cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discrete-Time Dynamic Term Structure Models with Generalized Market Prices of Risk

This paper develops a rich class of discrete-time, nonlinear dynamic term structure models (DTSMs). Under the risk-neutral measure, the distribution of the state vector Xt resides within a family of discrete-time affine processes that nests the exact discrete-time counter-parts of the entire class of continuous-time models in Duffie and Kan (1996) and Dai and Singleton (2000). Moreover, we allow the market price of risk, linking the risk-neutral and historical distributions of X, to depend generally on the state Xt. The conditional likelihood functions for coupon bond yields for the resulting nonlinear models under the historical measure are known exactly in closed form. As an illustration of our approach, we estimate a three factor model with a cubic term in the drift of the stochastic volatility factor and compare it to a model with a linear drift. Our results show that inclusion of a cubic term in the drift significantly improves the models statistical fit as well as its out-of-sample forecasting performance.
The Los Angeles public access defibrillator (PAD) program: ten years after.

Abstract Background Public access automated external defibrillator (PAD) programs have been shown to be successful in several municipalities. This study sought to determine the usage of and survival rate from a large, urban PAD program in the first 10 years since its implementation. Methods This was a prospective, longitudinal, observational study from January 2002–2012 conducted in Los Angeles, California, a city with a population of 3.8 million. An incremental rollout resulted in a current total of 1300 automated external defibrillators (AEDs) in place in city-owned buildings and other public places, including all 3 area airports, golf-courses, and public pools. All instances where an AED was applied were included in the study. Results There were 59 incidents of cardiac arrest with a public access AED applied, of which 42 (71%) occurred at an airport. 51 (86%) of the patients were male, with a median age of 64 years (interquartile range, 56.5 to 70 years). A shockable rhythm was detected and shocks were applied in 39 (66%) patients, with 30 (77%) of these patients achieving a return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Of those patients who received shock(s) by public access AED, 27 (69%) survived to hospital discharge. The youngest survivors were a 25 year old male and a 34 year old female. Conclusion While the majority of PAD cases occurred at an airport, there were also survivors from other public locations. AEDs deployed as part of a large PAD program resulted in a very high survival rate for patients with cardiac arrest.
Expression characteristics and relevance of sodium glucose cotransporter-1 in mammalian renal tubulogenesis

Expression and role of sodium glucose cotransporter (SGLT-1) in tubulogenesis were investigated during renal development. A mouse SGLT-1 cDNA was cloned, and it had substantial homology with human ...
THE RATE OF DIVISION OF ANTIBODY-FORMING CELLS DURING THE EARLY PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE

Mitotic blocking agents, colchicine or Velban, were used to estimate cycle times of spleen cells which release hemolysin for sheep erythrocytes (plaque-forming cells). The cells were obtained either from rats immunized with sheep erythrocytes or from cultures of mouse spleen cells immunized in vitro with the same antigen. 2, 3, or 4 days after immunization, animals or cell cultures were treated with mitotic blocking agents for periods of time ranging from 2.5 to 7 hr; plaque-forming cells were then enumerated. Decreased numbers of plaque-forming cells were found after such treatment. The extent of reduction was a function of duration of the drug treatment and the method of immunization, but was independent of the time after immunization. The evidence presented is consistent with premises that: (a) plaque-forming cells in mitosis do not release sufficient antibody to be detected, (b) mitotic blocking agents, by arresting plaque-forming cells in metaphase, prevent not only detection of these cells but also the increase in number of plaque-forming cells which would have resulted from cell division, (c) mitotic blocking agents do not affect release of antibody by cells in interphase. Cell cycle times, based on the extent of reduction of plaque-forming cells per unit time of drug treatment, were estimated using a mathematical model appropriate for an exponentially increasing population of cells. Cell cycle times estimated using the mitotic blocking agents agreed well with cell doubling times calculated from the increase in plaque-forming cells occurring 1-4 days after immunization. Increased responses produced by higher antigen doses or treatment of immunized animals with an adjuvant resulted from an increased rate of division of responding cells and their progeny. The results are consistent with a cell selection theory of antibody formation. Antigenic stimulation causes relatively few cells to proliferate and to synthesize antibody; apparently the magnitude of the response is dependent primarily on the rate of division of responding cells. It is suggested on the basis of observations of in vitro-immunized cell cultures that the rate of division of responding cells may be dependent on the rate of interaction between two cell types, both of which are essential for the in vitro plaque-forming cell response.
In Situ Synchrotron X-Ray Techniques for Real-Time Probing of Colloidal Nanoparticle Synthesis

Solution-phase synthesis of colloidal nanoparticles with precisely tailored properties is one of the fastest growing research topic and represents the most critical foundation to implant nanotechnology in a variety of areas to boost performance of traditional systems. Comprehensive understanding of the nucleation and growth mechanisms involved in the formation of colloidal nanoparticles is very important to realize rational design and synthesis of well-tailored nanoparticles and requires appropriate in situ techniques to probe the kinetics of the synthetic reactions. Synchrotron hard X-rays represent a class of promising probes for solution-phase reactions due to their strong penetration in ambient environment and solutions. This review completely summarizes the in situ synchrotron X-ray techniques emerged in the recent years for real-time probing nanophase evolution of colloidal nanoparticles. Typical examples of colloidal nanoparticle syntheses are discussed in detail to shed the light on the advantages and disadvantages of individual techniques.
Effects of carbon dioxide and oxygen on sapwood respiration in five temperate tree species

The gaseous environment surrounding parenchyma in woody tissue is low in O2 and high in CO2, but it is not known to what extent this affects respiration or might play a role in cell death during heartwood formation. Sapwood respiration was measured in two conifers and three angiosperms following equilibration to levels of O2 and CO2 common within stems, using both inner and outer sapwood to test for an effect of age. Across all species and tissue ages, lowering the O2 level from 10% to 5% (v/v) resulted in about a 25% decrease in respiration in the absence of CO2, but a non-significant decrease at 10% CO2. The inhibitory effect of 10% CO2 was smaller and only significant at 10% O2, where it reduced respiration by about 14%. Equilibration to a wider range of gas combinations in Pinus strobus L. showed the same effect: 10% CO2 inhibited respiration by about 15% at both 20% and 10% O2, but had no net effect at 5% O2. In an extreme treatment, 1% O2+20% CO2 increased respiration by over 30% relative to 1% O2 alone, suggesting a shift in metabolic response to high CO2 as O2 decreases. Although an increase in respiration would be detrimental under limiting O2, this extreme gas combination is unlikely to exist within most stems. Instead, moderate reductions in respiration under realistic O2 and CO2 levels suggest that within-stem gas composition does not severely limit respiration and is unlikely to cause the death of xylem parenchyma during heartwood formation.
The Call Auction Alternative

In just the past few years, the U.S. equity markets have experienced, among other things, the growth of electronic communications networks (ECNs), the breathtaking expansion of the internet’s use for order routing,2 and the NASD’s acquisition of the American Stock Exchange. Around the world, we have also witnessed the disappearance of trading floors3. The astonishing pace of change is attributable to the convergence of three powerful forces: advances in computer technology, intensified competition, and regulatory intervention in market structure.
DNA Repair as A Susceptibility Factor in Chronic Diseases in Human Populations

Three case-control studies of DNA repair in the general population were conducted with: i. 88 primary basal cell carcinoma (BCC) cases and 135 cancer-free controls, ii 304 study subjects including 57 arsenical cancer patients and 247 noncancerous controls in Taiwan and iii 41 breast cancer patients and 73 controls. The host reactivation assay was used to measure cellular DRC capacity with cryopreserved peripheral lymphocytes from both the cases and their controls. In study i. reduced repair of UV-induced DNA damage contributed to the risk of sunlight-induced BCC. A family history of BCC is a predictor of low DNA repair. Repair of UV damaged DNA declines at a rate of about 0.6 per annum in in non-cancerous controls. In addition, reduced DNA repair is more likely seen in young BCC cases, indicating that BCC is a premature aging disease of the skin. The persistence of photochemical damage because of reduced repair, results in point mutations in the p53 gene and allelic loss of the nevoid BCC (Gorlin’s syndrome) gene located on chromosome 9q. Xeroderma pigmentosum appears to be a valid paradigm for the role of DNA repair in BCC in the general population. An extension of these studies led to conclusions from Black Foot Disease (BDF) studies that DRC by itself is not a risk factor for arsenical skin cancer, but those individuals with low DRC,are at much greater risk when exposed to high levels of arsenic in their drinking water or when they are on poor diets. DRC, therefore, appears to be a susceptibility factor in this disease. Further DRC is consistently lower in breast cancer cases than in controls and appears to be a susceptibility factor in breast cancer and DRC in lymphocytes may be employed as a biomarker for human breast cancer risk.
Teaching Comparative Politics: Finding the Red Threads

Teaching political science in general should be interdisciplinary and global in scope since politics involves history, economics, sociology, etc. With comparative politics, this issue becomes more important as one starts to compare different nations, cultures, and histories. This paper will show how integrating many fields in the classroom is for the best, with a particular focus on how the use of technology and multimedia can help with this endeavor. Most students need a “red thread” to tie together the seemingly disparate topics that are covered in a comparative politics class. The use of multicultural and international multimedia (clips from television and films, documentaries, and web sites) is helpful in showing how events and politics in “faraway lands” do impact the students’ lives. This paper will start with a short literature review of the topic, then it will discuss general ways to engage students in comparative politics classes, and finally it will elaborate on specific approaches in the classroom using examples involving multimedia.
Do Aging and Tactile Noise Stimulation Affect Responses to Support Surface Translations in Healthy Adults

Appropriate neuromuscular responses to support surface perturbations are crucial to prevent falls, but aging-related anatomical and physiological changes affect the appropriateness and efficiency of such responses. Low-level noise application to sensory receptors has shown to be effective for postural improvement in a variety of different balance tasks, but it is unknown whether this intervention may have value for improvement of corrective postural responses. Ten healthy younger and ten healthy older adults were exposed to sudden backward translations of the support surface. Low-level noise (mechanical vibration) to the foot soles was added during random trials and temporal (response latency) and spatial characteristics (maximum center-of-pressure excursion and anterior-posterior path length) of postural responses were assessed. Mixed-model ANOVA was applied for analysis of postural response differences based on age and vibration condition. Age affected postural response characteristics, but older adults were well able to maintain balance when exposed to a postural perturbation. Low-level noise application did not affect any postural outcomes. Healthy aging affects some specific measures of postural stability, and in high-functioning older individuals, a low-level noise intervention may not be valuable. More research is needed to investigate if recurring fallers and neuropathy patients could benefit from the intervention in postural perturbation tasks.
The Electronic Health Record: A New Form of Interaction

Information technologies, such as the Internet, the World Wide Web, interactive TV, and media kiosks have increased consumers’ access to health information and have effected a paradigm shift in the delivery of health care. Privacy guidelines developed as a result of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) have also given consumers increased specific rights and powers [1]. Today’s consumers have the right to access their health records, obtain copies of these records, amend and correct these records, and control access by third parties. The opportunity to obtain and exercise control over healthcare information has empowered consumers to become partners with their healthcare providers (HCP) in decision making. In short, information and communication technologies have transformed consumers (patients) from passive recipients to active participants [2]. This chapter describes ways in which consumers become owners of their health information. It will discuss the potential of the Electronic Health Record (EHR), as well as the benefits, challenges, and areas for future research that it presents. Various avenues by which consumers can access health information and communicate with their healthcare providers have been well characterized in other literature and are not detailed in this chapter.
Relationship and Connectivity of Incomplete Data Collection

A basic problem in data science is to classify a massive data set into different categories. In addition, when more new data samples are collected or come from online sources, we want to know how to put the new data sample into an appropriate category. This problem contains such information as classification, learning, and reconstruction. As we discussed in Chap. 2, the problem is central to several disciplinary areas including artificial intelligence, pattern recognition, and statistics. It is obvious that this is still a main problem in data science but the size of the data set has been changed to “BigData” and the ultimate goal of the process has become online based in many cases.
Results of experimental study on the efficacy of flavone in reducting blood fat.

To explore the effect of flavone in reducing blood lipids. Methods The model of metabolic disturbance of lipid-preventive tested sample was adopted. After being given flavone in dosages of 4.0、2.0 and 1.0 mg/kg BW respectively for 30 days, the contents of TC,TG and HDL-C in serum of rats were tested. Results The contents of TC in high,middle and low dosage groups were (2.60 ±0.72), (2.03±0.34)and(2.09±0.55)mmol/L respectively, all significantly lower than that of model control group(4.05±0.86)mmol/L(P0.01); The contents of TG in high, middle and low dosage groups were (0.75±0.18), (0.81±0.17)and(0.96±0.23)mmol/L, all significantly lower than that of model control group(1.82±0.33)mmol/L (P0.01); The contents of HDL-C in high, middle and low dosage groups were (0.48±0.03), (0.55±0.08)and(0.49±0.06) mmol/L,all significantly higher than that of model control group (0.43±0.05)mmol/L (P0.01 or P0.05). Conclusion Flavone possesses the effect of reducing blood lipids.
ERRγ—A New Player in β Cell Maturation

Glucose and hormone responsiveness of pancreatic β cells is acquired during postnatal maturation and is critical for appropriate insulin secretion. In a recent issue of Cell Metabolism, Yoshihara et al. (2016) report that estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ) promotes functional maturation of both mouse neonatal β cells and human iPSC-derived β-like cells.
Online Decision-making System of Transformer Economic Operation Based on Dynamic Programming

An online decision-making algorithm of transformer economic operation based on the dynamic programming is proposed to solve the existing problems of transformer economic operation software and online automatic switching devices.And then the online decision-making system of transformer economic operation is developed based on the actual demands.Finally,the online decision-making of transformer economic operation in a 220kV substation is analyzed and the results verify the practicality and efficiency of the developed system.
Monitoring and analysis of indoor air PM 2.5 concentration in hospitals of Shenzhen City

[Objective]Through the monitoring of hospital indoor air PM2.5concentrations to understand the Shenzhen hospital for the situation of smoking intervention,and provide baseline data for tobacco control intervention.[Methods]PM2.5 concentrations monitoring was performed in 5 hospitals of Shenzhen City.The outpatient hall,hospital corridor,male bathroom,and the doctor's office,the nurse's office were selected as monitoring areas,with 5 related monitoring points in each area.The monitoring was performed during opening time.The PM2.5 concentration values were logarithmically transformed into normal distribution and then analyzed statistically by SPSS 10.0 software.[Results]The monitoring results showed that indoor air PM2.5 concentration was highest in male bathroom(53.35±50.60 μg/m3),followed by doctor's office(45.80±60.53 μg/m3) and nurse's office(19.67±11.80 μg/m3).Analysis of variance found the PM 2.5 concentrations were significantly different in different location(P0.05).[Conclusion]The PM2.5 concentration in hospital corridor,male bathroom and doctor's office is higher than that in nurse's office.The government policy intervention is the guarantee of tobacco control.Hospital tobacco control should focus on reducing the smoking rate of male doctors and strengthening the management of male bathroom.
Multi-focus and multi-modal fusion: a study of multi-resolution transforms

Automated image fusion has a wide range of applications across a multitude of fields such as biomedical diagnostics, night vision, and target recognition. Automation in the field of image fusion is difficult because there are many types of imagery data that can be fused using different multi-resolution transforms. The different image fusion transforms provide coefficients for image fusion, creating a large number of possibilities. This paper seeks to understand how automation could be conceived for selected the multiresolution transform for different applications, starting in the multifocus and multi-modal image sub-domains. The study analyzes the greatest effectiveness for each sub-domain, as well as identifying one or two transforms that are most effective for image fusion. The transform techniques are compared comprehensively to find a correlation between the fusion input characteristics and the optimal transform. The assessment is completed through the use of no-reference image fusion metrics including those of information theory based, image feature based, and structural similarity based methods.
Humbug Feminism: P.T. Barnum, Sara Baartman, and Joice Heth

A fascinating and informative painting is produced in 1854 by Lilly Martin Spencer, one of only a few American female artists who achieve fame in the era. Although she later produces a more blatant reflection of the concept of beauty with the intriguing title of “Truth Unveiling Falsehood” (see Weiss 2009), I detect in “Shake Hands?” a more subtle contribution to the concept in America, one that may not be fully appreciated given the painting’s more obvious activation of sensitivities to race and gender stereotypes.
Reversibility of Glaucomatous Defects of the Visual Field

The demonstration of reversibility of glaucomatous defects is complicated by the multiple etiology of field defects; the fact that only ocular pressure level is modifiable by limited mechanisms of pressure reduction, age and technique of perimetry. Nasal step, paracentral scotoma, enlarged blind spot and contraction of the isopter were found to be pressure induced. These defects, when found spontaneously in the ocular hypertensive, were reversible by lowering ocular pressure level in some cases.
Infection Prevention and Control Issues After Solid Organ Transplantation

Infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplant recipients. Consequently, infection prevention is an essential component of any organ transplant program. Given their frequent and often prolonged contact with the healthcare system, solid organ transplant recipients are at high risk for healthcare-associated infections, including those caused by antibiotic-resistant organisms. In this chapter we review several different healthcare-associated infections of importance to transplant recipients, including those caused by bacterial, viral, and fungal organisms. We also describe infection prevention and control strategies applicable to this patient population. These practices focus on clinical interventions and environmental controls designed to prevent the spread of potentially pathogenic organisms in the healthcare setting. We also describe post-exposure interventions applicable to solid organ transplant recipients exposed to potential pathogens in order to reduce their risk of subsequent infection.
Structure-Reactivity Effects on Intrinsic Primary Kinetic Isotope Effects for Hydride Transfer Catalyzed by Glycerol-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase.

Primary deuterium kinetic isotope effects (1°DKIE) on (kcat/KGA, M–1 s–1) for dianion (X2–) activated hydride transfer from NADL to glycolaldehyde (GA) catalyzed by glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were determined over a 2100-fold range of enzyme reactivity: (X2–, 1°DKIE); FPO32–, 2.8 ± 0.1; HPO32–, 2.5 ± 0.1; SO42–, 2.8 ± 0.2; HOPO32–, 2.5 ± 0.1; S2O32–, 2.9 ± 0.1; unactivated; 2.4 ± 0.2. Similar 1°DKIEs were determined for kcat. The observed 1°DKIEs are essentially independent of changes in enzyme reactivity with changing dianion activator. The results are consistent with (i) fast and reversible ligand binding; (ii) the conclusion that the observed 1°DKIEs are equal to the intrinsic 1°DKIE on hydride transfer from NADL to GA; (iii) similar intrinsic 1°DKIEs on GPDH-catalyzed reduction of the substrate pieces and the whole physiological substrate dihydroxyacetone phosphate. The ground-state binding interactions for different X2– are similar, but there are large differences in the transition state inter...
The Kantian Publicity Principle and the Transparency Presumption in Public Affairs: When Private Citizens’ Participation Becomes Public Knowledge

This article applies Immanuel Kant’s “publicity principle” to several issues that involve citizen participation in public affairs, including open records laws, campaign finance disclosure, and the confidentiality of private organization membership and donor lists. The Kantian principle is premised on the belief that informed people will rise up in opposition to actions incompatible with “the transcendental concept of public right.” However, in many controversies, publicity may serve to threaten—rather than protect—segments of the citizenry who support causes that are not popular with other portions of the populace. The article concludes that the publicity principle applies reasonably well to actions of public officials, but is a less useful guide when applied to the participatory acts of private individuals.
Boosting dopamine to lift depression

Depression is a prevalent, often chronic psychiatric disorder in which patients frequently report diminished feelings of reward and motivation. On behavioral tests, depressed patients benefit less during learning of new associations after receiving a reward. This dysfunction in reward processing has
Strength through adversity: Moderate lifetime stress exposure is associated with psychological resilience in breast cancer survivors.

Stress research typically emphasizes the toxic effects of stress, but recent evidence has suggested that stress exposure, in moderation, can facilitate resilience. To test whether moderate stress exposure promotes psychological resilience to cancer, we examined the relationship between lifetime stress exposure prior to cancer diagnosis and postdiagnosis psychological functioning among 122 breast cancer survivors. Lifetime acute and chronic stress was assessed using an interview-based measure, and psychological functioning was assessed using measures of cancer-related intrusive thoughts and positive and negative affect. Results indicated that acute stress exposure was associated with cancer-related intrusive thoughts in a quadratic fashion (p = .016), such that participants with moderate acute stress reported fewer intrusive thoughts compared to those with low or high acute stress. Similarly, a quadratic relationship emerged between acute stress exposure and positive affect (p = .009), such that individuals with moderate acute stress reported the highest levels of positive affect. In contrast, acute and chronic stress were related to negative affect in a positive, linear fashion (ps < .05). In conclusion, moderate stress exposure was associated with indicators of psychological resilience among breast cancer survivors, supporting stress exposure as a key factor influencing adjustment to breast cancer and providing evidence for stress-induced resilience in a novel population.
Impact of hydrogen SAE J2601 fueling methods on fueling time of light-duty fuel cell electric vehicles

Abstract Hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (HFCEVs) are zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) that can provide drivers a similar experience to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), in terms of fueling time and performance (i.e. power and driving range). The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) developed fueling protocol J2601 for light-duty HFCEVs to ensure safe vehicle fills while maximizing fueling performance. This study employs a physical model that simulates and compares the fueling performance of two fueling methods, known as the “lookup table” method and the “MC formula” method, within the SAE J2601 protocol. Both the fueling methods provide fast fueling of HFCEVs within minutes, but the MC formula method takes advantage of active measurement of precooling temperature to dynamically control the fueling process, and thereby provides faster vehicle fills. The MC formula method greatly reduces fueling time compared to the lookup table method at higher ambient temperatures, as well as when the precooling temperature falls on the colder side of the expected temperature window for all station types. Although the SAE J2601 lookup table method is the currently implemented standard for refueling hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, the MC formula method provides significant fueling time advantages in certain conditions; these warrant its implementation in future hydrogen refueling stations for better customer satisfaction with fueling experience of HFCEVs.
Always Becoming: Perspectives and Research on Global Citizenship Education

Within the first few pages of his third book, Global Citizenship Education: Everyday Transcendence, author Bill Gaudelli reminds us that the notion that one can be a world citizen is peculiar, ambi...
Beyond Big Data: What Can We Learn from AI Models?: Invited Keynote

My research involves the heavy use of machine learning and natural language processing in novel ways to interpret big data, develop privacy and security attacks, and gain insights about humans and society through these methods. I do not use machine learning only as a tool but I also analyze machine learning models? internal representations to investigate how the artificial intelligence perceives the world. This work [3] has been recently featured in Science where I showed that societal bias exists at the construct level of machine learning models, namely semantic space word embeddings which are dictionaries for machines to understand language. When I use machine learning as a tool to uncover privacy and security problems, I characterize and quantify human behavior in language, including programming languages, by coming up with a linguistic fingerprint for each individual. By extracting linguistic features from natural language or programming language texts of humans, I show that humans have unique linguistic fingerprints since they all learn language on an individual basis. Based on this finding, I can de-anonymize humans that have written certain text, source code, or even executable binaries of compiled code [2, 4, 5]. This is a serious privacy threat for individuals that would like to remain anonymous, such as activists, programmers in oppressed regimes, or malware authors. Nevertheless, being able to identify authors of malicious code enhances security. On the other hand, identifying authors can be used to resolve copyright disputes or detect plagiarism. The methods in this realm [1] have been used to identify so called doppelgangers to link the accounts that belong to the same identities across platforms, especially underground forums that are business platforms for cyber criminals. By analyzing machine learning models? internal representation and linguistic human fingerprints, I am able to uncover facts about the world, society, and the use of language, which have implications for privacy, security, and fairness in machine learning.
Pharmacists’ Attitudes and Practices Regarding Tetanus, Diphtheria and Pertussis (Tdap) Vaccination in Pregnancy and Surrounding Newborns

Background: Bordetella pertussis or whooping cough is a serious and vaccine-preventable illness. Despite widespread vaccination in the pediatric population, pertussis still infects approximately 100,000 infants each year in the United States. The purpose of this study was to determine gaps in pharmacists’ understanding, attitudes, practices, and barriers surrounding the tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (Tdap) vaccination recommendation for patients who are pregnant or planning to come in close contact with infants. Methods: This study was a descriptive, exploratory electronic survey. The survey assessed three major areas; the role of the pharmacist in Tdap vaccination, perceived barriers to vaccination, and understanding the recommendations. Results: A total of 225 pharmacists responded to the survey. Pharmacists who responded to this survey agreed that pharmacists should have a role vaccinating the public and individuals expecting to come into contact with a newborn, (88.5% and 86.9%) respectively, but fewer agreed that pharmacists should have a role vaccinating pregnant women against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (77%, p < 0.001). Based on the responses to case scenarios, only 22.5% and 30.6% of respondents understood the recommendations. Numerous barriers to vaccinating pregnant women were identified. Conclusion: While most pharmacists surveyed felt they should have a role in vaccinating pregnant women and those expecting to come in contact with a newborn, there are barriers to implementing this practice. Future efforts should focus on further evaluating identified gaps and developing programs for pharmacists that emphasize the significance of vaccinating these patients to reduce the burden of pertussis in infants.
A Review of Gender-Segregated Classrooms in Public Schools

Though single-sex education has been used for many decades in private schools, it is a recent phenomenon within public schools, due largely to additional single-sex regulations in the Title IX amendment revised on November 2006. This report explores recent studies of single-sex classrooms and finds that, though scores remained relatively unchanged within gender-segregated classrooms, girls showed a greater advantage to single-sex schooling than boys. However, both sexes showed notable improvement in both behavior and self-esteem, among other socio-emotional factors. Finally, my research indicated that further research and development of gender-specific curriculum is necessary to continue the growth and improvement of single-sex education. Enough data is collected here to substantiate the benefits of single-sex classrooms.
Chemotherapy (Primary and Recurrent Disease)

Chemotherapy has shown activity in Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) in the neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and metastatic/recurrent setting, but responses are not durable and toxicity is not insignificant, especially in a patient population where the median age at diagnosis is 69. The data available to date has not shown a benefit in disease-free or overall survival. However, there are several limitations when attempting to draw conclusions regarding the use of chemotherapy in MCC. First, the majority of data comes from retrospective analyses with limited numbers of patients per treatment center and significant bias with regard to patient inclusion. Randomized controlled studies would certainly be helpful, but this is difficult given the rarity of the disease. Second, there is heterogeneity within many of the individual studies in the stage of patients treated, how chemotherapy is administered (adjuvantly, concurrently with radiation, in a metastatic setting, or as second- or third-line therapy), and in the chemotherapy regimens used.
1.13 – Emerging Contaminants

Since the Industrial Revolution, a diversity of large-scale chemical innovations has impacted aquatic systems in urban environments. Beginning in the 1990s, there has been a growing scientific interest and public awareness of the effects of the chemicals used in domestic, commercial, industrial, and agricultural applications, referred to in this article as ‘emerging contaminants’ (ECs), on ecosystem and human health. The growing global population and its increasing demands on water supplies in conjunction with climate-induced changes in hydrologic regimes place stress on freshwater resources, resulting in a greater reliance on reuse of reclaimed municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents to meet human and environmental needs. WWTP effluents are a major source of ECs, and it is important to have an understanding of the chemical composition of the reclaimed water, because many ECs are biologically active and the effects of chronic exposure to low concentration complex mixtures are unknown. Several classes of ECs that have been shown to be widespread in the aquatic environment are discussed in this chapter, including surfactants, complexing agents, fragrances, antimicrobials, industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, natural and synthetic estrogens, and disinfection byproducts. All of these compounds are biologically active via a variety of modes of action, and can occur in aquatic systems at concentrations ranging from 100 μg l−1.
Can Human Capital Explain the Difference in Private Health Insurance Coverage Rates between Natives and Immigrants

This paper investigates how human capital variables, especially educational attainment and health disability, affect an immigrant’s probability to have private health insurance. Specifically, is there a convergence to natives’ coverage rates for immigrants as human capital is controlled for? Two probit regressions are used to answer this question, one to analyze the employer provided health insurance market and another to analyze privately purchased health insurance market. The principle finding is that human capital variables are important in determining access to private health insurance. However, a health insurance coverage differential does remain between immigrants and natives.
Visualizing Facet-Dependent Hydrogenation Dynamics in Individual Palladium Nanoparticles.

Surface faceting in nanoparticles can profoundly impact the rate and selectivity of chemical transformations. However, the precise role of surface termination can be challenging to elucidate because many measurements are performed on ensembles of particles and do not have sufficient spatial resolution to observe reactions at the single and subparticle level. Here, we investigate solute intercalation in individual palladium hydride nanoparticles with distinct surface terminations. Using a combination of diffraction, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and dark-field contrast in an environmental transmission electron microscope (TEM), we compare the thermodynamics and directly visualize the kinetics of 40–70 nm {100}-terminated cubes and {111}-terminated octahedra with approximately 2 nm spatial resolution. Despite their distinct surface terminations, both particle morphologies nucleate the new phase at the tips of the particle. However, whereas the hydrogenated phase-front must rotate from [111] to [100] to...
The Role of Time in Building Sport Management Theory

Although rarely acknowledged, time has been an important factor in the management of sport. Time plays a major role for sport organizations, especially those that operate seasonally and one-off spo...
Improving risk assessment of obesity-associated breast cancer.

1544Background: Elevated body mass index (BMI) is associated with increased risk of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive postmenopausal breast cancer. The risk is also elevated in women with a normal BM...
The Albatrossenes: Large, Cleft-Containing, Polyphenyl Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

The syntheses and X-ray structures of very large polycyclic aromatic compounds containing clefts defined by polyphenylaryl groups are described. The C2-symmetric “albatrossenes” 1,3-bis(heptaphenyl-2-naphthyl)benzene (7a) and 1,3-bis(heptaphenyl-1-naphthyl)benzene (12a), as well as brominated derivatives, were synthesized by the addition of tetraphenylbenzyne to the appropriate polyphenyl biscyclopentadienones. The 2-naphthyl isomers have wide, shallow clefts, and the 1-naphthyl isomers have deep, narrow clefts which were observed to change size dramatically in different crystal environments. In a similar way, 1,3,5-tris(pentaphenylphenyl)benzene (19), a D3-symmetric molecular propeller with a diameter of 21 A, and 1,3,5-tris(heptaphenyl-2-naphthyl)benzene (22) were prepared by the addition of diphenylacetylene and tetraphenylbenzyne, respectively, to a triscyclopentadienone.
Do plant–microbe interactions and aluminum tolerance influence alpine sedge species’ responses to nitrogen deposition?

A common response of plant communities to increased nitrogen (N) deposition is a shift in species’ abundances. Multiple factors have been proposed to explain the changes in abundance, notably competition and soil acidification. We hypothesized that a plant species that decreased in abundance with elevated N would have lower ectomycorrhizal fungi, altered root‐associated bacteria communities, and/or greater susceptibility to Al toxicity than a species that increased in abundance with increasing N deposition. We examined changes in plant–microbe associations and Al toxicity in two dominant species from an alpine dry meadow community subjected to long‐term low‐level N addition. Carex rupestris has increased in cover over time with N addition and Kobresia myosuroides has decreased. We conducted field sampling of soil microbes from treatment plots and tested whether field levels of Al have toxic effects on sedge species in a greenhouse study. Declines in ectomycorrhizal infection of Cenococcum geophilum occurred on Kobresia with increasing N treatment. In contrast, neither Al level nor changes in bacteria community composition corresponded with the change in cover of sedge species. Decreased ectomycorrhizal infection may have contributed to the decrease in abundance of Kobresia. This study contributes to an understanding of the types of plant–soil interactions that may influence how plant species respond to N deposition and rejects Al toxicity and changes in bacteria composition as factors that likely play a role in changes in sedge abundance.
Excursions and Local Time

For many processes each point in the state space is regular for itself, and so for each point x we have the notions of local time at x and of excursions away from x. Brownian motion in R and most one dimensional diffusion processes are important examples. There has been a great deal of attention focused on the question of how in such cases the local time {L(t, x); t ≥ 0} at x varies with x and on the use of excursion theory, not only to study this question but also to make other important constructions. In this chapter we will give some applications of excursion theory to such matters. We will be considering local time and excursions at several points simultaneously, but the basic notion is still excursions away from a single point, so that no new notions appear. This should be contrasted with the situation in the next chapter. There we will be considering processes essentially in higher dimensional state spaces, where the relevant notion is that of excursions of the path away from a rather general set and where much less is known about specific formulas and constructions.
Tell Me a Story: Religion, Imagination, and Narrative Involvement

Sacred stories and religious texts play a central role in religion, yetthere is a paucity of research investigating the relationship betweenreligiosity and individual differences in how people engage with stories.Here, we examine the relationship between religiosity, as well asa belief in God, and three variables related to how individuals interactwith narratives: a tendency to become absorbed in stories (transportability),a tendency to form relationships with the characters in stories(parasociability), and a reluctance to imaginatively engage withimmoral fictions (imaginative resistance). Although transportabilitywas only weakly related to intrinsic religiosity, both parasociability andimaginative resistance were correlated with a range of religiosity measures.Notably, the relationship between parasociability and religiositywas mediated by personal involvement with religious texts.
The Effect of Brood Quantity on Nest Site Choice in the Temnothorax rugatulus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Ant colonies are self-organized systems, meaning that complex collective behavior emerges from local interactions among colony members without any central control. Self-organized systems are sensitive to initial conditions, whereby small random effects are amplified through positive feedback and have a large influence on collective outcomes. This sensitivity has been well demonstrated in collective decision-making by ants that use mass recruitment via trail pheromones, where it is attributed to the highly nonlinear relationship between the amount of pheromone on a trail and its effectiveness at attracting recruits. This feature is absent in many species, such as the rock ant Temnothorax rugatulus (Emery) whose tandem run recruitment shows a linear relationship between effort and effectiveness. Thus, these ants may have other behavioral responses that amplify initial differences during collective choices. We investigated this by testing whether nest site selection is influenced by small differences in the amount of brood at competing sites. Our results show that T. rugatulus colonies prefer a nest containing brood items to an empty nest, even when the brood-containing nest has only one brood item. When both nests have brood, colonies prefer the nest that contains more. However, as the numbers of brood items becomes more similar, this preference becomes weaker. Moreover, the smaller the difference in brood number, the more likely are colonies to split between sites. We discuss potential behavioral mechanisms for the observed effect, as well as its implications for number sense in ants.
Time-slice: Evaluation of SDM Lightpath Switching RMCSA Algorithms

We investigate the potential of using SDM-EON for solving the problem of network resources exhaustion in current optical networks. We propose SDM Lightpath Switching RMCSA algorithms for decreasing blocking probability due to spectrum fragmentation.
Insider Trading and Strategic Disclosure

I show that public companies disproportionately disclose positive news on days when corporate executives sell shares under predetermined Rule 10b5-1 plans. I find that the likelihood, share volume and dollar volume of insider sales under 10b5-1 plans are higher when good news is disclosed, and each of these are higher when the disclosed news is better. Disclosure of good news on Rule 10b5-1 selling days is greatest in the health care sector and among mid-cap firms. I show that stock prices reverse after high levels of Rule 10b5-1 selling on positive news days, and that the price reversal increases with the share volume of Rule 10b5-1 selling. I show that, whatever might be said about health care executives’ advantageous stock sales as they developed vaccines during the pandemic of 2020, those sales were not uncommon.
Geometrically Nonlinear High Fidelity Aerostructural Optimisation for Highly Flexible Wings

In the past decade, MDO researchers have developed capabilities to simultaneously optimise the shape and internal structure of aircraft based on coupled high fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics and Finite Element Analysis. However, to date the finite element methods used for the structural analysis are typically linear and are known to be inaccurate for structures experiencing large deformations, as modern high aspect ratio wings do. To address this challenge, robust and efficient solution strategies for nonlinear structural analysis and coupled aerostructural analysis have been developed for the high-fidelity MACH MDO framework. Structural and aerostructural analyses and optimisations are then performed to investigate the effect of geometrically nonlinear structural phenomena on the results of high-fidelity aerostructural analyses and, consequently, how these changes effect the optimal design of aircraft wings.
Diffuse bounce back condition for lattice Boltzmann method

Abstract The lattice Boltzmann method has been widely used in curved and moving boundary fluid simulations. Both explicit and implicit treatments are studied to recover proper boundary conditions on Cartesian grids. These methods can describe curved boundaries more accurately and more smoothly than the staircase approximation. However, to improve the order of accuracy and to reduce the fluctuation of force, complicated modifications have been applied to the collision step of lattice Boltzmann equation. In this study, a new boundary scheme based on diffuse geometry is proposed for lattice Boltzmann method. The scheme is derived by directly incorporating the bounce back condition into the weak form of the streaming step of discretized Boltzmann equation. The new method does not change the collision operator. Therefore it can be easily combined with complex collision models. Although diffuse boundary is introduced, this scheme recovers exact bounce back condition at sharp boundary limit, regardless of the shapes and motions of the boundaries. Numerical tests show that the accuracy of this method is second order and depends on the boundary thickness and several other factors. In moving boundary problems, the fluctuation of force can be largely reduced compared to popular sharp boundary conditions because it does not require extrapolation to fulfil the unknown information of the newly generated fluid nodes around the boundaries. In this paper the detailed derivation for the new scheme is explained and the benchmark problems are solved to test its accuracy and the effect of different parameters.