cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Update on MADIT: The multkenter automatic defibrillator implantation trial*

I n 1990, we developed the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial (MADIT) hypothesis, that an implanted cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) would improve survival in high-risk coronary patients when compared with conventional medical management. In the subsequent trial we did not prespecify a comparison drug; management in the conventional arm was left to the discretion of the attending cardiologist, provided the drug was FDA approved. There were 32 participating centers, 30 in the United States and 2 in EuroDe. We enrolled the first patient into MADIT on Didember 27, 1990. The safety monitoring committee recommended termination of the trial on March 2 1, 1996, and the investigators and executive committee met on March 24, 1996, and agreed to terminate the trial. By that time we had randomized 196 patients. The average duration of follow-up was 27 months. The endpoint of this study was total mortality; there were 54 deaths at the time the trial was stopped. Patient enrollment Gteria were nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, prior Q-wave infarction, ejection fraction <35%, and electrophysiologic induction of ventricular tachycardia nonsuppressible with intravenous, procainamide. Thus, all subjects were at high risk. Average ejection fraction turned out to be 26% and the average age was 67 years. Randomization into defibrillator versus best conventional treatment arms tias well balanced. The major dmg used in the nondevice arm (74% of patients) was amiodarone. There were very few patients on type IA agents and none on type IC (Table I). The Kaplan-Meier camulative survival curve for the 196 patients after randomization showed im-
“Testing Psychoanalysis in the Scanner: Current Neuropsychoanalytic Research.” Introduction and Comments

This article introduces and comments on the research presented in 2010 and subsequently written up in the papers in this section. The researchers attempt to bridge the fields of social cognitive neuroscience, psychoanalysis, and neurology. Since the reported research is in progress, the emphasis here is on conveying how research questions are addressed and how studies are designed to integrate information from these fields.
Local histories in global digital libraries: identifying demand and evaluating coverage

Digital collections of primary source materials have potential to change how citizen historians and scholars research and engage with local history. The problem at the heart of this study is how to evaluate local history coverage, particularly among large-scale, distributed collections and aggregations. As part of an effort to holistically evaluate one such national aggregation, the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) Digital Collections and Content (DCC), we conducted a national survey of reference service providers at academic and public libraries throughout the United States. In this paper, we report the results of this survey that appear relevant to local history and collection evaluation, and consider the implications for scalable evaluation of local history coverage in massive, aggregative digital libraries.
The Detection of Right‐Sided Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia in Monozygotic Twins on Prenatal Ultrasonography

The diagnosis of a pair of monozygotic twins with right-sided diaphragmatic hernia under ultrasound is described. Aspects of heredity, diagnosis and management are discussed.
NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN WITH JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS TREATED WITH METHOTREXATE AND SUPPLEMENTED WITH FOLATE. • 2340

NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN WITH JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS TREATED WITH METHOTREXATE AND SUPPLEMENTED WITH FOLATE. • 2340
Geologic and human factors in the decline of the tidal salt marsh lithosome: the Delaware estuary and Atlantic coastal zone

Abstract Two to three thousand years ago, the fringing tidal salt marsh wetlands (including brackish and freshwater marsh) of the Delaware coastal zone were three to four times wider than at present. Observed variations in rates of marsh surface aggradation suggest that some areas are undergoing inundation whereas many other areas are undergoing aggradation at rates greater than sea-level rise as measured by a local tidal gauge (average 33 cm/ century based on a 70-year record) and may be undergoing floral succession. Accompanying these sedimentary processes are coastal erosion rates up to 6.9 m/yr along the Delaware estuary, up to 2.8 m/yr along the Delaware Atlantic coast, and ranging from 0.1 m/yr to 0.6 m/yr along the Delaware Atlantic coastal lagoons. Human development has destroyed nearly 9% of Delaware's fringing salt marshes between 1938 and 1975. The rapidly growing trend toward hardening the edge of the adjacent landward uplands leads us to the conclusion that much of the fringing salt marsh of Delaware will disappear over the next two to three centuries with only small remnants declining to extinction ca. 1500–1700 years into the future. Impacts on the State of Delaware, comprised of 13% fringing salt marshes 1/4 century ago, will be profound in terms of destruction of a large segment of the Atlantic coastal or eastern North American migratory bird flyway, and an eventual forced accommodation of the inhabitants of Delaware to these naturally ongoing geological processes.
Haptic user interface design for students with visual impairments

Many students with visual impairments (VIs) study in public schools instead of special education programs. They should have equal opportunities of learning in competitive educational environments with the most appropriate assistive technology. Yet, today's assistive technology is less likely to support students with VIs in learning visually complex science concepts (e.g., heat and temperature). There is a need of a new means to facilitate their understanding. Haptic technology is considered a useful tool of effectively obtaining information because it enables students with VIs to directly interact with virtual objects and also access sensory cues to feel the objects' various characteristics. This paper aims to explore the haptic user interfaces (UIs) that help students easily understand the concepts of heat and temperature. Archival research and participatory design with teachers were performed to develop haptic UIs and educational contents. Archival research resulted in 44 misconceptions related to heat and temperature. A multimodal interaction was recommended to contribute to user's successful interacting with haptic UIs.
A lower bound on the number of functions satisfying the strict avalanche criterion

Abstract The Strict Avalanche Criterion (SAC) for functions f : Z > 2 n → Z 2 was introduced by Webster and Tavares in 1986 [4] in a study of cryptographic design criteria. A function is said to satisfy the SAC if complementing any input bit changes the output bit with probability one half. In [3], O'Connor gave bounds for the number of functions satisfying the SAC. This study was continued in [1,2,5], motivated partially by a conjecture presented by Cusick in [1] concerning the asymptotic behavior of the number of functions satisfying the SAC. We present a lower bound on the number of such functions, and as a consequence disprove the limit conjectured by Cusick.
Kallikrein in granules of the submaxillary gland.

Abstract A substantial amount of the kallikrein present in the submaxillary gland of the rat was found in granules. The granules were separated in discontinous density gradient centrifugation. Kallikrein was assayed and identified by measuring its esterase activity in the presence and absence of various inhibitors and by using tests of bioassays in vitro and in vivo . The granules lysed easily; they were more stable at room temperature than in the cold. Phase contrast and mainly electron microscopic investigations revealed that they resemble the zymogen granules. A fraction of the available kallikrein in the gland was firmly bound to particles and sedimented in the ultracentrifuge at high speed.
High-resolution density variations of coal macerals

Abstract A number of coals have been separated into their maceral components by density gradient centrifugation. Each maceral group exhibits a distribution of densities. In general, exinite distributions do not overlap with those of vitrinite. However, vitrinite density distributions overlap significantly with inertinite distributions. This behaviour places inherent limits on the ability to completely separate macerais using density measurements alone. The density distribution of vitrinites and probably exinites has been found to narrow as rank increases.
Divergent integrals of post-Newtonian gravity: Nonanalytic terms in the near-zone expansion of a gravitationally radiating system found by matching

We study the divergent integrals that occur in all post-Newtonian (PN) treatments of radiation reaction in slow-motion, gravitationally bound systems in general relativity. The PN methods implicitly assume that the near-zone metric has a valid asymptotic expansion in powers of the small velocity parameter $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$. We first show explicitly (for the gauge to be used here) that a PN-approximation method leads to a divergent integral at 4-PN order. This divergence arises from the second iteration. Matching arguments are then used to calculate a near-zone term of $O(\mathrm{ln}\ensuremath{\epsilon})$ larger than 4-PN order. On the basis of this calculation and several previous model problems, we argue that the PN divergences signify the breakdown of the PN power-series assumptions, rather than a breakdown of the near and wave zones. Our results suggest that the PN calculations in fact give correct answers at least up to the orders at which divergences appear. The nonanalytic term of $O(\mathrm{ln}\ensuremath{\epsilon})$ beyond 4-PN order arises in the near zone via matching to the wave-zone expansion when we include terms of $O({\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{3})$ beyond linearized order. We also solve the wave-zone equations at $O({\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{6})$ beyond linearized order and analyze the inner expansion of the solutions. Matching gives rise to a nonanalytic term in the wave zone at $O({\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{11}\mathrm{ln}\ensuremath{\epsilon})$, i.e., at $O({\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{6}\mathrm{ln}\ensuremath{\epsilon})$ beyond linearized order. A straining technique is used in the wave-zone expansion to give a sufficiently accurate approximation to the null surfaces near past and future null infinity. The lowest-order strained solution at first appears to contribute a large, anomalous, time-odd piece to the reaction potential. However, after analyzing the contribution of higher-order wave-zone terms, we obtain agreement with the Burke reaction potential. Our results thus strongly support the usual quadrupole formula.
A Nonlinear Effect of the Number of Children on the Division of Household Labor

Using data from the National Survey of Families and Households (N = 3,472), the effect of the number of children on a husband's relative contribution to the household work is examined. When couples' mean age, employment status, income, education, employment hours, and gender-role attitudes are controlled, the number of children living in the home shows a nonlinear and U-shaped effect on the husband's relative share in the household work. The husband's share is the smallest when three children live in the home. It is largest when there are no children and when there are five or more children in the home. When the amount of time each spouse spends on the household work is examined, this U-shaped effect is found to be a result of the differential responses of the husband and wife to the increasing demand created by children.
For novices playing music together, adding structural constraints leads to better music and may improve user experience

We investigate the effects of adding structure to musical interactions for novices. A simple instrument allows control of three musical parameters: pitch, timbre, and note density. Two users can play at once, and their actions are visible on a public display. We asked pairs of users to perform duets under two interaction conditions: unstructured, where users are free to play what they like, and structured, where users are directed to different areas of the musical parameter space by time-varying constraints indicated on the display. A control group played two duets without structure, while an experimental group played one duet with structure and a second without. By crowd-sourcing the ranking of recorded duets we find that structure leads to musically better results. A post experiment survey showed that the experimental group had a better experience during the second unstructured duet than during the structured.
Sesquiterpene lactones and monoterpene glucopyrano-sides of Tetraneuris linearifolia var. arenicola

Abstract Aerial parts of a new variety of Tetraneuris linearifolia, var. arenicola afforded, in addition to known helenanolides and germacranolides, a new guaianolide, 10 new esterified glucopyranosides of 9-hydroxy-γ-geraniol, two palmitates of lupeol derivatives, a mixture of glucopyranoside p-coumarates and eight flavonoids including the new 5,8,3′-trimethoxy-5,7,4′,5′-tetrahydroxyflavone.
Online Selective Harmonic Compensation and Power Generation With Distributed Energy Resources

Distributed energy resources (DERs) are expected to provide ancillary functions including reactive power generation and harmonics compensation. Meanwhile, multilevel inverters and two-level converters with optimal pulsewidth modulation (OPWM) will be commonly used for DERs at high power levels. The challenge is to realize harmonic compensation with limited switching angles. This paper presents an online solution to realize the selective harmonics compensation (SHC), and power generation with DERs. For harmonics compensation, the selective harmonic components in the load current are detected. Then, the harmonic voltages are provided with DERs to cancel out these detected components. Since the power converter is requested to realize both harmonics filtering and power generation, limitations on harmonics compensation at the given power are discussed. Power hardware-in-the-loop-based online verifications are shown at the end of the paper.
The impact of operations redesign on the safety stock investment in supply chains

This study is motivated by a real problem encountered in the manufacturing and distribution process at a local electronic manufacturer of security devices. We investigate the impact of operations redesign (i.e., operations merging) on the cost of safety stock in a supply chain. A simple safety stock method is used to derive a model for estimating safety stock levels. Our result shows that operations redesign can have a significant impact on safety stock investment. We extend and complement the existing literature in the following aspects: (i) we address the issue of safety stock deployment, i.e., we not only investigate the problem of how many operations should be delayed, but also determine which operations need to be delayed, (ii) we provide an efficient heuristic algorithm to determine which operations need to be merged, and (iii) we find the optimal operations redesign strategies under some special cases. Our analysis also reveals some important conditions and insights for better operations redesign, which enable us not only to decide when an operations redesign is appropriate, but also to suggest the scale and the format of the operations redesign.
Ethyl (Z)-9-hexadecenoate a sex pheromone ofSyndipnus rubiginosus, a sawfly parasitoid.

A female-produced sex pheromone ofSyndipnus rubiginosus Walley (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a parasitoid of the yellowheaded spruce sawfly,Pikonema alaskensis (Rohwer) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), was isolated and identified from hexane extracts of 250 virgin females. Column chromatography (Florisil), gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatography, and ozonolysis indicated the structure was ethyl (Z)-9-hexadecenoate. The optimum male response is at 300–1000 ng (3–10FE). No cross-attraction betweenS. rubiginosus and the sympatric sawfly parasitoidS. gaspesianus (Provancher) could be demonstrated.
Problems of diver communication

The major problems of underwater communication are microphone and earphone construction speech distortion caused by high pressure and/or mixed gas breathing environments, and face mask design. Microphone and earphone elements have recently been developed that are relatively unaffected by increased ambient pressure. These elements are constructed of piezoelectric ceramics encased in a unique rubber housing to prevent water leakage. Preliminary tests indicate that the frequency response of these elements is changed less than 3 dB by pressures exceeding 500 lbf/in2gauge. Extensive research in speech distortion under extreme pressures with various gas mixtures includes voice spectrum analysis, study of adaptation changes in speech, and intelligibility measurements of helium speech before and after processing or "unscrambling." These basic data provide information for the design of microphones, masks, and electronic and mechanical means of normalizing distorted speech. Face mask design must include consideration of breathing requirements, as well as speaking requirements. The design of a speaking cavity has, of necessity, been based on empirical data. These designs often conflict with the primary requisite of proper breathing design. Electronic compensation is often employed to correct or improve deficiencies in mask characteristics.
MULTI-COLOR, BROADBAND QUANTUM WELL INFRARED PHOTODETECTORS FOR MID-, LONG-, AND VERY LONG-WAVELENGTH INFRARED APPLICATIONS

Quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) have been widely investigated for the 3–5 μm mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) and 8–12 μm long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) atmospheric spectral windows as well as very long wavelength infrared (VLWIR: λc > 14 μm) imaging array applications in the past decade. The mature III-V compound semiconductor growth technology and the design flexibility of device structures have led to the rapid development of various QWIP structures for infrared focal plane arrays (FPAs) applications. In addition to the single-color QWIP with narrow bandwidth, multi-color or broadband QWIPs required for advanced IR sensing and imaging applications have also emerged in recent years. Using band gap engineering approach, the multi-color (2, 3, and 4-color) QWIPs with multi-stack quantum wells and voltage-tunable asymmetrical coupled quantum well structures for detection in the MWIR, LWIR, and VLWIR bands have been demonstrated recently. The triple-coupled (TC-) QWIP employs the quantum confined Stark effect to tune the peak detection wavelength by the applied bias voltage, A typical single-color QWIP exhibits a rather narrow spectral bandwidth of 1 to 2 μm. For certain applications, such as spectroscopy, sensing of a broader range of infrared radiation is highly desirable. Using the stacked quantum wells with different well width and depth, the digital-graded superlattice barrier (DGSLB) or the linear-graded barrier (LGB) structures, broadband (BB-) QWIPs covering the 8–14 μm atmospheric spectral window have been reported recently. In this chapter, the basic operation principles of a QWIP, and the design, fabrication, and characterization of multi-color and broadband QWIPs based on the GaAs/AlGaAs and InGaAs/AlGaAs material systems for the MW/LW/VLWIR applications are depicted.
ADOLESCENT RACIAL AND ETHNIC GROUP DIFFERENCES IN SOCIAL ATTITUDES AND ADJUSTMENT

There is an evident hiatus in our knowledge of differences between racially identified groups with respect to personality and adjustment. Tyler ( 5 ) has pointed to the considerable sampling difficulties involved in research in this realm, and has said that "the few studies using questionnaire or projective methods . . . have shown no clear trends, [although] there may be interesting questions in this area." Most students of racial group differences have focused their investigations on dimensions of cognitive and psychomotor behavior as Anastasi's ( 1 ) recent summary shows. The central purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that Negro and white adolescent children, similar in their levels of intellectual ability, differ in several important social attitudes and in certain dimensions of personal and social "adjustment." In addition, differences between two ethnic groups of white adolescents-Latin Americans and Anglo-Americans (neither Latins nor Negroes)-were examined, and each of these ethnic segments was compared with the Negro segment.
Angiotensinogen in Cerebrospinal Fluid Corresponds Chromatographically to the γ-Form of Plasma Angiotensinogen

Angiotensinogen (Aogen) (CA 11002-13-14), the prohormone of the neuro- and vasoactive peptide angiotensin II (Ang II) (CA 11128-99-7), is found in dog brain as well as in dog plasma. At 2-4 micrograms/ml CSF, Aogen comprises 1-2% of the total protein in dog CSF. Immunopurified CSF and plasma Aogen were compared by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and anion-exchange HPLC. Two major (alpha- and beta-) forms and one minor (gamma-) form of Aogen were observed in dog plasma. The majority of Aogen in dog CSF was chromatographically identical to the gamma-form of plasma Aogen; alpha- and beta-Aogen forms comprised less than 5% of the total CSF Aogen. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-Aogen identified these proteins as members of the Aogen family. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of CSF gamma-Aogen was Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-Ser-Lys-Ser-Ser-(X)-Glu- . More basic than either alpha- or beta-Aogen, gamma-Aogen was shown to be a glycoprotein with an apparent molecular weight (Mr) of 58,000. CSF [des Ang I]-Aogen exhibited a greater anion-exchange HPLC retention. CSF, however, contained only minor amounts of [des Ang I]-Aogen. These analyses have demonstrated that brain overwhelmingly releases one particular Aogen into the CSF; however, very little of this brain Aogen is utilized for the production of Ang I.
Strategy, Technology, and Social Processes With in Professional Cultures: A Negotiated Order, Ethnographic Perspective

As an element of formal organizational structure, strategy has arisen as an icon of an increasingly organizationbased society, while the application of technology to perform organizational functions has become an accepted aspect of contemporary life. Combined, strategy and technology suggest organizational orderliness, rationality, and efficiency. A variety of literatures has recognized the symbolic role of strategy and technology, as well as professional endeavor, in legitimating organizational functioning and change, wherein the vested political interests of an organization’s strategic apex may be veiled by a rhetoric of objectivity and professionalism. However, this literature has remained largely theoretical in nature. An ethnographic field study of the Big 6 public accounting firms examined the interpenetration of strategy, technology, and internal social processes. It found, for example, that audit technologies were developed and unilaterally implemented by the strategic apex of the firms to achieve such stated objectives as enhancing auditor “efficiency.” However, the implemented technologies were frequently resisted, transformed, and redirected to serve the ends of the operating core, or practitioner subculture, of the firms. Thus, strategy, technology, and social process are seen as interpenetrated within the active political-social milieu that is public accounting.
Adopting a human rights based approach to international Christian development

It is only in the past decade that religion has been recognised as critical to ensuring sustainable international development efforts. This is due in large part to the failure of the dominant development paradigm of Western secularism in the global South. This article focuses on the significant historical contribution of evangelical Christianity in international development and explores some of the ideological tensions that challenge partnership with secular organisations. The resulting separate and parallel efforts of evangelical Christianity and the international non-governmental organisations (INGO) sector are costly and counter-productive in serving the poor. Recently, many INGOs have adopted the human rights-based approach underpinned by its commitment to social justice and solidarity with the poor – values also central to the Bible. It will be argued that this shared approach could provide the necessary bridge to facilitate deeper engagement in the form of social action between secular development actors and evangelicals. The critical role of evangelical Christianity in addressing poverty as a human rights issue in South Africa is also dealt with briefly.
Emergent precordial percussion revisited--pacing the heart in asystole.

Abstract Precordial percussion is a technique by which a manual force is applied repeatedly to the chest of a patient experiencing an unstable bradycardic or asystolic rhythm. The force is used not to defibrillate the myocardium as is the case with the “precordial thump” in pulseless ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation but rather to initiate a current through the myocardium in the form of an essentially mechanically paced beat. In this review, we discuss the physiology and utility of precordial percussion, or precordial thump, in the emergency setting as a very temporary bridge to more effective and permanent pacing techniques.
Reconciling schizophrenic deficits in top-down and bottom-up processes: Not yet

This commentary challenges the authors to use their computational modeling techniques to support one of their central claims: that schizophrenic deficits in bottom-up (Gestalt-type tasks) and top-down (cognitive control tasks) context processing tasks arise from the same dysfunction. Further clarification about the limits of cognitive coordination would also strengthen the hypothesis.
Optical characterization of powders: the use of Mie theory and composite media models

The measurement of the optical response of materials occurring as finely divided powders is difficult due to the complex interaction of the optical wave with the material. Guided by methods used to study the optical properties of composite media, we have developed experimental and theoretical techniques for characterizing the optical properties of powders. We have applied these techniques to two supported catalysts and have observed several optical effects arising from the very small particle size of these materials.
Breast tissue characterization based on fractional differencing model of ultrasonic RF echo

A number of researchers have previously shown that the ultrasound RF echo of tissue exhibits (1/ f ) -β characteristics and developed tissue characterization methods based on the fractal parameter β. In this paper we propose Fractional Differencing Autoregressive Moving Average (FARMA) process for modeling RF ultrasound echo and develop breast tissue characterization method based on the FARMA model parameters. This model has been used to capture statistical self-similarity and long-range correlations in image textures, in wide ranging engineering and science applications, including communication network traffic. Here, we present estimation techniques to extract the model parameters, namely features, for classification purposes and tissue characterization. We show the performance of our tissue characterization procedure on several in vivo ultrasound breast images including benign and malignant tumors. The area of the receiver operator characteristics (ROC) based on 60 in vivo images yields a value of 0.79, which indicates that proposed tissue characterization method is comparable in performance with other successful methods reported in the literature.
Evolutionary applications of risk sensitivity models to socially stratified species: Comparison of sigmoid, concave, and linear functions

Abstract Risk sensitivity is important for modeling behavior since organisms live in a stochastic world and must respond to risk by either avoiding it to the extent possible or taking chances. Researchers have proposed various models of risk-sensitive behavior including concave utility functions and step functions. These formulations either do not model attraction to risk, or they are overly simple or discontinuous models of more complex behavior. I propose a sigmoid formulation to overcome these limitations. I then compare different models using data from Andean pastoralists, Ache foragers, and Sulawesi Crested Black Macaques. The analyses indicate that the sigmoid utility function provides a useful model in situations where class-like status differences exist. Otherwise, more traditional concave or linear functions can model utility, although the sigmoid formulation can subsume both linear and concave functions. Importantly, the models considered contain variables that have an impact on reproductive fitness, indicating that there could be an evolutionary basis for systematic risk sensitivity.
Fault-tolerant five-phase permanent magnet motor drives

In this paper, a control strategy that provides fault tolerance to five-phase permanent magnet motors is introduced. In this scheme, the five-phase permanent magnet (PM) motor continues operating safely under loss of up to two phases without any additional hardware connections. This feature is very important in traction and propulsion applications where high reliability is of major importance. The five-phase PM motors with sinusoidal and quasi-rectangular back-EMFs have been considered. To obtain the new set of phase currents to be applied to the motor during fault in stator phases or inverter legs, the torque producing MMF by the stator is kept constant under healthy and faulty conditions for both cases. Simulation and experimental results are provided to verify that the five-phase motor continues operating continuously and steadily under faulty conditions.
Compression of digital coronary angiograms does not affect visual or quantitative assessment of coronary artery stenosis severity

Abstract Digital coronary angiographic techniques are now widely used in many cardiac catheterization laboratories. However, the full potential of digital imaging technology remains to be achieved because of its enormous storage and exchange requirements. Compression of digital imaging data allows a reduction in the volume of data so that storage and transmission are more efficient and cost-effective. Three angiographers reviewed the original and compressed formats of 96 coronary angiographic sequences in a blinded fashion to assess coronary lesion severity. Compression was achieved using the Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) standard, which resulted in a compression ratio of approximately 15:1. The original format was reviewed in a blinded fashion a second time to assess for intraobserver variability of similar formats. Lesion severity was graded in quartiles. Coronary stenosis >50% was considered “significant”. In parallel, the reproducibility of quantitative coronary angiographic (QCA) measurements of coronary artery dimensions was also evaluated. For the visual assessment of lesion severity in the compressed versus original formats, κ = 0.52, suggesting moderate agreement. When lesions were assessed as significant versus “insignificant”, however, κ = 0.88, suggesting excellent agreement. In the 2 separate readings of the original data formats, κ = 0.44 for assessment of lesion severity by quartiles and κ = 0.72 for lesions assessed as significant versus insignificant. Analysis of the compressed versus original data sets using QCA resulted in an excellent correlation for the measurement of lesion severity (r = 0.99). The correlation was equally strong when the original format was analyzed sequentially (r = 0.98). Lossy JPEG (15:1) compression is a valid means for reducing storage and exchange requirements of coronary angiographic data. The variability in assessing lesion severity between the original and compressed formats is comparable to the reported variability in visual assessment of lesion severity in sequential analysis of cine film.
Use of gonadotropins for initiation of singleton gestations in non-assisted reproductive technology cycles

Gonadotropins are a valuable part of the armamentarium available to assist couples in achieving a live birth. Multiple approaches can be used to limit the risk of multiple gestations, but with potential negative impact on establishing pregnancies. Financial considerations often limit enthusiasm for approaches which could reduce success in achieving pregnancy.
Planned adolescent pregnancy: what they wanted.

Abstract Introduction: Approximately 15% of all adolescent pregnancies are planned. Little previous research has been conducted regarding why adolescents choose pregnancy or what the experience is like for them. Method: Phenomenology was used to describe adolescents' experience planning their current pregnancy. Eight pregnant adolescents (ages 14 to 17 years) were interviewed. Results: Eleven themes related to planning a pregnancy during adolescence emerged from the participant interviews. Themes may be divided into two broad categories: themes relating to planning the pregnancy and themes that are related to the pregnancy. Themes related to planning the pregnancy can be further divided into two distinct groups: wants and needs. Themes that were related to planning for pregnancy in the "wants" section included: (a) the desire to be or be perceived as more grown up, with increased responsibility, independence, and maturity; (b) a long history of desiring pregnancy and the maternal role; (c) never having had anything to call their own and wanting something to care for and love; and (d) the pregnancy was the natural next step in their life or their relationship with their boyfriend. Discussion: Health care providers need to be aware that not all adolescent pregnancies occur as a result of error. Interventions should be developed to help provide the best care for this unique group of pregnant adolescents. J Pediatr Health Care. (2002). 16 , 282-289.
Interplay between regulatory T cells and PD-1 in modulating T cell exhaustion and viral control during chronic LCMV infection

Regulatory T (T reg) cells are critical for preventing autoimmunity mediated by self-reactive T cells, but their role in modulating immune responses during chronic viral infection is not well defined. To address this question and to investigate a role for T reg cells in exhaustion of virus-specific CD8 T cells, we depleted T reg cells in mice chronically infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). T reg cell ablation resulted in 10–100-fold expansion of functional LCMV-specific CD8 T cells. Rescue of exhausted CD8 T cells was dependent on cognate antigen, B7 costimulation, and conventional CD4 T cells. Despite the striking recovery of LCMV-specific CD8 T cell responses, T reg cell depletion failed to diminish viral load. Interestingly, T reg cell ablation triggered up-regulation of the molecule programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), which upon binding PD-1 on T cells delivers inhibitory signals. Increased PD-L1 expression was observed especially on LCMV-infected cells, and combining T reg cell depletion with PD-L1 blockade resulted in a significant reduction in viral titers, which was more pronounced than that upon PD-L1 blockade alone. These results suggest that T reg cells effectively maintain CD8 T cell exhaustion, but blockade of the PD-1 inhibitory pathway is critical for elimination of infected cells.
Location Strategy for Methane, Air Velocity, and Carbon Monoxide Fixed-Point Mine-Monitoring Transducers

The placement of mine-monitoring system sensors, or transducers, requires considerable planning and forethought so that the potential benefits of mine monitoring can be realized. The intended use of the monitored data will often dictate specific locations for sensors, although in many cases technical constraints, imposed by sensor or measured characteristics, will affect the choice of locations. Some of the factors and considerations that should be examined prior to sensor installation are presented. Some proposed decision-making procedures to help the system designer select appropriate locations are given. The conclusion is a description of forthcoming in-mine experimental programs that will be used to learn more about sensor location procedures and to further evaluate the recommendations given here.
Growth in Body Mass Index From Childhood Into Adolescence: The Role of Sleep Duration and Quality

This study examined longitudinal relations between sleep and body mass index (BMI) from late childhood (X¯ age = 9.44 at T1) to early adolescence (X¯ age = 11.36 at T3) with a relatively large (n = 273 at T1) and diverse (35% African Americans) sample. Sleep was assessed with actigraphy-based sleep minutes and self-reported sleep problems. Latent growth modeling revealed associations between sleep and BMI that varied based on the sleep parameter and sex of the child. In particular, although boys reported more sleep problems and had higher BMI than girls across time, self-reported sleep problems at age 9 predicted higher BMI at age 11 among girls (but not boys). Furthermore, more minutes of actigraph-assessed sleep at age 9 only predicted less growth in BMI among the girls. Possible mechanisms and intervention implications are discussed.
What do working-memory tests really measure?

Individuals may differ in the general-attention executive component or in the subordinate domain-specific “slave” components of working memory. Tasks requiring sustained memory representations across attention shifts are reliable, valid indices of executive abilities. Measures emphasizing specific processing skills may increase reliability within restricted samples but will not reflect the attention component responsible for the broad predictive validity of span tasks.
Uncertainty and the Maturity Structure of International Credit

This paper shows that political uncertainty in foreign countries contributes to a tilt toward short-term maturities of international debt. A high level of volatility in output, foreign exchange reserves, and exchange rates has a similar effect on debt maturity. The results are important as short-term debt has been linked to several financial crises in recent years. The paper explores factors that contribute to short-term lending. The results are obtained using data on international lending by three groups of U.S. banks: large, medium-sized, and small. The effect of uncertainty on debt maturity is particularly strong for smaller, more risk averse lenders.
'Introduction' in Telephony, the Internet, and the Media

This review essay introduces the 15 selected papers from the 25th Annual TPRC. We mention major telecom policy highlights of 1997, then offer a light interpretative essay with summaries of the papers. We organize the discussion intofive general sections: Historical, Telephony, The Internet, The Media, and Comparative Studies in Telephone and Satellite Policy. Readers will notice repeated themes and cross-connections between the chapters in these sections.
Design and Characterization of an Electromagnetic Energy Harvester for Vehicle Suspensions

During the everyday usage of an automobile, only 10–16% of the fuel energy is used to drive the car — to overcome the resistance from road friction and air drag. One important loss is the dissipation of vibration energy by shock absorbers in the vehicle suspension under the excitation of road irregularity and vehicle acceleration or deceleration. In this paper we design, characterize, and test a retrofit regenerative shock absorber which can efficiently recover the vibration energy in a compact space. Rare-earth permanent magnets and high permeable magnetic loop are used to configure a four-phase linear generator with increased efficiency and reduced weight. Finite element method is used to analyze the magnetic field and guide the design optimization. A theoretical model is created to analyze the waveforms and regenerated energy of the harvester at various vibration amplitudes, frequencies, equilibrium positions, and design parameters. Experimental studies of a 1:2-scale prototype are conducted and the results agree very well with the theoretical predictions.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Ph(i-PrO)SiH2: An Exceptional Reductant for Metal-Catalyzed Hydrogen Atom Transfers

We report the discovery of an outstanding reductant for metal-catalyzed radical hydrofunctionalization reactions. Observations of unexpected silane solvolysis distributions in the HAT-initiated hydrogenation of alkenes reveal that phenylsilane is not the kinetically preferred reductant in many of these transformations. Instead, isopropoxy(phenyl)silane forms under the reaction conditions, suggesting that alcohols function as important silane ligands to promote the formation of metal hydrides. Study of its reactivity showed that isopropoxy(phenyl)silane is an exceptionally efficient stoichiometric reductant, and it is now possible to significantly decrease catalyst loadings, lower reaction temperatures, broaden functional group tolerance, and use diverse, aprotic solvents in iron- and manganese-catalyzed hydrofunctionalizations. As representative examples, we have improved the yields and rates of alkene reduction, hydration, hydroamination, and conjugate addition. Discovery of this broadly applicable, chem...
Ebola Virus: Sensationalism, Science, and Human Rights

Outbreaks of the filoviruses, Ebola and Marburg, usually garner immense public attention, often with a sensationalist bent in the lay press, focused on the apparently mysterious origins of the outbreak and the high mortality rates. The scientific community may present a more objective viewpoint, but usually with a rather technical focus on identifying epidemiological risk factors and experimental therapies and vaccines. Often lost in the discussion are the human rights elements that consistently underlie large outbreaks of these dangerous viruses.
Parent–child mathematical interactions: examining self-report and direct observation

ABSTRACTVariability in children’s early-learning home environments points to the need to better understand specific mechanisms of early mathematical development. We used a sample of 66 parent–preschool child dyads to describe parent-reported mathematical activities in the home and observed parent–child mathematical activities in a semi-structured play session. Data were examined to better understand the two methods of assessing the context of parent–child interactions related to mathematics. Parents reported engaging in a range of mathematical activities about 3–5 times per week, on average. Results from observed interactions indicated that parents engaged in math content/concept interactions in 32.5% of all observed intervals and children engaged in math content/concept interactions in 24.2% of all observed intervals. Although observed parent and child math content interactions were highly correlated, observed parent and child mathematical interactions were not correlated with parent-reported math activi...
Association of Main Specimen and Tumor Bed Margin Status With Local Recurrence and Survival in Oral Cancer Surgery.

Importance There is controversy surrounding surgical margins in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC), with debate regarding the assessment and prognostic value of margins. Objective To analyze a large cohort of OCSCC cases for correlation between tumor specimen margins and intraoperative tumor bed frozen margins and evaluate how margin status associates with local recurrence and survival. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective cohort study of 406 patients treated with OCSCC resection between 2005 and 2014 at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. Included cases underwent margin evaluation on the tumor specimen and intraoperative frozen margin assessment from the tumor bed. Main Outcomes and Measures Findings of intraoperative frozen margin analysis as a test of tumor specimen margins; local recurrence and survival based on margin findings; prognosis based on clearance of positive frozen margins. To evaluate whether additional resection to “clear” positive frozen margins affected prognosis, we compared local recurrence rates for patients in 3 groups: group A included those patients with negative margins on both intraoperative and permanent specimens; group B included those with positive intraoperative margins subsequently cleared by additional resection to negative margins; and group C included those with negative intraoperative but positive permanent specimen margins. Results The median age of the 406 patients (234 men and 172 women) was 61 years (interquartile range, 53-72 years). When frozen margins were correlated with tumor specimen margins, frozen margin accuracy was 65%, with a 46% false-negative rate. We observed a local recurrence rate of 36% (95% CI, 24%-49%) when invasive carcinoma was present at an intraoperative frozen margin and 45% (95% CI, 34%-57%) when invasive carcinoma was found on the permanent specimen margin compared with 19% (95% CI, 14%-26%) and 13% (95% CI, 7%-22%) for completely negative frozen and permanent margin findings, respectively. There was a significant difference in local recurrence between group A (13%) and group B (27%) (absolute difference, 14%; 95% CI, 3%-26%) and between group A and group C (34%) (absolute difference, 21%; 95% CI, 8%-34%), but there was no difference between groups B and C (absolute difference, 7%; 95% CI, −8% to 22%), suggesting that additional resection to clear positive frozen margins does not improve prognosis. Conclusions and Relevance Intraoperative frozen margins from the tumor bed are not ideal predictors of positive margins on the main specimen. Both frozen and specimen margins are associated with local recurrence, but the specimen margin has the stronger association. Importantly, we demonstrate that clearing positive frozen margins from the tumor bed is not associated with improved outcomes.
Tumor contact with prostate capsule on magnetic resonance imaging: A potential biomarker for staging and prognosis

Abstract Background The high-spatial resolution of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) has improved the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer. mpMRI characteristics (extraprostatic extension [EPE], number of lesions, etc.) may predict final pathological findings (positive lymph node [pLN] and pathological ECE [pECE]) and biochemical recurrence (BCR). Tumor contact length (TCL) on MRI, defined as the length of a lesion in contact with the prostatic capsule, is a novel marker with promising early results. We aimed to evaluate TCL as a predictor of +pathological EPE (+pEPE),+pathological LN (+pLN), and BCR in patients undergoing robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Materials and methods A review was performed of a prospectively maintained single-institution database of men with prostate cancer who underwent prostate mpMRI followed by robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy without prior therapy from 2007 to 2015. TCL was measured using T2-weighted magnetic resonance images. Logistic and Cox regression analysis were used to assess associations of clinical, imaging, and histopathological variables with pEPE, pLN, and BCR. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to characterize and compare TCL performance with Partin tables. Results There were 87/379 (23.0%)+pEPE, 18/384 (4.7%)+pLN, and 33/371 (8.9%) BCR patients. Patients with adverse pathology/oncologic outcomes had longer TCL compared to those without adverse outcomes (+pEPE: 19.8 vs. 10.1 mm, P P P = 0.001). On multivariate analysis, TCL remained a predictor of+pEPE (odds ratio: 1.04, P = 0.001),+pLN (odds ratio: 1.07, P P = 0.02). TCL thresholds for predicting+pEPE and+pLN were 12.5 and 19.7 mm, respectively. TCL alone was found to have good predictive ability for+pEPE and+PLN (pEPE:TCL AUC : 0.71 vs. Partin AUC : 0.66, P = 0.21; pLN:TCL AUC : 0.77 vs. Partin AUC : 0.88, P = 0.04). Conclusion We demonstrate that TCL is an independent predictor of+pEPE, +pLN, and BCR. If validated, this imaging biomarker may facilitate and inform patient counseling and decision-making.