cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of uterine function on embryonic and fetal survival

The secretion rate of growth factors and the delivery rate of nutrients by the uterus to the conceptus affects the growth rate, development, and survival of the conceptus. For most growth factors and nutrients, passage into the uterus is not simply controlled by diffusion. Many growth factors are products of uterine tissue. Transport of some nutrients is aided by specific transporter molecules on the uterine endometrial epithelial cell, whereas others (e.g., retinol, iron, and folate) are incorporated into uterine-secreted proteins (e.g., retinol binding protein, uteroferrin, and folate binding protein). The rate of production of these proteins during pregnancy profoundly affects pregnancy outcome. Uterine gland knockout experiments in sheep demonstrate that pregnancy fails in the absence of uterine glands, the source of many uterinesecreted proteins. In pigs, both global and specific effects of uterine products on aspects of conceptus development can influence litter size. The provision of growth factors and nutrients by the uterus plays a role in en
Tests of Special Relativity

With the mass-energy \(m=E(v=0)/c^{2}\) relation, all pivotal properties of special relativity have been now derived and we consider the related status of SR tests. 1) There are direct tests exploring i) the speed of light in different context, ii) the time dilation, iii) the body contraction, and iv) mass-energy relation. 2) The Michelson-Morley experiment tests indirectly body-contraction and more generally the relativity principle and aether properties. 3) Another family of tests addresses the verification of the Lorentz coordinate transformation. 4) We describe the Doppler effect tests which test relativity per se. We close with a discussion of time and how it is different from space.
Electrically controlled reconfigurable metadevice employing nanostructured vanadium dioxide

We demonstrate a near infrared metadevice modulator using VO2 nanostructures. This device exhibits a modulation depth up to 33%, wavelength shift of 360 nm, and 1.27 ms recovery time when VO2 undergoes a semiconductor-to-metal phase change.
COMPASS| Who’s Behind That Political Ad? The FCC’s Online Political Files and Failures in Sponsorship Identification Regulation

This article examines the role of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in regulating political advertising on broadcast television. In the wake of an extension of reporting to include radio, satellite, and cable providers, this study examines the extent to which reporting requirements have been upheld in the established Online Public Inspection File (OPIF) particularly regarding the full identification of sponsors of political ads. Through an exploration of filings by broadcasters in four states, clear sponsorship identification filing was found to be lacking. Research revealed a number of administrative and regulatory problems in the filing and uploading of political files that undermines the OPIF’s ability to be used as (a) a public tool for transparency, (b) data for researchers and watchdog groups, and (c) a vital instrument for FCC oversight. Recommendations for future changes to both the structure of the OPIF and for sponsorship identification regulations are discussed.
“We’re forgotten”: The shaping of place attachment and collective action in Detroit’s 48217 neighborhood

Communities that experience severe disinvestment represent unique political spheres in their mobilization against loss of amenities and simultaneous place attachment to such geographies. 48217, a p...
Rapid Crop Cover Mapping for the Conterminous United States.

Timely crop cover maps with sufficient resolution are important components to various environmental planning and research applications. Through the modification and use of a previously developed crop classification model (CCM), which was originally developed to generate historical annual crop cover maps, we hypothesized that such crop cover maps could be generated rapidly during the growing season. Through a process of incrementally removing weekly and monthly independent variables from the CCM and implementing a ‘two model mapping’ approach, we found it viable to generate conterminous United States-wide rapid crop cover maps at a resolution of 250 m for the current year by the month of September. In this approach, we divided the CCM model into one ‘crop type model’ to handle the classification of nine specific crops and a second, binary model to classify the presence or absence of ‘other’ crops. Under the two model mapping approach, the training errors were 0.8% and 1.5% for the crop type and binary model, respectively, while test errors were 5.5% and 6.4%, respectively. With spatial mapping accuracies for annual maps reaching upwards of 70%, this approach demonstrated a strong potential for generating rapid crop cover maps by the 1st of September.
Oxidation-specific epitopes restrain bone formation

Atherosclerosis and osteoporosis are epidemiologically linked and oxidation specific epitopes (OSEs), such as phosphocholine (PC) of oxidized phospholipids (PC-OxPL) and malondialdehyde (MDA), are pathogenic in both. The proatherogenic effects of OSEs are opposed by innate immune antibodies. Here we show that high-fat diet (HFD)-induced bone loss is attenuated in mice expressing a single chain variable region fragment of the IgM E06 (E06-scFv) that neutralizes PC-OxPL, by increasing osteoblast number and stimulating bone formation. Similarly, HFD-induced bone loss is attenuated in mice expressing IK17-scFv, which neutralizes MDA. Notably, E06-scFv also increases bone mass in mice fed a normal diet. Moreover, the levels of anti-PC IgM decrease in aged mice. We conclude that OSEs, whether produced chronically or increased by HFD, restrain bone formation, and that diminished defense against OSEs may contribute to age-related bone loss. Anti-OSEs, therefore, may represent a novel therapeutic approach against osteoporosis and atherosclerosis simultaneously.
Relatively relaxed proximal point algorithms for generalized maximal monotone mappings and Douglas-Rachford splitting methods

The theory of maximal set-valued monotone mappings provide a powerful framework to the study of convex programming and variational inequalities. Based on the notion of relatively maximal relaxed monotonicity, the approximation solvability of a general class of inclusion problems is discussed, while generalizing most of investigations on weak convergence using the proximal point algorithm in a real Hilbert space setting. A well-known method of multipliers of constrained convex programming is a special case of the proximal point algorithm. The obtained results can be used to generalize the Yosida approximation, which, in turn, can be applied to generalize first-order evolution equations to the case of evolution inclusions. Furthermore, we observe that the Douglas-Rachford splitting method for finding the zero of the sum of two monotone operators is a specialization of the proximal point algorithm as well. This allows a further generalization and unification of a wide range of convex programming algorithms.
Distributed, Play-Based Role Assignment for Robot Teams in Dynamic Environments

The design of a coordination strategy for a distributed robotic team is challenging in domains with high uncertainty and dynamic environments. We present a distributed, play-based role assignment algorithm that has been implemented on real robots in the RoboCup four-legged league. The algorithm allows the robots to adapt their strategy based on the current state of the environment, the game, and the behavior of opponents. The distributed play-based approach also enables the robots to reason about task-based temporal constraints and has been designed to be resistant to the problem of role oscillation.
Smoking prevalence among perinatal women: the role of socioeconomic status, race, and ethnicity.

Baseline data were collected as part of an intervention project designed to reduce substance abuse among pregnant and postpartum women in Waterbury. Personal interviews, including questions on smoking behavior were conducted with a sample of 503 perinatal women. African American and Hispanic women represented respectively 11.8% and 10.2% of the population. Twenty-six percent of respondents reported they smoked cigarettes during pregnancy which exceeds the nationally comparable rate of 19.1%. Socioeconomic status was a stronger predictor of smoking status than other sociodemographic variables. Logistic regression analysis showed that lower socioeconomic status women were 3.7 times (P < .001) more likely to smoke during pregnancy than their higher status counterparts. Hispanics were 70% (P < .01) less likely to smoke than Whites and there were no significant differences between respondents based on race, marital status, age, or source of prenatal care. The authors conclude that smoking during pregnancy continues to be a major problem requiring multifaceted interventions and attention to underlying structural factors.
Selection-induced differences among Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic strains

19 INTRODUCTION 21 MATERIALS AND METHODS 23 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 28 CONCLUSIONS 60 REFERENCES CITED 61 SECTION II. STABILITY ANALYSIS 63 ABSTRACT 64 INTRODUCTION 66 MATERIALS AND METHODS 69 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 74 CONCLUSIONS 9264 INTRODUCTION 66 MATERIALS AND METHODS 69 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 74 CONCLUSIONS 92 REFERENCES CITED 9 3 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION 96 ADDITIONAL REFERENCES CITED 99 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 104 APPENDIX 106
Negative Responses to Taxes: Causes and Mitigation:

Improving tax attitudes and mitigating the effects of negative tax attitudes can help policy makers fund government operations and gain support from citizens. Beliefs both about tax payments (e.g.,...
Overstanding Idren: Special features of Rasta Talk morphology

Abstract This study examines two distinctive neologistic processes within Rasta Talk. (1) Overstanding is morphological refashioning of a word that replaces morphemes (actual or perceived) which are misaligned with respect to the connotations of the word itself. Thus the word understanding, bearing positive connotations, is repaired by transforming the negatively mis-connotating sub-component under- into over-. (2) Iformation is the targeting of (depending on a word’s structure) either the first syllable or the first segment for replacement by /ai/ or /j/; e.g. ancient and food become I-cient and yood, respectively. These two processes contribute greatly to the salient properties of Rasta Talk, and involve a large degree of complexity which merits detailed scrutiny.
Quality of Life and Mental Health in Older Adults with Obesity and Frailty: Associations with a Weight Loss Intervention

To examine the bi-directional associations of a weight loss intervention with quality of life and mental health in obese older adults with functional limitations. Combined-group analyses of secondary variables from the MEASUR-UP randomized controlled trial. Academic medical center. Obese community-dwelling men and women (N = 67; age ≥60; BMI ≥30) with functional limitations (Short Physical Performance Battery [SPPB] score of 4–10 out of 12). Six-month reduced calorie diet at two protein levels. Weight, height, body composition, physical function, medical history, and mental health and quality of life assessments (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale [CES-D]; Profile of Mood States [POMS], Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI]; Perceived Stress Scale [PSS]; Satisfaction with Life Scale [SWLS]; and Short Form Health Survey [SF-36]) were acquired at 0, 3 and 6 months. Physical composite quality of life (SF-36) improved significantly at 3 months (β = 6.29, t2,48 = 2.60, p = 0.012) and 6 months (β = 10.03, t2,48 = 4.83, p < 0.001), as did several domains of physical quality of life. Baseline depression symptoms (CES-D and POMS) were found to predict lower amounts of weight loss; higher baseline sleep latency (PSQI) and anger (POMS) predicted less improvement in physical function (SPPB). The significant bi-directional associations found between a weight loss intervention and mental health/quality of life, including substantial improvements in physical quality of life with obesity treatment, indicate the importance of considering mental health and quality of life as part of any weight loss intervention for older adults.
Voluntary wheel running prevents salt-induced endothelial dysfunction: role of oxidative stress.

Our data suggest that voluntary wheel running can prevent impairments in endothelium-dependent relaxation in the femoral artery of rats fed a high-salt diet. This appears to be independent of blood...
Mathematics for the Learning Disabled Child in the Regular Classroom.

Difficulties in mathematics are often the results of maladaptive behaviors or symptoms of underlying deficits in cognitive skills such as auditory memory, visual-motor coordination, or perception of spatial relationships. These problems can influence a child's normal development in such areas as number comprehension, ability to perform mathematical operations, and understanding of quantitative concepts. Mathematical difficulties can occur in combination with problems in reading and writing but, unfortunately, a large number of learning disabled children with disabilities only in mathematics do not receive the necessary special services "due to reliance on reading assessment scores as the sole or main criterion for referral for services" (Badian 1983, 235), and thus these services remain the responsibility of the regular classroom teachers. The purpose of this article is to assist these teachers to recognize problems in mathematics that are often demonstrated by students with suspected or diagnosed learning disabilities and to suggest remedial and compensatory techniques to help these teachers cope with such problems. Since inappropriate behaviors have such a heavy impact on the classroom as well as on the individual
Comparing the performance of three data-weighting methods when allowing for time-varying selectivity

How to properly weight composition data is an important ongoing research topic for fisheries stock assessments, and multiple methods for weighting composition data have been developed. Although sev...
Ellis Kerley's service to the military.

The purpose of this paper is to present the contributions Ellis Kerley has made to the United States Department of Defense in the area of forensic anthropology. His service began at the end of the Korean War in the identification laboratory established in Kokura, Japan, under the direction of T.D. Stewart. Ellis developed his research on the quantification of cortical bone microstructure as a means of age estimation while at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. In December 1985, Ellis was asked by the Army to form a commission to evaluate the Central Identification Laboratory, HI (CILHI). This lab is tasked with the mission of search and recovery and identification of American personnel killed or listed as missing from past military conflicts. Ellis's team reviewed the identification process and documentation, the qualifications of lab personnel, the adequacy of facilities and equipment, and some questionable cases. Their written report was supplemented with testimony in front of congressional committees. Ellis served as scientific director of CILHI from 1987 until 1991. In addition to overseeing the daily case work, he led several missions to Vietnam to examine human remains and served as spokesman for the lab. His input helped the lab gain needed scientific credibility. Despite the frustrations of trying to identify human remains within the Army's casualty and memorial affairs system, Ellis always maintained the utmost dignity, compassion, and respect for the victims and their families.
Extended-Interval Dosing of Rezafungin against Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus.

We evaluated extended-interval dosing of the investigational echinocandin rezafungin (1, 4, and 16 mg/kg on days 1, 4, and 7 postinoculation) for the treatment of disseminated invasive aspergillosis caused by azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus. Survival was significantly improved in mice treated with each dose of rezafungin and supratherapeutic posaconazole (20 mg/kg twice daily). Kidney fungal burden, as measured by quantitative real-time PCR, was also significantly reduced in mice treated with rezafungin although variability was observed.
A review of CBRN topics related to military and civilian patient exposure and decontamination

Chemical and biological (CB) warfare have long been practiced, and although these types of warfare are not acceptable in modern times, this does not prevent them from occurring. This makes it important for societies to be able to appropriately respond to these events, including the best way to decontaminate victims to keep them and emergency responders safe. Decontamination methods such as chemical, physical, wet, and dry methods are discussed, as well as their downsides. Secondary contamination, which played a significant role in the Tokyo sarin attacks, has long been noted by anecdotal evidence, although it has been little studied. Biological agents cause more problems after infection has taken place, and thus preventing the spread of infection is the largest concern. There are many differences between military and civilian populations, and the response to mass casualty attacks differs accordingly. There are several emerging technologies that can make this process easier on all parties, such as bioscavengers, antitoxins, and color changing bleach for visualization. A reliable way to quantify decontamination is also needed, which would allow for better care of victims both in normal hospital situations, as well as during aeromedical transport. In addition, several gaps were identified, such as the lack of scientific basis for 90 percent reduction during decontamination, a way to quantify decontamination, and the lack of studies on toxic industrial chemicals and secondary contamination.
Debye-Waller Factor in Solid State and Biological Samples

The Debye-Waller factor is discussed as it relates to X-Ray diffraction and to EXAFS.( Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure). The two measure different quantities and are complementary. Biological metalloproteins in solution have a temperature dependence of the EXAFS Debye-Waller factor at the metal site which is similar to that of crystallized small molecules. Expressions for the free energy and entropy contributions of the vibrations that cause the DebyeWaller factor are presented. EXAFS measurements permit one to estimate these contributions. In the metalloprotein hemerythrin that serves to transport and store dioxygen, it is found that a large part of the entropy change as O 2.is released is localized at the active site and is accounted for by changes in the vibrational modes.
“I Don’t Take Care of Kids”: The Appropriateness of Pediatric Orthopedic Transfers

Purpose: This prospective study evaluated 47 consecutive pediatric orthopedic transfer requests to a level 1 trauma center. Each request was assessed using multiple criteria, including the initial injury description, the injury seen upon arrival, treatment needed, and travel distance. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the appropriateness of these transfer requests and whether the injuries required a higher level of care. Methods: A 10-question survey was prospectively utilized for every transfer request phone call received. Due to policy at the trauma center, …
Taking Social Comparison to the Extremes: The Huge-Fish-Tiny-Pond Effect in Self-Evaluations:

People evaluate themselves more favorably when they are a big fish in a little pond than a little fish in a big pond. The present research demonstrates that this tendency is exacerbated in extreme ...
Q fever: a rare but potentially life-threatening zoonotic disease

Q fever can present as a fever of unknown aetiology and can be challenging to diagnose because of the rare incidence. It can present as an acute illness with manifestations, including influenza-like symptoms, hepatitis, pneumonia or chronic disease involving the cardiovascular system. We present a case of a 39-year-old woman in the USA, who developed acute Q fever with associated sepsis and severe hepatitis. She received treatment with recovery from acute infection but currently has symptoms of post Q fever syndrome.
Investigating the effects of duct length and diameter and fuel-injector orifice diameter in a compression-ignition engine equipped with ducted fuel injection

Abstract Ducted fuel injection (DFI) has been shown to be effective at attenuating soot emissions from mixing-controlled compression-ignition engines. Furthermore, simultaneously low soot and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions have been achieved when DFI is combined with simulated exhaust-gas recirculation. Whereas previous studies investigating the effects of duct length and diameter have been conducted in combustion vessels, this is the first such study conducted in an engine. The work presented here quantifies the effects of duct length and diameter using 2- and 3-mm ducts that are 8, 12, and 16 mm long with a four-orifice fuel injector. This study also employs a larger fuel-injector-orifice diameter than has been studied previously. A comparison of 0.110-mm and 0.175-mm fuel-injector-orifice diameters with a single duct geometry is also presented. This study finds that the larger fuel-injector-orifice diameter provides better soot attenuation when it is used with a larger-diameter duct. The purpose of the larger orifice was to achieve a higher load than has been reported in previous DFI studies, namely 13.4 bar gross indicated mean effective pressure.
Taxing the Top 100: U.S. Estimates of Winners and Losers From Pillar One Amount A

The October 2020 Pillar One proposal by the OECD/Inclusive Framework (IF) is designed to shift some portion of the global pre-tax profits of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in automated digital services (ADS) and consumer-facing businesses (CFB) to Market jurisdictions where ADS and CFB revenues are generated. In April 2021, the U.S. government proposed that the OECD/IF reframe Amount A, broadening its industry scope from ADS and CFB to all industries and limiting the number of in-scope businesses to the world’s 100 largest and most profitable MNEs. How would changing the scope of Amount A from ADS and CFB to the top 100 global MNEs affect the likely winner and loser status of MNEs, industries and tax jurisdictions from Amount A? To address this question, I first use Fortune Global 500 data to examine the top 200 MNEs by industry and home country. My results suggest several issues and concerns about how the U.S. proposal to tax the top 100 would work in practice. I then assess the tax base impacts of the U.S proposal using U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) data. Estimates of corporate income tax (CIT) base gains and losses, by country and industry, are provided for jurisdictions that are host countries to MOFAs (majority-owned foreign affiliates with U.S. parents) and are home countries to MOUSAs (U.S. majority-owned affiliates with foreign parents). I conclude that key factors determining winners and losers from Amount A under the U.S. proposal would be: (1) whether MNEs in financial and natural resource industries would be included or excluded from Amount A; (2) how tax base relief would be provided by Residence jurisdictions on territorial CIT systems, in particular, the United States and Europe; and (3) whether tax jurisdictions and MNEs would take advantage of opportunities to engage in Pillar One Tax Games.
Oncogenic gene fusions in nonneoplastic precursors as evidence that bacterial infection can initiate prostate cancer.

Prostate adenocarcinoma is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men worldwide, and the initiating factors are unknown. Oncogenic TMPRSS2:ERG (ERG+) gene fusions are facilitated by DNA breaks and occur in up to 50% of prostate cancers. Infection-driven inflammation is implicated in the formation of ERG+ fusions, and we hypothesized that these fusions initiate in early inflammation-associated prostate cancer precursor lesions, such as proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA), prior to cancer development. We investigated whether bacterial prostatitis is associated with ERG+ precancerous lesions in unique cases with active bacterial infections at the time of radical prostatectomy. We identified a high frequency of ERG+ non–neoplastic-appearing glands in these cases, including ERG+ PIA transitioning to early invasive cancer. These lesions were positive for ERG protein by immunohistochemistry and ERG messenger RNA by in situ hybridization. We additionally verified TMPRSS2:ERG genomic rearrangements in precursor lesions using tricolor fluorescence in situ hybridization. Identification of rearrangement patterns combined with whole-prostate mapping in three dimensions confirmed multiple (up to eight) distinct ERG+ precancerous lesions in infected cases. We further identified the pathogen-derived genotoxin colibactin as a potential source of DNA breaks in clinical cases as well as cultured prostate cells. Overall, we provide evidence that bacterial infections can initiate driver gene alterations in prostate cancer. In addition, our observations indicate that infection-induced ERG+ fusions are an early alteration in the carcinogenic process and that PIA may serve as a direct precursor to prostate cancer.
Human-Animal Relationality: Artistic Travels Through a Subculture’s Imaginations

This chapter fuses reflections on historical bestiaries and on Fraser Stables’ 2013–2014 art installation A Bestiary. Both the historical bestiaries and Stables’ contemporary version investigate the relationship between animals and humans. I am specifically interested in the ways that these bestiaries explore, aestheticize, moralize, and depict the human-animal interface through artistic means. This chapter draws upon artistic work by Joseph Beuys that addresses the human-animal interface and theoretical and contextual references such as the joint writing on the human-animal relationship by Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, and also feminist theorist Donna Haraway’s writings on human–dog companionship. Stables’ A Bestiary is a contemporaneous bestiary. The process and display of this work engages various histories and anachronistic technologies. Leaving current technologies behind, Stables shot footage for the installation on 16 mm film, subsequently scanning the footage and digitally editing it frame-by-frame. The footage depicts animal tattoos on the bodies of mixed martial arts fighters (frequently called cage fighters), captured during fights and training sessions. Echoing the complexity of Stables’ installation—which involves skin, cages, fighting, and control mechanisms—this text investigates postmodern artistic storytelling at the human-animal interface. Within this terrain, this chapter addresses questions of identity, power, and human-animal relationality.
Into Jurassic Air

Taking Wing: Archaeopteryx and the Evolution of Bird Flight. By Pat Shipman . Simon and Schuster, New York, 1998. 336 pp. illus. $25 or C$35. ISBN 0-684-81131-6.
Association of Molecular Pathology Meets Therasense: Analyzing the Unenforceability of Isolated-Sequence-Related Patents for UPenn, Columbia, NYU, Yale, and Emory

37 CFR 1.56 requires disclosure of material information to the United States Patent and Trademark Office ("USPTO" or "PTO") when applying for a patent. This duty is imposed on (1) each inventor; (2) each attorney or agent who prepares or prosecutes the application; and (3) every other person who is substantively involved in the preparation or prosecution of the application and who is associated with the inventor, with the assignee or with anyone to whom there is an obligation to assign the application. Thus, for academic institutions, those who handle patent prosecution for the institution are bound by this duty to disclose, and the failure to disclose material information can result in unenforceability of the entire patent and its corresponding family of patents. In Association of Molecular Pathologists v. United States Patent and Trademark Office, plaintiffs employed by the University of Pennsylvania ("UPenn"), Columbia University ("Columbia"), New York University ("NYU"), Yale University ("Yale"), and Emory University ("Emory") submitted affidavits and pleadings, making arguments expressly stating that patents relating to isolated genes should not be patentable. To the extent that these plaintiffs are also inventors on isolated-sequence-related patents, the statements in their court filings contain information that is material to the patentability of their own isolated-sequence-related inventions. Thus, the failure of these inventors to disclose their court-filed statements to the USPTO exposes their isolated-sequence-related patents to unenforceability challenges based on inequitable conduct. Furthermore, if those who handle patent prosecution for Yale, Emory, UPenn, Columbia, and NYU are aware of their own inventors' affidavits and pleadings, which are material to the patentability of gene-related patents, then each of those individuals likewise has an obligation to disclose those inventors' affidavits in every pending isolated-sequence-related patent application before the USPTO. The failure to disclose the contents of those affidavits and pleadings exposes these institutions' isolated-sequence-related patents to unenforceability challenges based on inequitable conduct. This paper examines the extent to which the isolated-sequence-related patents for Yale, Emory, Columbia, UPenn, and NYU are susceptible to allegations of inequitable conduct.
The Imperialism of American Constitutional Law

This Book Review examines the ways in which comparative constitutional law scholarship has, to this point, been dominated by the same concerns and issues which predominate domestic American constitutional law scholarship.
Nationalizing Ethical Standards for Securities Lawyers.

In his article, The Corporate/Securities Attorney as a Moving Target - Client Fraud Dilemmas, Marc Steinberg does an outstanding job of identifying the complex and significant ethical issues currently confronting securities lawyers. In this article, I attempt to explore the important legal and political implications of Professor Steinberg's salient points. First, the article places the absence of an independent obligation of an attorney to blow-the-whistle on a client in the context of evolving federal securities law precedent. Although the Seventh Circuit was unwilling to create a federal common law obligation to blow the whistle, other circuits have come close to doing so, creating a patchwork of judicial authority on ethical questions. Second, the article argues that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and the SEC Rules promulgated pursuant to its authority, may indeed impose upon attorneys a federal duty to disclose client confidences in certain situations. Third, the article observes that the creation of such a federal duty is consistent with a broader trend in securities law jurisprudence toward the creation of national standards. Finally, the article also suggests that an attorney's breach of the newly-created federal duty to blow-the-whistle on the client could itself give rise to a viable private right of action for securities fraud.
On the Alkylation of Amino Acid Residues at the Active Site of Ribonuclease

Abstract Ribonuclease A has been subjected to reaction at pH 8.5 with a series of homologous α-bromo acids and with iodoacetamide. At this pH, carboxyalkylation occurs predominantly at the 3 amino acid residues which have been implicated in the catalytic function of the enzyme: histidine-12, histidine-119, and lysine-41. The histidine reactions proceed at rates which vary from 3 to 25% of those observed at pH 5.5. The extent of reaction at the three positions is dependent upon the structure of the alkylating agent. In the reaction with bromoacetate, the derivative alkylated at lysine-41 accounts for the major proportion of the reaction products, while with d-α-bromo-n-butyrate, histidine-12 is the predominant site of alkylation. In general, the reactions at the histidine residues display the same stereospecificity toward a reagent at pH 8.5 as observed at pH 5.5; reagents of the d configuration favor reaction at histidine-12, while their l antipodes alkylate the 119-position preferentially. No selectivity for the optical isomers of a given reagent is observed for the alkylation of lysine-41. Alkylation of the enzyme with iodoacetamide at pH 8.5 yields a complex mixture of products of which, in the initial stages of the reaction, the derivatives mono- and dicarboxamidomethylated at lysine-41 are prominent. The three products substituted at lysine-41 that have been characterized, namely the carboxymethyl, the carboxamidomethyl, and the dicarboxamidomethyl derivatives, all are essentially inactive. The active site histidine residues in the carboxymethyllysine-41 and carboxamidomethyllysine-41 derivatives react with bromoacetate at pH 5.5 at rates, respectively, 0.8 and 0.25 that of native ribonuclease. The effect of the 41-substituent is in each case to depress the alkylation of histidine-12 in relation to that at histidine-119. These findings indicate that although the chemical modification of lysine-41 inactivates ribonuclease, it does not substantially inhibit the alkylation of the histidine residues which have been implicated as part of the active site of the enzyme. From the information currently available, a tentative working model has been proposed for the spatial relationships of the chemically reactive nitrogen atoms of histidine-12, histidine-119, and lysine-41 in ribonuclease.
Human myenteric plexus: confirmation of unfamiliar structures in adults and neonates.

Abstract To define the myenteric plexus along the human gastrointestinal tract, we studied three neonatal and six adult specimens, postmortem, by silver impregnation. There were no clear differences between the neonatal and the adult gastrointestinal tracts. In the body of the esophagus, the plexus was sparse, with few ganglia; 30%–40% of fascicular intersections were devoid of ganglia. In the lower 5 cm, the esophagus had thick bundles of nerve fibers ("shunt fascicles"), which crossed the gastroesophageal junction and radiated to the periphery of the stomach through several branches. The plexus in the stomach was uniform, with intermediate and intrafascicular ganglia. A thick nerve bundle encircled the pylorus and gave branches on either side to the antrum and the duodenum. Shunt fascicles in the stomach did not cross the pylorus but extended to the distal antrum. In the duodenum and proximal jejunum, the plexus was regular, but in the midsmall intestine, the longitudinal interganglionic fascicles were more prominent than the circumferential fascicles. Distally, this pattern was reversed; circumferential fascicles were more prominent and ganglia were dense in the terminal ileum. Thin, short shunt fascicles were scattered along the entire small intestine, becoming more abundant in the terminal ileum. Short, thick shunt fascicles traveled proximally from the ileocecal junction for about 25–30 cm. As in the stomach, shunt fascicles did not cross the ileocecal junction, but a thick nerve bundle encircled it. In the cecum and proximal colon, the plexus was sparse with large intermediate and intrafascicular ganglia. In the rectum and distal colon, the plexus was dense, with parafascicular and intrafascicular ganglia. Long ascending nerves extended from the distal rectum into the midcolon. In addition, there were short, thick nerve bundles in the rectum that traveled proximally.
Drosophila TRP Channels

The transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily comprises a large group of related cation channels that display surprising diversity in the specific modes of activation and cation selectivities. However, a unifying theme is that many TRP channels play important roles in sensory physiology. The superfamily includes 28 mammalian members, which are subdivided into multiple subfamilies. Each of these subfamilies is represented by at least one of the 13 members in Drosophila, suggesting common evolutionary relationships. In recent years it has become clear that TRP channels in flies and mammals participate in similar sensory modalities. These include, but are not limited to, hearing, thermosensation, and certain specialized types of vision. With the recent flurry of new studies, 9 out of the 13 TRPs have been addressed in various contexts. As a result, the repertoire of biological roles attributed to Drosophila TRPs has increased considerably and is likely to lead to many additional surprises over the next few years.
Technetium-labelled red blood cell scintigraphy: is it useful in acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding?

Radionuclide scintigraphy is commonly utilized as a screening examination before performing more invasive procedures in the work-up of patients with lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. We reviewed our institutional experience with technetium-labelled red blood cell scintigraphy (TRCS) in detecting and localising acute lower GI bleeding. The study group included 72 patients who had 80 red cell scans over a five year period. Thirty-eight scans were positive (47.5%), and 42 were negative (52.5%). Sites of lower GI bleeding were confirmed by endoscopy, arteriography, surgery and/or pathology in 22 of the 38 positive scans. There were four false-negative scans (9.5%). The overall sensitivity and specificity of TRCS in detecting lower GI bleeding was 84.6% (22/26) and 70.4% (38/54), respectively. The accuracy of localization of bleeding sites in the patients with confirmed positive scans was 72.7% (16/22). Thirty mesenteric arteriograms were performed on patients in this series. Eleven arteriograms were performed after negative TRCS; one was positive. Technetium-labelled red blood cell scintigraphy appears to be a useful screening examination for patients with lower GI bleeding who are hemodynamically stable. This may avoid the potential morbidity of arteriography in patients who are not actively bleeding.
Landscape‐scale vegetation dynamics inferred from spatial patterns of soil δ13C in a subtropical savanna parkland

[1] Grasslands and savannas around the world have experienced woody plant encroachment during the past 100 years, but we know little regarding the manner in which woody plants spread across the landscape. We used soil δ 13 C, aerial photography, and geostatistics to quantify patterns of woody encroachment in a 160 x 100 m georeferenced grid subdivided into 10 × 10 m cells in a savanna parkland landscape in southern Texas. δ 13 C contour maps revealed that centers of closed contours coincided with centers of woody patches, and that larger woody patches developed from smaller woody plant clusters that spread laterally and coalesced. Areas where woody patches were expanding into grassland were characterized by low densities of soil δ 13 C contour lines, and indicated the direction and extent of woody encroachment. Conversely, areas with high contour densities represented grassland-woodland boundaries that were temporally stable. Indeed, aerial photos from 1930, 1941, 1982, and 2003 confirmed that woody patches with low spatial variability in δ 13 C corresponded to areas where woody plants had encroached during the past 30―75 years. While aerial photos can only record vegetation cover at the photo acquisition time, kriged maps of soil δ 13 C allowed us to accurately reconstruct long-term temporal dynamics of woody plant encroachment into grassland. This approach can reliably reconstruct landscape-scale vegetation changes in areas where historical aerial photography or satellite imagery are unavailable and provides a strong spatial context for studies aimed at understanding the functional consequences of vegetation change.
Preferential transport of nickel and cupric ions through cation exchange membrane in electrodialysis with a complex agent

Abstract The preferential transport of nickel and cupric ions through cation exchange membranes was studied with electrodialysis in chloride solutions containing a complex agent. Citric acid and glycine were employed as complex agents in order to increase the permselectivity of metal ions. The experimental results show that the permselectivity coefficient, TNiCu, increases as the stoichiometric ratio of a complex agent to metal ions, Φ, and the pH value of complex solutions increase, but decreases as the current density increases. Based on the Nernst-Planck equation and interfacial quasi-equilibrium hypothesis, a theoretical approach is obtained from numerical calculation and found to be consistent with the experimental results as the current density ranging from 0-1.5 mA/cm2 and Φ ranging from 0–0.5.
Impairment of IGF-I expression and anabolic signaling following ischemia/reperfusion in skeletal muscle of old mice.

With the advancement of age, skeletal muscle undergoes a progressive decline in mass, function, and regenerative capacity. Previously, our laboratory has reported an age-reduction in recovery and local induction of IGF-I gene expression with age following tourniquet (TK)-induced skeletal muscle ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). In this study, young (6 mo) and old (24–28 mo) mice were subjected to 2 hours of TK-induced ischemia of the hindlimb followed by 1, 3, 5, or 7 days of reperfusion. Real time-PCR analysis revealed clear age-related reductions and temporal alterations in the expression of IGF-I and individual IGF-I Ea and Eb splice variants. ELISA verified a reduction of IGF-I peptide with age following 7 days recovery from TK. Western blotting showed that the phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR, and FoxO3, all indicators of anabolic activity, were reduced in the muscles of old mice. These data indicate an age-related impairment of IGF-I expression and intracellular signaling does exist following injury, and potentially has a role in the impaired recovery of skeletal muscle with age.
Nonperiodicity implies unique composition for self-similar translationally finite Tilings

Let T be a translationally finite self-similar tiling of Rd. We prove that if T is nonperiodic, then it has the unique composition property. More generally, T has the unique composition property modulo the group of its translation symmetries.
Flow cytometry is becoming an indispensable tool in leukemia diagnosis and classification.

Morphological changes and cytochemical reactions have been the main foundation used by hematologists and pathologists to determine the presence of and to classify neoplastic cells in blood and bone marrow. Light microscopy is relatively inexpensive and remains a simple procedure available in all hospitals and most clinics. With the microscope and a few colorful, albeit not necessarily biologically relevant, dyes, we have been trained to diagnose and classify leukemias following schemes that serve as general guidelines for therapy and prediction of patient outcomes. It is assumed that this practice is adequate for patient management. However, no one would argue that microscopic observations suffer from some degree of subjectivity and dependence on observers' training and experience. Also, one must admit that classification schemes that are based on conventional microscopy are often arbitrary and diagnostic criteria are not always reproducible.
Orbital Dysmorphology in Unilateral Coronal Synostosis

Abstract Unilateral coronal synostosis (UCS) produces overt craniofacial dysmorphology. UCS surgery in infancy aims to release the osseous restriction and normalize the fronto-orbital deformity. The quantitative effect of this surgery on the orbit and its contents is unknown. This study was conducted to quantify the preoperative orbital dysmorphology and its surgical outcome in patients with unilateral coronal synostosis. Twenty-eight UCS patients had preoperative three-dimensional computerized tomographic (CT) scans (at mean age 4.0 months), cranio-orbital reconstructive surgery (at 4.7 months), and postoperative scans (at 18.1 months). The CT data were analyzed using a computer workstation and AnalyzeTM(??) biomedical imaging software. Four measurements were performed on both ipsilateral (same side as synostosis) and contralateral (opposite to synostosis) orbits of each scan: orbital index (OI, 100 × height/width of orbit), orbital cavity volume (OV), ocular globe volume (GV), and ventral globe index (V...
Multistate Kets for the Hydrogen Molecule

Ab initio calculations for the multistate ket associated with the pair of molecular states arising from thc lowest-lying separated-atom limit are carried out. Comparison with the usual variational approach is made. Computational advantages, including the avoidance of multicenter exchange integrals, are discussed. (auth)
Solution structure and thermodynamic investigation of the HIV-1 frameshift inducing element.

Expression of the HIV reverse transcriptase and other essential viral enzymes requires a −1 translational frameshift. The frameshift event is induced by two highly conserved RNA elements within the HIV-1 mRNA: a UUUUUUA heptamer known as the slippery sequence, and a downstream RNA structure. Here, we report structural and thermodynamic evidence that the HIV-1 frameshift site RNA forms a stem-loop and lower helix separated by a three-purine bulge. We have determined the structure of the 45 nucleotide frameshift site RNA using multidimensional heteronuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods. The upper helix is highly thermostable (Tm>90 °C), forming 11 Watson–Crick base-pairs capped by a stable ACAA tetraloop. The eight base-pair lower helix was found to be only moderately stable (Tm=47 °C). A three-purine bulge separates the highly stable upper helix from the lower helix. Base stacking in the bulge forms a wedge, introducing a 60° bend between the helices. Interestingly, this bend is similar to those seen in a number of frameshift inducing pseudoknots for which structures have been solved. The lower helix must denature to allow the ribosome access to the slippery site, but likely functions as a positioning element that enhances frameshift efficiency.