cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developing a course module on healthvault application development

Microsoft HealthVault is a Personal Health Record (PHR) system where users store and manage their personal health information. HealthVault provides APIs that allow third-party applications to be developed on platforms including web, desktop, and mobile devices. This provides a great opportunity for computer science students to learn how to develop real-world health related applications. With the federal incentives to modernize health records, we will see significant job growth in the healthcare IT industry. Learning to develop programs on PHR can prepare computer science students to fill this need. In this paper, the authors present a course module on HealthVault app development for computer science undergraduate students who are enrolled in Healthcare Information Systems class. The course module includes the tutorial of HealthVault app development, the homework assignment that requires students to develop a HealthVault app, and the HealthVault app idea competition. This module can be adapted and used by computer science students in senior projects or other classes.
Determination of terpenoid content in pine by organic solvent extraction and fast-GC analysis

Terpenoids, naturally occurring compounds derived from isoprene units present in pine oleoresin, are a valuable source of chemicals used in solvents, fragrances, flavors and have shown potential use as a biofuel. This paper describes a method to extract and analyze the terpenoids present in loblolly pine saplings and pine lighter wood. Various extraction solvents were tested over different times and temperatures. Samples were analyzed by pyrolysis-molecular beam mass spectrometry before and after extractions to monitor the extraction efficiency. The pyrolysis studies indicated that the optimal extraction method used a 1:1 hexane/acetone solvent system at 22°C for 1 h. Extracts from the hexane/acetone experiments were analyzed using a low thermal mass modular accelerated column heater for fast-GC/FID analysis. The most abundant terpenoids from the pine samples were quantified, using standard curves, and included the monoterpenes, α- and β- pinene, camphene and δ-carene. Sesquiterpenes analyzed included caryophyllene, humulene and α-bisabolene. Diterpenoid resin acids were quantified in derivatized extractions, including pimaric, isopimaric, levopimaric, palustric, dehydroabietic, abietic and neoabietic acids.
Understanding Unrecognised Tax Benefits

In this study, we examine unrecognised tax benefits for the firms comprising the S&P 100. Our objective is to clarify their accounting and measure their significance relative to assets, income tax expense and net income. While the median unrecognised tax benefit liability for our sample is approximately .8% of total assets, there are some firms with unrecognised tax benefit liabilities approaching ten percent of total assets. One required disclosure is the portion of the unrecognised tax benefit liability that, if recognised, would affect income tax expense. The median measure for this metric calculated across the sample is 77.7%. In effect, for the median firm, if unrecognised tax benefits were to be recognised, 77.7% of the unrecognised benefit would serve to reduce income tax expense and raise net income. Measured as a percentage of net income, the median amount of the portion of the unrecognised tax benefit liability that, if recognised, would affect income tax expense and net income is 11.8%. Given the level of judgment that must be employed in accounting for unrecognised tax benefits, the unrecognised tax benefit liability serves as an after-tax reserve. Adjustments to this reserve can have a material effect on net income. During 2012, 90 sample firms reported a change in the unrecognised tax benefit liability. For the 50 companies that raised the liability, the median increase in income tax expense is 5.7%, leading to a median reduction in net income of 1.8%. For the 40 companies that lowered the liability, the median reduction in income tax expense is 1.9%, leading to a median increase in net income of 1.0%. For analysts and investors these findings highlight the potential material effects that changes to unrecognised tax benefits can have on income tax expense and net income. For CFOs, these results offer benchmarking data for evaluating uncertain tax positions relative to other firms. For regulators and accounting standard setters these results offer insight into how accounting and disclosure rules for unrecognised tax benefits are being applied. Finally, for tax authorities, the data compiled here provide insight into the magnitude of uncertain tax positions.
Role of Cytokine Hemoadsorption in Cardiopulmonary Bypass-Induced Ventricular Dysfunction in a Porcine Model

Little is known about the effect of cardiopulmonary bypass alone on cardiac function; in an attempt to illuminate this relationship and test a possible mechanism, we used Cytosorb, a device capable of removing virtually all types of circulating cytokines to test the hypothesis that hemoadsorption of cytokines during bypass attenuates bypass-induced acute organ dysfunction. Twelve Yorkshire pigs (50-65 kg) were instrumented with a left ventricular conductance catheter. Baseline mechanics and cytokine expression (tumor necrosis factor [TNF], interleukin-6 [IL-6], and interleukin-10) were measured before and hourly after 1 hour of normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Animals underwent bypass without (cardiopulmonary bypass [CPB], n = 6) or with (CPB+HA, n = 6) the CytosorbTM device. Data were compared with "historical" controls (n = 6) that were similarly instrumented but underwent observation instead of bypass. Five hours after separation from bypass (or observation), animals were euthanized. Myocardial water content was determined postmortem. Neither TNF nor IL-6 was significantly elevated in either experimental group versus controls at any time point. Preload recruitable stroke work and dP/dtmax were significantly depressed immediately after separation from bypass in both CPB+HA and CPB and remained depressed for the duration of the experiment. Although Tau remained unchanged, dP/dTmin was significantly diminished in both bypass groups at all time points after separation from bypass. Cytokine hemoadsorption had no effect on any measurable index of function. Differences in postmortem data were not evident between groups. One hour of normothermic CPB results in a significant and sustained decline in left ventricular function that appears unrelated to changes in cytokine expression. Because we did not appreciate a significant change in cytokine concentrations postbypass, the capacity of cytokine hemoadsorption to attenuate CPB-induced ventricular dysfunction could not be assessed.
Abstract 878: Comorbidities in African American and Hispanic/Latina Breast Cancer Patients are associated with IGF-1 and IGFBP3-3 Gene Polymorphisms

Increase in comorbidities such as diabetes and hypertension in cancer patients lead to poor disease free survival and overall survival. It is probable that risk factors associated with these comorbidities and cancer itself could be linked to alterations in gene polymorphisms associated with hormones and/or growth factors. In this study, we have investigated if (1) comorbidities were associated with our African American and Hispanic breast cancer subjects; and (2) if there was any association between Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1), and IGF Binding Protein 3 (IGFBP3) gene polymorphisms with breast cancer and comorbidities. We studied 514 subjects (175 African Americans and 339 Hispanic/Latinas), which included 208 cases and 306 controls (no evidence of breast cancer) subjects. DNA was extracted from blood samples and IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 genotyping was performed by PCR-GeneScan and PCR-RFLP methods, respectively. Our results demonstrated that comorbidity is significantly correlated with breast cancer (OR = 2.12; 95% CI = 1.40-3.21; P-value Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 878.
Control of acute lower respiratory illness in the developing world: an assessment of vaccine intervention.

The major bacterial and viral causes of morbidity and death due to acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in the developing world are amenable to control by vaccines. Initially, full use of measles, pertussis, and diphtheria vaccines, in appropriately scheduled programs, can make an immediate contribution to the reduction of severe respiratory infection. Emerging technologies offer the promise of vaccines against bacterial and viral respiratory pathogens that are suitable for infants and children in developing countries
Introduction to the Special Issue: Interventions to Improve Children’s Social and Emotional Functioning at School

Identification of evidence-based practices for promotion of social and emotional functioning of children at school is important for their academic and social development. This introduction reviews ...
Heterogenic Genes for Commercialized Genetically Modified Plants and Their Detection Techniques

With the development of genome sequencing,molecular biology and transgenic techniques,the number of transgenic plants authorized for release was increased rapidly.Genetic elements involved in transgenic plants,including selectable markers,target genes and regulatory genes belongs to three categories(44 genes in total) were summarized in this paper.Plant species and transgenic events authorized for release by US and European Union,genetically modified materials approved for import by the Ministry of Agriculture of China were also summarized.The progress for the qualitative and quantitative detection techniques,including PCR,microarray and combined techniques were discussed in the paper.The development of transgenic plants and their detection technigues were summarized and outlooked at the end.
THE STUDY ON PREDICTING EACH POINT'S PERMEABILITY BASED ON NEURAL NETWORK AND LOG DATA

Permeability is an important parameter in reservoir interpretation and evaluation. It is very difficult to calculate this parameter from point by point conventional log interpretation for the layers in a single well section. Based on the relation between permeability and each log variable at each point on surrounding rock, this paper puts forward a predicting model, a non-linear relation between logging information and permeability by means of BP neural network, to calculate each point's permeability at high accuracy. The model is used to process the log data from well T3. The application result is satisfied. The method provides a new approach for permeability interpretation from logging data.
Impacts of Anxiety in Building Fire and Smoke Evacuation: Modeling and Validation

Anxiety impairs evacuees’ ability to select appropriate routes during building fire and smoke evacuations. Understanding anxiety is thus essential to provide proper guidance to evacuees. However, it is challenging to model how anxiety affects evacuees’ decision-making process, and how to validate the resulting approach with very limited available data. In addition, mimicking anxiety in existing simulation packages is not easy because of the lack of appropriate features in simulators. This paper captures the impacts of anxiety on route choices and the interaction with other psychological features such as responses to guidance and herding. This is achieved by using an optimization framework where the number of planning steps and values of psychological parameters are affected by anxiety. To validate our approach, the levels of anxiety were manipulated by hazardous conditions and lengths of planning horizon are evaluated by comparing derived route choices against the data in virtual reality experiments. Impacts of anxiety on large crowds were also mimicked in Fire Dynamic Simulator + Evacuation with and without effective guidance. Testing results demonstrate that effective guidance help reduce negative impacts of anxiety on route choices.
Abstract 877: Evolution of resistance to EGFR inhibition from drug tolerant cancer cells

Acquired drug resistance to targeted cancer therapies remains a significant clinical problem. Although mechanisms of acquired resistance of EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancers to EGFR inhibitors have been identified, little is known about how resistant clones evolve during drug therapy. We demonstrate that acquired resistance caused by the T790M gatekeeper mutation can occur either by selection of pre-existing T790M clones or via evolution of T790M-negative drug tolerant cells that develop the mutation during drug treatment. Additionally, the path to resistance impacts the biology of the resistant clone, as those that evolved from drug tolerant cells have a diminished apoptotic response to third generation EGFR inhibitors that target T790M EGFR. To characterize drug tolerant cells in patients undergoing EGFR inhibitor therapy, we performed single-cell RNA-Seq on EGFR mutant NSCLC samples prior to and after initiation of EGFR inhibitor. These results offer novel insights into the evolution of acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors and point to new therapeutic opportunities to prevent or overcome resistance in the clinic. Citation Format: Aaron N. Hata, Yotam Drier, Maria Gomez-Caraballo, Faria Siddiqui, Lecia Sequist, Bradley Bernstein, Jeffrey Engelman. Evolution of resistance to EGFR inhibition from drug tolerant cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 877.
Low temperature plasma for tunable resonant attenuation

A cold-plasma-based technique for tuning an evanescent-mode cavity resonator is introduced and studied experimentally for the first time in this paper. The technique involves a plasma jet that constitutes a variable resistance integrated in the cavity. The electron density and consequently the electromagnetic properties of plasma, including its resistivity, are controlled by varying the magnitude of the sinusoidal excitation voltage. The transmission coefficient of the two-port fabricated resonator at 2.735 GHz exhibits 11 dB tunability when the magnitude of the 20-kHz plasma-excitation voltage increases from zero to 5.26 kV (peak-to-peak). The resonator's quality factor varies in the acceptable range of 684-342 for these conditions. The measured and simulated results reveal that this approach may become a promising tuning technology particularly in demanding applications where conventional solid-state techniques are ineffective due to temperature, power, or linearity limitations.
High power CW RF probe measurements

A novel technique for accurately and efficiently acquiring high-power, CW (continuous wave) RF probe measurements while overcoming the challenges from bias-driven oscillations and thermal gradients has been developed. The ability to make on-wafer CW high-power measurements addresses the measurement of nonpulsed application devices and also permits traditional RLC transient suppressive circuitry to be implemented as part of the test system, thus averting the high-voltage challenges associated with DC pulsing a RLC configuration. The technique is demonstrated through a series of repeatability tests and correlation with fixtured data. >
Abstract 74: The Role of Fibroblast-specific Canonical Tgfβ Signaling in Cardiac Fibrosis

Heart failure is a progressive disease characterized by cardiomyocyte loss, interstitial fibrosis, and chamber remodeling. During physiological conditions cardiac fibroblasts contribute to the home...
A carbon nanotube transistor based RISC-V processor using pass transistor logic

With silicon-based transistors approaching their scaling limits, multiple successor technologies are competing for silicon's place. Due to recent fabrication breakthroughs, one promising alternative is the carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNTFET), which uses carbon nanotubes as the channel medium instead of silicon. Although logic gates using CNTFETs have been demonstrated to provide up to an order of magnitude better energy-delay product (EDP) over silicon-based counterparts, system-level design using CNTFETs show significantly smaller EDP improvement because of the critical path of the design, output load capacitance and corresponding drive strengths of gates. In this paper, we address this challenge by exploring various architectural design choices using CNTFET-based pass transistor logic (PTL) and create an energy-efficient RISC-V processor. While silicon-based design traditionally prefers complementary logic over PTL, CNTFETs are ideal candidates for PTL due to their low threshold voltage, low power dissipation, and equal strength p-type and n-type transistors. By utilizing PTL to design modules that lie on the processor's critical path, systems can efficiently exploit CNTFET's potential benefits. Our results show that while a CNTFET RISC-V processor using complementary logic achieves a 2.9× EDP improvement over a silicon design, using PTL along the critical path components in the ALU can boost EDP improvement 5× as well as reduce area by 17% over 16 nm silicon CMOS.
rac-cis-5-Methyl-2,3-diphenyl-1,3-thia­zolidin-4-one

In the racemic title compound, C16H15NOS, the thia­zolidine ring adopts an envelope conformation, with the S atom as the flap. The dihedral angles between the heterocycle (all atoms) and pendant C– and N-bound benzene rings are 69.75 (14) and 56.56 (11)°, respectively; the aromatic rings are almost orthogonal to each other, with a dihedral angle of 76.04 (14)° between them. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds to generate [101] chains, with alternating mol­ecules being enanti­omers. A weak C—H⋯π inter­action is also observed.
Automated image quality assessment for chest CT scans.

Purpose Medical image quality needs to be maintained at standards sufficient for effective clinical reading. Automated computer analytic methods may be applied to medical images for quality assessment. Methods For chest CT scans in a lung cancer screening context, an automated quality assessment method is presented that characterizes image noise and image intensity calibration. This is achieved by image measurements in three automatically segmented homogeneous regions of the scan: external air, trachea lumen air, and descending aorta blood. Profiles of CT scanner behavior are also computed. Results The method has been evaluated on both phantom and real low-dose chest CT scans and results show that repeatable noise and calibration measures may be realized by automated computer algorithms. Noise and calibration profiles show relevant differences between different scanners and protocols. Conclusions Automated image quality assessment may be useful for quality control for lung cancer screening and may enable performance improvements to automated computer analysis methods.
Strategies to Minimize Alveolar Stretch Injury During Mechanical Ventilation

The potential for positive pressure breaths to injure the lungs has long been appreciated. The best known form of injury occurs when positive pressure breaths grossly overinflate the lungs and result in pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema, and other forms of “volutrauma” or “barotrauma” [1–4]. The mechanism for this type of injury is thought to be actual alveolar rupture into the perivascular space with subsequent dissection of air into the mediastinum, pleura and other locations [3–5]. The risk for alveolar overdistension and rupture becomes clinically significant when transalveolar pressures exceed the normal maximum and approach 50–60 cm H2O (Fig. 1).
Techno-economic and environmental assessments of storing woodchips and pellets for bioenergy applications

Abstract Storage is the critical operation within the biomass supply chain to reduce feedstock supply risks and to manage smooth year-around operations of a biorefinery or a bioenergy plant. This paper analyzed the economic and environmental impacts of four different biomass storage systems for woodchips (Outdoor-open, Outdoor-tarped, Indoor, and Silo) and two systems for pellets (Indoor and Silo). Storage cost includes the costs for handling (including ventilation in case of silo storage), infrastructure investment, and dry matter loss (DML) for each system. The estimation of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions includes the fugitive emissions from storage piles and emissions due to electricity and fuel consumption for each system. Among four storage systems, the outdoor-tarped ($15.0 ODMT−1, ODMT: Oven Dry Metric Ton) and silo ($5.8 ODMT−1) storage were the least-cost options for woodchips and pellets respectively. However, silo-storage could be the most promising option for storing woodchips ($5.8 ODMT−1) and pellets ($2.3 ODMT−1), if it is used for short-term (two months) and frequently (at least six times) in a year. The total GHG emissions for six-month storage were 2.8–11.8 kgCO2e ODMT−1 for woodchips and 8.6–42.0 kgCO2e ODMT−1 for pellets. During Outdoor-open storage, the lower heating value of woodchips could drop to 37% due to increased dry-matter loss (DML) and moisture content. The initial moisture content, bulk density, DML, and resource required during handling were the most sensitive parameters influenced the storage performances of both woodchips and pellets. This study has demonstrated that a combination of different storage options along the supply chain could reduce the total biomass storage cost for a biorefinery or power plant.
Inverse Error Function Trajectories for Image Reconstruction*This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1662029

Capturing clear images while a camera is moving fast, is integral to the development of mobile robots that can respond quickly and effectively to visual stimuli. This paper proposes to generate camera trajectories, with position and time constraints, that result in higher reconstructed image quality. The degradation in of an image captured during motion is known as motion blur. Three main methods exist for mitigating the effects of motion blur: (i) controlling optical parameters, (ii) controlling camera motion, and (iii) image reconstruction. Given control of a camera's motion, trajectories can be generated that result in an expected blur kernel or point-spread function. This work compares the motion blur effects and reconstructed image quality of three trajectories: (i) linear, (ii) polynomial, and (iii) inverse error. Where inverse error trajectories result in Gaussian blur kernels. Residence time analysis provides a basis for characterizing the motion blur effects of the trajectories.
The Transparency Game: Government Information, Access, and Actionability

Democratic governments might be required by law to disseminate information to the people. This is called governmental transparency. What is the burden of transparency? We propose a “pragmatic information theory of communication” that places information accessibility as a foundation of transparency. Using a game model—the Transparency Game—we show that the pragmatic theory is the only one that makes it difficult for governments to appear transparent (transparency de vidi) while not actually being transparent (transparency de facto). There are two important consequences of understanding transparency through the theory: (1) Accessible information must be actionable, and (2) cognitive science plays a vital role in assessing the accessibility of information. These consequences can have implications for public policies that promote transparency.
Synthesis of Bridged Bicyclic Ethers and Fused Oxetanes from Pyran-4-ones via Tandem Solvent Trapping and Norrish Type II Cyclization1

Polyalkyl pyran-4-ones 1a−c were irradiated in methanol or ethanol. Although the expected solvent trapping products 3 could be observed, extended irradiation times allowed exclusive formation of se...
Epidemic Processes Over Time-Varying Networks

The spread of viruses in biological networks, computer networks, and human contact networks can have devastating effects; developing and analyzing mathematical models of these systems can provide insights that lead to long-term societal benefits. Prior research has focused mainly on network models with static graph structures; however, the systems being modeled typically have dynamic graph structures. In this paper, we consider virus spread models over networks with dynamic graph structures, and we investigate the behavior of these systems. We perform a stability analysis of epidemic processes over time-varying networks, providing sufficient conditions for convergence to the disease-free equilibrium (the origin, or healthy state), in both the deterministic and stochastic cases. We present simulation results and discuss quarantine control via simulation.
Bio-crude oil from hydrothermal liquefaction of wastewater microalgae in a pilot-scale continuous flow reactor.

Abstract To explore the feasibility of scaling up hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of algal biomass, a pilot-scale continuous flow reactor (CFR) was operated to produce bio-crude oil from algal biomass cultivated in urban wastewater. The CFR system ran algal slurry (5 wt.% solids loading) at 350 °C and 17 MPa for 4 h without any clogging issues. Bio-crude oil chemistry was characterized by high-resolution Fourier transform mass spectroscopy (FT-MS), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), bomb calorimetry, and elemental analysis. Bio-crude oil yield of 28.1 wt% was obtained with higher heating values of 38–39 MJ/kg. The quality of light bio-crude oil produced from the CFR system was comparable in terms of molecular structures to bio-crude oil produced in a batch reactor.
The Ohio State University Early Psychosis Intervention Center (EPICENTER) step-based care programme for individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis: study protocol for an observational study.

Introduction In October 2018, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration funded 21 sites throughout the USA to develop, implement and evaluate specialised care programmes for individuals at clinical high risk for developing a psychotic disorder (CHR-P). Per the funding requirements, such programmes were required to provide ‘step-based care’—a model in which individuals are initially provided with low-intensity, non-psychosis-specific and more benign (ie, least side effects) interventions and only progress onto higher-intensity, psychosis-specific interventions with a greater risk of more severe side effects should they not meet a priori criteria for clinical response to such lower-intensity interventions. Here, we outline the evaluation component of the step-based care programme for individuals at CHR-P at The Ohio State University Early Psychosis Intervention Center (EPICENTER). Methods and analyses The EPICENTER CHR-P programme provides a step-based care model comprising psychotherapy, medication management, family support/education, peer support and vocational/educational support. All participants who opt to receive care at the EPICENTER will complete a standardised assessment battery as part of usual care. This battery will be administered on enrolment and will be re-administered at 6-month intervals throughout individuals’ participation in EPICENTER clinical services. Participants will have the opportunity to allow for data from these usual care assessments to be used as part of an evaluation project for this new clinical service. The primary outcome for this evaluation project is time to remission of symptomatic and functional deficits commonly experienced by individuals at CHR-P. Participants will also have the opportunity to participate in a supplemental research project designed to further evaluate treatment outcomes and patient characteristics among individuals participating in EPICENTER clinical services. Ethics and dissemination This project was approved by The Ohio State University Institutional Review Board. Results from this project will be disseminated through publications and presentations. Trial registration number NCT03970005; Pre-results.
Better buses—Better cities: How to plan, run, and win the fight for effective transit, by Steven Higashide: Washington, DC, Island Press, 2019

Steven Higashide, a public transportation expert, analyst, and advocate, wrote a passionate book calling for improved bus transportation in the United States. Focusing on success stories and best p...
Alternative Oxidants for the Catalytic Oxidative Coupling of Methane

The catalytic oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) to C2 hydrocarbons with oxygen (O2 -OCM) has garnered renewed worldwide interest in the past decade due to the emergence of enormous new shale gas resources. However, the C2 selectivity of typical OCM processes is significantly challenged by overoxidation to COx products. Other gaseous reagents such as N2 O, CO2 , and S2 have been investigated to a far lesser extent as alternative, milder oxidants to replace O2 . Although several authoritative review articles have summarized OCM research progress in depth, recent oxidative coupling developments using alternative oxidants (X-OCM) have not been overviewed in detail. In this perspective, we review and analyze OCM research results reporting the implementation of N2 O, CO2 , S2 , and other non-O2 oxidants, highlighting the unique chemistries of these systems and their advantages/challenges compared to O2 -OCM. Current outlook and potential areas for future study are also discussed.
Vaccine Hesitancy and Concerns About Vaccine Safety and Effectiveness in Shanghai, China.

Introduction Rapidly urbanizing communities in middle-income countries could be sources of vaccine hesitancy, and may create hot spots of low vaccination coverage. This study characterizes vaccine hesitancy in Shanghai and identifies disparities in vaccine safety and efficacy concerns by residency status—a marker for recent migration into the city. Methods Parents of children aged ≤18 years from immunization clinics in Shanghai were enrolled in summer 2019, with the data analyzed during winter 2019–2020. The paper questionnaire used the Parental Attitudes towards Childhood Vaccines scale, which included questions about vaccine safety and efficacy concerns. The primary independent variable was residency—whether an individual was a Shanghai local or a recent migrant (i.e., non-local). Linear regression models assessed the relationship between residency and vaccine safety and efficacy concerns. Results Among 1,021 participants, 65.4% had local residency, and the remainder were urban non-locals (13.1%) or rural non-locals (21.5%). A majority of parents expressed concerns about vaccine side effects (73.8%), vaccine safety (63.9%), and vaccine effectiveness (52.4%). Compared with locals, rural non-locals were more concerned about vaccine side effects (β=0.26, 95% CI=0.07, 0.46), vaccine safety (β=0.42, 95% CI=0.19, 0.65), and vaccine effectiveness (β=0.37, 95% CI=0.16, 0.58). Conclusions Differences in vaccine hesitancy by residency could lead to geographical and sociodemographic disparities in vaccination coverage and outbreaks of vaccine-preventable disease. Supplement information This article is part of a supplement entitled Global Vaccination Equity, which is sponsored by the Global Institute for Vaccine Equity at the University of Michigan School of Public Health.
The Impact of Five Different Tax Policy Changes on Household Giving in the United States

About $450 billion were donated to U.S. nonprofits in 2019 according to the most recently available data (Giving USA Foundation 2020). However, despite the increases in charitable dollars, the share of households that donate has been declining: in 2000, 67 percent of American households donated to nonprofits, but in 2016, only 53 percent of American households donated (Indiana University Lilly Family School of Philanthropy 2019). This trend in decreasing share of U.S. households that donate to charitable causes pre-dates the passage of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), but could be accelerated by the recent policy changes. TCJA significantly changed federal tax policy and these changes are expected to affect charitable giving (Brill and Choe 2018; Ricco 2018; Rooney et al. 2017). Nonprofit leaders, as well as policymakers, have been exploring additional policy proposals to offset the potential negative impact on charitable giving. This paper investigates the estimated effects of potential policy proposals on charitable giving, donor incidence rates, and Treasury revenue. This study used the Penn Wharton Budget Model (Penn 2019a, 2019b) to run microsimulations of the effects of five tax policy proposals on charitable giving dollars, the number of households that donate, and the forgone Treasury revenue. The five proposals included: a non-itemizer charitable deduction; a non-itemizer charitable deduction with a cap; a non-itemizer charitable deduction with a floor; an enhanced non-itemizer charitable deduction, which provides a higher value deduction for low- and middle-income households; and a non-itemizer non-refundable 25 percent charitable giving tax credit. Of the five policy options analyzed, providing a non-refundable 25% charitable giving tax credit to non-itemizers has the largest positive impact, increasing both the amount of charitable giving dollars ($37 billion in 2018 dollars) and the number of donor households (10.6 million) of the five policy options analyzed. However, it is also the most “expensive” proposal (measured in terms of forgone Treasury revenue) for United States (U.S.) Treasury revenue (−$33.0 billion). Four of the five policy proposals bring in more charitable dollars than are lost in Treasury revenue. Four of the five policy proposals bring in more charitable dollars than were projected to have been lost as a result of TCJA. All five proposals bring in more donor households that were expected to be lost as a result of TCJA. This paper is based on a published report written and researched by [school] in partnership with the Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania and commissioned by Independent Sector. The report, “Charitable Giving and Tax Incentives Estimating changes in charitable dollars and number of donors resulting from five policy proposals,” can be found at this link: http://hdl.handle.net/1805/19515.
Newer Models of Cardiac Tissue

Cardiac function is a summation of multiple facets of physiology including electrophysiology, mechanics, fluid dynamics, and cardiac structure. Each of these parameters can modulate cardiac physiology and pathophysiology and are thus crucial components in understanding this complex organ. Thus, the study of cardiac physiology requires multiscale approaches and current models of cardiac tissue used in research can be divided into in vivo, in vitro, and in silico models. Several animal models have been used in in vivo studies including mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, sheep, pigs, and dogs. While these in vivo models can give a complete understanding of systemic effects of diseases and drugs on cardiac physiology, significant species-dependent differences have impeded the progress of this knowledge to benefit human health. To address this concern, in vitro human cardiac models that mimic cardiac physiology including Langendorff-perfused whole heart and wedge preparations, cardiac organotypic slices, as well as two- and three-dimensional cell cultures with multiple cardiac cell types were developed. In vivo conditions such as electrical and mechanical stimulation and structural anisotropy have also been incorporated in these cell culture models. Finally, mechanistic in silico models and their applications in cardiac pathophysiology and drug response predictions are also discussed in this chapter.
A Palimpsestuous Reading of Octavia Butler’s Lilith’s Brood

Nanda offers a unique reading of Octavia Butler’s science fiction trilogy Lilith’s Brood as a religious text that uses certain philosophical texts of Hinduism to better explain Butler’s possible survival of humanity and the world environment. Using Sarah Dillon’s definition of the “palimpsestuous,” a concept that acknowledges the simultaneous existence of conflictual discourses, often engaged in “ creating relations where there may, or should, be none,” Nanda closes her argument by pointing out that for Butler the future of this world lies in the concept of flux, of unpredictability and open-endedness that in its new “palimpsestuous” structures acknowledges the contribution of other religions and cultures like Hinduism.
Neoadjuvant Cabozantinib in an Unresectable Locally Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma Patient Leads to Downsizing of Tumor Enabling Surgical Resection: A Case Report.

Introduction Cabozantinib (XL-184) is a small molecule inhibitor of the tyrosine kinases c-Met, AXL, and VEGFR2 that has been shown to reduce tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis. After the promising results from the METEOR and CABOSUN trials, cabozantinib was approved for use in the first- and second-line setting in patients with advanced RCC. Previously, targeted therapies have been used in the neoadjuvant setting for tumor size reduction and facilitating nephrectomies. The increased response rates with cabozantinib in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), along with the other neoadjuvant TKI data, strongly support an expanded role for cabozantinib in the neoadjuvant setting. Case description We report on a 59-year-old gentleman presenting with an unresectable 21.7 cm left renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with extension to soft tissue and muscles of the thoracic cage, psoas muscle, posterior abdominal wall, tail of pancreas, splenic flexure of colon, and inferior margin of spleen. Presurgical, neoadjuvant systemic therapy with cabozantinib was initiated for 11 months in total. Initially after 2 months of cabozantinib, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a significant reduction (44.2%) in tumor diameter from 21.7 to 12.1 cm with decreased extension into adjacent structures. After 11 months total of cabozantinib, the corresponding MRI showed grossly stable size of the tumor and significant resolution of invasion of adjacent structures. After washout of cabozantinib, radical resection, including nephrectomy, was successfully performed without any major complications, either intra-operative or perioperative. Negative margins were achieved. Conclusions This is a report of neoadjuvant cabozantinib downsizing a tumor and enabling surgical resection in this patient with locally advanced RCC. Our findings demonstrate that neoadjuvant cabozantinib to facilitate subsequent surgical resection may be a feasible option for patients presenting with unresectable RCC.
Pimavanserin for the Treatment of Psychosis in Alzheimer's Disease: A Literature Review

Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) is among the most prevalent forms of dementia in the world. Approximately 25%-50% of individuals with AD develop psychotic symptoms sometime during their illness. The presence of psychosis in AD worsens outcomes. Currently, there are no FDA-approved medications for the treatment of psychosis in AD. Pimavanserin, a novel atypical antipsychotic medication, was approved by the FDA for the treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with psychosis in Parkinson disease. Pimavanserin is also currently in clinical trials for the treatment of psychosis in AD. The purpose of this literature review is to evaluate the existing literature regarding the use of pimavanserin for treating psychosis in individuals with AD. Methods A literature review of clinical studies of pimavanserin treatment for psychosis in individuals with AD was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Trials were identified by systematically searching PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and Scopus through October 2019. The 5-point JADAD scoring system was used to assess the methodologic quality of randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCT). Results A total of 499 citations were retrieved and pooled. After de-duplication, two separate screeners evaluated the titles, abstracts, and full text of the remaining 258 citations. Two publications from 1 RCT were included in the final analysis. The quality of evidence was assessed to be of good methodologic quality, scoring 4 out of 5 using the 5-point JADAD questionnaire with the JADAD Scoring calculation. This systematic review found only one RCT that evaluated the use of pimavanserin for the treatment of psychosis among individuals with AD. This phase 2 trial resulted in two publications, the second of which was a subgroup analysis from the original study. The evidence from these two publications indicated that pimavanserin improves psychotic symptoms among individuals with AD when compared to placebo at the week 6 checkpoint. Conclusions Pimavanserin may be a pharmacologic consideration for the treatment for psychosis in AD. Additional RCTs are needed to assess the evidence of effectiveness before pimavanserin is considered a standard treatment. Funding This research received no funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Pembrolizumab in Patients with Refractory Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Phase II Trial

Patients with advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) have a poor prognosis. Blocking the PD-1–PD-L1 axis has shown promising activity in this patient population. We assessed the safety and antitumor activity of PD-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab in patients with refractory advanced CSCC. This was a prespecified subgroup analysis of patients with advanced CSCC who enrolled in an open-label, phase II clinical trial for pembrolizumab in patients with refractory rare cancers during 2016–2018. Patients received pembrolizumab 200 mg intravenously every 21 days until progressive disease, unacceptable adverse event, or completion of 24 months of treatment. The primary endpoint was nonprogression rate (NPR) at 27 weeks; secondary endpoints included safety, objective response rate (ORR) per irRECIST, clinical benefit rate (CBR), progression-free survival, and overall survival. Twenty patients with refractory CSCC enrolled; 19 were evaluable for efficacy. Median follow-up time was 44.1 months. The NPR at 27 weeks was 37% (95% CI 0.16–0.62). Three patients had a complete response (CR), three had a partial response, and one had stable disease, for an ORR of 32% and a CBR of 37%; median duration of response was 27.3 months. All three patients with a CR remained free of recurrence at the time of writing. Severe treatment-related adverse events (grade ≥ 3) occurred in 10% of patients (2/20). PD-L1 expression was not correlated with response to pembrolizumab. A long-term follow-up confirms pembrolizumab’s antitumor activity and safety profile in patients with refractory CSCC. Patients with a CR may experience cure. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02721732, Registered March 29, 2016.
Development of 3D Printed Electrospun Scaffolds for the Fabrication of Porous Scaffolds for Vascular Applications

Over the past two decades, electrospinning has emerged as a common technique to produce biomedical scaffolds composed of ultrafine fibers formed from many natural and synthetic polymers. A major ad...
Subjective Agency: A Theory of First-Person Expressivity and Its Social Implications

1. Introduction: Towards An Expressivist Model of Subjective Agency. 2. Intentionality Without Interiority: The Elemental Dynamics of Subjective Agency. 3. Personal Style: Truthfulness, Contingency and Articulate Intentionality. 4. Expressive Agency and the Forming of Personal Identities: Or How to Interpret Kantian Aesthetics as a Proto-ethics. 5. Towards an Expressivist Ethics. 6. An Outline of an Expressivist Ethics. 7. The Political Implications of Expressivist Ethics.
Roman Imperial Identities in the Early Christian Era

1. Cosmopolitan Identities 2. False Deaths and new Bodies 3. Constructing a Patriarchal Elite 4. Resurrection and Judicial Bodies 5. Place, Space and Voice 6. Trimalchio: Transformations and Possibilities 7. Reurrection and Social Perspectives 8. The Rhetoric of the Mternal Body 9. Competing Chronologies
A Simple Analytical Method for High-Throughput Screening of Major Sugars from Soybean by Normal-Phase HPLC with Evaporative Light Scattering Detection

This paper presents a simple analytical method for determining sugars in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) tissues. Sample preparation was modified from several early published methods. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) was used to separate, identify, and quantify seven sugars, including glucose, galactose, fructose, sucrose, melibiose, raffinose, and stachyose. Two mobile phases were programed into a gradient elution. Mobile phase A is pure water and mobile phase B is a mixture of acetonitrile and acetone 75 : 25 (v/v). Total chromatographic retention time is less than 20 minutes. This method has been validated for detection limit, calibration range, and intraday and interday repeatability. This method has been used analyzing more than 5000 soybean samples in the experiments studying natural genetic variation of sugar contents and components in soybean seeds and other tissues.
Topology of ℝ and Continuity

Most interesting sets in mathematics have structures (algebraic, geometric, topological, … ). For example, the set ℝ of real numbers is, algebraically, a field; i.e., it satisfies the nine axioms A1 – A4, M4 – M4 and D listed at the beginning of Chapter 2. Given this field structure, the most (algebraically) desirable functions o : ℝ → ℝ are those that are faithful to the field properties; i.e., preserve them. Such maps are called the morphisms of the field ℝ.
Transformations that Produce a Sparse Moment Method Matrix

Previous moment method calculations (based on integral equations) have generally required utilizing a full N x N matrix when there are N unknowns. In this paper, novel basis and testing functions are presented for which the resulting matrix is approximately sparse when N is large, provided that the scatterer contains "smooth" regions. That is, nearly all of the matrix elements are so small that they may be set equal to zero. The ways to develop such functions are considered in detail, as are their effect on the condition number of the resulting matrix. Numerical calculations elucidate the properties of the resulting matrix, while calculations of the Radar Cross Section (RCS) show good results when approximating these small elements by zero. The motivations for the choices of the functions considered are explained in detail, since even more effective choices of functions may remain to be discovered. This method reduces the storage requirements from Order N2 to Order N for an N unknown problem, and also cor...
Come to Tana Toraja, “land of the heavenly kings”: Travel agents as brokers in ethnicity

Abstract This paper examines the role of tourist literature in the genesis of ethnic stereotypes. Considering the case of the Toraja of Sulawesi (Indonesia), it is suggested that travel agents are brokers in ethnicity, travel brochures being the tools of their trade. In the process of marketing images of exotic places and peoples, travel brochures draw upon a small set of indigenous ethnic markers, elaborating upon them to provide a mental grid through which the tourist filters his perceptions while abroad. These travel brochure images become indices of “authenticity” and the ethnic stereotypes generated by them become reified during the course of the tourist's visit abroad.