cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vitellogenesis in Drosophila: Sequestration of a yolk polypeptide/invertase fusion protein into developing oocytes

The mechanism of yolk deposition into developing oocytes of Drosophila was investigated by following the fate of a reporter protein fused to a vitellogenin, or yolk polypeptide (YP). Embryos were transformed with a hybrid gene consisting of the promotor and amino terminal 430 codons of the Yp2 gene fused to the cytoplasmic form of the invertase gene from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. RNA hybridization experiments with established lines of transformed flies showed that the hybrid gene was expressed in female fat bodies and ovaries but not in any male cells. Immunoblotting and endoglycosidase digestion showed that the hybrid protein was secreted from fat body cells via the secretory pathway, transported in hemolymph, and sequestered into developing oocytes. Transfusion experiments with hemolymph and pure invertase showed that sequestration of invertase depended on its attachment to YP. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated that the hybrid protein became localized in yolk granules as oocytes developed. Females homozygous for the fusion gene are generally sterile; their eggs containing the hybrid protein often collapse and their embryos fail to develop, suggesting that the structure of the yolk polypeptides is important for embryonic development. These experiments show that YP2 carries structural information sufficient to direct a reporter protein from fat body cells, through the hemolymph, and into the yolk granules of developing oocytes. This work provides a means of identifying the features of yolk polypeptides that are responsible for their deposition into yolk during oogenesis.
Chromatographic determination of the second gas‐solid virial coefficients for argon, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide with carbon powders

Determinations realisees entre 265 et 365 K, pour les differents systemes adsorbats-adsorbants du titre. Donnees numeriques
Acoustical Measurements During Erbium:YAG Laser Ablation of Porcine Calcified Tissues

The Erbium:YAG laser ((lambda) equals 2.94 micrometer) has been suggested for use in dental, orthopedic, and middle ear surgery due to decreased thermal trauma, precise ablation characteristics, and potential fiber optic delivery. While there has been much focus on the thermal and photoacoustic events that occur during pulsed laser ablation of hard tissue, there are few studies that examine the acoustic energy generated by these devices during ablation from an audiologic standpoint. In this study, the porcine otic capsule, nasal bone, and teeth were irradiated with an Erbium:YAG laser. Frequencies of 5 and 10 Hz shot repetition rate were used with .5 to 4 W average power. Additionally, a burst mode consisting of three pulses was used with .2 to 1.4 J total energy. During ablation, acoustic measurements were made using a sound level meter held 20 mm away from the target site. A constant spot size of 500 micrometer was maintained for each laser blast. With each set of laser parameters, the sound intensity (dB SPL) exceeded 70 dB. Peak intensity measurements of 95 dB were measured. The clinical significance of these findings is discussed and the acoustical aspects of middle ear function and noise trauma are reviewed.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Isolation and preliminary characterization of bacteriocins produced by Vibrio vulnificus

Aims: The aim of this work was to isolate bacteriocins from the environment that would be effective in neutralizing Vibrio vulnificus in seafood. Methods and Results: Water samples from Wilmington (NC, USA) were plated to determine total viable counts and to isolate presumptive Vibrio spp. Isolates containing plasmids were checked for antimicrobial activity which was not due to lytic bacteriophage or small, non-specific molecules. Three bacteriocin producers were detected and their inhibitory spectra determined: IW1 inhibited few strains of V. vulnificus; BC1 inhibited several strains of V. vulnificus, V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus and BC2 inhibited all tested Vibrio spp., Plesiomonas shigelloides and Escherichia coli. Loss of inhibitory activity coincided with loss of the bacteriocinogenic plasmid. The bacteriocins were found to be between 1·3 and 9·0 kDa. IW1 was heat labile, while BC1 was moderately stable except at extreme temperatures. BC2 was very stable and maintained its activity when frozen, autoclaved or exposed to extreme pH values. Conclusions: Bacteriocins have been isolated from environmental isolates of V. vulnificus and V. cholerae. BC2, with its broad spectrum and stability, may be useful in neutralizing V. vulnificus. Significance and Impact of the Study: The results have significance in relation to reducing the occurrence of food poisoning caused by V. vulnificus.
THEORETICAL STUDIES OF CERRO PRIETO BRINES CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA

A chemical equilibrium model is used, implemented in a compact FORTRAN package called HITEQ, to investigate possible mineral deposition related to prereinjection treatment of Cerro Prieto brines for silica removal. Large saturation ratios of the treated brines with respect to several minerals are indicated by these computations. As a remedy, an inexpensive CO/sub 2/ removal scheme aimed at inhibiting carbonate mineral precipitation is proposed. This scheme is quantitatively discussed with the aid of HITEQ. It is concluded that the proposed treatment is both technically and economically feasible.
Dynamic Response of a Dual-Hoist Bridge Crane

Cranes are used in manufacturing facilities, throughout nuclear sites, and in many other applications for various heavy-lifting purposes. Unfortunately, the flexible nature of cranes makes fast and precise motion of the payload challenging and dangerous. Certain applications require the coordinated movement of multiple cranes. Such tasks dramatically increase the complexity of the crane operation. This paper studies the dynamic behavior of a dual-hoist bridge crane. Simulations and experiments are used to develop an understanding of the dynamic response of the system. Various inputs and system configurations are analyzed and important response characteristics are highlighted.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Quality of Farmers' Market Produce: Flavor and Pesticide Residues

Previous research has demonstrated advantages of farmers' markets in price and social atmosphere. Following a multi-method research strategy, additional investigations were done on produce flavor and pesticide residues. Double-blind flavor trials with nine separate produce items showed a significant preference for farmers' market over supermarket produce on four items, and equivocal results for the remaining five items. Neither the farmers' market nor the supermarket produce contained detectable pesticide residues above the safe tolerance levels set by federal and state agencies.
Evidence for the glycoprotein nature of the inducer of sexuality in Volvox.

Abstract The inducer of sexuality in Volvox carteri binds to the saccharide binding site of concanavalin A. Its activity show heterogeneous and relatively low mobility during electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels. These and other findings support the view that the inducer of sexuality is a glycoprotein.
Hydrolysis of Phosphoryl Trichloride (POCl3): Characterization, in Situ Detection, and Safe Quenching of Energetic Metastable Intermediates

The accumulation of metastable intermediates resulting from the incomplete hydrolysis of phosphoryl trichloride-containing mixtures carries the risk of latent exothermic events. Significant accumul...
The incomplete social psychology of aging: a psychologist's perspective.

The social psychology of aging as currently practiced within social gerontology is incomplete. It is quite different from sociological approaches to (nonaging) social psychology and virtually unrelated to psychological ones. This incompleteness—its origins, range, and effects-is examined, and the outlines of a more complete social psychology of aging are presented in this article. The development of a more complete social psychology of aging, and its expansion toward a life span developmental social psychology, is possible and would have beneficial effects on both social psychologists and on social gerontological research and practice.
Preparation and properties of n6‐tricarbonylchromium‐complexed arylenesiloxane polymers

Polytetramethyl-p-silphenylenesiloxane (I) and polymethylphenylsiloxane (II) were prepared and subsequently reacted with hexacarbonylchromium to generate their n6-Cr(CO)3 complexed analogs, III and IV, respectively. During the complexation reaction, completing decomposition to chromium salts took place. Furthermore a competing chain scission reaction took place resulting in lower molecular weights for the complexed polymers. Heating III and IV resulted in carbon monoxide evolution and the presence of n6-Cr(CO)3 moieties lowered the thermal stability of the polymers.
Mutation in the Structural Gene for Diphtheria Toxin carried by Temperate Phage β

Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains lyso-genic for phage β are able to produce diphtheria toxin. This article describes evidence suggesting that the toxin structural gene is part of the phage genome.
Learning theoretic method for estimation of geometry of surfaces in natural scenes

In biological and computational vision, the perception and description of geometric attributes of surfaces in natural scenes has received a great deal of attention. The physical and geometric properties of surfaces related to their optical characteristics depend on their texture. In previous work, we introduced the concept of the Gestalt of a surface. The Gestalt being a geometric object that retains the mathematical properties of the surface. The Gestalt is determined using the theory of Riemannian foliations from differential topology and the concept of an observer's subjective function in a probabilistic manner. In this paper, we continue our study of geometry of natural surfaces with textures that exhibit statistical regularity at some resolution. It appears that all earlier algorithms in computer vision for extraction of shape attributes from texture have made some (piecewise) smoothness assumption about the surfaces under study. However, natural surfaces, as well as most synthetic ones are not smooth in the mathematical sense. Hence, the domain of applicability of current algorithms is severely limited. We propose algorithms to estimate geometric invariants of textured surfaces that are not necessarily smooth, but possess a statistically regular structure. An important step is based on a learning theoretic method for parameterization of textured surfaces. This method takes into account the statistical texture information in a 2D image of the surface. From a dictionary of geometry for the parameter space, a supervised artificial neural network selects the optimal choice for parameterization. As a result, the algorithms for shape from texture (slant, tilt, curvature...) have a more efficient implementation and a faster runtime. In this paper, we explain the significance of statistically symmetric patterns on surfaces. We show how such texture regularity can be used to solve the linearized problem, leaving the full details of the linearization of the Gestalt of surfaces to a forthcoming paper. The solution of the linearized problem together with algorithms to linearized surface Gestalts provide the desired estimates for the geometric features of natural surfaces with statistically regular textures at some scale.
World Culture and Transnational Economic Governance: Theory and Evidence

The current global financial crisis has led to renewed efforts to strengthen the formal rules and organizations of transnational economic governance. A substantial body of research in sociology and related fields suggests that the informal norms, values, expectations, and ideas that make up a world culture are equally important for understanding why countries cooperate, and why those cooperative efforts sometimes fail. This article explores these insights, showing how they can be applied to current debates about transnational economic governance, by paying particular attention to the emergence, adoption, and evolution of the Basel Capital Accords.
Immunologic Effects of Opioids in the Presence or Absence of Pain

Opioids are acknowledged to suppress immune functions following both acute and chronic administration; however, there appear to be differences according to the schedule of administration as well as the state of the organism. For example, whereas a single dose of morphine in the absence of pain is well known to be immune suppressive, the biologic consequences of this suppression are largely unknown. Repeated and chronic opioid ingestion in the absence of pain appears to result in significant consequences including high infectious disease prevalence. On the other hand, in the presence of acute pain, there is evidence that opioid administration in analgesic doses is protective. Much less is known regarding the immune and disease implications related to chronic opioid treatment for chronic pain states.
Characteristics and prognosis of incomplete right bundle branch block: An epidemiologic study

A cohort of 1,960 white men aged 40 to 56 years without initial apparent heart disease and with 11 years of annual rest electrocardiograms and 20 year mortality data was followed in the Chicago Western Electric Company Study. Incomplete right bundle branch block was found in 134 men (6.8%) at entry. During follow-up, 222 men developed such block, an incidence rate of 13.6%. Left axis deviation of -30° or less was more frequent in men with than in those without incomplete block at entry (8.2 versus 2.4%). Men with left axis deviation also had a higher incidence of incomplete right bundle branch block. Similarly, men developing incomplete block had a significantly greater risk of developing left axis deviation. The associations between incomplete block and left axis deviation were unrelated to age and body weight. Men with incomplete block had a significantly greater likelihood of developing complete right bundle branch block. The I1 year incidence rate of complete block was 5.1% for men with baseline incomplete block and 0.7% for those without. Complete block developed in 2 of 220 incident cases of incomplete block but in none of the 440 control men matched by age and duration of follow-up. Although incomplete right bundle branch block was not related to an increased risk of death in 20 years from coronary heart disease and cardiovascular diseases, the study data suggest that such block is frequently a manifestation of primary abnormality of the cardiac conduction system in middle-aged men.
Induction of mutations by 5-fluorodeoxyuridine: A mechanism of self-potentiated drug resistance?

Abstract In medium containing concentrations of deoxycytidine that occur in vivo , 5-fluorodeoxyuridine induced mutation frequencies 6–90 fold greater than spontaneous mutant frequencies at two genetic loci in Chinese hamster cells. In medium lacking deoxycytidine, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine was more cytotoxic but induced no mutants. Hence, the effectiveness of cancer therapy with 5-fluorodeoxyuridine may be limited by self potentiated development of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine-resistant mutants and enhanced and prolonged by manipulating deoxycytidine metabolism.
Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Segmented Polycaprolactone for Development of Dura Substitute

Abstract Molecular design and modification allow the properties of degradable materials to be suited for specific requirement of biomedical applications. For example, the dura substitute requires both mechanically and biologically suitable for repairing loss of dura mater. Here in this paper, a novel urethane linkage containing poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) for use as dura substitute was synthesized by solution polymerization. By using ɛ-caprolactone precursors with different molecular weights and ratios, a series of segmented poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (sPCL) were obtained via ring opening polymerization with diisocynate as coupling agent. The chemical structures of sPCL were characterized by means of GPC, IR, and 1 H NMR. The effect of PCL block length on thermal behavior has been investigated using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Physical properties such as mechanical properties and invitro degradation rate were evaluated and the results also suggest that urethane linked PCL exhibit tunable degradation rate that is controlled by the PCL block length. sPCL membrane were fabricated and evaluated in vitro and in vivo as dura substitute.
Effect of temperature and viscosity on the motility of the spirochete Treponema denticola

Treponema denticola is an oral spirochete associated with periodontal diseases. Because bacterial motility is likely to be a potential virulence factor, we investigated the effect of viscosity and temperature on cell speed. In agreement with the work of others, translational motility was a function of the macroscopic viscosity of the medium. In addition, we found that although the speed of spirochetes was slow at 25°C (4 μm s−1), it increased quite markedly at 35°C (19 μm s−1). The results indicate that both viscosity and temperature are critical factors in T. denticola translational motility.
Did John Davenport's Church Require Conversion Narratives for Church Admission?: A Challenge

Two scholars debate whether John Davenport, pastor of the New Haven church (1638–67), required that a prospective church member offer a personal account of the workings of God's saving grace in him/her to be granted church membership, a matter that, in its broader implications, has significant importance for puritan studies.
Multiplex Genetic Fate Mapping Reveals a Novel Route of Neocortical Neurogenesis, Which Is Altered in the Ts65Dn Mouse Model of Down Syndrome

While several major classes of neocortical neural precursor cells have been identified, the lineal relationships and molecular profiles of these cells are still largely unknown. Furthermore, the individual contribution of each cell class to neocortical growth during normal development and in neurodevelopmental disorders has not been determined. Using a novel fate-mapping approach, we demonstrate that precursors in the embryonic ventricular (VZ) and subventricular zones (SVZ), which give rise to excitatory neurons, are divided into distinct subtypes based on lineage profile, morphology, and transcription factor expression in vivo. Using this technique, we show that short neural precursors are a unique class of VZ intermediate progenitors derived from radial glial cells and are distinct from the multipolar Tbr2(+) intermediate progenitors, which divide in the SVZ. To test whether these multiple groups of intermediate progenitors are redundant or whether they are necessary for proper neocortical growth, we measured precursor cell diversity in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome (DS), which exhibits reduced neurogenesis and postnatal microcephaly. We report that SNP generation is markedly reduced in the Ts65Dn VZ during mid-neurogenesis, indicating that faulty specification of this progenitor pool is a central component of the neocortical abnormality in DS. Together, these findings demonstrate that neocortical neurons are produced via multiple indirect routes during embryonic development and that these parallel streams of neurogenesis collectively contribute to the proper growth and development of the neocortex.
Isoprene-the Main Hydrocarbon in Human Breath

Abstract Isoprene was found to be the main endogenous hydrocarbon of human breath. It was also identified in nursing Long-Evans and Sprague Dawley rats, as well as for a short-time post weaning. Several preliminary data, regarding the source of isoprene are also available. We have been able to find small amounts of isoprene production by rat's liver and kidney tissue slices.
Programmable decoder and shadow threads: tolerate remote code injection exploits with diversified redundancy

We present a lightweight hardware framework for providing high assurance detection and prevention of code injection attacks using a lockstep diversified shadow execution. Recent studies show that hardware diversification can detect software attacks by checking the consistency of their behavior simultaneously. Unfortunately, the severe performance degradation and extra system costs caused by these methods are unacceptable in many applications. This paper presents a hardware-level, lockstep shadow thread framework to enrich the diversity of the software execution, with the facilitation from programmable hardware decoder and novel CPU support of tightly coupled shadow thread technique. Specifically, given a piece of (legacy) binary code, we first generate diversified binary versions using an offline binary rewriter and programmable hardware binary translator at runtime. Two diversified binary code images are launched as dual simultaneous threads in the hardware layer with one as the primary thread and the other one as shadow thread. Instructions from the shadow thread are not executed but just compared, and thus incur no OS side-effects. The extended CPU is able to decode instructions from both threads, and dispatch them to the next stage pipeline for a lockstep comparison. Any mismatch of the decoded instructions from the two threads caused by remotely injected binary code will be detected. Our design provides instruction set randomization (ISR) with minimal cost in performance, when compared with straight-forward ISR implementation. The simulation results indicate that our framework incurs very small overheads and provides a protection against code injection attacks.
Dimensions of Compliance-Gaining Situations

A seven-factor model of situation perception, including “personal benefits,”“intimacy,”“rights,”“resistance,”“dominance,”“situation apprehension,” and “relational consequences” was proposed. Confirmatory factor analysis was employed to test the fit of the model to the data. One sample (N=450) was employed to test a six-factor sub model (excluding relational consequences) and a separate sample (N= 270), employing a different situation, was utilized to test the seven-factor model. The proposed model proved to fit the data well (x2/df ratios of 3.14 and 2.97, respectively) and was superior to alternative models. Future research recommendations were provided.
Purification and properties of the H2-oxidizing (uptake) hydrogenase of the N2-fixing anaerobe Clostridium pasteurianum W5

Abstract Clostridium pasteurianum has two distinct hydrogenases, the bidirectional hydrogenase and the H2-oxidizing (uptake) hydrogenase. The H2-oxidizing hydrogenase has been purified (up to 970-fold) to a specific activity of 17,600 μmol H2 oxidized/min·mg protein (5 mM methylene blue) or 3.5 μmol H2 produced/min·mg protein (1 mM methyl viologen). The uptake hydrogenase has a Mr of 53,000 (one polypeptide chain). Depending upon how protein was measured, the Fe and S= contents (gatom/mol) were 4.7 and 5.2 (by the dye-binding assay) or 7.2 and 8.0 (by the Lowry method). Both reduced and oxidized forms of the enzyme gave electron paramagnetic resonance signals. The activation energy for H2-production and H2-oxidation by the uptake hydrogenase was 59.1 and 31.2 kJ/mol, respectively. In the exponential phase of growth, the ratio of uptake hydrogenase/bidirectional hydrogenase in NH3-grown cells was much lower than that in N2-fixing cells.
Regiospecipicity in the nucleophilic ring opening reactions of -dichlorocyclopropylcarbinyl cations

Abstract gem -Dichlorocyclopropylcarbinyl cations, generated under acidic conditions from the corresponding alcohol or alkene, undergo ring opening by nucleophilic attack exclusively at the halogenated carbon when the alternative electrophilic ring carbon is unsubstituted. In one case, a novel trifluoroacetoxydichloromethyl function has been produced and characterized as a masked carboxylic acid chloride.
Application of quasiperiodic and random quasi-phase-matching to high-harmonic-generation

The utility of quasiperiodic and random quasi-phase matching is demonstrated theoretically for shaping the spectral emission of high harmonic generation. Demonstrated are simultaneous enhancement of arbitrary spectral regions and enhancement of an extremely wide bandwidth.
The Problem of Origins and Origins of the Problem: Influence of Language on Studies Concerning the Anomeric Effect

Cause and effect: In science, language is often subordinated to empirical data, but words can influence our ability to understand and communicate science. This Essay argues that imprecise language has confounded studies that probe the interactions underlying the anomeric effect and related phenomena.
Experimentation and Modeling of Jet A Thermal Stability in a Heated Tube

High performance aircraft typically use hydrocarbon fuel to regeneratively cool the airframe and engine components. As the coolant temperatures increase, the fuel may react with dissolved oxygen forming deposits that limit the regenerative cooling system performance. This study investigates the deposition of Jet A using a thermal stability experiment and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. The experimental portion of this study is performed with a high Reynolds number thermal stability (HiRets) tester in which fuel passes though an electrically heated tube and the fuel outlet temperature is held constant. If the thermal stability temperature of the fuel is exceeded, deposits form and adhere to the inside of the tube creating an insulating layer between the tube and the fuel. The HiRets tester measures the tube outer wall temperatures near the fuel outlet to report the effect of deposition occurring inside the tube. Final deposits are also estimated with a carbon burn off analysis. The CFD model was developed and used to simulate the fluid dynamics, heat transfer, chemistry, and transport of the deposit precursors. The model is calibrated to the experiment temperature results and carbon burn-off deposition results. The model results show that the dominant factor in deposition is the heated wall temperature and that most of the deposits are formed in the laminar sublayer. The models predicted a 7.0E-6 kilograms per square meter-sec deposition rate, which compared well to the carbon burn-off analysis deposition rate of 1.0E-6 kilograms per square meter-sec.
Stability of busulfan injection admixtures in 5 % dextrose injection and 0.9% sodium chloride injection:

Objective. The purpose of this study was to deter mine the stability of busulfan injection at 0.5 and 0.1 mg/mL admixed in 5% dextrose injection and 0.9% sodium chloride injection in PVC and polyol...
Static detection of asymptotic performance bugs in collection traversals

This paper identifies and formalizes a prevalent class of asymptotic performance bugs called redundant traversal bugs and presents a novel static analysis for automatically detecting them. We evaluate our technique by implementing it in a tool called CLARITY and applying it to widely-used software packages such as the Google Core Collections Library, the Apache Common Collections, and the Apache Ant build tool. Across 1.6M lines of Java code, CLARITY finds 92 instances of redundant traversal bugs, including 72 that have never been previously reported, with just 5 false positives. To evaluate the performance impact of these bugs, we manually repair these programs and find that for an input size of 50,000, all repaired programs are at least 2.45 faster than their original code.
A comparison of floating point and logarithmic number systems for FPGAs

There have been many papers proposing the use of logarithmic numbers (LNS) as an alternative to floating point because of simpler multiplication, division and exponentiation computations. However, this advantage comes at the cost of complicated, inexact addition and subtraction, as well as the need to convert between the formats. In this work, we created a parameterized LNS library of computational units and compared them to an existing floating point library. Specifically, we considered multiplication, division, addition, subtraction, and format conversion to determine when one format should be used over the other and when it is advantageous to change formats during a calculation.
A Novel Method to Detect Genetically Altered Microorganisms in the Environment

Current methods for tracking genetically engineered microorganisms or engineered gene(s) contained in microorganisms are poorly developed. Novel approaches have been undertaken to detect such organisms or gene(s) which utilize selective and/or genetic probe methods. A model recombinant plasmid, called pDC91, was constructed which contains 3-chlorobenzoate (3-CB) degradative genes and a tetracycline-resistance gene (both serve as selective markers), as well as a portion of mouse B-globin gene (serves as a unique genetic marker). The plasmid was introduced into Pseudomonas putida for tracking experiments in simulated natural environments. Freshwater, saltwater, and their sediments were used. It was observed that P. putida/pDC91 survived for a few days in each experimental environment and then decreased rapidly to less than 50 per ml and failed to produce any detectable colonies on the 3-CB-containing plates. Upon addition of 3-CB to each environment, growth of P. putida/pDC91 resumed in the freshwater sediment and, to some extent, in the freshwater, but not in the saltwater or its sediment. pDC91 plasmid DNA was found to be present in colonies that grew from the bacteria in the freshwater and its sediment.
How many kilojoules does a Black-billed Magpie nest cost?

Abstract Energetic costs of nest construction are difficult to estimate for birds, and currently estimates are available for only a handful of species. In this paper, I estimate the minimum cost of nest construction by a pair of Black-billed Magpies (Pica hudsonia). Data on the number of sticks and mud pellets comprising a nest were used to determine the minimum number of trips required to construct the nest, and were combined with information on distances to the nearest sources of nesting materials, data on flight speeds, and bird morphometric measures to estimate costs of transporting nesting materials. For the Black-billed Magpie pair I observed, nest construction required a minimum of 2564 trips for nesting materials, 276.2 km of commuting, 8.4 h of flight, and cost 209.1 kJ. Spreading this cost over the 40 d required to build the nest yields an estimate of 2.61 kJ/adult/day. I compared this value to published estimates of daily metabolizable energy intake for Black-billed Magpies, and calculated that...
Sticking to Sugars at the Metastatic Site: Sialyltransferase ST6GalNAc2 Acts as a Breast Cancer Metastasis Suppressor

Summary: O -linked glycans on plasma membrane proteins are altered in cancer cells, leading to changes in cell adhesive properties and contributing to metastasis. Mechanisms of how these carbohydrates alter tumor spread remain vague. In this issue of Cancer Discovery , Murugaesu and colleagues, using an in vivo functional RNA interference metastasis screen, identified sialyltransferase ST6GalNAc2 as a novel metastasis suppressor gene. Aggressive estrogen receptor–negative breast cancers with reduced ST6GalNAc2 expression alter O-linked glycans on tumor cell surface, increasing soluble lectin galectin-3 binding and tumor cell clustering at metastatic sites. Cancer Discov; 4(3); 275–7. ©2014 AACR . See related article by Murugaesu et al., [p. 304][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/4/304?iss=3
Capillary waves and air-sea gas transfer

The effects of capillary waves are considered on the transfer of gas into (or out of) solution through a gas-liquid interface. The bulk liquid is assumed to be otherwise motionless in the analysis of a preliminary problem; in this problem, a concentration boundary layer is developed as a consequence of a first-order chemical reaction that is assumed to deplete the dissolved gas in the liquid. The reaction rate determines the asymptotic thickness of the concentration boundary layer. It is shown that gas transfer through the concentration boundary layer is most enhanced by the presence of capillary waves when there is vigorous removal of dissolved gases by chemical reaction - i.e. when the reaction is fast and the boundary layer is thin. The results of this theory are then measured against gas transfer through a turbulent, sheared interface in the context of a surface renewal model. Here it is the exchange, from time to time, of fluid between the interface and the bulk that leads to the development of a thin concentration boundary layer when the bulk fluid is not saturated with dissolved gas. Capillary waves are shown to thicken the concentration boundary layer at the interface and to increase the rate of gas transfer.
Confidentiality Explained: The Dialogue Approach to Discussing Confidentiality with Clients

Many lawyers lie to their clients by saying, “Everything you tell me is confidential” despite the existence of some rules that require lawyers to disclose client confidences and others that permit lawyers to disclose confidences to protect themselves or collect fees. In an effort to encourage clients to speak honestly, a number of commentators urge lawyers to provide either a general or specific notice of the exceptions to confidentiality. This Article offers a different approach. It seeks to promote an honest and open dialogue between lawyer and client that will create a relationship of mutual trust and will make it more likely both that clients will share information and will gain an accurate understanding of the confidentiality issues relevant to their representation.
Simulated potential effects of ecological factors on a hypothetical population of Chiricahua leopard frog (Rana chiricahuensis)

Simulations provide an opportunity to examine how single or multiple perturbations may impact a specific species. The objectives of this study were to identify thresholds at which changes in stream peak flow, stream base flow, and/or chytrid fungus presence alter long-term Rana chiricahuensis populations. We used scenarios with varying peak flow mortality rates, base flow mortality rates, and chytrid fungus mortality rates. Sensitivity analysis was also conducted. Over 50 years, populations in six scenarios increased and 13 scenarios decreased. Eight scenarios resulting with fewer than 100 individuals included stochastic effects for at least two of three perturbations and the remaining scenarios included chronic effects of 30% or higher. Scenarios with population increases had either no chytrid fungus effect or chronic effects from perturbations totaling less than 30%. In the absence of chytrid fungus, populations increased and became stable. At a 10% annual death rate caused by chytrid fungus, the R. chiricahuensis population decreased 46.8%. At a 20% death rate, the population decreased 98.6%. Model scenarios were sensitive to peak flow death rates. As peak flow mortality increased to 10 and 20%, extinction rates increased to 91.7 and 99.9%, respectively. With model parameters and the no base flow mortality, R. chiricahuensis populations declined by 92% with a 3.2% extinction rate at 50 years. Models with base flow mortality rates of 10 and 20% resulted in population extinction rates of 48.7 and 96.1%, respectively. Scenario analysis of perturbations on a hypothetical R. chiricahuensis population provided a framework in which to view combined effects on a species. Analysis supports supposition that chytrid fungus is the proximate cause of many amphibian declines, but the added effect of base flow and peak flow has the potential to hasten declines.
Studies on the Biology of the Periodontium of Marmosets: I. Development of Bifurcation in Multirooted Teeth in Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

Histologic formation of the bifurcation region in multirooted teeth was studied in marmosets. Migrating epithelial cells from the distal and lingual surfaces of developing teeth formed an incomplete epithelial diaphragm. Mesenchymal cells of dental papilla, but not of dental sac, destroyed the epithelial continuity. The cord thus formed proliferated into a multilayered structure and initiated root formation.
Non-uniform dead-reckoning position estimate updates

We present an error model for dead-reckoning position estimating systems used in robotic research. This model is suitable for use in real time with general position estimating systems when the model is updated throughout the trajectory. A technique for updating the system error model when the position estimate correction information is non-uniform is also described. We have used this error model to screen noisy position corrections to a dead-reckoning navigator. An autonomous robot system using the error model and a compatible position updating technique has been demonstrated both in simulation and in several types of uncontrolled and unstructured environments.
Formation of the hematite-bearing unit in Meridiani Planum: Evidence for deposition in standing water

[1] The most plausible models for the origin and evolution of a unique geologic unit in Meridiani Planum, Mars, are low-temperature precipitation of Fe oxides/oxyhydroxides from standing water, precipitation from circulating fluids of hydrothermal origin, or the thermal oxidation of magnetite-rich ash. Analysis of Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) infrared and visible images, together with MGS TES, MOLA, and MOC data, has provided additional insight into the Meridiani region. The hematite at Meridiani was most likely derived from a Fe oxyhydroxide precursor such as goethite, is mixed with basalt as the major component, occurs as a thin layer meters to <200 m thick, and is thermophysically distinct from units immediately above and below. Remnants of a hematite-poor unit lie directly above the hematite layer, indicating that hematite formation was sharply confined vertically. The hematite unit appears to embay preexisting channels and occurs only as outliers within closed crater basins, suggesting that it was deposited in a gravity-driven fluid, rather than as a dispersed air fall. The hematite unit lieswithinatopographictroughover � 3/4ofitscircumference,withtheremainingperimeter <150mlowerinelevation.Oxidationofashduringemplacementisunlikelygivenagoethite precursor and basalt as the major component. Hydrothermal alteration does not account for the confined vertical extent of the hematite layer over large distances and across disconnected outliers. The preferred model is the deposition of hematite or precursor Fe oxyhydroxides in water-filled basins, followed by dehydroxylation to hematite in lowtemperature diagenesis. This model accounts for (1) the uniform deposition of a thin hematite-bearing unit over an area � 150,000 km 2 in size; (2) the transition from hematiterichtohematite-poorunitsoverlessthan � 10mverticaldistance;(3)thedistinctdifferences from the underlying layers; (4) goethite as the precursor to hematite; (5) the embayment relationships; (6) the occurrence of remnants of the hematite-bearing unit in isolated craters surrounding the main deposit; (7) the lack of other hydrothermal minerals; and (8) the presence of coarse-grained, low-albedo basalt, rather than ash, as the major component. The occurrence of unweathered olivine, pyroxene, and feldspar throughout the equatorial region provides strongevidencethat extensive aqueousweathering hasnotoccurred onMars. Thus the presence of a small number of bodies of standing water appears to represent brief, localized phenomena set against the backdrop of a cold, frozen planet. INDEX TERMS: 5410 Planetology: Solid Surface Planets: Composition; 6225 Planetology: Solar System Objects: Mars; 5464 Planetology: Solid Surface Planets: Remote sensing; 3672 Mineralogy and Petrology: Planetary mineralogy and petrology (5410); KEYWORDS: hematite, Meridiani, standing water
Applications for biotechnology: present and future improvements in lactic acid bacteria☆

The lactic acid bacteria are involved in the manufacture of fermented foods from raw agricultural materials such as milk, meat, vegetables, and cereals. These fermented foods are a significant part of the food processing industry and are often prepared using selected strains that have the ability to produce desired products or changes efficiently. The application of genetic engineering technology to improve existing strains or develop novel strains for these fermentations is an active research area world-wide. As knowledge about the genetics and physiology of lactic acid bacteria accumulates, it becomes possible to genetically construct strains with characteristics shaped for specific purposes. Examples of present and future applications of biotechnology to lactic acid bacteria to improve product quality are described. Studies of the basic biology of these bacteria are being actively conducted and must be continued, in order for the food fermentation industry to reap the benefits of biotechnology.
OPTIMAL WIND CORRECTED FLIGHT PATH PLANNING FOR MICRO AIR VEHICLES WITH A DUAL SENSOR CONFIGURATION

This research effort focuses on determining the optimal flight path required to put a micro air vehicle's (MAV's) fixed sensor on a target in the presence of a constant wind. Many times a MAV will be equipped with two sensors for aerial surveillance. The first is pointed out the nose and is the primary sensor. An additional sensor may be pointed out the side of the vehicle to aid in surveillance or target recognition. As the size and weight of these vehicles continue to decrease dramatically, the wind effects have made it increasingly difficult to accurately fly and monitor a desired destination. Therefore, the goal of this research was to use dynamic optimization techniques to determine the optimal flight path to place a MAV's sensor footprint on a target when operating in wind for two different scenarios. The first scenario considered the minimum time path given an initial position and heading and a final position and heading. This scenario was accomplished using both a forward and a side mounted sensor. The results of these flight paths were compared to determine the utility of each sensor. The second scenario utilized both the forward mounted sensor as well as the side mounted sensor to optimize the time the target is continually in view of the sensor footprint. Each of these scenarios has been captured in simulated plots that depict varying wind angles, wind speeds, and initial and final heading angles. These optimal flight paths provide a benchmark that will validate the quality of future closed-loop wind compensated control systems.
Endogenous oscillations in short-interval timing☆

A defining feature of a circadian oscillator is that periodic output from the oscillator continues after the termination of periodic input. In contrast, a defining feature of a pacemaker-accumulator system is that elapsed time is measured with respect to the presentation of a stimulus, according to the classic description of this system. Consequently, the output of a short-interval system is periodic if presented with periodic input, but periodic output can be expected to cease if periodic input is discontinued. Groups of rats were trained to time short intervals (1-3 min); periodic delivery of food produced periodic behavior. Next, delivery of food was suspended. Behavior was periodic after termination of periodic input, and the period in extinction increased as a function of the period in training. These data suggest that short-interval timing is, at least in part, based on a self-sustaining, endogenous oscillator.
Adolescent social structure and the spread of linguistic change

Detailed participant observation among Detroit area adolescents provides explanations for the mechanisms of the spread of sound change outward from urban areas and upward through the socioeconomic hierarchy. The use of local phonological variables in adolescence is determined by a social structure within the age cohort, dominated by two opposed, and frequently polarized, school-based social categories. These categories, called "Jocks" and "Burnouts" in the school under study, embody middle-class and working-class cultures respectively, and articulate adolescent social structure with adult socioeconomic class. Differences between Jock and Burnout cultures entail differences in social network structure and in orientation to the urban area, and hence to urban sound changes. Parents' socioeconomic class is related to, but does not determine, category affiliation, and while category affiliation is a significant predictor in phonological variation, parents' socioeconomic class is not. (Variation, sound change, adolescents,
Low-power test sets under test-related primary input constraints

This paper considers the generation of low-power test sets under test-related primary input constraints. Such constraints are used for addressing tester limitations related to the application of tests at-speed. Specifically, the paper considers the switching activity which measures the power dissipation during the fast functional clock cycles of broadside tests with constrained primary input vectors. For a functional broadside test, the switching activity during the fast functional clock cycle is guaranteed not to exceed the switching activity possible during functional operation. Therefore, functional broadside tests are appropriate as low-power tests. In addition, the switching activity of functional broadside tests can be used for bounding the switching activity of other tests in a low-power test set. The paper observes that functional broadside tests for computing the bound should be generated under the same primary input constraint as the low-power test set. This is important since primary input constraints affect the switching activity possible in parts of the circuit that are influenced by the primary inputs. It helps ensure that the switching activity in other parts of the circuit will not be higher, or not be restricted to be lower, than during functional operation.
Endophyte-host associations in forage grasses. VI: A new species of Acremonium isolated from Festuca arizonica

(1987). Endophyte-Host Associations in Forage Grasses. VI. A New Species of Acremonium Isolated from Festuca Arizonica. Mycologia: Vol. 79, No. 1, pp. 148-152.
Syringeal Morphology and the Phylogeny of the Falconidae

Variation in syringeal morphology was studied to resolve the relationships of representatives of all of the recognized genera of falcons, falconets, pygmy falcons, and caracaras in the family Falconidae. The phylogeny derived from these data establishes three major clades within the family: (1) the Polyborinae, containing Daptrius, Polyborus, Milvago and Phalcoboenus, the four genera of caracaras; (2) the Falconinae, consisting of the genus Falco, Polihierax (pygmy falcons), Spiziapteryx and Microhierax (falconets) and Herpetotheres (Laughing Falcon); and (3) the genus Micrastur (forest falcons) comprising the third, basal clade. Two genera, Daptrius and Polihierax, are found to be polyphyletic. The phylogeny inferred from these syringeal data do not support the current division of the family into two subfamilies.
Development of Overwintering and Summer Generation Pupae of the Alfalfa Blotch Leaf miner, Agromyza frontella (Diptera: Agromyzidae), in Central New York

Developmental periods and rates at constant temperatures were determined for field-collected overwintering generation pupae and summer generation pupae from field-collected larvae of the alfalfa blotch leaf miner, Agromyza frontella (Rondani). Overwintering and summer generation pupae, respectively, had median developmental periods of 62 and 142 days at 10°C, 29 and 38 days at 15°C, 17 and 23 days at 20°C, and 13 and 17 days at 25°C. At most temperatures, the median period for overwintering pupae was 20% less than that for summer pupae. Developmental rates for overwintering pupae gave reasonable simulations of spring adult emergence patterns as did rates for summer pupae with respect to summer generation emergence patterns at two sites in central New York during 1977 and 1978. However, the rates for summer pupae did not give adequate simulations of spring emergence, indicating that the developmental rate differences between overwintering and summer generation pupae had phenological significance under field conditions.