cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The shadow clinic: Emails, "curbsides," and "quick peeks" in pediatric dermatology.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Curbside consultations are common in pediatric dermatology. There are both associated risks and benefits. Email, text messaging, and cell phone cameras have greatly facilitated this practice. We sought to characterize the nature of this practice among pediatric dermatologists and highlight concerns. METHODS A 21-question anonymous survey was sent to the 486 active members of the Society for Pediatric Dermatology. RESULTS There were 156 responses (32%). Over 45% of respondents received at least six consults per week. About half (49%) spent 6 minutes or more per case. Almost none of these consultations (3%) were compensated or captured in work relative value units. Most (87%) did not document or have a practice or institutional policy in place to address these consultations. A similar majority (80%) were uncertain if their existing liability insurance covered these activities. Over three-quarters (76%) of respondents did not think or were unsure that Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act concerns were appropriately addressed. CONCLUSIONS Curbside consultations in pediatric dermatology are common. They increase access, promote collegiality, and can be used for educational gain. They are also generally not compensated, consume considerable time, risk liability exposure for providers, and potentially compromise patient confidentiality. Effort should be made to standardize this practice so that the benefits are not outweighed by risks.
Montenegro’s Monetary – Exchange and Foreign Trade Reforms – A Brief Review

On November 2, 1999, Montenegro began a major currency reform leading to the introduction of the German mark as the legal tender. This and the subsequent liberalization of Montenegro's monetary – exchange and trade regimes led to the introduction of the euro in 2002. But there is very limited, reliable published information on these currency reforms. This paper attempts to fill this gap by providing a brief overview of the context, motivation and implementation of these reforms as of early 2002.
10. GRIEF DEBRIEFS: PROVIDING DEBRIEFS FOR RESIDENTS AFTER PEDIATRIC PATIENT DEATHS

Background The inability to process grief in response to the death of a patient contributes to burnout in medicine. Pediatric residents are directly involved in caring for children with life-limiting disease. A 2017 survey of pediatric residents at the University of Minnesota revealed shared reactions to patient death including work avoidance, decreased productivity, questioned decision-making, loss of confidence, depression, and anxiety. Formal debriefs for our residents were infrequent. Methods A secure email account was used to notify residents of a patient death. Chief residents aimed to facilitate an optional debrief for all trainees within 72 hours. During the debriefs, an additional chief resident held all pagers to ensure protected time with limited distractions. We followed a published bereavement debriefing template. When possible, a chaplain or palliative care attending was present. Results To date, we have held 24 debriefs for 31 patients. Themes discussed included futility of care, personal guilt, helplessness or the sense of providing unfounded optimism, communication breakdown, medical ambiguity, self-care, and honoring the memory of our patients. When surveyed in December 2018, 47% of residents had attended a debrief, and 100% found them helpful or extremely helpful in processing patient deaths. Residents reported that the debriefs promoted “long term wellness”, “insight into emotions”, and “practical ways to process grief”. Time and location of debriefs were factors that both facilitated and prevented attendance. Conclusions We have held a debrief after the majority of inpatient pediatric deaths. Debriefs enable residents to process grief together and enhance community in our program. Since our residents train at four different hospitals, we will continue to identify times and locations that promote attendance. We will continue to gather data from residents on process improvement and effects on well-being in medicine in the hopes that interventions such as these can positively impact the culture of medicine.
Vulnerability and non-domination: a republican perspective on natural limits

A politics that affirms natural limits – either ecological limits or limits posed by the human constitution – is subject to certain criticisms. One of these suggests that a focus on natural limits ...
Within-person Increase in Pathological Worry Predicts Future Depletion of Unique Executive Functioning Domains

Background Affective neuroscience and scar theories propose that increased excessive worry, the hallmark symptom of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), predicts future declines in executive functioning (EF). However, the preponderance of cross-sectional designs used to examine between-person chronic worry-EF relationships has blocked progress on understanding their potentially causal within-person associations. Accordingly, this study used bivariate dual latent change score (LCS) models to test whether within-person increased GAD severity might relate to future reduced EF. Methods Community-dwelling adults (N = 2581, 46 years on average, s.d. = 11.40, 54.71% female) were assessed for GAD symptom severity (Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short Form) across three waves, spaced about 9 years apart. Three aspects of EF [inhibition, set-shifting, and mixing costs (MCs; a measure related to common EF)], were assessed with stop-and-go switch tasks. Participants responded to 20 normal and 20 reverse single-task block trials and 32 mixed-task switch block trials. EF tests were administered at time 2 (T2) and time 3 (T3), but not at time 1 (T1). Results After controlling for T1 depression, LCS models revealed that within-person increased T1 - T2 GAD severity substantially predicted future reduced T2 - T3 inhibition and set-shifting (both indexed by accuracy and latency), and MC (indexed by latency) with moderate-to-large effect sizes (|d| = 0.51-0.96). Conclusions Results largely support scar theories by offering preliminary within-person, naturalistic evidence that heightened excessive worry can negatively predict future distinct aspects of cognitive flexibility. Effectively targeting pathological worry might prevent difficulties arising from executive dysfunction.
Selective ligand modification of cobalt porphyrins for carbon dioxide electrolysis: Generation of a renewable H2/CO feedstock for downstream catalytic hydrogenation

Abstract Catalytic hydrogenation is an attractive approach to produce green fuels and chemicals. The building blocks for these processes may be effectively produced from renewable power via direct electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide in an aqueous media. For the first time, the impact of increasing the local proton concentration of cobalt porphyrin was examined by synthesizing new cobalt porphyrins 2, Co(o-OCH3)TPP and cobalt porphyrin 3, Co(o-OH)TPP. Cobalt porphyrins coated on carbon paper converted carbon dioxide and water into a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide in an aqueous electrolyte at near neutral pH. Increasing the local proton availability of the commercial cobalt porphyrin 1, accelerates hydrogen generation under heterogeneous conditions across the range of potentials tested (−0.85 to −1.5 V vs. Ag/AgCl) and demonstrates high Faradaic efficiencies (ca. 90%) at low over-potentials (ca. 540 mV). The culmination of this work can help identify key parameters that facilitate generation of sustainable reagents for catalytic hydrogenation under practical and scalable conditions.
Comparison of short-term outcomes following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in male and female patients using the MBSAQIP database.

Abstract Background Male sex has long been identified as a risk factor for adverse outcomes, including mortality, after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Objectives The objective of this study was to compare short-term outcomes of patients undergoing laparoscopic RYGB based on biologic sex. Setting Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA. Methods Patients undergoing RYGB in the 2015, 2016, and 2017 Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program (MBSAQIP) database were propensity matched 1:1 to compare 30-day outcomes between male and female sex. Results A total 47,906 patients were included (23,953 men/23,953 women). The overall complication rate was higher in female patients (11.5% versus 10.2%; P Conclusions Male sex has been identified as a risk factor for adverse events and mortality after RYGB in several risk models. This study demonstrates an overall increased risk of both all-cause mortality and inpatient mortality. The study, however, did not demonstrate a difference in bariatric-related mortality. The prevalence of both major and minor complications was mixed between sexes, while women had a higher overall complication rate after RYGB. The abundance of data available within the MBSAQIP Participant Use Data File facilitates the creation of tools like risk models for bariatric surgery, such as the MBSAQIP Risk calculator.
Guerreras y Puentes: the theory and praxis of Latina(x) activism

Latinas have long played a vital but under-acknowledged role in US social justice movements. The complexity of their hybrid racial and multi-faceted identities shapes but also obscures their activi...
Minimally Invasive Surgery

Hypothalamic hamartomas are rare congenital gray matter heterotopias associated with a triad of gelastic seizures, precocious puberty, and developmental delay. Gelastic seizures typically have a childhood onset and are drug-resistant, with scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) having limited utility to identify abnormalities. On neuroimaging with brain MRI, the hamartomas are usually nonenhancing, are nearly isointense relative to the adjacent gray matter on all sequences, and are not associated with abnormal restricted diffusion.
Trends and predictors of preterm birth among Asian Americans by ethnicity, 1992–2018

In an increasingly diverse United States (US) population, racial disparities in preterm birth outcomes continue to widen.In this study, we examined temporal trends and risk of preterm birth among A...
Repeat tympanostomy tubes in children with Down syndrome.

Abstract Objectives Children with Down syndrome (DS) have a higher incidence of tympanostomy tube insertion (TTI) than children in the general population. As there were no studies investigating factors that are associated with multiple TTIs in children with DS, we sought to determine what factors increase or decrease the likelihood of repeat TTI in children with DS. Methods A retrospective case-control study was performed on consecutive children with DS from 2007 to 2018 with first TTI at a large tertiary children's hospital and follow-up duration at least 27 months since first TTI. Results 277 patients met the inclusion criteria. Repeat TTI rate was 61.4%. Having an indication of chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) at first TTI was an adjusted risk factor for increased rate of repeat TTI (OR: 2.01, 95%CI: 1.15–3.51, p = .014), while being older at first TTI was an adjusted protective factor for decreased rate of repeat TTI (OR: 0.84, 95%CI: 0.74–0.95, p = .004). Adenotonsillectomy at or before first TTI was not an adjusted protective factor for decreased rate of repeat TTI (OR: 0.915, 95%CI: 0.448–1.872, p = .809) and bilateral intra-operative fluid was not an adjusted risk factor for repeat TTI (OR: 1.97, 95%CI: 0.99–3.90, p = .054). Conclusion Children with DS were more likely to undergo repeat TTI if they were of younger age and if the indication for surgery was COME. The repeat TTI rate for children with DS was high at 61.4%. Prospective studies are warranted to more precisely investigate factors associated with repeat TTIs in this unique patient population.
P93 Precision Behavioral Nutrition: Development of the NutriPCP Inference Engine for Data-driven Diet Goals in Primary Care

Objective To develop a computational system that uses dietary recall data to prioritize behavioral goals to facilitate efficient, personalized collaborative goal-setting in primary care. Use of Theory or Research The Chronic Care Model posits that synergy between the healthcare system and patient self-management will improve chronic disease outcomes. Thus, improving how diet is addressed in primary care could augment the benefit of dietary self-management. Collaborative goal-setting with primary care providers (PCPs) can facilitate patient behavior change. However, PCPs lack time and training to set effective diet goals with patients. NutriPCP aims to address this gap by presenting PCPs with a set of evidence-based goals prioritized using patient data. Target Audience PCPs Program Description NutriPCP uses ASA24 diet recall data to compute patient status for each of 9 previously developed, MyPlate-based goals (eg, “Make half my grains whole”). NutriPCP's inference engine consists of Python rule statements that synthesize a patient's data and compare it to evidence-based targets for nutrient consumption personalized for patient characteristics (eg, kcal intake/sex/age). PCPs are then presented with a list of the patient's status for each goal prioritized by degree of improvement needed. Evaluation Methods We tested our inference engine with test data (n = 12), and our team of nutrition, technology, and clinical experts validated the output. We used NHANES data to establish reasonable population-wide estimates. Results Testing revealed challenges for goal prioritization because datasets reflected consumption far from evidence-based targets. Therefore, we created standardized ranges to improve variability for relative ranking across goals. For goals with upper and lower limits (eg, “Reduce portion size”) we added warnings for inadequate intake. Conclusion We demonstrated that computational rules can automatically process recall data into prioritized behavioral goals. To our knowledge, this is the first system that personalizes MyPlate recommendations based on an individual's data. This has implications for nutrition education in primary care. Future research will examine implementation feasibility for PCPs and patients.
Design principles of protein switches.

Abstract Protein switches perform essential roles in many biological processes and are exciting targets for de novo protein design, which aims to produce proteins of arbitrary shape and functionality. However, the biophysical requirements for switch function — multiple conformational states, fine-tuned energetics, and stimuli-responsiveness — pose a formidable challenge for design by computation (or intuition). A variety of methods have been developed toward tackling this challenge, usually taking inspiration from the wealth of sequence and structural information available for naturally occurring protein switches. More recently, modular switches have been designed computationally, and new methods have emerged for sampling unexplored structure space, providing promising new avenues toward the generation of purpose-built switches and de novo signaling systems for cellular engineering.
The Ultimate Strength of Multiweb Box Beams in Pure Bending

A method for predicting the ultimate bending strength of multiweb box beams having formed sheet metal webs is presented. Equations are derived on the assumption that the ultimate moment is reached when local crippling occurs at the junctions of the webs and the compression skin. The proposed theory is compared with 49 beams fabricated from 75S-T6 sheet and tested by the NACA. The agreement between tests and theory was extremely good.
Lifting the Veil: African American Images and the European American Gaze: Commentary on Black Sexual Politics by Patricia Hill Collins

Patricia Hill Collins presents and discusses gender and gender role norms, behaviors, and ideologies among African Americans in an interdisciplinary diagnostic endeavor that calls attention to health, economic, behavioral, and psychosocial patterns related to social injustice and inequality. Collins presents several popular culture, mass media, and social science literature topics that call for a progressive Black sexual politics necessary for African American empowerment. A most crucial and apparent point of Collins's discussion is that improvement in the lives of African Americans requires inspection and analysis of gender and sexuality related intragroup variation and diversity. I situate this discussion primarily within a post-civil rights ideological revolution related to the European American “gaze,” multiculturalism, and European American emotional ambivalence toward the Black body. It is proposed that Collins's analysis of the intersectionality of race, gender, and sexuality among African American...
WDM packet routing prototype incorporating a bandwidth allocation function

This paper describes a WDM packet routing prototype incorporating a dynamic bandwidth allocation function for the physical layer. The total bandwidth for 2.5-Gbit/s optical packets was divided into 16 WDM channels with the granularity of 78 Mbit/s and bandwidth allocation was controlled from an operation system.
Cluster glass state and photoinduced effects on the freezing dynamics in KxCo[Fe(Cn)6]y⋅ZH2O (x∼0.16, y∼0.72, z∼4.4)

The magnetic properties and photoinduced magnetization of a Prussian blue analog, KxCo[Fe(Cn)6]y⋅ZH2O (x∼0.16, y∼0.72, z∼4.4) were systematically studied. The frequency dependence of the linear ac susceptibility, the irreversibility in the field-cooled/zero-field-cooled magnetization (MFC/MZFC), and the relaxation of MZFC suggest a cluster glass behavior. Illumination with red light leads to an increase in the magnetic irreversibility. While MFC is significantly increased after illumination, MZFC at low temperatures is decreased. The observed photoinduced magnetic effects are explained within a cluster glass model. The photoinduced increase in the concentration of spins leads to a shift of dynamics toward longer length and time scales, resulting in freezing of spin clusters at a higher temperature.
Religion, Infidelity, and Divorce: Reexamining the Effect of Religious Behavior on Divorce Among Long-Married Couples

Previous scholarship linking marital infidelity and divorce has tended to have 2 limitations: focusing on young marriages and overlooking the influence of religiosity. Using data from the panel study of Marital Instability over the Life Course (N = 763), we address both of these limitations. Using structural equation modeling and proportional hazards modeling, we examine the effect of religiosity on marital infidelity and subsequent divorce among couples married for at least 12 years. Our analyses reveal that religiosity reduces the likelihood of marital infidelity among these couples. However the effect of religiosity on the likelihood of a subsequent divorce is more complicated: Religiosity appears to indirectly reduce the likelihood of a subsequent divorce by increasing levels of marital happiness. Surprisingly, no influence is found of marital infidelity on marital stability or divorce. Implications for scholars concerned with marital stability are discussed.
Association of HFE mutations with neurodegeneration and oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease and correlation with APOE.

Oxidative stress enhanced by transition metals such as iron forms an attractive hypothesis for neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Iron is increased in the brain in AD, but whether this is a primary abnormality or the result of secondary accumulation is unclear. Among several genetic loci associated with AD, the locus at chromosome 6p21 contains the hereditary hemochromatosis gene HFE. To determine whether a genetic predisposition to iron accumulation is associated with AD, we evaluated three hemochromatosis-associated HFE mutations and APOE in cognitively and histopathologically evaluated subjects with AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), non-demented controls with AD-like pathologic changes defined by Braak stage ≥ 3 (high pathology controls (HPC)), and non-demented controls without significant histologic changes (low-pathology controls (LPC)). In a subset, we examined ventricular (CSF) fluid F2-isoprostane (F2-IsoP) levels, a marker of lipid peroxidation. Seventeen subjects demonstrated homozygous or compound heterozygous HFE mutations, 13 (9.4%) in the AD/MCI group (P = 0.019 vs. LPC) and four (20%) in the HPC group (P = 0.006, P < 0.05 with Bonferroni correction vs. LPC). In contrast, the APOE4 allele frequency was increased only in the AD/MCI patients (P < 10−3 vs. HPC, P < 10−6 vs. LPC). F2-IsoP levels were increased in AD subjects with any HFE mutation versus wild type HFE (P = 0.027). Although confirmation is required, these findings suggest that HFE mutations are associated with increased oxidative stress and Braak stage, and that HFE and APOE genotypes are different between AD patients, high pathology and low pathology controls. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Evaluating the results of the single-blow transient heat exchanger test

Abstract Single-blow test data are often used as the basis for fundamental convective heat transfer correlations. However, if the heat transfer model used to relate the measured temperature history to an avergge heat transfer coefficient does not accurately describe the experiment, then the accuracy of the data may be low. The results of simulations are presented that quantify the error in the estimated heat transfer coefficient due to specific common mismatches between the model and the experiment. The areas of mismatches include inlett fluid temper history, longitudinal conduction in the solid, variable local convective coefficient, and effective core mass. One symptom of a mismatch between the model and the experiment is that different criteria for comparing the measured and predicted temperature histories may yield different estimates for the performance of the same heat exchanger. The results obtained using direct temperature history and derivative and integral evaluation criteria are compared. It is shown that even if two different crit yield similar estimates for the average heat transfer coefficient, these estimates may be far from correct. The results presented in this paper lead to the recommendation that singl-blow facilities be calibrated with tests on a core of known performance to demonstrate the appropriateness of the model as well as the accuracy of the measurements and thus establish a minimum level of confidence in new data.
The Living Gesture and the Signifying Moment

Drawing from Peircean semiotics, from the Greek conception of phronesis, and from considerations of bodily awareness as a basis of reasonableness, I attempt to show how the living gesture touches our deepest signifying nature, the self, and public life. Gestural bodily awareness, more than knowledge, connects us with the very conditions out of which the human body evolved into its present condition and remains a vital resource in the face of a devitalizing, rationalistic consumption culture. It may be precisely these deep-rooted abilities for what I term “self-originated experience” that can ultimately offset automatism. UNDERSTANDING WITHOUT WORDS One can lie with the mouth, but with the accompanying grimace one nevertheless tells the truth. —Nietzsche Conversation in gestures may be carried on which cannot be translated into articulate speech. This is also true of the lower animals. Dogs approaching each other in hostile attitude carry on such a language of gestures. They walk around each other, growling and snapping, and waiting for the opportunity to attack. —Mead 1934:13‐14 Imagine creatures who gather together to bay and rub sticks and hairs together and blow through tubes, in front of creatures who sit silently and, only after the soundritual is completed, respond by showing teeth and hitting open hands together, and, when they really get going, stomping feet in a frenzy of gesturalized emotion. Ah civilization! Ah Homo symphonicus! Though we like to think of ourselves as creatures of the tongue, communication between people is largely rooted in conversations of gestures. We converse in public contexts through our faces and gazes and bodily language, through mostly subconscious gestures of communication and entrancement, and not simply through our verbal utterances (Birdwhistell 1970; Darwin [1872] 1998; Hall 1959, 1967, 1983).
Targeted Deletion of the Antisilencer/Enhancer (ASE) Element from Intron 1 of the Myelin Proteolipid Protein Gene (Plp1) in Mouse Reveals that the Element Is Dispensable for Plp1 Expression in Brain during Development and Remyelination

Myelin proteolipid protein gene (Plp1) expression is temporally regulated in brain, which peaks during the active myelination period of CNS development. Previous studies with Plp1-lacZ transgenic mice demonstrated that (mouse) Plp1 intron 1 DNA is required for high levels of expression in oligodendrocytes. Deletion-transfection analysis revealed the intron contains a single positive regulatory element operative in the N20.1 oligodendroglial cell line, which was named ASE (antisilencer/enhancer) based on its functional properties in these cells. To investigate the role of the ASE in vivo, the element was deleted from the native gene in mouse using a Cre/lox strategy. Although removal of the ASE from Plp1-lacZ constructs profoundly decreased expression in transfected oligodendroglial cell lines (N20.1 and Oli-neu), the element was dispensable to achieve normal levels of Plp1 gene expression in mouse during development (except perhaps at postnatal day 15) and throughout the remyelination period following cuprizone-induced (acute) demyelination. Thus, it is possible that the ASE is non-functional in vivo, or that loss of the ASE from the native gene in mouse can be compensated for by the presence of other regulatory elements within the Plp1 gene.
The teacher–student writing conference reimaged: entangled becoming-writingconferencing

This analysis is experimental: we attempt to read data with the work of Karen Barad and in doing so ‘see’ teacher–student writing conferences (a common pedagogy of US elementary school writing) as intra-activity. Data were gathered during teacher–student writing conferences in a grade five US classroom over a six-week period. One conference between a researcher and a male Latino student, a Student of Labels, is diffracted. Reading and writing and thinking with Barad disrupt our habitual ways of privileging language as representational. Rather, we consider the material-discursive practices of schooling that produce what comes to matter, leading us to reimage the teacher–student writing conference as entangled becoming-writingconferencing, speaking to the multiplicity of participants, merging of bodies, continual movement, open-ended possibilities, and anticipated transformation of intra-action.
The evolutionary pathway from anoxygenic to oxygenic photosynthesis examined by comparison of the properties of photosystem II and bacterial reaction centers

In photosynthetic organisms, such as purple bacteria, cyanobacteria, and plants, light is captured and converted into energy to create energy-rich compounds. The primary process of energy conversion involves the transfer of electrons from an excited donor molecule to a series of electron acceptors in pigment–protein complexes. Two of these complexes, the bacterial reaction center and photosystem II, are evolutionarily related and structurally similar. However, only photosystem II is capable of performing the unique reaction of water oxidation. An understanding of the evolutionary process that lead to the development of oxygenic photosynthesis can be found by comparison of these two complexes. In this review, we summarize how insight is being gained by examination of the differences in critical functional properties of these complexes and by experimental efforts to alter pigment–protein interactions of the bacterial reaction center in order to enable it to perform reactions, such as amino acid and metal oxidation, observable in photosystem II.
Neurogenesis in an Adult Avian Song Nucleus Is Reduced by Decreasing Caspase-Mediated Apoptosis

Neuron death and replacement are fundamental components of brain plasticity. Much remains unknown, however, about the mechanistic interaction between neuron death and neurogenesis in adult vertebrates. In seasonally breeding adult male white-crowned sparrows, the song system nucleus HVC loses ∼26% of its neurons via caspase-dependent apoptosis within 4 d after a transition to nonbreeding physiological conditions. To determine whether neuronal death is necessary for the recruitment of new neurons, we infused caspase inhibitors into HVC in vivo and suppressed neurodegeneration for at least 20 d after the transition to nonbreeding conditions. The blockade of HVC neuron death reduced the number and density of new neurons recruited to the ipsilateral HVC by 48 and 29%, respectively, compared with contralateral HVC. Our results are the first to show that reducing neuronal death in the adult brain decreases the recruitment of new neurons.
Monitoring CD4 in whole blood with an opto-fluidic detector based on spatially modulated fluorescence emission

We describe a new optical detection technique, termed “spatially modulated fluorescence emission,” that delivers high signal-to-noise discrimination without precision optics to enable a flow cytometer that can combine high performance, robustness, compactness, low cost, and ease of use. The detection technique is demonstrated with measurements of absolute CD4+ and percentage CD4 counts in human blood. Benchmarking against a commonly used commercial instrument for this test yields excellent agreement for both absolute CD4 and percentage CD4. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Effects of Variation in Food Quality on the Breeding Territoriality of the Male Anna's Hummingbird

Thirteen territorial male Anna’s Hummingbirds, Calypte anna, were observed during the 1981 and 1982 breeding seasons. Breeding territories were large, but size was not determined by energy availability. When a food source (sucrose solution in feeders) was present, the degree to which it was defended was a function of food quality. If a high-quality food source was absent, males did not exhibit the behaviors associated with defending a food source, but breeding territoriality remained intact. Territories were maintained for the entire breeding season even when food quality was varied. The lack of a relationship between the number of chases involving females and dive displays with variations in food quality, along with observations of long territory tenure, suggest hat the primary function of the territory is reproductive and that an internal food source is not necessary for its maintenance.
2'-Deoxyadenosine causes cell death in embryonic chicken sympathetic ganglia and brain.

Previous work has shown that nucleosides produce apoptosis in sympathetic ganglion (SG) cells in vitro. The present study examined the effects of nucleosides on the development of the chick embryo in vivo with special attention to the SG and the optic tectum of the central nervous system. In the presence of an adenosine deaminase inhibitor, adenosine and 2’-deoxyadenosine (2’-dAdo) produced different toxicity patterns: both adenosine and 2’-dAdo were toxic to E3 embryos, but only 2’-dAdo was toxic at later stages (E6 1/2, E11). Dosage experiments on E6 1/2 embryos showed that adenosine was less toxic than 2’-dAdo and that 2’-dAdo in sublethal doses was teratogenic. We also examined the effects of 2’-dAdo on embryonic chicken SG and optic tectum in vivo to determine whether sublethal doses of 2’-dAdo produced cell death in these centers on E6 1/2 and 10. In the E6 1/2 SG, 2’-dAdo produced significant neuron loss (83%) and a decrease in SG volume (65%); however, at E10, there was only minor cell loss (7%) and no significant change in SG volume. In the optic tectum at E6 1/2, cell loss was confined mainly to the tectal ventricular zone, but there was little sign of cell loss in this organ at E10. Since cell production is vigorous in the SG and optic tectum at E6 1/2 but relatively low at E10, 2’-dAdo appears to work by stopping cell proliferation. The ineffectiveness of 2’-dAdo at E10 may result from the lethality of 2’-dAdo to the embryo at low concentrations (30 µM) in vivo, well below the apoptosis-inducing concentrations employed in vitro (100–300 µM). These data extend previous findings showing that purine and pyrimidine metabolism plays an important role in development.
Outcast males and social structure among bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata).

Outcast males are a regular feature of rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and Japanese (M. fuscata) macaque societies but are rare among bonnet macaques (M. radiata). Apparently bonnets have other solutions than ostracism for their social problems. For example, in many troops the male-female ratio ranges from 0.7−1.0+; and, as the young adult males grow to full social and physical maturity, they remain in the troop and participate actively in social relationships. A few troops of bonnet macaques, however, have a network of social relationships which prevents the young males from being integrated into the social system; in some of these cases, male isolation occurs. A comparison of the social relations between males in bonnet macaque societies of both types suggests that societies with strong male-male bonds accommodate their growing males better than those with highly individual males.
On multivariate tests of the CAPM

Abstract This paper evaluates the power of multivariate tests of the Capital Asset Pricing Model. The results indicate that when employing an unspecified alternative hypothesis, the ability of the tests to distinguish between the CAPM and other pricing models is poor. An upper bound is derived for the distance the alternative distribution of the test statistic can be from the null distribution when the deviations from the CAPM are due to missing factors. This upper bound explains the low power of the tests.
Comprehensive literature review and statistical considerations for GWAS meta-analysis

With the rapid advances of various high-throughput technologies, generation of ‘-omics’ data is commonplace in almost every biomedical field. Effective data management and analytical approaches are essential to fully decipher the biological knowledge contained in the tremendous amount of experimental data. Meta-analysis, a set of statistical tools for combining multiple studies of a related hypothesis, has become popular in genomic research. Here, we perform a systematic search from PubMed and manual collection to obtain 620 genomic meta-analysis papers, of which 333 microarray meta-analysis papers are summarized as the basis of this paper and the other 249 GWAS meta-analysis papers are discussed in the next companion paper. The review in the present paper focuses on various biological purposes of microarray meta-analysis, databases and software and related statistical procedures. Statistical considerations of such an analysis are further scrutinized and illustrated by a case study. Finally, several open questions are listed and discussed.
Finite Analytic Numerical Solution Axisymmetric Navier-Stokes and Energy Equations

Convective heat transfer for steady state laminar flow in axisymmetric coordinates is considered. Numerical solutions for flow pattern and temperature distribution are obtained by the finite analytic numerical method applied to the Navier-Stokes equations expressed in terms of vorticity and stream function, and the energy equation. The finite analytic numerical method differs from other numerical methods in that it utilizes a local analytic solution in an element of the problem to construct the total numerical solution. Finite analytic solutions of vorticity, stream function, temperature and heat transfer coefficients for flow with Reynolds number of 5.0, 100.0, 1000.0, and 2000.0, and Prandtl number of 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 with uniform grid sizes are reported for axisymmetric pipe with sudden expansion and contraction. The wall temperature is considered to be isothermal and differs from the inlet temperature. It is shown that the finite analytic solution is stable, converges rapidly, and simulates the convection of fluid flow accurately since the local analytic solution is capable of simulating automatically the influence of skewed convection through the element boundary on the interior nodal values thereby minimizing the false numerical diffusion.
Cerebral Complications of Ulcerated Atheromata at the Carotid Bifurcation

: In 9 of 36 carotid endarterectomies performed for relief of cerebral ischemia, ulcerated atheromata were found at the carotid bifurcation; in the other 27 cases the chief feature was stenosis. Three representative cases are presented, including descriptions of how the carotid lesions were studied angiographically before operation. The significance of these lesions is stressed. If carotid ulceration is present, it is recommended that patients with cerebral ischemic symptoms undergo carotid endarterectomy regardless of the degree of stenosis. This aggressive surgical approach should reduce the incidence of strokes due to emboli from carotid atheromata.
Post menopausal hormones and measures of subclinical atherosclerosis: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis.

Objective To evaluate whether post menopausal hormones are associated with atherosclerosis. Methods We studied the relation of hormone use to coronary calcification and carotid intima-media thickness in a cross-sectional sample of 3245 post menopausal women, of whom 1620 had used hormones for various periods. Adjusted associations with three measures of hormone use (ever use, duration, and type of hormone) were estimated by multivariable regression. Results The prevalence of coronary calcification was only 4 percentage points lower in women who had ever used hormones than in women who had not (40% versus 44%), and was not monotonically related to longer use: 13 years: 48%. Similarly, duration of hormone use did not show a monotonic dose-response relation with the calcium score. Mean differences in carotid intima-media thickness according to categories of years of hormone use and type of hormone ranged from − 0.10 mm to + 0.08 mm, with no consistent patterns. Most adjusted associations were weak and sometimes contrary to our expectation. Conclusions We did not find meaningful associations between hormone use and subclinical atherosclerosis—neither to support benefit or harm, nor to support the prevailing theory of “healthy user” bias (namely, inverse associations due to residual confounding).
The Kuiper Belt as a Resonant Cavity

The orbital inclinations of a bounded, self-gravitating particle population subject to secular perturbations from an inclined planet are studied. The particle disk is shown to have discrete modes and pattern speeds in which the wave behavior is very pronounced compared with the nonwave behavior. The response is in the form of a standing wave pattern produced by wave reflection at the finite outer edge of the disk. In the absence of dissipation, the perpendicular torque between disk and perturber vanishes, with equal incoming and outgoing angular momentum fluxes carried by the wave trains. This resonant cavity theory is applied to Neptune perturbations of the primordial Kuiper belt. If the nodal precession rate of Neptune was near one of the disk's mode frequencies, very high inclinations could be produced for this population. There are a number of mechanisms in the early solar system that could have tuned the system to pass through one or more resonant states.
Mechanisms of Adherence in a Harm Reduction Housing Program

Advances in clinical therapies for people living with HIV have greatly increased life expectancies, but the high levels of adherence that are necessary for clinical success are infrequently achieved, especially for chronically homeless substance users. The Open Door is a harm reduction housing program that seeks to improve clinical outcomes for this population. We present findings from qualitative interviews with residents of the program, conducted to explore facilitators of residents’ success in the program, which is ultimately defined as HIV clinical adherence. Two major themes developed. Positive changes captures processes or characteristics that residents reported as having changed as a result of living in the program. Mechanisms of success reflects aspects of the program to which residents attributed their improved adherence. Given that improving adherence in vulnerable populations has both clinical and public health implications, our study suggests future avenues for research and foundations on whic...
Force spectroscopy of LFA-1 and its ligands, ICAM-1 and ICAM-2.

Single-molecule measurements of the interaction of leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), expressed on Jurkat T cells, with intercellular adhesion molecules-1 and -2 (ICAM-1 and ICAM-2) were conducted using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The force spectra (i.e., unbinding force versus loading rate) of both the LFA-1/ICAM-1 and LFA-1/ICAM-2 interactions were acquired at a loading rate range covering 3 orders of magnitude (50−60 000 pN/s) and revealed a fast loading regime and a slow loading regime. This indicates that the dissociation of both complexes involves overcoming a steep inner and a wide outer activation barrier. LFA-1 binding to ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 was strengthened in the slow loading regime by the addition of Mg2+. Differences in the dynamic strength of the LFA-1/ICAM-1 and LFA-1/ICAM-2 interactions can be attributed to the presence of wider barriers in the ICAM-2 complex, making it more responsive to a pulling force than the ICAM-1 complex.
Normalized equations of the regenerative oscillator&#8212;Noise, phase-locking, and pulling

A regenerative oscillator is considered to be a dissipative tank circuit to which is added a regenerative element in the form of a negative resistance the value of which depends upon the square of the circuit voltage delayed by an RC filter. Use of the phasor concept and normalization of all parameters lead to relatively simple nonlinear equations. They are studied analytically and by means of an electronic computer for the three cases of 1) the free running oscillator 2) the noise perturbed oscillator, and 3) the continuous wave perturbed oscillator.
Note on the capillary thread instability for fluids of equal viscosities

An analytic formula is derived for the Rayleigh growth rate of a fluid cylinder immersed in a fluid of equal viscosity, and an extension is given for concentric fluid threads.
NIGHT SEXTANT OBSERVATIONS AGAINST A NIGHT VISION HORIZON

For years the air navigator has been supplied an instrument that permitted star observations at any time during the night. Bubble sextants have been given many wishful tests for marine work, yet to date, none of them have proven satisfactory. There are many times when morning and evening twilight conditions are not satisfactory for star observations ; however, an hour before morning twilight or an hour after evening sunset the sky may be cloudless and every star out, daring you to take observations. I have accepted the dare on ships equipped with a fire control system employing a stable vertical gyro. Many other naval officers, shipmates with such gunnery directors, have gotten reliable "midwatch" fixes. But all during the war submarine navigators and the merchant ship masters were screaming for a sextant that would permit accurate, reliable star observations at the navigator’s whim and not at the whim of the almanac time of morning or evening twilight, clouds and weather permitting. The officers manning our submarines during the war developed a highly reliable skill in taking star observations against a night-vision horizon that produced good fixes any time during the night.
Plastic flow in dynamic compression of a Zr-based bulk metallic glass

Using geometrically constrained specimens, the plastic flow behaviors of the as-cast and the relaxed Zr52.5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10.0Ti5.0 bulk metallic glass in the dynamic compression were investigated. Both alloys exhibit a significant plasticity in the dynamic compression. The plastic deformation in both alloys is still inhomogeneous, which is characterized by the serrated plastic flow and the formation of shear bands. Free volumes affect the shear banding and the plastic flow. The reduced free volume results in the deviation of the shear banding direction from the maximum shear stress. The relaxed alloy exhibits the obvious stress overshoot, which is consistent with the theoretical prediction using a free volume model.
Thermodynamics of ternary nitrogen austenites

Abstract The solubility of nitrogen in Fe-Mn-N austenites in equilibrium with N 2 -gas at atmospheric pressure has been measured in the temperature range 1173–1450 K and in the Mn-composition range 0–15 at. % Mn. The thermodynamic functions of the dissolved N-atoms have been deduced from the solubility data and compared with those measured for N-austenites containing Ni, Co, and Cr as substitutional solutes. The thermodynamic properties of the f.c.c. ternary solid solutions are in good accord with the cell model for such systems. Elastic and thermal data have been used to predict the properties of the corresponding liquid ternary solutions from the measured data for the solid phase. Good agreement is found with experimental thermodynamic parameters for the liquid solutions at 1873 K.
The relation of migration of Oncopeltus fasciatus to distribution of Phytomonas elmassiani in the eastern United States.

SYNOPSIS. A total of 4,866 plants belonging to the family Asclepiadaceae was examined in the eastern part of the United States; 291 (6%) of 11 species naturally infected with Phytomonas elmassiani; 9 of these were new host records. Eight of the 9 infected species belonged to the genus Asclepias, one to Cynanchum. Infections were recorded between 25.5° and 41.0° N latitude, and from 74.0° to 90.5° west longitude. At the southernmost latitude Asclepias curassavica, an exotic annual, perennates, harbors phytomonads and is infested the year round with Oncopeltus. Usually but not always infection is correlated with the presence and abundance of insect vectors. The annual die-back of the usually infected perennial plant hosts, the uninfected emerging vernal growth, the reservoir nidus of infected plants in the southern latitudes, and the known proclivity of O. fasciatus to migrate suggest the spread of flagellosis of Asclepiadaceae thru migration of the vector hemipteron.
Improving parameter tests in covariance structure analysis

Abstract In many areas, covariance structure analysis plays an important role in understanding how the relationship among observed variables might be generated by hypothesized latent variables. Once a model is established as relevant to a given data set, it is important to evaluate the significance of specific parameters, such as coefficients of regressions among latent variables, within the model. The popular z -test of a parameter is the estimator of the parameter divided by its standard error estimator. A valid z -statistic must be based on a high-quality standard error estimator. We focus on the quality of the standard error estimator from both MLE and ADF methods, which are the two most frequently used methods in covariance structure practice. For these two estimation methods, empirical evidence shows that classical formulae give “too optimistic” standard error estimators, with the result that the z -tests regularly give false conclusions. We review one and introduce another simple corrected standard error estimator. These substantially improve on the classical ones, depending on distribution and sample size. Two implications of this study are that significant parameters as printed in most statistical software may not be really significant, and that corrected standard errors should be direct output for the two most widely used methods. A comparison of the accuracy of the estimators based on these two methods is also made.