cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transverse Thermal Conductivity of Thin C/SiC Composites Fabricated by Slurry Infiltration and Pyrolysis

Thin C/SiC composites were fabricated by infiltrating a woven carbon fiber fabric with a slurry of SiC powder and polymer precursor for SiC, followed by heat treatment for pyrolysis. The effects of heat treatment parameters on the crystallization of the polymer-derived SiC, the composite microstructure, and the transverse thermal properties were assessed. Whereas composites heat-treated at 1000°C were crack-free and nearly fully dense, composites that were subjected to further multiple reinfiltration and heat treatment cycles at 1600°C developed porosity and cracking. However, the transverse thermal conductivity was increased significantly by the higher-temperature heat treatment, to values higher than that of a composite with a chemical-vapor-infiltration SiC matrix and the same fiber reinforcement.
Differential Effect of Human Herpesvirus 6A on Cell Division and Apoptosis among Naïve and Central and Effector Memory CD4+ and CD8+ T-Cell Subsets

The immune responses of naive and different memory subsets of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells to human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) have not been previously investigated. We show that HHV-6A induces cell division, as measured by 5,6-carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester dye and flow cytometry, predominantly in two populations of effector memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells (T(EM) and T(EMRA)); naive (T(N)) and central memory (T(CM)) CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells showed almost no cell division. In contrast, HHV-6A induced apoptosis primarily in T(N) and T(CM) CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, whereas T(EM) and T(EMRA) CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were resistant to HHV-6A-induced apoptosis. HHV-6A-induced apoptosis was associated with activation of caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3, suggesting the involvement of death receptor and mitochondrial signaling pathways. In addition, HHV-6A induced secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-8, and gamma interferon by peripheral blood mononuclear cells; TNF-alpha secretion was observed exclusively from CCR7(+) (T(N) plus T(CM)) CD4(+) T cells. These data show that HHV-6 differentially influences the functions of naive T cells and different subsets of memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, which in part may be due to differential susceptibility to HHV-6A-induced apoptosis.
SU‐FF‐T‐366: Quantitative Comparison of Critical Organs Dose in the Treatment of Endometrial Cancer Using HDR with Full 3D Planning Vs 2D Pre‐Planned Template Isodose Lines

Purpose: To demonstrate more accurate dose calculation to the critical organs in the treatment of endometrial cancer using a vaginal cylinder applicator and HDR with 3D planning. Method and Materials: The PLATO HDR (version 14.3) planning system was used to accurately calculate the dose to bladder and rectum. We tracked 100 treatment fractions from 20 patients. After each fraction CT‐simulation, a new treatment plan was generated based on the current CTimages. The oncologist determined the bladder and rectum. The fractional doses to the bladder and rectum were calculated from the 3D planning. The total doses to the bladder and rectum were accumulated from each individual fractional dose. Results: The HDR treatment of endometrial cancer using cylinder applicator is commonly planned using standard preset templates or generate a template based on the first 3D treatment. Subsequent treatments would have the Bladder and rectal doses assumed to be same as the first fraction. Compared with this preset template planning method, the accumulated dose to the bladder and rectum from 3D planning is significant difference. For a five fraction virginal cylinder HDR treatment, the root mean square (RMS) of variance of these two methods were 21.9% ± 16.1% for the bladder dose, and 18.1%± 12.6% for the rectum dose. Conclusion: In endometrial cancer treatment using HDR, the 3D HDR planning can give more accurate dose calculation to critical organs than the preset template planning method.
Japanese–American Joint Restructuring of National Steel Corporation

In 1984, NKK corporation, a leading Japanese steel maker, acquired from the National Intergroup Inc. (NII), an American holding company, its 50% equity interest in National Steel Corporation (NSC), the fourth largest integrated steel firm in the US. In spite of the US economic recovery that began in 1992, NSC continued to operate in deficit and in June 1994 NKK brought in a new management team consisting of six American executives and one Japanese executive. Since the third quarter of 1994, NSC has turned its financial performance around. In this paper, using Bayesian estimation procedures, we estimate the join point or the time at which the productivity of NSC's major production lines experienced an upward shift; if the join point occurs after an appropriate gestation period of the new management team, NSC's recovery may be said to be due to the efforts by the new management team. After confirming that indeed this is the case, we discuss how the management team achieved the turnaround. The organization of the paper is as follows. The next section presents the background. In the third section Bayesian procedures for estimating a join point are presented. In the fourth section we discuss restructuring at NSC and the Japanese Total Quality Control system. Conclusions are given in the final section. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Planning to fail: reliability as a design parameter for planetary rover missions

The Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) have been operating on Mars for more than three years. The extremely high reliability demonstrated by these rovers is a great success story in robotic design. This reliability comes at a high cost, however, both in the initial cost of developing the rovers and in the ongoing operational costs for their mission extensions. If it were possible to design rovers with reliability more in line with their mission requirements (in the case of MER, 90 days), considerable cost reductions could be achieved. This will be even more important for future planetary robotic missions due to greatly increased mission durations.In this paper we present an overview of our ongoing research in the area of predicting robot mission reliability, and we show how a mission designer can trade off reliability against costs in order to find an optimal reliability target for a given robotic mission. Our results show that for a given mission there is an optimal reliability range with respect to cost and that having rovers with reliability that is too low or too high is suboptimal from an economic standpoint. This suggests that a better cost-reliability tradeoff can be obtained by "planning to fail" by designing rovers which have lower reliability than current legacy designs.
Observation of coherent many-body Rabi oscillations

A two-level quantum system driven by an electromagnetic field can oscillate between its two states. The effects of these so-called Rabi oscillations are usually obscured in many-body systems by the variation in properties of the particles involved. Now, however, coherent many-body Rabi oscillations are observed in a vapour made up of several hundred cold rubidium atoms.
The nature of student predictions and learning opportunities in middle school algebra

In this article, we describe how using prediction during instruction can create learning opportunities to enhance the understanding and doing of mathematics. In doing so, we characterize the nature of the predictions students made and the levels of sophistication in students’ reasoning within a middle school algebra context. In this study, when linear and exponential functions were taught, prediction questions were posed at the launch of the lessons to reflect the mathematical ideas of each lesson. Students responded in writing along with supportive reasoning individually and then discussed their predictions and rationale. A total of 395 prediction responses were coded using a dual system: sophistication of reasoning, and the mechanism students appeared to utilize to formulate their prediction response. The results indicate that using prediction provoked students to connect among mathematical ideas that they learned. It was apparent that students also visualized mathematical ideas in the problem or the possible results of the problem. These results suggest that using prediction in fact provides learning opportunities for students to engage in mathematical sense making and reasoning, which promotes students’ understanding of the mathematics that they learn.
Adenovirus-mediated E2F-1 gene transfer efficiently induces apoptosis in melanoma cells

BACKGROUND E2F-1 is a transcription factor that stimulates cellular proliferation and cell cycle progression from G1 to S-phase. Somewhat paradoxically, E2F-1 also has the properties of a tumor suppressor. Overexpression of E2F-1 has been shown to induce apoptosis in some cancer cells. In the current study, the effect of adenovirus-mediated E2F-1 gene transfer on human melanoma cell growth was investigated. METHODS Two human melanoma cell lines, SK-MEL-28 (wild-type p53) and SK-MEL-2 (mutant p53), were treated by mock infection, infection with a control vector expressing the β-galactosidase gene (Ad5CMV-LacZ), or infection with a vector expressing E2F-1 (Ad5CMV-E2F-1) at a multiplicity of infection of 100. Cell proliferation and viability were determined by WST-1 assay and trypan blue exclusion, respectively. Apoptosis was assessed by cell flow cytometry and confirmed by cell morphology, in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl nick end labeling assay, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage assay. RESULTS Marked overexpression of E2F-1 was evident in both cell lines 24 hours after infection with Ad5CMVE2F-1 by Western blot analysis. E2F-1 overexpression resulted in growth inhibition and rapid loss of cell viability. Overexpression of E2F-1 also resulted in premature S-phase entry and G2 arrest at 24 hours followed by apoptotic cell death at 48 hours. After Ad5CMVE2F-1 infection, expression of Bax and Bak was unchanged, whereas Mcl-1 levels decreased markedly. In SK-MEL-28 cells, Bcl-XL levels also declined after E2F-1 expression. Bcl-2 was undetectable in SK-MEL-28 cells but was increased in SK-MEL-2 cells in response to E2F-1 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS Adenovirus-mediated E2F-1 gene transfer efficiently induces widespread apoptosis in human melanoma cells. E2F-1 overexpression induced apoptosis in cell lines containing wild-type and mutant p53, suggesting that this effect does not require wild-type p53 function. Anti-apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family, notably Mcl-1 and Bcl-XL, may be involved in mediating the response to E2F-1. These data suggest that adenovirus-mediated E2F-1 gene therapy may be effective in the treatment of melanoma. Cancer 1999;86:2021–33. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Pain and the brain: Specificity and plasticity of the brain in clinical chronic pain

We review recent advances in brain imaging in humans, concentrating on advances in our understanding of the human brain in clinical chronic pain. Understanding regarding anatomical and functional reorganization of the brain in chronic pain is emphasized. We conclude by proposing a brain model for the transition of the human from acute to chronic pain.
Conceptions of the Self and Others Across Time

People are full of plans, goals, hopes, and fears—futureoriented thoughts that constitute a significant part of the self-concept. But are representations of others similarly future oriented? Studies 1a and 1b demonstrate that the future is seen as a larger component of the self than of another person. Study 2 found that because self-identity is tied to an unrealized future, the self is thought to be less knowable than others in the present. Study 3 indicates that people believe that others need to know who they are striving to be in order to be understood—more so than they believe they need to know others’ strivings to understand them. Studies 4a and 4b tested an important implication of these findings, that because so much of who theyare is tied to the future, people believe they are further from their ideal selves than others are. Implications for judgment and decision making are discussed.
Drunk driving after the passage of smoking bans in bars

Abstract Using geographic variation in local and state smoke-free bar laws in the US, we observe an increase in fatal accidents involving alcohol following bans on smoking in bars that is not observed in places without bans. Although an increased accident risk might seem surprising at first, two strands of literature on consumer behavior suggest potential explanations — smokers driving longer distances to a bordering jurisdiction that allows smoking in bars and smokers driving longer distances within their jurisdiction to bars that still allow smoking, perhaps through non-compliance or outdoor seating. We find evidence consistent with both explanations. The increased miles driven by drivers wishing to smoke and drink offsets any reduction in driving from smokers choosing to stay home following a ban, resulting in increased alcohol-related accidents. This result proves durable, as we subject it to an extensive battery of robustness checks.
Zinc in meteorites

Abstract Iron meteorites are low in zinc, the average of 8 octahedrites being ca. 20 ppm, with a range from 3 to about 40 ppm. The distribution of zinc in irons is not uniform, so that reproducible zinc values are often not obtained when 1 g samples are analysed. At least part of the zinc in irons is present in small troilite inclusions. Common chondrites contain 50 ppm zinc on the average, with a range from about 30 to 70 ppm. Most of the zinc is present in the silicates. The troilite in olivine hypersthene chondrites (Holbrook and Kyushu) holds about 10 ppm Zn, the metal phase even less, compared to 40–70 ppm, in the silicates. Some enstatite chondrites (Abee) contain much more zinc (ca. 700 ppm) than common chondrites, others (Hvittis) less (16 ppm). Achondrites (diogenites and eucrites) contain only a few ppm of zinc. Troilite nodules in irons may contain as much as a few tenths of a per cent of zinc, in contrast to the low zinc in the disseminated troilite of ordinary chondrites, so that in the high temperature differentiation of chondritic material to form nickel-iron and achondritic material, zinc has been transferred from silicate to troilite. Evidence is offered for the belief that the high troilite content of enstatite chondrites is due to the introduction of iron sulfide as such, and does not result from interaction of iron with volatile sulfur compounds or sulfur. Both the high and low zinc contents of enstatite chondrites are speculatively attributed to the partial melting and gravitative transfer of molten troilite which extracted zinc from chondritic material of average composition. An attempt is made, on the basis of the hypothesis that achondrites and irons represent differentiated chondritic material of average chondrite composition, to obtain the balance of zinc and other chalcophilic elements between the original material and the products. The seemingly largely missing troilite in the products introduces serious uncertainties in such considerations, and calculations based on data available at present seem to show a deficiency of zinc and some other chalcophilic elements in the combined differentiates. The best estimates of element abundances in meteoritic matter as we know it are considered to be obtainable from chondrite averages based on common, enstatite and carbonaceous chondrites. The inclusion of the latter two types of chondrites seems to be necessary for many chalcophilic elements that are concentrated by large factors in them.
Development of an automated system for pyruvic acid analysis in onion breeding

Abstract An automated system for pyruvic acid analysis was developed in order to screen a large number of onion bulbs in our breeding program. The system includes two high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) pumps, an autosampler, a column heater, a spectrophotometric detector, and an integrator. With this new method, human error can be eliminated with great repeatability (CV = 0.9%), and we can run one sample per min. In a test using five cultivars, this automated system showed highly significant correlations with the HPLC and the spectrophotometric method ( r 2 > 0.99), and estimated about 7% and 17% more pyruvic acid over the HPLC and spectrophotometric methods, respectively. Interference by sugars (48 mg ml −1 ) and quercetin compounds (68 μg ml −1 ) was about 0.1 μmoles ml −1 as pyruvic acid.
Characteristics of the Standard and Supplemental Batteries of the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Ability-Revised with a College Sample.

Abstract The present investigation examined the characteristics of the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Ability-Revised (WJTCA-R) with an independent college sample (N = 121). Gender and order effects were examined for the 14 WJTCA-R subtests that contribute to the Extended Battery. In addition, the relationship between the standard scores obtained on the Standard and Supplemental Batteries was examined to determine whether they represent alternate forms of the WJTCA-R. Significant differences existed in subtest performance based on the order in which the Standard and Supplemental Batteries were administered. Gender differences also existed on the Visual Matching, Picture Vocabulary, and Cross Out subtests. Finally, the coefficient of equivalence for the Standard and Supplemental Batteries approached significance when the administration of the Standard Battery followed the Supplemental Battery, but fell far short of the criterion suggested by Crocker and Algina (1986) when administration of the Standard Battery proceeded the Supplemental Battery, the standardized administration.
Olefins of high molecular weight in two microscopic algae.

The hydrocarbon composition of two algae, a golden-brown (Bot-ryococcus braunii) and a blue-green (Anacystis montana), has been investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Both show distributions of aliphatic hydrocarbons of odd carbon numbers in the medium and high ranges of molecular weight, with maxima at n-C17 and n-C29 for B. braunii and n-C17 and n-C29 for A. montana. With the exception of the n-heptadecane of A. montana all the hydrocarbons are monoenes, dienes, or trienes. Since certain continental sediments and oils show similar distributions of alkanes with respect to carbon number, these organisms may be the precursors of the hydrocarbons in these formations.
Microtus miurus (Rodentia: Cricetidae)

Abstract Microtus miurus Osgood, 1901, is a cricetid commonly called the singing vole. An average-sized, short-tailed vole, it is 1 of 62 species in the genus Microtus. It occurs in northwestern Canada and Alaska, where it inhabits well-drained tundra and extends into subalpine and alpine regions. It is unique among arvicolines in that it not only hoards underground but also constructs haypiles above ground. It is listed as a species of “Least Concern” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
Process control of injection molding

This paper discusses the most important input parameters affecting the conventional injection-molding process and describes a closed-loop control system for determining the interaction between ten process inputs and three output parameters. The input parameters are: back pressure, holding pressure, injection time, open mold time, shot size, clamping pressure, injection pressure, screw speed, and boost cut-off. The output parameters studied are: part weight, maximum cavity pressure, and maximum mold deflection.
Legal liability of medical toxicologists serving as poison control center consultants: a review of relevant legal statutes and survey of the experience of medical toxicologists

Introduction Legal liability is an increasing concern in many areas of medicine, although the extent to which this alters the practice of medicine is unclear. To date the risk for litigation against medical toxicologists serving in the role of poison control center (PCC) consultants has not been assessed.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of lipid-lowering therapy (bile acid sequestrants, niacin, psyllium and lovastatin) for treating hypercholesterolemia in veterans

Veterans are frequently older, have more chronic illnesses, and take more medications than subjects volunteering for clinical trials. Because these factors may impair the effectiveness of lipid-lowering drug therapy, the effectiveness of drug therapy in veterans may differ from that measured in randomized controlled trials. In 297 patients with type IIa hyperlipidemia attending a large Veterans Administration Medical Center lipid clinic, adverse effects, compliance, lipid and lipoprotein responses to drug therapy were prospectively monitored. Bile acid sequestrants (4 packets/day) were associated with a high rate of adverse effects, and had the highest drug discontinuance rate (37%) and poorest compliance (73 +/- 3% of the doses prescribed reported ingested) of all agents. Patients aged > 60 years tolerated therapy with bile acid sequestrants less well than did younger veterans (p < 0.01). Niacin (1.5 g/day) also had a high drug discontinuance rate (27%). Lovastatin (20 mg/day) had the lowest drug discontinuance rate (2%) and the highest compliance (90 +/- 2%). Lovastatin also reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol the most (-21.6 +/- 2.0%), whereas niacin produced the largest increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (+/- 14.3 +/- 2.2%); both niacin and lovastatin produced similar reductions in the LDL/HDL ratio. However, psyllium (10.4 g/day) reduced LDL cholesterol by only 2%, and had no effect on the LDL/HDL ratio. Psyllium produced larger LDL cholesterol reductions in patients aged < 60 years than in older patients (p < 0.01). Niacin and lovastatin are effective drugs for hypercholesterolemia management in the Veterans Administration Medical Center setting.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Bandwidth efficient digital communication with wavelet approximations

Based on their shift and scale orthogonality properties, scaling and wavelet functions may be used as signaling functions having good frequency localization as determined by the fractional-out-of-band power (FOOBP). In this paper, application of Daubechies' wavelet and scaling functions as baseband signaling functions is described, with a focus on finding discretely realizable pulse-shaping transfer function circuits whose outputs approximate scaling and wavelet functions when driven by more conventional digital signaling waveforms. It is also shown that the intersymbol interference (ISI) introduced by the approximation has negligible effect on the performance in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Moreover, the approximations are often more bandwidth efficient than the original wavelet functions. These waveforms thus illustrate an example solution of a tradeoff between residual ISI and bandwidth efficiency as a signal design problem.
Punctate Porokeratotic Keratoderma

To the Editor. — The nosologic designation of numerous fine, acuminate, firm, keratotic palmoplantar papules resembling the spines of old-fashioned music box cylinders with histologic findings of a compact parakeratotic vertical column (cornoid lamella) arising from a mildly thinned stratum malpighii with little or no granular or lucid layer includes punctate keratoderma, punctate porokeratotic kera- toderma, porokeratosis punctata palmaris et plantaris, and palmoplantar keratosis acuminata . 1 In their article, Lestringant and Berge 2 described a family in whom many members demonstrated clinical and histologic findings characteristic of these lesions, and used the term porokeratosis punctata palmaris et plantaris . Since their patients lacked annular or centrifugally expanding lesions and there was no histologic evidence of dyskeratosis, this would argue against porokeratosis. Although a cornoid lamella was present in their patients' histologic specimens, it is not specific for porokeratosis. 3 They propagate the misconception that these lesions are porokeratosis and admit they
Frequency-asymmetric gain profile in a seeded Raman amplifier.

This paper examines the effect of index guiding on Raman gain. The slowly varying Maxwell wave equation including both the real and imaginary parts of the Raman susceptibility for a seeded Raman amplifier is explored. Using a Gauss-Laguerre mode expansion for the Stokes field, the output Stokes energy is numerically studied as a function of gain and detuning from the Raman resonance. The calculations indicate that the real part of the Raman susceptibility causes the Raman medium to act as a lens when the Stokes seed is detuned from the Raman resonance. This focusing effect leads to higher peak Stokes energy when the Stokes seed is tuned to the blue side of the Raman resonance. Specifically for Raman scattering in H{sub 2} with a pump laser at 532 nm and an input seed near 683 nm, the peak Stokes energy can shift by as much as 300 MHz from the Raman resonance. An experiment which confirms these predictions is also presented. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Novel heterojunction devices

In this paper, recent progress in the fabrication and realization of novel heterojunction devices based on band structure engineering will be described. The fact that strained layer epitaxy can be used to create entirely new structures will be illustrated through such diverse examples as ordered growth of Ge/Si on Si, strained p-type quantum well FETs with light-hole dominated transconductance on GaAs, and high speed strained InGaAs/GaAs MODFETs. Recent calculations involving molecular dynamic simulations of strained layer growth, with mismatches of up to 4%, will be described and the outstanding puzzle of crystal thicknesses much larger than allowed by equilibrium theories for coherent crystal growth will be resolved. Some recent examples of the perfection of quantum well structures will be illustrated through the fabrication of devices based on perpendicular transport such as the resonant tunneling bipolar transistor and 10 µm superlattice IR detectors.
Advancing Fuel Cells Technology via Analogous Heat Exchanger Design Principles

Fuel cells and heat exchangers have numerous similarities. Both technologies are used to produce an “energy-in-transit.” Heat exchangers foster thermal transport (heat) as a result of thermal potential differences between streams; fuel cells foster charge transport across electrodes (current leading to power) as a result of electrochemical/electric potential differences between the reactant streams and fuel cell electrodes. Additional analogs include series resistance formulations, active regions for transport phenomena and pertinent capacity rates. These similarities have motivated the extension of heat exchanger design philosophies to fuel cells development. Pilot simulations have been done wherein solid oxide fuel cell geometries and process settings are being optimized via electrochemical pinch points, electroactive area optimization (patterned after optimal UA allocation within heat exchangers), and electrode “fins” for diminished polarization. The prevailing theme has been to bridge methodologies from the mature field of heat exchanger design to improve fuel cell design practices.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Asymptotic properties of solutions of parametric optimal control problems with varying index of the singular arcs

We consider a family of parametric linear-quadratic optimal control problems with terminal and control constraints. This family has the specific feature that the class of optimal controls is changed for an arbitrarily small change in the parameter. In the perturbed problem, the behavior of the corresponding trajectory on noncritical arcs of the optimal control is described by solutions of singularly perturbed boundary value problems. For the solutions of these boundary value problems, we obtain an asymptotic expansion in powers of the small parameter ɛ. The asymptotic formula starts from a term of the order of 1/ɛ and contains boundary layers. This formula is used to justify the asymptotic expansion of the optimal control for a perturbed problem in the family. We suggest a simple method for constructing approximate solutions of the perturbed optimal control problems without integrating singularly perturbed systems. The results of a numerical experiment are presented.
Macromolecule synthesis in a mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae inhibited by S-adenosylmethionine

Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 83384-B3 carries the sai-1 mutation which confers sensitivity to S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). It was shown that the mutant is impermeable to precursors of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein during inhibition by SAM (0.2 mM). Inhibition of uptake of adenine and uracil was nearly complete 3 h after growth in the presence of SAM and the uptake of leucine was at least 10-fold lower. The incorporation of 3H-adenine into ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA and heterodisperse RNA, believed to be messenger, was reduced 10-fold when measured after 1 h inhibition. The inhibition of growth was completely reversed by methionine (2.0 mM) in cells previously exposed to SAM for 90 min. The polysome content in cells inhibited by SAM was 25% less than the control after 4 h inhibition. Ribosome synthesis increased only about 40% in the presence of SAM and about 5-fold in the control over an 8 h period. All classes of RNA were synthesized during inhibition.
Development and Evaluation of the Trauma-Informed System Change Instrument: Factorial Validity and Implications for Use

In this paper, we present the process of developing and evaluating an instrument designed to measure the extent to which a complex community system has changed as a result of a community initiative, and for purposes of this research, doing this within the content area of developing local trauma-informed child welfare systems in specific communities in Michigan. The instrument was designed for the Southwest Michigan Children’s Trauma Assessment Center’s (CTAC) Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA)-funded initiative to bring a trauma-informed perspective to professionals working with children in child welfare. The Trauma Informed System Change Instrument was developed with the input of experts in trauma-informed system change. Two parts of the instrument were analyzed separately using confirmatory factor analysis. A two factor model was fit for Community Characteristics and a three factor model for Individual Characteristics. Although adequate factorial validity was obtained for the instrument, specific items on the instrument that were problematic in fitting the model were identified, and suggestions for revising the instrument for improved functionality are offered, as are other potential uses of the instrument.
Mesoscale Eddy Energy Locality in an Idealized Ocean Model

This paper investigates the energy budget of mesoscale eddies in wind-driven two-layer quasigeostrophic simulations. Intuitively, eddy energy can be generated, dissipated, and fluxed from place to place; regions where the budget balances generation and dissipation are ‘‘local’’ and regions that export or import large amounts of eddy energy are ‘‘nonlocal.’’ Many mesoscale parameterizations assume that statistics of the unresolved eddies behave as local functions of the resolved large scales, and studies that relate doubly periodic simulations to ocean patches must assume that the ocean patches have local energetics. This study derives and diagnoses the eddy energy budget in simulations of wind-driven gyres. To more closely approximate the ideas of subgrid-scale parameterization, the authors define the mean and eddies using a spatial filter rather than the more common time average. The eddy energy budget is strongly nonlocal over nearly half the domain in the simulations. In particular, in the intergyre region the eddies lose energy through interactions with the mean, and this energy loss can only be compensated by nonlocal flux of energy from elsewhere in the domain. This study also runs doubly periodic simulations corresponding to ocean patches from basin simulations. The eddy energy level of ocean patches in the basin simulations matches the level in the periodic simulations only in regions with local eddy energy budgets.
Religion, State, and Democracy: Analyzing Two Dimensions of Church-State Arrangements

One of the essential characteristics of a democratic regime is the separation of Church and state. The elected governors of a democratic regime's institutions require sufficient autonomy in order to make policy that is within the bounds of the constitution and which cannot be contested or overruled by non-elected religious leaders or institutions. However, this requirement is often confused by scholars and politicians to mean that a democracy must also be secular. Therefore, the idea of an “Islamic democracy” for example, is often derided as a contradiction in terms. Using quantitative data from Grim and Finke (2006) and Fox (2006) on cross-national Church and state relationships, this article argues that once the core autonomy prerequisite has been fulfilled, further separation of Church and state is not necessarily associated with higher levels of democracy. In fact, the data indicate that there is a wide range of Church-state arrangements which gives religion the possibility of a central role in political life while maintaining a high quality of democratic rights and freedoms. Drawing on the statistical results of this analysis, the article concludes by rethinking about the possibilities and limits for “public” religion to strengthen democratization processes.
Myelin sheath during degeneration and regeneration. II. Histochemistry.

The histochemical properties of the myelin sheath and its fragmentation products of Wallerian degeneration are described as visualized in the normal and degenerating peripheral nerves of the monkey, cat and rat.
Choosing an alternative bone marrow donor among available family members.

PURPOSE Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) can be curative for patients with hematological malignancies, marrow failure syndromes, and certain metabolic disorders. However, fewer than half of the patients who could benefit have a donor who is either an HLA-matched sibling or a phenotypically similar unrelated volunteer. PATIENTS AND METHODS The opportunity for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is significantly increased by the use of partially mismatched, haploidentical related donors. The likelihood of finding a donor within the family is dependent on the acceptable degree of mismatch on the unshared chromosome. The degree of mismatch is expected to be approximately 10% for a one-antigen mismatch, 20-30% for a two-antigen mismatch, and > 95% for a three-antigen mismatch. Improvements in transplant techniques designed to enhance engraftment and to prevent the development of severe acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease have increased the feasibility of utilizing this readily available donor pool. Obviously, the ability to use a three-antigen mismatched related donor would make bone marrow transplantation available for almost every patient. RESULTS Recent studies combining in vitro and in vivo immunomodulation of donor lymphocytes have resulted in consistent engraftment and control of acute graft-versus-host disease. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide encouragement that there may need be no restriction on the availability of allogeneic marrow transplants as a therapeutic option for appropriate candidates.
Temperature-Related Development and Population Parameters for Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) on Cherry and Blueberry

ABSTRACT Temperature-related studies were conducted on Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Drosophilini). From 10–28°C, temperature had a significant impact on blueberries, Vaccinium corymbosum L. (Ericales: Ericaceae), and cherries, Prunus avium (L.) L. 1755 (Rosales: Rosaceae), important commercial hosts of D. suzukii. Temperature had a significant influence on D. suzukii developmental period, survival, and fecundity, with decreasing developmental periods as temperatures increased to 28°C. At 30°C, the highest temperature tested, development periods increased, indicating that above this temperature the developmental extremes for the species were approached. D. suzukii reared on blueberries had lower fecundity than reared on cherries at all temperatures where reproduction occurred. The highest net reproductive rate (Ro) and intrinsic rate of population increase (r m) were recorded on cherries at 22°C and was 195.1 and 0.22, respectively. Estimations using linear and nonlinear fit for th...
Analysis of link reversal routing algorithms for mobile ad hoc networks

Link reversal algorithms provide a simple mechanism for routing in mobile ad hoc networks. These algorithms maintain routes to any particular destination in the network, even when the network topology changes frequently. In link reversal, a node reverses its incident links whenever it loses routes to the destination. Link reversal algorithms have been studied experimentally and have been used in practical routing algorithms, including [8].This paper presents the first formal performance analysis of link reversal algorithms. We study these algorithms in terms of work (number of node reversals) and the time needed until the network stabilizes to a state in which all the routes are reestablished. We focus on the full reversal algorithm and the partial reversal algorithm, both due to Gafni and Berstekas [5]; the first algorithm is simpler, while the latter has been found to be more efficient for typical cases. Our results are as follows:(1) The full reversal algorithm requires O(n2) work and time, where n is the number of nodes which have lost the routes to the destination.(2) The partial reversal algorithm requires O(n • a* + n2) work and time, where a* is a non-negative integer which depends on the state of the network. This bound is tight in the worst case, for any a*.(3) There are networks such that for every deterministic link reversal algorithm, there are initial states which require requires ω(n2) work and time to stabilize. Therefore, surprisingly, the full reversal algorithm is asymptotically optimal in the worst case, while the partial reversal algorithm is not, since a* can grow arbitrarily large.
Intravitreal injections at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary: analysis of treatment indications and postinjection endophthalmitis rates

Aim To report the incidence rate of acute postoperative endophthalmitis secondary to therapeutic intravitreal injections. Methods A retrospective review of all consecutive eyes after intravitreal injections was performed at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2011. Results During the 5-year study interval, 10 208 intravitreal injections were performed. The overall incidence rate of endophthalmitis was 0.029% per injection (3 of 10 208 injections). In the three cases, in our series, the endophthalmitis occurred at an average of seven injections, which lies within the SD of the mean number of injections received by each eye in this study, suggesting approximately equal probability of infection for each eye after receiving multiple, sequential injections. Bacterial cultures and Gram stain revealed coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (n=1), moderate bacteria with negative culture (n=1) and moderate Staphylococcus epidermidis (n=1). All cases were successfully treated using either intravitreal antibiotics and steroids or pars plana vitrectomy. Bestcorrected visual acuity reduction was not clinically significant at the last visit (>7 months for all cases). Conclusions Acute endophthalmitis is a rare potential complication after intravitreal injection. Further studies are required to elucidate the best prophylactic and aseptic techniques to prevent this rare complication.
Endoscopic diagnosis of tracheoesophageal fistula with directed methylene blue instillation into esophagus

Endoscopic diagnosis of tracheoesophageal fistula with directed methylene blue instillation into esophagus
Local Regulation of Arterial L-Type Calcium Channels by Reactive Oxygen Species

Rationale: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease, and oxidants are important signaling molecules in many cell types. Recent evidence suggests that localized subcellular compartmentalization of ROS generation is an important feature of ROS signaling. However, mechanisms that transduce localized subcellular changes in redox status to functionally relevant changes in cellular processes such as Ca 2+ influx are poorly understood. Objective: To test the hypothesis that ROS regulate L-type Ca 2+ channel activity in cerebral arterial smooth muscle. Methods and Results: Using a total internal reflection fluorescence imaging–based approach, we found that highly localized subplasmalemmal generation of endogenous ROS preceded and colocalized with sites of enhanced L-type Ca 2+ channel sparklet activity in isolated cerebral arterial smooth muscle cells. Consistent with this observation and our hypothesis, exogenous ROS increased localized L-type Ca 2+ channel sparklet activity in isolated arterial myocytes via activation of protein kinase Cα and when applied to intact cerebral arterial segments, exogenous ROS increased arterial tone in an L-type Ca 2+ channel–dependent fashion. Furthermore, angiotensin II–dependent stimulation of local L-type Ca 2+ channel sparklet activity in isolated cells and contraction of intact arteries was abolished following inhibition of NADPH oxidase. Conclusions: Our data support a novel model of local oxidative regulation of Ca 2+ influx where vasoconstrictors coupled to NAPDH oxidase (eg, angiotensin II) induce discrete sites of ROS generation resulting in oxidative activation of adjacent protein kinase Cα molecules that in turn promote local sites of enhanced L-type Ca 2+ channel activity, resulting in increased Ca 2+ influx and contraction.
6A-1 The Role of Inertial Cavitation of Ultrasound Contrast Agents in Producing Sonoporation

The objective of this project is to elucidate the relationship between ultrasound contrast agents (UCA) and sonoporation by varying the peak rarefactional pressure (Pr) in a threshold type study. The results of sonoporation in the presence of Optisontrade or Definityreg are directly compared to the collapse thresholds of the respective contrast agent to uncover the role inertial cavitation plays in sonoporation. Chinese Hamster Ovarian (CHO) cells were grown as a monolayer in a 96- microwell plate. Each well was filled with an exposure medium consisting of 0.05 mL Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC- dextran), 8.8 muL Optisontrade or 0.57 muL Definityreg, and Phosphate Buffered Saline. CHO cells were exposed for 30 s to pulsed ultrasound at 3 MHz center frequency, 5-cycle pulse duration, and 10-Hz pulse repetition frequency. Pr was varied over a range from 10 kPa to 3.5 MPa. Flow cytometery was used to determine the percentage of positively labeled cells. Over the Pr range applied, the sonoporated cells in the presence of Optisontrade increased from 0.63% to 10.21%, with a maximum occurring at 2.4 MPa. Above 2.4 MPa, a significant drop in sonoporation activity was observed. Sonoporation in the presence of Definityreg presented the same trend, with sonoporated cells increasing from 5.26% to 26.39%, with a maximum occurring 172 kPa. Above 172 kPa, a drop in sonoporation activity was observed. These results illustrate that sonoporation is not due inertial cavitation of the UCA. Instead the evidence directly suggests that the sonoporation effect was caused by linear and/or nonlinear oscillation of the UCA, as these responses occur at lower Pr where sonoporation activity was present. Moreover, at higher pressures, the UCAs are rapidly collapsing and as such, are likely not present for enough time to significantly oscillate, thus minimal sonoporation activity was observed.
Continental sediments of Miocene age in Puget Sound lowland, Washington

Sediments of late Miocene age along both sides of the southern half of the Cascade Range in Washington contain distinctive hornblende andesite detritus. The lithologic character and fossil flora of these sediments suggest that the Cascade Range did not have present height in late Miocene time, but that a highland probably existed which shed debris derived from the Keechelus andesitic series. Renewed volcanic- activity in this highland provided the hornblende andesite detritus which accumulated locally on both sides of the present range in the form of mudflow and fluvial deposits.
Ecohydrological impacts of woody‐plant encroachment: seasonal patterns of water and carbon dioxide exchange within a semiarid riparian environment

Across many dryland regions, historically grass-dominated ecosystems have been encroached upon by woody-plant species. In this paper, we compare ecosystem water and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes over a grassland, a grassland‐shrubland mosaic, and a fully developed woodland to evaluate potential consequences of woody-plant encroachment on important ecosystem processes. All three sites were located in the riparian corridor of a river in the southwest US. As such, plants in these ecosystems may have access to moisture at the capillary fringe of the near-surface water table. Using fluxes measured by eddy covariance in 2003 we found that ecosystem evapotranspiration (ET) and net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide (NEE) increased with increasing woody-plant dominance. Growing season ET totals were 407, 450, and 639mm in the grassland, shrubland, and woodland, respectively, and in excess of precipitation by 227, 265, and 473mm. This excess was derived from groundwater, especially during the extremely dry premonsoon period when this was the only source of moisture available to plants. Access to groundwater by the deep-rooted woody plants apparently decouples ecosystem ET from gross ecosystem production (GEP) with respect to precipitation. Compared with grasses, the woody plants were better able to use the stable groundwater source and had an increased net CO2 gain during the dry periods. This enhanced plant activity resulted in substantial accumulation of leaf litter on the soil surface that, during rainy periods, may lead to high microbial respiration rates that offset these photosynthetic fluxes. March‐December (primary growing season) totals of NEE were � 63, � 212, and � 233gCm � 2 in the grassland, shrubland, and woodland, respectively. Thus, there was a greater disparity between ecosystem water use and the strength of the CO2 sink as woody plants increased across the encroachment gradient. Despite a higher density of woody plants and a greater plant productivity in the woodland than in the shrubland, the woodland produced a larger respiration response to rainfall that largely offset its higher photosynthetic potential. These data suggest that the capacity for woody plants to exploit water resources in riparian areas results in enhanced carbon sequestration at the expense of increased groundwater use under current climate conditions, but the potential does not scale specifically as a function of woody-plant abundance. These results highlight the important roles of water sources and ecosystem structure on the control of water and carbon balances in dryland areas.