cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Considerations for Optimizing the Use of Miniscrew Implants in Orthodontic Practice

Miniscrew implants (MSIs) have redefined how orthodontics is practiced. Not only do they provide absolute anchorage, but they also greatly enhance the possibilities of dentofacial orthopedics. It has been reported that approximately 13.5–16.4 % of the miniscrews placed fail. Such rates are excessive and deter many orthodontists, preventing them from, preventing them from taking advantage of these devices. To ameliorate failure rates, MSIs could be optimized by changing their characteristics and individualized depending on the sites where they are to be placed and how they are loaded. For example, increases in MSI length and width, decreases in pitch, and the addition of flutes provide ways to enhance both primary and secondary stability. Increasing the surface area of the screws also increases secondary stability. Excessive cortical bone thickness and density, which enhance primary stability, could be detrimental to secondary stability. Pilot holes can also be problematic and should only be used with thicker and denser bone. Orthodontists must also be meticulous about their placement techniques. They must carefully plan where the MSIs will be placed, they must take care to maintain the screw’s position and orientation throughout the insertion phase, they must evaluate MSI stability after insertion and take corrective action when necessary, and they must ensure proper post-op hygiene. Placement techniques may well turn out to be as important, or even more important, for stability than the screw’s physical characteristics or the characteristics of the placement sites.
The Plane and The Watcher

The plane goes into a tail-spin, does A nose-dive into the pool where the Watcher Has been waiting. He scoops up the shining Metal fish in one hand and carries it, StiU dripping, to the fire he began By rubbing sticks together. He inserts A shard of rock, draws it cleanly along The underbelly. Holding the plane over A piece of clean wood, he pushes with his thumbs: A rich cluster of roe is extruded? This, he puts aside for later. Then He scrapes the interior with the point Of his rock, cuts off head, tail and wings, peels back The metal skin. He fries the filets and eats
A multi criteria decision making approach to model selection for semiconductor manufacturing process simulation

This study examines the manufacturing portion of the semiconductor supply chain, and presents three different models to analyze the manufacturing process. The models have different levels of complexity, detail and features. The best-fitting modeling approach is selected using a multi criteria decision-making process.
Analysis and Interpretation of Range Images

Computer vision researchers have been frustrated in their attempts to automatically derive depth information from conventional two-dimensional intensity images. Research on "shape from texture", "shape from shading", and "shape from focus" is still in a laboratory stage and had not seen much use in commercial machine vision systems. A range image or a depth map contains explicit information about the distance from the sensor to the object surfaces within the field of view in the scene. Information about "surface geometry" which is important for, say, three-dimensional object recognition is more easily extracted from "2 1/2 D" range images than from "2D" intensity images. As a result, both active sensors such as laser range finders and passive techniques such as multi-camera stereo vision are being increasingly utilized by vision researchers to solve a variety of problems. This book contains chapters written by distinguished computer vision researchers covering the following areas: Overview of 3D Vision Range Sensing Geometric Processing Object Recognition Navigation Inspection Multisensor Fusion A workshop report, written by the editors, also appears in the book. It summarizes the state of the art and proposes future research directions in range image sensing, processing, interpretation, and applications. The book also contains an extensive, up-to-date bibliography on the above topics. This book provides a unique perspective on the problem of three-dimensional sensing and processing; it is the only comprehensive collection of papers devoted to range images. Both academic researchers interested in research issues in 3D vision and industrial engineers in search of solutions to particular problems will find this a useful reference book.
Xpnet: A Graphical Interface to Proof Nets with an Efficient Proof Checker

We describe an automated proof-checker for linear logic proof nets based on efficient algorithms for deciding necessary and sufficient path conditions. The system, which is called Xpnet, is an experiment in the graphical representation of mathematical proof objects. Linear logic is a new logical system introduced by Jean-Yves Girard [Gir87]. The main difference between classical and linear logic is that in the latter structural rules for copying or deleting assumptions are disallowed. Full linear logic is ordinarily presented as a sequent calculus in the style of Gentzen. Proof nets, which are the linear logic analogs of natural deduction, can be formed from a subset of the logic known as the multiplicative fragment. Proof nets are represented as graphs with two types of edges (see Figure 1). Their most distinctive feature is the condition required for proof-checking. In most logics proof-checking involves verifying that each step of a proposed proof object is an instance of an axiom or rule of the system. This is insufficient for proof nets: checking the steps by which the graph is constructed only ensures that it is a proof structure, a type of graph that is a proof net exactly when it satisfies a special connectivity property. Stated mathematically, this property sounds as if it would take exponential time to check. Girard asserted that his path condition for proof nets could be checked in time proportional to a polynomial in the number of edges. We have developed an algorithm with this efficiency using an equivalent condition given by Danos and Regnier [DR89]. Checking even moderately-sized proof structures by hand can be very tedious. The motivation behind Xpnet (for X Proof NET) was to use an implementation of our algorithm to automate this process. Since proof nets can be described pictorially it is natural to have a graphical user interface to aid in the sketching of proof structures to be checked. There are relatively few systems for the graphical manipulation of mathematical objects that can be said to 'understand' the objects they manipulate. An example of a system that does is LatticeDraw, designed for the Macintosh by Alan Day. This program allows the user to construct an ordered collection of elements (a lattice) by drawing its Hasse diagram. It aids in the creation of a well-formed Hasse diagram by guiding legitimate uses of a mouse to describe elements and relationships between them. It is then capable of providing information about the lattice by responding to questions selected from a menu such as 'show me all of the primes'. It is also capable of calculating and displaying related lattices. For example, the program can calculate the lattice of lower sets of a lattice and display its Hasse diagram. This
Twinning of sand dollar embryos by means of dithiothreitol: The structural basis of blastomere interactions☆☆☆

Abstract In normally developing embryos of the sand dollar Dendraster excentricus the blastomeres are not tightly bound to each other at the end of cytokinesis. However, within 6 to 10 min the apposing cell surfaces appear flat against each other. Electron micrographs reveal that direct connection of the cell membranes exists. This process is called post-division adhesion. Dithiothreitol (DTT) destroys the ability of the blastomeres to initiate the post-division adhesion process and will also reverse this adhesion once it has formed. The result is that twin embryos develop if treatment occurs during or after the first cleavage. Extensive arrays of villi projecting from the cell surfaces in the region of the furrow are seen between blastomeres produced during exposure to DTT and in those fixed after cytokinesis before the post-division adhesion has occurred. Apparently, these villi pull the blastomeres together forming the tight contact in the normal condition. DTT destroys the ability of the villi to retract so the post-division adhesion does not occur and each blastomere develops as a twin although physically apposed to its sister. The twinning effect of DTT can be reversed to a degree by ferricyanide treatment. Single blastocoels develop in these embryos but evidence of partial twinning is seen in every embryo. The physiological isolation of each blastomere exposed to DTT is thought to involve the reduction of disulfide bonds in proteins. The destruction of the villi to function in blastomere adhesion may be caused by the destruction of microtubules or analogous structures necessary for their proper functioning.
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B. 3. The physicochemical properties and the N- and C-terminal amino acid sequences.

Abstract The molecular weight of Enterotoxin B was calculated by sedimentation, diffusion, and viscosity data to be 30,650. The amino acid composition was determined with a Spinco amino acid analyzer. A molecular weight of 30,000 ± 1000 was calculated from the amino acid composition, and this molecular weight was used to determine the number of residues of each amino acid in the enterotoxin molecule. The N-terminal amino acid sequence was found to be glutamic acid-serine-aspartic acid-lysine-, and the C-terminal amino acid sequence to be -leucine-tyrosine-lysine-lysine-COOH.
Acceptor-oxygen vacancy defect dipoles and fully coordinated defect centers in a ferroelectric perovskite lattice: Electron paramagnetic resonance analysis of Mn2+ in single crystal BaTiO3

Defect dipoles are significant point defects in perovskite oxides as a result of their impact on oxygen vacancy dynamics. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was used to investigate the local defect structure of single crystal BaTiO3 doped with manganese. These results, along with a re-analysis of literature data, do not support the conclusion that transition metal-oxygen vacancy nearest neighbor defect dipoles (MnTi″−VO••)× in ferroelectric BaTiO3 are majority defect centers as previously reported. Local symmetry analysis of the zero-field splitting term of the spin Hamiltonian supports the assignment of fully coordinated defect centers as opposed to defect dipoles for resonance signals at geff ∼ 2. A newly discovered defect center with g⊥ ∼ 6 is observed in the manganese doped system, and it is argued that this defect center belongs to an associated defect complex or defect dipole. This newly reported strong axial defect center, however, is present in small, minor concentrations compared to the well-k...
Lexicographic tuning of a fuzzy controller using Box's 'complex' algorithm

A fuzzy control system typically requires tuning, or adjustment, of the parameters defining its linguistic variables. Automating this process amounts to applying a second metacontrol layer to drive the controller and plant to desired performance levels. Current methods of automated tuning rely on a single crisp numeric functional to evaluate control system performance. The methodology employed does not assume that the controllable factors and the performance variable have continuous numerical values. A generalization of Box's complex algorithm allows more realistic tuning based on lexicographic aggregation of multiple ordinal scales of performance, such as effectiveness and efficiency. The method is presented and illustrated using a simple inverted-pendulum control system. >
Efficient photothermal therapy of brain cancer through porphyrin functionalized graphene oxide

Current clinical treatments including surgical resection, radiation therapy and chemotherapy for brain cancer result in high mortality due to the complex structure of the brain aggressiveness of brain cancer. Recently, non-invasive photothermal therapy (PTT) using near infrared laser irradiation has been developed as an alternative emerging therapy for brain cancer. In this paper, a biocompatible porphyrin functionalized graphene oxide (PGO) with high absorbance at 808 nm is synthesized as a photothermal platform for brain cancer therapy. Graphite oxide is exfoliated and conjugated with porphyrin through π–π interactions. This PGO is two times more stable than reduced graphene oxide (rGO) in aqueous solution. Most importantly, the efficiency of the photo-thermal conversion of PGO is increased by 89% and 33% compared to graphene oxide and rGO under 808 nm laser irradiation, causing ablation of a large number of brain cancer cells in vitro. This PGO platform containing active functional groups allows specific targeting in PTT without harming healthy cells and tissues.
A systematic review of ketamine for complex regional pain syndrome.

Objective This systematic review aims to examine the available literature and to synthesize published data concerning the treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) with ketamine. Methods The search was conducted utilizing the databases Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials. All relevant articles were systematically reviewed. Results The search yielded 262 articles, 45 of which met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Of those included, 6 were reviews, 5 were randomized placebo-controlled trials, 13 were observational studies, and 21 were case reports. Conclusion There is no high quality evidence available evaluating the efficacy of ketamine for CRPS and all manuscripts examined in this review were of moderate to low quality. Therefore, we conclude there is currently only weak evidence supporting the efficacy of ketamine for CRPS, yet there is clearly a rationale for definitive study.
Grand unified theory with heavy color

An example of the unification of electroweak, color, and heavy-color forces in the unifying group SU(7) is presented. This simple toy model predicts a nontrivial mass spectrum for two families of quarks and leptons. The usual Higgs scalar sector is replaced by the strong interaction heavy-color sector at \ensuremath{\sim} 1 TeV.
An environmental effect as the major cause for room-temperature embrittlement in FeAl☆

Analyse de la ductilite et de la rupture a la temperature ambiante de l'aluminure FeAl contenant 36,5 at% Al dans differents environnements (air, vide, Ar+4% H 2 , vapeur d'eau, oxygene pur)
Synthesis of fluorinated α-sila-β-diketones and their copper(II) complexes

Abstract Fluorinated α-sila-β-diketones, synthesized in good yields via the Claisen condensation of the esters of fluorinated acids or fluorinated acid fluorides and the lithium enolates of acetyltrialkylsilanes, were employed in the preparation of volatile copper complexes for copper metallization. The thermal properties of the corresponding copper(II) complexes were determined by TGA and DSC to evaluate the potential of these materials as copper metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) precursors; the new copper compounds have greater volatility and stability than the corresponding copper complexes of non-fluorinated α-sila-β-diketonates.
A study of combined asymmetric and cavitated bifurcations in neo-Hookean material under symmetric dead loading

A study is given of the deformations of an incompressible body subjected to a uniform, spherically symmetric, tensile dead load. It is based on the energy minimization method using a constructed kinematically admissible deformation field
Environmentally dependent sensitive periods for avian vocal learning

Experience during brief periods of development can exert a profound influence on later life1. Among songbirds, experimental evidence for enhanced vocal learning during a relatively brief period early in life is well documented2,3. The timing of vocal learning with respect to dispersal is fundamental to our understanding of many population processes, yet the significance of the sensitive period remains unclear. We report here that in our study of the marsh wren (Cistothorus palustris), a North American songbird, we found that the sensitive period for song learning is not rigidly programmed with respect to dispersal and/or migration; two environmental factors, the photoperiod and the amount of adult song heard during the hatching year, influence the nature of the sensitive period during the hatching year, the ability to learn further the next spring, and the relative dates at which young males develop their adult songs.
Evaluating Environmental Favorableness for Tropical Cyclone Development with the Method of Point‐Downscaling

[1] A new method is presented to determine the favorableness for tropical cyclone development of an atmospheric environment, as represented by a mean sounding of temperature, humidity, and wind as a function of height. A mesoscale model with nested, moving grids is used to simulate the evolution of a weak, precursor vortex in a large domain with doubly periodic boundary conditions. The equations of motion are modified to maintain arbitrary profiles of both zonal and meridional wind as a function of height, without the necessary large-scale temperature gradients that cannot be consistent with doubly periodic boundary conditions. Comparisons between simulations using the point-downscaling method and simulations using wind shear balanced by temperature gradients illustrate both the advantages and the limitations of the technique. Further examples of what can be learned with this method are presented using both idealized and observed soundings and wind profiles.
Bulk protonic conductivity in a cephalopod structural protein

Proton-conducting materials play a central role in many renewable energy and bioelectronics technologies, including fuel cells, batteries and sensors. Thus, much research effort has been expended to develop improved proton-conducting materials, such as ceramic oxides, solid acids, polymers and metal-organic frameworks. Within this context, bulk proton conductors from naturally occurring proteins have received somewhat less attention than other materials, which is surprising given the potential modularity, tunability and processability of protein-based materials. Here, we report proton conductivity for thin films composed of reflectin, a cephalopod structural protein. Bulk reflectin has a proton conductivity of ~2.6 × 10(-3) S cm(-1) at 65 °C, a proton transport activation energy of ~0.2 eV and a proton mobility of ~7 × 10(-3) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1). These figures of merit are similar to those reported for state-of-the-art artificial proton conductors and make it possible to use reflectin in protein-based protonic transistors. Our findings may hold implications for the next generation of biocompatible proton-conducting materials and protonic devices.
Corporate investment myopia: a horserace of the theories

Abstract This paper tests two theories of corporate investment myopia which predict a distortion in investment policy with respect to the standard net present value rule. The theories are confronted with the empirical evidence, allowing the theories to compete to explain investment behavior. Research and development expense is used to proxy for long-term investment in a pooled, cross-sectional time-series regression. I find that research and development expense is decreasing in the age of the Chief Executive Officer. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that agency costs are lower when the firm invests myopically, rather than follow a standard net present value rule.
Feasibility of spectroscopy by saturable reflection

Abstract The central frequencies and widths of overlapping lines in an absorption spectrum may be deduced from laser light reflected by a plane slab of sample material. Reflected waves from exit and entrance faces interfere, producing an alternating pattern of reflectance extrema as the thickness is varied. An increase in the laser intensity partially saturates the absorption line and causes a phase shift in the interference pattern from which spectral information can be obtained.
Isotropic forming of porous structures via metal injection molding

Metal injection molding (MIM) is a near net-shape process that offers the unique ability to manufacture porous components with homogeneous porosity, pore structure and permeability. MIM is a process that can significantly reduce production cost when large quantities of components with complex shape need to be delivered. In this study, MIM is used to produce porous 316L stainless steel structure from both water and gas atomized powders. The porous components made by MIM were characterized to evaluate their suitability for small pore structure applications. The porous structures were analyzed for porosity, pore size, permeability, and thermal conductivity as a function of powder type and processing conditions. A typical MIM powder (<20 μm) processed at 50 vol% loading in a binder system produced a uniform pore structure with a permeability of less than 1⋅10− 13 m2 and a maximum pore radius of less than 5 μm. Water-atomized powder proved to be better suited for low-solids-loading metal injection molding (<50 vol% loading) since its irregular shape provided greater strength and fewer defects during the molding and debinding process steps. Measurements of thermal conductivity show that the water-atomized powder had less thermal conductivity (∼2 W/m-K) than the gas-atomized powder (∼3 W/m-K). This study shows that MIM is a suitable process that can be used to manufacture functional porous structures that require isotropic pore size and complex shape.
Crack growth behavior of 7075-T6 under biaxial tension–tension fatigue

Abstract Crack growth behavior of aluminum alloy 7075-T6 was investigated under in-plane biaxial tension–tension fatigue with stress ratio of 0.5. Two biaxiality ratios, λ (=1 and 1.5) were used. Cruciform specimens with a center hole, having a notch at 45° to the specimen’s arms, were tested in a biaxial fatigue test machine. Crack initiated and propagated coplanar with the notch for λ = 1 in L–T orientation, while it was non-coplanar for λ = 1.5 between L–T and T–L orientations. Uniaxial fatigue crack growth tests in L–T and T–L orientations were also conducted. Crack growth rate in region II was practically the same for biaxial fatigue with λ = 1 in L–T orientation and for the uniaxial fatigue in L–T or T–L orientations, while it was faster for biaxial fatigue with λ = 1.5 at a given crack driving force. However, fatigue damage mechanisms were quite different in each case. In region I, crack driving force at a given crack growth rate was smallest for biaxial fatigue with λ = 1.5 and for uniaxial fatigue in T–L orientation, followed by biaxial fatigue with λ = 1 and uniaxial fatigue in L–T orientation in ascending order at a given crack growth rate.
Filled Milks for Dairy Calves. II. Comparative Effects of Various Types of Soybean Oils and of Butter Oil on Health, Growth and Certain Blood Constituents

Summary Three types of soybean oils, crude, refined and hydrogenated, were compared with butter oil as components of reconstituted milk rations for dairy calves during the period from 4 to 60 days of age. The respective milks, supplemented with a mineral mixture and vitamins A and D, were fed to four comparable groups of calves. Although there was considerable intra-group variation, the incidence of scouring was lowest for the calves fed butter oil, followed in order by the groups receiving, respectively, hydrogenated, refined and crude soybean oils. Frequent and severe diarrhea was accompanied by unthriftiness and lethargy. The mean weight gains of the calves fed hydrogenated soybean oil were similar to those of the group receiving butter oil but greater than the mean weight gains of the groups fed the refined and the crude soybean oils, but the differences were not significant statistically. There were no appreciable differences in the mean hemoglobin levels among the various groups. Since there were no significant differences in the mean plasma vitamin A values among the groups of calves fed the various soybean oils, the differences in growth and in state of health cannot be attributed to the level of vitamin A intake. Although the mean carotene levels of the blood plasma of the groups fed the butter oil and the crude soybean oil were considerably higher than those of the other groups, the differences were not significant statistically. Mean blood plasma fat levels for the calves receiving butter oil were significantly higher than those of the group fed hydrogenated soybean oil but significantly lower than the mean values of the other two groups.
Vulcan's fury: Man against the volcano

I read this book on an 11-hour flight back from a field trip in the Andes, where I got first-hand insight into how people live with a volcano that now and then explodes. Appropriate reading, I felt, especially as the fascination of the human world with volcanoes and eruptive disasters is indeed long standing. This book is a recent addition to a list of titles in this genre (e.g., the new book by Sigurdsson to be reviewed in Eos shortly). The scope of the book is summarized in the introductory sentence of the preface: “This book is about an unequal contest. It describes human reactions to volcanic eruptions.” This is the perspective of the book's descriptions of 16 large and not-so-large eruptions over the last two millennia.
SIMCON-simulation control to optimize man-machine interaction.

The fitting of mathematical models to physiological sys tems can be tedious and difficult, whether one uses analog or digital computer methods. Both methods have their pros and cons depending on the available hardware and software and on the type of modeling. In recent years many digital simulation languages have been written com bining analog-like and digital features to facilitate model ing, but, for a variety of reasons, none of these was suit able for our applications. We, therefore, designed a new digital simulation control system, SIMCON, which is de scribed in this paper.The primary objectives were to provide:(1) Maximum man-machine interaction at run-time, in cluding visual displays, digital control, and both con tinuous analog and digital parameter adjustment(2) The ability to generate solutions and to fit them to experimental data or other theoretical curves with a minimum of computer memory(3) The option to use a mathematically oriented language, FORTRAN, and block operators with variable input...
Robotic Pyeloplasty: The University of California-Irvine Experience

Purpose: For the treatment of ureteropelvic junction obstruction laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty and open pyeloplasty have similar outcomes. We present our experience with robot assisted laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all adult robot assisted laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasties performed at our institution between November 2002 and July 2009. Preoperative evaluation included abdominal computerized tomography angiogram to assess for crossing vessels and diuretic renal scan to quantify the degree of obstruction. Followup with diuretic renal scan and a patient pain analog scale was performed 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery. If the study was normal at 12 months, the patient was followed with ultrasound of the kidneys and bladder to look for ureteral jets. Absent ureteral jets, worsening hydronephrosis or patient complaint of pain necessitated repeat diuretic renogram.Results: A total of 61 robot assisted laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasties w...
In vivo and in vitro evaluation of magnesium-aluminum hydroxide antacid tablets and liquid

The effect of magnesium-aluminum hydroxide antacid tablets or liquid on food-stimulated gastric acidity was evaluated in vivo in eight duodenal ulcer patients. Experiments were performed also in vitro. Although in vitro neutralizing capabilities of the two preparations were the same (28.3 +/- 0.1 mmol/liter), the duration of effect of tablets was longer in vivo. For example, at 3 3/4 hr after an eaten meal, mean hydrogen ion concentration with three tablets was 29.8 +/- 9.9 mmol/liter while with 15 ml liquid it was 59.6 +/- 10.3 mmol/liter (P less than 0.05). Additional studies were performed in vitro to explain the longer duration of effect of tablets compared with liquid in vivo. These experiments suggested that tablets reacted more slowly with acid than did liquid and that saliva, which was mixed with tablets during chewing, also contributed to the prolonged duration of effect.
Polyribosomal and microsomal profiles of fat body homogenates from reproductively active and inactive females of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae

Abstract Polyribosomal and microsomal profiles of fat bodies from reproductively active and inactive females were analyzed on sucrose density gradients. It was found that active females contain a microsome population that is heavier 360 to 400S) than a corresponding population from inactive females or males (270 to 310S). The microsomal RNA is resistant to RNase treatment at concentrations as high as 100μg. per ml. Free ribosomes and polysomes are degraded at this concentration. NaF at concentrations of 80 mM removed a portion of the ribosomes from the microsomes of active females, reducing them to a size similar to that from inactive females or males. This may argue for the contention that a microsomal vesicle from fat bodies of egg-maturing females carries aggregates of those polysomes engaged in female-specific protein synthesis, in addition to those normally involved in non-specific protein synthesis. This finding may have a functional implication in the role of juvenile hormone in induction of specific protein synthesis.
Solvent dyeing of acrylic fibers. Process variables and mechanisms based on rates of dyeing and diffusion studies using cationic dyestuffs

Diffusion coefficients of selected cationic dyes are calculated for one aqueous and six organic solvent dye systems. The concentrations of dyestuffs sorbed by the fibers as functions of dyeing times are plotted for the various dyeing systems. Results indicate that dye sorption decreases and the diffusion coefficient increases as the concentration of the cosolvent increases. The results were determined by comparing the Crank and Olofsson equations for diffusion.
Changing attitudes toward science: Undergraduates in 1967 and 1971

The purpose of the study was to examine the change in attitudes toward science and the scientific institution which had occurred among undergraduate university students between 1967 and 1971. Two similar cohorts of university undergraduates were given Form A of the Schwirian Science Support Scale (Tri-S) in 1967 and 1971. The populations were 398 students and 153 students, respectively. Data concerning relevant contingent independent variables were also collected. The data were analyzed utilizing nine, two-way analyses of variance. The major independent variable, time of administration, (1967 and 1971) was always one factor; the second factor in each ANOVA consisted of each of the nine contingent independent variables: (1) age; (2) sex; (3) religious preference; (4) father's education; (5) mother's education; (6) father's occupation; (7) academic major; (8) hometown size; and (9) type of high school. The data from the nine, two-way ANOVA's show significant differences ( p < .05 ) in only two instances. In the case of the association of the Tri-S Scores with father's occupation at times one and two, it was observed that the higher the status of the father's occupation, the higher the student's Tri-S score. This relationship was observed in both 1967 and 1971; there was no significant effect of time. Statistically significant differences in Tri-S scores were also observed among students from different sized hometowns; and in this case, there was a change over time. In 1967 students from small and medium-sized communities had significantly lower Tri-S scores than students from farms and large cities. By 1971 the mean scores of the students from small and medium sized communities had increased, producing scores slightly higher than the farm and city students. The findings indicate that the 1971 Midwestern university students in the sample are no less positive in their attitudes toward science than their 1967 counterparts. No significant differences between overall 1967 and 1971 scores exist and no significant differences over time were observed by age, sex, religious preference, father's or mother's education, father's occupation, academic major, or high school type.
The Cycloconverter Driven Doubly-Fed Induction Motor

A variable speed electric drive system has been developed in which the speed-torque characteristics of a dc series motor have been attained without the need for a commutator. Improved utilization of active material has been achieved by using series-connected polyphase ac windings on both the rotor and the stator of the rotating machine and by maintaining a favorable torque angle relationship between the rotor and stator MMF waves. Torque angle is controlled by means of a shaft coupled transducer which controls the firing of silicon controlled rectifiers (SCR's) in a variable frequency inverter or cycloconverter type of ac power supply.
Combined impact of lead, cadmium, polychlorinated biphenyls and non-chemical risk factors on blood pressure in NHANES

High blood pressure is associated with exposure to multiple chemical and non-chemical risk factors, but epidemiological analyses to date have not assessed the combined effects of both chemical and non-chemical stressors on human populations in the context of cumulative risk assessment. We developed a novel modeling approach to evaluate the combined impact of lead, cadmium, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and multiple non-chemical risk factors on four blood pressure measures using data for adults aged ≥ 20 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2008). We developed predictive models for chemical and other stressors. Structural equation models were applied to account for complex associations among predictors of stressors as well as blood pressure. Models showed that blood lead, serum PCBs, and established non-chemical stressors were significantly associated with blood pressure. Lead was the chemical stressor most predictive of diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure, while PCBs had a greater influence on systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure, and blood cadmium was not a significant predictor of blood pressure. The simultaneously fit exposure models explained 34%, 43% and 52% of the variance for lead, cadmium and PCBs, respectively. The structural equation models were developed using predictors available from public data streams (e.g., U.S. Census), which would allow the models to be applied to any U.S. population exposed to these multiple stressors in order to identify high risk subpopulations, direct intervention strategies, and inform public policy.
Effect of food structure on the distribution and reactivity of small molecules

How food structure affects chemical reaction kinetics is one of the big, general problems in food science. We describe how the simple ideas of partitioning and diffusion have been developed to explain increasingly complex behaviors; especially cut-off effects of antioxidants in emulsions and barrier properties of the interface. Finally we consider some ways molecular distribution can be measured.
Observation of image-potential-induced resonances on Cu(110) using the two-photon photoemission technique.

Using the technique of two-photon photoemission, we have observed image-potential resonances on Cu(110). The image-potential resonances have a short, bulklike lifetime, resulting in a weak, but observable, photoemission signal that is broad in energy; the peak of the density of states for the n=1 resonance is 0.68±0.06 eV below the vacuum level, with a width of 0.66±0.06 eV. This investigation demonstrates the versatility of using relatively long-pulse, two-photon photoemission for observing short-lived surface resonances, which are excited from bulk initial states
A formula for resonance frequencies of a whistler nozzle

The self‐sustained oscillation of a circular jet coupled with a whistler nozzle has been investigated experimentally for a range of the controlling parameters, viz., nozzle length, collar length, step height, and jet speed. It is shown that these parameters are related through an empirical formula which can be used to predict pure‐tone frequencies at which a whistler nozzle can induce controlled excitation of a circular jet.
Improving the Efficiency of Antisense and EGS Methods

Hammerhead ribozymes and stable stem loop structures function as inhibitors of 3‵-5‵-exonuclease degradation of external guide sequences (EGSs) when covalently linked to the 3‵-end of EGS RNAs. This observation may be of use in improving the efficiency of gene inactivation techniques that use single-stranded RNA (e.g., antisense RNA, EGS RNA) in vivo.
Query languages for the casual user: Exploring the middle ground between formal and natural languages

In the past the non-programmer who wanted the information contained in a computer database had to employ an expert programmer knowledgeable in the language and structure of the database. Now languages are being developed that are designed to be used by an infrequent or “casual” user who has limited knowledge of how the data is stored or retrieved by the computer. These special purpose query languages which allow these casual users to retrieve information from computer databases are commonly referred to as “nonprocedural” (Leavenworth and Sammet, 1974) because users need only describe the data to be retrieved, not how it is to be retrieved. These languages can be classified into two basic types which are characterized by the level of constraint imposed on the syntax and vocabulary of the language (Ehrenreich, 1981). Formal query languages have a very constrained syntax and vocabulary, while natural query languages have a relatively unconstrained syntax and vocabulary.If we consider the level of constraint that can be imposed on a query language as a continuum, then formal and natural query languages represent the two ends of this continuum. There has been considerable debate over the issue of which end of this continuum best meets the needs of the casual database user (e.g. Hill, 1972; Petrick, 1976; Shneiderman, 1980). Proponents of formal languages contend that these users benefit from learning a constrained language which teaches a concise and unambiguous way of communicating with the computer. Proponents of natural languages, on the other hand, contend that more people would be able to access database information if they could use their own natural languages. Evidence from studies of the use of some of these query languages however, indicate that neither formal, nor natural languages are easy to use. These studies suggest that the casual user will have difficulty operating at either end of the level-of-constraint continuum.
RADIONUCLIDE THYROID IMAGING IN 135 CATS WITH HYPERTHYROIDISM

Thyroid scanning was performed in 135 hyperthyroid cats and 13 normal cats with technetium-99m as pertechnetate (99mTcO4) or with radioactive iodine (131I). Of the hyperthyroid cats, enlargement and increased radionuclide accumulation were found in one thyroid lobe in 38 (27%) and in both lobes in 97 (73%). In two hyperthyroid cats with thyroid carcinoma, extension of tumor into the thoracic cavity was detected. In normal and hyperthyroid cats the radionuclide images produced with 99mTcO4 and 131I were similar; however, the quality of the 99mTcO4 scans was usually better than that of the 131I scans.
An easy-to-use intraoperative digital videography, still photography, and X-ray-capture system.

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to evaluate an easy-to-construct digital system for documentation of intraoperative still and motion photography. In addition, the management of pre- and postoperative images ws considered. METHODS: A MacIntosh system (both hardware and software) is described in detail, as are techniques and use. RESULTS: The system has proved to be easy to use. It is user-friendly and makes it possible to rapidly edit and store data from preoperative studies as well as intraoperative videography and still photography. The cost is minimal, compared with other commercially available systems. CONCLUSION: Digital videography and still photography can easily be accomplished with minimal modifications to existing hardware and software systems. Patient x-rays can also be incorporated into this system, for easy retrieval.
Analytic surface reconstruction by local threshold estimation in the case of simple intensity contrasts

Surface reconstruction for 3D visualization requires both a segmentation of the image and at the least, a conversion of the data from an image format to a shape format. While the discrete pixel locations of the segmentation may be satisfactory for quantitative purposes, it is usually important for visual quality to remove such voxelation in the shape data prior to rendering. Removal of such voxelation, depending on the specific segmentation technique, may be problematic, involving excessive interpolation prior to segmentation or the application of pure surface smoothing in which important image information may be disregarded. An algorithm is presented here to address these problems. In this algorithm, a smoothly varying threshold level is determined such that that level falls within the interpolated intensity ranges of all the segmentation-boundary voxels. This threshold information is extrapolated to voxels adjacent to the boundary and then used to correct or normalize the original image in the vicinity of the boundary. Provided that the directionality of the contrast between the interior and exterior of the boundary is sufficiently consistent throughout the boundary, an isosurface of this normalized image is guaranteed to exist which falls within the voxels of the segmentation boundary.
AIDS and compassion.

FROM the outset of the epidemic of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), there has been continuing concern about a demonstrated personal, professional, and societal lack of compassion toward AIDS patients. Compassion, defined as a "deep feeling for and understanding of misery or suffering and the concomitant desire to promote its alleviation," 1 is assumed in the care of the sick and is a basic tenet of our profession. Yet, lack of compassion toward AIDS patients and persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains. Why is this so? Why is AIDS different from other illnesses? I believe there are three principal reasons. First, there is a continuing fear of transmission through routes that do not exist or are extremely infrequent sources of infection. This fear is prodded by reports in the media and is a consequence of insufficient educational efforts and confusion about the facts. It stems from a deep
Mineral composition and biomass partitioning of sweet sorghum grown for bioenergy in the southeastern USA

Biomass yield and tissue mineral composition can affect total energy yield potential, conversion efficiencies and environmental impacts, but relatively few data are available for sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] grown in the southeastern USA. Therefore, a study was conducted at two locations in North and Central Florida on marginal sand soils comparing the effects of planting date (PD) on dry biomass yield and mineral composition of leaf, stem, and grain heads for ‘M-81E’ and ‘Dale’ sweet sorghum cultivars. Overall tissue mineral concentrations were relatively low for sweet sorghum, attributable to low K and Ca concentrations. Ash and mineral concentrations were generally greater for Dale, especially for the early PD. Leaf and grain heads were greater in mineral concentrations compared to stems. Dry biomass yield averaged 19.4 Mg ha−1 and was greater for M-81E and the early PD. Stems accounted for 73% of the total biomass compared to leaves (13%) across all treatments. Total N, P, and K removals averaged 136, 27.6, and 81.4 kg ha−1, respectively. Overall, leaves removed 30, 23, and 19% of total N, P, and K compared to 34, 34, and 61% by stem, respectively. Considering lower biomass but greater mineral concentrations in leaf and grain heads compared to stems, returning leaf residues and possibly grain heads to the soil have the potential to offset nutrient and energy inputs needed on these marginal soils and enhance the sustainability of sweet sorghum cropping systems.
Covenant making and pastoral counseling

The biblical concept of convenant refers to realities that place God beyond the gods of the philosophers. It also suggests the kinds of relationships the people of God should seek to establish with others. Helping establish such relationships constitutes one important goal of pastoral counseling, incorporating and transcending the more usual counseling goals. The biblical concept of convenant making also integrates counseling with larger pastoral and theological concerns.
P35 Sodium sulfide therapy attenuates myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury in the type-2 diabetic heart via the activation of Nrf2 signaling

Background Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) therapy protects non-diabetic animals in various models of myocardial injury, including acute myocardial infarction and heart failure. However, it has yet to be determined if H2S therapeutic strategies have similar cardioprotective effects in the setting of type-2 diabetes. Here we sought to examine if H2S therapy could provide cardioprotection in the db/db diabetic mouse model. Methods Diabetic (db/db; 12 weeks of age) mice were subjected to transient myocardial ischemia for a period of 30 min followed by reperfusion. Sodium Sulfide (Na2S) or vehicle (saline) was administered either daily for 7 days before ischemia or 24 h prior to ischemia. Results Na2S therapy significantly decreased myocardial injury in the db/db diabetic mouse, as evidenced by a reduction in infarct size, circulating troponin-I levels, oxidative stress, and cleaved caspase-3 expression. In an effort to evaluate the signaling mechanism responsible for the observed cardioprotection, mice were administered (via tail vein) a single injection of Na2S or daily injections of either vehicle or Na2S for 7 days. Heart tissue was then excised and processed for Western blot analysis. Analysis uncovered a complication in the ability of Na2S to activate a Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) signaling cascade in the diabetic heart. Specifically, the results indicate that the ability of Na2S to increase the nuclear localization of Nrf2 is not altered by diabetes. However, we did find that diabetes impaired Nrf2 transcriptional activity, as evidenced by the finding that it takes 7 days of Na2S therapy to increase Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels in the diabetic heart. Further analysis revealed that Nrf2 was unable to bind to the antioxidant response element (ARE). This appears to have been caused by Bach1, a known repressor of HO-1 transcription, as evidenced by the increased levels of Bach1 in the nucleus of the diabetic heart and the finding that 7 days of Na2S treatment reduced its nuclear expression. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that Na2S therapy attenuates myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury in the db/db diabetic mouse model, confirming the therapeutic potential of using Na2S to treat a heart attack in the setting of diabetes. Our results also demonstrate that Na2S activates Nrf2 signaling in the diabetic heart by removing Bach1 from the nucleus.
Against the odds: An account of filming an infant observation in rural Nepal

Abstract This article is about the making of an observation video of a Nepalese baby during the first six months of its life and the technical and cultural issues raised (Barnett & Leng, 2004). The project was undertaken in collaboration with Lynn Barnett, as part of her series of cross-cultural observation videos on the emotional development of infants and young children (Barnett, 1975–2005, 1996–1999, 1996).