cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Viral and latent reservoir persistence in HIV-1-infected patients on therapy.

Despite many years of potent antiretroviral therapy, latently infected cells and low levels of plasma virus have been found to persist in HIV-infected patients. The factors influencing this persistence and their relative contributions have not been fully elucidated and remain controversial. Here, we address these issues by developing and employing a simple, but mechanistic viral dynamics model. The model has two novel features. First, it assumes that latently infected T cells can undergo bystander proliferation without transitioning into active viral production. Second, it assumes that the rate of latent cell activation decreases with time on antiretroviral therapy due to the activation and subsequent loss of latently infected cells specific for common antigens, leaving behind cells that are successively less frequently activated. Using the model, we examined the quantitative contributions of T cell bystander proliferation, latent cell activation, and ongoing viral replication to the stability of the latent reservoir and persisting low-level viremia. Not surprisingly, proliferation of latently infected cells helped maintain the latent reservoir in spite of loss of latent infected cells through activation and death, and affected viral dynamics to an extent that depended on the magnitude of latent cell activation. In the limit of zero latent cell activation, the latent cell pool and viral load became uncoupled. However, as the activation rate increased, the plasma viral load could be maintained without depleting the latent reservoir, even in the absence of viral replication. The influence of ongoing viral replication on the latent reservoir remained insignificant for drug efficacies above the “critical efficacy” irrespective of the activation rate. However, for lower drug efficacies viral replication enabled the stable maintenance of both the latent reservoir and the virus. Our model and analysis methods provide a quantitative and qualitative framework for probing how different viral and host factors contribute to the dynamics of the latent reservoir and the virus, offering new insights into the principal determinants of their persistence.
The short‐time dynamics of solvation

At long enough times, the idiosyncratic motions of individual solvent molecules have long since ceased to matter to the process of solvation; the fact that a real solvent is not a featureless continuum just has no bearing on the dynamics. However, at short times, typically times well under a picosecond, the situation is quite different. We show here that at least within the realm of classical mechanics, one can indeed talk about how specific molecular motions contribute to short‐time solvation. Precisely how one should think about these motions depends on just how short a time interval one is considering. At the very shortest times, we use the fact that it is possible to express solvation time correlation functions rigorously as power series in time to confirm that the onset of solvation is unequivocally a matter of inertial (free‐streaming) motion of individual solvent molecules. We allow for somewhat longer, but still short, time intervals by writing these same correlation functions in terms of the instanteous normal modes of the solvent. The instantaneous‐normal‐mode expressions allow us to decompose the solvent dynamics into separate, well‐defined collective motions, each with its own characteristic abilities to foster solvation. As distinctive as they appear, these two complimentary short‐time views are, in fact, equally correct in the inertial regime, a point we establish by proving that two are simply different mathematical representations of the same underlying behavior.
Giant Benign Mesothelioma

Pleural mesothelioma is a rare neoplasm that is usually highly malignant, but benign mesotheliomas do occur; approximately 400 cases are described in the literature. We report the case of a young woman with a massive benign mesothelioma that filled the entire left hemithorax but was successfully resected with full reexpansion of the lung.
Triaxial shear testing of polished slickensided surfaces

A series of consolidated-drained triaxial tests were performed on precut and polished clay specimens to measure their drained residual strength. Two soils were tested during this research program: Rancho Solano Clay and San Francisco Bay Mud. Specimens were tested using a specially modified triaxial compression device which was developed to minimize the effects of end-platen restraint on the measured strengths. Special attention was paid to the influence of changing specimen area and membrane effects during the test. Triaxial test results were compared with baseline measurements of drained residual shear strength that were made for each of the clay soils using Bromhead ring shear tests and polished-specimen direct shear tests. Residual strength values measured in the triaxial device were higher than the drained residual strengths measured in the Bromhead ring shear apparatus and the direct shear device, indicating that this test approach is more challenging than the use of direct shear tests conducted on polished slickensided surfaces. Comparison of single stage and multistage triaxial test data indicates that multistage triaxial testing may work well for specimens that fail along a well-defined plane, provided that careful attention is given to the effects of end platen restraint, membrane restraint, and changes in specimen area during shear.
Conservative Christian Beliefs and Sexual Orientation in Social Work: Privilege, Oppression, and the Pursuit of Human Rights

In their new book, Conservative Christian Beliefs and Sexual Orientation in Social Work: Privilege, Oppression, and the Pursuit of Human Rights, editors Adrienne Dessel and Rebecca Bolen take on a ...
Spline quadrature formulas

In this paper we develop quadrature formulas for splines with equispaced knots. For special classes of splines, we give simple explicit expressions for the weights in the quadrature formulas in terms of the zeros of the Euler-Frobenius polynomials and show that these weights are positive. The zeros of these polynomials of odd degree up to 15, are given by Nilson [2] and by Schoenberg and Silliman [4] to a high degree of accuracy. The general quadrature formulas can also be used to obtain the cubic natural spline quadrature formula given in Ahlberg, Nilson and Walsh [ 1, pp. 44-471 and the semicardinal odd order natural spline formula of Schoenberg and Silliman [4]. Two of the quadrature formulas that we derive can be stated as follows. Let S be a spline of odd degree m with knots at the integers 0, l,..., n. Suppose that S’*“(O+) = S’*“(C) = 0, for 2 < 2i < m 1, where ,S”’ denotes the kth derivative of S. Then
Highly Selective, Electrically Conductive Monolayer of Nanoparticles on Live Bacteria

Using specific peptide−bacteria affinity, a monolayer of 30 nm Au particle is selectively deposited on live bacteria surface to produce electrically conducting bridges spanning over 12 μm. The conductivity of the monolayer network is further improved by over 10-fold by “electric-field annealing”. The annealing process is explained by a percolation model.
Electron diffraction study of phases in the surface layer of CdSCuxS solar cells

The structure of a thin layer of copper sulfide produced by treating cadmium sulfide with a solution of cuprous chloride was investigated by electron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Results show that this copper sulfide layer is composed of chalcocite, Cu2S, and is epitaxial to the cadmium sulfide. No diffraction spots from other copper sulfide phases (such as djurleite, etc.) were observed. Accurate determination of chalcocite lattice spacing was made by using in-situ cadmium sulfide as standard and Moire fringes measurements. Die Struktur einer dunnen Kupfersulfidschicht, die durch eine Behandlung von Kadmiumsulfid mit einer Kupferchloridlosung prepariert wurde, wurde mit Hilfe von Elektronenbeugung und Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, das die Kupfersulfidschicht aus Chalcocite (Cu2S) besteht in Epitaxie mit Kadmiumsulfid. Es wurde keine andere Phase des Kupfersulfids (zum Beispiel Djurleite) beobachtet. Die Gitterkonstante des Chalcocites wurde mit Hilfe von Moire-Linien und Eichung am Kadmium-sulfidgitter bestimmt.
Capillary pressure-dependent anisotropy of layered unsaturated soils

This paper presents an approach based on a conceptualization of combining the neural network based pedo-transfer function (PTF) results with the thin layer concept to explore capillary-pressure-dependent anisotropy in relation to soil texture and soil bulk density. The effects of capillary pressure (or saturation degree) on the hydraulic conductivity anisotropy of unsaturated soils are still poorly understood. The main objective is to examine how anisotropy characteristics are related to the relationships between hydraulic parameters and the basic soil attributes such as texture and bulk density. The hydraulic parameters are correlated with the texture and bulk density based on the pedo-transfer function (PTF) results. It is demonstrated that non-monotonic behavior of the unsaturated soil anisotropy in relation to the capillary pressure is only observed when the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the shape parameter are both related to the particle diameter. Therefore, it is suggested that this behavior...
Dynamics modeling of hydrogen production by sulfur-deprived Chlamydomonas reinhardtii culture in tubular photobioreactor

Abstract A heterogeneous hydrogen production system induced by light attenuation across the culture in a photobioreactor and the boundary conditions is studied by solving the advective-diffusive reaction equation (ADRE) used to describe the system. A uniform light intensity is prescribed on the cylindrical surface of the tubular bioreactor and attenuated by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii culture toward the center. The rate constants and the kinetics orders of the S-system based kinetics equations were determined by correlating with the available experimentally measured data. The photobioreactor was operated for 200 h and the dynamics behavior of O2 evolution and H2 production were analyzed. The effects of different initial chlorophyll concentrations and quantities of sulfur re-added to the sulfur deprived culture on H2 production were studied. The results demonstrate that H2 production decreases with the light attenuation along radial direction. The overall H2 production increases with the initial cell concentration and the amount of re-added sulfur, respectively, within the simulated range. The modeled results indicate that optimal combination of the culture parameters under the given light intensity and the mixing condition may exist for high H2 production.
Rapid in Vivo Effects of Glucocorticoids on the Integrity of Rat Lymphocyte Genomic Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Glucocorticoid-induced lymphocytolysis has been studied for many years; however, the mechanism of lymphoid cell death has not been elucidated. In this study we have investigated the effects of glucocorticoids on the lymphocyte genome using the rat thymocyte model. Adrenalectomized rats were injected ip with dexamethasone (DEX) and killed thereafter. The thymus gland was removed, and DNA was extracted from isolated thymocytes and then separated electrophoretically on 1.8% agarose gels. Administration of glucocorticoids in vivo resulted in the cleavage of lymphocyte DNA at internucleosomal intervals. Genomic DNA separated on agarose gels from DEX-treated rats appeared as a ladder of DNA fragments which were multiples of about 180 base pairs, while DNA from control rats appeared as a single high mol wt band. This cleavage of thymocyte DNA was a rapid effect of adrenal steroid treatment and occurred before cell death. Thymocyte DNA fragmentation increased with time after DEX treatment and the dose of half-maximal response in vivo was estimated to be about 1.8 X 10(-8) M. Internucleosomal cleavage of DNA was only observed in lymphoid tissues (thymus and spleen), but not in other glucocorticoid-sensitive tissues (kidney, liver, heart, brain, or testis). Treatment of rats with estrogen, androgen, or progestin failed to elicit thymocyte DNA degradation. Glucocorticoid-induced DNA cleavage was partly inhibited by the glucocorticoid antagonist RU 486 (17 beta-hydroxy-11 beta,4-dimethylaminophenyl-17 alpha-propynl-estra-4,9-diene-3-one). These findings suggest that glucocorticoids activate, via a receptor-mediated process, an endonuclease-like activity in lymphoid tissues which cleaves the lymphocyte genome at internucleosomal sites. Activation of this nuclease by glucocorticoids precedes lymphocytolysis and may represent the hormonal regulation of programmed cell death.
Evaluation of Crown Ether Complexation for Elemental Electrospray Mass Spectrometry

Formation of various solvent clusters under mild source conditions and the loss of charge state information and lack of sensitivity under harsh source conditions are the major problems encountered ...
Determination of disulfiram and metabolites from biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the determination of disulfiram, diethyldithiocarbamate, diethyldithiocarbamate methyl ester, carbon disulfide, and diethylamine from a single sample of plasma or urine. The analytical procedure is based on a quantitative stepwise extraction of disulfiram and diethyldithiocarbamate methyl ester, or the conversion of diethyldithiocarbamic acid, carbon disulfide and diethylamine to diethyldithiocarbamate methyl ester for chromatographical determination. The procedure is specific, precise and simple. The application of the analytical methods developed for the determination of disulfiram and the various metabolites in plasma from mice given disulfiram intraperitoneally or humans given Antabuse orally is illustrated.
The electrophysiology of the olfactory-hippocampal circuit in the isolated and perfused adult mammalian brain in vitro.

The viability and general electrophysiological properties of the limbic system in the adult mammalian brain isolated and maintained in vitro by arterial perfusion are described. The isolated brain preparation combines the advantages of intact synaptic connectivity and accessibility of different areas of the encephalic mass with those of the in vitro approach, i.e., stability and control of the ionic environment. Extracellular field potential as well as intracellular recordings were performed at different levels in the limbic system of isolated adult guinea pig brains. The results demonstrate that in the piriform, entorhinal, and hippocampal cortices, the intrinsic electrical properties of individual cells as well as the spontaneous and evoked electrical activity in the neuronal ensembles they comprise, were virtually identical to those observed in vivo. The properties of the limbic system loop were determined.
Binding of Gossypol Derivatives to Human Serum Albumin

Abstract In light of our previous finding that gossypol competes effectively with bilirubin for the high affinity bilirubin binding site on human serum albumin, a study of the binding to albumin of four gossypol derivatives was undertaken. The derivatives are compounds in which the aldehyde groups of gossypol are converted to nitriles and the periphenolic groups are acylated with acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, or valeryl groups. These periacylated gossylic nitriles bind to the high affinity bilirubin binding site on human serum albumin, but with dissociation constants ~30 times greater than that of gossypol. The gossypol derivatives also bind to another site on albumin, but with dissociation constants ~6 times greater than those for the bilirubin site. This second site has been identified as the major drug binding site in domain III.
CONTINUOUS USE OF ORAL ANTIBIOTICS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS

This study was designed to determine the effectiveness of continuous oral antibiotics versus antibiotics used only during episodes of illness in patients with cystic fibrosis. Twenty-two patients with cystic fibrosis were divided into two groups according to age, sex, and pulmonary status, and in a double blind fashion one group (A) was given cloxicillin (50 mg/Kg/day) and the other group (B) a placebo for 12 months. All other parts of the basic C.F. treatment program remained unchanged. The patients were evaluated quarterly using the following parameters: sputum volume and color, cough, physical examination, CBC, ESR, chest radiograph, pulmonary function tests and blood gas analysis. Of the 11 patients in group A, 10 improved or remained stable and 1 showed deterioration, whereas, in group B, 6 Improved or remained stable and 5 showed worsening. The data indicates that there is less progression of the pulmonary component of cystic fibrosis in patients who received continuous cloxicillin.
A Constitutively Activating Mutation Alters the Dynamics and Energetics of a Key Conformational Change in a Ligand-free G Protein-coupled Receptor *

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) undergo dynamic transitions between active and inactive conformations. Usually, these conversions are triggered when the receptor detects an external signal, but some so-called constitutively activating mutations, or CAMs, induce a GPCR to bind and activate G proteins in the absence of external stimulation, in ways still not fully understood. Here, we investigated how a CAM alters the structure of a GPCR and the dynamics involved as the receptor transitions between different conformations. Our approach used site-directed fluorescence labeling (SDFL) spectroscopy to compare opsin, the ligand-free form of the GPCR rhodopsin, with opsin containing the CAM M257Y, focusing specifically on key movements that occur in the sixth transmembrane helix (TM6) during GPCR activation. The site-directed fluorescence labeling data indicate opsin is constrained to an inactive conformation both in detergent micelles and lipid membranes, but when it contains the M257Y CAM, opsin is more dynamic and can interact with a G protein mimetic. Further study of these receptors using tryptophan-induced quenching (TrIQ) methods indicates that in detergent, the CAM significantly increases the population of receptors in the active state, but not in lipids. Subsequent Arrhenius analysis of the TrIQ data suggests that, both in detergent and lipids, the CAM lowers the energy barrier for TM6 movement, a key transition required for conversion between the inactive and active conformations. Together, these data suggest that the lowered energy barrier is a primary effect of the CAM on the receptor dynamics and energetics.
The proton as a probe of cluster bonding. The UV photoelectron spectra of two hydrido transition metal clusters

Abstract A direct comparison of the gas phase UV photoelectron spectra of the isoelectronic pairs Mn3(μ2-H)3(CO)12/Fe3(CO)12 and Fe3(μ2-H)3(CO)9(μ3-CCH3)/Co3(CO)9(μ3-CCH3) in conjunction with those of appropriate model compounds demonstrates substantial stabilization of selected metal orbitals on addition of edge-bridging protons, locates the metal—metal ionizations in the complex d band of the unbridged cluster and illustrates a significant difference between the ionization behavior of first and third row transition metal clusters.
The Cohomology Ring of Certain Kählerian Manifolds

In recent years, work has been done on a problem of differential geometry in the large, the result of which can be roughly summarized as follows: THEOREM (Rauch, Klingenberg, Berger; [10], [6], [2], [3], [7]).
Legal and Policy Aspects of Testing.

Abstract Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was intended to eradicate discriminatory barriers to employment opportunities. In the intervening years, court decisions and government policies have impaired the ability of companies to use objective measurement devices in employment decisions. This evolution jeopardizes Title VII's mission as well as business productivity. The objectives of Title VII can be advanced by applying reasonable standards to determine whether a particular employment criterion is discriminatory. The attempt to cure discrimination by manipulating valid tests and imposing racial preferences is inconsistent with Title VII and counterproductive to society's interests. Rather, valid measurement devices should be encouraged, in tandem with positive nondiscriminatory efforts to expand opportunities for those outside the economic mainstream.
Gender and political orientation in childhood

Abstract This study explores whether boys and girls differ in their levels of political orientation and the extent to which race/ethnic heritage mediates such an association. We analyze survey data for 14,855 children across 20 states using a fixed-effects analytical technique that confines the children to their immediate environments. We find that girls surpass boys in political interest and activity, and this persists without a significant drop in teen years as might be expected. This pattern is evident whether political orientation is measured as a composite indicator or as discrete items tapping specific activities and opinions. Within subgroups, White and Native American girls consistently displayed higher levels of orientation than comparable boys. Among Black, Hispanic, and Asian Americans, observed advantages for girls attenuate with full specification of control variables; at worst, Black, Hispanic, and Asian girls are equally as political as comparable boys. These findings have implications for theorizing about political orientation in childhood.
Determination of the lateral energy variation for the uniaxial incommensurate phase of potassium on Ni(100).

Structure-factor calculations for the uniaxial incommensurate phase of potassium on Ni(100) show that slight modulations in the overlayer structure have a significant impact on the relative magnitudes of the diffraction peaks. Comparison of the relative intensities observed in low-energy electron diffraction results from K/Ni(100) show that the density modulation is weak. A simple model in which the adsorbate-adsorbate interaction is approximated by a dipole-dipole repulsion is used to find that the substrate lateral energy variation is 0.10 eV at a coverage of 0.27
Electron transport properties of amorphous Tix(Cu0.70Al0.30)1−x and Tix(Cu0.15Al0.85)1−x quench condensed thin films

Abstract The electrical resistivity ρ, temperature coefficient of resistance TCR and the Hall coefficient R H of amorphous Ti-Cu-Al thin film alloys prepared by co-condensation in UHV onto liquid nitrogen cooled substrates are reported as a function of Ti concentration for two different ratios of the simple metal components: Ti x (Cu 0.70 Al 0.30 ) 1− x with 0.22 x x (Cu 0.15 Al 0.85 ) 1− x with 0.15 x R H is positive and usually larger for more Al rich alloys. TCR is negative, and ρ is comparable to the corresponding Ti x A 1− x films.
Reply to “does the boys and bernardi function counterpoise method actually overcorrect the basis set superposition error?”

Abstract Gutowski, van Duijneveldt, Chalasinski, and Piela have criticized our analysis of the function counterpoise correction and our conclusion that the correction using the full basis for monomer calculations overcorrects for basis set superposition error. An analysis of their argument shows, however, that they do not use the counterpoise correction in the original Boys and Bernardi form as we did. In addition, they focus their attention on a different representation of the polarization and charge transfer component of the energy of interaction from the one we used. We therefore contend that their argument does not apply to our discussion, and we stand by our original conclusions.
Liquid-liquid immiscibility in single-component network-forming fluids: Model calculations and implications for polyamorphism in water

Analytical calculations and Monte Carlo simulations of a lattice model of a tetravalent network-forming fluid show liquid-liquid immiscibility at low temperatures. Three types of phase behavior are found to occur: vapor-liquid equilibrium, vapor-liquid equilibrium plus liquid-liquid immiscibility with an upper critical temperature, and vapor-liquid equilibrium plus closed-loop liquid-liquid immiscibility. The coexisting liquids differ appreciably in density, structure, and molecular dynamics. The low-density liquid displays more structured, open networks, and slower translational and network-restructuring dynamics than the high-density liquid. The model provides useful insights into the molecular basis of low-temperature immiscibility in network-forming fluids, and its relation to the unusual transition between distinct amorphous phases in vitreous water.
Trapping cold polar molecules on chips

We summarize recent progress in the production of cold polar molecules emphasizing the photoassociation of laser cooled and trapped atoms in a magneto-optical trap. We then describe one approach to trapping these molecules via interaction with their electric dipole moments. Our studies focus on the case of a simple electrode geometry that can be realized using photolithography on the surface of a silicon chip, enabling the realization of a “molecule chip.”
Age at hormonal onset of puberty based on luteinizing hormone, inhibin B, and body composition in preadolescent US girls

Hormonal indicators could be useful for detecting early pubertal onset, but there is little research on how they are related to puberty in US girls. We determined median age at hormonal onset of puberty based on luteinizing hormone (LH) and inhibin B (InB) and explored the extent to which body composition moderates this timing process. We analyzed anthropometric and hormone data of 698 US peri-pubertal girls ages 6–11.99 y who had participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988–1994. Median age of hormonal onset of puberty was 10.43 y by LH and 10.08 y by InB cut-offs (1.04 mIU/ml for LH and 17.89 pg/ml for InB). Postnatal weight gain modulated onset, making it earlier by 10–11 mo among the highest (greater than +1 SD) relative to normal weight gainers. Onset occurred first in non-Hispanic black (NHB) girls, 10.08 y (95% confidence interval (CI): 10.07–10.09), followed by Mexican-American (MXAM) at 10.64 y (95% CI: 10.63–10.65), and at 10.66 y (95% CI: 10.66–10.67) for non-Hispanic white (NHW) girls using LH. With InB, onset occurred first in MXAM girls at 9.9 y, and at 10.3 y and 10.4 y for their NHB and NHW peers, respectively. Preadolescent weight gain lowers the age at hormonal onset as defined by LH concentrations. Preventing obesity in childhood may also avert the earlier initiation of the maturation process even at the hormonal level.
Impaired post partum neutrophil function in cows which retain fetal membranes

The post partum neutrophil function in cows which had retained fetal membranes (RFM) for at least 24 hours post partum were compared with matched herdmates which had not retained their fetal membranes. Cows from a single dairy herd which had spontaneously occurring RFM (n = 8) were matched with herdmates (n = 8) which had calved within 48 hours before or after them and had not experienced RFM. Blood samples were collected from the cows three times post partum: two to five days, three weeks and six weeks. Neutrophils were isolated by differential centrifugation followed by hypotonic lysis of erythrocytes. In vitro neutrophil function was assessed by superoxide anion (O2-) generation and by stimulus-induced shape change. Neutrophils from cows with RFM produced significantly less superoxide anion during the first week post partum and six weeks post partum. Cows with RFM had impaired neutrophil shape change immediately post partum. Shape change responsiveness increased in both groups from the first post partum week to three weeks post partum.
Electrical Characteristics of HfO2 Dielectrics with Ru Metal Gate Electrodes

Hafnium dioxide, HfO 2 , thin films were prepared by radio frequency magnetron sputtering of thin hafnium layers, followed by an oxidation process. Ru was deposited on the HfO 2 as the gate electrode. An equivalent oxide thickness of 12.5 A was obtained in Ru/HfO 2 /n-Si metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) capacitor with a low leakage current density of 1.7 × 10 - 2 A/cm 2 at Vg - V F B = 1 V in accumulation. The work function of Ru gate extracted from capacitance-voltage analysis was 5.02 eV, suggesting Ru has the appropriate work function for p-MOSFETs. Using the conductance method, a high interface state density of 1.3 X 10 1 3 eV - 1 cm - 2 from the conduction band edge to the near midgap of Si was obtained in Ru/HfO 2 /n-Si MOS, compared to low interface density level of ∼ 10 1 1 eV - 1 cm - 2 in p + poly Si/SiO 2 /n-Si MOS. To evaluate the thermal stability, the samples were subjected to a rapid thermal anneal in an argon ambient up to 900°C. The electrical characteristics of Ru/HfO 2 /n-Si MOS capacitor are discussed in detail with post-metal annealing temperatures.
Monte Carlo Investigation of Dynamic Critical Phenomena in the Two-Dimensional Kinetic Ising Model

Extending the Monte Carlo method to dynamic critical phenomena we investigated the time-dependent correlation functions in the two-dimensional one-spin-flip Ising model and the critical behavior of the associated relaxation times. These relaxation times are the following: ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{\Delta}T}$, characterizing the approach of the order parameter to equilibrium after a change of temperature $\ensuremath{\Delta}T$ of the system; ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}}^{A}$ characterizing the slowing down of the order-parameter correlation and autocorrelation functions, respectively; ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}}^{A}$, characterizing the slowing down of the energy correlation and autocorrelation functions; and finally ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}}$, characterizing the cross-correlation function. We give estimates for the associated exponents ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{\Delta}T}\ensuremath{\approx}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{\approx}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}}\ensuremath{\approx}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}}\ensuremath{\approx}1.90\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10$, and ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}}^{A}\ensuremath{\approx}1.60\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10$, ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}}^{A}\ensuremath{\approx}0.95\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10$, ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}\ensuremath{\delta}\mathcal{H}}^{A}\ensuremath{\approx}0$, which are consistent with the dynamic scaling hypothesis and with exact inequalities. A detailed comparison with recent high-temperature-expansion estimates is performed, and the reliability of the Monte Carlo results is carefully analyzed.
Myosin specific phosphatases isolated from Dictyostelium discoideum.

Using native myosin phosphorylated on either the heavy chain or the light chain, we have isolated myosin phosphatases from extracts of vegetativeDictyostelium amoeba. Two phosphatases were resolved by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. One of these phosphatases removed phosphate from heavy chain or light chain at approximately the same rate. The other phosphatase appeared to be much more specific for phosphorylated myosin heavy chain. Although these enzymes removed phosphate from other phosphoprotein substrates such as histone or casein, they did so at a much lower rate. Both enzymes required magnesium for activity, but appeared to be independent of calcium.
Cholestasis associated with total parenteral nutrition in infants.

La cholostase intrahepatique au cours de l'alimentation parenterale totale du nourrisson occupe la seconde place des problemes cliniques apres les complications liees au catheter. On decrit ici les aspects cliniques, biochimiques et histologiques de la cholostase
Recent Results from Laser Solid Interaction Experiments using 100 TW Sandia Laser

Summary form only given. We present results from experiments performed on 100 TW facility at Sandia National Laboratory. The main goals of the experiment were to quantify the pointing stability, Kalpha spot size and pre-pulse effects of the Z-PW laser. The targets were 25 mum thick Cu foils. The specific diagnostics used include a Cu Kalpha spherical crystal imager which provided information on the shot to shot variations in Kalpha spot intensity and position, an optical probe used for transverse shadowgraphy of pre-pulse plasma formation and radiochromic film RCF stacks to characterize the rear surface proton energy. The Copper Kalpha images show an average spot diameter of ~71plusmn11 mum and a pointing error of les50 mum in both the vertical and horizontal directions. The stacks of RCF showed an average peak proton energy of 7.7plusmn2.4 MeV.
Whole Milk and Oral RehydrationS Solution for Calves with Diarrhea of Spontaneous Origin

Abstract Forty-two calves (mean 10 d of age) that spontaneously contracted diarrhea were used to test the therapeutic value of an oral rehydration solution with or without whole milk. Therapy began on the first feeding after a fecal score was >2 (five-point scale). Amounts (percentages of BW daily) of milk and oral rehydration solution on d 1 and 2. 3 and 4, 5 and 6. and 7 for treatments 1.2 and 3 were 1) 0 and 10. 5 and 5. 7.5 and 2.5. 10 and 0% (in two feedings): 2) 2.5 and 10. 5 and 7.5, 7.5 and 5, 10 and 0% (in two feedings): 3) 10 and 10. 10 and 5. 10 and 2.5. 10 and 0% (in three feedings). Oral rehydration solution was fed 15min after milk. Fecal score, rectal temperature, packed cell volume of whole blood. concentrations of glucose and electrolytes in serum, and strong ion difference of serum were unaffected by treatments. Calves given treatment 3 gained BW throughout the experiment, whereas those given treatments 1 or 2 lost BW during the first 3 d of therapy. Fecal cultures indicated that 70% of calves were infected with Cryptosporidium on d 1 of therapy. No mortality occurred. Whole milk and oral rehydration solution fed to calves did not adversely affect calves or prolong or worsen diarrhea but promoted gain of BW.
Synchronization of HeLa cells with 2,3-dihydro-1-H-imidazo(1,2-b)pyrazole.

Abstract 2,3-Dihydro-1-H-imidazo[1,2-b] pyrazole (IMPY) has been shown to be a useful agent for synchronizing monolayer and suspension cultures of HeLa for cell cycle studies. Treatment of log cultures with 2.5 mM IMPY blocks DNA synthesis while permitting RNA and protein synthesis. After a 16-hr interval in which the cells are gathered at the entry to the S-period, removal of the agent allows the cells to proceed as a viable, highly synchronized population through S, G 2 and mitosis.
Computers and writing: Casting a broader net with theory and research

Today, teachers of English are faced with the problem of developing new vantage points from which to consider the use of computers in writing programs, writing classrooms, and individual writing processes. Until this time, the profession has subscribed to a limited view of computers and their effects on writing — a view circumscribed by the paradigms of other disciplines or by our own past experiences with teaching machines and paper-and-pencil composing. These visions are not capable of accommodating the larger and more radical changes wrought by the electronic medium we are now using. By subscribing to them, English teachers may, as Coleridge says, have created a “tacit compact” not to pass beyond a certain limit in speculating about computers. This paper suggests four overlapping areas of exploration, four points of departure that might help us spark creative re-formations of our thinking about computers and their relationship to writing: 1.) Computers and teaching writing, 2.) Computers and language theory, 3.) Computers and learning from the past, 4.) Computer research in other fields.
Canine coronary vascular and cardiac responses to the prostaglandins.

The actions of intracoronary prostaglandins (PG) E1 A1, and F2α on coronary vascular resistance and cardiac function were studied in anaesthetized, open-chest dogs. PGEi produced potent, direct, coronary vasodilatation in both the beating, fibrillating and arrested heart. PG vasodilatation was not associated with increase in coronary A-V oxygen difference or myocardial oxygen consumption, nor with the release of K+ into coronary venous blood. PGA1was a less potent coronary dilator and PGF2α did not significantly affect coronary resistance or LV function. PGE1 and A1 both increased myocardial contractile force, reduced ventricular end-diastolic length, and in larger doses decreased systemic pressure. At constant heart rate an initial increase in cardiac output and venous return was followed by a more sustained fall.
Material Properties of Aorta From Nanoindentaion Tests

Aorta is assumed as a homogenous material in current finite element models, but in fact aorta is composed of three major layers: intima, media, and adventitia with different microstructural organizations that result in different material properties. Understanding the material properties of these layers is essential for studying the local mechanisms of deformation, force transmission, and failure in aorta. The material properties of aorta wall layers were determined from nano-indentation tests. The results show that the value of shear modulus generally increases from the inner wall toward the outer wall. Aorta material time dependency was independent from the radial orientation. This study explains why aorta rupture initiates near the inner wall and propagates toward the outer wall.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Designing a Response Scale to Improve Average Group Response Reliability

Abstract Creating surveys is a common task in evaluation research; however, designing a survey instrument to gather average group response data that can be interpreted in a meaningful way over time can be challenging. When surveying groups of people for the purpose of longitudinal analysis, the reliability of the result is often determined by the response scale used. Likert scales and numeric continua are commonly used for this purpose. Both scales are relatively easy to create and both have distinct advantages and disadvantages. This paper reports the findings of a project to combine a fully anchored Likert scale with a numeric rating scale. The resulting scale for a follow-up survey utilises fixed anchor points along with visual cues to provide a layer of direction for the respondents; it also uses a numeric continuum to elicit a second layer of information that is more discriminating. The results are both easily interpreted on the original scale and are more appropriate for longitudinal comparison purp...
Chemistry and insulin-mimetic properties of bis(acetylacetonate)oxovanadium(IV) and derivatives

The syntheses and the solid state structural and spectroscopic solution characterizations of VO(Me-acac)2 and VO(Et-acac)2 (where Me-acac is 3-methyl-2,4-pentanedionato and Et-acac is 3-ethyl-2,4-pentanedionato) have been conducted since both VO(acac)2 and VO(Et-acac)2 have long-term in vivo insulin-mimetic effects in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. X-ray structural characterizations of VO(Me-acac)2 and VO(Et-acac)2 show that both contain five-coordinate vanadium similar to the parent VO(acac)2. The unit cells for VO(Et-acac)2 and VO(Me-acac)2 are both triclinic, P1, with a = 9.29970(10) A, b = 13.6117(2) A, c = 13.6642(2) A, alpha = 94.1770(10) degrees, beta = 106.4770(10) degrees, gamma = 106.6350(10) degrees for VO(Et-acac)2 and a = 7.72969(4) A, b = 8.1856(5) A, c = 11.9029(6) A, alpha = 79.927(2) degrees, beta = 73.988(2)degrees, gamma = 65.1790(10)degrees for VO(Me-acac)2. The total concentration of EPR-observable vanadium(IV) species for VO(acac)2 and derivatives in water solution at 20 degreesC was determined by double integration of the EPR spectra and apportioned between individual species on the basis of computer simulations of the spectra. Three species were observed, and the concentrations were found to be time, pH, temperature, and salt dependent. The three complexes are assigned as the trans-VO(acac)2.H2O adduct, cis-VO(acac)2.H2O adduct, and a hydrolysis product containing one vanadium atom and one R-acac- group. The reaction rate for conversion of species was slower for VO(acac)2 than for VO(malto)2, VO(Et-acac)2, and VO(Me-acac)2; however, in aqueous solution the rates for all of these species are slow compared to those of other vanadium species. The concentration of vanadium(V) species was determined by 51V NMR. The visible spectra were time dependent, consistent with the changes in species concentrations that were observed in the EPR and NMR spectra. EPR and visible spectroscopic studies of solutions prepared as for administration to diabetic rats documented both a salt effect on speciation and formation of a new halogen-containing complex. Compound efficacy with respect to long-term lowering of plasma glucose levels in diabetic rats traces the concentration of the hydrolysis product in the administration solution.
Gastrointestinal mast cells in health and disease. Part II.

The mast cell granule provides three distinct sources of mediators: (1) preformed and rapidly released (histamine), (2) secondarily formed and generated by the interaction of primary mediators and nearby cells and tissues (leukotrienes), and (3) granule matrix-derived, which are preformed but remain associated with the granule proteoglycans after discharge (proteases) (Table). The granule matrix and its associated mediators may remain in the tissue for hours until removed through degradation, dissolution, or phagocytosis. The events initiated by the mediators depend on the tissues into which they are released. Mediator discharge clearly initiates the events associated with immediate hypersensitivity; however, late-phase reactions occur in response to granule-derived mediators as well. Several manifestations that may result from the introduction of mast cell-derived products within the gastrointestinal tract are shown in Fig. 5. These include increased vascular permeability and secretion of mucus, effects on cell surface receptors, chemotaxis of various cell types, and smooth muscle contraction. Thus the mast cell, because of its unique anatomic location and mediators, may serve both as an initiator of acute inflammation and a propagator of chronic changes as well.
Serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone strongly correlates with intratesticular testosterone in gonadotropin-suppressed normal men receiving various dosages of human chorionic gonadotropin

Objective To determine if serum concentrations of testosterone precursors would correlate with intratesticular testosterone (ITT) concentration measured directly by testicular aspiration and allow for a less invasive means of inferring ITT. Design Controlled clinical study. Setting Healthy volunteers in an academic research environment. Patient(s) Twenty-nine normal men. Intervention(s) We determined ITT concentration by testicular aspiration before and after treatment in men receiving exogenous T to block endogenous gonadotropin production and randomly assigned to one of four doses of hCG (0, 125 IU, 250 IU, or 500 IU every other day) for 3 weeks. Main Outcome Measure(s) The association between serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OH-P), androstenedione, and DHEA and ITT. Result(s) With T administration alone, serum 17OH-P decreased significantly and increased significantly when 500 IU hCG was administered. End-of-treatment ITT strongly correlated with serum 17OH-P. Moreover, serum 17OH-P, but not androstenedione or DHEA, was independently associated with end-of-treatment ITT by multivariate linear regression. Conclusion(s) Serum 17OH-P is highly correlated with ITT in gonadotropin-suppressed normal men receiving T and stimulated with hCG. Serum 17OH-P is a surrogate biomarker of ITT and may be useful in research and in men receiving gonadotropin therapy for infertility.
Selective induction of an embryonic fibronectin isoform in the rat aorta in vitro

The temporal changes in the expression of fibronectin and other extracellular matrix genes were studied in rat aortic rings incubated in vitro in a serum-free medium. Changes in all forms of fibronectin mRNA increased progressively during the 24-hour incubation period, although an increase in the alternatively spliced form of fibronectin designated EIIIA was most pronounced. Both collagen and elastin mRNA levels decreased markedly during the 24-hour interval, as did alpha-actin mRNA. The increase in the relative amount of the EIIIA isoform after a 24-hour incubation was also shown using ribonuclease protection assays. In situ hybridization showed the distribution of the induced fibronectin mRNA to be within all cell types, including endothelial cells, medial smooth muscle cells, and adventitial fibroblasts. Localization in the media was not uniform and was clearly identified mainly in clusters of cells distributed throughout the media. The early induction of fibronectin mRNA was inhibited by genistein, implicating tyrosine kinase activation as a causative factor in fibronectin expression. The in vitro changes reported may reflect a phenotypic change in vascular cell types that is both similar to and different from the changes reported in vivo under conditions in which vascular injury and repair occur.
Culture and Negotiation Pedagogy

Both in theory and practice, our understanding of what “culture ” is remains limited; the subject, in fact, is either misrepresented or all but ignored in most of the popular and scholarly literatures. The author offers six mutually related ideas that help to explain what culture is not. He then describes an approach to understanding cultures that he finds more useful. The implications of that approach have led him to several different techniques for teaching the subject in negotiation classes.
An Economist's View of Survey Research in Africa: Observations on Tarzan, Fascism, the Measurement of Attitudes and Nonparametric Techniques

I claim authority to provide an economist's view because (1) I am an economist and (2) I recently returned from Nairobi where I conducted an interview-survey of about 1500 African households, the data from which I am now processing with the aid of a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation. In the remaining five sections of this paper, I will discuss the value to Africans of survey research in Africa by expatriates, the value to expatriate scholars of such survey research, twenty-five survey-based studies in Nairobi, the Hopkins-Mitchell manual of survey research in Africa, and my conclusions. In their paper, Hopkins and Mitchell state their purposes to be (1) to address the doubts raised by “many scholars and African officials about the value and appropriateness of surveys in Africa” and (2) “to stimulate discussion that will be of interest to prospective expatriate (mainly American) researchers in Africa.” The authors devote practically all of their discussion to advocating high quality survey research and to offering suggestions on how that research should be conducted. They barely address the other issue, namely, the value and appropriateness of surveys in Africa, and their brief treatment of it is clearly inadequate. After a brief but stimulating digression, I will return to discuss their argument.