cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CD99 Immunoreactivity in Metastatic Malignant Melanoma

CD99, also known as p30/32, is a glycoprotein product of the MIC2 gene, which is located on the short arm of both chromosome X and Y. This transmembrane protein was originally utilized in immunohistochemistry as a unique marker for Ewing sarcoma, other primitive neuroectodermal tumors, and more recently in a wide variety of tumors. It’s expression in malignant melanoma (MM) has not been well documented. A recent study at our institution demonstrated membranous staining in approximately 61% of primary MM. As CD99 is expressed by hematopoeitic cells, it has been proposed as a mechanism for lymphocytes to gain access to the vasculature.1 This study is designed to determine if CD99 expression in melanoma cells has a similar role using cases of metastatic MM from our archives. Our evaluation shows that 13 of 28 cases (46.4%) demonstrated membranous CD99 staining. A case of this magnitude has not been previously reported.Â Reference: 1. Shenkel AR, Mamdouh Z, Chen X, Liebman RM, Muller WA. CD99 plays a major role in the migration of monocytes through endothelial junctions. Nature Immunol 2002;3:143–150.
Time- and dose-dependent differential upregulation of three genes by 17β-estradiol in endothelial cells

The purpose of this study was to identify genetic targets in the vasculature for estrogen by profiling genes expressed in female human aortic endothelial cells exposed to various doses of 17β-estra...
Enhancing addiction treatment through psychoeducational groups

Clients with an addiction disorder generally present with an ego deficit in the area of self-care. This deficiency manifests itself in an inability to suffer and struggle with day-to-day problem solving. Outpatient addiction treatment today places significant resources in psychotherapy and psychodynamic group therapy often at the expense of teaching basic life skills our clients need to negotiate day-to-day living. To address both issues of ego and life skills deficits, the use of a psychoeducational group is presented. This specialized, task-oriented didactic group experience is a necessary component of a comprehensive addiction treatment program. A psychoeducational group in the treatment of addictions can serve as a synthesis for problem-solving skills training used in mental health and the psychodynamic theory of addictive behavior. Cases are presented to illustrate the efficacy of psychoeducational groups.
Lysophosphatidic acid and apoptosis of nerve growth factor- differentiated PC12 cells

The lipid biomediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) elicits a unique response in hippocampal neurons, LPA induces neuronal apoptosis. This study explores the effects of LPA on cells with neuronal properties, nerve growth factor-differentiated PC6 cells, a clone of PC12 cells. LPA induced apoptosis in these cells as assessed by chromatin condensation, terminal dUTP nick end-labeling of DNA, protection against these nuclear alterations by a general caspase inhibitor and the lack of release of lactic dehydrogenase. LPA caused oxidative stress, namely a decreased reduction of MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide. This oxidative stress appears to be of functional significance, since cells were protected by pretreatment with the antioxidant propyl gallate and by stable transfection with cDNA encoding the antioxidant enzyme, manganese superoxide dismutase. Mitochondrial and nitric oxide participation in LPA-induced apoptosis are suggested by the protection afforded by pretreatment with either cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of mitochondrial permeability transition, or nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor findings are novel, since to our knowledge, LPA has not heretofore been associated with an increase in nitric oxide. In addition, as observed for many neurotoxic agents, insulin-like growth factor I protected against LPA-induced apoptosis of PC6 cells.
Effect of contraction frequency on leg blood flow during knee extension exercise in humans.

Previous studies in isolated muscle preparations have shown that muscle blood flow becomes compromised at higher contraction frequencies. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of incr...
A personalized emotion recognition system using an unsupervised feature adaptation scheme

A personalized emotion recognition system aims to tune the model to recognize the expressive behaviors of a targeted person. Such a system can play an important role in various domains including call center and health care applications. Adapting any general emotion recognition system for a particular individual requires speech samples and prior knowledge about their emotional content. These assumptions constrain the use of these techniques in many real scenarios in which no annotated data is available to train or adapt the models. To address this problem, this paper introduces an unsupervised feature adaptation scheme that aims to reduce the mismatch between the acoustic features used to train the system and the acoustic features extracted from the unknown targeted speaker. The adaptation scheme uses our recently proposed iterative feature normalization (IFN) framework. An emotion detection system is trained with the IEMOCAP database. For testing, a database was created by downloading videos from a video-sharing website, containing various interviews from a targeted subject (1.5 hours). The detection system is used to identify emotional speech with and without the proposed feature adaptation scheme. The experimental results indicate that the proposed approach improves the unweighted accuracy from 50.8% to 70.0%.
Performance upper bounds for terminated convolutional codes

In this paper, we present performance upper bounds for convolutional codes terminated with finite input sequence. To obtain the upper bounds, we define a generalized weight enumerator representing the relation between the Hamming distance of the coded output and the Hamming distance of selected input bits of the code. The upper bounds on frame error rate (FER) and average bit error rate (BER) of selected bits are obtained from the generalized weight enumerators. We present a low complexity method to compute the weight enumerator of terminated convolutional codes based on a modified trellis. We also present a generalized weight enumerator of single error event to provide tighter performance upper bounds by removing codewords composed of multiple error events from the weight enumerator.
From isolation to integration: postsecondary vocational education and emerging systems of workforce development

In this article, the author presents a new vision for a coherent and effective system of workforce development that incorporates both education and training. The differences between the systems of formal education and of workforce development are outlined and the suggestion is made that postsecondary vocational education, particularly that provided in community colleges and technical institutes, participates in both education and workforce development. The problems created by the uneven evolution of workforce development systems and the potential of vocational education to bridge education and training through pathways from short-term programs back into the mainstream of education are highlighted. It is suggested that by targeting programs on the most promising employment opportunities, education providers can develop integrated systems that provide positive outcomes for students and employers.
Analysis of common and coding variants with cardiovascular disease in the diabetes heart study

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor. Identification of genetic risk factors for CVD is important to understand disease risk. Two recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analyses in the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium detected CVD-associated loci. Variants identified in CHARGE were tested for association with CVD phenotypes, including vascular calcification, and conventional CVD risk factors, in the Diabetes Heart Study (DHS) (n = 1208; >80% T2DM affected). This included 36 genotyped or imputed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from DHS GWAS data. 28 coding SNPs from 14 top CHARGE genes were also identified from exome sequencing resources and genotyped, along with 209 coding variants from the Illumina HumanExome BeadChip genotype data in the DHS were also tested. Genetic risk scores (GRS) were calculated to evaluate the association of combinations of variants with CVD measures. After correction for multiple comparisons, none of the CHARGE SNPs were associated with vascular calcification (p < 0.0014). Multiple SNPs showed nominal significance with calcification, including rs599839 (PSRC1, p = 0.008), rs646776 (CELSR2, p = 0.01), and rs17398575 (PIK3CG, p = 0.009). Additional COL4A2 and CXCL12 SNPs were nominally associated with all-cause or CVD-cause mortality. Three SNPs were significantly or nominally associated with serum lipids: rs3135506 (Ser19Trp, APOA5) with triglycerides (TG) (p = 5×10−5), LDL (p = 0.00070), and nominally with high density lipoprotein (HDL) (p = 0.0054); rs651821 (5′UTR, APOA5) with increased TGs (p = 0.0008); rs13832449 (splice donor, APOC3) associated with decreased TGs (p = 0.0015). Rs45456595 (CDKN2A, Gly63Arg), rs5128 (APOC3, 3′UTR), and rs72650673 (SH2B3, Glu400Lys) were nominally associated with history of CVD, subclinical CVD, or CVD risk factors (p < 0.010). From the exome chip, rs3750103 (CHN2, His204Arg/His68Arg) with carotid intima-medial thickness (IMT) (p = 3.9×10−5), and rs61937878 (HAL, Val549Met) with infra-renal abdominal aorta CP (AACP) (p = 7.1×10−5). The unweighted GRS containing coronary artery calcified plaque (CAC) SNPs was nominally associated with history of prior CVD (p = 0.033; OR = 1.09). The weighted GRS containing SNPs was associated with CAC and myocardial infarction (MI) was associated with history of MI (p = 0.026; OR = 1.15). Genetic risk factors for subclinical CVD in the general population (CHARGE) were modestly associated with T2DM-related risk factors and CVD outcomes in the DHS.
Matches in Beliefs Between Teachers and Students, and Success in L2 Attainment: The Georgian Example

: This study addresses matches in beliefs between Georgian English learners and teachers and relationships among beliefs and overall language and grammar achievement, exploring the underlying reasons behind beliefs. Utilizing a mixed-method design, the researcher collected data through student/teacher questionnaires, evaluation inventories, observations, interviews, and course-book analyses. Participants included 30 teachers and 40 students. Findings suggested that the overwhelming majority of participants endorsed grammar's significance, considering knowledge of L1 grammar and learning of L2 grammar prerequisites to language learning. Contradicting suggested program course-books and goals, most teachers/students championed traditional ways of teaching/learning grammar. In addition, unlike the nonmatching group, students in the matching group had higher grammar grades than their overall grades. Testing and observation data indicated that neither matches nor mismatches in beliefs seemed to contribute to overall language achievement.
Mixed fortunes: A study of poverty mobility among small farm households in Chile, 1968–86

This study is based on a panel sample of small farm households drawn from eight rural communities in Chile interviewed in 1968 and 1986. The incidence and intensity of poverty based on primary income increased over this period. However, after including earnings from the minimum employment programmes and public transfers, both the headcount ratio and squared poverty gap fell markedly between the two surveys. Mobility analysis showed more households moving out of than into poverty. Of those households who became impoverished, around half may have suffered a transitory decline in income in 1986. The other half experienced pauperisation as a result of investing in projects with negative rates of return, investing in the accumulation of human capital by their children, sustaining a large rise in the household's dependency ratio or suffering political discrimination in the labour market. Per capita income was positively related to schooling of the household head (in 1968), land ownership (in 1986) and living in...
Order Effects And The Audit Materiality Revision Choice

Prior literature has examined order effects in a variety of auditor decision-making judgments. This study expands the order effect literature by examining the impact of qualitative information on auditors’ willingness to revise materiality thresholds subsequent to the completion of audit fieldwork. If financial reporting risk (the risk of failing to report misstatements appropriately) is present in an audit engagement, auditors may choose to revise their materiality thresholds upward, causing seemingly material misstatements to become quantitatively immaterial. Consequently, financial reporting risk is assumed away and auditors do not appear negligent in their professional responsibilities. The results show that auditors are in fact willing to revise their materiality judgments given qualitative information and that different levels of inherent risk present in the audit environment also affects these revisions. In addition, the order in which the qualitative information is presented to auditors has a significant effect on the materiality judgment revisions. More specifically, significant recency order-effects are identified in the least-experienced (newly hired staff) and most-experienced (managers and partners) auditor groups, given high and low levels of inherent risk. Finally, the most-experienced auditor group shows the most pronounced order-effect biases.
Studies of exchangeable protons in the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization process

The mechanism of ionization in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is examined by sequentially eliminating the possible proton sources in sinapinic acid and α-cyano-4-hydroxy cinnamic acid. Three derivatives of sinapinic acid are synthesized by substituting the carboxylic acid hydrogen and the phenolic hydrogen with methyl groups, to form a methyl ester, a methyl ether and a doubly methylated derivative. All three yielded MALDI mass spectra, including the doubly methylated derivative, where both the carboxylic acid hydrogen and the phenolic hydrogen were absent, demonstrating that neither the carboxyl nor the hydroxyl hydrogen are required as a source of a proton for MALDI. The results suggest a chemical ionization mechanism for the protonation of the analyte. Experiments were performed to determine if the methoxy hydrogens of the aromatic methyl ether of cinnamic acid derivatives could be a proton source, using the trideuteromethyl ether derivative of α-cyano-4-hydroxy cinnamic acid as a matrix. Data obtained with this derivative suggest that the source of the proton is not the methoxy methyl group, but rather the carboxylic group.
SLOT ANTENNA FED BY A CPW LINE WITH TAPERED TRANSITION

A tapered coplanar waveguide (CPW) transition is pro- posed in order to facilitate the connection between a slot antenna and coaxial connector. The broadband bow-tie slot antenna is considered as an example in this design. The tapered transition is utilized to optimize the connection of two 50 CPW lines with different widths. A narrow CPW line is connected to the slot-antenna feed point and the wide CPW line is connected to the coaxial SMA connector for measurement pur- poses. The tapered transition proposed here results in a negligible re-
Basics of Coagulation

The basic mechanics of hemostasis must be grasped in order to understand the disorders of hemostasis and the therapies designed to alter coagulation. Generally, coagulation is divided into fibrin formation, fibrinolysis, platelet function, and natural anticoagulants. The coagulation cascade is a series of enzymatic steps designed to amplify the insult of initial trauma into the formation of a fibrin plug. Recent research has revealed how fibrin formation occurs in vivo rather than how it occurs in the test tube. The in vivo pathway for the purposes of this book is called the “new pathway” of coagulation. Unfortunately, the two most common laboratory tests for coagulation and many books are still based on the test-tube models of coagulation. It is important to learn (a little bit) about the older models of coagulation to understand these two laboratory tests and much of the classic literature.
Discussion of Valuation of a Firm with a Tax Loss Carryover

De Waegenaere et al. (2003) examine the properties of the market-to-book ratio of deferred tax assets arising from tax loss carryovers. The numerator of this ratio reflects the net present value of future cash flows attributable to the deferred tax asset, while the denominator reflects an undiscounted book value. Lack of discounting in the denominator suggests that the market-to-book ratio would be between 0 and 1. However, prior empirical results report market-to-book ratios greater than 1. This paper attempts to provide a theoretical explanation of conditions under which market-to-book ratios might be greater than 1. The paper has two important strengths that broaden its audience appeal. First, its consideration of deferred tax assets focuses on the interface between tax and financial accounting. Second, it attempts to provide theory that explains puzzling empirical results and motivates future empirical testing to validate its predictions. However, the link between any theoretical model and empirical observation focuses attention on the underlying assumptions of the model. This discussion examines several assumptions of this model that may render it inappropriate to the empirical setting it attempts to explain. DEFINING THE VALUATION ALLOWANCE As defined in the paper, the market-to-book ratio of the tax loss carryforward is:
Nitric oxide triggers late preconditioning against myocardial infarction in conscious rabbits

We tested the hypothesis that late preconditioning (PC) against myocardial infarction is triggered by the formation of nitric oxide (NO). Conscious rabbits underwent a 30-min coronary occlusion fol...
Women in Primary and Secondary Education Administration: Navigating Spheres of Subordination

While women maintain an overwhelming majority of teaching positions at the primary and secondary levels, their presence in administrative roles is extremely underrepresented. Many scholars have identified barriers-to-entry for women to enter these positions of power. Though my research touches on these issues, the overall goal of this article is to better understand the lived subordination of women who have already attained administrative positions, and in what ways they combat it. I interviewed four women in Wynberg Community Schools who shed light on the discrimination that is both blatant and overt, however rampant. In exploring this qualitative research, an enhanced and more personal understanding of how marginalization has affected these women, can be showcased. My conclusions aim to set a better environment for women in the education workplace, by highlighting the way gender functions in school administration. By discussing these issues widely, changing the way language is used, positively encouraging women to apply to positions of power, supporting women in those positions of power, and given women spaces to thrive, it is certain that the education system will be much more diverse, nuanced, and conducive to equality. Author’s Note Adam D. Harrison is a senior at Michigan State University studying Comparative Cultures and Politics, with a double specialization in African Studies and International Development. Since beginning his studies at MSU, he has focused on understanding how marginalized communities combat institutionalized subordination, particularly in the field of women’s studies. He is attending Michigan State University’s Master’s program in Human Resources and Labor Relations this fall, hoping to focus on International HR and diversity in the workplace. In his spare time, Adam enjoys teaching group fitness, practicing Kiswahili, and travelling.
Payne and the Tax Treatment of Defaulted Credit Card Debt

When defaulted credit card debt is cancelled, only the forgiven principal is taxable as COD income. Cancelled interest and penalties are not taxable income unless the items would have been deductible, and thus the Tax Court's recent decisions in Payne (2008) and Hahn (2007) are erroneous. Cancelled penalties are not taxable because the borrower has received no loan proceeds, and cancelled interest is not taxable because it is in effect simply a price adjustment for the use of money. Currently required 1099-C reporting is defective because it does not require splitting out cancelled principal. Taxpayers are being unjustly overtaxed because forgiven credit card debt often consists of amounts of interest and penalties which are equal or greater than the amount of principal.
Work Analysis and the Resolution of Organizational Conflict: Theoretical Method, Measurement and Application

Interventions for conflict or stressors at work are derailed for a variety of factors such as diagnostic heuristics, inadequate resource utilization, workplace political behavior, insufficient boundary management, criterion deficiency or contamination or value-laden dynamics. Derailed interventions and workplace conflict are often effectively moderated through a calibrated, reflective process in which work analysis serves as the foundation for change. This chapter summarizes the use of work analysis to resolve conflict or derailed interventions in a university setting. Twenty-nine cases are part of this analysis. Each case includes responses from three parties or work roles. All cases are catalogued according to work location. The identified type of initial conflict is also linked to each case. Finally, the job category of each participant is another variable used as part of this analysis. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) displays significant differences in the stressors: required training, tools: machines, and values (all significant at p < .01), as each intersects with work location. An additional ANOVA reveals significant differences in the stressors: essential functions, required training, and critical incident (all significant at p < .01), as each intersects with type of conflict. The most intense, intervention points subsequent to quantitative analysis across analytical domains are ultimate criterion (M = 5.98, SD = .78), critical incident (M = 5.95, SD = 1.06), major tensions (M = 5.93, SD = .93) and organizational linkage (M = 5.86, SD = 1.15). Results or totals for each of the 12 domains of work are beyond the midpoint of the 7-point scale.
Equality in the Garden State: What the Marriage Equality Movement in New Jersey Can Teach Progressives About Seeking Social Change in the Courts and the Legislature

When the New Jersey Supreme Court issued its landmark decision in Lewis v. Harris in October 2006, it broke a string of judicial defeats for marriage equality advocates. With the decision less than two years old, no one has yet written a detailed history of how the Lewis ruling came to be. It is the story of how an alliance of average citizens, prominent New Jersey attorneys, national gay rights groups, and an assembly of community organizations united to fight for marriage equality in the state. This paper briefly reviews the history of the gay marriage movement, then examines the unique political culture of New Jersey, the state supreme court's long-standing reputation for judicial activism, and the grassroots campaign orchestrated by gay rights groups in the buildup to the decision. The paper includes interviews with the major players in the decision, including the counsel for the Lewis plaintiffs as well as the founder of Garden State Equality, New Jersey's powerful LGBT group. This decision deserves a detailed treatment, not only to better appreciate the movement's achievements, but also to describe a successful model that other progressive groups could adopt when lawyering for social change.
Experimental Design and Data Analysis for Accurate Estimation of Reaction Kinetics and Conversion for Carbon Mineralization

Silicate minerals such as olivine (Mg2SiO4) and serpentine [Mg3(OH)4(Si3O5)] can react with CO2 to form mineral carbonates to permanently store CO2. Despite significant advancements in carbon mineralization, major discrepancies in the reported kinetics exist because of inconsistencies among various experimental methodologies, the heterogeneity and aging of the minerals, and inadequate fast kinetics and morphological data to probe the reaction mechanisms. In this work, it was found that aged and freshly ground olivine produce very different carbonation yields. A new mineral cleaning protocol to remove fines (<5 μm) was developed. Fast and slow serpentine dissolution regimes were distinguished using a custom-built differential-bed reactor. Mineral carbonate formation using a bubble-column reactor was described. Different carbon analyses were evaluated for accurate estimation of the extent of carbon mineralization. Therefore, this study focused on the development of an experimental framework and a data analy...
Shared patient analysis: a method to assess the clinical benefits of patient referrals.

BACKGROUND Referral to specialized physicians or institutions often is deemed necessary in clinical medicine, but no method exists to assess the clinical benefit of such referrals. OBJECTIVES To describe a method, which is shared patient analysis, to measure the expected improvement in clinical management associated with referrals and to apply that method in the field of abdominal and pelvic oncological radiology. SUBJECTS All patients referred, during a 4-year period, to surgical oncologists at four academic centers (the referral providers, or RPs) with radiographs performed before referral at a community site (the initial providers, or IPs). Patients (n = 396) for whom both the IP interpretation and a final diagnosis was available were eligible. All IP and RP readings were placed in random order and presented to surgical oncologists, who then recommended a treatment course. MEASUREMENTS Diagnostic accuracy of the IP and RP readings and the proportion of patients who were assigned to an appropriate treatment by the oncologist were determined. RESULTS When the indication for imaging was primary diagnosis or staging, the kappa for presence of cancer was 0.70. When the indication was cancer follow-up, the kappa for presence of recurrent/progressing cancer was 0.66. There were disagreements between the IP and RP radiologists over the interpretation of 162 films, with the RP radiologists being correct in 153 (94%). Had the patients been treated using IP readings, there would have been 19 more inappropriate surgeries and 19 more admissions (both P <0.05) than if the oncologists had based their recommendations on RP readings. CONCLUSIONS The technique of shared patient analysis permits assessment of the clinical benefits associated with referrals.
A RETROSPECTIVE: DEVELOPMENT OF SIMULATION MODELS FOR THE 1903 AND 1905 WRIGHT FLYERS

The centennial of flight has brought about a renewed interest in the first airplanes and their flight characteristics. It is known that the first Wright Flyers were unstable, but history showed that they were flyable. It is the longitudinal handling ch.aracteristics that are of interest in this paper. Wind tunnel tests have been performed on the 1903 Flyer and provide limited aerodynamic data, but a higher fidelity model is needed to fully simulate the aircraft within nonlinear regions. Simulation models of the 1903 and 1905 Flyers were created by using the results of wind tunnel tests, using inviscid flow analysis, and expanding the data to include high angles of attack. The two models were simulated in the PC-based FlightGear Flight Simulator, and the results shew that both aircraft require continuous pilot input, but they are flyable with practice.
Competition between Standards and the Prices of Mobile Telecommunication Services: Analysis of Panel Data

This paper aims to address the differential effect of intra-standard and inter-standard competition on the prices of mobile telecommunication services, specifically in 3G and beyond. It is hypothesized that inter-standard competition will lower price over time after controlling for per capita GDP, preference diversity, and mobile teledensity. A fixed effects model was estimated using the least squares dummy variable (LSDV) method to empirically test the association, using ARPU as a proxy for price. The findings were inconclusive because though the direction of the effect suggested that standards competition might be reducing prices, it was not significant. Strong time trends in the data and hedging strategies, in which companies deploy multiple standards, might account for the observed weak effects.
Anesthesiology and perinatal care.

This paper describes the present state of anesthesia coverage for obstetrics, summarizes the formal recommendations for such services as promulgated by various national organizations, and defines the role of an anesthesia service under ideal circumstances.
The iliotibial tract; clinical and morphological significance.

The iliotibial tract, otherwise known as the iliotibial band, or the band of Maissiat, is a ligament connecting the ilium with the tibia. It is observed in its form in man and is associated with the erect posture. It is connected intimately with the tensor fasciae latae anteriorly and the glutaeus m
THE MARS EXPLORATION ROVERS: HITTING THE ROAD ON MARS

Since the beginning of time, people have been fascinated by Mars. From the earliest mission to now-Mars has been (and is) a challenging destination. The Rovers were developed at a breakneck pace in 3 years and landed successfully on Mars in January 2004. This paper will discuss how the Mars Rover mission fits into the overall Mars Program and NASA's program of planetary exploration. Building the rovers in such a short time period created some difficult design challenges that were mainly schedule driven. in addition, it will cover the process of selecting the rover landing sites as well as the engineering challenges faced in the entry, descent and landing process. The rovers have a great deal of autonomous control ability on the surface and the process of developing and testing those was part of the challenge of doing this in 3 years.
A Cell-Cell Fusion Assay to Monitor HIV-1 Env Interactions with Chemokine Receptors

Biological membrane fusion is an important part of many cellular processes and is a critical step in the entry of enveloped viruses, such as HIV-1, into cells. For HIV-1 to infect cells, the virus must bind to the cell surface, after which the viral Env protein must be triggered to undergo a conformational change that mediates membrane fusion. Cell-surface binding has long been known to occur via a high-affinity interaction between Env and CD4. However, the cell-surface molecules responsible for triggering the fusion-inducing conformational change in the Env protein have been only recently identified, permitting the study of HIV-1 Env-mediated membrane fusion in much greater detail (for review, see 1). These molecules, termed coreceptors, have been shown to be members of the nine-transmembrane domain receptor family. The most important HIV-1 coreceptors are the chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 (2-7), although at least nine other chemokine receptors or orphan receptors have been shown to support cellular entry for subsets of HIV-1 or SIV strains (3,5,8-11). The ability of a given virus strain to utilize particular chemokine receptors is a major determinant of cellular tropism. Thus, it is desirable to identify the receptors used by virus strains in a rapid, quantitative, and reproducible manner.
Lambeth Prophecies I: History of the World

In The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, Blake described his unique methods of “printing in the infernal method, by corrosives, which in Hell are salutary and medicinal, melting apparent surfaces away, and displaying the infinite which was hid” (E 39; MHH 14). It is generally acknowledged that Blake refers here to his technique of relief etching. In that process, Blake seems to have protected what would be the printing surfaces — the letters and lines of the verbal and visual texts — by painting them on the copper printing plates with an acid-resistant solution. He then subjected the plates to a series of acid baths that ate away the unprotected surfaces, lowering them slightly but sufficiently for printing and thereby “revealing” a text that can in some sense be said to have been there all along.1
Essaying the Personal: Making Sociological Stories Stick

I like to think I was always a sociologist. As a child I asked my mother why I had to hide my pale skin under a deep tan in the summer while white people hated black people's dark skin. In my early teens I didn't understand why sex was good for boys and bad for girls, why my 19-year-old sister felt embarrassed about not having a fiance, or why my brother never did the dishes while my sister and I were supposed to help my mother clean the whole house. Maybe Simmel (1993) was right—people on the margins have the distance required to stand back and analyze the mainstream world. Although I lived a conventional life as a girl in a lower-middle-class "intact" family, got good grades and never ran away from home, I was also a Jew living in English (Protestant) and French (Catholic) Quebec. I had good questions and observations back then, but no analysis. I hadn't yet learned, as C. Wright Mills (1959) put it, to turn private troubles into public issues. That came later. When I started college in 1970 I thought I'd become a psychologist. I was, after all, interested in how people thought and felt about things. In the first part of the two-semester Introduction to Psychology we never got to humans. I vaguely remember reading about the stickleback (though I no longer know why). And I can still see Barlow's tortured monkeys, clinging to terry cloth surrogates of their mothers. The second semester didn't get much better, as my behaviorist professors tried to convince me that I could understand people through operant conditioning. I took a sociology course the next fall and discovered Blumer (1969), Goffman (1959), and Mead (1934). Then Berger and Luckmann (1966). I
Traces from Nest Invaders

The record of traces occurring in other insect trace fossils in paleosols representing invaders, such as parasitoids, cleptoparasites, detritivores and inquilines, is reviewed. Different types of cleptoparasitism and detritivory have been recognized in extant dung beetle brood balls, produced by other beetles, flies, wasps, termites and earthworms among others. Different groups of wasps, bees, flies, beetles, and ants may act as cleptoparasites, inquilines, predators, detritivores and parasitoids in wasp and bee nests, resulting in complex communities. The trace fossil record of these complex relationships is represented by ichnospecies of Tombownichnus and Lazaichnus, grouped in the new ichnofamily Lazaichnidae. Keys and diagnoses of all ichnospecies are provided along with interpretations. The record of unnamed cases is also reviewed. Color plates of extant producers and their traces, type material, morphological details and representative cases of trace fossils are provided.
Engaging Parents in Preventive Interventions for Young Children: Working with Cultural Diversity Within Low-Income, Urban Neighborhoods

A robust literature documents the impact of poverty on child development and lifelong health, well-being and productivity. Racial and ethnic minority children continue to bear the burden of poverty disproportionately. Evidence-based parenting interventions in early childhood have the potential to attenuate risk attributable to poverty and stress. To reduce racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in the USA, parenting interventions must be accessible, engaging, and effective for low-income families of color living in large urban centers. This paper describes the initial development of ParentCorps and ongoing improvements to realize that vision. Initial development focused on creating a parenting intervention that places culture at the center and effectively embedding it in schools. ParentCorps includes core components found in nearly all effective parenting interventions with a culturally informed approach to engaging families and supporting behavior change. As the intervention is implemented at scale in increasingly diverse communities, improvement efforts include augmenting professional development to increase racial consciousness among all staff (evaluators, coaches, and school-based facilitators) and applying an implementation science framework to study and more fully support schools' use of a package of engagement strategies.
Judicial Review of Uncertain Risks in Scientific Research

It is difficult to neutrally evaluate the risks posed by large-scale leading-edge science experiments. Traditional risk assessment is problematic in this context for multiple reasons. Also, such experiments can be insulated from challenge by manipulating how questions of risk are framed. Yet courts can and must evaluate these risks. In this chapter, I suggest modes of qualitative reasoning to facilitate such evaluation.
Overview of Applications and Needs

There is a rapidly growing recognition of the importance of early-time processes in physical phenomena, since long-time behavior of many processes of practical interest are governed by fundamental phenomena which occur in the sub-microsecond time scale. Typical of the areas in which this early time history appear important are the breakdown and conduction processes in vacuum, gases, liquids, and solids; electromagnetic radiation production and propagation; inertial and magnetic confinement fusion devices; throughout pulsed power technology; and in the performance of systems such as electric-discharge lasers and particle-beam accelerators.
Reversible accumulation of lipofuscin-like inclusions in the retinal pigment epithelium.

Purpose The amounts of autofluorescent lysosomal storage bodies, known as lipofuscin, increase during senescence in the retinal pigment epithelia (RPEs) of mammalian eyes. This increase in lipofuscin content may result from a failure of the RPE to dispose of any lipofuscin constituents once they have formed. Alternatively, the RPE may eliminate lipofuscin but at a rate insufficient to prevent its accumulation. Experiments were conducted to distinguish between these two possibilities. Methods Albino rats were given intravitreal injections of the protease inhibitor leupeptin, which induces a rapid accumulation of lipofuscin-like inclusions in the RPE. The amount of these inclusions in the RPE was monitored as a function of time after the leupeptin treatment with quantitative ultrastructural analysis. In addition, the intensity of lipofuscin-specific fluorescence in the RPE was monitored over the same time period with the use of quantitative microfluorometry. These parameters were also followed in untreated control eyes of age-matched animals. Results A single leupeptin injection resulted in a rapid massive accumulation of electron-dense inclusion bodies in the RPE. These inclusions appeared to be derived primarily from phagocytosed photoreceptor outer segments. Accompanying the accumulation of these inclusions was a significant increase in lipofuscin-specific fluorescence in the RPE. Over a 12-week period after the leupeptin treatment, the amounts of inclusion material and the fluorescence intensities returned to normal levels. Conclusions These findings suggest that the age-related increase in RPE lipofuscin content results from an imbalance in the rates of lipofuscin formation and disposal rather than from a complete absence of a disposal mechanism. The results imply that turnover of lipofuscin constituents may be rapid relative to the animals' life span. Thus, it may be possible to slow or reverse the age-related increase in RPE lipofuscin content by either inhibiting the processes involved in lipofuscin formation or enhancing the disposal processes.
B lymphocytes and neuroinvasion.

How does consumption of meat products infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) lead to development of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)? Studies of the brain, spleen and marrow of many immunodeficient mouse lines indicate that differentiated B lymphocytes are important for neuroinvasion. This discovery has implications for therapies against CJD, and also for the broader public-health issue of screening blood products against possible infection.
The post-myocardial infarction patient with hypertension. Long-term outcome.

PreviewHypertension increases the risk of reinfarction and sudden death in post-myocardial infarction (Ml) patients. The same is true of coexisting left ventricular hypertrophy. Fortunately, these two risk factors may be modified by pharmacotherapy. In this article, Dr Boden describes the complementary use of beta blockers and selected calcium channel blockers for secondary prevention after acute Ml, particularly in the subset of patients who also have hypertension.
Becoming a "Science Person": Faculty Recognition and the Development of Cultural Capital in the Context of Undergraduate Biology Research.

Patterns in science-related cultural capital that help render undergraduate researchers recognizable to faculty mentors are identified, and it is posited that faculty recognition reflects a (mis)al...
Using a machine learning approach to determine the space group of a structure from the atomic pair distribution function

A method is presented for predicting the space group of a structure given a calculated or measured atomic pair distribution function (PDF) from that structure. The method utilizes machine learning models trained on more than 100 000 PDFs calculated from structures in the 45 most heavily represented space groups. In particular, a convolutional neural network (CNN) model is presented which yields a promising result in that it correctly identifies the space group among the top-6 estimates 91.9% of the time. The CNN model also successfully identifies space groups for 12 out of 15 experimental PDFs. Interesting aspects of the failed estimates are discussed, which indicate that the CNN is failing in similar ways as conventional indexing algorithms applied to conventional powder diffraction data. This preliminary success of the CNN model shows the possibility of model-independent assessment of PDF data on a wide class of materials.
Refutation graphs

A graph-theoretic characterization of truth-functional consistency is introduced, providing a clear perspective on some resolution-based for deciding formulas in propositional and first-order logic. Various resolution strategies are analyzed in terms of "walks" about specially defined graphs. A new procedure—called Graph Construction—is presented that improves on the Model Elimination and SL strategies.
Snapshot Compressive ToF+Spectral Imaging via Optimized Color-Coded Apertures

Compressive multispectral imaging systems comprise a new generation of spectral imagers that capture coded projections of a scene where spectral data cubes are reconstructed computationally. Separately, time-of-flight (ToF) cameras obtain 2D range images where each pixel records the distance from the camera sensor to the target surface. The demand for these imaging modalities is rapidly increasing, and thus, there is strong interest in developing new image sensors that can simultaneously acquire multispectral-color-and-depth imagery (MS+D) using a single aperture. Work in this path has been mainly developed via RGB+D imaging. However, in RGB+D, the multispectral image is limited to three spectral channels, and the imaging system often relies on two image sensors. We recently proposed a compressive MS+D imaging device that used a digital-micromirror-device, requiring a bulky double imaging-and-relay path. To overcome the bulkiness and other difficulties of our previous imaging system, this work presents a more-compact MS+D imaging device with snapshot capabilities. It provides better spectral sensing, relying on a static color-coded-aperture (CCA) and a ToF sensor. To guarantee good quality in the recovery, we develop an optimization method for CCA based-on blue-noise-multitoning, solved via the direct-binary-search algorithm. A testbed-setup is reported along with simulated and real experiments that demonstrate the MS+D capabilities of the proposed system over static and dynamic scenes.
Abstract P4-01-12: Low peripheral blood CD4/CD8 ratio at the time of surgery is a negative long-term prognostic factor in women with early stage breast cancer

It is hypothesized that cancer prognosis may be related to the functional status of the immune system. We examined the correlation between peripheral blood CD4/CD8 ratio measured at the time of surgery and clinical outcome in patients diagnosed with early stage breast cancer. Patient and Methods Peripheral blood from 57 treatment-naive early breast cancer patients, not eligible for neoadjuvant chemotherapy, was collected on the day of definitive surgery. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were enumerated using flow cytometry and the ratio between the two immune cell populations was calculated. Cox regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship between CD4/CD8 ratio vs. distant disease-free survival (DRFS), breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) and overall survival (OS). The median follow-up times were 10.1 years (range: 0.4-17.5) and 15.0 (range: 1.0-18.5) for DRFS and BCSS/OS, respectively. Results The patients9 mean age at diagnosis was 54 years old (range: 31-78). 82% were hormone receptor-positive, 21% HER2-positive, and 61% node-negative. The median CD4/CD8 ratio was 2; and a ratio ≤ 2 was considered low. CD4/CD8 ratio was not associated with any of the clinicopathologic variable examined. Multivariate analysis using a survival model that adjusted for potential confounding factors (age, tumor size, grade, stage, hormone receptor, HER2, lymph-node status) revealed that patients with low CD4/CD8 ratio have statistically significant increased risk of distant recurrence (DRFS HR 5.3, Wald p=0.0381) and death (OS HR 3.8 Wald p=0.0271). Conclusions Immune dysfunction at the time surgery is correlated with long-term increased risk for metastatic recurrence and death. Larger clinical studies are warranted to confirm the results of this study. Citation Format: Magbanua MJM, Yau C, Scott JH, van9t Veer L, Park JW, Esserman L, Campbell M. Low peripheral blood CD4/CD8 ratio at the time of surgery is a negative long-term prognostic factor in women with early stage breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-01-12.