cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Evolving Discipline of Molecular Epidemiology of Cancer

Classical epidemiologic studies have made seminal contributions to identifying the etiology of most common cancers. Molecular epidemiology was conceived of as an extension of traditional epidemiology to incorporate biomarkers with questionnaire data to further our understanding of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Early molecular epidemiologic studies employed functional assays. These studies were hampered by the need for sequential and/or prediagnostic samples, viable lymphocytes and the uncertainty of how well these functional data (derived from surrogate lymphocytic tissue) reflected events in the target tissue. The completion of the Human Genome Project and Hapmap Project, together with the unparalleled advances in high-throughput genotyping revolutionized the practice of molecular epidemiology. Early studies had been constrained by existing technology to use the hypothesis-driven candidate gene approach, with disappointing results. Pathway analysis addressed some of the concerns, although the study of interacting and overlapping gene networks remained a challenge. Whole-genome scanning approaches were designed as agnostic studies using a dense set of markers to capture much of the common genome variation to study germ-line genetic variation as risk factors for common complex diseases. It should be possible to exploit the wealth of these data for pharmacogenetic studies to realize the promise of personalized therapy. Going forward, the temptation for epidemiologists to be lured by high-tech 'omics' will be immense. Systems Epidemiology, the observational prototype of systems biology, is an extension of classical epidemiology to include powerful new platforms such as the transcriptome, proteome and metabolome. However, there will always be the need for impeccably designed and well-powered epidemiologic studies with rigorous quality control of data, specimen acquisition and statistical analysis.
Migraine with prolonged aura : correlation of clinical and EEG features

Migraine with prolonged aura has rarely been examined with regard to the sequence of the neurological symptoms and the associated EEG changes. This report describes five patients who underwent clinical assessment and EEG recordings during attacks of migraine with prolonged aura. CT scan of the brain was obtained in four of them. Follow-up EEG was also obtained. The aura symptoms either preceded the headache or were coincident with it. The aura symptoms evolved in a manner consistent with posterior-to-anterior dysfunction of the cerebral cortex. The EEG abnormalities were non-epileptiform and consisted of focal delta slow waves or theta slow waves. The EEG abnormalities showed good correlation with the patients' aura symptoms and resolved when the patients became symptom free. The posterior-to-anterior sequence of the aura symptoms is in accord with the findings during cerebral blood flow studies in patients having migraine with aura. Also the symptoms and EEG changes in our patients indicate dysfunction of the cerebral cortex, consistent with the notion that spreading cortical depression may be the underlying pathophysiological event in migraine with aura.
EFFECTS OF THE ANTIHISTAMINE DIPHENHYDRAMINE ON SELECTED AQUATIC ORGANISMS

In recent years pharmaceuticals have been detected in aquatic systems receiving discharges of municipal and industrial effluents. Although diphenhydramine (DPH) has been reported in water, sediment, and fish tissue, an understanding of its impacts on aquatic organisms is lacking. Diphenhydramine has multiple modes of action (MOA) targeting the histamine H1, acetylcholine (ACh), and 5-HT reuptake transporter receptors, and as such is used in hundreds of pharmaceutical formulations. The primary objective of this study was to develop a baseline aquatic toxicological understanding of DPH using standard acute and subchronic methodologies with common aquatic plant, invertebrate, and fish models. A secondary objective was to test the utility of leveraging mammalian pharmacology information to predict aquatic toxicity thresholds. The plant model, Lemna gibba, was not adversely affected at exposures as high as 10 mg/L. In the fish model, Pimephales promelas, pH affected acute toxicity thresholds and feeding behavior was more sensitive (no-observed-effect concentration = 2.8 µg/L) than standardized survival or growth endpoints. This response threshold was slightly underpredicted using a novel plasma partitioning approach and a mammalian pharmacological potency model. Interestingly, results from both acute mortality and subchronic reproduction studies indicated that the model aquatic invertebrate, Daphnia magna, was more sensitive to DPH than the fish model. These responses suggest that DPH may exert toxicity in Daphnia through ACh and histamine MOAs. The D. magna reproduction no-observed-effect concentration of 0.8 µg/L is environmentally relevant and suggests that additional studies of more potent antihistamines and antihistamine mixtures are warranted. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2065–2072. © 2011 SETAC
Effective field model for Ising ferromagnets: Influence of triplet correlations

We use an effective field model which explicitly incorporates correlations to determine the critical temperatures for Ising ferromagnets on the common lattices. We specifically retain only the first nontrivial odd correlation function, i.e., the triplet correlation function, while neglecting higher order correlations. Within this approximation, assuming the equivalence of triplet correlations involving both central and noncentral sites in the nearest neighbor cluster yields values for the critical temperature below the Bethe approximations for z⩾4. Likewise, assuming the inequivalence of triplet correlations involving the central and noncentral sites yields values of the critical temperature only slightly higher than the Bethe approximation for z⩾4. For lattices with four‐ and six‐fold coordination this equivalence and inequivalence of triplet correlation functions is sufficient to cause the critical temperatures to approach their two‐ and three‐dimensional values. For instance, for quadratic lattices we ...
Hatter's Pond Field: Complex Combination Trap in Smackover and Norphlet Formations (Upper Jurassic), Southwest Alabama: ABSTRACT

The Hatter's Pond field in northern Mobile County, Alabama, has produced 7 million bbl of condensate and 26 Bcf of gas since its discovery in 1974. Production is from the Upper Jurassic Norphlet and Smackover Formations which form a transgressive-regressive package overlying the Jurassic Louann Salt. The Norphlet Formation is a subarkose which was deposited in a coastal dune complex. Subenvironments identified include dune, interdune, wadi, and an upper, massive marine sand lithology which is gradational into the overlying Smackover Formation. The Smackover Formation in the Hatter's Pond field is composed of mudstones, peloidal packstones, oolitic grainstones, and nodular anhydrite deposited in a coastal sabkha complex. The Smackover grades upward into the Buckner Anhydri e Member of the Haynesville Formation. Reservoir development in both the Norphlet and Smackover is facies selective and a product of diagenesis. Porosity in the Norphlet is most abundant in the massive marine and dune lithlogies and is mesogenetic, secondary porosity formed by the solution of eogenetic carbonate cement and/or solution of grains. Smackover porosity is moldic in the higher energy lithofacies and intercrystalline to vuggy in the finer grained lithologies, with dolomitization and leaching as major factors in porosity evolution. Algal-rich mudstones within the Smackover provide an internal source for the hydrocarbons. The trapping mechanism in the field is a highly complex, combination structural and stratigraphic trap. The structural component involves salt movement in association with normal faulting. Porosity distribution, and hence reservoir development, is facies selective and is significantly modified by diagenetic alteration. A thorough understanding of facies distribution, diagenetic alteration, and structural relations is necessary for delineation of combination petroleum traps in the Hatter's Pond area. End_of_Article - Last_Page 899------------
Ethical issues in the management of neonatal surgical anomalies

This article provides a framework for thinking about three areas in neonatal surgery that contain potential moral and ethical concerns for pediatric surgeons and the parents of a newborn and/or fetus with a surgical anomaly. The utilization of life-sustaining therapy for neonates has made survival possible for many infants with serious birth defects. Sometimes the use of these treatments is problematic in terms of their actual benefit to the infant and the potential for enhancing their future quality of life. Second, the prenatal diagnosis of congential anomalies has made counseling of the prospective parents a routine part of pediatric surgical practice and raises the issue of how best to advise and support a couple whose fetus has a significant birth defect. Finally, pediatric surgeons have a responsibility to their patients and society to provide the highest quality of care. This may involve participation in multi-institutional clinical trials, so that the optimal care of a surgical neonate with a congenital or acquired condition is ascertained by rigorous prospective research evaluation.
Mechanics of materially uniform thin films

A pure-bending model for thin films, accurate to leading order in film thickness, is rigorously established on the basis of the three-dimensional theory of materially uniform elastic bodies. A mode...
Probe Design for Compressive Sensing DNA Microarrays

Compressive sensing microarrays (CSM) are DNA-based sensors that operate using the principle of compressive sensing (CS). In contrast to conventional DNA microarrays, in which each genetic sensor is designed to respond to a single target, in a CSM each sensor responds to a group of targets. We study the problem of designing CS probes that simultaneously account for both the constraints from group testing theory and the biochemistry of probe-target DNA hybridization. Our results show that, in order to achieve accurate hybridization profiling, consensus probe sequences are required to have sequence homology of at least 80% with all targets to be detected. Furthermore, experiments show that out-of-equilibrium datasets are usually as accurate as those obtained from equilibrium conditions. Consequently, one can use CSMs in applications for which only short hybridization times are allowed.
Strategies for overlapping dependent design activities

Overlapping activities that are traditionally performed in a sequential manner can significantly reduce project delivery times. Overlapping, however, should be approached in a systematic manner to reduce the costs and risks. Information gathered from sector‐based case studies and from the manufacturing domain suggest a formalised framework for identifying overlapping opportunities and strategies can be successfully implemented for infrastructure projects. This framework considers activity characteristics, such as evolution of upstream information and sensitivity of downstream activities to changes in upstream information, to identify appropriate overlapping strategies. Overlapping strategies, such as early freezing of design criteria, overdesign, and early release of preliminary information, are selected based on activity characteristics. These strategies operate either by speeding up the evolution of upstream information or by reducing the sensitivity of downstream activities. By aligning overlapping str...
The collisional evolution of the spin of a nonspherical body

The nonspherical shapes of asteroids are considered through a generalization of the Harris (1979) model of asteroid spin rates' collisional evolution. Since a body in spin equilibrium rotates about its axis of maximum moment of inertia, the computation of the mean-squared impact parameter through averaging over all directions of flux is not strictly valid; nevertheless, these complications have been found not to alter the conclusions reachable by means of the simpler model.
Jet Flight Patterns of Linear Shaped Charges

A typical jet flight pattern of linear shaped charges (LSCs) is studied, and analytical expressions are built for two important parameters of the angle of liner collapse line φ and jet projection angle ω. In order to simplify the nonlinear nature of the liner collapse behavior of LSCs, important assumptions are made, including (1) a constant jet projection velocity at the given standoff distance and (2) the liner collapse occurs in a steady-state fashion, generating a single straight collapse line during the detonation. Based on the assumptions, analytical expressions are derived and the result is compared with side-view images of LSC jet flight to evaluate accuracy and applicability. The analytical approach delivers reasonable accuracy in a given range and is applicable to a short range of standoff distances.
Regulating Follow-On Biologics

Regulating copies of originator biotechnology drugs, i.e., follow-on biologics, has become a major policy agenda item. With high prices and low access, biotechnology drugs are in the position that chemical drugs occupied 20 years ago. At that time, the Hatch-Waxman Act was passed, which speeded lower cost generic copies to the market using an abbreviated approval process while maintaining incentives for drug development and innovation. Recently, under pressure from governors and others, Rep. Henry Waxman has introduced a similar proposal, seeking an abbreviated approval process for biologics. However, this proposal is highly problematic. Using a policy analysis paradigm that assesses scientific information gaps, relative vulnerability of the polity shouldering the risk of policy failure, the magnitude of harm associated with that failure, as well as a review of the EU experience in this arena, the Waxman proposal wrongly emphasizes product approval in exchange for empirically small price discounts at the expense of safety. The Waxman proposal also creates incentives to be second into the market rather than first, and, like Congressional inaction before it, does nothing to provide access to vulnerable patient groups who will suffer from policy failure. In response, this paper proposes an alternative legislative approach. This approach does in fact take into account the policy and safety concerns inherent in the science of biotechnology, couples company incentives with participation in a low cost/no cost drug access program for underserved, as well as corrects other skewed innovation incentives and weaknesses associated with the Waxman proposal. It also addresses other important policy concerns associated with the pharmaceutical markets.
Dynamic Surface Pressure Based Estimation for Flow Control

The need for adaptive control methodologies which involve realistically obtainable information is driving the direction of active flow control research. In this work, time resolved estimates of the velocity field using a mean-square estimation procedure with the unsteady surface pressure as the condition are presented which highlight the relationships between these quantities. Understanding the causal relationships between the velocity field and the surface pressure, an adaptive control strategy solely based on surface pressure can be developed. To this end dynamic stochastic estimation and system identification approaches are shown to accurately predict future surface pressures based on their time histories which can then be used to form the basis of a closed loop control strategy.
Recovery Spring, Faltering Fall: March to November 1933

Recovery from the Great Depression began in March 1933, simultaneous to Franklin Roosevelt's inauguration. However, the pace of that recovery between that date and the Second World War was extremely uneven with some dramatic starts and stops. Between March and July 1933, manufacturing production rose 78%, production of durable goods was up 199%, total industrial production rose 57%, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average rose 71%. Then the economy contracted sharply again beginning in August 1933–the July 1933 level of industrial production was not reached again until August 1935. This paper addresses two questions. What factors were responsible for bringing about the sharp recovery in the spring of 1933 and what factors brought this short-lived economic surge to an end?
Organizational Surveys: An Internal Assessment of Organizational Health

This article presents a review of the book “Organizational Surveys: An Internal Assessment of Organizational Health,” by Randall B. Dunham and Frank J. Smith.
Vaginal trachelectomy following laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy and sacrocervicopexy.

BACKGROUND Current evidence supports cervical preservation at the time of abdominal prolapse repair using synthetic mesh to minimize vaginal mesh extrusion. This report aims to describe management of benign cervical disease following laparoscopic sacrocervicopexy including successful trachelectomy performed vaginally. CASE A 70-year-old sexually active woman presented with symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse and stress urinary incontinence. Her Papanicolaou smears over several years were unremarkable, and she had a benign endocervical polyp removed in the office 3 months before surgery. She underwent an uncomplicated robotic-assisted laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy and sacrocervicopexy. She presented 8 months after surgery with persistent vaginal spotting after intercourse and was found to have a recurrent endocervical polyp. Ultimately, she underwent uncomplicated trachelectomy performed vaginally with resolution of her symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Retention of the cervix at the time of mesh-augmented abdominal prolapse repairs introduces a unique set of evaluation and management considerations for benign cervical disease. Trachelectomy performed vaginally was successful and uncomplicated in this case.
Interactive Television Content Authoring

This paper discusses adapting already successful internet content-creation methods for the development and presentation of interactive television programming. The migration of the television industry to digital technology provides the opportunity for broadcasters to utilize their spectrum for the delivery of new types of programming services, allowing personalization of program content, commerce opportunities, and direct viewer interaction.
Mössbauer-Effect in Yb 171

Recoil-free nuclear resonance absorption of the 67-keV $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ ray has been observed. ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{171}$ in the form of the sesquioxide was used as a source, and ${\mathrm{Yb}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and Yb metal as absorbers. Source and absorber were held at the same temperatures of 50, 4.2, and 1.6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Due to the field gradient present in the oxide crystal, the 67-keV state ($I=\frac{3}{2}$) splits into two substates with a separation of 2.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ eV extrapolated to 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The Yb metal forms a cubic crystal lattice and shows no splitting. The observed linewidth gives a lower limit of 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ sec for the lifetime of the 67-keV state. Comparison with previous data of other authors on the hyperfine splitting of the 84-keV level in ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{170}$ in ${\mathrm{Yb}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ gives a value of 1.04 for the ratio $\frac{{Q}_{0}(171)}{{Q}_{0}(170)}$ of the intrinsic quadrupole moments, which agrees well with the values obtained by Coulomb excitation.
El Conocimiento Pedagógico del Contenido de Estadística en Profesores de Primaria Pedagogical Content Knowledge of Statistics of Primary Teachers

En este estudio desarrollamos un cuestionario sobre el saber del profesor de primaria en su conocimiento disciplinario de Estadistica y en su conocimiento para llevar a cabo la ensenanza de la Estadistica, centrado en el conocimiento del profesor en relacion al saber estadistico del alumno y la ensenanza del contenido estadistico. Se incluyeron tres elementos de la Educacion Estadistica: comprension grafica, diferenciacion de niveles cognitivos y comprension generada al cambiar de sistemas de representacion. La construccion de los items del cuestionario integro dichos elementos con los conocimientos sobre los errores y dificultades comunes de los alumnos en el aprendizaje de la Estadistica y de la Probabilidad. El cuestionario considera un total de 14 items y fue aplicado a 85 profesores de educacion primaria y a sus respectivos alumnos (n=994), pertenecientes a escuelas chilenas. Dicho cuestionario posee validez de contenido otorgada por ocho expertos. Se presenta el cuestionario completo, y mediante solo dos items se muestran los resultados de los profesores y de sus alumnos. Se propone al formador de profesores promover actividades de generacion de items, para que los futuros profesores reflexionen sobre la ensenanza del contenido estadistico y del conocimiento respecto al saber estadistico del alumno.
Paying More for Victoria than Tonya: The Moderating Effect of Brand Anthropomorphism on Phonetic Symbolism

Women’s fashion items are frequently sold with women’s names (i.e. the Victoria dress); however, this trend does not occur in men’s fashion very often. When brands humanize the product by naming it with a person’s name (i.e. Lucky Jeans’s Lolita jeans), the brand is subtly anthropomorphized. Previous research finds that there is a universal positive effect for anthropomorphized brands. Additionally, previous literature also finds that there is a gender effect regarding the preference for the sounds of brands, where men like the sound of back vowels (o, a), and women like sound of front vowels (i, e). In a series of two experiments we find, consistent with previous literature, that women prefer brands with front vowels and that men prefer brands with back vowels in non-anthropomorphized ads. Conversely, the effect is reversed in anthropomorphized ads; we find that women prefer brands with back vowels and that men prefer brands with front vowels. We believe that the mechanism influencing this reversal is narrative transportation.
The unfolded protein response controls ER stress-induced apoptosis of lung epithelial cells through angiotensin generation

Recent work from this laboratory showed that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) is regulated by the autocrine angiotensin (ANG)II/ANG1-7 system. The proteasome inhibitor MG132 or surfactant protein C (SP-C) BRICHOS domain mutation G100S induced apoptosis in human AECs by activating the proapoptotic cathepsin D and reducing antiapoptotic angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2). This study tested the hypothesis that ER stress-induced apoptosis of human AECs might be mediated by influence of the unfolded protein response (UPR) on the autocrine ANGII/ANG1-7 system. A549 cells were challenged with MG132 or SP-C BRICHOS domain mutant G100S to induce ER stress and activation of UPR pathways. The results showed that either MG132 or G100S SP-C mutation activated all three canonical pathways of the UPR (IRE1/XBP1, ATF6, and PERK/eIF2α), which led to a significant increase in cathepsin D or in TACE (an ACE-2 ectodomain shedding enzyme) and eventually caused AEC apoptosis. However, ER stress-induced AEC apoptosis could be prevented by chemical chaperone or by UPR blockers. It is also suggested that ATF6 and IRE1 pathways might play important role in regulation of angiotensin system. These data demonstrate that ER stress induces apoptosis in human AECs through mediation of UPR pathways, which in turn regulate the autocrine ANGII/ANG1-7 system. They also demonstrated that ER stress-induced AEC apoptosis can be blocked by inhibition of UPR signaling pathways.
The role of coethnic political mobilization in electoral incorporation: Evidence from Orange County, California

ABSTRACTThe process of political incorporation is essential for integrating immigrant and minority interests into politics. Coethnic candidates are important players in increasing the electoral participation of the politically quiescent. However, the means by which coethnic mobilization incorporates underrepresented populations remain unclear. We posit three mechanisms. First, coethnic candidates may attempt to expand the electoral base; second, their candidacies offer a coethnic cue that encourages citizens to vote to support their group; and third, mobilization by coethnic candidates may lead to habitual voting. Using voter history panel data supplemented by elite interviews, we test these hypotheses using a set of elections in a district in Orange County, California with substantial Latino and Vietnamese-American populations. We find that coethnic candidacies can mobilize coethnic support as long as the campaign message also resonates, even when out-group competition is absent. Coethnic mobilization is...
Toward Representation Independent Analytics over Structured Data

Database analytics algorithms leverage quantifiable structural properties of the data to predict interesting concepts and relationships. The same information, however, can be represented using many different structures and the structural properties observed over particular representations do not necessarily hold for alternative structures. Because these algorithms tend to be highly effective over some choices of structure, such as that of the databases used to validate them, but not so effective with others, database analytics has largely remained the province of experts who can find the desired forms for these algorithms. We argue that in order to make database analytics usable, we should use or develop algorithms that are effective over a wide range of choices of structural organizations. We introduce the notion of representation independence and empirically analyze the amount of representation independence of some popular database analytics algorithms. Our results indicate that most algorithms are not generally representation independent and find some characteristics of more representation independent heuristics.
Dissecting the Molecular Mechanisms of Neurodegenerative Diseases through Network Biology

Neurodegenerative diseases are rarely caused by a mutation in a single gene but rather influenced by a combination of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Emerging high-throughput technologies such as RNA sequencing have been instrumental in deciphering the molecular landscape of neurodegenerative diseases, however, the interpretation of such large amounts of data remains a challenge. Network biology has become a powerful platform to integrate multiple omics data to comprehensively explore the molecular networks in the context of health and disease. In this review, we highlight recent advances in network biology approaches with an emphasis in brain-networks that have provided insights into the molecular mechanisms leading to the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases. We discuss how integrative approaches using multi-omics data from different tissues have been valuable for identifying biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In addition, we discuss the challenges the field of network medicine faces toward the translation of network-based findings into clinically actionable tools for personalized medicine applications.
Getting Messy: Solving Writing Problems with Creative Play

BRIEF SESSION DESCRIPTION:This workshop will focus on a discussion about the opportunities that come of including different types of "creative play" in our classrooms.AÂ Specifically, this session will explore ways that A¢â¬Acreative playA¢â¬Â empowers students to solve writing problems, break writerA¢â¬â¢s block, enjoy the writing process, and craft stronger academic writing across disciplines. After a brief introduction to theories of creative play, presenters will offer examples of the types of creative play they have brought to their own classrooms and lead participants in three creative activities. Participants will break into small groups to discuss the possibilities of creative play in their own classrooms and to design their own assignments. Note: A google drive with assignments, activities, and other course plans will also be provided to session participants.__________________________________________________________________FULL ABSTRACT: This session discusses the opportunities that come of including different types of "creative play" in our classrooms, particularly helping students to solve writing problems and revise effectively. This 90-minute panel will explore ways that A¢â¬Acreative playA¢â¬Â empowers students to solve writing problems, break writerA¢â¬â¢s block, enjoy the writing process, and craft stronger academic writing. In her essay A¢â¬AWriting as Feminist Rhetorical Theory,A¢â¬Â (2010), Laura Micciche argues the gains of A¢â¬AplayA¢â¬Â for writers: A¢â¬APlay involves performance, critical engagement with texts, considerable rhetorical skill, audience awareness, capacity to negotiate voice and tone, and an understanding of social relationsA¢â¬âpragmatic, rhetorical knowledgeA¢â¬Â (182). Creative A¢â¬AplayA¢â¬Â can be serious, rhetorical, and illuminating for student writers who benefit substantially from the opportunities to rewrite the rules of writing as they learn to think in flexible ways about genre, audience, register, organization/structure, use of evidence, and other elements of academic writing. AÂ After a brief introduction to theories of creative play, presenters will offer examples of the types of creative play they have brought to their own classrooms and lead participants in three creative activities. (A google drive with assignments, activities, and other course plans will also be provided to session participants.) Participants will break into small groups to discuss the possibilities of creative play in their own classrooms and to workshop assignments.
An Endo-Phenotype Approach To The Genetics Of Alcohol Dependence: A Genome Wide Association Study Of Fast BETA EEG In Families Of African Ancestry

Background Fast beta (20-28 Hz) electroencephalogram (EEG) oscillatory activity may be a useful endophenotype for studying the genetics of disorders characterized by neural hyper-excitability, including substance use disorders (SUDs). However, the genetic underpinnings of fast beta EEG have not previously been studied in a population of African-American ancestry (AA), an understudied population in the genetics of addiction. Methods In a sample of 2,382 AA individuals from 482 families drawn from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA), we performed a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) on resting-state fast beta EEG power. To further characterize our genetic findings, we examined the functional and clinical/behavioral significance of GWAS variants. Results Ten correlated SNPs (r2>0.9) located in an intergenic region on chromosome 3q26 were associated with fast beta EEG power at p Discussion Converging data presented in this study provide support for the role of genetic variants within 3q26 in neural and behavioral disinhibition. These novel genetic findings highlight the importance of including AA populations in genetics research on SUDs, and the utility of the endophenotype approach in enhancing our understanding of mechanisms underlying addiction susceptibility.
Flexible, polymer gated, AC-driven organic electroluminescence devices

Comparing rigid inorganic layer, polymeric semiconducting gate layer exhibits superior flexibility as well as efficient carrier manipulation in high frequency AC cycles. Mechanism of the carrier manipulation at the gate in forward and reversed bias of AC cycle is studied. The flexible PET-based AC-OEL device with poly[(9,9-bis(3'-((N,N-dimethyl)-Nethylammonium)- propyl)-2,7-fluorene)-alt-2,7-(9,9-dioctylfluorene)] (PFN-Br) gate shows a stable electroluminescent performance in frequency sweep with a color rendering index (CRI) over 81 at 2800K color temperature.
Site Visit Application in Construction Education: A Descriptive Study of Faculty Members

Construction site visits are interactive experiences that enhance students’ understanding of real construction practices. Site visits create an interactive learning environment for students and pro...
A Protective Role for Triacylglycerols during Apoptosis.

Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are one of the major constituents of the glycerolipid family. Their main role in cells is to store excess fatty acids, and they are mostly found within lipid droplets. TAGs contain acyl chains that vary in length and degree of unsaturation, resulting in hundreds of chemically distinct species. We have previously reported that TAGs containing polyunsaturated fatty acyl chains (PUFA-TAGs) accumulate via activation of diacylglycerol acyltransferases during apoptosis. In this work, we show that accumulation of PUFA-TAGs is a general phenomenon during this process. We further show that the accumulated PUFA-TAGs are stored in lipid droplets. Because membrane-residing PUFA phospholipids can undergo oxidation and form reactive species under increased levels of oxidative stress, we hypothesized that incorporation of PUFAs into PUFA-TAGs and their localization within lipid droplets during apoptosis limit the toxicity during this process. Indeed, exogenous delivery of a polyunsaturated fatty ...
Queues Using Arrays

Unlike stacks where items can only be pushed or popped from the top, a queue has two access points and can only have items added at the rear called enqueue or removed from the front called dequeue. A queue is known as a first-in, first-out or FIFO data structure and is implemented using arrays. A queue is used to simulate a simple scheduler in an operating system in the complete program.
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor as the Mediator of Stress Responses

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a 41-amino acid peptide isolated and characterized by Vale et al. (1981). It is now believed to be the major active principle that can elicit the secretion of corticotropin (ACTH) from the pituitary (Rivier and Plotsky, 1986). CRF is synthesized in the hypothalamus, especially in neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). These neurons have terminals in the median eminence region, which can secrete CRF into the portal blood supply. Thus transported to the anterior pituitary, CRF can stimulate the release of ACTH into the general circulation, so that it subsequently elicits the secretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex. This cascade (Figure 1) constitutes the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the activation of which is considered to be characteristic, if not diagnostic, of stress (Selye, 1950; Mason, 1968; Dunn and Kramarcy, 1984).
Unraveling Mysteries in Late Stages of Stellar Evolution: The Enigma of the S-Type Stars

We report the results of an ongoing survey of S stars within 1 kpc of the Sun for emission from the J = 1 → 0 and J = 2 → 1 lines of CO. We derive mass loss rates from the CO emission and compare with other estimates. We find that S stars are losing copious amounts of mass at rates comparable to that of the carbon stars. There are indications that the gas-to-dust ratio is higher than for carbon stars. To aid in determining the evolutionary status of the S-type stars, we are also searching the brightest CO stars for J = 1→ 0 HCN and J = 2 → 1, v = 0 SiO emission. We use our results to estimate the chemical composition of the circumstellar envelopes. Comparison is made with thermodynamic equilibrium models for the formation of these and other species under photospheric conditions.
Controlled Release - Proenzymes

Prodrugs are familiar entities to readers of this volume, while proenzymes are a group of naturally occurring proteins that are of increasingly recognized biological significance (Saklatvala et al., 2003). There is a structural resemblance between prodrugs and proenzymes, as Figure 1 illustrates. Both consist of two linked structural units. One of these units will eventually become the active drug in the case of prodrugs, or the active (mature) enzyme in the case of proenzymes. The other unit changes the properties of its partner unit while the two units remain linked.
Primary care physicians' perspectives on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease in adults and a potential RSV vaccine for adults.

Abstract Background Deaths attributable to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) among adults are estimated to exceed 11,000 annually, and annual adult hospitalizations for influenza and RSV may be comparable. RSV vaccines for older adults are in development. We assessed the following among primary care physicians (PCPs) who treat adults: (1) perception of RSV disease burden; (2) current RSV testing practices; and (3) anticipated barriers to adoption of an RSV vaccine. Methods We administered an Internet and mail survey from February to March 2017 to national networks of 930 PCPs. Results The response rate was 67% (620/930). Forty-nine percent of respondents (n = 303) were excluded from analysis as they reported never or rarely caring for an adult patient with possible RSV in the past year. Among respondents who reported taking care of RSV patients (n = 317), 73% and 57% responded that in patients ≥ 50 years, influenza is generally more severe than RSV and that they rarely consider RSV as a potential pathogen, respectively. Most (61%) agreed that they do not test for RSV because there is no treatment. The most commonly reported anticipated barriers to a RSV vaccine were potential out-of-pocket expenses for patients if the vaccine is not covered by insurance (93%) and lack of reimbursement for vaccination (74%). Conclusions Physicians reported little experience with RSV disease in adults. They are generally not testing for it and the majority believe that influenza disease is more severe. Physicians will require more information about RSV disease burden in adults and the potential need for a vaccine in their adult patients.
A path integral method for coarse-graining noise in stochastic differential equations with multiple time scales

Abstract We present a new path integral method to analyze stochastically perturbed ordinary differential equations with multiple time scales. The objective of this method is to derive from the original system a new stochastic differential equation describing the system’s evolution on slow time scales. For this purpose, we start from the corresponding path integral representation of the stochastic system and apply a multi-scale expansion to the associated path integral kernel of the corresponding Lagrangian. As a concrete example, we apply this expansion to a system that arises in the study of random dispersion fluctuations in dispersion-managed fiber-optic communications. Moreover, we show that, for this particular example, the new path integration method yields the same result at leading order as an asymptotic expansion of the associated Fokker–Planck equation.
The Visual Effect: A Literature Review of Visual Design Principles as They Apply to Academic Library Websites

AbstractThis paper reviews the concept of visual design as it applies to academic library webpages. There exist multiple unsettled aspects of visual design on library websites, prompting a need to ...
FAMILY PLANNING AND WOMEN'S EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT: EVIDENCE FROM THE ONE‐CHILD POLICY

This paper exploits China's one‐child policy (OCP) to study the relationship between fertility and educational attainment of the mothers of China's “sibling‐less generation.” I take two difference‐in‐differences approaches to estimate the OCP's effect on women's education: one compares gender difference among the ethnic majority group and the other compares ethnicity differences between ethnic majority women and ethnic minority women. I also explore the heterogeneity of the policy's effects by parent's status at the Communist Party. I find that the OCP has a positive and significant effect on women's education and explains about half of the increase in educational attainment for women born between 1960 and 1980. Their increased educational attainment associates with delayed entry into first marriage, delayed entry to parenthood and increased labor supply. (JEL I20, J13, J16, J18)
Aberrations in Incentive Learning and Responding to Heroin in Male Rats After Adolescent or Adult Chronic Binge-Like Alcohol Exposure.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Binge drinking is a serious problem among adolescents and young adults despite its adverse consequences on the brain and behavior. One area that remains poorly understood concerns the impact of chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) exposure on incentive learning. METHODS Here, we examined the effects of CIE exposure during different developmental stages on conditioned approach and conditioned reward learning in rats experiencing acute or protracted withdrawal from alcohol. Two or 21 days after adolescent or adult CIE exposure, male rats were exposed to pairings of a light stimulus (CS) and food pellets for 3 consecutive daily sessions (30 CS-food pellet pairings per session). This was followed by conditioned approach testing measuring responses (food trough head entries) to the CS-only presentations and by conditioned reward testing measuring responses on a lever producing the CS and on another producing a tone. We then measured behavioral sensitization to repeated injections of heroin (2 mg/kg/d for 9 days). RESULTS Adolescent and adult alcohol-treated rats showed significantly impaired conditioned reward learning regardless of withdrawal period (acute or prolonged). We found no evidence of changes to conditioned approach learning after adolescent or adult exposure to CIE. Finally, in addition to producing long-term impairments in incentive learning, CIE exposure enhanced locomotor activity in response to heroin and had no effect on behavioral sensitization to heroin regardless of age and withdrawal period. CONCLUSIONS Our work sets a framework for identifying CIE-induced alterations in incentive learning and inducing susceptibility to subsequent opioid effects.
Chapter 4 – Thermodynamic Properties of Electrolytes

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the investigation of thermodynamic properties of ionic solutions. As the interaction forces between charged species are quite strong and of long range, it is important at the outset to take account of deviations from ideality. Hence, considerable use will be made of the machinery set up, in which the concept of activity and activity coefficients plays an important part. The latter portion of this present chapter deals with the properties and characteristics of galvanic cells. Again, there is an emphasis is on fundamentals of thermodynamics for the myriad applications, special uses, or refined specializations. The thermodynamic properties of anions can be found by measuring the chemical potentials of ionic solutions containing H+ in combination with different anions. The anionic chemical potentials determined can be employed as secondary standards in solutions containing different cations, and this matching process is continued as needed. Measurements of the emf of galvanic cells can be used as an advantage to extract thermodynamic information concerning the characteristics of chemical reactions.
Acquired EGFr TKI resistance associated with mutation of the EGFr.

2464 Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States, with cure rates of less than 15%. Even though most non-small cell lung cancer tumors express the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr), significant clinical responses to the specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) gefitinib are seen in only about 10% of NSCLC patients. This has led to some question as to whether the EGFr is even the target of these drugs in responding patients. In addition, even dramatic responders eventually relapse and the mechanism of acquired resistance is unclear. We evaluated the sequence of the EGFr in a patient who demonstrated a near-complete response to gefitinib after relentless progression through four chemotherapeutic regimens. This response was sustained for 18 months during which the patient had a completely normal quality of life before relapsing with rapid regrowth of tumor at one of the original sites of disease. A surgical biopsy was obtained from the tumor at the time of relapse and DNA and RNA prepared for analysis. The EGFr genomic sequence was aligned with the abl kinase domain in which point mutations have been identified as a cause for acquired TKI resistance in CML and exons analogous to those involved in abl TKI resistance were identified. This region of the kinase domain was PCR amplified and sequenced from tumor genomic DNA, and an in-frame 15-nucleotide deletion was identified within exon 19. This mutation was not present in somatic DNA and is expressed in RNA isolated from the tumor at the time of relapse. This mutation is predicted to result in the deletion of 5 amino acid residues within the drug-binding pocket and immediately adjacent to a key lysine residue known to be important for drug binding. We have cloned this receptor into expression constructs and are in the process of evaluating the functional consequences of this mutation in vitro. If this mutation is confirmed to underlie the acquisition of resistance to EGFr TKIs in additional patients, this finding will strongly support EGFr as the physiologically important target of gefitinib in patients with dramatic responses. Additionally, these data suggest that non-TKI EGFr targeting agents such as anti-receptor antibodies might be efficacious after acquired resistance to a TKI.
Analysis on Heating Problem of Dry-type Reactor Earthing System and foundation

Regarding the earthing system and foundation heating problem of 66kV dry-type hollow reactor in a 750kV substation ,In order to accurately analyze the reason and take corresponding measures,firstly infrared temperature measurement was used to identify and determine the source of heat, then we replaced the grounding system metal,Analyzed structure of the reactor infrastructure,tested the conducting performance of steel reinforcement inside the foundation,simulated the earthing system of the reactor,analyzed the effects of circulation heating and eddy current heating comprehensively,the causes of heat were identified and corresponding measures were put forward.Finally, it was concluded that the eddy current of the conductive material in the magnetic field was the cause of the heating of the flat iron grounded in the reactor,the heating of the reactor foundation was caused by the metal ring in the raft.
Trajectory-Based Signal Control in Mixed Connected Vehicle Environments

AbstractThe emerging connected vehicle (CV) technology has introduced the opportunity to improve traditional traffic signal operation. Real-time vehicle trajectory information (location, speed, and...
A Large-Scale Comparative Study of Informal Social Networks in Firms

Theories of organizations are sympathetic to long-standing ideas from network science that organizational networks should be regarded as multiscale and capable of displaying emergent properties. Ho...
Examining interracial family narratives using critical multiracial theory

Our family stories shape us. Individual, layered, and metafamily narratives about race act as socializing agents that teach family members about race, family, and the entanglements of these two ins...
Economics: Simple market models fail the test.

An analysis of energy markets with prices that vary according to demand finds that this market design unexpectedly serves to amplify, rather than dampen, fluctuations in power use.