cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Thyro-Parathyroidectomy in New Born Rats.

Rats are particularly adapted for experiments on the effect of very early ablation of the thyroid because they are very immature at birth, and have had a developed thyroid only the last 3 days in utero.1 No previous reports on mammals have dealt with such early ablations. The present experiments deal with the removal of the thyro-parathyroid apparatus in young rats on the first or second day of life. A very few animals were also operated on the seventh and fourteenth days of life. Complete removal is extremely difficult because of the gelatinous consistency of the infantile tissues. Every animal here reported was checked for completeness of removal by microscopic examination of serial sections of the tracheal region made at autopsy. This check was found to be absolutely necessary since in many stunted animals microscopic remnants were found. These will be treated separately as “incompletes.”Of 486 rats thyro-parathyroidectomized on the first or second day of life, 167 survived the critical period of the f...
IMP reamination to AMP in rat skeletal muscle fiber types

Inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) reamination in skeletal muscle fiber sections of the rat hindlimb was studied. High IMP concentrations were established during ischemic contractions in each fiber section: 3.1, 2.8, or 0.6 mumol/g in the fast-twitch white (FTW), fast-twitch red (FTR), and slow-twitch red (STR) muscle sections, respectively. Thereafter blood flow was restored and stimulation was discontinued to allow reamination of IMP. After 0, 2, 5, 10, 15, or 20 min of recovery, muscle sections were freeze-clamped and analyzed for metabolite contents. IMP was nearly fully reaminated after 10 and 20 min of recovery in STR and FTR muscles, respectively. Reamination in TW fibers was delayed and slower, with only 50% of the IMP reaminated after 20 min of recovery. Significant recovery (approximately 75%) of phosphocreatine occurs in each fiber section before the onset of reamination. Reamination was also evaluated after high-speed treadmill running with or without inhibition of reamination by hadacidin. Running resulted in large accumulations of IMP in FTW and FTR fibers (3.5 and 1.4 mumul/g, respectively); IMP in FTR fibers was higher with hadacidin treatment. Reamination after running was much greater in FTR than in FTW fibers and was associated with recovery of phosphocreatine. After running, the purine degradation products inosine and hypoxanthine were increased in FTW and FTR fibers in normal and hadacidin-treated animals. Plasma inosine, hypoxanthine, and urate increased after exercise; concentrations continued to increase if reamination was inhibited by hadacidin. These results demonstrate that when muscle IMP is increased, subsequent degradation and loss of purines occur. Rapid reamination should minimize the quantity of purine lost from muscle and limit the metabolic cost of replenishing purines by the de novo synthesis or salvage pathways.
N -Docosahexaenoylethanolamine ameliorates LPS-induced neuroinflammation via cAMP/PKA-dependent signaling

Brain inflammation has been implicated as a critical mechanism responsible for the progression of neurodegeneration and characterized by glial cell activation accompanied by production of inflammation-related cytokines and chemokines. Growing evidence also suggests that metabolites derived from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving effects; however, the possible role of N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine (synaptamide), an endogenous neurogenic and synaptogenic metabolite of DHA, in inflammation, is largely unknown. (The term “synaptamide” instead of “DHEA” was used for N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine since DHEA is a widely used and accepted term for the steroid, dehydroepiandrosterone.) In the present study, we tested this possibility using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation model both in vitro and in vivo. For in vitro studies, we used P3 primary rat microglia and immortalized murine microglia cells (BV2) to assess synaptamide effects on LPS-induced cytokine/chemokine/iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) expression by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To evaluate in vivo effects, mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with LPS followed by synaptamide, and expression of proinflammatory mediators was measured by qPCR and western blot analysis. Activation of microglia and astrocyte in the brain was examined by Iba-1 and GFAP immunostaining. Synaptamide significantly reduced LPS-induced production of TNF-α and NO in cultured microglia cells. Synaptamide increased intracellular cAMP levels, phosphorylation of PKA, and phosphorylation of CREB but suppressed LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. Conversely, adenylyl cyclase or PKA inhibitors abolished the synaptamide effect on p65 translocation as well as TNF-α and iNOS expression. Administration of synaptamide following LPS injection (i.p.) significantly reduced neuroinflammatory responses, such as microglia activation and mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines, chemokine, and iNOS in the brain. DHA-derived synaptamide is a potent suppressor of neuroinflammation in an LPS-induced model, by enhancing cAMP/PKA signaling and inhibiting NF-κB activation. The anti-inflammatory capability of synaptamide may provide a new therapeutic avenue to ameliorate the inflammation-associated neurodegenerative conditions.
Phase Behavior of Mixed Lipid Monolayers on Perfluorocarbon Nanoemulsions and its Effect on Acoustic Contrast.

Lipid-stabilized nanoemulsions containing a volatile liquid perfluorocarbon core have been studied as ultrasound contrast agents owing to their ability to transform into high-contrast microbubbles when subjected to high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). However, while there have been several studies on the effect of acoustic parameters on contrast, the effect of the droplet's stabilizing shell has not been studied as extensively. Inspired by previous studies showing lateral phase separation in microbubbles and vesicles, nanodroplets were formulated with a perfluorohexane core and a shell composed of varying amounts of saturated (DPPC) phospholipids, unsaturated (DOPC) phospholipids, and cholesterol, which were fractionated to obtain nanodroplets of mean diameter 300–400 nm and were stable over one week. When the DOPC content was increased to 40 mol%, ultrasound contrast increased by about one order of magnitude over DPPC-only droplets. Based on fluorescence microscopy results of lateral lipid phase separation on the droplet surface, the various combinations of DPPC, DOPC, and cholesterol were assigned to three regimes on the ternary phase diagram: solid–liquid ordered (low contrast), liquid ordered–liquid disordered (medium contrast), and solid–liquid disordered (high contrast). These regimes were confirmed by TEM analysis of nanoscale droplets. Droplets containing mixed lipid monolayers were also found to produce a significantly greater yield than single-component droplets. The discovery of the dependence of acoustic response on lipid phase separation will help to understand the formulation, behavior, and vaporization mechanism of acoustically-responsive nanoemulsions.
Locality and harmony: Perspectives from artificial grammar learning

Harmony is one of the most researched phenomena in phonological theory, mainly due to its iterative, nonlocal nature. In this review, I summarize several of the key issues in harmony that can be addressed using an artificial grammar learning approach, including differences between consonant and vowel harmony, transparent and opaque neutral vowels, computational complexity of attested and unattested harmony patterns, and morphological and phonetic influences on harmony. The review demonstrates how the artificial grammar learning paradigm can offer unique insights into the representation of vowel harmony and provides suggestions for ways in which aspects of harmony can be manipulated to offer further insights into the still unanswered questions on harmony and phonological representations.
CubeSat mechanical design: creating low mass and durable structures

This paper considers the mechanical design of a low-mass, low-cost spacecraft for use in a multi-satellite sensing constellation. For a multi-spacecraft mission, aggregated small mass and cost reductions can have significant impact. One approach to mass reduction is to make cuts into the structure, removing material. Stress analysis is used to determine the level of material reduction possible. Focus areas for this paper include determining areas to make cuts to ensure that a strong shape remains, while considering the comparative cost and skill level of each type of cut. Real-world results for a CubeSat and universally applicable analysis are presented.
Transhumeral Anterior Radial Nerve Transposition to Simplify Anticipated Future Humeral Reconstruction

Anterior transhumeral radial nerve transposition has been described in the treatment of humeral shaft fracture to protect the nerve from implant irritation or callus entrapment. Transposing the radial nerve through a facilitating humeral defect also simplifies revision surgery should nonunion result. Here we describe a surgical technique for anterior transhumeral radial nerve transposition for complex humeral reconstruction when subsequent revision surgery is anticipated. Three cases are used for illustration: (1) revision of a total elbow arthroplasty with periprosthetic fracture; (2) revision of a total elbow arthroplasty after aseptic loosening from an allograft/prosthesis composite; and (3) septic humeral nonunion with substantial bone loss. These 3 patients underwent a total of 16 operations, 6 of which took place after the radial nerve transposition. Transhumeral radial nerve transposition allowed less worrisome dissection during revision surgery despite the multiple previous procedures. We advocate transhumeral radial nerve transposition when the duration and frequency of revisions is uncertain and the anticipated future revision may require a posterior, posterolateral, or anterolateral approach to the humerus.
Nine patients with chronic granulomatous disease having selective neck dissection for severe cervical lymphadenitis.

Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) is a rare, inherited disorder due to an X-linked or autosomal genetic defect, in which patients experience a high rate of lymphadenitis. To date, no studies have examined the best treatment for severe lymphadenitis in this patient population. We present a nine CGD patient retrospective case series, examining surgical treatment of cervical lymphadenitis. Our evolving surgical strategy shows that an initially more aggressive surgical approach (selective neck dissection) can help prevent recurrent infection. The results found within this patient population may be relevant to other multi-nodal disease, including cancers of the head and neck region, while preserving functional and cosmetically acceptable outcomes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The Giles ecosystem : storage, text extraction, and OCR of documents

In the digital humanities, there is a constant need to turn images and PDF files into plain text to apply analyses such as topic modelling, named entity recognition, and other techniques. However, although there exist different solutions to extract text embedded in PDF files or run OCR on images, they typically require additional training (for example, scholars have to learn how to use the command line) or are difficult to automate without programming skills. The Giles Ecosystem is a distributed system based on Apache Kafka that allows users to upload documents for text and image extraction. The system components are implemented using Java and the Spring Framework and are available under an Open Source license on GitHub ( https://github.com/diging/ ). Funding statement: Funding was provided by grants from NSF SES 1656284, ASU Presidential Strategic Initiative Fund and the Smart Family Foundation.
On Coordinated Sequential Processes

The mutual exclusion problem introduced (as far as we know) by Dijkstra in 1965 is intriguing because on the one hand it appears to be typical of a broad class of important systems problems and on the other poses difficult problems of mathematization. There has been extensive attention to this (and other synchronization problems) since that date. Nevertheless our approach to the problem differs from all the others in at least two important ways. First: we take the problem to be “construct from n uncoordinated sequential processes, n coordinated ones which satisfy (1) mutual exclusion, (2) fairness and (3) simulation.” Second: our mathematical model can directly represent simultaneous actions. Since we do not constrain the synchronization in some of the usual ways, however, the realm of possible solutions is much broader than considered elsewhere. The main solution we offer is simple in that each process need read only one binary variable (or register), viz. its own, and write in one, viz. its neighbor’s. The emphasis of our approach is in the mathematical formulation of the problem, and the proof that the solution satisfies the desired properties, rather than in the novelty of the solution itself. The other solutions offered serve to emphasize the enormous differences in implementation associated with what we call the “conceptual solution,” and the fact that instructions (or atomic actions) don’t compose i.e. a sequence of two (single entry — single exit) instructions of a process is not system equivalent to any single instruction. Contrary to many other solutions to the mutual exclusion problem, the solutions given here do not employ a test and set primitive i.e. an indivisible test and set instruction.
Surface characterization of tin-based inorganic EUV resists

Metal oxide nanomaterials have shown promise for use as EUV resists. Recently, significant efforts have focused on tinoxo clusters that have high absorption coefficient Sn centers and radiation sensitive organic ligands. In our studies, we have investigated a β-Keggin butyl-Sn cluster (β-NaSn13), which is charge-neutral and allows studying radiation induced chemistries without interference from counterions. We have used ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) to investigate the contrast properties of the β-NaSn13 in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) and in the presence of ambient oxygen. These contrast studies indicate that ambient oxygen reduces the dose requirements for the solubility transition of the β-NaSn13 photoresists. APXPS spectra collected before and after the solubility transition shows that ambient oxygen causes a greater loss of butyl ligands from the samples and the formation of more tin oxide for larger doses, suggesting the presence of reactive oxygen species. APXPS was also used to study processes during the post exposure bake, where we compared the differences in film chemistries in ambient oxygen or in UHV. There were only very small differences in the APXPS spectra before exposure and after exposure and the post exposure bake. However, ambient oxygen resulted in some changes for unexposed regions during the post exposure bake; there was a greater ratio of tin oxide to other oxygen species (alkoxy ligands, hydroxyls) for samples annealed in oxygen. These results have significance for EUV and e-beam lithography processing parameters, as well as implications for cluster design and ligand chemistries.
Subsequent breast and high grade serous carcinomas after risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy in BRCA mutation carriers and patients with history of breast cancer

Abstract Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) is a procedure to reduce the risk of adnexal cancer in BRCA mutation carriers and for hormonal manipulation in women with breast cancer (BC). The goal of the study is to report the frequency of subsequent BC and high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) following RRSO in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers and in patients with personal history of BC with or without BRCA mutation. A series of 147 consecutive patients who received a RRSO were reviewed. Patient's age, clinical history, BC histotype, gene mutation data, incidence of post-RRSO BC and HGSC and time intervals were analyzed. The cases were followed for a mean of 49 months. Group 1 consists of 97 cases with pathogenic or likely pathogenic “deleterious” mutation BRCA1 ( n = 49) or BRCA2 ( n = 48). Group 2 consists of 50 cases with history of BC and no documented BRCA gene mutation. Prior to RRSO, 42 (43%) cases in group 1 had a history of BC and all cases in group 2 had a history of BC. There was no difference between the groups in the age at diagnosis for BC (Mean of 44 years). Following RRSO, 2/49 cases (4%) with BRCA1 mutation were found to have occult HGSC and none in BRCA2 cases. There were also 1 BC recurrence and 1 primary BC with BRCA1 mutation compared to 5 recurrent BC in Group 2 (10%). In conclusion, the risk of subsequent recurrent BC after RRSO appears to be higher (10%) in patients with history of BC with no BRCA mutation when compared to (2%) in BRCA mutation carriers.
Absence of a common intermediate pool among individual enzyme chains of the energy-conservation pathway in chloroplasts of Euglena gracilis

Tri- n -butyltin chloride is a specific inhibitor that binds stoicheiometrically and irreversibly with the ATP-synthesizing sites of chloroplasts. Titration of Euglena chloroplasts with tri- n -butyltin chloride shows about six ATP-synthesizing sites per molecule of cytochrome c 552 or per 380 molecules of chlorophyll. This system was used to study the possibility of linkage between individual enzyme chains of the energy-conservation pathway or the possible existence of a common pool of an intermediate in this pathway. The inhibition of ATP synthesis by tri- n -butyltin chloride at low rates of electron transport (low light-intensities, NADP + or ferricyanide as electron acceptor) agrees with a kinetic model of two to four ATP-synthesizing sites per energy-conservation chain. At high rates of electron transport, however, the results occasionally agree with a model of 20 or more sites per chain. The results are interpreted as indicating the absence of a common intermediate pool, but the presence of a limited degree of linkage between individual chains. It also indicates the presence of two energy-conservation sites in these chloroplasts.
194: IRF8 regulates autophagy and activates microglia to exacerbate neuroinflammation

IRF8 is a transcription factor of the IRF family expressed in macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). It enhances type I interferon induction in pDCs and IL12p40 in CD8 + DCs and macrophages. We have observed that IRF8 regulates transcription of a series of genes in the autophagy pathway in macrophages and DCs in response to IFNg and toll-like receptor signaling, and plays a critical role in the formation of autophagosomes and their fusion with lysosomes. Recently, IRF8 was identified as a risk factor for several autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS) in SNP based epidemiological studies. MS is a neuroinflammatory disease that involves activation and expansion of Th17, Th1 T cells as well as microglia, the antigen presenting cells of the central nervous system. Since the SNPs for MS lie in the 3′ noncoding regions of IRF8 , regulated expression of IRF8 likely accounts for its role in MS neuroinflammation. Because the mechanism by which IRF8 contributes to MS pathogenesis has not been clarified, we have undertaken in depth analysis of IRF8 activity in the mouse model of MS. Our results indicate that IRF8 plays a critical role at multiple steps of the disease, from the onset to progression in the periphery and the CNS, including activation and expansion of microglia during neuroinflammation. These observations are discussed in the context of its role in regulating autophagy.
The Algebra of Symmetry

You learned as a child how to count, and thus became familiar with the numbers, but that was not nearly enough. To really understand numbers, you also needed to learn how to perform algebraic operations on numbers, such as addition and multiplication. Addition and multiplication are algebraic ways of combining two numbers to get a number back as the answer. These algebraic operations greatly enriched your ability to understand, appreciate, and work effectively with numbers.
UNDERSTANDING AND PREVENTING SUBSTANCE ABUSE BY ADOLESCENTS: A Guide for Primary Care Clinicians

Psychoactive drug use by teens is a common occurrence. This article examines the influences that promote and deter experimentation with and hazardous use of psychoactive substances. Clinical guidance is offered on how to assess and intervene with teens and their parents at various developmental phases and levels of involvement with drugs. Understanding how youth make decisions to change their behavior can assist a clinician in helping a teenager avoid these problems.
Food insecurity and food access among seniors in Lubbock, Texas

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of food insecurity and examine relationships between food security and a variety of food access factors influencing food access among 186 s...
Playful Yellowness: Rescuing Interculturalism from Millennial Orientalism

This chapter investigates performing “yellowness” in a playful but sincere way, as a recent trend of portraying Asianness and presenting Asian bodies in performance. Three methods are examined: yellow face, yellow drag, and yellow play. A number of performances, both theatrical performances and online cosplays from the 2010s are discussed. Postracial and transracial discourse, colorblind and diversity casting, as well as a form of renewed model minority mystique and yellow phobia all contribute to the formation of the practice of playful yellowness. Instead of engaging in critical dialogues and negotiations about cultures, aesthetics, and powers, which are essential elements of intercultural theatre, playful yellowness as a form of Millennial Orientalism acts as a racial and cultural equalizer and poses a threat to intercultural performance.
The effects of incremental ulnar styloid osteotomies on distal radioulnar joint stability: a biomechanical cadaveric study:

The purpose of this study was to systematically quantify distal radioulnar joint stability with a cadaveric model, using radiographic and joint contact force measurements. Six fresh-frozen cadavers underwent sequential ulnar styloid osteotomies. Posteroanterior and lateral stress radiographs were obtained and joint contact forces and areas were measured. Posteroanterior radiographs showed a significant increase in the distal radioulnar joint gap after osteotomy of the base of the ulnar styloid. Contact force and contact area measurements were not significantly different. We conclude that fractures that involve the ulnar styloid base should be considered for operative fixation when carrying out open reduction and internal fixation of fractures of the distal radius.
Hormones and Hormone Precursors of the Skin

Abstract The skin forms a barrier between the outside environment and the inner organs. Besides its physical barrier function, it also plays a role in regulating responses to the outside environment by engaging in the systemic regulation of hormones. In certain conditions, it transduces external stimuli through local production of hormones that can act either locally to protect from further harmful stimuli (e.g., by increasing pigmentation) or systemically (e.g., by producing endogenous opioids or vitamin D). In this chapter, we aim to cover the most important hormonal regulators of the skin, focusing on vitamin D and the skin equivalent of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, the role of the skin in regulating steroidogenesis, and the role of hormones in skin pathophysiology.
Mental health among sexual and gender minority adolescents: Examining interactions with race and ethnicity.

Objective Sexual and gender minority (SGM) adolescents report elevated risk for psychopathology. Identifying as a racial/ethnic minority and sexual minority (SM) or gender minority (GM) may lead to greater stress/discrimination and psychopathology. We examined nonsuicidal self-injury, suicide ideation, and suicide attempts (i.e., self-injurious thoughts and behaviors [SITBs]) and depressive symptoms across intersections of sexual orientation, gender, and race/ethnicity. Method Study participants consisted of a large (n = 2,948; 59% GM) sample of adolescents aged 14-18 who were recruited online to complete a cross-sectional survey. SGM status, race/ethnicity, and their interactions were used to predict depressive symptoms and SITBs. Associations among race/ethnicity and GM-specific psychosocial factors were assessed. Results SM (B = 3.75) and GM (B = 8.81) participants reported higher depressive symptoms and SITB histories (odds ratios [ORs] from 1.92 to 2.43 and 2.87 to 5.44, respectively). Asian participants were less likely to report nonsuicidal self-injury (OR = 0.45), and Latinx participants were more likely to report suicide attempts (OR = 1.50). Although omnibus tests of interactions were largely insignificant, exploratory analyses revealed fewer depressive symptoms (B = -8.40) and SITBs (ORs from -0.95 to -2.05) among Black SM participants and, at times, Black GM participants. This protective effect may relate to lower self-reported expectations of rejection due to gender. Conclusions GM participants reported the highest risk for depressive symptoms and SITBs. Contrary to hypotheses, multiple minority identification was not associated with greater psychopathology. Future research, assessing specific sexual and gender identities across diverse samples, is needed to highlight how race affects psychopathology risk across these identities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
E-099 Hemicraniectomy rates following mechanical thrombectomy pre-MR CLEAN: a retrospective cross-sectional observational analysis

Introduction Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) still remains one of the top leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States. In 2007, the DESTINY trial demonstrated lower mortality rates in patients with large hemispheric strokes following hemicraniectomy. 7 years later, the MR CLEAN trial showed improved outcomes in AIS following endovascular mechanical thrombectomy (MT) when compared to intravenous tPA alone. However, during the enrollment period for this trial there remains limited data regarding the effects of MT on the need for hemicraniectomy. Methods A retrospective analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) between 1998–2015 was performed. Patients with an ICD-9-CM diagnosis code indicating an anterior circulation ischemic stroke (433.11, 434.01, 434.11, and 434.91) were included. Patients with an ICD-9-CM diagnosis code indicating trauma, neoplasm, SAH/aneurysm, posterior circulation ischemic stroke, or abscess (191.x, 198.3, 324.0, 430, 433.01, 433.21, 437.3, 437.5, 437.6, 443.24, 747.81, 800.xx, 801.xx, 851.xx, 852.xx, 853.xx, and 854.xx) were excluded. In order to limit the analysis to AIS, patients who did not have the ICD-9-CM procedure code of tPA (99.10) were excluded. Those patients who underwent thrombectomy (39.74) and hemicraniectomy (01.24, 01.25, 01.39, 01.53, and 01.59) were also indentified. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the effect of thrombectomy on rates of hemicraniectomy in patients with AIS who received tPA. Results A total of 59,703 patients in the NIS were identified as having an acute anterior circulation ischemic stroke that subsequently received tPA. 3597 patients were also identified as having undergone MT and 606 patients were found to have undergone hemicraniectomy as well. Logistic regression model demonstrated that patients who underwent MT were significantly more likely to undergo hemicraniectomy (OR 4.52, 95% CI 3.72–5.49, p Conclusions Although MT has proven to be an effective treatment for AIS, it appears that prior to MR CLEAN, patients who underwent MT had a higher likelihood of requiring a hemicraniectomy during the same hospital admission. Since MTs were not standardized prior to 2014, the variability in procedural technique could ultimately cause unreliable degrees of recanalization and thus lead to varied outcomes. Therefore, the effect of MT on hemicraniectomy rates in patients with AIS warrants further investigation following the advent of standardized thrombectomy techniques. Disclosures E. Luther: None. D. McCarthy: None. R. Starke: None.
Nitroacetonitrile as a versatile precursor in energetic materials synthesis

Nitroacetonitrile is the simplest α-nitronitrile; it possesses a single central carbon attached to two strong electronegative, electron-withdrawing groups allowing extensive chemistry through the active methylene center. Free nitroacetonitrile has purification and stability issues, however stable salts of nitroacetonitrile possess the same reactivity as the free acid and are much more stable. Nitroacetonitrile serves as a versatile synthetic precursor in the formation of heterocyclic and polyfunctional aliphatic products and can allow for straightforward conversion to amino, acyl, and other functional groups. A main advantage of using nitroacetonitrile in the formation of heterocyclic-based energetics is its ability to add vicinal amino and nitro moieties onto fused ring structures, a common structural motif in insensitive energetic materials. In this minireview we discuss the preparation of nitroacetonitrile and its stable salts, as well as discuss the range of energetic materials this versatile precursor has found use in.
Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation Pulsed Atom Probe Tomography of III-Nitride Semiconductor Materials

Laser-pulsed atom probe tomography (LAPT) is a materials characterization technique that has been widely applied in the study and characterization of III-nitride semiconductors. To date, most of th...
Toward Robust Assessments of Student Knowledge of Occupation.

IMPORTANCE Occupational therapy students must master knowledge of occupation, yet how educators assess such knowledge has not been explored. In this study, we elucidate robust assessment practices that can help students master knowledge of occupation. OBJECTIVE To examine practices that educators use to assess knowledge of occupation. DESIGN Basic qualitative research. Using inductive and constant comparative methods, we coded 25 interviews and 82 educational artifacts for assessment practices, categorized practices as direct or indirect, and analyzed their alignments with features of robust assessments. SETTING Twenty-five randomly selected occupational therapy and occupational therapy assistant academic programs in the United States, stratified by geographic region and institution type. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-nine educators who represented selected programs. RESULTS We found occupation at instruction and program levels primarily in relation to practice using indirect more than direct practices. Assignments were often highly creative and experiential, yet varied in their alignments with established criteria of robust assessments. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Knowledge of occupation was often intertwined with practice-oriented learning experiences and skills; hence, it was not assessed as a distinctly indispensable learning outcome. Educators can build on current practices to design robust assessments that require students to demonstrate knowledge of occupation in practice contexts and everyday life. WHAT THIS ARTICLE ADDS In this study, we elucidate a continuum of prevalent educational practices used to assess knowledge of occupation; we also review best practices for robust assessments of such knowledge not only related to practice but also as a dynamic instrument of individual and societal well-being more broadly.
A fast and adaptable approach to virtual fluorescence microscopy

Fluorescence imaging has been used for decades to identify important elements in biological samples. However, the additional overhead of fixing and staining the sample limits the pervasiveness of the technique. Here we show a robust virtual fluorescence technique which uses deep learning to jointly optimize microscope design (i.e. illumination pattern) and fluorescence image reconstruction. Our results show how by combining the image capture and processing stages we can accurately and adaptively predict fluorescent images from unlabelled biological samples.
Neurodiversity and Intelligence: Evaluating the Flynn Effect in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

The Flynn Effect (FE) among child and adolescent populations indicates that intelligence scores improve by about three points per decade. Using nine years of data from the National Database for Autism Research, this study examined whether general intelligence changed significantly for nine cohorts with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; N = 671). Analyses demonstrated a downward trend such that Cohen’s d from 1998 to 2006 was − 0.27. The mean IQ is 92.74 for years 1–3, 91.54 for years 4–6, and 87.34 for years 7–9, indicating a reverse FE of 5.4 points per decade. A linear regression revealed a significant negative FE comparable to the positive effect of age on IQ among those with ASD. Implications for research, practice, and law are discussed.
Genetic and Developmental Contributors to Aortic Stenosis

Aortic stenosis (AS) remains one of the most common forms of valve disease, with significant impact on patient survival. The disease is characterized by left ventricular outflow obstruction and encompasses a series of stenotic lesions starting from the left ventricular outflow tract to the descending aorta. Obstructions may be subvalvar, valvar, or supravalvar and can be present at birth (congenital) or acquired later in life. Bicuspid aortic valve, whereby the aortic valve forms with two instead of three cusps, is the most common cause of AS in younger patients due to primary anatomic narrowing of the valve. In addition, the secondary onset of premature calcification, likely induced by altered hemodynamics, further obstructs left ventricular outflow in bicuspid aortic valve patients. In adults, degenerative AS involves progressive calcification of an anatomically normal, tricuspid aortic valve and is attributed to lifelong exposure to multifactoral risk factors and physiological wear-and-tear that negatively impacts valve structure-function relationships. AS continues to be the most frequent valvular disease that requires intervention, and aortic valve replacement is the standard treatment for patients with severe or symptomatic AS. While the positive impacts of surgical interventions are well documented, the financial burden, the potential need for repeated procedures, and operative risks are substantial. In addition, the clinical management of asymptomatic patients remains controversial. Therefore, there is a critical need to develop alternative approaches to prevent the progression of left ventricular outflow obstruction, especially in valvar lesions. This review summarizes our current understandings of AS cause; beginning with developmental origins of congenital valve disease, and leading into the multifactorial nature of AS in the adult population.
A discrete event simulation to evaluate impact of radiology process changes on emergency department computed tomography access.

Background Hospitals face the challenge of managing demand for limited computed tomography (CT) resources from multiple patient types while ensuring timely access. Methods A discrete event simulation model was created to evaluate CT access time for emergency department (ED) patients at a large academic medical center with six unique CT machines that serve unscheduled emergency, semi-scheduled inpatient, and scheduled outpatient demand. Three operational interventions were tested: adding additional patient transporters, using an alternative creatinine lab, and adding a registered nurse dedicated to monitoring CT patients in the ED. Results All interventions improved access times. Adding one or two transporters improved ED access times by up to 9.8 minutes (Mann-Whitney (MW) CI: [-11.0,-8.7]) and 10.3 minutes (MW CI [-11.5, -9.2]). The alternative creatinine and RN interventions provided 3-minute (MW CI: [-4.0, -2.0]) and 8.5-minute (MW CI: [-9.7, -8.3]) improvements. Conclusions Adding one transporter provided the greatest combination of reduced delay and ability to implement. The projected simulation improvements have been realized in practice.
Tree-Based Co-Clustering Identifies Chromatin Accessibility Patterns Associated With Hematopoietic Lineage Structure.

Chromatin accessibility, as measured by ATACseq, varies between hematopoietic cell types in different lineages of the hematopoietic differentiation tree, e.g. T cells vs B cells, but methods that associate variation in chromatin accessibility to the lineage structure of the differentiation tree are lacking. Using an ATACseq dataset recently published by the ImmGen consortium, we construct associations between chromatin accessibility and hematopoietic cell types using a novel co-clustering approach that accounts for the structure of the hematopoietic, differentiation tree. Under a model in which all loci and cell types within a co-cluster have a shared accessibility state, we show that roughly $80\%$ of cell type associated accessibility variation can be captured through $12$ cell type clusters and $20$ genomic locus clusters, with the cell type clusters reflecting coherent components of the differentiation tree. Using publicly available ChIPseq datasets, we show that our clustering reflects transcription factor binding patterns with implications for regulation across cell types. \revision{We show that traditional methods such as hierarchical and kmeans clusterings lead to cell type clusters that are more dispersed on the tree than our tree-based algorithm. We provide a python package, \textbf{chromcocluster}, that implements the algorithms presented.
Extracurricular activities in secondary schools of Washington County, Oregon; a field study.

approvadl p Fi Id Study AdViser The objectives of this study were to, (1) review the opinions of contemporary American edu~ators regarding activity programs in our secondary schools; (2) investigate the activity programs currently provided in the junior and senior high schools in Washington County, Oregon; and (3) offer some suggestions based upon this information. The literature in this field, although somewhat limited, except for periodicals, acquainted the reader with the general area and provided a basis for the review and study of the present practices in Washington County. The data concerning the practices in the schools studied was obtained through a questionnaire which was personally distributed and collected. The results were tabulated on 22 tables from which a narrative synopsis of pertinent infotmatlon was drawn. For example. at the junior high level, five sehools engage in interschola.tic sports; all eight schools have aS88mblie,; three schools maintain a homeroom activity; all eight schools offer vocal music; and the two largest sehools have more special interest elubs than any of the others. At the senior high level, all schools engage in interscholastic athletic competition; three schools have intramural sports; two schools do not have a marching band; and six schools publish more than a yearbook and newspaper.
Does Loss of Salt Marsh Vegetation Caused by a Native Grapsid Crab Improve Habitat Suitability for the Atlantic Mud Fiddler (Uca Pugnax)

The abundance of Uca pugnax(Smith, 1870), the Atlantic marsh fiddler crab, has been shown to be both positively and negatively related to vegetation cover in a number of previous studies. In Cape Cod National Seashore marsh (Massachusetts, USA), it appears that the abundance of U. pugnaxis high in areas where salt marsh vegetation has died back as a result of Sesarma reticulatum(Say, 1817), the purple marsh crab, activity compared with healthy, vegetated areas. However, this relationship has not been experimentally tested. In this study U. pugnaxburrows were enumerated in treatments consisting of 1) vegetation and sediment removal, 2) naturally occurring dieback areas where vegetation is absent, 3) vegetation removal by cutting, and 4) intact vegetation. The results indicate that U. pugnaxmay prefer open, unvegetated habitats with softer substrates. The proliferation of U. pugnaxin open areas could therefore be facilitated by S. reticulatum, which has consequences for a number of other ecosystem processes.
Altered Phospholipid Metabolism in a Sodium-Sensitive Mutant of Escherichia coli

A mutant of Escherichia coli has been isolated, the growth of which is inhibited by low concentrations (1 mm) of NaCl. High levels of magnesium, calcium, or strontium in the medium permit growth in the presence of sodium. The metal content of the inhibited mutant is normal, but the strain is unable to tolerate levels of sodium to which the wild type is indifferent. Immediately after the addition of sodium to cultures of the mutant, rates of synthesis of protein, ribonucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid, and total lipid are unchanged, but more cardiolipin and less phosphatidylethanolamine are produced. The direct enzymatic cause of this change, which affects membrane function, is not known. Studies of the metabolism of phosphatidylglycerol in vivo after pulse-labeling with [2-3H]glycerol reveal that a major pathway both in wild-type and mutant strains involves the cleavage of labeled glycerol from phosphatidylglycerol.
The molecular properties of human chorionic somatomammotropin.

Abstract The helical content of human chorionic somatomammotropin has been determined by circular dichroism measurements in the far ultraviolet. Only small changes in circular dichroic activity occur between pH 2 and 12 in aqueous solution. An important modification in tertiary structure, however, takes place below pH 4 which has been followed by changes in tryptophan and tryosine absorption and emission intensities. A structural transition occurs also in alkali above pH 10 which has been detected by the increase in quantum yields of the tryptophanyl and dimethylaminonaphthalene sulfonyl chromophores. The conformational transitions produced by urea at pH 5.0 and 8.0 in human chorionic somatomammotropin have been evaluated by circular dichroism, absorption, and fluorescence measurements. Although minor differences in properties and stability exist between human chorionic somatomammotropin and bovine growth hormone or ovine prolactin, the composite behavior of human chorionic somatomammotropin resembles the latter two proteins sufficiently closely to suggest that there is an important degree of structural similarity between all three molecules.
Batch and Column Extraction Procedures for Organics in Solid Wastes

Because of the possibility of contamination of aquifers by solid waste leachates, it is important to develop laboratory extraction procedures that predict the release of organic materials from landfills. This paper presents the results of a study comparing five laboratory extraction procedures with respect to the organic content of the extract. Nine solid wastes, representing a wide variety of matrices, were considered. The extraction procedures used were the Environmental Protection Agency Extraction Procedure (EPA-EP), a distilled water extractant, a citrate buffer extractant, a sodium ion-exchange resin extractant, and an upward-flow column extraction test. Organic analysis of the batch extracts was carried out by isolation/concentration of the leachates with XAD-2 resin, followed by gas chromatography on fused silica capillary columns. In the case of the upward-flow column extraction, a cartridge containing XAD-2 was placed directly at the column exit; the resin was isolated/concentrated in a manner identical to the batch extracts. The results were assessed both in terms of total chromatographable organics (TCO) and in terms of the levels of individual compounds. The column technique gave consistently higher results in terms of TCO. This effect is in large measure due toenhanced recovery of highly volatile compounds and nonpolar compounds. The resultsmore » of the extraction of individual compounds were less consistent. The recovery of carboxylic acids, for example, depended primarily on pH. The recovery of volatile organics, on the other hand, was more closely related to the extraction vessel used than to the extractant. Thus, it may be concluded that the column procedure most aggressively extracted organics from the solid wastes. However, the chemical nature of the organic material in the solid waste determines which of the batch extraction procedures is most aggressive.« less
DD39: Siegen wollen! Aber nicht siegen müssen! (Mai 2007)

Das Fusball-Magazin RUND interviewte mich fur die Ausgabe vom 23. Mai 2007. Es ging auch darum, warum Schalke nicht Meister werden kann und Bayern dieses Jahr nicht Meister wird. Da antwortete ich spontan mit „Wollen ohne Mussen“. Das wusste ich vorher gar nicht so genau. Es hatte ja keiner gefragt.
Z-scaled k-shell dielectronic recombination rate coefficients

We present total as well as state-specific dielectronic recombination (DR) data such as singly and doubly-excited state energies, autoionization and radiative rates and DR branching ratios for recombination from H-like to He-like and from He-like to Li-like ions. The data obtained are calculated using a detailed Hartree-Fock calculation with relativistic corrections. Explicit calculations for Al, Ti, and Kr are performed to cover a range of ions such that scaling relations obtained using these data can be used to interpolate the DR data for any ion of interest within this range and may be somewhat beyond. Since accurate and detailed state-specific knowledge of DR rate coefficients are crucial for atomic model development of any species, these present data will be extremely relevant for analysis of z-pinch physics.
Taking Race Off the Table: Agenda Setting and Support for Color-Blind Public Policy

Whites are theorized to support color-blind policies as an act of racial agenda setting-an attempt to defend the existing hierarchy by excluding race from public and institutional discourse. The present analysis leverages work distinguishing between two forms of social dominance orientation (SDO): passive opposition to equality (SDO-E) and active desire for dominance (SDO-D). We hypothesized that agenda setting, as a subtle hierarchy-maintenance strategy, would be uniquely tied to high levels of SDO-E. When made to believe that the hierarchy was under threat, Whites high in SDO-E increased their endorsement of color-blind policy (Study 1), particularly when the racial hierarchy was framed as ingroup advantage (Study 2), and became less willing to include race as a topic in a hypothetical presidential debate (Study 3). Across studies, Whites high in SDO-D showed no affinity for agenda setting as a hierarchy-maintenance strategy.
GRAND UNIFIED THEORIES WITH SYMMETRY AND LOCAL SUPERSYMMETRY

The properties of local supersymmetric (LS) grand unified models based on the gauge group (N=1 supergravity)xSU(5) are described. The gravitational interactions of supergravity cause a dynamical symmetry breaking of both SU(2)xU(1) and super gravity at the mass ms = κm2 ∼ 300 GeV where m is the scale of supersymmetry breaking. These results are maintained at the one loop level. The models described are realistic in that they are in accord with low energy phenomenology.
The Aggressivity of Light Trucks and Vans in Traffic Crashes

Light trucks and vans (LTVs) currently account for over one-third of registered United States passenger vehicles. Yet, collisions between cars and LTVs account for over one half of all fatalities in light vehicle-to-vehicle crashes. Nearly 60% of all fatalities in light vehicle side impacts occur when the striking vehicle is a LTV. This paper examines this apparent incompatibility between cars and LTVs in traffic crashes. An analysis of U.S. crash statistics is presented: (1) to explore the aggressivity of LTVs in impacts with cars, and (2) to identify those design imbalances between cars and LTVs, for example mass, stiffness, and geometry, which lead to these severe crash incompatibilities. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 492347.