cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiative signatures from impact of comet Shoemaker‐Levy‐9 on Jupiter

The visible optical power emitted from the expansion plumes from 0.4 and 2 km diameter fragments of Shoemaker-Levy are expected to be, ∼25% and comparable to, the visible solar flux reflected from Jupiter, respectively, for several minutes, and could be easily observed by sensors on the Galileo spacecraft. Earth-based observers can detect these plumes as these expand over the SW limb of Jupiter and come into earth view some minutes after impact!
Predictors of Subjective Life Expectancy Among African Americans

Few researchers examine how long African Americans expect to live. Using the fifth wave of the Harlem Longitudinal Study of Urban Black Youth, 1993-1994, the author explores the extent to which est...
Sequential spectral ATPG using the wavelet transform and compaction

We propose a simulation-based sequential automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) method for single stuck-at faults using the wavelet transform and linear reverse order restoration (LROR) compaction. Sequential ATPG is such a difficult problem that nearly all industrial circuits are tested using full-scan design and combinational ATPG. We describe the wavelet transform, a spectral noise substitution experiment showing the utility of the transform, the wavelet ATPG procedure, and its parameters. Our method outperforms all other methods, including the Hadamard transform method by Giani et al. (2001), PROPTEST by Guo et al. (2003), and the selfish gene (SG) method by Zhang et al. (2004). We present validated results. On the ISCAS '89 benchmarks, the fault coverage of the wavelet ATPG program is 2.226% greater than for the selfish gene ATPG method, and the vector length is 91.690% of the selfish gene vector length. On the 6 largest circuits, wavelet ATPG detected 2.534 % more faults than the selfish gene algorithm. On sl5850, wavelet ATPG detected 14.9% more faults.
Names in frames: infants interpret words in sentence frames faster than words in isolation

In child-directed speech (CDS), adults often use utterances with very few words; many include short, frequently used sentence frames, while others consist of a single word in isolation. Do such features of CDS provide perceptual advantages for the child? Based on descriptive analyses of parental speech, some researchers argue that isolated words should help infants in word recognition by facilitating segmentation, while others predict no advantage. To address this question directly, we used online measures of speech processing in a looking-while-listening procedure. In two experiments, 18-month-olds were presented with familiar object names in isolation and in a sentence frame. Infants were 120 ms slower to interpret target words in isolation than when the same words were preceded by a familiar carrier phrase, suggesting that the sentence frame facilitated word recognition. Familiar frames may enable the infant to ‘listen ahead’ more efficiently for the focused word at the end of the sentence.
ADLS: Attack Detection for Wireless Localization Using Least Squares

Obtaining accurate positions of wireless devices is critical for location-dependent services. However, as more location-based services are deployed, the more tempting the localization service is as a target for malicious attacks. In this work, we propose an attack detection scheme using least squares (ADLS) for localization in wireless networks. ADLS is based on statistical significance testing. We provide both a theoretical formulation and analytic solution for our ADLS scheme. We further conducted a trace-driven evaluation by applying signal strength attacks to real data collected in an office building. Our experimental study provides strong evidence for the effectiveness of ADLS with high detection rates and low false positive rates
Altered calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction in cortical synaptic compartments of presenilin-1 mutant mice.

Abstract : Alzheimer's disease is characterized by amyloid β-peptide deposition, synapse loss, and neuronal death, which are correlated with cognitive impairments. Mutations in the presenilin-1 gene on chromosome 14 are causally linked to many cases of early-onset inherited Alzheimer's disease. We report that synaptosomes prepared from transgenic mice harboring presenilin-1 mutations exhibit enhanced elevations of cytoplasmic calcium levels following exposure to depolarizing agents, amyloid β-peptide, and a mitochondrial toxin compared with synaptosomes from nontransgenic mice and mice overexpressing wild-type presenilin-1. Mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase activation following exposures to amyloid β-peptide and metabolic insults were exacerbated in synaptosomes from presenilin-1 mutant mice. Agents that buffer cytoplasmic calcium or that prevent calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum protected synaptosomes against the adverse effect of presenilin-1 mutations on mitochondrial function. Abnormal synaptic calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to the pathogenic mechanism of presenilin-1 mutations.
When Afro Becomes (like) Indigenous: Garifuna and Afro‐Indigenous Politics in Honduras

Este articulo explora las politicas de representaciun y alianza entre organizaciones garifunas e indigenas en Honduras, trazando el desarrollo de una convergencia afroindigena que ha venido desarrollando rupturas internas en los ultimos anos. La versiun hondurena de multiculturalismo representa quizas el caso mas claro en Latinoamerica en donde las poblaciones indigenas y afrodescendientes han sido "reconocidas" como sujetos etnicos con condiciones legales equivalentes. Al enfocarme en las historias recientes de los procesos organizativos politico-culturales garifunas,muestro cumo los garifunas se "visibilizaron" como un pueblo "autuctono" con derechos "indigenas" derribando asi las frecuentes distinciones entre "lo negro" y "lo indigena." Luego, analizo tensiones recientes dentro de las organizaciones etnicas en relaciun a las politicas multiculturales del estado. Aunque la equivalencia juridica establecida en los anos noventa entre Garifunas e indigenas no ha sido abiertamente desafiada por el estado, los esfuerzos gubernamentales por marginar la mas fuerte corriente de oposiciun del activismo etnico han contribuido a crear divisiones entre organizaciones etnicas y alianzas afroindigenas
Patterns of advertisement call evolution in toads and chorus frogs

Patterns of evolution in the acoustic signals of two groups of anuran amphibians were examined. Call character matrices for clades ofBufo(Bufonidae) andPseudacris(Hylidae) were derived from analysis of tape-recorded calls, and these call characters were mapped onto phylogenetic trees based on morphological and biochemical data. It was found that the characters that make up a call evolve at diVerent rates. In hylids, characters allied with the morphological aspects of sound production were more conservative than those based on the physiological or behavioural aspects of calling, while in bufonids divergence rates of these character types did not diVer. Observed patterns of character change within sets of close relatives suggest a focus for process-oriented research by identifying the origin and direction of important changes in calling behaviour.
Southern Pizza, Inc.: The Case Of An Innovative Franchisee

Consuming more than 350 slices per second, Americans have made pizza one of their favorite fast foods. It is a rare town that does not boast at least one pizza outlet. Indeed, pizza can be purchased in bowling alleys and service stations, at sporting events, in theaters, as well as at national and local pizza restaurants located throughout the United States. This paper presents case material on a major pizza franchisee, its operations and its goals. Material presented can be useful in teaching marketing strategy.
Status of Minors

Soviet authors like to point out that “in contrast with the law of 1938 which only briefly referred to the citizenship of children in case of change of citizenship of parents and did not regulate at all the question of citizenship of children in case of adoption, the new law on citizenship devotes to said questions a whole section con­sisting of 6 articles”. The contents of the package, we are told, reflect “on the whole the practice that had crystallized in the USSR on the designated questions”.1 Despite the alleged element of continuity, the decision itself to give administrative routine proper statutory sanction ostensibly attests to the regime’s “particular con­cern for the fate and interests of children”2 which, Soviet spokesmen add, “fits the humane principles of development of our state as well as the international law act — the Covenant on civil and political rights”.3 Hyperbole aside, this chapter does tackle some of the thorniest issues of citizenship law, at times with singular results; even so, the current piece of legislation comes fairly close to fulfilling the local claim that it procures “precise answers to the questions encountered in life”4—especially when compared with the treatment afforded these complicated matters by its laconic predecessor.
2. Globalization and the Social Power Politics of International Economic Networks

This article adopts a "Network as Structure" perspective to consider the rise and evolution of structural power inequalities in the international political economy; in it, we contrast inequalities in social power between states that result from relative possession of social capital due to density of ties through preferential trade agreements (PTAs) with inequalities in material power that result from relative possession of resources like guns and butter. We advance three aims in the pages to come: (1) to identify the type of social power created by the network of PTAs and distinguish it from standard concepts of material power in international relations-relative economic clout and military strength; (2) to generate empirical indicators to measure this concept that can be widely applied to the study of political economy; and (3) to trace the evolution of structural inequality in this type of social power between states over time.
Prosecutorial Discretion, Substantial Assistance, and the Federal Sentencing Guidelines

In this Article, Professor Lee examines the government motion requirement for substantial assistance departures in light of Congress's goals for implementing the federal sentencing guidelines. In Part One, Lee discusses the government motion requirement against the backdrop of the goals Congress had in mind when it enacted the federal sentencing guidelines. She points out that while Congress enacted the sentencing guidelines to promote uniformity and proportionality (an "equality value") and honesty and certainty (a "reliance value") in sentencing, the government motion requirement gives prosecutors the unilateral authority to block downward departures for substantial assistance. This increase in prosecutorial sentencing discretion prompts Lee to question whether crucial decisions respecting punishment should be made behind closed doors in discussions not open to public or in the relatively open, public courtroom. Part Two canvasses the unsuccessful legislative and judicial attempts to eliminate the government motion requirement. In Part Three, Lee explains that reluctance to eliminate the government motion requirement stems in large part from the misguided assumption that the government motion requirement is merely an extension of a prosecutor's charging and plea bargaining discretion. Professor Lee shows how these views are misguided by juxtaposing the significant steps taken to restrict prosecutorial discretion in charging and bargaining with the unchecked prosecutorial discretion over the government motion requirement. Finally, in Part IV, Lee proposes more restrictions and guidance on both prosecutorial and judicial discretion regarding substantial assistance departures. Lee recommends elimination of the government motion requirement, and argues that judges should make the ultimate determination whether a defendant deserves leniency for cooperation. However, this judicial discretion should be limited to prevent judges from using substantial assistance as a backdoor means of regaining the unfettered sentencing discretion they held before the sentencing guidelines. Lee contends that these steps would better accommodate Congress's goals and ensure that substantial assistance departures are fairly and reliably granted.
A Divide and Conquer Method for the Unitary Eigenproblem and Applications

In divide and conquer methods for eigenproblems, the original eigenproblem is split into several smaller subproblems by using rank one modifications. Many of the subproblems can be solved in parallel, and from their solutions the solution of the original eigenproblem can be determined. This approach has for symmetric matrices been developed by Cuppen and refined by Dongarra and Sorensen. We describe a divide and conquer method for the computation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of unitary matrices. The unitary matrices are represented in Schur parametric form. We also discuss the application of the unitary eigenproblem to the computation of Pisarenko frequency estimates in signal processing.
Marrow regeneration after mechanical depletion

The origin of marrow regeneration after mechanical depletion was reinvestigated in mouse chimeras. The results were compatible with the local origin of stem cells from remnants of incompletely removed marrow, but not with their origin from a common precursor of both bone and hemopoietic cell lines. In transplanted femurs depleted by a modified technique of in vivo evacuation of marrow, hemopoietic regeneration failed to occur. The presence of hemopoietic stem cells in the Haversian canals was thus excluded. The demonstration of ample hemopoiesis with minimal bone formation in nondepleted controls in which bone marrow initially became necrotic provided new evidence that osteogenesis was not a prerequisite of hemopoietic regeneration.
Basic Relationship between Channel Coherence Time and Beamwidth in Vehicular Channels

The availability of large bandwidth at millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies makes mmWave an ideal candidate to realize multi-Gbps data rates. MmWave has been applied to indoor applications (e.g. IEEE 802.11ad), and it is also being considered for cellular. There is not much work, however, in applying mmWave to vehicular channels. This is likely due to the misconception that the Doppler spread will be too high at small mmWave wavelengths, which is true only for omnidirectional communication. In this work, closed form approximate expressions relating the coherence time and beamwidth are derived taking directional communication into account. The result shows that the coherence time increases at least proportional to the inverse of the beamwidth. The derivation also takes the beam misalignment due to receiver movement into account and it can be shown that the optimal beamwidth is non-zero in contrast to models that assume perfect beam pointing.
Validity of Psychoticism Scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

Summary.-A study was conducted to investigate the validity of the Psychoticism scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and to test a criticism stating that the scale is overloaded with paranoid items. The questionnaire was administered to 31 hospitalized psychiatric patients and 20 normal aids. A planned comparison between the scores of normals and psychotics was significant but that between the 10 paranoid and 21 nonparanoid schizophrenics was not. This is consistent with the validity of the Psychoticism scale and suggests that it is probably not overloaded with paranoid content. The present study examined the construct validity of the Psychoticism scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975), using normal, paranoid schizophrenic, and nonparanoid schizophrenic criterion groups. Teasdale, et al. (1971) have suggested that this scale is overloaded with paranoid items and fails to measure other psychotic characteristics, such as flatness of affect, lack of drive, and withdrawal. If the Psychoticism scale measures the general construct of psychoticism, including paranoid and nonparanoid tendencies, there should be no difference between paranoid and nonparanoid psychotic groups, though psychotics and normals should differ. The questionnaire was administered to 31 schizophrenics from a private sanitarium who were selected to form two groups: a paranoid schizophrenic group (n = 10) and a nonparanoid schizophrenic group (n = 21). Patients were grouped according to their permanent records, with those on medication or having secondary d~agnoses being elirninated from the study. The first group included 4 males and 6 fernalcs whose mean age was 36 yr. (SD = 12.3). The second group included 8 males and 13 females with a mean age of 38 yr. (SD = 11.9). A comparison group of 20 aids (9 males, 11 females) employed at a convalescent home was given the questionnaire. Their mean age was 30.7 yr. (SD = 9.7). A one-way analysis of variance with two planned comparisons (Hays, 1963) was computed for scores on the Psychoticism scale. The comparisons were (a) between the normal subjects and the abnormal patients and (b) between the paranoid schizophrenics and the nonparanoid schizophrenics. The means and standard deviations of the scales of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire for the three groups are shown in Table 1. The first comparison of the controls with both groups of psychotics was significant at the .025 level (P1.u = 6.94) for the Psychoticism scale. The second comparison, between the Psychoticism scores of the paranoid schizophrenics and the nonparanoid schizophrenics, was not significant = 0.39). There were no significant differences among the three groups on the other scales of the questionnaire as Table 1 shows.
NASA space transportation architecture study at very high angles of attack

Flow field prediction of a molcfline of the blunt-nose SC-X configuration at very high angles of attack is addressed using two three-dimensional Reynoldsaveraged Navier-Stokes (NS) Solvers: a structured grid solver and an unstructured grid solver. The two solvers are used time accurately since the flow is unsteady at very high angles of attack, The Sparlart and Allmaras one-equation turbulence model is used to model flow turbulence. The structured-grid solver employs the implicit, upwind, flux-difference splitting, finite volume scheme of Roe. It is applied with a multi-grid technique. The solver is called "FTNS3D", which is a full NS version of the "CFL3D" code. The unstructured-grid solver employs a finite-volume scheme and a multi-grid technique. The solver is called "NSU3D". The computational solvers have been used to solve for the flow around the SC-X configuration at an angle of attack of 45 deg.,'a Mach number of 0.3 and a Reynolds number of 1.7 mil (based on the body base diameter). The results of the two solvers show that the transient phase of the flow response is characterized with strong asymmetry and high level of unsteadiness. The periodic response of the flow, as obtained by the two solvers, is characterized by small-amplitude, low frequency variations of the liftand drag-coefficient. The results of the two solvers are in good agreement 1 Professor and Eminent Scholar, Associate Fellow AIAA ' Research Assistants, AiAA Member 4 Research Scientist, Associate Fellow AIAA Copyright © 2001 by Osama Kandii. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics with Permission.
To Moscow for the weekend

The exchange of information and the freedom to meet in counsel is essential for scientific progress and peace.
Characterization of Noise Generation on a Canonical Nose Landing Gear Sub-system

A series of aeroacoustic experimental and computational measurements were conducted for the case of flow around a complex, three-dimensional landing gear sub-system. The model under study is a canonical representation of a nose landing gear torque link apparatus that is present on numerous commercial aircraft. Experimental measurements consisted of model steady and unsteady surface pressures, far-field acoustic measurements, and three-dimensional flow field velocities using stereoscopic particle image velocimetry. The experiments were also accompanied by computational fluid dynamics simulations using PowerFLOW software, a lattice-Boltzmann solver. The computational aeroacoustic capabilities of this software were also utilized to predict the far-field acoustic radiation via a built-in Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings solver. Excellent agreement between the simulation and experiments have been obtained for surface pressure measurements, mean flow field behaviors, and far-field acoustics. A modified linear stochastic estimation procedure was implemented on the SPIV data to develop a low-order time-resolved estimate of the acoustic source terms of the vortex sound analogy.
Interaction variables for distributed numerical integration of nonlinear power system dynamics

This paper describes two novel methods for distributed simulation of nonlinear power system dynamics, which are named two-level integration and interaction-level integration. An underlying assumption is that the simulation of dynamic response is distributed spatially, i.e. each power system component and/or each group of components perform numerical integration of their own states while occasionally communicating relevant information with their neighbors. The novelty of the proposed methods is in exploiting the structure of dynamic equations of typical power system components to shorten the total simulation time in this distributed setting. The proposed methods consist of a number of state transformations on the dynamical power system model which bring this model into a form favored for distributed numerical integration. These transformations, proposed first in [1] and [2] for control design, separate internal component dynamics from dynamics of its interactions with neighboring components. It is further shown on a simple example that it is sufficient to exchange the information between components at a rate determined by the dynamics of the interaction variables to successfully perform numerical integration of the entire power system model with a significant improvement in simulation time. Since the proposed methods are based on the state transformation of the power system model, this approach could be used together with other numerical and machine-level programming optimization techniques to further enhance performance of the power system dynamics simulator.
Materials in solder-glass package technology

The selection of a solder glass must be empirically determined from the application constraints, due to the rate dependency of certain physical parameters. A glass which gives excellent fabrication of television picture tubes (one of the first applications of solder glasses), where slow heating rates are employed, might have little application to package technology.
OTEM: Optimized Thermal and Energy Management for Hybrid Electrical Energy Storage in Electric Vehicles

Electric Vehicles (EV) pose challenges in terms of reliability and performance which are due to the stringent design constraints. For instance, an insufficient energy storage restricts the EV driving range. Highly dense battery packs providing EV with the required power, may generate extreme internal heat which causes the battery temperature to rise significantly and thereby results in reliability and safety issues. Moreover, both high battery utilization and temperature may degrade the battery capacity and Battery LifeTime (BLT), which should be extended as much as possible to postpone expensive battery replacement costs. Although, researchers have provided separate battery energy and thermal managements for EVs to address the above-mentioned challenges, in this paper, we are bringing a joint optimized solution. Hence, we introduce a novel metric Thermal and Energy Budget (TEB) in a Hybrid Electrical Energy Storage (HEES) with an active battery cooling system. Furthermore, we propose a novel Optimized Thermal and Energy Management (OTEM) methodology which optimizes the battery/ultracapacitor utilization, battery temperature, and thereby TEB, in order to improve the driving range, extend the BLT, and maintain the battery temperature in the safe zone. Our methodology provides significant improvement in BLT (on average 16.8%) and average energy consumption (on average 12.1% reduction) compared to the state-of-the-art methodologies.
Classic Period Hohokam in the Gila River Basin, Arizona

The discussion focuses on a summary of Gila River Basin Hohokam Classic period culture history, A.D. 1100 to 1450. Relationships with the Salado and other manifestations are reviewed, and a developmental model is introduced.
Cholate extracts of mitochondrial outer membranes increase inhibition by malonyl-CoA of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I by a mechanism involving phospholipids

It has been reported that sodium cholate can separate the catalytic component of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-I) from a putative malonyl-CoA-binding regulatory protein capable of conferring sensitivity to malonyl-CoA on CPT-II. We found that cholate preferentially extracted a contaminating malonyl-CoA-sensitive CPT from mitochondrial inner membranes. When cholate extracts of outer membranes were incubated either with cholate extracts of inner membranes or with osmotically swollen mitochondria, inhibition of CPT by malonyl-CoA was increased. Treatment of intact mitochondria with subtilisin abolished the increased inhibition by malonyl-CoA, suggesting that the outer-membrane CPT-I was responsible for the increased inhibition. Incubation of cholate extracts with proteinase K did not prevent the increased inhibition. Fractionation of the cholate extract indicated the presence of phospholipids. Addition of cardiolipin or phosphatidylglycerol to osmotically swollen mitochondria increased sensitivity of CPT to malonyl-CoA, but several other phospholipids did not. When cardiolipin was added to intact mitochondria from either starved or fed rats, there were large increases in inhibition by malonyl-CoA; sensitivity in mitochondria from starved rats increased to that normally observed with mitochondria from fed rats. These results suggest that phospholipids are responsible for the increased inhibition of CPT by malonyl-CoA with added cholate extracts and that changes in membrane composition may be involved in the physiological regulation of CPT-I.
Compiling a gesture recognition application for a low-power spatial architecture

Energy efficiency is one of the main performance goals when designing processors for embedded systems. Typically, the simpler the processor, the less energy it consumes. Thus, an ultra-low power multicore processor will, likely have very small distributed memory with a simple interconnect. To compile for such an architecture, a partitioning strategy that can tune between space and communication minimization is crucial to fit a program in its limited resources and achieve good performance. A careful program layout design is also critical. Aside fulfilling the space constraint, a compiler needs to be able to optimize for program latency to satisfy a certain timing requirement as well. To satisfy all aforementioned constraints, we present a flexible code partitioning strategy and light-weight mechanisms to express parallelism and program layout. First, we compare two strategies for partitioning program structures and introduce a language construct to let programmers choose which strategies to use and when. The compiler then partitions program structures with a mix of both strategies. Second, we add supports for programmer-specified parallelism and program layout through imposing additional spatial constraints to the compiler. We evaluate our compiler by implementing an accelerometer-based gesture recognition application on GA144, a recent low-power minimalistic multicore architecture. When compared to MSP430, GA144 is overall 19x more energy-efficient and 23x faster when running this application. Without these inventions, this application would not be able to fit on GA144.
1,2-Addition or Enolization? Variable Reactivity of a Cerium Acetylide Complex toward Carbonyl Compounds

The reactions of the cerium alkyne complex bearing 2,6-bis(dimethylamino)-4-methylphenolate supporting ligands (bdmmp) and a terminal acetylide moiety, Na[Ce(C≡CPh)(bdmmp)3] (1), with benzaldehyde and a family of enolizable ketones led to different products depending on the acidity of the parent carbonyl compound. The reactions of 1 with benzaldehyde, acetone, benzylideneacetone, or 1,1-diphenylacetone (pKaDMSO = 26.5–19.4) gave the products of nucleophilic addition of type Na[Ce(O-CR2-C≡CPh)(bdmmp)3] featuring a new C–C bond. In contrast, the reaction of 1 with β-tetralone (pKaDMSO = 17.6) resulted in the enolization and deprotonation of β-tetralone with subsequent replacement of the acetylide ligand at the cerium ion by the enolate. Molecular structures for the cerium products were determined by X-ray diffraction studies, providing valuable information about the performance of organocerium reagents.
SU‐F‐I‐33: Estimating Radiation Dose in Abdominal Fat Quantitative CT

Purpose: To compare size-specific dose estimate (SSDE) in abdominal fat quantitative CT with another dose estimate Dsize,L that also takes into account scan length. Methods: This study complied with the requirements of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. At our institution, abdominal fat CT is performed with scan length = 1 cm and CTDI vol = 4.66 mGy (referenced to body CTDI phantom). A previously developed CT simulation program was used to simulate single rotation axial scans of 6–55 cm diameter water cylinders, and dose integral of the longitudinal dose profile over the central 1 cm length was used to predict the dose at the center of one-cm scan range. SSDE and Dsize,L were assessed for 182 consecutive abdominal fat CT examinations with mean water-equivalent diameter (WED) of 27.8 cm ± 6.0 (range, 17.9 - 42.2 cm). Patient age ranged from 18 to 75 years, and weight ranged from 39 to 163 kg. Results: Mean SSDE was 6.37 mGy ± 1.33 (range, 3.67–8.95 mGy); mean Dsize,L was 2.99 mGy ± 0.85 (range, 1.48 - 4.88 mGy); and mean Dsize,L/SSDE ratio was 0.46 ± 0.04 (range, 0.40 - 0.55). Conclusion: The conversion factors for size-specific dose estimate in AAPM Report No. 204 were generated using 15 - 30 cm scan lengths. One needs to be cautious in applying SSDE to small length CT scans. For abdominal fat CT, SSDE was 80–150% higher than the dose of 1 cm scan length.
Evidence for Personal Protective Measures to Reduce Human Contact With Blacklegged Ticks and for Environmentally Based Control Methods to Suppress Host-Seeking Blacklegged Ticks and Reduce Infection with Lyme Disease Spirochetes in Tick Vectors and Rodent Reservoirs

In the 1980s, the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say, and rodents were recognized as the principal vector and reservoir hosts of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi in the eastern United States, and deer were incriminated as principal hosts for I. scapularis adults. These realizations led to pioneering studies aiming to reduce the risk for transmission of B. burgdorferi to humans by attacking host-seeking ticks with acaricides, interrupting the enzootic transmission cycle by killing immatures infesting rodent reservoirs by means of acaricide-treated nesting material, or reducing deer abundance to suppress tick numbers. We review the progress over the past three decades in the fields of: 1) prevention of human-tick contact with repellents and permethrin-treated clothing, and 2) suppression of I. scapularis and disruption of enzootic B. burgdorferi transmission with environmentally based control methods. Personal protective measures include synthetic and natural product-based repellents that can be applied to skin and clothing, permethrin sprays for clothing and gear, and permethrin-treated clothing. A wide variety of approaches and products to suppress I. scapularis or disrupt enzootic B. burgdorferi transmission have emerged and been evaluated in field trials. Application of synthetic chemical acaricides is a robust method to suppress host-seeking I. scapularis ticks within a treated area for at least 6-8 wk. Natural product-based acaricides or entomopathogenic fungi have emerged as alternatives to kill host-seeking ticks for homeowners who are unwilling to use synthetic chemical acaricides. However, as compared with synthetic chemical acaricides, these approaches appear less robust in terms of both their killing efficacy and persistence. Use of rodent-targeted topical acaricides represents an alternative for homeowners opposed to open distribution of acaricides to the ground and vegetation on their properties. This host-targeted approach also provides the benefit of the intervention impacting the entire rodent home range. Rodent-targeted oral vaccines against B. burgdorferi and a rodent-targeted antibiotic bait have been evaluated in laboratory and field trials but are not yet commercially available. Targeting of deer-via deer reduction or treatment of deer with topical acaricides-can provide area-wide suppression of host-seeking I. scapularis. These two deer-targeted approaches combine great potential for protection that impacts the entire landscape with severe problems relating to public acceptance or implementation logistics. Integrated use of two or more methods has unfortunately been evaluated in very few published studies, but additional field evaluations of integrated tick and pathogen strategies are underway.
Retrospective analysis of eliminating modified ultrafiltration after pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass

Modified ultrafiltration (MUF) is a technique which is commonly used immediately post-cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for open heart surgery in children. There are many advantages of MUF, but there are also a number of less reported disadvantages. At our institution, after considering all of the available data, a decision was made to no longer perform MUF. The primary motivation being the simplified and miniaturized CPB circuit would reduce hemodilution, decrease our likelihood of reaching our transfusion trigger during CPB and, potentially, improve safety. This study reports the before and after data from this practice change. A total of 160 patients less than 8kg were studied over 38 months and divided into neonatal and pediatric cohorts. Parameters reported in this study include: demographics, hematocrit, blood product transfusion, hemostasis, hemodynamics and outcomes. Although retrospective, our analysis supports an advantage of preventing hemodilution (via circuit miniaturization) versus reversing hemodilution (via MUF) at our institution with the patient population we examined.
Free energy periodicity in prokaryotic coding and its role in identification of +1 ribosomal frameshifting in the Escherichia Coli K-12 gene prfb

This work reports on a novel signal processing method that can be applied to analysis of genetic sequences in prokaryotes to identify their translational characteristics. The methodology involves computation of a signal based on free-energy score of the interaction between the 3' tail end of the 16S rRNA and the mRNA sequence of interest. We find that in the coding region of prokaryotes this signal is has a strong harmonic corresponding to every 3/sup rd/ base position. Noncoding regions appears not have such a signal. We discuss the methodology in detail and we demonstrate its ability to clearly recognize a) the coding region of a single prokaryotic gene, and b) special characteristics of the gene, such as frameshifts. We use E. Coli K-12 genes to illustrate the findings.
Morphogenesis in C. albicans

Many human fungal pathogens possess the ability to grow in a variety of different morphologies and Candida albicans is no exception. In dimorphic fungal pathogens, such as Histoplasma capsulatum and Coccidioides immitis, morphological transitions are critical for virulence (Klein and Tebbets, Curr Opin Microbiol, 10(4):314–319, 2007). However, other pathogens, such as Candida glabrata, rarely alter their morphology and the ability to change shape appears to play little, if any, role in their pathogenicity (Do Carmo-Sousa 1969; Fidel et al., Clin Microbiol Rev 12:80–96, 1999; Csank and Haynes, FEMS Microbiol Lett 189(1):115–120, 2000). The ability of Candida albicans to undergo a reversible morphological transition from yeast to filamentous form represents a fundamental aspect of this pathogen’s biology. This transition is typically correlated with pathogenicity and important for a wide variety of virulence-related processes (Lo et al., Cell 90(5):939–949, 1997; Braun and Johnson, Science 277(5322):105–109, 1997; Braun et al., Genetics 156(1):31–44, 2000; Saville et al., Eukaryot Cell 2(5):1053–1060, 2003; Carlisle et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:599–604, 2009; Kumamoto and Vinces, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102(15):5576–5581, 2005; Korting et al., J Med Microbiol 52(Pt 8):623–632, 2003; Gow et al., Curr opin microbiol 5(4):366–371, 2002). As a consequence, a significant amount of research, mostly over the past 25 years, has focused on signaling pathways, regulators, and mechanisms that are involved in controlling the C. albicans morphological transition. In this chapter we will first describe the major C. albicans morphologies and the relationship between C. albicans morphology and virulence. Next, we will discuss the mechanics of hyphal growth as well as a variety of signaling pathways, regulators, and mechanisms important for regulating C. albicans morphogenesis in response to host environmental cues. Finally, we will discuss recent insights gained from genome-wide studies of the C. albicans morphological transition as well as the potential that this transition may hold to serve as a target for new therapeutic strategies.
Cloning of Clostridiumcellulovoransendo-1,4-β-glucanase genes

Abstract A Clostridium cellulovorans lambda gt1l gene bank was screened for endo-1,4-β-glucanase [EC 3.2.1.4, EGase, Carboxy Methyl Cellulase (CMCase)] genes using a chromogenic substrate. Three genes ( engA , engB , and engC ) were isolated. The engB expressed the most active CMCase. The engA encoded a bifunctional enzyme that displayed endo-1,4-β-glucanase and β-glucosidase activities. The three recombinant glucanases, when expressed in Escherichia coli , were partially degraded into multiform active enzymes as evidenced by their SDS-PAGE-CMC zymograms. None of the clones could degrade crystalline cellulose, thus supporting the hypothesis that the integrity of the C . cellulovorans cellulase complex was essential for its ‘true cellulase’ activity.
RVOT-VTI/PASP: A NOVEL NON-INVASIVE METRIC OF PULMONARY ARTERIAL COMPLIANCE AND DIASTOLIC PRESSURE GRADIENT STATUS IN HEART FAILURE WITH PRESERVED EJECTION FRACTION

Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) due to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a leading cause of PH. Within this population, the diastolic pressure gradient (DPG) distinguishes those with combined post- and pre-capillary PH (DPG ≥7 mm Hg; CpcPH), and isolated post-
Glucose enhances rotavirus enterotoxin-induced intestinal chloride secretion

Rotavirus causes severe diarrhea in small children and is typically treated using glucose-containing oral rehydration solutions; however, glucose may have a detrimental impact on these patients, because it increases chloride secretion and presumably water loss. The rotavirus enterotoxin nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4) directly inhibits glucose-mediated sodium absorption. We examined the effects of NSP4 and glucose on sodium and chloride transport in mouse small intestines and Caco-2 cells. Mouse small intestines and Caco-2 cells were incubated with NSP4114-135 in the presence/absence of glucose. Absorption and secretion of sodium and chloride, fluid movement, peak amplitude of intracellular calcium fluorescence, and expression of Ano1 and sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 were assessed. NHE3 activity increased, and chloride secretory activity decreased with age. Net chloride secretion increased, and net sodium absorption decreased in the intestines of 3-week-old mice compared to 8-week-old mice with NSP4. Glucose increased NSP4-stimulated chloride secretion. Glucose increased NSP4-stimulated increase in short-circuit current measurements (I sc) and net chloride secretion. Ano1 cells with siRNA knockdown showed a significant difference in I sc in the presence of NSP4 and glucose without a significant difference in peak calcium fluorescence intracellular when compared to non-silencing (N.S.) cells. The failure of glucose to stimulate significant sodium absorption was likely due to the inhibition of sodium-hydrogen exchange and sodium-glucose cotransport by NSP4. Since glucose enhances intestinal chloride secretion and fails to increase sodium absorption in the presence of NSP4, glucose-based oral rehydration solutions may not be ideal for the management of rotaviral diarrhea.
Renal Expression of Angiotensinogen Protein in Angiotensin II-Infused Hypertensive Rats Maintained on High Salt Diet

P12 Chronic infusion of angiotensin (Ang) II leads to the development of hypertension and enhances intrarenal AngII content to levels greater than can be explained from the circulating concentrations. We previously reported that angiotensinogen mRNA is enhanced in AngII-dependent hypertension and may contribute to augmented intrarenal AngII levels. It has been shown that high salt diet suppresses renal expression of angiotensinogen mRNA. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that AngII augments renal angiotensinogen protein synthesis under condition of suppressed renal angiotensinogen production by high salt diet. We examined the effect of chronic infusion of AngII on angiotensinogen protein levels in male Sprague-Dawley rats (BW 158±10 g, n=12) maintained on an 8% salt diet. AngII was administered via osmotic minipumps (40 ng/min) to one group (n=6) while the remaining rats were sham-operated (n=6). High salt diet alone did not alter systolic BP in sham animals (109±6 mmHg at day 12); however, combination of AngII infusion and high salt diet significantly increased systolic BP (167±7 at day 12) and intrarenal AngII content (459±107 fmol/g vs. 270±42) in spite of a marked suppression of plasma renin activity (0.88±0.22 ng AngI/mL/h vs. 2.79±1.31). Western blot analysis of protein extracts from kidney (15 μg) showed an immunoreactive band at ∼52 kDa, while plasma protein (1.25 μg) showed two bands at ∼52 kDa and ∼64 kDa using a specific angiotensinogen polyclonal antibody (1:5000). Densitometric analysis of the immunoreactive bands showed that the combination of AngII infusion and high salt diet significantly increased kidney (88%) and plasma (61% for 52 kDa and 4.0 fold for 64 kDa) angiotensinogen protein compared with sham animals. Thus, AngII infusion to rats fed high salt diet elicited progressive hypertension and elevated intrarenal AngII through enhanced kidney and plasma angiotensinogen protein expression despite suppressed plasma renin activity. These data suggest that the augmented intrarenal AngII in AngII-dependent hypertension occurs, in part, by activated renal expression of angiotensinogen protein.
The University of West Florida’s Maritime Field School Experience

Students from the University of West Florida (UWF) participated in their first underwater field school in 1989. Since that time, the university has offered fifteen maritime field experiences ranging from remote sensing surveys to in-depth underwater excavations. Student participation in these field schools has increased from an early group of five to as many as 33 students in 2010. This chapter discusses lessons learned and the methods and techniques developed to accommodate large student participation at both the undergraduate and graduate levels as well as the methods designed to ensure safety, respect for the sites, and ways to project a positive image to the public.
Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy decision-making in the population-based iCanCare study of early-stage breast cancer patients: Knowledge and physician influence.

1011 Background: Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) use is increasing in women who are not at increased risk of contralateral cancer development and will experience no survival benefit fro...
Anticoagulant Protein S Targets the Factor IXa Heparin-Binding Exosite to Prevent Thrombosis.

Objective— PS (protein S) is a plasma protein that directly inhibits the coagulation FIXa (factor IXa) in vitro. Because elevated FIXa is associated with increased risk of venous thromboembolism, it is important to establish how PS inhibits FIXa function in vivo. The goal of this study is to confirm direct binding of PS with FIXa in vivo, identify FIXa amino acid residues required for binding PS in vivo, and use an enzymatically active FIXa mutant that is unable to bind PS to measure the significance of PS–FIXa interaction in hemostasis. Approach and Results— We demonstrate that PS inhibits FIXa in vivo by associating with the FIXa heparin-binding exosite. We used fluorescence tagging, immunohistochemistry, and protein–protein crosslinking to show in vivo interaction between FIXa and PS. Importantly, platelet colocalization required a direct interaction between the 2 proteins. FIXa and PS also coimmunoprecipitated from plasma, substantiating their interaction in a physiological milieu. PS binding to FIXa and PS inhibition of the intrinsic Xase complex required residues K132, K126, and R170 in the FIXa heparin-binding exosite. A double mutant, K132A/R170A, retained full activity but could not bind to PS. Crucially, Hemophilia B mice infused with FIXa K132A/R170A displayed an accelerated rate of fibrin clot formation compared with wild-type FIXa. Conclusions— Our findings establish PS as an important in vivo inhibitor of FIXa. Disruption of the interaction between PS and FIXa causes an increased rate of thrombus formation in mice. This newly discovered function of PS implies an unexploited target for antithrombotic therapeutics.
Against Psychosis: A Review of Roman Frydman and Michael D. Goldberg’s Beyond Mechanical Markets: Asset Price Swings, Risk, and the Role of the State

A review essay of Roman Frydman & Michael D. Goldberg’s Beyond Mechanical Markets: Asset Price Swings, Risk, and the Role of the State.
Do Multiple Homework Attempts Increase Student Learning? A Quantitative Study:

Learning must inherently involve practice. It is true for athletes, for musicians, for almost any area of learning. However, this commonsense approach stops short when it comes to student homework ...
Designing and Sustaining an Award-Winning Analytics Educational Program: The Heinz College of Information Systems and Public Policy at Carnegie Mellon University

In 2016, the Heinz College of Information Systems and Public Policy at Carnegie Mellon University was awarded the INFORMS UPS George D. Smith Prize for excellence in preparing students to be effect...
Lower extremity joint stiffness during walking distinguishes children with and without autism.

Abstract How children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and peers with typical development (TD) modulate lower extremity stiffness during walking could identify a mechanism for gait differences between groups. We quantified differences in lower extremity joint stiffness and linear impulses, along the vertical and anterior/posterior axes during over-ground walking in children with ASD compared to age- and gender-matched children with TD. Nine age- and gender-matched pairs of children, aged 5–12 years, completed the current study. Joint stiffness and linear impulses were computed in four sub-phases of stance: loading response, mid-stance, terminal stance, and pre-swing. The Model Statistic technique (α = 0.05) was used to test for statistical significance between the matched-pairs for each variable and sub-phase. Furthermore, dependent t- tests (α = 0.05) were utilized, at the group level, to determine whether significant differences existed between sub-phases. Results indicate that children with ASD may exhibit greater stiffness in pre-swing, and thus, produce inefficient propulsive forces during walking. We attribute these differences to sensory processing dysfunction previously observed in children with ASD.