cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Thomson effect and the ideal equation on thermoelectric coolers

Abstract The formulation of the classical basic equations for a thermoelectric cooler from the Thomson relations to the non-linear differential equation with Onsager's reciprocal relations was performed to basically study the Thomson effect in conjunction with the ideal equation. The ideal equation is obtained when the Thomson coefficient is assumed to be zero. The exact solutions derived for a commercial thermoelectric cooler module provided the temperature distributions including the Thomson effect. The positive Thomson coefficient led to a slight improvement on the performance of the thermoelectric device while the negative Thomson coefficient led to a slight declination of the performance. The comparison between the exact solutions and the ideal equation on the cooling power and the coefficient of performance over a wide range of temperature differences showed close agreement. In conclusion, the Thomson effect is small for typical commercial thermoelectric coolers and the ideal equation effectively predicts the performance.
Ludendorff. Diktator im Ersten Weltkrieg

Manfred Nebelin, Munich, Siedler, 2010, 750 pp., + illustrations, €39.99, ISBN 978-3-88680-965-3 From 1916 to 1918, Erich Ludendorff possessed more power than any general in Prussia/Germany's histo...
Intra-Session Fairness in Multicast Communications

Multicast communication achieves scalability by sending data to multiple receivers at the same time. Receivers in a multicast session usually share the fate with each other, even though their processing speed and the capacity of the path they use can be quite different. A conventional multicast session usually consists of a single multicast group and the problem is how to set the group rate so that it is fair to both fast and slow receivers, to some extent. In a replicated multicast service, receivers are divided into groups based on their capacities and a multicast session can consist of multiple multicast groups. The question is how to divide receivers into groups exactly and set appropriate group rates so that it is fair to all the receivers. Most of current work focuses on optimizing the social welfare represented as a sum of some performance measures of receivers [Kar et al., 2002; Stoenescu et al., 2003]. In this paper, we define a new concept called intra-session fairness and give an optimal solution that can achieve fairness among receivers in the same session. The goal is to maximize the minimum fairness value of the receivers. The novelty of the framework is that it is independent of the specific definition of the fairness function on individual receivers. We illustrate a layering method to implement the max-min intra-session fair allocation and demonstrate the significant difference in fairness achieved by the maximal social welfare algorithm and the max-min intra-session fairness algorithm.
Volume of magma accumulation or withdrawal estimated from surface uplift or subsidence, with application to the 1960 collapse of Kilauea volcano

An elastic point source model proposed by Mogi for magma chamber inflation and deflation has been applied to geodetic data collected at many volcanoes. The volume of ground surface uplift or subsidence estimated from this model is closely related to the volume of magma injection into or withdrawal from the reservoir below. The analytical expressions for these volumes are reviewed for a spherical chamber and it is shown that they differ by the factor 2(1-v), where v is Poisson's ratio of the host rock. For the common estimate v=0.25, as used by Mogi and subsequent workers, the uplift volume is 3/2 the injection volume. For highly fractured rocks, v can be even less and the uplift volume can approach twice the injection volume. Unfortunately, there is no single relation between the inflation of magma reservoirs and the dilation or contraction of host rocks. The inflation of sill-like bodies, for instance, generates no overall change in host rock volume. Inflation of dike-like bodies generates contraction such that, in contrast with Mogi's result, the uplift volume is generally less than the injection volume; for v=0.25, the former is only 3/4 of the latter. Estimates of volumes of magma injection or withdrawal are there-fore greatly dependent on the magma reservoir configuration. Ground surface tilt data collected during the 1960 collapse of Kilauea crater, one of the first events interpreted with Mogi's model and one of the largest collapses measured at Kilauea, is not favored by any one of a variety of deformation models. These models, however, predict substantially different volumes of both magma withdrawal and ground surface subsidence.
Data requirements for managing forested sites used to renovate municipal wastewater

Abstract Land treatment of municipal wastewater on forested sites is gaining more attention in both industrialized and developing countries. There is a pressing need to establish the renovation process rates in advance of operational systems. The renovation of the wastewater on a forested site occurs in the soil mantle, the forest floor and the vegetation. This paper addresses itself to the necessity of intensive sampling to monitor the nutrient status of the soil water, the soil mantle, the forest floor and the above-ground vegetation. Uncomplicated sampling designs together with the sophistication of covariance analysis leads to an understanding of the interactions at work in a land treatment system. A change in state of any one or more of these site components resulting from the irrigation will lead to changes in nutrient renovation. The results from the sampling can be used to determine management prescriptions in subsequent operational systems.
Roles of eicosanoids in prostate cancer

Eicosanoids, the metabolites of arachidonic acid, have diverse functions in the regulation of cancer including prostate cancer. This review will provide an overview of the roles of eicosanoids and endocannabinoids and their potential as therapeutic targets for prostate cancer treatment.
Colorado River Basin Hydroclimatic Variability

AbstractAn analysis of annual hydroclimatic variability in the Upper Colorado River basin (UCRB) for the period of 1906–2006 was performed to understand the dominant modes of multidecadal variability. First, wavelet-based spectral analysis was employed for streamflow at Lees Ferry, Arizona (aggregate location for UCRB flow), which identified two significant modes: a “low frequency” (~64-yr period) mode and a strong “decadal” (~15-yr period) component active only in recent decades. Subsequent investigation of temperature and precipitation data for the UCRB indicated that the low-frequency variability is associated with temperature via modulation of runoff efficiency while the decadal is strongly tied to moisture delivery. Simple hydrology and climate model experiments are also provided to support the aforementioned findings.Correlation of UCRB precipitation with global sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies showed a strong link with the equatorial and northern Pacific during periods of heightened variabil...
Planar valence force constants and assignments for pyrimidine derivatives

Abstract Overlay calculations have been carried out to obtain a set of transferable valence force constants for the planar modes of pyrimidine derivatives. A 42 parameter force field was adjusted to reproduce 233 experimental frequencies of 10 molecules. Computations were based on previous work on isotopic analogs of uracil and cytosine, and new data on thymine, 1-methylthymine, 1-methyluracil, and N-deuterated analogs. The average frequency error was below one percent. Assignments and characteristic frequencies are discussed on the basis of the potential energy distribution.
Holomorphic harmonic functions

We consider boundary problems for holomorphic harmonic functions on hyperboloids at ℂn using concepts of integral geometry.
Laser Raman characterization of tungsten oxide supported on alumina: influence of calcination temperatures

The influence of calcination temperature upon the solid state chemistry of WO3 on Al2O3 was examined with laser Raman spectroscopy. Laser Raman spectroscopy revealed the amorphous and crystalline structural transformations occurring in the WO3 on Al2O3 oxide system. Below monolayer coverage of tungsten oxide on alumina, the tungsten oxide phase is present as a highly dispersed and amorphous surface complex on the support. A close-packed monolayer of the tungsten oxide surface complex on alumina is formed as the surface area of the alumina support decreases at high calcination temperatures. The lower the tungsten oxide loading, the more severe the calcination temperature must be to reach the close-packed monolayer. The close-packed tungsten oxide monolayer accommodates the further desurfacing at still higher temperatures by forming the bulk tungsten oxide phases WO3 and Al2(WO4)3. The Al2(WO4)3 phase is formed from the reaction of WO3 crystallites with the Al2O3 support. The parameter controlling the phases present in the WO3 on Al2O3 system is the surface density of the tungsten oxide species on the alumina surface.
Triple-Point Wetting of Light Molecular Gases on Au(111) Surfaces

Wetting characteristics of Ar, Kr, Xe, ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, methane, and ethane adsorbed on Au(111) have been determined with a high-frequency microbalance. All gases form incompletely wet films below their bulk triple points and completely wet films above. The transitions to complete wetting are continuous, the maximum thicknesses of the layered films below ${T}_{t}$ varying as ${({T}_{t}\ensuremath{-}T)}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{3}}$.
Challenges Associated with Adaptation to Future Urban Expansion

AbstractThe most populated state in the United States, California, is projected to add millions of new inhabitants through the end of the current century, requiring considerable landscape conversion to the built environment. A suite of continuous multiyear, medium-range resolution (20-km grid spacing), ensemble-based simulations is examined to assess urban expansion climate effects on California in 2100, and potential strategies to alleviate them. Summertime [June–August (JJA)] warming due to urban expansion of 1°–2°C is greater relative to any other season, and is completely offset by a range of adaptation strategies: green roofs (highly transpiring), cool roofs (highly reflective), and hybrid roofs (with combined biophysical properties of green and cool roofs). After offsetting of urban-induced warming, cool and hybrid roofs lead to a further 1°–2°C reduction in JJA 2-m temperature, highlighting enhanced efficacy of these adaptation strategies. Guided by medium-range-resolution results, additional high-...
Hidden variable theories and quantum nonlocality

We clarify the meaning of Bell's theorem and its implications for the construction of hidden variable theories by considering an example system consisting of two entangled spin-1/2 particles. Using this example, we present a simplified version of Bell's theorem and describe several hidden variable theories that agree with the predictions of quantum mechanics. These example theories clarify some subtle points, which are often misunderstood, regarding what it is that Bell's theorem actually establishes.
Time Development of Recurrent Nova CI Aquilae’s 2000 Outburst between 0.8 and 2.5 MICRONS

We report 0.8–2.5 μm spectrophotometry of CI Aquilae at eight epochs between 2000 May 9 and 2001 June 2 UT, corresponding to approximately 3 and 391 days after peak brightness. Near peak brightness, the spectra showed emission lines that were characteristic of a low-excitation, nitrogen-rich shell. Within a few weeks, the spectra began to show higher excitation/ionization emission lines indicative of a harder illuminating source: the neutral metal lines faded, leaving only lines of H I, He I, and He II and the emerging coronal lines. A month after peak brightness, the [Ca VIII] coronal line at 2.3205 μm appeared and persisted until the last of our observations, on day +391. From the O I line ratios, we deduced a reddening of EB-V = 1.5 ± 0.1 and a visual extinction of AV = 4.6 ± 0.2. Along with the rate of decline from the light curve (t2), we derived a distance of 2.6 ± 1.3 kpc. The frequently observed unidentified novae lines were present in CI Aquilae along with a potentially new member of the group at 2.425 ± 0.002 μm.
Immunological skin testing and interpretation. A plea for uniformity

Immunological skin tests are one of the major methods used for the assessment of one's immune status. A review of the literature clearly reveals that there is no uniform methods for the administration and interpretation of skin tests. Without uniformity, it is obvious that data are not comparable. Contradictory conclusions may be reached from the same skin test data, depending upon the method of interpretation used. Precedent, rather than rationale, has often determined the method of interpretation. There are studies which suggest that slight induration or erythema, often considered negative, are significant immunologic events. The various methods of skin test administration and interpretation are reviewed. Recommendations for application and interpretation are presented so that uniformity may exist.
Photophoresis of absorbing particles

Abstract The closed-form formulas of the photophoretic velocity, the radiometric force, and the mobility of an absorbing spherical particle in free molecule flow are derived in terms of the light intensity, pressure, temperature, and electromagnetic wave propagation constant of the ambient fluid, and the conductivity, radiation constant, refractive index, propagation constant, and radius of the particle.
Effect of Inositol upon Rat Alopecia.

SummaryIn the rat fed a ration of naturally occurring feeds inositol supplementation gave a growth response and it also cured and prevented a widespread loss of hair. When a folic acid preparation, together with inositol and B6 was fed a better growth rate was obtained than when the folic acid preparation was omitted.These data clearly show that a natural ration composed of yellow corn, soybean oil meal, CaHP04, CaC03, MnS04, NaCI, and 5% alfalfa hay contains insufficient inositol, folic acid concentrate and B6 for normal growth and proper hair and fur development in the rat. It would appear that the phytin present in this ration was either inadequate to supply the required inositol or that it was unavailable.
Race, culture, and skill: Interracial wage differences among African Americans, Latinos, and whites

This article examines the interrelationships among race, culture, skill, and the distribution of wages. I utilize a three-equation system to explore this process: skill is a multidimensional productive attribute measured by years of education and work effort; educational attainment is a function of class background and individual effort; and individual wage rates are a function of skill and class background. By further assuming that effort is differentially distributed across individuals and social groups, I am able to estimate reduced form equations for educational and earnings attainment, where both equations are functions of the class backgrounds and race of individuals. The collective results of this article challenge the conventional wisdom among economists that African American and Latino job skills are of a lower quality than white job skills. To the extent that effort is an important element of worker skill, our results suggest that neither African American nor Latino labor is of lower quality than white labor. The results regarding differences between African Americans and whites in educational attainment, i.e., African Americans are able to translate a given level of resources into higher levels of educational attainment, reaffirm previous findings in the literature. The results on Latino versus white educational attainment are novel. Additionally, unlike previous research, this article connects racial differences in the skill acquisition process to the economics of discrimination.
LaneLok: robust line and curve fitting of lane boundaries

The LaneLok function estimates the location of lane boundaries by a least squares approximation. This estimation can be affected by vehicles close to the lane markers in adjacent lanes. A hybrid method which combines the least squares approximation with median filtering for improving the estimation was developed and tested successfully on real-highway scenes.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Abstract only: The complexity of factoring univariate polynomials over the rationals

In 2001 a new algorithm was introduced for factoring polynomials over the rationals. The algorithm was soon adopted by several computer algebra systems because of its good practical performance. A complexity result for a slower version of the algorithm was given in a preprint [BHKS, 2004], but there remained a very large gap between the proven bound and the behavior of the implementations as observed in actual examples. This gap was closed in joint work with Andy Novocin. We give a modification of the algorithm that allows us to prove the best complexity bound for factoring in Q[x]. Moreover, unlike [BHKS, 2004], an implementation by Novocin demonstrates that this modification does not slow down the algorithm in practice.
Perioperative continuous cerebrospinal fluid pressure monitoring in patients with spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leaks: presentation of a novel technique.

BackgroundA few studies have used direct measurements of cerebral spinal fluid pressure (CSFP) using either lumbar punctures or pressure transducers to evaluate CSFP elevations as a potential etiol...
Malignant Leydig cell tumor: objective tumor response to o,p'-DDD.

Leydig cell carcinoma of the testicle is a rare tumor with 16 well-documented cases in the medical literature. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy have not been successful in treating patients with metastatic disease. The patient described in this report had widely metastatic Leydig cell carcinoma associated with hypertension, hypokalemic alkalosis, and an elevated serum concentration of desoxycorti-costerone. He experienced an objective clinical remission and disappearance of pulmonary metastases while receiving o, p′-DDD as the sole chemotherapeutic agent. This response was similar to that found in patients with adrenal cortical carcinoma. The regression of this tumor with an adrenolytic agent, in conjunction with the similar morphologic and biochemical features of these two types of tumors, provides additional evidence of the close similarity between Leydig cell carcinoma and adrenal cortical carcinoma.
Alkene and Arene Combustion on Pd(111)

Palladium-catalyzed combustion reactions can play a significant role in the control of auto emissions in the three-way catalytic converter. Oxidation reactions of ethene, propene, 1-butene, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, and toluene were studied on oxygen-precovered Pd(111) (0.25 ML--1.2 ML) using temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS). Combustion is the sole reaction pathway; no partial oxidation products are formed. Comparison of these results with those from Pd(100) demonstrates that the structure of the metal surface does not significantly affect the mechanism of catalytic oxidation of most of the olefins or aromatic hydrocarbons studied, although, in general, combustion occurs at higher temperatures on Pd(111). Only for benzene combustion is there an appreciable structure sensitivity. For all the hydrocarbons studied the CO{sub 2} and CO yields are maximized for an oxygen precoverage of 0.34 oxygen atoms per surface palladium atom. Abrupt increases in carbon oxide production at specific oxygen coverages indicate that oxygen-induced surface reconstructions may play a role in the combustion activity.
THE CANZONE VILLANESCA AND COMIC CULTURE: THE GENESIS AND EVOLUTION OF A MIXED GENRE (1537–1557)

This study springs from the conviction that it is time to enlarge our understanding of the canzone villanesca's genesis and evolution by engaging concepts from two related approaches, namely, genre criticism and speech-act theory. Heretofore, when adopting the formalist approach to genre, I defined the villanesca in terms of its ‘outer form’ (metre and structure), thereby reinforcing claims by Gennaro Monti and Alfred Einstein that the canzone villanesca is essentially a strambotto (or ottava rima) transformed by the addition of a refrain after each hendecasyllabic couplet. However, it has become increasingly clear that when intrinsic qualities like attitude, tone and use-value are addressed, the result is a far more comprehensive view of the changes that the villanesca experienced during the initial phrase of its development (1537–57), when Neapolitan songwriters reproduced or varied the generic expectations of their audiences.
Some Problems of Military Government

The United States Army officially defines military government as “that form of government which is established and maintained by a belligerent by force of arms over occupied territory of the enemy and over the inhabitants thereof.” “It is a government imposed by force and the legality of its acts is determined by the laws of war.” An application of this definition in the formulation of an adequate and enlightened civil affairs policy brings many difficult problems in its train, and particularly is this true in the modern, complex organization of society and warfare.Thrown into prominence by the war, such problems of military government at present occupy the attention not only of American political and military authorities, but also of numerous scholars and publicists. That the latter should display so keen an interest in what is apparently a strictly military matter is a sign of the growing realization that solution of the problems of military government is vital for the successful prosecution of the war and for establishing the conditions which will make possible an equitable peace settlement. American public opinion, to some extent led and moulded by scholars and publicists, is unmistakably concerned with civil affairs administration of allied occupied territories across the sea and with plans for those yet to be occupied.
The Updated COSO Internal Control—Integrated Framework: Recommendations and Opportunities for Future Research

ABSTRACT : To address the changing business environment and increased shareholder interest, the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) recently issued an exposure draft updating its 1992 Internal Control—Integrated Framework. We review the updated Framework and discuss the comments we (as the Environmental Scanning Committee of the American Accounting Association's Information Systems Section) offered COSO regarding how to improve the Framework. In addition, we identify research opportunities for accounting information system scholars related to the new Framework.
Nearly Neutral Secretory Vesicles in Drosophila Nerve Terminals

The acidity of mammalian secretory vesicles drives concentration and processing of their contents. Here, pH-sensitive green fluorescent protein (GFP) variants show that the ≥30-fold (H+) difference between secretory vesicles (pH ≤ 5.7) and the cytoplasm (pH = 7.2) in mammalian cells is not present in peptidergic and small synaptic vesicles of the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. First, we find that fluorescence from Topaz-tagged atrial natriuretic factor, a peptidergic vesicle pH indicator, is only modestly affected by collapsing the H+ gradient in type III synaptic boutons. Quantitation shows that peptidergic vesicles are nearly neutral (pH = 6.74 ± 0.05), even when temperature is elevated. Furthermore, small synaptic vesicles in glutamatergic synaptic boutons, studied with synaptophluorin, are as alkaline as peptidergic vesicles. Finally, yellow fluorescent protein measurements show that cytoplasmic pH is only slightly different than in mammals (pH = 7.4). Thus, the marked acidity of mammalian secretory vesicles is not conserved in evolution, and a modest vesicular H+ gradient is sufficient for supporting neurotransmission.
Solvent perturbation spectroscopy of an antibody combining site.

Abstract The solvent perturbation technique of difference spectroscopy has been used to study the interaction of an anti-synthetic polypeptide antibody with its homologous antigen. Antibody was obtained from a sheep which had been immunized with the random polymer (Glu 60 Ala 40 ) n (GA). This particular preparation, isolated by either immunoabsorbent columns or dissolution of a specific precipitate, requires divalent cations (especially calcium) to affect interaction with the antigen (Maurer et al. , 1970; Liberti et al. , 1971; Callahan et al. , 1974. Perturbation differences spectra were recorded in 4 different solvents (dimethyl sulfoxide, ethylene glycol, glycerol and polyethylene glycol) at wavelenghts between 310 and 270 nm. Since the antigen is transparent in this region, all absorbance differences could be attributed to the immunoglobulin molecule. Antigen-antibody solutions (at ∼ 20-fold equivalence excess of GA) were studied in both the absence and presence of Ca ++ and chromophore exposure was calculated in each case. With the smaller perturbants, approximately 8–10 tryptophane and 31–38 tyrosine residues appear exposed to solvent prior to the addition of calcium. The larger perturbant (PEG) affects ∼ 5 tryptophane and 28 tyrosine residues. Subsequent to calcium addition, three tyrosine residues per antibody combining site become unavailable to smaller perturbants. With polyethylene glycol, however, only one tyrosine is affected. These data are interpreted to mean that each combining site contains three tyrosine residues which are involved in binding antigen and that two of the three may lie in a ‘crevice’ or fold in the protein surface.
The annual cycle of solar radiation in a deciduous forest

Abstract Periodic solar radiation measurements within and above an east Tennessee Liriodendron forest and continuous records of insolation from a nearby NOAA weather station were used to derive an approximation of the annual radiation regime within and above the deciduous forest. The interaction of changing solar elevations, insolation, and forest phenology are shown to control the radiation climate within the forest. Maximum radiation penetrates the forest in early spring as solar paths rise higher in the sky each day just prior to leaf expansion. After leaf expansion begins, average radiation received within the forest decreases rapidly despite continued increases in solar elevations and daily insolation. This forest attains full leaf in early June and from then until the advent of leaf abscission near the autumnal equinox, forest structure remains relatively static. Solar elevations and daily insolation decline following the summer solstice, however, and as a result, average radiation penetrating the forest slowly declines throughout the summer reaching an annual minimum in early autumn. With leaf fall, slightly increased amounts of radiation penetrate the forest but as within-forest solar paths continue to lengthen, radiation within the forest again declines. Minimum amounts of solar radiation penetrate the leafless forest around the winter solstice.
Advances in Computations of Air-Side Heat Transfer in Compact Heat Exchangers

The paper describes the computed flow structure and heat transfer in flat tube corrugated multilouvered fin heat exchanger at the fin-tube junction. Three Reynolds numbers, 300, 600 and 1100 are calculated. The junction region is characterized by large flow velocities on the top surface of the fin and a “vortex jet” which develops under the bottom surface. Both of these are highly unsteady at Re = 1100. Their strength and unsteadiness decrease as the Reynolds number decreases. The large induced flow velocities in this region have a big impact on tube heat transfer, increasing it by a factor of 1.75 to 2. In spite of this augmentation, tube heat transfer coefficients are between 2.5 to 3 times smaller that those found on the louver, hence decreasing the overall heat transfer coefficient by 20–25%. Comparison of the modeled geometry with correlations derived from full core experiments show good agreement.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
How doctors learn: education and learning across the medical-school-to-practice trajectory.

ABSTRACT People have needs they address daily over the course of their lives. They address these needs through identifying and resolving problems in ways that reflect their identities. This means that education, including medical education, is an identity development process because it provides people with more and better ways to satisfy their needs. Also, education does this by providing them with the knowledge and skills they use to occupy identifiable niches in society. These niches are describable in terms of what people do and the ways in which they relate to others. Medical education, in other words, allows medical students and residents to take on physicians' identities, and their identities go a long way toward defining when, where, and how they will address their psychosocial needs. Doctors begin developing the skills and knowledge they need in medical school and continue developing them through residency and into practice. However, there are important differences among medical students, residents, and practicing physicians, and these differences have an impact on how the individuals satisfy their psychosocial needs. These differences also bear on how well they will satisfy their needs later in their careers; i.e., the things physicians-in-training do to satisfy their psychosocial needs in the course of learning to become doctors are expected to prepare them to address their psychosocial needs later in life in their roles as both healers and professionals. It is against this background of describing how education helps physicians solve problems and so address their recurring psychosocial needs that the author presents 12 conclusions concerning physicians' learning.
Acoustic Emission (AE) Propagation Attenuation Theory and Rule in Non-Perfect Elastic Coal and Rock

Propagation rule of acoustic emission (AE) signal in coal and rock is an important basis when AE technique forecasts coal and rock dynamical disasters. Based on correlative theory of quality factor Q, Acoustic emission signal propagation attenuation formula in non-perfect elastic coal and rock are analyzed, Based on the theoretic formula, Effects of different quality factor and propagation distance on AE propagation attenuation are theoretically analyzed ;Based on theoretic analysis results, AE signal propagation numerical simulation and field test programs are designed, AE signal propagation rules in elastoplastic coal and rock are obtained. Field test and numerical simulation experimentation results validate rationality of theoretic forumla. Study production can guide AE technique that forecasts mine and rock dynamical disasters.
Incarcerated Clients’ Perceptions of Therapeutic Change in Substance Abuse Treatment: A 4-Year Case Study

Therapeutic communities (TCs) are a primary approach for treating substance abusers in the criminal justice system. The transformation from residential treatment to a TC marked a significant change in the service delivery and organizational culture for one in-prison substance abuse treatment program. This longitudinal case study examines how clients perceived their treatment as a result of treatment and organizational changes. This is important because the scientific literature shows that client perceptions of their treatment impacts treatment retention and the benefit they gain from treatment. Data that were collected over 5 years are presented. Implications, including how the program's interim therapeutic milieu eased the transition to a therapeutic community, are discussed.
Some exact wave propagation solutions in viscoelastic materials

A superposition principle obtained recently by the author, reduces the viscoelastic wave problem to a static elastic problem, an elastic eigenvalue problem and an integrodifferential equation of theVolterra type involving time only. This principle is utilized to obtain exact solutions to a plane, a cylindrical, and a two-dimensional wave problem in a viscoelastic material with constantPoisson's ratio.
OX40 ligation enhances cell cycle turnover of Ag-activated CD4 T cells in vivo.

Abstract OX40 costimulates T cells, increases activated T cell longevity, and promotes memory acquisition. T cells activated in vivo with agonist anti-OX40 and ovalbumin have a unique pattern of survival and cell division compared to control cells, but are able to respond to recall Ag equally well. BrdU incorporation shows that early cellular division rates of the anti-OX40-treated and the control groups are similar. Nevertheless, more BrdU + Ag-specific T cells accumulate in lymphoid tissue upon anti-OX40 administration. Thus, OX40 ligation does not necessarily lead to increased cell cycle entry, but promotes the accumulation of dividing cells. However, CFSE staining shows that OX40 ligation allows cells to progress through more cellular division cycles, while control cells stall or die. Moreover, OX40 ligation leads to a proportional decrease in apoptotic Ag-specific T cells. Thus, OX40 ligation boosts immunity by promoting an increase in the number cell cycles completed, thereby increasing the life span of Ag-activated CD4 T cells.
Cave Art and the Origins of Typography

Drawing from the literatures of anthropology, brain science, art history, and communication studies, this essay attempts to trace a link between prehistoric cave art and typography. Speculative in scope, the purpose of the discussion is to raise questions and ponder the relationship between some of the earliest known forms of visual communication and the later form of typography. The fact that there is no empirical evidence to link cave art to typography does not mean that we cannot at least compare them and find commonalities between the two. “Painting and writing can be seen as modes of thinking.” Cotter, 2006, p. B25 Cave paintings. Central Montana. Original in color. Paul Martin Lester
Generation, characterization and utilization of anti-human growth hormone 1–43, (hGH1–43), monoclonal antibodies in an ELISA

Abstract The major isoform of hGH is a polypeptide of 191 amino acids. Human GH 1–43 is an amino terminal segment of hGH 1–191 which comprises the first 43 amino acids. This peptide is a potent regulator of glucose homeostasis. To facilitate our understanding of the physiological regulation of hGH 1–43 an assay to measure its levels in biological fluids and extracts is needed. This communication describes the development of anti-hGH 1–43 monoclonal antibodies and their use in the development of an indirect competitive ELISA for the quantification of hGH 1–43 . Hybridomas were produced by the fusion of FOX–NY myeloma cells with spleen cells taken from a mouse immunized with hGH 1–43 . The hybridomas were screened for production of antibodies to hGH 1–43 by antibody capture ELISA. Hybridomas which produced antibodies reactive to hGH 1–43 were cloned by limiting dilution. Three monoclonal hybridomas, CCL-1, CCL-2, and CCL-3 were subsequently obtained. These hybridomas secreted antibodies that were highly reactive towards hGH 1–43 but minimally reactive towards hGH 1–191 . The isotypes of the mAbs secreted by CCL-1, CCL-2 and CCL-3 were all IgG1 κ as shown by isotype specific antibody capture analysis. An indirect competitive ELISA with a detection limit that ranged from 1 to 10 ng/ml was developed using mAbs from monoclonal hybridoma CCL-3. Dose-response curves for competing hGH 1–191 , hPRL, and hPL indicated minimal cross-reactivity of mAbs with these hormones and conversely, a high degree of specificity for hGH 1–43 . Dose-response curves for dilutions of human serum and pituitary extract were parallel to the standard. The availability of a sensitive assay for the measurement of hGH 1–43 will help us answer questions regarding the biosynthesis, regulation of secretion, and role of hGH 1–43 in the control of glucose homeostasis.
Interdisciplinary team approach to emergency psychiatric care

Abstract Psychiatric problems in the emergency room can best be managed by an interdisciplinary team consisting of a psychiatrist, psychiatric nurse, social worker, and clinical psychologist. Because a psychiatrist is not required to do tasks that can be accomplished by a professional from another discipline, the team approach is cost-efficient. This approach is effective because time is not lost bringing together various consultants for each psychiatric emergency. Problem areas, staffing patterns, and the roles of each team member are discussed.
Sidewall carboxylic acid functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes.

The reactions of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with succinic or glutaric acid acyl peroxides in o-dichlorobenzene at 80−90 °C resulted in the addition of 2-carboxyethyl or 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively, to the sidewalls of the SWNT. These acid-functionalized SWNTs were converted to acid chlorides by derivatization with SOCl2 and then to amides with terminal diamines such as ethylenediamine, 4,4‘-methylenebis(cyclohexylamine), and diethyltoluenediamine. The acid-functionalized SWNTs and the amide derivatives were characterized by a set of materials characterization methods including attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FTIR, Raman and solid state 13C NMR spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermal gravimetry-mass spectrometry (TG-MS). The degree of SWNT sidewall functionalization with the acid-terminated groups was estimated as 1 in 24 carbons on the basis of TG-MS data. In comparison with the pristine SWNTs, the acid-functionalized SWNTs show an improved solubility in p...
Receiver operating characteristic analysis of serum chemical parameters as tests of liver transplant rejection and correlation with histology

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to determine the strength of the serum chemical parameters alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, and the ratio of delta bilirubin to conjugated bilirubin as tests of acute cellular rejection in liver transplant patients. The study consisted of 70 liver biopsies performed between February 1989 and January 1992 on 37 transplant patients who were classified as showing either no rejection (35 biopsies) or moderate to severe rejection (35 biopsies); mild cellular rejection biopsies were not included in this study to highlight any differences between rejectors and nonrejectors. Corresponding serum values for liver enzymes, alkaline phosphatase, GGT, and bilirubin fractions were obtained on the morning of the biopsy. ROC analysis demonstrated that there is no single chemical parameter or combination thereof that can statistically or clinically distinguish patients with acute rejection from those with other etiologies of allograft dysfunction. We also assessed by regression analysis the correlation between histologic features in the biopsies and corresponding serum parameters. The degree of histologic cholestasis was compared with the same-day serum value for total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and GGT. The degree of centrilobular necrosis and the number of apoptotic cells were compared with values for aspartate aminotransferase and alanine amino-transferase. There was no correlation between the serum values and histologic abnormalities. We conclude that serum chemistry values are not good tests for rejection or histologic abnormalities in the liver transplant population; liver biopsy should therefore be performed on a scheduled basis.
Forest carbon sequestration changes in response to timber harvest

Forest succession contributes to the global terrestrial carbon (C) sink, but changes in C sequestration in response to varied harvest intensities have been debated. The forests of the Central Appalachian region have been aggrading over the past 100 years following widespread clear-cutting that occurred in the early 1900s and these forests are now valuable timberlands. This study compared the history of ecosystem C storage in four watersheds that have been harvested at different frequencies and intensities since 1958. We compared NPP, NEP, and component ecosystem C fluxes (g C m
ON ASYMPTOTIC INFERENCE IN COINTEGRATED TIME SERIES WITH FRACTIONALLY INTEGRATED ERRORS

Vector valued autoregressive models with fractionally integrated errors are considered. The possibility of the coefficient matrix of the model having eigenvalues with absolute values equal or close to unity is included. Quadratic approximation to the log-likelihood ratios in the vicinity of auxiliary estimators of the parameters is obtained and used to make a rough identification of the approximate unit eigenvalues, including complex ones, together with their multiplicities. Using the identification thus obtained, the stationary linear combinations (cointegrating relationships) and the trends that induce the nonstationarity are identified, and Wald-type inference procedures for the parameters associated with them are constructed. As in the situation in which the errors are independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.), the limiting behaviors are nonstandard in the sense that they are neither normal nor
Semi-automated 3-D Building Extraction from Stereo Imagery

The production of geospatial information from overhead imagery is generally a labor-intensive process. Analysts must accurately delineate and extract important features, such as buildings, roads, and landcover from the imagery. Automated feature extraction (AFE) tools offer the prospect of reducing analyst's workload. This paper presents a new tool, called iMVS, for extracting buildings and discusses user testing conducted by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA). Using a semi-automated approach, iMVS processes two or more images to form a set of hypothesized 3-D buildings. When the user clicks on one of the building vertices, the system determines which hypothesis is the best fit and extracts the building. A set of powerful editing tools support rapid clean-up of the extraction, including extraction of complex buildings. User testing of iMVS provides an assessment of the benefits and identifies areas for system improvement.
Comparison of Materials for Integrated Thermal Protection Systems for Spacecraft Reentry

An integrated thermal protection system (ITPS) for spacecraft reentry based on a corrugated core sandwich panel concept fulfilling both thermal and structural functions is optimized for minimal mass. We seek the optimal dimensions as well as the best materials, but directly optimizing both continuous geometric parameters and discrete material choices is relatively complex. Accordingly the optimization problem is solved in two steps. In a first step, good candidate materials are selected based mainly on their thermal performance. For this purpose a response surface approximation of the maximum bottom face sheet temperature is used. Mild simplifying assumptions allowed reducing the number of variables in the approximation to two nondimensional variables. In combination with a material database, this allowed graphical comparison of materials for the different sections of the ITPS panel. In a second part the geometry of the ITPS is optimized for different combinations of good potential materials from step one. This optimization considers both thermal and structural constraints. An ITPS panel based on alumino-silicate/Nextel 720 composites for top face sheet and web and beryllium for bottom face sheet was found to provide the lightest design.
Rail-Highway Grade Crossing Consolidation in Kansas:

Consolidation or closure of unnecessary grade crossings is a cost-effective but difficult-to-achieve option for increasing the safety of highway-rail grade crossings. Consolidation not only needs traffic engineering expertise, it also needs the support of local government officials and citizens. It is as much a pub lie relations effort as an engineering exercise. To win local support, proposals for closing selected crossings should appear reasonable to the public, that is, the public should be able to see a need or net benefit. A corridor study is more effective than targeting single crossings for closure. Selecting a corridor with high-potential closure candidates can be the key to the success of winning local approval. Finding the most "hazardous" crossings can help select high-potential corridors. The development of a model to pinpoint Kansas' best candidates for closure as a key step in selecting corridors where consolidation efforts should be concentrated is described.
BLOCKAGE OF AMYLOID INDUCTION BY COLCHICINE IN AN ANIMAL MODEL

Colchicine was found to have a strong inhibitory effect on amyloid induction in an animal model. When CBA/J mice were treated with colchicine concurrently with the amyloid induction regimen, the incidence of amyloidosis was, depending upon the dosage of colchicine, significantly decreased (0.005–0.010 mg colchicine per day) or completely blocked (more than 0.015 mg colchicine per day). The colchicine treatment was effective not only when colchicine was given for the entire course of the amyloid induction regimen but also when it was given only in the late pre-amyloid or the amyloid phase of the regimen or to the recipients after the transfer of amyloid. The data suggest the colchicine is effective in blocking amyloidogenesis at its final stage(s), while it may not affect significantly amyloid already deposited in the tissue.
Emergence and predominance of norovirus GII.17 in Huzhou, China, 2014-2015.

Norovirus (NoV) has been recognized as the leading cause of both outbreaks and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis in children and adults worldwide. Stool samples collected from outpatients with clinical symptoms of acute gastroenteritis in all age groups at the First People’s Hospital in Huzhou, Huzhou, China between March 2014 and February 2015 were analyzed to gain insight into the epidemiology and genetic variation in NoV strains circulating in China. Real-time RT-PCR (qPCR) was performed for Norovirus detection. RT-PCR were used for genomic amplification and sequencing. Genogroup and genotype were assigned using the NoV Noronet typing tool and the strains were named according to the time of isolation. The phylogenetic analysis was conducted using MEGA 5. Of the 809 specimens, 193 (23.9 %) were positive for NoV, with GII.4 and GII.17 the most commonly identified strains. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the presence of five recombinant strains in Huzhou. Recombinants GII.P13/GII.17 and GII.P12/GII.4 were newly detected in China. The GII.P13/GII.17 recombinant was first identified in October 2014 and steadily replaced GII.Pe/GII.4 (GII.4 Sydney 2012) as the predominant circulating NoV genotype. This is the first report of the detection of GII.17 in the Huzhou area and of a NoV genotype being detected in greater numbers than GII.4. Furthermore, our results indicated that following the emergence of GII.17 in October 2014, it steadily replaced the previous circulating GII.4 Sydney2012 strain, which was the dominant circulating genotype for the past 2 years. As norovirus are the important cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis, continuous and comprehensive study of the norovirus strains involved in large and cost-effective acute gastroenteritis would help understanding the molecular epidemiology of norovirus infections and development of improved prevention and control measures.