cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression of connective tissue growth factor in intra-abdominal adhesions.

PURPOSE: Connective tissue growth factor stimulates fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition in many fibrotic disorders. The aim of our study was to determine the expression pattern of connective tissue growth factor in postoperative intra-abdominal adhesions. METHODS: Adhesions were created in 46 Sprague-Dawley rats by complete dissection and resuturing of a peritoneal patch 2 cm in diameter, lateral from the midline incision. Animals were killed at postoperative Days 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 and the adhesions scored on a scale of 0 to 5. Tissue samples from adhesion areas and from uninvolved peritoneum were evaluated by Northern and Western blotting for temporal connective tissue growth factor mRNA and protein expression, respectively. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed for connective tissue growth factor localization. RESULTS: Adhesions formed in all animals after surgery and were confined to the peritoneal patches. Adhesion formation increased across time, with significant correlation between adhesion scores and postoperative days (r = 0.329, P = 0.026). Connective tissue growth factor mRNA concentrations were significantly elevated in adhesion tissue throughout the three-week period when compared with normal peritoneum (P = 0.012); peak levels occurred between Days 6 and 15. Western blots demonstrated connective tissue growth factor protein expression in adhesions from Days 6 to 21, in contrast to negligible bands in normal peritoneum. Fibroblasts within the adhesive tissue, but not in uninjured peritoneum, stained positive for connective tissue growth factor by immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS: We have demonstrated a specific temporal and spatial expression pattern for connective tissue growth factor in intra-abdominal adhesions during a three-week postoperative time course. According to what is known about the functional role of connective tissue growth factor in fibrogenesis, our findings warrant further investigations addressing a causal relationship between this growth factor and fibrous adhesion formation.
Multiscale modeling and prediction of bonded joint failure by using an adhesive process zone model

Abstract In this work, a three-dimensional multiscale adhesive process zone model (APZM) is used to simulate dynamic failure process of bonded joint structures. APZM combines the ideas of the cohesive zone model (CZM), the Cauchy–Born rule, and the so-called virtual internal bond (VIB) theory to predict failures of bonded joints that involves adhesive failure, cohesive failure, and mixture of both. The proposed APZM has some unique advantages to describe mechanical behaviors of bonded joints under general loading conditions. First, in contrast to conventional FEM model, APZM model can simulate dynamic fracture process of structure without remeshing. Second, APZM replaces the ad-hoc traction–separation laws of interface used in CZM with full three-dimensional interphase model, which is based on the VIB theory. Consequently, APZM can naturally capture both mixed failure modes as well as mixture failure mode under complex loading conditions. Third, an empirical elastic energy density function for macromolecular polymers was constructed, and its material parameters are obtained by calibrating the model with material properties measured from experiments such as under pure tension and shear tests. In order to validate APZM model and to predict stress field in adhesive layer accurately, a series of numerical simulations of bonded joints under shear, tension and mixed loading conditions have been conducted. The numerical results indicate that APZM can accurately predict the failure modes as well as the dynamics fracture process of bonded joints.
Organization of the mammalian thalamus and its relationships to the cerebral cortex

Abstract The available data concordantly suggest that the mammalian thalamus consists of three divisions different from each other in their phylogenetic and ontogenetic development, and in their relations to the cortex. The epithalamus (paraventricular complex, habenular complex, and the pretectal group of nuclei) is entirely independent of the endbrain in all mammals and undergoes a strong reduction in higher forms. The dorsal thalamus is entirely dependent on the endbrain. Each nucleus of this division has a restricted projection upon the endbrain without which it cannot survive. The dorsal thalamic nuclei are classified as extrinsic or intrinsic depending on whether or not they receive a substantial portion of their afferents from extra-thalamic sources. It can be shown that the neocortex of primitive mammals consists largely of projection areas of extrinsic thalamic nuclei (primary cortical areas), whereas in the neocortex of higher forms the projection areas (secondary cortical areas) of the intrinsic thalamic nuclei become dominant. The intrinsic thalamic nuclei are separable into two groups. Those projecting upon the neocortex become dominant in primates, whereas the intrinsic nuclei projecting upon the rhinecephalic structures are, on the whole, best developed in macrosmatic mammals. The ventral thalamus consists of one subdivision (ventral lateral geniculate body) entirely independent of the endbrain, and of a second subdivision (reticular complex) which projects upon a large number of cortical fields. The sparse and generalized — though spatially well organized — projection of the reticular complex provides a system apparently independent of the dorsal thalamic projections and capable, presumably, of evoking generalized cortical activity.
Dependence of Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Coefficient on Location and Vapor Quality in a Microchannel Heat Sink

Experiments were conducted to determine the influence of local vapor quality on local heat transfer coefficient in flow boiling in an array of microchannels. Additionally, the variation of local heat transfer coefficient along the length and width of the microchannel heat sink for given operating conditions was investigated over a range of flow parameters. Each test piece includes a silicon parallel microchannel heat sink with 25 integrated heaters and 25 temperature sensors arranged in a 5×5 grid, allowing for uniform heat dissipation and local temperature measurements. Channel dimensions ranged from 100 μm to 400 μm in depth and 100 μm to 5850 μm in width; the working fluid for all cases was the perfluorinated dielectric liquid, FC-77. The heat transfer coefficient is found to increase with increasing vapor quality, reach a peak, and then decrease rapidly due to partial dryout on the channel walls. The vapor quality at which the peak is observed shows a strong dependence on mass flux, occurring at lower vapor qualities with increasing mass flux for fixed channel dimensions. Variations in local heat transfer coefficient across the test piece were examined both along the flow direction and in a direction transverse to it; observed trends included variations due to entrance region effects, two-phase transition, non-uniform flow distribution, and channel wall dryout.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
States and the free orthogonality monoid

Let (X, #) be an orthogonality space such that the lattice C(X, #) of closed subsets of (X, #) is orthomodular and let (Γ, ⊥) denote the free orthogonality monoid over (X, #). Let C0(Γ, ⊥) be the subset of C(Γ, ⊥), consisting of all closures of bounded orthogonal sets. We show that C0(Γ, ⊥) is a suborthomodular lattice of C(Γ, ⊥) and we provide a necessary and sufficient condition for C0(Γ, ⊥) to carry a full set of dispersion free states.
Standards requirements for LADARs

This paper presents a discussion of standards requirements for LADAR. Two specific questions are addressed: (1) is there a need for such standards and (2) what types of standards are required? LADAR standards development issues and current standardization efforts are also summarized.
Regulatory Enforcement in a Federalist System

Federal agencies integrate federal, state, and local political demands at the operational level of service delivery. They balance conflicting political demands and task requirements as they attempt to develop feasible enforcement routines capable of attracting support and resources in multiple arenas without undermining central support for budgetary resources and statutory authority. Our regression analysis of annual enforcement data from 1976 through 1983 for all 50 states indicates that even the relatively isolated enforcement procedures of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration respond significantly to state-level political and task differences. Enforcement activities responded most consistently to daily enforcement contacts with interest groups. State differences in task conditions—particularly workplace accident and unemployment rates—also elicited instrumental responses, while differences in the party and ideology of elected officials elicited more symbolic actions. State agencies, with their smaller size and greater flexibility, were even more responsive than the federal agency to political and task differences. This integrative function of bureaucracy needs further attention in democratic theory.
Surveys, quality cancer care, and evidence-based medicine: embracing care delivery drivers.

Surveys are valuable tools to collect opinions, trend application of knowledge, and provide information to develop future strategies. In general, surveys are highly accurate reflections of the personal opinions of the responders. The responses should not be accepted as evidence-based truths. The information that is reported is the result of learning, memory, anecdotes, and bias. This is in contrast to the multiple choice examination where there is a correct answer based on scientifically derived, evidence-based acceptable responses. Thus, survey results can and must be interpreted in the context of the surveyed population, the subsets of that population, relative density of the responses (number queried vs. number responding), motivation for responding, and motivation for given responses. Reviewing several of these predetermined biases gives us a greater understanding of the complexity and insight that can be deduced from the survey reported in the article ‘‘Getting to Better Cancer Care: Results of a Society of Surgical Oncology’’ by Wong et al. 1 For example, consider
Thermotropic mesomorphism of soft materials bearing carboxylate-supported μ4-oxo tetracupric clusters

A new ligand containing long alkyl (octadecyl) chains was used to obtain the mesogenic complex [L2Cu4(mu4-O)(OAc)4].EtOH (1). This complex was thoroughly characterized and had its molecular structure solved by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Mesomorphic properties were demonstrated by means of polarized microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and XRD.
Radionuclide evaluation of pulmonary aspiration: four birds with one stone — Esophageal transit, gastroesophageal reflux, gastric emptying, and bronchopulmonary aspiration

This article describes a scintigraphic method useful in the evaluation of esophageal transit, gastroesophageal reflux, bronchopulmonary aspiration, and gastric emptying in a single-procedure. This noninvasive radionuclide procedure is particularly helpful in children with respiratory disorders and failure to thrive. A technique for the evaluation of pharyngeal transit is also described.
Needed DSP software emerges

Digital signal processing (DSP) software packages are surveyed. The tools fall into two distinct categories, which correspond to the two main branches of digital signal processing: packages whose jobs are mainly signal acquisition and manipulation, and DSP programming environments. General-purpose math packages, which manipulate vectors and matrices, and can therefore perform signal processing, are also available. Digital filter design, coefficient quantization, real-time filter implementation, and code generators are discussed. A table listing the features of representative DSP packages for PCs is provided. >
Upper Cretaceous Ostracode Faunule from Carlsbad, California: ABSTRACT

A limited exposure of Upper Cretaceous marine siltstones and claystones near the coastal town of Carlsbad, southern California, contains a remarkably well preserved microfauna. Twenty-six species of ostracodes including twenty-three new species and one new trachyleberid genus occur in the upper part of the section. This faunule possesses distinct Cenozoic affinities expressed by the presence of the genera Trachyleberis, Actinocythereis, and Idiocythere, all of which previously have been reported from rocks no older than Lower Tertiary. Generic affinities with European faunas are also noted by new species of Idiocythere, previously reported from the Eocene of Germany only, and Isocythereis, previously from the Cretaceous of Germany only. Three species occur which also occur in Upper Cretaceous rocks of the U. S. Gulf Coast. These are Brachycythere darensis Swain, 1952, Krithe cushmani Alexander, 1929, and Cytheropteron coryelli Schmidt, 1948. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1771------------
Genetic techniques for enhancing biochemical and structural characterization of Dictyostelium myosin II.

Myosin mutants and their suppressors can provide information about conformational states of the myosin motor and their biochemical properties. Appropriate mutations can give rise to motors that arrest or overoccupy otherwise inaccessible states in the motor cycle. Intragenic (in the same gene) suppressor mutations that counteract mutations of known properties represent "fixes" or counters to the defect of the starting mutation and thus contain information about driving transitions or stabilizing states of the motor. Due to its variety of myosin-dependent phenotypes, Dictyostelium is a powerful tool for the identification of conditional mutants as well as selection of large numbers of intragenic revertants of a mutant of interest. Techniques are presented that allow isolation and identification of cold-sensitive myosin mutants in Dictyostelium as well as facile selection of revertants and identification of their suppressing mutation.
Integral Equation Method for Scattering and Absorption of Electromagnetic Radiation by Thin Lossy Dielectric Discs

Abstract An integral equation for the current induced in a dielectric body by incident electromagnetic radiation is solved for the case of a thin flat circular disc of homogeneous lossy dielectric material. The equation is reduced by using the method of moments to a linear algebraic matrix equation for the coefficients in an expansion of the current density as a linear combination of basis functions. The matrix elements consist of integrals involving the basis functions. The novel computational aspects of this work lie in the choice of basis functions and in the techniques which this choice enabled to handle singularities in the integrands when evaluating the matrix elements, to reduce the matrix size and to rigorously preserve symmetries in the matrix. Expressions are given for the scattering and absorption cross sections in terms of the expansion coefficients. The results are most suitable in the resonance range of wavelengths when the disc radius and free-space wavelength are of the same order of magnitude.
On the Role of Large-Scale Transient Eddies in the Maintenance of the Vorticity and Enstrophy of the Time-Mean Atmospheric Flow

Abstract The global distribution of the forcing of the time-mean flow due to large-scale, horizontal Reynolds stresses (u′ u′, v′ v′, u′ v′) is determined from upper wind statistics for the period 1968–73. The role of this forcing in the maintenance of the vorticity and enstrophy of the time-mean flow is discussed. The most striking effect of transient eddy stresses is the tendency to shift the subtropical maxima in the time-mean flow and the associated vorticity patterns poleward. However, significant longitudinal Variations in forcing occur, also. Calculations of the dominant terms in vorticity budgets of the North Pacific Low, the North Atlantic Low, and the Siberian High, which may he called the centers of action of winter-time circulation at sea level in the Northern Hemisphere, are presented. In all three cases, transient eddies are found to be important in maintaining the centers against the dissipative action of surface friction. In terms of the enstrophy budget, the hemispheric and global-mean ef...
Relation of CIO background, IT infrastructure, and economic performance

The literature of the past three decades has not provided a consistent picture of payback for IT investment. Firm strategies and infrastructure play a part in determining return on investment and, in recent years, chief information officer (CIO) characteristics have been cited as essential factors in ensuring economic returns for IT investment. In our study we related CIO background and attitude toward IT investment to the objective measures of a firm's performance. The financial measures tended to be higher when the CIO was from IT rather than general management, however, an IT manager in a firm that had a strategic orientation to IT rather than a utilitarian one was more likely to have higher financial performance. Thus, although a CIO should have a technological background, the CIO who has a strategic rather than utilitarian orientation is more likely to help in forming a highly profitable company.
Effects of testosterone on the development of neuromuscular systems and their target tissues involved in courtship and copulation in green anoles (Anolis carolinensis)

Male green anole lizards court females using a red throat fan (dewlap) and copulate by intromitting one of two penises (hemipenes). These structures begin sexually monomorphic, but by adulthood males have larger dewlaps, only males have hemipenes, and many of the neuromuscular components of both systems show male-biased dimorphisms. We hypothesized that testosterone (T), which increases in juvenile males but not females about a month after hatching, facilitates masculinization. To test this idea, on post-hatching day 30, gonadally intact females received either a blank or T implant, and males were either castrated or sham-castrated. At day 90, juveniles were euthanized and the length of the cartilage and cross-sectional areas of the muscle fibers and motoneurons required for dewlap extension were examined. We also measured the cross-sectional areas of the hemipenes and associated muscle fibers and motoneurons, and counted the motoneurons. T-treated females had longer cartilages and larger dewlap muscle fibers compared to those with blank implants. No effects on motoneurons were detected, and no females possessed hemipenes or associated musculature. In males, castration produced shorter dewlap cartilages and smaller hemipenes; other measures were not affected by treatment. These data indicate that components of the dewlap system differentiate relatively late in development, that T likely mediates the process, and that although components of the copulatory system are plastic in juvenile males, sexual differentiation of peripheral features is complete before day 30. The data also suggest that target structures (dewlap cartilage and hemipenes), compared to their neuromuscular effectors, are particularly sensitive to developmental T exposure.
N‐representability of phase space functions for electrons

Conditions on one-electron Wigner and Husimi functions such that they correspond to n-representable charge density matrices are considered.
The use of a spectrophotometric assay to study the interaction of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase with methionine analogues.

Abstract We have developed a continuous spectrophotometric assay for S-adenosylmethionine synthetase and, using this assay, have examined the interaction of five potential inhibitors with the E. coli enzyme. S-Vinylhomocysteine and S-allylhomocysteine were found to be substrates, while S-(methanethio)cysteine and S-(methanethio) homocysteine were found to be competitive inhibitors. S-Cyanohomocysteine is neither a substrate nor an inhibitor.
Costly avian flu: Would your company be ready?

Many firms have contingency plans to deal with “common” disasters—such as hurricanes or earthquakes. But would your company be ready for a costly avian flu pandemic? It can occur in any season. The author explains how to plan for such an emergency. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differential Routes of Metabolism of Imidazolinones: Basis for Soybean (Glycine max) Selectivity

Abstract Imazaquin and imazethapyr are soybean-selective herbicides. The major factor for the selectivity of these imidazolinone herbicides is the ability of soybeans to rapidly metabolize the herbicides to inactive compounds. Metabolites of these herbicides were isolated and characterized by synthesis and mass spectrometry. The metabolic pathway of imazaquin involved the cyclization of the imidazolinyl nitrogen and the carboxyl group followed by rapid degradation to one major and three minor metabolites. Imazethapyr, on the other hand, is hydroxylated at the 5-ethyl substituent of the pyridine ring followed by O-glucosylation. The differential routes of metabolism of these two imidazolinone herbicides in soybean are typical examples of oxidation, ring cleavage, and conjugation metabolic reactions in the herbicide detoxification mechanisms.
Simulation of Coherent Radar Imaging Using Continuous Wave Noise Radar

A computationally simple cross-correlation model for multiple backscattering from a continuous wave (CW) noise radar is developed and verified with theoretical analysis and brute-force time-domain simulations. Based on this cross-correlation model, a modification of an existing numerical method originally developed by Holdsworth and Reid for spaced antenna (SA) pulsed radar is used to simulate the estimated cross correlation corresponding to atmospheric backscattering using a coherent CW noise radar. Subsequently, coherent radar imaging (CRI) processing comparisons between the CW noise radar and a conventional pulsed radar are presented that verify the potential of CW noise radar for atmospheric imaging.
Requirement for Homologous Recombination Functions for Expression of the mutA Mistranslator tRNA-Induced Mutator Phenotype in Escherichia coli

Expression of the Escherichia coli mutA mutator phenotype requires recA, recB, recC, ruvA, and ruvC gene, but not recD, recF, recO, or recR genes. Thus, the recBCD-dependent homologous recombination system is a component of the signal pathway that activates an error-prone DNA polymerase in mutA cells.
The cross-cultural structure of task-related and contextual constructs

Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop a universal set of scales that measures the valence or importance of different work aspects across cultural groups. To this end, a set of task-related and contextual scales, developed and validated in a U.S. sample of 2,500 employees, was cross-validated on a sample of 5,550 employees in 20 different countries, all of whom were working for a large, multinational corporation. The results indicated that different methodological approaches (internal consistency analysis, factor analysis, and convergent validity) all supported the pan-cultural validity of these constructs.
An instrumental function and a non-linear least-squares multi-spectral-line-fitting algorithm applicable to FTS studies

Abstract An experimental technique has been developed in our laboratory to aid us in the retrieval of spectral line parameters from spectral transmittance data obtained using a high-resolution Fourier-transform spectrometer. We present a fairly accurate representation of the instrumental function and also describe an algorithm known as a multi-spectral line-fitting procedure which employs a non-linear least-squares fitting routine. A case involving the spectral lines of H 2 16 O around 3577 cm −1 is presented to illustrate the accuracy of this experimental technique.
IMPATT Diodes and Circuits

This article will explain the basic principles for designing IMPATT diode circuits, beginning with the characteristics of the diodes. General circuit principles will be discussed, and calculations of amplifier circuit performance will be illustrated. The general principles then will be applied to several types of single-diode circuits. Last, an approach for building very high-power transmitters with hundreds of diodes will be shown. Keywords: diodes; circuits; oscillators; stable amplifier; transmitters
Binomial sequential sampling plans for rangeland grasshoppers.

Advances in sampling technology have made it possible to developbinomial sequential sampling plans for rangeland grasshoppers. Using this technique, grasshopper infestations can be rapidly classified into 'high' or 'low'categories relative to a threshold. We have developed a set of binomial sequential sampling tools, or plans, to assess the level of adult and nymphal grasshopper infestations on rangelands. The adult grasshopper plan was used to assess the level of grasshopper infestations throughout Wyoming, USA, in 1998; this resulted in a 79.5% reduction of the sampling effort. In addition, the adult sequential sampling plan was of sufficient scientific rigour to qualify some ranchers for federal disaster relief funds due to excessive grasshopper feeding. Grasshopper managers should consider using binomial sequential sampling plans wherever and whenever efficient surveys are needed to determine if grasshoppers are a threat to the production of rangeland forage and the maintenance of this ecosystem.
Electrical Transport in Carbon Nanotube Y-junctions- a Paradigm for Novel Functionality at the Nanoscale

Carbon Nanotube (CNT) morphologies with a self-contained gate, such as Y-junctions, offer a new way of exploiting features unique to the nanoscale, such as quantum ballistic transport. The advantages of low power and high frequency operation can then be applied to the fabrication of novel devices. Several other novel functionalities in Y- CNTs, including rectification, switching, high-frequency performance, and logic gates have been experimentally verified1. Y-CNT geometry dependent current blocking behavior, as a function of annealing temperature has also been observed. In view of the above observations, we propose that Y-CNTs can be used as prototypical nanoelectronic components.
MUCINOUS ADENOCARCINOMA OVARY: DIAGNOSTIC DILEMMA AND THE USEFULNESS OF COLONOSCOPY.

Background: Ovarian carcinoma is the fourth most common malignant disease of women. Types of ovarian carcinoma, including serous, mucinous, endometrioid, and transitional carcinoma, differ from each other with respect to morphology, genetic alterations and in their clinical course.Ovary is a common site for tumour metastases with 5–30% of ovarian cancers metastatic in nature. Differentiating primary from metastatic mucinous ovarian adenocarcinoma is often challenging. We assessed the usefulness of colonoscopy to sort out this dilemma. Methods: In this case-series with retrospective data collection at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan, demographics, indication for referral, tumour size, laterality, and the immuno-histochemical stains were recorded. Results: A total of 17 patients were referred to gastroenterology department between March 2009 and March 2012. Mean age of the patients was 36.7 years (range, 16-58 years) and the indication for referral was mucinous pathology. All of these patients had surgery outside hospital; histopathology was submitted at our pathology laboratory for review. Out of 17 patients, 16 had progressive abdominal distension as the primary symptom whereas one patient had a history of bleeding per rectum; 67% (12/17) of the tumours were more than 10cm and 94% (16/ 17) were unilateral. We were able to find the colorectal primary in 17.4% (3/17) of the patients, whereas upper GI endoscopies were unrevealing all patients. CK-7 was positive in two of three and CK-20 was positive in all the three patients with colorectal primary. Conclusion: We were able to identify gastrointestinal primary in significant number of patients without gastrointestinal symptoms that showed immuno-histochemical stain pattern of primary mucinous adenocarcinoma and had a tumour size of greater than 10cm and were unilateral. Keywords: Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the ovary, Colonoscopy, Algorithm
Modeling the Nonlinear Structural Dynamics of a Plunging Membrane Airfoil using a High Dimensional Harmonic Balance Approach

High fidelity computational models are developed to study the nonlinear structural dynamics of a plunging membrane airfoil, which is based upon previous experimental work. Two airfoil structures are investigated: a one-dimensional string and a three-dimensional Feeler gauge. Time-periodic flapping is assumed for both cases. The nonlinear equations of motion are semi-discretized in space using the finite element method, and then discretized in time using both a high dimensional harmonic balance approach and a standard finite differencing scheme. Solutions for both time-discretization methods are compared. For weak to moderately nonlinear string problems, the harmonic balance solution compares favorably with the finite difference solution, and is two to three orders of magnitude faster to compute. When the string exhibits stronger nonlinear behavior, the harmonic balance method yields results that diverge from the true solution when multiple harmonics are used. This is likely due to the presence of multiple subharmonics in the frequency response curve. The Feeler gauge problem is investigated to explore the possibility of unstable planar motion and chaotic vibrations during plunging. While the spectral contents of the response contain multiple frequencies, neither unstable planar dynamics nor chaotic vibrations were encountered within the range of parameters tested. Further investigation is needed to determine whether such a response is possible for the current model.
Effect of ophthalmic Nd:YAG laser energy on intraocular lenses after posterior capsulotomy in normal dog eyes.

OBJECTIVE To determine Nd:YAG laser energy requirements for posterior capsulotomy and intraocular lens (IOL) damage threshold for foldable acrylic IOLs as compared to traditional polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). MATERIALS AND PROCEDURES: Four groups of five-six fresh canine cadaver eyes were used in this study. The groups included (1) unaltered eyes (2) aphakic eyes (3) eyes implanted with PMMA IOLs, and (4) eyes implanted with acrylic IOLs. Laser energy was delivered to the posterior capsule in grid fashion for 10 sites each of five levels of laser energy ranging from 0.5 mJ to 9 mJ. Number of successful capsulotomy sites was recorded based on slit-lamp observation. Sites of IOL damage were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistical analysis of number of capsulotomies and IOL defects per laser energy level was conducted among and between groups using anova with Tukey's HSD test. RESULTS When comparing groups (a) including all energy levels (n = 25) and (b) by specific energy levels (n = 5), there was no significant difference (P < 0.05) in number of successful capsulotomy sites between IOL types. The 50% incidence threshold for successful capsulotomy was 2.74 mJ for acrylic IOLs and 2.64 mJ for PMMA IOLs. Energy-dependent damage to both types of IOL was detected for medium, high-medium, and high laser energy. Calculated 50% damage threshold was 4.9 mJ for acrylic IOL and 5.7 mJ for PMMA IOL. Damage to the IOL varied subjectively between IOL type, but there was no significant difference in number of defects caused, with the exception of high-medium energy. CONCLUSIONS Both posterior lens capsules and IOLs were disrupted in an energy-dependent manner with minimal difference in number of capsulotomy sites or damage to the IOL between acrylic and PMMA IOLs. A therapeutic margin between capsulotomy threshold (2.6-2.7 mJ) and IOL damage threshold (4.9-5.7 mJ) was determined to reliably achieve capsulotomies with minimal IOL damage for both acrylic and PMMA IOLs in normal canine cadaver eyes.
Estimating Rates of Acceleration Based on the 157-Year Record of Sea Level from San Francisco, California, U.S.A.

Breaker, L.C. and Ruzmaikin, A., 2013. Estimating rates of acceleration based on the 157-year record of sea level from San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Journal of Coastal Research, 29(1), 43–51. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The question of the acceleration of global sea level rise has gained increasing attention because the present rate of sea level rise is relatively small in comparison to the rates that are predicted to occur in the near future. Recent measurements have come under scrutiny on how to correctly analyze and interpret regional estimates of acceleration. In this context, we employ the Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD), a data-adaptive method developed for the analysis of nonstationary and nonlinear data to estimate acceleration over the 157-year record of sea level from San Francisco, California. We define sea level acceleration (SLA) as the mean of the second differences of the residual from an EEMD. Using the residual provides a means by which to reduce or eliminate the contaminating influence of decadal and longer-period oscillations in sea level that are folded into estimates obtained using the conventional approach. For the entire record, a value of þ0.011 6 0.003 mm/y 2 was obtained for the acceleration and its uncertainty, compared with þ0.013 mm/y 2 , using the conventional approach. The effect of record length is examined by estimating the accelerations for truncated versions of the record, one starting in 1900 and a second in 1925. The accelerations differed in each case from the conventional values, as expected, because the methods are based on different definitions of SLA.
Similarity-aware query processing and optimization

Many application scenarios, e.g., marketing analysis, sensor networks, and medical and biological applications, require or can significantly benefit from the identification and processing of similarities in the data. Even though some work has been done to extend the semantics of some operators, e.g., join and selection, to be aware of data similarities; there has not been much study on the role, interaction, and implementation of similarity-aware operations as first-class database operators. The focus of this thesis work is the proposal and study of several similarity-aware database operators and a systematic analysis of their role as query operators, interactions, optimizations, and implementation techniques. This work presents a detailed study of two core similarity-aware operators: Similarity Group-by and Similarity Join. We describe multiple optimization techniques for the introduced operators. Specifically, we present: (1) multiple non-trivial equivalence rules that enable similarity query transformations, (2) Eager and Lazy aggregation transformations for Similarity Group-by and Similarity Join to allow pre-aggregation before potentially expensive joins, and (3) techniques to use materialized views to answer similarity-based queries. We also present the main guidelines to implement the presented operators as integral components of a database system query engine and several key performance evaluation results of this implementation in an open source database system. We introduce a comprehensive conceptual evaluation model for similarity queries with multiple similarity-aware predicates, i.e., Similarity Selection, Similarity Join, Similarity Group-by. This model clearly defines the expected correct result of a query with multiple similarity-aware predicates. Furthermore, we present multiple transformation rules to transform the initial evaluation plan into more efficient equivalent plans.
Learning to Argue with Intermediate Macro Theory: A Semester-Long Team Writing Project

We describe our experience with integrating a semester-long economic analysis project into an intermediate macroeconomic theory course. Students work in teams of \economic advisors" to write a series of nested reports for a decision-maker that analyze the current state of the economy, and propose and evaluate policies. The project simulates real-world policy consulting with an emphasis on applying economic theory and models. We describe the project setup and how to tailor its theme to current events, explain methods for keeping it manageable in larger classes, discuss student learning outcomes, and document course evaluation results. Besides improving the learning experience, this project prepares economics students to contribute their own views to policy debates and buttress them with tight macroeconomic reasoning.
Plasmonic materials in transparency and cloaking problems: mechanism, robustness, and physical insights.

The possibility of making a given object transparent to the impinging radiation, or cloaking it, by employing a suitable metamaterial or plasmonic cover has been recently studied theoretically, showing how this technique may overcome the limitations of other currently available techniques. Here we discuss the underlying mechanisms, physical insights and some computer simulations on the role of such homogeneous isotropic metamaterial covers near their plasma frequency in order to dramatically reduce the fields scattered by a given object. Not requiring any absorptive process, any anisotropy or inhomogeneity, and any interference cancellation, in this contribution we demonstrate, using full-wave numerical simulations, how a homogeneous isotropic plasmonic material shell may basically “re-route” the impinging field in such a way to make dielectric and even conducting or metallic objects of a certain size nearly transparent to an outside observer placed in its near as well as in its far field. In addition, it is discussed in detail how this technique, relying on a non-resonant phenomenon, is fairly robust to relatively high variations of the shape and of the geometrical and electromagnetic properties of the cloaked object.
Humic acids: Their detergent qualities and potential uses in pollution remediation

Humic acids are amphiphilic species whose behavior in aqueous solution suggests that they form pseudomicelles–aggregates akin to the micelles familiar from synthetic surfactant chemistry. It is thought that humic pseudomicelles can be formed by both intramolecular coiling and intermolecular association, depending on the molecular weight, structural characteristics, and polydispersity of the humic acid in question. The process does not feature a critical micelle concentration. Experimental evidence indicates that metal ions enhance the detergent character of dissolved humic acid by facilitating the coiling and folding of the polymer chains. A recently conceived alternative model suggests that humic acids consist of relatively small subunits that associate through weak molecular interactions. This view appears to run counter to certain experimental observations, but deserves careful attention. The strong association between metal ions and solid humic acid makes it possible to use an inexpensive commercial grade for the decontamination of polluted water. A continuous elution process through a column packed with humic acid allows for the removal of both heavy metals and organic xenobiotics from aqueous solution.
Is third trimester serotonin reuptake inhibitor use associated with postpartum hemorrhage

As serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) use may decrease platelet function, previous research has shown a relationship between SRI use and an increased risk for bruising and bleeding. The literature regarding the association between SRI use during pregnancy and increased bleeding at delivery, referred to as postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), is mixed. In secondary analyses from two prospective observational studies of pregnant women with mood disorders, 263 women were exposed to an SRI (n = 51) or not (n = 212) in the third trimester. To be precise, we used the terminology estimated blood loss (EBL) >600 cc rather than the term PPH because the current definition of PPH differs. The occurrence of EBL >600 cc was determined using the Peripartum Events Scale (PES) completed from obstetrical records by a blinded medically trained member of the study team. EBL >600 cc occurred in 8.7% of women in this cohort. There was no statistically significant difference in the rates of EBL >600 cc in the 24 h after delivery in women taking SRIs during the third trimester (9.8%) compared to non-exposed women (8.5%). Utilizing generalizing estimating equations, the odds of EBL >600 cc in each group were not significantly different (OR 1.17, CI-0.41-3.32, p = 0.77). When the SRI group was limited to women with exposure at the time of delivery, the difference in the odds of EBL >600 cc was unchanged (OR 1.16, CI = 0.37-3.64, p = 0.79). In population, both third trimester and use at delivery of SRIs during pregnancy was not associated with an increased risk of excessive blood loss.
Spongillaflies (Neuroptera: Sisyridae) of North America with a key to the larvae and adults

The distributions of the two genera (Climacia and Sisyra) and six species of spongillaflies known to occur in Canada, Mexico and the United States are reviewed and summarized. Several new and significant distribution records are presented for states or provinces in these countries. Species diagnoses and a revised, illustrated key to the third instar larvae and adults of all species are presented.
Chapter 12 The Erythrina Alkaloids

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of Erythrina alkaloids. The structures of the major alkaloids are shown in formulas discussed in the chapter. They contain a tetracyclic skeleton with the three rings A, B, and C common to all the alkaloids and differ only in the nature of ring D. In the aromatic subgroup, this ring is benzenoid, with oxygenated substituents at C-15 and C-16, while in the two erythroidines ring D is an unsaturated δ-lactone. The close similarity in structure, which extends to stereochemical identity, is a strong indication that the two groups share a common origin. For simplicity in naming synthetic products, the saturated parent skeleton of the aromatic group has been given the trivial name erythrinane. Erysodine and erysovine are isomeric monophenolic ethers, both of which can be methylated to erysotrine (Ie), and which consequently differ only in the relative positions of the methoxyl and hydroxyl groups in ring D. The structure of erythratine (Ig), known from earlier studies to be a hydroxylated dihydroerythraline, was elucidated largely from NMR studies, which revealed the part structure R 3 C–CH 2 –CH(OCH 3 )-CHOH –CH=CR 2 .
Second-generation corneal deformation signal waveform analysis in normal, forme fruste keratoconic, and manifest keratoconic corneas after statistical correction for potentially confounding factors.

PURPOSE To evaluate the difference in corneal biomechanical waveform parameters between manifest keratoconus, forme fruste keratoconus, and healthy eyes with a second-generation biomechanical waveform analyzer (Ocular Response Analyzer 2). SETTING Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA. DESIGN Retrospective chart review. METHODS The biomechanical waveform analyzer was used to obtain corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal resistance factor (CRF), and 37 biomechanical waveform parameters in manifest keratoconus eyes, forme fruste keratoconus eyes, and healthy eyes. Useful distinguishing parameters were found using t tests and a multivariable logistic regression model with stepwise variable selection. Potential confounders were controlled for. RESULTS The study included 68 manifest keratoconus eyes, 64 forme fruste keratoconus eyes, and 249 healthy eyes. There was a statistical difference in the mean CRF between the normal group (10.2 mm Hg ± 1.7 [SD]) and keratoconus group (6.3 ± 1.9 mm Hg) (P = .003), and between the normal group and the forme fruste keratoconus group (7.8 ± 1.4 mm Hg) (P < .0001). There was no statistical difference in the mean CH between the normal group and the keratoconus group or the forme fruste keratoconus group. The CRF, height of peak 1 (P1) (P = .001), downslope of P1 (dslope1) (P = .027), upslope of peak 2 (P2) (P = .004), and downslope of P2 (P = .006) distinguished the normal group from the keratoconus groups. The CRF, downslope of P2 derived from upper 50% of applanation peak (P = .035), dslope1 (P = .014), and upslope of P1 (P = .008) distinguished the normal group from the forme fruste keratoconus group. CONCLUSION Differences in multiple biomechanical waveform parameters can differentiate between healthy and diseased conditions and might improve early diagnosis of keratoconus and forme fruste keratoconus. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Are patient's simply unaware? A cross-sectional study of website promotion of community pharmacy adherence-related services in Tennessee.

Abstract Background Medication adherence rates can impact patient outcomes, quality of life, and health care costs. Community pharmacists who offer adherence-related services are well positioned to bolster medication adherence rates. One means for patients to learn more about these services is through the pharmacy's website. However, the prevalence of pharmacies' promotion of adherence services through the internet is unknown. Objectives The present study aimed to quantify the online promotion of pharmacies' adherence-related services. Methods This was a cross-sectional, observational study of websites representing licensed community pharmacies. One-hundred and sixty-nine community pharmacy websites, representing 1161 of community pharmacies in Tennessee (U.S. State), were included in the observational analysis. Results The most commonly promoted adherence-related service was online refills (81.1%). Auto refill, medication synchronization, and packaging systems were promoted on Conclusions Despite 67% of pharmacies offering adherence-related services, only a fraction of them promote these services online. Patient awareness represents a hidden and often unaddressed variable in increasing adherence. Future studies should investigate whether increasing website promotion of these services would increase service use, and potentially improve adherence rates.