cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Positive Organizational Ethics: Cultivating and Sustaining Moral Performance

We present this special issue on positive organizational ethics (POE) to highlight those pursuing positive subjective experiences, positive attributes of individuals and groups, and positive practices that contribute to ethical and virtuous behavior in organizations. Although prior research has offered some insight in this area, there is still much to be learned about how to cultivate and sustain ethical strength in different types of organizations and how goodness can emerge from and in spite of human failings. After describing the positive movement, we position POE as a discrete area of inquiry within the broader positive behavioral sciences, at the intersection of positive behavioral studies and business ethics. After defining our terms and purpose for creating the POE domain, we introduce the articles in this special issue. The introduction concludes with suggested topics for future research.
Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Successful Treatment Using Carbon Dioxide Laser Excision and Marsupialization

RESULTS One hundred eighty-five areas were treated in 61 patients using the CO2 laser excision and marsupialization technique in 154 sessions. Local anesthesia was used for all but three sessions. Healing occurred primarily through secondary intention. In follow-up from 1 to 19 years, acceptable to excellent qualities of healing occurred. Recurrence within the treated area occurred in two of 185 sites treated. CONCLUSION CO2 laser excision and marsupialization appears to be an effective therapy for management of persisent or late-stage HS. There was good patient comfort during and after treatment, lower costs than with inpatient modalities, good healing, and minimal risk of recurrence within the treated areas. The authors have indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters.
Automation vs. Human intervention: What is the best fit for the best performance?

In today's complex industrial processes, automated control systems are a necessity. However, is complete automation the answer? Whereas control system automation provides predictable, consistent performance, it is lacking in human judgment, adaptability, and logic. Although humans provide these, we are unpredictable, inconsistent, and subject to emotions and motivation. To maximize system performance, should we automate humans out of the system? … or … Do we maximize human input and lose efficient, consistent, error-free system performance? The answer is likely somewhere in the middle of these two extremes and different for each system and situation. This paper provides a review of the existing literature covering control schemes and parameters that determine system performance. It attempts to help answer the questions “How can we minimize human error while still maximizing system performance?” and “What is the right human–machine mix?” © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2005
Potato leafroll virus spread in relation to densities of green peach aphid (Homoptera : Aphididae) : implications for management thresholds for Minnesota seed potatoes

Tolerances for potato leafroll virus in potato, Solanum tuberosum L., seed are low in Minnesota, necessitating intensive insecticide use to control the vector, green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). We sought to determine the relation between low green peach aphid densities and potato leafroll spread, and to learn if insecticide use in seed potatoes could be reduced using green peach aphid apterae action thresholds. Plots containing leafroll infected plants were sprayed with methamidophos on thresholds of 0, 10, 30, and 100 apterae per 100 leaves in 1987 and 0, 3, 10, and 30 per 100 leaves in 1988. Percent potato leafroll infection was related to cumulative green peach aphid apterae-days (number of aphids per 100 leaves × number days present) and time of leafroll source introduction (R2 = 0.79). Leafroll infected sample units were more often adjacent than would be expected if occurrence were random in 17 of 18 apterae action threshold plots. The pattern of leafroll spread and the relation with green peach aphid apterae-days suggested that apterae were primarily responsible for spread of the virus. Percent potato leafroll infection in potato, cv. Russet Burbank, was related to the green peach aphid apterae thresholds at which insecticidal sprays were applied, although variation was large within a threshold. Data from these studies suggest that the threshold concept might be employed, but that the threshold for treatment would be very low, perhaps in the range of 3-10 green peach aphid apterae per 100 leaves. Experiments in 1988 showed little spread early in the season, even though aphids and leafroll infected plants were present.
Properties of a butyrate-forming Clostridium present in cellulose-enriched methanogenic culture

Abstract Tests were made to determine the cause of butyrate formation in a cellulose-enriched culture from sewage sludge containing cellulolytic anaerobes that do not produce this acid. The results showed the presence of a saccharolytic butyrate-forming Clostridium . In pure culture, this Clostridium produced ethanol, acetate and butyrate from a variety of sugars, and was non-motile, without peritrichous flagella. In coculture with cellulocytic anaerobes, this Clostridium helped in improving cellulysis by removing sugars that are not used by these anaerobes but inhibit their growth. In mixed culture fermentations failing because of poor methanogenesis, the H 2 is not completely removed. The results showed that, unlike cellulytic anaerobes, the growth of this Clostridium was not affected by the presence of H 2 . It appears its growth in the presence of H 2 causes the accumulation of butyrate.
Review of the source characteristics of the Great Sumatra–Andaman Islands earthquake of 2004

The December 26, 2004 Sumatra–Andaman Island earthquake, which ruptured the Sunda Trench subduction zone, is one of the three largest earthquakes to occur since global monitoring began in the 1890s. Its seismic moment was M 0 = 1.00 × 1023–1.15 × 1023 Nm, corresponding to a moment-magnitude of M w = 9.3. The rupture propagated from south to north, with the southerly part of fault rupturing at a speed of 2.8 km/s. Rupture propagation appears to have slowed in the northern section, possibly to ∼2.1 km/s, although published estimates have considerable scatter. The average slip is ∼5 m along a shallowly dipping (8°), N31°W striking thrust fault. The majority of slip and moment release appears to have been concentrated in the southern part of the rupture zone, where slip locally exceeded 30 m. Stress loading from this earthquake caused the section of the plate boundary immediately to the south to rupture in a second, somewhat smaller earthquake. This second earthquake occurred on March 28, 2005 and had a moment-magnitude of M w = 8.5.
Are potatoes teratogenic for experimental animals

This study was designed to test in experimental animals the hypothesis (Renwick, 1972) that human spina bifida and anencephalus are causally related to maternal consumption of blighted potatoes. Gavaging of pregnant rats with blighted potatoes on days 5–11 or daily ip injections of solanine or glycoalkaloids (5–10 mg/kg) extracted from B5141-6 potatoes, given on days 5–12 or 7–17 of gestation, resuited in minor skeletal and renal tract abnormalities, but failed to produce neural-tube defects. Daily injections (days 5–12) of 20 and 40 mg/kg of the glycoalkaloid caused 100% fetal and maternal mortality, respectively. Daily ip injections of 5 mg/kg of solanine into New Zealand White rabbits on days 0–8 of gestation produced abortion in one-third of the treated animals, 23% resorptions, but no teratogenesis. Single yolk-sac injections of 5–20 mg/kg of solanine into 20–22 h incubated white Leghorn eggs produced 63–90% mortality within 72 h without significant teratogenesis. Diced B5141-6 potatoes containing an average of 260 mg of solanine per kg of tuber fed ad libitum to time-mated rhesus monkeys for a period of 25 days postcopulation produced no maternal toxicity; on the other hand single injections of 40 mg/kg of the glycoalkaloid extract and two injections of 20 mg/kg of solanine killed adults within 48 h of treatment. At autopsy nasal, oral, and periorbital hemorrhage was present; there was accumulation of serosanguinous pleural and peritoneal fluids and mild hepatic and splenic congestion. Examples of human toxicity and mortality from consuming potatoes with a high solanine content are reviewed.
Detecting alcohol problems in drug-dependent women of childbearing age.

Alcohol problems frequently go undetected in drug-dependent individuals. In women of childbearing age, the consequences of unrecognized alcohol problems can be severe. Unfortunately, many drug treatment programs lack resources to conduct formal diagnostic interviews with all program admissions. Using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) as the “gold standard,” the present study compared four clinical tools for assessing alcohol problems in a drug-dependent population. Rates of detecting alcohol problems varied widely (15–76%). The Addiction Severity Index (ASI) and the Family Alcohol and Drug Survey (FADS) yielded the highest sensitivities (96% and 83%, respectively) and specificities (94% and 92%, respectively). Since these instruments require less staff training and background education than the SCID, they offer cost-effective alternatives for efficient screening and assessment of alcohol problems in drug-dependent populations.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-induced Proteolytic Activation of Pro-matrix Metalloproteinase-9 by Human Skin Is Controlled by Down-regulating Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 and Mediated by Tissue-associated Chymotrypsin-like Proteinase

The proteolytic activation of pro-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 by conversion of the 92-kDa precursor into an 82-kDa active form has been observed in chronic wounds, tumor metastasis, and many inflammation-associated diseases, yet the mechanistic pathway to control this process has not been identified. In this report, we show that the massive expression and activation of MMP-9 in skin tissue from patients with chronically unhealed wounds could be reconstituted in vitro with cultured normal human skin by stimulation with transforming growth factor-β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. We dissected the mechanistic pathway for TNF-α induced activation of pro-MMP-9 in human skin. We found that proteolytic activation of pro-MMP-9 was mediated by a tissue-associated chymotrypsin-like proteinase, designated here as pro-MMP-9 activator (pM9A). This unidentified activator specifically converted pro-MMP-9 but not pro-MMP-2, another member of the gelatinase family. The tissue-bound pM9A was steadily expressed and not regulated by TNF-α, which indicated that the cytokine-mediated activation of pro-MMP-9 might be regulated at the inhibitor level. Indeed, the skin constantly secreted tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 at the basal state. TNF-α, but not transforming growth factor-β, down-regulated this inhibitor. The TNF-α-mediated activation of pro-MMP-9 was tightly associated with down-regulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in a dose-dependent manner. To establish this linkage, we demonstrate that the recombinant tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 could block the activation of pro-MMP-9 by either the intact skin or skin fractions. Thus, these studies suggest a novel regulation for the proteolytic activation of MMP-9 in human tissue, which is mediated by tissue-bound activator and controlled by down-regulation of a specific inhibitor.
A microstrip-fed quasi-rhombus shape double dipole antenna for wideband phased array applications

In this paper, the regular microstrip dipole antenna shape is modified by adding upper and lower triangular patches, which makes it look like a rhombus. The rhombus shape is chosen because of its wideband characteristics over the rectangular one. The presented antenna provides a wide bandwidth of more than 100%. The measured and computed VSWR and radiation patterns for one element and the mutual coupling for two elements are presented in the paper. The proposed antenna provides endfire radiation patterns with wide beamwidth and low cross polarization level which make it a good candidate for phased arrays and radar systems. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2461–2464, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21978
Redesigning the Hollow State: A Study of Florida Child Welfare Service Reform through the Lens of Principal-Agent Theory

While principal-agency theory has greatly facilitated our understanding of governance and management in the hollow state, close examinations of how system designs affect agency problems has been rare. The purpose of this study is to explicitly investigate the effects of different contract configurations on agent shirking, which is a common problem in third-party service delivery arrangements. Florida's recent statewide privatization and reconfiguration of its child welfare service delivery system are analyzed for this purpose. Data were collected through intensive document reviews and interviews with the public managers and the contract agents who were involved in the reform. Major structural components of the redesigned system (such as overall contract configuration, procurement policies, oversight mechanism, payment methods, and vendor governance structures) are examined and compared with those of the old system. The results of the analysis suggest that the Florida reform installed several structural de...
A large-deflection high-force micro electromagnetic hydraulic Latex membrane actuator for fluid manipulation in micro channels

We report a micro actuator platform that produces large deflection and high-force movements of multiple membrane arrays to control microfluidic channels constructed atop, by utilizing electromagnetic force and hydraulic deflection amplification. Additionally, a high-elongation polymer, Latex, is introduced as an actuator membrane to accommodate highly enhanced membrane deflection. The fabricated actuator platform (20×20×8 mm3) produced the maximum membrane deflection of 441um and actuation force of 53.9mN at an operation voltage of 14V utilizing a 120µm-thick Latex membrane. It successfully demonstrated leak-free valving (open/close) operation up to 2Hz against liquid flow pressure of 0.7kPa in actual microfluidic channels with various geometries (width/height are 500/51µm and 1500/202µm). Thus, this system obviates the need for external fluidic sources, such as highly-pressurized gas cylinders or syringe pumps that have prohibited the true ‘miniaturization’ and ‘portability’ of typical lab-on-chips.
Direct simulation of ion-beam-induced stressing and amorphization of silicon

Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, the authors investigate the mechanical response of silicon to high dose ion-irradiation. The authors employ a realistic model to directly simulate ion beam induced amorphization. Structural properties of the amorphized sample are compared with experimental data and results of other simulation studies. The authors find the behavior of the irradiated material is related to the rate at which it can relax. Depending upon the ability to deform, the authors observe either the generation of a high compressive stress and subsequent expansion of the material, or generation of tensile stress and densification. The authors note that statistical material properties, such as radial distribution functions are not sufficient to differentiate between the different densities of the amorphous samples. For any reasonable deformation rate, the authors observe an expansion of the target upon amorphization in agreement with experimental observations. This is in contrast to simulations of quenching which usually result in a denser structure relative to crystalline Si. The authors conclude that although there is substantial agreement between experimental measurements and simulation results, the amorphous structures being investigated may have fundamental differences; the difference in density can be attributed to local defects within the amorphous network. Finally the authors show that annealing simulations of their amorphized samples can lead to a reduction of high energy local defects without a large scale rearrangement of the amorphous network. This supports the proposal that defects in a-Si are analogous to those in c-Si.
Ovarian follicular response of mares to an equine pituitary extract after suppression of follicular development

Follicular population dynamics were monitored in 36 mares by diagnostic ultrasonography. The objective was to identify the day of physiological selection of the ovulatory follicle in mares in which follicular development was first suppressed with an estrogen-progesterone regimen. The hypothesis was tested that the selection process involves selection for an ovulatory follicle and concurrent selection against the other follicles in the cohort from which the ovulatory follicle arose. The experimental design was based on the consideration that mares treated with equine pituitary extract (EPE) before the time of physiological selection would exhibit a superstimulatory response whereas mares given EPE after the time of selection would not. One group of mares was untreated (n = 12) and four groups (n = 6) were given EPE when the diameter of the largest follicle attained 15 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm, and 30 mm after suppression of follicular development with estradiol-17β and progesterone. The mares were examined until ovulation or the diameter of the largest follicle attained 35 mm. Diameters of the largest and second largest follicles and number of follicles in 6 to 10 mm, 11 to 15 mm, 16 to 20 mm, 21 to 25 mm, 26 to 30 mm, and > 30 mm diameter categories were determined. There was a main effect of day (P 30 mm (P 30-mm groups (0.8 ± 0.3). The 25-mm group was intermediate (1.2 ± 0.4). In the 15-mm and 20-mm groups versus the 30-mm group there were more (P < 0.02) follicles 21 to 25 mm and 26 to 30 mm several days before ovulation or the day that the diameter of the largest follicle reached 35 mm. Administration of EPE when the diameter of the largest follicle attained 15 mm, 20 mm, or 25 mm resulted in a superstimulatory response, indicating that selection for an ovulatory follicle and against other follicles had not yet occurred. By the time that the largest follicle reached 30 mm, the ovulatory follicle had already been selected as indicated by the lack of a superstimulatory response. Results indicated that selection of the ovulatory follicle occurred when the diameter of the largest follicle reached between 25 mm and 30 mm and supported the hypothesis that at approximately the time of physiological selection of the ovulatory follicle other follicles in the cohort are committed to atresia.
Losartan antagonism of angiotensin-II-induced potassium secretion across rat colon

The effect of angiotensin II (ANG II) on potassium transport across the short-circuited rat distal colon was investigated using 86Rb+ as a tracer for unidirectional K+ fluxes. The addition of high concentrations of ANG II (>/=10(-6) M) to the serosal bathing solution had no effect on the mucosal to serosal flux of Rb+, but significantly increased the serosal to mucosal flux and abolished the basal net absorptive Rb+ flux. These ANG-II-induced alterations in Rb+ transport were blocked by the AT1 receptor antagonist losartan and its metabolite EXP3174, which is also known to have AT1 receptor antagonistic activity. In contrast, an AT2 receptor antagonist, PD123319, did not prevent the alterations in colonic Rb+ transport induced by ANG II in vitro. At lower bath concentrations (10(-7) M to 10(-10) M ), ANG II had no measurable effects on Rb+ transport across this tissue but ANG II did have a bimodal effect on short-circuit current (Isc), indicating additional effects on the electrogenic transport of other ions. Dose-dependent reductions in Isc were observed between 10(-7) M (DeltaIsc=1.96+/-0.49 microEq.cm-2.h-1, n=6) and 10(-10) M (DeltaIsc=0.16+/-0.19 microEq.cm-2.h-1, n=7) ANG II, whereas Isc was increased at the higher concentrations (DeltaIsc= 3.36+/-0.52 microEq.cm-2.h-1, n=7, at 10(-4) M). The ANG-II-induced increases and decreases in Isc were both blocked by losartan but not by PD123319. These studies are the first to demonstrate an effect of ANG II on K+ transport across rat colon that is independent of aldosterone and mediated by AT1 receptors.
Measuring the weak charge of the proton at Jefferson Lab: A search for physics beyond the standard model

The JLab Qweak Collaboration is designing and constructing an experiment to measure the proton’s weak charge, QWp, by measuring the parity violating asymmetry in elastic electron-proton scattering at very low momentum transfer. The standard model predicts QWp = 1 − 4 sin2 θw from the running of the weak mixing angle sin2 θw, corresponding to a 10σ effect in the experiment. The experiment will determine QWp with 4% combined statistical and systematic uncertainties, which leads to 0.3% uncertainty in sin2 θw. Installation of the experiment will begin in September 2009.
The free electron laser with inverse taper

The undulator design determines the physics of the free electron laser interaction. In the tapered undulator, the resonant electron energy decreases along the undulator length in order to enhance gain and efficiency in strong optical fields. With inverse taper, the resonant electron energy increases along the undulator length. Surprisingly, gain and efficiency are also increased in strong optical fields. In addition, the resultant electron beam energy spread is decreased compared to both the tapered and untapered undulator. A reduction of the final electron beam energy spread is useful when recirculating the beam current as in the Jefferson Lab FEL.
Application of II-VI materials to nuclear medicine

Semiconductor gamma-ray detector arrays made of II-VI materials such as CdTe or CdZnTe hold great promise for improving the spatial resolution and energy resolution of nuclear medicine imaging systems. This field has benefited greatly from technologies developed in infrared imaging. This report surveys the state of the art for producing high-resolution semiconductor arrays with emphasis on II-VI materials and considers the prospects for producing a semiconductor detector gamma camera. A number of practical designs are reviewed that make use of single-charge-carrier dominance effects to improve useful photopeak fraction and thus efficiency.
Enantioselective synthesis of C3-C10 fragment (northeastern zone) of maytansinoids with 4-chiral centers (4S,5S,6R,7S)

Abstract The major precursor to the maytansinoids containing 4 non-racemic chiral centers has been prepared in gram quantities, suitable for further synthesis. The route to (+)- 1 was accomplished in 13 steps including several highly stereocontrolled reactions which precluded resolutions or separations.
Selective release of content from microsomal vesicles without membrane disassembly. I. Permeability changes induced by low detergent concentrations.

Rat liver rough microsomes treated with a series of desoxycholate (DOC) concentrations from 0.003 to 0.4% were analyzed by isopycnic sucrose density gradient centrifugation in media containing high or low salt concentrations. Tritium-labeled precursors administered in vivo were used as markers for ribosomes (orotic acid, 40 h), phospholipids (choline, 4 h), membrane proteins (leucine, 3 days), and completed secretory proteins of the vesicular cavity (leucine, 30 min). Within a narrow range of DOC concentrations (0.025–0.05%), the vesicular polypeptides were selectively released from the microsomes, while ribosomes, nascent polypeptides, and microsomal enzymes of the electron transport systems were unaffected. The detergent concentration which led to leakage of content was a function of the ionic strength and of the microsome concentration. At the lowest effective DOC concentration the microsomal membranes became reversibly permeable to macromoles as shown by changes in the density of the vesicles in Dextran gradients and by the extent of proteolysis by added proteases. Incubation of rough microsomes with proteases in the presence of 0.025% DOC also led to digestion of proteins from both faces of the microsomal membranes and to a lighter isopycnic density of the membrane vesicles.
Activity-dependent regulation of dopamine content in the olfactory bulbs of naris-occluded rats

Abstract Several lines of evidence strongly suggest that reduced olfactory nerve activity results in decreased bulb dopamine content. In the present study, high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection was used to assess catecholamine levels in bulbs from postnatal day 60 rats that had undergone either unilateral naris cautery or a sham surgery on day 30. Thirty days of odor deprivation dramatically reduced dopamine and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid levels in functionally-deprived bulbs (ipsilateral to occluded nares) as compared to contralateral controls, while norepinephrine and dihydroxyphenylglycol levels were unchanged. The loss of dopamine was more severe in medial as compared to lateral aspects of experimental bulbs, while the loss of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid was similar on the two sides. To test directly the hypothesis that afferent activity regulates dopamine and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid content, 1 h of high frequency tetanic nerve stimulation was provided to the rostral-medial olfactory nerve layer in deprived olfactory bulbs, and catecholamine levels were assessed from 6 to 192 h later. Partial and temporary recovery of dopamine was observed in medial aspects of the bulb when rats were examined 96 h later, while consistent recovery of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid content was not apparent. These data corroborate evidence that olfactory nerve activity is a potent regulator of bulb dopamine and indicate that continued afferent input is necessary to maintain dopamine levels.
Variability of the relationship between particle size and cloud‐nucleating ability

[1] Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) are characterized by their critical supersaturation (Sc), which is a function of particle size and chemistry, namely water solubility. Measurements that relate particle size to Sc can thus be used to determine CCN solubility. A sufficiently small degree of variability of size-Sc measurements has been cited as evidence that CCN can be deduced from particle size measurements alone. Since particle size is so much easier to measure than particle chemistry or CCN this would have significant advantages for investigations of the largest climate uncertainty, the indirect aerosol effect; e.g., remote sensing of CCN. However, we present size-Sc measurements with a greater range of variability, which appears to at least limit or cast doubts on the practicality of deducing CCN from particle size measurements.
Vision in an Age of Accountability

A case is presented against a data collection system that is intended to provide increased accountability of teachers, professors and the profession. The utilization of some current data collection systems may in fact jeopardize the integrity of the profession's mission and goals. The cause of concern is the use of the easiest form of data collection (e.g., fitness, skills, math, and science scores) rather than evidence viewing the student as a complex organism that would require a more appropriate and complex assessment system (i.e., “life skills” activity participation and social skills rather than a fitness test). I also note that a focus on increased accountability and simplified data collection provides the impetus that research in higher education needs to consider a paradigm shift to be more collaborative and holistic. In presenting these issues, I note that the vision of Delphine Hanna was similar, specifically more collaborative, more holistic, and more humanistic in making scholarly and professi...
Impairment of integrin-mediated cell-matrix adhesion in oxidant-stressed PC12 cells

Oxidants are believed to play an important and complex role in neuronal injury and death in the aging process and various neurode generative diseases. We studied the effect of oxidative stress on integrin-mediated cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions using the PC12 neuronal cell line. In assays in which attachment was measured between 30 and 90 min, addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to the attachment medium resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of initial cell attachment to collagen. Addition of H2O2 also caused previously attached cells to detach from collagen. The inhibition by H2O2 was specific for integrin-mediated adhesion, since attachment to substrata coated with non-ECM molecules was much less affected. Exposure of cells to H2O2 resulted in a rapid and profound reduction of intracellular ATP, accompanied by only a slight increase in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). Treatment of cells with the microfilament-disrupting agent, cytochalasin B, like that with H2O2, inhibited cell adhesion to collagen. We propose that integrin-mediated cell adhesion, which requires interactions between cytoplasmic portions of integrin subunits and cytoskeletal microfilaments, is impaired by oxidative stress as a result of the depletion of intracellular ATP and that such depletion is an early event in the process of oxidant-induced neuronal injury.
Considering Human Rights Education as U.S. Public School Reform

In a climate where high-stakes testing, accountability, and the privatization of public schooling are the dominant discourses surrounding educational reform in the United States, sound pedagogical ...
A cluster study of aluminum adsorption on Ga-rich GaAs(100)(2 × 1) and β(4 × 2) surfaces

Ab initio self-consistent total energy calculations using second order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory and Hay-Wadt effective core potentials with associated basis sets (HWECP’s) for gallium and arsenic have been used to investigate the chemisorption properties of atomic aluminum on the Ga-rich GaAs(100)-(2 × 1) and β(4 × 2) surfaces. Finite sized hydrogen saturated clusters with the experimental zinc-blende lattice constant of 5.654 A and the energy optimized Ga dimer bond length of 2.758 A have been used to model the semiconductor surface. To investigate the effects of the core electrons of aluminum in the adsorption process, we have represented the Al adatom with both HWECP’s and an all electron 6-311++G** basis set. Detailed energetics of chemisorption on the (100) surface, including chemisorption energies, nearest surface neighbor bond lengths, and Mulliken population analysis, have been reported for all considered sites of chemisorption.
The condensation of aromatic aldehydes with isoprophorone

Abstract The Claisen-Schmidt condensation of 7 aromatic aldehydes and furfural with isophorone have been investigated. In three cases a dimer of the styryl compounds was formed for which the two structures IX and X are proposed.
Quantitative radionuclide assessment of total pulmonary vascular volume changes

Current techniques do not permit continuous and noninvasive assessments of changes in total pulmonary intravascular volume. Hence, the present study was undertaken to determine whether quantitative radionuclide imaging can be used to determine the direction and estimate the magnitude of total pulmonary vascular volume changes. The pulmonary circulation was separately perfused at a constant rate via the pulmonary artery and drained at a constant pressure via the left atrium in nine dogs. Changes in pulmonary intravascular volume were recorded as reciprocal changes in extracorporeal reservoir volume during phenylephrine or isoproterenol administration, a 20% increase in pulmonary artery flow or a 5 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133.32 Pa) decrease in left atrial pressure. Erythrocytes were labeled with technetium-99 m and pulmonary volume changes were determined from tissue attenuation, blood radioactivity, and changes in total pulmonary radioactivity obtained with a γ-camera. During each of the interventions, count chang...
Coherence in freely precessing 21Ne and a test of linearity of quantum mechanics.

We have observed coherence among the four magnetic sublevels of freely precessing $^{21}\mathrm{Ne}$ for times of 4.5 h. This has allowed direct detection of the quadrupole component of coherence relaxation and a test of linearity of quantum mechanics. The quadrupole component of relxation is evident in the different relaxation rates for the three lines of the NMR spectrum. Nonlinear corrections to quantum mechanics are found to be less than 1.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}26}$ of the binding energy per nucleon of $^{21}\mathrm{Ne}$.
Early Childhood Predictors of the Social Competence of Adults with Autism

Longitudinal research into adult outcomes in autism remains limited. Unlike previous longitudinal examinations of adult outcome in autism, the twenty participants in this study were evaluated across multiple assessments between early childhood (M = 3.9 years) and adulthood (M = 26.6 years). In early childhood, responsiveness to joint attention (RJA), language, and intelligence were assessed. In adulthood, the parents of participants responded to interviews assessing the adaptive functioning, autistic symptomology and global functioning of their children. RJA and early childhood language predicted a composite measure of adult social functioning and independence. Early childhood language skills and intelligence predicted adult adaptive behaviors. RJA predicted adult non-verbal communication, social skills and symptoms. Adaptive behaviors changed with development, but symptoms of autism did not. Additional factors associated with adult outcomes are discussed.
Military Petroleum: ABSTRACT

For the first time in history, purchases of petroleum products and services passed the one billion dollar mark in fiscal year 1956. This represents 223 million barrels of products, 125 storage contracts, and other services related to petroleum supply. Of the estimated procurement for fiscal year 1957 in amount of $1,037,920,000, 61 per cent will be required by the Air Force, 27.7 per cent by the Navy, and 11.3 per cent by the Army. Purchase of military petroleum by several types of joint-purchase agencies is briefly traced from War II to the present time. Normally, petroleum is purchased by a central agency using formally advertised open-end contracts of 6 months duration, for estimated total quantities only. Approximately 5,000 contracts are awarded annually, including those for commercial storage and operation of military bulk terminals. Within the United States, petroleum is distributed by the contractor directly to military posts, camps, stations, including air bases, on call by the using agency. For overseas distribution, tanker loads from refineries in the United States, South America, Persian Gulf, and other places are lifted by military and commercial tankers direct to the overseas bulk terminals. From these terminals it is distributed direct to using agencies by tank trucks, pipe lines, drums, and cans, in accordance with periodic requisitions. End_Page 359------------------------------ In each of eight logistic areas into which the world is divided, a jointly staffed area petroleum office compiles requirements, requests shipments from the purchase agency, arranges for receipt by petroleum depots, and coordinates all matters relating to petroleum in its logistic area. On July 24, 1956, the Department of Defense designated the Secretary of the Navy as the Single Manager for Petroleum. He was directed to establish the Military Petroleum Supply Agency into End_Page 360------------------------------ which will be phased the Armed Services Petroleum Purchasing Agency and other miscellaneous service elements. Greater efficiency in Armed Services petroleum supply is the objective. End_of_Article - Last_Page 361------------
Californium-249 monoarsenide and monoantimonide☆

Abstract CfAs and CfSb exhibit the NaCl-type, cubic structure with lattice parameters of 5.809 A and 6.166 A, respectively. The six-coordinate crystal radius of californium in both compounds was calculated to be 0.912 A.
In situ synthesis of TiC-Al (Ti) nanocomposite powders by thermal plasma technology

A novel processing technology was developed to investigate in situ synthesis of TiC-Al (Ti) nanocomposite powders by thermal plasma technology. Thermodynamic analysis was performed to predict possible starting materials and synthesizing conditions of TiC-Al (Ti) nanocomposite powders. A mathematical model was developed to describe temperature profile and velocity distribution in the reactor. The model is applied to optimize feeding rate, input power, and other processing parameters of TiC-Al (Ti) nanocomposite powders by thermal plasma technology, and to predict which materials can be used as starting materials. This paper emphasizes the investigation of the effect of feeding rate, input power, mole ratio, and other process parameters on synthesis of TiC-Al (Ti) nanocomposite powders by thermal plasma technology. The experimental results showed that TiC-Al (Ti) nanocomposite powders can be synthesized in situ by thermal plasma technology, and the average size of TiC-Al (Ti) nanocomposite powders was less than 100 nm.
Oculocutaneous albinism associated with congenital glaucoma

An infant with oculocutaneous albinism and congenital glaucoma is described. The association of these two uncommon congenital disorders might suggest a common defective factor. Theoretically this patient broadens the spectrum of disorders of neural crest cell migration associated with albinism.
Holistic thinking is not the whole story: alternative or adjunct approaches for increasing the accuracy of legal evaluations.

There are a number of very helpful, but often underutilized, principles and procedures that can augment decision making in clinical and legal settings. Psychologists often restrict their range of d...
Abnormal platelet response to thromboplastin infusion in rabbits deficient in the sixth component of complement.

SummaryThe slow infusion into normal rabbits of a low dose of thromboplastin (tissue factor), generally insufficient to cause thrombosis or consumption of coagulation factors, produced thrombocytopenia and a reduction in total serum complement activity. In contrast, the administration of thromboplastin to rabbits genetically deficient in C6 resulted in small increments in platelet number. Reconstitution of the complement system of C6 deficient rabbits with purified C6 restored the capacity to develop thrombocytopenia following thromboplastin administration. These studies demonstrate that thromboplastin can act on platelets through the participation of the complement system and that C6 is essential for this reaction.
Effects of noise and parameter deviations in a bichromatic Raman white light cavity

We analyze the effects of noise and parameter deviations in a bichromatic Raman type white light cavity, with potential applications in precision measurements. The results show that the dispersion variation induced by parameter deviation can be controlled with an accuracy of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$. The laser phase noise decreases the dispersion magnitude while the amplitude noise increases it. Although we can always adjust the parameters to satisfy the white light condition, both types of noise make the cavity transmission curve uneven.
Contamination of Eyewitness Self-Reports and the Mistaken-Identification Problem

Mistaken identification testimony by highly confident eyewitnesses has been involved in approximately 72% of the cases in which innocent people have been convicted and later exonerated by DNA testing. Lab studies of eyewitness identification, however, show that mistaken eyewitnesses are usually not highly confident and that there is a useful confidence-accuracy relation that can help distinguish accurate from mistaken eyewitnesses. We describe research on important variables that can cause mistaken eyewitnesses to give inflated self-reports about their confidence and other testimony-relevant judgments. These testimony-bolstering variables tend to be controlled in pristine experiments, thereby permitting good confidence-accuracy relations. In the real world, however, methods of obtaining identifications and supporting testimony permit testimony-bolstering variables to contaminate witness self-reports in ways that make it difficult to distinguish between accurate and mistaken eyewitness identification testimony. We describe how the justice system can dramatically reduce the chances of such contamination.
Inhibition of Mg2+ binding and DNA religation by bacterial topoisomerase I via introduction of an additional positive charge into the active site region

Among bacterial topoisomerase I enzymes, a conserved methionine residue is found at the active site next to the nucleophilic tyrosine. Substitution of this methionine residue with arginine in recombinant Yersinia pestis topoisomerase I (YTOP) was the only substitution at this position found to induce the SOS response in Escherichia coli. Overexpression of the M326R mutant YTOP resulted in approximately 4 log loss of viability. Biochemical analysis of purified Y. pestis and E. coli mutant topoisomerase I showed that the Met to Arg substitution affected the DNA religation step of the catalytic cycle. The introduction of an additional positive charge into the active site region of the mutant E. coli topoisomerase I activity shifted the pH for optimal activity and decreased the Mg(2+) binding affinity. This study demonstrated that a substitution outside the TOPRIM motif, which binds Mg(2+)directly, can nonetheless inhibit Mg(2+) binding and DNA religation by the enzyme, increasing the accumulation of covalent cleavage complex, with bactericidal consequence. Small molecules that can inhibit Mg(2+) dependent religation by bacterial topoisomerase I specifically could be developed into useful new antibacterial compounds. This approach would be similar to the inhibition of divalent ion dependent strand transfer by HIV integrase in antiviral therapy.
RF induction and analog junction techniques for finding opens

In response to the need for fast and simple methods for detecting and diagnosing open pins on SMT devices, board test manufactures have introduced power-off, vectorless test techniques that provide reasonable fault coverage with little programming effort. This paper describes two techniques: the RF induction and the analog junction technique. The RF technique applies a 200-500kHz signal to a spiral loop antenna located over the device. This antenna or "inducer" produces an AC signals at the device pin under test which the in-circuit tester measures. The technique requires one inducer for each device to be tested. The test system software automatically learns the characteristics of the device being tested. The users need only describe the connections between the device and the tester, identify the device's power and ground pins, and which inducer is mounted over the part. The analog junction technique uses the device protection diodes. It requires no fixture hardware, relying only on the bed-of-nails contact with the device pins. The analog junction technique applies voltage to one pin of the device, causing current to flow between the pin and the device ground lead. Voltage is then applied another pin on the device, causing current to flow between this pin and the ground lead. Both the analog junction and RF induction techniques are effective means for detecting opens on digital devices.
A technique for creating partial obstruction of the common bile duct in the rat.

Summary Partial obstruction of the common bile duct was produced in rats by tightly tying a O' 5 mm stainless steel rod to the proximal common bile duct. The rod was then removed from the ligature leaving a constriction around the duct. Within 2 weeks the bile duct proximal to the partial obstruction was markedly dilated. Liver histology was notable for marked proliferation of the interlobular bile ductules and minimal cholangitis, changes which are characteristic of partial obstruction.
MIDLIFE CHILDBEARING Strategies for Informed Decisionmaking

More and more women in the United States are choosing to delay motherhood until their 30s or even 40s. Yet traditional medical advice warns against midlife pregnancy, predicting a variety of adverse reproductive outcomes associated with “advanced maternal age.” Assignment to a high-risk category may result in heightened feelings of concern about pregnancy complications among midlife mothers. Because it is possible that increased emotionality during pregnancy may itself give rise to various childbearing complications, some middle-aged women may become victims of iatrogenic stress during pregnancy. This article first examines critically the medical literature describing the relationship between maternal age and pregnancy outcomes and finds little support for the medical pessimism. Next, the article describes the literature that explores the links between heightened emotionality during pregnancy and various negative outcomes and suggests that, despite serious methodological flaws, there is some evidence that...
DETERMINANTS OF STRATEGIC PLANNING SYSTEMS IN LARGE ORGANIZATIONS: A CONTINGENCY APPROACH*

This study investigates the relationship among four design parameters of planning systems and five different firm and environmental characteristics. The impact of this multivariate relationship on organizational effectiveness is then examined using a sample of 115 large manufacturing firms. The findings show general support for the proposition that, in order to be effective, a strategic planning system should be designed in such a way that the specific situational setting of the firm is reflected in the design. The analysis also indicates that firms adopt a more flexible planning system - captured here by two key variables, planning horizon, and frequency of plan reviews - as the level of environmental complexity increases. Implications for future research are discussed.
Multiscale Control to Meet the Conflicting Nanoscale Performance Requirements

In this paper, we consider the problem of designing a multiscale control for plants with conflicting time-domain performance requirements. These results follow from the conventional optimal proportional-integral (PI) control. Four different design methods are proposed: (1) a controller-switch technique which makes use of employing two different controllers designed to meet two different performances and are switched during the course of operation, (2) an integral-reset scheme, which resets the integral term in the control law when the new reference point is reached, (3) controller-switch and integral-reset schemes put together to take benefits of both of them, (4) a model-following approach that uses a dynamic reference model without increasing the overall dimension of the system. The objective of the last scheme is to make the output of the plant track the output of the model as closely as possible. Stability analyses and a comparison between the performances of these methods are given. All these methods give better performances as compared with conventional control schemes. Block diagrams are given and step responses are obtained to demonstrate the proposed methods. A six degrees-of-freedom (DOFs) magnetically levitated (maglev) stage with a second-order pure-mass model has been used to demonstrate the capabilities of the aforementioned control strategies. These strategies are not plant-specific and may be generalized to any higher-order plant.Copyright © 2005 by ASME