cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Benign Fibro-Osseous Diseases: Current Concepts in Historical Perspective

Summary In this introductory article we have attempted to briefly survey fibro-osseous lesions from an historical perspective, citing references dating back to the earliest days of oral pathology. In addition, we have argued in favor of simplifying the classification system, and have posed several questions relative to nomenclature and the biologic behavior of some of these conditions. We wish to highlight certain issues in particular. First, it must be understood that the correct approach to diagnosis of fibro-osseous lesions requires a cooperative effort on the part of the clinician and the pathologist. It is foolhardy to rely on the microscopic features alone, because there is so much histopathologic overlap among different lesions. Our colleagues in oral and maxillofacial surgery are urged to include clinical information and radiographs when the biopsy specimen is submitted. Second, we have called attention to the concept of fibrous dysplasia as a systemic developmental condition with variable expressions that can differ from individual to individual. Bearing this in mind, it is suggested that, for example, hyperparathyroidism be ruled out routinely in the work-up of these patients, because it has been shown on occasion to occur in association with fibrous dysplasia. Third, we have reminded our colleagues that malignant change can occur in fibrous dysplasia even in the absence of prior irradiation. Fourth, we have suggested that the term monostotic fibrous dysplasia may be misleading because in actuality fibrous dysplasia rarely affects a single bone exclusively. Fifth, we have questioned the use of the term chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis: no one has demonstrated that the osteomyelitic process is itself in fact sclerosing. Relative to FOD, we agree with the idea that CSO represents chronic osteomyelitis superimposed on preexisting FOD. Sixth, precisely when does FOD begin? Could it be part of a more generalized multisystem disorder, as has been suggested recently? Seventh, we have addressed the issue of the use of the term of periodontal ligament origin and have suggested that there is little rationale for this designation in the terminology of fibro-osseous diseases. Finally, we have directed your attention to juvenile ossifying fibroma, which has been the subject of debate for several decades. What has emerged is now crystal clear: there are two distinct tumors with the same name and different site predilections. Although we have made an effort to be both informative and provocative, we recognize that what we have written here merely represents a cursory overview of the subject. Nonetheless, we anticipate that the ensuing articles will provide greater detail relative to diagnosis and management of the various lesions within the spectrum of fibro-osseous disease.
Identification of a conserved neutralizing epitope present on spike proteins from all highly pathogenic coronaviruses

Three pathogenic human coronaviruses have emerged, with SARS-2 causing a global pandemic. While therapeutic antibodies targeting the SARS-2 spike currently focus on the poorly conserved receptor-binding domain, targeting essential neutralizing epitopes on the more conserved S2 domain may provide broader protection. We report three antibodies binding epitopes conserved on the pre-fusion MERS, SARS-1 and SARS-2 spike S2 domains. Antibody 3A3 binds a conformational epitope with ~2.5 nM affinity and neutralizes in in vitro SARS-2 cell fusion and pseudovirus assays. Hydrogen-Deuterium exchange mass spectrometry identified residues 980-1006 in the flexible hinge region at the S2 apex as the 3A3 epitope, consistent with binding to natural and engineered spike variants. This location at the spike trimer interface suggests 3A3 prevents the S2 conformational rearrangements required for virus-host cell fusion. This work defines a highly conserved vulnerable site on the SARS-2 S2 domain and may help guide design of pan-protective spike immunogens.
Epinephrine plus chest compressions is superior to epinephrine alone in a hypoxia-induced porcine model of pseudo-pulseless electrical activity

Abstract Aim Pseudo-pulseless electrical activity (pseudo-PEA) is a global hypotensive ischemic state with retained coordinated myocardial contractile activity and an organized ECG with no clinically detectable pulses. The role of standard external chest compressions (CPR) and its associated intrinsic hemodynamics remains unclear in the setting of pseudo-PEA. We undertook an experimental trial to compare epinephrine alone versus epinephrine with CPR in the treatment of pseudo-PEA. Methods Using a porcine model of hypoxic pseudo-PEA, we randomized 12 Yorkshire male swine to resuscitation with epinephrine only (control) (0.0015 mg/kg) versus epinephrine plus standard CPR (intervention). Animals who achieved return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) were stabilized, fully recovered to hemodynamic and respiratory baseline, and rearrested up to 6 times. Primary outcome was ROSC defined as a sustained systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 60 mmHg for 2 min. Secondary outcomes included time to ROSC, coronary perfusion pressure (CoPP), and end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2). Results Among 47 events of pseudo-PEA in 12 animals, we observed significantly higher proportion of ROSC when treatment included CPR (14/21 – 67%) compared to epinephrine alone (4/26 – 15%) (p = 0.0007). CoPP, aortic pressures and ETCO2 were significantly higher, and right atrial pressures were lower in the intervention group. Conclusions In a swine model of hypoxia-induced pseudo-PEA, epinephrine plus CPR was associated with improved intra-arrest hemodynamics and higher probability of ROSC. Thus, epinephrine plus CPR may be superior to epinephrine alone in the treatment of patients with pseudo-PEA.
Differential Cost-Sharing Undermines Treatment Adherence to Combination Therapy: Evidence from Diabetes Treatment.

The objective of this study was to measure the influence of differences in out-of-pocket (OOP) costs for type 2 diabetes (T2D) medications on within-patient adherence behavior towards combination drug therapy regimens. This was an observational, retrospective, paired sample study in patients with T2D using longitudinal pharmacy data from the 2009–2014 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) augmented with socio-demographic factors. We took a within-patient approach to minimize confounding effects by including patients who maintained the same number of diabetes drug classes over 2 years of MEPS. For each patient, we selected the most and least costly drug classes in the second year and examined their corresponding adherence behavior measured by medication possession ratio. The primary hypothesis tested the significance of the correlation between magnitude of the OOP cost difference and behavioral response in adherence. Analysis included 1189 patients representing over 4.2 million US residents with T2D. A significant negative correlation (p < 0.001) was observed between the differences of OOP costs and adherence to the most and least costly medications compared within patients. Reduction in adherence to the most costly medication was generally observed when the difference in OOP costs was greater than $33/month. A greater variability in adherence was observed when the cost difference exceeded $2.39/month as compared to other cost difference ranges (p < 0.001), indicative of choices being made. As OOP costs increased, adherence variability increased initially until a cost threshold, beyond which the adherence to the more costly medication decreased. In addition to OOP cost, adherence was also influenced by type of medication and self-perception of health. Given the complex correlation between OOP costs and adherence to medication, we suggest a careful approach to cost-sharing in the current insurance drug design and relevant insurance policies.
Purification and Properties of Glycerol Kinase from Escherichia coli

Abstract Glycerol kinase of Escherichia coli has been purified and crystallized. It has a molecular weight of ∼3 x 105. The enzyme phosphorylates glycerol exclusively to l-α-glycerophosphate. It also catalyzes the phosphorylation of dihydroxyacetone and l-glyceraldehyde but with values of Km much higher than that for glycerol. d-Glyceraldehyde has a catalytic effect in promoting the conversion of adenosine triphosphate to adenosine diphosphate and Pi in the presence of the enzyme. Among the nucleoside triphosphates tested, only adenosine triphosphate was active as the phosphoryl group donor. Mn++ substitutes for Mg++, although with less activity at equal molar concentration.
Expert Opinion Pleading: Any Merit to Special Certificates of Merit?

Civil litigation reform to reduce frivolous civil lawsuits was a hot topic in the most recent Presidential debates. It has stirred much recent interest and action in state and federal legislatures. Some new developments involve special pleading norms. Lawmakers will likely debate and implement new special pleading requirements in coming years, often involving certificates of merit. Such certificates are now required for most or some professional malpractice claims in several states. Illinois adopted a certificate of merit standard for product liability actions, while certificates of merit for certain childhood sexual abuse claims are necessary in both California and Louisiana. As debate continues over the need for and benefits of such special pleading requirements, lawmakers should ensure that empirical evidence supports any new legislation. In implementing new certificates of merit, careful attention must be directed to constitutional issues, as well as to policy questions involving the breadth of coverage, the nature of any needed expert opinion, the opportunity for prefiling discovery, and the possible sanctions upon noncompliance. Upon reviewing various approaches to the use of special certificates of merit to reduce frivolous lawsuits, certain provisions for any future legislation are recommended to address the problems raised by current statutes. To address ambiguities in the breadth of coverage, certificate of merit requirements should be limited to claims where expert testimony is necessary to establish a prima facie case. Expert opinions should be required only after the initial pleadings have been completed, after there has been some opportunity for discovery, and only when the court deems them necessary. Expert opinions filed only for the purpose of certifying the merits of the civil action should not normally be admissible unless the experts are expected to testify at trial. Most would agree with President Clinton who said in the 1996 Presidential debates that frivolous civil lawsuits should be reduced as long as deserving claimants are also not denied recovery. Easier said than done.
A Statistical Structural Model for Unsteady-State Displacement in Porous Media

A statistical structural model was used in the context of local volume averaging to examine the effects of interfacial tension, the interfacial viscosities, and wetting upon the capillary pressure and relative permeability functions in an unsteadystate displacement. The statistical structural model is a highly simplified idealization of the local pore structure, in which pores are randomly oriented in space, but no pore interconnections are recognized. Whether we are concerned with an imbibition or a drainage, it is not important to distinguish between steady-state and unsteady-state relative permeabilities when the local capillary number N/SUB ca/ << 1. Unless the interfacial tension is very small everywhere or the overall pressure gradient very large, it may be satisfactory to use steady-state representations for the relative permeabilities everywhere except in the immediate neighborhood of a displacement front. The local capillary number N/SUB ca/ will always be largest in the immediate neighborhood of the displacement front. Within the immediate neighborhood of a displacement front, simulations, especially of imbibitions, should employ unsteady-state relative permeabilities.
Reactions and interconversion of met and dimer hemocyanin.

Abstract The regenerable methemocyanin of Busycon canaliculatum is shown to be EPR-nondetectable. The small EPR signal present in met preparations is a nonregenerable binuclear cupric unit accounting for ∼ 6% of the active sites. A variety of anions are found to bind to met with the reactions being complicated by both reduction and competitive binding of buffer. The metastable dimer hemocyanin is shown to rearrange either directly to EPR-nondectable met or through an EPR-detectable regenerable binuclear cupric form obtained on reaction of dimer hemocyanin with azide. These results combined with previous results on half met derivatives are used to support the presence of an endogenous protein bridge between the two coppers in hemocyanin.
Resident duty-hour reform associated with increased morbidity following hip fracture.

Background: The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education implemented resident duty-hour reform for orthopaedic resident surgeons in the United States on July 1, 2003. This study sought to determine whether the change in duty-hour regulations was associated with relative changes in mortality and morbidity for patients with a hip fracture treated in hospitals with and without resident teaching involved in the delivery of medical care. Methods: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample database was used to identify 48,430 patients treated for hip fracture during the years of 2001 to 2002, before resident duty-hour reform, and the years of 2004 to 2005 after reform. Logistic regression was used to examine the change in morbidity and mortality in nonteaching compared with teaching hospitals before and after the reform, adjusting for patient characteristics and comorbidities. Results: An increase in the overall incidence of perioperative morbidity was observed in both teaching and nonteaching hospitals, suggesting a general increase in the severity of illness of the patients with a hip fracture. A significant increase in the rate of change in the incidence of perioperative pneumonia, hematoma, transfusion, renal complications, nonroutine discharge, costs, and length of stay was seen in patients who underwent treatment for a hip fracture in the years after the resident duty-hour reforms at teaching institutions. Resident duty-hour reform was not associated with an increase in mortality. Conclusions: Resident duty-hour reform was associated with an accelerated rate of increasing patient morbidity following treatment of hip fractures in teaching institutions. Further research into this concerning finding is needed. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Pressurized water extraction of naphtodianthrones in St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.)

A high pressure water extraction (PWE) method was developed for separation of naphtodianthrones (hypericin, protohypericin, pseudohypericin, and protopseudohypericin) in St. John's wort. The effects of extraction temperature, pressure, pH, particle size, and modifier were studied, and the PWE method was compared to a conventional solvent extraction method. The most important factors affecting the extraction efficiency were found to be temperature, pH and particle size. The highest extraction efficiency of naphtodianthrones was achieved when the extraction was performed using a fine sample powder (≤80 mesh), a low temperature (ambient), and 100 bar pressure at pH ≥ 7. Using these conditions the PWE efficiency to extract naphtodianthrones (the summed amount of hypericin, pseudohypericin and their protoforms) compared to methanol extraction (with ultrasound) was about 80% (90% pseudohypericin and 60% hypericin). PWE extraction efficiency was further improved when ethanol was added to the sample as a modifier before the extraction. Using ethanol modified PWE at pH 7 the summed amount of naphtodianthrones was 90% (95% pseudohypericin and over 80% hypericin ) compared to the methanol extraction with ultrasound. Reproducibility of the optimized PWE method was comparatively good; the relative standard deviation of both hypericin and pseudohypericin was 8%.
Status of LIGO

LIGO construction has been completed. The three interferometers at the two LIGO observatory sites (Livingston, Louisiana and Hanford, Washington) have been operated successfully as power-recycled Michelson interferometers with Fabry-Perot arm cavities. Commissioning of the interferometers has progressed to operating them simultaneously in this final optical configuration. The initial coincidence operation between the observatory sites has provided a full test of the detector hardware and software subsystems, and full operation of the data acquisition and data analysis systems. The LIGO Laboratory and the LIGO Scientific Collaboration are working together to exploit the early series of interleaved engineering and science runs to commission the detector and data systems, to provide a detailed characterization of the detector and to produce the first scientific results from LIGO. The operation of LIGO is also coordinated with operation of the GEO 600 detector and the ALLEGRO resonant mass detector. The status of this early operation and data study will be presented.
Vortex shedding over five in-line cylinders cylinders

The flow about cylinders in line organizes itself into vortices which form and shed at distinct natural frequencies. This paper presents a detailed examination of the phenomena associated with this organization and the different natural frequencies involved. Conclusions are drawn from data gathered from velocity fluctuations in the flow over five in-line cylinders. It is proved that different patterns of vortex shedding coexist and that, at different spacings and Reynolds numbers, one may dominate the other. The most significant mechanism is found to be gap shedding, namely, alternate vortex shedding between the cylinder gaps, which dominates the flow over a pentad for all the spacings tested. It is conjectured that such mechanisms are present in flows through banks of cylinders and could be excited if driven by structural vibrations.
US labor and political action, 1918-24 : a comparison of independent political action in New York, Chicago, and Seattle

Acknowledgements - Introduction - From Reconstruction to Labour Parties: The Crucible of War - False Dawn: Independent Labour Politics in New York 1919-1920 - One Step Forward: The Birth of the Labor Party, Chicago 1919-1920 - A Long and Winding Road: Seattle 1918-1920 - New York Farmer Labor Party and Socialist Party Unite: A Suicide Pact? Independent Political Action in New York 1921-1924 - Two Steps Back: Red Flag to White Flag: Chicago 1921-1924 - Duncan's Last Stand: Seattle 1921-1924 - Conclusion - Appendix: Labor's Fourteen Points - Index
International financial contagion in currency crises

Abstract This paper examines the role of financial linkages, especially through a common creditor, in the propagation of emerging market crises during the 1990s. Using panel probit regressions on 41 emerging market countries, it finds that financial linkages played a significant role in the spread of the Mexican, Asian, and Russian crises. The significance of financial linkages emerges after controlling for the role of domestic and external fundamentals, trade spillovers, and financial weaknesses in the affected countries. A strong financial linkage to the crisis country of origin not only substantially raises the probability of contagion, but also helps to explain the observed regional concentration of currency crises.
Concurrent prefix hijacks: occurrence and impacts

A concurrent prefix hijack happens when an unauthorized network originates IP prefixes of multiple other networks. Its extreme case is leaking the entire routing table, i.e., hijacking all the prefixes in the table. This is a well-known problem and there exists a preventive measure in practice to safeguard against it. However, we investigated and uncovered many concurrent prefix hijacks that didn't involve a full-table leak. We report these events and their impact on Internet routing. y correlating suspicious routing announcements and comparing it with a network's past routing announcements, we develop a method to detect a network's abnormal behavior of offending multiple other networks simultaneously. Applying the detection algorithm to BGP routing updates from 2003 through 2010, we identify five to twenty concurrent prefix hijacks every year, most of which are previously unknown to the research and operation communities at large. They typically hijack prefixes owned by a few tens of networks, last from a few minutes to a few hours, and pollute routes at most vantage points.
The effect of fluid flow on growth of single corrosion pits

Abstract The influence of fluid flow on pitting corrosion was investigated with use of a flow channel operated under well-characterized hydrodynamic conditions. The system under study was 304 stainless steel in 0.1 M Na 2 SO 4 + 0.2 M NaCl at pH 5. By using micro-electrodes, it was found that individual corrosion pits could be created. Measurement was made of single pit current as a function of time for various hydrodynamic conditions. For pits which initiated under stagnant conditions, it was found that the sudden imposition of flow caused pit deactivation provided that the Peclet number (flow rate × pit size/diffusivity) exceeded about ten. Finite element calculations of the fluid flow and transport were carried out for two-dimensional configurations having cross-sections similar to corrosion pits. The calculations were made with the assumption that the dissolving surface was covered with a ferrous sulfate salt film. Numerical results for the average dissolution rate agreed to within a factor of three with experimentally determined rates. Calculations showed the local dissolution rate to be greater at the sides of the cavity than at the bottom, in agreement with the observed shape of shallow pits.
Determination of Six Thyroid Hormones in the Brain and Thyroid Gland Using Isotope-Dilution Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Thyroid hormones (THs) play critical roles in the regulation of growth and development, including brain development, in both humans and animals. Until recently, TH levels were assayed with measurements in serum, using immunoassay (IA)-based methods. IA methods are sensitive but are compromised by the lack of adequate specificity. Furthermore, measurements of TH levels in blood do not necessarily reflect the levels and profiles found in critical organs such as the brain. Measurement of TH levels in the brain is critical for studies that assess the effects of environmental contaminants on TH homeostasis. In this study, we developed a selective and sensitive method for the analysis of six THs, l-thyroxine (T4), 3,3′,5-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3), 3,3′,5′-triiodo-l-thyronine (rT3), 3,5-diiodo-l-thyronine (3,5-T2), 3,3′-diiodo-l-thyronine (3,3′-T2), and 3-iodo-l-thyronine (3-T1), in the brain and thyroid gland (TG) using isotope ([13C]T4)-dilution liquid chromatography (LC)/tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Prote...
Optical imaging and analysis of human vaginal coating by drug delivery gels

Abstract Objective We used a new optical imaging technique to compare human intravaginal coating distributions of Conceptrol® (Advanced Care Products, Brunswick, NJ) and Advantage™ (Columbia Laboratories, Aventuna, FL). These gels are surrogates for future microbicidal gels, differing in molecular structures and biophysical properties. Methods For each protocol, a 3-mL gel bolus was inserted to the posterior fornix while the woman was in the supine position. She then either (1) remained supine (10 min); or (2) sat up (1 min), stood up (1 min), sat down (1 min) and returned to supine for a net elapsed time of 10 min. The imaging device is sized/shaped like a phallus, and measurements while the device was inserted provide data that simulate peri-intromission coating. Results Coating by Advantage™ was more extensive and uniform than coating by Conceptrol®, with smaller bare spots of uncoated epithelium. Change in posture tended to increase extent and uniformity of coating, details differing between gels. Conclusions Results are consistent with predictions of mechanistic coating theory, using gel rheological data as inputs.
“Narratives into Problems”: The College Introductory Course and the Study of Religion

I AM GRATEFUL FOR the opportunity to meditate publicly on the task of introduction. While I am aware of the debate, at least as old as Hegel, and recently revived with passion by Derrida, on the status of the "preface" (Vorrede) and "introduction" (Einleitung), I set this aside, for the present discourse, in obedience to a counsel of prudence. For it is a fact, despite what we may sometimes claim, that the majority of us, as teachers, earn our living (and our departments get FTE'd) by means of the introductory course. This is recognized, albeit in an unfortunately grudging manner, in the widespread pejorative term, "service course." As college teachers, our primary expertise is introducing. Thinking about introducing should play the same role in our profession as meditating on first principles plays for the metaphysician. It is not a task for amateurs, nor, as is too often the case, should it be assigned casually (or punitively) to neophytes. I take as my starting point the proposition that an introductory course serves the primaryfunction of introducing the student to college-level work, to beginning work in the liberal arts. Its particular subject matter is of secondary import. All of my remarks in this essay are aimed at unpacking this proposition from several vantage points. All college curricular thought, and most particularly thought about
Formulation of Modal-Based Elements in Nonlinear, Flexible Multibody Dynamics

This paper is concerned with the modeling of elastic components in nonlinear, flexible multibody systems. The behavior of the elastic components will be represented by a modal expansion, thereby greatly reducing the computational cost of the simulation. In this work, a floating frame approach is used. The total motion of the elastic body consists of the superposition of the rigid body motions of the floating frame and of elastic motions that are assumed to remain small. The proposed formulation makes use of a component mode synthesis technique that leaves the analyst free to choose any type of modal basis and simplifies the connection of the elastic components to other components of the system. The proposed formulation is independent of the finite element analysis package used to compute the modes of the elastic components. It is also shown that in the absence of elastic deformations, the formulation recovers the exact equations of motion for a rigid body.
The Mutagenicity of Methylbenzylnitrosamine and Its α-Acetoxy Derivatives

Summary Biological activity of the α-acetoxy derivatives of methylbenzylnitrosamine was evaluated using tester strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Compound III, oxidized on the benzyl moiety, was more toxic and more mutagenic than Compound IV, oxidized on the methyl side chain. Compound IV was weakly toxic and was non-mutagenic at the concentrations tested. The presence or absence of the uvrB repair system had no effect on the toxicity of either Compound III or IV. Neither the α-oxidized compounds nor the parent nitrosamine reverted the frameshift mutants. As a mutagen, Compound III was approximately as active as N-nitroso compounds not requiring metabolic activation, more active than α-acetoxy dialkylnitrosamines and less active than the cyclic α-acetoxynitrosopyrrolidine.
Frontiers of Stochastically Nondominated Portfolios

We consider the problem of constructing a portfolio of finitely many assets whose returns are described by a discrete joint distribution. We propose mean-risk models that are solvable by linear programming and generate portfolios whose returns are nondomi- nated in the sense of second-order stochastic dominance. Next, we develop a specialized parametric method for recovering the entire mean-risk efficient frontiers of these models and we illustrate its operation on a large data set involving thousands of assets and real- izations. THE PROBLEM OF OPTIMIZING a portfolio of finitely many assets is a classical problem in theoretical and computational finance. Since the seminal work of Markowitz (1952) it is generally agreed that portfolio performance should be measured in two distinct dimen- sions: the mean describing the expected return, and the risk which measures the uncer- tainty of the return. In the mean-risk approach, we select from the universe of all possible portfolios those that are efficient: for a given value of the mean they minimize the risk or, equivalently, for a given value of risk they maximize the mean. Such an approach has many advantages: it allows one to formulate the problem as a parametric optimization problem, and it facilitates the trade-off analysis between mean and risk. Markowitz used the variance of the return as the measure of the risk. It is easy to compute, and it reduces the portfolio selection problem to a parametric quadratic pro- gramming problem. One can, however, construct simple counterexamples that show the imperfection of the variance as the risk measure: it treats over-performance equally as under-performance, and more importantly its use may suggest a portfolio that is always outperformed by another portfolio. The use of the semivariance rather than the variance was already recommended by Markowitz (1959). But even in this case significant deficien- cies remain, as we shall explain. Another theoretical approach to the portfolio selection problem is that of stochastic dominance (see Whitmore and Findlay (1978), Levy (1992)). The usual (first order) defi- nition of stochastic dominance gives a partial order in the space of real random variables. More important from the portfolio point of view is the notion of second-order dominance, which is also defined as a partial order but which is equivalent to this statement: a random variable Y dominates the random variable Z if E(U(Y)) > E(u(Z)) for all nondecreasing concave functions U(.) for which these expected values are finite. Thus, no risk-averse decision marker will prefer a portfolio with return Z over a portfolio with return Y. While
Effects of Angle of Attack and Velocity on Trailing Edge Noise Determined Using Microphone Array Measurements

Trailing edge (TE) noise measurements for a NACA 63-215 airfoil model are presented, providing benchmark experimental data for a cambered airfoil. The effects of flow Mach number and angle of attack of the airfoil model with different TE bluntnesses are shown. Far-field noise spectra and directivity are obtained using a directional microphone array. Standard and diagonal removal beamforming techniques are evaluated employing tailored weighting functions for quantitatively accounting for the distributed line character of TE noise. Diagonal removal processing is used for the primary database as it successfully removes noise contaminants. Some TE noise predictions are reported to help interpret the data with respect to effects of flow speed, angle of attack, and TE bluntness on spectral shape and peak levels. Important findings include the validation of a TE noise directivity function for different airfoil angles of attack and the demonstration of the importance of the directivity function's convective ampli...
Bits of information

The paper reviews the concepts of information, channel capacity, and equivocation. The probability of error is used to calculate the equivocation. It is then explained that by coding the original message or signal it is possible to incorporate into the coded message the error-detecting and error-correcting information. The requirements of an efficient code are stated, and the Shannon-Fano code cited as an example. The parity check is explained and the manner in which it makes use of the error-detecting and error-correcting information is illustrated.
Influence of Magnetic Ordering on a Phonon Resonant Mode in Chlorine-Doped Mn F 2

The far-infrared absorption spectra of chlorine-doped Mn${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ show a strong phonon resonant mode at 35.79 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.03 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ (1.2 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K). The electric vector of this mode is polarized perpendicular to the $c$ axis of the crystal. In order to study the influence of magnetic ordering on this mode, the center frequency and half-width were measured as a function of temperature from 1.2 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K through the N\'eel point up to 100 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The resonant frequency increases monotonically with temperature. An additional shift was observed at the onset of magnetic ordering, and was accompanied by additional broadening of the line. These anomalies are explained by considering magnetoelastic effects.
Risk factors for intraoperative complications in resident-performed phacoemulsification surgery.

Purpose To determine the risk factors for intraoperative complications in resident-performed phacoemulsification surgery and the effect of complications on postoperative visual acuity. Design Retrospective case series. Participants A total of 320 consecutive eyes of predominantly male (96.6%) and elderly patients (mean age ±1 standard deviation=73.1±10.0 years) undergoing phacoemulsification surgery by ophthalmology residents at a Veterans Administration Hospital between January 2006 and 2007. There were no exclusion criteria for type of cataract undergoing phacoemulsification surgery. Methods Data were collected by review of patients' electronic medical records. Collected data included the patient demographics, ocular comorbidities, cataract features, resident, resident experience, attending, right or left eye, anesthesia type, wound type, phacoemulsification technique, preoperative and postoperative visual acuities, and presence of any intraoperative complication. Multivariate models were constructed to determine potential risk factors for intraoperative complications. Main Outcome Measures Major intraoperative complication rate, risk factors for major intraoperative complications, and best-corrected postoperative visual acuity. Results The major intraoperative complication rate was 4.7%, which included 3.1% of cases with vitreous loss. The strongest association with a major complication was the presence of a case identified as challenging preoperatively, which had an odds ratio of 6.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5–24.1, P = 0.01). The challenging features most strongly associated with major complications were mature 4+ nuclear sclerotic cataracts and zonular pathology (antecedent trauma and pseudoexfoliation), which had odds ratios of 18.9 (95% CI, 3.1–117, P = 0.002) and 26.2 (95% CI, 4.3–159, P = 0.003), respectively. A major complication decreased the likelihood of achieving 20/40 or better visual acuity within 90 days of surgery (95% of uncomplicated eyes vs. 71% of complicated eyes; P = 0.009). Conclusions Residents performing phacoemulsification surgery achieved a low overall rate of major complications. However, specific features of cataracts, such as mature nuclei and zonular pathology, carried increased intraoperative risk. Anticipating risk may help to decrease surgical complications further and to counsel patients appropriately. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Validation of an Instrumented Sleep-Wake Assessment Against a Biobehavioral Assessment

Abstract Because of the vulnerability of preterm infants and the important functions of sleep to health and recovery, researchers have used the assessment of sleep-wake states extensively in research with preterm infants. Sleep-wake states have been used to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of interventions, as an outcome measure of interventions to promote sleep-wake state development and as a predictor of developmental outcome. The usual observations of infant behavior and polysomnography methods of sleep-wake state assessment are very resource-intensive, therefore limiting their widespread use. The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of a new, less resource-intensive, instrumented measure of infant sleep-wake states using infant respiration, body movements, and rapid eye movements against an accepted behavioral observation measure. The instrumented measure demonstrated significant reliability for assessing sleep states but was less reliable for waking states.
FUNDAMENTAL KINETICS OF METHANE OXIDATION IN SUPERCRITICAL WATER

The oxidation kinetics of methane in supercritical water were determined in an isothermal, plug flow reactor over the temperature range 560-650 o C at 245.8 bar. The oxidation rate was found to be first order in methane concentration and 2/3-order in oxygen concentration. The activation energy over the temperature range 560-650 o was 42.8±4.3 kcal/mol. A pressure-corrected elementary reaction model for gas-phase combustion was applied to the oxidation of methane in supercritical water
A 3-D Image of an Individual Protein

The dynamic personalities and structural heterogeneity of proteins are essential for proper functioning. Structural determination of dynamic/heterogeneous proteins is limited by conventional approaches of X-ray and electron microscopy (EM) of single-particle reconstruction because they require an average from thousands to millions different molecules. We developed a ‘‘focused electron tomography reconstruction’’ (FETR) algorithm to improve the resolution by decreasing the reconstructing image size so that it contains only a single-instance protein. FETR can tolerate certain levels of image-distortion and measuring tilt-errors, and can also precisely determine the translational parameters via an iterative refinement process that contains a series of automatically generated dynamic filters and masks. Since this approach can obtain the structure of a single-instance molecule/particle, we named it individual-particle electron tomography (IPET) as a new robust strategy/approach that does not require a pre-given initial model, class averaging of multiple molecules or an extended ordered lattice, but can tolerate small tilt-errors for high-resolution single ‘‘snapshot’’ molecule structure determination. FETR/IPET provides a completely new opportunity for a single-molecule structure determination, and could be used to study the dynamic character and equilibrium fluctuation of macromolecules.
In vivo testing of an infection resistant prosthetic material

Abstract Introduction: Prosthetic materials have increased susceptibility to infectious complications. An infection resistant surface has potential clinical applications. Methods: An infection resistant surface was created by dyeing ciprofloxacin into knitted polyester (Dacron) via thermofixation. The infection resistant properties of the surface were first tested in vitro against S. aureus. Then, ciprofloxacin treated Dacron (test) and untreated Dacron (control) sections were implanted subcutaneously on the rat dorsum (n = 2) and inoculated with S. aureus (2 control segments and 2 test segments/rat). At 7 days animals were sacrificed and the implants retrieved. The implants were processed for conventional histology and examined by a blinded Pathologist. Results: In vitro, a zone of inhibition was maintained by the test segment for fourteen days, and there was no zone of inhibition for the control material. In vivo, there was purulent exudate in two of the four control implants, but no evidence of exudate on any of the four test implants. All control and test implants had copious neutrophil infiltration. All test implants demonstrated good tissue ingrowth and incorporation of Dacron fibers into a layer of granulation tissue. The control segments had poor tissue ingrowth and less granulation tissue than the test segments. Conclusions: Ciprofloxacin thermofixation into knitted Dacron produces an infection-resistant surface that does not inhibit tissue ingrowth, a result seen by other infection-resistant strategies. This material could be used in the creation of infection resistant implantable materials and devices.
On the Ethics of Deception in Negotiation

The truth can get in the way of a good deal. So, many people lie, dissimulate, and otherwise fail to tell the truth in negotiation.1 In this paper I will focus on the case of deception about "reservation price," that is, a person's bottom-line price, the price such that she would walk away from a negotiation rather than accept a worse price. I will maintain that despite the commonsense moral presumption against deception more generally, some deception in nego? tiation, including lies about one's reservation price, may be morally accept? able. When things go well, such deception is a signaling and symbolic device that even strangers, people who neither know nor trust one another, can use to work their way to a reasonable and mutually advantageous agreement in an otherwise risky environment.2 In some circumstances, I will maintain, one may lie in negotiation without incurring a reason to feel moral regret or embarrassment. I will also maintain that these circumstances are quite limited in scope. By explaining why deception about one's reservation price may be acceptable in negotiation, I hope to improve the prospects for understanding why deception about material facts is wrong. A good deal of empirical evidence suggests that ordinarily, a bargaining opponent's perception of one's reservation price serves to anchor her expectations about the negotiation's outcome (Carnevale and Pruitt, 1992, pp. 544-548; Raiffa, 1982, pp. 44-65). Other things being equal, it is therefore in the seller's interest to convey a high reservation price and in the buyer's interest to convey a low one.3 Suppose, then, that I am buying a new car and wish to sell my old car, for which I have found a potential buyer, Jane. Suppose, also, that the least I could reasonably take for it, and hence my reservation price, is $5000; anything less, I would be better off trading the car in. If I convince Jane that my reserva? tion price is $5500 rather than $5000, then she is likely to make me a better offer than she would if she believed that my reservation price were $5000. Lying may help achieve this effect. It follows, of course, that if I, as seller, tell the truth about my modest reservation price, and Jane, as buyer, lies about hers, I increase the risk of coming out behind. This hardly seems an attractive consequence of honesty. The question thus presents itself why I should put myself at this gross disadvantage. When, if ever, may I lie or otherwise engage in deception about my reservation price? Several recent writers look to the ethics of self-defense as a model for under? standing the ethics of deception in negotiation (Carson, 1993; Dees and Cramton, 1991). Their idea, very crudely put, is that deception in negotiation is
Financial Aid, Student Background, and the Choice of First-year College Major

This paper examines the effects of tuition and financial aid on first-year college majors at three large public institutions. Higher net costs of college attendance (tuition minus aid) increase the probability of choosing professional majors and decrease the probability of choosing humanities and science majors. The effect of tuition on the probability of choosing a major is generally larger for students with more high school credits in similar subjects and smaller for those with more credits in dissimilar subjects. Thus, financial incentives and student backgrounds interact to affect major choices in a way consistent with academic comparative advantage.
The minimal effect of occlusion on perceived depth from motion parallax

Two experiments tested the ability of subjects to perceive the depths of three-dimensional (3-D) objects oscillating behind a series of occluding bars. Occlusion was manipulated by the spatial period of the occluding bar series as well as by its duty cycle (the proportion of field of view that was not occluded). It was found that the estimates of perceived 3-D shape from motion parallax were remarkably unaffected when the projected image of a rotating 3-D object was partially occluded. Occlusion of 60% of the object had little effect on perceived shape, as judged by estimates of perceived depth, and even occlusion of 90% of the object produced only slight reductions in perceived depth in many cases. It was also found that even when there were no obvious occluding boundaries, judgments of depth were relatively unaffected.
Stability of viscous flow past a circular cylinder

A spectral method which employs trigonometric functions and Chebyshev polynomials is used to compute the steady, incompressible laminar flow past a circular cylinder. Linear stability methods are used to formulate a pair of decoupled generalized eigenvalue problems for the growth of symmetric and asymmetric (about the dividing streamline) perturbations. We show that, while the symmetric disturbances are stable, the asymmetric perturbations become unstable at a Reynolds number about 40 with a Strouhal number about 0.12. The critical conditions are found to depend on the size of the computational domain in a manner similar to that observed in the laboratory.
An object-based data flow testing approach for web applications

In recent years, Web applications have grown rapidly because of their abilities to provide online information access to anyone at anytime around the world. As Web applications become complex, there is a growing concern about their quality and reliability. This paper extends traditional data flow testing techniques to Web applications. Several data flow issues about analyzing HyperText Markup Language (HTML) documents in Web applications are discussed. An object-based data flow testing approach is presented. The approach is based on a test model that captures data flow test artifacts of Web applications. In the test model, each entity of a Web application is modeled as an object. The data flow information of the functions within an object or across objects is then captured using various flow graphs. Based on the object-based test model, data flow test cases for a Web application can be systematically and selectively generated in five different levels.
Aplastic Crisis due to Extensive Bone Marrow Necrosis in Sickle Cell Disease

• A lengthy aplastic crisis, manifest by pancytopenia and fever, was observed in a young woman with sickle cell β°-thalassemia. Bone marrow aspirates and biopsy specimens showed marrow necrosis, and reticuloendothelial scans showed widespread abnormalities consistent with marrow infarction. Physical damage to erythropoietic tissue as well as arrest of erythropoiesis can cause acute erythroblastopenia in patients with sickle cell anemia. (Arch Intern Med1982;142:2223-2225)
Thermal operation of the firing zone of an automated tunnel kiln

A mathematical model and a program for calculation of the firing zone of a tunnel kiln with automatic control of the firing process have been developed. The use of a program makes it possible to select the best from the methods of control considered and to determine the optimum parameters of the system. With the use of the program developed the method of control, characterized by the presence of individual control circuits for the positions of the firing zone, is considered and its basic advantages and disadvantages are revealed.
PMMA quantum dots composites and their applications

Commercially available colloidal semiconductor quantum dots are employed to produce an electron beam sensitive PMMA-quantum-dot (QD) positive composite via pre-polymerization. In PMMA-QD composite, the QDs are stabilized in rapidly formed oligomer matrices to prevent cluster, and the complete polymerization of the PMMA-QD composite is achieved by commonly used polymerization. The properties of the composites are measured and compared with the QDs in original colloidal solution. Patterning of the composites by direct write electron beam and UV optical lithography shows its promising applications in optoelectronics.