cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Jeffersonian Walls and Madisonian Lines: The Supreme Court's Interpretation of the First Amendment Religion Clauses

In Everson v. Board of Education (1947), Justice Wiley Rutledge observed that '[n]o provision of the Constitution is more closely tied to or given content by its generating history than the religious clause of the First Amendment. It is at once the refined product and the terse summation of that history.' Scholars and activists argue about the relevance or irrelevance of the Supreme Court’s use of history in general, and the extent to which Justices are good historians. These debates have been particularly furious with respect to the Court’s use of history in religion clause cases. Although broad claims are often made about the Court’s use of history in these cases, they are either unsupported generalities or extrapolations from a careful reading of only a handful of the Court’s many Free Exercise and Establishment Clause cases. In my essay I offer a systematic analysis of every religion clause case decided by the Supreme Court. I begin by providing original data drawn from these cases that clearly and succinctly address how Justices have used history in their opinions. I show the extent to which Justices have appealed to history and, when they do so, to whom or what they appeal. I then look at the distribution of religion clause cases over time and consider whether there are patterns with respect to the Court’s use of history. I proceed to study individual Justices, particularly the extent to which they tend to write opinions in religion clause cases and how often they use history. In this discussion I define what it means to be 'liberal' or 'conservative' in these cases and place Justices on an ideological continuum based upon every vote cast between 1940 and 2005. I follow this with an examination of the extent to which jurisprudential liberals and conservatives differ in their use of history. In the essay’s penultimate section I offer a narrative account of the Court’s use of history in religion clause cases with an emphasis on opinions where Justices consciously reflect on the relevance or irrelevance of history. I conclude by arguing that if Justices are going to make historical arguments that they should make good ones, and I suggest ways in which their historical arguments in religion clause opinions could be significantly improved.
Reasoning about threads communicating via locks

We propose a new technique for the static analysis of concurrent programs comprised of multiple threads. In general, the problem is known to be undecidable even for programs with only two threads but where the threads communicate using CCS-style pairwise rendezvous [11]. However, in practice, a large fraction of concurrent programs can either be directly modeled as threads communicating solely using locks or can be reduced to such systems either by applying standard abstract interpretation techniques or by exploiting separation of control from data. For such a framework, we show that for the commonly occurring case of threads with nested access to locks, the problem is efficiently decidable. Our technique involves reducing the analysis of a concurrent program with multiple threads to individually analyzing augmented versions of the given threads. This not only yields decidability but also avoids construction of the state space of the concurrent program at hand and thus bypasses the state explosion problem making our technique scalable. We go on to show that for programs with threads that have non-nested access to locks, the static analysis problem for programs with even two threads becomes undecidable even for reachability, thus sharpening the result of [11]. As a case study, we consider the Daisy file system [1] which is a benchmark for analyzing the efficacy of different methodologies for debugging concurrent programs and provide results for the detection of several bugs.
Interfacial ordering of thermotropic liquid crystals triggered by the secondary structures of oligopeptides

We report that assemblies formed by eight oligopeptides at phospholipid-decorated interfaces of thermotropic liquid crystals (LCs) trigger changes in ordering of the LCs that are dependent on the secondary structures of the oligopeptides (as characterized in situ using infrared-visible sum-frequency spectroscopy).
The Role of Career Colleges

Career colleges may have an important role in addressing the educational needs of underrepresented racial and ethnic groups in higher education, such as African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans/Alaska Natives. This study focused on examining the extent to which career colleges meet the needs of these ethnic racial and minority students in states with the highest educational needs through analysis of publicly available data from NCHEMS, the Educational Needs Index, the American Community Survey, and College Navigator (IPEDS) on a sample of 114 for-profit career colleges and 40 public/not-for-profit colleges. Racial/ethnic categories corresponded to categories reported in the IPEDS dataset. Career colleges outperformed other colleges in graduating students from these racial and ethnic minority backgrounds. Career colleges successful at enrolling, retaining, and/or graduating students from one racial or ethnic minority group appear to benefit students who are members of other racial or ethnic minority groups. Students may see that members of another racial or ethnic minority group can succeed in higher education and think that they can succeed, too. The results suggest narrowly focused diversity efforts on specific racial or ethnic student subpopulations may derive benefit across multiple subpopulations of students from racial and ethnic minority groups.
Management of Challenging Urethro-ileal Anastomosis During Robotic Assisted Radical Cystectomy with Intracorporeal Neobladder Formation

Abstract Background Robotic assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) is increasingly being adopted, but intracorporeal neobladder formation remains a challenging procedure limited to selected centers. Common challenges with intracorporeal neobladder formation relate to fashioning a tension-free urethro-ileal anastomosis. In this paper, we describe a series of maneuvers to overcome these challenges that we believe will be of great utility to surgeons performing intracorporeal neobladder. Objective To describe maneuvers to overcome challenges during intracorporeal urethro-ileal anastomosis formation and to report postoperative outcomes for patients in whom these maneuvers were used. Design, setting, and participants A retrospective review of medical records of patients who underwent RARC with intracorporeal neobladder performed by one surgeon (G.-P.H.) at our tertiary center from January 2012 to February 2015 in which at least one additional maneuver was required beyond preservation of urethral length, removal of the sigmoid colon from the pelvis, and careful ileal loop selection. The primary end point was 90-d complications. Follow-up ranged from 6 to 36 mo, and 16 patients had at least 1-yr follow-up. Surgical procedure RARC with intracorporeal neobladder formation. Outcome measurements and statistical analyses Clinical and operative data collected from a prospectively maintained, institutional review board–approved database. Maneuvers used during intracorporeal urethro-ileal anastomosis were recorded. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate postoperative outcomes. Results and limitations Nineteen patients met the inclusion criteria. Mean operative time was 486min (standard deviation: 112min) with median hospitalization of 7 d (interquartile range: 7–9 d). Seven patients (36.8%) experienced a complication, with one (5.3%) major complication thought to be unrelated to surgery. No open conversions were required. There was no 90-d mortality. Conclusions Our stepwise approach can help overcome challenges of urethro-ileal anastomosis during intracorporeal neobladder formation. Patient summary When performing intracorporeal neobladder formation, challenges are often encountered in fashioning the urethro-ileal anastomosis. We describe a series of maneuvers that, when used in a stepwise manner, help overcome these challenges.
The etiology and pathogenesis of osteonecrosis

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head accounts for 10% of all total hip replacements performed in the United States. Causative factors leading to osteonecrosis include hypercortisolism, trauma, alcohol, dysbarism, collagen vascular disorders, renal transplantation, and chemotherapy. Pathogenesis of osteonecrosis in some of these conditions remains to be defined. Various experimental studies using animal models of osteonecrosis has shown the importance of intravascular coagulation, fat embolism, intramedullary hemorrhage, and increased intraosseous pressure in the pathogenesis of this condition.
A parameter-free stabilized finite element method for scalar advection-diffusion problems.

We formulate and study numerically a new, parameter-free stabilized finite element method for advection-diffusion problems. Using properties of compatible finite element spaces we establish connection between nodal diffusive fluxes and one-dimensional diffusion equations on the edges of the mesh. To define the stabilized method we extend this relationship to the advection-diffusion case by solving simplified one-dimensional versions of the governing equations on the edges. Then we use H(curl)-conforming edge elements to expand the resulting edge fluxes into an exponentially fitted flux field inside each element. Substitution of the nodal flux by this new flux completes the formulation of the method. Utilization of edge elements to define the numerical flux and the lack of stabilization parameters differentiate our approach from other stabilized methods. Numerical studies with representative advection-diffusion test problems confirm the excellent stability and robustness of the new method. In particular, the results show minimal overshoots and undershoots for both internal and boundary layers on uniform and non-uniform grids.
The ancient origin of a second microbial pathway for L-tyrosine biosynthesis in prokaryotes

The 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate pathway of L-tyrosine biosynthesis is well known. The presence of a second pathway appears to be a group characteristic of the blue-green algae (bacteria) which accordingly synthesize L-tyrosine by transamination of prephenate followed by a dehydrogenation reaction. An amino acid metabolite, pretyrosine, is the novel biochemical intermediate of the new pathway (denoted the pretyrosine pathway). All species of blue-green bacteria tested possessed only the pretyrosine pathway, while a variety of non-photosynthetic taxa exhibited only the 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate pathway. A cell type that may reflect some properties of an ancient evolutionary intermediate is the pseudomonad group, a possibility suggested by the ability ofPseudomonas aeruginosa extracts to carry out both sets of pathway reactions.
Modeling heterogeneous responsiveness of intrinsic apoptosis pathway

Background Apoptosis is a cell suicide mechanism that enables multicellular organisms to maintain homeostasis and to eliminate individual cells that threaten the organism’s survival. Dependent on the type of stimulus, apoptosis can be propagated by extrinsic pathway or intrinsic pathway. The comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanism of apoptotic signaling allows for development of mathematical models, aiming to elucidate dynamical and systems properties of apoptotic signaling networks. There have been extensive efforts in modeling deterministic apoptosis network accounting for average behavior of a population of cells. Cellular networks, however, are inherently stochastic and significant cell-to-cell variability in apoptosis response has been observed at single cell level.
Tissue distribution of branched chain ketoacid decarboxylase.

Abstract The ability to transaminate and decarboxylate [ i - 14 C]leucine is widely distributed in guinea pig tissue and is present early in fetal life. The peripheral white blood cell in the human can also transaminate and decarboxylate [ i - 14 C]leucine, but the red blood cell, placenta and adult muscle can not. Using sodium α-[ i - 14 C]ketoisovalerate as substrate, placental mitochondria and muscle homogenate produced only minimal amounts of decarboxylation of questionable significance. Fractionation of guinea pig liver revealed the cytoplasmic decarboxylase activity to be concentrated in the mitochondrial fraction.
A New Computational Method for Probabilistic Elastic-Plastic Fracture Analysis

This paper presents a polynomial dimensional decomposition method for calculating the probability distributions of random crack-driving forces commonly encountered in elastic-plastic fracture analysis of ductile solids. The method involves a hierarchical decomposition of a multivariate function in terms of variables with increasing dimensions, a broad range of orthonormal polynomial bases consistent with the probability measure for Fourier-polynomial expansion of component functions, and an innovative dimension-reduction integration for calculating the expansion coefficients. Unlike the previous development, the new decomposition does not require sample points, yet it generates a convergent sequence of lower-variate estimates of the probability distributions of crack-driving forces. Numerical results, including the probability of fracture initiation of a through-walled-cracked pipe, indicate that the decomposition method developed provides accurate, convergent, and computationally efficient estimates of the probabilistic characteristics of the J-integral. DOI: 10.1115/1.4000159
Attributions and discipline history as predictors of child abuse potential and future discipline practices.

Objectives: We attempted to identify factors that can be applied in primary and secondary prevention programs and expand the understanding of why those who were not abused may engage in abusive behavior. The purpose of this research was to explore how young adults’ attributions of whether they deserved their childhood discipline, as well as their abuse history, relate to physical child abuse potential and their discipline plans for their future children. Method: A sample of 140 non-parent college students were asked to report on their discipline history, perceptions of that discipline, child abuse potential, and expected discipline practices. An age range of 18–20 was targeted for multiple reasons, including the suitability of these young adults for primary and secondary prevention programs. Results: Analyses revealed that both physical child abuse potential and future discipline practices were independently predicted by respondents’ belief that they deserved their discipline in conjunction with the harshness of their childhood discipline. Discussion: These results suggest that the attributions of self-blame held by young adults about their discipline experiences are significant for increasing physical abuse potential regardless of whether the individual reports a history of abuse.
A functional phase-integral method and applications to the laser beam propagation in random media

The problem of propagation of a high-intensity light beam in a half-space with random inhomogeneities is treated. An exact solution is constructed through a functional integral representation. For a Gaussian random field, the exact moments of solution are given explicitly. A functional phase-integral method is developed to provide an asymptotic evaluation of the moment integrals. The method is applied to two problems in a stochastic laser beam propagation in random media with a homogeneous background or with a focusing effect.
Long-term efficacy and safety of terazosin in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Terazosin Research Group.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate long-term efficacy and safety of terazosin, a selective alpha, blocker, in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Methods This was a long-term (42 months), open-label, multicenter study with patients evaluated at 1- to 6-month intervals. Twenty-three outpatient clinics throughout the Unites States and Canada participated in the study. A total of 494 men with symptomatic BPH, lacking absolute indications for surgery, were enrolled in this study; 298 were transferred into the study from randomized, placebo-controlled studies of terazosin and 196 had no prior terazosin therapy. Terazosin was given starting at 1 mg/d and titrated upward until symptoms were relieved or a maximum dose of 20 mg/d was achieved, whichever came first. Results Peak urinary flow rates at all visits were significantly higher than baseline values, with mean improvements ranging from 1.0 to 4.0 mL/s. At 3 months, 40% of patients exhibited a 30% or greater improvement in peak flow rate; this improvement was maintained through 42 months. Boyarsky symptom scores improved significantly at all visits; mean total score improved by at least 4.0 points (40%) at all visits beyond 3 months. The most common adverse events resulting in premature termination from the study were dizziness (6.7%), asthenia (3.8%), and somnolence (2.0%). Conclusions This study suggests that terazosin is well tolerated and effective in long-term treatment of patients with BPH.
An exploration of the brand identity–brand image linkage: A communications perspective

This paper discusses the concepts of brand identity and brand image from a communications perspective. Brand identity originates from the company, ie a company is responsible for creating a differentiated product with unique features. Brand image refers to consumer perceptions and encompasses a set of beliefs that consumers have about the brand. Brand identity and brand image are related but distinct concepts. Both are essential ingredients of strong brands. A firm can enhance brand loyalty by ensuring that there is congruence between brand identity and brand image. Key changes taking place in today's communications environment have been identified and suggestions are offered on how to strengthen the identity–image linkage.
Recombinant plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 protects platelets against the inhibitory effects of plasmin.

Plasmin-induced degradation of platelet glycoprotein Ib (GPIb), the von Willebrand factor (vWF) receptor, has been implicated as a mechanism contributing to the development of platelet dysfunction following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The goal of this study was to assess whether biologically active recombinant plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (rPAI-1), could antagonize the inhibitory effects of plasmin on GPIb. GPIb function, as evaluated by measuring vWF-dependent, ristocetin-induced platelet agglutination in human platelet rich plasma (PRP) was significantly impaired following incubation with plasmin (60 ± 14% inhibition, p<0.01). Inclusion of rPAI-1 (10 μ/ml) in the PRP antagonized this plasmin effect, restoring agglutination to 92 ± 8% of the control value (p<0.01). The effect of rPAI-1 on the enzymatic activity of plasmin was further evaluated in an amidolytic assay with the plasmin substrate S2251 where an apparent second order rate constant of plasmin inhibition by rPAI-1 of 9.4 × 104M −1S −1 was determined. Our results suggest that rPAI-1, by inhibiting both tissue plasminogen activator-induced plasmin generation and plasmin activity directly, may have clinical value for improving platelet function during and after CPB.
Characterization of water distribution in bread during storage using magnetic resonance imaging.

Abstract A soy bread of fully acceptable quality and containing 49% soy ingredients (with or without 5% almond powder) has been recently developed in our laboratory. An investigation on water distribution and mobility, as probed by proton signal intensity and T 2 magnetic resonance images, during storage was designed to examine possible relations between water states and hindered staling rate upon soy or soy–almond addition. Water proton distribution throughout soy-containing loaves was found to be very homogeneous in fresh breads with and without almond, with minimal water migration occurring during prolonged storage. In contrast, traditional wheat bread displayed an inhomogeneous water proton population that tended to change (with higher moisture migration towards the outer perimeter of the slice) during storage. Similar results were found for water mobility throughout the loaves, as depicted in T 2 images. On intensity images of all considered bread varieties, the outer perimeter corresponding to the crust exhibited lower signal intensity due to decreased water content. Higher T 2 values were found in the crust of soy breads with and without almond, which were attributed to lipids. The results indicated that the addition of soy to bread improved the homogeneous distribution of water molecules, which may hinder the staling rate of soy-containing breads. However, incorporation of almond had little effect on the water proton distribution or mobility of soy breads.
Effects of oxcarbazepine and phenytoin on the EEG and cognition in healthy volunteers

We studied the EEG and cognitive effects of oxcarbazepine (OXC) and phenytoin (PHT) using a double-blind, randomized, parallel-group design. Thirty-two healthy volunteers received a maximum of 1200 mg of OXC or 360 mg of PHT. EEG and cognitive testing were performed at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment. For each subject and measure, test–retest Z scores were calculated from regression equations derived from 73 healthy controls. Twenty-six subjects completed the study. Both the OXC and PHT groups had significant slowing of the EEG peak frequency and increased relative theta and delta power. Differences between AEDs (antiepileptic drugs) were not significant. Significant cognitive effects were seen on 5 of 20 measures, primarily measures of motor speed and reaction time. Again, there were no significant differences between AEDs. The only significant difference between AEDs was for the POMS–Vigor scale, favoring OXC. The small sample size may have contributed to the lack of significant differences between AEDs.
Rejection of skin allografts by radiation chimaeras: selective gene action in the specification of cell surface structure.

Use of the technique of acquired tolerance suggests that epidermal cells contain distinctive transplantation allo-antigens—antigens not also possessed by marrow and lymphoid cells.
The bright future of cardiothoracic surgery in the era of changing healthcare delivery.

We are currently at a crossroads in our specialty and in the American healthcare delivery system. The manner in which we approach the next 5 to 10 years will deeply affect the future of our specialty. Thoracic surgery has had many accomplishments during my 35-year career that have improved the healthcare for the American public and others. As cardiothoracic surgeons, we have a legacy to be proud of, and the future promises to be every bit as exciting. In spite of these tremendous advances and the potential for future scientific achievements, there has been considerable uncertainty and pessimism because of the changing structure of healthcare in the United States. This has largely been stimulated by increasing healthcare expenditures leading to the development of health maintenance organizations in the hopes of curtailing expenses by competition and capitation. In addition to cost containment, managed care is likely to have an impact on the future workforce of cardiothoracic surgeons. Much of our future will be determined by how well we adapt to the changing environment and take charge of our destiny. The demand for performance information for managed care plans will be much greater than it has been in the past. It is, therefore, imperative that we collect data to reflect the quality and value of our work to ensure that significant quality is not being sacrificed for cost containment. We cardiothoracic surgeons must develop our own information management strategies so that we can be in control of our future. If we do this, I am confident that the future of cardiothoracic surgery will be a bright one indeed.
How democracies fight insurgents and terrorists

Democracies violate some of the laws of war in the Geneva Conventions and some peacetime criminal justice norms when they fight insurgents and terrorists. Restraints on excesses and abuses weaken in a national security emergency. A balance between security measures for effective counter terrorism and maintaining democratic values tends to tip for security at the expense of civil liberties. On the basis of the British experience in Northern Ireland, the Israeli response to the Palestinian intifada, and the Bush administration's “war on terror,” I find that the “maximum security state” improvised by the Bush administration after 9/11 violates democratic norms beyond what is required for security, but that the “business as usual” approach advocated by others is ineffective for thwarting terrorist acts and bringing terrorists to justice. Instead, emergency measures should be grounded on “good intelligence and the rule of law,” which criminalizes recruitment of terrorists and advocacy for terrorism, and which ...
Starter populations as determined under steady state conditions

Continuous cultures of some heterotrophic Spirilli (Sp. serpens, Sp. curvatum, Sp. sp.) exhibit threshold concentrations of lactate, the growth limiting carbon and energy source, around 15 mg./l. This value corresponds to a threshold population density of 0.92 mg. dry weight/l. at a dilution rate of D = 0.185 hr.−1 (= 0.5 maximum growth rate). The minimum population density, which is regarded as equivalent to the starter population in batch culture, was dependent on the growth rate and the redox potential. The existence of minimum populations and the pronounced effect of population density on growth at low nutrient levels seem to be widespread phenomena closely related to growth under suboptimal conditions.
Is stimulus competition an acquisition deficit or a performance deficit

Traditionally, blocking (X-outcome, followed by XY-outcome, resulting in attenuated conditioned responding to Y, relative to XY-outcome alone) has been explained in terms of the X-outcome association’s preventing the acquisition of the Y-outcome association. This view is challenged by models that view stimulus competition as a deficit in the expression of the acquired Y-outcome association. Here, we provide evidence that blocking is a performance deficit in which the Y-outcome association, the to-be-blocked stimulus, can affect behavioral control by the blocking stimulus (i.e., attenuate responding to X). The results are discussed in terms of acquisition and performance models of stimulus competition.
Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors' extended duration of response as a variable in the treatment of erectile dysfunction

The phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors, sildenafil, tadalafil and vardenafil, are a class of medications that are safe and effective in treating erectile dysfunction (ED). Yet, resuming sexual activity following a period of abstinence in response to ED may be anxiety-provoking for the man, his partner and their relationship, causing the sexual encounter to become a stressful event. The differences between PDE5 inhibitors in terms of duration of action can be successfully utilized by healthcare professionals to mitigate some of the psychosocial barriers that interfere with treating ED. PDE5 inhibitors with a longer duration of responsiveness provide some men with ED and their partners, a treatment option that may offer greater flexibility and potentially less anxiety surrounding the resumption of sexual activity. Shorter-acting PDE5s may be preferred by men/couples with predictable sexual scripts, excellent communication strategies and concerns regarding the duration of side effects.
Does Top-Down, Standards-Based Reform Work? A Review of the Status of Statewide Standards- Based Reform

What is meant by a "standards-based system?" Will the process of becoming more standards-based enhance our overall educational prod uct ? Do state and federal mandates relating to the development o...
Social cognition and interaction training (SCIT) for outpatients with schizophrenia : A preliminary study

Social functioning deficits (e.g., social skill, community functioning) are a core feature of schizophrenia. These deficits are only minimally improved via the frontline treatments for schizophrenia (e.g. medication, social skills training, cognitive-behavioral therapy). Social cognition is a promising treatment target in this regard as it may be more strongly related to social functioning outcomes than traditional neurocognitive domains [Couture, S., Penn, D.L., Roberts, D.L., 2006. The functional significance of social cognition in schizophrenia: a review. Schizophrenia Bulletin (Suppl. 1), S-44-63]. Social cognition and interaction training (SCIT) is a 20-week, manualized, group treatment designed to improve social functioning in schizophrenia by way of improved social cognition. This article reports preliminary data from a quasi-experimental study comparing SCIT + treatment as usual (TAU; n=20) to TAU alone (n=11) among outpatients. Results using analysis of variance (ANOVA) suggest SCIT-related improvements in emotion perception and social skill.
Rat intestinal brush border membrane dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase IV: Kinetic properties and substrate specificities of the purified enzyme

Abstract The kinetic properties and substrate specificities of dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase IV (EC 3.4.14.—) detergent-solubilized and purified from the brush border membrane of rat small intestinal mucosal cells were investigated. Kinetic analysis of purified dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase IV was carried out with a variety of oligopeptides and β-napthylamide derivatives as substrates. In general, peptides with proline penultimate to the amino terminus ( X Pro, X = amino acid) are more favored substrates while those with alanine ( X Ala) are hydrolyzed at a slower rate. There is some activity toward substrates having leucine at both the penultimate position and amino terminus (LeuLeu). The activity of the purified enzyme toward Gly l Proβ-napthylamide derivative is maximal at pH 8.4 in Tris-HCl buffer, with an activation energy of 7.98 kcal/mol. There is no requirement for metal ion. The ability of various dipeptides to inhibit Gly- l -Pro-β-napthylamide derivative hydrolysis was used to determine the binding specificity of the enzyme for the amino-terminal amino acid. These data show that a free amino acid group is necessary for enzymatic activity and increased hydrophobicity of the amino acid at the amino terminus enhances binding.
THE GROWTH OF CHLORELLA PYRENOIDOSA UNDER VARIOUS CULTURE CONDITIONS

The unicellular algae are being used with increasing frequency in studies on the nature of the photosynthetic mechanism. These algae are excellent experimental material. Their measurable gas exchange is not subject to certain of the complexities of higher plants, e.g., stomatal behavior. They can be used in thick suspensions to obtain almost total light absorption or in such thin suspensions that the variation in light intensity within the sample becomes negligible. They are adapted to the comparatively simple and accurate manometric measurement of gas exchange. Furthermore, effects of individual variation among samples from any one batch of cells are minimized since any one sample usually contains billions of individuals. The procedure of growing algae introduced by Warburg (16) and described in detail by Gaffron (4) has been commonly followed. Certain strains of the alga Chlorella have been most widely used. In one sense the choice of this form is not particularly fortunate since it reproduces by formation of a variable number of autospores within the parent cell. This means that Chlorella cells may be subject to wider variation in size than might be expected of a form such as Stichococcus which multiplies by binary fission. Cultures are commonly grown in a mineral salt solution in 250to S00-ml. flasks, with a current of air fortified with carbon dioxide (^ 3 to 5 per cent.) bubbled through, at a temperature in the range of 20 to 25? C, and illuminated by a tungsten filament lamp giving an incident intensity in the range of 50 to 500 foot candles. This technique has proved so convenient and reliable that no comprehensive study of growth conditions has been undertaken. A few workers have chosen other algae or followed other procedures of culture, but the study of growth conditions or comparison between various algae has been limited. In one sense the standardization of procedure in culture is fortunate since comparisons between data of different laboratories are facilitated. But by the same token the photosynthetic mechanism has been given an appearance of stability which may not be warranted. It would seem that a point has been reached at which the relations between culture conditions and the development of the photosynthetic mechanism can profitably be explored. It is the thesis of this and succeeding papers of the series that one approach to the photosynthesis problem lies in a study of photosynthetic behavior in relation to conditions of culture. A step in this direction has been taken by Sargent (12) in studying certain effects of light intensity on photosynthetic behavior.
Stochastic theory for molecular collisions in the perturbation limit

Previous stochastic theory research has described individual molecular collisions by a master equation or a Fokker–Planck equation. The perturbation (weak coupling) limit of this theory is examined more carefully in this paper. It is shown how the formulation reduces to exact quantum mechanics in the perturbation regime. The methods are applied to the collinear forced quantum oscillator model for purposes of comparison with other theories. The results of this work and previous research show that stochastic collision theory firmly connects up to both the weak and strong coupling limits. It is suggestive that computationally attractive schemes which afford reasonable accuracy can now be developed for the intermediate coupling regime as well.
Automating manufacturability evaluation in CAD systems through expert systems approaches

Abstract Design for Manufacturability (DFM) represents a new awareness of the importance of product design as an integral part of manufacturing activities. Good design guidelines exist in industry for frequently used manufacturing processes. These guidelines are systematic statements of good design practices, empirically derived over years of design and manufacturing experience. Ensuring that the given product design conforms to each of the guidelines specific to the selected process results in better manufacturability. To meet the objectives of the DFM approach, design and manufacturing planning activities have to be combined into a single engineering effort and applied througout the life cycle of a product. Computer-aided design (CAD) systems offer powerful features such as the ability to develop complex solid models and perform engineering analyses, including stress analysis, interobject interference, collision detection, and inertial analysis. However, a prominent limitation faced by designers in CAD systems is the lack of “intelligence.” Though designs could be developed, analyzed, and perfected from a functional viewpoint in CAD systems, manufacturability consideration may get little or no attention at all. As a result, product designs that are functionally sound may be developed at a high manufacturing cost. Thus, intelligence should be incorporated in CAD systems, whereby product designs could not only be developed and analyzed but also evaluated for cost and manufacturability. This study attempts to perform this task automatically in a CAD system using a knowledge-based approach: the manufacturability criteria are considered for milling and drilling operations performed on a computerized numerically controlled (CNC) milling machine. The results obtained from the application of the expert system suggest that the expert systems methodology is a feasible method for implementing manufacturability evaluation capability in CAD systems.
Total Synthesis of (+)-Trienomycins A and F via C–C Bond-Forming Hydrogenation and Transfer Hydrogenation

The triene-containing C17-benzene ansamycins trienomycins A and F were prepared in 16 steps (longest linear sequence, LLS) and 28 total steps. The C11–C13 stereotriad was generated via enantioselective Ru-catalyzed alcohol CH syn crotylation followed by chelation-controlled carbonyl dienylation. Enantioselective Rh-catalyzed acetylene–aldehyde reductive coupling mediated by gaseous H2 was used to form a diene that ultimately was subjected to diene–diene ring closing metathesis to form the macrocycle. The present approach is 14 steps shorter (LLS) than the prior syntheses of trienomycins A and F, and 8 steps shorter than any prior synthesis of a triene-containing C17-benzene ansamycin.
Democratic place–making and multiculturalism

Multiculturalism has become a defining characteristic of late modern societies. For some, multiculturalism is at the forefront of democratizing processes, and for others, it undermines the possibility of democratic political community. Normative political theory offers several models of the democratic, and these models differ significantly in terms of the role given to culture. These models also suggest ideal geographies that become evident when considering democratic political community formation and multiculturalism as a form of place–making.
Determinants of emotion attributions: a unifying view

Two cognitive approaches, introduced by Schachter and Singer (1962) and by Valins (1966), have dominated the experimental study of emotion attributions. However, subsequent results using these approaches have not appeared to be very consistent, and this view is not consistent with more physiologically oriented theory. Research significant in the development of theory from these approaches was examined. Inconsistent findings using the Schachter and Singer paradigm were attributed to the difficulty of producting completely ambiguous physiological cues. The existence of active search in determining the cause of arousal was established and found central to production of Valins's false feedback effect. Postulated mediation by self-persuasion was found to provide the best fit to the existing data. The generality of these studies was described in terms of a more comprehensive theory based on the finding that the relative ambiguity of situational and physiological cues seems to provide the fundamental control over the emotion attribution process. This synthesis eliminates the deficiencies in previous hypotheses by more completely encompassing potential cue combinations.
6-Hydroxydopamine lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex fail to influence cocaine-induced place conditioning.

This study investigated the involvement of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) dopamine in cocaine place conditioning using a totally balanced place conditioning design. Presynaptic dopamine terminals of the mPFC were lesioned by bilaterally infusing the selective neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). These lesions significantly depleted dopamine (−83%) and norepinephrine (−70%) in the mPFC but there were no significant reduction in either the nucleus accumbens or in the caudate-putamen compared with sham-operated controls. Furthermore, serotonin levels were not affected in any of the brain regions investigated. These lesions failed to attenuate place conditioning induced by the intraperitoneal (i.p. 10 mg/kg) administration of cocaine when compared to sham lesioned controls. In addition, there were no significant differences in spontaneous locomotor activity between the two groups during the preconditioning phase or the test phase. These results suggest that 6-OHDA lesions which produced profound depletions of dopamine and norepinephrine in the mPFC did not alter the rewarding efficacy of cocaine as measured by the place conditioning paradigm.
Direct time-resolution of the stokes fluorescence shift of a polar molecular in a polar solvent

Abstract Direct picosecond-time-resolved measurements have been made of the temperature-dependent Stokes shift of the fluorescence spectrum of 2-amino,7-nitrofluorene in 2-propanol. Frequency-conversion gating was used to obtain time-resolution ≈ 10 ps and to maintain a high signal-to-noise ratio. Fluorescence decay times measured at different wavelengths were found to vary by up to an order of magnitude. These findings are interpreted in terms of independent relaxation processes in 2-propanol: solvent polarisation and solvent-assisted fluorescence quenching.
Polarized hyperon production with a high energy polarized proton beam

Abstract It is suggested that the high energy polarized proton beam now available at the Argonne National Laboratory Zero Gradient Synchrotron may provide a copious source of polarized hyperons, particularly lambdas. The potential value of this beam for investigating production processes is emphasized.
International human education rights commitments in US courts

The current study analyses the behaviours of US state actors in engaging in international human social rights practices. In particular, through citation count analysis, we examine the citation patterns of US federal and state courts in utilising international human rights instruments, such as international human social rights treaties, in facilitating human rights-based education rights. The empirical findings indicate that US federal and state courts are not engaging the global judicial human rights networks in promoting human rights-based education rights as a type of universal human social right. Theoretical and empirical implications are presented in the concluding section.
Lipids in plant tissue cultures. I. The fatty acid composition of triglycerides in rape and turnip rape cultures.

Abstract Rape ( Brassica napus cv. Target) and turnip rape ( Brassica campestris cv. Echo) were grown as callus cultures. The lipids isolated from these cultures were found to contain substantial amounts of monogalactosyl diglycerides, digalactosyl diglycerides, and phosphatidyl glycerol, whereas sulfolipids, ethanolamine phosphoglycerides and choline phosphoglycerides occurred in small proportions. The constituent fatty acids of the triglycerides from the two tissue cultures contained more than 50% of 18:3, but they were free of 22:1, which is a major fatty acid in the triglycerides from seed oils of both rape and turnip rape.
Modulation of Striatal Dopamine Release by Glycine Transport Inhibitors

Traditional models of schizophrenia have focused primarily upon dopaminergic (DA) dysregulation. In contrast, more recent models focus on dysfunction of glutamatergic systems, acting particularly through N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. NMDA receptors in brain are regulated by glycine, acting via a strychnine-insensitive regulatory site, and by glycine (GlyT1) transporters that maintain low glycine levels in the immediate vicinity of the NMDA receptor complex. The present study investigates the role of NMDA receptors in the modulation of striatal dopamine release in vitro, and of glycine transport inhibitors (GTIs) as potential psychotherapeutic agents in schizophrenia. In striatum, NMDA receptors exert dual excitatory/inhibitory effects, with inhibition reflecting activity of local GABAergic feedback regulation. We have previously demonstrated effectiveness of glycine in regulating [3H]DA release both in vivo and in vitro, consistent with its beneficial clinical effects. In the present study, similar effects were observed for the high-affinity GTI (+)N[3-(4′-fluorophenyl)-3-(4′-phenylphenoxy-)propyl]sarcosine (NFPS), and for a range of high-affinity GTIs with appropriate rank order of potency. In addition, (+)NFPS significantly stimulated NMDA-induced [3H]GABA release. Effects, of GTIs, were blocked by the glycine-site antagonists L689,560 and HA-966, and the GABAB antagonists phaclofen and CGP 52432, confirming the roles of both the NMDA-associated glycine-site and presynaptic GABAB receptors in NMDA receptor-mediated regulation of striatal DA release in vitro. Endogenous DA hyperactivity is associated with prominent positive symptoms in schizophrenia. The present results are consistent with recent clinical studies showing significant effectiveness of glycine-site agonists and GTIs in reduction of persistent positive, as well as negative, symptoms in schizophrenia.
Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation by an oligomer of prostaglandin B1, PGBx

PGBx is a synthetic, oligomeric derivative of prostaglandin B1 that has been shown to protect rat liver mitochondria from the deleterious effects of aging. In fresh mitochondria, PGBx inhibits reactions involving the F1F0-ATPase. It prevents the stimulation of respiration by ADP and inhibits ATP-driven Ca2+ transport. It has no effect, however, on Ca2+-stimulated respiration and associated proton movements, or on respiration-driven Ca2+ transport, indicating that PGBx is not an inhibitor of the electron transport chain. The ATPase activity of submitochondrial particles is inhibited by PGBx with mixed type kinetics in which both Km and V are affected. PGBx has no effect on the ATPase activity of soluble F1, but induces respiratory control in F1-deficient submitochondrial particles, indicating a mode of action similar to oligomycin and DCCD. The binding of DCCD to its proteolipid receptor is inhibited by PGBx, suggesting that this is the binding site for PGBx. It is concluded that PGBx inhibits reactions involving the F1F0-ATPase by binding at or near the DCCD-binding protein and blocking proton conduction through the F0 moiety of the complex.
Cryogenic readout electronics R&D for MicroBooNE and beyond

Large Liquid Argon (LAr) Time Projection Chambers (TPCs) are becoming very attractive for long baseline neutrino and proton decay experiments because of their imaging capabilities and their excellent energy resolution. To optimize the detector performance and boost its signal-to-noise ratio we are developing within the MicroBooNE collaboration front-end readout electronics operating at LAr temperatures. Some preliminary results are presented here.
Fatty acid metabolism in L1210 murine leukemia cells: differences in modification of fatty acids incorporated into various lipids.

L1210 leukemia cells can utilize all of the main fatty acids that normally are present in the ascites fluid in which they grow. This finding is consistent with the view that L1210 cells derive most of their fatty acids from the ascites fluid. From 80–90% of each fatty acid was incorporated into cell lipids without structural modification, suggesting that the lipid composition of these cells can be altered by changing the type of fatty acids to which they are exposed. Most importantly, the palmitate that was subsequently incorporated into total cell phospholipids was elongated and desaturated somewhat more than that incorporated into triglycerides. This difference was due primarily to more extensive modification of the palmitate incorporated into the ethanolamine phosphoglycerides fraction. Although there was no difference between total phospholipids and triglycerides with linoleate, more of the linoleate incorporated into ethanolamine phosphoglycerides was elongated and further desaturated than that incorporated into choline phosphoglycerides and triglycerides. These findings indicate that fatty acids incorporated into various cell lipid fractions are not structurally modified to the same extent. There appears to be greater modification of fatty acid used for ethanolamine phosphoglyceride synthesis as compared with triglyceride and choline phosphoglyceride synthesis.