cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross-Border Interconnectors in South Asia: Market-Oriented Dispatch and Planning

Regional trade in South Asia has progressed well over the last decade to exceed 3 GW in interconnection capacity, connecting India with Bhutan, Bangladesh and Nepal. We present an analysis of the benefits of the next 10.6 GW of interconnection capacity under construction and planning stages across four major corridors connecting five countries, including the proposed HVDC interconnector between India and Sri Lanka. It is important that these interconnectors are assessed not only for long-term benefits as part of a least cost portfolio of investments, but also for short-term, market-based benefits that can be gained from new opportunities for cross border electricity trade (CBET) in India’s power exchanges. The Electricity Planning Model (EPM) is developed for analysis of regional markets. A combination of market price driven short-term dispatch analysis and long-term planning optimization (for 2019-2035) is conducted using EPM. The analysis shows a strong economic case for development of a South Asian Regional Electricity Market (SAREM). Conservative estimates of (discounted) benefits exceed $1 billion accrued over only 10–12 years for each of the incumbent four major corridors. The short-term analysis using historic spot prices in the Indian Energy Exchange (IEX) also reveals a strong case with annual benefits in the range of $100-400+m pa for these corridors. The model is made available to system operators and planners in the region and used for building their capacity to develop further assessment and inform policy dialogues.
Between Government and Grassroots: Archaeology as Advocacy in Southern Belize

The consolidation of archaeology as a scientific discipline reinforced the power of the nation-state as archaeologists produced material and intellectual data that was used to bolster state identit...
U.S. Corporate Boards Suffer from Inadequate Expertise in Financially Material ESG Matters

Corporate sustainability and ESG investing are increasingly front and center for U.S. companies as issues such as climate change, health care and inequity have more and more impact on the bottomline. We reviewed 1188 individual Fortune 100 board member credentials to determine whether companies with material ESG risks and opportunities had relevant expertise on their boards. We found that very few sectors and very few companies were adequately prepared at the board level for issues that were already affecting their performance -- for example one property and casualty insurance company has no environmental expertise on the board in a year experiencing $100 billion in damage caused by climate change--heightened extreme weather events. On another issue of growing materiality, cyber/telecom security, just eight directors of 1188 had expertise. We also examine COVID-19 and #blacklives matter as related to board credentials and make recommendations on how to improve board ESG governance.
The Effects of Fairness on Female Managers’ Perception of Career Prospects and Job Satisfaction: A Study across Sectors

The perception of organizational fairness is particularly important to women employees, who constantly confront challenges while climbing the hierarchy. This study examines the impacts of the fairn...
A Comparison of Important Features for Predicting Polish and Chinese Corporate Bankruptcies

This study generates data mining models to predict corporate bankruptcy in Poland and China, and then examines these models to determine the financial characteristics that are of the greatest predictive value. These financial features are then compared for the two countries. The study finds that while there are some common financial indicators for bankruptcy between the two diverse financial markets, there are also key differences. In particular, asset-related features play a much larger role in predicting bankruptcy in China, while operations-related features play a larger role in predicting bankruptcy in Poland.
Secure Buffer Management

The focus of our previous chapters was on concurrency control related issues arise in MLS DBS environment. In this chapter, we shift our attention to another important transaction processing component, namely, buffer management. Since transactions of various security clearance levels often share the buffer pool, there arise the possibility of exploiting some of the buffer management components for covert signaling. In order to ensure the security of MLS RTDBS, buffer managers should be designed to meet the non-interference [GM82] criteria.
Potentiometric titration of organic cations precipitated by tetraphenylborate

Sodium tetraphenylborate has been used for the potentiometric precipitation titration of some water-soluble organic cations, mostly those containing a quaternary ammonium group. Emf's were monitored with a fluoroborate ion-selective indicator electrode and a double-junction reference electrode. Other liquid-membrane electrodes, such as the perchlorate and nitrate, also respond to the cations investigated. The solid-state cyanide electrode responds to those cations yielding potentiometric breaks of > 70 mV with the fluoroborate electrode. The following compounds were examined: procaine, diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine, methylene blue, dimethyl yellow, benzidine, pyridine, acetylmethylcholine, thiamine.
Subpicosecond Raman Study of Hot Electrons and Hot Phonons in GaAs

There has been much interest in the study of fast relaxations of hot electrons and hot phonons in the GaAs and related family of semiconductors because of their importance to the operation of high-speed devices. Optical techniques based on picosecond (ps) and femtosecond (fs) lasers have played an important role in these studies.1–4 In particular, optical techniques such as time-resolved photo-induced absorption1,3 and luminescence2 have been used to study the relaxation and cooling of the hot electrons. The disadvantages of these optical techniques are that they do not provide information on the phonons that are excited by the cooling electrons. For example, Leheny et al.5 have found that the cooling rate of photoexcited hot electrons in bulk GaAs decreased when the electron density was increased to above 1017 cm-3. Leheny et al.5 suggested that this effect can be explained by the screening of the Frohlich electron-longitudinal optical (LO) phonon interaction. Subsequent work has shown that the observed carrier density was too low for screening effects to be significant. Instead, an alternative explanation known as the “hot-phonon effect”, has been proposed.6–8 In this model the hot electrons excite a large nonequilibrium population of LO-phonons during relaxation. When the hot electrons and the hot LO phonons reach thermal equilibrium, the LO phonons are not effective in cooling the electrons.
Some adaptive advantages of the ability to make predictions

We describe some simple simulations showing two possible adaptive advantages of the ability to predict the consequences of one's actions: predicted inputs can replace missing inputs and predicted success vs failure can help deciding whether to actually executing a planned action or not The neural networks controlling the organisms' behaviour include distinct modules whose connection weights are all genetically inherited and evolved using a genetic algorithm except those of the predictive module which are learned during life.
Particulate Matter Containing Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals and Adverse Infant Respiratory Health Effects: A Review

The health impacts of airborne particulate matter (PM) are of global concern, and the direct implications to the development/exacerbation of lung disease are immediately obvious. Most studies to date have sought to understand mechanisms associated with PM exposure in adults/adult animal models; however, infants are also at significant risk for exposure. Infants are affected differently than adults due to drastic immaturities, both physiologically and immunologically, and it is becoming apparent that they represent a critically understudied population. Highlighting our work funded by the ONES award, in this review we argue the understated importance of utilizing infant models to truly understand the etiology of PM-induced predisposition to severe, persistent lung disease. We also touch upon various mechanisms of PM-mediated respiratory damage, with a focus on the emerging importance of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) ubiquitously present in combustion-derived PM. In conclusion, we briefly comment on strengths/challenges facing current PM research, while giving perspective on how we may address these challenges in the future.
In vitro testing of susceptibilities of filamentous ascomycetes to voriconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin B, with consideration of phylogenetic implications

The in vitro susceptibilities of three hundred eighty-one isolates representing two classes, five orders, nine families, 30 genera, and 51 species of ascomycetous fungi to voriconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin B were tested by using a modification of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards M27-A reference method. For those fungi of known phylogenetic relatedness, drug MICs were consistently low for isolates among all clades, except for members of the family Microascaceae. The highest MICs of all drugs tested were consistently for the Microascaceae, supporting the observation of fungal phylogeny and corresponding susceptibility to antifungal drugs. Itraconazole and voriconazole have a broad range of activity against phylogenetically similar agents of hyalohyphomycosis, phaeohyphomycosis, chromoblastomycosis, and mycetoma.
Bone marrow and lymphocyte cytogenetics of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) treated with the clastogen Mitomycin C.

Abstract Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were used to determine their effectiveness as experimental animals for different cytogenetic tests with mitomycin C (MC). The micronucleus test (MNT) and/or chromosome analysis of blood and bone marrow were made before and/or after the treatment with mitomycin C. Thus, the controls data and treated data were obtained from the same animals. With the employed methology, the micronucleus test could not be performed on living animals. Less chromosomal damage was detected in the micronucleus test of post-mortem samples than in the chromosome analysis of bone marrow. No influence by the mutagen could be observed in lymphocyte chromosomes at any of the different times of analysis. In contrast to this, bone-marrow chromosomes seemed to be highly affected by mitomycin C at day 1, 2 and 3 after injection. However, before treatment and at day 14, 16 and 17 after treatment there was no visible increase in chromosomal aberration in bone marrow.
Marine Pollution Monitoring: Objectives and Design Criteria

The historical ineffectiveness of marine pollution monitoring programs is attributed to deficiencies at the most fundamental levels of program design: 1) specification of management problems and monitoring objectives; 2) identification of the detailed information needs and assessment of the value of that information; and 3) optimization of the sampling design for the temporal and spatial variability in the measurement parameters selected. In recent years a number of pollution-effects measures have been advocated by disciplinary scientists as components for pollution monitoring programs. These measurement approaches include 1) chemical analysis of suspected toxicants; 2) biochemical and physiological measures of organismic exposure and/or condition; 3) measures of community response, such as biomass and diversity; and 4) toxicity bioassays of water and sediments. Such measurements are discussed in terms of their applicability to a suite of generic monitoring objectives.
Introduction to the Single Ventricle Reconstruction trial.

The Single Ventricle Reconstruction (SVR) trial, sponsored by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and carried out by 15 clinical centers, randomized 549 neonates and showed that transplantation-free survival at 14 months was significantly higher overall with the right ventricleto-pulmonary artery shunt (RVPAS) compared with the modified Blalock-Taussig shunt (MBTS). Any surgical procedure that does not exceed 65% survival at 1 year deserves to be studied and scrutinized relentlessly. Although the primary outcome was clear when considering the entire study cohort, many questions remained regarding the impact of comorbidities; intraoperative, postoperative, and interstage management strategies on morbidity and mortality; and the mechanisms of death throughout the study period. The compilation of 5 follow-up articles represents secondary analyses of the SVR trial, and their main value is that they provide a more detailed analysis of areas that could not be covered in the New England Journal of Medicine article. The SVR trial fortunately included enough study patients, and collected a vast amount of data, to permit analysis of the interaction of risk factors with shunt type; the risk factors of hospital morbidity and mortality after the Norwood; the impact of shunt type and other risk factors on interstage mortality; the cause, timing, and location of death after the Norwood; as well as a descriptive study on practice variation in perioperative care found across centers. Some of the findings confirm the findings of previous retrospective studies or database extraction studies, such as the impact of center/surgeon volume, the major and independent role of extracardiac anomalies, genetic syndromes, low gestational age and birth weight, smaller ascending aorta, obstructed pulmonary venous return, and lower socioeconomic status play on outcomes. Patients with aortic stenosis/mitral stenosis did better than any other subgroup, presumably because of the presence of antegrade aortic flow, and patients with aortic atresia/mitral stenosis did not exhibit a higher mortality, although the presence or
Proactive Construction Safety Control: Measuring, Monitoring, and Responding to Safety Leading Indicators

AbstractWhen constructing and updating the built environment, ensuring the safety of all parties involved is of utmost importance. Traditionally, safety has been measured and managed reactively, where actions are taken in response to adverse trends in injuries. Alternatively, safety-related practices can be measured during the construction phase to trigger positive responses before an injury occurs. Despite the potential benefits of such strategies, few have been identified in the literature and there has yet to be an organized effort to codify and investigate these methods. A mixed-methods research approach was used to (1) clearly identify and define elements of the safety management process that can be measured and monitored during the construction phase, (2) describe resource requirements for measurement, monitoring, and response, and (3) describe specific management actions required when any indicator fails to satisfy a desired value. To produce internally and externally valid and reliable results, da...
UNOCCUPIED BAND STRUCTURE OF WURTZITE GAN(0001)

We report an inverse photoemission study of the unoccupied states of thin-film {ital n}-type wurtzite GaN. For incident electron energies below 30 eV, free-electron bands do not provide a good description of the initial state. However, using a calculated quasiparticle band structure for the initial state, we can obtain good agreement between our measurements and the calculated low-lying conduction bands. No evidence of unoccupied surface states is observed in the probed part of the Brillouin zone, confirming earlier angle resolved photoemission studies, which identified the surface states on GaN(0001) as occupied dangling bond states, resonant with the valence band. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Elliptic and Hyperelliptic Curves Over Supersimple Fields

It is proved that if $F$ is an infinite field with characteristic different from $2$ , whose theory is supersimple, and $C$ is an elliptic or hyperelliptic curve over $F$ with generic ‘modulus’, then $C$ has a generic $F$ -rational point. The notion of generity here is in the sense of the supersimple field $F$ .
Functional, perfusion and diffusion MRI of acute focal ischemic brain injury

Combined functional, perfusion and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a temporal resolution of 30 mins was performed on permanent and transient focal ischemic brain injury in rats during the acute phase. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), baseline cerebral blood flow (CBF), and functional MRI (fMRI) blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD), CBF, and CMRO2 responses associated with CO2 challenge and forepaw stimulation were measured. An automated cluster analysis of ADC and CBF data was used to track the spatial and temporal progression of different tissue types (e.g., normal, ‘at risk,’ and ischemic core) on a pixel-by-pixel basis. With permanent ischemia (n = 11), forepaw stimulation fMRI response in the primary somatosensory cortices was lost, although vascular coupling (CO2 response) was intact in some animals. Control experiments in which the right common carotid artery was ligated without causing a stroke (n = 8) showed that the delayed transit time had negligible effect on the fMRI responses in the primary somatosensory cortices. With temporary (15-mins, n = 8) ischemia, transient CBF and/or ADC declines were observed after reperfusion. However, no T2 or TTC lesions were observed at 24 h except in two animals, which showed very small subcortical lesions. Vascular coupling and forepaw fMRI response also remained intact. Finally, comparison of the relative and absolute fMRI signal changes suggest caution when interpreting percent changes in disease states in which the baseline signals are physiologically altered; quantitative CBF fMRI are more appropriate measures. This approach provides valuable information regarding ischemic tissue viability, vascular coupling, and functional integrity associated with ischemic injury and could have potential clinical applications.
The Gonadotropin Secretion Pattern in Normal Women of Advanced Reproductive Age in Relation to the Monotropic FSH Rise

OBJECTIVE: Women of advanced reproductive age are known to demonstrate subtle FSH elevations (monotropic FSH rise) while still retaining ovulatory function. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that the physiologic basis for the monotropic FSH rise is an alteration in the secretion pattern of the GnRH pulse generator. METHODS: The subjects were 11 normal women age 40-45 years who underwent 24 hours of frequent blood sampling in the follicular (EF) and/or midluteal (ML) phases of spontaneous menstrual cycles. The controls were 11 normal women age 20-25 years. The respective gonadotropin secretion patterns were analyzed for LH pulse frequency, mean LH and FSH levels, and LH pulse amplitude. RESULTS: There were no differences between the groups for estradiol (E2) and progesterone when the respective cycle phases were compared. The 24-hour mean FSH level was significantly increased in the older women in both the EF and ML phases. There were no differences between the groups in either cycle phase for LH pulse frequency, LH pulse amplitude, and mean LH levels. CONCLUSION: The results lend no support to the hypothesis that a slowing or other alteration of the GnRH pulse generator is the basis for the monotropic FSH rise in older ovulatory women. Other possibilities include the dynamics of E2 secretion or changes in FSH-modulating peptides (i.e., inhibin) in these women.
Removal of arsenic by magnetic biochar prepared from pinewood and natural hematite

There is a need for the development of low-cost adsorbents to removal arsenic (As) from aqueous solutions. In this work, a magnetic biochar was synthesized by pyrolyzing a mixture of naturally-occurring hematite mineral and pinewood biomass. The resulting biochar composite was characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS). In comparison to the unmodified biochar, the hematite modified biochar not only had stronger magnetic property but also showed much greater ability to remove As from aqueous solution, likely because the γ-Fe2O3 particles on the carbon surface served as sorption sites through electrostatic interactions. Because the magnetized biochar can be easily isolated and removed with external magnets, it can be used in various As contaminant removal applications.
Clinical use of biocompatible ultrasonic bladder volume sensor

A biocompatible ultrasonic bladder volume sensor has been developed and successfully employed to sense bladder fullness in healthy volunteers. It is anticipated that it will be of practical use in patients with diabetic autonomic neuropathy as well as in patients employing self-intermittent catheterization.
Carotid stenting with distal balloon protection: technical considerations (preliminary experience)

Abstract Background and purpose: Most peri-procedural neurological events associated with carotid angioplasty and stenting are due to cerebral embolization. This study was undertaken to determine the safety and efficacy of the distal balloon protection using Guard Wire® temporary occlusion and aspiration system (PercuSurge) in patients with obstructive carotid stenosis during carotid stenting. Methods: A total of 90 patients underwent carotid artery stenting with distal balloon protection. Stenting was performed using coaxial system with 6F-90 cm sheath through femoral approach, pre-dilatation, placement of the stent and stent dilatation. Patients were pre-treated with anti-platelet medication. Results: In our more recent experience with 465 stented carotid arteries without distal protection, the complication rate was 4.5% (including two retinal emboli and two hyperperfusion syndromes). In symptomatic patients 80 years of age the complication rate was 3%. In symptomatic and asymptomatic patients >80, the complication rate was unacceptable, at 21% and 12%, respectively. With distal balloon protection, the complication rate in patients >80 decreased to 3.7%. Balloon protection placement was successful in all patients. Conclusion: The application of distal balloon protection system in carotid stenting was associated with favorable immediate and short-term outcome especially among patients >80 years of age.
Experimental Investigation of Corotating Vortex Filaments in a Water Tunnel

The dynamic behavior of corotating vortex e laments is investigated in a water tunnel. Comparisons are made between the motion of a single e lament and that resulting from interactions between two e laments. Correlation is observed visually between the merger location and the vortex strength. In most cases vortex merger is shown to occur within one orbit. Quantitative data are presented on the variations of the vortex span, the amplitude of motion, the spiraling rate, and the center of spiraling, all as functions of downstream distance. It is shown that the vortex span does not vary considerably except in cases where the interactions among the e laments are strong. The amplitude of motion is shown to be much larger than that of a single vortex, while growing with downstream distance. Furthermore, the amplitude of motion is shown to exhibit a preferred direction in some cases. The presented data reveal that in the two-vortex cases the spiraling rate is nearly constant. It is also shown that despite considerable motion of the e laments the center of spiraling does not deviate signie cantly from a straight line.
Comparison of Paired Choice Alternatives and Choice Conflict

Approach-approach and avoidance-avoidance choice conflicts arise from an independent evaluation of the relative strengths and weaknesses of the features of the choice alternatives. The conflicts can also be determined by the manner in which the features are evaluated and highlighted by the comparison of the choice alternatives. Two such comparison-for-choice effects are addressed. The first is the identification of shared and unique features of the alternatives by means of a feature-matching comparison process. The second involves political choice. Acting in synergy, negative and positive political advertising campaigns can focus the choice on either the bad features or the good features of competing candidates. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Utility-driven configuration of data quality in data repositories

The economic benefits of data quality have rarely been researched and quantified. Does the business benefit gained justify the high cost of data quality improvement? Understanding these costs and benefits can direct and improve the implementation and maintenance of data repositories. Here we evaluate the effects of targeted quality levels in data repositories targeting higher completeness and/or accuracy increases the utility of the data, but involves higher costs. Modelling utility cost effects helps assess quality configuration tradeoffs for optimising economic performance of data repositories. Using the model, we examine different configurations and demonstrate the effect of economics-driven evaluation on data management decisions.
Designing dark energy afterglow experiments

Chameleon fields, which are scalar field dark energy candidates, can evade fifth force constraints by becoming massive in high-density regions. However, this property allows chameleon particles to be trapped inside a vacuum chamber with dense walls. Afterglow experiments constrain photon-coupled chameleon fields by attempting to produce and trap chameleon particles inside such a vacuum chamber, from which they will emit an afterglow as they regenerate photons. Here we discuss several theoretical and systematic effects underlying the design and analysis of the GammeV and CHASE afterglow experiments. We consider chameleon particle interactions with photons, Fermions, and other chameleon particles, as well as with macroscopic magnetic fields and matter. The afterglow signal in each experiment is predicted, and its sensitivity to various properties of the experimental apparatus is studied. Finally, we use CHASE data to exclude a wide range of photon-coupled chameleon dark energy models.
Oxidative stress impairs learning and memory in apoE knockout mice.

Cardiovascular risk factors, such as oxidative stress and elevated lipids, are linked to the development of cognitive impairment. A mediator common to both stressors is the apolipoprotein E (apoE). The objectives of this study are to determine the effects of apoE deficiency and diet-induced systemic oxidative stress in mice on vascular expression of inflammatory proteins and on cognitive function. Mice are placed on a diet enriched in homocysteine for fifteen weeks and then assessed for spatial learning using an eight-arm radial maze and for inflammatory protein expression by immunohistochemistry. Our results show that diet-induced oxidative stress does not affect cognitive function in normal mice. In contrast, apoE−/− mice on the homocysteine diet show significantly impaired (p < 0. 001) maze performance. ApoE−/− mice also have high cholesterol levels. There is no expression of inflammatory proteins IL-6 and IL-8 in the vasculature of control mice on normal or homocysteine diet and little in apoE−/− mice on normal diet. In contrast, apoE−/− mice on homocysteine diet show pronounced vascular reactivity to IL-6 and IL-8 antibodies. These data show that systemic oxidative stress correlates with expression of inflammatory proteins in the cerebral vasculature and impaired cognitive function. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that an oxidative-inflammatory cycle in the cerebral vasculature could have deleterious consequences for cognition.
Periodic Structure in Two-Dimensional Riemann Problems for Hamilton--Jacobi Equations

This paper investigatesthe structure of two-dimensional Riemann problems for Hamilton--Jacobi equations. The solutions to such problems are fundamental building blocks for constructing solutions to more general problems, in particular, for numerical construction using methods such as front tracking. Here we prove the existence of a particular class of Riemann problem for which the viscosity solutions contain closed characteristic orbits, enclosing furthermore a periodic sonic structure, which in turn encloses a parabolic structure. The existence of such examples elucidates the difficulties encountered in designing construction methods for viscosity solutions to Riemann problems in dimension $\geq 2$. This investigation was prompted by the discovery of numerical evidence of examples displaying an even richer internal structure.
Unsteady compressible two-phase flow model for predicting cyclic heat pump performance and a comparison with experimental data

Abstract A dynamic model of vapour compression heat pumps is presented. Due to the importance of thermal expansion and compressibility effects, a detailed mathematical treatment of the condenser, evaporator and accumulator is given. Brief descriptions of the modelling techniques used for the remaining heat pump components and the solution methodology employed in the complete heat pump model are presented. Lumped-parameter models were developed for the expansion device, natural-gas-fueled internal combustion engine and compressor (open and hermetic). Inclusion of an appropriate void fraction model was found to be essential in determining the spatial refrigerant mass distribution, therefore a discussion pertaining to this model is also given. Simulations results and experimental data are favourably compared for transient operation of a hermetic water-to-water heat pump and an air-to-air system with an open compressor. The spatial variations of temperature, enthalpy, mass flow rate and density are predicted at each point in time for the two heat exchangers. The refrigerant pressures in the condenser and evaporator are determined such that the boundary conditions for the governing set of parabolic partial differential equations are satisfied. The summary provides a list of on-going work in the area of heat pump simulation and applications.
Health behaviors in family members of patients completing cancer treatment.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To describe the impact of the cancer experience on the health behaviors of survivors' family members and to determine factors associated with family members' intentions for health behavior change. DESIGN Descriptive, cross-sectional, correlational. SETTING A National Cancer Institute-designated comprehensive cancer center in the midwestern United States. SAMPLE 39 family members and 50 patients with diagnoses of breast, colorectal, head and neck, lung, or prostate cancer who were completing definitive cancer treatment. METHODS Patients and family members were approached in the clinic at three weeks or fewer before the completion of their course of treatment. Family members completed surveys and a structured interview in person or via telephone. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Intention, perceived benefit, and confidence about eating a healthful diet, physical activity, and smoking cessation; emotional distress; and family cohesion, conflict, and expressiveness. FINDINGS Family members had high ratings for intention, perceived benefit, and confidence related to the behaviors of eating a healthful diet and performing 30 minutes of daily moderate-intensity physical activity. They also had high ratings for the extent to which the cancer experience had raised awareness of their cancer risk and made them consider undergoing screening tests for cancer; ratings were lower for making changes in their health behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Family members expressed strong intentions to engage in health-promoting behaviors related to physical activity and nutrition at the post-treatment transition. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Oncology nurses are in a key position to engage family members and patients in behavior change. Nurses should assess family members at the completion of treatment for distress and provide interventions to influence the trajectory of distress in survivorship.
Anomalies in vortex states of cuprate superconductors

Abstract A maximum-entropy (ME) technique has been applied to transverse-field (TF) muon-spin relaxation (μSR) data of several cuprate superconductors [1, 2]. For the RBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 (R1237) vortex states, we have seen low-field tails and cliffs in the ME field distribution estimates for TFμSR data recorded near 5 K at 1 kOe. The sharp fall-off is only present when R is a magnetic ion (like Er or Gd), or occurs for Pr-doping in Y1237. The ME vortex field distributions of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O x (Bi2212) and Tl 2 Ba 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O x (T12223) show no low field tails well below T c , which is consistent with vortex pancake formation. ME transforms for Pb 0.9 In 0.1 (a typical type-II superconductor) show the expected vortex field distributions. All the (magnetic) non-BCS like anomalies seen for the cuprate vortex states suggest that perhaps the cuprate superconductors are not (typical) type-II superconductors.
Electromagnetic behavior of bent wire in A shielded enclosure

A unique Fourier series approach to the problem of computing currents excited on a conducting bent wire enclosed in a shielded enclosure is presented. The wire is folded at right angle and oriented in a plane parallel to one of the cavity walls. Electromagnetic sources exterior to the cavity excite one end of the wire, while the other end of the wire within the cavity may have any arbitrary load conditions. The coupling between the two portions of the bent wire, which are perpendicular to each other, is taken into consideration. The formulation of this problem makes use of the theory of Fourier series to approximate the waveform of unknown current excited on the wire. Of course, the infinite Fourier series is approximated by a truncated Fourier cosine series in order to obtain an analytically simple solution. The number of Fourier series coefficients and the cavity modes are the key issues to the formulation. Selected numerical results in the form of current distributions are presented to illustrate the f...
Does female dominance facilitate feeding priority in black‐and‐white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata) in southeastern Madagascar?

Although many Malagasy lemurs are thought to be female dominant and to have female feeding priority, to date the relationship between these behaviors has been rigorously established only in Lemur catta, and other ways that females might achieve feeding priority have not been examined closely. Erhart and Overdorff [International Journal of Primatology 20:927-940, 1999] suggested that one way female primates achieve feeding priority is to initiate and lead groups to food, thereby gaining access to the food first and positively influencing their food intake compared to other group members. Here we describe female dominance patterns and potential measures of feeding priority in two groups of black-and-white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata) that were observed over a 15-month period in southeastern Madagascar. We predicted that the females would 1) be consistently dominant to males, 2) lead groups to food sources more often than males, and 3) have higher feeding rates compared to males when they arrived at food sources first. The results were dissimilar between the study groups. During the study, the oldest adult female in group 1 died. There was no evidence for female dominance in this group, and the remaining (likely natal) female did not lead the group more often, nor did she have a higher food intake than males. Group 1 dispersed shortly after the time frame reported here. In contrast, the resident female in group 2 was dominant to group males (based on agonistic interactions), led the group to food sources more often, and experienced a higher food intake when she arrived first at a food source. How these patterns vary over time and are influenced by the number of females in groups, group stability, food quality, and reproductive condition will be examined in future analyses.
Postnatal development of renal function during the first year of life.

Several aspects of renal function varyconsiderably during the 1st year of life and differ markedly from the equivalent values in the adult. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increases little, prior to the time an infant reaches a conceptional age of 34 weeks, the point in renal development from which the absolute GFR (ml/min) increases gradually to mature values when linear growth is completed during adolescence. GFR corrected for body size is not comparable with adult normal values until after 12 months of age; therefore, whether GFR is estimated from Scr or measured by timed urine collection, there is no easily recalled range of normal values for infants. One must know the changes in the renal function of normal infants that take place following birth during the 1st year of life. Despite several attempts to do so, renal function during the 1st year of life cannot be assessed from urine flow rate. A urine flow rate of less than 1 ml/kg per hour may be normal and appropriate and may not be harmful either to preterm or full-term infants with normal GFR. Impaired concentrating ability of the neonatal kidney is probably of no clinical significance in all but the most extreme circumstances and is not a major factor in an infant becoming dehydrated, developing hypernatremia or being at greater risk of acute renal injury. Acid-base status in infants must be interpreted appropriately to know when alkali therapy should be introduced to avoid growth failure secondary to true metabolic acidosis. When plasma renin activity is measured in the infant with renal failure of hypertension, one must compare the result with the normal range of values related to postnatal age of normal infants.
754 PROTECTION OF NEWBORN RATS FROM Kl E. COLI INFECTION

We have shown previously that newborn rats develop sepsis/meningitis after i.p. injection of Kl E. coli. The present studies examine the effect of passive immunization on infection. Pregnant rats were immunized X2 by i.v. injection of formalin-killed E. coli (type 07:Kl:H?). Some members of subsequent litters were exchanged shortly after birth with pups from saline-immunized mothers. At age 5 days, all pups were challenged by i.p. injection of 1.2 × 101 CFU of a Kl E. coli strain (018ac:Kl:H7). Quantitative blood cultures were obtained daily. Of 29 pups born to and nursed by Kl-immunized dams, 34% and 41% had bacteremia 1 and 3 days later vs. 59% of 29 unexchanged pups from saline-immunized dams (p >0.05). Mortality rates were 38% (Kl) and 34% (controls) at 7 days. Exchanged animals had infection and mortality rates similar to the above. Since rat pups are able to absorb IgG (of different species) from the GI tract, other groups were given oral supplements of group B meningococcal horse serum (h.s.) which reacts with Kl antigen (Group I); normal h.s. (Group II); or water (Group III) for 2-4 days and challenged at 5 days of age. Three days later 54% of Group I had bacteremia vs. 60% of Groups II and III; however, mortality rates were 8%, 33% and 30%, respectively (p <0.05). Group I had initial bacteremia with geometric mean CFU/ml 1 log lower than that of Groups II and III. This method of maternal immunization against Kl E. coli gave poor protection to rat pups. Oral feeds of anti-capsular anti-body favorably modified intensity of bacteremia and mortality.
Day-to-Day Travel Variability in the Commute Atlanta, Georgia, Study

Traditional travel diary surveys collect 1 or 2 days of travel data from participant households. Although useful in determining the overall average travel behavior of a regional population, cross-sectional travel diary surveys provide little insight into intrahousehold and intraperson trip variability. Longitudinal surveys are generally preferred for examining travel variability. The objective of the research is to examine the intrahousehold travel variability in the Commute Atlanta, Georgia, study, a Global Positioning System-based instrumented-vehicle monitoring study that collected vehicle trips from approximately 500 vehicles in 260 representative households. The research effort uses 2004 travel data collected for the Commute Atlanta study, in which the average variability or deviation in the number of trips by a household was 3 trips/day. Demographic variables (e.g., household size, household income, vehicle ownership, number of children, number of workers, and number of students) significantly affec...
FSH induction of sensitivity of LH: One mechanishm for control of puberty

It is postualted that the immature hypothalamic-pituitary unit is more sensitive to inhibition by gonadal steroids and that sexual maturation results from a decrease in this sensitivity. However, we have reported separately tht in the male rat there is no difference in threshold dose of testosterone for feedback inhibition of LH and FSH at the time of sexual maturation. We now wish to report data in the femal rat which provides a possible alternate explanations for puberty. These data indicate that the immature ovary is insensitive to LH stimulation and that this sensitivity is restored by FSH treatment. Hypothalamic-pituitary sensitivity to feedback suppression was tested as in the male. To study ovarian sensitivity to gonadotropin stimulation, immature (21 days) and mature (87 days) females were hypophysectomized. Five days later graded doses of LH (NIH-P7) were administered. Since only LH was administered, specificity of response was not important. Uterine weight increased in mature animals by all doses over 5 μg/100 grams body weight, but was unaffected by doses as large as 2000μg/ grams body weight in immatures. Sensitivity to LH in immatures could be made equal to matures by pre-treatment with FSH. When a contant dose to LH was administered with graded doses of FSH, a dose response to the LH effects was observed. The threshold dose of FSH for ovarian weight increase was similar in matures and immatures and uterine sensitivity to estrogen also was similar. Thus in the female rat FSH induces LH responsiveness of the gonad which in turn results in sexual maturation.
Demonstration of a DNA provirus in the lytic growth of visna virus.

SEVERAL lines of evidence link the RNA viruses responsible for slow diseases in Icelandic sheep with RNA tumour viruses. Visna virus, the prototype of the RNA slow virus group, resembles RNA tumour viruses in its morphology, in maturating by budding from the surfaces of infected cells1 and in having a high molecular weight RNA sedimenting at 60–70S2–4 and a virion-associated RNA-directed DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase)5–7. However, the RNA slow viruses differ from tumour viruses, in that they do not cause tumours in the natural host or cell transformation in sheep tissue culture cells8. Visna virus in sheep produces an inflammatory demyelinating disease not associated with tumour formation; in tissue culture, infection of ovine cells leads to virus production, syncytium formation and lysis of cells.
Thermoregulatory physiology of the carpenter bee,Xylocopa varipuncta

The carpenter beesXylocopa varipuncta maintain thoracic temperatures of 33.0°C to 46.5°C during continuous free flight from 12°C to 40°C. Since the thoracic temperature excess is not constant (decreasing from 24°C at low air temperatures to 6°C at high) the bees are thermoregulating. We document physiological transfer of relatively large amounts of heat to the abdomen and to the head during pre-flight warm-up and during artificial thoracic heating. Most of the temperature increase of the head is due to passive conduction, while that of the abdomen is due to active physiological heat transfer despite a series of convolutions of the aorta in the petiole that anatomically conform to a counter-current heat exchanger. Although the thermoregulatory mechanisms during flight are far from clarified, our data suggest that thermoregulation involves a strong reliance on active convective cooling through increased flight speed.
Alogliptin: A new dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Purpose The pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, safety, efficacy, and place in therapy of alogliptin and its combinations for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus are reviewed. Summary Alogliptin is a selective, orally bioavailable inhibitor of the enzymatic activity of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). It works by slowing the inactivation of the incretin hormones, thereby increasing their concentrations in the bloodstream and reducing fasting and postprandial glucose concentrations in a glucose-dependent manner in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Alogliptin has a moderate degree of absorption, estimated to exceed 75%, and its absorption is not affected by food. No drug interactions are known to be associated with alogliptin monotherapy. It is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The clinical efficacy and safety of alogliptin have been demonstrated in several clinical trials, reducing patients’ glycosylated hemoglobin level by 0.4–1.0% in 26 weeks. Alogliptin does not require any dosage adjustment when coadministered with ketoconazole, fluconazole, gemfibrozil, warfarin, metformin, glyburide, and pioglitazone. Alogliptin selectively binds to and inhibits DPP-4 in vitro at concentrations approximating therapeutic exposures. The most common adverse events associated with alogliptin are nasopharyngitis, headache, and upper respiratory tract infection. As with the other DPP-4 inhibitors, use of alogliptin may be associated with the development of pancreatitis during therapy. Conclusion Alogliptin, a selective DPP-4 inhibitor, does not differ greatly from the other DPP-4 inhibitors currently available. It can be used as monotherapy or in combination with metformin for the management of type 2 diabetes.
The Emergence of “Middle West'’as an American Regional Label

Abstract Though acknowledged as the heartland of the United States, the Middle West has been little studied as a cultural region. A survey of contemporary popular literature reveals that “Middle West'’was first adopted as an American regional label in the 1880s, with Kansas and Nebraska as its core. The term originally distinguished the relatively settled central plains both from the pioneer zone in the Northwest (the Dakotas) and the culturally different Southwest (Texas and Indian Territory). After about 1903 contemporary writers began to use Middle West in an expanded sense, adding to Kansas and Nebraska states of the northern plains and the Old Northwest. This practice was universal by 1912. Cultural traits traditionally associated with the regional label explain much of the expansion. Writers said the Middle West epitomized the pastoral ideal and enjoyed the best aspects of youth and maturity. These traits matched the general American self-image, and the expanded Middle West after 1912 was seen as th...
Solid-state coordination chemistry of the oxomolybdate-organodiphosphonate/nickel-organoimine system: structural influences of the secondary metal coordination cation and diphosphonate tether lengths.

The hydrothermal reactions of a molybdate source, a nickel(II) salt, tetra-2-pyridylpyrazine (tpyprz), and organodiphosphonic acids H2O3P(CH2)nPO3H2 (n = 1−5) of varying tether lengths yielded a series of organic−inorganic hybrid materials of the nickel−molybdophosphonate family. A persistent characteristic of the structural chemistry is the presence of the {Mo5O15(O3PR)2}4- cluster as a molecular building block, as noted for the one-dimensional materials [{Ni2(tpyprz)2}Mo5O15{O3P(CH2)4PO3}]·6.65H2O (6·6.65H2O) and [{Ni2(tpyprz)2}Mo5O15{O3P(CH2)5PO3}]·3.75H2O (8·3.75H2O), the two-dimensional phases [{Ni4(tpyprz)3}{Mo5O15(O3PCH2CH2PO3)}2]·23H2O (3·23H2O) and [{Ni3(tpyprz)2(H2O)2}(Mo5O15)(Mo2O4F2){O3P(CH2)3PO3}2]·8H2O (5·8H2O), and the three-dimensional structures [{Ni2(tpyprz)(H2O)3]Mo5O15{O3P(CH2)3PO3)}]·H2O (4·H2O) and [{Ni2(tpyprz)(H2O)2}Mo5O15 {O3P(CH2)4PO3}]·2.25H2O (7·2.25H2O). In the case of methylenediphosphonic acid, the inability of this ligand to tether adjacent pentanuclear clusters precludes t...