cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recreation and river type: Social-environmental relationships

Recreation use was studied on a diverse state river system to test the hypothesis that recreation use patterns vary systematically by river type. River segments were classified into representative river types through application of a two-fold classification system. The first classification factor, generalized geomorphology, defines and groups the dominant resource bases of which rivers are comprised. The second classification factor, cultural setting, defines the land use and settlement patterns in which each river type is found. Significant differences were found among resulting river types with respect to the nature and intensity of recreation activity, desired use density, and user perceived problems and conflicts. Management recommendations were developed, based on study findings, for each river type. It is concluded that when both environmental attributes and cultural setting are taken into account, regularities appear with respect to the way in which river resources are used and perceived by recreationists. Further exploration and expansion of such recreation-resource relationships to other activities and environments may hold substantial implications for the allocation and management of outdoor recreation resources.
The role of acoustic gravity waves in the generation of spread-F and ionospheric scintillation

Abstract In the aggregate, acoustic gravity waves in the F-region constitute a spectrum of geophysical noise extending from the frequencies involved in diurnal variations up to the Brunt-Vaisala buoyancy frequency. They drive a roughly uniform power spectrum of travelling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) with vertical scales of the order of the atmospheric scale height H and with horizontal scales extending from the radius of the Earth down to H. It has been known since the 1950s that this permits multiple normals onto the F-region from an ionosonde, thereby creating the multiple-trace type of spread F on ionograms. At shorter scales the spectrum of TIDs decreases in strength and, below the mean free path of the neutral atmosphere, creates a spectrum of plasma turbulence aligned along the Earth's magnetic field. Progressively shorter scales are responsible for phase scintillation, for amplitude scintillation and for blur-type spread F on ionograms. A weak extension of the spectrum to scales less than the ion gyroradius is responsible for spread F and transequatorial propagation in the VHF band. Under evening conditions in equatorial regions a band of TIDs with wavelengths of the order of 600 km can, at times, have a phase velocity that matches the drift velocity of the plasma ( Rottger 1978). This band of TIDs is then amplified until it breaks ( Klostermeyer 1978). The associated explosive increase in plasma turbulence creates the plume phenomenon discovered by Woodmn and La Hoz (1976).
Quantification of Margins and Uncertainties for Integrated Spacecraft Systems Models

The objective of this study was to introduce an efficient and accurate approach to the quantification of margins and uncertainties for integrated spacecraft systems models. In this study, stochastic expansions, based on nonintrusive polynomial chaos, were used for efficient representation of uncertainty both in design metrics and associated performance limits of a system. Additionally, procedures were outlined for analyzing systems that contain different uncertainty types between the performance metrics and performance limits. These methodologies were demonstrated on two model problems, each possessing mixed (epistemic and aleatory) uncertainty, which was propagated through the models using second-order probability. The first was a complex system model of highly nonlinear analytical functions. The second was a coupled multisystem, physics-based model for spacecraft reentry. The performance metrics consisted of two systems used to determine the maximum g load, the necessary bank angle correction, and maxim...
Temperature Rise Required for Production of Minimal Lesions in the Macaca Mulatta Retina

Fundus temperatures of the rhesus monkey were measured with argon laser (488 nm) irradiations that produced minimal, ophthalmoscopically visible lesions five minutes after exposure. Measurements were made with 10- to 20-mu tip diameter, copper-nickel thermocouples. Preliminary data included measurements at eight paramacular sites and seven macular sites. The threshold temperature rise was 17 to 26 degrees C for a ten-second exposure at these sites. Decreasing the exposure duration to 20 msec increased the threshold temperature rise range to the interval between 30 and 40 degrees C. The temperature measurements in the eye were compared to a computer solution of the heat conduction equation.
Fractionation and structural elucidation of the active components of aurintricarboxylic acid, a potent inhibitor of protein nucleic acid interactions

Commercially available, as well as synthetically prepared, samples of aurintricarboxylic acid (a widely employed potent inhibitor of protein nucleic acid interactions) consist mostly of a heterogeneous collection of polymers, as shown by fractionation schemes utilizing both dialysis and ultrafiltration, and by molecular weight measurements. 13C-NMR studies suggest that the polymeric material is of the phenol-formaldehyde type; inhibitory assays that depend on the formation of a protein-nucleic acid complex revealed that potency varied directly with the molecular weight of the polymer. Fractions of molecular weight 400 were essentially inactive.
Isolation of a higher eukaryotic telomere from Arabidopsis thaliana

We have developed a method for constructing genomic libraries enriched for telomeric DNA sequences, enabling the isolation of telomeres from higher eukaryotic organisms with large chromosomes. The method was used to clone telomeric DNA sequences from the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana. A. thaliana telomeres are composed primarily of tandemly repeated blocks of the sequence 5'-CCCTAAA-3' and are heterogeneous in size. Genomic sequences that cross-hybridize at high stringency with A. thaliana telomeric repeats are present in other higher plants. In Zea mays (corn), these cross-hybridizing sequences are located at the telomeres. In addition, the A. thaliana telomeric repeats cross-hybridize at low stringency to genomic sequences located at the telomeres of human chromosomes.
Components of an operational theory of international alliance formation

Explaining or predicting patterns of alliance among nations has long been a central concern in the study of international politics and organization. There is, however, no satisfactory theory to indicate what nations will ally with what others in the system. This article is intended to outline an approach to the construction of such a comprehensive theory, suggesting some of the definitions and propositions that would be central to the effort, as well as some of the research obstacles that would be faced. First, we shall indicate the context of the problem: (1) There are three or more nations. (2) The situation is at least partly competitive; i.e., there is no single outcome that will maximize the gains of each of the participants. (3) No single nation is either in a dominant position-it can win without allying itself with any other nation-or in a position of potential veto-it must be included in any winning coalition. (4) There is the possibility of a decision,
Winning the battle of corporate/brand images: An image-focused model for selection of names and logos

As we approach the twenty-first century, the globalisation of marketing efforts and infusion of low-cost generic and private brands are forcing managers of well-established brands to alter their defence tactics from reactive ‘2-cents-off-deals’ to proactive strategies of building strong corporate and brand images. This paper incorporates modern theories of corporate and brand image building into a low-cost/easy-to-implement model for selection of brand names and logos which accurately portray a desired image to the target market. The image-focused model has been developed by the writer during a consulting project and has been refined in a series of experiments. It incorporates a series of advanced name and logo testing methods into a simple process. Brand managers and public relations staff can use the model to develop new names and logos or to modify their existing ones to better position their firms and products within their target markets. Minimal external agency services are necessary to implement the model. The cost is about 20 per cent of the expense involved using conventional models.
A novel ELISA for mouse activated protein C in plasma

The Protein C pathway plays a crucial role in the regulation of thrombosis and inflammation. One of the tools that researchers presently use to elucidate mechanisms of action of activated protein C (APC) is the use of transgenic or gene deletion murine models. To correlate observations in these murine models with the APC levels, there is a need for a sensitive and specific assay for circulating murine APC in plasma. We developed an immunological assay to measure the physiological and pharmacologic levels of circulating murine APC. The sandwich ELISA uses an anti-murine anti-protein C antibody capture antibody and human protein C inhibitor (PCI) as a detection reagent, taking advantage of the facts that the mouse lacks plasma PCI and that human PCI forms a 1/1 stable complex with mouse APC. The amount of complex APC:PCI is detected with an anti-human PCI monoclonal antibody. The assay shows improved sensitivity versus enzyme immunocapture assays commonly used to detect human APC and considerably reduces the processing time.
On the design of a simple solver for nonlinear two-point boundary value problems

Abstract The underlying principles and structure of an easy-to-use solver for two-point boundary-value problems described by sets of nonlinear ordinary differential equations is presented. The solution approach is based on the finite difference approximations for the derivatives. The Newton—Raphson iterative scheme with analytical Jacobians is used for solving the resulting large-scale nonlinear set of algebraic equations. Part 1 of the paper presents an in-depth analysis of the general problem and the solution method which results in a split of the overall problem into two distinct parts, a pure mathematical analytical part, which does not depend on the chosen numerical solution method, and a numerical part, which implements all the details of the numerical procedure. The prototype implementation, presented in Part 2, is based on this separation. It makes use of different programs which are specialized for solving particular subproblems identified in the analysis. An algebraic manipulator is used to aid in generating the Jacobians analytically and a matrix-oriented environment is used to implement the numerical matrix operations. The resulting package requires only the essential information from the user, namely the model equations and the solution domain variables as well as initial guesses of the solution. The package is a prototype that can be used to solve second-order problems based on three-point polynomial approximations of the derivatives.
An economic analysis of the homeownership decision

Analysts of the homeownership decision have traditionally asserted that “owning makes much greater sense than renting” ([16], p. 359) for families in high tax brackets. However, empirical studies of homeownership propensities indicate that not all high-income families own nor do all low-income families rent. For example, Li ([8], p. 1081) notes that “a large number of studies” find that a variety of variables, such as “family size, age of the head, and race are generally found to be.. . determinants of homeownership” even when income or the marginal tax bracket are held constant. Previous attempts to explain why the marginal tax bracket is not a sufficient statistic for homeownership argue that people differ in their preferences for homeownership either because owning and renting are not perfect substitutes in consumption (see, for example [13, 141) or because of differences “in liquidity, mobility, ability at home repairs and home management, and simply peculiar circumstances” ([4], p. 14). This paper develops a general model of the homeownership decision and explores two alternative explanations of why the marginal tax bracket is not a sufficient statistic. This is accomplished by incorporating both transaction costs and housing market quality sorting into the model. Section II derives a simple parametric statement of the homeownership decision. The third section examines the special case which yields a homeownership decision rule which is comparable to existing models. An alternative special case is presented in the fourth section which incorporates consumer sorting across quality markets. It is demonstrated that the housing market may adjust until
Phase-sensitive OCT imaging of multiple nanoparticle species using spectrally multiplexed single pulse photothermal excitation

We apply phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography to image multiple nanoparticle species with two excitation wavelengths matched to their distinct absorption peaks. Using different modulation frequencies, multiple species collocated within the sample can be distinguished. In addition, we characterize single-pulse excitation schemes as a method to minimize bulk heating of the sample. We demonstrate this new scheme with B-mode photothermal measurements of tissue phantoms.
Subpixel Edge Detection For Precise Measurements By A Vision System

This paper presents subpixel measurements of 2 D object dimensions by a vision system. Dimension measurements require accurate edge detection which implies first, the definition of the object edge position in the corresponding image grey level transition and second, the use of appropriate edge detection operators. To define the edge position, the different steps of the object to image transformation were modelled. Neglecting optical aberrations, object boundaries characterized by sharp physical discontinuities are proved to correspond to points of inflexion in the image grey level transitions. The operators we developed to locate those points of inflexion with subpixel accuracy use regression, interpolation and filtering of the grey levels. Numerical simulations were performed to evaluate and compare the precision of these operators. Those techniques were then applied to real images. To improve accuracy, a shape model of the object border was fitted to extracted inflexion points. Therefore, the final precision of the measurement depends on both edge detection operators accuracy and noise elimination bv model fitting. The method was first tested on known width black stripes images. In this simple case, the border shape was modelled by a straight line. For the best operators, even using a few regression points, a width acuracy of one tenth of a pixel was obtained. This result is independent of the stripe orientation relative to the camera detectors. Last, previous techniques were used compute cornea thickness from slit lamp images. The cornea borders shape was modelled by splines. Results are discussed and compared to ultrasound oachvmeter measurements. Different factors causing precision loss are analyzed and remedies are proposed.
Transport of Resonance Radiation in an Infinite Cylinder

The Holstein-Biberman integrodifferential equation for the transport of resonance radiation has been solved for a gas contained in a long cylindrical container. The solution involves the following assumptions: (i) The excited atoms are initially distributed uniformly along the axis of the cylinder; (ii) the pressure and temperature of the gas are such that the absorption coefficient has either a pure Doppler-broadened or a pure pressure-broadened profile; (iii) the radius of the cylinder corresponds to many optical depths at the frequency corresponding to the maximum of the absorption coefficient. It is also shown that steady-state solutions corresponding to a line source along the axis of the cylinder can be calculated by the same procedure. The geometry and the initial conditions considered here are of particular interest because the situation can be simulated experimentally. Hurst and Thonnard have pointed out that an approximate line of excited atoms can be produced by sending a well-collimated pulse of protons or electrons down the axis of a long cylinder containing the gas of interest. The present paper also considers the decay of resonance radiation from a steady state built up by a line source. The latter situation is even easier to arrange experimentally. All experimental work to date has concerned itself with situations where the initial distribution of excited atoms is not known, and theory and experiment can only be compared at times which are large enough so that the system has decayed to its lowest eigenmode.
Quantum confinement effects at the L point in CdTe.

Des couches minces composites verre-CdTe, contenant des cristallites de dimensions moyennes comprises entre 46 et 158 A, presentent un deplacement vers le bleu dependant de la dimension, des transitions E 1 et E 1 +Δ 1 . L'analyse de cet effet suggere l'existence d'une paire electron-trou liee. L'absorption optique dans ces etats d'energie conduit a la formation d'un etat a 2 particules totalement correle
Perception of eating and exercise in children as a function of child and parent weight status.

Abstract The present study assessed the effects of child body weight (obese/lean) and familial loading for obesity (two obese parents/two lean parents) on the psychophysics of sweetness, fatness and exercise workloads, as well as subjective ratings of foods varying in sugar and fat and activities varying in energy expenditure. Children were measured in a baseline state and at 6 months after the obese children had participated in a family-based behavioral weight control program. No differences between obese and lean children in perceptual ratings were observed. However, offspring of obese or lean parents differed on intensity rating, food palatability and activity enjoyment ratings. Intensity ratings for sweetness in offspring of obese parents was increased, with a similar trend for intensity ratings for fatness. Offspring of obese parents rated all foods and activities with lower palatability and enjoyment ratings than offspring of lean parents. After a 6 month family-based behavioral weight loss treatment, obese children had significant decreases in percent overweight while lean children remained stable. Changes in the pattern of food ratings were observed for the obese children, with a reduction in liking for foods high in fat and/or sugar, and an increase in ratings for foods lower in fat and sugar. The effects of parental obesity on food and exercise intensity ratings and hedonic ratings were maintained. Overall, these results suggest parental weight influences behavioral factors related to obesity in children.
Vaginal rugae: measurement and significance

Objective To devise a validated measure of vaginal rugae and assess the relationships between vaginal rugae and important clinical parameters.Methods Two techniques of assessing vaginal rugae were ...
Preface to the study of the Alleluia

There is a passage in Willi Apel's discussion of the Alleluia of the Mass that nicely epitomises several of the difficulties that music historians have experienced with the genre. Apel found himself faced with a dilemma: on the one hand there was that undeniably late characteristic of the Alleluia, its notorious instability of liturgical assignment; and on the other hand there was literary evidence of the Alleluia's antiquity, its appearance in fourth-century patristic literature as the melismatic jubilus, and Gregory I's late sixth-century letter in which he admitted to extending the use of the Alleluia beyond Paschaltime.
The Impact of Unit Goal Priorities, Economic Incentives, and Interim Feedback on the Planned Effort of Information Systems Professionals

Recent interest in aligning the activities of the individuals in information systems (IS) with the organization's strategic objectives suggests a need to understand the factors that influence the behavior of IS professionals. One way that organizations influence behavior is by setting goal priorities in connection with feedback and economic incentives. The objective of the present study is to examine how goal priority, feedback, and economic incentives influence IS professionals' planned effort as reflected by the time they would devote to each of two different goals. Research instruments were mailed to IS professionals at companies with 500 or more employees throughout the United States. A total of 196 instruments were returned yielding a response rate of 32.0 percent. In general, the participants were highly experienced, averaging 21.3 years in the IS profession and an average of 11.9 years in management. Results show IS professionals direct their planned effort toward the primary goal without the need ...
Selective incorporation of H-2 antigenic determinants into Friend virus particles

IN susceptible mice, Friend murine leukaemia virus (FV) produces fatal erythroleukaemia1 characterised by rapid onset of splenomegaly and viraemia in 4–5 d and leading to the death of the animal in as little as 3–4 weeks. In the replication of this enveloped, C-type RNA virus, assembly occurs at the surface of infected cells where the particles mature by budding2. We have examined the question of whether host cell surface glycoproteins are incorporated into the virion as the host cell membrane becomes part of the completed particle during the budding process. In particular, serologically identifiable alloantigens governed by the H–2K and H–2D genes of the major histocompatibility complex and found on cell surfaces have been sought in lysates of serum-derived FV.
Web-Based Information for Depression: Helpful or Hazardous?

Abstract The Internet cannot be underestimated as a source of information, including information for persons with depression and their families. The Internet is a resource for both persons who have not yet sought professional treatment and persons in treatment who augment professional therapy with their own research. Health care providers, including nurses, should explore this information medium because it may affect treatment of depression. To evaluate Web-based information, 25 graduate nursing students, enrolled in an informatics course, explored the Internet for information about depression. They found a wide array of Web sites focused on depression. Five levels of classification of Web sites related to depression evolved, ranging from helpful to hazardous. (J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc [2001]. 7, 61-6.)
Heat Transfer in Two-Pass Rotating Rectangular Channels (AR=2:1) With Discrete V-Shaped and Discrete Angled Rib Turbulators

This paper reports the heat transfer coefficients in a two-pass rotating, rectangular channel with ribs, applicable to an internally cooled turbine blade. The channel aspect ratio is 2:1. Five different turbulators are studied: 45° angled ribs, V-shaped ribs, discrete 45° angled ribs, discrete V-shaped ribs, and crossed V-shaped ribs. The ribs are placed on the leading and trailing surfaces. The Reynolds numbers range from 5000 to 40000. The corresponding rotation numbers vary from 0.21 to 0.026 for a fixed rotating speed of 550 rpm. The rib height-to-hydraulic diameter ratio (e/D) is 0.094, the rib pitch-to-height ratio (P/e) is 10, and the inlet coolant-to-wall density ratio (Δρ/ρ) is maintained around 0.115. For each case, two channel orientations are studied, 90° and 135° with respect to the plane of rotation. The results show the V-shaped ribs and discrete V-shaped ribs have higher heat transfer enhancement than the 45° angled ribs and discrete 45° angled ribs for both rotating and non-rotating cases.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Comparative Levels of Creative Ability Among Elementary School Children.

Eighty-six black fourth-grade children and 111 white fourth-grade children randomly selected from normal classrooms in a rural country school system in Tennessee were compared on Torrance's Unusual Uses and Ask and Guess activities. No differences were found on the frequency or flexibility measures of either activity. No attempt was made to examine the results on any variable except race. Pearson Product Moment Correlations were computed on the Torrance Test results and Stanford-Binet intelligence test scores for both groups. The correlations were quite different with r = +.51 for the white students and r = +.22 for the black students.
On the Modeling and Analysis of Machining Performance in Micro-Endmilling, Part I: Surface Generation

This paper examines the surface generation process in the micro-endmilling of both single-phase and multiphase workpiece materials. We used 508 μm dia endmills with edge radii of 2 and 5 μm to machine slots in ferrite, pearlite, and two ductile iron materials at feed rates ranging from 0.25 to 3.0 mm/flute. A surface generation model to predict the surface roughness for the slot floor centerline is then developed based on the minimum chip thickness concept. The minimum chip thickness values were found through finite element simulations for the ferrite and pearlite materials. The model is shown to accurately predict the surface roughness for single-phase materials, viz., ferrite and pearlite. Two phenomena were found to combine to generate an optimal feed rate for the surface generation of single-phase materials: (i) the geometric effect of the tool and process geometry and (ii) the minimum chip thickness effect. The surface roughness measurements for the ductile iron workpieces indicate that the micromilling surface generation process for multiphase workpiece materials is also affected by the interrupted chip-formation process as the cutting edge moves between phases resulting in burrs at the phase boundaries and the associated increases in surface roughness.
Vibrational spectra of cis-3,4-dichlorocyclobutene

Abstract Infrared and Raman spectra are presented for cis -3,4-dichloro cyclo butene in vapor, liquid and solid phases and the results are consistent with a C s , planar ring structure. Using quantitative Raman depolarization ratios, infrared vapor band contours and chlorine isotopic splittings, all 24 fundamental vibrations have been confidently assigned. Based on these results a partial reassignment for unsubstituted cyclo butene is also offered. In both compounds, a unique Fermi resonance is observed between the symmetric HH stretch and the overtone of the CC stretch and this feature may be common for other cyclo butene systems.
The effects of noribogaine and harmaline in rats trained with ibogaine as a discriminative stimulus

In the present investigation, Fischer-344 rats were trained to discriminate 10.0 mg/kg of ibogaine from water using a pretreatment time of 60 minutes. Analysis of dose response data generated an ED50 of 4.6 mg/kg. The time course of the ibogaine (10.0 mg/kg) cue was also determined. The stimulus reached a maximum level of 94% ibogaine-appropriate responding at the 60-min pretreatment time. This was followed by a time-dependent decrease in ibogaine-appropriate responding. At a pretreatment time of 8 hrs only 6.4% drug-appropriate responding was observed. In substitution experiments, intermediate generalization was observed with a metabolite of ibogaine, 12-hydroxyibogamine [noribogaine] (71.6%) whereas complete generalization was seen with harmaline (83.5%).
A role for P-selectin in neutrophil and platelet infiltration in immune complex glomerulonephritis.

P-selectin is one of the key early mediators of leu- kocyte adhesion in inflammatory conditions. This report ex- amines the role of P-selectin in a neutrophil- and platelet- mediated model of glomerulonephritis (the concanavalin A (con A) model). The administration of neutralizing anti-P- selectin antibody (PB 1.3) reduced the platelet influx at 10 mm (P < 0.05) and was associated with a 60% reduction in the neutrophil infiltrate and a 50% reduction in the number of oxidant-producing cells at 3 h within glomeruli. No effect on glomerular monocyte-macrophage accumulation was ob- served, and proteinuria was reduced by 20% but did not reach significance. It is concluded that P-selectin plays an important role in mediating the neutrophil and platelet accumulation in this model and likely has a role in mediating the glomerular injury. (J Am Soc Nephrol 8: 1838-1844, 1997)
Away with words: commentary on the Atlan–Cohen essay `Immune information, self-organization and meaning'

Drawing on metaphors from linguistics and information theory, Atlan and Cohen challenge us to take a very different view of the immune system, one that engages in constant chatter among the constituents and allows the immune system to arrive at a decision about what to, and not to, destroy. Our commentary responds to this challenge and points out many logical biological flaws in their view. We seem to agree that specificity is important, and that there is some kind of somatic selection process at work to distinguish self from non-self. Our analysis of models depends on the basis of how self and non-self are separated. There are only two possibilities, time or space; and space-based models are all but ruled out. There are two major kinds of time-based model, one based on the time taken for an organism to develop from embryo to adult, the other based on the time taken for a cell to differentiate from one state to another. With so many ambiguities in the metaphors and so little attention to mechanism, the Atlan and Cohen challenge is, we suspect, based on time measured in cell differentiation units. They also make the common mistake of assuming repertoires that are transcendental in size (>10(10)), making it impossible to have a functional immune system in animals smaller than a rabbit--a feature that does not instill confidence in the biological relevance of such models.
In Defense of Long-Term Treatment: On the Vanishing Holding Environment

There are compelling similarities in the caregiving functions of good clinicians and good parents. Both clinicians and parents function best in a supportive environment. Yet many clinicians do not feel supported. They are under relentless pressure to find ever-briefer forms of treatment for all individuals, regardless of the individual's symptoms or circumstances. This pressure is especially distressing for the clinical social worker who, by tradition, has provided therapeutic services for the most-troubled individuals. This article is intended as a supportive gesture for the clinician who is struggling with questions about long-term treatment. Health care trends and contraindications for short-term therapy are addressed. A clinical case is presented.
Preparing for Future Learning with a Tangible User Interface: The Case of Neuroscience

In this paper, we describe the development and evaluation of a microworld-based learning environment for neuroscience. Our system, BrainExplorer, allows students to discover the way neural pathways work by interacting with a tangible user interface. By severing and reconfiguring connections, users can observe how the visual field is impaired and, thus, actively learn from their exploration. An ecological evaluation of BrainExplorer revealed that 1) students who engaged in the open-ended exploration outperformed students who used traditional textbook materials and 2) correctly sequencing activities is fundamental for improving student performance. Participants who used the tabletop first and then studied a text significantly outperformed participants who read a text first and then used the tabletop. Additionally, those results were best predicted by the quality of students' verbalizations while using BrainExplorer. The implications of this study for preparing students for future learning with Tangible User Interfaces are discussed.
Checking correctness of business contracts via commitments

Business contracts tend to be complex. In current practice, contracts are often designed by hand and adopted by their participants after, at best, a manual analysis. This paper motivates and formalizes two aspects of contract correctness from the perspective of the preferences of the agents participating in them. A contract is safe for a participant if participating in the contract would not leave the participant worse off than otherwise. More strongly, a contract is beneficial to a participant if participating in the contract would leave the participant better off than otherwise.This paper seeks to partially automate reasoning about the correctness of formally modeled business contracts. It represents contracts formally as a set of commitments. It motivates constraints on how cooperative agents might value the various states of commitments. Further, it shows that such constraints are consistent and promote cooperation. Lastly, it presents algorithms for checking the safety and guaranteed benefits of a contract.
Contribution of Road Grade to the Energy Use of Modern Automobiles Across Large Datasets of Real-World Drive Cycles

Understanding the real-world power demand of modern automobiles is of critical importance to engineers using modeling and simulation to inform the intelligent design of increasingly efficient powertrains. Increased use of global positioning system (GPS) devices has made large scale data collection of vehicle speed (and associated power demand) a reality. While the availability of real-world GPS data has improved the industry's understanding of in-use vehicle power demand, relatively little attention has been paid to the incremental power requirements imposed by road grade. This analysis quantifies the incremental efficiency impacts of real-world road grade by appending high fidelity elevation profiles to GPS speed traces and performing a large simulation study. Employing a large real-world dataset from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Transportation Secure Data Center, vehicle powertrain simulations are performed with and without road grade under five vehicle models. Aggregate results of this study suggest that road grade could be responsible for 1% to 3% of fuel use in light-duty automobiles.
Oleic Acid–Dependent Modulation of NITRIC OXIDE ASSOCIATED1 Protein Levels Regulates Nitric Oxide–Mediated Defense Signaling in Arabidopsis

The conserved cellular metabolites nitric oxide (NO) and oleic acid (18:1) are well-known regulators of disease physiologies in diverse organism. We show that NO production in plants is regulated via 18:1. Reduction in 18:1 levels, via a genetic mutation in the 18:1-synthesizing gene SUPPRESSOR OF SA INSENSITIVITY OF npr1-5 (SSI2) or exogenous application of glycerol, induced NO accumulation. Furthermore, both NO application and reduction in 18:1 induced the expression of similar sets of nuclear genes. The altered defense signaling in the ssi2 mutant was partially restored by a mutation in NITRIC OXIDE ASSOCIATED1 (NOA1) and completely restored by double mutations in NOA1 and either of the nitrate reductases. Biochemical studies showed that 18:1 physically bound NOA1, in turn leading to its degradation in a protease-dependent manner. In concurrence, overexpression of NOA1 did not promote NO-derived defense signaling in wild-type plants unless 18:1 levels were lowered. Subcellular localization showed that NOA1 and the 18:1 synthesizing SSI2 proteins were present in close proximity within the nucleoids of chloroplasts. Indeed, pathogen-induced or low-18:1-induced accumulation of NO was primarily detected in the chloroplasts and their nucleoids. Together, these data suggest that 18:1 levels regulate NO synthesis, and, thereby, NO-mediated signaling, by regulating NOA1 levels.
Fingerprinting of cytochrome P450 and microsomal epoxide hydrolase gene expression in human blood cells.

To examine the character and variability of human cytochrome P450 (CYP) and microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) gene expression in human blood cells, we used a highly sensitive, quantitative, competitive reverse transcriptase-coupled polymerase chain reaction (QC RT-PCR) assay to assess mRNA profiles for a battery of 8 genes, in peripheral lymphocytes isolated from 10 healthy donors. Of the genes profiled, in lymphocytes CYP2D6 was typically expressed at the highest levels (3.8 x 10(5) molecules/microg total RNA), with CYP2E1 and mEH also maintained at relatively high abundance (1.2 x 10(5) and 1.8 x 10(5) molecules/microg total RNA, respectively). CYP1A1 levels were approximately an order of magnitude lower (3.9 x 10(4) molecules/microg total RNA), followed by CYP2F1 and CYP3A levels that were near the detection limit of the assay. CYP1A2 and CYP2A6/7 mRNAs were not detected in any of the lymphocyte samples. Overall, relatively low levels of inter-individual variation (2- to 6-fold) existed among these endpoint parameters in the subjects tested. To test whether established human blood cell lines were suitable models to assess basal expression and chemical induction responsiveness of these genes, we determined that constitutive CYP and mEH mRNA profiles were essentially conserved across 4 established human blood cell lines, and highly analogous to the basal expression patterns identified in freshly isolated peripheral lymphocytes. mEH protein was detected in all of the cell lines using Western immunoblotting and chemiluminescent visualization, whereas CYP1A1, CYP2D6, CYP2E1 or CYP3A proteins were not detected in these analyses. When blood cell-derived cultures were exposed to the prototypical CYP1A and CYP3A inducers, i.e., beta-naphthoflavone (beta-NF), dexamethasone (DEX) or phenobarbital, generally little or no inductive response was manifested. Thus, the data obtained from this investigation indicate that, although human blood cell lines in general exhibit poor responsiveness to prototypical inducer exposures, the constitutive patterns of CYP and mEH expression in peripheral lymphocytes appear to exhibit relatively low levels of variation among individuals. In addition, these in vivo patterns of expression are well maintained in established cultured blood-cell lines.
Phylogenetics and biogeography of the neotropical fern genera Jamesonia and Eriosorus (Pteridaceae).

Jamesonia and Eriosorus are two traditionally recognized fern genera in the Neotropics that together form a monophyletic group. Molecular phylogenetic analyses for this study suggest, however, that neither genus is itself monophyletic and that several independent lineages with the jamesonia morphotype have each undergone a fairly recent radiation in paramo ecosystems. A robust phylogeny was generated based on sequence data of the nuclear external transcribed spacer (ETS) of 18S-26S rDNA, the plastid gene rps4 and the intergenic spacer rps4-trnS. Several conclusions can be made concerning the evolutionary history and biogeographic patterns of the Jamesonia-Eriosorus complex: (1) "jamesonia" is polyphyletic, making "eriosorus" paraphyletic; (2) all analyses recover three major clades in the Andes; (3) two well-supported clades can be recognized, corresponding to the northern vs. central Andes; and (4) the sister taxon of the Andean radiation is the Brazilian taxon Eriosorus myriophyllus. Jamesonia is a potential example of a recent adaptive radiation because the group is characterized as being morphologically and ecologically diverse and its habitat is of recent origin.
Learning-adaptive control using disturbance-accommodation techniques

A method for improving the performance of adaptive disturbance accommodation control (DAC) controllers by adding a trend-learning capability is described. This modification significantly extends the range of plant parameter perturbations that can be accommodated by the controller. The modified controller, called a learning-adaptive DAC controller, is demonstrated by a worked example and the results of a computer simulation study. The ideas and techniques presented form the foundation for an advance in practical adaptive control using DAC theory. >
Individual differences related to two types of memory errors: word lists may not generalize to autobiographical memory

SUMMARY In two experiments we investigated individual diAerences related to memory errors. In Experiment 1, we conducted an exploratory study of several factors possibly related to the tendency to change source monitoring decisions for an autobiographical memory. We found that only the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) was related to this autobiographical memory error. In Experiment 2, we used both the autobiographical memory task and a word list task as measures of memory. Aspects of the DES were related to errors in both measures and imagery vividness was related to errors in the word list study. The tendency to change a source judgement for an autobiographical memory was not related to the number of errors in a word list task. Performance on word lists may not be a good predictor of an individual’s performance in everyday memory tasks because the two may be based on diAerent underlying processes. #1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurements of nonhomogeneous, directional mechanical properties of articular cartilage in tension.

Abstract The purpose of this investigation is to develop an accurate experimental procedure to measure the elastic properties of articular cartilage in uniaxial tension. Standardized, dumbbell shaped specimens, 250–325 μm thick, were taken from the surface, middle, and deep zones of the articular cartilage at 0°, 45°, and 90° from axis of the cleavage line pattern for the study of the zonal and directional properties of articular cartilage. A total of 75 specimens were tested to failure in this study. The use of a video dimensional analyzer system in this study makes accurate monitoring of the deformation of articular cartilage specimens possible. Nonlinear stress-strain relationships of the articular cartilage samples were mathematically approximated by exponential law similar to Fung (1967). Higher stiffness for the 0° specimens in the surface and middle zones was found. The experimental findings are in general agreement with the interpretations of low magnification scanning electron microscopy.
Glutarimides. III. N-Alkyl and N-aryl-3,3-diethylglutarimides.

Three N-substituted diethylglutarimides have been prepared: 3, 3-diethyl-N-methylglutarimide, 3, 3-diethyl-N-phenylglutarimide, and 3,3-diethyl-N-benzylglutarimide.
Insight into hypoglycemia in pediatric type 1 diabetes mellitus

Hypoglycemia is a common complication of insulin treatment in type 1 diabetes mellitus and can occur in any patient with diabetes when glucose consumption exceeds supply. Many studies have been done to elucidate those factors that predict severe hypoglycemia: younger age, longer duration of diabetes, lower HgbA1c, higher insulin dose, lower Body Mass Index, male gender, Caucasian race, underinsurance or low socioeconomic status, and the presence of psychiatric disorders. Hypoglycemia can affect patients' relationships, occupation, and daily activities such as driving. However, one of the greatest impacts is patients' fear of severe hypoglycemic events, which is a limiting factor in the optimization of glycemic control. Therefore, the importance of clinicians’ ability to identify those patients at greatest risk for hypoglycemic events is two-fold: 1) Patients at greatest risk may be counseled as such and offered newer therapies and monitoring technologies to prevent hypoglycemic events. 2) Patients at lower risk may be reassured and encouraged to improve their glycemic control. Since the risk of long-term complications with poor blood glucose control outweighs the risks of hypoglycemia with good blood glucose control, patients should be encouraged to aim for glucose concentrations in the physiologic range pre- and post-prandially. Advancements in care, including multiple daily injection therapy with analog insulin, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, and continuous glucose monitoring, have each subsequently improved glycemic control and decreased the risk of severe hypoglycemia.
Blog, Blogger, and the Firm: Can Negative Employee Posts Lead to Positive Outcomes?

Consumer-generated media, particularly blogs, can help companies increase the visibility of their products without spending millions of dollars in advertising. Although a number of companies realize the potential of blogs and encourage their employees to blog, a good chunk of them are skeptical about losing control over this new media. Companies fear that employees may write negative things about them and that this may bring significant reputation loss. Overall, companies show mixed response toward negative posts on employee blogs---some companies show complete aversion; others allow some negative posts. Such mixed reactions toward negative posts motivated us to probe for any positive aspects of negative posts. In particular, we investigate the relationship between negative posts and readership of an employee blog. In contrast to the popular perception, our results reveal a potential positive aspect of negative posts. Our analysis suggests that negative posts act as catalyst and can exponentially increase the readership of employee blogs, suggesting that companies should permit employees to make negative posts. Because employees typically write few negative posts and largely write positive posts, the increase in readership of employee blogs generally should be enough to offset the negative effect of few negative posts. Therefore, not restraining negative posts to increase readership should be a good strategy. This raises a logical question: what should a firm's policy be regarding employee blogging? For exposition, we suggest an analytical framework using our empirical model.
Hordeola and chalazia.

1. C. Lederman, MD* 2. M. Miller, MD* 1. 2. *Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC 1. Conservative Treatment of Chalazia . Perry HD, Serniuk RA. Ophthalmology . 1980;87:218-221 [OpenUrl][1][PubMed][2] 2. Ophthalmic Surgical Procedures . Hersh PS. 1988:33-35 Little-Brown& Co Boston, Mass 3. Intralesional Corticosteroid Therapy of Chalazia . Pizzarello LD, Jacobiec FA, Hofeldt AJ. Am J Ophthalmol . 1978;85:818-821 [OpenUrl][3][PubMed][4][Web of Science][5] 4. Lids . Hoyt C, Lambert S. In: Taylor D, ed. Pediatric Ophthalmology . 1990:153-154 Blackwell Scientific Publiations Boston, Mass Hordeola and chalazia are the most common acquired lid lesions in childhood. Their sites of origin are the sebaceous glands of the eyelids—the meibomian glands and the glands of Zeis. These holocrine glands produce a lipid material that normally forms the superficial layer of the tear film. There are 20 to 30 meibomian glands in the upper lid and 10 to 20 in the lower. They are embedded in the tarsal plate, the collagenous supporting structure of the lids, and are independent of hair follicles. The glands of Zeis are associated with eyelash follicles. A hordeolum, commonly referred to as a stye, is formed by the infection of a meibomian (internal hordeolum) or Zeis (external hordeolum) gland. … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DOphthalmology%26rft.stitle%253DOphthalmology%26rft.aulast%253DPerry%26rft.auinit1%253DH.%26rft.volume%253D87%26rft.issue%253D3%26rft.spage%253D218%26rft.epage%253D221%26rft.atitle%253DConservative%2Btreatment%2Bof%2Bchalazia%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F7422261%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=7422261&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fpedsinreview%2F20%2F8%2F283.atom [3]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DAmerican%2Bjournal%2Bof%2Bophthalmology%26rft.stitle%253DAm%2BJ%2BOphthalmol%26rft.aulast%253DPizzarello%26rft.auinit1%253DL.%2BD.%26rft.volume%253D85%26rft.issue%253D6%26rft.spage%253D818%26rft.epage%253D821%26rft.atitle%253DIntralesional%2Bcorticosteroid%2Btherapy%2Bof%2Bchalazia.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F677208%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=677208&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fpedsinreview%2F20%2F8%2F283.atom [5]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=A1978FE64300011&link_type=ISI