohort study. METHODS We performed a dual-center age-matched and sex-matched cohort study comparing 279 subjects with unilateral SCFE and 279 radiographically normal controls from 2 tertiary children's hospitals. All SCFE patients had at least 18 months of radiographic follow-up for contralateral slip surveillance. Anteroposterior and frog lateral pelvis radiographs were utilized to measure the epiphyseal cupping ratio and the current standard measure of inherent physeal stability, the epiphyseal extension ratio. RESULTS Control hips were found to have greater epiphyseal cupping than the contralateral uninvolved hip of SCFE subjects both superiorly (0.28±0.08 vs. 0.24±0.06; P<0.001) and anteriorly (0.22±0.07 vs. 0.19±0.06; P<0.001). The 58/279 (21%) subjects who went on to develop contralateral slip had decreased epiphyseal cupping superiorly (0.25±0.07 vs. 0.23±0.05; P=0.03) and anteriorly (0.20±0.06 vs. 0.17±0.04; P<0.001). When we compared controls with hips that did not progress to contralateral slip and hips that further developed a contralateral SCFE, 1-way ANOVA demonstrated a stepwise decrease in epiphyseal cupping and epiphyseal extension ratio in the anterior and superior planes from control hips to contralateral hips without subsequent slip to contralateral hips that developed a SCFE (P<0.01 for each). CONCLUSIONS This study provides further evidence that epiphyseal cupping around the metaphysis is associated with decreased likelihood of SCFE and may reflect increased inherent physeal stability. Epiphyseal cupping may represent an adaptive mechanism to stabilize the epiphysis during adolescence at the long-term cost of the eventual development of associated cam-femoroacetabular impingement deformity. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE Level III-prognostic Study.
Intrauterine transfusion, 1980: an update.

The benefits and risks of intrauterine transfusions in the modern management of Rh hemolytic disease are considered. Modifications of technique, complications, survival data, and long-term follow-up studies are discussed.
Outcomes and Intentionality of Action Planning in Photovoice: A Literature Review:

Participatory action research methods have been utilized to engage community members in community-driven health promotion projects addressing issues across various socioecological levels. Photovoice is one such participatory action research method that allows participants to use photography to document their experiences and dialogue to eventually influence change and reach policy makers. However, it is unclear how photovoice projects demonstrate intentional action planning and its impact on community-level outcomes. The purpose of this literature review is to understand (1) how action plans are developed, initialized and implemented in the community and (2) describe community-wide changes that occurred in photovoice projects with an action planning process. We searched scholarly databases for peer-reviewed articles that used photovoice with action planning and community-level outcomes. As a result, 19 articles were included in this review. Using the socioecological model to assess the literature, we found that action planning varied at different levels of influence. The intentionality of action planning was described through the use of specific action steps, as well as intentional dissemination to stakeholders, evaluation, and sustainability primarily at the community and organization levels. Our results suggest that the most successful photovoice projects were those that were intentional in action planning. We provide recommendations for photovoice researchers to better incorporate action planning into their methodology and make use of photovoice as an action research tool that can provide a clear, sustainable path toward community-wide changes.
A randomized clinical trial assessing the effect of 3 different commercial oral calcium supplementation bolus on calcium dynamics and urine pH after calving

Calcium (Ca) homeostasis is one of the many metabolic challenges faced by a dairy cow during her transition from the dry period into lactation. The use of anionic salts during the dry period is an effective strategy to prevent clinical hypocalcemia, yet subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH) has been reported to affect up to 70% of multiparous cows. Although the use of oral calcium supplements immediately after calving is a commonly adopted method to prevent and treat SCH in multiparous cows, there is a shortage of information comparing different oral calcium products. Thus, the overall goal of this project is to evaluate the effect of different commercially available oral calcium products on postpartum serum calcium profiles of dairy cows. Additional objectives are: determine milk production, urine pH, and Ca concentrations during the first 5 days after oral calcium supplementation. This study is ongoing, with serum and urine samples currently being analyzed to determine Ca concentrations.
High-Flow Nasal Cannula Therapy for Exertional Dyspnea in Patients with Cancer: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background Exertional dyspnea is common in patients with cancer and limits their function. The impact of high-flow nasal cannula on exertional dyspnea in nonhypoxemic patients is unclear. In this double-blind, parallel-group, randomized trial, we assessed the effect of flow rate (high vs. low) and gas (oxygen vs. air) on exertional dyspnea in nonhypoxemic patients with cancer. Patients and methods Patients with cancer with oxygen saturation >90% at rest and exertion completed incremental and constant work (80% maximal) cycle ergometry while breathing low-flow air at 2 L/minute. They were then randomized to receive high-flow oxygen, high-flow air, low-flow oxygen, or low-flow air while performing symptom-limited endurance cycle ergometry at 80% maximal. The primary outcome was modified 0-10 Borg dyspnea intensity scale at isotime. Secondary outcomes included dyspnea unpleasantness, exercise time, and adverse events. Results Seventy-four patients were enrolled, and 44 completed the study (mean age 63; 41% female). Compared with low-flow air at baseline, dyspnea intensity was significantly lower at isotime with high-flow oxygen (mean change, -1.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], -2.1, -0.12) and low-flow oxygen (-1.83; 95% CI, -2.7, -0.9), but not high-flow air (-0.2; 95% CI, -0.97, 0.6) or low-flow air (-0.5; 95% CI, -1.3, 0.4). Compared with low-flow air, high-flow oxygen also resulted in significantly longer exercise time (difference + 2.5 minutes, p = .009), but not low-flow oxygen (+0.39 minutes, p = .65) or high-flow air (+0.63 minutes, p = .48). The interventions were well tolerated without significant adverse effects. Conclusion Our preliminary findings support that high-flow oxygen improved both exertional dyspnea and exercise duration in nonhypoxemic patients with cancer. (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT02357134). Implications for practice In this four-arm, double-blind, randomized clinical trial examining the role of high-flow nasal cannula on exertional dyspnea in patients with cancer without hypoxemia, high-flow oxygen, but not high-flow air, resulted in significantly lower dyspnea scores and longer exercise time. High-flow oxygen delivered by high-flow nasal cannula devices may improve clinically relevant outcomes even in patients without hypoxemia.
Sex-Specific Transcriptional Changes in Response to Adolescent Social Stress in the Brain's Reward Circuitry.

Abstract Background Sex differences in addiction have been described in humans and animal models. A key factor that influences addiction in both males and females is adolescent experience. Adolescence is associated with higher vulnerability to substance use disorders, and male rodents subjected to adolescent social isolation (SI) stress form stronger preferences for drugs of abuse in adulthood. However, little is known about how females respond to SI, and few studies have investigated the transcriptional changes induced by SI in the brain’s reward circuitry. Methods We tested the hypothesis that SI alters the transcriptome in a persistent and sex-specific manner in prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and ventral tegmental area. Mice were isolated or group housed from postnatal day P22 to P42, then group housed until ∼P90. Transcriptome-wide changes were investigated by RNA sequencing after acute or chronic cocaine or saline administration. Results We found that SI disrupts sex-specific transcriptional responses to cocaine and reduces sex differences in gene expression across all three brain regions. Furthermore, SI induces gene expression profiles in males that more closely resemble group-housed females, suggesting that SI “feminizes” the male transcriptome. Coexpression analysis reveals that such disruption of sex differences in gene expression alters sex-specific gene networks and identifies potential sex-specific key drivers of these transcriptional changes. Conclusions Together, these data show that SI has region-specific effects on sex-specific transcriptional responses to cocaine and provide a better understanding of reward-associated transcription that differs in males and females.
St. Hubertus Crossing: Revenue recognition under ASC 606 guidance

Abstract The revenue recognition standard, ASU No. 2014-09--codified as ASC 606 Revenue Recognition, which replaces in its entirety ASC 605 Revenue Recognition and amends several other sections of the codification--is significantly affecting revenue recognition in many industries, including the construction industry. An actual construction project inspired this case. The contract for the project included the construction of a bridge over a river, highway bypasses, and a walking and bike path as well as environmental rehabilitation of riverbanks which had been cleared in the past. We provide background information on the need for a new bridge and the various governmental units involved, along with revenue and cost data, and a schedule for completing the various parts of the contract. You are asked to make multiple judgments related to the application of the guidance, including (1) whether the contract in question meets the requirements of a contract as specified in the guidance, (2) what the performance obligations embedded in the contract are, and (3) how revenue might be allocated to the performance obligations. You also must determine appropriate treatment for the changes to the contract and consider the possibility of acceleration of revenue recognition. The case is intended to make you aware that the application of the new guidance may require professional judgment in the face of ambiguous fact patterns and to provide them with experience in dealing with a more complex case than is typically provided in end-of-chapter problems.