cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ebola on Instagram and Twitter: How health organizations address the health crisis in their social media engagement

Abstract Although social media have been used by public relations practitioners as a key vehicle for crisis communication, little is known about how these platforms were utilized by public health organizations in infectious disease outbreak situations and how this may have shaped the publics’ responses to the outbreak on and off social media. Taking the approach of strategic health risk communication, this study examined Ebola-related social media posts by three major health organizations, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), World Health Organization (WHO), Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF, also known as Doctors without Borders), on Twitter and Instagram, focusing on the types of communication that were used during the outbreak, the content and context of these communications, and the responses they elicited from the publics. While both platforms were utilized by all three health organizations, the results suggest that Instagram may be a particularly useful platform for establishing meaningful, interactive communication with the publics in times of global health crises, as evidenced by significantly greater levels of engagement on the part of health organizations and the publics. Furthermore, our findings indicate that social media messaging may be most effective when it is used by health organizations that are familiar with and to the publics, and when it is based on the strategic use of risk communication principles such as solution-based messaging, incorporation of visual imagery, and acknowledgement of public fears and concerns. We discuss the results in the context of strategic health risk communication guidelines and implications for public relations practice.
Opportunities for sub-wavelength imaging based on motion in structured illumination

We describe the concept of controlled or natural motion of an object in a spatially varying field as the basis for high resolution coherent optical sensing and imaging. Examples presented are for microscopy with interfering laser beams and speckle formed by scattering from a random medium. Biomedical and environmental applications are presented and resolution issues discussed.
Choosing emergency medicine: Influences on medical students' choice of emergency medicine.

Background Relatively little is understood about which factors influence students’ choice of specialty and when learners ultimately make this decision. Objective The objective is to understand how experiences of medical students relate to the timing of selection of Emergency Medicine (EM) as a specialty. Of specific interest were factors such as how earlier and more positive specialty exposure may impact the decision-making process of medical students. Methods A cross-sectional survey study of EM bound 4th year US medical students (MD and DO) was performed exploring when and why students choose EM as their specialty. An electronic survey was distributed in March 2015 to all medical students who applied to an EM residency at 4 programs representing different geographical regions. Descriptive analyses and multinomial logistic regressions were performed. Results 793/1372 (58%) responded. Over half had EM experience prior to medical school. When students selected EM varied: 13.9% prior to, 50.4% during, and 35.7% after their M3 year. Early exposure, presence of an EM residency program, previous employment in the ED, experience as a pre-hospital provider, and completion of an M3 EM clerkship were associated with earlier selection. Delayed exposure to EM was associated with later selection of EM. Conclusions Early exposure and prior life experiences were associated with choosing EM earlier in medical school. The third year was identified as the most common time for definitively choosing the specialty.
Basic Equations for Wave Propagation in Turbulence

Turbulence has a large effect on electromagnetic wave propagation that can be described by stochastic differential equations. In this chapter these equations are solved with the Rytov approximation, and the main result is given in (2.85), which is the starting point for all turbulence problems considered in this book. This equation is used to find phase and log-amplitude variances. These expressions are modified to obtain expressions for the power spectral density, given in (2.101), beam profile given in (2.109), and Strehl ratio, which is the ratio of on-axis intensity to that of a diffraction-limited wave, in (2.111).
Nutritional Aspects of Minerals in Bovine and Human Milks

This review summarizes the nutritional aspects of the 21 mineral elements present in bovine and human milks and considered essential or beneficial for human health (Table 10.1). This includes discussion of their respective physiological roles, signs of deficiency and toxicity, current recommended intakes, chemical presence as compounds that affect bioavailability and utilization and known enhancers and/or inhibitors of their absorption. The term “mineral” is not an accurate descriptor for the chemical nature of some of these elements but is a widely accepted terminology in the field of nutrition. The mineral elements occur in the body in one or more chemical forms, including inorganic ions and salts, complexes or constituents of organic molecules.
Alignment Effects in Electronic Energy Transfer and Reactive Events

The rates of electronic curve crossing processes depend critically on the alignment of atomic orbitals, which determine the symmetries of the electronic potentials participating in the reaction or energy transfer event. Recent work from our laboratory is presented on the effect of orbital alignment in near resonant energy transfer processes of electronically excited Ca and Sr atoms. Several energy transfer events are carried out on aligned p-states in collisions with rare gases. The simplicity of the rare gas systems in terms of their symmetry and nonreactive nature is advantageous for comparison to accurate theoretical treatment. In the context of understanding chemical phenomena, collisions of these atoms with molecular partners are also investigated. This opens the possibility to study the correlation of alignment dependent effects in competing reactive and energy transfer pathways. Remarkably state-specific alignment effects are also observed when two or more independent energy transfer pathways are accessible.
Specific Cardiovascular Drugs Utilized in the Critically Ill

The ability to pharmacologically manipulate cardiovascular function is important in caring for critically ill patients. Catecholamines have been the primary agents used for this purpose. Opiate receptor antagonists, neuropeptides like glucagon, and prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors provide new pharmacologic possibilities for physicians in the critical care unit. The cardiovascular actions of these and other agents are reviewed and their potential clinical indications are listed.
Dimensions of the Adult Reading History Questionnaire and Their Relationships with Reading Ability.

The Adult Reading History Questionnaire (ARHQ; Lefly & Pennington, 2000) is a widely used measure of self-reported reading difficulties. We explored the factor structure underlying this questionnaire using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. A six-factor solution emerged, with childhood reading ability, current reading attitude, spelling skill, reversal, print media use, and memory factors. We created subscales reflecting these factors and explored relationships between subscale scores and different reading abilities (word reading, nonword reading, and passage comprehension). The total ARHQ score, as well as scores on the childhood reading ability, current reading attitude, and spelling skill subscales were significantly associated with word reading, nonword reading, and passage comprehension. The spelling skills subscale showed a stronger relationship with nonword reading than other reading skills, while scores on the current reading attitude subscale showed a weaker relationship between nonword Reading skill and other measures of reading. Overall, the results suggest that reading history is multidimensional and should be regarded as such in future research. Importantly, this self-report measure of lifetime reading experience was associated with adult reading skill in a population of university students showing typical variation in reading skill, with different aspects of the scale relating to different reading subskills.
Effect of plasticity on the dynamic capacity of modern bearing steels

Abstract Dynamic capacity, defined as the load under which rolling element bearing raceways will survive for 1 million revolutions with 90% probability of survival, is commonly used in bearing life-rating standards. This term was introduced by Lundberg and Palmgren to simplify life prediction equations, and was derived using the elastic Hertzian-theory of contact mechanics for earlier, relatively impure bearing materials. Modern ultra-clean steels with fewer impurities can survive for multi-millions of contact stress cycles, even under elastic-plastic loading conditions. Under such conditions, elastic-plastic stresses are significantly different from the elastic Hertz contact stresses. Current experimental and finite-element study, shows accounting for plastic deformation of the material necessitates significant correction in the material parameters used in the expressions for dynamic capacity calculations.
Mild preparation of allylic tartaramide acetals in DMF

Abstract The mild preparation of ( E )-allylic acetals derived from N , N , N ′, N ′-tetramethyltartaramide is described. The desired chiral acetals are obtained by transacetalization of the corresponding acyclic acetals with a catalytic amount of pyridinium p -toluenesulfonate in DMF at room temperature.
Intraoperative Phase Contrast MRI Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid Velocities During Posterior Fossa Decompression for Chiari I Malformation.

Background Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) velocity at the craniovertebral junction (CVJ) is known to be altered in patients with Chiari I malformation (CMI), and normalization of CSF velocities is associated with symptom resolution. However, preoperative and intraoperative prediction methods have thus far failed to identify patients in whom CSF velocities can be normalized with posterior fossa decompression (PFD) without duraplasty. Phase contrast MRI (PC-MRI) may assist not only in diagnosis of CMI but also in guiding the intraoperative decision to perform duraplasty during PFD. Purpose To use intraoperative MRI data to quantify changes in CSF hydrodynamics at the CVJ during each step of PFD with duraplasty (PFDD) in 12 consecutive patients. Study type Retrospective case series with all patients imaged before, during and after decompression, and all data analyzed postprocedure. Population/subjects Pediatric patients, mean age 14 years (range 4-18), undergoing PFD for CMI. Field strength/sequence Intraoperative studies involved a dedicated 1.5T Siemens MRI imager. PC-MRI scans were in the axial plane at the CVJ. Assessment Two observers assessed measurements. Statistical test The equality of matched pairs of observations was tested using the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test. Results Data analyses of the PC-MRI demonstrated a marked and immediate increase in CSF velocity at the posterior CVJ during PFDD. Mean cranially-directed velocities increased by a mean of 1.049cm/s (P = 0.028) from preincision to postoperative measurement. There was a mean 0.45 cm/s (P = 0.022) increase in mean cranial velocity from preincision to bone decompression scans, and a mean 0.48 cm/s (P = 0.018) increase in mean velocity from preincision to duraplasty. Data conclusion In all subjects, significant increases in the mean and peak velocities of cranially- and caudally-directed velocities were observed from preincision to post-PFDD scans at the posterior CVJ. Level of evidence 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 4 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:1463-1470.
Anomaly Detection with Density Estimation

Author(s): Nachman, B; Shih, D | Abstract: We leverage recent breakthroughs in neural density estimation to propose a new unsupervised ANOmaly detection with Density Estimation (ANODE) technique. By estimating the conditional probability density of the data in a signal region and in sidebands, and interpolating the latter into the signal region, a fully data-driven likelihood ratio of data versus background can be constructed. This likelihood ratio is broadly sensitive to overdensities in the data that could be due to localized anomalies. In addition, a unique potential benefit of the ANODE method is that the background can be directly estimated using the learned densities. Finally, ANODE is robust against systematic differences between signal region and sidebands, giving it broader applicability than other methods. We demonstrate the power of this new approach using the LHC Olympics 2020 RaD dataset. We show how ANODE can enhance the significance of a dijet bump hunt by up to a factor of 7 with a 10% accuracy on the background prediction. While the LHC is used as the recurring example, the methods developed here have a much broader applicability to anomaly detection in physics and beyond.
Evidence on Corporate Governance: The Joint Determination of Board Structures and Charter Provisions

We provide arguments and present evidence that corporate governance structures are composed of interrelated mechanisms, which are in turn endogenous responses to the costs and benefits firms face when they choose the mechanisms that comprise those structures. Examining board structures and the use of corporate charter provisions in a sample of more than 2,300 firms over a four-year period we find that firms cluster in their use of governance mechanisms. In particular, the set of charter provisions that firms use, as measured by the Gompers, Ishii, and Metrick (2003) G Index, is associated with board structure, with the laws of the state in which the firm is incorporated, and with firm and industry characteristics. We also find that some governance structures appear to serve as substitutes. Specifically, firms that have powerful boards (as measured by board independence) also have the greatest number of charter provisions, suggesting that the market for corporate control is less effective as a monitoring mechanism for these firms. In contrast, firms that have less powerful boards tend to have few charter provisions, suggesting that the market for corporate control plays a greater monitoring role at such firms. To address potential endogeneity issues, we employ three-stage least squares analysis to estimate these relationships within a system of equations. Our results from this analysis are consistent with the hypothesis that powerful boards serve as a substitute for the market for corporate control. Finally, our findings suggest that causality runs from the board to the choice of charter provisions, but not vice versa.
Information integrated glass module fabricated by integrated additive and subtractive manufacturing.

In this Letter, we report a novel integrated additive and subtractive manufacturing (IASM) method to fabricate an information integrated glass module. After a certain number of glass layers are 3D printed and sintered by direct ${{\rm CO}_2}$CO2 laser irradiation, a microchannel will be fabricated on top of the printed glass by integrated picosecond laser, for intrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometer (IFPI) optical fiber sensor embedment. Then, the glass 3D printing process continues for the realization of bonding between optical fiber and printed glass. Temperature sensing up to 1000°C was demonstrated using the fabricated information integrated module. In addition, the long-term stability of the glass module at 1000°C was conducted. Enhanced sensor structure robustness and harsh temperature sensing capability make this glass module attractive for harsh environment structural health monitoring.
MAHASIM: Machine-Learning Hardware Acceleration Using a Software-Defined Intelligent Memory System

As computations in machine-learning applications are increasing simultaneously along the size of datasets, the energy and performance costs of data movement dominate that of compute. This issue is more pronounced in embedded systems with limited resources and energy. Although near-data-processing (NDP) is pursued as an architectural solution, comparatively less attention has been focused on how to scale NDP for larger-scale embedded machine learning applications (e.g., speech and motion processing). We propose machine-learning hardware acceleration using a software-defined intelligent memory system (Mahasim). Mahasim is a scalable NDP-based memory system, in which application performance scales with the size of data. The building blocks of Mahasim are the programable memory slices, supported by data partitioning, compute-aware memory allocation, and an independent in-memory execution model. For recurrent neural networks, Mahasim shows up to 537.95 GFLOPS/W energy efficiency and 3.9x speedup, when the size of the system increases from 2 to 256 memory slices, which indicates that Mahasim favors larger problems.
Transpicuous-Cum-Fouling Resistant Copolymers of 3-Sulfopropyl Methacrylate and Methyl Methacrylate for Optronics Applications in Aquatic Medium and Healthcare

The scope of optical sensors and scanners in aquatic media, fluids, and medical diagnostics has been limited by paucity of transparent shielding materials with antifouling potential. In this research endeavor, facile synthesis, characterization, and bioassay of antifouling transparent functional copolymers are reported. Copolymers of 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate (SPMA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) were synthesized by free radical polymerization in various proportions. Samples PSM20, PSM30, PSM40, PSM50, and PSM60 contain 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60% SPMA by weight, respectively. Resultant products were characterized by FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The synthesized copolymers have exhibited excellent transparency, i.e., 75% to 88%, as determined by the UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis. Transmittance was decreased from 6% to 2% in these copolymers upon changing the concentration of 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate from 20% to 50% owing to bacterial and algal biofilm formation. Water contact angle values were ranged from 18° to 63° and decreased with the increase in the polarity of copolymers. The surface energy lowest value 58 mJ/m2 and highest value 72 mJ/m2 were calculated for PSM20 and PSM50, respectively, by the Chibowski approach and Young equation. Sample PSM50 has exhibited the highest antibacterial activities, i.e., 18 mm and 19 mm, against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively, by the disk diffusion method. Copolymer PSM50 has shown minimum algal adhesion for Dictyosphaerium algae as observed by optical microscopy. This lower bacterial and algal adhesion is attributed to higher concentrations of anionic SPMA monomer that cause electrostatic repulsion between functional groups of the polymer and microorganisms. Thus, the resultant PSM50 product has exhibited good potential for optronics shielding application in aquatic medium and medical diagnostics.
Learning Opportunities about Teaching Mathematics: A Longitudinal Case Study of School Leaders’ Influence:

Background/ContextWhen new, rigorous standards are adopted, teachers often need to learn new content and new ways of teaching while concurrently attending to accountability demands. Both formal and...
Guide to Enhanced Recovery for Cancer Patients Undergoing Surgery: Pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is a highly complex operation with high rates of morbidity and significant potential for perioperative mortality. Enhanced recovery after surgery protocols following PD aim to standardize post-operative clinical pathways in an effort to decrease surgical stress, minimize practice variation, and accelerate postoperative recovery. We reviewed current evidence and provide recommendations for enhanced recovery after PD protocols. Current evidence regarding enhanced recovery after PD were reviewed. Recommendations for enhanced recovery after PD protocols are provided based on evidence and expert opinion. Key clinical factors required for a enhanced recovery after PD protocol to reduce postoperative complications and promote a faster recovery include patient and provider education, preoperative oral nutrition until 2–3 h prior to surgery, goal-directed intravenous fluid management, early advancement of oral diet, multimodal analgesia, early mobilization, normoglycemia, and early removal of intra-abdominal drains when clinically indicated. A PD specific protocol has been shown to reduce rates of PD-specific and overall complications as well as shorten postoperative hospital length of stay. The key facilitator to a successful enhanced recovery after PD protocol is careful multi-disciplinary planning with input from all stakeholders. Evidenced-based enhanced recovery protocols have been shown to reduce postoperative morbidity and accelerate postoperative recovery following PD.
Evaluation of the Clinical Performance of 7 Serological Assays for SARS-CoV-2 for Use in Clinical Laboratories.

BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) serological assays have emerged as a response to the global pandemic, warranting studies evaluating their clinical performance. This study investigated seven commercially available SARS-CoV-2 serological assays in samples from non-infected individuals and hospitalized patients. METHODS: SARS-CoV-2 qualitative serological assays by Abbott (IgG), Beckman (IgG), DiaSorin (IgG), EUROIMMUN (IgG and IgA), Roche and Bio-Rad (Total) were evaluated using specimens collected pre-December 2019 (n=393), from nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) negative patients (n=40), and from 53 patients with COVID-19 by NAAT collected 3-21 days post-onset of symptoms (POS) (N=83). Negative agreement (NA), positive agreement (PA), and positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) at prevalences of 5% and 10% were calculated. RESULTS: The overall %NA;95% CI in the negative samples were: Roche 99.8%; 99.3-100.2, Beckman 99.8%; 98.7-100.0, Abbott and Bio-Rad 99.3%; 98.0-99.9, DiaSorin 98.4; 97.2-99.6, EUROIMMUN IgG 97.5%; 95.5-98.7, and EUROIMMUN IgA 79.7%; 75.9-83.5), accounting for positive/equivocal results as false positives. The %PA; 95% CI in samples collected 14+days POS (n=24) were: Bio-Rad 83.3%; 68.4-98.2, Abbott and Roche 79.2%; 62.9-95.4, EUROIMMUN IgA 70.8%; 52.6-89.0, Beckman 58.3%; 38.6-78.1, DiaSorin 54.2; 34.2-74.1, and EUROIMMUN IgG 50.0%; 30.0-70.0, accounting for negative/equivocal results as false negatives. NPVs ranged from 97.4-98.9% and 94.7-97.7% for prevalences 5% and 10%, respectively. PPVs ranged from 15.5-94.8% and 27.9-97.4% for prevalences 5% and 10%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The Roche and Beckman assays resulted in fewer false positives followed by the Bio-Rad and Abbott assays. While the Bio-Rad assay demonstrated higher antibody detection in COVID-19-positive patients, PA claims cannot be established with a high level of confidence in our sample population.
Insanity and Crime: The Mystery and Complexity of Defending the Mentally Ill

The defense of not guilty by reason of insanity has long been a subject of controversy. Many people dislike that this option is available in the American justice system because they believe it allows criminals to escape consequences for their actions. As a result, there has been much public outcry for a reformed version or alternative to the insanity defense. Alternatives include the reduction in the number of successful insanity defenses, as well as an intermediate verdict for those defendants who were clearly mentally ill at the time of the crime, but who did not meet all the criteria for an insanity plea. Although there is a need for an alternative, this paper argues that "Guilty But Mentally Ill," the alternative verdict adopted by most states so far, is flawed and ultimately inappropriate to fill this role. GBMI has several theoretical flaws and is a difficult concept to understand for most juries, especially when juxtaposed with the insanity defense. Indeed, there should be an alternative verdict to the insanity defense, but this article argues that whatever form the alternative takes, it should be more transparent than GBMI's services and implications.
Territory is Everything: Afro-Colombian Communities, Human Rights and Illegal Land Grabs

Afro-Colombian women are at the vanguard of human rights advocacy in Colombia. They are also the population most vulnerable to human rights violations stemming from loss of their traditional territories. These territories are guaranteed to them both under international human rights law and under domestic Colombian law. Nevertheless, the Colombian government has largely failed to fulfill its obligation to protect, promote and realize these rights. This paper will explain the nature and source of the land rights in question, document how those rights are being violated, and propose a path forward for respecting Afro-Colombian territorial rights through implementation of the peace process. The paper focuses on three main drivers of the land-related human rights violations that the Afro-Colombian community is suffering: illegal mining, illegal cocoa plantations, and mega projects improperly sited in traditional Afro-Colombian territories without their consent or even consultation. This article details how all three of these phenomena bring violence and pollution to the Afro-Colombian territories. It documents how this violence and pollution involves state conduct that violates the Colombian government’s clear responsibilities to Afro-Colombian communities under domestic and international law. This article ends with some concrete suggestions for redressing this situation.
The L2 sequential convergence of a solution to the mass-critical NLS above the ground state

Abstract In this paper we generalize a weak sequential result of Fan (2021) to a non-scattering solutions in dimension d ≥ 2 . No symmetry assumptions are required for the initial data. We build on a previous result of Dodson (2020) for one dimension.
Snowboard: Finding Kernel Concurrency Bugs through Systematic Inter-thread Communication Analysis

Kernel concurrency bugs are challenging to find because they depend on very specific thread interleavings and test inputs. While separately exploring kernel thread interleavings or test inputs has been closely examined, jointly exploring interleavings and test inputs has received little attention, in part due to the resulting vast search space. Using precious, limited testing resources to explore this search space and execute just the right concurrent tests in the proper order is critical. This paper proposes Snowboard a testing framework that generates and executes concurrent tests by intelligently exploring thread interleavings and test inputs jointly. The design of Snowboard is based on a concept called potential memory communication (PMC), a guess about pairs of tests that, when executed concurrently, are likely to perform memory accesses to shared addresses, which in turn may trigger concurrency bugs. To identify PMCs, Snowboard runs tests sequentially from a fixed initial kernel state, collecting their memory accesses. It then pairs up tests that write and read the same region into candidate concurrent tests. It executes those tests using the associated PMC as a scheduling hint to focus interleaving search only on those schedules that directly affect the relevant memory accesses. By clustering candidate tests on various features of their PMCs, Snowboard avoids testing similar behaviors, which would be inefficient. Finally, by executing tests from small clusters first, it prioritizes uncommon suspicious behaviors that may have received less scrutiny. Snowboard discovered 14 new concurrency bugs in Linux kernels 5.3.10 and 5.12-rc3, of which 12 have been confirmed by developers. Six of these bugs cause kernel panics and filesystem errors, and at least two have existed in the kernel for many years, showing that this approach can uncover hard-to-find, critical bugs. Furthermore, we show that covering as many distinct pairs of uncommon read/write instructions as possible is the test-prioritization strategy with the highest bug yield for a given test-time budget.
Introduction to Volume 87

Article summary Volume 87 is full of both breadth and depth. Its twenty-three manuscripts fall into five groups – (i) the effects of COVID-19 on education, (ii) the pernicious education effects of authoritarian governments; (iii) the equality of opportunity; (iv) methodological innovations, and (v) topics which cannot be easily classified.
The Central Nervous System and in Utero Exposure to Ionizing Radiation: The Hiroshima and Nagasaki Experiences

An extensive literature speaks to the deleterious effects of in utero exposure to ionizing radiation. Much of the evidence stems from studies of the survivors of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It is clear too that ionizing radiation used therapeutically in the treatment of brain tumors or acute leukemia can have damaging effects on the developed central nervous system (e.g., Meadows et al., 1981; Hochberg, and Slotnick, 1980; Raimondi and Tomita, 1979). Meadows and her colleagues (1981) have reported “Significant reductions were found in overall IQ score for the majority of children, younger patients being most affected.” The exposures involved in these instances are high, tens of Grays. Most of the individuals were also receiving chemotherapy. The apparent effect of ionizing radiation could, therefore, confound the effect of the latter. However, Ron and her colleagues (1982) have reported a similar finding among individuals treated for tinea capitis who were not on adjuvant therapy and received much lower brain doses, possibly 130 cGy, on the average.
High Technology Systems with Low Technology Failures: Some Experiences with Rockets on Software Quality and Integration

This slide presentation reviews three failures of software and how the failures contributed to or caused the failure of a launch or payload insertion into orbit. In order to avoid these systematic failures in the future, failure mitigation strategies are suggested for use.
A Test for Tax-Induced Investor Clienteles in Real Estate Investment Trusts

Stock price changes on ex-dividend dates are examined to estimate the marginal tax rate of shareholders of common stock in mortgage and equity real estate investment trusts. The stocks are classified on the basis of the dividend yield of the shares and the financial leverage of the underlying REITs, and the mean marginal tax rate of each class of stock is estimated. Results are consistent with tax-induced investor clienteles related to the dividend yield of REITs, both before and after the Tax Reform Act of 1986. Results do not support tax-induced investor clienteles with respect to financial leverage of REITs.
Characterization of the Lean Misfire Limit

Cycle by cycle variations in combustion are investigated as a means to characterize the lean misfire limit of a spark ignited, internal combustion engine. The cyclic variations are represented as parameters of the cylinder pressure versus crankangle curves. The specific parameters investigated are peak pressure, maximum rate of pressure rise, crankangle of maximum pressure, crankangle of maximum rate of rise, indicated mean effective pressure, and area of the pressure curve. The variations are statistically analyzed on a digital computer. Exhaust gas analysis is performed to determine the correlation between the misfire limit and emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and formaldehyde. Imep and area variations are found to be the most promising as an indicator of the lean misfire limit. As the equivalence ratio decreases from stoichiometric, the variations stay constant, until a sharp linear increase is achieved. Correlation with hydrocarbon emissions shows a strong combustion change occurs at this point of rapid variation increase. This point is adopted as the definition of the lean misfire limit.
Biotin-responsive Disorders

Two inherited defects in biotin metabolism are known: holocarboxylase synthetase (HCS) deficiency and biotinidase deficiency. Both lead to deficiency of all biotindependent carboxylases, i.e. to multiple carboxylase deficiency (MCD). In HCS deficiency, the binding of biotin to apocarboxylases is impaired. In biotinidase deficiency, biotin depletion ensues from the inability to recycle endogenous biotin and to utilize protein-bound biotin from the diet. As the carboxylases play an essential role in the catabolism of several amino acids, in gluconeogenesis and in fatty-acid synthesis, their deficiency provokes multiple, life-threatening metabolic derangements, eliciting characteristic organic aciduria and neurological symptoms. The clinical presentation is extremely variable in both disorders. Characteristic symptoms include metabolic acidosis, hypotonia, seizures, ataxia, impaired consciousness and cutaneous symptoms, such as skin rash and alopecia. All patients with biotinidase and a majority of patients with HCS deficiency respond dramatically to oral therapy with pharmacological doses of biotin. Delayed diagnosis and treatment in biotinidase deficiency may result in irreversible neurological damage. A few patients with HCS deficiency show a partial or even no response to biotin and seem to have an impaired long-term outcome. Acquired biotin deficiency, which also causes MCD, is extremely rare. A defect in biotin transport has been reported in a single child; however the genetic defect remains unresolved to date. Biotin-Responsive Basal Ganglia Disease (BRBGD) is a recently described subacute encephalopathy which disappears within a few days without neurological sequelae if biotin is administered early.
Cell Cycle-dependent Complex Formation of BRCA1·CtIP·MRN Is Important for DNA Double-strand Break Repair

BRCA1 plays an important role in the homologous recombination (HR)-mediated DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair, but the mechanism is not clear. Here we describe that BRCA1 forms a complex with CtIP and MRN (Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1) in a cell cycle-dependent manner. Significantly, the complex formation, especially the ionizing radiation-enhanced association of BRCA1 with MRN, requires cyclin-dependent kinase activity. CtIP directly interacts with Nbs1. The in vivo association of BRCA1 with MRN is largely dependent on the association of CtIP with the BRCT domains at the C terminus of BRCA1, whereas the N terminus of BRCA1 also contributes to its association with MRN. CtIP, as well as the interaction of BRCA1 with CtIP and MRN, is critical for IR-induced single-stranded DNA formation and cellular resistance to radiation. Consistently, CtIP itself is required for efficient HR-mediated DSB repair, like BRCA1 and MRN. These studies suggest that the complex formation of BRCA1·CtIP·MRN is important for facilitating DSB resection to generate single-stranded DNA that is needed for HR-mediated DSB repair. Because cyclin-dependent kinase is important for establishing IR-enhanced interaction of MRN with BRCA1, we propose that the cell cycle-dependent complex formation of BRCA1, CtIP, and MRN contributes to the activation of HR-mediated DSB repair in the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle.
Recommendations for dispatching emergency vehicles under multitiered response via simulation

Emergency medical service (EMS) systems provide medical care and transportation. While many real-world systems use multiple vehicle types to attend different call priorities, few guidelines exist about which vehicles to allocate in multitiered responses where more than one vehicle is sent per call. This paper makes recommendations for multiple-unit dispatch to multiple call priorities based on simulation optimization and heuristics. The objective is to maximize the overall expected survival probability of patients classified as “life-threatening”. We assume two types of medical units and three call priorities; and that information may be updated when the medical unit arrives on-scene. First, we study the optimal dispatching policies through several examples. Numerical results show that dispatching while considering call priorities, rather than dispatching the closest units, improves EMS system effectiveness. A heuristic algorithm is developed for large-scale problems. A comparison between the heuristic and closest policy is demonstrated using real-world data.
A GENERAL THEORY OF DEFORMATION AND DAMAGE OF SOLIDS

ABSTRACT Using an energy consideration, the concept of a time-dependent theory of deformation and damage of solids is put forward. The total critical volumetric energy in any solid system must be overcome for fracture initiation. In this report, microscopic kinetic behavior of the material constituents is considered. Volumetric damages by submicroscopic fracturing of the molecular bonds are evaluated statistically as functions of time. The minimum potential energy state of the solid represents the stable conformation of the structural system, while the maximum critical energy governs the non-equilibrium time-dependent damage behavior of the solid.
The Effectiveness of Vestibular Rehabilitation Interventions in Treating Unilateral Peripheral Vestibular Disorders: A Systematic Review.

Background and Purpose Various types of vestibular rehabilitation therapy are routinely used in clinical practice to treat unilateral peripheral vestibular hypofunction. The purpose of this systematic review was to compare the effectiveness of vestibular rehabilitation interventions (adaptation, substitution and habituation) in people with unilateral peripheral vestibular hypofunction, exclusionary of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and Meniere's disease. Methods A search of the literature was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL and Scopus. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were 1) a randomized controlled trial or randomized clinical trial; 2) written in English; 3) of participants with a unilateral, peripheral vestibular hypofunction; 4) of a conservative treatment approach only; and 5) with human subjects. Quality was assessed by two authors using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. Effect size was calculated to determine the effect of treatment within each study group. Results Seven papers were selected for inclusion. Physiotherapy Evidence Database scores ranged from 2/10 to 7/10. Interventions within the selected studies included combinations of adaptation, habituation, substitution or substitution by itself. Calculated effect sizes, or significance values, revealed that all interventions demonstrated effectiveness. Two studies reported improvements on the dynamic gait index, and a large difference was seen between intervention groups of the two studies. Discussion Results suggest that vestibular therapy for unilateral peripheral vestibular hypofunction is effective. When considering all seven studies included in the review, it is difficult to determine the superiority of one intervention over another in treating unilateral peripheral vestibular hypofunction except when patient outcomes are captured by the dynamic gait index or dizziness handicap inventory. Many studies in this review demonstrate notable biases, suggesting that results should be used with caution. Future research should aim to use a common set of measures to capture outcomes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A computerized reminder for prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis in surgical patients.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To measure the effect of a computerized reminder system on the rate of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis in surgical patients. DESIGN: A prospective trial to measure change in compliance compared to historic controls. MEASUREMENTS: LDS Hospital surgeons developed local consensus as to which procedures should have DVT prophylaxis. The historic rate of prophylaxis for the procedures was measured through a database search of patient records. A computerized reminder system was then implemented which utilized an expert knowledge base and a time drive mechanism to flag surgical cases for DVT prophylaxis. For eligible patients, a DVT reminder appeared on the operating room schedule; surgical staff used this as a guide to apply prophylaxis. During the 3 month trial the rate of DVT prophylaxis was remeasured and compared to the pre-intervention rate. RESULTS: The pre-intervention rate of DVT prophylaxis over a 3 month period was 85.2% (785 of 921 eligible cases). For the 3 months following the introduction of the computerized reminder, compliance with DVT prophylaxis increased to 99.3% (1084 of 1092 eligible cases). The difference between the historic controls and the study subjects was highly significant (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: A computerized reminder is an effective method of increasing the rate of DVT prophylaxis in surgical patients.
Patient perceptions of nonmelanoma skin cancer before diagnosis.

Background There is a paucity of data regarding patient perceptions of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Objective To describe patients' perceptions of skin lesions before a diagnosis of NMSC. Methods This was a descriptive study in a private practice setting. Patients with a previous biopsy of NMSC who presented for treatment were eligible. A self-administered questionnaire assessed what patient perceptions of lesions diagnosed as NMSCs had been before they were aware of the diagnosis. Medical records were reviewed for tumor type, size, and location. Results One hundred sixty-three consecutive patients undergoing treatment for NMSC completed the questionnaire. The most common initial impressions of the lesion were skin cancer (20%), acne (19%), sore (10%), unknown (9%), dry skin (7%), age spot (6%), and injury (6%). Seventy-two percent of patients were the first to notice the lesion. Patients with a history of skin cancer were more likely to think the lesion was a skin cancer on initial impression (28% vs 8%) (p < .001). Conclusions Understanding how patients perceive their skin cancers may aid in targeting educational strategies and increase awareness of skin cancer risk. Our data suggest that there are important subtleties in self-identification that may need to be taken into consideration in any educational campaign targeting NMSC.
Modeling the Lateral Vibration of Hydraulic Turbine-Generator Rotors

An extensive hydro-generator rotordynamic model is presented along with a technique for determining imbalances and shaft misalignments using the model and mechanical run vibration measurements. The hydro-generator model combines a finite element rotor model with a finite difference guide bearing model, generator magnetic forces and turbine hydraulic forces to calculate natural frequencies, stability and steadystate response. The complete model allows a great number of inputs including imbalances, rotation speed, guide bearing misalignments, coupling misalignments, bearing clearances, bearing temperatures, generator stator and rotor center misalignments, generator average air gap, generator power output and turbine blade tip clearance, all of which are described in this paper. Finally, the numerical results are compared with vibration data from the mechanical run and load test of an actual hydro generator unit.
An integrative approach to the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder

We reviewed the research literature concerning the etiology and treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Cognitive behavioral and neurobiological treatments were the two most frequently used treatment approaches. The majority of research on the treatment of OCD has focused on implementing these treatment approaches in isolation, rather than in combination, which has often resulted in a high symptom relapse rate. We focused on integrating the most effective elements of each treatment approach into a new treatment regimen. More specifically, the longlasting benefits of cognitive behavioral therapy and the rapid symptom relief of neurobiological treatments are integrated in such a manner as to take full advantage of each, while at the same time controlling for the shortcomings of each treatment approach. It is proposed that this newly integrated treatment approach represents a superior treatment regimen, as compared with the combined treatment approaches currently used.
Growth and fermentation responses of Phanerochaete chrysosporium to O2 limitation

Abstract Phanerochaete chrysosporium BKM-F-1767 produced small amounts of ethanol from glucose, mannose, cellobiose, maltose and sucrose when grown with a limited O2 supply in sealed bottles. Under O2-limited growth on glucose, low levels of acetate or oxalate were produced when nitrogen was in excess or limited, respectively. Alcohol dehydrogenase activity (15 nmol/min/mg extract protein) was detected in cell extracts made from ethanol producing cells. The low levels of fermentative enzymes and products indicate that P. chrysosporium does not grow fermentatively, but probably survives transient oxygen limitation by fermentation. Analysis of the genome sequence has indicated multiple alcohol dehydrogenase genes that resemble ADH I and ADH II. Fermentation experiments conducted with 1- 13 C - and 2- 13 C -glucose produced 2- 13 C - and 1- 13 C -ethanol, respectively. Under conditions of 1- 13 C -glucose incubation with nitrogen in excess 2- 13 C -acetate was also detected. The labeling pattern is consistent with ethanol formation by glycolysis and alcohol dehydrogenase. Ethanol was detected in aspen chips aerobically colonized by P. chrysosporium only when the culture was purged with nitrogen gas. The data indicate that P. chrysosporium is able to ferment components of wood when the supply of O2 is depleted.
Diagnostic concordance between the Child Assessment Schedule (CAS) and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-age Children (K-SADS) in an outpatient sample using lay interviewers.

Thirty clinic-referred children between ages 7 and 16 years and their mothers were interviewed separately by lay examiners, using the Child Assessment Schedule (CAS) and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (K-SADS). Diagnoses were determined by comparing the informants' responses with the relevant DSM-III criteria, with no clinical judgment involved. Good concordance between the CAS and the K-SADS was obtained when diagnoses were based on the parent interviews alone or when based on combinations of the parent and child interviews for three of the four major diagnoses studied, including: Conduct Disorder, Attention Deficit Disorder, and Affective Disorder. Moderate to poor concordance was obtained: (1) when diagnoses were based solely on child interviews: and (2) for Anxiety Disorder, irrespective of the informant source. However, these latter two findings are consistent with the current literature and appear to be related to the diagnostic criteria, test-retest variance, and developmental influences.
On the mechanism of enzyme action. LII. The usefulness of 1-C14 acetate for the study of carbohydrate → fat synthesis in Fusarium lini Bolley

Abstract 1. 1. When acetate and glucose are utilized as a mixed carbon source, a greater percentage of the carbon present is converted into fat and sterol in the presence of relatively higher concentrations of acetate. 2. 2. From the data presented it may be concluded that the major pathway for the formation of unsaturated fatty acids in Fusarium lini Bolley is via a dehydrogenation mechanism. 3. 3. Carbohydrate yields C2 units which are utilized for the formation of saturated fatty acids. 4. 4. The results indicate the preferential utilization of acetate carbon for the synthesis of both fat and sterol and that the majority of the carbon atoms needed for the formation of mycelium was derived from glucose.