cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IR-improved DGLAP-CS theory: Kernels, parton distributions, reduced cross sections

Abstract It is shown that exact, amplitude-based resummation allows IR-improvement of the usual DGLAP-CS theory. This results in a new set of kernels, parton distributions and attendant reduced cross sections, so that the QCD perturbative result for the respective hadron–hadron or lepton–hadron cross section is unchanged order-by-order in α s at large squared-momentum transfers. We compare these new objects with their usual counter-parts and illustrate the effects of the IR-improvement in some phenomenological cases of interest with an eye toward precision applications in LHC physics scenarios.
Hover in-ground-effect testing of a full-scale, tilt-nacelle V/STOL model

A full-scale, tilt-nacelle V/STOL aircraft model was tested in hover at the National Full Scale Aerodynamics Complex (NFAC), NASA Ames Research Center. The model was powered by two TF-34 turbofan engines. It was tested at several ground heights and control deflections. Test technique and test setup were documented. Limited results show that: (1) a small change in control power with ground height was measured, and control power was found to be good over + or - 20 deg of horizontal vane deflection; (2) integrated fuselage undersurface pressures, when compared with the total model loads and measured thrust, defined the effect of the fountain and its related flow field on model forces and moments; and (3) there was no indication of hot gas ingestion during simulated takeoff in calm winds from wheels on deck ground height.
Required and Attainable Interference Ratios in Space Telecasting

Abstract This paper reviews the interference characteristics of two television signals, and presents a suggested set of required signal-to-interference ratios, for conditions of synchronized operation, precise offset, and normal offset. The possibility of attaining these in space operation is examined: it is concluded that precise offset is attainable and that normal offset is not appreciably more difficult than in normal broadcasting. The effect of antenna discrimination is examined. It is concluded that sharing between the conventional television service and a usable space service is technically feasible.
Tumor oxygen tension during photodynamic therapy.

Journal ofPhotochemistry and Photobiology, B: Biology, 5 (1990) News and Views Tumor Oxygen Tension During Photodynamic Therapy B. J. TROMBERG, S. KIMEL, A. ORENSTEIN, S. J. BARKER, J. S. NELSON, W. G. ROBERTS and M. W. BERNS Beckman Laser Institute and Medical 92715 (U.S.A.) Clinic, University J. HYATT, of California at Irvine, Iruine, CA 1. Introduction The administration of a sufficient dose of radiation at the appropriate wavelength to photosensitizer-containing neoplasms is essential for photo- dynamic therapy (PDT). Accordingly, monitoring the effects of light delivery in tissue during PDT has great clinical significance. In order to understand PDT on the molecular level, one or more “participants” (e.g. reaction products or intermediates) in the photodynamic reactions have to be measured. We will concentrate on the role of oxygen as a participant since PDT has been shown to depend critically, although in a rather complicated way, on the presence of oxygen [l]. Three consecutive processes can be distinguished. In the first phase, PDT involves the photogeneration of cytotoxic oxygen intermediates, primarily singlet molecular oxygen IO,, at the expense of ground state molecular oxygen O,, which by photochemical processes cause damage to essential cellular components. In this “oxidative” phase, the presence of oxygen is crucial for the initiation of PDT. The photo-oxidation reactions cause a dynamic, reversible depletion of ambient oxygen which is propor- tional to the fluence rate. In the second phase, oxygen-induced pathophysiological alterations lead to occlusion of blood vessels and hypoxia [2 - 41. During this stage, measurements of oxygen reflect a depletion of tissue oxygen because of the decreased supply. For low light doses the “hypoxic” phase is reversible, since in the absence of light the blood flow is restored. In the third phase of in uiuo PDT, regional breakdown of oxygen and nutrient delivery occurs due to vascular collapse which causes tumor necrosis [4]. In this “ischemic” stage the depletion of oxygen levels is, of course, irreversible. Even if the exact role of oxygen in each phase is still being debated, it is clear that the progress of PDT can be followed by monitoring tissue oxygen depletion. Most in viuo studies have dealt in a descriptive fashion with photo- dynamic reactions in the third phase. These efforts have used histological techniques [ 5 - 71. observation chambers [4] or blood flow measurements loll-1344/90/$3.50 0 Elsevier Sequoia/Printed in The Netherlands
International Capital Markets and Interest Groups

Capital market integration has increased the scale and mobility of capital movements within and among nations to unprecedented levels. Integration is fairly recent. Frankel concludes from his review of the literature that barriers in the major world financial markets were sufficiently low that by 1989, financial markets could be viewed as being fully integrated.' The scale and mobility of capital flows among nations has numerous implications to currency values, interest rates, wealth, and, through current capital account linkages, to relative product and factor prices. Capital flows that have real economic effects also affect the functioning of policy instruments and how effective they are in remunerating an interest group at the expense, if any, of others. This paper provides insights into the process and linkages by which the integration of capital markets has altered economic policy through interest group pressures on government. If economic policy is viewed as the outcome of interest groups seeking through the power of the state that which cannot be provided by the market alone, then capital market adjustments that affect the return to policy instruments can also affect the returns to lobbying resources and, hence, the balance of political influence among the various groups.2 This type of explanation for economic policy has been forwarded under the rubric of models of "rent seeking" (Krueger 1974).3 The paper is organized as follows.4 Selected historical evidence linking capital markets to pressures for legislation in the United States and other countries is briefly reviewed. In some cases, capital market adjustments have eased pressures for protection, while, in other cases, adjustments either forced policy change because of a liquidity constraint or made unprofitable the lobbying for sustaining policy in face of these adjustments. The discussion in the next section provides deeper insight into capital market-lobbying linkages. Discussion focuses on the results from a simple model of rent seeking, where government intervenes in markets and provides sector-specific public goods.
Virtual Chassis for Snake Robots: Definition and Applications

Abstract Intuitively representing the motion of a snake robot is difficult. This is in part because the internal shape changes that the robot uses to locomote involve the entire body and no single point on the robot intuitively represents the robot’s pose at all times. To address this issue, we present a method of defining body coordinate frames that departs from the typical convention of rigidly fixing a frame to a link on the robot, and instead define a body frame that is based on the averaged position of all of the robot’s links. This averaged frame serves as a virtual chassis that effectively isolates the internal motion of the robot’s shape changes from the external motion, due to the robot’s interaction with its surroundings. This separation of motion allows much simpler models—such as those derived for wheeled vehicles—to accurately approximate the motion of the robot as it moves through the world. We demonstrate the practical advantages of using the virtual chassis body frame by estimating the pit...
Paired-associate models and the effects of list length

Abstract A two-process Markov model for paired-associate learning is presented in which stimulus-response associations may pass through an intermediate or short-term memory state before learning is complete. In the short-term state, forgetting may occur, and in the trial-dependent-forgetting (TDF) model, the likelihood that forgetting takes place on any trial is postulated to be a function of the number of S-R pairs remaining to be learned on that trial. To determine the quantitative accuracy of the model, a paired-associate experiment was conducted in which list length was varied. Specific response-sequence frequencies from experimental lists of 9, 15, and 21 items were reasonably well predicted by the TDF model. A much better account of the data was obtained by a revision of the model, in which it was assumed that the probability of learning on a given trial depended on whether an item was still in short-term memory or had been forgotten. Comparative predictions from the linear and all-or-none models, as well as an alternative two-process Markov model, are also presented.
Further study of differential conditioning in the planarian

Twelve planaria were cut in half and regenerated. One member of each regenerated pair received 30 paired trials of light plus shock and 30 unpaired presentations of a vibrator each day for 5 days while the other member of each pair received vibrator plus shock and light unpaired. On the sixth day all 24 animals were given 30 trials of light and 30 of vibrator, both unpaired with shock. During the five days of acquisition the vibrator-plus-shock group showed significant differential responding while the light-plus-shock group did not. In extinction both groups made more responses to the vibrator than to the light, regardless of previous pairing with shock. Since the pilot study had shown the vibrator and light to have equal unconditioned response-evocation strength, the difference could not be attributed to a simple dynamogenic process. It could not be concluded unequivocally that differential conditioning in the planarian is possible.
Hierarchical Mobility via Relaying in Dense Wireless Networks

This paper proposes a novel relaying-based approach for managing mobility in dense cellular networks. Dense deployment of base stations will have small cells, necessitating frequent handovers. Moreover, small cell solutions such as femtocells may lack low-delay backhaul connections to the operator core's network where handover procedures are coordinated. As a result, handover delays can be large, impacting signal quality severely. The proposed relay-based hierarchical mobility scheme forwards data over-the-air to other base stations close to mobile as the mobile moves but before the network point of attachment can be switched. Hybrid ARQ and randomized beamforming are used to opportunistically gain the benefits of relays with no explicit coordination between the relay base stations and the source or mobile. Thus, the protocol is attractive for high-speed dynamic environments and can be implemented with minimal messaging overhead. A simulation of the protocol in a 3GPP Long-Term Evolution (LTE) cellular system with dense cells and high-speed mobiles shows the ability of the protocol to mitigate short-term rate outages during handover with significant improvements for delay sensitive applications.
Normarski differential interference microscopy study of the ferroelastic domains in NaCN, RbCN and KCN

SUMMARY Photomicrographs of the ferroelastic domains present in the low temperature, intermediate phase of NaCN, RbCN and KCN are presented with their linear dimensions and angular orientations. The Normarski optical technique used to display the domain surfaces in colour and used to determine the small out-of-plane angular orientations is discussed in detail. Figures and the construction details are presented of the cold stage that allowed microscopic examination of the crystal surfaces by either reflected or transmitted light down to liquid nitrogen temperatures.
Academic Freedom and the Defense of Capitalism

IN THE ACADEMIC ECONOMISTS' WORLD-aS with many others among the professoriate-there is widespread objection to and resentment of, interferences with teaching. Anti-communist oaths as a condition of employment are resented. Many doubtless feel that the current antipathy to communism will lead to-and has already led to-"witch hunts" and the dismissal of teachers who are not communists but are regarded as merely too "liberal."
A shaping limitation of rational sensitivity functions with a degree constraint

This note concerns a certain shaping limitation of sensitivity functions. The focus is on a frequency-wise infimum of gains of rational sensitivity functions with a degree constraint. An explicit infimum is derived for a special case. The result is useful for determining the inability of sensitivity functions of low degrees to achieve a specification in the frequency domain, and thus for motivating the use of higher degree sensitivity functions to fulfill the specification.
The Evolution of the Personalized Web Experience

During a moment of technological nostalgia, I realized that I have trouble remembering what life was like before the Internet. While it may feel as though we have always been online, I haven't comp...
Olmec Civilization, Veracruz, Mexico: Dating of the San Lorenzo Phase

Archeological excavations at San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan, Veracruz, show that the Olmec sculptures of this zone are associated with the San Lorenzo phase, which can be placed in the Early Formative period (1500-800 B.C.) on the basis of ceramic comparisons. Five of six radiocarbon dates for the San Lorenzo phase fall within the 1200-900 B.C. span. The San Lorenzo phase therefore marks the beginning of Olmec civilization, and the sites forming the San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan group represent the oldest civilized communities known in Mexico or Central America.
Comparison of Serum Immunofixation Electrophoresis and Free Light Chain Assays in the Detection of Monoclonal Gammopathies

Background: Diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathies (MGs) is determined by demonstration of a monoclonal immunoglobulin molecule or chain in serum and/or urine. Previous results on immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) and quantitative free light chain (FLC) measurements have been conflicting. Patients and Methods: The purpose of this study was to compare IFE with serum FLC assays in the detection of MG. Between November 2006 and November 2007, results on routinely ordered serum IFE specimens were compared with independently conducted FLC assays. Results: Monoclonal gammopathies were identified in 144 specimens by IFE; 73 patients (50.7%) had a normal κ/λ ratio in the FLC assay. Also, 44.6% of samples with IgG and IgA M-proteins had a normal κ/λ ratio. Of 357 sera that showed no M-protein by IFE, 95.8% exhibited a normal κ/λ ratio. Out of 11 patients with light chain disease, 9 had abnormal κ/λ ratios. It is unclear why half of the patients with MG by IFE had normal κ/λ ratios. Lower M-components in these patients suggested that some had monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Conclusion: For screening purposes, serum IFE should be carried out in patients with suspected MG.
SU-D-BRA-04: Technical Evaluation of TomoTherapy Roll Correction

Purpose: Evaluate the effectiveness of the roll correction feature of the TomoTherapy Hi‐ART system. Methods: A roll‐sensitive plan was designed and delivered to a cylindrical solid water phantom to test the accuracy and utility of roll corrections. Cylindrical target structures containing coaxial inner avoidance structures were placed adjacent to the plane bisecting the phantom and 7cm laterally off central axis. The phantom was positioned at isocenter with the target‐plane parallel to the couch surface. Varying degrees of phantom roll were induced and dose to the targets and inner avoidance structures was measured using Kodak EDR2 films placed in the target‐plane. Normalized point doses were compared with baseline (no roll) data to determine the sensitivity of the test and the effectiveness of the roll correction feature. Gamma analysis between baseline, roll‐corrected and uncorrected films was performed using RIT software. Results: On average, significant deviations from baseline point dose measurements (±3 standard deviations) are observed beyond 0.4° of uncorrected phantom roll. Conversely, all point dose measurements with roll correction applied are indistinguishable from baseline (<3 standard deviations) up to our maximum tested roll of 5°. For measurements in the rolled phantom without roll correction, gamma pass rates drop below 90% starting at an average of 0.25°. Gamma pass rates for all measurements with roll correction applied were greater than 97%. Conclusion: Using our rigid phantom and roll‐sensitive test plan, rotational misalignment greater than 0.25° can be detected and results in observable differences between planned and delivered dose. Utilizing the roll correction feature accurately corrects for the effects of such misalignment. Further work is required to evaluate the efficacy of roll correction in clinical circumstances where deformation accompanies rotation and to assess the clinical impact of using rotational and translational corrections compared to translational corrections alone.
Influence of insulin and testosterone on adrenocortical steroidogenesis in vitro: preliminary studies.

Objective: The mechanisms underlying the adrenal androgen (AA) excess of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) remain unclear, although it is possible that the adrenocortical dysfunction may be a response to other, extraadrenal factors. Consistent with the pathophysiology of PCOS and with in vivo data in normal and PCOS women, we have hypothesized that insulin inhibits and that T stimulates AA secretion in vitro. Design: In vitro experimental study. Setting: University medical center. Patient(s): Normal human adrenals (n = 4 women, ages 25–57 years) were obtained with consent at the time of organ donation. Intervention(s): Fresh adrenal tissue minces were incubated in serum-free medium with 10-μM pregnenolone substrate and 1-μM ACTH-(1-24). Challenge doses of 0.2, 1, 5, 20, and 100 nM of insulin and 1, 10, 100, 1,000, and 10,000 nM of T were added, and the media were sampled after 8 hours of incubation at 37°C, 4% CO2. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA-sulfate (DHEAS), and cortisol (F) were measured by radioimmunoassay (significant effects compared with the case of zero-dose control). Main Outcome Measure(s): The production of DHEA, DHEAS, and F in the media of the adrenal minces was compared between different subjects and at different concentrations of T and insulin. Result(s): Analysis of the combined data from all donors indicated that insulin stimulated DHEAS and suppressed DHEA production but had no consistent effect on F. Similar analyses of the combined data indicated that T had no significant predictable effect on the production of DHEAS, DHEA, or F. When examining donor data individually, insulin and T did elicit significant increases and/or decreases in steroid production within subjects, although no consistent trends were observed. Conclusion(s): On the basis of these data, it is clear that extra-adrenal factors such as insulin and T have some adrenal regulatory capacity. In general, insulin stimulated DHEAS and decreased DHEA production, suggesting that it increases adrenocortical sulfotransferase activity. However, although in the individual subjects studied, both insulin and T frequently altered the production of DHEAS, DHEA or F, these effects did not appear to be uniform or consistent from subject to subject. Expanded studies are required to confirm these results.
Synchronous Bursts of Action Potentials in Ganglion Cells of the Developing Mammalian Retina

The development of orderly connections in the mammalian visual system depends on action potentials in the optic nerve fibers, even before the retina receives visual input. In particular, it has been suggested that correlated firing of retinal ganglion cells in the same eye directs the segregation of their synaptic terminals into eye-specific layers within the lateral geniculate nucleus. Such correlations in electrical activity were found by simultaneous recording of the extracellular action potentials of up to 100 ganglion cells in the isolated retina of the newborn ferret and the fetal cat. These neurons fired spikes in nearly synchronous bursts lasting a few seconds and separated by 1 to 2 minutes of silence. Individual bursts consisted of a wave of excitation, several hundred micrometers wide, sweeping across the retina at about 100 micrometers per second. These concerted firing patterns have the appropriate spatial and temporal properties to guide the refinement of connections between the retina and the lateral geniculate nucleus.
Design And Test Of A Production Open Loop All-Fiber Gyroscope

An open loop fiber gyro being productized for application in business aviation AHRS is described. Reduction of polarization modulation induced quadrature signal is explained. The bias drift over temperature is measured to be < 3 deg/hr. (10, and the scale factor stability over temperature is measured to be < 200 ppm (1a).
Photodecomposition kinetics of alkaline earth hydride powders

Abstract The UV photodecomposition kinetics of MgH2, CaH2, SrH2 and BaH2 powders were studied at room temperature, including the effects of 60Co γ-ray pre-irradiation. All four materials produce rates of gas evolution which reach a maximum soon after exposure to the light and then decay monotonically to a linear rate. The pressure versus time data can be resolved into two saturating exponential terms and a linear component. The linear rate approximates a second order dependence on light intensity for all these materials. Exposure to 60Co γ-rays prior to photolysis significantly decreased the amount of evolved gas in BaH2 at 100 rad, but did not affect the photodecomposition of CaH2 and SrH2 significantly until above 1.0 × 104 rad. For MgH2, prior γ-ray exposure decreased the amount of evolved gas for doses up to 5.0 × 102 rad, but then the gas evolution increased up to 5.0 × 108rad. The observed irradiation effects are consistent with a generalized phenomenological model in which solid state photodecomposition can be considered to involve electronic carriers and/or energy transfer processes.
The serpent gene is necessary for progression through the early stages of fat-body development

Abstract The serpent ( srp ) gene, also known as ABF, codes for a GATA-like transcription factor and is involved in the transcriptional activation of Adh in the larval fat body or adipose tissue. Here, we describe the tissue-specific distribution of SRP protein in various stages of embryonic development and describe srp 's role in early fat-cell development. SRP protein was detected in the progenitor fat-body cells and is present in the developing fat-body cells and in the mature embryonic fat body. An analysis of srp embryos revealed a gradual loss of precursor fat cells that is likely due to apoptosis. Within the fat-cell lineage, srp is necessary for progression through early stages of fat-cell development and may be involved in the transactivation of genes necessary for fat-cell differentiation.
Modeling fluid flow in a heterogeneous, fault‐controlled hydrothermal system

Previous studies have shown that most hydrothermal systems discharging at the land surface are associated with faulting, and that the location, temperature and rate of discharge of these systems are controlled by the geometry and style of the controlling fault(s). Unfortunately, the transport of heat and fluid in fault-controlled hydrothermal systems is difficult to model realistically; although heterogeneity and anisotropy are assumed to place important controls on flow in faults, few data or observations are available to constrain the distribution of hydraulic properties within active faults. Here, analytical and numerical models are combined with geostatistical models of spatially varying hydraulic properties to model the flow of heat and fluid in the Borax Lake fault of south-east Oregon, USA. A geometric mean permeability within the fault of 7 × 10−14 m2 with 2× vertical/horizontal anisotropy in correlation length scale is shown to give the closest match to field observations. Furthermore, the simulations demonstrate that continuity of flow paths is an important factor in reproducing the observed behavior. In addition to providing some insight into possible spatial distributions of hydraulic properties at the Borax Lake site, the study highlights one potential avenue for integrating field observations with simulation results in order to gain greater understanding of fluid flow in faults and fault-controlled hydrothermal and petroleum reservoirs.
The apparently symmetrical hexagonal bilayer hemoglobin from Lumbricus terrestris has a large dipole moment.

Abstract The giant ∼3.6 MDa hexagonal bilayer hemoglobin (HBL Hb) from Lumbricus terrestris consists of 12 213-kDa dodecamers of four globin chains ([b+a+c] 3 [d] 3 ) tethered to a central scaffold of ∼36 non-globin, linker subunits L1–L4 (24–32 kDa). Three-dimensional reconstructions obtained by electron cryomicroscopy showed it to have a D 6 point-group symmetry, with the two layers rotated ∼16° relative to each other. Measurement of the dielectric constants of the Hb and the dodecamer over the frequency range 5–100 kHz indicated relaxation frequencies occurring at 20–40 and 300 kHz, respectively, substantially lower than the 700–800 kHz in HbA. The dipole moments calculated using Oncley's equation were 17 300±2300 D and 1400 D for the Hb and dodecamer, respectively. The approximately threefold higher dipole moment of the dodecamer relative to HbA is consistent with an asymmetric shape in solution suggested by small-angle X-ray scattering. Although a two-term Debye equation and a prolate ellipsoid of revolution model provided a good fit to the experimental dielectric dispersion of the dodecamer, a three-term Debye equation based on an oblate ellipsoid of revolution model was required to fit the asymmetric dielectric dispersion curve of the Hb: the required additional term may represent either an induced dipole moment or a substructure which rotates independently of the main permanent dipole component of the Hb. The D 6 point-group symmetry implies that the dipole moments of the dodecamers cancel out. Thus, in addition to a possible contribution from fluctuations of the proton distribution, the large dipole moment of the Hb may be due to an asymmetric distribution of the heterogeneous linker subunits.
Left atrial appendage stenosis.

Abstract Narrowing at the mouth of the left atrial appendage has been reported after partial surgical ligation of the appendage. This report describes a patient, without prior cardiac surgery, who had an anatomic narrowing at the opening of the left atrial appendage demonstrated by 2-dimensional, Doppler, and color Doppler echocardiography. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999;12:882-3.)
IBM Blue Gene/Q system software stack

The principal focus areas for system software on the IBM Blue Gene®/Q include ultrascalability and high reliability while delivering the full performance capability of the hardware to applications. The Blue Gene/Q system software has achieved these goals while adding functionality and flexibility compared with previous versions of Blue Gene®. Whereas part of the software stack was improved with innovative evolutionary progress, such as unified sub-block partitioning and the ability to overcommit hardware threads, other areas, such as transactional memory and speculative execution, represent a revolutionary step forward. In this paper, we describe the overall software architecture of Blue Gene/Q. We then describe each of the main components of the software stack. In each area, we focus on the major enhancements introduced in the Blue Gene/Q system software stack.
Sirtuins in dermatology: applications for future research and therapeutics

Sirtuins are a family of seven proteins in humans (SIRT1–SIRT7) that are involved in multiple cellular processes relevant to dermatology. The role of sirtuins in other organ systems is established. However, the importance of these proteins in dermatology is less defined. Recently, sirtuins gained international attention because of their role as “longevity proteins” that may extend and enhance human life. Sirtuins function in the cell via histone deacetylase and/or adenosine diphosphate ribosyltransferase enzymatic activity that target histone and non-histone substrates, including transcription regulators, tumor suppressors, structural proteins, DNA repair proteins, cell signaling proteins, transport proteins, and enzymes. Sirtuins are involved in cellular pathways related to skin structure and function, including aging, ultraviolet-induced photoaging, inflammation, epigenetics, cancer, and a variety of cellular functions including cell cycle, DNA repair and proliferation. This review highlights sirtuin-related cellular pathways, therapeutics and pharmacological targets in atopic dermatitis, bullous dermatoses, collagen vascular disorders, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, hypertrophic and keloid scars, cutaneous infections, and non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancer. Also discussed is the role of sirtuins in the following genodermatoses: ataxia telangiectasia, Cowden’s syndrome, dyskeratosis congenita, Rubenstein–Taybi, Werner syndrome, and xeroderma pigmentosum. The pathophysiology of these inherited diseases is not well understood, and sirtuin-related processes represent potential therapeutic targets for diseases lacking suitable alternative treatments. The goal of this review is to bring attention to the dermatology community, physicians, and scientists, the importance of sirtuins in dermatology and provide a foundation and impetus for future discussion, research and pharmacologic discovery.
Energy production from corn

Several physical and chemical factors limit the production of biofuels, such as the complex process required for the conversion of plant biomass into ethanol. For example, fossil energy inputs needed for the production of ethanol from corn is 1.59 liters per liter of ethanol. One of the many factors limiting energy output from biomass is the extremely low fraction of sunlight reaching a hectare that is captured by the plants. On average only about 0.1% of the sunlight is captured by green plants per year.
New charge-carrier blocking materials for high efficiency OLEDs

Abstract Three strategies for preparing high efficiency OLEDs are demonstrated, which involve the use of hole and electron blocking layers. The first of these strategies involves the use of a cyclometallated iridium compound (bis(2-(4,6-difluorophenyl)pyridyl- N ,C2 ′ )iridium(III) picolinate, FIrpic) as a hole-blocking material for green and blue emissive OLEDs. Devices which utilized FIrpic as a combined hole blocking and electron transporting layer gave external quantum efficiencies > 14% (device structure: anode/HTL/EL/FIrpic/cathode, HTL=hole transport layer, EL=emissive layer). When the FIrpic layer of this device was replaced with bathocuproine (BCP), the device efficiency dropped to 12%. A host-guest approach to the formation of a hole blocking layer (HBL) has also been demonstrated. FIrpic was doped into two different wide energy band-gap organic matrix materials (i.e. octaphenyl–cyclooctatetraene, OPCOT, and 1,3,5-tris-phenyl-2-(4-biphneyl)benzene, SC5) forming a mixed HBL. Devices with doped OPCOT gave quantum efficiencies comparable to those with a BCP HBL, while the SC5 based devices gave higher efficiency than their BCP blocked counterparts. When blue electrophosphorescent devices are prepared in a conventional OLED structure (i.e. anode/HTL/EL/HBL/ETL/cathode), excessive HTL emission is often observed, resulting from electron leakage from the doped CBP layer into the HTL. This electron leakage can be eliminated by inserting an electron blocking layer (EBL) between the HTL and luminescent layers. Both fac-tris(1-phenylpyrazolato, N ,C2 ′ )iridium(III) (Irppz) and Iridium(III) bis(1-phenylpyrazolato, N ,C2 ′ )(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato- O , O ) have been used as efficient EBLs. The insertion of an EBL leads to both improved color purity and quantum efficiency, relative to devices without EBLs. For example, a white emitting device with the structure ITO/HTL/EL/HBL/ETL/LiF/Al gave an external efficiency of 1.9% and nearly exclusively HTL emission. Addition of a 100 A Irppz layer between the HTL and EL gave a device with an external quantum efficiency of 3.3% and electroluminescence from only the EL.
Asymptotic D-state to S-state ratio of the deuteron.

The asymptotic D-state to S-state ratio of the deuteron (\ensuremath{\eta}) is deduced from new measurements of tensor analyzing powers in sub-Coulomb (d,p) reactions. The complete set of analyzing power measurements is presented. Ten statistically independent values are obtained for \ensuremath{\eta} from measurements of two analyzing powers using multiple targets, final states, and beam energies. These values are consistent to within their statistical uncertainties. A weighted average of the individual values gives the result \ensuremath{\eta}=0.0256\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0004, where the quoted uncertainty includes systematic and statistical contributions. This result is compared with previous measurements and with the predictions obtained from a variety of theories.
Communication-assisted Topology Control of Semi-autonomous Robots

Groups of autonomous and semi-autonomous robots are being used in many different applications. Similarly, wireless ad hoc networks are being used more and more as their communication platform of choice because they are infrastructureless, self-configurable and self-forming networks with multi-hop capabilities. However, uncontrolled node mobility may still cause partitions in the network topology, isolating robots from the network or even losing them, hindering the mission's success. In this paper, we propose a cross layer design-based control layer algorithm that finds and maintains stable links among the mobile nodes and the main controller
Effects of AMPPNP on the orientation and rotational dynamics of spin-labeled muscle cross-bridges

We have used electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) to investigate the orientation, rotational motion, and actin-binding properties of rabbit psoas muscle cross-bridges in the presence of the nonhydrolyzable nucleotide analogue, 5'-adenylylimido-diphosphate (AMPPNP). This analogue is known to decrease muscle tension without affecting its stiffness, suggesting an attached cross-bridge state different from rigor. We spin-labeled the SH1 groups on myosin heads and performed conventional EPR to obtain high-resolution information about the orientational distribution, and saturation transfer EPR to measure microsecond rotational motion. At 4 degrees C and 100 mM ionic strength, we find that AMPPNP increases both the orientational disorder and the microsecond rotational motion of myosin heads. However, computer analysis of digitized spectra shows that no new population of probes is observed that does not match either rigor or relaxation in both orientation and motion. At 4 degrees C, under nearly saturating conditions of 16 mM AMPPNP (Kd = 3.0 mM, determined from competition between AMPPNP and an ADP spin label), 47.5 +/- 2.5% of myosin heads are dynamically disoriented (as in relaxation) without a significant decrease in rigor stiffness, whereas the remainder are rigidly oriented as in rigor. The oriented heads correspond to actin-attached heads in a ternary complex, and the disoriented heads correspond to detached heads, as indicated by EPR experiments with spin-labeled subfragment 1 (S1) that provide independent measurements of orientation and binding. We take these findings as evidence for a single-headed cross-bridge that is as stiff as the double-headed rigor cross-bridge. The data are consistent with a model in which, in the presence of saturating AMPPNP, one head of each cross-bridge binds actin about 10 times more weakly, whereas the remaining head binds at least 10 times more strongly, than extrinsic S1. Thus, although there is no evidence for heads being attached at nonrigor angles, the attached cross-bridge differs from that of rigor. The heterogeneous behavior of heads is probably due to steric effects of the filament lattice.
Epitope-dependent blocking of the angiotensin-converting enzyme dimerization by monoclonal antibodies to the N-terminal domain of ACE: Possible link of ACE dimerization and shedding from the cell surface

In a biomembrane modeling system, reverse micelles, somatic ACE forms dimers via carbohydrate-mediated interaction, providing evidence for the existence of a carbohydrate-recognizing domain on the ACE molecule. We localized this putative region on the N-domain of ACE using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to seven different epitopes of ACE. Two mAbs, 9B9 and 3G8, directed to distinct, but overlapping, epitopes of the N-domain of ACE shielded the CRD. Only "simple" ACE-antibody complexes were found in the system. Five mAbs allowed the formation of "double" antibody-ACE-ACE-antibody complexes via carbohydrate-mediated interactions. The results were confirmed using the ACE N- and C-domains. Testicular ACE was unable to form carbohydrate-mediated ACE dimers in the reverse micelles, while the N-domain of ACE, obtained by limited proteolysis of the parent full-length ACE, retained the ability to form dimers. Furthermore, mAb 3G8, which blocked ACE dimerization in micelles, significantly inhibited ACE shedding from the surface of ACE-expressing cells. Galactose prevented ACE dimerization in reverse micelles and also affected antibody-induced ACE shedding in an epitope-dependent manner. Restricted glycosylation of somatic ACE, obtained by the treatment of CHO-ACE cells with the glucosidase inhibitor N-butyldeoxynojirimycin, significantly increased the rate of basal ACE shedding and altered antibody-induced ACE shedding. A chemical cross-linking approach was used to show that ACE is present (at least in part) as noncovalently linked dimers on the surface of CHO-ACE cells. These results suggest a possible link between putative ACE dimerization on the cell surface and the proteolytic cleavage (shedding) of ACE.
EFFECT OF LIPID INFUSION RATE ON OXYGENATION IN PREMATURE INFANTS

We have previously documented decreased oxygenation during infusion of 1 g/kg Intralipid (IL) over 4 h (0.25 g/kg/h) in premature infants with respiratory illnesses (Pediatr. 66:26,1980). To examine the effect of slow infusion rates and lipid dosage on oxygenation, 16 AGA premature infants with RDS (BW mean ± SEM - 1.26 kg ± 0.04; EGA 29.9 wks ± 0.34; Postnatal age 4.0 days ± 0.26 - p = NS vs. previous study group) maintained on total parenteral nutrition were given 1, 2 and 3 IL g/kg/day over 15 h (IL g/kg/h = 0.067, 0.133, 0.20) on day 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Arterial blood gases (for calculation of alveolar-arterial oxygen gradients-AaDO2) and blood for free fatty acid (FFA) and triglyceride (TG) analysis were drawn before and at the end of IL infusion. There was a significant effect of IL infusion rate on ΔAaDO2 (p<.001 by ANOVA). A significant correlation was noted betweenΔ AaDO2 and end-infusion FFA concentration (r=.36, p<.01). No correlation between AaDO2 and TG concentration was seen. These data demonstrate that slower infusion rates decrease the adverse effect of lipids on oxygenation in premature infants recovering from RDS. (NIH Grants HD-15631 & RR-00240)
Ultraviolet B Radiation-Induced Cell Death: Critical Role of Ultraviolet Dose in Inflammation and Lupus Autoantigen Redistribution

The nuclear self-Ags targeted in systemic lupus erythematosus translocate to the cell membrane of UV-irradiated apoptotic keratinocytes and may represent an important source of self-immunization. It is hard to understand how the noninflammatory milieu accompanying most apoptosis might provoke an immunogenic response leading to autoantibodies. We have found that the precise amount of keratinocyte UV exposure is crucial in determining the rate of apoptosis, the amount of inflammatory cytokine production, and the degree of autoantigen translocation. Low doses of UVB (≤15 mJ/cm 2 ) promptly induced a normal, caspase-dependent apoptosis, while intermediate doses of UV-B (35 mJ/cm 2 ) caused apoptosis with altered morphology, slower DNA fragmentation, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase degradation accompanied by increased Bcl-2. High doses of UVB (80 mJ/cm 2 ) induced instead necrosis. We observed IL-1 production upon intermediate and high UVB doses. Nuclear Ag redistribution was also markedly UV dose dependent: at low doses, Sm, Ku, and DNA translocated to the surfaces of early apoptotic cells. At intermediate doses, these Ags concentrated on the cell membrane when the nucleus was still visible. At high doses, these autoantigens diffused into the cytoplasm and were released into the supernatant. Taken together, the results show that low-dose UVB induces prompt noninflammatory apoptosis. In contrast, intermediate and high doses of UVB induce proinflammatory apoptosis and necrosis, where the production of inflammatory cytokines is accompanied by exposure and release of autoantigens. The key importance of the UV dose on the fate of apoptotic keratinocytes and on their potential immunogenicity should help clarify the role of UVB in inducing systemic lupus erythematosus autoimmunity.
The Honey Trap: the social and cognitive adequacy of language in educational contexts

The attack on bidialectal approaches to the teaching of writing mounted by John Honey in The Language Trap is examined and critically discussed. It is argued that Honey confuses the issues of the social and the cognitive adequacy of a particular variety of language. In particular, his critique of bidialectalism, in so far as it is based on a version of verbal deficit theory and/or cognitive relativism, is misconceived. There are valid criticisms to be made of the bidialectal approach, but they centre on the social rather than the cognitive adequacy of different varieties of language. When the critique is formulated in this way, it is more enlightening and less misleading.
A sound element gets lost in perceptual competition

Our ability to understand auditory signals depends on properly separating the mixture of sound arriving from multiple sources. Sound elements tend to belong to only one object at a time, consistent with the principle of disjoint allocation, although there are instances of duplex perception or coallocation, in which two sound objects share one sound element. Here we report an effect of “nonallocation,” in which a sound element “disappears” when two ongoing objects compete for its ownership. When a target tone is presented either as one of a sequence of tones or simultaneously with a harmonic vowel complex, it is heard as part of the corresponding object. However, depending on the spatial configuration of the scene, if the target, the tones, and the vowel are all presented together, the target may not be perceived in either the tones or the vowel, even though it is not perceived as a separate entity. This finding suggests an asymmetry in the strength of the perceptual evidence required to reject vs. to include an element within the auditory foreground, a result with important implications for how we process complex auditory scenes containing ambiguous information.
Regulation of Src trafficking and activation by the endocytic regulatory proteins MICAL-L1 and EHD1

Localization of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src to the cell periphery is required for its activation and to mediate focal adhesion turnover, cell spreading and migration. Inactive Src localizes to a perinuclear compartment and the movement of Src to the plasma membrane is mediated by endocytic transport. However, the precise pathways and regulatory proteins that are responsible for SRC transport are incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that Src partially colocalizes with the endocytic regulatory protein MICAL-L1 (molecule interacting with CasL-like protein 1) in mammalian cells. Furthermore, MICAL-L1 is required for growth-factor- and integrin-induced Src activation and transport to the cell periphery in HeLa cells and human fibroblasts. Accordingly, MICAL-L1 depletion impairs focal adhesion turnover, cell spreading and cell migration. Interestingly, we find that the MICAL-L1 interaction partner EHD1 (EH domain-containing protein 1) is also required for Src activation and transport. Moreover, the MICAL-L1-mediated recruitment of EHD1 to Src-containing recycling endosomes is required for the release of Src from the perinuclear endocytic recycling compartment in response to growth factor stimulation. Our study sheds new light on the mechanism by which Src is transported to the plasma membrane and activated, and provides a new function for MICAL-L1 and EHD1 in the regulation of intracellular non-receptor tyrosine kinases.
Measurement Issues in Studies of Efficacy

As the goals of early intervention have broadened, it is appropriate that measures used to document efficacy be re-evaluated. This article reviews briefly trends in the use of outcome measures, beg...
Experimental and theoretical studies of nanofluid thermal conductivity enhancement: a review

Nanofluids, i.e., well-dispersed (metallic) nanoparticles at low- volume fractions in liquids, may enhance the mixture’s thermal conductivity, knf, over the base-fluid values. Thus, they are potentially useful for advanced cooling of micro-systems. Focusing mainly on dilute suspensions of well-dispersed spherical nanoparticles in water or ethylene glycol, recent experimental observations, associated measurement techniques, and new theories as well as useful correlations have been reviewed. It is evident that key questions still linger concerning the best nanoparticle-and-liquid pairing and conditioning, reliable measurements of achievable knf values, and easy-to-use, physically sound computer models which fully describe the particle dynamics and heat transfer of nanofluids. At present, experimental data and measurement methods are lacking consistency. In fact, debates on whether the anomalous enhancement is real or not endure, as well as discussions on what are repeatable correlations between knf and temperature, nanoparticle size/shape, and aggregation state. Clearly, benchmark experiments are needed, using the same nanofluids subject to different measurement methods. Such outcomes would validate new, minimally intrusive techniques and verify the reproducibility of experimental results. Dynamic knf models, assuming non-interacting metallic nano-spheres, postulate an enhancement above the classical Maxwell theory and thereby provide potentially additional physical insight. Clearly, it will be necessary to consider not only one possible mechanism but combine several mechanisms and compare predictive results to new benchmark experimental data sets.