cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Improved Algorithm for Scheduling Jobs on Identical Machines

Abstract The problem discussed in this paper is one in which n jobs are to be scheduled on M identical machines. Each job, i, possesses a processing time, ti , a linear penalty rate, pi, and a due date, di = ti -for all i. The objective is to minimize the total penalty cost, where Ti is the actual completion time for job i. The improved algorithm is based upon the technique of Elmaghraby and Park and is the result of three theoretical refinements of their basic method in conjunction with newly developed results. A detailed discussion of the refinements and new results is followed by a presentation of some representative computational results using the improved algorithm.
Gangrene of the female breast with anticoagulant therapy: report of two cases.

The characteristic clinical, gross, and microscopic findings of two cases of gangrene of the breast following Dicumarol therapy are presented. A comparison is drawn between this lesion and purpura fulminans, based on gross and microscopic appearance and on the theoretic relationship of each to the Sanarelli-Shwartzman phenomenon. It is suggested that a therapeutic trial with heparin, corticosteroids, dextran, and antibiotics is warranted prior to resorting to surgery.
Is Simulium Dinellii Joan (1912) (Diptera, Simuliidae) Present in Guatemala?

It has been brought to the attention of the writer that, in his monograph on “The black flies (Diptera, Simuliidae) of Guatemala and their role as vectors of onchocerciasis” (Dalmat, 1955), he neglected to include under the heading “Other Simulium species commonly referred to in the literature as being present in Guatemala” (p. 275) the species Simulium dinellii Joan (1912).
Smooth muscle length-dependent PI(4,5)P2 synthesis and paxillin tyrosine phosphorylation.

We studied effects of increasing the length of porcine trachealis muscle on 5.5 μM carbachol (CCh)-evoked phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] synthesis and other parameters of phospha...
Analysis on Referral and Tracing of Tuberculosis Cases Reported by Non-anti-tuberculosis Organs through Online Reporting System in Yuxi City

[Objective]To understand the referring system on suspected Tuberculosis(TB) cases in general hospitals and the tracing work of anti-tuberculosis organs for the suspected whose referrals are not in place in Yuxi City from 2005 to 2009.[Methods]Comprehensive analysis and assessment were conducted for this research,based on the related data for the past 5 years revealed by "China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention "and "Tuberculosis Management Information System".[Results]It was found that,over the past 5 years,8,723 suspected TB cases were reported throughout 9 counties of Yuxi City.Among them,4,496 have been transferred to anti-tuberculosis organs,the referring rate was 51.5 %;3,676 had been traced by the anti-tuberculosis organs,making the follow-up rate reaching 95.7%.A total of 8,407 cases(including another 235 cases checked in other ways) had been under care,the rate was 96.4%;among them,5,697(67.8%) had been excluded for TB;of 2,582 newly diagnosed smear positive TB cases,66.8 % has been confirmed during either referrals or follow-ups.[Conclusion]Non-anti-tuberculosis organs play an important role in confirming TB patients.The success rate and quality of referral for(suspected) TB patients need further improvement,so as to enhance the diagnosis level of TB.
Classification of All Single Travelling Wave Solutions to Modified BBM Equation

Under the travelling wave transformation,some nonlinear partial differential equations such as the mBBM equation are transformed to ordinary differential equation.And then combing complete discrimination system for polynomial,the classifications of all single traveling wave solution to this equation are obtained.
Update on traveler's diarrhea.

PreviewWhatever their destination—whether a mountain range in the Himalayas or a coastal paradise in Mexico—travelers are vulnerable to gastrointestinal problems. Dr Strum offers a brief profile of some of the pathogens most commonly responsible for traveler's diarrhea and suggests some commonsense measures for minimizing the chances of becoming infected and for treating this debilitating illness.
Bovine ketosis: a review with recommendations for control and treatment.

SUMMARY Nutritional and biochemical studies on bovine ketosis (acetonaemia) that have been carried out at the Institute for Research on Animal Diseases at Compton over the past ten years are reviewed in relation to relevant studies carried out elsewhere. Various conclusions are drawn concerning the aetiology of ketosis. These conclusions are then used as a basis for making specific recommendations that should be of help in the control and treatment of the clinical and subclinical disease.
Reproducibility of LVI With and Without the Immunohistochemical Markers ERG and CD31 in Penile Cancer

Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) has been identified as an independent predictor of metastatic lymph node disease for penile carcinoma. Penile tumors with LVI are classified as at least pT1b, and sentinel node biopsy or inguinal lymph node dissection is indicated. The goal of this study was to assess the reproducibility of identifying LVI with and without immunohistochemical (IHC) …
Preparation and Distribution of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Dosage Formulations for Investigational and Therapeutic Use in the United States

Cannabis is classified as a schedule I controlled substance by the US Drug Enforcement Agency, meaning that it has no medicinal value. Production is legally restricted to a single supplier at the University of Mississippi, and distribution to researchers is tightly controlled. However, a majority of the population is estimated to believe that cannabis has legitimate medical or recreational value, numerous states have legalized or decriminalized possession to some degree, and the federal government does not strictly enforce its law and is considering rescheduling. The explosive increase in open sale and use of herbal cannabis and its products has occurred with widely variable and in many cases grossly inadequate quality control at all levels—growing, processing, storage, distribution, and use. This paper discusses elements of the analytical and regulatory system that need to be put in place to ensure standardization for the researcher and to reduce the hazards of contamination, overdosing and underdosing for the end-user.
Polymorphisms in PDLIM5 gene are associated with alcohol dependence, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension

The PDZ and LIM domain 5 (PDLIM5) gene may play a role in alcohol dependence (AD), bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder; however, no study has identified shared genetic variants within PDLIM5 gene among AD, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and hypertension. This study investigated the association of 72 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) with AD (1066 AD cases and 1278 controls) in the Study of Addiction - Genetics and Environment (SAGE) sample and 47 SNPs with T2D (878 cases and 2686 non-diabetic) and hypertension (825 cases and 2739 non-hypertensive) in the Marshfield sample. Multiple logistic regression models in PLINK software were used to examine the associations of genetic variants with AD, T2D, and hypertension and SNP x alcohol consumption interactions for T2D and hypertension. Twenty-five SNPs were associated with AD in the SAGE sample (p < 0.05); rs1048627 showed the strongest association with AD (p = 5.53 × 10−4). Of the 25 SNPs, 5 SNPs showed associations with both AD in the SAGE sample and T2D in the Marshfield sample (top SNP rs11097432 with p = 0.00107 for T2D and p = 0.0483 for AD) while 6 SNPs showed associations with both AD in the SAGE sample and hypertension in the Marshfield sample (top SNP rs12500426 with p = 0.0119 for hypertension and p = 1.51 × 10−3 for AD). SNP (rs6532496) showed significant interaction with alcohol consumption for hypertension. Our results showed that several genetic variants in PDLIM5 gene influence AD, T2D and hypertension. These findings offer the potential for new insights into the pathogenesis of AD, T2D, and hypertension.
Modal Substructuring of Geometrically Nonlinear Finite Element Models with Interface Reduction

Substructuring methods have been widely used in structural dynamics to divide large, complicated finite element models into smaller substructures. For linear systems, many methods have been develop...
Positive and Negative Associations Between Adolescent Mental Health and Technology

In this chapter, we review the developmental, social, and clinical psychology literature on how adolescents are positively and negatively impacted by using social technologies such as mobile phones, social media sites, and interactive video gaming. Beneficial aspects include a sense of social connectivity and sense of belonging, personal contentment and self-esteem, emotional expression/control, and identity development. Maladaptive aspects include alienation and social anxiety, body dissatisfaction and disordered eating, triggering of emotions such as depression, and exposure to sexual content. Mental health clinicians and practitioners can gain greater awareness of the strengths and drawbacks of social technologies when faced with adolescent clients who exhibit symptoms that may need intervention.
Using Somatic Mutations from Tumors to Classify Variants in Mismatch Repair Genes

Present guidelines for classification of constitutional variants do not incorporate inferences from mutations seen in tumors, even when these are associated with a specific molecular phenotype. When somatic mutations and constitutional mutations lead to the same molecular phenotype, as for the mismatch repair genes, information from somatic mutations may enable interpretation of previously unclassified variants. To test this idea, we first estimated likelihoods that somatic variants in MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 drive microsatellite instability and characteristic IHC staining patterns by calculating likelihoods of high versus low normalized variant read fractions of 153 mutations known to be pathogenic versus those of 760 intronic passenger mutations from 174 paired tumor-normal samples. Mutations that explained the tumor mismatch repair phenotype had likelihood ratio for high variant read fraction of 1.56 (95% CI 1.42–1.71) at sites with no loss of heterozygosity and of 26.5 (95% CI 13.2–53.0) at sites with loss of heterozygosity. Next, we applied these ratios to 165 missense, synonymous, and splice variants observed in tumors, combining in a Bayesian analysis the likelihood ratio corresponding with the adjusted variant read fraction with pretest probabilities derived from published analyses and public databases. We suggest classifications for 86 of 165 variants: 7 benign, 31 likely benign, 22 likely pathogenic, and 26 pathogenic. These results illustrate that for mismatch repair genes, characterization of tumor mutations permits tumor mutation data to inform constitutional variant classification. We suggest modifications to incorporate molecular phenotype in future variant classification guidelines.
Development of Ganglion Cells in the Retina of the Cat

The eye of a cat grows significantly between birth and adulthood. Part of this growth occurs after the kitten has begun to exhibit visually guided behavior. Both the neural retina and the optical components of the eye participate in the growth. Unless these two components of the eye grow at the same rate, individual retinal neurons will receive spatial information from different amounts of the visual world at different times. Measurements of dendritic fields of retinal ganglion cells, specifically beta cells, show that many beta cells have reached their adult size at three weeks after birth, many weeks before the optical components of the eye are mature. Thus, the amount of visual world from which a ganglion cell receives spatial information must gradually decrease as the optical components of the eye grow. Measurements of the receptive-field center size of ganglion cells from kittens of various ages provide additional support for this idea.
A mouse tissue atlas of small non-coding RNA

Small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) play a vital role in a broad range of biological processes both in health and disease. A comprehensive quantitative reference of sRNA expression would significantly advance our understanding of sRNA roles in shaping tissue functions. Here, we systematically profiled the expression of four sRNA classes across eleven mouse tissues by RNA-seq. Using fourteen biological replicates spanning both genders, we identified 3,962 various sRNAs; 473 of these sRNAs are novel and identified for the first time by this work. We found that 40% of these transcripts were distributed across the body in a tissue-specific manner, and this tissue-specificity extends through multiple sRNA classes; furthermore, some sRNAs are also sexually dimorphic. By combining these findings with machine learning, we were able to accurately classify tissue types from sRNA data generated by other studies. These results yield the most comprehensive catalog of specific and ubiquitous small RNAs in individual tissues to date, and we expect that this catalog will be a resource for the further identification of sRNAs involved in tissue-function in health and dysfunction in disease.
Synthesis of Esters Via a Greener Steglich Esterification in Acetonitrile

The Steglich esterification is a widely-used reaction for the synthesis of esters from carboxylic acids and alcohols. While efficient and mild, the reaction is commonly performed using chlorinated or amide solvent systems, which are hazardous to human health and the environment. Our methodology utilizes acetonitrile as a greener and less hazardous solvent system. This protocol exhibits rates and yields that are comparable to traditional solvent systems and employs an extraction and wash sequence that eliminates the need for the purification of the ester product via column chromatography. This general method can be used to couple a variety of carboxylic acids with 1° and 2° aliphatic alcohols, benzylic and allylic alcohols, and phenols to obtain pure esters in high yields. The goal of the protocol detailed here is to provide a greener alternative to a common esterification reaction, which could serve useful for ester synthesis in both academic and industrial applications.
Oxidation stability of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene nanosheets in solvents and composite films

Ti3C2Tx belongs to the family of MXenes, 2D materials with an attractive combination of functional properties suitable for applications such as batteries, supercapacitors, and strain sensors. However, the fabrication of devices and functional coatings based on Ti3C2Tx remains challenging as they are prone to chemical degradation by their oxidation to TiO2. In this paper, we examine the oxidation of Ti3C2Tx in air, liquid, and solid media via conductivity measurements to assess the shelf life of Ti3C2Tx MXenes. The oxidation of Ti3C2Tx was observed in all the media used in this study, but it is fastest in liquid media and slowest in solid media (including polymer matrices). We also show that the conventional indicators of MXene oxidation, such as changes in color and colloidal stability, are not always reliable. Finally, we demonstrate the acceleration of oxidation under exposure to UV light. The storage and dispersion of MXene films in media influence their oxidation behavior. A team led by Miladin Radovic and Micah Green at Texas AM the oxidation was the slowest in solid media and the fastest in liquid media. In aqueous dispersions, Ti3C2Tx oxidized in 2 weeks, along with a sharp decrease in electrical conductivity; however, the dispersion retained its dark color and colloidal stability. Ti3C2Tx could be well preserved in ice, whereas its polymers were not effective barriers to decrease oxidation.
Robot Path Planning Using Imprecise and Sporadic Advisory Information from Humans

In environments featuring hazards (e.g., debris, holes in the ground), robot navigation can be challenging. Robot’s sensors alone might be not able to guarantee timely detection of the threats. In such situations, the presence of nearby humans can be exploited to support safe robot navigation. The human can proactively provide advisory information and issue warnings. Unfortunately, verbally expressed human’s inputs are usually quite imprecise or ambiguous when referring to spatial elements. We consider how to model the inherently imprecise and sporadic “human sensor” by using the formalism of imprecise probabilities, and how to use the model to build maps fusing robot sensor data and human inputs. Map information is used for path planning, searching for paths that balance survivability and efficiency (e.g., time). In a number of simulation scenarios we study the effectiveness of our approach compared to standard ways to build the map and perform path planning.
Failure to Rescue Contributes to Center-Level Differences in Mortality After Lung Transplantation

Background The clinical response to postoperative complications after lung transplantation (LTx) may contribute to mortality differences among transplantation centers. The ability to avoid mortality after a complication—failure to rescue (FTR)—may be an effective quality metric in LTx. Methods The United Network for Organ Sharing database was queried for adult, first-time, lung-only transplantations from May 2005 to December 2015. Transplantation centers were stratified into equal-sized terciles on the basis of observed operative mortality rates. Several postoperative complications were identified, including stroke, acute rejection, acute kidney injury requiring hemodialysis, airway dehiscence, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 72 hours after surgery. Rates of FTR were calculated as the number of operative mortalities in patients who had complications divided by the number of patients who had any postoperative complications. Results Our study population included 16,411 LTx operations performed at 69 transplantation centers. LTx centers were stratified into terciles with average perioperative mortality of 4.0% for low-mortality centers, 6.9% for intermediate-mortality centers, and 12.4% for high-mortality centers. Low-mortality centers had slightly lower complication rates (low, 15.0% vs intermediate, 17.1% vs high, 19.1%; P Conclusions Differences in rates of FTR contribute significantly to per-center variability in mortality after LTx. FTR can serve as a quality metric to identify opportunities for improvement in management of perioperative adverse events.
Does Watching This Make Me Feel Ashamed or Angry? An Examination of Latino Americans’ Responses to Immigration Coverage:

Content analyses of U.S. English-language news coverage of immigration indicate that these stories are laden with negative, threatening messages and have an almost exclusive focus on Latino immigra...
When Newborn Screens Fail, Maple Syrup Urine Disease in a Toddler

Introduction: Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) is a deficiency of branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC) which is one of the enzymes responsible for breaking down the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. This disease is included in all newborn screens in Mississippi and most other states. If the disease is allowed to follow its natural progression it will result in psychomotor delay, feeding problems, and the maple syrup odor of the urine that gives the disease its name. Classic MSUD usually presents with symptoms during the first few days of …
History of childhood abuse and alcohol use disorder: Relationship with intermittent explosive disorder and intoxicated aggression frequency.

Abstract Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED), the only psychiatric diagnosis for which affective aggression is the cardinal symptom, is uniquely associated with both a history of childhood abuse and a diagnosis of an alcohol use disorder (AUD). Moreover, both childhood abuse and AUD are associated with increased general aggression and aggression while intoxicated. Yet, no study to date has examined the relative contributions of childhood abuse and AUD to IED, nor their effects on overall and intoxicated aggression among those with and without IED. The following study aimed to fill these gaps. Participants were 493 individuals (68% female; Age M = 26.65) either with (n = 265) or without (psychiatric control group; n = 228) IED. All participants completed a clinical interview to (a) diagnose AUD, IED, and other comorbid psychiatric disorders; (b) assess childhood abuse history; and (c) determine lifetime frequency of overall and intoxicated aggression. Results indicated that a history of childhood abuse, but not AUD status, was uniquely predictive of IED status. With regard to aggression frequency, IED, AUD and childhood abuse were all independently associated with overall aggression, although only those with IED showed increased intoxicated aggression as a function of AUD severity. Overall, these results suggest that a history of childhood abuse may increase the chances of engaging in overall aggression and developing IED, which in turn may increase the association between AUD severity and intoxicated aggression.
Introduction to Deep Learning for Engineers : Using Python and Google Cloud Platform

This book provides a short introduction and easy-to-follow implementation steps of deep learning using Google Cloud Platform. It also includes a practical case study that highlights the utilization of Python and related libraries for running a pre-trained deep learning model. In recent years, deep learning-based modeling approaches have been used in a wide variety of engineering domains, such as autonomous cars, intelligent robotics, computer vision, natural language processing, and bioinformatics. Also, numerous real-world engineering applications utilize an existing pre-trained deep learning model that has already been developed and optimized for a related task. However, incorporating a deep learning model in a research project is quite challenging, especially for someone who doesn't have related machine learning and cloud computing knowledge. Keeping that in mind, this book is intended to be a short introduction of deep learning basics through the example of a practical implementation case. The audience of this short book is undergraduate engineering students who wish to explore deep learning models in their class project or senior design project without having a full journey through the machine learning theories. The case study part at the end also provides a cost-effective and step-by-step approach that can be replicated by others easily.
Critical patient insights from the same-day feedback programme at Stanford Health Care

Patient-centered organisations Healthcare organisations now integrate patient feedback into value-based compensation formulas. This research considered Stanford Healthcare’s same-day feedback, a programme designed to evaluate the patient experience. Specifically, how did patients with cancer interviewed in the programme assess their physicians? Furthermore, how did assessments differ across emotional, physical, practical and informational needs when interviewed by volunteer patient and family partners (PAFPs) versus hospital staff? Patient–physician communication barriers Integral to this research was Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT), which suggests individuals adjust interactions based on conversational roles, needs and understanding. Previous influential research was conducted by Frosch et al (2012) and Di Bartolo et al (2017), who revealed barriers to patient–physician communication, and Baker et al (2011) who associated CAT with these interactions. However, we still did not know if patients alter physician assessments between interviewers. Volunteers collect patient needs This mixed methods study worked with 190 oncology unit patient interviews from 2009 to 2017. Open-ended interview responses underwent thematic analysis. When compared with hospital staff, PAFPs collected more practical and informational needs from patients. PAFPs also collected more verbose responses that resembled detailed narratives of the patients’ hospital experiences. This study contributed insightful patient perspectives of physician care in a novel hospital programme.
How Long Before a Second Defoliation of Actively Growing Grass Plants in the Desert Grassland

In the Desert Grassland, second and subsequent defoliations on perennial grasses during the active growing season can have substantial impacts on grass recovery and reproduction following herbivory. Land managers implement tactics to avoid multiple defoliations on plants by way of rotational grazing, reduced stocking rates, and/or reduced time spent within a given pasture. We explored frequency and rate of defoliation by cattle on perennial bunchgrasses within an 11-day grazing period in three pastures including distance to water (300 and 600 m) and plant height to determine their influence on animal diet selection. Results indicate that 32% of all marked plants were defoliated by cattle and only 5% of defoliated plants were defoliated a second time by day 10 of the grazing period. Defoliation patterns in the studied pastures did not differ between two distances from water, or in relation to plant height. However, at the second defoliation cattle grazed plants that were shorter than at the first defoliation suggesting a selection for high quality re-growth over larger forage on offer. The results of this study show that a 10-day grazing period during the growing season of the Desert Grassland is an effective strategy to avoid second defoliations on individual perennial grass plants while maintaining sufficient forage for use during the dormant winter grazing season.
Blood-Brain Barrier Damage in Ischemic Stroke and Its Regulation by Endothelial Mechanotransduction

Ischemic stroke, a major cause of mortality in the United States, often contributes to disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB along with its supportive cells, collectively referred to as the "neurovascular unit," is the brain's multicellular microvasculature that bi-directionally regulates the transport of blood, ions, oxygen, and cells from the circulation into the brain. It is thus vital for the maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis. BBB disruption, which is associated with the altered expression of tight junction proteins and BBB transporters, is believed to exacerbate brain injury caused by ischemic stroke and limits the therapeutic potential of current clinical therapies, such as recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Accumulating evidence suggests that endothelial mechanobiology, the conversion of mechanical forces into biochemical signals, helps regulate function of the peripheral vasculature and may similarly maintain BBB integrity. For example, the endothelial glycocalyx (GCX), a glycoprotein-proteoglycan layer extending into the lumen of bloods vessel, is abundantly expressed on endothelial cells of the BBB and has been shown to regulate BBB permeability. In this review, we will focus on our understanding of the mechanisms underlying BBB damage after ischemic stroke, highlighting current and potential future novel pharmacological strategies for BBB protection and recovery. Finally, we will address the current knowledge of endothelial mechanotransduction in BBB maintenance, specifically focusing on a potential role of the endothelial GCX.
Using Krackhardt Data Over Time to Assess Egonet Dynamics and Accuracy

There has been some debate over the extent to which egonets support accurate inferences regarding the actual structural features of social networks. The reliance of the egonet method on ego’s accurate perception of the local network naturally motivates the examination of differences between what ego perceives and what actually exists. Three decades ago, Krackhardt pioneered the assessment of ego’s perception of alters and ties with the contribution of cognitive social structures, henceforth referred to as Krackhardt data. I claim that what has been needed is further examination of Krackhardt data over time, where possible compared with measurement of the actual network structure. This could yield progress for the field in better understanding the stability of both social network perceptions and their accuracy with respect to the actual social landscape. The work presented in this session is an example of just such an effort. My longitudinal dataset consists of the two relations of friendship and advice measured over a six week period, collected as relationships formed among a group of college juniors working together in a class that included a Prisoner’s Dilemma exercise. Notably, this exercise held the potential of significantly affecting not only the group’s actual social networks but also the participants’ perceptions of each other’s’ social networks. Augmented by Krackhardt data also collected each week during the same time period, this dataset offers some advantages over the field’s most widely analyzed dataset due to Newcomb. Analytical results presented will include longitudinal results for ego distortion, local-global inference error, and feature inference error.
Leveling Up Teamwork in Esports: Understanding Team Cognition in a Dynamic Virtual Environment

A large body of research has underscored the importance of the cognitive process of team cognition and its relation to team performance. However, little research has focused on applying such an important teamwork process to computer-mediated collaboration within a fast-paced virtual environment. In this paper, we use esports as a research platform to address this limitation due to its fast-paced nature and its heavy reliance on teamwork. We report the experience and perceptions of 20 players with regard to their descriptions of team cognition within esports. We found that esports players relied on their game experience and understanding of role interdependencies in order to develop team cognition with strangers. We also found that experienced teams utilized a mutual understanding of teammate skills and personalities in order to predict responses and limit the verbal communication required to make quick team decisions. We contribute to CSCW by extending the cognitive understanding of computer-mediated collaboration and by advancing research on team cognition and how it can occur within a fast-paced virtual environment.
An Annotated List of the Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Mississippi

One hundred and ninety-three species of ants, plus the hybrid fire ant, Solenopsis invicta X richteri, are reported for Mississippi. Thirty-two species are considered to be exotic to Mississippi. County records are given for each species.
Aerosol Microphysics and Radiation Integration

Abstract : This long-term goals of this project is the development of systems that support real time global prognostic aerosol and visibility models for the benefit of the Department of Defense and civilian research communities. Aerosol particle light extinction and absorption properties vary considerably by region, and aerosol models struggle with complex and harsh environments. Visibility degradation is a chronic issue in many sensitive parts of the globe, including the Arabian Gulf/Arabian Sea, East Asia, and some parts of the Mediterranean Sea. Along coastal and even some deep ocean regions, dust, pollution and smoke are often present and can dominate Electro-Optical (EO) effects over simple sea salt. In order to account for these varied aerosol species, models such as the Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS 1) and the NRL Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System (NAAPS) require precise source and sink functions, as well as parameterizations for particle size, chemistry, and optical properties. Similar microphysical data are required for remote sensing systems. A consistent aerosol microphysics and radiation model is necessary if aerosol forecasting systems are to make the leap to satellite data utilization. As the models are so heavily dependent on derived microphysical parameterizations and remote sensing data, this program is deeply involved in the model data assimilation and validation effort. Ultimately, the aerosol parameterizations generated by this research will be transitioned into Navy transport, EO propagation, and visibility models. We provide support to the operational systems when implemented, and assesses model efficacy.
EFFECTS OF MORPHINE ON SERUM PROLACTIN LEVELS AND DOPAMINE TURNOVER IN THE MEDIAN EMINENCE: ACUTE AND CHRONIC EFFECTS

Summary Evidence has accumulated which suggests that some of the actions of the opioids are mediated via interaction with the catecholaminergic systems of the brain. Morphine sulfate (MS) (1.67, 5.0, and 15 mg/kg, i.p. and 10.0 mg/kg, s.c.) slowed dopamine turnover in the median eminence of male, Sprague-Dawley rats. This action was dose-dependent and naloxone-reversible and was seen in both normal and hypophysectomized rats. Similar results were seen in animals treated with [D-A1a2, D-Leu5] - enkephalin (25 μg, ivt.) and β-endorphin (15 μg, ivt.). The effects of MS (10 mg/kg, s.c.) on tuberoinfundibular dopamine turnover was attenuated in both normal and hypophysectomized animals following chronic exposure to escalating doses of the drug. The prolactin releasing action of this dose was attenuated in these same animals over the same time course. It is hypothesized that the opioids increase prolactin release by reducing the activity of the tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons.
Swaddler: an approach for the anomaly-based detection of state violations in web applications

In recent years, web applications have become tremendously popular, and nowadays they are routinely used in security-critical environments, such as medical, financial, and military systems. As the use of web applications for critical services has increased, the number and sophistication of attacks against these applications have grown as well. Most approaches to the detection of web-based attacks analyze the interaction of a web application with its clients and back-end servers. Even though these approaches can effectively detect and block a number of attacks, there are attacks that cannot be detected only by looking at the external behavior of a web application. In this paper, we present Swaddler, a novel approach to the anomaly-based detection of attacks against web applications. Swaddler analyzes the internal state of a web application and learns the relationships between the application's critical execution points and the application's internal state. By doing this, Swaddler is able to identify attacks that attempt to bring an application in an inconsistent, anomalous state, such as violations of the intended workflow of a web application. We developed a prototype of our approach for the PHP language and we evaluated it with respect to several real-world applications.
Achieving success with Lean: An analysis of key factors in Lean transformation at Toyota and beyond

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to identify key interrelated components of successful, sustained lean transformation. When implemented successfully, lean not only allows for cost reduction while improving quality but it can also position a company to achieve tremendous growth. However, although many companies are attempting to implement lean, only an estimated 2-3 per cent are achieving the desired level of success. Design/methodology/approach – A thorough literature review was conducted and the findings indicated six key constructs that can act as enablers or inhibitors to implementing and sustaining lean. A theoretical framework was developed that integrates these constructs and develops research propositions for each. A multiple-case study analysis was used to test the framework on four companies that have achieved successful lean transformations to validate the model. Findings – Sixteen propositions were supported in all four of the case studies and one proposition was supported in three of ...
Scaffolded DNA Origami: from Generalized Multicrossovers to Polygonal Networks

My acquaintance with Ned Seeman began in the Caltech library sometime during 1992. At the time, I was trying to design a DNA computer and was collecting papers in an attempt to learn all the biochemical tricks ever performed with DNA. Among the papers was Ned and Junghuei Chen's beautiful construction of a DNA cube [2]. I had no idea how to harness such a marvel for computation - the diagrams explaining the cube were in a visual language that I could not parse and its static structure, once formed, did not seem to allow further information processing. However, I was in awe of the cube and wondered what kind of mad and twisted genius had conjured it.
Upstream interactions at the lambda pRM promoter are sequence nonspecific and activate the promoter to a lesser extent than an introduced UP element of an rRNA promoter.

The rightward regulatory region of bacteriophage lambda contains two promoters, pRM and pR, which direct the synthesis of nonoverlapping divergent transcripts from start sites 82 bp apart. Each of the two promoters has an upstream (A+T)-rich region (ATR) within the sequence from -40 to -60 where in the rrnB P1 promoter a stretch of 20 (A+T) bp greatly stimulates promoter function. Here we present an investigation of the possible functional significance of pRM9s ATR. We determined the effects on RNA polymerase-pRM promoter interaction both of (G+C) substitutions in the ATR and of amino acid substitutions in the alpha subunit, known to affect the upstream interaction. We find small (two- to threefold) effects of selected mutations in the alpha subunit on open complex formation at pRM. However, the (presumably upstream) interactions underlying these effects are sequence nonspecific, as they are not affected by (G+C) substitutions in the ATR. Substitution of the 20-bp UP element of the rrnB P1 promoter between positions -40 and -60 at pRM stimulates open complex formation to a considerably greater extent (5- to 10-fold). Results from kinetic studies indicate that on this construct the UP element mainly accelerates a step subsequent to the binding of RNA polymerase, although it may also facilitate the binding event itself. Less extensive studies likewise provide evidence for a two- to threefold activation of pR by upstream interactions. The possible involvement of the alpha subunit in the previously characterized (e.g., B. C. Mita, Y. Tang, and P. L. deHaseth, J. Biol. Chem. 270:30428-30433, 1995) interference of pR-bound RNA polymerase with open complex formation at pRM is discussed.
Subjective probability, confidence, and Bayesian updating

I define subjective probabilities for an ambiguity averse agent who is given an exogenous information set\(\varDelta \) containing the true probability law on the state space S. The agent in my model evaluates every uncertain prospect via a mixture of the least favorable scenario in \(\varDelta \) and her unique subjective beliefp. This parametric utility structure is characterized by four standard axioms—order, continuity, monotonicity, and Independence—where the last two conditions are modified via the information set \(\varDelta \). Any pair of preferences \(\succeq _1\) and \(\succeq _2\) in my model can be compared in terms of confidence—the weights attached to the subjective beliefs \(p_1\) and \(p_2\), respectively. The corresponding behavioral condition extends Epstein’s comparative ambiguity aversion that leaves some rankings \(\succeq _1\) and \(\succeq _2\) unrelated. Moreover, I relax the well-known dynamic consistency principle and characterize the Bayesian updating rule for the belief p conditional on any non-null event in S.
A decadal‐scale deformation transient prior to the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku‐oki earthquake

GPS time series in northeast Japan exhibit nonlinear trends from 1996 to 2011 before the Mw 9.0, 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake. After removing reference frame noise, we model time series as linear trends plus constant acceleration, correcting for coseismic and postseismic effects from the numerous Mw ∼ 6.5+ earthquakes during this period. We find spatially coherent and statistically significant accelerations throughout northern Honshu. Large areas of Japan outside the Tohoku region show insignificant accelerations, demonstrating that the observation is not due to network-wide artifacts. While the accelerations in northern Tohoku (Sanriku area) can be explained by decaying postseismic deformation from pre-1996 earthquakes, the accelerations in south-central Tohoku appear unrelated to postseismic effects. The latter accelerations are associated with a decrease in average trench-normal strain rate and can be explained by increasing slip rate on the Japan trench plate interface and/or updip migration of deep aseismic slip in the decades before the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake.
Theory of transient streaming potentials in coupled unconfined aquifer‐unsaturated zone flow to a well

A semianalytical solution is presented for transient streaming potentials associated with flow to a pumping well in an unconfined aquifer, taking into account the effect of flow in the unsaturated zone above the water table. Flow in the unsaturated zone is modeled with a linearized form of Richards' equation using an exponential model for soil moisture retention and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. Archie's law is invoked for unsaturated electrical conductivity. The unsaturated electrokinetic coupling coefficient is modeled with a decaying exponential, where the maximum value is at and below the water table. The coupled flow and electrokinetic problem is solved using Laplace and Hankel transforms. The results of the model predicted behavior are presented and compared to that observed in laboratory simulations of pump­ ing tests. The early time polarity reversal predicted the model is observable in the experiments. Other non- monotonic streaming potential behaviors predicted by the model are also evident in experimental measurements. The model is used to estimate hydraulic parameters from SP data and these compare well to those obtained from drawdown data. For example, a hydraulic conductivity of 3.6 3 10 24 m/s is obtained from SP data compared to 3.4 3 10 24 m/s from drawdown data.
Left ventricular pressure analysis: design and validation of a computer algorithm with an investigation of inter-physician variability.

Abstract Algorithms have been developed for the automatic determination of end-diastolic (EDP) and systolic (SYSP) pressures from left ventricular (LV) pressure waveforms acquired during cardiac catheterization. The algorithms were developed using two independent sets of LV waveforms designated the training set and the test set. Eight cardiologists independently analyzed each waveform in both the test and training sets. The training set data was repetitively processed by the computer. In each iteration algorithm parameters were adjusted to reduce the error between the computer analysis and the average of the eight physicians. When this process was completed, the validity of the final algorithms was verified by comparing computer and physician analysis of the test set data in a prospective manner. Interphysician variability (average standard deviation for all beats analyzed) for the test set was 1.47 mm Hg for EDP and 1.87 mm Hg for SYSP. The mean difference between automatically determined pressures and the average results of the eight physicians was 0.98 mm Hg for EDP and 0.97 mm Hg for SYSP. Automatically determined pressures were more accurate than pressures measured by all but one physician for SYSP and two physicians for EDP. The algorithm has been incorporated into a catheterization laboratory system and is in routine clinical use.
REFORM AND INERTIA: THE POLITICS OF CHANGE IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY GERMANY

Restaurationssystem und Reformpolitik: Suddeutschland und Preusen im Vergleich . Edited by Hans-Peter Ullmann and Clemens Zimmermann. Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1996. Pp. 272. ISBN: 3-486-168-5. DM 98. Von Wien nach Koniggratz: die Sicherheitspolitik des Deutschen Bundes im europaischen Gleichgewicht, 1815–1816 . By Jurgen Angelow. Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1996. Pp. 418. ISBN 3-486-56143-X. DM 88. Stadt und Burgertum in Frankfurt am Main. Ein besonderer Weg von der standischen zur modernen Burgergesellschaft, 1760–1914 . By Ralf Roth. Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1996. Pp. 804. ISBN 3-486-56188-X. DM 128.
Ethanol and glutamate effects on intracellular magnesium

Acutely dissociated rat brain cells were loaded with the magnesium-sensitive fluorescent dye furaptra. Stimulation with varying concentrations of GLU + 1 microM GLY produced a concentration-dependent increase in free intracellular magnesium ([Mg2+]i) that was not dependent on the presence of extracellular Mg2+. Ethanol (50 mM) did not significantly inhibit GLU/GLY-stimulated increases in [Mg2+]i. However, ethanol alone significantly increased baseline [Mg2+]i.
Relative nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in soils of two contrasting hardwood forests: effects of site microclimate and initial soil chemistry

Abstract This study determined the relative rates of soil nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in neighbouring mixed oak and mixed mesophytic forest stands on sandstone-derived soils in Neotoma Valley, south central Ohio, U.S.A. The soils of the northeast-facing mesophytic stand had higher pH, moisture, and extractable nutrient levels while those of the southwest-facing oak stand were deeper and had a higher C: N ratio. To evaluate the relative importance of initial soil chemical status and microclimate in controlling nitrogen transformation rates, the polyethylene buried-bag method was modified to include reciprocal transplants of bags between sites. Nitrogen mineralization was greater at the mesophytic site most of the year, though the rates were not different between sites during a very dry September. Total annual N mineralization per gram of soil and per m 2 of forest floor were 208 μg N g −1 dry soil and 5604 mg N m −2 , respectively. The comparable rates for the mixed oak site were 125 μg N g −1 and 2209 mg N m −2 . Approximately 67% of monthly mineralized N was nitrified at the mesophytic site while less than 10% was nitrified at the mixed oak site. Differences in both mineralization and net nitrification rates between sites correlated positively with ammonium pool size and moisture, and negatively with nitrate pool size, while percent nitrification was positively correlated with pH and negatively with C: N ratio. In contrast, seasonal patterns of N transformation within a site were strongly correlated with soil temperature and moisture, and relatively unaffected by soil chemical factors. The rate of N mineralization and relative nitrification in transplanted bags did not differ from those of bags incubated at their native site. Thus, within this watershed, spatial variations in nitrogen dynamics were more closely related to differences in soil chemistry than to microclimate, while seasonal patterns showed just the reverse.
Optic Disk Cupping and Pallor Measurements of Patients with a Disk Hemorrhage

We evaluated whether the rate of occurrence of glaucomatous disk damage in eyes with an optic disk hemorrhage differed from the rate of occurrence in control eyes. We compared 24 patients with a disk hemorrhage to 24 control patients, who had been matched for diagnosis, disk appearance, and visual fields. Cup volume and cup-to-disk area ratio of the optic disk were measured using the stereophotogrammetric technique, and area of pallor was measured using computerized image analysis. We found that diabetes increased the probability that a patient would have a disk hemorrhage, and that a hemorrhage was associated with progression of glaucomatous disk changes in half of the cases during the mean 3.1-year follow-up period. However, the mean rate of glaucomatous disk damage in patients with a hemorrhage was not different from matched control patients. A disk hemorrhage is a sign of later disk damage, but it does not alter the rate of glaucomatous disk progression.