cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Modular Tree of Pythagoras

The Pythagorean triples that are relatively prime (called the primitive triples) have the elementary and beautiful characterization as integers x = m2 − n2, y = 2mn, z = m2 + n2 (when y is even) for relatively prime integers m and n of opposite parity. One can think of this as replacing the parameter t for the circle with the fraction m/n and then scaling. Our motivation for understanding the triples stems from the realization that one can enumerate the rational numbers on the line by using the modular group, in a sense reversing the Euclidean algorithm [2]. Now the line can be transformed by a linear fractional transformation to the circle. This transformation changes fractions to rational points on the circle, and after scaling this process gives rise to Pythagorean triples. Roughly speaking, we can establish a correspondence of a Pythagorean triple [m2 − n2, 2mn,m2 + n2] in which m and n are relatively prime with a matrix belonging to SL2(Z) (the group of two-by-two integral matrices of determinant one) whose entries depend on m and n. Since the modular group = PSL2(Z) = SL2(Z)/{±I } is essentially a free group, it follows that there is an underlying tree structure to Pythagorean triples. Making this tree structure and its connection to the modular group explicit is a bit delicate, but the payoff is worth the effort. Our main results can be summarized as follows:
Effect of cytokines, dexamethazone and the A/T-signal peptide polymorphism on the expression of alpha1-antichymotrypsin in astrocytes: significance for Alzheimer's disease

Abstract Proinflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins, such as α1-antichymotrypsin, are over expressed in microglia and astrocytes in brain regions with abundant mature amyloid plaques, suggesting a glial cell-led brain acute phase response in the Alzheimer neuropathology. In this paper, we show that α1-antichymotrypsin gene expression in human astrocytes is elevated by interleukin-1 and interleukin-6, and further enhanced by glucocorticoid, while the homologous contrapsin gene in rat astrocytes is unaffected by these cytokines. These distinct gene regulation mechanisms might help to explain the differential susceptibility of humans and rodents to amyloid formation of the Alzheimer's type. In addition, we demonstrate that the α1-antichymotrypsin A-allele that encodes a different signal peptide and is a suggested risk factor for Alzheimer's disease gives rise to a reduced level of immature α1-antichymotrypsin in transfected cells. The physiological result would be an enhanced ability of the A-encoded α1-antichymotrypsin protein to become secreted and promote extracellular amyloid formation. We discuss our findings in terms of a model in which cytokine-induced α1-antichymotrypsin synthesis in astrocytes constitutes a specific inflammatory pathway that accelerates the development of Alzheimer's disease and could at least partly underlie the regional specificity and species restriction of the neuropathology.
Supervisory control of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle with hybrid dynamical system

In this paper, a supervisory control of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) using hybrid dynamical systems theory is presented. In hybrid dynamical systems, the state trajectories are described by both differential equations and discrete transitions. A PHEV has different operating modes which are modelled in the hybrid dynamical systems framework, simulated and analyzed. Furthermore, a constrained optimization problem to minimize energy used by PHEV is formulated. Finally, dynamic programming is used to minimize energy consumption. The obtained results are studied to evaluate the performance of supervisory control and hybrid dynamical system.
Reporting and classification of patient safety events in a cardiothoracic intensive care unit and cardiothoracic postoperative care unit.

Objectives The objective was to evaluate a new mechanism for reporting and classifying patient safety events to increase reporting and identify patient safety priorities. Methods A voluntary patient safety event reporting system accessible by all health care workers was implemented in the Cardiothoracic Intensive Care and Post Anesthesia Care Units. Information collected included patient identifiers; date, time, and location of report and event; type and description of event; and severity score. Narrative descriptions of events were analyzed and coded to describe when in the care process the event occurred, what occurred, and a causal classification of why the event occurred. Results A total of 163 reports describing 157 events were received. These included 121 events reported from the intensive care unit (25.3 reported events per 1000 patient-days), a 3-fold increase compared with the preexisting on-line reporting system. A total of 113 reports (69%) came from nurses, 31 from physicians (19%), and 10 from other staff (6%). A majority of events (85, 54%) reached the patient but caused no harm. Multiple causes were identified for the majority of events. The most frequent causes were related to human factors (48%) and organizational factors (34%). Conclusions Health care workers were willing to use the patient safety event reporting system, which yielded a broad range of patient safety data. Patient safety events are multifaceted and often have multiple causal factors. Application of a causal classification model for patient safety event coding in the intensive care and preoperative and postoperative care units is feasible and facilitates local communication of important event-related information.
Management of patients with trigeminal nerve injuries after mandibular implant placement

ABSTRACT Background Placement of mandibular endosseous implants can result in damage to the lingual nerve, the inferior alveolar nerve or both nerves. All dentists who place mandibular implants should be aware of the appropriate early management of these injuries, as well as the appropriate time to refer patients with these injuries to a microneurosurgeon. Overview The lingual nerve is less likely to undergo spontaneous regeneration than is the inferior alveolar nerve, which is protected within the inferior alveolar canal. Since the inferior alveolar canal can be seen on most panoramic radiographs and on all high-quality computed tomographic scans, it is easier to avoid damage to the inferior nerve than to the lingual nerve, which is not visualized on radiographs and whose relationship to the posterior portion of the mandible varies from person to person. Results The authors reviewed one study that showed that lingual nerve repair helped 90 percent of patients. A second study found that patients who underwent lingual nerve repair reported a mean score of 7 on a scale from 0 to 10 in regard to the postoperative return of nerve function. Several other studies reported favorable patient responses to inferior alveolar nerve repair. Conclusions and Clinical Implications These results reinforce the need for early referral and intervention when inferior alveolar nerve injuries occur. Failure to refer patients with trigeminal nerve injury before distal nerve degeneration develops prevents minimization of the injury through microneurosurgical repair.
Effects of Atmospheric Fluoride on the Respiration Rate of Bush Bean and Gladiolus Leaves.

Bush beans and gladioli were exposed to known concentrations of atmospheric fluoride and the respiration rates of their leaves was measured manometrically. The fumigation resulted in an increase in leaf respiration of bush bean plants after a minimum of 8 days at 30 ppb atmospheric fluoride concentrations. Middle age and old leaves showed a greater increase in respiration than did young leaves. Gladiolus leaves fumigated at 2.4 ppb for 25 days showed a high degree of stimulation of respiration of the chlorotic tissue next to the scorched area, and a lower but significant stimulation of respiration of tissue 5 cm from the dead area. Liming the leaves of gladiolus plants did not affect their respiration rate, and did protect them against fluoride damage.
Effects of testosterone treatment and season on the frequency of dewlap extensions during male-male interactions in the lizard Anolis sagrei.

Abstract Lizards of the genus Anolis extend and retract a large and often brightly colored throat fan called a dewlap. The dewlap in most anoles is a sexually dimorphic structure. It is larger in males than females and males use the dewlap more frequently and in more contexts than do females. In the present study we investigated whether plasma testosterone (T) levels and season affect the frequency of dewlap use in male–male interactions in the brown anole, Anolis sagrei. We manipulated plasma T levels by implanting adult, castrated males with pellets that delivered no T, a moderate dose of T, or a high dose of T. In tests with stimulus males, castrated males that were treated with a moderate or with a high dose of T had a significantly higher frequency of dewlap extensions than did castrated males that received no T. However, the frequency of dewlap extensions in castrated males that received the high dose of T did not differ significantly from castrated males that received the moderate dose of T or from noncastrated control males. Males captured during the breeding season and tested in the laboratory had a significantly higher frequency of dewlap extensions than did males captured in the postbreeding season and tested in the same manner. These results suggest that plasma T levels affect how frequently males of A. sagrei extend their dewlaps in male–male interactions and that seasonal changes in male dewlap use may be due to seasonal differences in plasma T levels.
Unimolecular decay of metastable CO3

Abstract Unimolecular dissociation of metastable excited states of the radical anion CO3− has been detected. The number of the parent CO3− ions in this metastable state has been shown to depend on the strength of the field and the pressure in the ion source, both effects scaling approximately as E/N. Possible sources of the metastability are discussed.
Viscosity index. I. Evaluation of selected copolymers incorporating n‐octadecyl acrylate as viscosity index improvers

Compositionally and structurally varied copolymers all containing n-octadecyl acrylate were prepared and evaluated as viscosity index improvers in a common base oil under conditions of low shear. Systems evaluated over a range of copolymer and blend composition were: copolymers of n-octadecyl acrylate with, respectively, methyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, and n-dodecyl acrylate; and homopolymers of poly(n-octadecyl acrylate), prepared with a wide range of molecular weights. Properties were compared with those of blends of commercial methacrylate copolymers (acryloids) which had been freed of their entraining liquid. Mixtures of base oil with copolymers of n-octadecyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate, compared at fixed SAE viscosities, were the most efficient of all blends studied. They had the smallest rate of change of viscosity with temperature (as measured by their ASTM slopes), particularly in the composition region of incipient polymer precipitation at room temperature. Efficiency of certain of these composition was somewhat greater than that of the acryloids. A parameter that related concentration and weight-average molecular weight was used to correlate all of the data for ASTM slope and viscosity. Empirical relations developed by using this parameter enabled rheological data to be estimated that agree within 6% of experimental values for the case of thermodynamically good base oil solvents. These data demonstrated the relatively small contributions of copolymer structure to viscosity index improvement.
MIMO-OFDM for High-Rate Underwater Acoustic Communications

Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) techniques have been actively pursued recently in underwater acoustic communications to increase the data rate over the bandwidth-limited channels. In this communication, we present a MIMO system design, where spatial multiplexing is applied with orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing (OFDM) signals. The proposed receiver works on a block-by-block basis, where null subcarriers are used for Doppler compensation, pilot subcarriers are used for channel estimation, and a MIMO detector consisting of a hybrid use of successive interference cancellation and soft minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalization is coupled with low-density parity-check (LDPC) channel decoding for iterative detection on each subcarrier. The proposed design has been tested using data recorded from three different experiments. A spectral efficiency of 3.5 b/s/Hz was approached in one experiment, while a data rate of 125.7 kb/s over a bandwidth of 62.5 kHz was achieved in another. These results suggest that MIMO-OFDM is an appealing solution for high-data-rate transmissions over underwater acoustic channels.
A Novel Ionic Polymer Metal ZnO Composite (IPMZC)

The presented research introduces a new Ionic Polymer-Metal-ZnO Composite (IPMZC) demonstrating photoluminescence (PL)-quenching on mechanical bending or application of an electric field. The newly fabricated IPMZC integrates the optical properties of ZnO and the electroactive nature of Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMC) to enable a non-contact read-out of IPMC response. The electro-mechano-optical response of the IPMZC was measured by observing the PL spectra under mechanical bending and electrical regimes. The working range was measured to be 375–475 nm. It was noted that the PL-quenching increased proportionally with the increase in curvature and applied field at 384 and 468 nm. The maximum quenching of 53.4% was achieved with the membrane curvature of 78.74/m and 3.01% when electric field (12.5 × 103 V/m) is applied. Coating IPMC with crystalline ZnO was observed to improve IPMC transduction.
MACHIAVELLIANISM AND INNER VS OUTER DIRECTEDNESS- A STUDY OF SALES MANAGERS

The relation of Machiavellianism to the internal-external control personality was examined. Previous research was based on student samples with the instruments administered in a controlled environment. In this study Rotter's I-E and Mach IV scales were administered via mail survey to 71 sales managers employed by three companies. Despite differences in test administration and samples, results reaffirm previous research that high external locus of control is associated with high Machiavellianism scores.
Sleep Requirement: Long Sleepers, Short Sleepers, Variable Sleepers, and Insomniacs

After a discussion of the concept of sleep requirement, I shall consider sleep studies of persons who require more sleep than most of us ("long sleepers") and persons who require less sleep ("short sleepers"), and then a larger group of persons who appear to require different amounts of sleep at different times ("variable sleepers"). I shall contrast these groups with each other and with insomniac patients in terms of personality (long sleepers, short sleepers, variable sleepers, insomniacs) and then discuss il1'plications for the functions of sleep, as well as clinical implications.
You can know your school and feed it too: Vermont farmers' motivations and distribution practices in direct sales to school food services

Farm to School (FTS) programs are increasingly popular as methods to teach students about food, nutrition, and agriculture by connecting students with the sources of the food that they eat. They may also provide opportunity for farmers seeking to diversify market channels. Food service buyers in FTS programs often choose to procure food for school meals directly from farmers. The distribution practices required for such direct procurement often bring significant transaction costs for both school food service professionals and farmers. Analysis of data from a survey of Vermont farmers who sell directly to school food services explores farmers’ motivations and distribution practices in these partnerships. A two-step cluster analysis procedure characterizes farmers’ motivations along a continuum between market-based and socially embedded values. Further bivariate analysis shows that farmers who are motivated most by market-based values are significantly associated with distribution practices that facilitate sales to school food services. Implications for technical assistance to facilitate these sales are discussed.
Body Objectification, Self-Esteem, and Relationship Satisfaction: A Comparison of Exotic Dancers and College Women

We examined body objectification, self-esteem, and relationship satisfaction differences between college women and exotic dancers and the relationships among these measures for both groups. Forty-three college women and 40 female exotic dancers completed a questionnaire that assessed each of these constructs. Relative to college women, exotic dancers reported less relationship satisfaction, more body surveillance, and a greater prioritizing of body attractiveness over physical competence. Relationship satisfaction and the prioritizing of appearance over physical competence varied for the heterosexual and bisexual dancers. For exotic dancers, the body objectification measures of surveillance and shame were negatively, and body control was positively, related to self-esteem; body shame was negatively related to relationship satisfaction. For college women, higher levels of body surveillance and body shame were associated with higher prioritizing of physical attractiveness relative to physical competence.
College Students' Distorted Perception of the Prevalence of Smoking:

Estimations of the prevalence of daily smoking of cigarettes by men and women on a college campus were obtained from 775 college students. Estimations greatly exceeded the percent of students who personally reported smoking cigarettes daily.
Moderately acidic pH potentiates browning of sweet whey powder

Abstract Liquid whey may be subjected to various holding times and temperatures, potentially resulting in a moderate pH reduction. It is hypothesized that such a pH reduction may affect the browning of the resulting whey powders during storage. Spray-dried sweet whey powders (SWPs) with pH modified by exposure to vaporous acetic acid were subjected to storage at various temperatures in sealed containers. Colour, hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) and lysine content were assayed at various time–temperature conditions. In general, browning was increased with higher temperature, longer storage times and lower pH. HMF levels were found to be higher in low pH samples confirming that the 3-deoxyosone pathway was involved. The lysine content was found to decrease with time; the lower pH sample had the lowest final lysine content. These results suggest that pH has a significant role in the browning of SWP by catalyzing the Maillard browning pathway involving the 3-deoxyosone intermediate.
Nerve damage occurs at a wide range of vibration frequencies

Abstract Hand–arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) is an occupational disorder caused by years of exposure to hand-transmitted vibration from powered tools. Patients with late-stage HAVS have peripheral neuropathy with loss of nerve fibers. To protect workers from developing HAVS, ISO 5349 (2001) sets vibration exposure limits based on vibration ‘frequency weighting’ which progressively reduces injury potential at 16 Hz and higher. A rat-tail vibration model was used to characterize the early changes in tail-nerves exposed to 30, 120 and 800 Hz vibrations continuously for 4 h at 49 m/s 2 rms and to determine whether nerve damage is less at higher frequency. All three frequencies caused similar nerve edema, dilation of arterioles and percentages of disrupted myelinated axons. Eight hundred Hz alone caused edema of the endothelial and smooth muscle cells of nerve arterioles. These findings demonstrate that early vibration injury of nerves occurs at both low and high frequencies. Relevance to industry This study compares tissue damage caused by a broad range of frequencies to test if ‘frequency weighting’ accurately predicts the potential of a given vibration frequency to cause damage.
The use of matrix visualization in algorithmic design

Abstract The use of matrix visualization in the design and development of numerical algorithms for supercomputers is discussed. Using color computer graphics, numerical analysts can gain new insights into algorithm behavior, which can then be used to design more efficient (parallel) numerical algorithms. The application of a matrix visualization tool, MatVu, in the design of algorithms from numerical linear algebra is the primary focus. Specific examples include the derivation of optimal preconditioning matrices for a conjugate gradient method, the design of parallel hybrid algorithms for solving the symmetric eigenvalue problem, the effects of operator splitting in the solution of incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, and the monitoring of Jacobian matrices associated with the application of Newton's method to a corresponding nonlinear system of equations.
On the detection of expansion at large angle grain boundaries using electron diffraction

A model of the type shown by Brokman and Balluffi in this article, should hold for grain boundary reflections from twist boundaries occurring at positions in reciprocal space on elements of the ''boundary diffraction lattice'' (BDL) which do not contain lattice reflections. In such cases, the intensities scattered by the boundary region and the two unperturbed lattices can be separated to a good approximation, and the scattering from the boundary region can be considered independently. However, in the present case, where the intensity from the grain boundary region, considered separately, would appear close to lattice reflections on the same element of the BDL, it is not clear that this is the case. It may be necessary to perform a more complicated analysis taking account of the total scattering from the grain boundary region and the two adjoining lattices. The purpose of this article is to present such an analysis. The results show that the more complicated analysis is required and a more realistic explanation of the observed result is discussed.
Land-based marine pollution in the Caribbean Incentives and prospects for an effective regional protocol☆

Abstract This article reports some results of a study to enhance the effectiveness of a prospective protocol on land-based marine pollution (LBMP) in the Wider Caribbean Region (WCR), which is under negotiation. We argue that the environmental, economic, and institutional diversity of the region as a whole suggests an incremental approach to international resolution of LBMP problems, one that builds upon successful arrangements among States that have appropriate incentives for solving transboundary or common pollution problems. We report on two approaches to the identification of commonalities and complementarities that can serve as the basis for subregional collaborations and exchanges. First, we consider the relative identities of WCR States as polluters and pollutees within subregional groupings already designated by a joint UNEP-IOC program. The analysis yields several illustrative examples of key match-ups among source, stakeholder and facilitator States within and across subregions. Second, we develop a rating system that reflects the size and direction of a State's economic incentive to control LBMP and its economic and institutional capacity to do so. The results are useful for predicting which States are the most likely to engage in sustained and effective action to control LBMP and the general categories of assistance or special inducements that the other States are likely to need in order to participate successfully.
Local non-market quality of life dynamics in new wind farms communities

Abstract The environmental benefits from generating electricity using renewable power are well known. Both wind farms and large scale solar installations require significant amounts of land to generate such power. Private land holders gain from leasing and selling land to renewable power generators but how are nearby neighbors and county residents affected? This study uses data from West Texas and documents that wind farm county's residents have gained from recent place based investments in wind farms. County property tax rates have fallen and public school quality has improved in those counties where wind farms have been built. Based on the local fiscal data, local school quality data and local ambient air pollution data, renewable power is a “better neighbor” than conventional fossil fuel fired power plants.
Practical Approach to Measuring and Reporting Friction and Macrotexture at Variable Test Speeds

Because of safety concerns associated with friction testing on both high-and low-speed facilities, testing at variable speeds has been investigated by the Florida Department of Transportation (DOT) and others. Previous research has demonstrated that reasonable correlations may be developed between friction test data obtained at the standard test speed of 40 mph (64.4 km/h) and other speeds. As part of an effort to harmonize its fleet of full-scale, locked-wheel friction testing equipment with portable reference test equipment (ASTM E 1960), the Florida DOT also evaluated the skid number speed gradient (Gv) for use in transforming friction and macrotexture measurements obtained at variable highway speeds. This paper documents the results of this evaluation. On the basis of the results of this study, a practical method of measuring pavement friction and macrotexture at variable highway speeds with the Florida DOT locked-wheel test unit and the ribbed tire is presented. Since the results of the ribbed tire t...
High-field electron transport in GaAs: a picosecond time-resolved Raman probe

Electric-field-induced non-equilibrium carrier distributions in GaAs-based p-i-n nanostructure semiconductors has been studied by transient Raman spectroscopy on a picosecond time scale and at T approximately equals 80 K. For an injected carrier density of n approximately equals 2.2 X 1018 cm-3 and electric field intensity E equals 25 KV/cm, the drift velocity of electrons as high as Vd equals 2.5 X 107 cm/sec was observed. We demonstrate in this work that time-resolved Raman spectroscopy is a feasible technique to interrogate both ballistic transport and velocity overshoot phenomena in nanostructure semiconductors.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency among HIV-infected and uninfected injection drug users.

Introduction Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent and is associated with bone disease, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome and malignancy. Injection drug users (IDUs), with or without HIV infection, are at risk for these conditions; however, limited data on vitamin D deficiency exist in this population. We determined the prevalence and correlates of vitamin D deficiency among urban IDUs in the AIDS Linked to the IntraVenous Experience (ALIVE) Study cohort.
OAK CATKINS, LEAVES AND FRUITS FROM THE OLIGOCENE CATAHOULA FORMATION AND THEIR EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE'

Remains of staminate inflorescences, leaves, and fruits of Quercus from the Oligocene Catahoula Formation show striking similarity to modem subgenera Erythrobalanus (catkins and leaves) and Lepidobalanus (fruits). The appearance of modem subgenera in the Oligocene, only a short period of time after the first occurrences of Quercus in the fossil, record suggest a period of rapid evolution resulting in the modernization of Quercus. It is suggested that this period of relatively rapid evolution was in response to global climatic changes initiated at the EoceneOligocene boundary that may have been exaggerated by an Oligocene global lowstand of sea
Meshless solution of the 3-D semiconductor Poisson equation

Finding the scalar potential from the Poisson equation is a common, yet challenging problem in semiconductor modeling. One of the central problems in traditional mesh-based methods is the assignment of charge to the regular mesh imposed for the discretisation. In order to avoid this problem, we create a mesh-free algorithm which starts by assigning each mesh point to each particle present in the problem. This algorithm is based on a Fourier series expansion coupled with point matching. We show that this approach is accurate and capable of solving the Poisson equation on any point distribution.
A video streamlining pilot project: applications in social work training and education

SUMMARY Video streaming or Webcasting is a delivery technology that has potential for enhancing social work education and training. This delivery method moves participation in education and training beyond the barriers of distance and time. This paper discusses a pilot project that used this technology to make a videoconference available to social work colleagues across the country.
Surgical management of unstable angina

Unstable angina pectoris encompasses a broad spectrum of clinical subsets with varying prognoses. It is impossible to identify which patients have severe obstructive coronary disease and, therefore, coronary arteriography should be employed. In patients with severe obstructive disease, coronary bypass surgery has resulted in dramatic symptomatic improvement and has improved the survival of patients with 2-and 3-vessel disease, as compared to medically treated groups. Aggressive preoperative medical management coupled with improved anesthetic and surgical techniques have aided in the salvage of these unstable patients.
Acquired mirror writing and reading: evidence for reflected graphemic representations.

Mirror writing occurs when individual letters and whole word strings are produced in reverse direction. By analogy, mirror reading refers to the preference to read mirror reversed over normally written words. These phenomena appear rarely after brain damage and offer insight into the nervous system’s organization of visual–spatial and visual–motor representations. We present the case of a 51-year-old patient with persistent mirror writing and reading following traumatic brain injury. She preferred to write in the mirror direction with either hand. She drew asymmetric pictures with the same directional bias as normal right-handed subjects, and she did not exhibit left–right confusion regarding other pictures. By contrast, on picture–word matching and lexical decision tasks, she was faster and more accurate with mirrored than normally written words. This pattern of performance suggests that her behavior was not accounted for by reflected motor programs, or by the mirroring of visual–spatial representations in general. Rather, we suggest that her behavior was produced by privileged access to mirrored graphemes. Furthermore, because she seemed better able to read irregular words in mirrored than in normal formats, we suggest that mirrored representations may exist at the whole word level and not simply at the letter level. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
A comparison of the AC and DC power flow models for LMP calculations

The paper examines the tradeoffs between using a full ac model versus the less exact, but much faster, dc power flow model for LMP-based market calculations. The paper first provides a general discussion of the approximations associated with using a dc model, with an emphasis on the impact these approximations will have on security constrained OPF (SCOPF) results and LMP values. Then, since the impact of the approximations can be quite system specific, the paper provides case studies using both a small 37 bus system and a somewhat larger 12,965 bus model of the Midwest U.S. transmission grid. Results are provided comparing both the accuracy and the computational requirements of the two models. The general conclusion is that while there is some loss of accuracy using the dc approximation, the results actually match fairly closely with the full ac solution.
Synthesis, structure, and electrochemical characterization of a mixed-ligand diruthenium(III,II) complex with an unusual arrangement of the bridging ligands

A mixed-ligand metal-metal bonded diruthenium complex having the formula Ru(2)(2,4,6-(CH(3))(3)ap)(3)(O(2)CCH(3))Cl where ap is the anilinopyridinate anion was synthesized from the reaction of Ru(2)(O(2)CCH(3))(4)Cl and H(2,4,6-(CH(3))(3)ap), after which the isolated product was structurally, spectroscopically and electrochemically characterized. The crystal structure reveals an unusual arrangement of the bridging ligands around the dimetal unit where one ruthenium atom is coordinated to one anilino and two pyridyl nitrogen atoms while the other ruthenium atom is coordinated to one pyridyl and two anilino nitrogen atoms. To our knowledge, Ru(2)(2,4,6-(CH(3))(3)ap)(3)(O(2)CCH(3))Cl is the only example of a mixed-ligand diruthenium complex of the type [Ru(2)L(3)(O(2)CCH(3))](+), where L is an unsymmetrical anionic bridging ligand that has been structurally characterized with a "(2,1)" geometric conformation of the bridging ligands, all others being "(3,0)". The initial Ru(2)(5+) compound in CH(2)Cl(2) or CH(3)CN containing 0.1 M tetra-n-butylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) undergoes up to four one-electron redox processes involving the dimetal unit. The Ru(2)(5+/4+) and Ru(2)(5+/6+) processes were characterized under N(2) using thin-layer UV-visible spectroelectrochemistry and this data is compared to UV-visible spectral changes obtained during similar electrode reactions for related diruthenium compounds having the formula Ru(2)L(4)Cl or Ru(2)L(3)(O(2)CCH(3))Cl where L is an anionic bridging ligand. Ru(2)(2,4,6-(CH(3))(3)ap)(3)(O(2)CCH(3))Cl was also examined by UV-visible and FTIR spectroelectrochemistry under a CO atmosphere and two singly reduced Ru(2)(4+) species, [Ru(2)(2,4,6-(CH(3))(3)ap)(3)(O(2)CCH(3))(CO)Cl](-) and Ru(2)(2,4,6-(CH(3))(3)ap)(3)(O(2)CCH(3))(CO) were in situ generated for further characterization. The CO-bound complexes could be further reduced and exhibited additional reductions to their Ru(2)(3+) and Ru(2)(2+) oxidation states.
Fail or Flourish? Cognitive Appraisal Moderates the Effect of Solo Status on Performance

When everyone in a group shares a common social identity except one individual, the one who is different from the majority has solo status. Solo status increases one's visibility and performance pressure, which may result in stress. Stress has divergent effects on performance, and individuals' response to stressful situations is predicted by their cognitive appraisal (challenge or threat) of the situation. Two experiments test the hypothesis that cognitive appraisal moderates the effect of solo status on performance. Experiment 1 finds that at relatively high appraisal levels (resources exceed demands), solo status improves men's and women's performance; at relatively low appraisal levels, solo status hurts performance. Experiment 2 replicates this effect for solo status based on minimal group assignment. Results suggest that for individuals who feel challenged and not threatened by their work, it may help to be a solo.
Constrained Global Optimization by Constraint Partitioning and Simulated Annealing

In this paper, we present constraint-partitioned sim- ulated annealing (CPSA), an algorithm that extends our previous constrained simulated annealing (CSA) for constrained optimization. The algorithm is based on the theory of extended saddle points (ESPs). By decomposing the ESP condition into multiple neces- sary conditions, CPSA partitions a problem by its constraints into subproblems, solves each indepen- dently using CSA, and resolves those violated global constraints across the subproblems. Because each subproblem is exponentially simpler and the number of global constraints is very small, the complexity of solving the original problem is significantly reduced. We state without proof the asymptotic convergence of CPSA with probability one to a constrained global minimum in discrete space. Last, we evaluate CPSA on some continuous constrained benchmarks.
Crystallization of As2Se3‐As2Te3 Glasses

Differential scanning calorimetry studies of As40SexTe60-x glasses with 0≤x≤60 show a 2-stage crystallization when 5≤x≤35, followed by a double-peaked melting endotherm. The enthalpy of crystallization for the low-temperature species is independent of composition and equals 11.6±0.9 cal/g for x≤25, whereas that for the high-temperature species decreases from 2.2±0.2 cal/g for x = 5 to 1.1±0.3 cal/g for x =15. The total enthalpy of melting also is independent of composition and equals 18.8±1.2 cal/g for x≤25. No crystallization was observed for xe40. The high-temperature phase has the mono-clinic As2Te3 structure; that of the low-temperature phase was not identified. Annealing experiments for compositions with x = 15 or 20 gave time-temperature transformation maps. A kinetic analysis of the data was inconclusive.
Plasmonic mode mixing in nanoparticle dimers with nm-separations via substrate-mediated coupling

We fabricate arrays of metallic nanoparticle dimers with nanometer separation using electron beam lithography and angle evaporation. These “nanogap” dimers are fabricated on thin silicon nitride membranes to enable high resolution transmission electron microscope imaging of the specific nanoparticle geometries. Plasmonic resonances of the pairs are characterized by dark-field scattering micro-spectroscopy, which enables the optical scattering from individual nanostructures to be measured by using a spatially-filtered light source to illuminate a small area. Scattering spectra from individual dimers are correlated with transmission electron microscope images and finite-difference time-domain simulations of their electromagnetic response, with excellent agreement between simulation and experiment. We observe a strong polarization dependence with two dominant scattering peaks in spectra taken with the polarization aligned along the dimer axis. This response arises from a unique Fano interference, in which the bright hybridized modes of an asymmetric dimer are able to couple to the dark higherorder hybridized modes through substrate-mediated coupling. The presence of this interference is strongly dependent on the nanoparticle geometry that defines the plasmon energy profile but also on the intense localization of charge at the dielectric surface in the nanogap region for separations smaller than 6 nm.
Public Ritual and Urbanization in Central Mexico: Temple and Plaza Offerings from La Laguna, Tlaxcala

Urbanization of the world's first cities involved the social integration of greater scales of community membership as well as the social differentiation of individuals along the continua of wealth, power, and occupational specialization that define urban landscapes. This article considers the causal role of public ritual in these processes during the period of incipient urbanism in central Mexico (c. 600 BC–AD 100) by examining temple and plaza offerings at La Laguna, a town within an urbanizing cultural landscape whose inhabitants participated in the transformative exchanges that resulted in urban state capitals such as Teotihuacan.
Caring for Veterans Returning Home from Middle Eastern Wars

After serving at war, veterans work to resume a normal life at home. For some, the difficulties of reintegration are compounded by significant physical injury or psychological trauma, such as traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic stress disorder. It is equally important to attend to the all-encompassing experience of reintegration for any veteran. The transition is deeply embedded in the context of relationships and, as such, nurses can provide support. Nurses can find guidance on how to better connect with veterans returning home from war in Swanson's work on caring.
Remote plasma nitrided oxides for ultrathin gate dielectric applications

Two major concerns for ultrathin gate dielectric films have emerged with device scaling for CMOS devices: (1) B penetration in PMOS devices from the p + boron-doped gate electrodes into the oxide and the underlying Si, (2) and increase in gate leakage current with decreasing oxide thickness. Oxynitride, nitride, and stacked nitride-oxide gate dielectrics have been proposed to overcome the above hurdles. Remote-plasma nitrided oxides (RPNO), involving nitridation of thermally grown oxides with a remote high-density nitrogen discharge, have emerged as promising candidates for ultrathin gate dielectric applications. These dielectrics are comprised of a thin layer of uniform and high N concentration at the poly/dielectric interface for an effective barrier to suppress B diffusion, and do not show the typical mobility and transconductance degradation observed (particularly in PMOS devices) with thermally grown oxynitride and nitride films. No increase in defect tail populations is observed from the nitridation. For stacked nitride-oxide films formed with this approach, a 10X reduction in gate leakage current is observed for T ox,eq approximately 2 nm. In applications involving metal gate electrodes, the RPNO films show significant reliability improvements over conventional oxides, attesting to potential advantages in preventing detrimental gate electrode/dielectric interactions. The potential advantages of such a gate dielectric scaling approach lie in: (1) the ability to start with a relatively thicker oxide where thickness targeting and process control is easier, (2) an essentially self-limiting process leading to 'built-in' uniformity of that of starting oxide, (3) the ability to control the thickness of the nitride layer and the spatial distribution of N, (4) adaptability/flexibility for integration with conventional oxide processing including cluster-tool processing, and (5) potential for scalability beyond the 0.10 micrometer technology node.
A probabilistic relevance propagation model for hypertext retrieval

A major challenge in developing models for hypertext retrieval is to effectively combine content information with the link structure available in hypertext collections. Although several link-based ranking methods have been developed to improve retrieval results, none of them can fully exploit the discrimination power of contents as well as fully exploit all useful link structures. In this paper, we propose a general relevance propagation framework for combining content and link information. The framework gives a probabilistic score to each document defined based on a probabilistic surfing model. Two main characteristics of our framework are our probabilistic view on the relevance propagation model and propagation through multiple sets of neighbors. We compare eight different models derived from the probabilistic relevance propagation framework on two standard TREC Web test collections. Our results show that all the eight relevance propagation models can outperform the baseline content only ranking method for a wide range of parameter values, indicating that the relevance propagation framework provides a general, effective and robust way of exploiting link information. Our experiments also show that using multiple neighbor sets outperforms using just one type of neighbors significantly and taking a probabilistic view of propagation provides guidance on setting propagation parameters.
Flux pinning and magnetic anisotropy in neutron irradiated Hg-Ba-Ca-Cu-O

Magnetic studies are performed on randomly oriented and aligned polycrystalline samples of HgBa/sub 2/CaCu/sub 2/O/sub 6+x/ (Hg-1212) and HgBa/sub 2/Ca/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 8+x/ (Hg-1223). The measurements of magnetic hysterisis and magnetic relaxation confirmed the existence of a strong surface barrier. The decay of the critical current density J/sub c/ with temperature is much slower than the decay of their single-layered counterpart, Hg-1201. Measurements of aligned Hg-1212 revealed that the dependence of J/sub c/ on field orientation is relatively weak and the irreversible area in the H-T plane is much wider than other high temperature superconductors. Although neutron irradiation only enhances the critical current values moderately and severely suppresses the surface pinning, neutron irradiation improves all of the magnetic properties mentioned above, and at T=100 K, the hysteresis loop remains open up to H=6 kG. >
Electron microscopy of Plasmodium falciparum 1. The structure of trophozoites in erythrocytes of human volunteers

Abstract Electron microphotographs of early trophozoites of Plasmodium falciparum from human volunteers were compared with those of Plasmodium berghei in the rat. Human and rodent trophozoites exhibited certain general similarities: (1) both lacked a nucleolus, (2) pigment and smooth membrane vesicles were similar, (3) both forms exhibited double limiting membranes, (4) both lacked typical mitochondial forms, (5) both forms exhibited micropyle-type structures which are apparently specialized sites of absorption. Although multilaminated-membraned bodies (whorled-patterns) were present in both forms, P. falciparum differed in that these bodies appeared to be derived from the nuclear membranes; the origin of the body in P. berghei appeared to be more related to the external limiting membranes. The erythrocytic forms of P. berghei showed a great predilection for reticulocytes or younger red cells, but P. falciparum was found only in mature red cells.
DIFFERENTIATION AMONG TYPES OF INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE: RESEARCH UPDATE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS

A growing body of empirical research has demonstrated that intimate partner violence is not a unitary phenomenon and that types of domestic violence can be differentiated with respect to partner dynamics, context, and consequences. Four patterns of violence are described: Coercive Controlling Violence, Violent Resistance, Situational Couple Violence, and Separation-Instigated Violence. The controversial matter of gender symmetry and asymmetry in intimate partner violence is discussed in terms of sampling differences and methodological limitations. Implications of differentiation among types of domestic violence include the need for improved screening measures and procedures in civil, family, and criminal court and the possibility of better decision making, appropriate sanctions, and more effective treatment programs tailored to the characteristics of different types of partner violence. In family court, reliable differentiation should provide the basis for determining what safeguards are necessary and what types of parenting plans are appropriate to ensure healthy outcomes for children and parent‐child relationships.
Low delay FIR filter banks: design and evaluation

The subject of this paper is the design of low and minimum delay, exact reconstruction analysis-synthesis systems based on filter banks. It presents a time domain approach to the problem of designing FIR filter banks with adjustable reconstruction delays. It is shown that using a time domain formulation for the analysis-synthesis systems, the system delay can be considered to be relatively independent of the length of the analysis and synthesis filters. After a summary of the time domain analysis and design framework, the design of low and minimum delay systems is considered in detail. Several design examples are provided in the paper to demonstrate the performance of the design algorithm. >