cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soluble, High Molecular Weight Polysilsesquioxanes with Carboxylate Functionalities

High molecular weight polysilsesquioxanes with carboxylate functionalities were prepared by sol-gel polymerization of organotrialkoxysilanes bearing tert -butyl ester groups. Trialkoxysilyl-containing monomers of the type (RO) 3 Si(CH 2 ) 3 C(O)O t Bu (R = Me, Et) were prepared by hydrosilation of the corresponding vinylic tert -butyl esters CH 3 CHCH 2 C(O)O t Bu. Acid- or base-catalyzed polymerization of the monomers leads to very high molecular weight polymers with relatively narrow polydispersities. The polymerization results in complete condensation of the alkoxy groups while the tert -butyl ester functionality remains fully intact. Partial or full deprotection of the tert -butyl group can easily be achieved to yield the corresponding carboxylic acid polymers. The ester and carboxylic acid functionalities of these new materials allow for their potential use in a variety of applications such as scavenging of heavy metals.
Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Guanidinium Derivatives from Thiourea and Isothiourea Functionalities

Guanidinium-based compounds are biologically, medicinally, and pharmaceutically vital molecules. Due to their ability to form H-bond interactions, charge pairing, and cation-π interactions, guanidinium groups also perform key roles in supramolecular chemistry. They are found in nature in numerous forms and can be synthesized using different methods. Solid-phase synthesis permits the preparation of synthetically challenging molecules and can be used for the synthesis of combinatorial libraries of lead molecules. A brief survey of methods for the synthesis of guanidiniums from thiourea and isothiourea using different reagents is discussed. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2002)
Tribological Behavior of Amorphous Carbon Nitride Overcoats for Magnetic Thin-Film Rigid Disks

Amorphous carbon nitride coatings of thickness of 5 and 30 nm were deposited onto 65 and 95 mm magnetic thin-film rigid disks surfaces using single-cathode and dual-cathode magnetron sputtering systems containing nitrogen-argon plasmas. Under optimum deposition conditions, amorphous carbon nitride coatings can be synthesized on ultrasmooth thin-film disks with no significant pinholes at thickness down to 5 nm, with hardness 22-28 GPa (compared to 7-12 GPa for amorphous carbon), and r.m.s. roughness as low as 0.25 nm. These amorphous carbon nitride coatings were shown to have better contact-start-stop performance and three-to-four times better pin-on-disk contact durability compared with amorphous carbon overcoats under identical testing conditions. Amorphous carbon nitride appears to be a promising candidate overcoat material for replacing amorphous carbon in the next-generation magnetic thin-film rigid disk systems.
The empire strikes back: : Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill, and the Robust Political Economy of empire

Recent scholarship regarding the idea of a U.S. Empire has raised serious questions as to the feasibility and desirability of imperial ambitions. This paper traces the debate over the net-benefit of empire back to the Classical economists. Adam Smith argued that the British Empire was a net cost while John Stuart Mill concluded the same empire was a net benefit. Contemporary arguments about a U.S. Empire map neatly to the divergent views of Smith and Mill. In addition to engaging in an exercise in history of thought, we use Smith’s political economy as a means of adjudicating between the different claims regarding the feasibility of empire. In doing so, we subject the claims of proponents of American Empire against the standard of robust political economy, which holds that intervention must generate desirable outcomes where less than ideal incentive and epistemic conditions hold. In doing so, we conclude that many of the claims made by proponents are fragile under less than ideal conditions.
A Spring-Mass Model of Locomotion With Full Asymptotic Stability

A reduced model of legged locomotion, called the Spring Loaded Inverted Pendulum (SLIP) has previously been developed to predict the dynamics of locomotion. However, due to energy conservation, the SLIP model can only be partially asymptotically stable in the center-of-mass velocity. The more recently developed Clock-Torqued Spring Loaded Inverted Pendulum (CT-SLIP) model is fully asymptotically stable, and has a significantly larger stability basin than SLIP, but requires more than twice as many parameters. To more completely explore the parameter space and understand the reason for improved stability, we develop and analyze a further reduced model called the Forced-Damped Spring Loaded Inverted Pendulum (FD-SLIP) model.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
A Non-parametric Bayesian Model for Joint Cell Clustering and Cluster Matching: Identification of Anomalous Sample Phenotypes with Random Effects.

Flow cytometry (FC)-based computer-aided diagnostics is an emerging technique utilizing modern multiparametric cytometry systems.The major difficulty in using machine-learning approaches for classification of FC data arises from limited access to a wide variety of anomalous samples for training. In consequence, any learning with an abundance of normal cases and a limited set of specific anomalous cases is biased towards the types of anomalies represented in the training set. Such models do not accurately identify anomalies, whether previously known or unknown, that may exist in future samples tested. Although one-class classifiers trained using only normal cases would avoid such a bias, robust sample characterization is critical for a generalizable model. Owing to sample heterogeneity and instrumental variability, arbitrary characterization of samples usually introduces feature noise that may lead to poor predictive performance. Herein, we present a non-parametric Bayesian algorithm called ASPIRE (anomalous sample phenotype identification with random effects) that identifies phenotypic differences across a batch of samples in the presence of random effects. Our approach involves simultaneous clustering of cellular measurements in individual samples and matching of discovered clusters across all samples in order to recover global clusters using probabilistic sampling techniques in a systematic way. We demonstrate the performance of the proposed method in identifying anomalous samples in two different FC data sets, one of which represents a set of samples including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cases, and the other a generic 5-parameter peripheral-blood immunophenotyping. Results are evaluated in terms of the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC). ASPIRE achieved AUCs of 0.99 and 1.0 on the AML and generic blood immunophenotyping data sets, respectively. These results demonstrate that anomalous samples can be identified by ASPIRE with almost perfect accuracy without a priori access to samples of anomalous subtypes in the training set. The ASPIRE approach is unique in its ability to form generalizations regarding normal and anomalous states given only very weak assumptions regarding sample characteristics and origin. Thus, ASPIRE could become highly instrumental in providing unique insights about observed biological phenomena in the absence of full information about the investigated samples.
Semigroups of right quotients of a semigroup which is a semilattice of groups

Let S be a semigroup with zero which is a semilattice of groups. In [6], McMorris showed that the semigroup of quotients Q=Q(S) corresponding to the filter of “dense” right ideals of the semigroup S is also a semilattice of groups. He accomplished this by noting that Q is a regular semigroup in which all idempotents are central, an equivalent formulation of a semilattice of groups.
Small cap financial reporting: Determinants of emphasis and placement of non-GAAP disclosures

Abstract This study examines the determinants of emphasis on non-GAAP disclosures in the earnings announcements of small cap companies. Two proxies of non-GAAP information emphasis are investigated—placement of the first non-GAAP disclosure and placement of the non-GAAP to GAAP reconciliation required by Regulation G. Using hand-collected data from fourth quarter press releases, we find evidence indicating that small cap firms place a higher level of emphasis on non-GAAP financial measures when GAAP earnings suggest lower value-relevance and when their shares are owned by a higher proportion of institutional investors. We also find that small cap companies decrease the level of emphasis placed on non-GAAP information as their listing tenure increases.
Selective termination of a polyene cyclization by an internally situated allylsilane group

Abstract The cyclization of epoxides 6 and 7, incorporating the internally situated propenyl and allylsilane terminator groups respectively, has demonstrated that the allylsilane function is the far superior group for terminating the cyclization process, and does so in a highly efficient and selective manner. Thus, treatment of 6 with (i-PrO)TiCl3 afforded bicyclic alcohols 23 in 79–82% yield.
Laboratory Testing of a Lyot Coronagraph Equipped with an Eighth-Order Notch Filter Image Mask

We have built a series of notch filter image masks that make the Lyot coronagraph less susceptible to low spatial frequency optical aberrations. In this paper we present experimental results of their performance in the lab using monochromatic light. Our tests show that these "eighth-order" masks are resistant to tilt and focus alignment errors and can generate contrast levels of 2 × 10-6 at 3λ/D and 6 × 10-7 at 10λ/D without the use of corrective optics such as deformable mirrors. This work supports recent theoretical studies suggesting that eighth-order masks can provide the Terrestrial Planet Finder-Coronagraph with a large search area, high off-axis throughput, and a practical requisite pointing accuracy.
CU(II) Catalyzed Hydrolysis of an Unactivated Ester Based on Reversible Conjugate Addition

Abstract Cu(II) catalysis provides a 16,000-fold acceleration in the hydrolysis of methyl acrylate when a removable vicinal diamine ligand is used to increase the stability of the required copper chelate.
Transonic performance of an auxiliary airflow system for axisymmetric inlets

A large-scale model of an axisymmetric inlet with a centerbody auxiliary airflow system has been tested in the wind tunnel at transonic speeds. The auxiliary system allows additional airflow (other than in the main duct formed by the cowl and translating centerbody) to pass through the centerbody of the inlet and combine with the main duct airflow on its way to the engine face. The results of the tests are presented, and the inlet performance is compared to a closely related alternative inlet with a ''traveling" boundary-layer bleed system that precludes the use of a centerbody auxiliary airflow system. The comparison shows that the auxiliary airflow inlet can supply 7.7% more engine face airflow at Mach number 1.0 and is 26% shorter than the traveling bleed inlet. Even though maximum transonic airflow was not achieved at a comparable engine face mass-flow ratio of 0.580, a total-pressure distortion of 0.10, and a total-pressure recovery of 0.985 were achieved for the auxiliary airflow inlet, whereas a recovery of only 0.965 was achieved for the traveling bleed inlet. Nomenclature A aux = area of auxiliary airflow entrance annulus Ac = cowl-lip area (capture area) A 0 = freestream tube area entering the inlet D = cowl lip diameter Mdes = design Mach number A/th = throat Mach number
Actinoranone, a cytotoxic meroterpenoid of unprecedented structure from a marine adapted Streptomyces sp.

The isolation and structure elucidation of a new meroterpenoid, actinoranone (1), produced by a marine bacterium closely related to the genus Streptomyces is reported. Actinoranone is composed of an unprecedented dihydronaphthalenone polyketide linked to a bicyclic diterpenoid. The stereochemistry of 1 was defined by application of the advanced Mosher’s method and by interpretation of spectroscopic data. Actinoranone (1) is significantly cytotoxic to HCT-116 human colon cancer cells with an LD50 = 2.0 μg/mL.
Prevalence of Generic Laver Diamond

Viale \cite{Viale_GuessingModel} introduced the notion of Generic Laver Diamond at $\kappa$---which we denote $\Diamond_{\text{Lav}}(\kappa)$---asserting the existence of a single function from $\kappa \to H_\kappa$ that behaves much like a supercompact Laver function, except with generic elementary embeddings rather than internal embeddings. Viale proved that the Proper Forcing Axiom (PFA) implies $\Diamond_{\text{Lav}}(\omega_2)$. We strengthen his theorem by weakening the hypothesis to a statement strictly weaker than PFA. We also show that the principle $\Diamond_{\text{Lav}}(\kappa)$ provides a uniform, simple construction of 2-cardinal diamonds, and prove that $\Diamond_{\text{Lav}}(\kappa)$ is quite prevalent in models of set theory; in particular: 1) $L$ satisfies $\Diamond_{\text{Lav}}^+(\kappa)$ whenever $\kappa$ is a successor cardinal, or when the appropriate version of Chang's Conjecture fails. 2) For any successor cardinal $\kappa$, there is a $\kappa$-directed closed class forcing---namely, the forcing from Friedman-Holy \cite{MR2860182}---that forces $\Diamond_{\text{Lav}}(\kappa)$.
What caused the 1987 stock market crash and lessons for the 2008 crash

Purpose − The purpose of this paper is to review an explanation for the causes of the stock market crash in 1987, update the empirical support for that argument, and compare to recent market developments. Design/methodology/approach − While the market crash on October 19, 1987 was the largest one‐day S&P 500 drop in percentage terms in history (20.47 percent) there was also a large market drop (10.12 percent) in the three trading days before the 1987 crash. Previous research has shown show that the three‐day decline was the largest in more than 40 years, large enough that the drop was news itself (the October 16, 1987 drop immediately before the crash was also an extremely large one‐day decline). The theoretical model of Jacklin et al. show how a surprise significant drop in the market could have provided information to the market that could directly lead to an immediate crash. Findings − The paper follows the stock market for 20 years after 1987, and finds the magnitude of the market decline immediately ...
H-bonding as a control element in stereoselective Ru-catalyzed olefin metathesis.

H-bonding interactions have been exploited extensively in the design of catalysts for stereoselective synthesis but have rarely been utilized in the development of metal-catalyzed processes. Studies described herein demonstrate that intramolecular H-bonding interactions can significantly increase the rate and levels of stereochemical control in Ru-catalyzed olefin metathesis reactions. The utility of H-bonding in catalytic olefin metathesis is elucidated through development of exceptionally facile and highly diastereoselective ring-opening/cross-metathesis (DROCM) reactions, involving achiral Ru catalysts and enantiomerically enriched allylic alcohols. Transformations proceed to completion readily (> 98% conversion, up to 87% yield), often within minutes, in the presence of 98:2 dr and 11:1 E:Z).
Why the traditional concept of local hardness does not work

Finding a proper local measure of chemical hardness has been a long-standing aim of density functional theory. The traditional approach to defining a local hardness index, by the derivative of the chemical potential μ with respect to the electron density \( n(\overset{\lower0.5em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\rightharpoonup}$}} {r} ) \) subject to the constraint of a fixed external potential \( v(\overset{\lower0.5em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\rightharpoonup}$}} {r} ) \), has raised several questions, and its chemical applicability has proved to be limited. Here, we point out that the only actual possibility to obtain a local hardness measure in the traditional approach emerges if the external potential constraint is dropped; consequently, utilizing the ambiguity of a restricted chemical potential derivative is not an option to gain alternative definitions of local hardness. At the same time, however, the arising local hardness concept turns out to be fatally undermined by its inherent connection with the asymptotic value of the second derivative of the universal density functional. The only other local hardness concept one may deduce from the traditional approach, \( \left. {\delta \mu [n]/\delta n(\overset{\lower0.5em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\rightharpoonup}$}} {r} )} \right|_{{v(\overset{\lower0.5em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\rightharpoonup}$}} {r} )}} \), is the one that gives a constant value, the global hardness itself, throughout an electron system in its ground state. Consequently, the traditional approach is in principle incapable of delivering a local hardness indicator. The parallel case of defining a local version of the chemical potential itself is also outlined, arriving at similar conclusions.
Impact of PDF uncertainties at large x on heavy boson production

We explore the sensitivity of W and Z boson production in hadronic collisions to uncertainties in parton distribution functions (PDFs) at large x arising from uncertainties in nuclear corrections when using deuterium data in global QCD fits. The W and Z differential cross sections show increasing influence of nuclear corrections at high boson rapidities, particularly for the d quark, which is diluted somewhat in the decay lepton rapidity distributions. The effects of PDF uncertainties on heavy W′ and Z′ bosons beyond the Standard Model become progressively more important for larger boson masses or rapidities, both in pp collisions at the LHC and in $ p\overline p $ scattering at the Tevatron.
A New Probe of the Distribution of Dark Matter in Galaxies

The scale radius of dark matter halos is a critical parameter for specifying the density distribution of dark matter, and is therefore a fundamental parameter for modeling galaxies. We develop here a novel, observationally motivated probe to quantitatively infer its value within the context of the Navarro, Frenk, & White profile. We demonstrate that disturbances in the extended atomic hydrogen gas disks of galaxies can be analyzed to infer the scale radius of the dark matter halo. Our primary metric is the phase (i.e., the shape of the spiral) of the m = 1 mode of the disturbance in the outskirts of the gas disk, which we take to be produced by a tidal interaction. We apply the method to the Whirlpool galaxy, which has an optically visible satellite. We infer a scale radius of ~17 kpc for M51, which is consistent with expectations from dissipationless cosmological simulations. We explore potential degeneracies due to orbital inclination, initial conditions, satellite mass, and pericenter approach distance, and find our results to be relatively insensitive to these considerations. Our method of tracing the dark potential well through observed disturbances in outer gas disks is complementary to gravitational lensing.
Transportation Technologies for Community Policing: A Comparison:

Community policing not only deters crime and reassures residents, but also allows police to become aware of community concerns, observe possible criminal activities, and respond quickly to them. Foot patrols have the advantage of being the least costly, the most interactive with community members, and the most manoeuvrable through the urban environment. However, the range and speed is limited. Bicycles are second lowest in cost, still highly manoeuvrable and extend both the speed and range of the patrol officer. Automobiles are the most expensive patrol technology in both acquisition and maintenance. They have the greatest speed and range and allow apprehended suspects to be transported directly to headquarters. The new electric, self-balancing Segway Human Transporter is priced at $5,000–$8,000 with a top speed of 12 mph and a range of 14–15 miles per charge. Intended for sidewalk use, the Segway is fairly manoeuvrable, but at more than 80 pounds it is less transportable than a bicycle.
Magnetically Driven Jets in the Kerr Metric

We compute a series of three-dimensional general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of accretion flows in the Kerr metric and investigate the properties of the resulting unbound outflows. The strength of the outflows increases sharply with increasing black hole rotation rate. Several generic features are observed. The mass in the outflow in concentrated in a hollow cone whose opening angle is largely determined by the effective potential for matter with specific angular momentum comparable to that of the innnermost stable circular orbit. The pressure in the accretion disk's corona provides the dominant force accelerating the matter outward. The principle element shaping the outflow is therefore the centrifugal barrier preventing accreting matter from coming close to the rotation axis. The funnel inside the centrifugal barrier contains very little matter and is dominated by electromagnetic fields that rotate at a rate tied closely to the rotation of the black hole, even when the black hole spins in a sense opposite to the rotation of the accretion flow. These fields carry an outward-going Poynting flux whose immediate energy source is the rotating spacetime of the Kerr black hole. When the spin parameter a/M of the black hole exceeds 0.9, the energy carried to infinity by these outflows can be comparable to the nominal radiative efficiency predicted in the Novikov-Thorne model. Similarly, the expelled angular momentum can be comparable to that accreted by the black hole. Both the electromagnetic and the matter outflows contribute significantly to the energy and angular momentum of the outflow.
Molecular evolution of catalysis.

Abstract In this paper, we consider the evolutionary dynamics of catalytically active species with a distinct genotype–phenotype relationship. Folding landscapes of RNA molecules serve as a paradigm for this relationship with essential neutral properties. The landscape itself is partitioned by phenotypes (realized as RNA secondary structures). To each genotype (represented as a sequence) a structure is assigned in a unique way. The set of all sequences which map into a particular structure is modeled as a random graph in sequence space (the so-called neutral network ). A catalytic network is realized as a random digraph with maximal out-degree two and secondary structures as vertex sets. A population of catalytic RNA molecules shows significantly different behavior compared to a deterministic description: hypercycles are able to co-exist and out-compete a parasite with superior catalytic support. A “switching” between different dynamic organizations of the network can be observed, dynamical stability of hypercyclic organizations against errors and the existence of an error-threshold of catalysis can be reported.
Some remarks on unilateral matrix equations

We briefly review the results of our paper LBNL-46775: We study certain solutions of left-unilateral matrix equations. These are algebraic equations where the coefficients and the unknown are square matrices of the same order, or, more abstractly, elements of an associative, but possibly noncommutative algebra, and all coefficients are on the left. Recently such equations have appeared in a discussion of generalized Born-Infeld theories. In particular, two equations, their perturbative solutions and the relation between them are studied, applying a unified approach based on the generalized Bezout theorem for matrix polynomials.
Synthesis of anthracycline C-glycosyl isosteres

Abstract The C-glycosyl isostere of 4-demethoxy-9-desacetyldaunorubicin and its 7,9-diepi isomer have been synthesized via Diels-Alder reaction of a protected daunosaminyl-2,4-pentadiene with quinizarin quinone.
Stability analysis on single-phase natural circulation in Argonne lead loop facility

Abstract One-dimensional linear stability analysis was performed for single-phase lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) natural circulation. The Nyquist criterion and a root search method were employed to find the linear stability boundary of both forward and backward circulations. It was found that the natural circulations could be linearly unstable in a high Reynolds number region. Increasing loop friction makes a forward circulation more stable, but destabilizes the corresponding backward circulation under the same heating/cooling conditions. The characteristic wavelength of an unstable disturbance is roughly equal to the entire loop length.
Atmospheric conditions on early Mars and the missing layered carbonates

[1] Widespread, massive layered sediments, studied by surface rovers and Mars-orbiting spectrometers, are found to be rich in sulfates. No similarly massive carbonates have been detected. We present the results of coupled atmospheric and geochemical calculations of the formation of the sulfate-rich Meridiani sediments, and offer an explanation for why extensive layered carbonates are not found there or elsewhere on Mars. Large scale volcanism from the build-up of Tharsis during the late Noachian would have injected large amounts of SO2 into the atmosphere. Efficient photochemical conversion of SO2 to H2SO4 would have caused widespread sulfuric acid/water clouds, similar to those seen on Venus today. Precipitation from these clouds and acidification of surface water would have sustained a thick, warm CO2 atmosphere via carbonate inhibition. Such an atmosphere could have been subjected to loss to space via impact erosion and sputtering. Once atmospheric SO2 gas production dropped and waters become more alkaline, the remaining CO2 in the atmosphere collapsed to form poorly consolidated carbonate patinas on rock surfaces and in open fractures.
Radiation therapy for esthesioneuroblastoma: rationale for elective neck irradiation.

Purpose. Esthesioneuroblastoma is an uncommon malignancy of neural crest origin arising in the upper nasal cavity. We describe the University of Florida experience using radiation therapy (RT) in the treatment of this neoplasm, particularly the use of elective nodal irradiation. Materials and Methods. Between May 1972 and August 1998, 22 patients received RT for esthesioneuroblastoma. Two additional patients were treated with palliative intent and were excluded from analysis. Equal numbers of male and female patients were treated, with a median age of 54 years (range, 3–82). The modified Kadish stage was A in 1 patient, B in 4 patients, C in 15 patients, and D in 2 patients. Treatment modalities included primary RT in 6 patients, preoperative RT in 1 patient, postoperative RT after craniofacial resection in 12 patients, and salvage RT in 3 patients treated for recurrence after surgery. Elective neck RT was performed in 11 of 20 patients; 2 patients had cervical metastases at presentation for RT. Results. Rates of local control, cause-specific survival, and absolute survival at 5 years were 59%, 54%, and 48%, respectively. The cause-specific survival rate at 5 years was lower after primary RT (17%) than after craniofacial resection and postoperative RT (56%). Cervical metastases occurred in 6 of 22 patients (27%). No neck recurrences occurred in 11 patients treated with elective neck RT compared with 4 neck recurrences in 9 patients (44%) not receiving elective neck RT (p = .02). Conclusions. Combined modality therapy is preferred over RT alone in advanced-stage esthesioneuroblastoma. Our data and review of the current literature suggest a higher cervical failure rate than previously recognized. Elective neck RT seems to correlate with improved nodal control and should be considered in the treatment of esthesioneuroblastoma. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 25: 529–534, 2003
Effect of dutasteride on prostate biopsy rates and the diagnosis of prostate cancer in men with lower urinary tract symptoms and enlarged prostates in the combination of avodart and Tamsulosin trial

Abstract Background A 23% relative risk reduction (RRR) in prostate cancer (PCa) was shown in men receiving dutasteride in the 4-yr Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events study, in whom biopsies were protocol dependent. Objective Our aim was to explore PCa risk reduction in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) from the Combination of Avodart and Tamsulosin (CombAT) study, in which biopsies were undertaken for cause. Design, setting, and participants CombAT was a 4-yr randomized double-blind parallel group study in 4844 men ≥50 yr of age with clinically diagnosed moderate to severe BPH, International Prostate Symptom Score ≥12, prostate volume ≥30ml, and serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) 1.5–10 ng/ml. Men underwent annual PSA measurement and digital rectal examination (DRE), and prostate biopsies were performed for cause. Intervention All patients took tamsulosin 0.4mg/d, dutasteride 0.5mg/d, or a combination of both. Measurements The primary end point was incidence of PCa. Secondary end points included postbaseline prostate biopsy rates and Gleason score of cancers. Results and limitations Dutasteride (alone or in combination with tamsulosin) was associated with a 40% RRR of PCa diagnosis compared with tamsulosin monotherapy (95% confidence interval, 16–57%; p =0.002) and a 40% reduction in the likelihood of biopsy. There were similar reductions in low- and high-grade Gleason score cancers. The biopsy rate in the groups receiving dutasteride trended toward a higher diagnostic yield (combination: 29%, dutasteride: 28%, tamsulosin: 24%). One limitation was the lack of a standardized approach to PCa diagnosis and grading. Conclusions Dutasteride, alone or in combination with tamsulosin, significantly reduced the relative risk of PCa diagnosis in men with BPH undergoing annual DRE and PSA screening. Consistent with the increased usefulness of PSA for PCa detection, men receiving dutasteride had a numerically lower biopsy rate and higher yield of PCa on biopsy. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00090103 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00090103).
Sustainability in Hospital Foodservice

This research documented hospital foodservice sustainable practices, examined foodservice directors' perceptions and attitudes on sustainability, and explored intention to adopt sustainable practices. Results indicated that recycling fat, oil, grease, cardboard, and paper were the most common sustainable practices. Least common practices were composting and serving organic and locally grown foods. Sustainable practices differed based on director age, gender, registered dietitian status, region of the country, and number of foodservice employees. Perception of others (subjective norm), directors' personal sense of obligation (personal norm), and perceived control (perceived behavior control) had the greatest influence on intent to implement sustainable practices.
The ring imaging Cherenkov detector for the BRAHMS experiment at RHIC

Abstract A ring imaging Cherenkov counter, to be read out by four 100-channel PMTs, is a key element of the BRAHMS experiment. We report here the most recent results obtained with a prototype tested at the BNL AGS using several radiator gases, including the heavy fluorocarbon C 4 F 10 . Ring radii were measured for different particles ( π − , μ − , e − ) for momenta ranging from 2 to 12 GeV/ c employing pure C 4 F 10 as radiator.
Flow Control in a Driven Cavity Incorporating Excitation Phase Differential

Control of fluid flow is particularly difficult because of inherent nonlinearity in the Navier‐Stokes equations and high dimensionality of typical approximations of these equations. A control design is demonstrated for flow restricted to creeping flow within a driven cavity. Such a restriction allows linear reduced-order models to be generated as state-space systems. In particular, these models are generated as subspaces of the flow where each model represents modes associated with phase differential between exogenous disturbances. A linear parametervarying controller is designed to account for the range of dynamics introduced by the phase differential among subspaces. The controller is introduced to the reduced-order models, which contain individual phase-differential subspaces, and the full-order model, which contains all phase-differential subspaces, for disturbance attenuation. These closed-loop simulations show that the gain-scheduled controller, designed for individual subspaces, is able to reduce the flow velocity along the centerline of the cavity significantly for the full-order flow.
Descent sets of cyclic permutations

We present a bijection between cyclic permutations of {1,2,?,n+1} and permutations of {1,2,?,n} that preserves the descent set of the first n entries and the set of weak excedances. This non-trivial bijection involves a Foata-like transformation on the cyclic notation of the permutation, followed by certain conjugations. We also give an alternate derivation of the consequent result about the equidistribution of descent sets using work of Gessel and Reutenauer. Finally, we prove a conjecture of the author in S. Elizalde, The number of permutations realized by a shift, SIAM J. Discrete Math. 23 (2009) 765-786] and a conjecture of Eriksen, Freij and Wastlund.
Exhaust characteristics of a megawatt nitrogen MPD-ARC thruster

Exhaust velocity, electron density and temperature of pulsed megawatt nitrogen MPD-ARC thrustor, using Thomson scattering of pulsed laser light
High-Load, Oligomeric Dichlorotriazine: A Versatile ROMP-Derived Reagent and Scavenger

A new high-load, soluble oligomeric dichlorotriazine (ODCT) reagent derived from ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) is reported as an effective coupling reagent, scavenger of nucleophilic species, and activator of DMSO for the classic Swern oxidations. Two variants of this reagent 2GODCT 4 and 1GODCT 16, possessing theoretical loads of 5.3 and 7.3 mmol/g, respectively, have been synthesized. Preparation was accomplished via simple synthetic protocols affording free flowing powders, amenable for large-scale production. Removal of the spent oligomeric reagent was achieved via either precipitation of the spent reagent or simple filtration utilizing a silica SPE, followed by solvent removal, to deliver products in excellent yield and purity. In addition, the corresponding norbornenyl monomer 3 was successfully demonstrated in a couple-ROMP-filter protocol utilizing in situ polymerization, achieving comparable results versus the corresponding oligomeric variant.
Hamel's formalism and variational integrators on a sphere

This paper discusses Hamel's formalism and its applications to structure-preserving integration of mechanical systems. It utilizes redundant coordinates in order to eliminate multiple charts on the configuration space as well as nonphysical artificial singularities induced by local coordinates, while keeping the minimal possible degree of redundancy and avoiding integration of differential-algebraic equations.
Cyclic carbonyl ylide formation from the rhodium (II) acetate catalyzed reaction of 1-diazoalkanediones

Abstract Treatment of 1-diazoalkanediones with rhodium (II) acetate results in cyclization of the intermediate rhodium carbenoid to give a cyclic carbonyl ylide which readily undergoes bimolecular dipolar cycloaddition with various dipolarophiles.
Wake Decay: Effect of Freestream Swirl

A study of the effects of freestream swirl on the decay characteristics of wakes shed from a rotating blade row is presented. The freestream swirl behind the rotor causes the wakes to skew tangentially, stretching the wakes as they are convected from the rotor to the stator. The effect of stretching on wake decay is illustrated using a simplified two-dimensional model. The model is described and the results are compared to 1) measurements from a two-dimensional cascade facility where no stretching or skewing of the wakes occurs, 2) solutions obtained using a three-dimensional, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes solver, and 3) experimental wake measurements taken behind a low hub-to-tip ratio fan.For typical fan geometries with hub-to-tip ratios of approximately 0.5 and rotor-stator spacings of one to two rotor chord lengths, the wake can be stretched by over 50 percent. The stretching increases the mixing rate which leads to a reduction in the mean wake velocity deficit of approximately thirty percent and a widening of the wake of about fifteen percent. These effects account for much of the difference seen between cascade wake measurements and those taken behind rotating fan blade rows. It is therefore important to include such effects when using cascade data for prediction of fluid mechanic, acoustic, or structural phenomena associated with fan wakes. Finally, the study also suggests a potential for small (< 3 dB) reductions in wake-stator interaction noise through tailoring the fan loading distribution to produce particular span wise wake decay characteristics.Copyright © 1997 by ASME
Making sense of implemented strategies in new venture hospitality management. An American-Austrian-Hungarian case research study.

Abstract How do multiple organizations make important decisions jointly and link such decisions together to form hospitality-related strategies? The article demonstrates an historical application of mapping strategic thinking in renewing an existing enterprise where the renewal process includes the participation of several principal organizations headquartered in two European, and one North American, countries. This article includes a case research study that offers detailed cause maps of the strategies employed in the 1992/1993 selling/buying and refurbishing the Duna Inter-Continental Hotel in Budapest. One of the participants described the new venture as “a classic example of American companies using Austrian and German money to get a toehold in Hungary's expanding markets.”
Luminosity versus Rotation in a Supermassive Star

We determine the effect of rotation on the luminosity of supermassive stars. We apply the Roche model to calculate analytically the emitted radiation from a uniformly rotating, radiation-dominated supermassive configuration. We find that the luminosity at maximum rotation, when mass at the equator orbits at the Kepler period, is reduced by ~36% below the usual Eddington luminosity from a corresponding nonrotating star. A supermassive star is believed to evolve in a quasi-stationary manner along such a maximally rotating "mass-shedding" sequence before reaching the point of dynamical instability; hence this reduced luminosity determines the evolutionary timescale. Our result therefore implies that the lifetime of a supermassive star prior to dynamical collapse is ~36% longer than the value typically estimated by employing the usual Eddington luminosity.
Structure of consumption sets and existence of equilibria in infinite-dimensional spaces☆

The price supportability of Pareto optima and existence of competitive equilibrium are established when consumption sets as well as preferences are uniformly proper consumption sets can be different from the non-negative cone. A sufficient condition for uniform properness of a consumption set is that it be the upper-contour set of a well behaved function. Bewley’s (1972) theorem on the existence of equilibrium prices in L’ is also extended by allowing for somewhat more genera1 consumption sets. A class of examples is given to demonstrate the need for some restrictions on the structure of consumption sets.
The Use of Imposed Displacements to Determine Impact Forces in a Multiple Blade Shed Incident

Experimental data from a multiple blade shed incident are used to determine the forces exerted by the blades on a containment ring. A transient, dynamic, finite element procedure is used to model the ring during the blade shed. This work focuses on the selection of the proper numerical parameters that lead to a stable and accurate numerical solution while maintaining physical reality. Examination of the degree of implicitness and various measures of damping, as well as incorporation of large displacement algorithms, has lead to a simulation that successfully determines the forces on the ring. Accurate determination of these forces is necessary for optimal design of containment systems.
Quench dynamics of a superfluid Fermi gas

With an eye toward the interpretation of so-called 'cosmological' experiments performed on the low-temperature phases of {sup 3}He, in which regions of the superfluid are destroyed by local heating with neutron radiation, we have studied the behavior of a Fermi gas subjected to uniform variations of an attractive BCS interaction parameter {lambda}. In {sup 3}He, the quenches induced by the rapid cooling of the 'hot spots' back through the transition may lead to the formation of vortex loops via the Kibble-Zurek mechanism. A consideration of the free energy available in the quenched region for the production of such vortices reveals that the Kibble-Zurek scaling law gives at best a lower bound on the defect spacing. Further, for quenches that fall far outside the Ginzburg-Landau regime, the dynamics on the pair subspace, as initiated by quantum fluctuations, tends irreversibly to a self-driven steady state with a gap {delta}{sub {infinity}}={epsilon}{sub C}(e{sup 2/N(0){lambda}}-1){sup -1/2}. In weak coupling, this is only half the BCS gap, the extra energy being taken up by the residual collective motion of the pairs.
Hirschsprung's disease, Ondine's curse, and neuroblastoma-manifestations of neurocristopathy

The term neurocristopathy has been applied to the association of Hirschsprung's disease, Ondine's curse (Congenital Hypoventilation Syndrome) and congenital neuroblastoma. Eight newborns with Hirschsprung's disease and Ondine's curse are discussed. Five of these have been seen by the authors. The remaining three patients are reported in the literature. In six of the infants (5 of ours, 1 from the literature) total colonic aganglionosis was found. Congenital neuroblastoma was present in two of the infants. In infants presenting with Hirschsprung's disease (especially of the long segment type) and breathing difficulties, the presence of a neurocristopathy should be considered.
Nanocrystal Growth on Graphene with Various Degrees of Oxidation

We show a general two-step method for growing hydroxide and oxide nanocrystals of the iron family elements (Ni, Co, Fe) on graphene with two degrees of oxidation. Drastically different nanocrystal growth behaviors were observed on low-oxidation graphene sheets (GS) and highly oxidized graphite oxide (GO) in hydrothermal reactions. Small particles precoated on GS with few oxygen-containing surface groups diffused and recrystallized into single-crystalline Ni(OH)2 hexagonal nanoplates or Fe2O3 nanorods with well-defined morphologies. In contrast, particles precoated on GO were pinned by the high-concentration oxygen groups and defects on GO without recrystallization into well-defined shapes. Adjusting the reaction temperature can be included to further control materials grown on graphene. For materials with weak interactions with graphene, increasing the reaction temperature can lead to diffusion and recrystallization of surface species into larger crystals, even on highly oxidized and defective GO. Our res...
Movable Singularities of Solutions of Difference Equations in Relation to Solvability and a Study of a Superstable Fixed Point

We review applications of exponential asymptotics and analyzable function theory to difference equations in defining an analogue of the Painleve property for them, and we sketch the conclusions about the solvability properties of first-order autonomous difference equations. If the Painleve property is present, the equations are explicitly solvable; otherwise, under additional assumptions, the integrals of motion develop singularity barriers. We apply the method to the logistic map x n+1=ax n (1−x n ), where we find that the only cases with the Painleve property are a=−2,0,2, and 4, for which explicit solutions indeed exist; otherwise, an associated conjugation map develops singularity barriers.
Market-based fiscal discipline in monetary unions : evidence from the U.S. municipal bond market

The concept of market-based fiscal discipline posits that a government which runs persistent, excessive fiscal deficits will face an increased cost of borrowing and eventually, a reduced availability of credit, and that these market actions will provide an incentive to correct irresponsible fiscal behavior. This paper presents new empirical evidence on market-based fiscal discipline by estimating the relationship between the cost of borrowing and fiscal policy behavior across U.S. states. We find that U.S. states which have followed more prudent fiscal policies are perceived by the market as having lower default risk and are therefore able to reap the benefit of lower borrowing costs.
BLACK HOLE SOLUTIONS OF KALUZA-KLEIN SUPERGRAVITY THEORIES AND STRING THEORY

We find U(1)_E x U(1)_M non-extremal black hole solutions of six-dimensional Kaluza-Klein supergravity theories. Extremal solutions were found by Cvetic and Youm. Multi-black hole configurations are also presented. After electromagnetic duality transformation is performed, these multi-black hole solutions are mapped into the exact solutions found by Horowitz and Tseytlin in five-dimensional string theory compactified into four dimensions. The massless fields of this theory can be embedded into the heterotic string theory compactified on a 6-torus. Rotating black hole solutions of this string theory can be read off from those of the heterotic string theory found by Sen.
A framework for medical information science

A one day workshop on the topic “A Framework for Medical Information Science” was held in October. Three issues were considered: what is Medical Information Science, what are the key research issues, and what are the educational needs. Because of the brevity of the workshop and scope of the topic, no summary conclusions were developed. Individual papers and position statements will be published. This paper reviews the workshop and some of the principal issues discussed.
CNS Hypomyelinated Mutant Mice (Jimpy, Shiverer, Quaking): In Vitro Evidence for Primary Oligodendrocyte Defects

Myelin is the protein and lipid sheath, consisting of consecutive, spirally wrapped, compacted segments of cell membrane, which surrounds each large axon in vertebrates and causes saltatory conduction of the action potentials. Nerve fiber sheaths with certain features of myelin are found in other animals, notably in some arthropods. True myelin, however, seems to be confined to true vertebrates, from the elasmobranchs up, and is strongly conserved in vertebrate evolution. Myelin has unique ultrastructural and biochemical components; it is formed by unique cells (in the CNS of warm-blooded vertebrates, by the oligodendrocytes); and it has a unique relationship to another cell, for normally it only forms around part of a neuron, almost always the axon. All this implies the existence of numerous DNA sequences which encode, not only for the structural components of adult myelin, but also for various steps of its development. Because myelin is strongly conserved, information about this DNA obtained from any mammal is likely to be directly applicable to other mammals including man.
Managing environmental change: insights from researchers and practitioners

Analyses the articles published in the FIU Hospitality Review during a seven‐year period from 1989‐1995. Identifies seven main themes: people and organizations; marketing; environmental change; total quality management and strategy; education; financial analysis and accounting practice; tourism and technology. Summarizes by highlighting the linkages between the themes and the related sub‐themes.