cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Balanced 2m factorial designs of resolution v which allow search and estimation of one extra unknown effect, 4 ≤ m ≤ 8

In this paper, we obtain balanced resolution V plans for 2m factorial experiments (4 ≤ m ≤ 8), which have an additional feature. Instead of assuming that the three factor and higher order effects are all zero, we assume that there is at most one nonnegligible effect among them; however, we do not know which particular effect is nonnegligible. The problem is to search which effect is non-negligible and to estimate it, along with estimating the main effects and two factor interactions etc., as in an ordinary resolution V design. For every value of N (the number of treatments) within a certain practical range, we present a design using which the search and estimation can be carried out. (Of course, as in all statistical problems, the probability of correct search will depend upon the size of “error” or “noise” present in the observations. However, the designs obtained are such that, at least in the noiseless case, this probability equals 1.) It is found that many of these designs are identical with optimal b...
A New Isolation Medium for Plant Organelles

A new cell-extraction medium was developed, under conditions such that physical injury was minimized, for the simultaneous isolation of plant nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts in morphological forms closely resembling those in living cells. Comparisons were made of organelles isolated in buffered NaCl, sucrose, and specially developed formulations with the synthetic high-molecular weight polymers Ficoll (polymerized form of sucrose, MW 400,000) and Dextran 40 (MW 26,000). The finally developed medium contained : sucrose (osmoticum) ; Tris-acetate (buffer); Ficoll, Dextran 40, and bovine serum albumin (structure preservatives) ; glutathione, cysteine, ascorbic acid, or mercaptoethanol (reducing agents); and magnesium acetate and manganese acetate (activity preservatives). The properties of the SFDP medium are such that nuclei, chloroplasts, and mito chondria resemble their forms in living cells; mitochondria exhibit dynamic pleomorphic changes in form similar to those occurring in living cells and hair cells immersed in the medium can be cut open while cytoplasmic streaming con tinues during and after the incision.
Enhanced cellulase production using Solka Floc in a fed-batch fermentation

Use of a fed-batch mode of cultivation of T. reesei has permitted high concentrations of substrate to be consumed. This has resulted in the production of high titre cellulase preparations around 30 FPU/ml at high volumetric productivities (177 IU/L.hr). Perhaps the most obvious area for major improvement in the process of cellulose utilization is the production of cellulase enzyme for hydrolysis of wood and agricultural residues. It has been estimated that some 50% of the cost of producing glucose from cellulosic material is attributable to enzyme production alone (Perez, et al., 1980). Improvements in the area would therefore have a dramatic impact, and are of paramount importance if economical hydrolysis processes are to be realized. The first major thrust in the area has been the development of improved mutant strains of T. reesei, free from catabolite repression and capable of constitutive cellulase production (Montenecourt and Eveleigh, 1977; Gallo, 1982). While this effort continues to develop further high yielding mutants, improvement must also come from developments in fermentation techniques. A major advance is the use of fed-batch cultivation, which provides a means of avoiding the agitation and aeration difficulties, as well as repression effects encountered with high substrate concentration batch fermentation. This report briefly compares batch and fed-batch operation over a range of substrate concentrations.
Cryopreservation of spermatozoa of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin

Abstract Spermatozoa of the American oyster Crassostrea virginica were frozen to −196 °C in concentrated Hanks' salt solution (2.6×) containing 8% dimethyl sulfoxide. About 0.2 ml of spermatozoa that were stored in liquid nitrogen for 68 days fertilized 91% of 65,600 eggs compared to fresh spermatozoa, which fertilized 92% of approximately the same number of eggs from the same females. Larvae resulting from fertilization of fresh eggs with 39-day-old cryopreserved spermatozoa appeared normal after 11 days.
Magnetic resonance imaging of dialysis-related amyloidosis of the shoulder and hip

Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of MRI in identifying abnormalities of the periarticular structures in patients with symptoms of dialysis-related amyloid arthropathy. Design and patients. MR images of shoulders and hips in 5 dialysis patients with symptoms of amyloid arthropathy were compared to images of shoulders and hips in 4 asymptomatic dialysis patients, shoulders in 9 nondialysis patients, and hips in 12 nondialysis patients. These were evaluated for the presence of focal periarticular osseous lesions, tendinous and capsular thickening, and periarticular fluid. Results. Increased thickness of the supraspinatus tendon was found in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Capsular thickening at the hip was present in all symptomatic patients, and in 3 of 8 asymptomatic hips. Joint and bursal fluid was common in the symptomatic group, and was present in some asymptomatic individuals. Osseous lesions were detected in the absence of plain film findings, and demonstrated variable signal intensity. Conclusions. MRI is useful in detecting signs of dialysis-related amyloidosis. Findings of a milder degree in asymptomatic dialysis patients suggests that MRI may also be valuable in the early diagnosis of this syndrome.
Rearing Two Subterranean Termites, Reticulitermes flavipes and Coptotermes formosanus, on Artificial Diets

Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) and Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki termites survived, maintained their weight, and reproduced as well on several artificial diets as they did on a wood block control. The best diet for R. flavipes, and possibly for C. formosanus, included alpha-cellulose (34.06%), water (65.87%), a sterol (0.06%), and methyl- p -hydroxybenzoate (0.01%). Casein or albumen (0.05%) may be added, but their value is questionable, and at levels of 0.5% or greater both proteins were toxic to the termites. Both I²-sitosterol and ergosterol gave better results than cholesterol. This diet is suitable for physiological or nutritional studies and may be satisfactory for maintaining laboratory colonies of termites.
Progression of parkinsonian signs in Alzheimer’s disease

Objective: To describe the progression of parkinsonian signs in persons with AD. Background: Parkinsonian signs are common in AD and appear to be related to morbidity and mortality. However, little is known about individual patterns of progression of parkinsonian signs. Methods: A cohort of 410 people with clinically diagnosed AD underwent annual clinical evaluations over a 4-year period, with over 90% of survivors participating in follow-up. The entire motor portion of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) was administered at each evaluation. Previously established measures of four parkinsonian signs were derived from the UPDRS. Scores ranged from 0 to 100 and represented the percent obtained of the total possible item score. Results: A growth curve approach was used to estimate individual paths of change. Rates of change in bradykinesia (4.5% increase per year), rigidity (6.0% increase per year), and gait disorder/postural reflex impairment (8.9% increase per year) were substantial and positively correlated (median r = 0.69). Change in tremor was minimal, mostly confined to postural tremor, and weakly correlated with change in other signs (median r = 0.16). The rate of progression in each sign was highly variable across individuals and not strongly related to demographic factors or use of neuroleptic medications. Conclusions: Parkinsonian signs other than tremor progress rapidly in AD but at widely differing rates.
Vitrification and testing of a Hanford high-level waste sample. Part 2: Phase identification and waste form leachability

A sample of Hanford high-level radioactive waste from Tank AZ-101 was vitrified into borosilicate glass and tested to demonstrate its compliance with regulatory requirements. Compositional aspects of this study were reported in Part 1 of this paper. This second and last part presents results of crystallinity and leachability testing. Crystallinity was quantified in a glass sample heat treated according to the calculated cooling curve of glass at the centerline of a Hanford Waste Treatment Plant canister. By quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis and image analysis applied to scanning electron microscopy micrographs, the sample contained 7 mass% of spinel, a solid solution of franklinite, trevorite, and other minor spinels. Glass leachability was measured with the product consistency test and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. Measured data and model estimates were in reasonable agreement. Leachability results were close to those obtained for the non-radioactive simulant. Models were used to elucidate the effects of glass composition of spinel formation and to estimate effects of spinel formation on glass leachability.
Coupled parabolic–hyperbolic Stokes–Lamé PDE system: limit behaviour of the resolvent operator on the imaginary axis

This article is focused on an established, genuinely physical fluid-structure interaction model, whereby the structure is immersed in a fluid with coupling taking place at the boundary interface between the two media. Mathematically, the model is a coupled parabolic–hyperbolic system of two partial differential equations in three dimensions with non-standard coupling at the boundary interface: the (dynamic) Stokes system (parabolic, modelling the fluid) and the Lame system (hyperbolic, modelling the structure). This system generates a contraction semigroup on the natural energy space [G. Avalos and R. Triggiani, The coupled PDE system arising in fluid/structure interaction, Part I: explicit semigroup generator and its spectral properties, Fluids and Waves, Amer. Math. Soc. Contemp. Math. 440 (2007), pp. 15–59] (canonical model) and [G. Avalos and R. Triggiani, Semigroup well-posedness in the energy space of a parabolic-hyperbolic coupled Stokes-Lame PDE system of fluid-structure interaction, Discr. Contin...
Simultaneous inner- and outer-sphere arsenate adsorption on corundum and hematite

Abstract The ability to predict the fate and transport of arsenic in aquatic environments, its impact on water quality and human health, and the performance and cost-effectiveness of water treatment systems relies on understanding how it interacts with solid surfaces. In situ resonant surface X-ray scattering measurements of arsenate adsorption at pH 5 in 0.01 M NaCl on corundum and hematite (012) surfaces demonstrate that arsenate surface complexation is unexpectedly bimodal, adsorbing simultaneously as inner- and outer-sphere species. In addition, this bimodal behavior is found to be independent of the total arsenate solution concentration, and thus surface coverage, over the range of 10−6 to 10−3 M. Alternative mechanisms to produce the observed As distributions, such as arsenate dimerization or surface precipitation of an aluminum or ferric arsenate, are inconsistent with the experimentally-determined total and As-specific density profiles. Based on the location of the outer-sphere arsenate in relation to the surfaces studied, possible binding mechanisms include electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding to surface oxygen functional group, and configurational stabilization by interfacial water. Although the observation of outer-sphere arsenate surface complexes on a metal oxide surface is unprecedented, it is unclear if such species were absent in previous molecular-scale studies, as it is difficult for methods commonly used to investigate the mechanisms of arsenate adsorption to conclusively identify or rule out the presence of outer-sphere species when inner-sphere species are also present.
The role of the metal in determining electrosorption valency in the case of strong molecular adsorption at the electrode|solution interface

Abstract : The electrosorption valency for the adsorption of parabonic acid has been determined on single crystal gold electrodes and mercury near the point of zero charge. A new technique to perform the measurement using cyclic voltammetry is described. The electrosorption valency was found to be a linear function both of the potential of zero charge and of the work function of the metal. (AN)
DETERMINATION of CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT BETWEEN FLUID and CUBIC PARTICLES IN CONTINUOUS TUBE FLOW USING NONINVASIVE EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES

Convective heat transfer coefficients (hfp) between fluids and cubic particles in continuous flow were investigated with respect to flow rate, viscosity, particle size, and radial location using noninvasive methods: (1) liquid crystal color change, and (2) measurements of relative velocity via flow visualization (for verification of liquid crystal results). All tests were conducted using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as the carrier fluid. Results indicate that hfp increases with decreasing particle size, increasing flow rates and (as expected) decreasing viscosity. Radial location affects hfp values: changing the particle position from the center to the bottom of the tube increases the convective heat transfer coefficient. Comparison between the methods indicates good agreement, providing a means of verification for the liquid crystal method.
Inhibition of neutrophil adhesion reduces myocardial infarct size

Abstract Neutrophil accumulation and activation within the myocardium during ischemia and reperfusion has been shown to play a prominent role in the development of myocardial stunning and infarction. To determine if a simple inhibitor of neutrophil adhesion could reduce myocardial infarct size, we administered NPC 15669 (a new antiinflammatory agent that inhibits neutrophil adhesion) to 12 pigs (6 controls, 6 NFC-treated) in a porcine model of ischemia and reperfusion injury. Each animal received a continuous infusion of either NPC (10 mg/kg intravenous bolus followed by 6 mg · kg −1 · h −1 intravenous infusion) or an equal volume of normal saline solution during 1 hour of left anterior descending artery occlusion and 2 hours of reperfusion. There were no significant differences in the preischemia, midischtmia, or postischemia rate-pressure product between control and experimental groups. The regions at risk were similar in both groups. However, the mean myocardial infarct size was reduced by 51% with administration of NPC 15669 (30.7% ± 6.8%) compared with controls (62.3% ± 5.4%; p
Public purchases and private preferences: Challenges for analyzing public open space acquisitions

Abstract The traditional hedonic model uses market purchases to estimate implicit prices. Hedonic models composed of only public land purchases violate key assumptions of hedonic model theory. The resulting implicit prices cannot be interpreted as the purchasing agency's maximum willingness to pay. The problems are illustrated using a hedonic model of public land purchases in the Town of Brookhaven, on Long Island, New York, USA. The model reveals negative elasticities for attributes for which the agency has stated positive preferences. For example, the presence of unique glacial landforms (a positive attribute) was associated with a 97% increase in property cost. However, if purchasing the open space property prevented development that is incompatible with existing land uses (also a positive attribute), the property cost decreased by 69%. The results confirm that elasticities and implicit prices derived from open space “public hedonic models” should be interpreted in the context of the broader market for land, not as the agency's willingness to pay. The work has implications for open space preservation policies in urbanizing regions.
Conflict Between Firemen and Ghetto Dwellers: Environmental and Attitudinal Factors1

During the past few years urban fire companies have responded to a vastly increased number of false alarms, especially from lower income areas. In a preliminary attempt to understand this phenomenon, two studies were conducted. In the first, several environmental variables, in addition to average neighborhood income, reported harrassments of firemen, and type of alarm box, were correlated with false alarm frequencies for randomly selected alarm boxes in lower income sections of Brooklyn. Results of a step-wise multiple regression analysis indicated that (a) a linear combination of six environmental variables accounts for 73% of the variance in false alarms, (b) this relationship is not due simply to differences in average neighborhood income, and (c) false alarms are associated geographically with harassments. The results suggested that false alarms should be interpreted as expressions of protest. The second study explored the beliefs and attitudes of ghetto residents and revealed that young nonwhites showed most hostility to the fire department. Although most respondents expressed positive attitudes toward firemen, many believed they do unnecessary damage; and some respondents linked this with racism. Other causes for anger not directly related to the fire department were also mentioned, including the environmental factors emphasized in the first study. The findings raise several questions amenable to social psychological investigation and suggest ways to reduce false alarms, but it seems unlikely that the problem can be solved until deeper racial and class antagonisms are reduced.
Linac radiosurgery for high-grade gliomas: the University of Florida experience

Abstract Purpose: Stereotactic has been reported as a promising boost technique for the treatment of selected patients with high-grade glioma. The first 11 patients given this treatment at the University of Florida are reported. Methods and Materials: Six patients with glioblastoma multiforme and five with anaplastic astrocytoma were carefully selected for treatment with linac radiosurgery. All patients had a Karnofsky performance status ≥ 90%. Median age of patients was 42.1 year. External-beam radiotherapy delivered a median dose of 60 Gy. Stereotactic radiosurgery was delivered to the enhancing tumor volume without margin. Median treatment volume was 14 cm 3 (equivalent sphere diameter, 3 cm). The maximum volume of any tumor treated was 22.5 cm 3 (equivalent sphere diameter, 3.5 cm). Median stereotactic radiosurgery boost dose was 12.5 Gy, and median prescription sphere was the 80% isodose shell. Results: Despite rigorous selection and aggressive stereotactic boost irradiation, this patient cohort had a median actuarial survival of 17 months. All patients have had progression of intracranial disease within 1 year of radiosurgery, and only 3 of 11 remain alive with a median follow-up of 13 months. Conclusion: These results differe significantly from others reported. Comparative analysis suggest tumor volume may be an important prognostic facor in patients treated with stereotactic radiosurgery. Future studies need to define appropriate patient cohorts for the boost technique.
The association of serum lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins with selected trace elements and minerals in phenylketonuric patients on diet.

Abstract Objective: Classical phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inborn error of metabolism characterized by high Phenylalanine (Phe) levels in blood and treated with a special low Phe diet which can be defined as “nonatherogenic”. Since coronary heart disease (CHD) was reported to be a disease of zinc and copper imbalance, we aimed indirectly to evaluate the effect of the special diet on the size of LDL particles and to investigate whether some minerals and trace elements are involved in their lipoprotein metabolism. Methods: Eighty-six (N=86) PKU patients were divided into two groups. Group A (N=44) on a strict diet and group B (N=42) who did not adhere to their treatment. Healthy children (N=98) were the controls. Serum total cholesterol (t-Chol), triacylglycerol, High-density lipoprotein (HDL) and t-Chol in very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were measured with enzymatic methods, whereas Apolipoprotein AI (Apo AI), Apolipoprotein AII (Apo AII) and Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) were determined by nephelometric techniques. LDL/Apo B positively correlated with LDL size. Magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) measurements were performed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Results: t-Chol, LDL, VLDL, Apo B, the ratio t-Chol/HDL, Apo AI/Apo B and LDL/Apo B as well as copper levels and the ratio Zn/Cu in group A statistically significantly differed as compared to those of group B and Controls. Positive correlations were found between Mg and HDL and Apo AI in all the groups whereas the mineral correlated with t-Chol, Apo B and the ratio LDL/Apo B only in the group A of patients. Copper negatively correlated with triacylglycerol, LDL, and Apo B and positively with t-Chol in group A. Zinc showed negative relationships in HDL and Apo A in all the studied groups. The ratio Zn/Cu negatively correlated with triacylglycerol and LDL in all the groups and positively with the ratios Apo AI/Apo B and LDL/Apo B in group A. Conclusion: Some of the minerals and trace elements were correlated with the lipids and lipoproteins and were also involved in the size of LDL particles in PKU patients on strict diet. Larger and less atherogenic LDL particles were associated with a high Zn/Cu ratio.
Lactate transport and glycolytic activity in the freshly isolated rabbit cornea.

Abstract Studies on the intact avascular cornea reveal two types of lactate effluxes: exogenous glucose-elicited and spontaneous. The former type exhibits characteristics resembling the proton-lactate symport system previously found in tumor cells and erythrocytes, including an enhanced lactate efflux at a higher extracellular pH and in the presence of H+ and K+ ionophores, and an inhibition by mersalyl with subsequent lactate accumulation in the tissue and cessation of glycolytic activity. The latter type occurs immediately following the incubation of freshly isolated cornea in a medium containing no exogenous glucose, with a rate about 10 times that of exogenous glucose-elicited lactate efflux. It is insensitive to 10 m m iodoacetate and lacks the characteristics of the proton-lactate symport system. Findings reveal that about 50% of corneal glucose utilization occurs in the epithelium, with the stroma and endothelium sharing the other 50% approximately equally. Of the glucose utilized, the lactate formation to pyruvate oxidation rate ratios are approximately 1:1 in the epithelium, 2:1 in the stroma, and 1:2 in the endothelium. About 79% of total tissue lactate is formed in the epithelium and stroma, and in vivo, this is probably pumped into the stromal extracellular space (about 90% of total tissue volume) via the proton-lactate symport system, with spontaneous release into the aqueous humor via a simple diffusion process. The H+ and K+ ionophores facilitate lactate efflux at the expense of the cellular pyruvate pool, without significant effect on the glucose uptake and glycolytic activity. These findings suggest that the ionophore-mediated lactate efflux favors the reduction of low pyruvate concentration in the tissue, rather than parallel increases in glycolytic activity.
Developing Collaboration Skills in Pre-service Teachers: A Partnership Between General and Special Education:

As P-12 education changes to meet the needs of children and federal and state regulations, teacher education must change to prepare candidates with knowledge and skills expected of today's educator...
A rare presentation of adult onset Still's disease in an elderly patient

Adult onset Still’s disease (AOSD) is a rare inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology that usually affects young adults. Very few patients older than 70-year-old have been reported. Clinical features include quotidian fevers, arthralgias, arthritis, pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy and an evanescent rash. AOSD should be considered in the differential diagnosis of fever of unknown origin. Early diagnosis is often difficult since it is a diagnosis of exclusion and the presence of infectious, neoplastic and autoimmune conditions needs to be ruled out before the diagnosis is made. No specific laboratory tests are available to aid in the diagnosis of AOSD. As a result, a set of diagnostic criteria that define the clinical features of this condition, termed the Yamaguchi criteria, have been most commonly used to establish the diagnosis. We describe the case of a 72-year-old Caucasian male with past medical history significant for generalized anxiety disorder, depression, BPH, and hypertriglyceridemia, who presented to a tertiary institution complaining of profound generalized weakness and weight loss that started three weeks prior to presentation. Initial laboratory studies showed leukocytosis, elevated ESR, CRP, ferritin and liver dysfunction. Cultures, ANA and rheumatoid factor studies were negative. The patient underwent further extensive workup that excluded the presence of infectious, neoplastic and autoimmune disorders and was subsequently diagnosed with AOSD and new onset diabetes mellitus. For the management of AOSD he was started on prednisone with significant improvement in markers of inflammation, symptoms and level of function.
The role of compressive stresses in jointing on Vancouver Island, British Columbia

This study demonstrates that joint-parallel compressive stresses were integral to the development of joint sets on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The mapped study area contains paleostress indicators in the form of calcareous concretions, which have multiple, internal fractures in precisely the same orientation as one of the surrounding joint sets in the sandstone matrix. Field and laboratory tests indicate that the stiffest concretions are the most likely to be fractured; however, results from numerical simulations using measured rock properties preclude an origin for the concretion fractures from either a far-field uniaxial tensile or compressive stress. Fracturing is only found to be possible if the concretions possessed a lower Poisson's ratio than the sandstone at the time of fracturing. In the latter case, a far-field uniaxial compressive stress may have generated tensile effective stresses in the vicinity of high modulus concretions, seeding the field site with an initial population of concretion fractures and joints. Given the close spacing of some joints, their extension cannot be satisfactorily explained without invoking grain-scale compression-driven tensile fracturing mechanisms.
Cell biology: A sensor for calcium uptake.

Mitochondria — the cell's power plants — increase their energy production in response to calcium signals in the cytoplasm. A regulator of the elusive mitochondrial calcium channel has now been identified. Uptake of calcium by mitochondria is crucial for many aspects of cellular function, and an imbalance can trigger cell death. Despite this, none of the proteins mediating mitochondrial uptake and buffering of calcium was known. Now one such protein — named 'mitochondrial calcium uptake 1' or MICU1 — has been identified. MICU1 is localized to the mitochondrion and is specifically required for calcium uptake. Genetic disruption of the MICU1 gene interrupts metabolic coupling between mitochondrial metabolism and calcium signalling. This work should facilitate the molecular characterization of mitochondrial calcium-uptake machinery and its role in normal physiology and diseases.
Radiofrequency treatment weakens the fatigue characteristics of rabbit anterior cruciate ligament.

Objective. To evaluate the radiofrequency treatment applied to an intact anterior cruciate ligament, and to quantify the mechanical effects of controlled cyclic loading (simulating activities of daily living) post-treatment. Design. An in vitro radiofrequency energy application to the rabbit anterior cruciate ligament and cyclic loading of the treated ligament. Background. Effect of cyclic loading on the radiofrequency treated ligament in a controlled environment is not known. Methods. In the treatment group radiofrequency treatment was applied to an intact ligament and then the ligament was cyclically loaded for 3000 cycles, and stretched-to-failure. Control group was similar to treatment, except that the radiofrequency treatment was not applied. The cyclic loading (approximately 6% tensile strain) was kept below the injury threshold of the rabbit anterior cruciate ligament and was designed to simulate loading post-treatment. A relaxation test (5% constant strain for 180 s) was used to compare the results at different steps in the experiment; within each group and between the two groups. Results. Relaxation force increased in the treatment group (average 108% of intact, P<0.05), but decreased after the cyclic loading (average 71% of intact, P<0.05). There were significant differences in the force–deformation-failure curves between the treatment and control groups: average treated ligament failed at 59% and 57% of the control values respectively for the deformation and force (P<0.05). Conclusion. Using radiofrequency treatment makes rabbit anterior cruciate ligament weaker following cyclic loading. Relevance The radiofrequency treatment weakens the anterior cruciate ligament, and therefore, it perhaps should be protected until healing and adaptation restore its full strength.
Dynamic stochastic estimation of physical variables

A fundamental problem facing the physical sciences today is analysis of natural variations and mapping of spatiotemporal processes. Detailed maps describing the space/time distribution of groundwater contaminants, atmospheric pollutant deposition processes, rainfall intensity variables, external intermittency functions, etc. are tools whose importance in practical applications cannot be overestimated. Such maps are valuable inputs for numerous applications including, for example, solute transport, storm modeling, turbulent-nonturbulent flow characterization, weather prediction, and human exposure to hazardous substances. The approach considered here uses the spatiotemporal random field theory to study natural space/time variations and derive dynamic stochastic estimates of physical variables. The random field model is constructed in a space/time continuum that explicitly involves both spatial and temporal aspects and provides a rigorous representation of spatiotemporal variabilities and uncertainties. This has considerable advantages as regards analytical investigations of natural processes. The model is used to study natural space/time variations of springwater calcium ion data from the Dyle River catchment area, Belgium. This dataset is characterized by a spatially nonhomogeneous and temporally nonstationary variability that is quantified by random field parameters, such as orders of space/time continuity and random field increments. A rich class of covariance models is determined from the properties of the random field increments. The analysis leads to maps of continuity orders and covariances reflecting space/time calcium ion correlations and trends. Calcium ion estimates and the associated statistical errors are calculated at unmeasured locations/instants over the Dyle region using a space/time kriging algorithm. In practice, the interpretation of the results of the dynamic stochastic analysis should take into consideration the scale effects.
Polyasplenia complex with mesocardia and renal agenesis in an infant of a diabetic mother

Despite improved prenatal care, infants of diabetic mothers (IDM) have an increased risk of congenital malformations. We report on an IDM with multiple congenital anomalies consistent with the polyasplenia complex with associated mesocardia and renal agenesis. The morphologic characteristics of these malformations are discussed. Special emphasis is given to the polyasplenia complex as an example of midline developmental field defect. The importance of maternal levels of hemoglobin A1c in relation to congenital malformations is addressed.
Maximum entropy method helps study multifractal processes

Many natural phenomena exhibit scaling behavior, in which parts of the system resemble the whole. Topography is one example—in some landscapes, shapes seen on a small scale look similar to shapes seen at larger scales. Some processes with scaling behavior are multifractal processes, in which the scaling parameters are described by probability distributions. Nieves et al. show that a method known as the maximum entropy method, which has been applied in information theory and statistical mechanics, can be applied generally to study the statistics of multifractal processes. The authors note that the method, which could be applied to a wide variety of geophysical systems, makes it possible to infer information on multifractal processes even beyond scales where observations are available. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2011GL048716, 2011)
Long-term (250,000 BP to 50,000 AP) variations in ultraviolet and visible radiation (0.175–0.690 μm)

Abstract Recent biological studies demonstrating sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) radiation coupled with research on the radiative impact of stratospheric ozone depletion pose a challenge to climate modelers and reconstructionists to determine past variations in UV radiation. In this study, solar radiative waveband totals are computed applying a numerical model linking the parameterization of the amount of radiation as a function of orbital parameters with the atmospheric solar scattering. Variations are computed for three continuous solar wavebands (0.225–0.285, 0.3–0.325 and 0.325–0.690 μm) and one non-continuous shortwave band (0.175–0.225/0.285–300 μm). With the assumption of invariant latitudinal ozone concentrations over the past 250,000 years, radiation in all wavebands displays significant variations from present levels due to changes produced by Milankovitch orbital mechanisms (obliquity, eccentricity and precession). Specifically: (a) orbital changes produced the following percent ranges from present-day values in the 0.3–0.325 μm waveband over the last 250,000 years: −19% to 30% (June Solstice), −26% to +32% (December Solstice) and −3% to +3% (equinoxes); (b) precessional influences control variations in the total daily radiation; and (c) orbital changes produce a decrease in the amount of visible and UV radiation over the next 10 kyr in the Northern Hemisphere for the spring and summer while increasing visible and UV for the fall and winter. These initial results for long-period radiative variations (a) provide a first comparative range of values in future UV radiative change study related to ozone depletion; (b) generate baseline values for researchers interested in the potential environmental and biological effects of past UV radiative variations; and (c) aid in analyses of the influence of solar radiative changes based upon orbital mechanisms on climatic change.
Facial expression accompanying pain.

The study of facial expression accompanying pain is of both practical and theoretical importance. It has been suggested that nonverbal behavior may provide accurate information on pain states to supplement self-report and that perhaps facial expressions could even serve as accurate measures of pain in the absence of verbal report. Recent studies of specific facial expressions accompanying pain have benefited greatly from the techniques and findings of earlier research on facial expressions of emotion. These research findings also raise a number of questions concerning relationships between pain and emotion expressions, and provide some tools (e.g. direct facial measurement systems) for answering them. A review of empirical research indicates that there are distinct facial expressions which accompany acute painful experiences with some regularity, and that these expressions occur in both infants and adults, at least in Western cultures. Important areas for future research include cross-cultural studies, investigations of the circumstances under which these facial expressions occur and the possibilities for masking or falsifying them and research into facial behaviors related to chronic pain.
ORTHOGRAPHIC REGULARITY, LEXICAL STATUS, AND LETTER-IDENTIFICATION ACUITY

Hershenson reported in 1980 that accuracy for identifying letters from seven-letter strings was not affected by the orthographic regularity or the lexical status of the strings when the letter to be reported was indicated by a vertical bar marker that appeared simultaneously with the string or immediately after it. Since the initial visual representation begins to fade soon after stimulus offset and lasts for about 250 msec., stimulus structure may affect the extraction and storage processes necessary to produce a correct response if the indicator is delayed. Two experiments explored this region by sampling seven retinal locations within the central 2.6 degrees of the visual field. The indicator was delayed for 100, 200, and 300 msec. in Exp. 1 and 0, 25, 50, and 75 msec. in Exp. 2. Stimulus structure did not affect accuracy of identification when subjects were equally familiar with the letter strings (memorization group) but had a strong effect for the group instructed to guess (forced-guess group). The group unfamiliar with the strings but instructed not to guess (no-guess group) showed effects of stimulus structure only at delays of the indicator longer than 100 msec. These data support a model of visual processing that includes an initial representation unaffected by orthographic regularity or lexical status, variables that determine the availability of information only when it must be retained before it is used.
Rapid Electroforming Tooling

A method of rapid electroforming tooling for the production of metal tools including molds, dies, and electrical discharge machining electrodes is developed. Geometry and material of the solid freeform fabricated part, properties of the electroformed metal, and process parameters are significant factors that cause inaccuracy in the manufactured tools. Thermomechanical modeling and numerical simulation are used to simulate thermal stresses induced during the burnout process that removes the rapid prototyping part from the electroform. The analysis demonstrates that appropriate design of the rapid prototyping part geometry and selection of electroform thickness not only reduce thermal stress, thus improving tooling accuracy, but also minimize manufacturing time and cost.
CT of the pancreas with a fat-density oral contrast regimen.

Visualization of the head of the pancreas by CT was prospectively evaluated in two groups of 100 patients who did not have pancreatic disease. Patients were given either a fat-density oral contrast material (12.5% corn-oil emulsion and metoclopramide) or a conventional high-density oral contrast material (barium suspension or iodinated solution). There was no statistically significant difference in the subjects' tolerance to the two regimens. There was, however, a significant improvement in ability to distinguish the head of the pancreas from the duodenal C-loop when the fat-density contrast material was given. When pancreaticoduodenal discrimination was graded, patients given corn-oil emulsion and metoclopramide received an average score of 0.94, whereas those given the high-density agent received an average score of 0.74, with 1.00 being the highest possible score (p less than .005). These data suggest that for routine CT evaluation of the head of the pancreas, a combination of corn-oil emulsion and met...
Palliative care and end-of-life care World Wide Web resources for geriatrics.

As the average life span of Americans increases, there is a tremendous need for geriatric-specific information and resources, especially for those older adults with life-limiting illnesses. Emerging literature underscores the differences in palliative and end-of-life approaches between younger and older adults in treating symptoms, understanding issues related to psychosocial and spiritual well-being, and alleviating caregiver burden. Hundreds of internet sites currently exist that pertain to geriatrics, and health professionals now have access to evidence-based clinical care guidelines, guides for education and training, and networks to support patients and their families. Even consumer-oriented organizations have assumed responsibility for informing patients and families and outlining supportive care services for patients and families. This paper reports the results of a systematic evaluation and critique of 15 websites, and summarizes their unique contributions clinical care guidelines, teaching materi...
The Interpersonal Implications of Stealing the Glory

Stealing the Glory 2 Abstract People tend to overestimate their contribution to joint tasks, in part because their own contributions are more memorable than the contributions of their collaborators. We examined some of the interpersonal consequences of this bias. Participants engaged in either a hypothetical (Experiment 2) or real (Experiment 1) cooperative task and learned how their collaborator ostensibly allocated responsibility. We varied how much credit the collaborator took for herself, and also how much credit she gave to the participant, factors confounded in past research. In each experiment, collaborators who “stole the glory” were seen as less fair, harder to get along with, and less honest than were collaborators who did not. Interestingly, this effect was driven by one’s own contribution being underappreciated more than one’s collaborator’s contribution being overstated. Mediational analyses revealed that the discord could be traced to the attribution of biased responsibility judgments to self-interest on the part of one’s collaborator. Keywords: responsibility, egocentrism, social comparison, social judgment, naive cynicism Abstract Word Count: 150
Dicyanketen: Blitzthermolyse von Alkyldicyanacetaten†

Das vollstandige Manuskript dieser Zuschrift erscheint in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1983, 193. DOI: 10.1002/ange.198301930
Some limit theorems on the eigenvectors of large dimensional sample covariance matrices

Abstract Let { v ij } i , j = 1, 2,…, be i.i.d. standardized random variables. For each n , let V n = ( v ij ) i = 1, 2,…, n ; j = 1, 2,…, s = s ( n ), where ( n s ) → y > 0 as n → ∞, and let M n = ( 1 s )V n V n T . Previous results [7, 8] have shown the eigenvectors of M n to display behavior, for n large, similar to those of the corresponding Wishart matrix. A certain stochastic process X n on [0, 1], constructed from the eigenvectors of M n , is known to converge weakly, as n → ∞, on D [0, 1] to Brownian bridge when v 11 is N (0, 1), but it is not known whether this property holds for any other distribution. The present paper provides evidence that this property may hold in the non-Wishart case in the form of limit theorems on the convergence in distribution of random variables constructed from integrating analytic function w.r.t. X n ( F n ( x )), where F n is the empirical distribution function of the eigenvalues of M n . The theorems assume certain conditions on the moments of v 11 including E ( v 11 4 ) = 3, the latter being necessary for the theorems to hold.
High-temperature emissivities of copper, aluminum, and silver

Using a transient calorimetric technique, the total hemispherical emissivities ∈h of very pure copper, aluminum, and silver have been measured at various temperatures in the range 335-1100°K. By carrying out measurements on a sphere, a thin circular disk, and a thin square plate all made of the same copper sample, it is shown that the measured ∈h is practically independent of the shape of the specimen. Measured ∈h values of Cu, Al, and Ag show considerable departure from the theoretical predictions of Davisson and Weeks and the data of previous investigators. ∈h data are presented in tabular form at 20°K intervals for all three materials in the range 400-1000°K.
Total anomalous pulmonary venous return. A review and report of the oldest surviving patient.

Abstract Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) is a relatively uncommon congenital heart lesion which usually results in death during the first year of life. The spectrum of this disease is varied and does include an occasional patient who survives until adulthood. This spectrum is illustrated by three of the 27 cases of TAPVR seen at Colorado General Hospital who are reported herein. One of our patients is still alive at age 46 years and represents the oldest patient with this entity who has been reported in the literature. Cardiovascular surgical advances during the last fifteen years have made possible the correction of this previously untreatable lesion. The clinical, hemodynamic, and surgical aspects of TAPVR as observed in our patients are presented and compared with other series in the literature.
Efficiency and phase of optical parametric amplification in chirped quasi-phase-matched gratings

Three-wave nonlinear interactions in chirped quasi-phase-matched (QPM) gratings are shown to exhibit conversion efficiency approaching 100% with increasing input pump and signal intensities, evading backconversion, as long as the idler vanishes at the input and the QPM grating is sufficiently chirped. The signal phase is described in terms of Kerr-like self- and cross-phase modulations, in the cascade χ((3)) approximation. Achieving high gain and efficiency simultaneously can lead to a large nonlinear phase, and the resulting trade-off is discussed.
A Student-Centered Approach to Teaching General Biology That Really Works: Lord's Constructivist Model Put to a Test

tin the comments section of a course evaluation a student once wrote, "I sleep throughout most of my Biology lectures. My professor tries hard but I just get tired of listening to so much information." This was the end of the spring semester of 1998, and I suddenly realized that I had to change the way I taught! This realization took me a long time, for in the past decade educators have been concerned with the way science is being taught, and several national efforts have been directed to redesign the instruction of pre-college science courses (AAAS, 1993, 1994; NRC, 1996). The main concern was that traditional science teaching has relied primarily on lecturing facts, and frequently requires memorization of long lists of specific vocabulary (Leonard et al., 2001). In general, the results of such teaching have been in lack of student motivation for the sciences, and limited learning reflected on poor content retention, few scientific skills, and inability to apply concepts. When professors started to examine college instruction, they found that the same traditional teaching model was followed throughout the universities, and identified serious repercussions on the quality of science education acquired by higher level students (Adams & Slater, 1998; Anderson, 1997; Rice, 1996; Yager, 1991). Thomas Lord (1998) questioned why college students demonstrated difficulty when making connections between concepts that they had learned before, or when applying their knowledge to problemsolving situations. He thought that these problems might be a consequence of the traditional way science courses were taught, because the traditional method does not provide time for discussion, or engagement of students on inquiry-based exercises. Subsequently, Lord dramatically modified his method of instruction. Lord's innovative teaching method is student-centered and uses constructivism, active teaching, and cooperative groups. His method has proven effective in lectures and laboratories for General Biology and Environmental Science at Indiana University of Pennsylvania (Lord, 1997, 1998, 1999). Because I was impressed with the positive results of Lord's teaching techniques, and the potential application of his methods to large and small PATRICIA A. BURROWES is Associate Professor in the Department of Biology at the University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3360; e-mail: pburrowe@upracd.upr.clu.edu.