cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Considering nonlocality in the optical potentials within eikonal models

Background: For its simplicity, the eikonal method is the tool of choice to analyze nuclear reactions at high energies ($Eg100$ MeV/nucleon), including knockout reactions. However, so far, the effective interactions used in this method are assumed to be fully local.Purpose: Given the recent studies on nonlocal optical potentials, in this work we assess whether nonlocality in the optical potentials is expected to impact reactions at high energies and then explore different avenues for extending the eikonal method to include nonlocal interactions.Method: We compare angular distributions obtained for nonlocal interactions (using the exact R-matrix approach for elastic scattering and the adiabatic distorted wave approximation for transfer) with those obtained using their local-equivalent interactions.Results: Our results show that transfer observables are significantly impacted by nonlocality in the high-energy regime. Because knockout reactions are dominated by stripping (transfer to inelastic channels), nonlocality is expected to have a large effect on knockout observables too. Three approaches are explored for extending the eikonal method to nonlocal interactions, including an iterative method and a perturbation theory.Conclusions: None of the derived extensions of the eikonal model provide a good description of elastic scattering. This paper suggests that nonlocality removes the formal simplicity associated with the eikonal model.
What's in a Network? Infrastructures of Mutual Aid for Digital Platform Workers during COVID-19

This paper examines the role played by informal mutual aid networks in mediating precarity for gig workers in Jakarta during COVID-19. Using an original survey of 350 mobility platform drivers conducted in May 2020 and a pre-pandemic set of semi-structured interviews with driver communities, I find that mutual aid dispersed through associative, informal labor networks became an essential infrastructure of support for drivers during the pandemic. Most drivers in Jakarta were able to mobilize pre-existing labor networks for extensive material and emotional support. However, results indicate this support was not universally accessible: the pre-pandemic structures of a driver's community and the driver's own participation within the community correlated with the magnitude of community support a driver reported receiving. By putting CSCW literature in conversation with broader literature on informal urbanism, this paper shows how informal labor networks and mutual aid can be a transformative, even outside of formal union structures. By analyzing the forms and limits of these networks this paper also carries lessons in how to build solidarity amongst distributed workforces. At the same time, this study highlights the role of local socio-economic context in shaping gig worker experiences of the pandemic. Thus, it points to the need for more contextually driven analysis of both gig worker precarity and what are deemed effective forms of labor solidarity
Methodological Problems in Political Anthropology

Anthropologists who have studied political behavior have not often concerned themselves explicitly with the development of concepts as such. Or, if they have so concerned themselves, the purpose has often been to point out that a generally accepted view or definition of a certain concept is inadequate if it is intended to be applied universally; and in particular, if the concept is used to analyze the political behavior of such-and-such a people currently under investigation, this would clearly result in a distorted picture of their cultural values.' Indeed, the difficulty of developing universally applicable concepts increases as anthropologists continue to document the wide diversity and complexity of cultural values the world over. This does not mean to imply that we should not attempt to develop broadly applicable concepts. Quite the contrary. We should attempt this to the extent that we can do so without producing a distorted picture of behavior and values in particular societies. We shall thereby provide ourselves with some extremely useful research tools for comparative analysis. This is precisely what has been attempted in a recent work, Political Anthropology, edited by Swartz, Turner, and Tuden.2 In the introduction, the editors provide a set of concepts which
Tamaños de muestra para estimar la estructura de tallas de las capturas de langostino colorado en la zona centro-norte de Chile: una aproximación a través de remuestreo

Resumen es: Se analizo el desempeno de distintos tamanos de muestra para estimar la composicion de tallas de las capturas del langostino colorado (Pleuroncodes monod...
Theoretical description of a bistatic system for ocean altimetry using the GPS signal

[1] This paper presents the fundamental characteristics of bistatic altimetry performed using the Global Positioning System (GPS) signal scattered off the ocean surface and collected by a receiver in space. The advantage of the dense and rapid surface coverage afforded by the existing GPS constellation would enable new oceanographic applications such as eddy monitoring and the tracking of fast barotropic waves. To exploit the wealth of potentially available measurements, the paper provides a first cut at a system required to perform such measurements from space. In particular, the choice of pointing direction for the receiving antenna is discussed together with the implications in terms of instrument footprint and coherence time. The theoretical reflected signal is then derived by extension of the cross-correlation process used for direct GPS signals, and the characteristics of the leading edge are emphasized, to identify analogies and differences with the traditional altimetry waveform. In particular, the derivative of the leading edge is examined to assess the sensitivity to mean sea height, wind speed, and significant wave height. An overall range accuracy rms value is predicted for several antenna gains, pointing directions, and different geometric scenarios. When averaging many measurements, the range error is progressively reduced yielding predicted accuracies in sea height with associated spatial and temporal resolutions. The effect of wind speed and significant wave height on the received signal is discussed by performing simulations with a realistic range of these variables. The range accuracy versus receiving antenna gain and scattering direction is discussed, and a specific guideline on the gain necessary for altimetry from space is provided.
Estimates of fluid properties of high volatile bituminous coals

Abstract The fluid properties of 40 high volatile bituminous coals have been studied by Gieseler plastometry, under both ASTM (3 K min −1 ) and isothermal conditions. The Gieseler curves obtained have been analysed with regard to 52 physical, petrographic, and chemical measurements made upon splits of these coals. A number of predictive regressions are developed, including equations predicting ln(maximum fluidity) with R 2 values of 0.927 (3 K min −1 ramp) and 0.935 (isothermal at 420 °C). The significance of the best predictors, and of the signs of their coefficients, is discussed.
Controlling deuterium isotope effects in comparative proteomics.

This paper focuses on identifying structural features responsible for resolution of heavy isotope coded peptides during reversed-phase chromatography. This was achieved by using labeled coding agents that varied in structure, number of deuterium atoms, placement of deuterium in the coding agent, and the functional group targeted by the reagent. Six coding agents were examined. Deuterated versions of the coding agents studied included succinic anhydride-2H4, acetic acid 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl ester-2H3, propionic acid 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl ester-2H5, pentanoic acid 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl ester-2H9, [3-(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yloxycarbonyl)-propyl]-trimethylammonium chloride-2H9, and the commercial ICAT-2H8 reagent. It was found that these labeling agents vary widely in both their absolute and relative contribution to the chromatographic isotope effect. Relative effects were evaluated by normalizing resolution for the number of deuterium atoms in the derivatized peptide. The single, most dominant effe...
Telic Reflections: Interactional Processes, as Such

Interactional processes, conducted through symbols of various kinds, are the primal events in human life and, therefore, the primary site also for all social scientific inquiries. The implications of such a claim for a variety of sociological issues are then examined: the “individual” should be conceptualized as an interactive agent; the symbolic processes that she or he undertakes are both pragmatic and artistic exercises; selves emerge out of such exercises and face various “contingencies” as the individuals who bear them advance through various trajectories of their lives, each such moment having its own telos, just as the trajectory will have its particular telic process.
Modified and improved method for synthesis of p‐halogenated‐N‐isopropylamphetamine leading to synthesis of “no carrier added” I‐131 iodoamphetamine

I-123 labeled N-isopropyl-p-iodoamphetamine (IMP) has been shown to be an important and useful radiopharmaceutical for measurement of cerebral blood flow (1–4). Since substituted amphetamines have a strong pharmacological activity, the synthesis of “No Carrier Added” (NCA) labeled IMP would be desirable (5). In this paper we would like to report a modified and improved method for the synthesis of para-halogenated-N-isopropylamphetamine and the preparation of NCA I-131 IMP. This procedure involves a labeling reaction using I-131 sodium iodide and para-bromo-N-isopropyl amphetamine (BrMP) followed by HPLC separation of I-131 IMP and BrMP using reverse phase chromatography.
eScience and archiving for space science

A confluence of technologies is leading towards revolutionary new interactions between robust data sets, state-of-the-art models and simulations, high-data-rate sensors, and high-performance computing. Data and data systems are central to these new developments in various forms of eScience or grid systems. Space science missions are developing multi-spacecraft, distributed, communications- and computation-intensive, adaptive mission architectures that will further add to the data avalanche. Fortunately, Knowledge Discovery in Database (KDD) tools are rapidly expanding to meet the need for more efficient information extraction and knowledge generation in this data-intensive environment. Concurrently, scientific data management is being augmented by content-based metadata and semantic services. Archiving, eScience and KDD all require a solid foundation in interoperability and systems architecture. These concepts are illustrated through examples of space science data preservation, archiving, and access, including application of the ISO-standard Open Archive Information System (OAIS) architecture.
High-temperature yield behavior in NaCl-structure oxides

High-temperature (T > 0.5 T /SUB m/ ) deformation experiments have been performed on several NaClstructure oxides. Alkaline-earth oxides such as MgO are stoichiometric compounds, while the transition-metal oxides NiO, CoO, FeO, and MnO are all metal deficient and may be written in the form M/sub 1//sup -/deltaO. The deviation from stoichiometry delta is a function of temperature T and oxygen partial pressure p(O/sub 2/) and is achieved primarily by creation of metal vacancies and chargecompensating electron holes. Deformation experiments performed at nearly constant strain rates epsilon have been carried out on NiO, CoO, and FeO. The deviation from stoichiometry ranges from delta slip systems, and during compression at high temperatures they develop a steady-state stress /tau/ /SUB s/ at which the work-hardening rate is zero. At this stress, work hardening is balanced by a recoverymore » mechanism.« less
Activists at the Gate: Bayesian Zero-Inflated Poisson Analysis of Shareholder Activism

This paper examines the antecedents of shareholder activism using a novel methodological approach that enables researchers to relax conventional, limiting assumptions about shareholder activism. We...
N5-methyltetrahydrofolate: Homocysteine methyltransferase activity in extracts from normal, malignant and embryonic tissue culture cells

Abstract Malignant cells (J111, L1210, W-256) and human embryonic cells (FL) are unable to survive and grow when homocystine replaces methionine in tissue culture media containing excess vitamin B12 and folic acid. Extracts of these same cells when grown in media containing methionine and more than adequate vitamin B12 and folic acid have diminished N5-methyltetrahydrofolate: homocysteine methyltransferase activities in the absence of added cyanocobalamin when compared with extracts of normal cells (adult rat thymus and liver fibroblasts). Extracts of human monocytic leukemia (J111) and human amnion cells (FL) have normal enzymatic activity in the presence of added cyanocobalamin whereas the rodent malignant cells (W-256 and L1210) have abnormally low activity in the absence or presence of added vitamin B12.
Effect of milk thistle on the pharmacokinetics of indinavir in healthy volunteers.

Study Objective. To characterize the pharmacokinetics of indinavir in the presence and absence of milk thistle and to determine the offset of any effect of milk thistle on indinavir disposition. Design. Prospective open-label drug interaction study. Setting. Outpatient clinic. Subjects. Ten healthy volunteers. Intervention. Blood samples were collected over 8 hours after the volunteers took four doses of indinavir 800 mg every 8 hours on an empty stomach for baseline pharmacokinetics. This dosing and sampling were repeated after the subjects took milk thistle 175 mg (confirmed to contain silymarin 153 mg, the active ingredient) 3 times/day for 3 weeks. After an 11-day washout, indinavir dosing and blood sampling were repeated to evaluate the offset of any potential interaction. Measurements and Main Results. Indinavir concentrations were measured by using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method. The following pharmacokinetic parameters were determined: highest concentration (Cmax), hour-0 concentration, hour-8 concentration (C8), time to reach Cmax, and area under the plasma concentration-time curve over the 8-hour dosing interval (AUC8). Milk thistle did not alter significantly the overall exposure of indinavir, as evidenced by a 9% reduction in the indinavir AUC8 after 3 weeks of dosing with milk thistle, although the least squares mean trough level (C8) was significantly decreased by 25%. Conclusion. Milk thistle in commonly administered dosages should not interfere with indinavir therapy in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.
CONTROLLED MOTION OF A CYLINDER THROUGH A FREE SURFACE: EFFECT OF DEPTH OF PENETRATION

A cylinder undergoing vertical oscillation penetrates a free surface. The oscillation is controlled to maintain constant maximum acceleration for a range of values of penetration depth. High-image-density particle image velocimetry, which provides instantaneous representations of the vortex development, reveals that several patterns of nearly symmetrical vortices can occur during an oscillation cycle. They originate from distinctive mechanisms of flow separation and vorticity layer development. The key role of the penetration process through the free surface is emphasized by comparison with the corresponding case of the completely submerged cylinder, which generates highly asymmetrical patterns of vortices. An important common feature, however, is the initial formation of a counterflow mixing-layer, corresponding to an elongated layer of vorticity, from the surface of the cylinder. This layer exhibits small-scale Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices and eventually comprises a large-scale vortex.
Efficient Parallel and Distributed Algorithms for GIS Polygonal Overlay Processing

Polygon overlay is one of the complex operations in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). In GIS, a typical polygon tends to be large in size often consisting of thousands of vertices. Sequential algorithms for this problem are in abundance in literature and most of the parallel algorithms concentrate on parallelizing edge intersection phase only. Our research aims to develop parallel algorithms to find overlay for two input polygons which can be extended to handle multiple polygons and implement it on General Purpose Graphics Processing Units (GPGPU) which offers massive parallelism at relatively low cost. Moreover, spatial data files tend to be large in size (in GBs) and the underlying overlay computation is highly irregular and compute intensive. MapReduce paradigm is now standard in industry and academia for processing large-scale data. Motivated by MapReduce programming model, we propose to develop and implement scalable distributed algorithms to solve large-scale overlay processing in this dissertation.
A DIRECTION SET BASED ALGORITHM FOR LEAST SQUARES PROBLEMS IN ADAPTIVE SIGNAL PROCESSING

Abstract A fast algorithm has been developed for solving a class of least squares problems arising in adaptive signal processing. The algorithm is based on the Powell and Zangwill direction set method for unconstrained minimization problems and is designed so as to fully take advantage of the special structure of the adaptive least squares (ALS) problems. It is a fast algorithm because it requires only O( N ) multiplications for each system update where N is the dimension of the problem. The algorithm has been implemented and applied to applications in signal processing. Computer simulation results have shown that the algorithm is stable and converges fast often with a rate which is comparable to that of the known CG and RLS algorithm. The convergence behavior of the algorithm is studied in detail in this paper. The algorithm is shown to converge linearly for adaptive least squares problems in general and its rate of convergence can be faster than linear for some applications. A computational procedure is also designed to generate a set of near conjugate directions as initial directions to accelerate the convergence.
Model for interface reaction control in superplastic deformation of non-stoichiometric ceramics

Abstract Experiments on superplastic deformation of ceramics that are non-stoichiometric, or which may have interfaces of non-stoichiometric character, exhibit two properties that differ from those of stoichiometric ceramics: (a) they have high superplastic ductilities, indicating unusual resistance to interface cavitation; (b) their stress-strain-rate response has the appearance of a threshold stress. A model that is based upon the idea that interfaces in non-stoichiometric ceramics may harbor a space charge layer is presented as an explanation for the threshold stress. The fundamental origin of the space charge lies in the electronic structure of the interfaces in non-stoichiometric ceramics (which is poorly understood). If correct, these ideas highlight the importance of electrical effects in understanding the mechanisms that determine the mechanical properties of interfaces in structural ceramics.
Recent developments in DYNA3D for impact problems

Abstract DYNA3D is an explicit, large deformation finite element code which is widely used for modeling complex impact problems. Recent research and development activities at LLNL have yielded a number of improvements to DYNA3D, including a new shell element, a new material model for concrete, sand, and rock, a new set of anisotropic plasticity models for both solid and shell elements, a material model driver with interactive graphics, and others. This paper opens with an overview of the current capabilities of DYNA3D. Next, some new results in the finite element formulation of elastoplastic shell problems are presented. Then, recent developments on a new, fully vectorized two-invariant extended cap model are described. Two large-scale example problems are then presented which illustrate the application of DYNA3D to production impact analysis. The paper closes with a brief discussion of future research and development directions.
The analytic hierarchy process in medical and health care decision making: A literature review

This paper presents a literature review of the application of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to important problems in medical and health care decision making. The literature is classified by year of publication, health care category, journal, method of analyzing alternatives, participants, and application type. Very few articles were published prior to 1988 and the level of activity has increased to about three articles per year since 1997. The 50 articles reviewed were classified in seven categories: diagnosis, patient participation, therapy/treatment, organ transplantation, project and technology evaluation and selection, human resource planning, and health care evaluation and policy. The largest number of articles was found in the project and technology evaluation and selection category (14) with substantial activity in patient participation (9), therapy/treatment (8), and health care evaluation and policy (8). The AHP appears to be a promising support tool for shared decision making between patient and doctor, evaluation and selection of therapies and treatments, and the evaluation of health care technologies and policies. We expect that AHP research will continue to be an important component of health care and medical research.
PASADENA hyperpolarized 13C phospholactate.

We demonstrate that potassium 1-13C-phosphoenolpyruvate becomes hyperpolarized potassium 1-13C-phospholactate with 13C T1 = 36 s after molecular hydrogenation by PASADENA (Parahydrogen and Synthesis Allows Dramatically Enhanced Nuclear Alignment). This proof-of-principle study was conducted with a fully protonated molecular precursor. 13C was polarized to a level of 1%, corresponding to nearly 4000-fold sensitivity enhancement at 3 T. The relevant homo- and heteronuclear spin–spin couplings are reported.
EXCITONIC CHARGE-DENSITY WAVE: A NOVEL PHASE OF DOUBLE QUANTUM WELL SYSTEMS

Theoretical studies of collective excitations of double quantum wells (DQW’s) in a strong magnetic field indicate that the systems undergo a phase transition when the well separation is larger than a critical value. For electron-hole DQW’s, we find that in the Hartree-Fock approximation this transition generates a novel excitonic density wave state, which has a lower energy than either a homogeneous excitonic fluid or a double charge-density wave state.
Dairy cattle breeding problems and their consequences

Abstract Low breeding efficiency has long been recognized as one of the major problems affecting the efficiency of milk production. A study of California dairy herds identified delayed first service and low conception rates as two of the major factors contributing to this problem. Heat detection failure was the primary cause of delayed first service and also contributed significantly to the delay of subsequent services.
Effects of Maturity, Genotypic Background, and Temperature on Seed Mineral Composition in Near-Isogenic Soybean Lines in the Early Soybean Production System

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of maturity, genotypic background, and maximum temperature 20 d before maturity on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed mineral concentrations. A field experiment was conducted in Stoneville, MS, in 2004 and 2005, using two sets of near-isogenic soybean lines that differed in maturity genes. One set of isolines derived from cultivar Clark and the other from cultivar Harosoy. The maturity of each line within a set varied, but all had a common genotypic background. For Clark isolines, there were positive correlations (P < 0.05) between maturity and N with r = 0.83 in 2004 and r = 0. 62 in 2005, and between maturity and Ca (r = 0.59 in 2004 and r = 0.89 in 2005). For Harosoy isolines, there were positive correlations (P < 0.05) between maturity and Ca with r = 0.60 in 2004 and r = 0.83 in 2005, and between maturity and B (r = 0.48 in 2004 and r = 0.72 in 2005). There was a highly significant genotypic background effect (P < 0.01) on seed N, S, Ca, K, Mg, P, and B concentrations, and maturity gene (E-gene) effect (P < 0.01) on Ca and B. Generally the contribution of genotypic background or maturity to total variation of nutrient concentrations was greater than that of temperature. This information may be useful when developing soybean germplasm with higher seed mineral content by using genotypes with a higher nutrient uptake efficiency trait as either parental lines or source material to improve existing varieties for the seed nutrition trait.
Foraminiferal distribution in one bed, Monterey Formation, California

All 146,039 foraminifera obtained from twenty-four 5-ml replicate samples taken 10-cm apart along one 8-cm thick bed in the Monterey Formation were identified and counted. Replicates 1 through 19 and 20 through 24 differ taxonomically and, very significantly, numerically. Differences probably reflect postmortem transport, small-scale ecological variations, and possibly other phenomena. Such foraminiferal distributions can assist both the determination of sampling adequacy and sedimentation processes themselves.
Test-retest gains in WAIS scores after four retest intervals.

Administered the WAIS to 76 male college students on two occasions with a retest interval of either 1 week, 1 month, 2 months, or 4 months. Essentially all Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs increased significantly on the retest. Increases in Verbal IQ for the four time intervals were 4.7, 1.8, 2.3, and .8 IQ points, respectively; the latter was the only nonsignificant gain found. The Performance IQ increased by 11.4, 9.8, 8.7, and 8.0 points for each subsequent time period, and the Full Scale IQ increased by 8.0, 5.7, 5.4, and 4.2 points for each respective time period. Test-retest correlations for the four intervals ranged from .91 to .72 for the Verbal IQ, .87 to .79 for the Performance IQ, and .94 to .74 for the Full Scale IQ. The results were pitted against similar test-retest studies, and clinical and research implications were discussed.
Air Mobilities on the U.S.–Caribbean Border: Open Skies and Closed Gates

The convergence of intensive human mobilities, offshore financial flows, and new forms of border surveillance make the Caribbean a crucial region in which to study how emerging forms of electronic data, mobile communication, and information flow are respatializing borders. The growth of tourism, the opening of free trade zones, and the expansion of transmigration between the United States and the Caribbean are one side of the picture of mobility in the region. On the other side, we find a grimmer panorama: the ongoing Cuban trade embargo, the problems of drug and gun smuggling, illegal immigration, and the continuing deaths of Haitian refugees at sea. In this article the author presents a preliminary model for understanding the contested mobility regimes along the U.S.–Caribbean “Third Border,” envisioned as an uneven and multifaceted space of connectivity and barriers that is currently undergoing complex transformations, both material and rhetorical. It draws on empirical examples and photographs of rece...
Evidence for expression of both classical and non-classical major histocompatibility complex class I genes in bovine trophoblast cells.

Problem During the third trimester of pregnancy bovine trophoblast cells in the interplacentomal and arcade regions of the placenta express major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) antigens. At parturition immunological recognition of MHC-I antigens appears to contribute to normal placental release. Therefore, we hypothesized that during late pregnancy bovine trophoblast cells express polymorphic, classical MHC-I antigens. Method of study Cloning, microarray screening and sequencing of cDNA were used to study transcription of MHC-I genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and interplacentomal, trophoblast cells. Real-time reverse transcription, polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to compare the abundance of MHC-I transcripts in PBMC and trophoblast cells. Results Screening of cloned MHC-I cDNA on MHC-I microarrays indicated that in PBMC 90–98% of MHC-I transcripts were encoded by classical MHC-I genes with the remainder encoded by non-classical MHC-I genes. In contrast, 21–66% of MHC-I transcripts from interplacentomal trophoblast cells were from classical genes and 34–79% were from non-classical genes. Transcripts from four non-classical MHC-I loci were identified by sequence analysis. Real-time RT-PCR indicated that the overall levels of MHC-I gene expression in PBMC and trophoblast were similar. Conclusion Bovine interplacentomal trophoblast cells express both classical and non-classical MHC-I genes, but the relative level of expression varies considerably.
Energy extension in three-dimensional atomic imaging by electron emission holography.

A method is introduced joining together forward-scattering diffraction data taken in a small angular window at different photoelectron energies. This method extends the usable range in phase space for three-dimensional image reconstruction. Examples based on theoretical simulations demonstrate that a spatial resolution of \ensuremath{\le}1 \AA{} is achievable. We also show that using a small angular window in the backscattering geometry eliminates splittings in the reconstructed image.
Computational Aerothermodynamic Design Issues for Hypersonic Vehicles

A brief review of the evolutionary progress in computational aerothermodynamics is presented. The current status of computational aerothermodynamics is then discussed, with emphasis on its capabilities and limitations for contributions to the design process of hypersonic vehicles. Some topics to be highlighted include: (1) aerodynamic coefficient predictions with emphasis on high temperature gas effects; (2) surface heating and temperature predictions for thermal protection system (TPS) design in a high temperature, thermochemical nonequilibrium environment; (3) methods for extracting and extending computational fluid dynamic (CFD) solutions for efficient utilization by all members of a multidisciplinary design team; (4) physical models; (5) validation process and error estimation; and (6) gridding and solution generation strategies. Recent experiences in the design of X-33 will be featured. Computational aerothermodynamic contributions to Mars Pathfinder, METEOR, and Stardust (Comet Sample return) will also provide context for this discussion. Some of the barriers that currently limit computational aerothermodynamics to a predominantly reactive mode in the design process will also be discussed, with the goal of providing focus for future research.
Field tests of L-canavanine for control of tobacco hornworm.

L-Canavanine, the guanidinooxy structural analogue of arginine, was sprayed on fieldgrown Ky J4 Burley tobacco plants at a rate of 2.25 kg/ha. Second-instar Manduca sexta (L.) were placed on the plants which were subsequently examined periodically for the larvae. Larvae on plants treated with canavanine experienced slower growth rates than did those on plants treated with arginine (control). The results of this field study support similar, more detailed, laboratory investigations.
Vector flow estimator isomorphism and wall filter requirements

Ultrasound vector flow estimation ben be complicated by the spatial anisotropy of the ultrasound pulse, a limitation most commonly characterized in terms of the different spatial resolutions achieved along the three axes of a typical imaging system. For vector Doppler or spatial quadrature flow estimation techniques, this anisotropy limits, relative to the axial modulation, the maximum achievable frequency of the modulation associated with lateral motion. This anisotropy has one advantage in establishing higher aliasing thresholds in the non-axial dimensions than are typically encountered axially. However, it is likely that one of the obstacles to practical implementation of vector velocity estimation will be the attenuation of non-axial modulation components by conventional wall and clutter filters. As part of our investigation of this topic, we describe a commonality among several vector flow estimators: the vector Dopple described by Overbeck, et. al, the estimator described by Jensen and Munk, and the heterodyning spatial quadrature estimator we have previously described. When implemented with the same transducer array, these estimators produce very similar spatial impulse responses despite the use of radically different complex apodization schemes. In two cases this common response is not formed during beamforming but rather after post-processing has been applied. We describe this isomorphism and discuss the differences among the estimators that we expect to become evident under realistic imaging conditions. We present an analysis of the multi-dimensional spatial frequency responses of these vector velocity estimators in comparison with typical wall filter responses. The axial/lateral anisotropy for all three estimators was found to be on the order of 10 in a pulse-echo regime. This implies that detection of lateral flow at a rate of, for example, 10 m/s would require a wall filter setting providing an axial cut-off velocity of less than 1 m/s. The practical implications of these findings and alternative approaches are discussed.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Time trends of obesity in pre-school children in China from 1989 to 1997.

OBJECTIVE: To examine predictors and time trends of obesity in pre-school children in China. DESIGN: This study was based on data from China Health and Nutrition Survey, a longitudinal survey from 1989 to 1997. SUBJECTS: For cross-sectional analysis, we included 944, 1058, 903 and 483 children aged 2–6 y in 1989, 1991, 1993 and 1997, respectively. For longitudinal analysis, we included 944 children and 3146 measurements during four time periods. MEASURES: Overweight and obesity according to age- and sex-specific BMI cut-off points proposed by International Obesity Task Force. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of obesity increased from 4.2% in 1989 to 6.4% in 1997 among children aged 2–6 y. The increase largely occurred in urban areas, where the prevalence of obesity increased from 1.5% in 1989 to 12.6% in 1997 and prevalence of overweight increased from 14.6 to 28.9% at the same period. Longitudinal analysis shows BMI increased by 0.2 kg/m2 per year in urban areas and 0.1 kg/m2 per year in rural areas. In multivariate analysis, overweight in early childhood (2–6 y), parental overweight, high income and urban areas independently predicted overweight at age 10–14 y. CONCLUSION: A substantial increase in overweight and obesity among children aged 2–6 y was observed in urban areas in China from 1989 to 1997. Overweight in early childhood significantly predicted overweight during adolescence. Urgent public health strategies are needed to prevent childhood obesity in China.
Consequences of Foraging in Clonal Plant Species

Some clonal plant species decrease rhizome or stolon internode lengths and/or increase the frequency of branching when they grow in favorable environments. This foraging response is thought to be beneficial since it should allow ramets to concentrate in areas of favorable habitat. However, there have been few critical tests of the effectiveness with which ramets are placed in favorable habitat as a result of the foraging response. In this paper, I use empirically calibrated stochastic simulation and diffusion models to compare the growth of clones in favorable and unfavorable habitat. I ask whether observed changes in rhizome lengths and clonal branching patterns are likely to decrease significantly the distance clones move, and thus, to enable mets to remain for longer periods of time in favorable habitat. For the empirical data used in this study, results from the models indicate that the effectiveness of the foraging response is likely to be variable. In some cases, such as results from models based on the response of Glechoma hederacea to nutrients, there is no significant difference in the distance clones move in favorable and unfavorable habitat. Thus, even through rhizome lengths may be significantly shorter in favorable patches, this does not guarantee that clones disperse significantly less far and thereby remain longer in favorable habitat. The effectiveness of the foraging response depends strongly on the distribution of clonal growth angles, the pattern of clonal branching, and the variance in rhizome or stolon internode length. These results, particularly the importance of growth angles and the relatively limited effectiveness of the foraging response, differ from those in previously published models of foraging in clonal plant species. I conclude with a discussion of reasons that may underlie these differences.
Workblogging in a Facebook age

In keeping with this journal’s recent attempt to revive worker narratives as a means of understanding social questions, this research note reflects on the significance of workblogging as a window o...
Airborne Video Image Processing

Abstract. Images of objects and scenes on earth taken from high and low altitude aircraft have been used for many purposes, including natural resource analysis, weather prediction, and navigational aid. For an image of low contrast, the amplitude variations of the high frequency components of the video are small and can be masked by noise introduced during recording and transmission. Digital and analog image processing techniques are used to enhance and retain the detail information of the scene represented by the high frequency components. Experimental results are presented for the processing of optical and radar images.
Low rates of free human papillomavirus vaccine uptake among young women

Objective: To determine uptake of quadrivalent human papillomavirus recombinant vaccine (quadrivalent; Gardasil®, Merck, New Jersey, USA) offered under optimal conditions to women 18 to 24 years of age, and to identify predictors of uptake. Methods: Young women (n = 209) were recruited from a university health clinic. After completing a self-administered questionnaire, women received a free voucher for the entire vaccine series. Results: Only 59 women (28.2%) who were offered this free service completed the series. Just over half (50.7%) received the first dose. Of those, 78.3% returned to receive the second and 55.7% returned for the third. Young women who felt their mothers might not want them to be vaccinated were much less likely to complete the series compared with those who felt their mothers would ‘definitely’ want them to be vaccinated (P = 0.0002). Also, young women who indicated that they would take the time to return to the clinic for doses two and three were far more likely to complete the series (P = 0.0004). Several measures failed to achieve even bivariate significance with vaccine uptake, including being sexually active in the past 12 months, ever having a Pap test or an abnormal Pap test result, and ever having a sexually transmissible infection. Conclusions: Even under ideal conditions, uptake of Gardasil among women 18–24 years of age may be quite low. Maternal endorsement and young women’s perceptions about the time needed to return for subsequent doses are important determinants of vaccine uptake. Fortunately, these two determinants lend themselves to intervention efforts.
The Sixty-Fifth William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition

(2015). The Seventy-Fifth William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 122, No. 8, pp. 715-725.
541 PERCUTANEOUSLY-PLACED CENTRAL SILASTIC CATHETERS (PCSC) IN NEONATES

Complications of conventional surgically-placed central hyperalimentation catheters include caval obstruction, intracardiac thrombi and bacterial sepsis. In addition, patients require general anesthesia. We therefore have instituted in-nursery percutaneous placement of .025” o.d. Silastic catheters with the proximal tip situated within the right atrium. Ten PCSC have been placed in 8 infants weighing 880-3750 grams. Insertion sites were: right cephalic vein (3), left cephalic vein (1), right ext jugular vein (4), left ext jugular vein (2). PCSC remained in place 7-38 days. The only complication was accidental catheter dislodgement, which occurred in 3 instances (12, 16 and 20 days post-insertion). No other complications were encountered. Total cost to the patient was $268.35, compared with $791.40 for a surgically-placed central hyperalimentation line. Therefore, PCSC is an alternative to the larger bore, surgically-placed catheters, and can be inserted in the nursery without anesthesia in a small infant.
Microbiology of regressive autism

This manuscript summarizes some of our earlier work on the microbiology of autism subjects' stool specimens, as compared with stools from control subjects. Our most recent data indicating that Desulfovibrio may play an important role in regressive autism is also presented. In addition, we present information on antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Desulfovibrio using the CLSI agar dilution susceptibility technique. In addition, we summarize data from our earlier studies showing the impact of various antimicrobial agents on the indigenous bowel flora. This shows that penicillins and cephalosporins, as well as clindamycin, have a major impact on the normal bowel flora and therefore might well predispose subjects to overgrowth of such organisms as Clostridium difficile, and of particular importance for autism, to Desulfovibrio.
Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata: Report of a Case with Review of the Literature and Correlation with Other Peroxisomal Disorders

A 3-year-old girl rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP) had serve micrencephaly but a normal gyral pattern, neuronal density, and cortical cytoarchitecture. The white matter was diffusely decreased in mass but normally myelinated. There was optic atrophy and cerebellar degeneration. Leukodystrophy in peroxisomal disorders is caused by elevated very long chain fatty acids. The absence of a fatty acid abnormality in RCDP explains the normal myleination. Cerebellar and retinal degeneration and possible stunted dendritogenesis may be due to plasmalogen deficiency, which is the most severe biochemical abnormality in RCDP.
Metal−Ligand Bond Distances in First-Row Transition Metal Coordination Compounds: Coordination Number, Oxidation State, and Specific Ligand Effects

Mean metal−ligand bond distances for the coordination ligands isothiocyanate, pyridine, imidazole, water, and chloride, bound to the transition metals Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn in their 2+ oxidation states, were collected from searches the Cambridge Structure Database. The metal−ligand bond distances were converted to bond orders through the bond distance-bond order technique, as suggested by Pauling. The mean bond order sums at the 2+ metal centers were found to be independent of coordination number or geometry and to be strongly ligand-dependent; the values (by ligand) are as follows: isothiocyanate = 2.56 ± 0.13; imidazole = 2.13 ± 0.04; chloride = 2.12 ± 0.07; pyridine 1.95 ± 0.10; water = 1.88 ± 0.10. The bond order sum for Fe(III) bound to chloride was found to be 3.09, approximately one bond order unit larger than for the 2+ metal centers bound to chloride. Division of the ligand-specific bond order sums by coordination number allows prediction of the M−L bond distance to within 0.017 A, regardle...
The effects of glycosylation inhibitors on the maturation and intracellular polypeptide synthesis induced by snowshoe hare bunyavirus

Abstract The effects of three inhibitors of glycosylation (2-deoxy- d -glucose, d -glucosamine, and tunicamycin) on the formation of infectious extracellular snowshoe hare virus and the synthesis of intracellular virus-induced polypeptides have been examined. The inhibitor 2-deoxy- d -glucose, used at concentrations of up to 10 m M , did not significantly affect either infectious virus release or viral-induced polypeptide synthesis and maturation. By contrast, both d -glucosamine (40 m M ) and tunicamycin (1 μg/ml) prevented the release of infectious virus and inhibited the maturation of the two viral glycoproteins (Gl and G2), but not the viral nucleoprotein (N). Two new polypeptides, Gl 0 and G2 0 , of molecular weights 105 × 103 and 33 × 103, respectively, were found in infected cells treated with tunicamycin or D-glucosamine. These two polypeptides were identified as virus specific since they could be precipitated by virus immune serum. Tunicamycin was found to inhibit the release of extracellular virus particles at 33 and 38°, which correlated with the observation that no intracellular virus particles were detected in electron micrographs of cells treated with the drug.
Analytical Applications of the Air/Hexane Flame to Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Abstract In a recent communication we reported the results of a preliminary investigation into the use of organic liquids as fuels in flame spectroscopy. The method of production of such flames is relatively simple, the organic liquid is aspirated directly into a conventional premix burner system using air as the nebulizing gas. The gaseous and organic aerosol mixture so produced nay then be ignited in the normal manner. The analyte is introduced into the flame by means of a second nebulizer.
Identification and characterization of transcribed sequences on human chromosome 9q32-34.

The gene responsible for the neuromuscular disease idiopathic torsion dystonia (DYT1) has recently been mapped to human chromosome 9q32–34. Our goal is to identify candidate genes for torsion dystonia as well as other neurologically important genes in this region. To accomplish this we have characterized the expression patterns of transcribed sequences identified within a collection of 3000 human 9q32–34-specific clones. Screening of this clone collection with cDNA probes from various brain and peripheral tissues resulted in the identification of 143 clones corresponding to 9q32–34-specific transcripts. Thirty three of these corresponded to transcripts expressed in a brain-specific manner and thus represent preferred candidates for the dystonia gene. None of these candidates were expressed specifically in the putative dystonia target tissue, basal ganglia. The 9q32–34 collection was screened with a subtracted probe enriched in striatal sequences using a directional tag PCR subtraction method. This resulted in the identification of several genes exhibiting preferential expression in the striatum as compared to cerebellum.
Evaluation of teat germicides of low iodine concentrations for prevention of bovine mastitis by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae

Abstract Two iodophor teat germicides of low iodine concentration were evaluated in a controlled, experimental challenge-infection study against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae . One germicide was a 0.1% iodophor containing 0.75% glycerin, formulated to maintain 5–6 ppm free I 2 . The other germicide was a 0.175% iodophor without emollient, formulated to maintain 4–6 ppm free I 2 . New intramammary infections with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae were reduced 80.7 and 56.6% by the 0.1% iodophor. The 0.175% iodophor gave a 65.0% reduction in new Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infections, but the new infection rate for Streptococcus agalactiae was low in both control and dipped quarters and provided limited power to detect differences between treatment groups. Reduction in new Streptococcus agalactiae infections was 33.3% for the 0.175% iodophor. No adverse effects on teat skin condition were observed.