cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formation of covalently bonded polycyclic hydrocarbon ions by intracluster polymerization of ionized ethynylbenzene clusters.

Here we report a detailed study aimed at elucidating the mechanism of intracluster ionic polymerization following the electron impact ionization of van der Waals clusters of ethynylbenzene (C8H6)n generated by a supersonic beam expansion. The structures of the C16H12, C24H18, C32H24, C40H30, and C48H36 radical cations resulting from the intracluster ion–molecule addition reactions have been investigated using a combination of mass-selected ion dissociation and ion mobility measurements coupled with theoretical calculations. Noncovalent structures can be totally excluded primarily because the measured fragmentations cannot result from noncovalent structures, and partially because of the large difference between the measured collision cross sections and the calculated values corresponding to noncovalent ion–neutral complexes. All the mass-selected cluster ions show characteristic fragmentations of covalently bonded molecular ions by the loss of stable neutral fragments such as CH3, C2H, C6H5, and C7H7. The ...
Effect of Some Imidazoles on Gastric Secretion.

Histamine and pilocarpine are imidazoles which are known to stimulate gastric secretion.Since gastrin preparations give a strong Pauly reaction and produce a number of the pharmacological effects of histamine, the question of the identity of histamine and gastrin has been raised1 although some differences in the chemical properties of gastrin preparations and histamine are known to exist.2 Koch, Luckhardt and Keeton2 concluded from their work that gastrin appears to be a basic imidazole derivative. They studied the effect of 3 imidazole derivatives, namely, histidine, methylimidazole HCl and hydroxymethylimidazole HCl, on gastric secretion with negative results. Ivy and Javois3 found also that histidine subcutaneously did not stimulate gastric secretion. Because of these facts we thought that it would be worth while to study the effect of other imidazoles on gastric secretion.Professor Rose of the University of Illinois supplied us with imidazole proprionic acid, imidazole aldehyde, d-imidazole lactic aci...
Analysis of bacillary dysentery incidence risk of GM(1,1) model prediction of the Three Gorges Reservoir(Yichang section)

Objective To predict the incidence trend of bacillary dysentery in the Three Gorges Reservoir(Yichang section),and make pertinent measures for prevention. Methods The grey dynamic model was established with the incidence rates of bacillary dysentery in Yichang from 1997 to 2010.The model was used to predict the trend of dysentery for the year 2011 to 2014. Results The model predicted that the incidence rate of bacillary dysentery might be 0.985,0.688,0.481 per 100000 person-year respectively for the year 2011 to 2013. Conclusion The model suggested the downward trend of the disease incidence.Comprehensive measures should still be taken to control the risk of dysentery disease transmission in the Three Gorges Reservoir.
Response to Fenster's "Group therapy as an effective treatment modality for people of color".

(1997). Response to Fenster's “Group Therapy as an Effective Treatment Modality for People of Color”. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy: Vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 517-518.
Maxwell’s Equations in Two-Phase Systems I: Local Electrodynamic Equilibrium

The method of volume averaging is used to examine the form of Maxwell's equations in two-phase systems. The volume averaged equations for the individual phases are developed and used to identify the condition of local electrodynamic equilibrium. When this condition is satisfied, the electric and magnetic fields in the two phases are close enough so that single equations can be used to describe these fields. The one-equation model for the electric and magnetic fields is obtained without the need for closure problems; however, the constraints associated with the principle of local electrodynamic equilibrium are very severe and are not satisfied for many processes.
Unconjugated payload quantification and DAR characterization of antibody-drug conjugates using high-resolution MS.

Aim: The application of high-resolution MS to antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) drug development may provide insight into their safety and efficacy. Quantification of unconjugated cytotoxic drug (payload) and characterization of drug-to-antibody ratio distribution were determined in plasma using orthogonal acceleration quadrupole-time-of-flight MS. Results: Unconjugated payload quantification determined by quadrupole-time-of-flight-based MRMhighresolution and triple quadrupole-based multiple reaction monitoring were comparable and achieved detection limits of 0.030 and 0.015 ng/ml, respectively. As determined by immunocapture and TOF-MS, drug-to-antibody ratio remained unchanged up to 3-weeks postdose for an ADC containing engineered glutamine linkers, but declined from four to three over 2 weeks in an ADC containing engineered cysteine linkers. Conclusion: The use of high-resolution MS in ADC drug discovery confirms its utility within the bioanalytical discipline.
The Basics of Proofs

Most theorems concern mathematical objects x that satisfy a set of properties P, that is, P(x) = the properties P hold for object x. The theorem may say that if P(x) is true, then some additional properties Q(x) must also be true. Such statements are called conditional statements and can be written \(P(x) \rightarrow Q(x)\). In the context of proving theorems, the “P(x)” portion of the statement is referred to as the hypothesis of the statement, and the “Q(x)” portion of the statement is referred to as the conclusion of the statement. The hypothesis of a conditional statement is often called the antecedent while the conclusion of the conditional statement is often called the consequent. For example, a well-known theorem is that all functions differentiable at a point are also continuous at that point. There are many equivalent ways to express this fact:
The War in Perspective

The Spanish civil war has been defined in quite diverse ways, most of them derived from ideological predilections or international power struggles. Only occasionally has the war been analyzed in terms of its most accurate definition, as a revolutionary/counterrevolutionary struggle, typical of Europe in the first half of the twentieth century, though also singular because of its geographic location, timing, and special features. The reasons for this reluctance to treat the civil war as a revolutionary conflict have been discussed in Chapter 6. The Soviet definition, however, was not reluctant to do so, for decades labeling it the “Spanish national-revolutionary war” and, unlike some Western commentaries, giving major importance to the revolutionary struggle. As emphasized earlier, the most unique features of the Spanish civil war had to do with 1) its timing, long after the revolutionary wave of 1917–23 yet prior to World War II, at first moving strongly counter to European political tendencies of the 1930s; 2) its location, the only full-scale civil war in Western Europe during the entire era; and 3) its origins – of all the violent domestic conflicts between 1917 and 1949, it was the only one not provoked, or at least influenced in a major way, by foreign war. There were other differentiating factors, some completely unique and others only partially distinct.
Heterogeneous Molecular Dynamics Revealed through Live, Single-Cell Imaging

The study of the dynamic motion of single molecules or ensembles of molecules within cells can lend information as to those molecules’ activity or function. Here, we investigate the cell wall synthetic process of Bacillus subtilis in order to elucidate the mechanisms behind construction of the primary encoder of cell shape in this organism. Using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, a technique we employ alongside small-molecule antibiotic perturbations, we probe molecular motion of the enzymes and filaments involved in cell wall construction. The known functions and targets of these antibiotics allow the inference of the specific roles of individual proteins involved in the cell wall synthetic complex based on the changes of motion we see of these proteins. This fluorescence imaging procedure will define a platform for imaging-based systems biology which can be applied in a general manner to genetically-tractable organisms to elucidate the functional roles of a host of complexes involved in various cellular processes.
Genetics of Epilepsies with Focal Sharp Waves

The clinical manifestations and genetic aspects in 147 children with benign focal sharp waves were evaluated at the Epilepsy Center, Raisdorf, Germany.
Optune®: Practical Nursing Applications

BACKGROUND After receiving U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM) in 2015, following initial approval for treatment of recurrent GBM in 2011, Optune®, a device that uses tumor-treating fields (TTFields) therapy, continues to gain acceptance in the practice environment. OBJECTIVES This article reviews how TTFields differ from traditional GBM treatment approaches and discusses the pivotal role nurses play in helping patients successfully use this therapy. This includes the importance of adherence to daily continuous therapy because adherence optimizes patient outcomes. METHODS This article provides oncology nurses with practical guidance to share with patients who are candidates for treatment with TTFields, as well as information to facilitate patients' understanding of the use of Optune and how best to incorporate it into their activities of daily living. FINDINGS Nurses are key members of the multidisciplinary treatment team that manages patients with GBM. Therefore, oncology nurses are well equipped to educate patients and caregivers about the use of and benefits of adherence to TTFields.
Fifth annual workshop of cytoreductive surgery for advanced ovarian cancer and peritoneal surface malignancies

The Fifth Annual Advanced Course in Cytoreductive Surgery for Ovarian Cancer and Peritoneal Surface Malignancies was held at and sponsored by the Division of Gynecologic Oncology at the the University of California, Irvine on Friday and Saturday, October 9-10, 2015. The workshop was comprised of didactic modules, historical treatise, an impassioned tribute, a cadaver laboratory, and heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy demonstration. This was a not-for-profit workshop, and registration fees were used to support course faculty travel to U.C. Irvine and to pay for the cadavers. The original 56 available spots were filled within three weeks of the initial announcement, prompting procurement of two additional cadavers to satisfy registration overflow and accommodate the six U.C. Irvine fellows-in-training. While international participation in the Workshops continues to rise, we have also noted more U.S.-trained Gynecologic Oncologists among the registrants.
Utilitarianism and animal cruelty: Further doubts

Utilitarianism has an apparent pedigree when it comes to animal welfare. It supports the view that animal welfare matters just as much as human welfare. And many utilitarians support and oppose various practices in line with more mainstream concern over animal welfare, such as that we should not kill animals for food or other uses, and that we ought not to torture animals for fun. This relationship has come under tension from many directions. The aim of this article is to add further considerations in support of that tension. I suggest three ways in which utilitarianism comes significantly apart from mainstream concerns with animal welfare. First, utilitarianism opposes animal cruelty only when it offers an inefficient ratio of pleasure to pain; while this may be true of eating animal products, it is not obviously true of other abuses. Second, utilitarianism faces a familiar problem of the inefficacy of individual decisions; I consider a common response to this worry, and offer further concerns. Finally, the common utilitarian argument against animal cruelty ignores various pleasures that humans may get from the superior status that a structure supporting exploitation confers.
B-cell origin of cold agglutinins.

Cold agglutinins (CA) are RBC specific autoantibodies that agglutinate RBCs optimally at 4–22°C in vitro and may be of widely divergent clinical significance. Virtually all sera from healthy individuals contain low titered CA which cause no apparent immune hemolysis and may be defined as natural or benign RBC autoantibodies. In contrast, the pathologic (e.g. hemolytic) counterparts of these autoantibodies are generally derived from clonal B cell expansions that may progress to frank lymphoma (Table 1).
The Organ Transplant Imperative

More than 120,000 US patients were listed for solid organ transplants in 2016. Although data are scarce, we suspect that many of these patients will die while awaiting transplant and without engaging in goals-of-care discussions with their physicians. The challenges of addressing goals of care in patients with malignancy, end-stage renal disease, and heart failure have been studied. However, there is sparse literature on addressing goals of care throughout the dynamic process of transplant assessment and listing. We propose the concept of an organ transplant imperative, which is the perceived obligation by patients and health care providers to proceed with organ transplant and to avoid advance care planning and triggered goals-of-care discussions, even in situations in which patients' clinical trajectories have worsened, resulting in poor quality of life and low likelihood of meaningful survival. We situate this concept within the paradigms of clinical inertia and the treatment and technological imperatives. We illustrate this concept by describing a patient with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) who was hoping for a liver transplant, who was caught between the conflicting perspectives of specialist and primary care physicians, and who died of complications of ESLD without experiencing the benefits of advance care planning. Greater awareness of the transplant imperative should generate a shared understanding among specialists, generalists, and patients and will provide opportunities for more formalized involvement of palliative medicine experts in the care of transplant patients.
The Role of Story in Leadership Change: A Look at the Impact of Restorying on Transition for Leaders

Through two case studies, this paper explores the role that story or narrative has upon the changing role of the entrepreneur within organizations. The literature on story and leadership is compiled and eight themes are identified. These themes are then used to take a dramatist perspective on the case study narratives. Findings show that there is a new realm of research that could be conducted to illicit a better understanding of narrative and entrepreneurship, specifically: longitudinal studies would help to illicit whether entrepreneurs do restory in face of organizational pressures and identification of the stories told by stakeholders in face of entrepreneurial changes. There is also more research to be conducted on the impact that locus of control has on narrative construction and restorying.
A cross-sectional, comparative study of home vs in-office NB-UVB phototherapy for vitiligo.

Narrowband ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) phototherapy is an effective treatment for vitiligo, resulting in up to 75% repigmentation in 9 months, however, compliance is often poor due to the economic burden and inconvenience associated with this form of therapy. Home phototherapy has been shown to be an effective treatment for a variety of skin conditions, including vitiligo. Despite this evidence, home phototherapy for vitiligo is considered experimental and investigational by health insurance providers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Overrepresentation of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students in Special Education

The overrepresentation of historically underserved students in special education in the high incidence special education categories has been a controversial issue in education for several decades. In this article, Trent analyses this issue through a historical lens and provides a framework emanating from ecological theory that has the potential to finally address the overrepresentation problem in substantive ways. Implications for research and practice are also provided.
Anthocyanin Production in Engineered Microorganisms

Anthocyanins are a unique group of flavonoids from plants. They have promising health-promoting activities in medicine as well as great applications in food processing, cosmetic production, and other areas. At present, extraction from plant materials is the main source of commercially available anthocyanins. Plant extraction, however, has a number of limitations including heavy dependence on seasonal climate, fluctuating availability, and variable anthocyanin content from different sources. To provide an alternative to the current production method, new technologies are under development including plant cell suspension cultures and microbial production. In this chapter, we focus on metabolic engineering of anthocyanin biosynthesis in bacterial strains. The specific engineering strategies followed for strain optimization such as enzyme selection, enzyme engineering, and regulation of UDP-glucose supply are discussed. In addition, a two-step bioconversion strategy, in which cell growth is favored at the first stage while the production of anthocyanins occurs at the second phase, is also described.
Career Adaptability: Changing Self and Situation for Satisfaction and Success

Human beings must adapt to survive and thrive across all domains of life. Doing so in the work domain requires career adaptability—the particular capacity to hone and use psychosocial resources necessary to make changes in self and situation for career satisfaction and success. Rooted in life-span, life-space theory, the career adaptability construct has evolved both conceptually and practically since it was first introduced nearly 40 years ago. Career adaptability now represents a principal construct for comprehending vocational behavior and a focus of interventions to foster life-career design. As a meta-competency for effective career construction and life design, career adaptability today offers a cross-nationally valid and vital conceptual and practical frame for assisting individuals to manage their careers within changing world and local economies and job markets. The present chapter traces the origins and evolution of career adaptability as a psychological construct and discusses its significance for career studies and intervention. Career adaptability fits the contemporary landscape of careers as a focus for theory and practice to assist individuals to build resilience; change self and circumstances in relation to fluctuating career contexts; and successfully navigate career development tasks, career transitions, and work-based traumas.
Glenathe salina (Diptera: Ephydridae): New Freshwater, Saline Habitat and County Records in Ohio

The collection of Glenanthe salina Mathis in a freshwater restored wetland in Hamilton County, Ohio is a new county record and represents a significant range extension within the state. For the first time, G. salina was collected from an Ohio saline habitat (Wayne County) and is a new county and an eastern North American inland salt habitat record. Glenanthe salina records from freshwater, saline, and alkaline habitats suggest broad osmoregulation capacity. Collection records suggest that G. salina and Psilopa girschneri colonized saline habitats at Rittman, Ohio during 1996 and 1976, respectively. During the early half of the twentieth century, hyper saline habitat at Rittman, Ohio was colonized by Ephydra gracilis Packard, and E. niveiceps Cresson, which have been commonly reported from saline habitats in western North America.
In Vitro Biosynthesis of the Nonproteinogenic Amino Acid Methoxyvinylglycine.

Oxyvinylglycines are a family of nonproteinogenic amino acids featuring an essential vinyl ether conferring mechanism-based inhibition of pyridoxal phosphate enzymes. The gene clusters for a few oxyvinylglycines are known, yet the biosynthetic origin of the vinyl ether is elusive. The in vitro biosynthesis of methoxyvinylglycine or L-2-amino-4-methoxy-trans-3-butenoic acid (AMB) is reported. It is shown that AMB is made from glutamate as an alanyl-AMB dipeptide and the rationale is provided for the N-term Ala. Using a chemical capture method, the order and timing of the modifications on non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)-bound substrates was determined, including a cryptic hydroxylation of the Glu β-carbon. Eliminating this hydroxy group likely generates a key α,-β dehydroamino acid intermediate that facilitates decarboxylation. This work sheds light on vinyl ether biosyn-thesis and uncovers new NRPS chemistry.
Determining the Relative Canopy Coverage with a Digital Image and Adobe Photoshop®: A Pilot Project to Introduce a Low Cost Technique

Determining canopy coverage in rice (Oryza sativa L) between the 4th tillering stage to internode elongation to harvest allows the assessment of the degree of tillering and indicates the adequacy o...
Quantitative Nuclear Hepatology

This is the first in a series of four Continuing Education articles on quantitative imaging techniques. After studying this article, the reader should be able to: 1) compare the radiopharmaceuticals available for hepatobiliary imaging; 2) discuss quantitation of hepatobiliary studies; and 3) discuss the clinical applications of these techniques.
ROLES OF KRÜPPEL LIKE FACTORS KLF1, KLF2, AND KLF4 IN EMBRYONIC BETA-GLOBIN GENE EXPRESSION

ROLES OF KRUPPEL LIKE FACTORS KLF1, KLF2, AND KLF4 IN EMBRYONIC BETA-GLOBIN GENE EXPRESSION By: Yousef Nassir Alhashem A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2009 Director: Joyce A. Lloyd, Ph.D. Professor Department of Human and Molecular Biology Kruppel like factors (KLFs) are a family of 17 proteins whose main function is gene regulation by binding to DNA elements in the promoters of various genes. KLF transcription factors recognize CACCC-elements and act as activators or repressors of the gene expression. Among the 17 family members, KLF1, KLF2, and KLF4 share high homology to each other. KLF1 is the founding member of the family and is an erythroidspecific protein. KLF2 is expressed in erythroid, endothelial, and other cells. KLF4 is expressed in endothelial, smooth muscle, and other cells. In this thesis, the functions of these KLFs were reviewed in the context of subjects related to erythropoiesis and cardiovascular development. A mouse model lacking KLF1, KLF2, and KLF4 was used to investigate whether these genes have overlapping functions in regulating the
Grob-Type Fragmentation Releases Paracyclophane Ring Strain in a Late-Stage Precursor of Haouamine A.

A ketene [2 + 2]-addition, an intramolecular aldol reaction, a Suzuki–Miyaura coupling, and a chemoselective lactam reduction were used to prepare a late-stage precursor of haouamine A. Exposure to acid led to a Grob-type fragmentation of the strained 3-aza[7]paracyclophane ring, followed by a tandem Pictet–Spengler reaction of the intermediate iminium ion and conversion to a novel 1,4a-propanocyclopenta[b]pyridine. This cascade reaction might also be relevant for the mechanism of action of the natural product.
Silicon Valley Women in Engineering Conference — Creating Community and Nurturing Engineering Identity

This innovative practice paper presents a work-in progress project that aims to nurture engineering identity development of women engineering students. Affirmative engineering identity development helps women students better chart a successful academic and professional trajectory. Participating in communities of practice furthers their identity development process. This paper describes the 2017 Silicon Valley Women in Engineering Conference in which students learned from and socialized with role models from industry, as well as reflected upon how what they were learning was aligned with their sense of their own professional identities. Examining the impact of attending the conference has produced some promising insights as we strive to create viable career pathways into fields where women have heretofore been significantly underrepresented.
Visiting the Profiles of Chile and Peru

Over the last decade, South America has experienced both good and bad political economies among its members. A couple of bad examples relate to the Odebrecht construction company scandal. Grupo Odebrecht is the region’s largest construction conglomerate. Its business includes major projects throughout Latin America. This company is heavily involved in the Operacao Lava Jato, or Brazil’s major corruption probe associated with the huge oil company named Petrobras.
Ultrasonographic Measures of Talar Cartilage Thickness Associate with Magnetic Resonance-Based Measures of Talar Cartilage Volume.

Abstract Our primary goal was to quantify associations between ultrasonographic (US) measurements of talar cartilage apparent thickness and magnetic resonance (MR)-based measures of talar cartilage volume in a heterogeneous sample of those with and without chronic ankle instability. Cartilage volume from MR and normalized cross-sectional area (CSA) and thickness from a transverse US image of the talar cartilage were calculated after 30 min of unloading. Overall talar and region of interest-specific morphology measures (i.e., volume, normalized CSA, thickness) were submitted for statistical analysis. Overall US-normalized CSA positively associated with the overall talar MR volume (r = 0.641, p 0.481) or MR-based volume (p > 0.287) were noted between the groups. US appears to be a clinically accessible and cost-effective method for evaluating average ankle cartilage apparent thickness.
Association of cytoreductive nephrectomy and survival in the immune checkpoint inhibitor era.

748Background: Cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) for patients (pts) with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) improved overall survival (OS) in the interferon (IFN) era, but the benefit of CN in the...
Gastrointestinal Health Questionnaire for Rett Syndrome: Tool Development.

OBJECTIVES We report the development and validation of a tool to assess gastrointestinal health in Rett syndrome (RTT). We hypothesized that the Gastrointestinal Health Questionnaire (GHQ) is a valid clinical outcomes measure of gastrointestinal health in RTT. PATIENTS AND METHODS We used parent interviews, surveys, and literature review to generate a questionnaire related to gastrointestinal health and function, mood and behaviors, and parental concerns for individuals with RTT. Parents of affected and unaffected individuals provided responses to the GHQ, assessed the relevance and importance of statements, and completed 5 surveys related to gastrointestinal health, child-related mood and behaviors, and parent concerns. We used multivariate item analysis, 2-sample t tests, and correlations to assess the validity of the GHQ. RESULTS We documented acceptable internal consistency of statements related to gastrointestinal health and function (Cronbach-α = 0.91), RTT-related mood and behaviors (Cronbach-α = 0.89), and parent concerns (Cronbach-α = 0.95) in the GHQ. We documented favorable external validity based on differences in response scores between parents of affected and unaffected individuals (P < 0.001) and correlations in parental response scores between the GHQ and 5 validated questionnaires addressing similar issues (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The GHQ is a valid tool for the assessment of gastrointestinal health in RTT and offers the opportunity to field test the safety and efficacy of novel drug therapies in clinical trials for individuals affected with this disorder.
Terra's View of the Sea

The Terra satellite, the flagship of NASA9s Earth Observing System (EOS), was launched on 18 December 1999. Terra aims to gather a wide range of atmospheric, oceanic and terrestrial data relevant for climate change studies. In this TechView, Yoder focuses on the new capabilities for oceanography offered by Terra9s instrumentation.
Topics in Conservative Dynamics

The theory of dynamical systems has a long and illustrious history. From the time of Kepler and Newton to the present time, each generation of scientists has successively unified and clarified previous approaches, extended the scope of previous methods, even modified the basic problems of consideration as new tools became available. A significant change in approach arose with the studies of Poincare on celestial mechanics. Previous to that time one expected that each particular problem could be “solved” by finding sufficiently many integrals (constants of motion), special solutions, or by formal manipulations with power series. It was Poincare who first realized that in general mechanical systems were not completely integrable. He proved that even in the restricted three body problem there did not exist a complete set of “uniform” integrals. This means that in certain cases the restricted three body problem can be regarded as a system of differential equations depending analytically on a parameter μ, and that in those cases it is impossible to find a complete system of integrals depending analytically on μ (see [13,I],[17]). While investigating this problem, Poincare found a number of interesting and complicated motions to be described.
An Examination of the External and Internal Signs of Cotton Boll Damage by Stink Bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)

Small- and medium-sized bolls were exposed to stink bugs, primarily Nezara viridula (L.), Acrosternum hilare (Say), and Euschistus servus (Say), for a 48-h feeding period. Bolls were then examined for external and internal evidence of feeding 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 d later. No relationship was documented between numbers of external feeding marks and internal warts that form when the interior of the boll is pierced. In fact, approximately 20% of damaged bolls with internal warts lacked external marks. Therefore, external marks cannot be used to accurately estimate the occurrence or amount of internal boll damage by stink bugs. Neither size nor number of external marks or warts increased significantly among the five post-feeding sampling dates. All visual signs of damage were present by the second day. There were significantly more damaged bolls with the combination of external marks, stylet sheaths, and warts (approximately 70%) than any other combination of feeding signs. There was a significant increase in l...
The management of heuristic search in boolean experiments with RUE resolution

In assessing the power of a theorem prover, we should select a theorem difficult to prove, compare the quality of proof with the published work of mathematicians, and most important determine whether cpu time used to find the proof is economically acceptable. In this paper we apply the above criteria to RUE resolution, equality-based binary resolution which incorporates the axioms of equality into the definition of resolution. We select a theorem in Boolean algebra, show the published proof of George and Garret Birkhoff side by side with the computer deduced proof achieved in less than 30 seconds of cpu time. The proof is quite long requiring the derivation of four lemmas and is proven by two RUE refutations of 16 and 18 steps respectively. The same refutations with the equality axioms and unification resolution are 38 and more than 40 steps. Hence, the power of RUE resolution is shown by the brevity of proof compared to using the equality axioms. The primary pragmatic issue in theorem proving is the effective management of heuristic search to find proofs in acceptable computer time. Whether an inference system supports or obstructs this objective is a crucial property and in this paper we explain in detail the heuristics applied to find proofs. These heuristics are RUE specific and dependent, and cannot be applied in the context of unification resolution.
Location of acyl groups on two acylated glycolipids from strains of Ustilago (smut fungi)

Abstract Partly acylated ustilagic acids 8 [from Ustilago maydis (DC) (= U. zeae Unger) PRL-119], consisting of partially esterified β-cellobiosyl residues glucosidically linked to long-chain, hydroxylated fatty acids, and a mixture of partially acylated derivatives of 4-O-β- D -mannopyranosyl- D -erythritol from Ustilago sp. [probably U. nuda (Jens.) Rostr. = U. tritici (Pers.) Rostr.] PRL-627 were acetalated with methyl vinyl ether, deacylated, and methylated. Vigorous acid hydrolysis of a methylated 8 gave 2- and 6-O-methyl- D -glucose (11:9 molar ratio) corresponding to 2′- and 6-O-acyl substitution of the cellobiose residue. Graded acid hydrolysis of methylated 8 gave an O-methyl derivative (9) which yielded, on Smith degradation, glycerol and 4-O-methyl- D -erythritol. Comparison of the p.m.r. spectra of 8 and the product of its oxidation by lead tetraacetate suggested C-6 and C-2′ as the locations of the acetate and hydroxy acid ester-groups, respectively. Vigorous acid hydrolysis of the methylated PRL-627 glycolipid gave d -mannose, its 2- and 4-methyl, and 2,6- and 4,6-dimethyl ethers, and erythritol and its D -1- and 2-methyl-, and 1,3-dimethyl ethers. The positions of the methyl groups corresponded to those of the ester groups in the glycolipid.
Growth of chromium-vanadium single crystals by floating-zone technique

Abstract Single crystals of chromium-rich vanadium alloys were prepared by the floating-zone method using a combination of resistance and RF-induction heating. Single crystals having a diameter of 1 cm and a length of up to 5 cm were successfully grown.
OPAL: An Open-Source MPI-IO Library over Cray XT

Parallel I/O over Cray XT is supported by a vendor-supplied MPI-IO package. This package contains a proprietary ADIO implementation built on top of the sysio library. While it is reasonable to maintain a stable code base for users' convenience, it is also very important for the system developers and researchers to analyze and assess the effectiveness of parallel I/O software, and accordingly, tune and optimize the MPI-IO implementation. A proprietary parallel I/O code base relinquishes such flexibilities. On the other hand, a generic UFS-based MPI-IO implementation is typically used on many Linux-based platforms, which lacks of the capability of utilizing Lustre specific features. We have developed an open- source MPI-IO package over Lustre, referred to as OPAL (Opportunistic and Adaptive MPI-IO Library over Lustre). OPAL provides a single source-code base for MPI-IO over Lustre on both the Cray XT and Linux platforms. It provides a number of good features, including arbitrary specification of striping patterns and Lustre-stripe aligned file domain partitioning. This paper presents the performance comparisons between OPAL and Cray's proprietary implementation. Our evaluation demonstrates that OPAL achieves the performance comparable to the Cray implementation. We also exemplify the benefits of OPAL in profiling the internal time breakdown of the collective I/O protocol over Cray XT.
Evaluating the energy and CO2 emissions impacts of shifts in residential water heating in the United States

Water heating represented nearly 13% of 2010 residential energy consumption making it an important target for energy conservation efforts. The objective of this work is to identify spatially-resolved strategies for energy conservation, since little analysis has been done to identify how regional characteristics affect the energy consumed for water heating. We present a first-order thermodynamic analysis, utilizing ab initio calculations and regression methods, to quantify primary energy consumption and CO2 emissions with regional specificity by considering by considering local electricity mixes, heat rates, solar radiation profiles, heating degrees days, and water heating unit sales for 27 regions of the US. Results suggest that shifting from electric towards natural gas or solar water heating offered primary energy and CO2 emission reductions in most US regions, but these reductions varied considerably according to regional electricity mix and solar resources. We find that regions that would benefit most from technology transitions, are often least likely to switch due to limited economic incentives. Our results suggest that federal energy factor metrics, which ignore upstream losses in power generation, are insufficient in informing consumers about the energy performance of residential end use appliances.
Future Therapies for IgE-Mediated Food Allergy

Food allergy is prevalent, affecting approximately 4-8% of children. There is no currently approved treatment for food allergy, and while strict allergen avoidance is recommended it is difficult to achieve and therefore accidental exposures and reactions are common. There is an urgent need for the development of therapeutic approaches that will improve the health and quality of life of children with food allergy. The majority of current clinical research focus is on specific food allergen immunotherapy through oral, sublingual, or epicutaneous routes. Pre-clinical research has focused on making improvements to the safety and efficacy of allergen immunotherapy through modifications of allergen structure and addition of immuno-modulatory factors. The number of novel therapeutics for food allergy reaching the level of clinical trials remains disappointingly low, and there is a need for an expansion of pre-clinical research to provide safe, practical and novel approaches to the treatment of food allergy.
High-energy, efficient, 30-Hz ultraviolet laser sources for airborne ozone-lidar systems

Two compact, high-pulse-energy, injection-seeded, 30-Hz frequency-doubled Nd:YAG-laser-pumped Ti: sapphire lasers were developed and operated at infrared wavelengths of 867 and 900 nm. Beams with laser pulse energy >30 mJ at ultraviolet wavelengths of 289 and 300 nm were generated through a tripling of the frequencies of these Ti:sapphire lasers. This work is directed at the replacement of dye lasers for use in an airborne ozone differential absorption lidar system. The ultraviolet pulse energy at 289 and 300 nm had 27% and 31% absolute optical energy conversion efficiencies from input pulse energies at 867 and 900 nm, respectively.
Constraint query languages (preliminary report)

We discuss the relationship between constraint programming and database query languages. We show that bottom-up, efficient, declarative database programming can be combined with efficient constraint solving. The key intuition is that the generalization of a ground fact, or tuple, is a conjunction of constraints. We describe the basic Constraint Query Language design principles, and illustrate them with four different classes of constraints: Polynomial, rational order, equality, and Boolean constraints.
Intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity as related to conscience, adjustment, and altruism

Abstract Two separate samples (Hawaii and Missouri) of male and female university students responded to a measure of intrinsic and of extrinsic religiosity as well as to measures of sensitivity of conscience (guilt and shame), personality (Eysenck Personality Questionnaire), and of altruism (giving help, receiving help, rated importance of helping). While the two dimensions of religiosity tended to be positively correlated with one another, responses were not substantially associated with lie scale (social conformity) scores and were differentially associated with other measures. Intrinsic religiosity was positively correlated with guilt , insignificantly correlated with shame, negatively correlated with neuroticism, and positively correlated with altruism (especially for males). Extrinsic religiosity was negatively correlated with guilt, positively correlated with shame and with neuroticism, and uncorrelated or negatively correlated with measures of altruism. In general, the results support the belief that the distinction between dimensions of religiosity is real and of social relevance.
Visualization of beta‐amyloid peptide (Aβ) phagocytosis by human mononuclear phagocytes: dependency on Aβ aggregate size

Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that human monocytes exposed to beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ) exert a graded neurotoxic response in an organotypic brain culture paradigm. Moreover, this toxicity can be reduced by compounds that inhibit cell motility and phagocytosis, suggesting that internalization of Aβ may be a requirement for neurotoxic action. To confirm that Aβ is indeed phagocytosed by monocytes and to further lay the groundwork for resolving the possible linkage between this process and neurotoxicity, we examined Aβ:monocyte interactions using immunocytochemistry and fluorescence histochemistry followed by confocal microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction. Internalization of Aβ was detected by 24 hr following exposure of monocytes to the purified peptide, and the relative efficacy of this process appeared to be influenced by the size of the Aβ aggregates. Specifically, smaller aggregates were observed to be more efficiently internalized, while larger Aβ masses tended to reside only on the monocyte surface, apparently bound to several monocytes at once. Both colchicine and cytochalasin D, cytoskeletal perturbants that block phagocytosis, caused Aβ to accumulate in deep pits within monocytes and inhibited complete envelopment by monocyte cytoplasm. These results suggest that monocytes can indeed phagocytose aggregates of Aβ and that this process may be critical in activating these cells to a neurocytopathic state. Accordingly, interference of Aβ phagocytosis by monocytes or monocyte-derived cells may be a novel target for therapeutic action. J. Neurosci. Res. 59:522–527, 2000 © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Structural features of the abalone egg extracellular matrix and its role in gamete interaction during fertilization

Abalone eggs are surrounded by a complex extracellular coat that contains three distinct elements: the jelly layer, the vitelline envelope, and the egg surface coat. In this study we used light and electron microscopy to describe these three elements in the red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) and ascribe function to each based on their interactions with sperm. The jelly coat is a spongy matrix that lies at the outermost margin of the egg and consists of variably sized fibers. Sperm pass through this layer with their acrosomes intact and then go on to bind to the vitelline envelope. The vitelline envelope is a multilamellar fibrous layer that appears to trigger the acrosome reaction after the sperm binding. Next, sperm release lysin from their acrosomal granules, a nonenzymatic protein that dissolves a hole in the vitelline envelope through which the sperm swims. Sperm then contact the egg surface coat, a network of uniformly sized filaments lying directly above the egg plasma membrane. This layer mediates attachment of sperm, via their acrosomal process, to the egg surface.
Radiofrequency tonsil and adenoid ablation

We describe our experience with 2 new techniques for tonsil and adenoid reduction after experience with 150 procedures. Both techniques are based on low-temperature radiofrequency energy to reduce tonsil and adenoid size rather than excision of tonsil or adenoid tissue. The advantages are almost complete elimination of pain and postoperative bleeding risk. Tonsil ablation is performed by applying radiofrequency energy to the tonsil tissue, which causes posttreatment shrinkage and scarring. Tonsil coblation is based on tonsil reduction by surface application radiofrequency until 90% of the tonsil is eliminated. The disadvantage is that both procedures do not accomplish complete tonsillectomy and some residual tonsillar tissue is left. With tonsil ablation, approximately 40% of the tonsil remains, whereas with tonsil coblation, only 10% of the tonsil remains. Tonsil coblation is more predictable because the surgeon controls the amount of reduction at the time of surgery. Both procedures result in minimal pain, and over 90% of the patients resume a solid diet within 48 hours.
Studies on hydroid differentiation VII. The hydrozoan stolon

The stolon of the colonial marine hydroid Podocoryne carnea differentiates sequentially as a function of age, forming four distinguishable regions characterized by epidermal cell differentiation: The Tip, New Stolon, Cnidogenic Masses, Old Stolon. Radioautographs of sections of colonies exposed to tritiated thymidine show that although cells of the epidermis and gastrodermis of the stolon incorporate the nucleoside into acid stable polynucleotide, cells of the stolon tips do not. Stolon extension is not, therefore, the result of a localized meristem-like growth zone. Stolon branching and new polyp formation are, similarly, not signaled by increased thymidine incorporation. The initial event heralding these morphogenetic activities appears to be the reorientation of epidermal cells along a new axis, and the acquisition of perisarc dissolving ability. This evidence is contraindicative of direct dependence of colony form on colony growth. The larger part of stolon epidermal cells are organized into cnidogenic masses where cnidocytes and possibly other amoebocytic cells are produced. Although no mitotic figures have been observed in gastroderm cells of the stolon, thymidine incorporation in this tissue occurs with the same frequency as it does in epidermis. Considerable numbers of gastroderm cells can be found in the gastric cavity. Frequently these and gastroderm cells in the stolon and polyps contain more than one nucleus.
Stochastic mathematical modelling and manufacturing cost estimation in uncertain industrial environment

In the present day high-tech uncertain industrial environment, there is often a need for determining expected cost per piece or per batch in advance of production. A mathematical model for stochastic cost optimization has been developed. If an exact solution is desired, a two stage stochastic geometric program has to be solved. This is tedious and requires great computational effort. However, managers are often concerned with a policy decision which can be based on the probable lower and upper bound on the stochastic cost function. This paper deals with estimating the probable cost range and also calculating the exact expected cost. The probability level on the lower bound of cost has been calculated through the theory of error propagation. A decomposition algorithm has been used to find the exact expected cost under a set of real-world constraints. The whole approach has been explained through an example