cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Air France: an exploration of the limits of explication

As environmental consciousness becomes increasingly pervasive and flies above a cultural radar that was previously indifferent to it, the discipline of architecture has expanded its understanding of ‘site’ to include latent ecological conditions, and foremost amongst these is air. In this special issue dedicated to the theme of ‘City Air’, this essay raises questions about the precision of air and its capacity to be site-specific, through an inquiry into five case studies examining the air of Paris. Employing Miwon Kwon's criteria for site-specificity in art practices, the author interrogates whether city air is an integral aspect of the urban architectural situation, and to what extent its ephemeral presence can be conceptualised as being specific to, or even co-constitutive of, built form. Utilising the philosopher Peter Sloterdijk's concept of ‘explication’, this article considers the various conditions and thematic modes through which air is foregrounded conceptually, experientially and representation...
Otto of Freising's Quest for the Hermeneutic Circle

Dix ans separent la Chronica de l'eveque cistercien Otton de Freising du debut de la redaction Gesta Friderici I. Imperatoris: 1147-1157. Alors que dans la Chronica, la lutte des deux cites culmine dans la victoire de l'Eglise et du pape sur l'Empire, dans les Gesta, Otton voit la Querelle des Investitures differemment: il est plutot du cote de l'Empereur. L'A. tente d'eclairer cette contradiction. Il releve d'abord que si la Chronica est tout entiere structuree par l'eschatologie, les Gesta sont ordonnes par la philosophie (les maitres d'Otton sont Boece, Augustin, Denys l'Areopagite, Gilbert de la Porree). Il montre ensuite que les experiences malheureuses d'Otton (sa participation a la deuxieme Croisade) l'ont conduit a une reflexion tenant compte de la realite des evenements historiques. D'ou, pour lire l'invisible derriere chaque evenement visible, le passage du filtre eschatologique au filtre philosophique.
Roles of the sister chromatid cohesion apparatus in gene expression, development, and human syndromes

The sister chromatid cohesion apparatus mediates physical pairing of duplicated chromosomes. This pairing is essential for appropriate distribution of chromosomes into the daughter cells upon cell division. Recent evidence shows that the cohesion apparatus, which is a significant structural component of chromosomes during interphase, also affects gene expression and development. The Cornelia de Lange (CdLS) and Roberts/SC phocomelia (RBS/SC) genetic syndromes in humans are caused by mutations affecting components of the cohesion apparatus. Studies in Drosophila suggest that effects on gene expression are most likely responsible for developmental alterations in CdLS. Effects on chromatid cohesion are apparent in RBS/SC syndrome, but data from yeast and Drosophila point to the likelihood that changes in expression of genes located in heterochromatin could contribute to the developmental deficits.
In vitro fertilization and adverse childhood outcomes: what we know, where we are going, and how we will get there. A glimpse into what lies behind and beckons ahead

The majority of perinatal morbidity after in vitro fertilization (IVF) is due to multiple pregnancy; however, even singleton infants are at an increased risk for adverse outcomes. We have summarized data that evaluates adverse outcomes in IVF infants and recent attempts to delineate the underlying causes of this risk. We submit that practitioners of reproductive medicine should remain at the forefront of this investigation.
Serine and Cysteine Proteases in Sulfur Mustard-Exposed Hairless Mouse Skin: Enzymatic Activity and Inhibition Profiles

AbstractInflammatory reactions associated with sulfur mustard (bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, SM)-induced skin pathology, including the release of potent proteolytic enzymes capable of destroying cutaneous connective tissue proteins, are not well defined in vivo. In this study, protease activities were measured as potential indicators of SM-induced skin injury in a hairless mouse sulfur mustard vapor exposure model. We also investigated the effects of synthetic protease inhibitors on SM-induced proteolytic activity. Skin homogenates prepared from hairless mouse dorsal skin exposed to SM vapor (1.4 g/m3) were assayed for serine and cysteine protease activities using synthetic chromogenic and fluorogenic substrates. Skin samples were obtained 24 h after SM challenge from animals exposed for either 6 or 12 min, while controls were obtained from unexposed skin. With 6 min SM-exposed skin, significantly higher elastase, tryptase, cathepsin B, cathepsin L, and calpain II enzymatic activities were detected compared ...
Assessment of functional wellness behaviors in adolescents who are mentally retarded.

Functional wellness behaviors of 46 mildly mentally retarded subjects enrolled in a community-based educational/vocational program were assessed. The subjects were evaluated to determine their ability to independently meet some of their health needs. A very low percentage of them had acquired independence in the assessed areas, indicating that greater attention needs to be focused on these areas as part of educational/ vocational program opportunities.
Long-term neurologic hand complications after radial artery harvesting using conventional cold and harmonic scalpel techniques

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of neurologic hand complications after radial artery harvesting and to compare the harmonic scalpel versus conventional cold scalpel technique. Methods From 1995 to 2000, 786 radial arteries were harvested from 782 patients for coronary artery bypass grafting. From 1995 to 1997, the conventional cold scalpel technique was used (422 patients), and from 1998 to 2000, the harmonic scalpel was used (360 patients). Mean follow-up was 4.2 ± 2.1 years and was 90% complete. Symptoms included thumb weakness or numbness, tingling, or pain in the hand. Results The incidence of neurologic hand complications was similar with both techniques (11.2% ± 3.5% cold, 11.0% ± 3.6% harmonic, p > 0.95), and in 19% (13 of 67 with symptoms) there was complete resolution within 1 year. Symptoms persisted long-term in 9.0% ± 3.2% cold scalpel and 9.0% ± 3.3% harmonic scalpel patients ( p > 0.81), but were considered a "constant and significant source of discomfort" in only 0.6% ± 0.9% cold scalpel and 1.4% ± 1.3% harmonic scalpel patients ( p > 0.41). Conclusions The incidence of adverse neurologic outcomes causing significant long-term discomfort in the hand was low using either the cold scalpel or harmonic scalpel technique. However, a significant number of patients had neurologic hand symptoms in both groups, and this should be included when discussing operative risks with the patient.
Controlling transient chaos in deterministic flows with applications to electrical power systems and ecology

Transient chaos is a common phenomenon in nonlinear dynamics of many physical, biological, and engineering systems. In applications it is often desirable to maintain sustained chaos even in parameter regimes of transient chaos. We address how to sustain transient chaos in deterministic flows. We utilize a simple and practical method, based on extracting the fundamental dynamics from time series, to maintain chaos. The method can result in control of trajectories from almost all initial conditions in the original basin of the chaotic attractor from which transient chaos is created. We apply our method to three problems: (1) voltage collapse in electrical power systems, (2) species preservation in ecology, and (3) elimination of undesirable bursting behavior in a chemical reaction system.
A critical review of tectonic processes at continental margin orogens

Abstract A “cordilleran-type” orogen has previously been defined as contractional deformation of a continental margin due to subcontinental subduction. The plate tectonic setting of cordilleran-type orogenesis is fundamentally different from that of “collisional” orogenesis. Intracontinental orogens such as the Himalayas and Alps form by collision between a continental margin and a continental margin subduction zone. Orogens at continental margins may form due to subcontinental subduction (cordilleran-type orogeny), or due to collision of a continental margin with an intra-oceanic subduction zone which is typically followed by a reversal of subduction polarity. In the latter case, collisional orogenesis may proceed along with the reversed, subcontinental subduction. Modern arcs are mostly extensional or neutral, so subduction hangingwall contraction is not a necessary consequence of subduction. Crustal contraction in known collisional orogens lasts for tens of millions of years, so collisional deformation at a continental margin may last for tens of millions of years after arc-continent collision and subduction reversal. Collisional orogenesis is a predictable consequence of subduction, and collisional deformation is kinematically linked to the kinematics of subduction. Noncollisional cordilleran-type orogenesis is not predicted by plate theory. A geologic history that would demonstrate noncollisional orogenesis is a magmatic arc built into a passive margin sequence with strong deformation but without an earlier arc or ophiolite accretion event; this history has not been recognized in the geologic record. The classic examples of cordilleran-type orogens, including the Cretaceous-Cenozoic of the Andes and the Jurassic-early Tertiary of the western United States, may be interpreted as arc-continent collisions. However, the youngest increments of deformation in these two orogens occurred 100 million years after the youngest collisions and are thus difficult to ascribe to collisional processes. Notwithstanding the long time scales, these deformations occurred at the end of space-time continua of probable collisional orogenies. Alternatively, these deformations may represent lithosphere-scale fault-bend folding, duplex folding, backthrusting, and/or out-of-sequence forethrusting during shallow subduction.
What devices do data centers need

We discuss the trend in fiber optic technology developments to fulfill the scaling requirements of data center networks.
Comparison of membrane electroporation and protein denature in response to pulsed electric field with different durations.

In this paper, we compared the minimum potential differences in the electroporation of membrane lipid bilayers and the denaturation of membrane proteins in response to an intensive pulsed electric field with various pulse durations. Single skeletal muscle fibers were exposed to a pulsed external electric field. The field-induced changes in the membrane integrity (leakage current) and the Na channel currents were monitored to identify the minimum electric field needed to damage the membrane lipid bilayer and the membrane proteins, respectively. We found that in response to a relatively long pulsed electric shock (longer than the membrane intrinsic time constant), a lower membrane potential was needed to electroporate the cell membrane than for denaturing the membrane proteins, while for a short pulse a higher membrane potential was needed. In other words, phospholipid bilayers are more sensitive to the electric field than the membrane proteins for a long pulsed shock, while for a short pulse the proteins become more vulnerable. We can predict that for a short or ultrashort pulsed electric shock, the minimum membrane potential required to start to denature the protein functions in the cell plasma membrane is lower than that which starts to reduce the membrane integrity. Bioelectromagnetics 34:253–263, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Magnetic susceptibility of U6M (M = Fe, Co and Ni)

Abstract A large magnetic coercivity is found below a break in the magnetic susceptibility at T t = 170 K for all of the compounds. A log-log plot of the temperature dependence of the resistance shows breaks at T t and T p = 100 K which corresponds to the phonon anomaly reported on U 6 Fe. The magnetization in the superconducting phase has also been measured.
On the interpretation of k-shell electron binding energy chemical shifts in molecules

Abstract The relationship between the potential-at-a-point and orbital energy difference methods of computing K-shell electron binding energy chemical shifts, and their affinity to the nuclear shielding effect in NMR spectroscopy is demonstrated.
Two-photon ionization of the Ar atom and detachment of the F- ion.

Theoretical calculations of the two-photon ionization cross section of argon and of the two-photon detachment cross section of the negative fluorine ion are presented for the energy region from threshold to the single-photon ionization or detachment threshold. Detailed analyses are presented of the effects of various kinds of electron correlations, whose contributions to the two-photon transition amplitudes are evaluated using variationally stable procedures to sum implicitly over intermediate states. These variationally stable procedures enable us to give much more reliable predictions in the region of the first few intermediate-state resonances in argon than were provided by previous calculations of one of us [A.F. Starace and T. F. Jiang, Phys. Rev. A 36, 1705 (1987)]. In addition, we show here for both argon and ${\mathrm{F}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ the large corrections to the p${(}^{1}$S) final-state channel cross sections provided by certain intermediate-state shake-up interactions, which we show to be essential for obtaining good agreement of dipole length and velocity cross sections. We provide detailed comparisons of our results with those of previous workers; in particular, our results for the negative fluorine ion are in excellent agreement with the recent absolute measurement of Kwon et al. [Phys. Rev. A 40, 676 (1989)].
Expression of a Soluble Complement Inhibitor Protects Transgenic Mice from Antibody-Induced Acute Renal Failure

Crry is a potent complement regulator in rodents that inhibits C3 convertases. In rats, intrarenal arterial injection of anti-glomerular endothelial cell (GEN) antibodies leads to complement-dependent microvascular injury and acute renal failure. In this study, a mouse variant of this model and the effects of complement inhibition were examined. Transgenic mice that overexpressed soluble Crry systemically and in their kidneys were studied. Anti-GEN IgG was injected intravenously into eight Crry transgenic mice and seven transgene-negative littermates (which were used as control animals). Thirty h after injection, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were 30.3 +/- 4.4 and 114.8 +/- 23.5 mg/dl for transgene-positive and -negative animals, respectively (P = 0.012). Four of five transgene-negative animals with BUN levels of > 100 mg/dl were anuric; the remaining animal exhibited minimal albuminuria and no detectable urinary C3. In animals with renal failure, glomerular capillary collapse and tubular necrosis were observed. There was significant tubular staining for C3 in transgene-negative animals, with cellular and basal distributions, both of which were statistically greater than those in transgene-positive animals. Tubular cell C3 staining was strongly correlated with BUN values (r = 0.83, P < 0.001), as was C9 staining (r = 0.56, P = 0.037), suggesting that complement activation to the C5b-9 membrane attack complex had a casual role in renal failure. Thus, systemic injection of anti-GEN antibodies into mice leads to acute renal failure, with glomerular and tubular injury. Animals that overexpress soluble Crry in renal tubules and elsewhere are protected from the acute renal failure that occurs in this model, which ultimately seems to develop because of complement activation focused on tubules.
Real-time scheduling of hierarchical reward-based tasks

A reward-based task typically consists of a mandatory part that must be accomplished before the given deadline, and an optional part that is associated with rewards for partial completion. In this paper we consider a hierarchical framework of reward-based tasks. These types of tasks are characterized by positive rewards, tree-like order-dependency and identical service times. We propose a near-optimal scheduling algorithm for such tasks under hard-real time constraints. In our technique, tasks are pre-sorted by their potential rewards and real-time scheduling can be achieved with no prior knowledge of the hard deadlines. We also demonstrate how this approach could be utilized for uninterrupted transfer of multimedia in varying network conditions, while delivering near-best results.
RAREMETAL: fast and powerful meta-analysis for rare variants.

Summary: RAREMETAL is a computationally efficient tool for meta-analysis of rare variants genotyped using sequencing or arrays. RAREMETAL facilitates analyses of individual studies, accommodates a variety of input file formats, handles related and unrelated individuals, executes both single variant and burden tests and performs conditional association analyses. Availability and implementation: http://genome.sph.umich.edu/wiki/RAREMETAL for executables, source code, documentation and tutorial. Contact: ude.hcimu@hpsgnefs or ude.hcimu@olacnog
Duration of Adult Female Ixodes dammini Attachment and Transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi, with Description of a Needle Aspiration Isolation Method

The relationship between the attachment duration of adult female Ixodes dammini and the transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi was studied. Sixteen rabbits were exposed to spirochete-infected female ticks for specified intervals. All five rabbits exposed to ticks that fed to repletion (greater than 120 h) became infected, as did two of three exposed for 48 h. In contrast, five rabbits exposed to a cumulative total of 53 infected female I. dammini for 36 h failed to become infected, as did three rabbits exposed for 24 h. A needle aspirate method facilitated the isolation of spirochetes from host skin.
Belize, a new nation in Central America

Independent from Britain only since 1981, the new nation of Belize is situated at the intersection of two cultural spheres: the English-speaking Afro-Caribbean countries and the Spanish-speaking Central American republics. Its scanty population of about 150,000 is culturally heterogeneous, and its various ethnic groups coexist in a complex pattern
A Systematic Study of Failure Proximity

Software end-users are the best testers, who keep revealing bugs in software that has undergone rigorous in-house testing. In order to leverage their testing efforts, failure reporting components have been widely deployed in released software. Many utilities of the collected failure data depend on an effective failure indexing technique, which, at the optimal case, would index all failures due to the same bug together. Unfortunately, the problem of failure proximity, which underpins the effectiveness of an indexing technique, has not been systematically studied. This article presents the first systematic study of failure proximity. A failure proximity consists of two components: a fingerprinting function that extracts signatures from failures, and a distance function that calculates the likelihood of two failures being due to the same bug. By considering different instantiations of the two functions, we study an array of six failure proximities (two of them are new) in this article. These proximities range from the simplest approach that checks failure points to the most sophisticated approach that utilizes fault localization algorithms to extract failure signatures. Besides presenting technical details of each proximity, we also study the properties of each proximity and tradeoffs between proximities. These altogether deliver a systematic view of failure proximity.
Measures of frontal functioning and the emergence of inhibitory control processes at 10 months of age

During the first year, infants begin to exhibit initial evidence of working memory and inhibitory control in conjunction with substantial maturation of the frontal cortex and corresponding neural circuitry. Currently, relatively little is known about the neural and autonomic resources that are recruited in response to increased executive demands during the first year of development. To this end, we recorded electroencephalogram (EEG; 6–9 Hz) and electrocardiogram from 10-month-olds during a working memory and inhibitory control task (looking A-not-B). Analyses compared measures of frontal functioning (EEG power, EEG coherence, heart rate) during nonreversal (working memory) and reversal (working memory + inhibitory control) trials. The increased cognitive demand of inhibitory control processing was associated with increases in heart rate and frontal coherence (medial frontal–lateral frontal, medial frontal–temporal, medial frontal–medial parietal, and medial frontal–occipital electrode pairs). Thus, synchronized activity across distributed cortical regions appeared to be essential to inhibitory control processes during infancy. The addition of inhibitory control processes, however, was not associated with any changes in neuronal activity (EEG power). These findings are discussed in relation to other neuroscience findings and provide insight into the development of integrated frontal functioning in infancy.
Explaining the Motherhood Wage Penalty During the Early Occupational Career

Prior research shows that mothers earn lower hourly wages than women without children, and that this maternal wage penalty cannot be fully explained by differences between mothers and other women in work experience and job characteristics. This research examines whether the residual motherhood wage penalty results from differences between mothers and other women in the accumulation of work interruptions and breaks in schooling. Using longitudinal data for 486 women followed from ages 19 to 31 in the Minnesota Youth Development Study, we find that accumulated months not in the labor force and not enrolled in school explain the residual pay gap between mothers and other women.
The Washington Consensus as transnational policy paradigm: Its origins, trajectory and likely successor

ABSTRACT This paper explores the origins and trajectory of the Washington Consensus – the ideas associated with the developing countries’ move to free markets in the 1980s and 1990s. I argue that the Consensus was a transnational policy paradigm, shaped by both scholarly and political forces (Hall, 1993). At the core of the Consensus was the international financial institutions’ practice of conditionality – making loans to governments in exchange for policy reforms. The Consensus was subsequently weakened by its own unintended consequences, by political forces both within Washington and worldwide and by intellectual changes in the field of economics. However, I argue that the Consensus has yet to encounter any serious rivals.
Rapid Multi-Tracer PET Tumor Imaging With $^{18}{\hbox {F-FDG}}$ and Secondary Shorter-Lived Tracers

Rapid multi-tracer PET, where two to three PET tracers are rapidly scanned with staggered injections, can recover certain imaging measures for each tracer based on differences in tracer kinetics and decay. We previously showed that single-tracer imaging measures can be recovered to a certain extent from rapid dual-tracer 62Cu-PTSM (blood flow) + 62Cu-ATSM (hypoxia) tumor imaging. In this work, the feasibility of rapidly imaging 18F-FDG plus one or two of these shorter-lived secondary tracers was evaluated in the same tumor model. Dynamic PET imaging was performed in four dogs with pre-existing tumors, and the raw scan data was combined to emulate 60 minute long dual and triple-tracer scans, using the single-tracer scans as gold standards. The multi-tracer data were processed for static (SUV) and kinetic (K1, Knet) endpoints for each tracer, followed by linear regression analysis of multi-tracer versus single-tracer results. Static and quantitative dynamic imaging measures of FDG were both accurately recovered from the multi-tracer scans, closely matching the single-tracer FDG standards (R > 0.99). Quantitative blood flow information, as measured by PTSM K1 and SUV, was also accurately recovered from the multi-tracer scans (R = 0.97). Recovery of ATSM kinetic parameters proved more difficult, though the ATSM SUV was reasonably well recovered (R = 0.92). We conclude that certain additional information from one to two shorter-lived PET tracers may be measured in a rapid multi-tracer scan alongside FDG without compromising the assessment of glucose metabolism. Such additional and complementary information has the potential to improve tumor characterization in vivo, warranting further investigation of rapid multi-tracer techniques.
Episodic memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease: a behaviorally anchored scale.

This research represents an investigation into a behaviorally anchored scale for assessment of episodic memory. The Episodic Memory Scale (EMS) was theoretically derived and developed for use in a professional office environment. Performances of patients diagnosed with dementia of the Alzheimer's Type (N = 17) were significantly worse (p < .002) on the EMS than a comparison group (N = 17) of patients with cognitive dysfunction not associated with Alzheimer's disease. The EMS was positively and significantly correlated with other measures of episodic memory and less so with a measure of semantic memory. The extent to which episodic and semantic memory deficits relate to caregiver functional assessment ratings was explored. Findings are discussed with respect to ecological validity of the EMS and implications for reality monitoring ability. Utility of measuring episodic memory processes for purposes of neuropsychological assessment and caregiver decision-making are also discussed.
Psychic numbing and mass atrocity

The 20th Century is often said to be the bloodiest century in recorded history. In addition to its wars, the century witnessed many grave and widespread human rights abuses. But what stands out in historical accounts of those abuses, perhaps even more than the cruelty of their perpetration, is the inaction of bystanders. Why do people and their governments repeatedly fail to react to genocide and other mass scale human rights violations?A chapter in Eldar Shafir's edited volume, The Behavioral Foundations of Policy, forthcoming from the Russell Sage Foundation and Princeton University Press. Posted on SSRN in advance of publication with kind permission from Princeton University Press.
The Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale: Development and Psychometric Properties

Purpose: This study provides preliminary evidence for the acceptability, reliability, and validity of the new Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale (ADKS), a content and psychometric update to the Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Test. Design and Methods: Traditional scale development methods were used to generate items and evaluate their psychometric properties in a variety of subsamples. Results: The final 30-item, true/false scale takes approximately 5–10 min to complete and covers risk factors, assessment and diagnosis, symptoms, course, life impact, caregiving, and treatment and management. Preliminary results suggest that the ADKS has adequate reliability (test–retest and internal consistency) and validity (content, predictive, concurrent, and convergent). Implications: The ADKS is designed for use in both applied and research contexts, capable of assessing knowledge about Alzheimer's disease among laypeople, patients, caregivers, and professionals.
Foreign Policy Orientation, Strategic Interaction, and the Initiation of International Crises

In recent years, scholars studying U.S. foreign policy and the diversionary use of force have begun to focus more attention on when foreign regimes time crises with the U.S. Many argue that U.S. domestic conditions play a role in this. I argue that these models should take into consideration the foreign policy relationship between foreign governments and the U.S. I develop a theory of crisis initiation that considers the foreign policy orientation of states that may initiate a crisis with the U.S., and second, when the crisis may occur. I argue that by virtue of their foreign policy orientation, some regime leaders will be more likely than others to initiate a crisis with the U.S. Those regimes that are either closely aligned with the U.S. or closely identified with anti-U.S. interests will be much more likely to initiate crises with the U.S. than those whose foreign policy interests do not lead to such intimate ties of friendship or enmity. I develop and test hypotheses predicting what regime characteristics will be predictive of crisis initiation and when such crises are likely to occur. The results demonstrate that regime type matters more than U.S. domestic conditions in predicting where and when crises involving the U.S. will take place.
William Osler on telangiectatic syndromes

Osier's description of recurrent mucous membrane bleeding from multiple cutaneous telangiectases was initially published in 1901. He credited Rendu's 1896 report of a 52-year-old man with telangiec...
Preventing burnout: What does the research tell us?

Practicing psychologists face many demands that place them at risk for professional burnout. This article provides empirically supported recommendations for reducing or preventing burnout. Drawing from theoretical models of burnout, 4 critical questions are identified: What job demands increase risk for burnout? What job resources decrease risk for burnout? What personal resources decrease risk for burnout? How does home life influence risk for burnout? Findings from empirical studies with psychologists related to each question are summarized and are integrated with conceptual literatures to develop specific recommendations. Consistent with the positive psychology movement and with recent conceptual shifts in the burnout literature, these recommendations encourage a positive, proactive approach that strives to maximize a fit between work demands and personal strengths, to develop resources at work and at home, and to establish a balance between work and personal lives.
Between Pleasure and Terror: Enlightenment Science and Maupertuis Letter on the Comet

The prospect of a comet colliding with the earth was a persistent theme in eighteenth-century natural philosophy, particularly in Britain and France. This article surveys the widespread speculations about catastrophic interactions between comets and the earth in order to open up broader questions about the Enlightenment’s imagination of global disaster. Focusing on Pierre-Louis de Maupertuis’ Letter on the Comet (1742), which presents the annihilation of the earth by comet as a remote but nonetheless real future threat, I show how a text intended as pleasing edu-tainment for an upper-class audience of educated Parisians nevertheless moves between different generic traditions and emotional registers. Maupertuis’ Letter cycled rapidly between inciting and discouraging readers’ fear, revealing a profoundly ambivalent attitude towards global disaster marked by the simultaneous airing and suppressing of a sense of cosmological disquiet.
Effects of DNA Methylation and Chromatin State on Rates of Molecular Evolution in Insects

Epigenetic information is widely appreciated for its role in gene regulation in eukaryotic organisms. However, epigenetic information can also influence genome evolution. Here, we investigate the effects of epigenetic information on gene sequence evolution in two disparate insects: the fly Drosophila melanogaster, which lacks substantial DNA methylation, and the ant Camponotus floridanus, which possesses a functional DNA methylation system. We found that DNA methylation was positively correlated with the synonymous substitution rate in C. floridanus, suggesting a key effect of DNA methylation on patterns of gene evolution. However, our data suggest the link between DNA methylation and elevated rates of synonymous substitution was explained, in large part, by the targeting of DNA methylation to genes with signatures of transcriptionally active chromatin, rather than the mutational effect of DNA methylation itself. This phenomenon may be explained by an elevated mutation rate for genes residing in transcriptionally active chromatin, or by increased structural constraints on genes in inactive chromatin. This result highlights the importance of chromatin structure as the primary epigenetic driver of genome evolution in insects. Overall, our study demonstrates how different epigenetic systems contribute to variation in the rates of coding sequence evolution.
Abstract 19118: Symptom Predictors of Delayed ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Presentation

Introduction: Through various systematic initiatives, cardiac centers routinely reach targeted door-to-balloon (DTB) treatment times of less than 90 minutes resulting in improved outcomes. However, in an effort to further optimize outcomes, by reducing total ischemic time, focus on symptom onset and their impact on presentation is needed. Hypothesis: This study aimed to identify whether the type and nature of specific symptoms are associated with delays in presentation in STEMI patients. Methods: 549 patients with complete data presenting with STEMI from April 2008 to December 2012 to a tertiary hospital were retrospectively studied. False activations were excluded. 449 patients were included in this analysis. Symptom-onset-to-hospital arrival time (symptom-onset time was identified by review of medical records, pre-hospital emergency services data and by interviewing patient’s and their family) was analyzed for the following factors: type of symptoms (chest pain, dyspnea, cardiac arrest) and nature of sy...
Rise of Marxist Classes: Bureaucratic Classification and Class Formation in Early Socialist China

How did “capitalists”, “petty bourgeoisie”, and other class categories based on Marxist critiques of capitalism become highly visible in local society while communist regimes abolished capitalist institutions? Conventional approaches to class lack the necessary tools for unraveling such “Marxist classes”, let alone their impact on class formation in the common sociological sense. I use Weber, Foucault, and others (together with a study of the emergence of a “petty bourgeoisie” in a Chinese school system) to highlight the bureaucratic struggle of the state to classify everyone with a Marxist schema of classes. Spotlighted are “textual corroboration” and “workplace ascription” of class status, two everyday processes carried out by state representatives that normalized the class categories as well as muddied their boundaries. I contend that official conversion of jobholders into different kinds of predefined class subjects rendered any “class-in-itself” or “class-for-itself” virtually impossible. The conclusion suggests how further research on bureaucratic classification and Marxist classes can advance understanding of state-society relations under communism, especially in comparative terms.
Abstract 5226: Understanding single cell variability in oncogene induced pathway aberration in lung cancer.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Progression of normal epithelial cells towards malignancy is marked by alteration in signaling pathways involved in cellular growth and development. However, at any given stage of oncogenic progression, it is unknown to what extent different signaling pathways are altered and whether the degree of signaling change is similar from cell to cell. A quantitative survey of signaling alterations that are associated with common oncogenic changes will allow us to connect the widely observed signaling heterogeneity in cancer to the genetic changes leading to its disease states. Here, we study an isogenic series of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) that have been oncogenically transformed with the sequential addition of common lung cancer mutations (p53null, p53null+KRASV12, p53null+KRASV12+c-myc). To quantify the degree of signaling alteration, we performed immuno-fluorescence assays and acquired images of HBECs stained with signaling markers representing important lung cancer pathways including WNT, JAK/STAT, TGFβ, IFNγ, MAPK, AKT and TNFα pathways. We extracted intensity-based features from individual cells using our in-house image analysis platform. This single-cell analysis revealed a high degree of signaling change within each of our HBEC populations, suggesting that signaling alteration can be different from cell to cell and from pathway to pathway. We further quantified the degree of pathway alteration along our sequential oncogenic manipulations by using standard machine learning techniques. Our analysis revealed significant changes in the WNT, TGFβ and MAPK pathways upon oncogenic progression. Loss of p53 alone caused a major shift in TGFβ signaling; addition of mutant KRASV12 altered the MAPK, TNFα and JAK/STAT pathways; Addition of a third genetic manipulation, C-MYC, induced dramatic shifts in the WNT and IFNγ pathways. We are currently in the process of inferring crosstalk among multiple pathways in HBECs and a panel of ten lung cancer cell lines. Taken together, our results suggest that the degree of signaling alteration across diverse signaling pathways can be correlated with a specific oncogenic state in lung cancer. Citation Format: Dhruba Deb, Satwik Rajaram, Jill Larsen, John Minna, Lani Wu, Steven Altschuler. Understanding single cell variability in oncogene induced pathway aberration in lung cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5226. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5226
The Relationship Between Organization Size and Supervision Ratio

The structure of organizations has long been of interest to students of administration. Parkinson's observation' of the disproportionate increase of "chiefs" to "Indians," as organizations increase in size, is not supported by the data presented in this paper.2 We have found in the five sets of organizations studied here that the relationship between organization unit size and supervision ratio is logarithmic in form and negative in slope. Several reasons for this finding are suggested and explored; no rationale, however, has yet been experimentally proven. Bernard P. Indik is an assistant professor, Department of Psychology, Rutgers University.
Pathogenesis and outcome of hepatorenal syndrome in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplant

Les malades atteints d'un syndrome hepatorenal peuvent subir sans danger et avec efficacite une transplantation du foie avec des resultats comparables a ceux sans syndrome hepato-renal
Universal health care--60 years of the British National Health Service 1948-2008.

the British National Health Service (NHS) is now 60 years old, affording an opportunity to examine its performance as a government-funded health plan covering all citizens. It opened in 1948 and by 1949 patients' demands on services far exceededestimates. Since then spendinghasincreased yearly. There have been manyrecurringproblems particularly limitation of services due to underfunding and long waiting lists for treatments reaching a high of 1,263,000 patients awaiting hospital admission in 1998. In an attemptto solve its problems the NHS has been reorganized frequently. Major redesigns have occurred with eachnew government, accompaniedby increased costs and a growing bureaucracy. Administrative and clerical staff grew from 29,021 in 1951 to 280,692 (+867%) in 2005. Significant problems continue. The NHS is an example of what can go wrong with a wholly government funded universal health care plan that is free at the point of delivery.
Use of Lidar Derived Optical Extinction and Backscattering Coefficients Near Cloud Base to Explore Aerosol-Cloud Interactions

Combination of microwave radiometer (MWR) and mutlifilter rotating shadowband radiometer (MFRSR) measurement data together with SBDART radiative transfer model to compute cloud optical depth (COD) and cloud droplet effective radius (Reff ). Quantify the first aerosol indirect effect using calculated Reff and aerosol extinction from Raman lidar measurement in urban coastal region. Illustrate comparison between ground-based and satellite retrievals. Demonstrate relationship between surface aerosol (PM2.5 ) loading and Reff . We also explain the sensitivity of aerosol-cloud-index (ACI) depend on the aerosol layer from cloud base height. Potential used of less noisy elastic backscattering to calculate the ACI instead of using Raman extinction. We also present comparison of elastic backscattering and Raman extinction correlation to Reff .
Gut content analysis of Lake Michigan waterbirds in years with avian botulism type E mortality, 2010–2012

Abstract Waterbird die-offs caused by Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin type E (BoNT/E) have occurred sporadically in the Great Lakes since the late 1960s, with a recent pulse starting in the late 1990s. In recent die-offs, round gobies (Neogobius melanostomus) have been implicated as vectors for the transfer of BoNT/E to fish-eating birds due to the round goby invasion history and their importance as prey. Dreissenid mussels (Dreissena spp.) are also potentially involved in BoNT/E transmission to birds and round gobies. We examined gut contents of waterbirds collected in Lake Michigan during die-offs in 2010–2012, and the gut contents of culled, presumably BoNT/E-free double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus). Round gobies were found in 86% of the BoNT/E-positive individuals, 84% of the BoNT/E-negative birds, and 94% of the BoNT/E-free cormorants examined. Double-crested cormorants, ring-billed gulls (Larus delewarensis), and common loons (Gavia immer) consumed larger-sized round gobies than horned and red-necked grebes (Podiceps auritus and Podiceps grisegena), white-winged scoters (Melanitta deglandi), and long-tailed ducks (Clangula hymealis). Other common prey included dreissenid mussels, terrestrial insects, and alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus). Our data emphasize the importance of round gobies and mussels in diets of Lake Michigan waterbirds and suggest they may play a role in the transfer of BoNT/E to waterbirds; however, round gobies and mussels were found in BoNT/E-positive, -negative, and -free individuals, suggesting that other factors, such as alternative trophic pathways for toxin transfer, bird migratory timing and feeding locations, prey behavior, and individual physiological differences across birds may affect the likelihood that a bird will succumb to BoNT/E intoxication.
Sertoli Cell-Somatic Cell Interactions

This chapter focuses on the Sertoli cell–somatic cell interactions in the testis. The spermatogenic cells are dependent on normal and optimal Sertoli cell function. In the mammalian testis, the existence of the blood–testis barrier and germ cell syncytium indicates the complexity and integrated dependence the germ cells have on the Sertoli cell. Any factor that regulates or influences Sertoli cell function indirectly controls spermatogenesis and male fertility. Therefore, local somatic cell interactions within the testis have a critical role in the regulation of testis function and male reproduction. Both Leydig cell and peritubular cell interactions with Sertoli cells are now known to be essential for Sertoli cell development and function. The complex network of testis cell–cell interactions is starting to be elucidated, but significant future research is needed to identify and characterize the specific paracrine factors and the actions of these factors on the various cell types.
Lines on hypersurfaces

Keynote Questions (a) Let X ⊂ ℙ 4 be a general quintic hypersurface. How many lines L ⊂ ℙ 4 does X contain? (Answer on page 228.) (b) Let { X t ⊂ ℙ 3 } t∈ℙ 1 be a general pencil of quartic surfaces. How many of the surfaces X t contain a line? (Answer on page 233.) (c) Let { X t ⊂ ℙ 3 } t∈ℙ 1 be a general pencil of cubic surfaces, and consider the locus C ⊂ (1, 3) of all lines L ⊂ ℙ 3 that are contained in some member of this family. What is the genus of C ? What is the degree of the surface S ⊂ ℙ 3 swept out by these lines? (Answers on pages 233 and 233.) (d) Can a smooth quartic hypersurface in ℙ 4 contain a two-parameter family of lines? (Answer on page 238.) In this chapter we will study the schemes parametrizing lines (and planes of higher dimension) on a hypersurface. These are called Fano schemes . There are two phases to the treatment. It turns out that the enumerative content of the keynote questions above, and many others, can be answered through a single type of Chern class computation. But there is another side of the story, involving beautiful and important techniques for working with the tangent spaces of Hilbert schemes, of which Fano schemes are examples. These ideas will allow us to verify that the “numbers” we compute really correspond to the geometry that they are meant to reflect. We will go even beyond these techniques and explore a little of the local structure of the Fano scheme. There are many open questions in this area, and the chapter ends with an exploration of one of them. What to expect For what n and d should we expect a general hypersurface X ⊂ ℙ n of degree d to contain lines? What is the dimension of the family of lines we would expect it to contain? When the dimension is zero, how many lines will there be? To answer these questions, we introduce in this chapter a fundamental object, the Fano scheme F k (X) ⊂ G(k,n) parametrizing k -planes on X , and then study its geometry.
Antecedent Prediction Without a Pipeline

We consider several antecedent prediction models that use no pipelined features generated by upstream systems. Models trained in this way are interesting because they allow for side-stepping the intricacies of upstream models, and because we might expect them to generalize better to situations in which upstream features are unavailable or unreliable. Through quantitative and qualitative error analysis we identify what sorts of cases are particularly difficult for such models, and suggest some directions for further improvement.
Generality or Specificity? Examining the Relation between Personality Traits and Mental Health Outcomes Using a Bivariate Bi-factor Latent Change Model

Most previous research has focused on the relationships between specific personality traits and specific facets of mental health. However, in reality most of the Big Five are associated at non–triv...
Shake meter: An Autonomous Vibration Measurement System using Optical Strobing: Demo Abstract

In this paper, we intend to demonstrate a novel system to measure the high-speed vibration of an anonymous vibrating object using COTS camera and optical strobing. The whole process is unobtrusive and frugal, can be used in machine inspection. The camera used has a frame rate of 30 frames per second (fps), so in conventional fashion, it is incapable to detain significant information about any vibration frequency which is not in the range of Nyquist theory of frequency (within a range of ±15 Hz). We have solved the challenge using optical strobing phenomena for capturing modulo (of division) between object's frequency and strobing frequency using camera. Motion in the video is tracked by conventional image processing technique. Finally, object vibration is calculated from the frequency plot and optical strobing frequency. Under most of the cases, the application estimates vibration frequency values, within a range of ±1.5% of error.
Caught on Camera: Intermediates of Ribosome Recycling.

Following termination of protein synthesis, bacterial ribosomes are split into subunits by the joint action of elongation factor G and ribosome recycling factor in the process called ribosome recycling. In this issue of Structure, Fu et al. (2016) describe visualization of transient intermediates of ribosome recycling using time-resolved cryogenic electron microscopy.