cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fuzzy logic, neural networks, and brain-like learning

Reliable learning algorithms are important for both fuzzy logic and neural networks. Widespread application of fuzzy logic can be significantly enhanced by robust and reliable methods for generating fuzzy logic rules from training data. Fuzzy logic learning must satisfy the principles of learning defined by neural net learning theory. The fundamental design and training issues for both fuzzy logic and neural net systems should be the same. These principles require the algorithm not only to design and train the net in polynomial time, but also to make an explicit attempt to generate the smallest possible net, which implies attempting to generate the smallest set of fuzzy rules to describe the phenomenon. That is, it implies making an explicit attempt to generalize. Generalization and polynomial time complexity are aspects of learning not often mentioned in the fuzzy logic literature. This paper is also an attempt to integrate and unify fuzzy logic and neural network architectures and learning. Since both fuzzy logic and neural networks arise from the same learning experience of humans, they must reside in the same computational structure in the human brain, not in different ones. One of the fundamental ideas of fuzzy systems is to better understand and explain complex decisions in natural, linguistic terms. It is shown here that this can be done using standard neural network architectures such as RBF nets.
A paradigm of ill-posedness with respect to time delays

The authors present a simple general model of an infinite-dimensional control system which is stabilized by a velocity feedback, but then destabilized by "small" or "large" time delays in the feedback. This model is in some sense generic for boundary-stabilized conservative hyperbolic linear partial differential equations.
Darboux integrability of wave maps into 2-dimensional Riemannian manifolds

Darboux Integrability of Wave Maps into 2-Dimensional Riemannian Manifolds by Robert Ream, Master of Science Utah State University, 2008 Major Professor: Dr. Mark Fels Department: Mathematics and Statistics The harmonic map equations can be represented geometrically as an exterior differential system (EDS), E . Using this representation we study the harmonic maps from 2D Minkowski space into 2D Riemannian manifolds. These are also known as wave maps. In this case, E is invariant under conformal transformations of Minkowski space. The quotient of E by these conformal transformations, Ē, is an s = 0 hyperbolic system. The main result of our study is that the prolonged EDS, E, is Darboux integrable if and only if the prolonged quotient EDS, Ē, is Darboux integrable. We also find invariants determining the Darboux integrability of both systems. Analyzing these invariants leads to three additional results. First, Darboux integrability of E, without prolongation, requires that the range manifold have zero scalar curvature. Second, after one prolongation there are two inequivalent metrics for which E is Darboux integrable. Third, prolonging to E does not provide any further metrics with Darboux integrable wave maps. (138 pages)
Metabolism of a sulfur-containing heteroarotionoid antitumor agent, SHetA2, using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

SHetA2 {[(4-nitrophenyl)amino][2,2,4,4-tetramethylthiochroman-6-yl)amino]methanethione], NSC 726189}, a sulfur-containing heteroarotinoid, selectively inhibits cancer cell growth and induces apoptosis without activation of nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARs). The objective of this study was to investigate its in vitro metabolism in rat and human liver microsomes and in vivo metabolism in the mouse and rat using liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/multi-stage mass spectrometry (LC-UV/MSn) on an ion-trap mass spectrometer coupled with a photo-diode array (PDA) detector. In vitro, in the absence of glutathione (GSH), oxidation of the four aliphatic methyl groups of SHetA2 yielded one mono-, two di-, and one tri-hydroxylated SHetA2 metabolites, which were identified based on their UV and multi-stage mass spectra. In the presence of GSH, in addition to these primary oxidative metabolites, four GSH adducts of SHetA2 and a novel rare form thioether GSH adduct was detected and characterized. In vivo, the monohydroxylated SHetA2 metabolites were also detected in mouse and rat plasma and two GSH adducts were detected in rat liver following intravenous (i.v.) bolus administration of SHetA2 at 40 mg/kg. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social inertia in white-throated sparrows results from recognition of opponents.

Social inertia is a term for the stability of dominance relationships despite changes in the intrinsic dominating abilities of opponents. In a standard test for social inertia, low-ranking birds in an established hierarchy receive implants with testosterone (treated) and high-ranking birds receive empty implants (untreated). Social inertia occurs when the treated birds remain subordinate to untreated opponents in these groups, despite evidence that similarly treated birds dominate untreated strangers. In previous demonstrations of social inertia, however, treated and untreated birds were returned to their original aviaries and tested with familiar opponents, and thus the effects of familiarity with the location and those of familiarity with opponents were not separated. To address this issue, we investigated social inertia in 16 groups of white-throated sparrows, Zonotrichia albicollis. When low-ranking treated birds were placed in new aviaries with familiar high-ranking, untreated opponents (treatment S, same opponents), dominance relationships showed social inertia. When such birds were placed in new aviaries with unfamiliar opponents (treatment N, new opponents), testosterone influenced dominance. When groups of high-ranking, untreated birds acquainted with each other were placed with unfamiliar treated opponents (treatment G, grouped dominants), ‘coat-tail’ effects (dominance by association with highranking individuals) sometimes outweighed the effects of testosterone. Social inertia in this species is thus a result of familiarity with opponents, rather than familiarity with locations of encounters. Measurements of aggressive tendencies confirmed a previous report that social inertia suppresses activation of aggression by testosterone. White-throated sparrows can thus recognize their opponents, and this ability affects the expression of both dominance and aggression. © 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour
Estimating wildfire risk on a Mojave Desert landscape using remote sensing and field sampling

Predicting wildfires that affect broad landscapes is important for allocating suppression resources and guiding land management. Wildfire prediction in the south-western United States is of specific concern because of the increasing prevalence and severe effects of fire on desert shrublands and the current lack of accurate fire prediction tools. We developed a fire risk model to predict fire occurrence in a north-eastern Mojave Desert landscape. First we developed a spatial model using remote sensing data to predict fuel loads based on field estimates of fuels. We then modelled fire risk (interactions of fuel characteristics and environmental conditions conducive to wildfire) using satellite imagery, our model of fuel loads, and spatial data on ignition potential (lightning strikes and distance to roads), topography (elevation and aspect) and climate (maximum and minimum temperatures). The risk model was developed during a fire year at our study landscape and validated at a nearby landscape; model performance was accurate and similar at both sites. This study demonstrates that remote sensing techniques used in combination with field surveys can accurately predict wildfire risk in the Mojave Desert and may be applicable to other arid and semiarid lands where wildfires are prevalent. Language: en
Innate immunity is sufficient for the clearance of Chlamydia trachomatis from the female mouse genital tract.

Chlamydia muridarum and Chlamydia trachomatis , mouse and human strains, respectively, have been used to study immunity in a murine model of female genital tract infection. Despite evidence that unique genes of these otherwise genomically similar strains could play a role in innate immune evasion in their respective mouse and human hosts, there have been no animal model findings to directly support this conclusion. Here, we infected C57BL/6 and adaptive immune deficient Rag1−/− female mice with these strains and evaluated their ability to spontaneously resolve genital infection. Predictably, C57BL/6 mice spontaneously cleared infection caused by both chlamydial strains. In contrast, Rag1−/− mice which lack mature T and B cell immunity but maintain functional innate immune effectors were incapable of resolving C. muridarum infection but spontaneously cleared C. trachomatis infection. This distinct dichotomy in adaptive and innate immune-mediated clearance between mouse and human strains has important cautionary implications for the study of natural immunity and vaccine development in the mouse model.
Longitudinal Risk of Upper Tract Recurrence Following Radical Cystectomy for Urothelial Cancer and the Potential Implications for Long-Term Surveillance

Purpose: The defined risk of upper tract recurrence in published series ranges from 2% to 6%, with most recurrence reported within 2 to 3 years of surgery. However, these recurrence rates are based on statistical methodology that does not take censoring into account. We used landmark time analysis to determine whether the risk of upper tract recurrence changes over time.Materials and Methods: We present a retrospective institutional review board approved review of 1,329 patients who underwent radical cystectomy from 1990 to 2004. Upper tract recurrence was defined as any radiographic, endoscopic or pathologically proven recurrence in the kidney or ureter. Cumulative incidence of upper tract recurrence was estimated by accounting for death without recurrence as a competing risk. Landmark analyses were used to estimate the probability of upper tract recurrence within the next 3 years if recurrence-free at various times after surgery.Results: A total of 80 patients experienced upper tract recurrence. Median ...
Centerline heating methodology for use in preliminary design studies

The initial design of aerospace entry systems requires rapid but accurate predictions of vehicle performance across the fields of structures, aerodynamics, guidance and thermodynamics. A methodology for an increase in the fidelity of aerothermodynamic heating with a minimal impact on simulation time is presented. An investigation of the fidelity levels and associated complexity of different engineering relations has been conducted which demonstrates the usefulness and applicability of stagnation point and streamline heating methods. In order to increase the fidelity of stagnation point methods, a curve fit for the effective nose radius of arbitrary blunt bodies has been established. The effective nose radius formulation utilizes the Configuration Based Aerodynamic (CBAERO) program to model effective nose radius as a function of Mach number, dynamic pressure, and altitude for a wide range of geometries and angles of attack. In addition, a program has been developed to model the heating along the windward centerline. This program uses a mix of engineering-level relations for aerodynamic heating both on and off the stagnation point. The development of the boundary layer heating model along the vehicle centerline and the associated boundary layer edge conditions is shown. The program is able to calculate heating distributions on axisymmetric bodies and heating along the windward centerline for general geometries at angle of attack. The results have shown good validation to CBAERO and experimental results. Finally, an integrated vehicle and trajectory design space exploration is given for Prompt Global Strike missions which demonstrate the design improvement afforded by the centerline heating model with integrated thermal protection system sizing. This is shown through a Pareto frontier shift in a comparison of range versus payload volume metric, as well as key locations of thermal impact on maximum downrange and geometry configuration. 1 2
Learning control for a class of nonlinear systems

It is shown that learning control can be used to produce control signals for perfect tracking for a class of nonlinear systems defined by the Cartwright-Littlewood equation. The idea is to utilize the qualitative information of the nonlinear systems so that convergence in the functional space can be achieved. The design is not based on precise information about the quantitative parameters of the plant. The result is illustrated by the example of the Van der Pol equation. >
Maternal Chemical and Drug Intolerances: Potential Risk Factors for Autism and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess whether chemically intolerant women are at greater risk for having a child with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: We conducted a case‐control study of chemical intolerance among mothers of children with ASD (n 282) or ADHD (n 258) and children without these disorders (n 154). Mothers participated in an online survey consisting of a validated chemical intolerance screening instrument, the Quick Environmental Exposure and Sensitivity Inventory (QEESI). Cases and controls were characterized by parental report of a professional diagnosis. We used a one-way, unbalanced analysis of variance to compare means across the 3 groups. Results: Both mothers of children with ASD or ADHD had significantly higher mean chemical intolerance scores than did mothers of controls, and they were more likely to report adverse reactions to drugs. Chemically intolerant mothers were 3 times more likely (odds ratio, 3.01; 95% confidence interval, 1.50‐6.02) to report having a child with autism or 2.3 times more likely (odds ratio, 2.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.12‐5.04) to report a child with ADHD. Relative to controls, these mothers report their children are more prone to allergies (P < .02), have strong food preferences or cravings (P < .003), and have greater sensitivity to noxious odors (P < .04). Conclusion: These findings suggest a potential association between maternal chemical intolerance and a diagnosis of ADHD or ASD in their offspring. (J Am Board Fam Med 2015;28:461‐470.)
Combined spatial and Kalman filter estimation of optimal soil hydraulic properties

A method for determining optimal parameters for a field-scale hydraulic conductivity function is presented and tested on soil moisture and matric potential data measured at several locations in a field drainage experiment. The change in moisture content over time at the individual locations is modeled using Richards' equation, and an optimization for the hydraulic conductivity parameters is performed using a merit function derived from the Kalman filter, which allows consideration of measurement and process noise. The spatial correlation among the different measurement points is explicitly taken into account using the covariance between points in the calculation of the process noise covariance matrix. It is shown that the standard deviation of the effective hydraulic conductivity function estimated by the Kalman filter method applied to all measurements is significantly less than the standard deviations estimated by simple averaging of the parameters derived using other methods applied to the individual point moisture time series.
High-resolution imaging of the Bear Valley section of the San Andreas fault at seismogenic depths with fault-zone head waves and relocated seismicity

SUMMARY Detailed imaging of fault-zone (FZ) material properties at seismogenic depths is a difficult seismological problem owing to the short length scales of the structural features. Seismic energy trapped within a low-velocity damage zone has been utilized to image the fault core at shallow depths, but these phases appear to lack sensitivity to structure in the depth range where earthquakes nucleate. Major faults that juxtapose rocks of significantly different elastic properties generate a related phase termed a fault-zone head wave (FZHW) that spends the majority of its path refracting along the fault. We utilize data from a dense temporary array of seismometers in the Bear Valley region of the San Andreas Fault to demonstrate that head waves have sensitivity to FZ structure throughout the seismogenic zone. Measured differential arrival times between the head waves and direct P arrivals and waveform modelling of these phases provide high-resolution information on the velocity contrast across the fault. The obtained values document along-strike, fault-normal, and downdip variations in the strength of the velocity contrast, ranging from 20 to 50 per cent depending on the regions being averaged by the ray paths. The complexity of the FZ waveforms increases dramatically in a region of the fault that has two active strands producing two separate bands of seismicity. Synthetic waveform calculations indicate that geological observations of the thickness and rock-type of the layer between the two strands are valid also for the subsurface structure of the fault. The results show that joint analysis of FZHWs and direct P arrivals can resolve important smallscale elements of the FZ structure at seismogenic depths. Detailed characterization of material contrasts across faults and their relation to earthquake ruptures is necessary for evaluating theoretical predictions of the effects that these structures have on rupture propagation.
Chemical sensing with ZnO nanowire field-effect transistor

Zinc oxide nanowires are configured as n-channel FETs. These transistors are implemented as chemical sensors for detection of various chemical gases. It is observed that the nanowire conductance is reduced when it is exposed to oxygen, nitrogen dioxide, ammonia gases at room temperature. Its ammonia sensing behavior is observed to switch from oxidizing to reducing when temperature is increased to 500 K. This effect is mainly attributed to the temperature dependent Fermi level shift. In addition, carbon monoxide is found to increase the nanowire conductance in the presence of oxygen. Furthermore, the detection sensitivity dependence on the nanowire radius is presented
Intractable hemorrhagic cystitis after hematopoietic stem cell tranplantation--is there a role for early urinary diversion in children?

Purpose: Severe hemorrhagic cystitis is a major complication in the pediatric population undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Percutaneous nephrostomy tube drainage as a treatment for severe hemorrhagic cystitis has rarely been investigated. We examined children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for risk factors associated with severe hemorrhagic cystitis, as well as our experience with percutaneous nephrostomy tube placement as an adjunctive management strategy.Materials and Methods: Using prospectively collected data from the Blood and Marrow Transplant Database at the University of Minnesota, we reviewed 40 pediatric patients with severe hemorrhagic cystitis from 1996 to 2010. Specific treatment for each patient was administered at the discretion of the attending physician and generally included bladder irrigation before bladder fulguration or percutaneous nephrostomy tube placement. A percutaneous nephrostomy tube was placed in 11 patients due to the intractable nature ...
STUDIES ON THE OXIDATION-REDUCTION OF HEMOGLOBIN AND METHEMOGLOBIN : II. THE OXIDATION OF HEMOGLOBIN AND REDUCTION OF METHEMOGLOBIN BY ANAEROBIC BACILLI AND BY STERILE PLANT TISSUE.

The oxidation-reduction systems of anaerobic bacteria manifest their action upon the blood pigments by marked deoxygenation of oxyhemoglobin, prompt reduction of methemoglobin to hemoglobin, and to a less marked degree oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin. The action of sterile plant tissue upon oxyhemoglobin, hemoglobin, and methemoglobin has been studied. The oxidations and reductions of the blood pigments which are induced by sterile plant tissue are similar to the reactions which are brought about by pneumococci and by anaerobic bacteria.
Cloning and characterization of the gene encoding the glutamate dehydrogenase of Streptococcus suis serotype 2.

Given the lack of effective vaccines to control Streptococcus suis infection and the lack of a rapid and reliable molecular diagnostic assay to detect its infection, a polyclonal antibody was raised against the whole-cell protein of S. suis type 2 and used to screen an S. suis gene library in an effort to identify protective antigen(s) and antigens of diagnostic importance. A clone that produced a 45-kDa S. suis-specific protein was identified by Western blotting. Restriction analysis showed that the gene encoding the 45-kDa protein was present on a 1.6-kb pair DraI region on the cloned chromosomal fragment. The nucleotide sequence contained an open reading frame that encoded a polypeptide of 448 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 48.8 kDa, in close agreement with the size observed on Western blots. A GenBank database search revealed that the derived amino acid sequence is homologous to the sequence of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) protein isolated from various sources, including conserved motifs and functional domains typical of the family 1-type hexameric GDH proteins, thus placing it in that family. Because of these similarities, the protein was designated the GDH of S. suis. Hybridization studies showed that the gene is conserved among the S. suis type 2 strains tested. Antiserum raised against the purified recombinant protein was reactive with a protein of the same molecular size as the recombinant protein in S. suis strains, suggesting expression of the gene in all of the isolates and antigenic conservation of the protein. The recombinant protein was reactive with serum from pigs experimentally infected with a virulent strain of S. suis type 2, suggesting that the protein might serve as an antigen of diagnostic importance to detect S. suis infection. Activity staining showed that the S. suis GDH activity is NAD(P)H dependent but, unlike the NAD(P)H-dependent GDH from various other sources, that of S. suis utilizes l-glutamate rather than α-ketoglutarate as the substrate. Highly virulent strains of S. suis type 2 could be distinguished from moderately virulent and avirulent strains on the basis of their GDH protein profile following activity staining on a nondenaturing gel. We examined the cellular location of the protein using a whole-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and an immunogold-labeling technique. Results showed that the S. suis GDH protein is exposed at the surface of intact cells.
Robust and Adaptive Autolanding Control Strategies for Crew Exploration Vehicles (CEVs)

High precision landing of CEVs plays a vital role in ensuring safe and reliable mission on space exploration. This paper considers the problem of automatic landing control of CEV along a given path with specific landing orientations/attitudes. We formulate it as a 3D trajectory tracking problem and present a robust and adaptive landing control strategy. To account for modeling uncertainties and unpredictable disturbances during landing, we develop a new control strategy based on available system information only. The effect of uncertain dynamics and disturbances are compensated via robust and adaptive control algorithms. Unlike most existing approaches where complex design procedures and heavy computations are involved, the control algorithms developed in this work do not demand detail system model and can be easily set up for real-time implementation by on-board computer. Both theoretic analysis and simulation confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Fatal Status Epilepticus Associated with Olanzapine Therapy

OBJECTIVE:To report a case of fatal status epilepticus in a patient using olanzapine with no known underlying cause or predisposing factor for seizure.CASE SUMMARY:A 41-year-old white woman developed witnessed seizures at home that progressed to status epilepticus. She subsequently died from secondary rhabdomyolysis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. She had been taking olanzapine for five months prior to the event. No other toxic, metabolic, or anatomic abnormalities were identified pre- or postmortem to explain the seizures. Her seizures were a probable adverse drug reaction based on the Naranjo scale.DISCUSSION:This is the first case of fatal status epilepticus described that has been associated with the use of olanzapine. The pharmacodynamics of olanzapine are similar to those of clozapine, which has been described to induce seizures in 1–4% of patients. It is possible that this patient may have suffered seizures due to a similar effect. Alternate explanations include neuroleptic malignant sy...
Reproduction, Growth, and Some Tolerances of Zoanthus Pacificus and Palythoa Vestitus in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii

Kaneohe Bay, on the island of Oahu, has for some time been recognized as a tropical reef ecosystem under considerable stress from such insults as sewage pollution from outfalls in the southern sector, and increased freshwater and terrigenous sediment input from urbanization of the surrounding watershed (Smith et al., 1973). In the southern sector, one of the most striking faunal changes has been the replacement of scleractinian corals on shallow patch and fringing reefs by extensive beds of Zoanthus pacificus Walsh and Bowers, 1971. This replacement has apparently taken place rather rapidly, within the last decade and a half, as has been noted before, (Banner. 1968). No less striking are the dense (up to 12,000 polyps/m2) beds of Palythoa vestitus Verrill, 1928, on the sand flats of these reefs. P. vestitus is reasonably common on other shallow reef flats in Hawaii, but at much lower densities. It was believed that some clues to the success of these species may be found by comparison of their reproductive patterns with those of the species they replaced.
U.S. Senate Testimony on the Dept. of Commerce OECD Drug Pricing Report

The US government has embarked on a trade strategy to address alleged free riding by raising patented prescription drug prices abroad. This strategy is unwise and dangerous. It is likely to 'succeed' in low and middle income countries, desperate to sign a bilateral trade agreement with the US. Increasing drug prices in these countries will greatly damage health, given relatively high demand elasticities for pharmaceuticals in these populations; modest cash resources for health care; and grave health needs. In short, the strategy will kill people in poorer countries. Most drug sales and profits are in the rich OECD countries, but the US trade strategy will be ineffective in these countries. The EU and Canada will likely resist any US attempt to interfere with a core domestic policy such as drug reimbursement. The recent experience in the US-Australia Free Trade Agreement bodes ill for the US strategy.
Real patient data based cross verification of kilovoltage and megavoltage CT calibration for proton therapy

Abstract Purpose We propose a methodology to evaluate the stoichiometric calibration method on MVCT against the corresponding kVCT calibration using patient data. Methods Stoichiometric calibrations were conducted for a MVCT and a kVCT scanner, respectively. We retrospectively analyzed kVCT and MVCT images of 21 patients by picking small tissue volumes in kVCT images and performing image registration to locate the tissue volumes in corresponding MVCT images. We computed the difference between the mean proton stopping power derived through kVCT and MVCT calibration, taking into account the uncertainties in calibration, imaging, and image registration. Results kVCT and MVCT calibration curves were in good agreement for soft tissues such as muscle and brain, but showed statistically significant difference (p Conclusion The MVCT calibration might not agree with the corresponding kVCT calibration for some tissues.
The suspension (Frost) suture: experience and applications.

Background The Frost suture is a well-known surgical technique for providing upward tension on the lower lid to prevent or correct ectropion after surgical interventions in the periorbital area. Despite its relatively common use, comprehensive information on executing this technique is not readily available. Objective To review eyelid anatomy, indications, and proper technique for performing the Frost suture, as well as potential complications. Materials and methods A review of the literature on Frost sutures was performed. Cadaveric dissection was performed to demonstrate placement of the Frost suture. Results and conclusion The Frost suture is a useful method to reduce the risk of ectropion after surgery near the lower eyelid. Downward pull on the lid can occur with normal wound contracture even if ectropion is not present with the initial repair, reinforcing the need for preventive measures. Potential complications of this technique include superficial skin erosion of the upper lid, corneal abrasion, and blockage of the field of vision while the suture is in place.
Analysis of Li 6 ( Li 6 , α ) Be 8 at 3.4 MeV

Angular distributions for alpha particles from ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}({\mathrm{Li}}^{6},\ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{Be}}^{8}$ have been obtained from five distinct alpha-particle peaks. However, only one peak, that corresponding to the 2.90-MeV state of ${\mathrm{Be}}^{8}$, has been positively identified. An analysis of the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$+${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$ gamma-ray spectrum with 100 times more counts than previous data indicate that no gamma ray from ${\mathrm{Be}}^{8}$ exists with an intensity greater than 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$% that of the 6.90-MeV peak from ${\mathrm{C}}^{11}$ and ${\mathrm{B}}^{11}$. This indicates an $\ensuremath{\alpha}+d$ configuration for ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$. The experiment has been performed with a Van de Graaff accelerator.
Seasonal Abundance of Parasitoids of the Mediterranean and Oriental Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the Kula Area of Maui, Hawaii

The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), and the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel, and their associated parasitoids were monitored on untreated fruits from mostly deciduous trees grown in the Kula area of Maui, Hawaii, from 1978 through 1981. Biosteres oophilus Fullaway, an egg-larval parasitoid, was predominant and accounted for ca. 80% of the total parasitization. On occasion, parasitization of 32 and 8% was reached by the larval-pupal parasitoids B. longicaudatus Ashmead and B. tryoni Cameron, respectively. These results suggest that the use of parasitoids to suppress both fruit fly species might be effective and ecologically acceptable.
135 WARM AUTOIMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA IN AN INFANT WITH SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is characterized by shortened red cell survival due to the presence of autoantibodies directed against antigens on the red blood cell membrane. It is generally diagnosed in relation to a viral or bacterial infection but has also been described in association with drugs, malignancy, autoimmune disease, and immunodeficiency states. The occurrence of AIHA in patients with sickle cell anemia is uncommon. An 8-month-old African American female with sickle cell anemia presented with congestion, irritability, and increased sleepiness. The patient had no previous history of blood transfusion. Examination revealed pallor and splenomegaly. Investigations revealed severe anemia with reticulocytosis, elevated lactate dehydrogenase, and indirect hyperbilirubinemia. Considering the splenomegaly and decrease in hemoglobin from baseline, the initial clinical diagnosis made was splenic sequestration crisis. However, a positive direct antiglobulin test for IgG at 37°C during routine cross matching for transfusion confirmed the diagnosis of warm AIHA. No compatible blood was available secondary to the presence of antibody. The infant was successfully treated with corticosteroids for approximately 3 weeks with a subsequent increase in hemoglobin to baseline and a negative direct antiglobulin test after discharge.
PCR analysis of nasal polyps, chronic sinusitis, and hypertrophied turbinates for DNA encoding bacterial 16S rRNA.

BackgroundNasal polyps are considered to result from chronic inflammation, but the initial or persisting stimulus for the inflammation is not known. A variety of bacteria and fungi have been cultur...
Humoral Factors Influencing Erythropoiesis in the Fish (Blue Gourami—Trichogaster trichopterus)

Evidence is presented for the existence of a circulating erythropoiesis stimulating factor in the bled fish (blue gourami). Erythropoiesis is inhibited by starvation and increased following a single bleeding in the gourami. Administration of serum from the bled gourami to the starved gourami evokes a highly significant increase in erythropoiesis. Serum from normal non-bled fish fails to produce this effect. Large doses of sheep plasma ESF and human urinary ESF (16 units/100 Gm. body weight) stimulate erythropoiesis in the starved gourami. Smaller amounts, highly active in the polycythemic mouse, are without effect in the gourami. No in vitro stimulatory effect on radioiron uptake by peripheral red blood cells of the gourami was exerted by anemic gourami serum or mammalian ESF. The starved gourami may find use as a test animal for erythropoietic factors from other lower vertebrates.
Understanding Santa Fe Black-on-White Style and Technology: An Example from the Pajarito Plateau, New Mexico

ABSTRACTThirteenth century ancestral Pueblo communities in the northern Rio Grande were characterized by clusters of single-roomblock residences in an “unplanned” arrangement across the landscape. Toward the end of the century a new architectural form, the plaza pueblo, appeared in some of these clustered communities. Changes in design diversity for Santa Fe Black-on-white ceramics between single-roomblock and plaza pueblo sites are used to assess whether and how ceramic designs were manipulated to express identity in the context of changing settlement structure. In addition to stylistic data, petrographic data are considered as indicators of local vs. nonlocal ceramic production because production sources represent potential sources of design variation.
Intelligent Diagnostic Imaging and Analysis

Intelligent diagnostic imaging and analysis (IOIA) consists of three main technical areas: smart data acquisition, computer-aided perception, and computer-aided detection and diagnosis. IDIA refers to the process that enables a computer to visualize and manage diagnostic information from image acquisition to post analysis to aid the physician in arriving at the final diagnosis. Lesions or abnormalities are crucial diagnostic information. Detecting the lesions with variations of visual and non-visual content in medical diagnostic imaging analysis, especially in real-time, at the image acquisition stage, which contributes to uncertainty about shapes, locations, intensities, and boundaries of the objects of interest, is one of the key issues in lOlA. A knowledge-based image analysis system, incorporated with reasoning about multiple-visual evidence and fused systematically, is a promising approach to solving such problems. A framework is presented to show how information fusion based upon partial evidence can be applied to a hierarchically structured hypothesis space. Some applications and their experimental results are also presented to show the merit of such approaches.
He-V cluster nucleation and growth in α-Fe grain boundaries

Abstract The nucleation of helium (He) clusters and their growth in a monovacancy (V) eventually leads to the formation of He bubbles on grain boundaries and within the lattice for α-Fe, which can cause the macroscopic deterioration of material properties. The research objective herein is to model the nucleation and growth of small He clusters by calculating the formation/binding energetics of a single He atom to a HenV cluster (n = {1–7}) and by capturing how the grain boundary affects this behavior in bcc α-Fe. The formation energies for 1–8 He atoms in a monovacancy are calculated at all potential grain boundary sites within 15 A of ten select high angle grain boundaries. These results are combined with previously calculated vacancy formation energies and interstitial He formation energies to quantify how the local grain boundary structure impacts the binding of an interstitial He atom to a HenV cluster. We find that, despite the large range of different local environments within the grain boundaries, it is nearly always energetically favorable for a nearby interstitial He atom to combine with either a monovacancy or a HenV cluster to form a larger HenV cluster, with a binding energy that can be much greater (as much as 100% greater) than in the bulk crystal. Furthermore, a model is presented that captures the formation and binding energies of the various He–V clusters while capturing the subsequent binding energies of different clusters/defects in the presence of grain boundaries – both of which are important when accounting for the total energetics pertaining to He–V cluster growth in the presence of the high angle grain boundaries.
Passive ranging using signal intensity observations from a single fixed sensor

A passive ranging problem with elevation angle, azimuth angle and signal intensity measurements is presented and solved with a Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimator. The measurements used in the estimation are all obtained from a single passive sensor at a fixed location. The intensity measurement, which obeys the inverse square law w.r.t. the squared distance between the sensor and target has an unknown emitted energy that needs to be taken into account in the estimation problem. The Fisher Information Matrix (FIM) is investigated and used for observability testing. The simulation results from the scenarios considered prove the efficiency of the ML estimator.
A process-variation-cognizant efficient MOL and BEOL TDDB evaluation method

With increasingly complex manufacturing processes in advanced technology nodes, time-to-breakdown (Tbd) of MOL and BEOL dielectrics are significantly affected by dielectric thickness variations across the wafer. such variations can affect Tbd distributions in an adverse manner such that Tbd distributions can be multi-modal non-Weibull. Also, a very large magnitude difference in Tbd can be observed for a given stress voltage. When TDDB samples are randomly chosen from a given wafer for different stress voltages, the amount of thickness variation can vary from one sample group to another. As different groups of samples are subjected to different stress voltages for TDDB model parameter extraction, it is critically important for groups of samples have similar amount of thickness variation to minimize possible skewness effect on Tbd distributions of sample groups. We present efficient TDDB evaluation methods to optimize test time and improve accuracy of TDDB model parameter estimation. The proposed methods include four techniques: (1) dual ramped voltage stress (DRVS) for estimation of voltage acceleration and Tbd prediction prior to TDDB stress for optimal choice of TDDB stress voltages, (2) Vbd-based sample grouping to minimize skewness of thickness variation effect among test sample groups, (3) TDDB stress sequencing to optimize test duration, and (4) prediction of TDDB area scaling behavior with 7-parameter distributed bimodal clustering model to treat bimodality of Tbd/Vbd distributions.
Probabilistic risk assessment based model validation method using Bayesian network

Abstract Past few decades have seen a rapid growth in the availability of computational power and that induces continually reducing cost of simulation. This rapidly changing scenario together with availability of high precision and large-scale experimental data has enabled development of high fidelity simulation tools capable of simulating multi-physics multi-scale phenomena. At the same time, there has been an increased emphasis on developing strategies for verification and validation of such high fidelity simulation tools. The problem is more pronounced in cases where it is not possible to collect experimental data or field measurements on a large-scale or full scale system performance. This is particularly true in case of systems such as nuclear power plants subjected to external hazards such as earthquakes or flooding. In such cases, engineers rely solely on simulation tools but struggle to establish the credibility of the system level simulations. In practice, validation approaches rely heavily on expert elicitation. There is an increasing need of a quantitative approach for validation of high fidelity simulations that is comprehensive, consistent, and effective. A validation approach should be able to consider uncertainties due to incomplete knowledge and randomness in the system's performance as well as in the characterization of external hazard. A new approach to validation is presented in this paper that uses a probabilistic index as a degree of validation and propagates it through the system using the performance-based probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) framework. Unlike traditional PRA approaches, it utilizes the power of Bayesian statistic to account for non-Boolean relationships and correlations among events at various levels of a network representation of the system. Bayesian updating facilitates evaluation of updated validation information as additional data from experimental observations or improved simulations is incorporated. PRA based framework assists in identifying risk-consistent events and critical path for appropriate allocation of resources to improve the validation.
Left Ventricular Reconstruction in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy

Transmural infarction of the left ventricle can result in anterior, lateral or inferior scars. These scars remodel causing ventricular dysfunction. The role of left ventricular reconstruction using a variety of techniques is discussed. Reconfiguring the ventricle by getting it to a smaller size and more physiological shape makes ventricular function more efficient and potentially addresses heart failure.
Line Graphs and their Chromatic Polynomials

Let G be a connected (p, q) - graph with q > O, and let L(G) be the line graph of G. Denote the chromatic polynomial of G by P (G,λ), and the line chromial of G, that is, the chromatic polynomial of L (G), by P L (G;λ). Since L(G) has relatively many lines, it is most convenient to compute the line chromial of G in factorial form. A useful method for computing P L (G, λ) in this form is to multiply the partition matrix of the lines of G by the adjacency vector of L(G). By this method, certain relations are derived between the points and lines of G and the coefficients of P L (G,λ). An appendix gives the coefficient vectors for the factorial forms of P (G, λ) and P L (G,λ) for all connected (p, q) - graphs with p ≤ 5 and O
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy: An Interview with Albert Ellis

Over the past 50~years, Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) has been developed and refined by Albert Ellis. REBT provides a framework for therapy that appears useful for many therapists and most clients. This paper includes a recent interview with Dr. Ellis, examining issues related to the development, application, and ongoing refinement of REBT as a useful and effective approach to psychotherapy.
Transzygomatic Approach to Tumours of the Parasellar Region. Technical Note

A simple transzygomatic approach to the middle fossa centered on the inferior retraction of the temporal muscle hinged on the transected zygomatic arch is described. This approach allows a very low basal exposure of the middle and temporal fossa minimizing the amount of temporal lobe retraction needed to approach intra and extradural lesion in this location. The upper portion of the infratemporal fossa is also reached after removal of the middle fossa skull base. This approach is simple, easily performed, does not require extensive skull base removal, and still offers excellent visualization of the middle fossa and of the upper infratemporal fossa.
Coordinated Stasis Reconsidered: A Perspective at Fifteen Years

“Coordinated stasis” concerns larger-scale ecological-evolutionary units (EE = “blocks of coordinated stasis”) defined by persistence of lineages and having similar biofacies composition at species level. It encompasses concurrent taxonomic stasis, ecologic stasis, and coordinated biofacies change. This pattern of shared stability and change, introduced by the author, was never intended as a hypothesis about process. It is an extension of the concept of punctuated equilibrium, but implies synchronous stasis and punctuation in numerous lineages rather than within a single lineage. It does not necessarily apply everywhere but enables a systematic approach to identifying cases showing similarities of pattern. It is separate from hypotheses and speculations about processes.
4.2 Microscopic Reversibility and Free-Energy Transduction by Molecular Motors and Pumps

Microscopic reversibility and its corollary, detailed balance, are perhaps the most important fundamental principles necessary for understanding the mechanism by which molecular motors and pumps use chemical energy to perform osmotic, electrical, and/or mechanical work. Despite their centrality however, there is a great deal of confusion in the literature about these principles. In this chapter I will review microscopic reversibility and detailed balance as applied to proteins in general, but specifically focussed on application to molecular motors and pumps.
This May, or May Not, Be an Ethics Consultation

We begin with the acknowledgement that with “The Zadeh Scenario,” Finder has provided a rich and thick description of what clearly was a challenging opportunity for end-of-life ethics consultation. As such, his narrative now stands as opportunity for us to engage with him in the even more challenging opportunity of post-mortem moral reflection. We have organized our thoughts on this case mostly in the interrogative mode, as questions or queries, and from perspectives informed by our own interests in clinical ethics and healthcare law.
Videojournalism: Multimedia Storytelling

Videojournalism is a new field that has grown out of traditional print photojournalism, slideshows that combine sound and pictures, public radio, documentary filmmaking and the best of television news features. This amalgam of traditions has emerged to serve the Internet's voracious appetite for video stories.Videojournalism is written for the new generation of "backpack" journalists. The solo videojournalist must find a riveting story; gain access to charismatic characters who can tell their own tales; shoot candid clips; expertly interview the players; record clear, clean sound; write a script with pizzazz; and, finally, edit the material into a piece worthy of five minutes of a viewer's attention. Videojournalism addresses all of these challenges, and more - never losing sight of the main point: telling a great story. This book, based on extensive interviews with professionals in the field, is for anyone learning how to master the art and craft of telling real short-form stories with words, sound and pictures for the Web or television. The opening chapters cover the foundations of multimedia storytelling, and the book progresses to the techniques required to shoot professional video, and record high quality sound and market the resulting product. Videojournalism also has its own website - go to just one URL and find all the stories mentioned in the book. You also will find various "how-to videos on the site. To keep up with the latest changes in the field such as new cameras, new books, new stories or editing software, check the site regularly and "like" www.facebook.com/KobreGuide.
The impact of place on health-related quality of life among U.S. cancer survivors.

e17642 Background:Place of residence is marked by variations in land use, spatial distribution and socio-economic status (SES).Place influences healthy life expectancy.The aim of this study was to ...