cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Theory about Logical Theories of “Expressions of the Form ‘The So and So’, Where ‘The’ is in the Singular”

In Meaning and Necessity, Carnap briefly and critically assessed the approaches to definite descriptions associated with the names of Frege, Russell and Hubert and Bernays.2 Ultimately he adopted a version of the Frege approach, now widely known as the chosen object method, in the development of his influential doctrine of meaning and modality. Since Carnap’s discussion, however, another approach to definite descriptions, called free description theory, has emerged. Moreover, Carnap did not concern himself with the question whether there exists a way of understanding the various approaches to definite descriptions such that they can be construed as different options to a common technical problem. Such a way exists in set theory where various approaches can be construed as different options to the paradoxical axiom of set abstraction in naive set theory. That is the task of this essay; to provide a way of understanding both the traditional and free logic approaches to the treatment of definite descriptions such that they all can be seen as different ways out of a common technical problem, a problem manifested in what will be called The Naive Theory of Definite Descriptions.
Biosynthesis of Vasopressin and Neurophysins

Vasopressin (VP) is a product of magnocellular neurons in the anterior hypothalamus, most of which have axons that terminate in the neural lobe. The VP gene is also probably expressed by neurons in other brain loci (Caffe and Van Leeuwen, 1983; Sofroniew, 1983; Caffe et al., 1985), and by cells outside the central nervous system (CNS) (Lim et al., 1984; Nussey et al., 1984), but it has yet to be established that VP itself is the final secreted product of this expression. In hypothalamic neurons, VP is translated as a preprohormone that loses an N-ter-minal signal peptide and undergoes final glycosylation in the Golgi apparatus to form a prohormone. This prohormone is packaged into neurosecretory vesicles (NSV); during transport within these vesicles to axonal terminals, it is acted on by intravesicular enzymes that generate the active nonapeptide amide, a 10,000-M r protein called neurophysin, and a 39-amino acid glycopeptide. All three products are released into the peripheral circulation and have been immunologically identified in plasma (North et al., 1983a; Groesbeck et al., 1983). The nomenclature preproVP and pro VP is used in this text to denote preprohormone and prohormone. Distinct neurons in the hypothalamus produce oxytocin (OX), a peptide that is chemically and structurally similar to VP. In fact, it is highly likely that the OX and the VP genes are derived from a common ancestral gene—that VP and OX neurons share a common ancestral neuron (Sawyer, 1977). Therefore, not surprisingly, OX was found to be first translated as a preprohormone (prepro-oxytocin); this converted to a prohormone (pro-oxytocin). Pro-oxytocin undergoes enzymatic modification in the NSV of OX neurons to form oxytocin and a neurophysin (NP). However, through what is currently believed to have arisen as a base deletion or a base insertion in the OX gene, pro-oxytocin does not contain a moiety that will become a glycopeptide (Ivell and Richter, 1984). Since the neu-rophysins produced with each hormone are distinct molecules, they have been named vasopressin-associated neurophysin (VP-NP) and oxytocin-associated neurophysin (OX-NP) (North et al., 1911a).
Health maintenance organizations : structure, performance, and current issues for employee health benefits design

After summarizing the origins and key principles of HMOs, including the current characteristics of the HMO industry, this article reviews the evidence of HMO performance in the areas of benefits design, utilization and cost effectiveness, quality of care and consumer satisfaction, and selection and overall employer satisfaction. Outstanding issues and concerns, from the perspective of employee health benefits design, include issues such as assuring a fair price for HMO benefits, employer contribution methods, HMO diversification, and cost escalation and the search for value. Results of research studies have been generally positive about HMO performance on benefits, cost effectiveness, quality, and consumer satisfaction, and more mixed on employer satisfaction. As employers address concerns, some changes are likely in the methods used to integrate HMOs into a health benefits strategy. Because the issues involved in these changes are numerous and complex, careful consideration and design are desirable to assure that the net impact of any change is positive and consistent with overall goals.
Random Occupancy Patterns

The introduction of the depth cameras has opened up a new way for spatio-temporal pattern classification by providing the depth map of a scene, but the unique characteristics of the depth maps also calls for novel spatio-temporal representations. The depth maps do not have as much texture as the conventional RGB images do, and they are much more noisy. When the depth maps are captured from just a single view, occlusion is another serious problem. In order to deal with these issues, we develop a semi-local feature called random occupancy pattern (ROP), which employs a novel progressive rejection sampling scheme to effectively explore an extremely large sampling space. We also utilize a sparse coding approach to robustly encode these features. The proposed approach does not require careful parameter tuning. Its training is very fast due to the use of the high-dimensional integral image and the efficient sampling scheme, and it is robust to the occlusions. Our technique is evaluated on three datasets captured by commodity depth cameras: an action dataset and a hand gesture dataset. Our classification results are comparable or superior to those obtained by the state-of-the-art approaches on all two datasets. The experiments also demonstrate the robustness of the proposed method to noises and occlusions.
SULFONYLUREAS: NEW HIGH POTENCY HERBICIDES

Abstract The sulfonylureas are new herbicides which exhibit both preemergence and postemergence activity at extraordinarily low rates of application. Two of these compounds are being commercialized by DuPont. Glean™ weed killer controls most broadleaf weeds and some grasses in wheat at 5-35 g a.i./ha. The active ingredient in this product is chlorsulfuron, formerly DPX-W4189. Oust™ weed killer is a potent herbicide, especially useful for control of seedling and rhizome johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) at rates of 210-835 g a.i./ha with safety to Bermudagrass. The active component of this product is sulfometuron methyl (Note a), formerly DPX-T5648. The discovery, mode of action, and empirical structure-activity relationships of these new herbicides will be reviewed.
Analysis of Heat Transfer and Temperature Distributions in Tissues during Local and Whole-Body Hyperthermia

Heat in various forms has been exploited by mankind for therapeutic purposes since ancient times. The Egyptians (~3000 b.c.) were the first to use cautery against tumors and various nonmalignant diseases(1). The Hindus (~2000 b.c.) used cautery to control surface lesions during the Aryan civilization.(2) The importance of therapeutic application of heat in the Greek civilization is reflected in the preceding aphorism attributed to Hippocrates (460–357 b.c.). He recommended cautery (with a red-hot iron) for small tumors and many other diseases(3–5) The application of cautery using heated metals or lenses remained popular among the medical community until the middle of the nineteenth century, when more sophisticated methods for elevating local tissue temperatures became available (e.g., diathermy and ultrasound).
Manual for Developing Intercultural Competencies: Story Circles

This book presents a structured yet flexible methodology for developing intercultural competence in a variety of contexts, both formal and informal. Piloted around the world by UNESCO, this methodology has proven to be effective in a range of different contexts and focused on a variety of different issues. It, therefore can be considered an important resource for anyone concerned with effectively managing the growing cultural diversity within our societies to ensure inclusive and sustainable development. Intercultural competence refers to the skills, attitudes, and behaviours needed to improve interactions across difference, whether within a society (differences due to age, gender, religion, socio-economic status, political affiliation, ethnicity, and so on) or across borders. The book serves as a tool to develop those competences, presenting an innovative adaptation of what could be considered an ancient tradition of storytelling found in many cultures. Through engaging in the methodology, participants develop key elements of intercultural competence, including greater self-awareness, openness, respect, reflexivity, empathy, increased awareness of others, and in the end, greater cultural humility. This book will be of great interest to intercultural trainers, policy makers, development practitioners, educators, community organizers, civil society leaders, university lecturers and students – all who are interested in developing intercultural competence as a means to understand and appreciate difference, develop relationships with those across difference, engage in intercultural dialogue, and bridge societal divides. The Open Access version of this book, available at https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429244612, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.
Pancreatobiliary Versus Head and Neck Manifestations in Immunoglobulin G4-related Disease: Distinct Subsets of the Same Disease?

OBJECTIVES We compared the clinical profiles and organ manifestations of the commonly encountered immunoglobulin G4-related diseases (IgG4-RDs) on either side of the diaphragm: head and neck (HN) versus pancreatobiliary (PB) in IgG4-RD. METHODS From the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, database, we identified 53 HN and 88 PB IgG4-RD based on the first affected organ manifestation. RESULTS Compared with HN IgG4-RD, subjects with PB IgG4-RD were likely to be older (median, 64.8 vs 50.2 years; P < 0.0001), male (83% vs 60.4%; P = 0.003), and with a shorter duration of follow-up (24.4 vs 48.7 months; P < 0.0001). In HN versus PB-IgG4-RD orbital, lacrimal gland, submandibular, parotid gland, asthma, and sinusitis manifestations were more common (77% vs 4.5%, 21% vs 0%, 32% vs 8%, 13% vs 0%, 36% vs 9%, and 51% vs 6.8%; P < 0.0001, respectively), whereas lung manifestations were similar (13.2% vs 5.6%; P = 0.12). In contrast, in PB versus HN IgG4-RD, pancreas and biliary were more frequent (98.8% vs 15%, 56.8% vs 3.7%; P < 0.0001), whereas renal lesions were similar (12.5% vs 7.5%; P = 0.36). CONCLUSION Pancreatobiliary and HN IgG4-RD have distinct clinical profiles. Proximity matters in other organ involvement in IgG4-RD, and organs involved tend to cluster close to each.
Knowledge Translation Strategies Across the Academic-Practitioner Boundary: A Balancing Act

Drawing on archival documents and semi-structured interviews collected from a practitioner-oriented magazine, this paper examines the strategies that underlie how scholarly knowledge, as carried in...
“Everybody is an Artist”: Arts‐based Education and Formerly Incarcerated Young Black Men's Academic and Social–Emotional Development in an Alternative School

Although arts-based programming is shown to positively influence the development of youth exposed to adversity, little is known about the influence these programs have on formerly incarcerated emerging adult Black men enrolled in an alternative school. With educational resilience as a guiding framework, this qualitative case study explored the ways in which an arts-based program in the context of an alternative school designed for formerly incarcerated young people facilitates emerging adult Black men's academic and social-emotional development. Data collection consisted of observations and interviews with school personnel and formerly incarcerated Black male students. Analysis and interpretation included a range of inductive techniques (coding, constant comparisons, and memoing). Results indicate that offering arts-based activities fostered an environment where students could build caring and supportive relationships with peers and school personnel. Instructional practices that integrated music and poetry provided meaningful opportunities for the young men to participate, which appeared to enhance their motivation and attitudes (self, others, learning, and school) and academic self-efficacy, and lessen their psychological and emotional distress. Study findings provide insights into how an arts-based program in an alternative school can improve healthy development and academic achievement among formerly incarcerated young Black men transitioning into adulthood.
Nonlinear Function Estimation with Empirical Bayes and Approximate Message Passing

Nonlinear function estimation is core to modern machine learning applications. In this paper, to perform nonlinear function estimation, we reduce a nonlinear inverse problem to a linear one using a polynomial kernel expansion. These kernels increase the feature set, and may result in poorly conditioned matrices. Nonetheless, we show several examples where the matrix in our linear inverse problem contains only mild linear correlations among columns. The coefficients vector is modeled within a Bayesian setting for which approximate message passing (AMP), an algorithmic framework for signal reconstruction, offers Bayes-optimal signal reconstruction quality. While the Bayesian setting limits the scope of our work, it is a first step toward estimation of real world nonlinear functions. The coefficients vector is estimated using two AMP-based approaches, a Bayesian one and empirical Bayes. Numerical results confirm that our AMP-based approaches learn the function better than LASSO, offering markedly lower error in predicting test data.
Intergenerational Transmission of Frontal Alpha Asymmetry Among Mother-Infant Dyads.

Abstract Background Frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) is a well-established neurobiological indicator of depression risk. Reduced FAA relates to current and remitted depression in adults and is seen in offspring of mothers with depression as young as 3 months of age, suggesting a potentially transmittable mechanism of depression risk. It is unclear, however, whether direct familial associations exist for FAA. To address this gap, we evaluated the intergenerational transmission of FAA in a nonclinical cohort of mother–infant dyads. Methods Mothers and their 12-month-old infants (n = 34 dyads) completed parallel resting-state tasks while electroencephalography was recorded. We measured FAA across a range of putative frequency bands and calculated its reliability in mothers and infants. Finally, we evaluated the heritability of FAA based on the parent–offspring correlation. Results Mother and infant FAA convergence was strongest in the high alpha range for mothers (11–13 Hz) and broad alpha range for infants (6–9 Hz). Mother high FAA exhibited excellent split-half reliability (rSB = .99) and internal consistency after 80 seconds (α = .90); infant FAA exhibited good split-half reliability (rSB = .81) and fair internal consistency after 70 seconds (α = .74). Mother–infant FAA were moderately correlated (r = .41), which indicates narrow-sense heritability of up to 82%. Conclusions FAA can be assessed reliably and relatively quickly in both adults and infants. There is a robust association of FAA between mothers and their infants, supporting intergenerational transmission. This finding is consistent with the possibility that reduced FAA may directly confer depression risk at the individual-family level.
Association of chronotype and pain at baseline in ovarian cancer survivors participating in a lifestyle intervention (NRG/GOG 0225).

6018Background: Chronotype is defined as an individual’s propensity to sleep at a specific time in a 24-hour cycle with late chronotype associated with poorer health outcomes including cancer. Chro...
Tryptophan Synthase: Biocatalyst Extraordinaire

Tryptophan synthase (TrpS) has emerged as a paragon of noncanonical amino acid (ncAA) synthesis and is an ideal biocatalyst for synthetic and biological applications. TrpS catalyzes an irreversible, C-C bond-forming reaction between indole and serine to make l-tryptophan; native TrpS complexes possess fairly broad specificity for indole analogues, but are difficult to engineer to extend substrate scope or to confer other useful properties due to allosteric constraints and their heterodimeric structure. Directed evolution freed the catalytically relevant TrpS β-subunit (TrpB) from allosteric regulation by its TrpA partner and has enabled dramatic expansion of the enzyme's substrate scope. This review examines the long and storied career of TrpS from the perspective of its application in ncAA synthesis and biocatalytic cascades.
Sunlight-driven atmospheric water capture capacity is enhanced by nano-enabled photothermal desiccants

Atmospheric water capture (AWC) is an alternative method of localized water production whereby water vapor is removed from air to produce drinking water. The most advantageous AWC applications are for developing solar energy driven, off-grid water sources. Solid phase silica gel (SiO2) desiccant materials can adsorb and concentrate water vapor in many relative humidity (RH) (20–100%) and temperature (20–40 °C) conditions. Generating sufficient solar thermal heat to release all of the sorbed water vapor from the desiccant bed can take many hours of sunlight, which limits the AWC system to just one adsorption–desorption–condensation cycle per day. In this work, we applied solar-light active photothermal nanomaterials (gold cubes and rods, carbon black) on SiO2 desiccant surfaces with the aim of providing localized heat sources, thereby rapidly increasing desiccant surface temperature, improving kinetics and totality of water vapor desorption, and allowing additional AWC cycles per day. Desiccants were tested for adsorption at 40%, 60%, and 80% RH and desorption under 1-Sun simulated solar irradiation. In the optimal use-case scenario, 5 wt% carbon black coated SiO2 could cycle through >10 adsorption–desorption phases per day to produce 0.47 g H2O per g desiccant/12 hours (2 L m−2) at 40% RH. By innovating material and AWC system design to operate over multiple atmospheric water harvesting cycles per day, we showed that nano-enabled photothermal desiccants can be applied in semi-arid climates to produce 10-fold more water than one standard cycle using a bare SiO2 desiccant.
Fluorescence lifetime measurements with simple correction for instrument temporal response in the advanced undergraduate laboratory

Observation of time-dependent luminescence from excited states with a wide range of lifetimes allows students to explore the connection between selection rules and transition rates. It is fairly simple to measure microsecond and longer lifetimes with equipment common to undergraduate programs, because the instrument response time of even modest bandwidth systems is insignificant on microsecond and longer time scales. The measurement of nanosecond lifetimes, however, is more challenging, because the instrument response time is comparable to the lifetimes being measured. In this case, the instrument temporal response must be deconvolved from the observed luminescence signals in order to extract the actual excited state lifetime. We describe a method for measuring nanosecond fluorescence lifetimes in the advanced undergraduate laboratory that uses real-time analog luminescence signals instead of traditional photon counting techniques. The detection electronics of this method are fairly simple, consisting of an oscilloscope monitoring the time-dependent output of an inexpensive silicon photomultiplier. We introduce a simple and transparent method for students to characterize the instrument response and deconvolve it from the observed luminescence signals, yielding measured nanosecond fluorescence lifetimes in good agreement with the corresponding literature values obtained by time-correlated single photon counting. The limitations of silicon photomultipliers for this method of measuring nanosecond lifetimes are discussed in detail. Application of this treatment to decay processes that are not single exponential is also discussed.
Polymeric Nanovectors Incorporated with Ganciclovir and HSV-tk Encoding Plasmid for Gene-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy.

In the area of gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT), using herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) paired with prodrug ganciclovir (GCV) for cancer treatment has been extensively studied. It is a process involved with two steps whereby the gene (HSV-tk) is first delivered to malignant cells. Afterward, non-toxic GCV is administered to that site and activated to cytotoxic ganciclovir triphosphate by HSV-tk enzyme expressed exogenously. In this study, we presented a one-step approach that both gene and prodrug were delivered at the same time by incorporating them with polymeric micellar nanovectors. GCV was employed as an initiator in the ring-opening polymerization of e-caprolactone (e-CL) to synthesize hydrophobic GCV-poly(caprolactone) (GCV-PCL), which was furthered grafted with hydrophilic chitosan to obtain amphiphilic polymer (GCV-PCL-chitosan) for the fabrication of self-assembled micellar nanoparticles. The synthesized amphiphilic polymer was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance. Micellar prodrug nanoparticles were analyzed by dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, critical micelle concentration, and transmission electron microscopy. Polymeric prodrug micelles with optimal features incorporated with HSV-tk encoding plasmids were cultivated with HT29 colorectal cancer cells and anticancer effectiveness was determined. Our results showed that prodrug GCV and HSV-tk cDNA encoded plasmid incorporated in GCV-PCL-chitosan polymeric nanocarriers could be delivered in a one-step manner to HT-29 cells and triggered high cytotoxicity.
Biaxially-Stretchable Kirigami-Patterned Mesh Structures for Motion Artifact-Free Wearable Devices

We report a kirigami patterned island-bridge mesh structure as a platform for motion artifact-free wearable sensors. Using finite element analysis (FEA) simulation, we demonstrate that $2\times 2,3\times 3$ , and $4\times 4$ kirigami-patterned mesh structures can be stretched beyond 100% owing to the out-of-plane bending deformation of kirigami-patterned bridges. In addition, we show that local strain in the islands is predicted to be maintained below 0.1% under biaxial strain of 100% regardless of the mesh size.
Polysubstance use in inflammatory bowel disease.

Aims Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk of substance use. Research on drug consumption in patients with IBD has primarily focused on use of individual substances. Little is known about polysubstance use (concurrent use of two or more drugs/substances of abuse) (PSU) in this context. We evaluated the incidence, predisposing factors and impacts of PSU in IBD. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis using data from a single tertiary care referral center between 1/1/2015-8/31/2019. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and antidepressant or anxiolytic medication were abstracted. Associations between PSU, demographic and clinical characteristics were analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression models were fit incorporating significant clinical factors. Results 315 consecutively enrolled IBD patients (166 females, 149 males; 214 CD and 101 UC) were included. Sixty-six patients (21.0%) exhibited PSU (CD=21.8%, UC=19.8%). Of these patients, 40.9% had moderate to severe disease activity, 47.0% had extra-intestinal manifestations (EIMs), 36.4% demonstrated an anxious+/-depressed state, and 75.8% used healthcare resources (HRU) in the prior 12 months. 71.2% used two substances (alcohol+opioid=19.1%) while 27.3% used three substances (benzodiazepine+opioid+tobacco=22.2%). In the total cohort, EIMs (1.97; 1.14-3.34, p Conclusions PSU is common in IBD. EIMs and antidepressant/anxiolytic use were independently associated with PSU. PSU was associated with increased imaging. This study reinforces the importance of substance use screening in IBD, particularly among those with EIMs and antidepressant or anxiolytic use. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The Effect of Bankruptcy Law on Roman Credit Markets

Given the importance of lending to economies both ancient and modern, and given the widely acknowledged relevance of creditor and debtor protections for nurturing a vibrant and productive credit market, a large critical literature has developed exploring the intersection of law and lending. However, little work has been done analyzing the role of default law in historical credit markets, particularly those in the ancient world. This article attempts to remedy that gap by considering the interaction between Imperial Rome’s famously pro-debtor default laws and its idiosyncratic credit practices. By constructing a hypothetical model derived from economic analysis of foreign and domestic credit markets and comparing that model’s predictions to literary, historical, and documentary evidence of late Republican and early Imperial lending behavior, this article demonstrates the applicability of a law-and-economics analysis to the Roman world and provides a historical study into the dangers of excessive debtor protection without highly sophisticated risk-sorting procedures on the part of creditors.
Effects of Pentoxifylline on Recovery from Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury

White blood cells (WBCs) have been postulated to contribute to postischemic damage in a number of tissues including the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle [11]. Results from our laboratory [29] provided evidence that leukocytes are also involved in cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury. In this investigation a comparison was made of the alteration of cortical electrical activity following transient, incomplete cerebral ischemia between control and leukopenic rats by monitoring somatosensory evoked potentials and EEG activity. Animals that were rendered leukopenic had better preservation of somatosensory evoked potentials both during ischemia and following reperfusion (Figs. 1–3). These results are consistent with the results of similar studies from other laboratories [2, 5].
The Development and Evaluation of Protective Apparel for Pesticide Applicators

Publisher Summary The relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, observability, and trialability attributes of a proposed garment of functional design were determined by a researcher mostly on the basis of an examination of protective clothing available on the market, the opinions of local users gained through unstructured, informal interviews on protective clothing and safety, and knowledge of the exposure that occurs in the processes of pesticide application. The relative advantage attribute of the proposed garment, or the degree to which it is perceived as better than the protective clothing it supersedes, was determined to be that it would be more comfortable than the protective clothing available presently. The compatibility attribute of the proposed innovation, or the degree to which it is perceived as consistent with the needs of the users, was determined to be that of meeting the need of the pesticide users to be covered and protected from the potential dangers of the chemicals with which they deal. The complexity attribute of the proposed garment, or the degree t o which the innovation is perceived as relatively difficult to understand, was determined to be the understanding that clothing can be contaminated by toxic substances and the understanding that protective clothing can be comfortable.
Laser capture microdissection-generated target sample for high-density oligonucleotide array hybridization

Current advances in biomolecular technology allow precise genetic fingerprinting of specific cells responsible for the pathogenesis of human diseases. This study demonstrates the feasibility of generating target samples from laser capture microdissection (LCM) tissues suitable for hybridization of high-density oligonucleotide arrays for gene expression profiling. RNA was successfully isolated by LCM from three paired specimens of oral cancer and linearly amplified using T7 RNA polymerase. Evaluation of the cDNA revealed that five of five cellular maintenance transcripts are detected. Biotinylated cRNA was generated and hybridized to the human Test 1 GeneChip probe arrays, which demonstrated that the RNA is of sufficient quality and integrity to warrant further analysis. Subsequent hybridization of the samples to the HuGenFL GeneChip probe arrays revealed that 26.5%-33.0% of the approximately 7000 represented genes are expressed in each of the six samples. These results demonstrate that LCM-generated tissues can generate sufficient quality cRNA for high-density oligonucleotide microarray analysis, an important step in determining comprehensive gene expression profiling using this high-throughput technology.
Internal Databases for Marketing Research

Direct marketing and database marketing involve the use of customer-level data on buying behavior to target and communicate to individual consumers. Database analysis provides specific measurement of the financial value of customers to a firm and the responsiveness of individual consumers to direct communications. A major advantage of customer databases is they allow for precise specification of market segments compared to the more limited information used in segmentation with demographic or survey data. Direct marketing features an array of direct media technologies that allow for one-to-one communications. With the ongoing digitization of media, the direct approach and database marketing approach are becoming more central to the practice of marketing. Digital, interactive media facilitate addressable marketing communications that are precise and measurable. The ability to communicate with individual consumers through direct media will revolutionize the way marketing is practiced and advance the field to a more rigorous level. Keywords: direct marketing; database marketing; market segmentation; customer value; media; measurement
Design and Implementation of a Service-Learning Course and Project: The File of Life

This article details a service learning course within a pharmacy curriculum. For the service learning project, pharmacy students in their first professional year assisted community members with completion of File of Life medical information cards at various locations in Southern Illinois. Students reached over 750 community members. This project increased students’ level of confidence in delivering health-related programs and also encouraged them to participate in community service in the future. Based on feedback, the experience was beneficial.
Strange Bedfellows? - Voluntary CSR Disclosure and Politics

We show a reliable association between voluntary CSR disclosure and company political interests, which we proxy by company employees’ contributions to political action committees and statewide voting in presidential elections. This relation is most pronounced for the contributions of Democratic employees at companies in states that vote for the Democratic presidential candidate. We also show a positive association between corporate political contributions and excess stock returns. A portfolio strategy of investing based on company size, CSR disclosure intensity, and corporate political contributions produces a significant positive mean excess stock return of 4.5 percent over three months following CSR disclosure.
Oxygen stoichiometry, crystal structure, and magnetism of La0.5Sr0.5CoO3−δ

We have prepared a series of polycrystalline samples La0.5Sr0.5CoO3−δ with and characterized their oxygen content, crystal structure, and magnetic properties. While the fully oxygenated samples are good ferromagnets, samples with larger δ values display increasingly broad magnetic transitions. The saturation magnetization at 5 K falls rapidly as δ increases. First-principles electronic structure calculations provide insights into the magnetic behaviour of the fully oxygenated compound, and the manner in which ferromagnetic ordering is affected by increasing oxygen non-stoichiometry.
Analytic Expression for the Joint x and Q 2 Dependences of the Deep-Inelastic Structure Functions

We obtain a good analytic fit to the joint Bjorken-x and Q{sup 2} dependences of ZEUS data on the deep-inelastic structure function F{sub 2}{sup p}(x,Q{sup 2}). At fixed virtuality Q{sup 2}, as we showed previously, our expression is an expansion in powers of ln(1/x) that satisfies the Froissart bound. Here we show that for each x, the Q{sup 2} dependence of the data is well described by an expansion in powers of lnQ{sup 2}. The resulting analytic expression allows us to predict the logarithmic derivatives ({partial_derivative}{sup n}F{sub 2}{sup p}/({partial_derivative}lnQ{sup 2}){sup n}){sub x} for n=1,2 and to compare the results successfully with other data. We extrapolate the proton structure function F{sub 2}{sup p}(x,Q{sup 2}) to the very large Q{sup 2} and the very small x regions that are inaccessible to present-day experiments and contrast our expectations with those of conventional global fits of parton distribution functions.
The INK4 family of CDK inhibitors

Decisions concerning the fate of a cell are intimately linked to the proliferative state of that cell. Proliferation of certain cell populations is required to maintain or repair tissues in an aging organism. However, this proliferation must be tightly regulated. Failure to control proliferation may interfere with differentiation, causing a cell to fail to achieve its fully determined state. Potentially more severe consequences could also ensue from uncontrolled cell division. When this is accompanied by a failure of programmed cell death, a cancerous tumor can result.
Recalibration of Luminosity-HI Linewidth Relations and H_0

A recalibration of the luminosity-linewidth technique is discussed which introduces (i) new cluster calibration data, (ii) new corrections for reddening as a function of inclination, and (iii) a new zero-point calibration using 13 galaxies with distances determined via the cepheid period-luminosity method. It is found that H_0= 82 +/- 16 km/s/Mpc (95% confidence)
Sister-chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes exposed during G0 to four classes of DNA-damaging chemicals

Abstract Human lymphocytes were treated prior to mitogenic stimulation with varying concentrations of 6 cytostatic drugs representing 4 classes of DNA-damaging chemicals. Afterwards the cells were washed to remove residual chemical and cultured in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine for analysis of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs). A dose-related increase in SCEs was observed in cells exposed during G 0 to the alkylating chemicals mitomycin C, chlorambucil, and thiotepa, while significant increases in SCEs were not noted in cultures exposed to methotrexate, cytarabine, or bleomycin. These findings suggest that not all classes of clastogenic chemicals which induce SCEs in proliferative cells substituted with BUdR are capable of inducing long-lived lesions in the DNA of G 0 lymphocytes that can lead to SCE formation.
The Social Architect and the Myopic Mason: The Spatial Politics of the Muséum d'Histoire naturelle in Nineteenth-Century Paris

ArgumentDuring the first half of the nineteenth century, the Museum d'Histoire naturelle was both workplace and home to functionalist Georges Cuvier and morphologist Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, whose doctrinal differences became enmeshed with political dialogues regarding social reform. Surprisingly, the public not only viewed the arrangement of the collections in terms of the social platforms they were understood to be supporting, but critiqued the Museum's buildings as expressions of their anatomical dispute. The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 pushed these critiques forward, suggesting to some observers that true reform of the natural sciences would begin by reforming the Museum's architectural program, thereby placing the goals of Comparative Anatomy in correct relationship to human progress.
Network path optimization under dynamic conditions

Most network optimization problems are studied under a static scenario in which connectivity of the network and weights associated with the links of the networks are assumed to be fixed. However, in practice, they are likely to change with time and if the network is to be used over time under dynamic conditions, they need to be re-optimized as soon as there is a change. Since optimization process requires some finite time, there is a need for a efficient dynamic optimization strategy for solving such problems. In this study, we extend a previously proposed “Frozen-time” algorithm to network optimization by which new and optimized networks can be obtained in a computationally fast manner. We propose three different variations of the optimization strategies and show proof-of-principle simulation results on a 20-node network having 190 different source-destination paths. The results are interesting and suggest a viable further research.
Prognostic implications of an undetectable ultrasensitive prostate-specific antigen level after radical prostatectomy.

Background The prognostic meaning of an undetectable ultrasensitive prostate-specific antigen (USPSA) level after prostatectomy remains unclear.
Object Oriented Programming in LabVIEW for Acquisition and Control Systems at the Aerodynamics Laboratory of the National Research Council of Canada

LabVIEW has become a popular environment to develop data acquisition and control systems in aerospace simulation facilities such as those found at the aerodynamics laboratory of the National Research Council of Canada. These programs are usually developed as structured programs but with time evolve into ad hoc programs. object oriented programming (OOP) is a well established technique that has many advantages over these traditional approaches but applying OOP in LabVIEW-graphical object oriented programming (GOOP) -presents some unique challenges. However, the advantages make the effort worthwhile. The aerodynamics laboratory is undertaking a redesign and rebuild of its data acquisition and control systems in all its facilities. The new systems are required to have greater commonality, portability, flexibility, reliability, expandability and maintainability designed and built in from the start. One key to these improvements is modularity. Another is a common set of standards, policies and approach applied throughout the Laboratory. Envisioned is a system made up of subsystems with common interfaces and running common code where possible. The system should be able to be reconfigured and expanded by rearranging and adding subsystems. To some, all these requirements nicely match the properties of GOOP. A complete design in unified modeling language (UML) was done for such systems and applied to the acquisition and control system for the 0.9 m times 0.9 m pilot wind tunnel, the 5m vertical wind tunnel and to the icing spray system for the 3 m times 6 m open-circuit propulsion and icing wind tunnel to demonstrate the validity of the approach. However, the LabVIEW environment continues to evolve. LabVIEW 8.2 now incorporates GOOP as a native environment. While the new implementation offers many advantages and added functionality such as inheritance and an improved class structure, it breaks continuity with GOOP of the past thus some rethinking and redesign are required to keep up with the changes.
The Interaction of Acanthamoeba spp. with Activated Macrophages and with Macrophage Cell Lines

Acanthamoeba spp. are free-living amebae associated with amebic keratitis and chronic granulomatous amebic encephalitis. The present studies were undertaken to compare the pathogenicity of three species of Acanthamoeba in B6C3F1 mice after intranasal challenge with Acanthamoeba-induced cytopathogenicity for different macrophage populations. The ability of murine macrophage cell lines and activated murine peritoneal macrophages to lyse Acanthamoeba has been assessed by coincubating macrophages with 3H-uridine labeled amebae. Conversely, destruction of macrophages by Acanthamoeba was determined by measuring the release of chromium-51 from radiolabeled macrophages. Acanthamoeba culbertsoni, which is highly pathogenic for mice, destroys macrophage cultures in vitro. Activated primary peritoneal macrophages were more resistant to Acanthamoeba-mediated destruction than macrophage cell lines activated in vitro. Activated macrophages were capable of limited destruction of Acanthamoeba polyphaga and Acanthamoeba castellanii. Acanthamoeba-specific antibodies increased the amebicidal activity of activated macrophages. Macrophage-mediated destruction was by contact-dependent cytolysis and by ingestion of amebae. Conditioned medium obtained from macrophage cultures after treatment with lipopolysaccharide and interferon gamma was neither cytolytic nor cytostatic for Acanthamoeba spp. Purified recombinant cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 alpha, and interleukin 1 beta, alone or in combination, were not cytolytic for Acanthamoeba trophozoites.
OXYBUTYNIN DECREASES RENAL PELVIC PRESSURES IN NORMAL AND INFECTED RAT URINARY TRACT

Since abnormally elevated renal pelvic pressures may contribute to renal damage, we examined whether an anticholinergic agent could decrease elevated renal pelvic pressures. We have previously demonstrated in a rat model that renal pelvic pressures rise physiologically during normal bladder filling and high urinary flows; these pressures rise to abnormal levels during acute urinary tract infection (UTI). In these studies we investigated the effects of oxybutynin on the in vivo rat urinary tract. Simultaneous bladder and renal pelvic pressures were measured with and without oxybutynin at low ( 20) urinary flows while the rat bladder filled and emptied spontaneously. Although minimal differences were found between bladder filling pressures with and without oxybutynin, at higher urinary flows the renal pelvic pressure in oxybutynin treated rats was significantly lower than in nontreated animals. Indeed, when rats with urinary tract infection were treated with oxybutynin, their renal pelvic pressures were lower than those in uninfected rats. We conclude that oxybutynin affects rat upper urinary collecting system pressures, and is capable of decreasing abnormally elevated renal pelvic pressures due to urinary tract infection to normal or subnormal levels.
Fabrication of passively aligned micro-optics using focused ion beam

Integration of micro-optical elements presents numerous challenges to the optical engineer in both fabrication and integration schemes. Therefore, prototyping integrated micro-optics is somewhat prohibitive due to cost and complexity. In this paper, we present a novel technique based on a subtractive milling process for Focused Ion Beam (FIB) milling of micro-optics into semiconductor devices. Results are presented for an integrated micro-lens in a silicon v-groove turning mirror for a passively aligned optical element.
The Home and Personal Hygiene Scale: Development and Initial Psychometric Properties of a Brief Scale for Rating Functioning in Severe Mental Illness

Clinicians who work with severely mentally ill (SMI) or cognitively impaired older adults often have need of a quick way to assess patient functioning. We describe a short rating scale (9 items) fo...
The burrows of the miocene beaver palaeocastor, Western Nebraska, U.S.A

Abstract Daimonelix is a name given to terrestrial lebensspuren of the late Oligocene—early Miocene beaver genus Palaeocastor, and is not a plant or fresh-water sponge as was originally believed by Barbour. Palaeocastor belongs to a lineage of castorids always found in upland habitat, never near evidence of ponded water. Daimonelices are found in high concentrations in the Harrison Formation of western Nebraska and eastern Wyoming, which represents a semiarid, upland paleoenvironment of sandy substrate. Assignment of a large sample of contemporaneous Daimonelix to the species P. fossor is based on a series of incisor width measurements and on mean shaft diameters. The remarkable preservation of daimonelices, which permits detailed analysis of events in beaver burrow construction, is shown to be due to rapid silicification of plant roots invading the burrows. Some aspects of Palaeocastor ecology and ethology are also clarified. The spatial distribution of Daimonelix consists of scattered towns of high burrow density. One such colony is shown in a detailed paleogeographic map. Criteria for time equivalency of such burrow aggregations are established. The entoptychine gopher Gregorymys, the carnivore Zodiolestes, and the larger beaver P. magnus are also shown to be occasional inhabitants of Palaeocastor fossor colonies.
Mitral valve operation via an extended transseptal approach

Abstract The extended transseptal approach to the mitral valve has been used for 71 consecutive procedures. Four patients died; none had complications directly attributable to the exposure. Twenty underwent a primary reparative procedure; 30, a primary replacement procedure; and 21 a repeat procedure. Despite division of the sinus node artery, 26 of 32 patients with sinus rhythm preoperatively had sinus rhythm postoperatively; 4 had atrial fibrillation postoperatively. Twenty-seven of 37 patients with atrial fibrillation preoperaiively had atrial fibrillation postoperatively; 8 had sinus rhythm postoperatively. Because the exposure provided by this extended transseptal approach is superior to that of standard approaches, we now use it routinely for mitral valve operations.
Substrate-dependent millisecond domain motions in DNA polymerase β.

Abstract DNA polymerase β (Pol β) is a 39-kDa enzyme that performs the vital cellular function of repairing damaged DNA. Mutations in Pol β have been linked to various cancers, and these mutations are further correlated with altered Pol β enzymatic activity. The fidelity of correct nucleotide incorporation into damaged DNA is essential for Pol β repair function, and several studies have implicated conformational changes in Pol β as a determinant of this repair fidelity. In this work, the rate constants for domain motions in Pol β have been determined by solution NMR relaxation dispersion for the apo and substrate-bound, binary forms of Pol β. In apo Pol β, molecular motions, primarily isolated to the DNA lyase domain, are observed to occur at 1400 s − 1 . Additional analysis suggests that these motions allow apo Pol β to sample a conformation similar to the gapped DNA-substrate-bound form. Upon binding DNA, these lyase domain motions are significantly quenched, whereas evidence for conformational motions in the polymerase domain becomes apparent. These NMR studies suggest an alteration in the dynamic landscape of Pol β due to substrate binding. Moreover, a number of the flexible residues identified in this work are also the location of residues, which upon mutation lead to cancer phenotypes in vivo , which may be due to the intimate role of protein motions in Pol β fidelity.