cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trospium Chloride: Distinct Among Other Anticholinergic Agents Available for the Treatment of Overactive Bladder

Trospium chloride is an antimuscarinic agent indicated for the treatment of overactive bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and urinary frequency. It has been available in Europe for over 20 years and in the United States since May 2004. Trospium has pharmacologic properties that are distinct from other antimuscarinic agents. The safety and efficacy profiles of trospium and how its pharmacologic properties contribute to these profiles form the basis for this review. The low incidence of adverse event of central nervous system effects and the efficacy parameters of "urgency" and "onset of action" are highlighted.
Measurement and reduction of interface states at the recrystallized silicon‐underlying insulator interface

Deep level transient spectroscopy and capacitance‐voltage measurements have been performed on an inverted metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (MOS) capacitor structure to measure the interface state density at the recrystallized silicon‐underlying insulator interface. The effects of different recrystallization caps, annealing steps, and different underlying oxides have been investigated. An interface state density in the mid 1010 cm−2 eV−1 range can be consistently obtained, enabling well‐behaved MOS transistor channels on the bottom of the recrystallized films.
Activities and response to DNA damage of latent and active sequence-specific DNA binding forms of mouse p53.

The mouse p53 protein generated by alternative splicing (p53as) has amino acid substitutions at its C terminus that result in constitutively active sequence-specific DNA binding (active form), whereas p53 protein itself binds inefficiently (latent form) unless activated by C-terminal modification. Exogenous p53as expression activated transcription of reporter plasmids containing p53 binding sequences and inhibited growth of mouse and human cells lacking functional endogenous p53. Inducible p53as in stably transfected p53 null fibroblasts increased p21WAF1/Cip-1/Sdi and decreased bcl-2 protein steady-state levels. Endogenous p53as and p53 proteins differed in response to cellular DNA damage. p53 protein was induced transiently in normal keratinocytes and fibroblasts whereas p53as protein accumulation was sustained in parallel with induction of p21WAF1/Cip-1/Sdi protein and mRNA, in support of p53as transcriptional activity. Endogenous p53 and p53as proteins in epidermal tumor cells responded to DNA damage with different kinetics of nuclear accumulation and efficiencies of binding to a p53 consensus DNA sequence. A model is proposed in which C-terminally distinct p53 protein forms specialize in functions, with latent p53 forms primarily for rapid non-sequence-specific binding to sites of DNA damage and active p53 forms for sustained regulation of transcription and growth.
Reflections on hidden existential guilt

(1991). Reflections on hidden existential guilt. The Humanistic Psychologist: Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 277-288.
Neuroimaging of Traumatic Brain Injury

In this article, the neuroradiological evaluation of traumatic brain injury is reviewed. Different imaging strategies in the assessment of traumatic brain injury are initially discussed, and this is followed by a review of the imaging characteristics of both primary and secondary brain injuries. Computed tomography remains the modality of choice for the initial assessment of acute head injury because it is fast, widely available, and highly accurate in the detection of skull fractures and acute intracranial hemorrhage. Magnetic resonance imaging is recommended for patients with acute traumatic brain injury when the neurological findings are unexplained by computed tomography. Magnetic resonance imaging is also the modality of choice for the evaluation of subacute or chronic traumatic brain injury. Mild traumatic brain injury continues to be difficult to diagnose with current imaging technology. Advanced magnetic resonance techniques, such as diffusion-weighted imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and magnetization transfer imaging, can improve the identification of traumatic brain injury, especially in the case of mild traumatic brain injury. Further research is needed for other advanced imaging methods such as magnetic source imaging, single photon emission tomography, and positron emission tomography.
Determination of metal complexes of ethylenediaminetetraacetate in the presence of organic matter by high-performance liquid chromatography

A high-performance liquid chromatography method is described here for the determination of the Cd(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) complexes of ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) in municipal wastewaters and surface waters. The method involves separation by ion-exchange chromatography on a reversed-phase C18 column coated with ion-pair reagent, followed by post-column conversion to FeEDTA and subsequent detection by UV absorbance. Although Co(II) and Cu(II) coelute, they can be quantified by analyzing absorbance by CuEDTA2- prior to post-column conversion. The method detection limit of 6-8 x 10(-8) M (5-7 ng) is an order of magnitude improvement over previous UV absorbance post-column reaction methods. The technique can be used in the presence of organic matter encountered in matrices such as untreated wastewater without pre-concentration or sample cleanup.
A simple infrared-augmented digital photography technique for detection of pupillary abnormalities

Background The purpose of the study was to describe a simple infrared photography technique to aid in the diagnosis and documentation of pupillary abnormalities.
Modeling of Ceramic Microgrinding by Cohesive Zone Based Finite Element Method

This study investigates modeling of microgrinding of ceramic materials by cohesive zone method (CZM) and Finite element analysis (FEA). A maximum grinding chip thickness model, which considers detail diamond profile and tool deflection, is developed in this study. The chip thickness model is then implemented in FEA to predict peak grinding force in grinding alumina. The simulation result is compared with experimental result for a specific diamond on the microgrinding tool. The feasibility of modeling ceramic microgrinding by CZM based FEA is then discussed.© 2009 ASME
Resident surgical practice patterns for vitreoretinal surgery in ophthalmic training programs in the United States.

Purpose To assess resident surgical experience in vitreoretinal surgery (VRS) in the United States. Design Anonymous electronic survey over 2 consecutive years. Participants A total of 287 third-year ophthalmology residents from US residency programs were included. Methods To determine the type and amount of surgical experience in VRS. Residents were contacted via e-mail to complete the survey. A series of follow-up e-mails were sent to nonresponders. E-mail correspondence was sent to program directors of the US residency programs to encourage survey participation. An electronic survey instrument (Survey Monkey) was used to distribute the survey and collect the results. Participants were asked about vitrectomy and scleral buckle procedures as primary surgeon and about office procedures (e.g., intravitreal injections and retinal laser procedures). Questions regarding the self-described "comfort" level of the resident and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) vitreoretinal requirements for ophthalmology were also included. Main Outcome Measures Vitreoretinal office and surgical procedures. Results Of the 114 ophthalmology residency programs in the United States, 3 programs declined to participate and 103 of 228 programs (114 programs per year) did not respond to requests during a 2-year period. Of the 287 total respondents, approximately 59.1% had performed vitrectomy and 40.8% had performed a scleral buckle as the primary surgeon. In the survey of office procedures, 96.7% had performed intravitreal injections, 94.8% had performed macular laser therapy, and 99.6% had performed panretinal photocoagulation. In the self-reported resident "comfort" level section, 59% were "fairly comfortable" knowing the theoretic steps for VRS and 55.4% were "fairly satisfied" with VRS training. However, 72% of respondents were unaware of the correct ACGME minimum operative numbers for VRS. Conclusions This self-reported electronic survey of third-year residents suggested that VRS experience at ACGME-accredited programs as primary surgeon was suboptimal for surgeries. A modest majority of residents reported comfort and satisfaction with VRS training for surgery, but a majority was satisfied and had adequate experience with office procedures such as intravitreal injection and laser treatment. Unfortunately, the majority of residents were unaware of the actual numeric ACGME VRS requirements for ophthalmology residency programs. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Is hunting ethical? A core collection of books

A recently published survey found that slightly over 14 million persons age 16 or over hunted in the United States in 1991 and spent over $12 billion on hunting. By comparison, the same survey determined there are over 35 million anglers. Another source estimates that nearly 18 million participants age seven and older hunted with firearms in 1992. That ranks hunting well below the participatory sports of swimming, bicycling, and bowling in popularity, but ahead of football, skiing, tennis, and target shooting. Estimates vary, and while these numbers are substantial, they indicate that hunters comprise well under ten percent of the total U.S. population. Hunters have come under increasing fire from animal rightists and others who claim the sport is cruel and unnecessary. Hundreds of articles and a number of books have been written in recent years on both sides of the issue, or, more accurately, all sides. Many writers as well as the population at large see hunting as not entirely “good” or “bad” but some of each, depending upon the context.
Isolation of bioactive actinomycetes from marine sediments using rifampicin

Bioactive actinomycetes were isolated from marine sediments using rifampicin. Plating the sediments on starch-casein agar, supplemented with rifampicin, eliminated the occurrence of contaminating microorganisms. Total counts, however, were reduced in the presence of rifampicin. Most of the isolates contained ll-2,6-diaminopimelic acid (DAP), whereas 37% contained meso-DAP. The use of increasing concentrations of rifampicin tended to yield a higher proportion of strains with cell extracts positive for meso-DAP. Streptomyces and Micromonospora represented the major genera identified. Antimicrobial activity was exhibited by 46% of the isolates, primarily against Gram-positive bacteria. Inhibition of Gram-negative bacteria was minimal, but antimycotic activity was displayed by 28% of the actinomycetes. Most of the latter activity was attributable to polyenes, particularly hexanenes. The results obtained indicate that rifampicin, added to starch-casein agar, is effective for the isolation of bioactive actinomycetes from marine sediments.
Polysome metabolism in protein synthesis mutants of yeast.

The size distributions of polysomes are examined in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain A364A and in temperature sensitive mutants of this strain which are defective in several aspects of protein and RNA synthesis at the restrictive temperature, 36° C. The results indicate that the nature of the molecular defect is reflected in changes in the polysome pattern at 36° C.
Fatigue characteristics of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) copolymer ferroelectric thin film capacitors for flexible electronics memory applications

The electrical fatigue characteristics of 100 nm thick, solution processed poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] copolymer thin film Metal-Ferroelectric-Metal (MFM) capacitors have been studied. After one million stress cycles at an electric field of 1.4 MV/cm and 500 Hz switching frequency, 87% of the initial switching polarization is maintained, with the non-switching polarization remaining low. The kinetics of the switching polarization were studied before and after electrical stress. Fatigue increases the required activation field for switching polarization and suppresses switchable polarization. The activation field increases after electrical stress and higher activation fields were required for higher electric field stressing. The reduction in switchable polarization is approximately 10% of the initial switching polarization for all electric fields and frequencies studied. We demonstrated that under operating conditions compatible with flexible electronic applications, the optimized ferroelectric thin film capacitor reported shows stable switching polarization and acceptable fatigue after electrical stress.
Occurrence and Preclusion of Terpene Chlorohydrins in Citrus Essential Oils

: Screening commercial cold-pressed oils revealed the presence of terpene chlorohydrins, which may have quality and safety implications for end-users. Concentrations of (1R, 2R, 4R)-2-chloro-8-p-menthen-1-ol in some citrus essential oils ranged from less than 1 to 140 ppm. More than half of the oils tested contained less than 2 ppm of (1R, 2R, 4R)-2-chloro-8-p-menthen-1-ol. A pilot plant study used different concentrations of chlorinated water during the oil-recovery process. Cold-pressed oil, produced from a 30-ppm chlorine solution, contained (1R, 2R, 4R)-2-chloro-8-p-menthen-1-ol at detection threshold. The presence of (1R, 2R, 4R)-2-chloro-8-p-menthen-1-ol in citrus essential oils results from processing conditions and can be reduced through the reduction of chlorine levels in treatment water.
A new Costa Rican species of centropogon (Campanulaceae-Lobelioideae)

A newCentropogon (sect.Wimmeriopsis subsect.Colombiani) from the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica, is described and compared toC. gutierrezii (Planch. & Oerst.) F. E. Wimmer, a species restricted to the Cordillera Central with which it previously has been confused.
SU-FF-J-38: Evaluation of Positioning for Head and Neck Patients Using 2D and 3D Image Guidance

Purpose: To determine and compare reduction of setup error by two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) image guidance for radiation therapy of head and neck cancer (HN a loose‐fitting mask and resulting anatomical deformation were noted. However, the impact on dose even for this patient was minimal. For all patients, rotations determined by the 6 DOF registration of in‐field bony anatomy were < 4° around any axis. Intra‐fraction motion was < 2 mm and < 2° for all sessions. Conclusions: Manual 2D/2D registration of in‐field bony anatomy reduces positioning errors for mask‐immobilized H&N patients in most cases, and is easily implemented. 3D registration adds little improvement.
A hand-held triangulation sensor for small features measurement

This paper describes progressive generations of hand held triangulation sensors for measuring small features, from edge breaks to corrosion pits. We describe the design considerations, ergonomics, packaging and interface between the device and part, such as the sensor tip and optional fixtures. We then present a customized design to address different types of surface features and defects. Next, we present the calibration concept, and its execution. The paper closes by summarizing system performance evaluation experiments and their results. It was shown that the system is capable of measuring edges down to a radius of 250 microns at a repeatability of 50 microns.
An improved linearization strategy for zero-one quadratic programming problems

We present a new linearized model for the zero-one quadratic programming problem, whose size is linear in terms of the number of variables in the original nonlinear problem. Our derivation yields three alternative reformulations, each varying in model size and tightness. We show that our models are at least as tight as the one recently proposed in [7], and examine the theoretical relationship of our models to a standard linearization of the zero-one quadratic programming problem. Finally, we demonstrate the efficacy of solving each of these models on a set of randomly generated test instances.
Morphologic changes following endoscopic and two-portal subcutaneous carpal tunnel release

This study describes the morphologic changes that occur following single incision endoscopic and two-portal subcutaneous carpal tunnel release. Seventeen patients were studied preoperatively and an average of 24 weeks postoperatively. Canal volume, carpal arch width, and median nerve palmar displacement and cross-sectional area were measured by use of multiplanar reformation and three-dimensional reconstruction of magnetic resonance images. Both methods produced a marked increase in canal volume and median nerve cross-sectional area; neither resulted in a significant change in carpal arch width. These data provide a morphologic basis for the belief that endoscopic or subcutaneous carpal tunnel release will produce clinical relief equivalent to open carpal tunnel release.
Casimir forces in a piston geometry at zero and finite temperatures

We study Casimir forces on the partition in a closed box (piston) with perfect metallic boundary conditions. Related closed geometries have generated interest as candidates for a repulsive force. By using an optical path expansion we solve exactly the case of a piston with a rectangular cross section, and find that the force always attracts the partition to the nearest base. For arbitrary cross sections, we can use an expansion for the density of states to compute the force in the limit of small height to width ratios. The corrections to the force between parallel plates are found to have interesting dependence on the shape of the cross section. Finally, for temperatures in the range of experimental interest we compute finite temperature corrections to the force (again assuming perfect boundaries).
Encouraging Mexican-Heritage Youth to Intervene When Friends Drink The Role of Targeted Parent-Child Communication Against Alcohol

Drawing from primary socialization theory, we hypothesized that as Mexican-heritage youth engage in targeted parent-child communication against alcohol, they are more likely to disapprove of and consider the negative consequences of drinking alcohol. In turn, such antialcohol perceptions are likely to encourage them to intervene if a friend was to drink alcohol. The analyses were based on self-reported longitudinal data from 1,149 Mexican-heritage youth in sixth to eighth grades (M = 12 years, SD = .61). As males and females engaged in targeted parent-child communication against alcohol, they were more likely to consider the negative consequences of alcohol consumption. Consequently, they reported that they would be more likely to intervene by talking to the friend or an adult. Disapproving of alcohol consumption played a minor role for male and female Mexican-heritage youth.
Statistical significance of symmetrical and repetitive segments in DNA

Abstract Methods of computer analysis for the recurrence of symmetrical and repetitive elements in large numbers of DNA sequences are described, together with derivations of appropriate quantitative criteria for the evaluation of the statistical significance of these elements in DNAs of different base composition. Examples of some extraordinary variations in the occurrence of symmetrical and repetitive elements are provided, many of which are new. Special consideration is devoted to a determination of the statistical significance of a two-fold palindrome at the origin of replication. A computer search of 14 independently determined DNA sequences containing an origin of replication locus indicates each contains a large two-fold palindrome. The average length of this palindrome is 28 +/- 6 base pairs, of which 22 contribute to the palindromic symmetry. The probability of occurrence of such a palindrome is only 1/26000, while the probability of occurrence in all 14 different species is (1/26000).
Immature T lymphocytes in human neonatal blood.

Abstract Thirty-two cord blood samples taken after caesarean section or vaginal delivery and concurrent venous blood samples obtained from normal adult controls were evaluated using monoclonal antibodies. The percentage of circulating pan-T-cell + lymphocytes was significantly lower in cord blood (46%) compared with adult controls (72%). In the cord cells, 22% showed reactivity with the common thymocyte antigen compared with less than 1% in adult controls. The helpersuppressor ratio was lower in cord blood (1.71) compared with 1.98 for adult blood. These figures reflect a unique population (12%) of immature T cells in cord blood that coexpress helper and suppressor phenotypes. These features are not found in adult blood. These double-labeling studies characterized a previously undescribed blood T-cell phenotype which correlates negatively with gestational age ( R = −0.93). These studies reveal the presence of an immature population of T cells in normal human neonatal blood that exhibit the phenotype characteristic of normal developing thymocytes.
Translating from Memory: Patrick Modiano in Postmodern Context

In this essay I have attemped to renegotiate the relationship between the work of Patrick Modiano and the conditions of literary production designated by "postmodernism." Contemporary French reviewers and critics have greeted with guarded praise Modiano's efforts to write in a language and about events that belong to another writing. Following their lead, this essay first explores the tension (often lost on American readers) created by the possibility that the historical referent of Modiano's texts—not only Modiano's personal past but the horror of the Occupation—might now exist only as a weightless narrative "effect." As such, it is a part of style somehow comparable to and manipulable by a postmodern, purely textural hermeneutic. As many critics have pointed out, Modiano reveals his awareness of this problem through his obsessive thematizing of "memory." My argument here is that by employing a specifically translational mode ofwriting that would coopt the "loss of loss" characteristic of postmodernism, Modiano is able to renew our sense of the jagged reality of history as always remembered by a finite subjectivity. I demonstrate this translational mode in an analysis of Modiano's Rue des boutiques obscures, in which we find not only the patently postmodern and self-referential detective story form, but the textually invoked subject of that form, presented as "translations" that imply historically lost but nonetheless palpable, real, and at times horrible, antecedents. This article is available in Studies in 20th Century Literature: http://newprairiepress.org/sttcl/vol16/iss2/7 Translating from Memory: Patrick Modiano in Postmodern Context
Prenatal transplantation of cytokine-stimulated marrow improves early chimerism in a resistant strain combination but results in poor long-term engraftment

Objective In the absence of immunodeficiency, only microchimerism ( Methods Donor Balb/c marrow was cultured in media with or without VEGF and SCF supplementation for 12 hours prior to IUHCT into B6 fetuses at 14 days postcoitum (dpc). Donor cell phenotype, homing, and chimerism were assessed at short and long-term time points and transplanted animals received skin allografts at 8 weeks. Results In pretreated allogeneic recipients, early chimerism rates were more than double that of controls (71% vs 33%, p=0.01). These differences were associated with higher numbers of pretransplant donor cell colony-forming cells without change in donor cell homing. Despite prolonged skin allograft survival for pretreated recipients compared with controls (mean survival=20.8 vs 8.2 days, p Conclusions These findings demonstrate that higher levels of early chimerism in recipients of cytokine-stimulated marrow result in improved short-term chimerism and tolerance. Future studies are needed to confirm the existence of a "threshold" level of chimerism necessary to sustain long-term engraftment.
Characterization of the molecular form of cardiac phospholamban.

The native form of phospholamban is not known and it is presently under debate whether this protein exists as a monomer or an oligomer in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. The currently accepted model for phospholamban is pentameric, based primarily on its behavior in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In this study, sucrose density gradient centrifugation and gel filtration chromatography were used to determine the form of phospholamban under nondenaturing conditions. Purified phospholamban or phospholamban present in solubilized cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum was centrifuged through 5–20% sucrose density gradients in the absence or presence ofn-octylgucoside. The sucrose density gradient fractions were assayed for acid precipitable32P-incorporation in the presence of [γ-32P]ATP and cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit.32P-containing peak fractions were subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis, using a phospholamban-polyclonal antibody, to confirm the presence of phospholamban. Purified phosphoblamban migrated with an apparent molecular weight of 25,000 daltons in the sucrose gradients in either the absence or presence of detergent. Phospholamban present in solubilized cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum migrated with a similar apparent molecular weight when detergent was included in the sucrose gradients. In addition, solubilized cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum was subjected to gel filtration chromatography in the presence of deoxycholate. Under these conditions phospholamban migrated with an apparent molecular weight of 24,500 daltons. These data suggest that phospholamban prefers an oligomeric assembly and this may be the form present in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes.
Binding sites of lipophilic quinone and quinone analogue inhibitors in the cytochrome b6f complex of oxygenic photosynthesis

The main structural features of the cytochrome b6f complex, solved to 3.0–3.1 A (1 A = 10 −10 m) in the cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus and the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are discussed. The discussion is focused on the binding sites of plastoquinone and quinone analogue inhibitors discerned in the structure. These sites mark the pathway(s) of quinone translocation across the complex. Structure of the b6f complex The cytochrome b6f complex provides the electronic connection between the PSII (Photosystem II) and PSI reaction centres of oxygenic photosynthesis. Structural determination of the cytochrome b6f complex [1,2] by X-ray crystallographycompletedthearchitectureofthethreemajor hetero-oligomeric integral membrane protein complexes responsible for the linear or non-cyclic electron-transport chain of oxygenic photosynthesis. The two structures of the b6f complex were obtained from the thermophilic filamentous cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus [1] and the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii [2] to very similar levels of resolution, 3.0 and 3.1 A˚ (1 A˚ =10 −10 m) respectively. The C. reinhardtii structure is the only complex defining the structure of the photosynthetic electrontransport chain that has been derived from a eukaryotic source. Quinone function and quinone analogue inhibitors The electronic connection between the PSI and PSII reaction centres is coupled with vectorial proton transfer across the complex, which defines the p- and n-sides (electrochemically positiveandnegativelumenandstromasides)ofthecomplex. The oxidation and reduction of lipophilic quinone associated with proton release and uptake on p- and n-sides occur at structurally defined binding sites in the complex. It involves the two-way transfer of single quinone molecules across the
Multiphoton excitation of the DNA stains DAPI and Hoechst

,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole hydrochloride (DAPI) andHoechst 33342 were found to display two- or three-photon excitation from 810 to 910nm. We examined the effect of excitation wavelength on the mode of excitation forDAPI and Hoechst 33342 in the solvent isobutanol and when bound to double helicalDNA. For DAPI and Hoechst 33342 in isobutanol the mode of excitation changed fromtwo- to three-photon excitation over this wavelength range, with apparent transitionwavelengths of 855 and 880 nm, respectively. However, when bound to DNA, thetransition wavelength from two- to three-photon excitation increased for both probes.In the case of DAPI–DNA, the apparent transition wavelength increased to 868 nm,and three-photon excitation occurred above 900 nm. For Hoechst 33342–DNA themode of excitation was a mixture of two- and three-photon excitation to the longestexcitation wavelength of 910 nm, and we were unable to observe pure three-photonexcitation for Hoechst 33342–DNA. In the transition region the anisotropy of DAPIwas dependent on laser power, illustrating that the mode of excitation and transitionwavelengths will depend on the precise experimental conditions. Higher spatialresolution was observed for three-photon excitation of DAPI than for two-photonexcitation of Hoechst 33342. These results suggest that these probes can be used foreither two- or three-photon imaging of DNA or chromosomes.Keywords: ﬂuorescence, spectroscopy, imaging, time-resolved ﬂuorescence,two-photon excitation, three-photon excitation, DAPI, Hoechst 33342, two-photonmicroscopy
The Use of Gases Other Than Air in the Acoustical Testing of Model Compressors

Studies were made of the feasibility of simulating acoustical and aerodynamic characteristics of a full-scale axial-flow air compressor with a scale model operating in Freon in a closed-loop system. Correlation was attained between model and prototype for both acoustical and aerodynamic performance. Agreement was obtained with a previously published generalized acoustic prediction curve; and a tentative acoustic scaling law was developed which permits rapid prediction of full-scale sound power levels from measurements of the sound power levels produced by a model.Copyright © 1967 by ASME
The fall and rise of financial capital

ABSTRACT In an effort to protect a rapidly eroding international payments accounts balance, American policy makers pursued a capital controls program through much of the 1960s, contrary to the interests of private finance. How can we explain this outcome when, through much of the postwar period, private finance appears to have been well served by the state's foreign and domestic economic policy? This paper argues that, in responding to international pressure to bring its international payments account into balance, American state elites pursued a conservative Keynesian growth agenda that reconfigured the relationship between the American executive and central bank, which dramatically increased the state's autonomy from the influence of private financial interests. This paper therefore takes up the question of state autonomy and offers a new interpretation of the transition to neoliberal global financial structures from the Bretton Woods system of international monetary relations.
Effectiveness of respondent-driven sampling for recruiting drug users in New York City: findings from a pilot study.

A number of sampling methods are available to recruit drug users and collect HIV risk behavior data. Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) is a modified form of chain-referral sampling with a mathematical system for weighting the sample to compensate for its not having been drawn randomly. It is predicated on the recognition that peers are better able than outreach workers and researchers to locate and recruit other members of a “hidden” population. RDS provides a means of evaluating the reliability of the data obtained and also allows inferences about the characteristics of the population from which the sample is drawn. In this paper we present findings from a pilot study conducted to assess the effectiveness of RDS to recruit a large and diversified group of drug users in New York City. Beginning with eight seeds (i.e., initial recruits) we recruited 618 drug users (injecting and non-injecting) in 13 weeks. The data document both cross-gender and cross-race and -ethnic recruitment as well as recruitment across drug-use status. Sample characteristics are similar to the characteristics of the drug users recruited in other studies conducted in New York City. The findings indicate that RDS is an effective sampling method for recruiting diversified drug users to participate in HIV-related behavioral surveys.
Role of the UL25 Protein in Herpes Simplex Virus DNA Encapsidation

The herpes simplex virus protein UL25 attaches to the external vertices of herpes simplex virus type 1 capsids and is required for the stable packaging of viral DNA. To define regions of the protein important for viral replication and capsid attachment, the 580-amino-acid UL25 open reading frame was disrupted by transposon mutagenesis. The UL25 mutants were assayed for complementation of a UL25 deletion virus, and in vitro-synthesized protein was tested for binding to UL25-deficient capsids. Of the 11 mutants analyzed, 4 did not complement growth of the UL25 deletion mutant, and analysis of these and additional mutants in the capsid-binding assay demonstrated that UL25 amino acids 1 to 50 were sufficient for capsid binding. Several UL25 mutations were transferred into recombinant viruses to analyze the effect of the mutations on UL25 capsid binding and on DNA cleavage and packaging. Studies of these mutants demonstrated that amino acids 1 to 50 of UL25 are essential for its stable interaction with capsids and that the C terminus is essential for DNA packaging and the production of infectious virus through its interactions with other viral packaging or tegument proteins. Analysis of viral DNA cleavage demonstrated that in the absence of a functional UL25 protein, aberrant cleavage takes place at the unique short end of the viral genome, resulting in truncated viral genomes that are not retained in capsids. Based on these observations, we propose a model where UL25 is required for the formation of DNA-containing capsids by acting to stabilize capsids that contain full-length viral genomes.
Detecting mild cognitive loss with continuous monitoring of medication adherence

This paper describes an approach for detecting early cognitive loss using medication adherence behavior. We investigate the discriminative power of a comprehensive set of recurrent medication timing features extracted from time-of-day and inter-dose timing statistics. We adopt information theoretic measures for feature ranking for initial dimensionality reduction and conduct exhaustive leave-one-out cross validation for final feature selection and regularization. The selected feature set is subjected to a support vector machine for classification. The results demonstrate that patterns of adherence based on the data from relatively unobtrusive behavior monitoring can make reliable inference for mild cognitive loss individuals.
Electron Microscopy and 3D Reconstruction of F-Actin Decorated with Cardiac Myosin-Binding Protein C (cMyBP-C)

Myosin-binding protein C (MyBP-C) is an ∼130-kDa rod-shaped protein of the thick (myosin containing) filaments of vertebrate striated muscle. It is composed of 10 or 11 globular 10-kDa domains from the immunoglobulin and fibronectin type III families and an additional MyBP-C-specific motif. The cardiac isoform cMyBP-C plays a key role in the phosphorylation-dependent enhancement of cardiac function that occurs upon β-adrenergic stimulation, and mutations in MyBP-C cause skeletal muscle and heart diseases. In addition to binding to myosin, MyBP-C can also bind to actin via its N-terminal end, potentially modulating contraction in a novel way via this thick-thin filament bridge. To understand the structural basis of actin binding, we have used negative stain electron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction to study the structure of F-actin decorated with bacterially expressed N-terminal cMyBP-C fragments. Clear decoration was obtained under a variety of salt conditions varying from 25 to 180 mM KCl concentration. Three-dimensional helical reconstructions, carried out at the 180-mM KCl level to minimize nonspecific binding, showed MyBP-C density over a broad portion of the periphery of subdomain 1 of actin and extending tangentially from its surface in the direction of actin's pointed end. Molecular fitting with an atomic structure of a MyBP-C Ig domain suggested that most of the N-terminal domains may be well ordered on actin. The location of binding was such that it could modulate tropomyosin position and would interfere with myosin head binding to actin.
Brain Dysfunction and Community Violence in Patients With Major Mental Illness

The objective of this study is to determine whether violence in psychiatric patients is associated with brain dysfunction independent of substance abuse. Psychiatric inpatients with a history of violent behavior in the community were compared to nonviolent inpatients on several variables related to brain dysfunction. The two groups were similar in terms of demographics and psychiatric diagnosis. No significant differences were found in neuropsychological function, but violent patients were significantly more likely to have co-occurring substance abuse and nearly 4 times more likely to have a history of closed-head injury. Logistic regression revealed that the association between violence and head injury can be explained by comorbid substance abuse.
Can you predict what happens when EuroSCORE weds biomarker

Accurately predicting the mortality and morbidity associated with cardiac surgery provides patients with an indication of their individual risk and permits comparison of outcomes among different surgeons and surgical facilities. Several scoring systems predict early outcome from cardiac surgery.
Cardiovascular thromboembolic events associated with febuxostat: Investigation of cases from the FDA adverse event reporting system database

Objective Uloric (Febuxostat) has been linked with cardiovascular thromboembolic events in gout patients. However, no post-marketing data analysis has investigated these drug-associated adverse event reports. The study objective was to identify febuxostat-associated cardiovascular thromboembolic event reports in the US using the Food and Drug Administration adverse event reporting system (AERS) database. Methods Reports listing uloric and febuxostat as the suspect drug and cardiovascular thromboembolic events (combined in a single term based on adverse event reports of myocardial infarction, stroke, among others) as the adverse event were extracted from the drug's approval date through the fourth quarter of 2011. Bayesian statistics within the neural network architecture was implemented to identify potential signals of febuxostat-associated cardiovascular thromboembolic events. A potential signal for the drug-adverse event combination reports is generated when the lower limit of the 95% two-sided confidence interval of the information component (IC), denoted by IC 025 is greater than zero. Results Twenty-one combination reports of febuxostat-associated cardiovascular thromboembolic events were identified in gout patients in the US. The mean age of combination cases was 64 years. Potential signals (IC 025 = 4.09) was generated for combination reports of febuxostat-associated cardiovascular thromboembolic events. Conclusion AERS indicated potential signals of febuxostat-associated cardiovascular thromboembolic events. AERS is not capable of establishing the causal link and detecting the true frequency of an adverse event associated with a drug. The positive IC value found in this study merits continued surveillance and assessment of cardiovascular thromboembolic events associated with Febuxostat.
The human metabolic response to chronic ketosis without caloric restriction: Preservation of submaximal exercise capability with reduced carbohydrate oxidation☆

To study the effect of chronic ketosis on exercise performance in endurance-trained humans, five well-trained cyclists were fed a eucaloric balanced diet (EBD) for one week providing 35-50 kcal/kg/d, 1.75 g protein/kg/d and the remainder of kilocalories as two-thirds carbohydrate (CHO) and one-third fat. This was followed by four weeks of a eucaloric ketogenic diet (EKD), isocaloric and isonitrogenous with the EBD but providing less than 20 g CHO daily. Both diets were appropriately supplemented to meet the recommended daily allowances for vitamins and minerals. Pedal ergometer testing of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was unchanged between the control week (EBD-1) and week 3 of the ketogenic diet (EKD-3). The mean ergometer endurance time for continuous exercise to exhaustion (ENDUR) at 62%-64% of VO2max was 147 minutes at EBD-1 and 151 minutes at EKD-4. The ENDUR steady-state RQ dropped from 0.83 to 0.72 (P less than 0.01) from EBD-1 to EKD-4. In agreement with this were a three-fold drop in glucose oxidation (from 15.1 to 5.1 mg/kg/min, P less than 0.05) and a four-fold reduction in muscle glycogen use (0.61 to 0.13 mmol/kg/min, P less than 0.01). Neither clinical nor biochemical evidence of hypoglycemia was observed during ENDUR at EKD-4. These results indicate that aerobic endurance exercise by well-trained cyclists was not compromised by four weeks of ketosis. This was accomplished by a dramatic physiologic adaptation that conserved limited carbohydrate stores (both glucose and muscle glycogen) and made fat the predominant muscle substrate at this submaximal power level.
Rotation, inflation, and lithium in the Pleiades

The rapidly rotating cool dwarfs of the Pleiades are rich in lithium relative to their slowly rotating counterparts. Motivated by observations of inflated radii in young, active stars, and by calculations showing that radius inflation inhibits pre-main sequence (pre-MS) Li destruction, we test whether this pattern could arise from a connection between stellar rotation rate and radius inflation on the pre-MS. We demonstrate that pre-MS radius inflation can efficiently suppress lithium destruction byrotationally induced mixing in evolutionary models, and that the net effect of inflation and rotational mixing is a pattern where rotation correlates with lithium abundance for M∗ M⊙, similar to the empirical trend in the Pleiades. Next, we adopt different prescriptions for the dependence of inflation on rotation, and compare their predictions to the Pleiades lithium/rotation pattern. We find that if a connection between rotation and radius inflation exists, then the important qualitative features of this pattern naturally and generically emerge in our models. This is the first consistent physical model to date that explains the Li– rotation correlation in the Pleiades. We discuss plausible mechanisms for inducing this correlation and suggest an observational test using granulation.
Computational modelling of cell chain migration reveals mechanisms that sustain follow-the-leader behaviour

Follow-the-leader chain migration is a striking cell migratory behaviour observed during vertebrate development, adult neurogenesis and cancer metastasis. Although cell – cell contact and extracellular matrix (ECM) cues have been proposed to promote this phenomenon, mechanisms that underlie chain migration persistence remain unclear. Here, we developed a quantitative agent-based modelling framework to test mechanistic hypotheses of chain migration persistence. We defined chain migration and its persistence based on evidence from the highly migratory neural crest model system, where cells within a chain extend and retract filopodia in short-lived cell contacts and move together as a collective. In our agent-based simulations, we began with a set of agents arranged as a chain and systematically probed the influence of model parameters to identify factors critical to the maintenance of the chain migration pattern. We discovered that chain migration persistence requires a high degree of directional bias in both lead and follower cells towards the target. Chain migration persistence was also promoted when lead cells maintained cell contact with followers, but not vice-versa. Finally, providing a path of least resistance in the ECM was not sufficient alone to drive chain persistence. Our results indicate that chain migration persistence depends on the interplay of directional cell movement and biased cell – cell contact.
Formalizing the Design, Evaluation, and Application of Interaction Techniques for Immersive Virtual Environments

Abstract Immersive virtual environments (VEs) have potential in many application areas, but many complex VE systems exhibit usability and interaction problems. This is partly due to a lack of consideration or understanding of 3D interaction tasks and techniques. This paper proposes the systematic study of the design, evaluation, and application of VE interaction techniques. In this methodology, design and evaluation are based on a formal task analysis and categorization of techniques, using multiple performance measures. As a direct consequence of our use of this methodology, we also present a variety of novel designs and evaluation results with respect to interaction techniques for three common VE tasks.
Perceptual Indexing of Multivariate Time Series

We consider the problem of deriving compressed perceptual representation of multivariate time series and using it for efficient indexing and similarity search. Our algorithm is based on the identification of perceptual skeletons in multidimensional space and the use of these "simplifications" in similarity measurements. We illustrate the performance of the algorithm in a financial modeling application. Our results indicate that the skeleton representation outperforms the traditional approaches and is robust enough to be used even with the simplest distance metrics.
Metal concentrations in urban riparian sediments along an urbanization gradient

Urbanization impacts fluvial systems via a combination of changes in sediment chemistry and basin hydrology. While chemical changes in urban soils have been well characterized, similar surveys of riparian sediments in urbanized areas are rare. Metal concentrations were measured in sediments collected from riparian areas across the urbanization gradient in Baltimore, MD. Average metal concentrations are similar to those observed in other regional studies. Two important spatial patterns are evident in the data. First, calcium concentrations double across the urbanization gradient, regardless of changes in underlying geochemistry at the boundary between the Eastern US Piedmont and Coastal Plain physiographic provinces. Alkali-earth metal ratios indicate that the additional Ca is very pure and possibly arises from cement common to urban systems. Second, hot spots of trace metals typically associated with urban systems (e.g., Cu, Zn, and Pb) occur in areas that have been artificially filled to create additional real estate in high land value areas. Together, these data indicate that riparian sediments exhibit unexpected patterns of metal contamination. If these sediments are remobilized, during events such as droughts or floods, this contamination may perpetuate legacy impacts to ecosystem health from a history of fluvial contamination.