cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Real time output derivatives for on chip learning using digital stochastic bit stream neurons

In this paper we present the hardware design of an extremely compact and novel digital stochastic neuron, that has the ability to generate the derivative of its output with respect to an arbitrary input. These derivatives may be used to form the basis of an on chip gradient descent learning algorithm.
ANALYSIS OF THE EGO-STAGE DEVELOPMENT OF SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN

(1964). Analysis of the Ego-Stage Development of School-Age Children. The Journal of Experimental Education: Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 249-257.
Selective Cine Coronary Arteriography: Correlation with Clinical Findings in 1,000 Patients

The clinical records of 1,000 patients who had adequate selective cine coronary arteriography were reviewed. The clinical diagnoses were made by a physician who had no knowledge of the arteriographic findings. Correlation of the clinical diagnoses with the arteriographic findings was made subsequently. Symptomatic coronary disease was accompanied by arteriographic evidence of significant obstruction of major coronary arteries in most instances. A close correlation existed between the clinical diagnosis of angina pectoris without rest pain and significant arterial obstruction (95%). A similar correlation was found between QRS evidence of myocardial infarction and severe arterial obstruction (99%). The demonstrated arterial obstruction in patients who had angina pectoris almost always was severe and usually almost total or total in one or more major vessels. In myocardial infarction the demonstrated obstruction was always severe and generally almost total or total. The correlation between clinical and arter...
Extraction of a low-current discharge from a microplasma for nanoscale patterning applications at atmospheric pressure

The authors present a scheme to extract a low-current discharge from a microplasma at atmospheric pressure for nanopatterning applications. The extracted discharge is generated by applying a high positive voltage to an independent electrode and accelerating electrons from the microplasma. Current-voltage (I–V) characteristics of the extracted discharge show high stability at low currents and tunability over a wide range of currents. Exposure of metal precursor loaded films to the extracted discharge results in electrochemical reduction of metal ions to solid metal, as confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Combining this approach with masking techniques allows the transfer of nanoscale patterns of metal at ambient conditions.
The Relationship Between Gun and Gun Buyer Characteristics and Firearm Time-to-Crime

Gun violence continues to be a major crime control problem in many metropolitan cities in America. To comprehend this problem more completely, this study seeks to develop an understanding of the dy...
Data path credentials for high-performance capabilities-based networks

Capabilities-based networks present a fundamental shift in the security design of network architectures. Instead of permitting the transmission of packets from any source to any destination, routers deny forwarding by default. For a successful transmission, packets need to positively identify themselves and their permissions to the router. The analysis of the data path credentials data structure that we propose shows that as few as 128 bits are sufficient to reduce the probability of unauthorized traffic reaching its destination to a fraction of a percent.
SPECIAL ARTICLE Hyperglycemia A Risk Factor in Coronary Heart Disease

This review article deals with the relation between hyperglycemia and myocardial infarction as observed after recovery from the acute attack or, to the extent that such data are available, antedating it. Hyperglycemia must be added to the various forms of hyperlipemia, positive caloric balance, hypertension, smoking, and others as a risk factor toward the development of manifest atherosclerosis. It remains to be established to what extent hyperglycemia, as one of multiple predisposing influences, is a predictive indicator in its own right. One part of this answer must come from prospective, epidemiological studies, the other from investigations of the interrelationships between lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in the different forms of hyperlipemia and the mechanisms by which hyperglycemia is produced.
Role of T channels in cardiovascular function.

Although two types of Ca2+ channels are found to occur in the cardiovascular system, very little is known about one of them, primarily because a pharmacological blocking agent has been lacking. The enigmatic transient (T)-type Ca2+ channel has finally been recognized by a selective Ca2+ antagonist. The novel tetralol Ca2+ antagonist, mibefradil, is a selective T-type Ca2+ channel blocker that produces effective vasodilatation with additional inhibitory actions on blood vessel wall and left ventricular thickening. The availability of a blocking agent has begun to reveal the significance of T-type Ca2+ channel signals. Selective T-type Ca2+ channel blockade characteristics include vascular selectivity, freedom from negative cardiac inotropism, consistent and predictable reduction in heart rate, reduction in subendothelial proliferation, and increased survival of severely hypertensive and heart failure animal models. Mibefradil increases coronary blood flow without increasing myocardial oxygen consumption, and by decreasing heart rate and thus time spent in diastole, improves subendocardial perfusion. Improved perfusion of the myocardial wall and lowered heart rate appear to normalize the underlying pathophysiological factors, improve heart failure, and provide long-term protection. Thus, T-type Ca2+ channel blockade offers significant new cardiovascular protective benefits, even in the presence of critical pathophysiological elements (i.e. increased heart rate and neurohumors in the presence of decreased ejection fraction and contractility) found in heart failure.
Hydrogen, Calcium, and Potassium Ion-Sensitive FET Transducers: A Preliminary Report

The application of integrated circuit technology to the field of physiological data acquisition may produce a significant impact on patient monitoring, diagnosis and therapeutic medical decisions. Biomedical sensors based on IC technology have several potential advantages not available in present biomedical sensors. These include small size, reliability, rapid time response, multi-sensor chip, and onchip signal processing to achieve high to low impedance transformation, temperature compensation, signal multiplexing, etc.
On the problem of expanding hypercube-based systems☆

Abstract Several topologies with important features have been proposed for the interconnection of resources resident in parallel computing systems. The hypercube is one of the most widely used topologies because it provides small diameter and is so robust that it can very efficiently emulate a wide variety of other frequently used structures. Nevertheless, the major drawback of the standard hypercube is that it cannot be expanded in practice. This paper proposes a methodology that modifies hypercube networks in order to support incremental growth techniques. The proposed methodology accomplishes this goal with minimal modifications of individual hypercubes and, contrary to other existing techniques, without any need for extra resources. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is shown analytically.
RELATION OF SPINAL CORD REGENERATION TO AGE IN ADULT GOLDFISH.

Abstract In the fish and amphibia the regenerative capacity of the spinal cord decreases from the embryonic stages of life to adulthood. The present experiments examine the relationship between age and the regeneration of severed spinal elements in the adult goldfish. The spinal cord of 1-, 2-, and 3-year old fish was transected in the mid dorsal fin region. The operation resulted in paralysis caudal to the lesion. Normal swimming and turning movements occurred in 20–25 days for 1-year olds, 25–30 days for 2-year olds, and 35–40 days for 3-year olds. In all age groups stimulation of the cervical spinal cord 30 days postoperatively elicited electromyographic responses in the myotomes caudal to the lesion. By 7 days post-operatively, small branching nerve fibers had grown from both proximal and distal stumps into the connective tissue scar in the gap. By 90 days postoperatively regeneration was complete. At this time there was a 26% decrease in cord diameter in the 2-year olds, a 28% decrease in the 3-year olds, but only 0.5% decrease in 1-year olds. In the region of transection the percentage of regenerated fibers was significantly greater in the 1-year olds than in the 2- and 3-year olds; in the 1-year olds the number of fibers was 90% of normal whereas in the 2- and 3-year olds it was 50% of normal. There were no motor horn cells in the regenerated area, and Mauthner's axon did not regenerate. It is concluded that spinal cord regeneration in the goldfish is age dependent; however, regeneration was sufficient in all age groups studied to result in complete restitution of function.
DNA Synthetic Capabilities of Differentiating Sperm Cells

Spermatogenic cells separated by velocity sedimentation were analysed by a micro-procedure for differentiation-associated changes in DNA synthetic capabilities. DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity is maximal in premeiotic and meiotic cells, sequentially declines in progressively more differentiated spermiogenic cells to a minimum value in testicular spermatozoa which is 1/14 of the maximum. No further decrease of activity is observed during the subsequent process of sperm cell maturation and, at the end-differentiated state, the potential of sperm cells for DNA synthesis is demonstrated by the presence of substantial activities of thymidine and thymidylate kinases as well as DNA polymerase. Although levels of DNA polymerase activity, as determined by in vitro assay, are negatively correlated with the state of differentiation, the findings support the hypothesis that, in this cell system, DNA synthetic enzymes may not be limiting factors in the control of DNA synthesis.
Anthropomorphic Control of a Dexterous Artificial Hand via Task Dependent Temporally Synchronized Synergies

Abstract Despite the recent influx of increasingly dexterous prostheses, there remains a lack of sufficiently intuitive control methods to fully utilize this dexterity. As a solution to this problem, a control framework is proposed which allows the control of an arbitrary number of Degrees of Freedom (DOF) through a single electromyogram (EMG) control input. Initially, the joint motions of nine test subjects were recorded while grasping and catching a cylinder. Inherent differences emerged depending upon whether the cylinder was grasped or caught. These data were used to form a distinct synergy for each task, described as the families of parametric functions of time that share a mutual time vector. These two Temporally Synchronized Synergies (TSS) were derived to reflect the task dependent control strategies adopted by the initial participants. These synergies were then mapped to a dexterous artificial hand that was subsequently controlled by two subjects with transradial amputations. The EMG signals from these subjects were used to replace the time vector shared by the synergies, enabling the subjects to perform both tasks with a dexterous artificial hand using only a single EMG input. After a ten minute training period, the subjects learned to use the dexterous artificial hand to grasp and catch the cylinder with 100.0% and 65.0% average success rates, respectively.
Ehrlich-Schwoebel effect for vacancies: Low-index faces of silver

We employ surface-embedded-atom-method potentials to investigate the energy landscape of vacancies diffusing over, along, and near steps on the low-index faces of silver. We compare the vacancy diffusion barriers with those of adatoms. Barriers for vacancies diffusing in the surface of terraces near and up close-packed step edges are calculated for the (111), (100), and (110) surfaces. Large Ehrlich-Schwoebel (ES) barriers (g200 meV) for vacancies ascending step edges occur on all three faces, and these barriers are enhanced over those of adatoms. Barriers for their diffusion along step edges and around kinks and corners of vacancy islands are calculated for the (100) surface. Here a sizable vacancy ``corner'' ES barrier occurs (148 meV). The ``kink'' ES barrier, which proceeds by the exchange mechanism, is very small (7 meV). We develop an accurate scheme of estimating the vacancy energy landscape in terms of bond breaking and atomic coordination at the relevant surface lattice sites. We assess the role of the vacancy diffusion barriers on the structure of two-dimensional (2D) vacancy islands and 3D vacancy pits on Ag(100). The vacancy ES effect promotes a pitted morphology that persists above room temperature. The calculated vacancy diffusion barriers do not support the suggestion that vacancy diffusion on top of clusters can help account for the behavior of the observed scaling exponent for the coarsening or diffusion of Ag clusters on Ag(100).
Millimetre wave plasma interferometry in the near field of a Hall plasma accelerator

Measurements are described of electron number density in the near-field of a 200 W Hall plasma accelerator using a 90 GHz microwave interferometer. The system is of a phase-bridge design, utilizing two signal arms from a fixed frequency source (one passing through the plasma) that recombine at two balanced mixers. A line-integrated electron density is obtained by comparing the in-phase and quadrature signals from the mixers. Measurements across chords through a 'symmetric' plasma plume are Abel inverted to give the radial variation in the plasma density, which is found to be toroidal in shape, reaching values as high as 4 × 1017 m−3. The first direct non-intrusive measurements of the electron density in the near-field of this source reveal structure not previously resolved with electrical probes. This interferometer is suitable for measuring time-dependent plasma density fluctuations offering non-intrusive information about plasma oscillations and instabilities in the near exit region where electrical probes are known to interfere with the discharge operation.
Family roles in migration

Abstract This paper explores the importance of the family and the role it plays in migration, especially from considering the influence and the impact these dynamics have on the overall well being of the child. In doing so, the paper also takes an opportunistic approach to discussing some untested views about migration, families and children and cautions utilizing them as the basis of policy formulation and programmatic interventions. In the context of migration, decision-making processes are far from linear, and the level of dynamism within the family, including that of the child, are important elements to take into consideration when looking at family roles in migration. Questions that are considered include: Should the child be allowed to or even urged to take on independent migration? Or, should the child be left behind with extended family members while one or both parents migrate? Or, should the migrating parents take the child along on the journey?
Solubility of schoepite: comparison and selection of complexation constants for U(VI).

Abstract Solubility of UO 3 · n H 2 O and sorption of U(VI) onto ferric (hydr)oxides were measured at pH 5.9, 6.8, and 7.8 at 10 −3.5 atm CO 2 using reaction times up to 48 days. Precipitation was fastest in the presence of hydrous ferric oxide and slower with hematite or without an initial solid phase. Solubility after 48 days was statistically similar for low to intermediate initial supersaturation conditions and increased for the highest initial supersaturation. Schoepite was identified for low-to-intermediate initial conditions of supersaturation and was not found for the highest initial supersaturation. Predicted concentrations of monomeric and polymeric species differed considerably with the different suites of complexation constants, resulting in significant differences in predicted oxidation–reduction potential and mobility of U(VI) in groundwater. Solubilities for low to intermediate initial supersaturation were best represented using complexation constants from Langmuir, D. [1978. Uranium solution-mineral equilibria at low temperatures with applications to sedimentary ore deposits. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 42, 547–569] and log * K sp =5.39 for schoepite, while solubilities for very high initial supersaturation were consistent with amorphous UO 3 · n H 2 O.
Electric power in a large iron ore beneficiation plant

Large iron ore beneficiation plants introduce new problems of distribution and utilization of electric power in the iron mining industry. The selection of voltage levels for generation and main distribution, large and small motors, is based on a study of installed cost system reliability and efficiency. A modern load center system of distribution of a-c and d-c power for a large plant unit is demonstrated.
Processing of TiNi from elemental powders by hot isostatic pressing

Abstract A procedure for producing cylindrical samples of TiNi shape memory alloy was desired in order to be able economically to provide thermomechanical test specimens to support a constitutive and behavioral modeling effort. The initial development and results of such a procedure are presented in this work. Elemental powders were mixed to ratios of 50.0 and 50.6 at.% Ni, packed and sealed into stainless steel containers, hot isotatically pressed (HIPed) at 200 MPa and 900–1050°C, and machined to expose a gauge section of consolidated TiNi material for thermomechanical testing. Some samples of material were used for DSC analysis to determine transformation temperatures as well as for microscopic examination. Effects of HIPing and post-consolidation heat treatments on the material microstructure and transformation behavior were measured via SEM and DSC analyses. Specimens of approx. 99% theoretical density and nearly homogeneous TiNi microstructures were produced. The specimens were mechanically tested in tension and compression and were shown to exhibit moderate degrees of the shape memory effect and pseudoelasticity.
FATHERS DO MAKE A DIFFERENCE: PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT AND ADOLESCENT ALCOHOL USE

Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 9,148), we examined the relationship between dimensions of parent-child involvement (shared communication, shared activity participation, and emotional closeness) and three adolescent alcohol outcomes (alcohol use, alcohol related problems, and risky behavior co-occurring with alcohol use). This paper addresses previous limitations in fathering research by investigating both paternal and maternal involvement in understanding adolescent alcohol outcomes. When analyzed simultaneously, both shared communication with fathers and emotional closeness to fathers, but not shared activity participation, had a unique impact on each alcohol outcome, above and beyond maternal involvement factors. Implications for theory and research on parental involvement are discussed.
Photodynamic biologic tissue glue to enhance corneal wound healing after radial keratotomy

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the effect of photodynamic biologic tissue glue (PBTG) on corneal wound healing after radial keratotomy (RK). Setting: Cornea Research Laboratory, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Methods: Bidirectional, eight-incision RK was done in one eye of eight Dutch pigmented rabbits. Then, PBTG was inserted into the RK incisions and activated with an argon blue-green laser in four treatment eyes. The rabbits were divided into three groups: early, in which corneal wound healing was assessed at 1 and 3 weeks; late, in which corneal wound healing was assessed at 8 weeks; enhancement. Results: The PBTG-treated keratotomy wounds had a more prominent epithelial healing response immediately after RK and a decreased propensity for wound dehiscence. Collagen fiber arrangement in the PBTG-treated incisions was sagittal to the keratotomy wound 1 to 3 weeks after RK and then changed to a transverse orientation across the keratotomy wound by 8 weeks. The control keratotomy wounds had a less prominent epithelial healing response and developed late disorganization of the posterior keratotomy wound at 8 weeks. Keratometry measurements 2 months after RK showed corneal flattening of 1.0 diopter (D) in the PBTG-treated eye and 6.5 D in the control eye, which is consistent with histologic studies showing more advanced wound healing in the PBTG-treated eyes. After RK enhancement, the PBTG-treated eye resisted further corneal flattening and had 4.5 D of corneal steepening; the control eye had 2.0 D of additional corneal flattening. Conclusion: The nontoxic, laser-activated adhesive PBTG accelerated corneal wound healing after RK and simulated the placement of sutures into the RK wound. Thus, PBTG may be an alternative to sutures to correct hyperopia after RK in humans.
Predictors of success in the era of the boundaryless career

Summary The present study examines three classes of career competencies proposed as important predictors of success in the boundaryless career. Three criteria of career success were examined: perceived career satisfaction, perceived internal marketability, and perceived external marketability. Using data from 458 alumni from a large southeastern university, predictions were tested using partial correlations and dominance analysis. The results found support for the importance of ‘knowing why,’ ‘knowing whom,’ and ‘knowing how’ as suggested by previous theoretical work. The findings are discussed in reference to future research and theorizing on the boundaryless career. Copyright # 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Smart power-saving mode for IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs

Static PSM (power-saving mode) schemes employed in the current IEEE 802.11 implementations could not provide any delay-performance guarantee because of their fixed wakeup intervals. In this paper, we propose a smart PSM (SPSM) scheme, which directs a wireless station to sleep/wake up according to an "optimal" sequence, such that the desired delay performance is guaranteed with minimum energy consumption. Instead of constructing the sequence directly, SPSM takes a unique two-step approach. First, it translates an arbitrary user-desired delay performance into a generic penalty function. Second, it provides a generic algorithm that takes the penalty function as the input and produces the optimal station action sequence automatically. This way, the potentially-complicated energy-consumption-minimization problem subject to delay-performance constraints is simplified and solved systematically. Our simulation results show that, with a two-stair penalty function, SPSM achieves delay performance similar to the BSD (bounded slowdown) protocol under various scenarios, but always with less energy consumption, thanks to its capability to adapt to changes in the response-time distribution. Moreover, because of SPSM's two-step design feature, it is more flexible than BSD in the sense of being able to meet arbitrary user-desired delay requirement, e.g., providing soft delay-bound guarantees with power penalty functions.
JUST OIL? THE DISTRIBUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF OIL PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION

▪ Abstract This review presents existing data and research on the global distribution of the impacts of oil production and consumption. The review describes and analyzes the environmental, social, and health impacts of oil extraction, transport, refining, and consumption, with a particular focus on the distribution of these burdens among socioeconomic and ethnic groups, communities, countries, and ecosystems. An environmental justice framework is used to analyze the processes influencing the distribution of harmful effects from oil production and use. A critical evaluation of current research and recommendations for future data collection and analysis on the distributional and procedural impacts of oil production and consumption conclude the review.
Expression of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 [FeFe]-hydrogenase genes in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120

H(2) generated from renewable resources holds promise as an environmentally innocuous fuel that releases only energy and water when consumed. In biotechnology, photoautotrophic oxygenic diazotrophs could produce H(2) from water and sunlight using the cells' endogenous nitrogenases. However, nitrogenases have low turnover numbers and require large amounts of ATP. [FeFe]-hydrogenases found in other organisms can have 1,000-fold higher turnover numbers and no specific requirement for ATP but are very O(2) sensitive. Certain filamentous cyanobacteria protect nitrogenase from O(2) by sequestering the enzyme within internally micro-oxic, differentiated cells called heterocysts. We heterologously expressed the [FeFe]-hydrogenase operon from Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 using the heterocyst-specific promoter P(hetN). Active [FeFe]-hydrogenase was detected in and could be purified from aerobically grown Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120, but only when the organism was grown under nitrate-depleted conditions that elicited heterocyst formation. These results suggest that the heterocysts protected the [FeFe]-hydrogenase against inactivation by O(2).
Influence of Interparticle Forces on the Rheological Behavior of Pressure‐Consolidated Alumina Particle Slurries

The stress relaxation behavior of alumina powder compacts, consolidated from aqueous slurries by pressure filtration, is reported. The interparticle forces were controlled prior to consolidation by changing the pH from 3 to 9 and by adding different amounts of salt (0.1 to 2.0 M NH{sub 4}Cl) to slurries maintained at pH 4. Disk-shaped bodies were rapidly compressed to an axial strain of 2%, and the resulting stress relaxation data were monitored as a function of time. For bodies formed from dispersed slurries (pH {<=} 4 without added salt), the stress relaxation behavior consisted of an irreproducible mixture of plastic and elastic response. The initial stress and the stress retained after long relaxation periods were highest for bodies formed with flocced slurries (pH 9). For bodies formed with coagulated slurries (pH 4 with added salt), the initial stress increased with the addition of 0.1 to 0.5 M salt, but the bodies behaved plastically, with more than 90% of the initial stress relaxing within a short period. These results are consistent with a short-range, repulsive interparticle force that lowers the attractive force between particles. They also suggest that interparticle forces in consolidated bodies can be controlled in a way that should provemore » useful in preventing damage that occurs during processing and reshaping operations.« less
Emotional support and adjustment over a year's time following sexual abuse discovery.

Abstract Objective: This study investigated age and gender differences in perceived emotional support in children and adolescents who experienced sexual abuse from the time of discovery to 1 year later. Also examined were the relations among sources of support and adjustment and whether support explained resilience, defined as better adjustment over a year’s time. Method: One hundred and forty-seven sexually abused youth were interviewed at the time of discovery (T1) and 1 year later (T2). Information gathered included severity of the sexual abuse, satisfaction with support from caregivers, same-sex and other-sex friends, feelings of shame about the abuse, and attributional style. Youth adjustment was measured using reports from the youth themselves, caregivers, and teachers. Results: Children reported the most satisfaction with support from caregivers followed by friends whereas adolescents reported similar levels of support from friends and caregivers. Satisfaction with support was differentially related to adjustment. Youth who reported more satisfaction with caregiver support at T1, reported less depression, better self-esteem but more sexual anxiety 1 year later. More satisfaction with support from friends predicted lower self-esteem but less sexual anxiety. More satisfaction with initial caregiver support at T1 predicted better parent- and teacher-rated adjustment 1 year later, after controlling for initial adjustment. Conclusions: In general, initial caregiver emotional support at the time of abuse discovery predicted resilience in child and adolescent victims of sexual abuse. Findings suggested that treatment should include a focus on helping caregivers provide appropriate emotional support.
Arc plasma sprayed C-band lithium ferrite phase shifters

The arc plasma spraying (APS) technology has demonstrated the capability of being economical in the fabrication of non-reciprocal ferrite phase shifter elements. It has been possible to arc plasma spray a C-band element in less than 10 minutes using a commercial spray dried lithium ferrite powder. This paper discusses the material properties (coercive force, remanence, and microwave loss) of the deposited lithium ferrite and the device performance (differential phase shift and insertion loss) of arc plasma fabricated phase shifter elements. The effects of stresses, generated by a mismatch of thermal coefficient of expansion between the ferrite and the dielectric are also discussed.
An electrostatic microactuator system for application in high-speed jets

The development of an electrostatic microactuator system for the study and control of high-speed jet flows is presented. The electrostatic actuator is 1.3 mm wide, 14 /spl mu/m thick and has a head that overhangs a glass substrate, intruding into the flow by 200 /spl mu/m. The actuator has been fabricated using a bulk-silicon dissolved-wafer process to increase device thickness for increased stiffness in the flow direction. Characterization of the new actuators demonstrated their ability to oscillate with amplitudes of up to 70 /spl mu/m peak-to-peak at resonant frequencies of 5 and 14 kHz. This is a very large motion at such high frequencies when compared to existing macro or micro mechanical actuators. The full actuator system was mounted around the exit of a high-speed jet using several sector-shaped PC boards. This enabled detailed examination of the ability of the actuators to withstand the flow environment and generate substantial flow disturbances. The results showed that the microactuators functioned properly up to jet speeds of 300 m/s while generating disturbances in the shear layer surrounding the jet comparable to those produced by other macro-scale methodologies.
Effect of Channel Errors on Time Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor networks, time synchronization is highly desired because data collected from agglomerated sensors become truly meaningful when they are stamped with the accurate time. Most of current studies on time synchronization don't consider the effects of channel errors on time synchronization. In this paper, we evaluate effects of channel error on time synchronization via simulations in different configurations. We study the impact degree of channel error on synchronization time and clock drift. Our results show that channel error is an important factor in time synchronization in wireless sensor networks. Our results also show time offset delta exponentially increases as the channel error rate increases.
Methods for conducting systematic reviews of the evidence of effectiveness and economic efficiency of interventions to reduce injuries to motor vehicle occupants.

Background: Motor vehicle occupant injury prevention is included in the Guide to Community Preventive Services because of the enormous health impact of these largely preventable injuries. This article describes the methods for conducting systematic literature reviews of interventions for three key injury prevention strategies: increasing child safety seat use, increasing safety belt use, and decreasing alcohol-impaired driving.
David Malouf at Eighty

An appreciation of David Malouf and his work, presented at the David Malouf Symposium, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, on 31 May 2013.
An embeddable testbed for insurgent and terrorist agent theories: InsurgiSim

Many simulators today contain traditional opponents and lack an asymmetric insurgent style adversary. InsurgiSim prototypes an embeddable testbed containing a threat network of agents that one can easily configure and deploy for training and analysis purposes. The insurgent network was constructed inside a socio-cognitive agent framework (FactionSim-PMFserv) that includes: (a) a synthesis of best-of-breed models of personality, culture, values, emotions, stress, social relations, mobilization, as well as (b) an IDE for authoring and managing reusable archetypes and their task-sets (Section 2). Agents and markups in this library are not scripted, and act to follow their values and fulfill their needs. So it's desirable to profile the agents (eg, faction leaders, cell logisticians, followers, bomb maker, financier, recruiter, etc.) as faithfully to the real world as possible. Doing this will improve the utility of InsurgiSim for studying what may be driving the insurgent agents in a given area of operation as Section 3 explains. InsurgiSim's bridge is an HLA federate and can be embedded to drive all or some of the insurgent agents in a 3rd party simulator. Three such examples are summarized in Section 4. The paper closes with next steps to improve InsurgiSim's capabilities and utility.
Bilateral epidermoid cysts of the testis: report of a case with preservation of 1 testis.

AbstractEpidermoid cysts of the testis are rare, benign lesions. Of approximately 200 reported cases only 1 was bilateral. We report a case of bilateral epidermoid cysts treated with preservation of a testis. Diagnostic criteria, ultrasound evaluation and surgical management are discussed. The potential for testicular conservation is emphasized.
De facto Property Rights Protection and MNC Location Choices

This article discusses research into the influence of property rights on the location choices of multinational corporations. Laws relating to private property are analyzed in light of the enforceme...
A Wide-Range Mixed-Mode DLL for a Combination 512 Mb 2.0 Gb/s/pin GDDR3 and 2.5 Gb/s/pin GDDR4 SDRAM

A mixed-mode delay-locked loop (MDLL) for a 512 Mb graphics SDRAM is presented in this paper. The MDLL extends its lock range into the gigahertz realm by applying clock division and analog phase generation (APG). The divided clock from the MDLL is used for clocking logic and tracking deterministic access latency in the SDRAM. A short discussion of some of the side effects and advantages of using a divided, multi-phase clock for logic operation is presented. A low-power clock distribution network (CDN) based on the presented MDLL is also disclosed. Fabricated in a 1.5 V 95 nm triple-metal CMOS process, the MDLL achieves a measured RMS jitter of 4.6 ps and peak-to-peak jitter of 38 ps at GDDR4 mode with a 1 GHz clock. Power consumption for the entire MDLL-based CDN is 107 mW at 800 MHz and 1.5 V.
Harnessing the neuroplastic potential of the human brain & the future of cognitive rehabilitation

Neuroplasticity is the remarkable ability of the brain that allows us to learn and adapt to our environment. Many studies have now shown that plasticity is retained throughout the lifespan from infancy to very old age (Merzenich et al., 1991; Merzenich and DeCharms, 1996; Greenwood and Parasuraman, 2010; May, 2011; Bavelier et al., 2012). Enriching life experiences, including literacy, prolonged engagement in the arts, sciences and music, meditation and aerobic physical activities have all been shown to engender positive neuroplasticity that boosts cognitive function and/or prevents cognitive loss (Vance et al., 2010; Hayes et al., 2013; Matta Mello Portugal et al., 2013; Newberg et al., 2013; Zatorre, 2013). Unfortunately, just as enriching experiences generate positive plasticity, negative plasticity ensues in impoverished settings. For instance, many studies now show that low socio-economic, resource-poor environments, which are associated with stress, violence and abuse within families and communities, have detrimental effects on cognition and neural function (D'Angiulli et al., 2012; McEwen and Morrison, 2013). As cognitive neuroscientists we observe both positive and negative aspects of plasticity in neural systems, in functional changes of neural activations, neural oscillations and strength of connectivity between brain regions, in structural changes in gray matter volume and white matter integrity, and importantly in the relationship between such neuroplastic changes and concomitant cognitive/behavioral changes. As we come to understand various facets of plasticity, it drives further the quest to develop new activities/interventions that engender maximal positive plasticity in selectively targeted neural systems; we envision such activities will in turn generate “far transfer of benefit” to generalized cognition and thereby improve the human condition.
Millimeter-wave integrated-horn antennas. I. Theory

The far-field pattern and input impedance of a dipole-fed horn antenna in a ground plane are calculated using full-wave analysis. The solution is based on the numerical evaluation of the pertinent Green's function for the horn structure and the application of the method of moments. The convergence characteristics of the full-wave analysis method are investigated, along the the resonant properties of the strip-dipole and the corresponding behavior of the far-field patterns. >
Fracture Toughness Determination of A12O3 Using Four‐Point‐Bend Specimens with Straight‐Through and Chevron Notches

Fracture toughness of a sintered A12O3 was determined with four-point-bend specimens having either straight-through or chevron notches. For the straight-through notched specimens, measured KIc decreased with decreasing notch width. For the smallest notch width (66 μm) KIc= 3.42±0.13 MN m−¾. For specimens with chevron notches, a crack initiates and extends from the tip of the notch under increasing load. KIc is calculated from the maximum load without measuring crack length, under the assumption that the derivative of the compliance is the same as that for a specimen with a straight-through crack. A refined calculation accounts for the truncated chevron crack shape at maximum load using Bluhm's slice model. For the chevronnotch configuration, a value of KIc= 3.49±0.11 MN m−¾ was measured, which appears to be independent of the initial notch length a0 (distance from the crack mouth to the tip of the triangular notch). An effect of a1 (length of the chevron notch at the surface) on KIc was observed, independent of whether the calculation of KIc was based on the straight-through crack assumption or on the slice model.
Recovery of Skin Barrier After Stratum Corneum Removal by Microdermabrasion

Microdermabrasion is widely used as a non-invasive cosmetic technique that has recently been adapted to selectively remove stratum corneum to increase skin permeability for transdermal drug delivery. This study measured the kinetics of skin barrier recovery after stratum corneum removal using microdermabrasion in hairless guinea pigs. The skin was abraded at two sites on each animal, one of which was allowed to recover under occlusion while the other remained non-occluded. Histological measurements showed that skin barrier properties to sulforhodamine B largely recovered within 12 h, and the stratum corneum appeared largely reformed within 24 h for both occluded and non-occluded skin. Skin electrical resistance measurements showed significant recovery of the skin barrier within 24 h. We conclude that transdermal drug delivery may occur for up to 12 h after microdermabrasion in guinea pigs; however, humans will probably have a longer recovery time due to expected slower skin healing rates.
Maternal and fetal outcomes of taxane chemotherapy in breast and ovarian cancer during pregnancy: case series and review of the literature

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of taxane chemotherapy during pregnancy and compare maternal and neonatal outcomes with those in women who did not receive taxanes during pregnancy, and review current existing data. Study design: This is a retrospective cohort study in which women were identified from the Cancer and Pregnancy Registry at Robert Wood Johnson Medical Center. A retrospective chart analysis and an independent t-test were carried out comparing patient outcomes. A literature search in Ovid, Medline and PubMed was then carried out using the terms ‘breast or ovarian cancer’, ‘pregnancy’, ‘paclitaxel’, ‘docetaxel’, ‘taxanes’ and ‘chemotherapy’. Results: Twelve of 129 women with breast cancer were exposed to taxanes during pregnancy. Three of nine women with ovarian cancer received taxane-based treatment during pregnancy. Birth weight, gestational age at delivery, rate of growth restriction, congenital anomalies and incidence of maternal and neonatal neutropenia were not statistically different between the two groups. Conclusions: Taxane-based chemotherapy does not appear to increase the risk of fetal or maternal complications
Toward Understanding the Role of Methylation in Aldosterone-Sensitive Na(+) Transport.

Proper endocrine regulation of Na+ reabsorption by renal principal cells is the primary means in mammals for maintaining blood pressure. Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption by activating luminal...
Isolation Resistance of Encapsulated Electrical Conductors and Terminations for Biomedical Applications

Implanted electronic medical devices are evolving into architectures that are comprised of multiple packages that require reliable, high density electrical interconnections. Both power and digital signals must be routed between devices on cables that are immersed in an ionic, electrically conductive medium. Electronics are typically housed in hermetic packages with electrical feed throughs that must also be protected from the implant environment. The polymer materials used to encapsulate cable conductors and terminations must be biocompatible, compliant and of minimal thickness. These requirements result in materials that are susceptible to ion diffusion and migration in electric fields. We have used finite element models to explore the effects of geometries, electric field intensity and material properties on the time dependent electrical isolation resistance of cables and terminations. Simple beaker tests have been used to evaluate the isolation resistance of samples under bias as a function of time to ...
Abstract 487: AT1a Receptor-Mediated Uptake of Extracellular Angiotensin II and NHE3 Expression in Mouse Proximal Tubule Cells partly Involve the Multi-ligand Endocytic Receptor Megalin

Megalin, the multi-ligand endocytic receptor abundantly expressed in apical (AP) membranes of proximal tubules, plays a crucial role in mediating the uptake of low molecular weight (LMW) proteins in the kidney. Deletion of megalin leads to the development of LMW proteinuria in mice. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that megalin in AP membranes mediates the uptake (or endocytosis) of angiotensin II (ANG II) in mouse proximal tubule cells (mPCT) by interacting with AT 1a receptors. Semi-confluent, polarized monolayers of mPCT cells of wild-type (WT) and AT 1a -deficient (AT 1a -KO) mice grown on transwell permeable supports or 6-well plates were treated from the AP surface with vehicle, losartan (10 μM), PD123319 (10 μM), a selective megalin-siRNA or a scrambled siRNA for 48 h. The time-dependent uptake of fluorescein (FITC)-labeled ANG II (10 nM, 37 o C) was then determined by fluorescence imaging. As expected, AT 1a receptor and megalin proteins were abundantly expressed in AP membranes of WT mPCT cells, whereas AT 1a receptors were absent in AT 1a -KO mPCT cells ( p p 1a receptor-mediated FITC-ANG II uptake was largely blocked in AT 1a -KO mPCT cells ( p 1a -KO mPCT cells, the specific megalin-siRNA knocked down 86.3±5.2% of megalin protein expression ( p p 1a -KO mPCT cells. The AT 1a receptor-mediated uptake of FITC-ANG II was associated with 3-fold increases in phosphorylated MAP kinases ERK1/2 proteins (control: 0.36±0.06 vs. ANG II: 1.07±0.10, p p p p 1a receptor-mediated uptake of extracellular Ang II and NHE3 expression in mPCT cells may partly involve the multi-ligand endocytic receptor megalin.
Are booster doses of poliovirus vaccine necessary

In this issue of VACCINE, Bottiger points out that 'When the booster dose of polio vaccine at the age of 6 years was introduced (in Sweden) in the 1960s ... neither the necessity, nor the appropriate age for a booster had been scientifically evaluated'. If such a scientific evaluation were to be made now, what insights might emerge that would influence our thinking about booster doses and the associated implications for effective vaccination programmes and policy?
Atomic Arrangements of AuPt/Pt(111) and AuPd/Pd(111) Surface Alloys: A Combined Density Functional Theory and Monte Carlo Study

We have constructed model Hamiltonians for AuPt/Pt(111) and AuPd/Pd(111) surface alloys based on the cluster expansion method and density functional theory. Using these cluster expansions in Monte Carlo simulations, we have calculated the size and shape distributions of Pt and Pd ensembles in these two materials for a range of compositions and temperatures. We report on and explain the results of our simulations in terms of the differing interatomic interactions present in each alloy. Through the use of electronic structure calculations, we find that in AuPt, homonuclear Pt−Pt interactions are favored over heteronuclear Au−Pt interactions, while in AuPd the opposite is true. Accordingly, our simulations show that Pd prefers to form small, isolated ensembles with extended shapes, and Pt prefers to agglomerate and form larger ensembles with compact shapes.
Effect of furacin (5-nitro-2-furaldehyde semicarbazone) on various sulfhydryl and non-sulfhydryl enzymes.

SummaryFuracin inhibits purified jack bean meal urease as well as urease from a susceptible strain of S. aureus. Pepsin, trypsin and papain are not inhibited. The malic, succinic, lactic and α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenases of a susceptible strain of E. coli are inhibited by Furacin while the formic dehydrogenase is not inhibited. The α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase of rabbit thigh muscle is not inhibited. Several dehydrogenases from a strain of E. coli resistant to Furacin show some cross resistance to p-chloromercuribenzoate and some trivalent arsenicals. A similar phenomenon was observed with the urease from a strain of S. aureus resistant to Furacin. It is concluded that Furacin inhibits some enzymes requiring active sulfhydryl groups.
Approaches to Cross Cultural Competence for U.S. Marines in North Africa

Cross cultural competence refers to the ability to utilize knowledge, skills, abilities and attitudes to more effectively interact in a socially complex environment, with the “cultural other” and as well with data that reflects past, present and future behaviors of the “cultural other.” Certainly, learning the language of those with whom you interact as well as cultural and area-specific information is critical to building effective relationships necessary in the breadth of missions across security engagements. This paper applies cross-cultural theories and assesses related approaches to Marine Corps Special Operations Command (MARSOC) training efforts in North Africa. The paper draws on observational and other qualitative research tools to evaluate the success of MARSOC training programs for Africa. The study will develop measures based on theories of adaptation and propose a model for assess training programs for security and other forms of U.S. military engagements.