cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Equine insect hypersensitivity: skin test and biopsy results correlated with clinical data

Summary Forty-four seasonally pruritic horses and 21 asymptomatic horses in Florida, USA, were tested for insect, grass and mould hypersensitivity by intradermal injection of allergenic extracts. The affected horses ranged in age from 10 months to over 30 years and included a variety of breeds. Affected horses reacted to varying dilutions of extracts made from Culicoides, mosquitoes, horse flies and black flies. Reactions to Culicoides were more intense than those caused by injection of antigens from other arthropods. Mild pruritus existed from the end of February until the end of June when the condition worsened and remained severe until November when it improved to an asymptomatic state. Histopathological examination of skin biopsies demonstrated changes compatible with arthropod hypersensitivity. Three clinical syndromes associated with insect hypersensitivity were described as follows: 1) horses with lesions on face, ears, mane, withers, rump and tail; 2) horses with lesions on face, ears, intermandibular space, chest, belly and groin, and 3) those with a combination of dorsal and ventral lesions.
Encapsulated volumetric acoustic array in the shape of a towed body

An encapsulation assembly includes a housing having a nose end, a tail end, and a body portion between the nose end and the tail end. A plurality of acoustic transducers are positioned within the body portion of the housing, each of the plurality of acoustic transducers having a wiring connection attached thereto. A tow cable is connected to the nose end of the housing and is in communication with the wiring connection from each of the plurality of acoustic transducers. A characteristic of the assembly is that at least the body portion of the housing is entirely formed of a solid casting of plastic material thereby environmentally isolating the plurality of acoustic transducers within the body portion of the housing. This configuration prevents water intrusion into the transducer elements, and increases the cavitation threshold for the acoustic array, thereby allowing the array to be driven to higher acoustic intensities.
Integrating a formal specification course with a software projects course via an editing tool

This paper reports on a two-course sequence for undergraduate students that provides them with an intensive course in formal specification methods and a traditional software design course. The specification course provides an appreciation for the use of rigorous specification methods within the software lifecycle. The manual nature of developing a formal specification provides the appropriate justification for the projects in the software design course in which the students create useful tools to aid the development of a formal specification. Within the project course, the students developed the first prototype of a graphical editor for building Z specifications. We discuss the building of the editing tool and its integration into the software engineering curriculum.
Characterization And Setup Techniques For A 5X Stepper

A direct means of measuring the aerial image profile of a microlithographic stepper system is described. The position of the peak gives the relative overlay error and the shape of the curve relates to the resolution. Reduction and focus shifts due to barometric pressure change are reported. Vibration between the aerial image and the wafer was measured, as well as the effects of vibration on resist imagery. We also describe applications of such techniques for fast and accurate setup of stepper overlay offset and focus.
Visual Discrimination in the Cat: IV. The Visual Acuity of the Cat in Relation to Stimulus Distance

* Accepted for publication by Leonard Carmichael of the Editorial Board and received in the Editorial Office, October 22, 1935. 1 Presented in part at the spring meetings of the New York Branch of the American Psychological Association, April, 1935, under the title “The Visual Acuity of the Cat as a Function of Discrimination Distance.” Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Brown University as one part of a thesis entitled “The Mechanism of Discrimination in the Cat.”
Analysis of arbitrary shaped microstrip circuits and antennas on finite substrates

An integral equation technique is presented for the analysis of arbitrary shaped printed circuits and antennas on a finite substrates. The integral equation is formulated in the space domain with triangular basis functions so that any arbitrary shaped structures may be modelled. Both the dielectric layers and the ground planes are considered to be finite. When the dielectric structure and the ground plane is infinite a Sommerfeld-type of space domain Green's function is used to solve for the currents on the printed circuits. When the dielectric layers and the ground plane are finite, the equivalence principle has been used to replace the dielectric layers and the ground planes and the free space Green's function has been utilized.
Elastic moduli of composites containing a low concentration of complex-shaped particles having a general property contrast with the matrix

Abstract There are diverse materials science problems concerned with how the presence of a low concentration of particulate inclusions having mechanical properties distinct from the matrix in which they are placed influences the elasticity of the resulting composite material. There is a classical treatment of the calculation of the leading order virial coefficient for the bulk modulus K and shear modulus G , or intrinsic moduli [ K ] and [ G ], for ellipsoidal inclusions having a general contrast between the elastic properties of the particle inclusions and the matrix. However, the treatment of more physically interesting shapes, such as gravel in concrete, is analytically intractable. With literal concrete applications in mind, we treat construction gravel as being composed of block-like particles having an equivalent length, width, and thickness, and we develop numerical approximants for [ K ] and [ G ] for these block structures based on finite element calculations and limiting analytic information. The approach generalizes our previous treatment of the electrical conductivity and elastic moduli of composites containing complex-shaped objects, in the dilute limit, having a general property contrast with the suspending matrix, and corrects an error in the previous elastic moduli calculation. We verify that our approximants provide an accurate description of [ K ] and [ G ] for general property contrast conditions and extensive tabulations of data based on finite element calculation for a wide range of object shapes.
Mitochondrial DNA Mutation Screening in South Florida

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to assess the frequency of mitochondrial DNA mutations in a cohort of individuals with nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss. CLINICAL SETTING: Tertiary care otologic practice SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Individuals with nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss were recruited for participation between 2002 and 2008. Genomic DNA was subject to PCR –RFLP analysis for A1555G and A7445G mutation. The primers pairs used for PCR amplification and method analysis of the 12SrRNA A1555G and tRNA Ser (UCN) A7445G mutations were previously described by Prezant et al., and confirming the A7445G mutation was completed by direct sequencing. Mutation A3243G was detected by amplification of base pairs 3163 to 3323 and digestion with ApaI. RESULTS: 350 probands (3 mos – 80 years old) were screened for A1555G, G7444A, and A3243G mtDNA mutations. The frequency of common mitochondrial mutations is 1.4% (5/350) in this cohort including A1555G, G7444A, and A3243G being in four patients with nonsyndromic deafness and one patient with Melas syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: The mitochondrial A1555G mutation (0.6%, 2/350), G7444A (0.6%, 2/350) substitution, and A3243G (0.3%, 1/350) are among the significant causes of ARNSD in this population.
An Application of Wavelet Signal Processing to Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation

In this paper we present a flaw signature estimation approach which utilizes the Wiener filter [1–5] along with a wavelet based procedure [6–15] to achieve both deconvolution and reduction of acoustic noise. In related ealier work by Patterson et al. [6], the wavelet transform was applied to certain components of the Wiener filter, and coefficient chopping was used to reduce acoustic noise. In the approach that we present here, the wavelet transform is applied individually to the real part and to the imaginary part of the scattering amplitude estimate determined by application of a sub-optimal form of the Wiener filter. This wavelet transform takes the real and imaginary parts, respectively, from the typical Fourier frequency domain to a wavelet phase space. In this new space, the acoustic noise shows significant separation from the flaw signature making selective pruning of wavelet coefficients an effective means of reducing the acoustic noise. The final estimates of the real and imaginary parts of the scattering amplitude are determing via an inverse wavelet transform.
Miniature fuel cells fabricated on silicon substrates

Novel miniature fuel cells were fabricated from micromachined silicon wafers. The cells used methanol and air as reactants, and a thin polymer electrolyte as separator. The assembled cells had a working volume of 12 mm3 and could be scaled down in size by three orders of magnitude by simple adjustments of the masking and etching procedures. Electrodeposition of Pt-Ru as the anode catalyst (oxidation of methanol) was successful in lowering the loading to 0.25 mg/cm2 without loss of performance. Cell performance approached that of the best, state-of-the-art, large fuel cells, when scaled for size. In particular, single miniature cells yielded 822 Wh/kg and 924 Wh/L when operated at 70°C. The same chip design was also used for the hydrogen/air system, and the cell current, power, and specific energy density were higher than those of methanol/air, Further tailoring of the chips for spefici fuels could lead to further improvements.
Subcutaneous lidocaine affects inducibility in programmed electrophysiology testing in children: a follow-up study.

Abstract Invasive cardiac electrophysiology testing during cardiac catheterization requires local anesthesia at the point of entry for the catheters. Frequently, lidocaine is employed for this purpose. A prospective study completed in 1990 indicated that subcutaneous administration of lidocaine adversely influenced the inducibility of arrhythmias in pediatric patients. Upon completion of that study, lidocaine concentration was reduced from 1% to 0.5%, and extra caution was taken to avoid deep penetration during administration. A follow-up, prospective study was performed to evaluate inducibility under these changed conditions. Because the depressant effect of lidocaine on inducibility was age- and weight-related, the second study group was required to have statistically indistinguishable age and weight distributions from the first group to eliminate these variables as factors in inducibility. A total of 177 subjects were collected in the second group before a periodic random computer match with the first group produced 99 individuals with the required age and weight distributions. Analysis of the electrophysiology tests in the second study revealed that: (1) incidence of inducibility was higher in the second group (58 of 99 versus 43 of 99, p p p
Analytical solutions for bending, vibration, and buckling of FGM plates using a couple stress-based third-order theory

Abstract Analytical solutions of a general third-order plate theory that accounts for the power-law distribution of two materials through thickness and microstructure-dependent size effects are presented. The Navier solution technique is adopted to derive analytical solutions to simply supported rectangular plates. The modulus of elasticity and the mass density are assumed to vary only through thickness of plate and a single material length scale parameter of a modified couple stress theory captures the microstructure-dependent size effects. Examples of bending, buckling, and vibration problems are presented to show effects of the power-law distribution of two materials and the microstructure-dependent size parameter.
Innovation, Future Earnings, and Market Efficiency

This study examines whether patent citation impact, a leading indicator of technology firms' innovation capabilities, is associated with future earnings and whether this association is appropriately reflected in stock prices and analysts' earnings forecasts of patent-rich companies. The results indicate that change of patent citation impact is positively associated with future earnings, particularly in industries with relatively short time lags between technological advances and profit realization (e.g., computers, electronics, and medical equipment). The strength of this relation also significantly increases with time for up to five years in the future. Market participants, including investors and analysts, however, do not fully incorporate the implication of enhanced innovation capabilities for future earnings into stock prices and earnings forecasts. This bias is significantly associated with future abnormal stock returns.
Precolonized Human Commensal Escherichia coli Strains Serve as a Barrier to E. coli O157:H7 Growth in the Streptomycin-Treated Mouse Intestine

Different Escherichia coli strains generally have the same metabolic capacity for growth on sugars in vitro, but they appear to use different sugars in the streptomycin-treated mouse intestine (Fabich et al., Infect. Immun. 76:1143-1152, 2008). Here, mice were precolonized with any of three human commensal strains (E. coli MG1655, E. coli HS, or E. coli Nissle 1917) and 10 days later were fed 105 CFU of the same strains. While each precolonized strain nearly eliminated its isogenic strain, confirming that colonization resistance can be modeled in mice, each allowed growth of the other commensal strains to higher numbers, consistent with different commensal E. coli strains using different nutrients in the intestine. Mice were also precolonized with any of five commensal E. coli strains for 10 days and then were fed 105 CFU of E. coli EDL933, an O157:H7 pathogen. E. coli Nissle 1917 and E. coli EFC1 limited growth of E. coli EDL933 in the intestine (103 to 104 CFU/gram of feces), whereas E. coli MG1655, E. coli HS, and E. coli EFC2 allowed growth to higher numbers (106 to 107 CFU/gram of feces). Importantly, when E. coli EDL933 was fed to mice previously co-colonized with three E. coli strains (MG1655, HS, and Nissle 1917), it was eliminated from the intestine (<10 CFU/gram of feces). These results confirm that commensal E. coli strains can provide a barrier to infection and suggest that it may be possible to construct E. coli probiotic strains that prevent growth of pathogenic E. coli strains in the intestine.
Purification and Partial Molecular Characterization of GRP94, an ER Resident Chaperone

Abstract GRP94 is a resident glycoprotein of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and a member of the hsp90 family of molecular chaperones. Current experimental evidence indicates that GRP94 functions in an as yet undefined manner in protein folding and assembly in the ER. We report a rapid, high-yield GRP94 purification procedure that yields milligram quantities of homogeneous protein suitable for structural and biochemical analyses. Beginning with a rough microsome fraction derived from porcine pancreas, GRP94 was isolated by partial detergent extraction, anion exchange, and gel filtration chromatography. With this procedure, approximately 3 mg of homogeneous GRP94 can be prepared from a 25-g pancreas. Heterogeneity in the migration of purified GRP94 on native and denaturing PAGE was observed and demonstrated to reflect variability in the N-linked glycosylation state of the protein. Analysis by native and two-dimensional nonreducing/reducing gels indicated that the protein exists as a dimer of noncovalently associated subunits. The membrane localization of GRP94 in isolated pancreatic microsomes was assessed by alkali and detergent extraction. By comparison with the resident ER integral membrane protein TRAPα, GRP94 exists as a soluble, lumenal protein.
Multiple paternity and genomic imprinting.

IN its simplest form, the genetic-conflict hypothesis for the evolution of genomic imprinting posits that multiple paternity of a female’s offspring, in combination with postzygotic maternal care, favors differential expression of maternal and paternal alleles in offspring such that the expression
Whose Science and Whose Religion? Reflections on the Relations between Scientific and Religious Worldviews

Arguments about the relationship between science and religion often proceed by identifying a set of essential characteristics of scientific and religious worldviews and arguing on the basis of these characteristics for claims about a relationship of conflict or compatibility between them. Such a strategy is doomed to failure because science, to some extent, and religion, to a much larger extent, are cultural phenomena that are too diverse in their expressions to be characterized in terms of a unified worldview. In this paper I follow a different strategy. Having offered a loose characterization of the nature of science, I pose five questions about specific areas where religious and scientific worldviews may conflict—questions about the nature of faith, the belief in a God or Gods, the authority of sacred texts, the relationship between scientific and religious conceptions of the mind/soul, and the relationship between scientific and religious understandings of moral behavior. My review of these questions will show that they cannot be answered unequivocally because there is no agreement amongst religious believers as to the meaning of important religious concepts. Thus, whether scientific and religious worldviews conflict depends essentially upon whose science and whose religion one is considering. In closing, I consider the implications of this conundrum for science education.
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α Polymorphism and Coronary Collaterals in Patients With Ischemic Heart Disease

Study objectives Marked variability exists in coronary artery collaterals in patients with ischemic heart disease. Although multiple factors are thought to play a role in collateral development, the contribution of genetic factors is largely unknown. Hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), a transcriptional activator that functions as a master regulator of oxygen homeostasis, is one possible genetic factor that could play an important role in modulating collateral development Design, setting, and participants Collateral vessels were determined in 100 patients with ≥ 70% narrowing of at least one coronary artery without acute myocardial infarction or prior revascularization. DNA was genotyped for the presence of a single nucleotide (C to T) polymorphism that changes residue 582 of HIF-1α from proline to serine Measurements and results The frequency of the T allele was significantly higher among patients without collaterals compared to patients with collaterals (0.188 vs 0.037, p Conclusions These data suggest that variations in HIF-1α genotype may influence development of coronary artery collaterals in patients with significant coronary artery disease
The Influence of Social Desirability Pressures on Expressed Immigration Attitudes

Objective. Immigration scholars have found that the highly educated and political liberals are considerably less likely to support restrictionist immigration policies than other groups. I ask whether the influence of social desirability pressures in the survey interview is responsible for this finding. Methods. An unobtrusive questioning technique known as the list experiment is used to measure Americans' support for immigration restrictionism. The list experiment can easily be embedded in a standard telephone survey and has been used by previous investigators to study racial attitudes. Results. Restrictionist sentiments are found to be more widespread among the U.S. populace than previous studies have estimated, especially among college graduates and political liberals. Conclusion. My findings have implications for immigration scholars and social scientists who study other sensitive attitudes and behaviors. The most commonly employed strategies to reduce socially desirable responding may not be enough.
Protein 7.2b of Human Erythrocyte Membranes Binds to Calpromotin

Calpromotin is a soluble cytoplasmic protein of human red blood cells which is involved in the activation of the charybdotoxin-sensitive calcium-dependent potassium channel. This activation is associated with increased binding of calpromotin to the red cell membrane. To elucidate this mechanism we tested different fractions of red cell membrane proteins to bind to a calpromotin affinity column. Proteins, which bound specifically to the column, were eluted and identified by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This procedure demonstrated that spectrin and actin, from a low salt extraction of the membrane, bound weakly to the column and a portion of this could be attributed to non-specific binding. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (band 6) and a 40K molecular weight band, from a high salt extraction of the membrane, bound strongly to the affinity column. Several minor integral membrane proteins, obtained by Triton X-100 treatment of the membrane, bound specifically to the calpromotin affinity column. The molecular weight of these proteins ranged from 95k to 23K. We further demonstrated that the 31.5K band from this fraction is protein 7.2b (stomatin) by staining with a monoclonal antibody. Protein 7.2b is believed to have a role in regulating monovalent cation transport through the erythrocyte membrane.
Activity analysis enabling real-time video communication on mobile phones for deaf users

We describe our system called MobileASL for real-time video communication on the current U.S. mobile phone network. The goal of MobileASL is to enable Deaf people to communicate with Sign Language over mobile phones by compressing and transmitting sign language video in real-time on an off-the-shelf mobile phone, which has a weak processor, uses limited bandwidth, and has little battery capacity. We develop several H.264-compliant algorithms to save system resources while maintaining ASL intelligibility by focusing on the important segments of the video. We employ a dynamic skin-based region-of-interest (ROI) that encodes the skin at higher quality at the expense of the rest of the video. We also automatically recognize periods of signing versus not signing and raise and lower the frame rate accordingly, a technique we call variable frame rate (VFR).We show that our variable frame rate technique results in a 47% gain in battery life on the phone, corresponding to an extra 68 minutes of talk time. We also evaluate our system in a user study. Participants fluent in ASL engage in unconstrained conversations over mobile phones in a laboratory setting. We find that the ROI increases intelligibility and decreases guessing. VFR increases the need for signs to be repeated and the number of conversational breakdowns, but does not affect the users' perception of adopting the technology. These results show that our sign language sensitive algorithms can save considerable resources without sacrificing intelligibility.
A constrained least-squares approach to combine bottom-up and top-down CO2 flux estimates

Terrestrial CO2 flux estimates are obtained from two fundamentally different methods generally termed bottom-up and top-down approaches. Inventory methods are one type of bottom-up approach which uses various sources of information such as crop production surveys and forest monitoring data to estimate the annual CO2 flux at locations covering a study region. Top-down approaches are various types of atmospheric inversion methods which use CO2 concentration measurements from monitoring towers and atmospheric transport models to estimate CO2 flux over a study region. Both methods can also quantify the uncertainty associated with their estimates. Historically, these two approaches have produced estimates that differ considerably. The goal of this work is to construct a statistical model which sensibly combines estimates from the two approaches to produce a new estimate of CO2 flux for our study region. The two approaches have complementary strengths and weaknesses, and our results show that certain aspects of the uncertainty associated with each of the approaches are greatly reduced by combining the methods. Our model is purposefully simple and designed to take the two approaches’ estimates and measures of uncertainty at ‘face value’. Specifically, we use a constrained least-squares approach to appropriately weigh the estimates by the inverse of their variance, and the constraint imposes agreement between the two sources. Our application involves nearly 18,000 flux estimates for the upper midwest United States. The constrained dependencies result in a non-sparse covariance matrix, but computation requires only minutes due to the structure of the model.
Saliencies and symmetries: toward 3D object recognition from large model databases

The construction of interpretation tables from database models is introduced, and a recognition procedure using scene feature groups is discussed. Techniques for extraction of feature group equivalence classes and computation of feature group saliency are discussed. Two methods to reduce the computational burdens associated with a large model database are proposed and tested on polyhedral objects. The first method reduces the population of protohypotheses in the interpretation tables consulted during recognition by excluding redundant feature groups produced from object symmetries. The second method assigns a population-based numerical measure of saliency to each feature group retrieved from the scene; this measure allows only the most salient feature groups to be used in object recognition. >
Icelanders’ and U.S. Nationals’ Expectations about Counseling: The Role of Nationality, Sex, and Holland’s Typology

This study compared counseling expectations of Icelandic and U.S. college students, investigated counseling expectations as a function of sex, and explored the relationship between counseling expectations and Holland’s typology. It was discovered that the Icelandic students expected greater expertise from the counselor than did the U.S. students and the U.S. students expected the counseling conditions to be more facilitative than did the Icelandic students. Also, women, as compared with men, expected counseling to be more facilitative of change and expected to be more personally committed to the counseling process, whereas men expected more counselor expertise. A canonical correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between counseling expectations and Holland’s Social and Realistic personality types for the U.S. students and Holland’s Social type for the Icelandic students.
Analysis of Receptor-Stimulated and Basal Guanine Nucleotide Binding to Membrane G Proteins by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

Abstract A method to study [α- 32 P]GTP binding to the α subunit of GTP-binding proteins in rat brain membranes is described. This method measures receptor-stimulated GTP binding to individual α subunits. GTP binding is associated with two protein bands following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. The bands, 40- and 45-kDa in size, comigrate with the α subunits of Gi/Go and Gs, respectively. Binding of [α- 32 P]GTP is saturable and Mg 2+ -dependent. Nucleotides compete with [α- 32 P]GTP binding in the following order: GTP > GDP > Gpp(NH)p > App(NH)p. Dopamine stimulates [α- 32 P]GTP labeling of the 40- and 45-kDa bands. A binding increase of 300-400% is observed at 10 μM dopamine. Isoproterenol (10 μM) stimulates [α- 32 P]GTP binding only to the 45-kDa protein band. The effects of dopamine and isoproterenol are blocked by their respective receptor antagonists, fluphenazine and propranolol. The individual G proteins activated by dopamine are resolved by immunoprecipitation of stimulated [α- 32 P]GTP binding to Gαs, Gαi, and Gαo with specific anti-Gα antisera. Dopamine stimulates [α- 32 P]GTP binding to Gαs and Gαi while the labeling of Gαo was not significantly changed. Pertussis toxin-mediated ADP ribosylation prevents the activation of Gαi which is mediated by dopamine receptor stimulation. The methods described are useful in defining the coupling of specific neurotransmitter receptors to specific G proteins in native membranes. These procedures also allow measurements of receptor stimulation of individual G proteins in intact biological membranes.
Treatment of experimental endocarditis due to multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium with clinafloxzcin and penicillin

Clinafloxacin, a new quinolone antibiotic with enhanced activity against Gram-positive bacteria, has demonstrated in-vitro activity against multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium, particularly when combined with penicillin. Rabbits with experimental endocarditis due to a multidrug-resistant strain of E. faecium were treated with clinafloxacin and/or penicillin. After three days of therapy, significant reduction of bacterial concentrations were found in vegetations, kidneys, and spleens of animals treated with clinafloxacin. The combination of clinafloxacin and penicillin was significantly better in reducing vegetation bacterial concentrations compared to the other groups (-4,4 log 10 cfu/g compared with control). Serum levels of clinafloxacin consistently exceeded the MIC of the strain, and clinafloxacin-resistant isolates could not be detected. Clinafloxacin demonstrated promising activity in vivo against multidrug-resistant E. faecium, and further studies are warranted.
3 In the Beginning: The Experience of Residential Burial in Prehispanic Honduras

This paper treats residential subfloor burial as a practice with a history. At Puerto Escondido, Honduras, this history includes placement of jewelry and pottery vessels in buildings under construction, and the disarticulation of figurines and monumental sculpture depicting human subjects and their burial in different places. Residential burial brings together already-existing practices of incorporation of materials into constructed spaces, disjunction or separation of parts of things and their deliberate placement in different locations, and commemoration or the creation of a place intended to evoke memory. The earlier histories of these practices motivated their coordination in residential burial.
The Electoral Connection in European Union Politics

Why does European integration proceed? This article tests among three theories of representation. The "permissive consensus" theory argues that political elites have been able to pursue their own p...
Optimizing relay control in Wireless 1394 network

Relay control ought to be performed when a direct communication link cannot be established between the source station and the target station. We propose in this paper how such function can be accomplished effectively in Wireless 1394 based networks. Simulation results yield the fact that the proposed scheme not only can optimize the data relay control from the perspectives of the premium (the lowest cost) relay path and relay station selection but also can improve the system's performance in terms of its higher packet delivery ratio and lower packet end-to-end delay in a shadowing prone home environment.
Contingency planning during the formation of a supply chain

With today’s growing number of geographically dispersed facilities amplifying the likelihood of supply disruptions, contingency planning has become an important strategic issue for manufacturers and distributors. This paper studies how the addition of reserve capacity in the supply chain—one of the most common strategies in contingency plans against supply disruption—can alleviate the effects of supply disruption on product and income streams and total supply chain profit. We also perform a preliminary study to find the potential implications of utilizing excess production capacity for alternative uses particularly when a firm tries selling some of its intermediate products to an external buyer who in turn could process them into finished products and compete with the firm in the same markets. We formulate a network design optimization model for supply chain contingency planning and present a decomposition procedure which exploits the natural separation between the logistics and pricing decisions in the model. Computational results are presented.
The Generativity of Sony V. Universal: The Intellectual Legacy of Justice Stevens

Justice John Paul Stevens is best known in the intellectual property field for his decision for the Court in Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc. Sony is among the most significant IP decisions rendered by the Court during the three decades of Justice Stevens's tenure there because of its impact on the copyright and information technology industries. While Sony is known mainly for the safe harbor from copyright challenges that it established for technologies suitable for substantial non-infringing uses, this article will discuss the generativity of the Sony decision, that is, the impact the decision has had in a range of cases presenting very different facts and legal issues than the Court faced in Sony. Software reverse engineers, add-on software developers, Internet service and access providers, and Internet search engine firms have all relied on Sony in successfully defending against direct and indirect claims of copyright infringement. Sony is likely to continue to be significant in mediating disputes between copyright industries and creative information technology developers and users of information technology. The article asserts that Sony's generativity is due, in part, to the limited monopoly framework for analyzing copyright claims articulated by Justice Stevens in Sony, which contrasts starkly with the proprietarian framework used in Justice Blackmun's dissent.
Bullying Among Middle School Children Raised by Grandparents

Empirical research investigating the growing population of children raised by grandparents remains sparse. Much of the research examines the grandparents’ functioning and suggests that they experience heightened psychosocial distress. Although the children are reported to manifest psychosocial and behavioral difficulty, a dearth of empirical research investigates their perceptions of their peer relationships or bullying involvement. Research suggests the children’s developmental trajectory is likely influenced by their potential for insecure attachment. In this study, a nationally representative US sample of 4552 seventh- and eighth-grade children raised by their grandparents obtained from the Health Behavior in School-aged Children survey is examined. The results reveal that head-of-household arrangement is associated with the children’s self-reported perceptions of bullying behavior. Children raised by grandparents will likely benefit from bullying prevention programs that take into account the specific dynamics, such as insecure attachment, associated with living in this alternate family arrangement.
LOW-LYING LEVELS OF $sup 35$Cl AND $sup 37$Cl.

$\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray energies and branching ratios for the first six excited levels of $^{35}\mathrm{Cl}$ and the first three levels of $^{37}\mathrm{Cl}$ have been measured. Proton---$\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray coincidence techniques were used to obtain $p\ensuremath{-}{p}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ correlations by means of the $^{35}\mathrm{Cl}(p, {p}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\gamma})^{35}\mathrm{Cl}$ and $^{37}\mathrm{Cl}(p, {p}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\gamma})^{37}\mathrm{Cl}$ reactions, with the inelastically scattered protons being detected at approximately 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} with respect to the beam axis. Analysis of the $p\ensuremath{-}{p}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ correlations placed limits on the spins and the electromagnetic multipole mixing ratios. The attenuated-Doppler-shift method was used to determine nuclear lifetimes for the first five excited levels of $^{35}\mathrm{Cl}$ and the first two excited levels of $^{37}\mathrm{Cl}$. All available data have been summarized and used in calculating radiative widths and multipole strengths.
Invasive mouse gastric adenocarcinomas arising from Lgr5+ stem cells are dependent on crosstalk between the Hedgehog/GLI2 and mTOR pathways

Gastric adenocarcinoma is the third most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Here we report a novel, highly-penetrant mouse model of invasive gastric cancer arising from deregulated Hedgehog/Gli2 signaling targeted to Lgr5-expressing stem cells in adult stomach. Tumor development progressed rapidly: three weeks after inducing the Hh pathway oncogene GLI2A, 65% of mice harbored in situ gastric cancer, and an additional 23% of mice had locally invasive tumors. Advanced mouse gastric tumors had multiple features in common with human gastric adenocarcinomas, including characteristic histological changes, expression of RNA and protein markers, and the presence of major inflammatory and stromal cell populations. A subset of tumor cells underwent epithelial-mesenchymal transition, likely mediated by focal activation of canonical Wnt signaling and Snail1 induction. Strikingly, mTOR pathway activation, based on pS6 expression, was robustly activated in mouse gastric adenocarcinomas from the earliest stages of tumor development, and treatment with rapamycin impaired tumor growth. GLI2A-expressing epithelial cells were detected transiently in intestine, which also contains Lgr5+ stem cells, but they did not give rise to epithelial tumors in this organ. These findings establish that deregulated activation of Hedgehog/Gli2 signaling in Lgr5-expressing stem cells is sufficient to drive gastric adenocarcinoma development in mice, identify a critical requirement for mTOR signaling in the pathogenesis of these tumors, and underscore the importance of tissue context in defining stem cell responsiveness to oncogenic stimuli.
Chapter 3: Equitable Utilization of the Atmosphere: A Rights-Based Approach to Climate Change

This paper advocates for a rights-based approach to climate change. I argue that the government of a state may, and arguably, has the duty to assert and defend the rights of its inhabitants, rather than remaining passive and ultimately defending itself for alleged rights-violating acts and omissions. The premise underlying this approach is that governments exist for the purpose of protecting the sovereign rights of the state and the human rights of their inhabitants, past and future.First, the paper examines the rights of permanent sovereignty over natural rights. Second, it considers interstate cases on trans-frontier pollution, including the landmark Trail Smelter arbitration decision between the United States and Canada in 1905. Next, it discusses sovereignty as a basis for interstate climate change litigation and the balancing of sovereign rights in relation to equity, human rights, and climate change. Finally, it addresses the role of human rights in equitable allocation.
Hydrogeologic implications of a fault scaling relationship in bedrock aquifers

Because faults in bedrock aquifers can act as conduits or barriers to groundwater flow, defining their length and geometry is important for hydrogeologic investigations. The purpose of this study was to determine fault lengths through the use of a length versus displacement fault scaling relationship. Analytical, statistical, and field methods were used to define this relationship and to identify and evaluate outliers, which were then examined for refinement of their length and displacement. This study resulted in redefining the length for 5 of the 80 normal faults evaluated within a structural domain in the Transition Zone physiographic province of Arizona. Three faults with partially concealed or queried surface traces had their lengths decreased to values closer to the expected value, based on the determined length versus displacement relationship, using analytical and statistical methods. One fault had its length extended, and one fault was divided into two segments, based on the length versus displacement relationship as determined through field investigation. Newly determined fault lengths were incorporated into a digital hydrogeologic framework model of the regional aquifer, which supplies the water for the headwaters of the Verde River in central Arizona. This fault scaling technique can be applied in numerous settings, requiring minimal time and expertise, to better constrain fault lengths and possibly fault geometries. The critical assumptions of the method are that there are numerous faults of known length and that the fault array is largely similar in the rocks the faults cut, so that rheological differences are minimized.
The development and potential applications of a Pb-Al Alloy

Although widely used in batteries, lead alloys are heavy and have poor creep properties. To develop a lighter, more creep resistant battery alloy, the possibility of alloying lead with aluminum has been explored. Although aluminum and lead are immiscible, rapid solidification and mechanical alloying techniques allow the production of an alloy with uniformly distributed phases. Aluminum additions have been demonstrated to improve creep resistance and increase electrical conductivity, as well as reducing density. Ongoing work is aimed at optimizing the processing, structure and properties of Pb-Al alloys.
Fungal Regulation of Disease Resistance Mechanisms in Plants

We share this world with a myriad of living organisms each equally well adjusted for survival in its ecological niche. We constantly interact with each other either directly or indirectly and in the overall scheme of life this interaction results in survival. Life, nevertheless, is not free of disease. Disease implies a harmful effect on the life processes of an organism, but a harmful effect on one organism may be beneficial to another. Disease may limit realization ofthe genetic potential for yield and quality in agricultural crops, but in nature it is seldom the determinant of survival for both plant and pathogen. With a different perspective, the title of this article could be plant regulation of mechanisms for parasitism in fungi. Specificity of a pathogen for a plant is as complex and important a phenomenon as is the specificity of host reaction to a pathogen. It is difficult to imagine two organisms in close association, as would be the case of a fungus which penetrated into the tissues of a green plant, without an interaction and influence on the growth and development of each. It is an apparent paradox, therefore, that in successful parasitism, the compatibility ofthe host and pathogen is frequently prolonged, at least during initial stages of the parasite's development. As would be expected, the highly attuned metabolism of host and parasite is rarely encountered. Resistance is the common phenomenon in nature and susceptibility is the rare exception. A critical consideration in the health of a plant or development of a parasite would be the rapid recognition of its partner as non-self. From our perspective we often are most concerned with the plant recognizing the pathogen as non-self and reacting to restrict its development. The recognition of the plant as non-self by the pathogen may, however, be of importance in determining the success of the pathogen. The longer the pathogen avoids or suppresses recognition by the host, the more likely the pathogen will develop and reproduce within the host. Having recognized the pathogen as non-self, the plant activates metabolic pro? cesses which may restrict the pathogen's development. In turn, the pathogen can suppress such processes or detoxicate its products. The speed and magnitude with which the plant activates its mechanisms for disease resistance are critical to the development of the pathogen. To survive the selection pressure of evolution, it is also likely that disease resistance in plants depends upon the activation of multicomponent mechanisms for resistance. A single mechanism or compound with a single metabolic site of
Physiological Studies on Calvatia Species. II. Carbon Utilization

(1961). Physiological Studies on Calvatia Species. II. Carbon Utilization. Mycologia: Vol. 53, No. 6, pp. 558-565.
A new species of the booklouse genus Embidopsocus in Baltic amber (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae)

The first representative of the booklouse genus Embidopsocus Hagen (Nanopsocetae: Liposcelididae) is documented from the blaue Erde of northern Europe. Embidopsocus pankowskiorum Engel, new species, is similar to the related E. saxonicus Gunther from the Bitterfeld deposits (so-called ‘Saxonian amber’) and E. eocenicus Nel et al . from Oise amber, but differs in details of antennal structure, setation, wing venation, and size. The species is described and comments made regarding its character affinities to other fossil liposcelidids.
Socioeconomic status does not affect prognosis in patients with glioblastoma multiforme.

BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive malignancy, but there is marked heterogeneity in survival time. Health care disparities have demonstrated significance in oncologic outcomes but have not been clearly examined in this patient population. We investigated the role of sociodemographic variables in the prognosis of adult patients diagnosed with GBM. METHODS This retrospective analysis included patients with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of GBM, who underwent resection or biopsy at a single institution from 2000 to 2014. Socioeconomic status (SES) was determined by household income according to the US Census zip code tabulation areas and the US national poverty level. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis calculated effects on patient survival. RESULTS Thirty percent of 218 subjects were of low SES, 57% mid, and 13% high. Low SES patients tended to be male (62%), Caucasian (92%), unmarried (91%), have dependents (100%), and limited to high school education (55%). SES did not predict insurance or employment status. SES was associated with marital status and number of cohabitants (P < 0.0001) but not clinical trial enrollment. Multivariate analysis demonstrated no relationship between SES and survival. Shorter prognosis was associated with history of military service (hazard ratio [HR] 2.06, P = 0.0125), elderly patients (HR 1.70, P = 0.0158), and multifocal disease (HR 1.75, P = 0.0119). Longer prognosis was associated with gross total resection (HR 0.49, P = 0.0009), radiation therapy (HR 0.12, P < 0.0001), and temozolomide (HR 0.28, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS SES alone does not predict prognosis in patients with newly diagnosed GBM. Sociodemographic variables such as old age, military service record, and insurance type may have a prognostication role.
“We have answered their prayer”: American Jewish old age homes as guardians of religious tradition

ABSTRACTThe old age home was the major American Jewish communal response to aged poverty during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The first homes offered a self-conscious projection of their sponsors as socially progressive and compassionate in a new landscape. For a religious community increasingly distanced from formal hierarchies of traditional religious practice, the highly visible performance of good deeds under explicitly Jewish auspices became central to its communal identity. Acting on a combination of compassion and the perceived moral imperative of providing a Jewish environment, the founders and supporters of these homes recast Judaism and Jewish identity through an idealized image of aged piety.