cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic and Other Factors Influencing Depression: A Comparison of Black and White Mothers

This study uses the theoretical framework proposed by Jones and Ford (2008) to examine the differential impact of psychosocial factors previously found to influence depression among mothers. The factors examined include race, education, income, and a child's behavior problems, as well as psychosocial factors such as substance abuse and criminality. The study analyzes a sample of 2,449 African-American and white mothers. Results indicate that race, education, income, drug use, and child behavior problems were significantly associated with maternal depression. Results also reveal significantly lower depression scores for African-American compared with white mothers, after controlling for all other statistically significant variables. In addition, increased income was more strongly associated with lower depression among white mothers than African-American mothers. Implications for practice include the need to assess and treat for the effects of the psychosocial factors of discrimination and race-based trauma...
Smoking and personality: a methodological analysis.

Abstract After a careful examination of the literature, we have concluded that few studies meet minimum standards of adequacy. The studies on smoking and personality typically suffer from the following inadequacies: 1. 1. Subject variables . Little attention is paid to the fact that important differences exist in smoking behavior as a function of age, socio-economic status, family smoking habits, occupation, and religion. 2. 2. Measurement of smoking behavior . When classified according to smoking behavior, various studies not only use different criteria but also make use of what appears to be illogical criteria. 3. 3. Independent variables . Scores on personality tests are frequently used as the independent variable. However, little or no attention—and worse yet, mere lip service—might be paid to such things as (a) defensiveness, (b) the unavailability of norms that are adequate for the various age, sex, and socio-economic groups, (c) the effects of different administrations and settings on the tests, and (d) the validity and reliability of the tests that are used. 4. 4. Statistical evaluation . Statistical analyses have been performed (typically, t -tests are used) without taking into consideration the fact that a number of the independent variables are significantly intercorrelated, and that each may actually represent a somewhat different way of measuring the very same variable. Also, large numbers of tests of significance may be made and no mention of this fact is found. Instead, the significant findings alone may be detailed. 5. 5. Derivation of hypotheses . Hypotheses are not derived from theoretical formulations, and little attention is paid to the data that are available in other areas, e.g. child and adolescent development, sociology, group dynamics. However, there are a few exceptions, notably the use of psychoanalytic formulations. A few authors have attempted to utilize psychoanalytic constructs and to explain smoking behavior as a function of them [30, 31]. Here, though, we have serious questions about the meaningfulness of an independent variable that is studied in retrospect. There is little ground to assume that the reports about the behavior of parents are accurate ones, and we have little faith in the assumption that fantasy reports are as useful as veridical ones [30]. Thus, it is clear that little experimental expertise is reflected in the work on smoking and personality. While the more recent studies [32, 33] appear to be more sophisticated, there is room for much improvement.
Transcription analysis and nucleotide sequence of tox promoter/operator mutants of corynebacteriophage β

Abstract The production of diphtheria toxin (DT) by Corynebacterium diphtheriae C7(β) is transcriptionally regulated by the iron-dependent diphtheria toxin repressor, DtxR. Transcription of the tox gene was studied in wild-type C. diphtheriae C7(β) and in lysogens carrying mutants of β that determine insensitivity to inhibition of DT production by iron. Under low iron conditions in all strains, tox-specific mRNA appeared and DT production began during late-log phase, and they increased to maximal levels at stationary phase. Under high iron conditions, tox-specific mRNA and DT production were strongly repressed in C7(β) but only partially repressed in C7(βtox-202) and C7(βtox-201). Under high and low iron conditions, DT production and tox-specific mRNA levels were greater in C7(βtox-201) and C7(βtox-202) than in wild-type C7(β). Addition of iron or rifampicin to low iron cultures of C. diphtheriae C7(β) repressed tox-mRNA production promptly and with a similar time course. In contrast, repression of tox-mRNA synthesis in C. diphtheriae C7(βtox-201) occurred promptly after addition of rifampicin but more slowly after addition of iron. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed single G to A mutations at positions −47 and −48, within the preferred ‘−10’ sequence of the tox promoter, in βtox-201 and βtox-202, respectively. The single nucleotide substitutions in the tox-201 and tox-202 regulatory alleles, therefore, have pleiotropic effects, causing increased activity of the promoter and partial resistance of the operator to iron-dependent repression.
Social reality makes the social mind: Self-fulfilling prophecy, stereotypes, bias, and accuracy

This paper contests social psychology’s emphasis on the biased, erroneous, and constructed nature of social cognition by: (1) showing how the extent of bias and error in classic research is overstated; (2) summarizing research regarding the accuracy of social beliefs; and (3) describing how social stereotypes sometimes improve person perception accuracy. A Goodness of Judgment Index is also presented to extract evidence regarding accuracy from research focusing on bias. We conclude that accuracy is necessary for understanding social cognition.
Light intensity and splitting in the golden hamster

Hamster circadian activity rhythms split into two components during prolonged exposure to conditions of constant light (LL). Several aspects of this phenomenon were examined in this study. The frequency of splitting was significantly greater among animals exposed to LL of 100 lux intensity (LL100) compared with animals in LL10. Animals that split had significantly longer free-running periods (tau) compared to nonsplitters and the decrease in tau associated with splitting was highly correlated with the presplit tau. Splitting was also observed under continuous dim light which fluctuated rhythmically from 5-10 lux. Thus, splitting of the circadian rhythm of activity is positively correlated with LL intensity with an LL intensity threshold for the induction of splitting in the range of 3-5 lux.
Design of a target system for producing clinically useful quantities of oxygen-15 using an electron linear accelerator

The nuclear medicine uses of short-lived positron emitters, such as /sup 15/O and /sup 11/C, rely primarily on the cyclotron production of these radionuclides. This paper presents an alternate approach to production of /sup 15/O by the use of photonuclear reactions on /sup 16/O, using bremsstrahlung radiation produced by an electron linear accelerator. Methods are described which produce useable quantities of relatively high specific activity /sup 15/O (25.1 mCi/4 min at 27.9 Ci/g), using a reboiling H/sub 2/O target, with an electron linear accelerator having an electron beam energy of 26 MeV and a beam current of 100 ..mu..A. Results of this target system are compared to those of a target system developed recently by other investigators.
Direct total and free testosterone measurement by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry across two different platforms.

Abstract Objectives To develop and validate liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) methods for the direct measurement of total and free testosterone in patient samples on two different analytical systems. Design and methods An API 4000 and 5000 triple quadropoles were used and compared; the former is reported to be 3–5 times less sensitive, as was used to set the quantitation limits. Free testosterone was separated from the protein-bound fraction by equilibrium dialysis followed by derivatization. Either free or total testosterone, and a deuterated internal standard (d 3 -testosterone) were extracted by liquid–liquid extraction. The validation results were compared to two different clinical laboratories. Results The use of d 2 -testosterone was found to be unacceptable for our method. The total testosterone LC–MS/MS methods on both systems were linear over a wide concentration range of 1.5–2000 ng/dL. Free testosterone was measured directly using equilibrium dialysis coupled LC–MS/MS and linear over the concentration range of 2.5–2500 pg/mL. Good correlation (total testosterone, R 2 = 0.96; free testosterone, R 2 = 0.98) was observed between our LC–MS/MS systems and comparator laboratory. However, differences in absolute values for both free and total testosterone measurements were observed while a comparison to a second published LC–MS/MS method showed excellent correlation. Free and total testosterone measurements correlated well with clinical observations. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first published validation of free and total testosterone methods across two analytical systems of different analytical sensitivities. A less sensitive system does not sacrifice analytical or clinical sensitivity to directly measure free and total testosterone in patient samples.
A study of barium strontium titanate thin films for use in bypass capacitors

Physical and electrical characterization techniques have been applied to the problem of developing a lower temperature process for spin-on Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3 thin films and capacitors compatible with on-chip aluminum metallization. The films were prepared by spin-coating from carboxylate precursors and were processed at temperatures between 650 °C and 450 °C. Capacitors annealed at higher temperatures have a dielectric constant (κ) of 382, a C/A of 20 fF/μm2, and a leakage current density of 2 × 10−7 A/cm2 at 3.3 V. Those processed at 450 °C show occasionally promising but inconsistent results, correlated using TEM images with locally variable crystallization into the perovskite phase. The kinetics of the spin-on solution chemical decomposition and crystallization has been investigated through the use of x-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Raman spectroscopy.
Extended anterior craniofacial resection for intracranial extension of malignant tumors

objective To review our experience with anterior craniofacial resection for malignant neoplasms with intracranial extension. Survival was analyzed in terms of presence of intracranial extension, extent of intradural disease, tumor histology, and histological status of margins. patients In a retrospective review made at a tertiary cancer facility, 26 of the 115 consecutive patients undergoing craniofacial resection for malignant lesions of the anterior skull base had intracranial extension, defined as durai and/or brain extension. Survival was evaluated with the Kaplan-Meier product limit method, and comparisons between individual subgroups were performed using the log-rank test. results Patients with intradural extension have a statistically worse disease-specific survival than patients without intracranial extension ( P = 0.05). Surgical margins and tumor histology impact on survival. The incidence of local complications was 42% and of systemic complications, 8%. conclusion Anterior craniofacial resection is indicated for patients with resectable disease. The complication rate is comparable with that of patients without intracranial extension. Gross total resection with histologically negative margins portends a better prognosis. Esthesioneuroblastoma has a better prognosis than other tumor types.
How Does the W434F Mutation Block Current in Shaker Potassium Channels

The mutation W434F produces an apparently complete block of potassium current in Shaker channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Tandem tetrameric constructs containing one or two subunits with this mutation showed rapid inactivation, although the NH2-terminal inactivation domain was absent from these constructs. The inactivation showed a selective dependence on external cations and was slowed by external TEA; these properties are characteristic of C-type inactivation. Inactivation was, however, incompletely relieved by hyperpolarization, suggesting the presence of a voltage-independent component. The hybrid channels had near-normal conductance and ion selectivity. Single-channel recordings from patches containing many W434F channels showed occasional channel openings, consistent with open probabilities of 10−5 or less. We conclude that the W434F mutation produces a channel that is predominantly found in an inactivated state.
Perioperative Management of the Fontan Operation in an Adolescent With a Single Lung

The Fontan operation is performed to correct complex cardiac malformations characterized by single ventricle physiology. Following the procedure, the systemic venous blood flows directly into the lungs without passing through the single ventricle. Consequently, the Fontan circulation requires passive venous flow to the lungs, making it imperative for the pulmonary vascular resistance to be kept low in order to maintain adequate pulmonary blood flow and cardiac output. Given that the pulmonary circulation is important for a successful Fontan physiology, it would be intuitive that a single lung Fontan operation would do poorly because of the major loss in pulmonary vascular bed and the subsequent increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. The authors present a 14-year-old adolescent who was born with tricuspid atresia, pulmonary atresia, and right ventricular hypoplasia who underwent a successful Fontan operation into a single right lung, the left pulmonary artery being hypoplastic and disconnected from the...
c-MET Mutational Analysis in Small Cell Lung Cancer Novel Juxtamembrane Domain Mutations Regulating Cytoskeletal Functions

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive cancer, and most patients present with cancer already spread beyond the lung. The receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) c-MET has been implicated in various solid tumors, including SCLC, and is involved in mediating tumorigenesis, cell motility, scattering, invasion and metastasis. Mutations of c-Met have been described in renal papillary carcinoma and gastrointestinal cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma. The sequence of c-MET was examined for possible mutations in the 10 SCLC cell lines and 32 paired-SCLC/normal tissues. Novel c-MET alterations were identified among 3 of 10 separate SCLC cell lines and in 4 of 32 SCLC tumor tissue samples. These include two different c-MET missense mutations in the juxtamembrane (JM) domain (R988C found in NCI-H69 and H249 cell lines; and T1010I in SCLC tumor sample T31). Also, there are one Sema domain missense mutation (E168D in SCLC tumor sample T5), two-base-pair insertional mutations (IVS13- (52–53)insCT in both SCLC tumor samples T26 and T27) within the pre-JM intron 13, as well as an alternative transcript involving exon 10 (H128 cell line). c-MET receptors are expressed at various levels among the 10 SCLC cell lines studied (high expression: H69, H345, H510, and H526; medium-expression: H128 and H146; and low/no-expression: H82, H209, H249, and H446). The level of c-MET expression does not have any apparent correlation with presence or absence of mutations of c-MET in the cell lines. We show that the two identified JM mutations (R988C and T1010I), when introduced into the interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent BaF3 cell line, regulated cell proliferation resulting in a small but significant growth factor independence. When introduced into a SCLC cell line (H446, with minimal endogenous wild-type c-MET expression), the JM mutations also regulated cell morphology and adhesion, as well as causing enhanced tumorigenicity by both increases in focus-formation and soft-agar colony-formation assays. Both of the JM mutations also increased cell motility and migration evident in wound healing assay and time-lapse video-microscopy speed analysis. The JM mutations also altered the c-MET RTK signaling, resulting in preferentially increased constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation of various cellular proteins, including the key focal adhesion protein paxillin on tyrosine residue Y31 (first CRKL-binding site), correlating with increased motility. These results suggest a novel and unique role of the JM domain in c-MET signaling in SCLC with significant implications in cytoskeletal functions and metastatic potential. The novel JM gain-of-function somatic mutations described are the first to be reported in SCLC, and may be associated with a more aggressive phenotype. It would now be useful to study the inhibition of c-MET as a therapeutic target against SCLC.
Cardiac Tamponade in an Adolescent Female: an Unusual Manifestation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) af fects approximately 0.6 children per 100, 000.1 The disease is extremely rare in children under 5 years of age and is diagnosed predominantly in adolescent females.2 Children tend to present with more severe multisystem involvement than adults.2,3 Pericarditis occurs in approximately 25 % of patients with SLE in all age groups. 2 Progression to tamponade is extremely uncommon in the pediatric population.2,4 In the current report, an adolescent girl is diagnosed with SLE after presenting with signs and symptoms consistent with cardiac tamponade. A review of other pediatric patients with a similar presentation is also included. 5,6
Why Are the Climatological Zonal Winds Easterly in the Equatorial Upper Troposphere

Abstract Using 16 years of NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data on the 200-mb surface, it is shown that in the deep Tropics, the horizontal transient eddy momentum flux accelerates the zonal mean zonal wind. This acceleration is mainly due to transient eddies of intraannual and interannual timescales, and to those associated with the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). The interannual timescale eddy fluxes are dominated by eastward-propagating disturbances with zonal wavenumber 2 and a period of 2–4 yr, suggesting that these eddy fluxes may be tied to the El Nino–Southern Oscillation. In the deep Tropics, the single most important factor that decelerates the zonal mean zonal wind is the horizontal momentum flux divergence due to the transient meridional circulation associated with seasonal cycle of the Hadley cells. The deceleration by the transient meridional circulation is much greater than the acceleration due to the transient eddies. This result indicates that a nonzero obliquity of the earth is crucial for maintai...
Q-compensated reverse-time migration

Reduced amplitude and distorted dispersion of seismic waves caused by attenuation, especially strong attenuation, always degrades the resolution of migrated images. To improve image resolution, we evaluated a methodology of compensating for attenuation (∼1∕Q) effects in reverse-time migration (Q-RTM). The Q-RTM approach worked by mitigating the amplitude attenuation and phase dispersion effects in source and receiver wavefields. Source and receiver wavefields were extrapolated using a previously published time-domain viscoacoustic wave equation that offered separated amplitude attenuation and phase dispersion operators. In our Q-RTM implementation, therefore, attenuation- and dispersion-compensated operators were constructed by reversing the sign of attenuation operator and leaving the sign of dispersion operator unchanged, respectively. Further, we designed a low-pass filter for attenuation and dispersion operators to stabilize the compensating procedure. Finally, we tested the Q-RTM approach on a simple layer model and the more realistic BP gas chimney model. Numerical results demonstrated that the Q-RTM approach produced higher resolution images with improved amplitude and phase compared to the noncompensated RTM, particularly beneath high-attenuation zones.
The 5' region of the COX4 gene contains a novel overlapping gene, NOC4.

We identified a novel human gene, NOC4 (Neighbor Of COX4), located 58 to COX4, the gene for cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV, on Chr16q32-ter. Transcripts from this gene were iden- tified among human expressed sequence tags. A full-length, 1.06- kb human retinal NOC4 cDNA encoded a 24-kDa, 210-amino acid hypothetical protein of unknown function. Northern hybridization analysis of human RNAs from various tissues detected NOC4 transcripts of 2.2 and 1.4 kb in all tissues examined, suggesting that NOC4 expression is ubiquitous. Transcription of both the COX4 and NOC4 genes initiates within a 250-bp intergenic pro- moter and occurs in opposite directions. The bidirectional pro- moter is G + C-rich, lacks TATA and CCAAT elements, and con- tains multiple potential binding sites for Sp1 and NRF-2/GABP. Two of the NRF-2/GABP sites are located within 14-bp direct repeats, a conserved feature of mammalian COX4 promoters. The NOC4 and COX4 genes are also linked in the rat, mouse, and bovine genomes. A NOC4-GFP fusion protein is located in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm, including the mitochondria.
Expression of Hepatitis C Virus Core Protein in Hepatocytes Does Not Modulate Proliferation or Apoptosis of CD8+ T Cells

Hepatocytes are the primary targets of the hepatitis C virus (HCV). While immunosuppressive roles of HCV core protein have been found in several studies, it remains uncertain whether core protein expressed in hepatocytes rather than in immune cells affects the CD8+ T cell response. In order to transduce genes selectively into hepatocytes, we developed a baculoviral vector system that enabled primary hepatocytes to express a target epitope for CD8+ T cells, derived from ovalbumin (OVA), with or without HCV core protein. Culture of OVA-specific CD8+ T cells with hepatocytes infected with these baculoviral vectors revealed that core protein has no effect on proliferation or apoptosis of CD8+ T cells. Our results suggest that HCV core protein does not exert its suppressive role on the CD8+ T cell immune response through expression in hepatocytes.
The scalable hyperlink store

This paper describes the Scalable Hyperlink Store, a distributed in-memory "database" for storing large portions of the web graph. SHS is an enabler for research on structural properties of the web graph as well as new link-based ranking algorithms. Previous work on specialized hyperlink databases focused on finding efficient compression algorithms for web graphs. By contrast, this work focuses on the systems issues of building such a database. Specifically, it describes how to build a hyperlink database that is fast, scalable, fault-tolerant, and incrementally updateable.
Activity, passivity, self-denigration, and self-promotion: toward an interactionist model of interpersonal dependency.

Although dependency in adults is inextricably linked with passivity and submissiveness in the minds of many theoreticians, clinicians, and researchers, evidence has accumulated which suggests that in certain situations, dependency is actually associated with high levels of activity and assertiveness. Three experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that when a dependent person is concerned primarily with getting along with a peer, he or she will “self-denigrate” (i.e., will utilize strategies that ensure that a peer will be evaluated more positively than he or she is on a laboratory task), but when a dependent person is concerned primarily with pleasing an authority figure, he or she will “self-promote” (i.e., will adopt strategies that increase the likelihood that he or she will be evaluated more positively than a peer on a laboratory task). This hypothesis was supported in all three experiments. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed, and an interactionist model of interpersonal dependency is briefly described.
Safety Signals from Adverse Drug Experience Reports at FDA: Part II

This paper describes how signals are generated from postmarketing adverse drug experience reports at FDA. This is a companion paper to “The Evaluation of Postmarketing Adverse Drug Experience Reports at FDA: Part I,” which described the development of the computerized database and processing of reports, and the clinical review of individual reports. This paper follows with a description of the way signals are generated from various sources, including individual adverse drug experience (ADE) reports in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) spontaneous reporting system (SRS).
Characterization of the Grain-Boundary Character and Energy Distributions of Yttria Using Automated Serial Sectioning and EBSD in the FIB

A dual-beam focused ion beam scanning electron microscope was used to collect a series of parallel electron backscatter diffraction maps of polycrystalline yttria. Using characteristics of the triple junctions, the individual layers were aligned and the geometries of the grain-boundary planes between the layers were determined. This information was used to calculate the five-parameter grain-boundary character distribution (GBCD) and grain-boundary energy distribution (GBED). The GBCD derived from the three-dimensional data was qualitatively the same as that derived from a stereological analysis of the same data. The anisotropy in the GBCD of yttria is relatively weak compared with other ceramics and is inversely correlated to the GBED.
Microwave‐Assisted Combustion Synthesis of Tantalum Nitride in a Fluidized Bed

Combustion synthesis experiments in a fluidized bed have been conducted using nitrogen as the fluidizing gas for the formation of transition-metal nitrides that are potential replacements for traditional hydrodenitrogenation and hydrodesulfurization catalysts. The microwave-assisted ignition of reaction has been investigated for its potential to produce nitride overlayers on two different sizes of tantalum particle substrates. Various characterization techniques—X-ray diffractometry, energy dispersive spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy—have been used to study the presence of nitride overlayers. The results indicate that microwave assistance can permit controlled formation of tantalum nitride (Ta2N) overlayers.
Impact of including readmissions for qualifying events in the patient safety indicators.

The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Patient Safety Indicators (PSIs) do not capture complications arising after discharge. This study sought to quantify the bias related to omission of readmissions for PSI-qualifying conditions. Using 2000-2009 California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development Patient Discharge Data, the study team examined the change in PSI rates when including readmissions in the numerator, hospitals performing in the extreme deciles, and longitudinal performance. Including 7-day readmissions resulted in a 0.3% to 8.9% increase in average hospital PSI rates. Hospital PSI rates with and without PSI-qualifying 30-day readmissions were highly correlated for point estimates and within-hospital longitudinal change. Most hospitals remained in the same relative performance decile. Longer length of stay, public payer, and discharge to skilled nursing facilities were associated with a higher risk of readmission for a PSI-qualifying event. Failure to include readmissions i...
Computer‐Assisted Language Learning Trends and Issues Revisited: Integrating Innovation

This update to Garrett (1991) , “Technology in the Service of Language Learning: Trends and Issues,” explores current uses of technology to facilitate the teaching and assessment of second languages. In this article, I discuss the changes that have taken place over the last 18 years regarding selected topics from the 1991 article, including the relationship between pedagogy, theory, and technology, physical infrastructure, efficacy, copyright concerns, categories of software (e.g., tutorial, authentic materials engagement, communication uses of technology), and evaluation. I then explore the most challenging issues facing computer-assisted language learning (CALL) scholarship and practice today, that is, new demands in language education (based on the conclusions of the 2007 report of the Modern Language Association and Jackson & Malone, 2009 ), the need to rethink grammar instruction, online learning, social computing, teacher training and professional development, and CALL research. Like the original 1991 article, this work contains an appendix with links to information resources for CALL research and practice. I conclude by saying that new initiatives are needed to promote the use of technology for research on CALL and for facilitating second language acquisition, such as support for institutional language centers, streamlining of the work of professional organizations dedicated to CALL, and the establishment of a national CALL center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
The Effects of Reflective Activities on Skill Adaptation in a Work-Related Instrumental Learning Setting.

In work-related instrumental learning contexts, the role of reflective activities is unclear. Kolb’s experiential learning theory and Mezirow’s transformative learning theory predict skill adaptation as an outcome. This prediction was tested by manipulating reflective activities and assessing participants’ response and error rates during novel applications of an instrumentally learned skill (skill adaptation). Participants were randomly assigned to three conditions (interference, reflection, or critical reflection) according to blocking variables: gender, age, and reflective propensity. Participants then completed behavioral skills training with embedded reflective activities. Afterward, participants completed a novel application task. Analyses of variance did not reveal differences in response or error rates among conditions or an interaction between reflective activity and reflective propensity on response rate. An interaction was found between reflective activity and reflective propensity on error rate...
Tactical information sharing: A wearable one-way transfer (WOWT) device

In the lower echelon tactical environment, Situational Awareness (SA) information must be passed up the chain of command from squad-level infantry to platoon networks. The challenge is that the squad-level infantry networks typically operate at lower classification levels than the platoon command and control (C2) networks, which need information sent from below. A wearable one-way transfer (WOWT) device allows formatted position location information (PLI) to flow from an unclassified tactical radio network up to a classified C2 network. This device is designed to be worn by the squad or platoon leaders so the PLI data received from their troops can be transmitted via their classified radio to the C2 network. The MITRE team analyzed applicable information assurance (IA) policies and technical issues to create an affordable, Small Form Factor approach to move data from an unclassified radio network directly to a classified radio network without placing the secure network at risk. Recent MITRE work has focused on the evaluation of commercial technology for application to the dismounted soldier. This work includes the prototyping and testing of affordable ultra high frequency (UHF) radio networks capable of providing Type III secure voice and SA data to the members of a dismounted infantry squad, such as a WOWT device to forward the squad-level SA up (one way only) to a classified platoon radio network. MITRE analyzed applicable IA policies and technical issues to create an affordable approach to move data from an unclassified radio network directly to a classified radio network without putting the secure network at risk. This approach meets the full intent of IA policies and requirements, but at lower size, power, and cost than cross domain solutions (CDSs). We believe this device has immediate application to both the Army and Marine Corps, which have already fielded commercial APCO 25 radios for secure unclassified voice applications. Fielding an interim WOWT device will leverage the investments already made in these UHF APCO 25 radios and serve as an interim gap-filler until the Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS), the Ground Soldier System (GSS) networks, and the CDSs become available. It will also provide an architecture capable of feeding Secret platoon SA with unclassified squad-level SA. Finally, it will provide dismounted forces the opportunity to experiment with this new capability years before the Programs of Record will become available.
Source-synchronous testing of multilane PCI Express and HyperTransport buses

This article presents a modular approach for testing multigigahertz, multilane digital devices with source-synchronous I/O buses. This approach is suitable for integration with existing ATE and can provide more than 100 independent differential-pair signals. We describe a specific application with 32 lanes of PCI Express, running at 2.5 gigabits per second (Gbps) per lane, and 32 data channels of HyperTransport, at 1.6 Gbps per channel. The differential source-synchronous nature of these buses presents difficulties for traditional (single-ended, synchronous) ATE. We solve these problems by using true-differential driver and receiver test modules tailored for the specific I/O protocols. We satisfy a further requirement for jitter tolerance testing by incorporating a novel digitally synthesized jitter injection technique in the driver modules. The modular nature of our approach permits customization of the test system hardware and optimization for specific DUT test requirements.
Flextensional barium strontium titanate actuators

This paper describes the performance of the cymbal flextensional transducer using Dy-doped barium strontium titanate (BST) as the driver material. BST was first characterized for its dielectric and loss behavior as a function of temperature and electrical bias field. With no electrical bias, the transition temperature was measured to be near 20°C and have a dielectric constant >20 000. The strain of a BST disk was then measured and compared with other ceramics. At room temperature the strain and average effective piezoelectric d 33 of this non-lead composition was slightly larger than Navy type I lead zirconate titanate (PZT-4) ceramic. The strain/field behavior was also measured as a function of temperature. Cymbal capped BST ceramic was found to have an amplified displacement of 28x, also very similar to type I ceramic. The stiffness of BST was found to be tunable by dc voltage and 2 to 3 times larger than that of PZT. This material has promise for applications in actuators and transducers with large generative force.
Frontiers in nephrology: viewing the kidney through the heart--endothelial dysfunction in chronic kidney disease.

“Intestinal appendix! Kidney!” he said to himself, “It's not a question of the appendix, not a question of the kidney, but a question of life and…death.” —Leo Tolstoy, The Death of Ivan Ilyitch Angina pectoris was first described by William Heberden in 1772, but the pathology of the
Design of Parallel Inverters for Smooth Mode Transfer Microgrid Applications

In this paper, a microgrid architecture comprised of parallel inverters, critical loads, and CAN communication is studied. The controller designs in both grid-tie and islanding modes for the designed MG system are described. How to distribute the currents among paralleled inverters with CAN bus as communication interface is addressed. The mode transfer tests are conducted with an inverter-simulated grid to define the proper transfer procedures. Experimental results show that the inverter can work properly in different basic microgrid operation modes. With current sharing scheme, the output current is equally shared among different inverters without noticeable circulating current. Both the simulation and experimental results of mode transfer show that the inverter can switch between grid-tie and islanding modes smoothly, which indicates that the proposed mode transfer procedure is capable of minimizing the transients during mode transfer.
A Life in Relation to the Broader Stroke of Education

Beginning a worldwide conversation with this first book in the new series on Environmental Discourses in Science Education is paramount for the encroaching cultural, community and environmental turbulence. This turbulence has been described by the growing needs of populations of people worldwide who depend on fewer agricultural and natural resources and the mounting environmental challenges of climate change. Facing science education in and for turbulent times, Ken Tobin (2014) writes: “The wellbeing of citizens is at stake because of events like these occurring globally, almost every day. Science affords us hearing about and learning from such events, and inevitably knowledge of science and technology are needed to understand what is happening and for others to solve the problems” (p. 293). He goes on to say that science is a “power discourse” that emphasizes disciplinary science within school settings. According to Tobin, “It is important that science educators expand the goals of science education to include science in everyday life and afford opportunities for continuous science learning including the years after compulsory schooling” (p. 298). Indeed many people never go to school and yet possess the traditional knowledge of local places that comes from living in a community that has breathed education for thousands of years. Most people, even formally educated individuals, do not recognize when they are using the science generally learned in the schools and colleges. It is not a knee-jerk reaction to think “huh, I just used science in my life”. But for many Aboriginal, indigenous, and other peoples worldwide who use traditional knowledge and skills, cultural language and ceremonies, and rely on the place-centered narratives, what might be described as science is a way of life and cannot be separated from the natural world.
Displays and decisions: the chicken or the egg? the influence of displays on the decision making process

Motivation - The goal is to encourage discussion on the philosophical approach to studying decision making. Research approach - A full design cycle included cognitive task analysis (CTA), display design, analysis of alternatives, and redesign. Findings - The visualizations influenced the decision process and the courses of action. Research Implications - This example illustrates an interesting question regarding decision making for envisioned problems and whether the designers should start by understanding how future operators are likely to think about the problem or by designing alternatives and studying their impact on decision making and course of action selection. Originality/Value - Multiple phases of a naturalistic design process are discussed as well as the impact of those displays on decision strategies. Take away message - Even when the design process starts with a CTA, it is important to examine how different ways of presenting or interacting with data effect how operators think about the task and take action.
Innovation, Growth, and Inequality: Plausible Scenarios of Wage Disparities in a World with Nanotechnologies

Walter Valdivia provides another economic analysis of the patterns nanotechnology is weaving. Although much growth theory neglects distributional issues, one version considers the income dynamics connected to the diffusion of a new general purpose technology (GPT). A GPT is a technology that causes widespread change because it radically affects the productivity of many other technologies. Because nanotechnology research is so pervasive in the sciences and engineering, many observers are working with the assumption that it will be as important a GPT as computing technology. Using a model proposed by Philippe Aghion to explain the relationship between skill and the diffusion of a GPT, Valdivia analyzes ways wage inequality might appear in several possible paths for the development of nanotechnologies.
Synthetically Modified Viral Capsids as Versatile Carriers for Use in Antibody-Based Cell Targeting

The present study describes an efficient and reliable method for the preparation of MS2 viral capsids that are synthetically modified with antibodies using a rapid oxidative coupling strategy. The overall protocol delivers conjugates in high yields and recoveries, requires a minimal excess of antibody to achieve modification of more than 95% of capsids, and can be completed in a short period of time. Antibody–capsid conjugates targeting extracellular receptors on human breast cancer cell lines were prepared and characterized. Notably, conjugation to the capsid did not significantly perturb the binding of the antibodies, as indicated by binding affinities similar to those obtained for the parent antibodies. An array of conjugates was synthesized with various reporters on the interior surface of the capsids to be used in cell studies, including fluorescence-based flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and mass cytometry. The results of these studies lay the foundation for further exploration of these construc...
Arms Control

This paper reviews some of the proposals for arms control which have been in the past. It is shown that although some progress has been made in indicating means for reducing the effects of some of the peripheral causes of war, no plausible solution has yet been discovered for the central problem. Even the definition of the objectives which should be set for an arms control process is obscure. A brief review of the statistical incidence of war by magnitude and severity indicates that the trend to large wars of increasing severity has existed for almost a hundred years, culminating in the availability of nuclear weapons. A recognition of the possible consequences of this trend, intensified by the knowledge of the capabilities of nuclear weapons, has produced the current growing effort to understand the problem and to find acceptable arms controls.
Analysis of Randomness in Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes through Atomistic Simulation

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have generated intense interest in the research community owing in part to their extraordinary mechanical properties. Nevertheless, experiment data on CNT mechanical properties exhibit significant variability. At least a part of these variabilities is due to the randomly occurring and randomly evolving defects on these small-scale structures. It is well docume nted that defects such as vacancies, pentagons, heptagons, Stone-Wales (SW) pairs, heterogeneous atoms etc. are commonly present in the nanotube structure. This paper studies the role of spatial randomness of defects (vacancies and SW pairs) in the randomness associated with three mechanical properties (stiffness, ultimate strength and ductility) of single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) with the help of atomistic simulation. Two SWNT configurations – a (6,6) armchair and a (10, 0) zigzag – with aspect ratio around 6 are chosen and displacement controlled loading at the end of the tubes is applied. A modified Morse potential is adopted to model the interatomic forces. The randomness in mechanical behavior resulting only from initial velocity distribution was found to be insignificant at room temperature. Statistics of stiffness, ultimate strength and ultimate strain of the tubes as a function of defect density were determined. Cumulative damage growth in SWNTs under cyclic loading at high temperature was also investigated.
On the role of meridional circulations in the kinetic energy budget of the northern Hemisphere

The kinetic energy budget of the troposphere between equator and 60°N is studied on the basis of climatic mean data for the winter and summer seasons. The intense Hadley circulation during winter is an important producer of kinetic energy. Kinetic energy generation within the domain of the Hadley cell exceeds the local frictional dissipation by about 20·1020 erg·sec−1. Transient eddy mechanisms are mainly responsible for the export from the northern portion of the Hadley cell poleward. The strong frictional dissipation within the extratropical cap and the energy consumption within the (indirect) Ferrel circulation are for about one third met by import across 30°N; about two-thirds of the local depletion appear to be supplied by kinetic energy generation associated with transient eddies, while the effect of standing eddies is found unimportant. Summer conditions are characterized by greatly decreased generation and dissipation rates; imports from the domaine of the Hadley cell become less important for the mainteance of circulation in the extratropical cap.
A Simplified Constitutive Model for Simulating the Rate- Dependent Superelastic Shape Memory Alloys in Fast Loadings

For modeling the rate-dependent stress-strain relationship in superelastic response of shape memory alloys (SMAs), the thermal balance equation which contains the heat production associated with both the thermo-mechanical coupling and dissipative mechanical processes should be solved in conjunction with the nonlinear stress-strain relation with rateindependent martensite fraction evolutionary equation. On the other hand, solving this set of coupled equations in a three dimensional space is extremely complicated. In this study, the effect of latent head produced during phase transformation on the stress-strain relationship is considered by adding a new term to the evolution equation and also considering the critical phase transformation stresses as rate dependent parameters. All the equations are in general form for modeling the three dimensional material’s response. Experimental results for a uniaxial loading-unloading cycle in different rates are used for calibrating the new added material properties.
Rates of metallothionein synthesis, degradation and accretion in a chicken macrophage cell line.

AbstractTo understand the regulation of metallothionein (MT) accretion in a chicken-macrophage cell line, fractional rates of MT synthesis (FRS) and degradation (FRD) were measured by following dec...
Breaking AndyWall: Transgressive and Playful Exploration on the Dynamic Role of Users in Art and Design

'Breaking AndyWall' is an interactive art installation in which participants can destroy various art pieces that are socially considered as 'great art'. As participants enter the site, they find Andy Warhol's Marilyn Monroe projected on a big painting canvas. Several wooden hammers are on the floor, and by smashing the canvas with the hammer, participants can gradually break down the art piece. When the image eventually becomes completely shattered into pixels, another piece of art will show up on the canvas. Through the same interaction, participants can destroy several famous art pieces in transgressive but playful ways. This project provides an experiential space to contribute to the discussion on the dynamic roles of users in art and design. By invoking an actual experience of destruction and reconfiguration of iconic art pieces, this project challenges the understandings around creativity and design. More information on this work can be found on the website(http://www.laewoo.com/breaking_andywall/).
Study of Stability Characteristics of China Southern Power Grid with Yunnan-Guangdong ±800 kV DC System

Stability characteristics of China Southern Power Grid (CSG) with Yunnan-Guangdong ±800 kV DC system are investigated from aspects of West-to-East Power Transfer limit,DC operation characteristics and dynamic stability.The results show that as the ±800 kV DC system coming into commission,West-to-East Power Transfer limit of CSG increases remarkably,and will be restricted mostly by thermal limit instead of dynamic stability.With its sending converter connecting to the big AC system of CSG,the bipolar block of the ±800 kV DC system is the most dangerous factor for CSG's security and stability,but this risk can be defused by putting the ±800 DC system into isolating operation.The main regional oscillation modes of CSG still remain even the ±800 kV DC system comes into commission,but the damping of the modes will be enhanced by the hydro-power generation units with PSS being in operation.