cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Corticostriatal dynamics underlying components of binge-like eating in mice

Binge eating (BE) is a maladaptive repetitive feeding behavior present across nearly all eating disorder diagnoses. BE is associated with poor psychosocial outcomes (e.g., suicidal ideation) and increased risk for obesity. Despite the substantial negative impact of BE, its underlying neural mechanisms are largely unknown. Many other repetitive behavior disorders (e.g., obsessive compulsive disorder) show dysfunction within corticostriatal circuitry. Additionally, previous pre clinical and clinical work has highlighted an imbalance between goal directed and habitual responding in BE. The aim of the current study was to longitudinally examine in vivo neural activity within corticostriatal regions associated with habitual behavior, the infralimbic cortex (IL) and dorsolateral striatum (DLS), using a robust pre clinical model for BE. Female C57BL/6 mice (N = 32) were randomized to receive: 1) intermittent (daily, 2-hour) binge-like access to palatable food (BE mice), or 2) continuous, non-intermittent (24-hour) access to palatable food (non-BE mice). In vivo calcium imaging was performed via fiber photometry at the baseline timepoint and after 4 weeks (chronic timepoint) of engagement in the model for BE. Feeding behaviors (feeding bout onset, offset) during the recordings were captured using contact lickometers which generated TTL outputs for precise alignment of BE behavior to neural data. Results in the IL showed no specific changes in neural activity related to BE. However, BE animals showed decreased DLS activity from the baseline to chronic timepoint at feeding onset and offset. Additionally, BE mice had significantly lower DLS activity at feeding onset and offset during the chronic time point compared to non-BE mice. These results point to a role for DLS hypofunction in chronic BE, highlighting a potential target for future treatment intervention.
The Regenerative Image Intensifier and Its Application to the Luminescent Chamber

Publisher Summary To report on new and rapidly developing instruments, such as the luminescent chamber and the high amplification image intensifier, is more difficult than to report on matured instruments. The idea behind the luminescent chamber is simply to record the image of particle tracks passing through scintillating crystals. The usual experiment demands the recording of the light image produced by charged particles whose velocities are of the order of magnitude of minimum ionizing velocities. The virtues of the luminescent chamber in high-energy particle physics are its time resolution, lack of dead time, and the fact that an image tube can be gated so that pictures of only the desired events may be recorded. The chief disadvantages are the inherent lack of spatial resolution and the fact that no one knows how to make a substantially pure liquid hydrogen scintillator.
AMINO SUGARS IN L FORMS OF BACTERIA AND PLEUROPNEUMONIA-LIKE ORGANISMS.

Abstract Sharp, John T. (Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.). Amino sugars in L forms of bacteria and pleuropneumonia-like organisms. J. Bacteriol. 86:692–701. 1963.—Studies of several bacterial L forms and their parent bacteria have revealed similar amino sugars in the two forms of microorganisms, with the exception that muramic acid was absent from the streptococcal and staphylococcal L forms. In contrast, muramic acid was found in a Proteus L form. Some of the properties of the muramic acid component in the Proteus L form are described. The solubility of this material was observed to be very different in the L form as compared with the bacterium. Some implications of this observation are discussed. Two strains of pleuropneumonia-like organisms did not contain muramic acid.
NF-κB-Dependent Regulation of the Timing of Activation-Induced Cell Death of T Lymphocytes

One of the mechanisms by which activated T cells die is activation-induced cell death (AICD). This pathway requires persistent stimulation via the TCR and engagement of death receptors. We found that TCR stimulation led to transient nuclear accumulation of the NF-kappaB component p65/RelA. In contrast, nuclear c-Rel levels remained high even after extended periods of activation. Loss of nuclear p65/RelA correlated with the onset of AICD, suggesting that p65/RelA target genes may maintain cell viability. Quantitative RNA analyses showed that three of several putative NF-kappaB-dependent antiapoptotic genes were expressed with kinetics that paralleled nuclear expression of p65/RelA. Of these three, ectopic expression only of Gadd45beta protected significantly against AICD, whereas IEX-1 and Bcl-x(L) were much less effective. We propose that the timing of AICD, and thus the length of the effector phase, are regulated by transient expression of a subset of p65/RelA-dependent antiapoptotic genes.
Linking emotional intelligence, spirituality and workplace performance: Definitions, models and ideas for research

Despite a reluctance on the part of organizational researchers to deal with the subjects of emotions or spirituality, recent researchers have begun to argue for the importance of exploring their relationship to workplace performance. Recent research, for example, has shown a positive relationship between emotional intelligence and workplace success. Similarly, it appears that spirituality is related to workplace performance or effectiveness. This paper explores the impacts of emotional intelligence and spirituality on workplace effectiveness, presents several theoretical models examining possible linkages among these variables, and, finally, presents several ideas for future research deriving from the models.
High-Performance Graph Analytics on Manycore Processors

The divergence in the computer architecture landscape has resulted in different architectures being considered mainstream at the same time. For application and algorithm developers, a dilemma arises when one must focus on using underlying architectural features to extract the best performance on each of these architectures, while writing portable code at the same time. We focus on this problem with graph analytics as our target application domain. In this paper, we present an abstraction-based methodology for performance-portable graph algorithm design on manicure architectures. We demonstrate our approach by systematically optimizing algorithms for the problems of breadth-first search, color propagation, and strongly connected components. We use Kokkos, a manicure library and programming model, for prototyping our algorithms. Our portable implementation of the strongly connected components algorithm on the NVIDIA Tesla K40M is up to 3.25× faster than a state-of-the-art parallel CPU implementation on a dual-socket Sandy Bridge compute node.
A Review of “Finnish Lessons: What Can the World Learn from Educational Change in Finland?”

Pasi Sahlberg's new monograph on the “Finnish Miracle” in education is both a beacon of light and a cautionary tale about large-scale social reforms. If there is one persistent thread in Sahlberg's...
Model order reduction techniques applied to electromagnetic problems

The modeling of the electromagnetic (EM) behavior of VLSI systems is becoming increasingly important as the clock frequencies increase and as signal rise times decrease. The higher spectral content of the signals and the more complicated structures increase the complexity of the electromagnetic models required. This in turn results in an increase in memory requirements as well as in computer time. For this reason, many researchers have considered the use of model order reduction (MOR) techniques to simplify the analysis of EM models of all types. This paper describes the state of the art of MOR for EM problems. Two practical problems, a 2D problem and a 3D problem, are given to encourage comparison between the methods for similar problems.
Production and removal of aerosol in a polluted fog layer: model evaluation and fog effect on PM

Abstract A radiation fog physics, gas- and aqueous-phase chemistry model is evaluated against measurements in three sites in the San Joaquin Valley of California (SJV) during the winter of 1995. The measurements include for the first time vertically resolved fog chemical composition measurements. Overall the model is successful in reproducing the fog dynamics as well as the temporal and spatial variability of the fog composition (pH, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium concentrations) in the area. Sulfate production in the fog layer is relatively slow (1–4 μg m −3 per fog episode) compared to the episodes in the early 1980s because of the low SO 2 concentrations in the area and the lack of oxidants inside the fog layer. Sulfate production inside the fog layer is limited by the availability of oxidants in the urban areas of the valley and by SO 2 in the more remote areas. Nitrate is produced in the rural areas of the valley by the heterogeneous reaction of N 2 O 5 on fog droplets, but this reaction is of secondary importance for the more polluted urban areas. The gas-phase production of HNO 3 during the daytime is sufficient to balance the nitrate removed during the nighttime fog episodes. Entrainment of air from the layer above the fog provides another source of reactants for the fog layer. Wet removal is one of most important processes inside the fog layer in SJV. We estimate based on the three episodes investigated during IMS95 that a typical fog episode removes 500–2000 μg m −2 of sulfate, 2500–6500 μg m −2 of nitrate, and 2000–3500 μg m −2 of ammonium. For the winter SJV valley the net fog effect corresponds to reductions in ground ambient concentrations of 0.05–0.2 μg m −3 for sulfate, 3–6 μg m −3 for total nitrate, and 1–3 μg m −3 for total ammonium.
Electroconvulsive Therapy for Pediatric Malignant Catatonia With Cerebellar Dysgenesis

Electroconvulsive therapy was successfully used to treat malignant catatonia in a 15-year-old male patient with congenital dysgenesis of the left hemisphere of the cerebellum and hypoplasia of the vermis and left pons due to a presumed cerebral vascular accident in utero. The patient experienced significant motor and communication delays with mild cognitive impairment, but was otherwise in good health until age 15 years, when he developed rigidity, posturing, stupor, unresponsiveness, repetitive self-injurious behaviors, and negativism, as well as autonomic abnormalities including profuse diaphoresis and flushing episodes, thus meeting criteria for malignant catatonia. After initial response to lorazepam, the patient required electroconvulsive therapy for resolution of malignant catatonia. The case supports the safe and efficacious usage of electroconvulsive therapy for catatonia in adolescents with cerebellar and other developmental disorders. The role of the cerebellum in catatonia is also reviewed.
Tracking microbial habitats in subseafloor sediments

Throughout the world’s oceans, the sediments that cover the seafloor, and the cracks and fissures of the basaltic ocean crust, are permeated by microbial life (1, 2). As these bacteria and archaea are mostly not available in laboratory culture and thus elude direct physiological characterization, Jorgensen et al. correlate geochemical regimes in subseafloor sediments with in situ abundance of specific groups of uncultured bacteria and archaea to infer their habitat preferences, to develop specific hypotheses about their metabolism, and to design promising cultivation strategies (3).
Amyloid and nonfibrillar deposits in mice transgenic for wild-type human transthyretin: a possible model for senile systemic amyloidosis

The human serum protein transthyretin (TTR) is highly fibrillogenic in vitro and is the fibril precursor in both autosomal dominant (familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy [FAP] and familial amyloidotic cardiomyopathy [FAC]) and sporadic (senile systemic amyloidosis [SSA]) forms of human cardiac amyloidosis. We have produced mouse strains transgenic for either wild-type or mutant (TTRLeu55Pro) human TTR genes. Eighty-four percent of C57BI/6xDBA/2 mice older than 18 months, transgenic for the wild-type human TTR gene, develop TTR deposits that occur primarily in heart and kidney. In most of the animals, the deposits are nonfibrillar and non-Congophilic, but 20% of animals older than 18 months that bear the transgene have human TTR cardiac amyloid deposits identical to the lesions seen in SSA. Amino terminal amino acid sequence analysis and mass spectrometry of the major component extracted from amyloid and nonamyloid deposits revealed that both were intact human TTR monomers with no evidence of proteolysis or codeposition of murine TTR. This is the first instance in which the proteins from amyloid and nonfibrillar deposits in the same or syngeneic animals have been shown to be identical by sequence analysis. It is also the first time in any form of amyloidosis that nonfibrillar deposits have been shown to systematically occur temporally before the appearance of fibrils derived from the same precursor in the same tissues. These findings suggest, but do not prove, that the nonamyloid deposits represent a precursor of the fibril. The differences in the ultrastructure and binding properties of the deposits, despite the identical sizes and amino terminal amino acid sequences of the TTR and the dissociation of deposition and fibril formation, provide evidence that in vivo factors, perhaps associated with aging, impact on both systemic precursor deposition and amyloid fibril formation.
Digital Differential Analyzers with Arbitrary Stored Interconnections

A classification scheme for DDA structures is presented. Various structures are examined with respect to speed of operation and the case of providing stored interconnections. A class of DDAs with a staggered parallel structure is presented and discussed. The use of this DDA structure together with ultrasonic delay lines allows arbitrary, stored interconnections and DDA operation at approximately analog computer speed and accuracy. Various trades between equipment cost, speed of operation, and the number of integrator units are considered for DDAs in this class.
Mating-induced c-fos expression patterns complement and supplement observations after lesions in the male Syrian hamster brain.

Experimental efforts to define the functional neuroanatomical circuitry underlying male sexual behavior in rodents have relied in the past on the observation of behavioral deficits in males with selectively placed brain lesions. More recently, experiments in our laboratory and several other laboratories have attempted to selectively stimulate or eliminate Fos protein production associated with mating by controlling either the past sexual experience of the animal or the stimuli and behavioral events immediately preceding perfusion-fixation of the brain,'-s by altering the hormonal status of the behaving animal,h or by observing Fos-ir patterns ipsilateral to unilateral lesions in key nuclei of the mating behavior p a t h ~ a y . ~ In this chapter we summarize the results of several studies in the male Syrian hamster in light of previously reported behavioral effects of lesions in the same areas.
Dempster–Shafer structures with general measures

We look at the transformation of information via mappings under various types of uncertainties associated with the input and output variables. We first look at mappings in which the input uniquely determines the output and investigate how various types of uncertain input information reflect into the output variable. Here, we use a measure representation for our input variable uncertainty. We next consider the case where we have an additional uncertainty in the output of the mapping, instead of it being a unique value it is a set of possible values. The special case we see here is the Dempster–Shafer belief structure. We further generalize the situation by allowing our knowledge of the output of the mapping to be expressed in terms of a measure theoretic formulation. Here, we provide a very general formulation for second-order uncertainties.
Papillary thyroid cancer: medical management and follow-up.

The incidence of epithelial derived thyroid cancer (papillary thyroid cancer [PTC] and follicular thyroid cancer, known collectively as differentiated thyroid cancer) is rising. About 80% of patients with thyroid cancer have PTC and are best treated with thyroid-ectomy and functional lymph node dissection, followed by radioiodine ablation or therapy and performance of a posttreatment whole-body scan, followed by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) suppression. One year after radioiodine administration, the use of sensitive thyroglobulin (Tg) assays can separate the vast majority of patients with persistent disease from those who are free of disease and unlikely to have recurrent disease all without the need for repeat whole-body radioiodine imaging. Patients with detectable serum Tg during TSH suppression (Tg-on) or Tg that rises above 2 ng/mL after TSH stimulation (TSH-Tg) are highly likely to harbor residual tumor. TSH stimulation can be achieved using either thyroid hormone withdrawal or recombinant human TSH (rhTSH). Highly skilled screening neck ultrasonography can identify a few additional patients with subcentimeter residual neck lymph node metastases not detected by TSH-Tg. However, ultrasonography and chest computed tomography (CT) are most critical for tumor localization in those patients with Tg values that suggest residual disease or in those patients with persistent antithyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) that falsely lower Tg measurement. TgAb quantitative titers typically resolve steadily over just a few years in patients free of disease after initial therapy. Another paradigm shift is the recognition that most patients who eventually achieve freedom from disease do so by surgery with fewer patients cured by repetitive radioiodine treatments, and even fewer cured with external beam radiation. Patients who appear to be free of disease require a lifetime of follow-up to optimize levothyroxine treatment, and they will undergo periodic stimulation testing because some will still manifest recurrent disease. Patients with persistent disease despite negative ultrasonography, chest CT, and whole-body radioiodine imaging may have a tumor identified by fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, optimally performed with combined TSH stimulation and image fusion with CT or magnetic resonance imaging. Patients with metastatic disease who are unresponsive to conventional treatment are encouraged to participate in increasingly available thyroid cancer-specific clinical trials using targeted experimental oral or intravenous chemotherapeutic agents to address this tumor that has historically proven resistant to conventional chemotherapeutic agents.
Joseph Larner's personal odyssey: search for the cause and cure of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Abstract Over the last five decades, Joseph Larner has tirelessly pursued scientific studies of the mechanism of insulin action, which are now providing new insight into the cause, diagnosis, and cure of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Larner demonstrated that D chiro -inositol (D-CI) is virtually absent in the urine of patients with NIDDM. Consequently, he suggested that the insulin resistance seen in such patients is related to the absence of one of the mediators of insulin action containing D-CI. Moreover, Larner demonstrated that this D-CI deficiency and insulin resistance could be corrected by the administration of D-CI to experimental diabetic and insulin-resistant animals. From this pioneering research, the potential for therapy using D-CI in NIDDM is evident and must be evaluated expeditiously.
Intrinsic quadrupole moments of deformed nuclei and superfluidity in nuclei

Abstract Intrinsic quadrupole moments of deformed nuclei are calculated on a completely particle picture as a function of the atomic numberZ and the parameter of spheroidal distortion of the well in which the independent particles move. The effects of the pairing force responsible for the superfluid property of the existence of an energy gap are examined by using the Green's function method of Migdal. The deformation of the single-particle potential well is treated (a) as a perturbation and (b) exactly, by using the Nilsson and Mottelson-Nilsson energy spectra and wave functions. It is necessary to include the configuration mixing with the major harmonic-oscillator shellsN' = N±2 caused by the deformation. In order to account for the observed quadrupole moments, slightly smaller values of the Nilsson deformation parameter are required than those following from the uniform-charge model. The effect of the energy gap is to smear out the shell-closure effects. As a result, the dependence of quadrupole moments onZ is similar to that predicted by the uniform-charge model.
Optical properties and correlation effects in Na x Co O 2

We have calculated the optical spectra of ${\mathrm{Na}}_{x}\mathrm{Co}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ for $x=0.3$, 0.5, and 0.7 within the local density approximation (LDA). A comparison of our results to available experimental data shows good agreement of the important features and trends, but reveals a nearly uniform shift of peak positions and poor quantitative reproduction of intensities. We show, through application of a simple model, that these differences can be attributed to overhybridization between Co and O orbitals and spin fluctuations that renormalize the bandwidth. Application of the $\mathrm{LDA}+U$ procedure shifts the optical peaks farther from their experimental locations, indicating that this method of incorporating correlation effects is ill-suited for the case of ${\mathrm{Na}}_{x}\mathrm{Co}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$.
Opioid Formulations Designed to Resist/Deter Abuse

Physicians who prescribe opioid analgesics for patients with moderate to severe chronic pain face a balancing act in the wake of the current publicity regarding abuse (nonmedical use) of prescription pain killers. There is a spectrum of opioid abuse ranging from those who misuse the drug by not following doctor’s orders to those who take the drugs to achieve a high or divert the drugs to the street market for profit. Formulations of opioid analgesics designed to resist or deter abuse have been proposed, and are now either on the market or in the pipeline. These are innovative formulations that make the drug less convenient or less desirable to abusers. This article examines three such new products along with clinical studies that report on their safety and effectiveness. These drugs include extended-release morphine with sequestered naloxone (Embeda®), controlled-release oxycodone in a high-viscosity hard gelatin capsule (Remoxy®) and an immediate-release oxycodone tablet with subtherapeutic niacin as an aversive agent (Acurox® with niacin tablets). Extended-release morphine with sequestered naltrexone offers a pharmacological barrier in that pellets of morphine surround an internal core of naltrexone (ratio 100: 4 of morphine: naltrexone), which is released if the tablet is compromised by chewing or crushing. The hard gelatin capsule of controlled-release oxycodone was designed to resist tampering and the drug cannot be extracted with a needle. The immediate-release oxycodone formulation with subtherapeutic niacin uses a gel-forming ingredient designed to inhibit inhalation and prevent extraction of the drug for injection. The subtherapeutic niacin is intended to induce flushing and other unpleasant effects if the drug is taken in an excessive quantity. While these drugs hold individual promise, it remains undetermined if they can truly prevent abuse. Drug-seeking individuals are extremely resourceful and show little loyalty to a particular drug when other drugs are available. It is possible that abuse-deterring formulations may divert such individuals to find other drugs that are easier to compromise. Nevertheless, these formulations are important innovations and warrant further study to assess their appropriate role as analgesics.
Role of Singlet and Triplet Excitons in Extrinsic Photocurrent Production in the Anthracene-Gold System

Extrinsic hole photocurrents in a gold coated anthracene crystal are measured as a function of the absorption depth of the exciting light. Charge pairs are formed at the gold-anthracene interface as a result of exciton–gold interactions. It is found that both singlet and triplet excitons are involved as precursors to charge formation. The contributions of singlets and triplets to the observed photocurrent quantum yields are determined for 394 nm excitation light (a and b polarized) and 340 nm excitation light (a and b polarized). Since reabsorption is known to have a significant effect on the distribution of excitons and on the effective singlet lifetime, a steady state numerical solution for the reabsorption problem is offered for this system. The inclusion of the reabsorption effect allows the calculation of a “reabsorption free” singlet diffusion length (316 A) and an evaluation of the electron transfer efficiency ratio (ηT/ηS ≈ 3.5) where ηS is the probability of electron injection per singlet exciton quenched by the surface and ηT is the corresponding probability for a triplet exciton. The magnitude of the ratio ηT/ηS is interpreted in terms of singlet energy transfer to the gold layer. Als Funktion der Absorptionstiefe des anregenden Lichtes werden Photostrome in einem mit Gold bedeckten Anthrazen-Kristall gemessen. An der Gold-Anthrazen-Zwisehenflache werden infolge der Exziton–Gold-Wechselwirkung Ladungspaare geformt. Es wurde beobachtet, das sowohl Singulett- als auch Triplett-Exzitonen im Vorstadium der Ladungsbildung mitwirken. Die Beitrage von Singulett- und Triplett-Zustanden zur beobachteten Photostromquantenausbeute wurden fur 394 nm Lichtanregungswellenlange (a und b polarisiert) und 340 nm Lichtanregungswellenlange (a und b polarisiert) bestimmt. Da Reabsorption bekanntlich einen wesentlichen Einflus auf die Verteilung von Exzitonen und die effektive Lebensdauer des Singulett-Zustands hat, wurde fur dieses System eine stetige numerische Losung fur das Reabsorptionsproblem ausgearbeitet. Die Einbeziehung des Reabsorptionseffekts ermoglicht die Berechnung einer „reabsorptionsfreien” Singulett-Diffusionslange (316 A) und eine Berechnung des Wirkungsgradverhaltnisses der Elektronenubertragung (ηT/ηS ≈ 3,5), wo ηS die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Elektroneninjektion pro in der Oberflache getilgtem Singulett-Exziton und ηT die entsprechende Wahrscheinlichkeit fur ein Triplett-Exziton darstellt. Die Grose des Verhaltnisses von ηT/ηS wird mit der Singulett-Energieubertragung auf die Goldschicht interpretiert.
Museums, Zoos, and Gardens: How Formal-Informal Partnerships Can Impact Urban Students' Performance in Science

Background: Informal science education institutions (ISEIs) are critical partners in public science education, as they support the science efforts of school systems by providing authentic opportunities for scientific inquiry. This study reports findings from an evaluation of urban advantage (UA), a collaboration between the New York City Department of Education and eight ISEIs designed to improve science education in New York City (NYC) middle schools. Now in its 10th year, the program harnesses the resources and expertise of NYC’s ISEIs to (a) enhance the science content knowledge
Comparison of neutron diffraction and Raman spectroscopic studies of the ferroelastic behavior of ceria-stabilized zirconia at elevated temperatures

Abstract Measurements of coercive stress for ferroelastic switching were made for 18-mol% ceria-stabilized zirconia under compressive loading using both neutron diffraction and Raman spectroscopy to validate the accuracy of those made by Raman against standard neutron diffraction measurements. Good agreement was observed between the two techniques and as a result, Raman scattering was identified as an effective technique for measuring coercive stresses in ferroelastic ceramics. In addition to absolute measurements in coercive stress, it was confirmed that coercive stress remains invariant in neutron diffraction measurements ranging from room temperature to 1200 °C. This suggests measurements of coercive stress measured using Raman spectroscopic techniques at room temperature are relevant to toughening mechanisms active at turbine operating conditions.
Optimal design and sequential analysis of VLSI testing strategy

A method for determining the optimal testing period and measuring the production yield is discussed. With the increased complexity of VLSI circuits, testing has become more costly and time-consuming. The design of a testing strategy, which is specified by the testing period based on the coverage function of the testing algorithm, involves trading off the cost of testing and the penalty of passing a bad chip as good. The optimal testing period is first derived, assuming the production yield is known. Since the yield may not be known a priori, an optimal sequential testing strategy which estimates the yield based on ongoing testing results, which in turn determines the optimal testing period, is developed next. Finally, the optimal sequential testing strategy for batches in which N chips are tested simultaneously is presented. The results are of use whether the yield stays constant or varies from one manufacturing run to another. >
Nation Building and the Vietnam War

The literature on U.S. participation in the Vietnam War has recently undergone a quiet revolution due to use of the concept of nation building. Since the early 1950s nation building has been the subtext, if not the excuse, for U.S. intervention in Southeast Asia, but in the last ten years it has also become useful as a method of inquiry. This article contends that new insights regarding the signi�cance of ideologies and paradigms, particularly modernization theory, enabled the transformation. Understanding modernization theory as an ideology broke with the tradition among diplomatic historians that minimized the role of ideas in policy decisions. It also settled longstanding questions about the nature of paci�cation as either development or counterinsurgency: Counterinsurgency and development were simply different expressions of the same impulse for the United States and the South Vietnamese.
Inside Informality: The Links Between Poverty, Microenterprises, and Living Conditions in Nairobi’s Slums

Summary Using households rather than enterprises as the analytical unit, this study of 1,755 households in Nairobi’s slums reveals that informal household microenterprises are indeed helping offset poverty. Microenterprises are helping households that are, a priori, more likely to be poor. Better microenterprise performance is associated with certain “business-related” factors, such as sales area, time in, and sector of operation. But “living conditions”—residential tenure and infrastructure access—also strongly influence both creation and success of microenterprises. Interventions that improve infrastructure and reduce tenure insecurity and rent-induced pressures to move may be crucial for incubating microenterprises and reinforcing their contribution to poverty alleviation in Nairobi’s slums.
A G-CSF-secreting adrenal carcinoma with rhabdoid-like differentiation causing leukocytosis

The authors describe a 57-year-old man with paraneoplastic leukocytosis, caused by overexpression of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor from a suprarenal tumor with rhabdoid-like differentiation. This case presented several diagnostic and treatment challenges to the pathologists, surgeons, and oncologists involved, and illustrates the difficulties encountered when diagnosing and treating unusual malignancies.
Nonprotective Effects of Extracellular Metallothionein

Metallothionein (MT) is a small, cysteine-rich protein that is readily induced by exposure to heavy metal cations. In previous work, we have demonstrated that MT has several significant immunomodulatory properties. MT decreases antigen-specific humoral responses in vivo and inhibits the ability of T cells to proliferate in response to antigen presented in vitro. To further characterize the mechanism by which this protein inhibits responsiveness to antigen, we have examined the effects of MT on cell viability in an antigen-presentation assay. MT (20 microM) caused substantial death to both lymphocytes and monocytes after 3 days of culture. The observed toxicity cannot be attributed to either increased superoxide radical generation or to production of tumor necrosis factor by MT-treated macrophages. Fractionation of supernatants from MT-treated cells suggests that the agent responsible for causing cytotoxicity is a soluble factor of at least 30 kDa. These results counter the perception that metallothionein uniformly plays a protective role in metal-stressed individuals.
Specific contact between mating structure membranes observed in conditional fusion-defective Chlamydomonas mutants

Mating interactions between opposite mating type gametes in Chlamydomonas reinhardi can be conditionally manipulated by the use of mutants which control different stages in this process. Two independently isolated, sex-limited mutants (expressed only in mating type (-) (mt-] gam-10 and gam-11, have been shown to display a temperature-sensitive defect in mating. Gametes of these mutants can agglutinate, signal, and participate in a specific contact between their activated mating structures and the mating structures of wild-type mt+ gametes but are unable to fuse at the restrictive temperature. Studies of these mutants have resulted in a clear demonstration of this mating type-specific interaction between activated mating structures in this organism. This contact is trypsin-sensitive and therefore appears to involve protein. Both this interaction, and the defect in mating structure fusion, can be further analysed using these mutants.
On the occurrence of nucleosome phasing in chromatin

Abstract We have found that DNAase I digestion of yeast, HeLa and chicken erythrocyte nuclei produces a pattern of DNA fragments spaced 10 bases apart and extending to at least 300 bases. This "extended ladder" of DNA fragments is most clearly seen with yeast, and least clearly with chicken erythrocytes. The appearance of regular and discrete bands at sizes much larger than the repeat size shows that the core particles (140 bp of DNA + H2A, H2B, H3, H4) in at least some fraction of chromatin are spaced in a particular fashion, by discrete lengths of spacer DNA, and not randomly. Based on the abundance of small repeats in yeast and from experiments with nucleosome oligomers, we conclude that the extended ladder and nucleosomal phasing probably arise mainly from regions in the chromatin in which nucleosome cores are closely packed or closely spaced (140–160 bp × n). Contributions from less closely packed but still accurately phased nucleosomes, however, cannot be entirely excluded.
On a nonlinear communication scheme

A nonlinear communication scheme is presented. It is shown that a family of equations can be used for encoding and that synchronization can be maintained even though parameters are varied at the encoding end. It is also demonstrated that the idea of using the sensitive dependence on initial conditions of chaotic system for communication purposes can also be implemented for nonchaotic systems near the common boundary of basins of attraction for multiple attractors. Numerical simulations are also included.
Proliferation, differentiation, and survival of rat sensory neuron precursors in vitro require specific trophic factors

Abstract To determine critical periods of action, the effects of trophic factors on rat lumbar dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were evaluated during neurogenesis, and after neurogenesis, before and after target contact. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-4 increased E12.5 DRG neuronal survival. Leukemia inhibitory factor enhanced neuronal differentiation, NGF and NT3 increased BrdU incorporation in neurons derived from E12.5 DRG neuroblasts. By contrast, neurotrophin dependence switched at E14.5 such that BDNF had no survival activity but NGF, NT3, and NT4 supported survival of the same neurons. At birth, DRG neurons were supported by NGF and to a lesser extent, leukemia inhibitory factor. Thus, specific trophic factors discretely regulate proliferation, differentiation, and survival in DRG at different ages. This study complements genetic studies of neurotrophin and trk activity by identifying the critical period of action for and the specific events regulated by each neurotrophin.
Accurate PMD measurement by observation of data-bearing signals

PMD is measured by the exact distortion it applies to a 10Gbaud DP-QPSK signal recorded by a coherent digitizer. Accuracies were obtained of 0.7ps (no noise loading) and 1.0ps (signal noise-loaded to 10dB Q-factor).
Optimizing Micromixer Design for Enhancing Dielectrophoretic Microconcentrator Performance

We present an investigation into optimizing micromixer design for enhancing dielectrophoretic (DEP) microconcentrator performance. DEP-based microconcentrators use the dielectrophoretic force to collect particles on electrodes. Because the DEP force generated by electrodes decays rapidly away from the electrodes, DEP-based microconcentrators are only effective at capturing particles from a limited cross section of the input liquid stream. Adding a mixer can circulate the input liquid, increasing the probability that particles will drift near the electrodes for capture. Because mixers for DEP-based microconcentrators aim to circulate particles, rather than mix two species, design specifications for such mixers may be significantly different from that for conventional mixers. Here we investigated the performance of patterned-groove micromixers on particle trapping efficiency in DEP-based microconcentrators numerically and experimentally. We used modeling software to simulate the particle motion due to vario...
Effect of introducing oxygen into the isolated colon of a patient with chronic ulcerative colitis

Oxygen gas was repeatedly insufflated into the isolated colon of a patient with severe chronic ulcerative colitis. The treatment was given for periods varying from 2 to 12 hours over a time interval of 112 days. During this time 43 bacteriological examinations were made of the colon and its discharges. The isolated diseased colon failed to heal andBacterium necrophorum continued present and was found in abundance, especially during periods when the diseased process appeared aggravated.
Paired Comparison of Observed and Expected Coronary Heart Disease Rates over 12 Years from the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities Study

Purpose To quantify the relationship between coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factor levels and changes over time and population-wide CHD morbidity and mortality. Methods We used a paired cohort and community surveillance of hospitalized myocardial infarction and CHD deaths of community members 53 to 64 years of age in four geographic areas to compare observed community CHD to expected CHD rates and trends based on cohort risk factors. Results Observed CHD rates declined by 1% to 3% per year in all communities except one, whereas CHD death rates declined 3% to 6% per year in all communities. Risk factor trends predicted a 2% to 3% per year decline in both total events and death. In all communities except one, expected rates of total CHD events were lower than the observed rates, whereas expected and observed CHD death rates were similar. Across all communities women had a higher CHD death rate than expected. Conclusion Overall, trends in CHD risk factors provide a useful indicator of changes in community event rates and of CHD death, but caution is warranted in prediction of absolute risk of CHD events.
Merged CMOS/bipolar technologies utilizing zone-melting-recrystallized SOI films

Two merged CMOS/bipolar technologies utilizing SOI structures have been demonstrated. In each case a single sequence of processing steps was used to fabricate fully isolated CMOS devices and vertical bipolar transistors on the same Si wafer. The CMOS devices were fabricated in zone-melting-recrystallized SOI film, while the bipolar devices were fabricated either in the SOI film or in epitaxial Si layers grown selectively on the Si substrate. Good electrical characteristics were obtained for the CMOS devices and for both SOI and epitaxial bipolar devices.
Children and their mother's career

It is well established that women’s attainments in the marketplace are unequal to men’s whichever way it is measured. Women earn less than men, even with similar qualifications and experience (Corcoran and Duncan, 1979); women have fewer opportunities for gains in occupational status and prestige over their life course (e.g., Rosenfeld, 1980), and women’s occupational attainment seems to depend more on formal educational qualifications than on previous achievements in the labor force (Sewell, Hauser, and Wolf, 1980). Explanations of these differences between men and women are commonly couched in terms of women’s intermittent employment over the life course, occupational segregation, and sex discrimination. The existence of each of these problems has been attributed in part to motherhood: women are mothers, who are assumed responsible for and committed to the welfare of children more than their own career in the labor market.
The Effective Teacher of Reading: Considering the “What” and “How” of Instruction

What teaching strategies must teachers of reading be able to perform and how are these strategies applied effectively in teaching children to read? This article attempts to answer these two important questions. One key element of a successful reading program focuses on the teacher. A brief review of the teacher effectiveness literature, including the International Reading Association's position statement on excellent reading teachers, is followed by a description of common instructional features associated with the effective teaching of reading: Assessing students' strengths and weaknesses Structuring reading activities around an explicit instructional model Providing students with opportunities to learn and apply skills and strategies in authentic reading tasks Ensuring that students attend to the learning tasks Believing in one's teaching abilities and expecting students to be successful
Role of HIS/RIS DICOM interfaces in the integration of imaging into the Department of Veterans Affairs healthcare enterprise

The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs is integrating imaging into the healthcare enterprise using the Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) standard protocols. Image management is directly integrated into the VistA Hospital Information System (HIS) software and clinical database. Radiology images are acquired via DICOM, and are stored directly in the HIS database. Images can be displayed on low- cost clinician's workstations throughout the medical center. High-resolution diagnostic quality multi-monitor VistA workstations with specialized viewing software can be used for reading radiology images. DICOM has played critical roles in the ability to integrate imaging functionality into the Healthcare Enterprise. Because of its openness, it allows the integration of system components from commercial and non- commercial sources to work together to provide functional cost-effective solutions (see Figure 1). Two approaches are used to acquire and handle images within the radiology department. At some VA Medical Centers, DICOM is used to interface a commercial Picture Archiving and Communications System (PACS) to the VistA HIS. At other medical centers, DICOM is used to interface the image producing modalities directly to the image acquisition and display capabilities of VistA itself. Both of these approaches use a small set of DICOM services that has been implemented by VistA to allow patient and study text data to be transmitted to image producing modalities and the commercial PACS, and to enable images and study data to be transferred back.
Distribution and state of H2O in the high-latitude shallow subsurface of Mars

The state and distribution of H2O molecules at high latitudes are evaluated numerically with emphasis on the effects of seasonal temperatures on the kinetics of H2O transport. The investigation is carried out with a thermal model for the regolith regions from the surface through the ice interface and an atmospheric model for the H2O vapor density at the surface as a function of latitude. Few differences are found in the state and distribution of H2O whether the regolith is composed of Montmorillonite or basalt. During an obliquity cycle, the average exchanged H2O mass is determined to be in the range 1-20 gr/sq cm over the planetary surface, with a total maximum exchanged volume of 1500 cu km of H2O. The exchanged mass would arise mainly from ground ice in the case of a basalt regolith and from adsorbed H2O with Montmorillonite. Finally, seasonal ice stabilization is expected to occur at latitudes above 40 deg when obliquities exceed 25 deg.
Exponential distance statistics to detect the effects of population subdivision.

Statistical tests are needed to determine whether spatial structure has had a significant effect on the genetic differentiation of subpopulations. Here we introduce a new family of statistics based on a sum of an exponential function of the distances between individuals, which can be used with any genetic distance (e.g., nucleotide differences, number of nonshared alleles, or separation on a phylogenetic tree). The power of the tests to detect genetic differentiation in Wright-Fisher island models and stepping stone models was calculated for various sample sizes, rates of migration and mutation, and definitions of spatial neighborhoods. We found that our new test was in some cases more powerful than the Ks* statistic of Hudson et al. (Mol. Biol. Evol. 9, 138-151, 1992), but in all cases was slightly less powerful than both a traditional chi2 test without lumping of rare haplotypes and the S(nn) test of Hudson (Genetics 155, 2011-2014, 2000). However, when we applied our new tests to three data sets, we found in some cases highly significant results that were missed by the other tests.