cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of thyroid alterations and carbamazepine on cortical beta-adrenergic receptors in the rat

Abstract The effect of alteration in thyroid status on beta adrenergic receptors in the cortex of the rat was assessed. Normal animals were treated with large doses of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroidectomized animals were treated with physiological replacement doses of T4 and T3 in order to assess the possible differential effects of these hormones. In addition, a group of rats was treated with a diet of carbamazepine (an anticonvulsant also used in the treatment of manic-depressive illness), which has been shown to reduce peripheral levels of thyroid hormone in humans. The intended manipulations of the thyroid were achieved by the various treatments with thyroid hormone, and carbamazepine-diet-treated animals had significantly lower plasma T4 levels as compared with controls. No significant alteration in the density or affinity of beta-adrenergic receptors in the cortex was noted with major, short-term alterations in thyroid status or with treatment with carbamazepine. It is concluded that even marked, but relatively short-term, changes in thyroid status do not necessarily affect beta-receptors in the cerebral cortex and that carbamazepine may represent an exception to the general proposition that antidepressant agents decrease the number of beta-receptors.
Foundation for the Development and Use of Direct Behavior Rating (DBR) to Assess and Evaluate Student Behavior

Direct Behavior Rating (DBR) is a method of social—emotional and behavior assessment that combines the immediacy of systematic direct observation and the efficiency of behavior rating scales. The purpose of this article is to discuss the defensibility and usability of DBR. This article provides a brief summary of (a) the past, present, and future directions of social— emotional and behavior assessment methods in schools; (b) the defining features of DBR; (c) the guiding principles for DBR development and evaluation; and (d) DBR research to date. Special emphasis is placed on single-item scale DBR (SIS-DBR) and three general outcome behaviors that are most relevant for use in schools. Research and recommendations for standard SIS-DBR instrumentation and procedures are reviewed, along with future directions for research and practice.
Transparent forwarding: First steps

Traditional object-oriented systems tend to be single-user. As we move from personal to interpersonal computing, we must look for ways to extend our programming paradigms. This research extends the Smalltalk-80 system to send messages transparently to objects residing on remote machines. We discuss two models for remote message sends, describe our current implementation, and suggest areas for future research.
The primate vestibulo-ocular reflex during combined linear and angular head motion.

The squirrel monkey vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) was studied in darkness during Earth-horizontal rotation over a frequency range, 0.01–4 Hz, with the head positioned both centrally and displaced radially relative to the axis of rotation. With the head centered, the canal-mediated angular VOR (AVOR) was recorded in isolation. However, with the head placed eccentrically, otolith-mediated linear VOR (LVOR) components interact with the AVOR to yield a combined AVORLVOR response. The plane of the ocular response could be manipulated by placing the head in different orientations relative to gravity (i.e. upright or nose-up). When the head was upright and centered, the horizontal AVOR was recorded. Comparisons between eye and head angular velocity showed that gain (pk eye/pk head velocity) was nearly flat, averaging 0.83, across the frequency range. Phase (difference in degrees between eye and head velocity, shifted 180° by convention) was near 0°, except at frequencies below 0.1 Hz where phase leads were seen. When the head was displaced eccentrically and in the nose-out position (facing away from the axis of rotation), gain rose above that of the AVOR alone. The enhancement was progressive with increasing frequency, but only for frequencies above 0.25 Hz. When the subject was turned nose-in, gain declined relative to the AVOR alone, and in a similar frequency-dependent fashion. These results are consistent with the notion that nose-out and nose-in responses to eccentric rotation represent a combined influence of the horizontal AVOR and LVOR, the latter driven by inter-aural tangential acceleration. To further evaluate this possibility, eccentric rotation was also used to assess the LVOR in isolation. With the head in the nose-up orientation, the AVOR was shifted into the head's roll plane and generated torsional ocular responses. With the head centered over the axis of rotation, no systematic horizontal responses were observed. However, when the head was displaced eccentrically and placed in the head-out and head-in positions, horizontal ocular responses were recorded which were proportional to head eccentricity and were of appropriate polarity to presume that they represented the inter-aural LVOR activated by inter-aural tangential acceleration. Response gain rose with increasing frequency, as did tangential acceleration. The LVOR in its resting state in darkness could be characterized by an average sensitivity of 40.3°/s/g (g = 9.81 m/s2). To evaluate the linearity of AVOR-LVOR interactions, the horizontal LVOR was estimated by subtracting the AVOR (head upright and centered) from the combined AVOR-LVOR response (head upright and eccentric), and results were compared to direct measurements of the LVOR obtained with the head nose-up. The calculated results closely matched the direct LVOR measures. These findings are consistent with the notion that the response to eccentric rotation reflects the algebraic sum of canal-driven AVOR and otolith-driven LVOR components.
Kinetic Studies of Silicon - Silicon Dioxide Interface Trap Annealing Using Rapid Thermal Processing

Rapid thermal processing is a promising tool for studying the kinetics of interface state annealing and other process phenomena on short time scales. We have studied the decay of interface states with a variety of ambients, temperatures, and oxide thicknesses. Annealing kinetics appear to be controlled by a surface reaction process, and not hydrogen diffusion through the oxide. The annealing behavior depends strongly on temperature but less so on other process parameters. Our experimental methodology for temporal process modeling is discussed.
Combining predictive capabilities of transcranial doppler with electrocardiogram to predict hemorrhagic shock

Hemorrhagic shock (HS) potentially impacts the chance of survival in most traumatic injuries. Thus, it is highly desirable to maximize the survival rate in cases of blood loss by predicting the occurrence of hemorrhagic shock with biomedical signals. Since analyzing one physiological signal may not enough to accurately predict blood loss severity, two types of physiological signals - electrocardiography (ECG) and transcranial Doppler (TCD) - are used to discover the degree of severity. In this study, these degrees are classified as mild, moderate and severe, and also severe and non-severe. The data for this study were generated using the human simulated model of hemorrhage, which is called lower body negative pressure (LBNP). The analysis is done by applying discrete wavelet transformation (DWT). The wavelet-based features are defined using the detail and approximate coefficients and machine learning algorithms are used for classification. The objective of this study is to evaluate the improvement when analyzing ECG and TCD physiological signals together to classify the severity of blood loss. The results of this study show a prediction accuracy of 85.9% achieved by support vector machine in identifying severe/non-severe states.
Physiological Levels of Ammonia Regulate Glutamine Synthesis from Extracellular Glutamate in Astrocyte Cultures

The effect of ammonia on glutamate accumulation and metabolism was examined in astrocyte cultures prepared from neonatal rat cortices. Intact astrocytes were incubated with 70 microM L-[14C(U)]glutamate and varying amounts of ammonium chloride. The media and cells were analyzed separately by HPLC for amino acids and labelled metabolites. Extracellular glutamate was reduced to 8 microM by 60 min. Removal of glutamate from the extracellular space was not altered by addition of ammonia. The rate of glutamine synthesis was increased from 3.6 to 9.3 nmol/mg of protein/min by addition of 100 microM ammonia, and intracellular glutamate was reduced from 262 to 86 nmol/mg of protein after 30 min. The metabolism of accumulated glutamate was matched nearly perfectly by the synthesis of glutamine, and both processes were proportional to the amount of added ammonia. The transamination and deamination products of glutamate were minor metabolites that either decreased or remained unchanged with increasing ammonia. Thus, ammonia addition stimulates the conversion of glutamate to glutamine in intact astrocyte cultures. At physiological concentrations of ammonia, glutamine synthesis appears to be limited by the rate of glutamate accumulation and the activity of competing reactions and not by the activity of glutamine synthetase.
A New Type of Cation-Conducting Rubbery Solid Electrolyte: The Ionic Rubber

We show that the conductivity maximum, well known for salt-in-polymer electrolytes is not the maximum conductivity in the system when the salts used are chosen for their resistance to crystallization at high concentration. The polymer + salt system, with increasing salt content, goes through a transition zone characterized by a maximum in glass transition temperature. Beyond this point additional salt serves to plasticize the salt-crosslinked polymer system, establishing thereby a region of increasing conductivity in which the conductivity can reach very large values. We show that “polymer in-salt” solutions constitute a new type of rubbery solid electrolyte in which the conductivity is dominated by cation motion. Such systems are true hybrids of the previously distinct “superionic glass” and “polymer electrolyte” types of amorphous solid conductors.
3-D Metric Reconstruction and Registration of Images of Near-planar Surfaces

In this study, we address the problem of 3-D dense metric reconstruction and registration from multiple images, given that the observed surface is nearly planar. This is difficult, as classical methods work well only if the scene is truly planar (mosaicing) or the scene has certain significant depth variations (classical Structure-from- Motion (SfM)). One domain in which this problem occurs is image analysis of the retinal fundus. Our approach is to first assume planarity, and perform 2-D global registration. A first bundle adjustment is applied to find the camera positions in metric space. We then select two images and compute the epipolar geometry between them using plane+parallax approach. These images are matched to generate a dense disparity map using mutual information. A second bundle adjustment is applied to transform the disparity map into a dense metric depth map, fixing the 2 camera positions. A third bundle adjustment is performed to refine both camera positions and a 3-D structure. All images are back-projected to the 3-D structure for the final registration. The entire process is fully automatic. In addition, a clear definition of "near-planarity " is provided. 3-D reconstruction is shown visually. The method is general, and can be applied to other domains, as shown in the experiments.
Treatment discrimination among assistant coaches of women's teams.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine organizational treatment discrimination (i.e., when members of a group receive fewer rewards, opportunities, or resources than they legitimately deserve based on job-related criteria) in the context of women's athletics. Data were collected from 170 assistant coaches of women's teams (i.e., women's basketball, softball, track, volleyball, soccer, and tennis). Results indicate that women's perceived work experiences and outcomes were comparable, and sometimes better, than those of men. We present competing explanations for this finding. First, it is possible that these women were not subjected to treatment discrimination. Alternatively, it is possible that this demonstrates the existence of the “paradox of the contented working woman.” Additional analyses indicate that work experiences explained a large portion of the variance in organizational commitment and turnover intentions, thereby demonstrating their importance in the workplace.
A simple algorithmic characterization of uniform solvability

The Herlihy-Shavit (HS) conditions characterizing the solvability of asynchronous tasks over n processors have been a milestone in the development of the theory of distributed computing. Yet, they were of no help when researcher sought algorithms that do not depend on n. To help in this pursuit we investigate the uniform solvability of an infinite uniform sequence of tasks T/sub 0/, T/sub 1/, T/sub 2/,..., where T/sub i/ is a task over processors p/sub 0/, p/sub 1/,...,p/sub i/, and T/sub i/ extends T/sub i-1/. We say that such a sequence is uniformly solvable if there exit protocols to solve each T/sub i/ and the protocol for T/sub i/ extends the protocol for T/sub i-1/. This paper establishes that although each T/sub i/ may be solvable, the uniform sequence is not necessarily uniformly solvable. We show this by proposing a novel uniform sequence of solvable tasks and proving that the sequence is not amenable to a uniform solution. We then extend the HS conditions for a task over n processors, to uniform solvability in a natural way. The technique we use to accomplish this is to generalize the alternative algorithmic proof, by Borowsky and Gafni, of the HS conditions, by showing that the infinite uniform sequence of task of Immediate Snapshots is uniformly solvable. A side benefit of the technique is a widely applicable methodology for the development of uniform protocols.
A visualization-based approach for bump-pad/IO-ball placement and routing in flip-chip/BGA technology

The routing problem in area array integrated circuit (IC) packaging has become an extremely complex problem in the realm of high I/O count IC packages. With the advent of flip-chip and ball grid array (BGA) technology to meet the current demands of smaller size and high wiring densities, the routing problem lies in the core of electronic design automation process. In this paper, we describe an intuitive computer visualization-based approach for placement and routing of bonding pads that would result in low manufacturing costs and smaller component size compared to conventional approaches. This novel approach is an extension of "balls shifted as needed" method for I/O ball placement in BGA package enabling single-layer board-level routing for any I/O count. The I/O ball/pad layout and routing designs along with results are presented for two routing layers with the inclusion of vias in the design. This routing scheme is shown to be easily extensible to accommodate more practical multilayer routing and can be incorporated in current electronic design automation (EDA) computer-aided design (CAD) tools to offer an integrated routing solution for area array chip-package-board codesign. The results show that different trace routing patterns lead to different area requirements for same number of I/Os. This has led to the formulation of new design paradigms which are presented in the paper for smaller component size
The Chesapeake Bay Program: An Example of Ecological Risk Assessment

Ecological risk assessment grew from earlier efforts of federal agencies to protect human health from chemical releases. Over the past several years, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) adapted the human health paradigm for use in protecting ecological end-points, including ecosystems such as the Chesapeake Bay. The Bay restoration effort may be seen as an ecological risk assessment in the sense that the program participants followed the paradigm developed by U.S. EPA. This analysis of the program and risk assessment process provides an additional perspective on the success and efficacy of the Bay restoration efforts. Early efforts to determine the problems in the Bay system targeted hypoxia, habitat deterioration and natural resource degradation for corrective actions. Additional monitoring and data gathering refined and focused program efforts on hypoxia caused by nutrient enrichment. Thus far, the ecological risk paradigm has been effectively applied to the Bay clean-up in a general sense. Recent research demonstrates that detailed application of a narrow risk approach will likely fail to include important biological effects or processes
La épica del mar en la obra de Francisco Coloane

En este ensayo se cruzan dos temas: la importancia de lo extraliterario en literatura, tal como lo vio Julio Cortazar y se percibe en la obra de Francisco Coloane, y el sentido mas profundo y significativo de la narrativa de Coloane como descripcion de las fuerzas elementales del hombre y los misterios de la naturaleza, por sobre la descripcion de un territorio exotico y adanico en el fin del mundo. A juicio del autor de este ensayo, a la obra de Coloane, al menos por un largo tiempo en Chile, se la quiso ver solamente como trabajo literario formal, y se la considero un tanto descuidada y con poco oficio, pasando por alto que su fuerza descriptiva, el conocimiento de los hombres en condiciones limites y azarosas de vida, su epica del mar, su temblor metafisico, su pasion y vocacion por los misterios de la naturaleza y del cosmos, son sus valores principales, que la hacen unica en Latinoamerica y comparable con las mejores del mundo en su genero. JAIME
Evidence for a deep electron trap and charge compensation in separation by implanted oxygen oxides

The authors present direct evidence for the creation of deep electron traps in SIMOX (separation by implantation of oxygen) buried oxides. In addition, they present combined electrical and electron spin resonance evidence which demonstrates that at least some positively charged paramagnetic E' centers are compensated by negatively charged centers. Finally, they present evidence which strongly suggests that a substantial fraction of the deep electron traps are coupled to E' centers. >
First Record of the Silver Lamprey, Ichthyomyzon unicuspis (Petromyzontiformes: Petromyzontidae), from Arkansas

Abstract We report the Silver Lamprey (Ichthyomyzon unicupis) from Arkansas for the first time. Fifteen adult I. unicuspis attached to paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) were collected in Apr. 2005 from the White River near the confluence of the Black River, Independence and Jackson counties. Twelve (80%) of the I. unicuspis possessed 3 teeth (including the apex) in the anterior row, while the other 3 had 4 teeth in their anterior row; unicuspid teeth arrangement in the lateral row were 3 + 3 for 11 (73%) lampreys while 4 had 4 + 4 teeth in the lateral row. Two additional specimens collected in Apr. 1972 and May 1998 from the Buffalo and White rivers in Marion and Prairie counties, respectively, and originally identified as Chestnut Lampreys (Ichthyomyzon castaneus), were re-examined and identified as I. unicuspis. The addition of I unicuspis to the lamprey fauna of Arkansas brings to five the number of species currently occurring in the state.
Risk Factors for Persistence of Respiratory Symptoms in Childhood Asthma

Purpose of the Study. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the parameters and characteristics that could predict the persistence of respiratory symptoms in asthmatic children. Study Population. A total of 279 children aged 1.7 to 20 years with asthma who had uniform therapy for a mean of 3 years. Methods. A retrospective review was performed on records of children with asthma who were regularly followed by the outpatient clinic of Marmara University Hospital Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Department. Data were collected on the parameters at the initial encounter, including age at referral and at onset of respiratory symptoms, …
Selective adhesion of astrocytes to surfaces modified with immobilized peptides

Under serum-free conditions, rat skin fibroblasts, but not cortical astrocytes, selectively adhered to glass surfaces modified with the integrin-ligand peptide RGDS. In contrast, astrocytes, but not fibroblasts, exhibited enhanced adhesion onto substrates modified with KHIFSDDSSE, a peptide that mimics a homophilic binding domain of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). Astrocyte and fibroblast adhesion onto substrates modified with the integrin ligands IKVAV and YIGSR as well as the control peptides RDGS and SEDSDKFISH were similar to that observed on aminophase glass (reference substrate). This study is the first to demonstrate the use of immobilized KHIFSDDSSE in selectively modulating astrocyte and fibroblast adhesion on material surfaces, potentially leading to materials that promote specific functions of cells involved in the response(s) of central nervous system tissues to injury. This information could be incorporated into novel biomaterials designed to improve the long-term performance of the next generation of neural prostheses.
High gradient magnetic separation applied to mineral beneficiation

A magnetic separator featuring high magnetic field values, high field gradients, and large flow capacity has been applied to problems in mineral beneficiation. The major effort has been spent on taconite iron ores. The background of this ore beneficiation problem is discussed along with a discussion of the prior art of magnetic separation. In cooperation with industry and mining companies, oxidized and semitaconite ores have been separated and the characteristics of the process studied. Recovery as a function of magnetic field and grade versus flow rate plots are shown as well as some typical grade-recovery curves. The ability of the separator to treat very small particles of "nonmagnetic" minerals is discussed.
Towards a Deeper Understanding of Managing Dynamic Optical Networks Under Link Failures

We quantify the impact of link failures after initial rerouting and show that some nodes continue to drop a significant portion of its traffic. We discuss the practical tradeoffs in rebalancing the network using redimensioning.
Numerical factorization of multivariate complex polynomials

One can consider the problem of factoring multivariate complex polynomials as a special case of the decomposition of a pure dimensional solution set of a polynomial system into irreducible components. The importance and nature of this problem however justify a special treatment. We exploit the reduction to the univariate root finding problem as a way to sample the polynomial more efficiently, certify the decomposition with linear traces, and apply interpolation techniques to construct the irreducible factors. With a random combination of differentials we lower multiplicities and reduce to the regular case. Estimates on the location of the zeroes of the derivative of polynomials provide bounds on the required precision. We apply our software to study the singularities of Stewart-Gough platforms.
Transform-Both-Sides Regression

Fitting multiple regression models by the method of least squares is one of the most commonly used methods in statistics. There are a number of challenges to the use of least squares, even when it is only used for estimation and not inference, including the following. Fitting multiple regression models by the method of least squares is one of the most commonly used methods in statistics. There are a number of challenges to the use of least squares, even when it is only used for estimation and not inference, including the following. 1. How should continuous predictors be transformed so as to get a good fit? 2. Is it better to transform the response variable? How does one find a good transformation that simplifies the right-hand side of the equation? 3. What if Y needs to be transformed non-monotonically (e.g., | Y − 100 | ) before it will have any correlation with X?
Targeting BCR Activated STAT3 By Ibrutinib In Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a clinically challenging, usually aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL-B) showing hyperactive, autonomously growing neoplastic B cells with extended tumor cell survival, demonstrate wide-spread chemokine-mediated lymphoma cell migration and homing into lymphoid tissue with poorly-characterized chemo-resistance. Recent introduction of molecularly targeted therapies, such as targeting the Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) in B-cell receptor (BCR) pathway with ibrutinib revealed significant advances in the treatment of this disease. Ibrutinib was shown to completely and irreversibly inhibit B-cell activation and block signaling downstream of BTK. In this study we have examined the pathophysiological significance of targeting BTK with ibrutinib in MCL cells. Our initial findings showed that STAT3 is constitutively activated in MCL cells and ibrutinib, even at low drug concentration, can effectively down-regulate both phospho-STAT3 (pSTAT3) and NF-κB activation, two key pathways involved in MCL growth/survival (G/S). To confirm the direct target effect of BTK, we employed siRNA that specifically targets BTK. Our results revealed that BTK knock-down in MCL cells lead to a significant reduction of pSTAT3 and inhibition of the NF-κB pathway. Recent studies have indicated that transcription factor STAT3 has emerged as an important regulator of MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and STAT3 signaling pathways are also controlled by distinct miRNAs. microRNA-155 (miR-155) is an oncogenic microRNA that is frequently up-regulated in B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders including MCL. Activating the BCR pathway leads to miR-155 activation and down-regulation of SOCS1, a negative regulator of both STAT3 and NF-κB. To investigate the role of miR-155 in the activation of STAT3 and NF-kB in MCL, we inhibited miR-155 expression in MCL cells by transiently transfecting an anti-miR155 into MCL cells. Our results indicated that inhibition of miR-155 suppresses STAT3 and NF-kB activation, leading to cell growth inhibition as well as reducing MCL cellular migration. Our data also showed that the BTK inhibitor ibrutinib can moderately down regulate miR-155 expression, an effect similar to the direct knock-down of BTK using siRNA, suggested that miR-155 may, at least in part, play a role in the regulation of STAT3 by BCR. Next, we utilized an in vivo hu-SCID MCL mouse model to test the effect of ibrutinib on the BTK-miR-155 pathway. Consistent with clinical observation, ibrutinib compartmentally shifted MCL cells from the lymphoid tissue into the peripheral blood, leading to MCL cytotoxicity and extending SCID mouse survival, and down-regulated pSTAT3 activities. Our data indicated that the BTK- STAT3 pathway is a critical mechanism for growth and survival in MCL, A better understanding of the complex regulatory networks between BCR and STAT3 may lead to better therapeutic efficacy in MCL. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Translation initiation: Typical and atypical mRNAs.

This thesis documents studies of ribosome-mRNA interactions during eukaryotic translation initiation. The interaction was studied for: typical cap-dependent, atypical cap-independent (internal initiation), and atypical re-initiation mechanisms. For cap-dependent initiation, the focus was the initiation factor requirements of ribosome-mRNA binding versus ribosome scanning. The technique of primer extension inhibition was adapted from the prokaryotic system to study the eukaryotic ribosome-mRNA interaction. Ribosome-mRNA complexes for both 80S ribosomes and 40S ribosomal subunits located at the initiation codon were individually analyzed. Complexes were also isolated where the 40S subunit was located 5{dollar}{bsol}sp{bsol}prime{dollar} to the initiation codon, confirming the two step model of ribosome binding followed by scanning. In a reconstituted system composed of highly purified components, it was found that particular components were necessary for localizing the 40S subunit at the initiation codon (scanning), while other components were required for ribosome-mRNA binding. Specifically, ATP, GTP, Met-tRNA{dollar}{bsol}sb{lcub}{bsol}rm i{rcub}{dollar}, and eIF-4B were not required for the ribosome binding event, but were required for scanning to the initiation codon. The factors eIF-3, eIF-2, and eIF-4F were required to form a ribosome-mRNA complex which could be isolated by sucrose gradient centr ifugation, but was not stable enough to be analyzed by primer extension inhibition. Atypical ribosome binding events observed during cap-independent and internal initiation were examined by programming an in vitro translation system with a number of constructed bicistronic mRNAs. Results indicated that both processes occur by the same mechanism. Furthermore, initiation factor addition studies indicate that the cap-interacting initiation factor (eIF-4F) as well as eIF-4B are involved in internal binding of ribosomes on an mRNA, which in turn leads to translation of an open reading frame.
The Management of Infection Stones

“Infection stones,” or stones formed as a result of urinary tract infection (UTI) with a urease-producing organism, are more common in women and those with functional or anatomic abnormalities of the urinary tract. Infection stones may form staghorns and the prognosis is poor if left untreated. The primary therapeutic goal should be that the patient is stone-free. To that end, percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or other modern endoscopic interventions, in addition to culture-specific antimicrobial therapy are required. Hydroxamic acid and long-term antibiotic therapy may be useful adjuncts in some patients. Sepsis following PCNL is an ongoing challenge and can occur despite prophylactic antibiotic administration and treatment of a positive pre-operative urine culture. Recent studies suggest that a longer course of antibiotics prior to PCNL may be beneficial in some patients. Stones formed due to a metabolic derangement can lead to infection by providing a nidus for bacterial growth or by causing obstruction. After collecting system decompression and delayed stone removal, it is important to identify and manage all risk factors for infection in patients with stones and concomitant infection.
Differential Fault Intensity Analysis on PRESENT and LED Block Ciphers

Differential Fault Intensity Analysis DFIA is a recently introduced fault analysis technique. This technique is based on the observation that faults are biased and thus are non-uniformly distributed over the cipher state variables. The adversary uses the fault bias as a source of leakage by controlling the intensity of fault injection. DFIA exploits statistical analysis to correlate the secret key to the biased fault behavior. In this work, we show a DFIA attack on two lightweight block ciphers: PRESENT and LED. For each algorithm, our research analyzes the efficiency of DFIA on a round-serial implementation and on a nibble-serial implementation.We show that all algorithms and all implementation variants can be broken with 10 to 36 fault intensity levels, depending on the case. We also analyze the factors that affect the convergence of DFIA. Wei¾?show that there is a trade-off between the number of required plaintexts, and the resolution of the fault-injection equipment. Thus, an adversary with lower-quality fault-injection equipment may still be as effective as an adversary with high-quality fault-injection equipment, simply by using additional encryptions. This confirms that DFIA is effective against a range of algorithms using a range of fault injection techniques.
Influence of the Variable Heat-Transfer Coefficients on Thermal Stresses in a Finite Cylindrical Shell

We study the thermal stressed state of a finite cylindrical shell (with conditions of sliding restraint imposed on its end faces) caused by the difference of temperatures of the ambient medium on the front faces of the shell and the coordinate-dependent heat-transfer coefficients on these faces. We propose a method for the reduction of the boundary-value problem of heat conduction to a coupled system of Fredholm integral equations of the second kind and present the results of numerical analysis of the distributions of mean temperature and temperature moment and the values of parameters induced by these distributions, namely, the deflection, elongation, forces, and bending moments.
Use of sulphite or bentonite to eliminate aflatoxin M1 from naturally contaminated raw whole milk

Two methods for eliminating aflatoxin M1 (AFM,) from naturally contaminated raw whole milk (NCRWM) were examined. One involved chemical elimination using potassium sulphite (K2SO3), the other physical adsorption of the toxin using bentonite. Maximum elimination of AFM t (percent of total eliminated) for the chemical method was 45% using 0.05M K2SO3 (25 °C, 5 h). Possible mechanisms responsible for degradation of AFM, by K2SO3 may involve reactions between the toxin and the bisulphite radical (HSO3 −. Maximum elimination of AFM1 (89%) by bentonite was achieved using 0.4 g of bentonite per 20 ml of NCRWM (25 °C, 1 h).
Seasonal analysis and trend prediction on bacillary dysentery in Tongzhou District of Nantong City

[Objective] To study the characteristics of seasonal distribution and explore the prevalence trends of bacillary dysentery in Tongzhou District of Nantong City,Jiangsu Province,and provide scientific basis for prevention and control strategy. [Methods] The concentration ratio and the circular distribution were used to analyze the seasonality of bacillary dysentery from 2006 to 2013 in Tongzhou District,and the prevalence trend was predicted with GM( 1,1) grey model. [Results] The prevalence of bacillary dysentery was of certain seasonality,and the peak of the incidence was from mid-April to midOctober. According to the prediction model,the incidences predicted in 2014 and 2015 were 3. 53 /100,000 and 4. 49 /100,000. [Conclusion] If there was no large-scale epidemic outbreak,the incidence of bacillary dysentery would rise slightly in 2014 and 2015 in Tongzhou District. Comprehensive prevention and control measures should be undertaken focusing on epidemic seasons.
Characterization of the Leader Papain-Like Protease of MHV-A59

Sequence analysis of the mouse hepatitis virus, strain A59 (MHV-A59) genome predicts the presence of two papain-like proteases encoded within the first open reading frame of the replicase gene. The more 5′ of these domains, the leader papain-like protease, is responsible for the cleavage of the amino terminal protein, p28. We have defined the core of this protease to between amino acids 1075 and 1344 from the beginning of ORF la. Deletion analysis coupled with in vitro expression, was used to study p28 cleavage by this leader protease. Expression of a series of deletion mutants showed processing of p28, albeit at lower levels in some of them. Reduced p28 production resulting from a 0.4 kb deletion positioned between p28 and the protease domain suggests an involvement of this region in catalytic processing. Some mutants display cleavage patterns indicative of a second cleavage site. Interestingly, this newly identified cleavage site maps to a position similar to the expected cleavage site of a p65 polypeptide detected in MHV-A59 infected cells. Mutagenesis of the catalytic H1272 residue demonstrates that both cleavages observed are mediated by the leader papain-like protease encoded in ORF 1a.
Constraints on plate tectonics initiation from scaling laws for single-cell convection

Abstract The Earth is the only planet known to have plate tectonics, while other planets are covered with a stagnant lid. On the Earth, the initiation of subduction, which is thought to be the fundamental process for plate tectonics initiation, is caused not only by the negative buoyancy of the lithosphere but also by the forces from plate motions. However, for planets which do not have plate tectonics, the very first episode of lithospheric failure has to be caused by forces other than plate motions. Sublithospheric convection has been proposed as a possible mechanism that provides lithospheric instability through inducing stresses in the lithosphere, and lithospheric failure can occur when the yield stress is below a critical value. We test the applicability of scaling laws for the critical yield stress obtained in single-cell convection simulations to strongly time-dependent multi-cell systems. We show that with an appropriate choice of characteristic aspect ratio for the convective system, the scaling laws from single-cell simulations can be used to evaluate the conditions on the terrestrial planets in the inner Solar System for plate tectonics to exist. In agreement with previous studies, the estimated values for critical yield stress and coefficient of friction are much lower than the expected values for the Earth’s lithosphere.
Anti-addiction Agents

Pharmacotherapeutic interventions for addiction focus on treatment and prevention of dependence. Addiction is a complex biological process and its complete underlying pathophysiology remains elusive. Successful treatment involves both short-term and long-term maintenance pharmacologic approaches linked with various psychosocial support avenues. However, specific agents have been developed for alcohol, nicotine, and opiate dependence. Disulfiram has been used since the 1950s as an aversive therapeutic technique where its metabolites when exposed to alcohol lead to the patient experiencing symptoms of nausea and vomiting, encouraging the patient to abstain from alcohol. Acamprosate is indicated for alcohol abstinence maintenance with the chemical component acetyl-homotaurine measured in pharmacokinetic studies. Acamprosate is primarily renally excreted. Varenicline is a partial agonist of the central nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and approved for the treatment of nicotine dependence. Varenicline is mainly renally excreted where a combined pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model described this compound with an open two-compartment pharmacokinetic model with a linear pharmacodynamic model. Naloxone and naltrexone are opiate antagonists used in a variety of clinical settings. Naloxone is a “rescue” agent for opiate overdose. Naltrexone is used for alcohol dependence and available in an oral and a monthly long-acting depot injection. Naloxone has been combined with pentazocine, buprenorphine, and oxycodone to prevent abuse. Levo-alpha acetyl methadol (LAAM) is a potent derivative of methadone but QTc prolongation occurrences have limited its clinical use.
What neurosurgeons should discover about the science of learning.

Medical education, particularly in neurosurgery, represents the epitome of multimedia learning because instruction often involves both words (e.g., printed or spoken text) and pictures (e.g., illustrations, photographs, animation, video). For example, multimedia instruction occurs when a medical professional narrates what is happening in a video of a surgical procedure, when a textbook shows a photograph of the brain along with printed labels for various parts, or when a conference speaker presents PowerPoint slides consisting of medical graphics and text. The premise of this chapter is that the design of medical education should be informed by a research-based theory of how people learn (i.e., the science of learning) and evidence-based principles for how to help people learn (i.e., the science of instruction). In this chapter, I provide an introduction to the science learning and the science of instruction and examine research-based principles for how to design multimedia instruction.
LAFTA and the U.S. Firms

The Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA), a “Customs Union” of 10 member countries was founded during 1961. The basic goal of LAFTA was to accomplish economic self-Hufflciency through industrialization. Lack ol investment capital and entrepreneurial skills necessitated enteouranging foreign investment. This study was, therefore, designed to determine whether the U.S. entreprenurs pereived that the LAFTA would achieve economic self-suffuciency by 1985. Tnformation prov.ided by I I rms orerating in or doing business with J.AFTA member countries revealed that the U.S. entrepreneurs were not oplimlstJc about accomplishing the goal of self-sufficiency.
Neuropeptide Y (NP Y) and its Receptors

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino-acid peptide that belongs to a family of peptides that includes pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and peptide YY (PYY). PYY and PP function primarily as endocrine peptides, while NPY is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. These peptides produce their biological effects through four G-protein-coupled receptors (Y1, Y2, Y4, Y5). NPY is an important neurotransmitter that regulates mood, endocrine function, blood pressure, nociception, appetite, body weight regulation, and cognition. It is likely that medicines influencing the function of this peptide will become important treatments for a variety of diseases.
Comparative Genome Analysis of the Daptomycin-Resistant Streptococcus anginosus Strain J4206 Associated with Breakthrough Bacteremia.

Streptococcus anginosus is a member of the normal oral flora that can become a pathogen causing pyogenic infections in humans. The genome of daptomycin-resistant strain J4206, originally isolated from a patient suffering from breakthrough bacteremia and septic shock at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, was determined. The circular genome is 2,001,352 bp long with a GC content of 38.62% and contains multiple mobile genetic elements, including the phage-like chromosomal island SanCI that mediates a mutator phenotype, transposons, and integrative conjugative elements. Daptomycin resistance involves multiple alterations in the cell membrane and cell wall, and unique features were identified in J4206 that may contribute to resistance. A cluster of capsular polysaccharide (CPS) genes for choline metabolism and transport are present that may help neutralize cell surface charges, destabilizing daptomycin binding. Further, unique J4206 genes encoding sortases and LPXTG-target proteins that are involved in cell wall modification were present. The J4206 genome is phylogenetically closely related to the recently reported vancomycin-resistant SA1 strain; however, these genomes differ with SNPs in cardiolipin synthetase, histidine kinase yycG, teichoic acid modification genes, and other genes involved in cell surface modification. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the cell walls of both strains J4206 and SA1 were significantly thicker and more electron dense than daptomycin- and vancomycin-sensitive strain J4211. This comparative genomic study has identified unique genes as well as allelic variants in the J4206 genome that are involved in cell surface modification and thus might contribute to the acquisition of daptomycin resistance.
Microwave CubeSat fleet simulation for hydrometric tracking in severe weather

Extreme weather observations with temporal resolution of ∼15–30 minutes and spatial resolution of ∼15–30 km are required to improve forecasting of mesoscale severe weather events. Due to recent advances in microwave receiver and filter technology, the fleet concept of ∼30–40 CubeSat nanosatellites has been identified as an alternative but cost effective means to meet the requirements. OSSEs of CubeSat fleet microwave observations are currently required to demonstrate the basic features of the constellation and provide simulated data for the engineering development of the constellation concept in many aspects. To this end, a NWP-based multi-module simulator of the CubeSat fleet concept was developed at University of Colorado at Boulder. In this paper, microwave imaging CubeSat fleet observations at 30 minute temporal resolution were demonstrated. The observed meteorological features of Hurricane Sandy in the selected CubeSat channels were compared. At the end, using simulated CubeSat fleet observations in the development of hydrometric tracking concept, which has potential of efficiently assimilating high temporal resolution observations into NWP model for improved weather forecasting, was discussed.
The Transactivation Domains of the p53 Protein

The p53 tumor suppressor is a transcriptional activator, with discrete domains that participate in sequence-specific DNA binding, tetramerization, and transcriptional activation. Mutagenesis and reporter studies have delineated two distinct activation domains (TADs) and specific hydrophobic residues within these TADs that are critical for their function. Knockin mice expressing p53 mutants with alterations in either or both of the two TADs have revealed that TAD1 is critical for responses to acute DNA damage, whereas both TAD1 and TAD2 participate in tumor suppression. Biochemical and structural studies have identified factors that bind either or both TADs, including general transcription factors (GTFs), chromatin modifiers, and negative regulators, helping to elaborate a model through which p53 activates transcription. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of the p53 TADs through phosphorylation also regulate TAD activity. Together, these studies on p53 TADs provide great insight into how p53 serves as a tumor suppressor.
Gastric Electrical Stimulation, Pyloroplasty, Gastrectomy, and Acustimulation for the Treatment of Nausea and Vomiting in the Setting of Gastroparesis

Patients with severe symptoms of gastroparesis unresponsive to medical management may need treatment that is beyond the conventional methods available for the internist or a general gastroenterologist. Those drug refractory cases should be referred to a specialized motility center seeking the opinion of doctors whose clinical expertise reaches beyond the limited pharmacological interventions. Gastric electrical stimulation was originally developed for strengthening and regulating gastric slow waves and overcoming dysrhythmias. One method of stimulation is termed gastric pacing, by utilizing physiologic frequency and high energy to entrain gastric slow waves and reverse dysrhythmias, leading to improvement of gastric emptying. This has not been commercialized as yet. Another method is called neurostimulation, where a frequency of 12 cycles per minute is used to alleviate the symptoms but it does not alter the gastric slow waves, dysrhythmias, or gastric emptying. It is available as the Enterra therapy with FDA approval and this device is implanted either laparoscopically or by open laparotomy. To overcome the suboptimal symptom improvement provided by this device, a pyloroplasty is simultaneously performed to normalize the gastric emptying and hence maximize symptom improvement. A total gastrectomy is infrequently needed but is indicated when nausea and vomiting continues in the setting of a prior Billroth I or II gastric resection or where electrical stimulation alone (Enterra therapy) has failed to control symptoms of nausea and vomiting. Acupuncture has been used for the treatment of gastrointestinal symptoms in Eastern countries using the Neiguan (PC6) and the Zusanli (ST36) acupoints. Acustimulation produces an electrical current through a needleless electroacupuncture. This has been shown to be as effective in treating nausea and vomiting in gastroparesis patients.
The Revolt Against War (1915)

It is difficult to formulate your experience when brought face to face with so much genuine emotion and high patriotism as Europe exhibits at the present moment. You become very much afraid of generalizing.
Body Ego, Selfness, and Gender Sense: The Development of Gender Identity

The critical locus of gender development is within the intimate relationships of the nuclear family. The initial influence is mediated through the mother and her body, which functions as a template upon which the child discerns his boundaries. Three basic processes occur in conjunction: definition, discrimination, and internalization.