cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear pulse propagation in the presence of evaporating aerosols

A set of coupled, nonlinear differential equations is developed describing the propagation of a pulsed, quasi-monochromatic beam of electromagnetic radiation in a medium containing vaporizing aerosols. Spatiotemporal distortions in the beam are produced as a result of radiation-induced changes in the absorption and scattering coefficients as well as in the angular spread of the phase function. The irradiance distribution function of the pulse is governed by a time-dependent transfer equation in the small-angle approximation. Numerical solutions to the equations are obtained for the case of pulse propagation through a cloud of vaporizing water droplets. It is found that significant spatiotemporal distortion of the pulse accompanies enhanced aerosol vaporization.
An iterative finite element-boundary element algorithm

A domain decomposition algorithm coupling the finite element and boundary element methods is presented in this paper. This algorithm is iterative in nature. It essentially involves subdivision of the problem domain into subregions being respectively modeled by the two methods, as well as restoration of the original problem with continuity and equilibrium being satisfied along the interface. An arbitrary displacement vector is first assigned to the interface of the boundary element subdomain. Then, the energy equivalent nodal forces of the solved interface tractions are treated as the boundary conditions for the finite element subdomain to solve for the interface displacements. The solution is achieved when these two sets of displacements converge. To speed up the rate at which the algorithm converges, a relaxation of the displacement data at the interface is employed for the next iteration. Strategies for static and dynamic choices of relaxed displacements are addressed, and the validity of the algorithm is verified by solving an example problem. Numerical solutions of the test problem obtained using the proposed algorithm are compared with solutions from the finite and boundary element methods.
Lipid Testing and Lipid-Lowering Therapy in Hospitalized Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack Patients. Results From a Statewide Stroke Registry

Background and Purpose— Recent recommendations call for in-hospital initiation of lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) for most ischemic stroke (IS) and transient ischemic attack (TIA) survivors; however, little is known about actual use. This study describes use of and predictors for in-hospital lipid testing and LLT using data from a statewide stroke registry. Methods— In 2002, the registry ascertained cases from a stratified sample of 16 hospitals. This study includes only IS and TIA cases discharged alive. Results— In 1907 study subjects, 30.2% (27.2% to 33.5%) were on LLT at admission. In 1399 subjects not on LLT at admission, 37.2% (30.2% to 44.9%) underwent lipid testing, and 12.9% (7.2% to 22.1%) received LLT at discharge. Use of testing and LLT varied widely between hospitals (P<0.001). In-hospital lipid testing was positively associated with large teaching hospitals (P=0.029), and neurologist or neurosurgeon (P=0.004); and negatively associated with increasing age (P=0.002), being female (P=0.020), a pr...
Gas chromatography of barbiturates. II. Application to the study of their metabolism and excretion in humans.

Five different barbiturates were administered to adult humans and their urine analyzed for the unchanged and metabolized products by gas chromatography. Barbital was easily identified in urine collected 16 days after administration. The demethylation of N-methyl substituted barbiturates could be followed. p-Hydroxy phenobarbital was detected by gas chromatography after administration of phenobarbital and mephobarbital.
Structure, polymorphism and thermal properties of phenyliminoisoindolines

The crystal and molecular structures of (a) 1-imino-3-phenyliminoisoindoline (2), (b) two polymorphs (3Mono and 3Tric) and a hexane solvate (3Hex) of 1,3-bis(phenylimino)isoindoline (3) and (c) 3-phenyliminoisoindolinone (4) were determined via single-crystal x-ray diffraction. The two polymorphs and solvate of 3 were all obtained by crystallization from hexane. In the solid state, 2 is found as the anti isomer of the amino tautomer, and all forms of 3 exist as either the syn,anti or anti,anti isomers of the diimino tautomer. The 3Tric and 3Mono polymorphs represent a rare example in which the phenomena of conformational polymorphism and conformational isomorphism occur for the same substance. Compound 4 crystallizes as the anti isomer of the keto form. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis were performed to characterize the thermal properties of samples of 2–4. X-ray powder diffraction studies on 2, 3 and 4 reveal that, whereas specimens of 2 are a single phase, none of the samples of 3 and 4 crystallize as single phases under the conditions of the experiments. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective Precipitation of Antibody with Ligand‐Modified Phospholipids: Effect of Lipid Chain Length

The selective precipitation from aqueous solutions of goat polyclonal anti-biotin antibody (pABA) by complexation with ligand-modified phospholipids (LMPs) is described. In this study, the effect of varying the acyl chain length of the LMP from six to 18 carbon atoms on the rate and yield of precipitation is detailed. As the acyl chain length increases, the hydrophobic driving force for interaction of ligand-bound antibody molecules also increases, resulting in a larger yield of precipitated antibody. The rate of selective precipitation, however, is observed to pass through a sharp maximum at an acyl chain length of 10-12 carbon atoms. In the range of target antibody and LMP concentrations studied (1-10 IM), the maximum rates of precipitation are observed for those LMPs in sufficiently low concentrations in aqueous solution to be below their critical micelle concentration (CMC). The longer chain length LMPs (12-18 carbon atoms at concentrations of 5-10 IM) gave considerably slower rates of precipitation and were all observed to be micellar solutions. The yield of target antibody as a percentage of antibody precipitated was not observed to pass through a maximum, rather all LMPs with acyl chain lengths longer than 12 carbon atoms were observed to give the maximum yield. Thus the optimal structure of an LMP for precipitation of a target antibody corresponds to the maximum chain length (10 carbon atoms) at a concentration level (5-10 IM) which still falls below its CMC. The kinetics of precipitation, as monitored by measuring turbidity, are well modelled by a theory which combines the Mie theory of light scattering with the Smoluchowski theory for the kinetics of precipitation. The maximum rate constants corresponding to Smoluchowski kinetics for precipitating pABA were approximately 25 000-30 000 M -1 s -1 , while the maximum yields were 65-70%. The molecular picture which emerges is one in which the optimal rate is obtained by maximizing hydrophobic driving force for interaction of LMP acyl chains while still maintaining a submicellar state of aggregation.
Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of progesterone on follicular development in the hypophysectomized follicle-stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone-treated hamster.

Cyclic hamsters hypophysectomized at estrus (Day 1 of the cycle) and injected with 5 �.zg follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) on Day 1 and 20 ,.zg luteinizing hormone (LH) in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) from Days 1-4 ovulated 15.3 ova, in response to 30 IU human chorionicgonadotropin (hCG) administered at 1500 h on Day 4 (Kim and Greenwald, 1984). When 1 mg progesterone (P4) was administered daily from Days 1-4 concurrent with the above regimen, ovulation increased to 38 ova, a clearcut superovulatory response. However, daily injection of 1, 10, or 100 4ug P4 plus FSH and LH reduced the number of antral follicles present on the afternoon of Day 4 to 3-4 per ovary, compared to 9 per ovary after FSH-LH alone, and the ovulation rate was drastically reduced with most animals being anovulatory. Substituting I mg 1 7ct-hydroxyprogesterone or estradiol cyclopentylpropionate for P4 on Days 1-4 did not alter the number of antral follicles on Day 4 from FSH-LH alone, whereas 1 mg androstenedione or 1 mg testosterone cyclopentylpropionate reduced the number of antral follicles to 3 or less. Hence, the stimulatory effects of 1 mg P4 are not attributable to its conversion to other P4 derivatives. After the concurrent injection of 1 mg P4 and FSH-LH, on the afternoon of Day 3, an average of only 1.8 large preantral follicles was present per ovary. By the morning of Day 4, however, the ovary contained 14 large preantral and early antral follicles in addition to 8 large antralfollicles. Injection of hCG at this time resulted in the ovulation of 14.5 ova. By the afternoon of Day 4, 22 antral follicles per ovary were present, with the majority recruited from the smaller categories. The major effect of 1 mg P4 was to enable smaller preantral follicles to grow and ultimately to be recruited into the ovulatory group. It is therefore suggested that in the hamster high doses of P4 act as a mitogenic stimulus to preantral follicles and that it has the same effects as daily doses of FSH.
5‐HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITORS BLOCK para‐METHOXYAMPHETAMINE‐INDUCED 5‐HT RELEASE

1 Activation of mycolonic twitch activity (MTA) of suprahyoideal muscle after p-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) administration in rats anaesthetized with urethane has previously been reported to be due to brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) release. Increased MTA caused by PMA was blocked by chlorimipramine (0.1 to 1 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (0.3 to 3 mg/kg) but not by desipramine (3 mg/kg). 2 The 5-hydroxytryptophan-induced increase of MTA of suprahyoideal muscle in rats pretreated with pargyline was not blocked by chlorimipramine but was blocked by methysergide. 3 [3H]-5-HT was injected intraventricularly 30 min before the beginning of ventricular perfusion with artificial cerebrospinal fluid in urethane anaesthetized rats. PMA (mg/kg i.v.) increased the release of [3H]-5-HT in the perfusate after injection. Chlorimipramine (0.1 to 1 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (0.1 to 1 mg/kg), injected 10 min before the PMA injection, caused a dose-related blockade of the increased release of [3H]-5-HT induced by PMA. Desipramine at 3 mg/kg slightly inhibited the increased release of [3H]-5-HT caused by PMA but was inactive at 1 mg/kg. 4 It is proposed that these 5-HT uptake inhibitors block the increased MTA caused by PMA by preventing the PMA-induced release of 5-HT in the central nervous system.
Aedes aegypti and Aedes aegypti-borne disease control in the 1990s: top down or bottom up

It is a great honor to be asked to present the Charles Franklin Craig Lecture of this Society. I initially accepted this responsibility with some trepidation, and after reviewing the list of previous Craig Lecturers, I became even more nervous about the prospects of addressing you. It is indeed an honor to be added to that list. I would like to express my sincere thanks to those responsible for my selection as the Craig lecturer, including the committee who selected me for this honor, the many collaborators who over the years have made my work much better than it would have otherwise been, and last, but not least, my wife Bobbie whose understanding and tireless support made it all possible. Charles Franklin Craig helped establish the viral etiology of dengue fever in 1907, so it is appropriate that I talk about this disease today.
Case Study: Multisystemic Therapy for Adolescents Who Engage in HIV Transmission Risk Behaviors

Objective To present a case study using multisystemic therapy (MST), an intensive family focused psychotherapy. For the clinical trial from which this case was drawn, MST was adapted to address multiple human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission risk behaviors in HIV-infected youth. Targeted behaviors included medication nonadherence, risky sexual behaviors, and substance use. Method One young woman’s transmission risk behaviors are described, followed by a description of the MST procedures used to identify and treat the primary drivers of these risk behaviors. Outcome measures were self-report, urine screens, and blood draws. Results At discharge, the young woman showed significant improvements in medication adherence and related health status (e.g., reduced HIV viral load), healthier sexual behaviors, and reduced substance use. Importantly, neither her boyfriend nor her newborn tested positive for HIV. Conclusions Findings from this case study suggest that MST has the potential to reduce transmission risk behaviors among teens with HIV.
Self-Esteem and Self-Concept Examination Among Gifted Students With ADHD

Intellectually gifted students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) face unique academic and social challenges, yet little research has been conducted with this population. The purp...
Entrapping Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase on Corrugated Silica Nanospheres and their Recyclable Biocatalytic Activities

Synthetic methods and biocatalytic activities of new classes of heterogeneous biocatalysts by immobilizing flavin-containing monooxygenase on corrugated and nanoporous silica nano- spheres are reported. The nanoporous and corrugated silica nanospheres are synthesized by etching silica nanospheres with aqueous KOH solution. The etched nanospheres are proven to have increased surface area, corrugated, cage-like external surfaces, and, most importantly, more accessible and well-suited surfaces to immobilize bigger molecules, such as enzymes. Furthermore, the etched silica nanospheres contain hydrophilic and silanol groups that are conducive for anchor- ing enzymes. By utilizing the structures of the etched silica nanospheres, effective immobilization of flavin-containing monooxygenase 1 (FMO1) is demonstrated. The FMO1 immo- bilized etched silica nanospheres have shown efficient and re- cyclable biocatalytic activity for nicotine oxidation.
Instability and Front Propagation in Laser-Tweezed Lipid Bilayer Tubules

We study the mechanism of the “pearling" instability seen recently in experiments on lipid tubules under a local applied laser intensity. We argue that the correct boundary conditions are fixed chemical potentials, or surface tensions Σ, at the laser spot and the reservoir in contact with the tubule. We support this with a microscopic picture which includes the intensity profile of the laser beam, and shows how this leads to a steady-state flow of lipid along the surface and gradients in the local lipid concentration and surface tension (or chemical potential). This leads to a natural explanation for front propagation and makes several predictions based on the tubule length. While most of the qualitative conclusions of previous studies remain the same, the “ramped" control parameter (surface tension) implies several new qualitative results. We also explore some of the consequences of front propagation into a noisy (due to pre-existing thermal fluctuations) unstable medium.
Access to Information in Connective and Communal Transactive Memory Systems

This research tested a transactive theory model of how individuals allocate and retrieve task-related information in work teams. It extended prior research by exploring the role of communal information repositories in the context of human information resources. Structural equation modeling of six integrated hypotheses revealed several significant results. First, usage of information repositories was significantly related to individual access to information. However, the relationship between individual direct information exchange with team members (the human repositories) and individual access to information was significant only among average-level users of organizational information repositories. Second, development of individual expertise directories significantly influenced individual direct information exchange with team members. Third, perceived usage of organizational information repositories by team members significantly influenced actual usage. Finally, technology-specific competence in using intranets significantly influenced the actual usage of intranets as organizational information repositories.
Flexible modeling of linear schedules for integrated mathematical analysis

Developing and analyzing schedules is essential for successfully controlling the time aspect of construction projects. The critical path method of scheduling is by far the most widely use scheduling technique in the construction industry. However, several problems related to its concept and use have been identified in the literature. The lesser known linear scheduling method has much potential for handling the rich information that project managers handle on a daily basis. While being well-suited to linear and repetitive projects, it has been a predominantly graphical method without a comprehensive underlying mathematical model. This paper introduces a new method based on singularity functions using Macaulay bracket notation. It makes beneficial use of the strengths of these functions, including their flexibility and clarity, while remaining intuitive and requiring only basic geometry and algebra knowledge from users. An example from the literature is re-analyzed step-by-step and compared successfully with the critical path method.
Decomposition-Based Assembly Synthesis for Structural Stiffness and Dimensional Integrity

A method for optimally synthesizing multi-component structural assemblies of an aluminum space frame (ASF) vehicle body is presented, which simultaneously considers structural stiffness, manufacturing and assembly cost and dimensional integrity under a unified framework based on joint libraries. The optimization problem is posed as a simultaneous determination of the location and feasible types of joints in a structure selected from the predefined joint libraries, combined with the size optimization for the cross sections of the joined structural frames. The structural stiffness is evaluated by finite element analyses of a beam-spring model modeling the joints and joined frames. Manufacturing and assembly costs are estimated based on the geometries of the components and joints. Dimensional integrity is evaluated as the adjustability of the assembly for the given critical dimensions. The optimization problem is solved by a multi-objective genetic algorithm. An example on an ASF of the mid-size passenger vehicle is presented, where the representative designs in the Pareto set are examined with respect to the three design objectives.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Effect of gentamicin treatment on adenylate cyclase and Na+,K+-ATPase activities in renal tissues of rats

Gentamicin (20 mg/kg) treatment of male rats reduced Na+,K+-ATPase activity by 32% in renal cortical plasma membranes. In contrast, adenylate cyclase stimulation by isoproterenol or a guanyl nucleotide or both was enhanced by as much as twofold in glomeruli and in plasma membranes of gentamicin-treated rats. These effects of gentamicin are suggested to be related to the changes in renal phospholipid metabolism produced by the drug.
Displacement spike annealing in iron at reactor temperatures

Displacement spike annealing computer experiments were done for body-centered cubic (bcc) and face-centered cubic (fcc) iron using five different annealing models. Each model predicted a greater number of free interstitials than free vacancies. The number of annihilation events was increased by an increase in cluster migration and decreased by an increase in the clustering interaction radius. The largest number of surviving defects occurred when clusters of four or more defects were immobile and a small clustering interaction radius was assigned.
Ordinal probit: A generalization

Probit models for the analysis of oidinal qualitative vaiiables are discussed. A generalization of the conventional method of McKelvey and Zavoina (1975) is proposed. Ihe geneial model entails the elimination of the assumption of constant category thresholds for the oidinal latent index. Instead the thresholds are assumed to be linear functions of obseived exogenous vaiiables whose values aie observation specific. A few typical examples aie discussed and the details of maximum likelihood estimation of the general model aie given. Ihe method is applied to an analysis of the bond ratings of electric utilities and is thereby shown to be computationally efficient and conducive to hypothesis tests that are precluded by conventional methods.
Performance optimization of a de-centralized task allocation protocol via bandwidth and buffer management

Sharing the resources among various users and the lack of a centralized control are two key characteristics of many distributed heterogeneous computing systems. A critical challenge for designing applications in such systems is to coordinate the resources in a decentralized fashion while adapting to the changes in the system. In this paper, we consider the computation of a large set of equal-sized independent tasks. This represents the computation paradigm for a variety of large scale applications such as SETI@home and Monte Carlo simulations. We focus on the performance optimization for a decentralized adaptive task allocation protocol. We develop a bandwidth allocation strategy based on our decentralized task allocation algorithm, and a simple task buffer management policy. Simulation results show that our task allocation protocol achieves close to the optimal system throughput.
Hyperthyroidism: advantages and disadvantages of medical therapy

The most common causes of hyperthyroidism are Graves' disease, toxic nodular goiter, and iodine-induced hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism can be treated medically with antithyroid drugs or radioactive iodine, or surgically. Multiple clinical factors must be weighed when choosing a treatment modality. All of the available forms of therapy have advantages and disadvantages, and treatment choices must be individualized.
Detection of nanoparticle endocytosis using magneto-photoacoustic imaging

and targeted therapy, [ 3 ] for their ubiquitous tissue accessibility, large surface-area-to-volume ratios, and functional versatility. [ 1–4 ] In biological applications, delivering nanoparticles to the tissues of interest is a fi rst critical step. [ 5 ] The delivered nanoparticles can then interact readily with living cells. Cellular endocytosis of nanoparticles—an important manifestation of the cell–nanoparticle interaction—can infl uence the associated diagnostic sensitivity and therapeutic effi ciency. [ 4 ]
Research/publication productivity of U.S. speech communication departments

This study examines the research/publication productivity of speech communication departments in American colleges and universities, as measured by publications in eight regional or national speech communication journals.
The genomic rate of adaptive evolution

The role of positive darwinian selection in evolution at the molecular level has been keenly debated for many years, with little resolution. However, a recent increase in DNA sequence data and the development of new methods of analysis have finally made this question tractable. Here, I review the current state-of-play of the field. Initial estimates in Drosophila suggest that ∼50% of all amino acid substitutions, and a substantial fraction of substitutions in non-coding DNA, have been fixed as a consequence of adaptive evolution. Estimates in microorganisms are even higher. By contrast, there is little evidence of widespread adaptive evolution in our own species.
Mixed-mode incremental simulation and concurrent fault simulation

A description is presented of efforts applying mixed-mode simulation techniques to two other areas of research. In incremental simulation, techniques are presented to perform fast incremental circuit simulation based on a modified incremental-in-space approach and event-driven techniques. In fault simulation, a mixed-mode fault simulator is presented that allows the user to specify any type of electrical level fault at the transistor level, as opposed to one of the simple stuck-at faults used in logic simulators. The program performs fault simulation, using mixed-mode techniques, and provides the fault coverage of a set of input patterns. To improve efficiency, concurrent fault simulation with a table look-up scheme is used. The merits of both algorithms are demonstrated with simulation results that show significant speed-ups over standard approaches. >
A Computational Study of Nucleosomal DNA Flexibility

Molecular dynamics simulations of the nucleosome core particle and its isolated DNA free in solution are reported. The simulations are based on the implicit solvent methodology and provide insights into the nature of large-scale structural fluctuations and flexibility of the nucleosomal DNA. In addition to the kinked regions previously identified in the x-ray structure of the nucleosome, the simulations support the existence of a biochemically identified distorted region of the DNA. Comparison of computed relative free energies shows that formation of the kinks is associated with little, if any, energy cost relative to a smooth, ideal conformation of the DNA superhelix. Isolated nucleosomal DNA is found to be considerably more flexible than expected for a 147 bp stretch of DNA based on its canonical persistence length of 500 A. Notably, the significant bending of the DNA observed in our simulations occurs without breaking of Watson-Crick bonds. The computed relative stability of bent conformations is sensitive to the ionic strength of the solution in the physiological range; the sensitivity suggests possible experiments that might provide further insights into the structural origins of the unusual flexibility of the DNA.
ProLuCID: an improved SEQUEST-like algorithm with enhanced sensitivity and specificity

ProLuCID, a new algorithm for peptide identification using tandem mass spectrometry and protein sequence databases has been developed. This algorithm uses a three tier scoring scheme. First, a binomial probability is used as a preliminary scoring scheme to select candidate peptides. The binomial probability scores generated by ProLuCID minimize molecular weight bias and are independent of database size. A modified cross-correlation score is calculated for each candidate peptide identified by the binomial probability. This cross-correlation scoring function models the isotopic distributions of fragment ions of candidate peptides which ultimately results in higher sensitivity and specificity than that obtained with the SEQUEST XCorr. Finally, ProLuCID uses the distribution of XCorr values for all of the selected candidate peptides to compute a Z score for the peptide hit with the highest XCorr. The ProLuCID Z score combines the discriminative power of XCorr and DeltaCN, the standard parameters for assessing the quality of the peptide identification using SEQUEST, and displays significant improvement in specificity over ProLuCID XCorr alone. ProLuCID is also able to take advantage of high resolution MS/MS spectra leading to further improvements in specificity when compared to low resolution tandem MS data. A comparison of filtered data searched with SEQUEST and ProLuCID using the same false discovery rate as estimated by a target-decoy database strategy, shows that ProLuCID was able to identify as many as 25% more proteins than SEQUEST. ProLuCID is implemented in Java and can be easily installed on a single computer or a computer cluster. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Computational Proteomics.
Colonization of Specific Regions of the Reproductive Tract and Deposition at Different Locations Inside Eggs Laid by Hens Infected with Salmonella Enteritidis or Salmonella Heidelberg

Internal contamination of eggs by Salmonella Enteritidis has been a significant source of human illness for several decades and is the focus of a recently proposed U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulatory plan. Salmonella Heidelberg has also been identified as an egg-transmitted human pathogen. The deposition of Salmonella strains inside eggs is apparently a consequence of reproductive tissue colonization in infected laying hens, but the relationship between colonization of specific regions of the reproductive tract and deposition in different locations within eggs is not well documented. In the present study, groups of laying hens were experimentally infected with large oral doses of Salmonella Heidelberg, Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 13a, or Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 14b. For all of these isolates, the overall frequency of ovarian colonization (34.0%) was significantly higher than the frequency of recovery from either the upper (22.9%) or lower (18.1%) regions of the oviduct. No significant differences were observed between the frequencies of Salmonella isolation from egg yolk and albumen (4.0% and 3.3%, respectively). Some significant differences between Salmonella isolates were observed in the frequency of recovery from eggs, but not in the frequency or patterns of recovery from reproductive organs. Accordingly, although the ability of these Salmonella isolates to colonize different regions of the reproductive tract in laying hens was reflected in deposition in both yolk and albumen, there was no indication that any specific affinity of individual isolates for particular regions of this tract produced distinctive patterns of deposition in eggs.
Towards bridging the reality gap between tensegrity simulation and robotic hardware

Using a new hardware implementation of our designs for tunably compliant spine-like tensegrity robots, we show that the NASA Tensegrity Robotics Toolkit can effectively generate and predict desirable locomotion strategies for these many degree of freedom systems. Tensegrity, which provides structural integrity through a tension network, shows promise as a design strategy for more compliant robots capable of interaction with rugged environments, such as a tensegrity interplanetary probe prototype surviving multi-story drops. Due to the complexity of tensegrity structures, modeling through physics simulation and machine learning improves our ability to design and evaluate new structures and their controllers in a dynamic environment. The kinematics of our simulator, the open source NASA Tensegrity Robotics Toolkit, have been previously validated within 1.3% error on position through motion capture of the six strut robot ReCTeR. This paper provides additional validation of the dynamics through the direct comparison of the simulator to forces experienced by the latest version of the Tetraspine robot. These results give us confidence in our strategy of using tensegrity to impart future robotic systems with properties similar to biological systems such as increased flexibility, power, and mobility in extreme terrains.
Channels Stability in Undisturbed Cohesive Soils

The erosion resistance of cohesive soils is defined by a comparison of shear strength tests with field observations under specific flow conditions. Samples are obtained by pushing 1.9 in.-by-4 in., thin-walled tubes into undisturbed soils along channel boundaries. Coefficients of permeability are obtained. While still saturated, unconfined compression strength tests are made. Field observations and tests showed that the degree of erosion resistance and shear strength are positively related. Dry density, plasticity index, and percentage of soil finer than 5 microns show a moderate to high correlation with shear strength, individually and in multiple regression analysis, but fail to explain a majority of the variations. Permeability is better related with the coefficient of correlation r = -0.78. This variable also reflects the condition that slowly permeable cohesive soils that lose strength by saturation are better able to resist erosion from long duration flows. Shear stresses are symbolized by the product of channel slope, hydraulic radius, specific weight of water, and average velocity, and termed tractive power. This product and the unconfined compressive strength are used to define the boundary between channels that are observed to be stable or eroding.
Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in Gastrostomy Tube Placement After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in the United States

Background and Purpose— Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes are widely used for enteral feeding of patients after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We sought to determine whether PEG placement after ICH differs by race and socioeconomic status. Methods— Patient discharges with ICH as the primary diagnosis from 2007 to 2011 were queried from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between race, insurance status, and household income with PEG placement. Results— Of 49 946 included ICH admissions, a PEG was placed in 4464 (8.94%). Among PEG recipients, 47.2% were minorities and 15.6% were Medicaid enrollees, whereas 33.7% and 8.2% of patients without a PEG were of a race other than white and enrolled in Medicaid, respectively ( P <0.001). Compared with whites, the odds of PEG were highest among Asians/Pacific Islanders (odds ratio [OR] 1.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32–1.99) and blacks (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.28–1.59). Low household income (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.09–1.44 in lowest compared with highest quartile) and enrollment in Medicaid (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.17–1.59 compared with private insurance) were associated with PEG placement. Racial disparities (minorities versus whites) were most pronounced in small/medium-sized hospitals (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.43–2.20 versus OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.17–1.47 in large hospitals; P value for interaction 0.011) and in hospitals with low ICH case volume (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.38–1.81 versus OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.12–1.50 in hospitals with high ICH case volume; P value for interaction 0.007). Conclusions— Minority race, Medicaid enrollment, and low household income are associated with PEG placement after ICH.
Rediscovery of Mortierella Rostafinskii and Mortierella Strangulata

Mortierella rostafinskii Brefeld and M. strangulata van Tiegham were collected near Bainbridge, Georgia, and Baarn, Netherlands, respectively. These two classical members of the genus Mortierella a...
Assembly of a Trifunctional Artificial Peptide Into an Anti-Parallel Duplex with Three Cu(II) Cross-links

Analogous to self-assembly in natural DNA or proteins, we describe the synthesis of a heterofunctional artificial tripeptide that self-assembles into an antiparallel duplex by coordination of three Cu(II) ions. The tripeptide contains three pendant ligands, pyridine (py), methyl bipyridine (bpy), and terpyridine (tpy), in series on an aminoethylglycine (aeg) backbone. These ligands chelate three Cu(II) ions, forming two [Cu(tpy)(py)]2+ and one [Cu(bpy)2]2+ complexes, that cross-link two tripeptide strands to give a trimetallic supramolecular structure. The tripeptide and metal-linked tripeptide duplex are characterized with NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and analytical high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Spectrophotometric titrations are used to quantitatively examine the stoichiometry of binding. Together with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, the identities of the Cu(II) complexes and their environments are examined. The EPR spectrum reveals a significant amount of cou...
Detection of malicious hardware components in mobile platforms

Modern mobile platforms integrate hundreds of IP (intellectual property) cores from different vendors. Core vendors in turn outsource some of the hardware components, leading to a design hierarchy where parts of the hardware platform is open to numerous international vendors. To ensure correctness, design flows incorporate advanced testing and validation methodologies which guard against design bugs, random faults, and process-voltage-temperature variations. However, it is common practice to assume that hardware is trustworthy. Since multiple IP vendors and fabrication lines are involved in the product development process, it is becoming increasingly necessary to trust but verify the received devices both at production time and in the field. This paper presents a self-referencing hardware Trojan detection technique which does not depend on a trusted sample. Self-referencing is achieved using signal detection theory and band-limited nature of Trojan activity. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated through experiments on a commercial system-on-chip and SPICE simulations under variety of practical scenarios.
Silicon Nanostructures Grown by Vapor Deposition on HOPG

Silicon nanostructures such as small clusters, superclusters, elongated chains, and tube- or rod-like structures with an average diameter of a few nanometers, have been synthesized by magnetron sputtering on cleaved highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) exhibits that flat, defect-poor areas of the HOPG surface are covered with almost uniformly sized spherical structures of 0.6 ± 0.2 nm, 5.1 ± 1.2 nm, and 15.4 ± 3 nm diameter. Surface regions with defects such as foldings, pits and craters descending a few layers into the graphite surface, are sparsely covered with silicon. In such defect rich regions most of the deposited material is found to be attached to the monatomic step edges forming the crater rims. The average diameter of the silicon nanoparticles that are attached to these steps is 2nm ± 0.5 nm. A simulation of the growth process, i.e., deposition of silicon atoms onto a surface with built-in defects, and subsequent surface diffusion and aggregation of the adatoms, reproduces convincingly most of the Si nanostructures observed in the STM topographs.
Correlation of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and electronic medical record alerts with incidence among surgical patients

Background Venous thromboembolism events are potentially preventable adverse events. We investigated the effect of interruptions and delays in pharmacologic prophylaxis on venous thromboembolism incidence. Additionally, we evaluated the utility of electronic medical record alerts for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis. Methods Venous thromboembolisms were identified in surgical patients retrospectively through Core Measure Venous ThromboEmbolism-6-6 and Patient Safety Indicator 12 between November 2013 and March 2015. Venous thromboembolism pharmacologic prophylaxis and prescriber response to electronic medical record alerts were recorded prospectively. Prophylaxis was categorized as continuous, delayed, interrupted, other, and none. Results Among 10,318 surgical admissions, there were 131 venous thromboembolisms; 23.7% of the venous thromboembolisms occurred with optimal continuous prophylaxis. Prophylaxis, length of stay, age, and transfer from another hospital were associated with increased venous thromboembolism incidence. Compared with continuous prophylaxis, interruptions were associated with 3 times greater odds of venous thromboembolism. Delays were associated with 2 times greater odds of venous thromboembolism. Electronic medical record alerts occurred in 45.7% of the encounters and were associated with a 2-fold increased venous thromboembolism incidence. Focus groups revealed procedures as the main contributor to interruptions, and workflow disruption as the main limitation of the electronic medical record alerts. Conclusion Multidisciplinary strategies to decrease delays and interruptions in venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and optimization of electronic medical record tools for prophylaxis may help decrease rates of preventable venous thromboembolism.
Modeling study on flexible load's demand response potentials for providing ancillary services at the substation level

Abstract Demand response (DR) is an important component for the establishment of smart electricity grids. It can decrease the system peaks through load shedding or shifting and optimize the utilization of the existing grid assets, which delays the need for costly upgrades. DR can also enable the integration of intermittent and distributed energy resources (DER) into the existing electricity grid. Fast DR from aggregated flexible loads can provide ancillary services (AS) to absorb grid disruptions and may replace the expensive fast-ramping reserve generation units. This study presents a methodology for load aggregation based on the prioritization of loads according to their flexibility. Different flexible load types are categorized as thermostatically controlled loads (TCL), urgent non-TCL, non-urgent non-TCL, and battery-based loads. Models based on their physical behaviour are developed and simulations performed to apply the proposed aggregation and control algorithm. Results show that the loads during peak hours can be shed off without rebound demand spikes after the DR event commonly seen in other types of DR programs. The algorithm also automatically adjusts the power demand according to the output of the distributed renewable generation, mitigating disruptions due to variations of the DER output. Additionally, the algorithm is able to adjust the load demand dynamically according to the fluctuations of electricity price.
The Intergenerational Consequences of Parental Health Limitations

Scholars have theorized interrelationships between family members' health and well-being. Though prior research demonstrates associations between parents' and children's health, less is known about the relationship between parental health limitations and children's behavioral and academic outcomes. This article uses data from the Fragile Families and Child Well being Study (N = 3,273) to estimate the relationship between parental health limitations and four aspects of children's well-being. Findings reveal that mothers' health limitations, especially when they occur in middle childhood or chronically, are independently associated with greater internalizing and externalizing behaviors, lower verbal ability, and worse overall health at age 9. Fathers' health limitations are not associated with children's well-being. Fathers exert influence in other ways, as the relationship between mothers' chronic health limitations and children's internalizing behaviors is concentrated among children not residing with their fathers. These findings support the development of policies and interventions aimed at families.
The Case of the Poisoned Event Handler: Weaknesses in the Node.js Event-Driven Architecture

Node.js has seen rapid adoption in industry and the open-source community. Unfortunately, its event-driven architecture exposes Node.js applications to Event Handler-Poisoning denial of service attacks. Our evaluation of the state of practice in Node.js--- combining a study of 353 publicly reported security vulnerabilities and a survey of 151 representative npm modules --- demonstrates that the community is not equipped to combat this class of attack. We recommend several changes to the state of practice and propose both programming language and runtime approaches to defend against Event Handler-Poisoning attacks.
Every Woman Is the Wrong Woman: The Female Presidentiality Paradox

When Donald Trump beat Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election, he presided over what some have termed the biggest political upset in U.S. history (Goldmacher and Schreckinger). Pundits i...
Faith, Race, and LGB Affirmation: Experiences of African American Counselors‐in‐Training

In this phenomenological study, the authors investigated the experiences of African American counselors-in-training, with roots in the Black church, as they navigated their faith and professional responsibilities to provide affirming services to lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients. Findings suggest attitudes toward lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients are intertwined with faith, race, and community allegiance.
Spatial and literacy practices of Chinese international students across a bridge writing classroom and WeChat

ABSTRACTThe study is situated in a bridge writing course that serves multilingual international students during their first year in college. Based on interviews with 36 Chinese international students and detailed tracing of one focal student's literacy activities, this study examines the social production of a translocal literacy learning space that spans a writing classroom, informal spaces of learning, and a digital study group on WeChat (a popular smart phone social networking application among Chinese students). It explores students’ literacy and spatial practice as inscribed with historical and geographic meanings students draw from spaces that are both local and translocal, digital and real. Findings from the study extend current research in two ways. It challenges theoretical demarcations of spaces (classroom, digital, informal) by considering literacy and its ‘context’ as dynamically co-constituted through literacy and spatial practices. It problematizes current narratives of the expanding potenti...
Abstract 3551: Targeting glutamine addiction of PIK3CA mutant colorectal cancers

Glutamine addiction is a major metabolic reprogramming event that occurs in cancer cells. Many tumors exhibit oncogene-dependent addiction to glutamine. PIK3CA, which encodes the p110α catalytic subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase α, is the most frequently mutated oncogene in human cancers. However, whether PIK3CA mutations reprogram cancer metabolism is an important unaddressed question. Here we show that oncogenic PIK3CA mutations render colorectal cancers (CRCs) more dependent on glutamine to growth. As a metabolite, glutamine is first converted to glutamate by glutaminase (GLS) and then to α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) by either a transaminase or a glutamate dehydrogenase. Calithera Biosciences recently developed a potent GLS inhibitor called CB-839, which is currently in phase I clinical trials in cancer patients. Using isogenic colorectal cancer cell lines with either WT or mutant PIK3CA allele knockout, we demonstrated that CRCs with PIK3CA mutations are more sensitive to growth inhibition by CB-839. Remarkably, combination of CB-839 with 5-FU induces regression xenograft tumors in PIK3CA mutant CRC models, suggesting that this combinational therapy may be effective approach to treat CRC patients whose tumors harbor PIK3CA mutations. Mechanistically, mutant p110α up-regulates gene expression of glutamate pyruvate transaminase 2 (GPT2) through an AKT-independent PDK1-RSK2-ATF4 signaling axis, thereby facilitating conversion of glutamate to α-KG. Together, our data establish oncogenic PIK3CA mutations as a cause of glutamine addiction in CRCs and that targeting glutamine metabolism may be effective approach to treat CRCs with PIK3CA mutations. Citation Format: Yiqing Zhao. Targeting glutamine addiction of PIK3CA mutant colorectal cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3551. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3551
Renal Artery Stenosis

Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is the anatomic narrowing of one or more of the arteries to the kidney(s), most commonly caused by atherosclerosis. This chapter will review the causes of renal artery stenosis (RAS), and the pathophysiological changes and clinical manifestations that may occur due to RAS. Additionally, it will discuss the noninvasive imaging tests that are used to demonstrate the presence of RAS, how to determine its hemodynamic significance, and the role percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and renal artery stent placement play in the treatment of RAS.