cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognitive engineering in algorithm development for multisensor data fusion in military applications

In battlefield situations, human operators are bombarded with substantial amounts of information and expected to make near-instantaneous decisions. The large amounts of information, coupled with short decision times and the need to reduce the potential of making incorrect decisions, create the possibility for information overload. This problem is especially prominent in military applications involving imagery from multiple sensors. Computer-based algorithms for fusing pertinent sets of imagery have proven somewhat useful for alleviating this problem. However, little research has been done on designing multisensor data fusion systems using principles of cognitive engineering, which involves the consideration of human cognition during the design process. The design of a sensor fusion system using principles from cognitive engineering would create a more natural relationship between human and machine, and would thus be extremely effective in reducing operator error in military situations. This paper explores the need for integrating human reasoning and cognition in algorithm development for multisensor fusion applications.
Heteroduplex screening for molecular defects in factor IX genes from haemophilia B families

Heteroduplex screening of amplified fragments containing sequences of all known small haemophilic mutations in the factor IX gene localized mutations in 18 new families: 12 were at common recurrent sites; three were novel. Carriers and/or patients from each of 41 families with mutations in 7 exons and 5' and 3' non-coding regions were positive.
Thiocyanate quenching of Eu(hfa) 3 luminescence

Abstract Thiocyanate quenching of europium (III) hexaflouroacetylacetonate (Eu(hfa)3) has been studied. Quantum yield and kinetic measurements give evidence that a charge transfer mechanism previously proposed for the quenching process is not the major quenching process. While some quenching takes place at the hfa ligand the majority of quenching takes place at the europium (III) 5D1 and 5D0 states.
Lateral diffusion in phospholipid multibilayers measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching

The method of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching has been used to measure the temperature dependence of the lateral diffusion coefficients (D) of two fluorescent lipid analogues in phospholipid multibilayers of various compositions. The probes employed were 3,3-dioctadecyloxocarbocyanine (diO-C18(3) and N-4-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole phosphatidylethanolamine (NBD-PE). In fluid egg phosphatidylcholine multibilayers at 25 degrees C, D was about 4 X 10(-8) cm2/s for NBD-PE and 1.5 X 10(-7) cm2/s for diO-C18(3) and was moderately temperature dependent (2-fold change over 10 degrees C). Equimolar cholesterol reduced D for NBD-PE in these multibilayers by a factor of 2. A greater than 100-fold decrease in D was detected in dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine multibilayers at approximately 23 degree C, which coincides with the gel-to-liquid-crystalline transition temperature, Tm (D 5 X 10(-8) cm2/s at T greater than Tm to D less than 5 X 10(-10) cm2/s at T less than Tm). Equimolar cholesterol abolished this transition behavior, raising D below Tm and decreasing D above Tm. These results confirm and extend previous studies of lateral diffusion employing magnetic resonance and other optical techniques and give additional confidence in the fluorescence methods.
Calmodulin-dependency of human neutrophil phosphodiesterase.

A recent study has reported that the phosphodiesterases of human neutrophils are calmodulin-insensitive (Smolen and Geosits,Inflammation 8:193–199, 1984). In the present study, two forms of human neutrophil phosphodiesterase were separated by chromatography on DEAE-52. Peak I phosphodiesterase is activated 2.3-fold by calcium and calmodulin but is not stimulated by either calcium or calmodulin alone. Calmodulin-dependent activation of the phosphodiesterase is blocked by both 20μM trifluoperazine and 20μM W-7. Peak II is not stimulated by calmodulin. These findings suggest that calmodulin may play an important role in regulating alterations in cyclic nucleotide metabolism that accompany neutrophil activation.
Unmyelinated axons in the pyramidal tract of the cat

Ultrastructural preparations revealed the presence of unmyelinated axons in the pyramidal tract (PT) of the adult cat. At the level of the medulla oblongata, unmyelinated axons constituted 8-15% of the total PT population. Axon diameters ranged from 0.05 to 0.06 micron with a mean of 0.18 micron. Although axons were distributed throughout the PT, their density was highest in the medial part.
Board Classification and Managerial Entrenchment: Evidence from the Market for Corporate Control

This paper considers the relation between board classification, takeover activity, and transaction outcomes for a panel of firms between 1990 and 2002. Target board classification does not change the likelihood that a firm, once targeted, is ultimately acquired. Moreover, shareholders of targets with a classified board realize bid returns that are equivalent to those of targets with a single class of directors, but receive a higher proportion of total bid surplus. Board classification does reduce the likelihood of receiving a takeover bid, however, the economic effect of bid deterrence on the value of the firm is quite small. Overall, the evidence is inconsistent with the conventional wisdom that board classification is an anti-takeover device that facilitates managerial entrenchment.
Fast DNA sequencing up to 1000 bases by capillary electrophoresis using poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) as a separation medium

Poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA) with a molecular mass of 5.2 x 10(6) g/mol has been synthesized and used in DNA sequencing analysis by capillary electrophoresis (CE). A systematic investigation is presented on the effects of different separation conditions, such as injection amount, capillary inner diameter, polymer concentration, effective separation length, electric field and temperature, on the resolution. DNA sequencing up to 800 bases with a resolution (R) limit of 0.5 (and 1,000 bases with a resolution limit of 0.3) and a migration time of 96 min was achieved by using 2.5% w/v polymer, 150 V/cm separation electric field, and 60 cm effective separation length at room temperature on a DNA sample prepared with FAM-labeled--21M13 forward primer on pGEM3Zf(+) and terminated with ddCTP. Ultrafast and fast DNA sequencing up to 420 and 590 bases (R > or = 0.5) were also achieved by using 3% w/v polymer and 40 cm effective separation length with a separation electric field of 525 and 300 V/cm, and a migration time of 12.5 and 31.5 min, respectively. PDMA has low viscosity, long shelf life and dynamic coating ability to the glass surface. The unique properties of PDMA make it a very good candidate as a separation medium for large-scale DNA sequencing by capillary array electrophoresis (CAE).
Information theoretic partitioning and confidence based weight assignment for multi-classifier decision level fusion in hyperspectral target recognition applications

There is a growing interest in using multiple sources for automatic target recognition (ATR) applications. One approach is to take multiple, independent observations of a phenomenon and perform a feature level or a decision level fusion for ATR. This paper proposes a method to utilize these types of multi-source fusion techniques to exploit hyperspectral data when only a small number of training pixels are available. Conventional hyperspectral image based ATR techniques project the high dimensional reflectance signature onto a lower dimensional subspace using techniques such as Principal Components Analysis (PCA), Fisher's linear discriminant analysis (LDA), subspace LDA and stepwise LDA. While some of these techniques attempt to solve the curse of dimensionality, or small sample size problem, these are not necessarily optimal projections. In this paper, we present a divide and conquer approach to address the small sample size problem. The hyperspectral space is partitioned into contiguous subspaces such that the discriminative information within each subspace is maximized, and the statistical dependence between subspaces is minimized. We then treat each subspace as a separate source in a multi-source multi-classifier setup and test various decision fusion schemes to determine their efficacy. Unlike previous approaches which use correlation between variables for band grouping, we study the efficacy of higher order statistical information (using average mutual information) for a bottom up band grouping. We also propose a confidence measure based decision fusion technique, where the weights associated with various classifiers are based on their confidence in recognizing the training data. To this end, training accuracies of all classifiers are used for weight assignment in the fusion process of test pixels. The proposed methods are tested using hyperspectral data with known ground truth, such that the efficacy can be quantitatively measured in terms of target recognition accuracies.
Identification of mutations in human apolipoprotein(a) kringle 4–37 from the study of the DNA of peripheral blood lymphocytes: Relevance to the role of lipoprotein(a) in atherothrombosis

Abstract Using a technique that amplifies the DNA region coding for kringle 4–37 of human apolipoprotein(a) we have identified 2 mutations, trp 72 → arg and met 66 → thr . The former was only present in 2 of the 100 subjects studied, was associated with a lysine-binding defective lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], low plasma levels of Lp(a), and no evidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). The other mutation was present in about 40% of the subjects who had either normal or high plasma levels of Lp(a) and a personal and/or familial history of ASCVD. These studies show that human kringle 4–37 is mutable and that mutations in this kringle can affect the lysine-binding properties of apo(a) and, perhaps, the atherothrombogenic potential of Lp(a).
α-Subunit in Sera of Choriocarcinoma Patients in Remission*

A small percentage of patients treated for choriocarcinoma and related gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) have recurrences after apparent complete remission. Serum samples obtained from 13 patients during periods of clinical and laboratory remission before their first definite recurrence were assayed in a homologous hCG-α RIA system. Ten of these patients were maintained on combined oral contraceptives, while 3 were not. To provide a basis for comparison, the following samples were also assayed: 104 from females without GTN and withnormal levels of LH and FSH, 26 from normal women taking combined oral contraceptives, and 48 fromwomen treated for GTN without recurrences (28 of these women were takingcombined oral contraceptives and 20 were not). In subjects maintained on oral contraceptives, immunoreactive α-subunit was detected in 40% of the GTN recurrence patients, 10.7% of the GTN nonrecurrence patients, and noneof the normal subjects. he increased incidence of detectability in the recurrence gro...
Risk of renal insufficiency in African-Americans after radical nephrectomy for kidney cancer

Abstract Purpose We conducted a retrospective review to evaluate the change in serum creatinine in an African-American population undergoing radical nephrectomy. Materials and Methods Race, and preoperative and follow-up creatinine data were extracted from the medical records of all patients who underwent radical nephrectomy performed by a single surgeon. Patients were classified as African-American or black and non-African-American. The non-African-American group included Caucasian, Asian, and Hispanic patients. Results A total of 22 African-American and 19 non-African-American patients were studied. Mean preoperative creatinine was 1.3 mg/dL in African-American patients and 1.1 in non-African-American patients ( P = 0.07). Average follow-up creatinine was 1.7 in the African-Americans, with a mean change in creatinine of 0.4, compared to the non-African-Americans, in which mean follow-up creatinine was 1.3 ( P = 0.004) with a mean change of 0.2 ( P = 0.048). Average follow-up creatinine was higher in African-American hypertensive (2.0 mg/dl) compared with non-African-American hypertensive patients (1.4 mg/dl; P = 0.002). Average change in creatinine was also higher in African-American hypertensive versus non-African-American hypertensive patients (0.6 vs. 0.2 mg/dl, P = 0.048). There were no racial differences seen in normotensive cases. Average follow-up was 9.7 months for African-American and 11.6 months for non-African-American patients. Conclusions Our data indicate that race may be a significant risk factor for renal deterioration after radical nephrectomy.
Space-Division Multiplexing for Optical Fiber Communication

Space-division multiplexing is becoming a new frontier in optical communication. This tutorial will start with the motivation for SDM, followed by a general description of the channel characteristics of the few-mode fiber and the necessity of multiple-input-multiple-output equalization. Then, we will discuss enable passive and active technologies that can make SDM practical. Article not available.
Experimental formation of geomacromolecules from microbial lipids

Abstract The mechanism leading to the formation of aliphatic components in sedimentary rocks and petroleum products has been the subject of debate. Recent research has concluded that algaenan is not as widespread ecologically or phylogenetically, so may contribute less to the resistant aliphatic content of kerogens where such algae are source organisms. We conducted experiments with the non-algaenan producing alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, at 260 and 350 °C and 700 bar to simulate fossilization of the microorganism under confined pyrolysis conditions. Pyrolysis gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py-GC–MS) analysis revealed that the unheated alga consisted of biopolymers primarily related to proteins and lipids, including C16 and C18 fatty acids (FAs). However, heating at 260 and 350 °C resulted in macromolecules with a significant aliphatic component similar to high hydrogen content kerogen, derived from lipids in the alga, primarily from saturated and unsaturated C16 and C18 FAs, as determined from experiments with model compounds. The presence of amides, nitriles and oximes in the heated alga was likely due to the reaction of the lipids with the abundant N-containing proteinaceous compounds. Py-GC–MS of the residue of Scenedesmus quadricauda at 350 °C (a green alga containing algaenan as a control) demonstrated survival of algaenan at that temperature. The solvent insoluble residue of a cyanobacterium (Oscillatoria sp.) and a purple non S containing bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris subjected to similar high temperature and pressure, resulted in a residue with significant aliphatic content. The results reveal that algaenan survived the P/T conditions of the experiments, which additionally suggest an alternative mechanism that may lead to aliphatic geopolymers. Since this mechanism seems to be valid for organisms that are phylogenetically wide apart, it may be valid for organism cells in general. Thus, bacterial biomass may also contribute to the insoluble organic inventory of ancient sediments.
Protease Inhibitors: A Therapeutic Breakthrough for the Treatment of Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

As one of the largest growing classes of antiretroviral drugs, protease inhibitors are promising agents for the management of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We reviewed the literature and compared efficacy, dosing, side effects, and drug-interaction profiles of the protease inhibitors saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, and nelfinavir. We addressed the use of these antiprotease agents as monotherapy versus use in combination therapy with other antiretroviral medications, and the potential for HIV to develop resistance to this drug class. We also discussed therapy with dual protease inhibitors and the use of protease inhibitors in pregnant or lactating women and in pediatric patients. Finally, we examined case reports of the addition of protease inhibitors to an antiretroviral regimen that ultimately decreases or reverses opportunistic infections.
A flavor sector for the composite Higgs

Abstract We discuss flavor violation in large N Composite Higgs models. We focus on scenarios in which the masses of the Standard Model fermions are controlled by hierarchical mixing parameters, as in models of Partial Compositeness. We argue that a separation of scales between flavor and Higgs dynamics can be employed to parametrically suppress dipole and penguin operators, and thus effectively remove the experimental constraints arising from the lepton sector and the neutron EDM. The dominant source of flavor violation beyond the Standard Model is therefore controlled by 4-fermion operators, whose Wilson coefficients can be made compatible with data provided the Higgs dynamics approaches a “walking” regime in the IR. Models consistent with all flavor and electroweak data can be obtained with a new physics scale within the reach of the LHC. Explicit scenarios may be realized in a 5D framework, the new key ingredient being the introduction of flavor branes where the wave functions of the bulk fermions end.
Acquiring and calibrating a high-dynamic-range natural image database

Acquiring a large natural image database in which each image has a high-dynamic range and is carefully calibrated to reflect the true signal of the incident light is essential to human vision research. We recently acquired such a database containing 1600 images using an Olympus C2040 digital camera and explained a series of color perceptual phenomena based on the statistics of these image. We introduced in this paper the techniques we used for calibrating and acquiring this database, which include the methods to correct the spatial falloff, non-linearity, spectral bias, blurring, and noises and to obtain high-dynamic range for each image. The techniques presented here can be used in acquiring similar databases for a wide range of human vision and computer vision research fields.
Spin excitations in a quantum antiferromagnet with magnetic impurities and vacancies.

Analyse du modele de Heisenberg de spin 1/2, antiferromagnetique et bidimensionnel sur un reseau carre, en presence de lacunes distribuees de facon aleatoire et d'impuretes magnetiques. Calcul des excitations des spins du systeme moyennes configurationnellement, dans la limite des faibles concentrations d'impuretes. Application de la theorie lineaire de l'onde de spin a l'hote et utilisation de la matrice-T exacte pour les sites d'impurete. Presentation des resultats pour le spectre des ondes de spins. Ceux-ci incluent les effets de la diffusion resonante, la dispersion des ondes de spins renormalisee, et l'amortissement des ondes de spins
Innovative thermal destruction technologies

Five innovative technologies for thermally destroying hazardous wastes were selected and are described. They are oxygen-enriched incineration, Westinghouse/O'Connor combustor, circulating bed combustion, infrared system, and plasma arc. Two important criteria used in selecting these technologies are that they are at least at the stage of pilot-scale demonstration and appear to be promising in terms of destruction effectiveness.
Isolation and characterization of a DNA synthesome from a neuroblastoma cell line.

Abstract Background Despite significant analysis of the chromosomal abnormalities associated with neuroblastoma (NB), the role that NB DNA replication may play in the accumulation of genetic damage is poorly understood. For that matter, the mechanisms involved in NB DNA synthesis have yet to be elucidated. In an effort to investigate this process in NB, we have isolated and purified a multiprotein DNA replication complex from human NB cells (IMR-32). Methods Using a series of subcellular fractionations, ion-exchange chromatography, and gradient sedimentation steps, we have isolated a simian virus 40 replication competent multiprotein complex from IMR-32 NB cells, which has been designated the DNA synthesome. Enzymatic and immunodetection techniques were used to characterize the multiple components of the multiprotein DNA replication complex. Results The NB DNA synthesome was found to remain intact and functional through all the steps of its purification. The proteins and enzymatic activities that were found to copurify with the NB DNA synthesome include: DNA polymerases α , δ , and ɛ , proliferating cell nuclear antigen, replication factor A, replication factor C, topoisomerases I and II, flap endonuclease 1, and DNA ligase I. Conclusion Although the cooperative integration of a DNA replication macromolecular complex (DNA synthesome) is not new, we extend the view of the DNA synthesome mediating DNA synthesis for human NB. The data reported here characterize the human NB DNA synthesome for the first time and provide the groundwork for investigating whether the NB DNA synthesome contributes to faulty DNA replication and tumor pathogenesis for this childhood malignancy.
The justification for providing dietary guidance for the nutritional intake of boron

Because a biochemical function has not been defined for boron (B), its nutritional essentiality has not been firmly established. Nonetheless, dietary guidance should be formulated for B, because it has demonstrated beneficial, if not essential, effects in both animals and humans. Intakes of B commonly found with diets abundant in fruits, vegetables, legumes, pulses, and nuts have effects construed to be beneficial in macromineral, energy, nitrogen, and reactive oxygen metabolism, in addition to enhancing the response to estrogen therapy and improving psychomotor skills and cognitive processes of attention and memory. Perhaps the best-documented beneficial effect of B is on calcium (Ca) metabolism or utilization, and thus, bone calcification and maintenance. The paradigm emerging for the provision of dietary guidance that includes consideration of the total health effects of a nutrient, not just the prevention of a deficiency disease, has resulted in dietary guidance for chromium (Cr) and fluoride; both of these elements have beneficial effects in humans, but neither has a defined biochemical function. Knowledge of B nutritional effects in humans equals or is superior to that of Cr and fluoride; thus, establishing a dietary reference intake for B is justified. An analysis of both human and animal data suggests that an acceptable safe range of population mean intakes of B for adults could well be 1-13 mg/d. Recent findings indicate that a significant number of people do not consistently consume more than 1 mg B/d; this suggests that B could be a practical nutritional or clinical concern.
Climate response of five oak species in the eastern deciduous forest of the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA

The climatic response of trees that occupy closed canopy forests in the eastern United States (US) is important to understanding the possible trajectory these forests may take in response to a warm...
Electrical currents associated with rhythmic contractions of the blastoderm of the medaka, Oryzias latipes

Abstract 1. 1. We used a vibrating probe to measure extracellular electrical currents near the surface of dechorionated Oryzias latipes eggs as contraction waves moved slowly across the blastoderm. 2. 2. Although we found no detectable current outside dechorionated embryos, we recorded large current pulses near the edge of wounds made in the surface of the blastoderm. 3. 3. The maximum net inward current—or in some cases, the least net outward current—correlated temporally with the contraction of cells near the edge of the wound. 4. 4. The current pulses were superimposed on steady currents of variable magnitude and polarity. 5. 5. We discuss possible mechanisms for the initiation and propagation of the contraction wave.
Analysis of Human Motion in Video Imagery

Human motion in visual and long-wave infrared video imagery is investigated. A simple moving target tracker is used to segment out the subject of interest in a video sequence. Pixel level changes of the subject's size and position within the image are then used to form a pair of signals. Standard techniques in signal processing are then applied to find features of interest. The long term goals of the work are to find a means for associating tracks of humans in optical video data with poorly resolved micro-Doppler RF signals, and to determine intent.
The role of third-generation beta-blocking agents in chronic heart failure

Third-generation beta-blocking agents developed for the hypertension market are proving useful in the treatment of chronic heart failure (HF). These compounds share the ancillary property of vasodilation, which improves acute tolerability by unloading the failing left ventricle at a time when beta-adrenergic withdrawal produces myocardial depression. In the case of carvedilol and bucindolol, this allows for the administration of nonselective beta blockade. Because of blockade of both beta 1 and beta 2 adrenergic receptors as well as other properties, these compounds possess a more comprehensive antiadrenergic profile than second-generation, beta 1-selective compounds. For this and potentially other reasons, third-generation beta-blocking agents have theoretical efficacy advantages that have yet to be demonstrated in large-scale trials. Ongoing trials with either second- or third-generation compounds and one trial directly comparing a compound from each class will provide the answer as to whether third-generation compounds have an advantage in the treatment of chronic HF.
Characterization of aerated foods using ultrasonic reflectance spectroscopy

Abstract Our objective was to develop an ultrasonic reflectance spectrometer to non-destructively detect changes in bubble characteristics in aerated foods. A theory was developed to relate ultrasonic reflectance spectra to bubble characteristics. Experiments were carried out using foams with different bubble concentrations and sizes prepared by mechanical agitation of a viscous aqueous solution (1.4% xanthan and 8% whey protein). The complex acoustic impedance of the foams was calculated from measurements of their ultrasonic reflectance from 1 to 7 MHz. The acoustic impedance spectra varied with bubble size and concentration in a manner that was qualitatively predicted by the theory. Our results show that ultrasonic reflectance spectrometry (URS) is sensitive to changes in bubble size and concentration of aerated foods, but that more work is needed to do this quantitatively.
Bulimia: A historical perspective

The present paper reviews some of the historical references to the concept of bulimia found in the medical literature of the last 300 years. Bulimia is an eating disorder that is widely believed to be of very recent, historical origin. The current diagnostic category of bulimia may be denoted as “new”, largely because of increased prevalence, and changes that have occurred in symptoms seen as constituting the syndrome. However, available references show clearly that various conceptualizations of bulimia extend back several hundred years. Also, treatment approaches that are consistent with presumed etiology have been offered by several early writers. While bulimia has recently been viewed as an emergent variant of anorexia nervosa, historical evidence suggests that earlier conceptualizations of the term describe a symptom as well as a discrete syndrome. Despite the fact that the diagnosis and use of the concept of bulimia has been variable historically, its dramatic fundamental feature has remained consistent.
The x-ray structure of dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-glucose-3,4-ketoisomerase.

Abstract The repeating unit of the glycan chain in the S-layer of the bacterium Aneurinibacillus thermoaerophilus L420-91T is composed of four α-d-rhamnose molecules and two 3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-α-d-galactose moieties (abbreviated as Fucp3NAc). Formation of the glycan layer requires nucleotide-activated sugars as the donor molecules. Whereas the enzymes involved in the synthesis of GDP-rhamnose have been well characterized, less is known regarding the structures and enzymatic mechanisms of the enzymes required for the production of dTDP-Fucp3NAc. One of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of dTDP-Fucp3NAc is a 3,4-ketoisomerase, hereafter referred to as FdtA. Here we describe the first three-dimensional structure of this sugar isomerase complexed with dTDP and solved to 1.5 A resolution. The FdtA dimer assumes an almost jellyfish-like appearance with the sole α-helices representing the tentacles. Formation of the FdtA dimer represents a classical example of domain swapping whereby β-strands 2 and 3 from one subunit form part of a β-sheet in the second subunit. The active site architecture of FdtA is characterized by a cluster of three histidine residues, two of which, His49 and His51, appear to be strictly conserved in the amino acid sequences deposited to date. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments, enzymatic assays, and x-ray crystallographic analyses suggest that His49 functions as an active site base.
Citric Acid and Quinine Share Perceived Chemosensory Features Making Oral Discrimination Difficult in C57BL/6J Mice

Evidence in the literature shows that in rodents, some taste-responsive neurons respond to both quinine and acid stimuli. Also, under certain circumstances, rodents display some degree of difficulty in discriminating quinine and acid stimuli. Here, C57BL/ 6J mice were trained and tested in a 2-response operant discrimination task. Mice had severe difficulty discriminating citric acid from quinine and 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) with performance slightly, but significantly, above chance. In contrast, mice were able to competently discriminate sucrose from citric acid, NaCl, quinine, and PROP. In another experiment, mice that were conditioned to avoid quinine by pairings with LiCl injections subsequently suppressed licking responses to quinine and citric acid but not to NaCl or sucrose in a brief-access test, relative to NaCl-injected control animals. However, mice that were conditioned to avoid citric acid did not display cross-generalization to quinine. These mice significantly suppressed licking only to citric acid, and to a much lesser extent NaCl, compared with controls. Collectively, the findings from these experiments suggest that in mice, citric acid and quinine share chemosensory features making discrimination difficult but are not perceptually identical.
Monitoring Via Staging: Evidence from the Private Investments in Public Equity

I study the causes and consequences of staging in the setting of private investments in public equities (PIPEs). I find that, in PIPE investments, as in venture capital staging, the staging strategy is used by investors as a monitoring mechanism to mitigate information asymmetry and agency problems. Moreover, strategic investors and investors investing alone are more likely to utilize staging. I show also that staging reduces the cost of financing and has positive implications for PIPE issuers’ long-run stock performance.
Induction of Fine-Grained Part-of-Speech Taggers via Classifier Combination and Crosslingual Projection

This paper presents an original approach to part-of-speech tagging of fine-grained features (such as case, aspect, and adjective person/number) in languages such as English where these properties are generally not morphologically marked. The goals of such rich lexical tagging in English are to provide additional features for word alignment models in bilingual corpora (for statistical machine translation), and to provide an information source for part-of-speech tagger induction in new languages via tag projection across bilingual corpora. First, we present a classifier-combination approach to tagging English bitext with very fine-grained part-of-speech tags necessary for annotating morphologically richer languages such as Czech and French, combining the extracted features of three major English parsers, and achieve fine-grained-tag-level syntactic analysis accuracy higher than any individual parser. Second, we present experimental results for the cross-language projection of part-of-speech taggers in Czech and French via word-aligned bitext, achieving successful fine-grained part-of-speech tagging of these languages without any Czech or French training data of any kind.
Early myocardial reperfusion: An assessment of current strategies in acute myocardial infarction

Early, complete, and sustained myocardial reperfusion is the principal goal of thrombolytic therapy. Unfortunately, the majority of patients treated today experience substantial delay before the initiation of thrombolytic therapy and, once treated, demonstrate suboptimal results of coronary thrombolysis. This is attributable, in part, to the underlying thrombus, which is platelet rich and resistant to plasminogen activators, and to the pro-thrombotic effects of fibrinolytics, which have no favourable effect on thrombin. Future therapeutic interventions will focus on improved reperfusion. Pharmacological strategies including novel plasminogen activators, direct thrombin inhibitors, and platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors have all generated encouraging early clinical trial data and await further study. Mechanical reperfusion therapy with primary balloon angioplasty is particularly effective; its use is associated with the establishment of more complete infarct vessel patency than are thrombolytics. Considerable potential for the improvement of current reperfusion-directed therapy exists.
Characterizing capacity achieving write once memory codes for multilevel flash memories

This work investigates the structure of capacity achieving write once memory codes with particular attention to the case where each cell of the flash memory device is capable of representing more than one bit. These results are used to characterize the rates achieved across generations for capacity achieving codes as well to construct a high rate ternary two write code. Additionally, the problem of maximizing the sum rate for two writes given that both writes encode at the same rate is considered.
Hate Crime Offenders: An Expanded Typology

Little research has been conducted to determine the motivations of hate crime offenders. This article builds on an earlier work of J. Levin and McDevitt (1993) in which a typology of offender motivations was first articulated. We reanalyze 169 Boston police case files that were originally studied in order to provide empirical grounding for the typology. In this updated study, characteristics of the three original motives—thrill, defensive, and mission—are examined in relation to a new category: retaliatory motivation. In addition, the article addresses the issue of levels of culpability in explaining the most appropriate sanctions for certain kinds of hate offenders.
Women, Work, and Family: Bernard's Perspective on the Past, Present, and Future

This essay reviews and synthesizes Jessie Bernard's writings on women, work, and family. Bernard's conceptualization of “two worlds”—one of women and one of men—provides the organizing theme, from which three major issues are derived: (a) the dilemmas of caring, (b) the feminization of work, and (c) work and family roles over the life course. Examining her historical perspective on these issues, her view of the present, and her vision of the future, the article raises unanswered questions in Bernard's work and suggests implications for future research on women's work and family roles.
Revisiting nuclear power plant safety.

The anger of D. M. Chapin et al. at those who describe spent nuclear fuel transport casks as “mobile Chernobyls” is understandable (“Nuclear power plants and their fuel as terrorist targets,” Policy Forum, 20 Sept., p. [1997][1]). But that is no excuse for misquoting the work of others in
Use of Telemetry in Fisheries Management: Juvenile Sandbar Sharks in Delaware Bay

Sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus) populations on the US east coast have undergone several decades of decline due to fishing pressure. One strategy for rebuilding stocks is improved survival of young sharks through enhancement of nursery areas. A key element for understanding the dynamics of shark nursery areas is increased knowledge about essential habitat for young sharks that occupy these nurseries. This study was conducted to quantify habitat use and movement patterns of juvenile sandbar sharks in Delaware Bay, which is a major east coast nursery for this species. Twenty five sandbar sharks were tracked for 2.5 to 75 h using ultrasonic telemetry. Although the sharks moved throughout the lower portion of the bay, and several sharks crossed the entire bay, individuals predominantly remained close to shore and in shallow water. The majority of sharks tracked showed movements that were heavily influenced by tidal currents, and sharks tracked on the New Jersey side of the bay had larger activity spaces, occupied deeper water, and ranged farther from shore than sharks tracked on the Delaware side. Management measures such as area/time closures would provide protection for a large number of sharks in a relatively small portion of Delaware Bay and may be improved if behavior of sharks is taken into consideration. For example, area closures on the Delaware side of the bay are likely to protect more individuals per unit area than an equal area on the New Jersey side. Our study demonstrates the utility of telemetry studies for providing information that will allow more precisely focused and effectively implemented fisheries management practices.
Biomarkers of animal health: integrating nutritional ecology, endocrine ecophysiology, ecoimmunology, and geospatial ecology

Diverse biomarkers including stable isotope, hormonal, and ecoimmunological assays are powerful tools to assess animal condition. However, an integrative approach is necessary to provide the context essential to understanding how biomarkers reveal animal health in varied ecological conditions. A barrier to such integration is a general lack of awareness of how shared extraction methods from across fields can provide material from the same animal tissues for diverse biomarker assays. In addition, the use of shared methods for extracting differing tissue fractions can also provide biomarkers for how animal health varies across time. Specifically, no study has explicitly illustrated the depth and breadth of spacial and temporal information that can be derived from coupled biomarker assessments on two easily collected tissues: blood and feathers or hair. This study used integrated measures of glucocorticoids, stable isotopes, and parasite loads in the feathers and blood of fall-migrating Northern saw-whet owls (Aegolius acadicus) to illustrate the wealth of knowledge about animal health and ecology across both time and space. In feathers, we assayed deuterium (δD) isotope and corticosterone (CORT) profiles, while in blood we measured CORT and blood parasite levels. We found that while earlier migrating owls had elevated CORT levels relative to later migrating birds, there was also a disassociation between plasma and feather CORT, and blood parasite loads. These results demonstrate how these tissues integrate time periods from weeks to seasons and reflect energetic demands during differing life stages. Taken together, these findings illustrate the potential for integrating diverse biomarkers to assess interactions between environmental factors and animal health across varied time periods without the necessity of continually recapturing and tracking individuals. Combining biomarkers from diverse research fields into an integrated framework hold great promise for advancing our understanding of environmental effects on animal health.
Exploring polymorphisms in B-DNA helical conformations

The traditional mesoscopic paradigm represents DNA as a series of base-pair steps whose energy response to equilibrium perturbations is elastic, with harmonic oscillations (defining local stiffness) around a single equilibrium conformation. In addition, base sequence effects are often analysed as a succession of independent XpY base-pair steps (i.e. a nearest-neighbour (NN) model with only 10 unique cases). Unfortunately, recent massive simulations carried out by the ABC consortium suggest that the real picture of DNA flexibility may be much more complex. The paradigm of DNA flexibility therefore needs to be revisited. In this article, we explore in detail one of the most obvious violations of the elastic NN model of flexibility: the bimodal distributions of some helical parameters. We perform here an in-depth statistical analysis of a very large set of MD trajectories and also of experimental structures, which lead to very solid evidence of bimodality. We then suggest ways to improve mesoscopic models to account for this deviation from the elastic regime.
Heterogeneous beliefs and trading inefficiencies

Abstract Heterogeneous beliefs are introduced into the monetary economy of Lagos and Wright (2005) and the implications for monetary equilibria are considered. An endogenous fraction of agents hold rational expectations and the remaining agents employ an adaptive learning rule similar to Evans and Honkapohja (2001) and Brock and Hommes (1997) . Three primary results follow from the finding that heterogeneous beliefs can destabilize a stationary monetary equilibrium and lead to non-linear dynamics bounded around the monetary steady state. First, heterogeneous beliefs can lead to equilibria that are welfare reducing due, in part, to a lower acceptance rate in decentralized meetings. Second, when buyers, who are uncertain about their beliefs, behave like Bayesians by placing a prior on sellers' beliefs, uncertainty impacts dynamic stability and welfare. Third, the model's unique predictions provide an explanation of new findings about the acceptance rate in monetary laboratory experiments.
Philochoros on Phratries

FGrH 328 F 35a (Phot., Suid. S.V. ὀργeῶνeς): … πeρὶ τὶν ὀργeώνων γέγραφeν καὶ Φιλόχορος ‘τοὺς δὲ φράτορας ἐπάναγκeς δέχeσθαι καὶ τοὺς ὀργeῶνας καὶ τοὺς όμογάλακτας, οὓς γeννήτας καλοῦμeν.’F 35b (Harp., Suid. S.v. γeννῆται, etc.): … Φιλόχορος δ ἐν τῇ δ Ατθίδος φησὶ πρότeρον ὁμογάλακτας ὀνομάζeσθαι οὓς νῦν γeννήτας καλοῦσιν.Modern interpretations of this fragment differ widely, but they agree in assuming that the two classes orgeones and gennetai between them made up the whole membership of the phratry, gennetai being the aristocratic minority, orgeones the great mass of commoners; and that the purpose of the clause here quoted was to safeguard the admission of orgeones to the phratry. Drakon's law of homicide (IG i2 115 = Tod 87, 18–19) takes it for granted that a murdered man, if he has no near relatives, will at least have phrateres, and that social distinctions can be made among them. Already by his time, then, all Athenians belonged to phratries, nobles and commoners alike, and if commoners were ever outside the phratries their first admission belongs to a period before written law. Our fragment has thus had to be taken as referring to the repulse of a later attempt to exclude the orgeones, and it has generally been dated to the time either of Solon or of Kleisthenes.
A method for the removal of endotoxin from purified colony-stimulating factor.

SummaryLimulus lysate assays showed that several samples of purified L-cell CSF were markedly contaminated with endotoxin. Several pools of material contained 1 to 10 μg/ml of this bacterial lipopoly-saccharide. Ultracentrifugation in sucrose density gradients led to a 95% separation of CSF and endotoxin activities. In four studies, endotoxin content of the CSF preparations was reduced to levels varying from 0.05 to 0.0001 μg/ml.In vivo studies with known quantities of E. coli endotoxin were conducted in mice. Acute and repeated injections of 0.1 μg of endotoxin led to increased serum CSF activity and increased number of splenic CFU-C and CFU-E. In contrast, similar injections of 0.01 μg of endotoxin produced virtually no effect on these parameters of hemopoiesis. Thus, the removal of endotoxin from CSF as outlined herein will permit in vivo studies of the effects of CSF on hemopoiesis, without concern for the complicating effects of endotoxin.The authors gratefully appreciate the excellent technical assi...
Antimicrobial Activity of Lactoferrin against Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria Incorporated into Edible Chitosan Film

The objectives of this research were to develop and characterize edible chitosan film containing lactoferrin as a natural antimicrobial agent, and to investigate the combination effects of lactoferrin with lysozyme in chitosan film against the growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. Chitosan films containing lactoferrin, lysozyme, or nisin were fabricated, and the antimicrobial concentrations were 0.5, 1, or 2 mg in a circular disc of chitosan film. Three concentrations of lactoferrin or EDTA (0.28, 0.56, or 1.12 mg per disc) were also incorporated into the chitosan film containing lysozyme to investigate the combination effects of lactoferrin. The water barrier properties of the chitosan films containing lactoferrin were characterized. The antimicrobial activities against E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes were determined using the agar diffusion assay and cell count assay. The chitosan films containing lactoferrin less than 1 mg per disc did not alter the water vapor permeability of the chitosan film. Although the film containing lysozyme exhibited significant antimicrobial activity, the incorporation of lactoferrin alone into chitosan film did not exhibit significant antimicrobial activity against both E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes. However, the combination of lactoferrin with lysozyme-containing chitosan film significantly decreased the growth of E. coli O157:H7, exhibiting a comparable effect to that of the combination of EDTA with lysozyme (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the combination of lactoferrin with lysozyme in chitosan film exhibited greater reduction in the growth of L. monocytogenes than did the combination EDTA with lysozyme, resulting in an approximate 3-log reduction.
Oxygen and carbon isotopic "dissection" of Baculites compressus (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) from the Pierre Shale (Upper Campanian) of South Dakota: Implications for paleoenvironmental reconstructions

A systematic stable isotopic study of an exceptionally well-preserved Baculites compressus specimen from the Pierre Shale (Upper Campanian) of South Dakota was conducted to assess whether the variations recorded in the calcareous shells of baculitids can be used as a reliable indicator of paleoenvironmental conditions. We sampled the B. compressus conch along four sampling profiles: (1) an ontogenetic traverse parallel to growth direction, (2) a virtually isochronous traverse along two different lirae delineated by growth lines, (3) a septal traverse, and (4) a shell-wall traverse through the conch wall. To date, the ontogenetic sequence is the longest record produced from baculitids. We interpret the isotopic variations determined from the ontogenetic, septal, and depth-profile traverses to be dominated by an environmental signal, especially in shell material deposited prior to septal crowding (i.e., maturity). In contrast, we interpret the isotopic variations determined from the isochronous traverse along the two different lirae to be altered by "biological vital effects." Our results indicate that a careful sampling strategy that avoids strongly ornamented areas of the shell is required if a "true" paleoenvironmental signal is to be extracted from the calcareous shells of baculitids, and perhaps other ammonites as well. Our best estimate of seasonal seawater-temperature variation in the Late Campanian Western Interior Seaway at 42 degrees N, based on the oxygen isotopic data from the baculitid specimen, is 10.0 degrees C (range of 29.7 degrees C to 19.7 degrees C).