cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of serotonergic dorsal raphe neurons in hypercapnia-induced arousals.

During obstructive sleep apnea, elevation of CO2 during apneas contributes to awakening and restoring airway patency. We previously found that glutamatergic neurons in the external lateral parabrachial nucleus (PBel) containing calcitonin gene related peptide (PBelCGRP neurons) are critical for causing arousal during hypercapnia. However, others found that genetic deletion of serotonin (5HT) neurons in the brainstem also prevented arousal from hypercapnia. To examine interactions between the two systems, we showed that dorsal raphe (DR) 5HT neurons selectively targeted the PBel. Either genetically directed deletion or acute optogenetic silencing of DRSert neurons dramatically increased the latency of mice to arouse during hypercapnia, as did silencing DRSert terminals in the PBel. This effect was mediated by 5HT2a receptors which are expressed by PBelCGRP neurons. Our results indicate that the serotonergic input from the DR to the PBel via 5HT2a receptors is critical for modulating the sensitivity of the PBelCGRP neurons that cause arousal to rising levels of blood CO2. Dorsal raphe 5HT(DRSert) neurons regulate arousal from hypercapnia by their projections to the neurons in the external lateral parabrachial nucleus (PBel) that are glutamatergic and also express calcitonin gene related peptide (PBelCGRP). The DRSert input to the PBel modulates the arousal system to rising levels of blood CO2, and may be mediated by 5HT2a receptors on the PBelCGRP neurons.
Partners’ engagement in surveillance among survivors of colorectal cancer: A qualitative study

Objectives Following treatment of Stage III colorectal cancer, guidelines recommend 3-5 years of surveillance for recurrence. However, over half of the 1.2 million U.S. survivors of colorectal cancer fail to receive guideline-concordant surveillance. In light of growing recognition that members of couples are interdependent and influence each other's health behaviors, we sought to describe, in their own words, the perspectives of spouses/partners on their engagement in patients' surveillance. Methods We conducted in-person, semi-structured interviews with 10 survivors of stage III colorectal cancer and their partners, together and separately. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, iteratively coded, and analyzed to identify emergent themes pertaining to partner engagement. Findings were validated through triangulation between study team members and triangulation between dyadic and individual interviews, and through an extensive search of transcripts for disconfirming evidence. Results We identified three overarching domains of partner engagement in surveillance. First, psychosocial engagement included promoting patient participation in surveillance, showing care and concern, and attending to partner self-care. Second, information-seeking and dyadic communication focused on gathering information, staying informed about test results, and communicating about surveillance. Third, instrumental engagement referred to any explicit, objective activities such as scheduling appointments, attending appointments, and managing responsibilities at home. Participants shared strategies, examples, and in some cases unmet needs. Conclusions This study generated new, clinically meaningful knowledge about the ways in which partners engage in patients' surveillance. Opportunities to leverage partners as informal resources in surveillance include development of dyadic interventions to help partners engage most effectively.
The Impact of Coagulopathy on Clinical Outcomes following Microsurgical Breast Reconstruction.

SUMMARY Autologous breast reconstruction has evolved considerably from pedicled muscle-based approaches to microsurgical perforator-based techniques. Patients with documented coagulopathy, however, remain a particularly challenging population. The authors present their experience in microsurgical breast reconstruction in patients with coagulopathy and discuss their treatment protocol. A prospectively maintained database was queried for patients with coagulopathy who underwent microsurgical breast reconstruction between 2016 and 2019. Information regarding patient demographics, type of coagulopathy, and anticoagulation regimen were retrieved, and clinical outcomes were investigated. Nineteen patients who underwent 34 microsurgical breast reconstructions with free abdominal flaps were included in the study. The most common coagulopathy was factor V Leiden [n = 7 (38.6 percent)]. Nine patients (47.4 percent) developed thrombotic complications (the majority occurring intraoperatively); notably, arterial and venous thrombosis in four (21.1 percent) and two patients (10.5 percent), respectively. Postoperative thrombotic complications included pulmonary embolism [n = 2 (10.5 percent)] and flap congestion secondary to venous thrombosis [two flaps (5.9 percent)]. Only one flap loss was observed secondary to delayed venous thrombosis on postoperative day 6 (2.9 percent). The anticoagulation regimen in the majority of patients consisted of intraoperative intravenous administration of heparin (2000 U [bolus]) followed by a 5-day heparin infusion at 500 U/hour [n = 10 (52.6 percent)]. The high rate of thrombotic complications in patients with coagulopathy who underwent microsurgical breast reconstruction is contrasted by a low flap loss rate. Although coagulopathy is a risk factor for thrombotic complications, successful microsurgical breast reconstruction is still possible in the majority of patients.
Financial Reporting Quality and Uncertainty about Credit Risk among Ratings Agencies

ABSTRACT This study finds that better reporting quality is associated with less uncertainty about credit risk as captured by disagreement among the credit rating agencies. The results also show tha...
Sourcing Strategy and Supplier Relationships: Alliances Versus eProcurement

In this paper, we examine the impact of eProcurement and strategic alliances on corporate sourcing strategies. We present a framework we developed to help managers focus on the relevant issues for sourcing decisions. We illustrate the framework with different types of sourcing relationships in practice and provide advice on what type of relationship may be most effective in specific situations.
Urinary histidine as affected by massive doses of progesterone in patients with carcinoma of the cervix

Abstract 1. 1. The metabolism of histidine in pregnancy is briefly reviewed. 2. 2. The apparent free histidine content of 24-hour urine specimens was determined microbiologically in 68 samples of urine from 9 patients with careinoma of the cervix who were treated with large doses of progesterone. 3. 3. The values obtained for 24-hour excretion of histidine fell within the range established for normal subjects and did not rise following the administration of massive amounts of progesterone. 4. 4. Progesterone is apparently not the factor which brings about an increase in the histidine excretion in pregnancy. 5. 5. The regressive changes observed during administration of progesterone do not result from the complete reproduction of the metabolic status of the pregnant individual.
Sum Rule Identities and the Duality Relation for the Potts n -Point Boundary Correlation Function

It is shown that certain sum rule identities exist which relate correlation functions for n Potts spins on the boundary of a planar lattice for $n\ensuremath{\ge}4$. Explicit expressions of the identities are obtained for $n\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}4$. It is also shown that the identities provide the missing link needed for a complete determination of the duality relation for the n-point boundary correlation function. The $n\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}4$ duality relation is obtained explicitly. More generally we deduce the number of sum rule identities as well as a cyclic inversion relation for any n, and conjecture on the general form of the duality relation.
Performance Modeling Based on PVM

For performance modeling of message passing programs using PVM, we consider a hybrid method where large numerical parts of the program are replaced byde lays and the remaining control structure is translated into the input language of a simulator. For simulation, we use again a PVM-like platform. The present paper deals mainly with special aspects of the PVM layer used for simulation. As a case study, a subset of PVM was implemented on top of Modarch which is a commercial tool for simulating parallel systems. It was used here as a simulator for performance models of parallel Fortran programs. Some experiences with this implementation are discussed. This way of performance evaluation is compared with a method where the model is written in the same language as the original program and the simulator consists of a set of routines complementing the original PVM layer.
Does God Will Evil

Rejetant les positions d'A. Plantinga et d'E. Stump concernant l'impermissibilite du mal moral pour Dieu, l'A. defend la these de Saint Thomas d'Aquin selon laquelle Dieu ne peut pas vouloir le mal, developpee dans l'article 9 de la question 19 de la premiere partie de la «Somme theologique», a partir de la distinction de plusieurs definitions du vouloir: le vouloir en soi, accidentel, intentionnel accidentel, accidentel sans intention. Examinant les objections contemporaines opposes a la position de Saint Thomas d'Aquin, dont celle de R. Chisholm fondee le principe de la diffusion des intentions, l'A. montre que celles-ci sous-estiment ces differentes definitions de la volonte, d'une part, ainsi que la distinction entre un moyen en soi et un moyen par accident, d'autre part
Substance P mediates a gastrointestinal thermoreflex in rats.

Abstract We have characterized a viscerocirculatory thermoreflex, quantified its responses, and identified the major neurotransmitter. Application of fluid at 45 °C to mucosas or serosas of the stomach, jejunum, or ileum of anesthetized rats promptly evoked consistent cardiovascular responses, namely arterial hypotension, tachycardia, and a diminished intestinal blood flow (latency ≤5 s with a duration of 2–4 min). Thus, for example, warming of the stomach caused blood pressure to decrease 40%, heart rate to increase 15%, and mesenteric blood flow to decline 50%. These responses were inhibited totally or mostly by capsaicin, administered neonatally, topically, or perineurally, by topical lidocaine, and by parenteral administration of substance P antiserum, somatostatin, or hexamethonium. Epidural anesthesia also inhibited the cardiovascular responses to visceral warming. Pretreatment with reserpine or splanchnic ganglionectomy converted the thermally induced decline in mesenteric blood flow into a vasodilator response, which could then be blocked by an antiserum to substance P. Visceral warming also stimulated afferent, preganglionic sympathetic neural activity. Our conclusions are (a) application of fluid at 45 °C to gastrointestinal organs of anesthetized rats initiates a viscerocirculatory reflex that involves primary sensory, afferent C fibers; (b) the major neurotransmitter of this reflex appears to be substance P; and (c) visceral afferent C fibers have central and peripheral vasomotor functions.
Pigmentation and Retinal Breaks

Of 260 patients with primary, nontraumatic, rhegmatogenous retinal separation analyzed for the presence of retinal or subretinal pigmentation associated with the retinal breaks, some 48.5% of all patients had significant pigmentary changes, especially occurring with lattice degeneration and nonlattice horseshoe tears. Critical analysis of the age of the patient, type of retinal break, vitreoretinal degeneration, and type and extent of pigmentation is essential before ascribing a protective effect of the pigment in the prevention of subsequent retinal separation.
Characterization of chemically deoxidized liquid phase epitaxial GaAs

Abstract The deoxygenation of the gallium solvent by small additions of Ti or Zr in the liquid phase epitaxial (LPE) growth of GaAs was studied using an in situ electrochemical measurement technique. The oxygen activity in the liquid Ga melt was reduced in a few minutes from its steady-state value in a purified hydrogen ambient at 750°C by one or three orders of magnitude by the addition of Ti or Zr, respectively. The additions cause an increased tendency to produce high mobility p -type LPE GaAs. Photoluminescence, deep-level transient spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectroscopy were used to establish the role of oxygen and the Ti or Zr additions in the compensation mechanism of the resulting LPE layers.
Evaluation of peripheral arterial occlusive disease and postsurgical viability using reflectance spectroscopy of skin.

Hypothesis: Stress-induced changes in skin microcirculation allow staging of peripheral arterial vascular pathology using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) of the skin. Design and Methods: The changes in relative concentration of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin in the cutaneous microvasculature were assessed at rest, during limb elevation, dependency, and cuff-mediated reactive hyperemia for the forearm of 25 normal subjects and 105 feet of patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) (normal = 28, claudication = 34, limb threatening ischemia = 44). Thirty-four patients who had revascularization procedures were again evaluated within the first week postoperatively. Results: Two measurements correlated with clinical staging: (1) the relative absorbance of oxyhemoglobin after 225 s of limb dependency and (2) the time to reach 50% of peak reactive hyperemia response (Spearman's rank: rs = 0.625, P < 0.001). Using these criteria alone, ischemic limbs were identified to a sensitivity of 69% and specificity of 95%. Significant post-revascularization improvement was identified in 14 of 34 patients' legs which had previously been classified as limb-threatening ischemia (n = 14, W = 105, P < 0.001). Conclusions: These simple bedside evaluations of the superficial skin microvasculature allow staging of large vessel vascular insufficiency and may suggest and differentiate focal areas of tissue at risk for ulceration or necrosis.
DiCoR: Distributed cooperative repair of multimedia broadcast losses

Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS) allows a common broadcast channel to be shared by users interested in identical content. We explore the problem of enhancing MBMS resilience by repairing packets lost during broadcast. Since MBMS broadcast consumes expensive 3G resources, we leverage the ubiquity of multi-homed mobile devices i.e., devices having both cellular and IEEE 802.11 wireless interfaces. We thus accomplish out-of-band repair of MBMS packet losses through an ad-hoc, peer-to-peer 802.11-based network. A fundamental challenge in scheduling repair transmissions is handling interference between distributed nodes. We present DiCoR, a fully distributed protocol for CPR. Our protocol does not assume any a priori knowledge of the network topology or peer losses, and is resilient to dynamic network changes due to node mobility or the continuous joining and leaving of peers. Detailed simulation experiments, under realistic loss models and network conditions, demonstrate that DiCoR presents a viable solution for timely out-of-band loss repair of MBMS real-time broadcast.
A Survey of Fertility Practices, Soil Fertility Status, and Tree Nutrient Status on Eastern North Carolina Christmas Tree Farms

Abstract “Choose and cut” Christmas tree production is gaining popularity in North Carolina, as well as the Southeastern United States. There are few recommendations concerning the fertility of Christmas trees except for the large Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) industry in the Appalachian mountain region. Outside of the mountains, Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana), eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), and Leyland cypress (X Cupressocyparis leylandii) are commonly grown as “choose and cut” trees. This study was conducted in the piedmont and coastal plain of North Carolina with the objectives to determine (1) the fertility practices currently being used and (2) the current soil and tissue nutrient status of “choose and cut” Christmas tree fields. A mail survey was used to accomplish the first objective. Twenty farms, selected from survey respondents, were sampled to determine current soil and tissue nutrient status. Soil samples were taken at three depths to 45 cm. Survey data in...
Retroactive inhibition and natural language mediation

Natural language mediators (NLMs) or idiosyncratic associations, were studied for their effect on A-B recall in an A-B, A-C paradigm. A list of eight paired adjectives was used, and NLMs were obtained by questionnaire after original learning, interpolated learning, and recall. The level of NLM usage was high, being 66% in original learning and 70% in interpolated learning. No loss of NLMs was found from original learning to recall. Recall was positively related to the presence of NLMs in learning A-B, but independent of whether A-C items were mediated or rote. The results were discussed in terms of NLMs being either a correlate of the associative process or a direct determinant of it, but no basis was found for a choice between these alternative interpretations. In both cases it was considered likely that items with NLMs in original learning had reduced retroactive inhibition because NLMs were an index of greater associative strength. Another possibility was that an NLM decreased retroactive inhibition by decreasing the similarity of pairs.
Effects of Neutrophil Migration Inhibitory Factors on Neonatal Neutrophils

ABSTRACT: Neonatal neutrophil migration was inhibited by preincubation with a lymphokine/monokine-rich medium conditioned by phytohemagglutinin-stimulated mononuclear leucocytes. Medium conditioned by unstimulated mononuclear cells or nonconditioned medium had no effect on neonatal neutrophil migration. Similar results were obtained with adult neutrophils. Migration distances in the presence and absence of a chemotactic gradient were much lower for neutrophils from neonates than adults when comparing treatments with the corresponding medium, i.e. medium conditioned by phytohemmaglutinin-stimulated mononuclear leucocytes, medium conditioned by unstimulated mononuclear leucocytes, or medium unconditioned by mononuclear leucocytes (p < 0.01). Although locomotion of both neonatal and adult neutrophils was inhibited by treatment, the percent inhibition of random migration was slightly but significantly less for neonates than adults (p < 0.05). These results demonstrate that neutrophils from neonates are modulated by mononuclear leucocyte-derived mediators.
Measurement of radioactivity in mount st. helens volcanic ash by x/γ ray spectrometry

A Si(Li)-NaI(Tl) x/γ-ray spectrometer is used for assaying radionuclides in the ash from the Mount St. Helens eruption of May 18, 1980. Spectra of the ash are compared with those of local soil obtained before the eruption. The activity in the ash from the 238U and 232Th decay chains is 40% of that in soil. The relative 238U activity is 50%, while the 232Th is relatively depleted, its activity being only 25% of that in the soil. The Si(Li) detector is mounted on edge to permit counting two samples simultaneously and is sandwiched together with the samples between two large NaI(Tl) scintillators. The Si(Li) detector is normally operated in anticoincidence with the scintillators to suppress the γ-ray background thereby Increasing the sensitivity. However in this study the NaI(Tl) detectors are used in coincidence to identify the Th x rays having coincident γ rays characteristic to the 232Th decay chain. This is a novel alternate way of using the scintillators. These results demonstrate the usefulness of this spectrometer for measuring activity levels below that of natural soil.
The applicability of program schema results to programs

Several classes of programs, which are the analogues of previously investigated classes of program schemas, are defined. Decidability and translatability questions are considered for these classes of programs, as well as the applicability of these results to the theories of optimization and program testing. The usefulness of the schema model is studied by considering the inheritability of schema properties by programs, and conversely, the inheritability of program properties by schemas.
The contrasting roles of primary cilia and cytonemes in Hh signaling.

Abstract Hedgehog (Hh) is a paracrine signaling protein with major roles in development and disease. In vertebrates and invertebrates, Hh signal transduction is carried out almost entirely by evolutionarily conserved components, and in both, intercellular movement of Hh is mediated by cytonemes – specialized filopodia that serve as bridges that bring distant cells into contact. A significant difference is the role of the primary cilium, a slender, tubulin-based protuberance of many vertebrate cells. Although the primary cilium is essential for Hh signaling in cells that have one, most Drosophila cells lack a primary cilium. This perspective addresses the roles of primary cilia and cytonemes, and proposes that for Hh signaling, the role of primary cilia is to provide a specialized hydrophobic environment that hosts lipid-modified Hh and other components of Hh signal transduction after Hh has traveled from elsewhere in the cell. Implicit in this model is the idea that initial binding and uptake of Hh is independent of and segregated from the processes of signal transduction and activation.
Adab and Banarsipan: Embodying Community among Muslim Artisans in Varanasi, India*

In this article, I consider adab (“cultured respectfulness”) and banarsipan (“Banaras-ness”) as two ways-of-being for working-class Muslims in the Indian city of Varanasi. Each of these identities contain its own ontology and truths about the remembered past, the lived present, and the processes which created them, and thus serves as alternatives to nationalist and communal identities and the histories they present. These ways-of-being are examined using a theoretical orientation that brings together concepts of bodily hexis and social memory, which offers a promising way to consider local or marginal Muslim communities, their emic configurations of meaning, power, status and personhood, and their relationship with dominant or normative Muslim groups and identities.
Retentive factors in pin-retained castings.

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of pin diameter, pin length, and surface texture on the retention of pin castings with cylindrical pins. It was found that the retention of the cemented castings increased as the diameter and the length of the pins were increased. The retention also was greater when threaded pins were used instead of smooth cylindrical pins. The castings with threaded 4.0 mm., 0.75 mm. diameter pins registered the greatest retention.
Determination of ephedrine, theophylline and phenobarbital in a tablet dosage form by capillary electrophoresis.

Abstract A capillary electrophoresis method was developed to separate and quantitate ephedrine (ED), theophylline (TP) and phenobarbital (PB) in a tablet dosage form. Tablets were ground and extracted with methanol using ultrasonication. Aliquots of standard stock solution were hydrodynamically injected for 5 s at the anodic end. Separation was performed on a fused silica capillary (72 cm×50 μm i.d.; 50 cm to detector) at an applied voltage of 20 kV with a phosphate run buffer (pH 8.0, 50 mM). Analysis was performed at ambient temperature (23±1°C) and the total run time was 9 min with detection at 220 nm. Calibration curves were prepared for ED, TP and PB with methyl p -hydroxy benzoate as internal standard. For each analyte, the correlation coefficients were >0.999 ( n =4). The RSD% of ten replicate injections for each analyte were
In vivo metabolism of [G-3H]lignoceric acid in developing rat brain.

— [G-3H]Lignoceric acid (tetracosanoic acid) was injected into the brains of 20-day-old rats, and the animals were killed after 8, 24, or 72 h. Various lipids were isolated from these brains, and the distribution of radioactivity was determined. The injected free acid rapidly disappeared, and the radioactivity was incorporated into varying chain-length nonhydroxy- and hydroxy saturated fatty acids of sphingolipids and phospholipids. Little radioactivity was found in unsaturated acids, sphingo-sine, and cholesterol. A time-dependent shift of the label among various fatty acids was relatively small 8 h after injection, probably because of the metabolic stability of the brain sphingolipids. In cerebrosides, the radioactivity was equally distributed between nonhydroxy and x-hydroxy fatty acids of all chain lengths. C23 and C22 fatty acids contained equal total radioactivities; C23 and C24 fatty acids contained similar specific activities. These results confirm the significant role of a-hydroxylation and 2-oxidation in the synthesis of very long-chain fatty acids in brain. In total lipid fatty acids, docosanoic acid (22:0) contained more radioactivity than its α-oxidation precursor, α-hydroxytricosanoic acid (23h:0) at all times. In sphingolipid fatty acids, the specific activity of 21:0 was always higher than that of its ct-oxidation precursor 22:0. These observations indicate that part of the 22:0 and 21:0 was derived by β-oxidation from the injected lignoceric acid or its α-oxidation product, respectively.
Evidence on the constitution of melezitose through degradation to sucrose by bacterial action.

Abstract Crystalline sucrose has been isolated as a Product of the action of Proteus vulgaris OX2 bacteria upon the trisaccharide melezitose. The identity of the product was conclusively established by a series of physical, chemical, and biological analyses made in comparison with natural sucrose and related sugars. Evidence was obtained, from the action on melezitose of cell-free extracts prepared from “aged” Proteus 0X2 suspensions, that the formation of sucrose is the result of enzymatic hydrolysis. This new evidence of degradation to sucrose furnishes proof that the d -fructose unit in melezitose has the β-configuration, and thus permits the full structure of melezitose to be written as 3-[α- d -glucopyranosyl]-β- d -fructofuranosyl α- d -glucopyranoside. Melezitose can now be placed (with raffinose and gentianose) among the “sucrose-ended” sugars of nature, the sucrose part of which has been obtained in pure, crystalline form after hydrolytic cleavage of the parent sugar by a biological system.
CHARGE QUANTIZATION, EXOTIC FERMIONS AND SOME EXTENSIONS OF THE STANDARD MODEL

Some extensions to the standard model have been proposed, which require new fermions for the electroweak anomalies to cancel. We investigate some of these theories, and examine the possibility of cancelling the anomalies and yet preserve the charge quantization feature of the standard model.
Detection of semantically incorrect rules in knowledge-based systems

A novel approach that applies the technique of back propagation to the recognition of semantically incorrect rules is presented. When the rule strengths of most rules are semantically correct, semantically incorrect rules can be recognized if their strengths are weakened or change signs after training with correct samples. In each training cycle, the discrepancies in the belief values of goal hypotheses are propagated backwards, and the strengths of rules responsible for such discrepancies are modified appropriately. A function called consistent-shift is defined for measuring the shift of a rule strength in the direction that is consistent with the strength assigned before training, and this is a critical component of this technique. A formal analysis of this approach is provided. The viability of this technique has been demonstrated in a practical domain.
Development of a College Student's Mistrust of Health Care Organizations Scale.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop a College Student's Mistrust of Health Care Organizations (CSMHCO) scale and determine the relationship between medical mistrust with the use of a variety of health care services. Methods: A convenience sample of college students (n = 545) at 2 universities in the United States was recruited in the academic year 2010–2011. Results: Using principal components analysis we found that the scale was unidimensional, internal reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.85) was good, test–retest reliability was acceptable (r = 0.71), and readability (SMOG = 11 grade) was good. Higher mistrust of health care organizations was found to be statistically significantly associated with all 5 measures of underutilization of health services: failure to take medical advice, failure to seek needed medical care, failure to fill a prescription, postponing needed medical care, and failure to keep a follow-up appointment. This scale seems to be a satisfactory predictor of failure to obtain...
The possible neural sites of hormonal facilitation of sexual behavior in the female rat

Abstract (1) It is argued that behavioral sensitivity to progesterone in the female rat is reduced by neonatal androgen treatment. (2) A site of progesterone action appears to be the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF), based on behavioral and recent electrophysiological evidence. (3) Prior exposure of the MRF to estrogen appears to be necessary for progesterone facilitation of lordosis behavior, whereas exposure of the preoptic area to estrogen may not be essential. (4) These and other studies from the author's laboratory are integrated into a conceptual model of the regulation of lordosis behavior.
The effects of tempering and test temperature on the dynamic fracture initiation behavior of an AISI 4340 VAR steel

Abstract An investigation was conducted into the effect of tempering, test temperature and loading rate on the fracture initiation behavior of an AISI 4340 VAR steel. The fracture initiation tests were conducted by stress wave loading of a prefatigued circumferential crack in a notched round bar. The geometry provides for plane strain conditions at the fracture site, and the instrumentation gives records of average stress at the fracture site and of crack opening displacement, both as functions of time. A stress intensity rate KI of about 2 × 10 6 Mpa m 1 2 s −1 is attained by this technique, and a comparison is presented with results obtained in static loading with the same geometry. Finally, the dynamic and quasi-static stress-strain behavior in shear was determined by loading a thin-walled tubular specimen in a torsional Kolsky bar. The strain rates were γ = 103s−1 and γ = 10−4s−1. In addition, Charpy specimens of the various tempers were tested. These showed a toughness trough indicative of tempered martensite embrittlement in those specimens tempered at 350°C. However, in the fracture initiation tests with the notched round bar the embrittlement trough was observed only in tests conducted below room temperature. Extensive quantitative fractography was performed on the plane strain fracture specimens to identify the dominant mode of fracture initiation for each temper at the different rates and test temperatures.
Application of Ambarzumian’s Method to Radiant Interchange in a Rectangular Cavity

Ambarzumian’s method had been used for the first time to solve a radiant interchange problem. A rectangular cavity is defined by two semi-infinite parallel gray surfaces which are subject to an exponentially varying heat flux, i.e., q = q0 exp(−mx). Instead of solving the integral equation for the radiosity for each value of m, solutions for all values of m are obtained simultaneously. Using Ambarzumian’s method, the integral equation for the radiosity is first transformed into an integro-differential equation and then into a system of ordinary differential equations. Initial conditions required to solve the differential equations are the H functions which represent the radiosity at the edge of the cavity for various values of m. This H function is shown to satisfy a nonlinear integral equation which is easily solved by iteration. Numerical results for the H function and radiosity distribution within the cavity are presented for a wide range of m values.
Sober view on extreme ultraviolet lithography

EUV lithography has been widely regarded as the lithography technology to succeed optical lithography since the 100-nm era. With the ending of 193-nm immersion lithography in sight, the need for a successor cannot be more urgent. We deal quantitatively with various critical aspects of EUV lithography such as source and power requirement, mask specification, random phase shifting, oblique incidence, reflective projection optics, and resist, to compile a list of the critical issues and to determine the most critical ones to make the technology a success.
S-wave phase shift in Λπ scattering

Abstract We calculated the S-wave strong interaction Λπ phase shift at the Ξ mass taking into account contributions from the 1 2 − and 3 2 − Σ resonances. We find the S-wave phase shift to be small, of the order of 0.3 o and bounded by 0.5 o .
Epsin 1 is a Polyubiquitin‐Selective Clathrin‐Associated Sorting Protein

Epsin 1 engages several core components of the endocytic clathrin coat, yet the precise mode of operation of the protein remains controversial. The occurrence of tandem ubiquitin-interacting motifs (UIMs) suggests that epsin could recognize a ubiquitin internalization tag, but the association of epsin with clathrin-coat components or monoubiquitin is reported to be mutually exclusive. Here, we show that endogenous epsin 1 is clearly an integral component of clathrin coats forming at the cell surface and is essentially absent from caveolin-1-containing structures under normal conditions. The UIM region of epsin 1 associates directly with polyubiquitin chains but has extremely poor affinity for monoubiquitin. Polyubiquitin binding is retained when epsin synchronously associates with phosphoinositides, the AP-2 adaptor complex and clathrin. The enrichment of epsin within clathrin-coated vesicles purified from different tissue sources varies and correlates with sorting of multiubiquitinated cargo, and in cultured cells, polyubiquitin, rather than non-conjugable monoubiquitin, promotes rapid internalization. As epsin interacts with eps15, which also contains a UIM region that binds to polyubiquitin, epsin and eps15 appear to be central components of the vertebrate poly/multiubiquitin-sorting endocytic clathrin machinery.
Prediction of most probable extreme values for jackup dynamic analysis

Abstract Many important technical issues in the design of deep water jackup rigs stem from the prediction of extreme values of global design parameters such as platform sway, base shear, and overturning moment. Several analytical methods primarily based on time-domain dynamic simulation have been recommended in SNAME T&R Bulletin 5–5A (hereafter referred to as “the Bulletin”) in the realm of the so-called most probable maximum extreme. This paper compares the four major dynamic, time-domain methods recommended in the Bulletin, investigates the random seed effect on each method, exams the convergence of the statistical properties within the recommended time simulation, and presents the impact on the dynamic response due to various parameters, e.g. leg-to-hull flexibility, P-delta effect and foundation fixity. Comparison among the four methods is presented in terms of the calculated extreme values and the corresponding dynamic amplification factors. The structural models employed in this investigation were constructed to reflect the behavior of two jackup rigs in service. These rigs were purposely selected to represent two of the most widely used jackup designs, which are of different leg types, different chord types, and designed for different water depth.
Systemic therapy of advanced bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma : Challenges and opportunities

Bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma (BAC) has fascinated physicians with its unique epidemiology, pathology, clinical manifestations, and natural history when compared with other non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) subtypes. However, the relative rarity of pure BAC as defined by the WHO, and the inconsistent definitions used in various series, has limited systematic study of this entity. Retrospective and prospective studies suggest that patients with BAC treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy have a longer median survival than those with other subtypes of NSCLC. However, the widely accepted view that BAC is less chemosensitive than other NSCLCs is not clearly supported by the small body of available literature. Antitumor activity of cytotoxic agents and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors has been documented in phase II trials but no phase III trials have been conducted in this disease. The observation that profound responses to gefitinib and erlotinib often occurred in NSCLC...
The semantic webscape: a view of the semantic web

It has been a few years since the semantic Web was initiated by W3C, but its status has not been quantitatively measured. It is crucial to understand the status at this early stage, for researchers, developers and administrators to gain insight into what will come in this field. The objective of our work is to quantitatively measure and present the status of the semantic Web. We conduct a longitudinal study on the semantic Web pages to track trends in the use of semantic markup languages. This paper presents early results of this study with two historical data sets from October 2003 and October 2004. Our results show that while it is very early stage of semantic Web adoption, its growth outpaces that of the entire Web for the period. Also, RDF (Resource Description Framework) has dominated among semantic markup languages, taking about 98% of all semantic pages on the Web. It has been used in a variety of metadata annotation applications. This study shows that the most popular application is RSS (RDF Site Summary) for syndicating news and blogs, which takes more than 60% of all semantic Web pages. It also shows that the use of OWL (Web Ontology Language) which was recommended by W3C in early 2004 has been increased 900% for the period.
Encouraging healthy beverage intake in child care and school settings.

Purpose of review Inappropriate intake of sugar-sweetened beverages, fruit juice, and whole milk is associated with obesity and obesity-related comorbidities. As numerous children spend many hours in schools and child care, these settings provide a potential means for general pediatricians to reach children and their parents with interventions to encourage intake of guideline-recommended beverages. This review describes the beverages currently offered within child care facilities and schools and summarizes school and child care-based interventions and policies to encourage healthy beverage intake. Recent findings The major sources of beverages available in schools and child care include beverages provided through federal programs, competitive beverages (e.g., beverages for purchase through vending machines), water from drinking fountains, and beverages brought into facilities. Policies governing the types of beverages available in schools and child care settings have increased, but still vary in scope and jurisdiction. Although there are no child care-based interventions that exclusively target beverage intake, there are examples of school-based interventions to encourage healthy beverage consumption. Summary Although interventions and policies to encourage healthy beverage intake in schools and child care are increasing, there is a need for additional research, programs, and policies to guide beverage availability and intake in these settings.
Effect of hydration on opacity in the bovine corneal opacity and permeability (BCOP) assay

AbstractThe bovine corneal opacity and permeability (BCOP) assay has been proposed an an in vitro method for predicting the irritancy or toxicity of chemical substances. A loss of corneal transparency, which reduces visual acuity, can be the result of an increase in corneal hydration or direct damage to corneal tissues. The BCOP assay as currently practiced does not differentiate between these mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of increased hydration on transparency of the bovine cornea and to measure the hydration levels of corneas treated with compounds and substances known, from previous BCOP studies, to cause corneal opacity. Corneas were treated according to the BCOP protocol and corneal opacity was determined by measurement of light absorbance at 570 nm (A570). Corneal hydration was determined by measurement of wet and dry weights. Hydration of the intact cornea was 3.86 mg H2O/mg dry weight and A570 = 0.048. After removal of the epithelium and incubation in MEM, corne...
Numerical simulation of fluid flow and heat transfer in a single-screw extruder with different dies

In a plasticating screw extruder, a polymer melt forms in the melting zone of the extruder. Pressurization of the molten polymer takes place in the melting and the metering sections so that the melt can flow through the restricted passage of the die and assume a desired shape. In a melt fed extruder, the throughput is governed by the pressure rise over the entire length of the extruder. The pressure developed in the screw channel may also be employed in rapid filling of molds, such as those in injection molding. When the geometry of the screw, the barrel temperature, and the die are selected, a unique set of operating parameters arise for a particular flow rate or screw speed. In the present study, numerical and analytical methods are used to calculate the transport in the extruder and the pressure drop in the die. An iterative numerical method based on solving the equations of motion and energy in the screw channel and a correction scheme to couple the die with the screw channel is discussed. The numerical algorithm is capable of handling an arbitrary variation of the viscosity of the polymeric fluid with the shear rate and temperature. The results obtained by simulating the fluid flow in the screw channel are compared with available numerical and experimental results in the literature, indicating good agreement. The performance characteristics of the extruder, for chosen thermal boundary conditions and screw geometry, are presented for different die geometries and different fluids. The important considerations that arise in the numerical simulation of the extrusion process are also discussed.
Quantum billiard chaos

Abstract The existence of quantum billiard chaos is examined for non-stationary states based on expansion of the quantum distribution in the quasi-classical limit. It is shown that this expansion converges asymptotically and leads to the Liouville equation, which in turn implies the Poincare recurrence theorem. A smoothing procedure is introduced which renders this expansion consistent at the boundary of the billiard. This recurrence property lends support to the existence of quantum billiard chaos and further establishes correspondence between classical and quantum chaotic billiards.
The Affect Dilemma for Artificial Agents: Should We Develop Affective Artificial Agents?

Humans are deeply affective beings that expect other human-like agents to be sensitive to and express their own affect. Hence, complex artificial agents that are not capable of affective communication will inevitably cause humans harm, which suggests that affective artificial agents should be developed. Yet, affective artificial agents with genuine affect will then themselves have the potential for suffering, which leads to the “Affect Dilemma for Artificial Agents,” and more generally, artificial systems. In this paper, we discuss this dilemma in detail and argue that we should nevertheless develop affective artificial agents; in fact, we might be morally obligated to do so if they end up being the lesser evil compared to (complex) artificial agents without affect. Specifically, we propose five independent reasons for the utility of developing artificial affective agents and also discuss some of the challenges that we have to address as part of this endeavor.
Topotactically Modified Stress in Coatings

The unexpected occurrence of compressive stresses in solgel-derived alumina coatings following a densification transformation was found to be related to the topotactic transformation of boehmite (γ-AlOOH) to γ-alumina (γ-Al2O3) on heating. The boehmite coating showed a pronounced fiber texture with the [001] crystallographic axis perpendicular to the substrate-coating interface plane. At about 500°C, the orthorhombic boehmite transformed into tetragonal γ-alumina with very little, if any, reorientation of the crystallites. Because of the topotactic nature of the transformation, the fiber texture persisted in the γ-alumina phase. This resulted in an anisotropic change that generated compressive strains in the coating.
The potential for give and take in plant-microbiome relationships.

Mutualistic microbes present in plant-associate microbial communities provide a variety of benefits for their host, including reciprocal exchange of nutrients and/or protection from biotic and abiotic environmental stresses. Plant microbiomes have remarkably robust composition in comparison to the complex and dynamic microbial environments from which they form, suggesting finely-tuned discrimination by the plant host. Here the intersection between the plant immune system and microbiomes will be explored, both as a possible means of shaping community membership and as a consequence elicited by certain colonizing microbes. Notably, the advent of massive parallel sequencing technologies allows the investigation of these beneficial microbial functions within whole community settings, so we can now ask how engagement of the immune response influences subsequent microbial interactions. Thus, we are currently poised for future work defining how the plant immune system impacts microbiomes and consequently host health, allowing us to better understand the potential of plant productivity optimization within complex microbial surroundings.
Mechanism and relevance of EWS/FLI-mediated transcriptional repression in Ewing sarcoma

Ewing sarcoma provides an important model for transcription-factor-mediated oncogenic transformation because of its reliance on the ETS-type fusion oncoprotein EWS/FLI. EWS/FLI functions as a transcriptional activator and transcriptional activation is required for its oncogenic activity. Here, we demonstrate that a previously less-well characterized transcriptional repressive function of the EWS/FLI fusion is also required for the transformed phenotype of Ewing sarcoma. Through comparison of EWS/FLI transcriptional profiling and genome-wide localization data, we define the complement of EWS/FLI direct downregulated target genes. We demonstrate that LOX is a previously undescribed EWS/FLI-repressed target that inhibits the transformed phenotype of Ewing sarcoma cells. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that the NuRD co-repressor complex interacts with EWS/FLI, and that its associated histone deacetylase and LSD1 activities contribute to the repressive function. Taken together, these data reveal a previously unknown molecular function for EWS/FLI, demonstrate a more highly coordinated oncogenic transcriptional hierarchy mediated by EWS/FLI than previously suspected, and implicate a new paradigm for therapeutic intervention aimed at controlling NuRD activity in Ewing sarcoma tumors.