cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NewK-automorphisms and a problem of Kakutani

A property is introduced, for 1-1 measure-preserving transformations of probability spaces, calledloose Bernoulliness (LB), which is invariant under taking factors, inducing, and tower-building. It amounts to replacing, in Ornstein’s definition ofvery weak Bernoulli, the Hamming distance on strings by a coarser metric. The main result is the construction of a transformationT0 which is ergodic and of entropy 0 butnot LB. On the other hand, any irrational rotationis LB. Consequently, the equivalence relation generated by inducing and tower-building (which I callKakutani equivalence, and the Russians callmonotone equivalence) has at least two distinct equivalence classes among the ergodic entropy zero transformations. A similar situation exists for ergodic positive-entropy transformations: on the one hand, any Bernoulli shift is LB, while on the other hand a non LBK-automorphism\(\hat T_0 \) can be made by skewingT0 over a Bernoulli base.
Augmenting the aho-corasick pattern matching machine

The Aho-Corasick algorithm is a well-known method of determining the occurrences of one of several given pattern strings in a given text string. We address the question of augmenting the pattern matching machine constructed by this algorithm with a new pattern string, both on-line and off-line. We show that augmenting a machine of N nodes with a new pattern string of length m takes Θ(mN) time on-line and Θ(N) time off-line.
Influence of growth hormone on cerebral cortical RNA metabolism in immature hypothyroid rats.

Summary The effects of daily injections of bovine growth hormone on growth and cerebral cortical nucleic acid metabolism were investigated in 25-day-old hypothyroid rats which had been radiothyroidectomized at 1 day of age. Growth hormone elicited an increase in body and brain weights of hypothyroid animals although the increase in weight could not be considered a result of an enhanced maturation. Nucleic acid levels and the kinetics of incorporation of labeled orotic acid into cerebral RNA in hypothyroid rats were not restored to normal by growth hormone. It was concluded that growth hormone probably does not directly contribute to brain development, at least in the absence of thyroid hormones, and that any effect may depend upon the concurrent addition of thyroid hormones.
Sequence variability in the first internal transcribed spacer region within and among Cyclospora species is consistent with polyparasitism

Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian parasite which causes severe gastroenteritis in humans. Molecular information on this newly emerging pathogen is scarce. Our objectives were to assess genetic variation within and between human-associated C. cayetanensis and baboon-associated Cyclospora papionis by examining the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA operon, and to develop an efficient polymerase chain reaction- (PCR)-based method to distinguish C. cayetanensis from other closely related organisms. For these purposes, we studied C. cayetanensis ITS-1 nucleotide variability in 24 human faecal samples from five geographic locations and C. papionis ITS-1 variability in four baboon faecal samples from Tanzania. In addition, a continuous sequence encompassing ITS-1, 5.8S rDNA and ITS-2 was determined from two C. cayetanensis samples. The results indicate that C. cayetanensis and C. papionis have distinct ITS-1 sequences, but identical 5.8S rDNA sequences. ITS-1 is highly variable within and between samples, but variability does not correlate with geographic origin of the samples. Despite this variability, conserved species-specific ITS-1 sequences were identified and a single-round, C. cayetanensis-specific PCR-based assay with a sensitivity of one to ten oocysts was developed. This consistent and remarkable diversity among Cyclospora spp. ITS-1 sequences argues for polyparasitism and simultaneous transmission of multiple strains.
Problems in Identifying Public and Private Organizations: A Demonstration Using a Simple Naive Bayesian Classification

Publicness theory has received considerable treatment over the past 20 years. While the theory has provided much in the way of theorizing on how to think about public and private organizations, it has also raised unanswered questions. A major question in this regard is, given this theory, how should we go about classifying organizations as public or private given both what is known from the theory as well as an organizations legal definition. This manuscript seeks to address this question by identifying the components necessary for a classification scheme.
TACHYPHYLAXIS. III. EPHEDRINE.

Tachyphylaxis to ephedrine was studied in anesthetized cats by the following parameters: pressor responses (height and duration), heart rate, nictitating membrane contractions, and tone. Levo or dl -norepinephrine infusions, in contrast to epinephrine or phenylephrine infusions, given after the initial development of tachyphylaxis, produced a partial return of responses to ephedrine. Ephedrine tachyphylaxis and its specific reversal by norepinephrine are discussed.
Endolithic cyanobacteria in soil gypsum : Occurrences in Atacama (Chile), Mojave (United States), and Al-Jafr Basin (Jordan) Deserts

[1] Soil sulfates are present in arid and hyperarid environments on Earth and have been found to be abundant in soils on Mars. Examination of soil gypsum from the Atacama Desert, Chile, the Mojave Desert, United States, and Al-Jafr Basin, Jordan, revealed endolithic cyanobacteria communities just below the surface of soil gypsum samples. Optical and scanning electron microscope observations of the colonized layers indicated that the unicellular Chroococcidiopsis is the dominant cyanobacterium in all studied communities. 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed that in addition to Chroococcidiopsis, a few other cyanobacteria are present. Heterotrophic bacteria are also abundant in the colonized zones of the fine-grained gypsum from the Atacama and Mojave Desert, but insignificant in the fibrous gypsum from the Jordan Desert. Endolithic life forms similar to these described here may exist or have existed on Mars and should be targeted by the Mars Science Laboratory and future in situ missions.
Frequency response of nonlinear closed-loop feedback control systems

THE ANALYSIS of nonlinear control systems is not a new problem. In 1918, Barbillion1,2 investigated the use of a hydraulic servomotor in a nonlinear regulating control system. The work of Babillion and Cayere is a modification of the principle given by Leaute' in 1885 in his treatise on the prevention of long period oscillations in machines driven by water turbines. In considering the operation of the servomotor, Leaute' suggested that the servomotor should be advanced to damp out the oscillations in question. In all cases there is more or less considerable oscillation of speed and the regulation is made by successive approximations.
Violence in Youth: Where Do We Go From Here? Behavior Therapy's Response

Violence in America is widespread and affects many aspects of our daily lives. This paper reviews one form of violence in America, youth violence, and examines the extent and scope of the problem and its associated challenges. In addition to alarming rates of mortality, especially for minority youths, considerable morbidity is associated with youth violence. Many youths who experience or witness violence develop posttraumatic stress disorder or related cognitive, affective, and behavioral problems. Following a review of these sequelae to violence, attention is directed toward the multiple interacting and transacting causes of violence, including biological, physiological, chemical, behavioral, psychological, sociological, economical, and political determinants. In response to these multiple influences, cognitive and behavior therapists have developed a range of intervention and prevention programs that have proven useful and effective, at least in the short run. Yet we must do more. The development of new programs that are developmentally sensitive, ecologically valid, and that build on a solid functional analysis of violent behavior in society is proposed.
X-inactivation profile reveals extensive variability in X-linked gene expression in females

In female mammals, most genes on one X chromosome are silenced as a result of X-chromosome inactivation. However, some genes escape X-inactivation and are expressed from both the active and inactive X chromosome. Such genes are potential contributors to sexually dimorphic traits, to phenotypic variability among females heterozygous for X-linked conditions, and to clinical abnormalities in patients with abnormal X chromosomes. Here, we present a comprehensive X-inactivation profile of the human X chromosome, representing an estimated 95% of assayable genes in fibroblast-based test systems. In total, about 15% of X-linked genes escape inactivation to some degree, and the proportion of genes escaping inactivation differs dramatically between different regions of the X chromosome, reflecting the evolutionary history of the sex chromosomes. An additional 10% of X-linked genes show variable patterns of inactivation and are expressed to different extents from some inactive X chromosomes. This suggests a remarkable and previously unsuspected degree of expression heterogeneity among females.
Cramer's condition and Sanov's theorem

Abstract We discuss whether Sanov's theorem can be extended to a topology that renders the mapping v → ↦ f dv continuous, for a given measurable function f. We show that this is possible if and only if f possesses all exponential moments with respect to the underlying law μ. AMS classification: 60F10
Effect of rehabilitation site on functional recovery after hip fracture

Abstract Munin MC, Seligman K, Dew MA, Quear T, Skidmore ER, Gruen G, Reynolds CF III, Lenze EJ. Effect of rehabilitation site on functional recovery after hip fracture. Objective To evaluate whether FIM instrument motor outcomes differ between hip fracture survivors undergoing rehabilitation in inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs) and skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). Design Inception cohort with follow-up to 12 weeks after hospital discharge. Setting University-affiliated tertiary care hospital, IRFs, and SNFs. Participants All hip fracture patients prospectively admitted between March 1, 2002, and June 30, 2003, were eligible if they were 60 years or older and had surgical stabilization of the fracture. Interventions Posthip fracture rehabilitation delivered at either IRFs or SNFs. Main outcome measure FIM motor score obtained postoperatively and at 2 and 12 weeks posthospital discharge. Results IRF patients stayed an average of 12.8 days, whereas SNF patients averaged 36.2 days. Rehabilitation participation scores were obtained during therapy sessions and did not differ between groups. A repeated-measures analysis of covariance found a significant group by time interaction (F 2,68 =23.75, P Conclusions IRF patients had superior 12-week functional outcomes, as measured by the FIM motor score, compared with those treated in an SNF. The improved outcomes occurred during a significantly shorter rehabilitation length of stay and remained even when statistically controlling for baseline differences between groups. These data suggest that hip fracture survivors should not be excluded from receiving inpatient rehabilitation services. Randomized clinical trials are needed to understand more fully differences between rehabilitation treatment settings.
Three-dimensional nanoscale optical cavities of indefinite metamaterial

We realize three-dimensional nanoscale optical cavities with anomalous scaling laws, by incorporating indefinite metamaterial with hyperbolic dispersion. Optical cavities with sizes down to ∼ λ/12 and high refractive index of 17.4 are demonstrated.
Direct-chaining with coalescing lists

Abstract The hash table collision resolution method using coalescing lists has been analyzed by D. E. Knuth (“The Art of Computer Programming, ” Vol. 3, “Searching and Sorting,” Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1973) and J. S. Vitter (“Analysis of Coalesced Hashing,” Ph.D. Thesis, Computer Science Dept. Report STAN-CS-80-817, Stanford University, 1980) , assuming a form where a newly arriving item is placed at the end of the chain into which it hashes. If a newly arriving item is, instead, stored in the chain directly after the item with which it collides, the cost of retrieval is slightly better. This early-insertion form of direct-chaining with coalescing lists is presented and analyzed here, including some observations on speed-ups, space utilization, and deletion.
Professional morale and social work training: A study

This article presents the results of an empirical study that was designed to ascertain the state of professional morale of the membership of the Connecticut Society for Clinical Social Work. The data suggest a dissatisfaction with career choice. Reassessment of the character and quality of social work supervision emerges as one of the study's implications.
Electrokinetic surfaces of trypsin-dissociated embryonic chick liver cells.

Abstract The effect of tryptic disaggregation on the electrophoretic mobilities of isolated chick liver cells was studied. It was found that the electrophoretic mobility of the cells decreased over the first 24 h and remained constant thereafter. Liver cells incubated with the dialysate of cytolysed labelled liver cells were associated with a much higher level of activity than the dialysate. The significance of these findings are discussed emphasizing the variability of effect of the tryptic disaggregation procedure.
Triarchic Model of Minority Children's School Achievement

Schools in the United States have attained greater and lesser degrees of success in providing educational experiences that facilitate the achievement of children of color. Although research from a variety of perspectives has provided a solid foundation for understanding the achievement and underachievement of children of color, much remains unknown in the understanding of the patterns of school achievement among minority children. In the Triarchic Model of School Achievement, the form and perceived function of school, the family's cultural norms and beliefs about education and development, and the characteristics of the child are considered as factors contributing to minority children's school achievement. It is argued that focusing on only one component provides limited understanding of the complex environment that contributes to minority children's school achievement.
Bias and therapist influence in behavioral assessment

Summary-This paper illustrates several types of unwanted bias and indicates some of their adverse effects on assessment and planning for modification. Although bias and influence cannot be eliminated from the interview, their effects can be reduced by having the therapist use behaviorally neutral interviewing, informing patients early of the importance of providing accurate and specific information, and withholding recommendations and advice about modification until assessment has been completed. Occasions. when the therapist may depart from a neutral stance during assessment are noted. DESPITE its rapid growth, the field of behavior therapy has developed unevenly. In general, more work has been done on the principles and techniques of modification than on the operational details of assessment and clinical procedure. Interviewing in behavior modification is an area particularly deserving of explication and codification. The interview is usually a principle source of information for the behavior therapist, and what the therapist says and does during assessment as well as modification may be very potent in altering the behavior of the patients. The purposes and areas of content to be covered in behavioral interviewing have been discussed by several writers (e.g. Kanfer and Phillips, 1970; Wolpe, 1969) and Wolpe has published instructive transcripts on such subjects as the identification of antecedents (Wolpe, 1970a, b, 1971a), the handling of resistance (Wolpe, 1971b) and the correction of misconceptions (Wolpe, 1971c). However, little attention has been given to interviewing technique and style, especially as they relate to interjected bias and other therapist influences that misdirect the course of therapy. The behavior of the interviewer is of course a continuing and complex influence upon those whom he interviews. Through his eyes, face, body position, vocal expression and words the interviewer elicits emotional states, cues behavior and provides feedback that may reinforce or punish portions of the patient’s verbal and non-verbal repertoire. Unwanted biases and ad hoc and premature verbal interventions can be introduced all too easily during assessment. Because the interviewer provides a continuing stream of potentially active stimuli for the interviewee, the question is not how to make assessment completely neutral behaviorally, but how to reduce unwanted bias and intervention while moving toward the objective of accurate assessment. This paper identifies instances of unwanted bias and influence during assessment, suggests some ways to reduce them, and discusses forms of desirable therapist activity during assessment.
Analytische Untersuchungen an Schellackwachs

Einfuhrend wird uber Vorkommen, Gewinnung, Bedeutung und Anwendung von Schellackwachs berichtet. Handelsmuster wurden praparativ in die Hauptkomponenten wie Wachssauren, Wachsalkohole und Kohlenwasserstoffe getrennt. Die gaschromatographisch ermittelten Kettenlangenverteilungen der genannten Komponenten werden mit den analogen Fraktionen anderer Naturwachse verglichen. Analytical Investigation of Shellac Wax In the beginning the presence, production, importance and application of shellac wax is reported. Commercial samples were preparatively separated into the main components as wax acids, wax alcohols and hydrocarbones. The chain length distributions of the mentioned components, determined by gas chromatography, are compared with the analog fractions of other natural waxes.
RF-compass: robot object manipulation using RFIDs

Modern robots have to interact with their environment, search for objects, and move them around. Yet, for a robot to pick up an object, it needs to identify the object's orientation and locate it to within centimeter-scale accuracy. Existing systems that provide such information are either very expensive (e.g., the VICON motion capture system valued at hundreds of thousands of dollars) and/or suffer from occlusion and narrow field of view (e.g., computer vision approaches).This paper presents RF-Compass, an RFID-based system for robot navigation and object manipulation. RFIDs are low-cost and work in non-line-of-sight scenarios, allowing them to address the limitations of existing solutions. Given an RFID-tagged object, RF-Compass accurately navigates a robot equipped with RFIDs toward the object. Further, it locates the center of the object to within a few centimeters and identifies its orientation so that the robot may pick it up. RF-Compass's key innovation is an iterative algorithm formulated as a convex optimization problem. The algorithm uses the RFID signals to partition the space and keeps refining the partitions based on the robot's consecutive moves.We have implemented RF-Compass using USRP software radios and evaluated it with commercial RFIDs and a KUKA youBot robot. For the task of furniture assembly, RF-Compass can locate furniture parts to a median of 1.28 cm, and identify their orientation to a median of 3.3 degrees.
LIMITED-ANGLE X-RAY CT IMAGE RECONSTRUCTIONS IN INDUSTRIAL NDT

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the results of the testing of the iterative transform algorithm on experimental data. Two kinds of limited-angle situations were simulated in the studies discussed in the chapter. The first kind of limited-angle data situations was caused by the over-attenuation of the x-rays by the long paths through the object. In the second kind of limited-angle image reconstructions, the missing data cone may have oriented in an arbitrary direction, which in general is not related to the direction of maximum attenuation.The results of the experiment validated the practical value of the iterative transform algorithm in reconstructing images from incomplete x-ray data, both incomplete projections and limited-angle data. In all the cases tested, there were significant improvements in the appearance of the images after iterations. The visual improvements were substantiated in a quantitative manner by the plots of errors in wall-thickness measurements, which in general decrease in magnitude with iterations.
An XPS and TEM Study of Intrinsic Adhesion Between Polyimide and Cr Films

An examination of the interface between Cr and cured polyimide (PI) was carried out using x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicate that, after curing, the interface remains sharp and planar, at least on a submicron scale, with no discernible material mixing or mechanical interlocking. During Cr metallization of cured polyimide (PI) at room temperature, the first few monolayers of Cr appear to react with the pendent oxygen in the PI substrate. This layer of oxidized Cr atoms forms chemical bonds with PI on the one side, and metallic bonds with the subsequent Cr deposit on the other. It is estimated that the interfacial reaction may give rise to an eightfold increase in intrinsic adhesion strength of the Cr/PI system as compared to Cu/PI couples for which no interfacial reaction have been observed.
A Mouse Model for Studying Viscerotropic Disease Caused by Yellow Fever Virus Infection

Mosquito-borne yellow fever virus (YFV) causes highly lethal, viscerotropic disease in humans and non-human primates. Despite the availability of efficacious live-attenuated vaccine strains, 17D-204 and 17DD, derived by serial passage of pathogenic YFV strain Asibi, YFV continues to pose a significant threat to human health. Neither the disease caused by wild-type YFV, nor the molecular determinants of vaccine attenuation and immunogenicity, have been well characterized, in large part due to the lack of a small animal model for viscerotropic YFV infection. Here, we describe a small animal model for wild-type YFV that manifests clinical disease representative of that seen in primates without adaptation of the virus to the host, which was required for the current hamster YF model. Investigation of the role of type I interferon (IFN-α/β) in protection of mice from viscerotropic YFV infection revealed that mice deficient in the IFN-α/β receptor (A129) or the STAT1 signaling molecule (STAT129) were highly susceptible to infection and disease, succumbing within 6–7 days. Importantly, these animals developed viscerotropic disease reminiscent of human YF, instead of the encephalitic signs typically observed in mice. Rapid viremic dissemination and extensive replication in visceral organs, spleen and liver, was associated with severe pathologies in these tissues and dramatically elevated MCP-1 and IL-6 levels, suggestive of a cytokine storm. In striking contrast, infection of A129 and STAT129 mice with the 17D-204 vaccine virus was subclinical, similar to immunization in humans. Although, like wild-type YFV, 17D-204 virus amplified within regional lymph nodes and seeded a serum viremia in A129 mice, infection of visceral organs was rarely established and rapidly cleared, possibly by type II IFN-dependent mechanisms. The ability to establish systemic infection and cause viscerotropic disease in A129 mice correlated with infectivity for A129-derived, but not WT129-derived, macrophages and dendritic cells in vitro, suggesting a role for these cells in YFV pathogenesis. We conclude that the ability of wild-type YFV to evade and/or disable components of the IFN-α/β response may be primate-specific such that infection of mice with a functional IFN-α/β antiviral response is attenuated. Consequently, subcutaneous YFV infection of A129 mice represents a biologically relevant model for studying viscerotropic infection and disease development following wild-type virus inoculation, as well as mechanisms of 17D-204 vaccine attenuation, without a requirement for adaptation of the virus.
Translational Covering of Closed Planar Cubic B-Spline Curves

Spline curves are useful in a variety of geometric modeling and graphics applications and covering problems abound in practical settings. This work defines a class of covering decision problems for shapes bounded by spline curves. As a first step in addressing these problems, this paper treats translational spline covering for planar, uniform, cubic B-splines. Inner and outer polygonal approximations to the spline regions are generated using enclosures that are inside two different types of piecewise-linear envelopes. Our recent polygonal covering technique is then applied to seek translations of the covering shapes that allow them to fully cover the target shape. A feasible solution to the polygonal instance provides a feasible solution to the spline instance. We use our recent proof that 2D translational polygonal covering is NP-hard to establish NP-hardness of our planar translational spline covering problem. Our polygonal approximation strategy creates approximations that are tight, yet the number of vertices is only a linear function of the number of control points. Using recent results on B-spline curve envelopes, we bound the distance from the spline curve to its approximation. We balance the two competing objectives of tightness vs. number of points in the approximation, which is crucial given the NP-hardness of the spline problem. Examples of the results of our spline covering work are provided for instances containing as many as six covering shapes, including both convex and nonconvex regions. Our implementation uses the LEDA and CGAL C++ libraries of geometric data structures and algorithms.
Antisocial and prosocial behavior among contemporary Robin Hoods

Abstract Sensation-seeking and related personality traits have been linked to both dedliquency and helping behavior. This suggests that certain stimulus-need characteristics are capable of producing both antisocial and prosocial behavior in the same individual. Forty-nine eigth-grade students in a midwest parochial school completed the Junior Eysenck Personality Inventory, the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS) and a Deliquency Self-report Form. They were placed into either a low- or a high-stimulus condition, tested for a anxiety and sensation-seeking states and a given request to volunteer.As predicted, Deliquency scores were significantly related to the incidencee of volunteering. Volunteers and delinquents, especially drug users, had significantly higher SSS scores than nonvolunteers and nondelinquents. The high-stimulus condition also had a significantly higher proportion of volunteers. Other relationships were found between N and Anxiety, and E and SSS scores,. Results are discussed in terms of interaction of personality characteristics with stimulus conditions, the ‘Robin Hood Syndrome’ and treatment implications.
Transport and mechanical properties of high ZT Mg2.08Si0.4-xSn0.6Sbx thermoelectric materials

Mg2(Si,Sn) compounds are promising candidate low-cost, lightweight, nontoxic thermoelectric materials made from abundant elements and are suited for power generation applications in the intermediate temperature range of 600 K to 800 K. Knowledge on the transport and mechanical properties of Mg2(Si,Sn) compounds is essential to the design of Mg2(Si,Sn)-based thermoelectric devices. In this work, such materials were synthesized using the molten-salt sealing method and were powder processed, followed by pulsed electric sintering densification. A set of Mg2.08Si0.4−xSn0.6Sbx (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.072) compounds were investigated, and a peak ZT of 1.50 was obtained at 716 K in Mg2.08Si0.364Sn0.6Sb0.036. The high ZT is attributed to a high electrical conductivity in these samples, possibly caused by a magnesium deficiency in the final product. The mechanical response of the material to stresses is a function of the elastic moduli. The temperature-dependent Young’s modulus, shear modulus, bulk modulus, Poisson’s ratio, acoustic wave speeds, and acoustic Debye temperature of the undoped Mg2(Si,Sn) compounds were measured using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy from 295 K to 603 K. In addition, the hardness and fracture toughness were measured at room temperature.
Transient electric birefringence study of the length and stiffness of short DNA restriction fragments

Transient electric birefringence measurements of the rotational diffusion constant of five short restriction fragments of the plasmid pBR322 show that the hydrodynamic length is independent of sodium ion concentration in the range of 0.2 to 2.5 mM. The fragments are too stiff to be modeled as wormlike molecules. The rotational relaxation times of the fragments, which range from 64 to 124 base pairs, have been used to calculate the rise per base pair using six different theoretical expressions for the length dependence of the rotational diffusion coefficient of straight cylinder. The best estimate for the rise per base pair of Na-DNA in solution is 3.3 ± 0.1 A.
Effects of antihypertensive agents on endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent relaxations

Abstract 1 Antihypertensive agents normalize blood pressure and restore depressed endothelium-dependent relaxations in experimental models of hypertension, but little is known regarding whether antihypertensive agents themselves can directly modulate responses to agonists of endothelium-dependent or independent relaxations, or contractions. 2 Normal rats were treated with either tap water, captopril, hydralazine or enalapril in their drinking water for 2 weeks, following which endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent relaxations were tested with acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside, respectively, in aortic rings suspended in organ chambers. 3 All antihypertensive agents caused slight but similar potentiation of sodium nitroprusside-induced relaxations. However, their effects on acetylcholine-induced relaxations were quite different: captopril had a marked potentiating effect, hydrazaline a slight potentiating effect, and enalapril had no significant effect on these relaxations. 4 The relaxations induced by acetylcholine and potentiated by captopril were not altered when indomethacin was included in the tissue bath. However, pyrogallol, an inhibitor of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), markedly inhibited these relaxations suggesting that captopril's effect may involve EDRF. 5 SQ 14,534, a stereoisomer of captopril which is 100 fold less potent in inhibiting angiotensin converting enzyme, also significantly enhanced acetylcholine induced relaxations. Thus the effects of both captopril and SQ 14,534 upon EDRF appear independent of the effects of these compounds on the angiotensin converting enzyme. 6 We conclude that certain antihypertensive agents may modulate endothelium-dependent relaxations in response to agonists, and that these properties may be of therapeutic importance in cardiovascular diseases.
Early rice field drainage for control of rice water weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and evaluation of an action threshold based upon leaf-feeding scars of adults

Rice field drainage beginning 10 d after flooding followed by a soil drying of 7-13 d provided larval control of rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel, comparable with that obtained with carbofuran applied at a rate of 0.67 kg (AI)/ha approximately 10 d after flooding. Leaf-feeding scars made by adults soon after flooding were used as a basis for making control decisions. During this 3-yr study, an action threshold based upon leaf-feeding scars would have correctly predicted subsequent larval infestations above or below a previously estimated economic injury level of 10 larvae per core soil sample in 87-95% of the 30 plots evaluated. In these plots, rice yield was not reduced by larval infestations >10 larvae per soil core.
Computer Simulation of PEO/Layered-Silicate Nanocomposites: 2. Lithium Dynamics in PEO/Li+ Montmorillonite Intercalates

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to explore poly(ethylene oxide)/Li+ complexes, comparing bulk and nanoscopically confined systems. We focus on lithium ion dynamics, so as to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of ionic motion in these two environments. The confined systems mimic 0.8 nm thin intercalates between mica-type layers (montmorillonite). Simulations of the Li+/bulk PEO system show a clear change in the ion transport mechanism from a hopping fashion, at low temperatures, to a random Brownian-like diffusion, at higher temperatures. In sharp contrast, the intercalated, nanoconfined, systems display a single hopping mechanism throughout the same temperature range, dictated by the unique nature of the lithium coordination to the mica-type surfaces and the confined PEO.
Similarity and causality in the use of social analogies

Abstract The present paper examines whether causal relations are necessary for the use of social analogies. Although causal relations increase the use of social analogies, it is not known whether they are necessary. Establishing this is important for understanding both analogical reasoning and learning in novel situations where people lack knowledge of the causal relations. Study 1 demonstrated that, in the absence of an explicit causal relation, as the similarity between a target individual and a previously encountered individual (the base) increased, people thought the target was increasingly likely to perform the same behavior as the base. Thus, a causal relation is not necessary. Two additional studies used asymmetries in similarity judgments to provide additional evidence that when reasoning analogically people relied on similarity. Manipulating whether subjects focused primarily on the target or the base completely reversed asymmetries both in judgments of how similar the target was to the base and in predictions of how likely the target was to perform the same behavior as the base. The asymmetries for similarity and prediction were completely parallel. Thus, in the absence of an explicit causal relation, use of the analogy was based on judgments of global similarity. The implications of these asymmetries in similarity judgments and predictions for other judgments, such as stereotyping, are also discussed.
Response of Seedlings of Tropical Trees to Cool Temperatures Predicted by ‘Nuclear Winter’ Scenarios

Mathematical models predict that a nuclear war could cause widespread reductions in light intensity and temperature. To assess the possible impact of these reductions on lowland tropical rain-forests, we exposed seedlings of three species of the family Moraceae to various combinations of day and night conditions under reduced light. The species represent three stages in tropical rain-forest succession: Cecropia obtusifolia is an early-successional pioneer, Trichospermum mexicanum is a mid-successional tree, and Brosimum alicastrum is a late-successional tree of mature-phase forests.
The Impact of Neighborhood Disadvantage and Exposure to Violence on Self-Report of Antisocial Behavior Among Girls in the Juvenile Justice System

The current study extended previous research with adults and boys to girls in the juvenile justice system (N = 122; M = 16.7; SD = 1.3). Using a longitudinal research design, neighborhood disadvantage and exposure to violence (i.e., physical abuse by parents, physical abuse by peers, and witnessing violence) were assessed during incarceration. These risk factors were used to predict violent and delinquent behavior post-release. Furthermore, race specific pathways were examined to determine if the impact of these risk factors varied among Black (n = 69) and White girls (n = 53). Results indicated that Black girls were more likely than White girls to live in disadvantaged neighborhoods, but both reported similar levels of exposure to violence and self-report of antisocial behavior. Physical abuse by parents, time at risk, and age were related to violent behavior, while witnessing violence and time at risk were related to delinquent behavior. Multiple group analyses indicated the existence of race specific pathways. Specifically, physical abuse by parents was related to violent behavior for White girls while witnessing violence was related to violent and delinquent behaviors for Black girls. Results suggest that contextual processes play an important role in predicting antisocial behavior for Black girls.
Making decisions with multiple criteria: a case in energy sustainability planning

Decision-making problems in both the public and private sectors are involving an increasingly wide range of criteria which are also often in conflict with one another. This is particularly true for the case of decisions involving sustainability, which typically require standard financial or operational criteria, such as cost or production targets, to be balanced with other criteria that have social, ethical and environmental aspects in the decision-making model. In this paper, we consider a sustainable energy investment prioritization problem for a private entity with a diverse set of decision-making priorities, and use a multi-attribute utility theory (MAUT)-based approach to develop a ranking of the alternatives. As part of our case study, we focus on four issues that were the primary hurdles to implementation: (1) establishment of a goals hierarchy that captured a wide range of sustainability objectives in a structure that made sense for the decision makers, (2) use of probabilistic ordinal data for qualitative attributes, (3) specification of preference functions for qualitative attributes, and (4) determination of the applicability of the various methods of assessing the relative importance of the different qualitative and quantitative sustainability criteria. In turn, we discuss the resolution of each of these issues, along with sensitivity analyses that demonstrate that the resulting ranking of decision alternatives was reasonably robust. We conclude by discussing the implications of this study for the application of MAUT to other problems of this type.
Comments on Wilms' tumor experience.

To the Editor. In the report by Dr Joseph1 on the section on urology annual meeting, a summary of the abstract presented by Kessler et al2 on “The Necessity for Contralateral Renal Exploration in Wilms' Tumor Patients” is presented. These authors presented their experience with Wilms' tumor at three separate institutions over an 18-year time period. This paper has recently been published. The findings of their study were that all patients with bilateral Wilms' tumor were detected preoperatively. Sixty-eight patients with suspected unilateral Wilms' tumor underwent exploration by the contralateral kidney explored by opening Gerota's fascia. They did not find any unexpected bilateral tumors. Based on these …
Nonlinear effects in particulate processes

Abstract The nonlinear effects in various particulate processes are analyzed within the context of population balance modeling. Our main objective is to indicate the origin of the nonlinear effects and to categorize them in a systematic manner. To illustrate the importance of the nonlinear effects, a continuous milling process is considered, which has been analyzed in the literature with linear population balance models only. A continuous stirred tank mill (CSTM) and a plug-flow tube mill (PFTM) of identical volume were numerically simulated. It is well known that the accumulation of fine particles has a slowing-down effect on the breakage kinetics, which leads to non-intuitive results in terms of the produced particle size distribution. A nonlinear population balance theory is presented to account for these effects, and numerical simulations indicate the enormous potential of the new theory.
Rivlin's Representation Formula is Ill-Conceived for the Determination of Response Functions via Biaxial Testing

The experimental determination of a strain energy function W for a rubber specimen must address departures from an elastic ideal in a rational fashion. Herein, such a rational experimental method is developed for biaxial stretching experiments and applied to rubber data in the literature. It is shown that Rivlin’s representation formula is experimentally ill-conceived because experimental error is magnified to the extent that error obscures trends in the response function plots. Upon developing direct tensor expressions for the response function calculations, we show that Rivlin’s representation formula (or any such constitutive law that has high covariance amongst the response terms) magnifies experimental error greatly. By “high covariance”, we mean the inner product amongst the response terms in the constitutive law is nearly equal to the maximum possible value — i.e., the product of their magnitudes. Moreover, we show that the second partials of W with respect to I1 and I2 should approach infinity as the strain decreases. Using an alternate set of invariants with minimal covariance (i.e., a null inner product amongst the response terms), a W for rubber can be determined forthwith.
Response of the Erythron and Erythropoietin to Autologous Blood Donations in Paediatric Subjects. Is Erythropoietin Supplement Necessary

Objectives This study was undertaken to evaluate the need for erythropoietin (Epo) therapy to augment autologous blood collection in adolescents undergoing spinal corrective surgery. Methods We measured serum Epo and parameters of iron metabolism in 35 adolescents undergoing autologous blood collection for orthopaedic surgery. Ages of subjects ranged from 11 to 16 years (mean 15.5 years) with a female predominance. Generally, 10% of intravascular blood volume was collected once a week up to a total of three collections. Results There was an average 2.5-fold rise in serum Epo over the period of blood collection. Epo increased immediately after blood collection. There was a 1.4-fold rise in reticulocyte count, consistent with the Epo response, and an average of 1.5 units of red blood cells (200 ml/unit) being produced over this period. Despite this there was an average fall of 2 g/dl (15%) in haemoglobin level. Serum ferritin and transferrin saturation also fell. Conclusions Paediatric subjects are able to donate the required units of blood as they have a good Epo response to mild anaemia. The amount of blood donated did not exceed their total mobilisable iron and the iron supplement was adequate for red cell synthesis.
Matching and Junction Conditions in the Poincare Gauge Theory of Gravity with Quadratic Lagrangian

We find conditions satisfied by discontinuities of gravitational and matter fields on an interface between two media, and discuss their application to the boundary problem for the field equations. The spherically symmetric case is considered in more detail
Antecedents and Consequences of Awkward Silence A Replication Using Revised Lag Sequential Analysis

McLaughlin and Cody's (1982) study of antecedents and consequences of awkward silence is replicated in this study. McLaughlin and Cody concluded that behavioral sequences before silence in dyads with multiple silences were characterized by a pattern of minimal response by one participant. They also concluded that posts/fence sequences were characterized by the presence of question-answer adjacency pairs. Advances made in our understanding of lag sequential analysis (Allison & Liker, 1982; Morley, in press; Sackett, in press) since their study was conducted indicate that statistics other than those employed in their study are more appropriate. A study of the antecedents and consequences of silence for dyads with multiple silences is reported and analyzed using reuised lag sequential analysis. This study found that silences were preceded by minimal responses at lag 1 and followed by questions at lag 1. However, silences were not followed by answers at lag 2. Additionally, the significant dependencies between minimal responses and silence, and silence and questions accounted for only a very small amount of the variance. Thus, although statistically significant, these dependencies are not theoretically meaningful.
Multi-threshold transistors cell for Low Voltage temperature sensing applications

A new Low Voltage CMOS temperature sensor with low supply sensitivity is introduced. Though operation over a large temperature range is possible, this structure is particularly useful in power/thermal management applications where a rather narrow temperature band is of most concern. The sensor is based upon a multi-threshold 4 transistors cell and uses the temperature dependence of the threshold voltages to sense temperature. The low headroom requirement of the structure allows for very low voltage operation or practical cascoding at nominal supply voltages to further reduce the supply voltage sensitivity. With proper device sizing, a very linear relationship between output voltage and temperature is achieved. Simulation results show that the temperature linearity is robustness to process variations and the cascoded implementation has excellent insensitivity to the power supply voltage. The circuit has been implemented in a 65nm digital process with multiple threshold voltages devices. Simulation results show a temperature nonlinearity of less than 0.5°C over the temperature range of 100∼150°C.
Joint spatial variability of aerosol, clouds and rainfall in the Himalayas from satellite data

Satellite-based precipitation, Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), Cloud Optical Depth (COD), and Aerosol Index (AI) data were used to characterize the linkages among landform and the intra-annual variability of aerosols, cloudiness and rainfall in the Himalayas using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. The first modes of AOD and AI show the presence of two branches of dust aerosol: over the Indus river basin and the Thar desert with a sharp west-east gradient parallel to the southern slopes of the Himalayas – the Southern Branch; and the second against the slopes of the Tian Shan and over the Takla Makan desert in the Tibetan Plateau-the Northern branch. The third EOF mode of AOD accounts for about 7% of overall variance of AOD. It is attached to the foothills of the Himalayas east of the Aravalli range peaking in April-May-June followed by a sharp decrease in July during the first active phase of the monsoon. The first and second EOF modes of COD and precipitation show consistent patterns against the central and eastern Himalayas and along the ocean-land boundaries in western India and the Bay of Bengal. The break in cloudiness and rainfall between the winter and the monsoon seasons is captured well by the second EOF mode of COD and rainfall concurrent with the aerosol build up mode (April–May) over the region depicted by the third mode of AOD. The results show that the Aravalli range separates the two different modes of aerosol variability over northern India with dust aerosols to the west and polluted mixed aerosols to the east consistent with its role in regional circulation and precipitations patterns as per Barros et al. (2004) and Chiao and Barros (2007). SVD analysis between rainfall, COD and AOD showed a pattern of aerosol loading (resembling EOF3 of MODIS AOD) extending from 80° E~90° E that peaks during the winter and pre-monsoon seasons and decays abruptly during the monsoon: the regions of aerosol buildup during the pre-monsoon season and the areas of high rainfall/cloudiness during the monsoon are collocated and have opposite signs suggesting aerosol-cloud-rainfall interaction. It is proposed that the third EOF of AOD maps the area where aerosol-cloud-rainfall interactions play an important role in the regional hydro-climatology.