cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetic and spectroscopic studies of N694C lipoxygenase: a probe of the substrate activation mechanism of a nonheme ferric enzyme.

Lipoxygenases (LOs) comprise a class of substrate activating mononuclear nonheme iron enzymes which catalyze the hydroperoxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. A commonly proposed mechanism for LO catalysis involves H-atom abstraction by an FeIII−OH- site, best described as a proton coupled electron transfer (PCET) process, followed by direct reaction of O2 with the resulting substrate radical to yield product. An alternative mechanism that has also been discussed involves the abstraction of a proton from the substrate by the FeIII−OH leading to a σ-organoiron intermediate, where the subsequent σ bond insertion of dioxygen into the C−Fe bond completes the reaction. H-atom abstraction is favored by a high E° of the FeII/FeIII couple and high pKa of water bound to the ferrous state, while an organoiron mechanism would be favored by a low E° (to keep the site oxidized) and a high pKa of water bound to the ferric state (to deprotonate the substrate). A first coordination sphere mutant of soybean LO (N694C) has...
Metabolism of Drugs in Relation to Carcinogenicity

The experimental production of cancer by chemicals was first accomplished with coal tar in Japan some five decades Open image in new window Fig. 1 Structural variety of synthetic chemical carcinogens [3] ago. These observations provided the basis for the discovery of the first pure chemical carcinogens, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, in the early 1930’s. Since that time numerous substances with diverse structures have been found to induce tumors in a variety of species and tissues. The majority of these substances are man-made or synthetic, and compilations of data on the carcinogenic activities of these compounds are available [1–3], An excellent treatise on chemical carcinogenesis has been published recently by Clayson [3]. Some idea of the variety of structure that exists among the synthetic chemical carcinogens is apparent from Fig. 1.
Eyewitnesses Credible and Discredible1

Undergraduate subjects read descriptions of two armed robbery cases that varied in the degree to which physical and circumstantial evidence alone would evoke a judgment of guilt. The effect on such judgments of the addition of an eyewitness identifying the defendant, and the effect of discrediting such eyewitness testimony were studied, along with the effects of altering the evidentiary standard (reasonable doubt or preponderance of the evidence), in both between- and within-subjects designs. The different cases, the different conditions of testimony, and the different standards of proof had large effects on judgment. Testimony discrediting an eyewitness was fully effective in lowering the rate of guilt judgments, regardless of the strength of the physical and circumstantial evidence, the standard of proof, or whether or not subjects made serial judgments after reading successive increments to the summaries.
Effects of Leukocyte-Capillary Plugging on the Resistance to Flow in the Microvasculature of Cremaster Muscle for Normal and Activated Leukocytes

Abstract The effects of leukocyte (WBC) sequestration in the capillary network on resistance to flow ( R A-V ) were obtained during bolus infusions of WBCs in cremaster muscle (hamster). R A-V was calculated from simultaneous measurements of arteriole to venule pressure drop and arteriolar red cell velocity. Bolus infusions of red cells (RBCs) alone resulted in a 5% decrease in R A-V , due to the clearance of circulating WBCs from the network. Infusions of RBCs with leukocrits of one to nine times systemic resulted in insignificant transient increases in R A-V of 5 to 10%. The effect of WBC activation was studied by their incubation in N -formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) to activate (and stiffen) the polymorphonulear WBCs (PMNs) or phorbal myristate acetate (PMA) to activate all WBCs in the bolus. Compared with normal WBCs, infusions of mixtures of RBCs and activated WBCs had no significant effect on the transient increase in resistance as the bolus traversed the capillary network. However, mixtures with either normal or FMLP-treated WBCs increased the steady state R A-V in proportion to the cumulative number of WBCs infused, due to residual capillary plugging following washout of the bolus. The cumulative infusion of 20 × 10 6 normal or FMLP-activated WBCs resulted in a 25% increase in R A-V above baseline. With PMA activation, cumulative infusions of only 5 × 10 6 WBCs in the RBC suspension also resulted in a 25% increase in R A-V , which was three times the increase obtained for an equal number of FMLP-activated WBCs. Following the cumulative infusion of 12 × 10 6 PMA-activated WBCs, R A-V increased inordinately to approximately 250% of baseline. These substantially greater increases in capillary plugging and R A-V with PMA activation were in accord with the threefold greater number of stiffened lymphocytes (which do not respond to FMLP) relative to PMNs in the boli. Thus, capillary plugging by activated WBCs may have a far greater detrimental effect on blood flow through the microvasculature compared to normal WBCs, and the extent of this effect is strongly dependent on the number of activated WBCs in the circulation.
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Testing

This chapter begins the rest of the book, in that it turns the readers’ attention from the theoretical and developmental issues behind P&S monitoring and begins the focus of applying P&S monitoring clinically. It is a general overview of the additional information that is available from P&S monitoring and Autonomic Assessment. In this chapter, we describe the data that are collected, what clinical reporting is produced, and how to utilize and interpret the reports. Again, within the theme of an overview, orienting the reader to what will come, these are general interpretation guidelines, the specifics, including disease-specific applications, will come later. Included in this chapter is how P&S monitoring may be synergistic with other tests. In general, two questions are asked: are the sympathetics managed, and are the parasympathetics balanced, relative to the sympathetics, to promote health and minimize risk? The chapter starts with a general answer to the inevitable “So what?” response, which is more specifically answered throughout the remainder of the book in relation to specific diseases.
Flat Dry Elastomer Adhesives as Attachment Materials for Climbing Robots

In this paper, flat elastomers are proposed as an attachment material for climbing robots on less than a few micrometer-scale rough surfaces due to their energy-efficient, quiet, and residue-free characteristics. The proper elastomer is chosen by the use of the current adhesion, friction, and peeling elastomer-contact-mechanics models. Then, adhesion and friction properties of the chosen dry flat-elastomer thick films (Vytaflex-10) are characterized on acrylic and smooth and rough glass surfaces for variations in preloads, speeds, contact times, and elastomer thicknesses. A climbing robot with four-bar-based legged-body kinematics is designed and fabricated as simple and lightweight as possible to demonstrate the feasibility of the elastomers as attachment materials on relatively smooth surfaces. The robot utilizes a passive alignment system to make the footpads parallel to the surface on light contact, a peeling mechanism to minimize the detachment vibration, and a passive tail to minimize the pitch-back moment. Experimental results showed that the robot can climb stably on vertical, smooth surfaces in any direction and can walk inverted for a limited amount of time.
Consumer Quality of Beef Chuck Roasts from Two Breed Types, Two Feedin Regimes, and Two Oven Temperatures

This research examined the effects of breed type, feeding regime, and roasting temperature on the palatability characteristics of chuck roasts. Beef chuck roasts from Angus and Simmental X Angus steers on low and high concentrate diets were oven roasted at 135°C and 163°C to an internal temperature of 71°C. Palatability factors including flavor (intensity and acceptability), tenderness, juiciness, and overall acceptability were scored by a six-member, trained sensory panel. Cooking loss, cooking time, shear, and press juice also were determined. There were no significant differences in the tenderness scores or the shear values of roasts due to the treatments of breed, feeding regime, or oven temperature, or their interactions. Panelists scored flavor (p<0.01) and overall acceptability (p<0.01) higher for roasts from high concentrate fed animals, but no differences in flavor intensity or juiciness were apparent. Flavor intensity (p<0.05) and juiciness (p<0.01) were scored higher in roasts prepared at 163 °C than at 135°C. Press juice values were greater (p<0.01) and total cooking losses less (p<0.01) in roasts cooked at the higher oven temperature. Flavor acceptability was more closely associated with overall acceptability than were either juiciness or tenderness.
PCSK9 - A New and Potent Approach to Lowering Cholesterol.

A quantum leap in managing difficult hypercholesterolemia may be close at hand. Unfortunately, hypercholesterolemia and high cardiovascular (CV) risk have become universal problems throughout the world. Al-Waili et al. in their case report on a mutation in the proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 serine protease (PCSK9) gene in Omani Arab patients with autosomal dominant familial hypercholesterolemia (ADFH), offered the first description of such a mutation in an Arab population and added emphasis to the possible importance of a new therapeutic approach that appears to be on the horizon.1
Durch Arthropoden übertragene (Arbo)-Viruskrankheiten

Die Arboviren (durch Arthropoden ubertragene Viren = Arthropod — borne) sind dadurch charakterisiert, das sie sich in Arthropoden vermehren konnen, ohne in diesem Wirt offensichtliche Krankheitssymptome oder Gewebsschaden hervorzurufen. Die Ubertragung dieser Viren auf den Menschen oder auf andere Saugetiere und Vogel erfolgt durch den Bis des Arthropoden. Dieser als Ubertrager dienende Arthropode wird wiederum beim Blutsaugen an einem infizierten Wirt, in dessen Blut das Virus zirkuliert, infiziert.
Evolving Beharioral Strategies in Predators and Prey

The predator/prey domain is utilized to conduct research in Distributed Artificial Intelligence. Genetic Programming is used to evolve behavioral strategies for the predator agents. To further the utility of the predator strategies, the prey population is allowed to evolve at the same time. The expected competitive learning cycle did not surface. This failing is investigated, and a simple prey algorithm surfaces, which is consistently able to evade capture from the predator algorithms.
Regulation of organ size: insights from the Drosophila Hippo signaling pathway.

Organ size control is a fundamental and core process of development of all multicellular organisms. One important facet of organ size control is the regulation of cell proliferation and cell death. Here we address the question, What are the developmental mechanisms that control intrinsic organ size? In several multicellular animals including humans and flies, organs develop according to an instructive model where proliferation is regulated by extracellular signals. However, the signals that regulate proliferation (and organ size) remain poorly understood. Recent data from flies have shed some light on the molecular mechanisms that regulate growth and size of organs. In this review, we will briefly discuss classic studies that revealed the mysteries of growth regulation. We will then focus on the recent findings from the Drosophila Hippo signaling pathway and its role in the regulation of organ size. Finally, we will discuss the mammalian Hippo pathway, and its implications in regulation of growth/proliferation during development and disease. Developmental Dynamics 238:1627–1637, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Uptake of Influenza Vaccination and Missed Opportunities Among Adults with High-Risk Conditions, United States, 2013

Abstract Background Since 1960, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices has recommended influenza vaccination for adults with certain high-risk conditions because of increased risk for complications from influenza infection. We assessed national influenza vaccination among persons ages 18-64 years with high-risk conditions. Methods We analyzed data from the 2012 and 2013 National Health Interview Survey. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis procedure was used to estimate the cumulative proportion of influenza vaccination among adults ages 18-64 years with high-risk conditions. Potential missed opportunities for influenza vaccination were also evaluated. Multivariable logistic regression and predictive marginal analyses were conducted to identify factors independently associated with vaccination. Results Overall, 39.9 million adults ages 18-64 years (18.9%) had at least one high-risk condition. For adults ages 18-64 years with high-risk conditions, overall influenza vaccination coverage was 49.5%. Coverage among adults 50-64 years of age was significantly higher compared with those ages 18-49 years (59.3% vs 39.0%; P Conclusions Influenza vaccination coverage varies substantially by age and high-risk conditions but remains low. Approximately 50% of those with high-risk conditions remain unvaccinated. Health care providers should ensure they routinely assess influenza vaccination status, and recommend and offer vaccines to those with high-risk conditions.
The Burn Wound Inflammatory Response Is Influenced by Midazolam

Burn patients requiring hospitalization are often treated for anxiety with benzodiazepines (BDZs). Benzodiazepines are reported to influence immune system function. Immune system alterations are a major cause of burn-induced mortality. We wanted to determine whether the BDZ, midazolam given daily at an anxiolytic dose, had any influence on the burn injury-induced inflammatory response in the blood and wound. Mice received a 15% total body surface area flame burn and received either midazolam 1 mg/kg i.p. or saline 0.1 ml daily. Blood and skin wounds were harvested 24 h after injection on post-burn day 2, 3, 7, or 8. Mice treated with midazolam had significantly lower serum IL-1β (p=0.002), TNF-α (p=0.002), IL-6 (p=0.016), IL-10 (p=0.009), and TGF-β (p=0.004) than saline-treated mice, with little impact on serum chemokine levels. In the wound, TNF-α and IL-10 were the only cytokines significantly influenced by the drug, being lower (p=0.018) and higher (p=0.006), respectively. The chemokines in the wound influenced significantly by midazolam were MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and MIP-2 while MCP-1 and KC were not. There were more inflammatory cells at the burn wound margin in midazolam-treated mice on post-burn day 3. Although serum nitrate/nitrite was significantly increased by midazolam (p=0.03), both eNOS and iNOS mRNA expression in the wound were similar to the saline group. We found that midazolam given daily after burn injury significantly influenced the inflammatory response. The clinical implications of these findings on wound healing and shock following burn injury, especially larger burns, deserve further investigation.
Isothermal physical aging of poly(methyl methacrylate): Localization of perturbations in thermomechanical properties

Effects of isothermal physical aging on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were investigated for isothermal aging temperatures (Ta) from Tg−13 to Tg−128°C using a freely oscillating torsion pendulum (TBA). A single PMMA-glass fiber specimen, the effects of the thermal history of which could be erased by heating above Tg (=116°C, 0.7 Hz), was used for all experiments; this facilitated comparison of the unaged and aged specimen. The modulus was observed to increase linearly with the logarithm of isothermal aging time. Thermomechanical properties of the aged versus unaged specimen showed perturbations (e.g., increased modulus) principally in the vicinity of Ta. This suggests that different intermediate portions of the relaxation spectrum are specifically involved in the process of aging for different values of Ta.
On aspect-orientation in distributed real-time dependable systems

The design and implementation of distributed real-time dependable systems is often dominated by non-functional considerations like timeliness, object placement and fault tolerance. In this paper we illustrate how aspect-oriented programming can be used to address the non-functional aspects of such system separately from the functional requirements and what benefits result from this separation of concerns. Besides the theoretical reflection we also present a case study in which distribution, timeliness, and fault tolerance aspects are added to a simple logging component. The examples are implemented using the emerging AspectC++ language for aspect-oriented programming with C++. In the course of this paper we also evaluated how well the general-purpose aspect language AspectC++ is suited to address the aspects specific to this domain.
A performance comparison of top-down recursive query evaluation strategies on Datalog benchmarks

A performance comparison is given, using Datalog benchmarks, of top-down strategies for the evaluation of recursive queries. The top-down strategies that are compared include S.W. Dietrich and D.S. Warren's extension tables (see Tech. Rep., 85-31, Dept. of Computer Science, SUNY at Stony Brook (1985)), H. Tamaki and T. Sato's multistage depth-first (see Third Int. Conf. Logic Prog., p.84-98 (1986)) and L. Vielle's query subquery (see Fourth Int. Conf. on Logic Prog., p.74-103 (1987)). These top-down strategies apply the dynamic programming principle to computations in which intermediate results are saved and subsequently used to avoid redundant computations. The performance comparisons show that extension tables' eager evaluation improves the naive demand-driven evaluation of multistage depth-first and QSQR/SLD and query/subquery. >
Readmission of Released Mental Patients: A Research Study

■ The central task of the research study reported here was to determine the relationship of nineteen adjustment variables to readmission to mental hospitals of released schizophrenic patients. Two groups of twenty-three patients each—one of which had been rehospitalized, the other of which had not—were rated at time of initial admission to the hospital, two months following admission, three weeks after release, and three months after release. Although both groups were similar on admission, on the follow-up ratings seven of the nineteen variables discriminated significantly between those who were eventually rehospitalized and those who remained in the community. ■
Unified direct and coherent detection real-time OFDM scheme for optical access networks

We demonstrate a novel unified real-time direct and coherent orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme for access networks. Such an approach provides scalability, flexibility, and higher efficiency since detection schemes can be readily interchanged.
Fed-Batch Catalytic Deoxygenation of Free Fatty Acids

Fed-batch catalytic deoxygenation of C18 free fatty acids (FFAs) to n-heptadecane was demonstrated in a 50 mL stirred autoclave reactor with continuous FFA injection via a high-pressure syringe pump. High selectivity to the hydrogen-neutral decarboxylation pathway was achieved using a 5 wt % Pd/C catalyst at 300 °C under 5% H2 (15 atm total pressure); the maximum quasi-steady-state deoxygenation rate under these conditions was 0.46 mmol gcat−1 min−1 [0.083 s−1 turnover frequency (TOF)] with 95% CO2 selectivity. In a separate experiment, quasi-steady-state SA deoxygenation activity was maintained for >24 h at 0.29 mmol gcat−1 min−1 (0.053 s−1 TOF) with 92% CO2 selectivity. When higher H2 partial pressures were employed, an abrupt switchover in reaction pathway and product selectivity from decarboxylation (CO2) to decarbonylation (CO) was observed. Higher CO selectivity leads to increased H2 consumption because of hydrogenation of heptadecenes, the primary products of the decarbonylation pathway. We infer t...
An Investigation into the Credit Tenant Characteristics of Department of Defense Contractors

In the next few years, it is anticipated that the Department of Defense (DoD) and other government agencies will begin to outsource their civilian workforce to private contractors. The real estate and facility management sectors are prime areas for this privatization strategy. Current regulations favor DoD contractors that are tenants rather than owners. This will create a high credit lease opportunity for real estate investors. This study explores the impact of the privatization trend toward creating high quality office and industrial investments for the real estate marketplace. Given the government contract bias toward renting, a new group of credit tenants may appear. A hypothetical DoD tenant is used to explore the implications of the new regulations on the real estate market. This study posits that large office and industrial park complexes will be positively affected and properties in the right location to attract the new credit tenants that have been awarded privatization contracts will become more...
Jini-Based Mobile Agent Architecture for Human Planetary Exploration

Abstract: Planetary exploration requires effective collaborations between planetary explorers in charge of acquiring data in the field and scientists in charge of monitoring exploration activities in habitats, mission control centers, and science centers. To provide such collaborations, NASA needs a new highly flexible, extensible, and robust mobile agent architecture, which allows NASA planetary explorers and scientists working in different locations, using a variety of exploration tools and computing systems to create automatically a unique data record of planetary exploration activities. Such systems should work in a highly dynamic distributed computing environment where the system requirements and the set of exploration tools change; highly specialized computing nodes appear and disappear from computing clusters; and transient wireless communication links undergo rapid changes. In this paper, we present a new component-based approach to developing mobile agent architecture for human planetary exploration. The result is a multi-tier architecture that offers a set of distinct features--beyond the Jini architecture--to address the software flexibility, extensibility, and robustness issues. The Jini system employs mobile objects, but it does not meet all the requirements of mobile agent systems. The new architecture addresses this shortcoming.
The formula of humanity as end in itself

Ends and determining grounds of the will I.I. Motives and incentives FUL does not take us beyond the mere concept of a categorical imperative. In order to derive a second formula of the moral law, Kant turns to something more substantive. His aim is to show how a categorical imperative or practical law could be “connected (wholly a priori ) with the concept of the will of a rational being as such” (G 4:426). In other words, he turns our attention to what it would require for a rational will to obey such an imperative or law. Kant distinguishes two kinds of grounds that can motivate a rational will: an objective ground, which is an end given by reason alone and valid for all rational beings, and a subjective ground, which is an end based on empirical desires. The former sort of ground he calls a “motive” (Bewegungsgrund) , the latter an “incentive” (Triebfeder) (G 4:427–428). When Kant inquires into the nature of “motives,” he is in effect trying to identify more precisely than he has already what it means to act “from duty.” Thus far it has been understood only as acting from respect for law, but that account deals only with the “form” of the will, not with its end or “matter.” We could also put it by saying that the earlier account told us nothing about the substantive value that might be contained in the moral law and call forth our respect for it.
Outing autoethnography: an exploration of relational ethics in queer autoethnographic research

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to open up a deeper, more complex discussion about ethical issues in queer autoethnography, by moving beyond either an outline of seminal autoethnographic thinkers, instigators, and writers, or a simple rearticulation of the key issues currently under discussion within the field of autoethnographic ethics. Design/methodology/approach – The author’s intention is to queer autoethnographic ethics – that is, to employ queering as a verb, and to queerly examine autoethnographic scholars through the problematizing lenses of unexamined privilege, and of potential ethical violence to the researcher. After this, the author turns to theological writers to help us to queer the notions of ethical certainty, challenging our fear of ideological uncertainty, our fear of the body, and our fear of ambiguity. Findings – This paper offers a more expansive and challenging approach to traditional autoethnographic ethical guidelines. It also raises several significant questions for ongoin...
Cotton Mather's medicine, with particular reference to measles.

While the vocation of Cotton Mather (1663–1728) was his ministry in Boston, he made important contributions to medicine, most famously in helping to introduce variolation to New England in 1721–22 ...
Myths concerning Woodward's ambiguity function: analysis and resolution

Woodward’s ambiguity function measures the ability of a radar signal to simultaneously measure the range of an object via time delay and its velocity using Doppler shift. The ambiguity function is a foundational staple in radar signal processing. Six myths concerning Woodward’s ambiguity function (AF) are addressed in this paper: 1) the AF is uniquely defined, 2) the magnitudes of the various definitions of the AF are the same, 3) the AFs of the baseband and corresponding radio frequency signal are the same, 4) the maximum of a correlation’s magnitude determines optimality, and 5) multiplying a signal by a complex linear chirp rotates the AF and 6) the AF is not invertible. Each myth is explained, analyzed, and resolved. In discussing myth 6, the formula for inversion of the ambiguity function to its spawning signal is derived.
Plasmonic Crystal-Based Gas Sensor Toward an Optical Nose Design

This paper presents a high-sensitivity gas sensor based on plasmonic crystal incorporating a thin layer of graphene oxide (GO). The plasmonic crystal consists of a periodic array of polymeric nanoposts with gold (Au) disks at the top and nanoholes in an Au thin film at the bottom. The thin GO layer coated atop the plasmonic crystal is the gas absorbent material for the sensor. Gas adsorption of GO modifies the refractive index of the plasmonic structure and returns a shift in the resonance wavelength of the surface plasmon polariton excited at the GO coated Au surface. The differences in target gas species and their adsorption in GO lead to a difference in the resonance shift. To identify the gas species in a complex gas mixture, a sensor array is designed with different sensing elements coated with different thicknesses of GO. The optical responses of the different sensing elements to a gas mixture are analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA)-based pattern recognition algorithm. The PCA separates the sensor responses to different species of gases, providing specificity of the device. The proposed sensor demonstrates a refractive index sensitivity of 449.63 nm/RIU. In addition, volatile organic compounds, such as ethylene, methanol that serve as plant health indicators and ammonia that plays a key role in the ecosystem, are detected by the sensor. A change in a gas concentration results in a differing amount of adsorbate and correlated shift in the resonance wavelength of the device. The GO coated sensor exhibits sensitivities of 0.6 pm/ppm to gaseous ethylene, 3.2 pm/ppm to methanol, and 12.84 pm/ppm to ammonia. The integration of plasmonic sensing element arrays with varying GO thicknesses to modulate the gas adsorption, offers a promising approach to detect different gas species in a single test.
Rationality with preference discovery costs

Economic theory assumes that preferences are rational. However, experiments have found small violations of transitivity. This paper develops a model of rationality with preference discovery costs. Introspection is costly. Thus, agents may find it optimal to use less than full effort, even though this raises the risk of making a poor choice. This model could potentially explain the intransitivities observed in the data while retaining rationality and optimization.
Reduction of in-plane field required for spin-orbit torque magnetization reversal by insertion of Au spacer in Pt/Au/Co/Ni/Co/Ta

Spin-orbit torques and current-induced switching are studied in perpendicularly magnetized Pt/Au/(Co/Ni/Co) films as a function of Au insertion layer thickness tAu. By simultaneously varying the ferromagnet layer thickness, a parametric series of samples with nearly constant anisotropy were prepared. On this series, spin orbit torques were characterized by harmonic voltage and hysteresis loop shift measurements, and current-induced switching was examined as a function of the in-plane bias field. Little variation is seen for tAu 0.5 nm, a series of well-correlated effects appear. Both the loop shift efficiency and the Slonczewski-like spin-orbit torque effective field double, while the in-plane field required to saturate the loop shift efficiency decreases by a factor of ∼10. Correspondingly, the current and in-plane field required for spin-orbit torque switching are reduced by about 90%. These results suggest that a thin Au insertion layer reduces the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya inte...
Micropapillary variant of mucinous breast carcinoma: A distinct subtype.

Invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast is a subtype with high malignant potential characterized by lymphovascular invasion (LVI) and a predilection for axillary lymph node (AXLN) metastases. In contrast, pure mucinous breast carcinoma (MBC) is relatively indolent with low metastatic potential. Recent studies have described a histologic variant of breast cancer that displays combined mucinous and micropapillary patterns, ie, micropapillary variant of mucinous carcinoma (MpVMBC). This underrecognized variant is, as yet, incompletely characterized clinicopathologically. Extant reports suggest a more aggressive lesion than pure MBC with greater propensity for both LVI and AXLN metastases. Here we present our institution's experience with MpVMBCs including clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses. Greater awareness and recognition of this variant could positively contribute to patient care by (1) avoiding underestimation of malignant potential for individuals whose tumors may have been diagnosed as simply "MBC, not otherwise specified", and (2) recommending a postsurgical adjuvant approach emphasizing the hormone receptor targets, even perhaps in younger women presenting with AXLN positive disease.
High-Resolution Mapping of Near-Field Deformation With Airborne Earth Observation Data, a Comparison Study

We present an investigation into different approaches for high-resolution mapping of near-field surface displacement for strike-slip earthquakes. Airborne laser scanning (ALS) and optical imagery are two common sources of earth observation data available to geoscientists for earthquake documentation and studies. Optical image correlation and point cloud differencing techniques are among the most widely used methods for retrieving displacement signals in the near field. We compare the performances of these techniques for estimating near-field deformation using pre and postevent high-resolution ALS and airborne imagery of the August 24, 2014 Mw 6.0 Napa, California earthquake. Estimates of deformation agree with field observations within a decimeter, at the expected accuracy level of the data. We show that the correlation of intensity images from ALS data can unveil the near-field deformation successfully and outperforms optical image correlation in vegetated areas as well as in the absence of geodetic markers (man-made structures). Furthermore, we illustrate that the point clouds generated with structure from motion perform comparably to ALS point clouds for retrieving the displacement signal in unvegetated areas. Overall, we conclude that ALS data are generally better than imagery for estimating near-field deformation regardless of the estimation methodology and that the iterative closest point algorithm was more effective at recovering the displacement signal.
Impact of macromolecular crowding on RNA/spermine complex coacervation and oligonucleotide compartmentalization

We report the effect of neutral macromolecular crowders poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) (8 kDa) and Ficoll (70 kDa) on liquid-liquid phase separation in a polyuridylic acid (polyU)/spermine complex coacervate system. The addition of PEG decreased both the amount of spermine required for phase separation and the coacervation temperature (TC). We interpret these effects on phase behavior as arising due to excluded volume and preferential interactions on both the secondary structure/condensation of spermine-associated polyU molecules and on the association of soluble polyU/spermine polyelectrolyte complexes to form coacervate droplets. Examination of coacervates formed in the presence of fluorescently-labeled PEG or Ficoll crowders indicated that Ficoll is accumulated while PEG is excluded from the coacervate phase, which provides further insight into the differences in phase behavior. Crowding agents impact distribution of a biomolecular solute: partitioning of a fluorescently-labeled U15 RNA oligomer into the polyU/spermine coacervates was increased approximately two-fold by 20 wt% Ficoll 70 kDa and by more than two orders of magnitude by 20 wt% PEG 8 kDa. The volume of the coacervate phase decreased in the presence of crowder relative to a dilute buffer solution. These findings indicate that potential impacts of macromolecular crowding on phase behavior and solute partitioning should be considered in model systems for intracellular membraneless organelles.
Social vulnerability projections improve sea-level rise risk assessments

Abstract Rising seas will impact millions of coastal residents in coming decades. The vulnerability of coastal populations exposed to inundation will be greater for some sub-populations due to differences in their socio-demographic characteristics. Many climate risk and vulnerability assessments, however, model current populations against future environments. We advance sea-level rise risk assessments by dynamically modeling environmental change and socio-demographic change. We project three scenarios of inundation exposure due to future sea-level rise in coastal Georgia from 2010 to 2050. We align the sea-level rise projections with five population projection scenarios of socially vulnerable sub-populations via the Hamilton-Perry method and the theory of demographic metabolism. Our combined fast sea-level rise and middle population scenarios project a near doubling of the population exposed, and a more than five-fold increase for those at risk (i.e., residing in a census tract with high social vulnerability) and most at risk (i.e., high social vulnerability and high exposure) compared to the same estimate based on 2010 population data. Of vulnerable sub-populations, women had the largest absolute increase in exposure for all scenario combinations. The Hispanic/Latinx population's exposure increased the largest proportionally under the fast and medium sea-level rise projections and elderly people's (65+) under the slow sea-level rise scenario. Our findings suggest that for coastal areas experiencing rapid growth (or declines) in more socially vulnerable sub-populations, estimates based on current population data are likely to underestimate (or overestimate) the proportion of such groups' risk to inundation from future sea-level rise.
Relativism and the Lifeworld

According to the prevailing view, Husserl is and remains a virulent absolutist. Our discussion in the preceding chapters has shown that this view is not without its grounds. We have seen that through the time of Ideas I Husserl fiercely attacks relativism both on theoretical (Prolegomena) and ethical/social grounds (“Philosophy as Rigorous Science”). We have also seen that one of the central motives guiding Husserl’s development of phenomenology itself is precisely the desire to overcome relativism (and skepticism) in the most convincing and ultimate fashion possible. Yet although Husserl himself is almost universally acknowledged to be an absolutist, the same is not the case for the phenomenology he developed to provide an epistemically sound foundation for this absolutism. Rather, it has been suggested that relativism arises as an unexpected and undesired consequence of Husserl’s own phenomenology, and its analysis of the lifeworld in particular. Thus it is alleged that Husserl remained an absolutist out of pure dogmatism, while the later heirs of the phenomenological tradition were truer to phenomenology itself, and so became relativists.1
On the growth of populations with narrow spread in reproductive age

The general theory discussed by Colement in the first paper, I, of this series is here specialized to the case in which the rate, ρ=ρ(x(a,t), a) at which a population loses, through death and dispersal, individuals of agea is convex in the numberx(a, t) of individuals which have agea at timet, while the fecundity functionF in the formula,x(0,t)=F(x(af, t)), is concave inx(af, t); hereaf is the reproductive age. Such an assumption of convexity for ρ(·,a) and −F(·) renders mathematical the idea that when one considers the immediate contribution which an additional individual, of given age, makes to those processes which tend to increase the population, one should find that such an incremental contribution declines as the number of present individuals at the given age increases. It is shown that convexity of ρ(·,a) and −F(·) implies that a given population belongs to one of three classes, regardless of initial conditions: (i) the class of ‘endangered populations’ for whichx(a, t)→0 ast→∞, (ii) the class of populations with a stable, non-zero, stationary age distribution, or (iii) the class of populations which exhibit unbounded growth. The properties of ρ andF which determine the class to which a population belongs are found and discussed in detail. For example, when ρ(0,a)∈0 andF is monotone increasing withF(0)=0, the parameter, $$T = \ln \frac{d}{{dx}}F(0) - \int_0^{a_f } {\frac{\partial }{{\partial x}}} \rho (0,a)da,$$ , introduced in I, plays a central role: whenT is negative the population is of class (i); whenT is positive the population is of either class (ii) or class (iii), and it is then of class (ii) if and only if the parameter, $$U = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } \left[ {\ln \frac{d}{{dx}}F(x)} \right] - \int_0^{a_f } {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } } \frac{\partial }{{\partial x}}\rho (x,a)da,$$ obeys the condition −∞≤U<0.
An Acceptance and Mindfulness-Based Perspective on Social Anxiety Disorder

Social anxiety disorder (SAD), also known as social phobia, is a common and often debilitating anxiety disorder. The cardinal features of SAD are anxiety in and avoidance of situations involving interpersonal behavior, social performance, or both. Pathological social anxiety is characterized by extreme concerns over humiliation, embarrassment, or similar emotional consequences resulting from fear of negative evaluation by others. The disorder is associated with serious impairment in multiple areas of functioning, including romantic and nonromantic relationships, academic functioning, and occupational functioning (e.g., Davidson, Hughes, George, & Blazer, 1993; Schneier, Johnson, Hornig, Liebowitz, & Weissman, 1992). SAD is also associated with increased risk of comorbid psychopathology, especially depression other anxiety disorders and substance abuse (e.g., Magee, Eaton, Wittchen, McGonagle,& Kessler, 1996; Schneier et al., 1992).
Intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of human tumors relevant to radiosurgery: comparative cellular radiosensitivity and hypoxic percentages.

We have collected the in vitro x-ray radiation survival characteristics of 181 lines from 12 different classes of exponentially growing human tumor cells (sarcomas, lung cancers, colo-rectal cancers, medullo-blastomas, melanoma, breast cancers, prostate cancers, renal cell cancers, grades III and IV brain tumors, ovarian, and head and neck cancers). This information was used to intercompare survival after single high doses of 20–40 Gy for each tumor line. Radiosensitivities could roughly be divided into two groups. The more radio-sensitive group included: sarcoma, small-cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, colorectal cancer, medulloblastoma and melanoma. The more radioresistant group included breast, prostate, renal cell, primary brain tumors, ovarian tumors, and head and neck cancers. Using a model of a 3 cm diameter brain lesion containing about 1.4 × 109 oxic cells, the single doses calculated to reduce survival to 1 cell were: sarcoma and small cell lung cancers − 22–23 Gy; melanoma − 25 Gy; non-small cell lung and colorectal cancer − 26Gy; medullo-blastoma − 28 Gy; breast, prostate, renal cell, primary brain tumors, ovarian tumors, and head and neck cancers − 30–36 Gy. If, however, tumors contained on average 20 percent hypoxic cells, the dose needed for equivalent cell killing increased by about a factor of 2.6–2.8. Also, there was no correlation between the ranking of relative radiosensitivities of the various classes of tumor cells at high doses (as in radiosurgery) to the sensitivity at low doses (as in conventional fractionated radiotherapy).
The Neural Mechanisms of Behavioral Inhibition

Unfamiliar people, places, and objects often elicit wariness and distress in behaviorally inhibited infants. As behaviorally inhibited infants mature through childhood and become adolescents, peer-based social situations become the driving source of this wariness. The conflict between a desire for positive social interactions and fear of negative evaluation interferes with one of the primary “jobs” of adolescence: learning to successfully navigate an increasingly complex social world. Neural networks involved in social information processing, social learning, and social competence contribute to the maladaptive approach and avoidance response patterns and tendencies associated with behavioral inhibition. In the present chapter, we review the neural networks involved in social competence and social cognition, discuss key links between altered neural function and social cognition associated with behavioral inhibition, and highlight gaps in the field. Finally, we propose future directions to advance our understanding of the neural mechanisms that underlie behaviors and cognition elicited in novel social contexts for behaviorally inhibited youth.
Injectability as a function of viscosity and dosing materials for subcutaneous administration.

Abstract Injectability is a term related to the ease of parenteral administration of a dosing solution, and includes dose preparation, dose administration, ergonomics related to these procedures, pain of injection, and other adverse events at the injection site. This article focuses on force measurements related to injectability, namely: force to expel syringe contents (expulsion force – a mimic for in vivo injection force), needle-penetration force, and needle-bending force, and these results are supplemented by expulsion time measurements with 18 participants, as well as injections in a porcine model. Based on the expulsion time measurements, where 80 N injection force was found to be difficult for most people, we consider the maximum acceptable injection force to be 40 N, and recommend targeting no more than 20 N, especially if the configuration may be used in an autoinjector or similar device. The injectability of antisense oligonucleotide solutions was assessed to determine optimal dosing materials (among those evaluated) for a variety of solution viscosities. Dosing materials varied in syringe inner diameter, needle inner diameter, needle length, and needle wall thickness: standard-wall vs. thin-wall. In general, short (6–8 mm) thin-wall needles are recommended as a way to improve patient perception and comfort during subcutaneous dose administration.
Local Sensitivity Analysis Based on Derivative Approximations

This is the first of three successive chapters on the topic of sensitivity analysis, i.e., determining which variables a scalar quantity of interest depends on most strongly. Chapter explores using derivatives as local indicators of sensitivity based on finite difference approximations of first and second-order Taylor expansions. The error in the estimates due to finite differences is discussed, and the complex step approximation is offered as an approach for highly accurate derivative estimates for sensitivities of analytic functions. Second-order sensitivities are presented including both interactions between first-order sensitivities and second-derivative sensitivities.
An Adaptive Observer Design for Real-Time Parameter Estimation in Lithium-Ion Batteries

This paper addresses the problem of parameter identification in an electrochemical model of a Lithium-ion battery. The starting point is the development of an extended model based on the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF-e), which provides high accuracy, yet low computational complexity. Using such a model, this paper proposes an adaptive observer to carry out real-time parameter estimation. The complex spatiotemporal relation between inputs, states, and outputs, and the combined presence of multiple nonlinearities related to the open circuit, electrolyte, solid, and overpotentials prevents the application of standard tools of parameter estimation and adaptive observers. These challenges are overcome by breaking the ANCF-e model into four subsystems which consist of key dynamic relationships between the molar flux and either measurable quantities or states of the solid and electrolyte dynamics, as well as a nonlinear subsystem that relates inputs, outputs, and states on one hand, and potentials on the other. Adaptive observers are proposed to identify parameters of each subsystem and are validated using simulation studies. Significant extensions of currently available adaptive observers are proposed for this purpose.