cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Industrial and Organizational Psychology

Industrial and organizational psychology (I-O) has a long history of research and application in both the United States and abroad. In America, its earliest roots are found in the work of Hugo Munsterberg, a colleague of William James and chair of the Department of Psychology at Harvard at the beginning of the twentieth century. Munsterberg was a pioneer in industrial selection, which is still a core activity of I-O psychologists. He developed tests to hire applicants for jobs such as telephone operator and trolley driver (Landy, 1992). There has been an unbroken development of testing technique and theory for the 100 years since then. Two additional major figures in the early development of I-O psychology (circa 1910–1940) were Walter Dill Scott and Walter Van Dyke Bingham (Landy, 1993, 1997). The early history of I-O psychology was one of application of more general psychological principles, such as learning, without much emphasis on theory development (Viteles, 1932). By 1960, this had changed, and I-O psychology then and to the present day has adopted an integrated scientist-practitioner model for academic training, practice, and research.
Characterization and analysis of InGaN photovoltaic devices

The InGaN material system is investigated to achieve high efficiency solar cells, using tandem and quantum-well structures to implement high efficiency concepts. Here InGaN p-i-n and quantum-well solar cells are designed, grown by MOCVD and fabricated into mesa devices. They are electrically characterized by I-V response under dark, white light and UV illumination and internal quantum efficiency (IQE). Material characterization is done by X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence and photoemission. InGaN solar cells with high In compositions are grown in two configurations, one incorporating it into the i-region of a p-i-n solar cells, and the other incorporating as the well-region of a quantum-well device. A QE of 8% was measured from these quantum-wells. Solar cells with In lean In/sub 0.07/Ga/sub 0.93/N p-i-n device structures show an IQE of 19% as well as photoemission at 500 nm, confirming the suitability of the material for photovoltaic applications.
Acceleration Control in Nonlinear Vibrating Systems based on Damped Least Squares

A discrete time control algorithm using the damped least squares is introduced for acceleration and energy exchange controls in nonlinear vibrating systems. It is shown that the damping constant of least squares and sampling time step of the controller must be inversely related to insure that vanishing the time step has little effect on the results. The algorithm is illustrated on two linearly coupled Duffing oscillators near the 1:1 internal resonance. In particular, it is shown that varying the dissipation ratio of one of the two oscillators can significantly suppress the nonlinear beat phenomenon.
Using the assessment center approach for faculty assessment

Summary form only given. This paper describes the Academy for Excellence in Engineering Education, USA, which offers many programs to enhance the educational experience for engineering students. Various efforts are now in place to assist the student, the graduate teaching assistant and the engineering educator at the University of Illinois. In an effort to improve instruction, educators from all disciplines of engineering are invited to participate in a teaching college, a place for educators to learn more about themselves and what changes might need to be made in order to improve instruction. The assessment center approach to faculty assessment is one of the important innovations from the Academy for Excellence in Engineering Education to aid in the assessment of engineering educators participating in the teaching college.
Notas sobre crisis financieras

Se discute si las causas de las crisis financieras radican en el deterioro de la economia en los meses anteriores a las crisis o por el contrario, son producto del contagio de problemas que surgen en otras latitudes. Luego de la crisis de Asia en 1997, tanto los economistas como el publico opinaron que estas crisis fueron diferentes; en particular que fueron mas severas e impredecibles.
Patient characteristics and clinical management of patients with shoulder pain in U.S. primary care settings: Secondary data analysis of the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey

Although shoulder pain is a commonly encountered problem in primary care, there are few studies examining its presenting characteristics and clinical management in this setting. We performed secondary data analysis of 692 office visits for shoulder pain collected through the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (Survey years 1993–2000). Information on demographic characteristics, history and place of injury, and clinical management (physician order of imaging, physiotherapy, and steroid intraarticular injection) were examined. Shoulder pain was associated with an injury in one third (33.2% (230/692)) of office visits in this population of US primary care physicians. Males, and younger adults (age ≤ 52) more often associated their shoulder pain with previous injury, but there were no racial differences in injury status. Injury-related shoulder pain was related to work in over one-fifth (21.3% (43/202)) of visits. An x-ray was performed in 29.0% (164/566) of office visits, a finding that did not differ by gender, race, or by age status. Other imaging (CT scan, MRI, or ultrasound) was infrequently performed (6.5%, 37/566). Physiotherapy was ordered in 23.9% (135/566) of visits for shoulder pain. Younger adults and patients with a history of injury more often had physiotherapy ordered, but there was no significant difference in the ordering of physiotherapy by gender or race. Examination of the use of intraarticular injection was not possible with this data set. These data from the largest sample of patients with shoulder pain presenting to primary care settings offer insights into the presenting characteristics and clinical management of shoulder pain at the primary care level. The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey is a useful resource for examining the clinical management of specific symptoms in U.S. primary care offices.
Low-Temperature Metastability of Ising Models: Prefactors, Divergences, and Discontinuities

The metastable lifetime of the square-lattice and simple-cubic-lattice kinetic Ising models are studied in the low-temperature limit. The simulations are performed using Monte Carlo with Absorbing Markov Chain algorithms to simulate extremely long low-temperature lifetimes. The question being addressed is at what temperatures the mathematically rigorous low-temperature results become valid. It is shown that the answer depends partly on how close the system is to fields at which the prefactor for the metastable decay either has a discontinuity or diverges
Convergence issues in resonant tunneling diode circuit simulation

Due to its status as the fastest switching semiconductor device and its bistable nature, the resonant tunneling diode (RTD) is considered to be one of the most promising devices for future-generation high-performance VLSI systems. However, popular circuit simulators, such as SPICE, can encounter direct current (DC) and transient convergence problems while simulating RTD-based circuits because of the negative differential resistance (NDR) in the device's current-voltage characteristics. In this paper, we study the nature of these convergence problems and provide several solution techniques that can be easily incorporated into SPICE-like circuit simulators.
Are Norwegian Voluntary Organizations Homogeneous Moralnets? Reflections on Naroll's Selection of Norway as a Model Society:

In The Moral Order, Raoul Naroll outlines five steps in the development of socionomics, a discipline for guiding human affairs. After establishing a set of core values, Naroll shows that Norway doe...
Alpha-2 macroglobulin-enzyme complexes as suppressors of cellular activity.

Abstract Alpha-2 macroglobulin (α 2 M) 2 has been reported to be capable of suppressing the division and functions of immune system and other cell types. A hypothesis is proposed which explains this suppression on the basis of denatured α 2 M being the suppressor molecule and native state α 2 M having no such activity, thus reconciling how α 2 M could be present in an animal without depressing normal activities. Speculations are offered for α 2 M's role in feedback regulation of cell division and also for the subversion of this regulatory function by invasive organisms and tumors.
Studies of rates of spherulite deformation by low-angle light scattering

The rates of spherulite deformation accompanying the elongation and contraction of polyethylene and the elongation of polybutene-1 samples have been observed using a low-angle light scattering technique. The light scattering pattern is obtained using a ruby pulsed laser which is flashed a predetermined time after the extension of the sample. It is found that spherulite deformation occurs in times less than 40 msec. which is less than the time required for the birefringence increase following deformation. Upon retraction, the light scattering pattern becomes symmetrical before the sample length has returned to its initial value. With quenched polybutene-1, the rapid change in shape of the tight scattering pattern is accompanied by a slower change in intensity occurring over times comparable with that for the birefringence change. This is associated with changes in the crystal structure, orientation, and density within the spherulite following deformation.
Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α) Promotes Cap-dependent Translation of Selective mRNAs through Up-regulating Initiation Factor eIF4E1 in Breast Cancer Cells under Hypoxia Conditions

Hypoxia promotes tumor evolution and metastasis, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is a key regulator of hypoxia-related cellular processes in cancer. The eIF4E translation initiation factors, eIF4E1, eIF4E2, and eIF4E3, are essential for translation initiation. However, whether and how HIF-1α affects cap-dependent translation through eIF4Es in hypoxic cancer cells has been unknown. Here, we report that HIF-1α promoted cap-dependent translation of selective mRNAs through up-regulation of eIF4E1 in hypoxic breast cancer cells. Hypoxia-promoted breast cancer tumorsphere growth was HIF-1α-dependent. We found that eIF4E1, not eIF4E2 or eIF4E3, is the dominant eIF4E family member in breast cancer cells under both normoxia and hypoxia conditions. eIF4E3 expression was largely sequestered in breast cancer cells at normoxia and hypoxia. Hypoxia up-regulated the expression of eIF4E1 and eIF4E2, but only eIF4E1 expression was HIF-1α-dependent. In hypoxic cancer cells, HIF-1α-up-regulated eIF4E1 enhanced cap-dependent translation of a subset of mRNAs encoding proteins important for breast cancer cell mammosphere growth. In searching for correlations, we discovered that human eIF4E1 promoter harbors multiple potential hypoxia response elements. Furthermore, using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase and point mutation assays, we found that HIF-1α utilized hypoxia response elements in the human eIF4E1 proximal promoter region to activate eIF4E1 expression. Our study suggests that HIF-1α promotes cap-dependent translation of selective mRNAs through up-regulating eIF4E1, which contributes to tumorsphere growth of breast cancer cells at hypoxia. The data shown provide new insights into protein synthesis mechanisms in cancer cells at low oxygen levels.
Altered fibroblast function following myocardial infarction.

Adequate wound healing and scar formation is an essential response to myocardial infarction (MI), and fibroblasts are primary cellular components regulating the process. How fibroblast functions are altered post-MI and towhat extent these abnormalities persist in vitro is not well understood. Accordingly, we isolated myocardial fibroblasts from MI and non-MI (remote) regions at 7 days post-MI (n = 35) and from the free wall and septum of unoperated control C57BL/6 mice (n = 14). Proliferation was increased 182 ′ 28% in MI, but not in remote, fibroblasts compared with unoperated controls (P = 0.01). Migration decreased 61 ′ 8%, adhesion to laminin decreased 79 ′ 8%, adhesion to collagen IV increased 196 ′ 27%, and collagen synthesis increased 169 ′ 24% in fibroblasts isolated from the MI region (all P < 0.05). Migration, adhesion, and collagen synthesis changes were similar in remote fibroblasts, and the phenotypic differences were maintained through passage four. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFpl) is a bioactive molecule that has been shown to affect fibroblast function. Stimulation of unoperated control fibroblasts with 10 ng/ml TGFβ 1 increased proliferation 137 ′ 7% (P = 0.03 vs. unstimulated), increased adhesion to collagen IV 149 ′ 6% (P < 0.01), and increased collagen I levels 187 ′ 10% (P = 0.01). TGFpl may, therefore, explain some of the changes in post-MI fibroblast phenotype. These data demonstrate for the first time region specific alterations in post-MI fibroblast biology that are maintained in vitro. Additionally, our model provides a novel in vitro template for examining the cellular mechanisms of wound healing and scar formation post-MI.
TH-C-18A-09: Exam and Patient Parameters Affecting the DNA Damage Response Following CT Studies

Purpose: To identify exam and patient parameters affecting the biological response to CT studies using in vivo and ex vivo blood samples. Methods: Blood samples were collected under IRB approval from 16 patients undergoing clinically-indicated CT exams. Blood was procured prior to, immediately after and 30minutes following irradiation. A sample of preexam blood was placed on the patient within the exam region for ex vivo analysis. Whole blood samples were fixed immediately following collection and stained for γH2AX to assess DNA damage response (DDR). Median fluorescence of treated samples was compared to non-irradiated control samples for each patient. Patients were characterized by observed biological kinetic response: (a) fast — phosphorylation increased by 2minutes and fell by 30minutes, (b) slow — phosphorylation continued to increase to 30minutes and (c) none — little change was observed or irradiated samples fell below controls. Total dose values were normalized to exam time for an averaged dose-rate in dose/sec for each exam. Relationships between patient biological responses and patient and exam parameters were investigated. Results: A clearer dose response at 30minutes is observed for young patients ( 0.5) compared to old patients (>61yoa; R{sup 2}<0.11). Fast responding patients were significantly younger than slow responding patientsmore » (p<0.05). Unlike in vivo samples, age did not significantly affect the patient response ex vivo. Additionally, fast responding patients received exams with significantly smaller dose-rate than slow responding patients (p<0.05). Conclusion: Age is a significant factor in the biological response suggesting that DDR may be more rapid in a younger population and slower as the population ages. Lack of an agerelated response ex vivo suggests a systemic response to radiation not present when irradiated outside the body. Dose-rate affects the biological response suggesting that patient response may be related to scan timing and dose delivery within an exam protocol. All authors receive(d) funding from a Master Research Agreement from Siemens Healthcare with UCLA Radiological Sciences.« less
Calculation Of Harmonic Radiation And Nuclear Cupling Arising From Atoms In Strong Laser Fields

A numerical, time-dependent quantum mechanical model is used to describe the interaction of an isolated ion with an intense applied laser field, including both electron and nuclear degrees of freedom. Calculated results are presented. We find that the model ion radiates in low odd harmonics of the laser frequency, in qualitative agreement with experimental observations. In addition, it radiates strongly in the x-ray region, at frequencies comparable with the electron Rydberg frequency. Such radiation should be possible to observe in future experiments. If it exists, it could provide a basis for a reasonably coherent x-ray source. We find that the probability of induced nuclear excitation is small for higher electric multipoles, although observable probabilities are obtained under appropriate circumstances for L = 1. 2 refs., 12 figs.
Regional Modes of Production and Patterns of State Formation in Western Europe

The rise of the modern territorial state in early modern western Europe was a spatially skewed process. An endogenous model of the uneven pattern of 16th-century state formation is presented. It holds that the geographical distribution of the first modern state structures was largely determined by preexisting regional differences of social and economic organization, differences emanating from the 12th century if not earlier. The model specifies that three distinct regional modes of production existed in 12th-century western Europe. These postulated forms of social organization are designated as the sedentary pastoral, petty commodity, and feudal modes of production. The optimal preconditions for the initial formation of modern states were to be found only in those regions dominated by the feudal mode of production. The paper concludes with a discussion of some methodological and theoretical implications of these findings.
Dimensions of Marital Therapy: A Comparative Analysis*

This paper offers a comparative analysis of the process of conjoint marital therapy within the three major contemporary models of treatment: psychoanalytic, behavioral, and systems theory. The specific dimensions of the treatment process that are examined are: (1) the role of the past and of the unconscious; (2) the nature and meaning of presenting problems and the role of assessment; (3) the relative importance of mediating vs. ultimate treatment goals; and (4) the nature of the therapists roles and functions. On the basis of this comparative analysis, some thoughts toward the future of the marital therapies are offered.
Influence of Thawing Methods on the Composition of Drip from Broiler Carcasses

Abstract CONSUMPTION of frozen chickens has continued to increase because of improved methods of packaging, freezing and marketing. Today a large percentage of chicken purchased for use in homes, restaurants and other types of eating establishments is sold in a frozen condition. The methods of thawing poultry are of interest because of the time required and the possible loss of nutrients in the drip. Ice crystals formed during freezing cause denaturation and proteolysis which reduce the ability of tissues to reabsorb the moisture (Swanson and Sloan 1953; Khan et al. 1963; and Crigler and Dawson 1968). The results of several studies have been published concerning the influence of methods of chilling poultry carcasses on factors associated with thawing (Pippen and Klose, 1955; and Osner and Shrimpton, 1966a, b); rate of freezing and storage (Sair and Cook, 1938; Koonz and Ramsbottom, 1939; Stewart et al., 1945; Marion and Stadelman, 1958; and van…
Water-soluble resist for environmentally friendly lithography

This paper describes an 'environmentally friendly,' water castable, water developable photoresist system. The chemically amplified negative-tone resist system consists of three water-soluble components: a polymer, poly(methyl acrylamidoglycolate methyl ether), [poly(MAGME)]; a photoacid generator, dimethyl dihydroxyphenylsulfonium triflate and a crosslinker, butanediol. Poly(MAGME) was synthesized by solution free radical polymerization. In the three-component resist system, the acid generated by photolysis of the photoacid generator catalyzes the crosslinking of poly(MAGME) in the exposed regions during post-exposure baking, thus rendering the exposed regions insoluble in water. Negative tone relief images are obtained by developing with pure water. The resist is able to resolve 1 micrometer line/space features (1:1 aspect ratio) with an exposure dose of 100 mJ/cm2 at 248 nm. The resist can be used to generate etched copper relief images on printed circuit boards using aqueous sodium persulfate as the etchant. The crosslinking mechanism has been investigated by model compound studies using 13C NMR. These studies have revealed that the acid catalyzed reaction of the poly(MAGME) with butanediol proceeds via both transesterification and transacetalization (transaminalization) reactions at low temperatures, and also via transamidation at high temperatures.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
DNA polymerase β-catalyzed-PCNA independent long patch base excision repair synthesis: a mechanism for repair of oxidatively damaged DNA ends in post-mitotic brain

Oxidative DNA damage incidental to normal respiratory metabolism poses a particular threat to genomes of highly metabolic-long lived cells. We show that post-mitotic brain has capacity to repair oxidatively damaged DNA ends, which are targets of the long patch (LP) base excision repair (BER) subpathway. LP-BER relies, in part, on proteins associated with DNA replication, including proliferating cell nuclear antigen and is inherent to proliferating cells. Nonetheless, repair products are generated with brain extracts, albeit at slow rates, in the case of 5′-DNA ends modeled with tetrahydrofuran (THF). THF at this position is refractory to DNA polymerase β 5′-deoxyribose 5-phosphate lyase activity and drives repair into the LP-BER subpathway. Comparison of repair of 5′-THF-blocked termini in the post-mitotic rat brain and proliferative intestinal mucosa, revealed that in mucosa, resolution of damaged 5′-termini is accompanied by formation of larger repair products. In contrast, adducts targeted by the single nucleotide BER are proficiently repaired with both extracts. Our findings reveal mechanistic differences in BER processes selective for the brain versus proliferative tissues. The differences highlight the physiological relevance of the recently proposed ‘Hit and Run’ mechanism of alternating cleavage/synthesis steps, in the proliferating cell nuclear antigen-independent LP-BER process.
A serum-free medium for use in a cumulus cell co-culture system for bovine embryos derived from in vitro maturation and in vitro fertilization

The objective of this study was to develop a serum-free medium for the co-culture of bovine embryos that would yield a percentage of blastocysts equal to that obtained with fetal bovine serum (FBS)-supplemented medium. Cumulus cell-enclosed oocytes (CEO) matured and inseminated in vitro were cultured in a tissue culture medium (TCM)-199 or in a serum-free medium (bovine embryo culture medium; BECM) until 240 h post insemination. Replacement of 10% (v/v) FBS with either 3 mg crystallized bovine serum albumin (BSA)/ml or 3 mg fatty acid-free BSA/ml in TCM-199 had no effect (P > 0.14) on embryo development to the >or= 2-cell (51 to 60%), >or= 8-cell (24 to 33%), blastocyst (16 to 19%) and hatched-blastocyst (7 to 10%) stages at 48, 96, 192 and 240 h post insemination, respectively. Oocyte-enclosing cumulus cells in BSA-supplemented medium grew in clusters rather than in layers, as was noted in FBS-supplemented medium. When CEO were cultured in fatty acid-free BSA-supplemented media (TCM-199 and BECM), a significantly (P < 0.001) higher percentage of oocytes developed to blastocysts after culture with (22%) or without (18%) a cumulus cell monolayer than after denuding the oocytes (7%). Glucose in concentrations of 0 to 5.56 mM added for periods of 18 and 120 h post-insemination had neither a stimulatory nor a deleterious effect on preimplantation development. In conclusion, a serum-free medium supplemented with BSA can be successfully used in a cumulus cell co-culture system for bovine embryos.
Surgical management of anteriorly placed lesions at the craniocervical junction--an alternative approach.

Lesions ventral to the neuraxis at the craniocervical junction can pose a significant management problem because of their strategic location. Conventional posterolateral approaches sometimes may not permit adequate visualization of the entire base of the tumor without significant manipulation of the brain stem and spinal cord. The anterior transoral and extrapharyngeal approaches are alternate ways of exposing this region without neural retraction. However, these approaches do not provide adequate exposure of the lateral margins of the tumour, there is no control of the vertebral arteries and cranial nerves and the tumor—brain stem interface is not seen till the end of the operation. A lateral approach is described in this report which involves additional bone removal in the region of the mastoid process and the articular pillars in order to provide a true lateral perspective for the removal of these tumors. The advantages include excellent definition of the interface between the tumor and cord/brain stem without manipulation of the neuraxis, control of the ipsilateral vertrebral artery and caudal cranial nerves, ability to remove the intra- and extradural portions of the tumor in one operation and the ability to perform an immediate bony fusion if necessary. The application of this approach in the management of 9 patients with a variety of intra- and extradural lesions at the clivus and foramen magnum is discussed.
LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE AT HIGH REDSHIFT

Quasar absorption lines can be used to map out the structure of the Universe up to at least redshift 6. The Lyman-alpha forest due to neutral hydrogen in the intergalactic medium is particularly useful as a tracer, being simply related to the distribution of the dark matter in current theories. I outline how this probe of structure can be used to measure the clustering of matter, and constrain cosmology. I also show how fluctuations in the large scale photoionizing radiation field can leave an imprint, and how structure in the intergalactic medium is related to that of galaxies. With the advent of huge new datasets such as that from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (which contains over 100 times more quasar spectra than prior surveys}, there are many opportunities for precision cosmological tests using quasar absorption lines. In particular, these data allow us to examine the radiation field close to quasars themselves. The finite light travel time allows us put stringent limits on the quasar episodic lifetime tq < 2 x 10 6 y.
A systematics study of the AB initio diamagnetic spin-orbital contribution to calculated spin-spin coupling constants

Abstract A systematic study of ab initio diamagnetic spin-orbital (DSO) contributions to calculated indirect spin-spin coupling constants is carried out on a comprehensive set of forty molecules using wavefunctions of double-zeta plus polarization quality at the self-consistent field level of theory. Basis set sensitivity and the influence of electron correlation were thoroughly investigated in the ethylene and water molecules and were found of negligible importance. The main conclusion is that the DSO contributon can safely be neglected only in very few cases. In all molecules analyzed here it gives an important contribution to proton-proton coupling constants independent of the number of bonds separating the interacting nuclei.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ASSERTIVENESS AND AGGRESSIVENESS

The College Self-expression Scale, a measure of assertiveness, and the eight aggression-hostility scales of the Buss-Durkee Inventory were administered to 100 female and 71 male college students to establish further construct validity for the former test. The only significant and positive correlation was between the assertiveness scale and the verbal aggression scale for the female sample. The other Buss-Durkee scales were either unrelated or inversely related to assertiveness. In most instances, the amount of shared variance between the scales was small.
Statistical Evaluation of Variables Affecting Occurrence of Hydrocarbons in Aquifers Used for Public Supply, California†

The variables affecting the occurrence of hydrocarbons in aquifers used for public supply in California were assessed based on statistical evaluation of three large statewide datasets; gasoline oxygenates also were analyzed for comparison with hydrocarbons. Benzene is the most frequently detected (1.7%) compound among 17 hydrocarbons analyzed at generally low concentrations (median detected concentration 0.024 μg/l) in groundwater used for public supply in California; methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is the most frequently detected (5.8%) compound among seven oxygenates analyzed (median detected concentration 0.1 μg/l). At aquifer depths used for public supply, hydrocarbons and MTBE rarely co-occur and are generally related to different variables; in shallower groundwater, co-occurrence is more frequent and there are similar relations to the density or proximity of potential sources. Benzene concentrations are most strongly correlated with reducing conditions, regardless of groundwater age and depth. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that benzene and other hydrocarbons detected in old, deep, and/or brackish groundwater result from geogenic sources of oil and gas. However, in recently recharged (since ~1950), generally shallower groundwater, higher concentrations and detection frequencies of benzene and hydrocarbons were associated with a greater proportion of commercial land use surrounding the well, likely reflecting effects of anthropogenic sources, particularly in combination with reducing conditions.
History Lessons: The Creation of American Jewish Heritage

By Beth S. Wenger (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), xiv + 282pp. $35.00/£24.95 cloth.Judaism and democracy, according to Beth Wenger, have never been synonymous, except in the hist...
Effects of environmental factors on survival, growth, and production of American shad larvae

Episodic increases in temperature of 5°C above 20° C, over 48 h or declines in pH of 1·0 unit from pH 7·0 reduced survival of yolk-sac and feeding-stage larvae of American shad Alosa sapidissima . Over 16 days all measures of survival, growth, and production were more favourable at each higher temperature in the 15–25° C range. More favourable responses were also obtained at the higher prey level (500 v . 50 Artemia nauplii l-1) and at the higher pH (7·5 v . 6·5). Combinations of high temperature and high prey levels, at pH 7·5, led to highest larval production. Little growth or production occurred at 15° C, regardless of pH or prey level. The effect of pH was strong with respect to survival, but weak with respect to growth. In attempts to restore American shad populations by larval stocking, release times and sites can be critical to optimize survival and eventual returns. Releases of larvae potentially will be most effective when made at temperatures >20° C, pH>7·0, and prey levels >50 1-1. These conditions are most likely to occur in Maryland tributaries of Chesapeake Bay between mid-May and early June.
The CESR computer control system

Abstract The control system for the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR) has functioned satisfactorily since its implementation in 1979. Key characteristics are fast tuning response, almost exclusive use of FORTRAN as a programming language, and efficient coordinated ramping of CESR guide field elements. This original system has not, however, been able to keep pace with the increasing complexity of operation of CESR associated with performance upgrades. Limitations in address space, expandability, access to data system-wide, and program development impediments have prompted the undertaking of a major upgrade. The system under development accommodates up to 8 VAX computers for all applications programs. The database and communications semaphores reside in a shared multi-ported memory, and each hardware interface bus is controlled by a dedicated 32 bit micro-processor in a VME based system.
Non-uniqueness of solutions of Percival's Euler-Lagrange equation

Percival [5,6] introduced a Langrangian and an Euler-Lagrange equation for finding quasi-periodic orbits. In [3], we studied area preserving twist homeomorphisms of the annulus, using Percival's formalism. We showed that Percival's Lagrangian has a maximum on a suitable function space, and that a point where it takes its maximum is a solution of Percival's Euler-Lagrange equation. Moreover, in the rigorous interpretation of Percival's formalism which we gave in [3], the solutions of Percival's Euler-Lagrange equation correspond bijectively to a certain class of minimal sets. (We will prove this in Sect. 2.) In [4], we showed that Percival's Lagrangian takes its maximum at only one point. In this paper, we show that there existC∞ area preserving twist diffeomorphisms of the annulus, for which there exists at least one solution of Percival's Euler-Lagrange equation where Percival's Lagrangian does not take its maximum. In other words, solutions of Percival's Euler-Lagrange equation need not be unique.
Inactivation of SV40 replication by derivatives of benzo[a]pyrene.

Abstract When African green monkey kidney cell lines, infected with simian virus 40, were exposed to benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol or anti -benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide, inhibition of progeny virus formation was observed. Alkylation of SV40 DNA with anti -BPDE inhibits the infectivity of this viral DNA; however, the inactivation does not follow a single-hit mechanism. Studies on [3H]thymidine incorporation indicate that SV40 DNA synthesis is markedly impaired for the first 12 hours following BPDE treatment; 24 to 36 hours later, however, SV40 DNA synthesis is almost normal. These data suggest that the inhibition of SV40 DNA synthesis by BP derivatives is reversible and that the observed reduction in viral titer requires some other explanation.
Generation of 300 ps laser pulse with 1.2 J energy by stimulated Brillouin scattering in water at 532 nm

We demonstrate high-energy pulse compression by stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in water using an energy-scalable generator amplifier setup. Pulse compression from 2.4 J, 12 ns at 532 nm to 1.2 J, 300 ps has been achieved, which to our knowledge represents the highest compressed energy achieved at 532 nm using SBS and is only limited by the size of our optics. Our setup is robust and stable over long periods of operation (2% of energy fluctuation and <3% shot-to-shot variation of pulse width).
"Apoptotic" biochemical cascades in synaptic compartments: roles in adaptive plasticity and neurodegenerative disorders.

Apoptosis is a form of cell death historically defined by morphological and biochemical changes that occur in the cell body and nucleus. However, in contrast to nonneuronal cells in which apoptosis has been most intensively studied, neurons exhibit elaborate morphologies with synaptic connections often located at sites a great distance from the cell body. Signaling events occurring in synaptic terminals are believed to play important roles in either promoting (e.g., activation of glutamate receptors in postsynaptic spines) or preventing (e.g., activation of neurotrophic factors in presynaptic terminals) neuronal cell death in various physiological and pathological settings. We have found that apoptotic biochemical cascades can be activated locally in synaptic terminals and neurites and have shown that such cascades can result in local functional and morphological alterations and can also propagate to the cell body resulting in neuronal death. Prostate apoptosis response-4 production, caspase activation, loss of plasma membrane phospholipid asymmetry, mitochondrial dysfunction, and production of factors capable of inducing nuclear chromatin condensation and fragmentation can all occur locally in synaptic terminals in response to various stimuli. Activation of receptors for neurotrophic factors (e.g., basic fibroblast growth factor, secreted form of amyloid precursor protein α, and activity-dependent neurotrophic factor) and cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-α) in synaptic terminals can exert synaptoprotective actions that either can be transduced locally or may require signals to the nucleus and back. In addition to their roles in synaptic degeneration and neuron death, apoptotic cascades may play roles in synaptic plasticity. For example, we found that caspase activation can lead to proteolysis of certain glutamate receptor subunits and that this action of capases is correlated with reduced calcium responses to glutamate. We propose that apoptotic cascades function in a continuum in which low levels of activation play roles in adaptive responses to “stressors,” whereas higher levels of activation mediate synaptic degeneration and cell death. J. Neurosci. Res. 58:152–166, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Degenerate Hex Elements

Abstract Automatic, all-hex meshes are required in many environments. However, current methods can produce unacceptable results where geometric features or topologic connectivity impose limiting constraints. Collapsing a small number of edges or faces in an all- hex mesh to produce degenerate hex elements may be su ffi cient to turn an otherwise unusable mesh into an adequate mesh for computational simulation. We propose a post-processing procedure that will operate on an existing all-hex mesh by identifying and collapsing edges and faces to improve element quality followed by local optimization-based smoothing. We also propose a new metric based upon the scaled Jacobian that can be used to determine element quality of a degenerate hex element. In addition we illustrate the e ff ectiveness of degenerate elements in analysis and provide numerous meshing examples using the sculpt meshing procedure modified to incorporate degeneracies.
Benzene adsorption on dispersed rhodium particles: Effect of dispersion on 1H NMR line width

Highly dispersed Rh/SiO2 samples were prepared by reduction of {Si}-O-Rh(allyl)2 with hydrogen at 298 K and characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Samples initially contained Rh particles 10 to 30 A in diameter; heating in H2 at 473 K led to aggregation of Rh and a less uniform distribution of particle sizes. Benzene adsorption on the various samples was characterized with 1H NMR spectroscopy. The resonance line width increased markedly with aggregation of the metal. The change is attributed to an inhomogeneous broadening indicative of a decrease in the uniformity of the electronic environment upon metal aggregation.
Overexpression of the R2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase in human nasopharyngeal cancer cells reduces radiosensitivity.

PURPOSE Ribonucleotide reductase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the de novo synthesis of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates, which are utilized in both DNA synthesis and DNA repair. We reported previously that RR enzyme activity and R 2 (catalytic subunit of RR) protein levels were increased after exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) in growth-arrested human tumor cells, 1 suggesting that R 2 protein expression regulates RR activity to allow for IR damage repair. Using isogenic human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells in this study, we examine the relationship of overexpression of either the R 1 regulatory subunit or the R 2 catalytic subunit of RR to the cellular response of IR damage. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used three isogenic human nasopharyngeal cancer cell lines previously derived by Zhou et al, 2 including KB, the parental tumor cell line; KB/M 1 , an R 1 protein-overexpressing clone stably transfected with human R 1 complementary DNA; and KB/M 2 , a R 2 protein-overexpressing clone stably transfected with human R 2 complementary DNA. We initially characterized these isogenic human tumor cell lines in exponential growth for R 2 protein expression, RR enzyme activity, and R 2 protein changes during the cell cycle by flow cytometry. Subsequently, the IR response in these cell lines was determined by clonogenic survival, cell cycle changes occurring after IR, and an analysis of IR DNA damage determined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. The effect of combining IR and hydroxyurea, a RR (R 2 ) inhibitor, was also studied in KB and KB/M 2 cells. RESULTS KB/M 2 cells were found to have 4.5-fold higher R 2 protein expression and a threefold higher RR enzyme activity in exponential growth than KB and KB/M 1 . Although R 2 protein levels increased at the G 1 /S transition in all cell lines, KB/M 2 cells also demonstrated consistently higher R 2 protein levels throughout the cell cycle. Using a linear-quadratic analysis of IR clonogenic survival data, KB/M 2 cells were more radioresistant than KB and KB/M 1 cells, including both decreased α and decreased β values, a finding that correlates with increased reparable IR damage. KB/M 2 cells also show a reduced G 2 cell cycle arrest and fewer DNA double strand breaks 18 hours after IR (6 Gy). Exposure of KB/M 2 cells to hydroxyurea (300 μM) after exposure to IR restored in vitro radiosensitivity in a manner similar to that found in KB and KB/M 1 cells. DISCUSSION An increase in R 2 protein levels and RR activity in KB/M 2 cells results in IR resistance, which appears mediated by enhanced IR damage repair during G 2 . R 1 protein overexpression in these isogenic human tumor cells (KB/M 1 ) did not affect RR activity or IR response.
The weighting of vowel quality in native and non-native listeners’ perception of English lexical stress

Abstract Although vowel quality is an important cue to the perception of English lexical stress, few studies have examined the role this cue plays for non-native speakers. Previous research found that Mandarin speakers had problems using vowel reduction as a cue in English lexical stress production. Assuming native-like perception is a prerequisite to native-like production for non-native speech, this study compared the weight Mandarin learners and native speakers of English gave to vowel quality as a cue to English lexical stress in comparison to that given to f0, duration and intensity under natural and flat pitch contour conditions. Listeners judged lexical stress placement in synthesized tokens of the word desert , in which the first syllable de- was varied systematically in vowel quality and each of the other cues depending on the pair of cues in focus. Results showed that both English and Mandarin listeners consistently weighted vowel quality more than other cues. Vowel quality and duration were treated as a combinational cue by both language groups. However, Mandarin and English listeners showed different patterns for the processing of vowel quality and other prosodic cues, and Mandarin listeners’ processing of vowel quality and pitch cues was influenced by the pitch contour conditions. These findings can be explained in terms of language-specific or cue-specific influence, and provide new insight into the relationship between production and perception in second language speech learning.
The Role of Lumbar Puncture in the Evaluation of Dementia: The Durham Veterans Administration/Duke University Study

The use of lumbar puncture (LP) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis in the routine, initial evaluation of patients with dementia continues to be questioned. This is especially true in the investigation of infectious causes of dementia. To explore this question further, the authors performed a retrospective analysis of 672 hospitalized patients specifically evaluated for dementia. LP and CSF analysis were performed on 402 patients (60 per cent); routine bacteriologic, acid-fast, and fungal cultures were also obtained for 333 of these patients. Most patients were white (64 per cent) and male (63 per cent), their mean age being 66 +/- 11 years. Four patients were diagnosed as having meningitis--two with Cryptococcus neoformans, one with apparent Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and one with coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus. These patients were characterized by a subacute change in mental status, fever or meningismus, and CSF pleocytosis with abnormal CSF chemistries. None of the patients were found to have newly diagnosed neurosyphilis. The authors conclude that LP and CSF analysis should not be part of the routine evaluation of patients with dementia and should be performed only in the presence of such indications as a subacute duration of dementia, fever, and signs of meningeal irritation.
Determination of L-tryptophan-serum albumin binding by high-performance liquid chromatography

Two high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques were developed for the determination of binding constants in the interaction of serum albumin with L-tryptophan: internal calibration and external calibration. The results obtained were compared with those obtained by the classical method of equilibrium dialysis and by gel filtration. While all the methods are equally reliable, the internal and external calibration techniques seem to be superior in their simplicity, speed and convenience.
College Achievement A Comparison of the Records Made in College by Students from Fully Accredited High Schools with those of Students having Equivalent Ability, from Second and Third Class High Schools

The high schools of the State of Wyoming are divided by the State Department of Education and the University of Wyoming into three classes according to the qualifications and salaries of the teachers, type of build ings, adequacy of laboratories and libraries and other criteria set up by the accrediting bodies. All schools accredited by the North Central Association and a few others (?ve schools in 1941, nine in 1944) are Class-1 high schools. These totaled thirty-six in 1941; in 1944, there were forty-one. For the purposes of this study, these Class-I high schools constitute "Group I." All other accredited high schools in Wyoming are in Classes II and III. Schools of these two classes, fifty-two in 1941 and forty-seven in 1944, are taken together, in this study and called "Group II." With some exceptions, high schools in Group II are smaller schools, in smaller communities than those in Group I. 353
Dietary calcium requirement of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, reared in calcium-free water

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the dietary calcium requirement of fingerling channel catfish reared in calcium-free water. Triplicate random groups of fish were fed purified diets containing graded levels of calcium ranging from 0.17 to 0.85%. All diets contained 0.5% phosphorus. Feed was offered for a period of 11 or 12 weeks. Growth and feed efficiency indicated that the dietary calcium requirement for channel catfish, reared in calcium-free water, was approximately 0.45% of the dry diet. Vertebral bone calcium, phosphorus and ash remained relatively constant at all dietary calcium levels. Based on these data, it appears that channel catfish conserve bone calcium during periods of calcium inadequacy. Serum calcium did not reflect the requirement level as determined by growth.
Sry-directed sex reversal in transgenic mice is robust with respect to enhanced DNA bending: comparison of human and murine HMG boxes.

The testis-determining factor SRY contains an HMG box DNA-bending domain. Human and murine factors (hSRY and mSRY, respectively) exhibit marked sequence divergence and are reported to differ markedly in DNA bending properties. Surprisingly, the combined application of time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (tr-FRET) and permutation gel electrophoresis demonstrates that the hSRY−DNA complex is more sharply bent than the murine complex and not less bent as previously reported. tr-FRET-based analyses of the distribution of end-to-end distances in the bent DNA−protein complexes further suggest that a broader range of DNA bend angles is populated in the murine ensemble than in the human ensemble. The two domains and their respective DNA complexes nevertheless exhibit similar thermodynamic stabilities. 1H NMR spectra indicate analogous intercalation of distinct “cantilever” side chains (isoleucine or methionine) with subtle differences in induced DNA structure. Interchange of cantilevers does not ...