cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sleep in Schizophrenia: Impairments, Correlates, and Treatment

In untreated schizophrenia, psychotic decompensation is associated with profound insomnia, one of the prodromal symptoms associated with psychotic relapse. First- and second-generation antipsychotic medication can ameliorate this insomnia, but side effects may include sedation or residual insomnia. Patients who are clinically stable and medicated may continue to experience disturbed sleep, including long sleep-onset latencies, poor sleep efficiency, slow wave sleep deficits, and short rapid eye movement latencies. Schizophrenia also can be associated with comorbid sleep disorders, which may be enhanced or induced by antipsychotic medication. Sleep disorders in schizophrenia should be treated vigorously because normalized sleep and its restorative processes may be essential for a positive clinical outcome.
What Is at Stake in the Debate over Presumptions in the Just War Tradition

The debate over whether the just war theory begins with a “presumption against violence” has raged among Christian ethicists for more than thirty years. One camp argues that the theory begins with a presumption against violence that can be overridden in exceptional circumstances. The other camp claims that the just war tradition instead begins with a presumption against injustice. A careful analysis of the debate, however, reveals that the term “presumption against violence” has been used in three different ways, and that clarifying these usages can show the common ground in the debate and move it toward a resolution.
Finding Positive Meaning in a Stressful Event and Coping

People whose homes were damaged or destroyed by a fire were surveyed immediately after the fire and 1 year later. It was predicted that finding positive meaning in that traumatic event would be associated with better coping and with less blame to others for the event. Five ways of focusing on the positive were measured in this study: finding side benefits, making social comparisons, imagining worse situations, forgetting the negative, and redefining. As expected, positive revaluators coped better and were somewhat less likely to blame others. Two alternative explanations for these relationships—amount of loss incurred and social desirability—were considered, but analyses did not lend support to these interpretations. The longitudinal analysis indicated that one's initial cognitive orientation toward an event such as a fire appears to be fairly stable: There were few changes in positive meaning or blame during the year following the fire.
Persistent HIV-1 replication is associated with lower antiretroviral drug concentrations in lymphatic tissues

Antiretroviral therapy can reduce HIV-1 to undetectable levels in peripheral blood, but the effectiveness of treatment in suppressing replication in lymphoid tissue reservoirs has not been determined. Here we show in lymph node samples obtained before and during 6 mo of treatment that the tissue concentrations of five of the most frequently used antiretroviral drugs are much lower than in peripheral blood. These lower concentrations correlated with continued virus replication measured by the slower decay or increases in the follicular dendritic cell network pool of virions and with detection of viral RNA in productively infected cells. The evidence of persistent replication associated with apparently suboptimal drug concentrations argues for development and evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies that will fully suppress viral replication in lymphatic tissues. These strategies could avert the long-term clinical consequences of chronic immune activation driven directly or indirectly by low-level viral replication to thereby improve immune reconstitution.
Determination of phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in patients with phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalaninemia.

Extract: The phenylalanine hydroxylase assay was modified by using biopterin, lysolecithin, and dithioerythritol. Liver tissue was obtained by percutaneous needle biopsies in patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) and hyperphenylalaninemia. The use of the naturally occurring cofactor biopterin is essential to measure low enzyme activities. Thirteen of 14 assay specimens in which no activity was detectable correlated with the clinical picture of classic PKU. Twelve assay specimens showed a residual activity up to 6% of normal. This group comprises patients with classic PKU and with so-called hyperphenylalaninemia. Four specimens ranged between 8.7 and 34.5% of the normal values. Patients in this group have developed normally so far without dietary treatment. It seems that patients with residual activity tolerate more phenylalanine in the diet than patients with no detectable activity. One infant with biochemical symptoms of classic PKU was found to have a normal phenylalanine hydroxylase activity. Speculation: The variety of enzyme activities may reflect individual defects within the enzyme molecule. The clinical picture of PKU may not necessarily involve a defect of the phenylalanine hydroxylase in each case. The determination of the phenylalanine hydroxylase activity together with the biochemical parameters hitherto used might contribute to the differential diagnosis of PKU-hyper-phenylalaninemia.
Teaching Multicultural Counseling Prepracticum

As the population in the United States becomes more diverse, professionals who conduct counseling and provide other services to clients need to become more skilled in counseling across cultures. In an effort to broaden the scope of training for counseling psychology graduate students at Virginia Commonwealth University, the psychology faculty added a multicultural counseling prepracticum course to its curriculum. This article focuses on the value of having such a course for counselors in training; we offer suggestions for teaching a multicultural prepracticum course based on our experience.
DISTRIBUTION OF TRITIATED DERIVATIVES OF FLUORENE IN THE RAT.

By the study of tritiated derivatives we have found that the liver carcinogen, 2-acetylaminofluorene, is concentrated to a greater extent in the liver of the rat than 2-acetyl-aminofluorenone, which produces only an occasional liver tumor. 2-Nitrofluorene, which also produces few, if any, liver tumors, gives a concentration that is intermediate. 2-Nitrofluorenone, which has not been tested for carcinogenicity, gives a concentration in the liver similar to 2-nitrofluorene. The highest concentrations in the liver result when the compounds are given by intraperitoneal injection.
Cytochromes of a mammalian cell, the L-Cell, in tissue culture

Abstract L-Cells were extracted for cytochrome c and acid-acetone soluble hemes a and b. A mitochondrial fraction was observed spectrophotometrically. The components of the respiratory chain were studied by addition of specific substrates, and cytochromes a, b, and c were demonstrated. The cells were found by extraction to contain an average of 28.4 mμmoles cytochrome c/gm protein, 16.3 mμmoles heme a and a total heme b of 62.3 mμumoles. Moderate variation in glucose levels from 100 to 300 mg/100 ml did not result in a change in cytochrome c or heme content.
Electrodermal Indices of Stress and Cognition: Possible Hydration Artifacts

The study was designed to examine the relationship between electrodermal frequency (EF) and skin conductance level (SCL) in a paradigm that has previously demonstrated that these measures can operate independently. Electrodermal activity was recorded during 3 10-min periods. All subjects rested during the first and last periods. Half of the subjects rested during the second period, and half were in a shock-threat condition. Between the second and third periods a fresh electrode set was applied, and the subjects either inflated a balloon, operated a pursuit rotor, or were interviewed. Both measures were low for the rest periods and high during the shock-threat condition except during the last rest period when SC was unexpectedly high, thus replicating previous research. However, application of new electrodes in the last period demonstrated that this high SCL was due to a time dependent effect, probably hydration, and was not due to the differential effects of stress and cognitive activity on the two electrodermal measures.
Optimal Multiple Surface Segmentation With Shape and Context Priors

Segmentation of multiple surfaces in medical images is a challenging problem, further complicated by the frequent presence of weak boundary evidence, large object deformations, and mutual influence between adjacent objects. This paper reports a novel approach to multi-object segmentation that incorporates both shape and context prior knowledge in a 3-D graph-theoretic framework to help overcome the stated challenges. We employ an arc-based graph representation to incorporate a wide spectrum of prior information through pair-wise energy terms. In particular, a shape-prior term is used to penalize local shape changes and a context-prior term is used to penalize local surface-distance changes from a model of the expected shape and surface distances, respectively. The globally optimal solution for multiple surfaces is obtained by computing a maximum flow in a low-order polynomial time. The proposed method was validated on intraretinal layer segmentation of optical coherence tomography images and demonstrated statistically significant improvement of segmentation accuracy compared to our earlier graph-search method that was not utilizing shape and context priors. The mean unsigned surface positioning errors obtained by the conventional graph-search approach (6.30 ±1.58 μ m) was improved to 5.14±0.99 μ m when employing our new method with shape and context priors.
Coexistence in streams: do source–sink dynamics allow salamanders to persist with fish predators?

Theory suggests that source–sink dynamics can allow coexistence of intraguild predators and prey, but empirical evidence for this coexistence mechanism is limited. We used capture–mark–recapture, genetic methods, and stable isotopes to test whether source–sink dynamics promote coexistence between stream fishes, the intraguild predator, and stream salamanders (Dicamptodon aterrimus), the intraguild prey. Salamander populations from upstream reaches without fish were predicted to maintain or supplement sink populations in downstream reaches with fish. We found instead that downstream reaches with fish were not sinks even though fish consumed salamander larvae—apparent survival, recruitment, and population growth rate did not differ between upstream and downstream reaches. There was also no difference between upstream and downstream reaches in net emigration. We did find that D. aterrimus moved frequently along streams, but believe that this is a response to seasonal habitat changes rather than intraguild predation. Our study provides empirical evidence that local-scale mechanisms are more important than dispersal dynamics to coexistence of streams salamanders and fish. More broadly, it shows the value of empirical data on dispersal and gene flow for distinguishing between local and spatial mechanisms of coexistence.
Heat Transfer on a Double Wedge Geometry in Hypervelocity Air and Nitrogen Flows

We investigate shock wave/boundary-layer interaction and resulting heat transfer in hypervelocity double wedge flows. An expansion tube is used to generate air and nitrogen flows with stagnation enthalpies ranging from 2.1-8.0 MJ/kg and Mach numbers from 4-7. The range of free stream conditions were selected to investigate the impact of thermochemical effects by i) systematically varying the chemical composition from nitrogen to air while maintaining constant the stagnation enthalpy or the Mach number, and ii) varying the stagnation enthalpy. Flow features are visualized with schlieren photography, and heat transfer is measured using fast response coaxial thermocouples. Data are presented for both nitrogen and air test conditions with eight cases in total. Current results indicate significantly different behavior in flows with enthalpies as low as 4 MJ/kg between air and nitrogen test conditions.
STABLE MINIMAL HYPERSURFACES AND TANGENT CONE SINGULARITIES

In this paper, I give an estimate on the dimension of the singular set of a tangent cone at infinity of a stable minimal hypersurface. Namely, let Mn ⊂ ℝn+1, n ≥ 2, be a complete orientable stable minimal immersion with bounded volume growth. Then n < 7 implies T∞(M) is smooth, and n ≥ 7 implies the singular set of T∞(M) has codimension at least seven.
Using Twitter for breast cancer prevention: an analysis of breast cancer awareness month.

One in eight women will develop breast cancer in her lifetime. The best-known awareness event is breast cancer awareness month (BCAM). BCAM month outreach efforts have been associated with increased media coverage, screening mammography and online information searching. Traditional mass media coverage has been enhanced by social media. However, there is a dearth of literature about how social media is used during awareness-related events. The purpose of this research was to understand how Twitter is being used during BCAM. This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study. We collected breast cancer- related tweets from 26 September - 12 November 2012, using Twitter’s application programming interface. We classified Twitter users into organizations, individuals, and celebrities; each tweet was classified as an original or a retweet, and inclusion of a mention, meaning a reference to another Twitter user with @username. Statistical methods included ANOVA and chi square. For content analysis, we used computational linguistics techniques, specifically the MALLET implementation of the unsupervised topic modeling algorithm Latent Dirichlet Allocation. There were 1,351,823 tweets by 797,827 unique users. Tweets spiked dramatically the first few days then tapered off. There was an average of 1.69 tweets per user. The majority of users were individuals. Nearly all of the tweets were original. Organizations and celebrities posted more often than individuals. On average celebrities made far more impressions; they were also retweeted more often and their tweets were more likely to include mentions. Individuals were more likely to direct a tweet to a specific person. Organizations and celebrities emphasized fundraisers, early detection, and diagnoses while individuals tweeted about wearing pink. Tweeting about breast cancer was a singular event. The majority of tweets did not promote any specific preventive behavior. Twitter is being used mostly as a one-way communication tool. To expand the reach of the message and maximize the potential for word-of-mouth marketing using Twitter, organizations need a strategic communications plan to ensure on-going social media conversations. Organizations may consider collaborating with individuals and celebrities in these conversations. Social media communication strategies that emphasize fundraising for breast cancer research seem particularly appropriate.
Pion and kaon physics with improved staggered quarks

Abstract We compute pseudoscalar meson masses and decay constants using staggered quarks on lattices with three flavors of sea quarks and lattice spacing ≈ 0.12 fm and ≈ 0.09 fm. We fit partially quenched results to “staggered chiral perturbation theory” formulae, thereby taking into account the effects of taste-symmetry violations. Chiral logarithms are observed. From the fits we calculate f π and f ϰ, extract Gasser-Leutwyler parameters of the chiral Lagrangian, and (modulo rather large perturbative errors) find the light and strange quark masses.
EFFECT OF AIR STABILITY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF WIND WAVES ON LAKES1

Two series of aerial and surface observations of lakes in Canada arc presented in which wave formation dcpendcd on the stability of the air over the water. In the first set of observations a cold, deep lako remained mirror-smooth under wind conditions that developed gravity waves 44 in. high on nearby warmer, shallow lakes. The second observation is of Dubawnt Lake, a large, cold, arctic lake, where wind waves developed only in the lee of the upwind shore and of islands and disappeared a mile or less downwind. Great stability of the air over the lakes leading to reduced surface stress results from warm air flowing over very cold water.
Case-based process planning using an object-oriented model representation

Abstract This research focuses on the development of a process-planning system. This system utilizes case-based techniques for process selection and sequencing to combine the advantages of the variant and generative approaches to process planning. The case-based process planner utilizes an object-oriented model representation to operate on general three-dimensional prismatic parts, which are represented by a collection of features (e.g. slots, pockets, holes, etc.). Each feature subplan is developed by the case-based planner. Then the feature subplans are combined into the global process plan for the part via a hierarchical plan-merging mechanism. Abstracted feature subplans correspond to cases, which are used in subsequent planning operations to solve new problems. The abstracting and storing of feature subplans as cases is the primary mechanism by which the planner learns from its previous experiences to become more effective and efficient.
Modification of Stearidonic Acid Soybean Oil by Immobilized Rhizomucor miehei Lipase to Incorporate Caprylic Acid

Immobilized sn-1,3 specific Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML) was used to catalyze the incorporation of caprylic acid (C8:0) into high stearidonic acid (SDA, C18:4ω3) soybean oil (SDASO) to form structured lipids (SL). The effects of type of biocatalyst (Celite-, octyl-Sepharose-, and Duolite-immobilized RML) and reaction temperature (30, 40, 50, and 60 °C) on acidolysis and acyl migration were studied. Celite-immobilized RML (C-RML) at 50 °C maximized C8:0 incorporation and minimized acyl migration compared to other treatments. Optimal levels of substrate molar ratio (C8:0 to SDASO), incubation time, and enzyme load for SL synthesis by C-RML at 50 °C was determined by response surface methodology to be 6:1, 24 h, and 20 % weight of substrates, respectively. This optimum treatment was scaled-up in hexane or solvent-free reaction media using SDASO or an SDA-enriched acylglycerol mixture as substrate. This yielded various SL with C8:0 contents ranging from 17.0 to 32.5 mol% and SDA contents ranging from 20.6 to 42.3 mol%. When digested, these SL may deliver C8:0 for quick energy and SDA for heart health making them potentially valuable for medical and nutraceutical applications.
Bounding Integrity Risk for Sequential State Estimators with Stochastic Modeling Uncertainty

A new method is introduced to upper bound integrity risk for sequential state estimators when the autocorrelation functions of measurement noise and disturbance inputs are subject to bounded uncertainties. Integrity risk is defined as the probability of the state estimate error exceeding predefined bounds of acceptability. In the first part of the paper, a new expression is derived that relates the measurement noise and disturbance input autocorrelation functions to the state estimate error vector. Using this relation, an efficient algorithm is developed in the second part of the paper to upper bound the estimation integrity risk when each input autocorrelation function is known to lie between upper and lower bounding functions. Numerical simulations for a one-dimensional position and velocity estimation problem are conducted to demonstrate the practical feasibility and effectiveness of this new bounding method.
A Decision-Making Model: Site-Based Communications/ Governance Committees

A this, the fourth in a series about the-based management, the author emphasizes the desirability of involving representatives of all stakeholder groups in site-based planning.
The syndecan-1 ectodomain regulates αvβ3 integrin activity in human mammary carcinoma cells

The αvβ3 integrin participates in cell morphogenesis, growth factor signaling, and cell survival. Activation of the integrin is central to these processes and is influenced by specific ECM components, which engage both integrins and syndecans. This paper demonstrates that the αvβ3 integrin and syndecan-1 (S1) are functionally coupled. The integrin is dependent on the syndecan to become activated and to mediate signals required for MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435 human mammary carcinoma cell spreading on vitronectin or S1-specific antibody. Coupling of the syndecan to αvβ3 requires the S1 ectodomain (ED), as ectopic expression of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked S1ED enhances αvβ3 recognition of vitronectin; and treatments that target this domain, including competition with recombinant S1ED protein or anti-S1ED antibodies, mutation of the S1ED, or down-regulation of S1 expression by small-interfering RNAs, disrupt αvβ3-dependent cell spreading and migration. Thus, S1 is likely to be a critical regulator of many cellular behaviors that depend on activated αvβ3 integrins.
Index Revision, House Price Risk, and the Market for House Price Derivatives

It is widely recognized that options and futures markets for housing can reduce and manage the risks inherent in consumers' large investments in housing equity. The integrity of such markets depends, however, upon the use of transparent and replicable benchmarks for house prices and settlement values. In the U.S., a series of state and metropolitan indexes have been produced by a government agency (The U.S. Office of Housing Enterprise Oversight, OFHEO), and they have been widely disseminated for over a decade. By construction, the entire historical path of each of these indexes is, in principle, subject to revision quarterly, that is, every time the index is recalculated and data are published. This paper provides the first analysis of the magnitude and bias of these revisions, and it analyzes their systematic effects on the settlement prices in housing options markets. The paper considers the implications of these magnitudes for the development of risk-reducing futures markets.
Validation of soy protein estimates from a food-frequency questionnaire with repeated 24-h recalls and isoflavonoid excretion in overnight urine in a Western population with a wide range of soy intakes.

Background: Evidence of the benefits of soy on cancer risk in Western populations is inconsistent, in part because of the low intake of soy in these groups. Objective: We assessed the validity of soy protein estimates from food-frequency questionnaires (FFQs) in a sample of Adventist Health Study-2 participants with a wide range of soy intakes. Design: We obtained dietary intake data from 100 men and women (43 blacks and 57 nonblacks). Soy protein estimates from FFQs were compared against repeated 24-h recalls and urinary excretion of daidzein, genistein, total isoflavonoids (TIFLs), and equol (measured by HPLC/photodiode array/mass spectrometry) as reference criteria. We calculated Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients (with 95% CIs) for FFQ–24-h recall, 24 h-recall– urinary excretion, and FFQ– urinary excretion pairs. Results: Among soy users, mean ( SD) soy protein values were 12.12 10.80 g/d from 24-h recalls and 9.43 7.83 g/d from FFQs. The unattenuated correlation (95% CI) between soy protein estimates from 24-h recalls and FFQs was 0.57 (0.32, 0.75). Correlation coefficients between soy protein intake from 24-h recalls and urinary isoflavonoids were 0.72 (0.43, 0.96) for daidzein, 0.67 (0.43, 0.91) for genistein, and 0.72 (0.47, 0.98) for TIFLs. Between FFQs and urinary excretion, these were 0.50 (0.32, 0.65), 0.48 (0.29, 0.61), and 0.50 (0.32, 0.64) for daidzein, genistein, and TIFLs, respectively. Conclusions: Soy protein estimates from questionnaire were significantly correlated with soy protein from 24-h recalls and urinary excretion of daidzein, genistein, and TIFLs. The Adventist Health Study-2 FFQ is a valid instrument for assessing soy protein in a population with a wide range of soy intakes. Am J Clin Nutr
Update on the Diagnosis and Management of Sleep Disturbances in Dementia

Sleep disturbances in patients who have dementia are common and are a major cause of reduced patient, and particularly caregiver, quality of life, often leading to patient institutionalization. The literature has several excellent reviews on sleep disturbances in dementia. The principal goals of this article are to (1) review the most common and pertinent sleep disturbances in the home/ambulatory setting, (2) provide a simple diagnostic scheme for clinicians (and caregivers) to determine the likely cause or causes of the sleep disturbances, and (3) provide a summary of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic strategies for managing the disturbances. The ultimate purpose is to maximize quality of life for patients and their bed partners, and to enable patients who have challenging sleep disturbances to remain in the home environment as long as possible.
Positive basis for surface skein algebras

We show that the twisted SL2 skein algebra of a surface has a natural basis (the bracelets basis) that is positive, in the sense that the structure constants for multiplication are positive integers.
Metastable Phase Selection and Partitioning in ZrO2—MgO Processed from Liquid Precursors

Aqueous mixtures of either zirconium acetate or zirconium nitrate and magnesium nitrate were dried and subsequently pyrolyzed at fast heating rates (upquenching) to form metastable crystalline phases of ZrO2 with various degrees of MgO supersaturation. The crystallization temperature was determined to be 380°C for the zirconium acetate, and 270°C for the zirconium nitrate at a heating rate of 5°C/min. The crystalline structures were characterized as a function of MgO content and thermal history for specimens containing 0 to 30 mol% MgO. Upquenching to 900°C, where monoclinic (m) ZrO2 and MgO are the equilibrium phases, yielded single-phase tetragonal (t) ZrO2 ( 17 mol% MgO). The composition for which T0(t/c) = 900°C was estimated as 9 ± 1 mol% MgO. Compositions crystallizing as metastable t-ZrO2 (<8 mol% MgO) partitioned at higher temperatures and/or longer times into two-phase mixtures, following the general sequence t→t+m→m+ MgO. Similarly, compositions forming metastable c-ZrO2 (10 to 30 mol% MgO) partitioned in the following sequence: c→c+t+ MgO →t+ MgO →t+m+ Mgo →m+ Mgo. The initial phase selection and subsequent partitioning sequence are discussed in light of phase hierarchies predicted from thermodynamic concepts and kinetic constraints which are introduced by the solute partitioning required to achieve equilibrium.
Strength-Duration Curves for Ventricular Defibrillation in Dogs

The threshold voltage and current necessary for ventricular defibrillation was measured in dogs using capacitor-discharge and half-sinusoidal pulses of current of various durations. From these quantities the electrical strength required for defibrillation was determined and expressed as energy, peak current, and charge per gram of heart. The optimum current duration depends on the criterion selected. It was found that with half-sinusoidal current, less energy, current, and charge were required; this type of waveform approximates that delivered by capacitor-inductor defibrillators. For minimum energy with this waveform, the optimum duration range is 1.25 to 8.3 msec and the energy required is approximately 7 mw-sec per gram of heart. For minimum current, the optimum duration is 8.3 msec; with this duration the peak half-sinusoidal current is about 30 mamp per gram of heart. There is no clearly defined duration for minimum charge for capacitor-discharge or half-sinusoidal current.
Heat flux from leads in pack ice from a Landsat TM image

A scale analysis of the spatial variance and covariance of surface temperature and albedo, based on the techniques of the one-dimensional discrete-wavelet transform, is applied to a springtime Landsat TM image of sea ice from the Beaufort Sea. The instrument resolution is 30 m for the visible channels and 120 m for the infrared channel. There is a high level of variability seen at scales from 100 m to 3200 m, with the largest amount seen in a broad peak between 200 m and 800 m. The high correlation between albedo and surface temperature at large scales allows the authors to enhance the temperature signal for scales smaller than the resolution of the thermal sensor. The sensible heat flux from leads is estimated using the difference between the enhanced surface temperature and the smoothed surface temperature, a width-dependent heat-transfer coefficient, and a wind speed. The mean flux from leads and the dependence of the estimate on sensor resolution are then determined. The regional heat flux from leads estimated with the widely available AVHRR instrument may be only 20% of the true value. >
Chromatin condensation via the condensin II complex is required for peripheral T‐cell quiescence

Naive T cells encountering their cognate antigen become activated and acquire the ability to proliferate in response to cytokines. Stat5 is an essential component in this response. We demonstrate that Stat5 cannot access DNA in naive T cells and acquires this ability only after T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement. The transition is not associated with changes in DNA methylation or global histone modification but rather chromatin decondensation. Condensation occurs during thymocyte development and proper condensation is dependent on kleisin-β of the condensin II complex. Our findings suggest that this unique chromatin condensation, which can affect interpretations of chromatin accessibility assays, is required for proper T-cell development and maintenance of the quiescent state. This mechanism ensures that cytokine driven proliferation can only occur in the context of TCR stimulation.
Intracranial-extracranial differences in the Ca2+ sensitivity of rabbit arteries.

We have previously demonstrated that the ratio of calcium uptake to force production varies widely with age, artery size, and method of contraction in cerebral arteries. The present experiments were conducted to examine the possibility that these differences involve corresponding variations in contractile force-calcium rela- tions. Common carotid (COM), basilar (BAS), and middle cerebral (MCA) arteries from adult were denuded of endothelium and mounted in vitro for measurement of con- tractility. Following equilibration at optimum resting diameter, the arteries were per- meabilized (p-escin, 50 pg/ml) and depleted of intracellular Ca2+ by treatment with 1 pM A23187. Ca2+ depletion was verified by absence of any contracile response to either 25 mM caffeine or 1 pM inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. Then, in the continuous presence of 1 pM calmodulin, bath calcium concentration was raised from zero through 10 pM in half-log increments and the corresponding contractions were re- corded. For all permeabilized arteries, the maximum force produced by 10 pM Ca was greater than or equal to that produced by 120 mM potassium-Krebs in the same segment before skinning. The pD2 (-log ED,,) values for calcium averaged 6.39 i 0.03, 6.77 i 0.04, and 6.92 * 0.03 in COM, BA, and MCA segments, respectively. In arteries contracted by a constant submaximat concentration of calcium (0.1 pM for BAS and MCA, 0.3 pMfor COM), the addition of 5HT produced a dose-dependent and GDPpS-sensitive increase in tension of up to 44% maximum. GTPyS mimicked the effects of 5HT and prevented further increases in Ca force induced by 5HT. Together, these data demonstrate that cerebrovascular calcium sensitivity is an anatomically heterogenous, physiologically regulated parameter responsive to agonist-induced perturbations. (P.S.E.B.M. 1997, Vol 2141
Evolving Letter Recognition with an Extended Analog Computer

Image recognition is a challenging problem facing researchers today. Much of image recognition is done with a digital computer, where computations are performed in series. Analog computers compute naturally in parallel and are able to solve some image recognition problems nearly instantaneously. In this research, we evolve digital Lukasiewicz logic arrays to work with a general purpose extended analog computer and a photosensitive array to accurately identify letters of the alphabet.
Mn2+-doped CdSe quantum dots: New inorganic materials for spin-electronics and spin-photonics

Recent advances in the chemistry of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystal doping have led to new materials showing fascinating physical properties of potential technological importance. This article provides an overview of efforts to dope one of the most widely studied colloidal semiconductor nanocrystal systems, CdSe quantum dots, with one of the most widely studied transition-metal dopant ions, Mn 2+ , and describes the major new physical properties that have emerged following successful synthesis of this material. These properties include spin-polarizable excitonic photoluminescence, magnetic circular dichroism, exciton storage, and excitonic magnetic polaron formation. A brief survey of parallel advances in the characterization of analogous self-assembled Mn 2+ -doped quantum dots grown by molecular beam epitaxy is also presented, and the physical properties of the colloidal quantum dots are shown to compare favorably with those of the self-assembled quantum dots. The rich variety of physical properties displayed by colloidal Mn 2+ -doped CdSe quantum dots highlights the attractiveness of this material for future fundamental and applied research.
Coverage-based probabilistic forwarding in ad hoc routing

Flooding is commonly used in reactive ad hoc routing protocols. Although simple and effective, flooding may incur excessive overhead. In order to reduce unnecessary rebroadcasts, probabilistic gossiping schemes have been proposed. These schemes, however, do not usually adapt the probability of forwarding to time-varying features of the network. To address this shortcoming, four new heuristics to adapt forwarding probability to coverage area and/or topology information are proposed. We show through simulations that the proposed schemes can reduce the number of routing requests by up to 35% compared with existing schemes, while delivering approximately the same amount of data packets.
How to Choose a Political Marketing Orientation: Voter Orientation or Political Brand Identity Orientation?

No entity has as much impact on as many lives as a government. Through social programs, taxes, military use, and many others, every life is impacted every day by public sector entities. This power, influence, and relevance to public life is acquired through the means of marketing, with candidates, parties, and interest groups spending billions of dollars each cycle in hopes of “winning” the democratic process, allowing them ultimately to exert their policies upon the public, changing the political and policy landscape of their country, city, state, or nation.Despite the enormous importance, utilization, and impact of marketing on politics, very little thought within marketing research literature has been given to understanding how political marketing strategy is developed, functions, or the antecedents for its success. This paper aims to be a starting point in changing this. It proposes a testable conceptual framework of political marketing strategy modes, using extant research and examples from political campaigns to develop a parsimonious model for what types of campaign modes exist, and how campaign strategies are chosen. Further, this paper lays out an agenda for future research, aiming to help marketing researchers move forward in researching and understanding political campaign strategy.
Punishment and Procedure: Punishment Theory and the Criminal-Civil Procedural Divide

A growing number of cases in the United States Supreme Court and the lower federal and state courts pose versions of the same general question: when do governmental actions which are denominated "civil" by legislature but which deprive citizens of liberty or property count as "punishment" so as to implicate some or all of the special procedural regime reserved for the imposition of criminal punishment? The article begins by considering two recent cases in the Supreme Court which pose quite different versions of the question: United States v. Ursery, which posed a double jeopardy challenge to in rem civil forfeiture actions in light of Halper, Austin, and Kurth Ranch; and Kansas v. Hendricks (currently pending), which poses an ex post facto and double jeopardy challenge to Kansas' "sexually violent predator" law, which authorizes long-term civil commitment for those, inter alia, who have been convicted of sexually violent crimes and who suffer from a "mental abnormality" which renders them likely to offend again. Before offering an analysis of the problems posed by Ursery and Hendricks, the article first explores some of the intellectual, institutional, and socio-cultural causes of the de-stabilization of the criminal-civil distinction in modern American law. It then turns to the work of moral philosophers on punishment theory to attempt to develop an account of punishment that distinguishes it from non-punitive takings of money and property and from non-punitive restrictions on liberty AND that explains how these distinguishing features relate to the separate procedural apparatus we have established for its imposition. Finally, it returns to the Ursery and Hendricks cases to apply the insights developed from moral theory.
The Interstate Recognition of Same-Sex Marriages and Civil Unions

This article discusses whether states must recognize same-sex unions validly celebrated in other states. It explains the full faith and credit requirements imposed by the Constitution with respect to marriages, divorces, and civil unions, and analyzes the modifications created by the Defense of Marriage Act as well as whether that act passes constituional muster. The article also addresses some of the difficulties created by that act for post-operative transsexuals who marry in accord with local law.
Abstract 322: Protective effects of N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) on renal damage in Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats

N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) is a naturally occurring tetrapeptide hydrolyzed by angiotensin-converting enzyme. We previously reported that Ac-SDKP protects the kidney from inflammation, fibrosis, and dysfunction caused by hypertension. Salt-sensitivity is highly prevalent in African-Americans and elderly patients, and is associated with a high rate of hypertensive renal disease. The effect of Ac-SDKP on Salt-Sensitive (SS) hypertension is unknown; here, we hypothesized that Ac-SDKP prevents renal fibrosis, glomerulosclerosis and albuminuria in Dahl SS rats on high salt diet without affecting blood pressure. Dahl SS rats and their consomic control, SS-13BN were fed either 0.23% NaCl (low salt, LS) or 4% NaCl (high salt, HS) diet and infused with Ac-SDKP (800 μg/kg/day, subcutaneously via osmotic minipump) or vehicle (0.01 N acetic acid) for 6 weeks. Animals were divided into following groups: LS+vehicle, HS+vehicle, and HS+Ac-SDKP. High salt increased systolic blood pressure (SBP) in SS rats (HS+vehicle 186±5 vs. LS+vehicle 141±3 mmHg), but not in SS-13BN (HS+vehicle 140±3 vs. LS+vehicle 140±2 mmHg). Ac-SDKP did not affect SBP. In both SS and SS-13BN, HS induced renal and cardiac hypertrophy, which were not prevented by Ac-SDKP. However, in SS rats, Ac-SDKP prevented HS-induced renal interstitial fibrosis (HS+vehicle 12±0.5 vs. HS+Ac-SDKP 7±1 % of renal interstitial area) and glomeruloslerosis (HS+vehicle 18±1 vs. HS+Ac-SDKP 9±1 % of glomerular tuft area). Compared to LS, HS increased albuminuria in both strains, from 13±1 to 94±10 mg/24h in SS and from 7±1 to 44±8 mg/24h in SS-13BN. HS also decreased nephrin protein expression in both strains. Interestingly, in SS-13BN, Ac-SDKP attenuated albuminuria (24±3.18 mg/24h) and partially attenuated the decrease in nephrin expression, but in SS, Ac-SDKP had no effect on either albuminuria (126±34 mg/24h) or nephrin expression. In summary, Ac-SDKP prevents renal fibrosis, glomerulosclerosis but not albuminuria in Dahl SS rats on high salt diet. On the other hand, the consomic controls fed high salt developed albuminuria and decreased nephrin, and these effects were prevented by Ac-SDKP.
Post-Operative Outcomes in Children With and Without Congenital Heart Disease Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery.

Abstract Background Significant advances have been made in the diagnosis and treatment of children with congenital heart disease (CHD), allowing for longer life expectancies and an increasing number who will require noncardiac surgery. Objectives This study sought to compare the incidence of mortality and major adverse post-operative outcomes following noncardiac surgery in children with and without CHD. Methods Data from the 2012 pediatric database of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program were analyzed. After propensity score matching, and stratification by severity of CHD, mortality and adverse post-operative outcomes were compared between controls and children with CHD. Results Among the 51,008 children included in the database, 4,520 children with CHD underwent noncardiac surgery. After propensity score matching, we included 2,805 children with minor CHD, 1,272 with major CHD, and 417 with severe CHD. Children in each subgroup were matched and compared with controls without CHD who underwent noncardiac surgery of comparable complexity. The incidence of overall mortality was significantly higher in children with moderate (3.9%) and severe (8.2%) CHD compared with their controls (respectively, 1.7% [p Conclusions Children with major and severe CHD, undergoing noncardiac surgery, have an increased risk of mortality compared with children without CHD. Further studies need to identify the optimal environment for surgical procedures, develop trained multidisciplinary teams to care for children with CHD, and define management strategies for improving outcomes in this high-risk population.
Tradition and Desire in Allegra Goodman’s Kaaterskill Falls

Slowly and firmly with the passing years, the Ray has guided his community into a life of increasing restrictions. He has moved in his exegesis of Jewish law toward an interpretation ever more bounded and punctilious .... Irrevocably, the Ray is drawing his people after him, in study, in word and deed, into a realm of obscurantism, a life encumbered and weighed down by tradition and endless layers of legalism and strict observance. -Allegra Goodman (Kaaterskill Falls 31)
Chlorpyrifos and 3,5,6,-trichloro-2-pyridinol: residues in the body tissues of cattle wearing chlorpyrifos-impregnated plastic ear tags.

Residues of the insecticide chlorpyrifos and its metabolite 3,5,6-trichloto-2-pyridinol (pyridinol) were determined in the body tissues of Hereford yearlings at intervals after they had a 10% chlorpyrifos-impregnated plastic band attached to each ear. Each band contained ca. 3.3 g of chlorpyrifos; therefore, each animal was initially exposed to ca. 6.6 g of chlorpyrifos. Residues of chlorpyrifos were found in fatty tissues only (maximum 0.091 ppm at 2 wk biopsy) with the exception of the muscle of one animal at 5-wk posttreatment slaughter that contained a residue of 0.010 ppm. Residues of pyridinol were found only in fat, liver, and kidney tissues (max 0.037 ppm in kidney at 5-wk posttreatment slaughter) and 2 heart samples each containing pyridinol residues of 0.01 ppm. Attachment of the bands to the ears resulted in moderate to severe necrosis in one or both ears of each animal.
Advocacy for the Poor Organized Interests and Social Policymaking in the American States

While a large body of research examines cross-state variation in social policy, few studies systematically examine the policy influence of organizations that advocate on behalf of people living in poverty. This article examines relationships between state advocacy communities and policy choices following the passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA), or welfare reform. Using an original data set of states’ advocacy communities, political and economic characteristics, and welfare policy choices, the article analyzes whether a state’s advocacy community is associated with its decisions to reduce the government’s commitment to low-income families on one hand and enact policies providing additional supports to families on the other. The analysis reveals that significant relationships exist for both types of policies, suggesting that organizational advocates may play a role in shaping state-level social policy decisions.
Frederick W. Taylor: The Father of Scientific Management : Myth and Reality

The reader will discover the beginning of modern manufacturing operations and learn how Taylor continues to influence today's manufacturing systems. Frederick W. Taylor shows the reader how to apply his theories and achieve manufacturing excellence.
Rigid Multi-Body Equations-of-Motion for Flapping Wing MAVs Using Kane's Equations

Presented is the application of Kane’s Equations to derive the equations-of-motion for flapping wing micro air vehicles that are comprised of several articulated rigid bodies. The motivation for this work is to develop a generalized approach to be able to simulate flight dynamics of micro air vehicle systems that have varying mechanical complexity. The approach laid out here will also aid our understanding of the biomechanics of birds and insects while in flight in order to better provide insight into their flight dynamics. For this paper, we will limit the development of the equations-of-motion to two specific cases: micro air vehicles whose bodies are comprised of simply connected, rigid body segments and whose wings are 1) considered massless as compared to the main body and 2) have appreciable mass when compared to the main body. In the second case, we only consider the case where each wing consists of a single rigid body, assumed to be a plate of negligible thickness, attached to the fuselage. However, the approach outlined in this paper is generic enough to consider wings that have multiple joints along the span, which is of interest for studying more complex vehicle configurations. We compare the open-loop dynamics of a micro air vehicle under the assumptions above, and show that despite the fact that the wings make up a very small percentage of the total vehicle mass, their inertial effects are of the same order of magnitude as the aerodynamic forces.
The isolation of bacillus histolyticus from soil in California

During a survey of California soils for anaerobic bacteria, we encountered a strain of B. histolyticus which is of interest as the first recovery of this species in America and one of the few records of its occurrence in soil. All of the other cultures so far described came from war wounds in France and the only recorded proof of this organism as an inhabitant of soil, aside from the fact that most war wounds are contaminated by dirt, is a statement by the Medical Research Committee1 that, “it … has been obtained from earth.”The soil specimen was a clay adobe from near Walnut Creek, California, which lies in a rich agricultural valley of the coast range about 12 miles from Berkeley.The filtrate of an initial culture of this soil in a meat mash medium in the constricted tube1 contained also the toxin of B. botulinus Type A, and it was during our effort to recover this organism that the Bacillus histolyticus was isolated.The primary culture contained numerous obligately aerobic hay bacilli and it is interes...