cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conceptualizing Psychopathy: A Psychodynamic Approach

Drawing from analytic theory and clinical conceptualization, three major types of psychopathy are detailed: Superego deficit, aggression driven, and sadism. The types of psychopathy are discussed in terms of their overlap with personality disorders. The range of sadism is charted from the enjoyment of inflicting pleasure to the borderline manifestations in compulsive reenactments in psychopathic patients. Two categories of antisocial behavior— low social intelligence and poor impulse control—are elaborated clinically as inconsistent with the psychodynamic formulation of characterological psychopathy. The divergence between psychodynamic and behavioral approaches to antisocial behavior is discussed, and unresolved enigmas in the formulation of psychopathy are outlined.
Vaccines against tropical parasitic diseases: a persisting answer to a persisting problem

Live and live-attenuated whole organism vaccines against Plasmodium falciparum malaria and cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania major remain the most uniformly effective vaccines against human parasitic diseases. These vaccines are discussed in terms of the nature of the T cell populations that mediate the strong and durable localized immunity to these infections, and the requirement for persisting antigen to generate and maintain the protective response. The difficulties in developing subunit vaccines that fulfill this requirement argue that despite their own formidable problems in manufacture and delivery, live and live- attenuated whole organism vaccines against human parasitic diseases should be vigorously pursued.
On the origin and spatial extent of high-latitude F region irregularities

Evidence for the direct production of macroscale irregularities by structured, soft electron fluxes is employed to form the basis for a model for the transport and decay of such structures and the role of plasma instabilities in the production of smaller irregularities. Large scale structures were defined with wavelengths of at least 10 km, intermediate between 0.0-10 km, and short less than 10 m. Data were gathered by means of a rocket flight into the auroral oval and radar scans of 10-350 km altitudes for electron density contours. The radar data indicated that the large-scale structure in the F region plasma was in the main due to electron precipitation. The instability of the structures caused the emergence of smaller scale irregularities in a dynamic balance of instability growth and damping. Additional productive sources which allow the greater than 100 km structures to pass over the North Pole intact are discussed.
Multiparty cooperation and performance in international equity joint ventures

Previous studies have examined the relationship between cooperation and performance in international equity joint ventures (EJVs), mostly at the partner level. This study revisits the issue at multiple levels, and considers vertical and horizontal cooperation among the foreign partners, the local partner, and the venture management team. The study also examines how goal incongruence between partners and market uncertainty affect the tripartite relationships between cooperation and performance. The test results show a strong positive impact of cooperation between partners on performance as perceived both by the partners and by the venture management team. One partner’s cooperation with the venture management team is perceived favorably by that party but not necessarily by the other party unless both partners share the same goal. Market uncertainty requires stronger cooperation at all levels to improve performance in EJVs. Journal of International Business Studies (2004) 35, 142–160. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400072
Improved upper limit on flavor-changing neutral-current decays of the b quark.

We report the results of a new search for flavor-changing neutral-current decays of the b quark and present a 90%-confidence-level upper limit for the branching fraction for B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${l}^{+}$${l}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$X of 1.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$.
Performance analysis of two image vector quantization techniques

The authors compare the Y. Linde, A. Buzo, and R.M. Gray vector quantization algorithm (1980) with the frequency-sensitive competitive learning neural network. Each of these techniques is applied to two images, and the distortion and SNR are measured for various size codebooks. The results show that the neural network technique of designing codebooks yields results that are very close to the optimal design. Multiple images are included to show the results of quantization for various bit rates. >
The Implications of Early Attentional Regulation for School Success among Low-Income Children.

Abstract This study examined the longitudinal associations between attentional regulation in preschool and children's school success in later elementary school within an at-risk sample (N = 2595). Specifically, two facets of attention (focused attention and lack of impulsivity) at age 5 were explored as independent predictors of children's achievement and behavioral competence at age 9. Overall, the pattern of results indicates specificity between the facets of attention and school success, such that focused attention was predictive of achievement outcomes whereas impulsivity was predictive of behavioral outcomes. Both facets of attention predicted the teacher ratings of children's approaches to learning, which suggests that they jointly influence skills that span both domains of school success. Poverty status, maternal warmth, and infant temperament did not moderate these associations. Implications of these findings for interventions targeting school readiness and success among at-risk children are discussed.
Evaluating linkage disequilibrium and recombination provides a haplotype-tagging SNP panel of the major histocompatibility complex in African Americans

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) (Chromosome 6p21.3) is a dynamic, immune gene-rich region that is associated with multiple diseases. Haplotype-tagging single-nucleotide polymorphism (htSNP) panels for the MHC can aid association studies but have only been reported for African, Asian and Caucasian populations to date. We genotyped 2154 SNPs spanning a 3.8-Mb region of the classical MHC in 94 healthy African Americans using Illumina BeadArray technology. We describe the haplotype structure of the MHC in African Americans, calculate the recombination rate (0.35 cM Mb−1) across the region, identify recombination hot spots and develop a panel of htSNPs for future genetic association studies in this population. We conclude that while patterns of LD and recombination are similar within the MHC to that reported in other populations, differences in minor allele frequency at specific markers necessitates an htSNP panel unique to African Americans, which we provide here for use in future genetic association studies.
On maximally saturated graphs

Motivated by a well known theorem of Turan in [7], we prove a partition theorem. We also point out that each of the family of maximally saturated graphs is chromatically unique which is a generalization of a result in [5].
SU-FF-J-56: Estimation of Lung Tumor Setup Uncertainties Using Bony Landmarks and Implanted Fiducials

Introduction: Setup uncertainties require margins to be placed around the internal target volume (ITV) so that the tumor stays within the treatment portal during the course of treatment. The purpose of this work is to estimate setup uncertainties for lungtumors using both bony anatomy and implanted fiducials as surrogates for tumor position. Methods and Materials: Fiducials were implanted in the periphery of lungtumors of 4 patients who were treated using respiratory gating. Setup uncertainties were quantified using the fiducials in the gated images (acquired from the electronic portal imaging device(EPID) operated in cine mode) each day, using the fiducials in the repeat 4D image acquisitions, using the bony anatomy in the repeat 4D image acquisitions. Standard deviation (SD) of population systematic uncertainty (Σ), and SD of random uncertainty (σ) were determined (in cm) from each patient's mean systematic and random setup uncertainties.Results; For the Left/Right (LR), Superior/Inferior (SI), Anterior/Posterior (AP) directions, respectively, using implanted fiducials during treatment, Σ was 0.41, 0.70, 0.47, and σ was 0.34, 0.45, 0.43. For the LR, SI, and AP directions measured using implanted fiducials on the repeat 4DCTs, Σ was 0.26, 0.26, 0.42, and σ was 0.29, 0.27, 0.45. For the LR, SI, and AP directions measured using bony anatomy on the repeat 4DCTs, Σ was 0.08, 0.36, 0.27, and σ was 0.24, 0.33, 0.43. Conclusions. We were able to quantify setup uncertainties using two surrogates for lungtumors using repeat 4DCT image acquisitions and gated EPIDimages. The SD of the systematic and random components of setup uncertainties varied up to 4.5 mm as measured on 4DCT and up to 7 mm as measured on EPIDimages suggesting that setup uncertainties can be significant.
OMA-Gosh, Where's that TAF?

How transcription is silenced in early embryos has long been a mystery. In this issue, Guven-Ozkan et al. (2008) report that transcriptional repression during worm embryogenesis is mediated through sequestration of the general transcription factor TAF-4 and is regulated by mechanisms that orchestrate the transition between maternal and zygotic gene expression.
Implementation of an Entropy Closure Model for 2-D Hybrid Hall Thruster Simulations

An entropy closure formulation for Hall thrusters was implemented in a radial–axial hybrid simulation. We modeled the entropy production and its scaling with effective collision frequency and magnetic field. This entropy source was used in an entropy transport equation resulting in a differential equation for the effective electron mobility. With this formulation, the effective electron mobility is a computed variable. This paper presents the results of 2-D hybrid simulations of a laboratory Hall thruster that incorporate this model and compares these results to simulations using both Bohm and experimental measurements for the mobility. Simulations were also performed using this model for varying discharge voltage and background gas density. The background gas density is found to have a significant effect on the computed discharge current. The entropy closure model is found to better capture the current–voltage characteristics that are measured experimentally than other models used for electron transport.
A “shortcut” Mosher ester method to assign configurations of stereocenters in nearly symmetric environments. Fluorous mixture synthesis and structure assignment of petrocortyne A

A “shortcut” of the advanced Mosher rule for use in assigning stereocenters in molecules with elements of local symmetry is proposed. A single Mosher ester is made, and the chemical shifts of pairs of resonances related by local symmetry are subtracted from each other (rather than from analogous resonances in the isomeric Mosher ester) to provide the configuration. Fluorous mixture synthesis is used to make a stereoisomer library of the four isomers of petrocortyne A. These samples and the derived Mosher esters are used to assign the (3S,14S) configuration to petrocortyne A and to validate both the standard and shortcut Mosher methods for use in the petrocortyne family of dialkynyl carbinols.
The Federal Role in Early Childhood Special Education Policy in the Next Century The Responsibility of the Individual

This article describes the relationship of federal, state, and local policy as it relates to early childhood special education (ECSE) policies. The article describes the balance of power among the three levels of government established by a system of federalism, such as the U.S. form of government. The author hypothesizes that efforts on behalf of young children with special needs and their families need to be increasingly focused on local action rather than federal. The role of the federal government in ECSE policy may diminish in the future, and the goals of policy, whether federal or local policies, are more likely to be met if individuals at the local level commit to local action. The author proposes that future federal, state, or local policy gains will be dependent on actions taken by individuals at the state and local level.
Abstract PR5: Therapeutic targeting of oncogene-specific tyrosine kinase networks during prostate cancer progression

Dominant activating mutations or DNA amplification of tyrosine kinases are not readily observed despite the numerous oncogenic alterations implicated in prostate cancer. We demonstrate that castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) exhibits increased tyrosine phosphorylation, raising the question of whether enhanced tyrosine kinase activity is observed in this disease in the absence of specific tyrosine kinase mutations. We generated a mouse model of prostate cancer progression using combinations of commonly perturbed non-tyrosine kinase oncogenes and pathways, including myristoylated Akt (Akt), androgen receptor (AR), Erg, and activated Kras (KrasG12V). We recapitulated the different stages of prostate cancer ranging from prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) (Akt) to low grade cancer (Akt+Erg) to highly aggressive prostatic adenocarcinoma (Akt+AR or Akt+KrasG12V). We detected a significant upregulation of tyrosine phosphorylation at the advanced adenocarcinoma stage. Phosphotyrosine peptide enrichment and quantitative mass spectrometry identified oncogene-specific tyrosine kinase signatures, including activation of Egfr Y1172 (Akt+Erg), EphA2 Y595 (Akt+KrasG12V), and Jak2 Y1007/08 (Akt+AR). Kinase:substrate relationship analysis of the phosphopeptides also revealed Abl Y245 and Src Y416 tyrosine kinase activation in Akt+AR tumors; known targets of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor Dasatinib. We are currently evaluating the efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors Dasatinib or Erlotinib on non-tyrosine kinase driven tumors Akt+AR or Akt+Erg, respectively. In summary, the observation of elevated phosphotyrosine signaling in advanced prostate cancer and identification of specific tyrosine kinase pathways from genetically-defined tumor models points to new therapeutic approaches using tyrosine kinase inhibitors for advanced prostate cancer. This abstract is also presented as Poster C35. Citation Format: Justin M. Drake, Jiaoti Huang, Thomas G. Graeber, Owen N. Witte, Nicholas A. Graham, Tanya Stoyanova, Amir Sedghi, Andrew S. Goldstein, Houjian Cai, Daniel A. Smith, Hong Zhang, Evangelia Komisopoulou. Therapeutic targeting of oncogene-specific tyrosine kinase networks during prostate cancer progression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PR5.
Primary progressive aphasia

Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a focal dementia characterized by an isolated and gradual dissolution of language function. The disease starts with word-finding disturbances (anomia) and frequently proceeds to impair the grammatical structure (syntax) and comprehension (semantics) of language. The speech output in PPA can be fluent or nonfluent. Memory, visual processing, and personality remain relatively well-preserved until the advanced stages and help to distiguish PPA from frontal lobe dementia and the typical forms of Alzheimer's disease. The term "semantic dementia" was originally introduced to designate a different group of patients with a combination of verbal and visual processing deficits. In practice, however, this diagnosis is also being used in a variant sense to denote a subtype of PPA with fluent speech and impaired comprehension, even in the absence of visual processing deficits. Insofar as the diagnosis of semantic dementia can have these two different meanings, it is important to specify whether it is being used in the original sense or to denote a subtype of PPA. Structural and physiological neuroimaging confirms the selective predilection of PPA for the left hemisphere, especially for its language-related cortices. A few patients with PPA display the neuropathological markers of Alzheimer's disease, but in an unusual distribution. The majority of the autopsies in PPA have shown either Pick's disease or lobar atrophy without distinctive histopathology. The suggestion has been made that PPA and frontal lobe dementia constitute phenotypical variations of a unitary disease process within the "Pick-lobar atrophy" spectrum. Recent advances in chromosome 17-linked dementias justify a rigorous search for tau polymorphisms and tauopathy in sporadic PPA. An informed approach to this syndrome will increase the effectiveness with which clinicians can address the unique challenges associated with the diagnosis and care of PPA.
A cosserat-type model for the red blood cell wall

Abstract This paper is concerned with the development of a continuum model of the red bloc d cell wall undergoing finite elastic deformations. The red blood cell wall comprises two interconnected constituent layers: a protein layer, which behaves as an elastic membrane and a lipid bilayer, which exhibits both solid-like and fluid-like properties. The cell wall is modeled as a pair of material surfaces that are interconnected by a deformable director called a connector and a detailed constitutive theory is developed for each layer. The constitutive equations are based on physically observed phenomena and are tailored to reflect the solid-like and fluid-like properties of the lipid bilayer. An illustrative example involving finite deformations of interconnected cylindrical sectors is presented.
Ultralight, ultrastiff mechanical metamaterials

The mechanical properties of ordinary materials degrade substantially with reduced density because their structural elements bend under applied load. We report a class of microarchitected materials that maintain a nearly constant stiffness per unit mass density, even at ultralow density. This performance derives from a network of nearly isotropic microscale unit cells with high structural connectivity and nanoscale features, whose structural members are designed to carry loads in tension or compression. Production of these microlattices, with polymers, metals, or ceramics as constituent materials, is made possible by projection microstereolithography (an additive micromanufacturing technique) combined with nanoscale coating and postprocessing. We found that these materials exhibit ultrastiff properties across more than three orders of magnitude in density, regardless of the constituent material.
Determination of vapor pressure/molecular weight correlations from droplet evaporation data

Abstract A rapid method is presented for the determination of vapor pressure/molecular weight correlations for homologous hydrocarbon mixtures. By comparing droplet evaporation data to discretized theoretical continuum mass flux rates which employ two parameter exponential vapor pressure/molecular weight correlations, best fit pressure correlation parameters are determined. The present technique is applied to the multicomponent oil mixture, 100 pale oil, which is modeled as a fifteen component system. Postulating the mixture is thermodynamically ideal, best fit pressure correlations are determined which result in less than 5% error between theory and experiment. It is shown the hydrocarbon vapor pressure calculated from the derived pressure correlation is in satisfactory agreement with pressures calculated from distillation data and the Clausius Clapeyron relation.
Design and characteristics of a portable breath actuated, particle size selective medical aerosol inhaler

Abstract A new medical aerosol inhaler comprising a pressurized canister or metered dose inhaler (MDI), an aerosol holding chamber and a one-way valve system has been designed. Coordination of inhalation with actuation of the canister is no longer necessary as the valve ensures that aerosol is delivered only upon inspiration. The optimum chamber dimensions were found experimentally to be a cylinder approx. 11 cm in length by 3.5 cm diameter. It was deduced that the large particles from the MDI, which usually deposit in the upper airway during standard metered dose inhaler use, impacted in the holding chamber and the remainder evaporated to smaller size particles. These smaller particles (
Conversion of simulation processes to Pascal constructs

Although the expressive power of retentive control is widely accepted, languages possessing such control forms are not always available. In this paper, we present an implementation technique to extend a recursive language to one containing simulation processes. In particular, we report on the design of a preprocessor that translates SimCal, a language that combines Pascal and the process abstraction of Simula, into Pascal. The translation is done automatically by the preprocessor without additional information from the user. The preprocessor has been implemented for a microcomputer using Turbo Pascal, which is also used as the target language. SimCal has been found to be useful for teaching simulation and for programming simulation applications.
Treatment and prevention of the amyloidoses. Can the lessons learned be applied to sporadic inclusion-body myositis?

The amyloid fibril represents a final common pathologic pathway for a variety of human proteins, all of which have a propensity to misfold. Each seems to require a predisposing event to realize its fibrillogenic potential. It may be mutation, inappropriate or incomplete cleavage, overproduction, or the availability of a template for misfolding. Therapies have been based on decreasing the stimulus (inflammation in the case of AA) reducing the number of producing cells (AL) and a variety of approaches to removing the extracellular aggregates. Sporadic inclusion-body myositis (sIBM), while physically resembling the extracellular amyloidoses, is an intracellular disease, hence imposes the additional requirement of developing a therapy that can access and function inside the affected or potentially affected, cell. Current approaches to the treatment of other forms of amyloidosis are discussed in the context of their applicability, or lack thereof, to sIBM.
A recent common ancestry for human Y chromosomes

THE male-specific portion of the Y chromosome is especially useful for studies of human origins. Patterns of nucleotide variation that are neutral with respect to fitness should permit estimates of when and where ancestral Y chromosomes existed1. However, variation on the human Y chromosome has been observed to be greatly reduced relative to the autosomes and the X chromosome2–5. One explanation is that selection for a favourable mutation on the non-recombining portion of the Y chromosome has resulted in the recent fixation of a single Y haplotype5,6. A 2.6-kiIobase fragment encompassing a polymorphic Alu insertion was sequenced from 16 human and four chimpanzee Y chromosomes. Patterns of nucleotide sequence diversity and divergence provide no evidence for a recent, strong selective sweep on the human Y chromosome. The time back to a common ancestral human Y chromosome is estimated to be 188,000 years, with a 95% confidence interval from 51,000 to 411,000 years. These results are consistent with auto-somal and mitochondrial DNA studies that suggest a long-term human effective population size of 10,000 and a sex ratio of 1 (ref. 7). These inferences contradict predictions of the multiregional hypothesis8 positing a widespread transformation of Homo erectus populations into Homo sapiens.
Partial hepatectomy improves the outcome of intraportal islet transplantation by promoting revascularization.

Revascularization of grafts is one of the important key factors for the success of islet transplantation. After partial hepatectomy, many growth factors such as hepatocyte growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor are increased in the remnant liver. These growth factors have properties that promote angiogenesis. This might be an optimal environment for revascularization of islets transplanted intraportally. To verify this hypothesis, syngeneic islets (330 per recipient) were transplanted into the right hepatic lobes of streptozotocin-induced diabetic Balb/c mice with (hepatectomy group) or without (control group) left liver resection. Blood glucose was monitored for 28 d after transplantation. Glucose tolerance test was performed on post-operative day (POD) 30, and histological assessments were performed on POD 7 and 30 respectively. Analysis revealed that 36.7% of the control and 90.0% of the hepatectomy mice attained normoglycemia during the observation period (*p = 0.0142). Glucose tolerance...
Automating the security analysis process of secure ad hoc routing protocols

Abstract Conventional security property evaluation approaches for ad hoc network routing protocols do not provide an automated or exhaustive capability. This paper provides an automated process to evaluate security properties in the route discovery phase for on-demand source routing protocols. For a given network topology, model checking is used to exhaustively evaluate protocol abstractions against an attacker attempting to corrupt the route discovery process. Additionally, topology reduction techniques are developed to reduce computational requirements while maintaining exhaustive analysis results.
Some analytical tools for the design of space-time convolutional codes

Space-time convolutional codes have shown considerable promise for providing improved performance for wireless communication through combined diversity and coding gain. An efficient design procedure is presented for optimizing the coding and diversity gain measures proposed in the first papers on space-time codes. The procedure is based on some simple lower and upper bounds on coding gain. The same calculations needed to compute these bounds can be used to check either necessary or sufficient conditions on space-time codes which achieve maximum diversity gain. A new simple, but useful, measure of code performance is also suggested which augments existing measures. The use of the design procedure is illustrated and new codes are provided. These codes are shown to outperform the space-time convolutional codes provided in the initial papers introducing space-time codes.
What If? Modality and History

Philosophers and historians have long been suspicious of modal and counterfactual claims. I argue, however, that historians often legitimately use modal and counterfactual claims for a variety of purposes. They help identify causes, and hence help explain events in history. They are used to defend judgments about people, and to highlight the importance of particular events. I defend these uses of modal claims against two arguments often used to criticize modal reasoning, using the philosophy of science to ground the truth of modal claims. This analysis puts several important points into perspective, including how certain we can be about our claims about what might have been, and the role that determinism plays in those claims. The proper analysis of modality shows, I argue, that counterfactual claims are legitimate and important, if often uncertain, and that issues of determinism are irrelevant to the modal claims used in historical analysis.
Electron transfer collisions of Be2+ with H2 and Be

Abstract The rate coefficient for electron transfer from H 2 to Be 2+ ions has been measured using a radio-frequency (Paul) ion trap. The Be ions were produced by electron impact ionization of a Be atom beam passing through the trap. Electron capture from Be atoms was also observed. The rate coefficients are k (Be 2+ , H 2 )=1.55(0.6)×10 −9 cm 3 /s and k (Be 2+ , Be)=1.8 +1.6 −0.5 ×10 −9 cm 3 /s.
Religion, Theology, Church, and Bioethics

Modern medical ethics developed in America after mid-century chiefly at theological schools, but discourse on bioethics soon moved to the pluralist-secular settings of the academy and the clinic, where it acquired a philosophical and intentionally non-religious cast. An effort was made, on the grounds of 'liberal culture' and 'late Enlightenment rationality' to find a framework for inquiry which aspired to the universal. Today, while that language persists, it coexists with, challenges, and is challenged by forms of ethical analysis and advocacy which take into consideration the 'thickness' of complicating narrative and reasoning based in the many religious traditions. It has become incumbent upon advocates of those traditions to propose 'publicly accessible' argument.
Transient abducens nerve palsy following a Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy: Report of a case

A case of transient abducens nerve palsy following Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy is reported. The results of the CT scan strongly suggest the cause was a fracture of the body of the sphenoid bone but the cause of the fracture is unclear. The palsy occurred on the first postoperative day and recovery took approximately 5 months. The most likely explanation for the complication is a transmittal of force from the osteotome used to fracture through the pterygoid plates extending superiorly through the medial surface of the cavernous sinus. This case clearly demonstrates the importance of care in positioning of the pterygomaxillary osteotome.
Braided thermoplastic composites from powder-coated towpregs. Part III: Consolidation and mechanical properties

Carbon fiber/nylon 6 powder coated and commingled tows were braided into biaxial braids with a ±45° braid angle. Consolidation experiments were carried out to study the influence of consolidation conditions on the properties of the laminates using a 2 3 full factorial experimental design. The consolidation studies reveal that commingled tows require more severe consolidation conditions than powder coated tows to obtain comparable properties. The dependence of powder-coated laminate qualities like void content and fiber volume fraction on the consolidation conditions is reported. The ±45° braided laminates are tested for tensile properties. Although the dominant mode of failure of the laminates is shear failure between the fibers and the resin, the failure is non-brittle because of fiber interlacement in the braided preforms.
A geometric derivation of Kane's equations

A geometrically-based derivation of Kane's dynamical equations is presented. Equations for both holonomic and nonholonomic systems are derived by considering the system's motion in a hypersurface determined from the equations relating Cartesian to generalized coordinates. Using vector space methods, the equations of motion are projected onto the tangent plane to the hypersurface. In the course of this construction, a requirement on the transformation between generalized and Cartesian coordinates is revealed that is often overlooked. This restriction is then shown to be a necessary and sufficient condition for the invertibility of the coefficient matrix of the generalized accelerations appearing in Kane's dynamical equations. Although less succinct than the traditional approach, the present derivation offers some insight into the physics embodied in Kane's equations and appears as a natural generalization of methods used in elementary problems.
Fe3O4 nanoparticle-integrated graphene sheets for high-performance half and full lithium ion cells

We synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticle/reduced graphene oxide (RGO-Fe3O4) nanocomposites and evaluated their performance as anodes in both half and full coin cells. The nanocomposites were synthesized through a chemical co-precipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in the presence of graphene oxides within an alkaline solution and a subsequent high-temperature reduction reaction in argon (Ar) environment. The morphology and microstructures of the fabricated RGO-Fe3O4 nanocomposites were characterized using various techniques. The results indicated that the Fe3O4 nanoparticles had relatively homogeneous dispersions on the RGO sheet surfaces. These as-synthesized RGO-Fe3O4 nanocomposites were used as anodes for both half and full lithium-ion cells. Electrochemical measurement results exhibit a high reversible capacity which is about two and a half times higher than that of graphite-based anodes at a 0.05C rate, and an enhanced reversible capacity of about 200 mAh g−1 even at a high charge/discharge rate of 10C (9260 mA g−1) in half cells. Most important of all, these fabricated novel nanostructures also show exceptional capacity retention with the assembled RGO-Fe3O4/LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 full cell at different C rates. This outstanding electrochemical behavior can be attributed to the unique microstructure, morphology, texture, surface properties of the nanocomposites, and combinative effects from the different chemical composition in the nanocomposites.
Carbon dioxide and temperature effects on pima cotton development

Predicting plant responses to changing atmospheric CO 2 and to the possible global warming are important concerns. Effects of CO 2 on developmental events are poorly documented, as is the interaction of CO 2 and other major climate variables on crop development. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of an altered CO 2 environment and interactions of CO 2 and temperature on pima cotton developmental rates. Pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense L. cv. S-6) was grown from seed in sun-lit plant growth chambers. Air temperatures were controlled from 20/12 to 40/32°C (day/night) in 5-degree increments. Daytime CO 2 was maintained at 350 or 700 μL L -1 . In a second experiment, the temperature was maintained at 30/22°C day/night and the plants were grown in 350, 450, or 700 μL L -1 CO 2 . Days required to develop nodes on the mainstem, days from emergence to first square, number of vegetative and fruiting branches, number of fruiting sites produced, number of bolls and squares produced, and number of bolls and squares retained by the plants were determined. Rates of mainstem node formation and the time required to produce the first square and first flower were not sensitive to atmospheric CO 2 , but were very sensitive to temperature. Prefruiting branch nodal positions required longer to develop than nodes with fruiting branches. Carbon dioxide levels did not affect the time required to produce nodes. Number of branches produced was sensitive to both temperature and CO 2 . The larger number of bolls set on the lower branches of plants grown at high CO 2 provided a larger sink for photosynthate than plants grown at low CO 2 This may be the reason for the observed reduction in number of fruit at the upper nodes of highCcO 2 -grown plants. More bolls and squares were produced and retained on plants grown in high-CO 2 environments, except that none were produced in either CO 2 environment at 40/32°C. Our results indicate that high-temperature-tolerant cotton cultivars would be more productive in the present-day CO 2 world, and they would be essential in the future if global temperature increases.
Switching between positive and negative permeability by photoconductive coupling for modulation of electromagnetic radiation

We introduce a modulation mechanism for negative index materials (NIM) in the GHz frequency range by means of photoconductive coupling. This leads the way to a monolithically integrated modulable NIM achieved by conventional microfabrication techniques. The photosensitive material is deposited in the gap of the split ring resonator (SRR) structure and the response in terms of S-parameters is simulated using a high frequency structure simulator (HFSSTM) program. Only a single SRR particle is simulated to demonstrate total suppression of resonance amplitude and without any loss of generality the concept is applicable to a NIM comprising of both negative permeability and negative permittivity. This simple modulation of refractive indices can lead to novel optical device developments with the potential to dramatically improve the performance of existing phased array antennas, optical beam-forming networks, antenna remoting and transportation of RF power through fiber.
Synthetic ethology and the evolution of cooperative communication

Synthetic ethology is proposed as a means of conducting controlled experiments investigating the mechanisms and evolution of communication. After a discussion of the goals and methods of synthetic ethology, two series of experiments are described based on at least 5000 breeding cycles. The first demonstrates the evolution of cooperative communication in a population of simple machines. The average fitness of the population and the organization of its use of signals are compared under three conditions: communication suppressed, communication permitted, and communication permitted in the presence of learning. Where communication is permitted, the fitness increases approximately 26 times faster than when communication is suppressed; with communication and learning, the rate of fitness increase is nearly 100-fold The second series of experiments illustrates the evolution of a syntactically simple language, in which a pair of signals is required for effective communication.
The Economic Feasibility of Processed Animal Waste

A review of the available data suggests that animal waste contains substantial nutritional value. It also appears that these wastes are most efficiently utilized by ruminants and that poultry litte...
RESIDUES OF p, p′-DDE AND DICOFOL IN MILK OF DAIRY COWS FED COMMERCIALLY PRODUCED APPLE POMACE

Residues of the miticide, dicofol, used in orchards, as well as p,p′-DDE a metabolite of p,p′-DDT present as an impurity in dicofol, were found in each commercial apple pomace sampled at several locations in Central New York. Traces of dicofol and p,p′-DDE were found in milk when cows were experimentally fed one of the pomaces for 9 days. These compounds were also detected in the milk of cows which had been fed by a dairy farmer on a practical basis for several months. It was judged that the milk residues were too low to be of health significance to consumers.
40‐kV Electron Scattering from Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe Measured by the Sector‐Microphotometer Electron‐Diffraction Method

Experimental differential cross sections for 40‐kV electrons scattered by Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe were measured using the gas electron‐diffraction sector‐microphotometer method. Three different camera distances (11, 28, and 62 cm) were used to collect experimental intensity data over a range of the scattering variable s from s=0.9 to s=26.The experimental‐intensity curves were compared with theoretical‐intensity curves where the elastic portion of the scattered intensity was calculated using both partial‐wave and first Born scattering amplitudes. Hartree—Fock inelastic scattering factors calculated by Tavard were used for the inelastic portion of the scattered intensity, as well as inelastic scattering factors calculated using the plane‐wave approximation suggested by Liberman. In the case of Kr and Xe the agreement between the experimental and theoretical intensity curves was better when the partial‐wave amplitudes were incorporated in the elastic portion of the intensity than when the first Born amplitudes w...
Histopathology of alcoholic liver disease.

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) has been recognized for centuries, but the growing epidemic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) makes it clear that ALD is a subset of the general class of fatty liver diseases. The histopathological findings of both ALD and NAFLD overlap significantly, and this is an important topic to which we will return at the end of this essay. ALD has three categories of histopathological changes: steatosis, steatohepatitis, and steatofibrosis 1,2 (Table 1). All these changes begin and are usually most prominent in the centrilobular region of the hepatic lobule. The centrilobular hepatocytes are enzymatically prepared to metabolize alcohol through, for example, cytosolic alcohol dehydrogenase and the induction of cytochrome p450 enzymes. 2 Such pathways produce the fatty acids accumulating in steatotic hepatocytes and create the toxic metabolites causing inflammation, hepatocyte injury, and fibrosis. Of course the features described here may often be seen in autopsy and explant specimens because of the role of alcohol in death or the need for transplantation. However, they are most important in the biopsy setting. The publication ‘‘EASL Clinical Practical Guidelines: Management of Alcoholic Liver Disease’’ points to the lack of consensus regarding the role of liver biopsy in the assessment of ALD but suggests the following principles 3 : • Percutaneous biopsy may be performed in most patients, but transjugular biopsy is recommended for patients with a low platelet count and/or a prolonged prothrombin time. • Because of the potential mortality and morbidity of liver biopsy, it is not recommended for all patients with ALD. • Liver biopsy is recommended in ‘‘patients with aggressive forms of ALD such as severe steatohepatitis requiring specific therapies (e.g. corticosteroids and/or pentoxiphylline) and in patients with other cofactors suspected of contributing to liver disease.’’ • Liver biopsy for patients in clinical trials is recommended because liver biopsy ‘‘allows the risk of long-term mortality prognosis of patients with ALD to be classified according to the severity of the histological lesions.’’ • Although the presence of acute steatohepatitis or acute-onchronic hepatitis can be suspected on clinical and biochemical grounds, a definitive diagnosis of acute steatohepatitis requires liver biopsy.
Spectral efficient transmission of 40 Gbps per channel over 50 GHz spaced DWDM systems using optical carrier suppression, separation and optical duobinary modulation

A novel scheme of transmitting 40-Gb/s/channel over 50-GHz spaced DWDM systems is realized by optical carrier suppression and separation technique and optical duobinary modulation. Through simulation, we evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme.
DETONATION PHENOMENA IN HOMOGENEOUS EXPLOSIVES

WE have observed in this laboratory that the manner in which a detonation proceeds in a homogeneous explosive is more complex than had previously been thought. Regions of relatively low luminosity have been observed in the detonation fronts of homogeneous solid and liquid explosives under certain conditions of diameter and confinement. Although these regions of low luminosity, which we call ‘dark-waves’, are larger and more numerous under conditions close to failure, they have also been observed under conditions in which the detonation is apparently proceeding at normal, constant velocity.
A Steady-State and Picosecond Pump-Probe Investigation of the Photophysics of an Acyl and a Bis(acyl)phosphine Oxide

The photophysics (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)diphenylphosphine oxide (1) and bis(2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl)-2,4,4-trimethylpentylphosphine oxide (4) have been investigated by fluorescence, phosphorescence, and low temperature time resolved electron spin resonance. Both 1 and 4 undergo α-cleavage to produce benzoyl and phosphorous centered radicals. The photochemistry of 1 and 4 has been investigated by nanosecond laser flash photolysis, picosecond pump-probe spectroscopy, and steady-state photolysis. The singlet states of 1 and 4 and the phosphorous centered radicals produced by α-cleavage were characterized directly by time resolved absorption spectroscopy. The triplet states of 1 and 4 were characterized indirectly by quenching with 1-phenylnaphthalene as a selective triplet quencher. The use of 1-phenylnaphthalene indicates that α-cleavage occurs mainly from the triplet states of 1 and 4. However, the observed rate of formation of phosphorous centered radicals derived from picosecond investigations is experimen...
Close Friends’ Psychopathology as a Pathway From Early Adversity to Young Adulthood Depressive Symptoms

Past research has highlighted the negative impact of early adverse experiences on childhood social functioning, including friendship selection, and later mental health. The current study explored the long-term effects of early adversity on young adults' close friends' psychological symptoms and the impact of these close friendships on later depressive symptoms. A prospective longitudinal design was used to examine 816 youth from a large community-based sample, who were followed from birth through age 25. Participants' mothers provided contemporaneous information about adversity exposure up to age 5, and participants completed questionnaires about their own depressive symptoms at age 20 and in their early 20s. Youth also nominated a best friend to complete questionnaires about his or her own psychopathology at age 20. Individuals who experienced more early adversity by age 5 had best friends with higher rates of psychopathology at age 20. Moreover, best friends' psychopathology predicted target youth depressive symptoms 2 to 5 years later. Results indicate that early adversity continues to affect social functioning throughout young adulthood and that best friendships marked by elevated psychopathology in turn negatively affect mental health. Findings have implications for clinical interventions designed to prevent the development of depressive symptoms in youth who have been exposed to early adversity.
Anchoring semiconductor and metal nanoparticles on a two-dimensional catalyst mat. Storing and shuttling electrons with reduced graphene oxide.

Using reduced graphene oxide (RGO) as a two-dimensional support, we have succeeded in selective anchoring of semiconductor and metal nanoparticles at separate sites. Photogenerated electrons from UV-irradiated TiO2 are transported across RGO to reduce silver ions into silver nanoparticles at a location distinct from the TiO2 anchored site. The ability of RGO to store and shuttle electrons, as visualized via a stepwise electron transfer process, demonstrates its capability to serve as a catalyst nanomat and transfer electrons on demand to adsorbed species. These findings pave the way for the development of next generation catalyst systems and can spur advancements in graphene-based composites for chemical and biological sensors.
A membrane-targeted BID BCL-2 homology 3 peptide is sufficient for high potency activation of BAX in vitro

Abstract The multidomain pro-apoptotic proteins BAX and BAK constitute an essential gateway to mitochondrial dysfunction and programmed cell death. Among the “BCL-2 homology (BH) 3-only” members of pro-apoptotic proteins, truncated BID (tBID) has been implicated in direct BAX activation, although an explicit molecular mechanism remains elusive. We find that BID BH3 peptide alone at submicromolar concentrations cannot activate BAX or complement BID BH3 mutant-tBID in mitochondrial and liposomal release assays. Because tBID contains structurally defined membrane association domains, we investigated whether membrane targeting of BID BH3 peptide would be sufficient to restore its pro-apoptotic activity. We developed a Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid liposomal assay system that efficiently conjugates histidine-tagged peptides to a simulated outer mitochondrial membrane surface. Strikingly, nanomolar concentrations of a synthetic BID BH3 peptide that is chemically tethered to the liposomal membrane activated BAX almost as efficiently as tBID itself. These results highlight the importance of membrane targeting of the BID BH3 domain in tBID-mediated BAX activation and support a model in which tBID engages BAX to trigger its pro-apoptotic activity.
Using Growth Models to Measure School Performance: Implications for Gifted Learners.

Using assessment data to determine student growth has become an integral part of the accountability movement, and researchers and educators are currently examining how new rules impact the academic assessment of gifted learners. In 2008, the Association for the Gifted’s Annual Symposium at the Council for Exceptional Children Convention focused on policy and legislative issues and their effects on gifted and talented students. One presentation in the symposium centered on the No Child Left Behind Growth Model Pilot Program (GMPP). This article provides an historical overview of the GMPP, describes the current use of growth models used by states for accountability purposes, defines measuring growth from a statistical modeling perspective, discusses implications for gifted learners who are above proficiency, and makes recommendations for policy makers and administrators to begin measuring growth.