cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Essentials of PAI Assessment

Series Preface. Overview. Administration. How to Score the PAI. Introduction to Interpretation. Assessing Profile Validity. The Individual PAI Scales. Interpreting Two-Point Code Types. Strengths and Weaknesses of the PAI. Clinical Applications of the PAI. Illustrative Case Report. References. Annotated Bibliography. Index. About the Author.
Human Aggression and Suicide

Apres un expose de la litterature sur le modele animal des comportements auto-destructeurs, les etudes du comportement suicidaire/impulsif/agressif chez l'homme sont presentees: le role de la serotonine est discute
A comparison of steady-state ARIES and pulsed PULSAR tokamak power plants

The multi-institutional ARIES team has completed a series of four steady-state and two pulsed cost-optimized conceptual designs of commercial tokamak fusion power plants. The level of assumed advances in technology and physics was varied from one design to the next. The cost benefits of various design options are compared quantitatively with an emphasis placed on pulsed versus steady-state operation. Possible means to improve the economic competitiveness of fusion are suggested.
Progestogen for preventing miscarriage

Background Progesterone, a female sex hormone, is known to induce secretory changes in the lining of the uterus essential for successful implantation of a fertilized egg. It has been suggested that a causative factor in many cases of miscarriage may be inadequate secretion of progesterone. Therefore, progestogens have been used, beginning in the first trimester of pregnancy, in an attempt to prevent spontaneous miscarriage. Objectives To determine the efficacy and safety of progestogens as a preventative therapy against miscarriage. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (1 August 2013), reference lists from relevant articles, attempting to contact authors where necessary, and contacted experts in the field for unpublished works. Selection criteria Randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials comparing progestogens with placebo or no treatment given in an effort to prevent miscarriage. Data collection and analysis Two review authors assessed trial quality and extracted data. Main results Fourteen trials (2158 women) are included. The meta-analysis of all women, regardless of gravidity and number of previous miscarriages, showed no statistically significant difference in the risk of miscarriage between progestogen and placebo or no treatment groups (Peto odds ratio (Peto OR) 0.99; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.78 to 1.24) and no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse effect in either mother or baby. A subgroup analysis of placebo controlled trials did not find a difference in the rate of miscarriage with the use of progestogen (10 trials, 1028 women; Peto OR 1.15; 95% CI 0.88 to 1.50). In a subgroup analysis of four trials involving women who had recurrent miscarriages (three or more consecutive miscarriages; four trials, 225 women), progestogen treatment showed a statistically significant decrease in miscarriage rate compared to placebo or no treatment (Peto OR 0.39; 95% CI 0.21 to 0.72). However, these four trials were of poorer methodological quality. No statistically significant differences were found between the route of administration of progestogen (oral, intramuscular, vaginal) versus placebo or no treatment. No significant differences in the rates of preterm birth, neonatal death, or fetal genital anomalies/virilization were found between progestogen therapy versus placebo/control. Authors' conclusions There is no evidence to support the routine use of progestogen to prevent miscarriage in early to mid-pregnancy. However, there seems to be evidence of benefit in women with a history of recurrent miscarriage. Treatment for these women may be warranted given the reduced rates of miscarriage in the treatment group and the finding of no statistically significant difference between treatment and control groups in rates of adverse effects suffered by either mother or baby in the available evidence. Larger trials are currently underway to inform treatment for this group of women.
Venice GIS Portal: la punta dell'iceberg

Venice GIS portal Single information system, the only methodology but an undetermined number of working groups. The basic principle, which underpins Insula, is flexibility, a philosophy which has enabled it to test the adoption of new processes of governance of assets, as a strategic resource of the Public.
Repair of Alkylated Bacteriophage T4 Deoxyribonucleic Acid by a Mechanism Involving Polynucleotide Ligase

Methyl methanesulfate-induced lesions in bacteriophage T4 are repaired primarily by a mechanism involving polynucleotide ligase. Apparently, other recombinational and ultraviolet repair functions aren9t involved.
Bali: a live desktop for mobile agents

As one of the tools for our mobile agent system, Aglets, we developed a desktop-like visual shell, called Bali, to allow natural and intuitive handling of mobile agents. By nature however, mobile agents are autonomous programs. The speed at which an agent executes its own program is very fast in comparison with the speed at which humans operate. Therefore, it is hard for a user to control an aglet's behavior through a GUI that is extended straightforwardly from a static object based desktop to a dynamic agent based desktop. But if we renounce control of aglets, the significance of the desktop metaphor will be lost. We propose a way of extending the desktop metaphor to an agent based desktop, introducing Bali as a visual shell whose design is based on two basic agent specific concepts: hooking of agents' execution and separation of the executing environment by provision of multiple environments. As an example, we outline our GUI and its inner structure and introduce our system, Aglets.
Clinical and epidemiological profiles of lower respiratory tract infection in hospitalized children due to human bocavirus in a subtropical area of China.

Lower respiratory tract infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Human bocavirus (HBoV) is confirmed to have an association with pediatric lower respiratory tract infection. Seasonal and meteorological factors may play a key role in the epidemiology of HBoV. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the frequency, season, and clinical characteristics of hospitalized children with HBoV infection. In addition, an evaluation of the effects of meteorological factors on the incidence of HBoV in a subtropical area in China will be conducted. Children were <14 years in age and hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infection between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2012 in the Respiratory Disease Department at the Children's Hospital affiliated to Soochow University. Multi-pathogens were detected in nasopharyngeal aspirate samples. The association between HBoV activity and regional meteorological conditions was analyzed. The average incidence of HBoV infection was 6.6% (502/7,626). Of the 502 HBoV positive children, the median age was 13 months (range 1–156 months). The HBoV infection rate was highest among the 7–12 months groups (12.9%, 163/1,267). Seasonal distribution of HBoV was noted during June to November, especially during the summer season (June to August). HBoV activity was associated with temperature and humidity although the lag effect between temperature and HBoV activity observed. HBoV is one of the most common viral pathogens in children with lower respiratory tract infection. HBoV infection occurs throughout the year with a peak during the summer. Temperature and humidity may affect the incidence of HBoV. J. Med. Virol. 86:2154–2162, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nutrient and aluminum availability of alum-amended poultry litter: a long-term weathering study

To develop agronomic application rates for alum-amended poultry litter, nutrient and Al availability of this particular organic fertilizer were examined using long-term field weathering studies. It was revealed that concentrations of N, P, K+, and Al3+ in the poultry litter leachate ranged from 5 to 6,503 mg L-1, 2 to 84 mg L-1, 2 to 5135 mg L-1, and 0.05 to 4.6 mg L-1, respectively. Release of nutrients occurred principally in the first growing season and would last for years. During 19 months of field weathering, 10.5 kg N, 1.1 kg P, 34.5 kg K+, and 0.031 kg Al3+ were released per ton of the poultry litter and recovered in the leachate. The results suggest that no Al toxicity would be generated to crops if alum-amended poultry litter is used as a fertilizer. If applied at 13.3 ton ha-1, the poultry litter will supply 150.0 kg ha-1 N, 15.2 kg ha-1 P, and 456.2 kg ha-1 K+ to seasonal crops. Application of alum-amended poultry litter at available N-based rates will meet crop nutrient requirements while minimizing nutrient runoff losses.
Value of repeat endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration for suspected pancreatic cancer.

Background and Aims: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is a safe and accurate technique for diagnosing pancreatic cancer. The value of repeat EUS-FNA in patients with high clinical suspicion for pancreatic cancer after an inconclusive index study is unknown. Our aims were to determine the yield and success of repeat EUS-FNA and the reasons for failure of initial EUS-FNA. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data in a tertiary University based referral center for pancreatico-biliary disorders. All patients who underwent more then one EUS-FNA for evaluation of suspected pancreatic cancer over a five and a half year period were included in this analysis. Results: Of the 547 procedures performed on 517 patients, 24 (4.6%) patients underwent 51 repeat EUS-FNA procedures. Initial EUS-FNA was atypical/suspicious in 10 (41.6%), benign in 10 (41.6%), malignant in two (8.3%), and failed/indeterminate in two (8.3%) patients. Eight of 10 (80%) patients with atypical/suspicious findings at initial EUS-FNA were diagnosed with malignancy on repeat EUS-FNA. Of the 10 patients with benign findings at initial EUS-FNA, repeat study diagnosed two (20%) with malignancy and the rest were confirmed benign on long-term follow up (average 530 days, SD 369 days). Of the two patients with indeterminate findings at initial EUS-FNA, repeat study diagnosed one patient with malignant disease and the other with benign disease that was confirmed by long-term follow up. Of the two patients diagnosed with neoplastic disease at initial EUS-FNA, repeat EUS-FNA with immunostains downgraded both to chronic pancreatitis. Repeat EUS-FNA facilitated determination of the true status of disease in 20 of 24 patients (accuracy 84%). Suspected reasons for failed initial EUS-FNA were: coexisting pancreatitis (n = 10; 42%), technical difficulty due to scope positioning in uncinate lesion/sedation failure (n = 4; 16.7%), difficult cytology (partly cystic, extensive necrosis, well-differentiated adenocarcinoma) (n = 4; 16.7%), presence of ascites or collaterals (n = 3; 12.5%), pathologist's interobserver variation (n = 2; 8.33%), and unknown reason in one patient. Conclusion: Repeat EUS-FNA is warranted in patients with high clinical suspicion for pancreatic cancer despite indeterminate or negative findings at initial EUS-FNA.
Privacy, the patient and hospitalization.

Abstract This paper is a phenomenological analysis of the nature of privacy as perceived by Caucasian, hospitalized adults. A formal definition of “privacy” is presented; three aspects of privacy are identified and the four major variables influencing the patient's privacy are examined. Privacy is seen to be closely related to interpersonal distancing and of particular importance when the “self” is threatened in some way. The significance of these findings is especially evident when related to client care activities.
A Fuels Cost Comparison of Gasoline and Electric Powered Vehicles

Per British thermal unit (BTU), in the United States, gasoline currently costs about 7.6 times as much as coal. Due to the prevalence of coal fired electricity generating stations in the country, electrically powered vehicles may provide a fuel cost savings over similar gasoline powered vehicles. Fuel costs for electric vehicles have been reported to cost about $0.045 per mile to operate. Higher efficiency, gasoline operated automobiles such as the Toyota Corolla have reported fuel costs of about $0.093 per mile. This paper provides a first glance examination of electrically powered and gasoline powered vehicles in the United States. While gasoline costs continue to rise, a cheap, environmentally safe transportation alternative is needed to maintain the flexible lifestyle currently enjoyed by Americans. The cycle energy efficiency of coal produced electricity for personal transportation is much lower than the energy efficiency of gasoline, but the large cost differences between these two forms of fossil fuels may provide a temporary fix to a looming transportation crisis in the United States. The long-term environmental effects of an electrically powered, private transportation fleet could prove catastrophic due to increased use of coal and accompanying combustion product air pollution, but clean, renewable, electricity producing technologies may support more prolific long-term use of electrically powered transportation modes.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Effective string tension in the finite-temperature smooth-string model

The temperature dependence of the string tension for Polyakov's smooth-string model is investigated in the large-D limit. The effective string tension is calculated to second order in the loop expansion. At low temperature, it differs from that of the Nambu model only by terms that fall exponentially with inverse temperature.
Organizational Policy and Innovation Among Suppliers to the Food Processing Sector

In this study a model of the organizational innovation process, whereby context causes policy, which causes innovation, was tested and generally supported by data from 54 equipment and packaging suppliers to the food processing industry. Increasing organization size up to a point and an aggressive technology policy emerge as the two key variables in this model of organization and innovation.
Evidence for initial opening of the Pacific ocean in the Jurassic

Abstract An argument is presented for the east-west initial opening of the pacific Ocean during Early Jurassic times, on paleontological, biogeograhical, and geological grounds. A new reconstruction of the continents bordering the Pacific Ocean is proposed, based chiefly upon trans-Pacific, terrestrial biotic links that are not reflected in regions bordering the Atlantic. A new Arctic Ocean reconstruction is also proposed. Since the Atlantic and Indian Oceans were closed in the Early Jurassic as well, an expanding-earth model is adopted, instead of a Pangaen reconstruction on a present-sized earth. The model prposed here is also compatible with geological evidence for a narrow, epicontinental Tethys Sea. Sea-floor subduction along the perimeter of the Pacific appears to be actively taking place and in the past was much more extensive along the eastern border than on the western side. The tectonics of Antarctica, the Southwest Pacific, Indonesia, Japan, the Arctic region, western North America, Baja California, the Carribean, and the Gulf of Mexico are discussed in terms of the proposed model. The Pacific sea-floor spreading history is outlined and related to the initial opening of the North Atlantic 180 million years ago (Early Jurassic). The South Pacific and Indian Ocean are both considered to have opened some 155 million years ago (Late Jurassic). The original and present positions of the Jurassic equator are determined.
Interactions of HIV-1 Gag with assembly cofactors.

HIV-1 Gag is the only protein required for retroviral particle assembly. There is evidence suggesting that phosphatidylinositol phosphate and nucleic acid are essential for viruslike particle assembly. To elucidate structural foundations of interactions of HIV-1 Gag with the assembly cofactors PI(4,5)P2 and RNA, we employed mass spectrometric protein footprinting. In particular, the NHS-biotin modification approach was used to identify the lysine residues that are exposed to the solvent in free Gag and are protected from biotinylation by direct protein−ligand or protein−protein contacts in Gag complexes with PI(4,5)P2 and/or RNA. Of 21 surface lysines readily modified in free Gag, only K30 and K32, located in the matrix domain, were strongly protected in the Gag−PI(4,5)P2 complex. Nucleic acid also protected these lysines, but only at significantly higher concentrations. In contrast, nucleic acids and not PI(4,5)P2 exhibited strong protection of two nucleocapsid domain residues: K391 and K424. In additio...
ABS/traction assist/regenerative braking application of hardware-in-the-loop

This paper describes a model for the study of an anti-lock brake system (ABS)/traction assist/regenerative (ATR) brake system as an application of hardware-in-the-loop (HIL). The paper presents a description of the real-time dynamic models, the "dual" model concept and its advantages for studying sensor noise and hardware/software interface problems. Simulation results are also presented.
The anxiolytic effects of intravenous sedation using midazolam alone or in multiple drug techniques

This study examines four drug combinations (midazolam, midazolam-midazolam, fentanyl-midazolam, and fentanyl-midazolam-methohexital) in a placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial of intravenous sedation. It tests the hypothesis that there is no difference between the anxiolytic effect of the four combinations when compared with a saline placebo. Subjects were 207 mildly anxious young adults having their third molars removed. Cognitive measures of anxiety increased from preoperative levels in the placebo and both midazolam groups (P .05). The level of successful anxiolysis ranged from 24% in the placebo group to 74% in the barbiturate group. Using the log likelihood method, comparisons suggest that the drug groups (from midazolam alone to the methohexital combination) have increasingly positive anxiolytic effects even when controlling for the effects of dental fear and intraoperative pain. The fentanyl-midazolam group is 8.1 and the methohexital group is 9.0 times more likely to have had a favorable outcome than the placebo group. Additional analyses of behavioral measures of anxiety yielded parallel results. Global evaluations after surgery were related to the success of anxiolysis for subjects in the active drug conditions (P < .05).
Physiological and growth responses of differentially irrigated cotton to ozone.

Abstract This study was conducted to determine the physiological and growth responses of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) to the interaction of ozonee (O 3 ) and drought stress. Cotton (cv SJ-2) was grown in open-top chambers in the field at three levels of soil water and exposed to charcoal-filtered air (CF), nonfiltered air (NF), and NF × 1·25, and NF × 1·5 ambient O 3 concentrations in Riverside, CA, from June to October 1986. Ozone reduced carbon fixation an average of 74·6% in optimally watered (OW) plots, 63·4% in suboptimal (SO) plots, but only 19·3% in severely water-stressed (SS) plots. Leaf and stem biomass in OW and SO plots showed similar linear reductions in mass response to increased O 3 concentrations, but SS plots showed no response to O 3 except at the highest O 3 treatment (seasonal 12-h O 3 mean of 0·111 ppm 218 μm −3 ). These results showed that moderately water-stressed cotton had similar physiological and growth responses to O 3 as well-watered plants, but severely water-stressed cotton showed little response to O 3 at ambient O 3 concentrations.
Multi-Length Scale-Enriched Continuum-Level Material Model for Kevlar®-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Matrix Composites

Fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite materials display quite complex deformation and failure behavior under ballistic/blast impact loading conditions. This complexity is generally attributed to a number of factors such as (a) hierarchical/multi-length scale architecture of the material microstructure; (b) nonlinear, rate-dependent and often pressure-sensitive mechanical response; and (c) the interplay of various intrinsic phenomena and processes such as fiber twisting, interfiber friction/sliding, etc. Material models currently employed in the computational engineering analyses of ballistic/blast impact protective structures made of this type of material do not generally include many of the aforementioned aspects of the material dynamic behavior. Consequently, discrepancies are often observed between computational predictions and their experimental counterparts. To address this problem, the results of an extensive set of molecular-level computational analyses regarding the role of various microstructural/morphological defects on the Kevlar® fiber mechanical properties are used to upgrade one of the existing continuum-level material models for fiber-reinforced composites. The results obtained show that the response of the material is significantly affected as a result of the incorporation of microstructural effects both under quasi-static simple mechanical testing condition and under dynamic ballistic-impact conditions.
Development of a Pedal Powered Wheelchair

A first student project to put pedals on a wheelchair for exercise and propulsion was unsuccessful. The need remained and in June of 2005 the “Eureka” event occurred. Seeing a five-year-old on her training-wheel-equipped bicycle suggested that a fifth wheel could be added in the center between the wheelchair's two large rear wheels, and a mast supported by the fifth wheel's axle could extend forward to support a front axle and pedal set. A chain drive completed the propulsion system. There are no pedal-powered wheelchairs currently on the market. Around 2001 a product (EZChair) without retractable pedals was on the market but withdrawn. A team at the University of Buffalo invented and patented a pedal-powered wheelchair in 1993 (US Patent 5,242,179), but it was not commercialized. Also, a Japanese company designed and built a series of fifth-wheel wheelchair designs. Between 2006 and late 2008 we built many prototypes incorporating geometries that permitted retracting the pedal. For compactness a “Pedalong” with three telescoping tubes was built but it proved impossible to secure tightly. In the next design twin telescoping tubes passing above and to the rear of the rear axle provided the desired extension. A clamp at the front of the outer tube provided tightness of the assembly. In the Northwestern research program (see below), there was some success, but awkwardness in operation prevented commercialization. In October 2008 a major design change from a fifth wheel in the center to a powering of the two standard rear wheels was begun. This required a new chain path geometry and addition of a differential to the drive train. With the new design user control, arm-powering and braking through the rear wheels is retained, and chair stability is improved. Twelve individuals with chronic post-stroke hemiplegia (>6 months post-stroke event) participated in a study to examine the metabolic energy expended when participants performed a 6-minute walk test, a 6 minute leg-propelled wheelchair trial (using the Pedalong), and a 6 minute arm-propelled wheelchair trial. VO2, VCO2, and distance traveled were measured using a portable metablic cart system and wheel-based distance measurement system. The Pedalong and walking trials showed equivalent oxygen consumption levels, but manual pushing was, on average, significantly less. All three modes (walking, leg-propelled and arm-propelled) resulting in similar distances traveled within the 6 minute period. The leg-propelled trials generated the greatest amount of VCO2 during expiration compared with the other modes. This means that more of the available oxygen is being utilized (metabolized) during the leg-propelled mode and so, a greater number of calories were being burned during this 6-minute test.
Growth kinetics of Salmonella spp. pre- and post-thermal treatment.

Abstract This paper reports estimated growth kinetic parameters for a cocktail of stationary phase Salmonella serotypes, pre- and post-thermal inactivation treatment. Cells were grown in brain–heart infusion broth at 25 or 37 °C and then destruction of the cells was quantified at 55 °C using a submerged coil heating apparatus. The surviving cells (about 1–2 log10 cfu/ml) were subsequently grown at 25 or 37 °C. The results indicated that lag phase duration times for the post- heat treated cells increased at 25 and 37 °C by about 6.2 h and at least 3 to 4 h, respectively, and thus the increases appear to be truly different. However, when considering the ratios of the lag phase duration times for post-treated to pre-treated cells, a significant difference was not found, where estimated ratios could exceed 4. Estimated exponential growth rates, EGR, were not affected by the treatment, where for 37 °C, EGR was estimated to be 0.9 log10 (cfu/ml)/h, and at 25 °C, the EGR was estimated at 0.45 log10 (cfu/ml)/h.
Electromigration Performance of Fluorinated Aluminum Films for VLSI Applications

We have previously shown greatly enhanced resistance to stressinduced hillock formation through fluorine incorporation in aluminum films. Utilizing relatively low F incorporation (<0.1 atomic %), hillock formation density is reduced ~10x over pure or similarly Cu-doped aluminum films. Electromigration tests were performed on a matrix of structures with varying topology (step heights and slopes) and fluorine incorporation dose. We find that although F improves the stress-induced hillock formation by an order of magnitude, the electromigration performance of flat structures is only slightly improved with F incorporation. Analyzing various step heights and step slopes, the nonfluorinated Al experienced a decreasing electromigration lifetime with increasing step height. However, the optimally implanted F samples showed almost no lifetime reduction with step coverages over a similar regime. In addition, scanning electron micrographs of the failed samples revealed that the failures of the fluorinated samples differ markedly from the non-fluorinated samples. Finally, SIMS profiles taken on F and Cu (for comparison) implanted samples reveal the fundamentally different nature of the two beneficial components: Cu redistributes relatively easily throughout the Al film to segregate to grain boundaries. In contrast, the F profile is extremely stable with simnilar anneals and provides its beneficial effect by forming a distributed refractory metal-like structure within the interconnect.
The influence of 3 He on the wetting of 4 He to a cesiated substrate

We report preliminary measurements of the influence of 3 He in the adsorption of 4 He to a cesiated substrate by the use of quartz crystal resonance techniques. When compared with the case of pure 4 He, the presence of 3 He in the apparatus induces the wetting of the mixture film to Cesium at low temperatures. The wetting is hysteretic, beginning at a concentration-dependent Tc on cooling with continued wetting for T>Tc on warming. The temperatures Tc are given as a function of the total concentration of 3 He in the apparatus.
Low toxicity of HfO2, SiO2, Al2O3 and CeO2 nanoparticles to the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Increasing use of nanomaterials necessitates an improved understanding of their potential impact on environment health. This study evaluated the cytotoxicity of nanosized HfO(2), SiO(2), Al(2)O(3) and CeO(2) towards the eukaryotic model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and characterized their state of dispersion in bioassay medium. Nanotoxicity was assessed by monitoring oxygen consumption in batch cultures and by analysis of cell membrane integrity. CeO(2), Al(2)O(3), and HfO(2) nanoparticles were highly unstable in yeast medium and formed micron-sized, settleable agglomerates. A non-toxic polyacrylate dispersant (Dispex A40) was used to improve nanoparticle stability and determine the impact of enhanced dispersion on toxicity. None of the NPs tested without dispersant inhibited O(2) uptake by yeast at concentrations as high as 1000 mg/L. Dispersant supplementation only enhanced the toxicity of CeO(2) (47% at 1000 mg/L). Dispersed SiO(2) and Al(2)O(3) (1000 mg/L) caused cell membrane damage, whereas dispersed HfO(2) and CeO(2) did not cause significant disruption of membrane integrity at the same concentration. These results suggest that the O(2) uptake inhibition observed with dispersed CeO(2) NPs was not due to reduced cell viability. This is the first study evaluating toxicity of nanoscale HfO(2), SiO(2), Al(2)O(3) and CeO(2) to S. cerevisiae. Overall the results obtained demonstrate that these nanomaterials display low or no toxicity to yeast.
Logical Reconstruction, Realism and Pure Semiotic

In this rejoinder to the critical comments elicited by my essay ‘Existential Hypotheses’, I propose to deal first with the challenge coming from the avowedly different philosophical outlook of Professor Churchman. My other critics, Professors Frank, Hempel, Nagel and Ramsperger, on the whole, share my basic conception of the tasks of philosophy of science and epistemology, even if they dissent in one important respect or another from the special solution I suggested. But since I discern even in Professor Nagel’s remarks (and possibly also between the lines of Professor Ramsperger’s comments) a pragmatist or instrumentalist strain akin to the major contentions of Professor Churchman, it will be well to begin with a defense and further clarification of my underlying point of view. Only after this restatement of my platform will I undertake to defend semantic realism against the specific criticisms advanced by the last four authors.
Phenolic lipids from related marine algae of the order dictyotales

Abstract 2-(1′-Oxo-dodeca-5′, 8′, 11′, 14′, 17′(all Z )-pentaenyl)-5-methoxy-1, 3-dihydroxybenzene, 2- (1′-oxo-dodeca-5′, 8′, 11′, 14′, 17′(all Z )-pentaenyl)-1, 3, 5-trihydroxybenzene, 2-(17′-hydroxy-1′-oxo-dodeca-5′, 8′, 11′, 14′(all Z )-tetraenyl)-1, 3, 5-trihydroxybenzene and 2-(1′oxo-hexadecyl)-1, 3, 5-trihydroxybenzene have been isolated from the related brown algae Zonaria farlowii , Z diesingiana and Lobophora papenfussii . The structures of these new metabolites are based on extensive spectral analyses and comparisons with model compounds. The isolation of (+)-7, 8-dimethyltocol, from L. papenfussii , is also reported.
Denomination of currency decisions and zero-cost options collars

Can firms benefit from borrowing in foreign currency even when they do not have cash flows in that currency? If exchange rates follow a random walk, a company could minimize expected costs by borrowing in the currency with the lowest nominal interest rate, but will increase the volatility of borrowing costs. This study uses zero-cost currency options collars as a means to cap increases in the variability of interest costs. Applied to yen versus dollar borrowing decisions from 1994 to 2001, the strategy offers promise for firms that desire to lower expected costs by borrowing yen, but want to limit the added risk.
Search for Tectonic Tremor on the Central North Anatolian Fault, Turkey

Abstract Tectonic tremor has previously been observed along two major transform faults: the San Andreas fault (SAF) and the Alpine fault (AF); and we extend the search for tectonic tremor to another transform fault, the North Anatolian fault (NAF). We investigate a two‐year‐long temporary broadband seismic deployment on an ∼400 km long NAF segment in central Turkey. The central NAF network has stations within a few kilometers of the fault. Although the station spacing is larger than for the SAF and AF networks, we still expect to be able to observe coherent tremor at several stations, if it occurs in similar amounts as elsewhere. We search for tremor triggered by the surface waves of regional and teleseismic earthquakes but do not observe any tremor associated with the passage of surface waves. Next, we search for ambient tremor and observe occasional tremor‐like signals, but the signals are not coherent between stations. Thus, we cannot identify any unambiguous tremor episodes and suggest that if tremor occurs along the central NAF, it occurs at a lower amplitude and/or rate than along the SAF or AF.
The electric dipole moment of the neutron in low energy supergravity

Abstract We compute the electric dipole moment of the neutron in models with low energy supergravity or softly broken supersymmetry. The electric dipole moment is typically of order 10−(22−23) e cm times CP-violating phaes. We discuss the origin of these phases.
A FE formulation for elasto-plastic materials with planar anisotropic yield functions and plastic spin

Abstract In this article a stress integration algorithm for shell problems with planar anisotropic yield functions is derived. The evolution of the anisotropy directions is determined on the basis of the plastic and material spin. It is assumed that the strains inducing the anisotropy of the pre-existing preferred orientation are much larger than subsequent strains due to further deformations. The change of the locally preferred orientations to each other during further deformations is considered to be neglectable. Sheet forming processes are typical applications for such material assumptions. Thus the shape of the yield function remains unchanged. The size of the yield locus and its orientation is described with isotropic hardening and plastic and material spin. The numerical treatment is derived from the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient and thermodynamic considerations in the intermediate configuration. A common formulation of the plastic spin completes the governing equations in the intermediate configuration. These equations are then pushed forward into the current configuration and the elastic deformation is restricted to small strains to obtain a simple set of constitutive equations. Based on these equations the algorithmic treatment is derived for planar anisotropic shell formulations incorporating large rotations and finite strains. The numerical approach is completed by generalizing the Return Mapping algorithm to problems with plastic spin applying Hill’s anisotropic yield function. Results of numerical simulations are presented to assess the proposed approach and the significance of the plastic spin in the deformation process.
Multistate outbreak of toxic anterior segment syndrome, 2005

Purpose To present the findings of an outbreak of toxic anterior segment syndrome (TASS). Setting Six states, 7 ophthalmology surgical centers, United States. Methods Cases were identified through electronic communication networks and via reports to a national TASS referral center. Information on the procedure, details of instrument reprocessing, and products used during cataract surgery were also collected. Medications used during the procedures were tested for endotoxin using a kinetic assay. Results The search identified 112 case patients (median age 74 years) from 7 centers from July 19, 2005, through November 28, 2005. Common presenting clinical features included blurred vision (60%), anterior segment inflammation (49%), and cell deposition (56%). Of the patients, 100 (89%) had been exposed to a single brand of balanced salt solution manufactured by Cytosol Laboratories and distributed by Advanced Medical Optics as AMO Endosol. Two patients continued to have residual symptoms. There were no reports of significant breaches in sterile technique or instrument reprocessing. Of 14 balanced salt solution lots, 5 (35%) had levels exceeding the endotoxin limit (0.5 EU/mL). Based on these findings, the balanced salt solution product was withdrawn, resulting in a termination of the outbreak. Conclusions This is the first known report of an outbreak of TASS caused by intrinsic contamination of a product with endotoxin. Ophthalmologists and epidemiologists should be aware of TASS and its common causes. To facilitate investigations of adverse outcomes such as TASS, those performing cataract surgeries should document the type and lot numbers of products used intraoperatively.
Nutrition in embryonic and fetal development.

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Time and Law

The seemingly "inextricable" mutual entanglement of history (in the sense of the German word Historie) and the play of power dissolves itself when thinking, under the sway of technique, moves beyond the horizon of metaphysic, and turns to question the unconcealment of being (in the sense of the German das Sein), that is, when man lets time become the law of his essence. Only so would a history (in the sense of the German word Geschichte), i.e. freedom, happen again, and rescue modern man from his otherwise destinyless age.
Tidal Waves: The New Coastal History

This essay reviews recent scholarship in oceanic and imperial history in the context of the twentieth anniversary of the publication of Marcus Rediker's classic book, Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea. It offers a critique of Atlantic History as it is currently practiced and proposes a new category, "coastal history," to describe scholarship that engages with oceans but does not center upon them. In evaluating work by N.A.M. Rodger, Paul Gilje, Kathleen Wilson, Michael Fisher, and others, the essay explores how ships and sailors both are, and are not, representative of the social history of islands and coastal regions.
Policy, Law and Religion in the Philippines

: Janine Wedel is contributing editor of “Research on Policy,” the AAA Interest Group for the Anthropology of Public Policy column in Anthropology News.
Light ion and multiple nucleon removal due to electromagnetic dissociation

Abstract Light ion (H and He isotopes) and neutron production in galactic cosmic ray interactions are important for space radiation analyses. They occur via strong or electromagnetic dissociation (EMD) interactions. A parameterization for single nucleon, multiple nucleon and light ion production in EMD is developed in this paper. It supersedes the previous work in the following ways. Firstly, the calculations are compared to a more extensive set of experimental data. Secondly, EMD calculations for alpha particle production are in better agreement with experiment. Thirdly, a parameterization of multiple nucleon removal is developed and compared to data. Overall, the present work includes more reactions and compares better to experimental data than previous work.
Purification and characterization of fatty acid cyclooxygenase from human platelets

The fatty acid cyclooxygenase (EC 1.14.99.1) that produces the prostaglandin, thromboxane, and prostacyclin precursor (PGH2), was solubilized from human platelet microsomes in 20 sucrose and 1.0% Triton X-100. The enzyme was purified 300-fold by electrofocusing, Sephadex G-200 gel filtration, and hydrophobic chromatography on ethyl agarose. The cyclooxygenase catalyzed the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin endoperioxide, PGH2, that was trapped at -25 degrees C and separated on TLC at -20 degrees C. PGH2 was hydrolyzed to HHT in acidic pH, or was chemically converted to PGE2 in slightly alkaline pH in the absence of cofactors. The enzyme showed a broad pH optimum in the range of 7-9. Hemin containing substances such as methemoglobin were absolutely required as cofactors, while tryptophan, epinephrine, phenol, and hydroquinone stimulated the PGH2 formation. Metal ions, such as ZN2+ and Cd2+ inhibited the enzyme reaction at 0.1 to 1 mM. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was estimated at 79,432 by sodium dodecyl sulfate disc gel electrophoresis at pH 8.0. The properties of the human platelet enzyme was generally similar to the sheep vesicular enzyme in the method of solubilization, pH optimum, and molecular weight.
Precursor diamagnetism in layered and isotropic superconductors

The theory of diamagnetic fluctuations in a system of Josephson-coupled superconducting layers is studied using the approach of Kurkij\"arvi, Ambegaokar, and Eilenberger, but with a modified treatment of finite frequency fluctuations proposed by Maki and Takayama. Both temperature and field dependence of the fluctuation-induced magnetization above ${T}_{c}$ are discussed. The results are extended to the limit of isotropic superconductors, where they are generally in good agreement with the experimental results of Gollub, Beasley, and Tinkham, for both clean and dirty superconductors. For weakly coupled layers, the temperature dependence of the magnetization for fixed field changes from a ${[T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c}(B)]}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}$ behavior near the phase transition, typical of three-dimensional superconductors, to a ${[T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c}(B)]}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ behavior of two-dimensional character at higher temperatures, as predicted by Lawrence and Doniach, Similarly, the field dependence at ${T}_{c}$ changes from a $\sqrt{B}$ dependence to a relatively field-in-dependent behavior at higher fields. With increasing layer coupling, these changes take place at higher temperatures and fields, respectively, but they are masked by effects which suppress fluctuations at high fields and temperatures. The numerical results are consistent with the layer-compound data of Prober, Beasley, and Schwall, but they show that these compounds behave much more like three-dimensional than like two-dimensional systems, in spite of the apparent Curie-Weiss-like temperature dependence of the susceptibility.
Unifying testing and analysis through behavioral coverage

Summary form only given. The primary technical goal of this work is the development of a comprehensive approach to perimeter protection for critical infrastructure and industrial sites. The approach taken is to combine both video and non-video sensors so as to produce a real-time system capable of tracking objects of interest and of detecting potential events that may warrant the attention of security officials. A summary of the system architecture is shown in Figure 1. System modules include: • The ability to detect and track people using both visual and radar based sensors. • The detection of articulated motions as well as complex and abnormal events. • The application of object recognition to detected left behind objects.
Nitric Oxide Activates the Glucose-dependent Mobilization of Arachidonic Acid in a Macrophage-like Cell Line (RAW 264.7) That Is Largely Mediated by Calcium-independent Phospholipase A2

Herein, we demonstrate that nitric oxide is a potent (>20% release) and highly selective inducer of [3H]arachidonic acid mobilization in the macrophage-like cell line RAW 264.7. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with (E)-6-(bromomethylene)-3-(1-naphthalenyl)-2H-tetrahy-dropyran-2-one resulted in the inhibition of the large majority (86%) of nitric oxide-induced [3H]arachidonic acid release into the medium (IC50
Preoperative Smoking Cessation: Impact on Perioperative and Long-term Complications

Habitual tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States and is responsible for 1 of every 5 deaths. Although there has been a steady decline in the percentage of smokers since 1960, a plateau in this progress has been noted in the past decade. In 2000, 25.7% of males and 21.0% of females were smokers. The physiologic impact of smoking is well described and includes impaired mucus transport and pulmonary macrophage function, increased bronchial reactivity and arterial carbon monoxide levels, reduced oxygen transport, and inhibited mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. In addition, active smoking, including heavy ( 20 cigarettes/d) and lighter users, has also been associated with an increased relative risk (1.44 overall) of the future development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Attempts at smoking cessation are most successful in highly motivated individuals; however, even within established tobacco cessation programs, long-term abstinence rates are often low. In a study by Anthonisen et al, patients were involved in a 10week smoking cessation program that included physician input, 12 group meetings with behavioral modification, and nicotine gum. At 5 years, 21.7% of the intervention participants had stopped smoking. Only 5.4%of thecontrol grouphadstopped smoking during that same period. Not surprisingly, the death rates for both lung cancer and cardiovascular disease were noted to be significantly lower in the intervention group when compared with controls. The number of studies within the field of otolaryngology–head and neck surgery examining the impact of smoking cessation on surgery are limited. The question this article will explore is whether a short-term period of preoperative smoking cessation has an effect on the perioperative and postoperative results in head and neck surgery. The treatment of head and neck cancer requires that surgery be performed within a reasonable period of time after the establishment of diagnosis. As a result, it is not always possible to allow for extended periods of time to be dedicated to programs specifically addressing alcohol and tobacco dependence. Although not focused exclusively on head and neck cancer, a review of the literature concerning the surgical experience with preoperative smoking cessation can provide insight relative to this topic.
Vestibular influence on tongue activity

The vestibular system was electrically stimulated in cats anesthetized with ketamine. Peripheral stimulation by an electrode positioned in the vestibule evoked torsional contralateral eye deviations and an electromyogram (EMG) response in a contralateral dorsal neck extensor. Consistently associated with this well documented vestibular pattern was an EMG response in tongue protrusive muscles, at a latency of 13 +/- 5 (means +/- SD) ms. Stimulation in a specific part of the rostroventral lateral vestibular nucleus elicited the same combination of responses: torsional contralateral eye deviations, dorsal neck EMG, and tongue EMG at a latency of 14 +/- 3 ms. Possible tongue activation by current spread to peripheral and central neural structures was examined in detail. Cerebellar, V, VII, cochlear, IX, X, and XII nerve influences were considered. On the basis of combined evidence, it was concluded that the vestibular system does influence tongue activity.
Visualization of poliomyelitis virus by fluorescent antibody.

1. Poliomyelitis virus antigen Type I has been identified in the cytoplasm as well as in the nucleus of monkey kidney cells by means of the fluorescent antibody technic. The cytoplasm appeared to be the first location of the antigen formation. 2. Immunocytochemical studies of infected cells revealed a characteristic sequence of events. In the early stages, specific fluorescence was diffuse or granular or consisted of dust-like to coccoid brilliant granules. The granules disappeared into the medium as the cytoplasm disintegrated or the cells became pyknotic. At such times the fluorescent staining was characteristically diffuse. 3. The changes seen in cells stained by tinctorial methods were congruous with those detected by the fluorescent antibody technic and in good agreement with the observations of other workers.