cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multi-Objective Logarithmic Extremum Seeking for Wind Turbine Power Capture with Load Reduction

This paper describes a multi-objective ESC strategy that determines Pareto-optimal control parameters to jointly optimize wind turbine loads and power capture. The method uses two optimization objectives calculated in real time: (a) the logarithm of the average power and (b) the logarithm of the standard deviation of a measurable blade load, tower load or the combination of these loads. These two objectives are weighted in real-time to obtain a solution that is Pareto optimal with respect to the power average and the standard deviation of chosen load metric. The method is evaluated using NREL FAST simulations of the 5-MW reference turbine. The results are then evaluated using energy capture over the duration of the simulation and damage equivalent loads (DEL) calculated with MLife.
Mono- and Biallelic Protein-Truncating Variants in Alpha-Actinin 2 Cause Cardiomyopathy Through Distinct Mechanisms.

BACKGROUND ACTN2 (alpha-actinin 2) anchors actin within cardiac sarcomeres. The mechanisms linking ACTN2 mutations to myocardial disease phenotypes are unknown. Here, we characterize patients with novel ACTN2 mutations to reveal insights into the physiological function of ACTN2. METHODS Patients harboring ACTN2 protein-truncating variants were identified using a custom mutation pipeline. In patient-derived iPSC-cardiomyocytes, we investigated transcriptional profiles using RNA sequencing, contractile properties using video-based edge detection, and cellular hypertrophy using immunohistochemistry. Structural changes were analyzed through electron microscopy. For mechanistic studies, we used coimmunoprecipitation for ACTN2, followed by mass-spectrometry to investigate protein-protein interaction, and protein tagging followed by confocal microscopy to investigate introduction of truncated ACTN2 into the sarcomeres. RESULTS Patient-derived iPSC-cardiomyocytes were hypertrophic, displayed sarcomeric structural disarray, impaired contractility, and aberrant Ca2+-signaling. In heterozygous indel cells, the truncated protein incorporates into cardiac sarcomeres, leading to aberrant Z-disc ultrastructure. In homozygous stop-gain cells, affinity-purification mass-spectrometry reveals an intricate ACTN2 interactome with sarcomere and sarcolemma-associated proteins. Loss of the C-terminus of ACTN2 disrupts interaction with ACTN1 and GJA1, 2 sarcolemma-associated proteins, which may contribute to the clinical arrhythmic and relaxation defects. The causality of the stop-gain mutation was verified using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data advance our understanding of the role of ACTN2 in the human heart and establish recessive inheritance of ACTN2 truncation as causative of disease.
Civil Recodification in an Anglophone Mixed Jurisdiction: A Bricoleur’s Playbook

The obligations titles of the Louisiana Civil Code have long figured among its most mysterious provisions. The titles have interested law students bent upon their mastery, an essential for successful civil practice. Having learned them, lawyers were reluctant to revise them, even though many of the rules had become outdated. The Civil Code’s revision program proceeded in fits and starts until the mid 1970s. At that time a new property revision encouraged a comprehensive reform of the obligations titles. From 1977-1984, the author served as a deputy reporter for the obligations revision. That post offered an enviable perch from which to witness the debates and drafting efforts that informed the obligations revision of 1984. As a close associate of the late Saul Litvinoff, the principal reporter for the revision, the author came to see in modern foreign and United States materials potential gap fillers and sources of solutions not solved by the obligations titles themselves. The author concludes that the resulting revision, while preserving the traditional mix of French and Spanish doctrine, now discloses an eclectic blend of American, continental and Argentine influences. This paper considers the new gap filling materials in light of particular needs confronted by the bench and bar in the legislation and one hundred fifty years of case law. To dispel some of the mystery surrounding the revision of the obligations titles, the paper also reflects upon political dynamics among academics, practitioners, judges and legislators, and issues likely to arise in evaluating the success or failure of the revision.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Dyslipidemia

Despite advances in care, people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) continue to have increased rates of vascular disease for which dyslipidemia is a major risk factor. The pathophysiology of dyslipidemia in T1D is frequently a function of insulin deficiency and poor glycemic control or peripheral hyperinsulinization in intensive control (with obesity as a potential contributor). As such, intensive diabetes control to achieve near euglycemia with a healthy diet and physical activity for a healthy weight is the basis of lipid health in people with T1D. In addition, lipid-lowering medications are often required to achieve lipid goals. The thresholds for initiation of treatment and the goals of treatment are evolving as data accumulate on safety, efficacy, and health outcomes. With potential advances in therapy for glycemic control in T1D, such as an artificial pancreas on the horizon, the dyslipidemia of T1D may evolve to be more consistent with that of peripheral hyperinsulinemia and relative euglycemia. Lipid and lipoprotein-related health with its effects on microvascular and macrovascular disease will continue to be an important aspect of health care in people with T1D.
Description of the ISEE satellite-to-satellite kilometric wavelength interferometer system

The International Sun-Earth Explorer (ISEE)space-craft 1 and 2 carry receivers for detecting electro-magnetic waves with kilometric wavelengths. For selected receiver frequencies from 30 kHz to 2 MHz, a 10 kHz bandwidth channel is single-sideband mixed down to baseband. This analog data and a reference frequency, which is a submultiple of the local oscillator frequency, are transmitted to ground stations and tape recorded along the precise time and frequency information. Cross correlation of these tape recorded signals constitutes a satellite-to-satellite interferometer with a fringe spacing of 0.4’ to 41’ (at a range of 10,000 to 100 km spacing between spacecraft for 250 kHz in frequency) and with a time delay resolution of 32 μs for a 10 kHz bandwidth which gives an angular resolution of 3’ to 6°. For kilometric radiation at the Earth, sources in the size range of 25 to 2500 km can be identified (from 20 RE) and located in relative position ranging from 0.02 to 2 REdepending on spacecraft spacing. Reception and analysis of Solar and Jovian bursts may also be possible.
Interaction of inert gases with a nickel (100) surface: I. Adsorption of xenon☆

Abstract The adsorption of Xe on a Ni(100) surface has been studied in UHV between 30 and 100 K using LEED, thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), work function (Δφ) measurements, and UV photoemission (UPS). At and below 80 K, Xe adsorbs readily with high initial sticking probability and via precursor state adsorption kinetics to form a partially ordered phase. This phase has a binding energy of ~5.2 kcal/mole as determined by isosteric heat measurements. The heat of adsorption is fairly constant up to medium coverages and then drops continuously as the coverage increases, indicating repulsive mutual interactions. The thermal desorption is first order with a preexponential factor of about 10 12 s −1 , indicative of completely mobile adsorption. Adsorbed Xe lowers the work function of the Ni surface by 376 mV at monolayer coverage. (This coverage is determined from LEED to be 5.65 × 10 14 Xe molecules/cm -2 .) For not too high coverages, θ, Δφ(θ) can be described by the Topping model, with the initial dipole moment μ 0 = 0.29 D and the polarizability α being 3.5 × 10 −24 cm 3 . In photoemission, the Xe 5p 3 2 and 5p 1 2 orbitals show up as intense peaks at 5.56 and 6.83 eV below E f which do not shift their position as the coverage varies. Multilayer adsorption (i.e. the filling of the second and third layers) can be seen by TDS. The binding energies of these α states can be estimated to range between 4.5 and 3.5 kcal/mole. The results are compared and contrasted with previous findings of Xe adsorption on other transition metal surfaces and are discussed with respect to the nature of the inert-gas-metal adsorptive bond.
Vanishing Income Redistributions: Keynesian Clues about Model Surprises in the Short Run*

Abstract A compact, one-sector version of recent large-scale income distribution models is presented. Different specifications of endogenous and exogenous variables in the model (or assumptions about how it is closed) change its qualitative behavior directly. A ‘Keynesian’ closure in which investment is exogenous and nominal changes in prime cost are passed along into price increases demonstrates relative insensitivity of the functional income distribution to factor prices. An alternative ‘neoclassical’ closure in which investment is endogenous (determined by savings) and output prices are fixed is much more responsive. The large-scale models are closed on Keynesian lines, and also have relatively insensitive functional distributions. If these models adequately describe real economies, causes besides general equilibrium price response must be invoked to explain distributional change.
Progress toward Direct Drive Laser Fusion

The uniform compression of laser irradiated spherical targets to thermonuclear densities and temperatures places exacting requirements on the uniformity of energy deposition. It also demands a firm understanding of coronal absorption, energy transport and preheat, and requires the detailed diagnosis of the physical state and integrity of the compressed core. These issues are currently under investigation with the 4kJ, 24 beam OMEGA laser facility operating at 1.05 µm with 1 ns pulses. Estimates of the multibeam irradiation uniformity in specific low order spherical harmonic modes, from precise focal plane characterization of all beams, approach that required for uniform compression, and indicate further improvement is achievable. Examination of the principal coronal physics issues emphasizes the relevance and desirability of such studies in spherical geometry. Diagnosis of the fuel during the implosion and at final compression, including direct measurement of fuel density-radius product is made through a variety of techniques involving space, time and spectral x-ray analysis and scattered reaction product spectrometry. These studies aid in identifying those near term objectives requiring further detailed investigation, and help substantiate the physical basis for the use of multibeam short wavelength laser radiation for the uniform compression of fusion targets.
Changes in Patient Sorting to Nursing Homes under Public Reporting: Improved Patient Matching or Provider Gaming?

Publicly reporting quality information is a commonly adopted strategy that is typically thought to improve quality of care through two pathways (Berwick, James, and Coye 2003). First, having quality information publicly available makes it possible for health care consumers (or their agents and advocates) to shop on quality, thus increasing the number of patients choosing high-quality providers. Second, in response to the increased demand for high-quality care, public reporting may induce health care providers to invest in and improve the quality of care they deliver. Prior work has documented quality improvement from public reporting through both of these pathways (Marshall et al. 2000; Fung et al. 2008;). While these consumer- and provider-driven pathways may represent the dominant responses to public reporting, public reporting may change quality in additional ways. One possibility is that public reporting affects the sorting of patients to providers. Whereas typical demand-side changes under public reporting imply that the number of patients choosing high-scoring providers increases, sorting may change the type of patients choosing high-scoring providers (e.g., changing the case mix of patients going to high- versus low-scoring facilities). Changes in patient sorting may be patient driven and result in improved matching of patients to providers (i.e., if high-risk patients are more likely to seek out high-scoring providers). They may also be provider driven, either resulting from cream skimming (i.e., if low-scoring providers are more likely to seek out low-risk patients) or downcoding (i.e., if low-scoring providers change their documentation to make their patients [and their quality] appear better). Our objective in this paper is to test whether public reporting in the setting of postacute care in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) results in changes in patient sorting, and to test whether changes in patient sorting are driven by patient or provider behavior.
Computing optimal uncertainty models from frequency domain data

Uncertainty models are an essential ingredient in robust control design. In addition, because of the trade-off between uncertainty and performance, the uncertainty model should be as "tight" as possible. Given a set of multivariable frequency response measurements, we show that the computation of multivariable nonparametric uncertainty models which are consistent with the data (i.e. not invalidated), reduces to a linear matrix inequality feasibility problem. Our method simultaneously searches for the responses of both the nominal system and the uncertainty weights that give an optimal uncertainty model. We then show that computing the optimal or least conservative model for the data can be done using semidefinite programming. Noise and fitting errors are explicitly factored into the computation using a bounded set approach. A state space uncertainty model can then be obtained from the optimal nonparametric model using frequency domain subspace identification techniques. The proposed technique is demonstrated on a generic MIMO example, where it outperforms the average-based approach by almost a factor of two (5 dB), in the frequency range with largest uncertainty.
The presence of methionine or threonine at position 381 in vitronectin is correlated with proteolytic cleavage at arginine 379.

Vitronectin (serum spreading factor, complement S protein, epibolin) is a glycoprotein that mediates cell adhesion and interacts with components of the complement, coagulation, and fibrinolytic systems. It circulates in plasma as a 75-kDa single chain polypeptide and as a two-chain form consisting of 65- and 10-kDa polypeptides linked by a disulfide bond. An individual may have a predominance of the single chain or the two-chain form inherited as a Mendelian trait or have approximately equal amounts of both forms. Inspection of published cDNA sequences suggests that either methionine or threonine can occur at position 381, which is adjacent to the presumed site of proteolytic cleavage (Arg379-Ala380) that gives rise to the two-chain form. We have determined the presence of the Met381 and/or Thr381 alleles of the vitronectin gene in 42 individuals by oligonucleotide hybridization to genomic DNA. To determine whether this polymorphism is correlated with the susceptibility to cleavage of the Arg379-Ala380 peptide bond in vivo, we have prepared immunoblots of plasma from the same group of individuals. Nineteen individuals homozygous for the Thr381 allele had 17 +/- 9% (mean +/- S.D.) single chain vitronectin in their plasma samples. Nine individuals homozygous for the Met381 allele had 66 +/- 4% single chain vitronectin. Fourteen heterozygous individuals had 38 +/- 13% single chain vitronectin. The differences in mean values were statistically significant (p less than 0.001). These results suggest that the presence of threonine rather than methionine at position 381 of vitronectin increases the susceptibility of the protein to cleavage of the Arg379-Ala380 peptide bond in vivo.
Genetic algorithms-based method for disturbance attenuation in flight control systems

Due to fast varying flight conditions, the dynamics of space vehicle such as RLV (reusable launch vehicle) are usually coupled with unpredictable disturbances, which, if not properly attenuated, could significantly deteriorate the vehicle flight performance. This paper explores a new approach to reducing the affect of external disturbances on RLV by using genetic algorithms (GA). By carefully selecting a fitness function related to Euler angles tracking errors, we use GA to search for an "optimal" compensating unit to "fight" against the external disturbances for better tracking performance. Unlike most existing robust control schemes, the proposed method does not involve analytically estimating the bounds of the nonlinearities and disturbances, making it more feasible for design and implementation.
Frequency analysis of the acoustic pressure of nonlinear standing waves

The acoustic pressure inside a nonlinear standing wave resonator in the frequency domain. and the effect of nonlinearity on the frequency spectrum of the pressure signal through numerical and experimental investigations are examined. Analytical. numerical and experimental analysis of linear and nonlinear standing acoustic waves in time and space domains have been extensively investigated. We have developed a setup to measure high-amplitude pressure inside the standing wave tube, and the setup consists of a rigid-walled tube of adjustable length, a driving system to excite the standing wave inside the tube, and data acquisition system. The measurements were made at five different locations along the channel center axis, at different excitation voltages. The frequency spectrum of the pressure and particle velocity' signals were analyzed at different frequencies by using verified model.
7,7′‐Dihydroxy‐8,8′‐biquinolyl

[829666-42-4] C18H12N2O2 (MW 288.30) InChI = 1S/C18H12N2O2/c21-13-7-5-11-3-1-9-19-17(11)15(13)16-14(22)8-6-12-4-2-10-20-18(12)16/h1-10,21-22H InChIKey = UCDMRGUGNJSADT-UHFFFAOYSA-N (chiral bifunctional molecule;1, 2 potential metal ligand, reagent, and catalyst for enantioselective synthesis) Alternate Name: azaBINOL. Physical Data: mp (racemate) 258–260 °C (MeOH-H2O);1 [α]D23 +119° (c 0.18, 1.0 M aq. NaOH) for (R)-azaBINOL at ≥92% ee;3 [α]D23 −111° (c 0.18, 1.0 M aq. NaOH) for (S)-azaBINOL at ≥91% ee.2 Solubility: sol DMSO, DMF, aq. NaOH, aq. HCl; sparingly sol H2O (2 mg mL−1), hot EtOAc, CHCl3; insol Et2O, hexanes. Form Supplied in: not commercially available; pale yellow solid (prisms). Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H and 13C NMR spectral analysis in d6-DMSO solution.1 Optical purity determined indirectly by HPLC analysis of dipentanoate ester derivative using a Daicel Chiralcel® OD column as chiral stationary phase with 10% i-PrOH in hexanes as eluent.3 Preparative Methods: 7,7′-dihydroxy-8,8′-biquinolyl is prepared as a racemate from 7-hydroxyquinoline via N,N-dimethyl O-quinol-7-yl by directed ortho-metallation followed by Fe(III)-mediated oxidative coupling of the 8-lithioquinoline intermediate (eq 1). Hydrolysis of the resulting dicarbamate provides (±)-azaBINOL as a crystalline material in 60% overall yield from 7-hydroxyquinoline.1 Enantiomerically enriched samples of azaBINOL are conveniently obtained by hydrolytic enzymatic kinetic resolution of its racemic dipentanoate ester derivative with bovine pancreas acetone powder (eq 2).3 Base-mediated hydrolysis of diesters of scalemic samples of azaBINOL occurs with little or no erosion in enantiopurity and % ee for dipentanoate may be increased by recrystallization (via selective deposition of the highly crystalline racemate).3 (1) (2) Purification: recrystallization from MeOH-H2O gives a solvate (C18H12N2O2·2CH3OH) of excellent purity. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: stable in solid state or in solution; compatible with air and moisture. Enantioenriched samples of azaBINOL should be stored at sub-ambient temperature (≤5 °C) to minimize slow background racemization; half-life for racemization in neutral aqueous solution is 20 days at 43 °C (nb. compound exhibits significantly higher configurational stability below pH 2 or above pH 12).2, 3 It is recommended that scalemic samples of azaBINOL are generated as and when needed by saponification of the configurationally stable dipentanoate ester derivative.3
Inhibition of Bacterial Pathogens in Medium and on Spinach Leaf Surfaces using Plant-Derived Antimicrobials Loaded in Surfactant Micelles

UNLABELLED Encapsulation of hydrophobic plant essential oil components (EOC) into surfactant micelles can assist the decontamination of fresh produce surfaces from bacterial pathogens during postharvest washing. Loading of eugenol and carvacrol into surfactant micelles of polysorbate 20 (Tween 20), Surfynol® 485W, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and CytoGuard® LA 20 (CG20) was determined by identification of the EOC/surfactant-specific maximum additive concentration (MAC). Rheological behavior of dilute EOC-containing micelles was then tested to determine micelle tolerance to shearing. Antimicrobial efficacy of EOC micelles against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serotype Saintpaul was first evaluated by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Pathogen-inoculated spinach was treated with eugenol-containing micelles applied via spraying or immersion methods. SDS micelles produced the highest MACs for EOCs, while Tween 20 loaded the lowest amount of EOCs. Micelles demonstrated Newtonian behavior in response to shearing. SDS and CG20-derived micelles containing EOCs produced the lowest MICs and MBCs for pathogens. E. coli O157:H7 and S. Saintpaul were reduced on spinach surfaces by application of eugenol micelles, though no differences in numbers of surviving pathogens were observed when methods of antimicrobial micelle application (spraying, immersion) was compared (P ≥ 0.05). Data suggest eugenol in SDS and CG20 micelles may be useful for produce surface decontamination from bacterial pathogens during postharvest washing. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Antimicrobial essential oil component (EOC)-containing micelles assist the delivery of natural food antimicrobials to food surfaces, including fresh produce, for decontamination of microbial foodborne pathogens. Antimicrobial EOC-loaded micelles were able to inhibit the enteric pathogens Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Saintpaul in liquid medium and on spinach surfaces. However, pathogen reduction generally was not impacted by the method of micelle application (spraying, immersion washing) on spinach surfaces.
Bio-assay based on single molecule fluorescence detection in microfluidic channels

A rapid bioassay is described based on the detection of colocalized fluorescent DNA probes bound to DNA targets in a pressure-driven solution flowing through a planar microfluidic channel. By employing total internal reflection excitation of the fluorescent probes and illumination of almost the entire flow channel, single fluorescent molecules can be efficiently detected leading to the rapid analysis of nearly the entire solution flowed through the device. Cross-correlation between images obtained from two spectrally distinct probes is used to determine the target concentration and efficiently reduces the number of false positives. The rapid analysis of DNA targets in the low pM range in less than a minute is demonstrated.
Capital financiero versus complejo médico-industrial: los desafíos de las agencias regulatorias

This article presents the structural processes that consolidated under the hegemony of the financial capital in the 90s; the dispute between the financial capital operating in the health sector and the medical-industrial complex; the strategies used by the medical-industrial complex for regaining positions; and the challenges all these processes pose for the regulatory agencies. The problems the regulatory agencies are facing lie in two central processes: 1) the hegemony the financial capital reached in the 90s in the health sector through reforms aimed at deregulating the sector in order to facilitate its entrance; and 2) the repositioning of the medical-industrial complex since the mid 90s by radicalizing medicalization. This article is based on several studies conducted by the author using qualitative methods and quantitative secondary data for understanding the historical-situational context. The theoretical approach was based on Marx, Gramsci, Benasayag, Badiou, Testa and Merhy. The analyses of the most recent reforms induced by the medical-industrial complex were the result of a bibliographic and document review.
INFLUENCE OF COOKING AND CANNING ON VITAMIN CONTENT.

T HE CONSUMER'S interest in foods lies not so much in the measure of the rate of destruction of vitamins in a foodstuff as in the practical question of how much he must eat to secure the vitamin effect of that food. As an example of this point we may cite the cabbage of the Delf experiments in England. In her experiments, Miss Delf showed that one-thirtieth of an ounce of raw cabbage would protect a guinea pig from scurvy, but that after boiling the cabbage for one hour, twenty times as much cabbage was required to produce the same effect. She stated her results in the quantitative form, i.e., that by boiling cabbage for one hour at 2120 F. we get 95 per cent destruction of vitamin C. These experiments we have confirmed. They have been used, however, in a way not intended by the investigator. Impressed by the 95 per cent, we find supposedly intelligent people making statements of this sort: " Delf's experiments show that cooked foods are worthless as protection against scurvy "; " Foods that are heated to boiling temperatures or higher are of no value as antiscorbutics"; " Canned foods which are processed at 2120 F., or at higher temperatures, are worthless as protection against scurvy," etc. Each observation fails to take into account two features of Delf's experiments, first, that 95 per cent is not 100 per cent; second, the actual quantities of cooked
Comparative aspects of hydroxamic acid production by thiamine-dependent enzymes

Abstract The reactions of 4-chloronitrosobenzene with pyruvate decarboxylase and transketolase were investigated by use of a new high-pressure liquid chromatography method to determine any differences between these two enzymes with respect to hydroxamic acid production. In addition to the previously established difference in the type of hydroxamic acid produced by the two enzymes, several new and interesting differences in their reaction with nitrosoaromatics were discovered. Most notable was the finding that pyruvate decarboxylase gave 4-chlorophenylhydroxylamine as the major product from 4-chloronitrosobenzene, while transketolase did not produce any detectable hydroxylamine. A redox mechanism was proposed to account for arylhydroxylamine production by pyruvate decarboxylase. This redox mechanism can also explain hydroxamic acid production by pyruvate decarboxylase; however, a previously proposed nucleophilic reaction mechanism occurring simultaneously could not be totally disproven. Either of the two mechanisms is equally likely for transktolase action in view of the present evidence. Another major difference between these enzymes is that the rate of 4-chloronitrosobenzene conversion was found to be much faster for pyruvate decarboxylase than for transketolase when each enzyme was subjected to its own optimal reaction conditions. Transketolase displayed typical enzyme saturation kinetics with 4-chloronitrosobenzene with a Km of 0.31 mM and Vmax of 0.033 μmol ml−1 min−1 unit−1 relative to 5 mM d -fructose 6-phosphate as sugar substrate. On the other hand, the reaction with pyruvate decarboxylase was first order in 4-chloronitrosobenzene with a combined rate constant of 2.0 min−1 unit−1 ml.
A new multivariate model involving geometric sums and maxima of exponentials

We study the joint distribution of (X, Y, N), where N has a geometric distribution while X and Y are, respectively, the sum and the maximum of N i.i.d. exponential random variables. We present fundamental properties of this class of mixed trivariate distributions, and discuss their applications. Our results include explicit formulas for the marginal and conditional distributions, joint integral transforms, moments and related parameters, stability properties, and stochastic representations. We also derive maximum likelihood estimators for the parameters of this distribution, along with their asymptotic properties, and briefly discuss certain generalizations of this model. An example from finance, where N represents the duration of the growth period of the daily log-returns of currency exchange rates, illustrates the modeling potential of this model.
Sudden stratospheric warming did not cool the thermosphere

In January 2009 a sudden stratospheric warming event occurred, in which temperatures in the stratosphere increased by 70 K. A previous study indicated that this sudden stratospheric warming led to strong cooling higher up in the atmosphere, in the upper thermosphere. However, a new analysis by Fuller-Rowell et al. shows that that is probably not the case. The authors analyzed three different models and found that there was no evidence for any large-scale decrease in upper thermosphere temperature or density caused by the sudden stratospheric warming event. Rather, they found that the observed decrease could be explained by small changes in geomagnetic activity that occurred at the same time. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2011GL048985, 2011)
N-nitroso-N-methyldodecylamine and N-nitroso-N-methyltetradecylamine in hair-care products

Abstract N -Nitroso- N -methyldodecylamine and N -nitroso- N -methyltetradecylamine, which cause urinary bladder tumours in experimental animals, were detected in several hair-care products formulated with N,N -dimethyldodecylamine oxide. Quantitative determinations were made using a gas-liquid chromatograph interfaced with a thermal energy analyser and using [1- 14 C] N -nitroso- N -methyldodecylamine as an internal standard. The presence of the two nitrosamines was confirmed by high-pressure liquid chromatography with a thermal energy analyser as detector, by photolysis of samples and by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. To test the reproducibility of the method, a single shampoo was selected for replicate analysis and was found to contain 90 ± 8 ppb N -nitroso- N -methyldodecylamine and 37 ± 11 ppb N -nitroso- N -methyltetradecylamine. Levels of N -nitroso- N -methyldodecylamine in other hair-care products ranged from 11 to 873 ppb and those of N -nitroso- N -methyltetradecylamine from 8 to 254 ppb.
Modeling Imports in a Keynesian Expenditure Model

The author discusses several issues that instructors of introductory macroeconomics courses should consider when introducing imports in the Keynesian expenditure model. The analysis suggests that the specification of the import function should partially, if not completely, be the result of a simple discussion about the spending and import behaviors of the household, firm, and government sectors. The analysis also indicates that instructors who use certain import functions that are in some introductory textbooks will inadvertently impose restrictions on the model and potentially confuse students. The author examines several implications of the specification proposed by Robert Cherry (2001) and shows how the restrictions imposed by Cherry's specification make it difficult for instructors to present certain types of economic events and policies. The import function discussed here avoids these restrictions and allows instructors to present more easily certain types of examples.
Uncertainty and Equipoise: At Interplay Between Epistemology, Decision Making and Ethics

In recent years, various authors have proposed that the concept of equipoise be abandoned since it conflates the practice of clinical care with clinical research. At the same time, the equipoise opponents acknowledge the necessity of clinical research if there are unresolved uncertainties about the effects of proposed healthcare interventions. Since equipoise represents just one measure of uncertainty, proposals to abandon equipoise while maintaining a requirement for addressing uncertainties are contradictory and ultimately not valid. As acknowledgment and articulation of uncertainties represent key scientific and moral requirements for human experimentation, the concept of equipoise remains the most useful framework to link the theory of human experimentation with the theory of rational choice. In this paper, I show how uncertainty (equipoise) is at the intersection between epistemology, decision-making and ethics of clinical research. In particular, I show how our formulation of responses to uncertainties of hoped-for benefits and unknown harms of testing is a function of the way humans cognitively process information. This approach is based on the view that considerations of ethics and rationality cannot be separated. I analyze the response to uncertainties as it relates to the dual-processing theory, which postulates that rational approach to (clinical research) decision-making depends both on analytical, deliberative processes embodied in scientific method (system II) and “good” human intuition (system I). Ultimately, our choices can only become wiser if we understand a close and intertwined relationship between irreducible uncertainty, inevitable errors, and unavoidable injustice.
Comparison of ileal and jejunal transplantation after 50% proximal intestinal resection.

Background. The ileum has a greater adaptive capacity than the jejunum after intestinal resection. Transposition studies suggest that this is, in part, related to increased exposure to nutrients. However, there may be regional differences in intestinal properties that contribute to this response as well. The aim of this study was to compare the outcome of replacing the jejunum with either ileal or jejunal transplants while preserving an intact ileum after 50% proximal resection. Methods. Twenty-one Lewis rats were included in the study. One group (n = 7) served as transection controls (TC). The other two groups (n = 7) had 50% proximal resection with syngeneic transplantation of a similar length of ileum (ITX) or jejunum (JTX). Nutritional status and adaptation were studied at 14 days. Results. JTX animals gained less weight than TC and ITX (104 ± 2% vs 114 ± 1 and 108 ± 2% initial, P < 0.05). ITX and JTX groups had lower caloric intake and serum albumin levels compared with TC (7.4 ± 0.4 and 7.2 ± 0.8% vs 8.8 ± 0.2% body weight and 2.6 ± 0.1 and 2.4 ± 0.9 g/dl vs 3.0 ± 0.1 g/dl, P < 0.05). Mucosal thickness increased significantly in the ileal remnant of both ITX and JTX groups (9.2 ± 2.1 and 8.8 ± 0.6 μm vs 6.6 ± 0.6 μm, P < 0.05). Transplanted ileum had mucosal thickness similar to that of jejunum. Conclusions. Transplanted ileum achieves an intestinal structure similar to that of the jejunum in the same environment. Modest adaptation of the remnant occurs with transplantation. Replacing jejunum with ileum rather than jejunum resulted in better weight gain, suggesting that intrinsic absorptive, motor, or hormonal rather than structural differences are responsible.
Photoactivated CdSe Nanocrystals as Nanosensors for Gases

The photoluminescence (PL) of high-quality CdSe nanocrystals (NCs) incorporated into polymer thin films was found to respond reversibly and rapidly to environmental changes upon photoradiation above their absorption onset. The PL of the NCs may be dramatically enhanced or diminished depending on the properties of the gases. Photostimulation was found to be necessary for the response, which likely makes the original dense-ligands monolayer on the surface of the NCs permeable to gases by the activation of the vibration modes of the NC lattice through photon−phonon coupling.
Nigral infusions of muscimol or bicuculline facilitate seizures in developing rats

The substantia nigra (SN) appears to be a crucial site involved in the modification of seizures. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of the GABA nigral system in the expression of seizures by comparing the effects of multiple doses of a GABA agonist (muscimol) and a GABA antagonist (bicuculline methobromide) on the development of flurothyl seizures in 16-day-old rat pups. The drugs were infused bilaterally either in the SN or dorsal to the SN. An additional group of pups were infused with bicuculline in the corpus striatum. Results indicate that both drugs facilitated the development of seizures in a dose-related manner when infused into the SN. Infusions of muscimol dorsal to the SN had no effect on seizure latencies while infusions of bicuculline dorsal to SN or corpus striatum still increased the susceptibility of rat pups to seizures. The data suggest that only the effects of muscimol on seizures are specific for the SN and that early in life muscimol may exert its proconvulsant effects via a different receptor site or mechanism than bicuculline.
An assessment of the masked message hypothesis: Sea urchin egg messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes are efficient templates for in vitro protein synthesis

Abstract The rate of protein synthesis in unfertilized sea urchin eggs is very low, although all components for protein synthesis are present. To determine whether egg messenger RNAs are unavailable for translation because of “masking” by phenol-soluble inhibitors, crude and purified nonpolyribosomal messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes (mRNPs) from eggs of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus were translated in vitro in a wheat germ cell-free system. Crude and purified egg mRNPs were nearly as translatable as the mRNAs extracted from the mRNPs, suggesting that the mRNPs were not masked. No difference in the relative translational activities of mRNPs and their constituent mRNAs was revealed by isolating the mRNPs in buffers of different ionic strength or in the presence of protease and ribonuclease inhibitors. Furthermore, kinetic analysis of the in vitro translation and translation of the mRNPs and mRNAs at several concentrations of K+, Mg2+, and template all indicate that mRNPs are efficient templates for directing protein synthesis. Separation on polyacrylamide gels of the products of in vitro and in vivo translation demonstrated that both mRNPs and mRNAs extracted from the mRNPs synthesized in vitro high-molecular-weight polypeptides, some of which were also synthesized in vivo. Although sea urchin egg mRNPs may not be masked, there are several alternative mechanisms for regulating translation in the egg.
Purification and characterization of a mammalian myosin I

Abstract Myosin I, an actin-dependent force-generating enzyme, has been purified from three mammalian sources: bovine adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex, and brain. The purification procedure includes extraction of tissue with ATP at low ionic strength and coprecipitation with actin, followed by gel filtration on Sepharose 4B, anion-exchange chromatography on Q Sepharose, and affinity chromatography on ATP-agarose. Mammalian myosin I molecules are composed of a heavy chain of 116 kDa and multiple low molecular weight polypeptides identified as calmodulin. The structural and enzymatic properties of adrenal medulla myosin I were further characterized. This enzyme exhibits high K+,EDTA- and Ca(2+)-ATPase specific activities (about 0.2 mumol.min-1 per mg of protein), whereas the Mg(2+)-ATPase activity is very low (1-3 nmol.min-1.mg-1). The Mg(2+)-ATPase of medulla myosin I is activated by F-actin in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner: activity is stimulated 40-fold in the presence of EGTA and 90-fold in the presence of 10 microM Ca2+. Two structural domains of the myosin I heavy chain were identified. A 74-kDa chymotryptic fragment contains the catalytic site, while a 36-kDa polypeptide contains the calmodulin-binding sites. These results indicate that mammalian myosin I is more closely related to myosin I from the avian intestinal brush border than to the enzymes isolated from the protozoans Acanthamoeba and Dictyostelium.
Within and Beyond the Classroom Door: Assessing Quality in Child Care Centers.

Abstract This study reports data from a multisite study of typical center-based child care and children’s development regarding (a) associations among quality of care defined by structural features, process indicators, and compliance with state regulations, (b) variation in quality based on the stringency of state child care regulations and center compliance, and (c) specific quality indicators that show especially strong links to children’s experiences in child care. Findings confirmed prior evidence regarding the importance of ratios, teacher training, and group size for high quality classroom processes, but demonstrated the more significant contribution of teacher wages and parent fees. Both structural and process measures of quality varied with the location of the center in a state with more or less stringent child care regulations. The results indicate the importance of incorporating economic and regulatory considerations into future studies of childcare quality.
Catalytic hydrolysis of ammonia borane: Intrinsic parameter estimation and validation

Abstract Ammonia borane (AB) hydrolysis is a potential process for on-board hydrogen generation. This paper presents isothermal hydrogen release rate measurements of dilute AB (1 wt%) hydrolysis in the presence of carbon supported ruthenium catalyst (Ru/C). The ranges of investigated catalyst particle sizes and temperature were 20–181 μm and 26–56 °C, respectively. The obtained rate data included both kinetic and diffusion-controlled regimes, where the latter was evaluated using the catalyst effectiveness approach. A Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model was adopted to interpret the data, with intrinsic kinetic and diffusion parameters determined by a nonlinear fitting algorithm. The AB hydrolysis was found to have an activation energy 60.4 kJ mol −1 , pre-exponential factor 1.36 × 10 10 mol (kg-cat) −1 s −1 , adsorption energy −32.5 kJ mol −1 , and effective mass diffusion coefficient 2 × 10 −10 m 2 s −1 . These parameters, obtained under dilute AB conditions, were validated by comparing measurements with simulations of AB consumption rates during the hydrolysis of concentrated AB solutions (5–20 wt%), and also with the axial temperature distribution in a 0.5 kW continuous-flow packed-bed reactor.
Simultaneous Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion MS Quantitative Analysis of Drug Surface Concentration and Polymer Degradation Kinetics in Biodegradable Poly(l-lactic acid) Blends

This paper reports a new quantitative method of analyzing both the earliest stage of degradation of a polymer and the surface concentration of an additive using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). The static SIMS spectra of triphenylamine (Ph3N)/poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) (20:80 wt %) blend matrixes hydrolyzed in buffered conditions within a short-term (<48 h) period are simultaneously analyzed in the low-mass range for the surface accumulation profile of Ph3N and in the high-mass range to determine the hydrolytic degradation kinetics of PLLA, respectively. The results provide new insight in evaluating the surface concentration of Ph3N (pKb approximately 0) from the blends to see how it relates to the reactions (hydrolytic PLLA degradation) occurring in the surface region in the initial induction period over which negligible loss of polymer weight is observed. The relative PLLA surface degradation at pH 10.0 is approximately 2 times faster than that at pH 7.4. The relative extent of increase in Ph3N surface concentration assayed in pH 10.0 buffer system is 9 times greater than that at pH 7.4. The initial rapid increase in surface concentration of Ph3N is related to but not singularly dependent on the rate of PLLA degradation at the surface of blend matrixes.
The Sting of Lack of Affection: Chronic Goal Dissatisfaction in Transference

The social-cognitive transference process evokes relevant affect and motivation. When a significant-other representation is activated, this indirectly activates motives and emotions experienced with that significant other (e.g., Andersen, Reznik, & Manzella, 1996). We predicted that this activated motivation in transference, if chronically dissatisfied in the significant-other relationship, would provoke diminished approach motivation, increased hostility and, paradoxically, heightened affection-seeking behavior as hostility increases. Participants whose affection goals with a significant other were chronically dissatisfied (or satisfied) learned about a new person who resembled this significant other (or did not). As predicted, participants in this resemblance condition whose affection goals were dissatisfied reported dampened approach motivation, increased hostility, and an association between this hostility and behavioral persistence on a task designed to solicit liking from a new person.
Incidence, clinical characteristics, and timing of objectively diagnosed venous thromboembolism during pregnancy.

Abstract Objective: To estimate the incidence, timing, and associated clinical characteristics of objectively diagnosed pregnancy-associated venous thromboembolism. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed venous thromboembolism cases (deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) that occurred between 1978 and 1996. Study inclusion criteria required the objective diagnosis with either Doppler ultrasound, venography, impedance plethysmography, pulmonary angiography, ventilation-perfusion scanning, or computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Results: Among 268,525 deliveries there were 165 (0.06%) episodes of venous thromboembolism (one per 1627 births). There were 127 cases of deep venous thrombosis and 38 cases of pulmonary embolism. Only 14% (23 of 165 patients) had a history of venous thromboembolism. Most cases of deep venous thrombosis were in the left leg (104 of 127, 81.9%), with nearly three quarters of them (94 of 127, 74.8%) occurring during the antepartum period. Among cases of antepartum deep venous thrombosis, half were detected before 15 weeks’ gestation (47 of 95, 49.5%), and only 28 cases occurred after 20 weeks (P Conclusion: The incidence of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy is lower than has been previously described. Most cases occurred in the antepartum period, with the risk of deep venous thrombosis appearing to begin even before the second trimester.
Purification and characterization of lysosomes from Chinese hamster ovary cells.

Abstract Lysosomes were isolated from Chinese hamster ovary cells by fractionation of a postnuclear supernatant in consecutive density gradients. By marker enzyme analysis, the preparation was 63-fold enriched for lysosomes compared to the homogenate and contained at most trace amounts of marker activities for plasma membrane, Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, cytosol, and mitochondria. The lysosomes were intact as indicated by >95% latency of β-hexosaminidase activity, and the yield was about 12% relative to the homogenate. By electron microscopy, the lysosomal preparation contained very few mitochondrial profiles. By cytochemistry, >80% of the organelle profiles were positive for the native lysosomal marker, acid phosphatase, and profiles were positive for long-term internalized horseradish peroxidase, an endocytic marker for lysosomes. By sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the lysosomal preparation displayed a unique pattern of polypeptides and was devoid of mitochondrial contamination. Lysosomes were fractionated into membrane and lumenal compartments by Na 2 C0 3 treatment. Each compartment contained 20–30 distinct electrophoretic species ranging from 18 to 200 kDa. Each polypeptide could be assigned to either the membrane or lumenal compartment. A comparison of silver-stained polypeptides with those metabolically labeled with [ 35 S]methionine indicated that, with the possible exception of an 18-kDa species, all of the major lysosomal polypeptides in both compartments were derived by endogenous synthesis in these exponentially growing fibroblasts.