cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Self- and Parent-Reports to Test the Association Between Peer Victimization and Internalizing Symptoms in Verbally Fluent Adolescents with ASD

The current study tested the associations between peer victimization and internalizing symptoms in 54 verbally fluent adolescent males with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. Adolescent- and parent-reports of multiple types of peer victimization and internalizing symptoms were used. First, the validity and reliability of the adolescent-report measure of peer victimization were successfully tested, with some exceptions. Then, structural equation models showed that adolescent-reports of peer victimization were associated with a latent construct of internalizing symptoms even after controlling for parent-reports of peer victimization. Discussion focuses on the importance of considering adolescent-reports of negative peer experience, such as peer victimization, rather than relying exclusively on parent reports.
Application of 3-D weight functions—I. Formulations of crack interactions with transformation strains and dislocations

Abstract I n this paper we formulate the three-dimensional elastic problem of a half plane crack interacting with zones of transformation strain and dislocations. The stress intensity factors induced at the crack tip are discussed. The analysis is based on R ice 's (Int. J. Solids Struct.21, 781, 1985b) development, using three-dimensional “weight function” theory, of elastic crack tip interactions with internal stress sources and on B ueckner's (Int. J. Solids Struct.23, 57, 1987) solution for the complete set of weight functions for a half plane crack. The formulae for the shear mode weight functions by Bueckner are simplified significantly. Explicit formulae are given for the intensity factors induced by arbitrarily distributed 3-D transformation strains, which reduce to the solutions known in the literature for 2-D transformation strains. Results are also specified to calculate the intensity factor distribution due to rectangular and semicircular crack-tip dislocation loops, and compared to those previously estimated by A nderson and R ice (J. Mech. Phys. Solids35, 743, 1987). The three-dimensional results are novel and in part II of this series (G ao and R ice , J. Mech. Phys. Solids37, 155, 1989) we use the formulations presented here to calculate the self energy of a 3-D shear dislocation loop emerging from the crack tip.
The Graduate Record Examination and Success in an Engineering Management Program: A Case Study

Abstract:The authors consider the empirical validity of the graduate record examination (GRE) as a predictor of various measures of performance in a graduate engineering management program. The performance criteria include first-quarter graduate school grades, first-year graduate school grades, cumulative graduate school grades, and faculty committees' ratings of students' theses. Tests indicated that the GRE verbal and quantitative test scores were useful in predicting first-year and cumulative grade point averages (GPAs). The implications of these findings are discussed to include the idea of a theory-based test and measures of graduate student performance.
Effects of Balance Training on Stability and Neuromuscular Drive in Older Women

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an 8-week proprioceptive balance training program on dynamic stability, neuromuscular drive, clinical performance measures, and physical activity in older women. Thirteen females (76.2 ±1.2 yrs) completed an 8-week balance training program (3 X/week). Measurements were performed at 0, 4, and 8 weeks. In general the balance training program resulted in significant improvement in the computerized balance and stability measurements tested. Normalized IEMG values increased (p < 0.05) at the high level of stability with the gastrocnemius (0.515 ±0.019 to 0.613 ±0.029), lower leg muscles combined (0.458 ±0.043 to 0.597 ±0.027) and total leg IEMG (0.486 ±0.035 to 0.620 ±0.027). In addition, there were significant differences in normalized IEMG values at the low level of stability in the total leg IEMG. The results from the current investigation indicate that a specific dynamic balance training program is effective and efficient at improving dynamic...
Frequency of angiographically significant coronary arterial narrowing in mitral stenosis

Abstract Ninety-six consecutive patients older than 40 years with severe mitral stenosis were retrospectively analyzed to determine the relation of angina pectoris (AP) and coexistent coronary artery disease (CAD). Of the 96 patients, 27 (28%) had angiographically significant CAD, 10 (37%) with AP and 17 (63%) without AP. Of the 96 patients, 21 had AP, 10 (48%) with angiographically significant CAD and 11 (52%) without (CAD). Of 75 patients without AP, 17 (23%) had angiographically significant CAD AP had a specificity of 84% and a sensitivity of 37% in its ability to detect significant CAD. The pulmonary artery systolic, diastolic and mean pressures and the pulmonary vascular resistance did not differ between patients with and those without AP (p > 0.05). It is concluded that coexistent CAD is commonly found in patients older than age 40 with severe MS, and is usually clinically silent.
Compound dislocation of the ankle without fracture.

T IBIOTALAR dislocation without fracture is extremely rare. Wilson [I] and co-workers found reports of fourteen cases and added two of their own. A few other reports [2-G?] of one or two cases each have appeared since the paper of WiIson [I] and co-workers was published. CoItart [g] had no exampIes of tibiotaIar dislocation in his Iarge series of taIar injuries. TibiotaIar disIocation may be (I) upward, with the taIus forced between the tibia and the fibuIa; (2) posterior, with the taIus Iying behind the tibia; or (3) media1 or IateraI with regard to the ankle joint. In the series reviewed by Wilson and co-workers [I], incIuding their two cases, eight of the dislocations were compound. We have personaIIy treated two patients with compound disIocations of the ankIe without fracture and have reviewed the records of two additiona patients treated at the Mayo CIinic. We recentIy examined one of the Iatter two, and the other was examined seven years following treatment, eIsewhere.
Influence of Inhaled Carbon Particulates on Pulmonary Surface Area

SummaryPulmonary surface area was significantly reduced in rats chronically exposed to low levels of carbon particulates (545 μg/m3, μ 193 SD) for 9 months. The decrease in surface area was much more pronounced at lower lung volumes. The suggestion is made that the reduction in lung surface area is related to terminal airway obstruction.Thanks are extended to Mary Lou Eskew, Ronald Perrone and Anthony Wisbith for their technical assistance (CAES Publ. No. 217–72.)
Lipopolysaccharide-Squamous Cell Carcinoma-Monocyte Interactions Induce Cancer-Supporting Factors Leading to Rapid STAT3 Activation

Oral and oro-pharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) exhibit surface breach, and recent studies have demonstrated bacterial contamination of primary and metastatic OSCC. Increasing concentrations of inflammatory products, such as interleukin (IL)-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), correlate with, and contribute to, cancer progression, but their regulation in OSCC is poorly understood. We hypothesized that monocyte-lineage cells and bacterial contamination may contribute important inflammatory products that can support OSCC progression. We found that relative to non-specific chronic mucositis, oral carcinoma-in-situ/superficially-invasive OSCC contained more monocyte-lineage cells. In vitro, we used lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to model bacterial contamination, and evaluated the effects of oral and oropharyngeal (O)SCC-monocyte interactions and of LPS on OSCC cells and on the production of IL-6 and VEGF. OSCC cell lines varied in constitutive cytokine and chemokine production, and OSCC-monocyte interactions in the absence of LPS stimulated IL-6 and VEGF occasionally, while LPS-OSCC-monocyte interactions were always strongly stimulatory. Importantly, LPS independently stimulated some OSCC lines to secrete monocyte-dendritic cell chemoattractants CCL2 and/or CCL20, as well as IL-6 and/or VEGF. While very little constitutive Y705-STAT3 phosphorylation (pY705-STAT3) was detectable in HNSCC lines, IL-6 rapidly induced pY705-STAT3 in OSCC lines that produced little IL-6 constitutively. Supernatants from LPS-OSCC-monocyte co-cultures always rapidly and strongly activated STAT3, which was partly due to IL-6. We conclude that monocytes and microbial contamination have the potential to contribute to OSCC progression, as STAT3 activation in OSCC cells depends on soluble factors, which are consistently available through LPS-OSCC-monocyte interactions.
Resisting Colonialism in the Uzbek Historical Novel Kecha va Kunduz (Night and Day), 1936

In this essay on the Uzbek author and poet Abdulhamid Sulayman Cholpon (1897–1938), his novel Kecha va Kunduz (Night and Day) is examined as a bold critique of both Russian and Soviet colonialism in early twentieth century Central Asia. Despite increasing censorship and previous arrests by Soviet authorities, Cholpon subtly employs a variety of techniques including satire and farce to undermine the legitimacy of the Soviet government that was being established around him. Bitterly portraying the hypocrisy and collusion of jadid reformists, Muslim clerics and local Russian officials, this unfinished novel, which was halted by the author’s execution in 1938, remains as one of the darkest comments on Soviet Central Asian history in the Uzbek language.
Deciphering Primordial Cyanobacterial Genome Functions from Protein Network Analysis

Summary The Great Oxidation Event (GOE) ∼2.4 billion years ago resulted from the accumulation of oxygen by the ancestors of cyanobacteria [1–3]. Cyanobacteria continue to play a significant role in primary production [4] and in regulating the global marine and limnic nitrogen cycles [5, 6]. Relatively little is known, however, about the evolutionary history and gene content of primordial cyanobacteria [7, 8]. To address these issues, we used protein similarity networks [9], containing proteomes from 48 cyanobacteria as the test group, and reference proteomes from 84 microbes representing four distinct metabolic groups from most reducing to most oxidizing: methanogens, obligate anaerobes (nonmethanogenic), facultative aerobes, and obligate aerobes. These four metabolic groups represent extant bioinformatic proxies for ancient redox chemistries, extending from an anoxic origin through the GOE and ultimately to obligate aerobes [10–13]. Analysis of the network metric degree showed a strong relationship between cyanobacteria and obligate anaerobes, from which cyanobacteria presumably arose, for core functions that include translation, photosynthesis, energy conservation, and environmental interactions. These data were used to reconstruct primordial functions in cyanobacteria that included nine gene families involved in photosynthesis, hydrogenases, and proteins involved in defense from environmental stress. The presence of 60% of these genes in both reaction center I (RC-I) and RC-II-type bacteria may be explained by selective loss of either RC in the evolutionary history of some photosynthetic lineages. Finally, the network reveals that cyanobacteria occupy a unique position among prokaryotes as a hub between anaerobes and obligate aerobes.
The recollective experience of cross-modality confusion errors.

There are at least two qualitatively different types of subjective experience that can accompany accurate recognition memory. Sometimes recognition is accompanied by conscious recollection of the learning episode (i.e., it isremembered), and in other cases it is not (i.e., it is simplyknown that the item is old). In the present study, we assessed the subjective experience that accompanies crossmodality confusion errors (misidentifying words as pictures) by measuring the extent to which subjects claimed toremember versusknow that the item was presented as a picture. The results of two experiments demonstrate that cross-modality confusion errors are often accompanied by conscious recollection, although not to the same extent as accurate memories. The findings also show that there is considerable overlap in the recollective experience that accompanies accurate and erroneous memories. Finally, the results support the contention that recollective experience cannot be directly inferred from test performance.
Genetic diversity and breeding system in a group of neotropical epiphytic ferns (Pleopeltis; Polypodiaceae)

Epiphytes are ecologically important components of tropical forests worldwide and yet they have been underrepresented in studies of reproductive biology. Given the presumed ephemeral nature of their substrates, and the importance of dispersal and colonization, epiphytes might be expected to undergo substantial inbreeding to ensure reproductive success, as in weedy terrestrial plants. While there is some evidence for inbreeding in epiphytic angiosperms, the only previous studies of fern epiphytes indicate that they are predominantly outcrossing. The present study reports on the genetic diversity and breeding system of six members of the Neotropical epiphytic fern genus Pleopeltis (Polypodiaceae). A survey of isozyme variability using starch gel electrophoresis revealed high population levels of polymorphism (P = 0.62), allelic diversity (A = 2.3), and individual heterozygosity (Ho = 0.181), but little differentiation among conspecific populations (I ³ 0.98; Gst = 0.048), and high interpopulational gene flow rates (Nm > 1). In addition, there was no indication of homozygote excess within populations that might indicate a history of selfing in these ferns: populations generally conformed to Hardy-Weinberg expected genotype frequencies, and both Wright's inbreeding coefficient (Fis) and Holsinger's intragametophytic selfing rates approached zero. Possible mechanisms limiting inbreeding in these ferns include antheridiogen activity and high levels of genetic load that would lead to inbreeding depression upon selfing.
A TALE OF TWO CONTROVERSIES: COMMENT

. The educational controversies that Martin Eger discusses regarding moral education and the teaching of “creationism” arise from taking a single aspect of moral education and making it the whole, and from taking a single aspect of scientific work and assuming that it is the whole. The distinction between teaching science as application and teaching it as education is crucial in confronting these problems.
Intravenacaval Membrane Oxygenation and Carbon Dioxide Removal in Severe Acute Respiratory Failure

Study objective To characterize the physiologic response to, and safety of, intravenacaval membrane oxygenation and carbon dioxide removal. Design Interventional before-after study. Setting University teaching hospital ICU. Patients Twenty-two patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Interventions Implantation of a hollow-fiber membrane oxygenator (IVOX; CardioPulmonics; Salt Lake City, Utah) into the superior and inferior venae cavae by venotomy of the right femoral or right internal jugular vein for a duration of up to 20 days. Measurements Hemodynamic measurements using pulmonary artery and systemic artery catheters, ventilator settings (FIo 2 , minute ventilation, peak inspiratory pressure, and positive end-expiratory pressure), arterial and mixed venous blood gases (pH, Pco 2 , Po 2 , and measured saturation), and clinical laboratory determinations (CBC, fibrinogen, plasma hemoglobin, complement C3 and C5) were obtained. Calculations of PaO 2 /FIo 2 ratio and PaCo 2 -V E product were used to assess gas exchange efficacy. Microbiologic cultures were obtained from the device and wound following explantation. Survival to ICU discharge and hospital discharge were recorded. Results Implantation was successful in 20 of 22 patients. Gas exchange rates averaged 50.4 ± 15.8 mL-min −1 for carbon dioxide and 71.1 ± 20.2 mL-min −1 for oxygen. A reduction in FIo 2 from 0.78 ± 0.16 to 0.63 ± 0.21 and in V E from 177 ± 94 mL·kg −1 ·min −1 to 127 ± 58 mL·kg −1 ·min −1 was possible within 4 h postimplantation. By 12 h, FIo 2 was reduced to 0.57 ± 0.18. Indices of gas exchange improved significantly after implantation, with PaO 2 /FIo 2 ratio increasing from 79 ± 20 to 112 ± 47 and PaCO 2 -V E product decreasing from 7.6 ± 4.2 to 4.9 ± 2.5 within 4 h. A significant reduction in peak inspiratory pressure was achieved (45 ± 10 to 38 ± 9 cm H 2 O). Major complications were blood loss during implantation requiring transfusion in 11 patients, a retroperitoneal bleed in 1 patient, and femoral deep venous thrombosis in 4 patients, but there were no long-term sequelae or IVOX-related deaths. The ICU and hospital survival were 10/20 (50%) and 8/20 (40%), respectively. Conclusions Intravenacaval membrane oxygen and carbon dioxide removal can provide partial respiratory support during severe respiratory failure and permit reductions in the level of mechanical ventilator support, with an acceptable safety profile.
The role of local soil-induced amplification in the 27 July 1980 northeastern Kentucky earthquake

Amplification of earthquake ground motions by near-surface soil deposits was believed to have occurred in Maysville, Kentucky, U.S.A. during the northeast Kentucky (Sharpsburg) earthquake (mb,Lg 5.3) of July 27, 1980. The city of Maysville, founded on approximately 30 m of Late Quaternary Ohio River flood plain alluvium, was 52 km from the epicenter, but experienced equivalent or higher Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) VII, compared with the epicentral area of the earthquake (i.e., MMI VI-VII). In this study, dynamic soil properties were obtained at 10 sites in Maysville using seismic P-wave and S-wave (SH-mode) refraction and reflection methods. Synthetically generated composite time histories and limited geotechnical information, along with the measured dynamic properties, were used to perform one-dimensional linear-equivalent amplification analyses. The results indicated the soils generated ground-motion amplification factors between 3.0 and 6.0 and at a frequency range between 2.0 and 5.0 Hz (0.2 to 0.5 s). The building damage in Maysville from the Sharpsburg earthquake was predominantly found in one- to three-story masonry structures. The estimated fundamental period for one- to three-story masonry buildings is approximately 0.11 to 0.26 s (3.8 to 9 Hz). These correlations suggest the elevated ground motion intensity in Maysville can be accounted for by near-surface soil-amplification effects and resonance of the ground motion by the buildings (i.e., double resonance).
The community ecology of Asian rain forests, in relation to catastrophic events

Although natural catastrophic disturbance of tropical forests in Asia can be caused by volcanism and earthquakes climate-induced catastrophes are most widespread. These are prevalent and most diverse at high tropical latitudes because of the single annual dry and wet monsoon. Comparative studies indicate that periodicity of catastrophes may influence forest physiognomy, structure and species richness but long-term research in sample plots suggests that a variety of other factors are locally influential. The importance of accounting for natural catastrophes in silvicultural protocols is stressed, and research priorities identified.
Hemispheric Asymmetry of Reaction Time in a Dichotic Discrimination Task

Summary An experiment was reported in which the manual reaction times (RT) to a verbal target stimulus, embedded in a series of dichotically presented digits, was measured in 40 dextral Ss. The major finding was an asymmetry of RTs: RT to target stimuli occurring in the right ear was 132 msecs. faster than in the left ear. The magnitude of the asymmetry was almost 2.5 times faster for this complex discrimination task than that found previously in studies involving simple stimulus detection, suggesting that differential processing time is an important function of task complexity and mediational demands.
Valley consumptive use

Duty of Water as a term to define use of water, is as old as irrigation in the United States and has been carried into many of our water-laws. Confusion in its use is commonplace. Implying efficiency, the term was used in law to define limitations in diversions or deliveries specified in acres per second-foot of water or acre-feet per acre annually. The amounts specified were intended to be the amounts actually required, with good husbandry. Almost from the start of irrigation, observers called attention to the appearance of returnflow. The same type of flow in the non-irrigated regions i s generally termed “base-flow.” Both represent return to the stream of unused ground-waters.
1340 TRANSCUTANEOUS OXYGEN MONITORING, HYPOXIC RANGE AND CORRELATION WITH PROSTAGLANDIN E 1

1340 TRANSCUTANEOUS OXYGEN MONITORING, HYPOXIC RANGE AND CORRELATION WITH PROSTAGLANDIN E 1
Storage hierarchy optimization procedure

The goal of storage hierarchies is to combine several storage technologies in such a way as to approach the performance of the fastest component technology and the cost of the least expensive one. This paper presents optimization techniques for a storage hierarchy subject to quantity-sensitive component costs. It is assumed that a finite (and probably small) set of technologies is available. Each technology is characterized by an accesst ime and two cost parameters. We assume that statistical summaries of address sequences are available. We present solutions to four problems of increasing complexity: 1) minimization of access time for a fixed cost and preassigned page sizes; 2) optimization of ageneralized price-performance function under preassigned page sizes; 3) minimization of access time for a fixed cost when page sizes are allowed to vary; 4) optimization of a generalized price-performance function when page sizes are allowed to vary.
Reconstitution of neutral amino acid transport from partially purified membrane components from ehrlich ascites tumor cells

Solubilized protein fractions have been obtained from plasma membranes of Ehrlich ascites cells either by extraction with 0.5% Triton X-100 or by extraction with 2% cholate. Partial purification of the solubilized protein fraction has been obtained by utilizing a combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation and column chromatography. Leucine-binding activity has been detected in the Triton X-100 solubilized membrane fraction. The leucine-binding activity was measured by equilibrium dialysis and was saturable with high levels of leucine or phenylalanine and is not strongly effected by alanine. These properties are similar to those previously identified as System L. In addition, the cholate extracted protein fraction was partially purified and reconstituted into liposomes. Sodium dependent uptake of alanine and leucine could be demonstrated in the reconstituted vesicles. Concentrative uptake was dependent upon a sodium gradient. A membrane potential produced by valinomycin mediated potassium diffusion in the presence of sodium also stimulated amino acid transport in reconstituted liposomes.
Microstructure of Rugosan Skeleton (Coelenterata): ABSTRACT

Scanning electron and petrographic studies of Thamnophyllum, Pachyphyllum, Tabulophyllum, and Charactophyllum indicate that the Rugosa have much in common with the Scleractinia in terms of formation and structure of their exoskeleton. Possibly all rugosan septa are trabecular in construction, as lamellar structures are secondary, and fibro-normal structures are at least partly the result of modification of trabecular septa by diagenetic processes. There is no difficulty in applying the scleractinian model of biocrystallization to the rugosans. The question of original skeletal mineralogy remains unanswered, with some evidence of occurrence and microarchitecture suggesting that it was calcitic. However, recent study of aragonite inversion or recrystallization to calcite in scleractinians shows that structures produced by these processes are close to those noted in the Rugosa. End_of_Article - Last_Page 871------------
Climatic and genetic controls of yields of switchgrass, a model bioenergy species

The U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard calls for 136 billion liters of renewable fuels production by 2022. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) has emerged as a leading candidate to be developed as a bioenergy feedstock. To reach biofuel production goals in a sustainable manner, more information is needed to characterize potential production rates of switchgrass. We used switchgrass yield data and general additive models (GAMs) to model lowland and upland switchgrass yield as nonlinear functions of climate and environmental variables. We used the GAMs and a 39-year climate dataset to assess the spatio-temporal variability in switchgrass yield due to climate variables alone. Variables associated with fertilizer application, genetics, precipitation, and management practices were the most important for explaining variability in switchgrass yield. The relationship of switchgrass yield with climate variables was different for upland than lowland cultivars. The spatio-temporal analysis showed that considerable variability in switchgrass yields can occur due to climate variables alone. The highest switchgrass yields with the lowest variability occurred primarily in the Corn Belt region, suggesting that prime cropland regions are the best suited for a constant and high switchgrass biomass yield. Given that much lignocellulosic feedstock production will likely occur in regions with less suitable climates for agriculture, interannual variability in yields should be expected and incorporated into operational planning.
A retrospective evaluation of the storm surge produced by hurricane gustav (2008): Forecast and hindcast results

Abstract The evolution and convergence of modeled storm surge were examined using a high-resolution implementation of the Advanced Circulation Coastal Ocean and Storm Surge (ADCIRC) model for Hurricane Gustav (2008). The storm surge forecasts were forced using an asymmetric gradient wind model (AWM), directly coupled to ADCIRC at every time step and at every grid node. A total of 20 forecast advisories and best-track data from the National Hurricane Center (NHC) were used as input parameters into the wind model. Differences in maximum surge elevations were evaluated for ensembles comprised of the final 20, 15, 10, and 5 forecast advisories plus the best track. For this particular storm, the final 10–12 forecast advisories, encompassing the last 2.5–3 days of the storm’s lifetime, give a reasonable estimate of the final storm surge and inundation. The results provide a detailed perspective of the variability in the storm surge due to variability in the meteorological forecast and how this changes as the st...
Multistage Modeling of Leukemia in Benzene Workers: A Simple Approach to Fitting the 2-Stage Clonal Expansion Model

A simple SAS software program (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina) was developed for fitting an exact formulation of the 2-stage clonal expansion model accommodating piecewise constant exposures and left and right censoring of observations. Data on leukemia mortality and occupational exposure to benzene among rubber hydrochloride production workers in Ohio (1940-1996) were analyzed by using this approach. A model in which benzene exposure increased clonal expansion fit these data well; little evidence of an association between benzene exposure and initiation of leukemia was found. The estimated exposure-response association increased in magnitude with age at exposure and decreased with time since exposure. This analysis shows that the 2-stage clonal expansion model can be readily fit to epidemiologic cohort data by using a simple SAS program. The illustrative analyses of leukemia mortality among rubber hydrochloride workers suggest that the effect of benzene on leukemia risk is due to an exposure-induced increase in the proliferation of initiated cells.
Age of Peers and Early Childhood Development

We examined the developmental trajectories of 59 children between 21 and 67 months of age randomly assigned to sameage or mixed-age child care groups. Children were assessed at 6-month intervals with the Battelle Developmental Inventory. Using a hierarchical linear model for analysis, we computed individual and group growth curves for overall development and development within 5 domains: communication, cognitive, motor, adaptive, and personal-social. Group assignment affected the developmental trajectories for communication, cognitive, motor, and overall development, with mixed-age children showing a quadratic trajectory and same-age children a linear trajectory. For adaptive and personal-social development, however, the trajectories were similar. Across all domains, the mixed-age children tended to score higher than the same-age children at the younger ages, but these average differences decreased over time and had disappeared by age 5 years.
Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella in Europe and the United States

Nontyphoid salmonellosis has been said to be a zoonosis; hence, antibiotic resistance in the salmonella serotypes is thought to be derived directly from resistance in the animal reservoir. This thesis seems incorrect for the following reasons: (1) Typhoid and paratyphoidal salmonellae are clearly exceptions to the rule since they are restricted to human hosts. (2) Salmonella isolates involved in food-borne outbreaks disease have not been notable in terms of their antibiotic resistance. (3) In contrast, outbreaks of nosocomial disease, transmitted from person to person and persisting for long periods, have produced and disseminated multiple resistant salmonellae, such as Salmonella wien (another serotype without an animal reservoir) in western Europe. (4) In western Europe and the United States, there are often large differences between the resistance of isolates from animals and that of isolates from humans. (5) In most reported outbreaks of disease caused by antibiotic-resistant Salmonella in humans or animals, the administration of therapeutic concentrations of antibiotics has been implicated. (6) The role of low-concentration, growth-promoting antibiotic feed supplements has been much discussed but never has been delineated or proven. In fact, these supplements probably are totally irrelevant to the development of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella. With regard to Salmonella, there is an exception to every rule; in this case the exception is Salmonella dublin, which in western Europe is a highly antibiotic-resistant serotype in cattle and appears in humans with a similar--and unusual--pattern of resistance.
The Effect of 5α-Reductase Inhibition with Dutasteride and Finasteride on Semen Parameters and Serum Hormones in Healthy Men

Context: Dutasteride and finasteride are 5-reductase inhibitors (5ARIs) that dramatically reduce serum levels of dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Objective: Because androgens are essential for fertility, we sought to determine the impact of 5ARI administration on serum testosterone (T), DHT, and spermatogenesis. Design, Setting, Subjects, and Intervention: We conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial in 99 healthy men randomly assigned to receive dutasteride (D; 0.5 mg) (n 33), finasteride (F; 5 mg) (n 34), or placebo (n 32) once daily for 1 yr. Main Outcome Measures: Blood and semen samples were collected at baseline and 26 and 52 wk of treatment and 24 wk after treatment and were assessed for T, DHT, and semen parameters. Results: D and F significantly (P 0.001) suppressed serum DHT, compared with placebo (D, 94%; F, 73%) and transiently increased serum T. In both treatment groups, total sperm count, compared with baseline,wassignificantlydecreasedat26wk(D,28.6%;F,34.3%) but not at 52 wk (D, 24.9%; F, 16.2%) or the 24-wk follow-up (D, 23.3%; F, 6.2%). At 52 wk, semen volume was decreased (D, 29.7%; F, 14.5%, significantly for D) as was sperm concentration (D, 13.2%; F, 7.4%, neither significant). There was a significant reduction of 6 to 12% in sperm motility during treatment with both D and F and at follow-up. Neither treatment had any effect on sperm morphology. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the decrease in DHT induced by 5ARIs is associated with mild decreases in semen parameters that appear reversible after discontinuation. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92: 1659–1665, 2007)
Freshwater Mussel Population Status and Habitat Quality in the Clinch River, Virginia and Tennessee, USA: A Featured Collection

The Clinch River of southwestern Virginia and northeastern Tennessee is arguably the most important river for freshwater mussel conservation in the United States. This featured collection presents investigations of mussel population status and habitat quality in the Clinch River. Analyses of historic water- and sediment-quality data suggest that water column ammonia and water column and sediment metals, including Cu and Zn, may have contributed historically to declining densities and extirpations of mussels in the river's Virginia sections. These studies also reveal increasing temporal trends for dissolved solids concentrations throughout much of the river's extent. Current mussel abundance patterns do not correspond spatially with physical habitat quality, but they do correspond with specific conductance, dissolved major ions, and water column metals, suggesting these and/or associated constituents as factors contributing to mussel declines. Mussels are sensitive to metals. Native mussels and hatchery-raised mussels held in cages in situ accumulated metals in their body tissues in river sections where mussels are declining. Organic compound and bed-sediment contaminant analyses did not reveal spatial correspondences with mussel status metrics, although potentially toxic levels were found. Collectively, these studies identify major ions and metals as water- and sediment-quality concerns for mussel conservation in the Clinch River.
Studies on the monoxenic cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica with hemoflagellates.

Phillips (1950, 1951) was the first to cultivate Entamoeba histolytica serially in association with Trypanosoma cruzi. By elimination of the bacterial component, this monoxenic culture system has been a valuable tool in investigation of the relationship between bacteria and amoeba in vitro and in vivo (Bradner, 1953; Luttermoser and Phillips, 1952; Phillips and Bartgis, 1954; Phillips et al, 1955; Phillips et al, 1958; Rees et al, 1953), but has not been explored extensively since the work of Phillips (loc. cit.). Furthermore, of the hemoflagellates, only T. cruzi has been known to support the growth of the amoeba through serial transfers. Phillips' culture technique involved: (a) the NIH diphasic medium for culturing stocks of the hemoflagellate; (b) strict anaerobiosis for the growth of the amoebas in the presence of the hemoflagellate; and (c) incubation of amoeba-hemoflagellate cultures at 37 C.
Substance Use and Sexual Behavior among Recent Hispanic Immigrant Adolescents: Effects of Parent-Adolescent Differential Acculturation and Communication

Abstract Objectives To ascertain the effects of parent–adolescent acculturation gaps, perceived discrimination, and perceived negative context of reception on adolescent cigarette smoking, alcohol use, sexual activity, and sexual risk taking. We used an expanded, multidimensional model of acculturation. Method A sample of 302 recently immigrated parent–adolescent dyads (152 from Miami and 150 from Los Angeles) completed measures of acculturation (Hispanic and American practices and identifications, and individualist and collectivist values) and parent–adolescent communication. Adolescents completed measures of recent cigarette smoking, alcohol use, sexual behavior, and sexual risk taking. Results Parent–adolescent gaps in American practices and ethnic identity, and perceptions of a negative context of reception, predicted compromised parent–adolescent communication. In Miami only, adolescent-reported communication negatively predicted odds of cigarette smoking, occasions of drunkenness, and number of sexual partners. Also in Miami only, parent-reported communication positively predicted these outcomes, as well as occasions of adolescent binge drinking, drunkenness, number of sexual partners, and odds of unprotected sex. The only significant findings in Los Angeles were protective effects of parent-reported communication on frequency of alcohol use and of binge drinking. Mediational effects emerged only in the Miami sample. Conclusions Effects of parent–adolescent acculturation gaps vary across Hispanic groups and receiving contexts. The especially strong parental control in many Mexican families may account for these differences. However, other important differences between Hispanic subgroups and communities of reception could also account for these differences. Prevention efforts might encourage Hispanic youth both to retain their culture of origin and to acquire American culture.
Genetic Transformation of Bacteroides spp. Using Electroporation

The greatest progress in development of methods for genetic manipulation of obligate anaerobic bacteria has been with the Bacteroides and Clostridium, which have become the model systems for gram-negative and gram-positive anaerobes, respectively. Advancement in the design of genetic systems for use with Bacteroides has followed a predictable pathway. These are predominant members of the gastrointestinal tract microflora of mammals, but many species also can be significant opportunistic pathogens. As pathogens, the Bacteroides are difficult to treat because of inherent resistance to many commonly used antibiotics and because of acquired resistance to some of the currently effective drugs. Thus, much of the work on Bacteroides genetics focused on analysis of transmissible antibiotic resistance determinants, and these resistance elements have in turn provided many of the plasmids and selective markers used in the development of Bacteroides genetics (1-3). It is important to note that the Bacteroides antibiotic resistance elements are in fact required components of genetic tools used in these organisms, because few if any genes or plasmids from other bacterial species function in the Bacteroides (4).
MARS: adaptive remote execution for multi-threaded mobile devices

Mobile devices face a growing demand to support computationally intensive applications like 3D graphics and computer vision. However, these devices are inherently limited by processor power density and device battery life. Dynamic remote execution addresses this problem, by enabling mobile devices to opportunistically offload computations to a remote server. We envision remote execution as a new type of cloud-based heterogeneous computing resource, or a "Cloud-on-Chip", which would be managed as a system resource as if it were a local CPU, with a highly variable wireless interconnect. To realize this vision, we introduce MARS, the first adaptive, online and lightweight RPC-based remote execution scheduler supporting multi-threaded and multi-core systems. MARS uses a novel efficient offloading decision algorithm that takes into account the inherent trade-offs between communication and computation delays and power consumption. Due to its lightweight design, MARS runs on the device itself, instantly adapts its decisions to changing wireless resources, and supports any number of threads and cores. We evaluated MARS using a trace-based simulator driven by real world measurements on augmented reality, face recognition and video game applications. MARS achieves an average speedup of 57% and 33% higher energy savings over the best static client-server partitions.
The significance of cognitive modeling in building healthcare interfaces.

Summary Background: Although there are many reasons that widespread adoption of healthcare information systems has not transpired, one reason is a failure to take into account the cognitive needs of the users. Aim: To understand the cognitive needs of nurses and physicians and determine how these needs should influence the design of healthcare interfaces. Design of study: A qualitative and quantitative study that compares how nurses and physicians comprehend patient information. Setting: Twenty-four registered nurses and twenty-four physicians working in the specialties of gastrointestinal or internal medicine. Methods: Each clinician reviewed two mock electronic medical records and summarized the cases using a think-aloud protocol. All verbalizations were coded for medical and conceptual information. Results: The nurses included a larger mean proportion (p < 0.001) of recalls than did the physicians. As compared to the nurses, the physicians included a statistically significant (p < 0.001) larger mean proportion of inferences, conditional statements, and interventions. The nurses concentrated on functional problems, whereas the physicians focused on diagnosis, treatment, and management. Conclusion: The main cognitive differences between the physicians and the nurses are explained through the differences in their practice models. Therefore, healthcare IT must develop separate interfaces for each discipline to address their unique needs.
Evolution of coauthorship in public health services and systems research.

Context Public health services and systems research (PHSSR) focuses on the structure, organization, and legal basis of domestic public health activities and their effect on population health. An accurate description of the field is needed to empower funding agencies and other stakeholders to coordinate PHSSR activities and to foster the development of the field. The purpose of the study is to characterize the emerging community of researchers engaged in PHSSR. This study (1) describes dynamics of this growing community and (2) identifies research themes, subgroups within the field, and collaboration among groups. Evidence acquisition Coauthorship network visualization of selected research publications in the MEDLINE bibliographic database between 1988 and May 2010. Evidence synthesis PHSSR has emerged gradually with noticeable growth after 1994 and after 2004. The network of PHSSR research has a core–periphery structure. The core includes highly collaborative researchers focusing on topics pertaining directly to PHSSR, such as workforce, quality improvement and performance, law, and information infrastructure. The periphery consists of groups publishing either on general health services research topics or on epidemiologic and clinical topics. Conclusions Although a nucleus group of productive and engaged individuals participate in PHSSR, most also publish broadly on health services research and population health. This trend suggests that this emerging field cannot yet support a singular focus on PHSSR. Lack of funding sources and defined career paths likely contribute to this pattern. An overview of collaboration in PHSSR is an important step in advancing a coordinated research agenda and attracting sustainable funding streams for this field.
Network support simulation and sensitivities analysis for the Saturn-Apollo missions

Real time network support simulation allowing network configuration for nominal or perturbed trajectory for Saturn vehicles, applicable to any flight azimuth
Modeling and Alleviating Instability in a MEMS Vertical Comb Drive Using a Progressive Linkage

Micro mirrors have emerged as key components for optical microelectromechanical system (MEMS) applications. Electrostatic vertical comb drives are attractive because they can be fabricated underneath the mirror, allowing for arrays with a high fill factor. Also, vertical comb drives are more easily controlled than parallel plate actuators, making them the better choice for analog scanning devices. The device presented in this paper is a one-degree of freedom vertical comb drive fabricated using Sandia National Laboratories SUMMiT™ five-level surface micromachining process. The electrostatic performance of the device is investigated using finite element analysis to determine the capacitance for a unit cell of the comb drive as the position of the device is varied. This information is then used to design a progressive linkage that will seek to alleviate or eliminate the effects of instability. The goal of this research is to develop an electrostatic model for the behavior of the vertical comb drive mirror and then use this to design a progressive-linkage that can delay or eliminate the pull-in instability.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Dependently typed programming with singletons

Haskell programmers have been experimenting with dependent types for at least a decade, using clever encodings that push the limits of the Haskell type system. However, the cleverness of these encodings is also their main drawback. Although the ideas are inspired by dependently typed programs, the code looks significantly different. As a result, GHC implementors have responded with extensions to Haskell's type system, such as GADTs, type families, and datatype promotion. However, there remains a significant difference between programming in Haskell and in full-spectrum dependently typed languages. Haskell enforces a phase separation between runtime values and compile-time types. Therefore, singleton types are necessary to express the dependency between values and types. These singleton types introduce overhead and redundancy for the programmer.This paper presents the singletons library, which generates the boilerplate code necessary for dependently typed programming using GHC. To compare with full-spectrum languages, we present an extended example based on an Agda interface for safe database access. The paper concludes with a detailed discussion on the current capabilities of GHC for dependently typed programming and suggestions for future extensions to better support this style of programming.
A novel type of transposon generated by insertion element Is102 present in a psc101 derivative

Abstract We describe a novel type of transposon in the tetracycline resistance plasmid pYM103, a derivative of pSC101 carrying a single copy of an insertion element IS102. The new transposons we found were identified as DNA segments, approximately 6 kb (Tn1021) and 10 kb (Tn1022) in length, able to mediate the cointegration of pYM1O3 with plasmid Col E1. The resulting cointegrate contains either of these pYM1O3 segments duplicated in a direct orientation at the junctions of the parent plasmids. A direct duplication of a 9 bp sequence at the target site in Col E1 is found at the junctions for cointegration. Both transposons have IS1O2 at one end and also contain different lengths of the pYM103 DNA adjacent to IS102, including the tetracycline resistance gene. Each transposon contains terminal inverted repeats of a short nucleotide sequence. These results and the fact that IS102 can itself mediate plasmid cointegration, giving rise to a duplication of a 9 bp target sequence, indicate that IS102 is responsible for generation of Tn1021 and Tn1022. They are quite different from the common IS-associated transposons, which are always flanked by two copies of an IS element, and may be similar to transposons such as those of the Tn3 family and phage Mu.
A high power 2-18 GHz T/R switch

A high-power 2-18-GHz T/R (transmit/receive) switch monolithic microwave IC (MMIC) has been developed for use in broadband T/R modules. This switch has a power handling of better than 35 dBm (3.2 W), 8-dB higher than any previously reported broadband switch. A combination of techniques was used to yield higher power handling while preserving low loss and high isolation. These circuit techniques include an asymmetrical design of the transmit and receive arms, the use of dual-gate FETs for handling large voltages, and the use of large FET peripheries for handling large currents. The use of dual-gate FETs in place of a stack of individual FETs reduces the device area, with a resulting reduction in parasitic series inductance through the FET and in shunt capacitance from the FET to ground. Power handling is somewhat lower for the dual-gate FET than for conventional stacked FETs, since RF voltage cannot be distributed as uniformly across the gates. Offstate capacitance is higher for a dual-gate FET than for a stacked FET, since the close proximity of the elements leads to additional parasitic capacitances. >