cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in polyamines, RNA synthesis, and cell proliferation during matrix-induced cartilage, bone, and bone marrow development

Abstract Changes in the levels of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine and their biosynthetic enzymes, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAM-decarboxylase) were studied during matrix-induced endochondral bone and bone marrow development. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis was studied by [3H]uridine incorporation into an acid-precipitable fraction. ODC and SAM-decarboxylase activity exhibited similar peaks on Day 3 and on Days 8 and 9 after matrix implantation and were correlated with corresponding peaks of [3H]thymidine incorporation during proliferation of chondroprogenitor and osteoprogenitor cells, respectively. In contrast an increase in SAM-decarboxylase but not ODC was observed during hematopoietic bone marrow formation while the incorporation of [3H]thymidine in these cells remained high. The concentrations of all three polyamines were low on Day 1 and rose to peak values during osteogenesis on Day 11 and declined thereafter. Putrescine, but not spermidine or spermine, also exhibited an earlier smaller but broad peak on Days 3–7 during mesenchymal cell proliferation and cartilage differentiation. Incorporation of [3H]uridine into acid-precipitable material exhibited two peaks on Days 5 and 11 during early phase of chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. The peak levels of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine on Day 11 coincided with increased RNA synthesis during osteogenesis. Autoradiographic localization of [3H]thymidine indicated a stimulation of cell proliferation adjacent to matrix particles prior to chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. Osteogenic precursor cells tended to be in close apposition to chondrolytic foci on Day 11.
The Nature of Light and Color: Goethe's "Der Versuch als Vermittler" versus Newton's Experimentum Crucis

In the seventeenth century, Newton published his famous experimentum crucis, in which he claimed that light is heterogeneous and is composed of rays with different refrangibilities. Experiments, especially the crucial experiment, were important for justifying Newton’s theory of light, and eventually his theory of color. A century later, Goethe conducted a series of experiments on the nature of color, especially in contradistinction to Newton, and he defended his research with a methodological principle formulated in “Der Versuch als Vermittler.” Goethe’s principle included two elements: a series of experiments and resultant higher empirical evidence, which functioned as mediator between the objective (a natural phenomenon) and the subjective (a theory or hypothesis). Although the notion of experimentum crucis became popular among scientists for reconstructing experimental research and for justifying theories, especially for rhetorical purposes, Newton’s justification of his theory of light and color is best reconstructed in terms of Goethe’s methodological principle. Finally, Goethe’s principle has important consequences for the contemporary philosophical underdetermination thesis.
Extension of Phenotype Associated with Structural Mutations in Type I Collagen: Siblings with Juvenile Osteoporosis have anα2(I)Gly436->Arg Substitution. † 597

Over 150 structural defects in the helical region of either of the two type I collagen chains have been described. These defects are associated with the full clinical range of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), from lethal to mild. We report here the biochemical and molecular characteristics of type I collagen from two siblings referred for assessment of juvenile osteoporosis.
A Sacred Cow or Just a Lot of = Bull? Party and PAC Money in = .State Legislative Elections

This research analyzes the strategies and behaviors of political action committees (PACs) and political parties with regard to campaign contributions to state legislative candidates. Utilizing data from three states-New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina, we find that PACs contribute disproportionately to incumbents, with little regard to the expected competitiveness of the election. We also find evidence that PACs are somewhat more likely to fund members of the majority party. In contrast, we find that political party organizations exhibit a different strategy, and that this strategy varies according to the minority/majority status of the legislative party. Specifically, we find minority parties develop an "additive" strategy, one aimed at increasing their numbers in the legislature. Majority parties are more likely to develop a "protectionist" strategy, one which favors incumbents, especially vulnerable incumbents. The purpose of this article is to analyze the strategies of political action committees (PACs) and political parties in making contributions to state legislative election campaigns. It is intended to advance our understanding of the financing of state legislative election campaigns through the collection and analysis of comparable data from recent legislative elections in three states: New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina. Previous research has indicated that PACs give their money predominantly to incumbents. Most PACs appear to be primarily interested in obtain
Augustine and Autobiography: Confessions as a Roadmap for Self-Reflection

In this article, I explore a pedagogical strategy for teaching Augustine’s Confessions to undergraduate students, which involves a final essay assignment. In the assignment, students compose their own “confessions” at the end of the term that employs Augustine’s Confessions as a roadmap for rigorous self-reflection. Like Augustine, they must employ a creative literary frame, without duplicating his rhetorical technique of framing his autobiography as a prayer to God. Moreover, they must reflect on the salient questions, key people, pivotal moments that have shaped them, and analyze their shifts in worldviews. The assignment aims to demystify Augustine and to reinforce the evolving nature of the self as it moves through time and absorbs new ideas and experiences, as well as helping students begin to formulate a coherent and constructive life narrative.
Risk Factors and Outcomes for Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus Bloodstream Infection in Children.

background and objective. Enterococcal bloodstream infections (BSIs) cause morbidity and mortality in children. This study aims to describe the epidemiological characteristics of enterococcal BSI, to determine the risk factors for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) BSI, and to compare outcomes of VRE BSI and vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus (VSE) BSI in this population. methods. A retrospective cohort study at a 418-bed tertiary care children’s hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, examined the epidemiological characteristics of children hospitalized with enterococcal BSI during the period from 2001 through 2006. A nested casecontrol study compared patients with VRE BSI with control patients with VSE BSI. Analysis included regression modeling to identify independent risk factors for VRE BSI. results. We identified 339 patients with enterococcal BSI during the study period, including 39 patients with VRE infection. Fifty-three patients (16%) died before hospital discharge. Risk factors for VRE included long-term receipt of mechanical ventilation (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 5.40 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.28–6.48]), receipt of immunosuppressive medications during the preceding 30 days (adjusted OR, 2.88 [95% CI, 1.40–20.78]), use of vancomycin during the 2 weeks before onset of bacteremia (adjusted OR per day of vancomycin use, 1.25 [95% CI, 1.14–1.38]), and older age (adjusted OR, 1.08 [95% CI, 1.03–1.14]). VRE BSI was not associated with an increased length of stay after onset of bacteremia (0.77 days [95% CI, 0.55–1.07 days]). Mortality was higher for VRE BSI, but the difference was not statistically significant (adjusted OR, 1.94 [95% CI, 0.78–4.8]). conclusion. Most enterococcal BSI in children was caused by VSE. Risk factors for VRE BSI included receipt of vancomycin, longterm receipt of mechanical ventilation, immunosuppression, and older age. Differences in length of stay and mortality were not detected. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31(10):1038-1042
Glucocorticoids, depression, and mood disorders: structural remodeling in the brain

Abstract The hippocampal formation expresses high levels of adrenal steroid receptors and is a malleable brain structure that is important for certain types of learning and memory. It is also vulnerable to the effects of stress and trauma. The amygdala is an important target of stress and mediates physiological and behavioral responses associated with fear and strong emotions. The prefrontal cortex plays an important role in working memory and executive function and is also involved in extinction of learning. All 3 regions are targets of stress hormones, and stress is known to precipitate and exacerbate mood disorders. In long-term depressive illness, the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex undergo atrophy, whereas the amygdala is hyperactive in anxiety and mood disorders and may undergo a biphasic change in structure—increasing in size in acute depression and shrinking on long-term depression. In animal models of acute and chronic stress, neurons in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex respond to repeated stress by showing atrophy that leads to memory impairment, whereas neurons in amygdala show a growth response that leads to increased anxiety and aggression. Yet, these are not necessarily “damaged” and may be treatable with the right medications. The mechanisms that distinguish between protection and damage of brain cells from stress are discussed in this context.
Desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), campaign in Tunisia, 1988

Abstract In 1986, desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal), populations in Ethiopia and Sudan developed to plague status. Swarms moved and bred across Sahelian Africa to reach Morocco and Algeria in 1987. On 15 March 1988, Tunisia was invaded by swarms for the first time in 28 years, and until 14 May, 21 of Tunisia's 23 governorates were infested. Although Tunisia was largely unprepared for a locust plague, control was conducted in 360 000 ha to protect crops. Systems for swarm detection and control, and the modified system for increased efficiency developed in anticipation of more spring (and autumn) locust infestations are described. This most recent desert locust plague of Tunisia is documented to serve as a reference on a specific country which, until now, did not exist in published literature. Locust survey and control methods, environmental and human safety concerns, and prevention of future plagues are discussed.
Density-conserving shape factors for particle simulations in cylindrical and spherical coordinates

It is established that a particle-to-grid weighting which is based on both conventional particle-in-cell (PIC) and cloud-in-cell (CIC) shape factors will yield nonuniform grid densities, even in the case of uniform particle distributions, in both cylindrical and spherical coordinates. In view of this, alternative density-conserving weighting schemes are discussed which encompass modified PIC and CIC weighting. These alternative shape factors are mathematically no more complicated than the conventional nondensity-conserving expressions.
Genetic variation in the subunits of globulin-1 storage protein of French bean.

Charge and molecular weight heterogeneity of globulin-1 (G1) polypeptides of the bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., were revealed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Different bean cultivars were classified into three groups: ‘Tendergreen’, ‘Sanilac’, and ‘Contender’ on the basis of their protein subunit composition. Nine distinct major bands: α51,α49, α48.5,β48T, β48S, β47, γ45.5, γ45S, and γ45C, and two minor bands: γ46T and γ46S were found to account for the three profiles seen on one-dimensional SDS-PAGE. Two-dimensional analysis revealed these eleven protein bands to be composed of a minimum of fourteen distinct protein subunits. The ‘Tendergreen’ and ‘Sanilac’ types differ in their G1 polypeptide composition. The protein patterns of the ‘Contender’ types are intermediate, containing many protein subunits found in the patterns of the ‘Tendergreen’ and ‘Sanilac’ types suggesting a genetic and evolutionary relationship.
Possible “atavistic” structures in human aneuploids

Comprehensive dissections of aneuploid (trisomy 18 and 13) neonates have revealed numerous supernumerary muscles that, although present in rare individuals, do not regularly occur in the human. These supernumerary muscles include: "platysma occipitalis," "rhomboideus occipitalis, "deltopectoral" complex, "latissimocondyloideus," "pectorodorsalis," "chondrohumeralis," and "peroneus digiti quinti"; a few muscles, e.g., palmaris longus and brevis are lacking altogether. One specimen exhibited a "linguofacial trunk" arising from the external carotid artery. The supernumerary muscles found in these aneuploid specimens are regularly found in monkeys and sometimes in the great apes. It is suggested that these supernumerary muscles may be "atavistic" structures. Problems in establishing homologies between these muscles among primates are discussed, and mechanisms leading to the development of these muscles in human aneuploids are proposed.
Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB) Intoxication

Gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is a naturally occurring analog of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that has been used in research and clinical medicine for many years. In the past decade it has become very popular as a dietary supplement and recreational drug. Acute overdose leads to profound alteration of mental status and variable amounts of respiratory depression. With proper management, most patients recover fully within six hours. However, respiratory arrest and death have been reported in severe GHB intoxication. In addition to acute overdose, there is a GHB withdrawal syndrome that is similar to sedative/hypnotic and ethanol withdrawal. Recently several congeners of GHB, gamma butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol, have emerged as drugs of abuse and show toxidromes similar to GHB. Emergency physicians should be familiar with the presentation and management of GHB-related emergencies.
Activity-type dependent conductance relationships in a model neuron database

The stomatogastric ganglion (STG) of decapod crustaceans houses the neural circuit responsible for controlling the pyloric muscles. This neural network must produce robust rhythmic activity for successful digestion. This is a difficult task because each component cell of this system, identified by its predictable electrical activity, has a set of ion channel maximal conductances underlying its activity that varies from animal to animal. Recent experimental evidence suggests that coordinated expression and regulation of ion channels may play a role in constraining cellular electrical properties in the STG.
Abstract LB-364: The ACRBP tumor antigen normalizes mitotic spindle function to promote cancer cell proliferation

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Tumor cells can undergo a productive mitosis despite the wholesale presence of chromosomal aberrations. While this behavior may generate plasticity with respect to the acquisition of tumorigenic traits, it also represents a vulnerability for therapeutic intervention. Using a whole genome siRNA screen for modifiers of chemoresponsiveness, we identified the tumor antigen ACRBP/OY-TES-1 as a specifier of paclitaxel resistance. ACRBP is as a cancer-testis antigen, a class of genes whose expression is selective to the testes but frequently activated in a wide range of tumors. Scant functional data exists on the contribution of CT-antigens to tumorigenic phenotypes. Here, we find that ACRBP is both necessary and sufficient for paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer cell lines and ovarian tumor explants. Furthermore, depletion of ACRBP significantly sensitizes ovarian tumor cells to paclitaxel in an orthotopic xenograft model system. We identified the mitotic spindle component NuMA as an ACRBP-interacting protein that may account for the effects of ACRBP on paclitaxel sensitivity. In particular, ACRBP depletion results in mitotic errors and reduced proliferative fitness that can be rescued by NuMA co-depletion. ACRBP appears to modulate NuMA protein levels, potentially by regulating its post-translational modifications. Remarkably, NuMA overexpression, a frequent event in tumors, is sufficient to induce expression of ACRBP. We propose that activation of ACRBP is positively selected for during tumor evolution to buttress mitotic spindle fidelity and chromosome segregation. Identification and elaboration of elements of the genome that are subverted to support essential cell biological processes in tumor cells present new therapeutic opportunities. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-364. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-364
Experimental study of rock cutting under external hydrostatic pressure

Abstract Machining experiments are conducted on samples of Carthage marble at atmospheric pressure and under different hydrostatic pressures using a single PDC cutter. Two different experimental setups were used for the two different types of tests. Variations of cutting forces with depth of cut, rake angle and hydrostatic pressure were investigated experimentally. The effect of hydrostatic pressure on chip formation was studied using the experiments. The difference in cutting forces between cutting a groove into the specimen and cutting a slab was investigated at atmospheric pressure. Cutting forces were found to increase with increasing negative rake angle and hydrostatic pressure. The application of an external hydrostatic pressure was found to assist in chip formation.
Introns and gene evolution

In one scenario of gene evolution, exon shuffling has a fundamental role in increasing gene diversity. As DNA sequences accumulate in the databases, the picture of the intron/exon structures of genes becomes more and more clear. We discuss in this review some features of this picture that suggest that introns have been present since the early stages of evolution, and that exon shuffling was a fundamental process in the construction of ancient as well as modern genes.
Intrapartum Fetal Heart Rate Characteristics of Nonanomalous Fetuses with Trisomy 21

OBJECTIVE: To compare the intrapartum fetal heart rate (FHR) characteristics and selected birth outcomes of nonanomalous trisomy 21 (T21) fetuses to matched controls. STUDY DESIGN: Nonanomalous, non-growth-restricted T21 infants were identified and matched by gestational age to presumed euploid controls. We excluded women with scheduled cesarean deliveries and multiple gestations. The incidence of abnormal FHR patterns within 3 hours of delivery and birth outcomes were compared between T21 fetuses and controls. The presence of any abnormal FHR pattern was the primary outcome. Birth outcomes included 5-minute Apgar <7, neonatal intensive care unit admission, and cesarean delivery for fetal indications. RESULTS: Forty-four T21 infants and 44 controls were compared. Of the T21 infants, 83% were postnatally diagnosed. No significant differences were noted in the primary outcome (68% versus 59%, p = 0.37) or birth outcomes. CONCLUSION: T21 is not associated with an increased incidence of abnormal FHR patterns or adverse birth outcomes compared with presumed euploid fetuses.
Creating an advance-care-planning decision aid for high-risk surgery: a qualitative study.

High-risk surgery patients may lose decision-making capacity as a result of surgical complications. Advance care planning prior to surgery may be beneficial, but remains controversial and is hindered by a lack of appropriate decision aids. This study sought to examine stakeholders’ views on the appropriateness of using decision aids, in general, to support advance care planning among high-risk surgery populations and the design of such a decision aid. Key informants were recruited through purposive and snowball sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted by phone until data collected reached theoretical saturation. Key informants were asked to discuss their thoughts about advance care planning and interventions to support advance care planning, particularly for this population. Researchers took de-identified notes that were analyzed for emerging concordant, discordant, and recurrent themes using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Key informants described the importance of initiating advance care planning preoperatively, despite potential challenges present in surgical settings. In general, decision aids were viewed as an appropriate approach to support advance care planning for this population. A recipe emerged from the data that outlines tools, ingredients, and tips for success that are needed to design an advance care planning decision aid for high-risk surgical settings. Stakeholders supported incorporating advance care planning in high-risk surgical settings and endorsed the appropriateness of using decision aids to do so. Findings will inform the next stages of developing the first advance care planning decision aid for high-risk surgery patients.
Effects of processing treatment and cheese-making parameters on foaming properties of whey protein isolates

Abstract Acid whey from raw milk, acid whey from pasteurized milk, and sweet whey from Cheddar cheese making were prepared from one batch of milk. Each whey was dialyzed and freeze-dried to produce a whey protein isolate containing μ m), the overrun and foam stability were greatly improved, very consistent, and comparable with the foaming properties of egg white and commercial whey protein isolate, in spite of fat contents of 2 to 4% on a dry basis. Whey pasteurization and cheese-making parameters (i.e., coagulant, starter media, color, and bleaching agent) did not influence the foaming characteristics of whey protein isolate. Microfiltered acid whey protein isolate and sweet whey protein isolate had very different glycomacropeptide contents but similar foaming properties. The foam depressant in whey originates from raw milk.
Treatment Assignment, Dropout, and Outcome of Depressed Patients Who Somaticize

Depressed patients with high scores on measures of somatization were studied in two forms of treatment—pharmacotherapy with nortriptyline hydrochloride (N = 36) and cognitive behavioral group therapy (N = 66). Three hypotheses were tested: (1) that depressed patients with somatic distress are more often assigned to pharmacotherapy than are other depressed patients; (2) that patients who somaticize find pharmacotherapy aversive and are (a) more likely than other patients to drop out of treatment, and (b) less likely to show improvement; and (3) that this relationship does not hold for patients receiving cognitive-behavioral group therapy. The results showed that depressed patients with somatic complaints were assigned more often to pharmacotherapy than to cognitive-behavioral group therapy (p < .05), and they subsequently dropped out of that treatment more often than other patients (p < .01). In addition, somaticizers who completed the treatment showed less improvement than other patients (p < .05). This r...
Effect of growth temperature on the photoluminescent spectra of undoped AlGaAs grown by metalorganic-chemical vapor deposition

Abstract A detailed investigation of the effect of substrate growth temperature on the optical properties of AlGaAs grown by metalorganic-chemical vapor deposition is reported, using room- and low-temperature photoluminescence. A monotonie increase in band-to-band photoluminescence is observed as the growth temperature is increased from 700 to 800°C. At the same time, however, an increase in the incorporation of C and Ge acceptors is observed.
Elevated Serum Ferritin

An elevated ferritin level was discovered during an anemia evaluation in a 46-year-old man with inflammatory arthritis. The patient reported pain in multiple joints for which he took indomethacin. He also consumed 2 alcoholic beverages daily. His mother had inflammatory arthritis and his sister had lupus. On physical examination, the patient’s blood pressure was 148/82 mm Hg, pulse was 92/min, and body mass index was 28. The liver was 7.0 cm and slightly firm. He was anicteric with no stigmata of chronic liver disease and the spleen was not palpable. Physical examination findings were otherwise unremarkable. The results of laboratory tests are shown in the Table. Table Serum Laboratory Tests
Neural tuning in the granite spiny lizard

Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the basilar papilla of the granite spiny lizard. The papilla contains three distinct hair cell populations: an apical and a basal population with free-standing cilia, and a central population with a tectorial membrane. In the free-standing populations, stereocilium length decreases towards the ends of the papilla. Ciliary tuft morphology differs in the free-standing and the tectorial membrane populations, except that several of the free-standing hair cells with the shortest stereocilia have a tuft morphology like the hair cells in the tectorial membrane population. On the basis of single-fiber physiology, auditory nerve fibers can be divided into a low characteristic frequency (CF) and a high CF population. Mappings of the tonotopic organization of the nerve demonstrated two groups of high CF fibers that correspond to the two free-standing hair cell populations. The low CF fibers are associated with the tectorial membrane hair cell population. Fiber CF correlated with hair cell cilium length, not position on basilar membrane, for hair cells with free-standing cilia. Tonotopic organization of high CF fibers could be predicted reasonably well from the histogram of fiber CFs.
Leucine-enriched essential amino acids attenuate muscle soreness and improve muscle protein synthesis after eccentric contractions in rats

Eccentric exercise results in prolonged muscle weakness and muscle soreness, which are typical symptoms of muscle damage. Recovery from muscle damage is related to mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity. Leucine-enriched essential amino acids (LEAAs) stimulate muscle protein synthesis via activation of the mTOR pathway. Therefore, we investigated the effect of LEAAs on muscle protein synthesis and muscle soreness after eccentric contractions (EC). Male Sprague–Dawley rats (9–11 weeks old) were administered an LEAA solution (AminoL40; containing 40 % leucine and 60 % other essential amino acids) at 1 g/kg body weight or distilled water (control) 30 min before and 10 min after EC. Tibialis anterior (TA) muscle was exposed to 500 EC by electrical stimulation under anesthesia. The fractional synthesis rate (FSR; %/h) in the TA muscle was measured by incorporating l-[ring-2H5] phenylalanine into skeletal muscle protein. Muscle soreness was evaluated by the paw withdrawal threshold using the Randal–Selitto test with some modifications from 1 to 3 days after EC. The FSR in the EC-control group (0.147 ± 0.016 %/h) was significantly lower than in the sedentary group (0.188 ± 0.016 %/h, p < 0.05). AminoL40 administration significantly mitigated the EC-induced impairment of the FSR (0.172 ± 0.018 %/h). EC decreased the paw withdrawal threshold at 1 and 2 days after EC, which indicated that EC induced muscle soreness. Furthermore, AminoL40 administration alleviated the decreased paw withdrawal threshold. These findings suggest that LEAA supplementation improves the rate of muscle protein synthesis and ameliorates muscle soreness after eccentric exercise.
Empirical transverse charge densities in the nucleon and the nucleon-to-delta transition.

Using only the current empirical information on the nucleon electromagnetic form factors we map out the transverse charge density in proton and neutron as viewed from a light front moving towards a transversely polarized nucleon. These charge densities are characterized by a dipole pattern, in addition to the monopole field corresponding with the unpolarized density. Furthermore, we use the latest empirical information on the $N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\Delta}$ transition form factors to map out the transition charge density which induces the $N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\Delta}$ excitation. This transition charge density in a transversely polarized $N$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ contains both monopole, dipole and quadrupole patterns, the latter corresponding with a deformation of the $N$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ charge distribution.
Gender differences in children's intonational patterns

Summary This study investigated differences among intonational variables in prepubescent girls' and boys' voices in conversational speech (American-English). Subjects were middle class boys and girls at each of four age levels: 3–4, 5–6, 7–8, and 9–10 years. Samples of conversational speech were recorded and acoustically analyzed for minimum and maximum FO, mean FO, and SD of FO (FOSD), as well as number and direction of FO changes (“shifts”) per utterance. Findings indicated that the mean FO of the males decreased at around age 7–8 years. Additionally, maximum FO, range, and percentage of rising and falling shifts all showed decreases for the males starting at ages 7–8 not paralleled by decreases for the females. Both physiological and sociocultural factors appear to account for the changes that mark the development of intonational patterns in prepubertal girls and boys.
Late-Life Volunteering and Trajectories of Physical Health

The purpose of this study was to examine the longitudinal relationship between volunteering engagement and trajectories of physical health. Using three-wave panel data from the Americans' Changing ...
Global gene profiling reveals a downregulation of BMP gene expression in experimental atrophic nonunions compared to standard healing fractures

Nonunion is a challenging problem that may occur following certain bone fractures. However, there has been little investigation of the molecular basis of nonunions. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play a significant role in osteogenesis. However, little is known about the expression patterns of BMPs in abnormal bone healing that results in nonunion formation. These facts prompted us to investigate and compare the gene expression patterns of BMPs and their antagonists in standard healing fractures and nonunions using rat experimental models. Standard closed healing fractures and experimental atrophic nonunions produced by periosteal cauterization at the fracture site were created in rat femurs. At postfracture days 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28, total RNA was extracted from the callus of standard healing fracture and fibrous tissue of nonunion (n=4 per each time point and each group). Gene expression of BMPs, BMP antagonists, and other regulatory molecules were studied by methods including Genechip microarray and real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Gene expression of BMP-2, 3, 3B, 4, 6, 7, GDF-5, 7, and BMP antagonists noggin, drm, screlostin, and BAMBI were significantly lower in nonunions compared to standard healing fractures at several time points. Downregulation in expression of osteogenic BMPs may account for the nonunions of fracture. The balance between BMPs and their endogenous antagonists is critical for optimal fracture healing.
WE-D-213AB-03: Preparing for the ABR Diagnostic Medical Physics Board Exams - Oral Exam.

Part III (oral exam) is the final part of ABR board exam for DiagnosticMedical Physics. In this exam, each of five oral examiners questions the candidate in each of five question categories. Oral exam has unique challenges to the candidate compared with the written exams. The candidate is expected to have not only adequate knowledge on each aspect of imaging physics, but also extensive clinical experience on different imaging modalities. The candidate needs to demonstrate her/his knowledge and clinical experience by correctly and effectively answering specific questions during the exam. Depending on the response of the candidate to original question, different follow‐up questions are usually asked. Therefore, the interaction with examiners plays a critical role in the oral exam. The format and question categories of the oral exam in diagnosticmedical physics will be reviewed. Study materials and effective study methods will be discussed. Practical tips on answering questions and interactions with examiners during the oral exam will also be shared. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the format and scope of oral exam. 2. Develop an effective method for exam preparation. 3. Learn how to effectively answer questions and interact with examiners during the exam.
Measurement of cat expression from growth-rate-regulated promoters employing β-lactamase activity as an indicator of plasmid copy number

Many promoter-fusion vectors contain an intact beta-lactamase (BLA) gene (bla) to allow measurement of BLA activity as an internal control for plasmid copy number. This approach rests on the assumption that bla is constitutively expressed. To use such vectors for comparison of promoter activity at different growth rates it was necessary to confirm that this is the case under all physiological conditions. The relationship between plasmid copy number and BLA activity at different steady-state growth rates in Escherichia coli HB101 transformed with a ColE1-type plasmid (pBR325) was examined. Both BLA activity and plasmid copy number decreased in a parallel fashion as growth rate increased. This finding was tested further by measuring the growth-rate-regulated expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene under the control of the rrnB P1 promoter in a plasmid pKK231-1 fusion. The results indicate that BLA activity is a reliable indicator of copy number at a wide range of growth rates and that CAT/BLA ratios can be employed as a valid measure of promoter-specific activity in such plasmid fusions under these different physiological conditions.
Accurate and portable weigh-in-motion system for manifesting air cargo

An automated and portable weigh-in-motion system has been developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory for the purpose of manifesting cargo onto aircraft. The system has an accuracv range of {plus_minus} 3.0% to {plus_minus} 6.0% measuring gross vehicle weight and locating the center of balance of moving vehicles at speeds of 1 to 5 mph. This paper reviews the control/user interface system and weight determination algorithm developed to acquire, process, and interpret multiple sensor inputs. The development effort resulted in a self-zeroing, user-friendly system capable of weighing a wide range of vehicles in any random order. The control system is based on the STANDARD (STD) bus and incorporates custom-designed data acquisition and sensor fusion hardware controlled by a personal computer (PC) based single-board computer. The user interface is written in the ``C`` language to display number of axles, axle weight, axle spacing, gross weight, and center of balance. The weighing algorithm developed will function with any linear weight sensor and a set of four axle switches per sensor.
The N-terminal nuclear localization sequences of liver X receptors α and β bind to importin α and are essential for both nuclear import and transactivating functions

Liver X receptors (LXRs) alpha and beta are nuclear receptors, which form obligate heterodimers with the retinoid X receptor (RXR). The LXRs regulate both redundantly and non-redundantly the transcription of genes controlling cholesterol metabolism and transport as well as lipogenesis. Previously, we showed that mutations in putative N-terminal nuclear localization sequences (NLSs) within both LXRs inhibit nuclear import. Through in vitro studies, we show here that these NLSs bind importin alpha and are both necessary and sufficient for the nuclear import of LXRs. Imaging, transactivation, and electro-mobility shift experiments show that RXR rescues the nuclear import of the LXRalpha NLS mutant yet does not restore its transcriptional activity despite intact DNA binding. In contrast, RXR partially rescues the import of the LXRbeta NLS mutant, but has no effect on its transcriptional activity due to the loss of DNA binding. Experiments with NLS mutant RXR confirmed that RXR may dominate the nuclear import of the RXR/LXRalpha heterodimer, whereas LXRbeta dominates the nuclear import of the RXR/LXRbeta heterodimer. Intriguingly, our data indicate differences between LXRalpha and LXRbeta in their interaction with RXR and in the role their NLSs play in transactivating functions independent of nuclear import.
Rapid and accurate species tree estimation for phylogeographic investigations using replicated subsampling

We describe a method for estimating species trees that relies on replicated subsampling of large data matrices. One application of this method is phylogeographic research, which has long depended on large datasets that sample intensively from the geographic range of the focal species; these datasets allow systematicists to identify cryptic diversity and understand how contemporary and historical landscape forces influence genetic diversity. However, analyzing any large dataset can be computationally difficult, particularly when newly developed methods for species tree estimation are used. Here we explore the use of replicated subsampling, a potential solution to the problem posed by large datasets, with both a simulation study and an empirical analysis. In the simulations, we sample different numbers of alleles and loci, estimate species trees using STEM, and compare the estimated to the actual species tree. Our results indicate that subsampling three alleles per species for eight loci nearly always results in an accurate species tree topology, even in cases where the species tree was characterized by extremely rapid divergence. Even more modest subsampling effort, for example one allele per species and two loci, was more likely than not (>50%) to identify the correct species tree topology, indicating that in nearly all cases, computing the majority-rule consensus tree from replicated subsampling provides a good estimate of topology. These results were supported by estimating the correct species tree topology and reasonable branch lengths for an empirical 10-locus great ape dataset.
Advanced gestational age increases serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin levels in abstinent pregnant women.

Aims: Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (%CDT) is a well-established and highly specific biomarker for sustained heavy consumption of alcohol. However, in pregnant women, the specificity of this biomarker might be affected by advanced gestational age, even after accounting for increased transferrin concentrations in pregnancy. The goal of this prospective study was to assess the variability in %CDT during pregnancy among alcohol-abstaining patients. Methods: Patients were recruited during one of the first prenatal care visits and followed-up to term. Abstinence was confirmed by maternal self-report and by alcohol biomarkers. Biomarkers assessed in the mother included serum gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, urine ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate, and whole blood phosphatidylethanol (PEth). In addition, PEth was measured in a dry blood spot card obtained from a newborn. For %CDT analysis, serum samples were collected at baseline and at term and analyzed by an internationally validated high-performance liquid chromatography and spectrophotometric detection method. Results: At recruitment (mean gestational age 22.6 ± 7.3 weeks), the mean %CDT concentration was 1.49 ± 0.30%, while at term, it increased to 1.67 ± 0.28% (P = 0.001). Using a conventional cutoff concentration %CDT >1.7%, 22.9 and 45.7% of the sample would be classified as ‘positive’ for this biomarker at recruitment and at term, respectively (P = 0.011 ). Conclusion: These results suggest that a conventional cutoff of 1.7% might be too low for pregnant women and would generate false-positive results. We propose that %CDT >2.0% be used as a cutoff concentration indicative of alcohol exposure in pregnant women. The sensitivity of %CDT at this cutoff for heavy drinking during pregnancy needs to be assessed further.
Fast electrical potential from a long-lived, long-wavelength photoproduct of fly visual pigment.

A rapid electrical potential, which we have named the M-potential, can be obtained from the Drosophila eye using a high energy flash stimulus. The potential can be elicited from the normal fly, but it is especially prominent in the mutant norp AP12 (a phototransduction mutant), particularly if the eye color pigments are genetically removed from the eye. Several lines of evidence suggest that the M-potential arises from photoexcitation of long-lived metarhodopsin. Photoexcitation of rhodopsin does not produce a comparable potential. The spectral sensitivity of the M-potential peaks at about 575 nm. The M-potential pigment (metarhodopsin) can be shown to photoconvert back and forth with a "silent pigment(s)" absorbing maximally at about 485 nm. The silent pigment presumably is rhodopsin. These results support the recent spectrophotometric findings that dipteran metarhodopsin absorbs at much longer wavelengths than rhodopsin. The M-potential probably is related to the photoproduct component of the early receptor potential (ERP). Two major differences between the M-potential and the classical ERP are: (a) Drosophila rhodopsin does not produce a rapid photoresponse, and (b) an anesthetized or freshly sacrificed animal does not yield the M-potential. As in the case of the ERP, the M-potential appears to be a response associated with a particular state of the fly visual pigment. Therefore, it should be useful in in vivo investigations of the fly visual pigment, about which little is known.
Discrete Flavor Symmetries and a Formula for the Cabibbo Angle

Abstract A discrete flavor symmetry is proposed which leads to the relation tan 2 θ c = m d m s . The symmetry may be implemented in weak interaction models where the breakdown of parity is spontaneous.
Test Bias: The Other Side of the Coin.

Although there are a variety of definitions of test bias, none has provided a basis to support claims of bias, especially with respect to those tests that predict school performance. The fact that validity coefficients for such tests are consistently high suggests that what bias there is derives from the nature of the criteria; i.e., the cultural bias of schooling. And because schooling reflects social values, the resolution of the problem lies through social-political action and not psychological or psychometric advances.
EWEB AND HOMEPAGE MAKER: MAKING IT EASIER TO DEVELOP CONTENT ON THE WWW

Abstract eWeb and HomePage Maker are two Web‐based projects that aim to make the WWW more interactive and, at the same time, easier for less‐technically inclined language professionals to take advantage of Web technology and allow them to concentrate on content development. The eWeb, an integrated Web‐based education environment that facilitates collaboration as well as individualized learning, consists of a set of functions that support both large‐group and individual synchronous and asynchronous communication; enhance learning in a variety of modes; and provide instructors with additional tools such as exercise/test maker, materials development, presentation templates and class management utilities. With database support, all data are interlinked and shareable and can be organized in a variety of ways. The HomePage Maker (HPM) allows the instructor to create and manage interlinked Web pages such as course syllabuses, daily schedules and assignments, and lecture notes, as well as links to other Web sites...
Mechanical properties of a hydrophilic acrylic polymer.

Summary Acrylic polymers with hydrophilic groups (i.e., ethyl hydroxyl) may be prepared that convert to a soft elastic gel by absorbing water. Such a polymer has been applied to dentistry for use as an elastic lining material for dentures. A commercial product, Hydron, was used in this study. The linear expansion of this material after 520 hr of water immersion was found to be 20.4%. Hardness was found to decrease from 15.7 KHN for the dry polymer to 1.5 KHN at 19% absorbed water content. The swelling pressure was measured and found to reach a maximum value of 157 psi after 204 hr of water immersion. The Young’s modulus was found to decrease from a value of 295,300 psi to 290 psi with 19% absorbed water content. Values were determined on intermediate water contents for the properties studied.
Query size estimation using clustering techniques

For managing the performance of database management systems, we need to be able to estimate the size of queries. Query size estimation (QSE) is difficult if the queries are associated with more than one attribute. Here, we propose, and experimentally evaluate, a novel technique that builds on cluster analysis. Empirical results indicate that, in particular, density-based clustering QSE techniques are beneficial for medium and large sized databases where they compare favourably with partitioning clustering QSE ones such as k-means. This is observed especially in the case of noisy and dense datasets
The effects of religious messages on racial identity and system blame among african americans

This research examines the relationships between racial consciousness or identity, system blame, and religiosity for African Americans, with a particular focus on the effects of church-based education and activism on racial-group consciousness. This is achieved by clarifying religiosity to include both the civic message communicated and the political activism promoted by religious organizations. Data from the 1984 National Black Election Study are used to examine the connections between various demographic factors, religiosity, religious messages, and several measures of racial identity. Findings indicate that two different messages are presented at places of worship: one communicating civic awareness and the other promoting political activity. Greater exposure to the former tends to produce higher levels of racial identity, while exposure to the latter leads to greater perceptions of power imbalance among groups. Such feelings of racial and power imbalance lead to a greater tendency to blame the governme...
Expanding Evolutionary Theory Beyond Darwinism with Elaborating, Self-Organizing, and Fractionating Complex Evolutionary Systems

Earth systems increase in complexity, diversity, and interconnectedness with time, driven by tectonic/solar energy that keeps the systems far from equilibrium. The evolution of Earth systems is facilitated by three evolutionary mechanisms: elaboration, fractionation, and self-organization, that share universality features not found in more familiar equilibrium systems. These features include: 1. evolution to sensitive dependent critical states, 2. avalanches of changes following power law distributions with fractal organization, and 3. dynamic behaviour as strange attractors that often exhibit bistable behaviour. We propose a new approach to teaching Earth systems theory, where theoretical underpinnings of evolutionary mechanisms are introduced, followed by explorations of how the mechanisms interact to integrate the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere into a unitary evolutionary system. We incorporate conceptual and computer-based interactive models (included here as educational resources...
Classified staff development: An integrated model

This chapter describes an integrated staff development program at Metropolitan Community College, Omaha, Nebraska, that more effectively meets the needs of classified staff than traditional staff development models.