cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An expected coverage model with a cutoff priority queue

Emergency medical services provide immediate care to patients with various types of needs. When the system is congested, the response to urgent emergency calls can be delayed. To address this issue, we propose a spatial Hypercube approximation model with a cutoff priority queue that estimates performance measures for a system where some servers are reserved exclusively for high priority calls when the system is congested. In the cutoff priority queue, low priority calls are not immediately served-they are either lost or entered into a queue-whenever the number of busy ambulances is equal to or greater than the cutoff. The spatial Hypercube approximation model can be used to evaluate the design of public safety systems that employ a cutoff priority queue. A mixed integer linear programming model uses the Hypercube model to identify deployment and dispatch decisions in a cutoff priority queue paradigm. Our computational study suggests that the improvement in the expected coverage is significant when the cutoff is imposed, and it elucidates the tradeoff between the coverage improvement and the cost to low-priority calls that are "lost" when using a cutoff. Finally, we present a method for selecting the cutoff value for a system based on the relative importance of low-priority calls to high-priority calls.
The Complex Nature of Disability Stigma in Employment: Impact on Access and Opportunity

In the United States, individuals with disabilities make up almost one-fifth of the American population, but they are unemployed at a rate that is twice that of people without disabilities (Erickson et al., Disability statistics from the 2014 American Community Survey (ACS). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Yang Tan Institute (YTI), 2016). There are multiple interacting factors that result in significant barriers to employment and many of them are related to disability stigma and resulting disparate behavior. This chapter will examine the complexity of disability stigma in employment by exploring it from the micro (individual), mesa (employers), and meta (society) levels. It is at the intersection of these levels where strategies can lead to a reduction of barriers in organizational access and opportunity for individuals with disabilities.
Conclusion: the need for continuous in-depth and comparative study

AbstractThe debate over the benefits and drawbacks of defence industrialisation, particularly for emerging states, is far from settled but, as the case studies in this symposium suggest, a growing number of these states are taking steps to advance their defence industrial capabilities. In this volume, we attempt to decipher the reasons why states make that choice and why they choose to adopt a particular defence industrial policy.
Theoretical Interpretation of IETS Data

We first discuss the initial theoretical work on IETS by SCALAPINO and MARCUS, which included a dipole potential of the molecule and its image in the tunneling barrier potential and calculated the excess tunneling current due to this potential within the WKB approximation for infrared active modes. The theory obtained the proper intensity for the O-H stretch mode on alumina and predicted that the orientation of the molecules on the surface could be inferred from the tunneling spectrum, since only dipole moments oscillating perpendicular to the surface coupled to the tunneling electron. JAKLEVIC and LAMBE extended this theory to Raman modes by including the bond polarizabilities, and predicted that Raman modes should be observable in IETS with intensities about 2–5 times smaller than the infrared modes. KLEIN et al. used a transfer Hamiltonian formalism to show that LO as well as TO phonons could be observed in MgO using IETS. KIRTLEY, SCALAPINO, and HANSMA applied the transfer Hamiltonian formalism to molecular vibrations in IETS. They replaced the dipole approximation with a set of partial charges located on the atoms in the molecule, and allowed for off-axis electron scattering. In this theory the local nature of the electron-molecular interaction weakened the orientation and symmetry selection rules. It predicted that the Raman modes should be observable even neglecting bond polarizabilities, and that optically forbidden modes, although weak, may be observable. We discuss the formal difficulties involved with the theory at present, compare our predictions with experiment, and try to point the way toward further development of the theory of intensities in IETS.
Metavirome Sequencing of the Termite Gut Reveals the Presence of an Unexplored Bacteriophage Community

The Formosan subterranean termite; Coptotermes formosanus is nutritionally dependent on the complex and diverse community of bacteria and protozoa in their gut. Although, there have been many studies to decipher the taxonomic and functional diversity of bacterial communities in the guts of termites, their bacteriophages remain unstudied. We sequenced the metavirome of the guts of Formosan subterranean termite workers to study the diversity of bacteriophages and other associated viruses. Results showed that the termites harbor a virome in their gut comprised of varied and previously unknown bacteriophages. Between 87-90% of the predicted dsDNA virus genes by Metavir showed similarity to the tailed bacteriophages (Caudovirales). Many predicted genes from the virome matched to bacterial prophage regions. These data are suggestive of a virome dominated by temperate bacteriophages. We predicted the genomes of seven novel Caudovirales bacteriophages from the termite gut. Three of these predicted bacteriophage genomes were found in high proportions in all the three termite colonies tested. Two bacteriophages are predicted to infect endosymbiotic bacteria of the gut protozoa. The presence of these putative bacteriophages infecting endosymbionts of the gut protozoa, suggests a quadripartite relationship between the termites their symbiotic protozoa, endosymbiotic bacteria of the protozoa and their bacteriophages. Other than Caudovirales, ss-DNA virus related genes were also present in the termite gut. We predicted the genomes of 12 novel Microviridae phages from the termite gut and seven of those possibly represent a new proposed subfamily. Circovirus like genomes were also assembled from the termite gut at lower relative abundance. We predicted 10 novel circovirus genomes in this study. Whether these circoviruses infect the termites remains elusive at the moment. The functional and taxonomical annotations suggest that the termites may harbor a core virome comprised of the bacteriophages infecting endosymbionts of the gut protozoa.
The Receptor for Immunoglobulin E on Mast Cells and Basophils

The methods and approaches now outlined and later amplified are related to phenomena [l] that are summarized overleaf.
Dopamine Release from Left and Right Caudate of the Rat Measured by in vivo Electrochemical Electrodes

To study the role of dopamine in lateralized behavior such as circling, a technique for measuring relative dopamine release from the two sides of brain is required. We have developed a method for calibrating multiple in vivo electrochemical electrodes in order to compare the relative dopamine release from left and right caudate of the rat. A dose of 75 mg/kg i.p. of acetaminophen given at the end of an experiment will produce a signal in each electrode in proportion to the sensitivity of the electrode. Male Sprague Dawley rats 200–300 gms were anesthetized with urethane 1.5 gm/kg and had 250 micron carbon paste electrodes implanted stereotaxically in left and right caudate. Electrochemical responses were measured on each side every five minutes by cyclic voltammetry. After a one hr recording of basal release, amphetamine 5 mg/kg i.p. was injected and catechol release was followed for three hr thereafter. Acetaminophen 75 mg/kg i.p. was injected and relative electrode responses determined. Results show that the left and right caudate released equivalent amounts of catecholamine. During the basal release period, the left/right release ratio was 0.94±.09. During amphetamine stimulation the ratio was .90±.05 (n=7). In animals with unilateral substantia nigra lesions and in animals trained to circle for sucrose/water reinforcement, preliminary experiments show that the caudate contralateral to the turning direction releases an increased amount of catechol compared to the ipsilateral side.
Health Realization Community Coping Intervention for Somali Refugee Women

Health Realization (HR) is a strengths-based stress and coping intervention used to promote the use of internal and external coping resources. Our three-arm comparison group trial examined the effects of a culturally adapted Somali HR intervention on coping and mental health outcomes in 65 Somali refugee women post-resettlement. Subjects participated one of three conditions: HR intervention, nutrition attention-control, and evaluation-control. The HR intervention significantly affected multiple dimensions of coping: WAYS-distancing (p = 0.038), seeking social support (p = 0.042), positive reappraisal (p = 0.001); and Refugee Appraisal and Coping Experience Scale-Internal subscale (p = 0.045). The HR intervention also demonstrated improvement in depression symptom ratings (p = 0.079). We discuss findings from the pilot, challenges encountered conducting a three-arm comparison group trial, and implications for further research involving the HR intervention with culturally diverse refugee communities.
Vascularization in the Spinal Cord: The Pathological Process in Spinal Cord Injury and Therapeutic Approach

Spinal cord injury (SCI) often results in disruption of the vascular structures at the area of damage in the case of primary injury. The secondary injury of SCI is the result of pathophysiological changes such as excitotoxicity, inflammation, ischemia, and oxidative stress. The central nervous system (CNS) retains limited ability to angiogenic potential in order to restore the vascular network following SCI. Researches showed the formation of new blood vessels from mesenchymal cells. Multiple approaches such as the use of bio-scaffolds, cell transplantation, molecular therapy, electrical stimulation, and hypothermia have been used to explore the potential of assisting the endogenous revascularization. This chapter attempts to summarize the advance of the research on regeneration of spinal cord vascular networks and functions.
Permission to speak: British women in the established churches during the First World War

The first decade of the twentieth century witnessed the growth of the suffrage movement, and a vigorous debate about the public role of women. Britain’s established churches were caught up in this ...
Active Sonar Matched Waveforms for Resonant Spherical Target

Traditionally, active sonar systems employ an enveloped continuous wave (CW) or linear frequency modulated (LFM) acoustic pulse that is transmitted into a lossy channel to interact with the target and environment where the received energy is used to determine if a target detection occurs. Many frequency components of a wideband pulse are strongly attenuated due to the effects of the channel and target. In this work, a full-wave solution is used to model a complex channel frequency response. A realistic resonant sphere is used to develop the target response. To exploit the channel-target frequency response, two waveform design techniques are used: SNR-based and information-based methods. Both techniques concentrate the transmit energy in the frequency bands where the target echo is large. The advantage of the eigenwaveform (SNR-based) and the mutual information (information-based) waveform over the wideband acoustic waveform is the increase in detection probability.
Rotary ultrasonic machining of carbon fiber reinforced plastic composites: a study on fiber material removal mechanism through single-grain scratching

Rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) has become an effective process for both hole making and surface grinding of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites. Unlike other brittle materials such as ceramic, glass, silicon, etc., CFRP composites exhibit inhomogeneous and anisotropic properties, thereby resulting in different material removal mechanisms. However, the material removal mechanism in RUM of CFRP is still not clearly recognized in the literature. The lack of such knowledge would significantly limit the optimization and practical applications of RUM technique. In this work, single-grain diamond scratching tests without and with ultrasonic vibration are conducted to study the material removal mechanism in RUM of CFRP. Morphology of scratched groove, cross-sectional profiles, and scratching forces are analyzed. The results indicate that CFRP workpiece is extensively removed by the brittle removal mode, causing matrix damage, severe fiber pull-out, and macro-cracks in the conventional scratching test. Whereas, ultrasonic vibration-assisted scratching of CFRP leads to a larger ductile removal region before the successive brittle fractures and cracks. The fiber-matrix debonding and pullout phenomena are also remarkably reduced with only matrix buckling and fiber breakage occurring within the groove. The obtained results will enrich the understanding of the material removal mechanism in RUM of CFRP and contribute to the improvements of part quality during RUM of CFRP.
Contemporary assessment of the disease burden of sinusitis.

BackgroundThe objective of this study was to determine the disease burden of sinusitis relative to other medical conditions.MethodsThe adult sample of the National Health Interview Survey for calen...
1979 A critique of the adaptationist program

Abstract Using the architectural wonders of St. Mark's Cathedral in Venice as a metaphor Gould and Lewontin (1979) undertake a detailed critique of the indiscriminate use of adaptationist explanations in evolution, anthropology and behavior. This critique calls for more serious consideration of alternative explanations to adaptation by natural selection.
Characterization of the Photophysical, Thermodynamic and Structural Properties of the Terbium(III)-KChIP3 Complex

KChIP3 (K+ channel interacting protein 3) is a calcium binding protein and active modulator of Kv4 channels in neuronal cells as well as a novel Ca2+ regulated transcriptional modulator. KChIP3(calsenilin) may also be involved in Alzheimer's disease through prevention of presenilin-2 fragmentation. Many of the KChIP3 interactions with its binding partners (Kv4, calmodulin, DNA, and drugs) have been shown to be dependent on calcium. Therefore, understanding the structural changes induced by Ca2+ is of utmost relevance to elucidating the mechanism of calcium signal transduction. Here, we show that the fluorescence emission and excitation spectra of the calcium luminescent analog Tb3+ is enhanced upon binding to the EF-hand of KChIP3, likely due to a mechanism of energy transfer between Phe/Trp and Tb3+. We also observe that unlike Tb3+ bound calmodulin, the luminescence lifetime of terbium bound to KChIP3 decays as a complex multiexponential (τaverage ∼ 1.8 ms) and is sensitive to the protein structure and drug (NS5806) binding. Using isothermal calorimetry we have determined that Tb3+ binds at least to four binding sites (Kd ∼ 2.2 μM) and is able to displace bound Ca2+ through an entropically driven mechanism (ΔH ∼ 3 kcal/mol). Secondary structural analysis of KChIP3 using far-UV CD spectroscopy shows that binding of Tb3+ induces the formation of an intermediate structure with less alpha helical content than that induced by Ca2+. However, using the hydrophobic probe 1,8-ANS we show that the structural changes induced by Tb3+ are large enough to expose a hydrophobic surface on KChIP3 identical to Ca2+ bound protein. Similarly to Ca2+, terbium binding also induces the dimerization of KChIP3. Overall, these results support the use of Tb3+ as an alternative fluorescent label in the study of Ca2+ induced structural changes in KChIP3.
Graphene oxide transport and retention in biochar media

This study explores the use of biochar (BC), an inexpensive filtration media, for removing graphene oxide (GO) contaminants from the aquatic subsurface environments. Mass balance approaches and column dissection tests were used to analyze the retention behavior of GO in a series of model fixed-bed columns as a function of ionic strength (IS) and flowrate. The column based on the biochar media (BC) displayed 3.6-fold higher retention compared to the quartz sand (control). To overcome the challenges of unfavorable electrostatic interactions between GO and BC, we used a facile functionalization strategy to modify the BC surfaces with nanoscale zero-valent iron (BC-nZVI). The BC-nZVI (5:1, w/w) retained 2.6-fold higher amounts of GO compared with bare biochar. Furthermore, the performance of BC-nZVI increased with decreasing values of IS, attributed to the attachment of GO to nZVI where nZVI was partially dissolved by the presence of higher chloride ion at high IS. A better GO retention (86%) at higher IS was observed in BC where the GO was primarily retained due to the higher aggregation via straining.
Optimal carbon partitioning helps reconcile the apparent divergence between optimal and observed canopy profiles of photosynthetic capacity

Photosynthetic capacity per unit irradiance is greater, and the marginal carbon revenue of water (∂A/∂E) is smaller, in shaded leaves than sunlit leaves, apparently contradicting optimization theory. I tested the hypothesis that these patterns arise from optimal carbon partitioning subject to biophysical constraints on leaf water potential. In a whole plant model with two canopy modules, I adjusted carbon partitioning, nitrogen partitioning and leaf water potential to maximize carbon profit or canopy photosynthesis, and recorded how gas exchange parameters compared between shaded and sunlit modules in the optimum. The model predicted that photosynthetic capacity per unit irradiance should be larger, and ∂A/∂E smaller, in shaded modules compared to sunlit modules. This was attributable partly to radiation-driven differences in evaporative demand, and partly to differences in hydraulic conductance arising from the need to balance marginal returns on stem carbon investment between modules. The model verified, however, that invariance in the marginal carbon revenue of N (∂A/∂N) is in fact optimal. The Cowan-Farquhar optimality solution (invariance of ∂A/∂E) does not apply to spatial variation within a canopy. The resulting variation in carbon-water economy explains differences in capacity per unit irradiance, reconciling optimization theory with observations.
Projected Estimates of Opioid Mortality After Community-Level Interventions.

Importance The United States is experiencing a crisis of opioid overdose. In response, the US Department of Health and Human Services has defined a goal to reduce overdose mortality by 40% by 2022. Objective To identify specific combinations of 3 interventions (initiating more people to medications for opioid use disorder [MOUD], increasing 6-month retention with MOUD, and increasing naloxone distribution) associated with at least a 40% reduction in opioid overdose in simulated populations. Design, Setting, and Participants This decision analytical model used a dynamic population-level state-transition model to project outcomes over a 2-year horizon. Each intervention scenario was compared with the counterfactual of no intervention in simulated urban and rural communities in Massachusetts. Simulation modeling was used to determine the associations of community-level interventions with opioid overdose rates. The 3 examined interventions were initiation of more people to MOUD, increasing individuals’ retention with MOUD, and increasing distribution of naloxone. Data were analyzed from July to November 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures Reduction in overdose mortality, medication treatment capacity needs, and naloxone needs. Results No single intervention was associated with a 40% reduction in overdose mortality in the simulated communities. Reaching this goal required use of MOUD and naloxone. Achieving a 40% reduction required that 10% to 15% of the estimated OUD population not already receiving MOUD initiate MOUD every month, with 45% to 60%% retention for at least 6 months, and increased naloxone distribution. In all feasible settings and scenarios, attaining a 40% reduction in overdose mortality required that in every month, at least 10% of the population with OUD who were not currently receiving treatment initiate an MOUD. Conclusions and Relevance In this modeling study, only communities with increased capacity for treating with MOUD and increased MOUD retention experienced a 40% decrease in overdose mortality. These findings could provide a framework for developing community-level interventions to reduce opioid overdose death.
The Meaning of Soul: Black Music and Resilience Since the 1960s: by Emily Lordi, Durham, NC, Duke University Press, 2020, x, 232 pp., $25.95 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-4780-0959-7

The Meaning of Soul: Black Music and Resilience Since the 1960s is concerned with the histories of soul music and Black American lives. Yet, what Emily Lordi’s research has to say about the America...
The Top 50 Most-Cited Knee Arthroscopy Studies.

Purpose To objectively identify the 50 most influential studies in knee arthroscopy and provide an analysis of their key characteristics. Methods The Clarivate Analytics Web of Knowledge database was used to gather data and metrics of knee arthroscopy research. The search list was sorted by the number of citations, and articles were included or excluded based on relevance to knee arthroscopy. The information extracted for each article included author name, publication year, country of origin, journal name, article type, and the level of evidence. Results For these 50 studies, the total number of citations was calculated to be 12,168, with an average of 243.4 citations per paper. The most-cited article was cited 1,220 times. The 50 studies included in this analysis were published between 1972 and 2013. All 50 articles were published in English and came from 10 different orthopaedic journals. The United States was responsible for the majority of articles (n = 26); however, many other countries were represented. The most prevalent study designs were case series (n = 20). Conclusions The 50 most influential articles in knee arthroscopy were cited a total of 12,168 times. The study designs most commonly used were case series and cohort studies. This article serves as a reference to direct orthopaedic practitioners to the 50 most influential studies in knee arthroscopy. We hope that these 50 studies and the analysis we provide help health care professionals efficiently assess consensus, trends, and needs within the field. Clinical Relevance This analysis of the 50 most influential studies in knee arthroscopy will provide medical students, residents, fellows, and attending physicians with a comprehensive inventory and citation analysis of the most impactful academic contributions to one of the most important fields within orthopaedic surgery.
Ratios Tell a Story—2017

This case challenges students to review a series of corporate financial metrics and to match each of them with an industry in a list of 13 industries. Excerpt UVA-C-2410 Jun. 28, 2018 Ratios Tell A Story—2017 It has been said that a picture is worth a thousand words. There is no doubt that we each have experienced that phenomenon. In a similar fashion, it is also true that numbers convey information, and, in purposeful combinations, they can actually tell a story. Indeed, when a physician counsels patients regarding their high blood pressure number in concert with a bad cholesterol ratio (total cholesterol #/good cholesterol #), the story is not good news, and corrective lifestyle behaviors are likely to be discussed. Similarly, a person's weight in combination with their height can reveal obesity. A baseball pitcher's earned run average in combination with his strikeouts per nine innings can provide insights into a mediocre or a dominant performance. An elementary school's teacher/student ratio, in part, indicates the instructional attention each student receives. Numerous other examples are prevalent and common in our daily lives. Over time, we embrace the usefulness of those measures and develop comfort and competence with them as inputs into our interpretations of things around us and about us. Likewise, over time, the companies we are interested in understanding and evaluating are frequently subjected to an array of numerical indicators that point to a strength, concern, uniqueness, and/or direction. Each indicator has its own focus and interpretation. Financial ratios are a large subset of corporate indicators that are of interest to business observers. Singly, and in combination, financial ratios tell a story. They present a picture that we are wise to learn how to interpret. Is Facebook more or less reliant on debt than Microsoft? To what extent did American Airlines passenger revenue increase or decrease this year, and how did that compare to Delta Air Lines? In what financial ways is Under Armour similar to Nike? Is Bank of America more or less optimistic about the collectability of its loan portfolio than Wells Fargo? Numbers, and financial ratios in particular, can help answer such questions. To embark on a task of corporate financial analysis, it is important to note that corporate financial performance and condition vary among companies for a number of reasons. One reason for the variation can be traced to the characteristics of the industries in which companies operate. For example, some industries require large investments in property, plant, and equipment (PP&E), while others require very little. In some industries, the competitive product-pricing structure permits companies to earn significant profits per sales dollar, while in other industries the product-pricing structure necessitates a much lower profit margin. In most low-margin industries, however, companies often experience a relatively high rate of product throughput (i.e., turnover). . . .
Spectroscopic investigation of dysprosium doped BaF2 single crystals pertaining to the 3 µm mid-IR laser potential

We present the results of a comprehensive spectroscopic investigation pertaining to laser potential evaluation of the 3-micron Dy3+ mid-IR transition in the low-maximum phonon energy host barium fluoride (BaF2). This investigation involved absorption, fluorescence, and decay time measurements, recorded for a range of temperatures. Laser-relevant parameters such as absorption and stimulated-emission cross sections, quantum-efficiencies, and radiative lifetimes were determined for room temperature (300 K) and liquid nitrogen temperature. The peak stimulated emission cross section was found to be 0.45×10−20 cm2 at room temperature and 1.58×10−20 cm2 at 77 K. The gain cross sections, predictive of laser potential, were also derived. Finally, an examination of the nature of the non-radiative decay rates as a function of temperature was performed, showing the degree to which multi-phonon relaxation and other non-radiative pathways affect the overall fluorescence behavior.
A Capacity Achieving MIMO Detector Based on Stochastic Sampling

Spatial-multiplexing multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems have been developed and enhanced over the past two decades. In particular, a great amount of effort has gone towards development of capacity achieving detectors with affordable computational complexity. The developed detectors may be broadly divided into two classes: (i) deterministic sampling, such as list sphere decoding detector; and (ii) stocastic sampling, such as those based on Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) search schemes. This paper proposes a novel detection scheme that is based on stochastic sampling, but is fundamentally different from the MCMC detectors. While MCMC follows a set of sequential sampling steps, hence, the sample sets obtained are highly correlated, the method proposed in this paper takes stochastic samples that are completely independent. This new approach of stochastic sampling leads to a detector with significantly reduced complexity. It also allows reduction in the detector latency.
A Teaching Assistant's Guide to Managing Behaviour in the Classroom

1. The Role of the Teaching Assistant 2. Explanations and Strategies 3. The Student Who Is Never in Their Seat 4. The Student Who Disrupts Other Students 5. The Student Who Continually Talks Out of Turn 6. The Student Who Uses Inappropriate Language 7. The Student Who Refuses to Do What Is Asked 8. The Student Who Has Difficulty Controlling Their Anger
Correction of burst errors containing bit slippages for cyclic block codes

A technique is presented for correction of an (n,k) cyclic block code subjected to a noise disturbance consisting of an arbitrary number of both bit deletions and bit inversions contained within a single error burst. Following the procedure described by Meggitt (1961), the correction of a b-bit burst is attempted by first loading the initial error syndrome into an (n-k) order feedback shift register with taps selected for the code's generating polynomial; the register is then successively shifted one bit position in the direction of lower order. The discussion covers burst correction with m-bit deletion, burst/deletion decoder implementation, false correction probability, and bit slippage involving bit insertions. The principal elements of the burst/deletion correction decoder are presented in schematic form.
A Tracking Algorithm for Dense Target Environments

A tracking algorithm operating in a dense target environment is described. This algorithm is designed for a passive optical (angle only) sensor handling a very large number of targets. For the application considered, the sensor has limited angular resolution and the sampling rate is exceedingly low. To further complicate the algorithm design issues, the underlying system is nearly unobservable. The standard extended Kalman filter is not applicable in this case; an iterative maximum likelihood estimator must be used.
Concept-Based Document Recommendations for CiteSeer Authors

The information explosion in today's electronic world has created the need for information filtering techniques that help users filter out extraneous content to identify the right information they need to make important decisions. Recommender systems are one approach to this problem, based on presenting potential items of interest to a user rather than requiring the user to go looking for them. In this paper, we propose a recommender system that recommends research papers of potential interest to authors known to the CiteSeer database. For each author participating in the study, we create a user profile based on their previously published papers. Based on similarities between the user profile and profiles for documents in the collection, additional papers are recommended to the author. We introduce a novel way of representing the user profiles as trees of concepts and an algorithm for computing the similarity between the user profiles and document profiles using a tree-edit distance measure. Experiments with a group of volunteers show that our concept-based algorithm provides better recommendations than a traditional vector-space model based technique.
Cleavage of alkylsilanes by strong acids : IV. The reactions of alkyldimethylfluorosilanes with fluorosulfonic acid

Abstract The kinetics of cleavage of alkyl groups and fluorine from five alkyldimethylfluorosilanes by fluorosulfonic acid dissolved in methylene chloride has been studied with proton magnetic resonance. Competitive cleavage of alkyl, methyl and fluoro occurs to form three products. A mechanism is proposed based on the third order kinetics which involves the formation of a pentacoordinate intermediate through nucleophilic attack of fluorosulfonic acid at silicon followed by electrophilic attack α to silicon.
Classification of Countries Based on ICT Infastructure, Skills and Growth: The Role of ICT Capacity in Emerging Economies

It is generally accepted that the capacity of a country’s information and communication technology capability can potentially bring about development. While this has been true in some countries, the same benefits to economic development from ICT infrastructures have not accrued in other countries. This is particularly the case with emerging economies as their populations with low to middle capita incomes are particularly susceptible to opportunities and risks brought about by ICTs. There is still much to be known about why this is the case. This paper makes a contribution in that direction by classifying a set of countries based on their ICT infrastructures, skills and growth rates. It analyzes a dataset of 183 countries using a k-Means multivariate clustering technique to arrive at a classification of countries. A comparative analysis of the clusters revealed that ICT infrastructure and skills are interrelated and comprise ICT capacity. The analysis suggests that economic growth does not always follow the existence of ICT capacity in emerging economies but skills do effect their ability to grow from their ICT infrastructures. The clusters were mapped based on their ICT capacity and growth to highlight the differences in their ICT capacity. The contribution of the paper is in the development of the ICT Capacity construct and in uncovering two types of emerging economies with two different levels of ICT capacity. This has implications for further investigation of how ICT infrastructures are used to develop and source skills from emerging economies.
Ultra-low power circuit techniques for miniaturized sensor nodes

Interest in miniaturized wireless sensor nodes has been growing rapidly over past years. These microsystems have unlimited potential applications, particularly in the sensing area. However, limited battery capacity and energy sources due to very small form factor leads to many design challenges. This paper highlights recent low power circuit techniques for miniaturized systems and demonstrates implementation of a millimeter-scale ultra-low power sensor node.
The Role of Dendritic Cells, B Cells, and M Cells in Gut-Oriented Immune Responses

Although induction of T cell responses to fed Ag (oral tolerance) is thought to happen within the organized lymphoid tissue of the gut, we found that mice lacking Peyer's patches, B cells, and the specialized Ag-handling M cells had no defect in the induction of T cell responses to fed Ag, whether assayed in vitro by T cell proliferation or cytokine production, or in vivo by delayed-type hypersensitivity or bystander suppression against mycobacterial Ags in CFA. Feeding of Ag had a major influence on dendritic cells from fed wild-type or muMT mice, such that these APCs were able to elicit a different class of response from naive T cells in vitro. These results suggest that systemic immune responses to soluble oral Ags do not require an organized gut-associated lymphoid tissue but are most likely induced by gut-conditioned dendritic cells that function both to initiate the gut-oriented response and to impart the characteristic features that discriminate it from responses induced parenterally.
Toward whole-system dynamic analysis for ARM-based mobile devices

The ARM architecture is presently the chipset of choice for today's smartphones - this demand has spurred new advances in functionality and services, and as the number of smartphones increases, so has the number of applications being migrated to them. As a result, the amount of malware targeting them will also increase. We present our preliminary work on an ARM-based dynamic profiling platform that allows analysts to study malware that targets ARM-based smartphone systems.
Genetic Engineering as an Approach to Xenotransplantation

A discordant organ xenograft, such as a heart or kidney transplanted from pig to human, is rejected within 1 to 2 hours by a process called hyperacute rejection (HAR) caused in large or full measure by preexisting host xenoreactive natural antibodies (XNAs) and complement. HAR can be averted by blocking either complement or XNAs; but the xenograft is then rejected at 3 to 4 days by a process called delayed xenograft rejection (DXR), which can occur without the presence of T cells. DXR involves type II endothelial cell (EC) activation (the phase of activation that includes up-regulation of proinflammatory genes in the EC), infiltration into the graft of host monocytes and natural killer cells (both of which appear to be activated), and a complex cytokine picture. We discuss in this paper various approaches that might help prevent DXR, after which we assume that one would still have to deal with a xenograft counterpart of the T cell-mediated allograft rejection response. The approach to avoiding DXR focuses largely on genetic engineering of the ECs in the graft.
Minority Language Use among Grandchildren in Multigenerational Households

This study attempts to answer the research question, Does living with grandparents influence minority language maintenance among grandchildren? The conventional three-generation model of language shift portrays a shift occurring from one generation to the next. However, this model overlooks the ties between nonconsecutive generations and implies that minority language loss occurs between parents and children and that grandparents are superfluous. Using the Census 2000 Supplementary Survey (C2SS), I examine the role of grandparents in minority language maintenance among their grandchildren. The findings of this study suggest that living with non-English-speaking grandparents influences grandchildren's minority language use in multigenerational households. In particular, the presence of non-English-speaking grandmothers has a stronger effect on grandchildren's minority language use than does the presence of grandfathers. This study contributes to ther understanding of the three-generation model of language ...
Artifacts In Kirchho Common Image Gathers

Strongly refracting velocity structure produces image artifacts in prestack Kirchho depth migration, i.e. coherent re ectivity not corresponding to actual re ectors. This e ect occurs when the velocity is exactly correct, for any binning scheme (common source, common o set, common angle). In particular, image gathers produced by prestack Kirchho migration are not at even when the velocity is correct. This result casts doubt on the prospects for Kirchho based migration velocity analysis in regions of strong lateral heterogeneity.
Pathophysiology of medication overuse headache: insights and hypotheses from preclinical studies.

Introduction: Medication overuse headache (MOH) is a clinical concern in the management of migraine headache. MOH arises from the frequent use of medications used for the treatment of a primary headache. Medications that can cause MOH include opioid analgesics as well as formulations designed for the treatment of migraine, such as triptans, ergot alkaloids, or drug combinations that include caffeine and barbiturates.Literature review: Gathering evidence indicates that migraine patients are more susceptible to development of MOH, and that prolonged use of these medications increases the prognosis for development of chronic migraine, leading to the suggestion that similar underlying mechanisms may drive both migraine headache and MOH. In this review, we examine the link between several mechanisms that have been linked to migraine headache and a potential role in MOH. For example, cortical spreading depression (CSD), associated with migraine development, is increased in frequency with prolonged use of topira...
Production of Odd-Numbered Carbon Fatty Acids from Propionate by Mice

SMALL amounts of fatty acids containing an odd number of carbon atoms have been isolated from the depot fat of ruminants1–5. The development of the gas chromatography procedure for analysis of the methyl esters of the fatty acids enabled the detection of trace amounts of the odd-numbered acids in the fats of non-ruminants6,7. Since fatty acids containing an odd number of carbon atoms presumably arise from the condensation of propionate and acetate derivatives8, it would seem possible to increase these acids in the depot fats of animals by feeding propionate. This was achieved in the experiment reported herein.
Eleven consecutive years of respiratory syncytial virus outbreaks in Croatia.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of severe lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in infants. The aim of the study was to analyze the epidemiologic characteristics of RSV outbreaks in Croatian children. Over a period of 11 consecutive years (1994-2005), 3, 435 inpatients with acute respiratory infections (ARI) who were newborn to 10 years of age and were residing in Zagreb County were tested for infection with RSV and other respiratory viruses at the Virology Department, Croatian National Institute of Public Health. RSV was identified in nasopharyngeal secretions of these patients by isolation in cell culture and/or detection with monoclonal antibodies using a direct fluorescence assay. RSV was the most common causative agent of ARI (42.2% ; 658/1, 559) for the infants 0-6 months of age. It was also the etiologic agent of LRTI in 49% (495/1, 010) of infants of similar age. RSV was demonstrated in 56.5% (382/676) of infants with bronchiolitis, and in 36.5% (49/134) of those with pneumonia in this age group. Our data demonstrate that the overall prevalence of RSV infection in Croatian children with acute respiratory illness, and its occurrence in various age groups, remained stable over the past decade. RSV was found to be the most common cause of bronchiolitis occurring throughout childhood (52.7% ; 482/913).
Quantitative analysis of generation and branch defects in G5 poly(amidoamine) dendrimer.

Although methods have been developed to synthesize and isolate generation 5 (G5) PAMAM dendrimers containing precise numbers of ligands per polymer particle, the presence of skeletal and generational defects in this material can substantially hamper the process. Here we provide a quantitative analysis of G5 PAMAM dendrimer defects via high performance liquid chromatography, potentiometric titration, mass spectrometry, size exclusion chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance. We identified, isolated, and characterized the major structural defects of G5 dendrimer, trailing generations, and dimer, trimer, and tetramer species. We determine that the G5 material present in the as-received mixture contains 93 arms on average. We have developed two model systems capable of generating the experimentally observed mass range and polydispersity at defect rates of 8–15%.
An Age-Dependent Change in the Response of Fern Gametophytes to Red Light

When gametophytes of Onoclea sensibilis are grown in darkness a filament of a few cells develops which elongates at a constant rate. Low dosages of red light given at the beginning of growth increase the rate of elongation. After about 12 days in darkness, however, gametophytes show a decreased growth rate when given red light.
Synthesis of titania-coated silica nanoparticles using a nonionic water-in-oil microemulsion

Abstract Titania-coated silica nanoparticles were prepared by controlled hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and titanium n-butoxide (TBOT) in Triton X-45/cyclohexane H2O reverse (water-in-oil) microemulsions. The pH of the microemulsion plays a key role in the coating of titania (TiO2) on silica (SiO2) nanoparticles. TiO2 loading up to 10 wt.% on SiO2 nanoparticles was detected by SEM-EDS. Quasielastic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the size and morphology of synthesized nanoparticles.
Self-organization and ordering in nanocrystalline Si/SiO2 superlattices

Abstract The solid phase crystallization of nanometer-thick layers of disordered Si confined between layers of amorphous SiO 2 has been achieved using high temperature annealing. For ultrathin Si layers (∼1– 3 nm thick) crystallization was not possible even after extensive annealing at temperatures up to 1100°C, because of the high strain fields introduced by the SiO 2 layers. However, for thicker layers (∼4– 20 nm thick) a variety of Si nanocrystals ranging in shape from spheres to bricks could be spontaneously formed and, in suitable cases, oriented along the 〈1 1 1〉 crystallographic direction. This formation of organized nanocrystals is an important step towards the construction of Si/SiO 2 quantum devices.
High temperature adsorption of CO2 on various hydrotalcite-like compounds

A study was conducted to describe and quantify how substitution of the divalent cation and interlayer charge compensating anions affect the CO2 adsorptive capacity of various hydrotalcite-like compounds (HTlcs). Physical and chemical properties of the HTlcs were evaluated using a number of methods and the CO2 adsorption rate and capacity were measured at elevated temperature (603 K). The results showed that the synthetic analogue of the naturally occurring hydrotalcite mineral, [Mg0.73Al0.27(OH)2](CO3)0.13⋅xH2O, had the best overall adsorption capacity and kinetics. The stability of the adsorption capacity was tested by subjecting the model HTlc to 10 equilibrium adsorption and desorption cycles. At the end of the cycle, the HTlc had maintained approximately sixty-five percent of its initial capacity. Temperature programmed desorption of CO2 was used to quantify the surface basicity of the various HTlcs. The results showed that the reversible physisorption portion of the CO2 isotherm was correlated to the number of surface basic sites on the HTlcs.
Salt-Water Upconing in an Aquifer Overlain by a Leaky Confining Bed

Salt-water upconing that occurs in an aquifer overlain by a leaky confining bed is described in terms of an analytical model that assumes the existence of a sharp interface between the fresh water and salt water and the occurrence of a critical rise in the interface, above which only an unstable cone can exist. Drawdown is calculated along the salt-water/fresh-water interface due to pumping from a well that partially penetrates the fresh-water zone, and then the Ghyben-Herzberg relation is used to calculate the steady-state rise in the interface, which is assumed to be small compared to the thickness of the aquifer. The interface rise and the critical pumping rate (Qc) are determined in terms of aquifer and confining bed properties and the degree of penetration of the pumping well into the fresh-water zone. The critical rise is assumed to occur when the interface rise is equal to 0.3 times the distance from the original interface location to the bottom of the well. Based on the analytical model, the nondimensional critical pumping rate increases as the ratio of vertical to horizontal hydraulic conductivity (Kz/ Kr) is decreased, and it decreases as the degree of well penetration (t/b) is increased. As an example application, Qc was calculated using site-specific data from a test well in Pasco County, Florida. A value of Qc= 4.28 × 105 cubic feet per day was determined by assuming that Kz/Kr= 1.0. If Kz/Kr were subsequently determined to be less than or greater than 1.0, then the estimated value of Qc would be increased or decreased, respectively.
The recursive aggregate interaction matrix algorithm for multiple scatterers

The recursive aggregate interaction matrix algorithm (RAIMA) for calculating a wave scattering solution is developed. This algorithm combines the strength of both the recursive aggregate T matrix algorithm (RATMA) and the recursive interaction matrix algorithm (RIMA) that have been previously developed. The resultant algorithm is robust for scattering problems involving highly singular Green's functions by avoiding the violation of the addition theorem. It also has reduced computational complexity for inverting the volume integral equation of scattering. The computational complexity of RAIMA is O(N/sup 7/3/) in three dimensions and O(N/sup 2/) in two dimensions.