cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Osteogenic sarcoma metastatic to the mandible

Abstract A case of osteogenic sarcoma metastatic to the mandible has been reported. The oral findings were the first evidence of the spread from the primary site—in this case, the femur. Only five other cases of osteogenic sarcoma metastatic to the jaws have been reported. This case is also extremely unusual in that there was no evidence that the tumor had spread to the lungs, the usual course of the disease.
Electron-phonon interaction and velocity oscillations in quantum wire structures

Abstract A 1D Monte Carlo simulation of a multisubband quantum wire indicates the presence of spatial velocity oscillations dependent on the strength of a longitudinally applied electric field. This effect results from the quasi-coherent relaxation of the electron ensemble upon reaching the threshold for polar optical phonon emission. Although these oscillations have been predicted for bulk semiconductors, the peaked scattering rates and lack of angular randomization existing in quasi-1D systems make these structures ideally suited for detecting this phenomenon. Both the field and temperature dependence are explored.
An alternative proof of the IFRA property of some shock models

Let , where A (t)/t is nondecreasing in t, {P(k)1/k} is nonincreasing. It is known that H(t) = 1 — H(t) is an increasing failure rate on the average (IFRA) distribution. A proof based on the IFRA closure theorem is given. H(t) is the distribution of life for systems undergoing shocks occurring according to a Poisson process where P(k) is the probability that the system survives k shocks. The proof given herein shows there is an underlying connection between such models and monotone systems of independent components that explains the IFRA life distribution occurring in both models.
Better Medical-Injury Systems

Tort-lawsuits-plus-liability-coverage cost only about $25 billion in 2002, and extra defensive medicine probably added a bit more. These small fractions of a $1.5-trillion medical economy would be a bargain if they actually bought the compensation, injury deterrence, and justice that advocates claim. They do not. Few sue and fewer collect, slowly and with high overhead; high rates of preventable error and injury persist; and justice is ill served by omitting most injuries, resolving them slowly, and paying out hugely variable amounts. Better systems would make practitioners more willing to disclose problems, feed back improvements in real time, and compensate consistently. (Health Affairs 23(5):277, September/October 2004.)
Synthesis of bis-intercalators with an aminochloropyrimidine ring as potential anticancer agents

The synthesis of a series of polymethylene chain-bridged aminochloropyrimidines as potential DNA intercalators is described. N,N'-Bis(2-amino-6-chloro-4-pyrimidyl)-1,3-diaminopropane (3), N,N'-bis(2-amino-6-chloro-4-pyrimidyl)-1,4-diaminobutane (4), N,N'-bis(2-amino-6-chloro-4-pyrimidyl)-1,6-diaminohexane (5), N,N'-bis(2-amino-6-chloro-4-pyrimidyl)-1,8-diaminooctane (6), N,N'-bis(2-amino-6-chloro-4-pyrimidyl)-1,10-diaminodecane (7), and N,N'-bis(2-amino-6-chloro-4-pyrimidyl)-1,12-diaminododecane (8) were synthesized from 2-amino-4,6-dichloropyrimidine (1) and 1,3-diaminopropane, 1,4-diaminobutane, 1,6-diaminohexane, 1,8-diaminooctane, 1,10-diaminodecane, and 1,12-diaminododecane, respectively. The spectral data and other physical properties of the new compounds are discussed.
Tax and the Crisis

Did taxation play any role in precipitating the financial crisis? Are there lessons to be drawn for future tax reform priorities? This paper reviews the main channels by which tax effects might have been felt and which may require forceful attention. These include in particular the large tax biases favouring debt finance and, in some countries, investment in housing. The complexities of national tax codes, and the international interaction between them, have, moreover, encouraged the use of complicated financial instruments and international tax planning, reducing transparency. Tax distortions did not cause the crisis – in the sense that there are no obvious tax changes likely to have triggered it – but they may well have contributed by leading to higher leverage and more complexity than would otherwise have been the case. Most of these distortions have long been a source of concern, but dealing with them may be more important than previously supposed.
FE Investigation of Material and Preload Parameters on FRP Strengthening Performance of RC Beams II: Results

The effectiveness of FRP rehabilitation of deteriorating and under-strength reinforced concrete beams depends not only on the properties of the FRP material, but also on the characteristics of other materials in the system, characteristics of the bond, and the relative nature of properties of materials at the interfaces. Response is also affected by the cracked condition of the beam prior to the external bonding of the FRP. This paper reports on a fundamental investigation into the effect of various design parameters using a finite element analysis approach, which not only provides characteristics of response but also enables identification of damage mechanisms and their progression to failure. It is shown that the highest level of strengthening is not always due to use of maxima of the parameters, but rather on the interaction between them. Interface bond strength and fracture energy are shown to have a significant effect on load capacity, ductility and transition of failure modes from debonding within concrete, to FRP rupture, and to debonding within the adhesive itself.
Stabilization and solidification of metal-laden wastes by compaction and magnesium phosphate-based binder.

ABSTRACT Bench-scale and full-scale investigations of waste stabilization and volume reduction were conducted using spiked soil and ash wastes containing heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Hg. The waste streams were stabilized and solidified using chemically bonded phosphate ceramic (CBPC) binder, and then compacted by either uniaxial or harmonic press for volume reduction. The physical properties of the final waste forms were determined by measuring volume reduction, density, porosity, and compressive strength. The leachability of heavy metals in the final waste forms was determined by a toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test and a 90-day immersion test (ANS 16.1). The structural composition and nature of waste forms were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. CBPC binder and compaction can achieve 80-wt % waste loading and 39-47% reduction in waste volume. Compressive strength of final waste forms ranged from 1500 to 2000 psi. TC...
Nearly monochromatic waves in the distant tail of the Earth

[1] The Waves experiment on the Wind satellite has been used to survey the occurrence of nearly monochromatic waves in the Earth's tail region. Several hundred examples of monochromatic waves were observed during excursions into the tail, including 218 examples during a 4-day passage of the Wind satellite through the geotail at −90 RE. We present an investigation of the characteristics of these waves and of the environment in which they are found. The waves are electrostatic, and the distribution of the angle E to B shows peaks at 0° and 90°. The waves near 90° sometimes show electron cyclotron harmonics, but these are very rare in the waves near 0°. It seems that the waves occur most commonly in or near the plasma sheet boundary layer, and it is probable that they are convected downstream from reconnecting regions.
Purification and properties of glycogen phosphorylase from the fat body of larval Manduca sexta

Glycogen phosphorylase b has been purified to homogeneity from the fat body of larval Manduca sexta. The purification procedure involved ammonium sulfate precipitation, and chromatography of DEAE-cellulose, 5'-AMP-Sepharose and Q-Sepharose. The final product, which showed a single band on SDS-PAGE with a Mr = 92,500, was purified 50-fold from the original homogenate in a yield of about 3%. The molecular mass of the native purified phosphorylase b was estimated to be 186,000 Da from gel filtration, suggesting that the native enzyme is a dimer. The apparent Km values for glycogen, phosphate and 5′-AMP were 1.4 mM, 82 mM and 1.1 mM, respectively. The enzyme had a pH optimum of 7.05, and was inhibited by ATP, ADP and glucose, but not by trehalose, even at high concentration. Conversion of phosphorylase b into the a form was achieved by incubation with rabbit phosphorylase kinase and Mg2+-ATP. The molecular mass of phosphorylase a was estimated to be 250,000 Da by gel filtration chromatography. The specific activity of the a form in the presence of 5′-AMP was 1.6-1.7-fold higher than the specific activity of the b form under the same conditions. Thus, 5′-AMP activates the a form by about 20%, whereas ATP has no effect on the phosphorylase a activity.
Optically patterned liquid crystal devices for high-resolution beam shaping

Achromatic laser-beam shapers employing spatially varying twisted nematic liquid crystals (LC's) have been demonstrated for high-peak-power applications. The LC molecular orientation was achieved through photolithographic patterning of an alignment layer using polarized UV light.
Application of Micro-XRF for Nuclear Materials Characterization and Problem Solving

A number of spatially resolved elemental imaging techniques are commonly employed to examine plutonium and other nuclear materials (e.g., scanning electron microscopy). Up until the past 10–15 years, micro-X-ray fluorescence (MXRF) instrumentation had been relatively uncommon, and even currently, it is underutilized for spatially resolved nuclear materials analysis and imaging. In the current study, a number of plutonium materials problem solving applications are presented to demonstrate the power and utility of MXRF for providing unique, spatially resolved elemental composition information. Applications discussed include identification of multiple insoluble fractions in plutonium and neptunium mixed oxide, spatially resolved imaging of plutonium residue and other elements on surface swipes, and spatial mapping of impurities in plutonium metal. The mixed oxide particle analysis demonstrated the ability to non-destructively identify particles of interest for potential extraction and analysis by other methods. The surface swipes study demonstrated the unique ability of MXRF to non-destructively image large multiple cm2 sized, non-conducting, radiologically contaminated samples. The plutonium metal investigation showed the capability of MXRF to non-destructively map elemental heterogeneity directly in an actinide matrix. Such information is extremely valuable prior to using destructive analysis (DA) trace elemental analytical chemistry techniques. If a metal is found to contain significant elemental impurity heterogeneity by MXRF, time consuming destructive sample preparation and analysis do not need to be repeated to confirm that the sample is indeed heterogeneous.
The clinical import of a retinal cholesterol embolus: it is a question of symptoms

Correspondence: Paul Varner John J Pershing VAMC, 1500 N Westwood Boulevard, Poplar Bluff, MO 63901, USA Tel +1 573 778 4303 Fax +1 573 778 4164 Email paul.varner@va.gov Abstract: Retinal cholesterol emboli (RCE) are occasionally found on ophthalmic examination. Originally, all RCE were thought to be related to impending cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but it is now apparent that accompanying symptoms can be used to help better stratify cardiovascular event risk for these patients. Regardless of associated visual symptoms, all patients with RCE but unknown medical status, merit referral to primary care providers for further assessment of cardiovascular health status. Symptomatic patients with known cardiovascular diseases require carotid duplex ultrasonography to determine degree of arteriolar occlusion with possible referral to vascular surgeons for invasive correction of carotid artery occlusive disease. Asymptomatic patients with known cardiovascular profiles may benefit from the addition of only 81 mg aspirin if not otherwise contraindicated. Screening carotid studies should not be considered for these patients. Carotid auscultation in the eye clinic setting is unwarranted for either set of patients.
Race as a risk factor in the severity of infragenicular occlusive disease: Study of an urban hospital patient population

Abstract We retrospectively studied the arteriograms of 135 men admitted for evaluation of lower extremity ischemia to examine whether race influences the severity of infragenicular occlusive disease. The scoring system prepared by the Ad Hoc Committee on Reporting Standards for the Society for Vascular Surgery and the International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery was used to grade the severity of stenosis in each of the upper, middle, and lower thirds of the anterior and posterior tibial and peroneal arteries (collectively called "infragenicular" arteries). The patients were divided into two groups: 83 blacks (140 arteriogram limbs) and 52 whites (87 arteriogram limbs). Disease severity scores between the groups were compared, and the existence of five known risk factors for atherosclerosis were considered for poststratification adjustment. Results showed that higher disease scores, indicating more severe disease, were found in the black population in every segment of the infragenicular arteries. The mean (±SE) score for all the infragenicular segments in blacks was significantly higher than that in the whites (2.08 ± 0.05 vs 1.57 ± 0.06, p p p ASC S URG 1990;11:536-43.)
Effect of pH and column size on CM-cellulose chromatography of bovine myoglobin.

Abstract The several fractions obtained by chromatography of bovine myoglobin on CM-cellulose can be explained partially in terms of a pH anomaly. Adsorption of myoglobin on CM-cellulose causes the pH to rise, and unadsorbed myoglobin moves down the column with the solvent front. This fast-moving fraction (FMF) contains the several fractions that make myoglobin microheterogeneous, and the FMF is gradually adsorbed as it moves down the column. Subsequent elution of myoglobin leads to distinct fractions, which are heterogeneous on gel electrophoresis. This explanation of the chromatographic behavior of myoglobin, along with a suggested nomenclature for the chromatographic fractions, should remove some of the confusion concerning the microheterogeneity of myoglobin.
Novel Fiber Coupler For Optical Fiber Temperature Sensor

A new transmission fiber optic temperature sensor is developed from two parallel fibers with a GaAs-platelet between the fiberends. The endfaces are polished at 45 to allow light coupling between the fibers.
Lesbian identity and the politics of representation in Betty Parsons's gallery.

Although Betty Parsons had been unusually open about her love relationships with women in the twenties and thirties, she later became reticent, retiring to the closet. Her increased discretion after World War II, during the Cold War, coincided with her rise as the art dealer most prominently associated with the international emergence of Abstract Expressionism, Parsons incurred the objections of her Abstract Expressionists, however, by showing artists who included both abstraction and naturalism in their work, such as Sonia Sekula, Forrest Bess, and Hedda Sterne. This article examines her definitions of abstraction as difference through her friend Theodoros Stamos's notion of camp and help to explain her admiration of Barnett Newman despite her refusal to devote her gallery exclusively to his narrower version of a significant abstraction.
The ankyrin repeats of G9a and GLP histone methyltransferases are mono- and dimethyllysine binding modules

Histone modifications have important roles in transcriptional control, mitosis and heterochromatin formation. G9a and G9a-like protein (GLP) are euchromatin-associated methyltransferases that repress transcription by mono- and dimethylating histone H3 at Lys9 (H3K9). Here we demonstrate that the ankyrin repeat domains of G9a and GLP bind with strong preference to N-terminal H3 peptides containing mono- or dimethyl K9. X-ray crystallography revealed the basis for recognition of the methylated lysine by a partial hydrophobic cage with three tryptophans and one acidic residue. Substitution of key residues in the cage eliminated the H3 tail interaction. Hence, G9a and GLP contain a new type of methyllysine binding module (the ankyrin repeat domains) and are the first examples of protein (histone) methyltransferases harboring in a single polypeptide the activities that generate and read the same epigenetic mark.
CONTRACTION OF THE A BAND.

Through analysis of prints made from 16-mm cinemicrograph negatives of glycerinated Limulus striated muscle myofibrils induced to contract with ATP, it was found that the A band shortened during contraction. The A band shortened below rest length; whereas the I plus Z bands shortened above rest length. This would suggest that, below rest length, the A band develops the force for contraction, and would argue against the force being developed by a sliding of filaments.
Racial Inequality in a Public Arena: The Case of Professional Baseball

This research examines racial inequality within the labor market of professional baseball. For several sociological reasons, baseball should be characterized by racial equality, yet at the same time, equally good reasons exist to suspect that the racial situation is far from ideal. Data drawn from published sources for the years 1971 through 1985 were investigated with the technique of survival analysis. The results showed that performance was the most powerful determinant of a player's career mortality. For Hispanics, their race had no effect on career mortality but for blacks, race decreased the length of their playing careers. It was suggested that results could be interpreted as the outcome of an "invisible ceiling" or quota imposed on the proportion of black players.
Recent Advances in Superplastic Intermetallics with Emphasis on Titanium and Iron Aluminides

Superplasticity has been demonstrated in many intermetallics, including nickel-base (Ni 3 Al, Ni 3 Si), titanium-base (Ti 3 Al, TiAl), and iron-base (Fe 3 Al, FeAl, Fe 3 Si) alloys. These alloys are primarily two-phase materials with fine and equiaxed grains. Exceptions are single-phase Ni 3 (Si,Ti) and Ti-50Al, and some coarse-grained iron aluminides. In this paper, superplastic deformation behavior as well as microstructural characteristics in these alloys are presented. The general principles used for developing superplastic intermetallics are outlined. Special discussions are presented on the recent discoveries of low-temperature superplasticity in TiAl and superplasticity in coarse-grained iron aluminides. In the case of low-temperature superplasticity in TiAl, the phenomenon was observed at 800°C as compared to the conventional temperature of 1000°C. In the case of iron aluminides, superplasticity was recorded in unusually coarse-grained conditions (>100 μm). The scientific and technological implications of these developments are discussed.
Weather and solar variation

Abstract As solar radiation and the weather appear to be affected by identical periods of variation, it is therefore likely that weather changes are produced by solar variation, and can be predicted when the periods are known. Forecasts for precipitation and temperature at St. Louis and Peoria are compared graphically with actual weather data, based on 5-month smoothed running means and extending from 1854 to 1939, as evidence of the author's thesis.
A case for bone canaliculi as the anatomical site of strain generated potentials

We address the question of determining the anatomical site that is the source of the experimentally observed strain generated potentials (SGPs) in bone tissue. There are two candidates for the anatomical site that is the SGP source, the collagen-hydroxyapatite porosity and the larger size lacunar-canalicular porosity. In the past it has been argued, on the basis of experimental data and a reasonable model, that the site of the SGPs in bone is the collagen-hydroxyapatite porosity. The theoretically predicted pore radius necessary for the SGPs to reside in this porosity is 16 nm, which is somewhat larger than the pore radii estimated from gas adsorption data where the preponderance of the pores were estimated to be in the range 5-12.5 nm. However, this pore size is significantly larger than the 2 nm size of the small tracer, microperoxidase, which appears to be excluded from the mineralized matrix. In this work a similar model, but one in which the effects of fluid dynamic drag of the cell surface matrix in the bone canaliculi are included, is used to show that it is possible for the generation of SGPs to be associated with the larger size lacunar-canalicular porosity when the hydraulic drag and electrokinetic contribution of the bone fluid passage through the cell coat (glycocalyx) is considered. The consistency of the SGP data with this model is demonstrated. A general boundary condition is introduced to allow for current leakage at the bone surface. The results suggest that the current leakage is small for the in vitro studies in which the strain generated potentials have been measured.
Current evaluation of thyroid nodules

Thyroid nodules are common and frequently benign. Current evaluation by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy is efficacious and cost-effective. Results of FNA series confirm that this procedure is safe, without serious complications, reliable, and relatively easy to perform. Radioisotope scanning and high-resolution ultrasonography are used in special circumstances and not as routine diagnostic tests. When FNA biopsy is applied, benign nodules (75%) are followed medically, and suspicious (20%) or malignant (5%) nodules are excised surgically. Overall, FNA biopsy of thyroid nodules has improved surgical selection, resulting in a 25% reduction in thyroidectomies for benign nodules.
Callus and root formation from mesophyll protoplasts of Brassica rapa

Abstract Protoplasts from mesophyll cells of turnip plants ( Brassica rapa L. cv. Just Right) were isolated by treating the peeled leaves with a mixture of cellulase and pectinase. Up to 36% of the protoplasts formed cell clumps in a liquid medium that was replenished weekly. Cell divisions began in 4 days and callus cells projected from aggregates in 14 days. Calli transferred from liquid to several solid media grew rapidly and in one medium root regeneration resulted. One liquid medium induced greening of calli, but no shoots were formed.
High-dose ascorbic acid infusion abolishes chronic vasoconstriction and restores resting leg blood flow in healthy older men

Resting whole leg blood flow and vascular conductance decrease linearly with advancing age in healthy adult men. The potential role of age-related increases in oxidative stress in these changes is unknown. Resting leg blood flow during saline and ascorbic acid infusion was studied in 10 young (25 +/- 1 yr) and 11 older (63 +/- 2 yr) healthy normotensive men. Plasma oxidized LDL, a marker of oxidative stress, was greater in the older men (P /= 0.70). As a result, the lower baseline femoral artery blood flow in the older men was mediated solely by a 32% lower femoral artery vascular conductance (P < 0.05). Baseline femoral vascular conductance also was inversely related to plasma oxidized LDL (r = -0.65, P < 0.01). Ascorbic acid increased femoral vascular conductance by 36% in the older men (P < 0.05) but not in the young men (P = 0.31). In conclusion, ascorbic acid infused at concentrations known to scavenge reactive oxygen species restores resting femoral artery blood flow in healthy older adult men by increasing vascular conductance. These results support the hypothesis that oxidative stress plays a major role in the reduced resting whole leg blood flow and increased leg vasoconstriction observed with aging in men.
Instantaneous and continuous measurement of phagocytosis-stimulated glucose oxidation in human granulocytes by an ionization chamber method.

Summary. A new and simple technique has been devised which allows, for the first time, the instantaneous and continuous measurement of phagocytosis-stimulated glucose oxidation (PSGO) in granulocytes. This technique, employing the vibrating reed electrometer and ionization chamber, measures the oxidation of 14C-labelled substrates to 14CO2. Substrate oxidation curves are described for glucose-1-14C, glucose-2-14C, and glucose-6-14C in normal human granulocytes before and after stimulation with latex particles. Ambient glucose concentration in the range of 50–1000 mg% did not alter the rate of PSGO. The magnitude of PSGO was shown to be directly related to the ambient oxygen concentration and to the number of added latex particles. This technique should prove useful in future studies of phagocyte metabolism.
Regulation of Transferrin Secretion by Human Sertoli Cells Cultured in the Presence or Absence of Human Peritubular Cells

Transferrin represents 1-4% of the total proteins secreted by human Sertoli cells, and the amount secreted by the cells was maximal after a 4- to 5-day period in culture, the time chosen for each medium change. During this first 4- to 5-day period, the addition of FSH, insulin, (Bu)2cAMP, and isobutylmethylxanthine had no effect on transferrin secretion; however, from days 4-5 to 8-10, each of the above compounds significantly stimulated transferrin secretion compared to control values. Testosterone (in the absence or presence of insulin) had no effect. Transferrin secretion increased for the first 5 days in culture, with a similar magnitude in the presence or absence of the above stimulators, and thereafter declined, more so in untreated cultures. These results suggest that these agents do not stimulate, but, rather, limit the decline in transferrin secretion. When human peritubular cells were cocultured with Sertoli cells, transferrin secretion was significantly elevated compared to that by Sertoli cells alone. Interestingly, in the cocultures (Bu)2cAMP stimulated transferrin secretion when added for the first 4- to 5-day culture period. Human fibroblasts or spent medium from the peritubular cell cultures did not mimic the effect found when peritubular and Sertoli cells were cocultured. These results provide evidence that peritubular cells play a critical role in regulating human Sertoli cell function.
An anal probe for monitoring vascular and muscular events during sexual response.

A method for quantifying physiological changes in the pelvis during sexual response is presented. The basis of the system is an anal probe which simultaneously measures changes in blood volume and muscle tension in men and women. An LED-transistor photoplethysmograph and pressure transducer were chosen because their physical and electrical properties avoid several of the vulnerabilities encountered in other techniques for quantifying sexual response. The probe configuration minimizes motion artifact, permits comparison of the same sampling site across sessions and subjects, and quantifies the interaction between blood volume and varying contact pressure. Electrical signals are fed directly to a strip-chart recorder and a dedicated real-time computer system. Automatic analog-to-digital conversion of the original data avoids errors in manual extraction of analog data, maximizes precision in data analysis, and permits digital plotting to simulate higher or lower chart paper speeds. Configuration of a vaginal probe which utilizes the same transducer elements as the anal probe is also presented.
On the creation of a segmentation library for digitized cervical and lumbar spine radiographs

In this paper, we address the issue of computer-assisted indexing in one specific case, i.e., for the 17,000 digitized images of the spine acquired during the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The crucial step in this process is to accurately segment the cervical and lumbar spine in the radiographic images. To that end, we have implemented a unique segmentation system that consists of a suite of spine-customized automatic and semi-automatic statistical shape segmentation algorithms. Using the aforementioned system, we have developed experiments to optimally generate a library of spine segmentations, which currently include 2000 cervical and 2000 lumbar spines. This work is expected to contribute toward the creation of a biomedical Content-Based Image Retrieval system that will allow retrieval of vertebral shapes by using query by image example or query by shape example.
Plasmonic nanobubbles for cell theranostics

A novel transient nanoprobe was developed whose biomedical functions can be dynamically and selectively tuned inside living cells. This probe is not a nanoparticle, but a transient event, a vapor nanobubble generated with a laser pulse around gold (plasmonic) nanoparticles. This is a phenomenon that we recently discovered and named plasmonic nanobubbles (PNBs). PNBs represent an entirely new class of probes due to their dynamic tunability in situ, including single cells. We show that PNB provides highly sensitive diagnosis and immediate follow-up and guided treatment with true nanoscale precision at the level of single cells.
Can molecular profiling of cytogenetic subgroups draw a roadmap for individualizing therapy in myelodysplastic syndromes

Therapeutic options for the heterogeneous hematopoietic disorders grouped under the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) have been difficult to develop, even though the incidence of this disease is increasing because of the ageing population. Several drugs have now been shown to have therapeutic efficacy in subgroups of patients, but the main challenge is still the preselection of the patient for a given strategy. To state the problem simply, effective therapies may already exist for a substantial number of MDS patients, but we do not know how to match the right drug to the right patient. Cytogenetic abnormalities have provided some treatment guidance, however these are generally restricted to patients known to have a better prognosis. To develop reliable predictive assays in patients with complex or more advanced diseases, we will have to delve deeper than cytogenetics. This review summarizes what is known about the clinical and biological characteristics of various karyotypic subgroups of MDS, and proposes a...
Geometric properties of equine metacarpi

Abstract Paired equine metacarpals were harvested, cleaned and sectioned transversely every 20 mm, and the bone geometry analyzed with a computer program. The cross-sectional area is largest in the middle third of the bone, and tapers off at either end. The principal axes are typically within 15° of the anatomical axis, with the distal end rotated internally relative to the proximal end. At midshafts the bending stiffness in the antero-posterior plane is about 2 3 of the stiffness in the medio-lateral plane. The torsional stiffness is highest proximally. The equine third metacarpal appears to be designed to resist axial compression and mediolateral bending very well, and exhibits uniform resistance to torsion along its length.
The Secretion Rate of Prolactin in the Rat during Suckling and Its Metabolic Clearance Rate after Increasing Intervals of Nonsuckling

The amount of pituitary PRL depleted by suckling is known to increase in direct relationship to the length of the previous nonsuckling interval. Therefore, we examined the extent to which the nonsuckling interval influenced the plasma concentration of PRL attained during prolonged suckling, the metabolic clearance rate of continuously infused rat PRL, and the secretion rate of PRL into the circulation. Neither the plateau level of PRL attained in the plasma during suckling nor the clearance rate of infused PRL were altered by increasing the nonsuckling interval from 2 to 4 to 8 h. The secretion rates also were similar (554, 530, and 537 ng/min for the 2-, 4-, and 8-h nonsuckled groups, respectively). However, the number of minutes the steady secretion rate of PRL into the plasma could be maintained varied in direct relationship to the length of the nonsuckling interval. The steady secretion waned after 30 min of suckling in die 2-h nonsuckled group, after 60 min in the 4-h nonsuckled group, and did not su...
Sleep and menopause

Understanding sleep complaints of menopausal women is an emerging area of clinical and research interest. In this article, we summarize the most relevant and recent literature to provide an update on sleep in perimenopause and postmenopause. Our discussion includes the causes, clinical diagnosis, and treatment of sleep disorders in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.
THE EFFECT OF INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF SOLUTIONS OF DEXTROSE UPON THE VISCOSITY OF THE BLOOD

The viscosity of the blood is expressed in this paper in terms of the coefficient K, obtained by calculation from the following known factors: the quantity of blood collected during a definite period, its specific gravity, the blood pressure, and the length and internal diameter of the capillary tube through which the blood is allowed to flow. When this coefficient has been compared with K for distilled water at 37 ° C., the value of which has been proved by Poiseuille to be 4700, it is possible to express the viscosity of the blood in terms of multiples of the viscosity of distilled water, heated to the temperature of 37 ° C. The method by means of which the aforesaid factors were obtained has been fully described by Hflrthle. 2
Use of Individually Scaled Versus Normatively Scaled Predictor Cues in Policy-Capturing Research

Current policy-capturing models scale the levels of the predictor cues on the basis of normative data col lected on a group of subjects. Two studies were con ducted to determine whether the performance of these models would be improved by scaling cue values indi vidually for each decision maker. The results of these studies confirmed the hypothesis that the scaling of stimulus cues for each decision maker results in a judgment model that is much more successful in re producing the decision maker's responses than models employing the same cue scales for all decision mak ers. Additionally, it was found that the relative perfor mances of models based on regression weights and those models that employ weights generated by the subject are heavily dependent on methodological vari ables. It is concluded that if there is to be an under standing of the way people utilize information, not only must there be concern about variable weighting, but there must also be consideration of the subjective experience the indiv...
Dynamics of colchicine effects on rapid axonal transport and axonal morphology.

Abstract Concentration dependence and reversibility of inhibition of rapid axonal transport by colchicine were correlated with morphological changes in rabbit vagus nerve. Influx of [14C]colchicine into the nerve was delayed by the presence of the nerve sheath, and inhibition of rapid transport took over twice as long as in desheathed nerves. Graded effects on transport of labeled protein were seen with 0.1–30 mM colchicine, associated with a progressive loss of microtubules. With 7.5 and 30 mM the number of neurofilaments increased. Inhibition of rapid transport was not reversed by washing for 3–20 h nor were the morphological effects. Conduction of the compound action potential was essentially unimpaired in all experiments. This contrasts with the effect of lidocaine, which blocks conduction as well as rapid transport reversibly and blocks rapid transport prior to affecting microtubule structure.
Guanine in the Excreta of the Boll Weevil

THE common purine found in insect excreta is uric acid. Reports of other purines in Coleoptera are rare. Xanthine and hypoxanthine have been reported in Lepidoptera1,2 and hypoxanthine in Diptera3. Ordinarily guanine would be expected to deaminate oxidatively to xanthine and undergo further oxidation to uric acid. Although we have found uric acid to be the principal nitrogenous excretory product (24 per cent of faecal nitrogen) in the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, we have also located and identified the compound guanine.
Scale-Invariant Minimum-Cost Curves: Fair and Robust Design Implements

Four functionals for the computation of minimum cost curves are compared. Minimization of these functionals result in the widely studied Minimum Energy Curve (MEC), the recently introduced Minimum Variation Curve (MVC), and their scale-invariant counterparts, (SI-MEC, SI-MVC). We compare the stability and fairness of these curves using a variety of simple interpolation problems. Previously, we have shown MVC to possess superior fairness. In this paper we show that while MVC have fairness and stability superior to MEC they are still not stable in all configurations. We introduce the SI-MVC as a stable alternative to the MVC. Like the MVC, circular and helical arcs are optimal shapes for the SI-MVC. Additionally, the application of scale invariance to functional design allows us to investigate locally optimal curves whose shapes are dictated solely by their topology, free of any external interpolation or arc length constraints.
Design and Implementation of Sliding Mode Fuzzy Controllers for a Buck Converter

Both fuzzy and sliding mode controllers have been utilized to regulate the output voltage of a buck converters in response to changes in the load and the input voltage. Although both control techniques possess desirable characteristics, they have disadvantages which prevent them from being applied extensively. Presented in this paper is a sliding mode fuzzy controller which combines the advantages of both fuzzy and sliding mode controllers. In addition, the sliding mode fuzzy controller is well suited for digital control design and implementation. A sliding mode fuzzy controller has been designed for a prototype buck converter and implemented on a TI TMS320F2812 DSP. The performance of the sliding mode fuzzy controller is evaluated through a comparison with an ordinary fuzzy controller and a linear PID controller. Based on this comparison, the sliding mode fuzzy controller is able to obtain the desired transient response without causing chattering under steady-state conditions.
Survey: Discovery in Wireless Sensor Networks

Neighbor discovery is a component of communication and access protocols for ad hoc networks. Wireless sensor networks often must operate under a more severe low-power regimen than do traditional ad hoc networks, notably by turning off radio for extended periods. Turning off a radio is problematic for neighbor discovery, and a balance is needed between adequate open communication for discovery and silence to conserve power. This paper surveys recent progress on the problems of neighbor discovery for wireless sensor networks. The basic ideas behind these protocols are explained, which include deterministic schedules of waking and sleeping, randomized schedules, and combinatorial methods to ensure discovery.
Let's Get Cozy: Evolving Collaborations in the 21st Century

ABSTRACT As new digital technologies make the storage of redundant print copies less important, as strained budgets can support fewer subject specialists, and as demands for new services such as data stewardship rise, it is clearer now than ever that libraries’ traditional consortia and their places and roles within academic institutions must be rethought and changed expeditiously if academic libraries are to be vitally important. This article, a companion piece to Joan Giescke's article in this issue, explores this concept and offers some possible models for collaboration.
Effect of additional reconstructive surgery on perioperative and postoperative morbidity in women undergoing vaginal hysterectomy.

OBJECTIVE:To estimate the risk of perioperative and postoperative morbidity among women undergoing vaginal hysterectomy with and without reconstructive pelvic surgery.METHODS:We collected patient demographics, baseline medical status, perioperative and postoperative findings, and surgical procedures
Essay Review: museums: revisiting sites in the history of the natural sciences.

Arguably the most productive sites for research and publication on the natural sciences in the nineteenth century, at least in North America, were the often architecturally dramatic museums of natural history and geology. Built in major cities and some smaller towns, on college and university campuses, and even within the estates of wealthy patrons, natural history museums were symbols and centers for science. In recent years historians of science, as well as anthropologists and sociologists, have concentrated on locations significant for modem scientific research activity, particularly the early academies and the scientific laboratories of the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. 1 Somewhat surprisingly, to date relatively little historical attention has been paid to the scientific institution most visible to the general public and most essential to those involved in the exploration and ordering of the world's natural phenomena throughout the nineteenth century, and indeed to the present day. Natural history museums were the principal location for dialogues and the exchange of specimens among those debating the identification and connection among natural objects (and, later, human artifacts). Informal staff conversations, routine and pivotal decisions about the display of objects, the codification of specimen identities, and the explanations in museum publi-
An approach to study performance properties of distributed simulation

The authors present the results of an experimental performance study of distributed simulation of a particular queuing network using a minor variation of the NULL message based algorithm of Chandy and Misra. One major part of this study is to determine the effect of overhead on distributed simulation. The authors present a simple and novel approach to study the relationship between amount of overhead and performance. They define and measure certain refined notions of 'ideal speed up ratio'-these ratios are more refined (as opposed to just the number of processors) in the sense that they capture the potentially achievable speed ups of distributed simulation more closely. >
Solubilization of hen brain neurotoxic esterase in dimethylsulfoxide.

Abstract Neurotoxic esterase is the putative site of initiation of organophosphorus-induced neuropathy. The protein is membrane-associated and will thus require solubilization before it can be purified. Its enzymic activity was retained in hen brain microsomes suspended in 10–60% ( v v in water) dimethylsulfoxide and 5–20% dimethylacetamide, but lost in 5–20% 1- and 2-propanol as well as higher concentrations of dimethylsulfoxide. Soluble activity (100,000 × g, 60 min supernatant) was not obtained with dimethylacetamide, but 24% of the recovered activity (67%) was solubilized in 40% dimethylsulfoxide, with retention of its native response to inhibitors. Solvent extraction of active enzyme is of intrinsic interest and expands the options for its purification.
Screening for DSM-IV externalizing disorders with the child behavior checklist: a receiver-operating characteristic analysis

Background: This study examines the diagnostic accuracy of the CBCL syndrome AS scales for predicting DSM-IV Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder with or without Conduct Disorder (ODD/CD). Methods: The sample included 370 children (187 probands and 183 siblings) participating in a family genetic study of attention and aggressive behavior problems. Univariate and stepwise logistic regression analyses were used to derive models for predicting two diagnostic conditions: ADHD and ODD/CD. Results: The Attention Problems syndrome significantly predicted ADHD, and ODD/CD was significantly predicted by the Aggressive Behavior syndrome. Both scales demonstrated good diagnostic accuracy, as assessed through receiver operating characteristics analyses. Cut-point analyses confirmed the utility of low T-scores, 55 on the respective syndromes, for efficiently discriminating cases from noncases. Conclusions: CBCL syndromes display gooddiagnostic efficiency for assessing common externalizing disorders in children. Keywords: ADHD, ODD, attention problems, aggressive behavior. Externalizing behavior problems account for over half of referrals for mental health services by children in the United States (Kazdin, 1995). Children with these problems are at increased risk for juvenile delinquency, academic failure, and social maladjustment, thus placing a tremendous strain on educational and mental health services (Frick, O’Brien, Wooton, & McBurnett, 1994; Hinshaw, 1992). These problems are represented in the DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association 1994) by Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Conduct Disorder (CD) and Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Diagnosis of these conditions often requires structured clinical interviews or semi-structured interviews. These methods require administration by trained personnel, may be time-consuming, and thus, are quite costly. Current clinical practice and insurance guidelines put a premium on accurate and expeditious screening for the presence of these conditions. In addition, efficient screening expedites effective interventions. Behavior checklists have proven to be useful as quick, efficient, and importantly, low-cost, measures of broad constructs of psychopathology. The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) is a widely used parent-report questionnaire which allows clinicians and researchers to assess for a wide range of behavior problems and competencies (Achenbach &
VERTICAL DENSITY CURRENTS—II1

Examples of vertical density currents wholly within the domain of laminar flow, one in a water solution, the other in air, have come to my attention. Both examples illustrate new ways of introducing and dispersing microscopic particles into static fluids and both demonstrate that a stable, clearly defined layer of dispersed particles forms first and that the vertical density currents originate and flow from the lower part of this layer. The new information comes from wholly unrelated lines of research, one in virology, and the other in mycology. Neither investigation was aimed at hydrodynamics yet both provide good experimental support for vertical density currents.
Design and Evaluation of an Olfactometer for the Assessment of 3-Methylindole-Induced Hyposmia

Few studies objectively evaluate olfactory function in animals following exposure to chemicals that induce nasal toxicity. An olfactometer capable of generating a reproducible olfactory stimulus and measuring an odorant-cued behavioral response was developed for rats from a commercially available two-way shuttle box. The box was modified to deliver the test odorant, acetaldehyde, to either of two chambers separated by a physical barrier consisting of a downward-directed airwall sandwiched between two exhaust panels. Male Fisher 344 rats were trained with either a coupled odorant- or tone-cued active avoidance paradigm in order to compare auditory-cued versus olfactory-cued learning and memory. Odorant-cued animals had faster acquisition and longer retention of the avoidance behavior than tone-cued animals. Animals given the model olfactory toxicant 3-methylindole (3-MI, 400 mg/kg, ip) had reduced odorant-cued avoidance, while no effect on tone-cued behavior was observed. In a follow-up study, additional odorant-trained rats were dosed with 0, 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg of 3-MI ip and olfactory function reassessed 6 days later. Histopathologic evidence of moderate to severe olfactory epithelial damage was observed in all rats 7 days after 3-MI administration. Only the highest 3-MI dose (300 mg/kg) was associated with a significant reduction in odor-cued avoidance behavior as compared to that seen in control. These results indicate that use of this olfactometer can provide a functional assessment of chemically induced olfactory toxicity and complements more routine nasal pathology.