cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The correlation between bioelectrical and morphogenetic polarity during regeneration in Tubularia.

Abstract Conditions, flowing water and higher temperature, which favor regeneration locally, make those regions electronegative to nearby regions, in Tubularia . Conditions which retard regeneration locally tend to make the local region electropositive. When a proximal end is favored locally and the inherent gradient favoring the distal end is partially overcome, both ends may regenerate. In this event both ends are negative to the middle before visible regeneration. The various conditions known to determine position of regeneration in Tubularia all make the region which will regenerate electronegative before there is visible regeneration. Tentacle ridges appear with their distal ends pointing toward the most negative locus. Changing the polarity of the bioelectric field changed both the position and direction of regeneration.
Alcoholism and Dementia

This article reviews epidemiological, neurological, cognitive, and imaging data on alcohol-induced dementia. Recent studies indicate that “heavy alcohol use” (variously defined) is a contributing f...
Paradigms of Chinese Politics: kicking society back out

More than three decades of research since reforms were launched has significantly expanded our understanding of China's changing political landscape. In that period, new paradigmatic assumptions have been brought to bear on the study of China to challenge the traditional state-centered approach. Among these have been state–society, society-centered, historical, and globalized models. While such works have enriched our understanding of this dynamic polity, a close reading of them shows that the state-centered paradigm remains the most appropriate one for the study of China's politics. Brief consideration is given to the reasons for this and to how it might change.
Topography of the femoral attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament.

BACKGROUND: The success of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction has varied. The objective of this study was to determine quantitatively and qualitatively the topography and osseous landmarks of the femoral footprints of the anterolateral and posteromedial bundles of the posterior cruciate ligament, to improve surgical reconstruction. METHODS: Twenty unpaired knees from twenty human cadavers were evaluated. The surface features of the femoral footprints of the anterolateral and posteromedial bundles of the posterior cruciate ligament were studied by means of macroscopic observation and three-dimensional laser photography. RESULTS: We observed, both visually and with three-dimensional laser photography, an osseous prominence located proximal to the femoral footprint of the posterior cruciate ligament in eighteen of the twenty human knees. This osseous landmark, denominated the “medial intercondylar ridge,” determined the proximal border of the posterior cruciate ligament footprint. In eight of the twenty knees, we observed a small osseous prominence between the anterolateral and posteromedial bundles of the posterior cruciate ligament. A clear change in the slope of the femoral footprint of the posterior cruciate ligament was observed between the anterolateral and posteromedial bundles. The average area of the posterior cruciate ligament footprint (and standard deviation) was 209 ± 33.82 mm2, the average area of the anterolateral bundle was 118 ± 23.95 mm2, and the average area of the posteromedial bundle was 90 ± 16.13 mm2. CONCLUSIONS: The femoral footprint of the posterior cruciate ligament has a unique surface anatomy, consisting of a medial intercondylar ridge and a medial bifurcate ridge. The medial intercondylar ridge is observed more frequently. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These anatomical findings may assist surgeons in performing posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in a more anatomical fashion.
A communication model of conceptual innovation in science

This essay exploring the nature of scientific communication begins with the premise that conceptual innovation is both a fundamental scientific activity and essentially a communication phenomenon. Conceptual innovation is fundamental as a scientific practice in that science as an institution is predicated on the development of new knowledge. It is essentially communicative in that it is the public character of science that relies on the consensual and communal evaluation of knowledge claims that determines the fate of new ideas. Science comprises a number of overlapping discursive formations whose nature is determined by the positions of (and relationships among) actors and ideas within communication and ideational networks, and which are characterized by a particular situational logic. The nature of these situational logics is such as to give rise to some of the characteristic communication dynamics of science, including consensus, problemshift, branching, and demarcation.
EXCES: External caching in energy saving storage systems

Power consumption within the disk-based storage subsystem forms a substantial portion of the overall energy footprint in commodity systems. Researchers have proposed external caching on a persistent, low-power storage device, which we term external caching device (ECD), to minimize disk activity and conserve energy. While recent simulation-based studies have argued in favor of this approach, the lack of an actual system implementation has precluded answering several key questions about external caching systems. We present the design and implementation of EXCES, an external caching system that employs prefetching, caching, and buffering of disk data for reducing disk activity. EXCES addresses important questions related to external caching, including the estimation of future data popularity, I/O indirection, continuous reconfiguration of the ECD contents, and data consistency. We evaluated EXCES with both micro- and macro-benchmarks that address idle, I/O intensive, and real-world workloads. Overall system energy savings was found to lie in the modest 2-14% range, depending on the workload, in somewhat of a contrast to the higher values predicted by earlier studies. Furthermore, while the CPU and memory overheads of EXCES were well within acceptable limits, we found that flash-based external caching can substantially degrade I/O performance. We believe that external caching systems hold promise. Further improvements in ECD technology, both in terms of their power consumption and performance characteristics can help realize the full potential of such systems.
Traditional and social media coverage and charitable giving following the 2010 earthquake in Haiti.

Introduction Media reports on disasters may play a role in inspiring charitable giving to fund post-disaster recovery, but few analyses have attempted to explore the potential link between the intensity of media reporting and the amount of charitable donations made. The purposes of this study were to explore media coverage during the first four weeks of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti in order to assess changes in media-intensity, and to link this information to data on contributions for emergency assistance to determine the impact of media upon post-disaster charitable giving. METHODS: Data on newspaper and newswire coverage of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti were gathered from the NexisLexis database, and traffic on Twitter and select Facebook sites was gathered from social media analyzers. The aggregated measure of charitable giving was gathered from the Center for Philanthropy at Indiana University. The intensity of media reporting was compared with charitable giving over time for the first month following the event, using regression modeling. RESULTS: Post-disaster coverage in traditional media and Twitter was characterized by a rapid rise in the first few days following the event, followed by a gradual but consistent decline over the next four weeks. Select Facebook sites provided more sustained coverage. Both traditional and new media coverage were positively correlated with donations: every 10% increase in Twitter messages relative to the peak percentage was associated with an additional US $236,540 in contributions, while each additional ABC News story was associated with an additional US $963,800 in contributions. CONCLUSIONS: While traditional and new media coverage wanes quickly after disaster-causing events, new and social media platforms may allow stories, and potentially charitable giving, to thrive for longer periods of time. Lobb A, Mock N, Hutchinson PL. Traditional and social media coverage and charitable giving following the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012; 27(4):1-6. Language: en
Neighborhood-Level Cohesion and Disorder: Measurement and Validation in Two Older Adult Urban Populations

Objectives. Drawing from collective effi cacy and social disorganization theories, we developed and validated measures of neighborhood-level social processes. Methods. Data came from 2 large, population-based cohort studies of urban-dwelling older adults, the Chicago Neighborhood and Disability Study (CNDS, n = 3,882) and the Baltimore Memory Study (BMS, n = 1,140). Data on neighborhood social processes were collected from residents using a standardized instrument identical in the 2 studies. We used confi rmatory factor analysis and descriptive statistics to explore reliability and validity of the neighborhood-level measures. Results. Confi rmatory factor analysis indicated 2 latent factors: social cohesion and exchange (i.e., observations of and interactions with neighbors) and social and physical disorder (i.e., neighborhood problems and unsafe conditions). Neighborhood-level measures of cohesion and disorder showed moderate to high levels of internal consistency (alphas = .78 and .85 in CNDS and .60 and .88 in BMS). Inter-resident agreements were low (intra-neighborhood correlation coeffi cients = .08 and .11 in CNDS and .05 and .33 in BMS). Cohesion showed a modest, positive association with a composite measure of neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES). Disorder showed a strong, negative association with neighborhood SES. Conclusions. Findings provide initial evidence of the reliability and construct validity of these neighborhood-level
From Infinity to Zero and Back Again to Infinity (From Mixed Rare Earths to Ultrapure Metals to Pseudo-Lanthanides)

This paper concerns two topics with which the author is involved. The first is the continuing effort to purify the rare earth metals beyond four nines (99. 99 at. %) purity. It appears that we are on the threshold of a major advance - five nines purity on an atomic basis with respect to all the elements in the periodic table.
Synthesis of several N,N'-haloacyl analogs of N,N'-diphenylethylenediamine as potential antineoplastic agents.

Several bis-haloacyl derivatives of N , N ′-diphenylethylenediamine have been prepared for the purpose of evaluating their possible antineoplastic activity.
A novel oxygen gas sensor utilizing thin film diamond diode with catalyzed tin oxide electrode

Abstract A novel microelectronic device utilizing the gas sensing properties of tin oxide SnOx and electrical properties of plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposited (PECVD) diamond film for oxygen gas sensing at higher and wide temperature range is presented in this paper. The sensor is fabricated as a layer of catalyst/SnOx(adsorptive oxide)/i(intrinsic)-diamond/p+-diamond CAIS structure. The performance of the new microelectronic gas sensor has demonstrated a large sensitivity to oxygen gas. The response is reproducible and repeatable. Activation energy of oxygen adsorption by the new microelectronic gas sensor is low. The sensor has also indicated CO detection in air ambient.
Study of landscape change under forest harvesting and climate warming-induced fire disturbance

We examined tree species responses under forest harvesting and an increased fire disturbance scenario due to climate warming in northern Wisconsin where northern hardwood and boreal forests are currently predominant. Individual species response at the ecosystem scale was simulated with a gap model, which integrates soil, climate and species data, stratified by ecoregions. Such responses were quantified as species establishment coefficients. These coefficients were used to parameterize a spatially explicit landscape model, LANDIS. Species response to climate warming at the landscape scale was simulated with LANDIS, which integrates ecosystem dynamics with spatial processes including seed dispersal, fire disturbance, and forest harvesting. Under a 5 degrees C annual temperature increase predicted by global climate models (GCM), our simulation results suggest that significant change in species composition and abundance could occur in the two ecoregions in the study area. In the glacial lake plain (lakeshore) ecoregion under warming conditions, boreal and northern hardwood species such as red oak, sugar maple, white pine, balsam fir, paper birch, yellow birch, and aspen decline gradually during and after climate warming. Southern species such as white ash, hickory, bur oak, black oak, and white oak, which are present in minor amounts before the warming, increase in abundance on the landscape. The transition of the northern hardwood and boreal forest to one dominated by southern species occurs around year 200. In the sand barrens ecoregion under warming conditions, red pine initially benefits from the decline of other northern hardwood species, and its abundance quickly increases. However, red pine and jack pine as well as new southern species are unable to reproduce, and the ecoregion could transform into a region with only grass and shrub species around 250 years under warming climate. Increased fire frequency can accelerate the decline of shadetolerant species such as balsam fir and sugar maple and accelerate the northward migration of southern species. Forest harvesting accelerated the decline of northern hardwood and boreal tree species. This is especially obvious on the barrens ecoregion, where the intensive cutting regime contributed to the decline of red pine and jack pine already under stressed environments. Forest managers may instead consider a conservative cutting plan or protective management scenarios with limited forest harvesting. This could prolong the transformation of the barrens into prairie from one-half to one tree life cycle.
The Institutionalization of Reason

Kant's description of an enlightened society as involving the free use of reason in public debate has received due attention in recent work on Kant. When thinking of Kant's view of Enlightenment, one now conjures up the image of free persons speaking their mind in what is now often called the ‘public sphere’. Jurgen Habermas is well known for taking Kant to be committed to wide participation of individuals in public debate. Kant's own suggestion for a motto for the Enlightenment, ‘Sapere aude’, seems to speak to all citizens when urging them to ‘Have courage to make use of your own understanding’ (8: 35).
Using Research to Improve Literacy Practice and Practice to Improve Literacy Research

The disconnection between research and practice is not a new phenomenon, but as researchers and educators look toward the future of deaf education, it seems crucial to look back at the reasons behind this disconnection with the goal of creating a professional milieu in which we use research to improve literacy practice and practice to improve literacy research with deaf students. This article examines the issues underlying the relatively insignificant impact of research on literacy practice from the perspectives of the fields of literacy, special education, and deaf education.
A comparison between usage-based and citation-based methods for recommending scholarly research articles

This study compares some of the behavioural characteristics of two recommender systems for scholarly articles in a digital library: a usage-based recommender and an experimental citation-based recommender. Experimental results show that article recommendations based only on usage data are slightly better at solving the perennial data-sparsity problem that plagues collaborative filtering recommenders in digital libraries. However, citation-based recommendations are more semantically diverse and have less in common with conventional search results than the usage-based method. However both of these methods are complementary since most of the time if one recommender produces a list of recommendations the other does not.
Wolves, elk, willows, and trophic cascades in the upper Gallatin Range of Southwestern Montana, USA

Abstract We summarized the status of wolves (Canis lupus), elk (Cervis elaphus), and woody browse conditions during the 20th century for the upper Gallatin elk winter range in southwestern Montana, USA. During this period, wolves were present until about the mid-1920s, absent for seven decades, and then returned to the basin in 1996. A chronosequence of photographs, historical reports, and studies indicated willows (Salix spp.) along streams became heavily browsed and eventually suppressed following the removal of wolves, apparently due to unimpeded browsing by elk. However, after wolf establishment in 1996, browsing intensity on willows lessened in some areas and we hypothesized that, at both a landscape and fine scale, browsing pressure reflects terrain configurations influencing predation risk (nonlethal effects), in conjunction with lower elk densities (lethal effects). We measured browsing intensity and heights of Booth willow (S. boothii) along 3000 m reaches of the Gallatin River and a tributary to examine the potential influence of wolf/elk interactions upon willow growth. Where the Gallatin Valley is relatively narrow (high predation risk), willows began releasing in 1999 and by 2002 were relatively tall (150–250 cm). In contrast, willow heights along a wider portion of the Gallatin Valley, along the open landscape of the tributary, and an upland site (all low predation risk) generally remained low (
Historia y porvenir del negro caribeño en Costa Rica en las obras recientes de Quince Duncan

Se muestra como las obras de ficcion de Quince Duncan presentan un buen recuento de las tensiones peculiares que distinguen a la provincia de Limon, en Costa Rica, una zona de la costa atlantica cuya cultura es indiscutiblemente caribena y, por lo tanto, distinta del interior Centroamericano. Desde que el autor empezo a escribir su proposito ha sido dar a conocer la historia de esa zona del pais. Por otro lado, se hace mencion de algunas de sus obras como Pozo y una carta, Bronce, Cancion en la madrugada, Hombres curtidos, Cuatro espejos, Paz del Pueblo, Rebelion pocomia y otros relatos, El negro en Costa Rica, El negro en la literatura Costarricense, Paz del pueblo y Poesia Nicaraguense.
Effect of Testing for IgG Avidity in the Diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Pregnant Women: Experience in a US Reference Laboratory

The usefulness of testing for IgG avidity in association with Toxoplasma gondii was evaluated in a US reference laboratory. European investigators have reported that high-avidity IgG toxoplasma antibodies exclude acute infection in the preceding 3 months. In this US study, 125 serum samples taken from 125 pregnant women in the first trimester were chosen retrospectively, because either the IgM or differential agglutination (AC/HS) test in the Toxoplasma serologic profile suggested or was equivocal for a recently acquired infection. Of 93 (74.4%) serum samples with either positive or equivocal results in the IgM ELISA, 52 (55.9%) had high-avidity antibodies, which suggests that the infection probably was acquired before gestation. Of 87 (69.6%) serum samples with an acute or equivocal result in the AC/HS test, 35 (40.2%) had high-avidity antibodies. Forty women were given spiramycin, to prevent congenital transmission, and 7 (17.5%) had high-avidity antibodies. These findings highlight the value of testing a single serum sample obtained in the first trimester of pregnancy for IgG avidity.
Detection and avoidance of hypoxic water by juvenile Callinectes sapidus and C. similis

Detection and avoidance of hypoxic water by juvenile blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun and C. similis Williams were observed under laboratory conditions. Hypoxia avoidance was quantified within an avoidance chamber using response time (time in minutes before a crab's initial entry into the normoxic side of the avoidance chamber after the introduction of hypoxic water into the chamber), total time (amount of time spent by each crab at the hypoxic end of the chamber during the final 50 min of each 60 min treatment), activity (total distance travelled by a crab during a treatment), percent avoidance and preferred oxygen tension as indices of measurement. The mean preferred oxygen tension for C. sapidus was 112 torr oxygen (range = 98 to 125 torr) and for C. similis was 108 torr oxygen (range = 82 to 121 torr). Both species were able to detect hypoxic water and remain at an optimum oxygen tension. When percent avoidance, response time and total time were used as measures of avoidance, C. similis was found to detect and avoid hypoxic water at 0, 25 and 50 torr oxygen tension but not at any higher levels of hypoxia. C. sapidus, on the other hand, did not initiate any significant avoidance behavior even when the water was completely anoxic. Both species of crabs were more active at the higher oxygen tensions than in the more hypoxic levels. Behavioral responses associated with short-term hypoxic exposure included increased activity with the introduction of hypoxic water into the chamber, frequent movement of the eye-stalk, avoidance of hypoxic water by slowly crawling out of the hypoxic zone, restless and erratic movements, and rapid movements of the crabs' antennae. We conclude that C. similis can better detect and avoid hypoxia than C. sapidus.
When the State Speaks, What Should It Say? The Dilemmas of Freedom of Expression and Democratic Persuasion

Hate groups are often thought to reveal a paradox in liberal thinking. On the one hand, such groups challenge the very foundations of liberal thought, including core values of equality and freedom. On the other hand, these same values underlie the rights such as freedom of expression and association that protect hate groups. Thus a liberal democratic state that extends those protections to such groups in the name of value neutrality and freedom of expression may be thought to be undermining the values on which its legitimacy rests. In this paper, I suggest how this apparent paradox might be resolved. I argue that the state should protect the expression of illiberal beliefs, but that the state (along with its citizens) is also obligated to criticize publicly those beliefs. Distinguishing between two kinds of state action—coercive and expressive—I contend that such criticism should be pursued through the state's expressive capacities in its roles as speaker, educator, and spender. Here I extend the familiar idea that law, to be legitimate, must be widely publicized; I contend that a proper theory of the freedom of expression obligates the legitimate state to publicize the reasons that underlie rights, in particular reasons that appeal to the entitlement of each citizen subject to coercion to be treated as free and equal. My theory of freedom of expression is thus “expressive” in two senses: it protects the entitlement of citizens to express any political viewpoint, and it emphasizes a role for the state in explaining these free-speech protections and persuading its citizens of the value of the entitlements that underlie them.
The Impact of Affective and Relational Factors on Classroom Experience and Career Outlook among First-year Engineering Undergraduates

This paper presents partial results of a study designed to explore interrelationships among affective/relational factors and perceptions of fulfillment, competency, career, and classroom experience. Three related hypotheses are evaluated regarding how affective and relational factors relate to the student's classroom experiences and career outlook. The first two hypotheses predict that positive (internal) affect and positive relationships with others will be highly correlated to positive experiences in the classroom. The last hypotheses predicts that students who experience the classroom in a positive way will have a more positive career outlook. All three hypotheses were confirmed in this study with statistically significant results.
Cell-based therapy in lung regenerative medicine

Chronic lung diseases are becoming a leading cause of death worldwide. There are few effective treatments for those patients and less choices to prevent the exacerbation or even reverse the progress of the diseases. Over the past decade, cell-based therapies using stem cells to regenerate lung tissue have experienced a rapid growth in a variety of animal models for distinct lung diseases. This novel approach offers great promise for the treatment of several devastating and incurable lung diseases, including emphysema, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. In this review, we provide a concise summary of the current knowledge on the attributes of endogenous lung epithelial stem/progenitor cells (EpiSPCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in both animal models and translational studies. We also describe the promise and challenges of tissue bioengineering in lung regenerative medicine. The therapeutic potential of MSCs is further discussed in IPF and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD).
Locomotion induced by spinal cord stimulation in the neonate rat in vitro.

The present studies employed the neonate rat brain stem-spinal cord preparation to determine whether electrical stimulation of the lumbosacral enlargement (LE) of the spinal cord itself can be used to elicit locomotion, and whether or not such stimulation persists in inducing locomotion following midthoracic spinal cord transection or hindlimb deafferentation. Results suggest that (1) stimulation of the dorsal columns or ventral funiculus of the LE is effective in inducing airstepping in the neonatal rat brain stem-spinal cord limb-attached preparation; (2) central disconnection by midthoracic spinal cord transection does not alter LE-stimulation-induced airstepping and may lead to an increase in stepping frequency if suprathreshold stimulation is used; and (3) dorsal root section also leads to an increase in the frequency of suprathreshold LE-stimulation-induced locomotion, but there is no further increase in frequency if a spinal cord transection is performed in addition to dorsal rhizotomy.
Effect of Mastitis on Proteolytic Activity in Bovine Milk

Proteolytic activity of milk was studied before, during, and after experimental-induced mastitis. An inoculum of Streptococcus agalactiae was infused into one quarter of each udder of six cows to elicit an infection. Bacteriological cultures and SCC of milk were used to monitor infection status. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE was used to measure proteolytic activity of milk. Inhibitor 6-amino-n-hexanoic acid was used to determine the relative proportion of plasmin and nonplasmin proteolytic activity of milk. Somatic cell count, total milk proteolytic activity, and nonplasmin proteolytic activity were higher in infected quarters than in quarters preinfection. After elimination of infections, SCC and nonplasmin proteolytic activity decreased to preinfection amounts. Total proteolytic activity of milk decreased after infections were cured but remained significantly higher than preinfection activity. This postinfection proteolytic activity in milk may be due to an increase in milk plasmin activity. Our data suggest that detrimental effects of mastitis on milk quality can continue after infection has been eliminated and milk SCC have returned to low values.
Pigmentation of Egg Yolks by Xanthophylls from Corn, Marigold, Alfalfa and Synthetic Sources

Abstract Leghorn-type hens in cages and floor pens were used to evaluate pigmenting potential for producing table-egg and intensely colored egg yolks from the xanthophylls in corn gluten meal, alfalfa and marigold meal and for β-apo 8′ carotenal (BAC) and the carotenoic acid ethyl ester (BACE). There were no consistent differences in utilization efficiencies between corn gluten meal, 20% protein dehydrated alfalfa meal, a 40% protein alfalfa concentrate, total xanthophyll extracts of corn or alfalfa or BAC. Xanthophylls in marigold meal, although most concentrated, were least utilizable and BACE was most efficiently utilized. Lutein isolated from alfalfa was not utilized as well at levels up to 22 p.p.m. as the xanthophylls of alfalfa meal or the alfalfa extracts, suggesting the presence of a factor in the latter materials which enhances xanthophyll utilization. Utilization was superior for caged hens vs. floor housed hens.
Delay and Jitter Analysis of Generalized Demand-Assignment Multiple Access (DAMA) Protocols with General Traffic

The next generation of wireless networks are expected to support multimedia and real-time applications with quality of service (QoS) guaranteed. While bandwidth is a scarce resource in wireless and mobile communications, the demand for higher bandwidth is growing, particularly for multimedia applications that are delay-sensitive and/or loss-sensitive. In wireless networks with real-time traffic, there is a need for steady throughput with stable latency to satisfy the QoS requirements for real-time applications. In this paper, we provide the delay and jitter analysis of the demand assignment multiple access (DAMA) in closed form, which is based on a generalized time-division multiple access (G-TDMA) protocol, in which heterogenous stations with diverse demands for bandwidth use one or more time slots during a frame time. The number of assigned slots for a station is proportional to the station's traffic demand and the available bandwidth.
The Relationship Between Collision-Assisted Zeeman and Hanle Resonances and Transverse Optical Pumping

Four-wave light mixing experiments to study the phenomenon of collision-induced coherence were reported at two previous laser spectroscopy conferences [1,2]. In the meantime a full-length paper has reviewed the collision-induced Zeeman coherences [3]. More recently, the observation of collision-induced Hanle resonances in zero magnetic field has also been reported by us [4]. The connection of these collision-assisted Hanle resonances and transverse optical pumping was pointed out [5]. The language of optical pumping [6] was also employed by KOSTER et al. [7] to describe Hanle resonances in phase conjugate four-wave mixing experiments. It is the purpose of this note to elaborate on this relationship.and to discuss differences in the behavior of the collision-assisted four-wave-mixing signal for tuning near the D1 and D2 resonance lines, respectively.
Stable Analysis Patterns for Systems

Software analysis patterns play an important role in reducing the overall cost and compressing the time of software project lifecycles. However, building reusable and stable software analysis patterns is still considered a major and delicate challenge. This book proposes a novel concept for building analysis patterns based on software stability and is a modern approach for building stable, highly reusable, and widely applicable analysis patterns. The book also aims to promote better understanding of problem spaces and discusses how to focus requirements analysis accurately. It demonstrates a new approach to discovering and creating stable analysis patterns (SAPs). This book presents a pragmatic approach to understanding problem domains, utilizing SAPs for any field of knowledge, and modeling stable software systems, components, and frameworks. It helps readers attain the basic knowledge that is needed to analyze and extract analysis patterns from any domain of interest. Readers also learn to master methods to document patterns in an effective, easy, and comprehensible manner. Bringing significant contributions to the field of computing, this book is a unique and comprehensive reference manual on SAPs. It provides insight on handling the understanding of problem spaces and supplies methods and processes to analyze user requirements accurately as well as ways to use SAPs in building myriad cost-effective and highly maintainable systems. The book also shows how to link SAPs to the design phase thereby ensuring a smooth transition between analysis and design.
Immobilization of suspended mammalian cells: analysis of hollow fiber and microcapsule bioreactors.

Model equations of substrate mass transfer and uptake have been formulated for two bioreactor systems: microcapsules and a hollow fiber reactor. Assumptions include time independence, Fickian diffusion, homogenous cell suspension, and kinetics described by the zero and first order limits of the Monod equation. Glucose and oxygen were the substrates chosen for investigation of the kinetic and diffusion limitations. For microcapsules, the resulting radial concentration profiles indicated the possibility of a necrotic core due to insufficient substrate in those cases where diffusion is low and/or uptake is high. The model equations provide a means of estimating the maximum capsule radius which will allow adequate diffusion of nutrients to all of the contained cells. The simulated concentration gradients developed for a hollow fiber reactor demonstrate that diffusion limitations may exist at the far end of the reactor. Concentration gradients are shown both in the fiber lumens (in the axial direction) as well as in the shell space (in the radial direction). Variation of model parameters provides information on system specifications to avoid these diffusion limitations.
Use of a Modified Procedure for Treating Small Amounts of Red Blood Cells with 2-Aminoethylisothiouronium Bromide

Abstract Kell null red blood cell samples can be prepared using 2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide (AET). This article describes a modification whereby only three drops of a 5% red blood cell suspension may be AET treated. This procedure has been used routinely in the authors' laboratory for more than a year. One patient's serum contained anti-Kpb plus anti-C and anti-D. Tests with panel cells pretreated with AET made it possible to identify underlying Rh antibodies without using a panel of genetic Kpb negative red blood cells. Of 24 red blood cell eluates from patient sample with warm autoantibodies, one had specificity within the Kell blood group system. This small volume AET-treatment method is a quick screen for the differentiation of a Kell-related specificity from a non-Kell specificity of both warm autoantibodies and alloantibodies to high-incidence antigens.
Absorption from the Rabbit's Colonic Spindle (Fusus Coli) and Adjacent Sections of the Colon

The colonic spindle of the rabbit is an anatomical and functional modification of the gut connecting the ascending colon with the descending colon.1 One of its functional activities is to squeeze out the liquid contents of the scybala formed in the ascending colon and to deliver these scybala, now hard and relatively dry, to the immediately adjacent descending colon.2The present paper deals with the rate of absorption occurring in (1) the colonic spindle, (2) the ascending colon proximal to the spindle and (3) the descending colon distal to the spindle. A 1% solution of strychnin sulphate was used to betray absorption, the dose being 1 mg. per kilo rabbit injected into the ligated section of the gut.The rabbits were narcotized satisfactorily by injecting 5 mg. of morphin sulphate per kilo subcutaneously. After laparotomy, a section of the ascending colon (single row of haustra) or the spindle itself, or a section of the thin walled descending colon was doubly ligated, carefully sparing the blood supply. T...
Data collection strategies for patient-reported information.

The U.S. health care transition demands increased accountability for medical care. This has contributed to increased interest in documenting medical outcomes, including improvements in health-related quality of life and treatment satisfaction. These data can only be obtained by asking patients directly about their current health state, perception of well-being, and satisfaction with care. Systematic collection of patient-reported data is often poorly done because its demands are underestimated and inadequately supported. Rigorous quality assurance is critical in any clinical trial or treatment delivery evaluation program.
Waiting it out: Time, action, and the process of securing benefits

Waiting is an under-explored area of social stratification and domination. Lower-income Americans frequently endure long waits, including waits to secure social welfare benefits, and these waits ma...
EVALUTATION ON THE RUNNING EFFECT OF FARMER COOPERATION ORGANIZATION——BASED ON HUPI GRAPE ASSOCIATION OF YUSHUI ZONE IN XINYU CITY JIANGXI PROVINCE

Famrer cooperation organization is an effective carrier to lead farmer's income increasing,to promote agricultural industrilization in the whole mainland.It is necessary to evaluate its running effect scientically.Also the evaluation results are the important source to absorb farmers' atttending and for the Government to support the organization further.Fuzzy Synthesis Evaluation Method has been applied to construct scientical and operational evalutation system to assess the running result of farmer cooperation organization,and practical analysis based on Hupi Grape Association of Yushui Zone in Xinyu of Jiangxi Province has been applied.
A Model-Driven Case Study of Developing a Complex Domain-Specific System

The increasing complexity of software projects makes it necessary to conduct software development by a well-defined methodology. The initial phases in the development process are crucial in the building of a correct and robust system. The system design has to be verified by the user to ensure that all requirements are met before coding commences. Models, with their supporting tools and prototypes provide a graphical representation of the overall system. In this case study, the benefits of applying a model-driven approach in the development of a complex domain-specific project is assessed. The case study involves the interpretation of mass spectra of unknown compounds. Mass spectrum is widely used in the fields of chemistry, forensic sciences, biochemistry, and other related fields. Analysis of mass spectrum is a tedious and time-consuming process. While there are software tools available for analysis of mass spectrum, their complexity and high cost, limit their use to a few institutions.
Binding of digoxigenin to sodium- and potassium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase.

[12α- 3 H]Digoxigenin was prepared by the reduction of 12-dehydrodigoxigenin with NaB 3 H 4 . Binding to the sodium- and potassium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase was studied at room temperature. Digoxigenin bound to the enzyme with high affinity. This binding was eliminated by prior ouabain treatment and was dependent on the presence of ligands. As in cardiac glycoside binding, mixtures of Mg 2+ and P i or of Na + , Mg 2+ , and ATP were both effective as ligands. Scatchard plots of binding were linear and showed that the dissociation constant did not change at different concentrations of each ligand except in the very low concentration range, but that the number of binding sites on the enzyme was reduced on descreasing the ligand concentration. The present results show that the binding of digoxigenin to the (Na + + K + )-ATPase does not follow the usual equation representing a reversible reaction. At saturating concentrations of ligands, i.e., 2 mM Mg 2+ and 2 mM P i , or 50 mM Na + , 2 mM Mg 2+ , and 2 mM ATP, the number of binding sites was close to the number of ouabain binding sites for each set of ligands. The dissociation constant was 0.041 µM in the Mg 2+ -P i system and 0.078 µM in the Na + -Mg 2+ -ATP system. These dissociation constants are lower than the I 50 value of digoxigenin (0.4 µM) under the conditions used for assay.
STFM reaffirms importance of behavioral health and care of the family to family medicine education.

(Fam Med 2008;40(10):693-5.) At times there are significant challenges that must be addressed by an organization, and it is important to reaffirm certain basic principles. The Board has had to face one of those challenges. There has always been an awareness of the importance of the provision of care in the context of the family and also the critical nature of behavioral health to the care of our patients. For that reason, the need to support our members who are teaching this content has been unwavering. Yet, in spite of this reality, STFM has had to address some difficult issues as it relates to activities that we have historically supported. As we have faced these issues, we have successfully worked with the Group on the Family in Family Medicine and the Group on Behavioral Science to try to identify strategies to meet the needs of our members. In spite of hard decisions, this process continues, and the Board is committed to the belief that behavioral health and care of the family are priorities in family medicine education. The first of these issues relates to the Conference on Families and Health. This conference has had a long history and a dedicated following, yet the attendance and economic viability has been decreasing over the past several years. In May, the Board made the decision that the 2009 conference would be the last as currently configured. We have engaged the affected groups to help define other means to help meet the needs of our members with a passion in this area. planning committee chair, Group on the Family chair, the STFM Program Committee chair, and staff.
Emotion as Mediated Action in Doing Research on Learning

In this chapter, the authors theorize emotion as action mediated by language and other signs and argue that emotion has consequences for learners as it constrains and enables identity production and opportunities to learn. In particular, Lewis and Crampton apply the theories and methods of mediated discourse—discourse in action—to explain how they can be methodologically useful in the study of emotions in learning. This work foregrounds action in social spaces and provides a lens through which to understand the meaning of signs/tools in practice. Particularly important is the concept of linkage across space-time scales that include the histories of participation and practices within and outside the context where the mediated action occurs. Examples from a secondary English/Language Arts class focused on media production and analysis are used to illustrate the methodological implications of the theory of emotion developed in the chapter.
Small-signal model extraction of mm-wave N-polar GaN MISHEMT exhibiting record performance: Analysis of gain and validation by 94 GHz loadpull

In this paper we extract a small-signal model of a mm-wave deep-recess N-polar GaN MISHEMT exhibiting record 94 GHz power density. We show that certain existing methods for extrinsic parasitic extraction cannot be easily employed because of the device design but that an existing cold-bias method provides accurate extraction. The small-signal model with pad layout parasitics is then validated with the gain measured at low input powers by a 94 GHz loadpull system. The factors impacting the measured gain are analyzed to show their origins and relative impact, giving guidance and predictions for future improvement.
Event-triggered control for nonlinear systems with time-varying input delay

This paper studies the problem of event-triggered control design for general continuous-time nonlinear systems with time-varying input delay. Our methodology is based on the concept of predictor feedback and is capable of compensating arbitrarily large known time delays. Under mild conditions, we prove that as long as the delay-free system is globally input-to-state stabilizable, it can also be globally asymptotically stabilized via piecewise-constant event-triggered control. We prove that the proposed event-triggering design does not suffer from Zeno behavior as the inter-event times are uniformly lower bounded. We further show that our design achieves exponential stability for a controllable linear system and study the trade-off between convergence speed and communication cost. Various simulations illustrate our results.
An Evaluation of Three Interdisciplinary Social Science Events Outside of the College Classroom

ABSTRACTThis article describes three interdisciplinary events held outside of the classroom to examine social psychological concepts in the criminal justice system, with undergraduate students enrolled in criminal justice and psychology courses. These events can most accurately be described as using a synthetic interdisciplinary approach, in which the disciplines of psychology and criminal justice remain clearly identifiable in looking at phenomena like occurrences of bystander apathy, while enabling a holistic view of these phenomena. First, 75 students celebrated the life of Kitty Genovese, a famous victim of bystander apathy. Later in the semester, the same students competed in a game-show-like review session. Finally, 45 students explored the intersection of the mental health and criminal justice systems with professionals from various fields. Overall, students enjoyed the social interaction with their peers across the majors, as well as with their professors and professionals in the field. Students a...
Patterns of urban forest composition in Utah’s growing mountain communities

Abstract Urban forests provide critical ecosystem services in cities of the Western United States, including regulating thermal extremes, supporting biological diversity, and providing cultural and recreational services. However, these services may come with trade-offs such as heavy water demand in arid environments. Thus, afforestation and its effect on the water budget – as well as other ecosystem services – can be contingent on the species composition of urban forests. Choice of tree species, in turn, is influenced by historical contingencies and development context. The objective of this study was to identify differences in tree species composition between four broad classes of urban development in Heber Valley, Utah, with classes defined by establishment age, lot size, and location within the urban-suburban environment. Publicly available information was used to categorize residential and commercial areas, and standard forestry techniques were used to collect data on trees in a stratified random survey of lots in each category. Older, established housing had the highest tree basal area and species richness per hectare, and exurban (rural, dispersed housing) developments had significantly higher species diversity than new tract housing. Because it appears that exurban communities are being replaced by tract housing, there is evidence that tree diversity may be lost. Another important aspect of community structure in urban forests is the ratio of conifers to broadleaf trees because of fundamental differences in water use patterns. Conifers were twenty-five percent of the average lot basal area in exurban and thirty-five percent in established neighborhoods, as opposed to five percent in tract housing. If functional groups are used as predictors of water use in irrigated urban systems, water demand is likely to increase with the expansion of low-diversity, angiosperm dominated tract forests in the Western US in the coming decades.