cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of preventing trip circuit for high voltage breaker

The acting mechanism of preventing trip circuit for common high voltage breaker was analyzed and some problems existing under the condition of combining protective preventing trip with mechanism preventing trip were discussed,taking preventing trip measure of high voltage breaker in a power plant with capacity of 600MW in Heilongjiang province for instance,and suggestions to solve these problems were presented.
Investigation of Noise Pollution in Some PLA Kitchens and Its Influence on Hearing Abilities in Kitchen Workers

Objective To study the state of noise pollution in some PLA kitchens and its influence on hearing abilities of kitchen workers,in order to provide hygiene standards in PLA kitchens.Methods ① The noise level of different mess halls,meal times and kitchen rooms were tested by TY-9600 digital sound level meter.② Questionnaires of symptoms related to noise pollution were filled by kitchen workers.③ A total of 11 bands(0.125 ～ 8 kHz) of pure tone air conduction threshold test were performed to kitchen workers in different times,such as before work,30 min after starting work and 90 min and 120 min after starting work.The diagnosis of hearing impaired was according to GJB 2121 " diagnostic criteria and treatment principles of impaired hearing caused by noise in military enviornment." Results ① The noise level in kitchen was between 77.70 dB and 83.50 dB,and was obviously higher than that in dining rooms and storerooms with difference of statistical significance(P0.01).② The rate of tingle and tinnitus of ears in kitchen worker group was higher than that in the control group.③ All frequencies of hearing thresholds of kitchen workers were increased in varying degrees,particularly at 0.25 ～ 1.5 kHz,3 and 4 kHz,and it showed statistically significant difference when compared with that before work and that in the control group(P0.01).The hearing threshold returned to the level before work after they worked for 90 ～ 120 min.④ The detection rate of hearing loss at high frequency were 18.96% in kitchen worker group,and it was higher than that in the control group,and the difference was statistically significant(P0.05).Conclusion The cooking room has the highest noise pollution level in some PLA kitchens,and it has certain effect on hearing abilities of kitchen workers but still is in the compensatory stage.Measures should be taken in PLA kitchens to monitor noise and to reduce noise pollution.
Recurrent varicose veins of the legs: a single centre experience.

Aim The aim of our study is to report our experience on the surgery for recurrent varicose veins of the legs over the period 2007-2012. Materials and methods A series of 480 consecutive surgical procedures for varicose veins of the legs was reviewed; among a total of 480 cases, 65 procedures were for recurrent varicose veins. Data collected included clinical characteristics, surgical techniques, cause of recurrence and surgical outcomes. We analyzed the causes of recurrences in order to determine factors that influence recurrence itself. Results Sixty-five procedures for recurrent varicose veins were analized. The main causes of recurrence were: persistence of collaterals at the saphenofemoral junction (27.7%), inadequate stripping of the long saphenous vein (18.5%), perforating veins insufficiency (66.1%), sapheno-femoral junction neovascolarisation (12.3%), inguinal or popliteal cavernoma (27.7%), recurrence after short saphenous venous surgery (4.5%). Conclusions We concluded that, as is clear from our study, the main cause of recurrence is inadequate surgery. This can only be due to inadequate preoperative assessment (lack of rigorous clinical and US Doppler rigorous evaluation) and not correct surgical technique, as it may occur if the surgery is performed by a surgeon inexperienced in this type of surgery.
On Phasor Methods for A.C. Analysis

Kirchhoff's laws are considered for the special case of sinusoidal excitation and phasor formulations are obtained in a coherent manner. It is shown that the phasor diagram may be obtained directly...
Hepatitis C Virus: Replication of hepatitis C in tissue culture

The establishment of tissue culture systems that consistently support high levels of HCV replication is a priority not only for elucidating the replication cycle of the virus but also for screening of putative antiviral compounds. Although many groups have reported virus production in various tissue culture systems (Table 11.1), the low levels of virus produced over time has necessitated using RT/PCR for detection (Ch. 12). Given that HCV is closely related to flaviviruses (Miller & Purcell, 1990) (Table 2.1), it has been assumed that the replication cycle of HCV, like that of flaviviruses, would contain a minus strand intermediate (Chambers et al., 1990; Monath, 1990). The finding of HCV minus strand RNA in tissue culture cells (Table 11.1) and in liver samples (Fong et al., 1991b; Gerber et al., 1992; Negro et al., 1998) from infected patients is consistent with a role for minus strand in the replication cycle, although this has yet to be formally proven. From a technical perspective, detection of minus strand RNA is problematic at best, since it involves using strand-specific primers, which may also randomly prime on the viral plus strand (or on cellular mRNAs), resulting in false-positive results. In tissue culture systems that depend upon infection of susceptible cells with virus from an infectious serum, it is not always clear whether the RT/PCR results reflect de novo production of RNA and/or detection of RNA extracted from virus particles that simply adhered to the tissue culture cells.
The advanced scintillator Compton telescope (ASCOT) balloon project

We describe a project to develop new medium-energy gamma-ray instrumentation by constructing and flying a balloon-borne Compton telescope using advanced scintillator materials combined with silicon photomultiplier readouts. There is a need in high-energy astronomy for a medium-energy gamma-ray mission covering the energy range from approximately 0.4–20 MeV to follow the success of the COMPTEL instrument on CGRO. We believe that directly building on the legacy of COMPTEL, using relatively robust, low-cost, off-the-shelf technologies, is the most promising path for such a mission. Fortunately, high-performance scintillators, such as Lanthanum Bromide (LaBr 3 ), Cerium Bromide (CeBr 3 ), and p-terphenyl, and compact readout devices, such as silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs), are already commercially available and capable of meeting this need. We have conducted two balloon flights of prototype instruments to test these technologies. We have now begun work on a much larger balloon instrument, an Advanced Scintillator Compton Telescope (ASCOT) with SiPM readout, with the goal of imaging the Crab Nebula at MeV energies in a one-day flight. We expect a ∼4σ detection at ∼1 MeV in a single transit. If successful, this will demonstrate that the energy, timing, and position resolution of this technology are sufficient to achieve an order of magnitude improvement in sensitivity in the medium-energy gamma-ray band, were it to be applied to a ∼1 cubic meter instrument on a long-duration balloon or Explorer platform.
Catch Up, Keep Up, Anticipate Biomedical Engineering Education In The Developing World

This paper discusses the relative importance and basic approaches to the problem of training programs in the developing world for catch up, keep up, and anticipation with respect to the rapid changes in clinical equipment, its specification, use, maintenance and repair. The need for careful analysis of the perceived need and long-range planning in the laboratory and curricula design are considered as co-factors with institutionalization to assume ongoing continuity. Examples of Project HOPE programs in each area are summarized with the rationale and transition from one status to the other.
A novel SPECT collimation system and related reconstruction algorithm

A novel collimation system for SPECT was proposed which consists of a series of parallel-hole collimators with different collimation angles, ranging from a small angle representing a conventional high resolution collimator to 90/spl deg/ for no collimation. A 2D reconstruction algorithm for the collimation system was derived. In the algorithm, projection data from different collimators were combined to compute line integrals with various orientations and then the series of line integrals were filtered, backprojected and summed to form the reconstructed image. Simulation studies show that the new collimation provides much increased detection efficiency with the same spatial resolution as compared to a conventional collimator. This is because the efficiency is determined by the collimators with large collimation angles and the resolution is determined by the smallest collimation angle and the number of collimators. >
Impact of a pharmacy student-driven medication delivery service at hospital discharge.

Purpose A pharmacy student–driven discharge service developed for patients to reduce the number of medication errors on after-visit summaries (AVSs) is discussed. Methods An audit of AVS documents was conducted before the implementation period (September 3 to October 23, 2013) to identify medication errors. As part of the audit, a pharmacist review of the discharge medication list was completed to determine the number and types of errors that occurred. A student–driven discharge service with AVS review was developed in collaboration with nursing and medical residents. Students reviewed a patient’s AVS, delivered the discharge prescriptions to bedside, and conducted medication reconciliation with the patient and family. The AVS audit was conducted after implementation of these services to assess the impact on medication errors. Results It was observed that 72% (108 of 150) of AVSs contained at least 1 error before discharge and AVS review. During the 2-month postimplementation period (September 3 to October 23, 2014), this decreased to 27% (34 of 127), resulting in a 52% absolute reduction in the number of AVSs with at least 1 medication error ( p < 0.0001). The most common error was as-needed medication with no indication, which decreased from 55% in the preimplementation audit to 16% in the postimplementation audit. Prescribing to Nationwide Children’s Hospital’s outpatient pharmacy increased from 57% in the preimplementation period to 73% in the postimplementation period for the general pediatrics service. Conclusion A pharmacy student–driven discharge and medication delivery service reduced the number of AVSs and increased access to medications for patients.
Flash flood modeling on Macks Creek

Several one-dimensional and two-dimensional models have been developed and tested for flash flood simulation in semi-arid areas. Besides one-dimensional models which are in common use, two-dimensional models like CASC2D enable direct integration with GIS data bases and radar precipitation data. The ability of these models to simulate fast rising flashy hydrographs has been demonstrated on the Macks Creek. As opposed to vector-based data sets, raster-based formats seem indicated for future developments in hydrologic modeling. The effects of spatial variability of rainfall and watershed characteristics is primarily a function of t r/t e, and K/i. Moving rainstorms produce larger peak discharges when moving in the direction of drainage.
Discussion of tripartite microseismic measurements

Abstract There has been a tendency to overemphasize the accuracy of a tripartite station9s determination of the bearing of a microseismic wave. Such a determination is based on the assumption that the time of passage of the crest of a specific advancing wave is uniquely observed at each instrument of the network. This is not the case, in general, where waves are approaching from more than one direction. There is compelling evidence that they are doing this in many, if not all, storms. Specific cases are discussed of waves of the same period and waves of different periods crossing a tripartite network. It is concluded that routine averaging of intervals from time marks to the nearest crest or trough can lead to serious errors if the pattern and character of groups at the three stations are not taken into account. Velocity determinations for microseisms are open to question when they are based on records from horizontal components only, which do not permit distinguishing between Rayleigh and Q waves.
Epistemic democracy: beyond knowledge exploitation

This essay criticizes the current approach to epistemic democracy. Epistemic democrats are preoccupied with the question of how a society can best exploit a given stock of knowledge. This article argues that the problem-solving capability of a society depends on two factors rather than one. The quality of decision-making depends both on how a democracy is able to make use of its stock of knowledge and on the size of the knowledge stock. Society’s problem-solving capability over time is therefore a function of its ability to develop its knowledge exploitation mechanisms and the growth rate of its knowledge stock. Based on this enhanced model of social problem-solving, this essay compares two different political ideal types: experimental democracy, as commonly defended by epistemic democrats; and polycentric democracy, a model defended most commonly by political economists.
Dilemmas, coordination and defection: How uncertain tipping points induce common pool resource destruction

Abstract Many common pool resources (CPRs) have tipping points—stock levels below which the resource is permanently damaged or destroyed—but the specific levels at which these thresholds are crossed are rarely known with certainty. We model a CPR in which uncertainty simultaneously creates a Prisoner's Dilemma and a Coordination Game. This model highlights a novel mechanism through which uncertainty incentivizes the overuse of a CPR. In the model, two Nash Equilibria exist, both of which lead to a Tragedy of the Commons, but one is an inferior solution because it leads to assured resource destruction. We use a single-period laboratory experiment to investigate the effects of uncertain tipping points on constituents' resource extraction decisions. Experimental results suggest that uncertainty reduces coordination in this type of CPR setting and increases the likelihood of resource destruction. We also find that tax and fine policies reduce consumption rates and prevent resource destruction.
Automatic Generation of Event Timelines from Social Data

Over the past few years, social media has seen phenomenal growth and has become a very important source for getting real time updates from different parts of the world. While the notion of a trend usually reflects current events, the amount of information accumulated over a period of time can be used to provide another perspective for such events in the form of a timeline. In this paper, we present a technique that uses social information as relevance surrogates to generate an informative timeline. A core component is a variation of pseudo relevance feedback that is automatically generated using social data without external evidence. Finally, we describe the implementation of such technique and present evaluation results using a real-world data set.
Chasing Echoes of Obscenity Exceptionalism in Copyright: Recent Swarm Cases

Recent district court rulings regarding copyright violations using BitTorrent file-sharing protocols to illegally download pornographic films have been numerous and largely procedural. But some have casually included language challenging the established doctrine of content neutrality in copyright, noting that obscenity exceptionalism might still be within the court’s policy discretion. This article traces these recent rulings and finds little substantive argument on behalf of exceptionalism other than its long-time understanding under common law, now abandoned. It also examines the critical early nineteenth century common law rulings considered seminal in establishing content exceptionalism in copyright and finds that current court references to them in swarm cases appear willing to accept what was believed to be their governing principles without consideration of the cautions expressed by earlier courts.
Communities of Practice: A Possible Professional-development Model for Physical Activity Leadership

The purpose of this editorial is to introduce the community of practice (CoP) model as a form of professional development for physical educators and to offer suggestions for creating and sustaining a CoP for teachers.
Attenuation of dextran sulfate sodium-pomoted mouse colon carcinogenesis by pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of COX-2

13 Multiple lines of evidence support the causal relationship between inflammation and cancer. In an attempt to clarify the contribution of ulcerative colitis to colon carcinogenesis, we treated male ICR mice with a single i.p. dose (10 mg/kg body weight) of azoxymethane (AOM) followed by 2% dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) in drinking water for consecutive 7 days. DSS administration caused chronic inflammation, which markedly enhanced the burden of AOM-initiated colon tumors. At the 16th week of combined AOM and DSS treatment, 83.33% mice developed colorectal carcinoma, whereas only 22% in the AOM-treated and none in the DSS-treated mice developed colon tumors. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase, p16, and mutated p53 were markedly elevated in the colon tumors produced by AOM plus DSS. The serum levels of nitric oxide, interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1β, and IL-6, were also elevated in mice bearing colon tumors. In addition, the mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), such as MMP2, MMP9, MMP13, and MT2-MMP, was increased in the tumors. However, the tissue inhibitor of MMP2 was down-regulated in the tumor tissues. Differentially expressed gene analysis revealed the upregulation of several genes including heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein M, deleted in malignant brain tumors 1, interferon induced transmembrane protein 1, in colon tumors compared with the normal tissue. By utilizing the same mouse model, we evaluated the chemopreventive effect of celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor. Oral administration of celecoxib (0.1 or 0.25 mmole/kg) by gavage for 14 weeks significantly lowered the AOM plus DSS-induced tumor incidence and multiplicity (83.33% and average 6.00 tumors/mouse in the AOM plus DSS group; 44.44% and 3.95/mouse in the low dose celecoxib group; 40.0% and 1.75/mouse in the high dose celecoxib group). The celecoxib treatment significantly inhibited the expressions of COX-2 and iNOS as well as activation of NF-κB and AP-1 in the colonic tissues. Moreover, celecoxib treatment reduced activities as well as mRNA expression of MMP2, MMP9, MMP13, TIMP1, MT1-MMP and MT2-MMP in the colon. When we compared the AOM-induced and DSS-promoted colon carcinogenesis in COX-2 wild type and knock-out mice, genetic inhibition of COX-2 attenuated 30% of AOM plus DSS-induced tumor incidence in wild type. Tumor multiplicity was significantly reduced in the COX-2 deficient mice (2.43 ± 1.4) than wild type (7.7 ± 2.5). These findings suggest that DSS-induced ulcerative colitis effectively promotes colon carcinogenesis in mice, which can support the causative association between inflammtion and cancer development. Moreover, a selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib and COX-2 deficient mice exhibit chemopreventive effects through modulation of several gene expressions altered in the AOM-initiated and DSS-promoted colon carcinogenesis model.
Does Race Influence Risk Assessment and Recommendations for Lung Resection? A Randomized Trial

Background Racial disparities in use of surgical therapy for lung cancer exist in the United States. Videos of standardized patients (SPs) can help identify factors that influence physicians' surgical risk estimation. We hypothesized that physician race and SP race in videos influence surgeon decision making. Methods Four race-neutral clinical vignettes representing lung resection candidates were paired with risk-level concordant short silent videos of SPs. Vignette/video combinations were classified as low or high risk. Trainees and practicing thoracic surgeons read a race-neutral vignette, provided an initial estimate of the percentage risk of major surgical complications, viewed a video randomized to a black or white SP, provided a final estimate of risk, and scored the likelihood that they would recommend operative therapy. Changes in risk estimates were assessed. Results Participants included 113 surgeons (38 practicing surgeons, 75 trainees); of these, 76 were white non-Hispanic (67%), and 37 were other self-identified racial categories. Percentage changes between initial and final risk estimates were not significantly related to patient race (p = 0.11) or surgeon race (white versus other; p = 0.52). Videos of black SPs were associated with a similar likelihood of recommending an operation compared with that of videos of white SPs (p = 0.90). Physician race (white versus other) was not related to the likelihood of recommending surgical intervention (p = 0.79). Conclusions Neither patient nor physician race was significantly associated with risk estimation or surgical recommendations. These findings do not provide an explanation for documented racial disparities in lung cancer therapy. Further investigation is needed to identify the mechanism underlying these disparities.
Impact of Speckle Pattern Parameters on DIC Strain Resolution Calculated from In-situ SEM Experiments

The advent of small-scale testing procedures coupled with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging allow for high-resolution digital image correlation (DIC) studies to examine strain localization at the grain size length scale. A systematic study was performed to determine how speckle patterning parameters (speckle density and shape) affect strain resolution of DIC using SEM imaging. Strain resolution increased with increased speckle density from 23 to 58 % area fraction. Patterns with less than 23 % area fraction exhibited significant signal noise, and a loss in strain resolution due to inadequate correlation. It was also observed that when the edges of square speckles were aligned with SEM rastering directions, the noise in the e yy data was double the noise in the e xx data. Rotating the speckle to eliminate edge alignment with the rastering direction significantly decreased the e yy strain noise. Competing optimization requirements for the correlation parameters were needed to minimize strain intensity noise or maximize spatial resolution. Application of the optimization techniques to high temperature in-situ studies of Ni-based superalloys will also be presented.
Imaging of the aortic valve using fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography increased valvular fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in aortic stenosis.

Objectives Because fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) imaging provides a noninvasive index of inflammation, we sought to assess whether FDG uptake in the aortic valve (AV) is increased in aortic stenosis (AS). Background AS is associated with valvular inflammation. Methods FDG-PET/computed tomography data were retrospectively evaluated in 84 patients (age 73 ± 9 years, 45% female), 42 patients with AS, and 42 age-matched controls. FDG uptake was determined within the AV while blinded to AS severity. Target-to-background ratio (TBR) was calculated as valvular/blood activity. Stenosis severity was established on echocardiography, and presence of AV calcification was independently assessed on computed tomography. Results The aortic valve PET signal (TBR) was increased in AS compared with controls (median 1.53 [interquartile range (IQR): 1.42 to 1.76] vs. 1.34 [IQR: 1.20 to 1.55]; p Conclusions This study supports the hypothesis that AS is an inflammatory condition and suggests that inflammation may be reduced in late-stage disease. This may have important implications in the design of studies assessing the effect of therapeutic agents in modifying progression of AS.
A Practical Guide to Greener Theatre: Introduce Sustainability Into Your Productions

Protecting the environment should be a priority of every theatrical production, but it can be challenging to mount an environmentally-friendly show with limited time, resources, and information. A Practical Guide to Greener Theatre: Introduce Sustainability Into Your Productions not only gives you the information you need to make greener decisions, but provides you with practical, workable solutions. You will learn how to assess and improve every production area – from costuming and painting, lighting and technical direction, to administrative offices and the rehearsal process. Checklists, examples of successful strategies, and step-by-step instructions will show you how to identify areas where manageable, sustainable changes can make your productions greener, and advice from working professionals, with experience greening their own productions, will leave you confident that your processes are environmentally sound. Even non-technical people who find themselves responsible for supervising productions will find green solutions that can be instituted with a staff of volunteers or students. Remember: every step toward sustainability is a step forward. Discover small fixes that will make your theatre productions greener. Examine ways to introduce greener practices in the design, execution, and strike process. Explore how introducing sustainability into your theatre productions can save your company time and money. Learn how sustainability and safety intersect to help protect your workers and volunteers.
Black Adolescents' Critical Reflection Development: Parents' Racial Socialization and Attributions About Race Achievement Gaps

This research explored the development of Black adolescents' (N = 454) critical reflection, conceived as individual (i.e., blaming Black people) and structural (i.e., blaming systemic racism) attributions for race achievement gaps. In this longitudinal study, adolescents and their parents reported their individual and structural attributions for race achievement gaps and parents' racial socialization. Adolescents' structural attributions increased from Grade 10 to Grade 12. Average levels of individual attributions did not change. Adolescents' reports of parental racial socialization and parents' structural attributions when youth were in Grade 10 predicted increases in adolescents' structural attributions. Findings are applied to future research and efforts to increase adolescent critical reflection.
Red/near-infrared light-emitting diode therapy for traumatic brain injury

This invited paper reviews our research with scalp application of red/near-infrared (NIR) light-emitting diodes (LED) to improve cognition in chronic, traumatic brain injury 1. Application of red/NIR light improves mitochondrial function (especially hypoxic/compromised cells) promoting increased ATP, important for cellular metabolism. Nitric oxide is released locally, increasing regional cerebral blood flow. Eleven chronic, mTBI participants with closed-head injury and cognitive dysfunction received 18 outpatient treatments (MWF, 6 Wks) starting at 10 Mo. to 8 Yr. post-mTBI (MVA, sports-related, IED blast injury). LED therapy is non-invasive, painless, non-thermal (FDA-cleared, non-significant risk device). Each LED cluster head (2.1" diameter, 500mW, 22.2mW/cm2) was applied 10 min (13J/cm2) to 11 scalp placements: midline, from front-to-back hairline; and bilaterally on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, temporal, and parietal areas. Testing performed pre- and post-LED (+1 Wk, 1 and 2 Mo post- 18th treatment) showed significant linear trend for LED effect over time, on improved executive function and verbal memory. Fewer PTSD symptoms were reported. New studies at VA Boston include TBI patients treated with transcranial LED (26J/cm2); or treated with only intranasal red, 633nm and NIR, 810nm diodes placed into the nostrils (25 min, 6.5mW, 11.4J/cm2). Intranasal LEDs are hypothesized to deliver photons to hippocampus. Results are similar to Naeser et al. (2014). Actigraphy sleep data show increased sleep time (average, +1 Hr/night) post-18th transcranial or intranasal LED treatment. LED treatments may be self-administered at home (Naeser et al., 2011). A shamcontrolled study with Gulf War Illness Veterans is underway.
Strong strain hardening in ultrafast melt-quenched nanocrystalline Cu: The role of fivefold twins

Nanocrystalline and nanotwinned metals exhibit ultrahigh strength but suffer from low ductility due to the absence of the strain hardening effect. Here, we report sustained strong strain hardening up to 20% compressive strain in a melt-quenched nanocrystalline Cu structure, which contains numerous fivefold twins, stacking faults, and twin boundaries. Our molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the strong strain hardening results from the synergistic effect of constant nucleation and impedance of dislocations, restricted twin boundary migration, and abundant dislocation reactions in fivefold twin networks. Specifically, we find that fivefold twins both nucleate and impede dislocations, and the migration of fivefold twin boundary is restricted by the core of fivefold twins. Moreover, we observe a new migration mechanism, in which fivefold twin boundary migrates by two atomic planes directly, enabled by the gliding of two different Shockley partial dislocations in the opposite directions. Finally, dislocation transmission, which is adverse to strain hardening, occurs very scarcely in fivefold twins. This is caused by the large misfit strains in fivefold twins and abundant immobile dislocations generated by frequent dislocation reactions in fivefold twin networks. This work reveals the advantage of fivefold twins over nanotwins to overcome the strength-ductility trade-off.
Cryogenic (4 K) Performance Projections for Ultra-Small Cavity Oxide-Free VCSELs

Very-low-power and high-reliability data transfer at cryogenic is possible via small-sized VCSELs. We make projections for 4K operation of oxide-free VCSELs sizes of 2-6μm, where we previously had shown experimentally its efficient operation at 300K.
Glacier ice archives fifteen-thousand-year-old viruses

Abstract While glacier ice cores provide climate information over tens to hundreds of thousands of years, study of microbes is challenged by ultra-low-biomass conditions, and virtually nothing is known about co-occurring viruses. Here we establish ultra-clean microbial and viral sampling procedures and apply them to two ice cores from the Guliya ice cap (northwestern Tibetan Plateau, China) to study these archived communities. This method reduced intentionally contaminating bacterial, viral, and free DNA to background levels in artificial-ice-core control experiments, and was then applied to two authentic ice cores to profile their microbes and viruses. The microbes differed significantly across the two ice cores, presumably representing the very different climate conditions at the time of deposition that is similar to findings in other cores. Separately, viral particle enrichment and ultra-low-input quantitative viral metagenomic sequencing from ∼520 and ∼15,000 years old ice revealed 33 viral populations (i.e., species-level designations) that represented four known genera and likely 28 novel viral genera (assessed by gene-sharing networks). In silico host predictions linked 18 of the 33 viral populations to co-occurring abundant bacteria, including Methylobacterium, Sphingomonas, and Janthinobacterium, indicating that viruses infected several abundant microbial groups. Depth-specific viral communities were observed, presumably reflecting differences in the environmental conditions among the ice samples at the time of deposition. Together, these experiments establish a clean procedure for studying microbial and viral communities in low-biomass glacier ice and provide baseline information for glacier viruses, some of which appear to be associated with the dominant microbes in these ecosystems. Importance This study establishes ultra-clean microbial and viral sampling procedures for glacier ice, which complements prior in silico decontamination methods and expands, for the first time, the clean procedures to viruses. Application of these methods to glacier ice confirmed prior common microbiological findings for a new ice core climate record, and provides a first window into viral genomes and their ecology from glacier ice across two time horizons, and emphasizes their likely impact on abundant microbial groups. Together these efforts provide clean sampling approaches and foundational datasets that should enable simultaneous access to an archived virosphere in glacier ice.
CRT-100.71 Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Markers and Their Effect on Coronary Angiography Parameters and Clinical Outcomes in Veterans

Bypass graft markers can reduce fluoroscopy times and contrast volumes of patients undergoing coronary and bypass graft angiography, but their use is inconsistent because of concerns that they may prolong bypass graft surgery and may increase the risk of graft failure, potentially leading to worse
Subpixel Motion Detection Using a Commercial Video Camera

Performance metrics for detecting subpixel motion are calculated for a commercial video camera using image difference data processed with three Neyman–Pearson-based algorithms. High-signal-to-noise-ratio data are collected and analyzed for a thin black bar that slowly oscillates against a white background. The position and velocity of the bar are estimated using Fourier-based processing techniques. The probability of detecting subpixel motion as a function of false alarm rate, number of pixels tested, subpixel shift, and detection algorithm are calculated with Monte Carlo simulations using the experimental data. The results characterize the best performance curves for detecting subpixel motion for most commercial video cameras and targets.
Interprofessional collaboration to promote transportation equity for environmental justice populations: A mixed methods study of civil engineers, transportation planners, and social workers' perspectives

Abstract This study explored engineers, planners, and social workers interactions around issues of transportation decision-making and transportation equity and identified opportunities for enhanced collaboration and training in anticipation of transformative technologies for environmental justice populations. The study assessed the current level of knowledge among professionals (engineers, planners, and social workers) about the training needs of the other professions under investigation and their own preparation for interprofessional collaboration in order to improve transportation equity for environmental justice populations. The study also identified the benefits and strategies for engineers, planners, and social workers in collaboration on transportation infrastructure and policy decisions. This study used a mixed methods, sequential exploratory design to gather information from engineers, planners, and social workers. The results showed that participants across all three professions saw a need to address the unmet and/or underserved transportation needs of environmental justice populations. Social workers identified advocacy and resource identification among some of the most important transportation-related skills while transportation experts reported data analysis and planning as key skills. The majority of study participants indicated that all three professions can greatly inform transportation planning and that interprofessional collaboration is important for improving and enhancing transportation planning. The participants cited limited interactions and siloed working environments as challenges to effective collaboration across the professions. The authors propose future research recommendations and training/education strategies for enhancing interprofessional collaboration around transportation equity for environmental justice populations.
Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis in the Outflow Tract in Normal and Abnormal Cardiogenesis

Apoptosis peaks within the cardiac outflow tract (OFT) myocardium during chick development (stage 30-31) and coincides with dramatic remodeling of the OFT 4. Apoptosis was assayed by TUNEL, Annexin V, transmission electron microscopy, and Lysotracker Red (Fig. 1-4). These assays reveal that as many as 92% of the apoptotic cells express cardiomyocyte markers. The timing of apoptosis suggests that it may occur to allow proper alignment of the great vessels over their respective ventricles. Our current aims are to determine the consequences of disturbing OFT cardiomyocyte cell death to heart morphogenesis and to elucidate the cellular and molecular components that initiate and regulate this high level of apoptosis.To enhance apoptosis in the OFT myocardium, recombinant adenoviruses were injected into the pericardial space to deliver the gene for the death ligand Fas-L to the cardiomyocytes of chicken embryos prior to the stages when OFT remodeling occurs.
Impacts of Marcellus Shale gas extraction: Examining recollected pre-development and post-development perceptions

Abstract Using data drawn from random samples of residents in and around two boroughs located in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, we examined individuals’ recollected pre-development and post-development perceptions of selected issues associated with Marcellus Shale development. Descriptive statistics revealed that the pattern of residents’ recollected pre-development and post-development perceptions was more or less the same. In general, issues that residents perceived would worsen prior to the development of natural gas (recollected pre-development perceptions) were viewed as worsening after the upstream activities began (post-development perceptions). The same pattern held for those issues that residents had perceived would improve. Paired sample t-tests were used to determine whether any statistically significant differences existed between residents’ recollected pre-development and post-development perceptions. Results revealed that the mean scores for residents’ recollected pre-development and post-development perceptions differed significantly for the overwhelming majority of issues.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Activity of Bimetallic Ti/Cr Complexes

We report herein the reactions of the Rosenthal complexes, Cp2Ti(BTMSA) and Cp*2Ti(BTMSA) (BTMSA: bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene), with CpCr(CO)3H. Those complexes are known to dissociate their alkyn...
Graphene-Based Dual-Metal Sites for Oxygen Reduction Reaction: A Theoretical Study

Single-atom catalysts have expanded the design paradigm for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) relying on nonplatinum group metals (non-PGM). Here, density functional theory calculations were performe...
Sensitive sensing of biomarkers in interstitial fluid.

A minimally invasive microneedle patch detects specific protein biomarkers in dermal interstitial fluid at high sensitivity via a needle-integrated immunoassay coupled with an ultrabright fluorescent label.
Leptomeningeal Carcinomatosis in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A Diagnostic Challenge.

Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LCM), also known as neoplastic meningitis, is a rare entity. It is generally seen in solid tumors. Ovarian cancers can infrequently cause LCM. The clinical presentation is variable. Diagnosis is made by a lumbar puncture that shows malignant cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and usually correlates with imaging findings. Given the low individual sensitivities of lumbar puncture (55%) and magnetic resonance imaging (70%), it is recommended to combine both modalities for optimal diagnostic results. Treatment options vary depending on the type of primary carcinoma, however, the prognosis is guarded. We report a case of LCM in a patient with stage IV epithelial ovarian cancer in remission, which became a diagnostic challenge due to a lack of imaging findings.
When to 'Claw Back'?: Abandoning Jewel v. Boxer for a Better Way Forward

This paper examines the "unfinished business doctrine" and suggests that Jewel v. Boxer should be partially abandoned because law firms have no property interest in future client matters.
Antipsychotic medication-mediated cognitive change in schizophrenia and polygenic score for cognitive ability.

Abstract Cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia are reported to be minimally responsive to treatment with antipsychotic medications, though variability exists and many prior studies have significant confounds. Here, we examined the response of cognitive symptoms to antipsychotic medications in 71 inpatients with schizophrenia on and off antipsychotic medications in a blinded, placebo-controlled, cross-over study design. Patients received either antipsychotic medication monotherapy or placebo for 4–6 weeks before switching conditions. Neuropsychological testing, including working memory, intelligence, episodic memory, and verbal fluency tests, was administered during each condition. Additionally, we assessed whether polygenic scores for cognitive ability (PGScog) related to variability in antipsychotic medication-induced changes in cognitive performance. Overall, significant changes in cognition were not observed in response to medications (p's > 0.05) except for in episodic memory (p = 0.01), which showed a medication-related improvement. Some antipsychotic medication-related cognitive changes were associated with genetic predisposition to cognitive ability: PGScog showed positive correlations with medication-induced improvements in verbal list learning (p = 0.02) and category fluency (p = 0.03). Our primary results reinforce the notion that in general, cognitive measures are minimally responsive to antipsychotic medication. However, PGScog results suggest that genetic variation may influence the ability of current treatments to affect cognitive change within this patient population. This study underscores the need for development of novel treatment options specifically targeting cognitive symptoms as well as the importance of genetic variability in treatment response for patients with schizophrenia.
Social Networks: Technological and Social Aspects of Social Network-Mediated Interaction of Elderly People

Services for the social interaction of elderly persons are here considered here and described. After an initial analysis, the implementation within the framework of an existing Social Network Site, such as Facebook, is proposed.
Cocaine-induced CREB phosphorylation in nucleus accumbens of cocaine-sensitized rats is enabled by enhanced activation of extracellular signal-related kinase, but not protein kinase A

Repeated cocaine administration to rats outside their home cages sensitizes the behavioral effects of the drug, and enhances induction of the immediate early gene product Fos in nucleus accumbens. We hypothesized that the same treatment regimen would also enhance cocaine-induced activation of intracellular signaling kinases that phosphorylate cyclic AMP-regulated element-binding protein (CREB), an important mediator of c-fos transcription. Phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), calcium/calmodulin kinases (CaMKs) II and IV, and CREB were used to assess endogenous functional activity of these signaling molecules in rats behaviorally sensitized outside their home cages. Protein kinase A (PKA)-specific phosphorylation of Ser845 in the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) receptor subunit GluR1 was used to assess endogenous functional activity of PKA. Using western blots and immunohistochemistry, we detected cocaine-induced CREB phosphorylation after repeated cocaine administration, but not after repeated saline administration. Using western blots and MAPK activity assays, we found that cocaine-induced phosphorylation and activation of ERK, but not of CaMKs II or IV or GluR1, was augmented in nucleus accumbens of cocaine-sensitized rats. Unilateral infusions of the MAPK kinase inhibitor U0126 into nucleus accumbens attenuated cocaine-induced ERK and CREB phosphorylation in cocaine-sensitized rats. In contrast, unilateral infusions of the PKA inhibitor Rp-isomer of adenosine-3',5'-cyclicmonophosphorothioate (Rp-cAMPs) did not affect cocaine-induced CREB phosphorylation. Therefore, enhanced activation of ERK, but not PKA, enables and mediates cocaine-induced CREB phosphorylation in nucleus accumbens of rats that are sensitized by repeated cocaine administration outside their home cages.
Covalent immobilization of proteins to N-hydroxysuccinimide ester derivatives of agarose: Effect of protein charge on immobilization

Abstract An uncharged N- hydroxysuccinimide ester derivative of agarose, Affi-Gel 10, exhibited excellent capacity for immobilization, at pH 7.5, of proteins having isoelectric points of 6.5–11.0. Under identical conditions, acidic proteins with isoelectric points of 3.3–5.9 did not couple well to this activated gel. Immobilization of acidic proteins increased in the presence of 80 mM CaCl2, or at a pH equal to or less than the isoelectric point. Affi-Gel 15, a new N- hydroxysuccinimide ester derivative of agarose containing a tertiary amine in the spacer arm, coupled acidic proteins efficiently at pH 7.5 but basic proteins coupled poorly. The immobilization of basic proteins to Affi-Gel 15 was increased to useful levels by increasing the ionic strength, or the pH, of the reaction medium. The lectin concanavalin A was efficiently immobilized using either activated gel, and the concanavalin A-agarose derivatives bound 3.9–4.1 mg ovalbumin/ml gel. These studies demonstrate that the charge of the protein relative to the charge of the gel is an important factor affecting the level of protein immobilization to active ester gels.
The Children’s Television Act: Reasons & Practice

An average child will have watched between 10,000 and 15,000 hours of television and more than 200,000 commercials by the time they have turned 18. What they watch and how they are influenced depends upon what is available to them. Television can treat children as ‘Little Consumers,’ or it can be used to have a positive impact. Television can be mindless entertainment, or educational. The problem is that there is little incentive for broadcast television to cater to children’s needs instead of those of an advertiser.To address these issues, Congress instructed the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to limit the amount of advertising during children’s programming and increase the amount of educational and informational television content broadcast over the air by enacting the Children’s Television Act (CTA) in 1990. Since that time, content on other media has exploded. Cable, satellite, and internet services providers are now the dominate sources of content. Given this change some question the CTA’s importance and whether it impinges on the 1st amendment rights of broadcasters.Despite these concerns, the CTA is still an important piece of legislation because it informs broadcasters of their obligations as public fiduciaries of the nation’s valuable broadcast airwaves. But it is questionable whether one of the major benefits of the CTA has been met, that of increasing the amount and quality of educational programming on broadcast television. The FCC’s implementation may need some fine-tuning to address these issues while balancing the broadcaster's and children's needs.