cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A closed-form evaluation for Datalog queries with integer (gap)-order constraints

We provide a generalization of Datalog based on generalizing databases with the addition of integer-order constraints to relational tuples. For Datalog queries with integer-order constraints we show that there is a closed-form evaluation. We also show that the tuple recognition problem can be done in PTIME in the size of the (generalized) database, assuming that the size of the constants in the query is logarithmic in the size of the database. Note that the absence of negation is critical. Datalog queries with integer-order constraints can express any Turing-computable function.
Thermal Conductivity Reduction in Nanostructured Semiconductor Using Broad-Band-Phonon Scattering

Low thermal conductivity is essential for efficient operation of thermoelectric/thermionic power generation devices. There have been several attempts to design materials with low thermal conductivity without sacrificing electrical transport. These approaches utilized different mechanisms of phonon scattering, such as acoustic impedance mismatch of the adjacent layers in superlattices or defect scattering of phonons etc [1, 2]. However, each of these approaches scatter phonons only in a particular region of the phonon spectrum. In this paper we present experimental results of the thermal conductivity of epitaxially grown superlattices engineered to take advantage of the various scattering mechanisms to scatter phonons over the entire phonon spectrum.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The effect of tax-benefit policies on fertility and female labor force participation in the United States

Abstract This paper presents an investigation of the effects of the tax exemption for dependents and the child care tax credit on age-specific fertility rates and female labor supply for the U.S. 1948–1997. These policies are incorporated in a model that is tested within a cointegration framework for women of two age groups: 20–24 and 25–34 year olds. Tests indicate the existence of two cointegrating relations for each of the two age groups, and these are identified as a fertility equation and a female labor force participation equation, with signs and statistical significance supportive of the economic model. The tax exemption elasticity in the fertility equation for younger women is moderately large, but this policy variable is dominated by effects from changes in women's wages. The 25–34 year olds are less responsive to all economic changes, including the tax exemption, reflecting reduced flexibility in their timing of fertility.
Tether- and post-enabled flip-chip assembly for manufacturable RF-MEMS

This work demonstrates a cost-effective technology for integrating microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices with other RF components on a substrate. We have designed, fabricated and tested a new variable capacitor with a two-dimensional (2-D) array of capacitor plates. The MEMS devices were fabricated in a surface-micromachined foundry process, multiple user MEMS processes (PolyMUMPs) and then flip-chip transferred to a RF circuit substrate. With tethers, the MEMS could be released before the flip-chip assembly. Such pre-assembly release is critical in integrating hundreds of MEMS with other components on the same substrate. With the consideration of necking configuration, mechanical stops and placement, we have achieved 100% yield for the flip-chip assembly and device transfer. The precise gap between the MEMS and the RF substrate could be achieved with posts even with large bump height variations in the flip-chip assembly. Such a precise gap is critical to assure repeatable digital capacitance performance and to allow the use of compliant couplings to reduce thermal mismatch effects. We have developed 43 different plate/post configurations for 15 different gaps with a 0.25 μm increment. The 2-D variable capacitor assembled showed excellent RF performance. Its Q-factor was above 350 at 0.97 GHz with a capacitance ratio of 4.7:1 for a tuning range of 171 MHz in a resonator circuit.
Elliptic grid generation with orthogonality and spacing control on an arbitrary number of boundaries

A procedure for the generation of two and quasi-three-dimensional grids with control of orthogonality and spacing with respect to any and/or all boundaries of the domain is described. The elliptic grid generation equations of Thompson are solved implicitly. Control of the grid behavior is achieved through the introduction of forcing functions terms in the manner of Steger and Sorenson or in a modification of the method of Hilgenstock. The forcing function terms are constructed on the boundaries and propagated into the domain using transfinite Lagrangian bivariate interpolation. An anisotropic transfinite stencil is introduced and is shown to produce excellent grid behavior particularly in the vicinity of corner singularities. Emphasis is placed on the generation of viscous grids and the method is shown to be suited for use in the generation of grids for internal as well as external flow geometries. A FORTRAN program named PISCES has been written to implement the algorithm. Examples of grids for internal and external flows are given that highlight the characteristics and behavior of the algorithm.
More Than Meets the Eye: The Power of Emotional Ability Convergence

The authors propose a new approach for understanding the development of effective relationships in personal and commercial contexts. Beyond traditional measures of interpersonal similarity and attr...
Screening for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Stroke Patients A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

Background and Purpose— Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is common after acute ischemic stroke and predicts poor stroke recovery, but whether screening for OSA and treatment by continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) improves neurological outcome is unknown. We used a cost-effectiveness model to estimate the magnitude of benefit that would be necessary to make polysomnography (PSG) and OSA treatment cost-effective in stroke patients. Methods— A decision tree modeled 2 alternative strategies: PSG followed by 3 months of CPAP for those found to have OSA versus no screening. The primary outcome was the utility gained through OSA screening and treatment in relation to 2 common willingness-to-pay thresholds of $50 000 and $100 000 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY). Results— Screening resulted in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $49 421 per QALY. Screening is cost-effective as long as the treatment of stroke patients with OSA by CPAP improves patient utilities by >0.2 for a willingness-to-pay of $...
GA-based selection of vaginal microbiome features associated with bacterial vaginosis

In this paper, we successfully apply GEFeS (Genetic & Evolutionary Feature Selection) to identify the key features in the human vaginal microbiome and in patient meta-data that are associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV). The vaginal microbiome is the community of bacteria found in a patient, and meta-data include behavioral practices and demographic information. Bacterial vaginosis is a disease that afflicts nearly one third of all women, but the current diagnostics are crude at best. We describe two types of classifies for BV diagnosis, and show that each is associated with one of two treatments. Our results show that the classifiers associated with the 'Treat Any Symptom' version have better performances that the classifier associated with the 'Treat Based on N-Score Value'. Our long term objective is to develop a more accurate and objective diagnosis and treatment of BV.
The Three-Dimensional Morphology of VY Canis Majoris. II. Polarimetry and the Line-of-Sight Distribution of the Ejecta*

We use imaging polarimetry taken with the HST Advanced Camera for Surveys High Resolution Camera to explore the three-dimensional structure of the circumstellar dust distribution around the red supergiant VY Canis Majoris. The polarization vectors of the nebulosity surrounding VY CMa show a strong centrosymmetric pattern in all directions except directly east and range from 10% to 80% in fractional polarization. In regions that are optically thin, and therefore likely to have only single scattering, we use the fractional polarization and photometric color to locate the physical position of the dust along the line of sight. Most of the individual arclike features and clumps seen in the intensity image are also features in the fractional polarization map. These features must be distinct geometric objects. If they were just local density enhancements, the fractional polarization would not change so abruptly at the edge of the feature. The location of these features in the ejecta of VY CMa using polarimetry provides a determination of their three-dimensional geometry independent of, but in close agreement with, the results from our study of their kinematics (Paper I).
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis supernate transfer activity (EAE-STA) in Lewis rats: undiminished activity of immunoglobulin-depleted supernates and evidence for xenogeneic restriction.

Abstract Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) can be transferred in Lewis rats by means of supernates of incubated lymph node cells (LNC) derived from whole nervous tissue-adjuvant sensitized donors. Previously reported preliminary characteristics of EAE supernate transfer activity (EAE-STA) did not exclude a role for immunoglobulin (Ig) in the expression of this activity. In this study, we describe incisive experiments with active EAE supernates which were depleted of Ig prior to their injection into Lewis rat recipients. EAE-STA remained undiminished after removal of Ig by precipitation with 33 or 50% saturated ammonium sulfate or absorption with anti-Ig. In additional experiments designed to further determine whether Ig has any direct role in the expression of EAE supernate activity, we studied two types of Ig-mediated antibody responses known to be associated with the development of this autoimmune disease, viz., complement-dependent demyelinating activity and anti-myelin basic protein (MBP) antibodies. Whereas active supernates themselves rarely contained either type of antibody, significant levels of antibody were demonstrable in the sera of a proportion of recipients receiving such supernates. No correlation whatsoever could be shown to exist, however, between the presence of either type of antibody and the occurrence of histopathologic evidence of EAE in individual rats injected with active supernates. In this study, the ability of EAE-STA to cross an allogeneic barrier (rats) but not a xenogeneic barrier (guinea pigs or mice) was also observed. Thus, in spite of previously determined properties suggestive of Ig, the identity of EAE-STA appears to be other than conventional Ig.
Response of a Texas distichlis spicata coastal marsh following lesser snow goose herbivory

Abstract Mudflat recolonization following lesser snow goose (LSG) ( Anser caerulescens caerulescens (L.)) herbivory was investigated in a Texas Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene (saltgrass) salt marsh. After 6 years of LSG herbivory, large mudflats were produced which contained small (2–4 m 2 ) islands of vegetation. Island perimeters, that were completely denuded at initiation of this study, had lower vegetation cover and height compared to no use island centers after nearly 3 years of monitoring, even though no LSG use occurred during the evaluation period. Previous level of LSG herbivory and physical disturbance along with summer drought and algal mat accumulations initially delayed the rate of revegetation. With improved hydroperiod, reduced salinity, decreased algal mat and rest from LSG impacts, lateral vegetative growth accelerated. Mean radial expansion was 128 cm after 2.5 years. No regeneration from seeds was observed. Competitive interference during recolonization occurred between D. spicata and Salicornia virginica (L.) (Virginia glasswort). Frequent and severe LSG herbivory can result in unvegetated, eroding mudflats that may become permanent if followed by environmental conditions that retard vegetative recolonization. This may become an increasingly important issue as LSG numbers increase and marsh area declines.
Design of β-CD-surfactant complex-coated liquid crystal droplets for the detection of cholic acid via competitive host-guest recognition.

β-CD–C14TAB complex-coated 5CB droplets are designed by the adsorption of β-CD–C14TAB complexes at the 5CB/aqueous interface. We show that the 5CB droplets can be used as an optical probe for the selective detection of cholic acid in aqueous solution containing uric acid and urea via competitive host–guest recognition.
Multicolor particle systems with large threshold and range

In this paper we consider the Greenberg-Hastings and cyclic color models. These models exhibit (at least) three different types of behavior. Depending on the number of colors and the size of two parameters called the threshold and range, the Greenberg-Hastings model either dies out, or has equilibria that consist of “debris” or “fire fronts”. The phase diagram for the cyclic color models is more complicated. The main result of this paper, Theorem 1, proves that the debris phase exists for both systems.
Species of Naticidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) described by Linnaeus in the Systema Naturae (1758)

In the Systema Naturae (1758) Linnaeus described seven species now placed in the gastropod family Naticidae. This study documents their identity based on critical re-examination of original descriptions and original specimens in the Linnean Society of London and the Zoologiska Museet of Uppsala Universitet. The six valid species are redescribed; the other is a nomen dubium. Four of the species are type species of currently accepted naticid genera.
Differential control of adrenal drug and steroid metabolism in the guinea pig

Abstract Studies were carried out to compare the effects of several physiological variables on adrenal microsomal drug (ethylmorphine demethylation) and steroid (21-hydroxylation) metabolism in guinea pigs. The rate of adrenal ethylmorphine (EM) metabolism increased with maturation in males but not females, resulting in a sex difference (M > F) in adrenal enzyme activity in adult guinea pigs. Twenty-one hydroxylase activity, in contrast, was similar in adrenals from males and females. The concentration of adrenal microsomal cytochrome P-450 was unaffected by age or sex. ACTH administration decreased adrenal EM demethylase activity but did not affect 21-hydroxylation. Testosterone, when given to female guinea pigs, increased the rate of EM metabolism and decreased 21-hydroxylase activity. Various compounds known to interact with adrenal microsomal cytochrome P-450 had divergent effects on EM metabolism and 21-hydroxylation in vitro . Prostaglandins E1 and F2α, spironolactone, and canrenone inhibited EM demethylation but not 21-hydroxylation. Simple aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene), in contrast, inhibited 21-hydroxylation but did not affect EM metabolism. The results indicate that adrenal drug and steroid metabolism are independently regulated and that different terminal oxidases (cytochrome P-450) are probably involved in adrenal 21-hydroxylation and EM demethylation.
Rehybridized 1,3-butadiene radical cations: How far will a radical cation go to maintain conjugation?

As chemical investigations move into new fields, such as radical ions, the understanding of even fundamental reactions sometimes undergoes revisions. Here, the mechanisms for the interconversion of the s-cis and s-trans rotamers of several 1,3-butadiene radical cations are investigated with hybrid density functional theory and are shown to exhibit a complexity far exceeding rotamer interconversion in the neutral analogues. In particular, rehybridization of the central carbons during the interconversion process results in a two-parameter mechanism, where one parameter is the rotation around the central bond, and the other parameter is the rehybridization. To convert rotamers, the rehybridized centers must invert. The origin of this effect is traced to one of the most basic concepts in chemistry, conjugation. Substituent effects on the rehybridization and the rotation mechanism are studied by investigations of (2,3-X,X) disubstituted butadienes, where X = −CH3, −NH2, −OH, −F, −SiH3. Cation-stabilizing subst...
Life-cycle saving and comparative advantage in the long run

Abstract This paper reformulates Findlay's (1970) analysis by solving for life-cycle saving explicitly. The key parameters are the rate of population growth and the consumer's discount factor. It is shown that Findlay's result carries over even after the effect of population growth on the saving rate is taken into account.
Adding carbohydrate to a high-fat meal blunts postprandial lipemia in women and reduces meal-derived fatty acids in systemic circulation.

The lipemic response to a meal is an important independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding carbohydrate (CHO) to a fat meal on the bioavailability of ingested fat in different blood lipid fractions in men and women. On two separate occasions, 18 healthy adults (9 women, 9 men) ate either a high-fat meal (0.7 grams fat per kilogram) (FAT), or the same meal with added CHO (1 gram CHO per kilogram) (FAT+CHO) in the morning after a 12 h fast. Both meals were supplemented with [13C]-palmitate (25 mg·kg–1). Plasma concentrations of triglyceride (TG), fatty acids, insulin, and glucose were measured in blood samples taken hourly from 0 to 8 h after the meal. In addition, we measured TG concentrations in chylomicron (CHYLO-TG) and in very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-TG) fractions. The addition of CHO to the fat meal increased plasma glucose and insulin concentrations identically in men and women. In contrast, adding CHO to...
Metastatic colon carcinoma simulating primary bile duct carcinoma via endoscopic cholangiography

A case of metastatic colon carcinoma simulating primary bile duct carcinoma is presented. The radiographic similarities via endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography include bile duct narrowing and mucosal destruction. A distinguishing feature, however, is failure of the intrahepatic bile ducts to dilate in metastatic carcinoma to the biliary tree.
A wavelet analysis of Plio-Pleistocene climate indicators: A new view of periodicity evolution

Wavelet analysis offers an alternative to Fourier based time-series analysis, and is particularly useful when the amplitudes and periods of dominant cycles are time dependent. We analyze climatic records derived from oxygen isotopic ratios of marine sediment cores with modified Morlet wavelets. We use a normalization of the Morlet wavelets which allows direct correspondence with Fourier analysis. This provides a direct view of the oscillations at various frequencies, and illustrates the nature of the time-dependence of the dominant cycles.
Determination of electric current distributions in animals and humans exposed to a uniform 60-Hz high-intensity electric field.

The thermographic method for determining specific absorption rate (SAR) in animals and models of tissues or bodies exposed to electromagnetic fields was applied to the problem of quantifying the current distribution in homogeneous bodies of arbitrary shape exposed to 60-Hz electric fields. The 60-Hz field exposures were simulated by exposing scale models of high electrical conductivity to 57.3-MHz VHF fields of high strength in a large 3.66 X 3.66 X 2.44-m TE101 mode resonant cavity. After exposure periods of 2-30 s, the models were quickly disassembled so that the temperature distribution (maximum value up to 7 degrees C) along internal cross-sectional planes of the model could be recorded thermographically. The SAR, W', calculated from the temperature changes at any point in the scale model was used to determine the SAR, W, for a full-scale model exposed to a 60-Hz electric field of the same strength by the relation W = (60/f')2 . (sigma'/sigma) . W' where f' is the model exposure frequency, sigma' is the conductivity of the scale model at the VHF exposure frequency, and sigma is the conductivity of the full-scale subject at 60 Hz. The SAR was used to calculate either the electric field strength or the current density for the full-scale subject. The models were used to simulate the exposure of the full-scale subject located either in free space or in contact with a conducting ground plane. Measurements made on a number of spheroidal models with axial ratios from 1 to 10 and conductivity from 1 to 10 s/m agreed well with theoretical predictions. Maximum current densities of 200nA/cm2 predicted in the ankles of man models and 50 nA/cm2 predicted in the legs of pig models exposed to 60-Hz fields at 1kV/m agreed well with independent measurements on full-scale models.
Preparation and electrical properties of stoichiometric TiB2 thin films

Abstract Thin films of TiB 2 0.5–1.5 μm thick on Al 2 O 3 substrates were formed from vacuum-deposited B/Ti couples by reactions at 900–1000 °C. Reactions were carried out both in vacuum and in a helium atmosphere and were studied by secondary ion mass spectrometry. A diffusion-controlled reaction leading to TiB 2 formation and a reaction between boron and residual gas (H 2 O) in vacuum leading to a significant loss of boron were studied. The activation energy for the diffusion reaction was less than that reported for bulk material. By ensuring that sufficient boron was present to account for its loss during heating, stoichiometric films of TiB 2 were readily formed. Electrical properties of the films were measured and resistivities of between 20 and 30 μΩ cm were obtained.
Cause of thrombosis in human atherosclerotic arteries

Abstract Although it has been known for a long time that thrombosis nearly always develops in atherosclerotic arteries—and almost never in normal vessels—the mechanism through which atherosclerosis promotes thrombosis was unknown until this problem was explored through histologic examination of complete serial section sets of thrombosed atherosclerotic arteries. These studies, repeatedly confirmed, revealed that the thrombi are triggered by microscopic cracks in the collagen cap of advanced plaques. Blood most often seeps from the arterial lumen through the cracks into the underlying lipid gruel before the breaks or cracks are plugged by the thrombi (which function as hemostatic seals of the breaks). These results are parallel to results of experimental studies in which the synergism of endotheliotoxic and pressor agents produced thrombi over cap breaks and sub-break hemorrhages only in arteries with advanced collagen-rich plaques, not in arteries with early atherosclerosis or in normal vessels. This finding indicates that advanced atherosclerosis makes the arterial wall much more fragile and that, once broken, this wall exposes the blood to powerful thrombogenic materials that do not exist in normal arterial tissue. At present, human and experimental evidence suggest that the thrombogenic fissures of advanced plaque caps can be promoted by several factors, such as a surge in intraarterial pressure or insults that damage the caps structurally and increase their vulnerability to any type of stress such as certain metabolic, exogenous chemical and immune insults, spontaneous molecular changes of collagen with time and hemorrhages of capillaries that invade advanced plaques from the adventitia or the arterial lumen.
Homogeneous Catalytic Epoxidation of Organic Substrates in CO2-Expanded Solvents in the Presence of Water-Soluble Oxidants and Catalysts

Typically, the oxidation of organic substrates with H2O2 and water-soluble catalysts involves biphasic systems in which the substrate resides in an organic phase and the reaction occurs in the aqueous phase. We demonstrate how the miscible region (in P−T−x space) for water/solvent/CO2 ternary systems can be exploited to overcome interphase mass-transfer limitations of such biphasic systems and perform homogeneous oxidations of organic substrates using water-soluble catalysts and oxidants. By employing CO2-expanded CH3CN/H2O2/H2O mixtures, a variety of olefins (cyclohexene, styrene, 1-methylcyclohexene, 4-methylcyclohexene) were oxidized homogeneously with high (>85%) epoxidation selectivities. An order-of-magnitude enhancement in epoxidation rates was achieved with the addition of pyridine to the homogeneous system, at pressures that are an order of magnitude lower than those needed in the biphasic system described in the literature. Plausible reaction pathways that involve the formation of peroxy carboni...
Autotomy of algal flagella: electron microscope studies of Chlamydomonas (Chlorophyceae) and Tetraselmis (Prasinophyceae)

Abstract Autotomy of the flagella in Chlamydomonas (Chlorophyceae) and Tetraselmis (Prasinophyceae) may take less than I s to complete. In both genera it follows through similar stages. The flagellar membrane immediately distal to the transition zone detaches from the axoneme and forms a sort of brim or sleeve. At the same level, inside the axial cylinder a section of the core appears to be digested and the outer microtubules are ruptured. The flagellar membrane pinches in, detaching the flagellar shaft, and then seals over the stump as a transverse septum. At the same time, inside the base of the flagellum the upper beaker-shaped portion of the transition body changes. The mouth of the beaker narrows as the sides converge distally. These changes seem to be general, though details differ among genera and species. Underlying physiological responses and biochemical changes remain to be elucidated.
Adolescent intermittent ethanol exposure enhances ethanol activation of the nucleus accumbens while blunting the prefrontal cortex responses in adult rat.

The brain continues to develop through adolescence when excessive alcohol consumption is prevalent in humans. We hypothesized that binge drinking doses of ethanol during adolescence will cause changes in brain ethanol responses that persist into adulthood. To test this hypothesis Wistar rats were treated with an adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE; 5 g/kg, i.g. 2 days on–2 days off; P25–P54) model of underage drinking followed by 25 days of abstinence during maturation to young adulthood (P80). Using markers of neuronal activation c-Fos, EGR1, and phophorylated extracellar signal regulated kinase (pERK1/2), adult responses to a moderate and binge drinking ethanol challenge, e.g., 2 or 4 g/kg, were determined. Adult rats showed dose dependent increases in neuronal activation markers in multiple brain regions during ethanol challenge. Brain regional responses correlated are consistent with anatomical connections. AIE led to marked decreases in adult ethanol PFC (prefrontal cortex) and blunted responses in the amygdala. Binge drinking doses led to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) activation that correlated with the ventral tegmental area (VTA) activation. In contrast to other brain regions, AIE enhanced the adult NAc response to binge drinking doses. These studies suggest that adolescent alcohol exposure causes long-lasting changes in brain responses to alcohol that persist into adulthood.
Water farms and transfer conflicts in Arizona, USA: A proposed resolution process

Water is a relatively scarce resource in Arizona, especially since the recent urban growth booms of Phoenix and Tucson. Arizona's 1980 Groundwater Management Act was the precursor to current water-transfer conflicts between urban buyers, rural farmers, and third parties. Water farms are bought with the intention to transfer their appurtenant groundwater to the two major metropolitan areas. As water markets have emerged, differing values and public interest issues have become apparent, while the state legislature attempts to resolve inequities. Site-specific transfer disputes, as well as policy-making conflicts, offer suitable situations for a mediation process. Equity- and efficiency-based criteria are suggested as the basis for resolving water-transfer conflicts, and a mediation process is proposed. However, third parties must develop an agenda, and a balance of power should be attained before mediation can effectively forge an agreement on water-transfer policies. The attainment of statewide policies generated through a mediated process has the potential to expand long-range regional water planning and management.
Scaling analysis and application: Phase diagram of magnetic nanorings and elliptical nanoparticles

The magnetic properties of single-domain nanoparticles with different geometric shapes, crystalline anisotropies, and lattice structures are investigated. A recently proposed scaling approach is shown to be universal and in agreement with dimensional analysis coupled with the assumption of incomplete self-similarity. It is used to obtain phase diagrams of magnetic nanoparticles featuring three competing configurations: in-plane ferromagnetism, out-of-plane ferromagnetism, and vortex formation. The influence of the vortex core on the scaling behavior and phase diagram is analyzed. Three-dimensional phase diagrams are obtained for cylindrical nanorings depending on their height and outer and inner radii. The triple points in these phase diagrams are shown to be in a linear relationship with the inner radius of the ring. Elliptically shaped magnetic nanoparticles are also studied. A new parametrization for double vortex configurations is proposed, and regions in the phase diagram where the double vortex is a stable ground state are identified.
Futures Focus: Proposed Solutions for the Cyclic Workforce

The 2003 Community College Futures Assembly identified three major areas of concern to be addressed by community college leadership. These included the identification and remediation of underprepar...
Sensitivity of US Gulf of Mexico coastal marsh vegetation to crude oil: Comparison of greenhouse and field responses

Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of crude oil on selected US Gulf of Mexico coastal marsh species. Species showed different levels of sensitivity to oiling between greenhouse and field conditions. In greenhouse studies, two crude oils were used: South Louisiana crude oil (SLC) and Arabian Medium crude oil (AMC). The majority of Spartina patens plants died within one month following oiling with little or no recovery after three months. Panicum hemitomon and Spartina alterniflora were also adversely affected by oiling under greenhouse conditions but to a lesser extent than S. patens. The SLC or AMC oiling led to biomass reductions in S. alterniflora and S. patens. The dry biomass was not affected by oiling in P. hemitomon, Sagittaria lancifolia, Typha latifolia, and Scirpus olneyi. Results showed that S. patens plants were more sensitive to SLC as compared to AMC oil. Gross CO2-C fixation data collected in the greenhouse indicated no differences in recovery among species across oiling treatments for S. lancifolia, S. olneyi, and T. latifolia. Field studies with S. alterniflora, S. patens and S. lancifolia demonstrated initial sensitivity of these species to oiling, and recovery following oiling with SLC. Our data also showed that caution must be employed whenever results from greenhouse studies are extrapolated to predict oil impact on vegetation under field conditions. Development of any sensitivity index of plant responses to oiling should not be based on greenhouse experiments only. Field evaluations should be included which best depict plant responses to oiling. Thus, restoration measures of US Gulf of Mexico coastal marshes following oiling should rely primarily on field studies. The field research suggests that the US Gulf of Mexico coastal marsh vegetation are likely to recover from oil spills naturally without the need for remediation procedures.
¡Arriba! Comunicación y Cultura 5th ed. by ZAYAS–BAZÁN, EDUARDO, SUSAN M. BACON, & HOLLY J. NIBERT Student Activities Manual for ¡Arriba! Comunicación y cultura 5th ed. by ZAYAS–BAZÁN, EDUARDO, & SUSAN M. BACON Additional Practice Activities for ¡Arriba! Comunicación y cultura 5th ed. by BROD, EVELYN F., & TERESA ROIG–TORRES

The article reviews several books, including "Arriba! Comunicacion y Cultura," 5th ed., by Eduardo Zayas-Bazan, Susan M. Bacon and Holly J. Nibert, "Student Activities Manual for Arriba! Comunicacion y Cultura," 5th ed., by Eduardo Zayas-Bazan and Susan M. Bacon and "Additional Practice Activities for Arriba! Comunicacion y Cultura," 5th ed., by Evelyn Brod and Teresa Roig-Torres.
Conservation and function of Rab small GTPases in Entamoeba: Annotation of E. invadens Rab and its use for the understanding of Entamoeba biology

Entamoeba invadens is a reptilian enteric protozoan parasite closely related to the human pathogen Entamoeba histolytica and a good model organism of encystation. To understand the molecular mechanism of vesicular trafficking involved in the encystation of Entamoeba, we examined the conservation of Rab small GTPases between the two species. E. invadens has over 100 Rab genes, similar to E. histolytica. Most of the Rab subfamilies are conserved between the two species, while a number of species-specific Rabs are also present. We annotated all E. invadens Rabs according to the previous nomenclature [Saito-Nakano, Y., Loftus, B.J., Hall, N., Nozaki, T., 2005. The diversity of Rab GTPases in Entamoeba histolytica. Experimental Parasitology 110, 244-252]. Comparative genomic analysis suggested that the fundamental vesicular traffic machinery is well conserved, while there are species-specific protein transport mechanisms. We also reviewed the function of Rabs in Entamoeba, and proposed the use of the annotation of E. invadens Rab genes to understand the ubiquitous importance of Rab-mediated membrane trafficking during important biological processes including differentiation in Entamoeba.
An Outbreak of Febrile Gastroenteritis Associated with Delicatessen Meat Contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes

In June 2001, the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services/Public Health conducted a cohort study of an outbreak of acute febrile gastroenteritis among 16 of 44 healthy attendees of a catered party. The median age of the attendees who became ill was 15.5 years. Symptoms included body aches (in 88% of attendees), fever (81%), headache (81%), diarrhea (63%), and vomiting (56%). Illness was associated with ingestion of precooked, sliced turkey (P=.000004). Six stool specimens yielded Listeria monocytogenes. Leftover turkey yielded L. monocytogenes, 1.6x10(9) cfu/g. All isolates were serotype 1/2a and had matching molecular fingerprints. Clusters of suspect cases were identified among attendees at 2 other catered events, but no additional cases were confirmed. This is only the third reported outbreak of L. monocytogenes-associated gastroenteritis in the United States. In cases of febrile gastroenteritis for which routine cultures for enteric pathogens are negative, clinicians should suspect listeriosis and should consider asking laboratories to retain stool specimens to expedite testing for Listeria organisms.
Invasive monitoring of cerebral oxygenation

Despite medical and technological advances in neurosurgical intensive care, severe traumatic brain injury still carries a poor prognosis. Invasive monitoring of cerebral oxygenation has recently been proposed as a means for the detection and prevention of cerebral ischemia in comatose patients; however, it has not proven to influence the patient’s outcome after severe brain injury. Eight recent reports selected from the literature are reviewed, and the authors’ own clinical experience is presented in order to define the indications, usefulness, limitations, and potential complications of the available methodology for the invasive monitoring of cerebral interstitial oxygen saturation.
Marine-Resource Value and the Priority of Coastal Settlement: a California Perspective

The value of marine resources and coastal environments to hunter-gatherers has long been debated, with the archaeological record frequently invoked as the ultimate test for various arguments. Optimal-foraging principles suggest that the temporal priority of the exploitation of one resource over another indicates its value with respect to subsistence efficiency, a crucial variable in overall reproductive success. If coastal habitats are highly valuable, their exploitation should be seen early in the archaeological record; if not, a time lag should be evident between the initial exploitation of terrestrial and coastal environments. A review of the archaeology of early marine-resource use in prehistoric California reveals complex patterning that does not exclusively support one position or the other. Certain of these data accommodate the traditional model of an adaptive transition between specialized hunting of terrestrial big game during the Paleoindian period and diversification, including marine-resource exploitation, during the Archaic period. Others, however, suggest that shellfish were part of the diet of the initial colonists of western North America, indicating the value of this resource to mobility-restricted members of hunting and gathering groups.
Runtime reallocation of divisible load under processor execution deadlines

We examine the problem of optimizing the reallocation and execution of divisible load originating in different amounts at the sites of an interconnected set of heterogeneous processors characterized by their load computing speeds and I/O speeds. Each processor imposes, a priori, a hard deadline on its allocated task completion. The objective of load retasking and redistribution, which is implemented at runtime, is twofold: to prescribe feasible load allocations, and to minimize the job execution completion time. We present the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of feasible reallocations, and for a feasible reallocation to be optimal in the sense of minimum completion time. When task completions of an optimal reallocation occur before the specified processor deadlines, the deadlines can be advanced by the amount of laxity to obtain the tightest deadlines. >
Orleans: cloud computing for everyone

Cloud computing is a new computing paradigm, combining diverse client devices -- PCs, smartphones, sensors, single-function, and embedded -- with computation and data storage in the cloud. As with every advance in computing, programming is a fundamental challenge, as the cloud is a concurrent, distributed system running on unreliable hardware and networks. Orleans is a software framework for building reliable, scalable, and elastic cloud applications. Its programming model encourages the use of simple concurrency patterns that are easy to understand and employ correctly. It is based on distributed actor-like components called grains, which are isolated units of state and computation that communicate through asynchronous messages. Within a grain, promises are the mechanism for managing both asynchronous messages and local task-based concurrency. Isolated state and a constrained execution model allow Orleans to persist, migrate, replicate, and reconcile grain state. In addition, Orleans provides lightweight transactions that support a consistent view of state and provide a foundation for automatic error handling and failure recovery. We implemented several applications in Orleans, varying from a messaging-intensive social networking application to a data- and compute-intensive linear algebra computation. The programming model is a general one, as Orleans allows the communications to evolve dynamically at runtime. Orleans enables a developer to concentrate on application logic, while the Orleans runtime provides scalability, availability, and reliability.
N-Ethyl-p-Chloroaniline

N-ethyl-p-chloroaniline intermediate: N-Ethyl-p-chloroformanilide. product: N-ethyl-p-chloroaniline byproduct: ethyl N-p-chlorophenylformimidate : N-Methylaniline : N-Ethylaniline : N-Isoamylaniline : N-Methyl-m-toluidine : N-Ethyl-m-toluidine : N-Methyl-p-chloroaniline Keywords: acylation; alkylation, N-alkylation; hydrolysis, amides
"Hey! Where's the Toys?" Play and Literacy in 1st Grade.

(1996). “Hey! Where's the Loys?”: Play and Literacy in 1st Grade. Childhood Education: Vol. 73, No. 1, pp. 10-16.
Neural Mechanisms in Basal and Meal-Stimulated Ileal Absorption

The ingestion of a meal stimulates absorption from the jejunal lumen and is dependent on intact neural pathways. Few studies of ileal absorptive responses to a meal have been performed. This study tested two hypotheses: (1) a meal stimulates ileal glucose, water, and ion absorption, and (2) intact intestinal neurotransmission is necessary to maintain the basal and meal-stimulated absorptive states in the ileum. Absorption studies (n = 50) using 14C-labeled PEG were performed on six dogs with 25-cm ileal Thiry-Vella fistulas (TVF). Four groups were randomly studied over 4 hr. Intraluminal oxethazaine (2 mg/dl) was administered to the TVF in Groups 2 and 4 after the 1st hour to produce neural blockade. A control volume of water was administered to the TVF in Groups 1 and 3 after the 1st hour. A 480 kcal meal was ingested at the end of the 2nd hour in groups 3 and 4. Ileal water, ion, and glucose absorption were increased significantly (P < 0.05) by the ingestion of a meal. TVF oxethazaine significantly reduced (P < 0.05) basal water and ion absorption but had no effect on meal-stimulated absorption. Ileal absorption of water, ions, and glucose is significantly increased by the ingestion of a meal. Basal ileal absorption appears to be partly dependent upon intact neurotransmission. Postprandial ileal absorption appears to be independent of neural blockade, implicating circulating hormones, paracrine mediators, or neurotransmission within the myenteric plexus of the enteric nervous system as the primary modulators of meal-stimulated ileal absorption.
Thinning of the Arctic sea-ice cover

Comparison of sea-ice draft data acquired on submarine cruises between 1993 and 1997 with similar data acquired between 1958 and 1976 indicates that the mean ice draft at the end of the melt season has decreased by about 1.3 m in most of the deep water portion of the Arctic Ocean, from 3.1 m in 1958–1976 to 1.8 m in the 1990s. The decrease is greater in the central and eastern Arctic than in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas. Preliminary evidence is that the ice cover has continued to become thinner in some regions during the 1990s.
Racial Labor Market Gaps: The Role of Abilities and Schooling Choices

This paper studies the relationship between abilities, schooling choices, and black-white differentials in labor market outcomes. The analysis is based on a model of endogenous schooling choices. Agents’ schooling decisions are based on expected future earnings, family background, and unobserved abilities. Earnings are also determined by unobserved abilities. The analysis distinguishes unobserved abilities from observed test scores. The model is implemented using data from the NLSY79. The results indicate that, even after controlling for abilities, there exist significant racial labor market gaps. They also suggest that the standard practice of equating observed test scores may overcompensate for differentials in ability.
Optimal Pick-up Locations for Transport and Handling of Limp Materials Part I: One-Dimensional Strips

Pick-up locations are obtained on strips of limp material that minimize a measure of deformation (strain energy). The strips are modeled as continuous beams subjected to a uniformly distributed load using small and large deflection beam theories. Pick-up locations correspond to support locations of the continuous beam. Strain energy is computed from a finite element solution, and optimal locations are obtained by solving unconstrained and bound constrained optimization problems. Results are in terms of a nondimensional number that characterizes the flexibility of the beam and are applicable to a wide range of limp materials. Some results for fabric strips are also presented.
A time series investigation of the oxygen isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic phosphate in Monterey Bay, California

We present a 2-yr time series of the oxygen isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic phosphate (d18Op )i n Monterey Bay, California. d18Op can serve as a proxy for phosphate utilization because its approach toward isotopic equilibrium is a function of the degree of biological phosphate cycling. When phosphate is extensively cycled by the biological community in the euphotic zone, the d18Op approaches isotopic equilibrium with surrounding water. Our results indicate that d18Op in the upper water column is consistently out of isotopic equilibrium with respect to seawater and fluctuates between the equilibrium value and the isotopic signatures of phosphate sources. This suggests that either phosphate is not extensively utilized or that the input of new phosphate to the bay exceeds the requirements of the biological community. d18Op is variable and linked to episodic upwelling events and the biotic response to these events. The greatest percent of phosphate oxygen exchange, and thus the greatest phosphate utilization relative to input, occurs at the locus of upwelling (Sta. M1), followed by the offshore (M2) and nearshore (C1) stations, respectively. During the highly productive upwelling season, phosphate turnover is greater than in the winter. Episodes of higher phosphate turnover, as indicated by peaks in d 18 Op, occur simultaneously throughout the upper 200 m of the water column and at all three stations, indicating that these events affect the bay on a large scale. d 18 Op data also suggest that deep water (.500 m) may be a source of phosphate to the euphotic zone in Monterey Bay.
Optimal sparse-QIM codes for zero-rate blind watermarking

The problem of blind watermarking of an arbitrary host signal in /spl Ropf//sup n/ under squared-error distortion constraints and Gaussian attacks is considered in this paper. While distortion-compensated lattice quantization index modulation (QIM), using nearly spherical Voronoi cells, is known to be asymptotically capacity-achieving in this setup, our results suggest that such schemes are suboptimal in terms of error probability when the number of possible messages is subexponential in n. Our conjecture is substantiated by examples involving low-dimensional lattices and is related to the simplex conjecture in coding theory.
Simulating Crime Prevention Strategies: A Look at the Possibilities

While essential, the process of developing and testing crime prevention strategies is currently an expensive and time-consuming process. In addition, there are some potential crime prevention programs that are either too costly or unethical to test empirically. What if we could test these strategies in an artificial world first? In a world of increasingly uncertain resources, simulation offers a promising methodology for experimenting with potential strategies to identify the most promising ones before they are tested empirically. This paper introduces simulation and then explores the potential of and challenges to the use of simulation models to provide valuable information about the potential effectiveness of crime prevention strategies. One potential application of simulation is discussed in detail and several others are suggested.
Electric Energy and Power Consumption by Light-Duty Plug-In Electric Vehicles

This paper proposes methodologies to estimate the electric energy and power consumption by light-duty plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). Using the travel patterns of light-duty vehicles in the U.S. obtained from the 2009 National Household Travel Survey, the PEVs' energy and power consumption are estimated for two uncontrolled charging scenarios.