cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Creating a High-Value Delivery System for Health Care

Health care reform that focuses on improving value enhances both the well-being of patients and the professional satisfaction of physicians. Value in health care is the improvement in health outcomes achieved for patients relative to the money spent. Dramatic and ongoing improvement in the value of health care delivered will require fundamental restructuring of the system. Current efforts to improve safety and reduce waste are truly important but not sufficient. The following three structural changes will drive simultaneous improvement in outcomes and efficiency: (1) reorganizing care delivery into clinically integrated teams defined by patient needs over the full cycle of care; (2) measuring and reporting patient outcomes by clinical teams, across the cycle of care and for identified clusters of medical circumstances; and (3) enabling reimbursement tied to value rather than to quantity of services. Many of these changes require physician leadership. We discuss steps on the journey to value-based care delivery.
Stochastic modeling of language via sentence space partitioning

In some computer applications of linguistics (such as maximum-likelihood decoding of speech or handwriting), the purpose of the language-handling component (Language Model) is to estimate the linguistic (a priori) probability of arbitrary natural-language sentences. This paper discusses theoretical and practical issues regarding an approach to building such a language model based on any equivalence criterion defined on incomplete sentences, and experimental results and measurements performed on such a model of the Italian language, which is a part of the prototype for the recognition of spoken Italian built at the IBM Rome Scintific Center.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion-materials issues

The Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Program, in the Ocean Energy Technology Divison of the U.S. Department of Energy, is concerned with the development of options that can be utilized to extract and distribute significant amounts of energy from the ocean. The biofouling control and materials portion of the program is concerned with the development of effective and environmentally acceptable methods to minimize biofouling and corrosion in high thermal conductivity materials suitable for use in heat exchangers and condensers. The mechanical and chemical techniques employed for biofouling control is reviewed and the recent success with chlorination is presented. The corrosion of aluminum alloys, copper alloys, stainless steel, stainless alloys, and titanium in near-surface warm and deep cold water is examined with emphasis on aluminum alloys. The major materials issues are reviewed with emphasis on lifetime and cost.
Globalization, State Failure and Maritime Insecurity in West Africa

This article explores the impact of globalization on the capacity of states in West Africa to exacerbate and manage escalating insecurity in the maritime domain of West Africa, with particular focus on the Gulf of Guinea. It articulates the elements of maritime security in a globalized world and lays out the nature of "maritime domain awareness" in the region, and explores the elements of contemporary maritime insecurity in the region, including maritime piracy and militia insurgency, human smuggling/trafficking, small arms and light weapons trafficking and contraband smuggling, plundering and depletion of marine resources, marine pollution and environmental degradation, and the threat of terrorist activities. The paper ends with a discussion of the lessons for West Africa, the United States and the world community.
Addressing the Crisis in Fundamental Physics

The observation that the expansion of the Universe is proceeding at an ever-increasing rate, i.e. the "dark energy" problem, constitutes a crisis in fundamental physics that is as profound as the one that preceded the advent of quantum mechanics. Cosmological observations currently favor a dark energy equation-of-state parameter w = P/ρ = -1. Awkwardly, this is the value that has the least ability to discriminate between alternatives for the physics that produces the observed accelerating expansion. If this result persists we therefore run a very real risk of stagnation in our attempt to better understand the nature of this new physics, unless we uncover another piece of the dark energy puzzle. I argue that precision fundamental measurements in space have an important role in addressing this crisis.
A MARKER-PASSING ALGORITHM FOR REFERENCE RESOLUTION

Reference is a linguistic process by which a speaker/ writer denotes an entity. It is an important phenomenon in natural language, and it has been addressed by many researchers. A local focus constitutes important information used in reference resolution; however, the previous focusing approaches fail to resolve some references due to several problems. This paper presents a marker-passing solution and some experimental results. Reference resolution is carried out based on the premise that “the most active concept acceptable syntactically and semantically as a referent is the referent.” Referability is defined based on constraints and activeness to be used to compute the correct referent. This model has been implemented on a marker-passing simulator, and it shows 92.2% success rate and better performance than previous approaches in a set of arbitrarily chosen 100 news articles.
Photoluminescence modification in self-assembled fluorescent 3D photonic crystals

We report modification of photoluminescence by a 3D photonic crystal fabricated using fluorescent polystyrene microspheres by the process of self-assembly. We demonstrate the photoluminescence (PL) modification from self-assembled 3D photonic crystals fabricated using fluorescent polystyrene (PS) spheres. The refractive index contrast in this system is ∼ 0.57, which is quite small. The modification is observed in the first order photonic bandgap that occurs in these systems. The simulated band structure of the photonic crystal shows a bandgap between the first and second bands in the LU direction. This first order bandgap lies in the red region of the visible spectrum. Experimentally, the bandstucture is studied by performing angle dependent reflectivity. We found good agreement between the simulated band structure and the one obtained from reflectivity. The dye infiltrated into the PS microspheres emits into the bandgap of the photonic crystal. As a result of the reduced number density of states within the bandgap, the radiative decay rate is slowed down. This modification in the radiative decay rate was studied using both steady state and time resolved PL measurements. The steady state photoluminescence spectrum of the dye overlaps with the first order band gap of the photonic crystal. Using time resolved photoluminescence measurements, we report a 10% increase in the spontaneous emission lifetime.
RBS analysis of the diffusion of nano-size spheres in a polymer matrix

Abstract Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) with 1.5 MeV He ions was employed to measure the depth distribution of gold particles sandwiched between two poly (tert-butyl acrylate) layers following various isothermal annealing treatments; temperatures were kept below 170°C to prevent degradation of the polymer. Since PTBA also degrades when the ion beam impinges the sample, it was necessary to quantify the mass loss in order to obtain accurate diffusion coefficients. Although the total mass loss was substantial (40–60%), a simple expansion of the energy-to-depth scale was sufficient to account for the beam-induced shrinkage. This result is attributed to the fact that the mass loss occurs very rapidly, and is uniformly distributed through the depth of the sample. The data reveal that the diffusion of the nanometer-size gold particles is substantially slower than is predicted by a simple physical model (Stokes-Einstein) for noninteracting particles. This slowdown is attributed to polymer bridging interactions, in which polymer strands bind to individual metal particles, thereby retarding their diffusion.
Dynamics of Phase Coherence Onset in Bose Condensates of Photons by Incoherent Phonon Emission

Recent experiments with photons equilibrating inside a dye medium in a cavity have raised the question of whether Bose condensation can occur in a system with only incoherent interaction with phonons in a bath but without particle-particle interaction. Analytical calculations analogous to those done for a system with particle-particle interactions indicate that a system of bosons interacting only with incoherent phonons can indeed undergo Bose condensation and furthermore can exhibit spontaneous amplification of quantum coherence. We review the basic theory for these calculations.
Third generation cellular automaton for modeling excitable media

Abstract This paper introduces a new cellular automation model of excitable media with improved treatments of (1) diffusion and wave propagation, and (2) slow dynamics of the recovery variable. The automaton is both computationally efficient and faithful to the underlying partial differential equations.
Joint Instability of Latitudinal Differential Rotation and Toroidal Magnetic Fields below the Solar Convection Zone

Below the convection zone, where the stratification is radiatively controlled, large-scale motions should be mainly horizontal, i.e., in spherical shells due to the stabilizing effect of negative buoyancy on radial displacements. Watson showed that the observed surface solar differential rotation is at the threshold for instability to horizontal disturbances. Therefore, since helioseismology tells us the latitudinal differential rotation below the convection zone is less than the surface value, the profile should be stable too. We show that in the presence of a broad, nonuniform toroidal field the solar differential rotation is unstable. This is true for a wide range of kinetic and magnetic energies of the unperturbed state, from well below equipartition to well above it. We find instability for essentially all values of differential rotation and toroidal fields for which we are able to find converged solutions. The instability appears to occur only for longitudinal wave number 1. Disturbance symmetries about the equator and profiles in latitude depend on the amplitude of the toridal field. Peak e-folding times are a few months. The primary energy source for the instability is differential rotation for low field strengths and the toroidal field for high field strengths. The mechanism of energy release from the differential rotation is the poleward transport of angular momentum, by the Maxwell stress rather than the Reynolds stress. For the profiles studied, the Reynolds stress is almost always trying to rebuild differential rotation, the exact opposite of the nonmagnetic case. Second-order perturbation theory predicts that the unstable modes produce zonal jets and fine structure in the toroidal field, the latitude of which migrates toward the equator with increasing magnetic field strength. The instability we have found may play a role in the solar dynamo, although being two-dimensional, it cannot produce a dynamo by itself. Mixing of angular momentum caused by the instability could allow achievement of equilibrium of the solar tachocline hypothesized by Spiegel & Zahn.
The Effect of Country and Culture on Perceptions of Appropriate Ethical Actions Prescribed by Codes of Conduct: A Western European Perspective among Accountants

Recognizing the growing interdependence of the European Union and the importance of codes of conduct in companies’ operations, this research examines the effect of a country’s culture on the implementation of a code of conduct in a European context. We examine whether the perceptions of an activity’s ethicality relates to elements found in company codes of conduct vary by country or according to Hofstede’s (1980, Culture’s Consequences (Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA)) cultural constructs of: Uncertainty Avoidance, Masculinity/Femininity, Individualism, and Power Distance. The 294 individuals, who participated in our study, were from 8 Western European countries. Their responses to our 13 scenarios indicate that differences in the perceptions of ethicality associate primarily with the participants’ country as opposed to their employer (i.e., accounting firm), employment level, or gender. The evidence also indicates that these country differences associate with Hofstede constructs of Individualism and Masculinity.
Blind adaptive modulation systems for wireless channels with binary feedback

In this paper, we investigate the performance of a blind adaptive modulation scheme that does not require any channel knowledge and just uses binary feedback, thereby decreasing feedback load. Retransmission of erroneous packet is not considered. In particular, we present an analytical framework for the performance evaluation of a simple wireless system in terms of receiver and transmitter structure. The system requires no knowledge of the channel and relies on a binary feedback. Slow and fast Rayleigh fading channel conditions are considered. The paper includes the derivation of the closed-form expressions of the spectral efficiency. In some cases, closed-form expression for packet error rate (PER) are derived. Our results show relatively high PER but some applications can still operate in a satisfactory fashion in these conditions, such as voice communication. Using coded modulation with high coding gain and increasing the number of blocks per time slot decrease the PER even more. An advantage of this system is that it uses a low complexity receiver, which sends binary feedback. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transaction log based application error recovery and point in-time query

Database backups have traditionally been used as the primary mechanism to recover from hardware and user errors. High availability solutions maintain redundant copies of data that can be used to recover from most failures except user or application errors. Database backups are neither space nor time efficient for recovering from user errors which typically occur in the recent past and affect a small portion of the database. Moreover periodic full backups impact user workload and increase storage costs. In this paper we present a scheme that can be used for both user and application error recovery starting from the current state and rewinding the database back in time using the transaction log. While we provide a consistent view of the entire database as of a point in time in the past, the actual prior versions are produced only for data that is accessed. We make the as of data accessible to arbitrary point in time queries by integrating with the database snapshot feature in Microsoft SQL Server.
Cosmological Parameter Estimation Using 21 cm Radiation from the Epoch of Reionization

A number of radio interferometers are currently being planned or constructed to observe 21 cm emission from reionization. Not only will such measurements provide a detailed view of that epoch, but, since the 21 cm emission also traces the distribution of matter in the universe, this signal can be used to constrain cosmological parameters. The sensitivity of an interferometer to the cosmological information in the signal may depend on how precisely the angular dependence of the 21 cm three-dimensional power spectrum can be measured. Using an analytic model for reionization, we quantify all the effects that break the spherical symmetry of the three-dimensional 21 cm power spectrum. We find that upcoming observatories will be sensitive to the 21 cm signal over a wide range of scales, from larger than 100 to as small as 1 comoving Mpc. Next, we consider three methods to measure cosmological parameters from the signal: (1) direct fitting of the density power spectrum to the signal, (2) using only the velocity field fluctuations in the signal, and (3) looking at the signal at large enough scales that all fluctuations trace the density field. With the foremost method, the first generation of 21 cm observations should moderately improve existing constraints on cosmological parameters for certain low-redshift reionization scenarios, and a 2 yr observation with the second-generation interferometer MWA5000 in combination with the CMB telescope Planck could improve constraints on Ω_w, Ω_(m)h^2, Ω_(b)h^2, Ω_ν, n_s, and α_s. If the universe is substantially ionized by z ~ 12 or if spin temperature fluctuations are important, we show that it will be difficult to place competitive constraints on cosmological parameters with any of the considered methods.
Local current operators for arbitrary spin particles

Free current operators are constructed for massive particles with arbitrary spin j. Such current operators are related to representations of the U(N,N) type groups and are covariant under the (extended) Poincare group and charge conjugation, where the charge conjugation operation is defined as an automorphism on U(N,N) elements. The currents are also required to satisfy current conservation, Hermiticity, and locality. The condition that the currents be local is shown to be equivalent to certain integral constraints on form factors. These constraints are satisfied by writing the currents in terms of free local spin j fields. It is shown that there are (2j+1) different local currents for a spin j particle, each with an arbitrary form factor, generalizing the Dirac and Pauli currents for spin 1/2 particles. Static properties of the various currents are also given.
An approach to cyclohepta[b]indoles through an allenamide (4 + 3) cycloaddition-Grignard cyclization-Chugaev elimination sequence.

A strategy for synthesizing highly functionalized cyclohepta[b]indoles through a concise (4 + 3) cycloaddition–cyclization–elimination sequence is described. The cycloaddition features nitrogen-stabilized oxyallyl cations derived from epoxidations of N-aryl-N-sulfonyl-substituted allenamides, while the cyclization and elimination employed an intramolecular Grignard addition and a one-step Chugaev process, respectively.
Sinterable β-Spodumene Glass-Ceramics

This paper reports on {beta}-Spodumene glass-ceramic compositions melted and studied. Compositional variations were made in the three major components as well as through minor additions of other oxides. Sintering characteristics and microstructures were studied and values for crystallization temperature, melting temperature, and crystallized thermal expansion coefficient were recorded. It was found that sinterable {beta}-spodumene glass-ceramics could be made with a wide range of properties. Selection of an appropriate composition would be based on desired properties.
RELATIVISTIC EFFECTS IN EXTRASOLAR PLANETARY SYSTEMS

This paper considers general relativistic (GR) effects in currently observed extrasolar planetary systems. Although GR corrections are small, they can compete with secular interactions in these systems and thereby play an important role. Specifically, some of the observed multiple planet systems are close to secular resonance, where the dynamics is extremely sensitive to GR corrections, and these systems can be used as laboratories to test general relativity. For the three-planet solar system Upsilon Andromedae, secular interaction theory implies an 80% probability of finding the system with its observed orbital elements if GR is correct, compared with only a 2% probability in the absence of GR. In the future, tighter constraints can be obtained with increased temporal coverage.
Thermochemical production of hydrogen via multistage water splitting processes

Abstract This paper presents and reviews the fundamental thermodynamic principles underlying thermochemical water splitting processes. The overall system is considered first and the temperature limitation in process thermal efficiency is developed. The relationship to an ideal water electrolysis cell is described and the nature of efficient multistage reaction processes is discussed. The importance of the reaction entropy change and the relation of the reaction free energy change to the work of separation is described. A procedure for analyzing thermochemical water splitting processes is presented and its use to calculate individual state efficiency is demonstrated. A number of processes are used to illustrate the concepts and procedures.
Pd-Catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reactions between Sulfamates and Potassium Boc-Protected Aminomethyltrifluoroborates

Sulfamates were studied as the electrophilic partners in the palladium-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction with potassium Boc-protected primary and secondary aminomethyltrifluoroborates. A broad range of substrates was successfully coupled to provide the desired products. Complex molecules containing a new carbon–carbon bond and an aminomethyl moiety could be prepared through this developed method.
A Multi-Element Silicon Detector for X-Ray Flux Measurements

A 30-element Si(Li) detector has been fabricated to measure the one-dimensional flux profile of 33 KeV x-rays from a synchrotron radiation beam. The device, which is fabricated from a single 39mm × 15mm silicon wafer, is a linear array of 0.9mm × 7mm elements with a 1mm center-to-center spacing. It is 5mm thick and when operated at room temperature has an average leakage current of 10 nA/element. The x-ray flux in each element is determined by measuring the current with a high quality operational amplifier followed by a current digitizer. This detector is being used to study the use of synchrotron radiation for non-invasive imaging of coronary arteries. The experiment uses the difference in the transmitted flux of a monochromatized x-ray beam above and below the iodine K-edge. Measurements have been made on plastic phantoms and on excised animal hearts with iodinated arteries. The images obtained indicate that a 256-element device with similar properties, but with 0.6mm element spacing, will make a very effective detector for high-speed medical imaging.
A chiral metal-organic framework for sequential asymmetric catalysis.

A chiral metal–organic framework (MOF) of the lcy topology was constructed from the Mn–Salen derived dicarboxylic acid and the [Zn4(μ4-O)(O2CR)6] secondary building unit, and used in highly regio- and stereo-selective sequential alkene epoxidation/epoxide ring-opening reactions.
Enhanced gauge symmetries and Calabi-Yau threefolds

Abstract We consider the general case of a type IIA string compactified on a Calabi-Yau manifold which has a heterotic dual description. It is shown that the nonabelian gauge symmetries which can appear nonperturbatively in the type II string but which are understood perturbatively in the heterotic string are purely a result of string-string duality in six dimensions. We illustrate this with some examples.
Enabling citizen roboticists

Citizen roboticists are lay people who conduct robotics research with the goal of improving the quality of life. The authors surveyed citizen roboticists (i.e. hobbyists) at a conference and via mailing lists to determine the software they need to support automation. Robot automation enables more complicated tasks with minimal extra work. The results of the survey identify which software tools developers should be providing to aid citizen roboticists. In addition, the results indicate that most citizen roboticists use C/C++, so developers should provide support for these languages.
Choosing a medical billing system

A billing system is fundamental to the financial survival of an institution. Choosing one requires considerable managerial skill and mistakes are easy to make. Several factors have an impact on the decision-making process. These include environmental, managerial, technical and planning considerations.Among environmental considerations, the organizational dynamics and organizational structures are most important. The system can be managed in several ways; in-house approaches, use of service bureaus and use of facilities management firms are among the most common management methods. Flexibility, on-line versus off-line systems and the use of large or small computers are major technical considerations. These also have considerable impact on costs. As in most important decisions, the relationship of the billing system to a long-range computer plan should be carefully thought out.
The spectra of relativistic accretion disks - Application to A0620-00

The X-ray flux emitted from a geometrically thin, relativistic accretion disk in the steady state approximation is investigated in order to place limits on the quiescent state mass flow rate in the soft X-ray transient black hole candidate source A0620-00. Specific attention is focused on the effects associated with gravitational redshifts, Doppler shifts, and on the enhancement of the apparent accretion disk area due to gravitational light bending on the continuum spectrum. It is found that the upper limit to the mass flow rate within the inner regions of the disk, constrained by the lack of soft X-rays in the quiescent state, is about 2.8 x 10 to the -11th solar mass/yr for black hole masses greater than about 5.4 solar mass. The optical data are consistent with these upper limits provided that the inclination angle of the binary system is less than about 65 deg. The upper limits and the lack of a hard X-ray flux, together, suggest that the soft X-ray transient model based upon a mass transfer instability situated in the stellar envelope of the companion is inapplicable to A0620-00.
Simplifying H/sub infinity / controller synthesis via classical feedback system structure

Substantial simplification of the H/sub infinity / controller synthesis procedure in the case of open-loop stable plant and weight selection is shown to result from the use of a classical cascade controller feedback structure. In this case the solution to the second associated algebraic Riccati equation reduces identically to a null matrix 0/sub n/, and this part of the controller computation can be dispensed with. The system structure allows effective tradeoff between significant closed-loop transfer functions. >
Measuring the bottom-quark forward-central asymmetry at the LHC

Measurements of the top quark forward-backward asymmetry performed at the Tevatron suggest that new-physics may be playing a role in tt production. To better understand the source of the asymmetry, recent proposals have called for a measurement of the bottom and charm forward-backward asymmetries at the Tevatron, using jets with embedded muons. Here we propose a corresponding measurement of the bottom quark forward-central asymmetry designed to look for similar effects in the b-sector at ATLAS and CMS. We construct a set of cuts designed to enhance sensitivity to this asymmetry, and test our analysis on a toy axigluon model representative of those used to explain the top asymmetry. We find that if the relevant new-physics couplings to the bottom quark are similar to those of the top, then the effects should be visible at the 2σ level in less than 10 fb−1 of 7 TeV LHC data. Such a measurement would be of general importance, and would provide valuable model-building input, serving to restrict the set of models put forward to explain the Tevatron tt anomaly. However, a relatively low trigger threshold on non-isolated muons inside hard jets must be maintained to allow for this measurement.
Spin polarized photoemission studies of magnetic quantum well states

Abstract Quantum well states with discrete binding energies dependent on the thickness of the film are observed in copper films deposited on a Co(001) substrate. They are found to be spin polarized, preferentially with minority spin. These states pass up to and through the Fermi level with a frequency identical to the long period of oscillation in the associated magnetic multilayers. In the ‘pre-asymptotic limit’ the dispersion of these states away from the center of the zone is described by enhanced effective masses. This has implications for theories of the oscillatory exchange coupling that invoke the bulk Fermi surface.
Long-baseline neutrino physics in the U.S

Long baseline neutrino oscillation physics in the U.S. is centered at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), in particular at the Neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI) beamline commissioned in 2004-2005. Already, the MINOS experiment has published its first results confirming the disappearance of {nu}{sub {mu}}'s across a 735 km baseline. The forthcoming NOvA experiment will search for the transition {nu}{sub {mu}} {yields} {nu}{sub e} and use this transition to understand the mass heirarchy of neutrinos. These, as well as other conceptual ideas for future experiments using the NuMI beam, will be discussed. The turn-on of the NuMI facility has been positive, with over 310 kW beam power achieved. Plans for increasing the beam intensity once the Main Injector accelerator is fully-dedicated to the neutrino program will be presented.
Radiative-dominated cooling of the flare corona and transition region

Models in which radiation dominates cooling flare loops are investigated. The radiative models are found to predict a differential emission measure (Q) proportional to T to the (l+1) power, where l measures the dependence of the radiative loss coefficient on temperature, lamda (T) approximately T to the (-l) power. It is concluded that the radiative models are incapable of explaining the observed temperature dependence of Q for flare coronal and transitional plasma. The models suggest that large mass motions (velocities of the order of the sound speed) may be required.
The experimental investigation of supersymmetry breaking

If Nature is supersymmetric at the weak interaction scale, what can we hope to learn from experiments on supersymmetric particles? The most mysterious aspect of phenomenological supersymmetry is the mechanism of spontaneous supersymmetry breaking. This mechanism ties the observable pattern of supersymmetric particle masses to aspects of the underlying unified theory at very small distance scales. In this article, I will discuss a systematic experimental program to determine the mechanism of supersymmetry breaking. Both pp and e{sup +}e{sup -} colliders of the next generation play an essential role.
Intramolecular rhodium-catalyzed [2+2+2] cyclizations of diynes with enones.

The Rh(I)-catalyzed inter- and intramolecular [2+2+2] cyclization of diynes with α,β-unsaturated enones proceeds with microwave promotion in good yields. This chemistry was applied to the synthesis of (−)-alcyopterosin I.
The logic linking protein acetylation and metabolism.

Protein acetylation now rivals phosphorylation in frequency of occurrence but is incompletely understood. A picture is presented in which protein acetylation is linked to available energy via the NAD-dependent deacetylases. This model suggests that protein acetylation regulates metabolic strategy and also helps store energy in cells.
The value of breast lumpectomy margin assessment as a predictor of residual tumor burden in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast

BACKGROUND Margin width is considered the most important risk factor for local recurrence in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast. The purpose of this report is to assess the predictive utility of lumpectomy specimen margin assessment for the presence and extent of residual DCIS. METHODS Specimens from 253 DCIS cases with lumpectomy and reexcision were studied to determine to the probability of residual DCIS on reexcision. The probability of residual tumor was evaluated with respect to tumor size, margin status, nuclear grade, presence of necrosis, patient age, and the extent of specimen processing (number of sections/volume tissue). Lesions were grouped by size: less than or equal to 2 mm, greater than 2–15 mm, greater than 15–40 mm, or greater than 40 mm. Margin width was recorded as the distance of DCIS to the closest specimen edge or, for positive margins, scored as: extensive (margin involvement in ≥8 sections or >4 low-power fields [LPFs]), moderate (5–7 sections or 2–4 LPFs), minimal (2–4 sections or 1 LPF), or focal (1 section, single focus). The amount of residual tumor was graded by maximum dimension on a semiquantitative basis. RESULTS Initial excision margin significantly predicted for the presence of residual tumor on reexcision. Residual tumor was found on reexcision in 85% of extensively positive, 68% of moderately positive, 46% of minimally positive, 30% of focally positive, 41% of greater than 0–1 mm, 31% of greater than 1–2 mm, and 0% of greater than 2 mm margins (P < 0.0001). On univariate analysis, margin width and lesion size of initial excision specimens significantly predicted for the presence of residual DCIS on reexcision. Age, grade, necrosis, and extent of specimen processing were not significant prognostic factors. On multivariate analysis, both initial margin width (P < 0.0001) and lesion size (P = 0.02) significantly predicted for residual DCIS. As for amount of residual tumor, margin width and initial lesion dimension both significantly predicted for medium to large residuum, whereas age 45 years or younger was of borderline significance on univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, margin width and lesion size on initial excision both remained significant predictors of larger volume residual tumor. CONCLUSIONS The margin status of a DCIS lumpectomy specimen is the most important predictive factor for both the presence and amount of residual disease. Cancer 2002;94:1917–24. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10460
Reactions of some conjugated dienes with an o-quinone monoimide

Abstract The reactions of N-(2,4-dichloro-6-oxo-2,4-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene)-4-nitrobenzamide ( 1 ) with various conjugated dienes have been studied. The heterodiene system of 1 reacts with one of the double bonds of E-1, 3-pentadiene, E,E-2,4-hexadiene, E,E-1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene, E,E-2,4-hexadienal, ethyl sorbate, 1-methoxy-1,3-butadiene, cyclopentadiene, 1,2,3,4-tetra-phenylcyclopentadiene in an inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction to give derivatives of 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzoxazines. In contrast to the above dienes 1,3-butadiene adds across the N-acylimino group of 1 to give the spiro adduct 2b .
The behavior of epidemics under bounded susceptibility

We investigate the sensitivity of epidemic behavior to a bounded susceptibility constraint -- susceptible nodes are infected by their neighbors via the regular SI/SIS dynamics, but subject to a cap on the infection rate. Such a constraint is motivated by modern social networks, wherein messages are broadcast to all neighbors, but attention spans are limited. Bounded susceptibility also arises in distributed computing applications with download bandwidth constraints, and in human epidemics under quarantine policies.Network epidemics have been extensively studied in literature; prior work characterizes the graph structures required to ensure fast spreading under the SI dynamics, and long lifetime under the SIS dynamics. In particular, these conditions turn out to be meaningful for two classes of networks of practical relevance -- dense, uniform (i.e., clique-like) graphs, and sparse, structured (i.e., star-like) graphs. We show that bounded susceptibility has a surprising impact on epidemic behavior in these graph families. For the SI dynamics, bounded susceptibility has no effect on star-like networks, but dramatically alters the spreading time in clique-like networks. In contrast, for the SIS dynamics, clique-like networks are unaffected, but star-like networks exhibit a sharp change in extinction times under bounded susceptibility.Our findings are useful for the design of disease-resistant networks and infrastructure networks. More generally, they show that results for existing epidemic models are sensitive to modeling assumptions in non-intuitive ways, and suggest caution in directly using these as guidelines for real systems.
Inhaled alternatives to nitric oxide.

Objective:Inhaled nitric oxide has gained an established place in the management of pulmonary hypertension. However, cost, potential toxicity, and the lack of positive outcome data with inhaled nitric oxide therapy has generated interest in alternative inhaled, selective pulmonary vasodilators. This
A proof of Lens Rigidity in the category of Analytic Metrics

Consider a compact Riemannian manifold with boundary. If all maximally extended geodesics intersect the boundary at both ends, then to each geodesic γ(t) we can form the triple (γ(0), γ(T ), T ), consisting of the initial and final vectors of the segment as well as the length between them. The collection of all such triples comprises the lens data. In this talk, I will give a sketch of my proof that in the category of analytic Riemannian manifolds, the lens data uniquely determine the metric up to isometry. There are no convexity assumptions on the boundary, and conjugate points are allowed with very little restriction. ∗University of Washington
Integral Closures of Cohen-Macaulay Monomial Ideals

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to present a family of Cohen-Macaulay monomial ideals such that their integral closures have embedded components and hence are not Cohen-Macaulay.
Real-Estate Risk Effects on Financial Institutions’ Stock Return Distribution: a Bivariate GARCH Analysis

This paper examines two relationships using the bivariate generalized autoregressive conditionally heteroskedastic (GARCH) methodology. First, the relationship between equity returns of commercial banks, savings and loans (S&Ls) and life insurance companies (LICs), and those of the real-estate investment trusts (REITs), a proxy for the real-estate sector performance. Second, the relationship between conditional volatilities of the stock returns of these financial intermediaries (FIs) and that of REITs. The former relationship allows the spillover of returns between the real-estate and the financial intermediation sector to be analyzed. The latter allows an investigation of the prevalence, direction and strength of inter-sectoral risk transmission to be carried out. Several interesting results are obtained. First, the equity returns of the FIs considered follow a GARCH process and should be modeled accordingly. Second, as found in the literature, returns on REITs should be modeled using the Fama-French multiple factor model. However, this model has to be extended to incorporate a GARCH error structure. Third, all FI returns considered are highly sensitive to REIT returns and the effects are both statistically and economically significant. This is an indication that shocks to REITs returns spillover to the former markets. Fourth, spillover of increased volatility in the real-estate sector to S&Ls and LICs is significant but not to commercial banks.
Symmetries of center singularities of plane vector fields

Let $ {D^2} \subset {\mathbb{R}^2} $ be a closed unit 2-disk centered at the origin $ O \in {\mathbb{R}^2} $ and let F be a smooth vector field such that O is a unique singular point of F and all other orbits of F are simple closed curves wrapping once around O. Thus, topologically O is a “center” singularity. Let $ \theta :D2\backslash \left\{ O \right\} \to \left( {0, + \infty } \right) $ be the function associating with each z ≠ O its period with respect to F. In general, such a function cannot be even continuously defined at O. Let also $ {\mathcal{D}^{+} }(F) $ be the group of diffeomorphisms of D 2 that preserve orientation and leave invariant each orbit of F. It is proved that θ smoothly extends to all of D 2 if and only if the 1-jet of F at O is a “rotation,” i.e., $ {j^1}F(O) = - y\frac{\partial }{{\partial x}} + x\frac{\partial }{{\partial y}} $ . Then $ {\mathcal{D}^{+} }(F) $ is homotopy equivalent to a circle.
States of Exemption: The Legal and Animal Geographies of American Zoos:

The paper explores the interconnections between legal and animal geographies as manifested in American zoos. On the one hand, law shapes not only the zoo's physical facilities, but also the very identity of zoo animals. On the other hand, the peculiarity of zoo animals—and of zoos as public spaces that display such animals—also translates into an anomalous state of zoo laws. The paper is divided into three parts. The first part demonstrates that, despite the numerous official laws that pertain to animals in various settings, exceptions and exemptions that apply to the zoo animal make it into an almost extralegal creature. The second part examines the laws that regulate the zoo's physical facilities, showing how—in this context too—the zoo is regulated mostly through variances and exceptions. The third part focuses on the zoo's self-regulating industry standards, arguing that they provide yet another reason for the peculiar legal state of zoos and their animals. Drawing on a set of interviews, conducted mo...
On the Binary Nature of 1RXS J162848.1–415241

We present spectroscopy of the optical counterpart to 1RXS J162848.1-41524, also known as the microquasar candidate MCQC J162847-4152. All the data indicate that this X-ray source is not a microquasar and that it is a single-lined chromospherically active binary system with a likely orbital period of 4.9 days. Our analysis supports a K3 IV spectral classification for the star, which is dominant at optical wavelengths. The unseen binary component is most likely a late-type (K7-M) dwarf or a white dwarf. Using the high-resolution spectra, we have measured the K3 star's rotational broadening to be v sin i = 43 ± 3 km s-1 and determined a lower limit to the binary mass ratio of q(= M2/M1) > 2.0. The high rotational broadening together with the strong Ca II H and K/Hα emission and high-amplitude photometric variations indicate that the evolved star is very chromospherically active and responsible for the X-ray/radio emission.
Evidence for pronounced quark loop effects in QCD

We have measured the hadron spectrum in lattice QCD, using staggered fermions, for 0 (the quenched approximation), 2 and 4 light degenerate dynamical quarks. In addition to earlier results involving extrapolations in valence quark masses for fixed dynamical mass, we also report results where we extrapolate in the dynamical mass for 4 flavors. We see a marked difference in the hadron spectrum for 2 and 4 flavors; the hadron spectrum is nearly parity doubled for 4 flavors, indicating smaller effects of chiral symmetry breaking. This pronounced effect in the hadron spectrum cannot be removed by a simple change in scale as the number of light quark flavors is changed. Further simulations at larger volume are needed to rule out finite volume effects.
Testing Genuine Saving

The World Bank has been publishing estimates of adjusted net or 'genuine' saving since 1999. This measure of saving treats depletion of natural resources as a type of economic depreciation. Recent theoretical results relating growth in saving to growth in future consumption are used to provide a test of genuine saving using historical data - did measured genuine saving in 1976, for example, 'predict' the observed changes in consumption over subsequent decades? Four alternative measures of saving are tested econometrically. The worst measure, in terms of explained variation, is traditional net saving. Genuine saving adjusted to reflect population growth exhibits the worst fit with theory. Both gross saving and genuine saving perform better, with good concordance with theory, while genuine saving exhibits a moderate advantage in terms of goodness of fit.
In-situ Combustion in the Lower Hospah Formation, McKinley County New Mexico

In 1980-81, Tenneco Oil Co., conducted an in-situ combustion pilot test on the Lower Hospah formation of the South Hospah field, McKinley County, NM. Although the reservoir appeared to be an excellent candidate for in-situ combustion, the pilot project recovered only a very small amount of incremental oil and was terminated as a consequence. To evaluate the pilot test and to determine the reasons for its performance behavior, a reservoir model of the test site was developed from the historical performance of secondary recovery operations in conjunction with available log and core data. The result was a three-layer, four-quadrant model of the test site. The volumetric sweep efficiency of the combustion front was estimated from two interior core holes drilled after the project was terminated. This resulted in a postcombustion model of the test site depicting the vertical sweep of the combustion front. Stoichiometric relationships were used to evaluate the combustion performance of each layer of the model. The stoichiometric evaluation provided a means to compare quantitatively the postcombustion reservoir model with actual test performance, this verifying the model. The project failed because the combustion front migrated beneath the oil zone, processing an interval containing low oil saturation and resultingmore » in very large air/oil ratios.« less
Internal model control of coupled distillation columns

An experimental evaluation of methods to analyze process resilience based on internal model control (IMC) has been performed. A pilot plant consisting of two coupled distillation columns was instrumented for control studies using an LSI 11/23 microcomputer. Two alternative sets of inputs were chosen and the two full 7 (all outputs) × 4 (all inputs) transfer matrix models of the pilot plant were identified. From these models, a large number of potential 3 × 3 control structures were first screened for different levels of achievable control performance using the newly developed tools for resilience analysis. Without the need for simulation and with minimal computational effort these new techniques allow prediction of the effect of nonminimum phase characteristics, input constraints, and model uncertainty on achievable closed-loop performance. The resilience analysis results were found to be in agreement with qualitative physical intuition. To more fully investigate the usefulness and precision of the resilience analysis, three control structures for maintaining three product compositions from a distillation system were studied experimentally. The design and performance of IMC for this complex system is demonstrated and compared with single-loop PID controllers combined with a dynamic decoupler.
Methods for the incorporation of carbon-11 to generate radiopharmaceuticals for PET imaging.

ositron emission tomography (PET) imaging is an excitingand rapidly growing area of research in which short-livedradionuclides, such as carbon-11 and fluorine-18, are gener-ated in a cyclotron and used to label small molecules. Theresulting radiopharmaceuticals find widespread applicationin the noninvasive examination of biochemical processes inliving human subjects (Figure 1).Radiopharmaceuticals can range from the small andsimple (e.g. small molecules, sugars, peptides, amino acids)to the large and complex (e.g. taxol, large peptides, proteins,antibodies)andcanbecustom-synthesizedforapplicationsin,for example, neurology,
Minimization of boundary artifacts on scalable image compression using symmetric-extended wavelet transform

Image compression techniques are routinely applied to conserve storage space and minimize bandwidth utilization in various video and communication applications. Wavelet transform is an efficient approach to reduce spatial redundancies without the annoying blocking artifacts at low bit rates. The underlying signal processing used in wavelet transform is the convolution between the decimated input signal and the wavelet filters. Since image signals are not continuous at the boundaries, problems of coefficient expansion and boundary distortion are faced in the implementation of the filtering on the finite length signal. Circular convolution instead of linear convolution can eliminate coefficient expansion but introduce boundary artifacts, especially when more levels of decompositions are involved to obtain scalable images. Symmetric-extended wavelet transform (SWT) introduced in this paper can greatly reduce boundary artifacts with improved performances in scalable image compression in comparison with the periodic-extended wavelet transform and the JPEG compression.