cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbonate Leaching of Uranium from Contaminated Soils

Uranium (U) was successfully removed from contaminated soils from the Fernald Environmental Management Project (FEMP) site near Fernald, Ohio. The laboratory column leach process, referred to as the simulated heap leach process, using 0.5 M sodium bicarbonate as the dominant reagent, was able to achieve uranium removals of 75−90%, corresponding approximately to the percentage of uranium in the oxidized state. Parametric optimization studies are reported. The dissolution of uranium took place in two stages: a rapid desorption associated with soil surfaces and a slow step associated with diffusion of uranium toward solid surfaces. In addition, use of the oxidizing agent, sodium peroxide, improved uranium removal due to oxidation of U(IV), enhancing the solubility of the uranium. The results suggest that the process will be effective for field scale remediation of uranium-contaminated soils because of the efficiency, mild complexing agent employed, lack of prescreening of the soil and the simple equipment n...
Specificity of the requirements for magnesium and calcium in the growth and metabolism of chick embryo fibroblasts.

The rate of entry of chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) into the S-period of the cell cycle is reduced by lowering the external supply of Mg2+ below 0.2 mM. This slowdown, which is measured by the rate of incorporation of 3H thymidine into DNA, can be largely reversed by doubling or tripling the concentration of Ca2+ in the medium, normally 1.7 mM. The Ca2+-induced stimulation is shown not to depend on contaminating traces of Mg2+ in the added Ca2+. The increase in cell number in the Ca2+-stimulated cultures is delayed, possibly due to cell detachment. The effect of Ca2+ on thymidine incorporation can be simulated almost quantitatively by Sr2+. Ba2+ does not produce the effect, nor do any of the other cations tested. As little as 0.2 mM Mg2+ produces a full stimulation of thymidine incorporation in the absence of added Ca2+, and no substitute was found that is effective in the same concentration range. In short term experiments, i.e., 16 hours, even 5.0 mM Ca2+ cannot stimulate thymidine incorporation to the extent achieved with 0.2 mM Mg2+. Large amounts of Ca2+ or Sr2+ can accelerate the uptake of 2-dGlc in Mg2+-deprived cultures, but they are much less efficient than Mg2+ in this regard also. It is suggested that Mg2+ is the direct intracellular effector in controlling the diverse reactions of the coordinate response, and that Ca2+ and Sr2+ act indirectly by making Mg2+ available to participate in these reactions.
Effect of CO2 on the growth of a bleached Euglena.

The addition of CO2 in gaseous form to the growth medium of Euglena gracilis var bacillaris (streptomycin bleached) results in a marked increase in the peak populations reached by the organism. when 20 mm succinate is used as the carbon source, the increase in peak population is proportional to the percentage CO2 enrichment of an air wash up to at least 10% CO2. when acetate is used as a carbon source for growth, some increase is seen in the peak population reached by euglena but the increase is not dependent upon the percentage enrichment of CO2 between 2 and 10% CO2. this extended growth is dependent up the presence of gaseous CO2; bicarbonate ion actually inhibiting growth. thiamin is not required for the CO2 effect, in fact no thiamin requirement can be demonstrated for this organism under the conditions of this experiment.
A longitudinal study of the simultaneous influence of mothers' and teachers' educational expectations on low-income youth's academic achievement

This short-term longitudinal study investigated the simultaneous influences of adults’ (mothers and teachers) educational expectations and youth’s achievement (standardized test scores and teachers’ ratings of academic performance) across a 3-year time span on youth’s performance in school (GPA). Participants were an ethnically diverse sample of 426 low-income urban youth, ages 6 through 16 at T1. Results from cross-lagged and autoregressive path analyses indicated stability in adults’ expectations and youth’s standardized test scores; cross-lagged influences of teachers’, but not mothers’, expectations across time; and effects of youth’s achievement outcomes on adults’ expectations at T2, but not vice versa. Overall, the pattern of findings demonstrate that adults’ educational expectations are dynamic and responsive to how youth are faring in school and to changes in academic performance across time.
SUSY-generated complex optical potentials with real-valued spectra

Supersymmetric transformations in the presence of gain and loss allow for removing arbitrary modes from wave-guiding structures. Moreover, SUSY gives rise to isospectral families of complex potentials with entirely real-valued eigenvalue spectra beyond PT-symmetry.
Thermodynamics of Ionic Solid Solutions and Its Application to the Formation and Stability of Biominerals

The classification of equilibrium between ionic solid solutions and aqueous solutions by Roozeboom is interpreted as being a result of the ideal or regular behaviour of the ionic solid solutions. Due to the fact that the solubility products of isomorphous compounds which form ionic solid solutions differs in general by several orders of magnitude, it is very unlikely that precipitates differ much from the stoichiometry of one of these compounds. This principle is applied to the problem of biominerals, especially bone mineral. As a result it appears that the first mineral deposited in bone is octocalcium phosphate. Under in vivo conditions this phase is transformed into a mixture of three other calcium phosphates having a much lower solubility. The solubility controlling phase in living bone appears to be octocalcium phosphate which is continuously formed during the turn-over of bone. This model for bone mineral has lead to the explanation of the formation of renal stones, pathological calcifications and osteoporosis as a consequence of slight chronic magnesium deficiency. The action of magnesium is mediated by the osteocytes.
The lunar mare basalt suite

Recent studies have greatly expanded knowledge of lunar mare basalts. Since 1976 there has been a revision of the Apollo 12 low-Ti mare basalt suite and the discovery of a new very low-Ti (VLT: less than 1% TiO2) basalt suite at Apollo 17 and in the new Soviet samples from Mare Crisium (LUNA 24). Current studies suggest that the VLT basalts may be in some way related to the enigmatic 'green glasses' which are found in the soils from every lunar landing site. Telescopic studies of spectral reflectance and crater systematics show that basalts of varying Ti content were extruded throughout the history of mare volcanism. These new discoveries indicate that mare basalts can no longer be classified into the two simple groups of older high-Ti basalts and younger low-Ti basalts.
A characterization of the interpolation spaces ofH1 andL∞ on the line

The Calderon-Mitjagin theorem characterizes all interpolation spaces of the pair of Lebesgue spaces (L1,L∞) as the rearrangement-invariant spaces. The results of this paper show that the interpolation spaces ofH1(R) andL∞(R) consist of elements whose nontangential maximal functions lie in rearrangement-invariant spaces.
Attempts to enhance production of porcine chimeras from embryonic germ cells and preimplantation embryos

Porcine embryonic germ (EG) cells share common features with porcine embryonic stem (ES) cells, including morphology, alkaline phosphatase activity and capacity for in vitro differentiation. Porcine EG cells are also capable of in vivo development by producing chimeras after blastocyst injection; however, the proportion of injected embryos that yield a chimera and the proportion of cells contributed by the cultured cells in each chimera are too low for practical use in genetic manipulation. Moreover, somatic, but not germ-line chimerism, has been reported from blastocyst injection using porcine ES or EG cells. To test whether efficiency of chimera production from blastocyst injection can be improved upon by changing the host embryo, we used as host embryos four groups according to developmental stage or length in culture: fresh 4-cell and 8-cell stage embryos subsequently cultured into blastocysts, fresh morulae, fresh blastocysts, and cultured blastocysts. Injection and embryo transfer of fresh and cultured blastocysts produced similar percentages of live piglets (17% versus 19%). Four piglets were judged to have a small degree of pigmentation chimerism, but microsatellite analysis failed to confirm chimerism in these or other piglets. Polymerase chain reaction analysis for detection of the porcine SRY gene in female piglets born from embryos injected with male EG cells identified six chimeras, at least one, but not more than two, from each treatment. Chimerism was confirmed in two putative pigmentation chimeras and in four piglets without overt signs of chimerism. The low percentage of injected embryos that yielded a chimera and the small contribution by EG cells to development of each confirmed chimera indicated that procedural changes in how EG cells were combined with host embryos were unsuccessful in increasing the likelihood that porcine EG cells will participate in embryonic development. Alternatively, our results suggested that improvements are needed in EG cell isolation and culture procedures to ensure in vitro maintenance of EG cell developmental capacity.
446 Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Outcomes of Lung Transplantation in the Modern Era: “To Pump or Not to Pump”

The financial impact of AKI was examined with hospital charges. Results: 106 LTx were performed during the study. Excluding patients bridged to LTx with ECMO, 84(86%) lived 1-yr. Median LAS was 37.1 (IQR3 4.1-45.2). 39(36.7%) were RIFLE-I or F, and 14(13.2%) required renal replacement therapy (RRT). After adjusting for LAS, on logistic regression RIFLE-F had increased odds of in-hospital mortality (OR 4.62; 95% CI, 1.1-18.9, p 0.03). RIFLE-R and I were not associated with in-hospital mortality. Post-op RRT increased the odds of 1-yr mortality (OR 12.5; 95% CI 2.7-58.5, p 0.001), although no RIFLE class was associated with 1-yr mortality. AKI patients had higher median hospital charges (AKI: $168,146 vs no AKI: $143,551, p 0.02).
Vascular Differentiation and the Cell Cycle

Vascular differentiation is a multi-step process regulated by a complex pattern of cell signaling, soluble factors and local environment, which determine specific functions and the peculiar characteristics the endothelial cells will assume in loco by modulating their ability to respond to different environmental cues. For example, endothelial cells lining the vascular bed at the blood-brain barrier level develop particular characteristics of impermeability toward polar molecules that do not have a specific carrier whereas endothelial cells in other regions of the body allow free diffusion of macromolecules between the vascular and interstitial spaces. What promotes endothelial cells to acquire a distinct barrier phenotype in the central nervous system is a complex pattern of cell signaling regulated by growth factors, surrounding cellular environment (e.g., astrocytes), and mechanical adaptation (e.g., shear stress). Neuronal involvement in vascular differentiation at the BBB level is still unclear; but neurons may play some role through extracellular signaling with astrocytes and from them to the endothelial cells.
Role of bovine viral diarrhea virus biotype in the establishment of fetal infections.

Objective—To examine the role of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) biotype on the establishment of fetal infection in cattle. Animals—30 mixed-breed pregnant cows. Procedure—Pregnant cows were inoculated oronasally with either i-VVNADL, originating from an infectious BVDV cDNA clone of the National Animal Disease Laboratory (NADL) isolate, or the parental virus stock, termed NADL-A. Results—All cows developed neutralizing antibodies to BVDV, and virus was commonly isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells or nasal swab specimens of NADL-A inoculated cows; however, virus was rarely isolated from specimens of i-VVNADL inoculated cows. i-VVNADL did not cause fetal infection, whereas all fetuses harvested from NADL-A inoculated cows at 6 weeks after inoculation had evidence of infection. Immunoblot analysis of fetal virus isolates revealed the absence of NS3, confirming a noncytopathic (NCP) biotype BVDV in the NADL-A stock. The sequence of the NCP contaminant (termed NADL-1102) and the i-VVNADL genom...
Can Questions Facilitate Learning from Illustrated Science Texts

This research examines the effectiveness of using questions to facilitate processing of diagrams in science texts. Three studies assessed college students' learning from science passages with questions about illustrations. Experiment 1 investigated the effect of replacing traditional figure captions in an ecology passage with captions which provide questions about illustrations. Experimental subjects did not perform better with questions as captions. An interaction occurred, with control subjects performing better on text‐only multiple‐choice items. Experiment 2 assessed the effect of placing questions about the illustrations directly in the text; however, no significant effects emerged. Experiment 3 replicated the investigation of the effect of placing questions about illustrations in the text, but with different materials. Contrary to predictions, the control group performed better on the multiple‐choice test than the experimental group, and both groups performed better on text‐and‐diagram multiple‐choi...
Modeling the accessible conformations of the intrinsically unstructured transactivation domain of p53

Internuclear distances derived from paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) data were used to restrain molecular dynamics simulations of the intrinsically unstructured transactivation domain of the tumor suppressor protein, p53. About 1000 structures were simulated using ensemble averaging of replicate molecules to compensate for the inherent bias in the PRE-derived distances. Gyration radii measurements on these structures show that the p53 transactivation domain (p53TAD) is statistically predominantly in a partially collapsed state that is unlike the open structure that is found for p53TAD bound to either the E3 ubiquitin ligase, MDM2, or the 70 kDa subunit of replication protein A, RPA70. Contact regions that potentially mediate the collapse were identified and found to consist of mostly hydrophobic residues. The identified contact regions preferentially place the MDM2 and RPA70 binding regions in close proximity. We show that our simulations thoroughly sample the available range of conformations and that a fraction of the molecules are in an open state that would be competent for binding either MDM2 or RPA70. We also show that the Stokes radius estimated from the average gyration radius of the ensemble is in good agreement with the value determined using size exclusion chromatography. Finally, the presence of a persistent loop localized to a PXP motif was identified. Serine residues flanking the PXP motif become phosphorylated in response to DNA damage, and we postulate that this will perturb the equilibrium population to more open conformations.
Experimental Validation of >1 kHz Electrowetting Modulation

Presented here is an experimental measurement of the switching speed one could expect for electrowetting optics. The switching capabilities of various sized elements are studied through basic electrowetting droplet modulation. The relative size of the droplets can be directly related to the dimensions of pixels or prisms used in arrayed electrowetting optics. Experimental results reported herein confirm that scaling down the liquid volume can potentially provide switching speeds of >1 kHz for elements that are <100 mum in size. The factors that determine switching speed are contact line velocity and damping time for the liquid meniscus oscillation.
Brain Activity in Self- and Value-Related Regions in Response to Online Antismoking Messages Predicts Behavior Change

Abstract. In this study, we combined approaches from media psychology and neuroscience to ask whether brain activity in response to online antismoking messages can predict smoking behavior change. In particular, we examined activity in subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex linked to self- and value-related processing, to test whether these neurocognitive processes play a role in message-consistent behavior change. We observed significant relationships between activity in both brain regions of interest and behavior change (such that higher activity predicted a larger reduction in smoking). Furthermore, activity in these brain regions predicted variance independent of traditional, theory-driven self-report metrics such as intention, self-efficacy, and risk perceptions. We propose that valuation is an additional cognitive process that should be investigated further as we search for a mechanistic explanation of the relationship between brain activity and media effects relevant to health behavior change.
Domain analysis: a technique to design a user-centered visualization framework

Domain Analysis for Data Visualization (DADV) is a technique to use when investigating a domain where data visualizations are going to be designed and added to existing software systems. DADV was used to design the data visualization in VisEIO-LCA, which is a framework to visualize environmental data about products. Most of the visualizations are designed using the following stages: formatting data in tables, selecting visual structures, and rendering the data on the screen. Although many visualization authors perform implicit domain analysis, in this paper domain analysis is added explicitly to the process of designing visualizations with the goal of producing move usable software tools. Environmental Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) is used as a test bed for this technique.
Single Bunch Beam Measurements for the Proposed SLAC Linear Collider

Single S-band bunches of ~ 109 electrons have been used to study the characteristics of the SLAC linac in anticipation of its operation as a linear collider. Emittance measurements have been made, the longitudinal charge distribution within single bunches has been determined and transverse emittance growth has been produced by deliberately missteering the beam. New equipment is being installed and checked out, and the sensitivity of new traveling-wave beam position monitors has been measured.
Performance management in avionics telecommunication using passive testing

In this paper, we extend our passive testing based avionics network management approach to serve for not only fault management but performance management as well. First, we introduce the concept of passive testing. Then, we introduce the CFSM model and the observer model with the required extensions to support performance management. We introduce the new fault model including performance flaws. The fault detection algorithm using passive testing is amended with the detection of performance flaws. We briefly describe the fault location procedure together with the newly developed technique for performance management. Then, we illustrate the effectiveness of our new technique through simulation of a practical protocol example, the network layer protocol for the Aeronautical Telecommunication Networks. Finally future extensions and potential trends are discussed.
Achieving meaningful measurements of ICF concepts

Purpose. This paper reviews the strengths and weaknesses of two different approaches to assessing ICF concepts: coding versus quantitative scales. It illustrates the advantages of an alternative, integrative approach, called functional staging.Method. A prospective cohort study. A total of 516 subjects in the Rehabilitation Outcome Study.Results. ICF codes provide a useful approach for classifying easy-to-interpret health-related information on individuals that can be incorporated into administrative records and databases. By minimizing measurement error, quantitative scales are well suited for synthesizing health-related data that can be used to compare the health states of groups of individuals across studies, conditions, and countries as well as to detect clinically meaningful change. A functional staging approach combines the attractive features of ICF coding and quantitative scales to help the user interpret the clinical meaningfulness of summary scores while retaining measurement reliability, validi...
An in vitro assay of collagen fiber alignment by acupuncture needle rotation.

Background: During traditional acupuncture therapy, soft tissues attach to and wind around the acupuncture needle. To study this phenomenon in a controlled and quantitative setting, we performed acupuncture needling in vitro. Methods: Acupuncture was simulated in vitro in three-dimensional, type I collagen gels prepared at 1.5 mg/ml, 2.0 mg/ml, and 2.5 mg/ml collagen, and either crosslinked with formalin or left untreated. Acupuncture needles were inserted into the gels and rotated via a computer-controlled motor at 0.3 rev/sec for up to 10 revolutions while capturing the evolution of birefringence under cross-polarization. Results: Simulated acupuncture produced circumferential alignment of collagen fibers close to the needle that evolved into radial alignment as the distance from the needle increased, which generally matched observations from published tissue explant studies. All gels failed prior to 10 revolutions, and the location of failure was near the transition between circumferential and radial alignment. Crosslinked collagen failed at a significantly lower number of revolutions than untreated collagen, whereas collagen concentration had no effect on gel failure. The strength of the alignment field increased with increasing collagen concentration and decreased with crosslinking. Separate studies were performed in which the gel thickness and depth of needle insertion were varied. As gel thickness increased, gels failed at fewer needle revolutions. For the same depth of insertion, alignment was greater in thinner gels. Alignment increased as the depth of insertion increased. Conclusion: These results indicate that the mechanostructural properties of soft connective tissues may affect their response to acupuncture therapy. The in vitro model provides a platform to study mechanotransduction during acupuncture in a highly controlled and quantitative setting.
Differential impact of upward and downward comparisons on diverse women's disordered eating behaviors and body image

Objective Etiological models of disordered eating are limited in their consideration of racial/ethnic differences in risk factors. Appearance comparisons are consistent predictors of disordered eating outcomes, but research predominantly examines these associations among White women and overlooks the potential differential impact of upward (comparing to someone perceived as better off) versus downward comparisons (comparing to someone perceived as worse off). This study investigated race/ethnicity as a moderator of the associations between upward and downward appearance comparisons and disordered eating outcomes and body satisfaction of young adult women. Method Measures of upward and downward appearance comparisons, body satisfaction, and disordered eating were administered to 1,014 young adult women. A multiple group (by race/ethnicity) path analysis was estimated using maximum likelihood estimation for each disordered eating and body satisfaction outcome, controlling for age and BMI. Results Upward comparisons were associated with higher levels of disordered eating behaviors and lower body satisfaction for women of all racial/ethnic groups. Downward appearance comparisons emerged as detrimental for Hispanic/Latina women, but were protective for Asian and White women. Discussion Findings challenge the belief that appearance comparisons impact all women similarly and that downward comparisons are universally protective, a position often promulgated by clinical treatment approaches. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015).
3-22GHz CMOS distributed single-balanced mixer

This paper presents a 5-stage CMOS distributed single-balanced mixer (DMIXER). The on-chip transmission lines are used to connect the RF and LO parts of the mixer. The distributed mixer is designed in standard 0.18/spl mu/m CMOS technology. It achieves 3.8dB average conversion gain from 3GHz to 22GHz, operates from 1.2V power supply, dissipates 129.36mW, among which 36mW is consumed by distributed active balun, and occupies 3.02 mm/sup 2/ silicon areas.
Sweet syndrome in a neonate with aseptic meningitis.

: A 7-week-old Infant with antecedent otitis media, upper respiratory infection, and aseptic meningitis was diagnosed as having Sweet syndrome. Although this disease usually affects adults, it has been reported in 17 children. This is the youngest reported patient with the disorder to date, and the first in whom the syndrome was associated with aseptic meningitis.
Chiropractic and medical use of health promotion in the management of arthritis: analysis of the 2006 National Health Interview Survey.

Abstract Objective The importance of integrating healthy behavior counseling into routine health care is universal but may depend on the type of medical care provider as well as the conditions presented by patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether health promotion (HP) recommendations for known risk factors of arthritis differed between general medical doctors and doctors of chiropractic (DCs) in a nationally representative US population with arthritis. Methods Multiple logistic regression models were used for analyses of data from the Sample Adult Core component of the 2006 National Health Interview Survey (n = 6374 diagnosed with arthritis). Analyses were performed separately for recommendation of weight loss and increase in exercise by health profession subtype (chiropractor and medical doctor). Results Comparing the reported HP efforts between DCs and medical doctors (MDs), while adjusting for the effect of physical therapist and body mass index, we observed no significant differences (weight loss: adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 0.76 [0.50-1.18]; increased exercise: adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 0.87 [0.59-1.29]). Conclusion Health promotion efforts to patients with arthritis do not differ significantly between MDs and DCs, as reported by National Health Interview Survey 2006. This investigation makes it difficult to suggest that DCs or MDs are doing all they can do to manage arthritis through suggested modification of lifestyle in their patients. More research specific to what is and can be recommended to those with arthritis should be conducted particularly because it relates to health-promoting behaviors. Given the recent implementation of required clinical competencies in HP into chiropractic college curriculums, future studies regarding translation of HP messages into public practice should be more informative.
Nonneoplastic Kidney Diseases in Adult Tumor Nephrectomy and Nephroureterectomy Specimens: Common, Harmful, Yet Underappreciated

Abstract Context.—Nonneoplastic kidney diseases, such as arterionephrosclerosis and/or diabetic nephropathy, are commonly encountered in tumor nephrectomy and nephroureterectomy specimens. Although any nonneoplastic kidney disease may be encountered in these resection specimens by chance, additional diseases that may be related to the underlying neoplasm or its treatment regimen include thrombotic microangiopathy, Amyloid A amyloidosis, membranous nephropathy, immunoglobulin A nephropathy, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, minimal-change disease, acute interstitial nephritis, and xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. Given the morbidity of chronic kidney disease and the relatively favorable 5-year survival rates for urothelial and renal cell carcinomas, accurate evaluation of the nonneoplastic kidney parenchyma is important. Objectives.—We will discuss our approach for evaluating the nonneoplastic kidney parenchyma in tu...
The Social Optics of Space Visibility and Invisibility in the Borderlands of Borneo

The aim of this article is to show, through a detailed ethnographic case, how social space can be viewed as consisting of superimposed layers. Building on theoretical frameworks of Lefebvre and Fou...
Fit and Feasible: Why Democratizing States Form, not Join, International Organizations

Does democratization make states join existing international organizations (IOs)? Previous research suggests that democratization increases a state's propensity to join IOs capable of assisting in the distribution of public goods and establishing credibility for domestic reforms. We argue that this is not the case. Instead, recent democratization has a strong effect on a state's propensity to form new IOs. Since democratizing states face different governance problems than established democracies, existing IOs may not be a good “fit.” Additionally, established democracies might hesitate to allow democratizing states membership in the most lucrative existing IOs, thereby making immediate accession to such IOs not “feasible.” Quantitative analysis shows that democratization has a strong and consistently positive effect on the probability of forming a new IO, but not on the probability of joining an existing IO. The findings suggest that international cooperation theorists should begin to analyze forming new and joining existing IOs as alternative strategies that states can use to achieve their policy goals.
Hardware/Software Co-Design Architecture for Lattice Decoding Algorithms

This paper presents hardware/software co-design architecture targeted on a single FPGA for two typical lattice decoding algorithms in MIMO system. Two levels of parallelisms are analyzed for an efficient implementation with the preprocessing part on embedded MicroBlaze soft processor and the decoder part on customized hardware. The system prototypes of the AV and VB decoders show that they support up to 34.2 Mbps and 3.15 Mbps data rate respectively on XUP Virtex-II pro developing board, which are 19 and 16 times faster than their respective implementations on a DSP.
Semimartingales and Decomposable Processes

In Chap. II we defined a semimartingale as a good integrator and we developed a theory of stochastic integration for integrands in L, the space of adapted processes with left continuous, right-limited paths. Such a space of integrands suffices to establish a change of variables formula (or “Ito’s formula”), and it also suffices for many applications, such as the study of stochastic differential equations. Nevertheless the space L is not general enough for the consideration of such important topics as local times and martingale representation theorems. We need a space of integrands analogous to measurable functions in the theory of Lebesgue integration; thus defining an integral as a limit of sums — which requires a degree of smoothness on the sample paths — is inadequate. In this chapter we lay the groundwork necessary for an extension of our space of integrands, and the stochastic integral is then extended in Chap. IV.
Chronic indomethacin increases rabbit cortical collecting tubule Na+-K+-ATPase activity.

To help determine whether prostaglandin-mediated inhibition of transport in the isolated rabbit cortical collecting tubule (CCT) is related to a suppression of sodium pump activity, adrenalectomized rabbits on replacement dexamethasone were treated for 3 days with vehicle or the prostaglandin inhibitor, indomethacin. On the day of death, rabbits treated with indomethacin had a significantly reduced urinary prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) excretion rate compared with vehicle-treated animals (107 +/- 7 vs. 415 +/- 129 ng.kg body wt-1.day-1, indomethacin vs. vehicle, P less than 0.05). In addition, CCTs obtained from indomethacin-treated rabbits had a significantly higher Na+-K+-ATPase activity than controls (2.66 +/- 0.33 vs. 1.17 +/- 0.33 mol Pi.kg dry wt-1.h-1, 37 degrees C, P less than 0.005); Mg-ATPase activity was invariant. Despite the elevated CCT Na+-K+-ATPase activity, there was no evidence of a sustained increase in Na reabsorption and/or K excretion by the kidney. Thus at death, the fractional excretions of Na and K, urinary Na/K ratios and plasma K values in rabbits given indomethacin were not significantly different from control values. There was also no evidence for a direct effect of either indomethacin or PGE2 on Na+-K+-ATPase activity when added directly to CCT broken-cell assays. Therefore in vivo chronic indomethacin administration leads to a rise in CCT Na+-K+-ATPase activity, which is coincident with a fall in urinary PGE2, suggesting that endogenous PGE2 may suppress the activity of this enzyme by a cell-mediated process.
cDNA cloning reveals the molecular structure of a sperm surface protein, PH-20, involved in sperm-egg adhesion and the wide distribution of its gene among mammals

Sperm binding to the egg zona pellucida in mammals is a cell-cell adhesion process that is generally species specific. The guinea pig sperm protein PH-20 has a required function in sperm adhesion to the zona pellucida of guinea pig eggs. PH-20 is located on both the sperm plasma membrane and acrosomal membrane. We report here the isolation and sequence of a full-length cDNA for PH-20 (available from EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ under accession number X56332). The derived amino acid sequence shows a mature protein of 468 amino acids containing six N-linked glycosylation sites and twelve cysteines, eight of which are tightly clustered near the COOH terminus. The sequence indicates PH-20 is a novel protein with no relationship to the mouse sperm adhesion protein galactosyl transferase and no significant homology with other known proteins. The two PH-20 populations, plasma membrane and acrosomal membrane, could arise because one form of PH-20 is encoded and differentially targeted at different spermatogenic stages. Alternatively, two different forms of PH-20 could be encoded. Our evidence thus far reveals only one sequence coding for PH-20: Southern blots of guinea pig genomic DNA indicated there is a single PH-20 gene, Northern blots showed a single size PH-20 message (approximately 2.2 kb), and no sequence variants were found among the sequenced cDNA clones. Cross-species Southern blots reveal the presence of a homologue of the PH-20 gene in mouse, rat, hamster, rabbit, bovine, monkey, and human genomic DNA, showing the PH-20 gene is conserved among mammals. Since genes for zona glycoproteins are also conserved among mammals, the general features of sperm and zona proteins involved in mammalian sperm-egg adhesion may have been evolutionarily maintained. Species specificity may result from limited changes in these molecules, either in their binding domains or in other regions that affect the ability of the binding domains to interact.
Fracture Mechanics of Bond Failure in the “Pure Shear” Test Piece

Abstract The “pure shear” test piece consists of a thin, rectangular strip of rubber held by or bonded to rigid grips along its long edges. When the grips are pulled apart, the rubber in the center of the test piece is in a deformed state close to pure shear. This test piece is commonly used for studies of fracture in rubber (rubber tear) because it is amenable to simple fracture mechanics analyses. The “pure shear” test piece may also be used for study of failure at the rubber-to-metal bond. Its geometry and manner of loading make it especially useful for study of long-term durability of bonds in corrosive environments such as in a salt fog chamber. This paper discusses non-linear finite element analysis results for failure at the bond of the “pure shear” test piece. Results are compared with well-known results for analogous cases in rubber tear. Short and long cracks located in the center and at the free edges are considered.
Introductory Exercises to Tumbling

(1930). Introductory Exercises to Tumbling. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 1, No. 10, pp. 40-50.
RECURRENT OSTEOCHONDRAL FRACTURE OF THE PATELLA

Osteochondral fractures of the patella should be recognised early, loose bodies removed, and defects in the articular surfaces smoothed off, or the patella removed if it is extensively involved. Plication of the capsule on the medial side is recommended in order to prevent recurrence of the injury and to prevent dislocation of the quadriceps tendon. in cases where the patella is removed.
Teaching Energy Geography? It's Complicated.

AbstractThe premise of this essay is that energy geographies are complicated, and this in itself presents some pedagogical difficulties. As someone who wants students to critically examine and confront the complexity of energy systems, it can be frustrating when students react to demonstrate frustration, apathy, or even confusion. In what follows, I will lay out three complications of teaching energy geography: (1) empirical complexity, (2) confronting fossil fuel “embeddedness,” (3) the energy culture fallacy.
B-Spline Based Robust Topology Optimization

In this paper, we present an extension of the B-spline based density representation to a robust formulation of topology optimization. In our B-spline based topology optimization approach, we use separate representations for material density distribution and analysis. B-splines are used as a representation of density and the usual finite elements are used for analysis. The density undergoes a Heaviside projection to reduce the grayness in the optimized structures. To ensure minimal length control so the resulting designs are robust with respect to manufacturing imprecision, we adopt a three-structure formulation during the optimization. That is, dilated, intermediate and eroded designs are used in the optimization formulation. We give an analytical description of minimal length of features in optimized designs. Numerical examples have been implemented on three common topology optimization problems: minimal compliance, heat conduction and compliant mechanism. They demonstrate that the proposed approach is effective in generating designs with crisp black/white transition and is accurate in minimal length control.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
The Power of the Network: Teach For America’s Impact on the Deregulation of Teacher Education:

In this article, we illustrate the relationships between Teach For America (TFA) and the deregulation of university-based teacher education programs. We use policy network analysis to create a visu...
Synthesis of an Inorganic/Organic Network Polymer by the Hydrolysis/Condensation of Poly(Diethoxysilylenemethylene) and Its Pyrolytic Conversion to Silicon Oxycarbide

A linear, ethoxy-substituted polycarbosilane has been prepared by ring-opening polymerization of 1,1,3,3-tetraethoxy-1,3-disilacyclobutane. After hydrolysis, condensation and drying, the obtained gel was pyrolyzed under nitrogen to give a silicon oxycarbide glass. The gel and its pyrolysis chemistry were characterized by elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, 29Si and 13C MAS NMR, FTIR and mass spectrometric analysis of the gaseous pyrolysis products. The conversion of the [SiOCH2]n network, which has a nearly pure SiC2O2 micro environment at the outset, into a silicon oxycarbide that contains a full distribution of the five possible SiC4−xOx environments occurs between 600 and 1000°C. This suggests the occurrence of redistribution reactions involving the exchange of Si-O and Si-C bonds during the pyrolysis.
Abstract B63: Combination of intermittent calorie restriction and eicosapentaenoic acid for inhibition of mammary tumors

Introduction: Nutrition can have a profound effect on breast cancer inhibition and growth. We have focused on two dietary interventions that separately prevent mammary tumorigenesis, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an ω-3 fatty acid, and intermittent calorie restriction (ICR), as we recently reported that multiple periods of intermittent caloric restriction (ICR) were superior for inhibition of mammary tumor (MT) formation compared to chronic calorie restriction. Here we assessed whether combining two interventions, EPA consumption and ICR, would achieve even greater inhibition of breast cancer formation than either alone. Methods: Four groups of MMTV-HER-2/neu transgenic mice that are genetically programmed to develop mammary tumors were utilized. From 10 weeks of age half of the mice were fed a diet with fat derived from soy oil and the other half consumed a diet with 71.75% of fat calories from EPA. Mice were further divided into ad libitum (AL) or intermittent caloric restricted (ICR) groups. AL groups (soy oil and EPA) received unrestricted access to their diets. ICR groups were fed calories equal to 100% of the AL age-matched groups for three weeks followed by three weeks of calories equal to 50% of the AL age-matched groups. Mice were weighed weekly and carefully examined for mammary tumors. The 6 week cycle of restriction/refeeding was maintained until the mice were 55 weeks or were euthanized due to MTs. Results: The Ad Lib Soy and Ad Lib EPA groups ate similar amounts and gained weight at similar rates. The body weights of the ICR Soy and ICR EPA groups were not significantly different from each other but were significantly lower than the Ad Lib mice. The tumor free period was shortest in the AL Soy with increasingly long tumor free periods for the Ad Lib EPA, ICR Soy and the ICR EPA groups. The tumor free period of the ICR EPA group was significantly longer than all the other groups (ICR EPA vs Ad Lib Soy P Conclusions: These results illustrate that mammary tumor inhibition is significantly increased when ICR and EPA are combined as compared to either intervention alone or no intervention. It also identifies the NFκB pathway as a potential pathway of interest for inhibition of mammary tumor formation. Understanding how this pathway is affected may aid in the development of drugs that could be used for breast cancer prevention. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(12 Suppl):B63.
Treating general pelvic relaxation.

Urinary tract work-up and careful examination for concurrent disease are essential in evaluating pelvic relaxation in geriatric patients. In choice of therapy, severity of symptoms and their effect on the patient must be weighed against surgical risk and probability of alleviation. If operation is indicated, meticulous anesthesiologic evaluation is essential.
Expanding Our Understanding of Human Skin Aging

Two very different studies expand our understanding of human skin aging. In the first study, Huls et al. show an association between nitrogen dioxide levels in outdoor air and number of lentigines on the cheek. In the second study, Bowman and Birch-Machin show that mitochondrial complex II activity in human skin fibroblasts decreases with age.
Suramin inhibits growth factor binding and proliferation by urothelial carcinoma cell cultures.

AbstractSuramin is a polyanionic compound recently noted to inhibit growth factor action and proliferation of several types of neoplastic cells in vitro. Data from clinical trials show antineoplastie activity against some prostatic and adrenal cortical carcinomas. Suramin is excreted unmetabolized into the urine suggesting possible application in treatment of urothelial carcinoma and prompting us to examine the drug’s effect on growth factor binding and cell proliferation by two urothelial carcinoma cell lines. Half-maximal inhibition of 125I-epidermal growth factor (EGF) binding to T24 and HT1376 cells was produced by suramin concentration of approximately 300 and 100 μΜ, respectively. The corresponding value for 125I-insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) binding was 60 μΜ for both cell lines. Inhibition of T24 and HT1376 growth was virtually complete at suramin concentrations in the range achievable clinically.
Management Of Xerostomia In The Irradiated Patient

Symptomatic management of xerostomia in the head and neck radiation patient often is a palliative process at best. There are secondary clinical effects, however, that require definitive management. Use of fluorides, antimicrobial rinses, saliva substitutes, and sialagogues is discussed.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Injury Prevention Behaviors Among Caregivers of Infants

Introduction African American and Latino children experience higher rates of traumatic injury and mortality, but the extent to which parents of different races and ethnicities disparately enact injury prevention behaviors has not been fully characterized. The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between caregiver race/ethnicity and adherence to injury prevention recommendations. Methods This was a cross-sectional analysis of caregiver-reported baseline data from the Greenlight study, a cluster-randomized pediatric obesity prevention trial. Data were collected between 2010 and 2012 in four academic pediatric practices and analyzed in 2015. Non-adherence to injury prevention recommendations was based on five domains: car seat safety, sleeping safety, fire safety, hot water safety, and fall prevention. Results Among 864 caregiver−infant pairs (17.7% white, non-Hispanic; 49.9% Hispanic; 27.7% black, non-Hispanic; 4.7 % other, non-Hispanic), mean number of non-adherent injury prevention behaviors was 1.8 (SD=0.9). In adjusted regression, Hispanic caregivers had higher odds of non-adherence to car seat safety (AOR=2.1, 95% CI=1.2, 3.8), and lower odds of non-adherence with fall prevention (AOR=0.4, 95% CI=0.3, 0.7) compared with whites. Black, non-Hispanic caregivers had higher odds of non-adherence to car seat safety (AOR=2.4, 95% CI=1.3, 4.4) and sleeping safety (AOR=2.1, 95% CI=1.3, 3.2), but lower odds of fall prevention non-adherence (AOR=0.5, 95% CI=0.3, 0.8) compared with whites. Conclusions A high prevalence of non-adherence to recommended injury prevention behaviors is common across racial/ethnic categories for caregivers of infants among a diverse sample of families from low-SES backgrounds.
Really Are Protective Aprons Leaded? Proposed Radiometric Methodology for Assessing Security Protective Devices

Everyday health professionals, especially cardiologists, performed interventional procedures using fluoroscopy- based equipment; erroneously assumes that working with a nearby one milliampere values for tube current, imply a low radiation dose to the patient and the close personal, but the act of observing the path of catheters for several minutes, involves taking risk values of scattered radiation if they’re not using elements of radioprotection (ERP). This is due to the fact that the interventional staff is in the vicinity of the image intensifier tube or flat panel, where the radiation forming the angiographic image is captured. In this context, radiation protection is essential, the specific characteristics of aprons, thyroid and gonads shields were investigated to determine their integrity and attenuating capacity of radiation. This research allowed us to evaluate shielding capacity of more than 70 ERP of the three most important radiology centers in the cities of Valparaiso and Vina del Mar in Chile, for which an instrumental method and a methodology to replicate measurements in an equivalent context was created.
Soft hando and uplink capacity in a two-tier CDMA system

This paper examines the effect of soft handoff on the uplink user capacity of a CDMA system consisting of a single macrocell in which a single hotspot microcell is embedded. The users of these two base stations operate over the same frequency band. In the soft handoff scenario studied here, both macrocell and microcell base stations serve each system user and the two received copies of a desired user's signal are summed using maximal ratio combining. Exact and approximate analytical methods are developed to compute uplink user capacity. Simulation results demonstrate a 20% increase in user capacity compared to hard handoff. In addition, simple, approximate methods are presented for estimating soft handoff capacity and are shown to be quite accurate.