cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Case Study of the Approach to Teaching and to Technology of Three New Teachers in an Alternative Teacher Certification Program

The Master of Arts in Teaching program at Empire State College, a new alternative teacher certification program focused on bringing career-changing adults to high-needs schools, provides a unique opportunity to understand the challenges facing new teachers, in their content area and in their use of technology. This article describes aspects of three new science teachers' graduate course work that aligned with their first semester as alternatively-certified teachers, examining their teaching practice, their general use of instructional technology, and their self-chosen technology project (in response to a course requirement). It attempts to determine what aspects of their backgrounds, circumstances, and approaches might be influencing their instruction and their use of instructional technology including their implicit epistemological beliefs, their expectations of students, their ways of interacting socially-professionally, their prior professional experiences, their knowledge of technology, the availabili...
Can Examinees Use a Review Option to Obtain Positively Biased Ability Estimates on a Computerized Adaptive Test

Part of the controversy about allowing examinees to review and change answers to previous items on computerized adaptive tests (CATs) centers on a strategy for obtaining positively biased ability estimates attributed to Wainer (1993) in which examinees intentionally answer items incorrectly before review and to the best of their abilities upon review. Our results, based on both simulated and live testing data, showed that there were instances in which the Wainer strategy yielded inflated ability estimates as well as instances in which it yielded deflated ability estimates. The success of the strategy in inflating ability estimates depended on the ability estimation method used (maximum likelihood versus Bayesian), the examinee's true ability level, the standard error of the ability estimate, the examinee's ability to implement the strategy, and the type of decision made from the ability estimate. We discuss approaches to dealing with the Wainer strategy in operational CAT settings. The terms "review" and "item review" in testing contexts refer to administrative rules that allow examinees to change their responses to previously answered items. Review is a non-controversial element of most fixed-item, paper-and-pencil administered tests. Over a half century of research on review supports several conclusions: (a) only a very small percentage of answers are changed; (b) more answers are changed from wrong to right than from right to wrong (or wrong to wrong),
Changes in body temperature produced by injecting prostaglandin E1, EGTA and bacterial endotoxins into the PO-AH region and the medulla oblongata of the rat.

La prostaglandine E1 a cause de l'hyperthermie si on l'injectait dans la region preoptique/hypothalamique anterieure/des rats et de l'hypothermie au niveau de la region medullaire oblongue. L'EGTA, le Piromen et le vaccin typhoides ont rarement cause des changements paralleles dans la temperature rectale si on les injectait dans les deux regions cerebrales.
The Collector, the Connoisseur, and Late-Ming Sensibility

In the Record of Famous Paintings Through the Ages (Li-tai ming hua chi tet*"e [847], hereafter LTMHC), the art historian and painter ChangYen-yuan W§2 (ca. 815-after 875) justifies his passion for collecting and restoring paintings: "Yet if I dc) not do that which is useless, how can I take pleasure in this life which does have a limit?''1 The phrase wu-i Q (useless, profitless) rings with echoes of the praise of non-action (wu-wei $$EA) and the "uses of uselessness" ( wuyung chih yung mS JM ) in Taoist writings. In the Chuang Tzu E f, uselessness represents disinterested self-containment and the condition conducive to the freedom of the spirit (hsiao-yao Affi ). Only the category of the useless can establish the individual's freedom to define a private realm of significance, which is in its turn a response to mortality. This reference to the idea of "confronting mortality" may seem ironic, since in an earlier version on "The Fortunes of Paintings" ("Hsu hua chih hsing fei" i£*2tM) Chang Yen-yuan describes how great imperial collections were assembled and destroyed. His own family's vast collection of calligraphy and paintings was appropriated by the emperor, and what remained was dispersed during his grandfather's exile, so that "only a few scrolls were left behind" (LTMHC, c.1.5-7). But if collections are perishable7 writings about collections are deemed less so. Chang Yen-an ex-
Immunological cross-reactivity of multiplication-stimulating activity polypeptides.

The immunoreactivity of the multiple species of multiplication-stimulating activity (MSA) purified from medium conditioned by a rat liver cell line (BRL-3A) has been examined. Antibodies were raised in rabbits following immunization with MSA II polypeptides. Subpopulations of antibodies were purified from one antiserum using DEAE-cellulose chromatography. One antibody subpopulation recognized common antigenic determinants on MSA I and MSA II polypeptides; whereas a second antibody subpopulation recognized common determinants on MSA I, II, and III polypeptides. In a radioimmunoassay utilizing 125I-MSA III-2 and a purified antibody subpopulation, the human somatomedins (somatomedin A, insulin-like growth factor I and II) showed weak, but significant cross-reactivity: insulin-like growth factor II was 10% as potent as MSA II. By contrast, somatomedin partially purified from rat serum, insulin, growth hormone, epidermal growth factor, nerve growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor, showed no reactivity in the radioimmunoassay.
Relationship of glume blotch symptoms on wheat heads to seed infection by Septoria nodorum.

Glume blotch on wheat heads was assessed visually in field plots. There was no correlation between head symptoms and seed infection caused by Septoria nodorum . Secondly, individual seeds were assigned to several severity classes based on the area of their lemmas that exhibited glume blotch symptoms. Seed infection was related to lemma symptoms only when the area exhibiting symptoms was > 0% and S. nodorum was more superficial than colonization associated with greater lemma symptom severities. High possession (i.e. extensive colonization) of infected seeds was directly related to the severity of lemma symptoms. The extent to which S. nodorum colonizes wheat seeds may be more important than the percentage of infected seeds. Thousand kernel weight was inversely related to the severity of lemma symptoms; maximum kernel weight reduction was reached when the area of blotching exceeded 50%.
Estrogen-progesterone induction of mating in female rats.

Abstract Ovariectomized female rats were administered 1, 2, 4, and 8 μg of estradiol benzoate and either 10, 25, 50, 100, or 200 μg of progesterone and were tested for sexual receptivity. The probability of lordosis was related directly to the dose of both steroids. Individual differences in hormone response were marked. Ear wiggling and hopping were primarily related to the dose of progesterone.
The longitudinal harmonic excitation of a circular bar embedded in an elastic half-space

Abstract This investigation is concerned with the dynamic response of a circular elastic bar of finite length partially embedded in a half-space of distinct elastic properties. The bar is perpendicular to the free surface of the embedding medium and supports a mass which is harmonically excited in the direction of the bar's longitudinal axis. Two bonding conditions are considered: fully bonded wherein the bar completely adheres to the embedding medium throughout the surface of contact, and loosely bonded wherein the bar is secured through its terminal cross section alone. Of primary importance is the energy dissipation due to the spatial characteristics of the embedding medium and accordingly the system is interpreted as a frequency-dependent spring-dashpot. The determination of the effective spring constant and damping coefficient is achieved by modeling the bar with a one-dimensional theory and using three-dimensional theory for a region which approximates the embedding medium, namely the full half-space. Lame potentials and Hankel transforms enable a basic half-space problem to be solved which in turn allows integral representations for the spring constant and damping coefficient to be established. For the fully-bonded problem these integral representations involve a bar-force term which must be determined from an integral equation. In both cases the solutions are evaluated numerically over a range of forcing frequencies and for various bar/half-space configurations.
Band Formation in a New England Winter Storm

Abstract This case study addresses mechanisms of band formation in a New England winter storm. The structure of the bands and their environment are documented with synoptic observations, radar data, and analyses of instrumented aircraft flights through the bands. We postulate that processes on three scales are responsible for the bands observed, that the bands are probably a manifestation of mesoscale symmetric instability, and that potential energy for the instability is generated by synoptic scale differential lapse rate advection and converted to kinetic energy by symmetric overturning. Frontogenetical forcing results in an intermediate or subsynoptic scale region of ascent which brings the atmosphere to saturation and initiates the release of potential energy.
Epistemic Fencelines: Air Monitoring Instruments and Expert-Resident Boundaries

Scientific instruments can help to shape and re-shape epistemic boundaries, especially those between communities of scienti?c researchers. But how do they function at boundaries between scienti?c communities and communities of non-experts? This paper examines the use of air monitoring instruments at the boundary between petrochemical facilities and nearby residential communities, asking whether a new generation of fenceline monitors shared by industry (and regulatory agency) experts and community members alter the epistemic boundary between the two groups. Arguing that epistemic communities organized around instruments are characterized, in part, by a common understanding of the evidential contexts for instrumental data, the paper shows how the evidential contexts in which experts and residents interpret monitoring data diverge. Instead of the new, shared fenceline monitors helping to reconcile differences over evidential contexts, those pre-existing contexts shape the interpretation of data from the new instruments–perpetuating epistemic boundaries between industry experts and community members.
On the kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of aquated sulfur dioxide by ozone

Kinetic data obtained from a number of different investigators on the reaction of S(IV) with ozone in aqueous solution have been analyzed in terms of a single self-consistent rate expression. The rate expression that most appropriately fits all kinetic observations treated in this study is: −d[S(IV)]/dt = (k_0α_0 + k_1α_1 + k_2α_2)[S(IV)][O_3] where α_0, α_1, and α_2 denote the fraction of S(IV) in the form of SO_2·H_2O, HSO^−_3 and SO^(2−)_3, respectively. This kinetic expression is similar in form to the empirical rate laws reported by Erickson et al. (1977, Atmospheric Environment 11, 813–817) and Hoigne et al. (1985, Water Res. 19, 993–1004). The recommended values for k_0, k_1 and k_2 are (2.4 ± 1.1) × 10^4 M^(−1) s^(−1), (3.7 ± 0.7) × 10^5 M^(−1) s^(−1), and (1.5 ± 0.6) × 10^9 M^(−1) s^(−1), respectively. The activation energies that are recommended for k_1 and k_2 are taken from Erickson et al. (1977) as 46.0 kJ mol^(−1) and 43.9 kJ mol^(−1), respectively. The reaction proceeds via three independent pathways that involve a nucleophilic attack on ozone by SO^(2−)_3, HO-SO−_2, and SO_2·H_2O. Rate laws and kinetic data of five investigators are compared for an open cloud water system with a liquid water content of 0.2 g m^(−3).
On hot air balloons

Abstract The theory of tension shells of revolution forms the basis for an investigation of profiles suitable for use as hot air balloons. These profiles are required to obey certain constraints believed reasonable in the light of practice. A limited series of small-scale experiments was undertaken to confirm characteristics. The end results are a series of computer-produced meridional profiles, with accompanying lunes that can be used as templates for the manufacture of the balloons.
Resolution of some component classes of complex RNA by molecular hybridization in the eukaryote Tetrahymena pyriformis.

In DNA-RNA hybridization reactions using pulse-labeled whole RNAs from the ciliated protozoan, Tetrahymena pyriformis, the presence of two general classes of reactants, a highly redundant fast component and a less redundant slow component, is indicated by saturation, kinetic and competition experiments. RNA stocks enriched for labeled rRNA by the combined techniques of long-pulse labeling and sucrose gradient fractionation show that the fast component is associated with the ribosomal region; the slow component is associated with short-pulse labeling and the more rapidly sedimentable fractions. The role of the fast component is further demonstrated in kinetic and competition experiments made with stocks artificially constructed of the two isolated components. The fast component saturates at low concentration and in kinetic plots early, is efficacious in pre-annealing, and contributes to low concentration asymptotes and cross-overs in competition hybridization experiments. The presence of such heterologous components to a greater or lesser degree contributes to discernible subtleties in whole complex RNA-DNA competition hybridization curves, often neglected but evidently present in earlier studies.
Rapid Assessment of Organophosphate-Induced Cholinesterase Depression: A Comparison of Laboratory and Field Kit Methods to Detect Human Exposure to Organophosphates

Summary The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends monitoring blood cholinesterase levels among workers who handle pesticides as a means of detecting exposure to organophosphate compounds that inhibit these enzymes. Traditionally this medical surveillance involves collecting venipuncture blood samples that are sent to a laboratory for analysis. Because this can be a time-consuming process, and because workers often object to serial venipuncture sampling, rapid-assay technology is being developed. To test the reliability of an on-site finger-stick system, we tested 97 workers for cholinesterase inhibition using the standard venipuncture method and using a spectrophotometric field kit. We also assessed exposure by analyzing urine samples for para-nitrophenol (p-NP). The workers, who were cleaning private residences contaminated with the organophosphate methyl parathion, were tested before starting work and then repeatedly over a 7-week period. We compared results of the two...
Finite deformation of anisotropic plastic rotating disks

Equations to solve the nonlinear problem of rotating disks are solved. The rotating disks exhibit anisotropic properties in planes other than their own. Material properties in the rotating plane are assumed to be isotropic: therefore the axisymmetric rotating disk before deformation remains axisymmetric after deformation. (FS)
Unique signature of electroweak penguin in pure hadronic $B$ decays

Abstract We study electroweak penguin contributions in pure hadronic B decays in the Standard and two-Higgs-doublet models. We find that in B s → π 0 ( ν , φ ) and B s → ϱ 0 ( ν , φ ) decays the electroweak penguin contributions dominate over all other contributions. These processes provide unique signatures of electroweak penguin in pure hadronic processes. These modes could be in measurable range of future B facilities.
Tapered Waveguide Design for Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording Applications

In this paper we discuss two types of complex tapered waveguides that can be used for heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) applications. HAMR is an emerging technique in the hard disk drive (HDD) industry that enables nano-scale magnetic recording. It requires the use of a laser beam to define magnetic recording features, where the size and profile of delivered optical spot is critical for this technique. In this work, we first show that traditional tapered waveguide and some reported advanced designs do not work well for the case of HAMR. Then we demonstrate with simulation results that specially designed tapered waveguides can deliver highly focused optical beam for use in HAMR systems. At the same time, the proposed waveguide structures can be realized with conventional industry top down fabrication process, which facilitates the integration of such structures with conventional magnetic head industry manufacturing at low cost.
Differential ontogenesis of three DOI-induced behaviors in mice.

Our previous studies have shown that intraperitoneal administration of DOI [(+/-)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane] simultaneously produces the head-twitch and ear-scratch responses (HTR and ESR, respectively) in mice via activation of 5-HT2A receptors. In the present study, we have investigated the ontogeny of these DOI-induced behaviors in both male and female mice across a wide age range (i.e., postnatal days 7, 14, 18, 22, 28, 35, 42, 63, 120, and 180). We also measured the effects of DOI on the locomotor activity of these mice. In addition to the vehicle, 2 doses of DOI (1 and 2.5 mg/kg) were used in age-matched different male and female groups. The age of onset for significant production of HTR and ESR by both doses of DOI were between postpartum days 14-18 and 18-22, respectively. Maximal HTR frequency to both doses of DOI (66 and 94 HTRs) occurred on postpartum day 28. Thereafter, the HTR frequency tended to decrease with increasing age, but the attenuation did not attain significance. On the other hand, maximal ESR score (37 and 60 ESRs) generally developed between postpartum days 22-35 for the cited doses of DOI. After 35 days of age, the ESR frequency dramatically decreased and, by postnatal day 180, no significant response was obtained to either dose of DOI. Age-matched vehicle-treated male and female control groups exhibited few (1-8) HTRs and ESRs across the age range tested. DOI dose-dependently enhanced locomotor activity in both male and female mice relative to their age- and sex-matched vehicle-treated controls for the first 28 days of life. Thereafter, no significant effect was observed. None of the cited behaviors exhibited gender differences across the age range tested. The present results suggest that DOI-induced changes in HTR, ESR, and locomotor activity develop and mature differentially, but in a similar manner, in male and female mice. Furthermore, unlike DOI-induced HTR, the ability of DOI to produce ear-scratches and to enhance locomotor activity in mice disappears with old age.
High‐Affinity Choline Transport Sites: Use of [3H]Hemicholinium‐3 as a Quantitative Marker

High-affinity choline transport (HAChT), the rate-limiting and regulatory step in acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis, is selectively localized to cholinergic neurons. Hemicholinium-3 (HC3), a potent and selective inhibitor of HAChT, has been used as a specific radioligand to quantify HAChT sites in membrane binding and autoradiographic studies. Because both HAChT velocity and [3H]HC3 binding change as in vivo activity of cholinergic neurons is altered, these markers are also useful measures of cholinergic neuronal activity. Evidence that [3H]HC3 is a specific ligand for HAChT sites on cholinergic terminals is reviewed. The ion requirements of HAChT and [3H]HC3 binding indicate that sodium and chloride are required for recognition of both choline and [3H]HC3. A common recognition site is also indicated by the close correspondence of the potency of HC3 and choline analogues for inhibiting both HAChT and [3H]HC3 binding. The parallel regional distributions of both markers in adult brain, during development and after specific lesions, all indicate specific cholinergic localization. The close association of HAChT and [3H]HC3 binding sites is also supported by parallel regulatory changes occurring after in vivo drug treatments and in vitro depolarization. Overall, the data indicate a close association between HAChT and [3H]HC3 binding and are consistent with the sites being identical. Methodologic considerations in using [3H]HC3 as a ligand and considerations in interpretation of results are also discussed.
Observation of fullerene cones

Nanometer-sized carbon cones were generated by vapor condensation of carbon atoms on a graphite substrate and were analyzed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The observed cones are up to 24 nm in length and 8 nm in base diameter. They all have the same cone angle ≈19°. This is the smallest among five possible opening angles for perfect graphitic cones. The growth of cones, tubules and C60 may be initiated by fullerene-type nucleation seeds with different number of pentagons.
Studies in the paired orbital method. I

An extension of the alternant molecular orbital method to nonalternant molecules is presented. The key step involves generation of a set of localized virtual orbitals that are paired to the localized occupied orbitals (LMO'S). Each of the paired virtuals is required to occupy the same region of space as the corresponding LMO by applying a generalization of the Edmiston–Ruedenberg localization criterion. Illustrative calculations are reported for the water molecule. Using a double-zeta basis, it is found that the new paired orbital (PO) method gives approximately 20% of the available correlation energy at R = Re, 1.5Re, and 2Re. We speculate that the PO wave function may provide a good initial approximation for a subsequent many-body perturbation treatment.
The importance of the hook region of the cochlea for bone-conduction hearing.

Abstract For the most part, the coiled shape of the cochlea has been shown to have only minor importance for air-conducted hearing. It is hypothesized, however, that this coiled shape may play a more significant role for the bone-conducted (BC) route of hearing, through inertial forces exerted by the middle ear and cochlear fluid, and that this can be tested by comparing the results of applying BC stimuli in a variety of different directions. A three-dimensional finite element model of a human middle ear coupled to the inner ear was formulated. BC excitations were simulated by applying rigid-body vibrations normal to the surface of the basilar membrane (BM) at 0.8 ( d 1 ), 5.8 ( d 2 ), 15.6 ( d 3 ), and 33.1 ( d 4 ) mm from the base of the cochlea, such that relative motions of the fluid within the cochlea produced excitations of the BM. The vibrational direction normal to the BM surface at the base of the cochlea ( d 1 ) produced the highest BM velocity response across all tested frequencies—higher than an excitation direction normal to the BM surface at the nonbasal locations ( d 2 –d 4 ), even when the stimulus frequency matched the best frequency for each location. The basal part of the human cochlea features a well-developed hook region, colocated with the cochlear vestibule, that features the largest difference in fluid volume between the scala vestibuli (SV) and scala tympani (ST) found in the cochlea. The proximity of the hook region to the oval and round windows, combined with it having the biggest fluid-volume difference between the SV and ST, is thought to result in a maximization of the pressure difference between the SV and ST for BC stimuli normal to the BM in this region, and consequently a maximization of the resulting BM velocity.
Mucocutaneous reactions to antineoplastic agents

Mucocutaneous reaction patterns in patients receiving cancer therapy are not only variable, but in many instances identical patterns are produced by different pathologic mechanisms. For example, patients with leukemia or lymphoma may present with nodular skin lesions that may represent malignant infiltration, septic emboli, vasculitis, or a drug eruption. The most banal skin eruption may signal an impending or ongoing catastrophe. If one is able to make some clinical evaluation regarding the likelihood of a drug being responsible for the mucocutaneous eruption, it may help avoid further clinical or laboratory investigation and patient discomfort. Unfortunately, only a few antineoplastic agents have "characteristic" skin manifestations. If, however, these are kept in mind they may be helpful in the diffential diagnosis of mucocutaneous eruptions occurring in patients treated with cancer chemotherapeutic agents.
The development of a cellular automaton-finite volume model for dendritic growth

Abstract A cellular automaton to track the solid–liquid interface movement is linked to finite volume computations of solute diffusion to simulate the behavior of dendritic structures in binary alloys during solidification. A significant problem encountered in the CA formulation has been the presence of artificial anisotropy in growth kinetics introduced by a Cartesian CA grid. A new technique to track the interface movement is proposed to model dendritic growth in different crystallographic orientations while reducing the anisotropy due to grid orientation. The model stability with respect to the numerical parameters (cell size and time step) for various operating conditions is examined. A method for generating an operating window in Δt and Δx has been identified, in which the model gives a grid-independent set of results for calculated dendrite tip radius and tip undercooling. Finally, the model is compared to published experimental and analytical results for both directional and equiaxed growth conditions.
What Works in Values Education.

Abstract Values education (alternatively, moral education, character education) is the attempt, within schools, to craft pedagogies and supportive structures to foster the development of positive, ethical, pro-social inclinations and competencies in youth, including around strengthening their academic focus and achievement. Recent research has uncovered evidence of effective practices that apply broadly to schools at different levels and varied contents. Reviews of the empirical research have allowed for the identification of effective practices, including interactional practices, professional development, parental involvement, role modeling, and service opportunities. This article reviews the existing research and presents such a set of research-based effective practices.
Inhalationstoxikologische studie über aufnahme und ausscheidung von kunstharz-basiskörpern eines haarsprays

1. Nach Inhalation erheblicher Mengen des Haarsprays zeigten sich bei Rhesusaffen, Kaninchen and Hamstern weder nach 70 noch nach 100 Applikationstagen Anhaltspunkte fur das Vorliegen einer Thesaurosis (Speicherung von PVP-PVA). 2. Innerhalb der ersten Stunden nach dem massiven Bespruhen war PVP-PVA im Lungengewebe diffus verteilt nachweisbar. In vielen Fallen fanden sich 15 h nach der Applikation PVP-PVA in Alveolar phagocyten der Lunge and in Phagocyten der Milz Bowie Spuren gelegentlich in Lungenlymphknoten. 5 Tage nach der letzten Applikation war praktisch in keinem Organ PVP-PVA nachweisbar. Wahrscheinlich wird PVP-PVA durch Phagocyten aus dem Respirationstrakt eliminiert.
Abstract 566: Withaferin A causes autophagy in normal as well as cancerous human breast cells

Withaferin A (WA), a promising anticancer constituent of traditional Indian (Ayurvedic) medicinal plant Withania somnifera, inhibits growth of MDA-MB-231 (estrogen-independent) and MCF-7 (estrogen-responsive) human breast cancer cells in culture and MDA-MB-231 xenografts in vivo in association with apoptosis induction. We have shown recently that WA-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells is initiated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting from inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. Because ROS are frequently implicated in induction of autophagy, which is an evolutionary conserved process for bulk-degradation of macromolecules including organelles, we raised the question of whether WA treatment causes autophagy. In the present study, we have addressed this question using MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, a spontaneously immortalized and non-tumorigenic normal human mammary epithelial cell line (MCF-10A), and MDA-MB-231 xenografts from control and WA-treated mice. WA treatment resulted in autophagy induction in cancerous (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) as well as normal mammary epithelial cells (MCF-10A) as judged by transmission electron microscopy, cleavage of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), formation of acidic vesicular organelles, and punctate pattern of LC3 localization. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed markedly higher expression of LC3 in MDA-MB-231 xenografts from female athymic mice administered i.p. with 4 mg/kg WA compared with control. Autophagy is a protective mechanism against apoptosis by several agents. Interestingly, inhibition of WA-induced autophagy either by a pharmacological agent (3-methyladenine) or siRNA knockdown of critical autophagy regulating proteins ATG5 or Beclin1 did not have any meaningful impact on growth inhibition or apoptotic cell death resulting from WA exposure in MDA-MB-231 or MCF-7 cells. Collectively, these results indicate that WA induces autophagy in breast cancer cells regardless of estrogen receptor expression and this response is not unique to cancerous breast cells. In addition, unlike many other agents, autophagy induction by WA has no influence on its ability to inhibit cell growth or cause apoptosis at least in breast cancer cells. This investigation was supported by US PHS grant CA142604 awarded by the National Cancer Institute. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 566. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-566
Osteoarthritis in women: effects of estrogen, obesity and physical activity

Arthritis is the leading cause of physical disability in the USA and osteoarthritis (OA), the most common form, affects nearly 27 million people. Women have a higher prevalence of OA than men, but the underlying causes for the increased susceptibility of women to OA are not fully understood. This review discusses the associations of sex hormones, obesity and physical activity with the incidence and progression of OA in women. Although many studies have explored the relationships of estrogen and reproductive history with the risk of OA or joint replacement, there is no consensus on the role of these factors. Obesity clearly increases risk for OA, but whether obesity affects women and men differently is uncertain. Moderate levels of physical activity do not appear to increase the incidence or progression of OA and may even have a weak protective effect. Future investigations should focus on sex-specific mechanisms for the development of OA and determine whether there are modifiable factors (e.g., estrogen, ...
Sensitization to nonvenom contaminants in a venom preparation

Abstract An individual is described who appeared to be sensitive to nonvenom contaminants in a venom preparation. His IgE antibodies, measured by the immediate direct skin test and the radioallergosorbent test (RAST), reacted with a yellow jacket venom preparation obtained by "washing" of venom sacs. With yellow jacket venom obtained by electriral stimulation, there was a skin test reaction of equivocal significance and no serum antibodies were detected by the RAST. Moderate reactions were also found with yellow jacket body extracts. In contrast, sera obtained from patients with yellow jacket sting anaphylaxis showed strong reactions with the electrically stimulated venom preparation and only a few reacted with the body extract. In additional studies, the patient's serum reacted with yellow jacket extracts devoid of venom and a variety of hornet and wasp extracts. Analyses of the two yellow jacket venoms by gel diffusion using rabbit antisera showed the presence of body proteins in the venom obtained by venom sac "washing." Subsequent history revealed the presence of insect nests in the roof of the patient's bedroom, perhaps the source of inhalant exposure and sensitivity. This case history demonstrates the need for venom extracts that do not contain potentially sensitizing extraneous material.
Distorted-wave theory of heavy-particle collisions at intermediate energies

The quantum-mechanical description of heavy-particle collisions is extended to the intermediate-energy range through the use of a second-order distorted-wave approximation. Cross sections are calculated using close-coupled solutions for low partial waves and first- and second-order unitarized distorted-wave solutions for higher partial waves where the distorted-wave method is accurate. The method is applied to the calculation of charge transfer cross sections for collisions of ${\mathrm{C}}^{3+}$ with H, and of ${\mathrm{O}}^{2+}$ with He over the energy range 0\char22{}5 keV/amu, and to investigate the influence of the charge transfer channel on ion-impact excitation of ${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$.
Interactive authoring of simulation-ready plants

Physically based simulation can produce quality motion of plants, but requires an authoring stage to convert plant "polygon soup" triangle meshes to a format suitable for physically based simulation. We give a system that can author complex simulation-ready plants in a manner of minutes. Our system decomposes the plant geometry, establishes a hierarchy, builds and connects simulation meshes, and detects instances. It scales to anatomically realistic geometry of adult plants, is robust to non-manifold input geometry, gaps between branches or leaves, free-flying leaves not connected to any branch, spurious geometry, and plant self-collisions in the input configuration. We demonstrate the results using a FEM model reduction simulator that can compute large-deformation dynamics of complex plants at interactive rates, subject to user forces, gravity or randomized wind. We also provide plant fracture (with pre-specified patterns), inverse kinematics to easily pose plants, as well as interactive design of plant material properties. We authored and simulated over 100 plants from diverse climates and geographic regions, including broadleaf (deciduous) trees and conifers, bushes and flowers. Our largest simulations involve anatomically realistic adult trees with hundreds of branches and over 100,000 leaves.
Interactions between gametes and environment in the toad Xenopus laevis (Daudin) and their relationship to fertilization

The Xenopus laevis egg jelly becomes swollen in different solutions: however; the degree of swelling of each of the three jelly layers and appearance vary depending on the medium. On eggs kept in a medium of low salt concentration, three sublayers of layer J-3, the “J-3 complex,” are visible. However, these sublayers cannot be distinguished in eggs hydrated in DeBoer's. Presence of the J-3 complex is correlated with loss of egg fertilizability. Changes in the swelling of the jelly, disappearance of the J-3 complex and regaining of egg fertilizability are brought about by brief exposures of the hydrated eggs to DeBoer's. The process that elicits these changes in the jelly was named “jelly reversal.” Jelly reversal is dependent on the solute concentration of the medium, is independent of pH and can be elicited by qualitatively different solutions. Non-polar solutions act more slowly than those of polar solutes. Regaining of egg fertilizability is dependent on jelly reversal, nature of solute, solute concentration and pH. The phenomena of jelly reversal and regaining of egg fertilizability imply that specific ions of the jelly are needed for fertilization. Hydration of the jelly can form blocks to sperm entry, therefore, the block to polyspermy in Xenopus is not a single event. Layer J-1 stains metachromatically with toluidine blue and incorporates 35S-sulfate during its formation. Failure of eggs to regain fertilizability after reversal at low pH is correlated with diminished toluidine blue metachromasia of J-1. Retention of staining was dependent upon the salt concentration of the medium.
Effects of Mesenteric Ischemia and Reperfusion on Small Bowel Electrical Activity

to fall with arterial ischemia [7‐10]. This decrease has GI motility; electrodes; small intestine; reperfusion inalso been shown to occur before the onset of pathologic jury.
Influence of Acute Feed Deprivation or Excess Feed Intake on Immunocompetence of Broiler Chicks

Abstract Immunocompetence was determined in chicks subjected to 24 h feed deprivation or excess intake by measuring 1) hemagglutinin titers in response to sheep red blood cell (SRBC) injections given either before or after dietary treatments, 2) delayed hypersensitivity to human gamma globulin (HGG), or 3) in vitro, phytohaemagglutinin-induced mitogenesis of spleen lymphocytes taken immediately or 24 h after dietary treatment. In Experiment 1, chicks were intubated six times during a 24-h period with an isolated soy protein-dextrose diet at either 100% (control) or 150% of ad libitum consumption. Following the period of excess intake, half of the chicks were prevented from making a compensatory decrease in intake by force-feeding (Hi-equal) and half were permitted to decrease their intake (Hi-adlib). All chicks not force-fed were sham-intubated. Imposing force-feeding (Hi-equal) before or after challenge with SRBC resulted in significantly (P
Weight Loss and Race Modulate Nitric Oxide Metabolism in Overweight Women

Weight reduction is associated with a decrease in the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that, given the central role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in vascular biology, changes in nitric oxide (NO) metabolism contribute to benefits of weight loss. In a controlled weight loss trial involving overweight (body mass index (BMI) = 27-30 kg/m(2)), otherwise healthy premenopausal Caucasian and African-American women, serum levels of nitrite and nitrate, as an index of NO production, and protein 3-nitrotyrosine and myeloperoxidase (MPO), as markers of inflammation, were determined. Testing was performed before and after reduction to normal body weight (BMI < 25) under standardized conditions, with controlled diet, and following 1 month of weight maintenance. After weight loss there was an increase in nitrite and nitrate, and levels were higher among African-American women relative to Caucasian counterparts. Whereas weight loss was associated with a decrease in 3-nitrotyrosine in Caucasian women, no change was observed among African-Americans. Furthermore, MPO levels increased in response to weight loss for African-Americans, but did not change in Caucasian women. These data indicate that vascular production of reactive nitrogen species can be modulated by race and weight loss and highlight important racial differences in these responses and are discussed in the context of risk for developing vascular disease.
Exploration and play with objects in domestic kittens

The responses of 12 kittens to unfamiliar and familiar objects was tested. Four categories of behavior were measured: exploration, play-exploration, play, and non-manipulatory contact. The results indicated that exploration and play-exploration were used for longer durations with unfamiliar objects and play was used for longer durations with familiar objects. Rank-order correlations between the measures showed that objects explored were not correlated with objects played with or play-explored. Analyses of the rankings revealed that small size and mobility were important object properties of play. The results suggest that exploration involves learning about stimulus properties, play-exploration involves learning about perceptual-motor properties, and play involves learning to coordinate movements with those of moving objects.
Plant Telomere Biology

Analysis of telomeres, the nucleoprotein complexes that physically cap and protect the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, has a long and intriguing history. The recent resurgence of plant telomere biology prompted us to recap this history to provide background and context for current investigations
Holography and its Crystallographic Equivalent

RECENT advances in holography1 have made apparent certain formal relationships between optical image synthesis, on one hand, and the heavy atom technique in X-ray crystallography, on the other. Bragg2 has already qualitatively indicated this analogy. An exact correspondence between the two processes has become clear only since the following two developments: (i) Fourier transform holography for extended sources3; (ii) the Ramachandran and Raman4 α-synthesis to deconvolute the Patterson function when the structure is partially known.
Structure-based design of flavonoid compounds as a new class of small-molecule inhibitors of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins

Structure-based strategy was employed to design flavonoid compounds to mimic the Bim BH3 peptide as a new class of inhibitors of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins. The most potent compound, 4 (BI-33), binds to Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 with Ki values of 17 and 18 nM, respectively. Compound 4 inhibits cell growth in the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line with an IC50 value of 110 nM and effectively induces apoptosis.
Glass-on-chip package for CCDs

Electronic still cameras capture images with CCDs instead of silver halide film. However, the laws of optics continue to apply, and the active area of the CCD must be located in the focal plane of the camera optics. Typically, this means that the CCD is actively aligned during camera assembly. It is desirable to avoid this alignment operation. One way of circumventing alignment is to assemble the CCD in a package with a reference surface that is mechanically coupled to the surface of the CCD. This reference surface can then be mated to the camera optics, and alignment is automatic. We have developed a Glass-on-Chip package that uses optical adhesives to bond a shaped piece of glass directly to the surface of a CCD after wire bonding. If the glass thickness is controlled, this package meets the requirements for passive alignment of CCD to optics. Properties of the adhesive are critical to the success of this approach. The adhesive must be optically transparent, heat curable and compatible with the polymeric color filters already on the CCD.
Physical-biological interactions to the west of Hawaiian Islands: impact of submesoscale dynamics on biological productivity

Abstract. Abundant energetic eddies and frontal processes occur frequently to the west of Hawaiian Islands. Their impacts on biological productivity, however, are ambiguous because satellite-measured surface chlorophyll often shows a completely different pattern to eddy kinetic energy field. Our study suggests a new mechanism of how those oceanic eddies and frontal processes affect phytoplankton dynamics by changing their physiological conditions. Due to eddy–eddy or eddy–front interactions, high eddy activity creates regions with enhanced shear and straining that leads to rapid upper ocean restratification and submesoscale vertical motions. The restratification process deceases mixed layer depth that increases the mean exposure of the phytoplankton cells to light, thus resulting in enhanced photosynthetic carbon-based production. In contrast, increased light in the surface layer could either decrease phytoplankton chlorophyll due to the photoacclimation effect or increase chlorophyll when light is a limiting factor for phytoplankton growth. Combined with another two competing processes for vertical nutrient flux, ocean restratification and submesoscale upward motions, it introduces different responses and uncertainties of observed chlorophyll-based production to eddy activity and frontal processes.
Repeated fear-induced diurnal rhythm disruptions predict PTSD-like sensitized physiological acute stress responses in F344 rats.

Aim To identify objective factors that can predict future sensitized stress responses, thus allowing for effective intervention prior to developing sensitization and subsequent stress-related disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods Adult male F344 rats implanted with biotelemetry devices were exposed to repeated conditioned fear or control conditions for 22 days followed by exposure to either no, mild or severe acute stress on day 23. Diurnal rhythms of locomotor activity (LA), heart rate (HR) and core body temperature (CBT) were biotelemetrically monitored throughout the study. In a subset of rat not implanted, corticosterone and indices of chronic stress were measured immediately following stress. Results Rats exposed to repeated fear had fear-evoked increases in behavioural freezing and HR/CBT during exposure to the fear environment and displayed indices of chronic stress. Repeated fear produced flattening of diurnal rhythms in LA, HR and CBT. Repeated fear did not sensitize the corticosterone response to acute stress, but produced sensitized HR/CBT responses following acute stress, relative to the effect of acute stress in the absence of a history of repeated fear. Greater diurnal rhythm disruptions during repeated fear predicted sensitized acute stress-induced physiological responses. Rats exposed to repeated fear also displayed flattened diurnal LA and basal increases in HR. Conclusions Exposure to repeated fear produces outcomes consistent with those observed in PTSD. The results suggest that diurnal rhythm disruptions during chronic stressors may help predict sensitized physiological stress responses following traumatic events. Monitoring diurnal disruptions during repeated stress may thus help predict susceptibility to PTSD.
Analysis of the Vibronic Structure in the Emission and Absorption Spectra of (μ-1,1-Dicyanoethylene-2,2-dithiolato-S,S‘)bis(triphenylphosphine)digold(I) and Assignment of the Emissive State

Both the 77 K single crystal absorption and 20 K emission spectrum of (μ-1,1-dicyanoethylene-2,2-dithiolato-S,S‘)bis(triphenylphosphine)digold(I), (AuPPh3)2[i-MNT], show resolved vibronic structure. Progressions in the 1410 cm-1 CC stretching mode of the dithiolate ligand, and in the 480 cm-1 mode, which involves gold−dithiolate stretching, are observed in the emission spectrum. The resonance Raman spectra of the title compound and related compounds were used to identify the modes that give rise to the vibronic structure observed in the emission spectrum. The emission spectrum is fit using the time dependent theory of electronic spectroscopy. The theoretical fit to the spectrum requires distortions in vibrations involving both the metal−sulfur and dithiolate centered modes. These distortions show that the transition is a charge transfer involving the gold and the dithiolate ligand. The emission spectrum of an analogous complex, (AuAsPh3)2[i-MNT], is red shifted relative to the title complex. This red shif...
Photoproduction of Hydrogen, Photofixation of Nitrogen and a Unified Concept of Photosynthesis

Photoproduction of Hydrogen, Photofixation of Nitrogen and a Unified Concept of Photosynthesis