cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Logic, Vagueness, and the Use Theory

In numerous essays over the years, and most recently in his Meaning, Paul Horwich has worked to articulate and defend a version of the use theory of meaning. At the heart of his project is the idea that the meaning of a word is constituted by a regularity in speakers’ use of it — i.e., by a regularity in speakers’ dispositions to accept as true, to reject as false, or neither to accept nor to reject sentences containing it. A ‘use regularity,’ thus construed, is a dispositional acceptance property distinctive of a particular word and, derivatively, of sentences containing the word.
Comparison of Argon-Ion, Copper-Vapor, and Frequency-Doubled Neodymium: Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (ND:YAG) Lasers for Latent Fingerprint Development

Argon-ion. copper-vapor, and frequency-doubled neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) lasers have been examined for efficiency in latent fingerprint detection. All three types of laser are found to be effective. Argon-ion lasers have the greatest power and range of useful wavelengths while frequency-doubled Nd:YAG lasers offer crime scene capability. On rare occasions latent prints observable under the argon-ion laser are not visually discernible under the Nd:YAG laser, but can be located with a sensitive television camera. Once located, photography of such prints is straightforward.
Sex Steroids, Cytokines and the Bone Marrow: New Concepts on the Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis

Osteoclasts and osteoblasts, originating in the bone marrow from haemopoietic progenitors and mesenchymal stromal cells, respectively, are responsible for the remodelling of the skeleton throughout adult life. Upon loss of sex steroids, the production of osteoclasts in the bone marrow is increased. This is mediated by an increase in the production of interleukin 6 (IL-6), as well as an increase in the sensitivity of the osteoclastic precursors to the action of cytokines such as IL-6, owing to an up-regulation of the gp130 signal transduction pathway. Consistent with this, oestrogens as well as androgens inhibit IL-6 production through an indirect effect of their specific receptors on the transcriptional activity of the IL-6 gene promoter, and inhibit the expression of the gp130 gene. With advancing age, the ability of the marrow to maintain the high rate of osteoclastogenesis caused by the acute loss of sex steroids is diminished. This is probably the result of the negative effect of senescence on the ability of the marrow to produce stromal/osteoblastic cells, which provide the essential support for osteoclastogenesis. These observations suggest that inappropriate production of osteoclasts or inadequate production of osteoblasts in the bone marrow are fundamental cellular changes in the pathogenesis of postmenopausal and senescence-associated osteoporosis, respectively.
Teacher-Usable Exercise Design Tools

We present software tools with which a language teacher can specify exercises for the Fluent-2 two-medium conversational language learning environment. The tools permit creation of tutorial schemas, language usage structures and graphical properties of objects. These data structures play major roles in guiding the execution of an exercise on a particular grammatical topic. The tools support our goal of immersing the learner in realistic situations with varied language constructions and conversational styles. They give a teacher some control over the situation, style and variety and let her construct exercises for particular grammatical topics.
Computer security research with human subjects: risks, benefits and informed consent

Computer security research frequently entails studying real computer systems and their users; studying deployed systems is critical to understanding real world problems, so is having would-be users test a proposed solution. In this paper we focus on three key concepts in regard to ethics: risks, benefits, and informed consent. Many researchers are required by law to obtain the approval of an ethics committee for research with human subjects, a process which includes addressing the three concepts focused on in this paper. Computer security researchers who conduct human subjects research should be concerned with these aspects of their methodology regardless of whether they are required to by law, it is our ethical responsibility as professionals in this field. We augment previous discourse on the ethics of computer security research by sparking the discussion of how the nature of security research may complicate determining how to treat human subjects ethically. We conclude by suggesting ways the community can move forward.
Verify, Then Trust: How to Legalize Off-Label Drug Marketing

To maximize profits, major pharmaceutical companies (“pharma”) primarily rely on two disparate business practices innovation and marketing. Obviously, discovering additional uses for pre-existing drugs can result in an expanded market and increased profits for these products. However, it is illegal for pharma to actively market these “offlabel” uses without securing FDA approval for these additional indications. Pharma, however, can conduct research outside of the FDA regulatory process to discover additional uses for a specific drug. In turn, these studies on alternative uses might persuade doctors to prescribe the drug in an off-label manner, but only if doctors become aware that such off-label uses are medically indicated. How this off-label usage information reaches doctors is a contentious legal point. This article will discuss the current state of off-label medicine, relevant legislation in the area, and a proposal designed to capture the benefits of off-label medicine while limiting its dangers when practiced perniciously. Part II will discuss the regulations in place governing offlabel promotion and will detail the practice of ghostwriting and its associated concerns. Part III will analyze the costs and benefits of offlabel marketing and practice of medicine, and will utilize a case study to demonstrate the predicament of drug manufacturers. Part IV will set forth a proposal to use the newly created Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute to generate unbiased research on off-label uses, which, in turn, would create a safe harbor for drug companies to widely disseminate studies generated through this process to the medical community. Finally, Part V will present concluding thoughts on the overarching policy considerations driving the need for legislative reform.
Envisioning Parking Strategies in the Framework of Sustainable Urban Transport

Parking policies and regulations are important tools in planning for the governance of urban mobility. The proper design and location of parking facilities, in fact, contributes to an efficient use of the transportation system (or it may reduce its efficiency, when these infrastructures are not properly planned). This paper discusses the role of parking as part of the policy packages for strategic planning aimed at increasing the sustainability of urban and metropolitan areas. In particular, the integration of parking strategies in a comprehensive vision for the future of a city may significantly improve the allocation of resources and the reduction of the overall environmental externalities. The role of parking in the strategic planning of cities is discussed through the analysis of several recent projects in the city of Bari (Italy). The paper discusses the way these projects are linked (or eventually not linked) to broader strategies for urban mobility, and how they might be coordinated into policy packages that promote more sustainable transportation. The use of an integrated land use transportation modeling approach to simulate the long-term evolution of the urban area may significantly contribute to estimate the long-term effects of the proposed policies. This approach may successfully support the process of policy evaluation and the selection of the optimal strategies to implement.
Worse outcomes among uninsured general surgery patients: does the need for an emergency operation explain these disparities?

Background We hypothesize that lack of access to care results in propensity toward emergent operative management and may be an important factor in worse outcomes for the uninsured population. The objective of this study is to investigate a possible link to worse outcomes in patients without insurance who undergo an emergent operation. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was performed using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) 2005–2011 dataset. Patients who underwent biliary, hernia, and colorectal operations were evaluated. Multivariate analyses were performed to assess the associations between insurance status, urgency of operation, and outcome. Covariates of age, sex, race, and comorbidities were controlled. Results The uninsured group had greatest odds ratios of undergoing emergent operative management in biliary (OR 2.43), colorectal (3.54), and hernia (3.95) operations, P Conclusion Although the uninsured more frequently underwent emergent operations, patients with coverage through the government had more complications in most categories investigated. Young patients also carried significant risk of emergent operations with increased complication rates. Patients with government insurance tended toward worse outcomes, suggesting disparity for programs such as Medicaid. Disparity related to payor status implies need for policy revisions for equivalent health care access.
The Golgi apparatus in epidermal mucoid and ellipsoid-vacuolate cells ofAeolidia papillosa andCoryphella rufibranchialis (Nudibranchia)

The epidermal cell layer of the apical end of the ceras was investigated in two species of aeolid nudibranchs. Based on cellular inclusions, mostly two cell types were found: mucoid and ellipsoid-vacuolate cells. Mucoid cells ofCoryphella rufibranchialis have large heterogeneous and fibrillar secretory granules whereas inAeolidia papillosa, the granules are homogeneous, but vary in electron density from one cell to another. Ellipsoid-vacuolate cells contained large quantities of small vacuoles with an included ellipsoidal structure. Both species contained very numerous ellipsoid-vacuolate cells. Secretory granules and ellipsoid-vacuoles appear to arise from the Golgi apparatus and these contents stain with PAS, suggesting a polysaccharide composition. Mucoid cells contained both secretory granules and ellipsoid-vacuoles which may arise from the same Golgi apparatus.
Working memory and preparation elicit different patterns of slow wave event-related brain potentials.

Some event-related brain potential (ERP) studies of working memory have used delayed match-to-sample designs in which a stimulus (S1) is held in memory for comparison with a subsequent stimulus (S2). During the S1-S2 interval, ERP slow negativities varied with both the type and amount of material held in working memory. One interpretation is that these slow waves index working memory operations. An alternative explanation is that they only reflect general preparatory processing for the response to S2. To decide between these explanations, we used two visual processing tasks that required similar preparation for S2. In one task, visual memory rehearsal operations were required. During the S1-S2 interval, there were clear differences between the amplitudes, topographies, and the effect of information load on the slow waves in the two tasks, thus ruling out preparation only as an explanation.
The Relationship between the Arterial Oxygen Saturation and the Cardiovascular Response to Induced Anoxemia in Normal Young Adults

The induced anoxemia test of cardiovascular function has been standardized according to the degree of anoxemia rather than the oxygen concentration of the gas mixture administered. The cardiovascular response of normal subjects at 80, 75 and 70 per cent arterial oxygen saturation is described. The changes can be closely correlated with the degree of anoxemia, as measured by the oximeter.
Buckling and crumpling of drying droplets of colloid-polymer suspensions

Spray drying of complex liquids to form solid powders is important in many industrial applications. One of the challenges associated with spray drying is controlling the morphologies of the powders produced; this requires an understanding of how drying mechanics depend on the ingredients and conditions. We demonstrate that the morphology of powders produced by spray drying colloidal polystyrene (PS) suspensions can be significantly altered by changing the molecular weight of dissolved poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). Samples containing high-molecular-weight PEO produce powders with more crumpled morphologies than those containing low-molecular-weight PEO. Observations of drying droplets suspended by a thin film of vapor suggest that this occurs because the samples with high-molecular-weight PEO buckle earlier in the drying process when the droplets are larger. Earlier buckling times are likely caused by the decreased stability, demonstrated by bulk rheology experiments, of PS particles in the presence of high-molecular-weight PEO at elevated temperatures. We present a consistent picture in which decreased particle stability hastens droplet buckling and leads to more crumpled powder morphologies; this underscores the importance of interparticle forces in determining the buckling of particle-laden droplets.
Epitaph for a monument to a failed protest? A North-South retrospective

The "great debate" of the 1970s on the New International Economic Order (NIEO) seems to have ended with a conclusive defeat for the South. The South "won" some battles and shifted the terms of discussion on some issues (especially debt and the interdependence of trade and monetary issues), but it clearly "lost" the war, at least in terms of achieving its most important declared goals. There are many interpretations of why these results ensued but, in general, the South has continued to insist that failure to reach agreement on a new international economic order should be attributed to Northern selfishness and shortsightedness, and the North has continued to insist that failure should be attributed to misguided domestic policies in the South and badly flawed and excessively ambitious international policy proposals. Disagreements about how much reform the international order needs also persist, even though some Northern governments have recently and tentatively begun to consider substantial changes in existing regimes and institutions. Southern analysts and their liberal supporters in the North have argued that the international political and economic systems were unfair, that a power shift was occurring (manifested and accelerated by the OPEC phenomenon), that the North was incorrectly perceiving its own long-run interests, that the Third World had enough common interests to hang together during the transition, and that enough issues could be treated in a North-South
Organic markers as source discriminants and sediment transport indicators in south San Francisco Bay, California

Sediment samples from nearshore sites in south San Francisco Bay and from streams flowing into that section of the Bay have been characterized in terms of their content of biogenic and anthropogenic molecular marker compounds. The distributions, input sources, and applicability of these compounds in determining sediment movement are discussed. By means of inspection and multivariate analysis, the compounds were grouped according to probable input sources and the sampling stations according to the relative importance of source contributions. A suite of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) dominated by pyrene, fluoranthene and phenanthrene, typical of estuarine environments worldwide, and suites of mature sterane and hopane biomarkers were found to be most suitable as background markers for the Bay. A homologous series of long-chain n-aldehydes (C12–C32) with a strong even-over-odd carbon number dominance in the higher molecular weight range and the ubiquitous n-alkanes (n-C24-C34) with a strong odd-over-even carbon number dominance were utilized as terrigenous markers. Several ratios of these terrigenous and Bay markers were calculated for each station. These ratios and the statistical indicators from the multivariate analysis point toward a strong terrigenous signal in the terminus of South Bay and indicate net directional movement of recently introduced sediment where nontidal currents had been considered to be minimal or nonexistent and tidal currents had been assumed to be dominant.
Tropomyosin: crystal structure, polymorphism and molecular interactions.

Abstract The α-protein tropomyosin forms a variety of ordered aggregates. True crystals with a very open lattice and at least two other net forms are produced near the isoelectric point together with fibrous aggregates. Three distinctive types of tactoids with axial periodicities about 400 A are formed with divalent cations. The electron microscope observations on the polymorphic forms have been related to X-ray diffraction measurements on the crystal lattice and the tactoids produced with magnesium. The X-ray pattern of one projection of the crystal has been interpreted at low resolution from a model composed of rod-shaped molecules arranged in accord with the electron micrographs. The tropomyosin molecules in the crystal are associated head-to-tail in polar filaments with a 400 A period. The filaments are periodically bent as a consequence of the cross connections at two sites alternatively separated by about 230 A and 170 A in the 400 A axial period. The principal conclusions of this study are: there is a specific polar end-to-end bonding of tropomyosin molecules which defines the period of about 400 A observed in the polymorphic nets and tactoids; there are two cross-connecting sites which are involved in net formation; in many of the forms, the polar filaments are arranged in oppositely directed pairs; the molecular coiled-coil is often supercoiled in the polar filaments. The periodicity in the I band of muscle can be identified with the 400 A repeat characteristic of the end-to-end association of tropomyosin. The polymorphism observed in vitro may be related to the structural and regulatory functions of tropomyosin in muscle.
STS markers linked to Phoma resistance genes of the Brassica B-genome revealed sequence homology between Brassica nigra and Brassica napus

The RFLP and AFLP techniques are laborious and expensive and therefore of limited use for marker-assisted selection, demanding a high throughput of samples in a short time. But marker-assisted selection is most useful for traits which are hard to score on single plants and influenced by environmental factors. Four RFLP and three AFLP markers have been found to be linked to genes of the B-genome of Brassica mediating resistance against Phoma lingam in oilseed rape. One RFLP and one AFLP marker were converted into three PCR-based STS markers: one of dominant, as well as one of codominant inheritance separated in a standard agarose gel and a third one of codominant inheritance to be separated in a polyacrylamide gel on an automated sequencer. As expected, the STS markers mapped at the same position as the original RFLP and AFLP markers. The STS markers are efficient in marker-assisted backcross programs of the resistant B-genome/Brassica napus recombinant lines with most of the tested oilseed rape varieties and breeding lines. More than 90% of the tested oilseed rape varieties and breeding lines exhibited no resistance marker alleles. The mapping results obtained with the markers, as well as comparative sequencing of the marker alleles, indicate synteny and homology between the B-genome resistance gene donors and B. napus in the region of the resistance genes. The location of the resistance genes in the B-genome/B. napus recombinant lines is most likely on the A genome. Thus the transfer of the B-genome resistance genes into Brassica campestris is also possible.
Systematic errors in digital image correlation caused by intensity interpolation

Recently, digital image correlation as a tool for surface defor- mation measurements has found widespread use and acceptance in the field of experimental mechanics. The method is known to reconstruct displacements with subpixel accuracy that depends on various factors such as image quality, noise, and the correlation algorithm chosen. How- ever, the systematic errors of the method have not been studied in detail. We address the systematic errors of the iterative spatial domain cross- correlation algorithm caused by gray-value interpolation. We investigate the position-dependent bias in a numerical study and show that it can lead to apparent strains of the order of 40% of the actual strain level. Furthermore, we present methods to reduce this bias to acceptable lev- els. © 2000 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (S0091-3286(00)00911-9)
Tariffs, Nontariff Distortions, and Effective Protection in U. S. Agriculture

This paper extends the effective-protection concept to include tariff and nontariff trade distortions and also the entire structure of domestic farm policy measures. Nominal and effective rates of protection are then presented for disaggregated agricultural production and processing industries for the years 1958, 1963, and 1968. The estimates reveal that nontariff measures give rise to extremely high effective protection rates in certain agricultural sectors; in others, tariff and nontariff measures affecting intermediate inputs have important taxation effects. The analysis also indicates that agricultural policy changes have substantially altered the rates of protection accorded certain agricultural sectors.
Atomic force microscopy and molecular modeling of protein bound to calcite surfaces

Proteins that regulate inorganic crystal formation in organisms are in some instances irreversibly bound to the mineral phase. They are clearly resolved by atomic force microscopy, easily withstanding the forces of the AFM probe in contact mode. This is demonstrated in AFM images of proteins attached to fragments of calcite oyster shell. The proteins may take specific positions on the crystal surface, in effect becoming part of the surficial lattice, stereochemically matching the functional groups of the protein with lattice positions of the constituent ions of the crystal. Requirements for adsorbate binding that is strong enough for AFM viewing in contact mode are discussed, including comparisons of ionically driven binding of oyster shell protein to calcite and hydrogen-bonded antifreeze proteins to ice.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Diamine oxidation and alkaloid production in transformed root cultures of Nicotiana tabacum

Abstract Cadaverine, putrescine and N -methylputrescine were all oxidized by extracts of transformed roots of Nicotiana tabacum , the apparent K m values being, respectively, 2.75, 0.35 and 0.08 mM and the relative maximal oxidation rates, 100, 48 and 34%. For the same substrates, partially purified pea seedling diamine oxidase (DAO, EC 1.4.3.6) gave apparent K m values of 0.026, 0.040 and 0.046 mM, with relative maximal activities of 100, 65 and 65% respectively. For the Nicotiana extract, with equimolar substrate concentrations (1 and 0.1 mM), N -methylputrescine inhibited the oxidation of both cadaverine and putrescine, whereas the converse inhibitions did not occur. N -Methylputrescine (1 mM) caused only a modest stimulation of nicotine and nornicotine production when fed to transformed root cultures of N. tabacum , which was inhibited by equimolar cadaverine. Conversely, N -methylputrescine diminished the stimulation of anabasine production by cadaverine.
Effects of dimensionality, pacing, and sex on oddity problem performance of kindergarten students.

Summary.-32 Ss were randomly selected from classes of kindergarten students in a small commuciry elementary school. Ss filled a 2 x 2 x 2 randomized factorial design based 03 sex, time stress, and number of irrelevant dimensions. Dimensions were not irrelevant and one irrelevant; there were self-timed uials and 2-sec, response-limlt trials. Proportion correct responses were recorded. Only time was significant: Ss in the self-timed condition performed significantly better than Ss in the 2-sec. hold-down condition. Numerous studies hzve dealt with the oddity concept (see Brown, 1970a, 1970b), operationally defined with reference to relational problem solving incorporating at least 3 objects-2 identical and 1 different. A general finding (Hartup & Yonas, 1971) is that the minimum age for successful oddity solution with human beings is approximately 4 or 5 yr. Of interest here is a study by Lipsitt and LoLordo (1963) in which the effect of stress on 3-choice, 3-position oddity-problem performance of 4th grade children was assessed. These researchers found that increased stress (instructed time pressure) facilitated easy oddity-problem performance (defined as color oddity with distinctively different colors) but impaired difficult oddity-problem performance (defined as color oddity with stimuli less distinct, differing less in wavelength). Lipsitt and LoLordo interpreted their results as supporting Spence's (1956) interaction hypothesis for complex learning tasks: stress facilitates easy problem solution but impairs the solution of difficult problems. The present study was similar to that of Lipsitt and Lohrdo in that the effect of stress on oddity-problem performance was assessed. It differed, however, in that younger Ss in the present study were placed in a stress situation rather than given instructions to induce stress. In addition, the effects of an irrelevant dimension and of sex were examined.
3D Facial Surface and Texture Synthesis Using 2D Landmarks from a Single Face Sketch

This paper presents an approach to construct a 3D face model from a sparse set of 2D facial landmarks. This system takes the 2D landmarks extracted from a 2D portrait sketch image of an artist creation and estimates their corresponding 3D landmarks by using a statistical estimation. Then, the 3D surface and its texture are synthesized to fit to the 3D landmarks and its facial descriptions by using an example-based surface and texture synthesis technique. The 3D surface and its texture can also be further altered by a surface and texture blending technique which is particular useful for cartoon face modeling. The evaluation shows that the reconstructed 3D faces are highly similar to the ground-truth examples. This approach can be used in many face modeling applications such as in 3D avatar creation, cartoon face modeling, and police investigations.
Quantifying the geographic range of Pinus patula var longipedunculata in Southern Mexico using morphologic and RAPD marker data

Synopsis Pinus patula var. longipedunculata occurs in southern Mexico, but the extent of its geographic range is poorly defined. Trees from some populations are morphologically similar to P. tecunumanii, which adds to the confusion over the variety's geographic range. Recent field explorations have identified six new populations of supposed P. patula var. longipedunculata in the Sierra Madre del Sur of Oaxaca and Guerrero. In an effort to determine the validity of these sightings, botanical samples were collected from 79 trees in these six populations and were assessed for ten cone and needle morphology traits. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses were conducted on 73 trees from the six populations, 38 of which were in common to 79 trees used in the botanical study. Species control lots for both the botanical and RAPD studies were P. herrerae, P. oocarpa, P. patula, P. pringlei and P. tecunumanii. Morphologic assessment indicated trees in the Manzanal population were predominantly patula-relat...
Data replicas in distributed information services

In an information distribution network in which records are repeatedly read, it is cost-effective to keep read-only copies in work locations. This paper presents a method of updating replicas that need not be immediately synchronized with the source data or with each other. The method allows an arbitrary mapping from source records to replica records. It is fail-safe, maximizes workstation autonomy, and is well suited to a network with slow, unreliable, and/or expensive communications links.The algorithm is a manipulation of queries, which are represented as short encodings. When a response is generated, we record which portion of the source database was used. Later, when the source data are updated, this information is used to identify obsolete replicas. For each workstation, the identity of obsolete replicas is saved until a workstation process asks for this information. This workstation process deletes each obsolete replica, and replaces it by an up-to-date version either promptly or the next time the application asks for this particular item. Throughout, queries are grouped so that the impact of each source update transaction takes effect atomically at each workstation.Optimizations of the basic algorithm are outlined. These overlap change dissemination with user service, allow the mechanism to be hidden within the data delivery subsystem, and permit very large networks.
Pioneer Venus: Evolving coverage of the near-Venus environment

The manner in which secular changes in the orbit of the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO) research satellite influence its data collecting capabilities is discussed. A brief description of the propulsion system and sensor arrays of the satellite is presented, and the susceptibility of these systems to changes in power supply due to the decline in solar activity is considered. It is pointed out that the PVO should have enough fuel to continue to transmit data until after the arrival of Comet Halley in 1986, and that, during the 1991 to 1992 period, more moderate levels of solar activity will permit more accurate measurements of thermospheric and ionospheric parameters.
A Convenient, NMR-Based Method for the Analysis of Diastereomeric Mixtures of Pseudoephedrine Amides

Amides of pseudoephedrine and ephedrine are shown to undergo highly stereospecific, invertive cyclization to form 4,5-dihydro-3,4-dimethyl-5-phenyl-1,3-oxazolium triflate derivatives in the presence of triflic anhydride-pyridine. 1H NMR spectra of the unpurified reaction products are remarkably clean, with sharp, well-defined peaks, and allow for rapid assessment of the diastereomeric purities of the starting amides.
Safety and immunogenicity of varicella-zoster virus vaccine in pediatric liver and intestine transplant recipients.

Primary varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infections following organ transplantation may cause significant morbidity. We examined the safety and immunogenicity of Varivax after transplantation as a potential prophylactic tool. Pediatric liver and intestine transplant recipients without history of chickenpox received one dose of Varivax. VZV humoral and cellular immunity were assessed before and > or =12 weeks after vaccination. Adverse events (AE) and management of exposure to wild type VZV were monitored. Sixteen VZV-naive subjects, 13-76 months of age, at 257-2045 days after transplantation were immunized. Five children developed mild local AE of short duration. Four subjects developed fever and four developed non-injection site rashes, three of whom received acyclovir. Liver enzymes did not increase during the month after vaccination. Eighty-seven percent and 86% of children developed humoral and cellular immunity, respectively. There were five reported exposures to varicella in four children, none of which resulted in chickenpox. One subject received VZV-immunoglobulin and another subject with liver enzyme elevations after exposure received acyclovir; all remained asymptomatic. Varivax was safe and immunogenic in pediatric liver and intestine transplant recipients. Larger studies are needed to establish the efficacy and role of varicella vaccination after transplantation.
Assignment of the lowest ionization potentials in pyridine and pyrazine by multiphoton ionization spectroscopy

The circular to linear polarization ratios for the 3s Rydberg states of pyridine and pyrazine have been measured. From these polarization ratios the symmetries of these states were determined to be A1 and Ag, respectively, indicating a transition from a nonbonding, rather than, π, orbital to the 3s orbital. These results suggest that the lowest ionization potentials in pyridine and pyrazine are from nonbonding orbitals.
A Call to Arms: The Credibility Gap in Interventional Pain Medicine and Recommendations for Future Research

There is a credibility gap in interventional pain medicine. Our evaluations of the interventions we perform differ significantly from those of our colleagues in other specialties. This has significant ramifications that affect our patients, training programs, and reimbursement schedules. A similar difference of perception exists for some procedures in other specialties (e.g., radiology, interventional cardiology, and spine surgery), but it is particularly conspicuous for pain interventionalists. Even noninterventionalist pain specialists perceive the procedures we perform to be less effective than we do ⇓. For epidural steroid injections (ESI), the most commonly performed procedures in pain clinics across the United States ⇓, clinical trials performed by interventionalists are nearly three times more likely to yield positive results than those performed by noninterventionalist physicians, such as surgeons, rheumatologists, or neurologists ⇓. For evidence-based and systematic reviews on ESI, the conclusions reached by authors who are interventionalists are more than three times as likely to be favorable than those done by noninterventionalists ⇓. These reviews examine the same articles, using the same grading schemes, yet reach dramatically different conclusions. Similar discrepancies exist for other interventions as well, including radiofrequency denervation, sacroiliac joint pain, and intradiscal treatments ⇓. There are several potential explanations for these discrepancies. First and perhaps most obvious is confirmation bias, which is the tendency to seek out or interpret information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions and discounts conflicting evidence. This is a natural human trait. For individual studies, we might invoke a better ability of specialists to design and evaluate clinical trials (e.g., better selection) to account for some of the disparities. As an example, investigators studying ESI should not include individuals with nonspecific axial back pain and should aim to separate leg pain (which is more likely to respond to treatment than …
Do substance abuse and mental health clients prefer automated assessments

In both psychiatric and substance-abuse services, clinicians have been concerned with the introduction of automated assessments and with their clients’ reactions toward those assessments. The positive reactions of psychiatric clients have been well documented, but little has been known about substance-abusing clients’ impressions of automated assessments. The impact of automated assessment on clients seeking substance-abuse services was evaluated and compared with a previously analyzed sample of clients seeking mental health services. On the whole, both groups responded similarly and positively to automated assessments. Factor analyses revealed three underlying dimensions in client attitudes toward automated assessment,Completeness and satisfaction,Ease of use and enjoyment, andNegative attitudes. In addition, statistically, though not clinically, significant differences in attitudes were found between various demographic groups. Overall, the results support the use of automated assessments with individuals seeking either substance-abuse or mental-health services.
Semantic incorporation as an account for some bare singular count noun uses in English

This work investigates inter-related syntactic and semantic issues concerning bare singular count nouns (BSCNs) in English. I explore differences in interpretation, distribution, and possible underlying nominal structure to investigate how BSCNs fall out when considered as semantically incorporated nominals. By examining their interaction with discourse anaphora, number neutrality, and modification, I conclude that some uses of English bare singulars show the behavior of full referential DPs, while others are best explained as semantically incorporated nominals fused with a preposition or intransitive verb.
Spinal intramedullary histoplasmosis as the initial presentation of human immunodeficiency virus infection: case report.

OBJECTIVE: Spinal intramedullary histoplasmosis is an extremely rare condition. We report a case of isolated intramedullary histoplasmosis as the initial manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 27-year-old man presented with a rapidly progressive paraparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging scans revealed an enhancing lesion at C7-T1 with edema extending as far as the cervicomedullary junction. He improved with steroid medications. INTERVENTION: The patient underwent laminectomy and biopsy of the lesion. The diagnosis of histoplasmosis was made by histology, culture, and polymerase chain reaction identification of fungal deoxyribonucleic acid. The patient did not have disseminated histoplasmosis. Subsequent to the biopsy, the patient was discovered to have HIV infection. CONCLUSION: The isolated spinal histoplasmosis lesion thus represented the initial presentation of HIV infection. Management of the case and diagnostic issues are discussed.
The America's Cup: A Design Parable

(1993). The America's Cup: A Design Parable. Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 266-269.
Molecular studies in chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

The tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate (Gleevec, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp, East Hanover, NJ) (formerly STI571) blocks the constitutively activated Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase that is characteristic of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Molecular analysis for the presence of residual Bcr-Abl-positive cells in patients with a cytogenetic response following treatment with imatinib mesylate reveals that some patients have undetectable disease using quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays capable of detecting 1 in 10(5) Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph(+)) cells. To examine whether the leukemia is still Bcr-Abl-dependent in patients who have responded to imatinib mesylate but have relapsed, a quantitative assay that directly measures enzymatic activity of Bcr-Abl toward one of its major signaling substrates has been developed. This assay allows monitoring both of the imatinib mesylate sensitivity of patient cells in vitro, and of the endogenous inhibition of Bcr-Abl kinase activity during imatinib mesylate treatment and relapse. Studies show that imatinib mesylate resistance is associated with restored activation of the Bcr-Abl signal transduction pathway in the majority of cases, indicating that Bcr-Abl remains a valid target for therapeutic intervention. Understanding resistance mechanisms of Ph(+) leukemia to imatinib mesylate will allow design of therapies to overcome such barriers to efficacy.
Reduced-Complexity Pipelined Architectures for Finite Field Inversions

In previous work, we have proposed systolic inversion architectures based on a modified extended Euclidean algorithm (MEEA). Utilizing properties of the dependence graphs based on this MEEA, we propose new systolic inversion architectures that achieve the same throughput, latency, and critical path delay as the inversion architectures we previously presented but with reduced hardware complexity. More importantly, this approach can be utilized to reduce hardware complexities of other inversion and division architectures.
Three-Dimensional Temperature Gradient Mechanism in Selective Laser Melting of Ti-6Al-4V

Selective laser melting (SLM) is widely used in making three-dimensional functional parts layer by layer. Temperature magnitude and history during SLM directly determine the molten pool dimensions and surface integrity. However, due to the transient nature and small size of the molten pool, the temperature gradient and the molten pool size are challenging to measure and control. A three-dimensional finite element (FE) simulation model has been developed to simulate multilayer deposition of Ti-6Al-4 V in SLM. A physics-based layer buildup approach coupled with a surface moving heat flux was incorporated into the modeling process. The melting pool shape and dimensions were predicted and experimentally validated. Temperature gradient and thermal history in the multilayer buildup process was also obtained. Furthermore, the influences of process parameters and materials on the melting process were evaluated.
Are Stem Cells Drugs? The Regulation of Stem Cell Research and Development

Stem cell research and its clinical application have become political, social, and medical lightning rods, polarizing opinion among members of the lay community and among medical/scientific professionals. A potpourri of opinion, near-anecdotal observation, and scientifically sound data has sown confusion in ways rarely seen in the medical arts and sciences. A major issue is regulation, with different aspects of stem cell research falling within the purview of different government agencies and local offices. An overarching clearinghouse to review the field and recommend policy is lacking. In the following pages, I touch on the societal framework for regulation, the known and potential risks and benefits of cardiovascular stem cell therapies, whether stem cells should be regulated as drugs or in analogy to drugs, and if there is to be regulation, then by whom. In so doing, I refer to the stem cell literature only as it relates to the discussion of regulation because this is not a review of stem cell research; it is an opinion regarding regulation.
Removal of ultrafine and fine particulate matter from air by a granular bed filter.

Abstract The removal efficiency of granular filters packed with lava rock and sand was studied for collection of airborne particles 0.05–2.5 μm in diameter. The effects of filter depth, packing wetness, grain size, and flow rate on collection efficiency were investigated. Two packing grain sizes (0.3 and 0.15 cm) were tested for flow rates of 1.2, 2.4, and 3.6 L/min, corresponding to empty bed residence times (equal to the bulk volume of the packing divided by the airflow rate) in the granular media of 60, 30, and 20 sec, respectively. The results showed that at 1.2 L/min, dry packing with grains 0.15 cm in diameter removed more than 80% (by number) of the particles. Particle collection efficiency decreased with increasing flow rate. Diffusion was identified as the predominant collection mechanism for ultrafine particles, while the larger particles in the accumulation mode of 0.7–2.5 μm were removed primarily by gravitational settling. For all packing depths and airflow rates, particle removal efficiency ...
Effects of Growth Potential and Protein Supplementation on Steers Grazing Fall Pasture in the Northern Great Plains

Cattle of varied genetic growth potential may respond differently to management strategies because of altered nutrient demands for growth. An option for postweaning calf management is use of improved pastures for grazing. A 3-yr study (1990 to 1992) was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplemental soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] meal (SBM) on performance of Bos taurus steers (average weight 471 lb) of high-(Charolais-sired) or moderate- (Hereford-sired) genetic growth potential. Each year, 23 wear 1 and 3) or 24 year 2) steers grazed pastures of a Russian wildrye [Psathyrostachys juncea (Fischer) Nevski]-wheatgrass hybrid [Elytrigia repens (L.) Neuski] x [Pseudoroegneria spicata (pursh.) Love] complex. One-half of the steers were individually fed SBM (1 lb/d, as fed) 5 d/wk in 1990 and 7 d/wk in 1991 and 1992. Crude protein of consumed forage, as determined from esophageal masticate, averaged 15.1, 14.8, and 12.6 in mid-October and 10.5, 14.5, and 7.0% of organic matter (OM) in mid-December of 1990, 1991, and 1992, respectively. Steers of high genetic growth potential gained 1.4 lb/d compared witb 1.2 lb/d for moderate growth potential steers (P < 0.05) and SBM supplemented steers had greater gains (P < 0.01) than nonsupplemented steers (1.5 vs 1.1 lb/d). Forage OM intake was affected by year (P < 0.01) and genetic potential for growth (P < 0.05). Forage OM intake averaged 8.8, 9.4, and 7.5 lb/d for 1990, 1991, and 1992, respectively, and 9.0 and 8.1 lb/d for high- and moderate-growth potential steers. Supplementation with SBM was cost effective for steers grazing regrowth in irrigated Russian wildrye-wheatgrass hybrid pastures in the fall.
Reaction Equilibria and Textile Performance from Low Formaldehyde Release Carbamate Finishing

Durable press finishes for cottons based on carbamate agents have certain advantages over those based on other amides, including superior resistance to both acidic and alkaline hydrolysis and absence of yellowing on white goods. A disadvantage has been the tendency of these finished fabrics to release unacceptably high levels of formal dehyde in the unwashed state, a result of the equilibrium between the methylolcar bamate and the free carbamate and formaldehyde, which favors the free carbamate and formaldehyde. We have taken advantage of the stability imparted to the methylol- amide by etherification to design low formaldehyde release carbamates. We discuss the influence of reaction conditions such as temperature and pH on formaldehyde release in preparing these agents. We report on the textile performance of treated cotton, including formaldehyde release, for fabrics finished with the low formaldehyde release carbamates, and we compare this to a finish from dimethyloldihydroxyeth yleneurea.
Democratic Diversions Governmental Structure and the Externalization of Domestic Conflict

Students of international politics have often argued that state leaders initiate the use of force internationally to divert attention away from domestic problems. The author contends that these arg...
Crisiscom: A Computer Simulation of Human Information Processing during a Crisis

Crisiscom is a computer representation of a set of human decision makers who process information, and of the exchanges of information among them. Information is generated by each simulated human from imbalances among the cognitive elements and relations which comprise his system. The total information generated within the set is too great for any one human being to incorporate. Crises are characterized by high rates of generation and exchange of information. Hypotheses from the social sciences about selective exposure to and selective perception of information determine how inputs to the models of the human system are limited and distorted. As a result of this distortion, each decision maker has an incomplete and imperfect picture of his environment. It is with this picture that he initiates relationships and generates further information.
UNSUPERVISED FEATURE SELECTION USING INCREMENTAL LEAST SQUARES

An unsupervised feature selection method is proposed for analysis of datasets of high dimensionality. The least square error (LSE) of approximating the complete dataset via a reduced feature subset is proposed as the quality measure for feature selection. Guided by the minimization of the LSE, a kernel least squares forward selection algorithm (KLS-FS) is developed that is capable of both linear and non-linear feature selection. An incremental LSE computation is designed to accelerate the selection process and, therefore, enhances the scalability of KLS-FS to high-dimensional datasets. The superiority of the proposed feature selection algorithm, in terms of keeping principal data structures, learning performances in classification and clustering applications, and robustness, is demonstrated using various real-life datasets of different sizes and dimensions.
Nonlinear ponderomotive force effects on plasma resonance cones

Abstract The nonlinear equation is derived governing the field on two-dimensional resonance cones in a plasma for all frequencies for which the resonance cones exist. This equation reduces to the modified Korteweg-de Vries equation only if the electric field is real.