cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inertial Confinement Fusion Program at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory:. The National Ignition Facility, Inertial Fusion Energy, 100-1000 TW Lasers, and the Fast Igniter Concept

The ultimate goal of worldwide research in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is to develop fusion as an inexhaustible, economic, environmentally safe source of electric power. Following nearly thirty years of laboratory and underground fusion experiments, the next step toward this goal is to demonstrate ignition and propagating burn of fusion fuel in the laboratory. The National Ignition Facility (NIF) Project is being constructed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) for just this purpose. NIF will use advanced Nd-glass laser technology to deliver 1.8 MJ of 0.35 μm laser light in a shaped pulse, several nanoseconds in duration, achieving a peak power of 500 TW. A national community of U.S. laboratories is participating in this project, now in its final design phase. France and the United Kingdom are collaborating on development of required technology under bilateral agreements with the US. This paper presents key aspects of the laser design, and descriptions of principal laser and optical components. Follow-on development of lasers to meet the demands of an inertial fusion energy (IFE) power plant is reviewed. In parallel with the NIF Project and IFE developments, work is proceeding on ultrashort pulse lasers with peak power in the range of 100–1000 TW. A beamline on the Nova laser at LLNL recently delivered nearly 600 J of 1 μm light in a 0.5 ps duration pulse, for a peak power in excess of a petawatt (1015 W). This beamline, with advanced adaptive optics, will be capable of focused intensities in excess of 1021 W/cm2. Its primary purpose will be to test technological and scientific aspects of an alternate ignition concept, called the "Fast Igniter", that has the potential to produce higher fusion gain than conventional ICF.
Intermittent visual information and the multiple time scales of visual motor control of continuous isometric force production

In an experiment, we examined the effect of intermittency (from 25.6 Hz to 0.2 Hz) of visual information on continuous isometric force production as a function of force level (5%, 10%, 25%, and 50% of maximal voluntary contraction [MVC]). The amount of force variability decreased and the irregularity of force output increased as a function of increased visual intermittency rate. Vision was found to have an influence on the frequency structure of force output up to 12 Hz, and the 25% MVC force level had more high-frequency modulations with higher rates of visual information. The effective use of intermittent visual information is mediated nonlinearly by force level, and there are multiple time scales of visual control (range, ∼0-12 Hz) that are postulated to be a function of both feedback and feedforward control processes.
Biofeedback of alveolar carbon dioxide tension and levels of arousal

This is a preliminary study designed to investigate the potential usefulness of alveolar (lung) CO2 feedback training in promoting sleep onset in primary insomniacs. The present study was undertaken to determine if normal subjects could, without obvious manipulation of breathing, bring alveolar (lung) CO2 tension under voluntary control using biofeedback techniques and, if so, whether this control would be accompanied by shifts in level of wakefulness. Subjects participated in five baseline and five training sessions in which EEG, alveolar CO2 tension, and thoracic/abdominal respiratory movement were monitored. The feedback consisted of a pitch-modulated tone plus visual scores. We found that CO2 tension in awake portions of "up" trials was significantly higher than for awake portions of "down" trials (p less than .01), indicating that learning had occurred. In the initial trials, when subjects raised CO2 tension they became drowsy and often fell asleep, and when they lowered CO2 tension they aroused themselves. However, when subjects were awakened immediately upon falling asleep, there developed a decoupling of EEG and CO2 changes. The presence of such a decoupling phenomenon makes it unclear whether CO2 feedback will be useful in promoting sleep onset in primary insomniacs.
Effect of labor on infant morbidity and mortality with preterm premature rupture of membranes: United States population-based study.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate whether labor, in the setting of premature rupture of membranes (PROM), affects infant morbidity and mortality rates. Methods: We derived data for this population-based cohort study from the United States national linked birth infant death data sets, comprised of singleton live births delivered between 1995 and 1997. We included women ( n = 34,594) who had preterm PROM more than 12 hours and delivered between 23 and 32 weeks’ gestation. Birth records were used to determine whether delivery occurred with or without labor. Infants with birth weights below the tenth percentile for gestational age were classified as small for gestational age (SGA) on the basis of a nomogram of all singleton births in the United States between 1995 and 1997. Primary outcomes were early neonatal (0–6 days), late neonatal (7–27 days), postneonatal (28–365 days), and infant death (0–365 days). Secondary outcomes included respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), assisted ventilation, and neonatal seizures. Risks of infant mortality and morbidity from labor were examined separately for SGA and non-SGA infants. Results: Overall rates were infant death 11.6%, RDS 15.1%, assisted ventilation 25.9%, and neonatal seizure 0.2%. Labor was associated with higher incidence of early neonatal death in SGA infants (adjusted relative risk [RR] 1.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11, 1.38) but had no effect on other outcomes. Among non-SGA infants, labor had no effect on infant death but was associated with higher rates of RDS (RR 1.15, 95% CI 1.08, 1.22) and assisted ventilation (RR 1.16, 95% CI 1.08, 1.24). Conclusion: Although labor was associated with a slightly higher mortality rate in SGA infants and slightly more respiratory morbidity in non-SGA infants, recommendations regarding clinical treatment should await future clinical trials.
Minimum resolvable temperature difference--how far can we stretch it?

This paper will address some of the concerns in the measurement and interpretation of laboratory measured sensor data for use in field performance prediction. The concept of a digital port MRTD will also be discussed with emphasis on its usefulness in the prediction of the man-in-the-loop field performance of the sensor.
Tobacco mosaic virus adsorption on self-assembled and Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers studied by TIRF and SFM.

The adsorption of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) on self-assembled and Langmuir–Blodgett monolayers was investigated using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) spectroscopy and scanning force microscopy (SFM). Substrates were chosen to probe electrostatic, hydrophobic and surface fluidity effects on TMV adsorption. Positively charged and hydrophobic surfaces demonstrated similar initial rates of TMV adsorption; however, their respective surface TMV coverages differed greatly. Likewise, positively charged surfaces which differed primarily in surface fluidity exhibited similar adsorption rates for TMV, but different TMV surface coverages. In contrast, virus adsorption to negatively charged and zwitterionic substrates was negligible. To elucidate these differences in adsorption behavior, SFM was used to image the distribution and the aggregation state of adsorbed TMV.
Why carve up your continuous data

Continuous data are commonplace in social, biophysical, and health research. For various reasons, researchers often carve up data into ordered chunks. Such data carving results in less information being carried by the data, a reduction or spurious increase in statistical power, and resultant Type I or Type II errors. We give examples of data carving in selected nursing literature, and illustrate how unnecessary categorization can produce erroneous statistical results. Finally, we propose credible alternatives to data carving.
Source Parameters and Tectonic Implications of Aftershocks of the Mw 7.6 Bhuj Earthquake of 26 January 2001

We present and discuss the spatial distribution of more than 1000 aftershocks of the largest continental intraplate earthquake to occur during the modern seismological period. The data were recorded on a network of eight portable digital seismographs deployed for 3 weeks starting 17 days after the mainshock. We have calculated high-quality single-event locations, based on a 1D velocity model determined for the region for earthquakes with magnitudes between ∼2 and 5. Aftershock locations reveal activity concentrated on a nearly east-striking, south-dipping plane, trapezoidal in outline. The active zone tapers from about 45 km along strike at the shallow end, which is about 5 km deep, to no more than 25 km long at a depth of 35 km. The total rupture area was about 1300 km 2 . We estimate the static stress drop of the mainshock at 16 ± 2 MPa. Aftershocks extend nearly through the entire crust, with concentrations in the lower crust at about 26 km and in the upper crust at about 10 km. The fault that ruptured was not mapped at the surface and not known to have been active prior to the 2001 earthquake. The aftershock data are consistent with the Bhuj earthquake resulting from reactivation in contraction of a fault formed under extension within a failed rift.
Exploring the neural correlates of goal-directed action and intention understanding

Because we are a cooperative species, understanding the goals and intentions of others is critical for human survival. In this fMRI study, participants viewed reaching behaviors in which one of four animated characters moved a hand towards one of two objects and either (a) picked up the object, (b) missed the object, or (c) changed his path halfway to lift the other object. The characters included a human, a humanoid robot, stacked boxes with an arm, and a mechanical claw. The first three moved in an identical, human-like biological pattern. Right posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) activity increased when the human or humanoid robot shifted goals or missed the target relative to obtaining the original goal. This suggests that the pSTS was engaged differentially for figures that appeared more human-like rather than for all human-like motion. Medial frontal areas that are part of a protagonist-monitoring network with the right pSTS (e.g., Mason and Just, 2006) were most engaged for the human character, followed by the robot character. The current data suggest that goal-directed action and intention understanding require this network and it is used similarly for the two processes. Moreover, it is modulated by character identity rather than only the presence of biological motion. We discuss the implications for behavioral theories of goal-directed action and intention understanding.
Error field correction in ITER

A new method for correcting magnetic field errors in the ITER tokamak is developed using the Ideal Perturbed Equilibrium Code. The dominant external magnetic field for driving islands is shown to be localized to the outboard midplane for three ITER equilibria that represent the projected range of operational scenarios. The coupling matrices between the poloidal harmonics of the external magnetic perturbations and the resonant fields on the rational surfaces that drive islands are combined for different equilibria and used to determine an ordered list of the dominant errors in the external magnetic field. It is found that efficient and robust error field correction is possible with a fixed setting of the correction currents relative to the currents in the main coils across the range of ITER operating scenarios that was considered.
An Introduction to the Theory of Rational Expectations Under Asymmetric Information

Every good economics textbook contains the cliche that market prices provide signals which facilitate the allocation of resources to their best use. In a world not subject to random shocks, consumers and producers when faced with competitive prices need look no further than their own preferences or production technology to be able to make a decision. They need give no thought to the tastes, endowments or technology of other agents. However, in a world subject to random shocks, this is no longer the case. Agents are faced with the problem of forecasting future states of nature and more importantly of forecasting the impact of these states on the actions of other agents. Rational expectations theories provide a model of how agents make those forecasts. In a world subject to random shocks, it will be the case that agents acquire (or at least attempt to acquire) information about the future realization of the shocks. It will, in general, be the case that different agents have access to different information. The fact that information is dispersed throughout the economy has the potential to cause a misallocation of resources relative to what would be the case if all agents knew everything. An efficient allocation of resources will in general require the transfer of information from consumers who have some information about their future demands to producers who can take current actions to mitigate avoidable scarcities or surpluses. Though many classical and neo-classical writers emphasize the informational role of prices, the standard Marshallian or Walrasian model of competitive equilibrium does not involve prices transferring information across traders. The purpose of this paper is to show that rational expectations models are radically different from Walrasian models in an economy where traders have diverse information. This is demonstrated by showing that unlike what occurs in a Walrasian equilibrium of an economy with heterogeneous information, if there is a complete set of insurance markets and utility is additively separable over time, then there exists a rational expectations equilibrium which gives consumers the same allocation as if each consumer has access to all of the economy's information. This implies that, under the above assumptions, a central planner with all the economy's information could not Pareto dominate the competitive allocation achieved when traders have diverse information and rational expectations. This paper makes no attempt to survey the literature on rational expectations. The reader is referred to Shiller (1978), Barro (1981) for a survey of macroeconomics and rational expectations, and Radner (1980) for a survey of the microeconomics and mathematical theory of rational expectations. This paper will, however, try to outline the evolution of the rational expectations concept from a notion of optimal forecasting to a virtually complete departure from the Walrasian model of equilibrium. The rest of this section is devoted to a discussion of pre-rational expectations ideas.
Vapor recovery reactor in carbothermic aluminum production: model verification and sensitivity study for a fixed bed column

In this paper we develop a distributed parameter model for a fixed bed vapor recovery reactor (VRR) in a carbothermic aluminum process. The model we develop for the reaction mechanism is based on the mass transfer limited (shrinking core) reaction scheme. This model is combined with the partial differential equations (PDEs) describing the component mass and energy balances. The system of PDEs is converted to a large system of differential algebraic equations (DAEs) using the method of lines. The large scale system of DAEs is solved using a DAE solver. The theoretical results have been compared to experiments, showing that the model predicts the reactor's behavior. Sensitivity analysis has been applied to the model using two important variables, gas superficial velocity and gas composition.
Extension of a cut-induced crack under antiplane loading

The extension of a crack formed by cutting at a high velocity into the surface of an elastic solid is investigated. The solid is assumed to be in a state of uniform antiplane shear before the cut is induced. The anti-plane wave motion which is generated by the cutting process is analyzed through a Green's function technique. This technique leads to an integral equation for the stress in the plane of the crack. The stress intensity and velocity intensity functions are obtained, and the propagation of the crack after the cutting process has been terminated is analyzed by means of the balance-of-rates-of-energy criterion. It is shown that the proclivity towards propagation beyond the length of the cut-induced crack shows a significant dependence on the speed of cutting.
DNA recognition of 5-carboxylcytosine by a Zfp57 mutant at an atomic resolution of 0.97 Å.

The Zfp57 gene encodes a KRAB (Kruppel-associated box) domain-containing C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor that is expressed in early development. Zfp57 protein recognizes methylated CpG dinucleotide within GCGGCA elements at multiple imprinting control regions. In the previously determined structure of the mouse Zfp57 DNA-binding domain in complex with DNA containing 5-methylcytosine (5mC), the side chains of Arg178 and Glu182 contact the methyl group via hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions. We examined the role of Glu182 in recognition of 5mC by mutagenesis. The majority of mutants examined lose selectivity of methylated (5mC) over unmodified (C) and oxidative derivatives, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, 5-formylcytosine, and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC), suggesting that the side chain of Glu182 (the size and the charge) is dispensable for methyl group recognition but negatively impacts the binding of unmodified cytosine as well as oxidized derivatives of 5mC to achieve 5mC selectivity. Substitution of Glu182 with its corresponding amide (E182Q) had no effect on methylated DNA binding but gained significant binding affinity for 5caC DNA, resulting in a binding affinity for 5caC DNA comparable to that of the wild-type protein for 5mC. We show structurally that the uncharged amide group of E182Q interacts favorably with the carboxylate group of 5caC. Furthermore, introducing a positively charged arginine at position 182 resulted in a mutant (E182R) having higher selectivity for the negatively charged 5caC.
Escalation of Commitment during New Product Development

Although periodic review is a prominent feature of new product development (NPD) processes, important questions about how managers make critical continuation/termination decisions in risky NPD projects remain unanswered. The authors test whether factors unrelated to a new product's forecasted performance cause managers to continue NPD projects into subsequent stages of development at rapidly accelerating costs. The results show that managers who initiate a project are less likely to perceive it is failing, are more committed to it, and are more likely to continue funding it than managers who assume leadership after a project is started. There is also the tendency toward increased commitment for more innovative products compared with less innovative ones. The results suggest that simply giving managers better information will not necessarily lead to better decisions. Finally, the results show that escalation of commitment is a more serious problem during NPD than after the product is commercialized.
Gynecologic cytology on conventional and liquid‐based preparations: A comprehensive review of similarities and differences

Liquid-based preparations (LBPs) have largely replaced conventional Papanicolaou smears (CPS) for cervical samples in the United States and in many other industrialized countries. The two FDA-approved LBP currently in use include ThinPrep (TP), (Hologic Inc., Bedford, MA) and SurePath (SP), (BD Diagnostic, Burlington, NC). Split-sample and direct-to-vial studies have shown that LBPs show an overall improvement in sample collection and processing, reduce artifacts that interfere in diagnosis, are more sensitive, can be utilized for ancillary tests and are a cost-effective replacement for CPS. Comparative analyses of diagnostic accuracy indicate that LBPs perform at least as well as CPS. However, the added advantages of standardized, automated preparations and screening, reduced unsatisfactory rate, improved specimen adequacy and ability to perform human papillomavirus (HPV) test, are enough to continue use of LBP. The cytologic features in LBP are similar to CPS with subtle differences, particularly in background information. There are also subtle differences between the two LBPs, SP and TP, which are reflective of different sampling devices, collection media, and processing techniques. Architecturally, LBP shows smaller cell clusters and sheets and more dyscohesion. Cytologically, enhanced nuclear features and smaller cell size are more prominent. Advances in liquid-based Papanicolaou's (Pap) test have lead to well-defined patient management guidelines by the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. Herein, we review these aspects of Pap test including, morphology, automation, ancillary tests (HPV and immunochemistry), pertinent QA/QC monitors, patient management guidelines, and review of pertinent literature.
Does interrater (dis)agreement on Psychopathy Checklist scores in sexually violent predator trials suggest partisan allegiance in forensic evaluations

Many studies reveal strong interrater agreement for Hare’s Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) when used by trained raters in research contexts. However, no systematic research has examined agreement between PCL-R scores from independent clinicians who are retained by opposing sides in adversarial legal proceedings. We reviewed all 43 sexual-offender civil-commitment trials in one state and identified 23 cases in which opposing evaluators reported PCL-R total scores for the same individual. Differences between scores from opposing evaluators were usually in a direction that supported the party who retained their services. These score differences were greater in size than would be expected based on the instrument’s standard error of measurement or the rater agreement values reported in previous PCL-R research. The intraclass correlation for absolute agreement for the PCL-R Total score from a single rater (ICC1,A = .39) was well below levels of agreement observed for the PCL-R in research contexts, and below published test-retest values for the PCL-R. Results raise concerns about the potential for a forensic evaluator’s “partisan allegiance” to influence PCL-R scores in adversarial proceedings.
Reversible agglutination of trypsin treated erythrocytes by normal human sera.

SummaryAn agglutinin is described which exists in most normal sera and which is capable of agglutinating trypsin modified erythrocytes. By virtue of such action, it resembles the agglutinins active against erythrocytes altered by bacterial filtrates, viruses, and periodate ions. Undiluted serum or serum in weak dilution is able to reverse the activity of this agglutinin. Such a reversal effect is mediated through an altered reactivity of the trypsin treated erythrocytes with respect to the agglutinin described above. No modification of the reactivity of the cells with respect to other agglutinins has been noted. The effect of various physical and chemical agents on the activity of the agglutinin and the agglutination reversal effect is described and the patho-physiological role of the agglutinin is discussed.
Parallelizing the spectral transform method, part II

The spectral transform method is a widely used numerical technique for solving partial differential equations on the sphere in global climate modeling. This paper describes the parallelization and performance of the spectral method for solving the non-linear shallow water equations on the surface of a sphere using a 128-node Intel iPSC/860 hypercube. Solving the shallow water equations represents a computational kernel of more complex climate models. This work is part of a research program to develop climate models that are capable of much longer simulations at a significantly finer resolution than current models. Such models are important in understanding the effects of the increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, and the computational requirements are so large that massively parallel multiprocessors will be necessary to run climate model simulations in a reasonable amount of time. The spectral method involves the transformation of data between the physical, Fourier and spectral domains. Each of these domains is two-dimensional. The spectral method performs Fourier transforms in the longitude direction followed by summation in the latitude direction to evaluate the discrete spectral transform. A simple way of parallelizing the spectral code is to decompose the physical problem domain in just the latitude direction. This allows an optimized sequential FFT algorithm to be used in the longitude direction. However, this approach limits the number of processors that can be brought to bear on the problem. Decomposing the problem over both directions allows the parallelism inherent in the problem to be exploited more effectively-the grain size is reduced, so that more processors can be used. Results are presented that show that decomposing over both directions does result in a more rapid solution of the problem. The results show that, for a given problem and number of processors, the optimum decomposition has approximately equal numbers of processors in each direction. Load imbalance also has an impact on the performance of the method. The importance of minimizing communication latency and overlapping communication with calculation is stressed. General methods for doing this, that may be applied to many other problems, are discussed.
A representation of [k]'s of [m] by points of [(m − k) (k + 1)]

The algebraical foundation of this representation is very simple: it depends on the theorem If a coordinate system in [m] is given, then in a general [k] of the [m] a unique set of k + 1 points can be found whose coordinates form the scheme where h = m − k − 1, and n = ( m − k )( k + 1) = kh + m.
Controlled Growth of Carbon, Boron Nitride, and Zinc Oxide Nanotubes

Nanotubes represent a unique class of materials in which all atoms are located near the surface. Since electrons flowing through nanotubes are confined near the surface, nanotubes are attractive for sensing biological and chemical molecules. In addition, their tubular structures enable nanofluidic devices that are useful for novel sensing applications. In this paper, we will discuss current applications and the latest advancements on the growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs), and ZnO nanotubes (ZnONTs). First, CNT growth is highly controlled by regulating the effective catalysts and the dissociative adsorption of the hydrocarbon molecules during chemical-vapor deposition growth. Second, we have achieved low temperature growth of vertically aligned BNNTs at 600 degC , the first success of growing pure BNNTs directly on substrates at temperatures about half of those reported so far. Finally, we have developed an original approach for growing ZnONTs without catalyst or template. Robust, controllable growth techniques for nanotubes are necessary in order to fully realize their sensing potential.
Influence of Resident Education in Correctly Diagnosing Extremity Soft Tissue Sarcoma

Background. One-third of all extremity soft tissue sarcomas are misdiagnosed and inappropriately excised without proper preoperative diagnosis and planning. This study aimed at examining the clinical judgment of residents in both general and orthopaedic surgery and at determining whether resident education plays a role in appropriately managing unknown soft tissue masses. Methods. A case-based survey was used to assess clinical decisions, practice patterns, and demographics. Aggregate response for all of the clinical cases by each respondent was correlated with the selections made for practice patterns and demographic data. Results. A total of 381 responses were returned. A higher percentage of respondents from the orthopaedic group (84.2%) noted having a dedicated STS rotation as compared to the general surgery group (35.8%) P < 0.001. Depth, size, and location of the mass, rate of growth, and imaging characteristics were considered to be important factors. Each additional year of training resulted in 10% increased odds of selecting the correct clinical decision for both groups. Conclusion. Our study showed that current residents in both orthopaedic surgery and general surgery are able to appropriately identify patients with suspicious masses. Continuing education in sarcoma care should be implemented beyond the years of residency training.
An inviscid regularization of hyperbolic conservation laws

This article examines the utilization of a spatial averaging technique to the nonlinear terms of the partial differential equations as an inviscid shock-regularization of hyperbolic conservation laws. A central motivation is to promote the idea of applying filtering techniques such as the observable divergence method, rather than viscous regularization, as an alternative to the simulation of shocks and turbulence in inviscid flows while, on the other hand, generalizing and unifying previous mathematical and numerical analysis of the method applied to the one-dimensional Burgers’ and Euler equations. This article primarily concerns the mathematical analysis of the technique and examines two fundamental issues. The first is on the global existence and uniqueness of classical solutions for the regularization under the more general setting of quasilinear, symmetric hyperbolic systems in higher dimensions. The second issue examines one-dimensional scalar conservation laws and shows that the inviscid regularization method captures the unique entropy or physically relevant solution of the original, non-averaged problem as filtering vanishes.
Postnatal growth in two species of macaques.

Using weight as a measure of growth, a comparison is made between Macaca nemestrina, the pigtailed macaque, and Macaca mulatta, the rhesus monkey. As these are closely related species, there should be resemblances and differences in the postnatal growth process. The analysis indicates little, if any, difference in growth rate. The data may not be adequate to indicate the average duration of growth. The rhesus, however, does become the larger adult. The methodology used in the analysis was that used for the published pigtailed data. The question is raised as to its appropriateness for the current problem.
Recovery of Clostridia on Catalase-Treated Plating Media

Four plating media commonly used for culturing clostridia were tested for their ability to support growth of several Clostridium species after storage of the plates for 1 to 10 days at 4 and 25 degrees C with and without subsequent addition of catalase. Liver-veal (LV) agar and brain heart infusion (BHI) agar rapidly became incapable of supporting growth after storage without added catalase, whereas Shahidi Ferguson perfringens agar base and Brewer anaerobic agar were less affected. Plate counts of vegetative cells of nine of the less fastidious Clostridium species on untreated LV and BHI agars, stored for 3 days at 4 degrees C, were 60 to 90% lower than counts on catalase-treated media. Counts on Shahidi Ferguson perfringens agar base were only 1 to 24% lower on untreated medium with the same species. Addition of 500 U of purified beef liver catalase to the surface of the 3-day-old agars before inoculation resulted in substantial restoration of the ability of the media to support colony formation from vegetative cells except with the most strictly anaerobic species (nonproteolytic C. botulinum types B, E, and F, and C. novyii types A and B). A similar response was obtained with spores of the less fastidious species on catalase-treated media. Our results suggest that inhibition of most Clostridium species on LV and BHI agars may be due to accumulation of peroxide during preparation, storage, and incubation of the media, and also suggest that the presence of glucose in these media is a major factor contributing to their inability to support growth. It is believed that the addition of exogenous catalase prevents the accumulation of peroxide(s), thus allowing colony formation from vegetative cells of the clostridia under what would otherwise be unsuitable cultural conditions.
Gould’s Belt, interstellar clouds, and the Eocene–Oligocene helium-3 enhancement

Abstract Drag from hydrogen in the interstellar cloud which formed Gould’s Belt may have sent interplanetary dust particle (IDPs) and small meteoroids with embedded helium to the Earth, perhaps explaining part the helium-3 flux increase seen in the sedimentary record near the Eocene–Oligocene transition. Assuming the Solar System passed through part of the cloud, IDPs in the inner Solar System may have been dragged to Earth, while dust and small meteoroids in the asteroid belt up to centimeter size may have been dragged to the resonances, where their orbital eccentricities were pumped up into Earth-crossing orbits; however, this hypotheses does not explain the Popigai and Chesapeake Bay impacts.
Accumulation of Tissue Factor into Developing Thrombi In Vivo Is Dependent upon Microparticle P-Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand 1 and Platelet P-Selectin

Using a laser-induced endothelial injury model, we examined thrombus formation in the microcirculation of wild-type and genetically altered mice by real-time in vivo microscopy to analyze this complex physiologic process in a system that includes the vessel wall, the presence of flowing blood, and the absence of anticoagulants. We observe P-selectin expression, tissue factor accumulation, and fibrin generation after platelet localization in the developing thrombus in arterioles of wild-type mice. However, mice lacking P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) or P-selectin, or wild-type mice infused with blocking P-selectin antibodies, developed platelet thrombi containing minimal tissue factor and fibrin. To explore the delivery of tissue factor into a developing thrombus, we identified monocyte-derived microparticles in human platelet-poor plasma that express tissue factor, PSGL-1, and CD14. Fluorescently labeled mouse microparticles infused into a recipient mouse localized within the developing thrombus, indicating that one pathway for the initiation of blood coagulation in vivo involves the accumulation of tissue factor- and PSGL-1-containing microparticles in the platelet thrombus expressing P-selectin. These monocyte-derived microparticles bind to activated platelets in an interaction mediated by platelet P-selectin and microparticle PSGL-1. We propose that PSGL-1 plays a role in blood coagulation in addition to its known role in leukocyte trafficking.
Zone Based Messaging in Collaborative Virtual Environments

Massively multi-user simulation requires synchronous communication among the parties. In this paper, we present a multiuser collaboration architecture that divides the virtual world in multiple adjacent hexagonal regions in order to properly organize the entities and efficiently manage their liaison. An especial node, named hybrid node, be in charge of each hexagonal region and constructs a data distribution tree at the application layer rather at the network layer. While constructing the data distribution pathways among the end-hosts, protocol focuses to reflect the physical topology onto the overlay network to enhance the system performance. To control the excessive message overhead, necessary messages of a foreign region are only imported when needed to a particular region through a hybrid node. Dynamic adjustment of cheek-in and check-out marks reduces frequent connections and disconnections between a hybrid and an ordinary node, and provides resilience to the system. The effectiveness of this collaboration architecture is tested through the implementation
Online Advertising and Marketing: Personal Jurisdiction and Its Potential Implications

Modern telecommunication technology ushered in an era of unprecedented growth of innovative advertising vehicles with increasingly global reach. The online advertising industry grew more than 10-fold in the last decade. However, due to their virtually unlimited reach, online advertising and marketing are vulnerable to lawsuits with parties based in other states or countries. This article presents a discussion and interpretation of the latest legal developments of the law of personal jurisdiction and its impact on online advertisers, as well as some recommendations that might help advertisers to assess and mitigate their risk of being sued in another jurisdiction.
Isolation of Enteroviruses from a Herd of Dairy Cattle

Summary A high incidence of enteroviruses isolated by the use of bovine kidney cell cultures has been found in rectal swabs from normally reared calves. In no case were enteroviruses recovered from calves less than 4 wk of age. Only one of seven parturient cows was shown to be shedding enteroviruses. Two ether-resistant virus types were identified which differed in serologic specificity, characteristics of plaque formation in bovine kidney cell cultures, and in vitro host range. The incidence of these types of enteroviruses could not be correlated with the appearance of clinical signs in these calves.
Une bele conjointure: The structure of Galeran de Bretagne

This essay analyzes the structure of Galeran de Bretagne in order to dispel the concept of it as a mere expansion of Marie de France's Lai le Fresne. Renaut, the author, has carefully plotted the course of the story beforehand, with a sense of proportion and direction. He controls the direction through a number of parallel scenes early and late and a series of tableaux that are dramatically vital, not static like woodcuts. Galeran can appropriately be considered an instance of what Chretien de Troyes called une bele conjointure.
High‐pressure phase equilibria for the water/methane system

A semitheoretical method has been established for superimposing the residual thermodynamic properties of pure methane and of pure water over wide ranges of pressure (0.01 to 1,000 MPa) and temperature (triple point to twice the critical temperature). Using reasonable mixing rules with two binary parameters, this superposition also gives mixture properties, including high-pressure vapor-liquid equilibria.
Animal Models and Medical Countermeasures Development for Radiation-Induced Lung Damage: Report from an NIAID Workshop

Since 9/11, there have been concerns that terrorists may detonate a radiological or nuclear device in an American city. Aside from several decorporation and blocking agents for use against internal radionuclide contamination, there are currently no medications within the Strategic National Stockpile that are approved to treat the immediate or delayed complications resulting from accidental exposure to radiation. Although the majority of research attention has focused on developing countermeasures that target the bone marrow and gastrointestinal tract, since they represent the most acutely radiosensitive organs, individuals who survive early radiation syndromes will likely suffer late effects in the months that follow. Of particular concern are the delayed effects seen in the lung that play a major role in late mortality seen in radiation-exposed patients and accident victims. To address these concerns, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases convened a workshop to discuss pulmonary model development, mechanisms of radiation-induced lung injury, targets for medical countermeasures development, and end points to evaluate treatment efficacy. Other topics covered included guidance on the challenges of developing and licensing drugs and treatments specific to a radiation lung damage indication. This report reviews the data presented, as well as key points from the ensuing discussion.
Particle motion driven by solute gradients with application to autonomous motion: continuum and colloidal perspectives

Diffusiophoresis, the motion of a particle in response to an externally imposed concentration gradient of a solute species, is analysed from both the traditional coarse-grained macroscopic (i.e. continuum) perspective and from a fine-grained micromechanical level in which the particle and the solute are treated on the same footing as Brownian particles dispersed in a solvent. It is shown that although the two approaches agree when the solute is much smaller in size than the phoretic particle and is present at very dilute concentrations, the micromechanical colloidal perspective relaxes these restrictions and applies to any size ratio and any concentration of solute. The different descriptions also provide different mechanical analyses of phoretic motion. At the continuum level the macroscopic hydrodynamic stress and interactive force with the solute sum to give zero total force, a condition for phoretic motion. At the colloidal level, the particle's motion is shown to have two contributions: (i) a 'back- flow' contribution composed of the motion of the particle due to the solute chemical potential gradient force acting on it and a compensating fluid motion driven by the long-range hydrodynamic velocity disturbance caused by the chemical potential gradient force acting on all the solute particles and (ii) an indirect contribution arising from the mutual interparticle and Brownian forces on the solute and phoretic particle, that contribution being non-zero because the distribution of solute about the phoretic particle is driven out of equilibrium by the chemical potential gradient of the solute. At the colloidal level the forces acting on the phoretic particle ― both the statistical or 'thermodynamic' chemical potential gradient and Brownian forces and the interparticle force ― are balanced by the Stokes drag of the solvent to give the net phoretic velocity. For a particle undergoing self-phoresis or autonomous motion, as can result from chemical reactions occurring asymmetrically on a particle surface, e.g. catalytic nanomotors, there is no imposed chemical potential gradient and the backflow contribution is absent. Only the indirect Brownian and interparticle forces contribution is responsible for the motion. The velocity of the particle resulting from this contribution can be written in terms of a mobility times the integral of the local 'solute pressure' ― the solute concentration times the thermal energy ― over the surface of contact between the particle and the solute. This was the approach taken by Cordova-Figueroa & Brady (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 100, 2008, 158303) in their analysis of self-propulsion. It is shown that full hydrodynamic interactions can be incorporated into their analysis by a simple scale factor.
Painting a rainbow on silicon – a simple method to generate a porous silicon band filter gradient

A band filter gradient structure was obtained in porous Si by electrochemically etching a rugate structure into a Si wafer using an asymmetrically placed counter electrode. The resulting porous Si film displays a rejection band whose wavelength maximum varies spatially due to the uneven distribution of current across the wafer during the etch. The rainbow-like band filter can be converted to a porous SiO 2 graded band filter by thermal oxidization. A robust and flexible composite silicone/porous silicon gradient structure is achieved by impregnation with a silicone polymer.
Hylurgopinus rufipes (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae): attraction to broodwood, host colonization behavior, and seasonal activity in central Minnesota.

Field tests, using bolts of American elm trees either uninfested or infested with laboratory-reared or feral Hylurgopinus rufipes (Eichhoff), the native elm bark beetle, were conducted to evaluate colonization behavior of the beetle. The data confirm that (1) colonization of elm by H. rufipes can be accounted for by host attractants alone; (2) overwintered adult H. rufipes are attracted to broodwood (moribund or recently cut elm) in the spring, but summer-emergent adults are attracted to healthy elm; and (3) H. rufipes attacks broodwood primarily during evening beetle flights, and females initiate the gallery. A beetle-produced sex pheromone may be involved in the male–female pairing on broodwood.
XM: Association Testing on the X‐Chromosome in Case‐Control Samples With Related Individuals

Genetic variants on the X-chromosome could potentially play an important role in some complex traits. However, development of methods for detecting association with X-linked markers has lagged behind that for autosomal markers. We propose methods for case-control association testing with X-chromosome markers in samples with related individuals. Our method, XM, appropriately adjusts for both correlation among relatives and male-female allele copy number differences. Features of XM include: (1) it is applicable to and computationally feasible for completely general combinations of family and case-control designs; (2) it allows for both unaffected controls and controls of unknown phenotype to be included in the same analysis; (3) it can incorporate phenotype information on relatives with missing genotype data; and (4) it adjusts for sex-specific trait prevalence values. We propose two other tests, Xχ and XW, which can also be useful in certain contexts. We derive the best linear unbiased estimator of allele frequency, and its variance, for X-linked markers. In simulation studies with related individuals, we demonstrate the power and validity of the proposed methods. We apply the methods to X-chromosome association analysis of (1) asthma in a Hutterite sample and (2) alcohol dependence in the GAW 14 COGA data. In analysis (1), we demonstrate computational feasibility of XM and the applicability of our robust variance estimator. In analysis (2), we detect significant association, after Bonferroni correction, between alcohol dependence and single nucleotide polymorphism rs979606 in the monoamine oxidases A gene, where this gene has previously been found to be associated with substance abuse and antisocial behavior.
JEPEGMIX: gene-level joint analysis of functional SNPs in cosmopolitan cohorts

Motivation: To increase detection power, gene level analysis methods are used to aggregate weak signals. To greatly increase computational efficiency, most methods use as input summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Subsequently, gene statistics are constructed using linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns from a relevant reference panel. However, all methods, including our own Joint Effect on Phenotype of eQTL/functional Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with a Gene (JEPEG), assume homogeneous panels, e.g. European. However, this renders these tools unsuitable for the analysis of large cosmopolitan cohorts. Results: We propose a JEPEG extension, JEPEGMIX, which similar to one of our software tools, Direct Imputation of summary STatistics of unmeasured SNPs from MIXed ethnicity cohorts (DISTMIX), is capable of estimating accurate LD patterns for cosmopolitan cohorts. JEPEGMIX uses this accurate LD estimates to i) impute the summary statistics at unmeasured functional variants and ii) test for the joint effect of all measured and imputed functional variants which are associated with a gene. We illustrate the performance of our tool by analyzing the GWAS meta-analysis summary statistics from the multi-ethnic Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Schizophrenia stage 2 (PGC SCZ2) cohort. This practical application supports the immune system being one of the main drivers of the process leading to schizophrenia (SCZ). Availability and implementation: Software, annotation database and examples are available at http://dleelab.github.io/jepegmix/. Contact: donghyung.lee@vcuhealth.org Supplementary information: Supplementary material is available at Bioinformatics online.