cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) with pathologic response in baseline and post-brief exposure HER2+ breast cancer biopsies from BrUOG-211B.

619 Background: Increased TILs are prognostic and predictive of therapy response in HER2+ breast cancer (BC). BrUOG-211B, a phase II neoadjuvant trial included early stage HER2+ BC pts treated with...
The Epidemiology of Cannabis Use in the United States

Abstract This chapter provides an in-depth overview of the epidemiology of cannabis use among youth and adults in the United States (US). Using the 2002–14 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health data and applying descriptive and multivariable analyses, among youth in the US, cannabis use decreased during 2005–14 compared with 2002, and cannabis-use disorders also declined during 2013–14 compared with 2002. Associations between the decline in tobacco use and the decrease in cannabis use suggest the importance of tobacco control and prevention among youth. Moreover, we found that cannabis use increased among adults in the US during 2011–14 compared with 2002, and its association with decreases in perceived risk of smoking cannabis suggests potential benefits of education and prevention messages. For youths and adults, the co-occurrence of cannabis use and use disorders with other substance use and depression highlights the importance of screening across the full range of behavioral health issues. This chapter presents new, primary data analyses and interpretations, rather than an exclusive review of the existing research reported in the literature.
Why PBL? Why STEM? Why now? an Introduction to STEM Project-Based Learning

STEM Project-Based Learning (PBL) requires a professional teaching force empowered with the skills necessary for designing learning experiences that maximize student potential. Therefore, effective STEM PBL requires teachers to experience high quality professional development to learn how to design high quality experiential learning activities. Not all professional development activities are created equal (Desimone, Porter, Garet, Yoon, & Birman, 2002; Garet, Porter, Desimone, Birman, & Yoon, 2001) and not all enactments meet the expectations of high quality professional development (Capraro, Capraro, & Oner, 2011; Capraro, & Avery, 2011; Han, Yalvac, Capraro, & Capraro, 2012).
Does industry funding mean more publications for subspecialty academic plastic surgeons

BACKGROUND Conflict of interest among physicians in the context of private industry funding led to the introduction of the Physician Payments Sunshine Act in 2010. This study examined whether private industry funding correlated with scholarly productivity in the respective subspecialties of plastic surgery and the wider academic plastic surgery community. MATERIALS AND METHODS Full-time plastic surgeons and their academic attributes were identified via institutional websites. Fellowship-trained individuals were segregated into subspecialties of microsurgery, craniofacial surgery, hand surgery, esthetic surgery, and burn surgery. The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services Open Payment database was used to extract industry funding information. Each individual's bibliometric data were then collected through Scopus to determine the correlation between selected surgeon characteristics, academic productivity, and industry funding. RESULTS Nine hundred and thirty-five academic plastic surgeons were identified, with 532 having defined subspecialty training. Academic bibliometrics among subspecialty surgeons were comparable among the five groups with esthetic and craniofacial surgeons displaying a preponderance of attaining more industry funding (P = 0.043) and career publications respectively, with the latter not attaining statistical significance (P = 0.12). Overall, research-specific funding (P = 0.014) and higher funding amounts (P < 0.0001) correlated with higher Hirsch indices in tandem with higher academic rank. A funding level of $2000 appeared to be the approximate cutoff above which scholastic productivity became apparent. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated in detail the association between industry funding and academic bibliometrics in academic plastic surgery of every subspecialty. Even at modest amounts, industry support, especially when research designated, positively influenced research and therefore, academic output.
SHOULDER EXTERNAL ROTATOR ECCENTRIC TRAINING VERSUS GENERAL SHOULDER EXERCISE FOR SUBACROMIAL PAIN SYNDROME: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL.

Background Shoulder pain affects up to 67% of the population at some point in their lifetime with subacromial pain syndrome (SAPS) representing a common etiology. Despite a plethora of studies there remains conflicting evidence for appropriate management of SAPS. Purpose To compare outcomes, for individuals diagnosed with SAPS, performing a 6-week protocol of eccentric training of the shoulder external rotators (ETER) compared to a general exercise (GE) protocol. Study Design Randomized controlled trial. Methods Forty-eight individuals (mean age 46.8 years + /-17.29) with chronic shoulder pain, and a clinical diagnosis of SAPS were randomized into either an experimental group performing ETER or a control group performing a GE program. The intervention lasted for six weeks, and outcomes were measured after three weeks, six weeks, and again at six months post intervention. Results The primary outcome of function, measured by the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index, demonstrated a significant interaction effect derived from a multilevel hierarchical model accounting for repeated measures favoring the experimental group at week 3: 14.65 (p=.003), Week 6: 17.04 (p<.001) and six months: 15.12 (p=.007). After six months, secondary outcome measures were improved for Numeric Pain Rating Scale levels representing pain at worst (p=.006) and pain on average (p=0.02), external rotator (p<.001), internal rotator (p=0.02), and abductor strength (p<.001). There were no statistically significant differences in secondary outcome measures of Global Rating of Change, Active Range of Motion, the Upper Quarter Y Balance Test and strength ratios after six months. Conclusion An eccentric program targeting the external rotators was superior to a general exercise program for strength, pain, and function after six months. The findings suggest eccentric training may be efficacious to improve self-report function and strength for those with SAPS. Level of Evidence 2b.
Distinguishing Molecular Features of Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis.

ObjectiveAllergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) is a clinical subtype of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), characterized by eosinophilic mucin, evidence of fungal elements within th...
Home-Based Reinforcement Procedures

Over the past 20 years, behavior therapists have become more reliant on the use of parents and teachers to implement interventions with children. The use of adult caretakers as contingency managers has proven to be an efficient and effective method of remediating children’s behavior problems.
Patterns of Hydrocarbon Contamination in California Coastal Waters

ABSTRACT First year results of the State of California's Mussel Watch Program indicate that the concentrations of complex hydrocarbon mixtures accumulated from sea-water in the intertidal zone by mussels, Mytilus californianus , are closely related to human population density in adjacent coastal regions. High concentrations of the unresolved component were also observed in mussels obtained in the vicinity of a natural petroleum seep. These mixtures most likely consist in part of petroleum and petroleum-derived compounds. Mass chromatographic analysis of mussel and large-volume seawater extracts for the parent ions of hopanes, steranes, and monoaromatic steranes, - compounds present in characteristic ratios and abundances in crude oils, - appears to provide a method for distinguishing unresolved mixtures of petroleum origin from those which derive from other sources, as well as for determining possible origins of the petroleum component. A comparison of the levels of the unresolved component in the saturate fraction and of several individual hydrocarbon compounds in extracts of mussels from three diverse areas of southern California with corresponding levels in both the “dissolved” and particulate fractions of seawater sampled in the vicinity of the mussel beds indicates a variation over two orders of magnitude in the value of the partition coefficients. Although the factors responsible for this variation in uptake and/or accumulation are presently imperfectly known, mussels appear nevertheless to be a satisfactory first order biological indicator of the impact of man on the hydrocarbon content of coastal waters.
Looking for Change

Intuitive change judgments often arise in an after-the-fact fashion. Perceivers do not ordinarily start out expecting to assess change in the future and so proceed to gather information about events in a uniform manner over time in order to have appropriate information at hand when an occasion for assessing change arrives. On the contrary, it is typically not until some occasion calling for a change judgment occurs that an interest in gauging change in a particular area comes into play.
The evolution of six fluid sensors

Abstract The interaction between theory and experiment in the evolution of six different fluid sensors is presented. Three of the sensors incorporate un-boxmded turbulent jets as the transducer element in measuring the velocity and density of fluids. Two of the sensors utilize laminar boundary layers in a controlled pressure gradient to measure the mass flow and viscosity of fluids. The contribution of differing levels of theoretical sophistication in relation to the effectiveness of industrial implementation is demonstrated by the widely differing analytical philosophies which have been applied to these sensors. Theoretical contributions referenced range from simple analysis incorporating empirical parameters to explicit solutions of the flow equations. The relationship between concept, theory, experiment, and the profitable industrial application of specific sensors is documented.
Advice-seeking during implementation: a network study of clinicians participating in a learning collaborative

Successful implementation depends on the transfer of knowledge and expertise among clinicians, which can occur when professionals seek advice from one another. This study examines advice-seeking patterns among mental health clinicians participating in learning collaboratives (a multi-component implementation and quality improvement strategy) to implement trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT). We apply transactive memory system theory, which explains how professionals access and retrieve knowledge, to examine factors associated with the evolution of advice-seeking relationships during implementation. Our aim is to unpack learning collaboratives’ mechanisms by investigating how and why advice-seeking networks change, which may help us understand how implementation strategies can best target networks. Using social network analysis and a pretest-post-test design, we examined patterns in general and treatment-specific advice-seeking among 146 participants (including five clinical experts) from 27 agencies participating in a regional scale-up of TF-CBT. Surveys were administered in-person at the first and last of three in-person learning sessions (10 months apart) that comprise a core component of learning collaboratives. Participants nominated up to five individuals from whom they seek general and treatment-specific advice. Exponential random graph models (ERGMs) tested the likelihood of maintaining or forming advice-seeking relationships based on indicators of expertise quality, accessibility, need, and prior advice-seeking relationships. Participants formed or maintained advice-seeking relationships with those who possess perceived expertise (e.g., learning collaborative faculty experts, supervisors, and those with greater field experience than themselves). Participants also tended to seek advice from those within the same organization and with similar disciplinary training, highlighting the importance of expertise accessibility. Prior relationships and network structural features were associated with advice-seeking, indicating that participants built on existing social ties. Advice-seeking did not vary based on participants’ role or experience. Given the importance of accessible clinical expertise and ongoing supervision for delivering treatment with fidelity, learning collaboratives may support implementation by promoting clinicians’ awareness of and access to others’ expertise, especially those with substantial expertise to share (e.g., faculty experts and supervisors). Future controlled studies are needed to verify the effectiveness of learning collaboratives for building networks that connect clinicians and experts and for improving implementation.
A Novel FPGA-based LFSR PUF Design for IoT and Smart Applications

Silicon Physical Unclonable Functions (SPUFs) are used for extracting unique and random binary signatures from semiconductor chips. This paper introduces the first asynchronous LFSR based PUF; namely, the LFSR-PUF, that can be specifically implemented on a FPGA. The proposed ALFSR-PUF is derived from an asynchronous LFSR that uses D-latch/flip-flops and LUTs on an FPGA to generate a random clock by exploiting the inherent manufacturing process variations of the design primitives. The LFSR-PUF efficiently uses FPGA basic building blocks in each CLB to optimally occupy a very small area (two slices) in the FPGA. Besides design efficiency and area optimization, the challenge-response space is also increased. Consequently, an instantiation of more than one PUF instance is possible within each CLB. Experimental results on Xilinx Spartan-3E FPGA (90 nm) show that the generated signatures are both unique and reliable under varying temperature and voltage conditions.
Review Joints obtained by soldering, adhesion, autohesion and fastening, studied by electrical resistance measurement

Joints obtained by soldering, adhesion, autohesion and fastening and involving metals, polymer-matrix composites and concrete, as studied by electrical resistance measurement, are reviewed. The measurement was conducted during bonding, debonding, fastening and/or unfastening, and involved either measuring the contact resistance of the joint interface or measuring the apparent volume resistance of a member of the joint.
Emerging trends in the treatment of rectal cancer

The conventional treatment for cT3-T4 or node-positive clinically resectable rectal cancer is long course preoperative chemoradiation followed by surgery and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. Di...
Using DFT Models of Thiophene Adsorption at Transition Metal Interfaces to Interpret Periodic Trends in Thiophene Hydrodesulfurization on Transition Metal Sulfides

Charge-transfer and molecular adsorption energy have been modeled by density functional theory with the optB88-vdw functional for a large series of thiophene/transition-metal (TM) combinations. We note an offset in a direct scaling relationship exhibited between these properties sufficient to separate the TMs into two distinct groups. The difference in relationship is shown to correlate strongly with different trends in thiophene hydrodesulfurization when catalyzed by corresponding monometallic transition-metal-sulfides.
Fast and accurate sCMOS noise correction for fluorescence microscopy.

The rapid development of scientific CMOS (sCMOS) technology has greatly advanced optical microscopy for biomedical research with superior sensitivity, resolution, field-of-view, and frame rates. However, for sCMOS sensors, the parallel charge-voltage conversion and different responsivity at each pixel induces extra readout and pattern noise compared to charge-coupled devices (CCD) and electron-multiplying CCD (EM-CCD) sensors. This can produce artifacts, deteriorate imaging capability, and hinder quantification of fluorescent signals, thereby compromising strategies to reduce photo-damage to live samples. Here, we propose a content-adaptive algorithm for the automatic correction of sCMOS-related noise (ACsN) for fluorescence microscopy. ACsN combines camera physics and layered sparse filtering to significantly reduce the most relevant noise sources in a sCMOS sensor while preserving the fine details of the signal. The method improves the camera performance, enabling fast, low-light and quantitative optical microscopy with video-rate denoising for a broad range of imaging conditions and modalities. Scientific complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (sCMOS) cameras have advanced the imaging field, but they often suffer from additional noise compared to CCD sensors. Here the authors present a content-adaptive algorithm for the automatic correction of sCMOS-related noise for fluorescence microscopy.
Spreadsheet Tools for Quantifying Seepage Flux Across the GW-SW Interface

Identifying the spatial distribution and magnitude of seepage flux across the groundwater-surface water (GW-SW) interface is critical for assessing potential impairments and restoration alternatives for water bodies adjacent to sites with groundwater contamination. Measurement of the vertical distribution and time-varying characteristics of temperature in sediments provides an indirect way to map out spatial and temporal patterns of seepage flux into surface water. Two spreadsheet-based calculation tools are introduced that implement four one-dimensional analytical solutions to calculate the magnitude and direction of seepage flux based on measurement of steady-state vertical temperature profiles or transient diel temperature signals at two depths within sediment. Performance of these calculation tools is demonstrated for a pond receiving contaminated groundwater discharge from an adjacent landfill. Transient versus steady-state model performance is compared, and limitations of transient modelsare illustrated for a situation with unfavorable sediment characteristics and inadequate sensor spacing. The availability of a range of analytical solutions implemented within Microsoft Excel® is intended to encourage practitioners to explore use of this seepage flux characterization method and develop greater insight into best practices for model selection and use.
Repeat catheter ablation for recurrent atrial fibrillation: Electrophysiologic findings and clinical outcomes

INTRODUCTION Atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation is successful in 60%-80% of optimal candidates, with many patients requiring repeat procedures. We performed a detailed examination of electrophysiologic findings and clinical outcomes associated with first repeat AF ablations in the era of contact force-sensing radiofrequency (RF) catheters. METHODS We retrospectively studied patients who underwent their first repeat AF ablations for symptomatic, recurrent AF at our center between 2013 and 2019. All repeat ablations were performed using contact force-sensing RF catheters. Pulmonary vein (PV) reconnections at repeat ablation and freedom from atrial arrhythmia 1 year after repeat ablation were evaluated. We further assessed these findings based on AF classification at the time of presentation for repeat ablation, index RF versus cryoballoon (CB) ablation, and duration (≥3 versus <3 years) between index and repeat procedures. RESULTS Among 300 patients, there were 136 (45.3%) who presented for their first repeat ablations in persistent AF. During repeat ablation, at least one PV reconnection was found in 257 (85.6%) patients, while 159 (53%) had three to four reconnections. There was a similar distribution of reconnections among patients with persistent versus paroxysmal AF (mean: 2.7 ± 1.3 vs. 2.9 ± 1.2; p = .341), index RF versus CB ablation (mean: 2.8 ± 1.3 vs. 2.9 ± 1.2; p = .553), and ≥3 versus <3 years between index and repeat procedures (mean: 3.0 ± 1.1 vs. 2.7 ± 1.3; p = .119). At repeat ablation, the PVs were re-isolated in all patients, and additional non-PV ablation was performed in 171 (57%) patients. Freedom from atrial arrhythmia at 1-year follow-up after repeat ablation was 66%, similar among those with persistent versus paroxysmal AF (65.4% vs. 66.5%; p = .720), index RF versus CB ablation (66.7% vs. 68.9%; p = .930), and ≥3 versus <3 years between index and repeat ablations (64.4% vs. 66.7%; p = .760). Major complications occurred in a total of 4 (1.3%) patients. CONCLUSION In a contemporary cohort of patients receiving their first repeat AF ablations using contact force-sensing RF catheters, PV reconnections were common, and freedom from atrial arrhythmia was 66% at 1-year follow-up. The distributions of PV reconnections and rates of freedom from atrial arrhythmia were similar, based on persistent versus paroxysmal AF at presentation for repeat ablation, index RF versus CB ablation, and duration between index and repeat procedures. The incidence of major complications was very low.
The Future of Empirical Legal Studies: Observations on Holte and Sichelman's Cycles of Obviousness

Over the last five years, the Iowa Law Review has published dozens of empirical legal studies. These studies have been a valuable contribution to the literature, adding data to help assess the validity of legal theories and hypotheses. Intellectual property law, in particular, has been an especially active growth area for empirical legal studies, and the Iowa Law Review has been at the cutting edge of empirical studies of intellectual property law. Yet empirical legal studies generally have been subjected to widespread criticism. While some current norms in the field reflect progress over the last twenty years, others embody practices with room for improvement. This Essay argues that a critical way to increase the credibility-and thus the value-of empirical legal studies is to focus first on the seemingly mundane issues of sound data acquisition descriptions, data reliability assessment, and data transparency. In service of this goal, this Essay identifies some of the excellent methodological practices of Ryan Holte and Ted Sichelman's recent Iowa Law Review article “Cycles of Obviousness” as well as some of the areas in which it reflects norms within the field that could be improved. This Essay concludes with a few practical, easy-to-implement recommendations for both the authors of and journals that publish empirical legal studies.
Analysis of RAGE Proteome and Interactome in Lung Adenocarcinoma Using PANTHER and STRING Databases.

Adenocarcinoma accounts for about 40% of all lung cancers. Histological studies indicate a loss of expression of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-products (RAGE) in lung adenocarcinoma cells...
What Can the OECD Learn From the States

In this article, Professor Pomp argues that the OECD should look to the American states for insight into taxing cross-jurisdictional corporations. In the early 20th century, the states had to respond to the challenge of taxing domestic interstate corporations. While these corporations posed no tax problem at the federal level, states had to respond to the reality of corporations shifting profits into neighboring tax havens. They needed a better alternative to federal transfer pricing and sourcing rules. In the 1930’s, some states began combining domestic related entities. The growth of multinational corporations created new problems for both the states and the federal government. Some states continued to not only to combine domestic corporations, but also multinationals as well: an approach known as worldwide combined reporting. Political pressure, not administrative obstacles, eventually pushed these states back to a waters edge approach. The states can shed light on the challenge of assigning the tax base between separate production and market countries. In 1957, the Uniform Law Commission adopted the Uniform Division of Income for Tax Purposes Act (UDITPA). UDITPA adopts an evenly weighted three-factor formula, using property, payroll, and sales. States have moved away from this fomula and instead have been using a single-factor sales formula, with market-based approaches to the sales factor. The MTC has developed different approaches to market based sourcing that reflect the type of transaction involved and include special formulas for special industries. The OECD can look to the states for insight into economic nexus rules as well. The MTC incorporated economic nexus approaches into its “factor presence” rules for nexus. Mandatory worldwide reporting provides many advantages over the OECD’s agenda: the approach effectively deals with tax havens, transfer pricing, defining specific types of businesses, profit shifting, and the allocation of overhead. And unlike the states, the OECD does not need to worry about accommodating the United States Commerce Clause. The article acknowledges that the MTC and UDITPA do not shed light on the composition of the tax base to be combined. Pomp suggests looking to international accounting standards and the Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base as starting points. Finally, many countries will require help administering worldwide combined reporting. Pomp suggests that a nongovernmental organization take on the burden for all countries. Possible candidates include the OECD, the U.N., the IMF, or the World Bank.
Erbium-doped: yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG) versus scaling and root planing for the treatment of periodontal disease: A single-blinded split-mouth randomized clinical trial.

Background This randomized, controlled clinical trial aimed to compare the differences in periodontal clinical outcomes, duration of the procedure, and patient's experience between conventional scaling and root planing and Erbium-doped:Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet (Er:YAG) in the treatment of generalized moderate to severe chronic periodontitis or generalized stages II or III, and grade B periodontitis based on the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), American Academy of Periodontology (AAP), and European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) definitions. Methods 30 subjects were initially recruited. In a split-mouth fashion, right and left sides were randomly allocated into the two treatment arms: conventional scaling and root planing (C-SRP) vs. laser-assisted scaling and root planing (L-SRP) groups. A blinded examiner recorded clinical measurements at baseline and 3 months. Duration of the procedure was also recorded for each visit, and the patient's experience was assessed with a questionnaire at baseline, 1, and 3 months. Results The final sample consisted of 26 subjects. Both treatments resulted in overall improvement, but no significant differences were found between modalities for clinical attachment gain or probing depth reduction. The duration of the procedure was approximately half for L-SRP, and post-operative sensitivity was greater in C-SRP. Conclusions The low-energy protocol with Er:YAG (50mJ) used for the non-surgical treatment of moderate-severe chronic or stage II-III, grade B periodontitis performed in this study population was a treatment modality that yielded similar clinical improvements when compared to conventional scaling and root planing. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
SPUTTERING AND COMPOSITIONAL CHANGES

Sputtering of atoms from a solid surface as a consequence of the impact of energetic particles was first observed more than a century ago (Grove, 1853). However, most of the present experimental knowledge and theoretical understanding of the sputtering phenomenon has been gained during the past 30 years. Extensive, recent reviews of many aspects of the sputtering phenomenon can be found in volumes edited by Varga et al. (1980), by Cobic (1980), and by Behrisch (1981, 1982). That the composition of an alloy near the surface can be affected by sputtering was shown experimentally more than twenty years ago by Gillam (1959). An increasing interest in sputtering of multicomponent materials has developed during the past decade, and much of the experimental work and understanding in this area has been reviewed recently by Andersen (1981).
Career-Long Education for Software Professionals: A US View of the Educational Challenges in a Rapidly-Changing Technology

Software’s increasingly critical role and the rapid rate of change of associated technologies present serious challenges for maintaining the professional skills of software developers. Current professionals must rely on existing opportunities for mid-career education. Longer-term solutions include improvements in existing opportunities and changes to university education that enhance students’ ability to learn new material. A variety of certifications will provide evidence of a professional’s current proficiency. I will report on the way these issues are being addressed in the United States.
Quantification of Mitral and Tricuspid Regurgitation Using Jet Centerline Velocities: An In Vitro Study of Jets in an Ambient Counterflow.

A method for quantifying mitral and tricuspid regurgitant volume that utilizes a measure of jet orifice velocity U(0) - m/sec), a distal centerline velocity (U(m) - m/sec), and the intervening distance (X - cm) was recently developed; where jet flow rate (Q(cal) - L/min) is calculated as Q(cal) = (U(m)X)(2)/(26.46U(o)). This method, however, modeled the regurgitant jet as a free jet, whereas many atrial jets are counterflowing jets because of jet opposing intra-atrial flow fields (counterflows). This study concentrated on the feasibility of using the free jet quantification equation in the atrium where ambient flow fields may alter jet centerline velocities and reduce the accuracy of jet flow rate calculations. A 4-cm wide chamber was used to pump counterflows of 0, 4, and 22 cm/sec against jets of 2.3, 4.8, and 6.4 m/sec originating from a 2-mm diameter orifice. For each counterflow-jet combination, jet centerline velocities were measured using laser Doppler anemometry. For free jets (no counterflow), flow rate was calculated with 98% mean accuracy. For all jets in counterflow, the calculation was less accurate as: (i) the ratio of jet orifice velocity to counterflow velocity decreased (U(o)/U(c), where U(c) is counterflow velocity), i.e., the counterflow was relatively more intense, and (ii) centerline measurements were made further from the orifice. But although counterflow lowered jet centerline velocities beneath free jet values, it did so only significantly in the jet's distal portion (X/D > 16, i.e., >16 orifice diameters from the origin of the jet). Thus, the initial portion (X/D 93% accuracy and >85% for jets typical of mitral and tricuspid regurgitation, respectively. Counterflow lowers jet centerline velocities beneath equivalent free jet values. This effect, however, is most significant in the distal portion of the jet. Therefore, regurgitant jets, although not classically free because of systolic atrial inflow or jet-induced intra-atrial swirling flows, will decay in their initial portions as free jets and thus are candidates for quantification with the centerline technique. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 13, July 1996)
Ontology Extraction for Educational Knowledge Bases

A student who wishes to learn about some particular topic does not have many options. An often used tool is the search engine, which gives a tiny and difficult to control window into the vast amounts of information that is available on the Internet. A student who wants to learn some concept should be able to interact with the available information in a coherent and personalized way. The classroom is the ideal of this goal, and our system would not replace, but augment it. It is within the reach of modern tutoring systems to use both knowledge of the student and of the subject’s structure in order to present a subject in a manner that is more coherent and pedagogically sound than currently existing technology. One of the basic building blocks of such a system is the model of topic structure, and most importantly, how to obtain the information that fills the model.
Control of heme biosynthesis: Correlation of porphyrinogenesis with NADH oxidase activity☆

The role of terminal oxidation in the control of heme biosynthesis was investigated. A comparison of the capacity of selected compounds to in-crease porphyrinogenesis in cultured chick embryo liver cells and to inhibit purified beef heart NADH oxidase gave significant correlation co-efficients in two sets of data (r = 0.67, p < 0.01 and r = 0.57, p < 0.05). The influence of similar steric effects and the wide variety of molecular species examined enhanced the significance of the correlation between porphyrin biosynthesis and NADH oxidase activity. Exceptions were found with allylisopropylacetamide and some of the steroids. These exceptions as well as the implications of the correlation data for experimental and clinical porphyrias are discussed.
Monitoring Fiber Dispersion in Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Materials: Comparison of AC-Impedance Spectroscopy and Image Analysis

Fiber dispersion is an important factor that affects both the fresh and hardened state properties of cement-based materials. While there are some well-studied, fundamental methods for monitoring fiber dispersion, most of them are destructive and time-consuming. Previous work has shown that AC-impedance spectroscopy (AC-IS) can be used as an effective tool for nondestructively monitoring fiber dispersion in both the fresh and hardened states of fiber-reinforced cementitious (FRC) materials. AC-IS was found to be sensitive to different dispersion phenomena. In this study, fiber clumping and orientation were studied using image analysis to verify the AC-IS measurements. The results of the two methods agreed well within experimental uncertainty, suggesting that AC-IS can be used as a nondestructive and rapid method for monitoring fiber dispersion in cementitious materials.
The Biology of the Triatomine Bugs Native to South Central Texas and Assessment of the Risk They Pose for Autochthonous Chagas Disease Exposure

Abstract: Triatomine bugs are a group of hematophagous arthropods that can serve as biological vectors for Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease). Because of differences in the biology and feeding habits among triatomine species, some are more likely than others to be involved in zoonotic and/or human-to-human transmission cycles of T. cruzi. In an attempt to assess the risk for Chagas disease exposure in south-central Texas, human habitations across Texas Health Service Region 8 (HSR 8) and surrounding counties were surveyed for triatomines to characterize the geographic distribution, species-specific biology, and T. cruzi–infection prevalence better. Between May 2010 and August 2013, a total of 545 triatomines representing all 5 known indigenous species (Triatoma gerstaeckeri, Triatoma indictiva, Triatoma lecticularia, Triatoma sanguisuga, and Triatoma protracta woodi) were collected from 59 sites across the region. Triatoma gerstaeckeri was the species mo...
Analytical method for generalization of numerically optimized inductor winding shapes

A method is developed to use a single set of two-dimensional numerical optimizations of inductor winding shapes to simply calculate the optimal winding configuration for any design on the same core without repeating the computationally intensive numerical optimization. For transformer windings, the results are consistent with previous one-dimensional optimizations, but for inductor windings, analysis of two-dimensional effects allows significant performance improvements.
Evaluability Assessment in Juvenile Justice: A Case Example

An evaluability assessment of three programs of the Juvenile Justice Commission of the State of New Jersey was undertaken. Operation Hook-Up, the Hudson County YAP Challenge Program, and the Monmouth County Bullying Prevention Project were assessed. This included interviewing program personnel, site visits, reviewing the record-keeping systems, and meeting with the staff of the Juvenile Justice Commission and of the programs. This assessment enabled the researchers to acquire firsthand knowledge of the programs that led to the development of tailored evaluation designs for two programs. This article describes the programs, the assessment, and the bases for our recommendations.
Coronary arteries in unstable angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction, and sudden coronary death

The amount of coronary arterial narrowing observed at autopsy in patients with UAP, AMI, and SCD is generally enormous.l As shown in Table I, from a study of 80 patients at autopsy with these three coronary events (SCD in 31, AM1 in 27, and UAP in 22), an average of 2.9 of the four major (right, left main, left anterior descending, and left circumflex) coronary arteries were severely (>75 % decrease in cross-sectional area) narrowed at some points, and no significant differences were observed among the three coronary subsets1 Patients with UAP had a much higher frequency of severe narrowing of the left main coronary artery (10 of 22 patients [45 % 1) compared with those with AM1 (3 of 27 patients [ll % ]) and SCD (3 of 31 patients [lo%]). A more sophisticated approach to determining degrees of luminal narrowing is to examine the entire lengths of the four major epicardial coronary arteries. One technique involves incising each of the four major coronary arteries transversely at 5 mm intervals and then preparing a histologic section from each 5
Tackling concept drift by temporal inductive transfer

Machine learning is the mainstay for text classification. However, even the most successful techniques are defeated by many real-world applications that have a strong time-varying component. To advance research on this challenging but important problem, we promote a natural, experimental framework-the Daily Classification Task-which can be applied to large time-based datasets, such as Reuters RCV1.In this paper we dissect concept drift into three main subtypes. We demonstrate via a novel visualization that the recurrent themes subtype is present in RCV1. This understanding led us to develop a new learning model that transfers induced knowledge through time to benefit future classifier learning tasks. The method avoids two main problems with existing work in inductive transfer: scalability and the risk of negative transfer. In empirical tests, it consistently showed more than 10 points F-measure improvement for each of four Reuters categories tested.
The Intergenerational Transmission of Generosity.

Abstract This paper estimates the correlation between the generosity of parents and the generosity of their adult children using regression models of adult children's charitable giving. New charitable giving data are collected in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and used to estimate the regression models. The regression models are estimated using a wide variety of techniques and specification tests, and the strength of the intergenerational giving correlations is compared with intergenerational correlations in income, wealth, and consumption expenditure from the same sample using the same set of controls. We find the religious giving of parents and children to be strongly correlated, as strongly correlated as are their income and wealth. The correlation in the secular giving (e.g., giving to the United Way, educational institutions, for poverty relief) of parents and children is smaller, similar in magnitude to the intergenerational correlation in consumption. Parents' religious giving is positively associated with children's secular giving, but in a more limited sense. Overall, the results are consistent with generosity emerging at least in part from the influence of parental charitable behavior. In contrast to intergenerational models in which parental generosity towards their children can undo government transfer policy (Ricardian equivalence), these results suggest that parental generosity towards charitable organizations might reinforce government policies, such as tax incentives aimed at encouraging voluntary transfers.
Trait-mediated interactions: influence of prey size, density and experience

1. The role of non-consumptive predator effects in structuring ecological communities has become an important area of study for ecologists. Numerous studies have shown that adaptive changes in prey in response to a predator can improve survival in subsequent encounters with that predator. 2. Prey-mediated changes in the shapes of predators' functional response surfaces determine the qualitative predictions of theoretical models. However, few studies have quantified the effects of adaptive prey responses on the shape of predator functional responses. 3. This study explores how prey density, size and previous predator experience interact to change the functional response curves of different-sized predators. 4. We use a response surface design to determine how previous exposure to small or large odonate predators affected the short-term survival of squirrel tree frog (Hyla squirella) tadpoles across a range of sizes and densities (i.e. the shape of odonate functional response curves). 5. Predator-induced tadpoles in a given size class did not differ in shape, although induction changed tadpole behaviour significantly. Induced tadpoles survived better in lethal encounters with either predator than did similar-sized predator-naive tadpoles. 6. Induction by either predator resulted in increased survival with both predators at a given size. However, different mechanisms led to increased survival for induced tadpoles. Attack rate for the small predators, whereas handling time increased for the large predators.
PRELIMINARY STUDY OF GROUP COHESIVENESS IN POLICE AND FACULTY

questionnaire were compared. The two groups did not differ in race (X2 = 2.37, df = 1; 7% of the faculty and 20% of the police were nonwhite), or in whether they were married (x2 = 0.01, df = 1; 70% of the faculty and 68% of the police were married). Subjects were asked to give the occupations of their three closest male friends. The two groups reported similar numbers of friends who were in their own occupational group (x" 0.93, df = 2). Subjects were asked whether they socialized more with people from their occupational group, with people outside their occup~tional group, or with both equally. Faculty were more likely to report socializing more with colleagues than were the police (x2 = 9.50, df = 2, p < 0.01). Subjects were represented with statements in a Likert-type format. Faculty were less likely to agree with the statements, "Sometimes I feel as though people behave unnaturally around me because I am a -" (x2 = 15.62, df = 2, p < 0.0001, "I never talk about my work outside of my working hours" (x2 = 8.13, df = 2, p < 0.02), and "People are always putting me down because I'm a -" (x2 = 10.67, df = 2, p < 0.01). The two groups did not differ in their responses to the items: "It's easy to find friends as long as you are friendly," "I believe that members of this occupation get along with each other better than members of other occupations," "My work keeps me from doing other activities I'm interested in," "I don't get invited our by my friends as often as I'd really like," "I feel an obligation to correct people when they're wrong even when I'm not officially a -," and "I find real friends easy to find" (x2 = 0.14, 0.32, 2.74, 0.74, 3.15, and 0.42. respectively, df = 2). Older police officers were less likely to perceive others behaving unnaturally around them and less likely to find real friends easy to find. Thus, this preliminary study lends little support to the notion that urban police officers socialize more outside of work with fellow police officers. Other occupational groups (such as the faculty studied here) may be as likely to choose friends from their own occupational group.
The development of peripheral cold neural circuits based on TRPM8 expression

Afferent nerve fibers of the somatosensory system are a molecularly diverse cell population that detects a varied range of environmental stimuli, converting these external cues ultimately into a sensory percept. Afferents mediating detection of thermal stimuli express a repertoire of temperature sensitive ion channels of the TRP family which endow these nerves with the ability to respond to the breadth of temperatures in the environment. The cold and menthol receptor TRPM8 is responsible for detection of cold and, unlike other thermosensors, detects both innocuous and noxious temperatures. How this single molecule can perform such diverse functions is currently unknown, but expression analyses in adult tissues shows that TRPM8 neurons are a molecularly diverse population and it is likely that this diversity underlies differential functionality. To determine how this phenotype is established, we examined the developmental time course of TRPM8 expression using a mouse transgenic line in which GFP expression is driven by the TRPM8 transcriptional promoter (Trpm8GFP). We find that Trpm8GFP expression begins prior to embryonic day 15.5 (E15.5) after which expression reaches levels observed in adult neurons. By E18.5, central axons of Trpm8GFP neurons reach the spinal cord dorsal horn, but anatomical localization and in vivo measurements of neural activity suggest that fully functional cold circuits are not established until after the first postnatal week. Additionally, Trpm8GFP neurons undergo a transition in neurochemical phenotype, ultimately reaching adult expression of markers such TRPV1, CGRP, peripherin, and NF200 by postnatal day 14. Thus, based on immunochemical, anatomical and functional criteria, active cold neural circuits are fully established by the second week postnatal, thereby suggesting that important extrinsic or intrinsic mechanisms are active prior to this developmental stage.
An effectiveness-based evaluation of five state pre-kindergarten programs

Since 1980, the number of state pre-kindergarten (pre-K) programs has more than doubled, with 38 states enrolling more than one million children in 2006 alone. This study evaluates how five state pre-K programs affected children's receptive vocabulary, math, and print awareness skills. Taking advantage of states' strict enrollment policies determined by a child's date of birth, a regression-discontinuity design was used to estimate effects in Michigan, New Jersey, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and West Virginia. For receptive vocabulary, only New Jersey and Oklahoma yielded significant standardized impacts, though two of the three other coefficients were in a direction indicating positive effects. For math, all the coefficients were positive but only Michigan and New Jersey yielded reliable results. The largest impacts were for print awareness, where all five coefficients were positive and four were reliable in Michigan, New Jersey, South Carolina, and West Virginia. The five states were not randomly selected and, on average, have higher quality program standards than non-studied states, precluding formal extrapolation to the nation at large. However, our sample of states differed in many other ways, permitting the conclusion that state pre-K programs can have positive effects on children's cognitive skills, though the magnitude of these effects varies by state and outcome. © 2008 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Inhibitors of purified beef adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase.

Abstract Two classes of compounds have been investigated as inhibitors of purified beef adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase. Among the aromatic amino acids tyrosine analogues were found to be most potent, particularly those having an α-methyl or 3-halogen substitution. Two normal metabolites, mono- and diiodo-tyrosine, were found to be very effective inhibitors. Inhibition by the amino acid analogues was shown to be competitive with the substrate. Catechols were also inhibitory, particularly 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylpropylacetamide (compound H 22/54). Inhibition by the latter was reversed by cofactor (tetrahydrofolate or DMPH 4 ) but not by tyrosine.