cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient Construction of Energetic Materials via Nonmetallic Catalytic Carbon–Carbon Cleavage/Oxime-Release-Coupling Reactions

The exploitation of C–C activation to facilitate chemical reactions is well-known in organic chemistry. Traditional strategies in homogeneous media rely upon catalyst-activated or metal-mediated C–C bonds leading to the design of new processes for applications in organic chemistry. However, activation of a C–C bond, compared with C–H bond activation, is a more challenging process and an underdeveloped area because thermodynamics does not favor insertion into a C–C bond in solution. Carbon–carbon bond cleavage through loss of an oxime moiety has not been reported. In this paper, a new observation of self-coupling via C–C bond cleavage with concomitant loss of oxime in the absence of metals (either metal-complex mediation or catalysis) results in dihydroxylammonium 5,5-bistetrazole-1,10-diolate (TKX-50) as well as N,N′-([3,3′-bi(1,2,4-oxadiazole)]-5,5′-diyl)dinitramine, a potential candidate for a new generation of energetic materials.
Hearing loss and the future of auditory implants

Hearing loss is a major and growing health concern worldwide. According to the National Institute on Deafness and Communication Disorders (NIDCD), 17% of the adult population in the US (around 36 million people) report some form of hearing loss, with the proportion of affected individuals rising to nearly 50% among those aged 75 or older. Loss of hearing has been associated with increased social isolation, more rapid cognitive decline, and other more general health issues, although causal relationships have yet to be established. This tutorial will review the physiology of hearing loss, along with its perceptual consequences, as measured in the laboratory and experienced in everyday life. The focus of the tutorial will be on implantable technologies that have been used to alleviate severe hearing loss and deafness, with particular emphasis on cochlear implants. Although cochlear implants have enjoyed remarkable success over the past few decades, they do not restore normal hearing, and may be approaching their technological limits in terms of the benefits that patients can gain from them. The tutorial will end by exploring future directions of implantable and other technologies in the quest to restore and maintain hearing throughout the lifespan.
Max Association with Myc

Amajor breakthrough occurred in the study of transcriptional regulation by c-Myc when the partner protein, Max, was identified in 1991. It had been suspected that Myc partner proteins were necessary for Myc function because Myc possesses a dimerization domain that appears necessary for cell transformation. Although early studies indicated that Myc could homodimerize, it became rapidly apparent that homodimerization of c-Myc only occurs at high protein concentrations in vitro. Blackwood and Eisenman used a functional cloning strategy to identify two alternatively spliced Max mRNAs that encode proteins of 151 and 160 amino acids.1 The bHLHZip region of c-Myc fused to glutathioneS-transferase (GST) was used to screen a complementary DNA (cDNA) expression library. A bHLHZip protein, termed Max, was identified. Prendergast et al used a PCR strategy employing primers that matched conserved domains of Myc to identify Myn, the murine homolog of Max.2,3 Genes or cDNAs of max in other species, such as Xenopus, zebrafish and chicken, have been cloned as we11.4–7 The genomic structure of the chicken gene suggests that it contains a TATA-less promoter which consists of GC-rich sequences resembling binding sites for the transcriptional factor Sp1.4
Serendipity as cultural technique

In a time when personalised newsfeeds and automated recommendations foreclose the exposure people have to political, cultural and social encounters outside their existing predilections, it is more ...
Dynamic morphogenesis of a pioneer axon in Drosophila and its regulation by Abl tyrosine kinase.

Live imaging of an axon in its native tissue shows that its growth is protrusive and occurs by stabilization of selected filopodia. Guidance signaling, however, for example, via Abl tyrosine kinase...
Shock Severity Modifies Associations Between RBC Transfusion in the First 48 Hours of Sepsis Onset and the Duration of Organ Dysfunction in Critically Ill Septic Children

Objective To test the hypothesis that early RBC transfusion is associated with duration of organ dysfunction in critically ill septic children. Design Secondary analysis of a single-center prospective observational study. Multivariable negative binomial regression was used to determine relationships between RBC transfusion within 48 hours of sepsis onset and number of days in 14 with organ dysfunction, or with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Setting A PICU at a quaternary care children's hospital. Patients Children less than 18 years old with severe sepsis/septic shock by consensus criteria were included. Patients with RBC transfusion prior to sepsis onset and those on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support within 48 hours of sepsis onset were excluded. Interventions None. Measurements and main results Ninety-four patients were included. Median age was 6 years (0-13 yr); 61% were male. Seventy-eight percentage had septic shock, and 41 (44%) were transfused RBC within 48 hours of sepsis onset (early RBC transfusion). On multivariable analyses, early RBC transfusion was independently associated with 44% greater organ dysfunction days (adjusted relative risk, 1.44 [1.04-2.]; p = 0.03), although risk differed by severity of illness (interaction p = 0.004) and by shock severity (interaction p = 0.04 for Vasoactive Inotrope Score and 0.03 for shock index). Relative risks for multiple organ dysfunction syndrome days varied by shock severity (interaction p = 0.008 for Vasoactive Inotrope Score and 0.01 for shock index). Risks associated with early RBC transfusion were highest for the children with the lowest shock severities. Conclusions In agreement with previous studies, early RBC transfusion was independently associated with longer duration of organ dysfunction. Ours is among the first studies to document different transfusion-associated risks based on clinically available measures of shock severity, demonstrating greater transfusion-associated risks in children with less severe shock. Larger multicenter studies to verify these interaction effects are essential to plan much-needed RBC transfusion trials for critically ill septic children.
Identification of single nucleotide pleomorphisms associated with periodontal disease in head and neck cancer irradiation patients by exome sequencing.

Objective Periodontal disease (PD) is a common oral complication in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) undergoing radiation therapy (RT). Our objective was to identify candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with PD in radiation-treated patients with HNC. Study Design DNA was extracted from the saliva of patients with HNC (n = 69) before RT. Clinical attachment loss (CAL) increment greater than 0.2 mm over 24 months after RT was used to define PD progression. After exome sequencing, SNPs associated with post-RT PD progression were identified by using logistic regression and homozygosity analyses. The web tools STRING, the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID), GeneCodis, and Ensembl Variant Effect Predictor were used for functional analysis. Results Of the 48 patients with HNC with post-RT PD progression, 24 had no tooth with 5 mm or greater pocket depth before RT, whereas of the 21 patients with HNC without progression, 11 had PD initially. A total of 330 SNPs (249 genes) with over-represented homozygous genotype (98.5% variant allele) were found to be associated with post-RT PD. Sixty of these corresponded to PD-related pathways, including previously identified genes. In patients with HNC with post-RT PD progression, SNPs were found in genes (n = 10) in contrast to those without progression (n = 7). Conclusions The SNPs of collagen genes were identified, potentially defining susceptibility to PD in patients with HNC, and this could be further investigated to characterize PD drug targets.
Concordance of Embedded Performance and Symptom Validity Tests and Associations with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Post-9/11 Veterans.

OBJECTIVE The present study explored both embedded symptom (SVT) and performance (PVT) validity test scores within a post-9/11 veteran sample to elucidate the degree to which there is concordance between validity indicators, as well as how frequently one SVT and four PVT indicators were failed in screened mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and diagnosed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHOD A total of 114 post-9/11 veterans were evaluated utilizing the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) Validity-10, four embedded PVTs, mTBI screening, and a diagnostic interview for PTSD. RESULTS While we found concordance between embedded PVTs and the NSI Validity-10 at select cutoffs (i.e., ≥13, ≥19), symptom and performance validity indicators were clinically dissociable in that only SVT significantly predicted diagnosed PTSD and screened mTBI. CONCLUSIONS Dissociation between symptom and performance validity may be clinically useful when interpreting neuropsychological evaluation findings in post-9/11 veterans with a history of mTBI or PTSD.
A brief history of the office of the Surgeon General and the 2 surgeons who have held the position.

Abstract Background The Surgeon General oversees the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) and is viewed as the “Nation’s Doctor,” responsible for providing the public with information on living healthier and safer lives. The Surgeon General’s influence is seen through public health initiatives such as warning labels on tobacco and alcohol products. The objectives of this paper are to describe the tradition of the Office of the Surgeon General as created by Dr John M. Woodworth and to describe the careers of Dr C. Everett Koop and Dr Richard H. Carmona—the only 2 surgeons by training to hold the role. Methods This is a historical literature review using a combination of primary and secondary sources. Results Dr Woodworth set the priorities and responsibilities of the Surgeon General’s Office: education, public service, sanitation, and public health. Dr Koop is widely regarded as the most influential Surgeon General of all time. He was both a pioneer in pediatric surgery and a highly influential public figure, issuing landmark reports on smoking, violence, and AIDS. Dr Carmona is a trauma surgeon by training and focused on the dangers of second-hand smoke as Surgeon General. Dr Carmona served in a more political role as Surgeon General, eventually running for Senate at the end of his term. Conclusion This brief review of the history of the Surgeon General’s Office highlights the contributions of the first Surgeon General and the only 2 surgeons who have held the position.
Soil carbon stocks in temperate grasslands differ strongly across sites but are insensitive to decade-long fertilization.

Enhancing soil carbon (C) storage has the potential to offset human-caused increases in atmospheric CO2 . Rising CO2 has occurred concurrently with increasing supply rates of biologically limiting nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). However, it is unclear how increased supplies of N and P will alter soil C sequestration, particularly in grasslands, which make up nearly a third of non-agricultural land world-wide. Here, we leverage a globally distributed nutrient addition experiment (the Nutrient Network) to examine how a decade of N and P fertilization (alone and in combination) influenced soil C and N stocks at nine grassland sites spanning the continental United States. We measured changes in bulk soil C and N stocks and in three soil C fractions (light and heavy particulate organic matter, and mineral-associated organic matter fractions). Nutrient amendment had variable effects on soil C and N pools that ranged from strongly positive to strongly negative, while soil C and N pool sizes varied by more than an order of magnitude across sites. Piecewise SEM clarified that small increases in plant C inputs with fertilization did not translate to greater soil C storage. Nevertheless, peak season aboveground plant biomass (but not root biomass or production) was strongly positively related to soil C storage at seven of the nine sites, and across all nine sites, soil C covaried with moisture index and soil mineralogy, regardless of fertilization. Overall, we show that site factors such as moisture index, plant productivity, soil texture, and mineralogy were key predictors of cross-site soil C, while nutrient amendment had weaker and site-specific effects on C sequestration. This suggests that prioritizing the protection of highly productive temperate grasslands is critical for reducing future greenhouse gas losses arising from land use change.
The Religion of War and Peace: Better Understanding of International Conflict

PEACE: Is peace the cessation of war? The Binary Logic, The History: War is organized and collective, War is a balance of strengths. Can politics alone create a foundation of peace? Is peace only security? WAR: Is the difference the cause of violence? War is linked to living together as a social group. War: Is the hidden threat in the differences between the nations? War:”Is the midwife of societies”.The problem of terrorism: Is peace the obliteration of the differences? THE MEADING OF CONFLICTS: The conflict is permanent and necessary. Peace is not a cessation of conflict. Peace exists only with, through, and owing to conflicts .PEACE AS A DIALECTIC BETWEEN JUSTICE AND LOVE: The spiritual meaning of love. Humility and responsibility. The relation to the other. THE LESSONS OF THE EIGHT WELLS OF THE BIBLE: From war to love. To give and to receive.
Interference fits and stress-corrosion failure

It is pointed out that any proper design of interference fit fastener, interference fit bushings, or stress coining processes should consider both the stress-corrosion susceptibility and fatigue-life improvement together. Investigations leading to such a methodology are discussed. A service failure analysis of actual aircraft parts is considered along with the stress-corrosion susceptibility of cold-working interference fit bushings. The optimum design of the amount of interference is considered, giving attention to stress formulas and aspects of design methodology.
The RB gene family and control of the cell cycle

En 1971, une etude statistique approfondie a permis a A. Knudsen de formuler l'hypothese selon laquelle l'inactivation successive des deux alleles d'un gene alors inconnu etait la cause d'une forme familiale rare de tumeur de la retine chez l'enfant, appelee retinoblastome. Cette hypothese a ete confirmee par le clonage en 1986 du gene RB1, puis par son etude moleculaire : dans les formes familiales de retinoblastome, les enfants recoivent un allele mute d'un des parents, et le deuxieme allele est systematiquement inactive dans les tumeurs. L'inactivation fonctionnelle de RB1 a depuis ete retrouvee dans de nombreuses tumeurs humaines, incluant des carcinomes du poumon, du sein, de la vessie et de la prostate. RB1 est devenu l'exemple-type du gene « suppresseur de tumeur ».
The Gift of Ambiguity: Strategizing Beyond the Either/Or of Secularism and Religion in Islamic Divorce Law

Historically, women’s rights have been sacrificed in Egyptian family law. In seeking to create a secular legal system, liberal elites "sacrificed" women by preserving the Islamic character of family law in exchange for making the rest of the legal system largely secular. Drawing on Jacques Derrida and Giorgio Agamben, women are described as a "sacrifice" (Derrida) and as having been "abandoned" (Agamben) by secular elites charged with reforming the law. Drawing on Jean Baudrillard’s idea of simulacra, new strategic possibilities are contemplated in which normatively powerful religious language is deployed to achieve substantive liberal effects. Consider the example of the new khul’ divorce laws that were implemented in Egypt in 2000. This is a case in which the Egyptian state implemented statutory reforms allowing a woman access to divorce her husband without his permission (and without the mediation of the courts), on condition that she forfeits her financial rights.Traditionally, khul' was understood by Islamic jurists to mean a forfeiture of a wife's financial resources in exchange for divorce, but only on condition of a husband's consent. However, the new khul' reforms granted the wife the right to terminate her marriage without the consent of her husband. The new form of khul’ is not no-fault divorce, but it brings women ever closer to the possibility of the no-fault divorce ideal. By being clothed in the linguistic garb of religious discourse of Islamic divorce law, khul' was an ambiguous new ground of divorce, neither religious or secular. By producing confusions in and ambivalences about the religious identity and legitimacy of khul', these confusions enabled secular elites to discursively contain the conservatives and legislatively bring khul' into legal existence, but also to advance further toward feminists' goal of establishing no-fault divorce.
Synthesis from VHDL

The VHDL Synthesis System (VSS) uses VHDL dataflow or behavioral descriptions as input and outputs a structural description of generic components. This structural description is converted into a schematic and captured by the microarchitecture and logic optimization system for technology mapping and constraint-driven optimization. VSS allows a designer to modify the compiled design by changing the input description, selecting optimization and mapping strategies, or graphically changing the generated design schematic. Redesign to new technologies can be accomplished by changing only the component library. >
A Reaction-Diffusion System Modeling Phosphorus Diffusion

At very high concentrations phosphorus diffusion in silicon exhibits marked nonlinearities. The hierarchy of physical models that attempt to explain this anomalous diffusion are reviewed. An eight-species kinetic model is derived that yields a quasilinear, partly-dissipative system of reaction-diffusion partial differential equations. The numerical method of lines is used to solve the system for a simplified five-species model in three dimensions. The linear system in the Newton iteration is solved using several matrix-free methods. In all cases the dimension of the Krylov subspace must be quite large to insure convergence. This suggests that preconditioning will be more important for efficiency than choice of an accelerator.
Cloud supersaturations from CCN spectra Hoppel minima

High-resolution cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) spectral measurements in two aircraft field projects, Marine Stratus/Stratocumulus Experiment (MASE) and Ice in Clouds Experiment-Tropical (ICE-T), often showed bimodality that had previously been observed in submicrometer aerosol size distributions obtained by differential mobility analyzers. However, a great deal of spectral shape variability from very bimodal to very monomodal was observed in close proximity. Cloud supersaturation (S) estimates based on critical S, Sc, at minimal CCN concentrations between two modes (Hoppel minima) were ascertained for 63% of 325 measured spectra. These cloud S were lower than effective S (Seff) determined by comparing ambient CCN spectra with nearby cloud droplet concentrations (Nc). Averages for the polluted MASE stratus were 0.15 and 0.23% and for the cumulus clouds of ICE-T 0.44 and 1.03%. This cloud S disagreement between the two methods might in part be due to the fact that Hoppel minima include the effects of cloud processing, which push CCN spectra toward lower S. Furthermore, there is less cloud processing by the smaller cloud droplets, which might be related to smaller droplets evaporating more readily. Significantly lower concentrations within the more bimodal spectra compared with the monomodal spectra indicated active physical processes: Brownian capture of interstitial CCN and droplet coalescence. Chemical cloud processing also contributed to bimodality, especially in MASE.
On the class equation for Hopf algebras

We give a simple proof of the Kac-Zhu class equation for semisimple Hopf algebras over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0.
Types of research: a synopsis of the major categories and data collection methods

Different types of research are categorized by reviewing their characteristics and describing how they can be used. Controlled research is experimental in nature and, through a priori planning, allows manipulation of the independent variable so causality can be shown. In ex post facto research, the researcher does not have control of the independent variable and so must infer causality by measuring dependent variables within the framework of independent variables that are already established or whose changes have already taken place. Most applied research in pharmacy is of the ex post facto type. The research questions to be answered will help determine the timing of the measurement of dependent variable (i.e., measure past events or make plans to measure future events), the measuring of the dependent variable (primarily with surveys), and whether time can be used as an independent variable. The effect of time can be determined by repeated measurements over a span of time (longitudinal design) or by measurement of several groups at one point in time (cross-sectional design).
Unusual Valyl-Transfer Ribonucleic Acid Synthetase Mutant of Escherichia coli

Abstract Escherichia coli strain NP2907 was isolated as a spontaneous mutant of strain NP29, which possesses a thermolabile valyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) synthetase. The valyl-tRNA synthetase of the new mutant, unlike that of its immediate parent, retains enzymatic activity in vitro but differs from the wild-type enzyme in stability and apparent Km for adenosine triphosphate. The new mutant locus, valS-102, cotransduces with pyrB at the same frequency as does the parental locus, valS-1. Cultures of strain NP29 cease growth immediately in any medium when shifted from 30 to 40 C. The new mutant grows normally at 30 C, and upon a shift to 40 C growth quickly accelerates exactly as for normal cells. Exponential growth, however, cannot be sustained at 40 C. At a point characteristic for each medium, growth becomes linear with time. This transition occurs almost immediately in rich media and after 1.5 generations in glucose minimal medium. Net synthesis of valyl-tRNA synthetase ceases in the new mutant as soon as the temperature is raised to 40 C, irrespective of the growth medium. We conclude that it is the amount of valyl-tRNA synthetase activity that limits the rate of growth in the linear phase at 40 C. This property of the mutant makes it possible to evaluate the in vivo efficiency of this enzyme at different growth rates and thereby to determine the concentration that is necessary for a given rate of protein synthesis. The results of our measurements indicate that cells of E. coli growing in minimal medium normally possess a functional excess of valyl-tRNA synthetase with respect to protein synthesis and to repression of threonine deaminase.
SPECIAL ARTICLE WILLIAM E. LADD, M.D.—AN APPRECIATION

IT IS a great honor to be asked to present the first William E. Ladd Lecture before the American Academy of Pediatrics. This I appreciate and as this is the first lecture in my former Chief9s honor, I shall devote my time more to Doctor Ladd and what he accomplished during his long and devoted service as Chief of the Surgical Service of the Boston Children9s Hospital than to the presentation of anything new. In these days of great changes in the surgical field, it is very easy to overlook or even to forget the good things that were done in the past. I said "changes" rather than advances for some of the changes of today are not advances. It is easier to appreciate the extraordinary widening in the field of surgical endeavor that has been made possible by improvements in pre- and postoperative care, anesthesia, and the more effective means to combat infection than it is to remember what was done in a previous generation without such new and valuable aids. When I began my service at the Boston Children9s Hospital in 1919, most of the deaths on the Surgical Service were caused by infection. Long surgical procedures involving an open thoracotomy were impossible. Prolonged operations on the gastrointestinal tract carried a heavy mortality largely because of our lack of knowledge of fluid balance. In those earlier days, an operation that exceeded an hour in length was considered to be entering a very dangerous phase. It is well, however, to review some of the types of cases done in those days and to keep in mind that the basic principles one had to follow at that time are still valid and that the good results of today are by no means entirely due to modern methods. Let me cite a few examples.
A single burr hole approach for direct transverse sinus cannulation for the treatment of a dural arteriovenous fistula

A 55-year-old woman with a symptomatic Borden II/Cognard IIa+b transverse sinus dural arteriovenous fistula underwent an attempted percutaneous transvenous embolization which was ultimately not possible given the fistula anatomy. She then underwent a partial percutaneous transarterial embolization but the fistula recurred. Given the failed percutaneous interventions, the patient underwent a combined open surgical/transvenous embolization using neuronavigation and a single burr hole craniectomy. She has remained symptom free for 3 months. This case report illustrates the feasibility of combining minimally invasive open surgical access to allow for direct venous cannulation for endovascular embolization of a dural arteriovenous fistula when traditional percutaneous methods are not an option.
Loss of Function of Cytochrome c in Jurkat Cells Undergoing Fas-mediated Apoptosis

Mitochondrial function was examined in Jurkat cells undergoing Fas-mediated apoptosis. With succinate or ascorbate/tetramethylphenylenediamine as substrate, oxygen uptake by digitonin-permeabilized apoptotic mitochondria was greatly decreased as compared with control. Assessment of the function of the cytochrome c-cytochrome oxidase segment of the electron transport chain of apoptotic mitochondria showed that the activity of cytochrome oxidase appeared to be normal, but that of cytochrome c was greatly diminished. A death protease was found to participate in the events leading to the loss of cytochrome c activity, but the cytochrome did not seem to be extensively degraded during the course of apoptosis. Our results suggest that a rapid loss in mitochondrial function due at least in part to the inhibition or inactivation of cytochrome c is a potentially fatal component of the apoptosis program of Jurkat cells.
Head and spinal cord injury.

Traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries remain the leading cause of death and disability for individuals under 50 years of age. This article describes common causes of primary and secondary central nervous system injuries. Particular emphasis is placed on the initial evaluation of trauma patients, detection of head and spinal cord injuries, and critical care of these patients. Definitive management of central nervous system injuries and prognosis and long-term management issues are also discussed. Language: en
Charge form factor of the alpha particle

Abstract Employing a wave function of the alpha particle ( 4 He), containing a mixture of 1 S 0 and the principal 5 D 0 states, an analytical expression for the charge form factor F E ( q 2 ) is calculated. The theoretical values of F E ( q 2 ) are compared with those obtained from electron-helium scattering experiments. Though the wave function employed in the calculation gave good fits to the binding energy bremsstrahlung-weighted and integrated cross sections for the photo- disintegration of helium it failed to give agreement with F E ( q 2 ).
Structural system reliability and optimization

Abstract Structural reliability research concentrates on probabilistic descriptions of phenomena and application to code oriented safety design. Alternatively, optimization research works toward efficient algorithms for locating optima particularly in large-scale systems using prescribed deterministic constraints. This paper attempts to unify these efforts. Optimization procedures should explicitly consider safety either directly in its cost function or as one of its primary constraints. In the design of structural elements it is easier to establish the connection between optimization and reliability. Examples of element optimization in concrete structures and highway bridge girders elements subject to fatigue loading are discussed. In structural system problems, the complex interrelationship of elements and failure modes has made structural reliability analysis extremely difficult. The paper emphasizes the importance of characterizing systems with regard to a reliability oriented model including parallel, series, ductile, brittle, independent and correlated strength behavior. Following the developments in reliability formulation for elements the paper derives a second-moment reliability analysis for framewords leading to a step-by-step evaluation of the system reliability with a series of reanalysis of the structure. Since the reliability evaluation only requires a few reanalyses in most cases, the method is feasible for application in system optimization.
Centromere proteins CENP-C and CAL1 functionally interact in meiosis for centromere clustering, pairing, and chromosome segregation

Meiotic chromosome segregation involves pairing and segregation of homologous chromosomes in the first division and segregation of sister chromatids in the second division. Although it is known that the centromere and kinetochore are responsible for chromosome movement in meiosis as in mitosis, potential specialized meiotic functions are being uncovered. Centromere pairing early in meiosis I, even between nonhomologous chromosomes, and clustering of centromeres can promote proper homolog associations in meiosis I in yeast, plants, and Drosophila. It was not known, however, whether centromere proteins are required for this clustering. We exploited Drosophila mutants for the centromere proteins centromere protein-C (CENP-C) and chromosome alignment 1 (CAL1) to demonstrate that a functional centromere is needed for centromere clustering and pairing. The cenp-C and cal1 mutations result in C-terminal truncations, removing the domains through which these two proteins interact. The mutants show striking genetic interactions, failing to complement as double heterozygotes, resulting in disrupted centromere clustering and meiotic nondisjunction. The cluster of meiotic centromeres localizes to the nucleolus, and this association requires centromere function. In Drosophila, synaptonemal complex (SC) formation can initiate from the centromere, and the SC is retained at the centromere after it disassembles from the chromosome arms. Although functional CENP-C and CAL1 are dispensable for assembly of the SC, they are required for subsequent retention of the SC at the centromere. These results show that integral centromere proteins are required for nuclear position and intercentromere associations in meiosis.
Whatever It Takes: Decision Makers at Work

The article reviews the book & "Whatever It Takes: Decision Makers at Work,& " by Morgan W. McCall Jr. and Robert E. Kaplan.
Building a better insect trap; An experimental investigation of prey capture in a variety of spider webs.

Web-building spiders (Araneae; Theridiidae, Linyphiidae, Araneidae) are catagorized as searchers because they devote a large amount of energy to the construction of the web which constitutes the search phase in the foraging sequence. In this study search energy is equated with the density of threads in a web and the effectiveness of a variety of webs in three broad catagories (tangle webs, sheet webs & orb webs) is tested in the light of current foraging theory. Within each web type there is a distinct thread density at which the number of approaching Drosophila (Diptera; Drosophilidae) that are captured is maximized (Figs. 1, 2, 3). That maximum results from a combination of factors that are a function of the density of threads in the web. The visibility of the web to an approaching Drosophila increases which acts to decrease the number of flies that enter the web (Tables 2, 3, 4). The ability of the web to detain a Drosophila that contacts it (capture efficiency) increases to an asymptote as a function of thread density (Fig. 4). These data support an assumption of many optimal foraging models that with increasing investment in search the predator receives a diminishing return.More Drosophila intercept orb webs than intercept sheet or tangle webs. In addition orb webs detain a greater proportion of the flies that contact them (Fig. 4). Sheet webs are intermediate between orb and tangle webs in their relative abilities to contact and detain Drosophila.
1-Nitrosopyrene: an intermediate in the metabolic activation of 1-nitropyrene to a mutagen in Salmonella typhimurium TA1538.

Abstract Incubation of Salmonella typhimurium TA1538, in suspension culture, with 1.5 or 23 μM 1-nitropyrene resulted in a time-dependent increase in reversions for up to 7 h. In contrast, when the bacteria were exposed to 1.5 μM 1-nitrosopyrene, a reduction product of 1-nitropyrene, maximum reversion induction occurred after 1 h and a much higher mutation frequency was detected. Examination of DNA isolated from Salmonella typhimurium incubated with 4.1 μM [4,5,9,10-3H]1-nitrosopyrene indicated the presence of one major adduct, N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-1-aminopyrene, the same adduct observed previously when the bacteria were exposed to 1-nitropyrene. When calf thymus DNA was treated with 1-nitrosopyrene in the presence of ascorbic acid, 1-aminopyrene was formed concomitant with the production of N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-1-aminopyrene. In the absence of ascorbic acid, a 20-fold reduction in DNA binding was observed and 1-aminopyrene was not detected. The observations that 1-nitrosopyrene forms the same DNA adduct and is more mutagenic than 1-nitropyrene, suggest that 1-nitrosopyrene is an intermediate in the mutagenic activation of 1-nitropyrene in Salmonella typhimurium TA1538. Since reduction of 1-nitrosopyrene was necessary to get appreciable DNA binding in vitro, further reduction of 1-nitrosopyrene t N-hydroxy-1-aminopyrene is probably required in the activation pathway.
Standard apparatus for the volt realization in the frequency range from 20 Hz to 1500 MHz

The standard apparatus used to calibrate ac voltmeters in the USSR is described. The test system uses 2 sets of thermoelectric voltage converters rated for voltage values of 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 V over the frequency range of 20 Hz to 30 MHz. The high-frequency converters use vacuum single-components with metal-film resistors. Techniques used to establish the accuracy and precision of the test apparatus are discussed and the results of these investigations are then presented.
Dual office holding, corporate governance and takeover gains

Outlines various criticisms of the corporate practice of having the same individual as chief executive officer and chairman of the board but recognizes that it may also have some benefits. Uses data from a sample of US firms bidding in takeovers from 1985‐1990 to explore the relationship between takeover gains and the existence of dual office holding, insider ownership and the proportion of independent directors. Finds that dual office holding does not reduce the bidders’ wealth, possibly because it is often associated with a high proportion of independent directors who are likely to control the dual office holder in the interests of shareholders.
The Role of Advocacy Organizations in Reducing Negative Externalities.

An externality is a cost that a corporation's actions impose on society. For example, a power plant may emit mercury but might not pay for the cost of that pollution to the people living near the plant. It is possible to analyze a diverse range of problems of society in these terms, including the health effects of corporate practices, the unsustainability of manufacturing processes, and the marketing of products contributing to environmental damage, and economic policies that maintain high levels of poverty due to effective lobbying by the business community. This article examines the problem of externalities in terms of metacontingencies. Externalities continue precisely because there is no cost to the organizations for practices that impose these costs on third parties. The article describes the cultural practices needed to motivate governments to make corporations bear the true costs of their practices—costs that are currently imposed on others.
Ligand Bonding and Dynamics on Colloidal Nanocrystals at Room Temperature: The Case of Alkylamines on CdSe Nanocrystals

With CdSe nanocrystals stabilized with very weak ligands (pyridine) as the starting materials, NMR techniques were applied to distinguish the bonded and free alkylamine ligands in an equilibrated adsorption/desorption system for the CdSe−amine nanocrystal−ligand pair. NMR and photoluminescence (PL) measurements were further correlated to identify the linear relationship between PL intensity and the surface ligand coverage of the amine-coated CdSe nanocrystals. For 3.5 nm CdSe nanocrystals and octylamine ligands, the chemical equilibrium constant (K) of the CdSe−amine nanocrystal−ligand adsorption/desorption process was found to be around 50−100, and the corresponding ΔrGo was calculated as 9.8−11.5 kJ/mol. With a proposed mathematic method, the corresponding chemical kinetic constants for the desorption (kd) and adsorption (ka) processes were measured to be 0.01 s-1 and 0.5 L mol-1 s-1, respectively. K, kd, and ka obtained here are generally 2−4 magnitudes different from those estimated in literature. Ana...
Die Struktur-Funktion und das Geschwindigkeitsunterscheiungsvermögen des Huhns

Die Ergebnisse unserer Versuche zeigen: 1. Die Moglichkeit einer Dressur im gewohnlichen Dressierkasten ohne Bestrafung fur unrichtige Wahl. 2. Das Unterscheidungsvermogen des Huhnes fur Geschwindigkeiten. 3. Die ganz betrachtliche Starke der Strukturfunktion bei solchen Versuchen.
Comparison of an in-shoe pressure measurement device to a force plate: Concurrent validity of Center of Pressure measurements

The purpose of this study was to assess the concurrent validity of center of pressure (COP) measurements during walking, comparing the Parotec System (an in-shoe pressure measurement device) to an Advanced Mechanical Technology Inc. (AMTI) force plate. Pearson correlation coefficients comparing COP displacement in the medial-lateral (ML) and anterior-posterior (AP) direction calculated from the two systems were greater than 0.70 for 52/67 trials (78%) in the ML direction and were greater than 0.90 for 67/67 trials (100%) in the AP direction. The mean root mean square (RMS) error for COP displacement in the ML direction was 0.56+/-0.3 cm and in the AP direction was 1.37+/-0.59 cm. Overall, the Parotec System showed good correlation and small RMS errors when compared to the AMTI force plate. Additional analysis to investigate sources of error pointed to the methods used for calculating the position and orientation of the subject's foot on the force plate. Subsequent analysis to eliminate some of these errors, compared force calculated from the Parotec System and the AMTI plate and showed good to excellent correlation (>0.70) for 62/67 trials (93%). Additional data were collected that allowed for elimination of methodological errors. Again force calculated from the two systems was compared using Pearsons. These data showed excellent correlation (>0.90) for 20/20 trials (100%). This study provides evidence of the validity of the Parotec System for measuring COP during ambulation.
The Scope and Impact of Perinatal Loss: Current Status and Future Directions.

The loss of an expected child can be devastating and traumatizing for parents, placing them at risk for postloss mental health complications, such as complicated or traumatic grief. The authors review the psychological and social impacts of perinatal loss and describe the standard care provided in the hospital. The authors review studies that examine the efficacy of standard care and highlight the need for empirical evidence confirming the efficacy of these current interventions. The authors provide recommendations for health care professionals in contact with the perinatally bereaved and suggest areas for future research.
Use of the three‐dimensional covariance matrix in analyzing the polarization properties of plane waves

A technique for analyzing the polarization properties of plane waves that offers a number of advantages over methods currently used in the analysis of both ground and satellite observations of waves is developed. This technique reduces the computations required to find the wave normal vector, is less sensitive to common noise sources, and is amenable to analog implementation. The technique here is applied specifically to the analysis of a proton whistler, but it can also be used in most studies of ULF, ELF, and VLF magnetic-wave phenomena.
Ethnicity and Sport in North American History and Culture

Preface Introduction by George Eisen Early European Attitudes toward Native American Sports and Pastimes by George Eisen For Identity, for Cause, for Health, and Fitness: Forty-Eighters and the Rise of the Turnverein Movement in America by Robert Knight Barney A Home In the South: The Turners of Galveston, Texas, 1840-1865 by K.B. Wamsley The Shamrock and the Eagle: Irish-Americans and Sport in the Nineteenth Century by Ralph C. Wilcox Jews and Baseball: A Cultural Love Story by Eric Solomon The Italian-American Sporting Experience by Carmelo Bazzano "Diversionary" Tactics: The Recreation and Leisure Pursuits of Japanese Americans in World War II Internment Camps by Alison M. Wrynn The Quest for Identity: The Notion of Double-Consciousness and the Involvement of Black Athletes in American Sport by David K. Wiggins Sport in Philadelphia's African-American Community, 1865-1900 by J. Thomas Jable Sport and the Americanization of Ethnic Women in Chicago by Gerald R. Gems "We Raced for Socks and Sweaters--Not that Useless Bourgeois Stuff, Cups and Medals": Radical Immigrants and the Workers' Sport Federation of Canada, 1924-37 by Bruce Kidd Sport and Social Mobility among African-American and Hispanic Athletes by Merrill J. Melnick and Donald Sabo
TSCATS: A database for chemical and subject indexing of health and environmental studies submitted under the toxic substances control act

A large resource of unpublished technical data exists in the form of reports submitted by industry under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The TSCA Test Submissions (TSCATS) database was recently developed and made available to the public to allow computerized searching of test submissions according to specific chemical identity or type of study. Studies are categorized into three broad subject areas (health effects, environmental effects, environmental fate) and additional indexing terms are assigned from a controlled vocabulary describing the experimental protocol and certain observations of the test. Records from the on-line database also contain reference information to assist in locating the source document, and to identify the submitting organization and reason for submission of the test data.
Impact and point prediction using a neural extended Kalman filter with multiple sensors

The neural extended Kalman filter is an adaptive estimation technique that has been shown to learn on-line the maneuver model of the trajectory of a target. This improved motion model can be used to better predict the location of a target at given point in time, especially when the target, such as a mortar shell, has limited maneuvering capabilities. In this paper, the neural extended Kalman filter is used to predict, with multiple-sensor-systems provided measurement reports, impact point and impact time of a ballistic-like projectile when the drag on the shell was not accurately modeled in the motion model. In previous work, the neural extended Kalman filter was shown to work well with a single sensor with a uniform sample rate. Multiple sensors can incorporate two major differences into the problem. The first difference is that of the multiple aspect angles and uncertainty that are used in the model adaptation. The second difference is that of a non-uniform update rate of the measurements to the tracking system. While most tracking systems can easily handle this difference, the adaptation of the neural network training parameters can be deleteriously affected by these variations. The first of these two differences, potential concerns to the neural extended Kalman filter's implementation, is investigated in this effort. In this effort, performance of this adaptive and predictive scheme with multiple sensors in a three dimensional space is shown to provide a quality impact estimate.
Magnetic control of impurity conduction processes in n-type epitaxial GaAs

Abstract Measurements of the Hall effect and resistivity of epitaxial n-GaAs have been made at low temperatures employing magnetic inductions up to 26 kG. The results indicate that the separation of the Fermi energy from the conduction band increases with magnetic field strength in a manner similar to that predicted for the ionization energy of isolated donors by an extrapolation of available theory. Furthermore, our results indicate that the donor impurity states are modified by the magnetic field in such a way that the Hall effect of carriers in these states tends to disappear as the magnetic field increases.
Caregiver needs and patterns of social support.

Levels of caregiver need were used to predict four patterns of continuity and change in social support over a one-year interval among 376 adults caring for a family member with Alzheimer's disease. Canonical correlation analysis was used to identify predictors of each support pattern from selected caregiver characteristics and needs (i.e., demographics, financial resources, physical and mental health, social and recreational activities, and aspects of the caregiving situation). Three significant canonical variates emerged for each type of support, instrumental and perceived adequacy of support, correctly classifying more than half of the caregiver sample. Results suggest that caregiver need does not necessarily elicit support. Needs do, however, predict several patterns of social support, the most common of which is characterized by stability (high or low support). Depending on type of support (instrumental or perceived adequacy), different configurations of predictors emerge.