cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engineering controlled spalling in (100)-oriented GaAs for wafer reuse

Controlled spalling offers a way to cleave thin, single-crystal films or devices from wafers, particularly if the fracture planes in the material are oriented parallel to the wafer surface. Unfortunately, misalignment between the favored fracture planes and the wafer surface preferred for photovoltaic growth in (100)-oriented GaAs produces a highly faceted surface when subject to controlled spalling. This highly faceted cleavage surface is problematic in several ways: (1) it can result in large variations of spall depth due to unstable crack propagation; (2) it may introduce defects into the device zone or underlying substrate; and (3) it consumes many microns of material outside of the device zone. We present the ways in which we have engineered controlled spalling for (100)-oriented GaAs to minimize these effects. We expand the operational window for controlled spalling to avoid spontaneous spalling, find no evidence of dislocation activity in the spalled film or the parent wafer, and reduce facet height and facet height irregularity. Resolving these issues provides a viable path forward for reducing III–V device cost through the controlled spalling of (100)-oriented GaAs devices and subsequent wafer reuse when these processes are combined with a high-throughput growth method such as Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy.
A comparison of self-normalization using prompt, random or total data for two PET cameras

2046 Objectives For PET scanners the non-uniformity of the sensitivity of the lines of response (LORs) must be corrected with appropriate normalization coefficients (NCs) in order to generate artifact-free images. Normalization coefficients are commonly estimated by direct or component-based methods. In the direct methods the NC is assumed to be proportional to the inverse of the count acquired for a given LOR when every LOR is illuminated by the same level of activity. The direct method requires long acquisition time to collect sufficient counts in each LOR. In component-based method, the individual detector responses are measured and combined with geometric factors to estimate the sensitivity of each LOR. With these conventional normalization methods, proper handling of rate dependency of the NCs is not easy. To have the best results, the scanning conditions for the normalization scan and patient scan should be similar. So, the best way to calculate NCs will be to use the emission data itself (self-normalization) which also avoids normalization scan. Methods We have evaluated the self-normalization method for a high-resolution small animal PET camera and a whole-body PET camera. Several phantoms and mice were scanned. For crystal efficiency calculation, for each scan we used three sets of data and compared them: data in prompt window, data in delay window and sum of the data in both windows. Results For both cameras, we have tested the self-normalization method using all the emission data. For the small animal camera, we have also tested the self-normalization technique using only data in the prompt window or the delay window. Conclusions The self-normalization method, which allows avoiding collecting normalization data and also allows avoiding the issue of count-rate dependency of NCs, generated artifacts free images using all the emission data. We did not observe any significant differences between results of using only prompt or random data to the full data for animal camera and we are currently investigating it for whole-body camera where random are more important. Research Support This work is supported in part by the NIH RO1-EB004840-01 A3 Grant and NIH RO1-EB001038-08 A1 Grant.
Abstract 4066: Combination metformin and ODC siRNA inhibit human melanoma proliferation and migration

Metformin can exert an antiproliferative effect on human tumor cells through the AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) pathway. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is a key enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis pathway in cancer cell proliferation and tumor progression. We hypothesized that the combination of Metformin and small interfering RNA (siRNA) against ODC could inhibit human melanoma cell growth and migration in vitro. Human melanoma cell line cells (SK-MEL23, MEL1861, MEL938, MEL3910, and MEL888) were evaluated. ODC siRNA and contol siRNA were transfected into the human melanoma cells using lipofectamine per manufacturer9s instructions (Santa CruZ. CA). Transfected cell were then treated with 1uM, 2uM, 5uM Metformin and assess for cell proliferation and migration assay at various time points up to 72 hours. Cell proliferation assay was performed in triplicates using Cell Titer Blue Assay system according to manufacturer9s protocol (Promega). Migration was assessed by creating an artificial homogenous wound onto a cell culture monolayer with a sterile plastic 10µl micropipette tip. Migration of cells into the wound was observed and photographed up to 48 hours. A total of three areas were selected randomly from each well and the cells in three wells of each group were quantified. All Data were presented as means ± SD for the three separate experiments. For comparison between groups, the student9s t test was used and p Human melanoma cells were infected with ODC siRNA or control siRNA. On quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, >95% suppression of ODC expression was achieved. The siRNA-ODC significantly inhibited cells growth up to 50% at 72 hour (P Metformin treatment and inhibition of ODC expression can have anti-proliferative effect on human melanoma cells. The combination also retard melanoma cell migration in a wounding model. The combination of Metformin and ODC inhibition may be a novel treatment strategy for human melanoma. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4066. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4066
EVOLUTION OF INSECT LIFE HISTORIES AND HOST PLANT CHEMISTRY: HISPINE BEETLES ON HELICONIA.

Prolonged immaturity is predictably rare because an organism's evolutionary fitness can be very sensitive to developmental time; long immaturity causes low gross reproductive rates (Green and Painter, 1975). In insects, most known cases of protracted development are caused by diapause, an evolved suspension of growth during unfavorable environmental periods (Wigglesworth, 1953). There is also the remarkable case of the periodical cicadas that delay adulthood to either 13 or 17 years. This extremely long immaturity is apparently in part a predator avoidance mechanism that places the massemerging offspring in an environment free of predators accumulated by the parental generation (Lloyd and Dybas, 1966a, b). Both diapause and part of the bizarre cicada life history are products of metabolic stalling, adding time to the immature period beyond that required by active anabolism and differentiation of the larva. In these cases prolonged development is an adaptation that coordinates an impending life history stage with a time or season more benevolent than the present. However, delayed maturity of cicadas is not entirely the result of adaptation for predator avoidance because some species of non-periodical cicadas also have prolonged immaturity. They develop for three to seven years, but do not have simultaneous, mass emergence (Lloyd and Dybas, 1966b). In this paper we present the case of another herbivorous insect with protracted, continuous development: Chelobasis perplexa Baly. It is a hispine chrysomelid beetle that feeds exclusively upon
Amorphisation Tendency of Intermetallic Compounds Under Electron Irradiation

The chemical disordering model for the electron irradiation induced crystalline to amorphous (C-A) transition was previously developed using in-situ experiments in the intermetallic compounds of the Cu-Ti binary alloy system. In the context of this model, a rule was developed which predicts the amorphisation tendency of these and other binary intertransition metal compounds with an accuracy of 92% in the 38 compounds studied to date. Two aspects of this rule, the composition of the compound and the crystal structure are examined through a first approximation computer comparison of ordered, partially ordered, and disordered crystal structures. It is found that in bcc based compounds and in complex crystal structure compounds, the ability of the chemical disordering to raise the energy of the crystal is severely inhibited at compound compositions away from 50:50. During the disordering process, the greatest increase of the crystal energy occurs during the early stages of chemical disordering. These results mesh well with the concept of an amorphous transition driven by the energy increase due to chemical disordering.
Presidency and Legislation: Planning the President's Program

Early in 1954, President Dwight D. Eisenhower presented to the Congress—and the country and his party—some 65 proposals for new legislation, over and above appropriations. This presentation was a massive affair. First came six weeks of well-publicized preliminaries: cabinet deliberations, congressional briefings, press conferences, and a fireside chat. Then, in three annual messages to Congress—a State of the Union Address, a Budget Message, and an Economic Report—the President set forth his bundle of proposals, elaborating certain aspects, outlining the rest. Along with these came seven supplementing special messages, each filling in details on some particular: Taft-Hartley, farm price supports, social security, health, housing, atomic energy, foreign aid, and trade. And following the messages Administration-approved bills, conveyors of the ultimate details, were introduced in Congress.Throughout, one theme was emphasized: here was a comprehensive and coordinated inventory of the nation's current legislative needs, reflecting the President's own judgments, choices, and priorities in every major area of Federal action; in short, his “legislative program,” an entity distinctive and defined, its coverage and its omissions, both, delimiting his stand across the board. And—quite explicitly—this stand was being taken, this program volunteered, in order to give Congress an agenda, Republicans a platform, and voters a yardstick for 1954.
Resistance in Common Centipedegrass to the Fall Armyworm

Plant resistance was demonstrated in common centipedegrass, Eremochola ophiuroides (Munro) Hack., to Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Both antibiosis and nonpreference mechanisms of resistance were found when compared with bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., and carpetgrass, Axonopus affinis Chase. Larval mortality at 9 days was as high as 50% on centipedegrass in the forced-feeding tests. Fall armyworm larvae preferred carpetgrass or bermudagrass by as much as 6 to 1 over centipedegrass. Results also indicated that, if larvae were produced on a susceptible host in a mixed stand of centipedegrass, some of the larger fall armyworms could possibly survive, but a strong antiobiotic response would remain and thus affect larval growth.
Tissue Expander versus Tissue Expander and Latissimus Flap in Morbidly Obese Breast Reconstruction Patients.

Breast reconstruction, similar to most medical and surgical therapies, has had an evolutionary history. Before the advent of the myocutaneous era, tissue transfer for reconstructive purposes, including postmastectomy breast reconstruction, was hobbled by the necessity for multiple stages and the frequency of failure. The description by Bostwick1 of the utilitarian value of the latissimus has enabled launching breast reconstruction process in the mainstream of plastic surgery. Although the results were quite acceptable, the necessity for an implant and the concomitant rate of capsular contracture set the stage for the latissimus to be eclipsed by abdominal-based autogenous reconstruction using the transverse rectus abdominis muscle flap, which was popularized by Hartrampf et al.2 Two-stage alloplastic reconstruction has been benefited by the acceptance of skin-sparing mastectomy techniques by the oncologic surgeon and by the availability of improved tissue expanders. Propelled perhaps by reasons other than those cited above, 2-stage prosthetic reconstruction, that is, tissue expansion followed by placement of a permanent implant, has become the predominant method of breast reconstruction, which is to some degree enhanced by a substantial increase in immediate bilateral reconstruction.3 Since 2005, human acellular dermal matrix (ADM) has been an integral element of prosthetic reconstruction, which is described as a “pectoralis extender” placed as a soft-tissue hammock between inferior-lateral native breast skin and over the lower portion of the expander. Despite the purported advantages of the 2-stage reconstruction process, some recent reports have prompted concerns about an increased incidence of complications, particularly infection and expander loss.4,5 Two epidemiological developments have had an impact on the practice of postmastectomy breast reconstruction: (1) the increase in the proportion of mastectomy patients who have undergone breast reconstruction from 14% in 2001 to approximately 35–40% at present6 and (2) the increase in the number of breast reconstruction patients who are obese, which is as a result of the national obesity epidemic.7 Our previous study of a comparison of the complications in 2 groups of immediate postmastectomy reconstruction, that is, ADM versus no-ADM groups, identified high body mass index (BMI) and/or prior irradiation as the discrete risk factors for expander loss in the presence of ADM.4 The thrust of this study was 2-fold: (1) to quantify the magnitude of the increased risk of 2-stage prosthetic reconstruction with and without human ADM in morbidly obese patients and (2) to compare that risk of the use of the latissimus flap and tissue expander in morbidly obese patients with immediate postmastectomy reconstruction.
Tumor inoculation into the eye of an alien species

In recent articles Keysser1 and his associate Hegner2 have reported the successful inoculation of carcinomata and sarcomata from man and from the mouse into the vitreous humor of rats, an outcome which they ascribe to the absence of protective substances in the eye and to the indifferent character of its proteins. The tumors were injected in the form of a fine emulsion, the bulb being entered on its posterior aspect in order to avoid hemorrhage with the consequent entry of protective bodies from the blood stream.Repetition of the experiment does not substantiate these claims. A few drops of a fine emulsion of Crocker Fund carcinoma No. 180 in Ringer's solution were injected under ether anesthesia into the eyes of rats, and a similar amount of the same emulsion into the eyes of normal mice to serve as controls; no hemorrhage occurred during the operation. The extreme proliferative capacity of this growth is shown by the fact that forty-nine mice out of fifty-four which survived for more than three weeks de...
Effect of flow conditions on burn rates of metal particles

Micron-sized aluminum and titanium powder particles were carried by an air flow into a focal point of a CO2 laser beam, where they were ignited. The ignited particles continued to burn in room temperature air. The air flow pattern was varied in different experiments to produce both laminar and turbulent flow conditions. The flow pattern was described using a computational fluid dynamics model; characteristics of the turbulent flow were established and correlated with the particle combustion characteristics. Particle burn times and temperatures were measured optically. Effect of turbulent flow conditions was observed on combustion characteristics for both aluminum and titanium powders. For both powders, luminous combustion streaks became shorter. For aluminum, the brightness of the streak and the optically measured temperature were also substantially reduced in the turbulent flow conditions. For titanium, reduction in both streak brightness and temperature were minor for different flow conditions. The burn rates of aluminum were observed to increase more than 4 times in the turbulent flows compared to the burn rates measured for the same powder in laminar flow. For titanium, the burn rates in turbulent flows were approximately twice as fast as in the laminar flow. Simple empirical correlations are proposed for both metals enabling one to predict the increase in the metal particle mass burn rate for turbulent flow conditions taking into account the particle size and such flow characteristics as Kolmogorov length scale and average kinetic energy.
The Principle of Radiation Therapy for Malignant Pelvic Lesions

Biologic action of radiation, relationship of dose of irradiation to tumor control, characteristics of irradiation sources, and reactions to and complications of radiation therapy are detailed. Treatment planning in cervical and vaginal carcinoma is discussed.
Endometrial histology after electrocoagulation using different power settings

Objective To study endometrial histology after electrocoagulation in an in vitro model using 50 watts (W) and 100 W of coagulation current and determine the depth of endometrial destruction and survival, if any, of glands beneath this zone. Design Twenty fresh uteri of similar weights and dimensions were obtained from patients undergoing hysterectomy for benign disease. Specimens were bivalved into anterior and posterior walls and each wall divided in half. Endometrial electrocoagulation was carried out with a 5-mm probe at 50 W and 100 W applied to anterior and posterior quarters of the specimen, respectively. The adjacent untreated endometrial surfaces served as controls. Specimens were formalin-fixed, embedded in paraffin, and sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Main Outcome Measures The number and morphology of the endometrial glands were counted and classified manually for each section and compared between each power setting and controls. Results Histologic examination revealed morphologically normal glands in all specimens beneath the zone of destruction regardless of power setting. Both power settings produced significant focal and diffuse glandular and stromal destruction when compared with controls. Significant differences were noted in the number of normal glands after treatment with 50 W (71.33 glands ± 76.44 [mean ± SD]), 100 W (21.11 ± 35.71) and untreated controls (240.16 ± 110.81). Tissue destruction increased with increasing power, and there were significant differences in the percentage of morphologically normal, surviving glands between 50 W (11.7% ± 11.4% [mean ± SD]) and 100 W (4.9% ± 10.9%). Conclusion These data suggest that electrocoagulation may result in a variable degree of endometrial destruction dependent on power. Viable glands and stroma may survive beneath the zone of destruction regardless of power. Such variations in endometrial insult in an in vitro model may explain, in part, the variable clinical results of endometrial electrocoagulation. The survival of glands beneath the zone of destruction in this model raises the theoretical concern for occult malignant changes and leaves open to question the exact role and mode of hormonal therapy during the menopause after endometrial ablation.
Human Herpesvirus-6 and Roseola Infantum Meningitis

Two infants with roseola infantum and meningitis caused by human herpesvirus-6 infection are reported from the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Emergence and Reduction

This book concerns the relationship between spacetime and the high-energy theory that we believe underlies it. Although this relationship has often been termed “emergence”, there are a variety of things going on in the different approaches to quantum gravity. In this chapter, I consider the philosophical literature on emergence in order to see how the term applies and decide whether it is a potentially useful one to appeal to in making sense of the emergence-claims in the physical examples.
Home and belonging: a comparative study of 1.5 and second-generation Egyptian ‘expatriates’ in Qatar and ‘immigrants’ in the U.S.

ABSTRACTThis article compares how two different migration models – legal permanence and legal temporary settlement – shape 1.5 and second-generation Egyptians’ feelings of belonging towards the host countries of the U.S. and Qatar. Relying on formal semi-structured interviews, I argue that the inability of Egyptians in Qatar to obtain Qatari citizenship contributes greatly to their lack of sense of belonging to Qatar. However, a central paradox appears when Egyptians in Qatar simultaneously discuss other factors, such as family and/or friends’ networks, comfort, safety, and country familiarity, which make them feel Qatar is home. Conversely, while Egyptian-Americans appear to be more confident with their host country relationship because of their experience in a country of immigrants, factors such as post-9/11 discrimination and U.S. foreign policy towards the Middle East complicate their relationship with the U.S. Both groups reflect simultaneous feelings of home, belonging, discrimination, and/or exclus...
Pathogenicity by Aspergillus flavus from Gulf Coast tick cadavers (Amblyomma maculatum, Acari: Ixodidae) to any life history stage

ABSTRACTA natural aspergillosis in the Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum, is reported for the first time. Under high relative humidity (RH) conditions, field-collected adults died and became enveloped in whitish mycelium from hyphae that protruded from their bodies. The fungus was identified as Aspergillus flavus. Laboratory-colonized eggs, larvae, nymphs, and adults displayed disease symptoms, and A. flavus was reisolated from dead individuals, about 10 days after artificial infection by submersion for 2 minutes in a 1.6 × 108 spores/ml + Tween 20 inoculum of the native A. flavus isolates. Treatment-related mortality was 87% larvae, 67% eggs, and between these extremes for nymphs and adults. Increased water loss rate was a pathogenic consequence of A. flavus infection for all stages. We conclude that A. flavus is a natural regulator of A. maculatum populations, and larvae are particularly susceptible because of their low dehydration tolerance limit.
Diols, α-Ketols, and Diones as 22π Components in [2+2+2] Cycloadditions of 1,6-Diynes via Ruthenium(0)-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation

The first use of vicinal diols, ketols, or diones as 22π components in metal-catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition is described. Using ruthenium(0) catalysts, 1,6-diynes form ruthenacyclopentadienes that engage transient diones in successive carbonyl addition. Transfer hydrogenolysis of the resulting ruthenium(II) diolate mediated by the diol or ketol reactant releases the cycloadduct with regeneration of ruthenium(0) and the requisite dione.
Endothelial colony forming cells and mesenchymal progenitor cells form blood vessels and increase blood flow in ischemic muscle

Here we investigated whether endothelial colony forming cells (ECFC) and mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPC) form vascular networks and restore blood flow in ischemic skeletal muscle, and whether host myeloid cells play a role. ECFC + MPC, ECFC alone, MPC alone, or vehicle alone were injected into the hind limb ischemic muscle one day after ligation of femoral artery and vein. At day 5, hind limbs injected with ECFC + MPC showed greater blood flow recovery compared with ECFC, MPC, or vehicle. Tail vein injection of human endothelial specific Ulex europaeus agglutinin-I demonstrated an increased number of perfused human vessels in ECFC + MPC compared with ECFC. In vivo bioluminescence imaging showed ECFC persisted for 14 days in ECFC + MPC-injected hind limbs. Flow cytometric analysis of ischemic muscles at day 2 revealed increased myeloid lineage cells in ECFC + MPC-injected muscles compared to vehicle-injected muscles. Neutrophils declined by day 7, while the number of myeloid cells, macrophages, and monocytes did not. Systemic myeloid cell depletion with anti-Gr-1 antibody blocked the improved blood flow observed with ECFC + MPC and reduced ECFC and MPC retention. Our data suggest that ECFC + MPC delivery could be used to reestablish blood flow in ischemic tissues, and this may be enhanced by coordinated recruitment of host myeloid cells.
Creusia Neogenica, a New Species of Coral-Inhabiting Barnacle from Florida

While working on the collection of Florida invertebrates in the Department of Geology at Florida State University, the writer came upon an unlabeled specimen of stony coral in which are imbedded a number of unusual barnacles. Since there is no information of any kind concerning the specimen, it is the purpose of this paper to determine, from indirect evidence, the locality and geologic age of the host, and to describe the barnacle which inhabits it.
Globalization theory and state theory: the false antinomy

AbstractSince the 1990s, globalization theorists have published a never-ending litany of books and articles about the crisis of the nation-state, the eclipse of the state, the retreat of the state, and even the end of the nation-state. Globalization theory has, on a regular basis, dismissed the nation-state as irrelevant to understanding contemporary political and economic development. However, this paper reexamines the relationship between globalization theory and state theory to argue that nation-states are the principal agents of globalization, as well as the guarantors of the political and material conditions necessary for global capital accumulation. Globalization theorists have constructed a false antinomy that rests largely on having misconstrued international relations (IR) theory, while ignoring significant developments in neo-Marxist state theory.
The Discovery of the Essential Trace Elements: An Outline of the History of Biological Trace Element Research

After decades of intense research activity on organic nutrients, enzymes, vitamins, and hormones, investigators from different disciplines in recent years have directed their attention increasingly to the long neglected inorganic nutrients, and in particular the trace elements. Recent extraordinary developments have created a need for a concise account of the major advancements in this field for specialists as well as for members of neighboring disciplines. The present monograph is intended to fill this need. Responding to the invitation of the editor to contribute an introductory chapter to this volume, I have prepared a brief account of the history of biological trace element research, concentrating on individual discoveries of the essentiality of elements for animals and man. It is dedicated to the memory of three men who deserve prominent positions in the Hall of Fame of biological trace element research: to Jules Raulin (1836–1896), for his contribution to the development of the concept of “essentiality”; to Klaus Schwarz (1914–1978), uniquely successful discoverer of new essential trace elements; and to Eric J. Underwood (1905–1980), researcher, author, and until his death one of the unifying philosophical leaders in the field (Carles, 1972; Schrauzer, 1979, 1980).
Introduction: Philosophical Reflections on Disability

The discussions in this volume take place against the backdrop of the development of an increasingly vocal “disability rights” movement (henceforth DR) and the voluminous scholarly output of that movement’s “theoretical arm” (Snyder, 2006, p. 478), the growing academic field of “disability studies.” Since some readers may be unfamiliar with these movements and their relationship to what might be termed “standard” or “mainstream” bioethics, a brief historical overview will help to set the stage for understanding the various disputes to which the essays in this volume attend.1 For purposes of this sketch, it will be helpful to think in terms of three major “eras” of the modern DR movement.
Swimming Energetics of the Larval Anchovy

A modification of Gray and Hancock’ s theoretical method for studying propulsion of spermatozoa was used to estimate the energy expenditure of swimming anchovy larvae. Wave parameters obtained from photographs of feeding anchovy larvae were incorporated into a time dependent sinusoidal body displacement function which is used in the iterated energy integrals of the model. The integrals were numerically evaluated by 2 – dimensional 16 – point Gaussian-Legendre quadrature. The results for the mean larval length of 1.4 cm was 144. 8 ergs/swimming excursion or 4. 91 × 10−3 cal/hr using known excursion rates. 02 consumption measurement of similar size larvae indicate a 2. 19 × 10−2 cal/hr requirement. Extension to other larval sizes can be made using this model with certain qualifications. The relationships of swimming energetics to larval fish behavior is discussed. Current theories of large amplitude intermittent swimming are also discussed in light of the high swimming efficiencies encountered in this study.
Raciolinguistics: How Language Shapes Our Ideas About Race

In a context where White Americans will become the “minority” in the United States in 32 years, the editors of Raciolinguistics: How Language Shapes Our Ideas About Race argue that scholarship focu...
Promoting High School Teachers’ Self-efficacy and the Understanding of Equity Issues in CS Classrooms

Effective and equitable CS teaching in classrooms is contingent on teachers’ high-levels of self-efficacy in CS as well as a robust understanding of equity issues in CS classrooms. To this end, our study examined the influence of a professional development (PD) course, Teaching Exploring Computer Science (TECS), on promoting teacher self-efficacy and equity awareness in CS education. This nine-week PD was offered in a hybrid format, delivering on-line and face-to-face classes to high school teachers across various disciplines who served under-represented students. The participants completed a selfefficacy survey focusing on their ability to teach ECS, both before and after the course. Results showed that teachers’ selfefficacy in the content knowledge and pedagogical knowledge of ECS significantly increased as a result of taking the course. We also evaluated teacher’s understanding of the equity issues by conducting a content analysis of their reflection essays written at the end of the course. Four major themes emerged from the content analysis, highlighting the impact of equitable practices on CS participation. This research demonstrates the role of a professional development course in promoting teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs in teaching CS and their understanding of the equity issues and presents tools for assessing teachers’ development in these areas.
The Knowledge-Base of Clinical Medicine: Its Essence

In medicine, as in general, a prerequisite for any thinking is possession of concepts; and correct thinking presupposes tenable concepts. So: Is the presence of M. tuberculosis a tenable conception of the cause of tuberculosis? Or is it, even, a cause of the disease? What is the essence of disease as a type of illness? Is Bayes’ theorem germane to the theory of diagnosis? What, exactly, is diagnosis, and what is prognosis? What is correct in correct diagnosis and good in good prognosis? Is there ‘gnosis’ other than dia- and prognosis? Etc. Today’s ‘authoritative’ dictionaries of medicine are not sources of the answers, tenable ones in particular. Nor is today’s medical education (Apps. 1–2.) Unsurprisingly, thus, even the basic essence of the knowledge-base of clinical medicine remains generally ill-understood, even by clinical academics.
Elevated Microparticle Tissue Factor Activity Differentiates Patients With Venous Thromboembolism in Anti-neutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibody Vasculitis.

Introduction Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a life-threatening complication of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA) vasculitis whose mechanism remains incompletely elucidated. We tested the hypothesis that elevated microparticle tissue factor activity (MPTFa) or anti-plasminogen antibodies (anti-Plg) may identify patients at risk for VTE. Methods In this prospective study, patients were enrolled during active disease and followed longitudinally. Twelve patients who experienced a VTE (VTEpos) were compared with patients without VTE (VTEneg, n = 29) and healthy controls (HC, n = 70). MPTFa, anti-Plg, interleukin-6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), D-dimer, serum creatinine, and serum albumin were assessed. Fisher’s exact tests and Wilcoxon tests compared categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Cox regression for time to VTE or last follow-up was performed. Results VTEpos patients had higher MPTFa (peak median = 14.0, interquartile range = 4.3–36.6) than HC (0, 0–3.5) and VTEneg patients (0, 0–1.4). In time-to-event analysis, MPTFa was associated with VTE when measured during both active disease (hazard ratio [HR]; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04; 1.01–1.08) and remission (1.4; 1.11–1.77). Anti-Plg during remission was also associated with VTE (1.17; 1.03–1.33). Each g/dl decrease of serum albumin was associated with a 4-fold increase in VTE risk (4.4; 1.5–12.9). Adjusting for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), anti-Plg during remission remained significantly associated with VTE. Conclusion Elevated MPTFa and increased anti-Plg in remission are strong indicators of VTE independent of renal function. Association of anti-Plg during remission with VTE implies hypercoagulability even during disease quiescence. Hypoalbuminemia strongly portends VTE risk, which is a novel finding in ANCA vasculitis. A thrombotic signature would allow improved management of patients to minimize VTE risk and complications of anticoagulation.
Deep Brain and Vagal Nerve Stimulation

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) and vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) are forms of electrical neuromodulation that elicit a downstream neurological change to the brainstem and midbrain via central and peripheral approaches. Despite the critical role of the brainstem/midbrain and the vagus nerve in regulating voice and swallowing function, there has been little systemic study on the effects of neurostimulation on the larynx.
Social Work Values in Action during COVID-19.

COVID-19 has ravaged through the lives of individuals, families, communities, and societies and, in the process, exacerbated existing vulnerabilities, oppression, and poverty among our most at-risk...
Populations from under‐represented backgrounds are not adequately represented in clinical databases

Personalized medicine (PM) is a field in medicine that leverages information about a patient’s genes, environment and behavior to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease. Health care providers rely on...
Endoscopic Retrieval of Ingested Bags Following a Multidisciplinary Approach.

Foreign body ingestion encompasses a broad variety of ingested objects, clinical presentations, and treatment approaches, with a wide spectrum of severity and urgency. Herein, we describe the case of a 29-year-old man presenting with abdominal pain following the ingestion of empty plastic bags. Monitoring with serial imaging demonstrated the bags in the stomach 18 hours post-ingestion. Given this finding and worsening pain, a multidisciplinary decision was made to pursue endoscopic retrieval. This case uniquely demonstrates the benefit of rapid multidisciplinary meetings in an emergency room setting leading to the successful removal of ingested bags from the gastric body. While the phenomenon of "body stuffing," or hasty ingestion of bagged drugs to evade law enforcement has become common, there are few reports of endoscopic removal for such cases or those involving empty bag ingestion. This case highlights the importance of repeat abdominal imaging and early endoscopic intervention for foreign objects such as bags as they may be difficult to visualize on imaging, making it unreliable to track their progress. Dynamic imaging should be obtained, with computed tomography (CT) being the gold standard. This report represents the first case of empty bag ingestion, highlighting tenets of timely multidisciplinary management and considerations in endoscopic retrieval as a minimally invasive technique when a patient presents in the emergency department following bag ingestion.
Current-Driven Magnetization Reversal in Orbital Chern Insulators

Graphene multilayers with flat moir\'e minibands can exhibit the quantized anomalous Hall effect due to the combined influence of spontaneous valley polarization and topologically nontrivial valley-projected bands. The sign of the Hall effect in these Chern insulators can be reversed either by applying an external magnetic field, or by driving a transport current through the system. We propose a current-driven mechanism whereby reversal occurs along lines in the (current $I$, magnetic-field $B$) control parameter space with slope $dI/dB=(e/h)M{A}_{M}(1\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{2})/\ensuremath{\gamma}$, where $M$ is the magnetization, ${A}_{M}$ is the moir\'e unit cell area, and $\ensuremath{\gamma}l1$ is the ratio of the chemical potential difference between valleys along a domain wall to the electrical bias $eV$.
Surgical Approaches to the Prevention and Management of Breast Cancer–Related Lymphedema

Upper extremity lymphedema is a much-feared complication of breast cancer treatment leading to significant impairments in patients’ quality of life. The mainstay of treatment for this debilitating chronic disease has been non-surgical modalities, namely complete decongestive therapies. Surgical treatment of lymphedema has emerged as an option for patients who have exhausted these conservative measures and consists of both physiologic procedures (vascularized lymph node transplant and lymphovenous bypass) which aim to reduce the burden of lymphatic fluid and reductive procedures to remove excess soft tissue. Opinions vary among surgeons regarding the appropriate surgical indications in patients with different stages of lymphedema for each type of surgery, as well as the optimal donor site for lymph node transplant, and recent studies are beginning to address these questions. Additionally, there is growing data regarding the benefits of preventative lymphatic surgery at the time of axillary lymph node dissection, as well as the cost effectiveness of this approach. Surgical approaches for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer–related lymphedema are gaining popularity as a means of improving patients’ quality of life. There is an expanding body of literature demonstrating the effectiveness of these surgical procedures in terms of reduction in arm circumference, decreased cellulitis incidence, and overall quality of life, as well as emerging evidence of their cost effectiveness.
The Flatfish Industry in the Netherlands Supply, Processing and Marketing

The Netherlands groundfishery is described, with distinctions made among Dutch landings in the Netherlands, landings by Dutch vessels in foreign ports for shipment back to the Netherlands, and landings from foreign vessels in Dutch ports. Details of the harvesting sector are considered, as are the methods of selling landed fresh fish in the Netherlands. Descriptions are presented of the processing and marketing sectors.
Rehabilitation variability after rotator cuff repair

Background There has been increasing recognition of the importance for standardized postoperative rehabilitation protocols. Despite published guidelines in 2016 by the American Society of Shoulder and Elbow Therapists (ASSET), optimal postoperative rehabilitation after rotator cuff repair (RCR) remains an area of active academic debate. The goals of this study were (1) to assess the variability of RCR rehabilitation protocols published online, (2) to study the congruence between online RCR rehabilitation protocols and the ASSET consensus statement, and (3) to identify differences in online RCR rehabilitation protocols from before and after 2016. Methods A web-based search was conducted for publicly available RCR rehabilitation protocols from websites of all Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) academic orthopedic institutions. A supplemental 10-page Google search was also performed with the search terms “rotator cuff repair rehabilitation protocol.” Collected protocols were grouped by tear size (small/medium or large/massive) and examined for information relating to the following categories: protocol demographics, adjunctive therapy use, immobilization/range of motion, and strengthening. Findings were compared to the ASSET statement's recommendations. Protocols published before and after ASSET's 2016 publication were compared for differences. Results A total of 66 online RCR rehabilitation protocols were collected. Only 16 of 187 (8.5%) ACGME institutions provided online RCR rehabilitation protocols. The collected protocols recommend more aggressive rehabilitation in comparison to ASSET, specifically regarding immobilization time, passive range of motion initiation, active assisted range of motion initiation, and strengthening initiation (P Conclusion Despite an attempt by ASSET to provide standardization, this study highlights the marked variations that still exist regarding RCR rehabilitation. Additionally, online RCR rehabilitation protocols tend to make more aggressive recommendations than the ASSET consensus statement. Further research is needed to address these variations and to either validate, alter, or reject the ASSET recommendations.
Optimization of substrate-selective atomic layer deposition of zirconia on electroplated copper using ethanol as both precursor reactant and surface pre-deposition treatment

Recent developments on the further optimization of the selective atomic layer deposition (ALD) of zirconium oxide (ZrO2) onto silicon over electroplated copper are reported with tris(dimethylamino)cyclopentadienyl zirconium as the zirconium precursor and ethanol as both oxygen source for precursor and pretreatment of copper surface to reduce surface oxides. A comparison between the electroplated (EP) and e-beam deposited (EB) copper before ALD using high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed EP Cu having more oxides on the surface and unexpectedly the EP Cu was found to have higher selectivity of ALD. In addition, a comparison of deposition of zirconia on silicon over EP and EB copper substrates for 70 ALD cycles show experimental conditions can impact the degree of selective deposition with the electroplated copper. With further optimization of the substrate pretreatment and ALD process parameters, both XPS survey analysis and ellipsometry showed ALD selectivity was enhanced up to 100 cycles on electroplated copper samples which is higher than ever previously reported forming an amorphous ZrO2 film of ~ 3 nm thickness on silicon and no deposition on copper. Lack of crystallinity of the ALD ZrO2 films is manifested by X-ray absorption fine structure and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. Atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy performed on the samples indicated no significant changes of the roughness and topography on the samples before and after ZrO2 ALD. Both thermodynamic calculations and experimental data presented here show that ALD selectivity is mainly dictated by the balance of the total amounts of oxygen and carbon in the reactor along with the ALD conditions and reactor design. These studies show pre-deposition ethanol exposure of the substrate, deposition/adsorption of reduction byproducts formed, and the total oxygen and carbon in the ALD reactor are important contributors to whether ALD selectivity can be significantly enhanced or even achieved at all.
A 51-Year-Old Woman With Rapidly Progressive Dyspnea

Case Presentation A 51-year-old woman with a history of diabetes mellitus and anemia sought treatment at the emergency room for a 2-month history of dry cough and shortness of breath and a 1-week history of substernal chest tightness. One month before her presentation, she was seen at a separate hospital for dyspnea and was found to be anemic. She underwent chest radiography and CT scanning of the chest that was unrevealing to the cause of dyspnea. She received a blood transfusion, although no cause of the anemia was found. One week before presentation, she started experiencing dyspnea on exertion with associated chest pressure, prompting her to seek treatment at the emergency room. On presentation, she reported no fevers, night sweats, joint pain, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea, edema, palpitations, lightheadedness, or syncope. She noted a 10- to 20-pound involuntary weight loss over 5 to 6 months. Of note, she had never undergone esophagogastroduodenoscopy or colonoscopy. Medications included an oral diabetic medication. She had no significant family history. She never smoked and had no history of illicit drug or alcohol use.
Maximum n-times Coverage for Vaccine Design

We introduce the maximum $n$-times coverage problem that selects $k$ overlays to maximize the summed coverage of weighted elements, where each element must be covered at least $n$ times. We also define the min-cost $n$-times coverage problem where the objective is to select the minimum set of overlays such that the sum of the weights of elements that are covered at least $n$ times is at least $\tau$. Maximum $n$-times coverage is a generalization of the multi-set multi-cover problem, is NP-complete, and is not submodular. We introduce two new practical solutions for $n$-times coverage based on integer linear programming and sequential greedy optimization. We show that maximum $n$-times coverage is a natural way to frame peptide vaccine design, and find that it produces a pan-strain COVID-19 vaccine design that is superior to 29 other published designs in predicted population coverage and the expected number of peptides displayed by each individual's HLA molecules.
Selection games and the Vietoris space

Abstract We explore the connections between selection games on Hausdorff spaces and their corresponding Vietoris space of compact subsets. These considerations offer a similar relationship as the well-known relationship between ω-covers of X and ordinary open covers of the finite powers of X. The primary utility of this method is to establish similar relationships with k-covers and the Vietoris space of compact subsets. Particularly, we show that some commonly studied selection principles are equivalent to a related hyperspace being Menger or Rothberger. We then apply these equivalences to correct a flawed argument in a previous paper which attempted to show that Hurewicz/Pawlikowski theorems are true for k-covers.
Diet, Weight loss, Fitness, and Health related Image Sharing using Twitter: an Observation Study

Over 1.1 million tweets were collected using the four hashtags (# health, # fitness, # diet, # weightloss) from August 2018 to January 2019 for the purpose of understanding obesity-related image sharing practice in Twitter. Of these tweets, more than 200,000 (17.76%) had images, which were shared by more than 60,000 unique twitter users (22.13%). Over 130,000 unique images were computationally processed by applying a very deep VGG16 model (convolutional neural network) and 967 unique labels were used to describe objects within the images extracted from obesity related tweets. Informational content was most frequently re-shared, followed by images of individuals posing, comical content, commercial content, physical activities, and motivational quotes. Although a general deep learning model provided high level insights into the image sharing activity on Twitter, manual analysis revealed that a tailored model is needed to learn detailed information.