cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of hematin crystallization and inhibition by the antimalarial drug chloroquine

Hematin crystallization is the primary mechanism of heme detoxification in malaria parasites and the target of the quinoline class of antimalarials. Despite numerous studies of malaria pathophysiology, fundamental questions regarding hematin growth and inhibition remain. Among them are the identity of the crystallization medium in vivo, aqueous or organic; the mechanism of crystallization, classical or nonclassical; and whether quinoline antimalarials inhibit crystallization by sequestering hematin in the solution, or by blocking surface sites crucial for growth. Here we use time-resolved in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) and show that the lipid subphase in the parasite may be a preferred growth medium. We provide, to our knowledge, the first evidence of the molecular mechanisms of hematin crystallization and inhibition by chloroquine, a common quinoline antimalarial drug. AFM observations demonstrate that crystallization strictly follows a classical mechanism wherein new crystal layers are generated by 2D nucleation and grow by the attachment of solute molecules. We identify four classes of surface sites available for binding of potential drugs and propose respective mechanisms of drug action. Further studies reveal that chloroquine inhibits hematin crystallization by binding to molecularly flat {100} surfaces. A 2-μM concentration of chloroquine fully arrests layer generation and step advancement, which is ∼104× less than hematin’s physiological concentration. Our results suggest that adsorption at specific growth sites may be a general mode of hemozoin growth inhibition for the quinoline antimalarials. Because the atomic structures of the identified sites are known, this insight could advance the future design and/or optimization of new antimalarials.
Hepatic pathology may develop before the Fontan operation in children with functional single ventricle: an autopsy study

Objective Liver fibrosis has emerged as an important long-term complication of the Fontan operation. We aimed to describe liver histology at autopsy in patients who had undergone the Fontan operation and to determine whether patient variables are associated with the degree of fibrosis. Methods A review was performed of all patients with a history of the Fontan operation who died and underwent autopsy at our institution from 1980 to 2009. Autopsy liver slides were evaluated independently by 2 pathologists. Results Twenty-two patients were studied. The median interval between Fontan and death was 20 days (range, 1 day–17.5 years). Portal fibrosis was observed in 20 (91%) patients and sinusoidal fibrosis was observed in 17 (77%) patients. Using simple linear regression, time from the Fontan operation was significantly associated with the degree of portal fibrosis on Ishak ( P = .03) and modified Scheuer fibrosis ( P = .02) scales. Significant portal fibrosis was observed in 8 (57%) of the 14 patients who died 30 days or less after the Fontan operation. In these 14 patients, severity of portal fibrosis was associated with length of hospitalization after pre-Fontan cardiac operations ( P = .03) and pre-Fontan mean right atrial pressure ( P = .04). Conclusions At autopsy, hepatic fibrosis was commonly observed in patients who had undergone the Fontan operation. Portal fibrosis has been previously unrecognized in this population. Significant portal fibrosis occurred in most who died soon after the Fontan procedure and was associated with pre-Fontan morbidity. Hepatic disease in the single-ventricle population is multifactorial and may begin before the Fontan operation.
Viscosity of the lithosphere of Enceladus

Regions of the Enceladus surface are shown by high resolution Voyager II images to be highly cratered, as if by heavy bombardment, with crater forms similar to those of fresh lunar surfaces but often shallower in depth. The flattening of these craters and the bowing up of their floors indicate viscous relaxation of the topography. Viscosity at the top of the lithosphere is suggested by crater form analysis to lie between 10 to the 24th and 10 to the 25th P. The zones where flattened craters occur may be regions of past or present heat flow that is higher than in adjacent terrains. Encedalus probably has a mixture of ammonia ice and water ice in the lithosphere, while the lithospheres of Ganymede and Callisto are primarily composed of water ice
Fundamental issues in nonlinear urban population dynamic models: theory and a synthesis.

A set of papers are discussed laying the foundations for a comprehensive dynamical theory of discontinuities in urban population size. Abstracting from the main premise of the papers, which appeared in 1980, a thesis is advanced that an encompassing notion ofdynamic comparative advantages underlies urban growth or decline. It is argued that such a theory is consistent with the notions found in Darwinian evolution. References to classical urban literature are made, linking these models to long-standing views of urban evolution.
Laterality in spontaneous motor activity of chimpanzees and squirrel monkeys.

Varieties of nonmanipulative motor responses were observed in chimpanzees and squirrel monkeys. Chimpanzees displayed a right hand preference for touching their inanimate environments but used their right and left hands equally for touching their faces and their bodies. The latter result was not consistent with previous reports of a left hand preference for face touching in apes. The right hand preference for environmental touching was stronger in male than in female chimpanzees. Squirrel monkeys had a right preference for combined hand and foot responses directed to their bodies, but expressed no handedness for environmentally directed touching. These limb preferences in chimpanzees and squirrel monkeys indicate that neither precise, complex manipulation nor postural instability are necessary conditions for population level hand preferences. Factor analysis of the chimpanzee manual responses showed distinct self and environmentally directed factors. Analysis of the squirrel monkey data also showed self and environmental factors, except that body scratching had a negative loading on the environmental factor. This latter result suggests that self-scratching by squirrel monkeys is a displacement activity that suppresses manual exploration of the environment. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Long Term Ablation of Protein Kinase A (PKA)-mediated Cardiac Troponin I Phosphorylation Leads to Excitation-Contraction Uncoupling and Diastolic Dysfunction in a Knock-in Mouse Model of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

The cardiac troponin I (cTnI) R21C (cTnI-R21C) mutation has been linked to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and renders cTnI incapable of phosphorylation by PKA in vivo. Echocardiographic imaging of homozygous knock-in mice expressing the cTnI-R21C mutation shows that they develop hypertrophy after 12 months of age and have abnormal diastolic function that is characterized by longer filling times and impaired relaxation. Electrocardiographic analyses show that older R21C mice have elevated heart rates and reduced cardiovagal tone. Cardiac myocytes isolated from older R21C mice demonstrate that in the presence of isoproterenol, significant delays in Ca2+ decay and sarcomere relaxation occur that are not present at 6 months of age. Although isoproterenol and stepwise increases in stimulation frequency accelerate Ca2+-transient and sarcomere shortening kinetics in R21C myocytes from older mice, they are unable to attain the corresponding WT values. When R21C myocytes from older mice are treated with isoproterenol, evidence of excitation-contraction uncoupling is indicated by an elevation in diastolic calcium that is frequency-dissociated and not coupled to shorter diastolic sarcomere lengths. Myocytes from older mice have smaller Ca2+ transient amplitudes (2.3-fold) that are associated with reductions (2.9-fold) in sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ content. This abnormal Ca2+ handling within the cell may be attributed to a reduction (2.4-fold) in calsequestrin expression in conjunction with an up-regulation (1.5-fold) of Na+-Ca2+ exchanger. Incubation of permeabilized cardiac fibers from R21C mice with PKA confirmed that the mutation prevents facilitation of mechanical relaxation. Altogether, these results indicate that the inability to enhance myofilament relaxation through cTnI phosphorylation predisposes the heart to abnormal diastolic function, reduced accessibility of cardiac reserves, dysautonomia, and hypertrophy.
Neighbor Recognition and Context‐dependent Aggression in a Solitary Wasp, Sphecius speciosus (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

Female cicada-killer wasps (Sphecius speciosus) nest underground and provision one brood chamber at a time with cicadas upon which they lay a single egg. Females commonly nest in dense aggregations of several dozen burrows. Although there is usually only one female per nest, occasionally two females encounter each other in the same burrow. Burrow owners exhibit variable tolerance of intruders (i. e. conspecific females who enter their nest), ranging from apparent indifference to intense aggression (biting and stinging). Field observations and experimental manipulations show that a nest owner's behavior toward intruders is influenced by 1) the presence of an exposed cicada in the owner's burrow, 2) whether or not the intruder is nesting near the nest owner, and 3) the intruder's size. A nest owner was most aggressive when an exposed cicada was present in its burrow and the intruder was a large nonneighbor (i.e. a female who was not nesting within 1 m of the nest owner in the same nest aggregation). Owners were markedly less aggressive when there was no exposed cicada and the intruder was a large nonneighbor or a small neighbor (i.e. a female who was nesting within 1 m of the nest owner in the same nest aggregation). Owners displayed little or no aggression when there was no exposed cicada and the intruder was a large neighbor. Owners apparently modulate their aggression according to their susceptibility to usurpation and/or perhaps cleptoparasitism. The ability of S. speciosus females to vary their aggression in different contexts suggests that selection can favor plasticity in social responses even in solitary Hymenoptera. Such flexibility may have been a forerunner of the elaborate social assessment mechanisms of eusocial insects.
Gel electrophoresis of the head proteins of T-even phage.

Abstract The subunits of T2 head protein prepared by alkaline or acetic acid degradation form four bands in acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The major band M was confirmed as the product of gene 23. The significance of the k, l, and g bands is considered. T2 and T4 head protein preparations differ in the k band, but not in the M band. The method was not sufficiently sensitive to distinguish the head protein of T4 from that of the amber mutant in gene 23 grown in the permissive cell CR63; nor did it distinguish T2 head protein from the various ht mutants tested. The preparation of stable subunits is discussed.
The performance to satisfaction relationship: A causal analysis of stimulating and nonstimulating jobs

Abstract This study investigated the source and direction of causal influence in the relationships among performance rating, performance output, intrinsic satisfaction, and extrinsic satisfaction. A cross-lag correlation design, corrected cross-lag procedures, dynamic correlations, and frequency-of-change-in-product-moment (FCP) techniques were used to analyze the data. Field data were collected from 108 experienced machinists and 62 machine repair technicians. Using a modified Job Diagnostic Survey (JDS), six qualified observers categorized the machinist and technician jobs as stimulating or nonstimulating. The data analysis and results indicate significant differences in the causal inferences made for the two categories of jobs. It was determined that it could be inferred that for stimulating jobs “performance rating causes intrinsic satisfaction”, “performance output causes intrinsic satisfaction”, and “extrinsic satisfaction causes performance output”. In addition, the data for the nonstimulating jobs suggest that it can be inferred that “intrinsic and extrinsic satisfaction cause performance rating” and “intrinsic satisfaction causes performance output”.
Magnetic confinement in the solar interior

The observed uniform rotation of the Sun’s radiative interior can be explained by the presence of a global-scale interior magnetic field, provided that the field remains confined below the convection zone. In high latitudes, such magnetic confinement is possible by means of persistent downwelling, driven by the convection zone’s turbulent stresses.
The synthesis and reactivity of [N(8)-C(3')]-cyclized bicyclomycin. Evidence of the role of the C(1)-triol group in bicyclomycin-mediated processes

The C(1) triol group in the antibiotic, bicyclomycin (1) has been proposed to play an integral role in the bonding of key protein nucleophiles to the distal C(5)-C(5a) terminal double bond in the drug. Evidence in support of this concept has been provided by the comparison of the reactivities of bicyclomycin (1), the [N(8)-C(3')]-cyclized bicyclomycin adduct 3, 2',3'-bicyclomycin acetonide (17), and the acetonide derivative of 3, 18, with sodium ethanethiolate
Palmitoleic acid reduces intramuscular lipid and restores insulin sensitivity in obese sheep

Obese sheep were used to assess the effects of palmitoleic (C16:1 cis-9) acid infusion on lipogenesis and circulating insulin levels. Infusion of 10 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day C16:1 intravenously in obese sheep reduced (P,0.01) weight gain by 77%. Serum palmitoleic levels increased (P,0.05) in a linear manner with increasing levels of C16:1 infusion. Cis-11 vaccenic (C18:1 cis-11) acid, a known elongation product of palmitoleic acid, was also elevated (P,0.05) in serum after 14 days and 21 days of infusion. Plasma insulin levels were lower (P,0.05) (10 mg/ kg BW/day C16:1) than controls (0 mg/kg BW/day C16:1) at 14 days and 28 days of infusion. Infusion of C16:1 resulted in linear increases in tissue concentrations of palmitoleic, cis-11 vaccenic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosapentaenoic acids in a dose-dependent manner. Total lipid content of the semitendinosus (ST) muscle and mesenteric adipose tissue was reduced (P,0.01) in both 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg BW C16:1 dose levels. Total lipid content and mean adipocyte size in the longissimus muscle was reduced (P,0.05) in the 10 mg/kg BW C16:1 dose level only, whereas total lipid content and adipocyte size of the subcutaneous adipose tissue was not altered. Total lipid content of the liver was also unchanged with C16:1 infusion. Palmitoleic acid infusion upregulated (P,0.05) acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid elongase-6 (ELOVL6), and Protein kinase, AMP-activated, alpha 1 catalytic subunit, transcript variant 1 (AMPK) mRNA expressions in liver, subcutaneous adipose, and ST muscle compared to the controls. However, mRNA expression of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b (CPT1B) differed between tissues. In the subcutaneous adipose and liver, C16:1 infusion upregulated (P,0.05) GLUT4 and CPT1B, whereas these genes were downregulated (P,0.05) in ST muscle with C16:1 infusion. These results show that C16:1 infusion for 28 days reduced weight gain, intramuscular adipocyte size and total lipid content, and circulating insulin levels. These changes appear to be mediated through alterations in expression of genes regulating glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation specifically in the muscles.
Ada debugging and testing support environments

This paper presents analysis and design considerations for Ada Programming Support Environments (APSEs) to support interactive debugging and testing of embedded, real time software at the Ada source code level. The analysis is based on the “Stoneman” requirements specification for APSEs (1). Important factors in the analysis and design of Ada debugging and testing support systems include the requirement for a source level system, the host machine-target machine configurations, the real time and concurrent nature of target software, and the KAPSE virtual machine interface to the APSE data base. Although this paper is specifically concerned with debugging and testing issues, the methods utilized and the results obtained are of general applicability.The following sections of the paper address general analysis considerations, source level support environments, design considerations for an interactive source level debugger, and KAPSE design considerations.
Use of hempseed meal, poultry by-product meal, and canola meal in practical diets without fish meal for sunshine bass (Morone chrysops×M. saxatilis)

In an effort to reduce fish meal FM use in diets for sunshine bass, a feeding trial was conducted. Four practical floating diets were formulated to contain 40% protein, similar energy levels, and without FM. A fifth diet was formulated to contain 30% FM and served as the control diet. Ten fish were stocked into each of 20 110-l aquaria and were fed twice daily 0730 and 1600 . h amounts of diet similar to that of the aquarium consuming the most diet at that feeding. Diets .
Synergistic effect of simultaneous microwave and ultrasound irradiations on transesterification of waste vegetable oil

Abstract This study presents a novel application of simultaneous microwave and ultrasound (MW/US) irradiations on transesterification of waste vegetable oil. Experiments were conducted in three phases to evaluate: (1) the effect of process parameters on the transesterification reaction mediated by simultaneous MW/US irradiations at a fixed power output rate; (2) the individual and synergistic effects of the two technologies (by changing the power output rates); and (3) the synergistic effect on the power density (by changing the sample volume for a fixed MW/US power output). From the process parametric optimization study, the following conditions were determined as optimum: 6:1 methanol to oil ratio, 0.75% sodium hydroxide catalyst by wt.%, and 2 min of reaction time at a combined power output rate of 200 W (100/100 MW/US). The biodiesel yields were higher for the simultaneous MW/US mediated reactions (∼98%) when compared to MW (87.1%) or US (89.8%) irradiations individually. The power density tests revealed that an optimum power output rate must be determined for energy-efficient biodiesel production. This study concludes that the combined irradiations result in a synergistic effect that enhances the biodiesel process performance and yields significantly. Identification of optimal parameters and hindrances concerning both techniques will further allow for large-scale application of the combined technology for biodiesel production.
C terminus of RGS-GAIP-interacting protein conveys neuropilin-1-mediated signaling during angiogenesis

Initially, it was thought that there was no intracellular signaling mediated by NRP-1 alone in response to its ligands. However, the emerging data from our group as well as others suggest that the signaling through NRP-1 actually promotes angiogenesis and is mediated through its C-terminal domain and downstream molecules such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Hence, understanding the signal transduction pathways mediated by NRP-1 and identification of its downstream molecules are of importance. By using both in vivo zebrafish model and in vitro tissue culture system, we have shown that the C-terminal three amino acids of NRP-1 (SEA-COOH) are required for NRP-1-mediated angiogenesis. Furthermore, knocking down of RGS-GAIP-interacting protein C terminus (GIPC) in zebrafish, which is associated with C-terminal domain of NRP-1, exhibits similar vasculature phenotypes to those from NRP-1 null. Specific and effective silencing of GIPC in vascular endothelium results in inhibition of NRP-1-mediated migration. In bot...
Drawing lines and borders: how the dehiscent fruit of Arabidopsis is patterned

The advent of fruits marked a key innovation in the evolution of flowering plants and helped generate a diverse array of mechanisms for seed dispersal. In the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, seed dispersal occurs through a process known as "pod-shatter" in which the fruit structure falls to pieces upon light mechanical pressures. This dispersal mechanism is dependent on the careful patterning of tissues in the fruit, which perform diverse functions that enable the fruit to open at maturation. Using the genetic power of Arabidopsis, many of the molecular components that help specify these tissues have been identified. Studies of the interactions among these genes have revealed a regulatory network that limits processes such as cell-cell separation and lignification to discreet regions of the fruit. Knowledge of these processes in a model fruit creates a foundation on which to build an understanding of the evolution of fruit form in other species and provides tools to engineer shatter-resistant seed pods to prevent crop loss in plants of agronomic importance such as canola.
Plane collision course detection between moving objects by transformation of coordinates

This paper deals with the problem of collision course checking between objects moving in a two-dimensional working space. A relative kinematics system is derived, and a transformation of coordinates is applied to simplify the problem. Under this formulation, the collision course checking problem is studied in an equivalent virtual plane, where the collision course problem between two moving objects is reduced to the collision course problem between a virtual moving object and a stationary object. This approach reduces complex scenarios to simple equivalent scenarios. We define two types of collision course, namely the direct collision course and the indirect collision course. Various simulation examples are used to illustrate the method and show the equivalence between the real plane and the virtual plane.
News Agency Coverage of Conflict Among Russia’s Political Elite

This study reviews coverage of a spat between Moscow Mayor Yury Luzhkov and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev in 2009 and 2010, analyzing how the Thomson Reuters and Interfax news agencies report on conflict among political elites in post-Soviet and post-perestroika Russia. Using framing theories and discourse and thematic analyses, the research deconstructs the reports from the two agencies, one headquartered in London and New York and the other in Moscow, analyzing how they comply with Western journalistic principles while navigating the constraints on professional journalism in Russia. The qualitative study concludes that orientation, reporting conventions, and editorial decisions led Interfax and Reuters to privilege certain perspectives while downplaying others.
Poor Validity of Self-Reported Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Vaccination Status among Young Drug Users

Self-reported hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection status and immunization status were compared with HBV serological markers among 324 young injection drug users (IDUs) and noninjection drug users (NIDUs). The overall validity of self-reported status was poor; 52% claiming to be vaccinated were actually susceptible to HBV. There was no difference in validity of self-reported HBV status between IDUs and NIDUs. Clinicians should adopt a "Don't Ask, Vaccinate" vaccination policy for young drug users.
DNA repair proteins are directly involved in regulation of gene expression during plant immune response

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR), an inducible plant-defense response to local infection, requires the signaling molecule salicylic acid (SA) and the transcriptional coactivator NPR1, with concerted activation of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. Arabidopsis sni1 is an npr1 suppressor and derepression of defense genes in sni1 causes reduced growth and fertility and increased homologous recombination. Characterizing suppressors of sni1, we identify the DNA damage repair proteins SSN2 and RAD51D as genetic and physical interactors with SNI1. During plant defense, SSN2 and possibly RAD51D replace the transcription repressor SNI1 at pathogenesis-related gene promoters. In the presence of SNI1, NPR1 is also required for SSN2 binding. Thus, coordinated action of SNI1, SSN2-RAD51D, and NPR1 ensures the tight control of plant immune gene expression. Given that the SSN2-RAD51D complex is conserved in eukaryotes, their dual function in homologous recombination and transcription regulation of plant-defense genes suggests a general link between these two stress responses.
Assessing fast network interfaces

Assessing the performance of emerging high-speed networks is difficult. Our communication microbenchmark evaluates design changes in a communications system. Our microbenchmark generates a graphical signature from which we extract communication performance parameters for the hardware-software tandem. We use the LogP conceptual model for communication systems. (LogP stands for the parameters latency, overhead, gap, and processors). We study three important platforms that represent diverse points in the network interface design space: the Intel Paragon, Meiko CS-2, and a cluster of Sparcstation-20s connected by Myrinet switches using LANai SBus cards. Our study views each machine as a gray box supporting Active Messages and conforming to the LogP framework. We devise a simple set of communication microbenchmarks and measure the performance on each platform to obtain the LogP parameters.
Sensitivity of multitemporal NOAA AVHRR data of an urbanizing region to land-use/land-cover changes and misregistration

Our objectives were to: (1) investigate the sensitivity of multitemporal image data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite data for detecting land-use/land-cover changes primarily associated with urbanization and (2) test the effectiveness of a misregistration compensation model on the same data set. Empirical analyses were conducted using two near-anniversary, single-date NOAA AVHHR images of a rapidly urbanizing region of southern and Baja California. Analyses were facilitated by reference data from detailed GIS data layers of land-use/land-cover types for the 2 years corresponding to image acquisition dates (1990 and 1995). Almost all AVHRR pixels containing land-use/land-cover changes were mixed with nonchange areas, even when the extent of change features was greater than the nominal 1 km 2 ground sampling area. The strongest signals of image brightness change were detected by temporal differences of NDVI and Channel 4 surface temperature. ‘‘Undeveloped to urban’’ and ‘‘undeveloped to water’’ were the land-use/land-cover transition sequences with the most definitive AVHRR change signals. Mean magnitudes of misregistration errors were estimated to be around 0.2 pixel units in x and y directions. Mean values for misregistration noise equivalent in brightness change (MNEDB) were 0.02, 0.02, and 1.96 K for image differences of Channel 1 reflectance, NDVI, and Channel 4 surface temperature, respectively. The misregistration compensation model reduced false detection of change, but improvements in detection of land-use/land-cover changes were not conclusive. D 2002 Elsevier
Mitochondria as Chi

WESTERN medicine is in crisis. Continually increasing resources are being expended to combat the age-related diseases that include diabetes and metabolic syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Yet the causes of these diseases remain a mystery, while their incidence and morbidity either remain constant or are increasing (Wallace 2005b).
Tip–tilt compensation for astronomical imaging

We present a performance analysis of tip–tilt-compensation systems that use natural stars as tilt references. Taking into account properties of the atmosphere and of the galactic stellar populations, we optimize the system operating parameters to determine performance limits for several varieties of tip–tilt-compensation system operating on a 10-m telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. We find that, for systems that use a single tilt reference star, if the image of the star is uncorrected, a one-axis root-mean-square tilt residual of less than 190 nrad can be obtained for at least 99% of all astronomical objects, whereas if the image of the tilt reference star is fully corrected this limit drops to 90 nrad. For systems that use two tilt reference stars the limits drop to 160 nrad if the images of the stars are uncorrected and to 60 nrad if the images of the stars are fully corrected. These residual tilt levels would permit V-band images with long-exposure resolution of 8.5, 4.2, 7.3, and 2.9 times the diffraction limit, respectively, where the diffraction-limited resolution in the V band is 0.011 arcsec. These results may be compared with the typical seeing of 0.75 arcsec.
Gallium arsenide electro-optic modulator for the 10.6-micron CO 2 laser

A gallium arsenide electro-optic modulator has been used for external modulation of the output of a CO 2 laser at 10.6 microns. Modulation depths of 70% have been obtained for a modulating signal of 1000 volts. Modulation frequencies of a few hundred megahertz should be possible based on experiments performod at shorter wavelengths. The effect of high laser output power on the modulator performance will be discussed.
Theoretical Models of Porosity Reduction by Pressure Solution for Well-Sorted Sandstones

ABSTRACT The reduction of porosity due to pressure solution is analyzed for some theoretical models consisting of aggregates of spherical grains of uniform size. The analysis is carried out for all six of the stable regular packing arrangements suggested by Graton and Fraser (1935). For each regular packing arrangement, two limiting cases are considered, one with all of the dissolved material removed from the system and the other with all of the material locally precipitated. Even for the most compact packing arrangement and complete local precipitation, the amount of vertical shortening for total porosity reduction is found to exceed 26 percent. A comparison of the amount of porosity reduction due to solution and the additional reduction due to precipitation of the dissolved material as cemen indicates that for all cases, solution is more important in the early stages while cementation becomes more effective in the later stages. The exact relationship also varies according to the packing arrangement and its orientation with respect to the direction of compaction. Cases 1 and 6 show the maximum cementation-solution ratio while Case 3 shows the minimum ratio. The results obtained from studies of regular geometric arrays of spherical grains can be used to estimate the importance of pressure solution as compared to other porosity-reducing mechanisms in the diagenesis of well-sorted sandstones of uniform grain size. Any initial porosity in the sandstone can be represented by combinations of different volume proportions of the various packing arrangements. By comparing the "minus cement porosity" in a sandstone with the volume of cement predicted by a theoretical model, the role of pressure solution and the minimum volume of cement that has entered or left the system can be estimated.
Apical Pneumocystis jiroveci as an AIDS defining illness: A case report illustrating a change in the paradigm.

Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia is a common acquired immune deficiency syndrome defining illness. Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia is classically described as having symmetrical bilateral perihilar ground-glass opacities on chest radiographs. We present an “atypical” case of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia presenting as symmetric biapical cystic spaces with relative sparing of the remainder of the lungs in a 22 year-old male, previously undiagnosed with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Our case illustrates that formerly unusual presentations of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia are becoming more common as acquired immune deficiency syndrome defining illnesses as more patients are being imaged with further imaging such as high resolution computed tomography.
SURFACE TENSION OF SERUM : IV. ACTION OF TEMPERATURE.

1. The surface tension of pure serum, heated at 55°C., decreases progressively and regularly until the serum coagulates. A drop of 8.2 dynes was observed in 168 hours. The mean drop was 5.7 dynes in 120 hours and 4 dynes in 96 hours. 2. The initial surface tension of solutions of serum at the concentrations 10–1 up to 10–6 is practically not affected by heat, but the time-drop in 2 hours is modified. 3. Each serum seems to react in its own particular way as far as the time-drop is concerned. However, there is a general tendency for the solution to show an increase of time-drop at the concentrations 10–1, 10–2, 10–3 and 10–5, and a decrease at 10–4, when heated at 55°C. a decrease of the time-drop at the concentrations 10–1, 10–2 and 10–3, and an increase at 10–4 when heated at 100°C. 4. Nevertheless, only the changes observed below 10–3 are constant in sign, within 75 or 80 per cent of the cases. The concentration 10–4 seems to correspond to a state of greater instability. This confirms the hypothesis of the existence of a monomolecular layer at that concentration, which was assumed on the basis of the existence of a maximum drop at 10–4. Should this be true, and provided the principle of Gibbs could be transformed so as to be applicable to mixed solutions of colloids and crystalloids, an idea of the size, or at least of one of the dimensions of the molecules or group molecules composing the serum could probably be obtained. 5. 1 drop of the solutions at 1:10 evaporated on glass and examined under the microscope shows the marked differences brought about by heating at different temperatures.
Public Distrust and Hazard Management Success at the Rocky Flats Nuclear Weapons Plant

Based on experience gained while serving a public oversight commission appointed by the governor of Colorado, hazard management at the Department of Energy's Rocky Flats nuclear weapons plant is reviewed. Specific reference is made to the plant's history of controversy, its defense-in-depth strategy of hazard control, occupational health issues, public exposure to plutonium, and the assessment of low-probability, high-consequence risks. This leads to the conclusion that Rocky Flats is, by any objective standard, a hazard management success. It follows that public distrust of Rocky Flats arises as much from fear and loathing of nuclear weapons themselves as from the manufacturing process by which they are made.
The anatomy of the lateral branches of the sacral dorsal rami: implications for radiofrequency ablation.

Background The sacroiliac joint (SIJ) is a major source of pain in patients with chronic low back pain. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of the lateral branches of the dorsal sacral rami that supply the joint is a treatment option gaining considerable attention. However, the position of the lateral branches (commonly targeted with RFA) is variable and the segmental innervation to the SIJ is not well understood. Objectives Our objective was to clarify the lateral branches' innervation of the SIJ and their specific locations in relation to the dorsal sacral foramina, which are the standard RFA landmark. Methods Dissections and photography of the L5 to S4 sacral dorsal rami were performed on 12 hemipelves from 9 donated cadaveric specimens. Results There was a broad range of exit points from the dorsal sacral foramina: ranging from 12:00 - 6:00 position on the right side and 6:00 - 12:00 on the left positions. Nine of 12 of the hemipelves showed anastomosing branches from L5 dorsal rami to the S1 lateral plexus. Limitations The limitations of this study include the use of a posterior approach to the pelvic dissection only, thus discounting any possible nerve contribution to the anterior aspect of the SIJ, as well as the possible destruction of some L5 or sacral dorsal rami branches with the removal of the ligaments and muscles of the low back. Conclusion Widespread variability of lateral branch exit points from the dorsal sacral foramen and possible contributions from L5 dorsal rami and superior gluteal nerve were disclosed by the current study. Hence, SIJ RFA treatment approaches need to incorporate techniques which address the diverse SIJ innervation.
[μ-N,N,N',N'-Tetra-kis(2-pyridyl-meth-yl)butane-1,4-diamine]-bis-[dinitratocadmium(II)].

The title dinuclear cadmium complex, [Cd2(NO3)4(C28H32N6)], is located on an inversion center. The unique CdII ion displays a 5 + 2 coordination. A distorted square-pyramidal geometry is formed by the dipicolyl­amine group of the ligand via the N atoms in a meridional fashion and two O atoms of the nitrate ligands with short Cd—O distances. The coordination is completed by two loosely bound O atoms of the nitrate ligands.
What is a supply chain

This chapter discusses the concept of supply chains and the role of suppliers in a supply chain. It also explains the way to develop appropriate relationships and make integration and time savings a reality. A supply chain is a movement—specifically, the movement of materials, information, and money. The movement of these resources is affected by a series of forces that interact with the overall supply chain. The objective is to make the entire supply chain as seamless as possible for the customer while integrating all operational complexities of the supply chain into an optimized, well-performing machine at the same time. The single most discussed area of supply chain management and of international operations management is the management of suppliers in the supply chain. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the management of a supply chain by focusing on supplier sourcing and scheduling.
Cat brain cytochrome-c oxidase redox changes induced by hypoxia after blood-fluorocarbon exchange transfusion

We used rapid-scanning near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy (730-960 nm) to study the effects of graded or acute hypoxia on cerebral cytochrome-c oxidase (cyt aa3) redox state in blood-perfluoro-carbon-exchanged cats with somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) monitoring. In graded hypoxia [10 min each at fractional inspiratory O2 concentration (FIO2) 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, and 0.5], cyt aa3 reduction occurred at FIO2 0.6 when cerebral O2 delivery was < 3.5 ml.100 g-1.min-1. In acute hypoxia (FIO2 0.6 for 10 min), significant cyt aa3 reduction occurred from 5 to 10 min (cerebral O2 delivery 3.1 +/- 0.3 ml.100 g-1.min-1) and recovered with reoxygenation (FIO2 1.0). Cyt aa3 redox changes preceded or coincided with SEP alterations in both hypoxia protocols. These results demonstrate that cerebral cyt aa3 reduction occurs with severe reduction of cerebral O2 delivery, but no significant change in cerebral cyt aa3 redox state occurs with small reductions of cerebral O2 delivery. We conclude that substantial changes in cerebral cyt aa3 do not occur at physiological levels of O2 delivery and that current NIR clinical instruments would detect oxygen-dependent cerebral cyt aa3 redox changes only when O2 delivery is extremely compromised.
Assessing the Effects of Crowding, Pore Size, and Interactions on Electro-Osmotic Drag Coefficients

Water flow coupled to the migration of ions is an important aspect of the performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. The water gradients arising from the operation of fuel cells can result in flooding and drying-out of the electrodes and drying of regions of the membrane, with concomitant losses in conductivity and efficiency. The electro-osmotic drag coefficient measures the ratio between the flow of solvent molecules to that of a charged species toward an electrode in the presence of an applied electric field. The effects of variables such as pore radius, crowding, temperature, electric field strength, and ion concentration on the mobility of ions and accompanying water molecules in an applied electric field are still not well understood. Here, we investigate these factors with coarse-grained molecular simulations using an efficient model of water and sodium chloride ions and compare these results with those from previous experiments on proton exchange membranes as well as new experimental ...
The use of a graph-based system to improve bibliographic information retrieval: System design, implementation, and evaluation

In this article, we propose a graph-based interactive bibliographic information retrieval system-GIBIR. GIBIR provides an effective way to retrieve bibliographic information. The system represents bibliographic information as networks and provides a form-based query interface. Users can develop their queries interactively by referencing the system-generated graph queries. Complex queries such as "papers on information retrieval, which were cited by John's papers that had been presented in SIGIR" can be effectively answered by the system. We evaluate the proposed system by developing another relational database-based bibliographic information retrieval system with the same interface and functions. Experiment results show that the proposed system executes the same queries much faster than the relational database-based system, and on average, our system reduced the execution time by 72% for 3-node query, 89% for 4-node query, and 99% for 5-node query.
Effects of Magnetic and Non-Magnetic Impurity Addition on Magnetoresistance Behavior of Lanthanum Manganite Thin Films

In this paper, we report our studies on the growth, structural, magnetotransport and magnetic properties of La1−x,CaxMnO3: Co/Ag. Thin films of these materials were grown in situ on (100) LaAlO3 substrates using a pulsed laser deposition technique. Microstructural characterization carried out on these films show that the films are single phase, textured and smooth. The temperature dependence of resistance of the films in the 10 - 300 K range was examined in zero and applied field using four-probe technique and magnetization measurements were carried out using the quantum design superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer. The MR ratios of La0.7Ca0.3MMnO3, Ag added La0.7CaM0.3MnO3 and Co added La0.7CaM0.3MnO3 films were found to be 200%, 3.4 × 104% and 660% in 5 T and 21%, 435% and 30% in 0.1 T respectively. The enhanced MR ratio in the case of Ag added La0.7Ca0.3MMnO3 films is attributed to the increase in the oxygen content and in the case of Co added La0.7Ca0.3MMnO3, it can be attributed to the Co supplying some additional magnetic field.
Can Opto-Electronics Provide the Motive Power for Future Vehicles?

A rear mirror to reflect band-edge luminescence helped break the world record for solar cell efficiency, 28.8%. It serendipitously reflects all infrared wavelengths, which can revolutionize thermo-photovoltaics. This enables conversion from heat to electricity with >50% efficiency.
Ion association in aqueous solutions probed through vibrational energy transfers among cation, anion, and water molecules.

KSCN and NH4SCN aqueous solutions were investigated with intermolecular vibrational energy transfer methods. In a KSCN/H2O (1/10 molar ratio) solution, 90% of the initial excitation of the CN stretch (∼2066 cm–1) of the SCN– anion is transferred to the HOH bending mode (∼1636 cm–1) of water molecules with an energy transfer time constant 3.1 ps. In a NH4SCN/H2O (1/10 molar ratio) solution, only 49% of the CN excitation flows to the water HOH bending mode with a time constant 6.3 ps. Most of the remaining CN excitation goes to the NH bending mode (∼1460 cm–1) of the NH+ cation with a time constant of 7.0 ps. The results indicate that about 50% of the energy transfer channel from the CN stretch to the HOH bending observed in the KSCN solution is overpowered by the NH4+ cations in the NH4SCN/H2O solution. Ion concentration dependent measurements support this argument. According to the dipole/dipole approximation, the CN/OH energy transfer occurs most efficiently between SCN– anions and the water molecules cl...
Comprehensive chirality sensing: development of stereodynamic probes with a dual (chir)optical response.

The attachment of a salicylaldehyde ring and a cofacial aryl or heteroaryl N-oxide chromophore onto a naphthalene scaffold affords stereodynamic probes designed to rapidly bind amines, amino alcohols, or amino acids and to translate this binding event via substrate-to-receptor chirality amplification into a dual (chir)optical response. 1-(3′-Formyl-4′-hydroxyphenyl)-8-(9′-anthryl)naphthalene (1) was prepared via two consecutive Suzuki cross-coupling reactions, and the three-dimensional structure and racemization kinetics were studied by crystallography and dynamic HPLC. This probe proved successful for chirality sensing of several compounds, but in situ IR monitoring of the condensation reaction between the salicylaldehyde moiety in 1 and phenylglycinol showed that the imine formation takes 2 h. Optimization of the substrate binding rate and the circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence readouts led to the replacement of anthracene with smaller fluorophores capable of intramolecular hydrogen bonding. 1-(3′...
Employment Hardships and Health Insurance Coverage in Single-Mother Families During and After the Great Recession:

The study reported here determined that a national sample of single mothers had no health care coverage for an average of 9.35 months during a 32-month period during and after the Great Recession that began in December 2007 and ended in June 2009. Using comprehensively defined employment problems, it also found that adequately employed single mothers had the fewest months without health care coverage (M = 4.36), which more than doubled for those who experienced unemployment or involuntary gaps in employment, and tripled for those who experienced underemployment. The multivariate results confirm that employment problems place single mothers at a high risk of lacking health insurance. Implications for health care policy are discussed.
Disclosure Failures: Statistics, Characteristics, and Strategies to Address Them

Provided in this chapter are estimates of the numbers of true sexual abuse cases in which children deny abuse, the reasons these children do not disclose, predictors of disclosure failure, and strategies that may facilitate disclosure of sexual abuse. The chapter relies upon both research and practice knowledge. The research is comprised of both quantitative and qualitative studies with a primary focus on field research rather than analogue studies. Much of the knowledge about denial of sexual abuse derives from literature on children and youth who eventually disclose their abuse. In the interest of parsimony, citations will not be exhaustive and will emphasize recent findings. Often, illustrative research, but not the entire body of supportive findings for an assertion or observation, will be presented.
Power, Personality, and the Dialectics of Nonviolence

This analysis grows out of Hannah Arendt’s (1970) observations that nation states and other institutions tend to employ violence when the legitimacy of their entitlement to power becomes dubious, and their ability to exercise power effectively is failing. Her observations clearly fit a general principle of common sense psychology which may be stated as follows: Nonviolence is most likely to be maintained as a superordinate value by persons or groups most confident in the legitimacy of their power-conferring status.