cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum oscillations from the cylindrical Fermi-surface sheet of potassium created by the charge-density wave.

Oscillations reported by Dunifer et al. in microwave transmission through thin K layers are found to be periodic in 1/H. The oscillations arise from conduction-electron Landau levels passing through a small cylindrical sheet of the Fermi surface. This cylinder had been envisioned theoretically after incorporating both charge-density-wave and crystalline potentials in Schr\"odinger's equation. The cylinder's cross-sectional area is found to be \ensuremath{\pi}${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{F}}^{2}$/69, in agreement with the area inferred from the perpendicular-field cyclotron resonance, discovered by Grimes in the surface impedance.
LINKING MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL FOOD WEBS: ALLOCHTHONOUS INPUT FROM THE OCEAN SUPPORTS HIGH SECONDARY PRODUCTIVITY ON SMALL ISLANDS AND COASTAL LAND COMMUNITIES

This study quantifies the flow of energy and biomass from a productive marine system to a relatively unproductive terrestrial system. Biomass from marine food webs (here, the Gulf of California) enters the terrestrial webs of islands and coastal areas through two conduits: (1) shore drift of algal wrack and carrion and (2) colonies of seabirds. Both conduits support dense assemblages of consumers: arthropods are 85-560 times more abundant in the supralittoral than inland and 2.2 times more abundant on islands with seabird colonies than those without. Marine input (MI), not terrestrial primary productivity (TP) by land plants, provides most energy and biomass for terrestrial communities on 16 of 19 study islands. The ratio of perimeter to area (P/A) significantly predicts arthropod abundance on islands and is the major determinant of the relative importance of allochthonous flow; we expect P/A ratio to be important wherever transport of nutrients, detritus, and organisms among habitats occurs. Similar tran...
Con: deep hypothermic circulatory arrest must be used selectively and discreetly.

F OR SEVERAL DECADES, surgical teams have used the protective benefits of deep hypothermia (16°C to 2OT) for repair of complex heart defects during surgery.‘~5 Early clinical success using this technique led to the additional application of total circulatory arrest for intracardiac repair.6 Currently, the application of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) includes its use for intracardiac repair of congenital heart defects in infancy, acquired aortic arch disease in adults, and certain neurosurgical procedures. The putative advantages of DHCA include the shortening of overall cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time; a more exacting anatomic repair in a bloodless, cannulafree operative field; and the ability to perform operations on the aortic arch that otherwise cannot be repaired.’ As superb surgical results for complex congenital and acquired heart defects have been achieved, this progress has now led to the examination of the quality of life of patients surviving these operations. While the development and success of the modern pump-oxygenator in clinical practice has been truly remarkable, advances in cerebral protection during cardiac surgery have neither come as quickly nor gone as far as those in myocardial protection. As perioperative death (usually cardiac in origin) has declined over time, even in high-risk patient populations, postoperative neuropsychological dysfunction has emerged as an increasingly important aspect of cardiac surgical morbidity. With the availability of sophisticated techniques for examining the central nervous system and the growing concern for the quality of life, the effects of DHCA have become more widely investigated in recent years. The initial interest in this technique is now being met with mixed enthusiasm. The avoidance of DHCA at some institutions in favor of continuous, low-flow CPB is reflective of the concern for DHCA and its potential for neuropsychological injury. Because the brain is the organ most vulnerable to ischemia, concern has been expressed over the years regarding the safety of DHCA, specifically, the effect of DHCA on brain structure and function. Despite the routine clinical application of DHCA, now into its third decade, the technique is largely empirical, and mechanisms of cellular integrity and protection are poorly understoodP
An approximate method for the estimate of the contribution of load transfer to the internal stress in dispersed particles

The derivation of an approximate expression for the contribution of load transfer to the internal stress in hard particles dispersed in a plastic matrix is a part of a theoretical model, for structural phase continuity and its effect on the yield strength of two-phase alloys. This elaboration and expansion of one aspect of the model will first define the pertinent average geometric characterization of the particles and then consider the average stress in a representative particle of average dimensions.
Accurate closed-form expression for sheet carrier density calculations in modulation-doped heterostructures

An accurate expression for sheet carrier density (n/sub s/) calculations in modulation-doped heterostructures is developed from a nonlinear model of the Fermi potential variation with n/sub s/. This closed-form expression produces numerical results that agree well with computer simulations of low sheet carrier density AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures at 300 K.
Parameters of Humoral and Cellular Immunity to Influenza A/USSR/90/77 (H1N1) Virus in Various Age Groups

After a local epidemic of A/USSR influenza, immunologic parameters related to influenza A/USSR/90/77 (H1N1) virus were studied in four age groups: elderly persons (greater than or equal to 64 years), healthy adults (20-44 years), children (six to 13 years), and neonates (who served as controls). Sera from the first three groups had nearly equivalent titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody (geometric mean titers, 1:8-1:11), which were greater than those in cord blood of neonates. Lymphocyte proliferation responses to influenza A/USSR viral antigens among study groups were similar, with mean stimulation ratios (to whole virus) of 4.2-5.4; neonatal cord blood samples were unresponsive (stimulation ratio, 1.1). In contrast, the magnitude of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against baby hamster kidney target cells infected with influenza A/USSR virus was significantly greater with lymphocytes from adults and elderly persons (P less than 0.05) than with those from children.
Endodermal sinus tumor of the clitoris.

Abstract A primary endodermal sinus tumor of the clitoris in a 2-year-old is discussed. The serum level of alpha fetoprotein was not elevated. A favorable outcome after exploratory laparotomy and wide local excision might relate to early diagnosis or less virulent patterns of spread secondary to the clitoral location.
Quantification of the EEG-activation response: Effects of atropine

The activation response of the EEG can be modified by various drugs, but the quantitative evaluation of the changes is difficult with conventional methods of EEG analysis. A simple mathematical relationship between frequency (F) and voltage (V) of the EEG record permits the definition of a unit of activation U A such that U A =f (F·1/V) which in turn varies as a function of time (t). Integration of U A with respect to time yields “total amounts” of activation for a given activation response. It has been shown that there is a linear relationship between the strength of an applied electrical stimulus to the medial reticular formation of encephale isole cat preparations and the integrated activation response: to increasing voltages correspond increasing activation responses. Atropine, a known CNS depressant, was administered intravenously to the same preparations. Plotting the various voltages against the integrated activation responses before and after atropine, yielded dose-response curves thus quantifying the depressant effect of atropine in different doses on the EEG activation response.
Controversies in the cellular pharmacology of oligodeoxynucleotides.

Phosphodiester and phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides are polyanions that cannot passively diffuse across cell membranes. Instead, the processes of adsorbtive endocytosis and pinocytosis probably account for the great majority of oligodeoxynucleotide internalization in most cell types. Oligodeoxynucleotides can adsorb to heparin-binding, cell surface proteins. An example of such a protein is the integrin Mac-1 (alpha M beta 2; CR3; CD11b/CD18), a receptor for fibrinogen which is found on neutrophils, macrophages and natural killer cells. Up-regulation of neutrophil cell surface Mac-1 expression by interleukin 8, arachidonic acid or tumour necrosis factor alpha leads to increased cell surface oligodeoxynucleotide binding and internalization. Binding and internalization can be blocked by both fibrinogen and by anti-Mac-1 monoclonal antibodies. Subsequent to internalization, oligodeoxynucleotides reside in subcellular vesicular structures, i.e. endosomes and lysosomes. However, in the absence of permeabilizing agents, these compartments may be sites of sequestration and the oligomers may be unavailable for antisense activity. At present, controversy surrounds the use of guanosine-rich phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides as antisense agents. We examined the ability of the 24mer antisense rel A (p65) phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide to inhibit nuclear translocation of NF kappa B in K-BALB murine fibroblasts. 7-Deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine substitution in the 5' guanosine quartet region demonstrated that inhibition of nuclear translocation could not be due to a Watson-Crick antisense effect. Rather, we favour the explanation that the parent molecule may be a sequence-specific, apatameric decoy.
Simulation of Upper-Level Frontogenesis with a 20-Level Isentropic Coordinate Primitive Equation Model

Abstract A numerical simulation using the inviscid adiabatic primitive equations for atmospheric motion framed in isentropic coordinates is shown to generate upper-level frontogenesis with physical and dynamical similarity to that shown in real upper-level frontal zones. Calculations of vertical velocity and potential vorticity show evidence of descent of stratospheric air into the upper portion of the simulated frontal zone. An experiment in which six isentropic surfaces intersect the earth's surface produces no numerical instabilities at the intersection, even in the presence of warm frontogenesis. Results suggest the suitability of the isentropic coordinate frame for numerical prediction of real weather systems containing frontal zone-jet stream systems.
Two simple proofs for a theorem of Schaefer, Wolff and Arendt

Abstract In this paper two simple proofs for the following theorem, due to Schaefer, Wolff and Arendt are given: if T is a lattice homomorphism on a Banach lattice E with spectrum σ ( T ) = {1}, then T = I , the identity operator on E . The methods can be applied to prove the same result for a disjointness preserving operator, which is due to Arendt.
On the use of a sub-scale thermomechanical simulator to obtain accurate tensile properties of (α + β)- and β-processed Ti–6Al–4V

Abstract The tensile properties obtained using an electrothermal mechanical tester (ETMT) and sub-scale specimens have been rigorously evaluated by comparing the results with those obtained using ASTM Standards over a controlled range of microstructures and temperatures (up to 300 °C) for both (α + β)- and β-processed Ti–6Al–4V. These comparisons of the ETMT results, including yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), Young's modulus ( E ), total elongation, and reduction in area, have been made for six different microstructures producing controlled variations in properties. It has been shown that the ETMT may be used to successfully measure yield and ultimate tensile strength for (α + β)-processed Ti alloys.
Sleep and wakefulness in female rats under various hormonal and physiological conditions

Abstract Sleep cycles were studied by electroencephalographic (EEG) methods during the estrous cycle in female rats with chronic electrodes implanted in their brains. Results were expressed as percentages of EEG arousal (AR), spindle or slow-wave sleep (SS), and activated or paradoxical sleep (PS). Sleep cycles were not completely regular, but 40%–50% of the PS episodes were separated by AR-SS intervals of 10–20 minutes duration in all stages of the estrous cycle. During proestrus the rats showed maximal AR and minimal PS even though running activity had increased the previous night. Running activity was maximal on the night between proestrus and estrus, and the latter day (vaginal cornification) appeared to be a period of recovery, with increased amounts of both types of sleep. Results of ovariectomy and estrogen replacement suggest that the primary influence of hormone is upon activity, from which recovery by sleep is a secondary effect. This suggestion is supported by results of forced-running (sleep-deprivation) experiments in spayed rats in which recovery involved amounts of SS and PS similar to those encountered on the day of vaginal cornification in cyclic rats.
EUV radiation damage test on EUVL mask absorber materials

We have studied the EUV mask absorber stack materials stability under extended EUV radiation exposure using the Synchrotron facility located at Aladdin Synchrotron Radiation Center of UW-Madison. The DUV reflectivity was measured at the area where the absorber stack was exposed to EUV radiation for different period of time to understand the impact on mask inspection during use and potential radiation damage. The longest exposure time simulated 2 million EUV exposure shots based on the resist sensitivity of 5 mJ/cm2. After EUV radiation, a significant increase in DUV reflectivity was observed. However, this change may be due to the hydrocarbon contamination from the EUV exposure chamber because an obvious darkening was observed on the exposed area and could be easily removed by a short O2 plasma etching. The experimental data showed that reflectivity was restored after O2 plasma etching and the difference was less than 2%. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and forward recoil spectrometry also used for the confirmation of hydrocarbon build up during exposure.
An assessment of the relationship between condom labels and HIV-related beliefs and intentions

The aim of this article is to examine the impact of the FDA’s proposed condom package labeling on HIV-related beliefs about condom effectiveness, on intentions to recommend condoms for friends to use, and intentions to use condoms. Using a nationally representative survey we randomized 1,194 adults ages 18–65 years into one of three condom label conditions: the current label on condom packaging; a label with the proposed FDA language; and a label with CDC language on condom effectiveness. In short, there are no significant differences between the proposed FDA label and the current label on HIV-related beliefs and intentions. In contrast, from an HIV prevention perspective, the CDC condom language appears to offer a better alternative to the current condom label for unmarried populations.
Analysis of natural convection in vertically-vented enclosures

Abstract Natural convection in vertically-vented enclosures is investigated theoretically. A verticallyvented enclosure is one in which the buoyancy-driven flow and heat transfer are restricted by vents in the top and bottom bounding walls of the enclosure. The governing conservation equations are solved numerically using a control volume-based finite difference technique with the appropriate pressure boundary conditions at the inlet and exit vents. The results reveal strongly non-uniform local heat transfer along the isothermal wall as a result of the blockage at the inlet. A local maximum and minimum in heat transfer occur in the lower half of the enclosure. The predictions for the flow field reveal that these heat transfer extrema are attributed to a recirculation zone near the inlet gap and primary flow attachment along the heated wall. The results show asymptotic behavior to the classical vertical parallel plate result in the limit as the vent gap approaches the enclosure width.
Early stages of aging and tempering of ferrous martensites

The early stages of aging/tempering of ferrous martensites have been studied over a wide range of carbon contents by numerous experimental techniques. A kinetic framework is presented which allows a correlation of many diverse observations. Three general regimes of structural change termed relaxation, aging, and tempering can be further subdivided, thus identifying two stages of aging (A1 and A2) which precede the conventional stages of tempering (T1-T3). The first stage of aging involves clustering of carbon atoms in c-oriented octahedral sites, while the second stage is associated with a modulated tweed microstructure containing high-carbon regions which may be interpreted as either advanced carbon clusters or coherent transition carbides. Alloy compositions are proposed to better correlate future complementary experiments required to determine these unusual structures more precisely.
Barnard's model of decision making: a historical predecessor of image theory

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine Chester Barnard's decisional model utilizing the lens of image theory. The main claim is that the individual decision‐making model proposed by Barnard in his Notes on the Significance of Decisive Behavior can be evaluated within the framework of image theory.Design/methodology/approach – The paper performed a comparative analysis of Barnard's and image theory's models of decision making to outline congruence and incongruence between Barnard's early conceptualization of individual decision making and the contemporary understanding of image theory.Findings – The findings provide support to the claim that image theory is an appropriate framework to describe Barnard's model.Originality/value – The unique contribution of this study is that it provides the first theoretical analysis of Barnard's model of individual decision making. Barnard's model of individual decision making is little known because it was posthumously published in his Notes on the Significance...
History, Memory, and State-Sponsored Violence: Time and Justice

Berber Bevernage, London, Routledge, 2012, 250 pp., $125.00 (hardback), $37.61 (paper back), ISBN 978-0-415-82298-5 How should we understand the historical present? Is it a temporal moment that chr...
Interaction between the C8α-γ and C8β Subunits of Human Complement C8: Role of the C8β N-Terminal Thrombospondin Type 1 Module and Membrane Attack Complex/Perforin Domain†

Human C8 is one of five complement components (C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9) that interact to form the cytolytic membrane attack complex (MAC). It is an oligomeric protein composed of a disulfide-linked C8α-γ heterodimer and a noncovalently associated C8β chain. C8α and C8β are homologous; both contain an N-terminal thrombospondin type 1 (TSP1) module, a low-density lipoprotein receptor class A (LDLRA) module, an extended central segment referred to as the membrane attack/perforin (MACPF) domain, an epidermal growth factor (EGF) module, and a second TSP1 module at the C-terminus. In this study, the segment of C8β that confers binding specificity toward C8α-γ was identified using recombinant C8β constructs in which the N- and/or C-terminal modules were deleted or exchanged with those from C8α. Constructs were tested for their ability to bind C8α-γ in solution and express C8 hemolytic activity. Binding to C8α-γ was found to be dependent on the TSP1 + LDLRA + MACPF segment of C8β. Within this segment, the TSP1 mo...
Effect of aerobic exercise training on renal responses to sodium in hypertensives.

Introduction: Aerobic exercise training has been shown to improve cardiovascular function and lower blood pressure (BP) in older adults. The exact mechanism(s) by which aerobic exercise training elicits these changes are unknown; however, it is possible that changes in renal hemodynamics may play a role. Purpose: The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of aerobic exercise training on renal hemodynamics in older hypertensive individuals. Methods: Renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were determined by plasma and urinary clearances of 131I-hippuran and 99mTc-DTPA after 8 d of low (20 mEq) and high (200 mEq) Na+ diets in 31 older (63 +/- 1 yr), hypertensive (152 +/- 2/88 +/- 1 mm Hg) individuals at baseline and following 6 months of aerobic exercise training (at 75% [latin capital V with dot above]O2max, three times a week, 40 min per session). Results: Following 6 months of aerobic exercise training, a significant increase was seen in maximal aerobic capacity ([latin capital V with dot above]O2max: 18.3 +/- 0.7 vs 20.7 +/- 0.7 mL[middle dot]kg-1[middle dot]min-1, P = 0.017) as well as a significant decrease in resting systolic (152 +/- 2 vs 145 +/- 2 mm Hg, P = 0.037) and mean arterial (109 +/- 1 vs 105 +/- 1 mm Hg, P = 0.021) BP. No significant (P < 0.05) effects were seen of aerobic exercise training on RPF (208.8 +/- 12.2 vs 197.1 +/- 13.1 mL[middle dot]min-1[middle dot]1.73 m-2), GFR (68.9 +/- 3.6 vs 69.0 +/- 3.9 mL[middle dot]min-1[middle dot]1.73 m-2), or filtration fraction (35.3 +/- 2.3 vs 37.1 +/- 2.4%) on the low Na+ diet or RPF (210.6 +/- 12.8 vs 212.1 +/- 11.7 mL[middle dot]min-1[middle dot]1.73 m-2), GFR (72.9 +/- 4.1 vs 77.3 +/- 4.3 mL[middle dot]min-1[middle dot]1.73 m-2), or filtration fraction (37.1 +/- 2.5 vs 37.7 +/- 3.0%) on the high Na+ diet. Conclusions: Our results suggest that changes in renal hemodynamics do not contribute to the reduction in resting BP in older hypertensive persons.
Rheo-photoacoustic FT i.r. studies of thermal history-strain dependence in poly(vinylidene fluoride)

Abstract This study focuses on the effect of thermal history on the morphology of poly(vinylidene fluoride). Rheo-photoacoustic Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (RPA FT i.r.) was utilized to measure changes in PVDF network permeability as a function of elongation. The permeability data, in conjunction with the stress-strain response, provide insights into the morphological changes resulting from deformations. The rate at which the PVDF network is cooled from the melt, as well as morphological changes resulting from annealing, appear to have a substantially greater influence on the response of the network to deformations than molecular weight effects. Prior to deformations, the crystalline phase and the size of the individual crystals, appear to have the most effect on PVDF permeability. Following the application of stresses, the number of tie molecules have a dominating effect on the network permeability. Annealing PVDF within 20°C of its melting point (170°C) increases the yield stress and the Young's modulus values. Similar effects are detected upon reducing the cooling rate.
Sodium- and Potassium-Activated ATPase in Uptake of Fe59 By the Rabbit Reticulocyte.∗:

SummaryUptake of Fe59 by rabbit reticulocytes in the presence of ouabain was inhibited. From such evidence it is concluded that the Na-K ATPase system is probably involved to some degree in iron transport in rabbit reticulocytes.
Normal forms of “near similarity” transformations and linear matrix equations

A formal solution to a linear matrix differential equation with irregular singularity t1−rY′(t)=A(t)Y(t), where r∈Z+ and the matrix-valued function A(t) is analytic at t=∞, was obtained via reduction of the coefficient A(t) to its Jordan form. The same approach was also utilized to find formal solutions to difference equations and to singularly perturbed differential equations. The linear change of variables Y=TX, where X is the new unknown matrix, generates the transformation A→T−1AT−t1−rT−1T′. When r>0, this transformation can be considered as a “small perturbation” of the similarity transformation A→T−1AT. Various normal forms of these two transformations could be found in the literature. The emphasis of the present paper is to describe some classes of “near similarity” transformations that have the same normal forms as A→T−1AT. Obtained results are used to construct formal solutions to matrix functional equations and to discretized differential equations.
Arabidopsis thaliana Genes Encoding Defense Signaling and Recognition Proteins Exhibit Contrasting Evolutionary Dynamics

The interplay between pathogen effectors, their host targets, and cognate recognition proteins provides various opportunities for antagonistic cycles of selection acting on plant and pathogen to achieve or abrogate resistance, respectively. Selection has previously been shown to maintain diversity in plant proteins involved in pathogen recognition and some of their cognate pathogen effectors. We analyzed the signatures of selection on 10 Arabidopsis thaliana genes encoding defense signal transduction proteins in plants, which are potential targets of pathogen effectors. There was insufficient evidence to reject neutral evolution for 6 genes encoding signaling components consistent with these proteins not being targets of effectors and/or indicative of constraints on their ability to coevolve with pathogen effectors. Functional constraints on effector targets may have provided the driving selective force for the evolution of guard proteins. PBS1, a known target of an effector, showed little variation but is known to be monitored by a variable guard protein. Evidence of selection maintaining diversity was present at NPR1, PAD4, and EDS1. Differences in the signatures of selection observed may reflect the numbers of effectors that target a particular protein, the presence or absence of a cognate guard protein, as well as functional constraints imposed by biochemical activities or interactions with plant proteins.
INDUCTION OF MORPHOGENETIC CHANGES AND ACCELERATION OF LEAF INITIATION BY GIBBERELLIC ACID IN XANTHIUM PENNSYLVANICUM

One application of gibberellic acid (GA3) to young internodes significantly accelerated the rate of leaf initiation and caused an increase in the number of internodes in shoots of Xanthium pennsylvanicum. The average duration of one plastochron was reduced from 3.3 to 1.9 days. The rate of growth of the GA3-treated internodes, and also of those positioned above and below, was at least twice that of the control. It appeared that the growth substance was translocated both acropetally and basipetally from the locus of application and that it significantly accelerated the rate of stem elongation. Gibberellic acid also had a pronounced morphogenetic effect on the leaves. It induced the development of lanceolate leaves instead of typical deltoid leaves. The area and the leaf length of the treated plants were both significantly reduced. Each response may be regulated by increasing or decreasing the concentration of gibberellic acid. The induced morphogenetic changes were not permanent. A reversion to the original condition was noticeable about 8 wk after treatment.
Antibody crystallization on phospholipid films: dynamics and the effects of antibody conformation.

Monoclonal antibodies form two-dimensional (2-D) crystals when bound to haptinated phospholipid monolayers in physiological conditions and at ambient temperatures. IgG1 forms two crystal phases: a linear strand phase and a high-order hexagonal phase. The relative distribution of these two phases is dependent on temperature, pH, and salt concentration. This dependence is one that is associated with protein intramolecular interactions rather than lipid-lipid or lipid-protein interactions for a number of reasons: (1) Polyclonal antibodies against the hapten DNP do not organize into any crystal structure for any of the experimental conditions used. (2) Slightly denatured IgG (through storage at 4°C, for example) does not readily crystallize and a shift in the temperature dependence for forming the hexagonal phase is observed. (3) There is no pH driven transition in crystallization tendency for IgE anti-DNP but a transition to disorder is observed at above 30°C. No such transition exists for IgG1. Observation of the dynamics of crystal growth shows a clear and marked dependence on pH and temperature that is in accord with the results of long-term incubations. It is found that high pH retards crystal growth very significantly for IgG1 but not for IgE. Also, the crystal growth rate of 4°C-stored IgG1 is greatly reduced over fresh IgG1 (−80°C stored). Furthermore, it is found that the linear phase of IgG1 is an extremely rapidly forming phase but one that is metastable against the hexagonal phase.
Frequency Equations and Modes of Free Vibrations of Rectangular Plates with Various Edge Conditions

This paper considers linear free vibrations of thin isotropic rectangular plates with combinations of the classical boundary conditions of simply supported, clamped and free edges and the mathemati...
The effect of intra-abdominal resection or fecal diversion on perianal disease in pediatric Crohn's disease

To determine whether perianal Crohn's disease responds to resection of active intra-abdominal disease or to diversion, 273 cases of Crohn's disease in children (ages 4 to 18 years) were reviewed (all had been seen between 1970 and 1983). Of these, 104 patients underwent an intestinal operation, and 42 of the 104 (40%) had documented perianal disease at the time of their operation. Follow-up averaged 8 3/4 years from time of diagnosis. Three of the 42 died, at 1, 3, and 5 months postoperatively (mortality, 7%) and one was unavailable for follow-up. In these 42 patients with active perianal disease, an intestinal resection with primary anastomosis was performed in 19; one died postoperatively and one was unavailable for follow-up. Of the remaining 17 patients, five (29%) improved and 12 (71%) had continued perianal disease, either without change or worse. At least one further intestinal resection was needed in five of the 17 and two have needed proctocolectomy. A defunctionalizing procedure was done as part of the initial operation in 11 of the 42 patients. Two showed improvement; however, both needed proctocolectomy for rectal disease, and none of the 11 with fecal diversion have had reestablishment of intestinal continuity. In 12 of the 42 patients proctocolectomy was the initial procedure, usually for severe rectosigmoid disease. Of 38 children followed, 20 had proctocolectomy, 11 initially and nine after lesser procedures; overall rate of proctocolectomy was 53%. Resection of active intra-abdominal disease is not necessarily followed by resolution of perianal lesions. Defunctionalizing the rectum with fecal diversion does not appear to alter perianal disease. A significant portion (53%) of pediatric patients who had perianal Crohn's disease and required intestinal resection eventually required proctocolectomy, usually because of severe rectosigmoid disease.
The role of the pathologist in the management of breast cancer.

The pathologist is a consultant in breast cancer management whoseresponsibility is to establish the histologic diagnosis of cancer as wellas its anatomic extent once sufficient tissue has been provided. Theconsultation also provides data that may be used to aid in selectingprimary or adjuvant therapy, evaluating new therapies, estimatingprognosis, and assessing outcome. Examples of such data are the TNMhistopathologic classification of the anatomic extent of the cancer usedfor the stage grouping (T = the extent of the primary tumor, N = theabsence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis, and M =the absence or presence of distant metastasis); tumor size, histologictype, and histologic and/or nuclear grade; assessment of blood vessel andlymphatic vessel invasion; analysis of steroid receptors, and other specialstudies as appropriate.
Disruption of subcellular Arc/Arg 3.1 mRNA expression in striatal efferent neurons following partial monoamine loss induced by methamphetamine

The immediate-early gene Arc (activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein) is provocative in the context of neuroplasticity because of its experience-dependent regulation and mRNA transport to and translation at activated synapses. Normal rats have more preproenkephalin-negative (ppe-neg; presumed striatonigral) neurons with cytoplasmic Arc mRNA than ppe-positive (ppe-pos; striatopallidal) neurons, despite equivalent numbers of these neurons showing novelty-induced transcriptional activation of Arc. Furthermore, rats with partial monoamine loss induced by methamphetamine (METH) show impaired Arc mRNA expression in both ppe-neg and ppe-pos neurons relative to normal animals following response-reversal learning. In this study, Arc expression induced by exposure to a novel environment was used to assess transcriptional activation and cytoplasmic localization of Arc mRNA in striatal efferent neuron subpopulations subsequent to METH-induced neurotoxicity. Partial monoamine depletion significantly altered Arc expression. Specifically, basal Arc expression was elevated, but novelty-induced transcriptional activation was abolished. Without novelty-induced Arc transcription, METH-pre-treated rats also had fewer neurons with cytoplasmic Arc mRNA expression, with the effect being greater for ppe-neg neurons. Thus, METH-induced neurotoxicity substantially alters striatal efferent neuron function at the level of Arc transcription, suggesting a long-term shift in basal ganglia neuroplasticity processes subsequent to METH-induced neurotoxicity. Such changes potentially underlie striatally based learning deficits associated with METH-induced neurotoxicity.
Solving n-ary constraint labeling problems using incremental subnetwork consistency

Presents an algorithm for finding all solutions of n-ary constraint labeling problems while building constraint networks. The key principle of the algorithm alternating the instantiation of a newly chosen variable, and making the domain values, of already-instantiated variables consistent among them, until all variables are considered. The algorithm chooses variables for domain instantiation one at a time; assigns all viable domain values to it; adds the variable to the constraint network; and achieves consistencies within subnetworks of the nonfuture variables, in an incremental manner. In this algorithm, any inconsistent domain values are eliminated once and for all. The proposed constraint labeling algorithm does not exhibit the stacking-unstacking problem which most hybrid algorithms have. In addition, this algorithm is more efficient than E.C. Freuder's (1978) constraint synthesis algorithm because the latter attempts to achieve strong k-consistencies over n variables. >
fastDNAml: a tool for construction of phylogenetic trees of DNA sequences using maximum likelihood

We have developed a new tool, called fastDNAml, for constructing phylogenetic trees from DNA sequences. The program can be run on a wide variety of computers ranging from Unix workstations to massively parallel systems, and is available from the Ribosomal Database Project (RDP) by anonymous FTP. Our program uses a maximum likelihood approach and is based on version 3.3 of Felsenstein's dnaml program. Several enhancements, including algorithmic changes, significantly improve performance and reduce memory usage, making it feasible to construct even very large trees. Trees containing 40-100 taxa have been easily generated, and phylogenetic estimates are possible even when hundreds of sequences exist. We are currently using the tool to construct a phylogenetic tree based on 473 small subunit rRNA sequences from prokaryotes.
The development of a robotic endoscope

This paper describes the development of a prototype robotic endoscope for gastrointestinal diagnosis and therapy. The goal of this device is to access, in a minimally invasive fashion, the portions of the small intestine that cannot be accessed by conventional endoscopes. This paper describes the macroscopic design and function of the device, and the results of preliminary experiments that validate the concept.
Climate Change in School: Where Does It Fit and How Ready Are We?.

Research indicates that teachers place a high priority on climate change as a topic their students should know, but report their own knowledge as inadequate for teaching it. Students (and some teachers) seem unable to distinguish among related environmental issues, and treat general “environmentally friendly” behavior as affecting all issues. The curricular fit of global climate change is best in Earth systems oriented classrooms but opportunities exist across the curriculum; instructional materials are available, though these may not address misconceptions. Some interest groups oppose human-mediated climate change as a curriculum topic, for the same reasons they oppose public action on the problem. Resume D’apres la recherche, les enseignants estiment qu’il est important pour leurs eleves d’etre au courant du changement climatique, mais que leur propre connaissance du phenomene n’est pas a la hauteur. Les eleves et certains enseignants semblent incapables de distinguer les enjeux environnementaux connexes et considerent que le comportement ecologique en general affecte tous les enjeux. L’adequation du changement climatique planetaire avec le programme d’etudes est plus reussie dans les cours axes sur les systemes terrestres, mais il existe aussi d’autres possibilites. Des documents d’instruction sont aussi disponibles, quoiqu’ils n’abordent peut-etre pas les interpretations errones. Certains groupes d’interet refusent que le programme d’etudes aborde le sujet du changement climatique cause par les humains pour les memes raisons qu’ils s’opposent a l’action du public face au probleme.
Economic Transition and Subjective Poverty in Urban China

Market-oriented economic reforms have substantially changed the Chinese economy. A policy of “allowing some to get rich earlier” clearly has benefited some regions of the country more than others. The purpose of this paper is to investigate changes in regional urban poverty during this period of policy transition. Our approach is based on survey responses to minimum needs (i.e., the “subjective method”). For the richest (Coast) and poorest regions (North West) we find unambiguous declines in poverty between 1988 and 1995 for the registered population. For the Central and South West regions we find that changes in poverty over time are sensitive to both the poverty line selected and the poverty index employed.
Electroconvulsive seizure and VEGF increase the proliferation of neural stem-like cells in rat hippocampus

All classes of antidepressants increase hippocampal cell proliferation and neurogenesis, which contributes, in part, to the behavioral actions of these treatments. Among antidepressant treatments, electroconvulsive seizure (ECS) is the most robust stimulator of hippocampal cell proliferation and the most efficacious treatment for depression, but the cellular mechanisms underlying the actions of ECS are unknown. To address this question, we investigated the effect of ECS on proliferation of neural stem-like and/or progenitor cells in the subgranular zone of rat dentate gyrus. We define the neural differentiation cascade from stem-like cells to early neural progenitors (also referred to as quiescent and amplifying neural progenitors, respectively) by coexpression of selective cellular and mitotic activity markers. We find that at an early mitotic phase ECS increases the proliferation of quiescent progenitors and then at a later phase increases the proliferation of amplifying progenitors. We further demonstrate that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling is necessary for ECS induction of quiescent neural progenitor cell proliferation and is sufficient to produce this effect. These findings demonstrate that ECS and subsequent induction of VEGF stimulates the proliferation of neural stem-like cells and neural progenitor cells, thereby accounting for the superior neurogenic actions of ECS compared with chemical antidepressants.
Pediatric Hearing Impairment, Autism, and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Implications for Clinicians

Diagnosing comorbid conditions in pediatric hearing impairment (PHI) has long been an important yet challenging process. For example, this population has long been at risk for misdiagnosis of globa...
On-chip integration of eight directional droplet ejectors for inking a spot with eight droplets without ejector movement

This paper describes an on-chip acoustic ejector array consisting of eight directional droplet ejectors that was designed to ink a spot with eight different droplets without having to move the ejectors. Each of the eight directional ejectors consistently ejects uniform droplets in diameter of 51 µm with a directional angle about 17° (with respect to the normal direction of the liquid surface). When a glass substrate was placed 8 mm away from the ejector array chip, all the ejected droplets from the 8 ejectors were placed within 399 × 1080 µm2 area. If we exclude two ejectors which had bad alignment with the others, all the 6 droplets were placed within 238 × 380 µm2 area.
Catalytic function of thymidylate synthase is confined to S phase due to its association with replitase

Abstract Catalytic activity of thymidylate synthase, as measured in , vivo , is tightly linked to S phase of the cell cycle in Chinese hamster embryo fibroblast cells. This activity, as measured in , vitro , is found in all parts of the cell cycle. Thymidylate synthase activity in nuclear (karyoplast) extracts increased as the cells progressed from G 0 G 1 to S phase. This enzymatic activity in the nuclei of S phase cells is associated with the multienzyme complex (replitase) that also contained DNA polymerase and other enzymes of DNA replication and precursor synthesis. The degree of association of thymidylate synthase with replitase, which increased co-ordinately as the cells progressed from G 0 G 1 phase to S phase, coincided strongly with the level of in , vivo activity of the enzyme.
Candidemia in the 21st century

The 21st century has brought forth vast innovations in the healthcare field. The availability and use of aggressive chemotherapeutic and immunosuppressive agents as well as broad-spectrum antibacterial agents has created a large population of patients who are at increased risk of acquiring infections with fungal organisms, especially Candida species. This review will focus on the changing epidemiology of candidal bloodstream infections, its impact on healthcare and new advances in the diagnosis and treatment of candidemia.
The Effect Of Pollination On Floral Fragrance in Thistles

We investigated postpollination changes in fragrance composition and emission rates, as well as pollinator discrimination in hand-pollinated flower heads of two thistle species: Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) and sandhill thistle (C. repandum). Following pollination, neither species emitted any novel compounds that could function as repellents. Scent emission rates declined in pollinated plants of both species by approximately 89% within 48 hr. This decline was evident in all 13 scent components of C. arvense. Apis mellifera, the dominant pollinator in the study population of C. arvense, was nearly three times more likely to visit an unpollinated rather than a pollinated flower head. A more complex pattern was observed for C. repandum, whose scent comprised 42 compounds. Quantities of aromatic and sesquiterpenoid volatiles declined after pollination, whereas two classes of scent compounds, fatty acid derivatives and monoterperpenoids, continued to be emitted. In C. repandum, discrimination against pollinated flower heads by Papilio palamedes (its primary pollinator) was not as marked. Unpollinated control plants of both species maintained moderate levels of scent production throughout this experiment, demonstrating that senescence and floral advertisement may be delayed until pollination has occurred. We expect postpollination changes in floral scent contribute to communication between plants with generalized pollinator spectra and their floral visitors. This study provides the first field study of such a phenomenon outside of orchids.
High-bandwidth trace collection for multicomputer performance monitoring

Developing parallel applications requires sophisticated tools for tuning program performance. These tools require large quantities of data to be collected for analysis. A design for the collection and storage of trace data is presented in this paper. The design provides sufficient bandwidth and storage capacity for the collection of performance data from a 32-processor parallel computer using hybrid performance monitoring. A custom token-ring network is used to collect performance traces at a maximum bandwidth of 20 MBytes/sec. A 16 GByte disk array is utilized in the design for the storage of collected trace data. The resulting design provides a processor-independent method for collecting performance data from moderately parallel computing systems. >
Predictors of sleep characteristics among women in southeast Texas.

Purpose This study examined psychological and sociodemographic predictors of self-reported sleep characteristics including sleep duration, quality, and perceived adequacy of sleep among Hispanic and non-Hispanic women of low socioeconomic status.
Midcareer Entrants to Teaching Who They Are and How They May, or May Not, Change Teaching

This study uses an innovative methodology and six waves of Schools and Staffing Survey data spanning two decades (1988-2008) to assess the potential of midcareer entrants—teachers who enter the pro...
Trade-offs, the allocation of reproductive effort, and the evolutionary psychology of human mating

This response reinforces several major themes in our target article: (a) the importance of sex-specific, within-sex variation in mating tactics; (b) the relevance of optimality thinking to understanding that variation; (c) the significance of special design for reconstructing evolutionary history; (d) the replicated findings that women's mating preferences vary across their menstrual cycle in ways revealing special design; and (e) the importance of applying market phenomena to understand the complex dynamics of mating. We also elaborate on three points: (1) Men who have indicators of genetic fitness may provide more direct benefits when female demand for extra-pair and short-term sex is very low; (2) both men and women track ecological cues to make mating decisions; and (3) more research on female orgasm is needed.
Mapping of all polarization-singularity C-point morphologies

We present theoretical descriptions and measurements of optical beams carrying isolated polarization-singularity C-points. Our analysis covers all types of C-points, including asymmetric lemons, stars and monstars. They are formed by the superposition of a circularly polarized mode carrying an optical vortex and a fundamental Gaussian mode in the opposite state of polarization. The type of C-point can be controlled experimentally by varying two parameters controlling the asymmetry of the optical vortex. This was implemented via a superposition of modes with singly charged optical vortices of opposite sign, and varying the relative amplitude and phase. The results are in excellent agreement with the predictions.