cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A cold-wet middle-latitude environment on Mars during the Hesperian-Amazonian transition: Evidence from northern Arabia valleys and paleolakes

The growing inventory of post-Noachian fluvial valleys may represent a late, widespread episode of aqueous activity on Mars, contrary to the paradigm that fluvial activity largely ceased around the Noachian-Hesperian boundary. Fresh shallow valleys (FSVs) are widespread from ~30 to 45° in both hemispheres with a high concentration in northern Arabia Terra. Valleys in northern Arabia Terra characteristically start abruptly on steeper slopes and terminate in topographic depressions at elevations corresponding to model-predicted lake levels. Longer valley systems flowed into and out of chains of paleolakes. Minimum discharges based on the dimensions of the incised channel assuming medium to coarse sand-size grains ranges from tens to hundreds of m3 s−1, respectively, consistent with formation via snowmelt from surface or sub-ice flows. Hydrologic calculations indicate the valleys likely formed in hundreds of years or less, and crater statistics constrain the timing of fluvial activity to between the Hesperian and middle Amazonian. Several craters with channels extending radially outward supports evidence for overflow of interior crater lakes possibly fed by groundwater. Most FSVs occur away from young impact craters which make an association with impact processes improbable. The widespread occurrence of FSVs along with their similar morphology and shared modest state of degradation is consistent with most forming during a global interval of favorable climate, perhaps contemporaneous with alluvial fan formation in equatorial and midlatitudes. Evidence for a snowmelt-based hydrology and considerable depths of water on the landscape in Arabia supports a cold, wet, and possibly habitable environment late in Martian history.
Reducing the other-race effect through caricatures

We recognize faces from our own race better than those from another race. Although the relative contribution of different mechanisms (e.g. contact vs. attention) remains elusive, it is generally agreed that the other-race effect results from the fact that discriminatory facial features are race-dependent. Previous research has also shown that facial recognition improves when viewers are first familiarized with faces whose most distinctive features have been caricaturized. In this study, we sought to determine the extent to which familiarization with caricaturized faces could also be used to reduce other-race effects. Using an old/new face recognition paradigm, Caucasian subjects were first familiarized with a set of faces from multiple races, and then asked to recognize those faces among a set of confounders. Participants who were familiarized with and then asked to recognize veridical versions of the faces showed a significant other-race effect on Indian faces. In contrast, participants who were familiarized with caricaturized versions of the same faces, and then asked to recognize their veridical versions, showed no other-race effects on Indian faces. This result suggests that caricaturization may be used to help individuals focus their attention to features that are useful for recognition of other-race faces.
Unilateral Multicystic Renal Disease in Adults

Patients with multicystic kidneys that remained undetected for many years are currently our best source of information on the long-term fate of this type of renal dysplasia. We review 24 cases with adequate data reported in the literature and add 3 personal cases. Significant problems that were encountered and were related to these retained multicystic kidneys include abdominal pain, erroneous diagnosis of renal agenesis leading to repeated unrewarding medical studies for abdominal pain, abdominal mass and renal neoplasm arising in the dysplastic kidney.
Abstract P015: Hypoxia Regulates Embryonic Cardiac Myocyte Proliferation and Differentiation

Mammalian cardiac myocytes (CM) proliferate readily during development but exit the cell cycle perinatally. The molecular mechanism for this is poorly understood could lead to new approaches for cardiac regeneration. We employed a novel bioinformatics approach to identify transcription factors that may control perinatal cell-cycle arrest and identified hypoxia inducible factor 1α (Hif1α) as a potential regulator of CM proliferation and differentiation. To test our hypothesis, e12.5d embryonic heart cells were cultured in atmospheric (17%) or hypoxic (3%) [O2] and then assessed for proliferation over 4 days. Total cell numbers were significantly increased (∼2 fold, P 2 fold) in hypoxic vs. atmospheric cultured cells indicating that hypoxia my increase proliferation by regulating the expression of cell cycle machinery. Furthermore, early mesodermal transcription factors Brachyury and Mesp1 and the CM progenitor marker Nkx2.5 were induced (>5 fold) in hypoxic vs. atmospheric [O2] cultured cells suggesting that hypoxia positively regulates early mesodermal and CM progenitor cell differentiation. To validate this hypothesis, we differentiated mouse embryonic stem cells in atmospheric and hypoxic [O2] and observed similar increases in the expression of Brachyury, Mesp1 and Nkx2.5 in hypoxic differentiated cells. Transient culture (2 d) of embryoid bodies (EBs) in hypoxia increased the frequency of beating EBs and the % of cTn+ cells compared to cells differentiated in atmospheric O2. Taken together these data suggest that the hypoxic environment in which CMs develop may serve as a key signal that regulates mesodermal progenitor marker expression and CM progenitor cell differentiation and proliferation.
A power system network partition framework for data-driven regional voltage control

This paper investigates an efficient modal method for reducing weak transmission stability boundaries and identifying voltage control areas. This method divides the power system network into regions to eventually reduce the control candidates for each controller and minimize the interaction between each voltage control area. To determine the optimized number of areas, proper selection of threshold parameter α associated with this method is required. A new approach using kmeans and Bayesian Information criterion to cluster identical Q-V minimum and the set of generators reaching their Q-limit are presented to determine the α value. The data-driven voltage controller is implemented by parallel decision trees via offline training; it provides Voltage Security Assessment for each control combinations. The selected control combination will execute the control by switching on and off of each discrete control candidate. The effectiveness of the advocate division approach is demonstrated in IEEE 118 bus system. The results show the performance and ability of proposed system division approach to provide voltage control areas and reduce the control candidates for the data-driven regional voltage controller.
A Markov Regime-Switching Model with Time-Varying Transition Probabilities for Identifying Asset Price Bubbles

In this paper, a Markov regime-switching model with time-varying transition probabilities is developed to identify asset price bubbles in the SP a state-dependent regime-switching model and a Markov regime-switching model. Three bubble regimes are identified; dormant, explosive, and collapsing. Time-varying transition probabilities are specified for each of the nine possible transitions in the Markov regime-switching model. Estimation of the model is done using conditional maximum likelihood with the Hamilton filter. Results show that transition probabilities depend significantly on trading volume and relative size of the bubble. Overall, the model works well in detecting multiple bubbles in the S&P 500 between January 1888 and May 2010. Explosive bubbles tend to immediately precede recession periods, while collapsing bubbles tend to coincide with recession periods.
Place of Residence and Cognitive Function among the Adult Population in India

Background: The place of residence has been linked to cognitive function among adults in developed countries. This study examined how urban and rural residence was associated with cognitive function among adults in India. Methods: The World Health Organization Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health data was used to examine cognition among 6,244 community-residing adults age 50+ in 6 states in India. Residential status was categorized as urban, rural, urban-to-urban, rural-to-urban, rural-to-rural, and urban-to-rural. Cognition was assessed by immediate and delayed recall tests, digit span test, and verbal fluency test. Multilevel models were used to account for state-level differences and adjusted for individual-level sociodemographic, psychosocial, and health-related factors. Results: Urban residents and urban-to-urban migrants had the highest levels of cognition, whereas rural residents and those who migrated to (or within) rural areas had the lowest cognition. The differences largely persisted after adjustment for multiple covariates; however, rural-to-urban migrants had no difference in cognition from urban residents once socioeconomic factors were taken into account. Conclusion: Cognition among adults in India differed significantly according to their current and past place of residence. Socioeconomic factors played an important role in the cognitive function of adults in urban areas.
Contemporary First Nation Lawmaking: New Spaces for Aboriginal Justice

Undeniably, indigenous peoples within Canadian borders have advantages that indigenous peoples in many other parts of the world do not. Canada recognises First Nations, Inuit, and Metis peoples in its constitution. The Supreme Court of Canada has progressively strengthened Aboriginal authority over land, waters, and natural resources. Since the early 1990s, the provincial and federal governments of Canada have been involved in modern treaty-making to further enshrine the rights of Aboriginal communities with whom the Crown lacked historical agreements. And while progress has been variable, Canada is engaged in a process of reconciliation for some of the worse aspects of its colonial history. In 2008, for example, Canada offered an apology on behalf of Canadians for the Indian residential schools system and signed the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement, providing redress to victims and establishing the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. As the former UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples summarises in his 2013 country report, ‘Canada’s relationship with the indigenous peoples within its borders is governed by a well-developed legal framework that in many respects is protective of indigenous peoples’ rights’ (Anaya 2013, p. 5).
Disrupted N-linked glycosylation as a disease mechanism in deficiency of ADA2

Deficiency of adenosine deaminase 2 is characterized by vasculitis, early-onset strokes, immunodeficiency, and bone marrow failure. We describe a novel pathogenic mutation affecting a consensus N-linked glycosylation sequence and illustrate the essential role of glycosylation in the biology of ADA2.
A Bio-Chemo-Mechanics Approach to Bone Resorption and Fracture

In this paper, we develop a biochemomechanics theory, which allows the integration of a biological process orchestrated by cells into a chemomechanics framework. The derivation, which is based on first principles of thermodynamics, is developed around the modeling of bone resorption. We show that the driving force of the bone resorption process is the difference of three quantities: a biologically generated chemical potential, in short BGP, developed by the cell on the solid surface; the chemical potential of the solid mineral; and, finally, the strain energy stored in the solid phase. Orders of magnitude of these three quantities are evaluated using standard solubility calculation techniques, and average stiffness and strain values in human bone. It is shown that the average strain energy is some orders of magnitude smaller than the BGP. In return, in the immediate surrounding of cracks, the strain energy increases due to stress concentrations to a value which compares to the one of the BGP. In the course of random remodeling events by cells, we propose that this chemomechanical coupling is a nonrandom remodeling stimulus, initiating the repair of damage in bone, which at the same time reduces —by resorption— the risk of crack propagation.
A 4π proportional counter suitable for 4π β-γ coincidence counting and routing use

A 4 pi proportional counter is described that is suitable for 4 pi beta-gamma coincidence counting and routine use. The counter exhibits good plateau and background characteristics and is safe and easy to use. An exploded diagram of the counter showing construction and internal arrangement is presented along with diagrams showing plateau characteristics. (N.W.R.)
Surface Plasmon Effects on Molecular Decay Processes near Metallic Interfaces

This article deals with the consequences of a metal surface on the decay and energy shift of excited molecules, both for the isolated molecular case and for a many molecule system. The simplest type of theory (image theory) already makes the single molecule-metal surface problem analogous to a model system with cooperative properties (Dicke superradiant enhancement of the linewidth and a cooperative Lamb shift).
Comparison of Pediatric Intercalary Allograft Reconstructions with and without a Free Vascularized Fibula.

BACKGROUND Lower extremity intercalary allograft reconstruction has traditionally been used to facilitate limb salvage. Combining the allograft with a free vascularized fibula graft has been described; however, there is a paucity of data comparing the outcome of these reconstructions. METHODS Twenty-nine pediatric patients (15 boys and 14 girls) underwent lower extremity limb salvage with the use of intercalary cadaveric allograft at a mean age of 12 years. The most common diagnosis was osteosarcoma (n = 18). Patients underwent reconstruction with an allograft alone (n = 11) or supplemented with a free vascularized fibula graft (n = 18). RESULTS The mean time to union of the allograft was 11 months, with 10 patients requiring additional bone grafting. There was no difference in the need for an additional bone graft (OR, 0.87; p = 1.0) between patients with a free vascularized fibula graft and those without. The allograft was revised in three patients because of fracture (n = 2) and fracture and infection (n = 1). In all of these patients, the allograft was not supplemented with a free vascularized fibula graft (p < 0.001). Five patients underwent an amputation, most commonly for disease recurrence. At last follow-up, the mean Mankin and Musculoskeletal Tumor Society rating was 90 percent, with 19 patients (66 percent) who achieved a "good" or "excellent" outcome according to the Mankin score. CONCLUSION Use of an intercalary allograft to reconstruct a lower extremity provides a durable means of reconstruction; however, supplementation with a free vascularized fibula graft reduces the risk of allograft revision. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, III.
Characterizing the Security of the SMS Ecosystem with Public Gateways

Recent years have seen the Short Message Service (SMS) become a critical component of the security infrastructure, assisting with tasks including identity verification and second-factor authentication. At the same time, this messaging infrastructure has become dramatically more open and connected to public networks than ever before. However, the implications of this openness, the security practices of benign services, and the malicious misuse of this ecosystem are not well understood. In this article, we provide a comprehensive longitudinal study to answer these questions, analyzing over 900,000 text messages sent to public online SMS gateways over the course of 28 months. From this data, we uncover the geographical distribution of spam messages, study SMS as a transmission medium of malicious content, and find that changes in benign and malicious behaviors in the SMS ecosystem have been minimal during our collection period. The key takeaways of this research show many services sending sensitive security-based messages through an unencrypted medium, implementing low entropy solutions for one-use codes, and behaviors indicating that public gateways are primarily used for evading account creation policies that require verified phone numbers. This latter finding has significant implications for combating phone-verified account fraud and demonstrates that such evasion will continue to be difficult to detect and prevent.
Summer School, School Disengagement, and Substance Use During Adolescence.

Introduction Youth who fall behind academically are at increased risk for school disengagement, school dropout, and substance use. Summer school is an opportunity for youth to complete needed coursework yet has not been utilized as a venue for substance use prevention. To date, little is known about the rates of summer school attendance among adolescents or the relationship between summer school attendance, school disengagement, and substance use. The purpose of this study is to assess the characteristics of summer school attendance over the past 20 years and to examine the associations between summer school attendance, indicators of school disengagement, and recent substance use among eighth-grade students. Methods Data from the Monitoring the Future cross-sectional study of eighth-grade students (1997–2016; n=111,033) was used to examine the association between summer school attendance and recent substance use (e.g., past 2-week/30-day marijuana use). Bivariate associations controlling for sociodemographics and school disengagement (e.g., truancy) were assessed. Analyses were completed in 2018. Results School disengagement and substance use were associated with summer school attendance; however, when controlling for indicators of school disengagement, summer school attendance was not associated with substance use. Interaction effect models found that summer school attendance weakened the association between indicators of school disengagement and substance use. Conclusions These findings suggest that students with a high propensity to use substances do attend summer school. Summer school may be a venue to deliver information on the risk of alcohol or other drugs to a population of at-risk students.
Towards Intelligent Architecting of Aerospace System-of-Systems

System-of-Systems (SoS) are composed of large scale independent and complex heterogeneous systems which collaborate to create capabilities not achievable by a single system, for example air transportation system, satellite constellations, and space exploration architectures. Much of the research effort in the field of SoS has focused on the analysis of these complex entities, while there are still major gaps in developing tools for automated synthesis and engineering of SoS that consider all the various aspects in this problem domain. The gap we address in this paper is a mapping of clusters of SoS architecture alternatives, segmented by performance along multiple metrics, to architectural features. Building upon our previous research where we used a SoS Analytic Work Bench in combination with Model-Based Systems Engineering artifacts to perform analysis of aerospace systems, we propose to build a process for intelligent architecting of aerospace SoS. This process discovers and employs pertinent features in a complex design space to effectively meet the user needs, elevating SoS engineering from retrospective architectural analysis to automated synthesis of new architectures. As a first step towards intelligent architecture of aerospace SoS, we propose to utilize Machine Learning techniques to automate the synthesis phase of SoS. Our hypothesis is that a set of holistic metrics of aerospace architectures (cost, performance, robustness, operational risk, average delay, etc.) can be used to characterize a measure of goodness of architectures, with good architectures on a Pareto front of the multi-dimensional space of holistic metrics of interest. Each architecture or cluster may be then mapped to a set of architectural features, with the goal of identifying which features belong to good architectures. Specifically, we propose to utilize non-parametric regression on a set of training architectures (for example, Neural Networks can deal with mixed real and integer variables) to associate each one with a pattern of features. This mapping will allow the automated process to predict what metrics will be expected from SoS architectures with specific features, and therefore to automatically synthesize architectures that exhibit desired characteristics of goodness. For example, for constellations of satellites, a group of good architecture might have medium cost, high resilience, medium robustness, and low risk, and the architectural features to be mapped to each group can include number of satellites, number of components, type of orbit, type of power system, etc. Since the environment constantly evolves, architectures must adapt, and stochastic optimization can be used to switch between architectures with minimal effort. In this work we illustrate the new version of our aerospace SoS analysis and synthesis framework, which includes Machine Learning techniques to support synthesis of SoS architectures. We demonstrate the application of this process on satellite constellations and discuss challenges of this approach and future steps.
On choosing the resolution of normative models

Abstract Long time horizon normative models are frequently used for policy analysis, strategic planning, and system analysis. Choosing the granularity of the temporal or spatial resolution of such models is an important modeling decision, often having a first order impact on model results. This type of decision is frequently made by modeler judgment, particularly when the predictive power of alternative choices cannot be tested. In this paper, we show how the implicit tradeoffs modelers make in these formulation decisions, in particular in the tradeoff between the accuracy of representation enabled by the available data and model parsimony, may be addressed with established information theoretic ideas. The paper provides guidance for modelers making these tradeoffs or, in certain cases, enables explicit tests for assessing appropriate levels of resolution. We will mainly focus on optimization based normative models in the discussion here, and draw our examples from the energy and climate domain.
Soil greenhouse gas emissions as impacted by soil moisture and temperature under continuous and holistic planned grazing in native tallgrass prairie

Abstract Adaptive multi-paddock (AMP) grazing has demonstrated the potential to substantially improve ecosystems service outcomes relative to the most commonly used grazing management of moderate (MC) and heavy continuous (HC) grazing. We hypothesize that AMP grazing would decrease net soil emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O exchange between the soil surface and the atmosphere relative to continuous grazing and the management practice options of prescribed fire (AMP-burn), and production of hay (AMP-hay) both managed using AMP grazing. Soil temperature was lower (P 0; P ≤ 0.05), 7 times for HC, 4 times for MC, and 3 times for AMP. On the remaining dates sampled (27 of 35), AMP was the strongest CH4 sink ahead of AMP-burn (P = 0.0335), AMP-hay (P = 0.0232) and HC, but was similar to MC (P = 0.17). MC was a stronger sink than HC (P = 0.057). The emissions of CO2 and N2O were decreased with removal of green canopy material at sampling, indicating positive responses could be achieved by adjusting grazing management. Adaptive multi-paddock grazing, but not continuous grazing, can be adjusted to maintain higher proportions of green material, and as this would also benefit energy capture by photosynthesis and livestock diet quality, multiple benefits could accrue from implementing such management. Removal of green material had no influence on CH4 oxidation, which was greatest with AMP grazing. These results are consistent with AMP grazing having a lower intensity ecological impact than continuous grazing.
60-GHz 64- and 256-Element Dual-Polarized Dual-Beam Wafer-Scale Phased-Array Transceivers With Reticle-to-Reticle Stitching

This article presents 60-GHz $2\times 64$ - and $2 \times 256$ -element dual-polarized dual-beam wafer-scale phased-array transceivers with integrated up/downconverters. The $2\times 64$ -element phased array is built as a single reticle and occupies $21\times21$ mm2. It is based on RF beamforming transmit/receive (TRX) channels with 5-bit phase and 9-bit gain control, dual nested 1:64 distribution networks with Wilkinson divider/combiners, line amplifiers (LAs), and dual up/downconverters with a shared local-oscillator (LO) multiplier chain. The differential on-chip antenna feeds are electromagnetically (EM) coupled to a high-efficiency quartz superstrate dipole antenna array placed $\lambda $ /2 apart in the horizontal and vertical directions. Four $2\times 64$ -element phased-array reticles are then bondwire-stitched in the intermediate-frequency (IF)/LO domain to form a $2\times 256$ -element phased-array super-reticle that occupies $42\times42$ mm2. The $2\times 64$ - and $2\times 256$ -element phased arrays scan to ±50° in the elevation ( $E$ -plane) and azimuth ( $H$ -plane) planes. The equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) of the $2\times 64$ -element array is 37–38 dBm with a 3-dB bandwidth of 60–64 GHz, while that of the $2\times 256$ -element array is 42–44 dBm with a 3-dB bandwidth of 61–63 GHz per polarization. A communication link using the $2\times 64$ -element array is demonstrated with quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), and 64-QAM waveforms, reaching 12–16-Gb/s data rates per polarization at 1.3 m. To the best of our knowledge, this article presents the first fully polarimetric scalable wafer-scale phased-array transceivers using simple reticle-to-reticle stitching, resulting in the state-of-the-art functionality and complexity on a single chip.
SEOK CHOONG SONG. Explorations in Korean syntax and semantics

(1992). SEOK CHOONG SONG. Explorations in Korean syntax and semantics. WORD: Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 475-480.
The Skillful Forager

Leda Meredith. 2019. The Skillful Forager. (ISBN-13: 978-1-61180-483-6, pbk). Roost Books, 4720 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, U.S.A. (Orders: roostbooks.com). $24.95 US, 283 pp , index, 6½" × 9".
Evaluation of the Pr + O → PrO+ + e- chemi-ionization reaction enthalpy and praseodymium oxide, carbide, dioxide, and carbonyl cation bond energies.

Guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry (GIBMS) was used to measure the kinetic energy dependent product ion cross sections for reactions of the lanthanide metal praseodymium cation (Pr+) with O2, CO2, and CO and reactions of PrO+ with CO, O2, and Xe. PrO+ is formed through barrierless exothermic processes when the atomic metal cation reacts with O2 and CO2, whereas all other reactions are observed to be endothermic. Analyses of the kinetic energy dependences of these cross sections yield 0 K bond dissociation energies (BDEs) for PrO+, PrC+, PrCO+, and PrO2+. The 0 K BDE for PrO+ is determined to be 7.62 ± 0.09 eV from the weighted average of five independent thresholds. This value is combined with the well-established ionization energy (IE) of Pr to indicate an exothermicity of the chemi-ionization reaction, Pr + O → PrO+ + e−, of 2.15 ± 0.09 eV. Additionally, BDEs of Pr+–C, OPr+–O, and Pr+–CO are determined to be 2.97 ± 0.10. 2.47 ± 0.11, and 0.31 ± 0.07 eV. Theoretical Pr+–O, Pr+–C, OPr+–O, and Pr+–CO BDEs are calculated for comparison with experimental values. The Pr+–O BDE is underestimated at the B3LYP and PBE0 level of theory but better agreement is obtained using the coupled-cluster with single, double, and perturbative triple excitations, CCSD(T), level. Density functional theory approaches yield better agreement for the BDEs of Pr+–C, OPr+–O, and Pr+–CO.
Novel Cemented Technique for Trochanteric Fixation and Reconstruction of the Abductor Mechanism in Proximal and Total Femoral Arthroplasty: An Observational Study

Abstract Background Little evidence exists regarding the clinical outcomes of cemented trochanteric fixation for abductor mechanism reconstruction in proximal or total femoral replacements. Clinical outcomes were assessed for a novel cemented technique for trochanteric fixation in femoral megaprostheses. Methods A descriptive series of 13 patients who underwent proximal or total femoral arthroplasty from 2016 to 2019 were reviewed. Radiographic trochanteric displacement >1 cm defined construct failure. A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to determine survival rates for these cemented constructs. Demographic information was obtained to better characterize the patient population in whom this technique was used. Results Eleven patients were included (age = 63.6 years; 45.4% females; body mass index = 31.7). Mean time to final radiographic follow-up was 73.8 weeks. Three of 11 (27.2%) patients had construct failure. Overall, survival at 1 year was 81.8%. At 2 years, survival of cemented constructs was 65.5%. More construct failures occurred in patients who sustained a postoperative dislocation than in those who did not (P = .05). Conclusions This novel cemented trochanteric fixation technique for reconstruction of the abductor mechanism in femoral megaprostheses had 81.8% survival at 1 year postoperatively. While longitudinal comparative studies with larger samples are needed, the cemented technique may provide a viable alternative to traditional cementless methods of trochanteric fixation. Increased construct failure rates after postoperative dislocation highlight the importance of robust abductor reconstruction in these implants.
Experimental investigation of the effects of an axial magnetic field on the magneto Rayleigh-Taylor instability in ablating planar foil plasmas

Experiments are underway to study the effects an axial magnetic field on the magneto Rayleigh-Taylor instability (MRT) in ablating planar foils on the 1-MA LTD at the Michigan Accelerator for Inductive Z-pinch Experiments (MAIZE) facility at the University of Michigan. In planar foil ablation experiments at UM, MRT is observed when the expanding plasma-vacuum interface decelerates as the magnetic pressure exceeds the plasma pressure during the drive current1. Theoretical investigation at UM has shown that an axial magnetic field along with magnetic shear may reduce the MRT growth rate in general2. To test this experimentally, axial magnetic fields are generated using helical return current posts. The axial field is proportional to the drive current and peaks at 13 T for 600 kA peak current. A 775 nm Ti:sapphire laser is used to shadowgraph the foil in order to study the MRT instability. Results indicate improved confinement in addition to significant anisotropy on the left and right sides of the foil when compared to experiments at UM using planar return current posts with no axial field. Recent work utilizes a new load configuration where return current plates run perpendicular to the foil current, producing an axial field that can be adjusted based on the proximity of the plates to the foil.
Assessing attack vulnerability in networks with uncertainty

A considerable amount of research effort has focused on developing metrics and approaches to assess network vulnerability. However, most of them neglect the network uncertainty arisen due to various reasons such as mobility and dynamics of the network, or noise introduced in data collection process. To this end, we introduce a framework to assess vulnerability of networks with uncertainty, modeling such networks as probabilistic graphs. We adopt expected pairwise connectivity (EPC) as a measure to quantify global connectivity and use it to formulate vulnerability assessment as a stochastic optimization problem. The objective is to identify a few number of critical nodes whose removal minimizes EPC in the residual network. While solutions for stochastic optimization problems are often limited to small networks, we present a practical solution that works for larger networks. The key advantages of our solution include 1) the application of a weighted averaging technique that avoids considering all, exponentially many, possible realizations of probabilistic graphs and 2) a Fully Polynomial Time Randomized Approximation Scheme (FPRAS) to efficiently estimate the EPC with any desired accuracy. Extensive experiments demonstrate significant improvement on performance of our solution over other heuristic approaches.
Active, strategic reading for translation trainees: Foundations for transactional methods

The often-neglected issue of reading—a skill that is inextricable from translation--affects virtually every aspect of a translator trainee’s profile, from resourcing skills to background knowledge to linguistic competence itself. How can empirical studies improve the teaching of the act of reading for translation? What can we do as educators to see that novices situate the text in the world, what I call world-involvement ? What are the implications of students’ changing reading patterns and habits for translator training and education, particularly in an age of alternate literacies? How do reading models and their theorization fit with process-orientedness, and with the translator as subject, as negotiator of meaning, as constructively responsive agents of text transfer? Does it make sense to consider reading competence as part of the translator’s macrocompetence? This study aims primarily to engage with the research on reading, and with the changing conceptualizations of reading and the reader. A brief array of hermeneutic and textual analysis approaches and tasks that might be integrated in translator training curricula -- predicting, schemata activation, metacognitive monitoring, intertextual awareness-raising, and strategic processing—are then outlined, contributing toward a fuller repertoire of tasks and task construction components for strategic reading in translator training. In sum, a transactional view of reading in both non-literary and literary translation environments is proposed, and pedagogical interventions and diagnostics oriented in expertise studies and reading theory are examined.
Old Wine In New Bottles: Public Interest Lawyering In The Era Of Privatization

The movement towards privatization has created a sea change in the practice of public interest law. This change has given rise to legitimate concerns regarding transparency and participation in the changed regulatory environment Focus has moved from advocacy on behalf of disadvantaged client groups to a greater variety and broader array of practice models. "Old Wine in New Bottles" examines this issue through the lens of a public interest law firm in Wisconsin, using its experience in welfare reform, telecommunications, and health care. An analysis of this experience reveal that transparency and participation can be maintained in a privatized environment by adapting lawyering strategies to the altered context.
Protein and lipid refeeding changes protein metabolism and colonic but not small intestinal morphology in protein-depleted rats

In this study, we fed rats a 2% casein AIN 76 diet for 2 wk to produce protein malnutrition. We determined in these animals the effects of different concentrations of dietary protein refeeding (2% and 20% casein) on recovery and gut mucosal repletion and the potential role of type of dietary fat in the regulation of protein metabolism and mucosal growth by providing conventional long-chain triglyceride (LCT), a structured lipid composed of long-, medium- and short-chain fatty acids (SC/SL), or a physical mixture of the same components present in the structured lipid given as individual pure triglycerides (SC/PM) along with adequate amounts of protein and energy. The results confirmed that protein malnutrition can be reversed rapidly by protein refeeding, as indicated by an increase in body weight, positive nitrogen balance, liver growth and elevations in plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-1, leucine and albumin. In the colon, crypt cell number, crypt depth and number of crypt cells in the rapidly proliferating fraction of the colon were greater in rats fed the higher protein diet. However, the general architecture of small intestinal mucosa, including duodenum, jejunum and ileum, was not affected by protein malnutrition. Although the number of colonic cells was similar with fat refeeding, there were significantly fewer displaying the proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the colonic epithelium when rats were fed SC/PM compared with SC/SL. Therefore, changes in colonic mucosal proliferation were only seen with repletion by adequate protein and by SC/SL feeding.
Occupational Therapy Interventions for Adults With Stroke

Evidence Connection articles provide a clinical application of systematic reviews developed in conjunction with the American Occupational Therapy Association's (AOTA's) Evidence-Based Practice project. The clinical condition discussed in this inaugural Evidence Connection article is adults with stroke. Findings from the systematic reviews on this topic were published in the January/February 2015 issue of the American Journal of Occupational Therapy and in AOTA's Occupational Therapy Practice Guidelines for Adults With Stroke (Wolf & Nilsen, 2015). Each article in this series will summarize the evidence from the published reviews on a given topic and presents an application of the evidence to a related clinical case. Evidence Connection articles illustrate how the research evidence from the reviews can be used to inform and guide clinical decision making.
{1}/{N c } corrections to the baryon axial currents in QCD

Abstract We prove that the 1 N c corrections to the baryon axial current matrix elements are proportional to their lowest order values. This implies that the first correction to axial current coupling constant ratios vanishes, and that the SU (2 N f ) spin-flavor symmetry relations are only violated at second order in 1 N c .
USLI system models

Generic system-level models for CMOS CPUs are discussed. A novel system-level model for CMOS static RAMs is introduced. These models are used to evaluate the impact of several critical chip and module technology parameters and architectural features on the single most important indicator os system performance, the system clock frequency. A methodology is developed for defining optimal levels of integration for CPU and memory systems. >
Constructing Secularism: Separating ‘Religion’ and ‘State’ under the Indian Constitution

The jurisprudence of freedom of religion under the Indian Constitution presents us with a muddled picture. With a complicated history of denominational religion and reform, these provisions have been seen to be the very root of the ‘social revolution’ which the Constitution intended to mark. At the same time, the restrictive interpretation of arts 25 and 26 of the Constitution, in the form of what I have called the doctrine of ‘essentiality’, has failed to gather enough attention. It is argued that this interpretation of freedom of religion was revolutionary from the point of view of the natural textual construction. Moreover, it is argued that this construction of the text re-aligned the constitutional conception of secularism, something that is not often noted. While this construction strengthened the power of the state to regulate denominational religion, it reduced ‘constitutional secularism’ to a concept antithetical to the individual’s right to freedom of religion.
Vibrational frequencies of phosphate derivatives

Abstract Tri-potassium phosphate, di-potassium monomethyl phosphate and lithium dimethyl phosphate have been found to be ideal model systems on which to base a vibrational analysis of the PO stretching modes in various orthophosphate salt derivatives. We find that a stretching mode which lies about 1200 cm −1 ( −1 ( >8·7 μ).
Recursive solution of the covariance equations for linear prediction

Abstract An efficient recursive algorithm is presented to solve the “covariance” equations of the linear prediction modeling procedure. This algorithm is based on the conjugate direction optimization procedure and the expanding subspace theorem, and we show it is a natural extension as well as a geometric interpretation of the Levinson algorithm. The developed algorithm is simple to implement computationally, and can be extended to the multidimensional case.
Cellular events leading to chondrocyte death after cartilage impact injury

Objective We undertook this study to test our postulate that leukocytes extend the zone of injury in cartilage after acute mechanical trauma. Methods Fresh cadaveric canine femoral condyles were subjected to 20–25-MPa impact injury. Condyle explants or dispersed chondrocytes were cultured with autologous blood mononuclear leukocytes (MNLs). Viability of chondrocytes at varying distances from the impact site was assessed by trypan blue exclusion. Results Mechanical injury caused a significant loss of viable chondrocytes over 7 days, even in cartilage >10 mm from the impact site. After biomechanical stress, death of cells within 10 mm of the impact could be largely prevented by addition of NG-monomethyl-L-arginine to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) generation. Chondrocytes within 10 mm of the impact were also susceptible to killing by living MNLs, but not by incubation with the supernatants of endotoxin-activated MNLs. Chondrocytes in this vulnerable zone expressed intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) (CD54), facilitating attachment of MNLs that localized adjacent to the chondrocytes. Leukocytes killed dispersed chondrocytes harvested from the impact zone by generation of reactive oxygen species. Leukocyte-mediated killing could be blocked by desferoxamine or by antibodies to CD18, which prevent attachment of leukocytes to ICAM-1–expressing chondrocytes. Conclusion Our data suggest that after mechanical injury, chondrocytes distant from the site may be killed through the generation of NO. Inflammatory leukocytes further extend the zone of chondrocyte death by adhering to chondrocytes expressing ICAM-1 and by inducing the accumulation of free oxygen radicals in the chondrocyte cytoplasm. Patients may benefit from therapies that reduce infiltration of inflammatory leukocytes into acutely injured cartilage.
Development of an Integrated Product, Process and Material Information Model

There is a dire need for the development of an integrated information model for organizing and managing material and manufacturing related information, required for any product realization. In this paper, such an information framework for product, process and material modeling has been proposed to support the product’s form, function and behavior, its physical and functional decompositions, its design requirements and design rationale, and its material and process needs. A detailed, real-life case study of the water jet intensifier design system has been presented to show how this proposed framework could support, capture and utilize all necessary information required for the selection of the intensifier’s high-pressure cylinder material. The framework will also be able to provide sufficient information to quantify the eco-compatibility of products.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Production of Nitric Oxide and Other Iron-Containing Metabolites during the Reductive Metabolism of Nitroprusside by Microsomes and by Thiols

Sodium nitroprusside is used as a hypotensive agent because of its ability to produce nitric oxide (NO), although direct demonstration of this has not been reported in a biological system. Nitroprusside (NP) nitroxide radical anion, the first reduction product of NP generated in the presence of microsomes and NADPH, was found to undergo further metabolism. One of the products produced during this reductive metabolism was shown to be NO. By using N-methylglucamine dithiocarbamate-FeCl2 complex [(NMGD)2Fe(II)] as the NO trap, we have detected and characterized the mononitroso bis(N-methylglucamine dithiocarbamato) iron (II) complex (MNBI) (g = 2.040, and A(14N) = 13.3 G) as the product of NO trapping. The production of NO during the reductive metabolism of NP by submitochondrial particles and a human HepG2 hepatoblastoma cell line was also demonstrated using (NMGD)2Fe(II). In addition to MNBI, two other mononitrosyl iron complexes, the NP nitroxide radical anion and a second species designated as Fe(NO)(X)(Y) (g = 2.032, and A(14N) = 14.3 G), and additional unidentified paramagnetic products containing iron were also detected. Thiol compounds such as glutathione, cysteine, and cysteamine reduce NP to generate NP nitroxide radical anion and a paramagnetic species characterized as a dithiolated dinitroso iron complex (DDIC), Fe(NO)2(RS)2 g = 2.030, A(14N) = 2.2 G(2N), and A(1H) = 1.1 G(4H). At 77 K, DDIC generated from cysteine and NP has an axial symmetry, with g perpendicular = 2.040, and g parallel = 2.014. Two additional paramagnetic products, designated as species C (g = 2.020, linewidth = 4.8 G) and species D (g = 2.008, linewidth = 6.1 G), were also formed during NP reduction by thiol compounds. The characterization of these complexes has been hampered by the lack of hyperfine features in the ESR spectra. The production of NO during cysteamine reduction of NP was demonstrated by using (NMGD)2-Fe(II) as the spin-trap. These results directly demonstrate the production of NO during the reduction of NP by microsomes plus NADPH or by thiols. (NMGD)2-Fe(II) is a particularly useful spin-trap for the detection of NO in a strong reducing environment.
Low concentrations of estradiol reduce β-amyloid (25–35)-induced toxicity, lipid peroxidation and glucose utilization in human SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells

The present studies were undertaken to determine the role of physiologically relevant concentrations of estrogens on amyloid-induced changes in cell viability, metabolic demands, and lipid peroxidation in response to the toxic fragment of β-amyloid (βAP 25–35). To this end, SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells were exposed to βAP 25–35 or βAP 25–35 plus 17β-estradiol, and cell viability, media glucose use and lactate production were measured at time points ranging from 3 to 15 h for examination of acute effects, or at 48 and 72 h time points for chronic effects. Addition of βAP 25–35 to SK-N-SH cells decreased the number of viable cells from 5% at 3 h to 35% at 15 h when compared to vehicle controls. Chronic treatment for 48 and 72 h caused decreases in viable cell number of 70% and 65%, respectively. Paradoxically, both glucose utilization and lactate production were found to be increased for the βAP-treated cells. Concomitant estrogen treatment was found to be neuroprotective, as the severity of the insult on cell viability was decreased by 40% at 15 h and up to 71% at 72 h. Likewise, the addition of 17β-estradiol decreased both the glucose use and lactate production of the cells. Chronic treatment with βAP caused increases in lipid peroxidation over vehicle treated controls of 82% and 78% at 48 and 72 h, respectively, while decreases in peroxidation of 48% were seen with simultaneous estrogen treatment. These results indicate that the neuroprotective effects of estrogens against βAP-induced toxicity are due in part to their capability to decrease lipid peroxidation and may additionally be attributable to decreasing the metabolic load of the cell.