cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Total upper eyelid reconstruction

Total upper eyelid reconstruction is required infrequently and is a challenge following trauma or the removal of eyelid for tumor. The vertical forehead flap can provide the external lamella with a mucous membrane graft lining its posterior surface. Two cases of total upper eyelid reconstruction using this method are presented and discussed.
ZIMMERMAN, LYNN W. ESL, EFL, & Bilingual Education: Exploring Historical, Sociocultural, Linguistic, and Instructional Foundations. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing, 2010. Pp. 204. $45.99, paper. ISBN 978–1–61735–031–3.

The article reviews the book "ESL, EFL, and Bilingual Education: Exploring Historical, Sociocultural, Linguistic, and Instructional Foundations," by Lynn W. Zimmerman.
Resisting Abridgment Librarianship as Media Reform

Media reform is a vital component for sustaining public access to information, and supports libraries in fulfilling their mission as what educator Robert D. Leigh termed “a public agency of communication,”. In many ways, the struggles for media democracy are waged side by side with those of librarians. Like media activists, librarians are deeply concerned about issues related to information production, dissemination, and access. In this article, the author will describe how American librarianship complements a democratic media system and will provide examples of how libraries have played a key role in providing public access to independent media (i.e., alternative, noncorporate, or small press) in print and electronic formats. Finally, considering the interdependency of their goals and interests, the author wishes to advocate for greater collaboration between the media reform movement and library activists.
THE PROLIFERATIVE AND ANAMNESTIC ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF RABBIT LYMPHOID CELLS IN VITRO : II. REQUIREMENT FOR ADHERENT AND NONADHERENT CELLS OF THE RESPONSES TO PARTICULATE ANTIGENS IN SPLEEN CELL CULTURES

Both primary and secondary responses to sheep erythrocytes and to Brucella abortus antigen have been obtained in cultures of dispersed rabbit spleen cells. Removal of adherent cells by repeated incubation of spleen cells on absorbent cotton diminished the ability of the spleen cell suspensions to give secondary as well as primary responses in vitro. When comparing cultures made in dishes and in tubes, the loss of responsiveness after incubation on cotton was much more evident in the dish cultures. It was concluded that the cell-to-cell interaction needed for immune responses to particulate antigens in vitro was more readily interfered with when the cells were spread over a larger surface area. The proliferative response to antigen, as measured by uptake of 3H-thymidine in tube cultures of the sensitive spleen cells, appeared particularly resistant to the depletion effect of adherent cell removal. Dispersed spleen cells from sensitized mice gave a secondary response to sheep erythrocytes. This response was readily abolished by one incubation on absorbent cotton when the cells were cultured in dishes.
How did you feel during our conversation?: retrospective analysis of intercultural and same-culture instant messaging conversations

Research has shown that intercultural communication can be more problematic than same-culture communication. In this study we use a technique called retrospective analysis in order to examine these problems in greater detail. American and Chinese participants discussed a crime story with either an American or a Chinese partner using Instant Messaging (IM). After the session, each participant reviewed the IM conversation in two-minute segments and rated it on several dimensions. Chinese participants reported significantly more problems than American participants, and partner culture affected all participants' feelings of annoyance. An analysis of the communication problems participants reported showed four themes: mismatched communication styles, differences in conversational focus, relationship-building issues, and problems with the IM medium. The results show how differences in communication styles can affect intercultural conversations and provide design suggestions for new tools to improve intercultural collaboration.
Fusion of electron beam accelerated ions

Abstract The enhancement of neutron output when a pulsed electron beam is injected into a plasma is interpreted in terms of acceleration of a small fraction (δ n / n ) ≈ 10 -7 of plasma ions to MeV energies.
Methods of securing uniformity in hospital statistics on premature infants in New York City

Summary This paper describes a study undertaken in New York City to ascertain the completeness and accuracy of previous methods in keeping hospital statistics on the survival rates of prematurely born infants, and describes the current plan established so that each hospital in the community may be assured that its statistics will be complete, accurate, and consistent, and so that some comparability between premature centers may be possible.
Sexual assault in the U.S. military: A review of the literature and recommendations for the future.

The purpose of the current review was to examine sexual assault in the United States military. The current paper reviews prevalence rates, factors that may contribute to the high rates of sexual assault within the military, and the effects of military sexual violence. The paper also investigates the military's response to combating sexual assault among its servicemembers as well as recommendations for further improvement. Sexual assault continues to be a problem within the armed forces. And, although the military has recently implemented many new programs and prevention efforts, there continues to be a need for change within the military in order to reduce sexual victimization and perpetration. There also needs to be more evaluation of the current programs in order to determine their effectiveness.
Transactivation of c-fos and β-actin genes by raf as a step in early response to transmembrane signals

A PRIMARY response to many growth factor-induced trans-membrane signals is the rapid activation of transcription of the proto-oncogene c-fos and other early-response genes, including the β-actin gene1,2. The c-raf gene encodes a cytoplasmic serine/threonine kinase, raf-1 (ref. 3), whose activity is also respon-sive to transmembrane signals4,5 and which in mutant form can transform cells6. Here we show that in transient assays, the v-raf protein, which is a constitutively activated oncogenic counterpart of raf-1, can transactivate transcription from two early-response promoters, including the c-fos promoter from human and murine cells and the human β-actin gene promoter. Multiple elements of the human fos promoter, including the dyad symmetry element necessary for growth-factor induction, an octanucleotide direct repeat element, and the region spanning the sequence from nucleo-tides –225 to –99 can all serve as targets for raf induction. The c-myc promoter and two adenovirus-2 early promoters are not induced. These findings indicate that raf kinase, when activated by a transmembrane signal or by mutation of a regulatory domain, can phosphorylate a factor(s) capable of regulating transcription of the c-fos and actin genes. The oncogenic form of raf may transform by constitutively activating early response proto-oncogenes such as c-fos.
Control of molecular weight distribution of the biopolymer pullulan produced byAureobasidium pullulans

The influence of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate source, along with concentration, was determined for effect on the weight average molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and yield of pullulan produced byAureobasidium pullulans NRRL-Y 6220. Batch systems, scale-up batch, and continuous fermentations of 1 L and 10 L were also evaluated as were processing variables, including solvents, and extraction conditions. Products with weight average molecular weight from 1.0 × 105 to 4.0 × 106 were produced in 100-g quantities by varying fermentation conditions such as constituents of the culture medium, pH, and length of incubation. Three sets of culture conditions were defined for the formation of low ( 2.0×106) weight average molecular weight polymer. These defined molecular weight fractions of pullulan were used in further studies in producing films and fibers.
An efficient algorithm for guard placement in polygons with holes

In this paper we consider the problem of placing guards to supervise an art gallery with holes. No gallery withn vertices andh holes requires more than [(n+h)/3] guards. For some galleries this number of guards is necessary. We present an algorithm which places the [(n+h)/3] guards inO(n2) time.
Some data for the design of electromagnetic horns

Using an idea recently suggested by the author,1 a table is presented from which the gain of all electromagnetic horns may be calculated with substantially the same accuracy obtainable using the gain formula. The exact parameters of an optimum horn are given, and a simple procedure for the design of optimum horns with a specified gain and other desirable properties is described.
DNA-catalyzed covalent modification of amino acid side chains in tethered and free peptide substrates.

This study focuses on the development of DNA catalysts (deoxyribozymes) that modify side chains of peptide substrates, with the long-term goal of achieving DNA-catalyzed covalent protein modificati...
Apospory-Linked Molecular Markers in Buffelgrass

Isolation of a gene controlling apomixis would be useful to plant breeders for fixing hybrid vigor. A single gene encodes for aposporous apomixis in buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare L. Link), which is inherited in a autotetraploid fashion. Only two molecular markers linked to the gene are known: C04-600, a RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) and UGT197-144, an STS (sequence-tagged site). The objective of this study was to identify new RAPD markers linked to the apospory locus in buffelgrass and to prepare a linkage map. Sexual clone B-2s was crossed to aposporous buffelgrass cultivar Higgins and to aposporous clone B-12-9. Progeny of each cross were screened for RAPD markers by bulked segregant analysis. Seven preparations of bulked genomic DNA (equal amounts DNA from each of 10 individuals) from sexual or aposporous progeny were examined for RAPD markers. Using 500 decanucleotide primers, we found five new markers potentially linked to the apospory gene. Analysis by MAPMAKER/EXP 3.0 1 indicated markers J16-800 and M02-680 were linked to the apospory gene, as was previously established marker UGT197-144, and the three were placed on the map. Marker A20-730 was loosely linked in both crosses, marker B14-550 was unlinked in the Higgins cross, and marker N15-370 was unlinked in both crosses, and they were not placed on the map. These data provide the first map for the buffelgrass chromosome bearing the apospory gene.
The Ecological Significance of Mycosporine‐Like Amino Acids in Algae

The links among mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), algal physiological ecology, and the environment may be viewed from two sides. The UV-absorption spectra of MAAs make them prime candidates for UV-screening compounds, and indeed, numerous studies have shown that a high concentration of MAAs is correlated with various degrees of protection of cellular processes from UV damage. Thus, it might be said that the structure of terrestrial, eulittoral and sublittoral algal communities depends in part on their ability to synthesize effective quantities of MAAs. Corollaries to this hypothesis might include the proposition that those species incapable of synthesizing MAAs will be excluded from UV-containing environments, and that UV is necessary to trigger MAA synthesis. However, a number of studies have demonstrated that triggers of MAA synthesis need not include exposure to UV, but may include the relative availability of nitrogen, osmotic stress, or high levels of photosynthetically active radiation. Furthermore, the response to these factors may vary as a function of other environmental conditions. These issues will be discussed with respect to elucidating the master switch for MAA synthesis.
Non-Invasive Information On The P-R Segment Of The Cardiac Cycle: An Assessment Of The Clinical Potential Of The Electric And Magnetic Methods

Reliable non-invasive information on the P-R segment of the cardiac cycle would be of great clinical value for the analysis of conduction disturbances in the heart. Considerable recent effort has centered on obtaining such information from the ECG. However, practical difficulties are encountered which, so far at least, have prevented a widespread application of the method. The magnetic field of the heart offers an alternative probe which appears in principle to be better suited for recording conduction processes. Accordingly, we have obtained preliminary magnetic records using SQUID instrumentation. A very simple averaging scheme was used, employing an on-line 8 bit microprocessor. Our preliminary results confirm that the magnetic record contains clear structure, qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with conduction activity. A biphasic deflection has been observed whose onset is sharply localized in time about 40 msec prior to the onset of ventricular activity and additional activity of interest has also been noted just prior to ventricular activation. The electrical and magnetic approaches to the recording of conduction activity are assessed and it is concluded that the magnetic technique has significant advantages for this purpose.
Single Bunch Beam Loading on the SLAC Three-Kilometer Accelerator

Since the report on single bunch beam loading experiments at SLAC at the 1975 Particle Accelerator Conference, it has been possible to obtain a much better understanding and agreement of theoretical and experimental results related to this problem. These improvements have been made possible by two developments: the generation of a "wake-field" function for the SLAC 3-km slow-wave structure and the use of this function to calculate single bunch energy spectra. The wake-field function which gives the time decay of the fields generated by the passage of a deltafunction beam has been derived by summing all the TM cylindrically symmetrical modes of an equivalent accelerator cavity. By multiplying this wake-field function by a measured bunch density function and integrating along the bunch, it is possible to calculate the energy of each electron in the bunch. This in turn enables one to predict the energy spectrum for any given phase angle of the bunch with respect to the crest of the RF accelerating wave. Agreement between these calculations and experimental measurements is very good. The paper presents these results and discusses the possible sources of some of the remaining discrepancies.
Dish Stirling Advanced Latent Storage Feasibility.

Abstract Dish-Stirling systems have been demonstrated to provide high-efficiency solar-only electrical generation, holding the world record at 31.25%. This high efficiency results in a system with a high possibility of meeting the DOE SunShot goal of $0.06/kWh. Current dish-Stirling systems do not incorporate thermal storage. For the next generation of non-intermittent and cost-competitive solar power plants, we propose a thermal energy storage system that combines latent (phase-change) energy transport and latent energy storage in order to match the isothermal input requirements of Stirling engines while also maximizing the exergetic efficiency of the entire system. This paper reports on the technical advantages and challenges of dish Stirling with storage, to make a preliminary estimate as to the technical feasibility of such a system. The proposed system with storage incorporates high temperature latent transport and latent storage, providing an exergetic match to the isothermal input of the Stirling cycle. The transport from the receiver to the storage, and from storage to the engine, is accomplished with advanced sodium heat pipes. The storage is in a solid-liquid phase change material (PCM), likely a metallic eutectic to reduce exergy losses in thermal conduction. We model a dish Stirling system at a block level, using a combination of real data from several dish systems with and without heat pipe transport, and determine annual energy production and revenue streams based on Barstow California weather data and Southern California Edison Time of Day pricing. We optimize the system on solar multiple, capacity of storage, and several operational strategies. We find that a storage system using metallic eutectic phase change storage results in a feasible physical embodiment, with mass, volume, and complexity suitable for 25kWe dish Stirling systems. The results indicate a system with 6 hours of storage and a solar multiple of 1.25 provides the optimum impact to LCOE and profit for the range of cases studied. A storage system applied to dish Stirling will leverage the current high performance systems, increasing the value to the utilities and transmission entities. A feasible embodiment has been proposed, which with sufficient development will re-establish dish Stirling as a leading energy option.
Phenylmaleimide encapped arylene ether imide oligomers

Abstract High temperature cure sites for polyimides and related high performance thermosetting systems are important and it has been demonstrated now by several groups that 4-phenylethynylphthalic anhydride and/or 3-phenylethynylaniline are attractive endcappers for polyimides that have wide curing windows and afford solvent resistant networks after 30–90 min at 350–400°C. The present paper has investigated phenylmaleic anhydride (PMA) as an alternate system which is thermally and possibly electron beam curable. Thus, PMA has been successfully utilized as a high temperature crosslinking endgroup for several high performance amorphous polyimides and initial results are described in this paper. Imide oligomers of controlled molecular weights were successfully synthesized by conducting either chemical imidization or by employing a two-step amine-terminated oligomer route followed by endcapping with PMA at about 140°C or lower. The more conventional higher temperature process was complicated by side reactions which are discussed herein. The molecular weights of the oligomers were successfully controlled from 2000 to 15 000 g mol −1 . The materials exhibited about at 200°C curing window between oligomer T g and cure exotherm. Glass transition temperatures increased by more than 50°C after curing and produced solvent resistant insoluble materials with about 85% gel content. Curing of the phenylmaleimide endgroups was most successful under a nitrogen atmosphere, but it appears that normal moulding operations are acceptable, wherein only moderate amounts of oxygen are introduced into the specimen. The thermosetting reaction appears to be more sensitive to radical initiation than the earlier studied phenylethynyl systems. Dynamic thermogravimetric analysis on the cured PMA functionalized oligomers showed good behaviour and 5% weight loss in air was only observed above 500°C. The systems are being evaluated as structural adhesives and matrix resins for composite materials and excellent titanium/titanium lapshear values of about 5000 psi (34 MPa) on the cured oligomers has been demonstrated.
This special issue is dedicated to Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac on the occasion of his 80th birthday

The contents of these combined issues ~ of the International Journal of Theoretical Physics are contributions made to a symposium honoring the 80th birthday of one of the patriarchs of modern physics, P. A. M. Dirac. The criterion proposed for presentations to the symposium was that they should relate to aspects of physics that Dirac's own work has illuminated; the overarching scope of that criterion can be judged from the variety of papers included, and is itself a tribute to the seminal nature and pervasive influence of the honoree's work. Just as the contemporaries of Newton are said to have recognized the "claw of the lion" in even anonymously submitted solutions to the most difficult problems of that era, so today's physicists can see the mark of the master builder in every part of the edifice of 20th century physics. Counting from his earliest work to his contribution in the present issues, the characteristic clarity and precision of Dirac's insights are educating a fourth generation of students of nature, and we can hope that the undiminished flow of his guiding influence will be with us into the next genera t ion--ad multos annos. The Dirac Symposium was held in New Orleans in May of 1981, and may be somewhat unusual in the annals of festschrift literature in that the results see the light of publication in time for the event celebrated (.August 8, 1982). The guest editor cannot possibly discharge the debt of gratitude owed to all those who helped make the symposium a reality, but certainly without the financial and moral support of the administration, Physics Department faculty, staff and students of Loyola University, it could not have occurred. In addition, special thanks are owed to Germaine Murray, Jaime Ayarza (Conference coordinator), Keith and Marian Bonin, Thomas Swyden, Peter McCarty, Barry Hebert, Karl-Heinz Zelt, Raul Navarro,
Moderating effects of race on internalizing and externalizing behaviors among children of criminal justice and child welfare involved mothers

Abstract This study examined whether the influences of multiple maternal criminal justice involvement (MCJI), community adversity, and violence exposure on children's internalizing and externalizing behaviors were moderated by race. The study included 409 children of criminal justice and child welfare involved mothers, ages 5–15 who participated in the National Survey on Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW). Results indicated that race, defined as Black vs. non-Black, moderated the associations between multiple MCJI and internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Decomposition of the regression effects indicated that non-Black children exposed to multiple MCJI, as compared to non-Black children who were not exposed to multiple MCJI, exhibited significant increases in both internalizing and externalizing behaviors, while Black children who experience multiple MCJI, on average, showed no increases. Similarly, race moderated the association between exposure to community adversity and externalizing behaviors. The decomposition of regression effects indicated that non-Black children who experienced higher levels of community adversity exhibited increases in externalizing behaviors, while Black children showed no increases. Criminal justice and child welfare practice and policy implications are discussed.
Magnetic Excitations of the Incommensurate Spin-Density Wave in Chromium Metal

The magnetic excitations of the incommensurate spin-density wave in pure chromium have been ivestigated with use of inelastic neutron scattering. We have observed the spin wave modes originating from the incommensurate magnetic Bragg reflections. The polarizations of these modes are found to be highly anisotropic. We have also observed a new magnetic excitation centered at a commensurate wave vector. This new excitation is interpreted as a feature specific to a transverse incommensurate spin-density wave.
Interfacial instabilities of air-driven liquid films

Abstract Experiments were conducted to develop a better understanding of stress distribution at the interface of air-driven liquid films using solid waves similar in shape to the interfacial disturbances. Pressure and velocity measurements around the contour of each wave indicate that the air flow separates from the downstream side of the wave. These results suggest that the mass and momentum transport of liquid films in parallel two-phase flow may be dominated by form drag forces exerted on the interfacial waves rather than shear forces.
Long Time Behavior of Weak Solutions to Navier–Stokes–Poisson System

Ducomet et al. (Discrete Contin Dyn Syst 11(1): 113–130, 2004) showed the existence of global weak solutions to the Navier–Stokes–Poisson system. We study the global behavior of such a solution. This is done by (1) proving uniqueness of a solution to the stationary system; (2) by showing convergence of a weak solution to the stationary solution. In (1) we consider only the case with repulsion. We prove our result in the case of a bounded domain with smooth boundary in \({\mathbb{R}^3}\) and also in the case of the whole space \({\mathbb{R}^3}\).
The effect of overproduction of nonstructural proteins on alphavirus plus-strand and minus-strand RNA synthesis

We determined the effect of the overproduction of viral nonstructural proteins on alphavirus plus-strand and minus-strand RNA synthesis. Because alphavirus minus-strand synthesis ceases normally at 3 to 4 hr postinfection and requires continuous protein synthesis [D. L. Sawicki and S. G. Sawicki, J. Virol. 34, 108-118 (1980); D. L. Sawicki, S. G. Sawicki, S. Keranen, and L. Kaariainen, J. Virol. 39, 348-358 (1981a)], we determined if the cessation of minus-strand synthesis was the result of the failure to continue synthesis of viral nonstructural proteins after 3-4 hr postinfection and if the overproduction of viral nonstructural proteins would increase the rate of plus-strand synthesis. Cells infected with ts1, an RNA-positive mutant of Semliki Forest virus (SFV) which overproduced the viral nonstructural proteins and underproduced the viral structural proteins at the nonpermissive temperature, did not cause the synthesis of increased amounts of viral minus strands relative to parental SFV and did not affect the time at which minus-strand synthesis ceased. All four viral nonstructural proteins were synthesized at early and late times after infection in the same relative proportions. The overproduction and the continued synthesis of nonstructural proteins late in infection did not increase the maximal rate of plus-strand synthesis above that in wild-type SFV-infected cells.
Turbulent shear stress measurements in the vicinity of aortic heart valve prostheses

A two dimensional laser Doppler anemometer system has been used to measure the turbulent shear fields in the immediate downstream vicinity of a variety of mechanical and bioprosthetic aortic heart valves. The measurements revealed that all the mechanical valves studied, created regions of elevated levels of turbulent shear stress during the major portion of systole. The tissue bioprostheses also created elevated levels of turbulence, but they were confined to narrow regions in the bulk of the flow field. The newer generation of bioprostheses create turbulent shear stresses which are considerably lower than those created by the older generation tissue valve designs. All the aortic valves studied (mechanical and tissue) create turbulent shear stress levels which are capable of causing sub-lethal and/or lethal damage to blood elements.
How accurately could we screen for individual risk? Using summary data to examine discriminatory accuracy of a risk marker

Abstract Objective. While much has been written on the methodology of screening for presence of preclinical disease, correspondingly less has been written on screening for future risk of disease. Given the increasing attention paid to the concept of individualized prevention within the discipline of public health, this other type of screening warrants attention. Our aim is to demonstrate one way in which the potential accuracy of risk screening can be assessed. Method. In this paper, we derive a simple computational formula for the concordance statistic, a measure of the ability to separate individuals into two groups (will get disease, will not get disease), based on the presence or absence of a dichotomous risk factor. This computational formula is based on summary data (prevalence, absolute risk) pertaining to the risk factor alone. We also present simple computational formulas for the true positive fraction (the sensitivity of the “high risk” label to actual disease development) and the false positive fraction (1-specificity of the “high risk” label.). Conclusion. The above quantities are rarely presented when scientists make statements about the potential usefulness of a risk factor or genetic marker in screening for future disease risk. With the simple formulas offered here, readers will be better able to evaluate the accuracy of such statements.
Analysis of the Ionic Basis for Cocaine's Biphasic Effect on Action Potential Duration in Guinea-pig Ventricular Myocytes ☆

The effects of cocaine on the duration of the cardiac action potential were investigated in isolated guinea-pig ventricular myocytes at 37 degrees C. Following a 10-min exposure of cells to 3 microM cocaine, APD90 increased significantly by +22 +/- 5% (n = 6). In contrast, following a ten minute exposure to 30 or 100 microM cocaine, APD90 was reduced by -24 +/- 6% (n = 5) and -53 +/- 2% (n = 8), respectively. The ionic basis for cocaine's effects on the APD was investigated using the whole cell voltage-clamp technique at 37 degrees C. Cocaine produced a concentration-dependent reduction in the amplitude of IK tail currents with an estimated IC50 of 4 microM. The kinetics and voltage dependence of the cocaine-sensitive current indicate that cocaine selectively blocks a current identical to the E-4031 sensitive current IKr. No significant reduction of the slow component of IK (IKs) was observed during exposure to 30 or 100 microM cocaine. High (30 and 100 microM) concentrations of cocaine also produced a significant reduction of both the L-type calcium current and the TTX-sensitive plateau current. Pre-treatment of cells with 10 microM TTX also converted the APD-shortening effect of 30 microM cocaine to one of APD-prolonging. This implies that cocaine block of a TTX-sensitive window current contributes to the APD-shortening effects produced by high concentrations of cocaine. We conclude that: (1) cocaine produces a biphasic concentration-dependent effect on repolarization in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes; and (2) this biphasic effect on repolarization results from differences in the sensitivity of inward and outward currents to the blocking effects of cocaine.
Primed CD8+ T‐Cell Responses to Allogeneic Endothelial Cells Are Controlled by Local Complement Activation

CD8 T cells primed by transplantation recognize allogeneic class I MHC molecules expressed on graft vascular endothelium and contribute to allograft injury. We previously showed that immune cell-derived complement activation fragments are integral to T cell activation/expansion. Herein we tested the impact of local complement production/activation on T cell/endothelial cell (EC) interactions. We found that proinflammatory cytokines upregulated alternative pathway complement production by ECs, yielding C5a. We further found that ECs deficient in the cell surface C3/C5 convertase regulator decay accelerating factor (DAF, CD55) induced greater CD8 T-cell proliferation and more IFNgamma(+) and perforin(+) effector cells than wild-type (WT) ECs. Allogeneic C3(-/-) EC induced little or no CD8 responses. Abrogation of responses following C5a receptor (C5aR) blockade, or augmentation following addition of recombinant C5a demonstrated that the effects were mediated through T-cell-expressed-C5aR interactions. Analyses of in vivo CD8 cell responses to transplanted heart grafts deficient in EC DAF showed similar augmentation. The findings reveal that EC-derived complement triggers secondary CD8 T-cell differentiation and expansion and argue that targeting complement and/or C5aR could limit T-cell-mediated graft injury.
Monaural and binaural loudness of 5- and 200-ms tones in normal and impaired hearing.

The difference in level required to match monaural and binaural loudness of 5- and 200-ms tones was measured for listeners with normal and impaired hearing. Stimuli were 1-kHz tones presented at levels ranging from 10 to 90dB sensation level. Sixteen listeners (eight normal and eight with losses of primarily cochlear origin) made loudness matches between equal-duration monaural and binaural tones using an adaptive 2AFC procedure. The present results corroborate existing data for 200-ms tones in normal listeners and provide new data for 5-ms tones. On average, the binaural level difference required for equal loudness of monaural and binaural tones is about the same for 5- and 200-ms tones of equal level and changes as a function of level. The group data for normal and impaired listeners are in reasonable agreement with data in the literature. However, the data from some of the impaired listeners deviate markedly from the average, indicating that group data do not accurately represent the behavior of all im...
Spontaneous radial capillary impregnation across a bank of aligned micro-cylinders - Part I: Theory and model development

This paper presents an analytical and numerical approach to describe the capillary infusion of a liquid across an array of parallel micro-cylinders. Based on a series of simplifying assumptions, the model proposes a method to average the varying capillary pressure and introduces a technique to assess the inhibiting effects of the gas entrapped between the micro-cylinders as the liquid radially ingresses into the micro-cylinder array. The proposed averaging scheme of the capillary pressure is an improvement over previous analytical approaches, as it accounts for the physics of wetting at the micro-scale. The equations are non-dimensionalized and the role of various parameters such as gas entrapment and average capillary pressure is explored. The inclusion of the gas displacement phenomenon requires only one parameter to be determined empirically, in order to describe the impregnation behavior of the liquid. Two limiting cases when all gas is allowed to escape through the impregnating liquid and when all the gas is entrapped within are identified. This study should prove useful in understanding the role of entrained gas and capillarity on impregnation mechanics in micro-scale porous media.
Bladder Smooth Muscle Strip Contractility as a Method to Evaluate Lower Urinary Tract Pharmacology

We describe an in vitro method to measure bladder smooth muscle contractility, and its use for investigating physiological and pharmacological properties of the smooth muscle as well as changes induced by pathology. This method provides critical information for understanding bladder function while overcoming major methodological difficulties encountered in in vivo experiments, such as surgical and pharmacological manipulations that affect stability and survival of the preparations, the use of human tissue, and/or the use of expensive chemicals. It also provides a way to investigate the properties of each bladder component (i.e. smooth muscle, mucosa, nerves) in healthy and pathological conditions. The urinary bladder is removed from an anesthetized animal, placed in Krebs solution and cut into strips. Strips are placed into a chamber filled with warm Krebs solution. One end is attached to an isometric tension transducer to measure contraction force, the other end is attached to a fixed rod. Tissue is stimulated by directly adding compounds to the bath or by electric field stimulation electrodes that activate nerves, similar to triggering bladder contractions in vivo. We demonstrate the use of this method to evaluate spontaneous smooth muscle contractility during development and after an experimental spinal cord injury, the nature of neurotransmission (transmitters and receptors involved), factors involved in modulation of smooth muscle activity, the role of individual bladder components, and species and organ differences in response to pharmacological agents. Additionally, it could be used for investigating intracellular pathways involved in contraction and/or relaxation of the smooth muscle, drug structure-activity relationships and evaluation of transmitter release. The in vitro smooth muscle contractility method has been used extensively for over 50 years, and has provided data that significantly contributed to our understanding of bladder function as well as to pharmaceutical development of compounds currently used clinically for bladder management.
Effect of a Joint Experimental-CFD Lab Experience on Perceptions of Data Authority and Student Learning

This paper explores modes of instruction for effective student learning and factors that affect student perceptions of information from various sources encountered in undergraduate fluid mechanics. This paper addresses two questions: (i) What source of information do students rely on and have greater confidence in, (ii) What modes of instruction lead to greater understanding of material. These research questions were addressed by considering the conceptual topic of drag on a sphere. In this study, thirty students compared results from experimental lab measurements, CFD (ANSYS-CFX) simulations, and textbook data for drag acting on a sphere. Other concepts covered in the course were done so via lecture and/or lab, but were not examined using CFD. To address the first question, students completed a survey at the end of the experimental portion of lab and a second survey at the end of the CFD portion of lab. To address the second question, student responses to specific final exam questions were analyzed. Our data indicate that students have greater reliance on materials presented via lecture and in the course textbook, than data that originates via hands-on learning methods such as experimental data, and CFD simulations. The results that address the second question indicate that even though there is greater variation in student learning outcome scores, a variety of modes of instruction lead to greater understanding of a topic, even accounting for biases in perceived data authority of various sources of data.© 2014 ASME
Rethinking human trafficking

This special issue of Dialectical Anthropology is a welcome addition to scholarship on human trafficking. Each article in this volume challenges different dimensions of the conventional wisdom on trafficking and critically evaluates the forces in civil society and the state that are responsible for perpetuating the dominant paradigm. Although much has been written on the topic of trafficking, the vast majority of it has been anecdotal or sensationalistic rather than grounded in sound research (Weitzer 2007, 2011). A review of more than 100 academic articles found that the claims of government agencies (especially U.S.) and global organizations (such as the United Nations) were treated as evidence, even though these agencies had consistently failed to reveal their data sources or methodological procedures for arriving at their conclusions (Zhang 2009). Books on trafficking can be faulted on the same grounds: almost all of them rely on either NGO or government sources, ignoring the standard caution against uncritical acceptance of official figures (Kitsuse and Cicourel 1963). The net effect is that the public is bombarded with unverified assertions that the number of trafficking victims worldwide is huge, that the problem is steadily growing in magnitude, and that it is the second largest criminal enterprise in the world, after drug trafficking. There is no compelling evidence that any of these claims is valid (Weitzer 2011). Edward Snajdr begins his article by identifying some mechanisms through which the dominant discourse on trafficking—what he calls the ‘‘master narrative’’—is reproduced and disseminated. For example, proponents make use of colorful maps that purport to show routes that victims travel from country of origin to final destination. Some of the mapped pathways may be based on a single documented case, generalized into a ‘‘route.’’ Another mechanism is the use of ‘‘horror stories’’ of individual traumatized victims. Without rejecting the veracity of such accounts, Snajdr raises important questions about them when he notes that the narratives
The erosion of vospitaniye (social upbringing) in post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan: Voices from the schools☆

Abstract Independent Kyrgyzstan has inherited the Soviet school system, including vospitaniye as an essential part. Soviet social policy was driven by the belief that building communism partly depended upon the creation of the “Soviet man.” Such an individual would demonstrate unwavering commitment to aims of the October Revolution, and desire to undertake the technological and scientific training required to achieve collective purposes. The resulting social cohesion among like-minded individuals would thus reinforce the economic and political aims of the USSR. A primary institutional location for the creation of such individuals was the secondary school, formally organized to achieve two distinct but equally important goals: the transmission of formal knowledge (obrazovaniye) and the process of social upbringing (vospitaniye). This paper first considers the critical nature of vospitaniye as an aim of the USSR, an aim typically underestimated in the current discourse of reforming post-Soviet schools. It then suggests contemporary dilemmas voiced by practicing educators in several Kyrgyz schools who are still charged with social upbringing, but in a climate where the ideals and values upon which vospitaniye was initially created appear no longer viable.
New therapeutic strategies targeting transmembrane signal transduction in the immune system

Single-chain receptors and multi-chain immune recognition receptors (SRs and MIRRs, respectively) represent families of structurally related but functionally different surface receptors expressed on different cells. In contrast to SRs, a distinctive and common structural characteristic of MIRR family members is that the extracellular recognition domains and intracellular signaling domains are located on separate subunits. How extracellular ligand binding triggers MIRRs and initiates intracellular signal transduction processes is not clear. A novel model of immune signaling, the Signaling Chain HOmoOLigomerization (SCHOOL) model, suggests that the homooligomerization of receptor intracellular signaling domains represents a necessary and sufficient condition for receptor triggering. In this review, I demonstrate striking similarities between a consensus model of SR signaling and the SCHOOL model of MIRR signaling and show how these models, together with the lessons learned from viral pathogenesis, provide a molecular basis for novel pharmacological approaches targeting inter- and intrareceptor transmembrane interactions as universal therapeutic targets for a diverse variety of immune and other disorders.
ISAH: a versatile treatment positioner for external radiation therapy.

Mechanical features, control philosophy, and operational characteristics are described for the computer-controlled patient positioner, „ISAH'' (Irradiation Stereotaxic Apparatus for Humans). The positioner is currently being used with the 910-MeV helium-ion beam from the 184” Cyclotron at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. It is capable of positioning a patient to 0.1-mm accuracy in three dimensions. It can simultaneously or selectively translate the patient in three orthogonal axes and rotate him about two perpendicular axes. ISAH is used to deliver a therapeutic dose of radiation to an arbitrarily determined volume within the patient's body during irradiation, so as to minimize exposure to surrounding tissues. The motions are under online control by a PDP-8/1 computer which directs the necessary motions and verifies the positioning. The computer also controls the intensity and the depth of penetration of the heavy-ion beam.
Learning Casting Through Interactively Creating a Scenario

Students can learn more effectively when actively involved in the learning process. Traditional approach is mainly “teacher-centered” and lacks in nurturing the students’ skills in today’s changing world. Various non-traditional approaches, that are based on experiential learning, such as project-based, problem-based or case studies-based learning have been developed and found to improve student’s learning concepts in engineering. Course modules that engage students can (i) stimulate active learning, (ii) prepare students to solve open-ended real-world problems in industries, and (iii) serve as a natural link to subsequent courses in the STEM disciplines. In this paper, we discuss Create your Scenario Interactively (CSI), which is being developed using Experiential Learning as a model to provide an engaging learning experience of engineering concepts by allowing students to visualize and interact with 2D/3D objects. A casting CSI module is being developed for a sophomore level manufacturing engineering course. We will discuss some initial research results on the CSI module development, implementation and evaluation plan for teaching manufacturing engineering course at University of Oklahoma and Tuskegee University. The pedagogical effectiveness of the CSI system will be evaluated by covering two different areas — (i) students’ learning and (ii) usability of the CSI system.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Is rationality really “bounded” by information processing constraints?

Extremist views on normative rationality fail to address differences in responding owing to intellectual ability or epistemic self-regulation. Individual difference research thus raises serious questions concerning the scientific utility of universal rationality and universal irrationality theories. However, recent data indicate that computational capacity theories do not account adequately for within-subject variability in normative responding, memory-reasoning independence, and instances of ability-normative reasoning independence.
Superconducting Thin Film in a Magnetic Field—Theory of Nonlocal and Nonlinear Effects. I. Specular Reflection

A self-consistent perturbation solution of the Gor'kov equations for a superconducting film in a strong parallel magnetic field is presented. The order parameter is assumed constant in space, but proper allowance is made for nonlocal effects, important when the thickness $d$ is comparable to or smaller than the pair-correlation distance $\ensuremath{\xi}$, as is often realized in practice. Specular reflection simplifies the mathematical analysis: The usual momentum-space representation and impurity averaging procedures for Green's functions are shown to apply without essential modifications. Size quantization can be ignored as long as $\frac{{p}_{F}{d}^{2}}{\ensuremath{\xi}}\ensuremath{\gg}1$. The Ginzburg-Landau and Maki local theories, valid in the vicinity of the transition temperature and in the dirty limit, respectively, are generalized. The modified equations for the current density, order parameter, free energy, and critical fields are studied in detail and compared with previous semiphenomenological extensions by Bardeen, Toxen, and others. An expression for the critical field ${H}_{c}$ valid in the intermediate temperature and purity range is also obtained. The convergence of our perturbation expansion and the assumed constancy of the order parameter are shown to require $(\frac{e}{c}){H}_{c}d\ensuremath{\xi}$ and $(\frac{e}{c}){H}_{c}{d}^{2}\ensuremath{\ll}1$, respectively. An inconsistency in Rickayzen's alternative to Maki's theory is pointed out. The most important results, together with their ranges of validity, are indicated in the last section.
ERISA Preemption and the Question of Pharmacy Benefit Managers' Fiduciary Duty

The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) plays a unique role in the context of litigation over health care benefits. 1 ERISA was designed to provide a comprehensive regulatory sc...