cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protective effects of IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-13 in IgG immune complex-induced lung injury: role of endogenous IL-12.

Using the IgG immune complex (BSA-anti-BSA) model of acute lung injury in rats, we have compared four intratracheally administered cytokines for their protective effects on parameters of injury (albumin leak and hemorrhage) and on neutrophil accumulation (lung content of myeloperoxidase). The descending rank order of protective effects was: IL-10 > or = IL-13 > IL-4 > > IL-12. In animals receiving an intratracheal instillation of 1.0 microg murine rIL-4, IL-10, IL-12 or IL-13, the levels of TNF-alpha in bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluids after intrapulmonary deposition of IgG immune complexes were reduced by 98, 98, 34, and 97%, respectively, implying a corresponding reduction in up-regulation of lung vascular intercellular adhesion molecule-1. The unexpected findings with IL-12 were further evaluated. In spite of reduced BAL levels of TNF-alpha in IL-12-treated animals, BAL levels of IFN-gamma were elevated sixfold, indicative of the expected biologic response to IL-12. Alveolar macrophages obtained from the same animals showed a 68% reduction in formation in vitro of NO2-/NO3-. When rats undergoing intrapulmonary deposition of IgG immune complexes were treated either i.v. or intratracheally with blocking Ab to murine IL-12, there were significant increases in lung permeability and myeloperoxidase values, suggesting that in this model intrinsic IL-12 functions in a regulatory manner. In homogenates of injured lungs, this Ab detected heterodimeric complex, consistent with rat IL-12. These data confirm the ability of certain cytokines to suppress in vivo lung inflammatory responses and underscore the unexpected anti-inflammatory activities of IL-12.
Overexpression of the COX2 translational activator, Pet111p, prevents translation of COX1 mRNA and cytochrome c oxidase assembly in mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Summary Dramatically elevated levels of the COX2 mitochon- drial mRNA-specific translational activator protein Pet111p interfere with respiratory growth and cyto- chrome c oxidase accumulation. The respiratory phe- notype appears to be caused primarily by inhibition of the COX1 mitochondrial mRNA translation, a find- ing confirmed by lack of cox1 D ::ARG8 m reporter mRNA translation. Interference with Cox1p synthesis depends to a limited extent upon increased transla- tion of the COX2 mRNA, but is largely independent of it. Respiratory growth is partially restored by a chi- meric COX1 mRNA bearing the untranslated regions of the COX2 mRNA, and by overproduction of the COX1 mRNA-specific activators, Pet309p and Mss51p. These results suggest that excess Pet111p interacts unproductively with factors required for nor- mal COX1 mRNA translation. Certain missense muta- tions in PET111 alleviate the interference with COX1 mRNA translation but do not completely restore normal respiratory growth in strains overproducing Pet111p, suggesting that elevated Pet111p also per- turbs assembly of newly synthesized subunits into active cytochrome c oxidase. Thus, this severe imbal- ance in translational activator levels appears to cause multiple problems in mitochondrial gene expression, reflecting the dual role of balanced translational acti- vators in cooperatively regulating both the levels and locations of organellar translation.
A Mother's Work: How Feminism, the Market, and Policy Shape Family Life, by Neil Gilbert

Gilbert's stated intent in writing his new book is to broaden public perceptions of the work-mothering debate, and to promote a pro-family policy agenda. Toward this effort, he encourages discourse...
Focus constraints on language generation

Computer generation of natural language requires the ability to make reasoned choices from a large number of possible things to say as well as from a large number of expressive possibilties. This paper examines in detail how one influence on a generated text, focus of attention, can be used to constrain the many possibilities that a generation system must consider. A computational treatment of focus of attention is presented that can be used to constrain what the system needs to consider when deciding what to say next. In this process, information is produced that provides constraints on which words and syntactic structures best express the system's intent, thus ensuring that its resulting text is coherent. This analysis has been used in the fully implemented TEXT system which generates paragraph length responses to questions about database structure.
The Production Possibilities Approach to Understanding and Modeling Compatibility

As demand grows for the multiple goods and services that flow from the forest, it becomes increasingly important that forests be managed carefully for all competing uses and that waste be avoided. This is the motivation for wood compatibility research. The word “compatibility” has a particular meaning to economists. It refers to the attributes of the set of all feasible combinations of outputs when resources are limited. This is known as the production possibilities set. For forestland, that set defines the productive capacity of a site with respect to a set of potential forest uses. If the set is empty, there are no combinations of the forest uses that are feasible; the forest uses are completely incompatible, or mutually exclusive. Most forest uses exhibit some degree of compatibility in the sense that joint production is feasible. The greater the set of possible combinations of forest uses, the more compatible the uses.
Birth cohort-specific disparities in hepatocellular carcinoma stage at diagnosis, treatment, and long-term survival.

Background & Aims Individuals born between 1945 and 1965 account for nearly 75% of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in the United States. As this cohort ages, progressive HCV-related liver disease leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) will place a significant burden on the healthcare system. We aim to evaluate birth cohort-specific disparities in HCC stage at diagnosis, treatment rates, and overall survival with a focus on the 1945–1965 birth cohort. Methods A population-based retrospective cohort study of adult patients with HCC identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 2003–2011 registry evaluated birth cohort-specific disparities in the prevalence and outcomes of HCC, including multivariate logistic regression models to evaluate disparities in HCC stage at diagnosis and HCC treatment received. Birth cohort-specific survival was evaluated with Kaplan–Meier methods and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models. Results The proportion of HCC represented by the 1945–1965 cohort increased by 64% from 2003–2011, and accounted for 57.4% of all HCC in 2011. Compared to patients born after 1965, the 1945–1965 cohort were more likely to have HCC within Milan criteria (OR, 3.66; 95% CI, 3.13–4.28; p 0.001). However, among patients with HCC within Milan criteria, the 1945–1965 cohort had no difference in receipt of surgical treatment, but had higher overall long-term survival (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.69–0.97; p 0.03). Conclusions The 1945–1965 birth cohort accounts for the majority of HCC in the United States. Despite earlier HCC stage at diagnosis, no difference in receipt of surgical treatment was observed, but higher overall survival was achieved.
539 INCIDENCE OF CHOLESTATIC JAUNDICE (CJ) IN CONTINUOUS (CS) AND INTERMITTENT (IT) HYPERALIMENTATION (PN): A PROSPECTIVE STUDY

539 INCIDENCE OF CHOLESTATIC JAUNDICE (CJ) IN CONTINUOUS (CS) AND INTERMITTENT (IT) HYPERALIMENTATION (PN): A PROSPECTIVE STUDY
Laboratory Evaluation of Neem-seed Extract Against Larvae of the Cabbage Looper and Beet Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Neem-seed extract, incorporated into an artificial diet at 0.02, 0.2, and 2.0% (wt/vol) prolonged development and induced mortality in all larval stages of Trichoplusiani (Hubner) and Spodoptera exigua (Hubner). Only one nonreproductive T. ni adult female was produced at the lowest concentration (0.02%) when fifth instars were exposed to the diet. No pupae were formed by S. exigua larvae, regardless of stage treated or extract concentration tested. Larva mortality of both species was more pronounced during ecdysis, indicating activity similar to that of other insect growth regulators.
FEM-based oxygen consumption and cell viability models for avascular pancreatic islets.

The function and viability of cultured, transplanted, or encapsulated pancreatic islets is often limited by hypoxia because these islets have lost their vasculature during the isolation process and have to rely on gradient-driven passive diffusion, which cannot provide adequate oxygen transport. Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) are particularly susceptible due to their relatively large size, large metabolic demand, and increased sensitivity to hypoxia. Here, finite element method (FEM) based multiphysics models are explored to describe oxygen transport and cell viability in avascular islets both in static and in moving culture media. Two- and three-dimensional models were built in COMSOL Multiphysics using the convection and diffusion as well as the incompressible Navier-Stokes fluid dynamics application modes. Oxygen consumption was assumed to follow Michaelis-Menten-type kinetics and to cease when local concentrations fell below a critical threshold; in a dynamic model, it was also allowed to increase with increasing glucose concentration. Partial differential equation (PDE) based exploratory cellular-level oxygen consumption and cell viability models incorporating physiologically realistic assumptions have been implemented for fully scaled cell culture geometries with 100, 150, and 200 μ m diameter islets as representative. Calculated oxygen concentrations and intra-islet regions likely to suffer from hypoxia-related necrosis obtained for traditional flask-type cultures, oxygen-permeable silicone-rubber membrane bottom cultures, and perifusion chambers with flowing media and varying incoming glucose levels are presented in detail illustrated with corresponding colour-coded figures and animations. Results of the computational models are, as a first estimate, in good quantitative agreement with existing experimental evidence, and they confirm that during culture, hypoxia is often a problem for non-vascularised islet and can lead to considerable cell death (necrosis), especially in the core region of larger islets. Such models are of considerable interest to improve the function and viability of cultured, transplanted, or encapsulated islets. The present implementation allows convenient extension to true multiphysics applications that solve coupled physics phenomena such as diffusion and consumption with convection due to flowing or moving media.
Needs of Cesarean Birth Parents

A retrospective exploratory surgery of the needs of 24 couples who experienced cesarean birth was conducted. Findings indicate that both mothers and fathers have many need deficits which can be met by nurses. Nursing assessment and intervention are discussed.
Madame Guyon and experiential theology in America

Jeanne-Marie Bouvier de la Motte Guyon (1648-1717), defendue par Fenelon parce que representante du quietisme, s'est placee dans la tradition des grands mystiques de l'Eglise et a suivi leur exemple en mettant l'accent sur la connaissance experimentale par la contemplation. A partir du milieu du XVIIIe siecle, ses ecrits eurent autorite parmi les differents mouvements religieux d'Amerique du Nord. Mais ce fut Thomas Cogswell Upham (1799-1872) qui la rendit populaire dans ce pays. Il s'interessait a la psychologie de l'experience religieuse, parce que pour connaitre la nature du pur amour, il faut l'experimenter, disait-il. Il reliait toute la tradition de theologie experimentale dont il entourait Madame Guyon a sa notion de saintete continue au-dela des frontieres des Eglises et des siecles.
Reconciling stock assessment and management scales under conditions of spatially varying catch histories

Abstract Spatial homogeneity is the exception, not the rule, for many marine populations. Data limitations or biological knowledge gaps, though, often drive the assumption of limited stock structuring; the subsequent mismatch of model spatial scale and biological stock structure may compromise management goals. Spatial considerations thus remain a major challenge in providing managers with the best information for responsible and responsive management. This study uses simulation testing to offer a quantitative evaluation of spatial stock structure assumptions on the performance of stock assessments relative to management scales. Catch histories, not biological differences, are used to create stock structure. Simulation testing is based on an operating model of ‘true’ population states of nature that vary only in catch history across 9 regions. Stock assessments under various data scenarios are then performed on regions either as one aggregated assessment, or at finer area scales defined by zonal catch differences. The median absolute relative error of the terminal spawning biomass depletion is used as a performance statistic. One area stock assessments demonstrated low bias and high precision under all catch scenarios when stock structure is ignored, but perform poorly when applied to areas with differing regional catch histories. Separate area assessments grouped by zonal catch differences performed best under these circumstances, despite lower data quality, indicating the importance of identifying stock structure for management purposes. We suggest a focus on explicitly defining management units prior to conducting stock assessments with a concomitant resolve to increase data provisions at the resolution of management needs.
Managing chronic disease

Rapid improvements in health and longevity are dramatically changing the burden of illness throughout the world. In developed countries changes in lifestyle and improvements in the treatment of major causes of mortality have aged the population and increased the prevalence of chronic diseases. Poor countries that have achieved gains in life expectancy are also experiencing an increase in chronic disease as they proceed through the “epidemiological transition”—the changing pattern of health in which they inherit the problems of the rich.1 The epidemiological transition (now called the “health transition”) has progressed substantially in several developing regions. This is shown clearly in the ratio of disability adjusted life years (DALYs; the number of years lost from premature death plus the years lived with a disability) caused by non-communicable diseases to DALYs caused by communicable, maternal, perinatal, and nutritional conditions (see figure).2 The established market economies and the formerly socialist economies of Europe have essentially completed the transition. Non-communicable diseases already predominate as a cause of DALYs in China and in Latin America and the Caribbean, while “other Asia and islands” and the Middle East are close to that transition point. Ratio of disability adjusted life years (DALYs) caused by non-communicable diseases to DALYs caused by communicable, …
The interleukin-1 axis and cutaneous inflammation.

Since the discovery that epidermal cell-derived thymocyte-activating factor was identical to interleukin (IL)-1α and -β in 1986, these molecules have been implicated in the pathogenesis of skin diseases. In 1995, it has become clear that a group of gene products function to regulate the activity of IL-1. IL-1α and mature 17-kD IL-1β (cleaved from precursor by IL-1β–converting enzyme) bind to the type 1 IL-1 receptor to transduce a signal. This process can be antagonized at the level of the receptor by two distinct forms of the IL-1 receptor antagonist, which bind to the type I receptor but do not transduce asignal. The process can also be antagonized at the level of the ligand by either cell-bound or soluble type 2 IL-1 receptor. This type 2 IL-1 receptor binds ligand but does not transduce a signal. Keratinocytes can make each of these variables in vitro, and the balance between agonists and antagonists dictates the biologic outcome of a putative IL-1–mediated event. Transgenic mice that overexpress each of these factors individually in epidermis will be useful for enhancing our understanding of the cutaneous biology of IL-1. J Invest Dermatol 105:62S-66S, 1995
Effects of dexamethasone on glucose-induced insulin and proinsulin release in low and high insulin responders

We compared the effects of dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance on B-cell secretory performance in 12 low insulin responders (LIR) and in eight high insulin responders (HIR). A hyperglycemic clamp (120 minutes) was performed before and after the subjects had ingested dexamethasone 3 mg x 2 for 2 1/2 days. Fasting levels of blood glucose increased from 4.60 +/- 0.13 to 5.74 +/- 0.23 mmol/L after dexamethasone in LIR and from 4.37 +/- 0.18 to 5.26 +/- 0.13 mmol/L in HIR. Dexamethasone treatment increased fasting levels of total immunoreactive insulin (IRI), C-peptide, and proinsulin, as well as the proinsulin to IRI ratio to a similar degree in LIR and HIR. The amount of glucose infused to uphold hyperglycemia during the clamp decreased by 54% after dexamethasone in LIR and by 46% in HIR. Mean level of stimulated IRI during the clamp increased after dexamethasone by 43% in LIR and by 53% in HIR. Mean level of stimulated C-peptide increased by 11% (not significant) in LIR and by 24% in HIR. Mean level of stimulated proinsulin increased by 86% in LIR and by 93% in HIR. The effects of dexamethasone on insulin secretion varied among individuals, since steroid treatment failed to affect IRI responses to glucose in two LIR and two HIR. The magnitude of dexamethasone effects on secretion was not correlated to pre-dexamethasone insulin sensitivity as assessed by a somatostatin-insulin-glucose infusion test (SIGIT) or by M/I (glucose infused/insulin level) ratios of the control clamp.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Audiences and Readers of Alternative Media: The Absent Lure of the Virtually Unknown

Reasons for the virtual absence of research in this area are proposed, and contrasts between users of conventional media and alternative media audiences suggested, along with a political ethics of listening. Connections between social movements and alternative media uses are discussed, the interplay between political consciousness and alternative media use is examined, and social conditions in which the latter are responded to are explored. Finally, the variety of alternative media formats, genres and technologies is noted.
The wrong equations: a reply to Gildenhuys

Glymour (Philos Sci 73:369–389, 2006) claims that classical population genetic models can reliably predict short and medium run population dynamics only given information about future fitnesses those models cannot themselves predict, and that in consequence the causal, ecological models which can predict future fitnesses afford a more foundational description of natural selection than do population genetic models. This paper defends the first claim from objections offered by Gildenhuys (Biol Philos, 2011).
Analysis of population genetic structure with RAPD markers

Recent advances in the application of the polymerase chain reaction make it possible to score individuals at a large number of loci. The RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) method is one such technique that has attracted widespread interest. The analysis of population structure with RAPD data is hampered by the lack of complete genotypic information resulting from dominance, since this enhances the sampling variance associated with single loci as well as induces bias in parameter estimation. We present estimators for several population-genetic parameters (gene and genotype frequencies, within- and between-population heterozygosities, degree of inbreeding and population subdivision, and degree of individual relatedness) along with expressions for their sampling variances. Although completely unbiased estimators do not appear to be possible with RAPDs, several steps are suggested that will insure that the bias in parameter estimates is negligible. To achieve the same degree of statistical power, on the order of 2 to 10 times more individuals need to be sampled per locus when dominant markers are relied upon, as compared to codominant (RFLP, isozyme) markers. Moreover, to avoid bias in parameter estimation, the marker alleles for most of these loci should be in relatively low frequency. Due to the need for pruning loci with low-frequency null alleles, more loci also need to be sampled with RAPDs than with more conventional markers, and some problems of bias cannot be completely eliminated.
SU‐GG‐I‐146: Characterization of Mouse Mammary Glands by Measuring T2*: A Comparison of SV40Tag and FVB/N Mice

Purpose: An improved understanding of T2* in normal breast and intraductal cancer could lead to improvements in diagnostic accuracy. This study characterizes T2* in both a preclinical model of breast/mammary cancer (SV40Tag) and in healthy (FVB/N) mice. At ∼12 weeks, C3(1)SV40Tag mice develop mammary in situ neoplasms (MIN) that resemble ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in women. Method and Materials: Eight SV40Tag and six FVB/N mice were imaged using a 9.4T Bruker magnet. Respiratory gated multi‐gradient echo pulse sequences were used to measure T2* with equivalent TR ∼1000ms, minimum TE of 1.5ms, 9 echoes at 3ms spacing. Generally, T2* was calculated by fitting the MRI signal intensity to a single exponential decay function. However, when fat was present, a modulus of complex double exponential decay function was needed. Results: For SV40Tag mice, T2* of muscle, lymph node, and tumor can be calculated from a single exponential function. T2* of normal mammary gland (NMG) and MIN need to be extracted from the modulus of complex function due to the fatty signal. Conversely, for FVB/N mice, all T2* can be calculated from single exponential function. On average muscle,tumor and NMG water components have slightlysmaller T2* values (∼15ms), but lymph node and NMG water components have slightly smaller T2* values (∼9.5ms). The fat in NMG and MIN have the smallest T2* values (∼3.8ms). In addition, NMG in SV40Tag is fattier than in FVB/N mice (57% vs. 12%, p<0.0001) for the selected ROIs. Conclusion: To accurately determine T2*, it is necessary to separate water/fat in fat‐rich mammary glands. In this pilot study, MIN lesions exhibit a larger separation between the long and short T2* values in comparison to NMG. Additionally, SV40Tag mice exhibit a higher percentage fat in NMG ROIs due to genetic differences.
Single-incision results in similar pain and quality of life scores compared with multi-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A blinded prospective randomized trial of 100 patients.

Background Our objective was to compare hospital charges and both perioperative and mid-term quality of life between single- (SILC) and multi-incision (MILC) laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a randomized controlled trial. Methods Patients with acute or chronic biliary disease were invited to participate. Pain scores, quality of life, and perioperative outcomes were measured. Patients were followed for 1 year postoperatively in the clinic with examination to document hernia formation. Results One hundred subjects were randomized to SILC (n = 49) or MILC (n = 51). Demographics were similar for both groups except more women underwent SILC (86% vs 67%, P = .026). Operative time was greater for SILC (63.5 ± 21.0 vs 43.8 ± 24.2 minute, P Conclusion SILC results in longer operative time and greater hospital charges with similar pain and quality of life scores compared with a standard laparoscopic approach.
What to expect from expectant management in severe preeclampsia at <34 weeks gestation: pregnancy outcomes in developed vs developing countries

regnancies that are complicated by severe preeclampsia P at <34 weeks’ gestation are associated with high rates of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidities worldwide. The rates of these complications are substantially higher in developing countries with limited health resources. In Western countries, the rate of severe preeclampsia at <34 weeks’ gestation is 0.3%. These rates are higher in women with a history of preterm preeclampsia and multifetal gestation and in those with preexisting medical disorders such as hypertension, renal disease, pregestational diabetes mellitus, or connective tissue disease. Historically, women with severe preeclampsia at <34 weeks’ gestation have had delivery initiated on diagnosis or after completion of a course of corticosteroids for fetal lung maturity because the clinical course of such pregnancies is often characterized by progressive deterioration if delivery if not accomplished. The main objective of expectant management of severe preeclampsia must always be the safety of the mother and fetus. Although delivery is always appropriate for the mother, it might not be best for a premature fetus. Management with delivery after corticosteroid administration leads to high neonatal mortality and morbidity rates, whereas attempts to prolong pregnancy with expectant management may result in fetal death, increased rates of fetal growth restriction, and increased maternal morbidities. Since 1990, 2 randomized trials that included only 133 women and several observational studies that included approximately 1900 women evaluated the benefits and risks of expectant management of severe preeclampsia at <34 weeks’ gestation. The results of these studies were the subject of 3 recent reviews that suggested that expectant treatment in a select group of
Responses to Instruction on Counseling Women: Does Gender Play a Part?:

We investigated how instructors' gender affects students' perceptions. Three components of person perception were assessed: cognitive, affective, and behavioral. The cognitive domain included evaluations of the instructor and the subject matter presented; the affective domain included emotional responses to the instructor and the subject matter; and the behavioral domain included actions in response to the instructor, operationalized as the number of questions asked by students. Ninety-eight undergraduate students enrolled in psychology classes viewed one of four videotapes. Two tapes portrayed a gender-neutral topic and two demonstrated sex-bias in counseling women. The same male and female instructors made identical presentations on each topic. Students then completed the measures. As predicted, the gender of the instructor influenced evaluations of competence and importance of the material, as well as mood states and the number and kind of questions asked. On all three components of person perception, ...
Negotiating care and career within institutional constraints – work insecurity and gendered ideals of parenthood in Finland

Parenthood still bears gendered consequences for the lives of women and men. Individualisation theories explain the different employment and care patterns as resulting from free choices concerning individual lifestyle preferences, while institutional approaches underline the significance of structural or cultural context in creating constraints or possibilities in individuals' lives. In this article, mothers' and fathers' choices concerning care and career are examined in the Finnish context of gender equal family policy and employment flexibility. Two kinds of flexibility are analysed: part-time work, which is rare even for mothers; and temporary work, the use of which is strongly gendered and concerns especially highly educated young women. Analysing 29 qualitative semistructured interviews of Finnish parents, the study shows how mothers' and fathers' diverse preferences are negotiated into choices between structural frames created by labour market instability and cultural conceptions about the division...
Controlling conversations: Turns, topics and interpersonal control

This paper argues that controlling access to conversations by controlling how long partners may talk and on what topics they may talk is a form of interpersonal dominance. Research has shown that partners who talk more are usually considered more dominant, and partners who introduce more new topics in a conversation are considered more dominant. However, this research is typically conducted using non‐natural conversations and is based entirely on mean level, aggregate data. Furthermore, the link between interpersonal control and topic manipulation has never been directly tested. Thus it is unclear if the findings on length of talk and topic manipulation can be generalized to naturalistic conversations which demonstrate dynamic, relational transactions over time. A study was conducted in which groups of participants read a transcript of a naturalistic conversation and made judgments of dominance and topic relatedness at each utterance. Time series regression techniques applied to the data revealed that at ...
Photochromic Soft Materials: Flavylium Compounds Incorporated into Pluronic F-127 Hydrogel Matrixes

The performance of flavylium-based photochromic systems is increased by their incorporation into Pluronic F-127 matrixes, which switch from polymeric solutions to micelles to gels with changes in temperature depending on copolymer concentration. Two flavylium compounds, 7,4‘-dihydroxyflavylium and 7-(N,N-diethylamino)-4-hydroxyflavylium, both exhibiting a small thermal cis−trans isomerization barrier in water were investigated. In the first system the flavylium in the gel photoswitches from the colorless trans-chalcone (Ct) species to the yellow flavylium cation (AH+) with quantum yield Φ = 0.04 (25 °C) at pH 2.2 or to the orange quinoidal base (A) with quantum yield Φ = 0.015 (25 °C) at pH 5.2. The photoproducts revert back to their initial form by a thermal process characterized by first-order kinetics; the rate constants exhibit a bell shape variation with pH, with a maximum at pH 4.3 (lifetime 4.2 min). The second system, 7-(N,N-diethylamino)-4-hydroxyflavylium, does not exhibit photochemistry in wate...
Active transport in insect recta.

![Figure][1] The paper featured in this JEB Classics article ([Phillips, 1964c][2]) is one of a trio of articles in Volume 41 of The Journal of Experimental Biology in which John Phillips examines the issue of active transport in the insect rectum (Phillips, [1964a][3],[b][4],[c][2]). The
Orthostatic intolerance and chronic fatigue syndrome: new light on an old problem.

thorax. 1,2 They concluded that this orthostatic tachycardia syndrome seemed similar to “effort syndrome, irritable heart, or neurocirculatory asthenia” the synonyms of the day for what we now call CFS. McLean and Allen reported that patients improved by increasing their intake of fluids and sodium, and by sleeping with the head of the bed elevated. The head-up bed may have helped to conserve intravascular volume by reducing blood flow to the kidney at night. It is a medical curiosity that these detailed observations were largely ignored for several decades. In this issue of The Journal, 3 articles address related aspects of orthostatic control of blood pressure and heart rate, 3-5 two of which take advantage of newer methodologic tools to better understand microvascular flow and
Argumentation in Miranda v. Arizona

This essay investigates the argumentation advanced in briefs, oral arguments, and the Court's opinion in the Supreme Court case of Miranda v. Arizona, an extremely important case in American constitutional law. The background of the case—including Escobedo v. Illinois—is considered first, followed by analysis of argumentation on granting certiorari, on Escobedo, and on balancing conflicting interests. In many places in its opinion, the Supreme Court adopts claims and arguments from the briefs of the winning side, suggesting that these arguments either influenced the Court's decision or provided a socially acceptable rationale for their decision. The evaluation of the competing arguments suggests that, in general, the arguments of the petitioner (Miranda) were superior to those of the respondent. This illustrates the importance of viewing the Supreme Court as an active participant in the decision‐making process.
The etiology and prevention of feeding intolerance paralytic ileus--revisiting an old concept.

Gastro-intestinal (G-I) motility is impaired ("paralytic ileus") after abdominal surgery. Premature feeding attempts delay recovery by inducing "feeding intolerance," especially abdominal distention that compromises respiration. Controlled studies (e.g., from Sloan-Kettering Memorial Hospital) have lead to recommendations that patients not be fed soon after major abdominal surgery to avoid this complication. We postulate that when total fluid inflow of feedings, digestive secretions, and swallowed air outstrip peristaltic outflow from the feeding site, fluid accumulates. This localized stagnation triggers G-I vagal reflexes that further slow the already sluggish gut, leading to generalized abdominal distention. Similarly, vagal cardiovascular reflexes in susceptible subjects could account for the 1:1,000 incidence of unexplained bowel necrosis reported with enteral feeding. We re-evaluated our data, which supports this postulated mechanism for the induction of "feeding intolerance." We had focused our efforts on postoperative enteral nutrition, with the largest reported series of immediate feeding of at least 100 kcal/hour after major surgery. We found that this complication can be avoided consistently by monitoring inflow versus peristaltic outflow, immediately removing any potential excess from the feeding site. We fed intraduodenally immediately following "open" surgery for 31 colectomy and 160 consecutive cholecystectomy patients. The duodenum was aspirated simultaneously just proximal to the feeding site, efficiently removing all swallowed air and excess feedings. To salvage digestive secretions, the degassed aspirate was re-introduced manually (and later automatically) via a separate feeding channel. Hourly assays were performed for nitrogen balance, serum amino acids, and for the presence of removed feedings in the aspirate. The colectomy patients had X-ray motility studies initiated 5 – 17 hours after surgery. Clinically normal motility and absorption resumed within two hours. Fed BaSO4 traversed secure anastomoses, to exit in bowel movements within 24–48 hours of colectomy. All patients were in positive protein balance within 2 – 24 hours, with elevated serum amino acids levels and without adverse G-I effects. Limiting inflow to match peristaltic outflow from the feeding site consistently prevented "feeding intolerance." These patients received immediate full enteral nutrition, with the most rapid resolution of postoperative paralytic ileus, to date.
Adolphe appia's theories of production

(1928). Adolphe appia's theories of production. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 411-422.
EUV spectroscopy on the SSPX spheromak

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) plasma spectroscopy is one the diagnostics implemented at the Sustained Spheromak Physics Experiment (SSPX) at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. A grating spectrometer covering the spectral region of 25 - 450 A with a resolution of 0.3 A was used as an impurity diagnostic to monitor the plasmas and to carry out atomic physics research. Several low-Z impurities have been found in the spheromak, notably B, C, N, and O. Of the heavier elements, Ti, Cu, and W were found in the plasmas. As a relatively dense and low-temperature laboratory plasma device, SSPX served as an excellent radiation source for investigation of atomic spectra in a regime not readily attained in other devices. We have injected atomic titanium and tungsten hexacarbonyl into the spheromak under different operating conditions. We also report on electron temperature and electron density measurements based on the Kα lines from B IV at 60 A.
The cost and benefits of employment: a qualitative study of experiences of persons with multiple sclerosis.

Abstract Johnson KL, Yorkston KM, Klasner ER, Kuehn CM, Johnson E, Amtmann D. The cost and benefits of employment: a qualitative study of experiences of persons with multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85:201–9. Objective To attain a better understanding of the benefits and barriers faced by persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) in the workplace. Design Qualitative research methodology comprising a series of semistructured interviews. Setting Community-based setting. Participants Fourteen women and 2 men with MS living in the community who were employed or recently employed at the time of interviews. Interventions Not applicable. Main outcome measure Accounts of personal experiences related to employment. Results Four themes emerged: the cost-benefit economy of working; fatigue and cognitive changes; stress in the workplace; and accommodations made to address barriers. Although participants valued work highly, they were also aware of the cost of being employed. The consequences of unemployment or changing jobs were considered negative and appeared stressful. For persons with MS, employment had both costs and significant benefits. Accommodations in the workplace and modifications of roles and responsibilities at home made it possible for individuals to continue working. Conclusions Health care providers must consider the complexity and timing of decisions by people with MS to continue or leave employment before recommending either action. Identifying critical periods of intervention to stabilize this cost-benefit balance is a critical next step for understanding issues of employment and MS.
The Racial Context of White Mobility: An Individual-Level Assessment of the White Flight Hypothesis

Abstract Census data are attached to the individual records of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine the effects of neighborhood racial conditions and metropolitan-level structural factors on the residential mobility of individual White householders. Supporting the White flight hypothesis, the results indicate that the annual likelihood of leaving the neighborhood increases significantly with the size of the minority population in the neighborhood, and Whites are especially likely to leave neighborhoods containing combinations of multiple minority groups. These neighborhood effects persist after controlling for a wide range of micro-level mobility predictors and do not appear to be rooted in the reaction to nonracial social and economic characteristics of the neighborhood. However, the effect of local racial conditions on the mobility of individual Whites is generally modest, significantly nonlinear, varies by several individual-level characteristics, and is conditioned by the relative availability of housing in predominantly White neighborhoods to serve as potential destinations.
A racetrack mode-locked silicon evanescent laser.

By utilizing a racetrack resonator topography, an on-chip mode locked silicon evanescent laser (ML-SEL) is realized that is independent of facet polishing. This enables integration with other devices on silicon and precise control of the ML-SEL’s repetition rate through lithographic definition of the cavity length. Both passive and hybrid mode-locking have been achieved with transform limited, 7 ps pulses emitted at a repetition rate of 30 GHz. Jitter and locking range are measured under hybrid mode locking with a minimum absolute jitter and maximum locking range of 364 fs, and 50 MHz, respectively.
Sulfenic acid chemistry, detection and cellular lifetime

Abstract Background Reactive oxygen species-mediated cysteine sulfenic acid modification has emerged as an important regulatory mechanism in cell signaling. The stability of sulfenic acid in proteins is dictated by the local microenvironment and ability of antioxidants to reduce this modification. Several techniques for detecting this cysteine modification have been developed, including direct and in situ methods. Scope of review This review presents a historical discussion of sulfenic acid chemistry and highlights key examples of this modification in proteins. A comprehensive survey of available detection techniques with advantages and limitations is discussed. Finally, issues pertaining to rates of sulfenic acid formation, reduction, and chemical trapping methods are also covered. Major conclusions Early chemical models of sulfenic acid yielded important insights into the unique reactivity of this species. Subsequent pioneering studies led to the characterization of sulfenic acid formation in proteins. In parallel, the discovery of oxidant-mediated cell signaling pathways and pathological oxidative stress has led to significant interest in methods to detect these modifications. Advanced methods allow for direct chemical trapping of protein sulfenic acids directly in cells and tissues. At the same time, many sulfenic acids are short-lived and the reactivity of current probes must be improved to sample these species, while at the same time, preserving their chemical selectivity. Inhibitors with binding scaffolds can be rationally designed to target sulfenic acid modifications in specific proteins. General significance Ever increasing roles for protein sulfenic acids have been uncovered in physiology and pathology. A more complete understanding of sulfenic acid-mediated regulatory mechanisms will continue to require rigorous and new chemical insights. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Current methods to study reactive oxygen species - pros and cons and biophysics of membrane proteins. Guest Editor: Christine Winterbourn.
The relationship between self-disclosure style and attitudes to responsibility accounting

Abstract This study investigates the relationship between self-disclosure and attitudes to responsibility accounting. The results indicate that (1) factor analysis of an existing self-disclosure instrument replicated a five factor solution and (2) reported self-disclosure was directly related to the attitudes to a responsibility accounting system because such a system requires making public one's performance. More specifically, the attitudes to responsibility accounting were found to be positively related to the amount and control of depth factors of self-disclosure and to be negatively related to the positive-negative, honesty-accuracy and intended disclosure factors.
The distribution of increasing 2-sequences in random permutations of arbitrary multi-sets

The distribution of increasing 2-sequences in random permutations of the first n integers is generalized to random permutations of arbitrary multi-sets using a finite Markov chain embedding technique. A numerical example is provided to aid in understanding and some applications are briefly discussed.
Collimator design for the J-PEX sounding rocket

The Joint Astrophysical Plasmadynamic Experiment is a high- resolution extreme UV spectrometer which operates at near- normal incidence and incorporates the most recent developments in reflecting multilayer gratings. The spectrometer comprises the following principal elements: collimators which define the 1.2 degrees field of view, a spherical multilayer-coated grating which consists of 4 segments, each 8 cm by 16 cm in area and with a focal length of 2.2 m, and a microchannel plate imaging detector. The collimator is an adaptation of a previous design which was modified to minimize the input of scattered airglow radiation while maintaining the maximum effective area within the desired field of view. This is achieved by blackening the collimator surfaces with an EBONOL-C process. In this paper we will discuss the design requirements and manufacturing techniques for the collimator.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Intracellular Delivery of Bioactive Molecules using Light-Addressable Nanocapsules

This paper describes a method by which molecules that are impermeable to cells are encapsulated in dye-sensitized lipid nanocapsules for delivery into cells via endocytosis. Once inside the cells, the molecules are released from the lipid nanocapsules into the cytoplasm with a single nanosecond pulse from a laser in the far red (645 nm). We demonstrate this method with the intracellular release of the second messenger IP3 in CHO-M1 cells and report that calcium responses from the cells changed from a sustained increase to a transient spike when the average number of IP3 released is decreased below 50 molecules per nanocapsule. We also demonstrate the delivery of a 23 kDa O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) fusion protein into Ba/F3 cells to inhibit a key player BCR-ABL in the apoptotic pathway. We show that an average of ∼8 molecules of the inhibitor is sufficient to induce apoptosis in the majority of Ba/F3 cells.
Identification of the Promoter Region of Human Interleukin 1 Type I Receptor Gene: Multiple Initiation Sites, High G + C Content, and Constitutive Expression

Abstract To better understand the role of interleukin 1 (IL-1) and its receptor in disease, we have isolated a genomic clone of the human IL-1 type I receptor and have identified the promoter region. There are multiple transcriptional initiation sites as demonstrated by primer extension. DNA sequence analysis shows that the promoter region contains neither a TATA nor a CAAT box; however, the 5' upstream regulatory elements contain two AP-1-like binding sites. The internal regulatory sequences found immediately downstream to the 5' transcriptional start site contain four Sp1 binding domains and have a high G+C content of 75%. This portion of the 5' untranslated region of the mRNA can form stable secondary structure as predicted by computer modeling. Base pairs -4 to + 10 share striking resemblance to an initiator sequence that directs basal expression of certain TATA-less genes-e.g., terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase in lymphocytes. The IL-1 receptor promoter directs basal expression of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in transiently transfected cells. Overall, the promoter of the IL-1 type I receptor gene resembles that of constitutively expressed genes that have housekeeping- and/or growth-related functions. The constitutive nature of the promoter may account for this gene being expressed at low levels in diverse cell types. Our finding sheds more understanding into the mechanisms governing the regulation of the IL-1 receptor in health and disease.
Effect of salt on the mechanism of adsorption of aromatics on activated carbon.

The effect of KCl on the adsorption of phenol, toluene, and benzene on activated carbon, with different degrees of surface oxygenation, was investigated. Different trends of salt effect were observed for each compound. The observed KCl effects were interpreted on the basis of electrical charge neutralization on the carbon surface and the adsorbate molecules, water adsorption, and the “salt out” effect. In particular, water adsorption was found to be crucial in reducing the adsorption capacity of the activated carbon. The influence of water adsorption was more pronounced on carbon surfaces with higher amounts of oxygen-containing groups. This was additionally confirmed by measurements using flow microcalorimetry.