cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parameterization of Radiative Flux Profiles within Layer Clouds

This paper presents simple formulations for the vertical structure of solar and infrared radiative fluxes within a layer cloud overlying a partially reflective surface. The parameterized profile shapes are analytic, with governing parameters derived from bulk radiative properties and more physically based radiative transfer models. The bulk cloud, subcloud layer, and surface radiative properties are assumed to be known. The parameterizations are based on exponential functions of height, with decay scales related to cloud liquid water content. Although the results presented here are based on very simple assumptions about the cloud structure in the vertical, the method used is applicable to more general cases as well as to various other analytic and/or numerical radiative transfer calculations.
NMR Studies of Drugs. Rimantadine. Rigorous 1H and 13C Assignments and Applications of Lanthanide Shift Reagents

Abstract Racemic rimantadine, 1, has been studied by NMR in CDC13 solution with the achiral shift reagent
Products from lactones and hydrazines: Hydroxyalkanohydrazides and pyrazolidones

Saturated aliphatic lactones and dihydrocoumarins have been characterized by the formation of their crystalline 1:1-adducts (hydroxyalkanohydrazides) with hydrazine hydrate. A new procedure, which involves the use of azeotropic distillation to remove the water present, greatly facilitates the reaction by reducing the time required. Three macrocyclic lactones, that did not react in either of two short procedures, readily formed the same type of 1:1-adducts after several hours of refluxing of the components in alcoholic solution. The unsaturated macrocyclic lactone gave two products of cleavage; one was the expected ω-hydroxyalkenohydrazide, but the other was its saturated analog, in which the double bond had been reduced by the excess hydrazine employed. β-Lactones are a special case, requiring variations in conditions; the yield of the simplest adduct was more than doubled by a new procedure. In one instance products in which the lactone ring had been opened in both possible ways were obtained for the first time. A “stream-lined extracter” was useful with the low melting adducts. Coumarins themselves gave either 1:2 adducts or pyrazolidones. The latter could also be prepared from the adducts. A study of 4-hydroxybutanohydrazide in a mass spectrometer showed that both γ-butyro-lactone and 5-methyl-3-pyrazolidone are thermal products. Pure 5-methyl-3-pyrazolidone has now been isolated from the syrupy reaction product of ethyl crotonate and hydrazine, It has been converted to benzylidene derivatives; spectral data of the latter are consistent with their polarized structures.
From Climate Change to Conflict? No Consensus Yet

Many scholars, policymakers, and activists have argued that climate change will lead to resource competition, mass migration, and, ultimately, an increase in armed conflict around the world. This article takes issue with the 'deterministic' view that climate change and resultant resource scarcities will have a direct impact on political violence. Rather, the effect of climate change on armed conflict is contingent on a number of political and social variables, which, if ignored by analysts, can lead to poor predictions about when and where conflict is likely. This article then discusses ways to improve research on the climate change--conflict connection and outlines broad policy suggestions for dealing with this potential problem. Scholars must communicate their findings with the policy community in order to come up with prudent solutions to this problem, while countering unnecessary rhetoric on both sides of the debate.
Optimal Control in Integrated R&D Production and Inventory Planning Systems

Abstract This paper treats the formulation and algorithmic solution of a class of dynamical system models for integrated production, inventory, and R&D planning. Minimization of the cost of labor, capital, and R&D engineering is investigated for a Leontief type input-output model. The solution technique is based on a variable metric implementation of gradient descent. Numerical results include a sensitivity analysis of the cost structures. The results of the research demonstrate that optimal control can provide a useful modeling and solution technique for production planning.
Overnight Gonadotropin Excretion in Normal Females

FSH and LH in acetone precipitates of timed overnight urine collections were measured by radioimmunoassay. FSH and LH urinary excretion extrapolated to 24 h was determined in 140 normal girls 3-16 years. Timed overnight urines were collected throughout a menstrual cycle from 3 normal adult women. FSH and LH progressively increased with age from 2.0 +/- 0.5 (FSH) and 2.0 +/- 0.4 (LH) IU/24 h for the 3--4 yr age group to 8.1 +/- 1.8 (FSH) and 11.5 +/- 3.8 (LH) IU/24 h for the 15--16 yr age group. Mean FSH and LH excretion for succeeding age groups (3--4, 5--6, 7--8, 9--10, 11--12, 13--14 and 15--16 years) increased significantly for the 5--6, 9--10 and 11--12 year age groups. Mean LH but not FSH excretion increased significantly for the 13--14 year age group. FSH and LH excretion increased progressively with stage of sexual development. In the 3 girls with established menstrual cycles. FSH (43.6 +/- 5.0 IU/24 h) and LH (113.7 +/- 7.8 IU/24 h) peaks occurred on the same day. Luteal phase excretion of FSH and LH was significantly lower than follicular phase excretion. Timed overnight urine collection allows integration of several hours of FSH and LH excretion.
Signaling by a Non-dissociated Complex of G Protein βγ and α Subunits Stimulated by a Receptor-independent Activator of G Protein Signaling, AGS8

Accumulating evidence suggests that heterotrimeric G protein activation may not require G protein subunit dissociation. Results presented here provide evidence for a subunit dissociation-independent mechanism for G protein activation by a receptor-independent activator of G protein signaling, AGS8. AGS8 is a member of the AGS group III family of AGS proteins thought to activate G protein signaling primarily through interactions with Gbetagamma subunits. Results are presented demonstrating that AGS8 binds to the effector and alpha subunit binding "hot spot" on Gbetagamma yet does not interfere with Galpha subunit binding to Gbetagamma or phospholipase C beta2 activation. AGS8 stimulates activation of phospholipase C beta2 by heterotrimeric Galphabetagamma and forms a quaternary complex with Galpha(i1), Gbeta(1)gamma(2), and phospholipase C beta2. AGS8 rescued phospholipase C beta binding and regulation by an inactive beta subunit with a mutation in the hot spot (beta(1)(W99A)gamma(2)) that normally prevents binding and activation of phospholipase C beta2. This demonstrates that, in the presence of AGS8, the hot spot is not used for Gbetagamma interactions with phospholipase C beta2. Mutation of an alternate binding site for phospholipase C beta2 in the amino-terminal coiled-coil region of Gbetagamma prevented AGS8-dependent phospholipase C binding and activation. These data implicate a mechanism for AGS8, and potentially other Gbetagamma binding proteins, for directing Gbetagamma signaling through alternative effector activation sites on Gbetagamma in the absence of subunit dissociation.
A comparison of extraperitoneal and intraperitoneal approaches for robotic prostatectomy.

Objectives. This study compared oncologic and health-related quality-of-life outcomes among patients undergoing intraperitoneal or extraperitoneal robotic prostatectomy. Methods. Of 215 patients undergoing robotic prostatectomy, the approach was intraperitoneal in 48 and extraperitoneal in 167. Cancer control was evaluated using margin status. Recovery after surgery and functional health was assessed using the Convalescence and Recovery Evaluation and Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite questionnaires, respectively. Results. Positive surgical margin rates were similar between approaches (14% extraperitoneal, 10% intraperitoneal; P = .63). Functional outcomes were slightly improved for those with the extraperitoneal approach (ie, higher urinary irritation/obstruction scores at 3 months). The extraperitoneal group demonstrated higher activity (91.8 vs 83.3, P = .03) and cognitive scores (94.9 vs 91.7, P = .04) at 6 weeks as well as higher gastrointestinal scores at 2 weeks (94.2 vs 90.8, P = .05). Conc...
Fundamental investigations of the free radical copolymerization and terpolymerization of maleic anhydride, norbornene, and norbornene tert-butyl ester: In-situ mid-infrared spectroscopic analysis

Various synthetic factors that affect the molecular weight, yield, and composition of maleic anhydride (MAH), norbornene (Nb), and tert-butyl 5-norbornene-2-carboxylate (Nb-TBE) terpolymers were investigated. Real-time monitoring via in-situ FTIR spectroscopy of co- and terpolymerizations of MAH with Nb and Nb-TBE was utilized to evaluate the observed rates of varying Nb/Nb-TBE monomer feed ratios. Pseudo-first-order kinetic analysis indicated that the observed rate of reaction (kobs) was a strong function of the Nb/Nb-TBE ratio with a maximum of 6.68 × 10-5 s-1 for a 50/0/50 Nb/Nb-TBE/MAH monomer ratio and a minimum of 1.13 × 10-5 s-1 for a 0/50/50 Nb/Nb-TBE/MAH ratio. In addition, polymer yields were also observed to be a function of the Nb/Nb-TBE ratio and also decreased with increasing Nb-TBE. Sampling of an Nb/Nb-TBE/MAH (25/25/50 mole ratio) terpolymerization and subsequent analysis using 1H NMR indicated that the relative rate of Nb incorporation is approximately 1.7 times faster than Nb-TBE incorp...
Electronic and optical properties of n-type a-Si:H

Abstract Films of n-type hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) have been grown using a mixture of silane and tertiarybutylphosphine (TBP: C 4 H 11 P) which is a less toxic source than phosphine. A plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition system was used to grow the films at a deposition temperature of 250°C. The ratio of TBP to silane was varied from 10 −4 % to 3% by volume. The films were characterized by measuring photoluminescence, temperature dependence of dark dc conductivity, below-gap absorption coefficient and dark electron spin resonance. It is found that, up to ∼ 0.5% concentration of TBP, the experimental results are in accordance with the autocompensation doping model. However, significant discrepancies are observed at higher impurity concentrations.
Modulation of PRM Activity by the Lambda PR Promoter in Both the Presence and Absence of Repressor

When the transcription startsites of the phage lambda promoters PRM and PR are separated by 82 bp (the wild-type spacing), mutating PR increases the rate of open complex formation at PRM at all RNA polymerase (RNAP) concentrations tested in vitro. This is reflected in a fourfold increase in kappa f (the rate constant for isomerization of closed to open complexes) and a threefold decrease in KB (the equilibrium constant for formation of closed complexes). These effects of mutating PR resemble qualitatively those we observed when the separation between the two promoters was decreased by a single base-pair, but are quantitatively less dramatic. Although mutating PR has the additional effect of uncovering a weak promoter, P alpha, which overlaps both PRM and PR, the presence of P alpha does not account for the effects of PR mutations on open complex formation at PRM. In fixed-time assays at a single RNAP concentration, repressor stimulated PRM approximately threefold on a PR- template, indicating that activation is mediated substantially by a direct interaction between repressor and RNAP. That is, activation of PRM is not merely an indirect consequence of repressing PR. Kinetic data confirm this conclusion. In a PR- genetic background, repressor increased kappa f six- to eightfold and decreased KB approximately twofold. Similar results were obtained when OR3 was mutated, indicating that the effect on KB is not due to repressor binding to OR3. Thus, repressor causes a significant increase in the rate of open complex formation at PRM even when PR is inactive. On a PR+ template, 75 nM repressor stimulated PRM by increasing kappa f eightfold, with no effect on KB, which agrees with previous results. However, increased repressor concentrations stimulated kappa f by an additional factor of two to four, indicating that previous experiments underestimated the effect of repressor on kappa f. At the same time, increasing the repressor concentration decreased KB for PRM on a wild-type template. At the highest repressor concentration tested (275 nM), KB decreased 15-fold, presumably due to OR3-mediated repression of PRM. However, at an intermediate repressor concentration (170 nM) values of kappa f and KB for PRM on a PR+ template were in close agreement with the corresponding parameters obtained on a PR- template. These data lead us to suggest that repressor causes a decrease in KB for PRM on both a PR+ and a PR- template independent of its ability to bind to OR3.
DOES THE EFFECT OF MATERNAL AGE ON THE RISK OF FETAL DEATH VARY AMONG DIFFERENT RACES IN THE UNITED STATES? † 1589

DOES THE EFFECT OF MATERNAL AGE ON THE RISK OF FETAL DEATH VARY AMONG DIFFERENT RACES IN THE UNITED STATES? † 1589
Phosphorus Adsorption Capacity and Availability of Added Phosphorus in Soils from Aquaculture Areas in Thailand

A series of 20 soil samples was collected from aquaculture areas in 14 provinces of Thailand. Samples represented 10 soil suborders and exhibited wide variation in physical and chemical properties. Soil samples were treated with 0, 25. 50, 100, and 200 ppm phosphorus and incubated under water-saturated conditions for 1 mo. Amounts of added phosphorus recoverable by water extraction decreased markedly as phosphorus adsorption capacity (PAC) of samples increased (r= 0.88 to 0.96, P < 0.01). This suggests that relative abilities of bottom soils to adsorb and release phosphorus added to ponds in fertilizers or feeds can be assessed from PAC data. Because of the importance of phosphorus adsorption by soil in regulating phosphorus availability to phytoplankton in ponds, the PAC appears to be a more useful technique than traditional phosphorus extraction methods as an index of the phosphorus status of aquaculture ponds. The PAC was highly correlated with clay content of soils (r= 0.957; P < 0.01), and a knowledge of clay content will permit a rough assessment of phosphorus status.
Effects of altering outcome expectancies on pigeons' delayed conditional discrimination performance

Abstract An outcome-expectancy mediation theory of learning was tested in a series of transfer experiments with pigeons. The principal technique employed was a delayed two-choice conditional discrimination in which the subject's correct choice yielded a food reward on one kind of trial and a feedback tone on the other. According to the theory, this task engenders two-link mediational chains in that each conditional cue controls a particular outcome expectancy (S-E link) and the expectancy, in turn, cues a specific choice response (E-R link). Relative to the hypothetical mediators established by preceding training, transfer problems required either the same mediational chains, the alteration of one link in each chain, or the alteration of both links in both chains for optimal performance. The results of four separate transfer experiments confirmed detailed theoretical predictions, including that of an unusual nonmonotonic transfer effect. The relation of the present theory to earlier mediation theories is discussed.
Late Cenozoic Structural Movement, Northern Florida: ABSTRACT

Pleistocene and Plio-Pleistocene sediments in northern Florida have been studied to detect tectonic displacement. Previous studies in southeastern Georgia defined six prominent former coastlines which are essentially horizontal and have altitudes (oldest to youngest) of 95-100 ft, 70-75 ft, 40-45 ft, and approximately 24, 13, and 4.5 ft above present sea level. The heights of the former sea levels were determined from the upper limit of littoral trace fossils and the altitude of salt-marsh sediments associated with each coastline. Each coastline is marked by a series of barrier-island deposits consisting of well-sorted, fine-grained, angular sand, and by lagoonal salt-marsh sediments of fine-grained sand, silt, and clay which accumulated landward of the barriers. The former coastlines have been traced southward from Georgia into northern Florida where the lagoonal salt-marsh sediments of the Wicomico Formation (sea level 95-100 ft in Georgia) are found at progressively higher altitudes. Maximum uplift is east of Starke along the northeast flank of the Ocala uplift where salt-marsh sediments have an altitude of approximately 166 ft or 65-70 ft higher than those in Georgia. The Penholoway salt-marsh sediments (sea level 70-75 ft in Georgia) reach an altitude of 95 ft in Florida. The Talbot salt-marsh sediments (sea level 40-45 ft in Georgia) are not well preserved but appear to be displaced 5-10 ft in the area of maximum uplift in Florida. Pamlico salt-marsh sediments (sea level approximately 24 ft in Georgia) are as high as 32 ft south of St. A gustine; thus, there is progressively less warping of the lower, younger coastlines. South of the Ocala uplift the five lower Pleistocene coastlines are approximately the same altitudes that they are in Georgia. The oldest coastline, which may be of either Pliocene or Pleistocene age, maintains an altitude of 140-150 ft for more than 150 mi south of the area of maximum uplift. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2038------------
Estimation of Nitric Oxide Concentration in Blood for Different Rates of Generation EVIDENCE THAT INTRAVASCULAR NITRIC OXIDE LEVELS ARE TOO LOW TO EXERT PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

Endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) is a potent vasodilator in the cardiovascular system. Several lines of experimental evidence suggest that NO or NO equivalents may also be generated in the blood. However, blood contains a large amount of hemoglobin (Hb) in red blood cells (RBCs). The RBC-encapsulated Hb can react very quickly with NO, which is only limited by the rate of NO diffusion into the RBCs. It is unclear what the possible NO concentration levels in blood are and how the NO diffusion coefficient (D) and the permeability (Pm) of RBC membrane to NO affect the level of NO concentration. In this study, a steady-state concentration experimental method combined with a spherical diffusion model are presented for determining D and Pm and examining the effect of NO generation rate (V0) and hematocrit (Hct) on NO concentration. It was determined that Pm is 4.5 +/- 1.5 cm/s and D is 3410 +/- 50 microm2/s at 37 degrees C. Simulations based on experimental parameters show that, when the rate of NO formation is as high as 100 nm/s, the maximal NO concentration in blood is below 0.012 nM at Pm = 4.5 cm/s and Hct = 45%. Thus, it is unlikely that NO is directly exported or generated from the RBC as an intravascular signaling molecule, because its concentration would be too low to exert a physiological role. Furthermore, our results suggest that, if RBCs export NO bioactivity, this would be through NO-derived species that can release or form NO rather than NO itself.
Intrinsically Unstable Behavior during the Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide on Platinum

Abstract Although the oxidation of carbon monoxide on platinum is one of the oldest known catalytic reactions and one of the most thoroughly studied, it continues to pose difficulties and challenges to both the experimentalist and the theoretician. For the most part, these are due to the frequent observations of hysteresis, associated with steady-state multiplicity, and self-sustained oscillations in the reaction and to the fact that no generally accepted theoretical explanation for them is at hand. even though a large number of studies have addressed the subject.
Overlapping chromatin-remodeling systems collaborate genome wide at dynamic chromatin transitions

ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling is an essential process required for the dynamic organization of chromatin structure. Here we describe the genome-wide location and activity of three remodeler proteins with diverse physiological functions in the mouse genome: Brg1, Chd4 and Snf2h. The localization patterns of all three proteins substantially overlap with one another and with regions of accessible chromatin. Furthermore, using inducible mutant variants, we demonstrate that the catalytic activity of these proteins contributes to the remodeling of chromatin genome wide and that each of these remodelers can independently regulate chromatin reorganization at distinct sites. Many regions require the activity of more than one remodeler to regulate accessibility. These findings provide a dynamic view of chromatin organization and highlight the differential contributions of remodelers to chromatin maintenance in higher eukaryotes.
Deposition of sidestream cigarette smoke in the human respiratory tract.

The intake of sidestream cigarette smoke can be calculated if ventilation and smoke concentration are known. However, respiratory tract dose of smoke particulates cannot be determined unless the deposition fraction of inhaled smoke is known. The deposition fraction of mainstream smoke is 70–90%, far higher than expected for most particles in the size range, 0.2–0.5 μm, which is also the range for cigarette smoke. The deposition fraction of sidestream smoke was measured in five normal male subjects. The deposition, the dose of smoke particulates to the respiratory tract can be estimated. The deposition fraction of sidestream smoke is much lower than for mainstream smoke.
Quantum Mechanics and Thermodynamic Continuity

The program of deducing quantum mechanics from the postulate of thermodynamic continuity is extended to embrace the principles of symmetry and quantum statistics, in particular the rule of conservation of symmetry type when a system of N particles in resonance interaction is augmented by one more particle. The special quantitativc definition of quantum conjugacy contained in the commutation rule of Born and in the Schrodinger replacement of the momentum p by a differential operator may be replaced by a general qualitative physical definition: “p and q are conjugate observables in a mechanical system when the manifold of q reactions of the system uniquely determines the nianifold of its p reactions.” When interpreted in terms of superposition mechanics this dcfmition leads to the rules of Born and Schrodinger and from there to quantum dynamics.
A Comparison of Two 20% Lipid Emulsions

Two different soy oil emulsions (Intralipid and Soyacal) were studied over a 2-week period in a random crossover study to determine if there were clinical or biochemical differences between the two preparations when used in patients requiring total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Each fat emulsion was infused randomly over 1 week and then switched to the other. Eighteen adult patients requiring a minimum of 14 days TPN were studied. None of the 26 metabolic parameters evaluated was statistically different between the two groups. Analysis of nutritional status, irrespective of lipid infused, showed that the patients who received 56 kcal/kg/day with 37% of the nonprotein calories from lipids (1.8 +/- 0.7 g/kcal/day) were in positive nitrogen balance on 80 of the 101 days studied. No adverse effects could be observed from either lipid emulsion during the short period of TPN used in this study. Both lipid emulsions were efficacious as a caloric source, and no clinical complications or biochemical abnormalities were found from either preparation.
Permanent gastrostomy in severely brain-damaged children.

UMMARY Twenty-one children with severe brain damage underwent permanent gastrostomy because of excessive mucous secretion, respiratory embarrassment, dysphagia, vomiting and frequent pneumonia. The operation is safe and well tolerated. Since gastrostomy is easy and the after care and complications are practically minimal, it should be the procedure of choice for the relief of severe temporary or permanent dysphagia. RESUME Gastrostomie permanente chez les enfants presentant une lesion cerebrate grave 21 enfants presentant de graves lesions cerebrates ont beneficie d'une gastrostomie permanente en raison de secretion muqueuse excessive, d'encombrements respiratohes, de dysphagies, de vomissements et de pneumonies frequentes. L'operation n'est pas dangereuse et est bien toleree. Sa realisation etant simple, les soins post-operatoires et les complications etant pratiquement minimes, nous pensons que la gastrostomie pourrait etre une indication de choix chez les malades presentant une dys-phagie, comme soulagement transitoire ou permanent. RESUMEN La gastrostomia permanente en ninos afectos de dano cerebral grave Se realizo una gastrostomia permanente en veintiun ninos afectos de dano cerebral grave, ta causa de secrecyon mucosa excesiva, disturbios respiratorios, disfagfa, vomito, y neumonia frecuente. La operacion no tiene peligro y se tolera bien. Puesto que la tecnica es sencilla y que el tratamiento posterior y las complicaciones son minimos, creemos que la gastrostomia deberia ser el tratamiento de election en enfermos afectos de disfagia, para proveer una livio ransitorio o permanente. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Magenfistel bei schwer hirngeschadigten Kindern 21 Kinder mit schwerem Hirnschaden musten sich wegen ubermaBiger Schleimsekretion, Atemstorungen, Dysphagie, Erbrechen und rezidivierenden Pneumonien einer Magen-fisteloperation unterziehen. Die Operation wurde von alien Kindern gut uberstanden. Da die Methode einfach ist und die postoperative Uberwachung sowie die Komplikationen gering sind, halten wir die Gastrostomie bei Patienten mit einer Dysphagie, sei es als vorubergehende oder als bleibende Massnahme fur die Methode der Wahl.
Accessory mitral valve associated with transient ischemic attacks.

Accessory mitral valve (AMV) is an unusual congenital cardiac anomaly typically presenting with left ventricular outflow obstruction. We describe a patient with AVM presenting with transient ischemic attack. (J Card Surg 2011;26:623-624)
A Møller-Plesset perturbation theory and coupled-cluster study of the reaction enthalpies and barrier heights for the FCO + H2 → HFCO + H abstraction reaction

Abstract The reaction of fluoroformyl radical, FCO, with molecular hydrogen, H 2 has been studied using Moller-Plesset perturbation and coupled-cluster methods. The heat of reaction is found to be 3.1 kcal mol −1 with an activation enthalpy of 14.2 kcal mol −1 .
An experimental study of the effect of off-fault damage on the velocity of a slip pulse

The effect of off-fault damage on the speed of ruptures propagating on faults in photoelastic Homalite plates was measured using high-speed digital photography. The off-fault damage was composed of a network of fractures introduced by thermally shocking the Homalite in liquid nitrogen. The mode II rupture speed measured in damaged Homalite was significantly lower than the limiting Rayleigh speed of v_r = 0.92 v_s, even after the shear wave speed v_s was reduced to a value appropriate for the fracture-damaged Homalite. The additional slowing is most likely caused by frictional sliding on preexisting cracks, especially since we did not observe the generation of new fractures. The spatial extent of the interaction between the rupture and the off-fault damage was measured using samples in which the damage was limited to a band of width 2w centered on the fault and also using damaged samples containing a band of undamaged Homalite centered on the fault. By measuring the rupture velocity as a function of w, the interaction between the rupture and off-fault damage was observed to be limited to a distance of about 1 cm from the fault plane. This agrees with the spatial extent of Coulomb failure near the tip of a dynamic slip pulse predicted by the analytic model developed by Rice et al. (2005).
Preservation and Modification of Culture in Family Socialization: Development of Parenting Measures for Korean Immigrant Families

This study aims to describe the family socialization beliefs and practices of Korean immigrant parents through testing psychometric properties of several newly developed items and scales to assess the major components of the Korean traditional concept of family socialization, ga-jung-kyo-yuk. These new measures were examined for validity and reliability. The findings show that Korean immigrant parents largely preserve their traditional and core parenting values, while also showing meaningful, yet not very dramatic, signs of adopting new cultural traits. The results also suggest that the acculturative process may not be simply bilinear but may generate a new, unique and blended value and behavior set from the two (or more) cultures involved. Culturally appropriate practice requires not only further validation of existing knowledge with minority groups, but the development of a theoretical framework of family socialization that recognizes the cultural uniqueness of immigrant families.
Development of a self-efficacy scale for mammography.

Mammography screening has been demonstrated to decrease mortality from breast cancer. Although adherence rates have increased, there is still a need to increase annual screening. Self-efficacy is a construct that has been found useful in predicting behaviors. Measurement of self- efficacy needs to be specific to the behavior and to have good validity and reliability. The purpose of this study is to describe development of a self- efficacy instrument to measure confidence in obtaining a mammogram. Bandura's model guided item development. Construct validity was measured using confirmatory factor analysis and logistic regression. Cronbach alpha was used to test internal consistency reliability. A Cronbach alpha coefficient of .87 was obtained. The mammography self-efficacy scale evidenced content and construct validity. 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 28:329-336, 2005
Invasion of a West Everglades wetland by Melaleuca quinquenervia countered by classical biological control.

Abstract The population dynamics of Melaleuca quinquenervia were monitored over a 5-year period in a cypress-pine wetland while subjected to two levels of herbivory. The trees had been recruited during 1998–1999 after a destructive crown fire. Half of 26 experimental plots were sprayed every 4–6 weeks with an insecticide to reduce herbivory by the biological control agents Oxyops vitiosa and Boreioglycaspis melaleucae . After only 1-year melaleuca density increased by 26% in sprayed plots and by 7% in unsprayed plots. However, over the entire 5-year period melaleuca density increased in sprayed plots by 0.1% while decreasing by 47.9% in unsprayed plots when compared to initial densities. Annual mortality of melaleuca never exceeded 6% in any year in sprayed plots but ranged from 11% to 25% in unsprayed plots. There was a significant year by treatment interaction indicating the importance of the environment on tree mortality. Limited seed production occurred on sprayed trees but never on unsprayed trees. Mean tree height increased by 19.6% in sprayed plots while declining by 30.6% in unsprayed plots. Coverage by native vegetation did not increase with decreasing melaleuca density. This is the first study with controls that quantifies the population level regulation of melaleuca by introduced biological control agents and corroborates other correlative studies that documented significant changes in melaleuca communities after the introduction and establishment of biological control agents.
Impact of the Red Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), on Biological Control of Salvinia minima (Hydropteridales: Salviniaceae) by Cyrtobagous salviniae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

A 2-yr study of the impacts of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, on the success of Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder & Sands as a biological control agent of common salvinia, Salvinia minima Baker, was undertaken in southern Louisiana. Floating moats were constructed around 8 release sites where C. salviniae was introduced as a biological control agent. These moats were used to restrict access to the release site by red imported fire ants in half the quadrats. Moating was successful in limiting the number of red imported fire ants in the release sites over the course of the study (P < 0.0001). In 2010, locations where access by red imported fire ants was limited by the presence of a moat had lower biomass (P = 0.04) and higher populations of C. salviniae (P < 0.0001). Our study suggests that the presence of red imported fire ants negatively impacts the success of C. salviniae as a biological control agent.
Carbonate Equilibria and the Distribution of Inorganic Carbon in Saginaw Bay

The spatial and temporal distribution of selected inorganic carbon equilibrium species is presented for eleven locations, representing the near surface waters of Saginaw Bay in Lake Huron during 1974. Carbon dioxide and calcite equilibrium conditions are determined through solution of temperature and ionic strength adjusted equilibria and evaluated with respect to suitability as indicators of physical conditions and biological activity in the waters of Saginaw Bay. The participation of inorganic carbon species in several chemical and biochemical reactions leads to the utility of these species in reflecting documented spatial and temporal trends in phytoplankton biomass, temperature, ionic strength, and ionic composition. Substantial seasonal variations in carbon dioxide and calcite equilibrium conditions were observed at several locations throughout the bay. The magnitude of variation was greatest in the more productive areas of the bay, where extensive calcite supersaturation and carbon dioxide undersaturation occurred. Maximum calcite saturation and minimum carbon dioxide saturation were calculated for the warm, productive summer months. Transformations in chemical equilibria were mediated by both physical and biochemical factors,as reflected by seasonal changes in temperature and pH. The significance of photosynthetic activity was most pronounced in the inner bay and in shore zones, while temperature became of greater relative importance where bay waters mixed with the open waters of Lake Huron. Strong correlations between time averaged data for chlorophyll a and carbon dioxide (R = 0.97) and chlorophyll a and calcite saturation (R = 0.95) indicate the importance of photosynthetic activity in establishing the distribution of equilibrium conditions of inorganic carbon species.
A multivariate correlation ratio

Abstract : A brief review of the historical background and certain known results concerning the univariate correlation ratio are given. A multivariate correlation ratio of a random vector Y upon a random vector X is defined, where A is a given positive definite matrix. The properties of ETA sub A are discussed, with particular attention paid to a 'correlation-maximizing' property. A number of examples illustrating the application of ETA sub A are given; these examples include the multivariate normal, the elliptically symmetric distributions, the Farlie-Morgenstern-Gumbel family, and the multinomial. The problem of maximizing ETA sub A (BY;X) over suitable matrices B is considered and the results that are obtained are related to canonical correlations for the multivariate normal.
The effect on cell phenotype of the mutagenic peptide of herpes simplex virus type-1

The transforming region of the genome of herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) encodes a peptide that raises the mutation frequency of cells. To find the effect of this peptide on cell phenotype, three types of cells were transfected with a shuttle vector plasmid that expressed the peptide. When immortalised rat fibroblasts were transfected they rapidly became anchorage-independent with high efficiency, but were not tumorigenic in nude mice. When monkey kidney cells were transfected, five clonal cell lines were isolated, of which one became anchorage-independent but was not tumorigenic in nude mice. When human oral keratinocytes were transfected they did not become immortalised. The peptide therefore induced some of the features of transformation in different cell types, but did not induce a malignant phenotype in any cell. This suggests that interaction with co-factors would be necessary for the peptide to contribute to the development of oral cancer.
Sliding wear behavior of electron beam surface-melted 0–2 tool steel☆

Studies were carried out on the dry sliding wear behavior of electron beam melted surface layers on a type 0–2 tool steel and on annealed and conventionally hardened 0–2 steel specimens for comparison. Wear tests were conducted in a flowing argon atmosphere at a sliding speed of 20 cm s−1 and a load of 10 N against a 52100 bearing steel ring. Wear surface morphology was studied along with subsurface structure using optical and electron microscopy methods. The study concentrated on the wear of this steel after different processing treatments. Electron beam surface melting and subsequent rapid solidification in situ of the steel produced a highly refined martensitic microstructure having higher hardness values and better wear resistance than obtained using conventional quench hardening of that steel. Carbide distribution and martensite phase morphology were affected by this surface melting process; those microstructural characteristics influenced the wear behavior. Variations in electron beam power and surface speed during melting were explored in terms of their effect on the resulting surface layer. The wear test system used was computer interfaced and controlled, permitting continuous measurements of wear depth and friction force.
Social Status and Responsibility for Stressful Life Events

(1985). Social Status and Responsibility for Stressful Life Events. Issues in Mental Health Nursing: Vol. 7, No. 1-4, pp. 105-127.
Tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardíaca crónica

PUNTOS CLAVE Objetivos terapeuticos. El objetivo del tratamiento ademas de mejorar la sintomatologia intenta evitar la progresion natural de la enfermedad y disminuir su mortalidad. Medidas generales. La observacion de medidas sencillas como una dieta adecuada, ejercicio aerobico regular y detectar los cambios de peso corporal, con el fin de proceder al autoajuste de los diureticos, contribuyen de forma importante a la estabilidad clinica del paciente y a mejorar su calidad de vida. Tratamiento farmacologico. El tratamiento sintomatico de la insuficiencia cardiaca (IC) se basa fundamentalmente en los diureticos y la digoxina. Los diureticos disminuyen la congestion evitando la retencion de sodio y agua y la digoxina por un efecto inotropico positivo. Salvo la espironolactona, ni los diureticos ni la digoxina han demostrado un aumento de la supervivencia. Los inhibidores de la enzima de conversion de la angiotensina (IECA) (antagonistas de los receptores de angiotensina II [ARA II] en caso de intolerancia) y los bloqueadores beta deben ser considerados el tratamiento inicial estandar de la IC por disfuncion sistolica en cualquier grado funcional ya que han demostrado un aumento significativo de la supervivencia. Se acepta la utilizacion de la amiodarona para el tratamiento de la mayor parte de las taquiarritmias supraventriculares y las TV no sostenidas sintomaticas. No se deben utilizar en pacientes con IC farmacos antiarritmicos de los grupos Ic y III (excepto amiodarona). Tratamiento no farmacologico. En aquellos pacientes en IC refractaria a pesar de tratamiento optimo el trasplante cardiaco es el unico tratamiento que ha demostrado mejorar el pronostico. Aquellos pacientes con disfuncion ventricular izquierda significativa (fraccion de eyeccion [FE] < 35%), con o sin datos de IC y que han padecido taquicardias ventriculares sostenidas o un episodio de fibrilacion ventricular documentada y recuperada son candidatos a la colocacion de un desfibrilador automatico implantable. Aquellos pacientes con IC grave que presentan importantes alteraciones de la conduccion auriculoventricular e intraventricular podrian beneficiarse de la resincronizacion cardiaca.
A Position-Specific Distance-Dependent Statistical Potential for Protein Structure and Functional Study

Although studied extensively, designing highly accurate protein energy potential is still challenging. A lot of knowledge-based statistical potentials are derived from the inverse of the Boltzmann law and consist of two major components: observed atomic interacting probability and reference state. These potentials mainly distinguish themselves in the reference state and use a similar simple counting method to estimate the observed probability, which is usually assumed to correlate with only atom types. This article takes a rather different view on the observed probability and parameterizes it by the protein sequence profile context of the atoms and the radius of the gyration, in addition to atom types. Experiments confirm that our position-specific statistical potential outperforms currently the popular ones in several decoy discrimination tests. Our results imply that, in addition to reference state, the observed probability also makes energy potentials different and evolutionary information greatly boost performance of energy potentials.
A Single-Cell Genome for Thiovulum sp.

We determined a significant fraction of the genome sequence of a representative of Thiovulum, the uncultivated genus of colorless sulfur Epsilonproteobacteria, by analyzing the genome sequences of four individual cells collected from phototrophic mats from Elkhorn Slough, California. These cells were isolated utilizing a microfluidic laser-tweezing system, and their genomes were amplified by multiple-displacement amplification prior to sequencing. Thiovulum is a gradient bacterium found at oxic-anoxic marine interfaces and noted for its distinctive morphology and rapid swimming motility. The genomic sequences of the four individual cells were assembled into a composite genome consisting of 221 contigs covering 2.083 Mb including 2,162 genes. This single-cell genome represents a genomic view of the physiological capabilities of isolated Thiovulum cells. Thiovulum is the second-fastest bacterium ever observed, swimming at 615 μm/s, and this genome shows that this rapid swimming motility is a result of a standard flagellar machinery that has been extensively characterized in other bacteria. This suggests that standard flagella are capable of propelling bacterial cells at speeds much faster than typically thought. Analysis of the genome suggests that naturally occurring Thiovulum populations are more diverse than previously recognized and that studies performed in the past probably address a wide range of unrecognized genotypic and phenotypic diversities of Thiovulum. The genome presented in this article provides a basis for future isolation-independent studies of Thiovulum, where single-cell and metagenomic tools can be used to differentiate between different Thiovulum genotypes.
PM source apportionment and health effects: 2. An investigation of intermethod variability in associations between source-apportioned fine particle mass and daily mortality in Washington, DC

Source apportionment may be useful in epidemiological investigation of PM health effects, but variations and options in these methods leave uncertainties. An EPA-sponsored workshop investigated source apportionment and health effects analyses by examining the associations between daily mortality and the investigators' estimated source-apportioned PM(2.5) for Washington, DC for 1988-1997. A Poisson Generalized Linear Model (GLM) was used to estimate source-specific relative risks at lags 0-4 days for total non-accidental, cardiovascular, and cardiorespiratory mortality adjusting for weather, seasonal/temporal trends, and day-of-week. Source-related effect estimates and their lagged association patterns were similar across investigators/methods. The varying lag structure of associations across source types, combined with the Wednesday/Saturday sampling frequency made it difficult to compare the source-specific effect sizes in a simple manner. The largest (and most significant) percent excess deaths per 5-95(th) percentile increment of apportioned PM(2.5) for total mortality was for secondary sulfate (variance-weighted mean percent excess mortality=6.7% (95% CI: 1.7, 11.7)), but with a peculiar lag structure (lag 3 day). Primary coal-related PM(2.5) (only three teams) was similarly significantly associated with total mortality with the same 3-day lag as sulfate. Risk estimates for traffic-related PM(2.5), while significant in some cases, were more variable. Soil-related PM showed smaller effect size estimates, but they were more consistently positive at multiple lags. The cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory mortality associations were generally similar to those for total mortality. Alternative weather models generally gave similar patterns, but sometimes affected the lag structure (e.g., for sulfate). Overall, the variations in relative risks across investigators/methods were found to be much smaller than those across estimated source types or across lag days for these data. This consistency suggests the robustness of the source apportionment in health effects analyses, but remaining issues, including accuracy of source apportionment and source-specific sensitivity to weather models, need to be investigated.
Symmetries and conservation laws of two-dimensional hydrodynamics

Abstract We shall briefly review the Hamiltonian and Lie algebraic structure of 2-D hydrodynamics and its known conservation laws: energy, enstrophy, the moments of vorticity. Then we utilize the eigenmode expansion of the Euler equation (to represented it as an infinite ODE system) and the detailed analysis of the structure coefficients to show that there are no other (nontrivial) conserved integrals among all linear and quadratic functional of vorticity. This result provides a partial justification of the Kraichnan energy-enstrophy theory of 2-D turbulence.
Ordovician Chitinozoans from Florida Well Samples: ABSTRACT

Ordovician chitinozoans recovered from a grayish-black shale are described for the first time for subsurface north-central Florida. The lowest sample of the Sun Oil Company, Earl Odom No. 1 well, Suwannee County, Florida, is dated between late Arenigian and early Caradocian. The Ordovician is overlain directly by Silurian rocks. A new chitinized species is described. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2031------------
Interruptions to Breastfeeding Dyads on Postpartum Day 1 in a University Hospital

Objective To describe interruptions (door openings and telephone calls) to breastfeeding dyads on postpartum day 1. Design A descriptive design of continuous observations of persons entering the mother's room plus record of phone calls from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. on postpartum day 1. Setting Single bedded postpartum rooms in a tertiary level university hospital in northern Midwest United States. Participants Twenty‐nine healthy mother‐infant dyads of singleton birth who intended to breastfeed. Outcome measures Frequency and duration of interruptions, number of episodes and duration of time alone, frequency and duration of breastfeeding sessions, and maternal perceptions of the day's activities and time with her newborn. Results Recorded interruptions totaled 1,555, yielding a mean of 54 interruptions each averaging 17 minutes in length. Half of the 24 episodes of time alone per dyad were less than or equal to 9 minutes; most commonly only 1 minute long. All mothers breastfed 2 to 10 times with an average duration of 20 minutes. Conclusion Many interruptions occurred and were perceived to negatively influence breastfeeding. JOGNN, 35 , 709‐716; 2006. DOI: 10.1111/J.1552‐6909.2006.00095.x.