cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiphysics Simulation of Low-Amplitude Acoustic Wave Detection by Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors Validated by In-Situ AE-Fatigue Experiment

Piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) are commonly used for detecting Lamb waves for structural health monitoring application. However, in most applications of active sensing, the signals are of high-amplitude and easy to detect. In this article, we have shown a new avenue of using the PWAS transducer for detecting the low-amplitude fatigue-crack related acoustic emission (AE) signals. Multiphysics finite element (FE) simulations were performed with two PWAS transducers bonded to the structure. Various configurations of the sensors were studied by using the simulations. One PWAS was placed near to the fatigue-crack and the other one was placed at a certain distance from the crack. The simulated AE event was generated at the crack tip. The simulation results showed that both PWAS transducers were capable of sensing the AE signals. To validate the multiphysics simulation results, an in-situ AE-fatigue experiment was performed. Two PWAS transducers were bonded to the thin aerospace test coupon. The fatigue crack was generated in the test coupon which had produced low-amplitude acoustic waves. The low-amplitude fatigue-crack related AE signals were successfully captured by the PWAS transducers. The distance effect on the captured AE signals was also studied. It has been shown that some high-frequency contents of the AE signal have developed as they travel away from the crack.
Synthesis and Characterization of Heterobimetallic Iridium-Aluminum and Rhodium-Aluminum Complexes.

We demonstrate the synthesis and characterization of a new class of late-transition-metal–aluminum heterobimetallic complexes via a novel synthetic pathway. Complexes of this type are exceedingly rare. Joint experimental and theoretical data sheds light on the electronic effect of ligands containing aluminum moieties on late-transition-metal complexes.
Progress on the Design Development for Hard Core Components for USDA Diagnostics at ITER

An ITER hard core component (HCC) is defined for each undesirable situation with cliff edge effect consequences. Such structure system components (SCCs) are designed to prevent these situations at nuclear power plants, as well as to return and maintain a safe state in the event such a situation occurs. Only two hard core situations can really lead to cliff edge effect unless HCCs are implemented to limit the consequences: extreme earthquake (SL-3) and multiples fire in tritium building initiated by SL-3. The equipment (window and/or shutter) that closes penetrations from both sides of gallery to outside (Diagnostic building, Tritium building, and Assembly building) are classified as HCCs and SIC-2. Design status of the HCC penetrations belong to US ITER diagnostic systems will be presented in this publication.
Embryonic Politics: Attitudes about Abortion, Stem Cell Research, and IVF

Efforts by anti-abortion advocates to introduce “personhood” initiatives, which state that human life begins at fertilization, have prompted concern among infertility specialists that these initiatives would hinder access to in vitro fertilization (IVF). Yet, our understanding of public opinion about IVF is limited. It remains unclear whether attitudes about this technology are consistent with opinions about other issues related to human embryos, particularly abortion and embryonic stem cell (ESC) research. Using data from a nationally representative survey, I fill this gap by exploring the role that religion plays in shaping attitudes about a range of embryonic politics issues. I find that religiosity, income, and ideology strongly influence whether individuals view these issues in moral terms. Respondents who are most devout and Evangelical Protestants are most likely to consistently oppose all three embryonic politics issues. Yet, the relationship between religion and attitudes about the morality of each procedure is also influenced by the procedure's outcome, with religion most influential with respect to abortion attitudes and least influential in the case of IVF. Additionally, women are less likely than men to describe IVF as morally wrong, while, in comparison to non-Hispanic whites, Latino respondents are more likely to do so.Replication Data. Replication data is publicly available on the website of the Pew Research Center Religion and Public Life Project.
Viruses and Some Other Proven and Suspected Foodborne Biohazards

Much less is known about the incidence of viruses in foods than about bacteria and fungi, for several reasons. First, being obligate parasites, viruses do not grow on culture media as do bacteria and fungi. The usual methods for their cultivation consist of tissue culture and chick embryo techniques. Second, because viruses do not replicate in foods, their numbers may be expected to be low relative to bacteria, and extraction and concentration methods are necessary for their recovery. Although much research has been devoted to this methodology, it is difficult to effect more than about a 50% recovery of virus particles from products such as ground beef. Third, laboratory virological techniques are not practiced in many food microbiology laboratories. Finally, not all viruses of potential interest to food microbiologists can be cultured by existing methods (the Norwalk virus is one example). However, the recent development of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) detection methodology has allowed the direct detection of some foodborne viruses in oyster and clam tissues.4
Age Effects in Sequence-Construction for a Continuous Cognitive Task: Similar Sequence-Trends but Fewer Switch-Points.

Objectives Many real-life settings require decision makers to sort a predetermined set of outcomes or activities into a preferred sequence and people vary in whether they prefer to tackle the most challenging aspects first, leave them for the last, or intersperse them with less challenging outcomes. Prior research on age differences in sequence-preferences has focused on discrete and hypothetical events. The present study expands this work by examining sequence-preferences for a realistic, continuous, sustained, and cognitively challenging task. Methods Participants (N = 121, aged 21-86) were asked to complete 10 min of a difficult cognitive task (2-back), 10 min of an easy cognitive task (1-back), and 10 min of rest over the course of a 30-min interval. They could complete the tasks in any order and switch tasks as often as they wished and they were rewarded for correct performance. Additional measures included affective and physiological responses, task accuracy, time-perspective, and demographics. Results The majority of participants constructed sequences with decreasing task difficulty. Preferences for the general trend of the sequence were not significantly related to age, but the number of switches among the tasks decreased with age, and task-switching tended to incur greater accuracy decrements among older as compared to younger adults. Discussion We address potential methodological concerns, discuss theoretical implications, and consider potential real-life applications.
Knowledge-driven dictionaries for sparse representation of continuous glucose monitoring signals

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) of patients with diabetes allows the effective management of the disease and reduces the risk of hypoglycemic or hyperglycemic episodes. Towards this goal, the development of reliable CGM models is essential for representing the corresponding signals and interpreting them with respect to factors and outcomes of interest. We propose a sparse decomposition model to approximate CGM time-series as a linear combination of a small set of exemplar atoms, appropriately designed through parametric functions to capture the main fluctuations of the CGM signal. Sparse decomposition is performed through the orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP). Results indicate that the proposed model provides 0.1 relative reconstruction error with 0.8 compression rate on a publicly available dataset containing 25 patients diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes. The atoms selected from the OMP procedure can be further interpreted in relation to the clinically meaningful components of the CGM signal (e.g. glucose spikes, hypoglycemic episodes, etc
Emergency general surgery in geriatric patients: How should we evaluate hospital experience?

INTRODUCTION As the aging American population poses unique challenges to acute care services, we determined if either hospital proportion or annual volume of geriatric patients undergoing emergency general surgery (EGS) procedures is associated with outcomes. METHODS Using criteria from the American Association of the Surgery of Trauma, we identified five EGS procedures in the 2012-2015 Nationwide Inpatient Sample common in geriatric patients (65+ years). We defined hospital proportion as the fraction of geriatric EGS patients divided by all EGS patients, where volume was the raw number of geriatric EGS patients. We then divided hospitals into quartiles both by proportion and then by volume of geriatric patients. Multivariable logistic regressions compared four outcomes between these quartiles: mortality, complications, failure to rescue (FTR; death after a complication), and extended length of stay (LOS; procedure-specific top decile of patients). RESULTS We identified 25,084 complex EGS procedures in geriatric patients at 3,528 hospitals (mortality, 10.6%; complications, 30.5%; FTR, 27.7%; extended LOS, 9.1%). The median hospital proportion of geriatric patients among EGS procedures was 42.8% (interquartile range, 33.3-52.2%), whereas the median hospital geriatric EGS volume after nationwide weighting was 40 per year (interquartile range, 20-70/year). After adjustment, the lowest hospital proportion quartile relative to the highest was associated with adverse outcomes: mortality (odds ratio, 1.21 [95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.44]), complications (1.16 [1.05-1.29]), FTR (1.32 [1.08-1.63]), and extended LOS (1.30 [1.12-1.50]). The lowest volume quartile relative to the highest was not associated with adverse outcomes. As the hospital proportion of geriatric patients increased by 10%, the odds of all adverse outcomes decreased: mortality by 7%, complications by 4%, FTR by 9%, and extended LOS by 8%. CONCLUSION When accounting for both, hospital proportion of geriatric EGS patients but not hospital volume is associated with postoperative outcomes, having important implications for quality improvement initiatives, benchmarking endeavors, and health services research. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Care management, level IV; prognostic, level III.
The effect of core composition on iron isotope fractionation between planetary cores and mantles

Abstract We have conducted high-pressure, high-temperature isotope exchange experiments between molten silicate and molten Fe–Si–C-alloys to constrain the effect of Si on equilibrium Fe isotope fractionation during planetary core formation. The values of Δ 57 FeMetal-Silicate at 1850 °C and 1 GPa determined by high-resolution MC-ICP-MS in this study range from − 0.013 ± 0.054 ‰ (2SE) to 0.072 ± 0.085‰ with 1.34–8.14 atom % Si in the alloy, respectively. These results, although not definitive on their own, are consistent with previous experimental results from our group and a model in which elements that substitute for Fe atoms in the alloy structure (i.e., Ni, S, and Si) induce a fractionation of Fe isotopes between molten silicate and molten Fe-alloys during planetary differentiation. Using in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction data for molten Fe-rich alloys from the literature, we propose a model to explain this fractionation behavior in which impurity elements in Fe-alloys cause the nearest neighbor atomic distances to shorten, thereby stiffening metallic bonds and increasing the preference of the alloy for heavy Fe isotopes relative to the silicate melt. This fractionation results in the bulk silicate mantles of the smaller terrestrial planets and asteroids becoming isotopically light relative to chondrites, with an enrichment of heavy Fe isotopes in their cores, consistent with magmatic iron meteorite compositions. Our model predicts a bulk silicate mantle δ 57 Fe ranging from −0.01‰ to −0.12‰ for the Moon, −0.06‰ to −0.33‰ for Mars, and −0.08‰ to −0.33‰ for Vesta. Independent estimates of the δ 57 Fe of primitive mantle source regions that account for Fe isotope fractionation during partial melting agree well with these ranges for all three planetary bodies and suggest that Mars and Vesta have cores with impurity (i.e., Ni, S, Si) abundances near the low end of published ranges. Therefore, we favor a model in which core formation results in isotopically light bulk silicate mantles for the Moon, Mars, and Vesta. The processes of magma ocean crystallization, mantle partial melting, and fractional crystallization of mantle-derived melts are all likely to result in heavy Fe isotope enrichment in the melt phase, which can explain why basaltic samples from these planetary bodies have variable δ 57 Fe values consistently heavier than our bulk mantle estimates. Additionally, we find no clear evidence that Fe isotopes were fractionated to a detectable level by volatile depletion processes during or after planetary accretion, although it cannot be ruled out.
Carcinosarcoma of the bladder

We present a case of carcinosarcoma of the bladder, the first in our experience. This tumour is generally considered to be a rare one, has uncertain aetiology and poor prognosis. At present, radical cystectomy is the treatment of choice.
A Non-Field.

OFTEN much can be learned from the study of a mathematical system that, while not a field, nevertheless has many interesting properties. Consider the set of rational numbers R. We shall define two new binary operations on this set and call them "addition" and "multiplication." These operations will not be the ordinary operations of addition and multiplication. We shall see that in R the new operation of addition has the commutative property but not the associa tive property. This should be of interest, since most of the simple examples of non associative systems are also not commuta tive (e.g., the rational numbers under subtraction and the nonzero rational num bers under division). Furthermore, the multiplicative identity in this system is two! Investigation of this identity ought to be enlightening, since students often get the idea, when dealing with subsets of real numbers, that the only acceptable identity elements are zero and one. We define "addition," symbolized by , as follows: For any rational numbers a and b, a b =-. 2
Optimal Cache Allocation under Network-Wide Capacity Constraint

Network cache allocation and management are important aspects of an Information-Centric Network (ICN) design, such as one based on Named Data Networking (NDN). We address the problem of optimal cache size allocation and content placement in an ICN in order to maximize the caching gain resulting from routing cost savings. While prior art assumes a given cache size at each network node and focuses on content placement, we study the problem when a global, network-wide cache storage budget is given and we solve for the optimal per-node cache allocation. This problem arises in cloud-based network settings where each network node is virtualized and housed within a cloud data center node with associated dynamic storage resources acquired from the cloud node as needed. As the offline centralized version of the optimal cache allocation problem is NP-hard, we develop a distributed adaptive algorithm that provides an approximate solution within a constant factor from the optimal. Performance evaluation of the algorithm is carried out through extensive simulations over multiple network topologies, demonstrating that our proposal significantly outperforms existing cache allocation algorithms.
Alternatives for Scheduling Departures for Efficient Surface Metering in ATD-2: Exploration in a Human-in-the-Loop Simulation

A Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) simulation was conducted to explore the impacts of various surface metering goals on operations and Ramp Controllers at Charlotte Douglas International Airport (CLT). Three conditions were compared: (1) Baseline, with no surface metering, (2) instructions to meet advisory times at the gate only, and (3) instructions to meet advisory times at the gate as well as the times at the scheduled taxiway spot, where aircraft are delivered to Air Traffic Control (ATC). Results showed increased compliance for taxiway spot times when compliance was first met for gate advisories. Instructing Ramp Controllers to meet advisory times at the gate improves spot time compliance and therefore surface scheduling predictability at CLT. Results also demonstrated there was increased compliance overall with gate and spot times in the second condition. This was likely due to higher Ramp Controller workload in the third condition.
Effect of vitreomacular adhesion on the treatment outcomes in the STOP-Uveitis clinical trial for non-infectious uveitis.

To evaluate the role of vitreomacular adhesion (VMA) in visual and anatomic outcomes in patients with non-infectious uveitis. Phase 2 clinical trial Data from the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Tocilizumab in Patients with Non-infectious Uveitis (STOP-Uveitis) study was analyzed. In the STOP-Uveitis study, patients with non-infectious uveitis (NIU) received monthly intravenous infusions of either 4 or 8 mg/kg tocilizumab until month 6 (M6). Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images of patients that completed M6 of the study were analyzed at baseline to stratify the patients by the presence (VMA+) or absence (VMA−) of VMA. Patients with vitreomacular traction (VMT) or epiretinal membrane causing structural abnormalities within center 1 mm were excluded. All images were graded by two independent graders. Mean change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central retinal thickness (CRT), and vitreous haze (VH) at M6. Out of 37 patients randomized in the STOP-Uveitis study, 48 eyes (27 patients) were eligible based on the study criteria. At baseline, 19 eyes were classified as VMA+, and 32 eyes were classified as VMA−. The distribution of two doses of TCZ (4 mg/kg and 8 mg/kg) were similar between the two groups. At M6, the mean improvement in BCVA was 2.00 ± 5.3 and 6.50 ± 7.98 letters in the VMA+ and VMA− groups, respectively (p = 0.02). The mean improvement in CRT was 34.85 ± 72.36 and 80.37 ± 157.21 μm in the VMA+ and VMA− groups, respectively (p = 0.18). Similarly, the mean change in VH was − 0.65 ± 0.47 and − 0.76 ± 0.71 in the VMA+ and VMA− groups, respectively (p = 0.32). Out of 16 eyes with VMA at baseline, 3 eyes developed posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) at M6. The mean change in BCVA was significantly higher (p = 0.02), while CRT and VH score were similar (p > 0.05) in eyes with PVD compared to eyes with persistent VMA. The absence of VMA or development of PVD in eyes with VMA seems to have a beneficial effect on the vision of subjects receiving treatment for uveitis. Therefore, patients with uveitis should be assessed using SD-OCT for the presence of vitreomacular interface abnormalities.
How we manage Bing-Neel syndrome.

Bing-Neel syndrome (BNS) is an uncommon presentation of Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia (WM), seen during the course of the disease in about 1% of patients. BNS occurs when WM cells gain access to the central nervous system (CNS) causing neurological deficits. The diagnosis of BNS is suggested by the presence of radiological abnormalities, such as leptomeningeal enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging and confirmed by the presence of clonal lymphoplasmacytic cells and MYD88 L265P in the cerebrospinal fluid. The treatment of BNS requires agents with good penetration into the CNS, such as fludarabine, methotrexate and cytarabine. The novel Bruton Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor ibrutinib has shown CNS-penetrating properties, and recent data suggest a therapeutic role in BNS. In this review, we will discuss the clinical and pathological features, diagnostic criteria, treatment options and outcomes of patients with BNS.
Fixed combination netarsudil-latanoprost for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only known modifiable risk factor for prevention and treatment of glaucoma. Rho-kinase (ROCK) inhibitors are a new class of glau...
Designing Group Examinations to Decrease Social Loafing and Increase Learning.

This study examines a method to decrease social loafing in a group examination. Students who met in teams during the semester took an exam in groups. Rules for the exam, based on the Jeopardy game show, facilitated both group and individual accountability. Feedback from students indicated that compared to a class that did not have group exams, students taking the group exam had less social loafing and had higher perceived levels of learning. Furthermore, among s tudents taking the group exams, higher group participation was related to higher perceived performance and more positive attitudes about the exam. We developed a model for how the environment affects group processes which, in turn, affects group and individual outcomes.
Female Torso Shape Classification: Methods and Comparison.

This paper presents a study of female torso shape classification from three distance spaces. First a principal component analysis (PCA) is applied to three-dimensional (3D) body scans and anthropometric measurements of the torso separately, then a K-mean clustering is applied to the score matrices from PCA. It shows that the shape modes extracted from 3D scans are different from those of anthropometric measurements. Comparing the shapes at each cluster center can help identify the direction and distribution of the shape variation visually.
Disentangling the effects of attentional difficulties on fears of social evaluation and social anxiety symptoms: Unique interactions with sluggish cognitive tempo.

Abstract Although fears of negative and positive social evaluation are hallmark cognitive features of social anxiety, attentional difficulties may exacerbate the relation between fears of social evaluation and social anxiety. Thus, the goal of the current study was to test whether two different types of self-reported attentional difficulties, specifically sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) inattention symptoms, moderate the relation between fears of social evaluation and social anxiety. Participants (N = 4756; Mage = 19.28 years; 72.7% female) enrolled in five universities across the United States completed self-report measures of fears of negative and positive evaluation and psychopathology symptoms. Results indicated a significant two-way interaction of fear of negative evaluation and SCT in relation to social anxiety symptoms, as well as a significant two-way interaction of fear of positive evaluation and SCT in relation to social anxiety symptoms. In both instances, the associations between fears of negative and positive evaluation in relation to social anxiety became increasingly stronger at higher levels of SCT. Conversely, the interactions between fears of negative and positive evaluation with ADHD inattentive symptoms were non-significant. These results are the first to report that self-reported SCT, but not ADHD inattentive symptoms, exacerbate the relation between fears of social evaluation and social anxiety, and suggest that attentional difficulties characteristic of SCT may prolong engagement in fears.
Saethre-Chotzen syndrome: long-term outcome of a syndrome-specific management protocol.

Aim To assess the long-term outcomes of our management protocol for Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, which includes one-stage fronto-orbital advancement. Method All patients born with Saethre-Chotzen syndrome between January 1992 and March 2017 were included. Evaluated parameters included occipital frontal head circumference (OFC), fundoscopy, neuroimaging (ventricular size, tonsillar position, and the presence of collaterals/an abnormal transverse sinus), polysomnography, and ophthalmological outcomes. The relationship between papilledema and its associated risk factors was evaluated with Fisher's exact test. Results Thirty-two patients (21 females, 11 males) were included. Median (SD) age at first surgery was 9.6 months (3.1mo) for patients who were primarily referred to our center (range: 3.6-13.0mo), the median (SD) age at last follow-up was 13 years (5y 7mo; range: 3-25y). Seven patients had papilledema preoperatively, which recurred in two. Two patients had papilledema solely after first surgery. Second cranial vault expansion was indicated in 20%. Thirteen patients had an OFC deflection, indicating restricted skull growth, one patient had ventriculomegaly, and none developed hydrocephalus. Eleven patients had emissary veins, while the transverse sinus was aberrant unilaterally in 13 (hypoplastic n=10 and absent n=3). Four patients had mild tonsillar descent, one of which was a Chiari type I malformation. Four patients had obstructive sleep apnoea (two mild, one moderate, and one severe). An aberrant transverse sinus was associated with papilledema (p=0.01). Interpretation Single one-stage fronto-orbital advancement was sufficient to prevent intracranial hypertension for 80% of our patients with Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. Follow-up should focus on OFC deflection and venous anomalies.
Anonymous Versus Self-Identified Response Formats for School Mental Health Screening:

Schools are an essential setting for mental health supports and services for students. To support student well-being, schools engage in universal mental health screening to identify students in nee...
Experimental Estimate of Soil Nutrient Exchange in an Afrotropical Forest: The Role of Dung Beetle Community Complexity

Despite recognition of its importance, little is known about functional aspects of soil fauna. Here, we investigate the effect that different dung beetle functional groups have on macronutrient movement (N, P, K, and C) from dung into soil over 112-day period. We report a large overall effect where more macronutrients are moved into soil over time when beetles are present compared to a control treatment. We also report a large effect of beetle functional groupings on the amount of macronutrient movement, with larger dung beetles moving more nutrients over time. We provide the first experimental evidence that dung beetle body size directly influences macronutrient recycling and discuss the importance of dung beetle functional characteristics in maintaining soil fertility.
Differential Electromagnetic Induction Sensor using a Spinning Magnet Excitation

An electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor is investigated that uses a spinning magnet to generate the primary magnetic field. The major advantage of the technique is power efficiency as no power is needed to establish the field, and very little power is needed to keep the magnet spinning. The sensor uses two receive coils in a differential configuration to make it much less sensitive to ambient noise relative to a prior sensor that uses a single receive coil. Even with the differential coils, the sensor has a stronger response than the prior single-coil sensor for target ranges of most interest. The sensor has an interesting phase response that will help in refining the location of a target. Experimental results are presented for a prototype sensor.
Interpretability Versus Accuracy: A Comparison of Machine Learning Models Built Using Different Algorithms, Performance Measures, and Features to Predict E. coli Levels in Agricultural Water.

Since E. coli is considered a fecal indicator in surface water, government water quality standards and industry guidance often rely on E. coli monitoring to identify when there is an increased risk of pathogen contamination of water used for produce production (e.g., for irrigation). However, studies have indicated that E. coli testing can present an economic burden to growers and that time lags between sampling and obtaining results may reduce the utility of these data. Models that predict E. coli levels in agricultural water may provide a mechanism for overcoming these obstacles. Thus, this proof-of-concept study uses previously published datasets to train, test, and compare E. coli predictive models using multiple algorithms and performance measures. Since the collection of different feature data carries specific costs for growers, predictive performance was compared for models built using different feature types [geospatial, water quality, stream traits, and/or weather features]. Model performance was assessed against baseline regression models. Model performance varied considerably with root-mean-squared errors and Kendall’s Tau ranging between 0.37 and 1.03, and 0.07 and 0.55, respectively. Overall, models that included turbidity, rain, and temperature outperformed all other models regardless of the algorithm used. Turbidity and weather factors were also found to drive model accuracy even when other feature types were included in the model. These findings confirm previous conclusions that machine learning models may be useful for predicting when, where, and at what level E. coli (and associated hazards) are likely to be present in preharvest agricultural water sources. This study also identifies specific algorithm-predictor combinations that should be the foci of future efforts to develop deployable models (i.e., models that can be used to guide on-farm decision-making and risk mitigation). When deploying E. coli predictive models in the field, it is important to note that past research indicates an inconsistent relationship between E. coli levels and foodborne pathogen presence. Thus, models that predict E. coli levels in agricultural water may be useful for assessing fecal contamination status and ensuring compliance with regulations but should not be used to assess the risk that specific pathogens of concern (e.g., Salmonella, Listeria) are present.
The yoga of Rag GTPases: Dynamic structural poses confer amino acid sensing by mTORC1.

Heterodimeric Rag GTPases play a critical role in relaying fluctuating levels of cellular amino acids to the sensor mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1. Important mechanistic questions remain unresolved, however, regarding how guanine nucleotide binding enables Rag GTPases to transition dynamically between distinct yoga-like structural poses that control activation state. Egri and Shen identified a critical interdomain hydrogen bond within RagA and RagC that stabilizes their GDP-bound states. They demonstrate that this long-distance interaction controls Rag structure and function to confer appropriate amino acid sensing by mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1.
Recurrent Chromosomal Abnormalities in Tissues Involved by Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma.

Objectives Prognostically relevant chromosomal abnormalities in chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) are routinely identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on peripheral blood or bone marrow specimens. We studied the prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities on extramedullary tissues involved by CLL/SLL and evaluated their association with prominent proliferation centers (PPCs). Methods FISH for recurrent abnormalities in CLL/SLL was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsy sections. PPCs were identified on H&E-stained sections. Available FISH results on peripheral blood or bone marrow specimens were also reviewed. Results Recurrent FISH abnormalities were detected in 69% of 320 CLL/SLL biopsy specimens studied, including +12 (35%), 13q- (24%), 11q- (15%), 17p- (6%), 6q- (2%), and IGH/BCL2 (0.9%). Forty-three patients had abnormal blood or bone marrow FISH analyses, of whom 7 (16%) had discordant +12 and/or 13q-, and 3 (7%) had discordant 17p- or 11q-. Morphology was positive (17%), negative (78%), or equivocal (6%) for PPCs on 247 evaluable biopsy specimens, a finding not significantly associated with FISH results (P = .7). Conclusions Trisomy 12 is overrepresented in tumoral CLL/SLL involvement, compared with the known predominance of 13q- in blood. Discrepancies between leukemic and tissue FISH findings are occasionally encountered. FISH results do not correlate with the presence of PPCs.
Psychotropic medication prescribing during the COVID-19 pandemic.

This study examined changes in psychotropic medication use associated with the early months of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Using Kaiser Permanente Northern California electronic health records, the authors identified adult patients with fills for psychotropic medications and a non-psychotropic comparator (statins) in the 13 weeks before and after the first-known COVID-19-related death in California (March 4, 2020). Generalized estimating equations were used to derive relative risk ratios (RRR) for medication fills compared with the prior year. Analyses were stratified by new and continued fills and patient characteristics. Among 2,405,824 patients, the mean (SD) age was 49.8 (17.9) years; 52.9% were female; 47.9% identified as White; 8.0% and 7.9% had anxiety and depression disorder diagnoses, respectively. Accounting for secular trends, in the 13 weeks following March 4, 2020, there were increased fills for trazodone (RRR = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.02, 1.04), decreased fills for benzodiazepines (RRR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.94, 0.96) and hypnotics (RRR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.96, 0.99), and stable fills for antidepressants (RRR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.99, 1.00). Relative rates of new fills decreased across most medication classes and continued fills either remained stable or demonstrated non-clinically significant decreases. Patients aged ≥65 years demonstrated decreased fills for most medication classes. In the first 13 weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic, fills for most psychotropic medications remained constant or showed small changes relative to the previous year. Continued (compared with new) fills accounted for observed increases in some medication classes. Older adults demonstrated decreased fills of most medications.
Limits of Information Processing Systems

The explosive increase in the power of computers through the past three decades is well-known and well-documented; see, for example, [1,2,3]. Computers are systems, in the sense that they are built from a large number of components that must all work together to attain a desired end.1 The design and performance of such a complex system of many components has not yet been brought under the rule of quantitative science. Indeed, there are many aspects of system design that are matters of subjective opinion, and upon which responsible designers differ. Here we propose to identify widely applicable features of computer systems that are related to the physical nature of the world, and then to inquire into the role of those physical characteristics in limiting the size, performance, and extendibility of computational systems.
Improving Scheduling and Flow in Complex Outpatient Clinics

This chapter examines the barriers to, and opportunities for, improving the planning and scheduling of complex outpatient care environments. First, this chapter explores the effects of two phenomena—complexity and uncertainty—that exacerbate operational challenges for clinics. Mitigating the effects of these phenomena is motivation for proposing a framework for managing clinic operations more effectively. By collecting historical data, and using it effectively, staff are better able to create realistic plans for upcoming clinics. The chapter reviews some of the analytical techniques that can be used to then improve that plan, including an example of a mixed-integer program for determining the optimal sequence of clinical activities. Once the clinic session has begun, the nature of the decisions being made in real time is more tactical, but similar analytical approaches may be useful. Combined with powerful information technology, a proposed analytical and coordination framework can help guide systems improvement efforts. The chapter then concludes with discussion of several opportunities for future research on methods for improving decision-making in clinical operations management.
The alloy systems uranium-tungsten, uranium-tantalum and tungsten-tantalum

The constitutions of the uranium-tungsten and uranium-tantalum alloy systems have been determined and the resulting phase diagrams constructed The relationship between lattice parameter and composition for tantalum-tungsten solid solutions has been delineated. In addition, two phases of the uranium-tantalum-carbon ternary system have been discovered and described.
Compound-statistical features of deuteron-induced reactions: (I). Radiative capture of 4–15 MeV deuterons

Abstract Absolute cross sections and excitation functions for the 30Si(d, γ)32P and 138Ba(d, γ)140La reactions from ≈ 4 to 15 MeV have been measured radiochemically using the stacked target technique. The 30Si(d, γ) cross sections above 5 MeV are 110 to 160 μb and exhibit little energy dependence. The 138Ba(d, γ) excitation function peaks at ≈ 22 μb near 10 MeV. The compound nucleus mechanism, formulated from continuum-theory cross sections and statistical-model calculations using Fermi gas level densities, reproduces both the magnitudes and the dissimilar energy dependences of the two excitation functions. Inverse E1 photonuclear cross sections were calculated both for the giant resonance shape used by Carver and Jones and for that proposed by Lane and Lynn, the former providing more satisfactory agreement with experiment, especially in the Si reaction. It is concluded that these radiative deuteron capture reactions can be explained in terms of compound nucleus formation followed by statistical de-excitation.
A master oscillator power amplifier system based on external cavity mode-locking of a quantum-dot two-section diode laser

We study ultrashort, high power pulse generation from a master oscillator power amplifier system based on an external cavity QD mode-locked two-section diode laser and a multilayer QD-SOA. The compressed pulses are 1.2 psec in duration, with a pulse energy of 1.46 pJ, implying a peak power of 1.22 W.
Academic Freedom and Academic Anarchy, Sidney Hook

(1972). Academic Freedom and Academic Anarchy, Sidney Hook. The Philosophy Forum: Vol. 11, No. sup1, pp. 77-87.
Vibration Needle Tissue Cutting With Varying Tip Geometry

Needles are one of most commonly used medical devices. They are used to deliver drugs, biopsy tissue, draw blood, conduct brachytherapy cancer treatment and many other procedures. Maintaining a low insertion force of the needle is important to the success of these procedures. Different geometries as well as utilizing vibratory cutting has been shown to reduce the insertion force, thus improving the outcome of the procedure; however, the effects of vibration and geometry of the needle together has yet to be explored. This paper describes the experimental setup utilized to test the effect of geometry on utilizing axial vibration in reducing the insertion force of needles into bovine liver across a range of frequencies and amplitudes. Three conical tipped needles with different grind angles were explored. Experiments showed the addition of the vibration was able to reduce the insertion force by up to 67%. Experiments showed that the insertion force for the bluntest needle was directly dependent on the amplitude of vibration, where the insertion force of the sharpest needle was more dependent on the maximum vibratory insertion speed of the needle.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Parent–Teacher Concordance for DSM-IV Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in a Clinic-Referred Sample

ABSTRACT Objective To examine concordance between parent and teacher reports of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its symptoms. Method Parents and teachers of 74 clinically referred children were interviewed using the ADHD module of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. Parent-teacher agreement for the diagnosis of ADHD and its subtypes, as defined in DSM-IV, as well as parent-teacher concordance of in-school ADHD symptoms, was examined. Results Agreement between parents and teachers was found to be relatively poor, with virtually no agreement for individual ADHD subtypes. Diagnoses based on either parent or teacher report frequently yielded a diagnosis of either inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive subtype of ADHD. However, when cross-informant data were used to form diagnoses, these subtypes became relatively rare, with most cases meeting criteria for ADHD combined type. In addition, parent reports of in-school behavior were more highly correlated with their own reports of their child's behavior at home than with teacher reports of their child's behavior in school. Conclusions These data suggest that the diagnosis of ADHD inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive subtype based on data from a single informant may be of questionable validity, and they point to the importance of using multiple informants when diagnosing this disorder in clinically referred samples.
Characteristics Associated with Longer Breastfeeding Duration: An Analysis of a Peer Counseling Support Program

Breastfeeding peer counseling support programs for low-income women have been implemented across the United States. Data from one such program were used to examine participant and program characteristics, of those enrolled prenatally (n = 2168) or postnatally (n = 2899), and to determine how these characteristics affected breastfeeding outcomes. Shorter breastfeeding duration was significantly predicted by introduction of formula on day 1 postpartum in participants enrolled prenatally (-37.9 days [95% CI: -57.9 to -17.9]) as well as postnatally (-49.1 days [95% CI: -63.4 to -34.8]). In both groups, increasing maternal age and previous breastfeeding experience were associated with significantly longer breastfeeding duration. Breastfeeding duration may be improved in programs by targeting younger mothers, those without breastfeeding experience, and focusing on delaying the introduction of formula.
Numerical and asymptotic solutions for the peristaltic transport of a heat-conducting fluid

In this paper numerical and asymptotic results are obtained for the solution of the Oberbeck-Boussinesq (O-B) equations in a two-dimensional channel as a mathematical model for the peristaltic transport of a heat-conducting fluid in a flexible tube. Our results show the following: 1) The asymptotic solution based upon the long wave approximation agrees well with the corresponding exact solution when the Reynolds number is large. 2) The temperature term in the O-B equations affects the solution significantly and can cause trapping when the volume expansion coefficient increases. 3) The streamline contour map is very sensitive to mass flux change. 4) The temperature contour map is insensitive to Reynolds number change. 5) The relation between mass flux and pressure drop is almost linear.
Late radiotherapy toxicity after prostate cancer treatment: influence of hormonal therapy.

Abstract Objectives To analyze the impact of hormonal therapy (HT) on late gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) toxicity from external beam radiotherapy (RT). Methods The records of 445 consecutive patients with prostate cancer undergoing RT with or without HT were reviewed. Late toxicity rates, using established toxicity scoring guidelines, were tabulated in the two groups and compared using the chi-square test. Ordered logit regression analyses were performed that included the major demographic, disease, and treatment factors. Results The chi-square analyses demonstrated lower rates of GI toxicity ( P = 0.013) and GU toxicity ( P = 0.041) in the cohort receiving HT; this reduction in toxicity appeared to be consistent across different toxicity grades. However, on regression analysis, the only factor reaching statistical significance in predicting late GI and late GU toxicity was the radiation dose ( P = 0.004 and P = 0.047, respectively). In particular, on regression analysis, HT did not reach statistical significance in predicting late GI toxicity ( P = 0.229) or late GU toxicity ( P = 0.910). Conclusions Observed late RT toxicity rates were generally similar in patients who did and did not receive HT. Thus, increased late RT toxicity should not be a major concern when deciding to add HT to RT for treatment of localized prostate cancer.
Diffuse competition and continuous niche shifts in size-structured populations of predatory salamanders

Size-specific interactions between predators can affect both species population dynamics and the structure and biodiversity of communities they inhabit. Interactions between size-structured populations of predators, especially those with complex life-cycles, often change with resource-use changes driven by ontogenetic niche shifts. However, if resource use is determined largely by prey size, generalist predators may compete across a wider range of body sizes and life stages resulting in diffuse intra- and interspecific competition. We examined size- and stage-specific interactions between juvenile sirens (Siren i. intermedia) and adult newts (Notophthalmus viridescens dorsalis) in the context of previous experiments demonstrating competitive equality of larvae and strong effects of adult S. intermedia on adult N. viridescens. Competition between juvenile siren and adult newts was mutually negative and roughly symmetrical. Two S. intermedia reduced growth of three N. viridescens by 21%, while three N. viridescens reduced growth of two S. intermedia by 29%. Together with previous work, this implicates diffuse competition as a critical feature in the ecology of these species across the range of body sizes and suggests that intensity of competition varies more with size than species identity. Competition that varies incrementally with body size expands the realm of possibilities for continuous niche changes and diffuse competition across large size gradients. For generalist predators such as S. intermedia and N. viridescens, body size, except at the extremes, is not an adequate niche difference either intra- or interspecifically.
Transformation of chloropicrin in the presence of iron-bearing clay minerals.

Chloropicrin (trichloronitromethane, CP) reacted with reduced ferruginous smectite (SWa-1) in aqueous suspension. SWa-1 promoted CP-dechlorination to produce dichloro-(DCNM) and chloronitromethane (CNM) with yields of up to ∼80% within 30 min. The simultaneous formation of DCNM and CNM suggests that CP and SWa-1 surface participate in two electron-transfer pathways. A series of CP-adsorption and dechlorination rate constants in the presence of SWa-1 showed a strong correlation with the Fe(II) content of SWa-1 (r 2 = 0.96 and 0.98, respectively), {Fe(II)}. This study indicates that the oxidation state of structural Fe greatly alters surface chemistry and has a large impact on electron transfer during clay-organic interactions.
Critical region identification and geodiverse routing protocol under massive challenges

Regionally-correlated failures or attacks pose a great challenge to the normal network communication for physical backbone networks. When the same intensity of challenges occur at different physical locations, the damage to the network connectivity varies greatly. In this paper, we propose a critical region identification model and demonstrate its effectiveness in finding critical regions for fiber-level networks under regionally-correlated failures or attacks. We apply the model on several real-world backbone networks to demonstrate its efficiency using both unweighted and weighted topologies. Furthermore, the identified critical region result is used to improve the routing performance using GeoDivRP, a resilient routing protocol with geodiversity considered.