cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Vertical Spillover Effect of Online Ratings on Platform Competition: An Empirical Investigation

The familiar ’five-star’ ratings and reviews system makes it easy for consumers to use product evaluations across competing platforms to choose the product or service that is most likely to match their preferences. However, the ability to easily shop around for ratings and reviews raises a question from which platform consumers will then buy the product. We observe that the average rating for the same product can vary between platforms and build on the idea of spillover effects. Marketing literature has analyzed horizontal spillover effects from consumer perceptions of a product, service or a company to the sales of other entities in the same category. By contrast, we argue that diverging evaluations of the same product on different platforms can give rise to a vertical spillover effect that affects platform choice. To study the possible vertical spillover effect, we conduct an experimental study in a restaurant food delivery setting using a combination of incentive aligned behavioral experiments and experiments based on stated preferences method. Our results show that consumers tend to choose the platform where the chosen restaurant is rated higher, which suggests the presence of a vertical spillover effect.
Does Cultivation Still Matter

Recently several advances have been made to overcome cultivation biases and have spurred renewed interest in classical microbiology as well as in innovative isolation techniques. Researchers have discovered many clades of so far uncultivated microorganisms while analyzing the genetic information obtained from analyzing soil samples by various methods. This chapter focuses on aspects that are often not considered during cultivation, such as salt components of the medium, the choice of gelling agents and glassware, the size of sample and inoculum, the time of incubation, and how colonies are being detected. It provides detailed and resourceful advice for successful cultivation approaches. The goal of studies focusing on expressed gene products, such as RNA profiling and metaproteome, is not only to determine the genetic potential of an environment but to find out which genes are expressed at a certain moment in time under certain conditions. It is likely that not all microbes can be accessible as defined cultures in the laboratory by using current technology. Therefore, the development and combination of innovative techniques to study uncultivated microorganisms, ideally in their natural environment, is essential to advance the understanding of microbial physiology and ecology, and shed light on these most diverse creatures on our planet.
The Late Cenozoic Glacial Regimes as a Combined Response to Earth-Orbital Variations and Forced and Free CO2 Variations

The variations of northern hemisphere ice mass over the past 5 My, as evidenced by the fluctuations of ice-rafted debris (IRD) in the North Atlantic, and δ18O records at many sites, have been described in numerous studies (e. g., Shackleton et al, 1988, Ruddiman and Raymo, 1988), and the detailed representation of these ice fluctuations over the last 800 ky has been portrayed by the widely accepted SPECMAP δ18O reconstruction (Imbrie et al 1984). In this note we show that the complex sequence of multi-rhythmic regimes exhibited in these data, can be accounted for by a single self-consistent model of long-term climatic change developed recently (Saltzman and Verbitsky, i. e. S-Verb, 1993), building upon previous work (Saltzman and Maasch, i. e. S-M, 1988, 1990, 1991) [see Saltzman (1990) for a review]. This model governs the evolution of the northern hemisphere ice sheets, their underlying bedrock, global CO2, and a measure of the deep ocean state, all as an interactive system externally forced only by orbital radiative changes and slow tectonically-induced changes in CO2. A summary of the model is given in Sections 2 and 3, and in sections 4 and 5, respectively, we present new analyses of the long-term tectonically-forced equilibrium of CO2, and of the structural stability of the model taking this tectonic forcing as an external control parameter.
Concerted evolution led to high expression of a prosimian primate delta globin gene locus.

Abstract The delta globin gene in simian primates is either weakly expressed (in hominoids and New World monkeys) or silent (in Old World monkeys). In prosimian primates, however, an unequal homologous crossover between the psi eta and delta loci of lemurs produced a hybrid psi eta delta pseudogene locus, whereas in tarsier the delta locus encodes a beta-type chain found in 18% of adult tarsier hemoglobin molecules. In the present study, the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the galago delta and beta globin genes and their encoded peptides were determined, and evidence is provided showing that the galago delta locus encodes a beta-type chain (beta 2) found in 40% of the galago fetal and postnatal hemoglobin molecules, whereas the beta locus encodes the remaining 60% of the beta-type chain (beta 1). Galago beta 1 and beta 2 chains differ from each other by only one amino acid residue. The homology between the galago delta and beta loci extends from 800 base pairs 5' of the proximal CCAAT element to near the end of exon 3 as a result of a recombination event in which beta sequence replaced delta sequence. After this initial recombination event, concerted evolution between the loci continued over their conserved coding, intron 1, and promoter regions but failed to occur between the two loci in their intron 2 and distal 5'-flanking sequences where the two loci have now diverged by 20%. Calculations based on this divergence value and on a rate of noncoding sequence evolution of 4.2 x 10(-9) to 5.5 x 10(-9) substitutions/site/year for the lorisiform lineage to galago yielded a date of 18-24 million years ago for the initial recombination event. The fact that the promoter sequences of the galago delta locus are the same as that of the galago beta locus may account for the high level of expression of the galago delta gene.
Chapter 31 Social choice

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses social choice and aggregation of individual preferences into a social-welfare ordering. The axiom of independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA) and Arrow's impossibility result are presented in the chapter. Two ways of overcoming the impossibility is proposed. One is to restrict the preferences to be single-peaked in which case majority voting yields a satisfactory aggregation, and the other is to require that the social-welfare relation be only acyclic: Nakamura's theorem sets narrow limits to the decisiveness of society's preferences. The chapter describes the Gibbard–Satterthwaite impossibility result and its relation to Arrow's and presents the connection between the IIA axiom and strategyproofness on any restricted domain. The chapter focuses on voting in strong and Nash equilibrium along with the voting by veto example where the strong equilibrium outcomes are consistent with the sophisticated ones. Implementation of arbitrary choice correspondences by strong and Nash equilibrium is discussed in the chapter. Implementability in Nash equilibrium is almost always characterized by the strong monotonicity property. Implementability in strong equilibrium, on the other hand, relies on the concept of effectivity functions.
Challenges to China’s Education and Training System and the New Global Context

To put the need for developing a system of lifelong learning for China in context, this chapter begins by summarizing some of the daunting challenges China is facing in education and training. It summarizes some of the key elements of what could be called a knowledge revolution that are making education and training critical elements of competitiveness. It then summarizes some of the key global trends in education and training. It concludes with a section of why investments in education and training are important in this new global context of rapid change and constant restructuring.
Impact of axial collimation on hybrid PET image quality

Previous studies have suggested that novel axial collimator designs may be able to increase coincidence efficiency, and better shield out-of-FOV singles photons. It was found that increasing the air gap between the septa and using converging septa increased the sensitivity to the central FOV and improved the shielding from out-of-FOV events. We are currently investigating image quality of such collimator designs in relation to rebinning, and reconstruction algorithms. The GEANT Monte Carlo simulation code was used to simulate high count acquisitions with varying collimator designs: axial parallel or converging septal collimators and different septal spacing. The data were reconstructed using 2D single slice rebinning (SSRB) followed by filtered back projection (FBP). Artifacts resulting from the shadows cast by septa were visible when using 2-cm and 4-cm septal spacing, but not 1-cm septal spacing. It was observed that simulating a typical noise level into the projection data caused the shadow artifacts to be visually suppressed for 1-cm and 2-cm septal spacing, but not for 4-cm spacing. In addition, it was observed that 3D Butterworth post-filtering also suppressed shadow artifacts, except for the 4-cm septal spacing case.
Equilibrium Risk Premia for Risk Seekers

Several landmark papers (Friedman and Savage 1948, Markowitz 1952, Kahneman and Tversky 1979, Tversky and Kahneman 1992) have suggested that utility functions of individual investors have convex regions corresponding to risk seeking behavior. At the same time, the degree of individual risk aversion required to explain aggregate equity returns must be high (the “equity premium puzzle” of Mehra and Prescott 1985). Can both be true? Can individual investors exhibit risk seeking behavior and at the same time, in the aggregate, demand a high premium for holding risky assets? We study aggregation properties in an economy where all agents are risk seeking. Under perfect competition when all agents are homogeneous, we prove that although individual agents have concave indifference curves (corresponding to risk seeking), the aggregate economy has a convex (linear) indifference curve that corresponds to risk aversion. When agents are heterogeneous in their initial endowment, aggregating risk seeking individual agents under perfect competition leads to an aggregate indifference curve that is strictly convex indicating that the economy demands a risk premium. We prove that the converse is also true. For an economy that in the aggregate exhibits risk aversion we can construct an economy of all risk seeking agents that in the aggregate produces the given indifference curve.
Testosterone Replacement Therapy in Men with Prostate Cancer: What Is the Evidence?

Abstract Introduction Testosterone is increasingly being recognized as an important hormone in maintaining proper health in aging males. Testosterone replacement therapy in older men with decreased or low‐normal testosterone levels has been recognized to improve sexual function, increase lean body mass and decrease fat mass, improve exercise‐induced coronary ischemia, and elevate mood, among other benefits. Prostate cancer remains the most common non‐skin malignancy in men in the United States, and as hypogonadism is being recognized and treated more, a dilemma has arisen: treating hypogonadism in men previously treated for prostate cancer. While testosterone replacement has traditionally been felt to be contraindicated in men with prostate cancer, recent studies have challenged this notion. Aim This review highlights the origins of this concern as well as newer data that suggest that testosterone replacement in men with prostate cancer is safe. Methods A literature search on testosterone replacement therapy in men with prostate cancer was performed. Main Outcome Measure We sought to highlight the data supporting the use of testosterone in men with prostate cancer. Results While no randomized controlled trials have been able to confirm this theory, data from multiple studies suggest that testosterone replacement is safe in selected men treated for prostate cancer. Conclusion Long‐term data and more studies are needed to conclusively change the paradigm regarding testosterone and prostate cancer growth, but based on the current data and on our experience, we feel it is safe to prescribe testosterone replacement therapy to men treated for prostate cancer with favorable pathology. Selph JP and Carson CC. Testosterone replacement therapy in men with prostate cancer: What is the evidence? Sex Med Rev 2013;1:135–142.
Behavioral patterns of domestic sheep and their relationship to coyote predation

Abstract Activity patterns between individuals in a large herd of domestic sheep ( Ovis aries ) were examined to determine whether or not behavioral characteristics predisposed certain individuals to coyote ( Canis latrans ) predation. Coyotes killed 73 of 958 lambs and 6 of 624 ewes between 24 April and 15 August 1975. Twenty ewes and 19 lambs died from non-predatory causes. Coyote-kills accounted for 79.3% of the lamb losses. The amount of time ewes spent at various activities differed significantly by age or genotype, but the behavior of ewes whose lambs were killed was remarkably similar to that of other ewes. Single lambs were more active and were killed proportionately more often than twins. Within litters in which one of the lambs was killed, the killed sibling tended to be more active. Coyotes killed proportionately more disabled lambs and lambs from disabled ewes than healthy lambs or lambs from healthy ewes. Reduced mobility of either a lamb or a ewe increased the probability of a lamb's being on the periphery of the bed-ground and, hence, the probability that it would be noticed and attacked by a coyote. Coyote predation on domestic sheep was related more to the chance of an animal's being on the periphery of the bed-ground than to the animal's behavioral characteristics.
On Second-Best National Saving and Game-Equilibrium Growth

This chapter highlights the question whether second-best saving is greater or smaller than first-best saving when given future saving is non-optimal from the standpoint of the present generation. The chapter presents the postulation that all generations expect each succeeding generation to choose the saving ratio that is second-best in its eyes. This somewhat game-theoretic model leads to the concept of an equilibrium sequence of saving-income ratios having the property that no generation acting alone can do better and all generations act so as to warrant the expectations of the future saving ratios. The chapter presents a comparison of this equilibrium and the first-best optimum. The concept and calculation of the second-best optimum is of interest even if that analysis does not explain actual national saving because society as a whole has no notion of such an optimum.
Can young children be more accurate predictors of their recall performance

Preschoolers persistently predict that they will perform better than they actually can perform on a picture recall task. The current investigation sought to explore a condition under which young children might be able to improve their predictive accuracy. Namely, children were asked to predict their recall twice for the same set of items. Children's second predictions were significantly less overconfident than their initial predictions for a set of items. However, between trials (when the stimulus items changed), children's initial predictions remained persistently overconfident. Children appear to have some understanding that past performance can predict future performance when predicting for the same set of items, but they fail to apply this understanding to new sets of stimuli.
A system of management of the congenital neuropathic bladder based upon combined urodynamic and radiological assessment.

Summary— A system has been devised for treating patients with congenital neuropathic bladder which is based on the results of combined urodynamic and radiological assessment of bladder function. The objectives were, firstly, to preserve renal function and, secondly, to achieve appliance-free continence and to secure voiding at will by abdominal straining or by intermittent catheterisation. The results were satisfactory in the first respect but less so in the second, the limiting factors being sphincter weakness in some patients and general physical and intellectual disabilities in others.
Sound Spectroscopy of the Superfluid Phases of 3He in Aerogel in Zero Magnetic Field

Low-frequency sound is used to study phase transitions of 3He confined in 98% open aerogel. Superfluidity is manifested by the onset of the low frequency (slow) mode whose velocity (as a function of pressure and temperature) was used to map out the phase diagram of the B-phase and the metastable A-phase of 3He in aerogel. Analysis of the slow mode's evolution with temperature allows the development of the superfluid fraction in the A and B phases to be determined. The metastable A-phase and the equilibrium B-phase can co-exist in a properly prepared sample. Both the superfluid transition and the A→B transition exhibit a finite width of ∼20–25 µK.
Pupillary inhibition of delay during Pavlovian conditioning of paralyzed cats.

Pavlovian conditioning of the pupillary dilation response was studied in paralyzed cats. Sensitization and differentiation control procedures were used to distinguish between generalized and associative patterns of pupillary responses. In Experiment 1 a tone CS was paired with a shock US for five cats trained with incrementing CS-US intervals of 2.5–16 sec. Experiment 2 consisted of the reanalysis of data from a previous study in which white noise or tone served as the CS and the other stimulus served as a differential stimulus (DS). In Experiment 3 a sensitization procedure preceded differential conditioning of the three additional cats. In the first experiment response latency to peak dilation monotonicly increased with increasing CS-US intervals. Furthermore, one response occurred at CS onset and a second or sometimes alternate response occurred later in the CS-US interval. Only the late, inhibition of delay response distinguished between the CS and DS. Moreover, this delayed response did not occur during the sensitization procedure. The results agree with GSR conditioning studies which suggest that only responses which exhibit inhibition of delay arise from the associative pairing of the CS and US.
Global Economic Crisis and China's Challenge to Global Hegemony: A Neo-Gramscian Approach

This paper considers the question of whether the collapse of the global economy in 2008 and subsequent uneven national recoveries constitute an existential challenge to the legitimacy of hegemonic neoliberal globalization. Neo-Gramscian international political theory is reviewed, and its application to globalization and then the critical insights provided are used to describe China's embrace and subsequent rejection of neoliberalism to conclude that the near future of the global economy is likely to be one of ideological heterogeneity and thus unlikely to spawn a new hegemonic system of globalization.
Necessary conditions for the appearance of noise terms in decomposition solutions series

In this paper, the phenomena of the noise terms that appear in the components of the series solution introduced by Adomian and Rach [1] will be examined extensively. The phenomena is useful in demonstrating a fast convergence of the exact solution. However, the condition set by Adomian and Rach [1] in that these noise terms appear for every nonhomogeneous equation is not always true, and the nonhomogeneity condition is not sufficient. Another necessary condition will be established in this study to ensure the appearance of noise terms in specific cases. Several differential and integral equations will be tested to confirm the newly developed condition.
Polymer adsorption in the grafting reactions of hydroxyl terminal polymers with multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Abstract Melt stirring of non-functional polymers such as poly(ethylene oxide) dimethylether (PEO–Me) and polystyrene (PS–H) with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in the absence of solvent for 48 h induced a substantial amount of polymer adsorption on the MWNTs. The chloroform extraction of the reaction products using centrifugation yielded black colored solutions exhibiting UV absorbance corresponding to the presence of MWNTs. The adsorption of polymer was confirmed on the surfaces of solvent washed residual and recovered MWNTs from the reactions using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and FT-IR spectroscopy. Covalent grafting reactions carried out using hydroxyl-terminated PEO–OH and PS–OH with acid chloride containing MWNTs under identical melt stirring condition produced similar results. The presence of polymer on the residual and recovered MWNTs irrespective of the nature of the terminal groups indicates that the adsorption of polymers poses a problem in accurately determining the grafting efficiency. FT IR spectra of the PEO-g-MWNTs shows a substantial shift in CH stretching vibrations indicating a plausible weak intermolecular interaction with π electrons of the MWNTs.
Comparison of septal and hypothalamic self-stimulation during hypoxia

Abstract Seven rats with septal electrodes, self-stimulating on CRF, and 3 rats with posterior lateral hypothalamic electrodes responding on FR-5 were exposed to acute hypoxia. Response rates of both groups decreased proportinately with each decrement in inspired oxygen concentrations. Low response rate septal animals exposed to hypoxia behaved like high response rate hypothalamic animals suggesting that the sensitivity of self stimulation behavior to environmental changes is more dependent on locus of stimulation than absolute response rate.
Quantitative validation of cineangiographic biplane axial oblique right ventricular volume measurement

Abstract Axial cranial oblique biplane views of the right ventricle (RV) permit unique assessment of the RV outflow tract, relationship of the great vessels, and anatomy of the proximal pulmonary arteries. This view may also be useful in assessment of RV free wall and RV septal wall motion. However, the accuracy of volumes derived from biplane angiocardiography with the use of the axial cranial oblique projection has not been adequately validated or compared to conventional views. Nineteen RV animal casts whose volume was determined by water displacement were filmed in conventional posteroanterior/lateral (PA/Lat), 30-degree right anterior oblique/60-degree left anterior oblique ( 30°RAO 60°LAO ) views and in angulated 35-degree right anterior oblique/55-degree left anterior oblique/30-degree cranial (35°RAO/55°LAO/30°Cr) view. Tracings of biplane cast images were analyzed for RV volume by Simpson's rule. RV cast volume was significantly overestimated by 12.2 ± 6.8, 6.0 ± 5.3, and 9.3 ± 9.5 ml in PA/Lat, 30°RAO 60°LAO , and 35°RAO/55°LAO/30°Cr views, respectively. The correlation coefficient (r) and the standard error of the estimate (SEE) for true vs calculated volume was 0.96, 0.98, and 0.97, and 6.8, 5.2, and 7.3 ml, respectively, for PA/Lat, 30°RAO 60°LAO , and 35°RAO/55°LAO/30°Cr views. Although there was a high correlation of angiographic volumes with true volume in all three views, the 30°RAO 60°LAO projection had the most ideal regression characteristics with highest r value and the lowest SEE. Although, the 30°RAO 60°LAO view most accurately represents RV volume, the 35°RAO/55°LAO/30°Cr view permits unique RV anatomic assessment with an acceptable measure of RV volume.
Purification and properties of calf liver γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase

Abstract Calf liver γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase has been purified some 400-fold by DEAE, gel permeation, and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The homogeneous enzyme is a dimer of 46,000-dalton subunits. The K m values for substrates and cofactors and the apparent activation constants for ascorbate and catalase have been determined. Inhibition of the enzyme by a number of divalent metals supports the function of sulfhydryl groups in metal binding. An antibody to the enzyme has been obtained; this does not cross-react with homogeneous γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase from a Pseudomonas strain. The antibody, coupled to Sepharose 4B, has been used to purify the calf liver hydroxylase 350-fold in one step.
Using outside consultants to improve user services

Through an NSF CAUSE grant, the University of Scranton is expanding and improving its computing support to faculty. As part of this grant three faculty members from other schools visit our institution as consultants. They see our resourses, evaluate our approach, and talk to our faculty in order to get a feeling for the good and bad points of our user services operation. Although these consultants were brought in through the NSF CAUSE grant, the cost of bringing them in was quite small and, therefore, we believe this is an approach towards evaluating user services that is available to everyone.
Salivary secretion of a substance immunologically identical to the alpha-subunit of 7S nerve growth factor.

SummaryMouse saliva elicited by several secretagogues is shown by immunodiffusion and complement fixation to contain a factor immunologically identical to the α-subunit of 7S nerve growth factor. The relative specific activities of α-subunitlike material are 790, 810, 33, and 29 complement fixation units per μg of protein in secretions elicited by epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol, and pilocarpine, respectively. Thus, samples of saliva elicited by agonists which activate α-adrenergic receptors have a 25-fold greater relative specific activity than those elicited by agonists which activate either β-adrenergic or muscarinic receptors. In light of earlier experiments on the effects of specific receptor blockers on drug-induced salivation, these results strongly suggest that α-subunitlike material is preferentially released by activation of α-adrenergic receptors. In addition, data are presented which suggest that the α-, β-, and γ-subunits of 7S nerve growth factor do not have common antigenic deter...
Biologic tumor markers in management of testicular and bladder cancer

Abstract The role of biologic markers in the management of testicular and bladder cancer has been described. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin when used together have been extremely helpful in detecting recurrence, staging, and monitoring of testicular cancer. The cellular localization of these markers by immunoperoxidase has also been an aid in understanding the natural history of these tumors. The cell surface antigens in bladder cancer have been useful predictors as to whether or not Stage A bladder cancer will develop into more invasive cancer when compared with the conventional histopathologic examination of the bladder tumor. In the last six years we have prospectively utilized these markers in the management of testicular and bladder cancer. The clinical and laboratory findings of these prospective studies are reviewed.
Marshes as sources or sinks of an estuarine mysid: demographic patterns and tidal flux of Neomysis kadiakensis at China Camp marsh, San Francisco estuary

The population characteristics, seasonal abundance and tidal flux of Neomysis kadiakensis were studied to determine if tidal marshes serve as sources or sinks for mysids in China Camp, located in the San Francisco estuary. Monthly surveys of the zooplankton community were conducted during spring tide periods between May 2002 and May 2003, using a fyke net (500 mm mesh) fixed at the mouth of a fourth order tidal channel system in a tidal marsh. Mysids were collected and preserved hourly throughout full tidal cycles. Neomysis kadiakensis was the dominant mysid species, comprising 94–100% of mysids throughout the year. Monthly mean abundance of N. kadiakensis ranged from 14 mysids m � 3 in January 2003 to 244 mysids m � 3 in March 2003. Length frequency distributions indicated that reproduction and recruitment were nearly continuous, with abundance peaks occurring throughout the year (e.g., spring, summer and early fall). The resulting flux estimates during this period suggested that China Camp marsh was a sink for N. kadiakensis. The mean daily (ca. 24.8 h) fluxes of N. kadiakensis corresponded to an instantaneous daily population mortality rate within the marsh channel of 0.29 d � 1 . Although all sizes and stages experienced a net import to the marsh, a significant positive relationship was observed between mysid length and mean annual flux, indicating that larger, mature mysids experienced a greater degree of tidal import to the marsh than smaller, juvenile mysids. These analyses suggest that size-specific predation, perhaps from fishes, shrimp, and/or birds may have had a disproportionate impact on large, mature mysids. Mortality rates in the marsh greatly exceeded the overall population growth rates, indicating that predation pressure on mysids was greater in the marsh than in the subtidal estuary. Mysids, therefore, supply a net flux of energy from the subtidal estuary to the marsh during spring tide series; however, the ultimate fate of this energy is unknown (remaining within the marsh system vs. export back to the estuary via trophic relay or other processes). 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Allele-Specific Suppression of ColE1 High-Copy-Number Mutants by arpoBMutation ofEscherichia coli

Abstract We have isolated spontaneous rifampicin-resistant mutants from Escherichia coli that showed allele-specific suppression of the copy-number phenotype of ColE1 high-copy-number mutants in vivo. The key step in the regulatory circuitry of the initiation of ColE1 DNA replication is the formation of the persistent hybrid between the primer RNA and the DNA template around the replication origin. Three host-encoded enzymes, RNase H, DNA polymerase I, and RNA polymerase, are essential to the replication initiation in vitro. To decide whether the activity of RNA polymerase is involved directly in the formation of the persistent hybrid, we screened rifampicin-resistant colonies for suppressors of ColE1 copy-number mutants. Suppressor strain YY572 ( rpoB572 ) changes the 572 residue of the β subunit of RNA polymerase, encoded by the rpoB gene, from isoleucine to leucine. Another suppressor, YY513 ( rpoB513 ), changes the 513 residue from glutamine to lysine. The other known rifampicin-resistant alleles located at residue 513, rpoB8 and rpoB101, did not show a significant suppression of the copy number of those ColE1 copy-number mutants as rpoB513. The suppression by rpoB513 on different ColE1 copy-number mutants showed allelic specificity. The possible roles of RNA polymerase in control of ColE1 copy number are discussed.
Low temperature hysteretic behavior of the interpenetrating 3-D network structured [Ru2(O2CMe)4]3[Fe(CN)6] magnet

Abstract The low temperature hysteretic behavior between 40 mK and 4.8 K was obtained for the interpenetrated 3-D structured [Ru 2 (O 2 CMe) 4 ] 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ]. The unusual constricted hysteretic behavior reported for isomorphous [Ru 2 (O 2 CMe) 4 ] 3 [Cr(CN) 6 ] was not observed, however, the [Ru 2 (O 2 CMe) 4 ] 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ] exhibits a single hysteresis loop and a temperature dependence of the coercivity atypical for a ferrimagnetic ordering transition. The 1.06 kOe coercive field is constant below ∼0.3 K, and shows a rapid initial decrease below 1 K, and continues decreasing at a slower rate up to at least 4.8 K. In contrast to [Ru 2 (O 2 CMe) 4 ] 3 [Cr(CN) 6 ], which has antiferromagnetic coupling of the ferrimagnetic lattices due to the reduced spin on the [Fe III (CN) 6 ] 3− , [Ru 2 (O 2 CMe) 4 ] 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ] exhibits ferromagnetic coupling of the ferrimagnetic lattices that dominates for [Ru 2 (O 2 CMe) 4 ] 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ].
Induction of sister-chromatid exchanges in ICR 2A frog cells exposed to 265-313 nm monochromatic ultraviolet wavelengths and photoreactivating light.

Abstract Exposure of ICR 2A frog cells to 265 nm, 289 nm, 302 nm or 313 nm monochromatic ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths induced the formation of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs). However, treatment of cells with photoreactivating light (PRL) following the UV irradiations resulted in a lower level of SCEs compared with cells incubated in the dark. Hence, it can be concluded that pyrimidine dimers are the principal photoproducts responsible for the induction of SCEs in cells exposed to 265–313 nm UV due to the specificity of DNA photolyase for the light-dependent monomerization of dimers in DNA. It was also found that the maximum yield of induced SCEs in 313 nm-irradiated cells was only about 7 SCEs per cell whereas the plateau values for the shorter wavelengths were approximately 15–20 SCEs per cell. In addition, treatment of cells with 313 nm plus 265 nm light resulted in a lower level of SCEs than in cells exposed to 265 nm UV alone. These results can be interpreted in the contextof a replication model for SCE, in which the high level of non-dimer damages produced in the DNA of 313 nm-irradiated cells inhibits the induction of SCEs by the pyrimidine dimers that are also produced by this wavelength.
The organometallic chemistry of phenalene. Neutral η1,η3 and η6 complexes of phenalene

Abstract The first η1,η3 and η6 complexes of phenalene have been prepared and characterized. 1-Trimethylsilylphenalene was found to be a convenient precursor to di-μ-chlorobis(η3-phenalenyl)dipalladium. The latter, when treated with two equivalents of triphenylphosphine, affords bis(triphenylphosphine)-η1- phenalenylchloropalladium in god yield. η6-Phenalenylchromium tricarbonyl was prepared in 21% yield from phenalene and (CH3CN)3Cr(CO)3.
Determination of transcription initiation sites and promoter activity of the human 5-HT2A receptor gene

The regulation of 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR) expression has been implicated in a variety of pathological processes. Previous data addressing the regulation of this receptor are extremely complicated and controversial. In order to understand the mechanisms of regulation of this receptor, we have identified the promoter region of the human 5-HT2AR gene. Anchored PCR has mapped a cluster of transcription initiation sites at nucleotides -1157, -1137, -1127 (numbered sequentially as sites 1, 2 and 3). An additional initiation site (site 4) was detected at -496, 631 bp downstream of site 3. Promoter activity was defined by transfection studies. Several 5' flanking fragments linked to the human growth hormone reporter gene were transfected into two human cell lines, SHSY-5Y (neuroblastoma) and HeLa (cervix carcinoma) which express 5-HT2AR. A 0.74 kb HaeIII/PvuII fragment, which encompasses the initiation sites 1 to 3 and 5' of the downstream initiation site 4, exhibited significant promoter activity in both cell lines. Inclusion of additional sequences upstream (the 1.6 kb PvuII/PvuII fragment) had little effect on the promoter activity, but the extension of the 0.74 kb fragment downstream to include a 0.45 kb PvuII/SmaI fragment drastically decreased the promoter activity. These results suggest that the promoter activity for human 5-HT2AR gene resides in the 0.74 kb HaeIII/PvuII fragment and the 0.45 kb PvuII/SmaI fragment may contain a silencer for the gene expression.
Origin of the nonhydratable soybean phosphatides: Whole beans or extraction?

Whole soybeans and flakes, tempered to normal (10%) and elevated (14%) moisture levels, were stored and then extracted under a variety of conditions in both the presence or absence of phospholipase activity. Crude oils were degummed, and the resulting nonhydratable phosphatide (NHP) content was determined. Extractions performed on flakes at ambient temperature or at the boiling point of hexane showed that at normal (10%) moisture levels the temperature of extraction had little effect on the magnitude of NHP formation; whereas at 14% moisture, considerably higher levels of NHP were observed at the higher extraction temperature. Studies performed with 10- and 14%-moisture whole beans stored at 40°C for extended periods, with or without inactivation of enzymes, showed that at normal 10% moisture levels little deterioration occurs after one week of storage; however, after four weeks considerable NHP is formed. At 14% moisture, NHP formation was rapid during the first week of storage, and complete destruction of the phospholipid occurred after four weeks’ storage at 40°C. The results of these experiments indicate that the adverse effects of storage conditions, excessive moisture levels and elevated temperatures cannot be overcome by inactivation of phospholipase D prior to solvent extraction of the flakes.
Incorporating Condensational Heating into a Nonhydrostatic Atmospheric Model Based on a Hybrid Isentropic–Sigma Vertical Coordinate

Using isentropic coordinates in atmospheric models has the advantage of eliminating the cross-coordinate vertical mass flux for adiabatic flow, and virtually eliminating the associated numerical error in the vertical transport. This is a significant benefit since much of the flow in the atmosphere is approximately adiabatic. Nonadiabatic processes, such as condensational heating, result in a nonzero vertical velocity _ u in isentropic coordinates. A method for incorporating condensational heating into a nonhydrostatic atmospheric model basedonahybridisentropic‐sigmaverticalcoordinateispresented.Themodelistestedwithvarious2Dmoist simulations and the results are compared with those using a traditional terrain-following, height-based sigma coordinate.Withthehybridcoordinate,thereareimprovementsintherepresentationofthedevelopingcloud field in a mountain wave experiment. In a simulation of deep convection, the adaptive hybrid coordinate successfully simulates the turbulent nature of the convection, while maintaining the quasi-Lagrangian nature of the isentropic coordinate in the surrounding dry air. The vertical cross-coordinate mass flux is almost zero in the environmental air, as well as in the stratosphere above the convective tower.
Sketching human character animations by composing sequences from large motion database

Quick creation of 3D character animations is an important task in game design, simulations, forensic animation, education, training, and more. We present a framework for creating 3D animated characters using a simple sketching interface coupled with a large, unannotated motion database that is used to find the appropriate motion sequences corresponding to the input sketches. Contrary to the previous work that deals with static sketches, our input sketches can be enhanced by motion and rotation curves that improve matching in the context of the existing animation sequences. Our framework uses animated sequences as the basic building blocks of the final animated scenes, and allows for various operations with them such as trimming, resampling, or connecting by use of blending and interpolation. A database of significant and unique poses, together with a two-pass search running on the GPU, allows for interactive matching even for large amounts of poses in a template database. The system provides intuitive interfaces, an immediate feedback, and poses very small requirements on the user. A user study showed that the system can be used by novice users with no animation experience or artistic talent, as well as by users with an animation background. Both groups were able to create animated scenes consisting of complex and varied actions in less than 20 minutes.
Cryopreservation of immature embryos, embryogenic callus and cell suspension cultures of gramineous species

Abstract Factors affecting the cryopreservation of immature embryos of Triticum aestivum (wheat), embryogenic calli of a Saccharum hybrid (sugarcane) and cell suspension cultures of Panicum maximum (Guinea grass) and Pennisetum glaucum (= P. americanum , pearl millet) were optimized. Fertile plants were recovered from immature embryos of wheat which had been cultured for 3 days and then cryopreserved. Use of a single cryoprotectant, rather than a mixture, was better. Cryopreservation of sugarcane callus was substantially improved by including a pregrowth period in liquid culture medium supplemented with 0.33 M sorbitol and avoiding post-thaw removal of cryoprotectants. Plant regeneration from cryopreserved calli was similar to that from unfrozen controls. Survival rates of 100% and 92% (by TTC assay) were obtained from suspensions og Guinea grass and pearl millet, respectively, which had been pregrown in media supplemented with 0.33 M mannitol for 3 days and cryoprotected by the gradual addition of 0.5 M sorbitol and 0.7 M dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). No reduction in viability was observed in cells stored in liquid nitrogen for up to 3 years.
Multilevel evaluation of factors predicting school exclusion among middle and high school students

Abstract School exclusion (out-of-school suspension and expulsion) is the most common and serious discipline response to student misbehavior. While most existing studies have considered student and school level risk factors for exclusion separately, multilevel analysis that evaluates student and school level variables together is needed since students are nested within their schools. This article addresses this need by using multilevel modeling to predict the likelihood of school exclusion following the last infraction of the year for 9706 middle and high school students in one school district. Multilevel modeling shows that students' poverty, previous suspensions, and severity of the last infraction predict exclusion while the schools' duplicated suspension rate predicts exclusion at the school level. These results highlight the need for comprehensive interventions that seek to change student behavior as well as the school environment. The role of school administrators, faculty and staff in developing and implementing these interventions and other implications for school personnel are discussed.
Violating the psychological contract: Not the exception but the norm

The occurrence and impact of psychological contract violations were studied among graduate management alumni (N = 128) who were surveyed twice, once at graduation (immediately following recruitment) and then two years later. Psychological contracts, reciprocal obligations in employment developed during and after recruitment, were reported by a majority of respondents (54.8 per cent) as having been violated by their employers. The impact of violations are examined using both quantitative and qualitative data. Occurrence of violations correlated positively with turnover and negatively with trust, satisfaction and intentions to remain.
Arc de cercle and dysautonomia from anoxic injury

Autonomic dysregulation and catatonic posturing are well described following acute cerebral injury. Others have referred to this as diencephalic seizures, sympathetic storms, midbrain dysregulatory syndrome, and, most recently, paroxysmal autonomic instability with dystonia. Some of these syndromes can evolve into malignant catatonia requiring electroconvulsive therapy. Here we report a case of hanging associated anoxic brain injury resulting in severe dysautonomia and an extreme opisthotonus (arc de cercle).
Effects of carbon on Fe-grain-boundary cohesion: First-principles determination.

The cohesive properties of the C/Fe\ensuremath{\Sigma}3(111) grain boundary are investigated by means of the direct determination of the difference in binding energies of C in grain-boundary and free-surface environments. The atomic force approach based on the full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave method is used to optimize the atomic structure for the clean and C-segregated grain-boundary and free-surface systems. The \ensuremath{\omega} phase structure obtained in a previous grain-boundary cluster calculation is found to be only a metastable state that is 0.72 eV/cell (0.81 J/${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$) higher in energy than the distorted bcc ground state. The calculated binding-energy difference (i.e., \ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{b}}$-\ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{s}}$) is -0.61 eV/adatom, which is a theoretical demonstration that C is a cohesion enhancer in the Fe grain boundary. Comparisons with earlier results obtained for B, S, and P show that the number of hybridized p electrons and the resulting spatial anisotropy of bonding with the surrounding Fe atoms is the key factor determining the relative embrittling or cohesion enhancing behavior of a metalloid impurity. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
A lifetime versus a graft life approach redefines the importance of HLA matching in kidney transplant patients.

Introduction Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching has been de-emphasized in the allocation of renal allografts and further discounting is planned in the new United Network of Organ Sharing kidney allocation model. An unforeseen consequence of poorer matching could be increased sensitization for candidates pursuing retransplantation. Methods We examined candidates listed in the United States from 1988 to 2007 from the Scientific Renal Transplant Registry (SRTR) database that were relisted after loss of a primary kidney transplant (n=15,980). The primary outcome was change in panel reactive antibody (PRA) from prior to recipient's initial transplant to the subsequent listing. Absolute change in PRA levels were examined in general linear models and the likelihood of becoming newly sensitized in logistic models. Results There was no appreciable change in PRA for patients receiving a first 0 HLA-A, -B, -DR, or 0 HLA-A, -B-mismatched kidney transplant; contrariwise, there was a significant increase in PRA by increasing HLA mismatch of the first transplant. Only 10% of patients became sensitized after a 0 HLA-A, -B-mismatched transplant, whereas the proportion rose up to 37% with increasing HLA mismatches. Other factors, notably younger age and African American race, also contributed to a higher PRA at relisting. Conclusions Although there might be a limited impact of HLA matching on acute rejection and graft survival, many patients might be negatively impacted from poor HLA matching of their first kidney transplant when needing a second transplant. This might be particularly important in patients with a long life expectancy because of the high likelihood of needing a second transplant during their lifetime.