cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Newborn Female With a Perineal Abnormality

A term female newborn infant was delivered to a 39-year-old, gravida 3, para 3 mother by spontaneous vaginal delivery. Both parents were of Hispanic descent. The family history was unremarkable for congenital anomalies. The mother’s antenatal history was without concerns except for advanced maternal age. There was no maternal history of smoking or alcohol or substance abuse during the pregnancy. The pregnancy was complicated by gestational diabetes controlled with diet and echogenic bowel found on 16-week prenatal ultrasonography. The mother declined any follow-up ultrasonography or genetic testing. All maternal serologic test results were negative except group B streptococcal perineal culture. Because of group B streptococcal positivity, the mother received 3 doses of ampicillin before an uncomplicated, vaginal delivery. The infant’s Apgar scores were 9 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. At birth the infant was appropriate for gestational age with regard to weight (3,314 g), length (47 cm), and head circumference (34 cm). On physical examination, she was noted to have an abnormal tissue projection from her vaginal orifice (Figure). On inspection of the child’s vaginal opening, a pedunculated mass was appreciated to be extending from the vagina. The lesion measured 30 mm long, 1 to 2 mm wide proximally, and 4 mm wide at the distal ovoid segment. Careful visual inspection of the genital area with lighted magnification tracked the lesion to an origin within the vagina. The lesion originated from an area …
Spanish-Language Media Entrepreneurship in the Statehouse:

Little is known about the role of Spanish-language media in the representation of Latino constituencies in statehouses. In this article, I present analyses of elite-level data from the Media and Public Policy in the States: 2011 Survey, which reveal state legislators' attitudes and orientations toward the news media. Building on the view that Spanish-language media provide an important representational link between Hispanic constituents and their political representatives, I argue that the level of media sophistication or “media entrepreneurship” state legislators bring to their representative role is a function of legislators' Spanish media environments. Through statistical tests of the relationships between the Spanish-language media environment, state lawmakers' perceptions of the media's effectiveness, and their use of media tools, I find evidence that district-level Spanish-language media contexts influence lawmakers' level of engagement with the news media.
Chemosterilization of the Tobacco Budworm: A Survey of 16 Compounds Fed to Adult Moths

Sixteen chemosterilants, aziridines, methanesulfonates, a nitrogen mustard, and phosphoramide compounds, were evaluated by feeding them to adult Heliothis virescens (F.). Promising chemosterilants were found only among the aziridines, a number of which sterilized both sexes. Either sex was sterilized by 100 μg per moth or less of tepa, metepa, p,p -bis(1-aziridinyl)- N -methylphosphinic amid, bis (1-aziridinyl) (hexahydro-1 H -azepin-l-yl) phosphine oxide, tretamine, and 2,2′-dichloro- N -methylediethylamine. The doses of the most promising aziridines required to sterilize the males were about half those required to sterilize females. Mating and lifespan appeared least affected by tretamine and bis (1-aziridinyl) (hexahydro-1 H -azepin-l-yl) phosphine oxide.
Recognizing hospital-acquired burn injury in patients after coronary artery bypass surgery.

BACKGROUND Nosocomial injury is a constant threat in the hospital setting. While there is growing awareness surrounding hospital-acquired pressure ulcers, little information is available on burns associated with intraoperative procedures. CASES We identified perineal lesions on 4 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass with grafting. These injuries were initially classified as pressure ulcers but subsequent investigation revealed that the injuries were intraoperative burns attributable to pooling of isopropyl alcohol underneath patients who were placed on intraoperative heating pads. CONCLUSIONS Differentiating between hospital-acquired pressure ulcers and burns can be difficult. Our facility's experience with intraoperative burn injuries now mandates that this etiologic factor be considered in the differential diagnosis of postoperative patients with atypical cutaneous injuries.
Neuroplasticity in the spinal cord

Abstract Once thought to be rigidly wired, the spinal cord now is understood to display significant plastic properties, which are manifest as both physiological and structural alterations in response to changes in patterns of use, disuse, and damage. Activity-dependent increases in responsiveness of spinal cord circuits are now thought to underlie or contribute importantly to the hyperalgesia that often follows neurological injuries, the physical therapy-induced improvement in walking and running seen in patients with stroke and spinal cord injury, skill acquisition in normal children, and several other phenomena. Physiological mechanisms underlying spinal cord plasticity include denervation supersensitivity, long-term potentiation, long-term depression, and habituation. Anatomical plasticity seen in the spinal cord after partial injuries includes collateral sprouting of spared axons in response to injury of neighboring axons, and dendritic remodeling in response to loss of regionally segregated synaptic inputs. A form of neuroplasticity that is seen in the peripheral nerves and in the spinal cord of some cold-blooded animals, but not in the central nervous system of birds or mammals, is axon regeneration. It is often difficult to distinguish between regeneration of injured axons and collateral sprouting of neighboring uninjured axons, but the distinction could be very important, especially in the case of complete spinal cord injuries. Several instances of treatment-induced axonal changes that were originally thought to indicate regeneration have turned out to be collateral sprouting. There is reason to suspect that the molecular mechanisms that underlie these two phenomena are different, and, if so, therapeutic approaches to enhancing them may also prove to be very different.
A unique role for phagocytosis in herpes simplex virus infection

P is a common mechanism by which the mediators of innate immunity can fight off microbial infections. Our ongoing research demonstrates that human herpesviruses may have evolved a common mechanism to avoid phagocytic degradation by exploiting a phagocytosislike entrapment to gain entry into the cells of the eye. The three representative herpesviruses included in our study are herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) that causes corneal keratitis, cytomegalovirus (CMV), which is associated with retinitis in immunocompromised individuals and the third herpesvirus, human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), is related to the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma, a common AIDS-related tumor of eyelid and conjunctiva. Using laser scanning confocal microscopy imaging, we have found that successful infection of ocular cell types by all the three viruses, belonging to three divergent subfamilies of herpesviruses, is facilitated by induction of F-actin rich membrane pseudopods. Inhibitors of F-actin polymerization and pseudopod formation, cytochalasin D and latrunculin B, show strong efficacy in stopping the infection by all three viruses. We also found that an identical inhibition was seen by preventing phosphoinositide 3 kinase signaling, which is required for the phagocytosis of microbes. Transmission electron microscopy data using human corneal fibroblasts for HSV-1, human retinal pigment epithelial cells for CMV, and human conjunctival epithelial cells for HHV-8 provide further support to our argument that pseudopod-like membrane protrusions facilitate virus uptake by the ocular cells. Our findings suggest a novel mechanism by which the nonprofessional mediators of phagocytosis can be infected by human herpesviruses. Deepak Shukla, J Clin Cell Immunol 2013, 4:5 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-9899.S1.013
Validating the Communicative Participation Item Bank (CPIB) for use with people with aphasia: an analysis of differential item function (DIF)

ABSTRACTBackground: The term “communicative participation” refers to participation in the communication aspects of life roles at home, at work and in social and leisure situations. Participation in life roles is a key element in biopsychosocial frameworks of health, such as the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and the Aphasia Framework for Outcomes Measurement. The Communicative Participation Item Bank (CPIB) was developed as a patient-reported measure of communicative participation for adults. Initial validation focused on adults with motor speech or voice disorders. No prior studies have conducted quantitative validation analyses for the CPIB for people with aphasia (PWA).Aims: The primary purpose of this study was to begin validation of the CPIB for PWA by conducting an analysis of differential item functioning (DIF). A DIF analysis was used to identify whether item parameters of the CPIB differed between PWA and the populations used i...
Integrating Intergenerational Mentoring into a Culinary Medicine Curriculum

We assessed the feasibility of partnering a medical school with a senior center to integrate elder mentors into a culinary medicine course with 4th-year students. We observed benefits for both students and elders and identified strategies to improve curricular logistics and strengthen bi-directional learning.
Hayek’s ‘More Effective Form’ Eugenics?

In 1977, Hayek appeared to express aspirations for the South American Operation Condor countries he was about to visit—the search for ‘better ways of organizing government than Social Darwinism applies the we have.’ He obviously hoped to extrapolate from these military dictatorships to the rest of the world—including the United States. In 1978, Hayek defended the ‘civilization’ of apartheid from the American ‘fashion’ of ‘human rights.’ There are also similarities between the sentiments expressed by Hayek, Mises, and Rothbard and those expressed by Hitler. Rothbard published Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature; and according to Hayek, in ‘southwest England, the class distinctions are very sharp, but they’re not resented. They’re still accepted as part of the natural order.’ This chapter examines Hayek’s racism and anti-Semitism in the context of the eugenics literature.
Scheduling techniques for reducing processor energy use in MacOS

The CPU is one of the major power consumers in a portable computer, and considerable power can be saved by turning off the CPU when it is not doing useful work. In Apple's MacOS, however, idle time is often converted to busy waiting, and generally it is very hard to tell when no useful computation is occurring. In this paper, we suggest several heuristic techniques for identifying this condition, and for temporarily putting the CPU in a low-power state. These techniques include turning off the processor when all processes are blocked, turning off the processor when processes appear to be busy waiting, and extending real time process sleep periods. We use trace-driven simulation, using processor run interval traces, to evaluate the potential energy savings and performance impact. We find that these techniques save considerable amounts of processor energy (as much as 66%), while having very little performance impact (less than 2% increase in run time). Implementing the proposed strategies should increase battery lifetime by approximately 20% relative to Apple's current CPU power management strategy, since the CPU and associated logic are responsible for about 32% of power use; similar techniques should be applicable to operating systems with similar behavior.
Dynamic Analysis in “Soft Science” Studies: In Defense of Difference Equations

The representation of dynamic systems with differential equations has a number of advantages. Among these are the well-developed theories on existence and uniqueness of solutions and on stability and convergence of approximate solutions. There are well-studied numerical schemes implemented on many computers.
Temperature dependent ductile material failure constitutive modeling with validation experiments.

A unique quasi-static temperature dependent low strain rate constitutive finite element failure model is being developed at Sandia National Laboratories (Dempsey JF, Antoun B, Wellman G, Romero V, Scherzinger W (2010) Coupled thermal pressurization failure simulations with validation experiments. Presentation at ASME 2010 international mechanical engineering congress & exposition, Vancouver, British Columbia, 12–18 Nov 2010). The model is used to predict ductile tensile failure initiation using a tearing parameter methodology and assessed for accuracy against validation experiments. Experiments include temperature dependent tensile testing of 304L stainless steel and a variety of aluminum alloy round specimens to generate true-stress true-strain material property specifications. Two simple geometries including pressure loaded steel cylinders and thread shear mechanisms are modeled and assessed for accuracy by experiment using novel uncertainty quantification techniques.
Optimization Models for Distribution Planning

In this article, I describe alternative types of optimization models for minimizing distribution costs. After reviewing models for the case of deterministic demand, several applications are described which illustrate the cost savings that can be attained with such models. Extensions to the case of stochastic demand are then given. Alternative models for distribution problems with stochastic demand are described, and the implications on computational difficulty of these different types of models are discussed.
The molecular genetics of sideroblastic anemia

The sideroblastic anemias (SAs) are a group of inherited and acquired bone marrow disorders defined by pathological iron accumulation in the mitochondria of erythroid precursors. Like most hematological diseases, the molecular genetic basis of the SAs has ridden the wave of technology advancement. Within the last 30 years, with the advent of positional cloning, the human genome project, solid-state genotyping technologies, and next-generation sequencing have evolved to the point where more than two-thirds of congenital SA cases, and an even greater proportion of cases of acquired clonal disease, can be attributed to mutations in a specific gene or genes. This review focuses on an analysis of the genetics of these diseases and how understanding these defects may contribute to the design and implementation of rational therapies.
Evaluation of equine coronavirus fecal shedding among hospitalized horses.

Background Currently, diagnosis of equine coronavirus (ECoV) relies on the exclusion of other infectious causes of enteric disease along with molecular detection of ECoV in feces or tissue. Although this approach is complete, it is costly and may not always be achievable. Objective We hypothesized that the overall fecal shedding of ECoV in hospitalized horses is low. Our objective was to determine whether systemically healthy horses and horses with gastrointestinal disorders shed ECoV in their feces at the time of admission to a referral hospital and after 48 hours of stress associated with hospitalization. Animals One-hundred thirty adult horses admitted to the Washington State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for gastrointestinal disease (n = 65) or for imaging under anesthesia (n = 65) that were hospitalized for 48 hours. Owner consent was obtained before sampling. Methods Fecal samples were collected at admission and 48 hours later. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for ECoV and electron microscopy (EM) were performed on all samples. Results Only 1 of 258 fecal samples was PCR-positive for ECoV. Electron microscopy identified ECoV-like particles in 9 of 258 samples, parvovirus-like particles in 4 of 258 samples, and rotavirus-like particles in 1 of 258 samples. Conclusions and clinical importance The presence of ECoV in feces of hospitalized adult horses was low. Thus, fecal samples that are PCR-positive for ECoV in adult horses that have clinical signs consistent with this viral infection are likely to be of diagnostic relevance. The clinical relevance of the viruses observed using EM remains to be investigated.
The moderating effect of psychological flexibility on event centrality in determining trauma outcomes.

Objective Emerging research shows that event centrality, or the degree to which trauma is perceived as integral to one's worldviews and personal identity, has a substantial impact on trauma recovery. Given that high centrality fosters both distress and growth, additional research on potential moderators that could better distinguish the course of adjustment is needed. This study examined whether differences in psychological flexibility (or the ability to persist in a behavior despite urges to do otherwise) impacted posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTS) and perceived posttraumatic growth (PTG) as event centrality increased. Method One-hundred and 25 college students (52% female) with a history of trauma exposure were recruited from a large Midwestern university. Participants completed an electronic survey for course credit. Results There was a significant interaction between event centrality and psychological flexibility on PTS severity (B = 2.10, p = .003). A simple slopes analysis revealed that low psychological flexibility was associated with greater PTS severity as event centrality increased. Although event centrality and psychological flexibility independently predicted perceived PTG, no interaction effect was observed (B = -4.68, p = .080). Conclusion This suggests that while differences in psychological flexibility may influence PTS severity following highly centralized traumatic experiences it has a more complicated relationship with perceived PTG that requires further investigation. Clinical implications are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Ferns with Benefits: Incorporating Ceratopteris into the Genomics Era

Ferns were the last major lineage of land plants without a reference genome. With the coming publication of the Ceratopteris genome assembly and recent publication of two water fern genomes, it is time to review the past and future applications of Ceratopteris and fern research. Here I delve into the utilization of a Ceratopteris genome assembly for studying the alternation of generations, reproductive biology, genome biology, and the C-Fern Curriculum.
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF COOPERATION IN THE DYNAMIC COMMON POOL GAME

This article studies experimentally to what extent subjects can cooperate in a dynamic common pool game, where the stage game changes endogenously. Although efficiency can be supported with strategies that condition on history, the main finding is that it is difficult to cooperate. Even if the incentives to cooperate are large, modal behavior can be rationalized with equilibrium Markov strategies that do not condition on history. The popularity of Markov strategies, however, is decreasing in the incentives to cooperate. The evidence also suggests that strategic uncertainty added by facing stage games that change in time may move play away from efficiency.
American Indian young adults display diminished cardiovascular and cortisol responses to acute psychological stress.

Abstract American Indian adults are at an increased risk for cardiovascular disease compared with non-Hispanic white adults. Scant research exists examining the underlying physiological and psychological mechanisms associated with these risks. This study aimed to examine possible psychological and physiological stress-related mechanisms related to cardiovascular disease risk in healthy American Indian and non-Hispanic white adults. Forty American Indian (60% female, Mean age = 19.93, SD = 2.08 years) and 45 non-Hispanic white (70% female, Mean age = 20.18, SD = 2.22 years) participants attended an in-person laboratory session. Salivary cortisol and cardiovascular activity were measured before (baseline), during, and after exposure to a 10-minute mental arithmetic task. Compared to non-Hispanic white participants, American Indian had diminished salivary cortisol (p
Regulation of Cyclic di-GMP Signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is found ubiquitously throughout the environment, and it readily adapts to survive in different environments. Genome analysis reveals P. aeruginosa has a proportionally high number of transcriptional regulators and two-component systems, and it has become a model for studying bacterial gene regulation. Furthermore, P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen, establishing infections that are often difficult to treat, due to its recalcitrance to antimicrobials and host immune factors. This tolerance can be attributed to its ability to form protective communities known as biofilms. The transition from a planktonic to biofilm lifestyle is complex, and many regulatory pathways are involved. The secondary messenger molecule, cyclic di-GMP, regulates many factors involved in this process, including type IV pili, flagella, and exopolysaccharides. Thus, understanding how P. aeruginosa modulates cyclic di-GMP levels has important implications for P. aeruginosa virulence and environmental lifestyle. P. aeruginosa encodes 38 proteins predicted to be involved in cyclic di-GMP metabolism, indicating intricate regulatory mechanisms are in place to control intracellular cyclic di-GMP levels in response to various stimuli. While the role and regulation of many of these proteins remains unknown, this chapter will review currently identified cyclic di-GMP regulatory mechanisms in P. aeruginosa, including the Wsp, Gac, and Roc networks.
A New Possible Resonance for Population II Cepheids

Light and velocity curves of some radial mode variable stars seem to indicate a resonance where the second overtone has a period exactly half that of the fundamental mode. The two classes of stars that show this resonance by bumps in their light curves are the classical Cepheids and the population II BL Her variables. We here propose that there is another resonance for the population II W Vir variables where the ratio of the first overtone to the fundamental periods is 0.5.
Microglia Control Escalation of Drinking in Alcohol-Dependent Mice: Genomic and Synaptic Drivers

Abstract Background Microglia, the primary immune cells of the brain, are implicated in alcohol use disorder. However, it is not known if microglial activation contributes to the transition from alcohol use to alcohol use disorder or is a consequence of alcohol intake. Methods We investigated the role of microglia in a mouse model of alcohol dependence using a colony stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor (PLX5622) to deplete microglia and a chronic intermittent ethanol vapor two-bottle choice drinking procedure. Additionally, we examined anxiety-like behavior during withdrawal. We then analyzed synaptic neuroadaptations in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and gene expression changes in the medial prefrontal cortex and CeA from the same animals used for behavioral studies. Results PLX5622 prevented escalations in voluntary alcohol intake and decreased anxiety-like behavior associated with alcohol dependence. PLX5622 also reversed expression changes in inflammatory-related genes and glutamatergic and GABAergic (gamma-aminobutyric acidergic) genes in the medial prefrontal cortex and CeA. At the cellular level in these animals, microglia depletion reduced inhibitory GABAA and excitatory glutamate receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in the CeA, supporting the hypothesis that microglia regulate dependence-induced changes in neuronal function. Conclusions Our multifaceted approach is the first to link microglia to the molecular, cellular, and behavioral changes associated with the development of alcohol dependence, suggesting that microglia may also be critical for the development and progression of alcohol use disorder.
Fast Identification of Koopman-Invariant Subspaces: Parallel Symmetric Subspace Decomposition

This paper presents a parallel data-driven method to identify finite-dimensional subspaces that are invariant under the Koopman operator describing a dynamical system. Our approach builds on Symmetric Subspace Decomposition (SSD), which is a centralized scheme to find Koopman-invariant subspaces and Koopman eigenfunctions. Given a dictionary of functions, a collection of processors communicating through a strongly connected time-invariant directed graph, and a set of data snapshots gathered from the dynamical system, our approach distributes the data snapshots among the processors and initializes each processor with the original dictionary. Then, at each iteration, processors prune their dictionary by using the information received from their neighbors and applying the SSD method on the pruned dictionary with their local data. We prove that the algorithm terminates in a finite number of iterations and that the processors, upon termination, reach consensus on the maximal Koopman-invariant subspace in the span of the dictionary (and is therefore equivalent to SSD). A simulation example shows significant gains in time complexity by the proposed method over SSD.
Cold War Literature of the Middle East and North Africa

Throughout the Cold War, writers in the Middle East and North Africa took the pulse of their times, attempting to make sense of local and global transformations. While the first ten years of the Cold War found countries struggling to free themselves from the yoke of French and British colonialisms, the following decades saw them struggling against the increasing influence of the superpowers. The period split regional allegiances between the US and its European allies on the one hand (the Gulf States, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Israel and pre-1979 Iran) and the USSR on the other (Egypt, Algeria, Syria and Iraq). Organised chronologically, the chapter includes a discussion of writers from Israel, Palestine, Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Algeria, Tunisia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Iran.
Using Peer Feedback to Promote Clinical Excellence in Hospital Medicine

Hospitalists provide a significant amount of direct clinical care in both academic and community hospitals. Peer feedback is a potentially underutilized and low resource method for improving clinical performance, which lends itself well to the frequent patient care handoffs that occur in the practice of hospital medicine. We review current literature on peer feedback to provide an overview of this performance improvement tool, briefly describe its incorporation into multi-source clinical performance appraisals across disciplines, highlight how peer feedback is currently used in hospital medicine, and present practical steps for hospital medicine programs to implement peer feedback to foster clinical excellence among their clinicians.
Endoscopic treatments for GERD

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition with increasing prevalence and morbidity in the United States and worldwide. Despite advances in medical and surgical therapy over the last 30 years, gaps remain in the therapeutic profile of options. Flexible upper endoscopy offers the promise of filling in these gaps in a potentially minimally invasive approach. In this concise review, we focus on the plethora of endoluminal therapies available for the treatment of GERD. Therapies discussed include injectable agents, electrical stimulation of the lower esophageal sphincter, antireflux mucosectomy, radiofrequency ablation, and endoscopic suturing devices designed to create a fundoplication. As new endoscopic treatments become available, we come closer to the promise of the incisionless treatment of GERD. The known data surrounding the indications, benefits, and risks of these historical, current, and emerging approaches are reviewed in detail.
Brand Manager Sensemaking: Cognitive Frames in the Digital Media Environment

Marketers and advertising agencies must navigate an increasingly complex and ambiguous digital media environment. Advertising agencies have responded by adding new roles and removing barriers to in...
Gelatinous fibres are not produced in response to induced stresses in ephedra

Gelatinous fibres (g-fibres) differ from most fibres in that the innermost layer of their secondary cell wall is rich in cellulose and poor in lignin. G-fibres are often produced in response to gravitational and mechanical stresses in the roots, stems, and leaves of angiosperms, with their main function being the reorientation or contraction of these organs. G-fibres also occur in the three genera (Ephedra, Gnetum, and Welwitschia) of the Gnetales, making them the only known gymnosperms with g-fibres in their shoots. The shrubby species E. aspera and E. viridis were studied to determine the function and cues for production of g-fibres in the genus. It was hypothesized that E. aspera and E. viridis would produce g-fibres as a response to gravitational and internal stresses due to downward displacement (bending). Total number of g-fibres and number of g-fibres per area did not differ between displaced and untreated (control) stems of E. aspera. For the younger stems of E. viridis, control stems had more g-fibres than displaced stems, indicating that the production of additional g-fibres in control stems may be a response to wind or other perturbations. For both species, the oldest stems studied had the lowest g-fibre frequency, suggesting that little to no new g-fibres were produced as the stems aged, regardless of treatment. Furthermore, there were no other indications of reaction anatomy (asymmetry of phloem, compression wood, etc.) for E. aspera or E. viridis. These results and the cell wall composition of the fibres, especially those in the cortex, call into question whether the fibres of shrubby Ephedra are typical g-fibres.
Genetic Expression of Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylase Induction EVIDENCE FOR THE INVOLVEMENT OF OTHER GENETIC LOCI

Abstract The intraperitoneal administration of aromatic hydrocarbons such as 3-methylcholanthrene or β-naphthoflavone stimulates aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[a]pyrene) hydroxylase activity in C57BL/6N, C57BL/6J, C3H/HeN, BALB/cAnN, CBA/HN, and PL/J inbred mice but not in the DBA/2N, 129/J, RF/J, AKR/N, AKR/J, or AU/SsJ inbred strains. By means of genetic crosses between a "responsive" and a "nonresponsive" strain, the hydroxylase induction appears to segregate as an autosomal dominant trait in the C57BL/6N x RF/J cross, the C57BL/6N x 129/J cross, the C3H/HeN x AKR/N cross, the BALB/cAnN x AKR/N cross, the CBA/HN x AKR/N cross, the BALB/cAnN x DBA/2N cross, the C57BL/6N x AU/SsJ cross, the PL/J x AU/SsJ cross, the C57BL/6J x AKR/J cross, the C57BL/6N x AKR/J cross, and the C57BL/6J x AKR/N cross. The absence of hydroxylase induction appears to segregate in an autosomal dominant fashion in the C57BL/6N x AKR/N cross. The induction process in offspring from the C3H/HeN x DBA/2N cross is inherited additively. In mice from many of the above mentioned crosses, there exists a positive, significant correlation between the induced hepatic hydroxylase activity and (a) new formation of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P1-450; (b) higher inducible hydroxylase activities in lung, kidney, bowel, and skin; and (c) induction of hepatic microsomal 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase, p-nitroanisole-O-demethylase, and 3-methyl-4-methylaminoazobenzene N-demethylase activities. We have found no exceptions to this general observation. The basal hydroxylase activity appears to be inherited additively, within the limits of individual variation. From data involving more than 2200 individual mice of these 12 inbred strains, the induction of the monooxygenase activities and the stimulation of cytochrome P1-450 formation by aromatic hydrocarbons appear to be regulated by at least three alleles at each of two nonlinked genetic loci.
Reduced Order Stochastic Models

This paper presents an approach to reduce the order of large-scale stochastic systems. The reduced-order model is obtained by considering only the stable modes through optimization of a steady-state error. Examples are given to illustrate the proposed method.
Identification, isolation, and characterization of the structural gene encoding the delta' subunit of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III holoenzyme.

Abstract The gene encoding the delta' subunit of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, designated holB, was cloned by a strategy in which peptide sequence was used to derive a DNA hybridization probe. The gene maps to 24.95 centisomes of the chromosome. Sequencing of holB revealed a 1,002-bp open reading frame predicted to produce a 36,936-Da protein. The gene has a ribosome-binding site and promoter that are highly similar to the consensus sequences and is flanked by two potential open reading frames. Protein sequence analysis of delta' revealed a high degree of similarity to the dnaX gene products of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, including one stretch of 10 identical amino acid residues. A lesser degree of similarity to the gene 44 protein of bacteriophage T4 and the 40-kDa protein of the A1 complex (replication factor C) of HeLa cells was seen. The gene, when placed into a tac promoter-based expression plasmid, directed expression of two proteins of similar size. By immunodetection with anti-holoenzyme immunoglobulin G, both proteins are judged to be products of holB.
Thermal Conductivity Reduction of Polyurethane Insulating Foam by In Situ Carbon Dioxide Removal

Polyurethane foam of the type used for most refrigerator insulation is currently blown in the United States with a mixture of diclorofluoroethane (R-141b), and CO2. The object of this work has been to reduce the thermal conductivity of this foam by passively removing CO2 from the cell gas of the foam. This work is applicable to foams blown with R-141b, R-356, cyclopentane, and other low-boiling liquids plus CO2. In work with hand-mixed foams we demonstrated that NaOH in the form of beads or powder is an effective material for in situ CO2 removal from foam. After removal of CO2, originally present at 14%, foam thermal conductivity at refrigerator operating conditions was reduced 9%.
Maximum Principle Solutions for Time-Optimal Half-Loop Maneuvers of a High Alpha Fighter Aircraft

In this paper we present a maximum principle solution of the half-loop maneuver obtained using an analytical model for a high alpha fighter aircraft and compare it with that obtained previously using a simple nonlinear feedback control law derived from singular perturbation analysis.
B-Lymphocyte Proliferation during Bovine Leukemia Virus- Induced Persistent Lymphocytosis Is Enhanced by T-Lymphocyte-Derived Interleukin-2

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV)-induced persistent lymphocytosis is characterized by a polyclonal expansion of CD5+ B lymphocytes. To examine the role of the cytokine microenvironment in this virus-induced B-lymphocyte expansion, the expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-10, and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) mRNA, was measured in stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from persistently lymphocytotic BLV-infected cows, nonlymphocytotic BLV-infected cows, and uninfected cows. IL-2 and IL-10 mRNA expression and IL-2 functional activity were significantly increased when peripheral blood mononuclear cells from persistently lymphocytotic cows were stimulated with concanavalin A (ConA). Additionally, during persistent lymphocytosis, peak IL-2 and IL-10 mRNA expression was delayed, and elevated expression was prolonged. To determine the potential biologic importance of increased IL-2 and IL-10 expression, the response of isolated B lymphocytes from persistently lymphocytotic cows to human recombinant cytokines and to cytokine-containing supernatants from isolated T lymphocytes was examined. While recombinant human IL-10 (rhIL-10) did not consistently induce detectable changes, rhIL-2 increased viral protein (p24) and IL-2 receptor expression in isolated B lymphocytes from persistently lymphocytotic cows. Additionally, rhIL-2 and supernatant from ConA-stimulated T lymphocytes enhanced B-lymphocyte proliferation. The stimulatory activity of the T-lymphocyte supernatant could be completely inhibited with a polyclonal anti-rhIL-2 antibody. Finally, polyclonal anti-rhIL-2 antibody, as well as anti-BLV antibody, inhibited spontaneous proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from persistently lymphocytotic cows, demonstrating that the spontaneous lymphoproliferation characteristic of BLV-induced persistent lymphocytosis is IL-2 dependent and antigen dependent. Collectively, these findings strongly suggest that increased T-lymphocyte expression of IL-2 in BLV-infected cows contributes to development and/or maintenance of persistent B lymphocytosis.
Integrating engineering courses with calculus and physics to motivate learning of fundamental concepts

In September of 1998, the College of Engineering at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth began an innovative, integrated, curriculum that dramatically changed first-year instruction. This new program is called IMPULSE (Integrated Math, Physics and Undergraduate Laboratory Science, and Engineering). The program is technology-based so courses have been offered in specially designed, technology-oriented classrooms. The program's pedagogy includes: (1) integrating the introductory course sequences in physics, calculus and engineering; (2) teaching and using teamwork among students and faculty; (3) using active and cooperative learning methods; and, (4) encouraging formation of a community of students by block-scheduling classes and grouping students in the dorms. The IMPULSE program has been very successful. For example, assessment in the first year showed that it more than halved the attrition rate of first-year engineering students, and nearly doubled the percentage of students passing two semesters of physics on schedule. This paper looks at the integration of subjects from the perspective of the engineering courses. It focuses on the interaction between engineering, physics and calculus and how this evolved as the program matured. It describes the types of problems that have been used to motivate learning in all three subjects. It also explains how problems have been posed and coordinated successfully.
Visualization of perivascular spaces in the human brain at 7T: Sequence optimization and morphology characterization.

Noninvasive imaging of perivascular spaces (PVSs) may provide useful insights into their role in normal brain physiology and diseases. Fast MRI sequences with sub-millimeter spatial resolutions and high contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) are required for accurate delineation of PVS in human. To achieve the optimal condition for PVS imaging at 7T, we carried out detailed simulation and experimental studies to characterize the dependence of CNR on imaging sequences (T1 versus T2-weighted) and sequence parameters. In addition, PVSs were segmented semi-automatically, which revealed much larger numbers of PVSs in young healthy subjects (age 21-37years) than previously reported. To the best of our knowledge, our study provides, for the first time, detailed length, volume, and diameter distributions of PVS in the white matter and subcortical nuclei, which can serve as a reference for future studies of PVS abnormalities under diseased conditions.
Beating the optical Liouville theorem: How does geometrical optics know the second law of thermodynamics?

ABSTRACT It is well-known that conservation of phase-space volume or op tical etendue leads to strict limits to concentration. Less well- known is the connection between entropy and etendue. Entropy has a logarithmic dependence on etendue in addition to the familiar linear dependence on heat. This trade-off permits in principlean exponential boost in concentration. Optical systems that make use of this possibility will be discussed. Keywords: Etendue, Phase space, Entropy, Brightness 1. INTRODUCTION There has been a recent resurgence of interest in luminescent concentrators which appear to be able to exceed the limit set by the sine-law of concentration. Since the sine-law of concentration reflects the second law of thermodynamics in classical optics, its violation is impossible unless the assu mptions of classical optics are not satisfied. In this paper th e authors review the connection between entropy and optical phase space or etendue and show that principles of thermodynamics permit enormous increases in flux concentration and/or brightness under certain conditions.
Semantic Web 2.0

The Web 2.0 phenomena is poised to set the creative tone for software developers for years. It could even become a technology wave--one that the Semantic Web would do well to catch.
On the integrability of the two-ion Paul trap in the pseudo potential approximation

Abstract The two-ion Paul trap is integrable in the pseudo potential approximation for trap asymmetry parameters λ = 1 2 and λ = 2 . Integrability at λ = 1 2 (proved by explicitly stating the corresponding analytical integral of the motion) is not consistent with recently published results [G. Baumann, Phys. Lett. A 162 (1992) 464].
Effect of oral calcium on ileal bile salts

Abstract Bile acid excretion was measured in three ileostomates with and without oral supplements of calcium carbonate, 30–60 mmol/d. The ileal output of bile salts did not account for the doubling of fecal bile salts which is known to occur when these amounts of calcium carbonate are fed to intestinally intact subjects. Precipitation of bile salts in colonic contents appears to be the mechanism whereby oral Ca ++ increases fecal bile and excretion, and ameliorates the co-carcinogenic effects of bile salts on colonic mucosa.
Polymerization of N-(p-aminobenzoyl)caprolactam: Block and alternating copolymers of aromatic and aliphatic polyamides

The polymerization behavior of N-(p-aminobenzoyl)caprolactam was studied. It was found that polymerization could proceed by either elimination of caprolactam or by ring opening. Polymers prepared at temperatures above 200°C showed a greater tendency for ring opening to produce alternating aromatic/aliphatic copolymers than did polymers prepared at lower temperatures. Block copolymers of poly(p-benzamide) and nylon 6 were prepared by a two-stage hydrolytic polymerization process or by anionic polymerization at temperatures > 200°C. Polymer microstructures were determined using 13C-NMR spectroscopy by comparison with homopolymers and model alternating copolymers. The alternating copolymer prepared by condensation of N-(p-aminobenzoyl)-6-caproic acid showed a melting transition at 300–305°C in the DSC and a Tg in subsequent heating cycles of 116–119°C. Copolymers made with the two-stage process were rich in p-benzamide sequences and showed no Tg or Tm below 400°C. Copolymer made with NaH was rich in nylon 6 units, showed a Tm of 175–180°C and a Tg of 80–81°C, and was homogeneous in both the melt and solid.
Serial survey of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage among residents in a nursing home.

OBJECTIVE To study the natural course of nasal colonization by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among residents in a nursing home. DESIGN A cohort study with eight surveys of nasal cultures over 15 months. SETTING A community nursing home in Chicago, Illinois. PARTICIPANTS Between 117 and 129 residents of the nursing home in each survey. RESULTS MRSA carriers were present throughout the study period. On the average, 24.4% (range: 17.1% to 34.2%) of the residents carried S aureus, and 35.3% (range: 20% to 62.5%) of the isolates were methicillin resistant at each survey. The carrier state was persistent or transient and was affected little by a roommate's carrier status. Approximately 70% to 80% of residents who were bedridden or who had decubitus ulcers or foreign bodies carried MRSA at least once during the study period. Residents' prior hospitalization was not associated with MRSA carriage. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that MRSA was perpetuated in the nursing home by persistently or intermittently colonizing debilitated residents who required more intensive nursing care and that the prior hospitalization of the residents was not an important cause of its perpetuation.
Possible Feedback of Winter Sea Ice in the Greenland and Barents Seas on the Local Atmosphere

Abstract Using monthly Arctic sea ice concentration data (1953–95) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalysis dataset (1958–99), possible feedbacks of sea ice variations in the Greenland and Barents Seas to the atmosphere are investigated. Winter (February–April) sea ice anomalies in the Greenland and Barents Seas display important feedback influences on the atmospheric boundary layer in terms of both thermodynamic and dynamic processes. The vertical gradients of potential pseudo-equivalent temperature (θse) between 850 and 700 hPa are greater over sea ice than over open water, implying that a more stable boundary layer forms below 700 hPa over sea ice. The effects of temperature advection are shown to account for a relatively small percentage of the temperature variance in area of sea ice feedbacks. Horizontal and vertical variations of the effects of sea ice on temperature in the Nordic and Barents Seas create the potential for d...
Latinos, Military Service, and Support for Bush and Kerry in 2004:

The 2004 presidential election raised a number of questions about the role of military service in political campaigns, particularly how it affects individual-level engagement in politics. However, ...
Impact Of Optics Design Decisions Upon Line-Of-Sight Stabilization

The process of designing line-of-sight stabilization systems is an interdisciplinary process that requires interaction of mechanical engineers, electronics designers, and servo analysts as well as the optics engineer. The decisions made by the optics designer can have a significant impact upon the final system configuration and performance that is achieved. The stabilization mechanism must support the optical package, must not obstruct the line-of-sight, and must be balanced in order to achieve the desired degree of inertial stabilization. This paper defines the common approaches used to achieve line-of-sight stabilization and discusses the design process that is followed as stabilization systems are conceived and fabricated. Attention is then given to the impact of some of the decisions made by the optics designer and the resultant constraints that are imposed upon the stabilization design by these choices.
Recognizing circular decomposable metrics.

ABSTRACT Circular decomposable metrics (CDMs) have been used in phylogenetic studies. The fastest algorithm for recognizing a CDM runs in time 0(n5), given an n × n table of pairwise distances. We ...
Uptake and localization of selenium-75 in mammary epithelial cell lines in vitro

The uptake and subcellular localization of selenium-75 was examined in 3 established mammary cell lines in vitro. Previous studies had demonstrated that cell line YN-4 exhibited a biphasic growth response to selenium, whereas cell lines CL-S1 and WAZ-2t exhibited only an inhibition of growth. All 3 cell lines incorporated selenium-75 readily over a 48-h incubation period and the concentration of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase was correlated with the level of selenium-75 uptake. However, neither of these 2 parameters could be related to the unique biphasic growth response exhibited by cell line YN-4. The intracellular localization of selenium-75 was similar in lines CL-S1 and YN-4 with the label incorporated primarily in the cytosol and secondarily in the mitochondria. Although the unique growth response of line YN-4 could not be attributed to the incorporation parameters examined herein, the stable incorporation of selenium-75 at high levels should make these lines useful for further studies on the subcellular localization of selenium into organelles and macromolecules.