cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Continuous-time dynamic system optimum for single-destination traffic networks with queue spillbacks

Dynamic system optimum (DSO) is a special case of the general dynamic traffic assignment (DTA). It predicts the optimal traffic states of a network under time-dependent traffic conditions from the perspective of the entire system. An optimal control framework is proposed in this paper for the continuous-time DSO problem for single-destination traffic networks. Departure time choice is part of this DSO model. Double-queue model is applied to capture the impact of downstream congestion and possible queue spillbacks. Feasibility conditions and model properties are discussed. A constructive procedure to compute a free-flow DSO solution is also proposed. A discretization method is described to the continuous-time systems and numerical results on two test networks are shown.
Does Induced Recovery from Amnesia Represent a Disinhibition Effect

Abstract Induced recovery from amnesia appears similar to disinhibition effects obtained when response strength is weakened in various ways. Therefore, the possibility that reexposure to the amnestic treatment acts as a “disinhibitor” is problematic for a retrieval interpretation of recovery following amnesia. Two experiments examined the question of whether or not hypothermia treatment (i.e., deep body cooling) acts as a disinhibitor for an extinguished fear response in Sprague-Dawley rats. The results of Experiment 1 indicate that deep body cooling did not significantly disinhibit a passive-avoidance response that had previously been extinguished with a 4-min nonreinforced exposure to the shock chamber of the apparatus. Experiment 2 further examined this negative effect by using a modified passive-avoidance procedure and lengthening the extinction session from 4 to 12 min. Similar to Experiment 1, the results of the second experiment also suggested that if the subject's body temperatures were reduced prior to the retention test, no disinhibitory effect of fear conditioning was manifested. These findings support the notion that memory retrieval (i.e., the contextual cue explanation) is the basis for the alleviation of amnesia by reexposure to the amnestic agent.
Central adaptation models of the vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic systems

A theoretical analysis of two models of the vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic systems was performed. Each model contains a filter element in the vestibular periphery to account for peripheral adaptation, and a filter element in the central vestibulooptokinetic circuit to account for central adaptation. Both models account for1 adaptation, i.e. a response decay to a constant angular acceleration input, in both peripheral vestibular afferent and vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) responses and2 the reversal phases of optokinetic after-nystagmus (OKAN) and the VOR and3 oscillatory behavior such as periodic alternating nystagmus. The two models differ regarding the order of their VOR transfer function. Also, they predict different OKAN patterns following a prolonged optokinetic stimulus. These models have behavioral implications and suggest future experiments.
Spin excitations of a model itinerant ferromagnetic film: Spin waves, Stoner excitations, and spin-polarized electron-energy-loss spectroscopy.

We discuss the spin excitations of a simple model of an ultrathin ferromagnetic film, in which the magnetic moment bearing electrons are itinerant in character. The one-band Hubbard model, treated in mean-field theory, forms the basis of the discussion. The spin excitations are treated by means of the random-phase approximation. We find spin-wave modes of standing wave character, and a spectrum of Stoner excitations influenced strongly by size effects. While the dispersion relations of the standing spin-wave modes appear as expected from a localized-spin model, there are substantive differences between the itinerant- and localized-spin cases. An example is the number of spin-wave modes evident in the appropriate spectral density functions, for each wave vector. We use a previously developed formalism of spin-polarized electron-energy-loss scattering (SPEELS) to compute SPEELS spectra for our model film. In addition to a broad feature with origin in Stoner excitations, we find clear and relatively intense spin-wave loss peaks.
Relationship between the Scaling of the Acid Strength of Lewis Sites by EPR and NMR Probes

While numerous techniques have been successful for scaling the acid strength of Bronsted sites, the situation is not satisfactory at all, for the Lewis acid sites. This is most unfortunate, since Lewis sites are present in most acid catalysts. This contribution aims to show that the simultaneous use of EPR and NMR probes suggests solutions to the problem of scaling the acid strength of Lewis sites. As shown previously, the hyperfine splitting of the EPR spectrum of the aniline radical cation or of the O−2 superoxide ion is a measurement of the strength of the electron acceptor site. Other researchers have suggested the shielding of the 31P nucleus and the shift of its resonance lines in chemisorbed trimethylphosphine (TMP) as a measurement of the Lewis acid strength. The comparison of the scaling obtained on a set of superacids, namely, and in the decreasing order of acidity, the sulfated derivatives of ZrO2, HfO2, Al2O3 and TiO2, by either the EPR or the NMR probes gives interesting information. While very strong Lewis acid centers in sulfated ZrO2 and HfO2 are revealed by 31P downfield shifted resonance lines, no such lines are observed in sulfated Al2O3 or TiO2 or zeolites (such as dealuminated mordenite) which contains strong Lewis acid centers. In the latter samples, the most downfleld shifted line corresponds to that generally assigned to TMPH+. Measurement of 31P relaxation rates suggests that TMP has a more restricted mobility on strong than on weak Lewis sites. They also show that the origin of the relaxation in TMPH+ is ambiguous: either the mobility of TMPH+ is very restricted and/or the extraproton is not as close to the phosphorus as anticipated.
Abused Mothers' Safety Concerns and Court Mediators' Custody Recommendations.

This study adds to research on family court’s response to custody in the context of intimate partner abuse (IPA). Mediation is often used to assist family court with custody negotiation; however, debate exists in the field regarding its use when IPA exists. The following study examines experiences with court mediation among a sample of victimized mothers who divorced abusive husbands. Mixed-method data were collected from 19 women. Findings demonstrate that abuse is rarely considered in custody recommendations, as most court mediators prefer joint custody. Implications for the ongoing debate, as well as future directions for research, are discussed.
Effect of sulfur rate, application method, and source on yield and mineral content of corn

Abstract Corn (Zea mays L.) grown on sandy Coastal Plain soils may be subject to sulfur (S) deficiency due to the low levels of available S in the soil. The diagnosis of S deficiency in the field is sometimes ambiguous since mineralization of soil organic matter or root growth into the subsoil may supply adequate S to the crop. Yield response to S fertilizers has been more frequent since incidental additions of S to the soil by air pollution and fertilizer applications have been reduced. This study was conducted to identify S deficiency in corn grown on sandy Coastal Plain soils and to determine the effects of S source, rate and method of application on grain yield. Irrigated corn was grown on Norfolk loamy sand and Tifton loamy sand near Leesburg and Moultrie, Georgia, respectively in 1987. Grain yields were increased with addition of 11 kg S ha‐1 compared to the check treatment. Increased rates of S up to 88 kg ha‐1 did not increase grain yields above the 11 kg ha‐1 rate. There was no difference between...
Identification of the heterozygous state for the alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency gene in man.

Alpha1-antitrypsin (α1-at) of individuals homozygous for a gene determining low serum concentrations of this protein can be distinguished electrophoretically from α1-at of homozygotes for the more common gene. Heterozygotes possess both electrophoretic species, and they may have α1-at levels intermediate between those of both homozygotes or may be in the range of the homozygotes for the common gene. The frequency of the gene determining a deficiency of α1-at in a population sample of 100 individuals was 0.075.
The magnetic flux in the quiet sun network

The Ca ii K line emission from the quiet Sun network does not vary with the 11-year cycle (White and Livinston, 1981). We confirm this result from direct magnetic measurements. This effect is not simply explained by present empirical models of the evolution of surface magnetic fields.
POU/TBP Cooperativity: A Mechanism for Enhancer Action from a Distance

Enhancers when functioning at a distance cannot effectively stimulate transcription from core promoters. We demonstrate that this is due to the inability of enhancer-bound activators to recruit TBP to a distal TATA box. Surprisingly, binding of a transcriptionally inert Oct-1 POU domain near a core promoter enables an enhancer to function from a distance. POU activity neither requires the coactivator OCA-B nor the interaction of TBP with TFIIA. Instead, the POU domain directly facilitates TBP recruitment to the promoter utilizing a bipartite interaction surface. These results establish that an interaction between the DNA binding domain of an activator and TBP can be used to stimulate transcription. Furthermore, they suggest a mechanism for long-range enhancer function in which a TBP complex is preassembled on a promoter via localized recruitment and then acted upon by distal activators.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue: Experience with 86 consecutive cases

Charts from 86 patients treated for carcinoma of the tongue were reviewed to identify strategies that might improve patient outcome. Seventy-one patients (83%) were black and 69 patients (80%) were male. Overall 2- and 5-year survival rates were 20% and 12%, with stage-specific 2-year survivals of 71% (I and II, n = 7), 33% (III, n = 15), and 11% (IV, n = 64) (P < 0.01). Patients with well-differentiated tumors (n = 27) had a higher 2-year survival than that of the others (n = 53, 30% vs. 11%, P = 0.05). Six were unclassified. Twenty-three (27%) patients underwent primary surgical resection and lymphadenectomy with or without adjuvant therapy. Two-year overall and disease-free survivals were 43% and 26%, respectively. Fifty (58%) patients received radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy, achieving 2-year overall and disease-free survivals of 12% and 6% (P < 0.01). The remaining 13 patients received chemotherapy alone or no treatment and survived an average of 6 months. Distant metastasis were diagnosed in 14 patients (16%). Tongue carcinoma in this socioeconomic setting was characterized by late diagnosis and poor prognosis. Degree of tumor differentiation, disease stage, and treatment modality seemed to correlate with prognosis. Surgery, when possible, achieved superior results for disease control and survival. While cancer prevention efforts are critical, steps to identify high-risk groups to implement early detection programs may help improve outcome for these patients.
Emission Measurements from a Crude Oil Tanker at Sea

This work presents an all-inclusive set of regulated and nonregulated emission factors for the main propulsion engine (ME), auxiliary engine (AE) and an auxiliary boiler on a Suezmax class tanker while operating at sea. The data include criteria pollutants (carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and particulate matter), a greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide), the principal speciated hydrocarbons needed for human health risk assessments, and a detailed analysis of the PM into its primary constituents (ions, elements, organic, and elemental carbon). Measurements followed ISO 8178-1 methods with modifications described in the paper. The vessel burned two fuels: a heavy fuel oil in the ME and boiler and a distillate fuel in the AE. The weighted NO(x) emissions for the ME and AE are 19.87 +/- 0.95 and 13.57 +/- 0.31 g/kWh, respectively. The weighted PM mass emissions factor is 1.60 +/- 0.08 g/kWh for the ME and 0.141 +/- 0.005 g/kWh for the AE, with the sulfate content of the PM being the root cause for the difference. For the ME, sulfate with associated water is about 75% of total PM mass, and the organic carbon ranges from 15 to 25% of the PM mass. A deeper analysis showed that the conversion of fuel sulfur to sulfate in the ME ranged from 1.4to 5%. This article also provides emission factors for selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy alkanes, carbonyls, light hydrocarbon species, metals, and ions for the ME, AE, and the boiler.
Charge Trapping in Sic Power MOSFETs and its Consequences for Robust Reliability Testing

Threshold voltage (VT) instability remains an important issue for the performance, reliability, and qualification of SiC power MOSFET devices. The direct application of existing reliability test standards to SiC power MOSFETs can in some cases result in an inconsistent pass/fail response for a given device. To ensure SiC MOSFET device reliability, some modifications to existing test methods may be necessary..
Bis[(m-chloro)copper(II)] Amethyrin: A Bimetallic Copper(II) Complex of an Expanded Porphyrin.

The preparation of a bis-copper(II) complex of an expanded porphyrin is described. A single-crystal X-ray structural analysis of this complex showed the two metal centers to lie within the mean plane of the macrocycle with a rather short interatomic distance of 2.761(1) A. The two metal centers are formally in the +2 oxidation state and are weakly antiferromagnetically coupled. The overall complex is thus dianionic.
Theory of influence of a low-volatility, soluble impurity on spherically-symmetric combustion of fuel droplets

Analyses are given for the evolution of liquid-phase mass fraction profiles and temperature during combustion of fuel droplets composed of binary miscible mixtures of low-volatility and high-volatility constituents, with small initial mass fractions of the low-volatility material, or slow introduction of low-volatility material into the liquid phase by absorption from the gas phase. The gas phase is assumed to remain quasi-steady and the liquid temperature spatially uniform. The ratio of the liquid-phase diffusion coefficient to the initial burning-rate constant is treated as a small parameter. Asymptotic analyses in this parameter are developed, and the conservation equations are integrated numerically in obtaining descriptions of the combustion history. It is shown that at the surface of the droplet a boundary layer arises in which the mass fraction of the low-volatility component increases with time. The results are used to explain qualitatively some observed conditions of flame contraction and liquid disruption in droplet combustion.
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma: outcome and prognostic factors following conservation surgery and radiotherapy

Purpose : Malignant fibrous histiocytoma is the most common type of soft tissue sarcoma. This communication presents an analysis of outcome and prognostic factors based on a retrospective review of patients with this disease treated by conservation surgery and radiotherapy. Methods and Materials : From 1966 to 1991, 271 consecutive patients with malignant fibrous histiocytoma were treated with conservation surgery and radiotherapy. The outcome with local control, metastatic relapse, and survival as end points was evaluated by univariate and multivariate statistics to delineate independently significant prognostic factors. Results : Postoperative radiation at a mean dose of 62.8 Gy was used in 195 patients and preoperative radiation at a mean dose of 50 Gy was used in 76 patients. At a median follow-up of 7.3 years, 123 patients (45%) developed disease relapse at some site. Fifty-seven (21%) developed local recurrence leading to an actuarial local relapse rate of 26% at 10 years, 83 (31% ) developed metastatic relapse for a 10-year actuarial metastatic rate of 33%, and the 5-, 10-, and 15-year survival rates were 68, 60, and 46%, respectively. For local control, prior local recurrence (in 53 patients) was identified as an adverse factor, yielding a 10-year recurrence rate of 42% compared to 22% for 218 patients without prior disease (p 5 cm), and histology (myxoid vs. nonmyxoid) were not significant determinants of local outcome. For metastatic relapse, the major determinants of outcome were histology (myxoid vs. nonmyxoid) and tumor size. Myxoid tumors (59 patients) had a low metastatic propensity (13% 10-year metastatic rate) compared to nonmyxoid tumors (212 patients) (40% 10-year metastatic rate) (p 5 cm) were the only independent determinants of outcome. Conclusion : Malignant fibrous histiocytoma is a heterogeneous disease and its myxoid variant must be recognized as a distinct entity. Both variants are locally aggressive and require equally aggressive local therapy. Conservation surgery striving for negative margins with radiation therapy provides acceptable local control and is the treatment of choice for this disease. Patients with myxoid tumors do not require systemic therapy ; patients with nonmyxoid disease exceeding 5 cm are at significant risk for metastases and the development of effective adjuvant treatment is an important research goal.
Effect of ethanol on urine output in rats

Experiments were carried out to delineate the effect of ethanol on urine output in rats. Ethanol (0.75-6.0 g/kg IG) had a dose dependent effect on urine output in hydrated animals. Compared to control animals, moderate (1.50, 2.50 g/kg) doses of ethanol administered intragastrically, increased urine volume during the first hour after treatment and decreased urine osmolality. Large doses of ethanol (4-6 g/kg) decreased urine output and increased urine osmolality (at 1 hr post-treatment) compared to a control group. Treatment of rats with 2.5-5.0 g/kg/day ethanol for 15 days produced tolerance to ethanol diuresis. The degree of tolerance was dose related. Significant tolerance developed with 4 days of 5.0 g/kg ethanol treatment. Loss of tolerance was also rapid. Tolerance to ethanol-induced diuresis was no longer evident 3 days after in rats treated with 5.0 g/kg of ethanol daily for 2 weeks.
Local configuration interaction: An efficient approach for larger molecules

Abstract The first full implementation of the localized configuration interaction technique at the variational CI, CEPA-2 and variational CEPA levels is described. Timings are presented for a double-zeta plus polarization calculation on butadiene. The restriction of the correlation space to local basis functions results in a spectacular enhancement of the efficiency of the CI loop. The loss in the correlation energy is only a few percent; we argue that most of the loss is due to the exclusion of intramolecular basis set superposition artifacts.
Effects of Axial Coordination of the Metal Center on the Activity of Iron Tetraphenylporphyrin as a Nonprecious Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction

Effects of axial coordination of the metal center on oxygen reduction catalyzed by iron tetraphenylporphyrin have been studied using spectroelectrochemical and rotating ring disk electrode techniques. Among numerous ligands studied, the strongest complexation of the metal center was observed for imidazole and some substituted imidazole ligands. Around 300 mV positive shift of the oxygen reduction potential in 0.5 M H2SO4 was observed when the catalyst support (high surface area carbon Vulcan XC72) was impregnated with polyvinylimidazole. A smaller 200 mV shift of the reduction potential was recorded when graphene modified with 1-(3-aminopropyl)imidazole was used as the catalyst support instead of Vulcan. In both cases, the catalyst selectivity for four-electron reduction was also substantially improved. The effects of iron complexation on oxygen reduction kinetics and mechanism result from both a positive shift of the potential of the first porphyrin reduction and an increase of the electron density on th...
Will flirting with no‐growth lead to breach of promises?

“A mad hatter's tea party” is the way one reporter describe the October 1975 Limits to Growth Conference. In his view something thoroughly silly was going on at that meeting in Houston. But, as in Alice in Wonderland, whatever nonsense there may have been on the surface, profound matters were the true subject of the conference. Some day that reporter may wake up and wonder how he failed to see the significance of the debate over growth. By that time we could be firmly in the clutches of no‐growth policies.
On the variation of Teichmüller's metric

The main result of this article is the calculation of the first derivative of Teichmuller's metric from an inequality of Reich and Strebel. Furthermore, from the same inequality one is able to calculate information about the difference quotient for the second derivative. From the techniques used here it does not seem possible to determine whether the metric is C2.
Correction to the low-energy scattering of monopoles

Abstract Following Manton, and Atiyah and Hitchin we consider approximating solutions to the dynamic Yang-Mills-Higgs equations by motions on the finite-dimensional space Mk of stable k-monopoles. For initial data transverse to Mk the approximate motion will not be geodesic motion but instead will be motion in an effective potential on Mk.
Diagnostic Yield of Muscle Biopsy in Patients With Clinical Evidence of Mitochondrial Cytopathy

We retrospectively reviewed 118 muscle biopsy specimens from 113 patients with clinical and/or biochemical evidence of mitochondrial cytopathy. Light microscopic evaluation revealed histologic abnormalities in 65 specimens. The most common histologic findings included angular atrophic esterase-positive muscle fibers, type II muscle atrophy, regenerating muscle fibers, and scattered cytochrome-oxidase deficient fibers. Ragged red fibers were noted in 3 specimens on a Gomori trichrome stain. Electron microscopic evaluation was performed in 113 muscle specimens, and in 34, no abnormalities were identified. Increased numbers of mitochondria, particularly in the subsarcolemmal region, were identified in 54 specimens. Increased mitochondrial size was seen in 8 specimens and paracrystalline mitochondrial inclusions in 3. Other ultrastructural findings included focally increased glycogen deposition, focal Z-band streaming, and focally increased lipid accumulation. For 39 cases, concomitant skin biopsy specimens were available; abnormalities were identified by electron microscopy in 12. The majority of biopsy specimens demonstrated some light or electron microscopic abnormality. Specific histologic findings suggestive of mitochondrial abnormalities (partial cytochrome oxidase deficiency, ragged red fibers) were noted in a minority of cases. Ultrastructural evidence of mitochondrial abnormalities was noted in the majority of cases.
The influence of competition, cooperation, and player relationship in a motor performance centered computer game

We conducted an experiment to study the effects of goal structure in multiplayer gaming (competition vs. cooperation) and relationship type between players (positive pre-existing relationship [friends] vs. no pre-existing relationship [strangers]) on player motivation (as indicated by perceived effort put into the task), goal commitment, and performance in playing a balloon popping game. The cooperative goal structure was found to lead to greater effort put into the game than the competitive goal structure. In addition, playing with friends resulted in a stronger commitment to the in-game goals than playing with strangers in the cooperative goal structure context, yet no difference was found between playing with friends and playing with strangers with regard to goal commitment in the competitive goal structure context. A moderated mediation relationship was found among the variables. Theoretical contributions to the current literature on goal structure and motivation, practical implications for exergame design, and directions for future research are discussed.
Flavopiridol in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Abstract Whereas chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) responds to therapy, patients invariably experience relapse, and many patients with advanced disease acquire mutation or deletion of the p53 gene, resulting in resistance to most standard therapies. Alemtuzumab is active against p53-deficient CLL but is ineffective against bulky nodal disease and causes significant immunosuppression. Therefore, new therapies for patients with high-risk, relapsed CLL are needed. The synthetic flavone flavopiridol induces apoptosis of CLL cells in vitro, but clinical trials administering flavopiridol by 24–72–hour continuous intravenous (I.V.) infusion observed no clinical activity. Binding to human plasma proteins resulted in inadequate free flavopiridol concentrations with continuous I.V. infusion dosing schedules. Pharmacokinetic modeling indicated that administering flavopiridol by 30-minute I.V. bolus followed by 4-hour continuous I.V. infusion would achieve serum concentrations necessary to induce in vitro apoptosis. A phase I study demonstrated the clinical activity of this novel dosing regimen of flavopiridol in patients with relapsed, genetically high-risk CLL. The dose-limiting toxicity was acute tumor lysis syndrome, which resulted in fatal hyperkalemia in 1 patient. However, flavopiridol can be given safely with close monitoring and aggressive intervention for hyperkalemia, including hemodialysis if necessary. Nineteen of the first 42 patients in the phase I study had a partial response (45%), including 5 of 12 patients (42%) with del(17p13) and 13 of 18 patients (72%) with del(11q22). Ongoing phase II studies are studying modifications to optimize the dose and schedule of administration and to minimize treatment-related toxicities such as transient neutropenia and cytokine release syndrome. Flavopiridol is also being studied in acute leukemias, lymphomas, and solid malignancies.
When it's all Greek: The Importance of Collaborative Information Literacy Outreach Programming to Greek Student Organizations

Abstract This article examines the rationale and benefits of establishing collaborative outreach partnerships between academic librarians and student services professionals to meet the information literacy needs of Greek students. Through a literature review and case study, the authors discuss the realities involved in facilitating this kind of collaboration and its potential to create meaningful co-curricular outreach programming.
Recognition and perception of elder abuse by prehospital and hospital-based care providers

Abstract The purposes of this study were to evaluate the extent of exposure, knowledge and attitudes of prehospital care providers (PCPs) and hospital care providers (HCPs) to elder abuse and neglect. A 20-question survey was designed to determine the providers’ perception, knowledge and ability to identify patients that were potential victims of elder abuse and/or neglect. The surveys were distributed at four Maryland statewide conferences during 2006. A total of 645 surveys were distributed at the start of the individual conferences and 400 completed surveys were returned. Of the respondents, 272 (68.2%) were PCP (emergency medical services = EMSs) and 127 (31.8%) were HCP. During the past 12 months, 51.3% of those surveyed did not have reason to suspect any patients were exposed to abuse or neglect, although 60.5% admitted little or no contact with the elderly. In an attempt to determine respondent's ability to recognize potential abuse and neglect patients, scenario-type questions were used. Respondents believed a decubital ulcer (bedsore) was a positive indicator (83.5%) of abuse/neglect and 92.8% indicated that the elderly could suffer from injuries similar to “shaken-baby syndrome”. When questioned about skin bruises as a possible indicator of abuse, only 69.3% of the respondents identified it as a possible sign of abuse. Seventy-one percent of respondents indicated that burns are not common in the elderly and could be another sign of elder abuse. One-in-three providers indicated they would suspect other reasons (dementia, depression, etc.) for the report of a sexual assault in an elderly patient. Eighty-nine percent of providers were aware that healthcare providers in the State of Maryland are required to report suspected elder and vulnerable patient abuse and/or neglect to law enforcement or social services’ agencies. When asked to define elder abuse as a medical or social problem, 25.0% of providers stated that it was a social problem. Over 95% of the providers suspected the existence of abuse, neglect and domestic violence among the elderly were not rare events. In Maryland, there are a limited number of specific educational programs dealing with abuse and neglect of the elderly. A statewide training program is needed to ensure PCP and HCP can recognize the signs and symptoms of elder abuse and neglect, and to ensure that the providers are aware of their legal requirements for reporting the abuse to the proper state or local agencies.
Water-Soluble Copolymers .65. Environmentally Responsive Associations Probed by Nonradiative Energy Transfer Studies of Naphthalene and Pyrene-Labeled Poly(acrylamide-co-sodium 11-(acrylamido)undecanoate)

The synthesis and photophysical characterization of terpolymers of acrylamide (AM) with the surface-active monomer sodium 11-(acrylamido)undecanoate (SA) and either [(1-naphthyl)methyl]acrylamide or [2-(1-pyrenesulfonamido)ethyl]acrylamide are reported. The pronounced spectral overlap between the excited state of the naphthylmethyl group and the ground state of the pyrenesulfonamido group allows analysis by nonradiative energy transfer (NRET) studies. Pyrene-labeled AM/SA copolymers exhibit strong associative behavior in aqueous solution, as evidenced by the viscosity profile as a function of polymer concentration. The concurrent increase in excimer emission with polymer concentration is reflective of interpolymer association between pyrene groups to form the dimeric excited state. NRET analysis of mixed solutions of naphthalene (NRET donor)- and pyrene (NRET acceptor)-labeled copolymers indicates sensitization of pyrene emission by naphthalene labels. The enhancement in acceptor emission at low polymer c...
Serial axial length measurements in congenital glaucoma

Abstract PURPOSE: To illustrate the utility of axial length measurements in the management of congenital glaucoma. METHODS: Interventional case series. Twelve eyes of six consecutive patients with congenital glaucoma were followed with serial axial length measurements. The axial growth patterns were compared with the normal growth curve. RESULTS: Eight (66.7%) of 12 eyes had initial axial lengths longer than the normal range, and 4 eyes (33.3%) were within the normal range. After surgical intervention with good intraocular pressure control in 10 eyes, 3 eyes showed a decrease of axial length and 7 eyes showed no decrease of axial length, but the axial growth pattern paralleled the normal growth curve. After surgical intervention with poor intraocular pressure control, 2 eyes had axial growth pattern greater than the normal pattern. CONCLUSION: With intraocular pressure control in congenital glaucoma, axial length may decrease or the axial growth pattern may parallel the normal growth curve. Axial length measurements may be useful to monitor the control of congenital glaucoma.
Knowledge Flows in the Global Innovation System: Do U.S. Firms Share More Scientific Knowledge than their Japanese Rivals?

In this paper, I test the common assumption that Japanese firms strive to appropriate knowledge from the global scientific community while sharing little in return. I found no support for this conventional perspective in the flat panel display industry. U.S. firms shared no more knowledge with their global scientific community than Japanese firms. Similarly, Japanese firms appropriated no more knowledge from the global community than their U.S. counterparts.
A novel voltage tuneable infrared spectrometer-detector

A novel voltage tuneable spectrometer-detector has been demonstrated whose principles are associated with the electric subbands existent at the interface between silicon and silicon dioxide. The photoresistive response of n-channel MOSFET structures to radiation resonant with energy levels in the inversion layer has been characterized and compared with existent theory. Operating at 4.2 K, typical devices have continuous tuneability from 8 MeV (∼150 µm) to 30 MeV (∼40 µm), a bandwidth of approximately 1 MeV, a response time of 2.5 × 10-4s, and a noise equivalent power (NEP) of approximately 2.5 × 10-10W/(Hz)1/2limited by the available amplifiers.
Calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II regulates the phosphorylation of cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein of spinal cord in rats following noxious stimulation

We have previously reported that intradermal capsaicin injection causes the phosphorylation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) in the spinal cord of rats. The present study was designed to investigate the role of calcium/camodulin protein dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II) in the regulation of phosphorylation of CREB after capsaicin injection. We found that capsaicin injection produces a significant upregulation of phosphorylated CREB in the spinal cord of rat. Intrathecal treatment with a CaM kinase II inhibitor, KN-93, significantly blocked the increased phosphorylation of CREB, but did not affect the CREB protein itself. These results suggest that increased phosphorylation of CREB protein may contribute to central sensitization following acute peripheral noxious stimuli, and the effect may be regulated through the activation of CaM kinase cascades.
A unified model for injection-locked frequency dividers

Injection-locked frequency dividers (ILFDs) are versatile analog circuit blocks used, for example, within phase-locked loops (PLLs). An important attribute is substantially lower power consumption relative to their digital counterparts. The model described in this paper unifies the treatment of injection-locked and regenerative systems. It also provides useful design insights by clarifying the nature and role of the nonlinearity present in many mixer-based frequency conversion circuits. The utility of the model is demonstrated in the calculation of both the steady-state and dynamic properties of ILFD systems, and the subsequent computation of the corresponding phase noise spectrum. Illustrative circuit examples show close correspondence between theory and simulation. Finally, measurement results from a 5.4-GHz divide-by-2 ILFD fabricated in 0.24-/spl mu/m CMOS show close correspondence between experiment and theory.
The concordance index C and the Mann-Whitney parameter Pr(X>Y) with randomly censored data

Harrell's c-index or concordance C has been widely used as a measure of separation of two survival distributions. In the absence of censored data, the c-index estimates the Mann-Whitney parameter Pr(X>Y), which has been repeatedly utilized in various statistical contexts. In the presence of randomly censored data, the c-index no longer estimates Pr(X>Y); rather, a parameter that involves the underlying censoring distributions. This is in contrast to Efron's maximum likelihood estimator of the Mann-Whitney parameter, which is recommended in the setting of random censorship.
Field emission devices for advanced electronics comprised of lateral nanodiamond or carbon nanotube emitters

Abstract Nanocarbon-derived electron emission devices, specifically, nanodiamond lateral field emission diodes and gated carbon nanotube triodes are new configurations for robust nanoelectronic devices. These novel micro/nanostructures provide an alternative and efficient means of accomplishing electronics that are impervious to temperature and radiation. Nitrogen-incorporated nanocrystalline diamond has been lithographically micropatterned to utilize the material as an electron field emitter. Arrays of laterally arranged “finger-like” nanodiamond emitters constitute the cathode in a versatile diode configuration with small interelectrode separation. Nanodiamond lateral tip conditioning techniques are employed to improve emission and the subsequent device performance discussed. A low diode turn-on voltage of 7 V and a high emission current of 90 μA at an anode voltage of 70 V (electric field of ∼ 7 V/μm) is reported for the nanodiamond lateral device. Also, the development of a field emission triode amplifier based on aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with low turn-on voltage and small gate leakage current, utilizing a dual-mask microfabrication process is reported. The2 × 20 μm CNT triode array displays a gate turn-on voltage of ∼ 44 V, and low gate currents less than 3% of the anode currents. The low gate leakage currents observed confirmed the effectiveness of the convex-shaped gated CNT emitter in alleviating the cathode-gate leakage problem that compromises the operation of a field emission triode.
New insights into enzymes in the environment

This article introduces the thematic special issue “Enzymes in the Environment: Incorporating Enzymes and Microbial Physiology into Biogeochemical Models”. This collection of review articles, original studies, and models stemmed from a workshop organized by the Enzymes in the Environment Research Coordination Network, which was held at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, CO, USA in May 2012. The meeting, themed “Incorporating Enzymes and Microbial Physiology into Biogeochemical Models” featured talks from both modelers and experimentalists with experience ranging across terrestrial, aquatic, and marine ecosystems. This special issue represents a series of integrative discussions that occurred among experimentalists and modelers at the meeting. This issue highlights that a better understanding of carbon cycling pathways and subsequent carbon availability dynamics among ecosystems may be achieved by simultaneously integrating aspects of terrestrial and aquatic carbon cycling and microbial physiology into biogeochemical cycling models.
Echocardiographic Demonstration of Bilateral Atrial Myxomas

he echocardiographic manifestation of both left right atrial myxornas has been previously reported, and numerous articles attest to the contribution of echocardiography to the diagnosis of these important tumors.'-5 This report concerns a case in which bilateral atrial myxomas were diagnosed by echocardiogram, and it emphasizes the possible multichambered location of myxomas and the usefulness of echocardiographic studies in the diagnosis.
Nonlinear Optical Shock Waves: Properties and Interactions

We experimentally demonstrate dispersive optical shock waves in 1D and 2D, characterize their nonlinear properties, and observe the complex interactions when two such shocks collide.
Measuring attentional bias to peripheral facial deformities

Objectives: Introduce a novel method for objectively evaluating attentional bias to peripheral facial deformities using an established metric of attention. Methods: The SMI eye-tracker system (SensoMotoric Inc., Boston, MA) was used to record the eye movement patterns, called scanpaths, of eight naive observers gazing at pictures of faces with or without peripheral surgical deformities. The scanpaths of observers gazing on those novel faces were compared, and the fixation durations for different facial regions were compared between faces. Results: There were statistically significant differences in the mean fixation times between the faces considered normal and those considered abnormal (those with an obvious defect). When multivariate analysis of variance was performed with dependent variables total fixation time, fixation time in central triangle, and fixation time in the defect region and the independent variable face, all four tests were highly statistically significant. When univariate analysis of variance was performed to test the hypothesis that defect fixation times varied by face, the results were highly statistically significant (F = 8.79, P = .0003). Conclusions: Observers gazing on faces typically focus their attention on discriminating features, such as eyes, nose, and mouth. The well-established method of eye movement recordings was applied in a novel way to provide quantitative data showing changes in observer gaze patterns to focus on deformities. These gaze patterns are a direct reflection of observer attention. This is the first objective method to quantify the amount of distraction caused by peripheral facial deformities and may provide insight into the perception of facial deformity. Laryngoscope, 119:459–465, 2009
Differential roles of neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide synthases during carrageenan-induced inflammatory hyperalgesia

The present study investigated the role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain by combining genomic and pharmacological strategies. Intrathecal injection of the nNOS inhibitor 7-nitroindazole dose-dependently inhibited carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia in both early and late phases in wild-type mice. However in nNOS knockout mice, carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia remained intact in the early phase but was reduced in the late phase. Spinal Ca2+ -dependent nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in nNOS knockout mice was significantly lower than that in wild-type mice. Following carrageenan injection, although the spinal Ca2+ -dependent NOS activity in both wild-type and knockout mice increased, the enzyme activity in nNOS knockout mice reached a level similar to that in wild-type mice. On the other hand, no significant difference in spinal Ca2+ -independent NOS activity was noted between wild-type and nNOS knockout mice before and after carrageenan injection. Furthermore, intrathecal administration of the endothelial NOS (eNOS) inhibitor L-N5-(1-iminoethyl)-ornithinein nNOS knockout mice inhibited the thermal hyperalgesia in both early and late phases, though this inhibitor had no effect in wild-type mice. Meanwhile, Western blot showed that eNOS expression in the spinal cord of nNOS knockout mice was up-regulated compared with wild-type mice; immunohistochemical staining showed that the spinal eNOS was mainly distributed in superficial laminae of the dorsal horn. Finally, double staining with confocal analysis showed that the enhanced spinal eNOS was expressed in astrocytes, but not in neurons. Our current results indicate that nNOS plays different roles in the two phases of carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain. In this model, enhanced spinal eNOS appears to compensate for the role of nNOS in nNOS knockout mice.
The molecular structure of UDP‐galactose 4‐epimerase from Escherichia coli determined at 2.5 Å resolution

UDP-galactose 4-epimerase catalyzes the conversion of UDP-galactose to UDP-glucose during normal galactose metabolism. The molecular structure of UDP-galactose 4-epimerase from Escherichia coli has now been solved to a nominal resolution of 2.5 A. As isolated from E. coli, the molecule is a dimer of chemically identical subunits with a total molecular weight of 79,000. Crystals of the enzyme used for this investigation were grown as a complex with the substrate analogue, UDP-benzene, and belonged to the space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with unit cell dimensions of a = 76.3 A, b = 83.1 A, c = 132.1 A, and one dimer per asymmetric unit. An interpretable electron density map calculated to 2.5 A resolution was obtained by a combination of multiple isomorphous replacement with six heavy atom derivatives, molecular averaging, and solvent flattening. Each subunit of epimerase is divided into two domains. The larger N-terminal domain, composed of amino acid residues 1-180, shows a classic NAD+ binding motif with seven strands of parallel beta-pleated sheet flanked on either side of alpha-helices. The seventh strand of the beta-pleated sheet is contributed by amino acid residues from the smaller domain. In addition, this smaller C-terminal domain, consisting of amino acid residues 181-338, contains three strands of beta-pleated sheet, two major alpha-helices and one helical turn. The substrate analogue, UDP-benzene, binds in the cleft located between the two domains with its phenyl ring in close proximity to the nicotinamide ring of NAD+. Contrary to the extensive biochemical literature suggesting that epimerase binds only one NAD+ per functional dimer, the map clearly shows electron density for two nicotinamide cofactors binding in symmetry-related positions in the dimer. Likewise, each subunit in the dimer also binds one substrate analogue.
Using Tinbergen’s Four Questions (Plus One) to Facilitate Evolution Education for Human-Oriented Disciplines

Nikolaas Tinbergen provided an elegantly comprehensive guide to behavioral research with his Four Questions. Unsurprisingly, these questions summarize the different aspects that are vital to an evolutionary perspective. In this article, the authors describe how they use these Four Questions (plus one they have added regarding the role of culture) to facilitate evolution education in the human-oriented disciplines. The use of evolutionary theory in these fields is young, and educating new members of these fields in evolutionary theory is an even newer idea. Tinbergen’s Four Questions (Plus One) make the goals of an evolutionary perspective clear and the application of the mechanisms of evolution apparent. It can effectively dispel myths that surround evolutionary theory, like genetic determinism and hyperadaptationism, and can help ameliorate other ideological concerns. Finally, it is suggested that it is a heuristic that encourages students to make the transition from understanding the mechanisms of evolution in biology to applying this knowledge in cross-disciplinary research.
Toward a Holistic Theory of Knowledge and Adult Learning

This article proposes a holistic theory of knowledge and adult learning. The theory posits that knowledge consists of three indivisible facets— explicit, implicit, and emancipatory knowledge, and that each of the knowledge facets consists of three layers—foundation, manifestation, and orientation. The holistic theory calls for a dialectical perspective about the dynamic relationships among the three facets to better understand learning. Three contemporary paradigms of knowledge and learning are examined under the perspective of the holistic theory.