cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Responses to Cyberbullying: A Descriptive Analysis of the Frequency of and Impact on LGBT and Allied Youth

Young people continue to endure school-yard bullying and harassment. In our era of advanced information and communication technologies, however, a new variation has emerged: we now live in the age of cyberbullying. The current study explores the frequency of cyberbullying and its impact on the lives of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered (LGBT), and allied youth. Participants in this national study comprised middle school and high school students between the ages of 11 and 18 years old who identified as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or with a same-sex attraction, or as a LGBT-allied youth. Participants represented 40 of the 50 United States.
Tempo and mode in the macroevolutionary reconstruction of Darwinism

Abstract Among the several central meanings of Darwinism, his version of Lyellian uniformitarianism--the extrapolationist commitment to viewing causes of small-scale, observable change in modern populations as the complete source, by smooth extension through geological time, of all magnitudes and sequences in evolution--has most contributed to the causal hegemony of microevolution and the assumption that paleontology can document the contingent history of life but cannot act as a domain of novel evolutionary theory. G. G. Simpson tried to combat this view of paleontology as theoretically inert in his classic work, Tempo and Mode in Evolution (1944), with a brilliant argument that the two subjects of his title fall into a unique paleontological domain and that modes (processes and causes) can be inferred from the quantitative study of tempos (pattern). Nonetheless, Simpson did not cash out his insight to paleontology's theoretical benefit because he followed the strict doctrine of the Modern Synthesis. He studied his domain of potential theory and concluded that no actual theory could be found--and that a full account of causes could therefore be located in the microevolutionary realm after all. I argue that Simpson was unduly pessimistic and that modernism's belief in reductionistic unification (the conventional view of Western intellectuals from the 1920s to the 1950s) needs to be supplanted by a postmodernist commitment to pluralism and multiple levels of causation. Macro- and microevolution should not be viewed as opposed, but as truly complementary. I describe the two major domains where a helpful macroevolutionary theory may be sought--unsmooth causal boundaries between levels (as illustrated by punctuated equilibrium and mass extinction) and hierarchical expansion of the theory of natural selection to levels both below (gene and cell-line) and above organisms (demes, species, and clades). Problems remain in operationally defining selection at non-organismic levels (emergent traits vs. emergent fitness approaches, for example) and in specifying the nature and basis of levels, but this subject should be the central focus in formulating a more ample and satisfactory general theory of evolution on extended Darwinian principles.
Bounds for strength‐stress interference via mathematical programming

Problems of bounding Pr {X > Y}, when the distribution of X is subject to certain moment conditions and the distribution of Y is known to be of convexconcave type, are treated in the framework of mathematical programming. Juxtaposed are two programming methods; one is based on the notion of weak duality and the other on the geometry of a certain moment space.
Effects of antihistamines on centrifugal rotation-induced analgesia and conditioned flavor aversions

Centrifugal rotation induces short lasting analgesia, as shown in tail flick tests conducted immediately afterwards, and apparently induces visceral upset that can support aversions for flavors ingested immediately beforehand, as indicated in later preference tests. Two experiments were performed with antihistamines to determine whether the analgesic and visceral effects of rotation were attributable to separate neurochemical systems. In each experiment four groups of rats were defined by factorial combination of UCS (rotation at 150 rpm vs. no rotation) and Drug (antihistamine vs. saline). In Experiment 1 the H1 blocker chlorpheniramine (20 mg/kg, IP) was found to be ineffective against analgesia and to block conditioned flavor aversions (CFAs). In Experiment 2 the H2 blocker cimetidine (100 mg/kg, IP) was found to have a nearly significant attenuating effect on analgesia and to have no effect on CFAs. The data support the idea that analgesia and visceral upset are attributable to separate mechanisms, both of which are activated by the same manipulations.
How some T cells escape tolerance induction.

A FEATURE common to many animal models of autoimmune disease, for example, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis1, experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis2 and collagen-induced arthritis3, is the presence of self-reactive T cells in healthy animals, which are activated to produce disease by immunization with exogenous antigen. It is unclear why these T cells are not deleted during ontogeny in the thymus and, having escaped tolerance induction, why they are not spontaneously activated by self-antigen. To investigate these questions, we have examined an experimental model in which mice are tolerant to an antigen despite the presence of antigen-reactive T cells4. We find that the T cells that escape tolerance induction are specific for minor determinants on the antigen. We propose that these T cells evade tolerance induction because some minor determinants are only available in relatively low amounts after in vivo processing of the whole antigen. For the same reason, these T cells are not normally activated but can be stimulated under special circumstances to circumvent tolerance.
Altered subcellular localization of the NeuN/Rbfox3 RNA splicing factor in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND)

The anti-NeuN antibody has been widely used for over 15 years to unambiguously identify post-mitotic neurons in the central nervous system of a wide variety of vertebrates including mice, rats and humans. In contrast to its widely reported nuclear localization, we found significantly higher NeuN reactivity in the cytoplasm of neurons in brain sections from HIV-infected individuals with cognitive impairment compared to controls. The protein target of anti-NeuN antisera was recently identified as the neuron-specific RNA splicing factor, Rbfox3, but its significance in diseases affecting the brain has not been previously reported. RNA splicing occurs in the nucleus hence, the altered localization of RbFox3 to the cytoplasm may lead to the downregulation of neuronal gene expression.
The Effect of Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion on Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cytology in Equine Recurrent Airway Obstruction

Background Lidocaine decreases neutrophilic inflammation in models of acute lung injury and decreases inflammation in asthmatic patients. Neutrophilic bronchiolitis develops in recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), but it remains unknown if lidocaine infusion decreases neutrophil migration into the airways. Hypothesis Lidocaine decreases neutrophilic inflammation as measured in BALF in RAO-affected horses. Animals Six RAO-susceptible horses in remission. Methods In a randomized cross-over design, horses received lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) IV or lidocaine hydrochloride IV with a minimum of 4 weeks at pasture between treatments. Treatments were delivered as continuous infusions beginning 4 hours before and for 68 hours during exposure to hay and straw challenge. Clinical score (CS, grade 0–8), maximal change in pleural pressure (∆Pplmax), and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology were measured at baseline and the end of challenge (day 4). Plasma lidocaine concentrations were monitored daily. Results At baseline, there were no significant differences in variables between treatments. Plasma lidocaine concentration was consistently > 1100 ng/mL. After challenge, CS increased significantly [baseline: 2/8 (2–3), [median (interquartile range)]; day 4: 4/8 (4–5) P = .0006] as did ∆Pplmax [baseline: 3.6 (2.63–4.95) cmH20; day 4: 9.62 (6.5–16) P = .0036], but there was no difference between treatments. Percentage of neutrophils was not different between treatments, but lidocaine infusion significantly increased BALF total cells [baseline: LRS 2.18 ± 0.82 × 105 cells/mL (mean ± SD), lidocaine 1.6 ± 0.3 × 105, day 4: LRS 2.0 ± 0.88 × 105, lidocaine 4.4 ± 2 × 105 (P = .0045)]. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Lidocaine does not decrease neutrophilic inflammation in RAO.
A reduced-order stochastic finite element approach for design optimization under uncertainty

This paper presents a computational framework for structural design optimization under uncertainty. The stochastic static response of linear elastic structures is predicted by a spectral stochastic finite element method (SSFEM) based on a polynomial chaos expansion (PCE). Traditional SSFEM approaches lead to large-scale numerical problems and computational costs rendering these methods impractical for design optimization purposes. To mitigate the computational burden, a Galerkin-based multi-point reduced-order model (ROM) is integrated into SSFEM. The ROM basis is spanned by displacements and derivatives of displacements with respect to design and random variables evaluated at adaptively selected calibration points in the design space. The design sensitivity equations are derived and a formal analysis of the computational costs in terms of floating-point operations is presented. The efficiency of the ROM based approach versus traditional SSFEM is studied with the shape optimization of a shell structure. For this example, the results show that the proposed reduced-order modeling scheme can lower the total turnaround time by more than a factor of 30.
Water and magmas: clarification of a controversy on applications of the Gibbs-Duhem equation

It is shown mathematically that if the activity coefficient of water in ternary water-magma (aluminosilicate) systems is constant or varies only with the mole fraction of water, it is not necessary that the binary magmas form ideal solutions contrary to the claims by Burnham et al. (1978, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 42, 275–276). A molecular viewpoint is presented to support this argument. The properties of analytical equations capable of representing the activity coefficients of usual and unusual systems are discussed. The correct form of the Gibbs-Dunhem equation for dissociative dissolution processes is presented to disprove the claims by Burnham (1975, Fortschr. Mineral. 52, 101–118; 1975, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 39, 1077–1084), and by Burnham et al. (1978, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 42, 275–276).
Nonassociative Learning Promotes Respiratory Entrainment to Mechanical Ventilation

Background. Patient-ventilator synchrony is a major concern in critical care and is influenced by phasic lung-volume feedback control of the respiratory rhythm. Routine clinical application of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) introduces a tonic input which, if unopposed, might disrupt respiratory-ventilator entrainment through sustained activation of the vagallymediated Hering-Breuer reflex. We suggest that this potential adverse effect may be averted by two differentiator forms of nonassociative learning (habituation and desensitization) of the Hering-Breuer reflex via pontomedullary pathways. Methodology/Principal Findings. We tested these hypotheses in 17 urethane-anesthetized adult Sprague-Dawley rats under controlled mechanical ventilation. Without PEEP, phrenic discharge was entrained 1:1 to the ventilator rhythm. Application of PEEP momentarily dampened the entrainment to higher ratios but this effect was gradually adapted by nonassociative learning. Bilateral electrolytic lesions of the pneumotaxic center weakened the adaptation to PEEP, whereas sustained stimulation of the pneumotaxic center weakened the entrainment independent of PEEP. In all cases, entrainment was abolished after vagotomy. Conclusions/Significance. Our results demonstrate an important functional role for pneumotaxic desensitization and extra-pontine habituation of the Hering-Breuer reflex elicited by lung inflation: acting as buffers or high-pass filters against tonic vagal volume input, these differentiator forms of nonassociative learning help to restore respiratory-ventilator entrainment in the face of PEEP. Such central sites-specific habituation and desensitization of the Hering-Breuer reflex provide a useful experimental model of nonassociative learning in mammals that is of particular significance in understanding respiratory rhythmogenesis and coupled-oscillator entrainment mechanisms, and in the clinical management of mechanical ventilation in respiratory failure.
The Obesity Epidemic: The USA as a Cautionary Tale for the Rest of the World

Obesity is a global epidemic and its prevalence continues to increase in many developed and developing countries. This brief review provides an update on the prevalence of obesity in the United States (US) and globally, reviews the underlying mechanism of several comorbidities associated with obesity, and discusses the economic burden of obesity. Although the overall prevalence of obesity in the US is not increasing, racial and ethnic minorities continue to struggle with rising obesity rates. Globally, the largest increases are being observed in developing continues. Given the comorbidities associated with obesity and its immense economic burden, nearly every country will soon struggle with the financial and healthcare implications of the epidemic.
Automated flight path planning for virtual endoscopy

In this paper, a novel technique for rapid and automatic computation of flight paths for guiding virtual endoscopic exploration of three-dimensional medical images is described. While manually planning flight paths is a tedious and time consuming task, our algorithm is automated and fast. Our method for positioning the virtual camera is based on the medial axis transform but is much more computationally efficient. By iteratively correcting a path toward the medial axis, the necessity of evaluating simple point criteria during morphological thinning is eliminated. The virtual camera is also oriented in a stable viewing direction, avoiding sudden twists and turns. We tested our algorithm on volumetric data sets of eight colons, one aorta and one bronchial tree. The algorithm computed the flight paths in several minutes per volume on an inexpensive workstation with minimal computation time added for multiple paths through branching structures (10%–13% per extra path). The results of our algorithm are smooth, centralized paths that aid in the task of navigation in virtual endoscopic exploration of three-dimensional medicalimages.
An inhibitor of the in vitro elongation reaction of simian virus 40 DNA replication is overcome by proliferating-cell nuclear antigen.

Abstract The replication of simian virus 40 (SV40) origin-containing DNA has been reconstituted by using SV40 large tumor (T) antigen and cellular proteins purified from HeLa cells. This replication reaction is unaffected by proliferating-cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). In contrast, PCNA has been reported to stimulate SV40 DNA synthesis carried out with crude fractions [Prelich, G., Kostura, M., Marshak, D. R., Mathews, M. B. & Stillman, B. (1987) Nature (London) 326, 471-475]. This difference is caused by the presence of a protein in crude fractions that inhibits the elongation of nascent DNA chains during replication. In the presence of PCNA, crude fractions containing this elongation inhibition factor can extend DNA chains. We describe the partial purification of this inhibitor and show that its addition limited SV40 DNA replication to the synthesis of short chains, an effect reversed by the addition of PCNA. However, the reversal of the inhibition by PCNA in the SV40 system required additional protein fractions distinct from PCNA and the enzymes constituting the purified system. These results suggest that the PCNA-mediated effect on SV40 DNA replication may be indirect. Such an interplay between negative and positive regulatory functions including PCNA may contribute to the control of DNA synthesis characteristic of the eukaryotic cell cycle.
Workspace analysis of stewart platforms via vertex space

This article introduces the concept of “vertex space” for the study of the workspace of Stewart platforms. It shows that the vertex space has potential to link the dimensional parameters to the characteristics of the workspace of a platform. A method for constructing vertex spaces is developed. An example is provided to illustrate the influence of dimensional parameters on the vertex space. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
COMPETING RATIONALITIES IN “SPECIAL” GOVERNMENT AUDITS: THE CASE OF NovAtel

Abstract This paper examines governments' use of “special” investigative audits as an accountability mechanism. Such audits are developed at the behest of politicians, and often occur amid political crisis. The circumstances surrounding this audit activity present the role of auditing in government in sharp focus, and provide an opportunity to study the consequences of auditors acting at the request of the executive branch in government. Special audits bring together the clearly political programmes of those in power, with the avowedly professional and technical concerns of those charged with auditing. Weber's notion of formal and substantive ration-f alities is introduced to analyse this confluence. Though recent work has undermined the conception of auditing as a blandly rule driven process, I argue that a Weberian framework is suggestive of the power of government auditors' trappings of formal rationality in cloaking the influence of the substantively rational world of politics. The simultaneous operation of formal and substantive rationalities is explored through the collapse of NovAtel, a government owned company in the Province of Alberta, Canada, and the special audit that followed. The ideas of formal and substantive rationality are used to analyse a shifting understanding of NovAtel, as auditors and their practices allowed political events to be addressed as if they were fundamentally managerial problems.
Hole filling by relative background and propagation map

Many autostereoscopic (glasses-free) displays require a large number of view images to synthesize 3D images for wide viewing zone and smooth motion parallax. However, it is difficult to capture a lot of view images by real cameras. In general, only two view images with their corresponding disparity maps are available in producing the required virtual views. The disoccluded areas (holes) become large that can't be simply filled by neighbor pixels.
Review of "Data Base Processing Fundamentals, Modeling, Applications by David Kroenke"; Science Research Associates, 1977

This book is an introductory text for data base management systems. The author's presentation starts with descriptions of the physical characteristics of secondary storage devices and ends with a discussion of the design and administration of data base systems. The book would probably be useful to those with some prior knowledge of data structures.
An iterative method for systems of nonlinear hyperbolic equations

An iterative algorithm for the efficient solution of systems of nonlinear hyperbolic equations is presented. Parallelism is evident at several levels. In the formation of the iteration, the equations are decoupled, thereby providing large grain parallelism. Parallelism may also be exploited within the solves for each equation. Convergence of the interation is established via a bounding function argument. Experimental results in two-dimensions are presented.
Corrosion resistance of pulsed laser-treated Ti–6Al–4V implant in simulated biofluids

Abstract A commercial Ti–6Al–4V alloy was treated with a pulsed-wave Nd:YAG laser under various process conditions to obtain surface oxide layer for corrosion resistance. The corrosion behaviors of bare and laser-treated Ti–6Al–4V alloy exposed to three different simulated biofluids (SBFs), namely, (1) NaCl solution, (2) Hank's solution, and (3) Cigada solution, were studied by using the electrochemical techniques like open circuit potential (OCP), Tafel analysis, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The Tafel analysis showed that the laser-treated Ti–6Al–4V specimens were more corrosion resistant than the bare specimens in any of the above SBFs. The various electrical equivalent circuit models were applied to fit the EIS results to further understand corrosion mechanisms due to different surface layers formed on the alloy surface before and after the laser treatment. Optical and AFM imaging techniques were used to evaluate the topographic and morphologic features of the alloy exposed to such SBFs. The corrosion behavior of the laser-treated surfaces was explained by the melting and solid-state oxidation processes, the morphology of the surface oxide, and the underlying alloy microstructure. It is realized during the present investigation that better corrosion resistance and surface stability can be achieved by oxide growth in solid-state, under a pulsed laser condition.
The State of the Art of Present Worth Analysis of Cash Flow Distributions

Abstract A summary is presented of state of the art techniques for evaluating the present worth of cash flow distributions for project comparisons. Included is the treatment of discrete and continuous cash flow profiles with both discrete and continuous compounding of interest. Conventional finite summation, integration, numerical analysis, Laplace transform, and Zeta transform techniques are all illustrated performing present worth analysis. Recent developments on the effects of timing uncertainty, the learning curve, and the inflation rate on present worth analysis are also described.
The dynamical behavior of catalyst pellets in the limiting cases of finely porous and coarsely porous structures

Abstract The pair of partial differential equations conventionally used to describe the dynamical behavior of a porous catalyst pellet is appropiate only in the limiting case when all pore diameters are small compared with mean free path lengths in the reaction mixture. It is here shown that, at the opposite limit, when all pores are large compared with mean free path lengths, this pair of equations must be replaced by three simultaneous partial differential equations. Quantitatively significant differences are found between the stability limits for steady states obtained from the two sets of equations.
The influence of shape on the glassy dynamics of hard nonspherical particle fluids. II. Barriers, relaxation, fragility, kinetic vitrification, and universality.

We extend and apply the nonlinear Langevin equation theory of activated barrier hopping dynamics in glassy fluids and colloidal suspensions to study broad families of one-, two-, and three-dimensional hard nonspherical particles. Beyond the ideal kinetic arrest volume fraction, entropic barriers emerge with heights (alpha relaxation times, inverse diffusion constants) that increase nonlinearly (nonexponentially) with volume fraction and in a manner that becomes stronger with particle dimensionality. Partial collapse of the volume fraction dependence of barrier heights and reduced relaxation times of different particle shapes within a fixed dimensionality class are achieved based on a difference volume fraction variable that quantifies the distance from the ideal mode coupling theory dynamic crossover. However, the barrier, alpha relaxation time, and self-diffusion constant results of all shapes are remarkably well collapsed onto a single universal master curve based on a theoretically motivated coupling c...
A corticotropin-releasing factor system expressed in the cochlea modulates hearing sensitivity and protects against noise-induced hearing loss

Noise-induced hearing loss is a highly prevalent occupational injury, yet little is known concerning the signals controlling normal cochlear sensitivity and susceptibility to noise-induced trauma. While the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system is involved in activation of the classic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, it is also involved in local physiological responses to stress in many tissues, and is expressed in the inner ear. We demonstrate that mice lacking the CRF receptor CRFR2 exhibit a significantly lower auditory threshold than wild type mice, but this gain of function comes at the price of increased susceptibility to acoustic trauma. We further demonstrate that glutamatergic transmission, purinergic signaling, and activation of Akt (PKB) pathways within the cochlea are misregulated, which may underlie the enhanced sensitivity and trauma susceptibility observed in CRFR2(-/-) mice. Our data suggest that CRFR2 constitutively modulates hearing sensitivity under normal conditions, and thereby provides protection against noise-induced hearing loss.
INVESTING IN R&D AND THE FUTURE OF LIBRARIES

It is hard to recall a recent library conference or an issue of library literature that hasn't in one fashion or another alluded to changes in publishing technologies, innovations in research tools for business and scholarships, the evolution of scholarly communications, or the ongoing introduction of computer‐based technologies to the library. For those of us in the academic environment, these changes and innovations are manifested in the growing use of personal computers on campus, the expanding number of Internet linkages, the developing design of scholar workstations, the increasing presence of online bibliographic resources and library catalogs, and the small but expanding number of electronic journals. All of these technological innovations are influencing the ways scholars and students work and exchange information. Accordingly, these developments are challenging the ways librarians think about and provide services and information/knowledge resources to meet the needs of their user populations. In response to these challenges, libraries are investing a disproportionately small part of their budgets for research focusing on the future, and a disproportionately small amount of time to the development of strategies for innovation. Efforts to position libraries in a leadership role in this rapidly changing environment require a stronger investment in such research and development.
Photophysical investigation of neutral and diprotonated free-base bis(arylethynyl)porphyrins.

The photophysical properties for a series of free-base arylethynyl porphyrins and the corresponding trans-disubstituted tetraphenylporphyrin (H2TPP) derivatives lacking arylethynyl functionalities have been studied via electronic absorption and emission spectroscopy in both neutral and diacid forms. Enhanced substituent effects on porphyrin absorption spectra are observed in the arylethynyl porphyrins relative to the H2TPP derivatives, owing to the presence of the ethynyl spacer that allows for a coplanar geometry between the porphyrin macrocycle and the appended phenyl substituents. Upon protonation, both series of porphyrins exhibit substantially red shifted absorption and emission spectra and enhanced oscillator strengths, with the magnitude of the spectral shifts being more substantial in the presence of the ethynyl functionalities. Spectral features of the arylethynyl porphyrin bearing p-dimethylamino substituents closely resemble those previously classified as “hyperporphyrin spectra” and are indica...
Hybrid adaptive-robust control for a robot manipulator

In this paper we present a hybrid adaptive-robust controller to achieve trajectory following for a robot manipulator. The controller consists of two parts: a proportional-derivative (PD) feedback loop and an adaptive-robust law for the manipulator dynamics. An advantage of this method is that our controller takes advantage of the manipulator dynamic structure to allow the designer to select a controller that is a combination of an adaptive approach and a robust-adaptive approach.
Field Dependence of the Spin Relaxation Within a Film of Iron Oxide Nanocrystals Formed via Electrophoretic Deposition

The thermal relaxation of macrospins in a strongly interacting thin film of spinel-phase iron oxide nanocrystals (NCs) is probed by vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). Thin films are fabricated by depositing FeO/Fe3O4 core–shell NCs by electrophoretic deposition (EPD), followed by sintering at 400°C. Sintering transforms the core–shell structure to a uniform spinel phase, which effectively increases the magnetic moment per NC. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirms a large packing density and a reduced inter-particle separation in comparison with colloidal assemblies. At an applied field of 25 Oe, the superparamagnetic blocking temperature is TBSP ≈ 348 K, which is much larger than the Neel-Brown approximation of TBSP ≈ 210 K. The enhanced value of TBSP is attributed to strong dipole–dipole interactions and local exchange coupling between NCs. The field dependence of the blocking temperature, TBSP(H), is characterized by a monotonically decreasing function, which is in agreement with recent theoretical models of interacting macrospins.
Influence of water-cement ratio and cement content on the properties of polymer-modified mortars

The compressive strength of modified and unmodified mortars depends on water-cement ratio and, to a lesser extent, on the cement content of the mortars. The flexural strength of unmodified mortars responds only slightly to modification of water-cement ratio or cement content. With polymer modification of the mortars, the influence of the variation is increased. There is only a minor influence of water-cement ratio and cement content on the adhesion strength of the modified mortars on concrete slabs. Only in wet conditions is there an additional effect at high cement contents and lower water-cement ratios. Shrinkage and water absorption are a function of water-cement ratio and cement content.
Effect of increasing copper and salinity on glycerol production by Dunaliella salina

Copper is an essential trace element needed in small quantities by algae for plastocyanin production. However, at high concentrations it acts as an effective algiclde, Lethality due to copper is greatest with high activity of free cupric ions ($unda & Guillard 1976). The cupric ion activity is related not only to concentration of copper but also to pH and concentration of chelators ( Hawkins & 8riffiths 1982). Dunaliella species have been shown to have an unusual resistance to copper toxicity (Wikfors & Ukeles 1982; Lustigman et al.1985).When copper concentration is not lethal, it inhibits reproduction resulting in an increase in the pigment concentration ( Lustigman 1986). It also delays log phase of growth, slowing the rate of increased cell population density ( Pace et al. 1977).
Food and beverage brands that market to children and adolescents on the Internet: a content analysis of branded Web sites.

Abstract Objective To identify food and beverage brand Web sites featuring designated children's areas, assess marketing techniques present on those industry Web sites, and determine nutritional quality of branded food items marketed to children. Design Systematic content analysis of food and beverage brand Web sites and nutrient analysis of food and beverages advertised on these Web sites. Setting The World Wide Web. Participants One-hundred thirty Internet Web sites of food and beverage brands with top media expenditures based on the America's Top 2000 Brands section of Brandweek magazine's annual “Superbrands” report. Main Outcome Measures A standardized content analysis rating form to determine marketing techniques used on the food and beverage brand Web sites. Nutritional analysis of food brands was conducted. Results Of 130 Web sites analyzed, 48% featured designated children's areas. These Web sites featured a variety of Internet marketing techniques, including advergaming on 85% of the Web sites and interactive programs on 92% of the Web sites. Branded spokescharacters and tie-ins to other products were featured on the majority of the Web sites, as well. Few food brands (13%) with Web sites that market to children met the nutrition criteria set by the National Alliance for Nutrition and Activity. Conclusions and Implications Nearly half of branded Web sites analyzed used designated children's areas to market food and beverages to children, 87% of which were of low nutritional quality. Nutrition professionals should advocate the use of advertising techniques to encourage healthful food choices for children.
Couple Decision Making Commonalities and Differences Across Issues and Spouses

This study addresses the question of potential differences in the processes and outcomes of joint decision making in terms of the particular issue being negotiated by spouses, and the partner's behavior or assessment being examined. The proposition is tested and verified that decision-making processes vary by both spouse and the issue being discussed. Husbands' and wives' assessments of the outcomes of decision making do not differ within couples, but their assessments do vary across issues. A further proposition-that the importance of getting one's own way regarding the particular issue influences decision dynamics and outcomes-receives much less support. Future research should take into account emerging contemporary issues and avoid treating couple decision-making processes and outcomes as unidimensional. Further work on the reasons for observed differences across issues in couple decision making is needed.
Hazard rate estimation on random fields

Consider observations (representing lifelengths) taken on a random field indexed by lattice points. Our purpose is to estimate the hazard rate r(x), which is the rate of failure at time x for the survivors up to time x. We estimate r(x) by the nonparametric estimator constructed in terms of a kernel-type estimator for f(x) and the natural estimator for F@?(x). Under some general mixing assumptions, the limiting distribution of the estimator at multiple points is shown to be multivariate normal. The result is useful in establishing confidence bands for r(x) with x in an interval.
The inflammatory cytokine response of cholesterol-enriched macrophages is dampened by stimulated pinocytosis.

Two features of advanced atheroscle- rotic lesions are large numbers of macrophages and a heightened state of inflammation. Some of the macrophages appear to be enriched with free cholesterol (FCMs), and we have shown that this process induces the synthesis and secretion of in- flammatory cytokines, including TNF- and IL-6. However, lesions contain many other macrophages that are not FC-enriched (non-FCMs). Therefore, we sought to understand how the interaction of these two populations of macrophages would influ- ence the inflammatory response. We show here that non-FCMs possess a robust ability to deplete TNF- and IL-6 secreted by FCMs. The mecha- nism involves enhanced pinocytic uptake and lyso- somal degradation of the FCM-secreted cytokines by the non-FCMs. It is remarkable that the FCMs contribute directly to this process by se- creting pinocytosis-stimulatory factors, which act on non-FCMs but not on the FCMs themselves. One of these pinocytosis-stimulatory factors is M- CSF, which is induced by a process involving cho- lesterol trafficking to the endoplasmic reticulum and signaling through PI-3K and ERK MAPK path- ways. However, one or more other FCM-secreted factors are also required for stimulating pinocyto- sis in non-FCMs. Thus, FCMs secrete inflamma- tory cytokines as well as factors that promote the eventual pinocytosis and degradation of these cy- tokines by neighboring macrophages. This process may normally serve to prevent prolonged or dis- seminated effects of inflammatory cytokines during inflammation, and possible perturbation of stimu- lated pinocytosis during the progression of ad- vanced atherosclerosis may contribute to the heightened inflammatory state of these lesions. J. Leukoc. Biol. 81: 000-000; 2007.
Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia in AIDS

A 39-year-old man with AIDS presented with acute respiratory distress and diffuse bilateral infiltrates seen on a chest radiograph. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP) was diagnosed by thoracoscopic lung biopsy. There was no evidence of an infectious etiology, and the patient rapidly improved with corticosteroid therapy. Several of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias have been reported in adult patients with AIDS. To our knowledge, this case represents the first tissue-confirmed case of AEP associated with adult AIDS.
Measurements of contamination on post insulators in HVDC converter stations

The severity of the effects of contamination on post insulators in four different HVDC converter stations is illustrated by a series of field measurements. The data are analyzed to show the effects of polarity, stress, voltage magnitude, and distribution of contaminant along and around the insulators. Recommendations are made for evaluation of post insulator flashover strength using the clean-fog artificial contamination test. >
Teams Assessing Teams: How Assessment is Affected by Team Member Personality Traits

In architectural and civil engineering design, effective team collaboration is critical to creating functional built environments. To prepare future engineers for careers involving collaboration, this research paired first year engineering students with similar extraversion Five Factor Model scores in dyads to complete an introductory bridge design project. To understand the benefits of this type of pairing, 29 teams were tasked with designing and constructing Popsicle stick bridges, with data collected over several semesters. During the project, students completed a peer review activity in which one team would attempt to build, and subsequently generate feedback about another team’s design. Every dyad had an opportunity to generate feedback for another design, as well as receive feedback about their design. The students completed pre- and post-test assessments to provide their perceptions about their own designs before and after this prototyping activity. The analysis focused on the dynamics of team agreement regarding perceptions of the design and documentation. The paper finds correlations of Openness and Agreeableness to shifts in perception of performance in the design. Correlations were also found related to these factors as well as conscientiousness for perception shifts related to documentation tasks. The findings of this research generally align with related prior works and illustrate how team personality traits can be tied to the way that the same type of formative feedback can be received differently by students.
SHP-2 Mediates Cryptosporidium parvum Infectivity in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells

The parasite, Cryptosporidium parvum, induces human gastroenteritis through infection of host epithelial cells in the small intestine. During the initial stage of infection, C. parvum is reported to engage host mechanisms at the host cell-parasite interface to form a parasitophorous vacuole. We determined that upon infection, the larger molecular weight proteins in human small intestinal epithelial host cells (FHs 74 Int) appeared to globally undergo tyrosine dephosphorylation. In parallel, expression of the cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase Src homology-2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP-2) increased in a time-dependent manner. SHP-2 co-localized with the C. parvum sporozoite and this interaction increased the rate of C. parvum infectivity through SH2-mediated SHP-2 activity. Furthermore, we show that one potential target that SHP-2 acts upon is the focal adhesion protein, paxillin, which undergoes moderate dephosphorylation following infection, with inhibition of SHP-2 rescuing paxillin phosphorylation. Importantly, treatment with an inhibitor to SHP-2 and with an inhibitor to paxillin and Src family kinases, effectively decreased the multiplicity of C. parvum infection in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, our study reveals an important role for SHP-2 in the pathogenesis of C. parvum. Furthermore, while host proteins can be recruited to participate in the development of the electron dense band at the host cell-parasite interface, our study implies for the first time that SHP-2 appears to be recruited by the C. parvum sporozoite to regulate infectivity. Taken together, these findings suggest that SHP-2 and its down-stream target paxillin could serve as targets for intervention.
Hans Bethe, My Teacher

I sketch my experiences with Hans Bethe (1906–2005) as a teacher at Cornell University, beginning with my doctoral studies in 1961 and continuing with my work with him on a quantum-mechanics textbook.
Purification and Culture of Spinal Motor Neurons

Motor neurons are responsible for voluntary movement. Lower motor neurons are characterized by large soma, the potential to form very long axons, and wide-ranging dendritic arborization. They receive direction from various neuronal cell types and induce movement of skeletal muscle fibers through acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction. Each lower motor neuron can communicate with 10 to several hundred muscle fibers at firing rates modulated by the balance of ongoing neurotransmitter signaling. Disease and trauma that affect lower motor neurons can cause paralysis and, in some cases, death. Studies using primary cultures of these cells have ongoing potential to facilitate a deeper understanding of their biology and function. MOTOR NEURON CHARACTERISTICS Motor neurons arise from the ventral portion of the neural tube and are among the first cells born in the spinal cord (Altman and Bayer 1984). A large proportion of these cells undergo apoptosis during postnatal development (Yamamoto and Henderson 1999). Lower motor neurons are located in the ventral horn (anterior horn in human), throughout the spinal cord, and in brain-stem nuclei. They induce voluntary movement via acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction on skeletal muscle fibers. Each muscle fiber is supplied by a single axon terminal, and a single motor neuron can form synapses with as few as ten or as many as several hundred muscle fibers. Direction for voluntary movement is received from neurons in supraspinal regions (predominantly the primary motor cortex), interneurons, sensory neurons, and even other lower motor neurons. The sum of ongoing inhibitory (i.e., GABA) and excitatory (i.e., glutamate) signals determines the motor neuron’s firing rate and resultant muscle-fiber contraction (Carp and Wolpaw 2001). The soma of motor neurons is typically two to three times larger than that of most other neurons. In addition to their large soma size, lower motor neurons can have an axon that extends very long distances. A motor axon arising from the lumbar spinal cord with its target muscle in the foot can reach a length of up to 1 m in humans. Paradoxically, the majority of the cell surface area is in its uniquely wide-ranging dendritic arborization (Carp and Wolpaw 2001).
High performance control of a boost AC-DC PWM rectifier-induction generator system

This paper presents a control methodology for the dc voltage regulation of an induction generator/ac-dc boost rectifier system, in which the copper loss of the generator is minimized. With the aid of an input-output linearization technique, which linearizes and decouples the model equations in the synchronous reference frame, a rotor-flux-vector-control-type high performance is achieved. Steady-state analysis provides some insights into the operability regime of the generator. The effectiveness of the control scheme under different load conditions as well as varying rotor speeds has been demonstrated by computer simulations. Some experimental results have been included
Beyond the Unemployment Rate: Workforce Profiles for Economic Development

Standard public employment data do not contain information critical to many economic development efforts. The problems with these data become especially acute in a slow population growth region where labor shortages are more the rule than are labor surpluses. To address these issues, an extensive survey of employees and employers was conducted in 17 regions covering the entire state of Maine. The survey data were combined with other public data about the labor force into an on-line database and a series of reports on each region. Results from the surveys provide detailed information on factors affecting labor force mobility, employee recruitment and compensation, and the distribution of skills and training. Approaches to collecting detailed workforce data using phone and mail surveys are discussed along with the limitations of the methods chosen and suggestions for improving methods for those who may consider undertaking such studies in their own regions.
Valproate in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder

Background The symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) suggest sympathetic nervous system hyperarousal and hyperreactivity. Pathophysiology of this condition may include stress-activated limbic kindling. Antikindling agents lithium and carbamazepine have been found effective for PTSD symptoms of intrusive reexperiencing and increased arousal. These facts suggest that valproate, another drug shown to interfere with limbic kindling, could also be effective for treatment of PTSD. Method An open clinical trial of valproate was conducted in 16 Vietnam veterans diagnosed with DSM-III-R combat-related PTSD. Results Ten of 16 patients showed significant improvement, especially in hyperarousal/hyperreactivity symptoms. Conclusions The efficacy of valproate in the treatment of PTSD should be rigorously studied.
Work stealing for interactive services to meet target latency

Interactive web services increasingly drive critical business workloads such as search, advertising, games, shopping, and finance. Whereas optimizing parallel programs and distributed server systems have historically focused on average latency and throughput, the primary metric for interactive applications is instead consistent responsiveness, i.e., minimizing the number of requests that miss a target latency. This paper is the first to show how to generalize work-stealing, which is traditionally used to minimize the makespan of a single parallel job, to optimize for a target latency in interactive services with multiple parallel requests.We design a new adaptive work stealing policy, called tail-control, that reduces the number of requests that miss a target latency. It uses instantaneous request progress, system load, and a target latency to choose when to parallelize requests with stealing, when to admit new requests, and when to limit parallelism of large requests. We implement this approach in the Intel Thread Building Block (TBB) library and evaluate it on real-world workloads and synthetic workloads. The tail-control policy substantially reduces the number of requests exceeding the desired target latency and delivers up to 58% relative improvement over various baseline policies. This generalization of work stealing for multiple requests effectively optimizes the number of requests that complete within a target latency, a key metric for interactive services.
Neuroblastoma mimicking Rhabdoid tumor of the kidney

Rhabdoid tumor of the kidney (RTK) has mimicked other renal tumors histologically, but there has been only one previous report of neuroblastoma mimicking RTK. The authors present the case of a 17-month-old boy who presented with a large left renal mass that was diagnosed as RTK. At the completion of therapy he was found to have residual masses. They were biopsied and found to be viable neuroblastoma.