cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An investigation into feasibility of impingement heat transfer and acoustic abatement of meso scale synthetic jets

While synthetic jets have found more applications in controlling fluid flow especially in aerospace applications, more recently they captured a lot of attention for the thermal management of electronics. While the jet sizes vary and may be large for microfluidic applications, it is preferred that they should be in the meso scale range for removing heat from electronics components. Current study focuses on the heat transfer and acoustic aspects of the small-scale synthetic jets. Synthetic jets designed and developed at the General Electric Global Research Center can provide peak air velocities in excess of 90 m/s from a 1 mm hydraulic diameter rectangular orifice. The jets are driven by a sine wave with an operating frequency of between 3 and 4.5 kHz, providing the highest thermal performance for the current jets. An infrared thermal imaging technique was used to acquire fine scale temperature measurements. Two heater sizes have been studied in the current study to understand the effect of the characteristic length. Several parameters are varied to find the change in the heat transfer rates with the jet location, driving voltage, driving frequency, and heater power. Heat transfer enhancements over the specific heater sizes are presented for the same jet. It is found that the enhancement can be between 4 and 10 times depends on the heater size showing that smaller sizes provide the best jet effectiveness. It is also noted that jet noise can be as large at 73 dB, but possible abatement techniques can decrease this noise level as low as to 30 dB.
The case for early direct myocardial reperfusion

Abstract The treatment of choice, in Des Moines, Iowa for evolving myocardial infarction, is emergency reperfusion by medical or surgical means that are appropriate to the individual patient. If the patient exhibits clinical evidence of continuing evolution at any time distance from the onset of chest pain, cardiac catheterization is done immediatelt. With single vessel disease, streptokinase lysis is attempted and augmented when necessary by percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. If multiple vessel disease is present, surgical intervention is carried out immediately. As mentioned above, time is not a predictor as to the final outcome whereas the endocardial ventricular architecture correlates well with wall motion recovery. This therapeutic protocol has resulted in an overall mortality rate of 3.5% in patients with evolving myocardial infarction. As mentioned above, all deaths occurred in the patients who were in cardiogenic shock before therapy, and all other 303 patients with evolving myocardial infarction recovered. We certainly do not discourage controlled clinical trials, utilizing theseand other techniques, but do encourage you to adopt reperfusion as the primary therapy for evolving myocardial infarction for your patients.
Transient light emission in slow ion-atom collisions

We solve for the intensity of light emited by the time-dependent dipole formed in slow ion-atom collisions during electron transfer. We describe the time-evolution of electrons in terms of time-dependent molecular orbitals selfconsistently coupled to the trajectories of the nuclei and apply this approach to H+ + H(1s) collisions at low velocities. Light emission in free-to-free transitions is found to last about 10 fs at a Lab collision energy of 10 eV, and about 3 fs at 100 eV, with bands of wavelengths in the near-UV and visible range.
Polyamine Metabolism III: Urinary Acetyl Polyamines in Human Cancer

Polyamine levels were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography in the unhydrolyzed 24-hr urine obtained from 15 cancer patients and nine normal subjects. N1-Acetylspermine, N4-acetylspermine, N4-acetylspermidine, and N-(3-aminopropyl)acetamide were not detected in any samples. N1-Acetylspermidine, N8-acetylspermidine, acetylputrescine, and acetylcadaverine were present in all samples. Furthermore, acetylspermidine and acetylputrescine were excreted in much greater quantities than the respective amines in the urine of both cancer patients and normal subjects. The levels of N1-acetylspermidine were considerably higher than the levels of N8-acetylspermidine in the 24-hr urine of cancer patients, resulting in a ratio of N1- to N8-acetylspermidine in the urine of cancer patients significantly higher than that in normal subjects. The urinary levels of acetylputrescine were also significantly higher in cancer patients. The urinary polyamines in 13 of the 15 cancer patients were outside the 95% confidence limits of the normal mean for the ratio of N1- to N8-acetylspermidine and acetylputrescine. All cancer patients showed values outside the 95% confidence limits of the mean for either of these two parameters. Diurnal variation was observed in the urinary excretion of the acetyl polyamines but not for the free amines in two normal subjects.
The role of bone cells in increasing metaphyseal hard tissue in rapidly growing rats treated with prostaglandin E2

The skeletal effects of graded doses of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) given to weanling Sprague-Dawley rats for 3 weeks were investigated to elucidate the role of bone cells in increasing hard tissue mass. Decalcified (3 μm) sections were quantified in the light microscope by point hit and intersect counting using a Merz grid. Hard tissue mass (bone and calcified cartilage) and osteoblast, osteoclast and osteoprogenitor cell numbers were counted in metaphyseal tissue bands 0.24, 0.48, 0.72, 1.20, 1.68, 2.16, 2.64, 3.12, 3.60 and 4.08 mm from the growth plate metaphyseal junction. Changes were different and more marked in the secondary spongiosa than the primary spongiosa of the proximal tibial metaphysis of treated rats. In the primary spongiosa of rats treated with 3 or 6 mg PGE2/kg/d (1) an increase in bone and hard tissue masses and (2) a decrease in osteoclasts, osteoprogenitor cell numbers and surface to volume ratio was observed. In the secondary spongiosa (lower metaphysis) of rats treated with 2 same dose levels (1) an increase in bone mass, calcified cartilage cores, and hard tissue mass and perimeter, (2) an elevation of osteoprogenitor cell and osteoblast numbers, (3) a depression of osteoclast, osteoclast nuclei numbers and surface to volume ratio and (4) new sites of intramembranous ossification (woven bone formation) originating from the cortico-endosteal envelope was observed. In this growing rat skeletal model, we showed that PGE2 increases metaphyseal calcified tissue mass by depressing hard tissue resorption and stimulating the replication and differentiation of osteoblast precursors to form new foci of woven bone. These foci of new woven bone were restricted to the secondary spongiosa containing trabecular bone associated with red bone marrow tissue.
Surface-Induced Dissociation Shows Potential to be More Informative than Collision-Induced Dissociation for Structural Studies of Large Systems

The ability to preserve noncovalent, macromolecular assemblies intact in the gas phase has paved the way for mass spectrometry to characterize ions of increasing size and become a powerful tool in the field of structural biology. Tandem mass spectrometry experiments have the potential to expand the capabilities of this technique through the gas-phase dissociation of macromolecular complexes, but collisions with small gas atoms currently provide very limited fragmentation. One alternative for dissociating large ions is to collide them into a surface, a more massive target. Here, we demonstrate the ability and benefit of fragmenting large protein complexes and inorganic salt clusters by surface-induced dissociation (SID), which provides more extensive fragmentation of these systems and shows promise as an activation method for ions of increasing size.
Establishing a limit of recognition for a vapor sensor array.

Organic vapor analysis with microsensor arrays relies principally on two output parameters: the response pattern, which provides qualitative information, and the response sensitivity, which determines the limit of detection (LOD). The latter is used to define the operating limit in the low-concentration range, under the implicit assumption that, if a vapor can be detected, it can be identified and differentiated from other vapors on the basis of its response pattern. In this study, the performance of an array of four polymer-coated surface acoustic wave vapor sensors was explored using calibrated response data from 16 solvent vapors in Monte Carlo simulations coupled with pattern recognition analysis. The statistical modeling revealed that the ability to recognize a vapor from its response pattern decreases with decreasing vapor concentration, as expected, but also that the concentration at which errors in vapor recognition become excessive is well above the calculated LOD in most cases, despite the LOD ...
Capture of phosphopeptides using alpha-zirconium phosphate nanoplatelets.

α-Zirconium phosphate nanoplatelets (α-ZrPN) were studied as a binding agent for phosphopeptides. Nanoplatelets of α-zirconium phosphate were incubated overnight with zirconium oxychloride, followed by centrifugation, and washed twice with water followed by an aqueous solution of 80% acetonitrile to form the binding agent. α-ZrPN were able specifically to capture phosphoserine-containing peptides from a tryptic digest of a complex peptide mixture in which its abundance was only 0.05%. α-ZrPN also bound peptides containing phosphothreonine and phosphotyrosine. The limit of detection for phosphopeptides is ∼2 fmol, based on using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. α-ZrPN were applied for the analysis of tryptic digests of mouse liver and leukemia cell phosphoproteomes and succeeded in identifying 158 phosphopeptides (209 phosphorylation sites) from 101 phosphoproteins in mouse liver lysate and 78 phosphopeptides (104 phosphorylation sites) from 59 phosphoproteins in leukemia cell...
Mechanisms of platelet activation: Thromboxane A2 as an amplifying signal for other agonists

Abstract Thromboxane (Tx) A2 is a product of cyclooxygenase catalyzed metabolism of arachidonic acid, It is formed via prostaglandin (PG) endoperoxide intermediates (PGG2 and PGH2) by a specific synthase. PGH2 appears to exert the same biologic effects as TxA2 The cDNA for a TxA2 receptor has been cloned from a human placental library. Although pharmacologic and biochemical studies suggest the presence of multiple isoforms, this remains to be confirmed at the molecular level. A hydropathy plot of the deduced amino acid sequence of the available clone suggests that it has 7 transmembrane spanning domains, typical of a G protein linked receptor. Pharmacologic studies imply that Tx receptors in platelets are linked to phospholipase C activation via pertussis toxin insensitive G proteins. Candidates include the 42 kD Gq and the 60 kD Ge. TxA2 acts as an amplifying signal for platelet agonists and the response to this eicosanoid is tightly regulated. Mechanisms include rapid hydrolysis of the agonist to the inactive TxB2, autoinactivation of Tx synthase, rapid homologous TxA2 receptor desensitization due to receptor-G protein uncoupling, coincidental sensttization to counterregulatory Gs linked receptor systems and stimulation of prostacyclin formation by TxA2. Due to its role as an amplification signal in platelet activation, inhibition of Tx synthesis and action is an effective mechanism for preventing platelet-dependent vascular occlusion. Aspirin is of proven efficacy in this regard. Tx synthase inhibitors and antagonists are under clinical investigation.
Electromagnetic properties of an insulated dipole antenna immersed in an arbitrary medium

Radiation characteristics of an insulated dipole antenna immersed in an arbitrary medium are studied using a complete formulation of the problem. Electric and magnetic equivalent surface currents are used to formulate a system of integrodifferential equations. These equations are solved using the method of moments construction with the proper selection of basis functions. The data obtained are found to be in good agreement with the available data in the literature. The effect of the insulator's permittivity on the near field and far field of the dipole is discussed. The use of coating material to control the effective length of the dipole is presented. The effect of the insulator's thickness on the far field is also studied. The input impedance of the insulated antenna in an arbitrary medium is obtained.
Leptin, Adiposity, and Mortality: Results From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 1988 to 1994

Abstract Objective To determine whether leptin is related to all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) mortality in older adults. Patients and Methods Participants 60 years and older with plasma leptin level measurements from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (1988-1994) and mortality data linked to the National Death Index were included. We created sex-specific tertiles of leptin (men: 4.2-7.7 μg/L; women: 11.5-21.4 μg/L) to identify the effect of leptin on all-cause and CV mortality. We also determined whether leptin predicted mortality in patients with obesity. We classified obesity using 4 possible definitions: body mass index 30 kg/m 2 or greater; body fat 25% or more in men and 35% or more in women; waist circumference 102 cm or greater in men and 88 cm or greater in women; and waist-hip ratio 0.85 or higher in women and 0.95 or higher in men. Sex-specific proportional hazard models were used to assess the effect of leptin on all-cause and CV mortality. Results Of 1794 participants, 51.6% were women; the mean age was 70.3±0.4 years, and the follow-up period was 12.5 years with 994 deaths (469 were CV deaths). All-cause mortality in the highest leptin tertile was significant neither in men (hazard ratio [HR], 1.23; 95% CI, 0.93-1.63) nor in women (HR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.68-1.40). CV mortality was the highest in the highest leptin tertile in men (HR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.06-2.70) but not in women (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.73-1.98). Evaluating the effect of leptin in subgroups of different obesity definitions, we found that high leptin levels as predict CV mortality in men as measured by waist circumference or body fat. Conclusion Elevated leptin level is predictive of CV mortality only in men. Leptin may provide additional mortality discrimination in obese men.
Spectroscopic ellipsometry characterization of silicon/silicon-dioxide superlattices for photoluminescence and electroluminescence

Silicon based light emitting materials are of particular interest for integrating electric and photonic devices into an allsilicon platform. The progress of nano-scale fabrication has led to the ability to realize silicon emitters based on quantum confinement mechanisms. Quantum confinement in nano-structured silicon overcomes the indirect bandgap present in bulk silicon allowing for radiative emissions. Silicon/silicon dioxide superlattices employ two-dimensional confinement leading to light emission. Strong photoluminescence (PL) has been demonstrated in Si/SiO 2 superlattices, confirming the presence of quantum confinement effects. Our super lattice structures are grown using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) with alternating layers of silicon and silicon dioxide. Sub-10 nanometer periods are confirmed via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray reflectivity (XRR) studies. However, consistent and predictable PL and electroluminescence (EL) relies on precise measurement and characterization of the deposition process. Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) offers a non-destructive extremely sensitive method of optical characterization which provides us with the required control. We present characterization of our superlattice structures using spectroscopic ellipsometry. The ellipsometer allows us to measure optical properties of the individual layers of ultra-thin silicon as a part of Si/SiO 2 superlattices. We demonstrate the change in the imaginary part of the dielectric function and the bandgap for a-Si. We also generate deposition rate curves for very specific PECVD recipes and apply this information to further SE characterization and modeling of multi-period superlattice structures.
Medical therapy for asymptomatic men with benign prostatic hyperplasia: primum non nocere.

Medical therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) has become the most widely accepted first-line therapy for symptomatic men with BPH. Alpha-blockade and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors are safe and effective and have long-term durability. During the past 5 years, an increasing body of evidence has emerged that suggests that medical therapy may also impact on the progression of BPH. Specifically, the Proscar Long-Term Efficacy and Safety (PLESS) and Medical Therapy of Prostate Symptoms (MTOPS) studies have clearly demonstrated that medical therapy can halt various progression parameters, including worsening of symptoms, incidence of urinary retention, and the need for invasive surgery. 1,2 On the basis of these exciting results, some have suggested that even earlier intervention with medical therapy for men at risk of BPH should be considered and, at times, instituted. These suggestions do not seem scientifically, economically, or logistically reasonable. The incidence of BPH is increasing, along with an increasing average life expectancy. Data have suggested that the incidence of histologic BPH is 50% in men who are 60 years old, and as great as 88% in men up to 80 years of age. 3 Clinical BPH, defined as a prostate weight greater than 20 g (as measured by transrectal ultrasonography) in association with symptomatic urinary dysfunction and/or a urinary flow rate less than 15 mL/s, without associated malignancy, has been identified in 1 in 5 men between the ages of 40 and 64 and 2 in 5 men older than 65 years of age. 4 Clearly, BPH impacts significantly on the aging male population. However, it should be emphasized that these estimates are in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Most of the superb longitudinal data analyzing community-dwelling men with BPH such as the Olmsted County studies have consistently identified men at risk of progression of disease. These include men older than 60 years of age, those who have lower flow rates at baseline (ie, less than 12 mL/s), and have larger prostate volumes (ie, greater than 30 cm 3 ). 5 However, the seminal baseline parameter in distinguishing men at risk of progression is identifiable lower urinary tract symptoms. Asymptomatic men have not been found to be at increased risk. In a more recent analysis of this population, Sarma et al. 6 demonstrated that longitudinal changes in men with lower urinary tract symptoms is highly variable, with an average of 0.3 points per
Pareto’s law and sample size: a case study of China’s urban system 1984–2008

While Pareto’s law has been widely supported by empirical evidence in urban studies, past studies have focused on finding best fits for city rank-size distribution. A main concern with Pareto’s law is the truncation of sample selection, for which few studies have examined it directly. This study tests three existing threshold methods (number threshold, size threshold, and urban population percentage threshold) using China’s city system as a case study. In addition, this study proposes a new method based upon the percentage threshold of the total number of cities. A systematic analysis is applied to examine the relationship between Pareto exponent and sample size using different threshold methods. The results show that Pareto exponent is sensitive to sample size and the truncation point. Including only large cities is problematic because a slight change in the truncation point will yield quite different results of Pareto exponent. In addition, the new method, the percentage threshold of the total number of cities method, presents an advantage over previous methods, in that this method yields a consistent set of results over a wide range of thresholds. Finally, when using this new method with China’s city system, the Pareto exponent presents a turning point in 1996, representing China’s transition from a planned economy to a more market oriented economy during that period.
Double-Contrast Angiography in Human Internal Mammary Implants

Abstract Blood flow in 40 internal mammary implants in 29 patients was evaluated by a double-contrast technique using CO 2 gas and Hypaque. The flow varied from 51 ml. per minute to 0 and averaged 16.4 ml. per artery. In 9 patients the implant was anatomically patent but no flow was discernible with the double-contrast method, suggesting that conclusions based on the anatomy alone may be erroneous. The method has entailed no complications and appears to add a new aspect to the clinical evaluation of coronary revascularization.
Passive-only damage detection by reciprocity of Green’s functions reconstructed from diffuse acoustic fields with application to wind turbine blades:

The increasing demand for renewable and clean power generation has resulted in the increased size of rotor blades in wind turbine systems. The operational environments have introduced the need for structural health monitoring of the blades to help prevent unexpected failures. A new passive approach is here presented to detect damage in a wind turbine blade using the reciprocity of Green’s function. This is achieved using the derivative of an ensemble average of cross-correlation functions to reconstruct the forward and backward time-domain Green’s functions between any two detection points on the structure within a diffuse acoustic field. Damage is detected when the similarity between the forward and backward signals decreases due to the wave nonlinearities introduced by the discontinuity that break the field reciprocity condition. Proof-of-principle results are presented first for an aluminum plate and then for a 9-m-long composite wind turbine blade containing known, simulated damage.
Genetic Analysis of Fluctuating Asymmetry for Skeletal Characters in Mice

Fluctuating asymmetry (FA)--nondirectional variation between left and right sides of bilateral characters--has become increasingly used as a measure of developmental stability. In the comparison of stability levels among various populations, however, it often has been assumed that FA does not have a genetic basis (i.e., its heritability is zero). To test this hypothesis, heritabilities were estimated via maximum likelihood correlations of parents and offspring for FA in eight quasi-continuous skeletal characters (primarily presence/absence of various foramina) in randombred house mice. Genetic correlations between left and right sides for each of the characters also were calculated to test whether they were one, as would be predicted if differences between sides are purely environmental in origin. Heritabilities of FA in all eight characters were not significantly different from zero, as hypothesized, their mean value being very low (0.032). Similarly, genetic correlations between sides were not significantly different from one for most of the characters. It was concluded that for this specific population of mice, there was no detectable additive genetic variance for FA.
Structure and mechanical properties of ion implanted ceramics

The microstructure of ion implanted ceramics depends upon both implantation and material parameters. Generally, high fluences, low substrate temperatures, and covalent bonding promote amorphization of the implanted zone. Conditions which give damaged but crystalline near-surface layers cause increases in hardness, apparent fracture toughness, flexural strength, and wear resistance. Amorphous surfaces have lower hardness but may exhibit higher wear resistance. Both conditions produce a residual surface stress that is an important factor in determining the surface mechanical properties. Examples of these changes are given for α-Al 2 O 3 , α-SiC, and TiB 2 .
Derepression of MicroRNA-mediated Protein Translation Inhibition by Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing Enzyme Catalytic Polypeptide-like 3G (APOBEC3G) and Its Family Members

The apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3G (APOBEC3G or A3G) and its fellow cytidine deaminase family members are potent restrictive factors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and many other retroviruses. A3G interacts with a vast spectrum of RNA-binding proteins and is located in processing bodies and stress granules. However, its cellular function remains to be further clarified. Using a luciferase reporter gene and green fluorescent protein reporter gene, we demonstrate that A3G and other APOBEC family members can counteract the inhibition of protein synthesis by various microRNAs (miRNAs) such as mir-10b, mir-16, mir-25, and let-7a. A3G could also enhance the expression level of miRNA-targeted mRNA. Further, A3G facilitated the association of microRNA-targeted mRNA with polysomes rather than with processing bodies. Intriguingly, experiments with a C288A/C291A A3G mutant indicated that this function of A3G is separable from its cytidine deaminase activity. Our findings suggest that the major cellular function of A3G, in addition to inhibiting the mobility of retrotransposons and replication of endogenous retroviruses, is most likely to prevent the decay of miRNA-targeted mRNA in processing bodies.
Providing Positive Behavioral Support for All Students

How educators respond to children and youth with challenging behavior has changed dramatically over the years. In the past, school professionals typically dealt reactively and punitively with “problem students.” There was little attempt to discover or understand the student’s point of view or contributing environmental, instructional, or cultural factors. We now have a much better understanding of the complexity of actingout behavior and the school and teacher’s role in exacerbating or ameliorating it. Currently, we have an arsenal of effective evidence-based strategies to help educators teach and reinforce positive school-wide and class-wide behavior. This issue of the Journal of Curriculum and Instruction highlights practices that encourage academic and social success for all students. We, as educators, understand the need to go beyond a reactive approach to problematic or atypical behavior to one that views schools and their culture from a systems’ perspective, seeks to prevent the occurrence of negative behavior, understands and meets the needs of students with a wide array of ability, maturity, and skill level, and is accountable for the success of all learners. Multi-Tiered Systems of Support In the lead invited article, “School-wide Systems to Promote Positive Behaviors
Now's the Time: Online Library Orientations

Increasingly at West Kentucky Community and Technical College (WKCTC), English 101, English 102, and Enrichment 091 are taught online, allowing students more work availability and time with family, while decreasing commute time and expense. In order to meet the library orientation needs of these online students and provide other options for “missed” on-campus sessions, the Library Instruction Team, unfamiliar with possible software products available for this purpose, set out to develop online tutorials. In the beginning, the Team looked at several software options, Jing, SoftChalk, and Camtasia Studio, as well as researching the tutorial/orientation efforts of other libraries. Still experimenting, the Team decided to make their tutorial(s) available through Blackboard, the course management software used for WKCTC online classes. The adventure began. PowerPoint presentations were revised; scripts were written; and tutorials were recorded and posted on Blackboard.
Yields, Angular Distributions, and Polarization of Gamma Rays from Coulomb Excitation

The yields of gamma rays resulting from Coulomb excitation have been measured for ${\mathrm{Tl}}^{205}$, ${\mathrm{Tl}}^{203}$, ${\mathrm{Au}}^{197}$, ${\mathrm{Ir}}^{193}$, ${\mathrm{Ir}}^{191}$, ${\mathrm{Re}}^{187}$, ${\mathrm{Re}}^{185}$, ${\mathrm{W}}^{183}$, ${\mathrm{Ta}}^{181}$, ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{113}$, ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{111}$, ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{109}$, ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{107}$, ${\mathrm{Rh}}^{103}$, ${\mathrm{Mo}}^{95}$, ${\mathrm{Os}}^{192}$, ${\mathrm{Os}}^{190}$, ${\mathrm{Os}}^{188}$, ${\mathrm{W}}^{186}$, ${\mathrm{W}}^{184}$, and ${\mathrm{W}}^{182}$. Angular distributions of the gamma radiation from the nuclei ${\mathrm{Tl}}^{205}$, ${\mathrm{Tl}}^{203}$, ${\mathrm{Au}}^{197}$, ${\mathrm{Ir}}^{193}$, ${\mathrm{Ir}}^{191}$, ${\mathrm{Re}}^{187}$, ${\mathrm{Re}}^{185}$, ${\mathrm{Ta}}^{181}$, ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{113}$, ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{111}$, ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{109}$, ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{107}$, ${\mathrm{Rh}}^{103}$, and ${\mathrm{Mo}}^{95}$ have been measured with respect to the incident proton beam on thick targets. The linear polarization of gamma rays following Coulomb excitation has been studied. A polarimeter based on the Compton scattering mechanism has been constructed and its effectiveness determined by measurements of the known polarization of gamma rays from excitation of 2+ levels in even-even nuclei. Polarization-direction measurements of several transitions in odd-mass nuclei have resolved the ambiguity either in the value of ${(\frac{E2}{M1})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ or in the spin of the excited state deduced from the angular distributions. Reduced transition probabilities for $E2$ and $M1$ transitions are obtained. In some instances these quantities are compared to the predictions of the collective model of the nucleus.
Coffa’s Kant and the evolution of accounts of mathematical necessity

According to Alberto Coffa in The Semantic Tradition from Kant to Carnap, Kant’s account of mathematical judgment is built on a ‘semantic swamp’. Kant’s primitive semantics led him to appeal to pure intuition in an attempt to explain mathematical necessity. The appeal to pure intuition was, on Coffa’s line, a blunder from which philosophy was forced to spend the next 150 years trying to recover. This dismal assessment of Kant’s contributions to the evolution of accounts of mathematical necessity is fundamentally backward-looking. Coffa’s account of how semantic theories of the a priori evolved out of Kant’s doctrine of pure intuition rightly emphasizes those developments, both scientific and philosophical, that collectively served to undermine the plausibility of Kant’s account. What is missing from Coffa’s story, apart from any recognition of Kant’s semantic innovations, is an attempt to appreciate Kant’s philosophical context and the distinctive perspective from which Kant viewed issues in the philosophy of mathematics. When Kant’s perspective and context are brought out, he can not only be seen to have made a genuinely progressive contribution to the development of accounts of mathematical necessity, but also to be relevant to contemporary issues in the philosophy of mathematics in underappreciated ways.
Comparative Hepatotoxicity of Inhaled Cadmium Chloride and Cadmium Oxide

The toxicity of inhaled aerosols of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and cadmium oxide (CdO) on hepatic biochemical function was compared. Male rats were exposed for 2 hours to concentrations of 0.45 and 4.5 mg Cd/m3. Serum and liver enzymes and histological changes were studied immediately and 72 hours after exposure. Exposure to 4.5 mg/m3 CdCl2 and CdO resulted in an increase in liver Cd content. This deposition was not observed at the lower concentrations. Following exposure to 4.5 mg/m3 CdCl2, decreases in body and liver weight, as well as decreased activities of glutathione (GSH)-reductase, GSH-peroxidase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) were observed. Increases in serum bilirubin and activities of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase were evident 72 hours after exposure. Exposure to 4.5 mg/m3 CdO caused decreased activities of GSH-reductase and peroxidase, G-6-PDH, and an increased activity of serum alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase. Exposure to...
Characterization of the cytosolic epoxide hydrolase-catalyzed hydration products from 9,10:12,13-diepoxy stearic esters.

Abstract In a previous report we hypothesized that diepoxy fatty methylesters are metabolized to tetraols and/or tetrahydrofurandiols through an epoxydiol intermediate. In this study, p -nitrophenyldiepoxystearate was incubated with affinity-purified liver cytosolic epoxide hydrolase and product formation was monitored by reverse phase HPLC. The diepoxystearate was converted to the corresponding 9,10,12,13-tetraol using a concentrated enzyme (⩾100 μg/ml). When lower concentration of the enzyme was used, simultaneous elevation of 9,10-epoxy-12,13-dihydroxy and 12,13-epoxy-9,10-dihydroxystearate along with disappearance of tetraol was observed. The epoxydiols were intermediates which could be isolated and cyclized quantitatively to form two chromatographically distinct tetrahydrofurandiols (A with a low R f value and B with a high R f value on TLC). Gas Chromatographic analysis on a cyclodex-β capillary column revealed that each compound was composed of two different isomers. The structure of these isomers was 9(12)-oxy-10,13-dihydroxystearate and 10(13)-oxy-9,12-dihydroxystearate using mass spectrometry. Stereochemistry of the aliphatic chain across the tetrahydrofuran moiety was determined by nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy. Chemically and enzymatically generated tetrahydrofurandiols had similar retention time on GC and HPLC, and identical mass spectra using the electron impact mode.
Policy Making in Congressional Committees: The Impact of “Environmental” Factors

It is well established that various characteristics of a congressional committee may shape and, to an extent, standardize its handling of a range of policy areas. This article, however, examines the substantial variations that most committees continue to display as they move from issue to issue. Why is it that the House Commerce Committee, for example, approaches issues like major-disease research, health care delivery, cable television development, and power plant siting in such radically different ways? What determines the incentives of legislators to invest time and effort in a policy area, and to orient themselves toward broad “public” interests, once involved? Focusing on the House and Senate Commerce Committees, the article takes as its data base patterns of legislative action and inaction in major areas of the committees' jurisdiction during 1969–1974. Particular attention is given to how perceived levels of group conflict and of public salience affect a legislator's orientation toward a policy area, and to the level and direction of executive involvement as an intervening variable of major significance. High-salience, low-conflict areas (e.g., health research) generally offer the strongest incentives to congressional involvement, and low-salience, high-conflict areas (e.g., communications regulation) the weakest, while mixed cases (e.g., a high-salience, high-conflict area like health care delivery) display considerable variability. Issues may change considerably with time in their perceived levels of salience and conflict, and legislators can influence, as well as respond to, such changes. Congressional initiatives often respond to perceived “neglect” on the part of the executive, or disagreement with the content of its moves. But particularly in high-conflict areas, congressional activists will often find that their success requires executive involvement.
Study of the biouptake of labeled single-walled carbon nanotubes using fluorescence-based method

Single-wall carbon nanotubes (CNT) are one of the most attractive engineered nanomaterials due to their unique electrical, mechanical and thermal properties, and potential use in a variety of commercial products. Due to their small size, CNT could become easily airborne and reach the various environmental compartments and eventually the food chain and humans. However, the environmental fate processes and health impacts of CNT are not clear. This study investigated a method for the quantitative measurement of carbon nanotube (CNT) in natural media such soil and benthic organism tissues. Fluorescence dye Nile blue was used for noncovalent labeling of CNT to enable their fluorescence detection. Labeled nanotubes were successfully detected in soil samples as well as in worm tissue. We were also able to detect the presence of labeled carbon nanotubes in worms exposed for 1 week to CNT-laden soil, which indicates CNT may transfer through environmental food web. The method allows for laboratory measurements of CNT mass transfer and partitioning into various environmental systems.
Super-EGO: fast multi-dimensional similarity join

Efficient processing of high-dimensional similarity joins plays an important role for a wide variety of data-driven applications. In this paper, we consider $$\varepsilon $$ -join variant of the problem. Given two $$d$$ -dimensional datasets and parameter $$\varepsilon $$ , the task is to find all pairs of points, one from each dataset that are within $$\varepsilon $$ distance from each other. We propose a new $$\varepsilon $$ -join algorithm, called Super-EGO, which belongs the EGO family of join algorithms. The new algorithm gains its advantage by using novel data-driven dimensionality re-ordering technique, developing a new EGO-strategy that more aggressively avoids unnecessary computation, as well as by developing a parallel version of the algorithm. We study the newly proposed Super-EGO algorithm on large real and synthetic datasets. The empirical study demonstrates significant advantage of the proposed solution over the existing state of the art techniques.
New retractor for open rhinoplasty.

• One of the problems often encountered in external rhinoplasty is retraction of the flap. When a wide, double-pronged retractor is used, the tongue of the external rhinoplasty flap falls between the two points, often obscuring the view of the tip-and-dome anatomy. When vein retractor-type instruments are used, they will often slip and do not stay stable. A retractor has been designed for external rhinoplasty that consists of a wide, double-pronged element to elevate the soft tissues of the lower third of the nose above the cartilaginous and bony anatomy, combined with a central, slightly set-back retractor that holds the tongue of the rhinoplasty flap in a secure, retracted position. This has been a significant improvement in retraction for the external rhinoplasty flap. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1992;118:514-515)
Uncertainty Quantification in the Presence of Limited Climate Model Data with Discontinuities

Uncertainty quantification in climate models is challenged by the sparsity of the available climate data due to the high computational cost of the model runs. Another feature that prevents classical uncertainty analyses from being easily applicable is the bifurcative behavior in the climate data with respect to certain parameters. A typical example is the Meridional Overturning Circulation in the Atlantic Ocean. The maximum overturning stream function exhibits discontinuity across a curve in the space of two uncertain parameters, namely climate sensitivity and CO2 forcing. We develop a methodology that performs uncertainty quantification in this context in the presence of limited data.
Immunity to Rotavirus Infection in Mice

Recent findings from our laboratory regarding the immune response of mice to rotavirus (a mucosal pathogen) show that although in most situations an acquired (T or B cell or both) response is necessary for elimination of primary rotavirus infection, unidentified innate mechanisms can also play a role in some mouse strains. Similar to what is seen with many other viruses, CD8+ T cells appear to provide the first but not the exclusive mechanism that mediates clearance of a primary rotavirus infection. Antibodies are the critical mediators of prevention against rotavirus reinfection. Nonneutralizing IgA monoclonal antibodies directed against VP6 (an internal structural rotavirus protein) can mediate immunity against rotaviruses in vivo. Rotavirus-specific CD8+ T cells can mediate their antiviral effect in the absence of perforin, fas, or interferon-gamma and are preferentially represented in the subset that expresses high levels of the enteric mucosal homing receptor alpha4beta7.
Sensory modulation dysfunction in children with attention-deficit–hyperactivity disorder

This study investigates the presence of sensory modulation dysfunction (SMD) among children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Twenty-six children with ADHD (mean age 8.3 years, 18 males, 8 females), and 30 typically developing children (mean age 8.2 years, 21 males, 9 females) were tested using a laboratory procedure that gauges responses to repeated sensory stimulation by measuring electrodermal reactivity (EDR). Parental report measures of limitations in sensory, emotional, and attentional dimensions were administered using the Short Sensory Profile, the Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised, Parent Rating subscales, and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Compared to the typical sample, the children with ADHD displayed greater abnormalities in sensory modulation on both physiological and parent-report measures. The children with ADHD also displayed more variability in responses. Within the group with ADHD, levels of SMD were highly correlated with measures of psychopathology on the CBCL. Implications of findings relate to the importance of considering sensory processing abilities in a subgroup of children with ADHD.
A randomized trial of telephone counseling to promote screening mammography in two HMOs

Abstract Tailored telephone counseling (TTC) is effective in increasing utilization of screening mammography, but has received limited testing on a large scale in a contemporary HMO setting in which most eligible women get regular screening. We conducted a randomized controlled trial comparing TTC to an active control (mailed reminders) among women aged 50–80 enrolled in two HMOs in New England ( n =12,905). Over a 1-year period counselors attempted to contact women in the intervention arm who had not had a mammogram within the last 15 months. The absolute increase in mammography use due to the intervention was 4.9% (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0–1.6) in one HMO and 3.1% (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0–1.3) in the other. We estimated that one additional woman was screened for each 10.9 women eligible for counseling. An intervention process analysis documented a high level of acceptance of TTC and identified subgroups that could be targeted for counseling to improve the efficiency of TTC.
Selective Detection of Chemical and Biological Toxins Using Gold-Nanoparticle-Based Two-Photon Scattering Assay

Possible terrorist threats on water supplies are causes for concern given the easy availability of numerous biological and chemical toxins that could be used by a terrorist organization. In this article, we report gold-nanoparticle-based two-photon light-scattering (TPS) assay, for the label-free detection of arsenic and Salmonella bacteria separately, with excellent detection limit and selectivity over other analytes. Our experimental results show that arsenic can be detected quickly and accurately without any tagging, in 100-ppt level with excellent discrimination against other heavy metals. We have demonstrated that our TPS assay is capable of measuring the amount of arsenic in Bangladesh, West Bengal, and Nevada well water as well as in Mississippi river water. We have also shown that gold-nanoparticle-based TPS assay are capable for label-free detection of Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) with excellent detection limit (103 bacteria/mL) and high selectivity over other pathogens. The mechanism of TPS assay working principle has been discussed. Our results demonstrate the potential for a broad application of nanotechnology in practical defense applications.
High resolution GSO block detectors using PMT-quadrant-sharing design for human whole body and breast/brain PET applications

High resolution GSO block detectors have been developed using the PMT-quadrant-sharing (PQS) design for human whole body and breast/brain PET applications. Segmented GSO (Ce 0.5 mol%) crystals of 3.02 mmtimes3.02 mmtimes20 mm (13times13 array) and 3.58 mmtimes3.58 mmtimes20 mm (11times11) were assembled together to build two prototype detectors for whole body PET imaging with 39 mm round PMTs and crystals of 2.04 mmtimes2.04 mmtimes20 mm (9times9) for breast/brain PET imaging with 19 mm round PMTs. The enhanced specular reflector (3M Co.) mirror-film windows with reflectance 98% and thickness 0.065 mm were used to control light collection and distribution. Crystal pitches are 3.1 (13times13), 3.64 (11times11), and 2.12 mm (9times9) and crystal-packing fractions are 95, 97, and 93%, respectively. List-mode measurements with Cs-137 sources were carried out to investigate crystal decoding and were analyzed to extract individual crystal spectra. All the crystals in the detectors were identified. Energy resolution for individual crystals ranges from 13.7 to 18.5% (13times13), 12.2 to 14.2% (11times11), and 20.9 to 28.9% (9times9), with overall energy resolutions of 15.6, 13.2, and 24.3%, respectively. Light collection efficiencies for the central crystals are 60 (13times13), 66 (11times11), and 72% (9times9), compared to the corner crystals. The maximum decodable crystals/PMT ratios at 511 keV are high 121-169 for the 39 mm PQS GSO detector design and 81 for the 19 mm PQS GSO detector design with crystals 20 mm deep. It is anticipated that these PQS GSO detectors will provide high resolution and sensitivity at low cost
Unrestricted replication of human cytomegalovirus in hydrocortisone-treated macrophages.

Abstract Monocytes differentiated in the presence of phytohemagglutinin P-stimulated T cells could be infected with human cytomegalovirus AD169 and produced low levels of infectious virus. Additional treatment with therapeutic levels of hydrocortisone resulted in a 10- to 100-fold increase in infectious virus production. Hydrocortisone-treated cells demonstrated immediate-early protein kinetics similar to that observed with human fibroblasts, whereas a delay of up to 24 h was observed with untreated cells. Late protein production was barely detectable by immunostaining without hydrocortisone treatment. In treated cells, however, late protein was detected and the levels correlated with the number of cells producing infectious virus. This system provides a model for human cytomegalovirus infection of macrophages in humans.
New World Monkeys and Color

The visual worlds of most primates are rich with potential color signals, and many representatives of the order have evolved the biological mechanisms that allow them to exploit these sources of information. Unlike the catarrhines, platyrrhines typically have sex-linked polymorphic color vision that provides individuals with any of several distinct types of color vision, including both trichromatic and dichromatic variants. In recent years, this polymorphism has been the target of an expanding range of research efforts. As a result, researchers now reasonably understand the proximate biology underlying the polymorphisms, and a number of ideas have emerged as to their evolution. Progress has also been made in illuminating how color vision capacities may be related to the particular visual tasks that New World monkeys face.
High-level formal verification of next-generation microprocessors

Formal property verification has been an effective complement to pre-silicon validation of several Intel/spl reg/ Pentium/spl reg/ 4 CPU designs at Intel Corporation. The principal objective of this program has been to prove design correctness rather than hunt for bugs. In the process, we have evolved our tools and methodology and are now applying FPV techniques to protocol level properties. Moving forward, new technologies such as GSTE and SAT offer the potential to significantly increase the scope of what can be formally verified. This paper discusses the application of FPV to validation of the Intel/spl reg/ Pentium/spl reg/ 4 microarchitecture and some approaches being considered to broaden the application of FV techniques, particularly at a higher level of design abstraction.