cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethnic Mobility in Northeastern United States: An Analysis of Census Data

DIFFERENCES IN the status positions of foreign stock2 groups in America have for some time been of interest to sociologists, historians, and other scholars, especially those concerned with the assimilation of people with foreign backgrounds into the social and cultural systems of the dominant society. One of the more widely known and quoted studies of the relative social and economic status of foreign stock groups in America is that of Warner and Srole (1945). The Warner and Srole study was confined to one small Massachusetts city and was conducted during the early 1930's. The results therefore cannot be assumed to apply to other communities or to other regions of the United States during the 1960's. Warner and Srole reported that foreign stock groups arriving first in the community were generally higher up on the "status ladder" and that with each succeeding generation the members attained higher positions. Succeeding generations seemed to profit from the longer duration of residence of their group. This was related, further, to the similarity of the social and cultural organization of the group to that of the dominant population of native whites of native parentage. That is, according to Warner and Srole, one would expect that those ethnic groups whose members are white, English speaking and Protestants (or at least Christian) would acquire higher status, and acquire it sooner, than would ethnic groups without these characteristics. In addition, those groups whose cultural and social organization was most like that of the dominant population would achieve relatively higher status, and do so sooner. For example, a social and cultural organization which valued highly a strong tie to the land, to the family and the locale, with antagonistic views of people outside their own territory, would not be expected to fit well and attain high status in an American system which rewards individual achievement and geographical and social mobility. Representatives of the "old" immigration-which occurred during the 1800's-happened to be more similar to the dominant American popula
Neurogenic tumors of the sympathetic nervous system in children

Summary Case reports of three children who are alive with no evidence of recurrence or metastasis a year or more after the discovery of neurogenic tumors of the sympathetic nervous system are recorded. One patient is living six years after removal of a sympathicoblastoma but retains her original signs and symptoms of compression of the spinal cord. One patient is well one year after the removal of a large pelvic ganglioneuroma. One patient is well one year after the discovery of a thoracic ganglioneuroma which has not been completely excised. The importance of accurate diagnosis of ganglioneuroma lies in the excellent prognosis following complete removal. Surgical removal of sympathicoblastomas followed by radiation therapy may occasionally be effective in preventing recurrence or metastasis.
An adhesive selection advisor for PCB assembly using surface mount technology

The interrelationships that exist in the manufacturing processes associated with the surface mount manufacture of printed circuit boards (PCBs) are complex and varied. Proper understanding of the relationships between the variables in a surface mount technology (SMT) process are critical for achieving effective process control and high yields. One aspect of the complex relationship is the selection and dispensing of adhesives for the wave soldering of surface mount components on a PCB. The quantitative and repeatable dispensing of adhesive dots is critical to providing adequate process control for attaching components including chip resistors, capacitors, and small outline type transistors to the wave solder side of a PCB. Variables that need to be considered include facility temperature, humidity, size and types of components used on the PCB, adhesive properties, type of dispenser used, curing requirements, and the soldering time and temperature, A knowledge-based approach which considers these relationships is described. Developed in PROLOG, this stand alone adhesive selection advisor is capable of guiding the user in the selection of the proper adhesive and providing dispenser related information. The factors considered include facility temperature, material property requirements, productivity measures including yield, and the process used to dispense the adhesive. The system also functions as a database for adhesive related properties and as an on-line installation and maintenance manual for the adhesive dispenser. Twenty-one different commerically available adhesives and two types of dispensers (air over and positive displacement) have been considered in this research.
Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Color Doppler Jets in the Human Heart

A computer algorithm has been developed for segmentation and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of Doppler color-flow images. The algorithm enables the user to select a range of velocities, represented by colors, for segmentation and subsequent 3D reconstruction. The reconstructed flows are assigned a color palette and merged with the volume-rendered gray-scale image to produce a 3D image containing both flow and anatomic information. The results demonstrate the application of the algorithm to regurgitant and shunt jets with complex spatial and velocity patterns. We conclude that 3D reconstruction of selected color spectra (e.g., velocities) of Doppler color flows and surrounding anatomy is feasible in the clinical setting.
Limitations, insights and improvements to gyrokinetics

We first consider gyrokinetic quasineutrality limitations when evaluating the axisymmetric radial electric field in a non-turbulent tokamak by an improved examination of intrinsic ambipolarity. We next prove that the background ions in a pedestal of poloidal ion gyroradius scale must be Maxwellian and nearly isothermal in Pfirsch–Schluter and banana regime tokamak plasmas, and then consider zonal flow behaviour in a pedestal. Finally, we focus on a simplifying procedure for our transport time scale hybrid gyrokinetic-fluid treatment that removes the limitations of gyrokinetic quasineutrality and remains valid in the pedestal.
Experimental Verification of Dispersed Fringe Sensing as a Segment Phasing Technique using the Keck Telescope

Dispersed fringe sensing (DFS) is an efficient and robust method for coarse phasing of segmented primary mirrors (from one quarter of a wavelength to as much as the depth of focus of a single segment, typically several tens of microns). Unlike phasing techniques currently used for ground-based segmented telescopes, DFS does not require the use of edge sensors in order to sense changes in the relative heights of adjacent segments; this makes it particularly well suited for phasing of space-borne segmented telescopes, such as the James Webb Space Telescope. We validate DFS by using it to measure the piston errors of the segments of one of the Keck telescopes. The results agree with those of the Shack-Hartmann-based phasing scheme currently in use at Keck to within 2% over a range of initial piston errors of +/-16 (mu)m.
Consumer preference changes in the logit demand model

I characterize how changes in consumer preferences for an attribute affect demand in the logit random utility model. The expressions take on simple and intuitive forms. Additionally, the expressions do not depend on observing or estimating the consumer’s taste parameters and can be calculated based on knowledge of choice probabilities and product attributes.
Multiple primary cutaneous melanomas.

Background. Development of multiple primary cutaneous melanomas is a well-recognized phenomenon. As with single primary melanoma, personal and family histories of melanoma and dysplastic nevi (DN) are considered important risk factors. The natural history and impact of regular follow-up evaluation of this entity were examined. Method. Through a search of the computerized data bank of the Pathology Department and the Melanoma Registry of the Pigmented Lesion Clinic at Massachusetts General Hospital, 41 patients with multiple cutaneous melanomas were identified. Results. Mean (± standard error) age at first diagnosis was 49 ± 2 years (range, 21-75 years). The male to female ratio was 2% The median number of primary melanomas was two (88%). Three patients had three and one had five. Melanoma types included superficial spreading (70%), nodular (8%), lentigo maligna (2%), and unclassified (lo%), and in 7% the type was unknown. Nineteen (46%) patients had histologic and/or clinical evidence of DN. For the group with DN, the mean age at first diagnosis (44 f 3 years) was significantly less than that of patients without DN (54 ± 3 years) (P <0.05). Family history of melanoma was found in 10 patients (24%). Multiple melanomas were diagnosed concurrently in 16 patients (39%), whereas in 25 (61%) diagnosis was sequential. For the latter group, the mean tumor thickness from the first (1.21 ± 0.28 mm) to the second melanoma (0.51 ± 0.08 mm) decreased significantly (P <0.05); the median time interval was 36 months (range, 2-372 months). Conclusion. These data confirm the need for complete skin examination for patients with newly diagnosed melanoma; and, with subsequent melanomas appearing as long as 31 years after the first melanoma, continued follow-up with complete skin examinations seems prudent. Cancer 1992; 70:1911-1916.
Emerging Pharmacologic Therapies for Irritable Bowel Syndrome

New therapies are being developed for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). These advances are based on understanding pathophysiology or the development of medications with greater selectivity in classes of agents with known efficacy. Prucalopride, the newest European Medicines Agency-approved 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 (5-HT4) agonist, is effective in the treatment of chronic constipation with improved cardiovascular safety relative to older 5-HT4 drugs; similarly, ramosetron, the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3 (5-HT3) antagonist, appears efficacious in diarrhea-predominant IBS. Secretagogues with different mechanisms of action target apical domains in enterocytes that are involved in chloride secretion, such as chloride channels, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator, and guanylate cyclase C. As a class, such secretagogues have high efficacy and safety for constipation. With more data obtained from phase 2 and 3 trials, we expect other classes of medications, including bile acid modulators, anti-inflammatory agents, visceral analgesics, and newer centrally acting agents to be efficacious and enter the armamentarium for the treatment of IBS in the future.
Disparities in BRCA testing: when insurance coverage is not a barrier.

Abstract Background Strategies to reduce the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer in carriers of deleterious BRCA 1 and 2 mutations are readily available. However, many people who are at high risk of having these genetic mutations are reluctant to obtain the test. We sought to identify factors associated with choice of testing. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort review of high-risk patients referred to a multidisciplinary breast health center for BRCA testing between January 2001 and March 2008. Demographic variables were compared by using logistic regression between those who completed genetic testing and those who did not. Results A total of 213 patients were referred for BRCA testing. The mean age was 49.2 years (range, 16–84 y). Five patients were male. The majority of individuals (63.4%) were white, 15% were Hispanic, 6.6% were black, and 4.7% were Asian. Insurance coverage for testing was available in 91.1% of patients, of whom 49.2% had private insurance, 26.7% had managed care insurance, and 24.1% had government-sponsored insurance. A total of 111 patients (52.1%) underwent testing. On multivariate analysis, patients were significantly more likely to complete testing if they had a personal history of breast cancer (73.0% of tested patients) ( P = .005) and had at least some college education (61.3%) ( P = .03). There were no statistically significant differences in tested versus untested groups by age, race, language, family history, parity, marital status, religion, socioeconomic status, or insurance status. Of patients whose insurance plans offered coverage for genetic testing, 51.4% underwent testing and 48.6% did not ( P = not significant [NS]). Of those who had no insurance coverage for testing, 41.2% underwent testing and 58.9% did not ( P = NS). Conclusions Our data show that half of those patients at risk for carrying a BRCA mutation do not undergo testing. Insurance coverage for genetic testing does not influence the decision to test. Developing counseling instruments that explain the benefits of testing to unaffected high-risk individuals or targeted to those with a high school level education may be a strategy to improve testing rates.
Isolation of regulatory proteins affecting gene transcription

This article considers ways in which various genes are regulated and the approaches that have been used to isolate the gene regulatory proteins involved. Isolation of regulatory proteins uses standard techniques for protein purification. The main problem in the isolation is not these techniques but rather assay procedures that permit detection of the regulatory protein during the course of isolation. For this purpose assays that are most useful are those that combine selectivity with sensitivity. In prokaryotes there is no better assay than that provided by the coupled transcription translation system. Plasmids containing regulatory genes can frequently be used as abundant sources of regulatory proteins and sometimes even permit the direct detection of the regulatory protein. In eukaryotes the situation is far more difficult because the isolation of regulatory genes is much more difficult. It seems likely that selective transcription and selective DNA binding will provide the most useful assays.
The experimental determination of the velocity of radio waves

Abstract A radio station “A” sends out sixty short pulses a second; another station “B” at a distance of twenty kilometers is also sending out sixty pulses per second. By means of a phase shifter, the operator at B can send his pulses back to “A” at the exact instant of reception. Hence the station “B” acts as a reflector for the pulses. The operator at “B” sets his pulses in coincidence with those from “A” with the aid of an oscilloscope having a sixty cycle sweep. The operator at “A” measures the distance between the two groups of pulses seen on his oscilloscope. Since the sweep rate of the oscilloscope is known, the velocity can be calculated. For the medium-high frequency waves used, the velocity is considerably less than the velocity of light.
Experimental Comparison of the Velocities of eV (Visible) and GeV Electromagnetic Radiation

An experiment has been carried out employing time-of-flight techniques to compare the velocity of propagation of short pulses of eV (visible) and GeV electromagnetic radiation. The results give a relative velocity difference $\frac{[c(\mathrm{GeV})\ensuremath{-}c(\mathrm{eV})]}{c(\mathrm{eV})}=(1.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$. The velocity of 11-GeV energy electrons ${v}_{e}$ is measured and found to be approximately equal to the velocity of visible light: $\frac{(c\ensuremath{-}{v}_{e})}{c}=(\ensuremath{-}1.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.7)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$.
The “fine-tuning” hypothesis of adult speech to children: Effects of experience and feedback

When adults speak to children, they shorten and simplify their utterances. Bohannon and Marquis (1977) demonstrated that children’s verbal feedback could “fine-tune” the length of adult utterances by indicating comprehension or noncomprehension of the preceding adult utterance. The present studies were designed to (1) assess the relative importance of verbal and nonverbal feedback in this process, (2) test the hypothesis that an adult’s experience with one child’s feedback would generalize to another child, and (3) evaluate the role of previous experience. In Study 1, subjects were shown videotape recordings of a child giving either comprehension or noncomprehension verbal and nonverbal signals, and the tapes were shown with or without sound. All subjects told a story to a picture of a familiar child (seen in the videotape) and to a picture of a novel child. The length of the utterances addressed to the picture of the familiar child was sensitive to the different verbal signals heard earlier, but this did not generalize to the novel child, nor were the nonverbal signals effective in changing the adults’ narratives. In Study 2, subjects answered a questionnaire assessing their experience with children and told a story to each of three pictures, one of an adult and two of children. No significant differences were found in the narratives due to differing experience. However, the speech addressed to the children’s pictures was simpler than that addressed to the picture of the adult.
Numerical Simulation of Land-Breeze-Induced Snowbands Along the Western Shore of Lake Michigan

Abstract Case studies are presented which describe a type of lake-effect snowband which forms along the western shore of Lake Michigan when a cold anticyclone to the north sets up an easterly gradient over the lake. Numerical simulations indicate that the snowband coincides with a narrow band of upward motion which results from the convergence of easterly winds over the lake and north to northwesterly winds over land. The northerly winds are part of a land breeze circulation which forms when cold air is heated by the relatively warm lake surface. Initial data for model simulations are obtained by objective analysis of upper-air data from the eight upper-air stations closest to Lake Michigan at six levels in the lower troposphere. Model results show that a pool of cold air over the lake up to about 850 mb favors rapid growth of the planetary boundary layer over the western half of the lake, and that latent heat release plays an important role in intensifying the land breeze circulation.
High frequency induction of somatic embryos in cultured leaf expiants of Coffea arabica L.

Summary High frequency somatic embryo induction (HFSE) and subsequent plantlet development are reported for the first time in cultures of Coffea arabica leaf tissue expiants. The highest number of replicates of the various treatments with HFSE was observed in experiments where primary cultures were grown on a «conditioning medium» containing basal medium (BM), 3% sucrose, and varying concentrations of 2,4-D and kinetin for 7 weeks; subcultured on conditioning medium of the same formulation with a reduction in the concentration of BM salts (x/2) for 4 weeks. Thereafter, tissues were subcultured on «induction medium» consisting of x/2 inorganic salts and an increased concentration of KNO 3 (2x), BM organics, and kinetin and NAA at a concentration ratio of 2.3/0.27 μM. Micromolar concentration ratios of kinetin and 2,4-D at 18.4/4.5, 18.4/18.0 and 36.8/ 4.5 μM in the «conditioning medium» used for tissues during primary and secondary culture result in the production of optimal HFSE when such tissues are subcultured onto «induction medium». Between 50–60% of the replicate cultures contained tissues with HFSE. Low frequency somatic embryo development (LFSE) was observed in tissues cultured on «induction medium» derived from cultures initially grown on a «conditioning medium» containing NAA and kinetin or NAA and kinetin supplemented with undefined growth factors (liquid endosperm of coconut, casein hydrolysate, yeast extract, and leaf extracts of tabacco and Kalanchoe spp.).
Summary of the 3rd ACM SIGOPS workshop on large-scale distributed systems and middleware (LADIS 2009)

The 3rd ACM/SIGOPS workshop on Large-Scale Distributed Systems and Middleware (LADIS’09) was held on October 10-11, 2009, in conjunction with the 22nd Symposium on Operating System Principles (SOSP) in Big Sky, Montana. The workshop was dedicated to hot topics in cloud computing. It lasted for one and a half days and featured keynote talks by industry leaders, peer-reviewed position papers from both academia and industry, and late-night break-out sessions fostering further discussion of important topics. LADIS’09 provided a forum for presenting and discussing cutting-edge ideas, and touched upon topics as diverse as distributed computing infrastructure, programming models, data storage, and security and privacy. This report summarizes key themes and conclusions from the workshop.
Design and implementation of a surge controller for an AMB supported compressor in the presence of piping acoustics

Active control of compressor surge using the thrust Active Magnetic Bearing (AMB) for unshrouded centrifugal compressors is revisited here. Based on a recently presented enhanced compression system model with variable impeller tip clearance and pipeline acoustics, a surge controller is designed. This controller calculates the command clearance between the impeller and the static shroud to create the necessary pressure modulation in the system to suppress the surge instability. The commanded impeller clearance is later fed to the thrust AMB to actuate the axial position of the compressor rotor. The proposed surge control method is derived and implemented on an experimental compressor setup, and test results for the surge controller are presented in this paper. Observations from the experimental surge testing demonstrate that the presented method is able to stabilize the compression system when operating in the unstable surge region, extending the stable flow range by over 21%. Also the derived controller shows good robustness to the internal AMB dynamics.
A self-administered Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (SMAST)

The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test and a shortened 13-item version can reliably be used as self-administered questionnaires.
Potential of targeting TGF-β for organ transplant patients

TGF-β was originally considered as an immunoregulatory cytokine, but accumulating data demonstrate that it also plays a critical role in development of effector immunity. Since TGF- β has a potent ability to alter immune responses, modulation of the TGF-β pathway for treatment of transplantation patients could be effective if carried out in a target selective manner. This review will focus on the role of TGF-β in T cell differentiation and discuss the prospect of TGF-β as the therapeutic target of lung transplantation acceptance.
Ammonia plasma treatment of ultra-high strength polyethylene fibres for improved adhesion to epoxy resin

A study of the effect of plasma treatments on the mechanical properties and adhesion of ultra-high strength polyethylene fibres to epoxy resin is reported. Fibres were treated with ammonia plasma under various time and power conditions. The fibre/matrix interfacial shear strength was measured using load and fibre pull-out data obtained in a single-fibre pull-out test. The debonding was optically as well as acoustically monitored. Optical birefringence patterns were visible at the fibre debond region. Acoustic emission signals generated from debonding and stick-slip processes were also detected. A more than four-fold increase in the interfacial shear strength was achieved by plasma treating the fibres at the discharging condition of 30 W and 0.5 torr for 1 min. The birefringence patterns showed, qualitatively, that the shear in the matrix around the fibres increased for treated fibres and extended further into the matrix material. Surface topography of the pulled out fibres showed that the failure mode was unchanged by the treatment.
Microwave and tunable far-infrared laser spectroscopy of OCH2O: investigation of the water tunneling potential

The K_p=O → 1 rotation—tunneling bands of O^(12)C-H_2O and O^(12)C-D_2O have been measured in the region between 400 and 600 GHz. Two bands for each isotopomer were observed corresponding to ΔK_p = 1, b-type rotational transitions in the A and B water tunneling states. Each band was fit independently using a Watson A-reduced Hamiltonian yielding all three rotational and several distortion constants per band. The effective A-rotational constants, A^*, contain a contribution due to water tunneling. Assuming the tunneling splittings are the same in K_p=0 and K_p=1, A^*(A state) − A^*(B state) = 2ν_t, where ν_t is the tunneling splitting. We obtain tunneling splitting of 16.684 GHz for O^(12)C-H_2O and 1.012 GHz for O^(12)C-D_2O. These measurements are in good agreement with the predictions of Yaron (J. Chem. Phys. 92 (1990) 7095). Effective one-dimensional potentials have been employed to place constraints on the hydrogen bond geometry, to model the measured tunneling splittings, and to predict higher frequency vibration—rotation-tunneling transitions.
Determination of the resistance in series with the membranes of giant axons

Measurements of the resistance in series with the excitable membrane for giant axons of two different phylla (the squidLoligo pealii and the marine wormMyxicola infundibulum) were obtained. Efforts were made to take into account the errors introduced by the finite rise-time of the measuring apparatus. The series resistance value, obtained very quickly by the method described, may be used in setting the compensation potentiometer to offset this resistance in voltage-clamp measurements. Estimates of the resistance of the periaxonal tissue layer were made. Analyses were done on some of the problems involved in attempting to make an unambiguous determination of the series resistance.
Infectivity of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Influence of host-soil diluent combinations on MPN estimates and percentage colonization

Abstract Infectivity of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, native to soils from four dissimilar habitats, was assessed by the “most probable number” (MPN) dilution method and by percentage mycorrhizal colonization. Inoculum from each site was tested in various host-soil diluent combinations. MPN estimates, percentage mycorrhizal colonization, intensity of colonization in infected root segments, sporulation, and the extent of extramatrical hyphae formation were greatest when host species and soil diluent most closely matched conditions at the site from which each inoculum was collected. Hence, the MPN method estimated infectivity of propagules best when the host and soil diluent properties permitted expression of all multiple factors conditioning infection processes. MPN estimates were directly proportional to percentage mycorrhizal colonization when the number of infectious propagules were low. regardless of host or soil diluent combination.
Spontaneous phasic activity in the brain: differences between waves in lateral geniculate and central lateral nuclei across sleep states.

SUMMARY Ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves are spontaneously-occurring macropotential waveforms recorded in the pons, lateral geniculate body (LGB) and occipital cortex. PGO waves mark the onset and course of rapid eye movement sleep (REM). PGO-like waves can be recorded in several brain areas including the thalamic central lateral nucleus (CL). Alerting stimuli elicit PGO waves (PGOE) from LGB and waves from CL (CLE) in all behavioural states. We compared spontaneous activity in LGB and CL across behavioral states to examine the relationship of CL waves to PGO waves. Spontaneous waves in LGB and CL may occur concurrently or separately in all states. Although REM is marked by a high level of LGB PGO activity, CL waves are rare. Frequencies of CL and LGB waves are similar in non-REM (NREM) although the waves do not necessarily occur at the same time. These findings suggest that the widespread phasic activity recorded throughout the brain in sleep cannot be assumed to be a non-specific unitary phenomenon propagated from a single brainstem generator.
Evaluation of two perch deterrents for starlings, blackbirds and pigeons

Abstract Bird–aircraft collisions are costly and potentially deadly to people and wildlife. From 1990 through 2004, 57 702 bird collisions with aircraft were reported within the USA to the US Federal Aviation Administration. Approximately 82% of the strikes occur below 305 m height above ground level; therefore bird deterrents on airfields that reduce the quality of the birds' habitat are critical to safe airport operation. One management approach is to reduce perching sites within the airport premises. We tested two anti-perching devices (Birdwire™ and BirdBlox™) in an aviary setting. As an ancillary test, we determined which wire in a standard three-strand security array was preferred by blackbirds and starlings. Red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus), brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater), and European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) were deterred from sitting on a perch when anti-perching wire was installed 5 cm above the perch. These same species preferred the top wire of the three-wire security a...
INTERPERSONAL COMPETENCE, SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE, AND GENERAL ABILITY

The goal of this study was to appraise the construct validity of a videotape-based situational test, the Interpersonal Competence Instrument (ICI), specifically its convergent validity with regard to other measures of social intelligence as well as its discriminant validity with respect to indexes of general ability. The ICI was administered to college students (fraternity and sorority members, and dormitory residents) along with a battery of other devices: self-rating, peer rating, and inventory measures of social intelligence and general ability; objective tests of major components of social intelligence and general ability; and control measures. Five factors emerged in a factor analysis of the measures: general ability, age, sex, halo, and distance to the video receiver. The ICI Judgments–Accuracy score defined the general ability factor and had a borderline loading on the age factor; the ICI Replies–Effectiveness score did not appear on any factor. The Judgments–Accuracy score seems to be tapping general ability to some extent, whereas what the Replies–Effectiveness score is assessing cannot be determined at all.
Training cyber-defense and securing information assets using student blue teams

In this paper, we discuss the creation of a student Blue Team to assist campus organizations with security incident response. We also explore approaches for establishing a relationship with university information technology staff, informing blue team members of professional and ethical responsibilities, and aiding system administrators with incident response and system hardening. Finally, we discuss the benefits to students taking part in these activities, as well as their contributions to improving an organizations security posture.
Relationships between housing and food insecurity, frequent mental distress, and insufficient sleep among adults in 12 US States, 2009.

Introduction Housing insecurity and food insecurity may be psychological stressors associated with insufficient sleep. Frequent mental distress may mediate the relationships between these variables. The objective of this study was to examine the relationships between housing insecurity and food insecurity, frequent mental distress, and insufficient sleep.
Aristotle on the Disciplines of Argument: Rhetoric, Dialectic, Analytic

Abstract According to an argument made by other authors, analytic—the formal logical theory of the categorical syllogism expounded in the Prior Analytics —is a relatively late development in Aristotle9s thinking about argument. As a general theory of validity, it served as the master discipline of argument in Aristotle9s mature thought about the subject. The object of this paper is to explore his early conception of the relations between the argumentative disciplines. Its principal thesis, based chiefly on evidence about the relation between dialectic and rhetoric, is that before the advent of analytic dialectic played a double role. It was both the art or discipline of one practice of argumentation and the master discipline of argument to which other disciplines turned for their understanding of the fundamentals of argument.
Racial disparities in surgical resection and survival among elderly patients with poor prognosis cancer.

Background Reports indicate that black patients have lower survival after the diagnosis of a poor prognosis cancer, compared with white patients. We explored the extent to which this disparity is attributable to the underuse of surgery. Study Design Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program and Medicare database, we identified 57,364 patients, ages 65 years and older, with a new diagnosis of nonmetastatic liver, lung, pancreatic, and esophageal cancer, from 2000 to 2005. We evaluated racial differences in resection rates after adjustment for patient, tumor, and hospital characteristics using hierarchical logistic regression. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess racial differences in survival after adjusting for patient, tumor, and hospital characteristics, and receipt of surgery. Results Compared with white patients, black patients were less likely to undergo surgery for liver (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.49; 95% CI, 0.29–0.83), lung (aOR = 0.62; 95% CI, 0.56–0.69), pancreas (aOR = 0.53; 95% CI, 0.41–0.70), and esophagus cancers (aOR = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.42–0.99). Hospitals varied in their surgery rates among patients with potentially resectable disease. However, resection rates were consistently lower for black patients, regardless of the resection rate of the treating hospital. Although there were no racial differences in overall survival with liver and esophageal cancer, black patients experienced poorer survival for lung (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.05; 95% CI, 1.00–1.10) and pancreas cancer (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.15; 95% CI, 1.03–1.30). In both instances, there were no residual racial disparities in overall survival after adjusting for use of surgery. Conclusions Black patients are less likely to undergo surgery after diagnosis of a poor prognosis cancer. Our findings suggest that surgery is an important predictor of overall mortality, and that efforts to reduce racial disparities will require stakeholders to gain a better understanding of why elderly black patients are less likely to get to the operating room.
Solar cell conducting grid structure

Abstract The width of a conducting line of a parallel grid structure should be as small as is practical. Once this value is chosen, a method for determining the optimum spacing is developed.
The structure of the number of representations function in a binary quadratic form

This paper contains, primarily, the extension to any integral, binary quadratic form of the results of a recent articlet concerning positive, binary, quadratic forms. With suitable conventions almost all the results carry over without change, though some of the proofs need slight alterations. Incidentally, there are treated automorphs of binary quadratic forms, and (rather fully) properties of sets of representations (representations equivalent through automorphic transformations) in a binary quadratic form. 1. Dirichlett has already in all essentials extended the notion of number of representations to indefinite forms. We shall utilize the following equivalent definition. Two representations (x,y) and (x', y') of m in the formf = [a, b, c ],? that is, two integral solutions of (1) ax2+ bxy + cy2 = M,
A taxonomic study of Jamesia (Hydrangeaceae)

Jamesia (Hydrangeaceae) is endemic to western North America from the southern Rocky Mountains in southeastern Wyoming and Colorado west across the Great Basin to the southern Sierra Nevada and south through New Mexico and southeastern Arizona to Chihuahua and Nuevo Leon. Its distinctiveness and Oligocene fossil record suggest that it is an old genus. The genus comprises five geographically distinct taxa that can be grouped into two species. One of these,Jamesia americana, is further divided into four varieties, the second of which is new, and the fourth of which assumes a name older than that in current use:J. americana var.americana, var.zionis, var.macrocalyx, and var.rosea. The second species,J. tetrapetala, is new.
Alcohol flux and effect on the delivery of theophylline from propylene glycol

Abstract The diffusion of alcohols and the back-diffusion of water through hairless mouse skin after the application of alcohols have been determined using 1 H NMR spectroscopy to quantitate the composition of the donor phases during diffusion cell experiments. After the alcohols were removed, a second application of a standard solute/vehicle (theophylline/propylene glycol-PG) was made. The diffusion of PG and the back-diffusion of water were determined using 1 H NMR spectroscopy to quantitate the composition of the donor phases while the diffusion of theophylline was determined using UV spectroscopy to quantitate theophylline in the receptor phases. The flux values for theophylline, PG and water were used as a measure of irreversible damage done to the skins by the initial application. The flux of the alcohols and the back-diffusion of water in the first application period decreased with increasing chain length of the alcohol. On the other hand, the flux of theophylline, PG and water in the second application increased with increasing chain length of the alcohol that had been applied initially. The results from the second application appear to be due to greater irreversible damage caused by the longer chain alcohols. There is a clear difference between the extent of damage caused by the C 1 to C 3 alcohols and that caused by the C 4 to C 8 alcohols.
HMG-1 stimulates estrogen response element binding by estrogen receptor from stably transfected HeLa cells.

Estrogen receptor (ER) toxicity has hampered the development of vertebrate cell lines stably expressing substantial levels of recombinant wild-type ER. To isolate clonal lines of HeLa cells stably expressing epitope-tagged ER, we used a construction encoding a single bicistronic mRNA, in which FLAG-epitope-tagged human ERα (fER) was translated from a 5′-translation initiation site and fused to the neomycin resistance gene, which was translated from an internal ribosome entry site. One stable HeLa-ER-positive cell line (HeLa-ER1) produces 1,300,000 molecules of fER/cell (∼20-fold more ER than MCF-7 cells). The HeLa fER is biologically active in vivo, as judged by rapid death of the cells in the presence of either 17β-estradiol or trans-hydroxytamoxifen and the ability of the cell line to activate a transfected estrogen response element (ERE)-containing reporter gene. The FLAG-tagged ER was purified to near homogeneity in a single step by immunoaffinity chromatography with anti-FLAG monoclonal antibody. Pur...
“Casting” light on the role of glycosylation during embryonic development: Insights from zebrafish

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) remains a versatile model organism for the investigation of early development and organogenesis, and has emerged as a valuable platform for drug discovery and toxicity evaluation [1-6]. Harnessing the genetic power and experimental accessibility of this system, three decades of research have identified key genes and pathways that control the development of multiple organ systems and tissues, including the heart, kidney, and craniofacial cartilage, as well as the hematopoietic, vascular, and central and peripheral nervous systems [7-31]. In addition to their application in large mutagenic screens, zebrafish has been used to model a variety of diseases such as diabetes, polycystic kidney disease, muscular dystrophy and cancer [32-36]. As this work continues to intersect with cellular pathways and processes such as lipid metabolism, glycosylation and vesicle trafficking, investigators are often faced with the challenge of determining the degree to which these pathways are functionally conserved in zebrafish. While they share a high degree of genetic homology with mouse and human, the manner in which cellular pathways are regulated in zebrafish during early development, and the differences in the organ physiology, warrant consideration before functional studies can be effectively interpreted and compared with other vertebrate systems. This point is particularly relevant for glycosylation since an understanding of the glycan diversity and the mechanisms that control glycan biosynthesis during zebrafish embryogenesis (as in many organisms) is still developing.Nonetheless, a growing number of studies in zebrafish have begun to cast light on the functional roles of specific classes of glycans during organ and tissue development. While many of the initial efforts involved characterizing identified mutants in a number of glycosylation pathways, the use of reverse genetic approaches to directly model glycosylation-related disorders is now increasingly popular. In this review, the glycomics of zebrafish and the developmental expression of their glycans will be briefly summarized along with recent chemical biology approaches to visualize certain classes of glycans within developing embryos. Work regarding the role of protein-bound glycans and glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in zebrafish development and organogenesis will also be highlighted. Lastly, future opportunities and challenges in the expanding field of zebrafish glycobiology are discussed.
Development and Preliminary Validation of the Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire.

OBJECTIVE: A substantial proportion of U.S. college students drink alcoholic beverages and report significant deleterious effects. The present study describes the development and initial validation of a measure designed to capture a broad range of alcohol-related consequences experienced by male and female college students. METHOD: College students (N=340, 176 women) completed a self-report questionnaire battery consisting of information about demographic characteristics, drinking behaviors, and drinking consequences. Drinking consequences were assessed with a composite measure based on the Drinker Inventory of Consequences, the Young Adult Alcohol Problem Screening Test (YAAPST) and items developed by the researchers. To assess concurrent validity, a subset of the total sample (n=126) also completed the Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (RAPI). RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analyses supported an eight-factor solution (Social-Interpersonal Consequences, Impaired Control, Self-Perception, Self-Care, Risk Behaviors, Academic/Occupational Consequences, Physical Dependence, and Blackout Drinking), with all factors loading on a single, higher-order factor. YAACQ total scores correlated with alcohol quantity and frequency, and the RAPI. Gender comparisons suggest that the YAACQ assesses constructs of interest equally well for women and men. CONCLUSIONS: These results offer preliminary support for this measure. Research and clinical applications include the potential to predict future problems by specific type of consequence and to offer detailed feedback about drinking consequences to students as part of a preventive intervention. As such, the YAACQ may serve as an aid in both the description of and intervention for heavy drinking in college.
Signal processing techniques for target acquisition

The Naval Research Laboratory is studying the performance versus design tradeoffs for infrared seekers used for the acquisition of sea surface targets. The wide variation in background level, target contrast, target size, and background clutter require an optimized sensor design and adaptive real time signal processing techniques to detect and acquire the target. This paper describes generic sea surface target infrared signature characteristics, and the signal processing techniques used to acquire these targets.
User Interface Improvements in Computer-Assisted Instruction, the Challenge.

Abstract The purpose of this paper is threefold: (1) to identify user interface problems as they relate to computer-assisted instruction (CAI); (2) to review the learning theories and instructional theories related to CAI user interface; and (3) to present potential CAI user interface improvements for research and development based on learning and instruction theory. User interface is defined as “hardware, software (including menus, screen design, keyboard commands, and command language), or both that allows a user to interact with and perform operations on a system, program, or device” ( McDaniel, 1994 , IBM dictionary of computing (10th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 724). Not all learning theories and instructional theories are discussed, but those most influential to CAI are included. Likewise, not all potential CAI user interface improvements are addressed but, rather, the focus is on CAI screen design user interface improvements. Proposed improvements are those which could be easily researched and incorporated into CAI design.
Atlas: leveraging locks for non-volatile memory consistency

Non-volatile main memory, such as memristors or phase change memory, can revolutionize the way programs persist data. In-memory objects can themselves be persistent without the need for a separate persistent data storage format. However, the challenge is to ensure that such data remains consistent if a failure occurs during execution. In this paper, we present our system, called Atlas, which adds durability semantics to lock-based code, typically allowing us to automatically maintain a globally consistent state even in the presence of failures. We identify failure-atomic sections of code based on existing critical sections and describe a log-based implementation that can be used to recover a consistent state after a failure. We discuss several subtle semantic issues and implementation tradeoffs. We confirm the ability to rapidly flush CPU caches as a core implementation bottleneck and suggest partial solutions. Experimental results confirm the practicality of our approach and provide insight into the overheads of such a system.
A tale of 101 digital stories

Digital storytelling at Williams has become a standard part of how ITech introduces the use of video to faculty, staff, and students. From 2002 to the present, Williams College has invited Joe Lambert and others from the Center for Digital Storytelling [1] at least once a year to conduct three-day workshops for eight to twelve faculty and staff on digital storytelling. Participants create a three to five minute video from still images, audio narratives, music, and sometimes video. Though learning the technology necessary to create and edit the final videos is definitely part of the workshop, a greater emphasis is placed on the art of storytelling and script writing. The culminating event of the workshop is the movie showing at the end of the three days. The Office for Information Technology at Williams College has in turn used the Center for Digital Storytelling model of teaching digital storytelling to train students how to work with audio/video hardware; collect high quality audio, video, and still images; work with video editing and project management; and get to know each other in a new way. This paper covers the process of teaching digital storytelling and examines the outcomes from providing this training to the faculty, staff, and students of Williams College through interviews with past workshop participants.