cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diamond Field-Effect Transistors

Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (FETs) have been fabricated using B-doped diamond thin films deposited on polycrystalline, (100) highly-oriented, and single crystal diamond insulating substrates. Diamond films were grown using a microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition technique. Various electrical and materials characterization techniques were employed to confirm that the films exhibited properties suitable for FET fabrication. Devices with gate lengths and widths of 2 μm and 314 μm respectively, were processed using standard photolithography. Silicon dioxide was used as the gate dielectric. Current-voltage characteristics of these devices have been measured during variable temperature cycling in air. Devices fabricated on the randomly oriented polycrystalline diamond substrates have been operated to 285°C. Field-effect transistors fabricated using the highly-oriented diamond substrates have been characterized to 400°C. Single crystal diamond devices exhibited saturation and pinch-off of the channel current at temperatures up to 500°C. These devices have been biased in amplifier circuit configurations that have been characterized from 20 Hz to 1 MHz. Single crystal FETs exhibited voltage gain over an extended temperature range. Transconductances as large as 1.7 mS/mm have been observed. The electronic properties, fabrication technologies, and performance of devices fabricated on the three diamond substrate materials will be discussed and compared.
Effect of substituents on the water oxidation activity of [Ru(II)(terpy)(phen)Cl]+ procatalysts.

A series of [RuII(terpy-R)(phen-X)Cl]PF6 complexes was designed where terpy-R is the tridentate 4′-(4-methylmercaptophenyl)-2,2′:6′2″-terpyridine ligand MeMPTP and phen-X is a substituted phenanthroline with hydro (1), 5-nitro (2), 5,6-dimethyl (3), and 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl (4). This series allows us to compare the reactivity of phenanthroline-containing procatalysts with that of its well-established bipyridine counterparts as well as to study the effects of electron-withdrawing and -donating substituents on water oxidation. These species were thoroughly characterized by spectroscopic and spectrometric methods, and the structures of 1, 3, and 4 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The procatalysts 1–4 show opposite trends compared to known terpyridine/bipyridine species; the unsubstituted procatalyst 1 yields a turnover number (TON) of 410 followed by 250 and 150 for complexes 3 and 4 with electron-donating substituents. Species 2, with electron-withdrawing properties, yields the lowest TON...
Complete Genome Sequence of Streptococcus agalactiae CNCTC 10/84, a Hypervirulent Sequence Type 26 Strain

ABSTRACT Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus [GBS]) is a human pathogen with a propensity to cause neonatal infections. We report the complete genome sequence of GBS strain CNCTC 10/84, a hypervirulent clinical isolate frequently used to study GBS pathogenesis. Comparative analysis of this sequence may shed light on novel pathogenic mechanisms.
Development of a Multi-Point Microwave Interferometry (MPMI) Method

A multi-point microwave interferometer (MPMI) concept was developed for non-invasively tracking a shock, reaction, or detonation front in energetic media. Initially, a single-point, heterodyne microwave interferometry capability was established. The design, construction, and verification of the single-point interferometer provided a knowledge base for the creation of the MPMI concept. The MPMI concept uses an electro-optic (EO) crystal to impart a time-varying phase lag onto a laser at the microwave frequency. Polarization optics converts this phase lag into an amplitude modulation, which is analyzed in a heterodyne interfer- ometer to detect Doppler shifts in the microwave frequency. A version of the MPMI was constructed to experimentally measure the frequency of a microwave source through the EO modulation of a laser. The successful extraction of the microwave frequency proved the underlying physical concept of the MPMI design, and highlighted the challenges associated with the longer microwave wavelength. The frequency measurements made with the current equipment contained too much uncertainty for an accurate velocity measurement. Potential alterations to the current construction are presented to improve the quality of the measured signal and enable multiple accurate velocity measurements.
Application of extended H plate to open reduction internal fixation of the mandibular condyle

Fractures of the condyle are among the most common of mandibular fractures. They have traditionally been managed by closed reduction except in cases of severe displacement. Recent data suggest that a broader class of patients with condyle fractures may benefit from open reduction internal fixation (ORIF). We present a case of a condylar neck fracture managed by ORIF via the retromandibular approach using the extended H plate from the Synthes LCP handset. This patient subsequently had restoration of his pre-operative occlusion with return to normal masticatory function. Use of the extended H plate when performing ORIF provides three-dimensional stabilisation of the fracture segments avoiding the need for post-operative fixation and allowing more rapid return to function.
Proximate Causation, Group Selection, and the Evolution of Hierarchical Human Societies: System, Process, and Pattern

Social structure is an emergent property of a group; it cannot be the property of any single individual. It is an aspect of a culture and, as such, constrained by that culture’s Bauplan; and a Bauplan that incorporates egalitarianism will not permit hierarchy. Explanations for the evolution of complex societies at best pay lip service to these constraints, proceeding from the position that egalitarianism and hierarchy represent a social continuum capable of being readily traversed. This ignores the well-documented diligence with which egalitarian societies maintain their egalitarianism. They also proceed from the assumption that the organizational benefits of complexity are the reason it evolves. This essay proposes that complexity is a product of group selection. It proposes that the organizational benefits are exaptations, built on authority only after it already exists, and which first develops to provide a more primitive benefit, conflict resolution. It further suggests that in contexts where the maintenance of group unity confers a net top-down advantage to an egalitarian group’s members, even after factoring in loss of personal autonomy, egalitarian Bauplane will be abandoned and replaced by hierarchical ones.
Girls in the Justice System

Girls’ rates of arrest and adjudication, although still far below those of boys, have been rising for the past 15 years. In the United States, arrest rates for girls increased 35% from 1991 to 2000, while the rates for boys decreased 11% (Snyder, 2002). Accompanying this rise in arrest rates has been a 65% increase of girls in juvenile detention facilities (Porter, 2000). The U.S. Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act Reauthorization of 1992 acknowledged the increasing number of girls in the juvenile justice system and mandated that states investigate treatment options for girls and gender disparity within the justice system (Budnick & Sheilds-Fletcher, 1998; OJJDP, 1998). The subsequent generation of intervention programs focusing on gender-specific issues appears promising as they emphasize a comprehensive approach to treatment. However, gender specific programs may be overly focused on self-esteem and empowerment issues, without addressing other important problems, such as mental health needs. Unfortunately, research on treatment options that work for justice-involved youth is limited, and the paucity of research on what works for girls is particularly striking. In this chapter, we use the term “justice-involved” to represent youths experiencing various degrees of involvement in the justice system, ranging from those who have gone to court for committing minor delinquent acts to those who have been placed in state custody. As such, we do not examine prevention programs per se, although in some instances, we do discuss the efficacy of school or community-based pro grams because they may serve as exemplars for programs in the justice system. We focus on four key questions related to justice-based intervention efforts for girls: 1) What are the outcomes for justice-involved girls? 2) Are the intervention needs of girls the same as those for boys? 3) Are interventions designed for boys appropriate for girls? 4) Should programs be developed specifically for girls? We conclude with recommendations for developing interventions for girls.
Effect of Interstitial Fluid Pressure on Ultrasound Axial Strain and Axial Shear Strain Elastography

Ultrasound elastography is an imaging modality that has been used to diagnose tumors of the breast, thyroid, and prostate. Both axial strain elastography and axial shear strain elastography (ASSE) have shown significant potentials to differentiate between benign and malignant tumors. Elevated interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) is a characteristic of many malignant tumors and a major barrier in targeted drug delivery therapies. This parameter, however, has not received significant attention in ultrasound elastography and, in general, in most diagnostic imaging modalities yet. In this paper, we investigate the effect of an underlying IFP contrast on ultrasound axial strain and axial shear strain imaging using finite element analysis. Our results show that an underlying contrast in IFP creates a new contrast mechanism in both the axial strain and axial shear strain elastographic images. This information might be important for a better interpretation of elastographic images of tumors.
Abstract #1352: ROR1 amplification and overexpression in ovarian cancer

ROR1 is a receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor that is abundantly expressed in B-cell leukemias. ROR1 and a related protein, ROR2, have frizzled domains and can sequester Wnts to mediate signaling in a non-canonical Wnt pathway. No specific ligand has yet been assigned to ROR1. Analysis of SNP array data from ovarian cancers frequently finds trisomy affecting the area including ROR1 on chromosome 1p31. Copy number peaks greater than 4 copies overlapped in one ovarian cancer cell line and four ovarian cancer patient samples. The peaks defined a minimum region of just under 1 megabase, amplifying two known genes: ROR1 and UBE2U. Expression analysis by real-time PCR showed that ROR1, but not UBE2U, is abundantly expressed in several ovarian cancer cell lines. Western blots confirmed the conclusion that the increased copy number was driving over-expression. The Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) report 6 missense mutations affecting ROR1, two of which were found in ovarian cancer patient samples. The sequencing screen by COSMIC suggests that mutations of the ROR1 gene are clustered in two hotspots. The putative hotspots are being examined for mutations by sequencing amplified fragments in twelve cell lines. Results thus far have found no mutations. Continuing studies will address whether the ROR1 gene acts as an oncogene in ovarian cancer by examining its role in proliferation and differentiation in vitro and in mouse models. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 1352.
Surface-charge effects on the electro-orientation of insulating boron-nitride nanotubes in aqueous suspension

The alignment of hexagonal boron-nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) in aqueous KCl solutions under spatially uniform electric fields was examined experimentally, using direct optical visualization to probe the orientation dynamics of individual BNNTs for different electric-field frequencies. Different from most previously studied nanowires and nanotubes, BNNTs are wide-bandgap materials which are essentially insulating at room temperature. We analyze the electro-orientation of BNNTs in the general context of polarizable cylindrical particles in liquid suspensions, whose behavior can fall into different regimes, including alignment due to Maxwell-Wagner induced dipoles at high frequencies, and alignment due to fluid motion of the electrical double layer around the particles at lower frequencies. For BNNTs, the variation of the crossover frequencies in the electro-orientation spectra was studied in electrolytes of different conductivity. The effect of BNNT surface charge on electro-orientation was further studied by changing the pH of the aqueous solution. We find that the electric-field alignment of the BNNTs in the low-frequency regime is associated with the charging and motion of the electrical double layer around the particle. However, as BNNTs are non-conducting particles, the reasons for the formation of the electrical double layer are likely to be different than that of conducting particles. We discuss two possible mechanisms for the double-layer formation and alignment of 1D dielectric particles, and make comparison to those for the more commonly studied conducting particles.
Flower power: Floral and resource manipulations reveal how and why reproductive trade-offs occur for lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium).

Plant reproductive trade-offs are thought to be caused by resource limitations or other constraints, but more empirical support for these hypotheses would be welcome. Additionally, quantitative characterization of these trade-offs, as well as consideration of whether they are linear, could yield additional insights. We expanded our flower removal research on lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) to explore the nature of and causes of its reproductive trade-offs. We used fertilization, defoliation, positionally biased flower removal, and multiple flower removal levels to discern why reproductive trade-offs occur in this taxon and to plot these trade-offs along two continuous axes. We found evidence through defoliation that vegetative mass per stem may trade off with reproductive effort in lowbush blueberry because the two traits compete for limited carbon. Also, several traits including ripe fruit production per reproductive node and fruit titratable acidity may be “sink-limited”—they decline with increasing reproductive effort because average reproductive structure quality declines. We found no evidence that reproductive trade-offs were caused by nitrogen limitation. Use of reproductive nodes remaining per stem as a measure of reproductive effort indicated steeper trade-offs than use of the proportion of nodes remaining. For five of six traits, we found evidence that the trade-off could be concave down or up instead of strictly linear. Synthesis. To date, studies have aimed primarily at identifying plant reproductive trade-offs. However, understanding how and why these trade-offs occur represent the exciting and necessary next steps for this line of inquiry.
Electrochemical CO2 Reduction over Compressively Strained CuAg Surface Alloys with Enhanced Multi-Carbon Oxygenate Selectivity

The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide using renewably generated electricity offers a potential means for producing fuels and chemicals in a sustainable manner. To date, copper has been found to be the most effective catalyst for electrochemically reducing carbon dioxide to products such as methane, ethene, and ethanol. Unfortunately, the current efficiency of the process is limited by competition with the relatively facile hydrogen evolution reaction. Since multi-carbon products are more valuable precursors to chemicals and fuels than methane, there is considerable interest in modifying copper to enhance the multi-carbon product selectivity. Here, we report our investigations of electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction over CuAg bimetallic electrodes and surface alloys, which we find to be more selective for the formation of multi-carbon products than pure copper. This selectivity enhancement is a result of the selective suppression of hydrogen evolution, which occurs due to compressive strain i...
Parallels Without a Common Perpendicular

In hyperbolic geometry there are two kinds of parallel lines, those with a common perpendicular, and those without a common perpendicular. This chapter describes separation properties, subdivision properties, intersection properties, and miscellaneous properties of the parallel lines with a common perpendicular. A line joining two nonadjacent vertices of a quadrilateral subdivides the angles at those vertices. A line that subdivides an angle of a triangle intersects the opposite side, that is, meets it in an inner point. Two triangles are congruent if their sides are equal, respectively, or if two sides and the included angle of one triangle are equal to two sides and the included angle of the other. The chapter presents the initial theorems of hyperbolic geometry. It presents a theorem that states that the summit angles of a Saccheri quadrilateral are equal. It also presents a theorem that states that the line joining the midpoints of the base and summit of a Saccheri quadrilateral is perpendicular to each. The base and summit, therefore, lie on parallel lines having a common perpendicular.
A More “Inclusive” Approach to Enhancement and Disability

David Wasserman and Stephen Campbell call for a reconsideration of our understanding of ability and enhancement in light of the increasingly blurry line between bodies and environments. They advocate for a way of seeing human enhancement in light of technologies that do not modify a person’s body. Specifically, they favor a broader conception of enhancement that acknowledges that a person’s abilities cannot be evaluated in isolation from a person’s environment. This approach challenges the social model of disability by demonstrating that the distinction between a bodily modification and an environmental modification isn’t always justified. Wasserman and Campbell’s broader focus also demonstrates why it is a mistake for bioethicists and commentators to evaluate individual bodily changes in ability without considering how those changes would also change human environments.
Fostering interprofessional collaboration and critical thinking between nursing and physical therapy students using high-fidelity simulation

Abstract This curricular resource describes a method of interprofessional collaboration between nursing and physical therapy students. The purpose is to describe an experience using high fidelity simulation (HFS) to foster interprofessional collaboration and critical thinking in a mock critical care setting. Nursing and physical therapy students are introduced to HFS prior to interprofessional collaboration. A total of 79 students over 4 academic years evaluated the experience. Retrospective qualitative analysis from student reflections revealed the following themes: realistic, life-like learning experience; valuable learning tool; collaboration and teamwork; and reflection on action. HFS is a valuable tool to incorporate into curriculum to assess learning outcomes that are expected of health care professionals. Interprofessional collaboration could lead to stronger patient-centered care given the sharing of knowledge that occurs across disciplines.
The Greenberg hysteroscopy speculum: a new instrument for hysteroscopy.

OBJECTIVES Although the ubiquitous Graves speculum (open-sided or closed) is versatile and familiar, its shortest length is often too long for comfortable manipulation of the newer, pliable, flexible hysteroscopes. The Greenberg speculum is a modification of a Graves speculum with an open side to allow for the removal of instruments while they are still in the vagina. Whereas a standard mediumsized, open-sided Graves speculum measures 110 mm in maximum length, the Greenberg speculum measures only 74 mm. Although the difference between the speculums is only 36 mm in maximum length, this alteration can add considerable ease to placement of both flexible and rigid hysteroscopes in the office or operating room. In this study, we sought to quantify the benefit of this new device by demonstrating that this speculum brings the patient's cervix closer to the provider and reduces the length of unsupported hysteroscope shaft entering the cervical canal. METHODS We measured the intraspeculum distance from the operator-side opening of the speculum to the external cervical os by using first a standard medium open-sided Graves speculum and then a Greenberg speculum. RESULTS Use of the Greenberg speculum reduced the mean minimum intraspeculum distance from the extended fingertips grasping a hysteroscope to the external cervical os by an average of 28 mm or 34% compared with a Graves speculum. CONCLUSIONS We believe this new speculum offers a subtle but distinct advantage over standard speculums for hysteroscopy.
Group Therapy with Native Americans: Understanding Essential Differences

Many issues for Native Americans are different from those of other minority groups. This article will discuss the legacy of forced assimilation, historic distrust, the diversity among American Indians, and how these issues affect treatment. Group therapy will be explored, including Native American approaches to groups, homogeneous groups, and racially heterogeneous groups. Preparation for heterogeneous groups and issues that may arise are included.
The $\mathbb{R}$ invariant solutions to the Kapustin Witten equations on $(0,\infty) \times \mathbb{R}^2 \times \mathbb{R}$ with generalized Nahm pole asymptotics

This paper supplies a new characterization of the Kapustin Witten equation solutions on $(0,\infty) \times \mathbb{R}^2 \times \mathbb{R}$ that play a key role in Edward Witten's program to obtain the Jones polynomial knot invariants using solutions to the same equation on $(0,\infty) \times S^3$.
Correlations between relatives: From Mendelian theory to complete genome sequence

It is 100 years since R. A. Fisher proposed that a Mendelian model of genetic variant effects, additive over loci, could explain the patterns of observed phenotypic correlations between relatives. His loci were hypothetical and his model theoretical. It is only about 50 years since the first genetic markers allowed the detection of even variants with major effects on phenotype, and only 20 years since the development of single-nucleotide polymorphism technology provided dense markers over the genome. Then both mappings in defined pedigrees and population-based genome-wide association studies samples allowed the detection of multiple contributing variants of smaller effect. Finally, with methods based on genotypic correlations between individuals, or on allelic associations between loci, the additive heritability contributions of the genome can be estimated from large population samples. In this review we trace, from 1918 to 2018, the analysis of observed phenotypic correlations between relatives to estimate underlying genetic components of traits in human populations. As with studies from 1918 onward, we use height as the example trait where not only data are readily available, but where Fisher's model of large numbers of variants of infinitesimal effect appears to provide a good approximation to reality. However, we also trace the use of phenotypic and genotypic correlations between relatives in mapping causal variants and resolving genetic contributions to more complex human traits. With the availability of DNA sequence data, we can hope to not only estimate the total genetic contribution to a trait, but to resolve effects of individual genetic variants on biological function.
No-Man’s-Land Endures: The Anglo-Irish War, 1919–1921

This chapter examines the Anglo-Irish War’s impact on the association of the Great War with Britain and imperialism. Fighting against Britain for independence created a division between that severely hampered veterans’ abilities to negotiate a positive view of their service. People, events, and symbols connected to the Empire were denounced as imperial. The targeting of veterans by the IRA reinforced the perception that these men were disloyal to Irish independence. The identity of ex-servicemen was defined for them by the counter-state government, the IRA, and British forces. As the war and its participants were defined by the public as anti-Irish, veterans and their families found ways to commemorate in which they restored meaning to their war service despite the changing political context.
Tregs: A Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Portal Fibrosis?

Primary cholangiopathies, diseases in which the biliary system is primarily affected, can be complicated by secondary fibrosis, with serious clinical consequences. Treatment of primary disorders is not available due to the lack of understanding of their etiology, such as for autoimmune disorders including primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), or for structural defects such as biliary atresia, or for germline mutations as in the Alagille syndrome. Targeting the consequences of cholestasis, such as inflammation and fibrosis, creates treatment options, besides reducing the bile acid synthesis. During cholestasis, activated myofibroblasts surrounding the expanded ductular area produce collagen and deposit other extracellular matrix proteins. Fundamental knowledge about how cholangiocytes expand, how expanded cholangiocytes initiate inflammation and guide the pattern of Th cells through Kupffer cells, and how Th17/ Treg balance affects the portal fibrosis is still lacking. This editorial will discuss the available data regarding the etiopathogenesis of cholangiopathy-associated fibrosis, starting with a description of a commonly used animal models frequently employed in its study.
Influence of Silicon and Aluminum Additions on the Oxidation Resistance of a Lean-Chromium Stainless Steel

The effect of Si and Al additions on the oxidation of austenitic stainless steels with a baseline composition of Fe–16Cr–16Ni–2Mn–1Mo (wt.%) has been studied. The combined Si and Al content of the alloys did not exceed 5 wt.%. Cyclic-oxidation tests were carried out in air at 700 and 800°C for a duration of 1000 hr. For comparison, conventional 18Cr–8Ni type-304 stainless steel specimens were also tested. The results showed that at 700°C, alloys containing Al and Si, and alloys with only Si additions showed weight gains about one half that of the conventional type-304 alloy. At 800°C, alloys that contained both Al and Si additions showed weight gains approximately two times greater than the type-304 alloy. However, alloys containing only Si additions showed weight gains four times less than the 304 stainless. Further, alloys with only Si additions preoxidized at 800°C, showed zero weight gain in subsequent testing for 1000 hr at 700°C. Clearly, the oxide-scale formation and rate-controlling mechanisms in the alloys with combined Si and Al additions at 800°C were different than the alloys with Si only. ESCA, SEM, and a bromide-etching technique were used to analyze the chemistry of the oxide films and the oxide–base-metal interface, in order to study the different oxide film-formation mechanisms in these alloys.
Effect of Spread of Excitation on the Loudness Function at 250 Hz

The loudness of a low-frequency 250-Hz tone was measured in quiet and in the presence of an adjacent band-pass noise. Loudness measurements were obtained by loudness matching, magnitude estimation, and magnitude production. Comparisons were made among the effects on loudness of the following noise bands: 390–2400 Hz, 345–2400 Hz, and 300–2400 Hz. The noise increased in intensity with the tone so that during a given listening session the signal-to-noise ratio remained constant at +10,0, or −l0dB. The data suggest that, when the high-frequency tail produced in the ear by the tone is completely masked, the effect of the noise is to decrease by 20% the slope (exponent) of the loudness function above 70 dB SPL. Otherwise, the loudness functions of the 250-Hz tone in noise and in quiet are essentially the same. The results are consistent with data available in the literature.
Noncommercial Instructional Software for Students with Severe, Multiple Handicaps

A nationwide search was conducted to locate noncommercial instructional software appropriate for students with severe; multiple handicaps. Members of the Technology and Media Division of the Counci...
Cutaneous Eruptions from Ibrutinib Resembling EGFR Inhibitor-Induced Dermatologic Adverse Events.

Abstract Background Ibrutinib is an oral inhibitor of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) that is FDA-approved for several lymphoproliferative disorders and chronic GVHD. Objective To characterize cutaneous eruptions arising from ibrutinib and highlight overlap with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor (EGFRi)-induced dermatologic adverse events (dAEs). Methods Single-center retrospective cohort of patients referred to the Skin Toxicities Program for management of cutaneous eruptions while taking ibrutinib. Results Among 19 patients, cutaneous eruptions manifested as facial-predominant papulopustular eruptions, petechiae or ecchymoses, photosensitivity, panniculitis, xerosis, and clinical staphylococcal overgrowth. The majority of patients were able to continue ibrutinib therapy with focused management of their cutaneous toxicities. Limitations This study represents cases at a single tertiary care center and is limited to patients referred for toxicity. Conclusions With the exception of petechiae, the cutaneous toxicities of ibrutinib overlap with those associated with selective EGFR inhibitors. We observed that these reactions can be successfully managed using approaches for EGFR inhibitor-induced cutaneous adverse events.
GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY OF PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE AND CAROTID ARTERY DISEASE IDENTIFIES NOVEL GENETIC LOCI AND COAGULATION PATHWAYS

Despite known pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD), the pathogenesis of peripheral and carotid artery disease (PAD, CAS) are poorly understood. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) offer an unbiased assessment of specific genetic variations, and can provide insight into the etiology of
Chapter 10 – Seizure Mimics

The characterization of the phenotype of an animal model of seizures or epilepsy entails the use of video and electroencephalographic (EEG) studies to capture behaviors and EEG patterns indicative of seizures or epileptic activities. During the video-EEG (vEEG) monitoring, there are often behaviors or electrographic patterns that may create differential diagnostic problems, and they need to be distinguished from seizures. These include artifacts on an EEG, normal behaviors, such as myoclonic twitches during sleep, abnormal behaviors that are not necessarily epileptic in nature, such as movement disorders, or behaviors that may manifest during an evolving seizure but may also appear independent of a seizure activity. In this chapter, we will review some of these situations that may complicate the diagnosis of a seizure in rodents, and will discuss their characteristics, origin, and electrographic signature, when known.
Abstract P020: LOSS OF SOLUBLE (PRO)RENIN RECEPTOR ATTENUATES DOCA-SALT HYPERTENSION

Cleavage of the extra-cellular domain of the (pro)renin receptor (PRR) yields a soluble fragment (sPRR), which maybe involved in mediating hypertension. We recently developed a novel mouse model wi...
Capacity of Median U-Turns Using Traffic Simulation

Median U-turn has been widely used at Iraqi highways and regards as one of sources of traffic congestion creation due to the fact the U-turn movements conflict with traffic at the origin and destination directions. To enhance traffic safety at U-turn sites, speed humps were installed to force speed reduction to the incoming traffic that conflicting with the turning traffic. This paper used real data taken from four median U-turn sites. Three of these sites has speed humps while the fourth is not. VISSIM traffic simulator has been used to build simulations models that could replicate the real site movements. The observations of traffic data for these sites have been conducted using video recordings to obtain traffic parameters contains traffic volumes and the time spent for tuning process. The simulation results based on traffic volumes and average time spent (ATS) for turning has been compared with the real data based on calibration and validation processes and good agreements have been obtained. The developed simulation models were used to examine different scenarios affecting the capacity of the U-turn traffic. The results suggested that the capacity is increased with the decreasing of speeds of opposing traffic and also with decreasing the distance between a speeds hump and the U-turn location.
Guided Inquiry Activity for Teaching Titration Through Total Titratable Acidity in a General Chemistry Laboratory Course

Acid–base titration laboratories are perennially offered to general chemistry students in preparation for summative assessments of their hands-on and quantitative skills in the field. Here, we present a guided inquiry-based activity focused on total titratable acidity (TTA) as alternative to standard “cookbook” titration laboratory work. This activity is cost-neutral compared with traditional acid–base or buffer titration laboratory activities and introduces students to the iteration and revision aspects of inquiry and independent research. By incorporating TTA as the main quantity to be measured by students, the laboratory activity also introduces an authentic, job-relevant methodology in their first year of undergraduate study.
Generalized Angles-Only Navigation Architecture for Autonomous Distributed Space Systems

This paper addresses the development and verification of an estimation architecture for autonomous relative navigation in multi-satellite systems using angles-only measurements. Unlike traditional ...
Superiority of craniotomy over supportive care for octogenarians and nonagenarians in operable acute traumatic subdural hematoma.

OBJECTIVE Neurosurgical evacuation in elderly trauma patients is controversial. We analyzed impact of craniotomy for acute subdural hematoma on survival in octogenarians and nonagenarians. Methods The study population included all patients aged ≥ 80 years who presented with acute traumatic SDHs 09/01/15 - 01/01/20, with radiography indicating operative eligibility (i.e. MLS >5 mm and/or overall thickness >10 mm). Of 1054 TBIs aged ≥ 80 years, 104 (9.87%) were surgically indicated. Of these, 35 received craniotomy and 69 received supportive measures due to family/patient wishes or surgeon's professional decision. We analyzed these data using a Poisson regression adjusted for influence of covariates. RESULTS Of 35 craniotomies, 21 (60.00%) were deceased at 2 years of follow-up, compared to 48 (69.57%) deceased of 69 non-surgical patients. No significant demographic differences existed between these groups, other than age (craniotomy patients were younger; median age 84 vs 86; p < 0.001). In outcomes, the craniotomy cohort survived longer and in higher proportions (p = 0.028; Gehan-Breslow-Wilcoxon). When adjusting for covariates, this effect became more pronounced: craniotomy patients died at 41.1% the rate of non-surgical ones. Of all the covariates, only initial GCS significantly impacted the protective effect of craniotomy. In a logarithmic relationship, each point on initial GCS was associated with less benefit from surgery. We also found that patients with GCS< 3 were overall less likely to benefit from surgery. Our conclusions are limited by the impact of patient/surgeon choice on whether or not to operate. It is possible healthier subjects elected for craniotomies. We have attempted to correct for this by including comorbidities as covariates in our regression analyses. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate a surgical benefit for this elderly cohort, consistent with prior findings of benefit in the setting of severe traumatic aSDH. Patients with worse neurologic impairment, i.e. low GCS, had the greatest survival benefit from surgical intervention.
Approximate reasoning based on fuzzy logic

During the past several years, the emergence of expert systems as a field of considerable practical as well as theoretical importance within AI has provided a strong impetus for the develop ment of theories of approximate reasoning and credibility assessment of inference processes in knowledge-based systems. The approach to approximate reasoning described in this paper is based on a fuzzy logic, FL, in which the truth-values and quantifiers are defined as possibility distributions which carry linguistic labels such as true, quite true, not very true, many, not very many, several, almost all, etc. Based on the concept of a possibility distribution, a set of translation and Inference rules is developed and their application to inference from imprecise premises is illustrated by examples.
The Cerebral Microcirculation in Ischemia and Hypoxemia

One of the most recognized aspects of Professor Kovach’s work is his extensive study on the mechanisms of hemorrhagic shock, particularly the role of sympathetic activation and vascular dysfunction in producing irreversible injury to vital organs. He was interested in the tolerance and limits of physiological adaptation of the circulatory system and how these tolerances were compromised, in particular in the brain, in shock, hypoxia and ischemia.
Robust Heterogeneous Network to Support Multitasking

Due to emerging technology, efficient multitasking approach is highly demanded. But it is hard to accomplish in heterogeneous wireless networks, where diverse networks have dissimilar geometric features in service and traffic models. Multitasking loss examination based on Markov chain becomes inflexible in these networks owing to rigorous computations is obligatory. This paper emphases on the performance of heterogeneous wireless networks based on multitasking. A method based on multitasking of the interrelated traffic is used to attain an approximate performance in heterogeneous wireless networks with congested traffic. The accuracy of the robust heterogeneous network with multitasking is verified by using ns2 simulations.
Placing linkages among fragmented habitats: do least‐cost models reflect how animals use landscapes?

Summary 1. The need to conserve and create linkages among fragmented habitats has given rise to a range of techniques for maximizing connectivity. Methods to identify optimal habitat linkages face tradeoffs between constraints on model inputs and biological relevance of model outputs. Given the popularity of these methods and their central role in landscape planning, it is critical that they be reliable and robust. 2. The most popular method used to inform habitat linkage design, least-cost path (LCP) analysis, designates a landscape resistance surface based on hypothetical ‘costs’ that landscape components impose on species movement, and identifies paths that minimize cumulative costs between locations. 3. While LCP analysis represents a valuable method for conservation planning, its current application has several weaknesses. Here, we review LCP analysis and identify shortcomings of its current application that decrease biological relevance and conservation utility. We examine trends in published LCP analyses, demonstrate the implications of methodological choices with our own LCP analysis for bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis nelsoni, and point to future directions in cost modelling. 4. Our review highlights three weaknesses common in recent LCP analyses. First, LCP models typically rely on remotely sensed habitat maps, but few studies assess whether such maps are suitable proxies for factors affecting animal movement or consider the effects of adjacent habitats. Secondly, many studies use expert opinion to assign costs associated with landscape features, yet few validate these costs with empirical data or assess model sensitivity to errors in cost assignment. Thirdly, studies that consider multiple, alternative movement paths often propose width or length requirements for linkages without justification. 5. Synthesis and applications. LCP modelling and similar approaches to linkage design guide connectivity planning, yet often lack a biological or empirical foundation. Ecologists must clarify the biological processes on which resistance values are based, explicitly justify cost schemes and scale (grain) of analysis, evaluate the effects of landscape context and sensitivity to cost schemes, and strive to optimize cost schemes with empirical data. Research relating species’ fine-grain habitat use to movement across broad extents is desperately needed, as are methods to determine biologically relevant length and width restrictions for linkages.
Red cell membrane stiffness in iron deficiency

The purpose of this study was to characterize red blood cell (RBC) deformability by iron deficiency. We measured RBC deformability to ektacytometry, a laser diffraction method for determining the elongation of suspended red cells subjected to shear stress. Isotonic deformability of RBC from iron-deficient human subjects was consistently and significantly lower than that of normal controls. In groups of rats with severe and moderate dietary iron deficiency, RBC deformability was also reduced in proportion to the severity of iron deficiency. At any given shear stress value, deformability of resealed RBC ghosts from both iron-deficient humans and rats was lower than that of control ghosts. However, increase of applied shear stress resulted in progressive increase in ghost deformation, indicating that ghost deformability was primarily limited by membrane stiffness rather than by reduced surface area-to-volume ratio. This was consistent with the finding that iron-deficient cells had a normal membrane surface area. In addition, the reduced mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and buoyant density of the iron-deficient rat cells indicated that a high hemoglobin concentration was not responsible for impaired whole cell deformability. Biochemical studies of rat RBC showed increased membrane lipid and protein crosslinking and reduced intracellular cation content, findings that are consistent with in vivo peroxidative damage. RBC from iron-deficient rats incubated in vitro with hydrogen peroxide showed increased generation of malonyldialdehyde, an end-product of lipid peroxidation, compared to control RBC. Taken together, these findings suggest that peroxidation could contribute in part to increased membrane stiffness in iron-deficient RBC. This reduced membrane deformability may in turn contribute to impaired red cell survival in iron deficiency.
FGF9 can induce endochondral ossification in cranial mesenchyme

The flat bones of the skull (i.e., the frontal and parietal bones) normally form through intramembranous ossification. At these sites cranial mesenchymal cells directly differentiate into osteoblasts without the formation of a cartilage intermediate. This type of ossification is distinct from endochondral ossification, a process that involves initial formation of cartilage and later replacement by bone. We have analyzed a line of transgenic mice that expresses FGF9, a member of the fibroblast growth factor family (FGF), in cranial mesenchymal cells. The parietal bones in these mice show a switch from intramembranous to endochondral ossification. Cranial cartilage precursors are induced to proliferate, then hypertrophy and are later replaced by bone. These changes are accompanied by upregulation of Sox9, Ihh, Col2a1, Col10a1 and downregulation of CbfaI and Osteocalcin. Fate mapping studies show that the cranial mesenchymal cells in the parietal region that show a switch in cell fate are likely to be derived from the mesoderm. These results demonstrate that FGF9 expression is sufficient to convert the differentiation program of (at least a subset of) mesoderm-derived cranial mesenchyme cells from intramembranous to endochondral ossification.
Effect of estrogen on gene expression in the chick oviduct. In vitro transcription of the ovalbumin gene.

Abstract Problems involved in using the Hg-nucleotide technique for in vitro chromatin transcription are 2-fold. First, Escherichia coli RNA polymerase can utilize endogenous RNA as template and synthesize complementary sequences which remain base-paired to the template, thereby allowing it to bind to the SH-Sepharose column and copurify with the newly synthesized Hg-RNA. Second, non-mercurated endogenous RNA can bind to the SH-Sepharose through aggregation with Hg-RNA and thus be retained in the final RNA preparation. These two problems associated with the Hg-nucleotide technique can be minimized by modifying the conditions for RNA synthesis and SH-Sepharose chromatography. Using the modified procedure, the Hg-nucleotide and SH-Sepharose technique can remove more than 90% of endogenous RNA contaminants. In order to directly demonstrate that the mRNA ov sequences detected in vitro result from de novo transcription of oviduct chromatin, experiments were carried out which show that the hybridizable RNA sequences contain the Hg element and that the synthesis of these RNA sequences is sensitive to low concentrations of actinomycin D. These combined results strongly suggest that the majority of mRNA ov sequences detected by hybridization to cDNA ov is indeed due to DNA-dependent RNA synthesis by E. coli RNA polymerase and not due to an artifact of endogenous RNA contamination. This observation was further supported by data obtained using a filter hybridization method which measures directly the mRNA ov sequences present in [ 3 H]RNA synthesized from chromatin. The 3 H-labeled ovalbumin messenger RNA was assayed by hybridization to cloned pOV230 DNA containing the ovalbumin structural gene sequences. With this modified Hg-nucleotide-SH-Sepharose technique and filter hybridization technique, we have restudied the in vitro transcription of the ovalbumin gene from chromatins isolated at different stages of hormone-induced oviduct development. The results are in agreement with our previous findings which suggest that the primary regulation of ovalbumin synthesis by steroid hormones occurs at the transcriptional level.
Does dissonance work in consumer education

(1979). Does Dissonance Work in Consumer Education? Health Education: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 2-4.
Impact of pregnancy on health‐related quality of life of patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Objective To examine the impact of pregnancy on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods This was a retrospective study in a tertiary referral center and included women with ≥2 short inflammatory bowel disease questionnaire (SIBDQ) scores obtained during their pregnancy. Regression models were used to identify independent factors influencing SIBDQ scores and changes of SIBDQ scores at different time points. Results A total of 32 women (23 CD, 9 UC) with a mean age at pregnancy of 29.4 years and a mean disease duration of 7.8 years were included in the study. The mean pre-pregnancy SIBDQ score in our cohort was 49, which was significantly lower than the values during (55, P < 0.001) and post-pregnancy (53, P = 0.01). The score during pregnancy directly correlated with the pre-pregnancy SIBDQ score (correlation co-efficient 0.50, P = 0.003). Half of the patients had a ≥7-point increase in SIBDQ scores during pregnancy. Change in SIBDQ scores during pregnancy was inversely related to the pre-pregnancy score (−0.47, 95% CI −0.75 to −0.20) and changes in disease activity during pregnancy (−1.80, 95% CI −0.75 to −0.20). Conclusions Half of the pregnant women with IBD in our cohort experienced improvement in their HRQoL. Pre-pregnancy HRQoL is predictive of HRQoL during pregnancy, supporting the need for optimizing disease activity prior to conception.