cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevention of Overweight/Obesity as a Strategy to Optimize Cardiovascular Health

The prevalence of obesity in the United States and the world has risen to epidemic/pandemic proportions. This increase has occurred despite efforts by healthcare providers and consumers alike to improve the health-related behaviors of the population and a tremendous push from the scientific community to better understand the pathophysiology of obesity. This epidemic is all the more concerning given the clear association between excess adiposity and adverse health consequences such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). These risks associated with overweight/obesity are primarily related to the deposition of excess adiposity or body fatness. Weight loss, specifically loss of body fat, is associated with benefits in all of the obesity-related comorbidities, but, unfortunately, most weight loss interventions are associated with weight regain and are therefore not successful in the long term. It is for these reasons that efforts to prevent weight gain and overweight/obesity are necessary. This is especially important when one considers younger individuals, who have even more to lose as a consequence of a longer duration of excess adiposity. After a brief review of the epidemiology of obesity, this statement will make the case for the importance of weight gain prevention. This argument will first include a review of the complications of overweight and obesity in both adults and children, including the future CVD risks of obesity in early life. Energy balance dysregulation and adaptations to the weight-reduced state, favoring weight regain, will then be reviewed as further argument for the need for obesity prevention. This will be followed by a discussion on the goals and strategies for accomplishing the difficult task of the prevention of weight gain and obesity. ### Classification of Overweight and Obesity The body mass index (BMI) is the most widely used and accepted method for the assessment and classification of excess adiposity or body fatness. Overweight …
BERLYNE'S DEMONSTRATION OF EPISTEMIC CURIOSITY: AN EXPERIMENTAL RE-EVALUATION

Berlyne demonstrated the existence of epistemic curiosity by showing that subjects given a questionnaire and then a set of statements including answers to the questionnaire recalled more of these answers than subjects not given the questionnaire. Methodological limitations of this experiment suggested that it should be replicated, and certain extensions of the design were also made. The three experiments reported here confirm Berlyne's findings with improved methods and also show that recall was not influenced by the completion of an irrelevant questionnaire but was facilitated to an uncertain and minor degree by completion of a questionnaire containing questions related to but not identical with the items on the recall test. The present results support Berlyne's concept of epistemic curiosity, but they suggest that it is relatively specific to the content of the questions used to arouse it.
Editorial: How to Report Methods in the Journal of Pediatric Psychology

The clarity and comprehensiveness of the Methods section is an important feature of research that is published in the Journal of Pediatric Psychology (JPP). The second in a series of editorials designed for authors (see Drotar, 2009, Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34, 1–3 for the first editorial), this article provides suggestions to facilitate authors’ preparation and reviewers’ critique of methods sections. To maximize the quality of their reporting of study methods, authors should also consult the JPP website (www.jpepsy.oxfordjournals.org) and other published sources for additional guidance. (APA, 2001; Brown, 2003; Sifers, Puddy, Warren, & Roberts, 2002)
Wintel Under the Antitrust Microscope: A Comparison of the European Intel Case withthe U.S. Microsoft Cases

The European Union has issued a statement of objections to Intel regarding the company's conduct aimed at suppressing competition from Intel's chief rival, AMD. Although the statement of objections remains confidential, the allegations in AMD's private litigation are public and provide a useful basis for analysis. Intel dominates the PC chip market almost to the same degree that Microsoft dominates the PC operating system market. As in the Microsoft case, Intel's aggressive marketing tactics prevented OEMs from offering rival products to consumers. And like Microsoft, Intel has engaged in this conduct to maintain its existing monopoly. These parallels between the Microsoft and Intel suggest that Intel's anticompetitive practices harm consumers, including American consumers, by denying them the access to innovative products at lower prices from rivals. The United States established that Microsoft repeatedly and willfully violated the antitrust laws, but failed to achieve an effective remedy. The EU, however, should have an easier time achieving an effective remedy. First, unlike the OS market, a viable competitor still exists in the chip market, i.e., AMD. Second, Intel has relied primarily on exclusionary rebates, not commingling of intellectual property, to maintain its monopoly. Consequently, the EU should be able to fashion a remedy that does not require Intel to redesign its product.
Parental beliefs about nocturnal enuresis causes, treatments, and the need to seek professional medical care

Abstract Objective To better understand parental beliefs regarding the etiology and treatment of nocturnal enuresis (NE). Methods A self-administered survey queried parental NE beliefs including perceived etiologies and home behavioral treatments. We assessed for associations between demographic characteristics and propensity to seek medical care for NE. Results Of 216 respondents, 78% were female. The most common causes for NE reported were: deep sleeper (56%), unknown (39%), and laziness (26%). Popular home behavioral therapies included: void prior to sleep (77%) and limiting fluid intake at night (71%). Few reported they would use a bedwetting alarm (6%). Fifty-five percent reported they would seek medical care for NE and 28% reported awareness of effective treatments. On multivariable analysis, females (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.04–5.0) and those with graduate level education (OR 4.8, 95% CI 1.5–15.7) were more likely to seek medical care for their child with NE. Conclusions General parental knowledge of the causes and effective treatments for NE is lacking. Only 55% reported they would seek medical care for their child with NE and only 28% reported awareness of effective treatments. Counseling should focus on dispelling common misconceptions about causes and treatments of NE and focus on proven effective treatments.
Economic and environmental implications of alternative landscape designs in the Walnut Creek Watershed of Iowa

Abstract This paper evaluates the economic and environmental impacts of three alternative landscape scenarios created by a team of landscape architects, following input from an interdisciplinary team of researchers. In the first scenario, the main objective was to increase production and profitability of commercial agriculture with environmental objectives given secondary weight. In the second scenario, water quality improvements were the main objective with secondary objectives being financial health of the agricultural sector and maintenance and restoration of biodiversity. In the third scenario, maintenance and restoration of native biodiversity was the main objective with secondary weight given to the financial health of the agricultural sector and water quality. We evaluate the degree to which the economic and environmental objectives can be achieved together or involve tradeoffs. We found that some changes in land use or agricultural practices result in environmental improvements on certain dimensions in addition to making economic sense. But most changes in land use or agricultural practice do not bring uniform environmental improvement. There may be difficult tradeoffs between different components of environmental quality in addition to tradeoffs between economic and environmental objectives.
Effect of Metoclopramide Dose on Preventing Emesis After Oral Administration of N-Acetylcysteine for Acetaminophen Overdose

Objective: To determine the effect of the metoclopramide dose on the prevention of vomiting of N-acetylcysteine in acetaminophen overdose. Methods: Patients with acetaminophen ingestions receiving metoclopramide prior to emergency department administration of N-acetylcysteine were included. Emergency Department and poison center records were reviewed for administration of metoclopramide pre-N-acetylcysteine and incidence of subsequent vomiting. The treatment group was defined as patients receiving high-dose metoclopramide (20–50 mg intravenously) prior to the loading dose of N-acetylcysteine. Controls were patients receiving standard-dose (<20 mg intravenously) metoclopramide prior to loading dose of N-acetylcysteine. Outcome was vomiting within 60 minutes of N-acetylcysteine administration. Results: Twelve of 19 patients (63%) receiving standard-dose metoclopramide vomited N-acetylcysteine. Only 5 of 23 patients (22%) receiving high-dose metoclopramide vomited N-acetylcysteine (crude odds ratio: 6.2; 95%...
Pharmacologic Safety Concerns in Parkinson's Disease: Facts and Insights

Knowledge and insight of pharmacologic safety issues and drug interactions are important for medical management of Parkinson’s disease (PD). This review will discuss several topics, including apomorphine safety and interactions, impulsivity and excessive daytime somnolence associated with dopamine agonists (DAs), tolcapone hepatotoxicity, and monoamine oxidase type-B (MAO-B) inhibitor drug interactions. Initiation of apomorphine requires antiemetic prophylaxis to minimize nausea and orthostatic hypotension. Centrally acting antidopaminergic antiemetics will worsen parkinsonism and block the therapeutic effects of apomorphine and should be avoided. Additionally, serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist antiemetics should be avoided on the basis of limited clinical data suggesting lack of efficacy for apomorphine-induced nausea. Dopamine-agonist-induced impulsivity and daytime somnolence are not uncommon. When severe, these effects can be disabling and unsafe. Tolcapone-induced hepatotoxicity has been significantly minimized with routine monitoring of liver enzymes, especially during the initial 6 months of therapy. Early detection of abnormal results will allow tolcapone discontinuation before progression to fulminant hepatotoxicity. In patients treated with selective MAO-B inhibitors, the risk of serotonin toxicity (ST) due to a concomitant serotonergic agent (e.g., antidepressants, dextromethorphan, serotonergic analgesics) or hypertensive crisis due to dietary tyramine or sympathomimetic amines appears to be minimal and is based on isolated case reports and overgeneralizations from nonselective MAO inhibitor pharmacology. Concerns about ST or hypertensive crisis should not preclude or restrict clinicians from using MAO-B inhibitors in patients with PD.
SARA: Survivable Autonomic Response Architecture

This paper describes the architecture of a system being developed to defend information systems using coordinated autonomic responses. The system will also be used to test the hypothesis that an effective defense against fast, distributed information attacks requires rapid, coordinated, network-wide responses. The core components of the architecture are a run-time infrastructure (RTI), a communication language, a system model, and defensive components. The RTI incorporates a number of innovative design concepts and provides fast, reliable, exploitation-resistant communication and coordination services to the components defending the network, even when challenged by a distributed attack. The architecture can be tailored to provide scalable information assurance defenses for large, geographically distributed, heterogeneous networks with multiple domains, each of which uses different technologies and requires different policies. The architecture can form the basis of a field-deployable system. An initial version is being developed for evaluation in a testbed that will be used to test the autonomic coordination and response hypothesis.
Commentary on "Health economics and the value of therapy in Alzheimer's disease." Patient-reported outcomes in clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease.

a r e m L M a e c [ w m Food and Drug Administration regulatory requirements or outcome data in clinical trials for Alzheimer’s disease AD) have been driven by the biomedical model of the isease [1,2]. Outcomes pertaining to cognition, function, nd global clinical impressions of change have been favored 3] at the expense of data pertaining to emotional (eg, europsychiatric symptoms) or subjective outcomes (eg, uality of life, emotional well-being). It is not difficult to nderstand why biomedical factors took center stage in the arly development of pharmacologic interventions during he late 1980s. At the time, relatively less was known about uality of life (QOL) and emotional functioning in AD elative to cognitive and functional decline. Since that time, however, a great deal has been learned bout emotional [4], neuropsychiatric [5–7], and subjective spects of AD (eg, QOL [8–10]). Furthermore, many perons diagnosed with mild to moderate AD have the ability o provide valid and reliable self-report data about their eeds, preferences, and life quality [8,9,11]. They also can articipate in focus groups about outcomes assessment, ethcs, and QOL and participate in the evaluation and develpment of QOL instruments [8,12–14]. Even some persons ith advanced dementia can complete verbal report scales 7,8] and can report reliably via nonverbal measures [15] or by sing single item QOL rating scales [16]. We are entering an era in which patient-reported outome data are not only desirable but regarded as integral for complete understanding of the economic, social, and psyhological impact (and value) of therapeutic interventions 17] (also article by Frank in this issue). This new emphasis n subjective, patient-report outcomes, paired with the rowing realization that there is more to AD than cognitive nd functional impairment, is empowering for patients, who
Neutrophil Cathepsin G Promotes Prothrombinase and Fibrin Formation under Flow Conditions by Activating Fibrinogen-adherent Platelets

Abstract Human neutrophil proteases cathepsin G and elastase can directly alter platelet function and/or participate in coagulation cascade reactions on the platelet or neutrophil surface to enhance fibrin formation. The clotting of recalcified platelet-free plasma (PFP) or platelet-rich plasma (PRP) supplemented with corn trypsin inhibitor (to shut down contact activation) was studied in well-plates or flow assays. Inhibitors of cathepsin G or elastase significantly delayed the burst time (t 50) of thrombin generation in neutrophil-supplemented PRP from 49 min to 59 and 77 min, respectively, in well-plate assays as well as reduced neutrophil-promoted fibrin deposition on fibrinogen-adherent platelets under flow conditions. In flow assays, purified cathepsin G was a far more potent activator of platelet-dependent coagulation than elastase. Anti-tissue factor had no effect on neutrophil protease-enhanced thrombin formation in PRP. The addition of cathepsin G (425 nm) or convulxin (10 nm) to PRP dramatically reduced the t 50 of thrombin generation from 53 min to 17 or 23 min, respectively. In contrast, the addition of elastase to PRP left the t 50unaltered. Whereas perfusion of PFP (γw = 62.5 s−1) over fibrinogen-adherent platelets did not result in fibrin formation until 50 min, massive fibrin could be observed on cathepsin G-treated platelets even at 35 min. Cathepsin G addition to corn trypsin inhibitor-treated PFP produced little thrombin unless anionic phospholipid was present. However, further activation inhibition studies indicated that cathepsin G enhances fibrin deposition under flow conditions by elevating the activation state of fibrinogen-adherent platelets rather than by cleaving coagulation factors.
Modeling of graphene nanoribbon devices

Recent advances in graphene nanoribbon (GNR) electronic devices provide a concrete context for developing simulation methods, comparing theories to experiments, and using simulations to explore device physics. We present a review on modeling of graphene nanoribbon devices, with an emphasis on electronic and magnetoresistive devices. Device modeling is reviewed in a synergistic perspective with GNR material properties, device characteristics, and circuit requirements. Similarity with and difference to carbon nanotube devices are discussed. Device modeling and simulation results are compared to experimental data, which underlines the importance of theory–experiment collaborations in this field. Importance of the GNR edges, which have a negative impact on the carrier mobility due to edge roughness but offer new possibilities of spintronic devices and edge doping, is emphasized. Advanced device modeling of GNRs needs to have the capability to describe GNR device physics, including three-dimensional electrostatics, quantum and atomistic scale effects, elastic and inelastic scattering processes, electron–electron interaction, edge chemistry, magnetic field modulation, and spintronic and thermoelectric device phenomena.
A Prognostic and Warning System for Power Electronic Modules in Electric, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles

Reliability of power electronics modules is of paramount importance for the commercial success of various types of electric vehicles. In this paper, we study the technical feasibility of detecting early symptoms and warning signs of power module degradation due to thermomechanical stress and fatigue, and developing a prognostic system that monitors the state of health of the power modules in electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles. A signature degradation trace of the on-voltage of IGBT modules was observed from accelerated power cycling test. This on-voltage "anomaly" can be attributed to sequential events of solder joint degradation followed by wirebond lift-off mechanisms. A quasi real-time IGBT failure prognostic algorithm based on monitoring the abnormal VCEsat variation at specific currents and temperatures is developed. The algorithm was verified using extensive SIMULINK modeling. The prognostic system can be implemented cost-effectively in existing vehicle hardware/software architectures.
The effects of elevated carbon dioxide levels on a Vibrio sp. isolated from the deep-sea

Introduction The effect of oceanic CO2 sequestration was examined exposing a deep-sea bacterium identified as Vibrio alginolyticus (9NA) to elevated levels of carbon dioxide and monitoring its growth at 2,750 psi (1,846 m depth).
A genomewide ordered-subset linkage analysis for alcohol dependence in African-Americans

Alcohol dependence (AD) is extremely costly to individuals and to society. The etiology of AD is complex; genetic factors are known to be important to its development. With increasing evidence for the role of rare variants and copy number variation (CNV) in complex diseases, linkage analysis remains a useful approach to gene discovery. An adequately powered linkage study can detect diverse genetic effects that segregate in families, including common variants, multiple rare variants within one locus and CNV. Previously, we performed a genomewide linkage scan for AD in AfricanAmericans (AA) (Gelernter 2009). The power of that linkage analysis could theoretically have been reduced by the presence of genetic heterogeneity owing to the variation of admixture proportions across families in AA. In the current study, we hypothesized that a sample whose genetic ancestry was more homogeneous would increase power to detect linkage. To test this hypothesis, we first completed a genomewide linkage scan with 6008 single nucleotide polymorphism markers to map loci linked with DSM-IV AD in 384 AA families, which were ascertained on the basis of multiple individuals affected with cocaine and/or opioid dependence. Using the admixture proportion as a covariate, we then applied the ordered subset linkage analysis (OSA) technique to identify a more homogeneous subset of families to determine whether it increased evidence for linkage with AD. Statistically significant increases in Kong-Cox LOD scores were observed on chromosomes 4 (P=0.0001), 12 (P=0.021), 15 (P=0.026) and 22 (P=0.0069). In a subset of 44 AA families (with African ancestry proportions ranging from 0.858 to0.996), we observed a genomewide significant linkage at 180 cM on chromosome 4 (Kong-Cox LOD=4.1, pointwise P=0.00001, empirical genomewide P=0.008). GLRA3, the gene encoding a subunit of the glycine neurotransmitter receptor, is located in this peak region; thus, it deserves further research attention. A parametric linkage analysis confirmed the significant findings from the non-parametric linkage analysis. Our results show new evidence for linkage and demonstrate that the admixture proportion can be used effectively as a covariate to reduce genetic heterogeneity and enhance the detection of linkage signals in AA using the OSA technique. The current study provides important clues for candidate gene and deep sequencing studies to identity causal variants for AD.
Morphing Segmented Wind Turbine Concept

A morphing segmented concept is proposed herein for future extreme-scale wind turbine systems. The morphing may be accomplished by using segmented blades connected by screw sockets and a tension cable system. At low wind and rotor speeds, the segmented blades are fully tensioned and set at high pitch to ensure start-up and maximum power at low speeds. At high rotor rpm, the cable tension can be designed such that centrifugal forces drive the blade segments outward so as to unwind/feather the rotor and prevent over-speed. This effectively acts like a passive pitch control for rotor speeds. Perhaps more importantly, the airfoils of the blade segments can be designed with a center of pressure downstream of the socket axis. This will cause an aerodynamic moment at high wind speeds which will serve to unwind the blade segments to prevent torque spikes and blade stall. For a given rotor diameter and torque, such stall prevention can permit operation at higher average lift coefficient with a reduced blade chord length which can reduce blade and overall system weight. In addition, the segmented blade concept can alleviate manufacturing and shipping constraints for extreme-scale systems. In the proposed concepts, the bending loads will be carried by the segmented rotor spar and not the blade skin. This will result in much larger downstream deflections of the blades at high wind speeds as compared to that of a conventional rigid single-piece turbine blade. Therefore, a downstream design would be needed to avoid potential strike of the blades with the tower. This will require a more aerodynamic tower to reduce wake interactions but a downstream system may eliminate yaw-control and substantially relax blade rigidity constraints, thus further reducing blade weight. However, this morphing concept faces several technical challenges including substantially increased susceptibility to flutter instability and dynamic stall which is expected to require active control systems.
Maximizing patient outcomes of antiinfective therapy

Drug treatment of infectious disease requires consideration of both short- and long-term therapy. Although in most settings patients receive antimicrobials for acute events, long-term management of certain infections with drugs that delay progression of the disease adds a new facet to pharmacotherapy. In the past, broad questions regarding efficacy were posed: a drug was evaluated as either effective or not effective for a particular disorder. The actual question is, in whom is a given drug at a given dosage effective? Antibiotic control, restriction, and pharmacokinetic dosing programs have been useful, but they are reactive as opposed to proactive. The expensive products of biotechnology and the availability of oral drugs with activity exceeding that of parenteral antimicrobials require a more expanded scope of clinical pharmacy practice where patients are identified for these therapies prospectively using statistical models based on disease and other readily identified factors. Predictor variables for patient outcomes such as retreatment with other antibiotics, rehospitalization, toxicity, and mortality following the use of new drugs should be identified. Maximizing these outcome measurements will involve strategies that integrate epidemiology and statistical modeling techniques with principles of pharmaceutical care.
CENTROMERE ORIENTATION OF QUADRIVALENTS OF HETEROZYGOUS TRANSLOCATIONS AND AN AUTOPLOID OF GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM L

ABSTRACT Cytological observations of quadrivalents of heterozygous translocations in Gossypium hirsutum L. demonstrate that, in addition to alternate-1 and alternate-2 orientations, a third alternate orientation (alternate-3), which occurs as a three-dimensional, V-type configuration, can be identified.—Two additional types of disjunctions, the centromere orientations of which are rotational modifications of either adjacent or alternate configurations, were also observed in quadrivalents of a translocation heterozygote. These two types are rare, and both appear in the form of the Roman numeral X . The X and the alternate-3 types also occur in quadrivalents of an autoploid of G. hirsutum .—The two X types, along with adjacent-1, adjacent-2, alternate-1 and alternate-2 orientations, represent the six possible types of planar 2 x 2 random orientation of the four centromeres of a quadrivalent. Including the three-dimensional alternate-3 type, there are seven types of orientation.
Dual-Spun Shape Memory Elastomeric Composites

Thermally responsive shape memory polymers (SMPs) are typically relatively stiff due to the need to vitrify the polymer chains to fix a temporary shape. A need exists for elastomeric SMPs with mechanical properties that more closely match those of human tissue. In this communication, we present a novel approach to fabricate a fully thermoplastic elastomeric SMP. Two polymers are simultaneously electrospun, or dual-spun, forming a composite fiber mat with a controllable composition. The two polymers were chosen such that one assists in “shape fixing” and the other in “shape recovery”. We envision that the versatility and simplicity of this fabrication approach will allow for large scale production of shape memory elastomeric composites (SMECs) for a wide range of applications.
Experimental Validation of the Two-Plasmon-Decay Common-Wave Process

The energy in hot electrons produced by the two plasmon decay instability, in planar targets, is measured to be the same when driven by one or two laser beams and significantly reduced with four for a constant overlapped intensity on the OMEGA EP. This is caused by multiple beams sharing the same common electron-plasma wave. A model, consistent with the experimental results, predicts that multiple laser beams can only drive a resonant common two plasmon decay electron-plasma wave in the region of wave numbers bisecting the beams. In this region, the gain is proportional to the overlapped laser beam intensity.
Miles apart: the India display at the Great Exhibition

ABSTRACTWho was responsible for assembling the India exhibit of the 1851 Great Exhibition in London? John Forbes Royle has typically been credited — or charged — with organizing the exhibit. This paper draws on the official Exhibition archive as well as the untapped resource of Bengal newspapers to examine the extent of Royle's role in the organization of the exhibit from London and to probe who, if any, his coadjutors in India were. The findings allow us to take a more accurate measure of the relations and interests that operated in assembling the display, as well as some of the ways in which the exhibit exceeded its planners' intentions.
Application of convolutional neural networks to speaker recognition in noisy conditions.

This paper applies a convolutional neural network (CNN) trained for automatic speech recognition (ASR) to the task of speaker identification (SID). In the CNN/i-vector front end, the sufficient statistics are collected based on the outputs of the CNN as opposed to the traditional universal background model (UBM). Evaluated on heavily degraded speech data, the CNN/i-vector front end provides performance comparable to the UBM/i-vector baseline. The combination of these approaches, however, is shown to provide improvements of 26% in miss rate to considerably outperform the fusion of two different features in the traditional UBM/i-vectors approach. An analysis of the language- and channel-dependency of the CNN/i-vector approach is also provided to highlight future research directions. Index Terms: Deep neural networks, Convolutional neural networks, Speaker recognition, i-vectors, noisy speech
Models for Predicting Stage in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma using Proteomic and Transcriptomic Data

Late diagnosis is one of the reasons that head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients experience relative five-year survival rates ranging from 40%-66%. The molecular-level differences between early and advanced stage HNSCC may provide insight into therapeutic targets and strategies. Previous bioinformatics studies have shown mixed or limited results in identifying gene and protein markers and in developing models for discriminating between early and advanced stage HNSCC. Thus, we have investigated models for HNSCC stage prediction using RNAseq and reverse phase protein array data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and The Cancer Proteome Atlas. We systematically assessed individual and ensemble binary classifiers, using filter and wrapper feature selection methods, to develop several well-performing models. In particular, integrated models harnessing both data types consistently resulted in better performance. This study identifies informative protein and gene feature sets which may increase understanding of HNSCC progression.
Forces Induced by Breaking Waves

Chapter VII dealt principally with fluid-induced forces and where the fluid motion appeared in the form of surface gravity waves, only non-breaking waves were considered. In this chapter, our concern is with the forces induced by waves breaking on structures. Generally, information is meager; however, some specific information is available in the case of plane barriers. Two cases of interest have been studied. First, we consider barriers oriented in the vertical plane and then those in the horizontal plane.
The Quiet Presence of “The Yellow Wallpaper” in Todd Haynes’s Film [Safe]

In Far from Heaven (2002), filmmaker Todd Hayne’s mash-up of Douglas Sirk’s Imitation of Life and All That Heaven Allows (1955), Haynes levels a contemporary critique of conventional notions of selfhood and identity that is in conversation with the Imitation of Life sequence discussed in the previous chapter. In this chapter I want to posit another of Haynes’s films, [Safe] (1995), as the “hideous progeny” of Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s 1892 short story “The Yellow Wallpaper,” a classic American text about selfhood and oppressive social institutions that anticipates by a century Haynes’s critique of cultural disciplines that objectify and repress human desire, especially that of women. Further, his film subverts the principle of ameliorative art, a shallow optimism that thinks a feminist position can only be imagined in terms of paradigms of role-modeling.
Acute effects of a beverage containing bitter melon extract (CARELA) on postprandial glycemia among prediabetic adults

Acute ingestion of bitter melon (BM) has been shown to suppress the postprandial glycemic response in diabetics, but its impact on glucose regulation among individuals with impaired glucose tolerance is unclear. Moreover, one’s glucose tolerance level may influence the effectiveness of BM. This study aimed to examine the acute effects of a beverage containing BM extract on blood glucose regulation during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) among prediabetics. Ten prediabetic adults completed two OGTTs—glucose only (D2) and glucose+BM (D3). Responders were identified as subjects whose area under the glucose curve (AUCglu) during D3 was lower than D2. To compare the acute effects of the beverage among individuals with varying glucose tolerance levels, subjects were grouped by their glucose response pattern—Fastpeak (peak glucose (Glupeak) at 30 min postglucose (30P)) and Slowpeak (Glupeak after 30P). During D3, responders (n=5) experienced a 13.2% reduction in AUCglu (95% confidence interval (CI): −18.1% to −8.3%), 12.2% reduction in mean glucose (95% CI: −17.3% to −7.0%) and 10.6% reduction in Glupeak (95% CI: −17.5% to −3.7%); plasma glucose was reduced by 9.1% at 30P (95% CI: −15.6% to −2.6%), −24.0% at 60P (95% CI: −36.8% to −11.2%) and −20.0% at 90P (95% CI: −35.8% to −4.2%) during D3. No between-trial differences were noted for Fastpeak or Slowpeak. Acute ingestion of BM prior to the second OGTT (D3) led to a reduced postprandial glucose response in 50% of the subjects but did not affect the insulin response. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the beverage was seemingly uninfluenced by the subjects’ glucose tolerance level. Although BM has shown to aid blood glucose management in diabetics, it remains uncertain why only a portion of subjects responded positively to the BM extract in the current study.
Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19A: worldwide epidemiology

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Streptococcus pneumoniae causes mucosal and invasive diseases with high morbidity and mortality. Introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) into routine infant immunization programs worldwide resulted in serotype 19A becoming a leading cause of the remaining pneumococcal disease burden in vaccinated and nonvaccinated individuals. This article reviews the impact of the latest generation PCVs (10-valent PCV, PCV10, and 13-valent PCV, PCV13) on serotype 19A.Areas covered: This article covers immune responses elicited by PCV7, PCV10 and PCV13 against serotype 19A and their impact on nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage and disease in vaccinated and unvaccinated populations using data from surveillance systems, randomized controlled trials, and observational studies.Expert commentary: As expected from a PCV containing serotype 19A, PCV13 elicits significantly higher functional immune responses against serotype 19A than PCV7 and PCV10. Higher responses are likely to be link...
Tissue-Based Markers for Risk Prediction

The first-generation tissue-based molecular marker tests currently commercially available are reshaping the care of prostate cancer patients. These tests offer the possibility of increasing the accuracy of management decisions made by clinicians when faced with patients who have been “overdiagnosed” with biologically indolent disease; associated with an exceptionally small mortality risk. There are many possible applications of these tests to advancing the care of active surveillance (AS) populations.
What are they saying? Black faculty at predominantly white institutions of higher education.

In the Twenty-first century Black faculty at predominantly White institutions (PWIs) of higher education that are research-oriented or extensive doctoral granting institutions have identified conce...
Current practices for voice rest recommendations after phonomicrosurgery.

Objectives/hypothesis The aim of this study was to understand current protocols for voice rest implemented by laryngologists immediately after phonomicrosurgery for benign vocal fold lesions. Study design Cross-sectional survey. Methods A 24-item survey was sent via electronic mail to laryngologists across the country to gather data on their recommendations of type and dosage of voice rest, factors involved in this decision, and recommendations for other behavioral modifications. Results A majority of the laryngologists implement 7 days of complete voice rest for nodules, cysts, polyps, and Reinke's edema, 1 to 4 days for leukoplakia and papilloma, and over 8 days of relative voice rest for most lesions. A majority of the laryngologists also employ a combination of complete and relative voice rest. Conclusions The more common recommendation for complete voice rest is 7 days for nodules, cysts, polyps, and Reinke's edema, and 1 to 4 days for leukoplakia and papilloma. Relative voice rest when recommended is typically recommended for over 8 days. Voice rest recommendations were not affected by surgery type alone, but were determined by either lesion type alone or lesion type combined with surgery type. Level of evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 128:1170-1175, 2018.
High power density air-cooled microchannel heat exchanger

Abstract We present single-phase heat transfer in a compact cross-flow microchannel heat exchanger, with air flowing through the heat exchanger to remove heat from a closed-loop flow of refrigerant R245fa. The 1 cm3 heat exchanger was monolithically fabricated from a block of copper alloy using micro-electrical-discharge machining. Air carrying channels of diameter 520 μm were oriented in cross-flow to the refrigerant-carrying channels of size 2.0 × 0.5 mm2. High-speed air flowed with Reynolds number between 1.2 × 104 and 2.05 × 104, which corresponded to air speeds between 20 and 100 m/s, while refrigerant flowed at Reynolds number between 1000 and 2300. Using an equivalent fin model and finite element simulations, we predicted the heat exchanger performance and used the simulations to interpret the measured behavior. Temperature, pressure, and flow rates were measured over a variety of operating conditions to determine heat transfer rate, j-factor, and friction factor. We observed a maximum power density of 60 W/cm3 when the air inlet temperature was 27 °C and the refrigerant inlet temperature was 80 °C. The high speed of air flow caused large friction on the air side, resulting in goodness factor j/f near 0.5. This work demonstrates that high power density can be achieved in miniature heat exchangers, and that micromachined metal devices can enable this performance. The results could be broadly applied to other types of microchannel devices.
When is an herbivore not an herbivore? Detritivory facilitates herbivory in a freshwater system.

Herbivory is thought to be an inefficient diet, but it independently evolved from carnivorous ancestors in many metazoan groups, suggesting that plant-eating is adaptive in some circumstances. In this study, we tested two hypotheses to explain the adaptive evolution of herbivory: (i) the Heterotroph Facilitation hypothesis (herbivory is adaptive because herbivores supplement their diets with heterotrophic microbes); and (ii) the Lipid Allocation hypothesis (herbivory is adaptive because algae, which have high lipid concentrations, are nutritionally similar to carnivory). We tested these hypotheses using enclosure cages placed in the Everglades and stocked with Sailfin Mollies (Poecilia latipinna), a native herbivore. Using shading and phosphorus addition (P), we manipulated the heterotrophic microbe and lipid composition of colonizing epiphyton and examined the effects of varying food quality on Sailfin Molly life history. Epiphyton grown in "shade only" conditions had a 55% increase in bacterial fatty acids and 34% lower ratios of saturated + monounsaturated to polyunsaturated fatty acids relative to the other treatments. Ratio of autotroph to heterotroph biovolume varied throughout the experiment, with a 697% increase at 3 weeks and 98% decrease at 6 weeks compared to the other treatments. Gut contents revealed that fish fed selectively on epiphyton to compensate for apparent deficiencies in the available food. Fish raised in "shade only" cages experienced the highest survival, which was best explained by autotrophic biovolume and algal- and bacterial-derived fatty acids at 3 weeks (2-6× more likely than alternative models with ∆AICc > 2.00), and by percentage of bacterial fatty acids in the diet at 6 weeks (3-8× more likely than alternative models with ∆AICc > 2.00). There were no differences in fish growth among treatments. Autotrophic lipids play a role in early fish life history, but we did not find these to be the best predictors of life history later in the juvenile period. Instead, heterotrophic lipids facilitated the herbivorous diet and enhanced survival of juvenile fish in our experiment. Bacterial fatty acid content of the diet promoted herbivore survival, consistent with the Heterotroph Facilitation hypothesis. This is the first study to explicitly contrast Heterotrophic Facilitation and Lipid Allocation hypotheses for the adaptive evolution of herbivory in an aquatic system.
The Leisure Studies and Recreation Undergraduate Curriculum: Are the Academic Requirements in Tune with the Times?

AbstractToday's society in general and the leisure service profession, in particular, is evolving at a record pace. For students completing an undergraduate degree in leisure services to successfully enter, grow, and survive in this dynamic field, they must be both competent and adaptable. A diverse, varied undergraduate program of study can benefit students as they enter the economically and politically unstable decade of the 1990s. In too many instances, however, leisure studies degree programs are not providing students an opportunity for a diverse education. Many university programs have become restrictive and so narrowly focused that graduates are not being prepared to face the vigorous workplace of the 1990s. It is time for leisure studies professors and administrators to reevaluate program designs and requirements in light of today's ever-changing world.
DELOCALIZATION AND THE APPLICABLE LAWS IN INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION

The delocalization theory is the detachment of international Commercial Arbitration proceedings from the legal system of the forum . Arbitration, is a private process in the settlement of dispute. By this private process, the parties are allowed the freedom and right to determine a wide range of issues in their arbitration agreement. This autonomy of parties in arbitration practice extends to the issues in respect of the applicable laws, applicable procedure, venue of arbitration proceedings, language or languages. For the purposes of this paper I shall limit my discussion on the applicable laws and the preservation of the res, as the case may be.
Outcomes of Ostomy Location in Children: Placement of the Ostomy at the Umbilicus.

Abstract Purpose: Neonatal exploratory laparotomies are often performed with a transumbilical incision in our institution, so umbilical ostomy placement has become more common. The purpose of our s...
Development of Multi-modal bacterial rapid detection instrument

An instrument that provides simultaneous optical measurement modalities is presented. Integrating custom-built confocal module, three laser diodes, and sensors into an upright microscope allows measuring multiple optical characteristics of a bacterial colony with single instrument.
The computability, definability, and proof theory of Artinian rings

Abstract We show that, in the context of Reverse Mathematics, WK L 0 (Weak Konig's Lemma) implies the statement AR T 0 which says that every Artinian ring is Noetherian, over RC A 0 (Recursive Comprehension Axiom). To achieve this goal, we prove a general Computable Full Structure Theorem for computable Artinian rings similar to the classical version found in most Algebra texts.
Detailed Characterization of Surface Structure and Influence on Field Emission

In most models of vacuum breakdown, there is some initial emission of electrons from the cathodic surface, usually employing some form of Fowler-Nordheim emission. While this may be correct for “textbook” surfaces, it is generally unreliable for real surfaces and fitted parameters are often used. For example, the beta employed is generally unphysical based on usual definitions (e.g., it incorporates more, but unexplained, physics than just a geometry-based field concentration effect). In this work, we describe experimental efforts to better characterize which surface structure parameters influence the vacuum field emission current.
Taking Advantage of the Genomics Revolution for Monitoring and Conservation of Chondrichthyan Populations

Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, skates and chimaeras) are among the oldest extant predators and are vital to top-down regulation of oceanic ecosystems. They are an ecologically diverse group occupying a wide range of habitats and are thus, exploited by coastal, pelagic and deep-water fishing industries. Chondrichthyes are among the most data deficient vertebrate species groups making design and implementation of regulatory and conservation measures challenging. High-throughput sequencing technologies have significantly propelled ecological investigations and understanding of marine and terrestrial species’ populations, but there remains a paucity of NGS based research on chondrichthyan populations. We present a brief review of current methods to access genomic and metagenomic data from Chondrichthyes and discuss applications of these datasets to increase our understanding of chondrichthyan taxonomy, evolution, ecology and population structures. Last, we consider opportunities and challenges offered by genomic studies for conservation and management of chondrichthyan populations.
Microstructural influence on the R-curve behavior of a 70%Si3N4-30% barium aluminum silicate self-reinforced composite

Fracture toughness and crack growth resistance (R-curve) behavior of several microstructures of 70%Si3N4-30%BAS composite are characterized using the indentation and modified compact tension methods, at room temperature. Both the whisker morphology and matrix properties contribute to the fracture resistance behavior. Crack deflection, whisker bridging and pullout are regarded as the dominant toughening mechanisms.
Morphometric analysis of the second through fifth metacarpal through posteroanterior X-Rays.

Over the past 10 years, metacarpal fractures have had an annual incidence of 13.6 per 10,000 individuals. Literature has not reviewed anatomical variations through radiographic imaging, which may play a role in reducing postoperative complications. The purpose of this study was to use radiographic imaging to provide a detailed anatomy of the second through fifth metacarpals. This retrospective study measured length, neck width, narrowest body width, and narrowest medullary canal width of the second through fifth metacarpals through the use of posteroanterior X-rays. Patients who were ≥18 years and received hand radiographs from January 2015 to July 2019 were included in this study. Those with acute injury or fracture of the metacarpal were excluded. Five hundred and seventy-two metacarpals were included in this study, with 143 metacarpals measured each for the second through fifth metacarpal. The second metacarpal had the largest measured length, neck width, and narrowest body width at 68.72, 12.34, and 8.74 mm, respectively. The fifth metacarpal had the greatest average medullary canal width at 4.15 mm. This is the largest study in literature to comprehensively examine the anatomical variation of the second through fifth metacarpals. The second metacarpal had greatest dimensions except for canal width, which was the fifth metacarpal. Men almost consistently had greater metacarpal size when compared to women, and age was associated with second and third metacarpal canal width. The increased knowledge of metacarpal anatomy may potentially lay the foundation of further improvement of metacarpal implants and potentially reduce postoperative complications. Clin. Anat., 33:1014-1018, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.