cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Legionella pneumophila surface antigens cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli are translocated to the host cell surface and interact with specific anti-Legionella antibodies

Escherichia coli clones that express Legionella pneumophila antigens were isolated from a plasmid genomic library, and their antigens were characterized by immunoblotting with rabbit anti-L. pneumophila sera. Because previous studies of L. pneumophila antigens by whole-cell radioimmunoprecipitation suggested that comigrating native antigens were surface localized, we conducted experiments to determine if the cloned antigens were surface expressed in E. coli. Aliquots of antisera were absorbed by intact cells of three representative antigen-producing E. coli clones, and surface-bound antibodies were acid eluted from the intact cells. Immunoblots made with selectively absorbed antisera and eluted antibodies confirmed that reactivity to the homologous cloned antigens could be specifically absorbed from the antisera and then eluted from the cells, demonstrating a surface (antibody-accessible) localization in the cloned state. Antibodies eluted from the surface of an E. coli clone that expressed a 19-kilodalton antigen reacted with the surface of L. pneumophila in a liquid-phase, whole-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, intact cells of this clone were used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect serum antibody. E. coli cells that express foreign antigens on their surfaces can be used to develop antigen-specific immunoassays and to affinity purify monospecific antibodies.
Typology of Sensemaking and Leader's Success in the United States and France: A Cross-Cultural Study

This cross-cultural review discusses the process of sensemaking as applied to the current economic environment comparing the United States and France along the dimensions Hofstede proposed on national culture. We develop a typology of sensemaking and successful leadership posing that if applied, has the potential to contribute to economic recovery. Sensemaking predictor variables, including event, time, resources, tools and national culture are hypothesized to influence the dependent variable, decision making, leading to the desired outcome. Given the prevailing world economic condition, the question posed in this study is whether organizational leaders could benefit by engaging in sensemaking.
The limited universe of exons: Current Opinion in Structural Biology 1991, 1:973–977

Abstract The catalogue of mosaic proteins showing evidence of exon shuffling continues to expand. The repeated use of exon modules suggests that current protein diversity could have been generated from a finite set of such exon modules, and that the size and character of this underlying exon universe can still be glimpsed in extant proteins.
Ecological engineering in water resources : The Benefits of collaborating with nature

Abstract Ecological engineering is a relatively unfamiliar; cost-effective strategy for tackling the “second generation” of water resource problems. It can be defined as the design, construction, operation, and management of landscape/aquatic structures and associated plant and animal communities to benefit humanity and nature. It is introduced by comparing it with “conventional” engineering, including case studies with cost and performance data. Ecological engineering can offer important potential advantages: better performance, less cost, multiple benefits, and better acceptance by the public and regulators. It can cost less because structures are sometimes not as highly engineered and are durable and self-maintaining. Natural energy sources and self-regulating processes reduce operation and maintenance costs. The ancillary benefits can be ecological, recreational, or economic. Case studies include a treatment of wetland to remove nitrogen from wastewater, a lakeshore stabilization project, and stream a...
Moderating the Effects of Childhood Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence: The Roles of Parenting Characteristics and Adolescent Peer Support.

We investigate parenting characteristics and adolescent peer support as potential moderators of the effects of childhood exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) on adolescent outcomes. Lehigh Longitudinal Study (N=416) data include parent and adolescent reports of childhood IPV exposure. Exposure to IPV predicted nearly all adverse outcomes examined, however after accounting for co-occurring child abuse and early child behavior problems, IPV predicted only one outcome. Several moderator effects were identified. Parental "acceptance" of the child moderated the effects of IPV exposure on the likelihood of teenage pregnancy and running away from home. Both peer communication and peer trust moderated the relationship between exposure to IPV and depression and running from home. Peer communication also moderated the effects of IPV exposure on high school dropout. Interventions that influence parenting practices and strengthen peer support for youth exposed to IPV may increase protection and decrease risk of several tested outcomes. Language: en
Modification of impulsive tempo in learning-disabled pupils.

Thirty-three impulsive learning- disabled males, aged 9–12 years, were assigned to one of three treatment conditions: (a) Modeling, in which subjects were exposed to a videotape of a boy demonstrating reflective problem-solving activities and instructing himself to perform cautiously; (b) Modeling Plus Self-Verbalization, in which subjects observed the same videotape and were additionally required to verbalize similar reflective instructions; and (c) Control, in which subjects were shown a videotape of the task materials used in the modeling videotape, but without the model. Subjects were tested immediately after exposure to treatment, and again 3 weeks later, on different forms of the Matching Familiar Figures test. Both Modeling and Modeling Plus Self-Verbalization conditions were superior to Control in reducing errors on the immediate test, but the three treatments did not differ on the delayed test. No significant differences among the three conditions were found with regard to response latency. Discrepancies between the present results and those of previous related studies were noted, and potential research directions were suggested.
Endothelin-1 nociceptive signaling in keratinocytes may involve sensitization of adenylate cyclase

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is an endogenous peptide implicated in pain from skin incision, inflammation, neuropathy, and cancer. ET-1 binds to GPCRs ETA and ETB onmany different cell types, includingneurons, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes. ET-1 injected into the skin is thought to cause nociception via a twophase mechanism — an early phase involving keratinocytes and a late phase involving ETA -mediated opening of TRPV1 and Na + channels in dorsal root ganglion neurons. Previouslywe reported that ET-1 elicits a rise in [Ca]i in proliferating human keratinocytes via ETA. We extend these findings by showing ET-1 modulation of the cAMP pathway in keratinocytes. We show that in keratinocytes, direct activation of adenylate cyclase by forskolin is potentiated by ET-1 (as measured by [cAMP]i accumulation). Using fluorescent microscopy Ca imaging via the ratiometric dye Fura-2, we further show that indirect activation of adenylate cyclase by the non-selective b-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol is also potentiated by ET-1 (as measured by transient [Ca]i increase) and this potentiation is abrogated by ETA but not ETB antagonists. Finally, we show that ET-1 does not directly activate endogenous adenylate cyclases (as measured by [cAMP]i accumulation). Thus, in keratinocytes ET-1 acts via ETA on endogenous adenylate cyclases to potentiate the [cAMP]i response to forskolin as well as the [Ca]i response to isoproterenol. Since ET-1 does not promote [cAMP]i accumulation directly, this phenomenon likely reflects Ca sensitization of endogenous adenylate cyclases. Further elucidation of ET-1 signaling pathways in keratinocytes could provide targets for pharmacological intervention that would ideally attenuate cutaneous pain mediated by ET-1.
U.S. women's one-year contraceptive use patterns, 2004.

CONTEXT: Unintended pregnancies occur far too often in the United States, and half occur when couples fail to practice contraception. Improved measures of the continuity of women’s contraceptive use, nonuse and switching patterns can help identify ways to reduce unintended pregnancy. METHODS: A nationally representative sample of 1,978 adult women at risk of unintended pregnancy was surveyed by telephone in 2004. Respondents provided detailed information about contraceptive use and periods of stopping or switching methods during the past year. A typology of patterns of contraceptive use was created, classifying women into mutually exclusive categories according to their exposure to pregnancy risk. RESULTS: Twenty-three percent of women at risk of unintended pregnancy were exposed to a high risk of pregnancy because of gaps in contraceptive method use in the year prior to the survey—8% were consistent nonusers, and 15% experienced 1–11 months of nonuse while at risk. More than half of women used a method during each of the previous 12 months—38% used the same method or methods all year, and 24% switched methods. Fifteen percent of women had gaps in contraceptive use when they were not at risk. Women reported a variety of reasons for their gaps in contraceptive use, including method-related difficulties and side effects, infrequent sex and being ambivalent about avoiding pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Strategies for reducing gaps in contraceptive use include improved counseling to help women both choose the right method and continue method use, especially when they have periods of infrequent sexual activity or are experiencing method-related side effects or problems.
Alzheimer’s Peptide Aβ1–42 Binds to Two β-Sheets of α1-Antichymotrypsin and Transforms It from Inhibitor to Substrate

The serpin alpha1-antichymotrypsin is a major component of brain amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease. In vitro alpha1-antichymotrypsin interacts with the Alzheimer's amyloid peptide Abeta1-42 and stimulates both formation and disruption of neurotoxic Abeta1-42 fibrils in a concentration-dependent manner. We have constructed a new hybrid model of the complex between Abeta1-42 and alpha1-antichymotrypsin in which both amino and carboxyl sequences of Abeta1-42 insert into two different beta-sheets of alpha1-antichymotrypsin. We have tested this model and shown experimentally that full-length and amino-terminal segments of Abeta1-42 bind to alpha1-antichymotrypsin as predicted. We also show that Abeta1-42 forms both intra- and intermolecular SDS-stable complexes with alpha1-antichymotrypsin and that the binding of Abeta1-42 to alpha1-antichymotrypsin abolishes the inhibitory activity of the latter and its ability to form stable complex with chymotrypsin. The existence of both inter- as well as intramolecular complexes of Abeta1-42 explains the nonlinear concentration-dependent effects of alpha1-antichymotrypsin on Abeta1-42 fibril formation, which we have reinvestigated here over a broad range of Abeta1-42:alpha1-antichymotrypsin ratios. These data suggest a molecular basis for the distinction between amorphous and fibrillar Abeta1-42 in vivo. The reciprocal effects of Abeta1-42 and alpha1-antichymotrypsin could play a role in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease.
Digital libraries and data scholarship

In addition to preserving and retrieving digital information, digital libraries need to allow data scholars to create post-publication references to objects within files and across collections of files. Such references can serve as new metadata in their own right and should also provide methods for efficiently extracting the subset of the original data that belongs to the object. This paper discusses some ideas about the requirements for such references within the context of long-term, active archival, where neither the data format nor the institutional basis can be guaranteed to remain constant.
Thermal analysis of SmTiFe11−xCox (x = 0, 11) and DyTiCo11 intermetallic alloys

Abstract Alloys of composition SmTiFe 11− x Co x ( x =0, 11) and DyTiCo 11 have been examined via differential thermal analysis. Thermal peaks found in the Sm-containing TiFe 11 sample were consistent with a 1–12 phase, with additional Fe 2 Ti and a-Fe phases present, as found in a previous work. In SmTiCo 11 , evidence for a 1–12, a 2–17 and a primarily Co-containing solid solution was found. When Dy is substituted for Sm in the Co 11 sample, an additional peak, possibly due to the formation of the hexagonal 2–17 phase from the rhombohedral phase was noted. In addition, peaks corresponding to the ferromagnetic ordering of Fe in SmTiFe 11 and of Co in DyTiCo 11 were observed.
Past and Present Utilization of Interstate Compacts in the United States

This research examines the frequency of utilization and the usefulness of interstate compacts as a contemporary instrument of intergovernmental relations. Beginning with a discussion of the legal status ofcompacts, the author then reviews historic and current scholarship on compacts. Changes over time in the enactment of compacts are observed, together with changes in the types and scope of compacts. The procedures of the State of Maryland are used as a case study in evaluating the benefits of compact membership. In conclusion, the author discusses recent academic interest in this aspect of intergovernmental relations.
Some copolymerizations of cis- and trans-Dibenzoylethylene

trans-Dibenzoylethylene has been copolymerized in emulsion with butadiene, 2,3-dimethylbutadiene, and isoprene. It was found to be of advantage to use low temperatures for the copolymerization with diene monomers, to avoid interference of the Diels-Alder reaction. trans-Dibenzoylethylene retarded the polymerization of styrene, but it was incorporated into the copolymer after an induction period. It inhibited the polymerization of vinyl acetate and acrylonitrile which could not be polymerized in emulsions in its presence. cis-Dibenzoylethylene has been copolymerized with styrene. The incorporation was low (about three per cent), but the viscosities were twice as high as those of polystyrene prepared under the same conditions. cis-Dibenzoylethylene did not inhibit the polymerization of either butadiene or acrylonitrile and no incorporation of the disketone into the polymer could be proved in either case.
Human replication protein A preferentially binds cisplatin-damaged duplex DNA in vitro

Fractionation of human cell extracts by cisplatin-DNA affinity chromatography was employed to identify proteins capable of binding cisplatin-damaged DNA. A specific protein-DNA complex, termed DRP-3, was identified in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) using a cisplatin-damaged DNA probe. Using this assay we purified DRP-3 and the final fraction contained proteins of 70, 53, 46, 32, and 14 kDa. On the basis of subunit molecular weights, antibody reactivity, and DNA binding activities, DRP-3 was identified as human replication protein A (hRPA). Therefore, we assessed the binding of recombinant human RPA (rhRPA) to duplex cisplatin-damaged DNA in vitro. Global treatment of a highly purified completely duplex 44-bp DNA with cisplatin resulted in a 10-20-fold increase in rhRPA binding compared to the undamaged control. The stability of the RPA-DNA complexes was assessed, and NaCl and MgCl2 concentrations that completely inhibited rhRPA binding to undamaged DNA had only a minimal effect on binding to duplex platinated DNA. We assessed rhRPA binding to a duplex DNA containing a single site-specific 1,2-d(GpG) cisplatin adduct, and the results revealed a 4-6-fold increase in binding to this DNA substrate compared to an undamaged control DNA of identical sequence. These results are consistent with RPA being involved in the initial recognition of cisplatin-damaged DNA, possibly mediating DNA repair events. Therefore, we assessed how another cisplatin DNA binding protein, HMG-1, affected the ability of rhRPA to bind damaged DNA. Competition binding assays show minimal dissociation of either protein from cisplatin-damaged DNA during the course of the reaction. Simultaneous addition experiments revealed that HMG-1 binding to cisplatin-damaged DNA was minimally affected by rhRPA, while HMG-1 inhibited the damaged-DNA binding activity of rhRPA. These data are consistent with HMG-1 blocking DNA repair and possibly having the capability to enhance the cytotoxic efficacy of the drug cisplatin.
Teacher- versus peer-mediated instruction: an ecobehavioral analysis of achievement outcomes.

In three experiments, we compared the effects of instructional arrangements that varied in: (a) teacher versus peer mediators, (b) methods used, (c) levels of student academic responding generated, and (d) content taught and tested. Instructional arrangements (i.e., tasks, structure, teacher position, teacher behavior) and students' levels of academic responding were measured by an observation system which served as an index of the independent variables. Students' accuracy on weekly spelling, arithmetic, and vocabulary tests and pre- and post-standardized achievement tests (Experiments 2 and 3 only) were the dependent variables. Results indicated that the classwide peer tutoring, compared to the teacher's procedure, produced more student academic responding and higher weekly test scores, regardless of treatment order or subject matter content (Experiment 1). The four lowest performing students in each class, in particular, benefited from peer tutoring, often performing as well as the other students. These findings were replicated in Experiments 2 and 3 wherein content taught/tested was also manipulated. Standardized test score gains were higher in those areas in which peer tutoring was used longest. Issues related to the functional analysis of instruction and achievement gain are discussed.
Parkinson's disease: clinical manifestations and treatment

This review describes and synthesizes the clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis, and treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is a common neurodegenerative disorder affecting approximately 0.5 to 1% of the population over the age of 65.The cardinal features of PD include tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity and postural instability.There are also a number of secondary features that are important to recognize and treat, including cognitive dysfunction, depression, anxiety, autonomic dysfunction, and disturbances of sleep. Only approximately 75-80% of patients that present with parkinsonian features have idiopathic PD. Other disease entities that can present with parkinsonism are reviewed. It is important to recognize these disorders since treatment and prognosis for the parkinsonian syndromes are markedly different from idiopathic PD.In addition, current medical and surgical approaches for the treatment of PD are reviewed.The mainstay of treatment for PD remains levodopa, but there are a number of sup...
Impressions about communication styles and competence in nursing relationships

The importance of communication in the health professions has risen to the forefront in recent years. Yet, little is known about how nurses perceive themselves communicating in various work relationships. Data from two independent studies were triangulated in order to determine how general impressions of communication may be manifested as well as how these general impressions can be operationalized in a variety of specific communicator skills used in the daily work routine of nurses. Results revealed that viewing oneself as a friendly and flexible communicator best predicted an effective communicator across nursing relationships (e.g., interacting with a subordinate, peer, or supervisor). Nurses also reported both themselves and their supervisors to be equally friendly, attentive, and expressive communicators. A number of hypotheses were generated based on the results of Study One. The findings of Study Two provided evidence for ascribing the importance of particular communication skills depending on the ...
Nice Try, Bill, But … There You Go Again

Bill McKelvey's commentary is provocative, but four points need correction. (1) The purpose of engaged scholarship is not just to advance practice but to create scientific knowledge. (2) Bill's food chain metaphor mistakenly views the gap between science and practice as a knowledge transfer problem. (3) Bill ignores the impact of biases of researchers by only focusing on practitioner bias. (4) He considers differing views of researchers and practitioners as antithetical; we view them as complementary.
Heterocyclic amine content in fast-food meat products

Heterocyclic aromatic amines are sometimes formed during the cooking of muscle meats, and their mutagenic and carcinogenic effects are of potential concern in the aetiology of human cancer. In a large survey of the heterocyclic amine content of foods, fried or charbroiled hamburgers, fried chicken, chicken breast sandwiches, fish sandwiches and breakfast sausages were purchased from fast-food restaurants. At least three different chains were visited per product and samples from five stores from each chain were pooled. The solid-phase extraction and HPLC method was used to analyse pooled samples for heterocyclic amine content and mutagenic activity with the Ames/Salmonella assay. Samples were analysed in a blind study which also contained quality control samples of two types, one high and one low in heterocyclic amine content and mutagenic activity. Results from the fast-food products showed undetectable levels of heterocyclic amines in 10 of 17 samples and only low levels [< or = 1 ng/g total of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (DiMeIQx)] in the remaining samples. Compared with literature values based primarily on laboratory and home cooking conditions, fast-food meat products appear to contribute only a small percentage of the estimated daily dietary intake of heterocyclic amines.
RF Power Amplifier Efficiency Enhancement by Envelope Injection and Termination for Mobile Terminal Applications

An improved technique to enhance the efficiency of the linear RF power amplifiers (PAs) used in mobile terminal applications is proposed. The baseband load impedance is optimized, and the input envelope, along with the RF signal, is fed to the PA input. The resulting baseband modulation of the drain increases the saturated RF output power for a given dc power consumption. Digital predistortion is implemented to compensate for the linearity degradation. A 1.95-GHz heterojunction GaAs field-effect transistor PA, which in typical bias condition draws 100 mA from an 8.0-V supply and provides maximum power of 28 dBm for a continuous-wave input at 1.95 GHz, exhibits a significant improvement in peak power-added efficiency from 40% to 56% for a two-tone input, from 33% to 42% for an uplink WCDMA with one dedicated physical data channel (DPDCH), and from 27% to 32% for an uplink WCDMA with six DPDCHs.
Shoe-fitting fluoroscopes; their outlawing in Pennsylvania.

(1958). Shoe-Fitting Fluoroscopes-their Outlawing in Pennsylvania. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal: Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 382-383.
Diversity at Work: Do Men and Women Differ in their Organizational Citizenship Behavior?

ABSTRACT: In this paper, we use social role theory to develop hypotheses predicting differences in the organizational citizenship behavior of males and females at work. Results, based on questionnaire responses of 257 restaurant workers and their supervisors, demonstrate that females in our service-worker sample engaged in more altruism, loyalty, and obedience than males, but that males and females did not differ in their advocacy participation. Results also demonstrate that organizational tenure moderated the relationship between sex and two forms of citizenship behavior: altruism and advocacy participation. We discuss the implications of our findings and conclude with suggestions for future research.
Children's food choice process in the home environment. A qualitative descriptive study.

Abstract This qualitative descriptive study explored children’s food choices in the home with particular attention to environmental influences. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11- to 14-year-old children ( n = 47) from one middle school. A data-driven content analysis using selected principles of grounded theory was performed. Children’s food choices in the home emerged as a process that involved three interacting components, the child, the parent, and the food, embedded within the context of time. Children’s structured activities throughout the day, week, and year provided an overall context for food choices. Parents affected children’s food choices through their presence in the home, time pressure and activity prioritization, incorporation of family members’ preferences, food preparation effort and skills, and financial and health concerns. Parents created food options through food purchasing and preparation and indirectly affected children’s food choices by setting rules, providing information, and modeling behaviors. Children affected parents’ decisions by communicating food preferences. For children, important aspects of the food itself included its availability at home and attributes related to taste, preparation, and cost. Children evaluated potential food options based on their hunger level, food preferences, time pressure and activity prioritization, food preparation effort and skills, and expected physical consequences of food.
Dynamics of severe storms through the study of thermospheric-tropospheric coupling

Atmospheric acoustic-gravity waves associated with severe local thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes can be studied through the coupling between the thermosphere and the troposphere. Reverse group ray tracing computations of acoustic-gravity waves, observed by an ionospheric Doppler sounder array, show that the wave sources are in the neighborhood of storm systems and the waves are excited prior to the storms. It is suggested that the overshooting and ensuing collapse of convective turrets may be responsible for generating the acoustic-gravity waves observed. The results of this study also show that the study of wave-wave resonant interactions may be a potential tool for investigating the dynamical behavior of severe storm systems using ionospheric observations of atmospheric acoustic-gravity waves associated with severe storms.
A phase III randomized three-arm trial of physical therapist delivered pain coping skills training for patients with total knee arthroplasty: the KASTPain protocol

Approximately 20% of patients report persistent and disabling pain following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) despite an apparently normally functioning prosthesis. One potential risk factor for unexplained persistent pain is high levels of pain catastrophizing. We designed a three-arm trial to determine if a pain coping skills training program, delivered prior to TKA, effectively reduces function-limiting pain following the procedure in patients with high levels of pain catastrophizing. The trial will be conducted at four University-based sites in the US. A sample of 402 patients with high levels of pain catastrophizing will be randomly assigned to either a pain coping skills training arm, an arthritis education control arm or usual care. Pain coping skills will be delivered by physical therapists trained and supervised by clinical psychologist experts. Arthritis education will be delivered by nurses trained in the delivery of arthritis-related content. The primary outcome will be change in Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) Pain scale score 12 months following surgery. A variety of secondary clinical and economic outcomes also will be evaluated. The trial will be conducted at four University-based sites in the US. A sample of 402 patients with high levels of pain catastrophizing will be randomly assigned to either a pain coping skills training arm, an arthritis education control arm or usual care. Pain coping skills will be delivered by physical therapists trained and supervised by clinical psychologist experts. Arthritis education will be delivered by nurses trained in the delivery of arthritis-related content. The primary outcome will be change in Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) Pain scale score 12 months following surgery. A variety of secondary clinical and economic outcomes also will be evaluated. NCT01620983
Subacute angle-closure glaucoma as a cause of headache in the presence of a white eye

Three patients, initially diagnosed with headache syndromes, were subsequently found to have subacute angle-closure glaucoma. In each case, the eye appeared grossly normal and there were no visual symptoms. A comprehensive ophthalmologic examination, including gonioscopy, confirmed the diagnosis. Laser iridotomy was curative with complete resolution of head and face pain. Subacute angle-closure glaucoma is an exception to the maxim that a white eye is not the cause of a painful eye.
Recent advances in understanding signal transduction pathways in worms and flies

One major challenge in the fields of signal transduction and pattern formation is to understand how multiple signals are integrated to determine cell fates. Two developmental systems, vulval development in Caenorhabditis elegans and axis formation during Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis, require the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase and the NOTCH signaling pathways to specify cell fates. Current work in both systems has provided new opportunities to investigate the potential for the cross-talk between these different signaling pathways.
Sterol composition of three species of sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) and their dietary plant material.

Three species of sawflies, along with their particular host plants, were examined for neutral sterols. Cholesterol was the predominant sterol in the sawfliesDolerus nitens (56.6%) andAneugmenus flavipes (73.0%), with lesser amounts of sitosterol, campesterol and desmosterol.Xiphydria maculata, however, contained unusually high levels (74.9%) of 7-dehydrocholesterol. Based on the sterol composition of their individual host plants, which contained primarily 28- and 29-carbon sterols, it is likely that all three sawfly species are capable of dealkylation of phytosterols.
State Income Inequality and Presidential Election Turnout and Outcomes

Objective. This study examines the links among income inequality, voter turnout, and electoral choice at the state level in recent presidential elections. Methods. We introduce two new state-level ecological data sets, estimated annual Gini coefficients of income inequality from 1969 to 2004 and a measure of income segregation across Census tracts within states in 1999. We test for associations among inequality, turnout, and party preference with cross-sectional, fixed-effects, and multilevel analyses. Results. The cross-sectional effect of inequality on voter turnout and electoral choice is ambiguous. However, a fixed-effects analysis links higher income inequality to lower voter turnout and also to a stronger Democratic vote. Multilevel results indicate that higher levels of economic segregation likewise are associated with depressed turnout, after controlling for individual voter characteristics and for state-level income.
The Tortoise, the Hare, and the FoxO

Maintaining stem cell quiescence is intimately connected to preserving long-term self-renewal potential. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Paik et al. (2009) and Renault et al. (2009) demonstrate a role for FoxO transcription factors in regulating neural stem cell proliferation and in maintaining stem and progenitor cell homeostasis.
A two-step iterative method for evolving nonlinear acoustic systems to a steady-state

A new approach for evolving two-dimensional nonlinear acoustic systems with flow to a steady state is presented. The approach is a two-step iterative method which is tested on a benchmark acoustic problem for which an exact analytical solution is available. Results are also calculated for a nonlinear acoustic problem for which an exact analytical solution is not known. Results indicate that the two-step method represents a powerful, efficient, and stable method for evolving two-dimensional acoustic systems to a steady state, and that the method is applicable to any number of spatial dimensions and to other hyperbolic systems. It is noted that for the benchmark problem only a single iteration on the method is required when the transient and steady-state field are of the same order of magnitude; however, four iterations are required when the steady-state field is several orders of magnitude smaller than the transient field. This method requires six iterations before achieving a steady state for the nonlinear test problem.
Axon and neuron numbers after forelimb amputation in neonatal rats

It seems a paradox that more primary sensory neurons are lost but recovery is better after peripheral nerve injury in neonates as compared to adult mammals. A possible explanation is that surviving neurons sprout in the neonate. To test this, forelimbs in neonatal rats were amputated, which caused the death of many primary sensory neurons. The number of neurons in the dorsal root ganglia, and the number of myelinated and unmyelinated fibers in the dorsal and ventral roots were determined on the amputated and contralateral normal sides. On the amputated side, soma loss in the ganglia was 30%, and the fiber numbers were decreased by 16% in the dorsal root and increased by 20% in the ventral root. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that there is axonal branching or sprouting from surviving sensory neurons. In addition, morphometric analyses showed a changed myelin-axon relationship for central processes of sensory cells whose distal processes have been cut.
Design of a high throughput grazing incidence monochromator for surf II

Abstract Optimization and ray trace calculations have been completed for a high throughput, toroidal grating monochromator. Several unique features have been incorporated into the design. The instrument will use the electron beam as the entrance slit, taking advantage of the small vertical beam size and high brightness of SURF II. The grating will be placed as close as possible to the storage ring and will intercept 51 mrad of horizontal orbit and below 500 A, the full vertical light output. Three different gratings will be used to cover the ranges 30–90, 80–200 and 150–600 A. Normally, multiρating instruments vary only the grating ruling spacing to change ranges, keeping the toroid and monochromator geometries identical in the different ranges. This instrument will be optimized independently in each range using the optimum toroid and monochromator geometries. As a result, the exit arm length will change in going from the long to the middle wavelength range and the included angle will change from 162.2° to 173° in going to the shortest wavelength range.
Learning the rules of categorized free recall

When Ss were presented with six lists of 25 stimulus words such that the only thing the lists had in common was that they were constructed using five words from each of five different categories, the number of words recalled and the average cluster size of responses increased over the six presentations. This increase interacted with the frequency of occurrence of the items used. The results were taken to indicate the development of a general strategy or rule used to advantage by Ss in free-recall experiments.
The artifice of literary dreams.

Abstract When it comes to interpreting dreams, literary critics have a distinct advantage, it would appear, over practicing analysts. Readers would assume that storytellers have crafted dreams in fictions to illuminate their characters and have provided the elements that analysts must struggle to collect and select: especially the day residue, the larger contextual associations, and an overarching narrative. The dream of a 23-year old woman from Ellen Glasgow's 1925 novel, Barren Ground, should illustrate the critic's advantage. Consideration, however, of the larger context, shrouded associations, and multiple master narratives (formulated by Freud, Jung, and Kohut) that the critic can profitably employ in understanding the young woman's dream raises fundamental questions about the critic's presumed advantage.
Regulatory role of β-arrestin-2 in cholesterol processing in cystic fibrosis epithelial cells

Cystic fibrosis (CF) cells exhibit an increase in the protein expression of β-arrestin-2 (βarr2) coincident with perinuclear accumulation of free cholesterol. Arrestins are proteins that both serve as broad signaling regulators and contribute to G-protein coupled receptor internalization after agonist stimulation. The hypothesis of this study is that βarr2 is an important component in the mechanisms leading to cholesterol accumulation characteristic of CF cells. To test this hypothesis, epithelial cells stably expressing GFP-tagged βarr2 (βarr2-GFP) and respective GFP-expressing control cells (cont-GFP) were analyzed by filipin staining. The βarr2-GFP cells show a late endosomal/lysosomal cholesterol accumulation that is identical to that seen in CF cells. This βarr2-mediated accumulation is sensitive to Rp-cAMPS treatment, and depleting βarr2 expression in CF-model cells by shRNA alleviates cholesterol accumulation compared with controls. Cftr/βarr2 double knockout mice also exhibit wild-type (WT) levels of cholesterol synthesis, and WT profiles of signaling protein expression have previously been shown to be altered in CF due to cholesterol-related pathways. These data indicate a significant regulatory role for βarr2 in the development of CF-like cholesterol accumulation and give further insight into cholesterol processing mechanisms. An impact of βarr2 expression on Niemann-Pick type C-1 (NPC1)-containing organelle movement is proposed as the mechanism of βarr2-mediated alterations on cholesterol processing. It is concluded that βarr2 expression contributes to altered cholesterol trafficking observed in CF cells.
Predicting the Onset of Emotional Recovery Following Nonmarital Relationship Dissolution: Survival Analyses of Sadness and Anger

Event onset modeling was used to investigate the time course of breakup-related affective processes. Daily emotion data were collected for 4 weeks from 58 young adults who recently experienced the dissolution of a serious romantic relationship. Using baseline data obtained from individuals in intact dating relationships, sadness and anger recovery were defined as points in time and then modeled as a function of theoretically relevant predictors using Cox’s survival analysis. Acceptance of relationship termination mediated the association between attachment security and sadness recovery. Greater levels of love, anger, and attachment preoccupation were associated with a decreased probability of sadness recovery during the study period. Attachment security was associated with an increased probability of anger recovery, whereas ongoing sadness decreased the probability of this event. Discussion centers on the differential functioning of sadness and anger as well as the need to consider emotional change as a m...
Effects of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A on the behavior of pigeons and rats.

SR141716A (Sanofi Recherche), a pyrazole derivative with high affinity for rat and human CB1 cannabinoid receptors, has recently been reported to reverse biochemical, physiological and behavioral effects induced by cannabinoid agonists. The present experiments characterized the activity of SR141716A (SR) in behavioral procedures designed to assess its antagonistic and intrinsic effects on unconditioned behavior and on complex learned behaviors. Six adult male pigeons were trained to discriminate injections of 0.56 mg/kg Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) from vehicle under a two-key, fixed-ratio schedule of food reinforcement. SR (IM) produced a nearly complete blockade of THC-appropriate responding occasioned by the training dose without inducing significant changes in session response rates, but also produced partial substitution for Δ9-THC when administered alone. In another group of pigeons trained under a multiple schedule of signaled and unsignaled fixed consecutive number (FCN) responding, SR had little effect on accuracy, but Δ9-THC produced dose-related decreases in accuracy under both schedule components. SR was also evaluated in acoustic startle procedures in rats. SR produced little effect either on startle amplitude or prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle. In contrast, the potent cannabinomimetic CP-55, 940 produced large decreases in startle responses elicited by 120 dB [A] broad-band noise. These decreases were completely reversed by SR (10 mg/kg, IP). In concurrent measures, SR blocked the hypothermic effect CP-55,940. These results suggest that SR is an effective antagonist of the psychoactive effects of cannabinoids.
International Business Through Barter and Countertrade

Abstract This paper starts with a definition and review of barter and countertrade and the reasons for their growth in modern times. The author develops a classification scheme for the various forms of countertrade based on the time horizon and the degree of capital involved. In addition, he provides a conceptual framework for understanding the various forms of countertrade. He concludes by examining corporate opportunities and risks in countertrade.
Regarding the novelty and breeding value of protoplast-derived variants of Russet Burbank (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Striking similarities appear to exist between selected protoplast-derived variants (PD-clones) of the potato cultivar Russet Burbank, and commonly occurring somatic potato sports, called ‘bolters’. A limited survey of individuals involved in the certification of Russet Burbank, revealed that bolters do commonly occur in this variety, are highly variable, and sometimes occur at high frequency. It is therefore suggested that bolters and the more promising selected PD-clones of Russest Burbank may be one and the same, arising from the same type of macromutation. One selected PD-clone, three different Russet Burbank bolters, and two controls were analyzed for 15 isozymes in the hope of determining if bolters and promising PD-clones belong to the same class of variants. No isozyme variation between Russet Burbank and its subclones was observed. The breeding value of protoplast-derived variation is discussed in this light.
The critical element model: A modeling philosophy

Abstract The advent of composite primary structures has presented the technical community with several challenges. Not the least of these is the need to answer the question, “How long will this composite component last?”. One of the most basic issues associated with this question is the matter of how to describe (and predict) behavior that is influenced and controlled by complex combinations and interactions of the multiple damage modes know to occur in composite materials. The present paper suggests a mechanistic approach to this problem which is generally known as the “critical element model” (CEM). The CEM is not so much a single model as a modeling philosophy which proposes that the damage process that ultimately leads to initiation of the fracture event can be modeled by using a micro-mechanical analysis to determine local stress redistribution caused by the failure of “subcritical elements”, and phenomenological (constitutive) information to characterize the condition of the “critical elements” which control fracture. This approach has a variety of advantages, and provides a framework for the incorporation of improved descriptions and analysis of micro-events as they become available. At the same time, it is presently operable at the elementary engineering level in convenient coded form and has been used to predict the behavior of composite coupons subjected to a variety of tensile and compressive load cycles including block loading. Some 270 tests have been compared with the predictions with encouraging results. A summary of these activities and the general philosophy will be presented in the paper.
A network simplex method

Simple combinatorial modifications are given which ensure finiteness in the primal simplex method for the transshipment problem and the upper-bounded primal simplex method for the minimum cost flow problem. The modifications involve keeping "strongly feasible" bases. An efficient algorithm is given for converting any feasible basis into a strongly feasible basis. Strong feasibility is preserved by a rule for choosing the leaving basic variable at each simplex iteration. The method presented is closely related to a new perturbation technique and to previously known degeneracy modifications for shortest path problems and maximum flow problems.
Climate models show increasing Arctic cyclone activity

Winter in the Arctic is not only cold and dark—it is also storm season, when hurricane-like Arctic cyclones traverse northern waters. Arctic cyclones predominantly occur in subpolar regions, around Iceland or the Aleutian Islands. Like all cyclones, Arctic cyclones are characterized by strong localized drops in sea level pressure. One expected consequence of global climate change is an Arctic-wide decrease in sea level pressure, which would serve to increase extreme Arctic cyclone activity, including powerful storms that can sometimes hit in the spring and fall.
Co-localization of junction-associated proteins of the human blood--aqueous barrier: occludin, ZO-1 and F-actin.

Recent studies in mouse and rabbit eyes have begun to identify the molecular constituents of tight and adherens junctions that represent the structural equivalent of the blood--aqueous barrier (BAB). These species are commonly used as experimental models to examine the pathobiology of anterior uveitis, an inflammatory condition in which the junctions of the BAB are compromised. Because it was unclear whether major molecular elements of the junctions in these species were the same as those in humans, the goal of this study was to determine if the junction related proteins ZO-1 and occludin are present in normal human ciliary epithelium and iridial vascular endothelium. To determine their presence, sections of human anterior uvea were probed in 14 normal, human, eyebank eyes immunolabelled with antibodies to ZO-1, and occludin, and confocal microscopy was used to examine them. Phalloidin staining for F-actin was also assessed. ZO-1 and occludin were both localized along the apico-lateral surfaces of the non-pigmented ciliary epithelium and the interendothelial clefts of iris blood vessels. In both locations, the distribution of occludin was more focal than seen for ZO-1. ZO-1 was also found along the apical surfaces between the pigmented and non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell layers. The distribution of these proteins supports the notion that occludin is more specifically associated with tight junctions than is ZO-1 in the normal human BAB. No change in this distribution was found with increasing age. These data are consistent with findings reported previously in rabbit ciliary epithelium and iridial vascular endothelium, indicating the relevance of experimental induced uveitis studies in rabbit, as a model of BAB breakdown in human uveitis.
Isolation of proteoglycans using phenol extraction and isopycnic centrifugation in cesium trifluoroacetate.

Abstract A procedure for the rapid isolation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans from Zwittergent lysates of cultured cells and cetylpyridinium precipitates of culture medium is described. After removal of most nonglycosylated proteins by phenol extraction, the proteoglycans are fractionated and isolated by isopycnic sedimentation in cesium trifluoroacetate gradients. The densityisolated proteoglycans, which are largely free of high molecular weight DNA, RNA, and nonglycosylated proteins, are readily amenable to chemical and enzymatic characterization. These procedures, which are designed for efficient and rapid isolation of lipophilic proteoglycans, also appear applicable to the isolation of other high density proteoglycans.