cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Network in a Box: Facilitating problem-based learning through network emulation

Problem-based learning (PBL) is a pedagogical method that challenges students to “learn how to learn” by working cooperatively in groups to develop solutions to real world problems. Network in a Box (NiB) is a unique, engineering-oriented effort to employ PBL in core computer networks curriculum. Developed as an open-ended exercise in PBL, NiB sets a learning environment in which student teams design and implement a network emulator using off-the-shelf hardware and open-source software. The aims of this article are twofold. The first goal of this article is to catalogue our efforts at San Diego State University in implementing PBL in a computer networks engineering course. The second goal of this article is to introduce the NiB project as a viable example of PBL in the field of computer networks. This project not only arms students with a good understanding of network impairments but also provides the knowledge of low level packet processing, packet creation, packet injection into the network, meeting real time processing requirements of packet processing and packet filtering. By arming students with an understanding of network impairments, a working knowledge of low-level packet processing, packet creation, packet injection, and their processing requirements, NiB serves as a model introduction of PBL into the field of computer networks engineering. In this article we disseminate the product specification and system design as an educational and research utility along with an assessment of this project as perceived by students over several semesters. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 433–446, 2011
Military Power and Food Security: A Cross‐National Analysis of Less‐Developed Countries, 1970–1990

Addressing the longstanding debate over the social impact of military power and recent discussions of military-induced famine the authors conduct a panel analysis of aggregate food supply and child hunger rates in 75-79 less-developed countries (LDCs). Distinguishing between militarization as the growth of military resources and militarism as the use of military force to handle political conflicts the authors show that militarization is both beneficial and detrimental to food security whereas militarism is consistently detrimental. Arms imports and associated increased military spending plus praetorianism and military repression reduce food security whereas increased military participation and arms production boost food security. Increased food supply reduces child hunger and is largely confined to the more developed of the LDCs. These military power effects show net economic growth which "trickles down" to improve food supply and reduce child hunger among the more developed LDCs reflecting the growth of global economic inequality. Contrary to views that see militarization as a single unified process use of armed force is not strongly rooted in either praetorianism or militarization. (authors)
Knowledge representation and integration for portfolio evaluation using linear belief functions

This paper proposes a linear belief function (LBF) approach to evaluate portfolio performance. By drawing on the notion of LBFs, an elementary approach to knowledge representation in expert systems is proposed. It is shown how to use basic matrices to represent market information and financial knowledge, including complete ignorance, statistical observations, subjective speculations, distributional assumptions, linear relations, and empirical asset-pricing models. The authors then appeal to Dempster's rule of combination to integrate the knowledge for assessing the overall belief of portfolio performance and updating the belief by incorporating additional evidence. An example of three gold stocks is used to illustrate the approach
Reconnectable Sub-5 nm Nanogaps in Ultralong Gold Nanowires

A protocol is described for forming reconnectable sub-5 nm nanogaps in single ultralong (>100 μm) gold nanowires fabricated by lithographically patterned nanowire electrodeposition (LPNE). During an initial computer-controlled electromigration process, gold nanowires with a rectangular cross-section were transformed by the formation of a constriction at a single point along the 250 μm length of the nanowire, and within this constriction a nanogap of width <5 nm. After this initial nanogap formation, 42% (19 of 45) of the gaps could be reconnected by applying a voltage ramp, restoring the electrical resistance of the original nanowire to within 10%. The voltage threshold for nanogap reconnection was narrowly distributed across multiple wires and nanogaps and in the range from 2 to 3 V. Using voltage programming, it was possible to cycle between the open and closed states for some nanogaps more than 100 times. We propose that the mechanism for reconnection involves the field evaporation of gold, qualitative...
Activity of descending propriospinal axons in the turtle hindlimb enlargement during two forms of fictive scratching: broad tuning to regions of the body surface

We recorded the activity of descending propriospinal axons at the caudal end of a seven-segment (D3-D9) turtle spinal cord preparation. These seven spinal segments contain sufficient neural circuitry to select and generate fictive rostral scratching or fictive pocket scratching in response to tactile stimulation in the appropriate region of the body surface. Each turtle received two spinal transections, one just caudal to the forelimb enlargement and one in the middle of the hindlimb enlargement. Descending propriospinal axons were recorded extracellularly from the hindlimb enlargement on one side of the body, while the ipsilateral or contralateral body surface was stimulated. Concurrent recordings were made from ipsilateral and contralateral hindlimb muscle nerves to monitor fictive scratch motor patterns. We found that most tactilely responsive descending propriospinal axons were excited by stimulation anywhere within the rostral scratch or pocket scratch receptive fields on at least one side of the body, and often on both sides. The activity of these neurons was usually rhythmically modulated during fictive rostral scratching and fictive pocket scratching. Many neurons with large excitatory receptive fields generated action potentials at their highest rate during stimulation of a particular region of the body surface on one side, and generated action potentials at progressively lower rates during stimulation of sites progressively farther away. Thus, these units were broadly tuned to a region of the body surface. Some were tuned to a region of the rostral scratch receptive field and others were tuned to a region of the pocket scratch receptive field. These data suggest that selection of the appropriate form of scratching, rostral or pocket, may be mediated by populations of broadly tuned neurons rather than by highly specialized neurons.
Electromagnetic Wave Fields near the Earth's Surface

It is shown that in the case of frequencies where the ground wave is of importance any indirect waves can be investigated by keeping within the "sky-wave furrow" of the directional pattern of a loop receptor. Observations indicate multiple downcoming waves in the daytime, with marked changes occurring toward sunset. Conditions during the day are as a rule steady and sometimes resume their steadiness after the sunset fluctuation period. During steady conditions observations were made of the field in the neighborhood of various systems involving boundaries between media of different conductivities, such as horizontal and vertical conductors near the earth's surface and the gorges which characterize the terrain in and about Ithaca. The results are interpreted on the basis of a steady field upon which is superimposed a perturbation field due to a conductor or anticonductor of conductivity ±Δσ. Several ways in which the wave plurality may be accounted for are discussed.
Mating System and Basidiospore Formation in the Lignin-Degrading Basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

Prototrophic strains recovered from crosses between auxotrophic strains of the lignin-degrading basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium were induced to fruit. The progeny of most of these self-crosses were prototrophic, indicating that the nuclei of the original prototroph were wild-type recombinants rather than complementary heterokaryons and that the binucleate basidiospores of this organism are homokaryotic. Various wild-type strains were shown to have multinucleate cells lacking clamp connections and to possess a variable number of sterigmata per basidium. Colonies arising from single conidia of various wild-type strains were all capable of producing fruit bodies and basidiospores. In addition, single basidiospores from three wild-type strains all produced fruit bodies and basidiospores. Nonfruiting as well as fruiting isolates were obtained from single basidiospores of five other wild-type strains. Basidiospores from these fruiting isolates always yielded colonies that fruited, again indicating that the spores are homokaryotic. Nonfruiting isolates from the same strain did not produce basidiospores when allowed to form a heterokaryon, implying that these isolates do not represent mating types. All this evidence indicates that P. chrysosporium has a primary homothallic mating system. In addition to fruiting and nonfruiting phenotypes, basidiospores from strain OGC101, a derivative of ME-446, gave rise to colonies which did not grow on cellulose (Cel−). The fruiting, nonfruiting, and Cel− phenotypes differed from each other and from the parental wild-type strain in a variety of characteristics, including growth, conidiation, and evolution of 14CO2 from 14C-side chain-labeled lignin, indicating that strain OCG101 is a heterokaryon.
Integrating Influence Mechanisms into Impact Analysis for Increased Precision

Software change impact analysis is the process of determining the potential effects, or impacts, of a change to a program. Strategies for impact analysis vary in their approach toward the opposing goals of high precision and low analysis time. Fine-grained techniques, such as slicing, can be used to gain very precise knowledge of a change?s impact, but may be prohibitively expensive. Coarse-grained techniques such as method-level impact analyses sacrifice precision for faster analysis. In this paper, we present static and dynamic method-level impact analysis algorithms that utilize value propagation information from the source code to increase precision and keep analysis times low. We experimentally compare the results of our analyses with common static and dynamic impact analysis techniques. Our results show that the precision of the common method-level analyses can be improved with very little added overhead.
The formation of plessite in meteoritic metal

Plessite is a mixture of body-centered cubic (bcc) kamacite (α), face-centered cubic (fcc) taenite (γ), and/or ordered FeNi-tetrataenite (γ") phases and is observed in the metal of iron, stony- iron, and chondritic meteorites. The formation of plessite was studied by measuring the orientation of the bcc and fcc phases over large regions of plessite using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis in five ataxites, the Carlton IAB-IIICD iron, and zoneless plessite metal in the Kernouve H6 chondrite. The EBSD results show that there are a number of different orientations of the bcc kamacite phase in the plessite microstructure. These orientations reflect the reaction path γ (fcc) → α2 (bcc) in which the α2 phase forms during cooling below the martensite start temperature, Ms, on the close- packed planes of the parent fcc phase according to one or more of the established orientation relationships (Kurdjumov-Sachs, Nishiyama-Wasserman, and Greninger-Troiano) for the fcc to bcc transformation. The EBSD results also show that the orientation of the taenite and/or tetrataenite regions at the interfaces of prior α2 (martensite) laths, is the same as that of the single crystal parent taenite γ phase of the meteorite. Therefore, the parent taenite γ was retained at the interfaces of martensite laths during cooling after the formation of martensite. The formation of plessite is described by the reaction γ → α2 + γ → α + γ. This reaction is inconsistent with the decomposition of martensite laths to form γ phase as described by the reaction γ → α2 → α + γ, which is the classical mechanism proposed by previous investigators. The varying orientations of the fine exsolved taenite and/or tetrataenite within decomposed martensite laths, however, are a response to the decomposition of α2 (martensite) laths at low temperature and are formed by the reaction α2 → α + γ.
Lords of the Hills

A regional investigation of the ancient Maya settlement patterns of the Puuc suggests that this region was occupied by increasing numbers of people seeking to maximize control over prime agricultural soils during the Late Classic period. During the Late Classic the eastern Puuc region was controlled by numerous autonomous major centers that carried on the Classic Maya tradition of divine kingship. During the late ninth century a.d., the city of Uxmal briefly emerged as the politically dominant center of the region and was involved in an important relationship with the city of Chichen Itza. By a.d. 950, however, Uxmal and the other major centers of the Puuc had ceased all important elite activities.
International developments in the information technologies: the Mosaic group at the University of Arizona

The Mosaic research group at the University of Arizona applies a combination of foreign-area studies and technology assessment to the study of international developments in the information technologies, focusing on the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and the People's Republic of China. The work of Mosaic group members is well supported by an in-house collaborative research system. The authors present the group's research, background, organization, and future plans. >
Learning from Online Video Lectures

This study empirically examines the instructional value of online video lectures – videos that a course's instructor prepares to supplement classroom or online-broadcast lectures. The study examines data from a classroom course, where the videos have a slower, more step-by-step lecture style than the classroom lectures; student use of videos is voluntary, can be tailored by students to meet their learning and topic-review needs, and can occur when and where students learn most effectively. The study's specific objectives are to identify and measure types of learning benefits that video lectures provide, gauge students' acceptance and use of this form of computer-based instruction, and compare results from alternative video designs to determine if learning is differently affected. The course is highly technical (financial accounting) and is required of all business school students as they enter the school. The university is middle-tier and located in a medium-sized metropolitan area. Students are highly varied in their academic abilities and motivation, and they often have substantial off-campus job responsibilities. Three video designs were tested, each with an alternative learning environment designed into the videos. Design 1 had a complete absence of attention to relief and change-of-pace elements. Design 2 included graphics/cartoons and sounds/music clips that were strongly presented to provide relief from study tedium. Design 3 used a greatly reduced number of graphics and sounds and subtly presented them so that they did not command viewer attention. Learning benefits are consistently best with design 2. Findings are based on analysis of survey data and grade distributions. They include comparisons of with-videos and no-videos sample data. The most significant findings are that video lectures are used by students for tutorial help, they improve initial learning, they reduce dropout rates, and
Real time simulation of stiff dynamic systems via distributed memory parallel processors

A class of dynamic systems consisting of constrained planar rigid bodies is considered. This class of environments poses two significant challenges to the development of advanced kinesthetic interfaces. First, the environment structure changes dynamically due to collisions between bodies. Thus, the equations of motion must be formulated and solved in real-time. Second, the equations are necessarily stiff due to rigid constraints in the system. Thus, real-time simulation requires extremely high update rates to be stable and present the operator with a realistic "feel". >
Opening Spaces through Relocalization: Locating Potential Resistance in the Weaknesses of the Global Food System

In this paper we explore several themes based on our intertwined research and outreach activities. First, we examine and discuss emerging global food chains that are embedded in strategic alliances, joint ventures and relationships - in short in networks of power. Decisions are being displaced away from multiple actors situated in different localities to globalized decision-making located within a few firms that make up each cluster. While the roots of these phenomena are firmly grounded in long-term historical processes, it is important to document and understand what is emerging at the global level in order to create alternatives. Second, we discuss our outreach work with farmers, consumers and communities in helping them to frame and understand the changes that are taking place in the food and agriculture system. This is exemplified through a case study of the Kansas City Food Circle and its role in generating alternative visions from the consumption side of the food equation. This work is extremely important for challenging the global food system, and also for helping to empower farmers, eaters and communities to create alternatives. We lay out an analytical understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the global system, and the opportunities found in the social, environmental and economic failures of the global system. In conclusion, the work described above rests on the recognition of different forms of agency that are appearing in the food system, agency that is located within the spaces provided by the unsustainable, unjust nature of the global system. We remain cognizant of the incredible networks of power that shape the production and consumption relationships in the food system. However, we remain hopeful that models of emerging alternatives can help relocalize production/consumption relationships in the food system in equitable ways. In other words, in relationships that are personalized and sustainable, and that are embedded in place and community
Interior penalty methods for finite element approximations of the Signorini problem in elastostatics

Abstract The use of interior penalty methods as a basis for developing finite element approximations of boundary value problems with constraints is explored. Particular attention is given to the Signorini problem of contact of an elastic body with a rigid foundation. Error estimates are derived and the results of a numerical experiment are discussed.
High temperature superconductive wideband compressive receivers

Wideband compressive receivers are an attractive application niche for analog high temperature superconductive (HTS) microwave filters. Chirp filters form the basis of compressive receivers, implementing a chirp-transform algorithm in the analog domain for real-time spectral analysis. HTS tapped-delay-line chirp filters are an enabling technology for instantaneous bandwidths greater than 1 GHz, and have evolved sufficiently to support dispersive delays as long as 40 ns with multigigahertz bandwidths and time-bandwidth products in excess of 100. Long dispersive delays have been obtained using a bonded/thinned-wafer technique to fabricate YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub O7-/spl delta// stripline devices on 5-mil-thick, 2-in-diameter LaAlO/sub 3/ substrates. These filters have produced better than -18-dB error sidelobes. In addition, a 3-GHz-bandwidth HTS compressive cueing receiver was recently delivered to the Naval Research Laboratory to be flown on the high temperature superconductor space experiment (HTSSE), and demonstrations have been performed combining HTS chirp filters with conventional compressive-receiver hardware. A novel compressive cryoreceiver architecture is proposed combining HTS, cryoelectronic, and advanced high-speed semiconductor technologies. The proposed receiver will rival the sensitivity of a narrowband receiver while providing unprecedented sideband instantaneous frequency coverage. Future developments will extend the bandwidth capability. Detailed comparisons are made to an all-digital receiver and to channelized-filter receiver architectures. An HTS compressive receiver is projected to be clearly superior in overall size, weight, and power. Applications include electronic warfare and dynamic molecular spectroscopy for remote sensing.
TMBpro: secondary structure, β-contact and tertiary structure prediction of transmembrane β-barrel proteins

Motivation: Transmembrane � -barrel (TMB) proteins are embedded in the outer membranes of mitochondria, Gram-negative bacteria and chloroplasts. These proteins perform critical functions, including active ion-transport and passive nutrient intake. Therefore, there is a need for accurate prediction of secondary and tertiary structure of TMB proteins. Traditional homology modeling methods, however, fail on most TMB proteins since very few non-homologous TMB structures have been determined. Yet, because TMB structures conform to specific construction rules that restrict the conformational space drastically, it should be possible for methods that do not depend on target-template homology to be applied successfully. Results: We develop a suite (TMBpro) of specialized predictors for predicting secondary structure (TMBpro-SS), � -contacts (TMBproCON) and tertiary structure (TMBpro-3D) of transmembrane � -barrel proteins. We compare our results to the recent state-of-the-art predictors transFold and PRED-TMBB using their respective benchmark datasets, and leave-one-out cross-validation. Using the transFold dataset TMBpro predicts secondary structure with perresidue accuracy (Q2) of 77.8%, a correlation coefficient of 0.54, and TMBpro predicts � -contacts with precision of 0.65 and recall of 0.67. Using the PRED-TMBB dataset, TMBpro predicts secondary structure with Q2 of 88.3% and a correlation coefficient of 0.75. All of these performance results exceed previously published results by 4% or more. Working with the PRED-TMBB dataset, TMBpro predicts the tertiary structure of transmembrane segments with RMSD
Complex amplitude of an ultrashort pulse in a waveguide measured with a coherent, femtosecond resolution NSOM at 1550 nm

A coherent near-field scanning optical microscope operating with ultrashort pulses at 1550 nm has been constructed and used for characterization of pulse propagation in optical waveguides with high spatial and temporal resolution.
Consider a Career in Statistics

In recent years, in my roles as chair of the department of mathematics at a large, comprehensive state university and an officer of the Cleveland Chapter of the American Statistical Association (AS...
Effects of sarcoptic mange on lactating swine and growing pigs.

The impact of Sarcoptic mange on sows and on performance of their offspring from birth to slaughter was determined. Sows naturally infested with Sarcoptic mange were paired, mated to the same boar, and assigned randomly to treated or control farrowing groups. Treated sows received ivermectin s.c. at 300 micrograms/kg body weight; control sows received the vehicle s.c. Sow performance was evaluated via sow feed consumption, litter size, litter birth weights, litter weaning weights and piglet death loss from birth to weaning. Seven replicates (farrowing groups), each with six sow pairs, were included in the trial. Offspring from treated and control sows, 35 head/group, were fed to slaughter weights. Untreated sows had litters that weighed 4.14 kg less than ivermectin-treated sow litters at 21 d (P less than .07). Treated sows consumed 1.95 kg less feed per weaned piglet and .13 kg less feed per kilogram of weaned piglet (P less than .05). Piglets from treated sows were 5.79 kg/head heavier at slaughter (P less than .05) and had a .05 kg/d superior average daily gain (P less than .05).
Genome-wide Mapping of Drug-DNA Interactions in Cells with COSMIC (Crosslinking of Small Molecules to Isolate Chromatin).

The genome is the target of some of the most effective chemotherapeutics, but most of these drugs lack DNA sequence specificity, which leads to dose-limiting toxicity and many adverse side effects. Targeting the genome with sequence-specific small molecules may enable molecules with increased therapeutic index and fewer off-target effects. N-methylpyrrole/N-methylimidazole polyamides are molecules that can be rationally designed to target specific DNA sequences with exquisite precision. And unlike most natural transcription factors, polyamides can bind to methylated and chromatinized DNA without a loss in affinity. The sequence specificity of polyamides has been extensively studied in vitro with cognate site identification (CSI) and with traditional biochemical and biophysical approaches, but the study of polyamide binding to genomic targets in cells remains elusive. Here we report a method, the crosslinking of small molecules to isolate chromatin (COSMIC), that identifies polyamide binding sites across the genome. COSMIC is similar to chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), but differs in two important ways: (1) a photocrosslinker is employed to enable selective, temporally-controlled capture of polyamide binding events, and (2) the biotin affinity handle is used to purify polyamide–DNA conjugates under semi-denaturing conditions to decrease DNA that is non-covalently bound. COSMIC is a general strategy that can be used to reveal the genome-wide binding events of polyamides and other genome-targeting chemotherapeutic agents.
Brittleness Evaluation of Resource Plays by Integrating Petrophysics and Seismic Analysis

Summary The main considerations for well plan and hydraulic fracturing in the conventional plays include 1) the amount of total organic carbon (TOC) and 2) how much hydrocarbon can be extracted. Brittleness is the direct measurement of a formation about the ability to create avenues for hydrocarbons when suffering to hydraulic fracturing. Usually Brittleness is estimated from 1) laboratory stress-strain measurements 2) rock properties and 3) mineral contents analysis using well logs. However well log based brittleness only shows the properties near the borehole when the amount of wells or log type is limited, resulting a two dimensional result. In this paper, we proposed a workflow to estimate brittleness of shale plays in three dimension at seismic scale by integrating the rock properties from petrophysics and seismic analysis. The workflow begins by brittleness evaluation using well logs at the borehole location. Then we prestack invert the fidelity preserved seismic gather to generate rock property volumes. At last we integrate brittleness estimation from seismic and petrophysics analysis where the petrophysics result serves as the bench mark. We apply our workflow to a survey acquired over Fort Worth Basin, TX, USA where eight wells locate in this survey. The brittleness estimation from seismic analysis shows high correlation to that from petrophysics analysis at the seismic scale.
Mechanical Alloying of Mg-Be

Mg-10mass%Be, Mg-20mass%Be, Mg-30mass%aBe and Mg-40mass%Be alloys were synthesized by mechanical alloying (MA) of elementary Mg and Be powders for 720 ks milling under 66 kPa argon gas atmosphere using by a planetary ball milling. In the case of Mg-10mass%Be, the big blocks occurred due to the joining of the MA powders. Others showed fine powders after the MA process. Mg was able to compound 10mass%Be by the MA process safely. In the obtained Mg-10mass%Be block, Be particles dispersed in the Mg matrix uniformly and had no reaction with Mg.Mg-10mass%Be alloy synthesized by the MA was consolidated by pulsed current sintering at 673 K for 0.5 ks under a pressure of 196MPa. The sintered body was a composite material including homogeneous Be particles and showed a hardness of 68HV.
Radiotracer Labeling of a Natural Tephritid Population and Flight Range of the Walnut Husk Fly

Use of a powerful olfactory and gustatory attractant plus P32 resulted in labeling of a substantial fraction of a naturally occurring population of the walnut husk fly, Rhagoletis completa Cresson. Labeling stations were set up on 15 trees in a 5-acre orchard by spraying small areas of foliage with a water solution containing 5% of a liquid corn protein hydrolysate and 0.05 mc. of P32 per ml. This procedure resulted in P32-labeling of approximately 15% of the natural orchard population. Recovery of labeled flies in traps placed at various distances from the baited trees both inside and outside the orchard revealed the flight habits of the adults. Labeled walnut husk fly eggs also were recovered in the orchard and a lauxanid fly population was partially labeled.
The Ir3Ge7 (D8f) Structure: an Electron Phase Related to γ-Brass

The crystallographic similarity between the Ir3Ge7 (D8f) and γ-brass (Cu5Zn8, D82) structures is discussed. By considering all phases known to possess the Ir3Ge7 structure, it is shown that phases of this structure type obey essentially the same electron concentration rules as does γ-brass, possessing on average 22 atoms/formula unit. Based on crystal-chemical considerations, it is further suggested that the Ir3Ge7 structure may be considered to be a structural derivative of γ-brass, in which 12 atoms have dropped out of the γ-brass lattice and the remaining atoms have undergone a certain amount of rearrangement in order to accommodate such a large concentration of vacancies. Finally, as further support of this idea, the phase NiGa4 is presented as an example of another γ-brass derived structure which contains crystallographic features of both γ-brass and the Ir3Ge7 structure.
Case-control study on sexual HIV transmission between husband and wife in Lu'an,Anhui

Objective To analyze the characteristics of HIV transmission and related factors between husband and wife,and provide evidence for AIDS prevention and control. Methods A case-control study was conducted,the case group was HIV infected couples in whom the transmission occurred through sexual contact with infected husband or wife,and the control group was healthy couples. Results Univariate analysis showed that STD history of husband or wife( χ2= 3. 925,P = 0. 048) and sexual behavior frequency( χ2= 17. 3,P = 0. 001) were the risk factors leading to HIV infection between husband and wife. The logistic regression analysis indicated that STD history of husband or wife( OR =7. 06,95%CI:1. 13-44. 19),having sexual behavior for 1-2 times per week( OR = 10. 01,95% CI: 2. 65-38. 47) and having sexual behavior for ≥3 times per week( OR = 6. 14,95% CI: 1. 39-27. 18) were the independent risk factors for HIV transmission between husband and wife. Conclusion STD history of husband or wife,having sexual behavior for 1-2 times and ≥3 times per week are the risk factors of HIV transmission between husband and wife.
Malignant transference: a neurobiologic model.

Malignant transference is defined as a subset of pathologic transference that is evoked by arousal and emotional activation. It may result in intense and undifferentiated dysphoric emotional symptoms including rage, agitation, depression, panic, and anxiety. Within the context of such emotional dysregulation micropsychotic episodes, somatization, neurovegetative signs, and acting-out may also occur. Given this symptom profile and severity, malignant transference may be presumed to have neurobiologic substrates.
Occupation Measures: Asymptotic Properties and Ramification

Chapter 4 deals with the probability distribution of αe( ⋅) through the corresponding forward equation and is mainly an analytical approach, whereas the current chapter is largely probabilistic in nature. The central theme of this chapter is limit results of unscaled as well as scaled sequences of occupation measures, which include the law of large numbers for an unscaled sequence, exponential upper bounds, and asymptotic distribution of a suitably scaled sequence of occupation times.
Future Technology Estimation Survey form for the Robotics Technology Alternatives in the Electric Power Industry. Submersible Mini-Robot.

This report documents the survey used to determine the robotics technology alternatives in the electric power industry.
On the Rounding-Up Process in High-Production Internal Grinding Machines by Digital Computer Simulation

High-production internal grinding machines are required to grind workpieces, which have an initial runout and stock allowance, in very fast grinding cycles. The runout must be corrected before the stock allowance is used up. As the internal grinding wheel strikes the running-out workpiece, high local instantaneous force intensities on the wheel may develop and may cause the wheel to break down, resulting in a loss of straightness of the finished ground workpiece. By representing the grinding process mathematically, as well as the dynamic characteristics of the grinding machine, a computer program has been developed which traces the rounding-up process, revolution by revolution, and permits the selection of the optimum machine settings so as to grind with the shortest possible cycle without damage of the wheel and without incomplete rounding up of the workpiece.
Prevention of Crack Abuse

Current therapy for crack abuse is not adequate. Considering only those who present themselves to clinics for treatment, the estimates of the proportion that are helped, through therapy, to maintain a cocaine-free existence for a considerable period of time vary, but most are in the range of 50 per cent.1 These estimates do not count the unknown but considerable proportion of the crack abusers who never enter treatment. Even for those who have entered treatment, there usually has been several years of progressive stress on the individual and his family until the addict enters treatment. Frequently this stress includes family breakup and lost productivity, the costs of which the addict, his family, and society must bear. For these reasons, crack use should be prevented if at all possible. Knowledge is too inadequate to recommend any single program, but still there is much that can be done now to prevent drug abuse.
Fronts and eddies as key structures in the habitat of marine fish larvae: opportunity, adaptive response and competitive advantage

Surface fronts and mesoscale eddies are two classes of ocean structures that engender significant pattern in the habitats of marine organisms. Both are sites where mechanical energy of the physical system may be accessible for augmenting trophic energy available to biological organisms. Accordingly, they may offer opportunities for exceptional local productivity and growth of species particularly adapted to excelling in such highly-productive rapid-growth/high-mortality situations. The major relevant physical mechanisms involved are presented. A widespread attraction of many types of fish to floating objects drifting in the ocean is cited as an apparent adaptive response to the desirable aspects of surface fronts. An apparent contrary tendency for certain important marine fish species to be particularly successful in relatively poorly productive situations, where slower growth may be offset by much lower early life predation mortality, is also noted. Competing tradeoffs between (1) early life nutrition and resulting growth, and (2) mortality of early stages due to predation are suggested. These tradeoffs are posed and illustrated via a “predator pit” conceptual framework. Illustrations of the evident reproductive habitat choices of several populations of large temperate tunas are briefly presented. It is concluded that the time may have come for a general shift in the approach of at-sea fish larval ecological investigations from the conventional focus on associations with environmental properties on a “macro” scale to intensive investigations of the real-time progressions of linked physical-biological interactions occurring on a “meso” (and smaller) scale.
Transcriptosome Profiling of B-CLL Identifies WNT-3A and ROR-1 as an Autocrine Mechanism in Cell Survival.

Abstract Background: B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is the most common leukemia afflicting the Western world. B-CLL accounts for 25% of all newly diagnosed leukemias. Despite many new therapeutic advances, B-CLL is still not a curable malignancy. The hallmark feature is the presence of an elevated number of circulating clonal leukemic B cells that typically express CD 5, CD 19, CD 23, and low levels of surface immunoglobulins. Methods: Mononuclear cells from 5 patients were analyzed utilizing the HG-U133A 2.0 Affymetrix array (~18,400 transcripts, 22,000 probe sets) after isolating and purifying total RNA (Qiagen, RNAeasy). The control RNA samples were isolated from normal peripheral blood (PB) B-cell (AllCell, CA). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) confirmed tumor lineage and quantitative real time RT-PCR was performed on selected genes to validate the microarray study. The GEP data was processed and analyzed utilizing Affymetrix MAS 5.0 and GeneSpring 5.0 software. Our data was analyzed in the light of published GEP of B-cell CLL. Fifteen B-CLL patients (retrospectively) were evaluated by RT-PCR for ROR-1 and WNT-3A with gene specific probes. As a potential therapy, thalidomide was evaluated on B-CLL cells grown in cell culture for 24 hours. GEP of the thalidomide treated B-CLL from the initial 5 patients was performed to look for gene expression changes that could drive the B-CLL toward apoptosis. A homology model of ROR-1 tyrosine kinase was built, ATP docked and in silico databases screened for potential lead molecules. Results: Data are represented as “robust” increases or decreases of relative gene expression common in the 5 patients. However, ROR-1 and WNT-3A were consistently over-expressed together in these 5 patients. The average increase was 25-fold for ROR-1 and 7-fold by WNT-3A when compared to normal B-cell RNA. Of the 15 patients we evaluated for ROR-1 and WNT-3A with gene specific probes, the increase in gene expression correlated well with our initial gene expression profiling study. Thalidomide specific gene changes included several molecules involved in apoptosis. Of these gene changes, Bcl-G, p35, and Cdk-5 were up-regulated several fold. Data will be presented on the influence of the stage of disease on ROR-1 and WNT-3A expression. Conclusions : GEP of B-CLL in combination with quantitative real time RT-PCR has identified several novel therapeutic targets for therapy based on a comparison to normal (B-cell) RNA. GEP has identified ROR-1 as a key component in an autocrine pathway that helps B-CLL elude apoptosis. The identification of this novel tyrosine kinase-like protein has led to the development of a molecular target for future therapeutic applications. Several lead compounds have been identified and are being evaluated as potential therapeutics in B-CLL.
On the efficacy of mindfulness, defusion, and behavioral skills training on job interviewing skills in dually-diagnosed adults with developmental disorders

Abstract The current study evaluated the efficacy of mindfulness and defusion to help reduce anxiety experienced during practice job interviews with three individuals diagnosed with developmental disabilities. A multiple baseline across participants design was used to evaluate the efficacy of the interventions. Participants’ performance during practice interviews was evaluated using an interview checklist created specifically for this study. Behavioral skills training, consisting of instructions, modeling, rehearsal, and feedback, was also implemented for two of the three participants to facilitate skill acquisition. Two of the three participants showed substantial improvements in performance during the practice interview sessions, and all participants reported feeling favorable about the interventions in which they participated.
The associations among preschool children’s growth in early reading, executive function, and invented spelling skills

The purpose of the present study was to examine associations among children’s emergent literacy (early reading), language, executive function (EF), and invented spelling skills across prekindergarten. Participants included 123, primarily African American, 4-year-old children enrolled in a variety of prekindergarten settings. In addition to describing the concurrent and longitudinal relations between children’s emergent literacy, EF, and invented spelling skills, this study investigated associations among children’s growth in these targeted skills and explored potential indirect effects from children’s EF to invented writing skill. Multiple regression analyses suggested that although early reading skills were significantly and concurrently associated with invented spelling skills, children’s phonological awareness was the only early reading skill predictive of later invented spelling skills. Children’s EF was not concurrently or longitudinally associated with invented spelling after controlling for early reading skills. However, regression analyses of children’s residual scores suggested that children’s EF skill at the beginning of the semester was predictive of their later invented spelling skills through children’s letter-sound knowledge.
Anticoagulation and Thrombolysis in the Pediatric Population

Pediatric stroke is an underestimated disease process that affects 3–15/100,000 children per year. There are distinct etiologies that are more common in the pediatric population. Risk factors affecting this population include vasculopathies, congenital heart diseases, sickle cell anemia, and some metabolic disorders. The three primary disease processes that warrant specific discussion with respect to anticoagulation and thrombolysis-thrombectomy include ischemic stroke, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, and hemorrhagic stroke. Current recommendations for anticoagulation and endovascular therapy are based on treatment for adults and center on antithrombotic therapy. Antiplatelet therapy and heparin therapy have been recommended across-the-board. The role of mechanical thrombolysis–thrombectomy in the treatment of pediatric stroke has increased with the development of more devices for this therapeutic approach.
Revisiting the Physics of Spider Ballooning

Spiders use a unique type of aerial dispersal called “ballooning” to move from one location to another. In order to balloon, a spider must first release one or more flexible, elastic, silk draglines from its spinnerets. Once enough force is generated on the dragline(s), the spider becomes airborne. This “take-off” stage of ballooning is followed by the “flight” stage and finally the “settling” stage when spiders land in a new location. Though the ecology of spider ballooning is well understood, little is known about the physical mechanisms. This is in part due to the significant challenge of describing the relevant physics for spiders that are ballooning across large distances. One difficulty, for example, is that properties of both the spider, such as body size and shape, and the silk dragline(s) can vary among species and individuals. In addition, the relevant physics may differ among the three stages of ballooning. Finally, models must take into account the interaction between the flexible dragline and air, and resolving this multi–scale, fluid–structure interaction can be particularly difficult. Here, we review the literature on spider ballooning, including the relevant physics, meteorological conditions that favor ballooning, and previous mechanical models used to describe ballooning. We then highlight challenges and open questions relevant to future modeling of spider ballooning.
Association of 2,4-dichlorophenol urinary concentrations and olfactory dysfunction in a national sample of middle-aged and older U.S. adults

Olfaction is a key sensory mechanism in humans. Deficits in this chemosensory function have wide-ranging impacts on overall health and quality of life. This study examines the role of environmental phenols as risk factors for olfactory dysfunction among a random sample of 839 middle-aged and older U.S. adults. Olfactory function assessment was carried out using a short 8-item test, scores on which were used to classify subjects into normal or impaired olfactory function groups. Logistic regression models were used to test for associations between olfactory impairment and creatinine-adjusted urinary levels of 8 common environmental phenols, adjusting for potentially confounding covariates. A statistically significant association between 2,4-dichlorophenol levels and olfactory impairment (OR = 1.02 [95 % CI: (1.003, 1.04)]; p = 0.02) was found. 2,4-dichlorophenol is a hazardous pollutant with widespread exposure via industrial and indoor air pollution, diet, and the use of pesticides and herbicides. This study is the first to reveal its role in olfactory impairment.
Multiagent negotiation on multiple issues with incomplete information: extended abstract

We present a reactive offer generation method for general multi-agent multi-attribute negotiation, where the agents have non-linear utility functions and no information about the utility functions of other agents. We prove the convergence of the proposing method and characterize the convergence rate under a finite negotiation time. We also prove that rational agents do not have any incentive to deviate from the proposed strategy. We further present simulation results to demonstrate that on randomly generated problem instances the solution obtained from our protocol is quite close to the Nash bargaining solution.
Supply/Demand Type 2 Myocardial Infarction Should We Be Paying More Attention?

Supply/demand (type 2) myocardial infarction is a commonly encountered clinical challenge. It is anticipated that it will be detected more frequently once high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays are approved for clinical use in the United States. We provide a perspective that is based on available data regarding the definition, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, prognosis, management, and controversies regarding type 2 myocardial infarction. Understanding these basic concepts will facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of these patients as well as ongoing research efforts.
Breast cancer screening guidelines: Is it time to revisit? A survey.

e11089 Background: Breast cancer is the most common non-skin cancer among women in US. In a 2012 report by CDCbreast cancer screening rates are falling short of government targets. At least 10 diff...
An elemental Erdős–Kac theorem for algebraic number fields

Fix a number field K. For each nonzero α ∈ ZK , let ν(α) denote the number of distinct, nonassociate irreducible divisors of α. We show that ν(α) is normally distributed with mean proportional to (log log |N(α)|) and standard deviation proportional to (log log |N(α)|)D−1/2. Here D, as well as the constants of proportionality, depend only on the class group of K. For example, for each fixed real λ, the proportion of α ∈ Z[ √ −5] with ν(α) ≤ 1 8 (log logN(α)) + λ 2 √ 2 (log logN(α)) is given by 1 √ 2π ∫ λ −∞ e −t/2 dt. As further evidence that “irreducibles play a game of chance”, we show that the values ν(α) are equidistributed modulo m for every fixed m.