cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The learning process in biofeedback: is it feed-forward or feedback?

Twenty participants responded to inquiries about strategies used, and thoughts during, each of three electromyograph biofeedback sessions. The purpose of the study was to learn more about what individuals report doing during biofeedback and, specifically, to determine if individuals construct a response using feedback to sense subtle differences in muscle tension (feedback processes), or select a response from an existing repertoire using feedback primarily for confirmation (feed-forward processes). Protocol analyses found considerable support for feed-forward processes and little support for feedback processes. Such results are important because early reliance on feedforward processes may result in limited control and limited transfer.
Propranolol reduces rat dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity and catecholamine levels

Abstract Propranolol treatment (1 mg/kg i.p. twice daily for 8 days) reduced atrial dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH) activity by 60.5% and lung DβH activity by 53.5% but did not alter ventricle DβH activity. Propranolol also significantly reduced atrial noradrenaline (NA) by 66.3%, adrenaline (A) by 40%, dopamine (DA) by 72.4% and lung NA by 46.6% but did not change plasma or cardiac ventricle catecholamines. The addition of propranolol (10−6 M) to cardiac and lung tissue homogenates in vitro did not inhibit tissue DβH activities. The results suggest that chronic propranolol treatment inhibits NA synthesis and support the hypothesis of a centrally induced inhibition of sympathetic activity caused by β-adrenoceptor blockade.
Synthesis, characterization and structures of zirconocene complexes of sterically demanding pentaphenylcyclopentadienyl and tetraphenyl-m-tolyl cyclopentadienyl ligands

Abstract The synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of zirconium complexes containing bulky pentaarylcyclopentadienyl ligands are reported. The monocyclopentadienyl 12-electron complex, trichloropentaphenylcyclopentadienylzirconium(IV), C5Ph5ZrCl3 (I), has an unusual monomeric structure in the solid state and has short Zr–ligand distances suggesting that the complex has significant Lewis acidity. The phenyl rings adopt a propeller arrangement in the solid state; VT 1H-NMR measurements of the analogous trichloro(tetraphenyl-m-tolylcyclopentadienyl)zirconium(IV) (II) indicate that there is rapid rotational motion of the phenyl rings. The Lewis acidity of this complex is manifested in its ability to catalyze the [4+2] cycloadditions of acrolein and methyl acrylate to cyclopentadiene. The sandwich complex, C5Ph5CpZrCl2 (III), has more typical Zr–ligand distances, but has a more parallel arrangement of the two cyclopentadienyl rings and does not display the reactivity shown by I and II.
Magnetic dynamics in planar spin-transfer devices

Spin-polarized currents are able to change the magnetic configuration of nanostructures through the spintransfer effect proposed more than a decade ago. Intensive research is currently directed at understanding the basic physics of this non-equilibrium interaction and designing magnetic nanodevices controlled by electric current. In those devices spin transfer torques play a key role creating dynamic regimes that are not present in conventional magnetic systems. Unfortunately full dynamic study of the phenomenon is not straightforward even for simple spin transfer devices due to the nonlinearity of the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation governing the magnetization motion. Devices with complicated magnetic anisotropy feature many dynamic regimes: "canted states", multiple precession states, "magnetic fan" regimes, etc. which are often studied by numeric methods. One special case of magnetic anisotropy, a dominating easy plane, turns out to be ubiquitous in experimental designs. This case is characterized by a simplification of the dynamic equations which permits analytical treatment by means of an effective planar equation. The planar equation is presented and discussed for a number of regimes. It is shown how planar description gives an intuitively clear picture of magnetic dynamics and allows to predict new phenomena.
Crimson Clover Management to Enhance Reseeding and No‐Till Corn Grain Production

Economic savings and increased legume-N use efficiency may result from natural reseeding of winter annual legume cover crops. A 3-yr experiment was conducted on a Cecil fine sandy loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludult) to examine the effects of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) strip desiccation width (25, 50, and 75% of row area) and orientation (parallel or perpendicular to plant row) on soil water depletion, corn (Zea mays L.) growth and grain yield, and clover reseeding. Additional treatments included early desiccation (25% parallel strip 2 wk before corn planting), annual seeding (complete desiccation at corn planting), and mechanical disruption of clover growth by the no-tillage planter []
Organolanthanide-catalyzed synthesis of amine-capped polyethylenes.

The chain transfer agent dicyclohexylamine is introduced into organolanthanide-mediated ethylene polymerizations to produce amine-terminated polyethylenes. The resulting polymers were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, GPC, and DSC. Good polymerization activities (up to 104 g polymer/(mol Ln·atm ethylene·h)) and narrow polydispersities are observed in the polymerization/chain transfer process. Dicyclohexylamine-capped polyethylene product molecular weights are found to be inversely proportional to dicyclohexylamine concentration, supporting an amine chain transfer mechanism. The present study represents the first efficient catalytic method for introducing electron-rich amine groups into otherwise inert polyolefins.
Nanoscale elastic–plastic deformation in clay-reinforced nanostructured materials: The response of phase and structural morphology

The study described here combines materials science and engineering and mathematical analysis to fundamentally obtain insights underlying nanoscale deformation in polymer nanocomposites. The object...
Geographic distribution of wild poliovirus type 1 genotypes.

Abstract Determination of the patterns of genomic variation among RNA virus isolates is a powerful approach for establishing their epiderniologic interrelationships. The standard technique for such studies, ribonuclease T 1 , oligonucleotide fingerprinting, can detect similarities only among very closely related isolates. The rapid evolution of the poliovirus genome during transmission in humans requires the application of alternate methods to identify more distant relationships. To obtain a substantially broader view of the distribution of wild poliovirus type 1 genotypes in nature, we compared 150 bases of genomic sequence information (encoding parts of the capsid protein VP1 and the noncapsid protein 2A) from 62 isolates obtained from poliomyelitis patients in five continents. The partial sequence information allowed us to (1) identify numerous geographic foci of endemic circulation of wild type 1 polioviruses, (2) reveal previously unsuspected links between cases in distant communities, (3) monitor the displacement from the environment of preexisting polioviruses by viruses from other regions, and (4) recognize the recombinant (vaccine-wild; wild-wild) origins of some epidemic polioviruses.
Dynamic Interrogation of a Basic Cutting Process

Abstract A dynamic cutting fixture based on the test rig pioneered by Peters et al. has been developed to aid investigations of cutting process dynamics. This active fixture consists of a flexure-based tool holder with a single dominant modal direction, two voice-coil type actuators for excitation and control, sensors for measuring tool displacement and acceleration, and analog electronics for feedback control of the structural dynamics. The sensing and actuation features of this fixture are exploited to identify model parameters and to examine the transition from stable cutting to chatter by comparing experiment to theory and simulation.
Annual recruitment of three species of tide-pool fishes is driven by variation in springtime coastal hydrodynamics

Using ; an 18-yr time series of annual recruitment of three tide-pool fishes, Clinocottus globiceps, Clinocottus embryum, and Oligocottus maculosus ,w e < investigated the relationship between recruitment and upwelling and downwelling, date of the spring transition, and spring wave climate. There were no significant regressions between springtime upwelling and recruitment in any species. The timing of the spring transition, however, was related to the recruitment of C. globiceps and C. embryum: the later the spring transition the larger their annual recruitment. We found a negative exponential relationship between timing of the spring transition and O. maculosus recruitment, though only after removing one outlying data point (the strong 1997 El Nino year). Significant negative exponential regressions were also found between O. maculosus recruitment and hours in April and May when waves were .2 and .3 m in amplitude. In these regressions, 1997 was no longer an outlier. O. maculosus recruitment also varied positively with seawater temperature on the shore. The different hydrodynamic correlates of recruitment in this assemblage of species, as well as published observations, suggest that the larvae of these species are occupying different nearshore areas. Clinocottus species likely develop in coastal waters, while O. maculosus develops very close to shore, essentially in the surf zone, where its larvae may be swept offshore by currents generated during large wave events. Abiotic factors driving larval success can explain persistent differences in recruitment among these species over 18 yr. Many benthic marine organisms have complex life cycles; they produce pelagic propagules or larvae that spend days to months going through development in the plankton. If variation in local population demography is limited by the rate of larval return, the population is recruitment limited; conversely, when biotic or abiotic factors affect benthic juveniles or adults, the population may be recruitment
Direct comparison of hepatitis C virus genotypes tested by INNO-LiPA HCV II and TRUGENE HCV genotyping methods

Abstract Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. It is associated with the development of end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Studies have shown that patients infected with different genotypes of HCV may respond to interferon–ribavirin therapy differently and thus HCV genotype information is very important in helping physicians to better managing their patients. Objectives: Compare the end results of HCV typing of the two commercially available tests. Study design: TRUGENE Genotyping test (Visible Genetics) was used to analyze clinical specimens obtained from North America. The 5′ NC was amplified with the Roche COBAS Amplicor HCV Monitor Test. Amplification products were blinded and genotyped by the TRUGENE HCV 5′NC method. Genotype results were compared with those obtained by the reverse hybridization based INNO-LiPA HCV II (Innogenetics) assay. Additional sequencing of the NS5B region was done to resolve discrepancies. Results and conclusions: Among the total of 110 consecutively collected serum specimens submitted for HCV genotyping, 108/110 could be typed by the sequencing method and 107/110 were typable by LiPA HCV II method. Our experiences with the tests suggest that at type level, HCV genotype results are 100% concordant between the two tests studied for those 106 specimens successfully typed by both methods. More sensitive amplification, such as qualitative PCR, is needed to test specimens with viral load lower than 20 000 IU/ml. Both tests can be easily adapted by a clinical diagnostic laboratory.
Polarity-dependent barriers and the photoisomerization dynamics of molecules in solution

Abstract The dynamics of molecular isomerizations that involve major charge redistributions are studied using picosecond lasers. The usual assumptions that the isomerization barrier is independent of temperature and constant within a solvent series are found to be incorrect due to solvent polarity effects. Polarity and hydrogen bonding effects on isomerizations involving large dipole moment changes ( p -dimethylaminobenzonitrile) and those involving a polar intermediate ( t -stilbene) are discussed.
WHONG, MELINDA. Language Teaching: Linguistic Theory in Practice. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press, 2011. Pp. ix, 213. $32.00, paper. ISBN 978–0–7486–3635–8.

A review of the book "Language Teaching: Linguistic Theory in Practice," by Melinda Whong, is presented.
Reversible hypercondensation and decondensation of mitotic chromosomes studied using combined chemical-micromechanical techniques.

We show that the chromatin in mitotic chromosomes can be drastically overcompacted or unfolded by temporary shifts in ion concentrations. By locally ‘microspraying’ reactants from micron-size pipettes, while simultaneously monitoring the size of and tension in single chromosomes, we are able to quantitatively study the dynamics of these reactions. The tension in a chromosome is monitored through observation and calibration of bending of the glass pipettes used to manipulate the chromosomes. For concentrations > 500 mM of NaCl and > 200 mM of MgCl2, we find that the initially applied tensions of ∼ 500 pN relax to zero and that mitotic chromatin temporarily disperses in agreement with previous work (Maniotis et al. [1997] J. Cell. Biochem. 65:114–130). This unfolding occurs in about 1 s, and is reversible once the charge density is returned to physiological levels, if the exposure is not longer than ∼ 1 min. Low concentrations of NaCl (< 30 mM) also induces a decrease in tension and increase in size. We observe this swelling to be isotropic in experiments on chromosomes under zero tension, a behavior inconsistent with the existence of a well-defined central chromosome ‘scaffold’. By contrast 10 mM of divalent cations (MgCl2 and CaCl2) induces an extremely rapid and reversible increase in tension and a reduction in the size of mitotic chromosomes. Hexaminecobalt trichloride (trivalent cation) has the same effect as MgCl2 and CaCl2, except the magnitude of force increase and size change are much larger. Hexaminecobalt trichloride reduces mitotic chromosomes to 65% of their original volume, indicating that at least 1/3 of their apparent volume is aqueous solution. These results indicate that chromatin inside mitotic chromatids has a large amount of conformational freedom allowing dynamic unfolding and refolding and that charge interactions play a central role in maintaining mitotic chromosome structure. J. Cell. Biochem. 85: 422–434, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On the Evolution of Alcohol Tolerance in Microorganisms

The accumulation of fermentation products such as ethanol in the microbial environment represents a form of stress in many respects analogous to extremes of pH, salt and temperature. Thus it is not surprising that microorganisms have evolved with various levels of alcohol tolerance. In this report, we have summarized the changes in membrane composition associated with increased ethanol tolerance and have used these to formulate a hypothesis for the primary action by which ethanol damages cells and prevents cell growth.
Model of the 3-D structure of the GLUT3 glucose transporter and molecular dynamics simulation of glucose transport.

A molecular model of the three-dimensional (3-D) structure of the glucose transport protein, GLUT3, has been derived by homology modeling. The model was built on the basis of structural data from the MscL protein, which is a mechanosensitive ion channel, and general insights from aquaporin (a water permeation pore). Structurally conserved regions were defined by amino acid sequence comparisons, optimum interconnecting loops were selected from the protein databank, and amino (N)- and carboxy (C)-terminal ends of the protein were generated as random coil structures. The model was then subjected to energy minimization and molecular dynamics simulations in the presence of bound substrate (D-glucose). In the proposed structure of GLUT3, the 12 transmembrane (TM) helices form a right-hand barrel with a central hydrophilic pore. The pore is shaped like a funnel with dimensions of approximately 5-6 A by 8 A at its narrowest point. A network of polar and aromatic amino acids line the pore region and may facilitate the movement of glucose along the channel. A putative binding site for inhibitory ligands, such as forskolin and cytochalasin B, was identified on an intracellular aspect of the protein. Molecular dynamics studies showed that changes in the tilt and flexibility of key TM helices may modulate the opening of the pore to effect glucose transport. The proposed structure of GLUT3 may prove useful in guiding future experiments aimed at more precisely defining various functional regions of the transporter and may encourage efforts to develop models of other complex membrane proteins.
Location management in object-based distributed computing

Distributed systems which use nonstationary communicating objects have to address the problem of managing locations of these objects. We study location management (LM) and its impact on application performance in the context of dynamic load-balancing for parallel distributed computing. We summarize our experience with LM in distributed object-based systems by comparing six location management policies (LMPs). The LMPs are studied within the PREMA framework used mainly for parallel mesh generation and refinement applications. Our experimental study is using a synthetic tunable microbenchmark and two mesh generation applications. We explain why the commonly adopted in practice Jump Update LMP is efficient for most of our applications and we compare it with the other location management techniques. We show how the performance of a particular LMP can be affected by the application properties and its data layout. Finally, we identify the conditions under which certain LMPs are more beneficial than jump update.
Endogenous and Enhanced Oxidative Cross-Linking in Wheat Flour Mill Streams

ABSTRACT A better understanding of the variation in oxidative cross-linking potential among flour mill streams can improve flour quality through the formulating of superior flour blends, and hence end-product attributes. The purpose of this research was to study the variation of oxidative cross-linking among 10 Miag Multomat pilot mill streams from 31 hard, soft and club wheat cultivars using Bostwick viscosity measurements. Flour slurries were made with either water alone (to measure the endogenous oxidative cross-linking viscosity) or with added hydrogen peroxide-peroxidase (to measure the enhanced oxidative cross-linking viscosity). Hard cultivars tended to produce more viscous flour slurries for both water and peroxide-peroxidase viscosity measurements in most mill streams. Mill streams with high oxidative cross-linking potential were those with the largest differences between water and peroxide-peroxidase viscosity including 1st Break, 1st and 2nd Middlings, and 1st Midds Redust. Conversely, mill str...
Efficacy of Sertraline in Prevention of Depression Recurrence in Older Versus Younger Adults With Diabetes

OBJECTIVE —Sertraline maintenance therapy effectively delays recurrence of major depressive disorder in adult diabetic patients when data are examined across all age-groups. A secondary analysis was performed to assess this effect in younger and older subsets of patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —Younger (aged n = 85) and older (aged ≥55 years, n = 67) subsets were identified from a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, maintenance treatment trial of sertraline in diabetic participants who achieved depression recovery with open-label sertraline treatment. Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine differences in time to depression recurrence between treatment arms (sertraline or placebo) for each age subset and between age subsets for each treatment. RESULTS —In younger subjects, sertraline conferred significantly greater prophylaxis against depression recurrence than placebo (hazard ratio 0.37 [95% CI 0.20–0.71]; P = 0.003). Benefits of sertraline maintenance therapy were lost in older participants (0.94 [0.39–2.29]; P = 0.89). There was no difference in time to recurrence for sertraline-treated subjects between age subsets ( P = 0.65), but older subjects had a significantly longer time to recurrence on placebo than younger subjects ( P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS —While sertraline significantly increased the time to depression recurrence in the younger diabetic participants, there was no treatment effect in those aged ≥55 years because of a high placebo response rate. Further research is necessary to determine the mechanisms responsible for this effect and whether depression maintenance strategies specific for older patients with diabetes should be developed.
A revised framework of global strategy: Extending the coordination-configuration framework

Although there have been significant efforts in conceptualizing global strategies, few frameworks have been developed to measure the relative globalness of firms. Porter proposed a specific framework of coordination and configuration for this purpose. This article proposes a new framework of global strategy by extending Porter's original framework. The conceptual clarification of this article will be useful in understanding different types of firms that are pursuing a global strategy. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Emission intensity of terbium(III) bound to benzene-carboxylic acid derivatives

Abstract The emission intensity of Tb 3+ bound to phenol, catechol, resorcinol, benzoic acid, pyridine, nicotonic acid, phthalic acid, salicylic acid, and picolinic acid has been studied. Relative intensities of Tb 3+ emission indicate that formation of a chelate ring is necessary to observe enhancement of the emission relative to that of Tb 3+ alone in aqueous solution. The pH dependence of Tb 3+ emission when bound to phthalic, salicylic, and picolinic acids were examined in detail and evidence was found which indicated that the geometry of the Tb 3+ ion undergoes several changes as the solution pH is raised. The emission intensities and pH dependences are also found to depend on the ratio of ligand to metal, and this observation support the presence of polynuclear lanthanide complexes existing in solution.
Collaborative search in electronic health records.

Objective A full-text search engine can be a useful tool for augmenting the reuse value of unstructured narrative data stored in electronic health records (EHR). A prominent barrier to the effective utilization of such tools originates from users’ lack of search expertise and/or medicaldomain knowledge. To mitigate the issue, the authors experimented with a ‘collaborative search’ feature through a homegrown EHR search engine that allows users to preserve their search knowledge and share it with others. This feature was inspired by the success of many social information-foraging techniques used on the web that leverage users’ collective wisdom to improve the quality and efficiency of information retrieval. Design The authors conducted an empirical evaluation study over a 4-year period. The user sample consisted of 451 academic researchers, medical practitioners, and hospital administrators. The data were analyzed using a social-network analysis to delineate the structure of the user collaboration networks that mediated the diffusion of knowledge of search. Results The users embraced the concept with considerable enthusiasm. About half of the EHR searches processed by the system (0.44 million) were based on stored search knowledge; 0.16 million utilized shared knowledge made available by other users. The socialnetwork analysis results also suggest that the usercollaboration networks engendered by the collaborative search feature played an instrumental role in enabling the transfer of search knowledge across people and domains. Conclusion Applying collaborative search, a social information-foraging technique popularly used on the web, may provide the potential to improve the quality and efficiency of information retrieval in healthcare.
STEFAN NUMBER-INSENSITIVE NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE ENTHALPY METHOD FOR STEFAN PROBLEMS USING THE SPACE-TIME CONSERVATION ELEMENT AND SOLUTION ELEMENT METHOD

An improvement is introduced to the conservation element and solution element (CE/SE) phase change scheme presented previously. The improvement addresses a well known weakness in numerical simulations of the enthalpy method when the Stefan number, (the ratio of sensible to latent heat) is small (less than 0.1). Behavior of the improved scheme, at the limit of small Stefan numbers, is studied and compared with that of the original scheme. It is shown that high dissipative errors, associated with small Stefan numbers, do not occur using the new scheme.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Bringing clinical pharmacogenomics information to pharmacists: A qualitative study of information needs and resource requirements.

Abstract Introduction As key experts in supporting medication-decision making, pharmacists are well-positioned to support the incorporation of pharmacogenomics into clinical care. However, there has been little study to date of pharmacists’ information needs regarding pharmacogenomics. Understanding those needs is critical to design information resources that help pharmacists effectively apply pharmacogenomics information. Objectives We sought to understand the pharmacogenomics information needs and resource requirements of pharmacists. Methods We conducted qualitative inquiries with 14 pharmacists representing 6 clinical environments, and used the results of those inquiries to develop a model of pharmacists’ pharmacogenomics information needs and resource requirements. Results The inquiries identified 36 pharmacogenomics-specific and pharmacogenomics-related information needs that fit into four information needs themes: background information, patient information, medication information, and guidance information. The results of the inquiries informed a model of pharmacists’ pharmacogenomics resource requirements, with 3 themes: structure of the resource, perceptions of the resource, and perceptions of the information. Conclusion Responses suggest that pharmacists anticipate an imminently growing role for pharmacogenomics in their practice. Participants value information from trust-worthy resources like FDA product labels, but struggle to find relevant information quickly in labels. Specific information needs include clinically relevant guidance about genotypes, phenotypes, and how to care for their patients with known genotypes. Information resources supporting the goal of incorporating complicated genetic information into medication decision-making goals should be well-designed and trustworthy.
Phase IIB Randomized Study of Topical Difluoromethylornithine and Topical Diclofenac on Sun-Damaged Skin of the Forearm

Prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancers remains a health priority due to high costs associated with this disease. Diclofenac and difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) have demonstrated chemopreventive efficacy for cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. We designed a randomized study of the combination of DFMO and diclofenac in the treatment of sun-damaged skin. Individuals with visible cutaneous sun damage were eligible. Subjects were randomized to one of the three groups: topical DFMO applied twice daily, topical diclofenac applied daily, or DFMO plus diclofenac. The treatment was limited to an area on the left forearm, and the duration of use was 90 days. We hypothesized that combination therapy would have increased efficacy compared with single-agent therapy. The primary outcome was change in karyometric average nuclear abnormality (ANA) in the treated skin. Individuals assessing the biomarkers were blinded regarding the treatment for each subject. A total of 156 subjects were randomized; 144 had baseline and end-of-study biopsies, and 136 subjects completed the study. The ANA unexpectedly increased for all groups, with higher values correlating with clinical cutaneous inflammation. Nearly all of the adverse events were local cutaneous effects. One subject had cutaneous toxicity that required treatment discontinuation. Significantly more adverse events were seen in the groups taking diclofenac. Overall, the study indicated that the addition of topical DFMO to topical diclofenac did not enhance its activity. Both agents caused inflammation on a cellular and clinical level, which may have confounded the measurement of chemopreventive effects. More significant effects may be observed in subjects with greater baseline cutaneous damage.
THU0293 Assessment of Cognitive Symptoms in Patients with Primary Sjogren’s Syndrome and SLE: Validation of the Brief Cognitive Symptoms Index

Background Patients with primary Sjogren’s syndrome frequently report cognitive symptoms. Self-report assessment tools can be used to screen patients who might benefit from neuropsychological evaluation, but no tool has been validated in Sjogren’s syndrome. The Brief Cognitive Symptoms Index (BCSI) consists of 6 items selected from the 21-item Cognitive Symptoms Inventory (CSI) developed by Pincus et al¹. In previous research, patients with pSS had more cognitive complaints than healthy controls and the BCSI overall score correlated with performance on tests of attention and cognitive efficiency²,³. Objectives To validate the Brief Cognitive Symptoms Index (BCSI) in primary SS for use in clinical studies and clinical practice. Methods One hundred and seventy subjects completed a health survey which included measures of fatigue: the Profile of Fatigue (ProF), the FSS and the FCIS; sleep (PSQI) and mood (CES-D). Three study groups were defined: pSS patient group A (n=64); SLE patient group B (n=74) and health controls, group C (n=23.) All SS met AECG (2002) criteria for primary SS. All SLE patients met ACR criteria for lupus. The total cognitive score distribution was analyzed to establish cutoff criteria for case definition. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to assess relationships between BCSI score and other clinical variables. Results As expected, SLE and pSS patient groups had similar (p=0.66) BCSI scores and both groups (Table 1) were significantly different from controls (p Image/graph Conclusions The BCSI is a promising screening instrument which is suitable for evaluation of patients with cognitive complaints in clinical research and practice settings. BCSI scores should be interpreted no further than as indicating that neuropsychological assessment and attention may be necessary, and should, therefore, be sought. References Pincus T, Callahan LF. A self-report cognitive symptoms inventory to assess patients with rheumatic diseases: results in eosinophillia-myalgia syndrome (EMS), fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic diseases. Arth Rheum 1996;29, S261. Segal BM et al. Primary Sjogren’s syndrome: health experiences and predictors of health quality among patients in the United States. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2009;7:46. Segal BM et al. Disruption of brain white matter microstructure in primary Sjogren’s syndrome: evidence from diffusion tensor imaging. Rheumatology 2010:49; 1530-1539. Disclosure of Interest None Declared
Room for improvement: immunizations for patients with monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis or chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Infection is the cause of death in 30% to 50% of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). A major strategy to decrease infection risk is vaccination. However, vaccine response rates in patients with CLL are typically insufficient. Recent studies have demonstrated that individuals with clinical monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL), the precursor to CLL, also have an increased risk of infection and thus could benefit from vaccines. However, there are no data on vaccine responses in the MBL population. This article reviews the immunodeficiency of CLL and MBL, discusses the recommended vaccines and data on vaccine immunogenicity in patients with CLL, and outlines the need to develop more effective vaccine strategies in this population of patients at high risk for infection.
Introspective responses to cues and motivation to reduce cigarette smoking influence state and behavioral responses to cue exposure

In the current study, we aimed to extend smoking cue-reactivity research by evaluating delay discounting as an outcome of cigarette cue exposure. We also separated introspection in response to cues (e.g., self-reporting craving and affect) from cue exposure alone, to determine if introspection changes behavioral responses to cigarette cues. Finally, we included measures of quit motivation and resistance to smoking to assess motivational influences on cue exposure. Smokers were invited to participate in an online cue-reactivity study. Participants were randomly assigned to view smoking images or neutral images, and were randomized to respond to cues with either craving and affect questions (e.g., introspection) or filler questions. Following cue exposure, participants completed a delay discounting task and then reported state affect, craving, and resistance to smoking, as well as an assessment of quit motivation. We found that after controlling for trait impulsivity, participants who introspected on craving and affect showed higher delay discounting, irrespective of cue type, but we found no effect of response condition on subsequent craving (e.g., craving reactivity). We also found that motivation to quit interacted with experimental conditions to predict state craving and state resistance to smoking. Although asking about craving during cue exposure did not increase later craving, it resulted in greater delaying of discounted rewards. Overall, our findings suggest the need to further assess the implications of introspection and motivation on behavioral outcomes of cue exposure.
Clinical research for the individualized treatment of recurrent spontaneous abortion by progesterone

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of the individualized treatment of recurrent spontaneous abortion by progesterone. Methods The clinical data of 60 cases of patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion were retrospectively analyzed, and according to the treatment methods, divided into the experimental group and control group, 30 cases in each group. The control group was given conventional dose progesterone injection. According to the weekly inspection progesterone, patients in the experimental group were adjusted the dosage of progesterone. The pregnancy of 12 weeks, the number of days of injection dosage of progesterone and the mean gestational age at delivery, abortion, premature delivery, perinatal adverse outcomes(death and disease incidence rate) between two groups were compared. Results The total amount progesterone of the test group(1456.23±206.36)mg, and(36.23±6.54) days of the injection of days significantly less than the control group(1827.48±242.05) mg,(43.54±3.63)d. The differences between the two groups were statistically significant(P 0.05). The average gestational age at delivery, abortion, premature delivery rate and adverse perinatal outcome(mortality and morbidity) incidence of experimental group was less than that of the control group, the difference was statistically significant(P 0.05). Conclusion Progesterone personalized dose adjustment can improve the success rate of patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion, and reduce the dosage and the adverse perinatal outcome. It is more suitable for clinical application.
Static Characteristic Simulations of Giant Main Distributing Valve

The static model of giant main distributing valve of hydraulic turbine governor is established with AMESim.And the static characteristics including leakage flow rate,middle-position leakage flow rate,pressure-flow characteristics of main distributing valve are analyzed by simulation.The conclusions are drawn that the leakage flow rate is maximum when the spool is in middle position;the middle-position leakage flow rate increases linearly proportional to the system pressure when the overlap quantity of the main distributing valve is zero;the load flow is proportional to the displacement of spool while it is inverse proportional to the load pressure drop.
Fire affects root decomposition, soil food web structure, and carbon flow in tallgrass prairie

Abstract. Root litter decomposition is a major component of carbon (C) cycling in grasslands, where it provides energy and nutrients for soil microbes and fauna. This is especially important in grasslands where fire is common and removes aboveground litter accumulation. In this study, we investigated whether fire affects root decomposition and C flow through the belowground food web. In a greenhouse experiment, we applied 13C-enriched big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii) root litter to intact tallgrass prairie soil cores collected from annually burned (AB) and infrequently burned (IB) treatments at the Konza Prairie Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) site. Incorporation of 13C into microbial phospholipid fatty acids and nematode trophic groups was measured on six occasions during a 180-day decomposition study to determine how C was translocated through the soil food web. Results showed significantly different soil communities between treatments and higher microbial abundance for IB. Root decomposition occurred rapidly and was significantly greater for AB. Microbes and their nematode consumers immediately assimilated root litter C in both treatments. Root litter C was preferentially incorporated in a few groups of microbes and nematodes, but depended on burn treatment: fungi, Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and fungivore nematodes for AB and only omnivore nematodes for IB. The overall microbial pool of root-litter-derived C significantly increased over time but was not significantly different between burn treatments. The nematode pool of root-litter-derived C also significantly increased over time, and was significantly higher for the AB treatment at 35 and 90 days after litter addition. In conclusion, the C flow from root litter to microbes to nematodes is not only measurable but also significant, indicating that higher nematode trophic levels are critical components of C flow during root decomposition, which, in turn, is significantly affected by fire. Not only does fire affect the soil community and root decomposition, but the lower microbial abundance, greater root turnover, and the increased incorporation of root litter C by microbes and nematodes for AB suggests that annual burning increases root-litter-derived C flow through the soil food web of the tallgrass prairie.
Ethnographic History of Oromo Folklore Study Cushitic Oromo Nation, Northeast Africa (A Literary Historical Approach) (Part II)

In this Part II of the project, I apply a literary historical approach to Oromo folklore as an attempt toward the search for authenticity, a renewed vision of Oromo folklore study - a view of what values should be - conceived not just in normative but also in historical terms. At its heart, the historical approach is the telling of a story about a folklore collection, documentation, and interpretation based on available credible sources. The literary analysis examines in detail a set of changes to systems of social relationships as depicted in the text; whereas, the historical analysis is a reflection of the people’s life and times which gave birth to the text (and to the artist) or a reflection of the life and times of the performer of the text.
STUDENTS' SOCIAL MOBILITY AND SOCIAL MOTILITY

This chapter discusses the social mobility and social motility of students. The chapter primarily focuses on the motile student and his social motility. Motility refers to possession of social rather than psychological characteristics congruent with mobility such as accent, dress, manner, schooling, and other attributes gained through social experience. The chapter presents an examination of students' social motility, approached first through social class distribution of students who thought they had changed their social class. The chapter shows the proportion of students in Edinburgh University in each assigned social class who considered that their social class had changed from that of their parents after coming to the university. The chapter also discusses the case of middle-class “downgraders” who think that they have moved down the social scale after joining the university. The chapter also discusses why more working-class and lower middle-class students had not said that they had moved and what were the reasons for upward non-motility. This should help to show what particular social conditions differentiate the upwardly motile from the upwardly immotile.
The Democratization of News

The middle years of the nineteenth century were a period of expansion in both Britain and the United States. During these decades Britain commenced its unexampled rise to economic power and became the industrial and trading center of the world. Its manufacturing base increased exponentially. Its working classes, partly reconciled to sharing in the material comforts of a rapidly developing economy, ceased to agitate for reform to the extent they had done previously. Most of the political penny papers disappeared in the aftermath of the War of the Unstamped. Other movements for radical reform, including Chartism, had a diminished impact on the public consciousness. By mid-century, political and administrative changes were gradually taking hold in Britain. These included an extension of the parliamentary franchise, an economic system constructed around the principles of free trade and the beginnings of factory and public health legislation.
Prisoners of the Caucasus : From Colonial to Postcolonial Narrative

(2004). Prisoners of the Caucasus : From Colonial to Postcolonial Narrative. Russian Studies in Literature: Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 52-77.
Touching Shame: A Pathway to Disinterment

People crowd the church at an Ash Wednesday service. Their hushed voices leave barely an echo. Heavily incensed air fills the nave, and all stay attentive to the priest who speaks during the homily of the biblical truth of this day as an entrance into Lent, inviting worshippers into the most affecting and tragic aspects of Jesus’s story.
Main act or cosmic sideshow

The establishment of big bang cosmology will be viewed as one of the major achievements of the 20th century. In writing the history of what he thinks is a great controversy within this story – namely the battle that raged in the 1950s and 1960s between those who insisted that the universe exists in a steady-state and those who argued that it evolved from a singular initial state (the big bang) – Helge Kragh has given us a comprehensive and scholarly treatment of modern cosmology.
The Challenge of Being Google

It must be a challenge being Google these days. In barely 15 years, Google has gone from a tech start-up founded by a couple of grad students, to one of the most dominant forces in the information industry. Its market capitalization of over a quarter of a trillion – that’s “T”-trillion – dollars makes it bigger than tech pioneer Microsoft. It ranked at number 73 on the 2012 Fortune 500, as measured by its annual revenue, up there with long established names like DuPont, John Deere and Philip Morris. In its core search business, a recent survey shows that it commands a 67% market share for search engine use in the U.S. and around the world. It’s also expanded its technology portfolio well beyond its original search engine services to develop widely used products and services like the Android smartphone platform, as well as consumer apps and services like Gmail, Google Earth, Picasa, Google Translate and the Google Chrome web browser. It is plays a role in content creation and hosting information services Google Scholar and the Google Books project and its ownership of YouTube. Its purchase of Motorola Mobility and the development of the Chromebook computer have brought it into the hardware business. Finally, Google has also been moving into enterprise and cloud computing arenas through its Google Apps services and Google Search Appliance. Yet it does not seem like a week goes by without a headline the media about legal complaints, investigations or settlements of investigations against Google. For a company that started with the motto, “Don’t be evil”, Google seems to be making a lot of people mad.
Association of Bariatric Surgery With Risk of Infectious Diseases: A Self-Controlled Case Series Analysis.

Background Although emerging data demonstrate that obesity is a risk factor for infectious diseases, no study has investigated the relationship of bariatric surgery with the risk of infectious diseases among obese adults. Methods We conducted a self-controlled case series analysis using data from the State Emergency Department Database and State Inpatient Database of 3 US states (California, Florida, and Nebraska) from 2005 through 2011. We included obese adults who underwent bariatric surgery as an instrument of weight reduction. Primary outcomes were emergency department (ED) visit or hospitalization for skin and soft-tissue infection (SSTI), respiratory infection, intra-abdominal infection, or urinary tract infection (UTI). Results Among 56277 obese adults who underwent bariatric surgery, compared to presurgery months 13-24 as the reference period, the risk of ED visit or hospitalization in the 0- to 12-month postsurgery period decreased significantly for SSTI (aOR, 0.85 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .76-.95]) and respiratory infection (aOR, 0.82 [95% CI, .75-.90]) and remained significantly low in the 13- to 24-month postsurgery period (aORs, 0.77 [95% CI, .68-.86] and 0.75 [95% CI, .68-.82], respectively). By contrast, the risk increased significantly in the 0- to 12-month postsurgery period for intra-abdominal infection (aOR, 2.09 [95% CI, 1.78-2.46]) and UTI (aOR, 1.93 [95% CI, 1.74-2.15]) and remained high in the 13- to 24-month postsurgery period (aORs, 1.29 [95% CI, 1.09-1.54] and 1.31 [95% CI, 1.17-1.47], respectively). Conclusions We found a divergent risk pattern in the risk of 4 common infectious diseases after bariatric surgery. The risk of SSTI and respiratory infection decreased after bariatric surgery whereas that of intra-abdominal infection and UTI increased.
Cartesian epistemology and infallible justification

In this paper I examine contemporary accounts of noninferential justification in light of what I take to be the Cartesian project of building epistemology on foundations made secure by the impossibility of error. I argue that familiar abstract arguments for foundationalism, by themselves, don’t seem to motivate Cartesianism. But I further argue that there is one version of foundationalism that is more closely linked to the way in which Descartes sought ideal knowledge.