cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in severe respiratory failure in neonates

Objective: To investigate the effects of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation(HFOV) in the neonates with severe respiratory failure.Methods: 31 newborn(in sever respiratory failure with FiO2 ≥0.8,SPaO2 ≤90 % lasted for more than 2 hours during the conventional mechanical ventilation(CMV) or chest X-ray showed pneumothorax or oxygenation indexes OI40 were changed to HFOV.) The arterial blood gas analysis,arterial to alveoli oxygen ratio(a/A) and the oxygenation index were monitored during the course of the high-frequency oscillatory ventilation.The respiratory mechanics were compared before HFOV treating and after treating,and before withdrawing ventilator.Results: After 2 hours treatment,SPaO2 in HFV group increased to 90%,8 hours with HFOV,the mean airway pressure(MAP) decreased from(0.17±0.02)kPa to(0.12 ±0.02)kPa,arterial to alveoli oxygen ratio(a/A) increased from(0.09±0.02)kPa to(0.23±0.13)kPa,the oxygenation indes(OI) deceased from(32±11) to(13±4),and FiO2 deceased rapidly from(79.81 ±19.23)% to(62.57±21.36)%.With disease improving,the respiratory mechanics were improved significantly(P0.01).Conclusion: HFOV is an effective method for neonatal infants with severe respiratory failure.
Calculating and Analyzing the Damping Properties and Carrying Capacities of Double-walled Carbon Nanotubes

Based on molecular dynamic method, the damping properties and carrying capacities of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNT) are calculated and analyzed. For the structure and physical model of the DWCNT, the interaction potential and force between the two tubes of the DWCNT are described by using empirical potential function. The analysis method of the rotation damping properties and carrying capacities of the DWCNT is proposed. The quantitative relationships between the DWCNT’s damping coefficient and its length, radius and initial angular velocity are obtained. The carrying capacities and the damping properties of the nanotubes with different loads are studied, which lays a foundations for analyse for working stability and researches on the engineering application of DWCNT.
Unsupervised Feature Learning for Objects of Interest Detection in Cluttered Construction Roof Site Images

Abstract In the roof contracting industry, safety violations continuously lead to fall injuries and fatalities. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) suggests standard protective measures, but they are often not followed due to factors such as tight budget and lack of training. To alleviate this situation, we propose to develop a system that can automatically check the compliance of fall protection standards through machine vision and learning techniques to exploit day-to-day site images collected by the surveillance videos and site engineers. As an initial effort, this paper focuses on evaluation of an unsupervised feature learning and image classification method i.e., Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to detect objects of interest (roofs, roofers, guardrails, and personal fall arrest systems) in a large number of unordered and cluttered construction site images. To isolate different objects, we initially segment each image using Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) and pass the resulting segments as input into CNN. This enhances the feature distinction between different objects and augments the inter-class variability. Then, we extract large feature sets in a hierarchical manner and classify images based on the acquired object features. Experiments results signify the promising performance of the CNN method in terms of accuracy. This research demonstrates potential of this method and paves the way towards applying it in the next research development required to achieve our ultimate goal.
The 'Chicken-and-Egg' Development of Political Opinions – The Roles of Genes, Social Status, Ideology, and Information

Past research about genetic influences on political ideology has revealed that ideology is partially heritable. Neurological research has revealed that ideological differences are reflected in patterns of brain structure and response, suggesting a direct genotype-phenotype link; at the same time, social and informational environments have also been found to affect brain structure and response. This has led to a “chicken-or-egg” question: do genes produce brains with ideological predispositions, or do social and informational environments do most of the heavy lifting? This article investigates the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors on ideological development, using a role play experiment on the development of opinions on a novel political issue. The results support the view that the process is bidirectional, suggesting that like most traits, political ideology is produced by the complex interplay of both genetic and (social/informational) environmental influences.
Intravitreal anti-VEGF drug use in industrialized nations: why are newly introduced medications causing us to inject more and not less?

Advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology responsible for the most common blinding diseases in developed nations – neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and diabetic retino...
Regional background O 3 and NO x in the Houston–Galveston–Brazoria (TX) region: a decadal-scale perspective

Abstract. Ozone (O3) in the lower troposphere is harmful to people and plants, particularly during summer, when photochemistry is most active and higher temperatures favor local chemistry. Local precursor emissions, such as those of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), together with their chemistry contribute to the O3 and NOx mixing ratios in the Houston–Galveston–Brazoria (HGB) region. In addition to local emissions, chemistry and transport, larger-scale factors also contribute to local O3 and NOx. These additional contributions (often referred to as regional background ) are not well quantified within the HGB region, impeding more efficient controls on precursor emissions to achieve compliance with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for O3. In this study, we estimate ground-level regional background O3 and NOx in the HGB region and quantify their decadal-scale trends. We use four different approaches based on principal component analysis (PCA) to quantify background O3 and NOx. Three of these approaches consist of independent PCA on both O3 and NOx for both 1 and 8 h levels to compare our results with previous studies and to highlight the effect of both temporal and spatial scales. In the fourth approach, we co-varied O3, NOx and meteorology. Our results show that the estimation of regional background O3 has less inherent uncertainty when it was constrained by NOx and meteorology, yielding a statistically significant temporal trend of −0.68 ± 0.27 ppb yr−1. Likewise, the estimation of regional background NOx trend constrained by O3 and meteorology was −0.04 ± 0.02 ppb yr−1 (upper bound) and −0.03 ± 0.01 ppb yr−1 (lower bound). Our best estimates of the 17-year average of season-scale background O3 and NOx were 46.72 ± 2.08 ppb and 6.80 ± 0.13 ppb (upper bound) or 4.45 ± 0.08 ppb (lower bound), respectively. Average background O3 is consistent with previous studies and between the approaches used in this study, although the approaches based on 8 h averages likely overestimate background O3 compared to the hourly median approach by 7–9 ppb. Similarly, the upper bound of average background NOx is consistent between approaches in this study (A–C) but overestimated compared to the hourly approach by 1 ppb, on average. We likely overestimate the upper-bound background NOx due to instrument overdetection of NOx and the 8 h averaging of NOx and meteorology coinciding with MDA8 O3. Regional background O3 and NOx in the HGB region both have declined over the past 2 decades. This decline became steadier after 2007, overlapping with the effects of controlling precursor emissions and a prevailing southeasterly–southerly flow.
The Pentium(R) processor with MMX/sup TM/ technology

Intel's MMX/sup TM/ technology is designed to accelerate multimedia and communications software. The Pentium(R) processor with MMX/sup TM/ technology (design code name P55C) is the first micro-processor to implement the new architecture, enabling the use of the new MMX/sup TM/ technology instruction set.
Environmental toxicants and female reproduction.

Abstract Objective: To review current knowledge on the potential effects of environmental toxicants on female reproduction in laboratory animals, wildlife, and humans. Design: Published literature about the effects of endocrine disruptors, heavy metals, solvents, pesticides, plastics, industrial chemicals, and cigarette smoke on female reproduction. Result(s): Published data indicate that chemical exposures may cause alterations in reproductive behavior and contribute to subfecundity, infertility, pregnancy loss, growth retardation, intrauterine fetal demise, birth defect, and ovarian failure in laboratory animals and wildlife. Data on the association of chemical exposures and adverse reproductive outcomes in humans are equivocal and often controversial. Some studies indicate that chemical exposures are associated with infertility, spontaneous abortion, or reproductive cancer in women. In contrast, other studies indicate that there is no association between chemical exposures and adverse reproductive outcomes. The reasons for ambiguous findings in human studies are unknown but likely include the fact that many studies are limited by multiple confounders, inadequate methodology, inappropriate endpoints, and small sample size. The mechanism by which chemicals alter reproductive function in all species is complex and may involve hormonal and/or immune disruption, DNA adduct formation, altered cellular proliferation, or inappropriate cellular death. Conclusion(s): Studies are needed to clarify which toxicants affect human reproduction and by which mechanisms of action. Furthermore, methods should be developed to minimize exposure to known reproductive toxicants such as dioxins and cigarette smoke.
Attrition scrubbing for recovery of indium from waste liquid crystal display glass via selective comminution

Abstract More than three quarters of global indium consumption is used for the manufacture of liquid crystal displays (LCDs). These devices contain indium at concentrations that appear to be too low to be economically valorized by standard hydro- or pyrometallurgical methods under current market conditions. Because indium is a metal critical to many electronics and clean energy technologies, developing commercially viable processes for recovery indium from such end of life products is expected to offer societal benefit. While LCD screens contain indium at low levels, the surface confinement of indium in these devices makes abrasion an intriguing option for concentrating indium to industrially relevant levels. To that end, attrition scrubbing is investigated and shown capable of producing a concentrate upgraded in indium concentration by a factor of 10 with greater than 90% recovery of indium. The same process leaves the LCD glass cleaned of semiconductor elements that are viewed as impurities to the glass recycling sector. Relative economics of such a pretreatment process relative to direct chemical processing routes are presented.
Recruitment and retention of a challenging population: Lessons learned and design implications

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this article is share the lessons learned from recruiting and retaining adults with type 2 diabetes and solid tumor cancer into a longitudinal study exploring the relationship among chemotherapy, glycemic control, and symptoms. Design/methods Twelve-week longitudinal study, recruited thirty-four adults 21 years or older with pre-existing type 2 diabetes and a solid tumor cancer, from three community based cancer centers who were eligible to receive outpatient chemotherapy. Methods Fisher's Exact Test (categorical variables) and Logistic Regression (continuous variables) were used to evaluate factors associated with participant withdrawal. A dichotomous attrition variable was created to identify those who dropped out of the study before the final week and those who completed. Results Thirteen of the 34 participants completed the study. Symptom severity, baseline HbA1c and metastases were all identified as being factors that potentially influenced attrition. Recruitment was improved once recruiters were hired at each of the cancer centers and adjustments made to the inclusion criteria. Conclusions/implications for research Several design elements need to be considered to address attrition in future including the use of recruiters, inclusion and exclusion criteria, consent timing, data collection schedules, participant characteristics, participant burden, and support person identification.
Vespasian's Project

Reg: All right … but apart from the sanitation and the medicine, education, wine, public order, irrigation, roads, a freshwater system and public health … what have the Romans ever done for us? Xerxes: Brought peace! Reg: (very angry, he's not having a good meeting at all) What!? Oh … (scornfully) Peace, … shut up! From Monty Python's Life of Brian, Director Terry Jones, 1979 (www.youtube.com/watch?v=9foi342LXQE) The only Temple of Peace in the Roman Empire stood in the city of Rome (Fig. 1). It consisted of a monumental axial hall witha set of minor rooms on either side, opening on a large square surrounded by porticoes. The whole complex was called the Templum Pacis and was decorated with a profusion of spoils, statues, and paintings. As in the nearby Forum of Augustus, the square, too, was a sort of interior because a massive outer wall excluded the outside world from it. The best preserved sector is incorporated into the Monastery and Basilica of SS. Cosma e Damiano; part of the square and a stretch of the southwest portico were brought to light between 1998 and 2000, and the axial hall has been (partially) excavated since 2000. One rectangular exedra became the core of the medieval Torre dei Conti. However, most of its remains are still buried beneath the Via dei Fori Imperiali and the few houses that survived the twentieth- century demolitions. Some pine trees and even a gasoline station with its underground tank occupy its area (see Fig. 161 in Volume 2). The spatial experience of the ancient visitors can just be imagined in a more or less subjective way (see Section 1.2). The origins of this building are embedded in a tale of dynastic change and competition for con- trol of the city of Rome. The death of Nero in AD 68 was followed by four emperors and eighteen months of civil war, from June AD 68 to December AD 69. On July 1, AD 69, the army proclaimed as emperor Titus Flavius Vespasianus (November 17, AD 9 – June 23, AD 79), the general in charge of the Roman army after the Jewish rebellion of AD 66 (though it was his son Titus who actually besieged and destroyed Jerusalem toward the end of summer of AD 70).
RNA-protein interaction detection in living cells

RNA-protein interactions play numerous roles in cellular function and disease. Here we describe RNA-protein interaction detection (RaPID), which uses proximity-dependent protein labeling, based on the BirA* biotin ligase, to rapidly identify the proteins that bind RNA sequences of interest in living cells. RaPID displays utility in multiple applications, including in evaluating protein binding to mutant RNA motifs in human genetic disorders, in uncovering potential post-transcriptional networks in breast cancer, and in discovering essential host proteins that interact with Zika virus RNA. To improve the BirA*-labeling component of RaPID, moreover, a new mutant BirA* was engineered from Bacillus subtilis, termed BASU, that enables >1,000-fold faster kinetics and >30-fold increased signal-to-noise ratio over the prior standard Escherichia coli BirA*, thereby enabling direct study of RNA-protein interactions in living cells on a timescale as short as 1 min.
The root problem of heart valve engineering

Acellular heart valve grafts optimized through computational modeling recellularize and function in sheep for up to 1 year (Emmert et al., this issue).
Completeness and optimality preserving reduction for planning

Traditional AI search methods search in a state space typically modelled as a directed graph. Prohibitively large sizes of state space graphs make complete or optimal search expensive. A key observation, as exemplified by the SAS+ formalism for planning, is that most commonly a state-space graph can be decomposed into subgraphs, linked by constraints. We propose a novel space reduction algorithm that exploits such structure. The result reveals that standard search algorithms may explore many redundant paths. Our method provides an automatic way to remove such redundancy. At each state, we expand only the subgraphs within a dependency closure satisfying certain sufficient conditions instead of all the subgraphs. Theoretically we prove that the proposed algorithm is completeness-preserving as well as optimality-preserving. We show that our reduction method can significantly reduce the search cost on a collection of planning domains.
R. L. Wilder’s work on generalized manifolds — An appreciation

The subject of generalized manifolds arose naturally from many directions. This diversity of its sources lent much to its vitality and usefulness to various parts of mathematics. Many thanks are due to R. L. Wilder whose pioneering work in this area began some 50 years ago and continued for over 40 years. Today the subject has Professor Wilder’s indelible mark on it. It is mature, active and with important problems still remaining to be solved.
Addressing the Needs of African American Male Smokers Through Community Outreach and Tailored Smoking Cessation Strategies

The prevalence of adult smokers within the state of Texas population is 19.2% with 25% of those smokers being African American. Although the smoking rate of African Americans in Texas is very high, they only represent about 18% of the calls to the Texas Tobacco Quitline. To investigate this phenomenon, researchers from Texas A&M University completed a qualitative study to investigate the social norms and awareness of the Quitline among African American males. Focus groups were conducted in a rural community to determine perceptions and attitudes towards smoking among the African American population, as this was an exploratory study. The focus group participants were 71% smokers and 90% identified as African American. Data collected during the focus groups revealed information three major themes which were derived from the research question. These themes were social norms of smoking, smoking cessation, and services needed for smoking cessation. Information learned was insightful because little information exists about successful smoking cessation strategies specifically for African American male subpopulations. With this information, data can be further synthesized and outreach strategies can be further developed to help decrease the gap in health equity as it related to African American males and smoking and increase calls to the Quitline.
Complete Genome Sequences of Mycobacterium smegmatis Phages Chewbacca, Reptar3000, and Riparian, Isolated in Las Vegas, Nevada

Here, we present the complete genome sequences of Mycobacterium smegmatis phages Chewbacca, Reptar3000, and Riparian, isolated from soil in Las Vegas, NV. The phages were isolated and annotated by undergraduate students enrolled in the Phage Discovery course offered by the School of Life Sciences at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas.
Integrating Community-based Research into a Senior Capstone Seminar: Lessons from a Mixed-method Study

This article describes a senior capstone, Neighborhoods and Health, which used community-based research (CBR) as its primary pedagogy. Students in the course drew upon multiple research methods and forms of data to provide our partner, the Urban Farming Institute of Boston, with an array of research products in support of the revitalization of a historic farm in the Boston neighborhood of Mattapan. Based on pre- and posttest assessment and analysis of students’ reflections in their journals, we identify how a multimethods approach—combined with a commitment to producing usable research products—simultaneously contributed to students’ research methods proficiency and their understanding of complex social processes. For both sociology departments and interdisciplinary majors that draw on sociological perspectives, CBR offers a compelling means of providing seniors with meaningful capstone experiences while adding capacity to the important work of community-based organizations.
Effects of changing object identity on location working memory

It is widely accepted that features and locations are represented independently in an initial stage of visual processing. But to what degree are they represented separately at a later stage, after objects enter visual working memory (VWM)? In one of her last studies on VWM, Treisman raised an open question about how people represent locations in VWM, suggesting that locations may be remembered independently of what occupies them. Using photographs of real-world objects, we tested the independence of location memory from object identity in a location change detection task. We introduced changes to object identities between the encoding and test arrays, but instructed participants to treat the objects as placeholders. Three experiments showed that location memory was disrupted when the placeholders changed shape or orientation. The disruption was more noticeable for elongated than for round placeholders and was comparable between real-world objects and rectangles of similar aspect ratio. These findings suggest that location representation is sensitive to the placeholders' geometric properties. Though they contradict the idea that objects are just placeholders in location working memory (WM), the findings support Treisman's proposal that the items in VWM are bound to the global configuration of the memory array.
Influence of Tetrapropylammonium and Ethylenediamine Structure-Directing Agents on the Framework Al Distribution in B–Al–MFI Zeolites

We report synthetic protocols to independently influence composition and crystallite sizes of MFI zeolites, properties that contribute to Thiele moduli, and the proximity of Al heteroatoms at fixed...
A 56Gb/s PAM-4 Receiver with Voltage Pre-Shift CTLE and 10-Tap DFE of Tap-1 Speculation in 7nm FinFET

A 56Gb/s PAM-4 wireline receiver testchip is demonstrated in 7nm FinFET. The equalization is achieved with four stages continuous time linear equalizer (CTLE) and half-rate 10-tap decision feedback equalizer (DFE) with first tap speculative. Proposed voltage pre-shift scheme uses a programmable offset added on top of the differential data signal to alleviate front end nonlinearity. The receiver achieves BER $\lt 1 \mathrm { E } - 8$ at optimal timing pre-FEC and 0.2UI at 1E-6 BER over 25dB insertion loss at 14GHz. The test-chip consumes 450mW under 1.0V/1.2V power supplies, giving a FoM of 0.321pJ/bit/dB. The active area is 0.352mm2.
Structure-Function Agreement Is Better Than Commonly Thought in Eyes With Early Glaucoma.

Purpose To assess the agreement between structural (optical coherence tomography [OCT]) and functional (visual field [VF]) glaucomatous damage with an automated method and deviation/probability maps, and to compare this method to a metric method. Methods Wide-field spectral-domain OCT scans, including the disc and macula, and 24-2 and 10-2 VFs were obtained from 45 healthy control (H) eyes/individuals, and 53 eyes/patients with 24-2 mean deviation (MD) better than -6 dB diagnosed as "definite glaucoma" (DG) by experts. Abnormal structure-abnormal function (aS-aF) agreement was assessed with an automated topographic (T) method based upon VF pattern deviation and OCT probability maps. Results were compared to a metric (M) method optimized for accuracy, (abnormal 24-2 glaucoma hemifield test [GHT] or pattern standard deviation [PSD], or 10-2 PSD AND abnormal OCT [quadrant]). Results For the T-method, 47 (88.7%) of the 53 DG eyes showed aS-aF agreement, compared to 2 (4.5%) of the 45 H eyes. The aS-aF agreement for these two H eyes was easily identified as mistaken, and did not replicate on a subsequent test. Without the 10-2, the aS-aF agreement decreased from 47 to 34 (64.2%) of 53 DG eyes. For the M-method, 37 (69.8%) of the 53 DG eyes showed aS-aF agreement, while omitting the 10-2 VF resulted in agreement in only 33 (62.3%) eyes. Conclusions There is good agreement between structural and functional damage, even in eyes with confirmed early glaucomatous damage, if both 24-2 and 10-2 VFs are obtained, and abnormal locations on the VFs are compared to abnormal regions seen on OCT macular and disc scans. This can be done in an objective, automated fashion. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02547740.).
Research Techniques Made Simple: Molecular Docking in Dermatology - A Foray into In Silico Drug Discovery

Drug discovery is a complex process with many potential pitfalls. To go to market, a drug must undergo extensive preclinical optimization followed by clinical trials to establish its efficacy and minimize toxicity and adverse events. The process can take 10–15 years and command vast research and development resources costing over $1 billion. The success rates for new drug approvals in the United States are
Inductive Effects in On-Chip Power Distribution Networks

The high frequency response of a power distribution system is the focus of this chapter. The impedance of the power distribution system at high frequencies is determined by the characteristics of the on-chip power distribution network. The impedance of a power system at a specific on-chip location is determined by the local resistive, inductive, and capacitive characteristics of the on-chip network. The resistive and inductive characteristics of the on-chip power distribution grids are characterized in Chapters 8 and 12. In this chapter, the impedance characteristics of both the on-chip power interconnect and the decoupling capacitors are combined to evaluate the noise characteristics of a power network. The inductance of an on-chip power distribution network is shown under specific conditions to be a significant design issue in high speed integrated circuits.
A Tale of Two Borders: Use‐Value Assessment, Land Development, and Irrigation Investment

Since 1960, all 50 states in the US have adopted some form of preferential tax treatment for farmland. These provisions often take the form of use‐value assessment, where farmland is taxed on the basis of its value in agricultural production, as opposed to its full market value. While the main goal of use‐value assessment is to slow the conversion of farmland to non‐agricultural uses, other channels of influence are also possible, such as those stemming from reinvestment of foregone tax expenses. Despite its widespread nature, there is little empirical evidence pertaining to the influence of use‐value assessment on land‐use or investment decisions. Using a postmatching difference‐in‐differences framework, we exploit the temporal and spatial discontinuities surrounding the adoption of use‐value assessment in Kansas in 1989 to measure how use‐value assessment affected plot‐level land development and irrigation investment decisions. The results of our analysis indicate that, as intended, the use‐value assessment policy curtailed development in the Kansas City metropolitan area. Evidence regarding the potential investment‐spurring effects of use‐value assessment is more mixed, suggesting that farmers may have increased irrigation in some areas because of use‐value assessment‐induced tax savings.
On the Need for an Extensive Revision of the ‘Imprecise Probabilities’ Entry regarding Boole and Keynes in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring, 2019 Edition) in the ‘ Supplement to Imprecise Probabilities-Historical appendix: Theories of Imprecise Belief.’

The "Supplement to Imprecise Probabilities-Historical appendix: Theories of imprecise belief " presents a severely inaccurate representation of Keynes’s contributions to imprecise probability. It also completely ignores the seminal, path breaking contributions to imprecise probability made by George Boole in his 1854 The Laws of Thought in chapters 16-21. The error is compounded with regard to Keynes because Keynes’s entire system of logical probability in the A Treatise on Probability is built on Boole’s exposition of lower (greatest lower bound)-upper (least upper bound) probabilities that Keynes used in Parts II and III of the A Treatise on Probability to develop his method of inexact measurement and approximation using interval valued probability. It is in chapter 15 of the TP on pp. 161-163, as well as in chapter 16, 17, 20 and 22 of the TP, in a very detailed, mathematical analysis of his earlier, brief, graphical exposition in chapter III of the TP, that an analysis of imprecise probability was provided by Keynes. Keynes, through his adaptation of Boole’s original approach, that Keynes had adapted and improved upon in the same manner that Wilbraham had improved the Boolean approach in 1854, allowed for him to provide an explicit, imprecise approach to probability showing the importance of non additivity in 1921. In 1986 and 1996,Theodore Hailparin showed decisively that the Boole-Keynes approach involved the use of an early version of linear programming techniques, using an initial, basic, feasible solution, involving primal and dual maximization and minimization problems with constraints that were both equalities (linear) and inequalities (nonlinear) [Keynes’s inequations]. Keynes had already solved the mystery of the diagram on page 39 of chapter III in 1921(Actually,the same analysis is provided by Keynes in the 1908 Cambridge Fellowship Dissertation. This Fellowship Dissertation would have earned Keynes a Ph.D in Applied Mathematics at any University in the world at that time if he had been interested in obtaining a Ph.D,which he was not) in chapter 15 with additional problems solved in chapters 16, 17, 20, and 22 of the TP. Keynes’s analysis on pp.161-163 is straightforward if the reader of the TP has the requisite mathematical training and knowledge.It is highly likely that no economist ,who has written on Keynes’s TP,has such knowledge. The presentation of Keynes’s theory in the appendix to the entry on’ Imprecise Probability’ is completely misleading. The failure to mention Boole’s path breaking work is a lacuna that can only be remedied by an extensive revision. Hopefully,such a revision will finally set right the historical record regarding the original and detailed mathematical and logical contributions made by Keynes in 1907,1908 and 1921, and by Boole in 1854.
Chapter 11 – Internet Security

The field of Internet security metrology is early in its development. Organizations collect many individual measures, but often do not understand how to analyze those measures and combine them into higher-level metrics that can be used for decision making. Many measures are also defined or implemented poorly, so that the data they generate is inaccurate, irrelevant, inconsistent, or misleading. Also, many measures have no meaning unless they are carefully considered within the context of other measures, but not much work has been done in identifying which measures relate to other measures. Little research has been performed to determine which measures and metrics are most relevant for determining a system or an organization’s Internet security posture, particularly, studies of empirical data from real-world operational environments and analysis of the degree of variability between different organizations security objectives. Examples of questions that this chapter will attempt to answer in a scientific manner are: How vulnerable is a particular system or a system design? What are the differences in Internet security among multiple systems or networks within an organization? How does the Internet security of one organization’s systems and networks compare to those of another organization? If particular changes are made to Internet security controls, how much does an individual systems security or the organization’s security improve?
Reunifying Successfully: A Systematic Review of Interventions to Reduce Child Welfare Recidivism:

As many as one third of children who reunify from child welfare systems reenter care because of continued child maltreatment. This can have long-term deleterious effects on mental health. Yet, few ...
Large-Scale Axial Fracture Experiments of High-Toughness Steel

Abstract Fracture resistance of modern bridge steels has improved through advances in material production techniques. The enhanced performance has been quantified through a number of material chara...
Damage sensitivity of dental zirconias to simulated occlusal contact.

Abstract Objective Mechanical damages can occur from dental restoration processing and fitting, or while it is in-service. This study evaluates the damage sensitivity of translucent zirconia (5Y-PSZ) relative to conventional 3Y-PSZ following mouth-motion simulations at various loads. Methods 5Y-PSZ and 3Y-PSZ discs were adhesively bonded to a dentin-like substrate and divided into groups according to the load (50 N or 200 N) and number of cycles (up to 106) used in the chewing simulation. Specimens were mounted with 30° inclination in an electrodynamic mouth-motion simulator, and subjected to contact-slide-liftoff cyclic loading in water. Surface and sub-surface damages were analyzed using a sectioning technique. After the simulation, specimens were removed from the substrate and loaded with the damaged surface in tension for biaxial strength testing to assess their damage tolerance. Results The strength of both ceramics underwent significant degradation after mouth-motion simulations. For 5Y-PSZ, the strength degradation was greater (∼60%) and occurred at a lower number of cycles than 3Y-PSZ. Herringbone cracks emerged on 3Y-PSZ and 5Y-PSZ surfaces under a 200-N load after 50 and 10 cycles, respectively. Meanwhile at a 50-N load, cracks formed at ∼1000 cycles in both ceramics. Further increasing the number of cycles only had moderate effects on the strength of both ceramics, despite an increase in surface and sub-surface damage. More significantly, a 50-N occlusal load can debase the zirconia strengths as much as a 200-N load. Significance Surface flaws produced during the chewing simulation are capable of significant strength degradation in zirconia, even after a small number of low-load cycles.
Ishi’s Brain:

A new telling of Ishi, Gerald Vizenor’s post-Indian, a model of survivance, Ishi a trickster, a joker, an Ishi who might have been.
Impact of CPR Quality and Adherence to Advanced Cardiac Life Support Guidelines on Patient Outcomes in In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest.

Background Sudden cardiac arrest is a major cause of death worldwide. Performance of prompt, high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves patient outcomes. Objectives To evaluate the association between patient survival of in-hospital cardiac arrest and 2 independent variables: adherence to resuscitation guidelines and patient severity of illness, as indicated by the number of organ supportive therapies in use before cardiac arrest. Methods An observational study was conducted using prospectively collected data from a convenience sample. Cardiopulmonary arrest forms and medical records were evaluated at an academic medical center. Adherence to resuscitation guidelines was measured with the ZOLL R Series monitor/defibrillator using RescueNet Code Review software. The primary outcome was patient survival. Results Of 200 cases, 37% of compressions were in the recommended range for rate (100-120/min) and 63.9% were in range for depth. The average rate was above target 55.7% of the time. The average depth was above and below target 1.4% and 34.7% of the time, respectively. Of the 200 patients, 125 (62.5%) attained return of spontaneous circulation. Of those, 94 (47%) were alive 24 hours after resuscitation. Fifty patients (25%) were discharged from the intensive care unit alive and 47 (23.5%) were discharged from the hospital alive. Conclusions These exploratory data reveal overall survival rates similar to those found in previous studies. The number of pauses greater than 10 seconds during resuscitation was the one consistent factor that impacted survival. Despite availability of an audiovisual feedback system, rescuers continue to perform compressions that are not at optimal rate and depth.
An Overcomplete Approach to Fitting Drift-Diffusion Decision Models to Trial-By-Trial Data

Drift-diffusion models or DDMs are becoming a standard in the field of computational neuroscience. They extend models from signal detection theory by proposing a simple mechanistic explanation for the observed relationship between decision outcomes and reaction times (RT). In brief, they assume that decisions are triggered once the accumulated evidence in favor of a particular alternative option has reached a predefined threshold. Fitting a DDM to empirical data then allows one to interpret observed group or condition differences in terms of a change in the underlying model parameters. However, current approaches only yield reliable parameter estimates in specific situations (c.f. fixed drift rates vs drift rates varying over trials). In addition, they become computationally unfeasible when more general DDM variants are considered (e.g., with collapsing bounds). In this note, we propose a fast and efficient approach to parameter estimation that relies on fitting a "self-consistency" equation that RT fulfill under the DDM. This effectively bypasses the computational bottleneck of standard DDM parameter estimation approaches, at the cost of estimating the trial-specific neural noise variables that perturb the underlying evidence accumulation process. For the purpose of behavioral data analysis, these act as nuisance variables and render the model "overcomplete," which is finessed using a variational Bayesian system identification scheme. However, for the purpose of neural data analysis, estimates of neural noise perturbation terms are a desirable (and unique) feature of the approach. Using numerical simulations, we show that this "overcomplete" approach matches the performance of current parameter estimation approaches for simple DDM variants, and outperforms them for more complex DDM variants. Finally, we demonstrate the added-value of the approach, when applied to a recent value-based decision making experiment.
Microbiome Analysis Reveals Diversity and Function of Mollicutes Associated with the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica

Marine invertebrate microbiomes play important roles in diverse host and ecological processes. However, a mechanistic understanding of host-microbe interactions is currently available for a small number of model organisms. Here, an integrated taxonomic and functional analysis of the microbiome of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, was performed using 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon profiling, shotgun metagenomics, and genome-scale metabolic reconstruction. Relatively high variability of the microbiome was observed across individual oysters and among different tissue types. Specifically, a significantly higher alpha diversity was observed in the inner shell than in the gut, gill, mantle, and pallial fluid samples, and a distinct microbiome composition was revealed in the gut compared to other tissues examined in this study. Targeted metagenomic sequencing of the gut microbiota led to further characterization of a dominant bacterial taxon, the class Mollicutes, which was captured by the reconstruction of a metagenome-assembled genome (MAG). Genome-scale metabolic reconstruction of the oyster Mollicutes MAG revealed a reduced set of metabolic functions and a high reliance on the uptake of host-derived nutrients. A chitin degradation and an arginine deiminase pathway were unique to the MAG compared to closely related genomes of Mollicutes isolates, indicating distinct mechanisms of carbon and energy acquisition by the oyster-associated Mollicutes A systematic reanalysis of public eastern oyster-derived microbiome data revealed a high prevalence of the Mollicutes among adult oyster guts and a significantly lower relative abundance of the Mollicutes in oyster larvae and adult oyster biodeposits.IMPORTANCE Despite their biological and ecological significance, a mechanistic characterization of microbiome function is frequently missing from many nonmodel marine invertebrates. As an initial step toward filling this gap for the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, this study provides an integrated taxonomic and functional analysis of the oyster microbiome using samples from a coastal salt pond in August 2017. The study identified high variability of the microbiome across tissue types and among individual oysters, with some dominant taxa showing higher relative abundance in specific tissues. A high prevalence of Mollicutes in the adult oyster gut was revealed by comparative analysis of the gut, biodeposit, and larva microbiomes. Phylogenomic analysis and metabolic reconstruction suggested the oyster-associated Mollicutes is closely related but functionally distinct from Mollicutes isolated from other marine invertebrates. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first metagenomics-derived functional inference of Mollicutes in the eastern oyster microbiome.
Countering Misinformation About Abortion: The Role of Health Sciences Librarians.

Author(s): Barr-Walker, Jill; DePineres, Teresa; Ossom-Williamson, Peace; Mengesha, Biftu; Berglas, Nancy F | Abstract: Misinformation about abortion abounds in the United States. This may be due, in part, to laws in 22 states that require health care providers to present medically inaccurate or misleading information to people seeking abortion. Such information can negatively impact both providers and patients, particularly vulnerable populations who already face considerable challenges accessing abortion services. Health sciences librarians are a professional group whose core values prioritize access to evidence-based health information for all people, with the goal of facilitating informed health care decisions. This professional imperative suggests a role for librarians in the provision of evidence-based information around abortion. Drawing on our collective expertise in library science, medicine and public health, we propose that health sciences librarians build partnerships with public health departments and abortion providers to develop authoritative resources, advocate for change through legislative action, and raise public awareness about abortion misinformation.
Adaptive Extremum Seeking Control Based LCL Filter Resonant Frequency Online Estimation

The LCL filter has been widely used in the grid-tied inverter systems. However, the resonance of the LCL filter can reduce the system stability margin and the control performance. Moreover, the grid impedance variations can lead to the drift of the resonant frequency, which can further worsen the system robustness. Thus, it is important to know the actual resonant frequency of the LCL filter. In this letter, an adaptive extremum seeking control (AESC) based estimation scheme is proposed to estimate the resonant frequency of the LCL filter online. By injecting a high-frequency (HF) signal into the inverter output voltage, the AESC scheme can identify the extremum of the LCL filter amplitude response, i.e., resonant peak. The amplitude of injection signal is adaptive based on the inverter HF response, which can address the tradeoff between the dynamic response and inverter output current quality. Most importantly, compare to other method, the proposed scheme has very low computational complexity, which minimizes the burden to the normal inverter controller operation. Stability analysis is given in this letter, and experimental studies are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
A Study of Large Institutional Investor Trading Behavior Around Leveraged Buyouts

This study analyzes a segment of large institutional investors by focusing on their trading behavior around leveraged buyouts (LBO) during 1984–1992. Over 1,000 LBO-related transactions from the portfolios of the fifty largest life insurance companies in the U.S. form the data sample. The results indicate that large LBOs dominate the portfolios in both number and size of transactions. The average purchase occurs about four months prior to the initial LBO restructuring announcement, and the average disposal occurs about three-quarters into the life of the LBO event. About 25% of the portfolio is liquidated prior to the initial announcement, and only 4% of the purchases result after the initial announcement. Less than 6% of the transactions involve LBOs that are ultimately canceled. Finally, the sample of large institutional investors demonstrate an ability to predict the maximum share price to within 93%, and they earn a premium of about 15% over randomly-selected LBO-related portfolios. Overall, the results indicate that these large institutional investors demonstrated a superior ability in timing their LBO-related transactions.
How India Can Attract More Foreign Direct Investment, Create Jobs and Increase GDP: The Benefits of Respecting the Intellectual Property Rights of Foreign Pharmaceutical Producers

This study examines the economic impact of India’s current approach to intellectual property (IP) rights, as it affects pharmaceutical products and foreign direct investment (FDI). We review the literature on the economic effects of FDI and found that across most developing nations, FDI has strong, positive effects on a country’s growth, productivity and incomes. Next, we focus on the impact of IP rights and enforcement and pharmaceutical firms. Using the Ginarte-Park (G-P) index of nations with regard to IP rights and enforcement, we found a strong relationship between how much FDI a nation attracts and the strength of its IP regime, and an even stronger relationship for pharmaceutical FDI. Next, we analyzed the history of improvements in IP rights in India and found that flows of pharmaceutical FDI to India were highly responsive to those improvements and to setbacks in those improvements. Next, we estimated the impact of improvements in IP rights and enforcement in India. We found that if India adopted an IP regime comparable to China, annual FDI flows in pharmaceuticals to India could increase by as much as 33 percent; and if it adopted a system of IP rights and enforcement comparable to the United States, those FDI flows could rise by as much as an estimated 83 percent per-year.We also examine the links between these FDI flows and the RD and this increased access to new pharmaceutical treatments could raise the average life expectancy of working-age Indians by four weeks. We estimate the long-term economic benefits of a four week increase in life expectancy at roughly $32 billion. Similarly, if India adopted an IP regime comparable to the United States, the increased access to new pharmaceuticals would extend the average life expectancy of working-age Indians by an estimated 10 weeks, with long-term benefits totaling some $80 billion. Finally, we found that greater access to new pharmaceuticals could lower costs for other forms of medical treatment, lower government subsidies for medical care, and lower income losses from illnesses. We find that those savings could range from $5.2 billion per-year to $19.2 billion per-year.