cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why are Most Universities Not for Profit

We survey and evaluate explanations for the widespread use of the non-profit form in higher education, including the subsidies hypothesis, the donative hypothesis, efficient faculty monitoring, the trust hypothesis, and the reputation hypothesis. We confront the available hypothesis with the evidence on the observed cross sectional variation between for-profit and non profit educational institutions. For profits are in fact wide-spread in higher education, although they do not have a strong presence in the high quality end of the market. We find strongest support for a dual hypothesis of maximizing the efficiency of reputational certification and attracting donations. Non-profits certify the reputation of the high quality students and faculty, rather than the individuals willing to pay the most. Donations then are used to maintain the pecuniary value of the institution.
Empirical Research on Ethnic Minority Students: 1995–2009

Ethnic minority disproportionality has been a topic of extensive discussion and research for many years. In 1997, Artiles, Trent, and Kuan conducted a seminal review of the special education research literature to identify how often researchers report and disaggregate data in ways that would support conclusions about specific ethnic minority groups. These authors found alarmingly low rates of publication on identifiable minority groups. The purpose of this review is to replicate the work of Artiles et al. and extend this literature analysis to the subsequent 15-year period (1995–2009). We found increases in the proportion of articles reporting ethnic minority information 15 years following the Artiles et al. publication. Discussion focuses on the gap in our knowledge of evidence-based practices for ethnic minority students in special education.
Computer Modeling of Force-Induced Titin Domain Unfolding

Titin, a 1 μm long protein found in striated muscle myofibrils, possesses unique elastic and extensibility properties, and is largely composed of a PEVK region and β-sandwich immunoglobulin (Ig) and fibronectin type III (FnIII) domains. The extensibility behavior of titin has been shown in atomic force microscope and optical tweezer experiments to partially depend on the reversible unfolding of individual Ig and Fnlll domains. We performed steered molecular dynamics simulations to stretch single titin Ig domains in solution with pulling speeds of 0.1 – 1.0 A/ps, and Fnlll domains with a pulling speed of 0.5 A/ps. Resulting force-extension profiles exhibit a single dominant peak for each domain unfolding, consistent with the experimentally observed sequential, as opposed to concerted, unfolding of Ig and Fnlll domains under external stretching forces. The force peaks can be attributed to an initial burst of a set of backbone hydrogen bonds connected to the domains’ terminal β-strands. Constant force stretching simulations, applying 500 – 1000 pN of force, were performed on Ig domains. The resulting domain extensions are halted at an initial extension of 10 A until the set of all six hydrogen bonds connecting terminal β-strands break simultaneously. This behavior is accounted for by a barrier separating folded and unfolded states, the shape of which is consistent with AFM and chemical denaturation data.
Convergence of economic and accounting concepts of income.

Abstract only. Full-text article is provided by the publisher at http://journals.cluteonline.com/index.php/JABR/article/view/6354/6432. Published in Journal of Applied Business Research, 5(2), 4-10.
Outcomes of Community-Based Infant/ Toddler Teacher Preparation: Tiered Supports for Pre-service early Childhood Education Teachers in Early Head Start

This study examined results associated with a field-based undergraduate early childhood teacher education program designed as a response to calls for enhanced field experiences and community-situated teacher education that narrows the preparation-to-practice gap. Specifically, classroom observations were used to assess undergraduates' progress in developmentally appropriate adult-child interaction during a portion of a semester-long professional preparation sequence focused on infants and toddlers offered in an urban Early Head Start program serving low-income children. During the sequence, a model relying on guided apprenticeship with classroom teachers and continuous direct supervision from university faculty was employed. In addition, a tiered model including universal, targeted, and intensive supports was implemented in order to support candidates in identifying and developing specific areas of need. The participants in this study demonstrated greater responsivity and intentional engagement with infants and toddlers as a result of this intensive preparation sequence. Participants who did not show an initial increase in skills responded to targeted and and/or intensive intervention strategies. This model suggests that by refocusing early childhood teacher preparation through a lens of partnership between EHS teachers, university faculty, and early childhood special education (ECSE) teacher candidates, significant gains in developmentally appropriate practice can be achieved even for candidates early in a preparation program.
Determining an appropriate cutting score for indication of impairment on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment

Objective/Methods: The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a brief yet comprehensive cognitive instrument used to assess level of impairment in neurological populations. The purpose of the present study was to assess the ability of the MoCA to detect cognitive impairment in a veteran patient population referred for neuropsychological testing and to determine optimal cutoff scores on the MoCA when compared with widely used neuropsychological measures. Results: Using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analyses, the findings indicate that the optimal cutoff score to detect impairment (i.e., ≤20) in the present sample was notably lower than that suggested by others. Conclusions:Use of the previously suggested cut score of <26 may overpathologize neurologically intact individuals. Further research utilizing ROC curve analysis should be conducted to establish appropriate cutoff scores for various populations which may differ from the present sample. Copyright # 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The implications of selective attrition for estimates of intergenerational elasticity of family income

Numerous studies have estimated a high intergenerational correlation in economic status. Such studies do not typically attend to potential biases that may arise due to survey attrition. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics – the data source most commonly used in prior studies – we demonstrate that attrition is particularly high for low-income adult children with low-income parents and particularly low for high-income adult children with high-income parents. Because of this pattern of attrition, intergenerational upward mobility has been overstated for low-income families and downward mobility has been understated for high-income families. The bias among low-income families is greater than the bias among high-income families implying that intergenerational elasticity in family income is higher than previous estimates with the Panel Study of Income Dynamics would suggest.
The arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries in a consortium of university hospitals

Abstract In summary, the operative mortality rate was 14.8% in 330 patients undergoing an arterial switch operation within a consortium of university hospitals between 1989 and 1992. Mortality was lower in institutions performing a larger number of operations.
EFFECTS OF PYOCYANINE (PYO) AND 1-OH-PHENAZINE (OHP) ON T-LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION

Phenazine pigments secreted by P.aeruginosa inhibit lymphocyte blastogenic responses. We studied the mechanism of inhibition of two model compound, PYO and OHP on the T-cell cycle. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stimulated with the mitogen, Concanavalin A (Con A) or with the following steps of T-cell activation were studied: 1. Increase in cytosolic-free Ca2+ using Quin-2 fluorescence. 2. Production of Interleukin 2 (IL-2) using the CTLL-20 cell line. 3. Expression of IL-2 receptors (IL-2R) using monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry. 4). Uptake of 3H-Thymidine (3HTdR). Results with Con A activated PBMC are shown in the table. Lower concentrations of PYO and OHP inhibited Con A-induced 3H TdR uptake synergistically. In ionomycin-activated blastogenesis, 3H TdR uptake was strongly inhibited by PYO (94%), but only to a minor degree by OHP (30%). Therefore, PYO and OHP inhibit T-cell activation at different steps of the signal transduction pathway. OHP blocks the increase in cytosolic Ca2+ and PYO acts at a later step not by-passed by ionomycin. Locally secreted phenazine pigments, even in small amount, may act synergistically to inhibit cellular immune responses necessary to eradicate chronic infections with P.aeruginosa.
Mechanism of Acute Ischemic Stroke in Patients with Severe Middle Cerebral Artery Atherosclerotic Disease

Background Intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) is one of the most common causes of ischemic stroke worldwide. Although the pathogenesis of cerebral infarct in ICAD has been reported from autopsy series, the mechanism of stroke is not well known. This study used baseline perfusion imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) or computerized tomography (CT) imaging to help identify the mechanism of stroke in ICAD involving the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Methods We retrospectively reviewed baseline CT or magnetic resonance (MR) perfusion studies and diffusion-weighted MR imaging or CT scans in patients with severe symptomatic MCA stenosis. Perfusion scans were classified according to stage of perfusion deficit, and the acute stroke patterns were categorized as borderzone, cortical, or perforating artery infarcts according to DWI or noncontrast CT. Results Fifteen patients were included in this analysis. All 15 patients had some type of borderzone infarct. Six had borderzone infarct only, 4 had borderzone and cortical infarcts, and 5 had borderzone, cortical, and perforating artery infarcts. Thirteen of the 15 patients had baseline perfusion deficits. Conclusions In patients with severe MCA ICAD, the mechanism of stroke is multifactorial, but hemodynamic insufficiency plays a significant role. This finding is important in selecting a subgroup of patients who may benefit from revascularization.
Self-reported levels of psychopathology of drug abusers not currently in treatment

This study assessed levels of psychopathology, as measured by the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised, of drug users not in treatment. These levels were then compared with levels of psychopathology reported previously in the literature of drug users in treatment, the general population, psychiatric inpatients, and psychiatric outpatients. Results suggest that drug users not in treatment endorse significantly lower levels of psychopathology than drug users in treatment, psychiatric inpatients, and psychiatric outpatients. However, they endorse significantly higher levels of pathology than adult nonpatients and they appear most similar to adolescent nonpatients. Implications for clinical work (prevention and intervention) as well as for future research are discussed. The study also established preliminary cultural validity of SCL-90-R with Alaska Natives.
Electrospinning of Photopolymerizable Poly(β-Amino Ester) Networks for Fibrous Tissue Engineering

Fiber-reinforced tissues of the musculoskeletal system, including tendon, ligament, intervertebral disc, and the knee meniscus function to transmit the high mechanical forces that arise with locomotion. As these tissues operate under demanding mechanical regimes, their structure and composition are optimized to enable these activities and to resist damage with repeated use. Hallmarks of these dense fibrous tissues include a high collagen content organized along a prevailing fiber direction that is generally coincident with the principal loading direction, as well as a lack of vascularity after skeletal maturation. While these characteristics enable function, they also predispose these tissues to a poor healing response subsequent to injury.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Alternative expressions for energies and forces due to angle bending and torsional energy

We have derived alternative expressions for computing the energies and forces associated with angle bending and torsional energy terms commonly used in molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics computer programs. Our expressions address the problems of singularities that are intrinsic in popular angle energy functions and that occur from other chain rule derivations of force expressions
A Rejoinder to Rigdon et al. 2014

We appreciate the interest shown by Rigdon et al. [Rigdon EE, Becker J-M, Rai A, Ringle CM, Diamantopoulos A, Karahanna E, Straub DW, Dijkstra TK 2014 Conflating antecedents and formative indicators: A comment on Aguirre-Urreta and Marakas. Inform. Systems Res. 254:780-784.] in our recent work and for the time and effort spent in carefully considering it and offering their comments and concerns. In what follows, and within the limitations of a short rejoinder, we offer our response to their comments, highlighting points of agreement and noting where more research is necessary.
Cost-effectiveness of recombinant human hyaluronidase-facilitated subcutaneous versus intravenous rehydration in children with mild to moderate dehydration

Abstract Objective To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of recombinant human hyaluronidase–facilitated subcutaneous (rHFSC) fluid administration compared to intravenous (IV) fluid administration in children with mild to moderate dehydration in the emergency department (ED). Methods A decision analytic model was created based on the results of a controlled clinical trial that compared the administration of isotonic fluids via rHFSC or IV for rehydration. The costs were determined from the hospital’s perspective. The effectiveness unit was successful rehydration in the ED without the need for hospitalization for continued hydration. Mean estimates were determined for both the cost and effectiveness of each treatment. The incremental differences in costs and effectiveness were determined between treatments. Sensitivity analysis testing was also conducted. Results The treatment success rate was 93% with rHFSC fluids and 76% for IV fluids. Across all ages, the mean cost of rHFSC fluids was $722, compared to $889 for IV fluids. The difference in effectiveness was due to the larger number of patients for whom IV access could not be established, necessitating a rescue route of administration to deliver parenteral fluids. The difference in the overall cost was primarily due to the shorter time in the ED for patients receiving rHFSC fluids versus those treated with IV fluids. The cost-effectiveness of rHFSC compared to IV was most apparent in younger patients ( Conclusion Analysis of this clinical trial data revealed that rHFSC fluid administration demonstrated greater treatment effectiveness and cost-effectiveness than traditional IV fluid administration in the ED. The primary reasons for this were the ease of obtaining parenteral access via rHFSC in young patients (especially those under 3) where IV access is difficult, and a shorter ED stay with rHFSC fluid administration.
Morphogenesis of chimeric hair follicles in engineered skin substitutes with human keratinocytes and murine dermal papilla cells.

Engineered skin substitutes (ESS) have been used successfully to treat life-threatening burns, but lack cutaneous appendages. To address this deficiency, dermal constructs were prepared using collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds populated with murine dermal papilla cells expressing green fluorescent protein (mDPC-GFP), human dermal papilla cells (hDPC) and/or human fibroblasts (hF). Subsequently, human epidermal keratinocytes (hK) or hK genetically modified to overexpress stabilized β-catenin (hK') were used to prepare ESS epithelium. After 10 days incubation at air–liquid interface, ESS were grafted to athymic mice and were evaluated for 6 weeks. Neofollicles were observed in ESS containing mDPC-GFP, but not hDPC or hF, independent of whether or not the hK were genetically modified. Based on detection of GFP fluorescence, mDPC were localized to the dermal papillae of the well-defined follicular structures of grafted ESS. In addition, statistically significant increases in LEF1, WNT10A and WNT10B were found in ESS with neofollicles. These results demonstrate a model for generation of chimeric hair in ESS.
Health literacy, social support, and health: a research agenda

Amid increased concerns about the adverse consequences of low health literacy, it remains unclear how health literacy affects health status and health service utilization. Moreover, studies have shown significant variation in individual adaptation to health literacy problems. This article proposes research hypotheses to address two questions: (1) What are the causal pathways or intermediate steps that link low health literacy to poor health status and high utilization of expensive services such as hospitalization and emergency care? (2) What impact does social support have on the relationships between health literacy and health service utilization? Empirical studies of health literacy are reviewed to indicate the limitations of current literature and to highlight the importance of the proposed research agenda. In particular, we note the individualistic premise of current literature in which individuals are treated as isolated and passive actors. Thus, low health literacy is considered simply as an individual trait independent of support and resources in an individual's social environment. To remedy this, research needs to take into account social support that people can draw on when problems arise due to their health literacy limitations. Examination of the proposed agenda will make two main contributions. First, we will gain a better understanding of the causal effects of health literacy and identify missing links in the delivery of care for patients with low health literacy. Second, if social support buffers the adverse effects of low health literacy, more effective interventions can be designed to address differences in individuals' social support system in addition to individual differences in reading and comprehension. More targeted and more cost-efficient efforts could also be taken to identify and reach those who not only have low health literacy but also lack the resources and support to bridge the unmet literacy demands of their health conditions.
Rectification of acetylcholine-elicited currents in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells.

Abstract The current-voltage (I-V) relationship for acetylcholine-elicited currents in the rat pheochromocytoma cell line PC12 is nonlinear. Two voltage-dependent processes that could account for the whole-cell current rectification were examined, receptor channel gating and single receptor channel permeation. We found that both factors are involved in the rectification of the whole-cell currents. The voltage dependence of channel gating determines the shape of the I-V curve at negative potentials. The single-channel I-V relationship is inwardly rectifying and largely responsible for the characteristic shape of the whole-cell I-V curve at positive potentials. The rectification of the single-channel currents is produced by the voltage-dependent block of outward currents by intracellular Mg2+ ions.
Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on serial pattern performance in the rat.

Abstract The effect of prenatal alcohol exposure on serial-pattern learning was investigated in adult rats. Pregnant dams were administered a liquid diet which contained 35% ethanol-derived calories (35% EDC) on days 6–20 of gestation. Two control groups were included: a liquid diet control which was pair-fed and had sucrose substituted for ethanol (0% EDC); and a group fed standard lab chow throughout pregnancy. Offspring from each of these prenatal groups were trained to run a straight alley for food pellets. Pellet amount on successive trials was 14, 7, 3, 1, 7. Subjects were exposed to this pattern four times a day for 8 consecutive days. The mean latency to enter the goalbox for the four trials that comprised a monotonically decreasing series of pellet amounts (14, 7, 3, 1) was indirectly related to pellet amount. The mean latency on each trial and the degree of change in running speed across trials was found to be directly related to in utero alcohol exposure. Alcohol exposed offspring demonstrated less change in latencies over trials than controls. Also, the mean latency on the last trial for 7 pellets was shorter than that seen on the previous trial (1 pellet) and similar to that seen after the first trial in which 7 pellets were available. This indicated that satiation was not a factor in the increasing latencies. These data indicate a deficit in serial pattern performance as a function of prenatal alcohol exposure similar to what is observed in children with FAS.
Highly conductive and stiff fibres of poly(2,5-dimethoxy-p-phenylenevinylene) prepared from soluble precursor polymer

Abstract Fibres of poly(2,5-dimethoxy- p -phenylenevinylene), PDMPV, were prepared from a precursor polymer, poly[2,5-dimethoxy- p -phenylene (1-methoxyethylene)] which is soluble in organic solvents. Wet-spun precursor polymer fibres were drawn and converted to PDMPV in a temperature-controlled, continuous drawing system. X-ray diffraction patterns of the drawn PDMPV fibres indicated a high degree of molecular orientation with a mosaic spread less than 8°. Tensile drawing of PDMPV resulted in a dramatic improvement of the mechanical properties; at a draw ratio of 8, the modulus and strength were 35 GPa and 0.7 GPa, respectively. After doping (with iodine), the PDMPV fibres became highly conducting ( σ = 1200 S cm −1 ) while retaining excellent mechanical properties: the modulus decreased to 25 GPa and the tensile strength remained essentially unchanged. A strong correlation between the electrical conductivity and the mechanical properties was found.
Abstract 5173: The circadian factor period 2 modulates p53 stability and function in downstream signaling.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC The human Period 2 (hPer2) factor is a transcriptional regulator placed at the core of the circadian clock mechanism responsible for generating the negative feedback loop that sustains the clock. Its relevance to human diseases is underlined by alterations in its function that impacts many biochemical and physiological processes and, when absent, results in the development of various cancers. The tumor suppressor role of Per2 is speculated to involve transcriptional activation of p53, altered expression of cell cycle components, and regulation of the DNA-damage response pathway. However, it is entirely unclear how Per2 operates mechanistically. First, we identified hPer2 binds the C-terminus half of human p53 (hp53) and forms a stable trimeric complex with hp53’s negative regulator, the oncogenic protein Mdm2. Second, we determined that hPer2 binding to hp53 prevents Mdm2 from ubiquitinating and targeting hp53 by the proteasome. Accordingly, downregulation of hPer2 expression directly impacts hp53 levels whereas its overexpression influences both hp53 protein stability and transcription. Furthermore, we spatially define the distribution of the trimeric complex and determine the site for processing to be located in the nucleus. Third, we establish that hp53-mediated gene transcription is influenced by the presence of hPer2. Target genes such as 14-3-3σ, hp21WAF1/CIP1, and gadd45α show a synergistic increase in expression when hPer2 and hp53 are co-expressed in a hp53-deficient background. This result is the direct consequence of hPer2 dissociation of hp53 as result of checkpoint activation as shown by studies performed using a constitutively bound form of the hPer2/hp53 complex. Overall, our findings directly place hPer2 at the heart of the hp53-mediated response by modulating its stability and controlling its function. Citation Format: Carla V. Finkielstein, Tetsuya Gotoh, Marian Vila-Caballer, carlo santos, jingjing liu, jianhua yang. The circadian factor period 2 modulates p53 stability and function in downstream signaling. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5173. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5173 Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2013 because the presenter was unable to attend.
From Victim to Victor: “Breaking Bad” and the Dark Potential of the Terminally Empowered

As treatments for malignancies have improved incrementally over the preceding decades, patients with cancer have been encouraged to reject an attitude of hopelessness and to choose instead the role of fighters. The recasting of the cancer patient as warrior and winner, upheld through the Livestrong movement, reaches its monstrous apotheosis in the form of Walter White, the central figure in the AMC television series “Breaking Bad.” The story begins with Walt as the protagonist, but the arc of this conversion narrative transforms him into the antagonist, exploring the darkest potential of his post-diagnosis empowerment. His awareness of his own mortality enables him to take risks that his more rational, pre-cancer self would have avoided. Rather than being rendered impotent by fear of an impending death, he finds himself emboldened, liberated from behavioral norms, capable of heretofore-unthinkable violence and even murder. As Walt moves from victim to victor, the viewer realizes the perils of a survive-at-all-costs mentality and is forced to question their own, initially sympathetic perception of Walt. The series subverts the notion of the cancer patient made noble through struggle by portraying a man betrayed by his own body who then becomes willing to betray everything else in the amoral service of his pride.
Emotional Reactions to Frightening and Neutral Scenes in Story Theatre.

Audience reactions to emotionally neutral and frightening scenes were compared. State anxiety and individual differences in anxiety‐proneness (trait anxiety) were assessed with the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC). Level of state anxiety increased dramatically for the frightening scene. Girls tended to experience more intense state anxiety reactions than boys and girls with high trait anxiety responded with higher state anxiety to the frightening scene than did girls with low trait anxiety. Differences in the reactions of boys and girls were interpreted as reflecting their identification with different characters in the play, and their perceptions of the physical danger and psychological threat to these characters in the frightening scene. This study also demonstrates that dramatic scenes can have a strong impact on the emotional reactions of children, and that the level of state anxiety of individual members of an audience can be assessed with easily administered self‐report procedures.
Radiative transfer: a technique for simulating the ocean in satellite remote sensing calculations

A method is presented for computing the radiative transfer in the ocean–atmosphere system which does not require detailed knowledge of the optical properties of the ocean. The calculation scheme is based on the observation that the upwelling radiance just beneath the sea surface is approximately uniform, which implies that the effect of the ocean can be simulated by a lambertian reflector just beneath the sea surface. It is further shown that for aerosol concentrations up to ten times the normal concentration, the radiative transfer in homogeneous and vertically stratified atmospheres (of the same optical thickness) is nearly identical. Examples indicating the applicability of these results to the remote sensing of ocean color from space are discussed in detail.
The determination of vector magnetic fields from stokes profiles

The application of Unno's (1956) solution of the transfer equation for polarized radiation to the determination of thevector magnetic field is investigated. An analysis procedure utilizing non-linear least squares techniques is developed that allows one to automate the reduction of measured spectral profiles of the Stokes parameters to determine the field angles, strength as well as other parameters. The method is applied to synthetic spectra generated using a model solar atmosphere and yields results of remarkably high accuracy. The influence of additional factors upon determination of the vector field are also considered. These factors include effects of asymmetric profiles, magneto-optical effects, magnetic field gradients, unresolved field elements, scattered light, and instrumental noise.
Operation Of A Compact MM-WAVE High-Harmonic Gyrotron

The operation of a millimeter-wave harmonic gyrotron is described in which the interaction is between large-orbit axis-encircling electrons and cylindrical cavity TEn11 modes. Gyrotron cavities operating on this principle are well matched to low current, moderate energy, rf-accelerated electron beams (- 100 mA, - 250 keV). Efficiencies up to 15% have been measured for moderate harmonic interactions and multi-kW power levels have been attained at the eleventh harmonic of the cyclotron frequency. The concept allows the magnetic field of the gyrotron to be reduced by an order of magnitude, thereby making a submillimeter-wave gyrotron feasible. However, mode competition problems must be considered for high-harmonic, submillimeter wave operation. We have been successful in suppressing mode competition by destroying unwanted modes. The beam current required for oscillation is highly dependent on the electron perpendicular energy. The energy requirement can be reduced by dielectric loading of the gyrotron cavity. We have also begun testing a 30 dB gain, twelfth-harmonic gyro-klystron amplifier.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1,3(R):4,6(R)-di-O-benzylidene-D-mannitol

The title compound, C20H22O6, has crystallographic twofold symmetry. The central six-C-atom chain has an extended conformation similar to that of d-mannitol, with two independent C—C—C—C torsion angles of 165.69 (14) and 177.60 (12)°. The 1,3-dioxane ring has a chair conformation. All chiral centers have the R configuration.
Influence of oxygen stoichiometry on electrical transport and magnetic properties of doped perovskite-type ferrate and manganate single crystals

Abstract The electrical transport and magnetic properties of (La 1− x Sr x )FeO 3−δ and (La 1− x Sr x )MnO 3−δ single crystals were studied as a function of the dopant concentration x and the oxygen deficiency δ. Crystals were grown by the floating zone process and subjected to post-annealing treatments in oxidizing or reducing atmosphere to control δ. This two-step process allows the precise control of δ. Moreover, a wide range of δ values not attainable by changing only the growth conditions can thus be studied. Controlling the Fe and Mn valencies via the oxygen deficiency was found to affect the magnetic and electrical properties profoundly.
Complete Male Epispadias: Genital Reconstruction and Achieving Continence

AbstractWe report on 15 patients who were primarily treated for complete male epispadias at our institution since 1975. Repair of epispadias was performed using a modified Young urethroplasty in 13 patients and a Cantwell-Ransley urethroplasty in 2. In addition, 2 patients underwent a Cantwell-Ransley urethroplasty with chordee repair after a previous Young urethroplasty failed. Bladder capacity increased from a mean of 50 cc before repair to 92 cc after urethroplasty. A urethrocutaneous fistula developed in 6 cases, including 5 Young repairs and 1 Cantwell-Ransley. Three fistulas resolved spontaneously and there were no urethral strictures. Bladder neck reconstruction was performed in 11 patients. Time to initial continence ranged from 21 days to 6 months (mean 3 months) postoperatively. All patients attained daytime continence in a mean of 9 months (range 21 days to 24 months) after bladder neck reconstruction, including 9 of 11 (82 percent) who achieved total day and night continence. Mean followup was...
Parallel application performance on shared high performance reconfigurable computing resources

The use of a network of shared, heterogeneous workstations each harboring a reconfigurable computing (RC) system offers high performance users an inexpensive platform for a wide range of computationally demanding problems. However, effectively using the full potential of these systems can be challenging without the knowledge of the system's performance characteristics. While some performance models exist for shared, heterogeneous workstations, none thus far account for the addition of RC systems. Our analytic performance model includes the effects of the reconfigurable device, application load imbalance, background user load, basic message passing communication, and processor heterogeneity. The methodology proves to be accurate in characterizing these effects for applications running on shared, homogeneous, and heterogeneous HPRC resources. The model error in all cases was found to be less than 5% for application runtimes greater than 30s, and less than 15% for runtimes less than 30s.
Sr isotopes as a tracer of weathering processes and dust inputs in a tropical granitoid watershed, Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico

Abstract Sr isotope data from soils, water, and atmospheric inputs in a small tropical granitoid watershed in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico constrain soil mineral development, weathering fluxes, and atmospheric deposition. This study provides new information on pedogenic processes and geochemical fluxes that is not apparent in watershed mass balances based on major elements alone. 87Sr/86Sr data reveal that Saharan mineral aerosol dust contributes significantly to atmospheric inputs. Watershed-scale Sr isotope mass balance calculations indicate that the dust deposition flux for the watershed is 2100 ± 700 mg cm−2 ka−1. Nd isotope analyses of soil and saprolite samples provide independent evidence for the presence of Saharan dust in the regolith. Watershed-scale Sr isotope mass balance calculations are used to calculate the overall short-term chemical denudation velocity for the watershed, which agrees well with previous denudation rate estimates based on major element chemistry and cosmogenic nuclides. The dissolved streamwater Sr flux is dominated by weathering of plagioclase and hornblende and partial weathering of biotite in the saprock zone. A steep gradient in regolith porewater 87Sr/86Sr ratio with depth, from 0.70635 to as high as 0.71395, reflects the transition from primary mineral-derived Sr to a combination of residual biotite-derived Sr and atmospherically-derived Sr near the surface, and allows multiple origins of kaolinite to be identified.
Proteome analysis of isolated perfused organ effluent as a novel model for protein biomarker discovery.

The discovery of novel serological biomarkers is critical for improving disease diagnosis and monitoring treatment response. Proteomic analysis of model systems, such as isolated cells in culture and patient plasma and serum, represents the current state-of-the-art. Here, we coupled proteomics with isolated organ perfusion, which allows a disease state to be studied in a physiologic, yet controlled, environment. Potential markers specific to the disease or to changes in the surrounding tissue may be discovered. The effectiveness of this model was evaluated using proteomic analysis of effluent fractions collected from isolated beating rat hearts during reperfusion after brief episodes of ischemia. The detection of clinical markers for myocardial ischemia in this effluent was robust and analytically straightforward, validating the potential of isolated organ perfusion in diagnostic protein discovery. Keywords: proteomics • myocardial ischemia • isolated organ perfusion • biomarker
Secondary Photometric Standards for Northern Nova-Like Cataclysmic Variables

An average of 11 B, V secondary standards per field have been established for 58 cataclysmic variable stars, most of which are nova-like variables. The standards are within a few arc minutes of the variable and are therefore well suited for CCD photometry. The standards have brightnesses of V ~ 12-17 and have a typical accuracy per standard of ±0.02 mag.
Testing association between species abundance and a continuous variable with Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistics

Association of species abundance with a continuous environmental variable is frequently tested with regression or correlation analyses. However, because these methods ignore the range and frequency distribution of levels of the variable occurring in the study area, they may generate misleading results. We give examples to illustrate the argument. A better approach to test the association between species abundance and a continuous variable should compare levels of the variable in the study area to levels of the variable occurring in sites occupied by the species. If a particular species abundance is not associated with a given continuous variable, then the frequency distribution of levels of this variable measured where individuals of the species occur should mirror the frequency distribution of levels of the variable measured over the study area. We explain how to use the one- and two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistics to compare the cumulative relative frequencies of levels of the variable where individuals are present with points in the study area. We discuss the statistics, assumptions, limitations, and advantages of these tests.
Designing a web-based behavior motivation tool for healthcare compliance

As one of the causes of increasing population with chronic diseases, low compliance with healthy lifestyle has been a major challenge in the healthcare industry. Not seeing immediate positive outcomes, many people became frustrated and stopped adhering to health plans that offer long-term benefits. Studies have suggested that peer supports are effective to improve compliance, and social cognitive theories have indicated that personal realization and confidence enhanced through entertaining gaming elements could encourage behavior change. In this study, we propose a web-based behavior motivation tool to help improve patients' health compliance based on previous work and theories. Key components in our service design are illustrated through a case study, including a social gaming and learning portal, an engineering approach to support different application scenarios, and information interventions based on predefined rules to achieve effective compliance. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Factor Demands in the U.S. Food-Manufacturing Industry

This paper analyzes the demand for labor, capital, and energy in the U.S. food‐manufacturing industry using Allen and Morishima elasticities of substitution. The demand for capital is more elastic than for labor and energy, and these production factors are substitutable, especially between capital and labor.
Characterization of Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Receptors on Cultured Rat Bone Cells: Regulation of Receptor Concentration by Glucocorticoids

A specific receptor for insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has been demonstrated in cultured fetal rat osteoblast-like bone cells. Specific binding of [125I]IGF-I to bone cells incubated at 15 C reached a steady state by 5 h. Half-maximal inhibition of [125I]IGF-I binding by unlabeled IGF-I was observed at 7 ng/ml. Multiplication-stimulating activity, insulin, and proinsulin were less effective than unlabeled IGF-I in competing for receptor occupancy. Scatchard analysis showed a curvilinear plot, with a Ka similar to that observed in human fibroblasts. Incubation of cell monolayers with glucocorticoids resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in [125I]IGF-I binding. This increase in [125I]IGF-I binding was dependent on cell density. After a 2-day exposure to dexamethasone, no increase in binding was observed in sparsely plated cells; however, an increase in binding was observed after 3 days in culture (log phase) and was maximal by 5 days (peak log phase). These data indicate that rat bone cells possess a specific receptor for IGF-I with binding characteristics similar to those reported in human fibroblasts, and that IGF-I receptor concentrations are increased by exposure to glucocorticoids. A role for glucocorticoids and IGF-I in rat bone proliferation is suggested by these findings.
Cyclostratigraphy of Middle Devonian Carbonates of the Eastern Great Basin

ABSTRACT Middle Devonian carbonates (250-430 m thick) of the eastern Great Basin were deposited along a low energy, westward-thickening, distally steepened ramp. Four third-order sequences can be correlated across the ramp-to-basin transition and are composed of meter-scale, upward-shallowing carbonate cycles (or parasequences). Peritidal cycles (shallow subtidal facies capped by tidal-flat laminites) constitute 90% of all measured cycles and are present across the entire ramp. The peritidal cycles are regressive- and transgressive-prone (upward-deepening followed by upward-shallowing facies trends). Approximately 80% of the peritidal cycle caps show evidence of prolonged subaerial exposure including sediment-filled dissolution cavities, horizontal to vertical desiccation cracks, rubble and ka st breccias, and pedogenic alteration; locally these features are present down to 2 m below the cycle caps. Subtidal cycles (capped by shallow subtidal facies) are present along the middle-outer ramp and ramp margin and indicate incomplete shallowing. Submerged subtidal cycles (64% of all subtidal cycles) are composed of deeper subtidal facies overlain by shallow subtidal facies. Exposed subtidal cycles are composed of deeper subtidal facies overlain by shallow subtidal facies that are capped by features indicative of prolonged subaerial exposure (dissolution cavities and brecciation). Average peritidal and subtidal cycle durations are between approximately 50 and 130 k.y. (fourth- to fifth-order). The combined evidence of abundant exposure-capped peritidal and subtidal cycles, transgressive-prone cycles, and subtidal cycles correlative with updip peritidal cycles indicates that the cycles formed in response to fourth-to fifth-order, glacio-eustatic sea-level oscillations. Sea-level oscillations of relatively low magnitude (< 10 m) are suggested by the abundance of peritidal cycles, the lack of widely varying, water-depth-dependent facies within individual cycles, and the presence of noncyclic stratigraphic intervals within intrashelf-basin, slope, and basin facies. Noncyclic intervals represent missed subtidal beats when the seafloor lay too deep to record the effects of the short-term sea-level oscillations. Exposure surfaces at the tops of peritidal and subtidal cycles represent one, or more likely several, missed sea-level oscillations when the platform lay above fluctuating sea level, but the amplitude of fourth- to fifth-order sea-level oscillation(s) were not high enough to flood the ramp. The large number of missed beats (exposure-capped cycles), specifically in Sequences 2 and 4, results in Fischer plots that show poorly developed rising and falling limbs (subdued wave-like patterns); consequently the Fischer plots are of limited use as a correlation tool for these particular depositional sequences. The abundance of missed beats also explains why Milankovitch-type cycle ratios ( 5:1 or 4:1) are not observed and why such ratios would not be expected along many peritidal-cycle-dominated carbonate platforms.
Effect of immunosuppressive agents on retention of antigen in the mouse spleen.

SummaryThe effects of four immunosuppressive agents (X-ray, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide, and cortisone acetate) on localization and retention of radioactive antigen in liver and spleen were studied. All four agents interfered with antigen retention by spleen and spleen germinal centers but not with that by the liver; this damage of splenic antigen retention was more easily induced when the insult was given before the test antigen. At the dose applied (500 mg/kg) cortisone acetate did not interfere with immune elimination—a sign of early antibody production—but most severely damaged retention of antigen in spleen germinal centers. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the antigen depots in germinal centers are of functional significance for the late (particularly 7S) antibody production. Our experiments also emphasize the dual effect of immunosuppressive agents on lymphatic organs: (i) reduction of their immunologically responsive cell population, and (ii) impairment of their capacity to cap...
Subclavian‐coronary steal through a LIMA‐to‐LAD bypass graft

Eighteen months after coronary artery bypass grafting with a left internal mammary artery (LIMA) graft, a 58-year-old woman had a change in the character of her angina to include pain in the left arm, especially with upper extremity work, culminating in an episode of prolonged rest pain. Cardiac catheterization revealed retrograde flow through the LIMA graft to the subclavian artery and stenosis of the left subclavian artery at its origin from the aorta. Restoration of antegrade flow through the LIMA graft to the coronary arteries was achieved by a carotid-subclavian bypass resulting in a resolution of symptoms. The evaluation of recurrent angina after LIMA bypass grafting should exclude the possibility of subclavian artery stenosis as well as disease of the native and graft coronary anatomy.
Dorsal root ganglion removal inRana pipiens produces fewer motoneurons

Abstract The early removal of several dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) inRana pipiens tadpoles is found to produce a reduction in the number of motoneurons that survive to maturity. Comparison of lateral motor column counts on the side of previous DRG removals to those on the unoperated side reveals a significant decrease when 2 or 3 of the total 4 hindlimb DRGs are removed, whereas the removal of one hindlimb DRG alone does not alter motoneuron numbers. Afferent input may therefore play a role in determining motoneuron cell numbers.
Growth in IT and organizational experience in BATEC

The growth of the IT sector masks important dynamics: occupational complexity; the spread of the IT workforce into other sectors, and a transformation in traditional human resource practices. Handling these tensions is demanding regional workforce development strategies, especially to create institutional connections, or labor market intermediaries, that can assure the flow of talent through specific segments of the educational pipeline, from high school to higher education, and into specific employers, industries, and local sub-regional labor markets. The Boston Area Advanced Technical Education Connections (BATEC) is one of such intermediaries. BATEC has created the a basic template of practices that can be used to up-scale its efforts and contribute to shape a regional workforce development system.
Engineered microstructures and transport properties in YBCO coated conductors.

Each process used to deposit or make the bi-axially textured template, buffer layer(s), and the superconductor in a coated conductor creates interfaces along which defects or interfacial reactions may result. These defects can be additive and propagate through the entire film structure to affect the growth and properties of the superconducting film. Defects within the films and their corresponding transport properties have been correlated with the differences in the thickness of the underlying buffer layer material. This knowledge can be used to control and engineer the structure of the coated conductor to maximize critical current densities.