cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Properties of small-aperture selectively oxidized VCSELs

Summary form only given. In summary, we have developed an accurate first-principles analysis to probe the threshold properties of selectively oxidized 850 nm AlGaAs QW VCSELs. The analysis of our present VCSELs indicates that in order to achieve ultralow threshold, oxide aperture scattering loss and leakage currents must be addressed. The agreement between our calculations and experiment solidify our understanding and enable the identification of fundamental limitations of low threshold VCSEL operation. The performance and analysis of modified VCSEL designs will be reported.
FORTRAN simulation of digital logic

The software described in this paper was created to aid engineering students verify the correctness of the design of digital logic systems. The verification consists of comparing a truth table generated by the simulation with the truth table desired. The software is written in FORTRAN because computers with FORTRAN compilers are widely available both to students and practicing engineers. The digital logic is defined in terms of actual hardware, rather than in terms of the classical AND, OR, and NOT functions. This feature makes it easy to write the simulation program directly from a hardware logic diagram. Thus the design is verified at the hardware level, rather than at the classical logic level. The implementation described is in terms of logic hardware produced by the Digital Equipment Corporation, but the hardware produced by any manufacturer can be described in similar terms. The method of simulation is applicable to a wide variety of both combinational and sequential logic. The restriction is that the operation of the logic system can be described by a sequence of decisions which are independent of subsequent decisions. For example it is not convenient to simulate the interconnection of two NAND gates for operation as a FLIP-FLOP. Other cases of feedback around several logic stages may also cause problems. This software is not concerned with aiding in minimization of the logic structure. The nature of the formulation of the simulation lends itself to automatic checking for fan-in or fan-out limitations, but this also is not the concern of this paper. The operation of the logic is assumed to be independent of propagation delays which there fore are not simulated. This method of simulation has been used to verify student designs for a pipeline control system, a digital message switching system, and a printer control system for a digital computer.
Computations of granular flow in hopper

The flow of granular material in a hopper is a common industrial problem, but it is a problem without a good solution. Classical theories treat the material as an incompressible continuum in steady plastic yield; such theories cannot explain experimentally observed dynamics and dilantcy. Investigation of dynamic theories which include density variation is just beginning. We review the classical theory of granular flow in bins and present some of the recent developments on compressible flows. We borrow ideas from computational fluid dynamics in order to develop a method for the numerical simulation of compressible hopper flow.
Utilizing transgenic rats with eGFP-tagged serotonergic (5-HT) neurons to assess differential gene expression associated with age-dependent changes in cellular CO2/H+ chemosensitivity (1092.7)

The ventilatory response to hypercapnia in rodents increases throughout postnatal development, which parallels the increases in cellular CO2 sensitivity of serotonergic (5-HT) neurons in primary cultures. Herein we begin to test the hypothesis that specific changes in gene expression in 5-HT neurons during development contribute to the changes in cellular and/or organismal CO2/pH sensitivity. To begin to test this, acutely dissociated medullary raphe neurons obtained from adult (P56) transgenic rats (n=2) that express enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) in cells expressing Pet-1 (ePet-1:eGFP rats) were sorted into pools (n= 5000 cells) using Fluorescent-Assisted Cell Sorting (FACS). Total RNA was then extracted, and RNA quality and abundance measured before quantifying transcript abundance (Δ ct) with qRT-PCR of 5-HT neuron-specific (slc6a4 (SERT); slc18a2 ( VMAT2); Tph2, and Trh) or non-5-HT specific raphe (Gad2 and Hprt) genes. We found high expression of 5-HT neuron-specific genes in the eGFP+ ce...
Optimal insulation for ice rink floors

Abstract This paper presents an economic analysis to estimate the optimal insulation levels required for indoor ice rinks floors. The analysis is carried out using a thermal ice rink floor system model integrated into EnergyPlus to determine the energy performance of ice rink facilities under different design and operation conditions. Moreover, an ice rink facility is first simulated using a modified version of EnergyPlus that includes the developed ice rink floor system model. The ice rink facility simulation model is then calibrated using monthly utility data. The calibrated ice rink facility simulation model is used to determine economically optimal insulation levels to be placed beneath an ice rink floor in order to reduce energy use and cost for operating ice rink arenas in selected US climates. Finally, the results of sensitivity analyses are utilized to develop a simplified calculation method to determine optimal ice rink floor insulation level as a function of both climatic and economic parameters.
A pseudo‐Lagrangian method for remapping ocean biogeochemical tracer data: Calculation of net Chl‐a growth rates

A key goal in understanding the ocean's biogeochemical state is estimation of rates of change of critical tracers, particularly components of the planktonic ecosystem. Unfortunately, because ship survey data are not synoptic, it is difficult to obtain spatially resolved estimates of the rates of change of tracers sampled in a moving fluid. Here we present a pseudo-Lagrangian transformation to remap data from underway surveys to a pseudo-synoptic view. The method utilizes geostrophic velocities to back advect and relocate sampling positions, removing advection aliasing. This algorithm produces a map of true relative sampling locations, and allows for determination of the relative locations of observations acquired along streamlines, as well as a corrected view of the tracer's spatial gradients. We then use a forward advection scheme to estimate the tracer's relative change along streamlines, and use these to calculate spatially resolved, net specific rates of change. Application of this technique to Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) fluorescence data around an ocean front is presented. We obtain 156 individual estimates of Chl-a fluorescence net specific rate of change, covering ∼1200 km2. After incorporating a diffusion-like model to estimate error, the method shows that the majority of observations (64%) were significantly negative. This pseudo-Lagrangian approach generates more accurate spatial maps than raw survey data, and allows spatially resolved estimates of net rates of tracer change. Such estimates can be used as a rate budget constraint that, in conjunction with standard rate measurements, will better determine biogeochemical fluxes.
Tip-radius-induced artifacts in AFM images of protamine-complexed DNA fibers

Abstract Isolated DNA fibers complexed with protamine (the chromosomal protein that packages DNA in mammalian sperm) have been produced by partially decondensing the highly compacted mouse sperm chromatin particle on a glass coverslip. These DNA fibers were then scanned with the atomic force microscope (AFM). While the smallest of the fibers appear in AFM images as ribbon-like structures 250–350 A wide and 10–25 A high, experiments indicate that these images are the result of a convolution of the imaging-tip's shape with the object's actual shape. In such convolutions the height of the object is affected only by the compressibility of the object, while the width is affected in addition by the sharpness of the tip. Images of polyamidoamine particles also appear to show this artifact. We have also deduced the tip's radius of curvature from images of sharp steps and attempt to demonstrate the artifacts associated with a relatively large imaging tip.
Designing pharmacogenomic studies to be fit for purpose

The 2010 US FDA–Drug Industry Association (DIA) Pharmacogenomics Workshop, the fifth in a series of meetings that begun in 2002, brought together multidisciplinary experts from regulatory authorities, medical research, healthcare and drug development. This article summarizes the ‘Designing Pharmacogenomic Studies to be Fit for Purpose’ track in which considerations regarding the use of retrospective and prospective studies were examined in relation to their ability to influence treatment decisions and labeling for drugs. The aim of the session, using real-world examples (KRAS/panitumumab and HLA-B*5701/abacavir), was to identify good scientific principles that would guide the design of studies to identify subgroups of responders during development programs (including marketed drugs), which could subsequently be used to guide treatment decisions.
Predicting the timing of maternal employment after birth among a low-income and ethnically diverse sample

Policy pressures in the USA to transition parents from public assistance to work and concerns about the effects of early maternal employment on children highlight the importance of studying predictors of the timing of postpartum maternal employment. Little attention has been given to postpartum employment patterns of low-income ethnic minorities and immigrants, whose working conditions and employment prospects are different from white, middle-class mothers. Using a sample of low-income Mexicans, Dominicans, and African-Americans (N = 310), we studied whether and when mothers start working the first year following childbirth, and what factors promote or delay postpartum employment. Using discrete-time survival analysis, we modeled the odds of working at each month and tested the influence of family context, mothers' work and family values and plans, maternity leave benefit, and instrumental support availability on the timing of employment. By 11 months, half of the mothers had started working. Having mater...
Type 1 interferon augments DNA-based vaccination against hepatitis C virus core protein.

Eradication of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection depends upon a broad-based cellular immune response. Genetic immunization stimulates such a response, but the resultant activity is generally weak. Type 1 interferons (IFNs), which are known for their direct anti-viral and anti-proliferative properties, possess vigorous immunomodulatory properties. The aim of this study was to assess the capacity of IFN-α to augment the cellular immune response to DNA vaccination against HCV core protein. Three types of IFN-α were investigated: the non-species-specific hybrid IFN A/D, human pegylated IFN-α, and a plasmid that expressed murine IFN-α. Low doses of hIFN-A/D and hPegIFN-α augmented three to fourfold the cellular immune response to DNA-based vaccination, determined in conventional CTL assays, as well as in an in vivo tumor challenge model. Importantly, augmentation occurred within a narrow concentration range; a further increase in IFN dosage suppressed the CTL response significantly. Humoral immunity showed a very similar pattern of augmentation. These findings demonstrate that the immunomodulatory properties of IFN-α can be exploited to augment DNA based immunization, but it is important to consider the effects of dose on both cellular and humoral immune response for optimal augmentation. J. Med. Virol. 75:249–257, 2005. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Performance of heavy marijuana-smoking adolescents on a laboratory measure of motivation

Marijuana smoking produces effects that may persist for hours or days beyond the period of acute intoxication. Despite evidence that adolescence represents a period of heightened exposure to marijuana, little research exists regarding possible impairment in adolescents who smoke marijuana regularly, and none exists regarding basic behavioral processes. In the present study, adolescents who smoked marijuana on a regular basis (near daily) were compared to a control group of adolescents on a two-option experimental task designed to measure motivation. The contingencies were arranged such that one option (work), which required systematically increasing response output, initially produced greater rates of monetary reinforcement than an alternative option (non-work) that required no response output to earn money. Switching to the non-work option was interpreted as a measure of reduced motivation. Significant differences were found between the groups: the marijuana-smoking participants switched earlier to the non-work option, and derived a greater percentage of their earnings from the non-work option. These differences existed when controlling for differences in cognitive aptitude, gender, and the presence of conduct disorder. A significant correlation between cannabinoid levels and percent of earnings derived from the non-work option suggests that these effects could be associated with the presence of cannabinoids in the marijuana-smoking group.
Dual modulation of renal ATP-sensitive K+ channel by protein kinases A and C.

Abstract A small-conductance K+ channel in the apical membrane of rat cortical collecting duct (CCD) cells controls K+ secretion in the kidney. Previously, we observed that the activity of the channel is stimulated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA)-induced channel phosphorylation. We now have applied the patch-clamp technique to study the effects of protein kinase C (PKC) on the secretory K+ channel of rat CCD. In cell-attached patches, application of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate progressively reduced the open probability and current amplitude of the K+ channel. In inside-out patches, administration of PKC reversibly decreased the channel open probability (Po) without changing the channel conductance. The PKC-induced inhibition of channel activity was Ca2+ dependent: Po decreased 42%, 23%, and 11% in the presence of 1000 nM, 100 nM, and 10 nM free Ca2+, respectively. We also demonstrate that PKC antagonizes the stimulatory effect of PKA on the apical K+ secretory channel of rat CCD. These results suggest regulation of K(+)-channel activity by two separate sites of phosphorylation with distinct and opposite effects on channel activity.
Hemocytes of Larvae of Drosophila euronotus (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

The hemocytes of Drosophila euronotus Patterson & Ward larvae were studied with phase-contrast microscopy and in films stained with Giemsa. Five types of hemocytes were described: prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, podocytes, lamellocytes, and oenocytoids. Differential counts of hemocytes during development showed that the plasmatocytes were the most numerous type of hemocyte. Podocytes and lamellocytes, both variant forms of the plasmatocyte, increased in percentages during larval development. Drosophila podocytes are considered to be cells intermediate between plasmatocyte and lamellocyte, while the latter cell is considered to be a terminal stage in the development of plasmatocytes. Oenocytoids, which first appeared in 2nd-stage larvae, increased in percentages up to the 3rd and final stage, and then decreased markedly during the prepupal stage.
Solution Structure of the Dickerson DNA Dodecamer Containing a Single Ribonucleotide

Ribonucleotides are frequently incorporated into DNA during replication. They are recognized and processed by several cellular enzymes, and their continued presence in the yeast nuclear genome results in replicative stress and genome instability. Thus, it is important to understand the effects of isolated ribonucleotide incorporation on DNA structure. With this goal in mind, we describe the nuclear magnetic resonance structure of the self-complementary Dickerson dodecamer sequence [d(CGC)rGd(AATTCGCG)]2 containing two symmetrically positioned riboguanosines. The absence of an observable H1–H2 scalar coupling interaction indicates a C3′-endo conformation for the ribose. Longer-range structural perturbations resulting from the presence of the ribonucleotide are limited to the adjacent and transhelical nucleotides, while the global B-form DNA structure is maintained. Because crystallographic studies have indicated that isolated ribonucleotides promote global B → A transitions, we also performed molecular mod...
An application of Mobley's intermediate linkages turnover model to a full-time employee group typology

Recent research has supported the heterogeneity of full-time employees based upon demographics and outside of work roles. These factors are also related to many employee and organizational outcomes, specifically the constructs found within Mobley's intermediate linkages model of turnover. The current study hypothesizes and tests, using structural equation modelling, differences between full-time groups in the relationships within Mobley's model. The results generally support Mobley's model, as well as differences in the strength of the relationships for different full-time groups.
Intensity of intra‐ and interspecific competition in coexisting shortgrass species

Summary 1 Bouteloua gracilis and Buchloe dactyloides are dominant species in the shortgrass steppe. Previous studies have suggested that these species have similar resource requirements and, as there is no temporal segregation in growth, we suggest that competition for below-ground resources should be intense. Classical competition theory predicts that, under stable conditions, coexistence of species with similar requirements can occur if intraspecific competition is more intense than interspecific competition. We therefore compared the competitive abilities of the two species under both inter- and intraspecific conditions, another determinant of coexistence in plant communities. 2 A 3-year experiment was conducted in a small homogeneous area and a separate 2-year experiment was conducted in a larger area. In both experiments, a hexagonal planting design was used to achieve all possible combinations of species and to control plant size and neighbourhood asymmetries at the start of the experiment. Half the target plants were grown within steel cylinders to reduce below-ground competition. 3 We found similar results in the two experiments. Plant biomass and seed production were always higher in plants growing with reduced competition, although seed production was quite variable. Relative competition intensity did not differ between intraspecific and interspecific competition. 4 Our results suggest that competition between these coexisting shortgrasses is intense, but do not support the prediction of a difference between intra- and interspecific competition. We discuss alternative explanations.
SIMULTANEOUS MICRODIALYSIS SAMPLING FROM MULTIPLE SITES IN THE LIVER FOR THE STUDY OF PHENOL METABOLISM

Microdialysis probes of the linear design were implanted in three regions of the liver of anesthetized rats. Probes planted 1 cm apart exhibited no cross communication as demonstrated by continuously perfusing one probe with phenol for over 2 hours while monitoring the other probes for phenol and its metabolites. Regional differences in metabolic profile were observed following intravenous administration of phenol. Significantly lower concentrations of the phase two metabolites, phenol-glucuronide and hydroquinone-glutathione conjugate, were found at the probe implanted at the anterior position relative to the probes at the median and posterior positions. The kinetics of elimination were not significantly different at any of these positions. Phenol was also directly delivered to the liver through the microdialysis probes. No differences in delivery of phenol or formation of metabolites were observed at the three regions.
Early Geologic Events in the Ice-Free Valleys, Antarctica

Crystalline basement rocks have undergone an extended sequence of events that include several intense deformations, formation of three types of granitic rocks, and emplacement of two generations of granitic and mafic dikes. Radiomctric datessug-gest that the last major orogenic event was during the middle Ordovician, but geologic history probably extends back into the Prccambrian.
Neutron Scattering Studies of Compositional Heterogeneity in Sol-Gel Processed Lead Zirconate Titanates

Rietveld analyses of neutron diffraction data collected on a series of Pb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3 samples, which had been prepared by sol−gel and conventional mixed oxide methods, showed that each sample contained both rhombohedral and tetragonal PZT (Pb[Zr1-xTix]O3). The zirconium-to-titanium ratio in the two phases was found to be markedly different. Pair distribution functions were also calculated for some of the samples. The inability of a commonly used alkoxide-based sol−gel processing method to produce compositionally homogeneous samples is attributed to a compositional segregation that occurs early on during sol−gel processing and is not fully eliminated on high temperature heat treatment of the samples. A deliberate attempt to produce compositionally inhomogeneous materials, via the separate prehydrolysis of lead titanate and lead zirconate precursors, followed by mixing the resulting sols, was found to induce no more inhomogeneity than is present in materials prepared via the hydrolysis of precursors that ...
On stochastic integration by series of Wiener integrals

Stochastic integrals of random functions with respect to a white-noise random measure are defined in terms of random series of usual Wiener integrals. Conditions for the existence of such integrals are obtained in terms of the nuclearity of certain operators onL 2 -spaces. The relation with the Fisk-Stratonovich symmetric integral is also discussed.
The thermodynamic properties of silver-gold alloys

Abstract Correlating functions have been developed for the purpose of evaluating thermodynamic data on binary alloy systems, and these functions have been applied to the extensive published data on the Ag-Au system. Several discrepancies in the data became evident, and calorimetric investigations using a liquid tin solution calorimeter were made on solid Ag-Au alloys to resolve these inconsistencies. The heat of formation measurements were found to fit the sub-regular solution model suggested by Hardy but with negative deviations from ideality. On this basis the properties of the solid alloys were defined, and these properties combined with the liquidus of the phase diagram aided in the choice of the best representation of the liquid alloy properties. The solidus calculated from the selected data lies much closer to the liquidus than is generally indicated in phase diagrams. Strain energy is a minor factor in solid Ag-Au alloys, and it is suggested that the apparent variation in the exchange interaction energy of nearest neighbor atoms with composition results from changes in the distribution of quantum states for the cohesive electrons.
Family replication in the dual standard model

The family replication problem is addressed in the context of the dual standard model. The breaking of a simple grand unified group to (G{sub low}{times}H{sub 1}{times}H{sub 2}{times}H{sub 3})/Z{sup 3}{sub 5}, and then further to G{sub low}, produces a spectrum of stable monopoles that falls into three families, each of whose magnetic quantum numbers correspond to the electric charges on the fermions of the standard model. Here G{sub low}=[SU(3){times}SU(2){times}U(1) ]/Z{sub 6} is the symmetry group of the standard model above the weak scale, and H{sub i} are simple Lie groups which each have a Z{sub 5} symmetry in common with G{sub low}. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Present status and future prospect of the ITER project

The present status of the ITER project is summarised in terms of progress made on its scientific, engineering and safety/environmental characteristics and of its position in world-wide fusion development. The selection of materials and joining technologies for ITER is discussed, with emphasis on materials choices and test results for in-vessel components. Progress of major R&D projects to validate the technologies is presented. The future prospects for ITER are considered.
Biological and phytochemical evaluation of plants XI: Isolation of aspidospermine, quebrachidine, rhazinilam, (—)‐pyrifolidine, and akuammidine from Aspidosperma quebracho‐blanco (apocynaceae)

A phytochemical investigation of the leaves of Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco (Apocynaceae) resulted in the isolation of rhazinilam, a new nonindole lactam alkaloid, in addition to the known bases, aspidospermine, quebrachidine, (—)-pyrifolidine, and akuammidine. Aspidospermine and quebrachidine were the major leaf alkaloids. Akuammidine and (—)-pyrifolidine were isolated from the leaves for the first time, and the isolation of the latter compound confirms its natural occurrence in this plant.
The absolute viscosity of some lead-thallium alloys

Abstract The absolute viscosities of lead, thallium and seven lead-thallium alloys were measured as a function of temperature between the liquidus and 500 °C by an oscillating cup viscometer. The viscosity of pure lead ranged from 2.523 cP at 328.5 °C to 1.833 cP at 500.5 °C. The viscosity of pure thallium ranged from 2.600 cP at 303.5 °C to 1.708 cP at 500 °C. A plot of log η versus 1 T(K) was linear for all the samples studied. Isotherms of viscosity versus composition showed a broad maximum in the viscosity in the vicinity of the composition of maximum liquidus temperature (37.5 at.% Pb). The maximum appears to shift towards the equiatomic composition at higher temperatures where it becomes more diffuse. These results support the belief that certain liquid alloy solutions contain molecular-type aggregates or “clusters”, the stoichiometries of which are subject to a temperature-dependent dissociation reaction. Furthermore, the results support some previous reports that the composition range 12.5 – 100 at.% Pb is not a continuous primary solid solution, but may be interrupted by an intermediate phase or phases.
A comparison of an exchange-coupled Fe(III)Cu(II) model with a Fe(IV) Model for the O2 binding site in oxidized cytochrome c oxidase via EPR spectral simulations

Abstract Oxidized cytochrome c oxidase exhibits an unusual EPR signal at g = 12 when measured at 9 GHz and at g = 9.3 when observed at 15 GHz. Two models have been advanced for the paramagnetic site that gives rise to this unusual EPR signal: (i) a single high-spin Fe(IV) ion; and (ii) a strongly antiferromagnetically superexchange coupled high-spin Fe(III)Cu(II) dimer. These two models have been compared by EPR spectral simulations at 9 and 15 GHz. It is shown that both models can reproduce the positions of the EPR signal observed from oxidized cytochrome c oxidase as well as the temperature dependence of the EPR signal intensity. However, the Fe(IV) model does not reproduce the experimental lineshape well. Moreover, for the positions of the EPR signal to be simultaneously fitted at both frequencies, the Fe(IV) model requires that the EPR signal observed at 9 GHz arises from a “ΔM = 2” transition, whereas at 15 GHz the EPR signal arises from a “ΔM = 4” transition. In contrast, the experimental EPR spectra can be well fitted at both frequencies using a single set of spin-Hamiltonian parameters for the Fe(III)Cu(II) model. These considerations lead to the reasonable conclusion that the g = 12 EPR signal probably arises from a “ΔM = 2” transition between the M = ± 1 sublevels of the S = 2 state formed from strong antiferromagnetic superexchange coupling between high-spin ferriheme a3 and CuB(II) at the catalytic site of the enzyme.
Late effects of treatment in long-term survivors of cancer

Three decades after the beginnings of effective multimodality therapy for the treatment of childhood cancer, our patients and our field of medicine are maturing. Although clinical trials still focus on event-free survival after 3 or 5 years, patients need support and information long after collection of the data from trials has ceased. Manifestations of the often harsh cytotoxic therapies that result in cure may surface during, shortly after or many years after completion of treatment. At the present time, one in a 1,000 20-year-olds are calculated to be survivors of childhood cancer. Both the children afflicted with cancer and the adults they become will be an enlarging population of patients with chronic organ injurythat will require the attention of pediatricians as well as internists in the decades to come. Effects of therapy on the maturing organs may become manifest as the developmental process unfolds the hitherto unseen injury to immature organs. The study of late effects, and programs designed to monitor children during this process hence arose within the field of pediatrics. Throughout the life cycle new needs continue to arise. Systems capable of assuring appropriate function of an ageing system are required. With the survival of children into early adulthood and even middle age, along with enhanced success in the cure of adults, the later manifestations of organ injury are surfacing in the adult population. This review will focus on types of tissue injury noted in long-term survivors. Rather than a comprehensive review of all described ‘late effects’, the goal will be to consider types of effects and time of presentation. For the patient, any side-effect for which he or she must compensate during life is a long-term or late effect. However, stratification of effects by the time of appearance are important to consider potential causality as well as clinical screening methods. Specific organ toxicities will be presented to illustrate these points.
Zoning For Health? The Year-Old Ban On New Fast-Food Restaurants In South LA

A regulation banning new fast-food establishments for one year in Los Angeles, California, was passed unanimously by the city council in July 2008. It was motivated by health concerns and excessive obesity rates in South Los Angeles. However, it might not have had the impact that was intended. This paper reviews the empirical evidence for the regulation and whether it is likely to target the primary levers of obesity. We argue that the premises for the ban were questionable. For example, the density of fast-food chain restaurants per capita is actually higher in other parts of Los Angeles than in South LA. Other changes, such as menu calorie labeling, are likely to have a bigger impact on overweight and obesity.
Measurement of cryptographic capability protection algorithms

Abstract A capability is an unforgeable, unstealable ticket which allows access to an object in a computer system or network. In a single computer, hardware mechanisms can be used to implement capabilities; in a network, there can be many different kinds of computers, some or all of which may not have the necessary hardware to implement capabilities. However, it is possible to implement capabilities in a network using cryptography. Capability-based protection using secret-key cryptography is currently being implemented in LLNL's Octopus Network. The protection algorithms being implemented are explained in detail. Some hypothetical operating system kernel calls and their operation are shown. Actual performance measurements for the proposed crytographic operations and operating system functions are presented. The trade-offs between performing the operations entirely in a host computer and performing them using an encryption unit attached to the host as a peripheral device are discussed.
Central Corneal Endothelial Cell Counts in Children

Our data indicate that corneal endothelial cell density in a normal eye remains essentially unchanged from ages five to 20. Changes in cell density and morphology during the first five years of life need further investigation. In this study, the mean endothelial cell count of a normal population of children was 2696 cells/mm2. Children undergoing cataract aspiration had a mean cell loss from the normal of 7.2%. The cell loss rates for push-pull aspiration-irrigation or phacoemulsification cataract extraction were not statistically different. The implantation of an intraocular lens was associated with a 33.3% endothelial cell loss when compared to the control or normal population of eyes. A mean loss of 38.0% was noted when the IOL eyes were compared to their normal fellow eyes.
Traveling wavefronts for the discrete Fisher's equation

Abstract Using continuation and comparison methods we obtain conditions for the existence and nonexistence of traveling wavefronts with speed c of the discrete Fisher′s equation u n = d(U n−1 − 2u n + u n+1 ) + ƒ(u n ), n ∈ Z , where d is a positive number and ƒ denotes a Lipschitz continuous function satisfying ƒ(0) = ƒ(1) = 0 and ƒ(x) > 0 for 0 The results are sharp if ƒ is differentiable at 0 and satisfies ƒ′(0) x ≥ ƒ(x) for x > 0.
Community influence on adolescent obesity : Race/ethnic differences

Using a sample of 20,000 adolescents (Add Health data), this study examined the influences of community poverty and race/ethnicity on adolescent obesity. Multilevel analyses revealed strong evidence for the unique influences of community poverty and race/ethnicity on adolescent obesity net of family characteristics. The prevalence of obesity is significantly higher in poor communities than in affluent communities; and it is higher among African Americans, Hispanics and Native Americans than among Whites. The interaction between race/ethnicity and community poverty indicates that race/ethnicity moderates the influence of community poverty on the prevalence of obesity. Although the prevalence of obesity is higher among minorities than among Whites, the influence of community poverty is stronger for Whites than for minorities, suggesting that unlike Whites, most minority groups may not accrue benefits of structural community advantages. The state of being overweight as the outcome variable provided essentially the same findings. The practical implications are discussed.
Primary Aortoenteric Fistula Secondary to Ulcerative Atherosclerosis A Case Report

Aortoenteric fistulae after replacement surgery of the aorta is a well-described phenom enon. Fewer than 200 cases of primary aortoenteric fistulae have, however, been reported. The vast majority of these reveal aortic or gastrointestinal pathology as etiolo gies. The authors report on the very rare occurrence of primary aortoenteric fistula caused by ulcerative atherosclerosis in the absence of aortic aneurysm.The index of suspicion in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding of unknown etiology must be high to accurately diagnose an aortoenteric fistula. With aggressive testing and early laparotomy if indicated, the diagnosis of aortoenteric fistula can be ascertained and surgical correction can be accomplished.
Renal handling of X-ray contrast media imaging and exploration with electron beam CT.

: Physiologic changes in renal hemodynamics and function reflect its role as a regulatory organ in maintaining homeostasis, whereas other alterations may mirror development of renal injury and often precede overt signs of morphologic changes. Furthermore, intrarenal alterations may be discreet and manifest only in the renal cortical, medullary, or papillary zones. The high spatial and temporal resolution of electron-beam computed tomography enables external detection and quantification of cortical, medullary, and papillary tissue density changes following an intravenous bolus injection of X-ray contrast media. These changes reflect flow of contrast media in these renal zones through the successive renal vascular, glomerular, and tubular compartments that can be individually plotted as time-density curves (TDC). Mathematical modeling then allows calculation of unique parameters of renal function from these TDC. This ability to quantify renal regional attributes may not only shed light on the physiologic mechanisms that the kidney controls, but also assist in detecting subtle impairment in its function.
Bayesian Probabilistic Inference for Nonparametric Damage Detection of Structures

This paper presents a Bayesian hypothesis testing-based probabilistic assessment method for nonparametric damage detection of building structures, considering the uncertainties in both experimental results and model prediction. A dynamic fuzzy wavelet neural network method is employed as a nonparametric system identification model to predict the structural responses for damage evaluation. A Bayes factor evaluation metric is derived based on Bayes’ theorem and Gaussian distribution assumption of the difference between the experimental data and model prediction. The metric provides quantitative measure for assessing the accuracy of system identification and the state of global health of structures. The probability density function of the Bayes factor is constructed using the statistics of the difference of response quantities and Monte Carlo simulation technique to address the uncertainties in both experimental data and model prediction. The methodology is investigated with five damage scenarios of a four-s...
Structural Basis of the Association of HIV-1 Matrix Protein with DNA

HIV-1 matrix (MA) is a multifunctional protein that is synthesized as a polyprotein that is cleaved by protease during viral maturation. MA contains a cluster of basic residues whose role is controversial. Proposed functions include membrane anchoring, facilitating viral assembly, and directing nuclear import of the viral DNA. Since MA has been reported to be a component of the preintegration complex (PIC), we have used NMR to probe its interaction with other PIC components. We show that MA interacts with DNA and this is likely sufficient to account for its association with the PIC.
Emerging clinical applications for contrast echocardiography

SonoVue (Bracco, Milan, Italy) and the other last-generation ultrasound contrast agents (USCAs) have been shown to improve the detection of the endocardial border during rest and stress echocardiography in patients with impaired transthoracic image quality, thus allowing greater accuracy and precision in the assessment of both global and regional left ventricular function. Very exciting is the use of the last-generation USCAs as blood flow tracers to obtain non-invasive images of the myocardium that reflect myocardial perfusion (myocardial contrast echocardiography [MCE]). From preliminary results it appears that MCE may offer diagnostic information additive to and independent of that obtainable with unenhanced echocardiography, and may play a major role in the evaluation, management and follow-up of patients with coronary artery disease. (Eur Heart J Supplements 2002; 4 (Suppl C): C8‐C11)
Anesthesia for the patient with congenital heart disease presenting for noncardiac surgery

Purpose of reviewTo summarize recent publications emphasizing the changes in the population of patients with congenital heart disease and trends in the anesthetic and perioperative care of these patients presenting for noncardiac procedures.Recent findingsIt has been reported that children with cong
Pulmonary NAD+-linked 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activity is decreased by cigarette smoking

Male rats were exposed to freshly generated cigarette smoke once daily for 4 to 13 weeks. Inhalation of smoke was verified by elevated level of carboxyhemoglobin. NAD+-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activity, the key enzyme responsible for biological inactivation of prostaglandins, was found to decrease in lung but not in kidney or stomach following cigarette smoke exposure. The consequence of impaired pulmonary metabolism of prostaglandins and thromboxane may result in alteration of vascular homeostasis and subsequently lead to cardiovascular disorders commonly found in smokers.
Spontaneous ectopic tubal pregnancy after laparoscopic tubal sterilisation by segmental isthmic partial salpingectomy

A 33-year-old woman with a history of tubal sterilisation, presented to our gynaecological emergency unit with acute abdominal pain and signs of peritonism. The first day of her last menstruation occurred 4 weeks and 4 days before. Urine pregnancy test was positive and transvaginal ultrasound revealed an empty uterus with a heterogeneous mass below the right ovary. We performed a laparoscopy, which confirmed a previous isthmic partial salpingectomy and the presence of an ectopic pregnancy in the right distal remnant tube. Total salpingectomy of the remnant parts of the tube was performed and the postoperative course was uneventful.
Engaging undergraduates in computer security research

Involving undergraduates in research projects in information assurance and computer security can provide valuable experiences complementing their more formal coursework. We have used several mechanisms, such as regular semester courses, directed studies, and summer programs, at the University of South Carolina to engage undergraduates in ongoing research projects and to support them in their own research efforts. Here we describe some of the mechanisms we have used and our experiences working with students in these various modes.
Quantitative glycomics from fluidic glycan microarrays

A hallmark of cell-surface processes involving glycans is their multivalent interaction with glycan binding proteins (GBPs). Such a multivalent interaction depends critically on the mobility and density of signaling molecules on the membrane surface. While glycan microarrays have been used in exploring multivalent interactions, the lack of mobility and the difficulty in controlling surface density both limit their quantitative applications. Here we apply a fluidic glycan microarray, with glycan density varying for orders of magnitude, to profile cell surface interaction using a model system, the adhesion of Escherichia coli to mannose. We show the quantitative determination of monovalent and multivalent adhesion channels; the latter can be inhibited by nanopartices presenting a high density of mannosyl groups. These results reveal a new E. coli adhesion mechanism: the switching in the FimH adhesion protein avidity from monovalent to multivalent as the density of mobile mannosyl groups increases; such avidity switching enhances binding affinity and triggers multiple fimbriae anchoring. Affinity enhancement toward FimH has only been observed before for oligo-mannose due to the turn on of secondary interactions outside the mannose binding pocket. We suggest that the new mechanism revealed by the fluidic microarray is of general significance to cell surface interactions: the dynamic clustering of simple sugar groups (homogeneous or heterogeneous) on the fluidic membrane surface may simulate the functions of complex glycan molecules.
ENERGY TRANSFER FROM PHYCOBILINS TO CHLOROPHYLL a IN HEAT-STRESSED CELLS OF Anacystis nidulans: CHARACTERIZATION OF THE LOW TEMPERATURE 683 nm FLUORESCENCE EMISSION BAND*

— Heat-induced changes of the characteristics of fluorescence spectra of Anacystis nidulans cells were studied after 39°C-grown cells were heated at 55°C. Heat-treatment of the cells induced no changes in the absorption properties or photosystem I-catalyzed cytochrome oxidation, but induced a dramatic change in the fluorescence characteristics of the cells. The low temperature fluorescence emission spectra of heated cells showed a large increase of fluorescence emission at683–685 nm (F683) and at 695 nm, while the bands at 660 nm (allophycocyanin) and at 718 nm (chlorophyll a of photosystem I) were not affected when the cells were excited with light absorbed by phycobilins. When the cells were heated for various periods, a progressive increase of the intensity of F683 occurred with the loss in oxygen evolution capacity. The increase of the F683 band was observed prior to the increase of the F695 band. Quenching of emission spectra by the addition of quinones indicates that the F683 band emanated mainly from a long wavelength form of allophycocyanin. Excitation spectra of heated cells measured at 77 K showed that light absorbed by phycobilins was effective in exciting F685, F695, and F715 emission. A possible energy distribution pathway in Anacystis nidulans is discussed.
State of insulin self-association does not affect its absorption from the pulmonary route.

Abstract This study is designed to compare and contrast the pulmonary absorption profiles of monomeric and hexameric insulin in the presence or absence of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) or n-tetradecyl-β- d -maltoside (TDM). The pulmonary absorption of two forms of insulin was studied by monitoring the changes in plasma insulin and glucose levels after intratracheal administration of monomeric or hexameric insulin into anesthetized rodents. EDTA or TDM was added to the formulation in order to evaluate if either of these agents has effects on the rate and extent of pulmonary absorption of monomeric and hexameric insulin. The biochemical changes that may occur after acute administration of TDM-based formulation have also been investigated by estimating lung injury markers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. A dose-dependent increase in the plasma insulin and decrease in plasma glucose levels was observed when increasing concentrations of hexameric or monomeric insulin were administered via the pulmonary route. Pulmonary administration of monomeric and hexameric insulin produced comparable absorption profiles in the presence or absence of EDTA or TDM. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis did not show differences in the levels of injury markers produced in TDM-treated rats and that produced in saline-treated rats, indicating no evidence for adverse effects of TDM in these short-term studies. Overall, in terms of rapidity of action and efficacy to reduce blood sugar, monomeric insulin did not provide advantages over hexameric insulin when administered via the pulmonary route.
Age-Stratified Results from 20,095 Aortoiliac Aneurysm Repairs: Should We Approach Octogenarians and Nonagenarians Differently?

Background In the endovascular era, elderly patients are offered repair of their aortoiliac aneurysms (AAA) more frequently than in the past. Our objective is to compare age groups and draw inferences for AAA repair outcomes. Study Design We identified 20,095 patients who underwent AAA repair between 2005 and 2010 using the American College of Surgeons NSQIP national database. Preoperative characteristics and outcomes were compared among age groups (group A: 0 to 64 years; B: 65 to 79 years; C: 80 to 89 years; and D: 90 years and older). Results The age distribution of the cohort was A: 17.1%, B: 57.2%, C: 24%, and D: 1.7%. Nonagenarians presented significantly more often as emergencies in comparison with groups A to C (A: 13.8%, B: 10.8%, C: 12.9%, D: 22.1%; p Conclusions Advanced age is independently associated with higher risk of death after AAA repair and indication for surgery should be adjusted for different age groups accordingly. Endovascular aneurysm repair should be preferred for octogenarians and nonagenarians with indication to undergo repair of their AAA.
Ramp-Induced Data Attacks on Look-Ahead Dispatch in Real-Time Power Markets

This paper presents a new class of false data injection attacks on state estimation, which may lead to financial arbitrage in real-time power markets with an emerging look-ahead dispatch model. In comparison with prior work of cyber attack on static dispatch where no inter-temporal ramping constraint is considered, we propose a novel attack strategy with which the attacker can manipulate, in look-ahead dispatch, the limits of ramp constraints of generators. It is demonstrated that the proposed attack may lead to financial profits via malicious capacity withholding of selected generators, while being undetected by the existing bad data detection algorithm embedded in the state estimator. The feasibility of such cyber attacks and their economic impact on real-time electricity market operations are illustrated in the IEEE 14-bus system.