cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A taxonomy of content and citations in the journal of accounting education (1983–1989)

This study reports the results of a citation and content analysis of the 187 main section articles and teaching notes which appeared in the first six volumes of the Journal of Accounting Education (JAEd). The study identifies the most common resource citations and classifies the articles and notes by subject topic and research methodology. The study shows that JAEd authors have researched a broad spectrum of topics using a variety of research methodologies. Suggestions for improving the scope and breadth of accounting education research are proposed. Accounting historians will likely describe the 1980s as a decade of turmoil and unprecedented change within the accounting profession. Among the many significant events of the decade, the profession: (a) adopted new professional standards in response to recommendations of the Anderson Committee; (b) incorporated the microcomputer into virtually every aspect of professional ser- vices; (c) issued the "expectation gap" auditing standards in response to Cohen and Treadway Commissions' recommendations; (d) issued 68 statements of financial accounting standards and numerous exposure drafts, including those addressing the controversial areas of deferred income taxes, foreign currency translation, pension plans, current value accounting, and post-retirement bene- fits; and (e) merged the "Big Eight" into the "Big Six." To fulfill its mission to prepare the next generation of accounting profession- als, accounting education must respond to these and other changes in the accounting profession. Never before have accounting educators had such a challenge. It is not surprising then that accounting education research came to the forefront during the 1980s, as demonstrated by three significant events: (a) The Journal of Accounting Education (JAEd), a refereed journal founded by the School of Accounting at James Madison University, issued its first bi-annual journal in 1983; (b) accounting education articles previously limited to the "Educational Research" section of The Accounting Review were expanded to annual issues of Issues in Accounting Education (Issues) in 1983-84 and bian-
Confocal Mosaicing of Basal Cell Carcinomas in Mohs Micrographic Surgical Skin Excisions

Confocal mosaicing rapidly detects basal cell carcinomas in 100mm2 large skin excisions. Acetowhitening (concentrations 1-10%, duration 0.5-5 minutes) of excisions enhances cancer-to-dermis contrast. These methods may potentially guide Mohs surgery in real-time without histology.
Generalized Belief Propagation Detector for TDMR Microcell Model

Signal processing in TDMR encounters several challenges such as read channel modeling and detection in the presence of severe two-dimensional intersymbol interference (2-D ISI). The contribution of this paper is twofold. 1) In this paper, we introduce a novel 2-D read channel model which we call the 2-D Microcell model. In this model, we use generalized 2-D microtracks called microcells to captures the properties of irregular grain boundaries of the medium in a relatively simple yet accurate manner. The data dependent noise (DDN) distributions are analytically derived for this model. The derivation of the DDN distributions makes the 2-D Microcell suitable for detector design purposes. 2) We propose a new framework for designing truly two-dimensional detectors for the Microcell model based on near-optimal generalized belief propagation (GBP). The GBP algorithm is purposefully applied for detection in this model in order to handle the data dependent media noise which is caused by irregular bit transitions in both dimensions. Results are provided to show that the incorporation of the DDN distributions into the GBP detection helps improving the detection performance.
Microstructure and crystallographic texture of reactively sputtered FeTaN films

X-ray pole figure analysis is used to measure the crystallographic texture of FeTaN as a function of nitrogen content. The pole figures are used to semi-quantitatively describe the texture with the use of the orientation distribution function. The grain structure and texture is further analyzed with cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. The preferred crystallographic orientations are found to be mostly randomly oriented, except for fiber textures that range from a (111) for FeTa to a weak (110) for FeTaN. The effect of a Ti underlayer is also described which greatly enhances the (110) fiber texture in all of the films studied.
Changes in Job Decision Latitude: The Influence of Personality and Interpersonal Satisfaction

Based upon theories of work adjustment and personality, we hypothesized that openness to experience and interpersonal satisfaction at work would interact to produce changes in job decision latitude over time. This hypothesis was tested in both a large cross-sectional study (n= 3663) and a smaller longitudinal study (n= 61). The results from both studies suggest that openness to experience leads to the development of increased job decision latitude, but that this effect is neutralized by poor interpersonal relationships at work. Organizations that want to create more fluid and flexible job structures thus need to pay attention to both who is being selected, in terms of individual differences, as well as the social context in which these individuals are placed.
The Conserved Misshapen-Warts-Yorkie Pathway Acts in Enteroblasts to Regulate Intestinal Stem Cells in Drosophila

Summary Similar to the mammalian intestine, the Drosophila adult midgut has resident stem cells that support growth and regeneration. How the niche regulates intestinal stem cell activity in both mammals and flies is not well understood. Here, we show that the conserved germinal center protein kinase Misshapen restricts intestinal stem cell division by repressing the expression of the JAK-STAT pathway ligand Upd3 in differentiating enteroblasts. Misshapen, a distant relative to the prototypic Warts activating kinase Hippo, interacts with and activates Warts to negatively regulate the activity of Yorkie and the expression of Upd3. The mammalian Misshapen homolog MAP4K4 similarly interacts with LATS (Warts homolog) and promotes inhibition of YAP (Yorkie homolog). Together, this work reveals that the Misshapen-Warts-Yorkie pathway acts in enteroblasts to control niche signaling to intestinal stem cells. These findings also provide a model in which to study requirements for MAP4K4-related kinases in MST1/2-independent regulation of LATS and YAP.
Antimicrobial Resistance and Aging: Beginning of the End of the Antibiotic Era?

Throughout the history of mankind, infectious diseases have remained a major cause of death and disability. Although industrialized nations, such as the United States, have experienced significant reductions in infection-related mortality and morbidity since the beginning of the "antibiotic era," death and complications from infectious diseases remain a serious problem for older persons. Pneumonia is the major infection-related cause of death in older persons, and urinary tract infection is the most common bacterial infection seen in geriatric patients. Other serious and common infections in older people include intra-abdominal sepsis, bacterial meningitis, infective endocarditis, infected pressure ulcers, septic arthritis, tuberculosis, and herpes zoster. As a consequence, frequent prescribing of antibiotics for older patients is common practice. The large volume of antibiotics prescribed has contributed to the emergence of highly resistant pathogens among geriatric patients, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and multiple-drug-resistant gram-negative bacilli. Unless preventive strategies coupled with newer drug development are established soon, eventually clinicians will be encountering infections caused by highly resistant pathogens for which no effective antibiotics will be available. Clinicians could then be experiencing the same frustrations of not being able to treat infections effectively as were seen in the "pre-antibiotic era."
Sex linkage in salmonids: evidence from a hybridized genome of brook trout and Arctic charr.

In second-generation sparctics (Salvelinus fontinalis × Salvelinus alpinus) backcrossed toS. fontinalis, we have identified tight classical linkage of phenotypic sex withLdh-1, Aat-5, andGpi-3. We designate this locusSex-1 and suggest that it may be the primary sex-determining locus in salmonids. Cumulative salmonid gene-to-centromere map distances for the three biochemical loci put the order as centromere—Ldh-1—(Aat-5 andGpi-3), with the latter two loci being tightly linked. An absence of association of phenotypic sex (presumably Sex-1) with these same three loci and other loci known to be linked to these loci is shown in splakes (S. fontinalis × Salvelinus namaycush) and cutbows (Salmo gairdneri × Salmo clarki). These data imply that the linkage ofSex-1 with these loci is found only inS. alpinus and support the view thatSex-1 lies across the centromere from these three loci inS. alpinus, representing a Robertsonian fusion not found in any of the other four species. A similar specific Robertsonian fusion is argued forS. gairdneri, whereSex-1 may be linked across a centromere to another biochemical locus (Ha). These linkage results and chromosomal observations of other investigators suggest thatSex-1 lies on an information-depauperate arm.
Reacting to Genetic Risk: An Experimental Survey of Life between Health and Disease

Medical sociologists contend that we are living in an era of surveillance medicine, in which the emphasis on risk blurs the lines between health and disease. Yet, data to examine these claims are generally drawn from patients, raising questions about whether this modern experience of medical risk extends beyond the clinic to healthy people in the larger population. We use the specific case of genetic risk to construct a survey experiment designed to induce the conditions theorized by surveillance medicine. Each respondent in a nationally representative sample (N = 2,100) was assigned a genetic risk (20%, 30% . . . 80%) for a disease (colon cancer, heart disease, Alzheimer’s disease) and asked about many potential reactions. We find that people in the general population—regardless of health status or family history—respond to hypothetical genetic risk information by wanting to take action, and their reactions are stronger in domains related to self and family than to community and polity.
A plague of autoantibodies

Hypermutation of antibody-producing B cells occurs in germinal centers, but how autoimmunity from the generation of potentially self-reactive antibodies is avoided has remained puzzling. Characterization of a new mouse mutant, sanroque, indicates previously unknown tolerance mechanisms act at this stage.
Microprogramming the AN/UYK-17(XB-1)(V) signal processing element signal processing arithmetic unit

The AN/UYK-17(XB-1)(V) Signal Processing Element (SPE) is a high performance computer system being developed at the Naval Research Laboratory for radar, sonar, and communication applications. To perform signal processing tasks efficiently, the SPE comprises multiple functional units that execute different processes in parallel. Due to the inherent parallelism in signal processing tasks, horizontal microprograms are used to control the functional units [references 5 and 6]. This report overviews the SPE, describes the Signal Processing Arithmetic Unit (SPAU) in detail, discusses ANIMIL-the microprogramming language for representing SPAU microprograms, and illustrates the use of the ANIMIL translator with a simple microprogram. Companion documents describe the SPAU simulator program (reference 3) and the formal syntax and semantics of the ANIMIL language (reference 4).
New concepts in childhood tuberculosis.

Purpose of reviewChildhood tuberculosis has long been neglected in international tuberculosis control efforts. There are, however, many opportunities to prevent childhood tuberculosis that are not being fully employed.Recent findingsSeveral papers have been published to emphasize the unique nature o
Enantiospecific total syntheses of kapakahines B and F.

Gram-scale, enantiospecific total syntheses of the anti-leukemia marine natural products kapakahines B and F have been completed. Two powerfully simplifying transformations have enabled the gram-scale synthesis of this natural product family: (1) an oxidative N−C bond-forming reaction that sets a key quaternary center with complete stereocontrol and (2) a unique strategy for the construction of twisted macrocycles via dynamic equilibration of complex late-stage intermediates.
New biologic agents: A critical appraisal

Approval of infliximab for treatment of Crohn's disease in late 1998 was a landmark event in medical therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. This agent was the first of many promised biologic response modifiers investigated in the last half decade, a result of progress in recombinant and monoclonal technologies and improvements in large-scale production of biologic agents. The notable efficacy of infliximab also sets a benchmark against which future biologic agents might be compared. Although it will be many years until active comparisons of these agents are made through clinical trials, sufficient clinical data is now available for critical appraisal of the potential and reality of these agents.
Late Paleozoic continental warming of a cold tropical basin and floristic change in western Pangea

Abstract An increase in mineral crystallization temperatures of ~ 13 ± 3 °C is preserved in paleosol profiles (ancient soils) within a stratigraphic interval of cooler than soil temperatures observed in the modern lowland tropics, to Permian-age soil mineral crystallization temperatures, which are equivalent to, or slightly exceed, soil temperatures observed in modern lowland tropics. This record of mineral crystallization temperatures occurs at a time when some sources indicate the onset of the largest single glaciation of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age. The temperature change indicated by these paleosol minerals is accompanied by a unidirectional, irreversible change in the composition of tropical lowland vegetation. This transition delineates the magnitude and characteristics of vegetational changes in the modern tropics that might accompany continued atmospheric warming. Times of low surface temperatures coincide with a typical Late Pennsylvanian, tropical Pangean, “wet” biome dominated by Sigillaria , Macroneuropteris , other pteridosperms and marattialean ferns. This plant assemblage is replaced spatially by a xeromorphic biome dominated by conifers, callipterids, and other seed plants, characteristic of the tropical Permian across western and central Pangea. The fully xeromorphic flora appears initially in sub-meter-scale beds within outcrops otherwise characterized by wet flora, and becomes predominant once peak surface temperatures were reached in the earliest Permian. A narrow stratigraphic interval (20 m) separates these two biomes in the region, marking what was to be a permanent floristic change in western Pangea. The lower diversity floras of seasonally dry habitats apparently migrated from drier extrabasinal areas into increasingly dry landscapes formerly dominated by the wet biome. This study documents the regional disappearance of an entire tropical biome with a net reduction of biodiversity accompanying rapid environmental warming.
Terms of trade and national saving rates in Asia

Abstract In recent theoretical work, Obstfeld, and Svensson and Razin re-examine the Harberger-Laursen-Metzler effect of terms-of-trade changes on the balance-of-payments' current account. Their models of intertemporal utility maximization indicate that individuals' saving responses to a change in the terms of trade are ambiguous in theory. From this they infer that the corresponding movements in the current account are also ambiguous. However, they ignore the positive rate-of-growth effect incorporated in the life-cycle theory on the aggregate saving rate. This paper presents an empirical analysis of the terms-of-trade effect on aggregate national saving rates in 14 Asian developing countries over the period 1961–1981. It turns out to be significantly positive, as the life-cycle model predicts.
Representation, resistance and the logics of difference: indigenous culture as political resource in the settler-state

Sonny Bassu's sculpture Longing #26 – a discarded cedar off-cut bearing a striking resemblance to a Northwest Coast mask – provides an ideal visual frame for this special issue. As an artwork, this...
CHALLENGING THE THIRD SECTOR HOUSING APPROACH: The Impact of Federal Policies (1980–1996)

ABSTRACT:Recent third sector housing research contends that community-based housing organizations can successfully balance social and financial objectives by simultaneously involving and building communities while developing and managing long-term affordable housing. This article analyzes the impact of the federal housing policies of the 1980s and 1990s on the ability of community-based housing organizations to meet this “double bottom line” (Bratt et al, 1994). It builds upon Salomon’s (1989; 1993) thesis that an increased commercialization and marketization of the nonprofit sector occurred in response to the post-1980 federal social policies by arguing further that such a commercialization threatens the nonprofits’ ability to prioritize standards of participation, neighborhood control, community building, and long-term affordability. I argue that federal housing policies need to be more closely allied with these standards in order to ensure their long-term viability.
Quality Care for Children: Inpatient Medication Use in a Mid-Atlantic Hospital System 2000-2003

The authors report on a preliminary analysis of an electronic database that includes more than 32 000 pediatric hospitalizations during 2000-2003. They analyzed pediatric inpatient medication use in a defined geographic area, the catchment area for the Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, serving Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. The study population included 18 108 female and 14 375 male children. The authors calculated the percentages of children receiving at least 1 administration of each drug. More than 700 drugs were received by children in the study population; 9 were received by at least 10% of all patients. The probability of receiving specific medications varied with patient age, sex, and race, but much further work is needed to quantify the variations. The database has the potential to inform pediatric health services research and pediatric comparative effectiveness research, and it may be the first analysis of hospitalizations for a pediatric population comprising all ages from 0 to 18.
Electromagnetic properties of mortars over a broad frequency range and different curing times

A large dielectric measurement cell, with 54 ml sample volume, was designed and calibrated to operate over a 1 MHz-3 GHz frequency range. The cell was used to measure the dielectric constants and conductivities of concretes over a broad frequency range and different curing times. The water/cement/sand ratios of the concrete were changed to study the dependence of the electromagnetic properties on them. Chemical admixtures to retard and accelerate the curing process of concretes were also added. It was found that the electromagnetic properties of concretes vary significantly over the frequencies. Furthermore, during the curing process, the water/cement/sand ratios and chemical admixtures of concretes affected their electromagnetic properties. A relationship of the electromagnetic properties of concretes to their various physical states and constituent components could be used for the quality control of concretes in construction work.
The effects of irradiation at cryogenic temperatures and electron irradiation on Tc and the transport properties of A-15 superconductors☆

The electrical resistivity ρ and Tc have been measured on vapor deposited films of Nb3Ge and Nb3Sn subjected to α-particle and electron irradiation. Both Nb3Sn and Nb3Ge films held at 30 K were irradiated with 2.5 MeV α particles. Tc and ρ0, the electrical resistivity at 25 K, were measured in situ as a function of fluence without warming up the samples. In addition, Nb3Sn films held at 50°C were irradiated with 2.0 MeV electrons. Tc was found to correlate with ρ0, which implies that Tc is affected by the total defect concentration. Of particular interest is the shape of the Tc vs. ρ0 curve for low fluences. A discussion will be given of why this low fluence region is important in distinguishing between different models of Tc depressions. We believe that the strong depression in Tc with increasing ρ0 (until saturation of Tc) is due to smearing of the density of states. The density of states in the damaged films was estimated from critical field data, along with measurement of ρ0.
Preparation and Evaluation Of Drug-Containing Chitosan Beads

AbstractSulfadiazine beads were prepared by dropping drug-containing solutions of the positively charged polysaccharide, chitosan, into tripolyphosphate (TPP) solutions. The droplets instantaneously formed gelled spheres by ionotropic gelation, entrapping the drug within a three-dimensional network of the ionically linked polymer. To achieve maximum drug content, high payloads, short gelation times, low TPP concentrations, and a low internal to external phase ratio were required. The chitosan beads showed pH-dependent swelling and dissolution behavior. The beads swelled and dissolved in 0.1N HCl, while they stayed intact in simulated intestinal fluid. The release of sulfadiazine in 0.1N HCl decreased with increasing concentration of TPP, but was independent of the TPP concentration in intestinal fluids. The morphology of the beads was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The porosity of the beads depended on the method of drying.
Numerical model for tunnel junctions with application to cascade solar cells

A simple recombination model for the tunneling current, suitable for incorporation in solar cell simulation codes, is proposed. This allows the entire cascaded structure to be modeled and permits the simultaneous simulation of the combined optical and electrical properties. This simple model for the tunnel junction has been incorporated into ADEPT (A Device Emulation Program and Toolbox), a one-dimensional numerical device simulator developed at Purdue University. The simulation code has been used to model an idealized AlGaAs/Ge cascade structure. Additional work in implementing the tunnel current model is necessary to improve the numerical stability of the simulation. >
Thermal interface materials for power electronics applications

In a typical power electronics package, a grease layer forms the interface between the direct bond copper (DBC) layer or a baseplate and the heat sink. This grease layer has the highest thermal resistance of any layer in the package. Reducing the thermal resistance of this thermal interface material (TIM) can help achieve the FreedomCAR program goals of using a glycol water mixture at 105degC or even air cooling. It is desirable to keep the maximum temperature of the conventional silicon die below 125degC, trench insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) below 150degC, and silicon carbide-based devices below 200degC. Using improved thermal interface materials enables the realization of these goals and the dissipation of high heat fluxes. The ability to dissipate high heat fluxes in turn enables a reduction in die size, cost, weight, and volume. This paper describes our progress in characterizing the thermal performance of some conventional and novel thermal interface materials. We acquired, modified, and improved an apparatus based on the ASTM D5470 test method and measured the thermal resistance of various conventional greases. We also measured the performance of select phase-change materials and thermoplastics through the ASTM steady-state and the transient laser flash approaches, and compared the two methodologies. These experimental results for thermal resistance are cast in the context of automotive power electronics cooling. Results from numerical finite element modeling indicate that the thermal resistance of the TIM layer has a dramatic effect on the maximum temperature in the IGBT package.
Rose leaf elasticity changes in response to mycorrhizal colonization and drought acclimation

Tissue elasticity can affect plant response to drought, in terms of turgor maintenance and water uptake from drying soils. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of mycorrhizal colonization and drought acclimation on rose (Rosa hybrida L. cv. Samantha) leaf elasticity. Bulk elasticity was characterized by the pressurevolume method using plots of the elastic modulus as a function of leaf turgor pressure, total water potential and relative water content. The treatments, arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial design, included acclimated and unacclimated plants, and either Glomus irararadices Schenck and Smith, Glomus deserticola Trappe, Bloss and Menge, or a non-mycorrhizal control. Plants with root mycorrhizal colonization showed reduced leaf elasticity (i.e. higher elastic moduli) over a broad range of leaf waler potential and water content. Both mycorrbizal colonization and acclimation facilitated the maintenance of positive values of turgor and elasticity at lower leaf water potential and water content than in controls. Mycorrhizal infections may aid plants in acclimating to water deficits through effects on leaf tissue elasticity.
Triglyceride as a risk factor for coronary artery disease.

The data for an independent association between triglyceride concentrations and risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) are equivocal, unlike the data for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, which show strong, consistent, and opposing correlations with CAD risk. There is some evidence for triglyceride as an independent risk factor in certain subgroups, for example, women 50-69 years of age (Framingham Heart Study) and in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes. However, the evidence is stronger for triglyceride as a synergistic CAD risk factor. For example, patients with the "lipid triad" of high LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, and high triglyceride accounted for most of the event reduction with lipid-lowering therapy in the Helsinki Heart Study. An important confounder of the correlation between triglyceride and CAD risk is the heterogeneity of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins: the larger triglyceride-rich particles are thought not to be associated with CAD risk, whereas the smaller (and denser) particles are believed to be atherogenic. At present, measurement of fasting triglyceride levels and triglyceride assessment in conjunction with LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol concentrations are the most practical methods of evaluating hypertriglyceridemia in CAD risk, although postprandial lipemia may prove a better indicator of atherogenicity. Management of hypertriglyceridemia should initially focus on nonpharmacologic therapy (i.e., diet, exercise, weight control, and alcohol reduction). In diabetic patients, meticulous glycemic control is also important. However, if this approach proves inadequate, there are several pharmacologic options. Fibrates may be effective in decreasing triglyceride and increasing HDL cholesterol. Nicotinic acid (niacin) has been shown to decrease triglyceride, increase HDL cholesterol, lower LDL cholesterol, and decrease lipoprotein(a); it also decreases fibrinogen. The statins appear to be effective in decreasing triglyceride and LDL cholesterol in hypertriglyceridemia; however, they do not normalize metabolism of apolipoprotein B, and HDL cholesterol may remain low. Therefore, combination with a fibrate or niacin may be appropriate. Attention to hypertriglyceridemia with respect to increased CAD risk represents an important step in assessing global risk for CAD development.
Explaining the salience of left–right ideology in postindustrial democracies: The role of structural economic change

Does left-right ideology structure electoral competition? While many studies show that ideology is a powerful determinant of party choice, a growing number of scholars claim that the salience of 'left' and 'right' has declined in recent decades. These contrasting views motivate a consideration of whether the salience of the left-right dimension varies across political parties and national contexts. Drawing on recent advances in the study of the welfare state, this article argues that just as policy appeals expressed in the language of left and right crystallised during a period of economic change, changes in the organisation of postindustrial economies should weaken the left-right bases of competition. Analyses of 87 parties in 16 parliamentary democracies show that occupational heterogeneity in postindus- trial economies - indicated by employment in the private service sector and in industries exposed to international competition - reduces the salience of the left-right dimension for the vote. The implications of study findings for future work on policy responsiveness and electoral change in advanced capitalist democracies are discussed.
Deterministic voting in distributed systems using error-correcting codes

Distributed voting is an important problem in reliable computing. In an N Modular Redundant (NMR) system, the N computational modules execute identical tasks and they need to periodically vote on their current states. In this paper, we propose a deterministic majority voting algorithm for NMR systems. Our voting algorithm uses error-correcting codes to drastically reduce the average case communication complexity. In particular, we show that the efficiency of our voting algorithm can be improved by choosing the parameters of the error-correcting code to match the probability of the computational faults. For example, consider an NMR system with 31 modules, each with a state of m bits, where each module has an independent computational error probability of 10/sup -3/. 1, this NMR system, our algorithm can reduce the average case communication complexity to approximately 1.0825 m compared with the communication complexity of 31 m of the naive algorithm in which every module broadcasts its local result to all other modules. We have also implemented the voting algorithm over a network of workstations. The experimental performance results match well the theoretical predictions.
Antiadhesive Role of Apical Decay-accelerating Factor (CD55) in Human Neutrophil Transmigration across Mucosal Epithelia

Neutrophil migration across mucosal epithelium during inflammatory episodes involves the precise orchestration of a number a cell surface molecules and signaling pathways. After successful migration to the apical epithelial surface, apically localized epithelial proteins may serve to retain PMN at the lumenal surface. At present, identification of apical epithelial ligands and their PMN counter-receptors remain elusive. Therefore, to define the existence of apical epithelial cell surface proteins involved in PMN–epithelial interactions, we screened a panel of antibodies directed against epithelial plasma membranes. This strategy identified one antibody (OE-1) that both localized to the apical cell membrane and significantly inhibited PMN transmigration across epithelial monolayers. Microsequence analysis revealed that OE-1 recognized human decay-accelerating factor (DAF, CD55). DAF is a highly glycosylated, 70–80-kD, glycosyl-phosphatidyinositol–linked protein that functions predominantly as an inhibitor of autologous complement lysis. DAF suppression experiments using antisense oligonucleotides or RNA interference revealed that DAF may function as an antiadhesive molecule promoting the release of PMN from the lumenal surface after transmigration. Similarly, peptides corresponding to the antigen recognition domain of OE-1 resulted in accumulation of PMN on the apical epithelial surface. The elucidation of DAF as an apical epithelial ligand for PMN provides a target for novel anti-inflammatory therapies directed at quelling unwanted inflammatory episodes.
Using discriminant analysis to identify students at risk

In designing any educational intervention one often needs to determine what factors are related to success and failure in a course, identify students at risk, evaluate the impact of any new program on student performance. In this paper we will discuss the use of discriminant analysis as a technique for addressing all of these issues. Discriminant analysis is a statistical technique designed to investigate the differences between two or more groups of people with respect to several underlying variables. This technique is more appropriate than commonly used educational measures (correlations, regression weights, etc.) because the variable being predicted is categorical. Moreover, this approach results in a unit of analysis, predicted category membership, that is more useful in evaluating instructional interventions.
Diagnosing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a permanent birth defect syndrome caused by maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. Almost four decades have passed since the term FAS was first coined. The condition is now recognized as a spectrum of disorders: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). Substantial progress has been made in developing specific criteria for delineating diagnoses under the umbrella of FASD. In the 14 years since the publication of the seminal report on FAS by the Institute of Medicine in 1996, clear consensus has been reached on two fundamental issues: 1) an FASD diagnostic evaluation is best conducted by a team of professionals from multiple disciplines (medicine, psychology, speech-language, occupational therapy) and 2) the team should use rigorously case- defined and validated FASD diagnostic guidelines. This chapter will provide a brief overview of the discovery of FASD, diagnostic challenges, how diagnostic guidelines and clinical models have evolved over time to address these challenges, and how new technology may influence the future of FASD diagnosis.
The Zariski Topology on the Spectrum

The goal of this chapter is to introduce the Zariski topology on Spec A. Throughout this chapter, by “ring” we mean a non-zero commutative ring with unity.
Chaotic motion in the resonant separatrix bands of a Mathieu-Duffing oscillator with a twin-well potential

The (M:1)-resonant bands in the left and right potential wells are skew-symmetric, and the (2M:1)-resonant bands of the large orbit motion are symmetric. The analytical conditions for the onset and destruction of a resonant band are developed through the incremental energy approach. The numerical predictions of such onset and destruction are also completed by the energy increment spectrum method. The sub-resonance interaction occurs for strong excitations, which needs to be further investigated. These results are applicable to the small- and large-orbit motions of post-buckled structure under a parametric excitation.
Hyperosmolarity in the small intestine contributes to postprandial ghrelin suppression

Plasma levels of the orexigenic hormone ghrelin are suppressed by meals with an efficacy dependent on their macronutrient composition. We hypothesized that heterogeneity in osmolarity among macronutrient classes contributes to these differences. In three studies, the impact of small intestinal hyperosmolarity was examined in Sprague-Dawley rats. In study 1, isotonic, 2.5×, and 5× hypertonic solutions of several agents with diverse absorption and metabolism properties were infused duodenally at a physiological rate (3 ml/10 min). Jugular vein blood was sampled before and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, and 300 min after infusion. Plasma ghrelin was suppressed dose dependently and most strongly by glucose. Hyperosmolar infusions of lactulose, which transits the small intestine unabsorbed, and 3-O-methylglucose (3-O-MG), which is absorbed like glucose but remains unmetabolized, also suppressed ghrelin. Glucose, but not lactulose or 3-O-MG, infusions increased plasma insulin. In study 2, intestinal infusions of hyperosmolar NaCl suppressed ghrelin, a response that was not attenuated by coinfusion with the neural blocker lidocaine. In study 3, we reconfirmed that the low-osmolar lipid emulsion Intralipid suppresses ghrelin more weakly than isocaloric (but hypertonic) glucose. Importantly, raising Intralipid's osmolarity to that of the glucose solution by nonabsorbable lactulose supplementation enhanced ghrelin suppression to that seen after glucose. Hyperosmolar ghrelin occurred particularly during the initial 3 postinfusion hours. We conclude that small intestinal hyperosmolarity 1) is sufficient to suppress ghrelin, 2) may combine with other postprandial mechanisms to suppress ghrelin, 3) might contribute to altered ghrelin regulation after gastric bypass surgery, and 4) may inform dietary modifications for metabolic health.
Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring of Surgical and Endovascular Treatment of Pediatric Arteriovenous Malformations (S55.002)

OBJECTIVE: To analyze how intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring (IONM) changes correlate with new postoperative deficits in the surgical and endovascular treatment of pediatric arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). BACKGROUND: IONM aids in identifying neurological compromise during procedures that place the nervous system at risk. Cerebral AVMs are vascular anomalies that pose a risk for hemorrhage, seizures, or stroke. The utility of IONM in the treatment of pediatric AVMs has not been well documented. DESIGN/METHODS: 107 cases in 55 patients ages 3-18 years old were examined, including 74 endovascular embolizations and 33 surgical resections, all monitored with EEG, SSEPs, MEPs, EMG, and/or BAEPs. Preoperative and postoperative neurological deficits were analyzed retrospectivley using electronic medical records. IONM changes were defined as being either transient (resolving by the end of monitoring) or persistent (not resolving). RESULTS: 13 (12.1%) cases had IONM changes, 5 were persistent and 8 were transient. Of those with persistent IONM changes, 2 had post-operative deficits (40%). Of those with transient changes, 1 had post-operative deficits (12.5%). 94 (87.9%) cases lacked IONM changes. 92 (97.9%) of these cases had no post-operative deficits while 2 (2.1%) had post-operative deficits -- these two had acute events after the end of monitoring. 10 cases presented IONM changes but did not have post-operative deficits; 6 (60%) of these were associated with alterations in surgical management or pre-embolization methohexital testing (performed to prevent permanent neurological injury). CONCLUSIONS: Persistent IONM changes had a strong correlation with new post-operative deficits. Transient IONM changes, including those resolving after alterations in surgical management or pre-embolization methohexital testing, had a much lower risk of new deficits. Therefore, IONM can be a useful tool in pediatric AVM cases, not only in predicting neurological compromise, but also in identifying when to alter management. Study Supported by: N/A Disclosure: Dr. Nguyen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Avila has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lee has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cho has nothing to disclose. Dr. Le has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lopez has received research support from Yes
Burst Erasures and the Mean-Square Error for Cyclic Parseval Frames

This paper investigates the performance of frames for the linear, redundant encoding of vectors when consecutive frame coefficients are lost due to the occurrence of random burst errors. We assume that the distribution of bursts is invariant under cyclic shifts and that the burst-length statistics are known. In analogy with rate-distortion theory, we wish to find frames of a given size, which minimize the mean-square reconstruction error for the encoding of vectors in a complex finite-dimensional Hilbert space. We obtain an upper bound for the mean-square reconstruction error for a given Parseval frame and in the case of cyclic Parseval frames, we find a family of frames which minimizes this upper bound. Under certain conditions, these minimizers are identical to complex Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem codes discussed in the literature. The accuracy of our upper bounds for the mean-square error is substantiated by complementary lower bounds. All estimates are based on convexity arguments and a discrete rearrangement inequality.
Synchrotron IR spectromicroscopy: chemistry of living cells.

Advanced analytical capabilities of synchrotron IR spectromicroscopy meet the demands of modern biological research for studying molecular reactions in individual living cells. (To listen to a podcast about this article, please go to the Analytical Chemistry multimedia page at pubs.acs.org/page/ancham/audio/index.html.)
A tail current-shaping technique to reduce phase noise in LC VCOs

This paper presents a tail current shaping technique to improve phase noise in differential LC VCOs. The tail current is made large when the oscillator output voltage reaches its maximum or minimum value and when the sensitivity of the output phase to injected noise is the smallest; the tail current is made small during the zero crossings of the output voltage when the phase noise sensitivity is large. The proposed technique does not dissipate any extra power, does not use extra noisy active devices and occupies a small area. Besides better noise performance, a VCO with tail current shaping has a better DC to RF conversion and thus larger oscillation amplitude compared to a standard VCO with equal power dissipation. Measurement results for a 2 GHz differential NMOS LC-VCO with tail current shaping fabricated on a 0.25 /spl mu/m BiCMOS process are compared to measurements for a standard VCO in the same process. The phase noise improvement is more than 3 dB at the carrier frequency of 1.75 GHz. The measured phase noise at 3 MHz offset frequency is -134 dBc/Hz from a 1.75 GHz carrier and the VCO draws 1.5 mA from a 1.5 V supply.
Maternal-fetal research and human research protections policy

It may be that the current system of formal definitions, ethical theories, and voluntary professional guidelines to protect patients from unwittingly becoming subjects of research is inadequate to meet the challenge of surgical innovation. Important questions, such as when surgical innovation becomes research involving human subjects or how to distinguish between variations on an existing technique and true innovations, are key. These questions also apply to MFS as an innovative surgical therapy. Now that MFS has been recognized as experimental and formal clinical trials will be conducted, it is important to ensure adequate protection of the pregnant women and fetuses involved as human research subjects. This issue is even more pertinent in light of the new regulations regarding fetuses as research subjects. Those responsible for reviewing study protocols will have to be especially careful when examining the new version of DHHS regulations as they apply to future studies in the field of MFS.
Cetacean Detection and Responses to Fishing Gear

Cetaceans interact with fisheries throughout the world (see reviews in Northridge, 1984, 1991; Currey et al., 1990, 1991; Bjorge et al., 1991). These interactions can be divided into operational and predatory types (Beddington et al., 1985). Predatory interactions include effects of prey competition between fisheries and cetacean stocks. Operational interactions refer to gear damage by cetaceans and incidental catch of cetaceans in fisheries. This paper will only deal with operational interactions, and will focus on problems of incidental catch. Directed fisheries for cetaceans will not be discussed in this paper.
Principles of the Patient-Centered Medical Home and Preventive Services Delivery

PURPOSE Limited research exists examining the principles of the patient-centered medical home (PCMH) and improved outcomes. We examined whether PCMH principles (personal physician, physician-directed team, whole-person orientation, coordination of care, quality and safety, and enhanced access) are associated with receipt of preventive services. METHODS We undertook cross-sectional analyses using baseline patient and practice member surveys and chart audits from a quality improvement trial in 24 primary care offices. Association of PCMH principles with preventive services (receipt of cancer screening, lipid screening, influenza vaccination, and behavioral counseling) was examined using hierarchical linear modeling. RESULTS Higher global PCMH scores were associated with receipt of preventive services (β=2.3; P <.001). Positive associations were found with principles of personal physician (β=3.7; P <.001), in particular, continuity with the same physician (β=4.4; P = .002) and number of visits within 2 years (15% higher for patients with 13 or more visits; P <.001); and whole-person orientation (β=5.6; P <.001), particularly, having a well-visit within 5 years (β=12.3; P <.001) and being treated for chronic diseases (6% higher if more than 3 chronic diseases; P = .002). Having referral systems to link patients to community programs for preventive counseling (β = 8.0; P <.001) and use of clinical decision-support tools (β = 5.0; P = .04) were also associated with receipt of preventive services. CONCLUSIONS Relationship-centered aspects of PCMH are more highly correlated with preventive services delivery in community primary care practices than are information technology capabilities. Demonstration projects and tools that measure PCMH principles should have greater emphasis on these key primary care attributes.
Effects of Wax and Substituted p-Phenylenediamine Antiozonants in Rubber

Abstract Wax was found to reduce fatigue life and dynamic ozone resistance. These losses can be partially compensated for by the addition of a substituted paraphenylenediamine (PPD). An increase in PPD concentration leads to a slight increase in wax bloom. At low levels of wax (1 phr), this effect will lead to a significant increase in static ozone protection. A critical level of wax bloom is required to form a continuous film for optimum static ozone protection. The relative increase in ozone protection provided by a wax/PPD combination was similar for both an NR tread and an NR/BR sidewall formulation. The amount of wax bloom was much higher in the NR/BR compound compared to the NR stock. In both cases, however, the critical level of wax bloom was exceeded; thus, a significant difference in static ozone protection is not expected. At practical levels of antiozonant, no synergism between wax and PPD was observed in static or dynamic ozone exposure tests. Significant synergism was observed under intermitt...