cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic echo planar imaging of exercised muscle

Abstract Echo planar imaging was used to record dynamic changes in tissue transverse relaxation rates (ΔR2) in the anterior tibialis muscle during dorsi-flexion exercise and recovery. Using a single spin-echo technique to calculate the change in relaxation rate produced by the exercise a time resolution of 4 s was achieved for each measurement of ΔR2. For a fixed workload of 70% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), the duration of dorsi-flexion exercise was varied and measurements of ΔR2 were obtained throughout exercise and for at least 5 min of recovery. Comparisons were made between the single echo results and those obtained using multiple echo measurements of T2 with much lower time resolution, to verify that the two techniques gave the same results. We found on average that ΔR2 decreased by an average of 8.7 s−1 within the tibialis with an average rate of decrease during exercise of Δ R 2 Δ t ex = −0.061 s −2 . For the high time resolution studies we consistently observed that there was a continued decrease in the measured value of ΔR2 after the exercise, reaching a minimum value about a minute after the exercise ceased. This average rate of undershoot during the postexercise period was given by Δ R 2 Δ t us = −0.035 s −2 . This effect has not been noted previously in MR imaging studies and may be attributed to increased flow within the tissue as contracting muscle fibers relax following exercise. The results can be interpreted using simple fast exchange or slow exchange models for tissue water relaxation. For the case of rapid exchange the changes in ΔR2 may be indicative of an increase in the net water volume within the muscle, whereas in the case of slow exchange ΔR2 is primarily a measure of intracellular volume increases.
A space-time finite element method for the wave equation*

A numerical method is introduced which uses finite elements in time and space simultaneously to solve the wave equation. An error analysis for this scheme is presented and the results of several computations. This scheme is accurate for time slabs of arbitrary thickness without introducing extra least squares or stabilization terms.
Reduction of green house gas emission by clean power trading

It is well known that the CO 2 emitted by fossil energy is one of the major reasons that result in global warming. It is still an open question about how to reduce CO 2 emission by the implementation of an investment plan for clean power systems. In this paper, we propose a clean power trading method among neighboring regions such that we can reduce CO 2 emission in a large region and reduce the imbalance between the power demand and supply in a region caused by the fluctuation of clean energy. With the five states with rich wind energy in America as an example, we use the quantitative computation results of the five states (from a modeling framework designed by ourselves [3]) to show that our proposed clean power trading method can help reduce CO 2 emission and realize balance.
Synthesis of assembled copper nanoparticles from copper-chelating glycolipid nanotubes

Using glycolipid nanotubes as templates, assembled copper nanoparticles were prepared from copper-chelating amphiphiles by a simple annealing process. The morphology and structure of these nanoparticles were investigated using transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The experimental results showed that the nanoparticles are crystalline and mainly composed of face-centered cubic (fcc) Cu with a narrow size distribution (∼5 nm). The present method suggests that by using an appropriate template-assisted technique, it is potentially valuable for the fabrication of organized metal nanoparticles arrays.
Strategic use of allopreening in family-living wrens

A prominent interaction in the lives of social mammals is allogrooming. Individuals allogroom strategically and preferentially, grooming high-quality individuals that control access to resources. This results in distinct patterns of allogrooming within social groups, such that some individuals are groomed more than the others, some dyads express symmetry in allogrooming, and others exchange allogrooming for other benefits. Allopreening, the avian equivalent of allogrooming, occurs commonly in group-living birds, providing the opportunity to test whether social birds also use allopreening strategically in their social relationships. I examined this hypothesis in family-living buff-breasted wrens (Cantorchilus leucotis) by examining allopreening initiation, reciprocation and rate during interactions involving breeding adults and offspring. Buff-breasted wrens exhibit a nuclear family structure in which pairs display long-term partnerships, and juveniles delay dispersing from natal territories for about 10 months. Allopreening was symmetrical between breeding partners: males and females who initiated and reciprocated allopreening of partners with similar frequency, and within reciprocated bouts, allopreening was time-matched. Pairs in which allopreening was not observed were more likely to divorce, but allopreening patterns did not change in successive years of partnerships. Parent–offspring allopreening, by contrast, was asymmetrical in pattern; parents initiated allopreening more than their offspring, and reciprocation never occurred. The different patterns of allopreening observed within buff-breasted wren families suggest the strategic use of allopreening, possibly for the maintenance of long-term partnerships and in exchange for social benefits from offspring.
A mechanistic study of the synthesis of zeolite SSZ-24

Abstract X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and 29 Si magic angle spinning (MAS), 1 H 13 C cross-polarization (CP) MAS and 1 H 29 Si CP MAS NMR spectroscopies are used to study SSZ-24 synthesis from aqueous silicate mixtures containing alkali and N,N,N -trimethyl-1-adamantammonium (TMAA + ) cations. SSZ-24 only forms from mixtures prepared using fumed silica, KOH, and TMAAOH, with TMAA/Si≥0.15. SSZ-24 nuclei form through Van der Waals and coulombic interactions between the anionic silicate species and the TMAA + cations in the gelatinous synthesis mixtures. The results cannot distinguish whether SSZ-24 nuclei form in the liquid or solid phase of the synthesis mixture. No evidence was found for occlusion of the TMAA + cations in the solid phase of the gel prior to SSZ-24 crystallization, suggesting that the rates of zeolite nucleation and crystallization may be comparable. Computer simulations reveal that the non-bonded interactions between TMAA + and the SSZ-24 lattice are weaker than the non-bonded interactions between tetrapropylammonium (TPA + ) cations and the silicalite-1 framework, which may explain why silicalite forms much faster than SSZ-24 when TPAOH is substituted for TMAAOH in the synthesis mixture.
Future-Proofing the Library: Strategies for Acquisitions, Cataloging, and Collection Development

The future is not perfectly predictable. However, as serialists it is our job to predict the future in some very real ways, and current trends give us valuable tools for at least figuring out a range of possible future scenarios. Certain trends in particular point to highly likely developments in the near future, and wise libraries will position themselves to deal with those developments. They include a continued drift on the part of researchers away from printed resources, from the library catalog, and from non-unique collections, with a concomittant rise in the importance of unique collections and locally-produced scholarships. Libraries can future-proof themselves by, in part, turning decisively away from resources and services that patrons are abandoning and towards those resources and services that are likely to grow in importance.
Attending to cognitive organization in the design of computer menus: a two-experiment study

In a two-experiment sequence, we examine task time across several orderings of menu lists. Findings demonstrate that it is not sufficient to consider good physical layout in screen design (as some researchers suggest), and that good physical layout is subordinate to good conceptual layout. A second purpose of these two experiments is to extend previous work to encompass smaller menus of item size nine and fewer, an important area, since guidelines recommend menus with nine or fewer items for maximizing the effectiveness of the user interface
Assessing Students' Misclassifications of Physics Concepts: An Ontological Basis for Conceptual Change

Physics novices and experts solved conceptual physics problems involving light, heat, and electric current and then explained their answers. Novices were ninth-grade students with no background in physics; experts were two postgraduates in physics and two advanced physics graduate students. Problems were multiple choice, with one correct response and three alternative responses representing possible misconceptions. For each conceptual physics problem, an isomorphic material-substance problem was constructed by imagining a materialistic conception of the physics topic and creating the resulting version of the problem. In each physics problem, one of the incorrect choices corresponded to the correct choice in the isomorphic material-substance problem. The empirical question was whether novices would reason about the physics problem as if it were conceptually similar to the substance isomorph. This question was addressed by comparing subjects' responses in the problem pairs, as well as by examining their exp...
Exercise Consumerism—Let the Buyer Beware!

(1997). Exercise Consumerism—Let the Buyer Beware! Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 68, No. 3, pp. 56-60.
Trafficking in emotions.

Postsynaptic receptor trafficking is associated with long-term synaptic plasticity, but whether this mechanism actually mediates learning is unclear. A new study shows that fear learning drives AMPA receptors into synapses in the lateral amygdala.
Class clowns as a function of the Type T psychobiological personality

Abstract Counselors and teachers often deal with the ubiquitous class clown. With the drop-out rate increasing, new methods must be tested. The purpose of this study was to test a new method, the Farley Type T Theory, as a possible future treatment plan. Class clowns were teacher selected from 2nd and 3rd grade students and then compared to their nonclown classmates on a putative measure of trait arousal to test Farley's Type T Theory of psychobiological motives for disruptive behavior. This theory suggests a need-for-stimulation motive of behavior due to an arousal deficit. The physiological measure of arousal was the Strahan Sweat Bottle method, and it was predicted that class clowns would indicate lower levels of trait arousal. The results confirmed Farley's hypothesis that class clowns were Type T individuals. This helps the counselor or teacher to “reframe” a student's behavior from a typical psychological model to a psychobiological model that also offers suggestions for treatment as well as future research.
Joint spectral region buried land mine discrimination performance

Statistically significant sets of buried anti-tank mine and background electro-optic spectral signatures were collected and analyzed by the Veridian ERIM International team under the US Army's Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate Hyperspectral Mine Detection Phenomenology FY98/99 Program as reported last year. Those analyses established predicted buried mine spectral discrimination performance in key practical sensor spectral regions using typical multispectral sensor bandwidths spanning 20 to 200 nm. This year, we report further analyses of selected sets of HMDP data that quantitatively predict performance for two specific cases of joint spectral regions. This work exhibits these initial results and compares the predicted buried mine spectral discrimination performance determined from the joint and the single spectral regions.
Ion secretion into cerebrospinal fluid.

The accession rates of Na+, Cl− and HCO−3 to CSF were studied in cat by means of appropriate isotopes. About 40% of Na+ entry was matched by HCO−3 the latter ion is formed in choroid plexus by the carbonic anhydrase catalyzed reaction CO2+OH-. This process has a very large potential rate; the actual transport of HCO−3 from blood to CSF appears to be limited by blood flow to choroid plexus.
AAV Vectors Expressing LDLR Gain-of-Function Variants Demonstrate Increased Efficacy in Mouse Models of Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Rationale: Familial hypercholesterolemia is a genetic disorder that arises because of loss-of-function mutations in the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia is a candidate for gene therapy using adeno-associated viral vectors. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and inducible degrader of LDLR (IDOL) negatively regulate LDLR protein and could dampen adeno-associated viral vector encoded LDLR expression. Objective: We sought to create vectors expressing gain-of-function human LDLR variants that are resistant to degradation by human PCSK9 (hPCSK9) and IDOL and thereby enhance hepatic LDLR protein abundance and plasma LDL cholesterol reduction. Methods and Results: Amino acid substitutions were introduced into the coding sequence of human LDLR cDNA to reduce interaction with hPCSK9 and human IDOL. A panel of mutant human LDLRs was initially screened in vitro for escape from PCSK9. The variant human LDLR-L318D was further evaluated using a mouse model of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia lacking endogenous LDLR and apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic, APOBEC-1 (double knockout). Administration of wild-type human LDLR to double knockout mice, expressing hPCSK9, led to diminished LDLR activity. However, LDLR-L318D was resistant to hPCSK9-mediated degradation and effectively reduced cholesterol levels. Similarly, the LDLR-K809R\C818A construct avoided human IDOL regulation and achieved stable reductions in serum cholesterol. An adeno-associated viral vector serotype 8.LDLR-L318D\K809R\C818A vector that carried all 3 amino acid substitutions conferred partial resistance to both hPCSK9- and human IDOL–mediated degradation. Conclusions: Amino acid substitutions in the human LDLR confer partial resistance to PCSK9 and IDOL regulatory pathways with improved reduction in cholesterol levels and improve on a potential gene therapeutic approach to treat homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia subjects. # Novelty and Significance {#article-title-34}
Tumor rejection after direct costimulation of CD8+ T cells by B7-transfected melanoma cells

A variety of tumors are potentially immunogenic but do not stimulate an effective anti-tumor immune response in vivo. Tumors may be capable of delivering antigen-specific signals to T cells, but may not deliver the costimulatory signals necessary for full activation of T cells. Expression of the costimulatory ligand B7 on melanoma cells was found to induce the rejection of a murine melanoma in vivo. This rejection was mediated by CD8+ T cells; CD4+ T cells were not required. These results suggest that B7 expression renders tumor cells capable of effective antigen presentation, leading to their eradication in vivo.
Passive avoidance learning among females as a function of Cloninger's temperament typology

Abstract Responsiveness to punishment cues has been historically associated with the socialization process, whereby individuals who are relatively unresponsive to the effects of punishment have been viewed as especially vulnerable to the development of antisocial behavior patterns. To date, much of the research on responsiveness to punishment has been conducted on male inmates or males identified as disinhibited. Almost no comparable research has been performed on females. The purpose of this study was to examine in a non-pathological female sample the extent to which constructs associated with Cloninger's temperament typology predict passive avoidance errors (PAEs; or failures to inhibit previously punished responses) and omission errors (OEs; or failures to respond to stimuli associated with reward) produced during an interactive computer task. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated no main or interactive effects in the prediction of OEs. However, in the prediction of PAEs, the interaction of novelty seeking (NS) and harm avoidance (HA) was significant, whereby the combination of high NS and low HA was most strongly associated with PAE frequency. Subsequent analyses indicated that response speed in combination with reflection following punishment mediated the relationship between temperament dimensions and passive avoidance learning.
Collinear photothermal deflection spectroscopy with light-scattering samples

An analytical model that incorporates effects of light scattering was developed for dual-beam photothermal deflection spectroscopy. Thermal gradients induced by a modulated excitation beam deflect an optical probe beam which was treated as being of finite dimensions. Mechanisms by which thermal gradients produce refractive index gradients are discussed, with an explicit expression for dn/dT being derived. Experimental studies with suspensions of small latex particles in Nd3+ solutions demonstrated that the model accurately predicts both the shape of the deflection signal and the attenuation of the signal due to light scattering. The absolute magnitude of the observed signal is approximately predicted by theory.
Revision of the Neotropical water scavenger beetle genus Guyanobius Spangler, 1986 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Chaetarthriini)

The genus Guyanobius Spangler, 1986 is revised and expanded. Two species, Guyanobius queneyi sp. n. (French Guiana, Suriname) and Guyanobius lacuniventris sp. n. (Venezuela), are described as new and the two existing species, Guyanobius adocetus Spangler, 1986 and Guyanobius simmonsorum Spangler, 1990, are redescribed. Prior records of G. adocetus from Suriname were erroneous and actually refer to G. queneyi sp. n. All known species of Guyanobius were collected in leaf packs in small forest streams. The discovery of the genus in the Venezuelan Andes adds a remarkable 1200 km westward extension to its known range. Diagnostic characters are illustrated and a key to species is presented.
Gender and agency in Indo‐European languages

Abstract Gender and agency are consistently equated with maleness in Indo‐European languages. It is argued that linguists must concern themselves with the cultural biases which underlie their grammatical conventions. The familiar Indo‐European categories are not “natural”; in any universal sense.
Capital social y cultura, claves esenciales del desarrollo

En este articulo se exploran las posibilidades que tienen el capital social y la cultura de aportar al desarrollo economico y social. El trabajo se centra particularmente en la situacion de America Latina, una region con graves problemas de pobreza, que afectan a vastos sectores de la poblacion, y de falta de equidad, que han llevado a que se le considere el continente con mayor desigualdad. Se argumenta aqui que, si bien es cierto que la integracion de los temas del capital social y la cultura a las discusiones sobre el desarrollo hace mas compleja la busqueda de estrategias y disenos adecuados, tambien lo es que las politicas basadas en disenos que marginan tales aspectos han demostrado tener profundas limitaciones. En el articulo se indaga en primer lugar en la idea de capital social, haciendo hincapie no en el analisis teorico, sino en la presencia concreta de este capital en realidades actuales. Luego se examina el capital social en accion en casos latinoamericanos y, por ultimo, se formulan algunas reflexiones sobre los posibles aportes de la cultura al desarrollo latinoamericano.
Whose space is MySpace? A content analysis of MySpace profiles

This study examines the content of MySpace pages to reveal the types of personal information users disclose on their pages and the types of communication users engage in via through their MySpace account. The researchers performed a traditional content analysis on MySpace user profiles to learn about user characteristics and about the types of content posted on profiles pages. Findings showed a clear pattern of use of the site for creating and developing personal identities and relationships online. Findings show a high degree of control by users over private information, with very few users posting personal information such as telephone numbers and addresses. The results of this research contribute to an understanding of the use of MySpace as a social networking site, a communication tool, and a means of self-disclosure and identity formation.
Antioxidant Nutrients and Chronic Disease: Use of Biomarkers of Exposure and Oxidative Stress Status in Epidemiologic Research

Oxidation of lipid, nucleic acids or protein has been suggested to be involved in the etiology of several chronic diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease, cataract, age-related macular degeneration and aging in general. A large body of research has investigated the potential role of antioxidant nutrients in the prevention of these and other chronic diseases. This review concentrates on the following antioxidant nutrients: beta-carotene and other carotenoids, vitamin E, vitamin C and selenium. The first part of the review emphasizes the utility of biological markers of exposure for these nutrients and the relationship to dietary intake data. The second part considers functional assays of oxidative stress status in humans including the strengths and limitations of various assays available for use in epidemiologic research. A wide variety of functional assays both in vivo and ex vivo, are covered, including various measures of lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, exhaled pentane/ethane, low-density lipoprotein resistance to oxidation, isoprostanes), DNA oxidation (oxidized DNA bases such as 8-OHdG, autoantibodies to oxidized DNA, modified Comet assay) and protein oxidation (protein carbonyls). Studies that have examined the effects of antioxidant nutrients on these functional markers are included for illustrative purposes. The review concludes with a discussion of methodologic issues and challenges for studies involving biomarkers of exposure to antioxidant nutrients and of oxidative stress status.
The Volcker Rule and Evolving Financial Markets

The Volcker Rule prohibits proprietary trading by banking entities - in effect, reintroducing to the financial markets a substantial portion of the Glass-Steagall Act’s static divide between banks and securities firms. This Article argues that the Glass-Steagall model is a fixture of the past - a financial Maginot Line within an evolving financial system. To be effective, new financial regulation must reflect new relationships in the marketplace. For the Volcker Rule, those relationships include a growing reliance by banks on new market participants to conduct traditional banking functions. Proprietary trading has moved to less-regulated businesses, in many cases, to hedge funds. The result is likely to be an increase in overall risk-taking, absent market or regulatory restraint. Ring-fencing hedge funds from other parts of the financial system may be increasingly difficult as markets become more interconnected. For example, new capital markets instruments - such as credit default swaps - enable banks to outsource credit risk to hedge funds and other market participants. Doing so permits banks to extend greater amounts of credit at lower cost. A decline in the hedge fund industry, therefore, may prompt a contraction in available credit by banks that are no longer able to manage risk as effectively as before. In short, even if proprietary trading is no longer located in banks, it may now be conducted by less-regulated entities that affect banks and banking activities. Banks that rely on hedge funds to manage credit risk will continue to be exposed to proprietary trading - perhaps less directly, but now also with less regulatory oversight, than before. The Volcker Rule, consequently, fails to reflect an important shift in the financial markets, arguing, at least initially, for a narrow definition of proprietary trading and a more fluid approach to implementing the Rule.
Catholick Congregational Clergy and Public Piety

The history of Congregationalism in early eighteenth-century Boston has long been dominated by the figure of Cotton Mather (1663-1728), the learned pastor of Boston's Second Church. From Benjamin Franklin's notice of Mather's "do-good" campaign of Christian charitable works to recent scholarly studies of Mather's closet piety, historians have measured the religious mood of the period by the yardstick of ideas, joys, and complaints in Mather's voluminous writings. In the process, some questions about the history of Congregationalism have been answered, but historical understanding of the period has been hindered by the relative lack of scholarly attention to the theology of other members of the clergy who served Boston congregations in the decades leading up to the Great Awakening. Given the fact that the Boston clergy was divided between two parties, namely the Matherians' and those opposed to them, it should be obvious that any assessment of this stage of Congregationalism that is based primarily on the testimony of one party will be untrustworthy. My purpose here is to outline the thinking of that other party, the "catholicks," with particular attention to how they addressed Congregationalism's most pressing issue, the nature of public piety. One hundred and fifty years ago Josiah Quincy, then president of Harvard, described the emergence in Boston in the early eighteenth century of a group of clergymen who were "eminently liberal in their religious views." He identified them as William Brattle (First Church, Cambridge), Benjamin Colman (Brattle Street Church), Ebenezer Pemberton (Old South Church), Benjamin Wadsworth (First Church), and Nathaniel Appleton (First Church, Cambridge). These ministers, together with Thomas Foxcroft (First Church) formed a group linked by friendship, family, and their shared experience of learning at the hands of John Leverett, tutor and eventual president of Harvard College. Their public perception as a political unit stemmed from their efforts to protect and extend the curriculum reforms engineered by
Characterization of aryl acylamidase activity from propanil-resistant barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.)

The enzyme, aryl acylamidase, was characterized in propanil-susceptible and propanil-resistant barnyardgrass with respect to kinetic parameters, the effects of inhibitors, and the levels of activity in dark- and light-grown tissues. The enzyme reaction in the resistant tissue preparation proceeded linearly with time over a 5 h time course, while activity in the susceptible tissue preparation was 2- to 4-fold lower and the activity tended to decrease after 2 h. The apparent Km values were 62.1 mmol L −1 and 3.1 mmol L −1 for the enzyme activity in the susceptible and resistant tissue preparations, respectively. Two herbicides (anilofos and piperophos), previously shown to synergize propanil injury against the resistant biotype, were found to be potent inhibitors of the in vitro aryl acylamidase activity.
Developmental stage-specific life-cycle bioassay for assessment of sediment-associated toxicant effects on benthic copepod production.

In chronic bioassays of sediment organic compounds, toxicant exposures often decline through time, such that the beginning of a test yields disproportionately higher exposures than the end. Thus, those life stages initiating a test often are exposed to the highest concentrations, and for rapidly maturing test fauna, this may lead to varying conclusions regarding compound toxicities depending on the initial life stage chosen. This problem can be addressed by comparative full life-cycle tests initiated with different test-organism life stages. Thus, a full life stage-to-life stage toxicity test was developed for the rapidly maturing meiobenthic copepod Amphiascus tenuiremis to assess the importance of developmental stage at the onset of sediment toxicant exposure relative to reproduction, net population growth, and sex and age structure. Tests were conducted with a model spiked-sediment insecticide, chlorpyrifos, for each of the major life stages (P1) of A. tenuiremis (nauplius, copepodite, and adult). Each P1 stage was allowed to mature and reproduce in low chlorpyrifos concentrations (6–33% of stage-specific 96-h LC50s; 4–22 ng chlorpyrifos/g dry sediment) for 26 d. Test endpoints were numbers of surviving adult females, males, eggs per female (clutch), first generation (F1) nauplii, F1 copepodites, F1 total production, and realized F1 production per surviving female. Only the copepodite P1 test showed a significant decline in survival of an adult age class: females declined by 28% at 22 ng/g. Reductions in total production ranged from 33–96% of controls from nauplius to adult. The P1 naupliar stage was most sensitive, with F1 production being 33–47% of that in controls. However, on a realized production per female basis, both the copepodite and naupliar P1 yielded significantly reduced F1S of 23 and 40% of controls at 11 and 22 ng/g.
Assessment of glycated hemoglobin using A1CNow+ point-of-care device as compared to central laboratory testing.

Background Hemoglobin A1c monitoring is routine care for patients with diabetes and may be obtained as often as every 3 months. Most family practice clinics are not equipped to evaluate a hemoglobin A1c result in the office. Obtaining a hemoglobin A1c result from a central laboratory can result in a delay, added expense, and inconvenience for the patient. To date, there are no published studies on the accuracy of the A1CNow+™, a point-of-care hemoglobin A1c monitoring device.
Trishear fault-propagation folding

Previous models of fault-propagation folding used kink-band geometries to approximate folding in front of propagating thrusts. However, kink-band kinematics cannot replicate the curved fold surfaces and complex strain patterns in natural and experimental fault-propagation folds, which also occur in front of steeper reverse and normal faults. Fault-propagation fold hinges tighten and converge downward, forming a triangular zone of penetrative deformation focused on the tip of the propagating fault. The downward convergence of deformation in fault-propagation folds can be modeled as triangular shear zones. "Trishear," here defined as distributed, strain-compatible shear in a triangular (in profile) shear zone, provides an alternate kinematic model for fault-propagation folds. Trishear is analogous to simple shear in a tabular shear zone except that area balance in a triangular shear zone requires curved displacement oblique to the fault slip direction. Incremental computer models of trishear folding can replicate many geometric features of fault-propagation folds, including variably curved fold hinges, downward-tightening fold surfaces, heterogeneous strains, and multiple fault-propagation trajectories.
The Measurement of the Luminescence of Fluoroscopic X-Ray Screens*

The selection of a superior fluoroscopic screen for direct x-ray observation and diagnosis requires the measurement of the visual effectiveness of the shadows of objects on the screen. At clinical levels of excitation ZnS-CdS fluoroscopic screens are excited to brightnesses near the condition of cone to rod transition. At these levels the color and thickness of the screen becomes critical. A series of screens of various colors and thicknesses was examined, and the optimal color and thickness was determined with the aid of an apparatus permitting psychometric technics. The selected screen provides cone stimulus in nearly all clinical situations.
Polymer electrolyte membrane resistance model

A model and an analytical solution for the model are presented for the resistance of the polymer electrolyte membrane of a H2/O2 fuel cell. The solution includes the effect of the humidity of the inlet gases and the gas pressure at the anode and the cathode on the membrane resistance. The accuracy of the solution is verified by comparison with experimental data. The experiments were carried out with a Nafion 112 membrane in a homemade fuel cell test station. The membrane resistances predicted by the model agree well with those obtained during the experiments.
Ionic/Electronic Conducting Characteristics of LiFePO4 Cathode Materials The Determining Factors for High Rate Performance

+ion diffusion coefficient of lithium iron phosphate LiFePO4 cathode materials should not be measured by the standard method because there is no composition variation but the movement of the LiFePO4/FePO4 interface during Li insertion/ extraction. A method to measure the intrinsic electronic and ionic conductivity of mixed conductive LiFePO4 was reported, for the first time, based on the conductivity measurements of mixed conductive solid electrolyte using blocking electrodes. The conductivities of the three LiFePO4 materials mixed electronic/ionic conductor, electronic conductor, and ionic conductor, were measured using the proposed method, and the electronic and ionic conductivities were linked with their electrochemical reaction kinetics and rate capabilities. These LiFePO4 samples have the same X-ray diffraction crystal structure and similar particle size, but different rate performance due to the difference in the ionic/electronic conductivity. The rate performance of the mixed electronic/ionic conductive LiFePO4 is much higher than that of the electronic conductive LiFePO4 and the ionic conductive
Macrophagic and microglial responses after focal traumatic brain injury in the female rat

After central nervous system injury, inflammatory macrophages (M1) predominate over anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2). The temporal profile of M1/M2 phenotypes in macrophages and microglia after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats is unknown. We subjected female rats to severe controlled cortical impact (CCI) and examined the postinjury M1/M2 time course in their brains. The motor cortex (2.5 mm left laterally and 1.0 mm anteriorly from the bregma) of anesthetized female Wistar rats (ages 8 to 10 weeks; N = 72) underwent histologically moderate to severe CCI with a 5-mm impactor tip. Separate cohorts of rats had their brains dissociated into cells for flow cytometry, perfusion-fixed for immunohistochemistry (IHC) and ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging or flash-frozen for RNA and protein analysis. For each analytical method used, separate postinjury times were included for 24 hours; 3 or 5 days; or 1, 2, 4 or 8 weeks. By IHC, we found that the macrophagic and microglial responses peaked at 5 to 7 days post-TBI with characteristics of mixed populations of M1 and M2 phenotypes. Upon flow cytometry examination of immunological cells isolated from brain tissue, we observed that peak M2-associated staining occurred at 5 days post-TBI. Chemokine analysis by multiplex assay showed statistically significant increases in macrophage inflammatory protein 1α and keratinocyte chemoattractant/growth-related oncogene on the ipsilateral side within the first 24 hours after injury relative to controls and to the contralateral side. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated expression of both M1- and M2-associated markers, which peaked at 5 days post-TBI. The responses of macrophagic and microglial cells to histologically severe CCI in the female rat are maximal between days 3 and 7 postinjury. The response to injury is a mixture of M1 and M2 phenotypes.
Combined Conduction, Natural Convection, and Radiation Heat Transfer in an Electronic Chassis

A numerical study of the combined heat transfer by conduction, natural convection, and radiation in a sealed electronic package is reported. The goal of the study is to investigate the importance of the various heat transfer modes, the effectiveness of different heat transfer paths, and the impact of a number of design changes on the overall thermal performance of a typical electronic package. The package consists of an enclosure containing three printed circuit boards on which are mounted various heat-generating electronic components. Heat transfer processes at both small (i.e., inside a component) and large (i.e., the package) scales as well as all heat transfer modes are included simultaneously in the numerical model. Both one and twodimensional radiation is considered. Results are presented in terms of streamline and isotherm plots and average temperatures and heat transfer rates. Overall, the numerical data show favorable agreement with available empirical data. One sig­ nificant conclusion is that natural convection inside the enclosure has only a minor effect on the heat transfer in the present system.
Victims of Their Own Cognitions: Implicit Social Cognitions, Emotional Distress, and Peer Victimization

Abstract This study investigated the relation between victimization and victimization-related distress and implicit social–cognitive processing. Eighty-seven 9–13 year old children completed measures of victimization experience and social cognitive processing tasks, including the emotional Stroop task and the self-concept Implicit Association Test (IAT). Participants also related narratives of personal victimization experiences. Results showed that children who experienced more frequent victimization and expressed more distress when discussing their victimization demonstrated increased implicit association of themselves as victims and greater use of emotionally dysregulated preemptive processing. This study represents the first evidence of a relation between distinct implicit processing patterns and chronic peer victimization among children.
Microbiological and Pharmacodynamic Considerations in the Treatment of Infection Due to Antimicrobial-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae

The incidence of antimicrobial-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae has increased alarmingly in recent years. The problem is exacerbated by the global spread of resistant organisms. Currently, the incidence of penicillin-resistant pneumococci isolated from clinical specimens in the United States is > or = 35%. For empirical oral treatment of community-acquired respiratory infections, 3 choices are available: beta-lactam agents, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones. In considering the therapeutic efficacy of these agents, it is essential to also take pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) factors into account. Many drugs are effective against penicillin-susceptible strains. However, the higher the minimum inhibitory concentration of penicillin, the more likely that cross-resistance to beta-lactam agents and macrolides will occur. Currently, the incidence of fluoroquinolone-resistant pneumococci is low; it is proposed that adequate dosing based on the PK/PD properties of fluoroquinolones may help reduce the emergence of resistant organisms. Prudent use of all antimicrobials is essential to decrease the emergence of strains resistant to these agents.
Letters to the editor: Force on a conductor in a slot: To the editor

INSTITUTE members and subscribers are invited to contribute to these columns expressions of opinion dealing with published articles, technical papers, or other subjects of general professional interest. While endeavoring to publish as many letters as possible, Electrical Engineering reserves the right to publish them in whole or in part or to reject them entirely. Statements in letters are expressly understood to be made by the writers. Publication here in no wise constitutes endorsement or recognition by the AIEE. All letters submitted for publication should be typewritten, double-spaced, not carbon copies. Any illustrations should be submitted in duplicate, one copy an inked drawing without lettering, the other lettered. Captions should be supplied for all illustrations.
Identification of Assemblage A Giardia in White-Tailed Deer

Fecal samples were collected from hunter-killed white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) during a managed hunt in a central Maryland county. Fecal samples were cleaned of debris and concentrated by CsCl density gradient centrifugation and stained with MerIFluor™ reagents. Stained samples were examined by fluorescent microscopy for the presence of Giardia sp. cysts. One of 26 samples was found to be positive for Giardia sp. Polymerase chain reaction amplification using primers directed to the β-giardin and TPI genes identified the same sample as the only positive one. Sequencing of the β-giardin and TPI genes revealed that the Giardia sp. belonged to assemblage A, a genotype infectious for humans and also reported in a small percentage of cattle. This is the first report of assemblage A Giardia sp. in deer and suggests that deer could be a potential source of infectious cysts for humans and cattle.
Childhood Learning Disabilities and Atypical Dementia: A Retrospective Chart Review

Objective To further our understanding of the association between self-reported childhood learning disabilities (LDs) and atypical dementia phenotypes (Atypical Dementia), including logopenic primary progressive aphasia (L-PPA), Posterior Cortical Atrophy (PCA), and Dysexecutive-type Alzheimer’s Disease (AD).
Stochastic Model of Turbulent Channel Flow

A stochastic model of incompressible turbulent channel flow is developed. The model is based solely upon knowledge of the mean velocity profile and energy considerations derived from the Navier-Stokes' equations, yet provides a description of the entire turbulent field. In the model, turbulence is presumed to occur as highly structured elements of fluid or eddies. These eddies are initiated along the walls as a Poisson Process and diffuse outward into the flow. The diffusion of eddies is described by a Wiener process in the high shear regions near the walls and an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process in the center region. A mathematical form for the eddies is postulated which is a random function of the entire past history of the eddy in relation to the mean shear. The eddies grow and then decay as the flow progresses. From such information, a stochastic description of the velocity at any point in the flow is obtained. All spatial correlations of the velocity field may thus be determined through an analysis in which Eulerian statistics are derived from Lagrangian densities. Second moments are computed and compared with available experimental data.
Proactively applied encryption in multipath networks

In providing data privacy on multipath networks, it is important to conserve bandwidth by ensuring that only the necessary level of encryption is applied to each path. This is achieved by dispersing data along multiple secure paths in such a way that the highest encryption level is applied to those paths where threats are most likely to be present. Conversely, for those paths where the likelihood of attack is least, the encryption levels should be commensurately lower. In order to maintain data privacy, path encryption level adjustments should be proactive. In so doing, the multipath network should have the ability to calculate the probability of an attack and proactively adjust the encryption strength long before the final steps of an attack sequence occur. The unique methods described in this research, are able to sense when an attack sequence is initiated on a path. This is achieved by calculating the probability of the presence of specific attack sequence signatures along each network path using statistical learning techniques, and by deriving path information assurance levels using these probabilities. As an attack sequence progresses, the likelihood of the presence of specific attacks grows until a threshold level is met and an encryption adjustment for a path is warranted.
Deafness among physicians and trainees: A national survey

PurposeTo describe the characteristics of and accommodations used by the deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHoH) physician and trainee population and examine whether these individuals are more likely to care for DHoH patients.MethodMultipronged snowball sampling identified 86 potential DHoH physician and tr
Indications and outcomes of resident-performed cataract surgery requiring return to the operating room

Purpose To identify the clinical and operative factors predicting reoperation within 30 days of resident-performed cataract surgery and correlate them with 1-year visual outcomes. Setting Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA. Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods The study assessed patients who had resident-performed cataract surgery between 2005 and 2013 and required return to the operating room for a second surgery on the same eye within 30 days. Preoperative and intraoperative risk factors were assessed. Outcome measures included corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) at 1 year. Results A review of 6644 resident-performed cataract surgeries showed that 54 eyes (0.85%) of 54 patients required a return to the operating room within 30 days. The reoperation rate was higher in the first half of the academic year (1.18%) than in the second half (0.55%) (P = .004). The mean CDVA 1 year postoperatively was 20/40, with a loss of lines of vision in 4 eyes. The mean operative time was 59.23 minutes ± 35.05 (SD). A longer intraoperative time was predictive of a worse visual outcome (P Conclusions Despite the need for reoperation within 30 days, most patients achieved improved visual acuity. The reoperation rate was significantly lower in the second half of the academic year. Increased operation times correlated with worse visual acuity independent of other variables. Financial Disclosure None of the authors has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Wettability Altering Secondary Oil Recovery in Carbonate Rocks

Carbonate rocks tend to be oil-wet, leading to lower oil relative permeability and lower oil recovery in the life of a waterflood, which is about 3 pore volume (PV) injection. The goal of this work...
Age Structure and Reproductive Biology of a Natural House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Population

Spatial and temporal components of sex ratio and female age structure were studied in sweep net samples of Musca domestica L. Nine age groups were recognized. Collections were made on nine dates from three sites at a dairy farm. Diurnal components of sex ratio and age structure also were investigated by making sweeps at 0700, 1200, and 1700 hours at one sampling location. Insemination rates were examined with respect to gonotrophic development. Sex ratio and proportions of gravid females did not vary consistently over space or time. The proportion of males netted increased linearly with hour of the day. Insemination correlated with the onset of vitellogenesis and was 91% complete within a day. Previtellogenic females (<2.5 days old) were virgin; their relative abundance was greatest where males were most abundant and parous flies were least abundant. The effective sex ratio of males to receptive virgins was estimated to be ca. 6:1.
The Effect of Screen Boundary, Familiarity, and Data Type on User's Decision to Scroll or Window

When confronted with the task of moving information on a CRT display, what factors affect the decision to use a window or scroll method? This experiment examined 79 users' decisions to scroll or window based on the type of data, pattern, and movement on a CRT display. Subjects with experience in the control of data on a display preferred to scroll. A significantly greater proportion of users chose to scroll when they were familiar with the pattern displayed and when the movement was constrained within the boundary of the screen. The type of movement also significantly affected the time required to indicate whether the movement was due to scrolling or windowing.