cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visceral endoderm and the primitive streak interact to build the fetal-placental interface of the mouse gastrula

Hypoblast/visceral endoderm assists in amniote nutrition, axial positioning and formation of the gut. Here, we provide evidence, currently limited to humans and non-human primates, that hypoblast is a purveyor of extraembryonic mesoderm in the mouse gastrula. Fate mapping a unique segment of axial extraembryonic visceral endoderm associated with the allantoic component of the primitive streak, and referred to as the "AX", revealed that visceral endoderm supplies the placentae with extraembryonic mesoderm. Exfoliation of the AX was dependent upon contact with the primitive streak, which modulated Hedgehog signaling. Resolution of the AX's epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by Hedgehog shaped the allantois into its characteristic projectile and individualized placental arterial vessels. A unique border cell separated the delaminating AX from the yolk sac blood islands which, situated beyond the limit of the streak, were not formed by an EMT. Over time, the AX became the hindgut lip, which contributed extensively to the posterior interface, including both embryonic and extraembryonic tissues. The AX, in turn, imparted antero-posterior (A-P) polarity on the primitive streak and promoted its elongation and differentiation into definitive endoderm. Results of heterotopic grafting supported mutually interactive functions of the AX and primitive streak, showing that together, they self-organized into a complete version of the fetal-placental interface, forming an elongated structure that exhibited A-P polarity and was composed of the allantois, an AX-derived rod-like axial extension reminiscent of the embryonic notochord, the placental arterial vasculature and visceral endoderm/hindgut.
The Coevolution of Life and Environment on Mars: An Ecosystem Perspective on the Robotic Exploration of Biosignatures

Earth's biological and environmental evolution are intertwined and inseparable. This coevolution has become a fundamental concept in astrobiology and is key to the search for life beyond our planet. In the case of Mars, whether a coevolution took place is unknown, but analyzing the factors at play shows the uniqueness of each planetary experiment regardless of similarities. Early Earth and early Mars shared traits. However, biological processes on Mars, if any, would have had to proceed within the distinctive context of an irreversible atmospheric collapse, greater climate variability, and specific planetary characteristics. In that, Mars is an important test bed for comparing the effects of a unique set of spatiotemporal changes on an Earth-like, yet different, planet. Many questions remain unanswered about Mars' early environment. Nevertheless, existing data sets provide a foundation for an intellectual framework where notional coevolution models can be explored. In this framework, the focus is shifted from planetary-scale habitability to the prospect of habitats, microbial ecotones, pathways to biological dispersal, biomass repositories, and their meaning for exploration. Critically, as we search for biosignatures, this focus demonstrates the importance of starting to think of early Mars as a biosphere and vigorously integrating an ecosystem approach to landing site selection and exploration. Key Words: Astrobiology-Biosignatures-Coevolution of Earth and life-Mars. Astrobiology 18, 1-27.
CNN inference: VLSI architecture for convolution layer for 1.2 TOPS

Deep Learning techniques like Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) are getting popular for image classification with the broad usage spanning across automotive, industrial, medicine, robotics etc. Typical CNN network consists of multiple layers of convolutions, non-linearity, spatial pooling and fully connected layer, with 2D convolutions constituting more than 95% of overall computations. In this paper, we propose novel systolic and fully pipelined architecture for convolution layer which can scale to a high performance at a very low area. The architecture is based on innovative techniques namely vector outer product and intelligent data feeder to enable 3 levels of parallelism namely data values, outputs and inputs along with pipelining of compute elements with data movements. The proposed architecture is scalable to provide processing throughput of 64/256/512/1024 Multiplies and Add (MAC) per cycle. The architecture can run up to clock 600 MHz in low power 28 nm CMOS process node enabling performance of 1.2 Tera-Ops (TOPS).
Weed management in aerobic rice: role of establishment methods and herbicides

Weed management in rice depends on establishment method and proper selection of herbicide. A field experiment was conducted during dry seasons of 2013 and 2014 to develop a robust strategy for effective weed management in aerobic rice system for tropical rice belts. The efficacy of post-emergent herbicides bispyribac-sodium, azimsulfuron and flucetosulfuron were evaluated under different rice establishment methods (row sowing, spot seeding and broadcasting). Grass weed species constituted 58–68% of the total weed density across the establishment methods in the weedy check treatment. The total weed density and weed biomass were lowest in spot seeding with azimsulfuron (35 g active ingredient (a.i.) ha−1) 30 and 60 days after sowing. Among herbicides, use of azimsulfuron caused the highest grain yield (5.2 Mg ha−1), realizing 72% increase in grain yield over the weedy check. Yields in row sowing and spot seeding were similar and the same was verified when comparing yields in plots treated with bispyribac-sodium and azimsulfuron. Based on our findings and considering both weed presence and grain yield, azimsulfuron in spot seeding can be recommended in aerobic rice.
Soft capacitive sensors for measurement of both positive and negative pressures

Soft pressure sensors have a wide range of applications, such as aerodynamic control of cars and unmanned aerial vehicles, navigation of underwater vehicles, and wearable electronics. Existing soft pressure sensors are typically based on capacitive or resistive principles. However, these sensors, made of multiple layers of different materials, tend to delaminate under negative pressures and thus cause sensor failure. In this work, we present the fabrication method for soft capacitive pressure sensors that can reliably detect both positive and negative pressures. The pressure sensor is comprised of one layer of Ecoflex-0030 substrate with cavity channels embedded inside, and two layers of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), with two layers of patterned PEDOT:PSS films serving as the electrodes of the sensor. The PEDOT:PSS films are screen printed orthogonally on both sides of the Ecoflex-0030 substrate, and each side is encapsulated by another PDMS layer, which is much stiffer than the Ecoflex-0030 substrate. More importantly, the cavity channels in the Ecoflex-0030 substrate greatly enhance the substrate deformation, hence the capacitive sensor would exhibit remarkable relative change in capacitance when a pressure is applied. Secondly, the encapsulation of PDMS on the Ecoflex substrate protects the electrodes and effectively avoids the delamination problem under negative pressure. In particular, we report the detailed characterization of sensitivity and repeatability of the fabricated pressure sensor for positive and negative pressures of up to 50 kPa. Furthermore, a 12×12 pressure sensor array is fabricated to demonstrate the capability of mapping pressure distributions created by both compressive loads and vacuum suction.
A 1.2 pJ/cycle KHz Timer Circuit for Heavily Duty-Cycled Systems

An ultra-low energy KHz timer/oscillator circuit suitable for heavily duty cycled systems is presented. The proposed oscillator design utilizes a 3-stage ring topology made of CMOS Schmitt trigger delay cells biased with sub-nA currents. To extract a maximum delay per stage, high and low threshold voltages of the delay cells are set at supply and ground potentials, respectively. An ultra low power non-overlap buffer circuit that consumes less than 500 pA current and provides faster transition times of
The Development of a System for Direct Download of Pupillometer Information to the Hospital EMR: Effects on Nursing Satisfaction and Patient Outcomes After Two Years. (P4.335)

Objective: Describe the process and implications of novel implementation of direct EMR pupilometer interface Background: We routinely check pupils in the ICU. Studies have demonstrated the improved accuracy of the NeurOptics® Pupillometer compared to visual inspection with a penlight. Barriers to widespread use include availability and labor intensity needed to input the information to the EMR. We describe the process that we have taken to directly download the information from the pupilometer to the EMR and its downstream impact on nursing workflow and satisfaction. Design/Methods: Previous studies show lack of Pupilometer measurements due to time/effort necessary to input the data into the EMR. In conjunction with our informatics team we developed an interface allowing direct download of data from the pupilometer to the EMR. We conducted qualitative and quantitative surveys of nurses before and after implementation of this direct to EMR system regarding level of comfort, time saved and satisfaction. Results: Following 2 years of implementation, the number of pupilometers per unit have increased 6 fold due to demand post EMR. Nursing survey showed agreement of improved work flow and user friendliness. With the introduction of the EMR, the total time it takes to assess a patient’s pupil with EMR was significantly reduced by 2.5 hrs. 4 to 5/5 satisfaction rating improved from 66% to 88% post EMR. Conclusions: Implementation of a direct interface to download pupilometer data to the EMR improves ICU workflow and improves documentation of pupillary findings and changes. There are downstream implications for effective in decision making and possible improved patient outcomes with improved utilization. This study highlights the importance of EMR integration in novel neuroICU technology. Disclosure: Dr. Chen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tran has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chen has nothing to disclose.
Contemporary Classics in Neonatal Respiratory Care

The following articles, listed alphabetically, have been chosen as the top 100 peer-reviewed articles related to neonatal respiratory care and published in the last 10 years:
Utilizing Neutral Affective States in Research: Theory, Assessment, and Recommendations:

Even though researchers regularly use neutral affect induction procedures (AIPs) as a control condition in their work, there is little consensus on what is neutral affect. This article reviews five...
Mountain, Water, Rock, God: Understanding Kedarnath in the Twenty-First Century

In Mountain, Water, Rock, God , Luke Whitmore situates the disastrous flooding that fell on the Hindu Himalayan shrine of Kedarnath in 2013 within a broader religious and ecological context. Whitmore explores the longer story of this powerful realm of the Hindu god Shiva through a holistic theoretical perspective that integrates phenomenological and systems-based approaches to the study of religion, pilgrimage, place, and ecology. He argues that close attention to places of religious significance offers a model for thinking through connections between ritual, narrative, climate destabilization, tourism, development, and disaster, and he shows how these critical components of human life in the twenty-first century intersect in the human experience of place. “ Mountain, Water, Rock, God is the first book-length scholarly treatment of Kedarnath, a pilgrimage destination of pan-Indian importance. Accessible and poetically evocative, the work is timely, at times wrenching, and the scholarship is superior, covering important ground across disciplines. No one is better situated to write this study than Luke Whitmore.” CORINNE DEMPSEY, Professor of Religious Studies and Director of Global Studies, Nazareth College LUKE WHITMORE is Associate Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point.
Trick or TREAT? More Safety Data of Infliximab During Pregnancy

Infliximab was the first FDA approved biologic for the treatment of Crohn’s disease. Data for its use before and during pregnancy in both females and males have been increasing over the last decade, but most studies have had fewer than 100 patients and inconsistent comparison to healthy control outcomes. New data from the TREAT Safety Registry have a robust N of female and male patients exposed to infliximab with known birth outcomes from both academic and community settings. There does not appear to be any increase in adverse pregnancy outcomes from this population.
Localized Thermal Perturbations for Control of Turbulent Shear Flows

Thermal perturbations initiated by pulsed plasmas and lasers have demonstrated impressive control authority in various high-speed turbulent shear flows, yet questions on fundamental physics and amp...
Molecular characterization of interacting complexes and conjugates induced by the dry-state heating of β-lactoglobulin and sugar beet pectin

Abstract To gain an understanding of the improved emulsion stability, exhibited by the Maillard-type reaction products consisted of whey protein isolate (WPI) and sugar beet pectin (SBP), we investigated the molecular properties of interacting complexes and conjugates formed between β-lactoglobulin (β-LG), the main protein of whey, and SBP. The reaction was carried out at varying mass ratios, β-LG:SBP = 1:0, 5:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, and 0:1 through dry heating (60 °C, 79% RH, 72 h). The physiochemical properties of the products from the reaction were characterized by an online multi-detection (UV, dRI, MALLS, and DPV) HPSEC system. The results showed that although the molecular weight distribution and the shape of the SBP in each fraction was significantly transformed by heating alone, the overall apparent average weight-average molar mass ([Mw]av) and average intrinsic viscosity ([ηw]av) were not affected. Detailed analyses revealed about 29, 34, 44 and 56% of the total β-LG participated in the reactions and interactions with SBP for the mixture of 5:1, 3:1, 2:1, and 1:1 respectively. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that β-LG tends to interact with the group of SBP molecules with higher average weight-average molar mass [Mw] (∼800 kDa) through local electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. Combination of complexes and conjugates was formed between β-LG and intermediate sized SBP (∼125 kDa), and the shapes of these two classes of SBP molecules were maintained, i.e., a mixture of compact spheres, random coils, and rigid rods. The conjugates were developed by the chemical reactions between β-LG and the group of SBP with the lowest [Mw] (∼100 kDa), leading to the products with altered molecular structures and increased chemical bond stiffness compared to that of SBP.
Renal sensory nerves increase sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in 2-kidney 1-clip hypertensive mice

This study documents the function, anatomy, and contribution of mouse renal sensory nerves to neurogenic hypertension produced by renal stenosis. Activation of renal afferents increased sympathetic...
SISO J to SIMPLE translation advice and lexicon for enabling simulations: (SIMPLE tales)

The NATO Tactical Data Link Interoperability Syndicate (TDLITS) group currently uses the Standard Implementation for Multiple Platform Link Evaluation (SIMPLE) protocol to exchange Link 16 messages between simulations. The SIMPLE protocol, otherwise known as Standard Agreement (STANAG) 5602, is only available to NATO nations. Non NATO nations have expressed an interest in participating in NATO TDLITS events, thus having the problem of obtaining the protocol required for participation. Also, there are NATO and non NATO nations that currently use SISO-STD-002, formerly known as TADIL TALES, and now referred to as "SISO J". Therefore, there are operational requirements for existing NATO and non NATO military simulations to exchange Link 16 data using the two standards that are also interoperable with each other. This paper describes the SIMPLE to SISO J translation process and methods, thus providing a way for SIMPLE and SISO J users to participate in NATO Link 16 training events.
MILC results for light pseudoscalars

We present the latest preliminary results of the MILC collaboration’s analysis of the light pseudoscalar meson sector. The analysis includes data from new ensembles with smaller lattice spacings, smaller light quark masses and lighter-than-physical strange quark masses. Both SU(2) and SU(3) chiral fits, including NNLO chiral logarithms, are sho wn. We give results for decay constants, quark masses, Gasser-Leutwyler low energy constants, and condensates in the two- and three-flavor chiral limits.
Pride or Prejudice? Motivations for Choosing Black Colleges

This qualitative study explores the college choice motivations of 48 African American alumni of 20 Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). Through narrative inquiry, findings reveal a...
The Ancestral Environment Shapes Antiviral CD8 + T cell Responses across Generations

Summary Recent studies have linked health fates of children to environmental exposures of their great grandparents. However, few studies have considered whether ancestral exposures influence immune function across generations. Here, we report transgenerational inheritance of altered T cell responses resulting from maternal (F0) exposure to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Since F0 exposure to TCDD has been linked to transgenerational transmission of reproductive problems, we asked whether maternal TCDD exposure also caused transgenerational changes in immune function. F0 exposure caused transgenerational effects on the CD8+ T cell response to influenza virus infection in females but not in males. Outcrosses showed changes were passed through both parental lineages. These data demonstrate that F0 exposure to an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist causes durable changes to immune responses that can affect subsequent generations. This has broad implications for understanding how the environment of prior generations shapes susceptibility to pathogens and antiviral immunity in later generations.
Tunneled hemodialysis catheter care practices and blood stream infection rate in children: results from the SCOPE collaborative

The Standardizing Care to Improve Outcomes in Pediatric End Stage Renal Disease (SCOPE) collaborative seeks to reduce hemodialysis (HD) catheter-associated blood stream infections (CA-BSI) by increasing implementation of standardized HD catheter care bundles. We report HD catheter care practices and HD CA-BSI rates from SCOPE. Catheter care practices and infection events were collected prospectively during the study period, from collaborative implementation in June 2013 through May 2017. For comparative purposes, historical data, including patient demographics and HD CA-BSI events, were collected from the 12 months prior to implementation. Catheter care bundle compliance in 5 care bundle categories was monitored across the post-implementation reporting period at each center via monthly care observation forms. CA-BSI rates were calculated monthly, and reported as number of infections per 100 patient months. Changes in CA-BSI rates were assessed using generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) techniques. Three hundred twenty-five patients with tunneled HD catheters [median (IQR) age 12 years (6, 16), M 53%, F 47%] at 15 centers were included. A total of 3996 catheter care observations over 4170 patient months were submitted with a median (IQR) 5 (2, 14) observations per patient. Overall bundle compliance was high at 87.6%, with a significant and progressive increase (p < 0.001) in compliance for 4/5 bundle categories over the 48-month study period. The adjusted CA-BSI rate significantly decreased over time from 3.3/100 patient months prior to implementation of the care bundles to 0.8/100 patient months 48 months after care bundle implementation (p < 0.001). Using quality improvement methodology, SCOPE has demonstrated a significant increase in compliance with a majority of HD catheter care practices and a significant reduction in the rate of CA-BSI among children maintained on HD.
Efficient Geospatial Data Collection in IoT Networks for Mobile Edge Computing

The Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) paradigm changes the role of edge devices from data producers and service requesters to data consumers and processors. MEC mitigates the bandwidth constraint between the edge server and the cloud by directly processing the large data created by the sheer volume of IoT devices in the edge locally. An efficient data-gathering scheme is crucial for providing quality of service (QoS) within MEC. In this paper, we proposed an efficient data collection scheme that only gathers the necessary data from IoT devices like wireless sensors along a trajectory for local services based on geospatial constraints. We only use a vector of the minimal distance of hops (DV-Hop) to the anchor nodes selected by the fog server, instead of using GPS data. The proposed scheme includes a lossy compression algorithm that could compress each routing message, thus reducing the response time. In this paper, the experiments are conducted to evaluate the performance of our data collection using the encoded trajectory routing scheme compared with others using a TOSSIM simulator, and also using the powerTOSSIM-Z with real sensor motes. Our scheme performs better in terms of latency, reliability, coverage, and energy usage compared to other state-of-the-art schemes.
The Rac-GEF Tiam1 Promotes Dendrite and Synapse Stabilization of Dentate Granule Cells and Restricts Hippocampal-Dependent Memory Functions.

The dentate gyrus (DG) controls information flow into the hippocampus and is critical for learning, memory, pattern separation, and spatial coding, while DG dysfunction is associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Despite its importance, the molecular mechanisms regulating DG neural circuit assembly and function remain unclear. Here, we identify the Rac-GEF Tiam1 as an important regulator of DG development and associated memory processes. In the hippocampus, Tiam1 is predominantly expressed in the DG throughout life. Global deletion of Tiam1 in male mice results in DG granule cells with simplified dendritic arbors, reduced dendritic spine density, and diminished excitatory synaptic transmission. Notably, DG granule cell dendrites and synapses develop normally in Tiam1 knockout (KO) mice, resembling wildtype mice at postnatal day 21 (P21), but fail to stabilize, leading to dendrite and synapse loss by P42. These results indicate that Tiam1 promotes DG granule cell dendrite and synapse stabilization late in development. Tiam1 loss also increases the survival, but not the production, of adult-born DG granule cells, possibly due to greater circuit integration as a result of decreased competition with mature granule cells for synaptic inputs. Strikingly, both male and female mice lacking Tiam1 exhibit enhanced contextual fear memory and context discrimination. Together, these results suggest that Tiam1 is a key regulator of DG granule cell stabilization and function within hippocampal circuits. Moreover, based on the enhanced memory phenotype of Tiam1 KO mice, Tiam1 may be a potential target for the treatment of disorders involving memory impairments. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The dentate gyrus (DG) is important for learning, memory, pattern separation, and spatial navigation, and its dysfunction is associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling DG formation and function remain elusive. By characterizing mice lacking the Rac-GEF Tiam1, we demonstrate that Tiam1 promotes the stabilization of DG granule cell dendritic arbors, spines, and synapses, whereas it restricts the survival of adult-born DG granule cells, which compete with mature granule cells for synaptic integration. Notably, mice lacking Tiam1 also exhibit enhanced contextual fear memory and context discrimination. These findings establish Tiam1 as an essential regulator of DG granule cell development, and identify it as a possible therapeutic target for memory enhancement.
Adaptive Behaviors to Marine Ecosystem Shifts: Examining Fishermen’s Strategies in Response to Abundant Juvenile Sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) in Alaska

Over recent years there have been rapid changes occurring across marine ecosystems worldwide, with high latitude systems seeing ecosystem shifts emerging at unprecedented rates. The Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea marine ecosystems have experienced substantial fluctuation in fish stocks, with some species experiencing considerable decreases while others thrive. Perhaps the greatest apparent winner in these shifts is sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria), with a historically unparalleled juvenile recruitment class following the marine heat wave of 2014 that is now dominating the stock composition. While this recruitment class bodes well for future fisheries, it is currently wreaking havoc on fishermen who have limited incentives to retain the smaller and less valuable fish, compounding adverse effects on earnings in the fishery due to whale depredation that has been occurring for years. This study examines the implications of fishermen’s adaptive strategies to these ecosystem conditions within the Alaska sablefish fishery using a socio-ecological system framework, operationalized as a qualitative network model (QNMs) and quantitative indicators. We examine the extent to which adaptation strategies, denoted from a literature review and stakeholder interviews, are being utilized in the fishery with quantitative indicators. These strategies are then examined with QNMs that explore their impacts across the spectrum of well-being. By coupling quantitative indicators and QNMs, we were able to demonstrate how adaptive strategies can be examined to capture the multi-faceted well-being effects of fisheries participants’ adaptations to changing conditions. This study directly addresses several of the key guiding principles of the U.S. EBFM Road Map, including advancing our understanding of ecosystem processes, exploring trade-offs within an ecosystem, and maintaining resilient ecosystems, inclusive of community well-being. Thus this paper demonstrates how coupled socio-ecological models can elevate the inclusion of human adaptive behaviors, providing a framework for the development of policymaking that can mitigate adverse effects on both the participants and the resource by facilitating the mixture of adaptive strategies that maximizes desired well-being outcomes.
Systematic Review of the Management of Ureteroarterial Fistulas After Ileal Conduit Urinary Diversion

OBJECTIVE. No studies or guidelines exist to direct management of ureteroarterial fistula (UAF) after ileal conduit urinary diversion in which the possible risks and complications associated with stent-graft infection from the conduit flora must be reconciled with those of open surgical repair. This study seeks to characterize the clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and optimal diagnostic and therapeutic management of this entity through a systematic review of the literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A systematic search of the English-language literature using the PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases was performed: 264 abstracts were identified. From those abstracts, 32 studies comprising 40 patients with 43 UAFs were selected for analysis. Data points including demographics, clinical presentation, UAF specifications, procedural details, postprocedural complications, and clinical outcomes were reviewed. RESULTS. Predisposing factors included female sex, chronic ureteral stent placement, and past surgical intervention and irradiation for pelvic malignancy. Fistulization was overwhelmingly unilateral (95.0% of patients) and included the common iliac artery (90.7% of UAFs). Combined endovascular and endoureteral modalities presented similar outcomes compared with surgical approaches in terms of UAF-related mortality (7.1% vs 13.3%, respectively) and complication rates (28.6% vs 26.7%) during a similar median follow-up period (9.5 vs 14.0 months). Endovascular stent-graft infections were present in 14.3% of cases and represented a leading indication for reintervention after endovascular management (50.0%). CONCLUSION. Short- and intermediate-term outcomes of combined endovascular and endoureteral techniques compare favorably with those of surgical approaches in the treatment of UAF after ileal conduit urinary diversion. Although there is a relatively low stent-graft infection rate, close follow-up within the first year after the procedure is required given the propensity of complications to develop during this window. The use of postprocedural antibiotics is uncertain but is likely prudent.
Total Wrist Arthroplasty Alignment and Its Potential Association with Clinical Outcomes.

Purpose There is a lack of quantitative research that describes the alignment and, more importantly, the effects of malalignment on total wrist arthroplasty (TWA). The main goal of this pilot study was to assess the alignment of TWA components in radiographic images and compare them with measures computed by three-dimensional analysis. Using these measures, we then determined if malalignment is associated with range of motion (ROM) or clinical outcomes (PRWHE, PROMIS, QuickDash, and grip strength). Methods Six osteoarthritic patients with a single type of TWA were recruited. Radiographic images, computed tomography images, and clinical outcomes of the wrists were recorded. Using posteroanterior and lateral radiographs, alignment measurements were defined for the radial and carpal components. Radiographic measurements were validated with models reconstructed from computed tomography images using Bland–Altman analysis. Biplanar videoradiography ( Results Radiographic measures had a 95% limit-of-agreement (mean difference ± 1.96 × SD) of 3 degrees and 3mm with three-dimensional values, except for the measures of the carpal component in the lateral view. In our small cohort, wrist flexion–extension and radial–ulnar deviation were correlated with volar–dorsal tilt and volar–dorsal offset of the radial component and demonstrated a ROM increase of 3.7 and 1.6 degrees per degree increase in volar tilt, and 10.8 and 4.2 degrees per every millimeter increase in volar offset. The carpal component's higher volar tilt was also associated with improvements in patient-reported pain. Conclusions We determined metrics describing the alignment of TWA, and found the volar tilt and volar offset of the radial component could potentially influence the replaced wrist's ROM. Clinical Relevance TWA component alignment can be measured reliably in radiographs, and may be associated with clinical outcomes. Future studies must evaluate its role in a larger cohort.
Randomized multicenter phase Ib/II study of neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (CRT) alone or in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with resectable or borderline resectable pancreatic cancer.

4128Background: Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a challenging target for immunotherapy due to suppressive immune-microenvironment. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation (CRT) can increase the presence of tumor-infi...
3D silicon photonic interconnects and integrated circuits based on phase matching

We propose a ‘TSV-free’ solution to create three-dimensional (3D) silicon photonic (SiPh) components and interconnects based on phase matching. The evanescent coupling between interlevel optical stacks is comprehensively studied and leveraged to achieve flexible light control and realize hetero-stack communication in a monolithic SiPh platform. Various 3D functional photonic components, such as polarizers, polarization splitters and electro-absorption modulators are proposed and investigated. The TSV-free 3D optical interconnect provides a promising path towards low-cost, high-density SiPh chips for both monolithic and hybrid platforms, and potentially enables applications in a wide variety of fields such as LiDAR, artificial intelligence and optical biosensors.
The Impact of the 1973 IMCO Convention on the Maritime Industry

This paper briefly summarizes some of the major provisions of the International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution, 1973, as adopted by the International Conference on Marine Pollution, 1973, and considers their impact on the shipbuilding and maritime transportation industries.
Integrated Computer Aided Design Practices as Demonstrated on A Fin-Line Device

The integration of circuit simulation with numerical simulation of electromagnetic structures is examined in the application to a fin-line attenuator design. Numerical modeling of the electromagnetic structure provides the benefit of visualizing the structure and examining the propagation of electromagnetic fields, an aspect that is absent from circuit simulation computer packages. Associated with the benefits is the ability to export design information to circuit simulators for improved computation efficiency. The disadvantage remains that numerical modeling of complex structures is computationally intensive.
Examination of the Genes Coding for α - and β -Tubulin

Despite rapid progress in recent years, large gaps remain in our understanding of the in vitro biochemistry of tubulin, and even larger gaps arise when we try to relate the known in vitro properties to regulation in vivo. A brief examination of the recent history of microtubules reveals an ever increasing complexity of each component in the system. Lurking behind the question of what regulates tubulin assembly in the cell are still the basic questions of how many gene products there are for the tubulins, whether different forms are significantly distinct in their functional properties, and whether there is selective gene expression. There is already evidence for widespread microheterogeneity in tubulin based on analysis of 2-D gels and additionally on some preliminary genetic data (Kemphues et al. 1979). Since with the exception of the genetic evidence such heterogeneity may be post-translational or even artifactual, these electrophoretic studies cannot address the question of how much of the complexity of α- and β-tubulin is on the genetic level.
On the origins of the term "Computational aesthetics"

To provide some background, as well as a historical context, for the Eurographics 2005 Workshop on Graphics, Visualization and Imaging we provide a chronology, complete with references, covering various research activities that invoke the term 'aesthetics" in a computational setting. Much of the research cited focuses on the problem of making numerical assessments of the aesthetic content of works of art.
Simulation of switching noise in multi-layer structures using generalized transmission line equation method

This paper discusses the use of the generalized transmission line equations (GTLE) for the simulation of switching noise distribution in multi-layered packaging structures. After a brief discussion on the formulation and its application to a simple dual trace transmission line, two-layered plane and two-layered plane with four drivers and traces, the method has been applied to a complicated fourteen layer structure which consists of the package and board power distribution. This structure includes nonideal decoupling capacitors placed on the package/board, vias connecting the planes, drivers and traces. This paper demonstrates the advantage of the GTLE method over SPICE in terms of efficiency and accuracy. In addition, this paper provides insight into the noise mechanism arising in multi-layered power distribution networks.
Increase in head and neck cancer in younger patients due to human papillomavirus (HPV)

The face of head and neck cancer has changed dramatically over the past 30 years. There has been a steady decline in the number of tobacco and alcohol related squamous cell carcinomas over the past 30 years, but and increasing incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV) related cancers. Some estimates suggest that 70-90% of new oropharyngeal cancers have evidence of HPV. These patients have different demographic patterns, in that they are more likely to be younger, white adults in their 40s and 50s who are never smokers or have reduced tobacco exposure. Studies have shown that a higher number of lifetime oral sex partners (>5) and a higher number of lifetime vaginal sex partners (>25) have been associated with increased risk of HPV positive head and neck cancer. People can also reduce their risk of HPV linked head and neck cancer by receiving the HPV vaccine series prior to becoming sexually active. Recent evidence suggests HPV related head and neck cancers present with different symptoms than those caused by tobacco. The most popular test for HPV status is the p16 immunohistochemical stain because it is cheap, simple, and studies have shown it to have comparable sensitivity and specificity to the previous standards. It is widely recommended that all cancers of the oropharynx be tested for the presence of HPV, and some recommend it for all head and neck cancers. Overall 2-year and 5-year survival for HPV positive head and neck cancer is significantly greater than for HPV negative cancers, likely due to HPV positive cancers being more responsive to treatment.
Hydroecological model predictions indicate wetter and more diverse soil water regimes and vegetation types following floodplain restoration

[1] Transitions between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems represent zones where soil moisture is a dominant factor influencing vegetation composition. Niche models based on hydrological and vegetation observations can be powerful tools for guiding management of these zones, especially when they are linked with physically based hydrological models. Floodplain restoration represents a unique opportunity to utilize such a predictive vegetation tool when a site's hydrology is altered to create a wetter environment. A variably saturated groundwater flow model was developed and used to simulate the soil moisture regime across a floodplain in Wisconsin where post-settlement alluvium was removed with the intent of increasing regionally threatened wetland plant species. Hydrological niche models based on simultaneous observations of vegetation composition and surface effective saturation were used to predict probability of presence for two plant species (Carex vulpinoidea (fox sedge) and Elymus canadensis(Canada wildrye)) and wetland indicator score (a composite indicator of relative frequency of species in five habitat categories) based on simulated surface effective saturation. The vegetation predictions following restoration are more wetland-species dominant overall. However, zones of the study site where a confining layer is present that decouples groundwater from the near-surface soil zone tend to be drier following restoration due to restricted upward groundwater flow and less soil water storage above the confining layer. As reflected by an increase in the interquartile range in the predicted wetland indicator score, this restoration technique may increase the site-scale spatial diversity of plant community types while simultaneously accomplishing the goal of increasing wetland plant species occurrence.
From Print to Patents: Living on Instruments in Early Modern Europe:

Surprisingly, patents are nowhere as central to the history of scientific instruments as they are to the history of technology. It will take much archival work to fill such an historiographical gap. My goal here is substantially more modest: to outline some patterns and chronological trends emerging from a comparison of printed patent rolls up to 1800 (which I am making available electronically) and other tactics used by instrument makers and designers to protect their businesses and authorship. My definition of instrument is capacious. I consider mathematical, optical, and philosophical instruments, but also include evidence about clocks, calculating machines, globes, and maps. Defining ‘patent’ and ‘inventor’ within the chronological and geographical boundaries of this study is, however, a more difficult matter. Not only are modern patents profoundly different from early modern privileges (which are nevertheless customarily referred to as “patents” in anglophone literature), but the role and form of privileges underwent changes in the 1500–1800 period discussed here. For simplicity’s sake, I use the terms ‘privilege’ and ‘patent’ interchangeably while also highlighting the differences between modern intellectual property and early modern privileges whenever relevant. I take a similarly pragmatic approach to the definition of inventor, which I equate to that of patent-holder while specifying, when important, whether that person was a designer or a producer, a maker or an investor, or whether inventorship was individual or multiple. Early modern mathematical and natural philosophical texts were usually assigned to one single author (whose shadow may have erased other technicians and contributors), but we will see that it was not uncommon for instrument patents to be shared by a group of inventors, each bringing different skills and resources. Multi-inventorship, it seems, predates multi-authorship. A question informing much of this essay concerns what the use of patents and other forms of protection can tell us about the early instrument makers’ and designers’ evolving markets, business practices, international mobility, relations with craft guilds, and changing sense of property in their instruments. A second question concerns the changing nature of the credit attached to instrument making and design. Instruments sit uneasily between the two main early modern systems of credit: one based on priority and publication (rewarded with symbolic, “philosophical” credit), and one based on the exchange of objects or labour for money. Many instruments were sold, but others — like Galileo’s telescope or Tycho’s apparatus — remained proprietary and often tightly guarded. They gained credit for their makers through
The Equation of State of Lakes

In recent years, a number of workers have studied the stability of deep lakes such as Lake Tanganyika, Lake Baikal and Lake Malawi. In this paper, the methods that can be used to determine the effect that the components of lakes have on the equation of state are examined. The PVT properties of Lakes have been determined by using apparent molal volume data for the major ionic components of the lake. The estimated PVT properties (densities, expansibility and compressibilities) of the lakes are found to be in good agreement with the PVT properties (P) of seawater diluted to the same salinity. This is similar to earlier work that showed that the PVT properties of rivers and estuarine waters could also be estimated from the properties of seawater.
A Review of “Freshwater Ecology: Concepts and Environmental Applications of Limnology”

Like the first edition, the revised second edition of Freshwater Ecology: Concepts and Environmental Applications of Limnology is intended for undergraduate students with varied backgrounds. In the...
Substitution of chromosome 1 ameliorates l-NAME hypertension and renal disease in the fawn-hooded hypertensive rat

Linkage analysis studies previously identified genetic loci associated with proteinuria and hypertension on chromosome 1 of fawn-hooded hypertensive (FHH) rats. The present studies were performed o...
Issues in aerosol dynamics

Aerosol systems evolved in time due to coagulation, evaporation and condensation, nucleation, and chemical reactions. Theoretical descriptions of the dynamics of aerosol systems require a thorough understanding of the physical and chemical processes involved. In many cases of practical interest, the fundamental processes are now well enough understood that quantitative predictions of aerosol properties can be made. Still, many questions central to aerosol science remain unresolved. Homogeneous nucleation has been the subject of many investigations over the years, yet the established theories are unable to predict the nucleation rate within orders of magnitude. Models of coagulation are generally predicated on the assumption that particles coalesce immediately after they agglomerate, yet many aerosols under study today consist of solid particles. When solid particles formed by vapor nucleation coagulate, low density flocs are generated. The structures of these particles are remarkably similar for a broad spectrum of particles formed in widely different systems and from materials with significantly different properties. Some aspects of this similarity are explained by models of diffusion limited aggregation and fractals, but these models cannot explain why the different agglomerates have similar fine scale structure sizes. Many aerosol systems involve complex interactions between the particulate material and the surrounding atmosphere. The solution thermodynamics of the concentrated solutions that occur in aqueous atmospheric aerosols has received relatively little attention.
Retail Tobacco Exposure: Using Geographic Analysis to Identify Areas With Excessively High Retail Density

Introduction There is great disparity in tobacco outlet density (TOD), with density highest in low-income areas and areas with greater proportions of minority residents, and this disparity may affect cancer incidence. We sought to better understand the nature of this disparity by assessing how these socio-demographic factors relate to TOD at the national level. Methods Using mixture regression analysis and all of the nearly 65,000 census tracts in the contiguous United States, we aimed to determine the number of latent disparity classes by modeling the relations of proportions of Blacks, Hispanics, and families living in poverty with TOD, controlling for urban/rural status. Results We identified six disparity classes. There was considerable heterogeneity in relation to TOD for Hispanics in rural settings. For Blacks, there was no relation to TOD in an urban moderate disparity class, and for rural census tracts, the relation was highest in a moderate disparity class. Conclusions We demonstrated the utility of classifying census tracts on heterogeneity of tobacco risk exposure. This approach provides a better understanding of the complexity of socio-demographic influences of tobacco retailing and creates opportunities for policy makers to more efficiently target areas in greatest need.
Milk Secretory Response of the Conscious Lactating Rat Following Intravenous Injections of Rat Prolactin

Mammary glands of rats on day 14 of lactation were emptied of milk by the pups after 8 h of nonsuckling with the aid of oxytocin injections to the mother. The glands subsequently refilled about 50% within 6 h and were completely refilled with mild within 16 h. Suckling for 5 min midway during the 8 h period of nonsuckling caused complete refilling of the glands within 6 h. Refilling within 6 h also occurred if, instead of suckling, rat prolactin was injected at 1 min intervals directly into the circulation of the conscious mother via an indwelling right atrial catheter. Five injections of 200 ng or three injections of 400 ng were without effect (in comparison with five injections of saline) upon mammary refilling whereas 10 injections of 200 ng or four injections of 400 ng simulated significant but submaximal refilling. Complete refilling resulted from five injections of 400 ng. Prolactin is secreted steadily over prolonged periods of suckling in the rat, but only that prolactin released during the first few minutes of suckling appears to be required for milk secretion.