cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constraints on mantle anelasticity from geodetic observations, and implications for the J2 anomaly

SUMMARY We use geodetic observations of the Earth to constrain anelasticity in the Earth’s mantle at periods between 12 hr and 18.6 yr. The observations include satellite laser ranging (SLR) measurements of 12 hr and 18.6 yr tides in the J 2 component of the gravity field; spacebased observations of tidal variations in the Earth’s rotation rate; and optical and space-based measurements of the Chandler Wobble period and damping. These geophysical signals are mostly sensitive to the lower mantle. The results suggest the dissipative process could consist of a single absorption band that extends across seismic periods out at least as far as ∼20 yr. The results also require values of the anelastic parameter Q that are smaller than those required by seismic observations. We interpret this as evidence that Q in the lower mantle is frequency dependent. The frequency dependence suggested by the geodetic observations is reasonably consistent with laboratory measurements, though those measurements have only been done on rocks at upper mantle conditions. After fitting and removing the 18.6 yr tide from the SLR J 2 results, we find that the 1998–2002 anomaly present in the original J 2 observations is no longer a singular anomaly in the J 2 residuals, but becomes one of a series of maxima in a quasi-decadal oscillation.
Design of switching strategy for Adaptive Cruise Control under string stability constraints

A new switching strategy is proposed in the design of an Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) system operating in a platooning traffic configuration. The proposed control system enjoys shorter elapsed time than conventional methods while still being able to maintain a safe distance between vehicles during transient process. During the headway control mode of an ACC controller, a constant deceleration is maintained by the following vehicle when approaching the preceding one. In addition, string stability of a platoon of vehicles equipped with such an ACC controller has been taken into consideration and parameter constraints of the controllers are derived to mitigate steady state error propagation. A longitudinal 1-D vehicle model of a passenger car is used for simulation purposes and the results from the proposed design are verified.
An Adaptive Framework for Aggregating Mobile Learning Materials

This paper proposes a framework for aggregating and editing mobile learning materials from the existing e-learning systems. Content adaptation is an important issue for mobile learning. In this paper, a mechanism for automatically compiling and editing these existing e-learning materials for the mobile learning is proposed. We use a scenario of how to get the adaptive contents for the instructive mobile learning from the existing e-learning material using this mechanism.
Modulation of Differentiation-related Gene 1 Expression by Cell Cycle Blocker Mimosine, Revealed by Proteomic Analysis

l-Mimosine, a plant amino acid, can reversibly block mammalian cells at late G1 phase and has been found to affect translation of mRNAs of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27, eIF3a (eIF3 p170), and ribonucleotide reductase M2. The effect of mimosine on the expression of these genes may be essential for the G1 phase arrest. To determine additional genes that may be early respondents to the mimosine treatment, we performed two-dimensional gel electrophoretic analysis of [35S]methionine-labeled cell lysates followed by identification of the altered protein spots by LC-tandem mass spectrometry. In this study, the synthesis of two protein spots (MIP42 and MIP17) was found to be enhanced by mimosine, whereas the formation of another protein spot (MSP17) was severely blocked following mimosine treatment. These protein spots, MIP42, MIP17, and MSP17, were identified to be differentiation-related gene 1 (Drg-1; also called RTP, cap43, rit42, Ndrg-1, and PROXY-1), deoxyhypusine-containing eIF5A intermediate, and mature hypusine-containing eIF5A, respectively. The effect of mimosine on eIF5A maturation was due to inhibition of deoxyhypusine hydroxylase, the enzyme catalyzing the final step of hypusine biosynthesis in eIF5A. The mimosine-induced expression of Drg-1 was mainly attributable to increased transcription likely by the c-Jun/AP-1 transcription factor. Because induction of Drg-1 is an early event after mimosine treatment and is observed before a notable reduction in the steady-state level of mature eIF5A, eIF5A does not appear to be involved in the modulation of Drg-1 expression.
IP-based AV home network system

We have developed a prototype of the real time AV transmission system for high quality MPEG2-TS stream over IP-based home network. By using the prototype, we have proved the effectiveness of basic framework of DTCP-IP and our newly developed small delay and precise de-jittering technology for high quality streaming.
31P-NMR studies of Limulus polyphemus: Spermatozoa at rest and after motility

Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31PNMR) was used to monitor changes in the levels of several high-energy compounds both prior to and following the initiation of motility in spermatozoa of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus L. These spermatozoa are easily collected and are nonmotile until stimulated with a sperm-motility-initiating peptide (SMI) which can be extracted from Limulus eggs. Following the addition of SMI, several changes in metabolite levels within the spermatozoa were obtained, the most significant of which were a decrease in nucleotide triphosphate (NTP) and phosphoarginine levels and an increase in the levels of inorganic phosphate (Pi), NDP, and phosphomonoesters. An increase in the intracellular pH (0.45 pH units) of the sperm was also noted following the completion of SMI-stimulated motility.
An efficient water-filling algorithm for power allocation in OFDM-based cognitive radio systems

In this paper, we present a new water-filling algorithm for power allocation in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) - based cognitive radio systems. The conventional water-filling algorithm cannot be directly employed for power allocation in a cognitive radio system, because there are more power constraints in the cognitive radio power allocation problem than in the classic OFDM system. In this paper, a novel algorithm based on iterative water-filling is presented to overcome such limitations. However, the computational complexity in iterative water-filling is very high. Thus, we explore features of the water-filling algorithm and propose a low-complexity algorithm using power-increment or power-decrement water-filling processes. Simulation results show that our proposed algorithms can achieve the optimal power allocation performance in less time than the iterative water-filling algorithms.
Failure of Sulfonylureas to Suppress Plasma Glucagon in Man

Others 2 have reported that sulfonylureas suppress the release of glucagon and concluded that this is an important mechanism by which these compounds lower blood glucose. The studies reported here demonstrate the following: 1) oral administration of chlorpropamide for three days or rapid intravenous injection of tolbutamide did not induce a significant change in basal levels of immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) ; 2) intravenous infusion of tolbutamide in saline over thirty minutes did not evoke significant decreases in IRC; 3) tolbutamide added to solutions of arginine or of a mixture of ten amino acids (10-AA) failed to reduce the increases in IRG evoked by the infusion of these amino acid solutions in the absence of tolbutamide; and 4) tolbutamide injected rapidly at the midpoint of infusions of arginine or of 10-AA did not alter the steady rise in IRG induced by these amino acid solutions. In addition, tolbutamide failed to prevent hypoglycemia-induced increases in IRG. These results indicated that in man sulfonylureas do not suppress plasma levels of glucagon and that sulfonylurea-induced decreases in blood glucose are not mediated through suppression of glucagon release.
Ethos and Ethnos

In the preceding Chapter, the new and potential membership of the Caribbean within the Organization was addressed from the perspective of organizational growth by virtue of its impact on the Organization — politically, economically, culturally and socially. However, Caribbean membership represented much more than growth. The question of their independence constituted a new political development in the ambit of Latin America. Their vulnerable economies would leave them prey to the competing ideologies of the time. In those circumstances because of their geographic position they could neither be ignored nor neglected by the region, particularly by the United States, and above all else they could not be appended to any extra-hemispheric entity. The political reality was and continues to be that they belonged to the Hemisphere. That reality would challenge if not confront the historical conceptual and practical identity and hemispheric fraternity of Latin America. It is instructive and informative to note how Latin America engaged this fundamental issue.
The Influence of Economic Development on Patterns of Conjugal Power and Extended Family Residence in India

While examining the factors which make either the husband or the wife more powerful within households the author shows the relationship between socioeconomic development and household composition. The author uses both census data from Karnataka and data from a survey conducted in Minneapolis and in Bombay. In both cultures the spouse who controls the most resources is the most powerful in decision making. The social forces which make women more powerful in decision making within the household in India are closely associated with urbanization and increasing education and employment for women. Surprisingly a trend toward increasing pressure in India for nuclear households has not developed. This could be due to 1) a decline in the female labor force participation rate 2) steeply graded income profiles associated with jobs in the modern economy and 3) the fact that local customs have always allowed migration for employment without it being considered a challenge to tradition. Educated women are successful in determining what occurs within both nuclear and extended households. In the future both husband and wife may decide together how best to live in a joint household. (authors modified)
Experimental Production of Leprosy in the Rabbit with Chrome Acid-Fast Culture

SummaryThe recent chrome acid-fast culture produces lesions in the rabbit that grossly and microscopically resemble those seen in human leprosy. Here, the lesion is definitely progressive over a period of 4 or more months. During this period it is noteworthy that the exciting microorganism steadily increases in number. The “foamy” cells are crowded with dense colony-like masses of the specific bacillus. The chromogenic acid-fast bacillus was recovered in culture from the lesions of the animals 4 months following the last injection. The isolation of the bacillus used in the experiment was more difficult from the lesions that were 4 months old than from the earlier lesions. Visible growth occurred only after 4 weeks' incubation. In the control animals no gross or microscopic lesions were noted 4 months after the last inoculation. The cultures inoculated with material from these animals remained sterile after 4 weeks' incubation.
Probability of Outbreak for Rangeland Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in Montana: Application of Markovian Principles

A two-state Markov chain was used to describe the probability of rangeland grasshopper outbreaks in 56 counties in Montana. Mathematical properties of the Markov chain are discussed as they pertain to grasshopper outbreaks over a 32-yr period of historical surveys. A great deal of variation was found in grasshopper outbreak probabilities between counties. This variation will no doubt influence results of economic models that compute losses based largely upon expectations of future pest populations. The model provides information about the probability of grasshopper outbreaks that can be incorporated into economic models to improve management decisions about control strategies.
HUREX - Experiment of Use and Prioritization of UAS in Hurricane Disaster Response

Requests for the use of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) in Hurricane Disaster Response are currently submitted to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) without prioritization or feedback on the status of the UAS mission. The MITRE Corporation conducted an experiment using real-world operators to explore cross-agency issues in an environment that enabled quantification of multi-agency mission effectiveness. This hurricane experiment (HUREX) explored the cross-agency roles of those involved in the prioritization and use of UAS for infrastructure surveillance, storm science, and other tasks. Three vignettes were used to test the interactions as they are understood today and to introduce two new concepts: the notion of a central adjudicator and the use of a collaboration tool to assist with information exchange and decision-making. Post-experiment analyses confirmed the usefulness of these concepts and resulted in several recommendations, both for the near term and for the longer term. Collectively, these changes amount to a paradigm shift in how UAS operations are managed, away from the current stove-piped processes towards a common structured process, with adjudication as the central concept.
Effects of Penicillin, Clavacin and Streptomycin upon Tetanus Toxin

During the last few years interest in antibiotic substances has been renewed, particularly since the marked therapeutic effectiveness of penicillin in man was proved beyond doubt. More than 30 years ago, in 1902, Emmerich, Lowe and Korschunt reported that pyocyanase, produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, detoxifies diphtheria toxin. This finding stimulated experiments on the effects of various antibiotic substances upon bacterial exotoxins. The observation of Emmerich, Lowe and Korschun was confirmed and extended, since it could be shown that pyocyanase renders atoxic both diphtheria and tetanus toxin. Tyrothricin, isolated by Dubos and Hotchkiss from Bacillus brevis, and actinomycin A, isolated by Waksman from Actinomyces antibioticus, failed to inhibit the toxicity of diphtheria and tetanus toxins.2 At the time of that investigation penicillin, the most promising therapeutic agent among the antibiotic substances, was not available. Since then the effects upon tetanus toxin of penicillin, clavacin and streptomycin were investigated. The results of this study are embodied in the following report.
Experimental investigation of the abrasive crown dynamics in orbital atherectomy

Orbital atherectomy is a catheter-based minimally invasive procedure to modify the plaque within atherosclerotic arteries using a diamond abrasive crown. This study was designed to investigate the crown motion and its corresponding contact force with the vessel. To this end, a transparent arterial tissue-mimicking phantom made of polyvinyl chloride was developed, a high-speed camera and image processing technique were utilized to visualize and quantitatively analyze the crown motion in the vessel phantom, and a piezoelectric dynamometer measured the forces on the phantom during the procedure. Observed under typical orbital atherectomy rotational speeds of 60,000, 90,000, and 120,000rpm in a 4.8mm caliber vessel phantom, the crown motion was a combination of high-frequency rotation at 1000, 1500, and 1660.4-1866.1Hz and low-frequency orbiting at 18, 38, and 40Hz, respectively. The measured forces were also composed of these high and low frequencies, matching well with the rotation of the eccentric crown and the associated orbital motion. The average peak force ranged from 0.1 to 0.4N at different rotational speeds.
Role of tryptase in immediate cutaneous responses in allergic sheep

In this study, we used a specific tryptase inhibitor, APC-366 [N-(1-hydroxy-2-napthoyl)-L-arginyl-L- prolinamide hydrochloride] to investigate the effect of intradermally administered tryptase and ...
Commentary: Management of Isolated Sectoral Duct Injury

An isolated intrahepatic or sectorial bile duct stricture or injury is uncommon. When it occurs, it can be a vexing problem. Following hepatic trauma or operation, an intrahepatic or isolated sectorial duct may be injured directly or from ischemia. Strictures in sectorial and segmental bile ducts also can occur from inflammatory conditions. A structured approach to diagnosis and treatment is required to insure optimal treatment outcomes in this patient population. In general, treatment is to restore bilioenteric continuity or to remove the affected hepatic segment/sector.
Disease Prevention in Adolescence

Prevention efforts with adolescents are not a new endeavor and actually have a long history within the scientific literature. In this chapter a historical perspective on adolescent prevention programs is provided; the parallel between medical prevention efforts and behavioral health prevention efforts is discussed; the literature on prevention programs aimed at reducing sexual risk, substance use, obesity, suicide, and severe behavioral problems is reviewed; and the fiscal aspects of prevention programs are discussed.
Evaluation of the phototoxicity of unsubstituted and alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to mysid shrimp (Americamysis bahia): Validation of predictive models

Crude oils are composed of an assortment of hydrocarbons, some of which are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are of particular interest due to their narcotic and potential phototoxic effects. Several studies have examined the phototoxicity of individual PAHs and fresh and weathered crude oils, and several models have been developed to predict PAH toxicity. Fingerprint analyses of oils have shown that PAHs in crude oils are predominantly alkylated. However, current models for estimating PAH phototoxicity assume toxic equivalence between unsubstituted (i.e., parent) and alkyl-substituted compounds. This approach may be incorrect if substantial differences in toxic potency exist between unsubstituted and substituted PAHs. The objective of the present study was to examine the narcotic and photo-enhanced toxicity of commercially available unsubstituted and alkylated PAHs to mysid shrimp (Americamysis bahia). Data were used to validate predictive models of phototoxicity based on the highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) gap approach and to develop relative effect potencies. Results demonstrated that photo-enhanced toxicity increased with increasing methylation and that phototoxic PAH potencies vary significantly among unsubstituted compounds. Overall, predictive models based on the HOMO-LUMO gap were relatively accurate in predicting phototoxicity for unsubstituted PAHs but are limited to qualitative assessments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2043-2049. © 2017 SETAC.
A population-based approach to analyzing pulses in time series of hormone data.

Studies of reproductive physiology involve rapid sampling protocols that result in time series of hormone concentrations. The signature pattern in these times series is pulses of hormone release. Various statistical models for quantifying the pulsatile release features exist. Currently these models are fitted separately to each individual and the resulting estimates averaged to arrive at post hoc population-level estimates. When the signal-to-noise ratio is small or the time of observation is short (e.g., 6 h), this two-stage estimation approach can fail. This work extends the single-subject modelling framework to a population framework similar to what exists for complex pharamacokinetics data. The goal is to leverage information across subjects to more clearly identify pulse locations and improve estimation of other model parameters. This modelling extension has proven difficult because the pulse number and locations are unknown. Here, we show that simultaneously modelling a group of subjects is computationally feasible in a Bayesian framework using a birth-death Markov chain Monte Carlo estimation algorithm. Via simulation, we show that this population-based approach reduces the false positive and negative pulse detection rates and results in less biased estimates of population-level parameters of frequency, pulse size, and hormone elimination. We then apply the approach to a reproductive study in healthy women where approximately one-third of the 21 subjects in the study did not have appropriate fits using the single-subject fitting approach. Using the population model produced more precise, biologically plausible estimates of all model parameters. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some Footnotes on the Role of Public Communication in Incumbent Politics

(1987). Some Footnotes on the Role of Public Communication in Incumbent Politics. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 10, Communication Yearbook 10, pp. 117-145.
Larvae of native and non-native crabs behave differently in response to chemical cues from potential fish predators and adult crabs

Abstract The behavior of planktonic larval invertebrates can play an important role in predator avoidance. Megalopae, the last larval stage in crab development, are strong swimmers yet are vulnerable to predation by fish. The behaviors of megalopae of the native mud crab Dyspanopeus sayi (Smith, 1869) and the Asian shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus (De Haan, 1835) in flowing seawater were analyzed in response to chemical cues from potential fish predators and adult crabs. Fish predators consisted of cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus [Walbaum, 1792]), tautog (Tautoga onitis [Linnaeus, 1758]), and mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus [Linnaeus, 1766]). Larvae were reared to early and late stages of megalopal development. Individual megalopae were dropped into a horizontal glass tube containing a stream of flowing artificial seawater (control) or seawater containing chemicals from fish or adult crabs. Behaviors of each megalopa were observed and categorized as swimming, walking, tumbling, or inactive. In control seawater, megalopae of both species swam upstream more than in seawater with fish or crab cues. Mud crab megalopae were inactive in the presence of chemicals from all fish species whereas Asian shore crab megalopae were inactive more in the presence of cues from tautog and cunner than from mummichog, a species unrelated to fish predators in its native range. Late-stage D. sayi megalopae walked on the bottom of the tube in response to confamilial adult cues more than H. sanguineus. Both species can therefore detect chemical cues in flowing water, even early in megalopal development, and H. sanguineus can distinguish cues from different potential fish predators.
Self-Perception Theory, Radical Behaviourism, and the Publicity/Privacy Issue

According to Bem’s self-perception theory, people know their own minds in the same way that they know those of others: they infer their own minds by observing their own behavior and the circumstances in which this behavior takes place. Although Bem’s theory seems anti-introspectionistic, it claims that people infer their minds by observing their own behavior only when internal cues are weak, ambiguous, or un-interpretable. This has led some to argue that Bem does not rule out a priori introspective access to the mind and thus introspection as a research method. This paper will discuss self-perception theory and its influence over recent research and will argue that introspection is not an autonomous research method. This is so because of its radical behavioristic outlook, according to which all methods and data of psychology must be public and not private. Then, the paper will discuss the epistemological implications of this behavioristic attitude on psychology. Finally, it will argue in favor of introspection as an autonomous research method and an independent source of data for psychology.
Atherosclerosis, a Preventable Disease? Autopsy Evidence

My first reaction to the topic assigned to me by Professor Hauss was to insert a question mark in place of the period shown in the program, so that Atherosclerosis, a Preventable Disease became a question rather than a statement. I will attempt to answer the question using information from recent autopsy studies.
Interaction Of Solar Granulation With Weak And Strong Magnetic Fields

The modal expansion technique is used to investigate the complex non-linear interaction of granular scale convection with weak and strong mean magnetic fields on the Sun. Integration of the linearized equations also provides extra information on the role of the magnetic field strength and magnetic diffusion in determining the conditions for convective instability. In the weak mean field case (when significant field manipulation occurs) limits may be obtained on the turbulent magnetic resistivity η and in the strong mean field case (when overstable oscillations occur) the strength of the field influences the period of oscillation while η controls the rate of growth or decay of the oscillations. Some comparisons are made with the relevant solar observations in order to estimate the minimum magnetic field strength to produce convective overstability (oscillations).
The Effectiveness of a Supported Education Program for Adults with Psychiatric Disabilities

Abstract This pilot study assessed the effectiveness of a supported education program for adults with psychiatric disabilities. Supported education programs help people to gain the basic academic and social skills needed to pursue postsecondary education. The program in this study, the Bridge Program, was conducted over 12 weeks, once every week for three hours. Each session consisted of two hours of lecture/lab activities followed by an hour of individualized mentoring. The program used five outcome assessments to measure effectiveness: (1) pre — and posttests for each academic module; (2) the Participants' Comfort with the Student Role Scale; (3) the Participant Overall Satisfaction Scale; (4) the Task Skills, Interpersonal Skills, and School Behavior Scales; and (5) a frequency count of the percentage of participants who successfully completed the program and enrolled in further educational coursework. Additionally, the occupational therapy students—who participated in the program as instructors and me...
I've Gathered a Basket of COMMUNICATION and COLLABORATION TOOLS

There's a bushel of communication and collaboration tools to choose from these days. Unsure of which to pick? This academic librarian scanned the field, tested many of them, and implemented wikis, blogs, forums, and more. Here she shares her juicy tidbits to help you pick your own basket of tools.
Complex-Analyticity of Harmonic Maps and Vanishing Theorems

The purpose of this talk is to point out the similarity between the methods used in investigating the rigidity of compact complex manifolds and those employed in studying their strong rigidity. We hope that in understanding more fully this similarity we can obtain strong rigidity results for Einstein manifolds by using the techniques used in obtaining known results on the rigidity of Einstein manifolds.
Boiling Heat Transfer Performance of Three-dimensionally Ordered Microporous Copper with Modulated Pore Diameters

There are significant interests in leveraging microporous surface for enhanced two phase cooling performance contributed by the entrapped vapor in pores and higher nucleation sites. However, the potentials for such porous media have yet to be realized due to the irregularity of the pore distributions and arrangement that are often used in boiling measurements. The lack of periodicity in pore packing limits the fundamental understanding of fluidic transport and bubble nucleation mechanics, making predictive modeling less accurate. Here, we report the pool boiling heat transfer performance of copper inverse opals, a microporous medium that exhibit a matrix of crystalline arranged pores. Various pore diameters of the inverse opals are investigated to provide insights into the boiling dynamics associated with porous structure morphologies. Increasing pore diameters show an increase in boiling heat transfer performance due to the combination of vapor permeability and sample thickness.
An efficient method for measuring plasma volume using indocyanine green dye

Abstract Plasma volume (PV) can be an important marker of health status and may affect the interpretation of plasma biomarkers, but is rarely measured due to the complexity and time required. Indocyanine green (ICG) is a water-soluble tricarbocyanine dye with a circulatory half-life of 2–3 min, allowing for quick clearance and repeated use. It is used extensively in medical diagnostic tests including ophthalmologic imaging, liver function, and cardiac output, particularly in critical care. ICG has been validated for measuring PV in humans, however previous work has provided minimal published details or has focused on a single aspect of the method. We aimed to develop a detailed, optimal protocol for the use of ICG to measure PV in women of reproductive age. We combined best practices from other studies and optimized the protocol for efficiency. • This method reduces the time from blood collection to PV determination to ˜2 h and the amount of plasma required to estimate PV to 2.5 mL (1.5 mL before ICG injection and 1.0 mL post-injection). • Participant inconvenience is reduced by inserting an intravenous (IV) catheter in only one arm, not both arms. • Five post-injection plasma samples (2–5 min after ICG bolus) are enough to accurately develop the decay curve for plasma ICG concentration and estimate PV by extrapolation.
Essential fatty acids in testes.

Burr & Burr (1929, 1930) originally observed that essential fatty acids are necessary for the maintenance of normal testicular function in rats. Since then the lipid composition of testes and the metabolism of testicular lipids have been studied by many investigators in an attempt to relate these to the development and function of the testis.
Lessons from the light of a neutron star merger

Abstract The discovery by Advanced LIGO/Virgo of gravitational waves from the binary neutron star merger GW170817, and subsequently by astronomers of transient emission across the electromagnetic spectrum, has initiated a new era of multi-messenger gravitational wave astronomy. Here I summarize the electromagnetic discoveries in the context of theoretical counterpart models and present personal views on the major take-away lessons and outstanding new questions from this watershed event, focused on the implications for nuclear physics. The luminosity and colors of the early optical emission discovered within a day of the merger agree well with predictions for “kilonova” emission, powered by the radioactive decay of light r -process nuclei (atomic mass number A ≲ 140 ). The transition of the spectral energy distribution to near-infrared wavelengths on timescales of days indicates that inner portions of the ejecta contain heavy r -process nuclei with high UV/optical opacity due to the presence of at least some lanthanide elements ( A ≳ 140 ). The “blue” and “red” ejecta components likely possess distinct origins (e.g. dynamical ejecta, magnetar-powered wind, or accretion disk outflow), with implications for the merger process (e.g. the lifetime of the remnant prior to black hole formation) and fundamental properties of neutron stars. I outline the predicted diversity in the electromagnetic emission of future mergers − observed with different ingoing binary masses and/or viewing angles − discovered in the years ahead as LIGO/Virgo reach design sensitivity.
Effects of Practice Variability on Second-Language Speech Production Training.

BACKGROUND Mastering the phonetics of a second language (L2) involves a component of speech-motor skill, and it has been suggested that L2 learners aiming to achieve a more native-like pronunciation could benefit from practice structured in accordance with the principles of motor learning. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS This study investigated the influence one such principle, high versus low variability in practice, has on speech-motor learning for Korean adults seeking to acquire native-like production of English rhotics. Practice incorporated a commercially available intraoral placement device ("R Buddy," Speech Buddies Inc.). In a single-subject across-behaviors design, 8 participants were pseudorandomly assigned to practice rhotic targets in a low-variability (single word) or high-variability (multiple words) practice condition. RESULTS The hypothesized advantage for high-variability over low-variability practice was observed in the short-term time frame. However, long-term learning was limited in nature for both conditions. CONCLUSION These results suggest that future research should incorporate high-variability practice while identifying additional manipulations to maximize the magnitude of long-term generalization learning.
S N orbifolds and string interactions

We study interacting features of S N orbifold CFTs. Concentrating on characters (associated with S N Orbifold primaries) we first formulate a novel procedure for evaluating them through tracing. The result is a polynomial formula which we show gives results equivalent to those found by Bantay. From this we deduce a hierarchy of commuting Hamiltonians featuring locality in the induced space, and nonlinear string-type interactions.
Monkey see, monkey do, monkey tell? Exploring the relationship between counterproductive work behavior engagement and the likelihood of reporting others

Existing literature on counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs) has focused on the influence that interpersonal and organizational factors have on predicting said behavior. However, more recent stud...
PPARα agonist WY-14,643 enhances ethanol metabolism in mice: Role of catalase.

Abstract Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), a fatty acid oxidation regulator, inhibits alcohol-induced fatty liver (AFL). PPARα agonist WY-14,643 ameliorates AFL. Nicotine enhances AFL. In this study, we investigated whether PPARα activation also blocks nicotine-enhanced AFL. Mice were fed liquid diets containing ethanol in the presence or absence of nicotine, WY-14,643 was added to the above diets at 10 mg/L. The results showed that WY-14,643 blunted AFL and nicotine-enhanced AFL, which was paralleled with striking induction of PPARα target genes. However, serum ALT was dramatically increased by the ethanol/WY-14,643 feeding and was further increased by nicotine/ethanol/WY-14,643 feeding, which was confirmed by necro-inflammation and elevated oxidative stress. Interestingly, serum alcohol levels were dramatically decreased by WY-14,643. Ethanol is mainly metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and catalase. ADH and CYP2E1 were not increased by WY-14,643, but catalase was induced. What is more, injection of catalase inhibitor increased serum ethanol. Decreased serum alcohol, attenuated fatty liver, and enhanced liver injury were not induced by WY-14,643 in mice lacking PPARα. In conclusion, PPARα activation by WY-14,643 attenuates alcohol/nicotine-induced fatty liver but deteriorates ethanol/nicotine-induced liver injury; WY-14,643 enhances ethanol metabolism via induction of catalase.
Alteration of fibrin hydrogel gelation and degradation kinetics through addition of azo dyes.

Fibrin is a degradable biopolymer with an excellent clinical safety profile. Use of higher mechanical strength fibrin hydrogels is limited by the rapid rate of fibrin polymerization. We recently demonstrated the use of higher mechanical strength (fibrinogen concentrations >30 mg/ml) fibrin scaffolds for surgical implantation of cells. The rapid polymerization of fibrin at fibrinogen concentrations impaired our ability to scale production of these fibrin scaffolds. We serendipitously discovered that the azo dye Trypan blue (TB) slowed fibrin gelation kinetics allowing for more uniform mixing of fibrinogen and thrombin at high concentrations. A screen of closely related compounds identified similar activity for Evans blue (EB), an isomer of TB. Both TB and EB exhibited a concentration dependent increase in clot time, though EB had a larger effect. While gelation time was increased by TB or EB, overall polymerization time was unaffected. Scanning electron microscopy showed similar surface topography, but transmission electron microscopy showed a higher cross-linking density for gels formed with TB or EB versus controls. Based on these data we conclude that addition of TB or EB during thrombin mediated fibrin polymerization slows the initial gelation time permitting generation of larger more uniform fibrin hydrogels with high-mechanical strength.
Use of an enclosed elk population to assess two non-invasive methods for estimating population size

Non-invasive genetic sampling and spatially explicit capture-recapture (SCR) models are used increasingly to estimate abundance of wildlife populations, but have not been adequately tested on gregarious animals such as elk (Cervus canadensis), for which correlated space use and movements violate model assumptions of independence. To evaluate the robustness and accuracy of SCR, and to assess the utility of an alternative non-invasive method for estimating density of gregarious ungulates, we utilized a tule elk (Cervus canadensis nannodes) population of known size within a fenced enclosure on the San Luis National Wildlife Refuge in central California. We evaluated fecal genetic SCR to camera trap-based random encounter model (REM) approaches to density estimation based on comparison to the true abundance. We also subsampled the dataset to explore the effects of varying search effort and elk density on the precision and accuracy of results. We found that SCR outperformed REM methods in the full datasets, and reliably provided accurate (relative bias <10%) and reasonably precise (relative standard error [≤]20%) estimates of density at moderately low to high densities (6-17 elk/km2), when the subsampling scenarios yielded a minimum average of 20 recaptures. We also found that the number of samples used to construct detection histories was a reliable predictor of precision, and could be used to establish minimum sampling requirements in future population surveys of elk. Although field-testing in free-ranging populations is needed, our results suggest that non-invasive genetic SCR is a promising tool for future population studies and monitoring of elk and potentially other gregarious ungulates. In contrast, the REM estimate of density was highly inaccurate, imprecise, and highly sensitive to camera parameters.
Sex Chromosome Dosage Effects on White Matter Structure in the Human Brain.

Sex chromosome aneuploidies, a group of neurogenetic conditions characterized by aberrant sex chromosome dosage (SCD), are associated with increased risks for psychopathology as well as alterations in gray matter structure. However, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of potential SCD-associated changes in white matter structure, or knowledge of how these changes might relate to known alterations in gray matter anatomy. Thus, here, we use voxel-based morphometry on structural neuroimaging data to provide the first comprehensive maps of regional white matter volume (WMV) changes across individuals with varying SCD (n = 306). We show that mounting X- and Y-chromosome dosage are both associated with widespread WMV decreases, including in cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar tracts, as well as WMV increases in the genu of the corpus callosum and posterior thalamic radiation. We also correlate X- and Y-chromosome-linked WMV changes in certain regions to measures of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Finally, we demonstrate that SCD-driven WMV changes show a coordinated coupling with SCD-driven gray matter volume changes. These findings represent the most complete maps of X- and Y-chromosome effects on human white matter to date, and show how such changes connect to psychopathological symptoms and gray matter anatomy.
Sarcopenia is associated with higher surgical complexity in patients undergoing interval cytoreduction for advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma

Objectives: Loss of skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia) has been correlated with adverse postoperative outcomes after primary cytoreduction in patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC). We investigated the association between sarcopenia as measured by skeletal muscle index (SMI) prior to and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) and post-operative outcomes following interval cytoreduction for EOC. Methods: Patients undergoing NACT for EOC between 2007-2020 were identified through our institutional database. A retrospective review was performed to identify cancer-specific, preoperative, surgical, and post-operative variables. Pretreatment and post-treatment contrast-enhanced CT scans were reviewed by two subspecialty radiologists to determine skeletal muscle index (SMI). SMI was calculated by dividing total psoas and paraspinal muscle area (m2) (measured at the level of L4 vertebrae) by height squared (cm2). Patients were grouped based on SMI into Group 1) patients with >2% decrease in SMI, and Group 2) patients with an increase or less than or equal to 2% decrease in SMI after NACT. SMI was also analyzed as a continuous variable for association with demographic and clinical factors by Kruskal-Wallis test/Spearman's correlation (results summarized as median [25th, 75th percentiles]). Results: A total of 77 patients met the inclusion criteria. Baseline demographic characteristics were consistent between group 1 and 2 patients. Baseline CA125 was significantly higher in group 2 patients (increase or less than or equal to 2% decrease in SMI) (p=0.031). However, change in SMI was not significantly associated with surgical or postoperative outcomes. When analyzed as a continuous variable, SMI was correlated with higher surgical complexity score (SCS); patients with low SCS had a median SMI of 20.7 m2/cm2 vs 23.6 and 23.8 m2/cm2 for intermediate and high SCS, respectively (p=0.01). Length of surgery was also positively correlated with SMI (0.29, (0.05, 0.51), p=0.021) (Table 1). There was no association between SMI and readmission rates, length of hospital stay, postoperative complications, or non-home discharge. Download : Download high-res image (135KB) Download : Download full-size image Conclusions: Higher SMI is predictive of longer operative time and higher SCS in patients undergoing interval debulking, but was not predictive of postoperative outcomes, complications, length of stay, or non-home discharge in this study. These data suggest that SMI may be a surrogate for extent of interval surgical debulking. A larger population of NACT patients is being evaluated to determine more robust correlations in postoperative outcomes.
Preparation and Characterization of Japanese Ink-Inspired Aqueous Dispersions of Carbon Materials with the Help of Glue as Colloid Chemistry Teaching Aid

Aqueous dispersions of soot and other carbon materials, prepared in a manner similar to that used for preparing traditional Japanese ink, were developed as teaching materials for colloid chemistry. The protective colloid formed by the addition of glue is an interesting teaching material that allows visual understanding of various colloidal phenomena. In addition, such dispersions can be prepared using glue and various carbon materials (e.g., pencil lead, barbecue charcoal, C60 fullerene, graphene, and carbon nanotubes), following an extremely simple and environmentally friendly method. The carbon materials are insoluble in water without the glue, highlighting the need for glue to act as a protective colloid in ink preparation. Herein, we describe convenient colloid chemistry experiments that are adaptable to a wide range of educational settings.
Interconnection of multi-scale standing waves across the Pacific Basin from the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami

Abstract Water-level stations across the Pacific Basin recorded persistent oscillations over a wide period range and many maritime facilities sustained long closure due to unabating surges following the 2011 Tohoku tsunami. We utilize a non-hydrostatic model to reconstruct the tsunami from the seismic source and to capture the sub- and super-harmonics from nonlinear wave interactions for elucidation of the basin-wide oscillation processes. A Kalman filter extracts the broad-banded tsunami signals from 29 DART buoys for validation of the model results. Spectral analysis of the computed surface elevation reveals intricate multi-scale oscillation patterns. Networks of standing waves with periods between 5 and 80 min crisscross the Pacific Ocean with amplification along island chains and continental margins. Standing waves between 100- and 410 min period show strong directivity between northeast Asia and South America and at 630 min transform into a circum-Pacific mode. The results show interconnection of the observed oscillations across the Pacific that provides an explanation for the persistent energetic surges nearshore and long-lasting coda in the deep ocean.
Frequency-modulation transient absorption spectrum of the HCCI A<--X transition

ABSTRACT The rotationally resolved spectrum of the HCC1 A'A" — 5('A'transition at near infrared (IR) wavelengths was obtained at Doppler-limited resolution using a combination oftransient absorption and frequency modulation (FM) techniques. The analysis of the observed spectrum reveals perturbationsarising from both the Renner-Teller effect and the singlet-triplet interaction between these states and the low-lying state as well as information concerning the geometry and the vibrational structure in the excited singlet state. Keywords: HCC1, methylene, spectroscopy, Renner-Teller effect, singlet-triplet interaction, FrequencyModulation 1, INTRODUCTION The importance of simple carbenes in synthetic organic chemistry as well as in combustion andatmospheric chemistry has led to much interest in their spectroscopy and chemical dynamics. For any given carbene, the energy separation of its low-lying singlet and triplet electronic states and the interactions between these states determine its chemical reactivity. However, even for the best
THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF APOLLO 16 LUNAR FINES

The vacuum thermal conductivity of the Apollo 16 fines is presented as a function of temperature for the approximate range of diurnal temperatures on the moon. The density used is 1500 kg/cu m, which is approximately the density of the core tube samples returned from the landing site. The thermal diffusivity was calculated from the conductivity, density and specific heat and is also presented. These properties along with the reflectance and emittance are used in a calculation of temperature in the lunar surface layer.
Migration and Rural Development

The paper summarizes the key routes through which internal and international migration impact rural development and some of the evidence pertaining to these effects in low income countries. It concludes that, although the study of migration impacts on rural economies has come a long way from the early dual theories of development, some of the potentially more important aspects remain to be investigated systematically.
Pre-study walkthrough with a commercial pilot for a preliminary single pilot operations experiment

The number of crew members in commercial flights has decreased to two members, down from the five-member crew required 50 years ago. One question of interest is whether the crew should be reduced to one pilot. In order to determine the critical factors involved in safely transitioning to a single pilot, research must examine whether any performance deficits arise with the loss of a crew member. With a concrete understanding of the cognitive and behavioral role of a co-pilot, aeronautical technologies and procedures can be developed that make up for the removal of the second aircrew member. The current project describes a pre-study walkthrough process that can be used to help in the development of scenarios for testing future concepts and technologies for single pilot operations. Qualitative information regarding the tasks performed by the pilots can be extracted with this technique and adapted for future investigations of single pilot operations.