cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atomic Force Microscopy Investigation of Vaccinia Virus Structure

Vaccinia virus was treated in a controlled manner with various combinations of nonionic detergents, reducing agents, and proteolytic enzymes, and successive products of the reactions were visualized using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Following removal of the outer lipid/protein membrane, a layer 20 to 40 nm in thickness was encountered that was composed of fibrous elements which, under reducing conditions, rapidly decomposed into individual monomers on the substrate. Beneath this layer was the virus core and its prominent lateral bodies, which could be dissociated or degraded with proteases. The core, in addition to the lateral bodies, was composed of a thick, multilayered shell of proteins of diverse sizes and shapes. The shell, which was readily etched with proteases, was thoroughly permeated with pores, or channels. Prolonged exposure to proteases and reductants produced disgorgement of the viral DNA from the remainders of the cores and also left residual, flattened, protease-resistant sacs on the imaging substrate. The DNA was readily visualized by AFM, which revealed some regions to be “soldered” by proteins, others to be heavily complexed with protein, and yet other parts to apparently exist as bundled, naked DNA. Prolonged exposure to proteases deproteinized the DNA, leaving masses of extended, free DNA. Estimates of the interior core volume suggest moderate but not extreme compaction of the genome.
Approximating the Stochastic Network by its M Shortest Paths

Given a stochastic activity network in which the length of some or all of the arcs are random variables with known probability distributions. This paper concentrates on identifying the shortest path and the M shortest paths in the network and on using the M paths to identify surrogate stochastic networks which are amenable for deriving analytical solutions. First, it identifies the M shortest paths using a certain form of stochastic dominance. Second, it identifies the M shortest paths by applying the deterministic methods to the network resulting from replacing the random length of every arc by its mean value. The two sets of the M paths are compared with those obtained by Monte Carlo sampling. Finally, the paper investigates how the distributional properties of the shortest path in the surrogate network compare with those of the shortest path in the original stochastic network.
From soft to superhard: Fifty years of experiments on cold-compressed graphite

In recent years there have been numerous computational studies predicting the nature of cold-compressed graphite yielding a proverbial alphabet soup of carbon structures (e.g., bct-C4, K4-, M-, H-, R-, S-, T-, W- and Z-carbon). Although theoretical methods have improved, the inherent nature of graphite (i.e., low-Z) and the subsequent room-temperature, high-pressure phase transition (i.e., low symmetry, nanocrystalline and sluggish), make experimental measurements difficult to execute and interpret even with the current technology of 3rd generation synchrotron sources. The room-temperature, high-pressure phase transition of graphite has been detected by numerous kinds of experiments over the past fifty years, such as electrical resistance measurements, optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, inelastic X-ray scattering, and Raman spectroscopy. However, the identification and characterization of high-pressure graphite is replete with controversy since its discovery more than fifty years ago. Recent experiments confirm that this phase has a monoclinic structure, consistent with the M-carbon phase predicted by theoretical computations. Meanwhile, experiments demonstrate that the phase transition is sluggish and kinetics is important in discerning the phase boundary. Additionally, the post-graphite phase appears to be superhard with hardness comparable to that of diamond.
Carotenoids in Yellow-Pigmented Enterococci

Abstract Pigments extracted from three strains of yellow enterococci showed the spectral and solvent partition characteristics of carotenoids. An unusual C32 carotenoid aldehyde appears to predominate.
Rat Pancreatic β-Cells in Protein Deficiency: A Study Involving Morphometric Analysis and Alloxan Effect

The possible cause(s) of impaired glucose tolerance in protein-calorie malnutrition was studied. The /3-cell mass was morphometrically determined and the sensitivity to alloxan was characterized in rats fed ad libitum a 4 % protein diet, pair- fed or fed ad libitum a 20% protein diet. The percentage of /3-cells in the pancreas was neither affected by protein deficiency nor influenced by caloric intake. However, the diabetogenicity of alloxan was greatly reduced in protein-malnourished rats. This reduction in diabetogenicity by alloxan was partially reversed by feeding animals with sulfhydryl compound. These results suggest that decreased insulin secretion in protein malnutrition is not due to a reduction in /3-cell number. J. Nutr. 115: 375-381, 1985. INDEXING KEYWORDS protein deficiency â€¢/3-cell mass â€¢ alloxan effect
Increasing binding efficiency of ultrasound targeted agents with radiation force

We demonstrate both theoretically and experimentally that ultrasound radiation force can significantly increase the binding efficiency of targeted contrast agents without increasing non-specific adhesion of agents to the target surface. The radial oscillation of a microbubble was determined using a previously developed model, and then displacement and translational velocity were predicted by solving the trajectory equation of the microbubble. Theoretical evaluation showed that a microbubble can be easily displaced across a vessel by radiation force. Experiments with an avidin-coated tube and biotin-targeted microbubbles clearly demonstrated the effect of radiation force in increasing the efficiency of specific binding. Under control conditions, only sporadic binding to the vessel wall was observed. With radiation force, targeted agents adhered to the vessel wall at 20 times the rate of control experiments. An experiment with microbubbles targeted to /spl alpha//sub v//spl beta//sub 3/ expressing cells showed similar results.
The Bevatron Cryopump

A cryogenic vacuum pump, designed to lower the base pressure from 2 × 10-6 Torr to 3 × 10-7 Torr was installed in the Bevatron in February 1972. The ~ 11,000 ft3 vacuum volume contains > 100,000 ft2 of outgassing surface and is pumped with twenty-four 32-in. oil diffusion pumps. Nine cryopanels (90 ft total) were distributed around the 360-ft circumference, increasing pump capacity by 400,000 l/s for condensibles at 80°K and 140,000 l/s at 20°K. Benefits include faster pumpdowns, improved beam stability, and higher intensities.
Probabilistic controller analysis and synthesis for quadratic performance: the method of HPD inscription

Probabilistic control of LTI plants for quadratic performance is considered. Here the plant is subject to parametric uncertainty such that the uncertain plant parameters are jointly Gaussian. The method proposed here $the Highest Posterior Density (HPD) inscription method - is based on the fact that stability and quadratic performance impose linear constraints on the eigenvalues of the solution of a Lyapunov equation. The HPD inscription method uses two approximations to evaluate the probability of stability and performance. First, the dependence of the Lyapunov eigenvalues with respect to the uncertain plant parameters is linearized. Since the latter are assumed Gaussian, the linearized Lyapunov eigenvalues are also Gaussian, and have ellipsoidal HPD regions. The second approximation is to use for probability of stability and performance the contents of the largest HPD ellipsoid of linearized Lyapunov eigenvalues that can be inscribed in the convex stability/performance region. Results are presented for control analysis and design in the case of state feedback. These results are illustrated on a simple example.
Crustal structure in central New Mexico interpreted from the gasbuggy explosion

Interpretation of a seismic profile extending 548 km southward from the GASBUGGY nuclear test of December 10, 1967 resulted in a crustal model for central New Mexico. The crust is 39.9 km thick below the Paleozoic “basement”. It consists of an upper crust 18.6 km thick having P velocity 6.15 km/sec, and a lower crust 21.3 km thick having P velocity 6.5 km/sec. The apparent upper mantle velocity is 8.12 km/sec. This model applies near the crossover distance, 50 km west of Albuquerque. Additional information from earthquakes and explosions suggests that the upper crustal velocity drops to 5.8 km/sec in the Rio Grande rift, and that the true upper mantle velocity is 7.9 km/sec. The low upper crustal velocity in the Rio Grande rift can be detected on the record section of the GASBUGGY profile.
Workspace Effect in Arm Movement Kinematics Derived by Joint Interpolation

For unrestrained vertical arm movements measured with a Selspot system, it had been previously found that significantly curved endpoint trajectories occur in certain regions of the workspace, but that in other regions the trajectories are approximately straight (Atkeson and Hollerbach, 1985). Straight-line trajectories in hand space have been taken as evidence for movement planning in hand coordinates (Morasso, 1981), but the curved trajectories are a relatively new observation that were unexplained.
Preliminary experience with a novel ultrasound-guided supraclavicular perineural catheter insertion technique for perioperative analgesia of the upper extremity.

Objective. Brachial plexus perineural catheters provide specific analgesia for upper extremity surgery. Although single-injection ultrasound-guided supraclavicular blocks have been described, little is known about the efficacy of perineural catheters inserted using this approach. We present our experience with ultrasound-guided supraclavicular perineural catheters for distal upper extremity surgery. Methods. In this case series, 10 patients who underwent upper extremity surgery for orthopedic trauma at a tertiary care university hospital received a supraclavicular brachial plexus perineural catheter for postoperative pain management. In all patients, a nonstimulating catheter was inserted using an ultrasound-guided technique with the catheter tip remaining under direct vision until placement needle withdrawal. Postoperatively, a perineural ropivacaine, 0.2%, infusion was administered at a basal rate of 6 mUh with a patient-controlled bolus of 4 mL and a lockout interval of 30 minutes. Results. Of the 10 patients, all had successful perineural catheter placement. Patients required a median (range) of 0 (0-100) μg of fentanyl for catheter insertion analgesia. There were no vascular punctures or other direct procedure-related complications. Catheters were maintained for a median (range) of 4 (2-5) days in both hospitalized and ambulatory patients. Median (range) pain scores on postoperative days 1 and 2 were 5 (0-7) and 4 (3-6), respectively, on a numeric rating scale. Three patients' catheters were removed by patient request or dislodged on postoperative day 1. Conclusions. Supraclavicular brachial plexus perineural catheter insertion using ultrasound guidance is feasible and deserves further study with a randomized controlled trial comparing this relatively new technique with more established approaches.
Molecular Mechanisms of Photoreceptor Synaptic Transmission

Voltage changes resulting from the absorption of photons and triggering of a second-messenger cascade in outer segments of rod and cone photoreceptors are encoded at the synaptic terminal and transmitted to second-order bipolar and horizontal cells. In this chapter, we survey the unique structural, molecular, and functional features of photoreceptor synapses that enable them to encode and transmit light responses. We begin by describing the anatomy of the photoreceptor synapse, focusing on a unique structure called the synaptic ribbon, which is present in only a handful of other primary sensory synapses and plays an important role in priming glutamate-laden vesicles for release. We then discuss the locations and functional roles of many of the key proteins present at the synapse. Although many of these are shared in common with conventional nonribbon synapses, some important differences appear to contribute to the unique signaling capabilities of photoreceptors. We then explore the properties of synaptic transmission by rods and cones, noting the ways in which calcium-dependent regulation of the rate of vesicle fusion enables the synapse to encode different features of the visual scene. Although this chapter is focused on the molecular mechanisms of synaptic transmission in healthy retinas, we make note of how synaptic defects can lead to vision loss. For example, forms of X-linked congenital stationary night blindness can arise from mutations in the gene encoding the voltage-gated calcium channels present at rod and cone synapses.
Money Management Needs of Elderly Living in the Community

This paper uses the 1989 National Long Term Care Survey conducted by U.S. Bureau of Census to study the elders who are most likely to need assistance with their money management, their helpers, and the factors which explain the need for assistance. A logit analysis of the community- dwelling sample (n=4324) revealed that those more likely to need help had impaired mental functioning, had physical limitations, were older, and lived with their children. The implications for financial counseling are that elders may need assistance in more than one area of functioning. A system approach is used to discuss implications for education, collaboration, and policy.
Correlation between nonlinear optics in polydiacetylene and line-width in super-resolved fluorescence microscopy

ABSTRACTA correlation between the line-width in super-resolved fluorescence microscopy and nonlinear optical theory used for polydiacetylene crystal-film is discussed.
A microanatomic abnormality of the lacrimal gland associated with Goldenhar syndrome

A 12-month-old male infant, noted from birth to have a diffuse right temporal epibulbar thickening that encroached on the limbus inferotemporally, was found to manifest stigmata of Goldenhar syndrome, including a limbal dermoid with vellus hairs, esotropia, astigmatism, fullness and ectropion of the lower eyelid, preauricular skin tag, agenesis of the right kidney, and a supernumerary rib. In the excised epibulbar specimen, in addition to a solid dermoid, lobules of lacrimal gland tissue were interpreted as a portion of the palpebral or orbital lobes. This tissue displayed a unique histopathologic finding. Within some of the lobules were cuffs of eosinophilic squamous (epidermoid) cells that surrounded the intralobular ductules and made variable incursions into, with replacement of, the acinar units. Immunohistochemistry disclosed that the normal acinar and lumen-forming ductular cells were intermediate weight cytokeratin7-positive. The acinar cells were additionally gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 positive. The cells of the squamous cuffs were heavy weight cytokeratin 5/6-positive. The outermost basal cells of the cuffs were cytokeratin 14-positive, in common with the myoepithelial cells of the acini. The intraacinar squamous cells were negative for smooth muscle actin and gross cystic disease fluid protein-15. These findings suggest, but do not prove, that the source of the periductular and acinar squamous metaplasia was the germinal transitional cells where the acinar myoepithelium interfaces and imperceptibly converts into ductular basal cells. The foregoing findings are evaluated in the context of the panoply of ocular, facial, and visceral anomalies manifested in Goldenhar spectrum.
Survival and Movements of Banded Big Brown Bats

Between 1932 and 1951, over 67,000 bats have been banded in North America (Mohr, 1952). This gives some idea as to the lack of data for any given species since there are some 36 species of bats found in the United States. The number of big brown bats banded has not been large. The literature based on these banding data contains some instructive information as well as some controversial points. Griffin (1940a) came to the conclusion that big brown bats winter relatively close to their summer quarters while Rysgaard (1942) was of the opinion that they traveled many miles between winter and summer quarters. The greatest distance recorded between summering and wintering localities by Griffin was ten miles while Rysgaard reasoned that since few big brown bats were collected near the wintering quarters in the summer and a few were collected at long distances from known suitable wintering places, they must normally make quite long migrations. Reynolds (1942) recorded one adult female wintering 3.5 miles from the summer roost and Hitchcock (1949) reported two big brown bats banded in winter as being reported at 16 miles and “within a few miles” of the point of banding. Hitchcock also reported that three bats banded in the summer were subsequently recovered in buildings during the winter—all within five miles of the point of banding. All workers will agree with Hitchcock's (1949) statement: “the number of banded bats recaptured away from their places of hibernation has been disappointingly small.” This study of the survival and movements of big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus (Beauvois), began during the winter of 1940–41 when G. N. Rysgaard and W. H. Elder started banding cave bats in Minnesota and Wisconsin, respectively. Rysgaard examined all of the caves then known in Minnesota and during his one winter's work banded …
Analysis of the causes of death among residents in Gulou district of Nanjing city in 2010

Objective:To analyze the main causes of death among residents in Gulou district of Nanjing in 2010,which could provide a scientific evidence for disease prevention and control.Methods: A classification for the death archive data was taken according to ICD-10,the international standard.Results: The original and standardized mortality rates were 405.58/100 000 and 399.10/100 000,respectively,and the life expectancy was 79.71 years.The top five causes of death,sorted according to frequency rank,were circulatory system disease,cancer,respiratory disease,injuries and poisoning,and endocrine disease.The top five Potential Years of Life Lost Rate(PYLLR),still sorted according to frequency rank,were cancer,circulatory system disease,injuries and poisoning,respiratory disease,and perinatal disease.Conclusion: Chronic non-infectious disease and injuries and poisoning,which accounted for 77.78% of the total death,were the most dominant cause of death,and emphasis of health work in the future should be paid attention to these diseases.
Current priming solutions for cardiopulmonary bypass contain a potent coronary vasodilator

We studied the effects of acetate (Ac), the buffer in crystalloids used during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) (e.g. Normosol-R and Plasma-Lyte, Ac = 27mEq/l), on coronary resistance (R) for the empty beating heart, and on vascular resistance (SVR) of 19 dogs on CPB. Control R with Ac = O (R c) was obtained by adjusting flow to give a pressure of 90 +/- 10mmHg (R = 532 +/- 32 dynes sec/cm 5g, other Rs are given as a percentage of their respective R c). Continuous addition of Ac = 1.6 or 7.1mEq/L of blood resulted in a rapid decrease in R to 34 +/- 3 and 17 +/- 2% of R c, followed by a recovery to higher steady values of 53 +/- 3 and 27 +/- 2% respectively (p less than 0.008). A bolus administration of 2mEq and 6mEq into the coronary circuit resulted in R dropping to 30 +/- 5 and 17 +/- 6% respectively. Rs obtained with Ac were compared to the Rs obtained for control 20sec reactive hyperaemia (35 +/- 1%), after 30 minutes global ischaemia (14 +/- 1%), and with the addition of bicarbonate (98 +/- 2%). Ac did not change heart rate, but caused an increase in O 2 consumption from 3.4 +/- 0.4 to 4.8 +/- 0.7 ml/min/100g, (p less than 0.038). Systemically, a bolus of 6mEq of Ac caused an immediate drop in SVR to 45 +/- 5% of control. The property of Ac as a potent coronary and vascular dilator may need to be considered when Ac is used during cardiac surgery. Statistical comparisons were made with the paired t-test.
Rodents Not Referable to Recognized Families

Late Orellan of the Great Plains. All known specimens are partial maxillae or mandibles with cheek teeth and some isolated cheek teeth.
Disease Tolerance Trick or Treat: Give Your Brain Something Good to Eat

The reprioritization of feeding motivations during disease is proposed to optimize host defense strategies against infection. Now, Wang et al. identify that sickness-induced anorexia differentially shapes the metabolic requirements of cellular stress adaptations, leading to opposite impact on disease tolerance upon bacterial versus viral infections.
NOVAS CONFIGURAÇÕES EM PERIFERIAS DE CIDADES MÉDIAS PAULISTAS: A PROLIFERAÇÃO DOS EMPREENDIMENTOS HABITACIONAIS COM CONTROLE DE ACESSO

Algumas modalidades de assentamentos tem se dispersado no tecido urbano periferico com a implantacao de empreendimentos que apresentam determinadas peculiaridades. Tais espacos tem sido destinados ao uso habitacional de diferentes faixas socioeconomicas, porem, com prevalencia dos estratos de rendas mais altas. Nesse processo de expansao urbana, a logica baseada na dualidade centro-periferia, usualmente caracterizada por areas centrais mais qualificadas e periferias precarias, tem sido revista. Dentre o conjunto de transformacoes no uso e na ocupacao do solo das areas de expansao de cidades medias paulistas, esse trabalho priorizou identificar e analisar as peculiaridades presentes na proliferacao de loteamentos e condominios habitacionais com controle de acesso. Para efeito de delimitacao dos objetos de pesquisa definiu-se o periodo compreendido em quatro decadas, de 1970 a 2010, e as dinâmicas de expansao periferica nas cidades paulistas de Sao Carlos e Sao Jose do Rio Preto. Os dados obtidos indicam que a disseminacao na producao dessas modalidades de empreendimentos tem reforcado processos de fragmentacao social e espacial das bordas urbanas, seja pela producao de grandes espacos murados, seja pelo espraiamento horizontal e descontinuo das cidades.PALAVRAS-CHAVE | cidades medias paulistas, loteamentos fechados, condominios horizontais, logica centro-periferia.
Postural Stability Margins as a Function of Support Surface Slopes.

This investigation examined the effects of slope of the surface of support (35°, 30°, 20°, 10° Facing(Toe) Down, 0° Flat and 10°, 20°, 25° Facing (Toe) Up) and postural orientation on the margins of postural stability in quiet standing of young adults. The findings showed that the center of pressure—CoP (displacement, area and length) had least motion at the baseline (0° Flat) platform condition that progressively increased as a function of platform angle in both facing up and down directions. The virtual time to collision (VTC) dynamics revealed that the spatio-temporal margins to the functional stability boundary were progressively smaller and the VTC time series also more regular (SampEn–Sample Entropy) as slope angle increased. Surface slope induces a restricted stability region with lower dimension VTC dynamics that is more constrained when postural orientation is facing down the slope. These findings provide further evidence that VTC acts as a control variable in standing posture that is influenced by the emergent dynamics of the individual-environment-task interaction.
A review of Ni-based layered oxides for rechargeable Li-ion batteries

The portable electronic market, vehicle electrification (electric vehicles or EVs) and grid electricity storage impose strict performance requirements on Li-ion batteries, the energy storage device of choice, for these demanding applications. Higher energy density than currently available is needed for these batteries, but a limited choice of materials for cathodes remains a bottleneck. Layered lithium metal oxides, particularly those with high Ni content, hold the greatest promise for high energy density Li-ion batteries because of their unique performance characteristics as well as for cost and availability considerations. In this article, we review Ni-based layered oxide materials as cathodes for high-energy Li-ion batteries. The scope of the review covers an extended chemical space, including traditional stoichiometric layered compounds and those containing two lithium ions per formula unit (with potentially even higher energy density), primarily from a materials design perspective. An in-depth understanding of the composition–structure–property map for each class of materials will be highlighted as well. The ultimate goal is to enable the discovery of new battery materials by integrating known wisdom with new principles of design, and unconventional experimental approaches (e.g., combinatorial chemistry).
Recursive Regression with Neural Networks: Approximating the HJI PDE Solution

Most machine learning applications using neural networks seek to approximate some function g(x) by minimizing some cost criterion. In the simplest case, if one has access to pairs of the form (x, y) where y = g(x), the problem can be framed as a regression problem. Beyond this family of problems, we find many cases where the unavailability of data pairs makes this approach unfeasible. However, similar to what we find in the reinforcement learning literature, if we have some known properties of the function we are seeking to approximate, there is still hope to frame the problem as a regression problem. In this context, we present an algorithm that approximates the solution to a partial differential equation known as the Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs PDE and compare it to current state of the art tools. This PDE, which is found in the fields of control theory and robotics, is of particular importance in safety critical systems where guarantees of performance are a must.
Labour market search and monetary shocks

A number of recent papers have focused on the role of real factors in accounting for the persistent effects of monetary shocks. These factors include habit persistence in consumption, variable capital utilization, and produced inputs. In this chapter, I focus on labor market rigidities that prevent unemployed workers from Þnding new jobs immediately and Þrms with job vacancies from Þlling them immediately. I employ dynamic simulations to investigate the role the job matching process plays in affecting the economy’s adjustment to real and monetary shocks. By combining labor market rigidities with sticky prices, it is possible to study the relative roles of real and nominal rigidities in accounting for the impact of monetary shocks.
Efficacy of RNA interference knockdown using aerosolized short interfering RNAs bound to nanoparticles in three diverse aphid species.

RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a promising method for validating gene function; however, its utility in nonmodel insects has proven problematic, with delivery methods being one of the main obstacles. This study investigates a novel method of RNAi delivery in aphids, the aerosolization of short interfering RNA (siRNA)–nanoparticle complexes. By using nanoparticles as a siRNA carrier, the likelihood of cellular uptake is increased, when compared to methods previously used in insects. To determine the efficacy of this RNAi delivery system, siRNAs were aerosolized with and without nanoparticles in three aphid species: Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aphis glycines and Schizaphis graminum. The genes targeted for knockdown were carotene dehydrogenase (tor), which is important for pigmentation in Ac. pisum, and branched chain-amino acid transaminase (bcat), which is essential in the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids in all three aphid species. Overall, we observed modest gene knockdown of tor in Ac. pisum and moderate gene knockdown of bcat in Ap. glycines along with its associated phenotype. We also determined that the nanoparticle emulsion significantly increased the efficacy of gene knockdown. Overall, these results suggest that the aerosolized siRNA–nanoparticle delivery method is a promising new high-throughput and non-invasive RNAi delivery method in some aphid species.
Displacement and Stress Fields in a Functionally Graded Fiber-Reinforced Rotating Disk With Nonuniform Thickness and Variable Angular Velocity

Displacement and stress fields in a functionally graded fiber-reinforced rotating disks with nonuniform thickness and variable angular velocity
The Good, the Bad, and the Transitivity of Better Than

The Rachels–Temkin spectrum arguments against the transitivity of better than involve good or bad experiences, lives, or outcomes that vary along multiple dimensions—e.g., duration and intensity of pleasure or pain. This paper presents variations on these arguments involving combinations of good and bad experiences, which have even more radical implications than the violation of transitivity. These variations force opponents of transitivity to conclude that something good is worse than something that isn't good, on pain of rejecting the good altogether. That is impossible, so we must reject the spectrum arguments.
A Framework for Moving Target Defense Quantification

Moving Target Defense (MTD) has emerged as a game changer in the security landscape, as it can create asymmetric uncertainty favoring the defender. Despite the significant work done in this area and the many different techniques that have been proposed, MTD has not yet gained widespread adoption due to several limitations. Specifically, interactions between multiple techniques have not been studied yet and a unified framework for quantifying and comparing very diverse techniques is still lacking. To overcome these limitations, we propose a framework to model how different MTD techniques can affect the information an attacker needs to exploit a system’s vulnerabilities, so as to introduce uncertainty and reduce the likelihood of successful attacks. We illustrate how this framework can be used to compare two sets of MTDs, and to select an optimal set of MTDs that maximize security within a given budget. Experimental results show that our approach is effective.
Metastable Vapor in a Janus Nanoconfinement

We study the competition between liquid and vapor states of water confined between diametrically different surfaces, one hydrophilic and the other strongly hydrophobic (Janus interface). Using atomistic simulations and a generalization of the capillarity approximation, we demonstrate that vapor bubbles can persist in the confinement in long-lived metastable states. In contrast to the well-known metastability of confined liquid with respect to capillary evaporation, a strongly metastable vapor phase has so far not been anticipated, as infiltration does not involve the formation of new liquid–vapor interfaces. In the case of a Janus interface, however, we show that the interfacial free energy passes through a pronounced maximum during infiltration. This counterintuitive phenomenon provides a new mechanism for water-mediated attraction (capillary force) between polar and nonpolar surfaces in biophysical systems and in dispersions of heterogeneous nanoparticles.
Learning by Doing: The Characteristics, Effectiveness, and Persistence of Teachers Who Were Teaching Assistants First.

Background/ContextIn response to a shortage of highly qualified teachers, states and school districts have enacted a number of policy innovations over the last two decades. While researchers have e...
New Mid-Tertiary Spores and Pollen Grains From Mississippi and Alabama

Twenty-two new species of spores and pollen grains are described from upper middle Eocene, upper Eocene, and lower Oligocene strata of Mississippi and western Alabama. The species are assigned to three modern and 18 fossil genera. All the species but one range at least from the base to the top of the Yazoo Clay (upper Eocene), and 14 of them range at least from the middle Eocene to the lower Oligocene. Betulaceoipollenites Potonie and Navisulcites Anderson are considered, respectively, to be junior synonyms of Trivestibulopollenites Pflug and Monosulcites Couper. Echiperiporites van der Hammen and Wymstra is emended to include stephanoporate forms.
The Social Gestalt and Social Learning Traditions

In 1921, Fritz Heider, with his recently earned Ph.D., joined Kurt Lewin,1 a newly appointed lecturer, at the Berlin Psychological Institute. The Gestalt psychologists Kohler, Wertheimer, and Koffka were making the Institute the world’s premiere center for advancing a science of an active, organizing mind in opposition to passive associationism and reductionistic behaviorism. That same year, Solomon Asch, newly arrived in America, was beginning his teenage years. Lewin and Heider absorbed Gestalt theory in Berlin but, like so many other psychologists in Germany, were displaced by Nazi oppression in the 1930s (Mandler & Mandler, 1969). Once in America, they and Asch creatively extended the Gestalt perspective into the new arenas of social, personality, and applied psychologies. They transformed a psychology of object perception, as relevant to animals as to humans, into a psychology of person perception and social cognition, focused on humans’ capacity to be knowers and objects of knowing. One version of the hybrid psychology that John Dewey conceived at the turn of the century would be actualized by these three European-born psychologists. (Heider was born in Austria, Asch in Poland, and Lewin in a part of Prussia that is now in Poland.) They are the central figures in the social Gestalt tradition in social cognitive psychology.2 This chapter covers their contributions, which have especially influenced today’s social psychology of knowing and relating to others (Parts II and IV). Lewin was active in the first half of the period covered (1929–1958), while the influence of Asch and Heider was felt near the end as cognitivism began to be reasserted.
Politics or Technical Criteria? The Determinants of Infrastructure Investments in Brazil

To what extent do public infrastructure projects respond to political pressures or developmental imperatives? Do these projects reflect a technical strategy aimed at upgrading economic productivity...
Life History Parameters

Let me begin this discussion by stating unequivocally that information on the life histories of Solifugae has been difficult to obtain. What data are available concern only a few specific life cycle stages for relatively few species. Solifuges are often secretive in nature and difficult to observe and collect in the field. Many species are active for only short periods of time over the course of their life cycle. Most of the Solifugae are univoltine and adults live for only a relatively brief period following oviposition. Adult solifuges have also proved difficult to maintain under laboratory conditions for a variety of reasons (see Chapter 8 for a more thorough discussion of factors associated with maintaining solifuges in the laboratory), and to date the exact number of nymphal instars is known for only one species, Eremobates marathoni (Punzo, 1998a). As a result, the various stages of embryonic development have not been fully described, and we do not have adequate knowledge of the variability that exists for the duration of embryonic and postembryonic development, the number of nymphal instars occurring in various species, the duration of intermolt intervals and overall longevity, age and size at sexual maturity, the relationship between female mass and fecundity, sex ratios, and the phenology of feeding and mating activities. In view of these difficulties, and as reflected in the literature available to date, researchers have tended to shy away from this group and focus their attention on other arachnids (i.e. Araneae, Scorpiones) that are more amenable to field and laboratory analyses. This has been unfortunate, because the Solifugae are a dominant component of the arthropod fauna of most deserts and pose a fascinating array of behavioral, ecological and physiological questions. No comprehensive understanding of the relationships and community interactions between arthropod insectivorous guilds in desert ecosystems is possible without the inclusion of the Solifugae. Furthermore, they are considered to be an archaic arachnid order and representatives of an ancient lineage that separated from other arachnid groups some hundreds of millions of years ago and from the hexapod lineage well before that. For all of these reasons, more attention should be placed on this unique and interesting group.
Effects of temperature distribution on plasticity in laser dieless drawing

Temperature measurement based on grey body radiation spectrum is used to determine the temperature profile of hot wires in the deformation region in laser dieless wire drawing, with spatial resolution down to a few micrometers. The Voce parameters characterizing the high temperature plastic flow behavior of the wires are calculated using the temperature and diameter profiles of the wires in the deformation region. These parameters are determined for as-drawn and annealed pure nickel wires of 500 μm diameter. Recrystallization and grain growth during the drawing process are studied. The effects of temperature, grain size and precursor wire diameter on wire drawability and strain rate are analyzed. The measured temperature and diameter profiles agree well with theoretical results. Grain growth increases rapidly with increasing temperature after recrystallization, and the grain size follows the thermal activation law. The effective activation energy increases for larger wire diameter. Surface morphology of the drawn wires and strain rate calculation show that dislocation motion is the dominant deformation mechanism.
Mechanical Separation Processes

Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the desired separation of components are used quite commonly in most phases of the food industry. These processes are normally referred to as mechanical separations and include filtration, sedimentation, and centrifugation. Each of these processes involves the application of a force to the fluid of concern, resulting in separation of the product components due to the different reaction of the components to the force applied. In the case of filtration, the force involved is that required to move the fluid through a filter medium. In the case of sedimentation, the forces are those of gravity and the influence of gravitational forces on the different components of the product. In the case of centrifugation, an induced force is applied resulting in separation of the product components due to centrifugal force.
Computational complexity and constraint logic programming languages

We give a complexity analysis of a variety of languages across the spectrum of the CLP scheme. By varying the logic and memory management, the role of the constraints and the role of the logic can be measured. The analysis clarifies the relation between linear/integer programming and constraint logic programming. We also determine how the power of constraints can easily lead to undecidable queries in Datalog languages with constraints. This work is motivated in large part by the problems of efficient implementation of CLP languages and the concomitant need for low level constraint languages.
Development, Operation, and Results From the Texas Automated Buoy System

The Texas Automated Buoy System (TABS) is a coastal network of moored buoys that report near–real-time observations about currents and winds along the Texas coast. Established in 1995, the primary mission of TABS is ocean observations in the service of oil spill preparedness and response. The state of Texas funded the system with the intent of improving the data available to oil spill trajectory modelers. In its 12 years of operation, TABS has proven its usefulness during realistic oil spill drills and actual spills. The original capabilities of TABS, i.e., measurement of surface currents and temperatures, have been extended to the marine surface layer, the entire water column, and the sea floor. In addition to observations, a modeling component has been integrated into the TABS program. The goal is to form the core of a complete ocean observing system for Texas waters. As the nation embarks on the development of an integrated ocean observing system, TABS will continue to be an active participant of the Gulf of Mexico Coastal Ocean Observing System (GCOOS) regional association and the primary source of near-surface current measurements in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. This article describes the origin of TABS, the philosophy behind the operation and development of the system, the resulting modifications to improve the system, the expansion of the system to include new sensors, the development of TABS forecasting models and real-time analysis tools, and how TABS has met many of the societal goals envisioned for GCOOS.
Reframing the Debate Over Eminent Domain Reform

As a purely theoretical matter, we can predict that a flat ban on all exercises of eminent domain will result in some less development in urban areas (poor or not poor) and some more development in exurban or rural areas. We can also predict that a ban on only economic development condemnations (which allows so-called blight or blight removal condemnations to continue as before) will result in some more development in poor urban areas (but not necessarily in urban areas as a whole) and in exurban or rural ones, and less development in suburban areas (at least non-poor suburbs). We can say almost nothing about how much less or how much more. Moreover, even these minimal predictions must be qualified because restrictions on eminent domain may lead localities in fragmented land markets to rely more heavily on alternative means to reduce the costs of land assembly for developers, such as cash and infrastructure subsidies or zoning exceptions, particularly in markets where the status quo ante was imperfect competition among the localities for new development. The qualitative claims about the nature of the development that will be encouraged or discouraged as a result of eminent domain "reforms" lack both theoretical and empirical support. Stated simply, there is no defensible way to categorize as good or bad, economically viable or non-viable, efficient or inefficient, socially beneficial or socially harmful, the development in urban areas that will be lost as a result of a flat ban on eminent domain or (in poor urban areas at least) that will be gained as a result of a ban on economic development condemnations coupled with continued allowance of blight condemnations. One reason this is so is that the two legal tests for the kinds of "public use" that are sufficient for the exercise of eminent domain - the economic development as public use test and blight removal as public use test - do not necessarily select for "good" new development according to any intelligible criteria of goodness. In sum, we are left with a rather unsatisfying situation: a lack of any assurance as to whether there will be any net benefits, in terms of more "good" development and less "bad" development, as a result of either of the two eminent domain reform alternatives currently on the political agenda, namely, a flat ban (the Florida approach) or a ban on only economic development condemnations coupled with continued allowance of blight condemnations (the approach in most reforming states). Given this unsatisfying situation, and assuming we do care about poorer urban areas, we need to ask, we should ask: is there a different kind of eminent domain reform for which we would have more, at least some more, assurance that it will produce more good development and less bad development in those areas? The debate over eminent domain reform needs to be re-framed.
GPCRs and Arrestins in Airways: Implications for Asthma

The obstructive lung disease asthma is treated by drugs that target, either directly or indirectly, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCRs coupled to Gq are the primary mediators of airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction and increased airway resistance, whereas the Gs-coupled beta-2-adrenoceptor (β2AR) promotes pro-relaxant signaling in and relaxation of ASM resulting in greater airway patency and reversal of life-threatening bronchoconstriction. In addition, GPCR-mediated functions in other cell types, including airway epithelium and hematopoietic cells, are involved in the control of lung inflammation that causes most asthma. The capacity of arrestins to regulate GPCR signaling, via either control of GPCR desensitization/resensitization or G protein-independent signaling, renders arrestins an intriguing therapeutic target for asthma and other obstructive lung diseases. This review will focus on the potential role of arrestins in those GPCR-mediated airway cell functions that are dysregulated in asthma.
Self-determining Multiculturalism

The burgeoning human rights discourse of the twentieth century inspired new attention to the location of minority groups within the nation-state and their experiences of violence, discrimination and inequality. The result has been attempts by the nation to address the diversity of its population through the recognition of cultural difference. Attending to two particular rights claims—those of Indigenous self-determination and multiculturalism—we can find a tendency toward subsuming the former within those of the latter. This is a move that results from a top-down approach to the recognition of difference, reproducing colonialist priorities and jurisprudence, and significantly undermining the goals and meanings of Indigenous self-determination. By contrast, when self-determination is approached from the bottom-up, we can gain new perspectives on the meanings of this Indigenous right, expanded to encompass a range of relationships, all crucially built in response to Indigenous identities as First Peoples.
Affordability and access in focus: Metrics and tools of relative energy vulnerability

Abstract This work will focus on the consumer’s household budget to better characterize the vulnerability of low-income communities and the metrics that would be most appropriate to measure the ‘affordability’ of energy. The team created an Ability-to-Pay index that was used as the basis of univariate statistical correlations of 57 potential vulnerability indicators. The corresponding GIS maps offer nuanced affordability and vulnerability data for stakeholders in the power system.
Pulmonary mucormycosis associated with medical marijuana use.

Abstract A 66-year-old man with diabetes presented to the hospital with a two-month history of dyspnea, cough, rust-colored sputum, night sweats and 20 pound weight loss. He had begun smoking medical marijuana 3 months earlier. CT of the chest showed multiple bilateral large ground glass opacities with surrounding consolidation. Infectious workup was negative. BAL was non-diagnostic. He was treated with broad spectrum antibiotics without improvement. VATS was performed and cultured lung tissue grew Rhizopus species. He was started on intravenous liposomal amphotericin B and micafungin and then transitioned to oral posaconazole after two weeks. Repeat CT two months later showed stable size of the cavities. One month later he died of massive pulmonary hemorrhage. Here we document what we believe is the first known case of pulmonary mucormycosis associated with medical marijuana use.