cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urban Development Over Time in Large Areas in the U.S., 1950-2010

Growth in housing units over time in areas that change from rural to urban and are added to urban areas is examined using data for decades before and after that transition for 59 large urban areas in the United States. Mean housing unit density increases slowly long before areas become urban with the increases becoming greater at that time and then tapering off decades later. On average the greatest growth actually occurs in the decade after an area has been incorporated into the urban area. Summary measures of growth after areas become urban are used to examine relationships of growth over time to other urban area characteristics. After areas have become urban, growth is greater in those urban areas having larger increases in overall urban area size. Newly urban areas have grown faster on average in the West, while those in the Northeast have shown the least growth. Barriers to urban expansion including wetlands and having an arid climate also seem to encourage more rapid development. The combination of overall urban growth and barriers to development are used in simple models to make surprisingly good predictions of the growth of these areas over time.
Interdisciplinary Quality Improvement Led by the Molecular Pathology Laboratory Expedites Diagnosis of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia.

OBJECTIVES Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) requires emergent treatment while definitive laboratory results are pending. Following the death of a patient whose diagnosis was delayed, we sought to improve our institution's workflow by using the EPIDEM (Exploration, Promotion, Implementation, Documentation, Evaluation, Modification) quality improvement model. METHODS APL is confirmed by identifying translocation t(15;17)(q24;q21) PML-RARA by using either molecular or cytogenetic methods on peripheral blood or bone marrow specimens. We used the EPIDEM model to decrease the turnaround time (TAT) of molecular diagnosis by improving communication and developing reflex testing. We additionally compared 32 APL cases against a control group of 18 suspected APL cases. RESULTS Our review of 687 multiplex polymerase chain reaction orders and 33 PML-RARA orders (January 2012 to April 2021) showed an initial TAT decrease from 4.48 days to 2.71 days (P < .0001), which further decreased to 0.64 days (P < .0001) after implementation of the PML-RARA qualitative assay. Compared with patients suspected of having APL, patients with confirmed APL had higher dimerized plasmin fragment D (P = .0145), lower fibrinogen (P ≤ .0001), and lower WBC (P ≤ .0001). CONCLUSIONS By using the EPIDEM model, with its emphasis on local context, culture, and resources, improved communication and workflow changes enabled us to reduce the time needed to diagnose APL to 0.64 days and identify potential locally derived screening cutoffs.
Cities, Green Construction, and the Endangered Species Act

The geographic footprint of cities - the space they occupy - is relatively small in comparison to their ecological footprint measured in terms of impact on the sustainability of resources situated mostly outside of the urban realm. Ironically, the Endangered Species Act (ESA), though widely regarded as one of the most powerful environmental laws, has been and continues to be administered with respect to urbanized land masses primarily with the objective of managing their geographic footprints. This Article uses the example of "green construction" techniques to explore this disconnect between the macro-scale contribution of cities' ecological footprints to species endangerment and the micro-scale orientation of ESA law and policy toward cities' geographic footprints. The movement toward codifying standards for green construction is less concerned with geographic footprints than with ecological footprints, and widespread adoption of green construction codes thus could significantly improve the condition of imperiled species. So why is the ESA not being used to require or facilitate green construction techniques? I argue that one reason is the statute's harm-preventing focus, which does not fit well with the benefit-providing emphasis of green construction. Also, I argue that the ESA is ineffective at preventing harms that are the result of complex, large-scale, indirect causal mechanisms, which largely is the nature of cities' ecological footprints. Nevertheless, the Article identifies ways in which the ESA can be used directly and indirectly to support green construction and thereby help mitigate the ecological footprints of cities.
Evaluation of Resonant Column Test Devices

Resonant column tests were performed by six participants in a program designed to evaluate results from various devices. The participants were Drnevich, Hardin, Woods, Shannon & Wilson, Inc., the U.S. Army Engineer Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, and the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. Tests were performed on fine sand and clayey silt. Each participant was given more or less identical samples of material and specific instructions intended to keep the test conditions as near identical as possible. Differences in shear and compression moduli ranged from minus 19% to plus 32% of the average. These differences could be explained largely by differences in unit weight and specimen preparation techniques. No systematic differences were noted because of differences in apparatus used.
AC/RF Superconductivity

This contribution provides a brief introduction to AC/RF superconductivity, with an emphasis on application to accelerators. The topics covered include the surface impedance of normal conductors and superconductors, the residual resistance, the field dependence of the surface resistance, and the superheating field.
Using the Roy Adaptation Model to Guide Research and/or Practice: Construction of Conceptual-Theoretical-Empirical Systems of Knowledge

This paper presents an explanation of a three-step process for the use of a conceptual model to guide nursing research and/or practice. Step 1 involves learning the content of the conceptual model and its research and practice guidelines. Step 2 requires a review of literature about the use of the model as a basis for research or practice. Step 3 focuses on construction and communication of a conceptual-theoretical-empirical structure for diverse research topics and practice situations. Emphasis is placed on application of the process to one conceptual model of nursing: the Roy Adaptation Model.
A lime kiln drive from DC to AC

The conversion of a lime kiln drive from analog DC to digital AC is examined in detail. The existing two-motor DC drive system suffered from old age and had a history of insufficient starting torque and extreme torque imbalance. The imbalance prematurely wore out the kiln ring gear, which required replacement. Alternatives such as DC drive retrofits, digital DC drives and hydraulic drives were higher in installed cost and required more maintenance. The AC drive was lowest in installed cost and offered tremendous advantages in simplicity, reliability, performance and the lowest maintenance. The new two-motor AC drive system was installed and tested before the original drive was taken out of service. Torque sharing between drives is coordinated through a dedicated communication link. The benefits of the conversion were impressive. Starting torque was increased, eliminating stall conditions, and enabling emergency single drive starts. Torque balance induced mechanical wear was eliminated. The speed control precision increased noticeably and maintenance was virtually eliminated. The DC drive to AC drive conversion outlined in this case study achieved excellent results in a cost-effective manner.
Does endogenous norepinephrine regulate potassium homeostasis and metabolism in rat cerebral cortex

The role of endogenous cerebral norepinephrine (NE) as a modulator of transmembrane cation transport and energy metabolism was evaluated by monitoring extracellular potassium ion activity ([K+]o) in vivo and by measuring cortical Na+,K+-ATPase activity and oxygen consumption in vitro, Ipsilateral cortical NE was depleted by unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions of the locus ceruleus (LC). The contralateral cortex was used for control measurements. NE depletion had no effect on resting levels of cortical [K+]o or on the rate of K+ removal from the extracellular space following direct cortical stimulation. There was also no effect of NE depletion on Na+,K+-ATPase activity in cortical homogenates nor on oxygen consumption of cortical slices over a wide range of K+ concentrations. These results indicate that central NE depletion does not influence movements of cortical K+ either directly through an influence on Na+,K+-ATPase activity or indirectly through effects on oxidative metabolism. It is probabl...
A theoretical investigation of laser-sustained plasma thruster

A numerical code has been successfully developed for the investigation of thruster performance using a laser-sustained hydrogen plasma as the propellant. The plasma was sustained using a 10.6-micron CO2 laser beam focused at different positions within the thruster. The physical model assumed that plasma is in thermodynamical equilibrium (LTE), and geometric ray tracing was adopted to describe the laser beam. The steady-state, axisymmetric, Navier-Stokes equations coupled with the laser power absorption process have been solved numerically. A pressure based Navier-Stokes numerical solver using body-fitted coordinates was used to calculate the laser-supported rocket flow which includes both subsonic and supersonic flow regions. From the limited parametric study, which did not try to optimize the rocket performance, it was found that better performance was obtained when the laser beam was focused closer to the rocket throat.
Substituent effects in Nd2Fe14B-based alloys interpreted on a crystal field model

Abstract The substitution of iron in Nd2Fe14B by various elements leads to a change in spin reorientation temperature Tsr. The changes in Tsr observed experimentally bear no direct relationship to the anisotropy of the transition metal sublattices, as one might superficially have expected. This suggests that crystal field effects are the primary cause of the changes in Tsr. The effects observed are accounted for using a hamiltonian of the form H = B 2 0 O 2 0 + B 4 0 O 4 0 + 2(g − 1)μ B ¦H exch ¦ It is shown that the substituent dependence of Tsr can be explained by crystal field theory, using a single-ion model. Specifically, changes in Tsr can be related to changes in ¦Hexch¦ and hence related to the magnetic moment of the transition metal sublattices.
Real-time Ground Data Processing for the Airborne Scanning High-Resolution Interferometer Sounder

For the Hurricane and Severe Storm Sentinel (HS3) field experiment, the Scanning High-resolution Interferometer Sounder (S-HIS) now includes a ground segment delivering atmospheric profiles within 1 minute of observation from Global Hawk drone aircraft.
Molecular basis of cyclin-CDK-CKI regulation by reversible binding of an inositol pyrophosphate.

When Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells are starved of inorganic phosphate, the Pho80-Pho85 cyclin–cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) is inactivated by the Pho81 CDK inhibitor (CKI). The regulation of Pho80-Pho85 is distinct from previously characterized mechanisms of CDK regulation: the Pho81 CKI is constitutively associated with Pho80-Pho85, and a small-molecule ligand, inositol heptakisphosphate (IP7), is required for kinase inactivation. We investigated the molecular basis of the IP7- and Pho81-dependent Pho80-Pho85 inactivation using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, enzyme kinetics and fluorescence spectroscopy. We found that IP7 interacts noncovalently with Pho80-Pho85-Pho81 and induces additional interactions between Pho81 and Pho80-Pho85 that prevent substrates from accessing the kinase active site. Using synthetic peptides corresponding to Pho81, we define regions of Pho81 responsible for constitutive Pho80-Pho85 binding and IP7-regulated interaction and inhibition. These findings expand our understanding of the mechanisms of cyclin-CDK regulation and of the biochemical mechanisms of IP7 action.
HIV-1 p55Gag Encoded in the Lysosome-associated Membrane Protein-1 as a DNA Plasmid Vaccine Chimera Is Highly Expressed, Traffics to the Major Histocompatibility Class II Compartment, and Elicits Enhanced Immune Responses

Several genetic vaccines encoding antigen chimeras containing the lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP) translocon, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic domain sequences have elicited strong mouse antigen-specific immune responses. The increased immune response is attributed to trafficking of the antigen chimera to the major histocompatibility class II (MHC II) compartment where LAMP is colocalized with MHC II. In this report, we describe a new form of an HIV-1 p55gag DNA vaccine, with the gag sequence incorporated into the complete LAMP cDNA sequence. Gag encoded with the translocon, transmembrane and cytoplasmic lysosomal membrane targeting sequences of LAMP, without the luminal domain, was poorly expressed, did not traffic to lysosomes or MHC II compartments of transfected cells, and elicited a limited immune response from DNA immunized mice. In contrast, addition of the LAMP luminal domain sequence to the construct resulted in a high level of expression of the LAMP/Gag protein chimera in transfected cells that was further increased by including the inverted terminal repeat sequences of the adeno-associated virus to the plasmid vector. This LAMP/Gag chimera with the complete LAMP protein colocalized with endogenous MHC II of transfected cells and elicited strong cellular and humoral immune responses of immunized mice as compared with the response to DNA-encoding native Gag, with a 10-fold increase in CD4+ responses, a 4- to 5-fold increase in CD8+ T-cell responses, and antibody titers of >100,000. These results reveal novel roles of the LAMP luminal domain as a determinant of Gag protein expression, lysosomal trafficking, and possibly of the immune response to Gag.
An expanded nomenclature scheme for labeling peptide fragmentations and its use with ‘AMASS’, a computer program for generating all possible fragment ion structures from known precursors

A nomenclature scheme for exhaustively labeling peptide fragment ions is proposed. The scheme is based on IUPAC nomenclature and the previously proposed Roepstorff nomenclature scheme used to label fragment ions in linear peptides. The descriptor used is specifically defined in order to increase the number of peptide and side chain linkages to which the nomenclature scheme can be applied compared with the Roepstorff scheme. The proposed descriptor can be used unambiguously to assign all possible fragments from linear, cyclized, branched, extended (i.e. beta-amino acids) and retro inverso peptides. A significant advantage of the proposed scheme is its simple interface with the currently accepted Roepstorff scheme. This nomenclature scheme is able to label all theoretical fragments generated by the computer program 'AMASS'. AMASS is proposed as a means of systematically calculating the mass of all possible fragment ions from known precursor structures. The program can help determine whether a peptide fragment was derived from an internal sequence fragment or a combination of side chain and backbone cleavages. The program AMASS and the proposed nomenclature scheme are used to illustrate a procedure for identifying fragment ions in the metastable product ion spectrum of somatostatin-14. We envisage that this procedure will be useful for identifying fragment ions which are characteristic of particular structural arrangements in dicyclic and polycyclic peptides.
Basement membrane confinement of epithelial tumor islands in benign and malignant ameloblastomas

The extent of basement membrane confinement among 5 cases of ameloblastoma and a malignant counterpart were studied by immunohistochemistry. For these studies, antibodies to 2 basement membrane components, Type IV collagen and laminin, were studied by immunohistochemistry. Our results show that the tumor islands of ameloblastomas are circumferentially delineated by a linear staining to both antibasement membrane antibodies, and that these findings were consistent for all of the patterns of ameloblastoma investigated. These data suggest that ameloblastomas spread into tissue spaces by expanding their compartmental volumes rather than by secreting proteinases that disrupt their basement membranes compartmental barriers. In contrast, the single case of malignant ameloblastoma investigated was not delineated by circumferential linear basement membrane components. However, this tumor and all of its metastases did contain numerous focal areas of Type IV collagen and laminin immunoreactive materials. Collectively, these studies indicate that the use of specific antibodies to basement membrane components may help to differentiate ameloblastomas from malignant lesions.
Where is the allergic reaction in ragweed asthma

Abstract As ragweed pollen grains are 20 μ in diameter and too large to penetrate into the bronchi, it is conceivable that an allergic reaction in the nose might cause asthma through reflex or other mechanisms. Eight patients with ragweed asthma were challenged by direct application to the nasal mucosa of solutions of increasing concentrations of histamine and, on another day, of increasing amounts of dry ragweed pollen. One to 20 mg. of histamine was required to produce sneezing, rhinorrhea, and nasal stuffiness, but a drop in FEV 1 was not observed in any subject. Pollen grains applied directly to the nasal mucosa provoked severe hay fever, but doses up to 1,500 grains did not cause a drop in FEV 1 . On the other hand, inhalation of 100 to 500 grains through the mouth on a different day did provoke coughing and a 20 per cent drop in FEV 1 . Up to 5,000 grains placed on the posterior third of the tongue provoked drop in FEV 1 in 2 of the 8 patients. We conclude that ragweed asthma is not initiated by an allergic reaction in the nose. If obstruction of small airways arises through reflex mechanisms, the sensory arc of this reflex originates below the oropharynx.
Superspreading of Trisiloxane Surfactant Mixtures on Hydrophobic Surfaces 2. Interaction and Spreading of Aqueous Trisiloxane Surfactant−N-Alkyl-Pyrrolidinone Mixtures in Contact with Polyethylene

On the basis of the results of interfacial adsorptions of an ethoxylated trsiloxane(L77) and its mixtures with various N-alkyl-pyrrolidinones, the changes in interfacial pressure at the air/aqueous solution, polyethylene/aqueous solution, and air/polyethylene interfaces caused by the surfactant mixture solutions have been evaluated by use of the Gibbs equation. At the air/aqueous solution interface, the change in the surface tension, (ΔγLA), is always positive, indicating that there is no effect that could enhance spreading at this interface upon the addition of N-alkyl-pyrrolidinones to the trisiloxane surfactant solution. At the polyethylene/aqueous solution interface, the change in interfacial pressure, (ΔπSL), can be positive when N-alkyl-pyrrolidinones are mixed at a certain ratio, indicating that the mixtures can show a spreading enhancement effect at this interface. Compared with the changes at the air/aqueous solution interface and the polyethylene/aqueous solution interface, the change in interfa...
That He Might Fill All Things: Creation and Christology in Two Treatises by Nicholas of Cusa

Abstract: Theology in modernity is especially assisted by elements of Christian tradition which work to reunify, after Louis Dupre's formula, the lost synthesis of self, world and God. This article examines the tradition of Christ's immanence in creation, as seen in two short treatises by Nicholas of Cusa from 1445–46. Read together, these treatises illumine Cusa's ‘pan-Christic ontology’. The first describes the prospect of ‘filiation’, the intellect's virtual participation in the Word's sovereignty over created being; the second explains how all beings are lesser theophanies participating in the theophany of God which is the body of Jesus.
Content and Activity of cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein Regulate Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor-α Content in Vascular Smooth Muscles

Experiments in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) indicate that the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), the cyclic nucleotide response element-binding protein, suppresses expression of the platelet-derived growth factor-alpha receptor gene (PDGFRalpha). Adenovirus-mediated expression of constitutively active CREB mutants decreases PDGFRalpha mRNA, PDGFRalpha protein, and PDGFRalpha promoter-luciferase reporter activity in cultured SMCs. Expression of dominant negative CREB protein, A-CREB, increases PDGFRalpha protein content and the PDGFRalpha-promoter activity in SMCs. Active CREB prevents activation of PDGFRalpha promoter-luciferase reporter activity by CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-delta (C/EBPdelta), shown to mediate IL-1beta stimulation of PDGFRalpha expression. Exposure of cultured SMCs to high glucose or reactive oxidant stress, which decrease CREB protein content and activity, increases PDGFRalpha protein content and promoter activity. Expression of active CREB blunts reactive oxidant stress-induced PDGFRalpha accumulation in SMCs. Loss of CREB protein in aortic walls of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes is accompanied by an increase in PDGFRalpha content. In Ob/Ob mice (which demonstrate reduced aortic wall CREB content vs. Ob/- controls), treatment with the peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor gamma rosiglitazone increases CREB content and decreases PDGFRalpha content in the aortic wall. Thus, both in vitro and in vivo loss of CREB content and activity and subsequent accumulation of PDGFRalpha may contribute to SMC activation during diabetes.
Determinants of newly detected human papillomavirus infection in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected injection drug using women.

Epidemiologic studies have confirmed that high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the central cause of invasive cervical cancer. HPV is an extremely common sexually transmitted infection worldwide. One recent study estimated the overall HPV prevalence to be 26.8% among females aged 14 to 59 years in the United States.1 The total direct medical costs of HPV in the United States, $2.9 billion annually, are comparable to those for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), $3.0 billion annually, among individuals aged 15 to 24 years.2 Risk factors for HPV infection include increased number of sexual partners, immune suppression, smoking, and possibly hormonal contraceptives use.3,4 Injection drug users, especially women, have high rates of sexually transmitted infections, such as herpes simplex 2 and syphilis.5 In a recent study among injection drug using women, the primary predictor of incident HPV infection was HIV infection.6 HPV prevalence and incidence is 2- to 4-times higher among women with HIV infection.7 Few other determinants of newly detected HPV in this population have been reported and these may vary by HIV serostatus. The objective of this analysis was to explore the potential determinants of newly detected HPV infection among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected injection drug using women enrolled in a prospective cohort study conducted in Baltimore, MD.
Somatomedin stimulation of sulfate incorporation in porcine costal cartilage discs.

Uniform discs punched from slices of porcine costal cartilage were used to measure somatomedin stimulation of sulfate incorporation under various experimental conditions. Basal incorporation of sulfate was relatively constant in discs from different locations along a cartilage segment and stimulation (40% normal serum compared to buffer) was comparable in discs from different positions within the cartilage slices. A simple Tris-amino acid buffer allowed greater stimulation than the more highly supplemented Ham's F-10 or Dulbecco Eagle's buffers. Porcine cartilage from younger animals was more sensitive to serum stimulation (fetal > 6–9 months old > mature). Increased disc weight was significantly correlated with decreased serum stimulation using cartilage from marketable animals (6–9 months old). A maximum dry weight of 1.8 mg/disc (1 × 2.5 mm) allowed consistently good somatomedin assays. Incorporation of sulfate by discs obtained from 6–9-month-old pigs fell with increasing incubation time. The fall was...
Studies of the in vitro oxidation of 1-methyl-4-(1-methylpyrrol-2-YL)-4-piperidinol and its dehydration product 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-1-methyl-4-(methylpyrrol-2-YL) pyridine by human monoamine oxidases A and B

Abstract The ability of highly purified preparations of human monoamine oxidase A and B (MAO A and B) to utilize 1-methyl-4-(1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)-4-piperidinol (MMPP) and its dehydration product 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-1-methyl-4-(methylpyrrol-2-yl) pyridine (TMMP) as substrates was investigated. The results showed that TMMP was a substrate for both forms of MAO with K m,app values of approximately 60 μM. However, MAO B had a V max,app for TMMP about 30-fold greater than MAO A. Additional studies revealed that MMPP was a poor substrate of only MAO B (K m,app = 9.5 mM) and that acid treatment of MMPP led to the formation of a product that could be readily oxidized by both MAO A and B. Similar acid pretreatment of TMMP yielded a product that was a much poorer substrate for MAO B than the parent compound. These results may partially explain why orally administered MMPP produces neurotoxicity in monkeys and TMMP fails to induce chemical parkinsonism.
Diversity or homogeny: concentration of ownership and media diversity in Pakistan

Using democratic participant theory as a framework to explain media performance, this article examines the implications of ownership concentration and diversity on democracy and analyzes the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority's (PEMRA) endeavors to implement the principle of diversity as espoused in its mandate. It finds that though PEMRA accelerated the growth of electronic media in Pakistan, it failed to promote local and diverse media as PEMRA policies supported diagonal integration and lead to concentration of ownership. PEMRA was also criticized for suppressing independent media when it was brought under the control of Ministry of Information in 2007. The study concludes that regulatory mechanisms in developing countries like Pakistan are still a tool in the hands of the government to control media, and development of a participatory and diverse media is a normative ideal not yet translated into reality.
Accounting for job quality in women's and men's commute time to work: An update to the "household responsibility" thesis

Abstract Women often face trade-offs in fulfilling both employment and household responsibilities. One indicator of this is commute time, a compromise between the stresses of longer work journeys and potentially expanded job options. Women spend less time commuting than men and thus may have fewer work opportunities. While prior research finds a link between commute time and women's disproportionate household responsibilities, it does not examine in detail the potential role of job quality. Using employee data from the 2008 National Study of the Changing Workforce, this study examines how fringe benefits, scheduling flexibility, wages, and full-time hours relate to commute time and mediate relationships between sex, household responsibilities, and commute time. This study finds that for women, orientation toward traditional gender roles is associated with shorter commute times, though access to benefits is related to longer commutes. The association between wages and commute time is similar between women ...
An analytic model for locating facilities strategically

This paper presents a strategic solution to the facility location problem which incorporates both external and internal criteria in the decision-making process. The external components of the model are customers and their wants, competitors, and the characteristics of various locations. The internal components of the model are the critical processes in the manufacturing organization. The framework presented uses quality function deployment (QFD), analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and analytic network process (ANP). QFD matrices with interconnected rows and columns relate market segments, competitive priorities, critical processes, location attributes and various locations. AHP determines the intensity of the relationship between the row and column variables of each matrix. Finally, ANP determines the intensity of synergistic effects among column variables. The model fine-tunes and adds precision to an otherwise qualitative strategic decision process. The applicability of our proposed model is demonstrated with a case study that summarizes an intervention in which the model's framework and basic concepts were applied.
D2 dopamine receptor activation inhibits basal and forskolin-evoked acetylcholine release from dissociated striatal cholinergic interneurons

We tested whether D2 ligands inhibit basal and forskolin-stimulated [3H]ACh release from dissociated striata, as opposed to striatal slices. Quinpirole inhibited both basal (40% maximal inhibition; IC50 approximately 50 nM) and 10 microM forskolin-stimulated release (80% inhibition; IC50 approximately 25 nM quinpirole) and both actions were blocked by a D2 antagonist. Vesamicol prevented the quinpirole and forskolin actions. The ability of D2 agonists to inhibit basal and cyclase-stimulated acetylcholine release emanating from vesamicol-sensitive vesicles appears to be tonically suppressed by inhibitory elements within striatal circuitry.
Comment Concerning Phillip Hasellis Presentation, "Continuing Role Of Aircraft In Earth Observation Projects,"

While Mr. Hasell's argument that optimal earth resource inventory and monitoring systems will necessarily require data from several sources is a sound one, a comment on the use of the phrase "multistage approach" is perhaps in order. The basic problem is to differentiate between two real and significantly different, though complementary, approaches to quantity estimation. The first method involves the use of several levels of information--satellite imagery, low and high resolution aircraft data in resource areal extent classification inventories calibrated to known ground data models. The second estimation technique ultilizes all data levels in an integrated, randomized sample design. The former approach is that described by Mr. Hasell while the latter embodies sample plans such as introduced in William G. Cochran's Sampling Techniques (Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.).© (1974) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Role of hydroxyl radical scavengers dimethyl sulfoxide, alcohols and methional in the inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis.

Abstract Prostaglandin biosynthesis from eicosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid in microsomes from bovine seminal vesicles is inhibited by relatively high concentrations of hydroxyl radical scavengers: dimethyl sulfoxide, n - and t -butanol, and methional. Methional is a more effective scavenger than t -butanol and dimethyl sulfoxide, two compounds which are more miscible with water than methional. The synthesis of both PGE and PGF is inhibited with incubation systems that promote PGE formation and with incubation systems that promote PGF formation. Furthermore, dimethyl sulfoxide and methional inhibit arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation, a reaction involving endoperoxide biosynthesis. The wate rsoluble alcohol, ethanol, stimulates PGF biosynthesis when it is added in the same concentration range as t -butanol. Thus hydroxyl radical scavengers inhibit biosynthesis when their effective concentrations are high and stimulate biosynthesis when their effective concentrations are low. The results of this study and other studies where low concentrations of hydroxyl radical scavengers stimulate both prostaglandin biosynthesis and lipid peroxidation are consistent with a mechanism involving the hydroxyl radical both in the generation of singlet oxygen and the elimination of hydrogen peroxide.
Normal sizes of internal jugular veins in children/adolescents aged birth to 18 years at rest and during the Valsalva maneuver

a b s t r a c t Objectives: We aimed to establish normal ultrasonographic (US) values of internal jugular vein (IJV) sizes in children/adolescents aged birth to 18 years and to determine the correlation of US measurements with age, height, weight and body surface area (BSA) of children in different age groups. Methods: Two hundred and thirty-six healthy children (0-18 years) were divided into four groups according to their age (0-2, 3-6, 7-12, and 13-18 years). US measurements (transverse, anteroposte- rior diameter, and cross-sectional area at rest and during the Valsalva maneuver) of bilateral IJVs were taken at the level of cricoid cartilage. Results: Our study gives information about the reference values in children between birth to 18 years of age. There were significant differences between measurements taken at rest and during the Valsalva maneuver in all age groups. Moderate to strong correlations (clinically significant) between age, height and BSA of the subjects and IJV measurements were detected only in the 0-2 years age group. The strength of the correlations decreased with increasing age. Pearson's correlation revealed that height had the strongest and weight had the weakest correlation with US measurements. 'Height' was an independent variable on the right, and 'age' on the left side, except for rest CSA, when a regression analysis was performed for clinically significant correlations. Conclusions: Determination of normal reference values for US measurements of the IJV and knowledge of correlation with age, height, weight and BSA might be valuable during interventional procedures and for the diagnosis of phlebectasia in children/adolescents.
The development and persistence of phanerozoites in experimental infections of Plasmodium sasai

Abstract Phanerozoites of Plasmodium sasai parasitised virtually all tissues of Takydromus tachydromoides infected by inoculation of blood, and persisted until each lizard died, 2–296 days postinoculation. At 4 days postinoculation, phanerozoites were larger than at 2 and 6 days; many were observed rupturing, suggesting a maturation time of approximately 4 days. The proliferation of phanerozoites decreased after 2 months postinoculation, but small phanerozoites were still present at 296 days. A few encysted phanerozoites (chronozoites) appeared at 2 days postinoculation, but from 75 days comprised over half of parasites present in most tissues. Some differences in mean size and shape were evident among various organs. Phanerozoites occurred in connective tissue and endothelium in all organs, but were most plentiful in the heart in every infection, often occurring in clusters of >30 schizonts, with up to 105 found in single sections at 4 days. Phanerozoites did not parasitise reticular cells of the spleen and bone marrow, in contrast to Plasmodium mexicanum as described in unnatural host species. Little difference was seen between two strains of P. sasai in its natural host T. tachydromoides and a strain isolated from Takydromus smaragdinus .
Surgical Stress-Induced Immune Cell Redistribution Profiles Predict Short-Term and Long-Term Postsurgical Recovery: A Prospective Study

Background: The experience of undergoing surgery is known to induce a short-term, fight-or-flight physiological stress response. As an optimum immune response at the site of surgery would enhance tissue repair, we examined surgical stress-induced immune cell redistribution profiles as predictors, and potential mediators, of short and long-term postoperative recovery. We tested the a priori hypothesis that predefined adaptive immune cell redistribution profiles observed during surgery will predict enhanced postoperative recovery. Methods: This prospective longitudinal study involved fifty-seven patients undergoing meniscectomy. Knee function was assessed preoperatively and at one, three, eight, sixteen, twenty-four, and forty-eight weeks postoperatively with use of the clinically validated Lysholm scale, which assesses mechanical function, pain, mobility, and the ability to perform daily activities. Surgery-induced immune cell redistribution was measured in the blood at baseline, before surgery, and after surgery. Results: Mixed-model repeated-measures analyses revealed a main effect of immune cell redistribution: patients who showed the predefined “adaptive” lymphocyte and monocyte redistribution profiles during surgery showed enhanced recovery. Interesting differences were also observed between the sexes: women as a group showed less adaptive redistribution and correspondingly showed significantly delayed maximum recovery, requiring forty-eight weeks, compared with men, who required only sixteen weeks. Inter-individual differences in leukocyte redistribution predicted the rate of recovery across both sexes. Conclusions: Immune cell redistribution that is induced by the stress of undergoing surgery can predict (and may partially mediate) postoperative healing and recovery. These findings may provide the basis for identifying patients (either prospectively or during surgery) who are likely to show good as opposed to poor recovery following surgery and for designing interventions that would maximize protective immune responses and enhance the rate and extent of recovery. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level I. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The relevance of body motion cues to both functional and dysfunctional communicative behavior.

Abstract This study assessed the extent to which a speaker's visible, spontaneous body movements can contribute to the speech process. An experiment was conducted where subjects responded to videotaped verbal stimuli in one of three conditions (audiovisual, audiovisual without lip and facial cues, and audio alone) over four signal-to-noise ratios. The results indicated that: (1) visual cues can at times significantly improve comprehension scores, even with lip-facial cues not present; (2) visual cues significantly retard decay of comprehension as noise is increasingly introduced; (3) visual cues assist the comprehension of certain types of verbal segments, regardless of the informational content expressed in those types of segments. A model of the bimodal aspect of the speech process is developed which illustrates both the cognitive and message-content dimensions. Possible future applications and research objectives are discussed in terms of normal and dysfunctional communicative behavior.
Simultaneous assay of pentachlorophenol and its metabolite, tetrachlorohydroquinone, by gas chromatography without derivatization.

Abstract A sensitive capillary gas chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of pentachlorophenol and its major metabolite, tetrachlorohydroquinone, in plasma, urine and feces. The method involved a simple one-step liquid-liquid extraction with diethyl ether and electron-capture detection gas chromatography on a fused-silica capillary column coated with 50% methylsilicone-50% trifluoropropylsilicone. The detection limit of both compounds was 50 ng/ml in plasma (from an initial volume of 0.1 ml), 100 ng/ml in urine and 100 ng/g in feces. Optimal conditions for both chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis were defined to measure conjugates of both pentachlorophenol and tetrachlorohydroquinone in urine. Tetrachlorohydroquinone was found to be unstable in plasma and urine; means to prevent its degradation during sample collection and storage by addition of ascorbic acid and ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid are presented. This chromatographic method was shown to be precise, accurate and specific. It was successfully applied to toxicokinetic studies in rat.
Secondary production of Ampelisca mississippiana Soliman and Wicksten 2007 (Amphipoda, Crustacea) in the head of the Mississippi Canyon, northern Gulf of Mexico

Abstract Annual production was calculated for the dominant ampeliscid amphipod Ampelisca mississippiana [Soliman, Y., Wicksten, M., 2007. Ampelisca mississippiana a new species (Amphipoda: Gammaredea) dominated the head of the Mississippi Canyon (Northern Gulf of Mexico). Zootaxa, submitted] at the head of the Mississippi Canyon in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Average densities were 12,094±2499 ind m−2, with secondary production of 6.93 g dry wt m−2 yr−1, based on the “size-frequency method” [Hynes-Hamilton, H.B.N., Coleman, M., 1968. A simple method for assessing the annual production of stream benthos. Limnology and Oceanography 13, 569–573; Menzies, C.A., 1980. A note on the Hynes-Hamilton method of estimating secondary production. Limnology and Oceanography 25(4), 770–773], with a production/biomass (P/B) ratio of 3.11. Growth rates of this magnitude are comparable to available data for freshwater and shallow marine ampeliscids, but are unexpectedly high for deep-ocean habitats. Growth efficiency appeared to be approximately 35% (Growth/Assimilation×100).
An Investigation of Bremsstrahlung by Means of the Nuclear Isomerism of Indium

The metastable state of ${\mathrm{In}}^{115}$ has been used as a detector of a narrow energy band in the continuous x-ray spectrum produced by a monoenergetic electron beam on gold targets. The thin target x-ray isochromat ($h\ensuremath{\nu}=1.04$ Mev) has been investigated in the neighborhood of the short wave-length limit. This isochromat is finite at the threshold and constant for at least 400 kev. This in agreement with Guth's theory and verifies the assumption that the excitation of ${\mathrm{In}}^{115*}$ is a line absorption. Both the thin target and thick target x-ray excitation curves for ${\mathrm{In}}^{115}$ have been obtained in the region from 1.0 to 2.6 Mev. The thin target curve exhibits a step-like character from 1.0 to 1.9 Mev. The thick target curve below 2.0 Mev exhibits straight line segments as expected from the thin target curve, but above 2.0 Mev there are no straight line segments, in good agreement with the thin target data and theory. Activation levels have been found at 1.04\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 Mev and at 1.42\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 Mev. The over-all cross section (per electron incident on a 34 mg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ gold target) is ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}34}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ in the region of the threshold. Evidence is presented for the existence of a lower activation level between 0.8 and 0.9 Mev with an over-all cross section (for a similar target) of the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}36}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$.
Excitation functions for the reactions induced by alpha-particle impact of natural titanium

Abstract Stacked targets of natural titanium were impacted with α-particles in the energy range from 4.7 to 26.4 MeV. The excitation functions of the reactions Ti(α, x ) 51 Cr and Ti(α, x ) 48 Cr were measured. The experimental results were compared with some published results and the results of theoretical calculation using the exciton model. The total error of measured cross sections is less than 6%.
High Schmidt mass transfer in a turbulent impinging slot–jet flow

Abstract High Schmidt number mass transfer to a line electrode in turbulent impinging slot–jet flows is investigated. Slot-based Reynolds numbers from 13 000 to 40 000 are considered. The mass transfer measurements, made by the electrochemical method on 100-micron electrodes, are compared to the computed wall shear via an established analytical relationship. The local shear is estimated from two-dimensional flow-field simulations of the Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations. The k– ω turbulence model [1] was used to calculate the turbulent eddy viscosity, νt. The present measurements resolve the sharp variations in mass transfer in the stagnation region. Both the experimental and theoretical results show that the peak values in Nusselt number occur at a point about one jet width away from the stagnation point.
The failure of a school-based child sexual abuse prevention program.

Abstract Structured interviews were administered to 22 children, ranging in age from 6 to 10 years old, who did not disclose long-term sexual abuse by an auxiliary school employee, despite having been exposed to a school-based child sexual abuse prevention program. The results are presented in the context of a review of existing literature on school-based child sexual abuse prevention programs. Results point to the ineffectiveness of brief, single presentation, prevention efforts not geared to specific developmental levels of the audience, the need to explore the impact of the variable of group versus individual victimization on disclosure, and the need for further study of sexually victimized children who received prevention programming with the addition of a control group sample.
Design of multi-phase and catalytic chemical reactors: a simulation tool for pollution prevention

A comprehensive chemical reactor analysis tool was required to complete a project to develop an advanced on-line process optimization analysis system for pollution prevention. The advanced process analysis system integrates programs (reactors, on-line optimization, pinch analysis, and process flow-sheeting) to analyze and modify chemical processes for waste minimization. The reactor analysis program is to be used to evaluate and analyze multi-phase and catalytic reactors to suggest to the plant and process engineers the best reactor type and operating conditions. A multi-phase catalytic reactor design and analysis tool, ReaCat, has been developed. ReaCat incorporates models to design the following reactor types: plug flow, CSTR, batch, catalytic fixed-bed, catalytic fluidized-bed, gas–liquid stirred tank, trickle-bed, three-phase fixed bubble-bed, bubble slurry column, CSTR slurry, and three-phase fluidized-bed. This paper gives a summary of the multi-phase and catalytic reactors: classifications, theory and design models, numerical methods, and solution algorithms. A description of the reactor analysis tool including comparison cases with experimental data is presented.
Expectations and perceptions at school transitions: The role of peer status and aggression

Abstract This study integrated research on aggression, peer status, and social and academic functioning across the middle- and high-school transitions. We examined how peer status and aggression are related to adolescents' expectations about their academic and social functioning in a new school system before the transition into that system, and their perceived academic and social functioning after the transition. Social preference, perceived popularity, overt and relational aggression, and social and academic expectations were assessed in Grades 5 and 8; identical peer status and aggression constructs and perceived social and academic functioning were assessed in Grades 6 and 9. Results indicated moderate correlations between adolescents' social and academic expectations and perceived functioning across both school transitions. Girls reported higher social and academic functioning than boys did in most cases. Perceived popularity was consistently positively associated with academic and social expectations for middle and high school, whereas social preference was associated with perceived social functioning in both middle school and high school. The link between aggression and outcome variables varied by age and was moderated by gender and peer status.