cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some conclusions on the use of adaptive linear decision functions

Any pattern recognition system can be considered to have three sections:1) a transducer section,2) a measurement section, and3) a decision section.
Nonoperative Treatment of Acute Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in a Selected Group of Patients

Conservative treatment of acute anterior cruciate ligament injuries was recommended to selected patients, including those with sedentary occupations, low athletic demands, or ages greater than 30 years. Patients with generalized hyperligamentous laxity were excluded. Fifty-five of 61 patients were available at an average followup of 46 months from the time of initial injury. At followup, giving-way symptoms had not occurred in 23 patients (42%); in 22 (40%) giving way occurred occasionally. Of the 44 patients involved in high- or moderate-demand athletics, 33 (70%) were able to continue with moderate-demand sports. Presence of a medial collateral ligament sprain did not affect the longterm function. Forty-eight percent of the patients scored excellent or good (9 and 18 patients, respectively) on the Hospital for Special Surgery ligament scoring system; 8 (15%) later chose surgical reconstruction. The remaining 47 patients did not believe that their symptoms were severe enough to warrant any further intervention. In a group of individuals who are older and relatively inactive, nonoperative management of anterior cruciate ligament injuries can yield satisfactory results, provided the patients are willing to accept a modest amount of instability and a slight risk of meniscal injury.
Universal multimedia information access

Efficient, effective and intuitive access to multimedia information is essential for business, education, government and leisure. Unfortunately, interface design typically does not account for users with disabilities, estimated at 40 million in America alone. Given broad societal needs, our community has a social responsibility to provide universal designs that ensure efficient and effective access for all to heterogeneous and increasingly growing repositories of global information. This article describes information access functions, discusses associated grand challenges, and outlines potential benefits of technologies that promise to increase overall accessibility and success of interaction with multimedia. The article concludes by projecting the future of multimodal technology via a roadmap of multimodal resources, methods, and systems from 2003 through 2006.
Possibilities for projection x-ray lithography using holographic optical elements

The use of a single flat grazing incidence reflector on which a computer-generated hologram has been written is proposed for projection x-ray lithography.
FBP algorithms for attenuated fan-beam projections

A filtered backprojection (FBP) reconstruction algorithm for attenuated fan-beam projections has been derived based on Novikov's inversion formula. The derivation uses a common transformation between parallel-beam and fan-beam coordinates. The filtering is shift-invariant. Numerical evaluation of the FBP algorithm is presented. As a special application, we also present a shift-invariant FBP algorithm for fan-beam data reconstruction with uniform attenuation compensation. Several other fan-beam data reconstruction algorithms are discussed. In the attenuation-free case, our algorithm reduces to the conventional fan-beam FBP algorithm.
CsOH-promoted chemoselective mono-N-alkylation of diamines and polyamines

Abstract Selective N -alkylation of diamines and polyamines was carried out using cesium hydroxide, 4 A molecular sieves, and DMF. This protocol was highly chemoselective, favoring mono- N -alkylation over overalkylations.
Calcium scoring: criteria for evaluating its effectiveness

Engineering advances in CT have produced multislice instruments that can scan large areas of the body in short periods of time, and such instruments now permit high-resolution examination of entire anatomic regions in a single breath hold. Alternatively, these instruments can quickly scan small areas with very high resolution in a very short period of time. Using such CT scanners, there is no question that coronary artery calcium can be detected in small quantities and scored accurately. Coronary calcium screening, however, like all screening procedures, poses a significant dilemma: early detection in a few is almost always accompanied by negative consequences for others. This article discusses how to balance the benefits to a few against the negative effects to others.
The decline in immigrant entry earnings: Less transferable skills or lower ability?

A number of hypotheses have been advanced to explain recent declines in the education-adjusted entry earnings of immigrants. One hypothesis suggests that the decline has been caused by the immigration of lower ability immigrants?a result of the relatively unequal income distributions of the source countries currently dominating U.S. immigration. Another hypothesis is that the decline in immigrant entry earnings reflects a change in the extent to which immigrant skills are transferred to the United States. The methodology for this study involved measuring the earnings growth of immigrant cohorts across the 1960?80 censuses to examine these two hypotheses.
Reprever: resolving low-copy duplicated sequences using template driven assembly

Genomic sequence duplication is an important mechanism for genome evolution, often resulting in large sequence variations with implications for disease progression. Although paired-end sequencing technologies are commonly used for structural variation discovery, the discovery of novel duplicated sequences remains an unmet challenge. We analyze duplicons starting from identified high-copy number variants. Given paired-end mapped reads, and a candidate high-copy region, our tool, Reprever, identifies (a) the insertion breakpoints where the extra duplicons inserted into the donor genome and (b) the actual sequence of the duplicon. Reprever resolves ambiguous mapping signatures from existing homologs, repetitive elements and sequencing errors to identify breakpoint. At each breakpoint, Reprever reconstructs the inserted sequence using profile hidden Markov model (PHMM)-based guided assembly. In a test on 1000 artificial genomes with simulated duplication, Reprever could identify novel duplicates up to 97% of genomes within 3 bp positional and 1% sequence errors. Validation on 680 fosmid sequences identified and reconstructed eight duplicated sequences with high accuracy. We applied Reprever to reanalyzing a re-sequenced data set from the African individual NA18507 to identify >800 novel duplicates, including insertions in genes and insertions with additional variation. polymerase chain reaction followed by capillary sequencing validated both the insertion locations of the strongest predictions and their predicted sequence.
Topological Entanglement Entropy from the Holographic Partition Function

We study the entropy of chiral 2+01-dimensional topological phases, where there are both gapped bulk excitations and gapless edge modes. We show how the entanglement entropy of both types of excitations can be encoded in a single partition function. This partition function is holographic because it can be expressed entirely in terms of the conformal field theory describing the edge modes. We give a general expression for the holographic partition function, and discuss several examples in depth, including abelian and non-abelian fractional quantum Hall states, and $p+ip$ superconductors. We extend these results to include a point contact allowing tunneling between two points on the edge, which causes thermodynamic entropy associated with the point contact to be lost with decreasing temperature. Such a perturbation effectively breaks the system in two, and we can identify the thermodynamic entropy loss with the loss of the edge entanglement entropy. From these results, we obtain a simple interpretation of the non-integer ‘ground state degeneracy’ which is obtained in 1+1-dimensional quantum impurity problems: its logarithm is a 2+1-dimensional topological entanglement entropy.
The Limits of Financial Globalization

Despite the dramatic reduction in explicit barriers to international investment activity over the last 60 years, the impact of financial globalization has been surprisingly limited. I argue that country attributes are still critical to financial decision-making because of "twin agency problems" that arise because rulers of sovereign states and corporate insiders pursue their own interests at the expense of outside investors. When these twin agency problems are significant, diffuse ownership is inefficient and corporate insiders must co-invest with other investors, retaining substantial equity. The resulting ownership concentration limits economic growth, financial development, and the ability of a country to take advantage of financial globalization.
Advances in quantitative analytical ferrography and the evaluation of a high gradient magnetic separator for the study of diesel engine wear

Abstract Several sources of variation in quantitative analytical ferrography are investigated. A standard ferrography analysis procedure is developed. Normalization of ferrographic data to account for the amount of oil used to make the Ferrograms is discussed. Procedures to minimize the errors involved in calculating three quantitative ferrography parameters, i.e. the area A L (% (ml of oil) −1 ) covered by the large particles, the area A S (% (ml of oil) −1 ) covered by the small particles and the area under the curve (millimeters per cent per milliliter of oil) are outlined. Ferrographic data are presented which show that the volume and dilution ratio of the oil sample being analyzed have a major effect on the accuracy of the analysis. Several variables which influence the area-covered readings of the particle deposit on a Ferrogram are discussed. The accuracy of quantitative analytical ferrography is assessed. Quantitative analytical ferrography is used to evaluate a high gradient magnetic separator (HGMS), both as a tool for engine wear research and as an oil filter. Laboratory tests indicate that the HGMS is an order of magnitude more efficient than conventional paper oil filters in removing magnetic wear debris from the lubricating oil.
Generic difference of expected vote share and probability of victory maximization in simple plurality elections with probabilistic voters

In this paper I examine single member, simple plurality elections with n ≥ 3 probabilistic voters and show that the maximization of expected vote share and maximization of probability of victory are “generically different” in a specific sense. More specifically, I first describe finite shyness (Anderson and Zame in Adv Theor Econ 1:1–62, 2000), a notion of genericity for infinite dimensional spaces. Using this notion, I show that, for any policy \(x^{*}\) in the interior of the policy space and any candidate j, the set of n-dimensional profiles of twice continuously differentiable probabilistic voting functions for which \(x^{*}\) simultaneously satisfies the first and second order conditions for maximization of j’s probability of victory and j’s expected vote share at \(x^{*}\) is finitely shy with respect to the set of n-dimensional profiles of twice continuously differentiable probabilistic voting functions for which \(x^{*}\) satisfies the first and second order conditions for maximization of j’s expected vote share.
Fermion Schwinger's function for the SU(2)-Thirring model

We study the Euclidean two-point function of Fermi fields in the SU(2)-Thirring model on the whole distance (energy) scale. We perform perturbative and renormalization group analyses to obtain the short-distance asymptotics, and numerically evaluate the long-distance behavior by using the form factor expansion. Our results illustrate the use of bosonization and conformal perturbation theory in the renormalization group analysis of a fermionic theory, and numerically confirm the validity of the form factor expansion in the case of the SU(2)-Thirring model.
Heterotic string field theory

We construct the Neveu-Schwarz sector of heterotic string field theory using the large Hilbert space of the superghosts and the multi-string products of bosonic closed string field theory. No picture-changing operators are required as in Wess-Zumino-Witten-like open superstring field theory. The action exhibits a novel kind of nonpolynomiality: in addition to terms necessary to cover missing regions of moduli spaces, new terms arise from the boundary of the missing regions and its subspaces. We determine the action up to quintic order and a subset of terms to all orders.
Syntheses and structures of the tetra-phosphine complexes trans-MCl2(PH3)4 (M = Ru, Os)

The air stable tetra-phosphine complexes trans-MCl2(PH3)4 (M = Ru, Os) are formed in high yield from reactions of MCl3·3H2O with PH3 in MeOH.
Full Polarization Spectra of 3C 279

We report the results of parsec-scale, multifrequency Very Long Baseline Array observations of the core region of 3C 279 in Stokes I, linear polarization, and circular polarization. These full polarization spectra are modeled by radiative transfer simulations to constrain the magnetic field and particle properties of the parsec-scale jet in 3C 279. We find that the polarization properties of the core region, including the amount of linear polarization, the amount and sign of Faraday rotation, and the amount and sign of circular polarization can be explained by a consistent physical picture. The base of the jet, component D, is modeled as an inhomogeneous Blandford-Konigl style conical jet dominated by a vector-ordered poloidal magnetic field along the jet axis, and we estimate its net magnetic flux. This poloidal field is responsible for the linear and circular polarization from this inhomogeneous component. Farther down the jet, the magnetic field in two homogeneous features is dominated by local shocks and a smaller fraction of vector-ordered poloidal field remains along the jet axis. This remaining poloidal field provides internal Faraday rotation which drives Faraday conversion of linear polarization into circular polarization from these components. In this picture, we find the jet to be kinetically dominated by protons with the radiating particles being dominated by electrons at an approximate fraction of 75%, still allowing the potential for a significant admixture of positrons. Based on the amounts of Faraday conversion deduced for the homogeneous components, we find a plausible range for the lower cutoff in the relativistic particle energy spectrum to be 5 γ l 35. The physical picture described here is not unique if the observed Faraday rotation and depolarization occur in screens external to the jet; however, we find the joint explanation of linear and circular polarization observations from a single set of magnetic fields and particle properties internal to the jet to be compelling evidence for this picture.
Reasoning with models

We develop a model-based approach to reasoning, in which the knowledge base is represented as a set of models (satisfying assignments) rather than a logical formula, and the set of queries is restricted. We show that for every propositional knowledge base (KB) there exists a set of characteristic models with the property that a query is true in KB if and only if it is satisfied by the models in this set. We characterize a set of functions for which the model-based representation is compact and provides efficient reasoning. These include cases where the formula-based representation does not support efficient reasoning. In addition, we consider the model-based approach to abductive reasoning and show that for any propositional KB, reasoning with its model-based representation yields an abductive explanation in time that is polynomial in its size. Some of our technical results make use of the monotone theory, a new characterization of Boolean functions recently introduced. The notion of restricted queries is inherent in our approach. This is a wide class of queries for which reasoning is efficient and exact, even when the model-based representation KB provides only an approximate representation of the domain in question. Moreover, we show that the theory developed here generalizes the model-based approach to reasoning with Horn expressions and captures even the notion of reasoning with Horn approximations.
MULTIGRID SOLUTION OF UNSTEADY NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS USING A PRESSURE METHOD

A multigrid relaxation method is applied to a pressure-based implicit procedure to solve unseady, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The present multigrid method is a Correction Scheme according to Brandt. This method is used to solve the scalar matrices resulting from the finite-volume formulation and uses flux averaging as the restriction operator. The accuracy and computational efficiency are demonstrated with a steady state driven cavity flow and an unsteady flow over a circular cylinder case. The results are compared with single grid results using the OrthoMin conjugate gradient method and experimental data.
Was there really a Big Bang

The evidence in favour of a big bang cosmology is much less definite than is widely realized, and it is not impossible that we are living in a steady state universe.
Approximation algorithms for classification problems with pairwise relationships: metric labeling and Markov random fields

In a traditional classification problem, we wish to assign one of k labels (or classes) to each of n objects, in a way that is consistent with some observed data that we have about the problem. An active line of research in this area is concerned with classification when one has information about pairwise relationships among the objects to be classified; this issue is one of the principal motivations for the framework of Markov random fields, and it arises in areas such as image processing, biometry, and document analysis. In its most basic form, this style of analysis seeks to find a classification that optimizes a combinatorial function consisting of assignment costs---based on the individual choice of label we make for each object---and separation costs---based on the pair of choices we make for two "related" objects.We formulate a general classification problem of this type, the metric labeling problem; we show that it contains as special cases a number of standard classification frameworks, including several arising from the theory of Markov random fields. From the perspective of combinatorial optimization, our problem can be viewed as a substantial generalization of the multiway cut problem, and equivalent to a type of uncapacitated quadratic assignment problem.We provide the first nontrivial polynomial-time approximation algorithms for a general family of classification problems of this type. Our main result is an O(log k log log k)-approximation algorithm for the metric labeling problem, with respect to an arbitrary metric on a set of k labels, and an arbitrary weighted graph of relationships on a set of objects. For the special case in which the labels are endowed with the uniform metric---all distances are the same---our methods provide a 2-approximation algorithm.
HIGH-EFFICIENCY PHOTOSPHERIC EMISSION OF LONG-DURATION GAMMA-RAY BURST JETS: THE EFFECT OF THE VIEWING ANGLE

We present the results of a numerical investigation of the spectra and light curves of the emission from the photospheres of long-duration gamma-ray burst jets. We confirm that the photospheric emission has high efficiency and show that the efficiency increases slightly with the off-axis angle. We show that the peak frequency of the observed spectrum is proportional to the square root of the photosphere's luminosity, in agreement with the Amati relation. However, a quantitative comparison reveals that the thermal peak frequency is too small for the corresponding total luminosity. As a consequence, the radiation must be out of thermal equilibrium with the baryons in order to reproduce the observations. Finally, we show that the spectrum integrated over the emitting surface is virtually indistinguishable from a Planck law, and therefore an additional mechanism has to be identified to explain the non-thermal behavior of the observed spectra at both high and low frequencies.
SPECIES CROSSES IN THE GENUS CUCURBITA

Of the ten species comprising the genus Cucurbita only three, C. Pepo L., C. maxima Duchesne, and C. moschata Duchesne are annual, and these are the only species cultivated in the United States. Obscurity has surrounded their origin and this has given rise to much discussion regarding their nativity. Some convincing evidence regarding the North American origin of C. Pepo has been furnished by Small (2I), who on collecting excursions to Lake Okeechobee, Florida, discovered a "gourd" growing on the southern shores of the lake, which he later found to be very similar to our present cultivated pumpkin. Small states that the foliage, flowers, and seeds of this wild pumpkin are indistinguishable from our economic forms of today, but that the fruit is much smaller, ranging in size from a baseball to that of a croquet ball. The color is pale yellow, and sometimes variegated with green markings. From a " memoir " of Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, written in Spain about I575, Small quotes a description of what is no doubt the same general region in which his own excursions were made. One of the regions is designated by Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda as Tocola-a-chile, which when translated means "Gourd place bringing forth," or "Country where gourds are produced." Small (2I) believes that the wild pumpkin which he found near Lake Okeechobee is the same as the " gourd " mentioned in the old Spanish record of exploration in Florida, and that the Lake Okeechobee region, including the unexplored hammocks of Lake Istokpoga, to which this wild pumpkin is at present restricted, represents the original home of the pumpkin. Small (2I) also observes that the Seminole pumpkin, which pioneer white men found among the Seminole Indians in the region now known as Florida, still grown by the Seminole Indians of today, is a cultivated form of the wild type described above. "The stem and flowers are identical with those of our various cultivated pumpkins. The fruits are larger than in the wild plantand they vary from spheroidal, often much depressed, through pyriform to those with a short stout neck." It seems quite likely that the pumpkins found among Indian tribes by the early settlers, as well as among some tribes of the present day, have come up through the Seminole pumpkin from the original wild form of the Lake Okeechobee region. This wild pumpkin described by Small (2I) belongs to Cucurbita Pepo and may be considered the prototype of this species.
Localization of Gauge Theory on a Four-Sphere and Supersymmetric Wilson Loops

We prove conjecture due to Erickson-Semenoff-Zarembo and Drukker-Gross which relates supersymmetric circular Wilson loop operators in the \({\mathcal N=4}\) supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory with a Gaussian matrix model. We also compute the partition function and give a new matrix model formula for the expectation value of a supersymmetric circular Wilson loop operator for the pure \({\mathcal N=2}\) and the \({\mathcal N=2^*}\) supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory on a four-sphere. A four-dimensional \({\mathcal N=2}\) superconformal gauge theory is treated similarly.
The relative importance of distance in restricting international trade

Based on a general setup, this article shows that distance consistently accounts for about 40% of the international trade costs over the years for both developed and developing countries if we assume that trade costs take the iceberg form. The result helps us have a clear perspective of the relative importance of distance in restricting international trade.
Finite Eulerian posets which are binomial, Sheffer or triangular

In this paper we study finite Eulerian posets which are binomial, Sheffer or triangular. These important classes of posets are related to the theory of generating functions and to geometry. The results of this paper are organized as follows:*We completely determine the structure of Eulerian binomial posets and, as a conclusion, we are able to classify factorial functions of Eulerian binomial posets. *We give an almost complete classification of factorial functions of Eulerian Sheffer posets by dividing the original question into several cases. *In most cases above, we completely determine the structure of Eulerian Sheffer posets, a result stronger than just classifying factorial functions of these Eulerian Sheffer posets. We also study Eulerian triangular posets. This paper answers questions posed by R. Ehrenborg and M. Readdy. This research is also motivated by the work of R. Stanley about recognizing the boolean lattice by looking at smaller intervals.
A comparative analysis of proxies for an optimal leverage ratio

Previous studies that test the tradeoff theory commonly use one of the following debt ratio measures to proxy for a firm's hypothesized optimal ratio: firm's time-series mean leverage, moving average leverage based on a firm's historical debt ratios, industry median leverage, and predicted leverage ratio based on cross-sectional regressions. We find that these alternative proxies yield results that are significantly different from each other. Further, regression results of models that use the optimum target leverage and the conclusions drawn from the findings are sensitive to the model's proxy. Of the proxies that are commonly used in the literature, the moving average debt measure exhibits characteristics that are most consistent with the theoretical optimal leverage ratio.
Are neutrinos their own antiparticles

We explain the relationship between Majorana neutrinos, which are their own antiparticles, and Majorana neutrino masses. We point out that Majorana masses would make the neutrinos very distinctive particles, and explain why many theorists strongly suspect that neutrinos do have Majorana masses. The promising approach to confirming this suspicion is to seek neutrinoless double beta decay. We introduce a toy model that illustrates why this decay requires nonzero neutrino masses, even when there are both right-handed and left-handed weak currents.
Preliminary experience with transcervical balloon tuboplasty

We developed a new technique, transcervical balloon tuboplasty, an adaptation of established balloon angioplasty techniques that facilitates recanalization of proximally occluded oviducts. Sixteen patients with obstruction of the proximal portion of one or two fallopian tubes (based on at least two hysterosalpingograms and one laparoscopic examination) were selected for the procedure. Four patients (25%) were found to have patent oviducts on intraoperative third tubal patency evaluation and were therefore excluded from study. Of the remaining 12 patients; tubal patency was achieved in at least one fallopian tube in 7 patients (58%), as demonstrated by hysterosalpingogram immediately after the transcervical balloon tuboplasty procedure. On follow-up 2 months to 1 year afterward, two pregnancies and one delivery occurred. We conclude that transcervical balloon tuboplasty appears to represent a useful and safe technique to achieve patency in selected cases of tubal interstitial obstruction. Reocclusion rates, long-term complication rates, and pregnancy rates after transcervical balloon tuboplasty remain to be established before the procedure should be considered a recommended alternative for either surgical tuboplasty or in vitro fertilization.
Entry-exit, learning, and productivity change : evidence from Chile

This paper applies econometric techniques from the efficiency frontiers literature and the panel data literature to construct plant-specific time-variant technical efficiency indices for surviving, exiting, and entering cohorts. These are then used to compare productivity growth rates across plant cohorts and to examine the net effect of plant turnover and learning patterns on manufacturing-wide productivity growth. The analysis is based on plant-level panel data from Chile covering the period 1979-86. For several reasons, these data provide an excellent basis for inference. First, they include all Chilean manufacturing plants with at least 10 workers. Second, from 1974 to 1979 Chile underwent sweeping reform programs to liberalize its trade regime, privatize state firms, and deregulate markets. The author finds the importance of plant turnover and different learning patterns across cohorts in driving the Chilean manufacturing-wide productivity changes. She finds that: the evidence supports the hypothesis that competitive pressures force less efficient producers to fail more often than others; the ratio of skilled labor to unskilled labor is higher and increasing more rapidly among incumbents and entrants than among exiting plants; although the economywide recession affected the productivity of each cohort to different degrees, there are steady increases in productivity over the sample period.
Temporal analysis of increases in c-fos, preprodynorphin and preproenkephalin mRNAs in rat spinal cord

Peripheral inflammation produces a rapid elevation (within 4 h) in preprodynorphin mRNA in neurons of the dorsal spinal cord and an even more rapid elevation in c-fos proto-oncogene mRNA (within 30 min). During this period a relatively modest increase is also observed in spinal cord preproenkephalin mRNA. Previous anatomical studies have shown that the neurons in which these transcripts increase have overlapping distributions. Assuming that these events occur in the same cells, it suggests the possibility that newly synthesized c-fos protein may participate in transcriptional regulation of opioid genes in spinal cord.
D-brane boundary state dynamics

Abstract We construct the open string boundary states corresponding to various time-dependent deformations of the D -brane and explore several ways in which they may be used to study stringy soliton collective coordinate quantum dynamics. Among other things, we find that D -strings have exact moduli corresponding to arbitrary chiral excitations of the basic soliton. These are presumably the duals of the BPS-saturated excitations of the fundamental type IM string. These first steps in a systematic study of the dynamics and interactions of Dirichlet-brane solitons give further evidence of the consistency of Polchinski's new approach to string soliton physics.
Temperature Expansions for Magnetic Systems

We derive finite temperature expansions for relativistic fermion systems in the presence of background magnetic fields, and with nonzero chemical potential. We use the imaginary-time formalism for the finite temperature effects, the proper-time method for the background field effects, and zeta function regularization for developing the expansions. We emphasize the essential difference between even and odd dimensions, focusing on 2+1 and 3+1 dimensions. We concentrate on the high temperature limit, but we also discuss the {ital T}=0 limit with nonzero chemical potential. Copyright {copyright} 1996 Academic Press, Inc.
Direct amination of γ-halo-β-ketoesters with anilines

The direct amination of α-haloacetoacetates with anilines is described. Compared to existing methods, this simple protocol provides an attractive strategy to prepare diverse γ-anilino-β-ketoesters in one step. Good to excellent yields of the amination products were obtained under robust conditions, providing versatile and useful scaffolds.
Does other information improve the usefulness of management earnings forecasts for analysts

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether other information included with management earnings forecasts can help analysts to formulate better earnings predictions.Design/methodology/approach – This study uses ordinary least squares regression analysis of 373 management earnings forecasts and compares changes in analyst forecast characteristics surrounding the release of a management forecast of earnings from the same firms which sometimes include other information with their forecasts and sometimes do not.Findings – Analysts make larger forecast revisions when other information is included with a surprising management earnings forecast, especially if the forecast contains good news. This information reduces subsequent analyst forecast error for firms with negative earnings.Research limitations/implications – Results of this study may not extend to smaller firms or to firms that have disclosure policies of always including other information with their forecasts.Originality/value – Prior...
Analysis of Active Lava Flows on Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, Using SIR-C Radar Correlation Measurements

Precise eruption rates of active pahoehoe lava flows on Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, have been determined using spaceborne radar data acquired by the Space Shuttle Imaging Radar-C (SIR-C). A coastal site downslope from the Pu9u O9o vent was imaged once per day, on each of the four days of October 7–10, 1994. Day-to-day decorrelation due to resurfacing was determined by interferometric combination of the data at 15 m resolution over a wide area. On successive days, new lava resurfaced 335700 m 2 , 368775 m 2 , and 356625 m 2 . Assuming an average pahoehoe flow thickness of 50 cm, a mean effusion rate for this period is approximately 2 m 3 /s. The radar observations show persistent surface activity at each site, rather than downslope migration of coherent lava flows.
Potassium's promotional effect of unsupported copper catalysts for methanol synthesis

This paper presents an investigation of the promotional effect of potassium on unsupported copper catalysts for the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide. Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), we determined that under reaction conditions copper exists as a mixture of Cu+ and Cuo species. Metallic copper by itself is inactive for the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide, while we have found that the addition of potassium to copper forms an active and selective (up to 98 wt %) methanol synthesis catalyst. The initiation of catalytic activity correlated with the stabilization of the Cu+ species. The potassium promoter was determined to be in the form of the thermodynamically stable carbonate. Potassium promotes this catalyst by stabilizing the Cu+ species, probably in the form of CuKCO3.
N-Methylimidazolium chloride-catalyzed pyrophosphate formation: application to the synthesis of Lipid I and NDP-sugar donors

N-Methylimidazolium chloride is found to catalyze a coupling reaction between monophosphates and activated phosphorous-nitrogen intermediates such as a phosphorimidazolide and phosphoromorpholidate to form biologically important unsymmetrical pyrophosphate diesters. The catalyst is much more active, cheaper, and less explosive than 1H-tetrazole, known as the best catalyst for the pyrophosphate formation over a decade. The mild and neutral reaction conditions are compatible with allylic pyrophosphate formation in Lipid I syntheisis. (31)P NMR experiments suggest that the catalyst acts not only as an acid but also as a nucleophile to form cationic and electrophilic phosphor-N-methylimidazolide intermediates in the pyrophosphate formation.
The Effects of Self‐Managed and Closely Managed Teams on Labor Productivity and Product Quality: An Empirical Analysis of a Cross‐Section of Establishments

I estimate the effect of team production on labor productivity and product quality using a cross-section of British establishments, finding that the typical establishment enjoys statistically significant increases in labor productivity (but not product quality) from using teams, although there is no statistically significant difference between the predicted gains from autonomous versus nonautonomous teams. I show that standard methodological approaches that treat teams and autonomy as exogenous induce biases of two forms: (1) the benefits from teams are inflated, and (2) the benefits of autonomous teams relative to those of nonautonomous teams are inflated.
Nature loves nitrogen heterocycles

Abstract Nitrogen-containing heterocycles are central to the chemical reactions that occur in all organisms. The metabolic transformation of amino acids into five, six, and seven-member heterocycles reveals the chemical logic and enzymatic machinery for shunting primary metabolites into bioactive heterocyclic nitrogen scaffolds.
Will food safety jeopardize food security

By a new definition proposed here, food safety is not just about safe food but the safe consumption of food. This draws attention to the issue of overeating as well as undernourishment. With the transition of diets and a rapid rise in obesity, worldwide, chronic illnesses join acute illness (from microbiological contamination) as health issues related to food consumption. The economics of obesity overwhelms the costs of microbiological contamination, with large impacts on private and social health care costs. In food-insecure areas, producing and consuming unsafe food does not build a healthy population nor does it allow export of food to other nations. Safety and security must work hand in hand to enhance human health.
The effects of the unemployment insurance payroll tax on wages, employment, claims and denials

Abstract Following a 13-year period when all employers in Washington paid the same unemployment insurance (UI) tax rate, Washington was forced to adopt an experience-rated tax system in 1985. We use this “natural experiment” to explore both tax incidence and the effects of experience rating. We find that industry average tax rates are largely passed on to workers through lower earnings. However, our estimates imply that a firm can shift much less of the difference between its tax rate and the industry average rate. Our results also indicate that experience rating reduces turnover and UI claims, and increases claim denials.
A Brown Dwarf Companion for the Accreting Millisecond Pulsar SAX J1808.4–3658

The BeppoSAX Wide Field Cameras have revealed a population of faint neutron star X-ray transients in the Galactic bulge. King conjectured that these neutron stars are accreting from brown dwarfs with a time-averaged mass transfer rate ≈ 10-11 M☉ yr-1 that is low enough for accretion disk instabilities. We show that the measured orbital parameters of the 401 Hz accreting millisecond pulsar SAX J1808.4-3658 support this hypothesis. A main-sequence mass donor requires a nearly face-on inclination and a higher than observed, and can thus be excluded. However, the range of allowed inclinations is substantially relaxed, and the predicted is consistent with that observed if a hot 0.05 M☉ dwarf is the donor. The remaining puzzle is explaining the brown dwarf radius required (0.13 R☉) to fill the Roche lobe. Recent observational and theoretical work has shown that all transiently accreting neutron stars have a minimum luminosity in quiescence set by the time-averaged mass transfer rate onto the neutron star. We show here that the constant heating of the brown dwarf by this quiescent neutron star emission appears adequate to maintain the higher entropy implied by a 0.13 R☉ radius. All of our considerations very strongly bolster the case that SAX J1808.4-3658 is a progenitor to compact millisecond radio pulsar binaries (e.g., like those found by Camilo and collaborators in 47 Tuc). The very low of SAX J1808.4-3658 implies that the progenitors to these radio pulsars are long-lived (~Gyr) transient systems, rather than short-lived (~Myr) Eddington-limited accretors. Hence, the accreting progenitor population to millisecond radio pulsars in 47 Tuc could still be present and found in quiescence with Chandra.
Determinants of Industrial Property Value

This paper examines the determinants of industrial properly value. We use the factor-analytic linear structural relations (LISREL) model to confront measurement problems associated with related work. A simultaneous test of the effects on property value of factors summarizing physical property, national market, local market, interest rate and location variables is performed. Findings indicate that the value of industrial buildings during 1987–1991 in the Dallas/Fort Worth area is primarily related to local market effects and to physical characteristics and location of the property.
Enantioselective Organocatalytic Mukaiyama−Michael Addition of Silyl Enol Ethers to α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes

A highly enantioselective, organocatalytic Mukaiyama−Michael addition reaction of silyl ethers and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes has been developed. The process, catalyzed by MacMillan's chiral imidazolidinone, affords δ-keto aldehydes in high yields (56−87%) and high enantioselectivities (85−97% ee). Moreover, the reaction is applicable to a wide range of silyl ethers and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and, as such, provides access to a range of important synthetic building blocks.
Homomorphisms of infinitely generated analytic sheaves

We prove that every homomorphism \(\mathcal{O}^{E}_{\zeta}\rightarrow\mathcal{O}^{F}_{\zeta}\), with E and F Banach spaces and ζ∈ℂ m , is induced by a \(\mathop{\mathrm{Hom}}(E,F)\)-valued holomorphic germ, provided that 1≤m<∞. A similar structure theorem is obtained for the homomorphisms of type \(\mathcal{O}^{E}_{\zeta}\rightarrow\mathcal{S}_{\zeta}\), where \(\mathcal{S}_{\zeta}\) is a stalk of a coherent sheaf of positive depth. We later extend these results to sheaf homomorphisms, obtaining a condition on coherent sheaves which guarantees the sheaf to be equipped with a unique analytic structure in the sense of Lempert–Patyi.
Implications of human pattern processing for the design of artificial knowledge systems

Artificial knowledge systems typically embody several design principles that are also widely accepted as characteristic of human knowledge processing. These properties include: canonical meaning representations for stored patterns; prototypes as representations of classes of stored patterns; pattern matching processes that must evaluate fully all stored patterns that partially match a target pattern; and pattern matching processes that are influenced by pattern complexity and limited processing capacity. This characterization of human pattern processing is critically evaluated in light of recent psychological studies. The implications of these results for the design of artificial knowledge systems are discussed.
The Transformation Groups Whose C*-Algebras are Fell Algebras

Let ( G , X ) be a locally compact transformation group in which G acts freely on X . We show that the associated transformation-group C *-algebra C 0 ( X ) [rtimes ] G is a Fell algebra if and only if X is a Cartan G -space.
Beyond psychic numbing. A call to awareness

The lesson of Hiroshima is reviewed briefly, the illusions that foster our current preparations for nuclear war are considered, and the psychological effects — personal and political — of our stockpiling of nuclear weapons are examined. It is suggested that, although the situation is desperate, hope may be found in the beginnings of a public awareness that is fostering the movement against nuclear armaments.
Thin Hessenberg pairs

Abstract A square matrix is called Hessenberg whenever each entry below the subdiagonal is zero and each entry on the subdiagonal is nonzero. Let V denote a nonzero finite-dimensional vector space over a field K . We consider an ordered pair of linear transformations A : V → V and A ∗ : V → V which satisfy both (i) and (ii) below. (i) There exists a basis for V with respect to which the matrix representing A is Hessenberg and the matrix representing A ∗ is diagonal. (ii) There exists a basis for V with respect to which the matrix representing A is diagonal and the matrix representing A ∗ is Hessenberg. We call such a pair a thin Hessenberg pair (or TH pair ). This is a special case of a Hessenberg pair which was introduced by the author in an earlier paper. We investigate several bases for V with respect to which the matrices representing A and A ∗ are attractive. We display these matrices along with the transition matrices relating the bases. We introduce an “oriented” version of A , A ∗ called a TH system. We classify the TH systems up to isomorphism.
Wave propagation in inhomogeneous media: A planewave layer interaction method

Abstract A solution method is presented for wave propagation in inhomogeneous media. The method defines a propagator matrix in terms of coupled planewaves for solution continuation along one spatial coordinate and then computes the solution from the propagator matrix. The continuation removes one dimension from the problem and thereby simplifies the solution computation. The continuation consists of matrix multiplications. Numerical results agree well with analytical solutions.
The Effect of Medicaid Expansions in the Late 1980s and Early 1990s on the Labor Supply of Pregnant Women

A substantial body of research has found that expansions in Medicaid eligibility increased enrollment in Medicaid, reduced the rate of uninsured, and reduced the rate of private health insurance co...
Membrane Environment Imposes Unique Selection Pressures on Transmembrane Domains of G Protein-Coupled Receptors

We have investigated the influence of the plasma membrane environment on the molecular evolution of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest receptor family in Metazoa. In particular, we have analyzed the site-specific rate variation across the two primary structural partitions, transmembrane (TM) and extramem- brane (EM), of these membrane proteins. We find that TM domains evolve more slowly than do EM domains, though TM domains display increased rate heterogeneity relative to their EM counterparts. Although the majority of residues across GPCRs experience strong to weak purifying selec- tion, many GPCRs experience positive selection at both TM and EM residues, albeit with a slight bias towards the EM. Further, a subset of GPCRs, chemosensory receptors (including olfactory and taste receptors), exhibit increased rates of evolution relative to other GPCRs, an effect which is more pronounced in their TM spans. Although it has been previously suggested that the TM's low evolutionary rate is caused by their high percentage of buried residues, we show that their attenuated rate seems to stem from the strong biophysical constraints of the membrane itself, or by functional requirements. In spite of the strong evolutionary constraints acting on the TM spans of GPCRs, positive selection and high levels of evolutionary rate variability are common. Thus, biophysical constraints should not be pre- sumed to preclude a protein's ability to evolve.
An X-ray survey of nine historical novae

The Einstein Observatory imaging proportional counter was used to search for X-ray emission from nine nearby historical novae. Six of the novae were detected with estimated X-ray intensities between .1 to 4 keV of 10 to the -13th power to 10 to the -11th power ergs/sq cm-s, comparable to the intensities of previously detected cataclysmic variables. The X-ray intensity of one of the novae, V603 Aql, varies over times of several hundred seconds. The data suggest a correlation between the decay rate of the historical outburst and the current X-ray luminosity. Alternatively, the X-ray luminosity may be related to the inclination of the binary system.
Individual focus and knowledge contribution

Before contributing new knowledge, individuals must attain requisite background knowledge or skills through schooling, training, practice, and experience. Given limited time, individuals often choose either to focus on few areas, where they build deep expertise, or to delve less deeply and distribute their attention and efforts across several areas. In this paper we measure the relationship between the narrowness of focus and the quality of contribution across a range of both traditional and recent knowledge sharing media, including scholarly articles, patents, Wikipedia, and online question and answer forums. Across all systems, we observe a small but significant positive correlation between focus and quality.