cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systems Theory Aspects of Physiological Systems

Abstract The application of systems theory to the study of physiological systems during the past twenty-five years is examined with particular reference to endocrinology and metabolism. Some of the main directions which these applications have taken are outlined. Also, some of the more significant deficiencies (from a systems theory point of view) in such applications as they have appeared in the literature to date are pointed out, along with some of the reasons for these deficiencies. Several critical questions concerning the relevance of certain systems theoretic concepts and methods to the study of physiological systems are posed. Some suggestions as to how the current status of the application of systems theory to physiological systems might be improved are made. In particular, the need for, and importance of developing an effective thermodynamic theory of physiological systems based on appropriate variational principles and supported by a suitable underlying statistical mechanics, is discussed in some detail.
Statewide Implementation of Threat Assessment in Virginia K-12 Schools

In 2013, VA became the first state to mandate the use of threat assessment teams in its K-12 public schools. We provide an account of the development and adaptation of threat assessment as a school safety practice and research on the Virginia Student Threat Assessment Guidelines in VA schools. We describe the state law and the question of whether suicide assessment should be considered a form of threat assessment. We then describe research on the statewide implementation of threat assessment and summarize results indicating overall positive outcomes for schools who are actively engaged in threat assessment, but qualitative findings from a needs assessment identified team training gaps as well as a need to orient the larger school community to the threat assessment process. We describe a series of online programs to educate students, parents, teachers, and other school staff about the threat assessment process. In conclusion, this paper presents some lessons learned in the statewide implementation of threat assessment as a safe and effective violence prevention strategy.
High temperature thermal energy storage in the CaAl2 system

Abstract Concentrated solar power (CSP) has been gaining significant attention as a method to produce electricity, but requires a suitable thermal energy storage (TES) system for continuous operation when the sun is unavailable. Thermochemical energy storage systems based on metal hydrides have advantages due to their high energy densities, potential for cost reductions, and higher operating conditions versus commonly utilized molten salts. Higher operational temperatures are desired for CSP power plants to achieve higher efficiencies and therefore lower costs. Herein, we demonstrate the feasibility of CaAl2 as a high temperature thermal energy storage material for concentrated solar power applications. CaAl2 is demonstrated to operate at 600 °C and have excellent reversibility, reasonable thermal conductivities, and equilibrium pressures practical for metal hydride based thermal energy storage systems. CaAl2 was determined to hydrogenate in a two-step process mechanism to form CaH2 and Al and dehydrogenate to reform CaAl2 at 600 °C by adjusting hydrogen pressure. To our knowledge, this material represents the lowest cost metal hydride TES material capable of operating at or above 600 °C.
On Dirac Observables

The Dirac equation admits a natural time-invariant algebra Q of unbounded operators of the Hilbert space H = L 2(ℝ3, ℂ4). Time-invariance means that \({{e}^{{iHt}}}Q{{e}^{ - }}^{{iHt}} = Q, \) with the unitary \({e^{iHt}}:{\mathbf{H}} \to {\mathbf{H}}. \) This is not a specific feature of the Dirac equation; any 1-st order strictly hyperbolic system (under mild additional assumptions) admits such an algebra. We propose to introduce Q as algebra of “really predictable observables” into v. Neumann’s theory of physical states and observables: Only the self-adjoint operators A ∈ Q can be really predicted. For other observables — especially for most dynamical observables — one must find an observable A0 ∈ Q “close” to A, perhaps only for a given physical state ψ. Energy H belongs to Q, but location (angular) momentum, spin,…, do not. This seems to explain at a glance the triumphs and difficulties Dirac’s theory encountered.
An Introduction to Economics and the Economics of Education

This book is about economics as applied to the educational process. A number of economic aspects to education are obvious; the parent or student must meet tuition bills and expenses for books like this one. University officials are constantly grappling with the problem of rising operating costs and keeping their dormitories filled. Voters are understandably concerned about the burden education imposes on the public purse. However, economics has far more applications to education than may be commonly thought. In fact, economic considerations are embedded in the learning process itself, a process which begins in the crib and extends into the classrooms and the reserve reading room of the library. The very fact that you are reading this book is in itself an economic phenomenon. How much you learn from it depends heavily upon economic factors which are affecting both reader and author.
La problematica mexicana : retrospectiva y prospectiva

Para comprender la historia de Mexico en el siglo xx, analizar la actual coyuntura de problemas socioecon6micos y del medio ambiente y debatir los prospectos para el cambio futuro, he decidido tomar dos caminos que me ayuden a sondear el problema de siempre: ;de d6nde viene Mexico y hacia d6nde se dirige? Uno de estos caminos se desarrollo a partir de las conversaciones que sostuve con personas que conoci durante mis viajes en avi6n de Los Angeles a la ciudad de Mexico, a donde me dirigia a hacer investigaci6n. El otro se desarrollo a partir de los analisis que hice en dicha ciudad capital con las estadisticas sobre las politicas presupuestales del gobierno. Estas dos vias significaron metodologias completamente diferentes: una, la entrevistainformal, y la otra, la producci6n de series de datos. En la primera de ellas, el enfoque conversacional, tome notas desde la primera "entrevista" y, a partir de ella, de todas las demas. Al principio me resistia yo a sacar abiertamente el lapiz y el papel, pero mis interlocutores se mostraban muy halagados de que un profesor tomara notas de sus palabras, e inclusive fue esto precisamente lo que le confiri6 cierta importancia a las conversaciones, de modo tal que mis companeros de viaje se sentian estimulados para darme informaci6n detallada, a partir de su propia perspectiva, segun el momento y el lugar. En cuanto al desarrollo del enfoque estadistico, pude aprovechar mi trabajo anterior sobre los presupuestos mexicanos para analizar el grado en el cual se ha distorsionado el gasto del gobierno central a partir de 1982. Con este fin, estableci comparaciones entre la politica actual del pago de la dueda, segun se puede observar por los gastos de cada presidente, desde Porfirio Diaz.
Climate Change Mitigation by Managing the Terrestrial Biosphere

The terrestrial C pool, 3,900 Pg comprising of C in soil and the vegetation, is the third largest after the oceanic and the geological pools. Rather than with the on-set of the Industrial Revolution around 1800 AD, the Anthropocene may have commenced 10–12 millennia ago with the dawn of settled agriculture. Given this hypothesis, the terrestrial biosphere may have lost as much as 480 Pg C, of which 70–100 Pg may have been depleted from the world’s soils. Whereas most of the C emitted from the terrestrial biosphere may have been reabsorbed by the ocean and the land-based sinks, the depleted C pool created a C sink capacity that can be refilled through conversion to judicious land use(s) and adoption of recommended management practices of soil, vegetation and domesticated animals. Principal biomes for C sequestration, those with high capacity for C sequestration/emission avoidance and with numerous co-benefits, are peatlands and wetlands, degraded soils and desertified ecosystems, soils of agroecosystems and urban lands. Effective erosion control can also avoid emissions exacerbated by mineralization of C ­transported in runoff and eroded sediments and redistributed over the landscape. In addition to mitigating climate change, other co-benefits of C sequestration in the terrestrial biosphere are advancing food security, improving quality and quantity of water resources, and increasing the habitat and total biodiversity. Being an engine of economic development, improvements in productivity of agricultural, forestry and other managed ecosystems can advance the Millennium Development Goals, promote political and social stability, and improve standards of living. This is a win-win option in the context of climatic, environmental, political, economic and social issues facing the Carbon Civilization of the twenty-first century.
Experimental Design and Analysis in the Laboratory Study of Human Operant Behavior

Research methods play an essential role in efforts to describe, understand, and control nature. Consensus about appropriate procedures and practices allows researchers to compare and integrate their observations with those of others. On a deeper level, a researcher’s methods express what is regarded as important in the field under study—and what is not. Consider, for example, the earliest experiments of psychologists in which subjects were asked to report on the contents of their consciousness as they engaged in various activities (Boring, 1950, Chapter 16). This “method of introspection” reflected the conviction that the important questions of psychology pertained to the individual’s mental life. Behavior was of interest, but only insofar as it shed light on consciousness and the like. Later psychologists led by Watson and Skinner came to regard behavior as interesting and important in its own right. This emphasis is reflected in the label attached to the methods originated in Skinner’s seminal work on operant conditioning in rats (Skinner, 1938) and pigeons (Ferster & Skinner 1957): the experimental analysis of behavior.
Investigating Comparative Evaluation for Large Data

Evaluation is ubiquitous. Often we need to evaluate a set of target entities and obtain their true ratings (average ratings from the population) or true rankings (rankings derived from true ratings). Based on the law of large numbers, average ratings from large samples can provide a good approximation. However, due to the fact that evaluation is labor-intensive, in practice large evaluation data are typically very sparse where each entity receives very few ratings. Consequently, average ratings would significantly differ from true ratings due to biased distribution of standards and preferences of evaluators. In this paper, we investigate comparative evaluation that addresses the evaluation bias problem for improved evaluation accuracy. The principle idea is to first extract a partial list for the entities evaluated by each evaluator, and then aggregate all the partial lists to obtain a total list that well approximates the true rankings. The aggregated total list can be used to further estimate the true ratings. In this paper we also study an associated problem of evaluation assignment (assigning target entities to evaluators), where we propose an iterative assignment approach to maximize accuracy of comparative evaluation given limited evaluation resources.
The effect of laboratory compaction method on the resilient behaviour and fabric of aggregate base course materials

Aggregate base course (ABC) layer is a key structural component of most pavements. The compaction of ABC is a crucial procedure affecting its mechanical performance. There are two different methods...
Interpreting for asylum seekers and their attorneys: the challenge of agency

This study is a theoretical reflection based on the description of unique dynamics of interpreters working with asylum seekers and attorneys in the U.S. context, an area of practice that has largel...
Low-Risk Thyroid Cancer in Elderly: Total Thyroidectomy/RAI Predominates but Lacks Survival Advantage.

Abstract Background Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the fastest increasing cancer in the United States; incidence increases with age. It generally has a favorable prognosis but may behave more aggressively in older patients. This study aims to describe national treatment patterns for low-risk PTC in older adults. Materials and methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare database was used to identify patients ≥66 y treated for clinical T1N0M0 PTC between 1996 and 2011. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with extent of surgery (total thyroidectomy versus lobectomy) and radioactive iodine (RAI) administration. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to estimate the effect of treatment type on disease-specific survival (DSS). Results Three thousand two hundred and fourteen patients met inclusion criteria; 77.6% were women, median age was 72 y, and mean tumor size was 0.7 cm. 42.7% had preoperatively diagnosed PTC (versus incidental). 65.4% underwent total thyroidectomy, 29.0% lobectomy, and 5.6% lobectomy followed by completion thyroidectomy; 33.4% received postoperative RAI. Five- and 10-year DSS were 98.9% and 98.3%, respectively. After adjustment, larger tumor size (1.1-2 cm), multifocality, and a preoperative PTC diagnosis were associated with greater odds of undergoing more extensive surgery and receiving RAI (P 0.05). Conclusions Most older adults with PTC underwent total thyroidectomy and a third received RAI; neither treatment improved DSS. In the growing elderly population, less extensive interventions for PTC may reduce morbidity and improve quality of life while preserving an excellent prognosis.
Concentrations and Photochemistry of Acetaldehyde, Glyoxal, and Methylglyoxal in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean.

The photochemical production and degradation of acetaldehyde, glyoxal, and methylglyoxal along with spatiotemporal variations in their concentrations were investigated in the Northwest Atlantic Oce...
JAK-STAT Activity in Peripheral Blood Cells and Kidney Tissue in IgA Nephropathy

Background and objectives IgA nephropathy is the most common primary glomerular disease in the world. Marked by mesangial inflammation and proliferation, it generally leads to progressive kidney fibrosis. As the Janus kinase signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway has been implicated as an important mediator of diabetic kidney disease and FSGS, detailed investigation of this pathway in IgA nephropathy was undertaken to establish the basis for targeting this pathway across glomerular diseases. Design, setting, participants, & measurements Well characterized patients with IgA nephropathy and controls were studied, allowing us to compare 77 patients with biopsy-proven IgA nephropathy with 45 healthy subjects. STAT phosphorylation was assessed in peripheral blood monocytes (PBMCs) by phosphoflow before and after cytokine stimulation. Kidney Janus kinase signal transducer and activator of transcription activity was studied by immunofluorescence and by transcriptomic studies. An STAT1 activity score was established using downstream transcriptional targets of pSTAT1 and associated with disease and clinical outcomes. Results We found PBMCs to have upregulated pSTAT production at baseline in patients with IgA nephropathy with a limited reserve to respond to cytokine stimulation compared with controls. Increased staining in glomerular mesangium and endothelium was seen for Jak-2 and pSTAT1 and in the tubulointerstitial for JAK2, pSTAT1, and pSTAT3. Activation of the Janus kinase signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway was further supported by increased pSTAT1 and pSTAT3 scores in glomerular and tubulointerstitial sections of the kidney (glomerular activation Z scores: 7.1 and 4.5, respectively; P values: Conclusions Janus kinase signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling was activated in patients with IgA nephropathy compared with controls. There were altered responses in peripheral immune cells and increased message and activated proteins in the kidney. These changes variably related to proteinuria and kidney function.
Extrapolation and interpolation strategies for efficiently estimating structural observables as a function of temperature and density

Thermodynamic extrapolation has previously been used to predict arbitrary structural observables in molecular simulations at temperatures (or relative chemical potentials in open-system mixtures) different from those at which the simulation was performed. This greatly reduces the computational cost in mapping out phase and structural transitions. In this work, we explore the limitations and accuracy of thermodynamic extrapolation applied to water, where qualitative shifts from anomalous to simple-fluid-like behavior are manifested through shifts in the liquid structure that occur as a function of both temperature and density. We present formulas for extrapolating in volume for canonical ensembles and demonstrate that linear extrapolations of water's structural properties are only accurate over a limited density range. On the other hand, linear extrapolation in temperature can be accurate across the entire liquid state. We contrast these extrapolations with classical perturbation theory techniques, which are more conservative and slowly converging. Indeed, we show that such behavior is expected by demonstrating exact relationships between extrapolation of free energies and well-known techniques to predict free energy differences. An ideal gas in an external field is also studied to more clearly explain these results for a toy system with fully analytical solutions. We also present a recursive interpolation strategy for predicting arbitrary structural properties of molecular fluids over a predefined range of state conditions, demonstrating its success in mapping qualitative shifts in water structure with density.
315. Alternating Magnetic Fields (AMF) and Antibiotics Eradicate Biofilm on Metal in a Synergistic Fashion

Background Hundreds of thousands of human implant procedures require surgical revision each year due to infection. Implant infections are difficult to treat with conventional antibiotics due to the formation of biofilm on the device surface. We have developed a non-invasive method to treat metal implant infections using alternating magnetic fields (AMF). The outer surface of a metal implant is heated when exposed to AMF, and we hypothesize that this heating can be used to eradicate biofilm or sensitize them to antibiotics (Fig 1). This study investigated the interaction of biofilm and antibiotics in vitro. Fig 1. Scheme showing the principle of AMF treating metal implant infection (MII).
Heterogeneity in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake among different muscle groups in healthy lean people and people with obesity

It has been proposed that muscle fibre type composition and perfusion are key determinants of insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake, and alterations in muscle fibre type composition and perfusion contribute to muscle, and consequently whole-body, insulin resistance in people with obesity. The goal of the study was to evaluate the relationships among muscle fibre type composition, perfusion and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake rates in healthy, lean people and people with obesity. We measured insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose disposal and glucose uptake and perfusion rates in five major muscle groups (erector spinae, obliques, rectus abdominis, hamstrings, quadriceps) in 15 healthy lean people and 37 people with obesity by using the hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamp procedure in conjunction with [2H]glucose tracer infusion (to assess whole-body glucose disposal) and positron emission tomography after injections of [15O]H2O (to assess muscle perfusion) and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (to assess muscle glucose uptake). A biopsy from the vastus lateralis was obtained to assess fibre type composition. We found: (1) a twofold difference in glucose uptake rates among muscles in both the lean and obese groups (rectus abdominis: 67 [51, 78] and 32 [21, 55] μmol kg−1 min−1 in the lean and obese groups, respectively; erector spinae: 134 [103, 160] and 66 [24, 129] μmol kg−1 min−1, respectively; median [IQR]) that was unrelated to perfusion or fibre type composition (assessed in the vastus only); (2) the impairment in insulin action in the obese compared with the lean group was not different among muscle groups; and (3) insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose disposal expressed per kg fat-free mass was linearly related with muscle glucose uptake rate (r2 = 0.65, p < 0.05). Obesity-associated insulin resistance is generalised across all major muscles, and is not caused by alterations in muscle fibre type composition or perfusion. In addition, insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose disposal relative to fat-free mass provides a reliable index of muscle glucose uptake rate.
A hybrid approach to estimating the economic value of power system resilience

Abstract The costs that power interruptions impose on customers and society have emerged as essential considerations for decision-making about power system reliability and resilience. While the direct costs of localized and relatively short-duration power interruptions are well-understood, little is known about the full impact of widespread and long-duration power interruptions, especially the indirect costs and related economy-wide impacts of these events. As a result, the costs of widespread and long-duration power interruptions are generally not or only incompletely considered in utility planning activities. This paper describes a new approach for estimating the economic costs of widespread and long-duration power interruptions. This method involves using survey responses from utility customers to calibrate a regional economic model that can estimate both the direct and indirect costs of these events. Including better estimates of these costs will enhance both the comprehensiveness and completeness of the considerations relied on to support utility planning decisions, especially on grid-hardening strategies and other capital-intensive investments in electricity sector resilience.
Wilson loops in N $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 SO(N) SYM and D-branes in AdS5 × ℝℙ5

We study the half-BPS circular Wilson loop in $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 super Yang-Mills with orthogonal gauge group. By supersymmetric localization, its expectation value can be computed exactly from a matrix integral over the Lie algebra of SO(N). We focus on the large N limit and present some simple quantitative tests of the duality with type IIB string theory in AdS5 × ℝℙ5. In particular, we show that the strong coupling limit of the expectation value of the Wilson loop in the spinor representation of the gauge group precisely matches the classical action of the dual string theory object, which is expected to be a D5-brane wrapping a ℝℙ4 subspace of ℝℙ5. We also briefly discuss the large N, large λ limits of the SO(N) Wilson loop in the symmetric/antisymmetric representations and their D3/D5-brane duals. Finally, we use the D5-brane description to extract the leading strong coupling behavior of the “bremsstrahlung function” associated to a spinor probe charge, or equivalently the normalization of the two-point function of the displacement operator on the spinor Wilson loop, and obtain agreement with the localization prediction.
Erratum to: Molecular Beam Epitaxical Growth of AlxGa1-xAs on Non - Planar Patterned GaAs (100)

1. In the list of authors, “M. Hyugachi” should be spelled as “M. Hyugaji.” 2. The authors’ address should read as “University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0241.” 3. Acknowledgments at the end of the paper should read as: “This work was supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the Office of Naval Research, and the Army Research Office.”
Time-series Designs and Analyses

Publisher Summary Time-series data can be applied to an array of different research purposes and analyzed with a variety of statistical techniques. This chapter focuses primarily on interrupted time-series (ITS) design and on Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) statistical analyses. In the ITS design, a series of observations is collected over time, both before and after a treatment is implemented. The pattern in the pretreatment observations provides a comparison with which to assess a possible treatment effect in the post-treatment observations. Advantages of ITS designs include that they can be used to estimate the effects of a treatment when only a single individual, or on a single aggregated unit such as a city, is available for study. It reveals the pattern of the treatment effect over time, and provides an estimate of the treatment effect without withholding the treatment from anyone who is eligible to receive it. Moreover, ITS designs can be among the most credible quasi-experimental designs.
Control II Surveillance in Swine and Other Animals by Muscle Examination

The demonstration of Trichinella spiralis larvae (“trichinae”) in the musculature of man, swine, or other carnivorous animals is a positive determination of infection. Various methods of direct diagnosis have been used, including trichinoscopy (also known as the compression or microscopic method), digestion or mechanical disintegration of muscle tissue, biopsy and microscopic section of muscles, and xenodiagnosis. The desired method will vary with objectives and circumstances (such as whether examination is to be made on living or dead hosts), economics, especially when related to slaughterhouse examination of swine, degree of efficacy desired, amount of muscle sample available, stage of infection, and availability of equipment.
Genetic studies of influenza viruses

Abstract A high rate of recombination has been obtained between two widely different influenza A strains (NWS and CAM) one of which produces clear and the other redbordered plaques. Reciprocal recombinants of serotype and plaque type were found at about equal frequency and the total recombination rate was about 20%. A backcross between recombinants yielded the original parent phenotypes at a frequency of about 30% After mixed infection the recombination rate was low in the first progeny produced and the proportion of recombinant virus increased with time. Among the progeny were recombinants of mixed antigenic type.
Random Networks in Configuration Space for Fast Path Planning

In the main part of this dissertation we present a new path planning method which computes collision-free paths for robots of virtually any type moving among stationary obstacles. This method proceeds according to two phases: a preprocessing phase and a query phase. In the preprocessing phase, a probabilistic network is constructed and stored as a graph whose nodes correspond to collision-free configurations and edges to feasible paths between these configurations. These paths are computed using a fast local planner. In the query phase, any given start and goal configurations of the robot are connected to two nodes of the network; the network is then searched for a path joining these two nodes. The method is general and easy to implement. Increased efficiency can be achieved by tailoring some of its components (e.g. the local planner) to the considered robots. We apply the method to articulated robots with many degrees of freedom. Experimental results show that path planning can be done in a fraction of a second on a contemporary workstation ($\approx$150 MIPS), after relatively short preprocessing times (a few dozen to a few hundred seconds). In the second part of this dissertation, we present a new method for computing the obstacle map used in motion planning algorithms. The method computes a convolution of the workspace and the robot using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). It is particularly promising for workspaces with many and/or complicated obstacles. Furthermore, it is an inherently parallel method that can significantly benefit from existing experience and hardware on the FFT. In the third part of this dissertation, we consider a problem from assembly planning. In assembly planning we are interested in generating feasible sequences of motions that construct a mechanical product from its individual parts. The problem addressed is the following: given a planar assembly of polygons, decide if there is a proper subcollection of them that can be removed as a rigid body without colliding with or disturbing the other parts of the assembly. We prove that this problem is NP-complete. The result extends to several interesting variants of the problem.
Dealing with Privacy Obligations in Enterprises

This paper focuses on the problem of dealing with privacy obligations in enterprises. Privacy obligations dictate expected behaviours, tasks and constraints that must be satisfied when handling personal and confidential data. This includes being compliant with data retention policies and satisfying constraints dictated by customers’ opt-in and opt-out choices.
Hypersonic flow computations in the continuum-transition regime using the augmented Burnett and BGK-Burnett equations

This paper presents a comparative study of the solutions of the augmented Burnett and BGK-Burnett equations with the Maxwell-Smoluchowski first- and second-order boundary conditions. The hypersonic blunt body problem has been solved to study the effects of these higher-order boundary conditions. Solutions are presented for free stream Knudsen numbers 0.01 and 0.1. The solutions of the augmented Burnett and BGK-Burnett equations with these higher-order boundary conditions are compared with the solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations with the first- and second-order slip boundary conditions.
An Examination of Language Practices During Mother-Child Play Activities Among Mexican Immigrant Families

We examined the language practices of five mother-child dyads during a structured play activity, particularly in relation to maternal question use. The study includes second-generation, 4-year-old children of Mexican immigrants who demonstrate either high vocabulary levels in English and Spanish or low levels of vocabulary in both languages. Examination of field notes, videotapes, and transcriptions yielded differences in maternal use of perceptual and conceptual questions between children with high and low vocabulary. Children with higher English/Spanish vocabulary profiles experience greater variety in the form of perceptual questions that produce abstract child responses, are more likely to experience clarification or explanation questions, and have greater opportunity to lead during extended exchanges.
Diogenites as polymict breccias composed of orthopyroxenite and harzburgite

Abstract– A few relatively unbrecciated olivine-rich diogenites consist of an equilibrium assemblage of olivine and magnesian orthopyroxene (harzburgite). More common diogenites with smaller amounts of olivine are breccias containing two distinct orthopyroxenes—one magnesian and one ferroan. These diogenites are mixtures of a harzburgite lithology that is more magnesian, with the “normal” orthopyroxenite lithology that is ferroan and may contain small amounts of plagioclase. Both lithologies likely formed by fractional crystallization in multiple plutons emplaced within the crust of asteroid 4 Vesta. Minor element trends in orthopyroxenes indicate that these plutons exhibited a range of compositions. We propose a revised taxonomy for the HED (howardites, eucrites, and diogenites) suite where all ultramafic samples are referred to as diogenites. Within this group, the prefixes dunitic, harzburgitic, and orthopyroxenitic are used to distinguish diogenites consisting of more than or equal to 90% olivine, olivine + orthopyroxene, and more than or equal to 90% orthopyroxene, respectively. The prefix polymict is used to describe brecciated mixtures of any of these rock types. The recognition that olivine is a significant phase in some diogenites is consistent with spectral interpretations of olivine in a deeply excavated crater on Vesta, and has important implications for the bulk composition and petrogenesis of that body.
Using Gluon Fusion to Probe CP Violation in the Higgs Sector

A technique for directly probing CP violation in the Higgs sector of a multi-doublet model using gluon-gluon collisions at the SSC is reviewed.
GaInAsP/AlGaInP-based near-IR (780 nm) vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Near-infra-red (760–780 nm) vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) diodes with GaInAsP-based active-region heterostructures are demonstrated for the first time. The devices consist of GaInAsP/GaInP/AlGaInP-based quantum-well active regions and AlAs/Al0.25Ga0.75As distributed Bragg reflectors. Different-sized devices emitting in the 760–780 nm-wavelength range exhibit threshold currents in the 3–10 mA range, threshold voltages of 2.1 V and peak power output > 4 mW.
Review of the NASA Voyager Spacecraft Polycarbonate Capacitor Failure Incident

About six months before the second Voyager spacecraft was launched, a 75 ?F polycarbonate capacitor used in its receiver tracking loop filter was found to be defective. This failure led to an investigation into the use of polycarbonate onate capacitors in high-impedance circuits. During the investigation, polycarbonate capacitor failures were induced by thermal cycling and extended periods at high temperature. The temperature coefficients of the leakage paths were measured and the results indicate that there are at least two separate types of leakage. The mechanism of the leakage paths are further complicated by what appears to be mechanical movement within the capacitor as its temperature is changed. The failure mechanism appears to be lot related and is believed to be associated with the polycarbonate material. Chemical tests on the material of capacitors from production runs that performed well and those that did not, have shown no detectable differences. A new system for pulse detecting during capacitor burn-in and during ramp testing has proven to be beneficial. Some parts that passed their conventional burn-in were subjected to an additional burn-in with pulse detection. Pulses were detected during the additional burn-in on parts that had been accepted by the conventional method of screening.
The cosmic cube

Sixty-four small computers are connected by a network of point-to-point communication channels in the plan of a binary 6-cube. This “Cosmic Cube” computer is a hardware simulation of a future VLSI implementation that will consist of single-chip nodes. The machine offers high degrees of concurrency in applications and suggests that future machines with thousands of nodes are both feasible and attractive.
Ureteral stent in renal transplant recipients

Abstract The Gibbons indwelling ureteral stent was used in 5 renal recipients. Early post-operative obstructions at the ureterovesical junction in 2 cases and 1 at the ureteropelvic junction were treated by placing the stent through an open cystostomy. Late strictures were treated in 2 patients by inserting the stent endoscopically. It was also used to stent a ureteroureterostomy. After removal of the stent in 2 of 3 patients, no further treatment of the obstruction was required. In the third case it provided time to allow the steroid dose to be lowered so definitive repair could be undertaken. One stent has remained patent for fourteen months. The Gibbons stent appears to be a valuable new tool in the treatment of post-transplant ureteral obstruction.
The Vps27/Hse1 Complex Is a GAT Domain-Based Scaffold for Ubiquitin-Dependent Sorting

The yeast Vps27/Hse1 complex and the homologous mammalian Hrs/STAM complex deliver ubiquitinated transmembrane proteins to the ESCRT endosomal-sorting pathway. The Vps27/Hse1 complex directly binds to ubiquitinated transmembrane proteins and recruits both ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes. We have solved the crystal structure of the core responsible for the assembly of the Vps27/Hse1 complex at 3.0 A resolution. The structure consists of two intertwined GAT domains, each consisting of two helices from one subunit and one from the other. The two GAT domains are connected by an antiparallel coiled coil, forming a 90 A-long barbell-like structure. This structure places the domains of Vps27 and Hse1 that recruit ubiquitinated cargo and deubiquitinating enzymes close to each other. Coarse-grained Monte Carlo simulations of the Vps27/Hse1 complex on a membrane show how the complex binds cooperatively to lipids and ubiquitinated membrane proteins and acts as a scaffold for ubiquitination reactions.
A Cross‐Cultural Analysis of Domestic Violence in a Minority Community and Police Response: A Case Study on Hmong Offenders

Immigrant women suffer higher rates of domestic violence in the United States compared to their U.S.‐born counterparts. Using a survey of two police departments in Minnesota, data were collected to determine officers’ previous experience with domestic violence in the Hmong community and how the officers responded to such cases. Whereas this exploratory study illustrates the importance of evaluating police officers’ attitudes toward and responses to domestic violence in one immigrant community, further research is needed to develop strategies to mitigate the impact of domestic violence on its victims — not only in immigrant populations but in the general U.S. population as well.
Synthesis of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor bearing unsaturated lipid chains

A GPI anchor bearing unsaturated fatty acid lipid chains (1) was synthesized by a highly convergent strategy employing the para-methoxybenzyl group for permanent hydroxyl protection. The final global deprotection was achieved by an efficient three-step, one-pot procedure to give an 81% isolated yield of the target structure.
Nontraded goods, uncertainty, and equilibration in the United States' economy☆

Abstract This paper examines 1) the empirical significance of nontraded goods by estimating the Hicksian gross substitutability between traded goods and goods in the United States' economy at large, and 2) structural changes in the speed of the substitution. The results suggest that the substitutability is substantial, but significantly less than perfect; that the period of price equilibration has been dramatically protracted in recent years, but the ultimate magnitude of the adjustment has not changed; and that exchange rate uncertainty and general price uncertainty appear to explain the protraction, with the latter the more significant factor.
Thermophysical characteristics of a wickless heat pipe in microgravity – Constrained vapor bubble experiment

Abstract Wickless heat pipes are being studied for use in cooling critical components of spacecraft. The wickless design is thought to produce a simpler and lighter heat transfer system than heat pipes containing wicks or mechanically driven systems. The constrained vapor bubble experiment (CVB) is one such system tested on the International Space Station where the Bond Number (ratio of gravitational force to surface force) is small maximizing the affects of capillarity. The CVB is essentially a square, fused silica spectrophotometer cuvette evacuated and then partially filled with pentane as the working fluid. Along with temperature and pressure measurements, the two-dimensional thickness profile of the menisci formed at the corners of the quartz cuvette was determined using an interferometry based system contained with the station’s Light Microscopy Module (LMM). The CVB can be viewed as a hollow fin and its behavior analyzed using a simple, one-dimensional heat transfer model. That model, coupled with the visual observation of the vapor–liquid distribution inside the fin, provides an enhanced understanding of what the measured temperature and pressure profiles represent and the heat transfer mechanisms controlling the operation of the device. The internal heat transfer processes were found to be very complicated, multi-dimensional, and greatly dependent on internal and external radiative heat transfer. Internal radiative exchange was found to be more significant than originally anticipated as was the effect Marangoni forces on internal convective heat transfer. An analysis of the temperature profiles in conjunction with vapor–liquid interface mapping showed that the system could be separated into a number of discrete operation zones depending on the dominant mode of heat transfer.
Anosognosia in Alzheimer's disease

We read with interest the report by Starkstein et al 1 in the April 1995 issue of theArchives. Our group has also studied anosognosia in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and has reported significantly greater visuoconstructive dysfunction in patients with AD and anosognosia compared with patients with AD without anosognosia. 2 In our study, we suggested that extensive right-sided cerebral dysfunction underlies this finding. Consequently, we were pleased to see the results of the report by Starkstein et al showing reduced cerebral blood flow in the right cerebral hemisphere of patients with AD and anosognosia. We do not, however, agree with the conclusion by Starkstein et al that anosognosia in AD does not relate to deficits in specific neurocognitive domains. The statistical approach that they used to study this issue (two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures) is inappropriate. The authors treated "neuropsychological tasks" as a repeated-measures variable. However, data points
Femtosecond laser direct writing of monocrystalline hexagonal silver prisms

Bottom-up growth methods and top-down patterning techniques are both used to fabricate metal nanostructures, each with a distinct advantage: One creates crystalline structures and the other offers precise positioning. Here, we present a technique that localizes the growth of metal crystals to the focal volume of a laser beam, combining advantages from both approaches. We report the fabrication of silver nanoprisms—hexagonal nanoscale silver crystals—through irradiation with focused femtosecond laser pulses. The growth of these nanoprisms is due to a nonlinear optical interaction between femtosecond laser pulses and a polyvinylpyrrolidone film doped with silver nitrate. The hexagonal nanoprisms have bases hundreds of nanometers in size and the crystal growth occurs over exposure times of less than 1 ms (8 orders of magnitude faster than traditional chemical techniques). Electron backscatter diffraction analysis shows that the hexagonal nanoprisms are monocrystalline. The fabrication method combines advantages from both wet chemistry and femtosecond laser direct-writing to grow silver crystals in targeted locations. The results presented in this letter offer an approach to directly positioning and growing silver crystals on a substrate, which can be used for plasmonic devices.
Vorticity and divergence in the high-latitude upper thermosphere

Measurements made from the Dynamics Explorer-2 satellite in November 1981 through January 1982 and November 1982 through January 1983 have been analyzed to determine the divergence and vertical component of vorticity of the high-latitude neutral wind field in the upper thermosphere for quiet (Kp ≤3) and active (3+ ≤ Kp ≤6) geomagnetic conditions and for both northern (winter) and southern (summer) hemispheres. This analysis provides the first experimental determination of the large-scale vorticity and divergence patterns in the polar thermosphere and provides insight into the relative strengths of the different sources of momentum and energy responsible for driving the winds. The principal findings from this work include the following: The mean neutral wind pattern is dominated by rotational flow rather than by divergent flow, with a typical vorticity: divergence ratio of ∼2:1 for active conditions and ∼4:1 for quiet conditions. Comparison of the divergence and vorticity patterns for quiet and active conditions indicates that the divergent component of the neutral flow intensifies more significantly with increasing geomagnetic activity than does the rotational component.
Modelling of cardiac imaging data with spatial correlation

Cardiac imaging with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a common approach for quantifying myocardial perfusion. Fusing serial SPECT studies allows detection and quantification of changes in myocardial perfusion such as those resulting from disease progression or successful treatment therapy for patients with coronary artery disease. The abundance of data for each subject along with the inherent intra-subject correlation due to spatial proximity of multiple perfusion measurements present special analytical challenges. We utilize a standard physiological model of the left ventricle (LV) to construct a general statistical model for cardiac perfusion that incorporates spatial correlation. We illustrate the use of mixed effects models and linear models with correlated errors to estimate myocardial perfusion counts and to compare these counts across serial studies. We address different types of spatial correlation among perfusion measurements in the LV, and we consider various parametric structures for these correlations. We apply the model to data from serial SPECT studies conducted while subjects were in both restful and stressful states approximately two days and one year following a myocardial infarction.
Long-term effects of an antimicrobial stewardship programme at a tertiary-care teaching hospital

a b s t r a c t Antimicrobial stewardship has been shown to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use, but there are few data on the long-term benefits of such a programme. Antimicrobial use over a 13-year period since imple- menting an antimicrobial stewardship programme (ASP) at our institution was examined. Nosocomial rates of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of common nosoco- mial micro-organisms over the same period were also reviewed. Total antimicrobial use decreased by 62.8% (P < 0.0001). There were decreases in use of aminoglycosides (−91.3%; P < 0.0001), cephalosporins (−68.3%; P < 0.0001), extended-spectrum penicillins (−77.7%; P < 0.0001), macrolides (−27.2%; P = 0.002), clindamycin (−95.9%; P < 0.0001) and quinolones (−78.7%; P < 0.0001). Antifungal use decreased by 71.0% (P < 0.0001). There were increases in the use of carbapenems (+736%, P < 0.0001) and anti-MRSA drugs (+73.3%; P < 0.0001). There was a 56.7% (P = 0.007) reduction in nosocomial MRSA infections. Nosocomial CDI rates decreased by 42.6% (P = 0.005) between 2003 and 2010 and then increased to near baseline levels following implementation of more sensitive testing for detection of CDI in 2011. There were decreases in the rate (−71.9%; P = 0.001) and percentage (−51.4%; P < 0.0001) of quinolone-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. There were decreases in the rate (P < 0.0001) and percentage (P = 0.02) of carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa following implementation of a policy restricting ciprofloxacin use. We have demonstrated sustained reductions in both antimicrobial use and drug-resistant organisms following implementation of an ASP.
The Mental Development of Children from Underprivileged Homes

* Received in the Editorial Office on December 18, 1936. 1 The writers wish to express their appreciation to the Iowa Board of Control of State Institutions which at all times cooperated in making possible research studies of state wards; to Mr. Syl McCauley, Superintendent of the Iowa Soldiers’ Orphans’ Home, at which institution the children in this study were examined; and to Dr. George D. Stoddard, Director of the Iowa Child Welfare Research Station, who has made possible this study.