cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identifying the potential for cross-fishery spillovers: a network analysis of Alaskan permitting patterns

Many fishers own a portfolio of permits across multiple fisheries, creating an opportunity for fishing effort to adjust across fisheries and enabling impacts from a policy change in one fishery to ...
Fracture toughness of soft materials with rate-independent hysteresis

Abstract The fracture toughness of soft elastomers or gels can be substantially enhanced by introducing various energy dissipation mechanisms into the bulk material. Bulk dissipation, manifested in the hysteresis of loading-unloading cycles, enables the formation of a dissipation zone around the crack tip that consumes most of the energy provided by the external loading to drive crack propagation, effectively increasing the fracture toughness. An in-depth understanding on how bulk dissipation contributes to fracture toughness is required to predict crack propagation in soft materials with significant hysteresis. However, the current understanding is limited to the qualitative or empirical level due to the complex nonlinear mechanics involved in soft material fracture. This paper presents a theoretical framework for calculating the energy dissipation associated with crack propagation. To demonstrate its utility, we focus on steady state crack propagation and consider a model material system with rate-independent hysteresis: a neo-Hookean solid with Mullins effect. We determine analytical relations between fracture toughness and the parameters governing bulk hysteresis, and quantitatively predict the reduction in fracture toughness due to pre-stretch. Both agree well with finite element results. The framework presented here can be applied to a broader range of dissipative soft materials, thus providing a theoretical tool to guide the engineering of soft materials with high toughness.
Doing Research on Eclipsing Binary Stars with Small Telescopes and PC computers

Astronomical research with a small telescope (20 cm – 40 cm) has always been a challenging problem. The invention of CCD cameras and personal computers has now put this question to past as small telescopes can do good and practicle science. This paper describes the use of small telescope in the study of eclipsing binary stars. Binary stars play an important role as astrophysical laboratories in our quest to understand the evolution and structure of stars. The most useful aspects of research with a small telescope in binary star research is; 1) as a viable teaching laboratory for begining students 2) to teach and learn the fundamental observational techniques that are common to many types of astronomical research areas 3) as a starting point to initiate research programs in observational astronomy, optics, instrumentation, computational astrophysics and 4) as a foundation to develop an infrastructure and technical know how for larger telescope facility.
Reproductive Factors and Cancer Risk

Late age at first birth, early age at menarche, late age at menopause, and nulliparity are each associated with an increase in breast cancer risk. Nulliparity increases the risk of ovarian cancer, while tubal ligation has been found to decrease risk. Although less well studied, nulliparity and late age at menopause appear to increase the risk of endometrial cancer.
INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE | Overview

Comprised of over 150 named disorders, interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a complex area of pulmonary medicine for generalists and experts alike. While many of the disorders share common clinical features, the mechanism of disease, outcome, type, or even availability of therapy for each specific disease often differs dramatically. An accurate diagnosis is therefore essential for the determination of prognosis and appropriate management. This article provides a framework for the classification and evaluation of patients with ILD.
A web emphasis in software engineering

As software engineering (SE) is becoming increasingly important as a discipline for computing professionals, so is it becoming an increasing emphasis in undergraduate computing education. Also, the World-Wide Web has become a dominant force in the world economy and in the careers of our students; but it has not enjoyed a prominent place in our curriculum for computing majors. Based on some observations about the current CS curriculum as a whole, a number of pedagogical and web-focused changes to a traditional undergraduate SE course are reported. While not necessarily appropriate for all approaches to teaching SE, the focus here may nonetheless be appropriate for departments whose CS curriculum matches the observations presented here.
A new Biatoridium from eastern North America, with comments on the disposition of species of Biatorella sensu Magnusson

Biatoridium lasiothecium is described as new to science from southeastern North America. The species differs from B. delitescens and B. monasteriense in the shaggy appearance of the ascomata, due to the elongation of individual paraphyses. A taxonomic key to morphologically similar, polysporous species, as well as other North American lichenized and non-lichenized fungi traditionally included in Biatorella, is provided. A new combination is made for Strangospora cyphalea (≡ B. cyphalea).
Optimization based trajectory planning for real-time 6DoF robotic patient motion compensation systems

Purpose Robotic stabilization of a therapeutic radiation beam with respect to a dynamically moving tumor target can be accomplished either by moving the radiation source, the patient, or both. As the treatment beam is on during this process, the primary goal is to minimize exposure of normal tissue to radiation as much as possible when moving the target back to the desired position. Due to the complex mechanical structure of 6 degree-of-freedom (6DoF) robots, it is not intuitive as to what 6 dimensional (6D) correction trajectory is optimal in achieving such a goal. With proportional-integrative-derivative (PID) and other controls, the potential exists that the controller may generate a trajectory that is highly curved, slow, or suboptimal in that it leads to unnecessary exposure of healthy tissue to radiation. This work investigates a novel feedback planning method that takes into account a robot’s mechanical joint structure, patient safety tolerances, and other system constraints, and performs real-time optimization to search the entire 6D trajectory space in each time cycle so it can respond with an optimal 6D correction trajectory. Methods Computer simulations were created for two 6DoF robotic patient support systems: a Stewart-Gough platform for moving a patient’s head in frameless maskless stereotactic radiosurgery, and a linear accelerator treatment table for moving a patient in prostate cancer radiation therapy. Motion planning was formulated as an optimization problem and solved at real-time speeds using the L-BFGS algorithm. Three planning methods were investigated, moving the platform as fast as possible (platform-D), moving the target along a straight-line (target-S), and moving the target based on the fastest descent of position error (target-D). Both synthetic motion and prior recorded human motion were used as input data and output results were analyzed. Results For randomly generated 6D step-like and sinusoidal synthetic input motion, target-D planning demonstrated the smallest net trajectory error in all cases. On average, optimal planning was found to have a 45% smaller target trajectory error than platform-D control, and a 44% smaller target trajectory error than target-S planning. For patient head motion compensation, only target-D planning was able to maintain a ≤0.5mm and ≤0.5deg clinical tolerance objective for 100% of the treatment time. For prostate motion, both target-S planning and target-D planning outperformed platform-D control. Conclusions A general 6D target trajectory optimization framework for robotic patient motion compensation systems was investigated. The method was found to be flexible as it allows control over various performance requirements such as mechanical limits, velocities, acceleration, or other system control objectives.
Bringing Inferentialism to Science Education

In this article, I introduce Robert Brandom’s inferentialism as an alternative to common representational interpretations of constructivism in science education. By turning our attention away from the representational role of conceptual contents and toward the norms governing their use in inferences, we may interpret knowledge as a capacity to engage in a particular form of social activity, the game of giving and asking for reasons. This capacity is not readily reduced to a diagrammatic structure defining the knowledge to be acquired. By considering the application of these ideas to the concept of electrical current and the use of analogies in science education, I hope to illustrate how they may be given practical employment as the child comes to explore within the concepts derived from historical scientific endeavours and not merely meander through her individual experiences of scientific phenomena themselves. In moving away from the representational role of analogy, our focus shifts from the quality of the analogy itself toward the quality of the discourse utilising the analogy.
Using the Virtual-Abstract Instructional Sequence to Support Acquisition of Algebra.

Although often considered a more advanced area of mathematics, principles of algebra are taught throughout different mathematical concepts, and algebra is often considered gateway mathematical know...
Thermal Non-Line-of-Sight Imaging

We propose a novel non-line-of-sight (NLOS) imaging framework with long-wave infrared (IR). At long-wave IR wavelengths, certain physical parameters are more favorable for high-fidelity reconstruction. In contrast to prior work in visible light NLOS, at long-wave IR wavelengths, the hidden heat source acts as a light source. This simplifies the problem to a single bounce problem. In addition, surface reflectance has a much stronger specular reflection in the long-wave IR spectrum than in the visible light spectrum. We reformulate a light transport model that leverages these favorable physical properties of long-wave IR. Specifically, we demonstrate 2D shape recovery and 3D localization of a hidden object. Furthermore, we demonstrate near real-time and robust NLOS pose estimation of a human figure, the first such demonstration, to our knowledge.
Immediate and long-term memory and their relation to crystallized and fluid intelligence

Abstract The present study was conducted to investigate associations between Gc and Gf and several memory factors—namely short-term memory (STM) span, working memory capacity (WMC), and declarative long-term memory (dLTM) ability. Two hundred and thirty-six individuals completed a number of tasks assessing the above named constructs and structural equation models were fitted. In line with prior research, both WMC and dLTM ability directly accounted for variance in Gf. Notably, these same factors also accounted for variance in Gc. Importantly, however, the results of two exploratory analyses suggest that WMC and dLTM ability explain variance in Gc that is due to the investment of Gf. These exploratory analyses raise doubts about the purported role of dLTM ability in Gf and Gc performance. Ultimately, it is argued that there is need for further research investigating the cognitive components of Gc as well as dLTM ability.
Analysis of Kalman Filter-Based Localization for HIMR RFID Systems

Hybrid inertial microwave reflectometry (HIMR) is one of the most promising technologies for achieving the elusive, ultimate goal of wireless localization, i.e., motion-capture grade position tracking at long-range distances. In this paper, we introduce and analyze Kalman filter-based real-time position estimators for HIMR systems. Results from measured data show that the new approach results in a 5 mm RMS tracking error at a range of several meters—a 25% improvement with enhanced robustness over existing position estimators. Moreover, this performance level is shown to be achievable using only RF signals, without inertial data, thereby potentially simplifying RFID-based motion capture system design in many cases. The technique is scalable to ranges of tens- and hundreds-of-meters.
Current Agents and Related Therapeutic Targets for Inflammation After Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury.

Background The infliction of a traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) propagates damage that occurs in 2 stages. The first phase of trauma develops from the initial mechanical insult. The second phase involves the degradation of nervous tissue but is likely not affected by the initial insult. Thus, therapeutic targets with a high specificity for these secondary injury processes have been of increasing interest. We reviewed the pathophysiologic cascades of inflammation after SCI and potential therapeutic targets. Methods The PubMed and EMBASE databases were queried using appropriate medical subject headings for studies involving tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α), nuclear factor (NF)-κB, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-1β, and/or Fas ligand (FasL) targets. The relevant studies found were graded into 3 levels (i.e., A, B, C) according to the quality of evidence. Results We have summarized the basis of the neurological damage for TNF-α, NF-κB, iNOS, IL-1β, and FasL after SCI. A total of 17 studies were rated, each of which had reported histological, biochemical, physiological, and behavioral outcomes according to the treatment that had focused on TNF-α, NF-κB, iNOS, IL-1β, and FasL. Conclusion The TNF-α, iNOS, NF-κB, IL-1β, and FasL will become active within minutes after SCI. The adverse effects from the activity of these receptors include inflammation and other important neurological damage. Each of these targets can be modulated by specific agents with differing degrees of efficacy according to the reported data.
Student Perceptions of the Impact of “Quality Matters” Certified Online Courses on their Learning and Engagement

The Quality Matters (QM) is one of the most widely-adopted set of standards for best practices in online courses to promote student learning. In this study, we examined student perceptions of the impact of QM certified courses on students learning and engagement. Fifty graduate students enrolled in online courses completed a survey developed based on the QM rubric items. The QM framework includes 43 standards in eight categories. Among eight categories, Course Activities and Learner Interaction were rated to have the highest impact and Learning Objectives were rated to have the second highest impact on both student learning and engagement. The exploratory factor analysis revealed that 12 factors explained 88.89% of the variance of the impact on learning and 8 factors explained 85.72% of the variance of the impact on engagement. Clear expectations loaded as the highest factor for both learning and engagement.
Creating Global Care: An International Shared Care Experience

Purpose International shared care can provide access to advanced options for patients in various parts of the world with end stage heart failure who are deemed high risk surgical candidates. We sought to describe the process utilized to provide successful, co-managed, culturally sensitive international shared care. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed to evaluate outcomes and hemocompatability related adverse event (HRAE) rates of a successful international shared care model between a large, academic medical center in the United States (US) and two shared care hospitals located in two countries in the Middle East. Results After training at the implant site is completed by the shared care team, a partnership can continue remotely. Ongoing communication with the International office ensures a streamlined process for referrals, successful transition for a patient to return home, co-management of adverse events, and continued education for patients, families, and shared care providers. This partnership resulted in 109 patient referrals since 2016. 7 patients were discharged from the hospital on centrifugal flow ventricular assist devices (HM3 n=3 or HVAD n=4) with 100% survival at 6 months and 85% of patients returned home (n=6). Since discharge, there has been 100% freedom from stroke or thrombosis related adverse events compared to IMACs 69.1% at 6 months for patients on isolated centrifugal flow device. Additional adverse events include 1 driveline infection (14%) and 1 outpatient GI bleed (14%). Conclusion International shared care provides access to advanced heart failure therapies in other countries and co-management facilitates improved patient outcomes with lower HRAE rates. Quality VAD care can be shared, regardless of language or location. Further application of this model in other countries should be further employed and evaluated.
Muscle Lipid Droplets: Cellular Signaling to Exercise Physiology and Beyond

Conventionally viewed as energy storage depots, lipid droplets (LDs) play a central role in muscle lipid metabolism and intracellular signaling, as recognized by recent advances in our biological understanding. Specific subpopulations of muscle LDs, defined by location and associated proteins, are responsible for distinct biological functions. In this review, the traditional view of muscle LDs is examined, and the emerging role of LDs in intracellular signaling is highlighted. The effects of chronic and acute exercise on muscle LD metabolism and signaling is discussed. In conclusion, future directions for muscle LD research are identified. The primary focus will be on human studies, with inclusion of select animal/cellular/non-muscle studies as appropriate, to provide the underlying mechanisms driving the observed findings.
Control of Drosophila wing size by morphogen range and hormonal gating.

The stereotyped dimensions of animal bodies and their component parts result from tight constraints on growth. Yet, the mechanisms that stop growth when organs reach the right size are unknown. Growth of the Drosophila wing—a classic paradigm—is governed by two morphogens, Decapentaplegic (Dpp, a BMP) and Wingless (Wg, a Wnt). Wing growth during larval life ceases when the primordium attains full size, concomitant with the larval-to-pupal molt orchestrated by the steroid hormone ecdysone. Here, we block the molt by genetically dampening ecdysone production, creating an experimental paradigm in which the wing stops growing at the correct size while the larva continues to feed and gain body mass. Under these conditions, we show that wing growth is limited by the ranges of Dpp and Wg, and by ecdysone, which regulates the cellular response to their signaling activities. Further, we present evidence that growth terminates because of the loss of two distinct modes of morphogen action: 1) maintenance of growth within the wing proper and 2) induced growth of surrounding “pre-wing” cells and their recruitment into the wing. Our results provide a precedent for the control of organ size by morphogen range and the hormonal gating of morphogen action.
Antibiotic use and presumptive pathogens in the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System.

BACKGROUND Empirical antibiotic use is common in the hospital. Here, we characterize patterns of antibiotic use, infectious diagnoses, and microbiological lab results among hospitalized patients and aim to quantify the proportion of antibiotic use that is potentially attributable to specific bacterial pathogens. METHODS We conducted an observational study using electronic health records from acute care facilities in the United States Veterans Affairs Healthcare System. From October 2017 to September 2018, 482,381 hospitalizations for 332,657 unique patients that met all criteria were included. At least one antibiotic was administered at 202,037 (41.9%) of included hospital stays. We measured frequency of antibiotic use, microbiological specimen collection, and bacterial isolation by diagnosis category and antibiotic group. A tiered system based on specimen collection sites and diagnoses was used to attribute antibiotic use to presumptive causative organisms. RESULTS Specimens were collected at 130,012 (64.4%) hospitalizations with any antibiotic use, and at least one bacterial organism was isolated at 35.1% of these stays. Frequency of bacterial isolation varied widely by diagnosis category and antibiotic group. Under increasingly lenient criteria, 10.2% to 31.4% of 974,733 antibiotic days-of-therapy could be linked to a potential bacterial pathogen. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the vast majority of antibiotic use could be linked to either an infectious diagnosis or microbiological specimen. Nearly half of antibiotic use occurred when there was a specimen collected but no bacterial organism identified, underscoring the need for rapid and improved diagnostics to optimize antibiotic use.
Creditor Rights, Collateral Reuse, and Credit Supply

Theories linking the reuse of collateral to financial instability have been influential in macroeconomics but empirical evidence on them is limited. I utilize a change to bankruptcy treatment of repo collateral to provide causal evidence that strengthened creditor rights increase credit supply and financial instability by increasing the reuse of repo collateral. Using novel hand-collected data linking dealers’ repledgeable collateral to their lending to mortgage companies, I find that dealers exposed to the change in bankruptcy treatment increased their repledgeable collateral – consistent with a money multiplier – and their credit supply to mortgage companies during the 2000’s housing boom and bust. I establish that increased dealer credit provision drove mortgage companies to increase originations and pivot toward risky products. I estimate that the expansion in credit increased originations by 9% and accounted for 38% of defaults on mortgages originated during 2005-2006, consistent with a financial accelerator channel of repo funding. I estimate the money multiplier of private-label mortgage collateral to be 4.5 times that of Treasuries, shedding new light on the previously unknown size of this repo money multiplier.
The therapeutic potential of ketone bodies in Parkinson's disease.

While most instances of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are idiopathic, multiple lines of evidence implicate a role for mitochondrial dysfunction in its etiology or progression. Deficits in bioenergetics,...
Modulation of the Serotonin Reuptake Transporter in RAW264.7 Macrophages

MODULATION OF THE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE TRANSPORTER IN RAW264.7 MACROPHAGES Sienna Marie Arenas Malubay, B.S. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2006 Major Director: Jennifer K. Stewart, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Biology Serotonin (5-HT) plays an important role as both a neurotransmitter and an immune modulator. The serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) clears the extracellular space of 5-HT, which decreases the effects of 5-HT on target cells. This study demonstrated that the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line expresses SERT function, measured by assays of 3 ~ 5 ~ ~ uptake. The 5-HT uptake in RAW264.7 macrophages was more than 10-fold that of peritoneal macrophages, indicating that these cells are an excellent model for studying regulation of the SERT. Activation of macrophages with xii lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased SERT activity in a timeand concentrationdependent manner and Western blots indicate that the increase in activity is partially due to LPS-induced increases in total SERT protein. Both unstimulated and LPS-stimulated activity was inhibited by the specific SERT inhibitor fluoxetine (ICSo = 5-8 nM) and was reduced by the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleulun-10. Changes in extracellular concentrations of interleulun-lp and tumor necrosis factor-a did not affect SERT activity.
Effect of Type-Specific Antiserum on the Pulmonary Hypertensive Response to Group B Streptococcus in Piglets

Group B streptococcal (GBS) organisms are a major cause of serious bacterial infections in newborns. Both clinical and laboratory studies have shown that GBS infection is associated with circulatory disturbances including pulmonary hypertension, which may lead to the persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn syndrome. Previous studies in our laboratories have shown that pretreatment of GBS organisms premixed with rabbit polyclonal type-specific antibody will augment the pulmonary hypertension seen with GBS organisms alone [1]. Since passive immunotherapy is being used clinically to treat infected infants, we thought it important to further evaluate the interaction of type-specific antigen and antibody in the cardiovascular disturbances induced by GBS sepsis. Availability of a mutant GBS organism which expresses no detectable type-specific antigen [2] allowed us to study the effect of antibody, with and without its antigen, on the cardiovascular hemodynamics of GBS infusion. We tested the hypotheses that (1) administration of encapsulated GBS organisms premixed with type-specific antibodies exacerbates the adverse effects caused by injection of GBS organisms alone, and (2) type-specific antibodies do not alter hemodynamic responses to the injection of a capsule-deficient mutant GBS organism
Space Technology 5 - technology validation update

The Space Technology 5 (ST5) Project, part of NASA's New Millennium Program, consists of a constellation of three micro-satellites. The validation objectives are to demonstrate the research-quality science capability of the ST5 spacecraft; to operate the three spacecraft as a constellation; and to design, develop, test and flight-validate three capable micro-satellites with new technologies. The project team has made significant progress in the past year in building and testing the ground system and flight hardware. Through component-level testing and spacecraft integration and test, many components have been demonstrated on the ground to begin achieving the validation objectives. We are on target for our February 28, 2006 launch date. A three-month flight demonstration phase is planned, during which we complete the flight validation objectives. This paper describes the validation strategy for science capability, constellation operations, and spacecraft and component technologies, as well as progress made to date.
Randomized trial of acetylcysteine in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Background N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been suggested as a beneficial treatment for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). A placebo-controlled study of this agent administrated orally alone in an IPF population has not been conducted.
FOC2EPIDEMIOLOGYFOC2-1EMOTIONAL INTIMACY MODERATES THE IMPACT OF STRESS AND DRINKING BUDDIES ON ALCOHOL PROBLEMS.

Introduction. Although there is considerable research that married couples are at low risk for alcohol problems, there is very little research addressing the processes underlying this association. One possible explanation is that marriage provides a stable source of social support. Thus, an emotionally satisfying marriage reduces the impact of …
The deformation of oriented high density polyethylene

Thin, single crystal-like textured films of HDPE were uniaxiaIly elongated at 56, 93 and 129°C along the chain direction. In all cases, the initial shish-kebab morphology was transformed via crystal shear, chain slip and “defect” generation within the crystalline phase. Shear between shish-kebabs was observed at all temperatures and was identified by a rotation of lamellar normals away from the elongation direction. Craze-like structures developed at all temperatures as well, but only propagated laterally at temperatures above the alpha transition temperature of polyethylene. The evolution of the crystalline phase during deformation was imaged in detail by darkfield TEM. The generation of long (3μm), thin crystalline fibrils (“protofibrils”) of about 7 nm diameter indicated that the material had undergone strain induced crystallization. Lateral connections between the original kebabs were retained during drawing in many cases, and constituted tie fibrils between adjacent “craze” fibrils. The processes which occurred in thin films at temperatures above the alpha transition and which gave rise to long crystals provided insight into the generation of a continuous crystalline phase in bulk polyethylene.
Criterion Validity of Complex Traits With Counterproductive Work Behaviors: Circumplex Versus Facet Traits

This study examined the criterion validity of factorially complex traits, specifically circumplex traits, in comparison to personality facets in explaining variance in interpersonally directed and organization-directed counterproductive work behavior (CWB-I and CWB-O). We examined whether circumplex traits’ explanation of unique variance was due to being narrower traits or a blend of multiple personality factors. We compared the Abridged Big Five Circumplex circumplexes and the Revised NEO Personality Inventory facets associated with Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. Two hundred ninety-six student workers completed the study. Regression analysis supported our prediction that circumplex traits explain unique variance in CWB-Is and CWB-Os beyond that of personality facets. In addition, those personality facets with stronger relationships to the criteria had larger cross-loadings between personality domains.
Reversible expression of CD34 by adult human bone marrow long-term engrafting hematopoietic stem cells

Abstract Objective. We previously reported that CD34 − population of bone marrow (BM) cells from adult humans contains cells capable of engraftment and multilineage differentiation. We also reported on the reversibility of CD34 expression by murine hematopoietic stem cells. Based on long-term observations in primary, secondary, and tertiary sheep recipients, we now present definitive evidence for the long-term engrafting capability of human BM CD34 − cells, and the reversibility of CD34 expression by human BM hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in vivo. Materials and Methods. We used serial transplantations into primary, secondary, and tertiary preimmune fetal sheep recipients to evaluate and compare the long-term engraftment and differentiation of adult human bone marrow–derived CD34 − and CD34 + cells in vivo. Results. In primary hosts CD34 − or CD34 + cells produced multilineage human cell activity that persisted for 31 months. To confirm the long-term engrafting characteristics of CD34 − cells and determine whether CD34 expression on human HSC is reversible, we transplanted human CD34 − and CD34 + cells obtained from primary hosts into secondary sheep recipients. Multilineage engraftment occurred in all secondary hosts, and in tertiary hosts transplanted with CD34 − or CD34 + cells obtained from BM of secondary recipients. Conclusion. These results demonstrate that human BM CD34 − cells are capable of long-term multilineage engraftment in vivo. The finding that both CD34 − and CD34 + cells from primary/secondary groups engraft secondary/tertiary hosts indicates that CD34 expression on human HSC is reversible, a process that does not impair HSC function in vivo.
Sharing a disparate landscape

Working across boundaries of power, identity, and political geography is fraught with difficulties and contradictions. In Tali Tal and Iris Alkaher’s, “Collaborative environmental projects in a multicultural society: Working from within separate or mutual landscapes?” the authors describe their efforts to do this in the highly charged atmosphere of Israel. This forum article offers a response to their efforts. Writing from a framework of critical pedagogy, I use the concepts of space and time to anchor my analysis, as I examine the issue of power in this Jew/Arab collaborative environmental project. This response problematizes “sharing” in a landscape fraught with disparities. It also looks to further Tal and Alkaher’s work by geographically and politically grounding it in the broader current conflict and by juxtaposing sustainability with equity.
The information explosion and the adult learner : Implications for reference librarians

Summary In looking for answers to their learning and information needs, adult learners face an information explosion as one component of their complex world. While adult learners represent a wide variety of developmental stages, for information literacy, for a successful search for electronic information, each one must learn to cope with the burgeoning explosion of information. This paper explores the challenges of information gathering and examines the specific needs and characteristics of the adult learner in relation to information gathering. It presents strategies to assist the reference librarian in developing the necessary skills as well as methods to assist the adult learner.
UNified Instruction/Translation/Data (UNITD) coherence: One protocol to rule them all

We propose UNITD, a unified hardware coherence framework that integrates translation coherence into the existing cache coherence protocol. In UNITD coherence protocols, the TLBs participate in the cache coherence protocol just like the instruction and data caches, without requiring any changes to the existing coherence protocol. UNITD eliminates the need for the software TLB shootdown routine, a procedure known to be performance costly and non-scalable. We evaluate snooping and directory UNITD coherence protocols on multicore processors with 2–16 cores, and we demonstrate that UNITD reduces the performance penalty associated with TLB coherence to almost zero.
Environmental and population-specific contributions to growth rate variation in the marine amphipod Jassa marmorata Holmes

Local selective regimes and limited dispersal may contribute to genetic differentiation of life history traits among local populations of the marine amphipod Jassa marmorata Holmes. Reciprocal transplant experiments were used to explore growth rate variation and to determine the effects of environment versus source population (genotype) on the observed variation. Gravid females were collected at two sites in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. Hatchlings were measured and reared in field enclosures following a split brood design. Measurements of total body size (length in mm) were made initially and at two additional time intervals. Experiments were conducted in spring and summer of 1994 and again in the spring of 1995. Growth curve analysis was used to test the effects of two independent variables, source population and environment, on growth rate. Results of the spring 1994 experiment revealed both source population (genetic) and environmental effects on growth rate. Individuals collected from and grown at Point Judith attained the highest body size. In the summer of 1994, there were no significant effects of environment or source population on growth rates. In the spring of 1995 only environmental effects were detected; animals grew faster at Point Judith. These results suggest that divergence between populations may occur with respect to growth rate but this divergence is not consistent interannually. An alternative mechanism, phenotypic plasticity, may also be employed by these amphipods to cope with environmental heterogeneity.
An optimal maximum torque per ampere strategy for switched reluctance machines

Addressing drawbacks inherent to switched reluctance machines (SRM) could allow its distinctive characteristics to broaden applications from selective, niche industrial roles to various engineering sectors. Phase winding isolation is a contributing factor of advantageous characteristics unique to SRMs when compared to the industry workhorse, pulse width modulation driven induction machines. Specifically, this increases fault tolerance, simplifies the manufacturing winding process, and allows the machine to remain in a locked rotor position safely without concern of faulting, thus contributing to a greater overall robustness. On the contrary SRMs, when compared to other electrical machine types, are most notably criticized for requiring complex control strategies to achieve optimal operation, having greater overall current requirements, operating at higher speeds, and creating greater acoustic noise and torque ripple. Cumulatively, these shortcomings alienate the SRMs commercial and industrial popularity, ultimately limiting its full potential from being exploited. Since SRM torque production is typically non-linear, various techniques have been developed in order to produce the maximum torque per given current excitation, i.e. maximum torque per ampere (MTA). The “balanced commutator” control strategy uses a look-up table to account for the non-linearity of the SRMs torque-angle characteristic, yet does not totally optimize the copper or iron losses, current requirements, or effectively mitigate the torque ripple. A stochastic search technique based on evolutionary algorithms, particle swarm optimization (PSO), allows for MTA profiles to be obtained that optimize the shortcomings inherent to the balanced commutator technique. This work presents a novel MTA SRM control strategy based on the PSO technique. The optimum phases current profiles of a 4-phase, 8/6 pole SRM are obtained such that copper losses and torque ripple are minimized while achieving the desired torque at specific rotor positions. Results are compared against the balanced commutator method.
Experimental Study of Bubble Dynamics and Concentration Variation in the Presence of Boron in the Liquid

Accumulation of neutron absorber (boron or boron compounds) within the porous crud layer on the fuel rods in the cores of pressured water reactors (PWR) results in the so-called axial offset anomaly (AOA). There is practically little information on the gradients of neutron absorber concentration near a nucleation site on the cladding surface during the growth of a bubble. The objective of the present work is to study bubble dynamics and associated concentration field of aqueous boron. As a first step in solving the complete problem, dynamics of single bubble was studied under pool boiling conditions. Distilled water and an aqueous solution containing 3,000ppm by weight of boric acid were used as test liquids. Single bubble was generated at a micro-fabricated cavity on a polished silicon wafer. It was found that the growth and departure processes of single bubbles are similar for both the test liquids. A miniature sensor for measurement of concentration was developed and calibrated. Concentration variation near the liquid-vapor interface was detected successfully. The measured concentration variations at different radial locations from the center of cavity have the same trend as given by the numerical simulations but the magnitude is much smaller.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Synthesis and characterization of cyclopentadienylruthenium(II) complexes of aromatic amino acid derivatives

Abstract New cyclopentadienylruthenium(II) complexes of N-acetyltryptamine, N-acetyl- l -tryptophan ethyl ester, tryptophol, N-acetyl- l -tyrosine ethyl ester and N-acetyl- l -phenylalanine were synthesized by thermal ligand exchange reactions between cyclopentadienyl tris(acetonitrile)ruthenium(II) hexafluorophosphate and the corresponding substrate in 60–80% yields. The novel ruthenium(II) complexes were characterized by elemental analyses and spectroscopic methods (1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy).
57 SEXUAL VIOLENCE AND PLACEMENT OF CHILDREN

Family Center is a comprehensive program which provides obstetrical and psychosocial services and methadone maintenance for pregnant drug-dependent women and their infants. Between 1979 and 1983, 171 women on enrollment to the program completed our Violence Questionnaire. Objectives of the questionnaire were: 1) to ascertain episodes and degrees of violence experienced by the women, including acts of physical and sexual abuse occurring in childhood or as an adult. 2) to learn if women reporting a history of violence/abuse were more likely to have had children in foster care. Individual item responses on the questionnaire, reported in percentages, were: Of the 171 women studied, 40% had children in voluntary or involuntary foster placement. Women with a reported history of sexual trauma, particularly if occuring in childhood or repeatedly, were significantly more likely to have children in foster care (p= <.01). Women who were physically abused (without sexual trauma) as children and/or adults were less likely to have their children in placement. This study suggests that failure to resolve childhood sexual trauma or coping with the trauma by use of illicit drugs, disrupts the ability of women to parent their own children. The effects of violence toward women, particularly when they themselves were children, may have untoward effects upon their own children.
Response of predators to habitat manipulation in potato fields

Abstract Determining the impact of habitat manipulation and predator species diversity on prey suppression is crucial in developing predictions for the impact of biological control programs. Biological control literature contains controversial evidence for the impact of increased predator species diversity and habitat manipulation on prey suppression. We investigated the individual and combined effects of two predator species (Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer) and Lebia grandis Hentz) on the herbivore Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) in potato fields with and without rye mulch. In surveys of the endemic populations we detected that C. maculata is approximately 16 times more abundant than L. grandis and the two predator species responded in opposite manner to the habitat manipulation treatment in potato fields: on average 35% of all C. maculata but 85% of all L. grandis collected over two field seasons were found in tilled plots vs. rye mulched plots. In field cages we investigated the effect of mulching and predator identity on L. decemlineata suppression. Neither predator was influenced significantly by the presence of rye mulch. L. grandis was effective in suppressing the target prey relative to the control but C. maculata in the single species as well as in the two-species assemblages was not consistently able to suppress prey relative to the control. This study found no support for positive multi-predator effects since the two predator species assemblages performed as predicted based on the results from individual predators. Practical implications of this study suggest focusing conservation biological control efforts on L. grandis to maximize its density in L. decemlineata infested potato fields.
Diverse T cell receptor β chain usage by rat encephalitogenic T cells reactive to residues 68-88 of myelin basic protein

Encephalitogenic T cells not only cause experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), but they induce resistance against subsequent induction of the disease as well. The T cell receptor (TcR) of encephalitogenic T cells is believed to contribute to their vaccinating activity. Findings in support of this assumption include the apparent restricted use of particular TcR elements, such as V beta 8.2. However, results from other laboratories including ours do not support this idea. We previously showed that rat T cells reactive against the conserved encephalitogenic epitope of myelin basic protein [MBP (87-99)] use the TcR in a heterogeneous fashion (Sun, D. et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 1992. 22: 591). Here we show, in Lewis rats, that the TcR beta chain usage of T cells specific for the dominant MBP (68-88) epitope is not restricted to V beta 8.2. Not only did such cells rely on diverse V beta chains, but some non-V beta 8-bearing cells were highly encephalitogenic. We also show that antigen-presenting cells (APC) play an important role in determining the TcR usage of MBP-specific T cells. Stimulation of MBP (68-88)-specific T cell lines by cloned APC derived from different sources resulted in selection of encephalitogenic T cells bearing different TcR beta chains.
Exact memory size estimation for array computations without loop unrolling

This paper presents a new algorithm for exact estimation of the minimum memory size required by programs dealing with array computations. Memory size is an important factor affecting area and power cost of memory units. For programs dealing mostly with array computations, memory cost is a dominant factor in the overall system cost. Thus, exact estimation of memory size required by a program is necessary to provide quantitative information for making high-level design decisions. Based on formulated live variables analysis, our algorithm transforms the minimum memory size estimation into an equivalent problem: integer point counting for intersection/union of mappings of parametrized polytopes. Then, a heuristic was proposed to solve the counting problem. Experimental results show that the algorithm achieves the exactness traditionally associated with totally-unrolling loops while exploiting the reduced computation complexity by preserving original loop structure.
Binaural masking of tones by tones: effects of uncertainty regarding the phase angle of addition of signal to masker.

This paper compares performance in tone-on-tone coherent binaural masking for conditions with and without listener knowledge concerning the phase angle of addition of the signal to the masker. Uncertainty was introduced by randomizing the four phase angles: 0, 45, 90, and 135 deg. Stimuli were 125-msec tone bursts at 250 Hz. The results showed a clear decrement in detection performance under the uncertainty condition at 135 deg, with weaker evidence for decrements at other phase angle values. This supports the assumption that the decision process was a function of the phase angle in previous studies of binaural tone-on-tone masking.
Causes and paralinguistic correlates of interpersonal equivocation

Abstract This paper examines the long standing theory of the Bavelas group which suggests that the only consistent cause of interpersonal equivocation is avoidance–avoidance conflict (AAC), and it also attempts to uncover a psycholinguistic profile of equivocation, especially in the form of paralinguistic cues such as dysfluencies. Participants responded orally to questions from hypothetical interlocutors within scenarios which manipulated both the presence/absence of AAC and level of situational formality. Their responses (72 messages) were audio taped, transcribed, rated for degree of equivocation, and coded for dysfluencies. Results of ANOVA showed that AAC not only resulted in more equivocation, but also that formality level interacted with AAC in influencing equivocation. Participants used filled pauses, surprisingly, in the condition within which they equivocated the least, although they produced other dysfluencies (combined) within conditions where they equivocated the most. Results are discussed in terms of the notion that filled pauses are special and in terms of interpersonal deception theory.
Speed of processing training in the ACTIVE study: how much is needed and who benefits?

Objectives: Cognitive training has been shown to improve both cognitive and everyday abilities in older adults; however, little is known concerning the amount of training needed or the characteristics of those who benefit. These analyses examined the longitudinal impact of dosage (number of training sessions) on the improvement and maintenance of cognitive and everyday function. Methods: ACTIVE is a longitudinal, randomized, single-blind clinical trial evaluating cognitive interventions in older adults (aged 65-94) from six states in the United States. Results: Latent growth curve models indicated that initial training effects were maintained over 5 years and amplified by booster sessions. A single booster session counteracted 4.92 months of age-related processing speed decline. Discussion: Cognitive performance improved by 2.5 standard deviations for participants who attended all 10 initial sessions and all 8 booster sessions compared to randomized participants who attended none. Implications for the bro...