cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THERMAL analysis of high-power x-ray target: scaling effects

High resolution x-ray imaging systems require small focal spots ranging from 1 μm to 1 mm. In NDE applications, the demand for small spot sizes for high spatial resolution conflicts with the need for increased x-ray flux for faster scan times. In this paper, a finite element model is developed to compute the temperature of a stationary x-ray target exposed to micrometer-sized high power (10’s to 100’s of watts) electron beams. Such extremely high power densities at the focal spot are the limiting factor in both performance and life of many x-ray imaging system. This model is used to demonstrate the effect of focal spot size – diameter, on the heat dissipation capability. As the spot size reduces, a higher power density may be sustained by the target. This effect is explained by increased lateral heat conduction. The peak temperature of a small focal spot also becomes more sensitive to the current density distribution of the incident electron beam. The relationship of the peak power and electron beam profile, volumetric power deposition into the x-ray target and focal spot aspect ratio are discussed. Some experimental data demonstrating such scaling effects is included. General design rules for higher-flux capable targets leveraging these scaling effects are also proposed.
Aging-associated up-regulation of neuronal 5-lipoxygenase expression: putative role in neuronal vulnerability

Aging is associated with neurodegenerative processes. 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO), which is also expressed in neurons, is the key enzyme in the synthesis of leukotrienes, inflammatory eicosanoids that are capable of promoting neurodegeneration. We hypothesized that neuronal 5-LO expression can be up-regulated in aging and that this may increase the brain's vulnerability to neurodegeneration. We observed differences in the distribution of 5-LO-like immunoreactivity in various brain areas of adult young (2-month-old) vs. old (24-month-old) male rats. Greater 5-LO-like immunoreactivity was found in old vs. young rats, in particular in the dendrites of pyramidal neurons in limbic structures, including the hippocampus, and in layer V pyramidal cells of the frontoparietal cortex and their apical dendrites. The aging-increased expression of neuronal 5-LO protein appears to be due to increased 5-LO gene expression. Using a quantitative reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction assay and 5-LO-specific oligonucleot...
Adaptive signaling with multiple antenna diversity for multimedia traffic in DS-SSMA wireless network forward link

With the development of new generation personal communication service network (PCS), the system needs the ability to support enhanced data rate and the traffic with different quality of service (QoS). The wireless mobile channel with time varying statistic characteristics becomes the bottleneck of transmission. Therefore, the challenge is to design advanced link layer protocol efficiently utilizing the channel under guaranteed QoS. In this paper, we try to solve the problem by using adaptive wideband signaling and multiple antenna diversity techniques and focus on the forward link performance in direct sequence spread spectrum multiple access (DS-SSMA) wireless network.
Morphine with Dextromethorphan: Conversion from Other Opioid Analgesics

MorphiDex, a 1:1 combination of dextromethorphan and morphine, provides satisfactory pain control at a significantly lower morphine daily dose. To determine the appropriate conversion regimens from other oral or transdermal opioid analgesics to MorphiDex (MS:DM), 592 patients with moderate to severe chronic pain requiring daily use of opioid analgesics were enrolled in this multicenter, open-label study. Patients were instructed to use MS:DM as needed to achieve satisfactory pain control. Overall, study patients took a significantly lower morphine daily dose (P = 0.0001), and a higher percentage (P = 0.0001) rated therapy with MS:DM as "very good" or "excellent" compared to their prestudy opioid. The mean daily dose of MS:DM remained level throughout a 10 month study extension period, suggesting that MS:DM may inhibit the development of tolerance to morphine. Most of the adverse events observed with MS:DM were those commonly reported with opioid therapy and were mild to moderate in severity. MS:DM appears safe and effective in treating moderate to severe chronic pain.
Inside China's Automobile Factories: The Politics of Labor and Worker Resistance

In Inside China's Automobile Factories, Lu Zhang explores the current conditions, subjectivity, and collective actions of autoworkers in the world's largest and fastest-growing automobile manufacturing nation. Based on years of fieldwork and extensive interviews conducted at seven large auto factories in various regions of China, Zhang provides an inside look at the daily factory life of autoworkers and a deeper understanding of the roots of rising labor unrest in the auto industry. Combining original empirical data and sophisticated analysis that moves from the shop floor to national political economy and global industry dynamics, the book develops a multilayered framework for understanding how labor relations in the auto industry and broader social economy can be expected to develop in China in the coming decades.
The Contemporary Presidency: Stretching the 2001 AUMF: A History of Two Presidencies

In a hasty response to the 9/11 attacks, Congress authorized the “war” against al-Qaeda in a statute known as the 2001 Authorization for the Use of Military Force (AUMF). It was meant to be a temporary grant of powers to allow the president to fight the perpetrators of the attack. This article analyzes how two very different presidents have used the 2001 AUMF to justify controversial policies in ways unforeseen by its congressional makers, resulting in an accruement of power to the executive branch that could become long term, if not permanent.
Modeling some long-term implications of CO 2 fertilization for global forests and forest industries

This paper explored the long-term, ceteris-paribus effects of potential CO2 fertilization on the global forest sector. Based on the findings of Norby et al. (PNAS 2005, 102(50)) about forest response to elevated [CO2]. Forest productivity was increased in the Global Forest Products Model (GFPM) in proportion to the rising [CO2] projected in the IPCC scenario A1B, A2, and B2. Projections of the forest area and forest stock and of the production, consumption, prices, and trade of products ranging from fuelwood to paper and paperboard were obtained with the GFPM for each scenario, with and without CO2 fertilization beginning in 2011 and up to 2065. CO2 fertilization increased wood supply, leading to lower wood prices which in turn induced modest lower prices of end products and higher global consumption. However, production and value added in industries decreased in some regions due to the relative competitive advantages and to the varying regional effects of CO2 fertilization. The main effect of CO2 fertilization was to raise the level of the world forest stock in 2065 by 9 to 10 % for scenarios A2 and B2 and by 20 % for scenario A1B. The rise in forest stock induced by fertilization was in part counteracted by its stimulation of the wood supply which resulted in lower wood prices and increased harvests.
Four camera complete Stokes imaging polarimeter

A four camera Stokes imaging polarimeter operating in the visible at 60 frames per second will be presented. The polarimeter makes use of a beam splitter design which allows the measurement of a full Stokes vector image (S0, S1, S2, and S3). The system measures four images of a scene simultaneously. The polarimeter design, calibration procedures, and initial data from the instrument are presented.
Rapid eye movement sleep debt accrues in mice exposed to volatile anesthetics.

BACKGROUND General anesthesia has been likened to a state in which anesthetized subjects are locked out of access to both rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and wakefulness. Were this true for all anesthetics, a significant REM rebound after anesthetic exposure might be expected. However, for the intravenous anesthetic propofol, studies demonstrate that no sleep debt accrues. Moreover, preexisting sleep debts dissipate during propofol anesthesia. To determine whether these effects are specific to propofol or are typical of volatile anesthetics, the authors tested the hypothesis that REM sleep debt would accrue in rodents anesthetized with volatile anesthetics. METHODS Electroencephalographic and electromyographic electrodes were implanted in 10 mice. After 9-11 days of recovery and habituation to a 12 h:12 h light-dark cycle, baseline states of wakefulness, nonrapid eye movement sleep, and REM sleep were recorded in mice exposed to 6 h of an oxygen control and on separate days to 6 h of isoflurane, sevoflurane, or halothane in oxygen. All exposures were conducted at the onset of light. RESULTS Mice in all three anesthetized groups exhibited a significant doubling of REM sleep during the first 6 h of the dark phase of the circadian schedule, whereas only mice exposed to halothane displayed a significant increase in nonrapid eye movement sleep that peaked at 152% of baseline. CONCLUSION REM sleep rebound after exposure to volatile anesthetics suggests that these volatile anesthetics do not fully substitute for natural sleep. This result contrasts with the published actions of propofol for which no REM sleep rebound occurred.
Accelerated Cheddar Cheese Ripening by Added Microbial Enzymes

Abstract Good quality medium sharp Cheddar cheeses with 3-mo curing at 10C were produced when the following enzyme combinations and concentrations were used: fungal protease 31000 (Miles), .005% + fungal lipase-MY (Meito) .00005 to .0002%; and fungal protease P-53 (Rohm & Haas), .0035% + fungal lipase-MY (Meito), .00005 to .0002%. Cheddar cheeses treated with microbial enzymes developed higher soluble protein and free volatile fatty acids and displayed better flavor and greater acceptability than control cheeses. Added microbial proteases contributed to the breakdown of casein, especially β -casein. Also, α s 1 -I casein and free amino acids were high in cheeses treated with protease. Increased rate of proteolysis in enzyme-treated cheese had a direct relation to accelerated ripening.
A World without OPEC

Abstract Although current predictions of OPEC's demise may be premature, it might be useful to reflect on what a world without OPEC would have been like and whether it would have been better or worse than the present situation.
RECURRENCE OF CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS IN PROGENY OF AFFECTED MEN VS. WOMEN

Over the past 25 years, 254 women with congenital heart defects (CHD) originally seen between 1947-1960 have participated in a prospective study of their pregnancies, and repeated examinations of their offspring for the first three years according to a set protocol. The over-all incidence of CHD in these children was 15.6%. Over the past three years, the progeny of men with CHD from this same population have been examined to try to substantiate the hypothesis that offspring of affected women are more likely to have CHD than are the offspring of affected men. To date we have examined 308 offspring of 151 men of whom 12.3% are proven to be affected, but this difference is not statistically significant. The only significant differences are in the greater recurrence among the offspring of women than in the offspring of men with left sided obstruction (23% vs. 9.5%, P<.05) and ventricular septal defect (22.3% vs. 10%, P<.05) but the difference in risk of recurrence of VSD becomes insignificant when one corrects for the number of VSDs that closed during the 3 year period of observation of the maternal offspring. In the offsnring of the 15 women with genetic syndrome or strong family history, 56% were affected (15/27) but of the 5 men with similar history, 60% (6/10) are affected to date. Concordance of defects with that of the parent was 51% in the maternal study and 45% to date in the paternal study. The over-all risk of recurrence of CHD does not appear to depend upon the sex of the affected parent.
Assisting, but not dictating.

When reading a journal such as Science , one is easily seduced into believing that empirical evidence can resolve moral disputes. In his Letter “Human being redux” (16 Apr., p. [388][1]), M. S. Gazzaniga defends human embryonic stem cell research because of the vast discrepancy between a tiny ball of cells that can fit on the head of a pin and a live human being. J. T. Durkin (“The case against stem cell research,” Letters, 3 Sept., p. [1402][2]) minimizes this disparity by emphasizing that “[t]he embryo and the adult are different stages in the development of the human being.” By referring to empirical information, they seem to think that the right (good) social policy for stem cell research can be justified. G. E. Moore's philosphical position, known as the naturalistic fallacy, argues that “goodness” is indefinable, and therefore its meaning cannot be logically derived by empirical means ([1][3]). That is, our biological underpinnings cannot prescribe what is good and right. However, facts in combination with a democratic ethic can assist in determining a policy decision. Although individuals will differ in their opinions, a democracy can decide whether the benefits of embryonic stem cell research outweigh any disadvantages. Science can assist in making this decision, but cannot dictate it ([2][4]). 1. 1.[↵][5]1. G. E. Moore , Prinicipia Ethica (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1903). 2. 2.[↵][6]1. H. H. Kendler , Amoral Thoughts About Morality: The Intersection of Science, Psychology, and Ethics (Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, 2000). [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.304.5669.388c [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.305.5689.1402a [3]: #ref-1 [4]: #ref-2 [5]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1. in text" [6]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2. in text"
PTHrP, PTH, and the PTH/PTHrP receptor in endochondral bone development

Endochondral bone development is a fascinating story of proliferation, maturation, and death. An understanding of this process at the molecular level is emerging. In particular, significant advances have been made in understanding the role of parathyroid-hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and the PTH/PTHrP receptor in endochondral bone development. Mutations of the PTH/PTHrP receptor have been identified in Jansen metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, Blomstrand's lethal chondrodysplasia, and enchondromatosis. Furthermore, genetic manipulations of the PTHrP, PTH, and the PTH/PTHrP receptor genes, respectively, have demonstrated the critical role of these proteins in regulating both the switch between proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes, and their replacement by bone cells. A future area of investigation will be the identification of downstream effectors of PTH, PTHrP, and PTH/PTHrP receptor activities. Furthermore, it will be of critical importance to study how these proteins cooperate and integrate with other molecules that are essential for growth plate development.
Consciousness and the Consolidation of Motor Learning

It is no secret that motor learning benefits from repetition. For example, pianists devote countless hours to performing complicated sequences of key presses, and golfers practice their swings thousands of times to reach a level of proficiency. Interestingly, the subsequent waking and sleeping hours after practice also play important roles in motor learning. During this time, a motor skill can consolidate into a more stable form that can lead to improved future performance without intervening practice. Though it is widely believed that sleep is crucial for this consolidation of motor learning, this is not generally true. In many instances only day-time consolidates motor learning, while in other instances neither day-time nor sleep consolidates learning. Recent studies have suggested that conscious awareness during motor training can determine whether sleep or day-time plays a role in consolidation. However, ongoing studies suggest that this explanation is also incomplete. In addition to conscious awareness, attention is an important factor to consider. This review discusses how attention and conscious awareness interact with day and night processes to consolidate a motor memory.
Thermal Properties of Macrocyclic Polyethers: Implications for the Design of Crown Ether-Based Ionic Liquids

The most commonly studied classes of ionic liquids (ILs) comprise relatively large and asymmetric heterocyclic cations (e.g., diakylimidazolium or N-alkylpyridinium) in combination with any of a wide variety of inorganic (e.g., BF4−, Cl−) or organic (e.g., bis[(trifluoromethyl- sulfonyl)imide], Tf2N−) anions. Recently it has been shown that ILs can also be formed by complexation reactions of metal cations (e.g., Li+, as its Tf2N− salt) with various neutral ligands (e.g., cyclohexano-15-crown-5 or alkylamines). Because the upper limit of the useful temperature range of any IL is governed by its thermal stability, and because the thermal stability of a neutral ligand (i.e., its propensity to either volatilize or decompose) is of obvious importance in determining that of an IL prepared from it, a systematic examination of the thermal properties of a series of macrocyclic polyethers of potential utility in the synthesis of new ILs has been undertaken. The results show that the temperature corresponding to the...
Volvulus of the ascending colon: An unusual complication of non-rotation of the midgut

A case of non-rotation of the bowel is presented wherein volvulus of the colon occurred causing acute obstruction. Spontaneous reduction following a barium enema as well as the patient's history leads us to suspect that volvulus had occurred in the past and was responsible for the intermittent nature of the patient's symptoms. This type of volvulus is distinctly different from midgut volvulus and is a rare complication of the anomaly of intestinal rotation and fixation known as non-rotation of the bowel. Efforts should be made to study patients with malrotation anomalies at a time when they are acutely symptomatic so that intermittent volvulus such as shown here is not overlooked.
"She had a Web of Cloth to Weave": Women's Role in 19th-Century Textile Production

It is known that during the 19th century men were professional weavers (Anderson, 1985), but there is proof that women also did commercial handweaving (Walker, 1981). The purpose of this investigation was to determine women's role in textile production through a content analysis ofprobate records of a region of North Carolina. Both quantitative and qualitative data werefound, but qualitative data illustrate most clearly women's role in textile production. Information from some of the documents in the probate files indicates that textile production was important in women's daily lives and that women in this region were involved in a form of commercial textile production.
CELL POPULATION KINETICS IN THE EPITHELIUM OF THE FORESTOMACH OF THE MOUSE.

Abstract The dynamics of cell renewal in the slowly proliferating epithelium of the mouse forestomach were analysed by the Method of Labeled Mitoses (pulse labeling with tritiated thymidine, serial killing, preparation of autoradiographs, determinations of fraction mitoses labeled between injection and sacrifice). The following values were estimated: TM about 1–2 hr; TG2 about 1–2 hr; TS about 13.5 hr. The estimate of TS is higher than that reported for more rapidly proliferating tissues and indicates that TS is not a true constant in all mouse tissues. Nevertheless, it was suggested that differences in cell cycle times may reflect primarily, but not exclusively, differences in TG1 and TG0. Proliferative cells of the forestomach may undergo one of two possible proliferative cycles. Post-mitotic cells may either pass directly into a G1-phase (Tc of about 30 hr) or be shunted into a moderately long G0-phase (TC of about 2 to 4 weeks). The significance of this finding to the concept of cycle time is briefly discussed. Examples of G0 cells in a few proliferating systems are cited.
Structural and biochemical characterization of linear dinucleotide analogues bound to the c-di-GMP-I aptamer.

The cyclic dinucleotide c-di-GMP regulates lifestyle transitions in many bacteria, such as the change from a free motile state to a biofilm-forming community. Riboswitches that bind this second messenger are important downstream targets in this bacterial signaling pathway. The breakdown of c-di-GMP in the cell is accomplished enzymatically and results in the linear dinucleotide pGpG. The c-di-GMP-binding riboswitches must be able to discriminate between their cognate cyclic ligand and linear dinucleotides in order to be selective biological switches. It has been reported that the c-di-GMP-I riboswitch binds c-di-GMP 5 orders of magnitude better than the linear pGpG, but the cause of this large energetic difference in binding is unknown. Here we report binding data and crystal structures of several linear c-di-GMP analogues in complex with the c-di-GMP-I riboswitch. These data reveal the parameters for phosphate recognition and the structural basis of linear dinucleotide binding to the riboswitch. Addition...
Random access game over noisy channels with capture effect

This paper analyzes the behavior of selfish transmitters when they contend for the access of a noise impaired wireless channel with and without capture effect. We first focus on nodes with single packet detection capability contending for the access of a noisy wireless channel. We identify the effect of noise on selfish nodes' transmission probabilities. We show the existence of a critical threshold c*, which only depends on the noise distribution, such that if the cost of a packet failure is greater than c*, then backing-off is in transmitters' best-interest regardless of strategies of others. Otherwise, they may transmit, or back-off, or randomize among these two actions depending on their opponents' strategies. We finally turn our attention to channels with capture effect where it is possible to receive up to k packets simultaneously. We analyze the impact of such a capture effect on transmission probabilities of selfish nodes.
Correlation between the piezo-Barkhausen effect and the fatigue limit of steel

Many types of ferrous metals can sustain an indefinite number of repeated loading cycles (N ≥ 107 cycles) provided that the maximum imposed stresses do not exceed certain critical values usually referred to as fatigue or endurance limits. In current practice, these limits are primarily inferred from statistical analyses of numerous fatigue experiments that relate the number of cycles to failure, Nf, to the loading programs. Numerous attempts have been made to bypass these time consuming tests by the direct observation of changes in material microstructures utilizing a variety of physical effects ranging from neutron diffraction, x-ray radiography, acoustic emission and even positron radiation patterns; but none of these approaches has yielded any unambiguous indices of damage. Recently, it has been found that the evolution of piezomagnetic hysteresis, due to magnetization changes induced in ferromagnetic steels by tension and compression, is a reliable indicator of the development of fatigue damage and can lead to practical predictions of service life. Further detailed information concerning processes at the microstructural level can be obtained from measurements of flux jumps associated with the piezomagnetic fields. Sequences of flux variations of the order of 10−3 Mx or 10−11 Wb, comparable to those observed in conventional Barkhausen experiments, appear when ferromagnetic steels are subjected to tension or compression. The amplitude distribution of these piezo-Barkhausen pulses increases markedly in the vicinity of the endurance limit and appears to provide a rapid means for distinguishing between stable, i.e. safe, loading regimes and those terminating in fatigue failure.
Light-scattering investigation of protamine sulfate

A study of the weight average molecular weight of protamine sulfate using light-scattering photometry at 436 mμ was undertaken. Results obtained indicate a molecular weight of 3600 for the free base. Dissymmetry and second virial coefficient data are discussed relative to solute-solute interactions.
Assessing the mating 'health' of commercial honey bee queens.

Honey bee queens mate with multiple males, which increases the total genetic diversity within colonies and has been shown to confer numerous benefits for colony health and productivity. Recent surveys of beekeepers have suggested that ‘poor queens’ are a top management concern, thus investigating the reproductive quality and mating success of commercially produced honey bee queens is warranted. We purchased 80 commercially produced queens from large queen breeders in California and measured them for their physical size (fresh weigh and thorax width), insemination success (stored sperm counts and sperm viability), and mating number (determined by patriline genotyping of worker offspring). We found that queens had an average of 4.37 ± 1.446 million stored sperm in their spermathecae with an average viability of 83.7 ± 13.33%. We also found that the tested queens had mated with a high number of drones (average effective paternity frequency: 17.0 ± 8.98). Queen “quality” significantly varied among commercial sources for physical characters but not for mating characters. These findings suggest that it may be more effective to improve overall queen reproductive potential by culling lower-quality queens rather than systematically altering current queen production practices.
Auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo study of TiO and MnO molecules

Calculations of the binding energy of the transition metal oxide molecules TiO and MnO are presented, using a recently developed phaseless auxiliary field quantum Monte Carlo approach. This method maps the interacting many-body problem onto a linear combination of non-interacting problems by a complex Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation, and controls the phase/sign problem with a phaseless approximation relying on a trial wave function. It employs random walks in Slater determinant space to project the ground state of the system, and allows use of much of the same machinery as in standard density functional theory calculations, such as planewave basis and non-local pseudopotentials. The calculations used a single Slater determinant trial wave function obtained from a density functional calculation, with no further optimization. The calculated binding energies are in good agreement with experiment and with recent diffusion Monte Carlo results. Together with previous results for sp-bonded systems, the present study indicates that the phaseless auxiliary field method is a robust and promising approach for the study of correlation effects in real materials.
Polar spacecraft observations of the turbulent outer cusp/magnetopause boundary layer of Earth

The orbit of the Polar spacecraft has been ideally suited for studying the turbulent region of the cusp that is located near or just outside the magnetopause current sheet at 7-9 R(sub E). The wave data obtained in this region show that electromagnetic turbulence is dominant in the frequency range 1-10 Hz. The waves responsible for this turbulence usually propagate perpendicular to the local magnetic field and have an index of refraction that generally falls between the estimated cold plasma theoretical values of the electromagnetic lower hybrid and whistler modes and may be composed of both modes in concert with kinetic Alfven waves and/or fast magnetosonic waves. Fourier spectra of the higher frequency wave data also show the electromagnetic turbulence at frequencies up to and near the electron cyclotron frequency. This higher frequency electromagnetic turbulence is most likely associated with whistler mode waves. The lower hybrid drift and current gradient instabilities are suggested as possible mechanisms for producing the turbulence. The plasma and field environment of this turbulent region is examined and found to be extremely complex. Some of the wave activity is associated with processes occurring locally, such as changes in the DC magnetic field, while others are associated with solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field changes.
Ultrasonic Transducer Calibration for Reciprocity-Based Measurement Models

A general formulation regarding the relationship between scatterer properties and experimental signals was presented in a companion paper[1]. This formulation was developed for the case of acoustic wave scattering in an immersion measurement. In order to perform the theoretical calculations, the formulation requires knowledge of the radiation and reception characteristics of the probes involved and the combined properties of the pulser and the receiver (system efficiency). Thus, the objective of this paper is to discuss methods for obtaining the characteristics of measurement systems as required in the above-mentioned formulation. As an example, the case of acoustic wave scattering from a sphere of finite size is examined. Experimental verifications of results are included.
Residues of organochlorines in mallards and blue-winged teal collected in Colombia and Wisconsin, 1984–1989

We compared the seasonal concentrations of 12 organochlorine (OC) compounds in samples of breast muscle, associated skin, and subcutaneous fat of blue-winged teal (Anas discors) collected in Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta, Colombia (1987–1988), and of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and blue-winged teal collected in Wisconsin (1984–1989). Although these species have similar feeding habits and overlapping breeding distributions, their winter ranges differ markedly. Most blue-winged teal winter in the Neotropics, whereas most mallards remain in the temperate regions of North America. A seasonal comparison of OC exposure in these species may help determine the geographic origins of contamination. All examined OCs were found to be below concentrations known to affect reproduction in waterfowl. DDE was most often detected in blue-winged teal and PCBs, in mallards. DDE exposure may have predominantly occurred outside of Wisconsin. The DDE concentration in blue-winged teal samples collected in Wisconsin in the spring (GM=0.406 μg/g) were greater (P<0.001) than in the fall (GM=0.033 μg/g) and greater than the concentrations in mallard samples from the spring (GM=0.058 μg/g; P<0.001). Cienaga Grande, however, was not a source of DDE contamination. The DDE concentrations in blue-winged teal samples from Cienaga Grande did not differ between the spring (GM=0.037 μg/g) and the fall (GM=0.039 μg/g) and were lower (P<0.001) than the concentration in blue-winged teal samples from Wisconsin in the spring. In contrast, PCB contamination seemed to have occurred in Wisconsin and affected mostly mallards. PCBs were not detected in the samples from Colombia and were detected in only five (8.3%) of the blue-winged teal samples from Wisconsin (GM=0.025 μg/g), however, those compounds were detected in 47% of the mallard samples collected in Wisconsin (GM=0.272 μg/g). DDE and PCB concentrations were greater (P=0.0) in mallard samples collected from wetlands adjacent to Lake Michigan than in samples from inland wetlands.
Evidence for ethylidyne formation on Ni(111)

Evidence for ethylidyne formation and decomposition on Ni(111) was found in the thermal decomposition of ethylene and acetylene. The formation of ethylidyne depends critically on the initial acetylene or ethylene coverage: ethylidyne forms in detectable concentrations only when the initial acetylene coverage is above 70% of saturation or when the initial ethylene coverage is above 80% of saturation. This work is related to recent IR evidence for ethylidyne on supported Ni at atmospheric pressure.
Additional validity evidence for the harder personal feelings questionnaire-2 (PFQ2): A measure of shame and guilt proneness

The present study sought to provide additional evidence for the construct validity of the Harder (Harder & Zalma, 1990) Personal Feelings Questionnaire-2 (PFQ2), a recently revised measure of shame and guilt proneness. Seventy university students, 35 male and 35 female, completed the PFQ2 and scales that assess self-derogation, instability of self-concept, shyness, social anxiety, public self-consciousness, private self-consciousness, and locus of control. The correlation results were generally consistent with validity predictions. As in previous studies, however, the discriminant validity of the shame and guilt scales was supported, but not strongly.
LEAN AND GREEN? AN EMPIRICAL EXAMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEAN PRODUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE

Lean production may have a significant public good spillover—improved environmental performance. However, empirical evidence of the link between lean production practices and environmental performance has not resolved the nature of the relationship. To explore this issue, we conduct an empirical analysis of the environmental performance of 17,499 U.S. manufacturing establishments during the time period 1991–1996. We find that those establishments that adopt the quality management standard ISO 9000 are more likely to adopt the environmental management standard ISO 14000. We also find strong evidence that lean production, as measured by ISO 9000 adoption and low chemical inventories, is complementary to waste reduction and pollution reduction.
Systemwide Reform in Districts under Pressure: The Role of Social Networks in Defining, Acquiring, Using, and Diffusing Research Evidence.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the way in which low‐performing schools and their district define, acquire, use, and diffuse research‐based evidence.Design/methodology/approach – The mixed methods case study builds upon the prior research on research evidence and social networks, drawing on social network analyses, survey data and interview data to examine how educators in low‐performing schools and across the district use evidence (including which types and for what purposes), as well as the relationship between network structure and evidence use for school improvement.Findings – Educators had narrow definitions of, and skepticism about, evidence, which limited its acquisition and use for school improvement. The authors found a lack of diffusion of evidence within schools and districtwide as a result of sparse connections among and between educators. Evidence was used in an instrumental, yet superficial, manner leading to weak interpretation of evidence and resulting in limited understa...
Structure and high-temperature mechanical behavior relationship in nano-scaled multilayered materials

Abstract The microstructure and high temperature mechanical properties of polycrystalline Cu–Nb nanolayered composites prepared by magnetron sputtering were evaluated. Peak tensile strength decreased from ∼450 MPa at 500 °C to ∼150 MPa at 700 °C for 75 nm Cu-75 nm Nb multilayer. Evidences of interlayer sliding upon tensile deformation were detected, but nanolayered structures were stable.
Don't leave teaching to chance: learning objectives for psychodynamic psychotherapy supervision.

Objective The way in which the competencies for psychodynamic psychotherapy specified by the Psychiatry Residency Review Committee of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education translate into the day-to-day work of individual supervision remains unstudied and unspecified. The authors hypothesized that despite the existence of competencies in psychodynamic psychotherapy, residents did not know what they should be learning in psychodynamic psychotherapy supervision.
Learning natural numbers is conceptually different than learning counting numbers

How children learn number concepts reflects the conceptual and logical distinction between counting numbers, based on a same-size concept for collections of objects, and natural numbers, constructed as an algebra defined by the Peano axioms for arithmetic. Cross-cultural research illustrates the cultural specificity of counting number systems, and hence the cultural context must be taken into account.
Cholesterol esters of milk and mammary tissue.

The fatty acid composition and metabolic activity of cholesterol esters in milk and mammary tissue (cow, sow and goat) were investigated. Cholesterol esters of freshly secreted milks incubated at 40 C for 2 hr showed no change in fatty acid composition and no incorporation of 1-14C-palmitate. The fatty acid composition of cholesterol esters in the milk of all three species exhibited elevated levels of a unique group of fatty acids when compared to other milk ester lipid classes. This group was comprised of monounsaturated acids and acids with odd numbers of carbons. Tissue cholesterol esters contained lower levels of these acids. Evidence from experiments in which an odd carbon acid (C15) was infused into the lactating mammary gland indicated that the group of unique acids is preferentially retained in the cholesterol ester fraction which is secreted with milk. These infusion experiments also provided evidence that cholesterol esters accumulate in developing milk fat globules in a manner paralleling triglyceride accumulation, and that acyl moieties of cholesterol esters may be desaturated in the form of the intact ester. Our results are compatible with the hypothesis that acyl moieties of cholesterol esters in lactating mammary tissue are turning over rapidly.
Evaluation of the NASA-Ames panel method (PMARC) for aerodynamic missile design

Abstract : The NASA Ames Research Center developed panel code (PMARC) is investigated to explore its suitability for aerodynamic missile design. To this end, PMARC is first assessed by applying it to several problems for which other solutions and experimental data are available, i.e., steady flow past a wing-body configuration, delta wings, biplane wings, wings in ground effect, and unsteady flow of pitching and impulsively started wings. Good agreement is found in all cases. PMARC is then applied to two missile configurations. Again, encouraging agreement with available experimental data is found provided the wake shedding from the missile body is modeled properly. Subject Terms: PMARC, Panel methods, Aerodynamic coefficients, Potential flow, Missile aerodynamic design
Charge trapping and dielectric relaxation in connection with breakdown of high-k gate dielectric stacks

Charge trapping/detrapping and dielectric polarization/relaxation of high-k dielectrics have been investigated. Relaxation behaviors of TiN∕SiO2∕p-Si and TiN∕Zr-doped HfOx∕SiO2∕p-Si capacitors were studied with a ramp-relax method. The latter shows a relaxation current, which signifies the high-k dielectric integrity and disappears at breakdown, while the former does not. The breakdown sequences of TiN∕Zr-doped HfOx∕SiO2∕p-Si and Al∕Hf-doped TaOx∕silicate∕p-Si were identified with relaxation current. For the former, the breakdown initiated at the interfacial SiO2 layer; for the latter, the breakdown starts from the Hf-doped TaOx layer. The breakdown sequence is explained with the material properties and thicknesses of individual layers.
Antiobesity and Antidiabetic β‐agonists: Lessons Learned and Questions to be Answered

In several species of obese animals, a group of phenethanolamine beta-agonists stimulates lipolysis and thermogenesis, resulting in the loss of body fat and weight. Brown adipose tissue is considered to be the major target tissue for the antiobesity activity of these compounds. Independent of this antiobesity activity, some of these compounds are also antidiabetic and increase muscle mass. Based on the pharmacological profile of these compounds, a beta3-receptor was proposed and characterized in mouse, rat, and humans. The beta3-receptor in brown adipose tissue has been suggested to mediate the antiobesity activity of these beta-agonists. Whether this receptor is responsible for the antidiabetic activity and whether there is a linkage between the antiobesity/antidiabetic activity and the nutrient partitioning activity is not clear. Clinical trials with these mixed beta-agonists showed marginal antiobesity effects when caloric intake of subjects was restricted. Insulin sensitivity was also improved in some of the trials designed to test the antidiabetic activity of these compounds. Side effects included tachycardia and tremor. To eliminate these side effects, a second generation of compounds was selected for its agonist activity on rat beta3-receptors. Clinical trials with these compounds have shown little increase of energy expenditure even at high doses. Successful development of an antiobesity and antidiabetic drug from this class of compounds will require the elucidation of the physiological role of the human beta3-receptor and the regulatory mechanism between fuel efficiency and feeding behavior.
Generalized Response of a Linear FM Pulse Compression Matched Filter

A pulse compression matched filter is analyzed so that the response may be computed when the pulse width, FM rate, and center frequency simultaneously differ from design conditions. Unilateral and bilateral time domain amplitude weighting for sidelobe reduction is included. A general cross-ambiguity function is defined to include these effects and some basic computed results are presented for the peak envelope response with various degrees of Hamming weighting. Computer evaluation of this cross-ambiguity function allows one to choose a combination of mismatches for signal design trade-off between resolution and detection performance. Since no restrictions are placed upon the mismatch parameters, this analysis may also be used to evaluate the filter discrimination against various interfering signals.
The effects of internal resonance on impulsively forced non-linear systems with two degrees of freedom

Abstract The method of multiple time scales is used to study the non-linear oscillations of impulsively forced systems under conditions of internal resonance. A partial analytical solution is obtained. The method is illustrated by an example in which the internal resonance effects are shown to be significant.
Cutting-edge practice model: A mixed integrated and clinical specialist model in a large health system

A systematic process was used to transform the culture of the department of pharmacy services at Intermountain Medical Center. Before we began this process, we had few residency-trained or board-certified practitioners, few student rotations, and a lack of scholarship among our pharmacists. This is
Dynamic adjustment to land taxation policy: Neutrality and welfare implications

Abstract In this paper we use a dynamic three sector model to examine the neutrality and welfare effects of land income taxes. We find that (1) taxes that are neutral in long run equilibrium need not be neutral in the short run; (2) short run neutrality depends upon the tax treatment of development costs and losses; and (3) many of the neutrality results hold under both static and rational expectations assumptions. We also find that, even without externality assumptions, nonneutrality in the short run does not necessarily entail a welfare cost and may be welfare-enhancing when agents have less-than-perfect foresight.
An initial study of DSA cost and capacity trades under imperfect awareness

This paper presents an initial study of imperfect awareness impacts on DSA decision-making and behavior. The investigation utilizes a multiattribute spectrum utility function based on preference and decision theory concepts that enables decision-making under uncertainty. The approach incorporates technical, regulatory, and economic factors into the evaluation process. The analyses explore the implications of imperfect awareness on DSA system behavior in the context of spectrum pricing models and associated trades with spectrum capacity guarantees. Results indicate that DSA systems will prefer fixed pricing models over auction-based pricing for secondary spectrum access unless expected auction costs are lower or significant spectrum benefits are provided. Cost uncertainty associated with auction-based spectrum pricing invokes a risk premium in DSA systems that use a risk averse model. Increases in spectrum quality (capacity gain and/or interference mitigation relief) guarantees may compensate for risk premiums but are found to be insufficient or impractical in some cases. Analytical methods for quantifying the penalties and trades are developed in this paper.
A constructive decomposition and Fulkerson's characterization of permutation matrices

We consider the set of nxn matrices X=(x"i"j) for which @?"i"@e"I@?"j"@e"Jx"i"j >= |I|+|J|-n, for all I,J@? {1, 2,..., n}, with x"i"j >= 0 for all i, j@e{1, 2,..., n}. It is shown that such matrices may be decomposed as X=S+N, where S is a doubly stochastic matrix and N is non-negative in all entries. The decomposition technique is constructive. This implies a result of Fulkerson that the matrices X, considered as lying in R^n^^^2 form a convex polyhedron whose vertices are the permutation matrices. Finally, a subset of the inequalities of (1) is shown to be ''essential'', as asserted by Fulkerson in [1] without proof.
Development of a UV-LED-based biosensor

We are investigating the utility of UV light emitting diodes (LEDs) as the excitation source for fluorescence-based biological agent detection. These LEDs may enable the development of small and low-cost biological agent detectors. We have designed, and are currently fabricating, a test bed using UV LEDs for detecting biological agent aerosols. Using an experimental apparatus, we have measured the elastic scattering and fluorescence signals from single bacterial spores illuminated by low-power 408-nm laser diode radiation.
Failure Investigation of LiFePO4 Cells in Over-Discharge Conditions

The failure mechanism of LiFePO4 cells in over-discharge conditions has been systematically studied using commercial A123 18650 cells at a 1.0 C rate and different conditions – from 5% to 20% over-discharge (DOD = 105% to 120%). SEM/EDAX, high-energy synchrotron XRD (HESXRD), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were used to characterize the morphology, structure, and electrode potentials of cell components both in situ and ex situ. The failure behaviors of A123 18650 cells experiencing different degrees of over-discharge were found to be similar, and the 20% over-discharge process was analyzed as the representative example. The Cu electrochemical potentials in the 1.2 M LiPF6 EC/EMC electrolyte were measured during the charge/over-discharge process using CV, proving that Cu oxidation and reduction in the cell during the charge/over-discharge cycle were theoretically possible to proceed. A possible failure mechanism is proposed: during the over-discharging process, Cu foil oxidized first to Cu+ ,t hen to Cu 2+ cations; next, these Cu+ and Cu2+ cations diffused to the cathode side from the anode side; and finally, these Cu2+ cations reduced to Cu+ cations, and then reduced further, back to metallic Cu. During charge/over-discharge cycling, Cu dendrites continued growing from the cathode side, penetrating through the separator and forming a copper bridge between the anode and cathode. The copper bridge caused micro-shorting and eventually led to the failure of the cell. During the charge/over-discharge cycles, the continued cell