cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Pediatric Assessment Triangle: Accuracy of Its Application by Nurses in the Triage of Children

Introduction The Pediatric Assessment Triangle (PAT) is a rapid evaluation tool that establishes a child's clinical status and his or her category of illness to direct initial management priorities. Recently the PAT has been incorporated widely into the pediatric resuscitation curriculum. Although intuitive, its performance characteristics have yet to be quantified. The purpose of this research is to determine quantitatively its accuracy, reliability, and validity as applied by nurses at triage. Methods In this prospective observational study, triage nurses performed the PAT on all patients presenting to the pediatric emergency department of an urban teaching hospital. Researchers performed blinded chart review using the physician's initial assessment and final diagnosis as the criterion standard for comparison. Results A total of 528 children were included in the analysis. Likelihood ratios (LRs) were found for instability and category of pathophysiology using the PAT. Children deemed stable by initial PAT were almost 10 times more likely to be stable on further assessment (LR 0.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.06-0.25). The PAT further specified categories of pathophysiology: respiratory distress (LR+ 4, 95% CI 3.1-4.8), respiratory failure (LR+ 12, 95% CI 4.0-37), shock (LR+ 4.2, 95% CI 3.1-5.6), central nervous system/metabolic disorder (LR+ 7, 95% CI 4.3-11), and cardiopulmonary failure (LR+ 49, 95% CI 20-120). Discussion The structured assessment of the initial PAT, as performed by nurses in triage, readily and reliably identifies high-acuity pediatric patients and their category of pathophysiology. The PAT is highly predictive of the child's clinical status on further evaluation.
Seismic attribute analysis and geobody visualization changes our perception about a century old highly heterogeneous field

Seismic attributes are derived from basic seismic measurements. These attributes are useful to help the qualitative and quantitative interpretation of seismic data. They quantify specific data characteristics that describe subsets of the total information. Today's interepreter interacts with numerous attributes through the aid of versatile color schemes and illumation methods to ascertain trends or patterns, structure, lithofacies, and petrophysics of a reservoir. Attributes are sensitive to variations in lithology, geometry, and structural patterns of deposition.
CERAMIC SIEVES OF THE LINEAR POTTERY CULTURE AND THEIR ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS

Summary. Fragments of ceramic sieves constitute a widespread, but littleknown element in the ceramic inventories of Linear Pottery sites in temperate Europe. These sieves appear to have functioned as strainers for separating curds from whey in cheese production, on the basis of parallels with later archaeological cultures and ethnographic examples. Archaeozoological data support the hypothesis that dairy production has a greater antiquity than has been hitherto accepted. The sieves played an important role in early dairy production, for the manufacture of cheese was an essential step in the exploitation of milk by populations who possibly had a high level of lactose intolerance.
The role of lipids in the epidermal barrier to water diffusion.

The diffusion of tritiated water through hairless mouse skin and human abdominal autopsy skin was determined in vitro prior and subsequent to the application of organic solvents to the epidermal side of the skin. The classes of extracted lipids were separated by thin-layer chromatography. The amounts and types of lipids extracted were correlated with changes in tritiated water diffusion. Seven classes of lipids were identified from hairless mouse skin extracted with acetone, diethyl ether and chloroform, but only minimal amounts of four classes of lipids were identified from skin extracted with dimethylsulfoxide. All of the solvents increased the rate of diffusion of tritiated water, but there was no correlation between the type or amount of lipid extracted and the degree of alteration of the water barrier function. Results obtained with human abdominal autopsy skin were similar in that dimethylsulfoxide removed a minimal amount of lipid, but markedly increased the diffusion rate of tritiated water.
Evidence-based early interventions for individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis: a review of treatment components.

AbstractYouth and young adults at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis experience a broad range of difficulties, including attenuated psychotic symptoms, comorbid concerns, functional impairments, and family and interpersonal stress. Given emerging evidence that early interventions may improve fun
Use of an optical profiling instrument for the measurement of the figure and finish of optical quality surfaces

Abstract In this paper the use of a WYKO non-contacting optical profiling microscope for the measurement of the figure and finish of optical quality surfaces is discussed. The original instrument and our hardware and software modifications are described together with recent and current studies which make use of this facility.
Meditation Interventions for Chronic Disease Populations A Systematic Review

The rapidly growing body of research regarding the use of meditation interventions in chronic disease presents an opportunity to compare outcomes based on intervention content. For this review, meditation interventions were described as those interventions delivered to persons with chronic disease where sitting meditation was the main or only content of the intervention with or without the addition of mindful movement. This systematic review identified 45 individual research studies that examined meditations effect on levels of anxiety, depression, and chronic disease symptoms in persons with chronic disease. Individual studies were assessed based on interventional content, the consistency with which interventions were applied, and the research quality. This study identified seven categories of meditation interventions based on the meditation skills and mindful movement practices that were included in the intervention. Overall, half of the interventions had clearly defined and specific meditation interventions (25/45) and half of the studies were conducted using randomized control trials (24/45).
Age at onset of major depressive disorder predicts reductions in NK cell number and activity.

Abstract Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been associated with altered immunologic parameters including reductions in natural killer cell activity (NKCA). It remains largely unknown, however, whether alterations in immune function characterize homogeneous sub-groups of MDD. The present study addressed the question of whether age at onset of index episode and/or duration of the present episode of MDD predicted alterations in NKCA and NK cell number. Methods: Participants met DSM-IV criteria for MDD. Age at onset of MDD, duration of the present episode, demographics, and comorbidity were obtained by SCID for all subjects (n=36). Severity and symptom pattern of MDD was assessed by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. NKCA was measured using a standard chromium-release cytotoxicity assay and NK number assessed by flow cytometry. Results: Age at onset of MDD significantly predicted variance in NK cell number and NKCA. Consistent with previous studies, sleep disturbance and psychomotor retardation possessed significant explanatory power for variance in NK cell number and NKCA, respectively. Limitations: Measures of age at onset of MDD and duration of the present episode were obtained by self-report and thus recall bias may attenuate the reliability of the present findings. The present study design also precludes conclusions regarding the temporal association between alterations in NK cells and MDD. Conclusions: We propose that immunologic alterations, characterized by a suppression of NKCA and NK cell number concomitant with proinflammatory processes, may constitute an immunologic phenotype unique to early-age-onset depression and may be salient factors in the pathogenesis of depression.
Low energy limits of a Kl4 form factor

Abstract In response to a recent letter, it is shown that the soft pion theorems on K l 4 decays are consistent with the Callan-Treiman relation on K l 3 decays and do not require ξ =−1.
Adenocarcinoma arising in extragonadal endometriosis: an immunohistochemical study.

BACKGROUND Malignant transformation is an infrequent but reported complication of endometriosis. Previous reports of these cases have been limited to clinicopathologic studies based on routine histologic examination of these tumors, whereas, to the authors' knowledge, characterization of these lesions based on immunophenotype and hormone receptor and oncoprotein expression has not been described. METHODS Using commercially available monoclonal antibodies, the authors studied three recent cases of adenocarcinoma arising in extragonadal endometriosis using paraffin immunohistochemistry. Proteins examined included different cytokeratin (CK) subtypes, as well as hormone receptor status, proliferation rate, and oncoprotein expression. RESULTS All three cases presented clinically and macroscopically as colonic masses, and the tumors expressed an endometrial CK phenotype (CK7+, CK20-). In contrast, the adjacent benign colonic epithelium expressed the expected opposite phenotype (CK7-, CK20+). Estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) were expressed in one of the three tumors. Interestingly, in the ER/PR negative tumors, receptor expression was present in areas of benign endometriosis adjacent to malignancy, suggesting a loss of receptor expression with malignant transformation. The tumors also were examined for proliferation by Ki-67, and the expression of oncoproteins c-erb B-2, p53, cyclin D1, and bcl-2. All cases of malignancy had a high proliferation rate as measured by Ki-67, which was in contrast to areas of benign endometriosis which had a low proliferation rate. Of the other oncoproteins only p53 protein was detected at a significant level in all three cases. Cyclin D1 was overexpressed in two of the three cases. c-erb B2 and bcl-2 overexpression was not detected. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study 1) show the utility of CK subtypes in confirming endometrioid phenotype in tumors arising in extragonadal endometriosis with colonic involvement and 2) suggest that loss of hormone receptor expression and p53 oncoprotein abnormalities may be involved as mechanisms in malignant transformation in extragonadal endometriosis. Cancer 1998;83:1163-1169. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
The influence of altitude and topography on genetic structure in the long‐toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactulym)

A primary goal of molecular ecology is to understand the influence of abiotic factors on the spatial distribution of genetic variation. Features including altitudinal clines, topography and landscape characteristics affect the proportion of suitable habitat, influence dispersal patterns, and ultimately structure genetic differentiation among populations. We studied the effects of altitude and topography on genetic variation of long-toed salamanders ( Ambystoma macrodactylum ), a geographically widespread amphibian species throughout northwestern North America. We focused on 10 low altitude sites (< 1200 m) and 11 highaltitude sites in northwestern Montana and determined multilocus genotypes for 549 individuals using seven microsatellite loci. We tested four hypotheses: (1) gene flow is limited between high- and low-altitude sites; and, (2) gene flow is limited among high-altitude sites due to harsh habitat and extreme topographical relief between sites; (3) low-altitude sites exhibit higher among-site gene flow due to frequent flooding events and low altitudinal relief; and (4) there is a negative correlation between altitude and genetic variation. Overall F ST values were moderate (0.08611; P < 0.001). Pairwise F ST estimates between high and low populations and a population graphing method supported the hypothesis that low-altitude and high-altitude sites, taken together, are genetically differentiated from each other. Also as predicted, gene flow is more prominent among low-altitude sites than high-altitude sites; low-altitude sites had a significantly lower F ST (0.03995; P < 0.001) than high altitude sites ( F ST = 0.10271; P < 0.001). Use of Bayesian analysis of population structure (BAPS) resulted in delineation of 10 genetic groups, two among low-altitude populations and eight among high-altitude populations. In addition, within high altitude populations, basin-level genetic structuring was apparent. A nonequilibrium algorithm for detecting current migration rates supported these population distinctions. Finally, we also found a significant negative correlation between genetic diversity and altitude. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that topography and altitudinal gradients shape the spatial distribution of genetic variation in a species with a broad geographical range and diverse life history. Our study sheds light on which key factors limit dispersal and ultimately species’ distributions.
Chlorophylls a and b in Green Vegetables: A Comparison of Procedures

SUMMARY A critical comparison was made of a resin separation and two sets of equations for quantitative determination of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b and pheophytin a and pheophytin b in green vegetables. Each of the three procedures proved equally good, depending on the product analyzed, the time available, and whether the results are desired as total chlorophyll or chlorophyll a/b ratios.
Human pancreas protein 2 (PAN2) has a retinal reductase activity and is ubiquitously expressed in human tissues

Human gene for pancreas protein 2 (PAN2) is a novel member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase gene superfamily. The properties of PAN2 protein have not yet been characterized. We present the first evidence that human PAN2 is a ubiquitously expressed microsomal enzyme that recognizes retinoids but not steroids as substrates with the apparent K(m) values between 0.08 microM and 0.4 microM. PAN2 is approximately 4-fold more efficient in the reductive than in the oxidative direction. The apparent K(m) values for NADP(+) and NADPH are 0.65 microM and 0.32 microM versus 1200 microM and 1060 microM for NAD(+) and NADH, respectively. Kinetic constants and expression pattern of PAN2 suggest that it is likely to function as a reductase in vivo and might contribute to the reduction of retinaldehyde to retinol in most human tissues.
Inactivation of Legionella pneumophila by monochloramine

Chloramination which is used in South Australia to control the growth of Naegleria fowleri, was investigated to see if it would also control that of Legionella pneumophila. It was found that L. pneumophila was more sensitive than Escherichia coli to monochloramine. At 1.0 mg/l, a 99% kill of L. pneumophila was achieved in 15 min compared with 37 min for a 99% kill of E. coli. Combined with the stability of monochloramine, even at elevated temperatures, the results suggest that this disinfectant would control the growth of L. pneumophila in water distribution systems.
CMOS low-voltage rail-to-rail V-I converter

A low-voltage rail-to-rail voltage/current-controlled voltage-to-current converter, which is first order insensitive to the threshold voltage variation, is introduced. This circuit can be used as a basic building block to construct low-voltage current-mode analog computational circuits, which can perform functions such as square-rooting, squaring, multiplication, sum of squares, difference of squares and etc. First, a low-voltage N-type V-I converter cell is presented. A complementary P-type V-I converter is used in parallel with the N-type V-I converter to achieve common-mode rail-to-rail operation. Moreover, to achieve a constant transconductance of the V-I converter, P-type and N-type bias control circuits are utilized to provide bias currents. Finally, SPICE simulations results are given. The variation of the transconductance is shown to be less than 5%.
Impact of malnutrition on behavior: retrospective and prospective view.

The etiology of chronic, subclinical and of acute, clinical energy-protein malnutrition is multifactorial, with poverty as the subsoil, the deficiency of specific nutrients as frequent complicating factors, and infection and parasitism as added stresses. The effects of severe malnutrition are also multiple and include somatic growth, growth and development of the central nervous system, metabolism and organ function as well as behavior. The focus of the present review is on human behavior, with special reference to young children. We regret to have to leave out whole areas (brain development, behavioral animal research) and a large array of specific topics: factors controlling food intake, from physiological mechanisms to food habits, overnutrition leading to obesity; impaired utilization of nutrients due to inborn errors of metabolism, such as phenylketonuria; and, in particular, effects of the deficits of specific nutrients, such as iodine, iron, and vitamin A. The literature on generalized (energy-protein) malnutrition is unwieldy, with differences in terminology but also in the criteria used to characterize the severity of malnutrition. Finally, the frequent inconsistencies in the results do not make for a straightforward presentation. What can be offered is a “cummulative record”, not a synthesis. Any attempt at a synthesis must be preceded by a series of critical analyses dealing with specific issues, such as the comparability of measures of the severity of malnutrition across studies, importance of the child's age at time of hospitalization for clinical malnutrition, relative effects of subclinical and clinical malnutrition on specific mental functions (e. g., performance vs. verbal I. Q.), and the etiology of behavioral impairment in malnourished children.
EVIDENCE THAT TEMPERATE EAST NORTH AMERICAN EVERGREEN WOODY PLANTS FOLLOW CORNER'S RULES

Summary Coener's rules, first developed for tropical trees, predict a spectrum of woody plant forms, from ones with small leaves, thin twigs (first-year shoots) and many branches, to ones with larger Waves, thick twigs and few branches. These rules were confirmed for nine broad-leaved and 12 needle-leaved evergreen woody plants of temperate eastern North America: for each of these groups, leaf size was positively correlated with twig cross-sectional area and both of these were negatively correlated with the number of twigs needed to bear 104 cm2 total leaf area. When compared to deciduous trees, characterized in a previous study, broad-leaved evergreens had leaves that were 85% smaller at a given twig thickness and needed 750% more twigs to bear a given total leaf area (at least when leaves older than 1 year were ignored). Needle-leaved evergreens bore relatively small leaves but large numbers of leaves per first-year shoot; they bore fewer twigs per 104 cm2 total leaf area than broad-leaved evergreens, but more than broad-leaved deciduous species. Broad-leaved deciduous trees were characterized by relatively large leaf sizes as a function of twig cross-sectional area and low numbers of twigs per 104 cm2 total leaf area. Although Corner's rules are a significant index of plant form, a full resolution of the differences between deciduous and evergreen species awaits further study.
Advances in Laboratory Methods for Detection and Typing of Norovirus

ABSTRACT Human noroviruses are the leading cause of epidemic and sporadic gastroenteritis across all age groups. Although the disease is usually self-limiting, in the United States norovirus gastroenteritis causes an estimated 56,000 to 71,000 hospitalizations and 570 to 800 deaths each year. This minireview describes the latest data on laboratory methods (molecular, immunological) for norovirus detection, including real-time reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and commercially available immunological assays as well as the latest FDA-cleared multi-gastrointestinal-pathogen platforms. In addition, an overview is provided on the latest nomenclature and molecular epidemiology of human noroviruses.
Design and evaluation of the ONC health information technology curriculum.

Objective As part of the Heath Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC) implemented its Workforce Development Program, which included initiatives to train health information technology (HIT) professionals in 12 workforce roles, half of them in community colleges. To achieve this, the ONC tasked five universities with established informatics programs with creating curricular materials that could be used by community colleges. The five universities created 20 components that were made available for downloading from the National Training and Dissemination Center (NTDC) website. This paper describes an evaluation of the curricular materials by its intended audience of educators. Methods We measured the quantity of downloads from the NTDC site and administered a survey about the curricular materials to its registered users to determine use patterns and user characteristics. The survey was evaluated using mixed methods. Registered users downloaded nearly half a million units or components from the NTDC website. We surveyed these 9835 registered users. Results 1269 individuals completed all or part of the survey, of whom 339 identified themselves as educators (26.7% of all respondents). This paper addresses the survey responses of educators. Discussion Successful aspects of the curriculum included its breadth, convenience, hands-on and course planning capabilities. Several areas were identified for potential improvement. Conclusions The ONC HIT curriculum met its goals for community college programs and will likely continue to be a valuable resource for the larger informatics community in the future.
Great Ape Phenome Project

We applaud the notion recently highlighted by Ann Gibbons (News Focus, 4 Sept., p. [1433][1]) about “Pushing a primate genome project.” There is much to be learned by comparing human genomic sequences with those of other primates, particularly those of our closest evolutionary cousins, the great apes. This information can also be obtained by noninvasive methods that would not harm these individuals. However, part of the value of the Human Genome Project lies in interpreting genomic data in the context of the large body of existing information about humans, ranging from the biochemistry of cells to the physiology of organ systems to the functional output of complex systems like the brain. In contrast, the corresponding information about the great apes is limited. We suggest that the funding of such a Great Ape Genome Project should be complemented by a “Great Ape Phenome Project,” which would support comparative studies of humans and apes at all levels, from expression patterns of messenger RNA, to biochemistry and cell biology, all the way to neural systems and cognitive functions. Not to do so would be like funding the Human Genome Project without supporting much of the rest of the National Institutes of Health. Indeed, with the exception of gross deletional or nonsense mutations, the significance of most genomic sequence differences found between humans and apes will not be obvious unless such a detailed comparative phenotypic database is also available. Notably, such a database could be obtained without undue harm to the primate subjects, with the use of ethical principles similar to those guiding human experimentation. Such a project would also heighten awareness of the urgent need to protect and conserve these endangered hominoids who are so closely related to us. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.281.5382.1433
Genomic characterization and regulation of CYP3a13: role of xenobiotics and nuclear receptors

We report that CYP3a13 gene, located on mouse chromosome 5, spans 27.5 Kb and contains 13 exons. The transcription start site is 35 bp upstream of the coding region and results in a 109 bp 5′ untranslated region. CYP3a13 promoter shows putative binding sites for retinoid X receptor, pregnane X receptor, and estrogen receptor. CYP3a13 shows a broad tissue distribution with predominant expression in liver. Although CYP3a13 shares 92% nucleotide identity with the female-specific rat CYP3A9, its expression does not exhibit sexual dimorphism. Ligand activation of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-γ and retinoid X receptor inhibit expression of CYP3a13 at the transcription level in a tissue-specific manner. Another novel finding is hepatic induction of CYP3a13 by dexamethasone occurring only in pregnane X receptor null mice. We also report that pregnane X receptor is essential to maintain robust in vivo basal levels of CYP3a13 in contrast to CYP3a11. CYP3a13 protein expressed in vitro can metabolize clinically active drugs ethylmorphine and erythromycin, as well as benzphetamine. We conclude that CYP3a13 is regulated differentially by various nuclear receptors. In humans this may lead to altered drug metabolism, as many of the newly synthesized ligands/drugs targeted toward these nuclear receptors could influence CYP3A gene expression.
Within- and among-population variation in oviposition preference for urea-supplemented food in Drosophila melanogaster

Oviposition preference for ureasupplemented food was assayed by simultaneous choice trials on five pairs of closely related laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster.Each pair of populations had been derived from a separate ancestral population about 85 generations prior to this study. One population in each pair had been subjected to selection for larval tolerance to the toxic effects of urea; the other population served as a control. Considerable variation in oviposition preference was seen both within and among populations, with four of the ten populations showing a significant mean preference for ureasupplemented food. The degree of specificity shown by individual females was surprisingly high, leading to a bimodal distribution of oviposition preference in some populations. Overall, selection for larval tolerance to urea did not significantly affect oviposition preference. However, the data indicated that pairwise comparisons between randomly selected populations from the two larval selection regimes would lead to a range of possible outcomes, suggesting, in several cases, that selection for larval urea tolerance had led to significant differentiation of adult oviposition preference for urea in one or the other direction. The results, therefore, highlight the importance of population level replication and caution against the practice, common in ecological studies, of assaying oviposition preference in two populations that utilize different hosts in nature, and then drawing broad evolutionary inferences from the results.
The AMEDD Uses Goal Programming to Optimize Workforce Planning Decisions

The mission of the Army Medical Department AMEDD is to provide medical and healthcare delivery for the U.S. Army. Given the large number of medical specialties in the AMEDD, determining the appropriate number of hires and promotions for each medical specialty is a complex task. The AMEDD Personnel Proponency Directorate APPD previously used a manual approach to project the number of hires, promotions, and personnel inventory for each medical specialty across the AMEDD to support a 30-year life cycle. As a means of decision support to APPD, we proffer the objective force model OFM to optimize AMEDD workforce planning. We also employ a discrete-event simulation model to verify and validate the results. In this paper, we describe the OFM applied to the Medical Specialist Corps, one of the six officer corps in the AMEDD. The OFM permits better transparency of personnel for senior AMEDD decision makers, whereas effectively projecting the optimal number of officers to meet the demands of the current workforce structure. The OFM provides tremendous value to APPD in terms of time, requiring only seconds to solve rather than months; this enables APPD to conduct quick what-if analyses for decision support, which was impossible to do manually.
A New Mechanism for Dansgaard-Oeschger Cycles

[1] We present a new hypothesis to explain the millennial-scale temperature variability recorded in ice cores known as Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) cycles. We propose that an ice shelf acted in concert with sea ice to set the slow and fast timescales of the DO cycle, respectively. The abrupt warming at the onset of a cycle is caused by the rapid retreat of sea ice after the collapse of an ice shelf. The gradual cooling during the subsequent interstadial phase is determined by the timescale of ice-shelf regrowth. Once the ice shelf reaches a critical size, sea ice expands, driving the climate rapidly back into stadial conditions. The stadial phase ends when warm subsurface waters penetrate beneath the ice shelf and cause it to collapse. This hypothesis explains the full shape of the DO cycle, the duration of the different phases, and the transitions between them and is supported by proxy records in the North Atlantic and Nordic Seas.
Inhibitory single neuron control of seizures and epileptic traveling waves in humans

Inhibitory neuronal activity is critical for the normal functioning of the brain, but is thought to go awry during neurological disorders such as epilepsy. Animal models have suggested both decreased and increased inhibition as possible initiators of epileptic activity, but it is not known if, or how, human inhibitory neurons shape seizures. Here, using large-scale recordings of neocortical single neurons in patients with secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, we show that fast-spiking (FS) inhibitory activity first increases as a seizure spreads across the neocortex, impeding and altering the spatial flow of fast epileptic traveling waves. Unexpectedly, however, FS cells cease firing less than half-way through a seizure. We use biophysically-realistic computational models to show that this cessation is due to FS cells entering depolarization block as a result of extracellular potassium accumulation during the seizure and not because they are inhibited by other inhibitory subtypes. Strikingly, this absence of FS inhibitory activity is accompanied by dramatic increases in local seizure amplitude along with unobstructed traveling waves and is seen during all secondarily generalized seizures examined, independent of etiology or focus. FS cessation also leads to prominent spike-and-wave events, suggesting that FS cell dynamics control the transition between the tonic and clonic phases of these seizures. Thus, it may be possible to curtail human seizures by preventing inhibitory neurons from entering potassium-dependent depolarization block, a novel and potentially powerful therapeutic avenue in treating multiple kinds of epilepsies.
Remedial and other Procedural Aspects of the American Antitrust Laws

The preceding survey of the historical and philosophical sources purported to show how and why the preservation of the competitive system and the prevention of excessive concentration of economic power in private hands became the major objectives of the American antitrust laws. In this chapter we will examine the methods of implementation of these objectives. It goes without saying that any short answer such as ‘by the enforcement of the antitrust laws’ only begs the question. A further exploratory search seems indicated. This search can be undertaken in different ways
Abstract WP11: Decreased Intraprocedural End Tidal Carbon Dioxide Is Associated With Unfavorable Functional Outcome After Endovascular Intervention For Acute Ischemic Stroke

Introduction: Patientsundergoing endovascular intervention for acute stroke may have better outcomeswhen managed with conscious sedation (CS) instead of general anesthesia (GA). Previous investigations have not elucidated aclear mechanism for this observation. Hypothesis: Wehypothesize that decreased intraprocedural blood pressure and decreased end tidal CO2 would be associated with worsened functional outcomes at 90 days. Methods: Consecutive patients undergoing stroke interventions between August 2007 and December 2010 were identified from a prospective database. Clinical data was then extracted by retrospective chart review. Outcomes were stratified according to 90 day modified Rankin Scale (mRS), with scores of 0-3 designated as favorable and 4-6 as unfavorable. Variables significantly associated with outcome in univariate analysis were also examined in multivariate analysis, controlling for well-established predictors of functional outcome: age, medical comorbidities, TICI score, and NIH stroke scale score. Results: Of the 106 patients identified, 86 had complete medical and anesthetic records and could be included in the study. None of the measured parameters, including the absolute BP, the absolute decrease in BP, and the relative decrease in BP were associated with functional outcome at 90 days. On the other hand, end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) at 60 min and 90 min was significantly associated with outcome in both univariate and multivariate analysis, controlling for other well-established predictors of functional outcome. Conclusion: Intraprocedural hypocapnia was associated with unfavorable functional outcomes at 3 months, whereas intraprocedural blood pressure was not related to functional outcome. This finding suggests that intraprocedural hypocapnia, rather than the hemodynamic effects of anesthesia, may account for the differences in outcome between GA and CS patients.
US Life Expectancy: The Authors Reply

US Life Expectancy: The Authors Reply We appreciate the interest of Jennifer Montez and coauthors in our article on US life expectancy trends for the period 1990–2010 (Dec 2015). Overall, we found gains in life expectancy. However, among whites with low socioeconomic status, we reported stagnating life expectancy amongmen and a longevity decline of 1.2 years among women. Stagnation or decline is disturbing. Montez and coauthors object that we describe our estimates as “modest” relative to other published estimates. Yet they are. Earlier researchers reported longevity declines of 3.4 and 5.3 years for white males and females with low socioeconomic status, respectively. Such declines are virtually unprecedented in the developed world. These earlier researchers categorized socioeconomic status by educational attainment (less than a high school diploma, high school graduate, and so on), although the proportion of adults who graduated from high school rose dramatically across the US cohorts they studied. Thus, estimated life expectancy declines in their least educated group might reflect only compositional changes. In contrast, we took a more conservative approach and categorized individuals by their within-cohort rank in the educational distribution. Our finding that longevity declined for white women with low socioeconomic status although educational attainment was rising is, arguably,more disturbing than earlier findings because our results cannot plausibly be driven by compositional effects. The life expectancy decline that we reported contrasts with the longevity gains of more socioeconomically advantaged US groups and contrasts even more sharply with contemporaneous longevity gains in European populations. Clearly, recent public health and medical advances have not been shared equally across US socioeconomic groups. Developing an explicit health equity policy agenda is imperative.
Useful but Different: Resident Physician Perceptions of Interprofessional Feedback

ABSTRACTPhenomenon: Based on recently formulated interprofessional core competencies, physicians are expected to incorporate feedback from other healthcare professionals. Based on social identity theory, physicians likely differentiate between feedback from members of their own profession and others. The current study examined residents' experiences with, and perceptions of, interprofessional feedback. Approach: In 2013, Anesthesia, Obstetrics-Gynecology, Pediatrics, and Psychiatry residents completed a survey including questions about frequency of feedback from different professionals and its perceived value (5-point scale). The authors performed an analysis of variance to examine interactions between residency program and profession of feedback provider. They conducted follow-up interviews with a subset of residents to explore reasons for residents' survey ratings. Findings: Fifty-two percent (131/254) of residents completed the survey, and 15 participated in interviews. Eighty percent of residents repo...
Changing Influences Between Life and Limestones in Earth History

Coral reefs are among the most beautiful, diverse and fascinating ecosystems in the modern oceans. For anyone intrigued by reefs, their geologic history is a never-ending mystery series, complete with paradoxes to unravel and mass “murders” to solve given only partial texts and enigmatic clues. Limestones not only record much of the history of life on Earth, they are a major reason why life occurs on Earth! Moreover, they “go missing” at catastrophic events that, on several occasions, caused extinctions of more than half of all multicellular species. The production and preservation of reef limestones is intimately connected to the Earth’s biogeochemical cycles, especially of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. Continental collisions, changes in sea-floor spreading rates, massive meteor impacts, and glacial-interglacial cycles with resulting changes in sea level, are all subplots in the history of reefs. The evolution of photosynthesis that triggered the first global “pollution” event, the escalation of predation as indicated by increasing prevalence of shells, and the ubiquitous and repeated development of mutualistic symbioses, provide analogies to modern environmental challenges. The Earth’s biogeochemical cycles, which have evolved over more than 4,000 million years, have been profoundly disrupted by human activities. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, for example, has increased more over the past 200 years than it did between glacial advances and retreats. Within this century, atmospheric CO2 concentrations will rise to levels comparable to those 40–50 million years ago. The records preserved in limestones can provide scientists and policy makers with insights into likely consequences of human activities for the future not only of reefs, but of the diversity of ecosystems on Earth.
Detection of Genetic Damages of Occupational Dimethylacetamide Exposure with Micronucleus Test and Comet Assay

[Objective] To study the genetic damages of occupational exposure to Dimethylacetamide(DMAc).[Methods] The damages of DNA and chromosomes of peripheral blood lymphocytes were determined by comet assay and cytokinesis-block micronucleus test in exposed group consisting of 30 workers occupationally exposed to DMAc and a control group consisting of 30 workers without exposure to DMAc.[Results] In the exposure group,the micronucleus rate,micronucleus cell rate,and nuclei division index were(4.67±2.25)‰,(4.56±2.19)‰,(1.82±0.30)‰,and showed no statistical significance of difference between those versus to the control group[(5.00±2.62)‰,(4.89±2.59)‰,(1.73±0.25)‰](P 0.05).The Tail DNA %,mean tail length,and meadians of mean tail moment were(4.76±2.63)%,(12.60±5.68)μm,(2.51±2.30),and showed no statistical significance difference between those to the control group[(4.49±2.48)%,(11.77±5.01)μm,(2.28±1.89)](P 0.05).[Conclusion] Under condition in this experiment,DMAc occupational exposure exhibited no damage effect on DNA and chromosomes on workers.
Analysis on epidemiological characteristics of pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus in Guangzhou from 2009 to 2010

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of pandemic influenza A(H1N1) in Guangzhou.Methods The pharynx wash or swab specimens were collected weekly from influenza-like patients in four sentinel hospitals in Guangzhou from May 2009 to April 2010.Viral nucleic acid was extracted and examined for pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus by real-time PCR;serum specimens were collected randomly in different age groups in 5 urban areas,and the antibody of pandemic influenza A(H1N1) were examined by hemagglutination-inhibition assay.The data were analyzed.Results 3 580 pharynx wash or swab specimens were collected.530(14.8%) were positive for pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus detection.The positive rate reached the highest during October(36.5%) to December(42.3%).The highest positive rate was found in the age group 5-(18.5%) and 15-(24.2%),while the lowest(4.1%) was found in the age group above 60.1 527 serum specimens were collected.439(28.7%)of them were positive for antibody of pandemic influenza A(H1N1),the highest positive rate was found in the age group 5-(36.1%) and 15-(39.5%),while the lowest(8.6%)was found in the age group above 60.Conclusion The epidemic time of pandemic influenza A(H1N1) is short which is from October to December.The highest rate of infection occurred in school age persons,while the lowest rate was in the elders.The prevention of influenza should be focus on the school children.
Optima results for OAEI 2011

In this report, we present the results of Optima in the Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative (OAEI) 2011. We participate in three tracks of the campaign offered in SEALS platform: Benchmark, Conference and Anatomy. We review the iterative ontology alignment approach adopted by Optima and its results for the Benchmark and Conference tracks.
Renormalization Methods And Interface Problems

The application of renormalization techniques to interface problems is considered after a brief review of the methodology. We study the standard sharp interface problem in the quasi-static limit (time derivative set to zero in the heat equation) for large time. The characteristic length, R(t), behaves as t where β has values in the continuous spectrum [1/3, 1/2] when the dynamical undercooling is nonzero, and β ∈ [1/3,∞) when the undercooling is set at zero. The value of β = 1 obtained by Jasnow and Vinals is extracted from this spectrum as a consequence of boundary conditions that impose a plane wave. In almost all of these cases, the capillarity length is an irrelevant variable for large time, in sharp contrast to its role in linear stability for short time.
Disparities in Quality and Access to Care for Children with Developmental Disabilities and Multiple Health Conditions

The Maternal Child Health Bureau identified six indicators of quality and accessibility essential in achieving coordinated, family-centered, community-based care for children with special healthcare needs (CSHCN). Previous research examined associations between children with single conditions and individual indicators. We sought to identify disparities in meeting quality and accessibility indicators for children with different condition types. The 2009–2010 National Survey of CSHCN is a nationally representative cross-sectional study with caregiver’s reports on 40,242 children (0–17 years). Children were categorized into one of seven conditions groups: physical health (PHC), mental health (MHC), developmental disability (DD), physical and mental (PHC and MHC), physical and developmental (PHC and DD), mental and developmental (MHC and DD) and physical, mental and developmental (PHC, MHC, and DD). Unadjusted and adjusted analyses determined associations between condition group and quality and access indicators. Children with DD, alone or in combination with another condition, were significantly less likely to meet each indicator (p < 0.01) after adjusting for individual demographic, child’s activity limitations and family-related characteristics. Compared with children with PHC, those with all three conditions (PHC, MHC, and DD) had the lowest odds of access to medical home (61 % decreased odds (DO)), community services (67 % DO), and adequate insurance (26 % DO); MHC and DD had the lowest odds of partnering in decision making (51 % DO); DD had the lowest odds of healthcare transition service (66 % DO). Children with DD and multiple conditions experience disparities in quality and access to healthcare services, meeting most indictors half as often as other CSHCN.
Revolutionary Bolshevik Work

In November 1935, Serafima Borisova was awarded a thousand-ruble bonus and a portable gramophone in recognition of her accomplishments as a Stakhanovite labor hero. Unlike Aleksei Stakhanov, for whom the honor was named, Borisova did not mine coal; she sold women’s clothing. As an exemplary saleswoman, Borisova carefully organized clothing displays, beautified her sales section, procured new designs and fabrics to meet consumer needs, and informed industries and cooperative artels what consumers wanted. In addition to meeting norms for sales, she provided excellent customer service.1
Type Ib diamond formation and preservation in the West African lithospheric mantle: Re–Os age constraints from sulphide inclusions in Zimmi diamonds

Abstract Ten sulphide inclusions in three diamonds from the Zimmi (West Africa) alluvial diamond locality were analysed for their bulk Fe–Cu–Ni–Co contents and Re–Os isotopic compositions. The host diamonds are exceptionally rare, Ib types that still preserve isolated nitrogen (C centres), rather than more common nitrogen pairs (A centres) and nitrogen aggregates (B centres). C centres in Zimmi diamonds require that they did not experience temperatures above 850 °C for any extended period. Such diamonds make up less than 0.1% of natural gem diamonds and have never before been dated. The sulphides are pyrrhotite-rich, have low Ni and Os contents, and radiogenic 187 Os/ 188 Os, all features characteristic of eclogitic sulphides. Each diamond has 3–4 individual inclusions. 187 Re/ 188 Os and 187 Os/ 188 Os data fall along three individual ∼650 Ma age arrays that represent essentially 3-point or 4-point mineral isochrons for each diamond – unambiguously dating the time of diamond formation. The ∼650 Ma age correlates with the timing of Neoproterozoic assembly of Gondwana, recorded in the Rokelide orogen along the SW margin of the West African craton. The initial 187 Os/ 188 Os of the three age arrays fall between 1.6 and 2.2 and are highly radiogenic compared to chondritic mantle at 650 Ma. Along with low Re/Os ratios, this data suggests that sulphides were not derived from Neoproterozoic subducting slabs, but rather from older eclogitic material already present in the West African lithospheric mantle. The age of the diamonds and their nitrogen substitutional characteristics, along with their residence in a lithospheric mantle with a normal cratonic geotherm (determined here from Koidu clinopyroxene xenocrysts) suggests that after diamond formation they were rapidly exhumed to shallower depths in the lithosphere. This likely occurred through tectonic uplift following Neoproterozoic continental collision.