cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Problem of Obtaining High Lift-Drag Ratios at Supersonic Speeds

The importance of the lift to drag ratio is well known to all aircraft designers since it gives, to a great extent, the aerodynamic efficiency of the airplane. Aerodynamic efficiency, however, is only one component of the grand compromise that a completed airplane represents. At subsonic speeds, lift-drag ratios of well over 200 have been measured in wind tunnels on airfoil sections; but few powered aircraft have attained (L/D) value of 20. It is invariably true that the requirements of stability and control, structure, and flight operation all contribute to reducing the design (L/D) (sub max)) considerably below those exotic values which can be predicted from unrestricted aerodynamic theory. If, however, a certain range or operating efficiency is required, there is most certainly a minimum (L/D) (sub max)) value for which the goals are just attainable. If we examine the range equation we see that range is proportional to the lift-drag ratio, the thermopropulsive efficiency, and the logarithm of the initial to final weight ratio. The appearance of the lift-drag ratio as a linear factor in the range equation indicates that every attempt should be made to increase (L/D) (sub max)); however, the search for higher (L/D)max may lead to strange and unorthodox configurations. Most frequently, such configurations are ruled out by the adverse effects of their geometry on the weight ratios. In the present paper, we will deal with the maximum lift-drag ratio problem for conventional configurations having a wing and a body in close proximity to each other. No attempt will be made to select a particular configuration as being the best. However, the promising direction to go from the aerodynamic view will be stressed with the understanding that the other factors may outweight the aerodynamics
A trajectory piecewise-linear approach to model order reduction for nonlinear stationary magnetic devices

In power electronics and electric machinery, finite-element based time-domain modeling has been used frequently. Generally, the time-domain modeling of magnetic devices is completed by solving a high order system at each time step. Fortunately, the full order state-space models can be reduced methodically without additional assumption. The method for reducing the order of magnetically linear system is presented in previous work. However, in the analysis of magnetic devices the problems are usually nonlinear due to the presence of ferromagnetic materials. In this paper, a nonlinear model of the magnetic devices is presented and reduced by using a trajectory piecewise-linear approach.
A physical model for the base transit time of advanced bipolar transistors

As the feature size of advanced bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) continues to scale down, the effects of nonuniform base doping, high-level injection, current-induced base pushout, and velocity overshoot all become prominent. These effects influence strongly the switching speed of the BJT as well as the gate delay of the BiCMOS. We study in detail the base transit time τB model valid for aritrary levels of injection and Gaussian base doping profile. For the devices considered, our calculations show that the conventional model (considers uniform base doping profile and no base pushout) overestimates τB by a factor of about 2.5 at low injection and underestimates τB by a factor of about 1.5 at high injection. The present model compares favorably with experimental data measured from a 0.12 μ base width BJT.
Rampart seismic zone of central Alaska

abstract This paper describes the characteristics of the Rampart seismic zone by means of the aftershock sequence of the Rampart earthquake ( M L = 6.8) which occurred in central Alaska on 29 October 1968. The magnitudes of the aftershocks ranged from about 1.6 to 4.4 which yielded a b value of 0.96 ± 0.09. The locations of the aftershocks outline a NNE-SSW trending aftershock zone about 50 km long which coincides with the offset of the Kaltag fault from the Victoria Creek fault. The rupture zone dips steeply (≈80°) to the west and extends from the surface to a depth of about 10 km. Fault plane solutions for a group of selected aftershocks, which occurred over a period of 22 days after the main shock, show simultaneous occurrences of strike-slip and normal faults. A comparison of the trends in seismicity between the neighboring areas shows that the Rampart seismic zone lies outside the area of underthrusting of the lithospheric plate in southcentral and central Alaska. The seismic zone outlined by the aftershock sequence appears to represent the formation of an intraplate fracture caused by regional northwest compression.
Preparation of Boron-Rich Refractory Semiconductors

Boron-rich refractory solids based on the rhombohedral structure of α-B exhibit electrical properties that range from a hopping-type semiconductor (boron carbide) to wide bandgap room temperature insulators (the boron pnictides B6P and B6As). As such, they are of interest for a variety of high temperature semiconductor applications. Preparation techniques for these unusual materials are reviewed, and new results on the crystal growth of boron carbides and B6As and on thin film deposition of B6P are presented.
Comments on “Harm Reduction and Decriminalization in the United States: A Personal Perspective,” by Robert L. DuPont

(1996). Comments on “Harm Reduction and Decriminalization in the United States: A Personal Perspective,” by Robert L. DuPont. Substance Use & Misuse: Vol. 31, No. 14, pp. 1949-1952.
Women mystics and eucharistie devotion in the thirteenth century

(1984). Women mystics and eucharistie devotion in the thirteenth century. Women's Studies: Vol. 11, Women in the Middle Ages, pp. 179-214.
Web Services versus Distributed Objects: A Case Study of Performance and Interface Design

Web services are promoted as a new model for distributed systems, yet many skeptics see them as simply a poor implementation of traditional remote procedure calls (RPC) or distributed objects. Previous comparisons support the skeptics: Web services are shown to be significantly slower than RPC, and they lack features like automatic proxies. However, these studies are biased because they are based on an RPC communication style. Web services support a document-oriented style of communication that performs well even in the face of the high latency found in Internet or business transactions. We investigate these issues by comparing the design and implementation of a small file server application implemented using RMI and Web services. For this application, using the most straightforward implementation in both technologies, Web services outperform RMI when accessing multiple/deeply nested files, especially over high-latency channels. However, the default Web services interfaces are awkward to use, so we develop a technique for wrapping the Web service to make it as easy to use as the distributed object implementation. The same wrappers are then used to implement the document-oriented communication style in RMI, which improves performance but significantly complicates the design. This case study provides a more detailed comparison of the relationship between Web services and distributed objects
AIDS vaccine 2001: looking to the future.

Reprinted with kind permission from Medscape HIV AIDS ( http://w.w.w.medscape.com/Medscape/HIVjournal/2001/v07.n05/ mha0927.01.mitsmha0927.mits-01,html ) © 2001 Medscape INC. INTRODUCTION : AIDS Vaccine 2001, a new addition to the international conference calendar that will undoubtedly become a biannual event, was designed to provide a setting for sharing the latest basic, clinical, and public health data relevant to AIDS vaccine development and to facilitate international and interdisciplinary collaboration in the field of AIDS vaccinology. The 3-day meeting in Philadelphia provided considerable information on the preclinical development and early clinical evaluation of several vaccine candidates, and ample opportunity for discussion on AIDS vaccine and immunotherapy study implementation. The overall impression is that a great deal of effort and considerable expertise is now being directed towards dissecting the immunologic and virologic components of protective immunity against HIV and towards the development of novel immunotherapeutic approaches to the prevention of HIV infection. This effort is in no small part due to the worldwide attention being given to the devastating effects of HIV and AIDS in resource-poor, developing countries of the world, and to the realization that treatment of HIV in and of itself is unlikely to contain the spread of this epidemic. African Health Sciences 2001 1(2):99-105
Politics, Child Mortality, and Health System Development in Tanzania and Uganda, 1995-2009.

Sub-Saharan African countries have diverged sharply in health status in recent years: Some have reduced premature mortality rapidly while others have made little progress, despite significant health-oriented foreign aid. This article identifies political economy and institutional factors that help explain dramatic differences in the pace of child mortality reduction between Tanzania and Uganda from 1995-96 to 2006-07. The existing literature largely explains divergence in basic health outcomes like child mortality with reference to economic variables such as GDP per capita, or in terms of inputs such as the level of public sector health spending. However, these factors cannot explain recent divergence across African countries with similar levels of GDP per capita, rates of economic growth, and levels of health funding. I argue that in addition to economic factors, governance-related variables can play a large role in determining health outcomes. I argue that institutional and governance divergences between Tanzania and Uganda can be linked directly to differing levels of coverage of key child health interventions (especially related to malaria control), and thus to differing child health outcomes. These governance-related divergences are found in the institutional dynamics of malaria control, in the degree of meritocracy and bureaucratic autonomy found at the Ministry of Health, in the political economy of health sector decentralization, and in corruption levels in the pharmaceutical supply chain. These institutional differences can be explained in part by historical factors, but the more relevant causes can be found in recent years. In Tanzania, there was an unusually effective project of institution-building in the health sector, centered on malaria policy and research institutions, and on district-level reforms driven by use of demographic surveillance systems. In Uganda, by contrast, there was a negative political shock to the health system, driven by the repatrimonialization of the Ugandan state after President Yoweri Museveni's decision to eliminate term limits in the 2001-2006 period and embark on the "president-for-life project." This repatrimonialization process reversed previous health sector institutional gains and had particularly negative effects on child health service delivery in Uganda.
Preoperative evaulation of cardiac risk by means of atrial pacing and thallium 201 scintigraphy

Abstract Atrial pacing and thallium 201 scintigraphy were done in 61 patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease referred for evaluation of cardiac risk before elective vascular surgery. All patients had noncardiac limitations precluding performance of an adequate exercise stress test. Before atrial pacing all were considered to be at low risk of a postoperative cardiac event based on assessment of clinical parameters. Vascular surgery was subsequently performed in 47 patients. In these patients, pacing-induced ST segment depression ≥ 1 mm occurred in 18, a fixed perfusion defect occurred in 11, and a reversible defect occurred in six. Two of the six patients with reversible perfusion defects had preoperative coronary angiography; both had significant coronary artery disease (one or more lesions ≥50%). Two patients (one of whom had a reversible perfusion defect) underwent preoperative coronary revascularizaton and tolerated subsequent vascular surgery well. All other patients received only medical therapy. None of the 47 patients undergoing vascular surgery had a postoperative cardiac event (unstable angina, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, or cardiac death). Of the 14 patients in whom vascular surgery was deferred or canceled, surgery was canceled for noncardiac reasons in seven. Six of these seven patients had a normal perfusion scan; none had a reversible perfusion defect or marked (≥2 mm) ST segment depression. No cardiac event occurred during a 3-month period after atrial pacing in any of these patients. Six of the remaining seven patients had reversible perfusion defects. Four of these six patients underwent cardiac catheterization; all had significant coronary artery disease. One patient with a reversible perfusion defect and another with a fixed defect died suddenly while awaiting coronary revascularization. We conclude that a normal thallium 201 scan outcome or a scan showing only a fixed perfusion defect during atrial pacing confirms low risk for postoperative cardiac events. Although medical treatment of patients with a reversible perfusion defect does not preclude a postoperative course free of cardiac events, cardiac catheterization and, if clinically indicated, coronary revascularization should be considered because of a high incidence of coronary artery disease in these patients. (J Vasc Surg 1989;10:385–91.)
Weak alpha and electron-capture decay in 208Po and 209Po

Abstract The weak alpha and electron-capture decay modes of 208Po and 209Po were investigated. Previously unobserved alpha groups were found at 4.22 MeV with 2.44 × 10−4% abundance in 208Po decay and at 4.11 and 4.31 MeV with 5.66 × 10−4% and 1.46 × 10−4% abundances, respectively, in 209Po decay. The 4.617 MeV alpha group in 209Po was measured explicitly and found to have 0.48% branching. Electron-capture branchings in 208Po and 209Po were measured as 1.81 × 10−3% and 0.263%, respectively. Predominant electron-capture feeding in 208Po populates a 921 keV level in 208Bi. The log ft value of this transition was determined to be 13.7 in agreement with its assignment as a second-forbidden transition (ΔI = 2, Δπ = NO). Gamma rays following electron-capture decay in 208Po were found at energies of 65, 291, 534, 565, 599 and 865 keV. Measurements of internal conversion coefficients or K to L + M shell conversion electron ratios on the 291, 534, 565 and 599 keV transition in 208Po or 263 and 900 keV transitions in 209Po show them to be pure M1 or mixed M1 + E2 transitions.
"Untangling" Alzheimer's Disease and Epilepsy

There is a substantial body of evidence that spontaneous recurrent seizures occur in a subset of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD), especially the familial forms that have an early onset. In transgenic mice that simulate these genetic forms of AD, seizures or reduced seizure threshold have also been reported. Mechanisms underlying the seizures or reduced seizure threshold in these mice are not yet clear and are likely to be complex, because the synthesis of amyloid β (Aβ) involves many peptides and proteases that influence excitability. Based on transgenic mouse models of AD where Aβ and its precursor are elevated, it has been suggested that seizures are caused by the downregulation of the Nav1.1 sodium channel in a subset of GABAergic interneurons, leading to a reduction in GABAergic inhibition. Another mechanism of hyperexcitability appears to involve tau, because deletion of tau reduces seizures in some of the same transgenic mouse models of AD. Therefore, altered excitability may be as much a chara...
Breastfeeding concerns at 3 and 7 days postpartum and feeding status at 2 months.

OBJECTIVE: We characterized breastfeeding concerns from open-text maternal responses and determined their association with stopping breastfeeding by 60 days (stopping breastfeeding) and feeding any formula between 30 and 60 days (formula use). METHODS: We assessed breastfeeding support, intentions, and concerns in 532 expectant primiparas and conducted follow-up interviews at 0, 3, 7, 14, 30, and 60 days postpartum. We calculated adjusted relative risk (ARR) and adjusted population attributable risk (PAR) for feeding outcomes by concern category and day, adjusted for feeding intentions and education. RESULTS: In 2946 interviews, 4179 breastfeeding concerns were reported, comprising 49 subcategories and 9 main categories. Ninety-two percent of participants reported ≥1 concern at day 3, with the most predominant being difficulty with infant feeding at breast (52%), breastfeeding pain (44%), and milk quantity (40%). Concerns at any postpartum interview were significantly associated with increased risk of stopping breastfeeding and formula use, with peak ARR at day 3 (eg, stopping breastfeeding ARR [95% confidence interval] = 9.2 [3.0–infinity]). The concerns yielding the largest adjusted PAR for stopping breastfeeding were day 7 “infant feeding difficulty” (adjusted PAR = 32%) and day 14 “milk quantity” (adjusted PAR = 23%). CONCLUSIONS: Breastfeeding concerns are highly prevalent and associated with stopping breastfeeding. Priority should be given to developing strategies for lowering the overall occurrence of breastfeeding concerns and resolving, in particular, infant feeding and milk quantity concerns occurring within the first 14 days postpartum. * Abbreviations: ARR — : adjusted relative risk CI — : confidence interval OR — : odds ratio PAR — : population attributable risk UCDMC — : University of California Davis Medical Center
Evaluation of educational software

Evaluation is an important component of developing educational software. Ideally, such evaluation quantifies and qualifies the effects of a new educational intervention on the learning process and outcomes. Conducting meaningful and rigorous educational evaluation is difficult, however. Challenges include defining and measuring educational outcomes, accounting for media effects, coping with practical problems in designing studies, and asking the right research questions. Practical considerations that make the design of evaluation studies difficult include confounding, potentially small effect sizes, contamination effects, and ethics. Two distinct approaches to evaluation are objectivist and subjectivist. These two complement each other in describing the whole range of effects a new educational program can have. Objectivist demonstration studies should be preceded by measurement studies that assess the reliability and validity of the evaluation instrument(s) used. Many evaluation studies compare the performance of learners who are exposed to either the new program or a more traditional approach. However, this method is problematic because test or exam performance is often a weak indicator of competence and may fail to capture important nuances in outcomes. Subjectivist studies are more qualitative in nature and may provide insights complementary to those gained with objectivist studies. Several published examples are used in this article to illustrate different evaluation methods. Readers are encouraged to contemplate a wide range of evaluation study designs and explore increasingly complex questions when evaluating educational software.
The role of posture in sound localization.

Studies of auditory localization revealed that where a subject hears a sound is dependent on both his perceived head position and the auditory cues at his ears. If an error is induced between his true and registered head posture, then errors in his auditory localizations of corresponding size and time course result. The presence of visual information prevents the development of postural errors and, consequently, prevents the development of errors in auditory localization, too. These observations are related to the oculogravic illusion and are interpreted as one aspect of the functioning of a spatial reference system involved in the maintenance of the constancies of auditory and visual detection.
Effects of Vegetable Juice Powder and Incubation Time on Cured Meat Properties of Frankfurter-Style Cooked Sausages and Ready-to-Eat Hams

Utilizing celery juice powder (with high natural nitrate content) and a nitrate-reducing culture (Staphylococcus carnosus) was found to be an effective replacement for sodium nitrite in the manufacturing of frankfurter-style sausages and ready-to-eat hams. Products manufactured with this process demonstrated typical cured meat properties. If the process is conducted appropriately, the quality of products produced in this fashion can be comparable to conventionally cured products, however, questions remain concerning the long-term microbiological properties of these products.
Zoonoses of Occupational Health Importance in Contemporary Laboratory Animal Research

In contemporary laboratory animal facilities, workplace exposure to zoonotic pathogens, agents transmitted to humans from vertebrate animals or their tissues, is an occupational hazard. The primary (e.g., macaques, pigs, dogs, rabbits, mice, and rats) and secondary species (e.g., sheep, goats, cats, ferrets, and pigeons) of animals commonly used in biomedical research, as classified by the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, are established or potential hosts for a large number of zoonotic agents. Diseases included in this review are principally those wherein a risk to biomedical facility personnel has been documented by published reports of human cases in laboratory animal research settings, or under reasonably similar circumstances. Diseases are listed alphabetically, and each section includes information about clinical disease, transmission, occurrence, and prevention in animal reservoir species and humans. Our goal is to provide a resource for veterinarians, health-care professionals, technical staff, and administrators that will assist in the design and on-going evaluation of institutional occupational health and safety programs.
Relation of Allergy to General Resistance in Streptococcic Infection

The relation of the phenomena included in the terms allergy (hypersensitiveness) and immunity (resistance) has considerable significance. How to interpret a positive skin test in respect to resistance and susceptibility not infrequently becomes a question of dispute. This question arises especially in tuberculosis and recently has become an important consideration in diseases probably of coccic origin. Allergy and resistance also have to be taken into account in a proper interpretation of the pathogenesis of different types of lesions in the same disease. This seems to be of special significance in tuberculosis, syphilis, acute rheumatic fever, nonspecific chronic arthritis and probably in many other infections.
Suppression of Frankliniella bispinosa (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) and the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, with pesticides during the bloom cycle and improved fruit set on Navel' orange in Florida

Four field experiments were conducted in two ‘Navel’ orange groves in southwest Florida between 1988-1990. Insecticides were applied alone, in combination with the fungicide benomyl, or benomyl was applied alone during ‘Navel’ orange flowering cycles between February and April. The duration and intensity of flowering differed each year. Population densities and peak activity of Frankliniella bispinosa (Morgan) differed by year and by site during the same year. Fifty-unit samples of small (5-9 mm), medium (10-13 mm), and large (≥14 mm) floral buds, open flowers, and fruitlets were evaluated to determine the optimal stage of floral development for sampling adults and larvae of F. bispinosa . All floral stages were infested but open flowers consistently had the highest numbers of both adults and larvae and were used to assess treatment differences in thrips populations after 1988. Results showed a positive relationship between population suppression of F. bispinosa during the flowering cycle and subsequent ‘Navel’ orange fruit set in late June or early July. Chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, and formetanate hydrochloride were effective in suppressing numbers of F. bispinosa , with activity lasting 3-7 dafter application. Two or more applications of benomyl resulted in fruit set increases each year in the four field experiments compared with fruit set increases in three of four experiments where insecticides only were applied. The fungal pathogen, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penzig, was identified previously as the causative organism for postbloom fruit drop disease on citrus. This study demonstrated that there are two potential factors ( F. bispinosa and C. gloeosporioides ) involved in reduced fruit set on ‘Navel’ orange during the flowering cycle in Florida.
Bubbling cell death: A hot air balloon released from the nucleus in the cold.

Cell death emanating from the nucleus is largely unknown. In our recent study, we determined that when temperature is lowered in the surrounding environment, apoptosis stops and bubbling cell death...
Calculating as-fired Coal Quantity for Double-inlet and Double-outlet Mill Based on Soft Sensing

Stability and accuracy of the calculating of as-fired coal quantity have great influence on the safe and economic operation of power plant unit.This paper proposed steady running condition of mill pulverizing system.And the soft sensing was combined with information fusion in constructing the soft sensing model of as-fired coal quantity.By this way,the accuracy and stability of the calculation of as-fired coal quantity was increased.The field running results prove that this method has excellent characteristics in terms of accuracy and stability.It has a better promotional and application value.
Diabetic Myopathy and Mechanisms of Disease

Humans build muscle mass over the first two decades of life; begin to lose muscle mass and strength between the third and fourth decades, and the decline accelerates during the sixth decade. Sarcopenia and dynapenia are age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and muscle strength, respectively.
CR-11PEDIATRIC ADAMANTINOMATOUS CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA CYST FLUID DEMONSTRATES A PRO-INFLAMMATORY MILIEU

CR-11. PEDIATRIC ADAMANTINOMATOUS CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA CYST FLUID DEMONSTRATES A PRO-INFLAMMATORY MILIEU Andrew Donson2, Andrea Griesinger2, Vladimir Amani2, Richard C.E. Anderson4, Toba N. Niazi3, Michael H. Handler1,2, Nicholas K. Foreman1,2, and Todd C. Hankinson1,2; Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Nicklaus Children’s Hospital, Miami, FL, USA; Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, New York, NY, USA BACKGROUND: The cyst component of pediatric adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP) often exerts substantial mass effect, grows unpredictably, and is poorly responsive to radiation therapy. Current cyst-directed therapies mandate surgical intervention. An improved understanding of the drivers of ACP cyst growth may allow for the identification of systemic therapies that can control cyst expansion and improve tumor control and/or our ability to safely undertake radical tumor resection. METHODS: Milliplex cytokine expression analysis was used to compare the cytokine milieu of ACP cyst (n 1⁄4 5) to another common cyst generating pediatric brain tumor, Juvenile Pilocytic Astrocytoma (JPA, n 1⁄4 5). The ratio of cytokine levels in the 2 tumor types was compared. RESULTS: Compared to JPA cysts, all ACP specimens showed a highly pro-inflammatory cytokine pattern. Among the cytokines with elevated expression level ratios in ACP, relative to JPA, were IL-6 (353.9, p 1⁄4 1.23x10); IL-8 (57.6, p 1⁄4 0.04); IL-10 (35.5, p 1⁄4 0.003); TNF-a (8.21, p 1⁄4 0.01); and IL-1b (3.65, p 1⁄4 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: ACP cyst fluid appears to be characterized by a highly pro-inflammatory cytokine expression pattern. Understanding the cellular source of these cytokines and the efficacy of selective cytokine blockade may represent an opportunity for therapeutic intervention. Neuro-Oncology 18:iii18–iii23, 2016. doi:10.1093/neuonc/now068.11 #The Author(s) 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Neuro-Oncology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
Ethnic and economic disparities effect on management of hyperparathyroidism.

Abstract Background Successful parathyroidectomy requires advanced surgeon experience. We aim to examine population characteristics at risk of being managed by low-volume surgeons. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed utilizing the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database, 2004 to 2009. The study population included adult inpatients who underwent parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism. Results A total of 3,503 discharge records were included. Men, Hispanics, and those with Medicaid/Medicare health coverage were more likely to be managed by low-volume surgeons ( P P P P P Conclusions Certain populations are at risk of management by low-volume surgeons based on their demographic and economic characteristics.
Sums of products of binomial coefficients mod 2 and run length transforms of sequences.

We look at some properties of functions of binomial coefficients mod 2. In particular, we derive a set of recurrence relations for sums of products of binomial coefficients mod 2 and show that they result in sequences that are the run length transforms of well known basic sequences. In particular, we show that the sequence $a(n) = \sum_{k=0}^{n} \left[\left(\begin{array}{c}n -k\\2k\end{array}\right) \left(\begin{array}{c}n\\k\end{array}\right) \mod 2\right]$ is the run length transform of the Fibonacci numbers, that the sequence $a(n)=\sum_{k=0}^{n}\left[\left(\begin{array}{c}n+k\\n-k\end{array}\right) \left(\begin{array}{c}n\\k\end{array}\right) \mod 2\right]$ is the run length transform of the positive integers, and that the sequence $a(n) = \sum_{k=0}^n \left[\left(\begin{array}{c}n-k\\6k\end{array}\right) \left(\begin{array}{c}n\\k\end{array}\right) \mod 2\right]$ is the run length transform of Narayana's cows sequence.
Heat spreader technology for silicon chip

After the introduction of the Pentium™ processor in 1993, the trend of the processor performance and power consumption have been increased significantly each year. Heat dissipation has been increased but in contrast the size of die on the processor has been reduced or kept the same due to nano-size circuit technology, thus making the heat flux critically high. The heat flux was about 10–15 W/cm2 in the year 2000 and had reached 100 W/cm2 in 2006. For effective cooling, the least temperature gradient between the heat source and radiating components is required. There is a limit to solve thermal issue only by heat-sink improvement in this case, because of size limitation. Minimizing thermal resistance of CPU package itself is required. Thermal interface between silicon die and heat spreader has changed from thermal grease to phase-change-material (i.e. PCM). Recently, some model use indium as thermal interface. Meanwhile heat spreader design doesn't change much. The best-known device for effective heat transfer or heat spreading with the lowest thermal resistance are heat pipe and vapor chambers, which are two-phase heat transfer devices with excellent heat spreading and heat transfer characteristics. In this paper, newly designed vapor chamber is proposed to spread heat from CPU to the heat sink. This newly proposed vapor chamber consists of micro channel wick structure instead of the traditional sintered powder wick. In traditional vapor chamber, often ballooning problem occurs. However in the case of micro channel vapor chamber this problem can be improved.
Resolution of activity scheduling conflicts: Reverse pairwise comparison of in-home and out-of-home activities

This paper proposes a new methodology for solving a pairwise comparison problem from a polychotomous classification. The proposed methodology reverses the pairwise coupling and employs the Bradley–Terry formulation for estimating pairwise comparison models. This methodology was implemented through relevant models in Agent-Based Dynamic Activity Planning and Scheduling (ADAPTS) and aims for solving pairwise activity conflicts. At one step of the framework, given the default algorithm, agents have to make a choice between in-home and out-of-home activities. At this time step, the reverse pairwise comparison models are called to investigate the agents’ resources and conditions for making the most probable decision about which activity to engage in. This work was conducted in conjunction with an earlier effort to incorporate in-home activities into ADAPTS, and the models proposed provide a behavioral decision-making process for this purpose.
Validation and calibration of structural models that combine information from multiple sources

Introduction: Mathematical models that attempt to capture structural relationships between their components and combine information from multiple sources are increasingly used in medicine.Areas cov...
Minimum lymph node yield in elective level I-III neck dissection.

Objectives/Hypothesis Unlike lymphadenectomy at other sites, there is no discrete lymph node count defining an adequate neck dissection. The purpose of this study was to determine the minimum lymph node yield (LNY) of an elective level I–III neck dissection required to reliably capture any positive nodes present in these nodal basins. Study Design Retrospective single-institution analysis. Methods All patients with the diagnosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma who underwent elective level I–III neck dissection between 2004 and 2015 at our institution were analyzed. Preoperatively, patients had no clinical or radiographic evidence of lymphadenopathy. Patients with unknown number of lymph nodes on pathology report were excluded. Age, gender, race, history of radiation, tumor subsite, stage, surgeon, LNY, and number of positive nodes were recorded; bilateral neck dissections were reported separately. Results One hundred eighteen level I–III neck dissections met criteria and were included in the study. Mean LNY was 21.15, and metastatic disease was present in 24.5% of cases, with 8.4% of cases being N2. The highest portion of positive lymph nodes was present in the group with 18 to 24 lymph nodes (36%), which was significantly higher than the group with <18 (14.89%) (P = .044). Conclusions Although there is no accepted minimum for LNY in level I–III neck dissection, at least 18 nodes may be considered an adequate LNY. Such a yield reliably allows for capture of occult disease within these nodal basins. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 127:2070–2073, 2017
Imaging Considerations and Challenges in Pediatrics

Cardiovascular MRI, CT, and 3D echocardiography may all be used to acquire source datasets for 3D printing. In pediatric patients with cardiac disease, each of these imaging modalities poses unique challenges that must be considered when choosing and performing an optimal study that extracts maximal clinical information with minimal risk. Use of each modality to create 3D cardiac datasets in children, including practical considerations, benefits, and limitations of each modality, is reviewed in detail, with an emphasis on maximizing patient safety.
How to Build a Non-Volatile Memory Database Management System

The difference in the performance characteristics of volatile (DRAM) and non-volatile storage devices (HDD/SSDs) influences the design of database management systems (DBMSs). The key assumption has always been that the latter is much slower than the former. This affects all aspects of a DBMS's runtime architecture. But the arrival of new non-volatile memory (NVM) storage that is almost as fast as DRAM with fine-grained read/writes invalidates these previous design choices. In this tutorial, we provide an outline on how to build a new DBMS given the changes to hardware landscape due to NVM. We survey recent developments in this area, and discuss the lessons learned from prior research on designing NVM database systems. We highlight a set of open research problems, and present ideas for solving some of them.
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide-Targeted Therapies for Migraine and Cluster Headache: A Review

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a signaling neuropeptide released from activated trigeminal sensory afferents in headache and facial pain disorders. There are a handful of CGRP-targeted therapies currently in phase 3 studies for migraine acute treatment or prevention. Currently, 4 monoclonal antibodies targeting either the CGRP ligand or receptor are being studied for migraine prevention: ALD403 (eptinezumab), AMG 334 (erenumab), LY2951742 (galcanezumab), and TEV-48125 (fremanezumab). Meanwhile, 1 small-molecule CGRP receptor antagonist (ubrogepant, MK-1602) is currently in phase 3 studies for the acute treatment of migraine. Two of these anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies are in clinical trials for cluster headache prevention as well. Several other small-molecular CGRP receptor antagonists are in earlier stages of development for acute migraine treatment or prevention. In this review, we will discuss the growing body of clinical trials studying CGRP-targeted therapies for migraine and cluster headache.
To Arrange or Not: Marriage Trends in the South Asian American Community

The idea of the arranged marriage has always seemed “exotic” yet has fascinated the American public. Recent media coverage of arranged marriages is evident in popular periodicals such as the New York Times Online (August 17, 2000) and Newsweek (March 15, 1999). Foner highlights that the arranged marriage is an example of “the continued impact of premigration cultural beliefs and social practices” that South Asian immigrants have transported to the United States (Foner 1997, 964). She offers an interpretive synthesis by showing that “[n]ew immigrant family patterns are shaped by cultural meanings and social practices that immigrants bring with them from their home countries as well as by social, economic, and cultural forces in the United States” (Foner 2005, 157).
Immune myopathies with perimysial pathology: Clinical and laboratory features.

Objective Immune myopathies with perimysial pathology (IMPP) have a combination of damage to perimysial connective tissue and muscle fiber necrosis, more prominent near the perimysium. We studied the clinical and laboratory correlates of patients with pathologically defined IMPP. Methods This is a retrospective chart and pathology review of 57 consecutive patients with IMPP myopathology and, for comparison, 20 patients with dermatomyositis with vascular pathology (DM-VP). Results Compared with DM-VP, IMPP patients more commonly had interstitial lung disease (ILD) ( p p p p p p p p p p p p Conclusions IMPP myopathology is associated with an increased risk of ILD, Raynaud phenomenon, mechanic9s hands, and inflammatory arthritis when compared with another immune myopathy (DM-VP). IMPP patients require regular screening for ILD, particularly those with antisynthetase antibodies. The absence of myositis-specific autoantibodies in a large percentage of IMPP patients emphasizes the important role for myopathology in identifying patients at higher risk of severe comorbid conditions such as ILD.
A Novel Finger Kinematic Tracking Method Based on Skin-Like Wearable Strain Sensors

Deficits in hand function are common in a majority of stroke survivors. Although hand performance can be routinely assessed during rehabilitation training, a lack of hand usage information during daily activities could prevent clinicians or therapists from making informative therapeutic decisions. In this paper, we demonstrated and validated the application of silver nanowire-based capacitive strain sensors for finger kinematic tracking. The fabricated strain sensors show high sensitivity (gauge factor close to one), low hysteresis, good linearity, large stretchability (150%), and skin-like mechanical property (Young’s modulus of 96 kPa). All these features allow the sensors to be conformally attached onto the skin to track finger joint movement with minimal interference to daily activities. Recordings of the skin deformation from the strain sensors and joint angles from reflective markers are highly correlated (>93%) for different joint oscillation speeds in a stroke survivor and a control subject, indicating the high accuracy of the strain sensors in joint motion tracking. With the wearable silver nanowire-based strain sensors, accurate hand utility information on the impaired hand of stroke survivors can be acquired in a continuous and unobtrusive manner.
Women’s Alcohol Use and Risk of Sexual Victimization: Implications for Prevention

Abstract Women’s heavy episodic drinking (HED) is a potent risk factor for sexual victimization, particularly for incapacitated rape and alcohol-related sexual assault. The relationship is strongest among college students and other young adult samples in which rates of HED are elevated. Owing to the strong prospective and acute associations between women’s HED and sexual assault risk, it is critical that prevention efforts acknowledge and address the important role of alcohol. For example, individual-focused interventions that reduce women’s HED may be an efficacious way of reducing risk of alcohol-related sexual assault. Interventions may also seek to make alcohol consumption safer, for example, through enlisting and empowering friends and bystanders to intervene when there is the potential for assault. Alternatively, given the positive association between drinking environment and community sexual assault rates, environmental interventions that restrict alcohol availability or otherwise reduce heavy drinking at the community level may also be an efficacious way of preventing sexual assault. Addressing women’s drinking in no way implies that women are to blame for their victimization; that responsibility lies solely with the perpetrator. However, if our goal is to prevent sexual victimization and its potentially devastating consequences, it is critical that we acknowledge and address heavy drinking as a major and modifiable risk factor.
CHARACTERIZATION OF FACTORS THAT IMPART SELECTIVITY TO RNA POLYMERASE II IN A RECONSTITUTED SYSTEM

ABSTRACT Fractionation of a HeLa cell extract reveals the presence of factors that do not copurify with RNA polymerase II but that are necessary for selective transcription in vitro . The transcription activity in the extract can be separated into a polymerase component, which binds to DEAE-cellulose, and a selectivity component, which flows through. The two components must be mixed to restore the ability to selectively transcribe the adenovirus 2 major late promoter. The selectivity component from the DEAE flow-through binds to and appears to elute as a single peak from phosphocellulose. Further purification of this selectivity factor shows that it is made up of at least two and more likely three separate components, all of which must be present to restore selectivity. The factors must be present simultaneously with RNA polymerase II in order for selective transcription to occur. Thus, RNA transcribed in the absence of selectivity factors is not processed into the selective product by subsequent addition of factor.
E-Commerce Corporations (ECCs) Internationalization: A Case Exploration: An Abstract

The growth of global e-commerce present significant opportunities for global expansion. Yet, it has not leveled the playing field between emerging markets e-commerce corporations (EM-ECCs) and advanced markets ECCs (AM-ECCs). While AM-ECCs have been expanding overseas with considerable success, EM-ECCs have been less disposed to internationalize and content to serve and defend their home turfs against foreign rivals wielding monopolistic advantages. Leveraging the Network, Ownership, Location and Internalization (N-OLI) framework, this paper examines the variables affecting the internationalization of AM-ECCs and EM-ECCs. We use an exploratory multiple case study approach to gain new insight into the internationalization of EM-ECCs while comparing it with the internationalization of AM-ECCs. This includes detailed analysis of two ECCs representing emerging markets and advanced markets. The findings suggest that AM ECCs, in comparison to EM ECCs, are endowed with favorable network-based advantages, firm-specific advantages, and institutional ownership advantages that make them more capable of pursuing internationalization aggressively. However, EM ECCs are induced to pursue regionally focused internationalization due, in large extent, to capital scarcity and ownership advantages emanating from knowledge of the home region.
"Much to repent and repair": Evelyn Waugh's Sword of Honour and Modern War Literature

Although Evelyn Waugh’s World War II trilogy Sword of Honour is often read for its distinctly Roman Catholic critique of the war, not enough attention has been paid to the central role that the sac...
Beyond exploratory: a tailored framework for designing and assessing qualitative health research.

The objective of this commentary is to develop a framework for assessing the rigour of qualitative approaches that identifies and distinguishes between the diverse objectives of qualitative health research, guided by a narrative review of the published literature on qualitative guidelines and standards from peer-reviewed journals and national funding organisations that support health services research, patient-centered outcomes research and other applied health research fields. In this framework, we identify and distinguish three objectives of qualitative studies in applied health research: exploratory, descriptive and comparative. For each objective, we propose methodological standards that may be used to assess and improve rigour across all study phases—from design to reporting. Similar to hierarchies of quality of evidence within quantitative studies, we argue that standards for qualitative rigour differ, appropriately, for studies with different objectives and should be evaluated as such. Distinguishing between different objectives of qualitative health research improves the ability to appreciate variation in qualitative studies and to develop appropriate evaluations of the rigour and success of qualitative studies in meeting their stated objectives. Researchers, funders and journal editors should consider how further developing and adopting the framework for assessing qualitative rigour outlined here may advance the rigour and potential impact of this important mode of inquiry.
Review of Problems with a Point: Exploring Math and Computer Science

Many readers will be familiar with the Computational Complexity blog, started in 2003 by Lance Fortnow and, since 2007, co-blogged by Bill Gasarch. Professor Gasarch is also the first author of Problems with a Point, which is based on 24 of Gasarch's Computational Complexity blog posts, most of them significantly expanded or reworked with contributions from co-author Clyde Kruskal. The book presents us with 24 stories, problems, or theorems ?with a point." Indeed, most chapters have an opening subsection with the pleasingly succinct title ?Point," in which the point of the chapter is summarized, implicitly justifying the selection of the corresponding blog post for inclusion in the book. The Computational Complexity blog is known for the surprisingly wide ambit of its topics (officially ?fun stuff in math and computer science"). This breadth is reflected in the book, which features chapters on a variety of topics, including: the usage of mathematical terms in mainstream publications; what makes a good math competition problem?; what makes a math problem interesting?; what constitutes an elegant proof?; discussion of natural (?sane") reductions; and some healthy lessons about when and how to apply mathematical skepticism and intuition. The accessibility of the selection is admirable: most chapters can be appreciated by a strong high school mathematician, while a few require elementary knowledge of complexity or computability theory.