cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EXTREME ADAPTIVE OPTICS IMAGING WITH A CLEAR AND WELL-CORRECTED OFF-AXIS TELESCOPE SUBAPERTURE

Rather than using an adaptive optics (AO) system to correct a telescope's entire pupil, it can instead be used to more finely correct a smaller subaperture. Indeed, existing AO systems can be used to correct a subaperture 1/3 to 1/2 the size of a 5-10 m telescope to extreme adaptive optics (ExAO) levels. We discuss the potential performance of a clear off-axis well-corrected subaperture (WCS), and describe our initial imaging results with a 1.5 m diameter WCS on the Palomar Observatory's Hale Telescope. These include measured Strehl ratios of 0.92-0.94 in the infrared (2.17 μm) and ≈0.12 in the B band, the latter allowing a binary of separation 0.34" to be easily resolved in the blue. Such performance levels enable a variety of novel observational modes, such as infrared ExAO, visible-wavelength AO, and high-contrast coronagraphy. One specific application suggested by the high Strehl ratio stability obtained (1%) is the measurement of planetary transits and eclipses. Also described is a simple "dark hole" experiment carried out on a binary star, in which a comatic phase term was applied directly to the deformable mirror, in order to shift the diffraction rings to one side of the point-spread function.
Tissue Factor–Factor VIIa Signaling

How does tissue factor (TF), whose principle role is to support clotting factor VIIa (FVIIa) in triggering the coagulation cascade, affect various pathophysiological processes? One of the answers is that TF interaction with FVIIa not only initiates clotting but also induces cell signaling via activation of G-protein–coupled protease activated receptors (PARs). Recent studies using various cell model systems and limited in vivo systems are beginning to define how TF–VIIa-induced signaling regulates cellular behavior. Signaling pathways initiated by both TF–VIIa protease activation of PARs and phosphorylation of the TF–cytoplasmic domain appear to regulate cellular functions. In the present article, we review the emerging data on the mechanism of TF-mediated cell signaling and how it regulates various cellular responses, with particular focus on TF–VIIa protease-dependent signaling.
Raman spectrum of Na2SO4 (phases I and II)

Abstract The Raman spectra of high-temperature phases I and II of Na2SO4 crystals are reported. The phase I spectra indicate considerable disorder of sulfate tetrahedra even at 520 K, which is well below the melting temperature of 1157 K. Although the phase II spectra are complicated by multidomain effects, they show that the crystal c axis is common to phases I, II and III and that the as-yet unknown crystal structure of phase II is more closely related to the phase I hexagonal structure than the phase III orthorhombic structure.
Recombinant proteins and genomics in cancer therapy

Recently published sequence of the complete human genome represents a major milestone in the era of the modern molecular biology [132, 318]. The sequencing of approximately 3.2 billion nucleotides of the human genome, encoding an estimated 100 000 proteins, signifies the first step down the long road. Gene identification does not necessarily translate into an understanding of gene function. Although mapping and cloning of several genes have linked them to heritable genetic disorders, the normal function of a majority of these genes remains unknown. Recombinant DNA technology has made it possible to generate large amounts of many biologically active proteins and to delineate their functions. The novelty of recombinant technology is the precision and efficiency with which scientists can manipulate the single gene. The ability to isolate human genes and insert them into microorganisms, which then produce human proteins, thereby serving as biological factories, has revolutionized the field of biology.
Relatively Homogeneous Structures

Publisher Summary The א 0- categoricity is a model theoretic notion. An elementary theory is called א 0 -categorical if its denumerable (i.e., countably infinite) models are all isomorphic. A structure is called א 0 -categorical if its elementary theory is א 0 -categorical. The following question arises immediately: What morphisms are available to establish isomorphisms between the denumerable models of א 0 -categorical theories? To answer this question in full generality apparently one needs the notion of a model theoretic morphism. Because this notion generally does not have a clearly discernible algebraic meaning, algebraists tend to find access to the subject of categoricity difficult. This is very unfortunate because in applications to algebra usually more special algebraic morphisms are utilized, which play an important role in the structure theory of the algebras under consideration. Hence, the techniques used to establish applied categoricity results are often familiar and of considerable interest to the algebraist. Moreover, applied categoricity results can frequently be converted into structure theorems of algebra.
Quebrando modelos: as línguas de sinais e a natureza da linguagem humana

Translation: "Breaking the molds : signed languages and the nature of human language", Dan Isaac Slobin , published in Sign Language Studies , vol. 8 , n. 2, p. 114-132 , 2008. We thank Professor Dan Isaac Slobin and Gallaudet University, which publishes the journal "Sign Language Studies, for having kindly provided the rights of translation and publication of the article . The original text can be accessed at: .
Practical four-dimensional quantum key distribution without entanglement

We describe a four-dimensional (D = 4) single-photon quantum cryptography protocol with up to twenty (D×(22 +1)) possible states generated by a polarization-, phase- and time-encoding transmitter. This protocol can be experimentally realized with existing technology, drawing from time- and polarization-encoded systems. The protocol is error tolerant and has a maximum raw bit rate of two raw bits per detection, which when combined with state detection efficiency yields a qubit rate of up to one per transmission under ideal assumptions, or up to twice the raw bit rate of two-dimensional protocols such as the well-known BB84 protocol.
Acute empathy decline among resident physician trainees on a hematology-oncology ward: an exploratory analysis of house staff empathy, distress, and patient death exposure.

Objective A reason for empathy decline during medical training has not been fully elucidated. Empathy may decrease acutely during an inpatient hematology–oncology rotation because of the acuity of death exposures. This study aimed to explore physician trainee empathy, distress, death exposures, and their attributed meaning for the trainee. Methods Internal medicine interns and residents at a single academic center were evaluated before and after hematology–oncology ward rotations using Interpersonal Reactivity Index for empathy, previously cited reasons for empathy decline, Impact of Event Scale-Revised for distress, death exposures (no. of dying patients cared for) and attributed sense of meaning (yes/no) (post-rotation). Results Fifty-six trainees completed both pre-rotation and post-rotation questionnaires (58% response). Empathy averaged 58.9 (SD 12.0) before and 56.8 (SD 11.1) after the rotation (2.1 point decrease) (p = 0.018). Distress was elevated but did not change significantly during the rotation. Residents cared for 4.28 dying patients. Seventy-three percent reported that death was the most stressful event during the rotation, yet 68% reported that they derived a sense of meaning from caring for dying patients. Empathy and distress scales were positively correlated before the rotation (r = 0.277, p = 0.041) but not after (r = .059, p = 0.69). Conclusion This study suggests that an acute drop in empathy can occur over several weeks in residents rotating through inpatient hematology–oncology, similar to empathy decline associated with years of training in other studies. Empathy decline may be associated with elevated distress and death exposures on the hematology–oncology ward and should be explored further in other medical training environments. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Nature of Mathematical Proof

(1944). The Nature of Mathematical Proof. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 51, No. 6, pp. 309-323.
ENDOVASCULAR REPAIR OF ASCENDING AORTIC PSEUDOANEURYSM USING A RIGHT AXILLARY/SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY APPROACH

Ascending aortic pseudo-aneurysms (PSA) is a rare and potentially fatal complication of cardiovascular surgery. Endovascular intervention of aortic PSA has been rarely described as a minimally invasive alternative to conventional open repair. An 82-year-old patient underwent aortic valve
Response of Soybean Insect Communities to Row Width Under Crop-Residue Management Systems

The impact of narrow-spacing and crop-residue management systems on soybean insect communities was investigated from 1993 to 1995. Field studies were conducted to determine the effect that row width has on the population dynamics of phytophagous insects and their natural enemies in soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merrill] grown under 2 crop-residue management systems. Soybeans were planted in a split-plot design with no-till and reduced-till residue management, and with narrow and wide row spacings. The above-ground insect populations were estimated by sampling at 2-wk intervals. In addition, several environmental factors, including air and soil temperatures, relative humidity, leaf area index, and estimated weed escapes percentage were recorded and used to explain the insect population dynamics. The predominant insect pests found were potato leafhoppers [ Empoasca fabae (Harris)], green cloverworms [ Hypena scabra (F.)], bean leaf beetles [ Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster)], brown stink bugs ( Euschistus spp.), differential and red-legged grasshoppers [ Melanoplus differentialis (Thomas) and Melanoplus femurrubrum (De Geer), respectively], and tarnished plant bugs [ Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois)]. Common natural enemies found were damsel bugs ( Nabis spp.) and insidious flower bugs [ Orius insidiosus (Say)]. No significant differences were detected between populations of insect pests from narrow versus wide row-spacing treatments; however, population densities of potato leafhoppers and bean leaf beetles were significantly greater in the reduced-till plots compared with the no-till plots. Likewise, no significant differences were observed among natural enemies for the tested combinations of row spacing and tillage practice. The results of this study support the hypothesis that different row widths do not dramatically affect insect communities in soybean grown under no-till and reduced-till crop-residue management systems.
Monocytosis and Lymphopenia in Experimental Rabbit-Pox:

During the course of an investigation of a spontaneous epidemic of rabbit-pox,1, 2 observations were made on the blood picture of the experimental disease. Standardized pipettes and the supravital technique were employed in making the blood examinations. Striking quantitative changes were noted in two classes of cells. During the height of the disease there was a marked decrease in the number of lymphocytes and an enormous increase in the number of circulating monocytes.In a group of 12 animals systematically studied, the lymphocytes fell from a mean preinoculation level of 2473 or 35.1% of the total count to 847 or 7.5% on the third day following intratesticular inoculation. This was an actual decrease of 65.8% or a relative decrease of 78.6% from the preinoculation lymphocyte level. Simultaneously monocytes rose from a preinoculation value of 374 (5.4%) to 1534 (12.4%) on the third day following inoculation, an actual increase of 310%, or a relative increase of 185% from the mean preinoculation finding....
Acute and chronic bronchitis. A practical management strategy.

PreviewMillions of patients visit their physicians each year complaining of a cough. In many cases, the cause is either acute or chronic bronchitis. How can acute bronchitis be differentiated from the chronic condition? How does treatment differ? What are the causes and implications of these conditions? Does prophylactic treatment work? Dr Brown discusses these questions while exploring useful clinical approaches to bronchitis.
Fast top-k search in knowledge graphs

Given a graph query Q posed on a knowledge graph G, top-k graph querying is to find k matches in G with the highest ranking score according to a ranking function. Fast top-k search in knowledge graphs is challenging as both graph traversal and similarity search are expensive. Conventional top-k graph search is typically based on threshold algorithm (TA), which can no long fit the demand in the new setting. This work proposes STAR, a top-k knowledge graph search framework. It has two components: (a) a fast top-k algorithm for star queries, and (b) an assembling algorithm for general graph queries. The assembling algorithm uses star query as a building block and iteratively sweeps the star match lists with a dynamically adjusted bound. For top-k star graph query where an edge can be matched to a path with bounded length d, we develop a message passing algorithm, achieving time complexity O(d2|E| + md) and space complexity linear to d|V| (assuming the size of Q and k is bounded by a constant), where m is the maximum node degree in G. STAR can further be leveraged to answer general graph queries by decomposing a query to multiple star queries and joining their results later. Learning-based techniques to optimize query decomposition are also developed. We experimentally verify that STAR is 5–10 times faster than the state-of-the-art TA-style graph search algorithm, and 10–100 times faster than a belief propagation approach.
Role of adipokinetic hormone and adenosine in the anti-stress response in Drosophila melanogaster

The role of adipokinetic hormone (AKH) and adenosine in the anti-stress response was studied in Drosophila melanogaster larvae and adults carrying a mutation in the Akh gene (Akh(1)), the adenosine receptor gene (AdoR(1)), or in both of these genes (Akh(1) AdoR(1) double mutant). Stress was induced by starvation or by the addition of an oxidative stressor paraquat (PQ) to food. Mortality tests revealed that the Akh(1) mutant was the most resistant to starvation, while the AdoR(1) mutant was the most sensitive. Conversely, the Akh(1) AdoR(1) double mutant was more sensitive to PQ toxicity than either of the single mutants. Administration of PQ significantly increased the Drome-AKH level in w(1118) and AdoR(1) larvae; however, this was not accompanied by a simultaneous increase in Akh gene expression. In contrast, PQ significantly increased the expression of the glutathione S-transferase D1 (GstD1) gene. The presence of both a functional adenosine receptor and AKH seem to be important for the proper control of GstD1 gene expression under oxidative stress, however, the latter appears to play more dominant role. On the other hand, differences in glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity among the strains, and between untreated and PQ-treated groups were minimal. In addition, the glutathione level was significantly lower in all untreated AKH- or AdoR-deficient mutant flies as compared with the untreated control w(1118) flies and further declined following treatment with PQ. All oxidative stress characteristics modified by mutations in Akh gene were restored or even improved by 'rescue' mutation in flies which ectopically express Akh. Thus, the results of the present study demonstrate the important roles of AKH and adenosine in the anti-stress response elicited by PQ in a D. melanogaster model, and provide the first evidence for the involvement of adenosine in the anti-oxidative stress response in insects.
Testosterone Therapy Among Prostate Cancer Survivors.

Abstract Introduction The use of testosterone in men with a history of prostate cancer remains controversial in light of established findings linking androgens to prostate cancer growth. However, hypogonadism significantly affects quality of life and has negative sequelae, and the risks and benefits of testosterone therapy might be worthwhile to consider in all men, even those with a history of high-risk prostate cancer. Aim To discuss the effects of testosterone on the prostate and the use of testosterone therapy in hypogonadal men with a history of prostate cancer. Methods Review of the literature examining the effects of testosterone on the prostate and the efficacy and safety of exogenous testosterone in men with a history of prostate cancer. Main Outcome Measures Summary of effects of exogenous and endogenous testosterone on prostate tissue in vitro and in vivo, with a focus on effects in men with a history of prostate cancer. Results Testosterone therapy ameliorates the symptoms of hypogonadism, decreases the risk for its negative sequelae, and can significantly improve quality of life. Recent studies do not support an increased risk for de novo prostate cancer, progression of the disease, or biochemical recurrence in hypogonadal men with a history of non–high-risk prostate cancer treated with testosterone therapy. Evidence supporting the use of testosterone in the setting of high-risk prostate cancer is less clear. Conclusion Despite the historical reluctance toward the use of testosterone therapy in men with a history of prostate cancer, modern evidence suggests that testosterone replacement is a safe and effective treatment option for hypogonadal men with non–high-risk prostate cancer. Additional work to definitively demonstrate the efficacy and safety of testosterone therapy in men with prostate cancer is needed, and persistent vigilance and surveillance of treated men remains necessary.
Timing of Advance Directive Completion and Relationship to Care Preferences

Abstract Context Given recent Medicare rules reimbursing clinicians for engaging in advance care planning, there is heightened need to understand factors associated with the timing of advance directive (AD) completion before death and how the timing impacts care decisions. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate patterns in timing of AD completion and the relationship between timing and documented care preferences. We hypothesize that ADs completed late in the course of illness or very early in the disease trajectory will reflect higher preferences for aggressive care. Methods We conducted a retrospective study using logistic regressions to analyze data from the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative longitudinal survey of older adults. Results The analytic sample included exit interviews conducted from 2000 to 2012 among 2904 proxy reporters of deceased participants who had an AD. Nearly three-quarters (71%) of ADs were completed a year or more before death. Being younger or a racial/ethnic minority, and having lower education, a diagnosis of cancer or lung disease, and an expected death were associated with completing an AD within the three months before death, while having the lowest quartile of assets and memory problems were inversely associated with AD completion. Minorities, those with lower education, expected death, and timing of AD completion were associated with electing aggressive care. Conclusion Early documentation of care wishes may not be associated with an increased likelihood of electing aggressive care; however, ADs completed in the last months of life have higher rates of election of aggressive care.
Development of a BCR/ABL Real-Time Quantitative RT-PCR Assay and Correlation with an Existing Qualitative Test.

Introduction: With the recent introduction of imatinib (Gleevec) as a therapeutic agent for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), the need for quantitation of the level of tumor cells after treatment has become essential. Our lab has for a number years tested for CML using a sensitive qualitative nested RT-PCR assay for BCR/ABL. We wanted to develop a quantitative test that retained the sensitivity of our qualitative test and contained an initial screen to prevent unnecessary quantitative testing as well as develop quantitative tests for the various breakpoints. Methods: The new test is divided into three parts. A real-time multiplex qualitative RT-PCR screen containing specific primers for the p190, p210 and p230 BCR/ABL forms and a common labeled probe. If a patient sample is positive in the screen, the original nested RT-PCR test is performed to determine which BCR/ABL form is present. This is followed by a real-time quantitative RT-PCR test for the identified BCR/ABL translocation. Subsequent follow up tests require only the specific quantitative test. Results: Comparing negative results from 82 patient (various clinical presentations) samples tested by the previous qualitative test with the new qualitative screen showed completely correlation. Out of 31 CML patients studied, both test strategies gave the same result for 20 positive and 13 negative samples. Patients with multiple samples collected over time showed complete correlation between the two assays. Conclusions: The new quantitative BCR/ABL testing strategy yielded results that correlated with the previous qualitative BCR/ABL assay.
Estimating the Crime Effects of Raising the Age of Majority

Research Summary The results of recent empirical research have shown that juveniles do not achieve complete psychosocial maturity until postadolescence and that processing juveniles as adults in the criminal justice system can be associated with elevated rates of criminal recidivism. In response to these as well as other concerns, several states have recently raised their legal ages of majority in the hopes of reducing juvenile offending rates. Connecticut enacted one such law change when it raised its age of majority from 16 to 17 in 2010 and then from 17 to 18 in 2012 for all but the most serious offenses. The effect of Connecticut's policy change on juvenile crime is examined in this study. To discern between changes in juvenile offending and changes in the propensity of police to arrest youthful offenders in the aftermath of a law change, we use two methodological approaches. Synthetic control methods are used to generate triple-differences estimates of the effect of Connecticut's policy change on juvenile arrests and overall crime rates by using a weighted average of other U.S. states as a natural comparison group. Next, by analyzing National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) data for a subset of Connecticut's local jurisdictions, we examine changes in age-specific juvenile arrests and changes in age-specific juvenile offending. The resulting evidence suggests that no discernable change in juvenile offending occurred. In addition, evidence exists that in some Connecticut jurisdictions, officer, rather than juvenile, behavior was impacted by this law change. Policy Implications Although raise-the-age policies may remain desirable for other policy reasons, no robust evidence of their effects on crime is yet available. Given the absence of such evidence of crime effects, policy makers interested in raise-the-age policies for their crime-reduction benefits might consider focusing on other juvenile justice policy initiatives with demonstrated crime-reduction benefits. Nevertheless, policy makers interested in these policies for other policy reasons can rest assured that there is no evidence that these policies exacerbate juvenile crime. The results of this study also suggest that the effects of “raise-the-age” policies on crime will be difficult to separate from recent declining trends in juvenile crime and arrests as well as from changes in police arrest decision making.
Hydrological controls on the tropospheric ozone greenhouse gas effect

The influence of the hydrological cycle in the greenhouse gas (GHG) effect of tropospheric ozone (O 3 ) is quantified in terms of the O 3 longwave radiative effect (LWRE), which is defined as the net reduction of top-of-atmosphere flux due to total tropospheric O 3 absorption. The O 3 LWRE derived from the infrared spectral measurements by Aura’s Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) show that the spatiotemporal variation of LWRE is relevant to relative humidity, surface temperature, and tropospheric O 3 column. The zonally averaged subtropical LWRE is ~0.2 W m -2 higher than the zonally averaged tropical LWRE, generally due to lower water vapor concentrations and less cloud coverage at the downward branch of the Hadley cell in the subtropics. The largest values of O 3 LWRE over the Middle East (>1 W/m 2 ) are further due to large thermal contrasts and tropospheric ozone enhancements from atmospheric circulation and pollution. Conversely, the low O 3 LWRE over the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (on average 0.4 W m -2 ) is due to strong water vapor absorption and cloudiness, both of which reduce the tropospheric O 3 absorption in the longwave radiation. These results show that changes in the hydrological cycle due to climate change could affect the magnitude and distribution of ozone radiative forcing.
Dual-comb spectroscopy using on-chip mode-locked frequency combs

We generate broadband soliton mode-locked dual combs on the same chip and demonstrate high SNR (> 40 dB) near-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy of dichloromethane over a 170 nm optical bandwidth with a short acquisition time of 20 μs.
A low-cost near-infrared digital camera for fire detection and monitoring

The human visualization system is not optimally suited for fire detection. Smoke occlusion heavily limits flame visibility and low flames can be difficult to see. Thermal infrared (TIR) sensors mit...
Making Your Wishes Known: Who Completes an Advance Directive and Shares It With Their Health Care Team or Loved Ones?:

Using Andersen’s health behavioral model as a framework, this study examined factors associated with the completion of advance directives and the behavior of sharing them with one’s family and heal...
Respiratory Complications of Maxillofacial and Otolaryngologic Disorders

Congenital and acquired disorders affecting the upper airways are common in children. Their effect on breathing varies, but in general it consists of inspiratory or expiratory airflow limitation or impairment in lung protection from inhaled or aspirated material. The limitation to airflow can be anatomic (e.g., choanal atresia) or functional (e.g., vocal cord dysfunction). Obstruction above the thoracic inlet may be congenital or acquired in etiology. Airway obstruction below the thoracic inlet may cause expiratory obstruction only (dynamic lesions) or biphasic obstruction and stridor (fixed lesions). The following chapter reviews the pathophysiology of the upper airway obstruction as well as specific anatomic and functional disorders affecting the upper airways.
ASAP Application in Suspension, Liquid, Lyophilized, and Controlled-Release Drug Products

Abstract This chapter describes several Accelerated Stability Assessment Program (ASAP) case studies for some uncommon small-molecule formulations, such as suspension, liquid, lyophilized, and matrix controlled-release formulations. A simple in-house experimental setup was described that permitted conducting multiple ASAP studies concurrently with small equipment footprint. In the lyophilized formulation case study, multiple analytical tools were employed to monitor not only degradation rates, but also moisture content and water activity changes. The ASAP predictions from those studies matched long-term stability data quite well. Data from these ASAP studies enabled project teams to make quick science-based decisions with regard to expected shelf life of new formulations, and to gain better understanding of degradation pathways.
Nicotinic receptors and attention.

Facilitation of different attentional functions by nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists may be of therapeutic potential in disease conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease or schizophrenia. For this reason, the neuronal mechanisms underlying these effects have been the focus of research in humans and in preclinical models. Attention-enhancing effects of the nonselective nAChR agonist nicotine can be observed in human nonsmokers and in laboratory animals, suggesting that benefits go beyond a reversal of withdrawal deficits in smokers. The ultimate aim is to develop compounds acting with greater selectivity than nicotine at a subset of nAChRs, with an effects profile narrowly matching the targeted cognitive deficits and minimizing unwanted effects. To date, compounds tested clinically target the nAChR subtypes most abundant in the brain. To help pinpoint more selectively expressed subtypes critical for attention, studies have aimed at identifying the secondary neurotransmitter systems whose stimulation mediates the attention-enhancing properties of nicotine. Evidence indicates that noradrenaline and glutamate, but not dopamine release, are critical mediators. Thus, attention -enhancing nAChR agents could spare the system central to nicotine dependence. Neuroimaging studies suggest that nAChR agonists act on a variety of brain systems by enhancing activation, reducing activation, and enhancing deactivation by attention tasks. This supports the notion that effects on different attentional functions may be mediated by distinct central mechanisms, consistent with the fact that nAChRs interact with a multitude of brain sites and neurotransmitter systems. The challenge will be to achieve the optimal tone at the right subset of nAChR subtypes to modulate specific attentional functions, employing not just direct agonist properties, but also positive allosteric modulation and low-dose antagonism.
Mediator-Directed Therapy in Pancreatitis and Trauma

Both acute pancreatitis and severe trauma induce a systemic sterile inflammatory process which leads to a high incidence of remote organ dysfunction and death. Several attributes of these two entities make them ideal for evaluation of the effects of mediator-directed therapy. The rationale and evidence for mediator-directed therapy in pancreatitis and trauma are reviewed. In pancreatitis, organ dysfunction and death are best prevented using strategies designed to limit the inflammatory response, particularly IL-1a and IL-10. By contrast, the sequelae of a post-traumatic systemic inflammatory response are best mitigated using strategies designed to limit neutrophil adhesion.
Digital Audio System Architecture

Audio signal processing systems have made considerable progress over the past 25 years due to increases in computational speed and memory capacity. These changes can be seen by examining the implementation of increasingly complex algorithms in less and less hardware. In this chapter, we will describe how machines have been designed to implement DSP algorithms. We will also show how progress in integration has resulted in the special purpose chips designed to execute a given algorithm.
Histology determination of lung cancers: A report on genomic profiling of lung cancer of mixing histology.

8570Background: Histopathology, largely determined by morphology, plays a critical role in choosing appropriate treatment for lung cancer. The understanding of molecular determination of lung cance...
Sky’s Offer You Can’t Refuse and Romanzo criminale. La serie’s Criminal Payoffs

This chapter introduces readers to the premium pay network Sky Italia, addressing how, unlike Rai’s pedagogical programming and Mediaset’s middlebrow model, Sky shows are, for the most part, in line with series dubbed as “quality television.” This chapter lays out the features of the Sky model which are familiar to American series such as The Sopranos, The Wire, Mad Men, or Breaking Bad. However, Sky series depart from the American model in their focus on actual crime networks that brought about, and in some cases still generate, grief, pain, and national instability, while all unambiguously place good-looking antiheroes at the narrative core. The chapter focuses on the representation of the Roman criminal gang the Banda della Magliana in Romanzo criminale. La serie (Stefano Sollima, 2008–2010), first considering how audiences are invited to engage emotionally with sympathetic perpetrators in the series, before discussing various remediated videos found on sites such as YouTube and Daily Motion that show photographs of historical Banda members and stills from the series. To what extent, this chapter asks, might the remediated videos stand as counterexamples to the ideals of a culture of legality in that they might create sympathy for historical perpetrators and not solely for fictional villains. Indeed, web-based media platforms prompt complex responses from users who find it difficult to reconcile reactions to the new media interplay of historical and fictional villains.
Parallel imaging and convolutional neural network combined fast MR image reconstruction: Applications in low-latency accelerated real-time imaging.

Purpose To develop and evaluate a parallel imaging and convolutional neural network combined image reconstruction framework for low-latency and high-quality accelerated real-time MR imaging. Methods Conventional Parallel Imaging reconstruction resolved as gradient descent steps was compacted as network layers and interleaved with convolutional layers in a general convolutional neural network. All parameters of the network were determined during the offline training process, and applied to unseen data once learned. The proposed network was first evaluated for real-time cardiac imaging at 1.5 T and real-time abdominal imaging at 0.35 T, using threefold to fivefold retrospective undersampling for cardiac imaging and threefold retrospective undersampling for abdominal imaging. Then, prospective undersampling with fourfold acceleration was performed on cardiac imaging to compare the proposed method with standard clinically available GRAPPA method and the state-of-the-art L1-ESPIRiT method. Results Both retrospective and prospective evaluations confirmed that the proposed network was able to images with a lower noise level and reduced aliasing artifacts in comparison with the single-coil based and L1-ESPIRiT reconstructions for cardiac imaging at 1.5 T, and the GRAPPA and L1-ESPIRiT reconstructions for abdominal imaging at 0.35 T. Using the proposed method, each frame can be reconstructed in less than 100 ms, suggesting its clinical compatibility. Conclusion The proposed Parallel Imaging and convolutional neural network combined reconstruction framework is a promising technique that allows low-latency and high-quality real-time MR imaging.
Generation of 1 kHz, 2.3 mJ, 88 fs, 2.5 μm pulses from a Cr2+:ZnSe chirped pulse amplifier.

We demonstrate the generation of 2.3 mJ, 88 fs, 2.5 μm laser pulses at 1 kHz repetition rate from a three-stage chirped pulse amplifier employing Cr2+:ZnSe crystals as the active gain media. 5 μJ seed of the amplifier is obtained via intrapulse difference frequency generation in a bismuth triborate (BIBO) crystal from spectrally broadened Ti:Sapphire amplifier output. A multi-pass amplifier followed by two single-pass amplifiers pumped by Q-switched Ho:YAG lasers boost the pulse energy to 6.5 mJ, yielding 2.3 mJ, 88 fs pulses upon pulse compression. Our results show the highest peak power at 2.5 μm with 1 kHz repetition rate. Such a laser will be a powerful source for studying strong-field physics and extending high-harmonic generation towards the keV region.
Approaches to mid-infrared, super-resolution imaging and spectroscopy

This perspective highlights recent advances in super-resolution, mid-infrared imaging and spectroscopy. It provides an overview of the different near field microscopy techniques developed to address the problem of chemically imaging specimens in the mid-infrared "fingerprint" region of the spectrum with high spatial resolution. We focus on a recently developed far-field optical technique, called infrared photothermal heterodyne imaging (IR-PHI), and discusses the technique in detail. Its practical implementation in terms of equipment used, optical geometries employed, and underlying contrast mechanism are described. Milestones where IR-PHI has led to notable advances in bioscience and materials science are summarized. The perspective concludes with a future outlook for robust and readily accessible high spatial resolution, mid-infrared imaging and spectroscopy techniques.
EUS-guided versus endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage in high-risk surgical patients with acute cholecystitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

In patients with acute cholecystitis who are deemed high risk for cholecystectomy, percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) was historically performed for gallbladder drainage (GBD). There are several limitations associated with PC. Endoscopic GBD [Endoscopic transpapillary GBD (ET-GBD) and EUS-guided GBD (EUS-GBD)] is an alternative to PC. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the effectiveness and safety of EUS-GBD versus ET-GBD. We performed a systematic search of multiple databases through May 2019 to identify studies that compared outcomes of EUS-GBD versus ET-GBD in the management of acute cholecystitis in high-risk surgical patients. Pooled odds ratios (OR) of technical success, clinical success and adverse events between EUS-GBD and ET-GBD groups were calculated. Five studies with a total of 857 patients (EUS-GBD vs ET-GBD: 259 vs 598 patients) were included in the analysis. EUS-GBD was associated with higher technical [pooled OR 5.22 (95% CI 2.03–13.44; p = 0.0006; I2 = 20%)] and clinical success [pooled OR 4.16 (95% CI 2.00–8.66; p = 0.0001; I2 = 19%)] compared to ET-GBD. There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of overall adverse events [pooled OR 1.30 (95% CI 0.77–2.22; p = 0.33, I2 = 0%)]. EUS-GBD was associated with lower rate of recurrent cholecystitis [pooled OR 0.33 (95% CI 0.14–0.79; p = 0.01; I2 = 0%)]. There was low heterogeneity in the analyses. EUS-GBD has higher rate of technical and clinical success compared to ET-GBD. While the rates of overall adverse events are statistically similar, EUS-GBD has lower rate of recurrent cholecystitis. Hence, EUS-GBD is preferable to ET-GBD for endoscopic management of acute cholecystitis in select high-risk surgical patients.
Acidification at rebar-concrete interface induced by accelerated corrosion test in aggressive chloride environment

Abstract The rebar-concrete interface plays a critical role in initiating corrosion of steel reinforcing bars embedded in concrete. The intimate physical contact between a steel rebar and the Ca(OH)2-rich interfacial transition zone of concrete provides physical protection and buffering action against corrosion. However, the mechanism of the buffering action is not well understood and a systematic study has not yet been conducted. This paper investigates acidification at the rebar-concrete interface, buffering capabilities of concrete made with 100% Portland cement and with 50% fly ash or ground-granulated slag as cement replacement, and corrosion behavior of the embedded rebar. It was found that a simple technique with filter paper wrapped around the steel rebar under a high impressed anodic current and a severe chloride environment allowed for interface solution to be accumulated, squeezed out, and collected for analysis. The solutions had pH values less than 2, thus proving acidification at the interface during the accelerated corrosion test. With a high content of Ca(OH)2 in the matrix, the concrete with 100% cement as binder was shown to have a higher buffering capacity as compared to the matrix with 50% fly ash or slag as cement replacement. This acidification phenomenon promoted steel dissolution and subsequent corrosion activity, although the presence of cracks in the concrete cover could also play a dominant role in controlling the subsequent corrosion rates. Acidification was also shown to occur under natural corrosion of lower corrosion activity.
Powerful detection of polygenic selection and environmental adaptation in US beef cattle populations

Summary Selection is a basic principle of evolution. Many approaches have identified mutations rapidly selected to high frequencies, which leave pronounced signatures on the surrounding sequence (selective sweeps). However, for complex, quantitative traits, selection does not leave these intense signatures. Instead, in polygenic selection thousands of loci experience small allele frequency changes. Directional selection and local adaptation are actively changing genomes; however identifying loci responding to this polygenic selection is difficult. We show that using novel dependent variables in linear mixed models (which accounts for confounders) identifies polygenic selection and local adaptation. In cattle, thousands of loci are responding to artificial directional selection and hundreds more show evidence of local adaptation. While advanced technologies are increasing the rate of directional selection, local adaptation is being lost. In changing climates, loss of local adaptation is especially problematic. These selection mapping approaches can be used in evolutionary, model organism, and agriculture contexts.
Electrochemical Oxidation of Metal–Catechol Complexes as a New Synthesis Route to the High-Quality Ternary Photoelectrodes: A Case Study of Fe2TiO5 Photoanodes

A new electrochemical, solution-based synthesis method to prepare uniform multinary oxide photoelectrodes was developed. This method involves solubilizing multiple metal ions as metal-catechol complexes in a pH condition where they are otherwise insoluble. When some of the catechol ligands are electrochemically oxidized, the remaining metal complexes become insoluble and are deposited as metal-catechol films on the working electrode. The resulting films are then annealed to form crystalline multinary oxide electrodes. Because catechol can serve as a complexing agent for a variety of metal ions, the newly developed method can be used to prepare a variety of multinary oxide films. In the present study, we used this method to prepare n-type Fe2TiO5 photoanodes and investigated their photoelectrochemical properties for use in a photoelectrochemical water-splitting cell. We also performed a computational investigation with two goals. The first goal was to investigate small electron polaron formation in Fe2TiO5. Charge transport in most oxide photoelectrodes involves small polaron hopping, but small polaron formation in Fe2TiO5 has not been examined prior to this work. The second goal was to investigate the effect of substitutional Sn doping at the Fe site on the electronic band structure and the carrier concentration of Fe2TiO5. The combined experimental and theoretical results presented in this study greatly improve our understanding of Fe2TiO5 for use as a photoanode.
Managing Organizational Constraints in Innovation Teams: A Qualitative Study Across Four Health Systems:

Though increasingly useful for developing complex healthcare innovations, interdisciplinary teams are prone to resistance and other organizational challenges. However, how teams are affected by and manage external constraints over the lifecycle of their innovation project is not well understood. We used a multimethod qualitative approach consisting of over 3 years of participant observation data to analyze how four interdisciplinary teams across different health systems experienced and managed constraints as they pursued process innovations. Specifically, we derived the constraint management process, which demonstrates how teams address constraints at different stages of innovation by applying various tactics. Our findings point to several practical implications concerning innovation processes in healthcare: (a) how conditions in the organizational context, or constraints, can impede team progress at different stages of innovation; and (2) the collective efforts, or tactics, teams use to manage or work around these constraints to further progress on their innovations.
On the Use of Brillouin Scattering to Evaluate Quantum Conversion Efficiency in Yb-doped Optical Fibers

A method, based on Brillouin scattering, to evaluate the quantum conversion efficiency (QCE) in Yb-doped optical fibers is designed and tested. An adapted version of the heterodyne approach to measuring the Brillouin spectrum is first used to precisely quantify the temperature change of the fiber upon pumping. Next, a theoretical model based on the thermal conduction equation is constructed in order to simulate the temperature change assuming a QCE of one. Lastly, the QCE value of the fiber can be determined by comparing the experimental and simulation results. Importantly, the analysis can provide insight into the origin of thermal energy in a fiber. Serving in the proof-of-concept measurement, a commercial, lightly Yb-doped fiber is determined to have a QCE of 99.07%. Finally, this result is compared with slope efficiency measurements from a linear cavity laser using the same fiber as the active medium. Excellent agreement between the two measurements demonstrates the feasibility of the approach, with greater accuracy afforded by the Brillouin-based measurement. The proposed method is particularly useful for optical fiber optimization in high-power fiber laser and amplifier applications. It can also be valuable as a sensitive temperature probe in the study of anti-Stokes fluorescence cooling in optical fibers.
Teaching Cyber Physical System Co-design: IoT on an FPGA Approach

With the advent of smart cities and complex biomedical devices, Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) expands at an increasing rate and grows ever more important. With this movement, Electrical and Computer Engineering course curriculum plays a vital role in preparing future engineers to tackle the unique problems in CPS in many disciplines. Teaching embedded system programming and its application to CPS to ECE undergraduates is challenging due to the limitation of current hardware oriented courses. This paper involves hardware/software co-design concepts, interfaces with physical systems including sensors and actuators, and cyber systems developments. We believe that the only way this CPS skill is developed - review source code, programming Internet-of-Things (IoT) components or solving design problems - is through active learning practices. Our experience showed that this happens in homework assignments in current setting. We tried to use the part of class or lab time to give students guided practice based on active learning. Laboratory exercises, individual exercises, small-group exercises and Think-pair-share materials have been developed for the active learning approach.
Early Diagnosis and Treatment of an Infant with a Novel Thyroid Hormone Receptor α Gene (pC380SfsX9) Mutation

Resistance to thyroid hormone alpha (RTHα) is caused by mutations in thyroid hormone receptor α (THRA). Little is known about the natural history and treatment of RTHα, and diagnosis before the age...
Promoting Economic Development and Solving Societal Issues Within Connected Industries Ecosystems in Society 5.0

In Society 5.0 humans have access to intelligent tools, enabling them to create and capture value directly in new communities, networks, and ecosystems. In this study, we investigate the benefits of such value-driven ecosystems. We share our perspective on how a deeper understanding of human engagement behaviour through richer data will be foundational in enabling the reality of the Society 5.0 vision. Learning from our Society 4.0 social and economic deficiencies exposed during the Covid-19 outbreak and building upon many transformational solutions created during that time, we detail how by combining data with AI and machine learning, organizations are spreading intelligence from the core to the edge to turn data into action and action into value. Finally, we describe key challenges in bringing the prospect of Society 5.0 to life and potential paths to achieve it.
How Are Entrepreneurial Opportunities Novel? Hierarchical Analysis of New Venture Ideas

Novelty is a distinctive quality of new venture ideas, which are core components of entrepreneurial opportunities. However, our understanding of novelty is unidimensional: a vague sense of degree. ...
Typologies of Mutual Aid in Climate Resilience: Variation in Reciprocity, Solidarity, Self-Determination, and Resistance

Objectives: We provide a conceptual review of mutual aid to operationalize a more just notion of resilience at individual, community, and group levels. We link scholarship across disciplines to exa...