cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Science for the People: Copernicanism and Newtonianism in the Almanacs of Early America

No learning can long flourish in an inhospitable climate of public opinion, and in the sciences, as in any other branch of intellectual activity, the measure of support which a people give to the learned is often a result of the contact and exchange between the two. The general acceptance of new ideas may well depend upon the frequency and clarity with which they enter the marketplace, whatever else their virtues. In the first two centuries of American life, the ordinary, literate American, for the annual expenditure of a few pennies, could acquire an insight into the practice of contemporary science, and a general understanding of the physical universe in which he lived. Bound up though it was with the factual miscellanea of everyday life, timetables, the weather, the meetings of local courts or religious societies and a varied assortment of calendrical information, the publication which brought him all these things frequently found space for an essay on popular science. In this role and at a time when the printed word was not yet an overwhelming flood but still cherished and savored, the humble almanac takes on special significance.
An 8-Element, 1-3GHz Direct Space-to-Information Converter for Rapid, Compressive-Sampling Direction-of-Arrival Finding Utilizing Pseudo-Random Antenna-Weight Modulation

The Direct Space-to-Information Converter (DSIC) unifies conventional delay-and-sum analog beamforming (CBF) with compressed-sampling (CS) rapid DoA finding into a single reconfigurable phased-array architecture. The DSIC chip includes 8 direct-conversion paths each delivering 32dB conversion gain, 3.3dBm in-band IIP3 and 6.4dB NF while consuming 19.8mW from 1.2V. The DSIC is able to switch between CBF-reception mode and CS-DoA mode in less than 1us. In CS-DoA mode, the DSIC finds the DoA of a single emitter in 1us consuming 158nJ which is 4x faster and 1.5x less energy than a comparable CBF scanner. For applications where many antennas are used, the DSIC uses an order of magnitude less energy than similar architectures.
Basal Chronic Villitis and Disorders of the Placental Basal Plate: A Possible Immunological Link Between Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and Morbidly Adherent Placenta:

BackgroundHypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are a common cause for preterm delivery. Prior studies showed that chronic villitis (CV) is associated with intrauterine growth restriction, pree...
A Survey of First Year Student’s ”Use of Medical Library” in Delta State University, Abraka

ABSTRACT Introduction: The main objective of this study was to determine the extent to which the 2016/2017 first year students of the College of Health Science of the Delta State University, Abraka use the medical library. Materials and Methods: The research design used for this study was the descriptive survey design. The study population was 718, consisting of all the first year students admitted into the six departments that make up the College of Health Sciences. Using the purposive sampling technique, the sample size for the study was 144. Results: Results from the study revealed that participation of students in library instruction activity and the extent of use of library services and information resources by first year students of the College of Health Science was low. Key words: First year students, Library use, Medical library
Increased loading stress leads to convergence of microbial communities and high methane yields in adapted anaerobic co-digesters.

Abstract Enhancing biogas production, while avoiding inhibition of methanogenesis during co-digestion of grease interceptor waste (GIW), can help water resource recovery facilities reduce their carbon footprint. Here we used pre-adapted and non-adapted digesters to link microbial community structure to digester function. Before disturbance, the pre-adapted and non-adapted digesters showed similar methane production and microbial community diversity but dissimilar community composition. When exposed to an identical disturbance, the pre-adapted digester achieved better performance, while the non-adapted digester was inhibited. When re-exposed to disturbance after recovery, communities and performance of both digesters converged, regardless of the temporal variations. Co-digestion of up to 75% GIW added on a volatile solids (VS) basis was achieved, increasing methane yield by 336% from 0.180 to 0.785 l -methane/g-VS-added, the highest methane yield reported to date for lipid-rich waste. Progressive perturbation substantially enriched fatty acid-degrading Syntrophomonas from less than 1% to 24.6% of total 16S rRNA gene sequences, acetoclastic Methanosaeta from 2.3% to 11.9%, and hydrogenotrophic Methanospirillum from less than 1% to 6.6% in the pre-adapted digester. Specific hydrolytic and fermentative populations also increased. These ecological insights demonstrated how progressive perturbation can be strategically used to influence methanogenic microbiomes and improve co-digestion of GIW.
Simultaneous Model Based Control of a Non-Inverting Buck-Boost Converter for PFC Applications at a Reduced Current Stress

This paper proposes a dual switch control of a cascaded buck-boost converter for power factor correction application. The proposed control is based on the system model to reduce the current stress and increase the system efficiency. Using the proposed control, the converter operates at a unity power factor, a low total harmonic distortion and low stress on its components. The converter operates in discontinuous capacitor voltage mode (DCVM) which provides inherent high-power factor operation and low switching frequency requirement. The proposed control structure aims to control both stages of the converter independently. The control on the buck stage controls the input current to provide a unity power factor operation, while the boost stage control focuses on reducing the current stress on the converter components.
Perioperative Point of Care Ultrasound (POCUS) for Anesthesiologists: an Overview

Point of care ultrasound (POCUS) has played a role across almost every medical specialty. Although anesthesiologists have been using bedside ultrasound for nerve blocks and vascular access for many years now, there has been a recent push to incorporate whole-body POCUS into anesthesiologists’ training and daily practice. This article provides a brief overview of the indications, techniques for image acquisition, and general principles in interpreting basic images. Whole-body POCUS can provide quick diagnoses and impact clinical management across relevant pre-, intra-, and post-operative settings. Anesthesia providers need to understand different applications for POCUS, including focused cardiac ultrasound (FoCUS), lung ultrasound (LUS), gastric ultrasound, abdominopelvic ultrasound, and the use of ultrasound for airway management. Currently, there is no standard ultrasound curriculum for anesthesiology residents, and teaching methods include informal bedside teaching, structured expert demonstration, didactic lectures, and simulations. Model/simulation-based lecture series may be effective in teaching ultrasound to anesthesiology residents, and e-learning and traditional didactics are both equally effective in teaching POCUS applications such as LUS and focused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST). Creating protocol-guided frameworks for POCUS, such as I-AIM (indication, acquisition, interpretation, medical decision making), can also ensure more consistent and reliable diagnoses and interpretations of findings. Applications of POCUS should be focused, goal-oriented, easily learned, rapidly performable at bedside, accurate, and reliable. A variety of studies have shown this potential for POCUS in assessing cardiac, pulmonary, and intraabdominal pathologies, making it an emerging area of interest in medicine. The incorporation of POCUS into perioperative medicine provides an important tool to ensure continued improvement in coordinating care for patients in the perioperative period.
Rational Design of Mixed Solvent Systems for Acid-Catalyzed Biomass Conversion Processes Using a Combined Experimental, Molecular Dynamics and Machine Learning Approach

Mixtures of water and organic cosolvents (mixed solvent systems) play an important role in mediating acid-catalyzed biomass conversion reactions. A minimum amount of water is typically required to dissolve biomass-derived materials, while adding an organic cosolvent can enhance the rates and selectivities of the desirable, catalytic reaction steps. Understanding the molecular-level bases underlying these solvent effects would provide a powerful measure of control over the reaction environment for biomass conversion processes, whereby the rates of desired reaction steps could be preferentially enhanced over the undesirable ones by modulating the composition of the solvent system. However, a quantitative basis to anticipate these solvent effects is currently lacking, and optimizing the composition of the liquid phase for new biomass conversion reactions typically requires laborious screening of the continuous space of possible mixed solvent systems. Herein, we summarize our efforts to estimate solvent effects on the rates and selectivities of liquid-phase, acid-catalyzed biomass conversions reactions using experiments, classical molecular dynamics simulations, and machine learning tools. We then synthesize these insights into a workflow that allows for the rational design of mixed solvent systems for acid-catalyzed biomass conversion processes using computationally efficient methods and minimal experiments. We demonstrate this design framework by analyzing two case studies: the acid-catalyzed dehydration of cyclohexanol to cyclohexene, and the partial dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.
Entropy Reorders Polariton States

The main result is that the long-range phase coherence of the polariton states formed by strong coupling between a photon mode in a cavity and an ensemble of molecules leads to exceptionally low en...
Inhibition of inflammatory CCR2 signaling promotes aged muscle regeneration and strength recovery after injury

Muscle regeneration depends on a robust albeit transient inflammatory response. Persistent inflammation is a feature of age-related regenerative deficits, yet the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we find inflammatory-related CC-chemokine-receptor 2 (Ccr2) expression in non-hematopoietic myogenic progenitors (MPs) during regeneration. After injury, the expression of Ccr2 in MPs corresponds to the levels of its ligands, the chemokines Ccl2, 7, and 8. We find stimulation of Ccr2-activity inhibits MP fusion and contribution to myofibers. This occurs in association with increases in MAPKp38δ/γ signaling, MyoD phosphorylation, and repression of the terminal myogenic commitment factor Myogenin. High levels of Ccr2-chemokines are a feature of regenerating aged muscle. Correspondingly, deletion of Ccr2 in MPs is necessary for proper fusion into regenerating aged muscle. Finally, opportune Ccr2 inhibition after injury enhances aged regeneration and functional recovery. These results demonstrate that inflammatory-induced activation of Ccr2 signaling in myogenic cells contributes to aged muscle regenerative decline. Chronic inflammation is a feature of age-related regenerative decline in skeletal muscles, but how it directly affects resident muscle stem cell fate and function is unclear. Here, the authors show that Ccr2 signaling in muscle stem cell derived progenitors represses terminal myogenic differentiation, and that targeting Ccr2 on aged myogenic progenitors rejuvenates aged skeletal muscle healing and function.
Unexplored regulatory sequences of divergently paired GLA and HNRNPH2 loci pertinent to Fabry disease in human kidney and skin cells: Presence of an active bidirectional promoter

Fabry disease (FD) is a rare hereditary disorder characterized by a wide range of symptoms caused by a variety of mutations in the galactosidase α (GLA) gene. The heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (HNRNPH2) gene is divergently paired with GLA on chromosome X and is thought to be implicated in FD. However, insufficient information is available on the regulatory mechanisms associated with the expression of HNRNPH2 and the GLA loci. Therefore, the current study performed bioinformatics analyses to assess the GLA and HNRNPH2 loci and investigate the regulatory mechanisms involved in the expression of each gene. The regulatory mechanisms underlying GLA and HNRNPH2 were revealed. The expression of each gene was associated with a bidirectional promoter (BDP) characterized by the absence of TATA box motifs and the presence of specific transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) and a CpG Island (CGI). The nuclear run-on transcription assay confirmed the activity of BDP GLA and HNRNPH2 transcription in 293T. Methylation-specific PCR analysis demonstrated a statistically significant variation in the DNA methylation pattern of BDP in several cell lines, including human adult epidermal keratinocytes (AEKs), human renal glomerular endothelial cells, human renal epithelial cells and 293T cells. The highest observed significance was demonstrated in AEKs (P<0.05). The results of the chromatin-immunoprecipitation assay using 293T cells identified specific TFBS motifs for Yin Yang 1 and nuclear respiratory factor 1 transcription factors in BDPs. The National Center for Biotechnology Information-single nucleotide polymorphism database revealed pathogenic variants in the BDP sequence. Additionally, a previously reported variant associated with a severe heterozygous female case of GLA FD was mapped in BDP. The results of the present study suggested that the expression of the divergent paired loci, GLA and HNRNPH2, were controlled by BDP. Mutations in BDP may also serve a role in FD and may explain clinical disease diversity.
Variable frequency response testbed to validate protective relays up to 20 kHz

Abstract Microgrids operate in islanding or utility grid mode. In islanding mode, distributed energy sources with power electronics inverters can generate fault currents over a wide range of frequencies. To gain a better understanding of the nature of these events, it is crucial to measure currents at frequencies of up to 20 kHz at transient states with protective relays. Protective relays at these frequency responses should be tested prior to being installed in microgrids. However, testing at high-frequency currents cannot be done with Relay Test Equipment (RTE) that generate signals up to 50th Harmonic for 60 Hz (3 kHz). In this study, a frequency response method and testbed for high-frequency currents of up to 20.16 kHz was developed and tested. The testbed utilized a RTE and High-Frequency Power Source/ Amplifier. Frequency relay experiments were run at frequencies of up to 1 and 20.16 kHz at a current magnitude of 0.1 and 0.5 A, respectively. The events were collected, and the current magnitude and frequency were plotted at time and frequency domain, respectively. The study of current magnitude and frequencies of up to 20.16 kHz for two overcurrent relays was performed and validated the variable frequency testbed and methodology.
Scoring System: Survival to Transplant and Death While on Waitlist for Patients without LVADs

Purpose Transplant strategies are in flux as recipients of LVADs are now de-prioritized under new allocation system changes. Here we sought to create a scoring system to predict survival to heart transplantation(Htx) while on the waitlist for patients without LVADs. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of adult patients listed for primary Htx from 2008-2018 using the UNOS database. Patient's with LVADs at listing, or who received LVADs while listed were excluded. Cox Proportional Hazards analysis was used on patient data at the time of listing to determine Survival-to-Transplant (STT) and Death-While-Waitlisted (DWW). Risk scores were calculated for each of these metrics, assigning approximately 1 point for each 0.1 increase in hazard ratio. Fractional polynomial regression analysis was used to demonstrate risk of death while waitlisted and survival to Htx. Results Of the 27,242 patients included, 15,972 (58.6%) successfully underwent Htx, while 5,574 (20.5%) died before transplant; the remainder (5,696, 20.1%) remain on the waitlist or have been unlisted. Point system for DWW and STT are demonstrated in Table 1, and Figure 1a/b outlines their probability of STT or DWW for these scores. Patients with DWW scores of ≤ 2 had 14.0% rate of death before transplant, 3-5 had 16.6%, 6-7 had 18.8%, 8-20 had 23.6%, and 21+ had 35.2%. Patients with STT score Conclusion Patients should be informed of their chances of successful Htx or death while waitlisted when selecting management options for their heart failure.
Critique of the Ship-Experiment Argument

This essay is part of a critical comparison between Galileo’s defense of Copernicanism and the defense of Galileo from the many attempts to criticize his reasoning or to justify his condemnation by the Inquisition. In such a context, I examine the anti-Copernican argument based on the ship’s mast experiment: that the earth cannot rotate because on a moving ship bodies dropped from the top of the mast lag behind, landing astern from its foot. Galileo criticized this argument with (1) a critical counter-argument questioning the analogy between a moving ship and a rotating earth; (2) a theoretical counter-argument concluding that on a moving ship falling bodies do not lag behind; and (3) an actual experiment refuting the anti-Copernican empirical claim. My discussion involves various aspects of the logic, methodology, history, historiography, and physics of such an experiment.
Preoperative Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Soft Tissue Sarcoma: results of phase 2 study

Abstract Objectives: Preoperative radiation followed by surgical resection is a standard treatment for soft tissue sarcomas (STS). We report on two consecutive phase II single arm studies evaluating 5 fraction stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) followed by surgical resection for STS (clinical trails .gov NCTXXX) Methods: 16 patients were treated with preoperative SBRT. Tumor size in greatest dimension was median 6.7 cm (maximum 14 cm) and the majority of STS were in the extremities. SBRT consisted of 35-40 Gy in 5 fractions every other day. Results: Median follow-up was 1719 days (4.7 years). Grade 3 or higher acute toxicity occurred in one patient (grade 3 skin changes). 15 patients proceed with surgical resection. Three patients had a wound complication after surgery, one patient had grade 3 or higher late toxicity (grade 4 requiring surgical intervention). There was 1 local recurrence and 5 distant recurrences. Conclusion: Long term follow-up on SBRT for STS found acceptable control and toxicity rates and warrants further evaluation.
An analysis of debugging techniques

AbstractAn empirical study of the use of debugging techniques among COBOL students was performed. Debugging time data for over 300 COBOL programs, together with information concerning use of debugging techniques was used in the analysis. Five debugging techniques were considered in this study: (a) COBOL debugging verbs and compiler options, (b) reading of system messages and basic JCL (Job Control Language), (c) reading of abnormal (ABEND) termination messages, (d) hand tracing, and (3) querying other programmers. Of pedagogical significance are results of the study which suggest the following: all of the debugging techniques will be used if students are made aware of them; students who spend the most time in debugging rely heavily on the use of debugging verbs, and use hand tracing less than all other groups of students; students who spend the least time in debugging will use a variety of debugging techniques, but rely most on hand tracing. Pedagogical approaches to the teaching of debugging skills are a...
Measuring body composition in overweight individuals by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is widely used for body composition measurements in normal-weight and overweight/obese individuals. The limitations of bone densitometers have been frequently addressed. However, the possible errors in assessing body composition in overweight individuals due to incorrect positioning or limitations of DXA to accurately assess both bone mineral density and body composition in obese individuals have not received much attention and are the focus of this report. We discuss proper ways of measuring overweight individuals and point to some studies where that might not have been the case. It appears that currently, the most prudent approach to assess body composition of large individuals who cannot fit under the scanning area would be to estimate regional fat, namely the regions of thigh and/or abdomen. Additionally, using two-half body scans, although time consuming, may provide a relatively accurate measurement of total body fat, however, more studies using this technique are needed to validate it. Researchers using bone densitometers for body composition measurements need to have an understanding of its limitations in overweight individuals and address them appropriately when interpreting their results. Studies on accuracy and precision in measurements of both bone and soft tissue composition in overweight individuals using available densitometers are needed.
Modern Approaches to Radiation Therapy

Recent advances in technology have led to dramatic improvements in radiation treatment planning, and delivery. These technical advances have allowed us to deliver higher radiation doses to the tumour while limiting dose to the normal surrounding tissues. Parallel advances in imaging and molecular biology have improved our ability precisely to define target volumes at risk, enhance radiation sensitivity, as well as to evaluate response to therapy. In this chapter, we will focus on the clinical improvements that have been achieved from both technological advances in radiotherapy (RT) planning and treatment delivery in combination with radiation response modifiers such as altered fractionation, chemotherapy, and molecularly targeted therapy. Keywords: functional imaging; intensity modulated radiation therapy; radiation response modifiers
Enhanced dedifferentiation and injury in mouse podocytes lacking CD38 gene (691.4)

The absence of CD38 in lymphocytes has been used as a dedifferentiation or low differentiation marker for diagnosis of leukemia. Our recent studies have reported that CD38 deficiency leads to pheno...
Whole-body biodistribution and radiation dosimetry evaluation of [11C]celecoxib

1034 Objectives We have radiolabeled, the FDA approved selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib with F-18 isotope and found retention of radioactivity in brain regions consistent with the known distribution of COX-2 in rodents and baboons. In order to circumvent the in vivo de[18F]fluorination of [18F]celecoxib, we have also developed [11C]celecoxib. The objective of the present study is to evaluate whole-body biodistribution and radiation dosimetry estimations of [11C]celecoxib in nonhuman primates. Methods The ECAT ACCEL PET scanner was used to image the baboon’s entire body. After the transmission scan 3+/-0.5 mCi of [11C]celecoxib was injected and the whole body emission scans were performed in two-dimensional mode for 120 minutes. Images were transferred into the image analysis software Medx 3.3 and regions of interests (ROIs) were drawn around organs that were identified. The absorbed radiation dose was calculated using OLINDA. Results The [11C]celecoxib was well tolerated in the animals, with no meaningful changes in any vital signs. Biodistribution data indicate the elimination of [11C]celecoxib via the hepatobiliary and renal systems. Kidney is the organ with highest residence time. Gallbladder wall received the highest estimated radiation dose and were the critical organ for male and female. Our studies show the single/ annual study maximal radiation exposure with [11C]celecoxib, will remain below the 21 CFR 361.1 dose limit for research subjects. Conclusions The favorable toxicology and dosimetry findings make [11C]celecoxib suitable for human use. Details of time activity curves, residence time, and dosimetry data will be presented.
Characterization of the Kilham Rat Virus

Kilham rat virus (KRV) was found to grow in a rat nephroma cell line and to form plaques on secondary rat embryo monolayers. The virus was purified by enzymatic treatment and isopycnic cesium chloride sedimentation. KRV bands at a density of 1.41 g/cm(3) in cesium chloride. It contains about 26.5% deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The sedimentation coefficient S(20,w) in sucrose gradients was 122 corresponding to a molecular weight of 6.6 x 10(6) daltons. The reaction of formaldehyde with the KRV virion suggests that the DNA in situ is single-stranded. DNA extracted from KRV had a buoyant density of 1.715 g/cm(3) in cesium chloride. The S(20,w) was determined in sucrose gradients to be 16, and the molecular weight was calculated to be approximately 1.7 x 10(6) daltons. The base composition of the DNA is 26.7% adenine, 30.8% thymine, 20.0% guanine, and 22.5% cytosine. On the basis of its noncomplementary nucleotide ratio, melting curve, and the reaction with formaldehyde, the DNA of KRV is believed to be single-stranded.
Effects Of Technology On Second Language Learning

The purpose of this paper is to present preliminary findings regarding the implementation of technology in the foreign language classroom and the effects of this technology on second language learning. This paper will first discuss the implementation of a technology-enhanced syllabus and then will focus on the effects of technology on writing using a number of different methods.
Radiometric Measurements of In-Cloud Temperature Fluctuations

Abstract The feasibility of measuring in-cloud temperature fluctuations with an infrared radiometer is demonstrated. The results obtained from aircraft measurements in a stratocumulus cloud deck indicate that a radiometer may easily resolve temperature variations within the cloud of less than 0.05°C provided that the cloud is sufficiently opaque. These radiometer measurements of temperature are combined with aircraft observations of vertical velocity to calculate a heat flux within the cloud deck. The heat flux derived using the radiometric observations shows excellent agreement with theoretical predictions of in-cloud heat flux. A similar heat flux calculation using the more conventional temperature transducer data was less by a factor of 5.
CB1 cannabinoid receptor expression in the striatum: Association with corticostriatal circuits and developmental regulation

Corticostriatal circuits mediate various aspects of goal-directed behavior and are critically important for basal ganglia-related disorders. Activity in these circuits is regulated by the endocannabinoid system via stimulation of CB1 cannabinoid receptors. CB1 receptors are highly expressed in projection neurons and select interneurons of the striatum, but expression levels vary considerably between different striatal regions (functional domains). We investigated CB1 receptor expression within specific corticostriatal circuits by mapping CB1 mRNA levels in striatal sectors defined by their cortical inputs in rats. We also assessed changes in CB1 expression in the striatum during development. Our results show that CB1 expression is highest in juveniles (P25) and then progressively decreases towards adolescent (P40) and adult (P70) levels. At every age, CB1 receptors are predominantly expressed in sensorimotor striatal sectors, with considerably lower expression in associative and limbic sectors. Moreover, for most corticostriatal circuits there is an inverse relationship between cortical and striatal expression levels. Thus, striatal sectors with high CB1 expression (sensorimotor sectors) tend to receive inputs from cortical areas with low expression, while striatal sectors with low expression (associative/limbic sectors) receive inputs from cortical regions with higher expression (medial prefrontal cortex). In so far as CB1 mRNA levels reflect receptor function, our findings suggest differential CB1 signaling between different developmental stages and between sensorimotor and associative/limbic circuits. The regional distribution of CB1 receptor expression in the striatum further suggests that, in sensorimotor sectors, CB1 receptors mostly regulate GABA inputs from local axon collaterals of projection neurons, whereas in associative/limbic sectors, CB1 regulation of GABA inputs from interneurons and glutamate inputs may be more important.
CENTAM — A data base of Central American volcanic rocks

Abstract CENTAM is a data base of petrological and geochemical data on Central American volcanoes. The data, over 900 analyses grouped into 48 files representing 43 volcanic centers, are available on diskettes readable by IBM-PC and compatible microcomputers.
Innovation in Latin American Regionalism: The Andean Common Market

The Andean Common Market, the most recent attempt at regional integration in Latin America, differs from the other Latin American efforts both in the factors that prompted its formation and in the support it had when it was established. More importantly, it differs in its terms and provisions, providing for a higher level of integration than any other Latin American effort. Several of its features—a common policy on foreign investment, regional planning and coordination in such fields as industry and agriculture, a quasi–supranational secretariat — make it an innovative approach to integration in Latin America. Numerous factors enhance the integrative potential of Andean integration. Among these are relatively favorable ratings on several of the neo–functional variables of regional integration. These indicators suggest that the effort may attain its objectives and perhaps even set an example to be followed by other economic groupings among Latin American countries. Still, projections about the future of the Andean Common Market must remain mixed. Some negative factors exist within the movement that could, if they triumph over the positive factors, lead to the same stagnation that now characterizes LAFTA and the CACM.
Nanomembrane-driven co-elution and integration of active chemotherapeutic and anti-inflammatory agents.

The release of therapeutic drugs from the surface of implantable devices is instrumental for the reduction of medical costs and toxicity associated with systemic administration. In this study we demonstrate the triblock copolymer-mediated deposition and release of multiple therapeutics from a single thin film at the air-water interface via Langmuir–Blodgett deposition. The dual drug elution of dexamethasone (Dex) and doxorubicin hydrochloride (Dox) from the thin film is measured by response in the RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line. The integrated hydrophilic and hydrophobic components of the polymer structure allows for the creation of hybrids of the copolymer and the hydrophobic Dex and the hydrophilic Dox. Confirmation of drug release and functionality was demonstrated via suppression of the interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF α) inflammatory cytokines (Dex), as well as TUNEL staining and DNA fragmentation analysis (Dox). The inherent biocompatibility of the copolymeric material is further demonstrated by the lack of inflammation and apoptosis induction in cells grown on the copolymer films. Thus a layer-by-layer anchored deposition of an anti-inflammatory and chemotherapeutic functionalized copolymer film is able to localize drug dosage to the surface of a medical device, all with an innate material thickness of 4 nm per layer.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-40 Wt Pct Ta (Ti-15 At. Pct Ta)

Of the β-isomorphous Ti-X alloy systems, Ti-Ta is one of the least studied. In the current work, the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-40 wt pct Ta (Ti-15 at. pct Ta) are investigated. Annealing at 810 °C produces a two-phase microstructure consisting of Ti-richa idiomorphs in a continuous Ta-rich β matrix; this suggests the β-transus temperature is higher than indicated by the most recently published phase diagram. Water quenching from 810 °C causes the β phase to partially transform to orthorhombic martensite (α), while furnace cooling yields secondarya The primary α formed isothermally remains unchanged in both cases. Subsequent aging causes transformation of the martensite to type 1a plus residual β, with a corresponding increase in strength and decrease in ductility. The maximum ductility (20 pct elongation) occurs in the water-quenched condition in which metastable β is retained. Analysis of the true stresstrue strain data suggests that transformation-induced plasticity may contribute to the enhanced ductility of the water-quenched material.
Textural and Compositional Controls on Silica Diagenesis--A Case Study from Nugget Sandstone, Washakie Basin, Wyoming: ABSTRACT

Grain-size laminated quartzose sandstones (Q93F5R2) illustrate well-defined relations among framework grain size (GS), quartz type, silica cement (SC), and pressure solution (PS). The percentage of monocrystalline quartz grains with well-developed overgrowths (greater than 50% of grain not in contact with adjacent grains containing overgrowth) is related to grain size (71% coarse, 20% medium, 8% fine sand). Regardless of grain size, less than 10% of the polycrystalline quartz population exhibits well-developed overgrowths. For medium sand-size nonundulose, undulose, and polycrystalline quartz, the portion of grains with well-developed overgrowth is 29%, 8%, and 2%, respectively. All other factors being equal, first-cycle quartzose sandstones derived from metamorphic source rocks will lose porosity and permeability, due to silica cementation, at a slower rate than those sandstones (nonundulose quartz rich) derived from other sources. The silica cement present in the Nugget Sandstone is largely the result of pressure solution. Over the average grain size range of 0.22-0.35 mm, the volume represented by pressure solution can be depicted by the equation PS = -54(GS) + 26 (r = -0.85). SC = 99(GS) - 19 (r = +0.80) defines the relation between grain size and silica cement abundance. Sandstone intervals with an average grain size less than about 0.29 mm are characterized by an excess of silica, whereas for an average grain size above 0.29 mm the opposite is the case. Pressure-solution-produced silica mainly originated in finer grained units and migrated to coarser grained zones. When all grain sizes are considered, the volume of silica generated by pressure solution exceeds the amount of silica precipitated by overgrowth . End_of_Article - Last_Page 491------------
Predicting severe injury using vehicle telemetry data.

Background In 2010, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration standardized collision data collected by event data recorders, which may help determine appropriate emergency medical service (EMS) response. Previous models (e.g., General Motors ) predict severe injury (Injury Severity Score [ISS] > 15) using occupant demographics and collision data. Occupant information is not automatically available, and 12% of calls from advanced automatic collision notification providers are unanswered. To better inform EMS triage, our goal was to create a predictive model only using vehicle collision data. Methods Using the National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System data set, we included front-seat occupants in late-model vehicles (2000 and later) in nonrollover and rollover crashes in years 2000 to 2010. Telematic (change in velocity, direction of force, seat belt use, vehicle type and curb weight, as well as multiple impact) and nontelematic variables (maximum intrusion, narrow impact, and passenger ejection) were included. Missing data were multiply imputed. The University of Washington model was tested to predict severe injury before application of guidelines (Step 0) and for occupants who did not meet Steps 1 and 2 criteria (Step 3) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Field Triage Guidelines. A probability threshold of 20% was chosen in accordance with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations. Results There were 28,633 crashes, involving 33,956 vehicles and 52,033 occupants, of whom 9.9% had severe injury. At Step 0, the University of Washington model sensitivity was 40.0% and positive predictive value (PPV) was 20.7%. At Step 3, the sensitivity was 32.3 % and PPV was 10.1%. Model analysis excluding nontelematic variables decreased sensitivity and PPV. The sensitivity of the re-created General Motors model was 38.5% at Step 0 and 28.1% at Step 3. Conclusion We designed a model using only vehicle collision data that was predictive of severe injury at collision notification and in the field and was comparable with an existing model. These models demonstrate the potential use of advanced automatic collision notification in planning EMS response. Level of evidence Prognostic study, level II.
Leg, Ankle, and Foot Injuries

The emergency provider (EP) must be aware of the anatomy of the leg, ankle, and foot. The varied presentation of common injuries must be recognized as well as the unique presentations of uncommon injuries. The astute EP must rely on a focused history and a precise examination to avoid the pitfalls and missed injuries from an over-reliance on radiographic studies. In some cases, emergent orthopedic consultation is required. Potential complications associated with these injuries must be anticipated and avoided if possible.
A study of graphite ablation in combined convective and radiative heating.

Comparison of graphite ablation experiment results in the diffusion-controlled oxidation and sublimation regimes with results of an equilibrium chemistry, film coefficient ablation analysis. Mass transfer and energy transfer effects are considered. Tests were conducted in an arcjet facility at convective heating rates of 600 to 800 W/sq cm, radiative heating rates up to 2900 W/sq cm, with test specimen surface pressures of 0.06, 0.1, and 0.3 atm in an air stream. The experimental and analytical mass loss and surface temperature results agreed well when the carbon vapor thermodynamic properties from the JANAF tables are used in the analysis.
Estimates of the Infrared Radiation Temperature Correction for Cylindrical Temperature Sensors

Abstract A series of nomograms is presented showing the longwave radiation temperature correction for various thermocouple wire diameters, different values of emitted and absorbed radiation, and for wind speeds from zero to 10 m sec−1. The temperature correction is computed from the steady-state balance between radiative and convective heat transfers and is to be added to the measured temperature. The radiation field is based upon previous measurements made under clear nighttime skies and the free and forced convection correlation formulae are adopted from wind tunnel experiments.
Ongoing Issues in Test Fairness.

In the attempt to identify or prevent unfair tests, both quantitative analyses and logical evaluation are often used. For the most part, fairness evaluation is a pragmatic attempt at determining whether procedural or substantive due process has been accorded to either a group of test takers or an individual. In both the individual and comparative approaches to test fairness, counterfactual reasoning is useful to clarify a potential charge of unfairness: Is it plausible to believe that with an alternative assessment (test or item) or under different test conditions an individual or groups of individuals may have fared better? Beyond comparative questions, fairness can also be framed by moral and ethical choices. A number of ongoing issues are evaluated with respect to these topics including accommodations, differential item functioning (DIF), differential prediction and selection, employment testing, test validation, and classroom assessment.
Degradability of Soybean Meal Protein Fractions as Determined by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

Abstract Degradation of soy protein subfractions was determined by suspending dacron bags containing soybean meal into the rumen from 0 to 72h. Rumen-cannulated lactating Holstein cows consuming a diet of corn silage, alfalfa haylage, soybean meal, and high moisture shelled corn were used. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to monitor the rates of degradation in the rumen of protein subfractions. Fractional changes with time in the rumen were quantified using densitometric analysis of Coomassie blue stained protein bands. The β-conglycinin was more susceptible to rumen degradation than glycinin subunits. Acidic subunits (B 1 ) of glycinin were degraded faster (.144h –1 ) than were basic (B 2 ) subfractions (.104h –1 ). Estimates of B subfractional components and rates of degradation were used to predict degradability of soybean meal protein (73.8%). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and densitometric techniques can be used for measuring subfractional degradability in the rumen.
Transmethylation reactions in bacterial lipids

Abstract Lipids of Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens and Agrobacterium tumefaciens grown in the presence of methyl-labeled methionine have been examined. A. tumefaciens produces lipids containing N-methylethanolamine, N,N-dimethylethanolamine and choline with labeled methyl groups as well as labeled cyclopropane acids. The rate of formation of methylated bases parallels growth, while the rate of cyclopropane acid formation does not. In all three organisms, cyclopropane acid formation takes place mainly in late logarithmic growth and in the stationary phase. Hydrogen as well as carbon of methionine methyl groups is incorporated into cyclopropane rings. A mutant organism blocked in methionine synthesis forms cyclopropane acids from methionine methyl groups, the extent of incorporation being undiluted by a number of known one-carbon donors.
Linear and nonlinear electromagnetic coupling models in vibration-based energy harvesting

Abstract This paper investigates the response of an energy harvester that uses electromagnetic induction to convert ambient vibration into electrical energy. A unique aspect of the present study is the comparison of the system's response behavior when either a linear or a physically motivated form of nonlinear coupling is applied. The motivating hypothesis for this work was that nonlinear coupling could be used to improve the performance of an energy harvester by broadening its frequency response. Combined theoretical and numerical studies investigate the harvester's response for both single and multi-frequency base excitation. Our investigations unveil regions in the parameter space where nonlinear coupling is better than linear coupling and regions where the opposite is true. The meaningful conclusion is that nonlinear coupling can sometimes be detrimental, but it can also be beneficial if properly designed into the system.
Determination of turbulent fluxes of heat and momentum from the wind profile

A method suggested earlier by the author to determine turbulent fluxes of heat and momentum from a measured wind profile is tested by using Swinbank's observational data.
Surveillance strategies for patients following surgical resection of soft tissue sarcomas.

Purpose of reviewTo examine the factors predictive of recurrence for soft tissue sarcomas, the role of salvage therapy, and the data in support of current surveillance strategies.Recent findingsThere are multiple primary tumor characteristics and other factors that can stratify patients into low- or
The heat capacity of pure silicon and germanium and properties of their vibrational frequency spectra

Abstract Heat capacities of pure silicon and germanium have been measured between 2.5° and 300°K. The estimated accuracies of the measurements are ±0.5% for 10° 20°K. The results for silicon were anomalous in the region T <7°K; it is suggested that this behaviour resulted from adsorption and desorption of exchange gas in the calorimeter vessel. No anomalies were observed in the measurements on germanium; their accuracy at the lowest temperatures is estimated to be ±2%. The results for both substances are significantly different from previously published values. The temperature variation of ΘD of both silicon and germanium below about T= ΘD/3 is consistent with general harmonic theory, but at high temperatures ΘD decreases with increasing temperature. This appears to be a clearly marked anharmonic effect of a type that cannot be explained by change of volume alone. The results for T < ΘD/3 are therefore extrapolated to high temperatures to give a heat capacity consistent with h...
Transient landscape evolution of basement‐cored uplifts: Example of the Kyrgyz Range, Tian Shan

[1] The Kyrgyz Range, located on the northern margin of the western Tian Shan, illustrates long-term (106–107 year) transient landscape evolution in response to an active basement-cored rock uplift. Eastward propagation of range uplift has progressively exposed resistant bedrock capped by a tilted, (formerly) planar, pre-Cenozoic unconformity. We develop an approximate, stream power–based analytic model of transient river profile incision into progressively exposed and resistant bedrock to explore the patterns of channel development into the unconformity surface. This analysis shows that the unconformity can be preserved as a geomorphic marker defined by upland headwaters and interfluvial areas. Though channels are not at equilibrium with rock uplift, prominent knickpoints are not predicted to develop on main stem channels. However, knickpoints are predicted to develop on tributaries upstream of their junctions with the trunk stream because of differential erosion rates. Initial channel slope and transient channel form are both sensitive to the n value of the stream power model and could prove useful for calibration of n from field data. Accumulation of catchment area (a proxy for discharge) into larger catchments develops a positive feedback where larger drainages with higher stream power at a given slope undermine and capture adjacent drainage area. A simple model of competitive fluvial incision illustrates the role of tributary junction position in maximizing stream power expended upon the trunk stream. Examples from the Kyrgyz Range illustrate the effects of tributary junction position on fluvial relief, and we propose that adjustments to the tributary network through stream capture are ongoing within this landscape even after several kilometers of exhumation.
Synthesis of 1-aminopyrrolizidine alkaloid (−)-absouline by stereoselective aminoconjugate addition

Abstract The diastereoselective aminoconjugate addition of benzylamine and lithiobenzylamine to both E and Z-configured vinylogous proline derivatives has been investigated. The results from this study have enabled the stereoselective synthesis of the 1-aminopyrrolizidine alkaloid (−)-absouline.