cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of an Instrument to Assess Stroke Caregivers' Readiness for the Transition Home.

Purpose The study purpose was to develop a measure to assess stroke caregivers' commitment and capacity to assume the caregiving role prior to discharge. Design Participants were caregivers of stroke survivors in an inpatient rehabilitation facility. Methods A sequential, multimethod approach, which included item generation from qualitative data, review of items by expert clinicians, cognitive interviews to determine response format (n = 22), and item clarity (n = 20), and an analysis of pilot data were utilized. Findings Cognitive interviewing provided information to improve item clarity. Conclusion This instrument development approach resulted in the Preparedness Assessment for the Transition Home After Stroke (PATH-s), a 26-item self-report instrument. The PATH-s represents the domains of the Model of Caregiver Readiness, upon which the instrument was developed. Clinical relevance The PATH-s, once further validated, may guide healthcare providers in the development of tailored care plans to address identified gaps and better prepare caregivers for the transition home.
Abstract 86: Nationwide Differences in Care and Outcomes of Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background: Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS) remains a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in United States, and poses a major socio-economic burden. Efforts are underway to standardize systems of ...
Epoprostenol in pregnant patients with secondary pulmonary hypertension: Two case reports and a review of the literature

Women who present with pulmonary hypertension during gestation have traditionally been persuaded to terminate their pregnancy. Historically, the mortality associated with this group is very high. Certain patients with a secondary cause of pulmonary hypertension are believed to share similar pathophysiology with primary pulmonary hypertension patients. Recently, new treatments have become available that have slowed disease progression. We present the successful treatment of two patients who presented during late gestation with moderate pulmonary hypertension. Both patients were managed with intravenous vasodilators and anticoagulants without complication. Each patient successfully delivered a healthy child via spontaneous vaginal delivery. The review of the historical management of similar patients including new insights into the etiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension is also included. It highlights the complexity involved in managing such patients and the requirement of a multidisiplinary team approach.
Forage nutritive value and predicted fiber digestibility of Kernza intermediate wheatgrass in monoculture and in mixture with red clover during the first production year

Abstract Kernza intermediate wheatgrass is the first perennial grain crop in the world and has been developed with conventional breeding to increase seed yield of forage intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey). When managed for dual-use (grain and forage), Kernza intermediate wheatgrass can produce grain, crop residue (straw) in the summer, and green forage in the spring and fall. Mixtures of this grass with legumes could increase forage yield and nutritive value and provide other environmental and economic benefits. Despite the growing interest in these dual-use production systems, forage nutritive value of Kernza intermediate wheatgrass forage in a dual-use system in the Upper Midwest is unknown. A replicated field experiment was established in two locations in southern Wisconsin (Arlington and Lancaster) with two treatments: Kernza intermediate wheatgrass grown in monoculture and mixture with red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Forage samples were collected at late vegetative stage in the spring, at grain harvest in the summer, and at the end of the regrowth period in the fall. Forage nutritive value of the monoculture was greatest in the spring with 456, 249 and 225 g kg−1 for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and crude protein (CP), respectively; lowest in the summer with 702, 427 and 51 g kg−1 NDF, ADF and CP, respectively, and intermediate in the fall with 590, 337 and 119 g kg−1 NDF, ADF and CP, respectively. Predicted total-tract neutral detergent fiber digestibility (ttNDFD) was 0.53 for the spring forage and averaged 0.37 for the summer and fall forage, with no differences between the mixture and monoculture. The relative forage quality (RFQ) for the monoculture was 175 for the spring forage, 65 for the summer residue, and 116 for the fall. Intercropping red clover with Kernza intermediate wheatgrass increased CP of the summer crop residue by 69%, and increased CP and RFQ of the fall forage by 49% and 11%, respectively, while reducing NDF and ADF of the fall forage by 25% and 18%, respectively. Therefore, Kernza intermediate wheatgrass forage is suitable for lactating beef cows, dairy cows, and growing heifers when harvested in the spring and fall, and it offers high potential for dual-use grain and forage systems.
Evidence for carbocation intermediates in the TiO2-catalyzed photochemical fluorination of carboxylic acids

In the past few years, laser flash photolysis studies of colloidal TiO[sub 2] suspensions have been used to determine the mechanism of photochemical reactions relevant both to solar energy conversion and to environmental remediation. Laser flash photolysis/transient absorbance spectroscopy was used to determine the mechanism of photo-Kolbe fluorination of carboxylic acids, RCOOH [yields] RF, at colloidal TiO[sub 2] suspensions in acetonitrile. Transient absorption spectra of Ph[sub 3]C[sup +], Ph[sub 3]C[sup [sm bullet]], Ph[sub 2]CH[sup [sm bullet]] and Ph[sub 2]CH[sup +] were observed from the photooxidation of Ph[sub 3]CCOOH and Ph[sub 2]CCOOH at TiO[sub 2] using 355-nm excitation. Transient decays, monitored in the presence and absence of fluoride ions, showed that the carbocations reacted rapidly with fluoride, but the neutral radicals did not. By varying the laser intensity, it was found that the photooxidation of Ph[sub 3]CCOOH to Ph[sub 3]C[sup [sm bullet]] at TiO[sub 2] occurred via a single-photon process, while the formation of Ph[sub 3]C[sup +] required two photons. This finding is in agreement with the parabolic light intensity dependence of initial reaction rates in bulk photolysis experiments. Although fluoride is strongly adsorbed on the TiO[sub 2] surface in acetonitrile solution, the oxidizing power of photogenerated holes could be increasedmore » by coordinating HF to F[sup [minus]], and therefore the threshold for oxidative photochemical fluorination was extended to more positive potentials. In this way less easily oxidized carboxylic acids RCOOH could be converted to RF. 20 refs., 8 figs., 2 tabs.« less
Emotional Responses to Stressors in Everyday Life Predict Long-Term Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms.

Background Individuals' emotional responses to stressors in everyday life are associated with long-term physical and mental health. Among many possible risk factors, the stressor-related emotional responses may play an important role in future development of depressive symptoms. Purpose The current study examined how individuals' positive and negative emotional responses to everyday stressors predicted their subsequent changes in depressive symptoms over 18 months. Methods Using an ecological momentary assessment approach, participants (n = 176) reported stressor exposure, positive affect (PA), and negative affect (NA) five times a day for 1 week (n = 5,483 observations) and provided longitudinal reports of depressive symptoms over the subsequent 18 months. A multivariate multilevel latent growth curve model was used to directly link the fluctuations in emotions in response to momentary stressors in everyday life with the long-term trajectory of depressive symptoms. Results Adults who demonstrated a greater difference in stressor-related PA (i.e., relatively lower PA on stressor vs. nonstressor moments) reported larger increases in depressive symptoms over 18 months. Those with greater NA responses to everyday stressors (i.e., relatively higher NA on stressor vs. nonstressor moments), however, did not exhibit differential long-term changes in depressive symptoms. Conclusions Adults showed a pattern consistent with both PA and NA responses to stressors in everyday life, but only the stressor-related changes in PA (but not in NA) predicted the growth of depressive symptoms over time. These findings highlight the important-but often overlooked-role of positive emotional responses to everyday stressors in long-term mental health.
The phenotypical implications of immune dysregulation in fragile X syndrome.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Immune system dysfunction and inflammatory dysregulation have been shown in several animal models of fragile X syndrome (FXS). However, the phenotypical implications of this dysregulation have not been systematically evaluated in a large patient cohort. METHODS Five thousand seven hundred thirty-six FXS patients from a nationwide health insurance database were identified and compared to 573 600 age- and sex-matched controls. The phenome-wide association studies codes of FXS patients and those without FXS were compared and the false discovery rate was controlled at 0.05 using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure. RESULTS In addition to the commonly reported comorbidities of FXS, an over-representation of infectious diseases, including otitis media, cellulitis and abscess of fingers or toes, viral enteritis, candidiasis and pneumonia, was discovered. In addition, there was an under-representation of autoimmune disorders in FXS patients. CONCLUSIONS Our systematic comorbidity analyses identified immunologically-based phenotypes associated with FXS. Our findings align with previous observations of compromised immunity and phagocytic defects in animal models of FXS. These results suggest the importance of immune-related pathways in FXS patients and their relevance to the FMR1 gene.
THP-1 macrophages stimulate proliferation, protect against tamoxifen killing, and modulate angiogenesis-related gene expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells

5201 Stromal cells influence tumor cell proliferation and tumor progression. The emergence of aggressive phenotypes may involve signals extrinsic to cancer cells that are generated in the interaction between cancer cells and stromal cells. We examined breast cancer cell-macrophage interactions in a simulated tumor environment, using co-cultures of THP-1 macrophages (Mφ) and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. We hypothesized that (1) Mφ, in the tumor context, may secrete factors that promote tumor cell growth and drug resistance, and (2) tamoxifen (TMX) may stimulate Mφ production of pro-angiogenic or pro-metastatic factors despite its ability to inhibit tumor cell proliferation. MCF-7 cells and THP-1 Mφ were co-cultured in varying concentrations of tamoxifen (0 –15 μM) for 3 d under normoxia or hypoxia (94% N2, 1% O2, 5% CO2). MCF-7 cell proliferation and survival were measured by the MTT assay. For gene expression analysis, total RNA was extracted from Mφ and MCF-7 cells, labeled, and hybridized to gene arrays. Up-regulation of candidate genes was confirmed by RT-PCR. Apoptotic killing of MCF-7 by TMX was assessed by DNA laddering. Under normoxia, MCF-7 cells proliferated more rapidly when co-cultured with THP-1 Mφ. In the absence of Mφ, only 17% of MCF-7 cells survived 15 μM TMX, whereas in the presence of Mφ, survival was 72%. Under hypoxia, survival in the absence of Mφ was 9%, and 55% in the presence of Mφ. These data suggest that Mφ reduced the susceptibility of MCF-7 cells to TMX killing. The most dramatic differences in growth factor- and angiogenesis-related gene expression were observed between MCF-7 cells alone and MCF-7 in co-culture, under hypoxia. Therefore, the presence of Mφ modulated gene expression in MCF-7 cells. Specifically, in TMX-treated (10 μM) co-cultures, VEGF, VEGF-D, osteopontin, thrombospondin, and HIF-1α were all up-regulated in MCF-7 cells under hypoxia. Additionally, Mφ induced the expression of IL-8, MDK, TβRs, 1, 2, 3, and ID3. Our findings suggest that the killing efficiency of TMX may be increased by its combination with drugs that suppress Mφ control of angiogenesis-related gene expression. A more extensive study of the effects of TMX on the interaction between Mφ and tumor cells may provide valuable information for the development of combination therapies directed at both tumor cells and tumor-associated Mφ. Sponsored by the U.S Army Medical Research and Acquisition Activity, Award NO: DAMD17-02-1-0408 to Theodore Bremner (PI). The content of this report does not necessarily reflect the position or the policy of the Government, and no official endorsement should be inferred.
Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on vascular and metabolic health of vitamin D–deficient overweight and obese children: a randomized clinical trial

Background Obese children are vulnerable to vitamin D deficiency and impaired cardiovascular health; vitamin D replenishment might improve their cardiovascular health. Objectives The aims were to determine, in vitamin D-deficient overweight and obese children, whether supplementation with vitamin D3 1000 or 2000 IU/d is more effective than 600 IU/d in improving arterial endothelial function, arterial stiffness, central and systemic blood pressure (BP), insulin sensitivity (1/fasting insulin concentration), fasting glucose concentration, and lipid profile and to explore whether downregulation of adipocytokines and markers of systemic inflammation underlies vitamin D effects. Methods We conducted a randomized, double-masked, controlled clinical trial in 225 10- to 18-y-old eligible children. Change in endothelial function at 6 mo was the primary outcome. Results Dose-response increases in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were significant and tolerated without developing hypercalcemia. Changes at 3 and 6 mo in endothelial function, arterial stiffness, systemic-systolic BP, lipids, and inflammatory markers did not differ between children receiving 1000 or 2000 IU vitamin D and children receiving 600 IU. Some secondary outcomes differed between groups. Compared with the 600-IU group, central-systolic, central-diastolic, and systemic-diastolic BP was lower at 6 mo in the 1000-IU group [-2.66 (95% CI: -5.27, -0.046), -3.57 (-5.97, -1.17), and -3.28 (-5.55, -1.00) mm Hg, respectively]; insulin sensitivity increased at 3 and 6 mo and fasting glucose concentration declined at 6 mo (-2.67; 95% CI: -4.88, -0.46 mg/dL) in the 2000-IU group. Conclusions Correction of vitamin D deficiency in overweight and obese children by vitamin D3 supplementation with 1000 or 2000 IU/d versus 600 IU/d did not affect measures of arterial endothelial function or stiffness, systemic inflammation, or lipid profile, but resulted in reductions in BP and fasting glucose concentration and in improvements in insulin sensitivity. Optimization of children's vitamin D status may improve their cardiovascular health. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01797302.
Eighth-Grade Students' Use of Communal Criteria for Collaborative Proving.

This study explored how approximating the practice of mathematicians by communally negotiating the standards for proof mediates middle grade students’ abilities to collaboratively construct mathema...
Adaptive Protection Scheme for a Real-World Microgrid with 100% Inverter-Based Resources

As more renewable generation connects to distribution systems, it is imminent that existing distribution feeders will be converted to microgrids - systems that offer resilience by providing the flexibility of supporting the grid in normal operation and operating as self-sustained islands when the grid is disconnected. However, inverter control and feeder protection will need to be tuned to the operating modes of the microgrid. This paper offers an insight into the issues involved by taking a case study of a real-world feeder located in the southwestern US that was converted to a microgrid with three solar PV units connecting to the feeder. Different inverter control configurations and adaptive protection using different settings for different operating conditions are proposed for safe operation of this microgrid. The solution also helps to create a framework for protection and coordination of other similar microgrids.
Evidence for a Systematic Offset of -80 μas in the Gaia DR2 Parallaxes

We test the parallaxes reported in the Gaia first data release using the sample of eclipsing binaries with accurate, empirical distances from Stassun & Torres. We find an average offset of −0.25 ± 0.05 mas in the sense of the Gaia parallaxes being too small (i.e., the distances too long). The offset does not depend strongly on obvious parameters such as color or brightness. However, we find with high confidence that the offset may depend on ecliptic latitude: the mean offset is −0.38 ± 0.06 mas in the ecliptic north and −0.05 ± 0.09 mas in the ecliptic south. The ecliptic latitude dependence may also be represented by the linear relation, mas (β in degrees). Finally, there is a possible dependence of the parallax offset on distance, with the offset becoming negligible for mas; we discuss whether this could be caused by a systematic error in the eclipsing binary distance scale, and reject this interpretation as unlikely.
EVIDENCIA RESPECTO DE LA VALORACIÓN DEL PESO MEXICANO EN LA REGIÓN FRONTERIZA

El desempeno del tipo de cambio y la valoracion de la moneda son de interes primordial para las economias fronterizas. Las herramientas normalmente utilizadas para esta tarea incluyen las referencias nominales de la paridad del poder de compra y los indices de inflacion ajustados por ponderaciones de comercio. Este ultimo tiene la ventaja de contar con los datos macroeconomicos internacionales normalmente disponibles, pero omite otra informacion que puede ofrecer una vision adicional a los problemas circundantes de los debates de la politica de tipo de cambio. Otros esfuerzos han utilizado muestras pequenas de comparacion internacional de los precios de los productos para remarcar las cuestiones sobre la valoracion de la moneda. Este articulo desarrolla tal herramienta por medio de repetidas muestras de precios cobrados por articulos identicos del menu vendidos en franquicias de restaurantes en El Paso, Texas y Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua. Un conjunto de pruebas estadisticas indican que el peso ha sido consistentemente devaluado en 1997, 1998 y 1999.
Prevalence and Predictors of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Serum Levels among Members of a Suburban US Volunteer Fire Department

Background: Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), are ubiquitous pollutants associated with adverse health outcomes. High PFAS levels have been demonstrated among career firefighters; less is known about PFAS levels among volunteer firefighters who comprise two-thirds of US firefighters. Methods: Volunteer fire department members completed a survey and provided blood samples. We calculated geometric means and 95% CIs for PFAS reported by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We compared PFAS distribution and levels among non-Hispanic white adult male study participants to those in the 2015–2016 and 2017–2018 NHANES cycles. We assessed associations between PFAS serum levels and years of firefighting controlling demographics and occupation using linear regression. Results: Participant’s average age was 46.6 years (sd. 17.1). Perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA) was detected in almost half study but <3% of NHANES participants; serum levels of PFDoA, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) were elevated among participants compared with NHANES. Serum levels of both PFDA and PFDoA were positively associated with years of firefighting. Conclusions: Volunteer firefighters may have a different serum profile and levels of PFAS than the general population. Future work in this area should include volunteer firefighters from other geographic locations and assess sources of PFAS exposure.
Shc and the Control of Small GTPase Dynamics in Cellular Anchorage

Specialized metazoan cells have diverse functions which require them to interact differently with the body’s matrix scaffolds. Resident tissue cells, for instance, have strong anchorage capabilities and requirements that maintain tissue organization and structure, whereas blood cells need to release into a liquid environment for extended periods to function properly. Such differences in matrix adhesion are reflected in prominent shape differences, which in turn are controlled by small GTPases of the Rho and Ras families. These molecular switches coordinate cell fate signals with cytoskeletal dynamics, and are thus of major importance in understanding anchorage biology. The SHC1 gene expresses proteins that counterregulate Rho and Ras signals in response to adhesion status, and its isoforms are epigenetically regulated to bias GTPase signaling profiles towards epithelial-like or blood cell-like lineages. In this chapter, we review the Shc proteins as a specific example of how GTPases coordinate cytoskeletal dynamics, adhesion, and cell fate, and explore the ramifications of Shc dysregulation for malignant transformation.
Business News Headlines and the Prophetic Vision of Bankruptcies: An Application of Natural Language Processing

Using Reuters data and machine learning, this paper explores the role of linguistic features of business news headlines in bankruptcy prediction. This research identifies 34,921 firm-year observations from their headlines from 2003 to 2016, out of which there are 66 observations that eventually file for bankruptcy. For each observation in the full sample, 33 linguistic features are extracted from the news headlines, including the frequency of company mentions, 16 sentiment features, and the frequency of 16 bankruptcy-specific topics mentions. The 16 sentiment features are identified using three advanced natural language processing (NLP) tools: TextBlob, Flair, and VADER. The 16 bankruptcy-specific topics are considered best in distinguishing between bankruptcies and non-bankruptcies based on a decision tree approach. Besides the linguistic features, this paper follows prior research and employs 19 financial/market-based variables. Two tests are conducted: predicting bankruptcies (1) in the subsequent year and (2) in the subsequent two years. In each test, both the prediction accuracy of the machine learning models and the explanatory ability of the statistical model (i.e., the logistics model) are examined. For the first test, machine learning results show that both financial/market-based variables and news linguistic features provide strong bankruptcy prediction accuracy for the subsequent year (maximum AUC score is 0.965). Even with the news linguistic features alone, the prediction accuracy is sufficiently high (maximum AUC score is 0.791). Moreover, there is a significant incremental explanatory ability (p < 0.01) of the news linguistic features in the logistic regression. Similar results are found in the second test. There is also a significant incremental contribution of linguistic features in both prediction accuracy (p < 0.05) and explanatory ability (p < 0.01), suggesting that news headlines provide strong signals as early as two years prior to bankruptcy.
Dissertation Support Group

Abstract Dissertation work can be a challenging process. Some typical issues students experience include lack of support from significant others, conflict with authority figures, a feeling of disorganization, stress, burnout, and a sense of isolation. This article describes the development of a dissertation support group at a counseling center in a northeastern university. We examine the parallels between the dynamics within the group and the individual dynamics that each member experienced within the dissertation process. We provide evidence for the efficacy of a process-oriented dissertation support group.
The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde: How PMS Became a Cultural Phenomenon and a Psychiatric Disorder

In this article we trace the historical, cultural, political, and economic forces that led to the social construction of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). The popularity of these diagnostic labels among medical professionals, the general public, and women themselves is considered and explored, as is the damage that the labels can do to women in general, as well as those who receive a diagnosis. Suggestions are provided for psychotherapists who might work with women who present with premenstrual symptoms.
Complexities of protein kinase C regulation

A report from the Keystone Protein kinase C: structure, regulation and cellular function meeting, New Mexico, February 5-10, 2000.
Legal Positivism: Early Foundations

Legal positivism is a vital and controversial approach to central questions of philosophical jurisprudence. Not only are its core theses contested, but claims about what its core theses are and what it stands for have been hotly disputed in recent years. This essay offers some perspective on these debates by looking to the history of legal theory from which contemporary positivist jurisprudence has emerged. It does not take any contemporary formulation of the doctrine as canonical, since most such formulations are contested. Rather than seeking out full-fledged, card-carrying positivist theories in the history of jurisprudence to interrogate, this essay explores the articulation and development of a set of themes which arguably have attracted at least some major positivist legal theorists. The stage is set for understanding Hart’s neo-positivist theory of law, and that of more recent philosophers working in its shadow, by locating their work in the context of positivist themes and arguments that have developed over the long history of philosophical reflection about the nature of law. This essay was prepared for the forthcoming Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Law, edited by Andrei Marmor.
Does writing development equal writing quality? A computational investigation of syntactic complexity in L2 learners

Abstract This study examines second language (L2) syntactic development in conjunction with the effects such development has on human judgments of writing quality (i.e., judgments of both overall writing proficiency and more fine-grained judgments of syntactic proficiency). Essays collected from 57 L2 learners in a longitudinal study were analyzed for growth and scoring patterns using syntactic complexity indices calculated by the computational tool Coh-Metrix. The analyses demonstrate that significant growth in syntactic complexity occurred in the L2 writers as a function of time spent studying English. However, only one of the syntactic features that demonstrated growth in the L2 learners was also predictive of human judgments of L2 writing quality. Interpretation of the findings suggest that over the course of a semester, L2 writers produced texts that were increasingly aligned with academic writing (i.e., texts that contain more nouns and phrasal complexity), but that human raters assessed text quality based on structures aligned with spoken discourse (i.e., clausal complexity). Thus, this study finds that the syntactic features that develop in L2 learners may not be the same syntactic features that will assist them in receiving higher evaluations of essay quality.
Cyclic AMP levels in synchronized mammalian cells.

Abstract Cyclic adenosine 3′5′ monophosphate (cAMP) levels were measured in Chinese hamster ovary cells synchronized by mitotic shake-off. Comparing the various stages with the S period, we observed mitotic cells to have a depressed cAMP level, early G1 cells to have an elevated cAMP level, and the late G1 period to possess a cAMP level similar to cells in S phase. Isoleucine deficiency, which blocks cells in the G1 period, led to a depressed level of cAMP, possibly due to the inhibited protein synthesis which accompanies isoleucune deficiency.
Evaluation of Two Langmuir Models for Phosphorus Sorption on Various Soils under Varied Conditions

Phosphorus (P) sorption isotherm experiment is a widely used tool in the field of agronomy for evaluating the availability of P for crop uptake, and in environmental studies for assessing the potential of P mobilization to runoff or drainage. For P-accumulated soils, the importance of accurately estimating the native sorbed P in a sorption study cannot be overemphasized. Surrogates measured experimentally by an extraction method and estimates from a curve-fitting procedure have both been employed in the past. This study evaluated two curve-fitting procedures, referred as linear approach and nonlinear approach, for 30 P sorption isotherms. The isotherms were determined for various soils under aerobic, slightly reduced, and highly reduced conditions. Estimated sorption parameters by the two approaches were compared in 1:1 linear scatter plots. Results indicated that the two approaches agree well in estimating P sorption maxima (Smax) under all tested conditions. Estimates of binding energy (k) were fairly close for aerobic and slightly reduced conditions (R2>0.976, slope=1.132 or 1.039, respectively), but not linearly correlated under highly reduced condition (slope=1.827, R2=-0.102). The native sorbed P (S0) estimates were relatively close for aerobic sorption (slope=1.055, R2=0.946), but differed significantly for slightly and highly reduced conditions (slope=1.914 or 1.402, and R2=0.983 or 0.616, respectively). The nonlinear approach estimated higher values of zero sorption equilibrium concentrations (EPC0), an indicator of a soil’s P loss potential. It was concluded that the nonlinear approach should be the preferred method since it does not assume isotherm linearity at a low concentration range.
Protest Participation among Southern Negro College Students

A recent article in this Review has drawn attention to the inadequacies in our knowledge of how great social movements arise. On the Negro protest movement there are many hypotheses but few attempts to relate them to differences in individual behavior. Considerable confusion also exists in the variety of explanatory terms involved. James A. Geschwinder lists five hypotheses that focus variously on economic conditions and the psychological meaning given them. They are the Vulgar Marxist hypothesis—that Negro dissatisfaction results from a progressive deterioration in the social and economic position of the race; the Rising Expectations hypothesis—that Negro expectations are rising more rapidly than their fulfillment; the Sophisticated Marxist hypothesis or the Relative Deprivation hypothesis—that Negro perceptions of white life have led to dissatisfaction with their own rate of improvement; the Rise and Drop hypothesis—that improvement in conditions followed by a sharp drop is responsible; and the Status Inconsistency hypothesis—that a group possessing status attributes ranked differently on various status hierarchies of a society will be dissatisfied and prone to rebellion.This paper will suggest that theory based on variations in the structure of intergroup relations can go some way toward integrating the different kinds of explanation that have been advanced. A more general aspiration is to draw attention to one set of terms that might be useful in the long overdue development of a genuinely comparative study of social movements such as the Negro movement. The broad hypothesis arising from—but by no means fully tested by—an examination of several individual and contextual variables is that proximity to the dominant white culture increases the likelihood of protest involvement. The analysis will give a priority to structural considerations, but will also suggest something about intervening psychological variables.
Clustering and Finding the Number of Clusters by Unsupervised Learning of Mixture Models using Vector Quantization

A new Lagrangian formulation with entropy and codebook size was proposed to extend the Lagrangian formulation of variable-rate vector quantization. We use the new Lagrangian formulation to perform clustering and to find the number of clusters by fitting mixture models to data using vector quantization. Experimental results show that the entropy and memory constrained vector quantization outperforms the state-of-the-art model selection algorithms in the examples considered.
Hexanickel enediolate cluster generated in an acireductone dioxygenase model reaction.

A nickel(II) enediolate cluster (2) forms upon treatment of [(6-Ph2TPA)Ni(PhC(O)C(OH)C(O)Ph)]ClO4 (1) with Me4NOH·5H2O in CH3CN. Crystallographic studies of 2 revealed a hexanuclear structure of S6...
Microbial gum formation from the decomposition of cotton gin trash

This investigation evaluated production of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) from the decomposition of cotton gin trash (CGT) in aerobic, anaerobic and continuous percolating environments. A further variation of pre-rinsing CGT was investigated in order to determine if the pollution potential from CGT could be minimized. Since previous investigations have used a colorimetric method for quantifying EPS that yields varying results when the constituent sugars are at different molar concentrations, a gravimetric method was used to quantify EPS production. The accumulation of uronides in the bound EPS suggests that the bound portion is critical in seal formation. The anaerobic environment showed an initial increase of EPS to 3 mg/g CGT and then maintained a constant level. The aerobic environment produced 9 mg of EPS/g CGT after 26 days with a continuing upward trend. The continuous percolating environment had concentrations similar to the aerobic environment and showed decreased hydraulic conductivity with increased EPS.
p53 and TGF-β in Development: Prelude to Tumor Suppression?

Recent work in Xenopus embryos reveals an unexpected developmental role for the tumor suppressor gene p53. This finding may have implications for the evolution of p53, its interaction with Smads in TGF-β dependent mesoderm specification, and the cooperation among p53 family members.
Use of electron-capture data at short pulse intervals for study of electron-capture mechanisms

Abstract Electron-capture data obtained at short pulse intervals (50–100 μsec) cn be used to determine electron-capture mechanisms. The response function has been derived and it differs considerably from that at steady-state conditions. The electron-capture doefficient can be defined from the response function and it is directly proportional to the pulse frequency. The derived response function is in agreement with the experimental concentration, temperature, and pulse interval dependence.The response is independent of pulse width providing short pulse widths (0.5–1.0 μsec) are used at intervals larger than 50 μsec. The electron-capture coefficient at short pulse intervals is lower than at long pulse intervals where steady-state conditions prevail. However, this is partially compensated by a greater standing current at short pulse intervals.
Phase I evaluation of radiation combined with recombinant interferon alpha-2a and BCNU for patients with high-grade glioma

Purpose: A Phase I study to determine the safety, toxicity, and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of carmustine (BCNU) and interferon alpha-2a (IFN-a) when combined with radiation as initial therapy in high-grade glioma. Methods and Materials: Patients with newly diagnosed Grade 3 or 4 astrocytoma, oligoastrocytoma, or gliosarcoma were enrolled after surgery. All received radiation therapy to the brain (64.8 Gy/36 fractions), combined with a single dose of BCNU (200 mg/m 2 ) at the start of radiation. Chemotherapy after completing radiation consisted of BCNU 150 mg/m 2 once every 7 weeks, and IFN-a 12 X 10 6 units/m 2 subcutaneously Days 1-3 each week of a 7-week cycle. Subsequent dose modification was based on constitutional symptoms for IFN-a and on myelosuppression for BCNU. Results: Fifteen patients were entered on the study. Four were excluded because they did not receive IFN-a (3 refused treatment and 1 patient left the study due to multiple medical problems). Eleven were evaluable for toxicity and efficacy. Nonhematological toxicity, mainly lethargy and flu-like symptoms, were dose-limiting for IFN-a. After the first 6 patients were treated per the initial protocol, the frequency of IFN-a administration was decreased to Days 1-3 on weeks 1, 3, and 5 of the 7-week cycle for 5 additional patients. Lethargy, fever, chills, myalgias, alopecia, and anorexia occurred in all patients. Other toxicities included nausea and vomiting (91%), central-nervous-system depression or mood changes (64%), headaches (55%), and elevation of liver enzymes (36%). Grade 3-4 leukopenia occurred in 4 (45%) of 11 patients, and Grade 3-4 thrombocytopenia in 3 (27%) of 11 patients. Due to myelosuppressive effects, BCNU dose was not escalated. Median survival of the cohort was 44 months. Objective responses occurred in 5 (56%) of 9 patients and median duration of response was 33 months. The MTD of this combination after radiation therapy is IFN-a 12 X 10 6 units/m 2 Days 1-3, on Weeks 1, 3, and 5 of a 7-week cycle and BCNU 150 mg/m 2 Day 1, every 7 weeks. Conclusions: Treatment with radiation, IFN-a, and BCNU is feasible and effective in patients with high-grade gliomas, although constitutional symptoms from IFN-a are substantial.
The Characteristics of Certain Experimentally Produced Anomalies of the Gastric Secretory Curve

Three types of hyperacidity and two types of hypoacidity have been observed or produced experimentally in dogs. The characteristics of each type are described. We wish to express our sincere appreciation to Dr. Walter Alvarez for his valuable criticism and suggestions in the preparation of this paper.
Signaling Endosomes Trigger Synapse Assembly

In this issue of Neuron , Sharma et al. report that target-derived NGF exerts long-distance control of postsynaptic assembly. A major advance is the discovery that TrkA signaling endosomes are retrogradely transported to neuronal dendrites and directly trigger the clustering of postsynaptic density proteins.
An efficient technique for prolonged storage of Phytophthora infestans.

A decoction containing ‘Golden Bantam’ sweet corn is a suitable medium fqr prolonged maintance of the late blight organismPhytophthora infestons. Using this procedure, cultures of P.infestons were maintained up to 12 months without transferring. These isolates exhibited no variation in virulence or race.
Postsunset vortex in equatorial F-region plasma drifts and implications for bottomside spread-F

Recent high-resolution incoherent scatter drift measurements conducted at Jicamarca during solar minimum conditions indicate that a vortical plasma flow pattern accompanies the well known prereversal enhancement events observed in the equatorial F region. The vortex is centered at ∼250 km altitude and about 2000–3000 km east of the evening terminator and is characterized by upward and downward flows to the west and to the east and eastward and westward flows on the top and the bottom, respectively. Postsunset bottomside spread-F events are observed to commence in the interior of the vortex in regions of westward plasma drifts. The formation of the vortex implies localized charging of the postsunset bottomside F region in response to eastward neutral wind driven F region dynamo action.
Atherogenic Dyslipidemia: Cardiovascular Risk and Dietary Intervention

Atherogenic dyslipidemia comprises a triad of increased blood concentrations of small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, and increased triglycerides. A typical feature of obesity, the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, atherogenic dyslipidemia has emerged as an important risk factor for myocardial infarction and cardiovascular disease. A number of genes have now been linked to this pattern of lipoprotein changes. Low-carbohydrate diets appear to have beneficial lipoprotein effects in individuals with atherogenic dyslipidemia, compared to high-carbohydrate diets, whereas the content of total fat or saturated fat in the diet appears to have little effect. Achieving a better understanding of the genetic and dietary influences underlying atherogenic dyslipidemia may provide clues to improved interventions to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in high-risk individuals.
The synthesis of pyrazino[2,3‐d]pyridazine and some of its derivatives

Pyrazino[2,3-d]pyridazine (I) was synthesized by two different routes. 5, 8-Dihydroxy-pyrazino[2, 3-d]pyridazine (IV) was converted to 5, 8-dichloropyrazino[2, 3-d]pyridazine (V) and 5, 8-dibromopyrazino[2, 3-d]pyridazine (Va). When V was treated with various benzyl mercaptans and alkoxides the corresponding disubstituted derivatives were obtained. Compound V when allowed to react with aromatic amines gave 5, 8-bisamino-pyrazino[2,3-d]pyridazines, however, with aliphatic amines only mono substituted products were obtained substituted in the 8-position. The reaction of pyrazine-2, 3-dinitrile with hydrazine gave 5, 8-diaminopyrazino[2, 3-d]pyridazine (X).
Organic Light Emitting Devices on Polymer Substrates.

We have developed an organic light emitting device fabricated on polymer film substrate (F-OLED). This device has thin film multi-layered structure; substrate/gas barrier film/transparent anode/organic emitting layers/metal cathode/passivation film, and also has a lot of attractive features, approx.0.2mm thickness, approx. 1gr weight (including driving IC), slightly bendable and so on. It utilizes silicone oxynitride (SiON) on the substrate side as gas barrier film and silicone nitride (SiNx) as passivation film on the device side, so it makes possible to keep a good luminance after 500 hours storage test under 60deg.C.95%RH.
The cationic amino acid transporter 2 is induced in inflammatory lung models and regulates lung fibrosis

Arginine is an amino acid that serves as a substrate for the enzymes nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and arginase, leading to synthesis of NO and ornithine, respectively. As such, arginine has the potential to influence diverse fundamental processes in the lung. We used mice deficient in cationic amino acid transporter (CAT) 2 in models of allergic airway inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis. We report that the arginine transport protein CAT2 was over-expressed in the lung during the induction of allergic airway inflammation. Furthermore, CAT2 mRNA was strongly induced by transgenically over-expressed IL-4, and allergen-induced expression was dependent upon signal-transducer-and-activator-of-transcription (STAT) 6. In situ mRNA hybridization demonstrated marked staining of CAT2, predominantly in scattered mononuclear cells. Analysis of allergic airway inflammation and bleomycin-induced inflammation in CAT2-deficient mice revealed that while inflammation was independent of CAT2 expression, bleomycin-induced fibrosis was dependent upon CAT2. Mechanistic analysis revealed that arginase activity in macrophages was partly dependent on CAT2. Taken together, these results identify CAT2 as a regulator of fibrotic responses in the lung.
The influence of ultrasonic vibrations upon the activity of paramecin

Abstract 1. 1. Completely disintegrated suspensions of Paramecia may be obtained by subjection of live Paramecia suspensions to ultrasonic vibrations (450 kilocycles, 850 watts electrical input, metal diaphragm container). Paramecin is largely or wholly destroyed by this treatment. 2. 2. Paramecin breis have been subjected to ultrasonic treatment under a variety of conditions. A maximum increase in activity of non-degassed samples is found to occur with an exposure of 0.5 minutes at 20 watts electrical input, when vibrated under an air atmosphere. A smaller secondary increased in activity occurred after 10 minutes ultrasonic treatment. When the brei is degassed and vibrated under an atmosphere of oxygen maintained with oxygen jet above sample there is only a very slight increase in activity during the first minute after which inactivation takes place. If oxygen is bubbled directly through the sample during vibration, inactivation commences immediately and continues for 5 minutes. This is then followed by an activation in 10 minutes and subsequent return to the inactivation reaction in 15 minutes. Samples degassed and vibrated under nitrogen gave an increase in activity in the first half-minute, followed by an inactivation to approximately 95% of the original activity in a minute and maintenance of this value for the remainder of the treatment. 3. 3. Centrifugation of paramecin breis after ultrasonation demonstrates that a soluble form of paramecin is not produced by ultrasonic vibration.
Sequential differential detection in liquid chromatography

Abstract The use of differential detectors in chromatography requires that the sample chamber and the reference chamber are properly balanced in the absence of the analyte. We show that this condition is most readily satisfied if the two halves of the differential detector are used in series in the effluent stream, separated by a fixed delay loop. The conversion of the measured differential response to a normal chromatogram is trivial. Several examples of this scheme applied to refractive index and to absorption measurements in liquid chromatography are reported here.
Magnetic field dependence of 23Na NMR spectra of rat skeletal muscle infused with shift reagent in Vivo

Abstract We obtained 23 Na NMR spectra of the gastrocnemius muscle in the living rat before and after infusing the animal with the shift reagent for cations, triethylenetetraminehexaacetate dysprosium (III) (DyTTHA 3− ), at field strengths of 8.4, 4.7, and 1.5 T. When plotted on a ppm scale, sodium linewidths both with and without shift reagent showed little field dependence. Thus the spectra obtained in the presence of shift reagent showed almost no change in resolution as the field strength increased. Since the absolute line-widths increased with increasing B 0 our results also indicate that both the shifted and the unshifted sodium resonances are inhomogeneously broadened and that the observed linewidths are determined primarily by bulk magnetic susceptibility shifts. These results suggest that cation NMR in conjunction with shift reagent can be used to discriminate between intra- and extracellular sodium pools over a wide range of field strengths.
Mathematical models for predicting indoor air quality from smoking activity.

Much progress has been made over four decades in developing, testing, and evaluating the performance of mathematical models for predicting pollutant concentrations from smoking in indoor settings. ...
Pharmacological studies of behavioral influences on cardiovascular function.

Abstract Squirrel monkeys, prepared with chronic arterial and venous catheters, responded (pressed a key) under fixed-ratio schedules of termination of a stimulus associated with electric shock or under fixed-ratio schedules of food presentation. Although there was no necessary correlation between schedule-controlled responding and cardiovascular changes, pronounced elevations in both heart rate and blood pressure occurred during and just after brief periods of fixed-ratio responding. These episodic increases in blood pressure and heart rate were as marked under schedules of food presentation as under schedules of stimulus-shock termination. Thus, these episodic changes appear to be more dependent upon the schedule-controlled behavior than upon the type of event maintaining the behavior. Pharmacological studies indicated that under the conditions of the behavioral experiments the squirrel monkey has a relatively high degree of cardiac sympathetic tone; however, blood pressure elevations produced by administration of l -norepinephrine were associated with an increased parasympathetic tone and decreased heart rate. The reflex bradycardia induced by l -norepinephrine was inhibited during periods of schedule-controlled responding, suggesting that environmental and behavioral factors can not only modulate the parameters of physiological variables but also modulate this basic cardiovascular control system.