cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two Illustrative Examples

In the course of the past 30 years many sequences of Situations have been invented and used and experimented with. The level of student aimed for ranges from pre-school to university, with the highest density at the fourth to eighth grade level. Of these, two are completely or partially available in English. A sequence on introducing statistics, with commentary by Brousseau, was published by Brousseau and Warfield in the Journal of Mathematical Behavior. That sequence serves as an introduction to Fundamental Situations, and will be discussed in detail in Chap. 3. The other sequence is far longer and has been taught many times. It provides a complete introduction to rational and decimal numbers as required by “obligatory scholarship” (in the National Programme). A detailed presentation of that sequence, broken into several sections to keep the size manageable, is now being written and translated. Two particularly intriguing Situations appear early in the sequence and, as with the pots of paint and the Race to Twenty, provide in themselves a nice illustration of the nature and content of a Situation. This chapter contains both, with a sketch of the connecting material between them.
Alcohol, Prescription Drug Misuse, Sexual Violence, and Dating Violence Among High School Youth

Abstract Purpose Sexual violence (SV), teen dating violence (TDV), and substance use are significant public health concerns among U.S. adolescents. This study examined whether latent classes of baseline alcohol and prescription drug misuse longitudinally predict SV and TDV victimization and perpetration (i.e., verbal,relational, physical/threatening, and sexual) 1 year later. Methods Students from six Midwestern high schools (n = 1,875; grades 9–11) completed surveys across two consecutive spring semesters. Latent class analysis was used to identify classes of individuals according to four substance use variables. A latent class regression and a manual three-step auxiliary approach were used to assess concurrent and distal relationships between identified classes and SV and TDV victimization and perpetration. Results Three classes of substance use were identified: low/no use (41% of sample), alcohol only use (45%), and alcohol and prescription drug misuse (APD) (14%). Youth in the APD class experienced greater SV and TDV victimization and perpetration than the alcohol only class at baseline. At Time 2 (one year later), youth in the baseline APD class experienced significantly higher SV and TDV victimization and perpetration outcomes than youth in the alcohol only class with the exception of sexual and physical TDV perpetration. Conclusions The misuse of both alcohol and prescription drugs emerged as a significant risk factor for later SV and TDV among adolescents. As such, it would be beneficial if future research continued to assess the nature of these associations and incorporate prescription drug use and misuse into heath education,substance use, and violence prevention programs.
“I Felt Like I Was a Part of Trying to Keep My Baby Alive”: Perspectives of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Black Mothers in Providing Milk for Their Very Preterm Infants

Abstract Background: Compared with non-Hispanic white, Hispanic and non-Hispanic black mothers of very preterm infants are less likely to provide mother's milk at the point of hospital discharge; t...
“Incentive hope” and the nature of impulsivity in low-socioeconomic-status individuals

Low-income environments have been associated with greater levels of impulsive behavior, which contribute to the higher debt and obesity rates that further perpetuate current wealth and health disparities. In this commentary, we describe how this might be explained by an appeal to "incentive hope" and the motivational drive toward consumption triggered by the future uncertainty these groups face.
Evaluation of phenotypic and genotypic approaches as predictors of Salmonella strains of clinical and non-clinical origin

This study investigated the possible phenotypic and genotypic similarities and differences between Salmonella isolates obtained from swine with clinical salmonellosis to isolates obtained from swine showing no clinical disease. Phenotypic analysis was done by antimicrobial resistance profiling and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting was employed for genotypic analysis. A total of 281 (140 clinical and 141 non-clinical) were included in this study. There was no association between the origin of isolates (clinical or non-clinical) and the antimicrobial resistance profiles with OR of 0.77 and 95%CI (0.46-1.27). However, there was association between AFLP profile and origin of isolates (distinct genotypic clustering) between Salmonella strains of clinical and non-clinical origin with an odds ratio of 8.7 and 95% CI (4.815.9). Therefore, we concluded that a high resolution DNA fingerprinting approach such as AFLP may be helpful in differentiating strains of primary clinical importance.
In Reply: Clinical Outcomes of Descemet Stripping Endothelial Keratoplasty in Eyes With Glaucoma Drainage Devices.

Precis:In this retrospective case series of 85 eyes, 31.8% developed graft failure and graft survival was 50% at 3 years. The presence of an aqueous shunt has a significantly adverse effect on long-term graft survival.Purpose:To report visual outcomes and complications of Descemet stripping endothel
Striding towards an institutional repository: Managing staff publications at San Diego Zoo Global

The long, rich, history of staff publications at San Diego Zoo Global (SDZG)is a point of institutional pride. As such, a question like “What has San Diego Zoo Global published on [insert species]?” seems so simple and reasonable, and yet it’s proven one of the hardest for us at the SDZG Library to answer. Managing staff publications, in general, is difficult, and managing them digitally brings new challenges. Thus while the SDZG Library has been attempting to manage staff publications for quite some time, it’s become apparent that our previous method is insufficient for our patrons, so we’ve begun working on a move towards a new direction.
Dosage Counts: Correcting Trisomy-21-Related Phenotypes in Human Organoids and Xenografts

Studies in mice suggest that Olig2 gene dosage alters cerebral cortical interneuron development and contributes to trisomy-21/Down-syndrome-related intellectual disability. Xu et al. (2019) extend these studies through the remarkable use of cerebral organoid and human iPSC/mouse brain chimera experimental systems that provide an opportunity for the development of novel therapeutics.
Relation between in utero arsenic exposure and growth during the first year of life in a New Hampshire pregnancy cohort.

Abstract Background We have previously reported that in utero arsenic exposure is associated with increased length and other anthropometric outcomes at birth in a U.S. cohort. However, it is unknown whether these anthropometric differences persist through early life. Objectives We assessed in utero arsenic exposure in relation to attained anthropometry and growth trajectories through the first year of life. Methods Among 760 mother-infant pairs from the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, we assessed in utero arsenic exposure using maternal second trimester urinary arsenic and assessed infant growth from medical records. Results Median maternal second trimester total urinary arsenic (tAs; inorganic arsenic + monomethylarsonic acid + dimethylarsinic acid) was 3.96 μg/L (IQR: 2.02, 6.72). In adjusted linear mixed effects models, each doubling of maternal urinary tAs was associated with a 0.05 increase in length WHO Z score (95% CI: 0, 0.09) over the first year of life which corresponds to an approximately 0.12 cm increase in males and 0.13 cm increase in females at 12 months. No associations were observed between urinary tAs and attained weight, weight-for-length, or head circumference. In adjusted piecewise linear mixed effects models, each doubling of urinary tAs was associated with a 0.07 (95% CI: 0.02, 0.12) cm per month decreased length growth rate through 3.5 months with no evidence of an association thereafter. No associations were observed between urinary tAs and infant weight gain or change in weight-for-length and head circumference through one year. Conclusions On average, infants exposed to higher in utero arsenic attained modestly longer length during the first year, despite having slower linear growth in the first 3.5 months of life. This suggests that the previously demonstrated arsenic-associated longer length among study infants at birth persists through the first year of life. No other anthropometric associations with in utero arsenic exposure were observed across the full study population.
Study of Regional Blood Volume in the Brain of the Mouse Using 250 msec Coagulation Following Administration of a Dihydrogenated Ergot Alkaloid (Hydergine)

ABSTRACT The small vessel blood volume of the brain is an important factor in cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism, but it is difficult to study. A study of regional blood volume in small animals is complicated by rapid changes in volume. These can occur in less than one second. The use of rapid coagulation of the blood to stimate the amount of blood present provides a simple method to measure volume ithout the use of anesthetics and with minimal stress to the animal. Acute reatment of mice with 0.20 mg/kg, i.V., dihydroergotoxin mesylate (Hydergine) suited in no change in blood volume one minute after treatment. After mice msumed about 1 mg/kg of dihydroergotoxin mesylate per day for 11 days in their rinking water, an increase in blood volume which was not significant was found n seven of eight regions of the brain. Blood volume in the cerebral cortex, owever, increased significantly. It is reasonable to propose that the effective terapeutic response of senile patients to this drug stems from increased blood volume in the brain. These changes in blood volume in a specific region of the brain, found only after sustained drug therapy, support and reinforce clinical reports of a delayed response to therapy with dihydroergotoxin mesylate.
Essential Tremor: Deep Brain Stimulation

Comprising of axial and/or kinetic tremors, essential tremor (ET) is a debilitating and common movement disorder that negatively affects up to 1% of the global population. When patients fail medical therapy, deep brain stimulation (DBS) is one of the current standards of care for medically refractory ET treatment. Using stereotactic methods, surgeons may stimulate the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus (VIM) and novel targets, such as the posterior subthalamic area and the zona incerta, with long-term benefits and significant tremor reduction. Other alternatives include stereotactic radiosurgery and MRI-guided focused ultrasound (FUS).
Transitions in Emergent Modeling

In this reaction to Section 1 of the book, some of the commonalities and differences in the approaches of the authors of these four chapters to emergent modeling are explored. Their conceptual frameworks and their use of evidence from their own research are examined from the point of view of children’s processes of transition, through pseudo-concepts, through chains of signification and construction of meaning, from activities in which they engage to increasingly mathematical practices and terminology. Finally, a triadic model of chaining of signifiers is used as a lens to interpret some of the research reported in these four chapters.
Improving estimates of job matching efficiency with different measures of unemployment

Abstract Traditional measures of unemployment can mask important changes in the labor market across time. We therefore use broader definitions of unemployment to estimate time-varying job-matching efficiency rates that are consistent with vacancies and hiring activity data for the U.S. Our efficiency rates are then modelled along with employment data to study their dynamic, non-linear relationship. We find that including marginally attached workers and part-time workers for economic reasons helps explain the changes in employment patterns observed after the global financial crisis. This finding emphasizes the importance of accounting for labor underutilization, particularly during the latest economic recovery.
Liver Failure and Hepatic Encephalopathy in Pregnancy

Liver disease in pregnancy causes significant maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity. There are two types of liver disease in pregnancy, coincidental and pregnancy related. Pregnancy-related liver disease usually occurs around the third trimester of pregnancy. Hepatic encephalopathy is usually an acute process in pregnancy, and rapid identification is important for prognosis. Both acute and chronic liver disease can cause hepatic encephalopathy. There are multiple ways to classify hepatic encephalopathy including West Haven Criteria and International Society for Hepatic Encephalopathy and Nitrogen Metabolism classification (ISHEN). Diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy is usually done by measuring ammonia levels. Acute liver failure in pregnancy is rare and can occur at any time during the pregnancy. Pregnancy-related liver diseases typically occur late in the second trimester and third trimester, and management of it is focused on supportive care and prompt delivery of the fetus. Acute viral hepatitis is associated with acute liver failure in pregnant patients. Of all viral infection, acute hepatitis related to hepatitis E virus and herpes simplex virus is known to have an increased risk of acute liver failure in pregnant patients. Consultation with transplant center should take place early in acute liver failure related to pregnancy. Extracorporeal liver support system using Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System is an infrequent but very useful rescue strategy used in severe cases with the acute liver failure, acute-on-chronic liver failure, or certain intoxications.
Mass and spin for classical strings in dS3

We demonstrate that all rigidly rotating strings with center of mass at the origin of the dS3 static patch satisfy the Higuchi bound. This extends the observation of Noumi et al. for the open GKP-like string to all solutions of the Larsen-Sanchez class. We argue that strings violating the bound end up expanding towards the horizon and provide a numerical example. Adding point masses to the open string only increases the mass/spin ratio. For segmented strings, we write the conserved quantities, invariant under Gubser’s algebraic evolution equation, in terms of discrete lightcone coordinates describing kink collisions. Randomly generated strings are found to have a tendency to escape through the horizon that is mostly determined by their energy. For rapidly rotating segmented strings with mass/spin < 1, the kink collisions eventually become causally disconnected. Finally we consider the scenario of cosmic strings captured by a black hole in dS and find that horizon friction can make the strings longer.
Diet of the Invasive Argentine Black and White Tegu in Central Florida

Salvator merianae (Argentine Black and White Tegu, hereafter also ABWT) is a large bodied, omnivorous lizard native to South America. In Florida, where the species was introduced via the pet trade and is invasive, there are at least 3 established populations as well as numerous one-off observations. We collected ABWTs from public and private property to determine their diet in central Florida (Hillsborough County) from 2012 to 2016. We determined frequency of occurrence (FO) for items identified to various taxonomic levels, calculated niche overlap to check for an ontogenetic shift in diet, and evaluated seasonal variation in diet. Stomach contents revealed ABWTs (n = 93) in central Florida consume fruit, invertebrates, and vertebrates, including hatchling Gopherus polyphemus (Gopher Tortoise). Frequency of occurrence of food items varied seasonally. Vertebrate prey was most common in the spring, whereas invertebrates and plants were consumed most frequently in summer. Diets among ABWTs were very similar, as indicated by Pianka's measure of niche overlap, regardless of age or sex. A greater proportion of ABWTs in central Florida consumed vertebrates compared to other invasive and native populations (FOcentralFL = 81%, FOsouthernFL= 37%, FOBrazil = 27%, FOArgentina = 44%). Argentice Black and White Tegus in central Florida are generalist omnivores and consume a diversity of taxa across several trophic levels, including imperiled species.
The Experience of Sex Guilt: The Roles of Parenting, Adult Attachment, and Sociosexuality

Sociosexuality, comfort with sex outside the confines of a committed relationship, and parent–child dynamics have been associated with experiences of sex guilt. However, the mechanisms through which family dynamics are related to sociosexuality and sex guilt are still unclear. Using a developmental framework, in a cross-sectional study, we examined whether attachment styles and parent–child relationships would be associated with the development and maintenance of sociosexuality. We hypothesized that insecure attachment styles and sociosexuality would independently and positively mediate the relationship between parent–child relationship quality (accepting/rejecting) and sex guilt. Findings support past research and suggests that parental rejection predicts insecure attachments, which positively predicts unrestricted sociosexuality, and in turn, is negatively associated with sex guilt. This could suggest that sociosexuality may act as a buffer for sex guilt among this sample.
Segmental arterial mediolysis: differentiation of rare arteriopathy from vascular mimics.

A 49-year-old Hispanic woman with a previous medical history significant for stage I hypertension presented to the emergency department with acute-onset chest pain. She described her pain as sharp and non-exertional with radiation to the back. She denied headache, vision changes or abdominal pain.
A Systematic Review of the Effects of Community Transition Programs on Quality of Life and Hospital Readmissions for Adults With Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury.

Abstract Objective To investigate the effects of community transition programs for adults with traumatic spinal cord injury (tSCI) on hospital readmissions and quality of life (QOL). Data Sources Seven databases (PubMed, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Google Scholar, the Joanna Briggs Institute database, OTseeker, and PEDro) and reference lists of relevant articles were searched from inception through March 2020. Study Selection Original research studies were included that (1) evaluated interventions designed to support individuals aged 18-65 years with newly acquired tSCI in navigating the transition from subacute care to the community and (2) reported data for QOL or hospital readmission outcomes. Searches identified 4694 studies, and 26 of these met the selection criteria. Data Extraction Two reviewers independently screened and assessed all studies, extracting information about study type, methodological strengths and weaknesses, participant and intervention characteristics, comparator, and significant results. Any discrepancies were resolved by a third reviewer. Data Synthesis Studies were grouped according to primary intervention: peer mentoring (n=8), telehealth (n=5), education (n=5), independent living (n=3), occupational therapy (n=1), counseling (n=1), and patient navigation (n=4). Reviewers used the Let Evidence Guide Every Decision appraisal tool rubric to grade the body of evidence for each intervention type. Moderate level evidence supports the positive effects of peer mentoring, and low level evidence indicates positive effects of telehealth, education, independent living, and occupational therapy interventions. Peer mentoring, telehealth, and patient navigation were the only intervention types that included hospital readmission outcomes. Of these, peer mentoring had the most evidence, with 3 of the 4 studies that included hospital readmission outcomes demonstrating statistically significant improvements. Conclusions In general, there is a paucity of high-quality evidence with sufficiently similar characteristics to demonstrate and compare benefits from program participation. When high quality studies have been conducted, they have obtained mixed results. Of the different intervention types, peer mentorship has the strongest supporting evidence. Further research is needed to identify specific intervention components that are most effective in improving QOL and reducing hospital readmission for specific subgroups of individuals recovering from tSCI.
Highly Active Nickel Catalysts for C-H Functionalization Identified through Analysis of Off-Cycle Intermediates

An inhibitory role of 1,5-cyclooctadiene (COD) in nickel-catalyzed C–H functionalization processes was identified and studied. The bound COD participates in C–H activation by capturing the hydride, leading to a stable off-cycle π-allyl complex that greatly diminished overall catalytic efficiency. Computational studies elucidated the origin of the effect and enabled identification of a 1,5-hexadiene-derived pre-catalyst that avoids the off-cycle intermediate and provides catalytic efficiencies that are superior to those of catalysts derived from Ni(COD)2.
Neural Models of Temporally Organized Behaviors: Handwriting Production and Working Memory

The brain uses several different types of mechanisms to control the temporal organization of behavior. This chapter summarizes biological neural networks which model two types of temporal control. The first model is the VITEWRITE model of handwriting production (Bullock, Grossberg, and Mannes, 1993). The second model is the STORE model for encoding sequences of events in working memory (Bradski, Carpenter, and Grossberg, 1992). Both models have arisen from a computational analysis of relevant behavioral and neural data bases. In both models, the temporal properties of the behavior are not explicitly represented in the network, but instead are emergent properties of multicellular interactions. This fact raises the issue of what organizational principles enable the networks to generate goal-oriented temporal relationships despite the fact that these relationships are not explicitly represented in the model mechanisms.
An alpha-helical peptide model for electrostatic interactions of proteins with DNA. The N terminus of RecA.

Abstract A series of synthetic peptides have been studied as models for non-specific protein-DNA interactions. In an α-helical conformation, the charged amino acid residues of the N-terminal 24 residues of RecA protein are asymmetrically distributed; at neutral pH there is a + 4 charge on one face of the helix and a −3 charge on the other face. Modeling suggests that the positive face of the helix can bind five DNA phosphate groups by electrostatic interactions. Circular dichroism (c.d.) spectra indicate that the analogous peptide, Rec24 (AIDENKQKALAAALGQIEKQFGKG-amide), is largely unstructured in water but becomes highly helical in the presence of DNA. Peptide titrations of fluorescent etheno-DNA confirm that the changes in the c.d. spectrum of the peptide are associated with binding, although a dependence of the c.d. signal on the degree of DNA saturation is observed, indicating that peptide can be bound in more than one conformation. At saturation the peptide binds to 5.0(± 0.5) DNA phosphate groups as predicted and the electrostatic nature of the binding is confirmed by a strong dependence on salt concentration. A “mutant” peptide where an acidic glutamate residue replaces an alanine on the basic face of the Rec24 helix exhibits weaker binding to single-stranded DNA, also consistent with the electrostatic nature of the proposed peptide-DNA interaction. Extending Rec24 by ten amino acid residues, where the additional residues do not participate in the helical motif, does not noticeably affect binding. Thus, we show experimentally that an asymmetric charge distribution on an α-helix can represent an important element for binding nucleic acids.
Noise-induced hearing loss: from animal models to human trials.

Exposure to noise results in neural swelling, hair cell loss, and strial damage. Toxic-free radical accumulation also contributes to cell death in the inner ear. The type and extent of pathology and amount and permanence of hearing loss all vary with the level and duration of the insult as well as the dynamic level change. New data indicate that temporary changes in hearing are potentially much more harmful than previously believed. The potential for the use of free radical scavengers as therapeutic agents varies with the noise insult; new studies are essential for determining the potential to prevent the previously unknown long-term sequellae of noise insults that induce temporary changes in hearing. Evaluating the effect of noise on the human inner ear and the potential for protection using novel therapeutic agents presents multiple challenges.
The Combined Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure and Strain-Rate on the Compressive Properties of a Laminated, Multi-Directional, Graphite/Epoxy Thick-Composite

Experimental studies of the combined effects of hydrostatic pressure and strain-rate on the compressive properties of a laminated, multi-directional graphite fiber/epoxy matrix thick-composite have been made. It has been determined that the compressive stress-strain behavior of the thick-composite is dependent significantly on hydrostatic pressure and strain-rate. The hydrostatic pressure (P) applied was 1 bar, 1 kbar, 2 kbar, and 3 kbar and the average strain-rates (e) used for the studies were 6.51 x 10−2%/s (quasi-static or low strain-rate) and 1.27%/s (high strain-rate). The compressive properties—namely the Young's modulus (E), the yield strength (σγ) when one occurred, the ultimate strength (σU) or the fracture strength (σf), and the fracture strain (ef)—were determined as a function of P and e. The E increased bilinearly with P at the low and the high is with the discontinuity point located at ~2 kbar. It is particularly important to note that there was a coupling effect of P and e on E of the thic...
Structure and dynamics of a membrane protein in micelles from three solution NMR experiments.

Three solution NMR experiments on a uniformly 15N labeled membrane protein in micelles provide sufficient information to describe the structure, topology, and dynamics of its helices, as well as additional information that characterizes the principal features of residues in terminal and inter-helical loop regions. The backbone amide resonances are assigned with an HMQC-NOESY experiment and the backbone dynamics are characterized by a 1H-15N heteronuclear NOE experiment, which clearly distinguishes between the structured helical residues and the more mobile residues in the terminal and interhelical loop regions of the protein. The structure and topology of the helices are described by Dipolar waves and PISA wheels derived from experimental measurements of residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) and residual chemical shift anisotropies (RCSAs). The results show that the membrane-bound form of Pf1 coat protein has a 20-residue trans-membrane hydrophobic helix with an orientation that differs by about 90° from that of an 8-residue amphipathic helix. This combination of three-experiments that yields Dipolar waves and PISA wheels has the potential to contribute to high-throughput structural characterizations of membrane proteins.
Intercultural collaboration: instrumentality of the GLOBE study

The paper focuses on and further develops the social attributes of intercultural collaboration. It introduces the findings of the Russian component of the GLOBE study (conducted in 62 countries) of manifestation of culture and leadership in business settings. In reflecting on the findings, the authors rely on interviewing managers of leading MNCs about cultural dimensions of Russian business environment, and on reviewing the case of 3M Company that demonstrates tactics to achieve successful intercultural collaboration.
Microquake seismic interferometry with SVD-enhanced Green's function recovery

The conditions under which seismic interferometry (SI) leads to the exact Green's function (GF) are rarely met in practice. As a result, we generally recover only estimates of the true GF. This raises the questions: How good an approximation to the GF can SI give? Can we improve this estimated GF?
The all-minors VCCS matrix tree theorem, half-resistors and applications in symbolic simulation

The matrix tree theorem for directed graphs is generalized to cover all minors of nodal formulations of all linear circuits with voltage controlled current sources. The term signs are readily evaluated from linking-cycle-arborescence: configurations in a common generalization of Maxwell's and Coates' rules. All minors are treated with the same formalism. The formulation introduces half-resistors which are transposed unistors. Their use for intuitive description of circuit operation based on approximation, nodal impedance conditions and backward error analysis is described for BJT amplifiers and the switch model for digital MOS circuits.
Prioritizing a Portfolio of Information Technology Investment Projects

Although the use of real options for valuation of information technology (IT) investments has been documented, little research has been conducted to examine its relevance for valuing and prioritizing a portfolio of projects. Complexities of IT projects along with the effect of project interdependencies raise several challenges in applying real options for prioritization of IT investments. We examine a large U.S.-based energy utility firm in a deregulated environment that is considering investment in a portfolio of 31 projects to provide a range of Internet-enabled energy services to customers. Using real data on expected project benefits and costs for different competitive scenarios, we develop a nested options model that extends prior research by incorporating the impact of project interdependencies to calculate the option value of all projects. Our nested options model provides a better understanding of project interdependencies on valuation and prioritization decisions, and provides insights into the business value of IT infrastructure projects that provide the managerial flexibility to launch future projects. We present a real options portfolio optimization algorithm for dynamic multiperiod portfolio optimization by incorporating the project values based on real options analysis in a portfolio management model with budget constraints.
Phycomyces blakesleeanus TRP1 gene: organization and functional complementation in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract We have cloned the gene encoding the TRPF and TRPC functions of Phycomyces blakesleeanus by complementation of the corresponding activities of Escherichia coli. TRPF also complemented a trpl mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. As in other filamentous fungi, such as Neurospora and Aspergillus spp., the P. blakesleeanus TRPF and TRPC formed part of a trifunctional polypeptide encoded by a single gene (called TRP1). Transcription of TRP1 in P. blakesleeanus did not appear to be regulated by light or by the nutritional status of the culture. The information on the structure and organization of a P. blakesleeanus gene derived from these studies should be useful in devising molecular genetic strategies to analyze the sensory physiology of this organism.
Regularized time-reversal beamforming for mm-Wave massive MIMO systems

We present a novel beamforming technique for multi-user indoor wireless communications called regularized time-reversal (RTR). A comparison with other time-reversal techniques is provided with respect to bit error rate and spatial focusing performance in mm-wave massive MIMO systems. We verify that the proposed technique can be used for space-division multiple access in such scenarios.
On the Concept of a Game

In an essay for Brian Leiter's turn-of-the-millennium The Future for Philosophy, Thomas Hurka writes: In this note, it is shown that the conditions Suits and Hurka celebrate are neither necessary nor sufficient for something's being a game.
ISING MODEL OF DIFFUSION IN MOLECULAR SIEVES

We have developed a new analytical theory for activated diffusion in zeolites at finite loadings, including the effect of adsorbate-adsorbate interactions. Excellent qualitative agreement is obtained comparing our new theory to kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. We have applied this theory to benzene diffusion in faujasite, to help resolve discrepancies among different experiments. Our results are in qualitative agreement with pulsed field gradient NMR, and in qualitative disagreement with tracer zero-length column data.
Mediterranean Action Plan: an interim evaluation

The Mediterranean Action Plan is an extensive program of regional environmental cooperation on technical and institutional approaches to pollution monitoring, environmental assessment, and policy-making. The simultaneous development of a regional monitoring network and legal instruments to protect the Mediterranean from pollution is an important achievement, which provides a firm basis for continuing cooperative efforts.
The late effects of selected immunosuppressants on immunocompetence, disease incidence, and mean life-span. III. Disease incidence and life expectancy

The effect of various immunosuppressive treatments on mean life-span and disease incidence have been studied. Significant life shortening was seen only in mice which recieved X-irradiation early in life and can be ascribed primarily to an increased incidence of certain malignancies. Marginal life shortening was seen in cyclophosphamide-treated animals, however, survival patterns between those and control animals did not differ until 30 months of age and the magnitude of life-shortening never approached that seen in X-irradiated animals. Thymectomy, splenectomy or cortisone treatment did not alter survival. All immunosuppressive treatments enhanced mortality due to non-neoplastic diseases, however, only a small percentage of animals die with these disease entities. With the exception of cortisone all immunosuppressive treatments increased the incidence of neoplastic disease. However, their effects on various neoplastic processes were variable and unpredictable. Four primary patterns in terms of relative immune competence, disease incidence and life expectancy were seen. Thus, immunodepression may of may not correlate with increased disease incidence, which in turn may or may not have a life-shortening effect. These findings are discussed in terms of the marked reduction of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity normally seen in aged mice and the significance of postulated immune surveillance mechanisms to survival.
Perchlorate and Nitrate Remediation Efficiency and Microbial Diversity in a Containerized Wetland Bioreactor

We have developed a method to remove perchlorate (14–27 μg/L) and nitrate (48 mg/L) from contaminated groundwater using a wetland bioreactor. The bioreactor has operated continuously in a remote field location for more than 2 yr with a stable ecosystem of indigenous organisms. This study assesses the bioreactor for long-term perchlorate and nitrate remediation by evaluating influent and effluent groundwater for oxidation-reduction conditions and nitrate and perchlorate concentrations. Total community DNA was extracted and purified from 10-g sediment samples retrieved from vertical coring of the bioreactor during winter. Analysis by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of short, 16S rDNA, polymerase-chain-reaction products was used to identify dominant microorganisms. Bacteria genera identified were closely affiliated with bacteria widely distributed in soils, mud layers, and fresh water. Of the 17 dominant bands sequenced, most were gram negative and capable of aerobic or anaerobic respiration with nit...
Quantification of the Dubowitz neurological assessment of preterm neonates: Developmental outcome

Abstract The Dubowitz Neurological Assessment Scale can be used with preterm and term hospitalized neonates and is easily administered and scored. However, no numbers are given to responses, so multivariate analyses have not been possible. We assigned numerical values and reduced the 33 items into four clinically meaningful clusters validated by factor analysis. The Dubowitz was used to assess 575 preterm infants. Regression analyses showed that adjusted age and birth weight were independently related to most cluster scores. Predictive validity was measured by independent developmental assessment of infants returning between 6 ( n = 150) and 24 ( n = 118) months adjusted age. Regression analyses demonstrated that only motor clusters were independently related to the Bayley Scales, predicting mental scores at 12 and 18 months and mental and psychomotor scores at 24 months. However, beyond 6 months, only one test item was independently related to mental development; eight items related to psychomotor scores were significant at 18 but not at 12 and 24 months.
Accurate buckling load calculations of a thick orthotropic sandwich panel

Abstract This paper is concerned with the buckling of thick sandwich panels with orthotropic elastic face sheets bonded to a linear elastic orthotropic core. When such panels are analyzed for axial load carrying capacity, it is now commonplace to adopt the finite element method to carry out computations. The accuracy of the numerical results will depend not only on roundoff and algorithmic errors, but additionally on the approximations made in computing the incremental (second order) work associated in computing the change of configuration from the unbuckled to the buckled state. Here we show that, particularly for orthotropic thick sandwich structures, large errors can be incurred in computing buckling loads with available commercial software, unless the proper work conjugate measures of stress and strain with their stress-dependent tangential moduli are used in the buckling formulation.
The fast twitch motor units of cat ankle flexors. 1. Tripartite classification on basis of fatigability.

Summary The mechanical properties of 73 fast twitch units from the parallel fibered tibialis anterior (TA) muscle in 5 cats and 66 fast twitch units from the pinnately fibered extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle in 6 cats have been studied to test the degree to which the tripartite fatigability classification of medial gastrocnemius (MG) fast twitch units might be extended to other cat hind limb muscles. The samples from the 2 muscles contained few slow twitch units, with contraction times > 45 msec (6 TA units and 1 EDL unit), and this report addresses itself mainly to the distributions and absolute values of contraction time, peak tetanic tension, and fatigability of the fast twitch units. The mechanical properties of the muscle units in these architecturally dissimilar muscles were quite similar, except for mean absolute peak tetanic tension which was 1/3 greater for the EDL sample. Both fast twitch samples exhibited a broad range of tetanic tensions and fatigability. Within each population weak but significant positive correlations were found, however, between fatigability and (1) tetanic tension, and (2) peak rate of rise of tetanic tension. Evidence is presented to support the value of subdividing TA and EDL fast twitch units into FF (fast, highly fatigable), FI (fast, intermediate fatigability) and FR (fast, fatigue resistant) categories. By contrasting the fatigability distribution of the TA and EDL units to previous MG distributions, it was possible to show the value of the tripartite classification scheme for considering functional specialization both within and across the fast twitch population of different large muscles of the cat hind limb.
Numerical Modeling of Buckling of Ring-Stiffened Cylinders

The questions regarding the most effective technique of modeling stiffened shells persist despite the extensive literature available. In this study, ring-stiffened cylinders having widely varying radius-to-thickness ratios are analyzed by using alternative approaches for determination of their buckling strength under pressure. The approaches considered here are 1) linear stability analysis using a two-dimensional model, 2) linear stability analysis using a three-dimensional model, 3) nonlinear bifurcation analysis using a two-dimensional model, and 4) nonlinear bifurcation analysis using a three-dimensional model. In-house computer programs based on p-version ring elements have been developed for these approaches. A homogenization technique has been utilized for treating composite laminates made of a large number of repetitions of a basic sequence of plies. The results are compared with those given by currently available computer codes such as BOSOR, ABAQUS, and others. For thin shells, linear stability analysis can significantly overestimate the buckling capacity. For moderately thick shells, the linear and nonlinear approaches give close results for overall buckling but can differ significantly for local buckling. This is largely due to end effects where the buckling mode is localized. For two-dimensional models, the precise manner of connecting the shell and stiffener seems to be important. As may be expected, as the thickness of the shell or the stiffener increases, the two-dimensional models are found to be less and less accurate.
Assessment of a class of Neyman‐Scott models for temporal rainfall

Neyman-Scott type cluster point processes have been used in several studies to model temporal rainfall at a single location. In this paper we study the applicability of such models with the rainfall thought of as instantaneous bursts at the points of the Neyman-Scott process. We find that this class of models does not provide adequate fit to some observed rainfall series. We also discuss some estimation problems associated with the fitting procedure, and examine the importance and appropriateness of the distributional assumptions made in the modeling.
Perturbation Characteristic Functions and their Application to Electron Optics

It is well known that the aberrations of optical systems due to such disturbances as chromatic variation may be treated by perturbation methods; it is also true that the calculation of geometrical aberrations may be interpreted as a perturbation problem. The perturbation concept is therefore adopted in the present paper which attempts to systematize and extend to higher orders the aberration theory of electron optics. Hamilton’s ‘equation of the characteristic function’ is derived in the usual way from the variational equation for an unperturbed system. It is then assumed that the variational function, i. e. the integrand of the variational equation, depends on a ‘perturbation parameter’ and the corresponding perturbations of Hamilton’s point characteristic function and of Hamilton’s differential relation are obtained. The first-order terms, when separated, lead to the introduction of a pair of characteristic functions whose arguments may be—among other choices—the co-ordinates in the object and aperture surfaces; from these one may obtain the perturbation of the ray throughout its length. The perturbation of rays at a surface which is an image surface of the unperturbed system may be derived from a single characteristic function. Formulae simplify considerably if the unperturbed system is Gaussian or otherwise orthogonal. It is found that there exist two distinct pairs of second-order characteristic functions; this duality offers a means of checking second-order calculations. Once again, perturbations at an image surface may be evaluated from a single characteristic function. When calculations are taken beyond the first order, it is necessary to consider more than one parameter, since perturbation effects are then no longer additive. The theory is used to establish formulae for the geometrical, chromatic and mixed aberrations of two classes of systems; one contains all systems of rotational symmetry, the other all systems with curved axes. There are three appendices, the first giving certain transformations which may be applied to the perturbations of a variational function, the second discussing the use of complex co-ordinates, and the third giving a classification of electron-optical systems according to their aberration calculations. Although the theory is developed only to the second order, the extension to higher orders is straightforward.
Police violence in Canada and the USA: analysis and management

Focuses on contemporary law enforcement institutions, in Canadian and US cities, to illustrate the service limitations and public conflicts that are increasingly being generated into violent encounters by the failure to move beyond the authoritarian organizational operational model. The capacity of public policing institutions to provide effective, non‐violent police services to meet the needs of the communities is determined by the nature of the police institutional and/or organizational model employed. This analysis assesses the appropriateness of current police training models, race relations training, non‐violent conflict resolution training and all other police training that may be grounded and generated from a paramilitary authoritarian hierarchical composition. This applied approach discloses much needed systemic and policy reformation by considering a more expanded understanding of this prominent social agency, the actors and the interconnectedness with other institutions.
IUE Spectra and Emission?Line Fluxes for Eight Planetary Nebulae

We present IUE spectra and observed emission‐line fluxes for the planetary nebulae NGC 2438, NGC 2610, NGC 5307, NGC 6620, NGC 7354, K3‐27, PB 8, and He 2‐182. All data have been processed by the final archive NEWSIPS routines. PB 8 and He 2‐182 display strong C iv λ1549 P Cygni profiles from which terminal wind velocities of -2835 ± 500 km s−1 and -2350 ± 500 km s−1, respectively, were determined.
Fine-tuning the ontology of patriarchy A new approach to explaining and responding to a persisting social injustice

After years of activism and scholarship concerning patriarchal social structures, many contemporary societies have made substantial progress in women’s rights. The shortfall, and the work ahead, is...
Molecular cloning of a soluble form of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor alpha chain from a myelomonocytic cell line. Expression, biologic activity, and preliminary analysis of transcript distribution.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the molecular and functional characteristics of a soluble form of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor alpha chain (sGM-CSFR alpha), and analyze transcript expression in immune cells and the cellular constituents of rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue. METHODS We amplified, cloned, and expressed the sGM-CSFR alpha and transmembrane form of the receptor (tmGM-CSFR alpha) from complementary DNA derived from a human myelomonocytic cell line. Competitive polymerase chain reaction assays were developed to determine the absolute and relative amounts of tmGM-CSFR alpha versus sGM-CSFR alpha message synthesized by various cell lines and tissues. RESULTS sGM-CSFR alpha transcripts were detected in bone marrow, monocyte/macrophages (cultured in GM-CSF), rheumatoid synovial tissue, and rheumatoid synovial tissue T cell lines, and represented the predominant transcript in synovial fibroblasts and osteoarthritis synovial tissue. Levels of expression in monocyte/macrophages and some synovial fibroblast and T cell lines approached those seen in transfected cell lines producing functional sGM-CSFR alpha. CONCLUSION sGM-CSFR alpha represents a functional antagonist of GM-CSF activity in vitro. Expression of sGM-CSFR alpha in bone marrow, rheumatoid synovial tissue T cells, and synovial fibroblasts suggests an important role in vivo, both in regulating myelopoiesis and in modulating the immune response.
Weighting of Acoustic Cues to a Manner Distinction by Children With and Without Hearing Loss.

Purpose Children must develop optimal perceptual weighting strategies for processing speech in their first language. Hearing loss can interfere with that development, especially if cochlear implant...