cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lifetimes of metastable X-ray emitters in helium- and lithium-like chlorine☆

Abstract We have used coincidence techniques to identify the charge states of metastable K X-ray emitters produced in foil excitation of energetic chlorine beams. At 55 MeV the emitting states are found to belong primarily to helium- and lithium-like chlorine ions. Charge-state separated decay curves for these ionic species are characterized by lifetimes of 2.2±0.3 ns and 0.95±0.2 ns for two- and three-electron systems respectively. The corresponding emitting states are thought to be the (1s2p) 3 P 2 0 and ( s 2 s 2 p ) 4 P 5 2 0 levels in helium- and lithium-like chlorine respectively, both of which may radiatively decay by M2 photon emission.
High-power microwave generation from a virtual cathode device.

A relativistic electron-beam-driven virtual-cathode device has produced 500\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}130 MW at 17 GHz and 100\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}30 MW in the band from 30 to 40 GHz on a single typical machine firing. Computer calculations demonstrate that the source of the 17-GHz component is the reflexing of coherent electron bunches between the real and virtual cathodes. Oscillations in the virtual cathode and harmonic generation associated with reflexing electron bunches cause the higher-frequency components.
Spatial inhomogeneity and strong correlation physics: A dynamical mean-field study of a model Mott-insulator–band-insulator heterostructure

We use the dynamical mean field method to investigate electronic properties of heterostructures in which finite number of Mott-insulator layers are embedded in a spatially infinite band-insulator. The evolution of the correlation effects with the number of Mott insulating layers and with position in the heterostructure is determined, and the optical conductivity is computed. It is shown that the heterostructures are generally metallic, with moderately renormalized bands of quasiparticles appearing at the interface between the correlated and uncorrelated regions.
Excitatory and inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter binding sites in the cerebellar cortex of the pigeon (Columba livia)

We used receptor autoradiography to determine the distribution of excitatory and inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter binding sites in the cerebellar cortex of the pigeon (Columba livia), ct-Amino-3hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid, kainate and metabotropic binding sites had highest levels in the molecular layer. N-methyl-t)-aspartate binding sites, assayed with both [3H]glutamate under selective conditions and with [3H]glycine binding to the associated strychnine-insensitive glycine site, had highest levels in the granule cell layer. There was little specific binding of the non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, [3H]MK-801. The level of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A binding sites was higher than GABA-B binding sites in both molecular and granule cell layers with the highest level of GABA-A sites in the granule cell layer. The highest level of GABA-B binding sites was in the molecular layer. [3H]Flunitrazepam binding levels were approximately the same in both molecular and granule cell layers. With the exception of kainate binding sites, the distribution of binding sites was identical to that seen in the cerebellar cortex of mammals. Our results support the concept that the chemoarchitecture of the cerebellar cortex has been conserved in the course of vertebrate evolution.
Endoscopic “no hole” full-thickness biopsy of the stomach to detect myenteric ganglia

Background The etiology of several common gastric motility diseases remains largely unknown. Gastric wall biopsy specimens that include the muscularis propria to evaluate the enteric nervous system, interstitial cells of Cajal, and related cells are essential to promote our understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms. On the basis of our previous work, a double EMR technique provided sufficient tissue to identify myenteric ganglia. A serious limitation to the technique was the resultant gastric wall perforation after tissue resection. The optimal procedure would seal the gastric wall defect before tissue resection, eliminating the risk of peritonitis. Objectives The aims of this study were to (1) determine the technical feasibility and reproducibility of a full-thickness gastric biopsy by use of a novel double EMR technique without creating a perforation ("no hole") and to (2) determine safety of the procedure. Design and Interventions Preclinical study of 6 pigs. Each animal underwent a "no hole" double EMR survival procedure. To prevent perforation, detachable endoloops and prototype T-tag tissue anchors were placed before resection. At 2 weeks repeat endoscopy was performed followed by necropsy. Main Outcome Measurements Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to determine which muscle layers were included in the resected specimen, and an antibody to neuronal nitric oxide synthase was used to visualize myenteric ganglia in the sample. Technical feasibility, reproducibility, and safety of the procedure were evaluated. Results Full-thickness gastric biopsy specimens were obtained from all animals without overt perforation. There were no procedural complications. Histologic examination showed muscularis propria with all layers of muscle present, and immunochemical studies demonstrated myenteric ganglia in all tissue samples. Four animals had an uneventful clinical course, and repeat endoscopy at week 2 showed ulceration with stellate fibrosis. Necropsy showed mild localized adhesions. Two animals were killed at days 3 and 6, respectively, because of suspected peritonitis. At necropsy, delayed perforations at the resection sites were noted with displaced endoloops and tissue anchors. Conclusion This study explored the concept of obtaining deep muscle wall biopsy specimens with use of a unique approach of resection without perforation. The novel "no hole" double EMR technique was technically feasible and reproducible with sufficient tissue obtained to identify myenteric ganglia. However, there was a high delayed perforation rate associated with displaced endoloops and tissue anchors. On the basis of this early experience, improved safety data may be anticipated with future studies using improved tissue closure devices.
TOTimals : a controlled experimental method for studying tip-of-the-tongue states

In empirical studies of the tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon, memory of information learned outside of the laboratory has been examined. Problems with the interpretations of such studies limit the usefulness of this technique for controlled experimentation. Such problems include insufficient control and verification of acquisition and retention factors; not knowing the intended target of the subject’s memory search; and relatively low levels of observed positive TOT states. The present study demonstrates the efficacy of TOTimals—imaginary animals—for inducing TOT states. In two experiments, subjects studied a list of TOTimals and were tested for TOT states as they tried to recall the names, given the TOTimal pictures as cues. High frequencies of reported TOT states (as high as 45%) were observed in both experiments. For unrecalled items, feeling of knowing, recognition of the name, and correct recall of the first letter were higher for names that were in TOT states than for those not in TOT states, validating the subjective TOT report. The experiments demonstrate a powerful new method for examining TOT states.
Stress Induced Preferential Orientation of Pairs of Solute Atoms in Metallic Solid Solution

In a non-stressed cubic crystal the axes of pairs of adjacent solute atoms are randomly orientated along the several permissible crystallographic directions. It is shown that in the presence of a stress the equilibrium orientation is no longer random, but that certain directions become preferred, and it is further shown that the continual striving of the crystal to maintain equilibrium causes it to manifest all the characteristic anelastic effects, stress relaxation, internal friction, etc. In particular, its internal friction will be anomalously high in that temperature range where the time of relaxation for the establishment of equilibrium is comparable with the period of oscillation. The theory is developed for the dependence of anelastic effects upon temperature and upon crystallographic orientation, and it is found that in b.c.c. crystals these effects vanish for a tensile stress applied along one of the 100g axes. The magnitude of the anelastic effects associated with this stress induced preferential orientation may be very large. Thus in alpha-brass past experiments indicate that under optimum conditions the associated internal friction is at least 20 times as large as that due to all other causes.
Commentary on "Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: two decades of progress." Perspectives on "Perspectives".

t m The article by Dr. Zaven Khachaturian is a superb, conise summary of the development of our understanding of ementias in general and of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in articular. It documents that good leadership from the Fedral Government can be part of the solution. It also provides ound counsel on what needs to be done now. As indicated in that article, improvement in the diagnosis f AD or other dementia in the clinical setting is not now a ressing problem. Dementia can be recognized with confience on the basis of medical history (anamenusis) and europsychological testing. Treatable conditions that conribute to cognitive disability can be detected by the nowtandardized dementia workup, given reasonable clinical cumen on the part of the examiner. Serial brain imaging tudies can indicate whether there is evidence of accelerated trophy even before symptoms become debilitating, in time or people to make appropriate practical arrangements. The iagnosis of AD can be made with more than 90% confience on the basis of a careful evaluation, as documented by number of studies in which patients were followed up until utopsy. The course of AD is hard to predict in any indiidual patient, except for the generalization that worse illess tends to progress more rapidly, ie, that the best availble predictor of the future is the past. However, there is no urrent clinical reason to make the diagnosis in the earliest tages of the disease. People in the age range at risk for AD re also at risk for other debilitating illnesses, such as trokes. They should make sound financial and personal lans including a living will and a health care proxy regardess of whether they might be in the early stages of AD. More pressing problems are scientific:
Long-term survival of an extremity composite tissue allograft with FK506–mycophenolate mofetil therapy

Background. High-dose tacrolimus (FK506) monotherapy has significantly prolonged rat hindlimb allograft survival. With an eye toward direct clinical application, we used a large-animal extremity composite tissue allograft model to assess the antirejection efficacy and systemic toxicity of combination FK506-mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) treatment. Methods. Radial forelimb osteomyocutaneous flap transplants were performed between size-matched out-bred pigs assigned to one of two groups: 5 control pigs received no immunosuppression and 9 animals received a once-daily oral FK506-MMF-prednisone regimen. Rejection was assessed by visual inspection of flap skin and was correlated with serial histopathologic examination of skin biopsy specimens. Results. In all control pigs the flap was completely rejected on day 7. Of the 9 pigs receiving treatment, 3 died from pneumonia on days 29, 30, and 83 without signs of rejection and another died from gastric rupture on day 42 with persistent mild rejection. The remaining 5 animals were free of rejection at the end of the 90-day follow-up period (P < 0.005 vs controls). Overall, 5 pigs had pneumonia, 4 septic arthritis, 3 toe abscesses, and 5 diarrhea and decreased weight gain. Conclusions. Combination oral FK506-MMF treatment provided a superior antirejection effect but more produced more toxicity than that previously demonstrated with cyclosporin A-MMF therapy in our model. Our results suggest that reduction ofFK506 or MMF doses might decrease both infectious and drug-specific side effects while still providing adequate prophylaxis against rejection.
A New Method for Acoustic Containerless Processing of Materials

The development of an acoustic positioner, which uses only one acoustic mode in chambers of rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical geometries, for high-temperature containerless processing of materials in space is described. The objective of the single-mode positioner is to develop sufficient acoustic forces to stably localize and manipulate molten materials. In order to attain this goal the transducer power, energy transfer medium, and chamber geometry and dimensions need to be optimized. The use of a variable frequency compression driver or solid-state piezoelectric transducer to optimize these properties is investigated; it is determined that a solid-state transducer would be most applicable for optimizing the positioner. The positioning capabilities of this single-mode positioner are discussed. The dependence of the acoustic forces on temperature and ambient pressure is studied. The development of a levitator to process a molten sample at 1500 C in the space environment using the cylindrical (011) mode is illustrated.
A new scheme for bidirectional WDM-PON using upstream and downstream channels generated by optical carrier suppression and separation technique

We propose a new bidirectional dense wavelength-division-multiplexing (DWDM)-based passive optical network using optical carrier suppression and separation technique to generate both upstream and downstream wavelength channels from a single laser. Thirty-two DWDM channels have been generated, and symmetric 10-Gb/s data transmission of a wavelength pair has been demonstrated.
Ultrafast vibrational spectroscopy of charge-carrier dynamics in organic photovoltaic materials.

Ultrafast vibrational spectroscopy is used to examine the dynamics of interfacial electron transfer, free-carrier formation, and bimolecular charge recombination and trapping in an organic photovoltaic material. The carbonyl (CO) stretch of the functionalized fullerene, PCBM, is probed as a local vibrational reporter of the dynamics in a blend with a conjugated polymer, CN-MEH-PPV. Ultrafast interfacial electron transfer from CN-MEH-PPV to PCBM occurs on time scales ranging from less than 100 fs to 1 ps. PCBM molecules at interfaces with the polymer have carbonyl vibrations that are higher in frequency compared to the ensemble. The frequency variation results in part from a vibrational Stark shift arising from an interfacial dipole formed by spontaneous charge transfer from the polymer to PCBM. The Stark shift provides a means to observe directly the formation of free carriers through the spectral evolution of the carbonyl stretch. Free carrier formation occurs surprisingly quickly on the 1–10 ps time scale, suggesting that the charges experience a smaller effective Coulombic binding energy than expected. The interfacial dipole decreases the Coulombic binding energy because the negative pole of the dipole repels electrons at the PCBM domain interface. Following free-carrier formation, electrons diffuse within the material and become trapped on the microsecond time scale resulting in the formation of a distinct peak in the vibrational spectra. The time scale of charge trapping corresponds to the carrier lifetime of similar PPV-based polymer blends that have been reported in the literature on the basis of transient photocurrent measurements.
What is this Substance? What Makes it Different? Mapping Progression in Students’ Assumptions about Chemical Identity

Given the diversity of materials in our surroundings, one should expect scientifically literate citizens to have a basic understanding of the core ideas and practices used to analyze chemical substances. In this article, we use the term ‘chemical identity' to encapsulate the assumptions, knowledge, and practices upon which chemical analysis relies. We conceive chemical identity as a core crosscutting disciplinary concept which can bring coherence and relevance to chemistry curricula at all educational levels, primary through tertiary. Although chemical identity is not a concept explicitly addressed by traditional chemistry curricula, its understanding can be expected to evolve as students are asked to recognize different types of substances and explore their properties. The goal of this contribution is to characterize students' assumptions about factors that determine chemical identity and to map how core assumptions change with training in the discipline. Our work is based on the review and critical anal...
Ionic Effects on DNA Electrostatic and Elastic Stability

We analyze the ionic dependence of the electrostatic and elastic stability of DNA within the framework of the counterion condensation theory. The ionic free energy difference between the B and Z conformational forms suggests a B->Z transition for short DNA ( B->Z transition for polymeric DNA (Z->B with increasing salt at low salt and B->Z at high salt). The toroidal tertiary shape of superhelical DNA is found to be electrostatically more stable than the interwound form at low ionic strength. We define null DNA as a hypothetical form lacking phosphate charge and conclude by considerations of elastic instability that null DNA is curved (regardless of sequence).
Collapse of non-commutative fuzzy interval logics into point fuzzy logics caused by residuation constraints

This paper continues investigation of systems of fuzzy interval logics based on the Checklist Paradigm semantics of Bandler and Kohout [5] [12]. While the early papers dealt with checklist paradigm based interval systems containing commutative AND and OR, this paper is the third in the series describing the system in which these connective types are non-commutative. While the commutative systems can be sufficiently characterized by an 8-element group of transformations, the non-commutative require the symmetric 16 element group S2×2×2×2. The paper starts with the overview of a non-commutative interval system generated from implication operators based on a measure m2 of Bandler and Kohout by the group transformations provided by the group S2×2×2×2. This system includes the well-known Goguen-Gaines implication operator (PLY) which is not contrapositive. Non-contrapositivity of PLY induces non-commutativity of AND and OR connectives under the group transformations. In this interval system, the non-commutative AND connectives residuate with implication operators only by one-sided residuation, either from the left or from the right. Putting the additional constraint, requiring the residuation both-ways, causes the collapse of an interval system into a point system of fuzzy logic. This collapse is investigated in some detail.
Prospects for a Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Polypill

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) account for one-third of annual global mortality. The aggregated benefits of concurrently controlling common CVD risk factors, such as dyslipidemia and hypertension, in people at overall risk for CVD is postulated to be more efficient than treating each individual risk factor to target. Administration of a polypill consisting of cholesterol-lowering (statins), antihypertensive, and antiplatelet agents together would simultaneously lower multiple risk factors, and applying such a population risk-reduction strategy would drastically reduce CVD incidence. This idea has generated much controversy and debate over the past decade. A few studies have emerged providing early evidence about the safety and efficacy of such a pill, and the results of ongoing and planned studies of outcome are eagerly anticipated. In this article, we review and interpret the existing evidence as well as explore the potential of a polypill for primary and secondary prevention of CVD.
The Nonlinear Behavior of a Post-Buckled Circular Plate

The axisymmetric post-buckling behavior of a circular plate with initial in-plane compression loading is investigated. The von Karman plate equations are solved numerically for a clamped plate and solutions are presented for a range of transverse and in-plane loadings. These solutions can be used to predict the post-buckled behavior of microscale diaphragms. A tradeoff between sensitivity and linearity of post-buckled plates is also discussed.
1W power amplifier MMICs for mm-wave applications

The development of three-power amplifier MMICs covering 18-28GHz, 26-32GHz, and 37-42GHz frequencies separately is described. The amplifiers employed a unique staggered matching technique and single-ended like topology to maximize RF performances on a smallest die-size. The designed power amplifiers exhibit 20dB of small signal gain, more than 30dBm of 1dB gain compression output power with more 20% typical power added efficiency. These MMIC were fabricated in a 6" foundry PHEMT process and have been demonstrated in fully production capability.
High strength nylon micro- and nanofiber based nonwovens via spunbonding

In this study we explore the feasibility of using of islands-in-the-sea (I/S) fibers in the spunbond process to produce relatively high strength micro- and nanofiber webs. The relationships between the number of islands, percent polymer composition, and the fiber and fabric properties are reported. Nylon 6 (N6) and poly (lactic) acid (PLA) were used as the islands and sea polymers, respectively. Micro- and nanofibers were obtained by dissolving PLA polymer from the final spunbond nonwovens. The fibers with 25% N6 showed a decrease in fiber diameter from 1.3 to 0.36 μm (micron) when the number of islands was increased from 36 to 360. The diameter of fibers with 75% N6 showed a decline from 2.3 to 0.5 μm for the same range. Hydroentangling was found to be the preferred method of bonding of the I/S structures; the bonded structures were able to withstand postprocessing steps required for dissolving of the sea from the resulting nonwovens. Hydroentanged micro- and nanofiber based nonwovens demonstrated high tensile and tear properties, which were insensitive to the N6 fiber size and its mechanical properties. Bonding efficiency and web uniformity were found to be dominant factors influencing the fabric performance. Overall, our study demonstrated that the I/S configuration is a promising technique for high speed and high throughput production of strong and light weight nonwovens comprised of micro- and nanofibers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Glucose Oxidase: A Food Protective Mechanism in Social Hymenoptera

The previously suggested protection from microbial attack of ripening nectar by the addition of glucose oxidase by the common honey bee, Apis mellifera L., has been found to occur in 9 other eusocial Hymenoptera from 3 superfamilies. The antibacterial effect results from the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide produced by the enzyme during ripening of the stores.
Switching Metabolic Genes to Build a Better Heart

The heart makes its living by liberating energy from a variety of oxidizable substrates, either simultaneously or vicariously.1 Because of built-in mechanisms that choose the most efficient substrate for a given physiological environment, the heart is a true metabolic omnivore.2 The link between metabolism and function of the heart was discovered by Langendorff3 when he demonstrated that the mammalian heart receives oxygen and nutrients through the coronary circulation and not through the endocardium, as it had been assumed until then. Early investigators also knew already that the heart oxidizes fatty acids and glucose,4 and myocardial fuel economy became a focus of biochemical investigation in the 1960s. Biochemists “discovered” the heart as a convenient bag of enzymes to study muscle metabolism and found that fatty acids suppress glucose oxidation, chiefly at the level of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.5 Conversely, we later found that glucose suppresses fatty acid oxidation,1 chiefly at the level of fatty acid entry into the mitochondria. In short, fuel metabolism in the heart is highly regulated, allowing the heart to respond to substrate availability, circulating hormones (such as insulin or catecholamines), coronary flow, and workload by choosing the “right” substrate at the right moment. Unless blood supply is curtailed, as it is the case in ischemia, the heart is never short of fuel to burn. See p 2125 What is, then, the principle that underlies substrate switching? As every nutritionist knows, fat has a higher caloric value than carbohydrates; at the same time, the oxidation of carbohydrates results in more efficient energy production than the oxidation of fat. The heart readily oxidizes both substances. Substrate switching in the heart is determined by an interaction of control and regulation of the metabolism of energy providing substrates. According to the metabolic control theory,6 …
A Lightweight Tool for Automatically Extracting Causal Relationships from Text

A tool that uses natural language processing techniques to extract causal relations from text and output useful Bayesian network fragments is described. Previous research indicates that a primarily syntactic approach to causal relation detection can yield good results. We used such an approach to identify subject-verb-object triples and then applied various rules to determine which of the triples were causal relations. Overall, precision and recall were low; however, causal relations with a subject-verb-object structure accounted for a low percentage of the total causal relations in the texts we analyzed. Our research shows that additional methods are needed in order to reliably detect explicit causal relations in text
Metal nanocluster metamaterial

We present theoretical and experimental studies on a new metamaterial architecture based on metal nanoclusters. The nanoclusters support magnetic Mie resonance and a nanocluster array may exhibit negative permeability at optical frequencies.
Comparative Phylogenomics Uncovers the Impact of Symbiotic Associations on Host Genome Evolution

Mutualistic symbioses between eukaryotes and beneficial microorganisms of their microbiome play an essential role in nutrition, protection against disease, and development of the host. However, the impact of beneficial symbionts on the evolution of host genomes remains poorly characterized. Here we used the independent loss of the most widespread plant–microbe symbiosis, arbuscular mycorrhization (AM), as a model to address this question. Using a large phenotypic approach and phylogenetic analyses, we present evidence that loss of AM symbiosis correlates with the loss of many symbiotic genes in the Arabidopsis lineage (Brassicales). Then, by analyzing the genome and/or transcriptomes of nine other phylogenetically divergent non-host plants, we show that this correlation occurred in a convergent manner in four additional plant lineages, demonstrating the existence of an evolutionary pattern specific to symbiotic genes. Finally, we use a global comparative phylogenomic approach to track this evolutionary pattern among land plants. Based on this approach, we identify a set of 174 highly conserved genes and demonstrate enrichment in symbiosis-related genes. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that beneficial symbionts maintain purifying selection on host gene networks during the evolution of entire lineages.
Equivalence restrictions and the brillouin condition for hartree–fock wave functions

The Brillouin condition, that matrix elements of single-replacement configuration interaction vanish, is a valuable consequence of the unrestricted Hartree–Fock method. This condition in general is not realized for restricted Hartree–Fock methods although these methods possess certain other practical advantages. The general applicability of the Brillouin condition is analyzed here in a formal manner that provides a useful framework for studying examples in which the condition is only approximately satisfied. A specific application to a symmetry- and equivalence-restricted Hartree–Fock calculation of the 1s-hole state of Ar+ is presented.
How to Evaluate NCAA Success in Attaining its Stated Mission. Implications for Athletes’ Rights and Social Justice

Most major organizations have mission statements that define their purpose or reason for existing. A mission statement is meaningful only if it acts as a unifying force for guiding strategic decision making and achieving long term goals. Well defined mission statements also serve as a yardstick for measuring organizational effectiveness in attaining stated goals. With this is mind, the purpose of this paper is to discuss methods that can be used to determine whether the NCAA is achieving its educational goals or merely using its mission statement as support for an “unrelated business.” Differences between Federal Graduation Rates, Graduation Success Rates, and the Academic Progress Rate are examined. Implications of the NCAA’s statement of purpose for social justice and athletes’ rights are also discussed.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIABILITY IN PHYSICAL GROWTH AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AMONG THIRD AND FIFTH-GRADE CHILDREN

MUCH RESEARCH has been carried on during thepast four decades to determine the relationship between various measures of physical growth and measures of intelligence and of academic achievement. This research has shown rather consistent low positive correlations between measures of physical growth and of mental age or intelligence. These results have been interpreted quite differently by various writers, as represented in Paterson and Olson. Paterson maintains that since childhood is a period of growth, positive corre lations are to be expected but are not evidence of an underlying unity of growth (2). Olson writes that there is an underlying unity of growth which manifests itself in the various aspects of growth, mental as well as physical, and that children tend to grow at a uniform rate in all areas. Olson's concept of organ ismicage is an attempt to ascertain an individual's center of growth gravity. Also, he suggests that a pattern of growth which is inconsistent or variable ; i. e. , high in some measures, medium in others, and low in still others, may reflect an underlying disturbance of the organism that may influence academic achievement in either of two ways: similar variability in achievement or lower achievement (1). The present research was designed to test two hypotheses related to Olson's ideas: (1) variability in physical growth is accompanied by variability in academic achievement, (2) variability in physical growth is accompanied by low academic achievement. Variability was defined as an index of irregularity infive physical measures: height, weight, strength of grip, dentition, carpal development; or in three achievement measures: reading, arithmetic, and language. Subsequently, dentition was dropped from the physical variability index for reasons to be re ported later. Subjects The subjects were 54 third-grade and 66 fifth-grade children enrolled in four classrooms of two elementary schools. The children's mean chronological age was near the mean of carpal and dental age but well below the mean age of height, weight, strength, mental, and achievement in reading, arithmetic, and language. Seventy-five per cent of the children's fathers were in the profession
Characterization of Epidermal 12(S) and 12(R) Lipoxygenases

Lipoxygenases (LO) are a family of non-heme iron containing proteins that stereospecifically insert molecular oxygen into 1, 4-cis, cis-pentadiene containing polyunsaturated fatty acids’. They are generally classified according to their positional specificity of arachidonic acid oxygenation and cell specific expression pattern2.6. Lipoxygenase activity gives rise to a number of bioactive lipid products including leukotrienes, lipoxins and HETE’s (hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid’s).7’8The major lipoxygenase forms include the neutrophil 5-LO, platelet 12-LO and reticulocyte 15LO.2’3’6’9 In recent years the lipoxygenase family has expanded by means of molecular cloning studies to include several new members. An e-12(S)LO (epidermal12(S)lipoxygenase) cDNA was cloned and functionally expressed and its gene isolated10’1. Two other lipoxygenases found in skin have also been cloned, a 15-LO in humans distinct from the reticulocyte enzyme4and a related phorbol ester inducible 8-LO enzyme in mouse skins. All of these lipoxygenases generate HETE metabolites of theS-stereo configuration. However, recently mammalian lipoxygenase cDNAs that generated 12(R) -HETE have been cloned and functionally expressed.12-14The epidermal 12(S) and 12-(R) lipoxygenases have yet to be characterized in any great detail.10,12-14Here, we characterize further the epidermal 12(S) and 12(R)-LO’s and attempt to elucidate the enzyme’s primary structural determinants controlling chirality of oxygen insertion.
Efficacy of commercial formulations of entomopathogenic nematodes against tropical sod webworm, Herpetogramma phaeopteralis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Large quantities of insecticides are used on warm season turfgrasses to combat pest infestations. To investigate the potential for microbial control, we screened commercially available entomopathogenic nematode prod- ucts against Herpetogramma phaeopteralis Guenan economically injuri- ous pest in the south-eastern United States and Caribbean islands. All tested products, based on Steinernema carpocapsae, S. feltiae, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, H. megidis and H. indica, were pathogenic to H. phaeopteralis larvae in the laboratory, but S. carpocapsae caused the highest mortality. Amongst nematode species, median lethal concentration (LC50) was not different for three different larval sizes (based on 95% CL) with the excep- tion of H. indica, which had higher LC50 for small larvae. The number of infective juvenile stages (IJs) produced per White trap was significantly greater from larvae infected by H. bacteriophora and least for those infected by H. indica. A proprietary formulation of S. carpocapsae 'Millenium' was chosen for further greenhouse experiments. Overall, the neonicotinoid insecticide clothianidin provided the best control, but greenhouse experi- ments also revealed that the label rate of Millenium (10 6 IJ/l at 2500 l/ha) reduced webworm populations by 83-93% and was as effective as clothi- anidin against larger-size larvae. Our data suggest that commercial formu- lations of S. carpocapsae can be a good option for H. phaeopteralis biocontrol, but further field studies are warranted to confirm effectiveness under different environmental scenarios.
Efficacy of Infection Control Interventions in Reducing the Spread of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms in the Hospital Setting

Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) continue to spread in hospitals globally, but the population-level impact of recommended preventive strategies and the relative benefit of individual strategies targeting all MDRO in the hospital setting are unclear. To explore the dynamics of MDRO transmission in the hospital, we develop a model extending data from clinical individual-level studies to quantify the impact of hand hygiene, contact precautions, reducing antimicrobial exposure and screening surveillance cultures in decreasing the prevalence of MDRO colonization and infection. The effect of an ongoing increase in the influx of patients colonized with MDRO into the hospital setting is also quantified. We find that most recommended strategies have substantial effect in decreasing the prevalence of MDRO over time. However, screening for asymptomatic MDRO colonization among patients who are not receiving antimicrobials is of minimal value in reducing the spread of MDRO.
Effects of polymeric substrate roughness on head-medium spacing and recording properties of sputtered magnetic tape

We investigated the spacing dependence of recording characteristics on head-medium spacing due to the surface roughness of substrates. CoCrPt-sputtered tape media with a magnetic thickness of 25 nm were deposited onto polymeric substrates possessing very different roughnesses for this investigation. The degradation in the write and read processes due to spacing was a significant limiting factor at high densities. By utilizing smooth polymeric substrates, a substantial improvement in system bandwidth as well as effective write field gradient can be achieved. As a result, overwrite performance was also considerably improved over the frequency range of interest.
Ego defense, self-concept and image of self ascribed to parents by delinquent boys.

Patteins of self-perception, perception of parental attitudes toward the self and ego defense in delinquent and nondeliquent juveniles were studied. A self-concept questionnaire and Rosenzweig P-F test were administered to 36 institutionalized delinquents, and to 29 nondelinquent Ss. The following hypotheses were tested: (1) Delinquents and nondelinquents will not be different in self-concept nor in the image of self they ascribe to parents. (2) Delinquents with favorable self-reports will be higher on an ego-defense measure than nondelinquents with similar self-reports. (3) The self-concept will be more related to the image of self ascribed to parents by nondelinquents than by delinquents. As predicted, the self-reports of delinquents did not differ from those of nondelinquents, and delinquents whose self-reports were positive tended to score higher on ego-defense measure than nondelinquents with similar favorable self-reports. It was noted that the delinquents differentiated more than nondelinquents bet...
Sulfur Dioxide Crossover during the Production of Hydrogen and Sulfuric Acid in a PEM Electrolyzer

A proton exchange membrane PEM electrolyzer has been investigated as a viable system for the electrolysis step in the thermochemical conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid for the large-scale production of hydrogen. Unfortunately, during operation, sulfur dioxide can diffuse from the anode to the cathode. This has several negative effects, including reduction to sulfur that could potentially damage the electrode, consumption of current that would otherwise be used for the production of hydrogen,
Anthropometric parameterisation of a spherical scatterer ITD model with arbitrary ear angles

Accurate modelling of the interaural time difference (ITD) is crucial for rendering localised sound. Parametric models allow personalising ITDs using anthropometrics. However, the mapping between anthropometric features and model parameters is not straightforward. Here, we propose deriving personalised ITD model parameters from a sphere fitted to a 3-D head scan. The proposed ITD personalisation is evaluated on an HRTF database containing 181 subjects, for a simple spherical ITD model as well as a frequency and elevation-dependent spherical scatterer model with arbitrary ear angles.
On phase separation in the TiO2[sbnd]SnO2system

Abstract Following a procedure developed by Swanger, Gupta and Cooper (1970), a computer simulation of the kinetics of spinodal decomposition of a binary solution is compared with recent experimental results on the decomposition of the solid solution containing 0·6 mole fraction SnO2 and 0·4 mole fraction TiO2. Only one adjustable parameter, namely concentration conductivity, kTM, is required for comparison. The calculations agree approximately with the thickness measurements of the two phases over the entire time span studies, if a value of kTM = 10 −16 cm2/sec at 1000×c is chosen, suggesting that the decomposition of SnO2[sbnd]TiO2 follows a spinodal mechanism.
An Extended Study of the Behavioral Effects of Respiratory Pasteurella Tularensis in Man

The mean percentage of baseline performance, a measure of average work efficiency, fell approximately 33% during the period of illness (P. tularensis) of 8 experimental Ss. Four days after treatment, individual performance equaled that of controls (3 double-blind hospital control Ss and a separate control group of 10 Ss), but group-task performances appeared not to have recovered so completely. The findings extend and essentially support those of a previous study (Alluisi, et al., 1971) in which the illness-related decrement in individual performance averaged 25%, with only incomplete recovery 3 days after treatment.
Age-related osteopenia: evidence for an intrinsic defect of bone resorbing cells and a possible treatment.

B6D2F1 and B6AF1 mice of various ages were given sublethal or lethal doses of X radiation and injected with marrow and/or spleen cells from young, mature, or old syngeneic donors. Four to five months later they were killed and ash weights were determined on femurs, sacrum, and ilium. It was found that large numbers of marrow cells (i.e., greater than 25 X 10(6] and/or spleen cells (greater than 50 X 10(6] from old mice retarded the growth of bone in young hosts and induce loss of bone mass in mature recipients, spleen cells from young donors consistently prevented the loss of bone mass normally seen in aging mice, and the thymus and T cells did not appear to play a significant role in bone resorption and remodeling. These observations suggested that in aging mice loss of bone mass is caused by an intrinsic defect in a hematopoietic cell population, perhaps the macrophage/osteoclast or their common precursor, which results directly or indirectly in increased bone resorption. On this basis, promethazine HCl, an inhibitor of macrophage metabolism and phagocytosis, was added to the drinking water (1.0 to 4.0 mg/dl) of aging mice. Four to five months later it was found that bone mass was significantly greater in the groups given promethazine than in the age and weight matched controls.
Review of Growth Curve Modeling: Theory and Applications, by Michael J. Panik

Michael J. Panik’s Growth Curve Modeling: Theory and Applications presents a potpourri of methods for modeling growth with an emphasis on nonlinear growth functions and their interpretation. The st...
Linking Suspension Nasal Spray Drug Deposition Patterns to Pharmacokinetic Profiles: A Proof-of-Concept Study Using Computational Fluid Dynamics.

The objective of this study was to link regional nasal spray deposition patterns of suspension formulations, predicted with computational fluid dynamics, to in vivo human pharmacokinetic plasma concentration profiles. This is accomplished through the use of computational fluid dynamics simulations coupled with compartmental pharmacokinetic modeling. Results showed a rapid initial rise in plasma concentration that is due to the absorption of drug particles deposited in the nasal middle passages, followed by a slower increase in plasma concentration that is governed by the transport of drug particles from the nasal vestibule to the middle passages. Although drug deposition locations in the nasal cavity had a significant effect on the shape of the concentration profile, the absolute bioavailability remained constant provided that all the drug remained in the nose over the course of the simulation. Loss of drug through the nostrils even after long periods resulted in a significant decrease in bioavailability and increased variability. The results of this study quantify how differences in nasal drug deposition affect transient plasma concentrations and overall bioavailability. These findings are potentially useful for establishing bioequivalence for nasal spray devices and reducing the burden of in vitro testing, pharmacodynamics, and clinical studies.
Adaptation of Swivel Valve and Closed Drainage System to a Standard Resectoscope Sheath

A central 3-way swivel valve and a drainage outlet have been adapted to a standard resectoscope sheath. The modifications to the sheath enable the resectionist to operate with the advantages of a closed drainage system.
Age, Growth, Mortality, and Recruitment of Antarctic Krill, Euphausia superba

Laboratory and field studies on the age, growth, mortality, and recruitment dynamics of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba; hereafter “krill”) have greatly increased knowledge of its life history over the last 30 years. The development of long, standardized time series of recruitment and abundance have provided data to test and refine conceptual models of krill recruitment, and to examine the role of environmental factors and climatic variability on recruitment and cohort size. Laboratory studies have also greatly increased knowledge about intrinsic and extrinsic factors governing growth and moulting frequency that have been used to develop more robust models for krill growth. These findings have demonstrated the plasticity of krill life history and can provide the foundation for understanding krill population response to future climate change. However, the lack of progress on the development of conservative, direct measures of krill age continue to hamper the ability to properly compare and contrast growth and recruitment across environments.
Judging, Tasting, Knowing “Good” Food

AbstractThough public discourses of “good” food exert a powerful influence, cooks and eaters construct our own understandings in ways that may simultaneously reflect and resist these norms. Our knowledge of “good” food may sometimes present itself as “vague” (Schaefer et al., this issue), yet is often quite nuanced, based on disparate factors—economic, logistical, nutritional, temporal and political, along with individual preferences—as the articles featured in this special cluster illustrate (Thomas et al., Tsui, this issue). Cooks (and also eaters) often exhibit sophisticated epistemic functions not unlike those of judges. They navigate multiple modes of knowledge—lay and expert, embodied, situated spatially and relationally—between eaters and food environments, between eaters and cooks. Cooks’ and eaters’ discussion of good food reveals moral imperatives translated into foodways, a range of interpersonal and institutional interactions and the traces of social hierarchies, as we see in these articles. T...
Sphere packings as stem cells

For Alan Mackay, on his 90th birthday, we recast his notion of crystalloids and crystallites as finite nano-sized sphere packings and discuss current mathematical/computational research on their geometric structures. We suggest that icosahedral clusters are (metaphoric) stem cells for condensed matter.
Are Young Dual Language Learners Homogeneous? Identifying Subgroups Using Latent Class Analysis.

ABSTRACTAlthough dual language learners (DLLs) are linguistically, culturally, and socially diverse, researchers usually study them in aggregate and compare them to non-DLLs. The authors' purpose was to identify subgroups of preschool DLLs using latent class analysis. There were 7,361 DLLs and 69,457 non-DLLs. Results revealed three distinct classes. Children in class 1 (emergent bilingual children) tended to speak mostly their native language but some English at home and in the classroom. Children in class 2 (bilingual children) tended to speak English only in the classroom, but spoke both languages at home. Children in class 3 (heritage language speakers) tended to speak only their native language at home and in the classroom. Different demographic profiles and levels of development and learning were observed across classes. The DLL subgroups and their profiles provide important information about how educational programs may be tailored to meet the diverse needs of young DLLs.
Two-dimensional spin liquids with Z 2 topological order in an array of quantum wires

Insulating ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ spin liquids are a phase of matter with bulk anyonic quasiparticle excitations and ground-state degeneracies on manifolds with nontrivial topology. We construct a time-reversal symmetric ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ spin liquid in two spatial dimensions using an array of quantum wires. We identify the anyons as kinks in the appropriate Luttinger-liquid description, compute their mutual statistics, and construct local operators that transport these quasiparticles. We also present a construction of a fractionalized Fermi liquid (FL*) by coupling the spin sector of the ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ spin liquid to a Fermi liquid via a Kondo-like coupling.
Who Cares? Firms' Legitimizing Stakeholders and Board Gender Diversity Pre- and Post-IPO

Integrating legitimacy and stakeholder theory, we theorize that changes in the firm’s board of directors parallel the evolving primary stakeholder audience that accords legitimacy to the firm - a k...