cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In-process cooling of friction stir extruded joints for increased weld performance via compressed air, water, granulated dry ice, and liquid nitrogen

Abstract Joining of aluminum alloy AA6061 to mild steel was achieved using a friction stir extrusion (FSE) method in which processed aluminum was extruded into a preformed steel dovetail groove. These joints were subject to various in-process cooling (IPC) methods via compressed air, water, granulated dry ice, and liquid nitrogen as well as varying weld pitches (WP) via the following rotational and translational (inches per minute, IPM) weld parameters: 1500RPM-3IPM, 1500RPM-2IPM, 1000RPM-3IPM, and 1000RPM-2IPM. Rockwell hardness testing and lap shear tensile testing were then used to evaluate the effectiveness of IPC by comparison to uncooled joints. These tests revealed an increase of 4.1% and 3.1% of hardness performance of the water cooled and dry ice cooled respectively compared to the uncooled weld. Additionally, the average tensile shear joint strength increased at a maximum of 4.5% for water cooled joints, 3.7% for air cooled welds, 3.5% for dry ice cooled welds, and 1.8% for liquid nitrogen cooled welds. The use of various IPC sources also revealed that the higher the WP, the stronger the extrusion joint. Thus, WP (revolution per inch, RPI) in order of descending performance are as follows: 750 RPI, 500 RPI, and 333 RPI. The novelty of this IPC and WP research comes from the investigation on the FSE joints compared to past research that has used butt and lap welds. The introduction of IPC and varying WP improved the strength and hardness of the FSE joints with the water cooling yielding the greatest measured improvement.
Impact of the COVID-19 event on U.S. banks’ financial soundness

Abstract This study’s primary innovation is the use of changes in investors’ forward-looking net long hedging choices —an indicator of investors’ risk-based growth expectations—to determine the effect of a change in the Federal Reserve’s capital buffer requirement on banks’ financial soundness. I demonstrate that the net hedging factor data significantly reveals the causal relationships between the financial soundness indicators and the Federal Reserve’s capital buffer requirement. My results also show that an innovation that lowers the banking systems’ capital buffer requirement improves both regulatory capital and Tier-1 capital.
Do myocardial PET–MR and PET–CT FDG images provide comparable information?

Although positron emission tomography PET–MR imaging is emerging into clinical practice, many aspects of this imaging technique such as attenuation correction have yet to be validated for myocardial imaging. Thus, it is uncertain whether PET–MR FDG images provide clinical information which is comparable to PET–CT FDG images. The study goal was to systematically compare relative myocardial FDG concentrations obtained from cardiac PET–MR images to those derived from same day PET–CT images. Myocardial FDG images of 27 patients undergoing PET–CT imaging, followed by PET–MR imaging 42 ± 13 minutes later as part of a prospective oncology study were analyzed. Mean segmental standardized uptake measurements (SUVmean) were obtained in each of the 17 standard myocardial segments and normalized to the brightest segment. Normalized segmental SUVmean values did not differ significantly between the PET–MR and PET–CT images (mean difference 0.002, P = .826). The specific segment was a marginally significant predictor of the differences (P = .057), with the largest difference in the anteroseptal basal segment. PET–MR, vis-a-vis PET–CT, does not significantly raise segmental uptake relative to the brightest segment, suggesting that PET–MR can be used similarly to PET–CT for applications where relative uptake is important.
Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptors Modulate K-Ras-mediated Transformation of Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) exerts diverse effects on neoplastic cells. Recent work has shown that PPARdelta is up-regulated after loss of adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor gene function and that transcriptional activation of the PPARgamma nuclear receptor can lead to inhibition of carcinoma growth. In this study, we elucidate the regulation and functional importance of PPARgamma and delta after K-Ras-transformation of intestinal epithelial cells. In conditionally K-Ras-transformed rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-iK-Ras), the level and activity of PPARdelta were markedly increased. PPARdelta up-regulation occurred due to increased mitogen-activated protein kinase activity and receptor activation required the endogenous production of prostacyclin via the cyclooxygenase-2 pathway. We also demonstrate that activation of the PPARgamma nuclear receptor has antineoplastic effects in Ras-transformed cells. Activation of PPARgamma resulted in a delay in transit through the G(1) phase of the cell cycle that was associated with inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/Akt activity and a reduction of cyclin D1 expression. Therefore, these two PPAR nuclear receptors, which are structurally related, have distinct roles during neoplastic transformation. PPARgamma appears to modulate differentiation and signal growth inhibition, whereas PPARdelta is up-regulated by oncogenic Ras and activated by cyclooxygenase-2-derived prostaglandins.
Theory & Methods: Approximate Identifiability, Moments and Censored Data

It is well known that the joint distribution of a pair of random variables (X,Y) is not identifiable on the basis of the joint distribution of the function (min (X,Y), 1[X < Y]). This paper introduces the concept of approximate identifiability and studies its relevance to the function (min (X,Y), Y). It shows that the distribution of (X,Y) is approximately identifiable on the basis of the distribution of (min (X,Y), Y). The identification is explicitly executed by a method of moments. The method is applied to the analysis of censored distributions arising in the theory of clinical trials and is compared to the standard method of Kaplan and Meier.
Developing Learner Corpus Annotation for Korean Particle Errors

We aim to sufficiently define annotation for post-positional particle errors in L2 Korean writing, so that future work on automatic particle error detection can make progress. To achieve this goal, we outline the linguistic properties of Korean particles in learner data. Given the agglutinative nature of Korean and the range of functions of particles, this annotation effort involves issues such as defining the tokens and target forms.
Implementation of a Student Pharmacist-Run Targeted Medication Intervention Program.

Objective:To evaluate the impact of a student pharmacist-run targeted medication intervention (TMI) program.Methods:Student pharmacists in their third professional year resolved TMIs at 5 independe...
Sickle Cell Disease in Priapism: Disparity in Care?

Objective To determine the effect of sickle cell disease (SCD) on hospital resource use among patients admitted for priapism. Materials and Methods Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, a weighted sample of 12,547 patients was selected with a primary diagnosis of priapism from 2002 to 2011. Baseline differences for patient demographics and hospital characteristics were compared between SCD and non-SCD patients. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify the effect of SCD on length of stay, use of penile operations, blood transfusion, and cost. Results The proportion of SCD patients was 21.5%. SCD patients were younger, more often black, more likely to have Medicaid insurance, and treated more frequently in Southern urban teaching hospitals. SCD was a significant predictor of having a blood transfusion (odds ratio [OR], 16.3; P P P P P = .869). Conclusion SCD patients represent a demographically distinct subgroup of priapism patients with different patterns of resource use manifested by longer hospital stays and more blood transfusions. Moreover, despite evidence that immediate treatment of priapism results in improved erectile function outcomes, SCD patients had less surgical procedures for alleviation of acute priapism events.
Dual structure of thermodynamics

Based on the properties of exponential distribution families we analyze the Fisher information of the Gibbs canonical ensemble to construct a new state function for simple systems with no mechanical work. This function possesses nice symmetry properties with respect to Legendre transform and provides a connection with previous alternative formulations of thermodynamics, most notably the work by Biot, Serrin, and Frieden and collaborators. Logical extensions to systems with mechanical work may similarly consider generalized Gibbs ensembles.
Effects of Coadsorption on the Conductance of Molecular Wires

We use density-functional theory to calculate the effects of coadsorption near the molecule/electrode junction on the conductance of a molecular wire. We find significant changes in both the density of states of the molecular wire and its conductance; electrostatic effects as well as short-ranged interactions are found to be responsible. It is clear that successful implementation of molecular electronics will require the control of such interactions.
Earnings management and corporate spinoffs

In this study we examine whether firms manage earnings before pursuing corporate spinoffs. Using a sample of 226 completed spinoffs between 1985 and 2005, we find strong evidence of pre-spinoff earnings management among parent firms involved in non-focus-increasing spinoffs. We also find higher levels of earnings management among parent firms that have a higher level of information asymmetry prior to spinoff announcements. Our regression results show a significant negative relation between income-increasing earnings management and the announcement period returns for non-focus-increasing spinoffs. In addition, a significant positive relation is found between income-increasing earnings management and the announcement period returns for focus-increasing spinoffs. The results suggest that income-increasing earnings management sends out negative signals about non-focus-increasing spinoffs but positive signals about focus-increasing spinoffs.
Utilizing Voronoi Cells of Location Data Streams for Accurate Computation of Aggregate Functions in Sensor Networks

Sensor networks are unattended deeply distributed systems whose database schema can be conceptualized using the relational model. Aggregation queries on the data sampled at each sensor node are the main means to extract the abstract characteristics of the surrounding environment. However, the non-uniform distribution of the sensor nodes in the environment leads to inaccurate results generated by the aggregation queries. In this paper, we introduce "spatial aggregations" that take into consideration the spatial location of each measurement generated by the sensor nodes. We propose the use of spatial interpolation methods derived from the fields of spatial statistics and computational geometry to answer spatial aggregations. In particular, we study Spatial Moving Average (SMA), Voronoi Diagram and Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN). Investigating these methods for answering spatial average queries, we show that the average value on the data samples weighted by the area of the Voronoi cell of the corresponding sensor node, provides the best precision. Consequently, we introduce an algorithms to compute and maintain the accurate Voronoi cell at each sensor node while the location of the others arrive on data stream. We also propose AVC-SW, a novel algorithm to approximate this Voronoi cell over a sliding window that supports dynamism in the sensor network. To demonstrate the performance of in-network implementation of our aggregation operators, we have developed prototypes of two different approaches to distributed spatial aggregate processing.
Philosophical Foundation of Citizen Leadership

In his farewell address to the nation on January 14, 1981, Jimmy Carter observed that "...the only title in our democracy superior to that of President is the title of citizen." Citizen potential notwithstanding, people don't seem to know how to confront problems we all face each and every day of our lives. But teaching the "nuts and bolts" of leadership to the exclusion of the underlying philosophical foundation of citizen leadership is problematic. This article offers such a rationale for citizen leadership.
The birth of clinical ethics consultation as a profession.

The year 2013 may someday be seen as the year a new profession was born. Clinical ethics consultation has been practiced in different ways for roughly 30 years, originally initiated by a group of h...
The Current Situation in Mexican Immigration

By 1988, the Mexican-origin population of the United States had grown to 12.1 million, largely from recent, sharp increases in immigration. The policy concerns raised by this phenomenon have been influenced by some perceptions that available research contradicts. Today most Mexican immigrants come to stay, about half are female, and they have increasingly less schooling compared to the native-born population and other immigrants. Nationally, they do not cause adverse economic effects for native-born workers and, across generations, their language and political assimilation is proceeding well. They put greater demands on education than on other public services. However, the Mexican-origin population affects the economy and public services more and differently in the areas where it is concentrated, primarily in the western United States and large urban areas. Further, the recent legalization of 2.3 million Mexican immigrants can be expected to increase the demand on public services, especially in those areas.
Spectral analysis of the EEG: comparison of various spectral parameters.

Abstract One of the main problems in spectral analysis of the EEG consists of finding relevant parameters which are capable of summarizing all information included in the power spectrum. The mathematical properties and the clinical applicability of 4 sets of parameters were compared: (1) percentage of power within the conventional frequency ranges, (2) mobility and complexity (Hjorth), (3) the slope parameter (Dumermuth), (4) the coefficients of the autoregressive model. They were applied to the EEG changes in a child with brain stem tumour during cerebral radiotherapy. The statistical analysis suggests: (I) there are only minor differences in describing the EEG courses between the conventional frequency ranges, mobility and the slope parameter, (II) the complexity is less satisfactory, (II) the first autoregressive coefficient of the AR model yields the best results.
Keratin Coatings for Wool: Shrinkproofing and Nanoparticle Delivery

Wool fabrics were treated with keratin hydrolysate in isolated systems, in systems incorporating a cross-linking enzyme, and in systems with nanoparticle silver. The dimensions of wool fabric were controlled after keratin applications and the strength of bleached wool fabric was improved. Keratin applications imparted these improved properties when applied alone and when applied with the enzyme. The enzyme was effective for in-situ, solid-state cross-linking of wool fabric, cross-linking keratin-to-keratin, and cross-linking keratin-to-fabric. To further improve the properties of wool, nanoparticle silver was produced in various shapes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs of these particles showed discrete and isolated particles of size 8-100 nm, dependent on the preparation. A combination of TEM and UV-VIS spectroscopy was used to characterize these particles and scanning electron microscopy running in backscattered electron mode confirmed their placement on wool fibers. The application of nanoparticle silver to wool when co-added with keratin may both improve dimensional stability and impart antimicrobial efficacy.
Polychromatic staining with toluidine blue O for studying the host-parasite relationships in wheat leaves of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici

Abstract For studying host-parasite relationships of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici in wheat leaves, staining with toluidine blue O proved superior to that obtained with the commonly used stain cotton blue. Toluidineblue O gives polychromatic staining and all the fungal structures (such as conidia, germ tubes, haustoria and hyphae) as well as cells and halo responses of the host are stained consistently and are clearly identifiable. This stain may also prove useful in studying other host-parasite systems.
Xylan degradation : a glimpse at microbial diversity

The key to taking the measure of biodiversity lies in a downward adjustment of scale. . .Most of the Earth’s largest species—mammals, birds, and trees—have been seen and documented. But microwildernesses exist in a handful of soil or aqueous silt collected almost anywhere in the world. . .Bacteria, protistans, nematodes, mites and other minute creatures swarm all around us, an animate matrix that binds the Earth’s surface. Edward O Wilson (1994. Naturalist. Island Press, Washington, DC)
An analysis of response, direction, and place learning in an open field and T maze.

Rats were trained to locate food in a response, direction, or place problem on an open field located at 2 positions. In Experiment 1, both the response and direction groups solved the problem. The place group failed to solve the task in approximately 300 trials. Experiment 2 demonstrated that rats need distinguishable start points to solve a place problem when neither a response nor a direction solution is available. Findings from Experiment 3 suggest that a combination of path traveled and distinct cues help to differentiate start points. Experiment 4 replicated the findings using a T maze. These results suggest “place” solutions are difficult for rats. The data are discussed with respect to conditional learning and
Effect of hypophysectomy, castration and androgen replacement upon the fertilizing ability of rat epididymal spermatozoa.

It has been demonstrated that in the rat, spermatozoa become able to fertilize ova when they reach the proximal region of the cauda epididymidis. Epididymal spermatozoa lose this ability 3 days after castration and 4 days after hypophysectomy. Ligation of the ductuli efferentes or sham hypophysectomy has no effect. Testosterone propionate (2 mg/kg/day) prevents the effect of castration or hypophysectomy. Cyproterone acetate (20 mg/kg/day) successfully inhibits the effect of exogenous testosterone (2 mg/ kg/day). Spermatozoa from the distal cauda epididymidis lose their fertilizing ability within 4 days after castration (9%) and 6 days after hypophysectomy (13%). Testosterone propionate (2 mg/kg/day) maintains the fertilizing ability of the spermatozoa from the distal cauda. Procedures (castration or hypophysectomy) which cause a decline in circulating androgen levels, hasten sperm transit through the epididymis. Castration interferes with the acquisition by the spermatozoa of their mature progressive patt...
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics: missed targets and lost opportunities.

Abstract Background The treatment of psychotic disorders with second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) has been linked to an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Lowering low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) to individualized targets of 100, 130 or 160 mg/dl reduces the risk of CHD. We determined the prevalence of above-target LDL-C and its management during psychiatric hospitalization. Methods 364 hospitalized adults receiving SGAs underwent LDL-C target assessments. Records of patients with above-target LDL-C were searched for dietary or pharmacologic treatments and referrals for medical consultation. Results Above-target LDL-C levels were present in 100 (27.5%) patients and were associated with higher total cholesterol, lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, older age, higher systolic blood pressure, smoking and male gender (r2: 0.53; p Conclusions A substantial number of SGA-treated patients have above-target LDL-C, but do not receive interventions to reduce the risk of CHD.
Recombination lifetime studies of silicon spheres

Abstract The fabrication and properties of solar cells made from silicon spheres recently have been described in the literature. Using inexpensive material as feed stock, single crystal 1-mm-diameter spheres are grown by melting silicon particles. Here we will describe the minority-carrier properties of spheres made from both metallurgical grade silicon (MGS) and electronic grade silicon (EGS). Repeated melting and recrystallization of spheres getters impurities at the surface. The surface region is chemically or mechanically etched following each of these melting operations. Here we applied a radio-frequency photoconductive decay technique (RFPCD) for measurement of the minority-carrier lifetime in spheres after each purification step. This is a non-invasive, contactless technique with sensitivity such that the sample size varied from a single sphere to about 100 spheres. The injection level was varied from low-level to high-level injection using a Q-switched YAG laser as the excitation source. The RFPCD decay consisted of a “fast” component in all cases, with a lifetime that varied from about 20 ns to 1 or 2 μs. The latter was attributed to electron-hole recombination. In addition, some spheres had a “slow” component that was attributed to shallow traps. The electrical performance of solar cells made from a given sample set correlated with recombination lifetimes of the component spheres, as might be expected. The measurements are a fast and convenient method of characterizing the various materials used in sphere fabrication.
Plans and Detours

At various stages of my career, I made and followed plans for progress and growth. However, owing to several unexpected challenges, I had to make detours into unplanned vistas. When I look around at the careers of my former students and younger colleagues, I see fewer long-term, stable positions and frequent changes both in employers and in functions every ten or twenty years. Our curriculum prepares our students for manufacturing careers in the United States, but the current trend of corporate merger and outsourcing can suddenly turn their work into marketing or finance in the Far East. A fox that knows many tricks may be better suited to changing environments than a hedgehog that knows only one single trick. Perhaps future education should not only teach few subjects in depth for immediate career needs but also teach adaptability to unrelated challenges.
On the positive solutions of the Matukuma equation

where p > 1 and u > 0 is the gravitational potential with f R3 (uP/4n(1 + Ix12» dx representing the total mass. His aim was to improve a model given earlier in 1915 by A. S. Eddington. (See [NY1,2] for a more detailed history of these two models.) Since the Matukuma equation (1.1)is rotationally invariant, the structure of positive radial solutions u(r, (1)of the corresponding initial-value problem in R3 , (1.1)
On the non-creole basis for Afro-Bolivian Spanish

This article provides a sociohistorical and linguistic account for the development of Afro-Bolivian Spanish (ABS), an Afro-Hispanic vernacular spoken in Los Yungas, Department of La Paz, Bolivia. Previous research has indicated that ABS might be the descendent of an Afro-Hispanic pidgin (Lipski 2008), which first creolized in colonial times and eventually decreolized due to contact with Spanish after the Bolivian Land Reform of 1952.The present study argues that ABS was probably never a creole, but rather a language relatively close to Spanish from its inception. The basis on which this claim is built consists of sociodemographic and linguistic data. The findings strongly indicate that the historical conditions for a creole language to emerge were not in place in Bolivia for the period under analysis (15th–19th century).
Trends in the Effectiveness of Petroleum Exploration and Development Drilling in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, 1977-1998

Analyse du cout de remplacement des reserves produites et du cout d'addition de nouvelles reserves a celles du petrole et du gaz naturel decouverts dans la plateforme continentale externe du Golfe du Mexique. Modelisation des performances du forage dans cette zone et de son efficacite dans la decouverte de nouvelles ressources a faible cout.
Progress toward understanding the contribution of alkali generation in dental biofilms to inhibition of dental caries

Alkali production by oral bacteria is believed to have a major impact on oral microbial ecology and to be inibitory to the initiation and progression of dental caries. A substantial body of evidence is beginning to accumulate that indicates the modulation of the alkalinogenic potential of dental biofilms may be a promising strategy for caries control. This brief review highlights recent progress toward understanding molecular genetic and physiologic aspects of important alkali-generating pathways in oral bacteria, and the role of alkali production in the ecology of dental biofilms in health and disease.
DISMEMBERMENT AND SUFFOCATION A Contribution to the Debate on African Boundaries

Do African countries suffer from their arbitrary boundaries? The authors test several hypotheses from the debate on this question. They differentiate, one by one, the degree of arbitrariness of African boundaries along two axes: the extent to which they partition preexisting political groupings (dismemberment) and the degree to which they bring together distinct precolonial political cultures (suffocation). They find that dismemberment is positively associated with international disputes and that suffocation magnifies the likelihood of civil wars, political instability, and secession attempts. The evidence appears to support claims that Africa has paid a substantial price for refusing to challenge some of the arbitrary boundaries it inherited from colonialism. The authors discuss the policy implications of their findings.
Transport properties of light and heavy holes in the space charge region of a clean and water covered (111) germanium surface

Abstract The magnetoconductive properties of light and heavy holes in the space charge region of a (111) germanium surface were measured as a function of the amount of band bending and as a function of the magnetic field strength. For the clean surface the neutral point of the surface states was found to lie approximately 0.04 eV above the edge of the valence band. The heavy hole mobility was found to be 714 cm 2 /V sec. The light hole mobility was found to be anomalously high ∼ 65 000 cm 2 /V sec. When water vapor was added to the surface and the amount of band bending was reduced, the heavy hole mobility increased in good agreement with the theory of diffuse scattering at the surface. Conversely it was observed that the light hole mobility decreased. Evidence will be presented which suggests that the valence band degeneracy at k = 0 is lifted at the clean surface.
Comparison of Protein Immunoprecipitation-Multiple Reaction Monitoring with ELISA for Assay of Biomarker Candidates in Plasma

Quantitative analysis of protein biomarkers in plasma is typically done by ELISA, but this method is limited by the availability of high-quality antibodies. An alternative approach is protein immunoprecipitation combined with multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (IP-MRM). We compared IP-MRM to ELISA for the analysis of six colon cancer biomarker candidates (metalloproteinase inhibitor 1 (TIMP1), cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), thrombospondin-2 (THBS2), endoglin (ENG), mesothelin (MSLN) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9)) in plasma from colon cancer patients and noncancer controls. Proteins were analyzed by multiplex immunoprecipitation from plasma with the ELISA capture antibodies, further purified by SDS-PAGE, digested and analyzed by stable isotope dilution MRM. IP-MRM provided linear responses (r = 0.978–0.995) between 10 and 640 ng/mL for the target proteins spiked into a “mock plasma” matrix consisting of 60 mg/mL bovine serum albumin. Measurement variation (coefficient of va...
Distortion Analysis of Memory-Less Nonlinear Sensors

Distortion associated with memory-less nonlinear sensors is analyzed and several distortion compensation techniques are presented. Sensor nonlinearity is considered a defect in sensory systems because it introduces distortion into the system. Due to the fact that no efficient technique is available to deal with the issues related sensor nonlinearity, nonlinear primary sensors tend to be ignored. In this paper, we point out that there are certain advantages of using nonlinear sensor and nonlinear distortion caused by sensor nonlinearity may be completely compensated. A robust and efficient signal recovery procedure is derived to facilitate the design of nonlinear sensors. Not having an accurate sensor will result in errors and it is shown that the error can be minimized with a proper choice of a convergence parameter whereby stability of the developed algorithm is established. Simulation results are presented to validate the algorithms developed.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Receiver operating characteristic and location analysis of simulated near-infrared tomography images

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed on simulated near-infrared tomography images, using both human observer and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) computational assessment, for application in breast cancer imaging. In the analysis, a nonparametric approach was applied for estimating the ROC curves. Human observer detection of objects had superior capability to localize the presence of heterogeneities when the objects were small with high contrast, with a minimum detectable threshold of CNR near 3.0 to 3.3 in the images. Human observers were able to detect heterogeneities in the images below a size limit of 4 mm, yet could not accurately find the location of these objects when they were below 10 mm diameter. For large objects, the lower limit of a detectable contrast limit was near 10% increase relative to the background. The results also indicate that iterations of the nonlinear reconstruction algorithm beyond 4 did not significantly improve the human detection ability, and degraded the overall localization ability for the objects in the image, predominantly by increasing the noise in the background. Interobserver variance performance in detecting objects in these images was low, suggesting that because of the low spatial resolution, detection tasks with NIR tomography is likely consistent between human observers.
Synthesis of flexible heat exchanger networks with uncertain flowrates and temperatures

Abstract A systematic procedure is presented for the synthesis of flexible heat exchanger networks that involve specified uncertainties in the flowrates and inlet temperatures of the process streams. The problem is decomposed into two stages: (i) prediction of matches (ii) derivation of the network configuration. At each stage, synthesis techniques are combined with a flexibility analysis to test the feasibility of operation of the design over the specified range of the uncertain parameters. It is shown that special properties can be exploited to efficiently perform the flexibility analysis. Two examples are given to illustrate the application of the proposed strategy.
Control of Doping by Impurity Chemical Potentials: Predictions for p-Type ZnO

Theoretical work has so far focused on the role of host-element chemical potentials in determining defect formation energies that control doping levels in semiconductors. Here, we report on our analysis of the role of the dopant-impurity chemical potential, which depends on the source gas. We present first-principles total-energy calculations that demonstrate a wide variation in the possible effective chemical potential of N. We account in detail for the recent puzzling observations of doping ZnO using ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ and predict that the use of dilute NO or ${\mathrm{NO}}_{2}$ gas would resolve the long-standing problem of achieving p-type ZnO.
Electron microscopic characterization of aluminum 1100/type 304 stainless steel laminate composites

Cette etude permet d'elucider quelques aspects de ces composites lamines et montre l'importance du traitement sur la microstructure et les proprietes des composites a matrice metallique
A model study to carbocyclic formycin A and B analogues

An efficient synthesis of carbocyclic formycin analogues has been developed to serve as the foundation for the preparation of a variety of formycin-based antiviral agents.
A new algorithm to treat ternary diffusion couples with α/α + β boundaries

This paper presents a theoretical study of α/α + β ternary diffusion couples. Using phase fraction-averaged fluxes, a new method is employed to treat moving α/α + β boundaries. The simulation results show that when two-phase mixtures grow, there is no concentration jump at the α/α + β boundaries. However, when two-phase mixtures dissolve, there is a composition discontinuity at the α/α + β boundaries. The current results are consistent with those in the literature where only diffusion in the matrix phase was considered.
Small Intestinal Submucosa as a Small-Diameter Arterial Graft in the Dog

Autogenous saphenous vein, human umbilical vein, modified bovine collagen, Dacron, and PTFE have been used as small-diameter arterial grafts with moderate success. We tested autogenous small intestine submucosa as a small-diameter arterial graft in both a carotid and femoral artery (mean ID 4.3 mm) of 18 dogs (total of 36 grafts). All dogs received aspirin and warfarin sodium for the first 8 weeks after surgery. Graft patency was evaluated by Doppler ultrasound techniques and angiography. Two grafts ruptured and 5 grafts occluded by 21 days after surgery. One graft became occluded at 14 weeks. Fifteen dogs were sacrificed at periodic intervals until 48 weeks after surgery. Patent grafts had no evidence of infection, propagating thrombus, or intimal hyperplasia. Graft aneurysmal dilation occurred in 4 grafts (11%). The grafts were composed of a dense organized collagenous connective tissue with no evidence of endothelial cell growth on the smooth luminal surface. Three dogs are alive at 76 to 82 weeks after surgery. Overall, graft patency was 75%. Graft patency after cessation of anticoagulation therapy was 92.3% (12 of 13 grafts). We conclude that autogenous small intestinal submucosa can be used as a small-diameter arterial graft in the dog and is worthy of further investigation.
Reduction of Experimental Renal Hypertension by Kidney Perfusion

Normal kidneys were transplanted to the neck of 15 dogs with experimental renal hypertension. In 6 a reduction of blood pressure of 52 mm. Hg (32-102) took place during the first 2 hours of perfusion. It is hypothesized that renin or angiotonin in minute amounts impairs, blunts or frustrates the normal blood pressure reducing function of the kidney.
Behavior of Submerged Ogee Crest Weir Discharge Coefficients

Weir head-discharge relationships are typically described using the discharge coefficient-dependent standard weir equation. The submerged weir (tailwater exceeds the weir crest elevation) head-discharge relationship can vary from the free-flow head-discharge relationship, particularly at high submergence levels. The accuracy associated with predicting the upstream head or discharge, corresponding to submerged weir flow conditions, is dependent upon the accuracy with which a representative submerged discharge coefficient can be determined. A submerged ogee crest weir discharge coefficient predictive method developed by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) is reviewed and its predictive accuracy compared to laboratory-scale submerged ogee crest weir experimental data associated with a wide range of submerged flow conditions for nine different ogee crest weir geometries. Discussion is presented in an effort to partially explain the relatively poor correlation between the USBR method and the experimental dat...
High Selectivity of Human Tissue Transglutaminase for Immunoactive Gliadin Peptides: Implications for Celiac Sprue†

Celiac Sprue is an HLA DQ2 (or DQ8)-associated autoimmune disorder of the human small intestine that is induced by dietary exposure to wheat gliadin and related proteins from barley, rye, and possibly other food grains. Recently, tissue transglutaminase (tTGase)-catalyzed deamidation of gliadin peptides has been shown to increase their potency for activating patient-derived, gliadin-specific T cells, suggesting that tTGase plays a causative role in the onset of an inflammatory response to toxic food grains. To dissect the molecular recognition features of tTGase for gluten derived peptides, the regioselectivity and steady-state kinetics of tTGase-catalyzed deamidation of known immunogenic peptides were investigated. The specificity of recombinant human tTGase for all immunogenic peptides tested was comparable to and, in some cases, appreciably higher than the specificity for its natural substrate. Although each peptide was glutamine-rich, tTGase exhibited a high degree of regioselectivity for a particular glutamine residue in each peptide. This selectivity correlated well with Q --> E substitutions that have earlier been shown to enhance the immunogenicity of the corresponding gliadin peptides. The specificity of tTGase toward homologues of PQPQLPY, a sequence motif found in immunodominant gliadin peptides, was analyzed in detail. Remarkably, the primary amino acid sequences of wheat-, rye-, and barley-derived proteins included many single-residue variants of this sequence that were high-affinity substrates of tTGase, whereas the closest homologues of this sequence found in rice, corn, or oat proteins were much poorer substrates of tTGase. (Rice, corn, and oats are nontoxic ingredients of the Celiac diet.) No consensus sequence for a high-affinity substrate of tTGase could be derived from our data, suggesting that the secondary structures of these food-grain peptides were important in their recognition by tTGase. Finally, under steady-state turnover conditions, a significant fraction of the tTGase active site was covalently bound to a representative high-affinity immunogenic gliadin peptide, suggesting a common mechanism by which cells responsible for immune surveillance of the intestinal tract recognize and generate an antibody response against both gliadin and tTGase. In addition to providing a quantitative framework for understanding the role of tTGase in Celiac Sprue, our results lay the groundwork for the design of small molecule mimetics of gliadin peptides as selective inhibitors of tTGase.
Vascular calcification and inorganic phosphate

Vascular calcification is highly correlated with elevated serum phosphate levels in uremic patients. To shed light on this process, we examined the ability of extracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi) levels to regulate human aortic smooth muscle cell (HSMC) culture mineralization in vitro. When cultured in media containing normal physiological levels of Pi (1.4 mmol/L Pi), HSMC grew in monolayers and did not mineralize. In contrast, HSMC cultured in media containing Pi levels comparable to those seen in hyperphosphatemic individuals (>1.4 mmol/L), showed dose-dependent increases in cell culture calcium deposition. Mechanistic studies showed that elevated Pi treatment of HSMC also enhanced the expression of the osteogenic markers, osteocalcin and Cbfa-1. The effects of elevated Pi on HSMC were mediated by a sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporter (NPC), as indicated by the ability of the specific NPC inhibitor, phosphonoformic acid (PFA), to dose-dependently inhibit Pi-induced calcium deposition as well as osteocalcin and Cbfa-1 gene expression. Using polymerase chain reaction and Northern blot analyses, the NPC in HSMC was identified as Pit-1 (Glvr-1), a member of the type III NPCs. Interestingly, platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), a potent atherogenic stimulus, increased the maximum velocity (Vmax) but not the affinity (Km) of phosphate uptake, enhanced the expression of Pit-1 mRNA, and induced HSMC culture calcification in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Importantly, in the presence of PDGF, HSMC culture calcification occurred under normophosphatemic conditions. These data suggest that elevated Pi may directly stimulate HSMC to undergo phenotypic changes that predispose to calcification and may help explain both the phenomena of human metastatic calcification under hyperphosphatemic conditions as well as increased calcification in PDGF-rich atherosclerotic lesions.
Conjugated circuit theory for graphite

Computations for the “conjugated circuits” model which has previously only been treated for finite and quasi-one-dimensional conjugatedπ-networks are here extended to the graphite lattice. Many-body techniques give the resultant resonance energy per site as a function of a physically relevant long-range order parameter.
Absence of phyB inhibits hypocotyl elongation in dark‐grown Ih cucumber seedlings: an active role for PrB

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings carrying the long hypocotyl (lh) mutation, which confers a lack of B-type phytochrome (phyB), were significantly shorter than their near-isogenic wild-type counterparts when grown in complete darkness. Relative growth rates determined for 5mm hypocotyl regions were lower in lh seedlings in all growing regions, and the zone of elongation was less extensive in lh hypocotyls. Digital imaging microscopy revealed that the pattern of epidermal cell lengths along the stem axis differed between the lh mutant and the isogenic wild-type. These findings (and the fact that experiments were conducted under conditions where phytochrome photoconversion to the far-red-absorbing form does not occur) suggest that the red-absorbing form of phyB (PrB) is an active positive regulator of development in etiolated plants.
Estimation of the molecular weight of flexible disordered proteins by exclusion chromatography.

Abstract Estimation of the molecular weight of the encephalitogenic protein by exclusion chromatography, when globular proteins were used for comparison, resulted in a much higher value (39800) than that obtained by sedimentation equilibrium (17800 ± 600). This protein, unlike the reference compounds, is a flexible, disordered molecule. Therefore, globular proteins are not suitable for calibration. In order to adapt the technique and render it suitable for general use, regardless of molecular shape, all proteins (references and unknowns used in the measurements) were denatured in concentrated guanidine hydrochloride and urea, reduced with β-mercaptoethanol to rupture the disulfide bonds, and then chromatographed on Sephadex G-100 columns. Under these conditions, the protein polypeptide chains are true random coils retaining no elements of their original native conformation. The molecular weight of the encephalitogenic protein estimated under these conditions is 19500. The method was also applied for the encephalitogenic active fragment and the lysine-rich histone. The results obtained are in agreement with the data obtained by physical methods.
Evaluation of i-line Nikon Stepper leveling methods for improved CD control

The paper examines the viability of various levelling options1 on Nikon i11, i12 and i14 steppers in compensating for across field differences in focus position. The analysis was performed on both production wafers at various processing stages and test wafers with oxide deposited then etched to different depths. The main analysis technique used was the stepper focus measurement system along with Hitachi 9220 CDSEM measurements and levelling beam analysis using a CCD camera2. The conclusion from the paper is that due to diffraction effects of the levelling beam, levelling-on can introduce large wafer stage tilts and so reduce CD control in the i11's and i12's. Since the EGL method also uses the levelling sensor in conjunction with the focus sensors this also introduces large tilts causing large across field CD variation.
Determination of the Avogadro Constant

Measurements are reported on the densities and isotopic-abundance ratios of nearly perfect Si single crystals. These, when combined with optical interferometry of the crystal repeat distance, yield a new value for the Avogadro constant. This result, ${N}_{A}=6.0220943\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{23}$ ${\mathrm{mol}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ (1.05 ppm), represents a more than thirty-fold reduction in the uncertainty of previous direct measurements.
Mexico otherwise : modern Mexico in the eyes of foreign observers

This rich anthology provides a glimpse of modern Mexico through the eyes of foreign observers. Some of these selections are by well-known authors (Alexander von Humboldt, John Reed, B. Traven, Evelyn Waugh). Some are unpublished pieces by little-known writers, and six are available here for the first time in English.The writings fall into four periods: the transitions to independence and Mexico's first decades as a sovereign country (1800-1867), the era of Liberal modernization (1867-1910), the Mexican Revolution (1910-1940), and the post-World War II era. Four major topics show up repeatedly: ethnicity, gender, and race; cultural differences between Mexicans and foreigners; political stability and instability; and the economy and its impact on Mexicans. Although observers expressed a wide range of viewpoints on these issues, they agreed in finding a stunning degree of ethnic and regional diversity as well as what they saw as stark contrasts between urban and rural, rich and poor, modernity and tradition.In addition to Anglo American authors, the anthology includes selections by German, French, Norwegian, and Spanish authors. Just over a third of the pieces are by women, who offer glimpses of private worlds closed to men, such as convent life, relations between women and their servants, and household affairs. Each selection contains biographical information on the author.
Survival of leukemic B cells promoted by engagement of the antigen receptor.

from untreated patients with this disease, it is demonstrated that engagement of surface IgM elicits a powerful survival program. The response includes inhibition of caspase activity, activation of NFkB, and expression of mcl-1, bcl-2, and bfl-1 in the tumor cells. Blocking phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K), a critical mediator of signals through the antigen receptor, completely abrogated mcl-1 induction and impaired survival in the stimulated cells. These data support the contention that CLL cell survival is promoted by antigen for which the malignant clone has affinity, and suggest that pharmacologic interference with antigen-receptor‐derived signals has potential for therapy in patients with CLL. (Blood. 2001; 98:3050-3057)
On the Diffusion Parameterization of Mesoscale Eddy Effects from a Numerical Ocean Experiment

Abstract A method for evaluating the utility of a given parameterization field in a spatially inhomogeneous circulation is described. This method is used to examine the mean field diffusion parameterization of the heat, momentum and vorticity time deviation eddy terms from a mesoscale resolution numerical ocean circulation experiment. The diffusion model does not satisfactorily describe the eddy terms for any field throughout any of the different regions of the model flow.
Analytical Prediction of Fatigue Crack Propagation in Metals

An analytical model for fatigue crack propagation of long cracks in metals and metal alloys is presented. The key features of the model are an extension of Griffith's theory of fracture to include fatigue, a dislocation model for the crack tip opening displacement, and cyclic plasticity-induced closure. The net cyclic stretch of the process zone at the crack tip plays a major role in the fatigue crack propagation under cyclic loading. Only constant amplitude loading is considered in this paper. The model predictions utilize only the readily available material properties, such as Young's modulus, yield strength, threshold stress intensity factor, and the fracture toughness. There are no empirical fitting constants. The model predictions are validated by an extensive amount of published fatigue crack growth studies. The agreement between the model predictions and the experimental data is good.