cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A data-derived time-domain SEA for UXO identification using the MPV sensor

The Man Portable Vector (MPV) sensor is a new mono/multistatic time-domain EMI detector that provides a detailed electromagnetic picture of a target by measuring all three magnetic field components at five distinct receiver positions in over 100 time channels. We have adapted the data-derived Standardized Excitation Approach (SEA) to this sensor. The SEA has been found in the past to make sound predictions in near-field situations, where schemes like the dipole model fail, and in cases where the target under interrogation is heterogeneous and the interactions between its different sections affect the detectable signal. The method replaces a given target with a set of sources placed on a surrounding spheroid and decomposes the sensor primary field into a set of standardized modes. Each of these modes elicits a response from the sources that is intrinsic to the object; it is only the relative weights of the modes that vary with the position and orientation of the target relative to the sensor. The strengths of the sources can be determined by fitting experimental data. Here we review some of the results we obtain when we apply the technique to problems relevant to the identification of unexploded ordnance (UXO). We extract the source parameters using high-quality measurements collected at a UXO test stand and invert unused data sets for location and to discriminate between different objects. We carry out similar experiments with buried objects in order to assess the performance of the method in realistic situations.
Axenic culture of the rodent tapeworms Hymenolepis diminuta and H. nana.

Abstract 1. 1. Cysticercoid larvae of Hymenolepis diminuta have been maintained in vitro for 6 days at 25 ° C in simple media containing proteose peptone, Ringer's solution, and glucose. The larvae were still infective to rats at the end of this time. When rat serum was added to the medium the larvae remained infective for 6 days at 30 ° C but not at 25 ° C. 2. 2. Cysticercoid larvae of H. nana survived for 5 days in vitro at 25 ° C in a simple salt solution with glucose and they were still infective to mice at the end of this period. 3. 3. The early beetle stages of H. diminuta and H. nana were maintained in a healthy condition in vitro for 7 days and some development was obtained with H. diminuta larvae (30 ° C). 4. 4. The juveniles of H. diminuta have been kept alive for 7 days in vitro at 38 ° C in a mixture of horse serum and medium 199; they retained their infectivity to rats only for the first 4 days. 5. 5. The juveniles of H. nana have survived for 9 days in vitro at 38 ° C in a mixture of horse serum and medium 199 supplemented with amino acids; they retained their infectivity to mice for the first 8 days when the horse serum was replaced by calf serum. Some growth in length occurred when an extract of mouse intestine was added to the medium.
Summation relations and portions of stuff

According to the prevalent 'sum view' of stuffs, each portion of stuff is a mereological sum of its subportions. The purpose of this paper is to re-examine the sum view in the light of a modal temporal mereology which distinguishes between different varieties of summation relations. While admitting David Barnett's recent counter-example to the sum view (Barnett, Philos Rev 113:89-100, 2004), we show that there is nonetheless an important sense in which all portions of stuff are sums of their subportions. We use our summation relations to develop, as an alternative to the sum view, an analysis of stuffs that distinguishes between the ways in which different sorts of stuffs are sums of their subportions.
The nature of the activation volume-stress dependence in the high temperature plasticity of UO2

Abstract The stress relaxation technique was used to measure activation volumes in sintered polycrystalline UO 2 as a function of stress (200–2000 kg/cm 2 ), temperature (1324–1800 °C), and strain rate (0.092–0.92/h). The activation volume, V , was more sensitive to stress than to temperature, and varied with the inverse of the applied stress, above 1400 °C. The activation work, W , defined as the product Vσ ∗ , where σ ∗ is the effective stress, was 18 ± 1.8 kcal/mole. It was approximately independent of stress, temperature, and strain rate. It was shown that steady-state creep under high stresses had a similar activation volumestress dependence. The average value of the activation work was 17 ± 1 kcal/mole. The stress dependence of the activation volume could not be accounted for by either of the contemporary models for hightemperature deformation.
Predictors of discipline severity among at-risk toddlers

Abstract Parental discipline is a contentious and debated topic among scholars, practitioners, and individual parents. There has been a large amount of scholarly research investigating causes, correlates, and consequences of punishment, but most of this research has focused on corporal punishment (CP) specifically. In reality, parents often use a number of discipline tactics, including verbal reprimands, removal of privileges, distraction, “time-out”, and other forms of physical discipline. The current study investigates family, parent, and child characteristics that predict the use of discipline tactics of distraction, harsh verbal punishment, and CP among young toddlers in at at-risk sample, and assesses the effect of parenting classes as modified by demographic risk. Results indicate that the risk of choosing CP over less severe discipline tactics is increased with more demographic risk factors present. Parenting interventions such as attending parenting classes or group socialization events also reduced the likelihood of choosing CP over less severe discipline. The impact of parenting classes was greater among low risk parents. Implications and future directions from these results are also discussed.
The fifth element in Aristotle's "De Philosophia": a critical re-examination

Twenty-five years ago Paul Wilpert called for a thorough re-examination of our knowledge of the content of Aristotle's lost work De Philosophia. Expressing his reservations about the validity of our current reconstruction of the work, he wrote: ‘On the basis of attested fragments, we form for ourselves a picture of the content of a lost writing, and this picture in turn serves to interpret new fragments as echoes of that writing. So our joy over the swift growth of our collection of fragments is clouded by the thought that we are not thereby really nearing the original character of the work, but we are entangling ourselves ever more tightly in a picture we ourselves have created.’ As a corrective Wilpert called for a critical retracing of our steps since 1830 to establish a more secure reconstruction of this important lost work.Since then there have been numerous, searching analyses of the ideas and fragments of De Philosophia, but at least one venerable old theory has escaped critical reappraisal: namely, the theory that in De Philosophia Aristotle discussed his doctrine of a fifth element, i.e. his belief that the heavenly bodies are composed of an element distinct from the four earthly elements, earth, water, air, and fire. This theory has become so widely accepted that it has virtually become a fact. When support is needed, most modern authors simply cite one or both of the two modern authorities on the early Aristotle, namely W. Jaeger and E. Bignone. The more meticulous restate the traditional evidence with complete confidence that this evidence proves their case. If Wilpert's hope for a firmly grounded reconstruction of the De Philosophia is ever to be achieved, one of the important desiderata today is a critical re-examination of the evidence for the fifth element in this work.
Using numerosity judgments to determine what is learned during automatization

An important question in learning is the nature of the information required to support skilled, or automatic, performance. In 2 experiments, participants counted patterns of 8-10 objects displayed on a computer screen for 4 sessions of 240 trials each before being transferred to a different set of patterns for a final session of 240 trials. The patterns in the final session differed from those seen in the 4 training sessions in either overall configuration (Experiment 1) or identity of constituents (Experiment 2). Results indicated that both types of information are important in learning and automatization of a counting task and support the idea that what is attended to during training will be necessary to support subsequent automatic performance.
Effective elastic moduli of fiber-matrix interphases in high-temperature composites

This article describes a theoretical model and an experimental method for determination of interphasial elastic moduli in high-temperature composites. The interphasial moduli are calculated from the ultrasonically measured composite modulivia inversion of multiphase micromechanical models. Explicit equations are obtained for determination of interphasial stiffnesses for an interphase model with spring boundary conditions and multiphase fiber. The results are compared with the exact multiphase representation. The method was applied to ceramic and intermetallic matrix composites reinforced with SiC SCS-6 fibers. In both composites, the fiber-matrix interphases include approximately 3-μm-thick carbon-rich coatings on the outer surface of the SiC shell. Although the same fiber is used in both composite systems, experimental results indicate that the effective interphasial moduli in these two composite systems are very different. The interphasial moduli in intermetallic matrix composites are much greater than those in ceramic matrix composites. After taking the interphase microstructure into account, we found that the interphasial moduli measured for the intermetallic matrix composites are very close to the estimated bulk moduli of the pyrolytic carbon with SiC particle inclusions. Our analysis shows that the lower effective interphasial moduli in the reaction-bonded Si3N4 (RBSN) ceramic matrix composites are due to imperfect contact between the interphasial carbon and the porous matrix and to thermal tension forces which slightly unclamp the interphase. Thus, measured interphase effective moduli give information on the quality of mechanical contact between fiber and matrix. Possible errors in the interphasial moduli determined are analyzed and the results show that these errors are below 10 pct. In addition, the use of the measured interphasial moduli for assessment of interphasial damage and interphase reactions is discussed.
Computer simulation of Nb 2 O 5 /SiO 2 sputtering process for narrow-band optical filter

Sputter deposition process conditions for dielectric metal oxide films was simulated by SIMSPUDTM (Simulation of Sputtered Distributions). Collision cross-sections of Nb and Si were found to be 50 angstroms2 and 55 angstroms2 respectively by pinhole experiment and simulation. Film thickness distributions of Nb and Si films vs their oxide counterparts (Nb2O5 vs SiO2) showed that the deposition rate ratio of SiO2 to Si is 2.03 - 2.05:1 while Nb to Nb2O5 is 1.76 - 1.77:1. It was determined that the current density distribution and oxygen flow for reactive sputtering had great influence on film stoichiometry and thickness. It was also found that the ion source flattened the oxide film thickness. SIMSPUD was shown to be a desirable tool for new product development and as such could be beneficial in the design of the next generation PVD system.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
"Who Has Time for This?" Negotiating Roles in Instructional Supervision and Evaluation.

This case examines how school leaders manage the increased demands of a new state-mandated teacher evaluation process. Subject to negotiations, districts and their local teacher unions can allow for teachers to be credentialed and serve as evaluators within their own schools. The challenge is examined through both the opportunity costs of this new evaluation system and the cultural capacities of the administrators and teachers to foster trust and professionalism in a unionized educational environment.
Remote Driven and Read MEMS Sensors for Harsh Environments

The utilization of high accuracy sensors in harsh environments has been limited by the temperature constraints of the control electronics that must be co-located with the sensor. Several methods of remote interrogation for resonant sensors are presented in this paper which would allow these sensors to be extended to harsh environments. This work in particular demonstrates for the first time the ability to acoustically drive a silicon comb drive resonator into resonance and electromagnetically couple to the resonator to read its frequency. The performance of this system was studied as a function of standoff distance demonstrating the ability to excite and read the device from 22 cm when limited to drive powers of 30 mW. A feedback architecture was implemented that allowed the resonator to be driven into resonance from broadband noise and a standoff distance of 15 cm was demonstrated. It is emphasized that no junction-based electronic device was required to be co-located with the resonator, opening the door for the use of silicon-based, high accuracy MEMS devices in high temperature wireless applications.
Association of alcoholism and antisocial personality in a narcotic-dependent population: The Lexington addicts

Men with antisocial personality have a higher prevalence of alcoholism than men without. This relationship was examined in a narcotic-dependent sample, and it was found that narcotic-dependent men with antisocial personality had a rate of alcoholism comparable to that of narcotic-dependent men without antisocial personality. The methodological and clinical explanations for this finding are discussed along with the neurophysiological implications.
Speciation of aluminum in an acidic mountain stream

Abstract Using a chelating resin a practical method was developed for speciating aluminum in those oligotrophic streams impacted by acid rain. The four categories operationally defined were rapidly exchangeable (monomeric and small polymeric cationically charged species), moderately fast exchangeable (principally inorganically complexed species), slowly exchangeable (principally organically complexed species), and nonexchangeable or inert aluminum (strong alumino-organic complexes, colloidal, or crystalline forms). Applying the procedure to unfiltered samples collected from a mildly acidic mountain stream, it was found that in upstream samples, where pH was low, rapidly exchangeable aluminum species dominated, while in the downstream samples, where pH was higher, the moderately fast exchangeable, slowly exchangeable, and inert aluminum species were the major ones. Two principal forms of particulate aluminum were also identified and determined: that which dissolves and is taken up by the resin (principally inorganic) and that which remains relatively inert (principally associated with humic material and/or other organic matter).
Nitrogen speciation and trends, and prediction of denitrification extent, in shallow US groundwater

Uncertainties surrounding nitrogen cycling complicate assessments of the environmental effects of nitrogen use and our understanding of the global carbon–nitrogen cycle. In this paper, we synthesize data from 877 ambient-monitoring wells across the US to frame broad patterns of nitrogen speciation and trends. At these sites, groundwater frequently contains substantial co-occurring NO3− and XSN2 (N2 from denitrification), reflecting active/ongoing denitrification and/or a mixture of undenitrified and denitrified groundwater. NO3− and NH4+ essentially do not co-occur, indicating that the dominant source of NH4+ at these sites likely is not dissimilatory reduction of NO3− to NH4+. Positive correlations of NH4+ with apparent age, CH4, dissolved organic carbon, and indicators of reduced conditions are consistent with NH4+ mobilization from degradation of aquifer organic matter and contraindicate an anthropogenic source of NH4+ for most sites. Glacial aquifers and eastern sand and gravel aquifers generally have lower proportions of NO3− and greater proportions of XSN2 than do fractured rock and karst aquifers and western sand and gravel aquifers. NO3− dominates in the youngest groundwater, but XSN2 increases as residence time increases. Temporal patterns of nitrogen speciation and concentration reflect (1) changing NO3− loads over time, (2) groundwater residence-time controls on NH4+ mobilization from solid phases, and (3) groundwater residence-time controls on denitrification. A simple classification tree using readily available variables (a national coverage of soil water depth, generalized geology) or variables reasonably estimated in many aquifers (residence time) identifies categorical denitrification extent ( 50%) with 79% accuracy in an independent testing set, demonstrating a predictive application based on the interconnected effects of redox, geology, and residence time.
Heliobacter pylori and non-ulcer dyspepsia

There is no definitive therapy for this disorder. Heliobacter pylori eradication therapy is only useful in areas with a high prevalence of H. pylori-related ulcer disease Proton pump inhibitors are effective in short-term treatment for dyspepsia with a predominant symptom of epigastric pain Prokinetic agents may be useful in some patients, particularly those with dysmotility-like dyspepsia, but serious side effects limit their usefulness.
Enhanced tensile ductility through boundary structure engineering in ultrafine-grained aluminum

Abstract Commercial purity aluminum AA1050 billets with similar submicrometer grain sizes but distinctively different boundary structures were obtained by the use of different equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) routes. Route “A” is defined as no rotation between extrusion passes, while route “C” is rotated 180° between extrusion passes. The microstructure processed by route “A” consists mainly of high-angle boundaries (HABs) while route “C” has primarily low-angle boundary (LAB) structures. Tensile tests conducted on these two microstructures at intermediate and dynamic strain rates at both 77 and 298 K were compared with the results of material tested at quasi-static strain rates. The boundary structure was found to play an important role in the mechanical properties at low temperature.
Effect of leukotrienes of renal water excretion.

To investigate the renal actions of leukotrienes (LT), we infused arachidonic acid into the renal artery of anesthetized dogs during systemic cyclooxygenase inhibition (with ibuprofen) alone or in combination with lipoxygenase inhibition of LTD4LTE4 receptor antagonism. Renal arachidonic acid infusion following ibuprofen alone decreased urine osmolality (945 ± 143 to 698 ± 144 mosm/kg; p < 0.01) and increased urine flow rate (0.34 ± 0.11 to 0.56 ± 0.16; p < 0.05) without altering renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate or sodium excretion. In separate groups, prior inhibition of lipoxygenase (propylgallate) or blockade of LTD4LTE4 receptors (LY171883) prevented the changes in urine osmolality and urine flow rate. Intrarenal oleic acid infusion following ibuprofen had no effect on renal function. Analysis of the renal papillae at the end of the experiment indicated that interstitial osmolality and sodium, potassium and urea contents were the same in all groups, ruling out a decrease in papillary interstitial osmolality as the cause of the decrease in urine osmolality in the arachidonic acid-infused group. Our experiments suggest that renal LT can decrease urine osmolality and increase urine flow rate and may play a role in renal water excretion.
Uncertainties in electron probe microanalysis

We determined uncertainties for WDS-EPMA (wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy – electron probe microanalysis) data using the globally accepted ISO/GUM (International Standards Organization/Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement). For each calculation, such as the current drift correction and deadtime correction that precede the calculation of a k-value (net corrected X-ray counts of unknown/net corrected X-ray counts of standard), uncertainties were calculated from contributing factors and combined until a final combined standard uncertainty for the k-value was calculated. Our example used data from the analysis of the Ge Lα X-ray line in a SiGe alloy. Additional contributions to uncertainties in EPMA results, such as the matrix correction procedure and mass absorption coefficients (MACs) are considered. All statistical calculations used in the process of arriving at the combined uncertainty are included, and the basic steps of the ISO/GUM are described.
Alternative regimes for future mineral resource development in Antarctica

Abstract The operation of the Antarctic Treaty is subject to review beginning in 1991. It has functioned as a model of international cooperation for 22 years but stresses on the Treaty system are increasing. In particular, interest is growing concerning the mineral resource potential of Antarctica, but the Antarctic Treaty does not address resource allocation issues. Efforts are currently underway to devise a minerals regime for Antarctica, but negotiations could take several years. If negotiations do not produce a new regime by the review date, some countries may decide to withdraw from the Treaty, signaling the end of the cooperative era in Antarctica. This paper reviews and evaluates some of the major options for a minerals regime. It is suggested that the most likely alternatives for Treaty states are those joint jurisdiction options which sidestep the contentious issue of sovereignty. External accommodation with the international community will remain a difficult problem. While the joint jurisdiction options contain several provisions for sharing with outsiders, there is room for improvement.
Differential Roles for Octanoylated and Decanoylated Ghrelins in Regulating Appetite and Metabolism

Since its identification in 1999, ghrelin has been identified in all vertebrate groups. The “active core” of ghrelin is highly conserved among vertebrates, suggesting its biological activity to be also conserved. In fish, both acylated forms of ghrelin have been identified; however, the ratio of the ghrelin-C8 to ghrelin-C10 is not as great as observed in mammals. In the tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), ghrelin-C10 is the major form of ghrelin. Since fish are known to inhabit every ecological niche on earth, studies on fish have provided valuable insight into vertebrate physiology in general; it is likely that understanding the role of both acylated forms of ghrelin, in more detail, in fish will result into novel insights in the biology of ghrelin within vertebrates. In this paper we discuss ghrelin's role in regulating appetite and metabolism in fish, in general, and provide evidence that the two tilapia ghrelins exhibit different biological roles.
Classification of Nicotine Block at Neuromuscular Junction

The effect of nicotine on the electrical threshold of the neuromuscular junction in a rat sciatic-gastrocnemins preparation was studied and compared with the effects of a true curarizing agent and those of a pseudocurarizing agent on the threshold of the like structure of the same preparation. Low doses of both nicotine and succinylcholine chloride caused a decrease in the predrug electrical threshold level of the neuromuscular junction, while high doses of these drugs caused an elevation of the predrug threshold level. Both low and high doses of dimethyl tubocurarine chloride, on the other hand, caused an elevation in this threshold level. Eserine salicylate enhanced the early blockades caused by nicotine and succinylcholine chloride but opposed the late blockades caused by these same drugs. Eserine salicylate opposed both the early and the late stages of a neuromuscular blockade brought about by dimethyl tubocurarine chloride. Nicotine and succinylcholine chloride induced a spastic paralysis in chicks, whereas dimethyl tubocurarine chloride induced a flaccid paralysis in other chicks of the same age and weight. On the basis of these studies, nicotine is classified as a neuromuscular blocking agent of the pseudocurare type which does not exert its effect through acetylcholine release.
Conception and Implementation of a Drug Information Center Based Fellowship in Natural Product Research

Resurgence of consumer use of natural products has resulted in an increased need for evidence-based information on these products. Recognition of problems associated with meeting that need, the need for the most accurate healthcare education, and the need for identification of required future research resulted in development and implementation of a two-year, post-PharmD fellowship program at a university drug information center. The program equips pharmacists with the skills and knowledge necessary to address these issues. Research associated with the program will provide insight into specific knowledge gaps in scientific evidence and in knowledge levels of healthcare professionals. This insight will guide research and allow development of appropriate educational measures to train healthcare professionals in provision of pharmaceutical care associated with natural products.
Loose-part damage

Experiments and analytical methods were used to develop models that describe loose part impact damage. Single impact damage volume was characterized as a function of impact energy and contact shape. The deformation volume for multiple, overlapping impacts was used to define work hardening. Integrated impact damage experiments were conducted at representative pressurized water reactor steam generator inlet flow velocity using a target plate that represented a section of a steam generator tube sheet. Data from the integrated impact tests were used to develop an empirical relationship for tube end open diameter reduction as a function of loose part energy and accumulated impact density. Monte-Carlo programs were developed to investigate the tube sheet impact density distribution and the penetration of tube end welds. The results provide insight with respect to single and multiple impact damage mechanisms and methods that can be used to predict steam generator tube sheet accumulated impact damage.
Sex and Discipline Differences in Professional Socialization.

ABSTRACT Professional socialization in this pa'per refers to the process by which neophytes are initiated into the norms and values governing professional and academic disciplines in gra,duate school by professional gate-keepers. The first part of the paper shows very large differences in the effectiveness of professional socialization by sex,, and across professional and academic disciplines. The second part explores some of the sources of ineffective socialization for neophytes and the gate-keepers who determine whether they gain access. The third part of the paper offers some techniques for helping both neophytes and gate-keepers discover more effective ways to achieve professional socialization. (Author/PC)
Surface fluorination of polysulfone asymmetric membranes and films

Abstract Asymmetric polysulfone membranes were surface fluorinated using a fixed set of treatment conditions and the transport of six gases was measured. After 2 and 5 min of fluorination the membranes show a significantly reduced ratio of permeability and effective skin thickness ( P/l ) and an improved selectivity for certain gas pairs like hydrogen, helium, and carbon dioxide relative to methane. There is some variability in the H 2 /CH 4 selectivity improvement observed but, in general, it increases 2–3 fold for membranes fluorinated for 5 min and 2–5 fold for those fluorinated for 2 min. In order to gain insight about the fraction of the asymmetric membrane thickness that is being fluorinated and to determine the chemical nature of the fluorinated layer, thick (76 μm) isotropic films of polysulfone were fluorinated from one side only for a wide range of times. The chemical composition and structure of the fluorinated layer were determined from bulk elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was also used to determine the chemical composition at the surface of asymmetric membranes and the thick films. The fluorinated surface of selected membranes was examined by scanning electron microscopy.
The Cognitive Utility of Partisanship

rT V HE DOMINANT concept in the study of voting behavior is partisanship, especially its operationalization by the Survey Research Center/Center for Political Studies as party identification. Given its strong impact on behavior, perceptions of the political world, and other political attitudes, partisanship has been the subject of intense scrutiny. It has been empirically examined and theoretically analyzed both as a dependent variable1 and as an independent variable.2 Other research has concentrated on a thorough treatment of the problems surrounding the conceptualization and measurement of party identification.3 As originally formulated by the authors of The American Voter (Campbell, Converse, Miller and Stokes, 1960), party identification is a psychological concept, serving psychological functions. These functions would include the reinforcement of vote choices, and perceptual screening of political actors and events. But one school of research has attempted to describe and analyze the political content and functions of party identification, by focusing on the policy bases of partisanship.4 This approach is useful
A novel antioxidant role for ligandin behavior of glutathione S-transferases: attenuation of the photodynamic effects of hypericin.

Hypericin (HYP) is a major constituent of the herbal antidepressant St. John's wort with potential utility as an antitumor photodynamic sensitizer and antiviral agent. Upon irradiation at 540−600 nm, HYP generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induces oxidative stress. Here, human glutathione S-transferase (GST) isoforms GSTP1-1 (P1-1) and GSTA1-1 (A1-1) are shown to bind with high affinity to HYP and to differentially quench its photodynamic properties. In steady-state turnover studies, HYP inhibits A1-1 and P1-1 with IC50 values of 160 and 190 nM, respectively. Fluorescence titration experiments and fitting of the data to the Hill equation yield apparent KDs for binding to A1-1 and P1-1 of 0.65 and 0.51 μM, respectively. The recovered Hill coefficients are 1.8 for both GSTA1-1 and GSTP1-1, indicating that multiple HYPs bind to each isoform. This behavior is reminiscent of classic “ligandin” activity of GSTs, wherein nonsubstrate planar aromatic anions are sequestered on, and inhibit, the enzyme. How...
Technologies and State-of-the-practice Algorithms for Ramp Metering

Both recurring and non-recurring congestion on the nation's urban freeways have become a major problem threatening the economic growth of many urban centers. One of the potential solutions to this continuously worsening traffic congestion problem is the control of the influx of traffic to the freeway through the use of ramp metering strategies. The concept of ramp metering implies that the amount of traffic entering a freeway from on-ramps will be regulated in such a way that the traffic will not exceed freeway capacity.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Electrically tunable surface plasmon for THz emission, detection, and other applications

In this paper, we present a design for a widely tunable solid-state optically and electrically pumped THz laser based on the Smith-Purcell free-electron laser. In the free-electron laser, an energetic electron beam pumps a metallic grating to generate surface plasmons. Our solid-state optically pumped design consists of a thin layer of dielectic, such as SiN x , sandwiched between a corrugated structure and a thin metal or semiconductor layer. The lower layer is for current streaming, and replaces the electron beam in the original design. The upper layer consists of one micro-grating for coupling the electromagnetic field in, another for coupling out, and a nano-grating for coupling with the current in the lower layer for electromagnetic field generation. The surface plasmon waves generated from the upper layer by an external electromagnetic field, and the lower layer by the applied current, are coupled. Emission enhancement occurs when the plasmonic waves in both layers are resonantly coupled.
The chlorophylls of green bacteria

Abstract Contrary to previous assumptions, at least two different molecular species of chlorophyll exist among the green bacteria. Two strains of Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum each contain a single, distinct type of chlorophyll. The spectral properties of these two pigments and of the correponding pheophytins are described, together with certain of their chemical properties.
Verbal communication in medical instruction

Summary Thirteen teachers lecturing to first and second year students at the University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry were studied. The investigation was designed to identify aspects of teaching, through the use of: (1) questionnaires to students; (2) questionnaires to the teachers; and (3) by means of a classroom interaction analysis instrument, the Sequential Analysis of Verbal Interaction (SAVI). The findings showed that few among possible categories of expression were used in lectures. The categories most frequently recorded were Description, Opinion, and Proposal. Two teachers were identified as expressing more Opinion than the others, and two other teachers were similarly identified as having a more descriptive style than the others. Both teachers who were found to use Opinion often were for the most part regarded by the students as being less effective. One teacher who was found to use Description most often was one of the best regarded teachers.
Molecular phylogenies and mating study data in Polyporus with special emphasis on group “Melanopus” (Basidiomycota)

“Melanopus” is an unranked infrageneric group within Polyporus, a genus comprising wood-decaying homobasidiomycetes. This study compiles new information on the mating systems, phylogeny, and geographic distribution of the group. We report tetrapolar mating systems in “Melanopus,” as well as in the more distantly related Polyporus umbellatus. “Melanopus” is addressed using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA sequence data, comparing resolving power of several phylogenetic methods and depths of sequence information, including recoded secondary structure data informed by the primary sequence data. The latter, inferred structure of the ITS2 rRNA was insufficient in phylogenetic reconstruction on its own. Intercollection compatibility studies showed Polyporus varius collections from both sides of the Atlantic to be intercompatible, the same was found for Polyporus tubaeformis collections from California and Scotland. Molecular analysis supports P. tubaeformis conspecifity of Scottish and Californian collections with a Norwegian collection. Several other herbarium specimens inaccessible to successful PCR and sequencing were redetermined as P. tubaeformis by morphological characters. This improved on the current knowledge of distribution of the species, tentatively adding Idaho, North Carolina, and Germany’s Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.
Models of Vegetation Canopy Reflectance and Their Use in Estimation of Biophysical Parameters From Reflectance Data

A conceptual basis for the physics of the interaction of solar radiation with a vegetation canopy is presented, yarious factors which affect the reflectance from such a canopy are delineated. An overview of various canopy reflectance models which attempt to incorporate the physics of interaction through these factors is given. These models can be divided into four basic categories: geometrical models, turbid medium models for homogeneous canopies, hybrid (of geometrical and turbid medium) models for heterogeneous canopies, and computer simulation models. Techniques for estimating important biophysical parameters like leaf area index, leaf angle distribution, and canopy architecture, through inversion of these models are reviewed. Some directions for future research are suggested.
A high-performance liquid chromatography method for the assay of cytidine monophosphate-sialic acid synthetase☆

Abstract An HPLC method has been developed for the assay of cytidine monophosphate-sialic acid synthetase (EC 2.7.7.43) using ion-pair chromatography and gradient elution. This procedure permits the assay of alternative substrates and inhibitors of the enzyme and is not subject to the limitation of the colorimetric method. The newly synthesized N-acetyl-9-deoxy-9-fluoro- d -neuraminic acid was found to be a good substrate of the enzyme with a Km of 6.35 m m as compared to 1.84 m m for N-acetylneuraminic acid.
Evidence for electrogenic Na-glucose cotransport in tracheal epithelium.

We demonstrate that electrogenic glucose coupled Na+ absorption accounts for about 20% of the residual, amiloride and Cl− insensitive, Na+ transport in isolated (equine) trachea. Either glucose removal from the mucosal side or addition of 10 −4 M phloridzin, a known pharmacological inhibitor of Na-glucose cotransport in small intestine and kidney proximal tubule, results in depolarization (lumen referenced to bath) of the transepithelial potential difference (Vt) and in a significant decrease of the equivalent short circuit current Ieq by 4 mV and 4 μA/cm2, respectively, without affecting the transepithelial resistance (Rt). Neither glucose removal nor the application of phloridzin on the basolateral side have a significant or consistent effect on the bioelectric parameters.
Video microscope with submicrometer resolution.

We have constructed and evaluated a video microscope with a 150- × 150-μm field of view for performing measurements of optical fiber geometry. The microscope consists of a frame transfer video camera, condensing and filtering optics, a 40×, 0.65 N.A. microscope objective, and frame digitizing electronics. Using simple digital algorithms, we measure distance with a random uncertainty of ~40 nm across the full field of view, but width measurements suffer from a systematic error between 0.1 and 0.2 μm.
Pathobiology of Sjögren Syndrome: What do we Know?

Sjogren syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder that involves exocrine glands and multiple organs. This disorder presumably affects 1.3 million patients in the USA. The pathobiology of Sjogren syndrome has been studied for at least three decades, and reported mechanisms involve the activation of the innate immune system and the development of autoimmunity. The precise mechanisms and sequence of events leading to salivary and ocular dysfunction are still unclear, and apparently multiple pathways and risk factors condition an individual to the disease. This manuscript provides an overview of the current knowledge of the pathobiology underlying Sjogren syndrome.
ELECTRONIC IMAGING DEVICES IN ASTRONOMY

electronic imaging devices combine many of the best features of conventional photography and photoelectric photometry, and hence are coming into wide usage in astronomy. Presented are the basic physical principles of these devices, and descriptions of the types of devices currently in use or under development, classified into two categories: those which produce a final image on film, as does conventional photography, and those which produce a television signal output. Criteria for device selection are discussed, and some typical examples of the application of these devices in astronomy and related areas are given.
Laypersons' perceptions of after-death communication

Abstract This study investigated perceptions of after-death communication (ADC). Because of the anecdotal nature of such experiences, scientific research in this area is restricted to assessing individuals' perceptions of them. Results from this study found that 54% of participants perceived having had some form of an ADC experience. The most common experience of those reporting ADCs was during sleep. Of those reporting ADCs, the majority indicated that ADCs should or should “definitely” be discussed, and that their experience had been a positive one. Religious beliefs were not found to be a significant difference between those who had experienced an ADC and those who had not. Significant differences between those not reporting an ADC and those indicating the possibility of having had such an experience were found on four variables. Those reporting ADCs were more likely to practice relaxation or meditation techniques, held a stronger belief that perceptions of ADCs should be shared with others, were less ...
Role of Nanopipes in Degradation of AlGaN/InGaN/GaN Devices Operating at High Voltage

We argue that the nanopipes recently observed in device-quality GaN grown on sapphire play an important role in degradation of nitride-based devices requiring high driving voltage, such as diode lasers or high-power electronics. The nanopipes offer a preferential path for the top (p-side) contact metal to migrate down towards the p-n junction under high-voltage operation, eventually causing a short and device failure. The metal migration process is enhanced by high voltage (tens of volts) required to drive high-current pulses through the device, and its elimination is of critical importance for achieving reliable GaN-based power devices and diode lasers.
IMP dehydrogenase and GTP as targets in human leukemia treatment.

GTP has multi-faceted cellular functions. Apart from its role in metabolism, in biosynthesis of RNA, proteins, biopterins, UTP and tubulin, GTP is an intricate part of signal transduction mechanisms, production of c-GMP and adenylates, G-protein action and expression of ras oncogene family. Guanylates are indispensable in DNA biosynthesis, since from GDP dGDP is formed and then dGTP, which is rate-limiting as it is the smallest pool among the dNTPs1,2 (Fig. 1). Curtailing GTP and dGTP pools is an important chemotherapeutic objective. GTP de novo biosynthesis is governed by IMP dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.205), the rate-limiting enzyme1,2. GTP pools are influenced by the activity of GPRT (guanine-hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8), the salvage enzyme, which can recycle guanine to GMP in one step. The significance of GTP in cancer biochemistry and chemotherapy was highlighted by the discovery that IMP dehydrogenase activity increased in a transformation- and progression-linked fashion in rat hepatomas of different growth rates1,2. IMP dehydrogenase activity increased in all murine and 4 human cancer cell lines and was particularly high in rapidly proliferating neoplastic cells such as leukemic cells1–3.
Long-term Effects of Nitrendipine on Hemodynamics and Oxygen Transport in Patients with Cor Pulmonale

Recent studies have suggested that vasodilators may acutely improve pulmonary hemodynamics in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cor pulmonale, but the effects of long-term therapy have not been assessed. We evaluated the hemodynamic and gas exchange effects of nitrendipine, a calcium channel blocker with a cardiovascular profile similar to nifedipine, acutely and after five days and six weeks of therapy in eight patients with stable COPD and cor pulmonale. After six weeks, nitrendipine significantly decreased both mean pulmonary artery pressure (40.4 ±10.3 to 31.2 ±6.6 mm Hg, p
Change in permeant size selectivity by phosphorylation of connexin 43 gap-junctional hemichannels by PKC

Gap-junctional channels, permeable to large hydrophilic solutes of up to Mr ≈ 1,000, are responsible for cell-to-cell communication. Phosphorylation of connexin 43 (Cx43) by PKC abolishes the permeability of gap-junctional channels and hemichannels to large hydrophilic solutes, but not to small inorganic ions. Here, we report on a methodology to produce purified hemichannels of controlled subunit composition and apply it to the generation of hemichannels with variable number of PKC-phosphorylated subunits. The subunit composition was determined by luminescence resonance energy transfer. We show that all Cx43 subunits in the hemichannel hexamer have to be phosphorylated to abolish sucrose (Mr 342) permeability. We also show that the hemichannel pores with all subunits phosphorylated by PKC have a sizable diameter, allowing for permeation of the small hydrophilic solute ethyleneglycol (Mr 62). These results indicate that phosphorylation of Cx43 by PKC alters the hemichannel size selectivity and explain why PKC activity affects dye transfer between cells without consistent effects on electrical communication.
An analysis of vertical deflections derived from high-degree spherical harmonic models

The theoretical differences between the Helmert deflection of the vertical and that computed from a truncated spherical harmonic series of the gravity field, aside from the limited spectral content in the latter, include the curvature of the normal plumb line, the permanent tidal effect, and datum origin and orientation offsets. A numerical comparison between deflections derived from spherical harmonic model EGM96 and astronomic deflections in the conterminous United States (CONUS) shows that correcting these systematic effects reduces the mean differences in some areas. Overall, the mean difference in CONUS is reduced from −0.219 arcsec to −0.058 arcsec for the south–north deflection, and from +0.016 arcsec to +0.004 arcsec for the west–east deflection. Further analysis of the root-mean-square differences indicates that the high-degree spectrum of the EGM96 model has significantly less power than implied by the deflection data.
Effect of a Sound Exploration Program on Children's Creative Thinking in Music

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a sound exploration program on children's creative thinking in music. A random sample of 66 students was selected from 12 urban elementary schools in Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota, where a sound exploration program was introduced. Subjects were first grade participants, second grade participants, and second grade non-participants. Webster's Measure of Creative Thinking in Music was used in this posttest-only study. Results showed significant differences for the three groups in Musical Flexibility, Musical Originality, and Musical Syntax, but not in Musical Extensiveness. First and second grade participants received higher mean scores in these three musical creativity factors than second grade non-participants. Results of this study suggest that first and second graders may become more ready to fulfil the potential for music creativity after participating in a non-traditional sound exploration program.
THERMAL SHOCK FRACTURE OF SILICON CARBIDE AND ITS APPLICATION TO LWR FUEL CLADDING PERFORMANCE DURING REFLOOD

SiC has been under investigation as a potential cladding for LWR fuel, due to its high melting point and drastically reduced chemical reactivity with liquid water, and steam at high temperatures. As SiC is a brittle material its behavior during the reflood phase of a Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA) is another important aspect of SiC that must be examined as part of the feasibility assessment for its application to LWR fuel rods. In this study, an experimental assessment of thermal shock performance of a monolithic alpha phase SiC tube was conducted by quenching the material from high temperature (up to 1200°C) into room temperature water. Post-quenching assessment was carried out by a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) image analysis to characterize fractures in the material. This paper assesses the effects of pre-existing pores on SiC cladding brittle fracture and crack development/propagation during the reflood phase. Proper extension of these guidelines to an SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composite (CMC) cladding design is discussed.