cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variable criteria for patellofemoral bracing among sports medicine professionals.

Objective To examine whether the frequency of bracing, geographic region, clinical specialty, or percentage of practice devoted to knee pain influences the criteria used by sports medicine professionals to determine whether a brace should be prescribed for treating patients with nontraumatic patellofemoral pain syndrome. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Sports medicine practices in the United States. Participants A total of 1307 athletic trainers, physical therapists, and sports medicine physicians recruited from the e-mail listings of the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine, the American Osteopathic Academy of Sports Medicine, the American Physical Therapy Association Sports Physical Therapy Section, the International Patellofemoral Study Group, the International Patellofemoral Retreat list, and National Collegiate Athletic Association Division 1 athletic team registries. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcomes Measures Thirty-seven potential patellofemoral bracing criteria encompassing history and function, alignment, physical examination, previous treatments, and radiographic evidence. Results A total of 1307 of 7999 providers replied (response rate, 16.3%). Mean bracing frequencies were 19.8% for athletic trainers, 13.4% for physical therapists, and 25.1% for physicians. The mean number of total bracing criteria used was 10.5. The 10 most commonly cited criteria for prescribing a patellofemoral brace in descending order of frequency were: (1) hypermobile patella on physical examination; (2) positive J sign on physical examination; (3) failure of previous rehabilitation; (4) pain when performing squats or going up/down stairs on history; (5) success with previous taping; (6) pain with running activities on history; (7) pain with jumping activities on history; (8) increased dynamic Q angle; (9) vastus medialis oblique deficiency in timing or strength; and (10) positive apprehension sign on physical examination. No statistically significant trends were noted with regard to experience or percentage of practice devoted to knee pain. Increased bracing frequency was significantly associated with an increased number of bracing criteria ( r = 0.89, P Conclusions This study identified little overall consensus and showed that significant differences exist in the criteria used to prescribe a brace for patellofemoral pain syndrome among specialties and in relation to bracing frequency.
Outpatient service use in minority-serving mental health programs

To evaluate the impact of participation in a minority-serving mental health program on patterns of service utilization, data on approximately 25,000 clients from a large, ethnically diverse mental health system were examined over three successive fiscal years. Clients seen in programs with higher rates of non-white participation received more outpatient care but less case management than clients seen elsewhere. The results were obtained after controlling for sociodemographic and clinical variables including treatment in an ethnic or language-matched dyad. Whether by selection and training of staff, administrative policy, operating style, program atmosphere or case-mix, minority-serving programs appear to promote distinctive patterns of utilization.
The wealth effects of non-equity alliances The U.S.-Japanese licensing experience

Abstract Most licensing agreements in our sample transfer technology into, rather than away from, Japan. Japanese licensees frequently belong to keiretsus and are larger but less research intensive than U.S. licensors. If bargaining power relates positively to keiretsu membership or firm size, such alliances could transfer wealth from US to Japanese firms. However, mean abnormal returns of U.S. licensors are larger than mean abnormal returns of Japanese licensees. Thus, wealth transfers are not the primary determinants of stock price responses to the U.S.-Japanese licensing agreements we study. Instead, cross-sectional tests show that US licensors benefit from their own research intensity and from maintaining an equity buffer that provides financial flexibility.
Three theorems on abstract families of languages

@). One consequence is that 7(L) is always principal for L ≤ a*. (2) On the other hand, there is a language L ≤ a*b* such that 7(L) is not principal. (3) There are subsets J and K of a* such that 7(J)
14-3-3β Binds to Big Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase 1 (BMK1/ERK5) and Regulates BMK1 Function

Big mitogen-activated kinase 1 (BMK1/ERK5) is a member of the MAPK family activated by growth factors that mediates cell growth and survival. Previous data show that BMK1 can be activated by steady laminar flow and is atheroprotective by preventing endothelial cells from undergoing apoptosis. The primary structure of BMK1 is distinct from other MAPK members by virtue of a unique long C-tail, suggesting specific mechanisms of regulation. To characterize regulatory mechanisms for BMK1 function, we identified binding proteins by yeast two-hybrid analysis. Among these proteins, the scaffolding protein 14-3-3 was identified. BMK1 bound to 14-3-3β in vitro and in vivo as demonstrated by glutathione S-transferase (GST)-14-3-3β fusion protein pull-down assays and coimmunoprecipitation. Phosphorylation of BMK1 was most likely required for this interaction. GST-14-3-3β pull-down assays using truncated constructs of BMK1 and site-directed BMK1 mutants demonstrated that the interaction requires serine 486 within the C terminus of BMK1. BMK1 bound to 14-3-3β basally, and the interaction was greatly abrogated when BMK1 was activated. The interaction of 14-3-3β and BMK1 inhibited kinase activities stimulated by constitutively active (CA)-MEK5 and epidermal growth factor. Mutation of serine 486 (BMK1-S486A) prevented the interaction with 14-3-3β and enhanced BMK1 activity upon epidermal growth factor stimulation. These data demonstrate an inhibitory function for 14-3-3β binding to BMK1 and show that serine 486 phosphorylation represents a novel regulatory mechanism for BMK1.
Metrics for the comparative analysis of geospatial datasets with applications to high-resolution grid-based population data

Geospatial data sciences have emerged as critical requirements for high-priority application solutions in diverse areas, including, but not limited to, the mitigation of natural and man-made disasters. Three sets of metrics, adopted or customized from geo-statistics, applied meteorology and signal processing, are tested in terms of their ability to evaluate geospatial datasets, specifically two population databases commonly used for disaster preparedness and consequence management. The two high-resolution, grid-based population datasets are the following: The LandScan dataset available from the Geographic Information Science and Technology (GIST) group at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), and the Gridded Population of the World (GPW) dataset available from the Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) group at Columbia University. Case studies evaluate population data across the globe, specifically, the metropolitan areas of Washington DC, USA, Los-Angeles, USA, and Houston, USA, and London, UK, as well as the country of Iran. The geospatial metrics confirm that the two population datasets have significant differences, especially in the context of their utility for disaster readiness and mitigation. While this paper primarily focuses on grid based population datasets and disaster management applications, the sets of metrics developed here can be generalized to other geospatial datasets and applications. Future research needs to develop metrics for geospatial and temporal risks and associated uncertainties in the context of disaster management.
THE ROLE OF SELF-EFFICACY BELIEFS INSTUDENT ENGAGEMENT AND LEARNING INTHECLASSROOM

Student motivation is an important concern for all teachers. Recent research on student motivation has provided evidence for the development of important constructs and generalizations that have direct application to the classroom. Although there are many motivational constructs, self-efficacy is one that is key to promoting students' engagement and learning. Self-efficacy is discussed in terms of how it may facilitate behavioral, cognitive, and motivational engagement in the classroom. Specific suggestions for teacher practice are also provided.
Stress Inhomogeneity in Powder Specimens Tested in the Jenike Shear Cell: Myth or Fact?

In the mechanical characterization of powders using the direct shear testers such as the Jenike shear cell, the existence of a uniform or well-defined stress field in a powder specimen is assumed. This assumption has not been subjected to any serious scrutiny in the literature. In this study, the normal stress variation in a silica powder was locally determined by locating a pressure-sensitive TekScan pad at the bottom section of a Jenike shear cell. A computer simulation of the consolidation and pre-shearing stages of the Jenike test procedure was performed using the Discrete Element Method (DEM). The paper presents both experimental and computational evidence for the existence of a complex stress field in the powder specimen, thus clearly invalidating the long-standing stress homogeneity assumption in the direct shear testing of powders. The implications of the stress inhomogeneity in terms of the accuracy of the material properties extracted from the Jenike test are also presented.
Microalgal pigments potential as byproducts in lipid production

Abstract As an alternative biomass for producing biofuel, microalgae have many advantages over land biomass. For example, they are not a food source, they are fast-growing and have a high oil content, and they can reduce CO2. However, the high costs of cultivation and harvesting using existing technology make microalgal-based biofuels uncompetitive with fossil fuels. This study investigates the feasibility of producing high-value microalgal pigments, including chlorophyll and carotenoid for apportioning the high cost of cultivation and harvest. Five microalgae were tested to determine their pigment and lipid production in a feed-batch bioreactor under light conditions of 167 μmol photon/(m2 s) for 12 h daily. Among them, Dunaliella primolecta and Isochrysis aff. galbana achieved the highest chlorophyll yields of 5.3% and 5.6%, respectively, with the optimal carotenoid yields of 2.6% and 2.0%, and lipids yields of 23% and 24%, respectively. The feasibility of simultaneously extracting both lipids and pigments was investigated. Two solvents, methanol and hexane, were used in the extraction of pigments and lipids. The extraction yields of pigments and lipids using methanol and hexane reached 98% and 90%, respectively. Therefore, we expect that the simultaneous production and extraction of high-value pigments accompanied by the lipids can potentially offset the high cultivation and harvesting costs, and may make microalgal biomass economically competitive for biofuel production.
Family of tunable spherically symmetric potentials that span the range from hard spheres to waterlike behavior.

We investigate the equation of state, diffusion coefficient, and structural order of a family of spherically symmetric potentials consisting of a hard core and a linear repulsive ramp. This generic potential has two characteristic length scales: the hard and soft core diameters. The family of potentials is generated by varying their ratio, $\ensuremath{\lambda}$. We find negative thermal expansion (thermodynamic anomaly) and an increase of the diffusion coefficient upon isothermal compression (dynamic anomaly) for $0\ensuremath{\leqslant}\ensuremath{\lambda}l6∕7$. As in water, the regions where these anomalies occur are nested domes in the $(T,\ensuremath{\rho})$ or $(T,P)$ planes, with the thermodynamic anomaly dome contained entirely within the dynamic anomaly dome. We calculate translational and orientational order parameters ($t$ and ${Q}_{6}$), and project equilibrium state points onto the $(t,{Q}_{6})$ plane, or order map. The order map evolves from waterlike behavior to hard-sphere-like behavior upon varying $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ between $4∕7$ and $6∕7$. Thus, we traverse the range of liquid behavior encompassed by hard spheres $(\ensuremath{\lambda}=1)$ and waterlike $(\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\sim}4∕7)$ with a family of tunable spherically symmetric potentials by simply varying the ratio of hard to soft-core diameters. Although dynamic and thermodynamic anomalies occur almost across the entire range $0\ensuremath{\leqslant}\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\leqslant}1$, waterlike structural anomalies (i.e., decrease in both $t$ and ${Q}_{6}$ upon compression and strictly correlated $t$ and ${Q}_{6}$ in the anomalous region) occur only around $\ensuremath{\lambda}=4∕7$. Waterlike anomalies in structure, dynamics and thermodynamics arise solely due to the existence of two length scales, with their ratio $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ being the single control parameter, orientation-dependent interactions being absent by design.
A connection between iron-sulfur cluster metabolism and the biosynthesis of 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine pyrophosphate in Salmonella enterica.

Several cellular pathways have been identified which affect the efficiency of thiamine biosynthesis in Salmonella enterica. Mutants defective in iron–sulfur (Fe–S) cluster metabolism are less efficient at synthesis of the pyrimidine moiety of thiamine. These mutants are compromised for the conversion of aminoimidazole ribotide (AIR) to 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine phosphate (HMP-P), not the synthesis of AIR. The gene product ThiC contains potential ligands for an Fe–S cluster that are required for function in vivo. The conversion of AIR to HMP-P is sensitive to oxidative stress, and variants of ThiC have been identified that have increased sensitivity to oxidative growth conditions. The data are consistent with ThiC or an as-yet-unidentified protein involved in HMP-P synthesis containing an Fe–S cluster required for its physiological function.
The material cost and stickiness of capture threads and the evolution of orb‐weaving spiders

Prey capture threads are essential to the operation of spider orb-webs because they prevent insects that have been intercepted from escaping before a spider can subdue them. The volume of material invested in a web's capture threads is related to spider weight and is the same for primitive orb-weavers that produce cribellar capture thread and modern orb-weavers that produce adhesive capture thread. However, as adhesive capture thread achieves greater stickiness relative to its volume, adhesive orb-webs have a greater total stickiness and, consequently, a greater prey capture potential than cribellate orb-webs. These differences appear to have favoured the transition from cribellate to adhesive capture threads and the success of adhesive orb-weavers, which include 95% of all orb-weaving species. Differences in the thread economy and the total stickiness of webs constructed by spiders of different weights also suggest that adhesive orb-weavers should grow more rapidly and be capable of attaining a larger size than cribellate orb-weavers.
Ventricular Tachycardia Terminated by Carotid Sinus Massage

Carotid sinus massage affects supraventricular arrhythmias primarily through vagotonic effects on the sinus and AV nodes, but vagal innervation of the ventricle also exists and has been shown to have functional significance. The case presented here illustrates an unusual example of a ventricular tachycardia that was repeatedly converted to normal sinus rhythm by carotid sinus massage following administration of digoxin. The clinician should be aware that a wide QRS-complex tachycardia that responds to carotid sinus massage is not necessarily supraventricular in origin.
The effective electroelastic moduli of textured piezoelectric polycrystalline aggregates

Abstract The effective electroelastic moduli of textured piezoelectric polycrystalline aggregates have been modeled by the self-consistent approach and traditional Voigt-Reuss averages. The orientational averaging scheme in textured piezoelectric polycrystals has been developed using the orientation distribution function (ODF), which can be done analytically with a series of generalized associated Legendre functions, or numerically with the Gaussian quadrature method. Gaussian distribution function has been adopted to simulate a wide range of textures in piezoelectric polycrystals, and a key parameter α is identified to be closely related to the processing conditions such as poling field intensity. Numerical results are presented and discussed for poled and unpoled BaTiO3 ceramics, and BaTiO3 films with perfectly aligned grains, which agree well with known theoretical results. It is found that the electroelastic moduli of piezoelectric polycrystalline aggregates show strong dependence on texture; piezoelectric constants higher than the corresponding single crystal values can be achieved at certain texture; and dielectric constants are more sensitive to grain shape than elastic constants.
Time-Resolved keV Emission Spectra from Hot, Dense Buried Layer K-Shell and L-Shell Targets

We report new time-resolved measurements for 50 nm thick Al and Ge buried layer targets. The top-coat thickness of carbon is varied between 0 and 100 nm. A single beam of the Compact Multipulse Terawatt (COMET) laser is frequency doubled, at 527 nm wavelength, up to 1 J energy in a 500 fs (FWHM) pulse and focused to a maximum of 7 x 1017 W cm-2 with an off-axis parabola. An RbAP (001) von Hamos curved crystal spectrometer with an 500 fs x-ray streak camera is fielded to measure the time history of the Al n = 2 – 1 K-shell emission and the Ge n = 3 – 2 L-shell emission in the 7 – 10 A waveband. The main objective is to generate and study hot, Te ~ 100 – 200 eV, dense, ne ~ 1023 cm-3, thermal plasmas in tamped optically thin targets under a range of laser irradiance conditions. We observe short-lived emission lasting a few picoseconds and indications of cooler, denser plasmas with increasing thickness of the tamping carbon layers.
Conventional Forces can Explain the Anomalous Acceleration of Pioneer 10

Anderson et al. find the measured trajectories of Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecrafts deviate from the trajectories computed from known forces acting on them. This unmodeled acceleration (and the less well known, but similar, unmodeled torque) can be accounted for by non-isotropic radiation of spacecraft heat. Various forms of non-isotropic radiation were proposed by Katz, Murphy, and Scheffer, but Anderson et al. felt that none of these could explain the observed effect. This paper calculates the known effects in more detail and considers new sources of radiation, all based on spacecraft construction. These effects are then modeled over the duration of the experiment. The model reproduces the acceleration from its appearance at a heliocentric distance of 5 AU to the last measurement at 71 AU to within 10%. However, it predicts a larger decrease in acceleration between intervals I and III of the Pioneer 10 observations than is observed. This is a $2\ensuremath{\sigma}$ discrepancy from the average of the three analyses (SIGMA, CHASMP, and Markwardt). A more complex (but more speculative) model provides a somewhat better fit. Radiation forces can also plausibly explain the previously unmodeled torques, including the spindown of Pioneer 10 that is directly proportional to spacecraft bus heat, and the slow but constant spin-up of Pioneer 11. In any case, by accounting for the bulk of the acceleration, the proposed mechanism makes it much more likely that the entire effect can be explained without the need for new physics.
Near-field fluctuations and far-field noise of a three-element airfoil system by a discrete vortex method

A circulation-based discrete vortex method is used on a three-element airfoil system. Kutta conditions and Kelvin's circulation theorem are additional conditions required for this method to determine the circulation distributions on each element and to determine vortex shedding. Discrete shed vortices are introduced near the four sharp edges to represent the sharp-edge vortex shedding caused by unsteady flow separation. The computational procedure warrants neutrally stable solutions of the self-sustained fluctuating flowfield that can provide broad-band spectral information for far-field noise predictions. The near-field vortex method directly calculates the parameters used in an asymptotic formula for far-field sound computation that attributes the noise sources to vortex interactions among the shed vortices and the surface circulations of the three-element airfoil system. The far-field noise characters are then analyzed and compared to the experimental data in the literature.
Radiofrequency Tumor Ablation: Insight into Improved Efficacy Using Computer Modeling

OBJECTIVE. To use computer modeling of the Bio-Heat equation to demonstrate factors influencing RF ablation tissue heating.CONCLUSION. Computer modeling demonstrates the importance of energy deposition, tumor and background tissue electrical and thermal conductivity, and perfusion on RF ablation outcomes.
Moving beyond our comfort zone

This editorial refers to ‘Evaluation of early percutaneous coronary intervention vs. standard therapy after fibrinolysis for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: contribution of weighting the composite endpoint’, by J.A. Bakal et al. , doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs438 The randomized controlled clinical trial currently represents the gold standard by which we test whether or not a therapeutic strategy will alter a specific predefined outcome. A carefully detailed, pre-specified statistical analysis plan is established in order to test this primary hypothesis. This framework surrounding the evaluation of a trial's primary outcome is constructed to provide a level of certainty which must be achieved in order to reject the null hypothesis and declare that an observed difference between the two (or more) therapeutic strategies is not attributable to chance. As such, extensive resources (both economic and otherwise) required to conduct a clinical outcome trial are generally narrowly focused on the answer to a single clinical question, often utilizing the time to first event. We need to move beyond this current practice and use more information obtained in a trial to make more informed inferences about treatment efficacy as well as risks. When the primary endpoint is mortality and the question is precisely focused as to whether an intervention alters the patient's time to death, the current statistical framework provides a clearly understandable answer, and if the null hypothesis is rejected and the two therapies are indeed found to be different, subsequent secondary analyses are undertaken to explore the available additional clinical information further. However, unless the target patient population is limited to those with extremely poor prognosis, trials with a primary endpoint of all-cause mortality are rarely conducted. The obvious issues of giving equal weight to a fatal and non-fatal endpoint in the ‘time to first event’ approach, which ignores all events (including deaths) that occur after an …
Familial Ethnic Socialization Among Adolescents of Latino and European Descent: Do Latina Mothers Exert the Most Influence?

This article examines gender and family composition differences in 98 biethnic adolescents’ reports of familial ethnic socialization and ethnic identity. Using analysis of variance, four groups (i.e., adolescent males with Latina mothers and European American fathers, adolescent females with Latina mothers and European American fathers, adolescent males with European American mothers and Latino fathers, and adolescent females with European American mothers and Latino fathers) are compared on the above measures. Results indicate that sons of Latina mothers reported the highest levels of familial ethnic socialization. No significant differences emerge between groups on a measure of ethnic identity.
Epidemiologic Studies of Enviromental Exposures in Human Reproduction

Human offspring, although in general well protected between conception and birth, are by no means invulnerable to the external environment. In this and a companion paper (14) based on the same data set from a case-control study of spontaneous abortions, we illustrate this vulnerability by setting out the quantitative relations between two maternal behaviors — cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking — and two effects on the fetus — spontaneous abortion and reduced birthweight. We interpret the observed associations of these maternal behaviors and fetal effects as causal. The evidence indicates that the effects relate to post-conceptional exposures, and that their origin is not pre-conceptionally determined pathology in the fetus. These interpretations rest on clinical history, cytogenetic analysis, statistical control, and biological coherence.
A Comprehensive Approach to Classifying Acts of Crime and Violence at Tourism Destinations

Based on a review of 300 cases of acts of crimes and violence that occurred at tourist destinations around the world in the last decade, a comprehensive typology was created. The objectives of this typology were to classify the attributes of acts of crime and violence, to analyze the differential effects that such attributes have on tourism demand, to examine the effectiveness of methods used for prevention and recovery from such acts, and to identify the parties responsible for prevention and recovery.
Abnormal stress echocardiography results after coronary stenting.

Abstract In a patient with a recently placed stent, a stress echocardiogram clearly indicated ischemia in the territory of the stented vessel. Subsequent coronary angiography, undertaken because of presumed restenosis, showed the stented area to be widely patent. This prompted a review of stress echocardiograms performed in patients within 6 weeks of coronary stenting. Of 21 such cases, 3 additional patients were found to have false-positive results in the territory served by the stented vessel. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2001;14:948-50.)
Relationships between groundwater level and furbearer abundance in the Northern Arkansas Mississippi Alluvial Valley.

Abundances of hydrophilic furbearers, such as raccoons (Procyon lotor), are known to change with alterations in surface water availability. Unconfined aquifers dynamically interact with surface water, and surface water availability is often reduced when groundwater levels decline. However, the relationship between groundwater level and furbearer abundance is not well understood. Groundwater depths in the Mississippi Alluvial Aquifer have increased such that critical groundwater areas have been designated in the Arkansas portion of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley. We tested the effect of groundwater level on furbearer abundance using three depth-to-groundwater categories: shallow (<6·4 m), medium (6·4–13·99 m) and deep (≥14·0 m). In each category we surveyed furbearer relative abundance with scent station lines (N = 40) and minimum density estimates with aerial thermal infrared transects (N = 7). Relative abundance indices of furbearers collectively were not different (F = 2·67, P = 0·08), nor were minimum density estimates (F = 2·21, P = 0·22) among groundwater depths. Only relative abundance indices for Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana; F = 4·76, P = 0·01) were different among groundwater depths. More research is needed to discern if potential ecologically significant relationships exist between groundwater level and furbearer abundance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An algorithm for stopping a class of underactuated nonlinear mechanical robotic systems

We provide a constructive global discontinuous control law with state dependent switches for a class of under-actuated nonlinear mechanical robotic systems that will drive the system to an arbitrarily small neighborhood of rest from all initial configurations and velocities in arbitrarily small time. Because all physical mobile robotic systems are mechanical in nature, control methodologies which exploit the fact that the system is governed by principles of mechanics which are particularly important for robotic engineers. The philosophy of the approach is that instead of using control algorithms which start with a completely generic dynamical system, we constrain the structure of the system to be one which is a Lagrangian control system. To the extent the structure of the mechanical system can be exploited, stronger control results are possible to obtain, such as the stopping algorithm in this paper. Specifically, for control of general nonlinear systems, there are many unsolved problems for the case when the system is not at an equilibrium, and the results in this paper are an initial contribution to this area. The robot is assumed to be underactuated by one in the configuration space; hence, in the state space it is underactuated by twice the dimension of the configuration space plus two. Our method can easily be extended to construct a global discontinuous control law with state dependent switches that will drive the system to an arbitrarily small neighborhood of any velocity from any initial configuration and velocity in arbitrarily small time.
Language generation and verification in the NRL protocol analyzer

The NRL protocol analyzer is a tool for proving security properties of cryptographic protocols, and for finding flaws if they exist. It is used by having the user first prove a number of lemmas stating that infinite classes of states are unreachable, and then performing an exhaustive search on the remaining state space. One main source of difficulty in using the tool is in generating the lemmas that are to be proved. In this paper we show how we have made the test easier by automating the generation of lemmas involving the use of formal languages.
Single-nanowire Si solar cells

Solar cells based on arrays of CVD-grown Si nano- or micro-wires are being considered as a potentially low-cost route to implementing a vertical multijunction cell design via radial p-n junctions. This geometry has been predicted to enable efficiencies competitive with planar multicrystalline Si designs, while reducing the materials and processing costs of solar cell fabrication [1]. To further assess the potential efficiency of cells based on this design, we present here experimental measurements of minority carrier diffusion lengths and surface recombination rates within nanowires via fabrication and characterization of single-wire solar cell devices. Furthermore, we consider a potential Si wire array-based solar cell design, and present device physics modeling of single-wire photovoltaic efficiency. Based on experimentally observed diffusion lengths within our wires, we model a radial junction wire solar cell capable of 17% photovoltaic energy conversion efficiency.
Reversal of New Oral Anticoagulants

Although the options for therapeutic modalities such as chemotherapy and antibiotics have flourished, anticoagulant management has remained stagnant since the first agents were developed during World War II. Traditional anticoagulants widely used to treat thromboembolic disease include heparin-based drugs and warfarin. These drugs are cumbersome to administer. They have a narrow therapeutic window to achieve adequate anticoagulation without bleeding, and they exhibit interactions with food and other drugs that led to the requirement for frequent monitoring by laboratory testing. Until recently, few other options remained for antithrombotic therapy. Recently, however, there has been an influx of new anticoagulants poised to enter the market, providing more therapeutic options for patients. They promise to be better than current agents because they achieve similar, if not better, efficacy with less bleeding and fewer interactions with food and drugs and without the need for frequent monitoring. Article see p 1573 These new agents work by targeting specific components of the coagulation cascade, such as thrombin itself or its precursor, factor Xa. Dabigatran etexilate is a direct inhibitor of both free and clot-associated thrombin. It is a prodrug that is converted to its active compound, dabigatran, with a peak plasma concentration achieved 1.5 hours after ingestion, and it has a half-life of 14 to 17 hours. Unlike warfarin, it is not metabolized by cytochrome p450, so there are few drug interactions. It does, however, interact with the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein, leading to concern about alterations in efficacy when used with P-glycoprotein inhibitors or inducers such as rifampin, quinidine, ketoconazole, and verapamil. A number of studies have proved its efficacy as an anticoagulant for the prevention and treatment of venous and arterial thromboembolic events, including prevention after total knee or hip arthroplasty, treatment of acute venous thromboembolic events, and prevention of stroke associated with atrial fibrillation. …
Almost Halfway There: An Analysis of the Open Access Behaviors of Academic Librarians

Academic librarians are increasingly expected to advocate for scholarly communications reforms such as open access to scholarly publications, yet librarians do not always practice what they preach. Previous research examined librarian attitudes toward open access, whereas this article presents results of a study of open access publishing and self-archiving behaviors of academic librarians. Following an analysis of open access to library and information science literature in 2008, several strategies to encourage academic librarians to continue to embrace open access behaviors are discussed.
Role of A1 adenosine receptor in the regulation of coronary flow

To determine whether A1 adenosine receptors (AR) participate in adenosine-induced changes of coronary flow, isolated hearts from A1AR−/− and A1AR+/+ mice were perfused under constant pressure, and ...
Evaluation of Polyuria: The Roles of Solute Loading and Water Diuresis

Polyuria, defined as daily urine output in excess of 3.0 to 3.5L/d, can occur due to solute or water diuresis. Solute-induced polyuria can be seen in hospitalized patients after a high solute load from exogenous protein administration or following relief of urinary obstruction. Similar clinical scenarios are rarely encountered in the outpatient setting. We describe a case of polyuria due to high solute ingestion and excessive water intake leading to a mixed picture of solute and water diuresis. Restriction of the daily solute load and water intake resulted in complete resolution of polyuria. Determination of the daily excreted urinary osmoles may yield important clues to the cause of polyuria and should be included in the routine workup of polyuria.
Critical Theory and Institutional Design: David Trubek's Path to New Governance

This brief essay suggests that the discursive practices associated with Critical Legal Studies and related movements have prescriptive implications for institutional design. The essay, a contribution to a festschrift for David M. Trubek, considers the trajectory of Trubek’s work from his engagement with various critical projects to his recent sympathetic interpretation of “new governance” in the European Union. The tacit prescriptive implications of the critical work resonate with some of the distinctive institutional features found in new governance.
Making Sense of Optogenetics.

This review, one of a series of articles, tries to make sense of optogenetics, a recently developed technology that can be used to control the activity of genetically-defined neurons with light. Cells are first genetically engineered to express a light-sensitive opsin, which is typically an ion channel, pump, or G protein–coupled receptor. When engineered cells are then illuminated with light of the correct frequency, opsin-bound retinal undergoes a conformational change that leads to channel opening or pump activation, cell depolarization or hyperpolarization, and neural activation or silencing. Since the advent of optogenetics, many different opsin variants have been discovered or engineered, and it is now possible to stimulate or inhibit neuronal activity or intracellular signaling pathways on fast or slow timescales with a variety of different wavelengths of light. Optogenetics has been successfully employed to enhance our understanding of the neural circuit dysfunction underlying mood disorders, addiction, and Parkinson’s disease, and has enabled us to achieve a better understanding of the neural circuits mediating normal behavior. It has revolutionized the field of neuroscience, and has enabled a new generation of experiments that probe the causal roles of specific neural circuit components.
Visual Consumption in the Image Economy

This chapter presents a visual approach to consumer research, dislocating the consumption domain away from the attitude researcher’s laboratory, beyond the behavioural decision theorist’s rational model, and off the marketing strategist’s brand map, toward concerns about what consumers look at, what they see, and how they make sense of the visual world. Following the interpretative turn in consumer research, the perspective on the production and consumption of images draws from art history, photography and visual studies to develop an interdisciplinary, visual approach to understanding consumer behaviour. The chapter focuses on the image and its interpretation as foundational elements of elusive consumption, bringing together theoretical concerns about image and representation to build a multidisciplinary approach to consumption in what is called 'the image economy.'.
Time-of-Flight Instrumentation for Laser Desorption, Plasma Desorption and Liquid SIMS

There has been a growing interest in the use of time-of-flight analyzers for the desorption mass spectrometric analysis of large and non-volatile compounds. The linear TOF is the simplest in design, has high ion trans-mission, and records the products of metastable decompositions in the flight tube at the flight times of their parent species. In this paper we compare several different instrumental configurations. While spectra reflect the ionization technique, they are also dependent upon the analyzer design. Two designs are discussed: one employing a single accelerating field region, the other employing a multiple accelerating field region, in which the first (extraction) field is pulsed following the ionization event.
Metabolism of 1-thyroxine and 1-3:5:3'-triiodothyronine by homogenates of rat skeletal muscle.

SummaryFrom the present study it can be concluded that brain and muscle have certain similarities as well as differences in the metabolism of thyroxine and triiodothyronine. The deiodinating enzyme is present in both the tissues but the deaminating activity found in brain preparations is virtually absent in skeletal muscle. The nature of the enzymes as well as other factors involved in the metabolism of these hormones require further clarification and are being studied.
Two Methods of Assessing Education Majors on Course Content and Attitude

65 undergraduate majors in elementary education in a methods and curriculum course were tested by paper and pencil or by computer to assess cognitive gains and attitude toward course components. No...
Oceanic mechanical forcing of a marine-terminating Greenland glacier

Dynamics of marine-terminating major outlet glaciers are of high interest because of their potential for drawing down large areas of the Greenland ice sheet. We quantify short-term changes in ice flow speed and calving at a major West Greenland glacier and examine their relationship to the presence of the sea-ice melange and tidal stage. A field campaign at the terminus of Store Gletscher (70.40˚N, 50.55˚W) spanning the spring and summer of 2008 included four broadband seismometers, three time-lapse cameras, a tide gauge, an automatic weather station and an on-ice continuous GPS station. Sub-daily fluctuations in speed coincide with two modes of oceanic forcing: (1) the removal of the ice melange from the terminus front and (2) tidal fluctuations contributing to speed increases following ice melange removal. Tidal fluctuations in ice flow speed were observed 16km from the terminus and possibly extend further. Seismic records suggest that periods of intensive calving activity coincide with ice-flow acceleration following breakup of the melange in spring. A synchronous increase in speed at the front and clearing of the melange suggests that the melange directly resists ice flow. We estimate a buttressing stress (~30–60 kPa) due to the presence of the ice melange that is greater than expected from the range of observed tides, though an order of magnitude less than the driving stress.
The systematic position of Psilotum and Tmesipteris

Several interpretations concerning the relationships of the Psilotaceae are discussed. The conclusion that the Psilotaceae are filicalean ferns is defended. New evidence which has appeared since earlier papers on the subject confirms this basic conclusion.
Cholesterol Awareness After Case-Finding: Do Patients Really Know Their Cholesterol Numbers?

Background Patients who are informed of their cholesterol status have been shown to take steps subsequently to reduce their risks for coronary heart disease. Accordingly, as part of a population-based strategy to reduce disease burden due to high cholesterol, the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) recommends that physicians tell all patients their cholesterol test results in a clear, understandable manner and encourage all patients, regardless of their risk factor status, to reduce their fat intake. Objectives Our objective was to assess compliance with these NCEP recommendations at a 432-bed, Midwestern, university-affiliated VA Medical Center. Methods We surveyed, within a year of their cholesterol measurement, 250 randomly selected men and women who had had their cholesterol checked by physician order between January 1993 and 1994. Survey results were validated against laboratory data. Results Approximately one third of the men and women said their cholesterol had not been checked, and about one half said they had not been told their test results. Only 59% knew their cholesterol status, and only 19% accurately recalled their cholesterol number. More than half did not remember receiving dietary advice. Female gender and more years of education were correlated with cholesterol awareness on both bivariable and multivariable analyses (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.00, 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 1.10, 3.67 and OR = 2.62, 95% CI = 1.43, 4.78, respectively). Respondents were more likely to accurately recall their cholesterol number if they remembered being told their test results or remembered receiving dietary advice (OR = 7.70, 95% CI = 2.04, 29.0 and OR = 2.65, 95% CI = 1.15, 6.07, respectively). Conclusions We conclude that compliance with the NCEP population-based guidelines is poor. Physicians should endeavor to improve patients’ awareness of their cholesterol status and be more diligent in prescribing dietary therapy.
Toward high performance radioisotope thermophotovoltaic systems using spectral control

Abstract This work describes RTPV-PhC-1, an initial prototype for a radioisotope thermophotovoltaic (RTPV) system using a two-dimensional photonic crystal emitter and low bandgap thermophotovoltaic (TPV) cell to realize spectral control. We validated a system simulation using the measurements of RTPV-PhC-1 and its comparison setup RTPV-FlatTa-1 with the same configuration except a polished tantalum emitter. The emitter of RTPV-PhC-1 powered by an electric heater providing energy equivalent to one plutonia fuel pellet reached 950 °C with 52 W of thermal input power and produced 208 mW output power from 1 cm2 TPV cell. We compared the system performance using a photonic crystal emitter to a polished flat tantalum emitter and found that spectral control with the photonic crystal was four times more efficient. Based on the simulation, with more cell areas, better TPV cells, and improved insulation design, the system powered by a fuel pellet equivalent heat source is expected to reach an efficiency of 7.8%.
Near-surface dispersion studies at Tonto Forest Seismological Observatory

abstract Four local seismic events digitally recorded on a crossed-linear array have been analyzed to evaluate the representation of wave propagation in inhomogeneous earth models in terms of “local” dispersion. The analysis techniques studied are based primarily on the correlation properties of the signals at various receivers. Frequency-wave-number spectra are computed for the events by various methods, and a comparison of the results indicates that the best method is a combination using averaged correlations computed from prewhitened data. The utility of computing dispersion curves from an estimation of the “transfer function” has been evaluated. The studies show the necessity of recording data directly “inline” in areas of rough topography between source and array if “local” dispersion is to be measured. Multichannel prediction studies indicate that the signals are highly nonstationary in space.
Teaching the Korean Folk Song (Arirang) Through Performing, Creating, and Responding:

This article introduces a pedagogical approach to teaching one of the renowned Korean folk songs (Arirang) based on the comprehensive musicianship approach and the 2014 Music Standards (competencie...
Autologous Chondrocytes and Next-Generation Matrix-Based Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation.

Focal chondral defects of the knee are common and can significantly impair quality of life. The autologous chondrocyte implantation technique has evolved over the past 20 years; the newest third-generation technique is matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation. Physical examination is important to characterize location and source of pain and identify associated injuries. Imaging studies allow characterization of the lesions, identification of associated lesions, and alignment. Conservative measures should be exhausted before proceeding with surgical treatment. Steps of surgical treatment are diagnostic arthroscopy and biopsy, chondrocyte culture, and chondrocyte implantation. The techniques and their outcomes are discussed in this article.
Choledochal cyst, polysplenia and situs ambiguous: A rare and new association

Abstract Introduction Situs ambiguous (SA) is a rare clinical entity that includes a spectrum of abnormalities in which organs and vessels are opposed to their normal arrangement. SA is frequently associated with other malformations such as splenic alterations, biliary atresia and vascular abnormalities. We report two cases of patients with SA, polysplenia and choledochal cyst. This association has never been described to date. Case reports Two patients, both males, came to our attention at the ages of 7 and 8 months after ultrasound identification of choledochal cysts. One patient, who had a prenatal suspicion of situs ambiguous and dextrocardia, presented with failure to thrive and increased hepatic enzymes. The other patient was asymptomatic, but prenatal evaluation showed gastric malposition. Post-natal laboratory tests were normal. Preoperative radiological diagnostic work-up showed polysplenia, intestinal anomaly of rotation and fixation, pre-duodenal portal vein in one baby. Both patients underwent surgical correction by cyst excision and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. Follow-up (3 months and 3.5 years respectively) was uneventful. Biochemical hepatic parameters normalized soon after surgery. Discussion Situs anomalies in children are often associated with other malformations. The most common are splenic and cardiac defects but intestinal malformations and hepatico-biliary abnormalities have been reported too. Above all, the BASM (biliary atresia splenic malformation) syndrome has been extensively examined, obtaining important information on the etiology of the cystic form of biliary atresia. Conclusions A careful evaluation of patients with situs ambiguous is important to exclude associated anomalies and to plan the most appropriate surgical approach. The association with choledochal cyst should be taken into account.