cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions between two infaunal bivalves, Chione undatella (Sowerby) and Protothaca staminea (Conrad), and two potential enemies, Crepidula onyx sowerby and Cancer anthonyi (Rathbun)

Abstract Crepidula onyx Sowerby occurred on ≈ 1% of Chione undatella (Sowerby) and on no Protothaca staminea (Conrad), collected in June 1975 from a California Zostera marina L. meadow. All Chione and Protothaca collected were measured and returned at systematically varied densities to field enclosures. During the following two years, Crepidula showed preferential colonization of Chione , while Protothaca remained free of epibionts. Successful recruitment of individual Crepidula was > 100 times more intense on already occupied hosts, suggesting gregarious settlement behavior. Colonization of previously unoccupied Chione did not vary significantly among enclosures as a function of host ( Chione ) density (6–48 · m −2 ) and spread to new hosts was not contagious. Growth, but not survival, of Chione carrying Crepidula was less than that of unoccupied hosts, perhaps reflecting interspecific competition for suspended foods. Collections of crushed shells from inside cages occupied by the predator Cancer anthonyi (Rathbun) indicate that this crab preyed upon thin-shelled epifauna in preference to infaunal molluscs. Despite its slightly deeper burial, Protothaca , but not the thicker-shelled Chione , was often found crushed. In response to Cancer and other predators, Protothaca had a much lower annual survival than Chione during both years. Crepidula may select Chione as a host because a shallower depth of host burial may allow more efficient suspension-feeding by attached Crepidula . Alternatively, if Crepidula prefers Chione because of its greater longevity, then Chione 's successful defense against Cancer and other predators indirectly contributes to its susceptibility to Crepidula onyx .
Lanthanide-sensitized luminescence for the detection of tetracyclines

Abstract Organic chelates of lanthanide ions, priviously used to enhance the detection sensitivity of the ions, are now used for the sensitive detection of the ligands. When complexed with europium(III), tetracycline displays the broad-banded absorption characteristics of an organic ligand. The excited ligand undergoes intersystem crossing to a triplet state, and then transfers its energy to a 4 f level within the europium(III) ion. the resulting narrow, line-like luminescence of the europium(III) ion has a peak intensity ten times greater than the peak intensity of the uncomplexed ligand. This lanthanide-sensitized luminescence technique is used to quantify tetracycline and two of its analogues. Detection limits are in the nanogram range. Experimental conditions are discussed.
Computer Modeling and Radiation Testing of AlGaAs Photodiode Structures

A detailed one-dimensional computer model has been used to identify the device characteristics which determine the undesirable current induced in various AlGaAs photodiode structures by ionizing radiation. The calculations were performed to aid in the design of AlGaAs photodiode structures operating at ?=.82?m with optimized radiation insensitivities. Various AlGaAs photodiode structures have been grown and experimentally characterized to test the model. Good agreement between calculated and measured characteristics have been obtained, indicating that the model provides a good description of the factors affecting the radiation sensitivity and the optical response of AlGaAs photodiodes.
Impact processing of nitrogen on early Mars

Abstract An intense impact flux upon a planet having a CO2 + N2 atmosphere, such as Mars, provides energy to synthesize nitric oxide, NO, which is likely converted into nitrate minerals. The same impact flux can decompose nitrate minerals if present in the crust. We build a numerical model to study the effects of early impact processes on the evolution of nitrogen in a dominantly CO2 atmosphere. We model the period of intense post-accretionary bombardment, the roughly 500 Myr period after crustal stabilization that locks in previously accreted volatiles. A best-guess, “fiducial” set of parameters is chosen, with a fixed “veneer” of post-accretionary impactors ( δ R = 950 m thick), assumed to contain carbon at 1 wt% ( f g = 0.01 ), with a molar C/N ratio of 18, an initial atmospheric pressure of 1 bar (with CO2/N2 = 36), and a power law impactor mass distribution slope b = 0.75 . This model produces a nitrate reservoir R NO 3 ≃ 0.5 × 10 19 moles , equivalent to ∼30 mbars of N2, during the intense impact phase. Starting with 1 bar, the atmosphere grows to 2.75 bars. Results of models with variations of parameter values show that R NO 3 responds sluggishly to changes in parameter values. To significantly limit the size of this reservoir, one is required to limit the initial total atmospheric pressure be less than about 0.5 bars, and the impactor volatile content f g to be less than 0.003. The value of f g substantially determines whether the atmosphere grows or not; when f g = 0.01 , the atmosphere gains about 1.7 bars, while for f g = 0.003 , the atmosphere gains less than 200 mbars, and for f g = 0.001 , it loses about 400 mbars. Impact erosion is a minor sink of N, constituting generally less than 10% of the total supply. The loss of impactor volatile plumes can take almost 50% of incoming N and C under fiducial parameters, when atmospheric pressures are low. This nitrogen does not significantly interact with Mars, and hence is not properly delivered. When the initial N is greater than the delivered N, most of the nitrogen ends up as nitrates; when delivered N is larger, most nitrogen ends up in the atmosphere. The reason for this dichotomy seems to be that initial nitrogen is present during the whole bombardment, while delivered N, on average, only experiences half the bombardment. The operating caveat here is that the above results are all conditioned on the assumption that impact processes dominate this period of Mars atmospheric evolution.
The excess enthalpies of (carbon dioxide + pentane) at 348.15, 373.15, 413.15, 470.15, and 573.15 K from 7.58 to 12.45 MPa

Abstract The excess molar enthalpies H m E for { x CO 2 + (1 − x )C 5 H 12 } were measured in the vicinity of their critical locus and in the supercritical region. Both positive and negative H m E values depending on the composition, pressure, and temperature were observed at temperatures between the critical temperatures of carbon dioxide and pentane. At high temperatures, near and above the pentane critical temperature, large positive H m E values were measured. This is in contrast to large negative H m E values measured previously at lower temperatures, near the carbon dioxide critical temperature. A modified Soave equation of state was used to correlate H m E values over a temperature range of 308.15 to 573.15 K and a pressure range of 7.58 to 12.45 MPa with an average standard deviation of 269 J·mol −1 .
Upper mantle SH- and P-velocity structures and compositional models beneath southern Africa

Abstract We constrain SH and P wave velocity structures in the upper mantle beneath southern Africa, using triplicated phases recorded in the epicentral distance range of 11°–28° for one shallow event. We then explore thermal and compositional models appropriate for explaining the inferred seismic structures in the region. Both SH and P wave data suggest presence of a low velocity zone with velocity reductions of at least − 5% for S waves and − 2% for P waves beneath a 150 km thick high-velocity lithospheric lid. Seismic observations also suggest that the P/S ratio is larger (1.88) in the transition zone than in the lithospheric lid (1.70). The inferred P wave velocity jump across the 660-km discontinuity is small (
A NEW SPECIES OF THE DIATOM GENUS EUNOTIA1

A new species of the diatom genus Eunotia is described. The species, E. catillifera Morrow, is distinguished by the presence of fin-like plates, or transapical ridges, which alternate with the striae on the valve faces. This alga appears to be intermediate between the more typical Eunotia species and Semiorbis Patr. This observation suggests that Semiorbis hemicyclus (Ehr.) Patr. in Patrick and Reimer be returned to Eunotia hemicyclus Ralfs in Pritchard and that the use of the generic name Semiorbis be discontinued.
An application of shock wave theory to traffic signal control

Abstract A real time control policy minimizing total intersection delays subject to queue length constraints at an isolated signalized intersection is developed in this paper. The policy is derived from a new traffic model which describes the simultaneous evolution of queue lengths of two conflicting traffic streams, controlled by a traffic light, in both time and space. The model is based on the examination of shock waves generated upstream of the stop lines by the intermittent service of traffic at the signal. The proposed policy was tested against the existing pre-timed control policy at a high volume intersection and it was found superior, especially when demands increase well above the saturation level.
3D contour perception for flow visualization

One of the most challenging problems in data visualization is the perception of 3D flow fields because judging the orientation of 3D paths is perceptually difficult. It is hypothesized that perception of the orientations of streamlines in space can greatly benefit from stereoscopic depth cues and motion parallax. In addition, because stereoscopic depth perception is a super-acuity and relies on such factors as small-scale stereoscopic disparity gradient based on texture, stereoscopic depth judgments will be exceptionally sensitive to display quality. In conventional displays, the aliasing of pixels gives completely spurious texture information to the mechanisms of stereoscopic depth perception. We carried out a study to evaluate the importance of 3D cues in perceiving the orientation of curved contours. The result showed that stereo and motion cues are essential to perceiving the orientation of 3D lines. If, however, the contours are rendered as shaded tubes, good orientation information is available even without stereo or motion depth cues.
Visual search for oriented lines: the role of angular relations between targets and distractors

Subjects can perform parallel visual search for an item of unique orientation when it is presented on a background texture composed of lines of two other orientations. A number of cues can be used to speed this search. It helps if the target has a unique categorical status (e.g., it is the only 'steep' item) (Wolfe et al., J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perf. 18, 34-49 1992). It helps if the two background orientations are symmetrical about a vertical axis (Wolfe and Friedman-Hill, Psychol. Sci. 3, 194-198, 1992). The experiments presented here show that it helps if the angles formed by the target with one of the distractor types are smaller than the angles formed by the two distractor orientations. These results illustrate that stimulus similarity is a complex concept even for a simple feature like orientation.
Exploring city, county and state e‐government initiatives: an East Texas perspective

Purpose – In order to understand the range of e‐government initiatives that occur in practice, this study aims to explore diverse applications that have involved one locale, the City of Tyler, Texas.Design/methodology/approach – The first case briefly describes the TylerTexas e‐government portal, an initiative that illustrates government‐to‐citizen and government‐to‐business applications. The second case describes a city/county government information technology integration effort that could support government‐to‐government applications if it is successful. Finally, the paper describes TexasOnline, a public‐private state government initiative that may have a large impact on local e‐government projects.Findings – The paper explores some of the ways in which business process management approaches can help city and civic leaders manage the significant social and technical changes that will be needed to achieve the desired e‐government outcomes.Originality/value – These examples illustrate many of the opportun...
Association of coagulation activation with clinical complications in sickle cell disease

Background The contribution of hypercoagulability to the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease (SCD) remains poorly defined. We sought to evaluate the association of markers of coagulation and platelet activation with specific clinical complications and laboratory variables in patients with SCD.
Cooperative infection by host-modified lambda phage☆

Abstract Host-modified λ which arises by phage growth in Escherichia coli strain C plates with an efficiency of 10−3 to 10−4 on E. coli strain K when infection is performed at a low multiplicity. The occasional infection which results arises from the presence in K populations of rare cells in which λ.C is capable of multiplying. When several λ.C phage particles infect a single K cell, a form of cooperative infection, analogous to multiplicity reactivation, occurs, such that at high multiplicities more than 10% of the infected cells yield progeny. The latent period and burst size are normal when λ.C infects strain K either singly or multiply. In both cases all the progeny that are formed in a single cycle of growth are of the unrestricted or λ.K type. The occurrence of cooperative infection is explained by assuming that the restriction present in host modification is applied independently to genetic structures smaller than the entire phage chromosome. Each susceptible site has a small chance of escaping restriction, and undamaged sites in separate phage chromosomes can complement each other to produce an infection. The quantitative dependence of the number of successful infections upon the multiplicity of infection suggests that approximately 10 independent phage sites are involved, each with approximately a 15% change of surviving.
Layer-specific modulation of neuronal excitability by 660-nm laser irradiation in mouse neocortex

It has been reported that laser light irradiation (LLI) could regulate neuronal activities in the forebrain, but little is known if and how LLI in the red wavelength range affects neuronal excitability. Here, we investigated the effects of a continuous diode laser at 660 nm on intrinsic membrane properties and excitability of presumed pyramidal neurons in the thalamocortical input layer (layer 3/4) and in layer 5 of mouse primary auditory cortex using the whole-cell patch-clamp recording technique. In layer 3/4 neurons, 660-nm laser irradiation (LLI-660) at 20 mW for 5 min gradually increased resting membrane potentials, which reached a plateau after irradiation. Concomitantly, LLI-660 decreased onset latency of first action potentials (spikes) without changing spike threshold or peak amplitude, but increased inter-spike interval of initial bursting spike doublets and their peak amplitude ratio. None of these changes was observed in layer 5 neurons. Instead, LLI-660 at 20 mW rapidly reduced spike width ~5 % within 1 min of irradiation onset. The magnitude of this reduction did not change during 5 or 10 min irradiation, and returned quickly to at least baseline levels after turning the LLI off. Decreasing laser power to 10 mW reduced spike width to a lesser extent, suggesting laser power dependence of this phenomenon. These data suggest that LLI-660 regulates different aspects of neuronal excitability in cortical neurons in a layer-dependent manner possibly by affecting different voltage-gated ion channels.
Magnetization transfer in multiple sclerosis

Magnetization transfer (MT) is a technique that has the potential for detecting changes in myelin. The rigid macromolecular structure of myelin is the physical basis of MT. By using off-resonance irradiation, macromolecular protons can be saturated. These protons then exchange with free-water protons and produce a decrease in signal intensity of the free-water protons. This can be quantitated by using a magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) of signal intensities (M o -M s /M o .M o represents the signal intensity without off-resonance irradiation, and M s represents the signal intensity with off-resonance irradiation). This method has been sensitive to changes in a spectrum of white-maiter lesions, including an edema model (EAE), and regions of apparent myelin loss in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS)
Physical characterization of thin semi-porous poly(L-lactic acid)/poly(ethylene glycol) membranes for tissue engineering.

This study examines physical properties of solvent-cast poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA): poly(ethylene glycol) PEG membranes as a function of PEG molecular weight (MW) and incubation in vitro for 6 weeks. PEGs of MW 400, 1450 and 8000 were used. The morphological, thermal, mechanical and permeability properties of the membranes were studied prior to and after 3 and 6 weeks of incubation in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 37°C. The membranes showed a thickness of about 35±5 μm and were found to be semi-porous, with a non-porous surface as well as a porous surface with pore-diameters of 0.5–5 μm. The surface pore size was found to be a function of PEG MW used. All membranes were mechanically strong, with elastic moduli and tensile strength of 150–440 MPa and 7–36 MPa, respectively, all through the 6-week incubation period. The lower-MW PEGs plasticized PLLA based on high initial percent elongation; however, the effect was lost after 3 weeks of incubation in PBS. All membranes except those fabricated with PEG ...
Knowledge, beliefs, habits and attitudes of California consumers regarding extra virgin olive oil

Abstract A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was used to gain an understanding of the relevant factors affecting purchase and consumption behavior for olive oil among American consumers living in Northern California. First, focus groups were conducted, which included a series of scripted questions, a free word association projective technique, and an informed tasting session. Second, survey questionnaires were designed based on the focus group findings, and administered with a group of US consumers to validate and further explore the qualitative findings. The diverse consumer experiences with olive oil resulted in differences in existing perceptions regarding what constitutes an extra virgin olive oil, and determined how the combination of uncovered factors influenced purchase and usage. Even though most consumers felt olive oil was a ‘healthy’ food, most were unaware of the bioactive components of olive oil or of their specific health benefits. The survey showed that opportunities exist to create different types of olive oil products for consumers with different purchase and consumption habits, experiences and needs, and that educational efforts to promote better understanding of olive oil and its ‘extra virgin’ version, and their health benefits are warranted.
Unique challenges faced by pediatric neurosurgeon Harvey Cushing in 1909 at Johns Hopkins: a choroid plexus tumor of the lateral ventricle mimicking a cerebellar lesion.

Introduction At the turn of the twentieth century, diagnosis of pediatric intracranial lesions frequently relied exclusively on the subtle, nonspecific signs associated with these pathologies. In absence of detailed neuroimaging, erroneous diagnoses and misdirected operative explorations were common within pediatric populations.
Planar grid embedding in linear time

The authors consider the problem of constructing a planar grid embedding for G, where G is a planar graph with n vertices, which maps vertices to distinct grid points and edges to nonintersecting grid paths. A new algorithm is presented that runs in O(n) time and produces grid embeddings with the following properties: (1) the total number of bends is at most 2.4n+2; (2) the number of bends along each edge is at most 4; (3) the length of every edge is O(n); and (4) the area of the embedding is O(n/sup 2/). >
Assisted reproduction techniques in the horse

This paper reviews current equine assisted reproduction techniques. Embryo transfer is the most common equine ART, but is still limited by the inability to superovulate mares effectively. Immature oocytes may be recovered by transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration of immature follicles, or from ovaries postmortem, and can be effectively matured in vitro. Notably, the in vivo-matured oocyte may be easily recovered from the stimulated preovulatory follicle. Standard IVF is still not repeatable in the horse; however, embryos and foals can be produced by surgical transfer of mature oocytes to the oviducts of inseminated recipient mares or via intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Currently, ICSI and in vitro embryo culture are routinely performed by only a few laboratories, but reported blastocyst development rates approach those found after bovine IVF (i.e. 25%-35%). Nuclear transfer can be relatively efficient (up to 26% live foal rate per transferred embryo), but few laboratories are working in this area. Equine blastocysts may be biopsied via micromanipulation, with normal pregnancy rates after biopsy, and accurate genetic analysis. Equine expanded blastocysts may be vitrified after collapsing them via micromanipulation, with normal pregnancy rates after warming and transfer. Many of these recently developed techniques are now in clinical use.
Evaluation of a New Laser‐Resistant Fabric and Copper Foil‐Wrapped Endotracheal Tube

The risk of an endotracheal tube's combustion during laser airway surgery necessitates the use of special anesthetic techniques and equipment to prevent this complication. This study was designed to evaluate the Laser-Trach(TM), a new laser-resistant rubber endotracheal tube for use during laser airway surgery. The Laser-Trach endotracheal tubes that were evaluated were size 6.0 mm internal diameter (ID) red rubber endotracheal tubes which had been commercially wrapped by Kendall-Sheridan (Mansfield, Mass.) with copper foil tape and overwrapped with fabric. The fabric layer was saturated with water prior to our tests, as recommended by the manufacturer. The Laser-Trach endotracheal tubes were compared with plain (bare) size 6.0 mm ID Rusch red rubber endotracheal tubes. The tubes under study were positioned horizontally on wet towels in air and had 5 L x min(-1) of oxygen flowing through them. They were subjected to continuous laser radiation at 40 W from either a CO2 or an Nd-YAG laser. The Nd-YAG laser was propagated via a 600-micron fiber bundle. Each laser was directed perpendicularly at the shaft of the endotracheal tube being studied, and its output was continued until a blowtorch fire occurred or 60 seconds had elapsed. Sixty seconds of CO2 laser fire did not ignite any of the eight Laser-Trach endotracheal tubes tested. However, blowtorch ignition of all eight bare rubber tubes tested occurred after 0.87 +/- 0.21 (mean +/- SD) seconds of CO2 laser fire. Nd-YAG laser contact with the Laser-Trach endotracheal tubes caused the perforation and blowtorch ignition of all eight tubes tested after 18.79 +/- 7.83 seconds. This was a significantly (P<.05) longer time than the 5.45 +/- 4.75 seconds required for the blowtorch ignition of all eight plain rubber endotracheal tubes tested with the Nd-YAG laser. Our results show that under the conditions of this study, the shafts of the Kendall-Sheridan Laser-Trach endotracheal tubes were resistant to the C02 laser. However, this endotracheal tube is not recommended for use with the Nd-YAG laser.
Performance analysis of fast distributed link restoration algorithms

Four distributed link restoration algorithms are analysed in detail using a set of important performance metrics and functional characteristics. The functional characteristics are used to explain how these algorithms function and provide insight into their performance. The analysis and simulation results indicate that the two prong link restoration algorithm, which is based on issuing aggregate restoration requests from both ends of the disruption and on an intelligent backtracking mechanism, outperforms the other three algorithms in terms of restoration time. The RREACT link restoration algorithm consistently found paths that use fewer spares.
Functional equivalence of Brn3 POU-domain transcription factors in mouse retinal neurogenesis.

POU-domain transcription factors play essential roles in cell proliferation and differentiation. Previous studies have shown that targeted deletion of each of the three POU-domain Brn3 factors in mice leads to the developmental failure and apoptosis of a unique set of sensory neurons in retina, dorsal root ganglia, trigeminal ganglia and inner ear. The specific defects associated with the removal of each Brn3 gene closely reflect their characteristic spatiotemporal expression patterns. Nevertheless, it remains elusive whether Brn3 factors are functionally equivalent and act through a common molecular mechanism to regulate the development and survival of these sensory neurons. By knocking-in Brn3a ( Brn3a ki ) into the Brn3b locus, we showed here that Brn3a ki was expressed in a spatiotemporal manner identical to that of endogenous Brn3b. In addition, Brn3a ki functionally restored the normal development and survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the absence of Brn3b and fully reinstated the early developmental expression profiles of Brn3b downstream target genes in retina. These results indicate that Brn3 factors are functionally equal and that their unique roles in neurogenesis are determined by the distinctive Brn3 spatiotemporal expression patterns.
Copepoda associated with scleractinian corals on the Great Barrier Reef, northeastern Australia, with a key to the genera of the Lichomolgidae

Nine new species and three new genera, Parandrianellus, Scyphuliger, and James-cookina, are associated with various species of hard corals in the vicinity of Lizard Island, Big Broadhurst Reef, and Bowl Reef on the Great Barrier Reef. These copepods include the lichomolgids Parandrianellus annulatus from Hydnophora rigida, Scyphuliger concavipes from Acropora hyacinthus and Acropora sarmentosa, Scyphuliger manifestus from Acropora hyacinthus and Acropora squarrosa, James-cookina redacta from Echinopora horrida, Panjakus eumeces from Hydnophora rigida, Anchimolgus abbreviatus and Anchimolgus tanaus from Acrhelia horrescens, Anchimolgus exsertus from Echinopora horrida, and Odontomolgus bulbalis from Merulina ampliata. Schedomolgus tenuatus Humes, 1990, recorded from Acropora hyacinthus and Acropora humilis, is transferred to the genus Scyphuliger. Schedomolgus lobophorus (Humes and Ho, 1968) is recorded from Acropora hyacinthus, Acropora humilis, Acropora sarmentosa, and Acropora intermedia; Amarda goniast...
Multivariable model for prediction of risk of significant complication during diagnostic cardiac catheterization

Although adequate data exist on the frequency of procedural-related complications during diagnostic cardiac catheterization, little information is available for the quantitative assessment of risk factors for significant complication. We analyzed 58,332 procedures in the 1990 SCA&I Registry Database in order to assess 1) the independent and cumulative significance of easily obtainable pre-procedural factors predictive of major complication and 2) the likelihood of a significant complication given the presence of these risk factors. A model was developed on a random sample of 38,888 patients and validated in the remaining 19,444 patients. Twelve variables were identified as having independent predictive behavior for significant complication with excellent agreement in the validation sample. The current model is an accurate and reliable instrument for stratifying risk of a significant complication during diagnostic catheterization.
Compressive creep of IM7/K3B composite and the effects of physical aging on viscoelastic behavior

An experimental study was undertaken to establish the viscoelastic behavior of IM7/K3B composite in compression at elevated temperature. Creep compliance, strain recovery and the effects of physical aging on the time dependent response was measured for uniaxial loading at several isothermal conditions below the glass transition temperature (T g ). The IM7/K3B composite is a graphitereinforced thermoplastic polyimide with aT g of approximately 240°C. In a composite, the two matrix-dominated compliance terms associated with time dependent behavior occur in the transverse and shear directions. Linear viscoelasticity was used to characterize the creep/recovery behavior, and superposition techniques were used to establish the physical aging related material constants. Creep strain was converted to compliance and measured as a function of test time and aging time. Results included creep compliance master curves, physical aging shift factors and shift rates. The description of the unique experimental techniques required for compressive testing is also given.
Innate cellular immune function of anterior kidney leucocytes in the gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis

Abstract Non-specific cell-mediated immune functions of the gulf killifish ( Fundulus grandis ) were characterised so that the potential of this fish as a model species in stress immunophysiology and pollution studies could be assessed. Leucocytes from the pronephros were separated over discontinuous Percoll gradients and identified based on differential staining characteristics. Two enriched fractions of cells were then examined for their ability to phagocytose zymosan or Vibrio anguillarum , to produce the reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, and their natural cytotoxic cell (NCC) activity against K562 and YAC-1 targets. The leucocyte population at the 1·040–1·060 g ml −1 interface was comprised of macrophages, lymphocytes and eosinophilic granulocytes (EGCs), while the 1·060/1·080 g ml −1 interface contained mostly EGCs. There were typically 10-fold fewer cells in the former fraction. Light and electron microscopy revealed that both macrophages and EGCs were able to ingest zymosan and V. anguillarum . Fractions containing these cells also produced ROIs in response to phagocytic stimuli, with the EGCs having activity levels several times greater than that of the macrophages. NCC activity was limited to the 1·040–1·060 fraction, and was evident only against YAC-1 targets, but not against K562 targets. These results indicate that this fish would be suitable as a biomedical model in studies of non-specific cellular immune function as it relates to immunophysiology and environmental quality.
Isotopic studies of leaf water. Part 2: Between-age isotopic variations in pine needles

We studied between-age oxygen and hydrogen isotopic variations of two pine species, red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait) and white pine (Pinus strobus L.), with particular attention paid to variations associated with needle maturity. The 2D model by Shu et al. (this volume) was applied to simulate oxygen isotopic ratios of the pine needles; calculated results were compared with data collected from trees in the Hanover, NH area. The calculations indicate that the mechanism most responsible for age-dependent isotopic variations is the variation in transpiration rate along the needle. Because stomata mature progressively from needle tip to needle base, young needles transpire most of their water near the tip. Mature needles, on the other hand, transpire water more evenly along their lengths. We cannot successfully simulate hydrogen isotopic variations, and it remains to be investigated what mechanism or physical process is not included in the model that affects hydrogen isotopic compositions in leaf water.
Vibrations and Waves

The M.I.T. Introductory Physics Series is the result of a program of careful study, planning, and development that began in 1960. The Education Research Center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (formerly the Science Teaching Center) was established to study the process of instruction, aids thereto, and the learning process itself, with special reference to science teaching at the university level. Generous support from a number of foundations provided the means for assembling and maintaining an experienced staff to co-operate with members of the Institute's Physics Department in the examination, improvement, and development of physics curriculum materials for students planning careers in the sciences. After careful analysis of objectives and the problems involved, preliminary versions of textbooks were prepared, tested through classroom use at M.I.T. and other institutions, re-evaluated, rewritten, and tried again. Only then were the final manuscripts undertaken.
Monocytic differentiation and synthesis of proteins associated with apoptosis in human leukemia U-937 cells acquiring resistance to vincristine.

Human leukemia U-937/WT cells were exposed to stepwise increased concentrations of Vincristine so that Vincristine-resistant cell sublines (termed U-937/RV) were developed. Established U-937/RV cell sublines have continuously propagated over a year, both in absence and presence of VCR, and have demonstrated similar features. In contrast to U-937/WT cells, U-937/RV cells have longer doubling time, and are more differentiated as determined by appearance of distinct morphological features and synthesis of mRNA that codes for the monocyte colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (c-fms). Both apoptosis-suppressing Bcl-2 and Bcl-X L proteins were undectable in U-937/WT cells, whereas Bcl-2 was nearly detectable and Bcl-X L readily detectable in U-937/RV cells. The apoptosis-promoting Bax protein was also absent in U-937/WT cells and readily detected in U-937/RV cells. Vincristine-resistant cells with different levels of resistance synthesize similar levels of c-fms mRNA and Bax protein. Finally, unlike U-937/WT cells, U-937/RV cells have no ability to induce tumors when xenografted in immunodeficient mice. The findings collectively suggest that development of resistance to Vincristine in U-937/WT cells may correlate with cell differentiation and synthesis of proteins that regulate apoptosis.
The apparent effect of magnetic activity upon the secular variation of the Earth's magnetic field

That the horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field undergoes a variation which is associated with the sunspot-cycle has been noted by numerous investigators. Particularly noteworthy is the monumental work of Moos (Magnetic observations made at the Government Observatory, Bombay, 1846–1905, Part 2, 265, 1910) in which the data from Bombay are discussed. Fisk (Proc. Fourth Pacific Sci. Cong., Java, 1929, v. 2, 517–534, 1930) has also investigated the problem in another way.
Axillary artery aneurysm in tuberous sclerosis: cross-sectional imaging findings

A 10-month-old boy with a known diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis presented with axillary and brachial masses. Cross-sectional imaging with computed tomography, magnetic resonance, and ultrasound demonstrated unsuspected aneurysms of the axillary and brachial arteries. The results of these studies significantly changed the preoperative planning for this patient, who was scheduled for a biopsy of a presumed soft-tissue tumor. To our knowledge, this is the first description of the cross-sectional imaging findings in the extremity peripheral vascular manifestation of tuberous sclerosis; it has only been previously described on angiography in one case. The rare association of peripheral arterial aneurysms with tuberous sclerosis is important to recognize not only for clinical diagnosis but also for appropriate surgical treatment and genetic counseling.
Characterizing Sexual Health Resources on College Campuses

This observational study describes the development of the college resources and sexual health inventory, the profile of sexual health promotion resources at participating colleges, and comparisons of resources across several college characteristics. 28 diverse college campuses in one Midwestern state participated. 10 domains were assessed, including characteristics of campus health services (e.g. convenience), condom programs, sexual health information, communication about resources, sexual violence resources and gay/lesbian/bisexual student resources. Scores for each measure reflected the presence or extent of each resource. Summary scores were created for the overall level of sexual health resources and for each domain. T tests and ANOVAs were used to compare resources at 2-year versus 4-year colleges, public versus private sectors, metro versus non-metro locations, and across enrollment size. Inventory scores ranged from 6 to 53. 4-year colleges offered significantly more resources than 2-year; resource levels were statistically similar across location and enrollment size. Subsequent analyses comparing campuses with and without a health center indicated that several resources which were not inherently tied to a clinic nonetheless differed significantly with having a health center. Colleges without this resource could position sexual health resources in other offices or departments or provide referrals to sexual health resources in the broader community.
Ultraviolet photoreception in carp: microspectrophotometry and behaviorally determined action spectra.

This study demonstrates correlations between u.v. sensitivity and microspectrophotometric absorption spectra determined sequentially for the same group of individuals. We used the heart-rate conditioning technique to measure spectral sensitivity of carp, a species known to have u.v.-sensitive photoreceptors. Mean spectral sensitivity (n = 3) determined with a spectrally-broad background (450 nm long pass filter) revealed a small but consistent u.v. peak (lambda max of 380 nm) in addition to the other long wavelength peaks. An intense blue-green background (490 nm) produced a more prominent u.v. peak (lambda max of 400 nm) when a 450 nm longpass filter was added to the background. Microspectrophotometric measurements of u.v.-sensitive photoreceptors from one individual, which belonged to the group used in the spectral sensitivity experiments, revealed an average lambda max of 377.5 nm (SD +/- 4.5 nm, n = 5 cells). Bleaching and dichroic measurements of these receptors ensured that we were examining typical vertebrate visual pigments and not stable photoproducts. The mean spectral sensitivity points were compared with the u.v. and blue-sensitive visual pigment absorption spectra. A linear subtractive model and ocular media absorption were used in this comparison for the various photic conditions used in the heart-rate conditioning experiments. The model successfully described the sensitivity of the test fish in two cases but in a third case there was some discrepancy. The model generated curve was broader than the spectral sensitivity of the u.v.-sensitive cone mechanism on the shortwave side even though the ocular media corrections had been accounted for.
The anatomical and pathological characteristics of irradiated prostate cancers may influence the oncological efficacy of salvage ablative therapies.

Purpose: Recurrent or radioresistant prostate cancer occurs in approximately 30% of men receiving primary radiotherapy. For men who are candidates for local salvage therapy, the oncological efficacy of ablative therapies may be affected by the anatomical and pathological features of cancers within irradiated prostate glands. We characterized and mapped the prostate cancers in our series of whole mount salvage radical prostatectomy specimens.Materials and Methods: A total of 47 salvage radical prostatectomies were performed at our institution between 2000 and 2004. Detailed pathological data, including the anatomical distribution of cancers, were obtained from 46 whole mount salvage radical prostatectomy specimens.Results: A total of 70 cancer foci were identified in 46 specimens. Of the specimens 93% had cancer foci at the apex. The median minimum cancer-to-urethra distance was smallest at the apex (4.1 mm) and greatest at the base (13.8 mm). More than 65% of patients had cancer 5 mm or less from the uret...
Laser raman studies of the iodate ion in molten nitrate solutions

Abstract Raman spectra of the iodate ion in molten alkali metal, silver(I), and thallium(I) nitrates are reported. These spectra are found to be consistent with the existence of a pyramidal IO 3 −1 ion. Comparison of the spectral features of the IO 3 −1 and NO staggered3 −1 ions indicates that the nature and magnitude of the cation-anion interactions are remarkably similar. There is evidence which suggests that the IO 3 −1 ion may be approaching planarity in these melts.
Localized orbital rhabdomyosarcoma. An interim report of the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Committee

Children with rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) (1461 total cases) were included in two prospective, randomized protocols conducted by the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS) Committee from November 1972 to June 1983. Treatment assignment was determined by extent of tumor at diagnosis (clinicopathologic group) and not by primary site. Accordingly, 127 patients with RMS confined to the region of the eyelid and orbit were treated by a variety of regimens characterized by initial partial tumor resection followed by concurrent multiagent chemotherapy and orbital radiation therapy. Recurrent tumor developed in ten patients. Seven relapsed initially in the orbit (of whom 4 were salvaged) and three in regional nodes. In addition to the six patients who died of tumor, three died of other causes for a 93% 3-year actuarial survival rate. In 89 children who had subtotal resection or biopsy only, the local control rate with radiotherapy and chemotherapy was 94%.
Algebras of Hamieh and Abbas Used in the Dirac Equation

Hamieh and Abbas [1] propose using a 3-dimensional real algebra in a solution of the Dirac equation. We show that this algebra, denoted by , belongs to a large class of quadratic Jordan algebras with subalgebras isomorphic to the complex numbers and that the spinor matrices associated with the solution of the Dirac equation generate a six-dimensional real noncommutative Jordan algebra.
TREATMENT OF HYPOPLASTIC ANEMIA WITH PLACENTAL TRANSPLANTS

A genetic mutation in mice (W/Wv) causes an autosomal recessive disease characterized by hypoplastic anemia which lasts throughout life. Homozygous W/Wv anemic mice were sublethally irradiated to facilitate repopulation of marrow with transplanted cells and injected IV with suspensions of 5-10 million placental cells of 15 days gestation derived from normal, isogeneic donors. RBC fell promptly after irradiation and then rose progressively over a period of weeks reaching normal levels for the non-mutant. Mean corpuscular volume and hemoglobin electrophoresis pattern of RBC in recipient W/Wv mice resembled those of normal donor animals. The therapeutic effect lasted for the duration of the observation period, in some instances over 7 months. W/Wv mice that were administered Hanks' solution or fetal blood, instead of placental transplants, remained anemic. Late gestation placentos (13 days) were also ineffective. The placental cells with hemopoietic potential could not be identified by routine histological examination.
Strategic interoperability standards and trade taxes

Abstract In a two-country international trade framework, the paper considers the interplay between the governments' incentives for conducting traditional trade policies and their incentives for the policies toward compatibility between the products of the firms competing in the international market. The model assumes that one domestic and one foreign firm supply partially incompatible products for the home country market while consumers value both variety and a network externality. Motivated by the benefits of the network externality, the home government sets a standard requiring the foreign firm to guarantee a minimum level of compatibility between its own product and the product of the domestic rival. The paper analyzes the home country standard setting and import tariff policies as well as the incentives of the foreign country for imposing the export tax and conducting a policy which enhances the degree of compatibility between the rival products in the export market.
Characteristics of obese university females who lose weight.

A comparison of 18 successful and 9 unsuccessful participants in group therapy for reducing weight was made of responses to the EPPS scales. Only the consistency scale differentiated between groups; however, the nurturance and succorance scales differentiated successful Ss from the normative population. Successful Ss felt more responsible on the goal check list, while unsuccessful Ss rated themselves on the check list as more self-satisfied and better able to establish meaningful relationships. Some possible explanations are suggested. A cross-validation study confirmed that unsuccessful Ss scored higher on the consistency scale of the EPPS. It is suggested that the consistency scale of the EPPS may serve as an effective screening device in treatment programs for the obese university female.
Novel annulation products derived by selective attack on the C(18) angular methyl group of the cardenolide ouabain

Abstract Selective reactions at the C(18) angular methyl group of ouabain derivatives employing rhodium- and photochemically-mediated CC bond formation allow the synthesis of annulation products 4 and 13 .
Differential diagnosis of anorexia nervosa and depressive illness: A review of 11 studies

Abstract A review of differental diagnostic information from 11 studies of patients with anorexia nervosa is provided. Both intercurrent depressive and obsessive-compulsive features are most frequently reported overall. In seven of these studies providing information about premorbid and intercurrent personality disturbances, obsessive-compulsive characteristics are reported as most frequent in four. It is suggested that presumed connections between anorexia nervosa and depressive illness may be secondary to a more direct link with the obsessive-compulsive syndrome.
Betrayals of Therapist Trust: Lessons from the Field

This article explores violations of therapist trust in the practice of psychotherapy and how they can be understood from an experiential personal construct psychology (EPCP) perspective. Case examples are used to highlight the ways in which therapists, sometimes naively or unknowingly, place a great deal of trust in clients, and thus are vulnerable to injury. The examples also demonstrate how EPCP can be a powerful perspective from which to anticipate potential injuries, as well as to understand and heal from them. Based on the lessons learned from these examples, suggestions for clinical training are offered.
Diurnal and Seasonal Lightning Variability over the Gulf Stream and the Gulf of Mexico

AbstractRecent observations from the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) reveal a pronounced lightning maximum over the warm waters of the Gulf Stream that exhibits distinct diurnal and seasonal variability. Lightning is most frequent during summer (June–August). During afternoon and early evening, lightning is enhanced just onshore of the coast of the southeastern United States because of daytime heating of the land surface and the resulting sea-breeze circulations and convection. Near-surface wind observations from the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) satellite indicate divergence over the Gulf of Mexico and portions of the Gulf Stream at 1800 LT, at which time lightning activity is suppressed there. Lightning frequency exhibits a broad maximum over the Gulf Stream from evening through noon of the following day, and QuikSCAT wind observations at 0600 LT indicate low-level winds blowing away from the continent and converging over the Gulf Stream. Over the northern Gulf of Mexico, lightning is mos...