cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of step outputs for waist and wrist accelerometer attachment sites.

AB Purpose: The objective of this study is to compare step outputs obtained from waist and wrist accelerometer attachment sites under laboratory and free-living conditions. Methods: Under the laboratory condition, participants concurrently wore ActiGraph accelerometers at their waist and nondominant wrist while walking/running at treadmill speeds between 14 and 188 m[middle dot]min-1. Visually counted steps served as a criterion standard. Participants then wore both accelerometers for 7 d. All accelerometer step data were processed applying both the manufacturer's default and low-frequency extension filters. Paired sample t-tests were used to evaluate mean differences in criterion steps per minute and the four (attachment site x filter) estimates produced from the waist- and wrist-worn accelerometers in the laboratory study. Free-living differences in mean steps per day detected between the waist and wrist (considering both filters) were computed. Results: Relative to visually counted steps, the waist attachment site generally outperformed the wrist attachment site at most speeds, regardless of the applied filtering process. Under free-living conditions, the waist-worn accelerometer detected 6743 +/- 2398 (default filter) and 13,029 +/- 3734 (low-frequency extension) steps per day. The concurrently worn wrist accelerometer detected 9301 +/- 2887 (default filter) and 15,493 +/- 3958 (low-frequency extension) steps per day. Conclusion: The wrist attachment site detected consistently fewer visually counted steps than the waist attachment site at most treadmill speeds during laboratory testing. In contrast, the wrist attachment site produced a higher average step count (ranging from approximately 2500 to 8700 more steps per day under free-living conditions, dependent on the filtering process applied) than the waist attachment site under free-living conditions. In conclusion, step outputs obtained from waist- and wrist-worn accelerometer attachment sites are generally not comparable under either laboratory or free-living conditions.
Reverse-lag reserve accounting, bank behavior, and monetary control: A formal analysis

The fundamental conclusion of the analysis contained in this paper is that Laurent's claims concerning the potential monetary control enhancements of the adoption of a reverse-lag reserve accounting system are correct. This result conflicts with those reached by other studies of the monetary control properties of RLA, because the model of RLA used in this paper has been based on an analysis of the microeconomic behavior of banks. The conclusion that monetary control could be improved by adoption of RLA vindicates Laurent's [1984] argument that a “microbank analysis” is fundamental to understanding correctly the workings of an RLA system. An important qualification that prohibits a conclusion that RLA clearly is superior to lagged or contemporaneous accounting is that the monetary control enhancements resulting from adoption of RLA are mitigated to some extent by the existence of the Federal Reserve discount window. Indeed, the relative desirability of RLA as compared to alternative reserve accounting systems cannot be evaluateda priori in the presence of a discount window. Any serious consideration of RLA would need to be prefaced by a careful study of the relationship of the money stock to bank borrowing in an RLA setting.
Temperature dependence of the thermodynamic properties of a liquid over a wide range of temperatures from simulations at a single temperature

The temperature dependence of the zero-pressure enthalpy, density and reduced free energy of a Lennard-Jones liquid are accurately and precisely calculated as a function of temperature by analysing the cumulants of the enthalpy distribution function obtained in a single Monte Carlo simulation at one temperature.
A family of Bayes multiple testing procedures

SUMMARY Under the model of independent test statistics, we propose a two-parameter family of Bayes multiple testing procedures. The two parameters can be viewed as tuning parameters. Using the Benjamini-Hochberg step-up procedure for controlling false discovery rate as a baseline for conservativeness, we choose the tuning parameters to compromise between the operating characteristics of that procedure and a less conservative procedure that focuses on alternatives that a priori might be considered likely or meaningful. The Bayes procedures do not have the theoretical and practical shortcomings of the popular stepwise procedures. In terms of the number of mistakes, simulations for two examples indicate that over a large segment of the parameter space, the Bayes procedure is preferable to the step-up procedure. Another desirable feature of the procedures is that they are computationally feasible for any number of hypotheses.
Effect of time of feeding on metabolic response to exercise

Summary Four mature horses (3 Standardbreds and 1 Thoroughbred) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to investigate the effect of time of concentrate feeding prior to exercise on the metabolic response to exercise. Horses were fasted overnight and then given no feed (fasted) or 1 kg corn grain 1, 3 or 5 h before exercise. Exercise consisted of a warm-up (1600 m at 6.0 m/s) and walk (800 m) followed by a high intensity phase (400 m at increasing speed and 1600 m at 11 m/s; 2% grade). During exercise, plasma glucose decreased in horses fed 1 or 3 h before exercise (P 0.05). These data indicate that time of feeding prior to exercise can affect metabolic responses of horses to exercise, which could ultimately alter performance. In addition, researchers should consider that time of feeding may affect the interpretation of data from experiments examining the effects of diet and/or training on exercising horses.
Regulation of gene expression in the adipocyte: implications for obesity and proto-oncogene function

Abstract Adipose cells are the principal site for the storage of energy in the form of triglycerides in vertebrates. Marked changes in adipocyte-specific gene expression occur during cell differentiation and in disordered states of systemic energy balance, such as obesity and cachexia (wasting). Proteins related to the products of the fos and jun oncogenes have been implicated as trans -acting factors in the differentiation-dependent control of fat cell gene expression.
Temperature dependence of the homogeneous linewdth of the 5D0-7F0 transition of Eu3+ in amorphous hosts at high temperatures

Abstract The temperature dependence of the homogeneous linewidth of the 5 D 0 - 7 F 0 transition of Eu 3+ in different amorphous solids is determined in the 295–800 K temperature range. The nearly quadratic temperature dependence observed is discussed in terms of Raman broadening and mechanisms based on two-level systems known to exist in disordered systems.
THE USEFUL PLANTS OF COPAN1

L IKE their descendants who inhabit Guatemala and Yucatan at the present day, the ancient Maya were doubtless an agricultural people who depended principally upon maize, beans, and squashes for their staple foodstuffs, cultivating in addition a number of other crops which played a less important part in their dietary. Considering a particular portion of the Maya territory, the valley of the Copan river in western Honduras, what were some of the plants which produced foodstuffs or were otherwise useful to the ancient inhabitants? In attempting to answer this question several lines of investigation have been followed. First a catalog has been made of the useful plants found in the valley at the present time, as determined by two visits to the region in the spring of 1917. Next by studying the known geographic distribution of the various species in this list it is possible to indicate which were probably in the region in pre-Colombian times and which are of recent introduction. And finally, taking the species known to be indigenous, the utilization of certain of them by the ancient Maya is borne out by archaeological observations; while others lacking direct confirmatory evidence of this character must be considered to have played a part in the economy of the Maya solely because they have very evident uses, and because they are known to have been in the region since a remote period.
Role of Glycolipid-Binding Bacterial Toxins in the Assembly and Function of Membrane Domains

Cell membranes are characterized by the presence of small regions of specialized protein and lipid composition termed membrane domains. Cholesterol-dependent domains serve as important regulators of several membrane trafficking pathways, including the process of clathrin-independent endocytosis. Some of the best studied examples of proteins that are internalized into cells via clathrin independent endocytic pathways include bacterial toxins in the AB5 family such as Shiga toxin and cholera toxin. Recently, the intrinsic ability of cholera toxin and related glycolipid-binding toxins to initiate domain assembly has been postulated to trigger toxin internalization by generating a novel class of endocytic intermediates. Although the properties of domains induced by toxin binding have been well characterized in model systems, the nature of these structures in intact cells is still unclear, and their exact role in toxin uptake in cells remains to be fully elucidated. We have therefore focused on understanding the properties of toxin-induced domains in living cells, using the membrane binding subunit of cholera toxin (CTxB) as a model. To do so, we are utilizing a variety of methods to study domains induced by CTxB-binding to cell membranes, including FRAP and FCS-based measurements of protein dynamics, as well as live cell imaging and cell biological approaches. These studies are providing new insights into how CTxB-induced domains are assembled, how their structure and dynamics are regulated, the pathways they utilize to enter cells, and the role of both the glycolipid receptor of CTxB and toxin structure itself in these events.
Dynamic Characteristics Analysis of Two-Phase Flow Diaphragm Pump Based on MATLAB and ADAMS

Two-phase flow diaphragm pump (hereafter referred to as the diaphragm pump) is a new generation pump of the reciprocating pump, which used to transport high fretting corrosion medium. At present, the diaphragm pump is widely used in many fields such as Non-ferrous metals, Chemical, Coal, Electric power and so on. The diaphragm pump is of the heart of the equipment; therefore it must have the very high reliability. As the important part of diaphragm pump, the dynamic characteristics of the power end will directly affect the behaviors and life of the solid machine. This paper introduces the work principle of the diaphragm pump, carries a simulation to the virtual prototype of the diaphragm pump based on the numerical value analyze software MATLAB and the dynamics of mechanical system simulation software ADAMS and get the relationships between the design parameters and the dynamic characteristics of the power end of diaphragm pump, which provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the diaphragm pump in the future.
Photocatalytic degradation of 2-phenethyl-2-chloroethyl sulfide in liquid and gas phases.

This work explores the ability of photocatalysis to decontaminate water and air from chemical warfare agent mustard using its simulant 2-phenethyl 2-chloroethyl sulfide (PECES). PECES like mustard slowly dissolves in water with hydrolysis, forming 2-phenethyl 2-hydroxyethyl sulfide (PEHES). Irradiation of TiO2 suspension containing PECES with the unfiltered light of a mercury lamp (λ ≥ 254 nm) decomposed all PECES mostly via photolysis. Reaction under filtered light (λ > 300 nm) proceeds mainly photocatalytically and requires longer time. Sulfur from starting PECES is completely transformed into sulfuric acid at the end of the reaction. Detected volatile, nonvolatile, surface products, and the suggested scheme of degradation are reported. The main volatile products are styrene and benzaldehyde, nonvolatile − hydroxylated PEHES, surface − 2-phenethyl disulfide. Photolysis of PECES produced the same set of volatile products as photocatalysis. Photocatalytic degradation of gaseous PECES in air results in its...
In vivo MRI of embryonic stem cells in a mouse model of myocardial infarction

The therapeutic potential of administering stem cells to promote angiogenesis and myocardial tissue regeneration after infarction has recently been demonstrated. Given the advantages of using embryonic stem cells and mouse models of myocardial infarction for furthering the development of this therapeutic approach, the purpose of this study was to determine if embryonic stem cells could be loaded with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles and imaged in a mouse model of myocardial infarction over time using MRI. Mouse embryonic stem cells were labeled with SPIO particles. When incubated with 11.2, 22.4, and 44.8 microg Fe/ml of SPIO particles, cells took up increasing amounts of iron oxide. Embryonic stem cells loaded with SPIO compared to unlabeled cells had similar viability and proliferation profiles for up to 14 days. Free SPIO injected into infarcted myocardium was not observable within 12 hr after injection. After injection of three 10-microl aliquots of 10(7) SPIO-loaded cells/ml into infarcted myocardium, MRI demonstrated that the mouse embryonic stem cells were observable and could be seen for at least 5 weeks after injection. These findings support the ability of MRI to test the long-term therapeutic potential of embryonic stem cells in small animals in the setting of myocardial infarction.
Grading Between the Lines: What Really Impacts Professors’ Holistic Evaluation of ESL Graduate Student Writing?

This study examines score variations and differences in the reliability of ratings between English-as-a-second-language (ESL) and native English (NE) authored papers in a graduate course. Generalizability (G-) theory was used as a framework for analysis because it is powerful in detecting rater variability and the relative contributions of multiple sources of error. The results indicate that ESL papers received consistently lower scores than NE papers. The G-coefficients for ESL and NE papers were considerably different revealing concern about the reliability of ratings of ESL papers. The significant increase in the number of ESL students pursuing graduate degrees in North American institutions warrants further research to determine the extent to which consistency differences affect the validity of the assessment of ESL students' writing and to identify ways to alleviate these differences.
Design, Synthesis, and Development of Novel Guaianolide-Endoperoxides as Potential Antimalarial Agents

Design and synthesis of a guaianolide-endoperoxide (thaperoxide) 3 was pursued as a new antimalarial lead which was found to be noncytotoxic as compared to the natural product lead thapsigargin 2. Several analogues of 3 were successfully synthesized and found to be comparable to derivatives of artemisinin 1 in in vitro antimalarial assay. Among the synthesized compounds, 22 showed excellent in vitro potency against the cultured parasites (W2 IC50 = 13 nM) without apparent cytotoxicity. Furthermore, SAR trends in thaperoxide analogues are presented and explained with the help of docking studies in the homology model of PfSERCA(PfATP6).
PARTICLE TRANSMISSION THROUGH A TURBO PUMP

Experiments were performed to determine if small particles are capable of passing through a turbo-molecular vacuum pump. A test aerosol was generated at atmospheric pressure and injected into the vacuum system upstream of the turbo pump. Particles were measured immediately upstream and downstream of the turbo pump using two laser-based vacuum particle detectors. Tests were performed with solid and liquid particles. Solid particles were found to pass through the pump, although the efficiency of transmission is not known. Liquid particles did not pass through the pump. These results indicate that vacuum particle counters employed downstream of turbo pumps may be sensitive to upstream particle levels.
Adaptive hybrid subband image coding with DWT, DCT, and modified DPCM

Image coding based on subband decomposition with DPCM and PCM has received much attention in the areas of image compression research and industry. In this paper we present a new adaptive image subband coding with discrete wavelet transform, discrete cosine transform, and a modified DPCM. The main contribution of this work is the development of a simple, yet effective image compression and transmission algorithm. An important feature of this algorithm is the hybrid modified DPCM coding scheme which produces both simple, but significant, image compression and transmission coding.
Fate map of early avian cardiac progenitor cells

Cardiogenic fate maps are used to address questions on commitment, differentiation, morphogenesis and organogenesis of the heart. Recently, the accuracy of classical cardiogenic fate maps has been questioned, raising concerns about the conclusions drawn in studies based on these maps. We present accurate fate maps of the heart-forming region (HFR) in avian embryos and show that the putative cardiogenic molecular markers Bmp2 and Nkx2.5 do not govern the boundaries of the HFR as suggested in the literature. Moreover, this paper presents the first fate map of the HFR at stage 4 and addresses a void in the literature concerning rostrocaudal patterning of heart cells between stages 4 and 8.
Dilute solution studies of nitrogen-substituted polyurethanes

A high molecular weight linear polyurethane was prepared by the polyaddition of equimolar amounts of ethylene glycol and methylene bis(4-phenyl isocyanate). Varying amounts of the labile carbamate protons of the polyurethane backbone were substituted by a number of groups of varying length and composition. The resultant grafted or nitrogen-substituted polyurethanes were then studied viscometrically in both polymer solvent and in a polymer solvent—nonsolvent mixture. The configuration of the nitrogen-substituted polyurethane was found to be dependent upon the number and length of pendent branches.
Ovine Tests of a Novel Spinal Cord Neuromodulator and Dentate Ligament Fixation Method

Background: To improve methods for the treatment of intractable pain, we are developing a novel intradural spinal cord stimulator that could be either attached to the dentate ligaments of the human spinal cord or fitted around the dorsal arc of the cord itself. Purpose: Our goal was to carry out the first in vivo tests of these attachment methods in an ovine model using custom-built devices and instrumentation. For eventual translational studies, we also explored methods of mimicking a human dentate ligament attachment technique in this large animal model. Methods: As a starting point, we investigated details of the gross and histological anatomy of the ovine denticulate ligaments, and compared them with their human counterpart. The gap between the dura and the spinal cord in the sheep is small; hence, the denticulate ligaments are not long enough to accommodate human-scaled attachment clips. Therefore, lateral strips of the spinal-canal dura were fashioned to serve this same device attachment function. Results: This form of dural anchoring was implemented surgically for fixation of a silicone membrane implant that had 12 electrodes, and somatosensory evoked potentials were obtained successfully when stimuli were applied to it. The dorsal arc clamping technique was also implemented. Conclusions: We demonstrated that the dural attachment method is an effective surrogate model for testing the human dentate ligament device fixation technique, and that this mode of fixation was preferable to dorsal arc attachment. The relevant surgical innovations, anatomical findings, and the preliminary electrophysiological data from a pial surface stimulator attached in this way are presented.
Kicking and Screaming: How One Truculent Sociology Department Made Peace with Mandatory Assessment

The authors provide an account of their department’s minimalist and largely reluctant approach to mandatory assessment in the past decade. A decade earlier, the department had gone all out in an experimental assessment effort supported by the Fund for the Improvement of Post-Secondary Education, an effort the department was neither willing nor able to make once the college’s accreditation agency mandated assessment in 2000. The authors describe another “less-than-ideal design” that has nonetheless involved many of the assessment elements described elsewhere (e.g., alumni and student surveys, classroom assignments, external reviewers, research papers) and has nonetheless yielded usable and utilized feedback for both teaching and curriculum construction.
Agonist Activated PKCβ II Translocation and Modulation of Cardiac Myocyte Contractile Function

Elevated protein kinase C βII (PKCβII) expression develops during heart failure and yet the role of this isoform in modulating contractile function remains controversial. The present study examines the impact of agonist-induced PKCβII activation on contractile function in adult cardiac myocytes. Diminished contractile function develops in response to low dose phenylephrine (PHE, 100 nM) in controls, while function is preserved in response to PHE in PKCβII-expressing myocytes. PHE also caused PKCβII translocation and a punctate distribution pattern in myocytes expressing this isoform. The preserved contractile function and translocation responses to PHE are blocked by the inhibitor, LY379196 (30 nM) in PKCβII-expressing myocytes. Further analysis showed downstream protein kinase D (PKD) phosphorylation and phosphatase activation are associated with the LY379196-sensitive contractile response. PHE also triggered a complex pattern of end-target phosphorylation in PKCβII-expressing myocytes. These patterns are consistent with bifurcated activation of downstream signaling activity by PKCβII.
Fostering Habib’s Engagement and Self-Regulation: A Case Study of a Child From a Refugee Family at Home and Preschool

Developing children’s self-regulation and engagement skills are primary goals of early childhood education. These skills are fostered in both home and preschool environments and can lead to improved educational outcomes. This qualitative case study investigated how a refugee family and Head Start teachers fostered the self-regulation and engagement skills of a 4-year-old boy at risk for disability. It found that adult expectations and practices related to protection, intervention, and affective response in his home environment differed greatly from those in his Head Start environment. His skills steadily improved in both settings during the 4-month study’s duration. Implications include using a framework of the three domains—protection, intervention, and affective response—to guide future research.
Mitochondrial Longevity Pathways

Average lifespan has increased over the last centuries, as a consequence of medical and environmental factors, but maximal life span remains unchanged. Better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of aging and determinants of life span will help to reduce age-related morbidity and facilitate healthy aging. Extension of maximal life span is currently possible in animal models with measures such as genetic manipulations and caloric restriction (CR). CR appears to prolong life by reducing oxidative damage. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been proposed to cause deleterious effects on DNA, proteins, and lipids, and generation of these highly reactive molecules takes place in the mitochondria. But ROS is positively implicated in cellular stress defense mechanisms and formation of ROS a highly regulated process controlled by a complex network of intracellular signaling pathways. There are endogenous anti-oxidant defense systems that have the potential to partially counteract ROS impact. In this review, we will describe pathways contributing to the regulation of the age-related decline in mitochondrial function and their impact on longevity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Mitochondria: the deadly organelle.
Pharmacogenetic Predictors of Statin-Mediated Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Reduction and Dose Response

Background—There is interindividual variation in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) lowering by statins and limited study into the genetic associations of the dose dependant LDLc lowering by statins. Methods and Results—Five hundred nine patients with hyperlipidemia were randomly assigned atorvastatin 10 mg, simvastatin 20 mg, or pravastatin 10 mg (low-dose phase) followed by 80 mg, 80 mg, and 40 mg (high-dose phase), respectively. Thirty-one genes in statin, cholesterol, and lipoprotein metabolism were sequenced and 489 single nucleotide polymorphisms with minor allele frequencies 2% were tested for associations with percentage LDLc lowering at low doses using multivariable adjusted general linear regression. Significant associations from the analysis at low dose were then repeated at high-dose statins. At low doses, only 1 single nucleotide polymorphism met our experiment-wide significance level, ABCA1 rs12003906. Twenty-six subjects carried the minor allele of rs12003906, which was associated with an attenuated LDLc reduction (LDLc reduction in carriers versus noncarriers 24.12.6% versus 32.21.5%; P0.0001). In addition, we replicated the association with the APOE 3 allele and a reduced LDLc reduction. At high doses, carriers of the minor allele of ABCA1 rs12003906 and the APOE 3 allele improved their LDLc reduction but continued to have a diminished LDLc reduction compared with noncarriers (30.54.0% versus 42.02.4%; P0.005) and (38.51.9% versus 45.32.8%; P0.009), respectively. Conclusions—An intronic single nucleotide polymorphism in ABCA1 and the APOE 3 allele are associated with reduced LDLc lowering by statins and identify individuals who may be resistant to maximal LDLc lowering by statins. (Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2008;1:100-106.)
Large-momentum-transfer elastic scattering of π ± , K ± , and p ± on protons at 100 and 200 GeV/ c

Results are presented on ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}p$, ${K}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}p$, and ${p}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}p$ elastic scattering measured with an apparatus having acceptance of $0.5l\ensuremath{-}tl2.5$ ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$ and $0.9l\ensuremath{-}tl11$ ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$ at 100 and 200 GeV/c, respectively. A diffractionlike dip is seen for the first time in the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p t$ distribution at $\ensuremath{-}t=4$ ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$. All meson-proton cross sections are found to be similar in the range $1l\ensuremath{-}tl2.5$ ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$, although some small systematic differences are observed. Cross sections for $\mathrm{pp}$ and $\stackrel{-}{p}p$ are compared with previous data.
Explaining racial differences in prostate cancer mortality.

Background: In the United States, black males have an annual death rate from prostate cancer that is 2.4 times that of white males. The reasons for this are poorly understood. Methods: Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare database, 77,038 black and white males aged 65 years were identified with a first primary diagnosis of prostate cancer between 1995 and 2005, as well as 49,769 controls. The racial gap in mortality was decomposed to differential incidence and stage-specific prostate cancer mortality. The importance of various clinical and socioeconomic factors to each of these components was then examined. Results: The estimated mortality gap for prostate cancer-specific mortality was 1320 more cases per 100,000 males among black than white men. This gap was due to higher prostate cancer incidence among black males (76%) and higher stage-specific mortality once diagnosed (24%). Differences in prostate-specific antigen testing, comorbidities, and income explained 29% of the difference in metastatic cancer incidence but none of the racial gap for local/regional incidence. Conditional on diagnosis, tumor characteristics explained 50% of the racial gap, comorbidities an additional 4%, choice of treatment and physician 17%, and socioeconomic factors 15%. Overall, approximately 25% of the racial gap in mortality and 86% of the gap in mortality conditional on diagnosis could be explained. Conclusions: More frequent prostate-specific antigen testing for black and low-income males could potentially reduce the prostate cancer mortality gap through earlier diagnosis of tumors that otherwise may become metastatic. More aggressive treatment of prostate cancer, especially in poor communities, might also reduce the gap. Editorial Comment: It is interesting to consider the ongoing debate regarding prostate cancer screening in light of the known racial differences in incidence, particularly when one acknowledges that the 2 major randomized clinical trials of screening consisted predominantly of white participants. This study demonstrates that, while numerous factors contribute to the observed excess mortality in black men, differences in prostate specific antigen testing are clearly an important driver. While by no means conclusively, this study indicates that if access to prostate cancer screening is decreased, it will disproportionately affect blacks. It is time for the Congressional Black Caucus to have a word with the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.
From Personal Tool to Community Resource: What's the Extra Work and Who Will Do It?

Sharing scientific data, software, and instruments is becoming increasingly common as science moves toward large-scale, distributed collaborations. Sharing these resources requires extra work to make them generally useful. Although we know much about the extra work associated with sharing data, we know little about the work associated with sharing contributions to software, even though software is of vital importance to nearly every scientific result. This paper presents a qualitative, interview-based study of the extra work that developers and end users of scientific software undertake. Our findings indicate that they conduct a rich set of extra work around community management, code maintenance, education and training, developer-user interaction, and foreseeing user needs. We identify several conditions under which they are likely to do this work, as well as design principles that can facilitate it. Our results have important implications for future empirical studies as well as funding policy.
Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Quantification by Stable Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry from Filter Paper Blood Spots

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is one of the more common inborn errors of metabolism, affecting 1 in 10 000–15 000 individuals (1). Newborn screening for PKU is performed in all 50 states and started with the development of the bacterial inhibition screening assay by Guthrie and Susi (2). Frequent monitoring of blood Phe concentrations is required to maintain the concentration as close as possible to the reference interval [60–120 μmol/L (1–2 mg/dL)] to prevent damage to the brain from increased Phe concentrations and to prevent a negative nitrogen balance from an overly Phe-restricted diet. Moreover, the high risk of birth defects for the fetus of a PKU mother requires extremely frequent monitoring of blood Phe concentrations and would greatly benefit from a rapid and accurate blood spot method. Phe determination from dried blood spots is feasible by various methods: bacterial (2), fluorometric (3), liquid chromatography (LC) (4), and tandem mass spectrometry (MS) (5). Of these methods, only tandem MS allows use of a stable isotope as internal standard. Although tandem MS is the most rapid method available, the extremely high equipment cost and the need for sample derivatization are disadvantages. We developed a rapid and precise blood-spot method for Phe and Tyr determination using stable isotope dilution reversed-phase LC-MS. The advantages of this method are the very short sample preparation without derivatization, a short chromatographic run, the use of selective detection to eliminate interference, and the use of ideal internal standardization (stable isotope). The method described herein is now used routinely in our PKU clinic. l-Phe ( M r 165.19) and l-Tyr ( M r 181.19) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. Stable isotopes [ring-d5]-l-phenylalanine ( M r 170.23) …
Effortful Control, Surgency, and reading skills in middle childhood.

We examined the associations between components of temperament and children’s word and pseudo-word reading skills, in a school-age sample using a within-family internal-replication design. We estimated the statistical prediction of word and pseudo-word reading in separate regression equations that included the main effects of, and two-way interaction between, Surgency and Effortful Control. Children with better Effortful Control scores showed better reading skills. Surgency was unrelated to reading skills, but moderated the effect of Effortful Control. The positive association between reading skills and Effortful Control was present only for children who were low in Surgency. Thus, reading achievement in school-age children is optimized by strong Effortful Control, but these processes may be disrupted for those children who are high in Surgency.
Mineral carbonation for carbon sequestration in cement kiln dust from waste piles

Alkaline earth metals, such as calcium and magnesium oxides, readily react with carbon dioxide (CO(2)) to produce stable carbonate minerals. Carbon sequestration through the formation of carbonate minerals is a potential means to reduce CO(2) emissions. Calcium-rich, industrial solid wastes and residues provide a potential source of highly reactive oxides, without the need for pre-processing. This paper presents the first study examining the feasibility of carbon sequestration in cement kiln dust (CKD), a byproduct generated during the manufacturing of cement. A series of column experiments were conducted on segments of intact core taken from landfilled CKD. Based on stoichiometry and measured consumption of CO(2) during the experiments, degrees of carbonation greater than 70% of the material's potential theoretical extent were achieved under ambient temperature and pressure conditions. The overall extent of carbonation/sequestration was greater in columns with lower water contents. The major sequestration product appears to be calcite; however, more detailed material characterization is need on pre- and post-carbonated samples to better elucidate carbonation pathways and products.
Microsoft Windows highly intelligent speech recognizer: Whisper

Since January 1993, the authors have been working to refine and extend Sphinx-II technologies in order to develop practical speech recognition at Microsoft. The result of that work has been the Whisper (Windows Highly Intelligent Speech Recognizer). Whisper represents significantly improved recognition efficiency, usability, and accuracy, when compared with the Sphinx-II system. In addition Whisper offers speech input capabilities for Microsoft Windows and can be scaled to meet different PC platform configurations. It provides features such as continuous speech recognition, speaker-independence, on-line adaptation, noise robustness, dynamic vocabularies and grammars. For typical Windows Command-and-Control applications (less than 1000 words), Whisper provides a software only solution on PCs equipped with a 486DX, 4MB of memory, and a standard sound card and a desk-top microphone.
Improved resolution 3D object reconstruction using computational integral imaging with time multiplexing

In the computational three-dimensional (3D) volumetric reconstruction integral imaging (II) system, volume pixels of the scene are reconstructed by superimposing the inversely mapped elemental images through a computationally simulated optical reconstruction process according to ray optics. Close placement of a 3D object to the lenslet array in the pickup process may result in significant variation in intensity between the adjacent pixels of the reconstructed image, degrading the quality of the image. The intensity differences result from the different number of the superimposed elemental images used for reconstructing the corresponding pixels. In this paper, we propose improvements of the reconstructed image quality in two ways using 1) normalized computational 3D volumetric reconstruction II, and 2) hybrid moving lenslet array technique (MALT). To reduce the intensity irregularities between the pixels, we normalize the intensities of the reconstructed image pixels by the overlapping numbers of the inversely mapped elemental images. To capture the elemental image sets for the MALT process, a stationary 3D object pickup process is performed repeatedly at various locations of the pickup lenslet array's focal plane, which is perpendicular to the optical axis. With MALT, we are able to enhance the quality of the reconstructed images by increasing the sampling rate. We present experimental results of volume pixel reconstruction to test and verify the performance of the proposed reconstruction algorithm. We have shown that substantial improvement in the visual quality of the 3D reconstruction is obtained using the proposed technique.
Using Parametric Models to Represent Private Cloud Workloads

Cloud computing has become a popular metaphor for dynamic and secure self-service access to computational and storage capabilities. In this study, we analyze and model workloads gathered from enterprise-operated commercial private clouds that implement “Infrastructure as a Service.” Our results show that 3-phase hyperexponential distributions fit using the Estimation Maximization (E-M) algorithm capture workload attributes accurately. In addition, these models of individual attributes compose to produce estimates of overall cloud performance that our results verify to be accurate. As an early study of commercial enterprise private clouds, this work provides guidance to those researching, designing, or maintaining such installations. In particular, the cloud workloads under study do not exhibit “heavy-tailed” distributional properties in the same way that “bare metal” operating systems do, potentially leading to different design and engineering tradeoffs.
Consumption of Contaminated Sport Fish from Lake Ontario and Time-to-Pregnancy New York State Angler Cohort

Sport fish from the Great Lakes are contaminated with halogenated organics, heavy metals, and pesticides, thus serving as a route of exposure for fish-consuming populations. These contaminants are recognized reproductive toxicants in animals; few human studies are available. The purpose of this study was to assess consumption of contaminated fish in relation to time-to-pregnancy (TTP) among women in the New York State Angler Cohort. In 1993, structured telephone interviews were conducted with 2,445 of 2,977 (82%) female cohort members aged 18-40 years who stated upon enrollment in the cohort in 1991 that they were considering pregnancy over the next 3 years. Among the 1,234 women who reported being pregnant, 874 (71%) had a known TTP and comprise the study sample. After descriptive analyses, log transformations of the number of years of fish consumption (duration) and TTP were performed and entered into multiple regression models that also included other covariates. Duration of fish consumption and maternal age accounted for only a small percentage of the explained variance in TTP (R2 = 0.005), even after the analysis was restricted to women who reported eating fish (R2 = 0.006). All beta coefficients were positive. These preliminary findings do not support an adverse effect of contaminated fish consumption on TTP.
Dinickel Bisphenoxyiminato Complexes for the Polymerization of Ethylene and α-Olefins.

Dinuclear nickel phenoxyiminato olefin polymerization catalysts based on rigid p-terphenyl frameworks are reported. Permethylation of the central arene of the terphenyl unit and oxygen substitution of the peripheral rings ortho to the aryl–aryl linkages blocks rotation around these linkages, allowing atropisomers of the ligand to be isolated. The corresponding syn and anti dinickel complexes (25-s and 25-a) were synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. These frameworks limit the relative movement of the metal centers, restricting the metal–metal distance. Kinetics studies of isomerization of a ligand precursor (7-a) allowed the calculation of the activation parameters for the isomerization process (ΔH⧧ = 28.0 ± 0.4 kcal × mol–1 and ΔS⧧ = −12.3 ± 0.4 cal mol–1 K–1). The reported nickel complexes are active for ethylene polymerization (TOF up to 3700 (mol C2H4) (mol Ni)−1 h–1) and ethylene/α-olefin copolymerization. Only methyl branches are observed in the polymerization of ethylen...
Development and autocalibration of an input-output model of chlorine transport in drinking water distribution systems

Chlorine concentrations within drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) must be maintained between an Environmental Protection Agency enforced minimum and maximum values driven by formation of harmful disinfectant byproducts. The DWDS input-output (I-O) model developed expresses the chlorine concentration at a given pipe junction and time as a weighted average of exponentially decayed values of the concentrations at all adjacent upstream junctions. The upstream junction concentrations are known if they are a chlorine treatment point, or can be calculated in the same manner as the original unknown junction concentration. This is the basis for a recursive procedure with which the I-O model backtracks through the DWDS until all paths from consumption to treatment are found. Since the I-O model finds all paths from treatment to a given measurement, the reaction rate associated with chlorine decay at the pipe wall can be adjusted to improve predicted chlorine concentrations.
Novel Role of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen in Suppressing Prostate Cancer Invasiveness

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), a type II transmembrane glycoprotein, is overexpressed in prostate cancer. PSMA is a unique cell surface marker, negatively regulated by androgen and extensively used for imaging of hormone refractory carcinomas and metastatic foci. PSMA is a carboxypeptidase with two important enzymatic functions, namely, folate hydrolase and NAALADase. PSMA also exhibits an endocytic function, in which it spontaneously recycles through endocytic vesicles. PSMA is overexpressed at various stages of prostate cancer, including androgen-sensitive and -independent disease, increased in expression with early relapse after therapy. We have used in vitro invasion assays to explore the possible role of PSMA in the metastasis of prostate cancer cells. Androgen-dependent prostate cancer lines, which express PSMA endogenously (e.g., LNCaP, MDA PCa2b, and CWR22Rv1) are less invasive compared with androgen-independent PC3 or DU145 cells, neither of which expresses PSMA. Ectopic expression of PSMA in PC3 cells reduced the invasiveness of these cells, suggesting that this reduction in the invasion capability of PSMA-expressing cells is due to PSMA expression and not to intrinsic properties of different prostate cancer cell lines. Furthermore, knockdown of PSMA expression increased invasiveness of LNCaP cells by 5-fold. Finally, expression of PSMA mutants lacking carboxypeptidase activity reduced the impact of PSMA expression on invasiveness. Thus, it seems that the enzymatic activity is associated with the effect of PSMA on invasiveness.
γδ T cell–induced hyaluronan production by epithelial cells regulates inflammation

Nonhealing wounds are a major complication of diseases such as diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. For efficient tissue repair, inflammatory cells must infiltrate into the damaged tissue to orchestrate wound closure. Hyaluronan is involved in the inflammation associated with wound repair and binds the surface of leukocytes infiltrating damaged sites. Skin γδ T cells play specialized roles in keratinocyte proliferation during wound repair. Here, we show that γδ T cells are required for hyaluronan deposition in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and subsequent macrophage infiltration into wound sites. We describe a novel mechanism of control in which γδ T cell–derived keratinocyte growth factors induce epithelial cell production of hyaluronan. In turn, hyaluronan recruits macrophages to the site of damage. These results demonstrate a novel function for skin γδ T cells in inflammation and provide a new perspective on T cell regulation of ECM molecules.
Prey capture in orb weaving spiders: are we using the best metric?

Orb spiders are commonly used to study many ecological and behavioral questions, due in part to the ease of working with their webs. The frequency distributions of prey captured by spiders are often compared among species or individuals to search for evidence of competition, effects of experimental manipulations, etc. In most instances, smaller insects are extremely common compared to larger prey, presenting a critical flaw in how such comparisons are analyzed because natural selection acts upon web evolution through the biomass, rather than total number, of prey captured. The ''rare, large prey'' hypothesis, developed for Zygiella x-notata (Clerk 1757), suggests that orb spiders derive the bulk of their energy not from common prey, but rather from a small subset of the largest possible insects. If correct, then orb webs should be designed to facilitate the capture of these insects, which are essential for spider fitness, even though they rarely fly into webs. Here, I test the generality of the ''rare, large prey'' hypothesis by comparing the frequency and biomass of large prey in 38 studies of the diets of 31 species of orb spiders in four different families. I define large prey as insects at least 66% as long as the spiders capturing them. The 38 studies included both large and small species of spiders, living in both tropical and temperate habitats. Large insects accounted for only 17% of the total number of prey captured by spiders, but contributed 85% of the total consumable biomass. The ''rare, large prey'' hypothesis thus can apparently be generalized across orb spiders. Future experiments need to account for the disproportionate influence of these large insects on spider fitness and on how to effectively measure these rare events. More importantly, the ''rare, large prey'' hypothesis provides a new framework in which to better understand variation in the web spinning behaviors of spiders.
Acute Effects of Ethanol on Responses of Cerebral Arterioles

Background and Purpose Previous studies have suggested that acute exposure of large peripheral arteries to ethanol impairs endothelium-dependent relaxation. The goal of the present study was to determine the acute effects of ethanol exposure on responses of cerebral resistance arterioles in vivo. Methods We prepared a cranial window in rats to expose the cerebral (pial) microcirculation. We measured the diameter of pial arterioles in vivo in response to agonists that presumably stimulate the synthesis/release of nitric oxide from the endothelium (ADP, acetylcholine, and histamine) or neurons (N-methyl-d-aspartate [NMDA]) before and after topical application of various concentrations of ethanol added to the cerebrospinal fluid (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mmol/L). In addition, we examined responses of pial arterioles to nitroglycerin before and 1 hour after topical application of ethanol. Results Before application of ethanol, ADP, acetylcholine, histamine, NMDA, and nitroglycerin produced dose-related dilatat...