cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
210Pb in the western Indian Ocean: distribution, disequilibrium, and partitioning between dissolved and particulate phases

Dissolved210Pb profiles are presented for 13 GEOSECS stations in the western Indian Ocean. In surface water away from high southern latitudes,210Pb is in excess over226Ra due to the atmospheric fallout from decay of222Rn. Except in the Circumpolar region, the dissolved210Pb profiles display a gentle mid-depth maximum similar to the corresponding226Ra profiles. The210Pb/226Ra activity ratio ranges from 1.6 in the surface water east of Madagascar to 0.4 or less in the bottom water of all the basins. The lowest ratio observed was 0.1 in the Gulf of Aden very close to the continental land mass. A ratio of 0.6 divides the western Indian Ocean horizontally into two portions, with the contour at shallower depth in the north than in the south. The deep water disequilibrium is thus more extensive north of Madagascar than south of it. It appears that locality and bottom topography play a strong role in controlling the distributions of210Pb and226Ra as well as their extent of disequilibrium in the water column. The mean residence time for Pb with respect to particulate and boundary scavenging in the deep water ranges from about 15 to 75 years.
Fever in the First Six Months of Life Risks of Underlying Serious Infection

The age-specific rate of elevated temperature over 37.8 C was evaluated in all infants less than 6 months of age (n = 1341) seen from July 1, 1974 to June 30, 1978 in a family practice clinic. Mild elevations (37.8 C-38.3 C) were common even in the first few months of life, and accounted for 20.7 per cent of infant visits. Temperatures greater than 38.3 C are uncommon in the first months of life but are seen more frequently with each succeeding month. Temperature elevation over 38.3 C was associated with a significantly higher rate of meningitis (p less than .01), otitis media (p less than .001) and lower respiratory infection (p less than .05). Significantly higher laboratory usage was documented in infants less than 3 months and for infants with temperature more than 38.3 C. The high rate of mild temperature elevations in young infants suggests that a selective diagnostic strategy directed at high-risk infants is important. Infants less than three months of age with a fever exceeding 38.3 C are calculated to have 21.5 times the risk of a serious underlying infection as infants older than three months with a similar temperature elevation. Clinical evaluation must remain an important tool in determining which febrile infants should be evaluated by further laboratory and diagnostic tests.
An altered neural response to reward may contribute to alcohol problems among late adolescents with an evening chronotype

Evening chronotypes not only differ from morning-types in their sleep and circadian timing, but they are prone to problematic outcomes involving reward function, including affective disturbance, sensation seeking, and substance involvement. We explored the neural mechanisms underlying these chronotype differences by comparing the neural response to reward in morning- and evening-types. Using a monetary reward fMRI paradigm, we compared the neural response to reward in 13 morning-types and 21 evening-types (all 20 y/o males). Region-of-interest (ROI) analyses focused on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and ventral striatum (VS), comparing the chronotype groups in these ROIs during anticipation and outcome conditions, and adjusting for time of scan. Chronotype groups were also compared on measures of sensation-seeking, substance involvement, and sleep quality. Evening-types reported significantly greater levels of alcohol dependence and worse sleep quality. Furthermore, evening-types showed an altered neural response to reward relative to morning-types, specifically, reduced mPFC reactivity during reward anticipation and increased VS reactivity during win outcome. In turn, less activation in the mPFC region in response to reward was associated with greater alcohol consumption, while increased activation in the VS in response to reward was associated with more symptoms of alcohol dependence. Increased reward-related problems among evening-types may be accompanied by altered neural responses to reward.
Learning With Dynamic Geometry Programs: Perspectives of Teachers and Learners

In this exploratory phenomenological study, part of a larger mixed-design research project, the authors examined teacher and student roles in, and reactions to, a student-centered instructional geometry program using the Geometer's Sketchpad. Grade 7 students worked for 2 weeks in their regularly scheduled mathematics class on activities that allowed them to explain on-screen relationships among geometric shapes. A companion computer-based instructional tutorial was available as an accessible resource. The class sessions and specific dyads were observed, students surveyed, and teacher and selected students interviewed. Findings centered on 2 overarching themes: issues of power and learning. The teacher had difficulty relinquishing control of the learning environment even though she had agreed to do so. Students, however, liked their new freedom, worked hard, and expressed greater interest in the subject material.
RV Tauri stars as post-asymptotic giant branch objects

RV Tau stars are rare, luminous pulsators of spectral types F, G, and K. Analysis of the IRAS data shows that the mass-loss rates from RV Tau stars have apparently significantly decreased during the past 500 yr. It seems likely that these stars have just evolved from the phase of rapid mass loss, characteristic of the last stages of the asymptotic giant branch (AGB). The birthrate of RV Tau stars in the solar neighborhood is about a tenth of the birthrate of all planetary nebulae, and this is consistent with the view that we are witnessing the subset of stars undergoing post-AGB evolution that are low mass and at least in some cases of low metallicity.
Electron velocity saturation in heterostructure field-effect transistors

Results on gate-length scaling of the performance of enhancement-mode heterostructure field-effect transistors (HFETs) for gate lengths of between 0.4 and 10 mu m are reported. The devices studied were fabricated by a self-aligned gate process. Transconductances as large as 534 mS/mm were achieved with 0.4- mu m devices. Two types of pseudomorphic AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs heterostructure are compared. One of them is used for modulation-doped FETs and the other for doped-channel FETs. It is found that the effects of electron velocity saturation are different for the two types of device due to the dominance of charge transfer and gate leakage in the conventional modulation-doped device. The experimental results are explained in the framework of a simple charge control model. >
The Structure and Organization of Genetic Material

SYNOPSIS. Some of the major features of nucleic acid structure and replication are reviewed in respect to their constancy and variability. These two qualities of conservation and change are broadly discussed in terms of the roles that genetic informational molecules play in biological evolution.
Coins in the esophagus. What is the best management

Summary In order to compare esophagoscopy to the Foley catheter method of removing coins from the esophagus, we reviewed our results with 136 esophagoscopies performed to remove coins during a 15-year period. Fifty-two percent of the patients were under two years of age and 29% were under one year. One hundred and twenty-seven patients had no problems from the anesthesia or the esophagoscopy. Complications related to the endotracheal tube and exacerbations of pre-existing respiratory illnesses occurred in 9 patients. There were no deaths or esophageal perforations. Our results are compared to the published results from the Foley catheter method. In our opinion, esophagoscopy is the procedure of choice for all children with coins in the esophagus.
Transitive be perfect: An experimental study of Canadian English

This article investigates exemplars of the transitive be perfect in Canadian English, such as I am done dinner and I am finished my homework . I report on an experimental study of acceptability judgments of this construction, given by speakers of Canadian English primarily recruited from the Calgary area. I claim that the construction [ be done NP] is characterized by preference for the animacy of the subject, preference for definiteness of the direct object, open-endedness of the direct object slot, and limited variability of the participle. I conclude that [ be done NP] is a partially schematic construction that is close to a “prefab”. Resume: Cet article etudie des exemples du parfait transitif avec l’auxiliaire be en anglais canadien, comme dans I am done dinner et I am finished my homework . L’article rend compte d’une etude experimentale dans laquelle etaient sollicites des jugements d’acceptabilite portant sur des exemples de cette construction fournis par des locuteurs d’anglais canadien recrutes surtout dans la region de Calgary. Sur la base de cette etude, j’affirme que la construction [ be done SN] est caracterisee par une preference pour un sujet anime, une preference pour la definitude du complement d’objet direct, le caractere ouvert du complement d’objet direct et la variabilite limitee du participe. Je tire la conclusion que [ be done SN] est une construction partiellement schematique qui ressemble plutot a une construction “toute faite”.
Neuromorphic adaptations of restricted Boltzmann machines and deep belief networks

Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBMs) and Deep Belief Networks (DBNs) have been demonstrated to perform efficiently on a variety of applications, such as dimensionality reduction and classification. Implementation of RBMs on neuromorphic platforms, which emulate large-scale networks of spiking neurons, has significant advantages from concurrency and low-power perspectives. This work outlines a neuromorphic adaptation of the RBM, which uses a recently proposed neural sampling algorithm (Buesing et al. 2011), and examines its algorithmic efficiency. Results show the feasibility of such alterations, which will serve as a guide for future implementation of such algorithms in neuromorphic very large scale integration (VLSI) platforms.
A GH-SOM optimization with SOM labelling and dunn index

Clustering is an unsupervised classification method that divides a data set in groups, where the elements of a group have similar characteristics to each other. A well-known clustering method is the Growing Hierarchical Self-Organizing Map (GH-SOM), that improves the results of an ordinary SOM by controlling the number of neurons generated. In this paper it is proposed a optimization of the typical GH-SOM, using a cluster validation index to verify the quality of partitioning.
Evidence of an electron-induced channel for desorption of ethylene from diethylsilane-covered Si(100)

Abstract The effects of electron irradiation on the diethylsilane (DES) dosed Si(100) surface were studied using temperature programmed desorption and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). Previous research has shown that without electron irradiation, carbon is thermally removed from the DES/Si(100) surface via a β-hydride elimination process that is characterized by desorption of ethylene at 725 K followed by desorption of hydrogen at 810 K. After irradiating the surface with electrons, HREELS data showed that the electrons dissociated ethyl groups and deposited CHx groups on the surface. Furthermore, electron irradiation of DES/Si(100) resulted in thermal desorption of ethylene at 810 K, with only trace amounts desorbing at 725 K. Hydrogen desorbs at 810 K but also exhibits a high temperature shoulder due to desorption of hydrogen from surface carbon deposited by electrons. This is indicative of an unexplored electron-induced channel for desorption of ethylene from DES/Si(100).
Coskun repair of inguinal hernia: is it really new?

We read with interest, the recent prospective study by Coskun et al. [1] describing a method of open inguinal hernia repair using endogenous tissues and a comparison with anterior (Lichtenstein) and preperitoneal mesh repairs. Dr. Coskun discussed placation of the transversalis fascia with a single row of sutures followed by a second layer of sutures between the inguinal ligament and the conjoint tendon, a technique that has been dismissed as ‘‘corrupted Bassini’’. The series’ cumulative recurrence rate was 1.6% and did not affect the endogenous repair patients which had a median follow-up of 36 months. Dr.Coskun and his colleagues concluded that the method was as effective as mesh repair [1], despite level A evidence demonstrating superiority of mesh repair over Shouldice repair (the best of non-mesh repairs) [2–4]. Fifty percent of inguinal hernia recurrences first appear 5 years after surgery [5]; many patients are lost of follow-up including those who seek care from other surgeons when their hernias recur. A 10-year follow-up is considered a truly reliable measure of a repair’s durability [5]. The follow-up in Dr. Coskun’s series is too short to allow any firm conclusions about the ultimate durability of the repair described. The telephone interviews used for those who did not attend the clinic must be considered as not very reliable [6, 7] because recurrences are best diagnosed by physical examination [5]. Coskun et al. claim superiority of their endogenous repair over mesh techniques but do not discuss disorders of collagen metabolism in patients with hernia, a lifelong risk factor. Morphologic and molecular investigations in hernia patients underscore the significance of impaired wound healing, suggesting that the use of prosthetic mesh can influence hernia recurrence [8]. Coskun notes no other technique utilizing a two-layer repair consisting of plication of the transversalis fascia with a first row of sutures followed by approximation of the conjoint tendon and the inguinal ligament [1]. We are aware of two published repair methods that are very similar to the one used by Dr.Coskun: (1) the wellknown Ponka approach includes closure of the transversalis fascia followed by approximation of the transverses abdominis arch medially and the iliopubic tract and inguinal ligament laterally [9]. (2) the Gilmore groin repair which is typically used to repair the so-called ‘‘sportsman’s hernia’’ consists of a layer of interrupted sutures in the transversalis fascia, and a second suture line between the conjoint tendon and the inguinal ligament [10]. These publications suggest that the repair principles proposed by Dr. Coskun are not new. The length and method of follow-up in the series of Coskun et al. [1] do not support the conclusion that the two-layer endogenous repair they describe carries a recurrence risk equal or better than the Lichtenstein and preperitoneal mesh repairs. The current understanding about collagen deficiencies in patients with hernia [8] suggests that alloplastic rather than endogenous repairs should be preferred.
Analysis and applications of quadrature hybrids as RF circulators

The operation of a quadrature hybrid as a power combiner is analyzed. The analytical results are compared with data measured experimentally using a 211 MHz cavity. Graphical solutions of the measured cases are in good agreement with analytical predictions. The use of the 90/spl deg/-hybrid as an RF circulator is also analyzed. The active operation of the harmonic cavity in the NSLS VUV-ring is used to demonstrate this application. This fourth-harmonic cavity is used to change the shape of the bucket potential to lengthen a stored bunch. Thus, a longer stored-beam lifetime can be achieved without compromising the high brightness of the VUV photon beam. If operated actively, the harmonic cavity would present a mismatched load to an RF generator. Thus, a need exists for a circulator. Similarities in operation between the 90/spl deg/-hybrid and a circulator are discussed. >
Enhancing Resourcefulness to Improve Outcomes in Family Caregivers and Persons with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Pilot Randomized Trial

This pilot randomized trial tested an intervention aimed at enhancing resourcefulness in family caregivers of persons with dementia, postulating that caregivers' emotional outcomes (anxiety and depression) and role outcomes (reward, strain, mutuality, and preparedness) would be improved, and problem behaviors in the care recipients (persons with dementia) would be reduced as a result of the intervention. Subjects were stratified by race (white or African American) and by baseline resourcefulness (high or low). Family caregivers were randomly assigned to an intervention group in which subjects attended six resourcefulness training sessions, meeting for 2 hours weekly over 6 weeks, or to a control group that received no treatment. Small to medium effects were shown for the intervention program on resourcefulness, anxiety, and preparedness of the caregivers and on frequency of behavior problems in the care recipients. Caregivers in the intervention group reported significantly more resourcefulness skills, with a medium effect at week 6 and a small effect 12 weeks later, compared with the control group. Persons with dementia had fewer behavior problems in the intervention group compared with control, although the difference was not significant. Caregivers' anxiety was reduced in the intervention group at 12 weeks.
Transport of proteins across normal cerebral arterioles.

Portions of certain arterioles on the surface of the brain and within it can transfer protein from blood to perivascular basement membrane. One to 50 mg of horseradish peroxidase (MW: 40,000) were injected intravenously into normal, adult mice. Three to 30 minutes later, their brains were fixed by vascular perfusion of aldehydes, incubated, and processed for electron microscopy. Segments of some cerebral arterioles, with an average diameter of 15-30 μ, transported peroxidase. The pial arterioles were mainly situated within sulci, the parenchymal ones in the ventral part of the diencephalon and adjacent brain stem. The arteriolar segments were, commonly, bifurcations and short, straight portions. Similar vessels transferred protein in normal rats and hamsters. Neither increasing the dose of peroxidase above 10 mg nor the circulation time from 3 to 30 minutes altered the number of transferring vessels in mice. The endothelial cells were, as in cerebral capillaries, linked by tight junctions that prevented the extracellular passage of peroxidase. When peroxidase was injected 45 minutes after fixation, it did not reach the basement membrane. Moreover, ferritin, too large a molecule (MW: 900.000) to pass through these endothelial junctions, was also transported across the same segments 3 minutes after 100-500 mg had been injected intravenously. These observations indicate that vesicular transport rather than passive, extracellular movement was the means of transferring proteins from blood to perivascular basement membrane. It is probable that serum albumin and globulins are likewise transferred in normal rodents.
Delayed transplantation of precursor cell‐derived astrocytes provides multiple benefits in a rat model of Parkinsons

In addition to dopaminergic neuron loss, it is clear that Parkinson disease includes other pathological changes, including loss of additional neuronal populations. As a means of addressing multiple pathological changes with a single therapeutically-relevant approach, we employed delayed transplantation of a unique class of astrocytes, GDAsBMP, that are generated in vitro by directed differentiation of glial precursors. GDAsBMP produce multiple agents of interest as treatments for PD and other neurodegenerative disorders, including BDNF, GDNF, neurturin and IGF1. GDAsBMP also exhibit increased levels of antioxidant pathway components, including levels of NADPH and glutathione. Delayed GDABMP transplantation into the 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rat striatum restored tyrosine hydroxylase expression and promoted behavioral recovery. GDABMP transplantation also rescued pathological changes not prevented in other studies, such as the rescue of parvalbumin+ GABAergic interneurons. Consistent with expression of the synaptic modulatory proteins thrombospondin-1 and 2 by GDAsBMP, increased expression of the synaptic protein synaptophysin was also observed. Thus, GDAsBMP offer a multimodal support cell therapy that provides multiple benefits without requiring prior genetic manipulation.
Correlation between depression, anxiety, and nausea and vomiting during pregnancy in an in vitro fertilization population: a pilot study

The study objective is to compare the prevalence of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) in singleton and twin gestations conceived via in vitro fertilization (IVF), and to analyze the impact of associated psychological factors. A cohort study on 45 singleton and 12 twin gestations was conducted at an academic practice. Three validated questionnaires assessing anxiety; depression; and NVP at baseline, 10-12 weeks, and 20-22 weeks gestation were used. The prevalence of NVP was compared between twins and singletons and its association with depression and anxiety was determined. Significantly more subjects with twin pregnancies reported NVP at 10-12 weeks of gestation. NVP was not associated with baseline depression or anxiety scores. There were no differences in depression scores between the groups at any time. A trend toward higher anxiety scores among twin gestations at 10-12 weeks was significant at 20-22 weeks. Within the twin group, anxiety scores remained stable, but scores for singletons decreased significantly from 10-12 weeks to 20-22 weeks. NVP is more common in the first trimester in twins compared with singletons following IVF. In IVF pregnancies, anxiety scores, but not depression scores, are higher in women with twin gestations. Women undergoing infertility treatment should be counseled accordingly when discussing the risks associated with multiple gestations.
Use of Failure Modes and Effects Analysis in Design of the Tracker System for the HET Wide-field Upgrade

In support of the Hobby-Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment (HETDEX), the Center for Electromechanics at The University of Texas at Austin was tasked with developing the new Tracker and control system to support the HETDEX Wide-Field Upgrade. The tracker carries the 3,100 kg Prime Focus Instrument Package and Wide Field Corrector approximately 13 m above the 10 m diameter primary mirror. Its safe and reliable operation by a sophisticated control system, over a 20 year life time is a paramount requirement for the project. To account for all potential failures and potential hazards, to both the equipment and personnel involved, an extensive Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) was completed early in the project. This task required participation of all the stakeholders over a multi-day meeting with numerous follow up exchanges. The event drove a number of significant design decisions and requirements that might not have been identified this early in the project without this process. The result is a system that has multiple layers of active and passive safety systems to protect the tens of millions of dollars of hardware involved and the people who operate it. This paper will describe the background of the FMEA process, how it was utilized on HETDEX, the critical outcomes, how the required safety systems were implemented, and how they have worked in operation. It should be of interest to engineers, designers, and managers engaging in complex multi-disciplinary and parallel engineering projects that involve automated hardware and control systems with potentially hazardous operating scenarios.
Markovian Search Games in Heterogeneous Spaces

In this paper, we consider how to search for a mobile evader in a large heterogeneous region when sensors are used for detection. Sensors are modeled using probability of detection. Due to environmental effects, this probability will not be constant over the entire region. We map this problem to a graph-search problem, and even though deterministic graph search is NP-complete, we derive a tractable optimal probabilistic search strategy. We do this by defining the problem as a dynamic game played on a Markov chain. We prove that this strategy is optimal in the sense of Nash. Simulations of an example problem illustrate our approach and verify our claims.
Carleman Estimates with a Second Large Parameter

Abstract Carleman estimates are an indispensable tool for proving uniqueness of continuation for solutions to partial differential equations with non-analytic coefficients. We prove a new Carleman estimate with two large parameters for operators with time independent coefficients which combines features of estimates given by D. Tataru (1995, Comm. Partial Differential Equations 20, 855–884) and V. Isakov (1998, On the uniqueness of continuation for a thermoelasticity system, preprint).
Interaural attention modulates outer hair cell function.

Mounting evidence suggests that auditory attention tasks may modulate the sensitivity of the cochlea by way of the corticofugal and the medial olivocochlear (MOC) efferent pathways. Here, we studied the extent to which a separate efferent tract, the “uncrossed” MOC, which functionally connects the two ears, mediates inter-aural selective attention. We compared distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) in one ear to binaurally-presented primaries, using an intermodal target detection task in which participants were instructed to report the occurrence of brief target events (visual changes, tones). Three tasks were compared under identical physical stimulation: (1) report brief tones in the ear in which DPOAE responses were recorded; (2) report brief tones presented to the contralateral, non-recorded ear; (3) report brief phase shifts of a visual grating at fixation. Effects of attention were observed as parallel shifts in overall DPOAE contour level, with DPOAEs relatively higher in overall level when subjects ignored the auditory stimuli and attended to the visual stimulus, compared with both of the auditory-attending conditions. Importantly, DPOAE levels were statistically lowest when attention was directed to the ipsilateral ear in which the DPOAE recordings were made. These data corroborate notions that top-down mechanisms, via the corticofugal and medial efferent pathways, mediate cochlear responses during intermodal attention. New findings show attending to one ear can significantly alter the physiological response of the contralateral, unattended ear, likely through the uncrossed-medial olivocochlear efferent fibers connecting the two ears.
Polyamine Effects on Antibiotic Susceptibility in Bacteria

Biogenic polyamines (e.g., spermidine and spermine) are a group of essential polycationic compounds found in all living cells. The effects of spermine and spermidine on antibiotic susceptibility were examined with gram-negative Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium bacteria and clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and with gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Exogenous spermine exerted a dose-dependent inhibition effect on the growth of E. coli, S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, and S. aureus but not P. aeruginosa, as depicted by MIC and growth curve measurements. While the MICs of polymyxin and ciprofloxacin were in general increased by exogenous spermine and spermidine in P. aeruginosa, this adverse effect was not observed in enteric bacteria and S. aureus. It was found that spermine and spermidine can decrease the MICs of beta-lactam antibiotics in all strains as well as other types of antibiotics in a strain-dependent manner. Significantly, the MICs of oxacillin for MRSA Mu50 and N315 were decreased more than 200-fold in the presence of spermine, and this effect of spermine was retained when assessed in the presence of divalent ions (magnesium or calcium; 3 mM) or sodium chloride (150 mM). The effect of spermine on the sensitization of P. aeruginosa and MRSA to antibiotics was further demonstrated by population analysis and time-killing assays. The results of checkerboard assays with E. coli and S. aureus indicated a strong synergistic effect of spermine in combination with beta-lactams and chloramphenicol. The decreased MICs of beta-lactams implied that the possible blockage of outer membrane porins by exogenous spermine or spermidine did not play a crucial role in most cases. In contrast, only the MIC of imipenem against P. aeruginosa was increased by exogenous spermine and spermidine, and this resistance effect was abolished in a mutant strain devoid of the outer membrane porin OprD. In E. coli, the MICs of carbenicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline were decreased in two acrA mutants devoid of a major efflux pump, AcrAB. However, retention of the spermine effect on antibiotic susceptibility in two acrA mutants of E. coli suggested that the AcrAB efflux pump was not the target for a synergistic effect by spermine and antibiotics and ruled out the hypothesis of spermine serving as an efflux pump inhibitor in this organism. In summary, this interesting finding of the effect of spermine on antibiotic susceptibility provides the basis for a new potential approach against drug-resistant pathogens by use of existing beta-lactam antibiotics.
Optimal Product Line Design When Consumers Exhibit Choice Set-Dependent Preferences

In a market of consumers with varying willingness to pay, using product line as a discrimination tool may extract higher profits than serving all consumers with a single product. Local context effects, however, point to yet another consideration in designing product lines: how the appeal of a product changes with the context provided by other products in the choice set. I present a model of product line design that incorporates both discrimination and context management goals and offers recommendations for the variety and positioning of products. To this end, the model makes use of a framework that allows preferences to be choice set dependent. Given this framework, I study how the firm manages externalities between products created by such dependencies. The firm creates distortions above and beyond those resulting from discrimination motives alone. For example, in a vertically differentiated market for quality, quality distortions exist even for the consumers with the highest valuations. The range of quality provisions, given the number of products, is compressed as the relative importance of unfavorable comparisons among products increases. Surprisingly, this compression may even lead the firm to forego discrimination among consumers regardless of the cost of offering distinct products.
An Early Description of ADHD (Inattentive Subtype): Dr Alexander Crichton and ‘Mental Restlessness’ (1798)

Reviews of the literature on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) typically begin early in the twentieth century with the descriptions provided by paediatrician George Still. Physician Alexander Crichton, however, described all of the essential features of the Inattentive subtype of ADHD more than a century earlier than Still. This article presents a short biography of Crichton, looks at his 1798 publication describing attentional disorders in otherwise healthy individuals, contrasts his medical writing with the moralism of Still, and shows how his thoughts and observations are very much in accord with DSM-IV criteria for the Inattentive subtype of ADHD.
Five-year prospective study of the effects of anxiety and depression in patients with coronary artery disease

Anxiety and depression have significant and widespread effects on daily function and symptoms of patients with coronary artery disease over a 5-year period. This may partially explain why results of treadmill stress testing and angiography poorly predict the daily functioning of patients with coronary artery disease.
Rethinking the evaluation of algorithm animations as learning aids

One important aspect of creating computer programs is having a sound understanding of the underlying algorithms used by programs. Learning about algorithms, just like learning to program, is difficult, however. A number of prior studies have found that using animation to help teach algorithms had less beneficial effects on learning than hoped. Those results surprise many computer science instructors whose intuition leads them to believe that algorithm animations should assist instruction. This article reports on a study in which animation is utilized in more of a “homework” learning scenario rather than a “final exam” scenario. Our focus is on understanding how learners will utilize animation and other instructional materials in trying to understand a new algorithm, and on gaining insight into how animations can fit into successful learning strategies. The study indicates that students use sophisticated combinations of instructional materials in learning scenarios. In particular, the presence of algorithm animations seems to make a complicated algorithm more accessible and less intimidating, thus leading to enhanced student interaction with the materials and facilitating learning.
Helminths of Ross' and greater white-fronted geese wintering in South Texas, U.S.A.

Abstract Helminth community structure and pattern were assessed in 16 Ross' geese, Chen rossii, and 46 greater white-fronted geese, Anser albifrons, collected during winter 1999–2000 in Kleberg County, Texas, U.S.A. Helminths found in individual Ross' geese ranged from 1 to 6 species and from 1 to 95 individuals; infracommunities averaged 3.5 ± 0.3 (SE) species and 42.5 ± 7.7 individuals. Ten species were found in the Ross' goose component community, in which Amidostomum anseris, Epomidiostomum crami, Heterakis dispar, and Trichostrongylus tenuis were the most prevalent and numerically dominant. Helminths found in individual white-fronted geese ranged from 1 to 7 species and from 4 to 117 individuals; infracommunities averaged 4.2 ± 0.2 species and 28.9 ± 4.0 individuals. Sixteen species were found in the white-fronted goose component community. Epomidiostomum crami, Amidostomum spatulatum, and T. tenuis were the most prevalent and numerically dominant. In white-fronted geese, chi-square and analysis of v...
Stress and Performance in Nursing: Implications for Productivity

Like other white collar professionals, nurses provide a service that is difficult to perform and difficult to evaluate. A nurse’s “output” is often intangible, and is wrought with other measurement problems. It varies by hospital or department. It varies by patient. It varies by nurse. To make matters worse, the Department of Labor has identified hospital nursing as one of the more stressful occupations (McLean, 1974). In this chapter, we will illustrate some of the organizatonal variables related to stress in nursing, present some of our own relevant data, and discuss implications of these for the measurement and improvement of productivity in the nursing profession. First, however, a brief review of the empirical work on occupational stress is in order.
When consciousness matters: A critical review of Daniel Wegner's the illusion of conscious will

In The illusion of conscious will , Daniel Wegner offers an exciting, informative, and potentially threatening treatise on the psychology of action. I offer several interpretations of the thesis that conscious will is an illusion. The one Wegner seems to suggest is "modular epiphenomenalism": conscious experience of will is produced by a brain system distinct from the system that produces action; it interprets our behavior but does not, as it seems to us, cause it. I argue that the evidence Wegner presents to support this theory, though fascinating, is inconclusive and, in any case, he has not shown that conscious will does not play a crucial causal role in planning, forming intentions, etc. This theory's potential blow to our self-conception turns out to be a glancing one.
The natural South Florida system I: Climate, geology, and hydrology

Developing hypotheses for sustainability requires an understanding of the natural forces that shaped the historical Everglades prior to extensive engineering of the landscape. The historical Everglades marsh covered 10,000 km 2 in a 100-km-long basin that has an extremely low gradient (slope of only 3 cm¢ km i1 ). The region is characterized by a heterogeneous landscape that has developed over the past five millennia, functioning as an interconnected mosaic of wetland, upland, estuarine, and marine ecosystems. The boundaries of this system were defined as the historic drainage basin from the Kissimmee River system through Lake Okeechobee, the Everglades, Florida Bay, and out through the Florida Keys to the coral reef tract. This geographic area is interconnected through the regional hydrology, with its unifying surface and subsurface freshwater transport system. However, in the final analysis, the interaction of geologic and climatic processes determine the system's hydrology, a major determinant of community and landscape structure and the point of connectivity between natural and human systems. This review examines the role of climate, geology, soils and sediments, topography, and hydrology in shaping and modifying ecological systems through time. However, it is clear from the wetland nature of this system that the predrainage hydrologic features were critical to the sustainability of the Everglades. Important hydrologic features include sufficient water quantity, storage, and sheetflow, and the appropriate hydroperiod and timing of water releases over both annual and interannual variations in precipitation.
Neural network based object recognition in images

An investigation of object recognition in images is described. It is based on the following idea: the image is viewed not unlike the transparency obtained by overlaying several transparencies, each containing a single object. The view is taken that any image is a composition of several atomic images. The atomic images contain only one object and they have the same size as composite images. It is shown that the neural networks trained on a small set of atomic images can recognize a very large set of all possible composite images, including overlapping objects, with reasonable recognition rates. Also briefly discussed is the research prototype of the postrelational database management system CHINOOK being developed at the University of Colorado. CHINOOK is intended to manage a database of digitized images and digitized one-dimensional data, as well as text and tables. >
Fault/failure analysis of the Tandem NonStop-UX operating system

This paper presents the results of an analyse's of failures in several releases of Tandem's NonStop-UX operating system. NonStop-UX is based on UNIX System V. The analysis covers software failures from the field and failures reported by Tandem's test center. Faults are classified based on the status of the reported failures, the locations of the code that detected the problems, the panic messages generated by the systems, the faulty source modules, and the types of developer's mistakes. We present distributions of the failure and repair times for unique and duplicate failures. We also discuss how the analysis results can be used for assessing the dependability of the operating system and guiding improvement efforts.
An Escherichia coli enterobactin cluster gene with sequence homology to trpE and pabB

An Escherichia coli gene located in the enterobactin gene cluster between fepB and entE was sequenced. The nucleotide sequence showed a 53% similarity to those of the related genes pabB and trpE; at the amino acid level, the homology was approximately 20%. The pabB and trpE genes encode enzymes that use chorismate as a substrate suggesting that the gene sequenced here is entC,. whose cognate protein is isochorismate synthase. A binding site for the iron regulatory protein Fur was found upstream from entC and only 9 bp separated entC from entE, indicating that entCE are cotranscribed.
Curative Activity of Insecticides on Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Apples

Field-based experiments were used to determine the lethal activity of insecticides on apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae), eggs and larvae in apple (Malis spp.) fruit. The organophosphates azinphosmethyl and phosmet and the neonicotinoids thiacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, and thiamethoxam showed significant curative activity on the apple maggot postinfestation, when applied topically to apple fruit 24 h postharvest. Of the compounds tested, only phosmet showed significant curative activity on apple maggot when applied 14 d postharvest. The pyrethroid esfenvalerate, oxadiazine indoxacarb, anthranilic diamide chlorantraniliprole, and spinosyns spinosad and spinetoram did not show activity on apple maggot eggs and larvae in fruit. Residue profiles showed that for most compounds, the majority (>85%) of residues were found in the skin and the outside 2 mm of the apple flesh. For the neonicotinoid compounds, however, substantial portions of residues were found to penetrate in and beyond the outer flesh regions, and the total flesh residue recoveries were generally greater than those from the skin. Residues of azinphosmethyl and phosmet were detected in all three flesh regions, with the largest proportions recovered from the skin.
BEHAVIOR OF DOG LYMPH CHYLOMICRON LIPID CONSTITUENTS DURING INCUBATION WITH SERUM.

SUMMARY Dog lymph chylomicrons incubated with serum showed a progressive gain in free cholesterol whereas no change took place in the cholesterol ester and triglyceride fractions. Chylomicron phospholipids were observed to suffer a net loss while at the same time exchangmg with serum phospholipids. Before incubation, lymph chylomicron phospholipids contained a higher proportion of noncholine phospholipids than serum; during incubation, this fraction was largely transferred to serum. The noncholine fraction showed comparatively little exchange. Lecithin was by far the largest component of both chylomicron and serum phospholipids. In absolute amounts, the largest transfer and exchange could be accounted for by lecithin. The percentages of sphingomyelin and lysolecithin in chylomicron phospholipids were lower than in those of serum. During incubation, the sphingomyelin content of chylomicrons changed little, but active exchange of sphingomyelin took place. The amount of lysolecithin increased both in chylomicrons and in serum. Almost all the phospholipid lost from the chylomicrons appeared in the high-density lipoprotein fraction. Evidence is presented that the extra phospholipid is taken up by preexisting high-density lipoprotein. Exchange of phospholipids between chylomicrons and serum lipoprotein fractions took place about in proportion to the relative phospholipid contents of these fractions. The bearing of these results on the mechanisms whereby chylomicrons are removed from the circulation is discussed.
Quantitative aspects of interorgan relationships among arginine and citrulline metabolism

The quantitative roles of the splanchnic region and the kidneys in whole body (WB) arginine and citrulline metabolism were assessed in postabsorptive mongrel dogs with primed constant intravenous i...
Art and Sustainability

Over the past four decades, approaches to persistent and complex sustainability challenges have relied on solutions developed through scientific problem analysis and subsequent decision-making. Recently, this assumption has been exposed to various criticisms pointing out flaws and a lack of success. Art occupies a different intellectual, creative, and social space that can allow for surprising and promising perspectives and outcomes, offering innovative approaches to address sustainability problems. Since the 1990s, there has been a surge in interest among artists, curators, and theorists in collaborative art practice. Engaging directly with specific audiences and with pressing issues, the artists produce works that range in their intent from encouraging reflection, conversation, and learning to developing concrete solutions. This chapter focuses on the confluence of our heightened sustainability challenges with an increasing willingness among artists to address them and socially engaged practice as a particularly conducive art form. We focus on visual art and artists, although the most successful projects span disciplines and engage constituencies to challenge existing assumptions and propose new models.
Law Firm Legal Research Requirements in the Legal Academy Beyond Carnegie

What types of research resources must new hires know how to use, and in which format(s)? To answer this question, this article starts by identifying the historical research deficiencies of new attorneys. The author goes on to summarize four recent and well-regarded law firm practice skills studies, as well as results of the author's 2010 law firm survey. This article concludes by identifying a three part plan to improve those research skills lacking in new attorneys.
Molecular dynamics simulations of plasticity and cracking in lithiated silicon electrodes

First-principle calculations have provided critical insights into the deformation behavior of lithiated silicon electrodes in high-capacity lithium ion batteries, but quantitative interpretations have been limited by the size scales of these calculations. Here, we show that large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, based on the modified embedded atom method (MEAM) potential, are capable of describing the elastic softening and plastic behavior of LixSi alloys. In particular, our MD simulations at 0 K correctly reproduce the stress–strain response of LixSi alloys from Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations across all Li concentrations, while matching the corresponding yield strength data from existing experiments at 300 K. Results from these MD simulations reveal a sharp transition in the atomic-scale plasticity mechanisms for LixSi with increasing Li content: from the breaking of Li–Si bonds at x 1. The associated transition in the fracture behavior from brittle to ductile is due to the high stretchability of Li–Li bonds compared to Li–Si and Si–Si bonds.
Progress in development of a 6LiF/ZnS-based neutron multiplicity counter

Neutron multiplicity counters are used in safeguards to provide rapid assay of samples which contain an unknown amount of plutonium in a potentially unknown configuration. Alternatives to the use of 3He for the detection of thermal neutrons are being investigated. With appropriate detector design, the neutron single, double, and triple coincidence events can be used to extract information of three unknown parameters such as the 240Pu-effective mass, the sample self-multiplication, and the (α,n) rate. A project at PNNL has investigated replacing 3He-based tubes with LiF/ZnS neutron-scintillator sheets and wavelength shifting plastic for light pipes. A demonstrator system was constructed and is being used to test potential data acquisition system options and neutron/gamma-ray discrimination algorithms for a larger-scale system. A full-scale system has been extensively modeled to better understand the impact of all the various components. The results of the current testing and modeling effort will inform the final design of a full scale system which is expected to match the performance of existing 3He-based neutron multiplicity counters. A review of the current effort and the most recent findings will be presented.
Integration of Biological and Chemical Control: Specifications for Chemical Control

About 20 years ago economic entomology entered a highly productive period which was highlighted by the development of the synthetic organic insecticides, beginning, of course, when the insecticidal activity of DDT and BHC was discovered. Since that time the agricultural entomologist has been confronted with literally hundreds of new insecticides to be evaluated, many of which were highly promising to alleviate unsolved pest problems or to improve upon existing control practices. Great progress has been made in developing more effective chemicals and means of applying them, but when the overall insect control problem is considered, there are few if any real reductions in the intensity. In fact, there is reason to believe that both the intensity and number of problems have increased in many instances.