cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A role perception transactional process model for organizational communication-outcome relationships

Abstract This study presents a role perception transactional process model for organizational communication to understand and predict the relationships among organizational communications and employee satisfaction and performance. This transactional process model, being based on role perceptions, also represents a means by which to bridge organizational communication and organizational behavior. Dimensions of organizational communications, consistent with those used elsewhere, were used in this study in two organizations. In one organization data were collected on a longitudinal basis. Relationships among four dimensions of organizational communication, role perceptions and employee satisfaction and performance were examined. It was hypothesized that these variables would be reciprocally related and that role perceptions would intervene in the communication-outcome relationship. The results supported the hypothesized reciprocal relationships among these variables and the intervening effect of role perceptions. The results, therefore, generally supported the role perception transactional process model for organizational communication and the existence of vicious cycle phenomena in organizational communications and behavior.
Educational technology infrastructure and services in North American medical schools.

Purpose To describe the current educational technology infrastructure and services provided by North American allopathic medical schools that are members of the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), to present information needed for institutional benchmarking. Method A Web-based survey instrument was developed and administered in the fall of 2004 by the authors, sent to representatives of 137 medical schools and completed by representatives of 88, a response rate of 64%. Schools were given scores for infrastructure and services provided. Data were analyzed with one-way analyses of variance, chi-square, and correlation coefficients. Results There was no difference in the number of infrastructure features or services offered based on region of the country, public versus private schools, or size of graduating class. Schools implemented 3.0 (SD = 1.5) of 6 infrastructure items and offered 11.6 (SD = 4.1) of 22 services. Over 90% of schools had wireless access (97%), used online course materials for undergraduate medical education (97%), course management system for graduate medical education (95%) and online teaching evaluations (90%). Use of services differed across the undergraduate, graduate, and continuing medical education continuum. Outside of e-portfolios for undergraduates, the least-offered services were for services to graduate and continuing medical education. Conclusions The results of this survey provide a benchmark for the level of services and infrastructure currently supporting educational technology by AAMC-member allopathic medical schools.
Deflection versus penetration of a wedge-loaded crack: effects of branch-crack length and penetrated-layer width

A crack intersecting an interface between two dissimilar material layers may advance by either deflecting along or penetrating through the interface. The criterion of deflection versus penetration can be established by the comparison of two ratios, the energy release rate ratio and the fracture energy ratio, of deflection to penetration. The effects of: (1) a finite length of the branch crack emanating from the main crack tip; and (2) a finite width of the layer subjected to crack penetration were examined in the present study. The results reveal that the above two factors have profound effects on the criterion of deflection versus penetration for a wedge-loaded crack.
Adapting User Interface to Expedite Physician Order Entry: A Frontline to Ensure Patient Safety

Preventable medical errors are a major problem in healthcare. Maintenance of accurate problem lists and drug lists in the electronic medical record is critical to the practice of medicine and patient safety. We built a simulator of a clinical decision support system that automates the process of maintaining an electronic problem list by processing drug order requests from a simulated computerized physician order entry system. Preliminary results revealed that the productivity of the system increased when the user interface was improved. This study highlights the importance of an enhanced user interface as a frontline in expediting physician data entry, streamlining better system workflow, and maintaining an electronic problem list effectively to reduce preventable medical errors and promote patient safety.
Variation and its implications in a population of Cupidinimus (Heteromyidae) from Hepburn's Mesa, Montana

ABSTRACT New specimens of the heteromyid genus Cupidinimus have been found at the Barstovian (middle Miocene) Hepburn's Mesa site in the Yellowstone Valley, southwestern Montana. The population is not placed within a new or existing species because the high coefficients of variation of several dental measurements indicate the presence of more than one species. However, lack of any clear character differentiation (qualitative or quantitative) within the population makes it impossible to distinguish separate species. Possible explanations proposed for this high variation and lack of specific diagnosibility are: morphologically similar species (including the products of a recent speciation event or introgression); sexual dimorphism; geographic variation; and temporal mixing. The age, location, and size of the surrounding Cupidinimus taxa, the lack of any size differentiation of the population into two species, and the geological history of the area suggest that the variation in the Hepburn's Mesa Cupidinimus...
Hormonal regulation of adenylate cyclase in the stria vascularis of the mouse

The adenylate cyclase complex is a ubiquitous ‘second-messenger’ system mediating the actions of hormones and neurotransmitters. Its presence but not its phys~olo~cal control and function had previously been established in the cochlea. In this study, the hormonal stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity of the stria vascularis of the CBA mouse was characterized. In the presence of the regulatory nucieotide, GTP. the enzyme was stimulated by isoproterenol and epinephrine with a half-maximal effect at about 10 pM and the stimulation was blocked by propranolol. This profile is consistent with the presence of adrenergic r the non-specific stimulator, forskolin, activated the enzyme. The finding that potential hormonal effecters of water and ion transport including vasopressin were inactive may be significant with regard to the physiological role of strial adenylate cyclase.
Isolation and sequence determination of the cDNA encoding DNA polymerase delta from Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract The cDNA encoding the catalytic subunit of Drosophila melanogaster (Dm) DNA polymerase δ (Polδ) was isolated by a combination of PCR amplification and cDNA library screening. The cDNA is 3457 nucleotides in length and contains an open reading frame (ORF) that encodes a protein of 1092 amino acids (124 799 Da). The ORF contains the sequence that was determined for a peptide from the purified catalytic subunit of Dm Polδ Polyclonal antibodies raised against Dm Polδ specifically recognize a protein of the expected size when the cDNA is expressed in either Escherichia coli or insect cells. Comparison of the deduced aa sequence with other Polδ sequences demonstrates that Polδ is one of the most highly conserved of the DNA polymerases.
The barriers in the bimolecular and unimolecular folding reactions of the dimeric core domain of Escherichia coli Trp repressor are dominated by enthalpic contributions.

The kinetic folding mechanism of the isolated dimerization domain of E. coli Trp repressor, [2−66]2 TR, consists of a nearly diffusion-limited association reaction to form a dimeric intermediate, I2, which is then converted to the native, folded dimeric species, N2 by a first-order folding step (preceding paper in this issue). The two transition states traversed in the folding of [2−66]2 TR were characterized by monitoring the folding and unfolding reactions by stopped-flow fluorescence as a function of temperature and urea. For both transition states, the barriers are dominated by the enthalpic component; the entropic component accelerates the association reaction but has little effect on the subsequent rearrangement reaction. The transition state between I2 and N2 is relatively nativelike, as determined by the sensitivity of the rate constants to denaturant. This study also highlights the key role of solvent entropy in determining the magnitude of the relative free energy of the transition states and th...
Utility of the Millon Behavioral Medicine Diagnostic (MBMD) to Predict Adherence to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) Medication Regimens Among HIV-Positive Men and Women

Psychosocial and behavioral factors may be strong predictors of adherence to medications in a wide variety of diseases. Newly emerging antiretroviral medications for HIV have been shown to be effective but require near perfect adherence to offer clinically significant benefits. There is currently great interest in deriving patient factors that may predict optimal medication adherence in HIV-positive persons. In this study, we examined the association of psychosocial and behavioral characteristics using the Millon Behavioral Medicine Diagnostic (MBMD; Millon, Antoni, Millon, Meagher, & Grossman, 2001) and adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among 117 HIV-positive individuals on HAART regimens. Specific indexes of the MBMD were associated with HAART adherence as assessed through patient interview, at baseline assessment, and at 3-month follow-up at a point after which participants had received medication adherence training. As hypothesized, the Medication Abuse scale of the MBMD was uniquely associated with overall adherence at baseline assessment and also predictive of adherence at 3-month follow-up. Additional MBMD scales were also related to overall adherence as well as specific adherence behaviors such as missed doses, following specific instructions, and overmedicating, although the Medication Abuse scale emerged as the most consistent predictor of adherence in the study. These results suggest that the MBMD can be used to predict adherence to HAART medication in a sample of HIV-positive men and women and may subsequently be used to identify those in need of adherence counseling at the point when medications are initiated.
The Core and Periphery of Emergency Management Networks

Emergency planning and response increasingly involve close interactions between a diverse array of actors across fields (emergency management, public health, law enforcement, etc.); sectors (government, non-profit and for-profit); and levels of government (local, state and federal). This article assesses the temporal dynamics of emergency management networks in two moderately sized communities that have served as large-scale disaster evacuation hosting sites in the past decade. The paper uses two strategies for tracking the evolution of these networks across time. First, we develop a network roster using newspaper and newswire data sources across a decade. Second, we develop a view of the evolution of the networks by analysing emergency operations plans for each community. Analysis of data reveals a contrast between a core set of consistent (mostly governmental) actors and a peripheral set of rapidly turning over (mostly non-governmental) actors – though the account depends on the mode of data on which on...
Mina Shaughnessy and K. Patricia cross: The forgotten debate over postseeondary remediation

Mina Shaughnessy has long been revered as the leader, even founder, of the basic-writing movement, which emerged from the open-admissions educational policies of the egalitarian 1960s. Throughout the 1970s, 80s, and 90s, most professionals in the field have accepted the role of basic writing as defined by Shaughnessy in Errors and Expectations and as enacted in the classrooms of the City University of New York, where the "action" of the book took place. Indeed, Jeanne Gunner calls Shaughnessy's work "the starting point" of reference for these professionals (28); seldom does a discussion of basic writing not referand defer-to Shaughnessy.' In spite of the almost universal acclaim for Shaughnessy, some articles about her work have appeared with contradictory, even negative, visions: Paul Hunter describes Shaughnessy as radical for caring so much about and believing in her students, most of whom were minorities; Min-Zhan Lu describes her as conservative-and a gatekeeper and accommodationist-for wanting to acculturate them. And while no doubt both Hunter and Lu have captured truths about Shaughnessy, CCNY's Patricia Laurence argues that the "historical dimension" is missing from many such analyses, that they set Shaughnessy "adrift on an educational raft-unmoored from [her] times, [her] institution, [her] field" (880). In an essay describing these "intra-community conflict[s]" (26), Gunner argues that literature about Shaughnessy can be categorized into two forms of discourse: iconic and critical. In iconic discourse Shaughnessy is invoked as a figure and symbol with meaning beyond her identity as an historic person (26). Time editor Stephen Koepp, in an issue on heroes and icons, defines an icon as "an embodiment of an ideal that affects the way we live or act, for better or worse." Only the possibility of "or worse," in fact, really differentiates Koepp's icon from his "hero"-one who changes society for the better by "shatter[ing] a limitation or convention" (6). Certainly, the iconic literature of basic writing invokes Shaughnessy as positive icon-as a hero. The imagery in the eulogies describing Shaughnessy shortly after her death set the tone for this type of literature: Irving Howe spoke of "the brightness of her" (102); E. D. Hirsch, Jr., described how her "human influence radiated out" (96); Adrienne Rich stressed the way her work "illuminates" (102).
Interference filter refinement for artificial nose fluorescence sensing

Optical interference coatings are used in filter-based T-format fluorimeters to make beamsplitters, bandpasses, and bandblocking filters that separate excitation and emission signals. Commercially available filters usually perform well in these applications, but better performance may be possible if the system of optical filters is tailored to the specific analysis. We provide a general method for designing optical filters for the optical train of a specific fluorescence sensor system simultaneously using two light-emitting diode (LED) excitation sources (blue and green) and two different fluorescent indicators. We approach the problem of designing the optics of the system by first constructing a hypothetical target spectrum for each filter using the optical spectrum of the excitation source, and the excitation and emission spectra of the fluorescence sensors. Structural designs for Nb2O5/SiO2 multilayer interference filters are then synthesized. An iterative evaluation procedure is then used to improve the performance of the system for minimal leakage of the excitation sources onto our detector array. We also provide experimental results for the construction of these filters using reactive magnetron sputtering.
Mexico-U.S. Harmful Algal Bloom Monitoring Efforts: Workshop on Taxonomy of Harmful Algal Blooms; Veracruz, Mexico, 18–22 February 2008

A workshop on harmful algal bloom (HAB) taxonomy, sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Health of the state of Veracruz, Mexico, was held at the Aquarium of Veracruz and focused on standardizing methods to detect HABs that affect coastal waters in the Gulf of Mexico. This binational effort was established under the umbrella of the Gulf of Mexico Alliance (GOMA), initially formed in 2004 by the five U.S. Gulf states (Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas) with participation from U.S. federal agencies and other stakeholders. The workshop was aimed at developing a joint program in HAB monitoring and research between the United States and Mexico. This was the first joint gathering of its kind and took place as a result of a series of recent initiatives, including a 3-year grant from the EPA to the University of South Florida to build “A Binational Gulf of Mexico HAB Risk Assessment and Communications Partnership” through efforts to assess, develop, and better integrate the existing human scientific and resource management infrastructure in the United States and Mexico. The workshop was the first step toward these goals.
A comparative analysis between survivors and nonsurvivors with antibody mediated cardiac allograft rejection.

Background. Antibody mediated rejection (AMR) is an important cause of graft loss in the post heart transplant period. The following study was conducted to determine differences between survivors and nonsurvivors who developed post heart transplant AMR. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed the charts of patients who received a heart transplant between January 1993 and December 2002. Patients with biopsy proven AMR were identified. This group was divided into survivors and nonsurvivors. Groups were compared with regards to demographics, T-cell flow panel of reactive antibodies (PRA), flow cross-matches (anti-donor HLA Class I and II), and short- and long-term outcomes. Results of endomyocardial biopsies were collected to allow calculation of sensitivity, specificity, negative- and positive predictive values as well as accuracy of immunoglobulins and complement split products in association to death. Results. A total of 65 patients (8.9%) were diagnosed with AMR. Mean age was 48 y (range: 8-68 y) and 53.8% were males. Episodes of hemodynamic instability associated with AMR were observed in 37% of patients. Only two deaths were directly attributed to acute AMR. Nearly 20% of AMR patients developed transplant coronary artery disease. Univariate analysis identified T-PRA (P < 0.001), mean T-cell molecules of equivalent soluble fluorochrome (MESF) (P < 0.001) and mean B-cell MESF (P < 0.001) as possible factors associated with death. Neither demographics of complement split products were associated to late death. Conclusion. When studying patients with AMR, pre-transplant T-PRA, T-cell, and B-cell MESF may identify individuals at risk of late death.
Days of Anger, Days of Hope: A Memoir of the League of American Writers 1937-1942

Days of Anger, Days of Hope is the memoir of one of the most important organizations of writers in the history of American literature. Franklin Folsom, executive secretary to the League of American Writers for five of its seven years of often controversial activity, brings to life a time when writers became aware of the threats of fascism, and recalls vigorous efforts of many of this country's best writers to rescue from European concentration camps their anti-Nazi colleagues. Founded during the tense, pre-war period of the 1930s, the League sought to promote intellectual and political freedom worldwide. At its peak, it had more than eight hundred members, including many of the most important literary personalities of this century, with whom Folsom had personal dealings: Theodore Dreiser, Dashiell Hammett, Lillian Hellman, Langston Hughes, Ralph Ellison, Ernest Hemmingway, Richard Wright, Malcolm Cowley, Ring Lardner, Jr., Archibald MacLeish, Thomas Mann, Dorothy Parker, Upton Sinclair, John Steinbeck, Dalton Trumbo, and William Carlos Williams, among many others. This lively history of the League of American Writers provides a unique insider's account of the group's wide-ranging activities, including the organization of four national writers congresses, the establishment of schools for writers, and campaigning for the rights of African Americans, the foreign-born, and labor. No book offers more information about the internal conflicts and external pressures that preceded the demise of the League, which the FBI considered one of the most successful of what it called "Communist front organizations." Folsom has deftly woven his personal anecdotes and writings with League records and FBIfiles to create an engrossing portrait of the organization, its members, and its role during a crucial period in American cultural and social history.
SPRINGS IN LEGS AND RUNNING SURFACES

![Figure][1] Its been nearly a quarter of a century since McMahon and Greene suggested that the stiffness of running tracks could be adjusted to enhance a runner's performance. They demonstrated that tracks made to be compliant (deformed by the force of the runner's landing foot) could result
Observing Chemotaxis in Vibrio fischeri Using Soft Agar Assays in an Undergraduate Microbiology Laboratory.

Chemotaxis, the directed movement of cells towards or away from a chemical, is both an exciting and complicated behavior observed in many bacterial species. Attempting to adequately visualize or demonstrate the chemotaxic response of bacteria in the classroom is difficult at best, with good models to illustrate the concept lacking. The BSL-1 marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri (a.k.a. Aliivibrio fischeri) is easy to culture, making it an ideal candidate for experiments in an undergraduate microbiology course. A number of chemoattractants for V. fischeri have been identified, including a variety of sugars, nucleosides, and amino acids (1, 2). Below presents how the soft agar-based chemotaxis assay can be implemented in the undergraduate laboratory. As bacterial cells migrate towards one or more attractants in soft agar, students can directly observe the chemotaxic behavior of V. fischeri without the need to learn complicated techniques or use specialized equipment. Once the bands of bacterial cells are observed, the migration can then be disrupted by the addition of excess attractant to the soft agar, thereby visualizing what happens once cells are no longer in a gradient of attractant. In addition, soft agar plates lacking attractants can be used to visualize the random movements of bacterial cells that are non-chemotaxing. These exercises can be used in the microbiology laboratory to help students understand the complex behavior of bacterial chemotaxis.
Plasmonic and photonic structures for nanoparticle trapping, color filtering and single molecule SERS

We trap nanoparticles using surface plasmons and silicon photonics. We demonstrate color filters that map the polarization state of incident white light to color. We demonstrate SERS substrates with sensitivities sufficient for single molecule detection.
The solar particle event of July 16–19, 1966 and its possible association with a flare on the invisible solar hemisphere

An energetic solar proton and electron event was observed by particle detectors aboard Explorer 33 (AIMP-1) and OGO-3 during the period July 16–19, 1966. Optical and radio observations of the sun suggest that these particles were produced by a flare which may have occurred on July 16 near the central meridian of the invisible hemisphere. The active region to which the flare is assigned is known to have produced the energetic particle events of July 7 and 28, 1966. The propagation of the particles in the July 16–19 event over the ∼180° extent of solar longitude from the flare to the earth is discussed, and it is concluded that there must exist a means of rapidly distributing energetic particles over a large area of the sun. Several possible mechanisms are suggested.
On Models with an Uncongestible Public Good and a Continuum of Consumers

Abstract This short note shows that models with an uncongestible or mildly congestible public good and a (non-atomic) continuum of consumers have an interesting but unfortunate property. Only an infinite level of public good provision in the continuum economy can be approximated by feasible public good levels in a sequence of economies with finite populations. We discuss the theoretical and practical problems this creates for familiar models that employ a continuum of consumers and a finite level of an uncongestible public good.
Application of the Financial Management Function in the Family Size Farm Firm

S UCCESS in family farm firms requires that the household farmmanagement complex make concurrent production and financing decisions to achieve realistic financial objectives set by the household. Economic theory of the firm has not evolved usable models in which the dynamics of production, capital, and finance are integrated [1, 5]. However, the increased rate of change in the mix of inputs used in production and marketing, lower profit margins per unit of output, firm growth, and income tax considerations are suggesting that researchers need improved insights on financial management, and farmers need improved financial management knowledge and skills. This paper is addressed to the newer areas of financial management in family-sized farm firmnns, a subarea and interrelated area of farm management.1
Power in Relationships and Influencing Strategies for Condom Use: Exploring Cultural Beliefs among African American Men:

Interviews were conducted with 40 young African American men at risk of HIV/STIs and unintended pregnancy to explore cultural beliefs regarding 1) what makes men feel powerful in their relationships and 2) mens influencing strategies for condom use. Cultural consensus analyses were performed. Results indicated that the participants comprise a cultural group with shared beliefs about mens feelings of power and influencing strategies for condom use. Participants identified several factors that make men feel powerful (e.g. when they are able to provide for their families are in control and make final decisions in their relationships). Regarding what men do to get their partners to use condoms participants believed that men 1) use interactive strategies such as offering reasons for condom use; 2) use a variety of strategies involving condoms themselves; and 3) just ask their partners to use condoms. These cultural beliefs have important implications for HIV/STI and pregnancy prevention. (authors)
Ultra-high Efficiency Erbium-doped Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers

We have recently demonstrated significant power scaling potential of resonantly cladding-pumped Yb-free, Er-doped fiber lasers. Reported here are the most noteworthy results of power and efficiency scaling of integrated, potentially all-glass, lasers and amplifiers.
Patterns of growth and gliding motility inSimonsiella

Forty-six strains ofSimonsiella—large, Gram-negative, aerobic, multicellular filamentous, gliding bacteria from the oral cavities of cats, dogs, sheep, and humans—were grown under various environmental conditions to elucidate features of gliding motility in the genus. Under standard growth conditions on bovine serum-tryptic soy-yeast extract (BSTSY) agar at 37°C, few strains glided. Nongliding strains displayed edges of microscopic colonies ranging from entire to rhizoid (filamentous outgrowth). Gliding strains displayed motility on agar in individual, often well-separated filaments, forming etched tracks in the agar. In some strains, gliding on agar led to the formation of satellite colonies, suggesting that motility is a possible mechanism for sustaining growth. Gliding was often pronounced in regions of heavy growth bordering on unoccupied agar surfaces, suggesting that motility might be triggered by growth metabolite accumulations, but, also, might require certain levels of fresh nutrients. Motility rates of 4- to 12-h-old cultures of selected strains in BSTSY broth or on BSTSY plus 0.5% agar (measured in sealed slide preparations held at approximately 37°C) ranged from 5 to 23.8 μm/min. Rate variations, obtained for the same as well as different trials, would be expected due to variations in oxygen tension and in metabolite and nutrient concentrations on agar sealed under glass.
Mr. Hobbs's extraordinary approach to teaching reading

Author Danny Brassell's seventh-grade reading teacher, Will Hobbs, positively affected his reading attitude with a simple, straightforward approach that motivated students to want to read for pleasure. The teacher • Provided a huge variety of high-interest books in his classroom • Led book discussions that encouraged students to talk about what they were reading • Allowed students to choose books to read on their own while he read • Discouraged book reports in favor of student oral reviews • Developed a point system to reward students for the number of books they read • Encouraged students to always try to read more by posting the names of the five top readers on the chalkboard This reading teacher went on to become a best-selling children's book author whose stories inspire countless reluctant readers to pick up books for fun. The author credits this former reading teacher for providing him with the motivational approach he uses to get his students to read today.
Why do adult age differences increase with task complexity

A total of 451 adults between 18 and 80 years of age participated in 2 studies conducted to investigate causes of the phenomenon that adult age differences in cognitive performance frequently increase with increased task complexity. All Ss performed 4 cognitive tasks at each of 3 levels of complexity. The strongest predictors of performance on the intermediate and complex versions of the tasks were performance on the simpler versions of the same tasks and a composite measure of working memory. It was concluded that one cause of the age-complexity phenomenon is that more complex cognitive tasks place greater demands on a working-memory resource that declines with increased age
The Incidence of Urolithiasis Among Commercial Aviation Pilots

Purpose: A kidney stone event in a commercial aviation pilot has significant vocational implications since the Federal Aviation Administration specifically prohibits medical certification in the setting of recent or recurrent stone disease. Given these serious concerns, an understanding of the burden of stone disease on the commercial aviation community is important. Thus, we performed a study in partnership with the Federal Aviation Administration to better characterize the epidemiology of this condition.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the Federal Aviation Administration Aerospace Medical Certification database for 2000 through 2007. Pilots with a class I certificate (scheduled commercial aviation) were selected for further review. All medical certificates submitted with a pathology code of 573 (urolithiasis) were identified for analysis.Results: From 2000 through 2007 between 3.7% and 4.6% of scheduled commercial aviation pilots were diagnosed with urolithiasis. However, during the study period there...
Infrared Performance Of The University Of California Ten Meter Telescope

We have considered the performance of the University of California Ten Meter Telescope (TMT) in the thermal infrared. At around 10 μm the thermal background seen by a detector in the focal plane is dominated by emission from the telescope itself since the atmospheric emission is often very low. Several aspects of telescope design are of crucial importance for optimum performance to be achieved in the infrared, the main goals being to minimize the background radiation and to keep fluctuations in that background to an acceptably low level. We have considered the effects of telescope design parameters in two classes: 1. The usual set of mechanical and optical constraints on design that are encountered in optimizing the performance of a conventional monolithic IR telescope. These include minimization of background radiation from telescope mirrors and support structure, chopping secondary design, etc. 2. Potential additional constraints arising from the segmented design of the primary mirror. These include the effects of the "cracks" between segments and consideration of the active control mechanism. We presently see no problems in the telescope design which will adversely affect IR performance and we consider that the actual performance of the TMT will be determined solely by the quality of its instrumentation and the properties of the atmosphere.
Machining with tool-chip contact on the tool secondary rake face-Part II: analysis and discussion

Abstract The forces, chip thickness, and natural tool–chip contact length in machining with a double-rake-angled tool are predicted in Part II of the present study. It is revealed that in comparison with a single-rake-angled tool, a double-rake-angled tool increases the forces, especially the thrust force. However, the increase in chip thickness and tool–chip contact length is not significant under the input conditions specified in the present study. The effect of seven input variables of the proposed model is quantitatively investigated. The predicted variations of forces, chip thickness, and natural tool–chip contact length are in good agreement with theoretical and experimental results obtained by other researchers. The interrelationships among the resultant force, the chip thickness, and the natural tool–chip contact length are established, which provides a new and promising method to estimate the tool–chip contact length by employing the resultant force. It is demonstrated that the model can also be extended to study the problem of machining with a groove-type chip breaker tool.
Identifying Scotland and Wales: types of Scottish and Welsh national identities

Abstract. How are national identities and the ‘imagined communities’ (Anderson 1991) upon which they are based linked? This article demonstrates that Q-methodology, which allows each participant to express his or her own ‘personal nationalism’ (Cohen 1996) while simultaneously highlighting how these individual assessments aggregate into coherent, shared types of national identity, provides a means of empirically assessing the linkage between the micro- and macro-components of national identity. When applied to the cases of Scotland and Wales, the six types of national identity – three each in Scotland and Wales – highlight distinctions that reflect, as well as challenge, the ubiquitous academic division between civic and ethnic national identities. They also illuminate the differing natures of contemporary Scotland and Wales, with particular emphasis on the observation that the Welsh imagined community appears to be fundamentally more contested than the more easily forged Scottish imagined community.
A comparison of quality outcome measures in patients having a hysterectomy for benign disease: robotic vs. non-robotic approaches.

Abstract Study Objective To measure procedure-related hospital readmissions within 30 days after discharge for patients who have a hysterectomy for benign disease. Secondary outcome quality measures evaluated were cost, estimated blood loss, length of stay and sum of costs associated with readmissions. Design Retrospective cohort study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). Setting Academic community hospital. Patients Patients who underwent hysterectomy to treat benign disease from January 2008 to December 2012. Interventions Patients were grouped according to route of hysterectomy: robotic-assisted laparoscopic hysterectomy (robotic), laparoscopic hysterectomy (laparoscopic), abdominal hysterectomy (open via laparotomy), and vaginal hysterectomy (vaginal). Measurements and Main Results Inclusion criteria were met by 2554 patients: 601 in the robotic group, 427 in the laparoscopic group, 1194 in the abdominal group, and 332 in the vaginal group. Readmission rates in the robotic cohort were significantly less (p Conclusion Patients who undergo robotic-assisted laparoscopic hysterectomy have a significantly lower chance of readmission
Reasons of the Heart: Emotion, Rationality, and the "Wisdom of Repugnance"

Much work in bioethics tries to sidestep bedrock questions about moral values. This is fine if we agree on our values; arguments about human enhancement suggest we do not. One bedrock question underlying these arguments concerns the role of emotion in morality: worries about enhancement are derided as emotional and thus irrational. In fact, both emotion and reason are integral to all moral judgment.
Reevaluation of human alpha interferons against herpesvirus infection of the rabbit eye.

Because of reported differences in potency, recombinant DNA-derived human alpha interferons (IFNs) were reevaluated for use against acute Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection of the rabbit eye. The IFNs used topically were IFN-alpha2 (IFN-α2) and a consensus of known human IFN-αs, designated IFN-αCon. Prophylactic treatment with IFN-αCon, at 1 or 15 × 106 U/eye/day beginning 48 hours before HSV-1 inoculation and therapeutic treatment with 5 or 15 × 106 U/eye/day beginning 4 hours after inoculation with either IFN-αCon1 or IFN-α2 appeared to prevent or significantly reduce the development of corneal epithelial involvement. The effects were dose dependent with no evidence for decreased activity at the higher dose. The duration of HSV-1 shedding into tear film was not significantly reduced.
Bullying and Violence in Schools: What Teachers Should Know and Do

(2008). Bullying and Violence in Schools: What Teachers Should Know and Do. Childhood Education: Vol. 84, International Focus Issue 2008: Bullying and Violence Issues in Children's Lives: Examining the Issues and Solutions, pp. 357-363.
Aspheric Ebert Monochromator for Simultaneous Observation of Many Wavelengths

The Ebert spectrograph has recently been used extensively as a monochromator. In view of the spherical mirror being used as a collimator-camera mirror and the plane grating as the dispersing element, the instrument suffers mainly from spherical aberration if the f-number of the system is smaller than about 9 for a 1-m focal length. Also, if many exit slits are needed over the entire spectrum of interest, the coma cannot be neglected. In order to obtain a fast spectrometer in which many exit slits could be used, the two surfaces in the system must be aspherized. The theory of such a system is presented in this paper. Specifically, a numerical example is worked out for an f/5 system with 40-in. focal length and 1200 lines/mm rulings on the grating. The spectrum of interest is 1000 to 4000 A in first order.
Reconfigurable Nonlinear Autopilot

The paper proposes a reconfigurable flight-control system for the tracking of altitude, heading, sideslip, and velocity commands. The control law can serve for the command of unmanned air vehicles or as an autopilot for piloted aircraft. The inner core of the algorithm consists of a reconfigurable control system providing tracking of pitch-, roll-, and yaw-rate commands. It is based on a model reference control law and a stabilized recursive least-squares algorithm. The outer loop is based on a linear design, with compensation for the nonlinear couplings arising from flight dynamics. Some parameters of the outer loop are identified in real time in order to adapt to varying flight conditions. The algorithm is evaluated using a nonlinear F-16 simulation model. The results demonstrate the consistent performance of the algorithm through various flight conditions, as well as its turn coordination capabilities, its reconfiguration after a floating left elevator failure, its ability to move across the power curve, and its tolerance to measurement noise and turbulence.
Bioinspired superhydrophobic, self-cleaning and low drag surfaces

Nature has evolved objects with desired functionality using commonly found materials. Nature capitalizes on hierarchical structures to achieve functionality. The understanding of the functions provided by objects and processes found in nature can guide us to produce nanomaterials, nanodevices, and processes with desirable functionality. This article provides an overview of four topics: (1) Lotus Effect used to develop superhydrophobic and self-cleaning/antifouling surfaces with low adhesion, (2) Shark Skin Effect to develop surfaces with low fluid drag and anti-fouling characteristics, and (3-4) Rice Leaf and Butterfly Wing Effect to develop superhydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces with low drag. Rice Leaf and Butterfly Wings combine the Shark Skin and Lotus Effects.
Radical ion intermediates in the electro-reduction of triphenylmethane dyes

Abstract The existence of radical intermediates in the reduction of several triphenylmethane dyes has been proved by observation of their EPR spectrum. Certain solvation effects concerning the reduction of the dyes have also been substantiated. Under equivalent conditions however, the expected spectra from the reduction of other similar tri- phenylmethane dyes have not been produced.
TOWARDS THE IDENTIFICATION OF COGNITIVE OPERATIONS IN STANDARD AND NONSTANDARD ENGLISH USAGE1,2

Two experiments are reported which involve language imitation, comprehension, and free production at diglossic levels of English usage. Sentences in an imitation task were of two forms: standard English and so-called nonstandard English. There were 360 subjects equally represented by race (black and white), socioeconomic level (low SES and middle SES), three age groups (5, 8, and 10) and sex. The results indicated that black children do better than white in responding to sentences given in nonstandard English while whites do better than blacks in responding to standard English sentences. This corroborates earlier research in the area. In addition significant SES and age effects were found for both races; sex contributed little to the significant effects. Rates of improvement over two age periods indicated that blacks are equal to whites in their rate of improvement in responding to standard English. In addition, correlational results indicated that the two dialect systems function behaviorally as separate cognitive systems. A second experiment focused primarily upon language production in a communication task. In this task the black and white children's free productions were similar inasmuch as neither was influenced by the social class or race of their listeners; on the listener side, the number of items correctly comprehended also did not vary across the race or SES variables. Thus this communication task represents one situation in which the races appear to perform equally well. Interrelationships across sentence imitation, comprehension, and production at diglossic levels of English are also examined.
Improved Mechanical Behavior and Plastic Deformation Capability of Ultrafine Grain Alumina Ceramics

The nanoindentation and nanoscratch behavior under ramp loading conditions of three dense bulk alumina ceramic samples with average grain size regimes of ~290 nm, 750 nm, and 1.3 μm, respectively, has been investigated using a nanoindenter XPS system in indentation and scratch modes. The mechanical behavior, including hardness from nanoindentation tests, scratch hardness, scratch resistance, and coefficient of friction from nanoscratch tests, can be improved with grain refinement. Moreover, the surface roughness of the scratch grooves and the distinct morphologies of the nanoscratch debris from each sample reveal that alumina ceramic samples with ultrafine grain size exhibit an increase in plastic deformation capability at the nano- and micro-scale.
Size-selective uptake of colloidal low density lipoprotein aggregates by cultured white blood cells.

This paper illustrates how principles of colloid science are useful in studying atherosclerosis. Accumulation of foam cells in the arterial intima is a key step in atherogenesis. The extent of foam cell formation is enhanced by low density lipoprotein (LDL) aggregates, and we have previously shown that the size of sphingomyelinase (Smase)-hydrolysis-induced aggregates depends directly on the concentration of ceramide generated in the LDL phospholipid monolayer, mediated by the hydrophobic effect. Here, we focus on the effect of LDL aggregate particle sizes on their subsequent uptake by macrophages. Our data show the first direct measurement of uptake as a function of aggregate size and the first direct comparison of uptake after Smase-catalyzed and vortex-mixing-mediated aggregation. Vortex-mixed aggregates with radii 20–77 nm showed maximal uptake ∼118 μg sterol/mg protein at a 53 nm intermediate size, consistent with a mathematical model describing competition between aggregate surface area and volume. Smase-treated aggregates with radii 25–211 nm also showed maximal uptake at an intermediate size, ∼58 μg sterol/mg protein for 132 nm particles, and fit a modified model that incorporated ceramide concentration expressed as aggregate size. This study shows that particle size is significant and composition may also be a factor in LDL uptake.
Z Proteins of New World Arenaviruses Bind RIG-I and Interfere with Type I Interferon Induction

The retinoic acid-inducible gene I product (RIG-I) is a cellular sensor of RNA virus infection that regulates the cellular beta interferon (IFN-β) response. The nucleoproteins (NP) of arenaviruses are reported to antagonize the IFN response by inhibiting interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3). Here, we demonstrate that the Z proteins of four New World (NW) arenaviruses, Guanarito virus (GTOV), Junin virus (JUNV), Machupo virus (MAVC), and Sabia virus (SABV), bind to RIG-I, resulting in downregulation of the IFN-β response. We show that expression of the four NW arenavirus Z proteins inhibits IFN-β mRNA induction in A549 cells in response to RNA bearing 5′ phosphates (5′pppRNA). NW arenavirus Z proteins interact with RIG-I in coimmunoprecipitation studies and colocalize with RIG-I. Furthermore, expression of Z proteins interferes with the interaction between RIG-I and MAVS. Z expression also impedes the nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and IRF-3 activation. Our results indicate that NW arenavirus Z proteins, but not Z protein of the Old World (OW) arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) or Lassa virus, bind to RIG-I and inhibit downstream activation of the RIG-I signaling pathway, preventing the transcriptional induction of IFN-β.
The Evolving Role of the Federal Reserve

In the years prior to the financial crisis of 2008-09, the Federal Reserve and other central banks emphasized their macroeconomic policy role almost to the exclusion of other concerns. The crisis experience has led to profound changes in the way we view central banking. Central banking in the 21 st century will give much greater emphasis to the original lending role and, as a consequence, the regulatory and supervisory functions of the lender of last resort. In addition, central banks will be much more concerned with systemic risk and a new role, macroprudential regulation, is emerging. This paper describes these developments with reference to the American central bank.