cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thrombospondin1 Plays an Important Role in Obesity Associated Inflammation and Insulin Resistance

Copyright: © 2012 Wang S. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Obesity is prevalent worldwide and is associated with the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Obesity-induced chronic low-grade inflammation has been suggested to be an important mechanism for the development of IR [1]. Adipose tissue is a key organ for this chronic inflammatory response. Increased accumulation of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) has been demonstrated in obese rodents and humans by numerous studies [2,3]. It is now well established that ATMs are the primary source of inflammatory cytokine production in adipose tissue and play a key role in obesity-induced chronic low-grade inflammation and IR [2]. Although there have been some advances in the study of ATMs in obese conditions [2,4,5], the mechanisms underlying ATMs recruitment and activation remain to be determined.
Surface Expression of Epithelial Na Channel Protein in Rat Kidney

Expression of epithelial Na channel (ENaC) protein in the apical membrane of rat kidney tubules was assessed by biotinylation of the extracellular surfaces of renal cells and by membrane fractionation. Rat kidneys were perfused in situ with solutions containing NHS-biotin, a cell-impermeant biotin derivative that attaches covalently to free amino groups on lysines. Membranes were solubilized and labeled proteins were isolated using neutravidin beads, and surface β and γENaC subunits were assayed by immunoblot. Surface αENaC was assessed by membrane fractionation. Most of the γENaC at the surface was smaller in molecular mass than the full-length subunit, consistent with cleavage of this subunit in the extracellular moiety close to the first transmembrane domains. Insensitivity of the channels to trypsin, measured in principal cells of the cortical collecting duct by whole-cell patch-clamp recording, corroborated this finding. ENaC subunits could be detected at the surface under all physiological conditions. However increasing the levels of aldosterone in the animals by feeding a low-Na diet or infusing them directly with hormone via osmotic minipumps for 1 wk before surface labeling increased the expression of the subunits at the surface by two- to fivefold. Salt repletion of Na-deprived animals for 5 h decreased surface expression. Changes in the surface density of ENaC subunits contribute significantly to the regulation of Na transport in renal cells by mineralocorticoid hormone, but do not fully account for increased channel activity.
Shewanella loihica sp. nov., isolated from iron-rich microbial mats in the Pacific Ocean.

A novel marine bacterial strain, PV-4T, isolated from a microbial mat located at a hydrothermal vent of Loihi Seamount in the Pacific Ocean, has been characterized. This micro-organism is orange in color, Gram-negative, polarly flagellated, facultatively anaerobic and psychrotolerant (temperature range, 0-42 C). No growth was observed with nitrate, nitrite, DMSO or thiosulfate as the electron acceptor and lactate as the electron donor. The major fatty acid detected in strain PV-4T was iso-C15 : 0. Strain PV-4T had ubiquinones consisting mainly of Q-7 and Q-8, and possessed menaquinone MK-7. The DNA G+C content of the strain was 53.8 mol% and the genome size was about 4.5 Mbp. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences placed PV-4T within the genus Shewanella. PV-4T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity levels of 99.6 and 97.5 %, respectively, with respect to the type strains of Shewanella aquimarina and Shewanella marisflavi. DNA from strain PV-4T showed low mean levels of relatedness to the DNAs of S. aquimarina (50.5%) and S. marisflavi (8.5%). On the basis of phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics, the bacterium was classified in the genus Shewanella within a distinct novel species, for which the name Shewanella loihica sp. nov. is proposed. Themore » type strain is PV-4T (=ATCC BAA-1088T=DSM 17748T).« less
The conditioning of intervention effects on early adolescent alcohol use by maternal involvement and dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) and serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) genetic variants

Data drawn from the in-home subsample of the PROSPER intervention dissemination trial were used to investigate the moderation of intervention effects on underage alcohol use by maternal involvement and candidate genes. The primary gene examined was dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4). Variation in this gene and maternal involvement were hypothesized to moderate the influence of intervention status on alcohol use. The PROSPER data used were drawn from 28 communities randomly assigned to intervention or comparison conditions. Participating youth were assessed in five in-home interviews from sixth to ninth grades. A main effect of sixth-grade pretest maternal involvement on ninth-grade alcohol use was found. Neither intervention status nor DRD4 variation was unconditionally linked to ninth-grade drinking. However, moderation analyses revealed a significant three-way interaction among DRD4 status, maternal involvement, and intervention condition. Follow-up analyses revealed that prevention reduced drinking risk, but only for youth with at least one DRD4 seven-repeat allele who reported average or greater pretest levels of maternal involvement. To determine if this conditional pattern was limited to the DRD4 gene, we repeated analyses using the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region site near the serotonin transporter gene. The results for this supplemental analysis revealed a significant three-way interaction similar but not identical to that found for DRD4.
Adaptive Fault Management of Parallel Applications for High-Performance Computing

As the scale of high-performance computing (HPC) continues to grow, failure resilience of parallel applications becomes crucial. In this paper, we present FT-Pro, an adaptive fault management approach that combines proactive migration with reactive checkpointing. It aims to enable parallel applications to avoid anticipated failures via preventive migration and, in the case of unforeseeable failures, to minimize their impact through selective checkpointing. An adaptation manager is designed to make runtime decisions in response to failure prediction. Extensive experiments, by means of stochastic modeling and case studies with real applications, indicate that FT-Pro outperforms periodic checkpointing, in terms of reducing application completion times and improving resource utilization, by up to 43 percent.
Small shop competitiveness: a technologistical perspective

Conventional wisdom holds that the manufacturing sector in post-industrial countries is doomed to continue its exodus to low-wage countries. The authors present a contrarian view that manufacturing can be retained, and perhaps grown, via reliance on small manufacturing operations rather than traditional large-scale operations.
Evolutionary dynamics of taxonomic structure

The distribution of species among genera and higher taxa has largely untapped potential to reveal among-clade variation in rates of origination and extinction. The probability distribution of the n...
The Waldseemüller world map: A typographic appraisal

(1985). The Waldseemuller world map: A typographic appraisal. Imago Mundi: Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 30-53.
The Effect of Impurity Doping of The Magnetic Layer on the Magnetoresistance and Saturation Field of FeCr/Cr and CoCu/Cu Multilayers

The effect of doping the magnetic layer on the magnetoresistance and saturation field of epitaxial, sputter-deposited FeCr/Cr(001) and CoCu/Cu(001) multilayers was examined. FeCr/Cr films with a composition of [14 A Fe1−xCrx(001)/8 A Cr(001)]50 where x was varied from 0 to 0.5 and CoCu/Cu films with a composition of [8 A Co1−xCux(001)/21 A Cu(001)]40 where x was varied from 0 to 0.2 were deposited onto single crystal MgO(001). The bilayer period and epitaxial orientation of these films were determined by x-ray diffraction. In the FeCr/Cr system the room temperature magnetoresistance was constant at approximately 31% for x≤0.2 and decreased for larger Cr concentrations. The spin-dependent scattering (Δp) is increased over the x=0 value for x=0.1 and x=0.2. The magnetic field required to saturate these multilayers decreases linearly with increasing Cr concentration. The net result is that the sensitivity of these films is increased by Cr doping of the Fe layer. In the CoCu/Cu system the room temperature magnetoresistance, saturation field, and saturation magnetization decrease with the addition of Cu to the Co layer. In contrast to the FeCr/Cr system Δp does not increase with doping of the ferromagnetic layer. However, as in the FeCr/Cr films the sensitivity of these multilayers is increased with respect to that of the x=0 CoCu/Cu multilayer.
Behavioral Outcomes of an Educational Program For Male Veterans with Peripheral Artery Disease

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) affects 8 to 12 million Americans. Untreated PAD results in leg pain, decreased quality of life, and amputation of the legs. Walking has been shown to improve functional impairment and decrease pain among persons with PAD. This study describes a two-group randomized trial that assesses the effectiveness of an educational program, “Vet Walk,” on change in walking distance and health outcomes. The intervention is based on Pender's Health Promotion Model. Fifty male veterans with PAD completed the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP II) and 6-Minute Walk test and were randomly assigned to a control group or an intervention group who attended “Vet Walk.” Both groups completed testing at 8 weeks post-intervention. Outcome variables were statistically analyzed for differences between the intervention and control groups. The adjusted mean distance walked in the 6-Minute Walk test for the intervention group increased from 875.5 ft to 1095.5 ft, while the control group increased its adjusted mean walking distance from 826.7 ft to 848.3 ft at 8 weeks, which was a statistically significant difference. There were no statistically significant differences in HPLP II total scores and physical activity subscale scores between the intervention and control group. Although pain decreased in the intervention group, the change was not statistically significant. Among this sample of veterans diagnosed with PAD, the education intervention, “Vet Walk,” proved effective in increasing distance walked and, although not statistically significant, decreasing pain experienced over an 8-week period.
Imaging the inside of thick structures using cosmic rays

The authors present here a new method to image reinforcement elements inside thick structures and the results of a demonstration measurement performed on a mock-up wall built at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The method, referred to as “multiple scattering muon radiography”, relies on the use of cosmic-ray muons as probes. The work described in this article was performed to prove the viability of the technique as a means to image the interior of the dome of Florence Cathedral Santa Maria del Fiore, one of the UNESCO World Heritage sites and among the highest profile buildings in existence. Its result shows the effectiveness of the technique as a tool to radiograph thick structures and image denser object inside them.
A Wind Oriented Trap for Screwworm Flies

A new screwworm fly trap that catches the flies as they move upwind toward the attractant, Swormlure-2 (SL-2), was developed. This wind oriented nap (WOT) maintains a constant orientation with the wind. It was field tested and compared with the standard blowfly trap (STT). The WOT caught more primary screwworm flies, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), than the STT in every collection date and was beller than or equal to the laller in every trapping site. The WOT caught a lower % (29) and number (7358) of secondary screwworm flies, C. macellaria (F.), than the STT (65% and 18906 flies). The WOT caught a lower % of males of both species but caught a greater number of C. hominivorax males. The WOT is more efficient in trapping C. hominivorax flies, easier to handle, and costs less than the STT.
Surface roughening transition in Si1-xGex:H thin films

In this study, the amorphous-phase roughening transition thickness has been determined as a function of process variables in plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of hydrogenated amorphous silicon-germanium alloys (a-Si1-xGex:H). Among the process parameters varied include the H2-dilution gas flow ratio, the alloying flow ratio, the electrode configuration (anode vs. cathode), and the He-dilution ratio. One clear feature of this study is a maximum in the amorphous roughening transition thickness (and hence surface stability) at a H2-dilution ratio just below the transition from amorphous to mixed-phase (amorphous+ microcrystalline) (a+µc) growth. A second feature for high Ge content films is a significant increase in the roughening transition thickness for cathode PECVD (with a self-bias of ~ ‒20 V) relative to anode PECVD. Additional features of interest involve suppression of the transition to (a+µc) for (i) alloying with Ge, (ii) biasing the substrate cathodic, and (iii) diluting the gas with He. The close correlation of high surface stability with enhanced short-range order and overall electronic performance has led to a simple model for the transition in terms of a competition between roughening due to the atomic size and smoothening due to precursor surface diffusion. It is proposed that diffusing precursors are immobilized by surface defects (or by other diffusing precursors), and the pre-existing (or resulting) defects are ultimately incorporated in the bulk.
Methods and effects of nursing technique training in children hospital

Objective To discuss the methods and effects of pediatric nursing technique training.Methods All nurses in our hospital received nursing technique training,which emphasized on children assessment,combined centralized training with backbone training and theoretical training.Results After training,the technique examination performance of nurses was improved(P0.01),and parents' satisfaction was increased also(P0.05).Conclusion The assessment-emphasized training model is feasible and effective.
Synthesis, crystal structure, and advanced NMR characterization of a low temperature polymorph of SiSe2

A low temperature polymorphic modification of silicon diselenide was synthesized via solid-state reaction and its crystal structure was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. In contrast to the well-characterized high-temperature form of SiSe2, where edge-sharing SiSe4 tetrahedra form one-dimensional chains, in the crystal structure of the low-temperature polymorph two-dimensional puckered layers are formed via edge- and corner-sharing SiSe4 tetrahedra. Such rearrangements have a significant impact on the electronic structure of SiSe2 as revealed by quantum chemical calculations and optical spectroscopy. The experimentally determined indirect bandgap for the low-temperature modification of SiSe2 is 2.00(5) eV. Multinuclear (77Se, 29Si) NMR spectroscopy combined with first principles calculations is applied to characterize the NMR chemical shift tensor parameters for the Si and Se sites in the crystal structure. These results will enable quantitative application of combined 29Si and 77Se NMR spectroscopy in future structural studies of Si–Se glasses, whose structures consist of both corner- and edge-sharing SiSe4/2 tetrahedra.
Mrs. Siddons, the Tragic Muse, and the Problem of as

Analyse de la fonction du "comme" dans le tableau de Sir Joshua Reynolds "Mme Siddons comme muse tragique".
Timing and Force Characteristics of Muscle Activity: Postural Control in Children with and Without Developmental Coordination Disorders

Setting appropriate timing and force parameters of muscle activity is a significant part of producing skillful movement behavior: Data reported here suggest that an important characteristic of children with developmental coordination disorders (DCD) is inconsistency and lack of precision in regulating timing and force characteristics of muscle activity to correct for perturbations to balance. Children with and without DCD stood on a moveable platform. Balance was perturbed under fully redundant sensory conditions and under conditions where vision was removed or vestibular input was modified. EMG activity in tibialis anterior and quadriceps leg muscles was recorded. Children with normal motor development produced less force than children with DCD. Children with DCD tended to rely on proximal muscle activity to respond to perturbations to balance and, in contrast to children with normal motor development, modified temporal but not force characteristics of muscle activity when the sensory framework for balance was modified.
Building Bayesian Networks

We address in this chapter a number of problems that arise in real-world applications, showing how each can be solved by modeling and reasoning with Bayesian networks. Introduction We consider a number of real-world applications in this chapter drawn from the domains of diagnosis, reliability, genetics, channel coding, and commonsense reasoning. For each one of these applications, we state a specific reasoning problem that can be addressed by posing a formal query with respect to a corresponding Bayesian network. We discuss the process of constructing the required network and then identify the specific queries that need to be applied. There are at least four general types of queries that can be posed with respect to a Bayesian network. Which type of query to use in a specific situation is not always trivial and some of the queries are guaranteed to be equivalent under certain conditions. We define these query types formally in Section 5.2 and then discuss them and their relationships in more detail when we go over the various applications in Section 5.3. The construction of a Bayesian network involves three major steps. First, we must decide on the set of relevant variables and their possible values. Next, we must build the network structure by connecting the variables into a DAG. Finally, we must define the CPT for each network variable. The last step is the quantitative part of this construction process and can be the most involved in certain situations.
Transcatheter Treatment of Mitral Regurgitation

Transcatheter mitral valve (MV) repair with the MitraClip safely reduces mitral regurgitation (MR) in patients who are not appropriate for MV surgery. The procedural success of transcatheter MV repair is highly dependent on advanced Echo imaging and team communication. This chapter discusses the basic mechanisms of MR, MitraClip specific MV Echo screening criteria, and offers a detailed, step-by-step approach explaining optimal MitraClip procedure Echo guidance.
Truncated compact design of monopole antenna with modified ground plane for UWB applications

In this paper, a new compact monopole antenna with modified ground plane for ultra-wideband (UWB) systems is presented. The designed antenna is composed of a truncated radiating patch and rectangular slotted ground plane providing relatively extreme wide bandwidth and high impedance matching. The simulated results demonstrate wide operating frequency of 12.2 GHz (from 2.67 GHz to 14.87 GHz), which covers the entire UWB allocated by FCC with nearly omnidirectional radiation pattern. The proposed antenna has a significantly miniaturized structure size of 15 × 10 mm2 and a thickness of 0.9 mm to be suitable for small wireless gadgets. The patch is fed using a microstrip line and printed on a substrate material of Rogers Duriod RT 5880 with relative permittivity of 2.2. The monopole antenna has been analyzed, and optimized in terms bandwidth, impedance matching, radiation characteristics, size, and cost.
Pharmacodynamic evaluation of Lys 5 , MeLeu 9 , Nle 10 -NKA (4–10) prokinetic effects on bladder and colon activity in acute spinal cord transected and spinally intact rats

The purpose of this study was to determine feasibility of a novel therapeutic approach to drug-induced voiding after spinal cord injury (SCI) using a well-characterized, peptide, neurokinin 2 receptor (NK2 receptor) agonist, Lys5, MeLeu9, Nle10-NKA(4–10) (LMN-NKA). Cystometry and colorectal pressure measurements were performed in urethane-anesthetized, intact, and acutely spinalized female rats. Bladder pressure and voiding were monitored in response to intravenous LMN-NKA given with the bladder filled to 70% capacity. LMN-NKA (0.1–300 μg/kg) produced dose-dependent, rapid (<60 s), short-duration (<15 min) increases in bladder pressure. In intact rats, doses above 0.3–1 μg/kg induced urine release (voiding efficiency of ~70% at ≥1 μg/kg). In spinalized rats, urine release required higher doses (≥10 μg/kg) and was less efficient (30–50%). LMN-NKA (0.1–100 μg/kg) also produced dose-dependent increases in colorectal pressure. No tachyphylaxis was observed, and the responses were blocked by an NK2 receptor antagonist (GR159897, 1 mg/kg i.v.). No obvious cardiorespiratory effects were noted. These results suggest that rapid-onset, short-duration, drug-induced voiding is possible in acute spinal and intact rats with intravenous administration of an NK2 receptor agonist. Future challenges remain in regard to finding alternative routes of administration that produce clinically significant voiding, multiple times per day, in animal models of chronic SCI.
A Molecular Thermodynamic Model of Complexation in Mixtures of Oppositely Charged Polyelectrolytes with Explicit Account of Charge Association/Dissociation

Into an extended Voorn–Overbeek (EVO) free energy model of polyelectrolyte (PE) complexation and phase behavior, we incorporate three classes of short-ranged electrostatic effects, namely counterion association–dissociation, cross-chain ion pairing (IP), and charge regulation by treating each as a reversible chemical reaction leading to a corresponding law of mass action in a self-consistent fashion. The importance of each reaction is controlled by a corresponding chemistry-dependent standard free energy input parameter. Our model also accounts for Born (or ion solvation) energy using a linear mixing rule for the effective dielectric constant. In monophasic systems, the proposed model can qualitatively explain the observed shifts in acidity and basicity observed in potentiometric titration of weak PEs in the presence of salt and oppositely charged PEs in accordance with Le Châtelier’s principle. We demonstrate how a competition between counterion condensation (CC) and IP alone can explain the complex coac...
The Effect of “Faking Good” on the Personal Orientation Inventory

A group of 44 undergraduates was administered the Personal Orientation Inventory under different instructions to “fake good” toward two expectations. Results indicated that scores were significantl...
Employing Two-stage Derivatisation and GC–MS to Assay for Cathine and Related Stimulant Alkaloids across the Celastraceae

Introduction Catha edulis (qat, khat, mirra) is a woody plant species that is grown and consumed in East Africa and Yemen for its stimulant alkaloids cathinone, cathine and norephedrine. Two Celastraceae species, in addition to qat, have been noted for their stimulant properties in ethnobotanical literature. Recent phylogenetic reconstructions place four genera in a clade sister to Catha edulis, and these genera are primary candidates to search for cathine and related alkaloids. Objective Determine if cathine or related alkaloids are present in species of Celastraceae other than Catha edulis. Methods Leaf samples from 43 Celastraceae species were extracted in water followed by basification of the aqueous extract and partitioning with methyl-t-butyl ether to provide an alkaloid-enriched fraction. The extract was derivatised in a two-stage process and analysed using GC–MS for the presence of cathine. Related alkaloids and other metabolites in this alkaloid-enriched fraction were tentatively identified. Results Cathinone, cathine and norephedrine were not detected in any of the 43 Celastraceae species assayed other than Catha edulis. However, the phenylalanine- or tyrosine-derived alkaloid phenylethylamine was identified in five species. Nine species were found to be enriched for numerous sterol- and terpene-like compounds. Conclusion These results indicate that cathine is unique to Catha edulis, and not the compound responsible for the stimulant properties reported in related Celastraceae species. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemoprevention of prostate cancer progression: Targeting 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO)-1 and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 pathways by dietary omega-3 fatty acids.

B229 The main objective of our study was to determine the bioavailability of dietary omega (n)-3 to the prostate tumor and the feasibility of targeting 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO)-1 and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 pathways. Tumor growth and apoptosis were examined as primary end-points after administration of a short-term (5-week) n-3 fatty acids diet. Nude mice were injected subcutaneously (s.c.) in the right and left lateral flank with 1 x 106 prostate cancer LAPC-4 tumor cells and randomly divided into three different isocaloric (and same % of total fat) diet groups: n-6 linoleic acid (LA), n-3 stearidonic acid (SDA- a precursor of EPA), and normal fat diets. Levels of n-6 LA, AA and n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in membrane phospholipids of red blood cell cells reflected dietary changes and correlated with the levels observed in tumors. There were no apparent differences observed in either the % unsaturated or % saturated fatty acids in the total phospholipids, suggesting that the tumors maintained membrane fluidity and functionality of proteins in the membrane. In comparison with mice fed the normal diet, we observed a 2.7-fold increase in the n-6/n-3 ratio in tumors from LA-fed mice and a 4.2-fold decrease in the ratio in tumors from the SDA-fed mice. Half of the mice from each PUFA group were switched to the opposing diet while the other half of the mice remained on their original diet. After 5 weeks, tumors were examined for growth, lipids, enzyme activities, apoptosis and proliferation. Tumors from the LA-diet fed mice exhibited the most rapid growth as compared with tumors from the control and SDA diet fed mice. Moreover, a diet switch from LA to SDA caused a dramatic decrease in the growth of tumors in 5 weeks whereas tumors grew more aggressively when mice were switched from a SDA to LA diet. Similarly, we observed increased estimated activity of delta (Δ)-6-desaturase enzyme and decreased Δ-5-desaturase activity in tumors from mice fed the SDA-diet and the decreased activity in tumors from mice fed the LA-diet. Ki-67 and percent (%) proliferation index increased in tumors from the n-6 diet fed mice as compared with tumors from the n-3 SDA-fed mice. Further, increased apoptosis as assessed by caspase-3 was observed in tumors from n-3 SDA-fed mice versus tumors from n-6 diet fed mice. SDA and EPA did not inhibit the 15-LO-1 or COXs enzymes. Thus the observed differences in tumor growth reflect the substrate competition of n-3 with n-6 fatty acids. This study provides evidence that: (a) the rate of prostate tumor growth can be modulated by the manipulation of n-6:n-3 ratios via diet, and (b) EPA promotes apoptosis and decreases proliferation in tumors by competing with n-6 fatty acids for 15-LO-1, and COX-2 activity. Thus, purified EPA from fish oil could potentially serve as a promising dietary intervention agent in slowing prostate cancer progression.
She Teaches You Like if She Were Your Friend

This article reports on an exploratory study of Latino high school studentsâ€™ perceptions of a caring teacher and identifies specific teacher behaviors associated with care in a classroom environment important to Latino students. The findings suggest ways of improving Latino high school studentsâ€™ academic experience through culturally responsive caring in ways congruent with Latino high school studentâ€™s needs. I argue that educators have an opportunity to assess their caring behaviors based on what Latino high school students perceive as caring. I also argue that educators must listen to what Latino students have to tell us in order to foster an environment that may lead to more positive schooling experiences for Latino students. In addition, this paper invites educators to engage in a critical self-analysis of classroom practices to examine how their behaviors facilitate and impede Latino student success.
Emergency Management of the Ingested Magnet: An Algorithmic Approach.

Introduction Accidental ingestion of foreign bodies is an increasing problem in the pediatric population. Symptoms are often nonspecific and may lead to a missed diagnosis because the ingestion event often goes unwitnessed. Case We present a case of a missed diagnosis of a multiple magnet ingestion event in a pediatric patient leading to operative management. A 2-year-old boy with a 4-week history of nonspecific abdominal pain presented to the emergency department (ED) with vomiting and worsening abdominal pain. He was recently seen in the ED for nonspecific abdominal pain diagnosed as acute otitis media. In this second ED visit, the child was found to be febrile and tachycardic and had signs of peritonitis. Radiographs revealed a foreign body in the right lower quadrant. The child was taken to the operating room where multiple intestinal perforations were identified and repaired. The child had an uneventful postoperative course and was discharged 7 days later. Discussion There are increasing awareness and growing concern over complications from pediatric magnet ingestion. Complications from neodymium magnet ingestion may include bowel obstruction, perforation, and fistula formation. The risk of complications is especially high with multiple-magnet ingestion. Pediatric foreign-body magnet ingestion may be a diagnostic challenge because the associated symptoms are nonspecific, and the ingestion is often unwitnessed. Conclusions Our case represents the missed diagnosis of 4 magnets ingested separately over time. Emergency department providers may benefit from a clinical algorithm guiding the management of these increasingly prevalent patient presentations to prevent delayed diagnoses and to decrease morbidity.
Using the ROC Curve to Measure Association and Evaluate Prediction Accuracy for a Binary Outcome

This review article addresses the ROC curve and its advantage over the odds ratio to measure the association between a continuous variable and a binary outcome. A simple parametric model under the normality assumption and the method of Box-Cox transformation for non-normal data are discussed. Applications of the binormal model and the Box-Cox transformation under both univariate and multivariate inference are illustrated by a comprehensive data analysis tutorial. Finally, a summary and recommendations are given as to the usage of the binormal ROC curve.
Shareholder vs. Investor Primacy in Federal Corporate Governance

This essay questions the notion that recent federal corporate governance regulation reflects the shareholder primacy model of corporate governance and argues that, instead, such regulation comports more closely with the investor protection norm embedded in the federal securities laws. A key to the argument is the distinction between "shareholders" and "investors," which are overlapping but distinct groups with different functions, powers, and governance rights. Using a series of examples, the essay shows that recent federal corporate governance provisions and initiatives are best viewed as a means of ensuring that investors are able to participate in the markets for debt and equity securities on the basis of adequate and accurate information, and that these same provisions and initiatives have not accorded any unique and meaningful governance rights to shareholders alone (with say-on-pay rules proving no exception). The essay does not dispute that shareholders as a class have expanded their power and influence in corporate affairs in recent years; it simply argues that this has not been the direct result of federal corporate governance regulation which, as a descriptive matter, has prized the interests of all investors over those of shareholders alone.
APPLICATION OF THE FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORDS (FRBR) TO MUSIC

This paper describes work applying the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) model to music, as the basis for implementing a fully FRBRcompliant music digital library system. A detailed analysis of the FRBR and Functional Requirements for Authority Data (FRAD) entities and attributes is presented. The paper closes with a discussion of the ways in which FRBR is gaining adoption outside of the library environment in which it was born. This work benefits the MIR community by demonstrating a model that can be used in MIR systems for the storage of descriptive information in support of metadata-based searching, and by positioning the Variations system to be a source of robust descriptive information for use by third-party MIR systems. 1. THE FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR
Cannabis use disorder and male sex predict medical cannabis card status in a sample of high risk adolescents.

Abstract Objective To examine if a substance use disorder (SUD), especially cannabis use disorder in adolescence, predicts future medical cannabis card status among high-risk youth. Methods Data collection occurred in Denver and San Diego. We recruited adolescents, with or at high risk for SUD and conduct problems (hereafter probands) and their siblings (n = 654). Baseline (Wave 1) assessments took place between 1999 and 2008, and follow-up (Wave 2) took place between 2010 and 2013. In initial bivariate analyses, we examined whether baseline DSM-IV cannabis abuse/dependence (along with other potential predictors) was associated with possessing a medical cannabis card in young adulthood (Wave 2). Significant predictors were then included in a multiple binomial regression. Self-reported general physical health was also evaluated at both time points. Finally, within Wave 2, we tested whether card status was associated with concurrent substance dependence. Results About 16% of the sample self-reported having a medical cannabis card at follow-up. Though bivariate analyses demonstrated that multiple predictors were significantly associated with Wave 2 card status, in our multiple binomial regression only cannabis abuse/dependence and male sex remained significant. At Wave 2, those with a medical cannabis card were significantly more likely to endorse criteria for concurrent cannabis dependence. There was no significant difference in self-reported general physical health. Conclusions Cannabis abuse/dependence and male sex positively predicted future medical cannabis card holder status among a sample of high risk adolescents. Physicians conducting evaluations for medical cannabis cards should carefully evaluate and consider past and concurrent cannabis addiction.
Spousal motivations of care for demented older adults

Abstract Purpose of the study: This study examines motivations for caregiving in American and Greek female spousal caregivers (FSCGs), and identifies cross-culturally equivalent and culturally specific types of motivations for care of a demented spouse. Design and Methods: Thirty American women and 44 Greek women who were caring for their demented husbands were surveyed about their motivations for caregiving. Results: Greek and American FSCGs were dissimilar in the extent to which they reported being motivated by a desire to maintain family harmony. Greek and American caregivers also differed in how often they cited financial reasons, wanting to please their spouse, being against institutionalization, and giving the best care as motivations for care. Implications: Culturally related differences in caregiving motivations may translate into differences in the extent to which motivations result in adaptive or maladaptive outcome for the caregiver and the care recipient.
Nonlinear Host-Parasite Models

Modeling the dynamics of interacting species is central in ecological theory, and there is a vast literature describing deterministic and stochastic models for such interactions (see e.g. [65, 66, 69, 73, 80]). A number of classic models for competition between multiple species and for host-parasite (and predator-prey) relationships have been formulated and widely investigated. This chapter investigates just one of these models, a modified Volterra host-parasite model, to illustrate the application of the methodology outlined in Chapter 9 which focuses on the underlying cumulant structure of the stochastic model.
Two Examples of Stabilizable Second Order Systems

One of the key problems in nonlinear control theory is the problem of stabilization. Let us consider the nonlinear control system $$x = f{\text{(}}x{\text{) + }}g{\text{(}}x{\text{)}}u{\text{;}}x \in {\mathbb{R}^n}$$ (1.1) where f and g are vector fields defined on a neighborhood of the origin and u is the control function. It is assumed that f(0) = 0. In many practical situations it is desired to keep the state x at or near 0 by using a feedback controller i.e. find a function x defined on a neighborhood of the origin such that, $$x = f{\text{(}}x{\text{) + }}g{\text{(}}x{\text{)}}\alpha (x{\text{)}}$$ (1.2) is locally asymptotically stable at 0.
BASIC TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS AT THE SHENANDOAH STEP

ABSTRACT Basic technology research including the development of an improved beam irradiation model and the development of a system for detailed field evaluation of the optical performance of paraboloidal dish collectors is described.
State-specific individualized functional networks form a predictive signature of brain state

Abstract There is extensive evidence that human brain functional organization is dynamic, varying within a subject as the brain switches between tasks demands. This functional organization also varies across subjects, even when they are all engaged in similar tasks. Currently, we lack a comprehensive model that unifies the two dimensions of variation (brain state and subject). Using fMRI data obtained across multiple task-evoked and rest conditions (which we operationally define as brain states) and across multiple subjects, we develop a state-and subject-specific functional network parcellation (the assignment of nodes to networks). Our parcellation approach provides a measure of how node-to-network assignment (NNA) changes across states and across subjects. We demonstrate that the brain’s functional networks are not spatially fixed, but reconfigure with brain state. This reconfiguration is robust and reliable to such an extent that it can be used to predict brain state with accuracies up to 97%.
Isoflurane Inhibits Dopaminergic Synaptic Vesicle Exocytosis Coupled to CaV2.1 and CaV2.2 in Rat Midbrain Neurons.

Abstract Volatile anesthetics affect neuronal signaling by poorly understood mechanisms. Activation of central dopaminergic pathways has been implicated in emergence from general anesthesia. The volatile anesthetic isoflurane differentially inhibits glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic vesicle (SV) exocytosis by reducing presynaptic Ca2+ influx without affecting the Ca2+-exocytosis relationship, but its effects on dopaminergic exocytosis are unclear. We tested the hypothesis that isoflurane inhibits exocytosis in dopaminergic neurons. We used electrical stimulation or depolarization by elevated extracellular KCl to evoke exocytosis measured by quantitative live-cell fluorescence imaging in cultured rat ventral tegmental area neurons. Using trains of electrically evoked action potentials (APs), isoflurane inhibited exocytosis in dopaminergic neurons to a greater extent (30 ± 4% inhibition; p
Quality of CT Imaging of Periocular Metallic Foreign Bodies Using Artifact Reduction Software.

PURPOSE CT is the standard of care for assessment of ocular and orbital trauma; however, artifacts from metallic foreign bodies can limit the utility of CT. The authors hypothesize that implementation of metal artifact reduction techniques can improve image quality and diagnostic confidence for a diverse group of interpreters. METHODS A case series of ten subjects with retained periocular metallic foreign bodies imaged with CT were identified retrospectively from a large urban trauma center. Postacquisition images were processed with an iterative-based metal streak artifact reduction software. The severity of the metal streak artifact was assessed by clinicians including radiologists (4), ophthalmologists (4), and oculoplastic specialists (3) using a numeric scale to grade images on seven clinically relevant criteria. Each image was also analyzed to measure the size of the artifact and degree of streaking. RESULTS Overall confidence in diagnosis and severity of metallic streak was improved with metallic artifact reduction (p < 0.001, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). Similarly, confidence in assessing specific features-including extra-ocular muscle, optic nerve, globe rupture, orbital fracture and identification of foreign bodies-was improved after metallic artifact reduction (p < 0.001, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). The standard deviation of pixel intensity for a path surrounding the foreign body as well as the area of the streak artifact decreased in the metallic artifact reduction-processed images (p < 0.001, paired t test). CONCLUSIONS Metal artifact reduction in CT has potential benefits in improving image quality and reader confidence for periocular trauma cases in real-world settings.
Perceptions of campus authorities: Institutional responses, fairness, and bystander action

Objective: This study is an examination of college students' bystander behaviors in relation to several exosystem factors related to their institution, including trust in their college's support systems, perceived procedural justice by campus police, and perceived procedural justice by campus administrators. Participants: Online surveys were completed by 223 students at a mid-sized public institution in the Northeastern U.S. Methods: Responses were analyzed using an OLS multiple regression to examine bystander behaviors in relation to their perceptions of institutional exosystem factors. Results: Students who felt more favorably about both campus police and campus admin were more likely to have intervened in the past as a bystander; trust in school had no effect. Conclusions: Perceptions of institutional leaders and representatives are important to consider as influential motivators for bystander behavior. School personnel trainings and policies which increase visibility of staff as trustworthy and fair should be part of comprehensive campus antiviolence efforts.
Loss of β-Cytoplasmic Actin in the Intestinal Epithelium Increases Gut Barrier Permeability in vivo and Exaggerates the Severity of Experimental Colitis

Intestinal epithelial barrier is critical for the maintenance of normal gut homeostasis and disruption of this barrier may trigger or exaggerate mucosal inflammation. The actin cytoskeleton is a key regulator of barrier structure and function, controlling the assembly and permeability of epithelial adherens and tight junctions. Epithelial cells express two actin isoforms: a β-cytoplasmic actin and γ-cytoplasmic actin. Our previous in vitro studies demonstrated that these actin isoforms play distinctive roles in establishing the intestinal epithelial barrier, by controlling the organization of different junctional complexes. It remains unknown, whether β-actin and γ-actin have unique or redundant functions in regulating the gut barrier in vivo. To address this question, we selectively knocked out β-actin expression in mouse intestinal epithelium. Mice with intestinal epithelial knockout of β-actin do not display gastrointestinal abnormalities or gross alterations of colonic mucosal architecture. This could be due to compensatory upregulation of γ-actin expression. Despite such compensation, β-actin knockout mice demonstrate increased intestinal permeability. Furthermore, these animals show more severe clinical symptoms during dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis, compared to control littermates. Such exaggerated colitis is associated with the higher expression of inflammatory cytokines, increased macrophage infiltration in the gut, and accelerated mucosal cell death. Consistently, intestinal organoids generated from β-actin knockout mice are more sensitive to tumor necrosis factor induced cell death, ex vivo. Overall, our data suggests that β-actin functions as an essential regulator of gut barrier integrity in vivo, and plays a tissue protective role during mucosal injury and inflammation.
Cold pressor pain assessment based on EEG power spectrum

Patients’ pain level of the patients is a fundamental factor for the patients’ anesthetics usage. To investigate the responses of electroencephalogram (EEG) to cold pressor pain in the frequency domain, twenty healthy subjects’ EEG signals were recorded during a cold pressor test. A band-pass filter and independent component analysis were used to preprocess the EEG signal. Fast Fourier transformation as used to analyze the EEG power spectrum. Paired t-tests were performed on the EEG power to investigate the significance of the difference between pain and no-pain EEG power. In pain state, the EEG power increased significantly at EEG channel location Cz, O1, and O2 over most frequency bands: 1–4 Hz, 4–8 Hz, 8–13 Hz, 13–30 Hz, 30–50 Hz. The EEG power of the gamma band increased over extensive brain regions in pain condition. This study suggests that the power of EEG data in pain state has a higher value over most frequency bands. The central and occipital brain regions show the most significant differences between no-pain and pain state. The findings of this study provide evidence that EEG is a promising tool to objectively assess the pain level of human beings.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions About Medicolegal Education: A Survey of OB/GYN Residents.

Introduction Medicolegal concerns affect the career decisions of obstetrics/gynecology (OB/GYN) residents; however, their exposure to medicolegal education during residency training is virtually unknown. Objective To assess the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of medicolegal concepts among OB/GYN residents. Methods All residents in an accredited residency training program in OB/GYN in the United States during the 2017-2018 academic year were invited to complete an anonymous online survey. Results Of the 5152 OB/GYN residents invited to complete the survey; nearly 17% (n = 866) responded. Basic medicolegal knowledge was poor. Almost 60% of respondents (n = 500) could not identify malpractice as a form of tort liability. Among respondents, 44% (n = 378) reported receiving no medicolegal education during residency, 21% (n = 181) were unsure, and 34% (n = 293) reported receiving some education. Of those who reported receiving medicolegal education, the majority, 66% (n = 549), received it informally: by "word of mouth" or by "observing colleagues." Most (67%, n = 571) of the residents did not believe they had adequate exposure to medicolegal topics, and 19% (n = 163) were unsure. Ninety-two percent of residents (n = 782) reported concerns about being sued, and 67% (n = 571) believed that formal instruction during residency training may prevent lawsuits. Conclusion Exposure to medicolegal topics during OB/GYN residency training is very limited and unstructured. This study showed that residents desire a more formalized medicolegal curriculum during postgraduate training and that implementation may have several benefits.