cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forensic Engineering Analysis of Upper Extremity Nerve Entrapment Injury Mechanisms as Related to Rear-End Collisions

Nerve entrapments of the median nerve, i.e., carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and the ulnar nerve, i.e., cu-bital syndrome (CT) are relatively common, reflecting traumatic and atraumatic mechanisms. Claims of such injuries in relation to rear-end collisions (particularly low-velocity or < 10 mph collisions) are often contested by the defense, acknowledging that there is no obvious relationship between the collision and the claimed inju-ries. Of the collision types (frontal, side, rear-end), it is the least clear how a rear-end collision can establish mechanisms for such injuries. Direct blunt trauma to the carpal tunnel region or the cubital tunnel region are unlikely in a rear-end collision. Also, “stretch” injuries due to hypermotion of either the wrist or elbow are unlikely, reflecting occupant kinematics, vehicle interior geometry, and other factors. A case study involving CTS and CT claims as a result of a low-velocity rear-end collision will be presented.
Impact of climate change on storage conditions for major agricultural commodities across the contiguous United States

Changes in postharvest storage conditions due to climate change can directly affect energy usage and food supply and quality. However, no study has assessed climate change impacts on postharvest storage conditions in different climate regions over the contiguous United States (CONUS), a major agricultural producer around the world. The goal of this study is to assess the impact of climate change on cold storage conditions for the highest grossing crop for each of the nine climate regions within the CONUS. Storage degree days (SDDs) accumulate when ambient temperatures increase relative to crop storage base temperatures. Changes in SDDs and winter subperiod length were calculated for each regional crop using historical climate data and 20 downscaled global climate model projections. All regions project significant increases in SDD accumulation and decreases in winter subperiod length when compared with the historical reference period (1979–2005). Between years 2020 and 2080, Northwest and Northeast regions’ apples will be impacted most by SDD accumulation with yearly increases between 261 and 1004 SDDs. Between years 2020 and 2080, Midwest regions’ potatoes are projected to lose the most days of winter (24–39 days), and Southeast regions’ peanuts will experience the greatest decrease in winter length (17–23%). Increases in SDD accumulation and decreases in winter length will have direct implications on future food supply and storage costs. This study is the first comprehensive analysis of climate change impacts on the storage conditions for agricultural commodities over heterogenous climate conditions at national scale, providing useful information for long-term agricultural storage planning.
Visualization model validation via inline replication

Data visualizations typically show a representation of a data set with little to no focus on the repeatability or generalizability of the displayed trends and patterns. However, insights gleaned fr...
On the Equations and Boundary Conditions Governing Phonon-Mediated Heat Transfer in the Small Mean Free Path Limit: An Asymptotic Solution of the Boltzmann Equation

Using an asymptotic solution procedure, we construct solutions of the Boltzmann transport equation in the relaxation-time approximation in the limit of small Knudsen number, Kn << 1, to obtain continuum equations and boundary conditions governing phonon-mediated heat transfer in this limit. Our results show that, in the bulk, heat transfer is governed by the Fourier law of heat conduction, as expected. However, this description does not hold within distances on the order of a few mean free paths from the boundary; fortunately, this deviation from Fourier behavior can be captured by a universal boundary-layer solution of the Boltzmann equation that depends only on the material model and the phonon-boundary interaction model (Boltzmann boundary condition). Boundary conditions for the Fourier description follow from matching this inner solution to the outer (Fourier) solution. This procedure shows that the traditional no-jump boundary conditions are appropriate only to zeroth order in Kn. Solution to first order in Kn shows that the Fourier law needs to be complemented by jump boundary conditions with jump coefficients that depend on the material model and the phonon-boundary interaction model. In this work, we calculate these coefficients and the form of the jump conditions for an adiabatic-diffuse and a prescribed-temperature boundary in contact with a constant-relaxation-time material. Extension of this work to variable relaxation-time models is straightforward and will be discussed elsewhere. Our results are validated via comparisons with low-variance deviational Monte Carlo simulations.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
OPTIMAL SENSOR PLACEMENT FOR IDENTIFICATION OF LARGE FLEXIBLE SPACE STRUCTURES

Abstract This paper presents an experimental validation of a sensor placement algorithm derived from the D-optimality criteria for experiment design. The D-optimality criteria, defined as the maximum determinant of the Fisher Information Matrix, results in a separation principlethat decouples the problems of optimal input design and optimal sensor design such that each can be solved independently of each other. The optimal sensor placement design is experimentally verified on a 63-DOF planar truss and the results are presented.
Black Orpheus, Barack Obama’s Governmentality

This essay constitutes a preliminary effort to explain the state fantasy with which Barack Obama hegemonized an alternative to the biopolitical settlement normalizing George W. Bush’s Global War on Terror (Pease 2009). In what follows, I intend to argue that Obama has not utterly displaced Bush’s Homeland State of Exception but that Obama’s governmentality presupposes it as the structuring logic through which he transformed the US state’s relationship with domestic and planetary peoples. I will be interested in particular in the role that Obama’s complex negotiation with the congeries of racial fantasies that he found condensed in the figure and the film Black Orpheus played in Barack Obama’s governmentality.
Computational studies of lewis acidity and basicity in frustrated lewis pairs.

Computational studies that characterize the effects of Lewis acidity/basicity on FLP formation and reactivity are reviewed. Formation of the FLP encounter complex “cage” depends on Lewis acidities and basicities of substituent “external” atoms, and their abilities to interact intramolecularly. Computations indicate that these interactions are worth 9–18 kcal mol−1 for partly fluorinated FLPs such as (F5C6)3B···P(t-Bu)3, and less for less fluorinated species such as (H5C6)3B···P(t-Bu)3. Reactivity within the cage depends on the “classical” Lewis acidities/basicities of the internal atoms. Energetics here fall into the range of 5–50 kcal mol−1; the larger the value, the greater the ability of the FLP to capture or split a substrate. In several cases the computationally predicted reaction barriers differ little with internal Lewis acidity/basicity, indicating that the rate-determining step involves the substrate entering the cage rather than attack by the Lewis acid/base atoms. In others, barriers vary sizably with Lewis acidity/basicity, indicating the opposite. In one case it was shown that these effects cancel, such that the three component barriers are identical for a range of substituted Lewis acid FLP components.
Summary of the working conference

IFIP WG 11.3 held its tenth working conference on database security at Villa O1mo, in Como, Italy, on July 22–24, 1996. The conference included the presentation of fourteen refereed papers, two invited talks, two panel sessions, and a group exercise session. This conference restored a long standing tradition of holding the working conference on a waterfront, in this case, Lake Como. By all accounts, the conference was a success.
The Social Responsibility of Psychology.

before his death, Martin Luther King, Jr. addressed a meeting of the American Psychological Association about the social and moral responsibility of psychologists.1 Dr. King urged his audience to use their training and skills to help solve the racial, political, educational, and economic problems facing the black community. He expressed hope that the profession of psychology would begin to address these problems and direct attention towards reforming the "power interests" in America who demonstrate little concern for the poor and disadvantaged. The need for psychologists to accept their social responsibility is even more urgent today. Speaking before a national meeting of the American Psychiatric Association on May 8, 1974, Detroit Mayor Coleman Young charged that the psychiatric profession is being misused by a racist society to justify the exploitation of blacks and the poor. Mayor Young suggested that instead of changing people's minds to conform to an unhealthy society, psychiatrists should work to change society. "Let's deal with the social disorders, let's deal with the cause, and maybe we can lessen the effects."2 Psychologists must become aware of the unhealthy social conditions affecting the physical and psychological well-being of minority and poor Americans.
The ethics of cost-containment: bureaucratic medicine and the doctor as patient-advocate.

Physicians are feeling the heat of cost containment. Pressures on doctors to contain costs have mounted - from hospital and Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) administrators, from state and national government, from medical staffs. Medicare payment reforms, corporate and insurer demands, and market pressures have all come together to pressure health care providers to cap escalating health care costs. This article posits that such pressures to control costs are not always counter to the patient's best interests and that the ethical debate needs to incorporate the emergence of bureaucratic medicine and its sensitivity to cost. The pressure to reduce cost has intensified the tension felt by physicians as they balance their ethical obligations to treat their patients and their desires to maintain the financial health of their health care institutions and their own financial security. The line between pure medical decisions and economic decisions has blurred. The essence of the complaint is simply stated: "... economic imperatives may weaken what should be a strong fiduciary relationship between doctor and patient. A physician cannot easily service his patients as trusted counselor and agent when he has economic ties to profit-seeking businesses that regard those patients as customers." The current ethical debate seems to revolve primarily around middle class medicine, where physician autonomy in treating patients has been most dramatically limited by new modes of health care delivery and reimbursement. Prospective payment mechanisms have been implemented through the federal Medicare program, but hospitals have applied DRG categories across the board to their delivery of health care. As hospitals struggle to contain costs, they have implemented cost controls that affect a doctor's practice generally and not just that segment involving Medicare patients.
Connexins and pannexins in the skeleton: gap junctions, hemichannels and more

Regulation of bone homeostasis depends on the concerted actions of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts, controlled by osteocytes, cells derived from osteoblasts surrounded by bone matrix. The control of differentiation, viability and function of bone cells relies on the presence of connexins. Connexin43 regulates the expression of genes required for osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation directly or by changing the levels of osteocytic genes, and connexin45 may oppose connexin43 actions in osteoblastic cells. Connexin37 is required for osteoclast differentiation and its deletion results in increased bone mass. Less is known on the role of connexins in cartilage, ligaments and tendons. Connexin43, connexin45, connexin32, connexin46 and connexin29 are expressed in chondrocytes, while connexin43 and connexin32 are expressed in ligaments and tendons. Similarly, although the expression of pannexin1, pannexin2 and pannexin3 has been demonstrated in bone and cartilage cells, their function in these tissues is not fully understood.
Bounding the climate viability of natural gas as a bridge fuel to displace coal

Abstract Natural gas has significant potential carbon benefits over coal when used for electricity generation, but these benefits can be offset by emissions of fugitive methane or delays in the adoption of near-zero carbon technologies. We analyze the time-evolution of radiative forcing from both natural gas and coal-based electricity generation by calculating average radiative forcing over an interval of time from greenhouse gas emissions under a range of assumptions for fugitive methane leakage, electricity generation efficiency, and delays in the adoption of near-zero carbon technologies. We find that leakage rates of between 5.2% and 9.9% are required for natural gas to result in greater mean forcing than coal over the next 100 years. We show that natural gas infrastructure with modest leakage could remain in place for 1.5–2.4 times the time interval that coal generation would have persisted prior to replacement with near-zero carbon technologies before the climate benefits of replacing coal with natural gas are negated. Natural gas can serve a viable bridge away from coal-based generation if avoiding longer-term climate impacts is prioritized, fugitive methane emissions are minimized, and the large-scale transition to near-zero carbon alternatives is unlikely to happen in the near-term.
X-Ray Supernovae

We present a review of X-ray observations of supernovae. By observing the (∼ 0.1 − 100 keV) X-ray emission from young supernovae, physical key parameters such as the circumstellar matter density, mass-loss rate of the progenitor, and temperature of the outgoing and reverse shocks can be derived as a function of time. Despite intensive search over the last ∼ 25 years, only 15 supernovae have been detected in X-rays. We review the individual X-ray observations of these supernovae and discuss their implications for our understanding of the physical processes giving rise to the X-ray emission.
Property rights and the evolution of the state

Using property-rights tools, this paper develops a theory of the transition from despotic to rule-of-law regimes, relying on the notion that rulers and subjects are interested in maximizing wealth. Keeping subjects in check enhances despots’ internal security, but at the cost of lower output, and of less wealth for the despots. Enhanced wealth is especially valuable for protection against outside threat. Subjects will increase output only if provided with rights to, for example, ownership, movement, and voting. Despots can guarantee them these rights by relinquishing some of their own power.
Storage Subsidies and Supply Response

This paper investigates the supply response to a storage subsidy. From the ex post sales decision problem we derive the reservation price below which all risk averse farmers hold some inventory. While sales and storage decisions are made ex post, production decisions are made ex ante before the current market price is known. Storage subsidies are shown to encourage risk averse as well as risk neutral farmers to expand output. The analysis implies that storage subsidies should be incorporated in estimating supply response.
Support for distributed pair programming in the Transparent Video Facetop

The Transparent Video Facetop is a novel user interface concept that supports not only single-user interactions with a PC, but also close pair collaborations, such as that found in collaborative Web browsing, remote medicine, and in distributed pair programming. In this paper we discuss the use of a novel video-based UI called the Facetop [16] for solving several problems reported to us by teams doing distributed pair programming. Specifically, the Facetop allows a distributed pair to recapture some the facial expressions and face-to-face communications contact lost in earlier distributed sessions. It also allows members of a distributed pair to point conveniently, quickly, and naturally to their shared work, in the same manner (manually) that they do when seated side-by-side. Our results enhance the ability of organizations to do effective XP-style agile development with distributed teams.
The Chandra deep field-north survey. VII. X-ray emission from Lyman break galaxies

We present results from stacking analyses, using the 1 Ms Chandra Deep Field-North data, that constrain the X-ray emission of Lyman break galaxies at z ≈ 2-4. Stacking the counts from 24 individually undetected Lyman break galaxies located within the Hubble Deep Field-North, we have obtained average detections of these objects in the resulting 0.5-8.0 and 0.5-2.0 keV images; these images have effective exposure times of 22.4 Ms (260 days). Monte Carlo testing empirically shows the detections to be highly significant. The average rest-frame 2-8 keV luminosity of a Lyman break galaxy is derived to be ≈3.2 × 1041 ergs s-1, comparable to that of the most X-ray luminous starbursts in the local universe. The observed ratio of X-ray to B-band luminosity is somewhat, but not greatly, higher than that seen from local starbursts. The X-ray emission probably arises from a combination of high-mass X-ray binaries, "super-Eddington" X-ray sources, and low-luminosity active galactic nuclei.
Strange Attractors in Fluid Dynamics

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of strange attractors in fluid dynamics. Strange attractors are relevant to the transition from regular to chaotic flow in some parametric regimes, whether or not the chaotic flow is called turbulent, weakly turbulent, or simply aperiodic. The term strange attractor for chaotic solutions of dissipative systems with regular forcing was introduced by Ruelle and Takens (1971), who discovered the phenomenon and suggested its relevance to turbulence. Ruelle and Takens conjectured that a strange attractor would appear at the third bifurcation in the Landau sequence so that at most two incommensurate frequencies could appear prior to the transition to chaotic flow. This scenario, with some variation in the number of incommensurate frequencies that appear prior to chaos, has been observed in both Rayleigh-Benard convection and circular Couette flow. The chapter describes concepts related to Lorenz's convection model. It provides details about the Howard–Malkus–Welander convection model. Mathematical routes to turbulence are also elaborated in the chapter.
Defeasible Logic on an Embedded Microcontroller

Defeasible logic is a system of reasoning in which rules have exceptions, and when rules conflict, the one that applies most specifically to the situation wins out. This paper reports a successful application of defeasible logic to the implementation of an embedded control system. The system was programmed in d-Prolog (a defeasible extension of Prolog), and the inferences were compiled into a truth table that was encoded on a low-end PIC microcontroller. Advantages of defeasible logic include conciseness and correct handling of the passage of time. It is distinct from fuzzy logic and probabilistic logic, addressing a different set of problems.
Resting-state EEG, impulsiveness, and personality in daily and nondaily smokers.

Objectives: Resting EEG is sensitive to transient, acute effects of nicotine administration and abstinence, but the chronic effects of smoking on EEG are poorly characterized. This study measures the resting EEG profile of chronic smokers in a non-deprived, non-peak state to test whether differences in smoking behavior and personality traits affect pharmaco-EEG response. Methods: Resting EEG, impulsiveness, and personality measures were collected from daily smokers (n = 22), nondaily smokers (n = 31), and non-smokers (n = 30). Results: Daily smokers had reduced resting delta and alpha EEG power and higher impulsiveness (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale) compared to nondaily smokers and non-smokers. Both daily and nondaily smokers discounted delayed rewards more steeply, reported lower conscientiousness (NEO-FFI), and reported greater disinhibition and experience seeking (Sensation Seeking Scale) than non-smokers. Nondaily smokers reported greater sensory hedonia than nonsmokers. Conclusions: Altered resting EEG power in daily smokers demonstrates differences in neural signaling that correlated with greater smoking behavior and dependence. Although nondaily smokers share some characteristics with daily smokers that may predict smoking initiation and maintenance, they differ on measures of impulsiveness and resting EEG power. Significance: Resting EEG in non-deprived chronic smokers provides a standard for comparison to peak and trough nicotine states and may serve as a biomarker for nicotine dependence, relapse risk, and recovery.
The New Dot Context: How to Mitigate Trademark Concerns in ICANN's New gTLD Program

Expanding the Domain Name System without fully addressing the impact on trademark holders is a risk that Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (“ICANN”) has seemed to embrace. With ICANN’s new gTLD program, consumers and companies will soon begin encountering new top-level domains that reflect a company’s brand or trademark. Unfortunately, with the inclusion of these so called, brand top-level domains, ICANN is creating potentially disastrous problems for trademark holders, legitimate users, and even consumers: a brand focus limits the use of identical trademarks online and prevents the Domain Name System from having any real and reliable context to distinguish identical trademarks. To mitigate these problems, and to ensure that trademarks can coexist within a trademark-distinguishing context, ICANN should eliminate the brand top-level domain and should focus on context-creating category top-level domains. This Article demonstrates why these problems exist within ICANN’s new program and it sets forth a proposal that seeks to mitigate these concerns and to realign the new program with ICANN’s own goals.
Costs and Benefits of Moving to a County ACRE Program

Better integration of the different programs that comprise the farm safety net seems inevitable in the next farm bill given widespread public concern over the rapidly growing federal debt. With $5 billion in direct payments flowing annually to farmers who own or rent base acres without regard to farm income, $7 billion flowing to crop insurance companies over the last two years, and $2.6 billion flowing to cotton farmers in the last two years from programs that violate our trade commitments, there is substantial room for improvement. One path toward better integration would be to modify the ACRE (Average Crop Revenue Election) program so that it covers county revenue rather than state revenue. For approximately the same cost as the direct payment program, 100% of planted acres could be covered at a 95% coverage level. Accounting for county ACRE payments before crop insurance payments are made could easily reduce the cost of the crop insurance program by more than $4 billion per year.
Three-Dimensional Reconstruction and Surgical Navigation in Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery

We have used MRI-based three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction and a real-time, frameless, stereotactic navigation device to facilitate the removal of seizure foci in children suffering from intractable epilepsy. Using this system, the location of subdural grid and strip electrodes is recorded on the 3D model to facilitate focus localization and resection. Ten operations were performed — two girls and eight boys ranging in age from 3–17 — during which 3D reconstruction and surgical instrument tracking navigation was used. In all cases, the patients tolerated the procedure well and showed no post-operative neurological deficits.
A maximum-entropy-inspired parser

We present a new parser for parsing down to Penn tree-bank style parse trees that achieves 90.1% average precision/recall for sentences of length 40 and less, and 89.5% for sentences of length 100 and less when trained and tested on the previously established [5, 9, 10, 15, 17] "standard" sections of the Wall Street Journal treebank. This represents a 13% decrease in error rate over the best single-parser results on this corpus [9]. The major technical innovation is the use of a "maximum-entropy-inspired" model for conditioning and smoothing that let us successfully to test and combine many different conditioning events. We also present some partial results showing the effects of different conditioning information, including a surprising 2% improvement due to guessing the lexical head's pre-terminal before guessing the lexical head.
Graph-Based Concept Learning

We introduce the graph-based relational concept learner SubdueCL. We start with a brief description of other graph-based learning systems: the Galois lattice, Conceptual Graphs, and the Subdue system. We then prcsent our new system SubdueCL and finally we show some preliminary results of a comparison of SubducCL with the two Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) systems Foil and Progol.
The user interface is the conceptual model

Frequently, the structure and description of the data in a database bears little resemblance to the structure and description of data as it appears in the tool that captured it. This makes it difficult for users to write queries because they receive little information from the database schema regarding the precise meaning of the data. We assert that the semantics of data can be more reliably understood by viewing the data in the context of the user interface (UI) of the software tool used to enter the data rather than the bare framework of a database. GUAVA (GUi As View) presents a conceptual model that captures information about user interface components. In this paper, we describe how to model a forms-based UI using a GUAVA-tree (g-tree), which can be used to generate a natural schema against which querying is simple. We then introduce and formalize the notion of a channel of database transformation operators from the natural schema to the underlying physical schema.
Extended superconformal symmetry, Freudenthal triple systems and gauged WZW models

We review the construction of extended ( N = 2 and N = 4 ) superconformal algebras over triple systems and the gauged WZW models invariant under them. The N = 2 superconformal algebras (SCA) realized over Freudenthal triple systems (FTS) admit extension to “maximal” N = 4 SCA's with SU(2) × SU(2) × U(1) symmetry. A detailed study of the construction and classification of N = 2 and N = 4 SCA's over Freudenthal triple systems is given. We conclude with a study and classification of gauged WZW models with N = 4 superconformal symmetry.
Molecules as Automata

Molecular biology investigates the structure and function of biochemical systems starting from their basic building blocks: macromolecules. A macromolecule is a large, complex molecule (a protein or a nucleic acid) that usually has inner mutable state and external activity. Informal explanations of biochemical events trace individual macromolecules through their state changes and their interaction histories: a macromolecule is endowed with an identity that is retained through its transformations, even through changes in molecular energy and mass. A macromolecule, therefore, is qualitatively different from the small molecules of inorganic chemistry. Such molecules are stateless: in the standard notation for chemical reactions they are seemingly created and destroyed, and their atomic structure is used mainly for the bookkeeping required by the conservation of mass.
Parallelism in artificial intelligence problem solving: a case study of Hearsay II

The Hearsay II speech-understanding system (HSII) (Lesser et al [11], Fennell [9], and Erman and Lesser [6]) is an implementation of a knowledge-based multiprocessing artificial intelligence (AI) problem-solving organization. HSII is intended to represent a problem-solving organization which is applicable for implementation in a parallel hardware environment such as C.mmp (Bell et al [2]). The primary characteristics of this organization include: 1) multiple, diverse, independent and asynchronously executing knowledge sources (KS's), 2) cooperating (in terms of control) via a generalized form of the hypothesize-and-test paradigm involving the data-directed invocation of KS processes, and 3) communicating (in terms of data) via a shared blackboard-like data base in which the current data state is held in a homogeneous, multidimensional, directed-graph structure. The object of this paper is to explore several of the ramifications of such a problem-solving organization by examining the mechanisms and policies underlying HSII which are necessary for supporting its organization as a multiprocessing system. In addition, a multiprocessor simulation study is presented which details the effects of actually implementing such a parallel organization for use in a particular application area, that of speech understanding.
New Fluoride Carbonates: Centrosymmetric KPb2(CO3)2F and Noncentrosymmetric K2.70Pb5.15(CO3)5F3

Two new potassium lead fluoride carbonates, KPb2(CO3)2F and K2.70Pb5.15(CO3)5F3, have been synthesized and characterized. The materials were synthesized through solvothermal and conventional solid-state techniques. KPb2(CO3)2F and K2.70Pb5.15(CO3)5F3 were structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction and exhibit two-dimensional crystal structures consisting of corner-shared PbO6F and PbO6F2 polyhedra. K2.70Pb5.15(CO3)5F3 is noncentrosymmetric, and crystallizes in the achiral and nonpolar space group P6m2 (crystal class −6m2). Powder second-harmonic generation (SHG) measurements using 1064 nm radiation revealed a SHG efficiency of approximately 40 × α-SiO2, whereas a charge constant, d33, of approximately 20 pm/V was obtained through converse piezoelectric measurements. For the reported materials, infrared, UV–vis, thermogravimetric, and differential thermal analysis measurements were performed.
Measuring the consumer welfare effects of carbon penalties: Theory and applications to household energy demand

Abstract This study implements a money metric approximation to the Hicksian equivalent variation (HEV) based on observable demand functions. This approach is a less restrictive approximation to the HEV than the Marshallian consumer surplus (MCS) in situations where MCS is misleading. This study also implements a generalized logit demand system that conforms better to the theory of consumer behaviour than standard flexible functional forms, eg translog, the ‘almost ideal demand system’ (AIDS), generalized Leontief and minflex Laurent models. The generalized logit model was estimated using New York state level and company level data on residential consumption of electricity, natural gas and fuel oil. The demand model and money metric were combined to measure the consumer welfare effects of carbon penalties on electricity and fuels. While the application is specific, the generalized logit model of demand and the money metric measure of welfare change can encompass a wider range of applications than conventional methods of analysis.
Symbolic public goods and the coordination of collective action : a comparison of local development in India and Indonesia

Most economists think of common property as physical - a body of water, a forest - and as bounded within geographic space. In this paper, building on work in social theory, I argue that common property can also be social - defined within symbolic space. People can be bound by well-defined symbolic agglomerations that have characteristics similar to common property. I call these "symbolic public goods" (SPGs) and make the case that such constructs are central to understanding collective action. The point is illustrated by contrasting how conceptions of nationalism in Indonesia and India created SPGs that resulted in very different strategies of local development. Indonesia emphasized collective action by the poor that resulted in a form of regressive taxation, enforced by the ideology of svadaya gotong royong (community self-help) that was both internalized and coercively enforced. India emphasized democratic decentralization via the panchayat system driven by the Gandhian ideology of gram swaraj (self-reliant villages). This has resulted in an unusual equity-efficiency tradeoff; Indonesia has delivered public services more efficiently than India, but at the cost of democratic freedoms and voice. I argue that the challenge for these countries is to not undermine their existing SPGs but to build on them; Indonesia should retain the spirit of svadaya gotong royong but to channel it in an equitable and democratic direction, while India should build the capacity of the panchayat system by giving it fiscal teeth, while promoting underutilized institutions such as Gram Sabhas that encourage accountability and transparency.
Standards and conformity assessment as nontariff barriers to trade

As traditional barriers to trade have fallen, standards, technical regulations, and procedures for assessing conformity have become increasingly important as nontariff barriers to trade. But relatively little is known about the extent and nature of those barriers and even less about their quantitative impact, especially in developing countries. To facilitate trade, regional initiatives on standards and conformity assessment appear to be more promising than a multilateral approach because of the greater trust and commonality of interest at the regional level -especially with regard to mutual recognition agreements. For reasons of both efficiency and cost, developing countries should adopt the standards of their major trading partners rather than develop their own national standards. Developing countries have not been heavily involved in developing international and regional standards; they have been on the sidelines in efforts to rationalize this process. To have greater influence on the development of standards, they should take a more proactive approach to these issues in the International Organization for Standardization, the International Electrical Commission, and related regional and multilateral bodies.
Estimating the $K$ function of a point process with an application to cosmology

Motivated by the study of an important data set for understanding the large-scale structure of the universe, this work considers the estimation of the reduced second-moment function, or $K$ function, of a stationary point process on $\mathbb{R}$ observed over a large number of segments of possibly varying lengths. Theory and simulation are used to compare the behavior of isotropic and rigid motion correction estimators and some modifications of these estimators. These results generally support the use of modified versions of the rigid motion correction.When applied to a catalog of astronomical objects known as absorbers, the proposed methods confirm results from earlier analyses of the absorber catalog showing clear evidence of clustering up to $50 h^{-1}$ Mpc and marginal evidence for clustering of matter on spatial scales beyond $100 h^{-1}$ Mpc, which is beyond the distance at which clustering of matter is now generally accepted to exist.
Reforming Entrapment Doctrine in United States v. Hollingsworth

Whenever I teach the entrapment defense, I pair the last Su preme Court case on the topic?Jacobson v United States1?with the Seventh Circuit's en banc decision in United States v Hollingsworth! Chief Judge Richard A. Posner wrote the panel opinion for the 2-1 majority in Hollingsworth3 and the en banc opinion for the 6-5 major ity, in each case holding that the two defendants were entrapped as a matter of law. Chief Judge Posner interpreted Jacobson?itself a 5-4 decision?as making an unannounced but fundamental change in en trapment law that benefited the Hollingsworth defendants. Under his view, the Supreme Court redefined "predisposition" to include not only the mental element of willingness to commit an offense, but also a positional element of being functionally able to do so.4 Posner's opinions display his characteristic skill in interpretation, creatively finding space for the doctrinal change and using that space to bring, to my mind, greater rationality to entrapment doctrine. There are lively dissents written by Judges Coffey, Easterbrook, and Ripple.5 Since the Seventh Circuit's en banc decision, other circuits have strug gled with the issue but rarely resolved it;6 one imagines that the Su
STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS AND PEANUT MARKET PERFORMANCE IN SENEGAL

The impacts of Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) on social welfare are investigated using data from the Senegalese peanut sector. The findings suggest that SAP policies resulted in dramatic decreases in peanut production, undermining the profitability of the peanut processing plants as well. Overall, the Senegalese society suffered net welfare losses.
A framework for building an electronic currency system

We describe the framework for building an electronic currency system. We detail the design of the components of the electronic currency system and the relationship among them. Contrary to the previous electronic currency literature, which focus exclusively on electronic currency protocol designs, we address how to achieve both transaction atomicity and transaction anonymity at the presence of the hostile failures, which are common in an electronic currency system if the customers or the merchants are dishonest or malicious. We also propose a recovery method called redo_transaction to recover from hostile failures so that the aborted electronic currency transactions caused by the hostile failures can be forced to commit eventually. The structure of the electronic currency system is protocol-independent in the sense that those Chaum-like off-line electronic currency protocol could be incorporated into our framework.
Spray impingement on a hot surface in reacting stagnation flows

We report experimental and theoretical results concerning spray impingement on a hot wall in a laminar stagnating flow, both with and without a flat premixed flame present near the solid surface. Water droplets with diameters up to 200 μm are transported in a fuel-lean methane-air stream from a circular duct toward a stainless-steel plate. When the flame is present, it heats the wall to a temperature around 1250 K and causes the smaller droplets to disappear whereas the larger droplets cross the flame and impinge on the hot wall. Influences of the wall temperature on droplet impingement are studied by extinguishing the flame and allowing the plate to cool gradually to room temperature. Trajectories of the water droplets in the spray, illuminated by a Ar + laser, are recorded by a camera. Measurements of droplet diameter and of two components of velocity are made by a phase Doppler particle analyzer. Velocity profiles of the gas without spray are also measured with the phase Doppler particle analyzer by seeding the flow with MgO particles. The experimental results provide fundamental information on droplet vaporization in the flame, on the relationship between arrival and departure velocities of droplets striking the wall, and on the influence of wall temperature on droplet breakup. Simple theoretical models are developed to describe droplet collision dynamics at the wall and droplet trajectories in the stagnation flow. Comparisons between theory and experiment reveal how droplets respond to the flame and to the hot wall.
Context structures/versioning: a survey

Complex system descriptions, for example, a design database or an expert system’s knowledge base, will evolve over time. As these descriptions evolve, flew versions of their components are created and organized into new configurations. We introduce the terminology, give examples of how versions arise, and review some proposed mechanisms for organizing complex descriptions across time. Some issues are the granularity of changes stored, simultaneity of access to different versions, and tradeoffs between storage requirements and ability to back up.
Learning equivalence classes of bayesian-network structures

Two Bayesian-network structures are said to be equivalent if the set of distributions that can be represented with one of those structures is identical to the set of distributions that can be represented with the other. Many scoring criteria that are used to learn Bayesian-network structures from data are score equivalent; that is, these criteria do not distinguish among networks that are equivalent. In this paper, we consider using a score equivalent criterion in conjunction with a heuristic search algorithm to perform model selection or model averaging. We argue that it is often appropriate to search among equivalence classes of network structures as opposed to the more common approach of searching among individual Bayesian-network structures. We describe a convenient graphical representation for an equivalence class of structures, and introduce a set of operators that can be applied to that representation by a search algorithm to move among equivalence classes. We show that our equivalence-class operators can be scored locally, and thus share the computational efficiency of traditional operators defined for individual structures. We show experimentally that a greedy model-selection algorithm using our representation yields slightly higher-scoring structures than the traditional approach without any additional time overhead, and we argue that more sophisticated search algorithms are likely to benefit much more.
Collateral Constraints and Noisy Fluctuations

Collateral constraints on firm-level investment introduce a potentially powerful two-way feedback between the financial market and the real economy. On one hand, real economic activity forms the basis for asset dividends. On the other hand, asset prices affect collateral value, which in turn determines the ability of firms to invest. In this paper I show how this two-way feedback can generate significant expectations-driven fluctuations in asset prices and macroeconomic outcomes when information is dispersed. In particular, I study the implications of this two-way feedback within a micro-founded business-cycle economy in which agents are imperfectly, and heterogeneously, informed about the underlying economic fundamentals. I then show how tighter collateral constraints mitigate the impact of productivity shocks on equilibrium output and asset prices, but amplify the impact of "noise", by which I mean common errors in expectations. Noise can thus be an important source of asset-price volatility and business-cycle fluctuations when collateral constraints are tight.
Johnson's Differentiation Theory: Is It Really Empirically Supported?

Michael Johnson's differentiation of “types” of domestic violence has had a significant impact on courts and providers, in part because of its claim to an empirical basis. Unfortunately, the label “situational couple violence” has already been used by judges and evaluators to minimize abuse claims in custody cases. Johnson's repeated assertion that SCV is the most common form of domestic violence reinforces the marginalizing of domestic violence. But what do his data actually show? Here Professor Meier takes a close look at the research Johnson relies on and finds that it fails to prove his thesis. Rather, the data suggest that Johnson has it exactly backward: Control-based abuse is probably far more common than “situational” domestic violence.
Viewing AF-algebras as graph algebras

Every AF-algebra A arises as the C*-algebra of a locally finite pointed directed graph in the sense of Kumjian, Pask, Raeburn, and Renault. For AF-algebras, the diagonal subalgebra defined by Stratila and Voiculescu is consistent with Kumjian's notion of diagonal, and the groupoid arising from a well-chosen Bratteli diagram for A coincides with Kumjian's twist groupoid constructed from a diagonal of A.
Synthesis of chemokines by native chemical ligation.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the native chemical ligation technique focusing on its application to the synthesis of chemokines. Native chemical ligation allows two completely unprotected peptides to be joined through formation of a native peptide bond at the ligation site. The ligation is initiated by a chemoselective reaction between the N-terminal cysteine thiol of one peptide and a thioester functionality at the C-terminal residue of a second peptide. Exchange of the peptide thioester with the thiol side chain gives a thioester-linked intermediate as the initial covalent product. Chemokines are especially well suited for synthesis by native chemical ligation. Chemokines are 70- to 80-amino acid proteins with two disulfide bonds that are separated into two families based on the relative positions of the first two cysteine residues. These cysteines are either separated by one amino acid (α family) or are adjacent (β family). The third cysteine in both families is located roughly in the middle of the sequence; in interleukin-8, for example, it is located at residue 34 out of a total of 72 amino acids. Because of its central location, this cysteine can be utilized in native chemical ligation.
Lord, Frederic Mather

This article has no abstract. Keywords: item response theory; classical test theory; computer-adaptive testing; test theory
A Survey on the Cross-Layer Design for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks

Small low-cost multimedia sensors ubiquitously capture and transmit multimedia information from fields to central stations in support of applications. However, Multimedia sensors in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs), have limited resources in terms of their computational capability, memory capability, bandwidth, and battery power, which hinder a wide application of WMSNs. The challenges, issues and solutions in WMSNs regarding QoS, energy efficiency and security have been recently studied. It is highly desirable to incorporate the characteristics of multimedia and information security at the application layer into adaptation and optimization at lower layers in a cross-layer approach. In this paper, we conducted a survey on the recent development of the cross-layer design in WMSNs. Based on our studies, we concluded that that cross-layer approaches are promising solutions and can efficiently support future multimedia application in WMSNs.
Introduction to Gauge Theories and Unification

The theories which we will study in these lectures are supposed to describe fundamental processes at extremely high energies. Consequently, these theories will be relativistic theories invariant under Lorentz transformations. Let me, therefore, begin by establishing some notation which I will be using throughout the lectures.
New Source of CP Violation in B Physics

In this talk we discuss how the down type left-right squark mixing in Supersymmetry can induce a new source of CP violation in the time dependent asymmtries in B --> phi K process. We use QCD improved factorization process to calculate the hadronic matrix element for the process and find the allowed parameter space for $\rho $ and $\phi $, the magnitude and phase of the down type LR(RL) squark mixing parameter $\delta^{bs}_{LR(RL)}$. In the same allowed regin we calculate the expected CP asymmtries in the $B \to \phi K^{*}$ process.
A Murnaghan-Nakayama rule for noncommutative Schur functions

We prove a Murnaghan-Nakayama rule for noncommutative Schur functions introduced by Bessenrodt, Luoto and van Willigenburg. In other words, we give an explicit combinatorial formula for expanding the product of a noncommutative power sum symmetric function and a noncommutative Schur function in terms of noncommutative Schur functions. In direct analogy to the classical Murnaghan-Nakayama rule, the summands are computed using a noncommutative analogue of border strips, and have coefficientsź ź 1 determined by the height of these border strips. The rule is proved by interpreting the noncommutative Pieri rules for noncommutative Schur functions in terms of box-adding operators on compositions.