cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of micromixing models for CFD simulation of nanoparticle formation

Reactive precipitation is an important research topic in chemical engineering because of its numerous industrial applications in the formation of nanoparticles. Recently, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been successfully coupled with micromixing models and probability density function (PDF) methods to predict the effect of mixing on the particle size distribution. The micromixing model is generally based on the presumed PDF method. The objective of this work is to compare multienvironment-presumed PDFs and a recently proposed direct-quadrature-method-of-moments-interaction-by-exchange-with-the-mean (DQMOM-IEM) micromixing model with transported PDF predictions for the simulation of reactive precipitation, including simultaneous mixing-limited reaction, nucleation, and growth in a plug-flow reactor. DQMOM is applied to calculate the turbulent spurious dissipation rate for the multienvironment micromixing models. The results show that the DQMOM-IEM model agrees well with the transported PDF simulations, even when the number of nodes used in DQMOM is small (such as 2–4). Given the computational efficiency of the DQMOM-IEM model relative to transported PDF methods, this model offers great promise as a practical CFD tool for simulating plant-scale reactors. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 2217–2232, 2004
A Bayesian marriage of science and politics

Some might say that there is a sense in which the very consideration of whether science is equated with rationality is obscene. For far too long science has been dealt with by philosophers within the confines of a protectionist, if not an apologist, policy. Putnam has provided a service by exposing some of the weaker links of the scientism mythology. I have tried to bolster that critique by indicating how, along Bayesian lines, value and holistic considerations could be used to help positively transform science.
Phase equilibria calculations with a modified SAFT equation of state. 2. Binary mixtures of n-alkanes, 1-alkanols, and water

The Lennard-Jones−statistical association fluid theory (LJ−SAFT) is applied to binary mixtures containing one self-associating and one nonassociating substance. The binary systems studied here are n-alkane/n-alkane, 1-alkanol/n-alkane, and water/n-alkane mixtures. For cases where the dipole−dipole term is needed, the influence of induction is also investigated. The results with LJ−SAFT exhibit better agreement with experimental data than SAFT. This improvement is due to the exchange of the hard-sphere reference system by the LJ reference system.
In-Circuit Emulators in the Microprocessor Laboratory

Microprocessor workstations, which include in-circuit emulators, now form the basis of the microprocessor interfacing course at the University of Kentucky. The availability of in-circuit emulators at a moderate cost allowed us to build six workstations to serve our senior and graduate students. Each workstation has a computer, an emulator, and a target system on which interface experiments can be connected. With this new equipment, we have seen a significant increase in the productivity and the quality of the work of the students and an improvement in their attitude toward the laboratory.
The dynamics of low-frequency variability in a simple model of the global atmosphere.

Abstract We examine the dynamics of low-frequency variability in a simple global model with zonally homogeneous boundary conditions. Low-frequency structure comprises trains of nearly equivalent barotropic Rossby waves with weak eastward phase velocities and strong eastward group velocities. These low-frequency eddies are strongly coupled to synoptic activity. The flux of vorticity by synoptic waves acts both to reinforce the low-frequency eddies and to retard their eastward propagation. Mechanistic experiments with an imposed forcing show that the synoptic-scale vorticity fluxes are organized by the low-frequency flow. The behavior is generally similar to that found in previous studies of blocks; the present work shows that strong mutual interactions between the low and synoptic frequencies also characterize less dramatic, low-frequency flows.
Characterization of solubilized microvillous membrane proteins and glycoproteins from human placental syncytiotrophoblast.

Summary Microvillous membrane fractions from human term placentae were prepared by differential centrifugation. Extraction of membranes with PBS-EDTA or KCl removed soluble cytoplasmic components and serum proteins excepting trace amounts of albumin and transferrin. PAGE-SDS revealed 11 components in the Triton solubilized crude fraction after PBS-EDTA extraction. Membrane components solubilized with Triton were not fractionated by gel filtration on Bio-Gel A-50 m but DEAE-cellulose chromatography partially resolved these components. Three fractions were obtained by stepwise elution of absorbed materials using increasing concentrations of NaCl in the equilibrating buffer. These fractions were characterized using SDS-PAGE. The material unabsorbed to the DEAE contained two components of small molecular weight and one of them showed a positive PAS stain. The first eluted protein peak showed nine components, seven of which stained with PAS. The bulk of glycoproteins with molecular weights greater than 130 000 daltons were found in this fraction. The second eluted peak from DEAE was rich in components with molecular weights less than 43 000 daltons. Four components in this fraction were not identified in the other two ion-exchange fractions. Bands representing mobilities of albumin, transferrin and alkaline phosphatase were observed in DEAE-cellulose fractions; however, 12 components of unknown structure were revealed.
Prevalence of Eimeria spp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in Oregon llamas.

Eimeria alpacae, E. punoensis, E. lamae, and E. macusaniensis were identified in fecal samples from 189 llama (Lama glama (L.)) adults and 50 llama crias (animals less than one year of age of any species in the genus Lama) from central and western Oregon. In both adults and crias, E. alpacae was the most common species found. The least common was E. macusaniensis, which was found in only two adults. Overall prevalence and numbers of animals with mixed infections was approximately twice as high in crias as in adults.
Safety and efficacy of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation performed with limited intraoperative mapping for treatment of Parkinson's disease.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to establish the safety and efficacy of bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with disabling motor fluctuations performed with an expedient procedure with limited intraoperative mapping. METHODS Bilateral STN DBS systems were implanted in 110 PD patients. Targeting of STN was achieved with T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging guidance and a stereotactic navigation system confirmed by limited electrophysiological mapping. The safety of the procedure was analyzed in all 110 patients. The efficacy of the procedure was assessed in the practically-defined off medication state in the 72 patients who underwent evaluations 3 to 12 months after electrode implantation. RESULTS Adverse effects were infrequent and transient with no incidence of death, hemiparesis, or seizure. In the 72 patients, STN DBS reduced total Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor scores at the time of the follow-up evaluation by 47% from 43.4 +/- 16.1 with stimulators off to 22.8 +/- 11.6 with stimulators on (P < 0.001). The changes in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor subscores improved as follows: rest tremor, 74% (P < 0.001); rigidity, 58% (P < 0.001); bradykinesia, 37% (P < 0.001); pull test, 35% (P < 0.001); gait, 44% (P < 0.001); axial signs, 42% (P < 0.001); and speech, 13% (P = 0.002). The prescribed total daily levodopa-equivalent dose decreased 45 +/- 32%. We averaged 1.3 +/- 0.9 electrodes passes per lead implantation. The mean operating time from the mounting of the stereotactic frame to its removal was 5 hours 42 minutes (median, 5 h 25 min; standard deviation, 1 h 12 min). CONCLUSION This STN DBS surgical technique for PD is expedient with effective outcomes and low complication rates.
Traversing the flexible turn: US workers’ perceptions of job security, 1977–2002

Abstract This paper utilizes data from the General Social Survey from 1977 to 2002 to investigate trends in and determinants of US workers’ perceptions of job security. We find that perceived job security is impacted at the individual level by demographic factors such as race, age, education, earnings, part-time status, and occupation. With regard to age, our findings point to an increased sense of perceived insecurity at mid-career, which is contrary to previous research. This effect is distinctive from cohort effects and the linear effects of time, which we control for in the models. After controlling for unemployment, we find that perceived job security has declined over time. Further analysis suggests that this trend is largely due to the “flexible turn” in the labor market over the past quarter century, which has contributed to a heightened sense of vulnerability among workers in the new economy.
A modification of the Fisher-Cornish approximation for the student t percentiles

An asymptotic expansion of the Student t distribution is derived by expanding the standardized Student t distribution in terms of the normal distribution. This expansion is inverted to obtain corresponding asymptotic expansions for the Student t percentiles as functions of the standard normal percentiles0 Using the first two, three or four terms of these expansions, we get approximations of the Student t percentiles which are generally more accurate than the approximations given by Fisher and Cornish(1960) and Koehler (1983).An approximation of the distribution function obtained from this expansion is compared with the approximations discussed by Ling (1978) andfound to be more accurate for moderate degrees of freedom.
Automating the systems understanding aid

Abstract Arens and Ward [1984] reported on the value of the Systems Understanding Aid[Aid] as a pedagogical supplement. This paper supports the perspective and Arens and Ward; and reports on the results of automating the Aid. The primary thrust of this automation process was the use of an electronic spreadsheet to model the worksheet and the financial statements. Student interest and involvement was high. Additional projects were developed by students on their own volition.
Analysis of speckle reduction in Optical Coherence Tomography by path length encoded angular compounding

Angular compounding by path length encoding (ACPE), a new method for reducing speckle in OCT images is presented. ACPE images demonstrate a qualitative improvement over traditional OCT and an increased SNR.
Commentary: The Transnational Turn and the Hemispheric Return

America's interconnected and violent foundational histories are a common point of departure in the essays by John-Michael Rivera and Jesse Alemain that open this special issue of American Literary History on "Hemispheric American Literature." Rivera's "'A Complete Though Bloody Victory': Lorenzo de Zavala and the Transnational Paradoxes of Sovereignty" examines the formation and writings of Lorenzo de Zavala, a participant in the Mexican and, later, Texan struggles for independence. Zavala provisionally reconciled his seemingly conflicting patriotisms in the field of literary production, where he created a utopian vision of the US for Mexican readers. Rivera maintains that Zavala's 1834 travel narrative, Viage de los Estados-Unidos del Norte America, is not an invitation to his compatriots to engage in mimicry but rather "an aesthetic representation that renders for Mexicans guidelines for becoming an autonomous national people who can emerge from the legacy of Spanish colonialism and racialization." There is no independence, Zavala might argue, without interdependence. Alemin's "The Other Country: Mexico, the United States, and the Specter of Conquest" illustrates this point with respect to north-to-south trajectories. Alemain identifies a "trans-American gothic" in the gory tableaux that so fascinated nineteenth-century chroniclers of colonial Mexican history. For Alemin, this aesthetic operates through the Freudian uncanny; it confronts an expansionist US in search of a usable past with unexpected, horrific self-portraits, refracted through images of the Spanish and Aztec empires. Through theoretical insights derived from psychoanalysis and poststructuralism, these two essays establish a strong connecting thread that runs throughout this issue. The logic of historical returns, psychic projection, and fragile self-other relations that trouble nineteenth-century narratives of US nation formation vis-a-vis that of Mexico also influence US literary engagements with other parts of the Western hemisphere.
Variable interval responding maintained by intravenous codeine and ethanol injections in the rhesus monkey

Abstract Rhesus monkeys were trained to respond under a variable interval 2 min schedule for codeine or ethanol injections. Both codeine and ethanol were effective in the initiation of variable-interval responding; responding was maintained over a range of codeine (0.003–1.0 mg/kg/injection) and ethanol doses (32.0–560 mg/kg/injection). Maximum rates of responding were obtained at the 0.01 mg/kg/injection codeine dose (0.14 responses/sec) and at the 180 mg/kg/injection codeine dose (0.19 responses/sec). Rates of responsing were bitonic functions of the reinforcer dose for both codeine and ethanol; maximum rates were obtained at intermediate doses and lower rates occurred at the extremes of the dose range. Both codeine and ethanol showed within-session decreases in responding across the range of reinforcer doses. Codeine-reinforced responding declined in rate within the one-hour session without a similar change in the frequency of drug injection; in contrast, both ethanol-reinforced responding and the frequency of ethanol injections declined within each session across a range of doses. Increasing or decreasing the codeine dose half-way through the one-hour session resulted in increases or decreases in codeine responding compared to controls. These data indicate that the progressive decline in codeine-reinforced responding is not the result of a generalized disruption of responding.
Initial results on development and application of statistical atlas of femoral cartilage in osteoarthritis to determine sex differences in structure: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative.

Purpose: To create an average atlas of knee femoral cartilage morphology, to apply the atlas for quantitative assessment of osteoarthritis (OA), and to study localized sex differences. Materials and Methods: High-resolution 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of the knee cartilage collected at 3 T as part of the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) were used. An atlas was created based on images from 30 male Caucasian high-risk subjects with no symptomatic OA at baseline. A female cohort of age- and disease-matched Caucasian subjects was also selected from the OAI database. The Jacobian determinant was calculated from the deformation vector fields that nonlinearly registered each subject to the atlas. Statistical analysis based on the general linear model was used to test for regions of significant differences in the Jacobian values between the two cohorts. Results: The average Jacobian was larger in women (1.2 ± 0.078) than in men (1.08 ± 0.097), showing that after global scaling to the male template, the female cartilage was thicker in most regions. Regions showing significant structural differences include the medial weight bearing region, the trochlear (femoral) side of the patellofemoral compartment, and the lateral posterior condyle. Conclusion: Sex-based differences in cartilage structure were localized using tensor based morphometry in a cohort of high-risk subjects. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cytoskeletal reorganization underlying growth cone motility

Recent studies have implicated cytoskeletal dynamics as an important component in directing neuronal outgrowth. By using modern imaging techniques to observe the kinetics of individual cytoskeletal elements in living cells, these results have converged upon a common theme: functional coupling between the intracellular cytoskeleton and extracellular substrates, and regulation thereof, appears to be crucial in controlling neuronal migration.
Neurochemical markers for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression in postmortem brains.

Background Previous studies of postmortem neurochemical markers in severe psychiatric disorders have been carried out on different brain collections, making it difficult to compare results. Methods One hundred RNA, protein, and other neurochemical markers were assessed in a single set of 60 postmortem brains (15 each with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression without psychosis, and unaffected control subjects) in relation to seven neurochemical systems. Quantitative measures of continuous variables for prefrontal, hippocampus, anterior cingulate, superior temporal cortex, or a combination of these were analyzed from published and unpublished studies by 56 research groups. Results Before correcting for multiple comparisons, 23% of markers (23/100) were abnormal in one or more regions, with most indicating decreased expression. The largest percentage were associated with the developmental/synaptic (10/22) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA; 3/7) systems. Bipolar disorder (20) and schizophrenia (19) had the most abnormalities, with a 65% overlap. When all brain areas were considered together and corrected for multiple comparisons, reelin, parvalbumin, and GAD67 were the most abnormal. Conclusions Confirming other studies, the GABA and developmental/synaptic neurochemical systems are promising areas for research on schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Research should include tissue from both diseases, and additional brain areas should be assessed.
cAMP Modulates the Excitability of Immortalized Hypothalamic (GT1) Neurons via a Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channel

GT1 cells are immortalized hypothalamic neurons that show spontaneous bursts of action potentials and oscillations in intracellular calcium concentration[ Ca2+]i, as well as pulsatile release of GnRH. We investigated the role of cyclic nucleotide gated (CNG) channels in the activity of GT1 neurons using patch clamp and calcium imaging techniques. Excised patches from GT1 cells revealed single channels and macroscopic currents that were activated by either cAMP or cGMP. CNG channels from GT1 cells showed rapid transitions from open to closed states typical of heteromeric CNG channels, were selective for cations, and had an estimated single channel conductance of 60 picosiemens (pS). Ca2+ inhibited the conductance of macroscopic currents and caused rectification of currents at increasingly positive and negative potentials. The membrane permeant cAMP analog Sp-cAMP-monophosphorothioate (Sp-cAMPS) increased the frequency of spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations in GT1 cells, whereas the Rp-cAMPS isomer had only a sli...
Oscillator priming and preoscillation noise in a gyrotron

Phase control is achieved in a pulsed gyrotron oscillator both by applying an external priming signal directly to the oscillator and by applying the signal to a prebunching cavity. A pulse-to-pulse phase jitter of greater than 2.5 degrees is achieved in the gyrotron at drive-to-oscillator power ratios of -36.6 dB (drive signal-to-noise power ratio of 36 dB) in the direct injection case and -71 dB (drive signal-to-noise power ratio of 22 dB) in the prebunched case. A lumped-element theory is compared to the experimental results. The theoretical description seems valid when the drive frequency is within about 5 MHz of that of the oscillator. Preoscillation noise in the gyrotron is about 10 mu W, larger than expected from either shot noise thermal noise but in the vicinity of spontaneous cyclotron emission. Convective radio-frequency noise growth is investigated. No evidence of the electrostatic cyclotron instability was seen. All growth observed is attributed to the gyroklystron amplification mechanism. However the noise growth per unit length is not as large as that of a narrow-band drive signal. >
The knockout mouse: six years old and growing stronger.

Site-specific alteration of the mouse genome has become a routine procedure. The past six years have witnessed the generation and characterization of several hundred novel animals, each harboring an independent mutation in one of the 50 to 100,000 estimated murine genes (1). Genes previ­ ously predicted to be involved in normal development or in the maintenance of adult homeostasis have been targeted for mutation, as have murine homologues of genes implicated in human disease, including some affecting the respiratory system. The phenotypes resulting from these mutations have ranged from the predictable to the surprising-witness the unexpected respiratory defects in animals lacking a func­ tional endothelin-l gene (2), or the relatively benign pulmo­ nary pathology associated with a number of mutant alleles of the CFTR gene (reviewed in 3). The phenotypic charac­ terization of these animals has helped to define biological functions of individual genes and to identify networks of genetic interactions. Rather than attempt to summarize a vast accumulation of data thus far generated, this Perspective will address some of the limitations inherent in this technology, emphasizing how an understanding of these limitations is contributing to a more thorough genetic description of a mammalian organism and its development. The protocol for mutagenesis is by now straightforward: cloned DNA, first mutated in vitro, is introduced into a popu­ lation of pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells grown in cul­ ture; those cells in which recombination has replaced the tar­ get, endogenous gene with its mutant homologue are isolated and transplanted into a blastocyst stage mouse embryo; this embryo is implanted and allowed to develop to term, and the resulting chimera (containing cells from the blastocyst as well as ES cells) is then bred to propagate the mutant se­ quences (4, 5). If the mutant allele is a recessive lethal, it can be maintained in the heterozygous state, and a simple genetic cross is used to generate homozygosity. The majority of the currently available mutant animals carry loss-of-func­ tion, or null, alleles of the gene of interest. Not only are such mutations technically the simplest to construct, but the phenotype of the ensuing "knockout" mouse establishes a baseline requirement for the target gene. Initial expectations of this approach are that the time and place of gene action will be defined, that development may
The relationship between social media co-worker connections and work-related attitudes

Many people have social media connections with co-workers. An important question that arises is how such connections impact important organizational factors. This study begins to look at such impact by examining how a user's total number of co-worker social media connections and the percentage of total social media connections that are co-workers impacts perceptions of organizational support and organizational spontaneity. In a sample of 106 union members across a number of organizations it is found that percentage of co-worker social media connections has a significant positive relationship with both perceptions of organizational support and organizational spontaneity. Total co-worker social media connections was not related to either organizational support or organizational spontaneity. Implications and reasons for these results are discussed, as well as important directions for future research.
Synergistic induction of heme oxygenase-1 by the components of the antioxidant supplement Protandim

Abstract Protandim is an antioxidant supplement that consists of five ingredients, namely, ashwagandha, bacopa extract, green tea extract, silymarin, and curcumin, each with known therapeutic properties. Protandim was formulated with the objective of combining multiple phytochemicals at low nontoxic doses to gain synergy among them. A recent clinical study demonstrated the in vivo antioxidant effects of Protandim (S.K. Nelson et al., 2006, Free Radic. Biol. Med. 40, 341–347). The objective of the present study was to determine if the components of Protandim induce heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in a synergistic manner in cultured MIN6 cells, a mouse β-cell line, and in SK-N-MC cells, a human neuroblastoma cell line. When the components of Protandim were tested alone at low doses, curcumin showed minimal induction, whereas the others were unable to induce the HO-1 promoter, assayed by transient transfection. All components together, however, produced a strongly synergistic induction of around three- to ninefold in a dose-dependent manner, greatly exceeding the sum of the parts. Similar findings were obtained for the expression of HO-1 at the mRNA and protein levels. Protandim-mediated HO-1 induction involved the presence of ARE sites in the HO-1 promoter and nuclear translocalization of the transcription factor Nrf2, which binds to ARE sites. The involvement of multiple signaling pathways, including PI3-kinase/Akt, p38MAPK, and PKCδ, in HO-1 induction seems to be the probable mechanism of synergy between the components of Protandim. There were significant increases in the levels of total glutathione in Protandim-treated cells. These findings suggest that the use of a combination of phytochemicals may be an efficient method for the induction of antioxidant enzymes.
Microdialysis in peripheral tissues

The objective of this review is to survey the recent literature regarding the applications of microdialysis in pharmacokinetic studies and facilitating many other studies in peripheral tissues such as muscle, subcutaneous adipose tissue, heart, lung, etc. It has been reported extensively that microdialysis is a useful technique for monitoring free concentrations of compounds in extracellular fluid (ECF), and it is gaining popularity in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies, both in experimental animals and humans. The first part of this review discusses the use of microdialysis technique for ECF sampling in peripheral tissues in animal studies. The second part of the review describes the use of microdialysis for ECF sampling in peripheral tissues in human studies. Microdialysis has been applied extensively to measure both endogenous and exogenous compounds in ECF. Of particular benefit is the fact that microdialysis measures the unbound concentrations in the peripheral tissue fluid which have been shown to be responsible for the pharmacological effects. With the increasing number of applications of microdialysis, it is obvious that this method will have an important place in studying drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
Source(s) and cycling of the nonhydrolyzable organic fraction of oceanic particles

A major fraction of particulate organic carbon (POC) in the deep ocean remains molecularly uncharacterized. In an effort to determine the chemical characteristics and source(s) of sinking POC, we studied a nonhydrolyzable fraction of sinking POC using 13 C NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy and analytical pyrolysis. 13 C NMR spectra and products from analytical pyrolysis of the nonhydrolyzable fraction exhibit a strongly aliphatic character that is distinct from that of bulk POC. The aliphatic nature of this fraction is consistent with its low stable carbon isotope values. We hypothesize that the nonhydrolyzable fraction derives to a significant extent from a refractory component of organisms that selectively accumulates, resulting in its manifestation as a major part of POC sinking to the deep ocean and in underlying sediments. � 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
“An incessant army of demons”: Wolf Meyer-Erlach, Luther, and “the Jews” in Nazi Germany

The role of “academic” scholarship as a tool for the Gleichschaltung (coordination) of the populace during the Third Reich has attracted recent scholarly attention. Wolf Meyer-Erlach was one Protestant theologian who devoted his limited academic skills to the service of the Nazi regime. This article examines his use of Martin Luther’s “Judenschriften” to affirm Nazi anti-Jewish policy. Bringing to bear Gavin Langmuir’s approach to the study of antisemitism, the following addresses the question of whether Meyer-Erlach’s “theological” rhetoric represented anti-Judaism, antisemitism, or both. It explores in microcosm the place of continuity and discontinuity in the early modern and modern hatred of Jews.
Arylamidase activity in soils: effect of trace elements and relationships to soil properties and activities of amidohydrolases

The enzyme arylamidase (α-aminoacyl-peptide hydrolase, EC 3.4.11.2) catalyzes the hydrolysis of an N-terminal amino acid from peptides, amides or arylamides in soils. Recently, the activity of this enzyme was detected in soils, and a method was developed for its assay. The method was used in studies of the effects of salts of 25 trace elements on the activity of arylamidase in field-moist soils and their air-dried counterparts. At 5 μmol g−1 soil, the activity of arylamidase was inhibited in both air-dried and field-moist samples by 18 of the 25 trace elements used, and Ag(I), Hg(II) and Cd(II) were the most effective inhibitors (>55%). At this concentration, Co(II), Mg(II), Mn(II), B(III) and As(V) activated this enzyme in field-moist soils and their air-dried counterparts (1–49%), and W(VI) and Mo(VI) activated this enzyme in air-dried soils (4–21%), but inhibited it in the field-moist soils (7–46%). Arylamidase activity was significantly correlated with the content of organic C (r=0.80∗∗∗,P<0.001), total N (r=0.71∗∗∗), and clay (r=0.49∗∗,P<0.05), but not with sand or the pH of the 26 surface soils examined. The activity of this enzyme in soils was significantly correlated with the activities of l-asparaginase (r=0.91∗∗∗),l-aspartase (r=0.90∗∗∗), urease (r=0.87∗∗∗), and l-glutaminase (r=0.84∗∗∗) and with amidase (r=0.39∗).
Collecting and Collaborating to Build Community: The Evolution of a Local Music Collection at a Small Liberal Arts College Library

To fulfill a variety of goals in building the library's music collection and connecting it with both the campus community and the region, the Hiram College Library began a project in 2005 to create a collection of Northeast Ohio music. Focusing on sound recordings, the library has amassed a collection of more than 800 CDs in 8 years through purchase, publicity, and donations. Analysis of the results of this project and attempts to gather interest through social networking reveals the challenges and opportunities in this endeavor. As a long-term project, much work remains to be done, and possible future directions are outlined.
The Suburban Ghetto: The Legacy of Herbert Gans in Understanding the Experience of Poverty in Recently Impoverished American Suburbs:

Reports based on data collected from the 2000 U.S. Census reveal a dramatic transformation in the landscape of poverty and inequality in the United States in the 1990s. U.S. central city areas have...
Using delay to defend against database extraction

For many data providers, the “crown jewels” of their business are the data that they have organized. If someone could copy their entire database, it would be a competitive catastrophe. Yet, a data provider is in the business of providing data, so access to the database cannot be restricted entirely. How is the data provider to permit legitimate access to users who request access to small portions of the database while protecting the database from wholesale copying?
Design of an intervention to promote entry of minority youth into clinical research careers by aligning ambition: The TEACH (Training Early Achievers for Careers in Health) Research Program

The theory of aligned ambition posits that adolescents’ career aspirations are shaped by both contextual and attitudinal factors. Minority students are less likely to exhibit career-specific knowledge, realistic attitudes, and successful behaviors, which could exacerbate racial disparities in the health care workforce. This article describes the theoretical grounding and preliminary implementation of an intervention designed to promote aligned ambition from an early stage of career development. The Training Early Achievers for Careers in Health Research Program provides exposure to realistic career experiences and multitiered mentorship, with the goal of cultivating aligned ambition toward clinical research careers among minority high school students. We discuss program operations in detail and consider whether this method can be used nationally to promote entry of minority youth into clinical research careers.
Effects of simulation-based learning on students' statistical factual, conceptual and application knowledge

The purpose of this study was to 1 examine the effects of a storyline on learners' factual, conceptual and application knowledge with the use of a simulation for teaching introductory statistical skills and to 2 explore students' subjective enjoyment of various learning activities often used in statistics education. In order to conduct the study, two versions of a simulation were developed that differed in the presence or absence of a storyline attribute. Sixty-four graduate students were randomly assigned to one of the two intervention conditions. Both intervention groups demonstrated significantly higher learning gains after interacting with the simulation. Particularly, both simulation-based interventions had a positive significant effect on the acquisition of application knowledge and skills. However, no significant differences between the intervention groups on any learning outcome explored in the study were found. Results also showed that students rated the simulation used in the study as a more enjoyable learning activity in comparison to reading a textbook, lecture or teamwork. Students from the simulation without a storyline intervention reported higher enjoyment than the other intervention group. Implications of the findings for understanding the instructional benefits and shortcomings of embedding a storyline in digital learning content are discussed.
Sulfite Reductase Hemoprotein

Keywords: iron; heme Proteins; oxidoreductases; enzyme; NADPH: oxidoreductase; EC 1.8.1.2; multimeric complex with iron-containing siroheme; 4Fe–4S) cluster; flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD); and flavin mononucleotide (FMN); known as sulfite reductase (SiR)
A bound on EMP coupling

A bound on the energy coupled to a load by means of an antenna or aperture subjected to a step function electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is given by the polarizabilities of the antenna or aperture. Examples of coupling bounds for a slender electric dipole antenna, a circular aperture, and a narrow slot aperture with depth are given. It is demonstrated, by use of the bound on the integral of the effective area over all frequencies, that the maximum energy absorbed by an object subjected to a step function EMP is bounded in terms of the static polarizabilities of the object. (The energy spectrum of the step function EMP bounds the spectrum of EMP described by the double exponential over all frequencies.) It is demonstrated that this bound can be used on apertures in infinite ground planes for which Babinet's principle fails to apply (apertures having depth and cavity backed apertures), where the requirement is simply to use the polarizabilities on the incident side of the aperture. >
Earning Exclusivity: Generic Drug Incentives and the Hatch-Waxman Act

“Reverse” or “exclusion” payments to settle pharmaceutical patent lawsuits are facilitated because the Hatch-Waxman Act has been interpreted to give 180 days of generic exclusivity to the first generic company to file for FDA approval, whether or not that company succeeds in invalidating the patent or finding a way to avoid infringement. As a result, the patentee can “buy off” the first generic entrant, paying them to delay their entry into the market while still offering them the valuable period of generic exclusivity. And if that first generic is entitled to its 180 days, no one else can enter until after the exclusivity period has expired or been forfeited. The result is that the 180-day exclusivity period is not serving its purpose of eliminating weak patents. True, it is encouraging lots of challenges to those patents. But it is encouraging the challengers to accept compensation to drop those challenges, rather than taking them to judgment and benefiting the rest of the world. We propose a change to the Hatch-Waxman statutory scheme. Our alternative is straightforward: first-filing generic drug companies should be entitled to 180 days of exclusivity only if they successfully defeat the patent owner, for example, by invalidating the patent or by proving that they did not infringe that patent. The point of 180-day exclusivity was to encourage challenges to patents because the invalidation of bad patents benefits society as a whole. Society doesn’t benefit from a private deal to drop a challenge. That doesn’t mean settlement is never a good idea; it is a commonplace in our legal system. But it seems bizarre to insulate a company from competition just because it settles the case. Indeed, we expect that our proposal, if implemented, would facilitate more rational settlements, in which the settlements that result accurately reflect the likelihood of success in litigation.
Binary Search in a Multiprocessing Environment

In this paper we consider variations on the binary search algorithm when placed in the context of a multiprocessing environment. Several organizations are investigated covering the spectrum from total independence (or free competition for access to common resources) to cooperation as in SIMD architectures. It is assumed that the two main sources of overhead are memory interference and interprocessor synchronization. An organization combining interference-free access to memory by implicit synchronization and a small degree of cooperation yields the best results.
A pipeline architecture for factoring large integers with the quadratic sieve algorithm

We describe the quadratic sieve factoring algorithm and a pipeline architecture on which it could be efficiently implemented. Such a device would be of moderate cost to build and would be able to factor 100-digit numbers in less than a month. This represents an order of magnitude speed-up over current implementations on supercomputers. Using a distributed network ofmany such devices, it is predicted much larger numbers could be practically factored. 1. Introduction. The problem of efficiently factoring large composite numbers has been of interest for centuries. It shares with many other basic problems in the sciences the twin attributes of being easy to state, yet (so far) difficult to solve. In recent years, it has also become an applied science. In fact, several new public-key cryptosystems and signature schemes, including the RSA public-key cryptosystem (10), base their security on the supposed intractability of the factoring problem. Although there is no known polynomial time algorithm for factoring, we do have subexponential algorithms. Over the last few years there has developed a remarkable six-way tie for the asymptotically fastest factoring algorithms. These methods all have the common running time
Observations on intraventricular hemicholinium-3-induced EEG seizures.

Summary It was observed that intraventricular (i.vt.) injection of HC-3 produced markedly different effects upon the EEG of the dog, dependent upon dose. The high dose (5 mg) investigated in this paper produced seizures with a 20 min latency. This effect was compared with the effects of several drugs known to act on the cholinergic system, and in addition the effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of several brain regions was determined. It was concluded that the HC-3-induced EEG seizures probably did not occur as a result of AChE inhibition but resulted from a direct action on possible cholinergic receptors. Suggestions for the nature of this action are discussed.
Fjording the stream: an architecture for queries over streaming sensor data

If industry visionaries are correct, our lives will soon be full of sensors, connected together in loose conglomerations via wireless networks, each monitoring and collecting data about the environment at large. These sensors behave very differently from traditional database sources: they have intermittent connectivity, are limited by severe power constraints, and typically sample periodically and push immediately, keeping no record of historical information. These limitations make traditional database systems inappropriate for queries over sensors. We present the Fjords architecture for managing multiple queries over many sensors, and show how it can be used to limit sensor resource demands while maintaining high query throughput. We evaluate our architecture using traces from a network of traffic sensors deployed on Interstate 80 near Berkeley and present performance results that show how query throughput, communication costs and power consumption are necessarily coupled in sensor environments.
Branching ratios, radiative lifetimes, and transition dipole moments for tantalum nitride, TaN

Abstract The dispersed laser induced fluorescence resulting from excitation in the regions of the [17.58]0+ − X 1 Σ + (0, 0), [18.42]0+ − X 1 Σ + (0, 0), [19.22]1 − X 1 Σ + (0, 0), and [19.40]1 − X 1 Σ + (0, 0) bands of tantalum nitride, 181TaN, have been recorded and analyzed. The branching ratios and radiative lifetimes for the [17.58]0+(v = 0), [18.42]0+(v = 0), [19.22]1+(v = 0), and [19.40]1(v = 0) states have been determined. From these values the transition dipole moments for visible bands are determined. Vibrational spacing in the X 1 Σ + state and the spin-orbit splitting of the a3Δ state are measured and compared with predicted values. The dispersed fluorescence spectra and determined branching ratios reveal that the most effective mechanism for populating the a 3 Δ 1 ( J = 1 , v = 0 ) state, which will be used in future P- and T-violation measurements, is via excitation of the [18.42]0+ − X 1 Σ + (0, 0) band followed by subsequent spontaneous or stimulated emission.
Molecular Characterization of a Novel Chromosomal Translocation in a Case of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Transformed From Myeloproliferative Neoplasm

Chromosomal band 11q13 has been reported to be a common site of aberrations in hematologic malignancies. However, only a few genes have been reported. We identified a novel t(11;14)(q13;q32) translocation in an acute myeloid leukemia (AML) case transforming from myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), which resulted in a novel fusion gene rearrangement involving PELI3 (Pellino3). Pellino3 is a member of the E3 ubiquitin ligases. Over-expression …
The Age of Revolution through Slaveholding Eyes

To my mind, the signs of war & convulsions never were stronger. I can see no immediate termination to the present state of disorder. All appear to be apt at pulling down existing political institutions, but not one able architect has risen in all Europe to reconstruct them. —John C. Calhoun (1849) During the 1820s and 1830s Americans, with politicians in the vanguard, wept over the oppressed peoples of Europe and cheered on the swelling revolutions, especially the Greek. Governor George Troup of Georgia referred to “the Greek, in his glorious struggle with the Turk.” At the University of North Carolina, Representative William Shephard interpreted this “universal burst of indignant sympathy” as “a sincere tribute of deep-felt respect for her [Greece's] departed greatness.” In Charleston in 1824, Catholic Bishop John England made a deep impression with an address on the suffering of the Greeks. Two years later he complained that “Greece” had become a magic word, conjuring up classical civilization and firing sympathy for the cause of freedom among Americans who were ignoring the struggle in Ireland. Joel Poinsett of South Carolina, an experienced diplomat, cautioned against sentimentalism and opposed Daniel Webster's inclination to intervene. Southern enthusiasm for Christian Greeks against Muslim Turks slowly diminished. Francis Lieber, who fought on the side of the revolutionaries, grew disillusioned with Greek character and objectives and with the revolutionaries' incompetence. Editing Southern Literary Messenger in Richmond, Edgar Allan Poe shared Lieber's disillusionment, but when he turned to Spanish tyranny in Latin America Poe reverted to formand ignored the revolutionaries' deficiencies. In an 1856 Southern Literary Messenger , “L.” tried to rekindle the sputtering pro-revolutionary fervor.
Non-NIH Grants

The principles of writing an effective grant application for the NIH are universal and are generally applicable to applications to other organizations. In fact, many foundations and other granting institutions adopt the NIH format exactly or with minor modifications and organize review panels that score applications in the same manner as NIH. When applying for these grants, it is crucial to be familiar with the instructions concerning format, style, administrative requirements, and other details of the application. Despite any differences from NIH, however, the strategies and goals in writing are usually the same.
Mitigating Barriers to Civic Engagement for Low-Income, Minority Youth Ages 13-18: Best Practices from Environmental Youth Conferences

Several studies indicate that there is a civic engagement gap for low-income, minority youth even though they reside in communities grappling with deteriorating social, environmental and economic conditions. Using the annual Environmental Youth Conference (EYC) in Los Angeles as a case study, this article offers best practices for identifying: 1) factors that foster civic engagement among low-income, minority youth ages 13-18, and 2) strategies to mobilize the targeted youth populations on environmental issues. Los Angeles is a useful case study because it is a large and demographically diverse city facing extreme environmental challenges due to its significant agricutlural and industrial sectors.
Multiphysics simulation for the reliability analysis of large-scale interconnects

A coupled electrical-thermal-mechanical simulation technique is developed for the reliability analysis of interconnects. The multi-physics simulation is based on the finite element method and characterizes electrical, thermal, and mechanical, aspects of interconnects simultaneously. The multi-physics simulation is capable of analyzing large-scale problems with a significantly enhanced computational efficiency. The efficiency enhancement is achieved by using a domain decomposition scheme called the finite element tearing and interconnecting, parallel computing, and the localized nature of thermal stresses. A numerical example is provided to demonstrate both the capability and efficiency of the proposed simulation.