cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Appropriating the Weather

Technology, it is said, is more parochial than science. In this view, technology is constructed by specific cultures to fit specific needs: while the science of physics is universal, there are a thousand ways to dig dirt from the ground or to build a house. But is this true? In his book, Friedman shows us that at least the study of science is approached differently from one culture to another and that social, political, and economic aspects lead one people or nation or world region to emphasize different areas of science. From Per Kalm (a Swedish naturalist who collected auroral observations before 1750) to Hannes Alfven, the Scandinavians have studied the Northern sea and the Northern sky.
Note on “a spectrum factorization method for the calculation of nonlinear filters of the Volterra type” of Katzenelson and Gould

A class of processes for which the “Spectrum Factorization” method of Katzenelson and Gould is inapplicable is delineated in this note.
Coming of age in Olduvai and the Zaire rain forest

Probably Homo habilis is two species not one; similarly for Pan troglodytes. Although amenable to training, in nature Pan paniscus may be a “specialized insular dwarf.” Language is uniquely human, but symbolic behavior and intelligence are widespread among animals with little respect for phylogenetic closeness to Homo sapiens.
Polarization Characteristics of Individual Elements in a PC 1 Micropulsation Event

POLARIZATION characteristics of PC 1 micropulsations of the Earth's magnetic field were examined in narrow frequency bands. Wide-band observations were reported earlier1. The induction magnetometer data were recorded at College, Alaska, in FM mode on magnetic tape. The data were played back through a bank of active band-pass filters into a dual-beam oscilloscope. Each filter had attenuation slope 24 dB/octave nominal value and approximately 12 dB/octave at a cut-off. Two filters were used in series for each magnetic field component. The high-frequency and low-frequency cut-offs were set equal to the desired mid-band frequency fm, then the filters were tuned to preserve the shape and sense of rotation for test patterns at fm. There was considerable phase shift through the filters, but this procedure preserved the shape and sense of natural PC 1 configurations in the narrow band, and it is these characteristics which are discussed here. Fig. 1, top, illustrates the attenuation on either side of fm. All circles had the same amplitude at the input to the filter system. The largest circle is the filter output fm = 0.5 Hz.
Equity and network-level maintenance scheduling

Determining maintenance policies based purely on cost-minimization principles may result in an inequitable distribution of funding and benefits—in practice, such models often recommend allocating much more funding to urban areas than rural, which is arguably unfair and politically infeasible. This paper considers how preference for equitable distribution of benefits can be incorporated into network-level maintenance optimization problems. In particular, several seemingly natural choices for capturing inequity lead to nonconvex formulations. Accordingly, this paper investigates a class of functions for measuring inequity and identifies specifications which preserve convexity and lend themselves to easy optimization problems. These alternative specifications are compared on a fictitious network. Within this data set, considerable gains in equity are possible with only slight increases in total user cost.
Azelastine is more potent than olopatadine in inhibiting interleukin-6 and tryptase release from human umbilical cord blood-derived cultured mast cells

Background Mast cells are involved in early- and late-phase reactions by releasing vasoactive molecules, proteases, and cytokines. Certain histamine-1 receptor antagonists and other antiallergic drugs seem to inhibit the release of mediators from rat and human mast cells. Objective Azelastine and olopatadine are antiallergic agents present in the ophthalmic solutions azelastine hydrochloride (Optivar, Asta Medica/Muro Pharmaceuticals, Tewksbury, MA), and olopatadine hydrochloride (Patanol, Alcon Laboratories, Fort Worth, TX), respectively. We investigated the effect of these drugs on interleukin-6 (IL-6), tryptase, and histamine release from cultured human mast cells (CHMCs). Methods CHMCs were grown from human umbilical cord blood-derived CD34+ cells in the presence of stem cell factor and IL-6 for 14 to 16 weeks. Sensitized CHMCs were pretreated with various concentrations of azelastine or olopatadine for 5 minutes. CHMCs were then challenged with anti-immunoglobulin E, and the released mediators were quantitated. Results The greatest inhibition of mediator release was seen with 24 μM azelastine; this level of inhibition was matched with the use of 133 μM olopatadine. At this concentration, these drugs inhibited IL-6 release by 83% and 74%, tryptase release by 55% and 79%, and histamine release by 41% and 45%, respectively. Activated CHMCs were characterized by numerous filopodia that were inhibited by both drugs as shown by electron microscopy. Conclusions These results indicate that azelastine and olopatadine can inhibit CHMCs activation and release of IL-6, tryptase, and histamine. On an equimolar basis, azelastine was a more potent inhibitor than olopatadine.
Sodium uptake across the apical border of the isolated turtle colon: Confirmation of the two-barrier model

The initial rate of Na uptake by the turtle colon from the mucosal bathing solution consists of two operationally distinct components. One component is a linear function of mucosal Na concentration, is unaffected by amiloride, and appears to represent Na uptake into the paracellular shunt path. The major component of Na uptake is abolished by amiloride and is virtually equal to the short-circuit current over a wide range of. mucosal Na concentrations, suggesting that this portion of Na uptake represents Na movement into Na-transporting cells of the colon. The amiloride-sensitive component of Na uptake, at low mucosal Na concentrations, was unaffected if net Na transport was abolished by ouabain. Similarly, at low mucosal Na concentrations the amiloride-sensitive conductance of the colon was identical in the presence and in the absence of net Na transport.
Ultrastructural evidence for a secretory function in the “gland cells” of the marine red algaBotryocladia pseudodichotoma (Rhodymeniaceae)

Clusters of small, pyriform “gland” or “vesiculate” cells protrude from the inner cortex into the inflated bladders ofBotryocladia pseudodichotoma. These multinucleate cells contains a large, central vacuole surrounded by dense cytoplasm. The lobed chloroplasts lack phycobilisomes and contain concentric rather than parallel thylakoids. Irregularly shaped, osmiophilic bodies of undetermined composition are abundant in the cytoplasm and are also released into the vacuole. The cell is characterized by abundant Golgi apparatus. The Golgi bodies appear to form by coalescence of endoplasmic reticulum derived vesicles and tubules. The Golgi apparatus produces large, electron transparent vesicles that contain an osmiophilic, fibrous material. This material is secreted into a diffuse wall layer which appears to be continually sloughed. Thus, the vesiculate cells ofBotryocladia possess an ultrastructure characteristic of granulocrine secretory cells, and it is suggested that they produce the slime contained within the bladders of this genus.
Is Sustainability for Development Anthropologists

In 1987, the Bruntland Report defined the goal of sustainability as "the ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." This definition, while stimulating considerable debate and research, leaves unresolved a number of problems for anthropologists, including dilemmas of measurement, boundaries, and agency. This paper suggests that a more direct engagement with the concept of sustainability could be helpful to anthropological analyses of economic systems and development options and draws on the three papers that follow to illustrate its potential. The paper then discusses three issues central to an anthropological sustainability--persistence, innovation, and responses to stresses and shocks. It concludes with a discussion of common property resources, as discussed in the papers in this collection, as an example of these anthropological issues at work within a sustainability framework.
The new federal definition of educational research: Implications for educators

Abstract The new federal definition of scientifically based research may have significant implications for educators. This paper describes the new definition, the implementation of the definition, and summarizes the criticisms of this definition. The definition is situated within the context of the great divide that has historically separated educational researchers. Potential implications are discussed concerning stakeholder empowerment, scholarly and practitioner research, the preparation of educators, and university promotion and tenure. Finally, the political context of this definition is discussed in relation to the culture wars.
Diagrammatic valence‐bond theory for finite model Hamiltonians

Valence bond (VB) diagrams form a complete basis for model Hamiltonians that conserve total spin, S, and have one valence state, φ p , per site. Hubbard and Pariser-Parr-Pople (PPP) models illustrate ionic problems, with zero, one, or two electrons in each φ p , while isotropic Heisenberg models illustrate spin problems, with only purely covalent VB diagrams. The difficulty of nonorthogonal VB diagrams is by-passed by exploiting the finite dimensionality of the complete basis and working with unsymmetric sparse matrices. We introduce efficient bit manipulations for generating, storing, and handling VB diagrams as integers and describe a new coordinate relaxation method for the ground and lowest excited states of unsymmetric sparse matrices. Antiferromagnetic spin-½ Heisenberg rings and chains of N≤20 spins, or 2 N spin functions, are solved in C 2 symmetry as illustrative examples. The lowest S=1 and 0 excitations are related to domain walls, or spin solitons, and studied for alternations corresponding to polyacetylene. VB diagrams with arbitrary S and nonneighbor interactions are constructed for both spin and ionic problems, thus extending diagrammatic VB theory to other topologies.
Identification of T cell epitopes on human proteolipid protein and induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in HLA class II-transgenic mice

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the CNS that is associated with HLA class II molecules HLA-DR2, -DR3 and -DR4. Previously, it has been difficult to analyze the role of individual HLA molecules in disease pathogenesis due to heterogeneity of MHC genes, linkage disequilibrium, influence of non-MHC genes and contribution of environment. To overcome some of these problems, we have generated HLA-transgenic (tg) mice to investigate function and interaction of these molecules in disease pathogenesis. To investigate the role of individual HLA class II genes in immune responses to human proteolipid protein (PLP), a candidate autoantigen in MS, mice expressing HLA genes DR2, DR3, DR4 (DRB1*0401 and DRB1*0402), DQ6 and DQ8, lacking endogenous class II molecules were immunized with overlapping peptides of PLP. In all tg mice, the majority of the dominant T cell epitopes were clustered mainly to three region; amino acids 31-70, 91-120 and 178-228, of the PLP molecules. We also identified an encephalitogenic epitope PLP(91-110) that induced clinical EAE in HLA-DR3 tg mice. These tg mice had inflammatory infiltrates classically associated with EAE and showed a Th1 cytokine profile. This humanized mouse model of MS will be valuable in deciphering the role of HLA molecules and autoantigens in MS.
Calcium Channel Blockers in Systemic Hypertension

Calcium channel blockers selectively inhibit transmembrane flux of calcium in excitable tissue. Their ability to block calcium-mediated electromechanical coupling in contractile tissue produces periph
Federal reserve policy and information flow

Outlines previous research on the impact of US Federal Reserve policies on market interest rates and returns; and the relationship between interest rates and market returns. Investigates these effects over three time periods: Sept 1974‐Oct 1979 (interest rate targeting through the federal funds rate), Oct 1979‐Aug 1987 (reserves targeting using the discount rate) and Aug 1987‐Jan 1996 (interest rate targeting again); using four mathematical models. Discusses the results, which suggest that changes in the relevant federal policy tool have a significant negative effect on equity returns, especially during the first two periods and when the change reverses previous change. Concludes that announcements of changes in policy contain valuable information not already included in share prices.
e-Science and the Archaeological Frontier

The broad adoption of diagnostic and analytical techniques in the field of archaeology, presents a unique opportunity for e-Science in the form of scientific explanation, drawing from methodologies aimed at recording, archiving, analyzing, and disseminating, rich data collections. This paper presents a needed stepping stone towards cyber-archaeology, creating synergy between information technology and archeology, by introducing a data acquisition, tagging and characterization pipeline.
Application of a generalized MWC model for the mathematical simulation of metabolic pathways regulated by allosteric enzymes.

In our effort to elucidate the systems biology of the model organism, Escherichia coli, we have developed a mathematical model that simulates the allosteric regulation for threonine biosynthesis pathway starting from aspartate. To achieve this goal, we used kMech, a Cellerator language extension that describes enzyme mechanisms for the mathematical modeling of metabolic pathways. These mechanisms are converted by Cellerator into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) solvable by Mathematica™. In this paper, we describe a more flexible model in Cellerator, which generalizes the Monod, Wyman, Changeux (MWC) model for enzyme allosteric regulation to allow for multiple substrate, activator and inhibitor binding sites. Furthermore, we have developed a model that describes the behavior of the bifunctional allosteric enzyme aspartate kinase I-homoserine dehydrogenase I (AKI-HDHI). This model predicts the partition of enzyme activities in the steady state which paves the way for a more generalized prediction of t...
Crop–livestock interactions in agricultural and pastoral systems in West Africa

Driven by population pressures on natural resources, peri-urban pastoralists in the Far North Province of Cameroon have recently intensified livestock production in their traditional pastoral system by feeding their cattle cottonseed cakes and other agricultural byproducts to cope with the disappearance of rangelands typically available through the dry season. Although the crop–livestock interactions in this altered intensive pastoral system seem similar to alterations recently named in mixed-farming systems in West Africa, they are distinctly different and would require a different type of agricultural development support. I use Bourdieu’s theoretical constructs of “habitus” and “capital” to explain those differences.
A contact algorithm for the Signorini problem using space–time finite elements

The most common approach in the finite-element modelling of continuum systems over space and time is to employ the finite-element discretization over the spatial domain to reduce the problem to a system of ordinary differential equations in time. The desired time integration scheme can then be used to step across the so-called time slabs, mesh configurations in which every element shares the same degree of time refinement. These techniques may become inefficient when the nature of the initial boundary value problem is such that a high degree of time refinement is required only in specific spatial regions of the mesh. Ideally one would be able to increase the time refinement only in those necessary regions. We achieve this flexibility by employing space–time elements with independent interpolation functions in both space and time. Our method is used to examine the classic contact problem of Signorini and allows us to increase the time refinement only in the spatial region adjacent to the contact interface. We also develop an interface-tracking algorithm that tracks the contact boundary through the space–time mesh and compare our results with those of Hertz contact theory. Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of the Bulk Modulus of a Liquid Using a Pump–Probe Laser Technique

We describe an undergraduate laboratory experiment that uses a time-resolved laser technique. Using pump-probe in a novel way, students determined the bulk modulus of a liquid. Employing the fourth harmonic from a pulsed Nd:YAG laser, an elastic wave is generated in an aqueous solution of N-acetyltryptophan, and the wave propagation is probed by a He-Ne laser. This experiment serves as a rare example of how a bulk property of a condensed phase can be measured using time-resolved optical measurements having relevance to undergraduate physical chemistry or material science laboratory.
Cosmogenic helium in a terrestrial igneous rock

New helium isotopic measurements on samples from the Kula formation of Haleakala volcano of Hawaii are presented that are best explained by an in situ cosmogenic origin for a significant fraction of the He-3. Results from crushing and stepwise heating experiments, and consideration of the exposure age of the sample at the surface and the cosmic ray fluxes strongly support this hypothesis. Although crustal cosmogenic helium has been proposed previously, this represents its first unambiguous identification in a terrestrial sample.
Opening the genome to reduce cocaine-seeking behavior

Since the discovery of specific mechanisms regulating gene transcription, studies have explored therapeutic avenues in the treatment of disease through such epigenetic targets, including the mechanisms of histone acetylation/deacetylation. Indeed, compounds that inhibit histone deacetylation [i.e., histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors] have been investigated as treatments for a variety of diseases, including cancer (1), Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson disease (2). Considering the role that transcription plays in learning and memory (3), it is not surprising that memory-related diseases and disorders are particularly ripe for treatments based on epigenetic targets. In PNAS, Malvaez et al. (4) report that systemic administration of a selective HDAC3 inhibitor to rats enhances the extinction of cocaine-seeking, consistent with previous work (5, 6). Crucially, they demonstrate that the enhanced extinction is rapid and persistent and even appears to eliminate the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking, suggesting the potential for targeting this mechanism as an adjunctive therapy. Moreover, the authors use a unique behavioral design that enables them to distinguish the effects of the HDAC inhibitor on extinction consolidation from effects on reconsolidation and performance.
Hepatitis C Services and Individuals with Serious Mental Illness

Although individuals with serious mental illness have been shown to be at increased risk for hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection, there is growing concern regarding limited dissemination of recommended HCV related services to this population. This paper presents rates of receipt of HCV prevention services among a cohort of seriously mentally ill adults and reports rates of recommended follow-up care among the subset who tested HCV positive in a pilot study. Previous HCV screening was low and indicated medical follow-up among those who tested positive was also limited. Results stress the need for increased screening and counseling and delivery of preventive and follow-up medical services.
Initiation of polymer degradation via transfer of infectious species

A novel dual stage chemiluminescence detection system incorporating individually controlled hot stages has been developed and applied to probe for material interaction effects during polymer degradation. Utilization of this system has resulted in experimental confirmation for the first time that in an oxidizing environment a degrading polymer A (in this case polypropylene, PP) is capable of infecting a different polymer B (in this case polybutadiene, HTPB) over a relatively large distance. In the presence of the infectious degrading polymer A, the thermal degradation of polymer B is observed over a significantly shorter time period. Consistent with infectious volatiles from material A initiating the degradation process in material B it was demonstrated that traces (micrograms) of a thermally sensitive peroxide in the vicinity of PP could induce degradation remotely. This observation documents cross-infectious phenomena between different polymers and has major consequences for polymer interactions, understanding fundamental degradation processes and long-term aging effects under combined material exposures.
‘Divisions of Personality and Spiritism’ by Alfred Binet (1896):

During the nineteenth century such individuals as Alfred Binet (1857—1911), who is the author of this Classic Text, conducted clinical and research work that led to the development and refinement o...
Stability and equivariant maps

Consider a linearized action of a reductive algebraic group on a projective algebraic varietyX over an algebraically closed field. In this situation Mumford [1] defined the concept of stability for points ofX. Given an equivariant morphismY→X we introduce a suitable linearization of the action onY and relate stability inY to stability inX. In particular, we prove a relative Hilbert-Mumford theorem which says that stability inX andY can be tested simultaneously by 1-parameter subgroups. It is hoped that this result will have applications to moduli problems. In the caseY→X is a blowing up of a sheaf of ideals inX we give a simple explicit description of the properly stable and semi-stable loci inY. Our relative Hilbert-Mumford theorem is used here in an essential way. We also consider the following resolution problem introduced by Kirwan [2]. The equivariant mapY→X is called a stable resolution if it is an isomorphism over the properly stable locus inX and every point ofY is either unstable or properly stable. Kirwan [2] gave a canonical procedure for constructing a stable resolution over the complex numbers. We show that a stable resolution can be obtained by resolving the singularities of a naturally defined subvariety ofX. This gives an alternative (non-canonical) procedure for constructing stable resolutions.
Molecular cloning of a cDNA for a putative choline co-transporter from Limulus CNS.

Abstract It is well documented that the sodium dependent, hemicholinium-3 sensitive, high affinity choline co-transporter is rate limiting in the biosynthesis of acetylcholine and is essential to cholinergic transmission. Until recently this transporter had eluded cloning. Okuda et al. (2000. Nature Neurosci. 3, 120–125) recently reported the successful cloning of the choline co-transporter in Caenorhabditis elegans (CHO-1) and rat (CHT1). We report herein the cloning of the choline co-transporter in the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus. Through the use of a series of degenerate primers selected from consensus sequences of CHO-1 and CHT1, we generated two probes that were used to search a Limulus cDNA library produced from central nervous system (CNS) tissue. The full length nucleotide sequence of the Limulus homolog consists of 3368 bp which includes an open reading frame (ORF) that predicts a protein of 579 amino acids and two non-translation regions (NTR), one at the 3′ end and the other at the 5′ end. The amino acid sequence has 46% identity with rat CHT1 and 50% identity with both CHO-1 in C. elegans and the recently cloned human co-transporter (hCHT; Apparsundaram et al., 2000. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 276, 862–867; Okuda and Haga, 2000. FEBS Lett. 484, 92–97). Hydropathy plot analysis predicts the Limulus choline co-transporter (LChCoT) to have thirteen transmembrane domains (TMD), with the N-terminus oriented extracellularly and the C-terminus oriented intracellularly. Northern blot analyses using cDNA probes designed from LChCoT cDNA sequences revealed its distribution specifically in central nervous system structures. On the other hand it was not found in non-nervous tissues. The successful cloning of LChCoT, which was shown to be a member of the sodium-dependent glucose transporter family (SLGT), should prove useful in the determination of its physiological regulation, including its intracellular trafficking.
Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro modifies the glutamine residues in the α- and γ-chains of fibrinogen: inhibition of transglutaminase cross-linking

During blood clotting Factor XIIIa, a transglutaminase, catalyzes the formation of covalent bonds between the epsilon-amino group of lysine and the gamma-carboxamide group of peptide-bound glutamine residues between fibrin molecules. We report that glycyl-L-prolyl-L-arginyl-L-proline (GPRP), a tetrapeptide that binds to the fibrin polymerization sites (D-domain) in fibrin(ogen), inhibits transglutaminase cross-linking by modifying the glutamine residues in the alpha- and gamma-chains of fibrinogen. Purified platelet Factor XIIIa, and tissue transglutaminase from adult bovine aortic endothelial cells were used for the cross-linking studies. Gly-Pro (GP) and Gly-Pro-Gly-Gly (GPGG), peptides which do not bind to fibrinogen, had no effect on transglutaminase cross-linking. GPRP inhibited platelet Factor XIIIa-catalyzed cross-linking between the gamma-chains of the following fibrin(ogen) derivatives: fibrin monomers, fibrinogen and polymerized fibrin fibers. GPRP functioned as a reversible, noncompetitive inhibitor of Factor XIIIa-catalyzed incorporation of [3H]putrescine and [14C]methylamine into fibrinogen and Fragment D1. GPRP did not inhibit 125I-Factor XIIIa binding to polymerized fibrin, demonstrating that the Factor XIIIa binding sites on fibrin were not modified. GPRP also had no effect on Factor XIIIa cross-linking of [3H]putrescine to casein. This demonstrates that GPRP specifically modified the glutamine cross-linking sites in fibrinogen, and had no effect on either Factor XIIIa or the lysine residues in fibrinogen. GPRP also inhibited [14C]putrescine incorporation into the alpha- and gamma-chains of fibrinogen without inhibiting beta-chain incorporation, suggesting that the intermolecular cross-linking sites were selectively affected. Furthermore, GPRP inhibited tissue transglutaminase-catalyzed incorporation of [3H]putrescine into both fibrinogen and Fragment D1, without modifying [3H]putrescine incorporation into casein. GPRP also inhibited intermolecular alpha-alpha-chain cross-linking catalyzed by tissue transglutaminase. This demonstrates that the glutamine residues in the alpha-chains involved in intermolecular cross-linking are modified by GPRP. This is the first demonstration that a molecule binding to the fibrin polymerization sites on the D-domain of fibrinogen modifies the glutamine cross-linking sites on the alpha- and gamma-chains of fibrinogen.
Calculation of the Addition Coefficients in Electromagnetic Multisphere-Scattering Theory

One of the most intractable problems in electromagnetic multisphere-scattering theory is the formulation and evaluation of vector addition coefficients introduced by the addition theorems for vector spherical harmonics. This paper presents an efficient approach for the calculation of both scalar and vector translational addition coefficients, which is based on fast evaluation of the Gaunt coefficients. The paper also rederives the analytical expressions for the vector translational addition coefficients and discusses the strengths and limitations of other formulations and numerical techniques found in the literature. Numerical results from the formulation derived in this paper agree with those of a previously published recursion scheme that completely avoids the use of the Gaunt coefficients, but the method of direct calculation proposed here reduces the computing time by a factor of 4?6.
Pariah capitalism and the overseas Chinese of Southeast Asia: Problems in the definition of the problem

(1989). Pariah capitalism and the overseas Chinese of Southeast Asia: Problems in the definition of the problem. Ethnic and Racial Studies: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 233-256.
The effect of adjunctive corticosteroids for the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia on mortality and subsequent complications

Objective To assess the long-term safety of adjunctive corticosteroids in the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). Design Analysis of data from a large prospective observational database. Setting HIV clinic at a large urban teaching hospital. Patients One hundred seventy-four patients who developed PCP after being enrolled in the database. Results Fifty-three patients (30%) received adjunctive corticosteroids and 121 (70%) did not. Survival did not differ between groups after adjusting for CD4 count (relative risk for adjunctive corticosteroids = 0.74, p = 0.13). There were no differences in the incidence of cytomegalovirus disease (adjunctive corticosteroids: 18.5 cases per 100 person-years vs no adjunctive corticosteroids: 15.7, p = 0.22), Mycobacterium avium complex (23.4 vs 27.0, p = 0.73), cryptococcal meningitis (1.8 vs 4.1, p = 0.58), toxoplasmosis (3.6 vs 11.0, p = 0.28), Kaposi's sarcoma (1.8 vs 2.2, p = 0.92), herpes simplex (27.1 vs 42.7, p = 0.66), herpes zoster (3.8 vs 6.9, p = 0.71), oropharyngeal candidiasis (18.9 vs 10.9, p = 0.09), or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (3.5 vs 4.2, p = 0.92). Esophageal candidiasis was more common among adjunctive corticosteroid recipients (45.1 vs 26.6, p = 0.01). Results were similar for time to development of opportunistic conditions. Conclusions Adjunctive corticosteroids do not increase mortality or the risk of most common HIV-associated complications.
Absent information technology in legitimate information systems research

The current identity of the information systems (IS) discipline, to certain extent, relies on the presence of information technology. The urgent call to theorizing IT artifacts made by previous IS studies raises concerns on the roles and importance of IT artifacts in the wide range of topics investigated by IS scholars, especially in the studies in which IT artifacts are considered absent. We analyze the topics, IT artifacts, and contexts of these studies from the 2009 and 2010 ICIS proceedings to address this concern. We find that IT professions and IT artifacts are significant contextual factors that cannot be ignored in these studies. This helps the IS discipline to rethink the establishment of its intellectual identity solely on the premise of theorizing IT artifacts.
Two-dimensional method for unconditionally stable elastic wave simulations

The stability of the conventional staggered-grid finite-difference time-domain method for elastic wave simulations is limited by the Courant condition and material heterogeneity. Its computational efficiency is significantly hampered when the mesh size is much smaller than a wavelength (for geometric modeling accuracy) and/or with a high impedance contrast. An unconditionally stable alternating direction implicit method is proposed to overcome this issue. It is based on additive operator splitting that renders tri-diagonal matrices for the implicit update of selected field variables. Theoretical analysis of its stability and grid dispersion error are provided. Numerical examples further demonstrate its accuracy and efficiency.
The identification of acidophilic cells in the human Pars distalis

Sections of human hypophyses were fixed in either formalin or Bouin's fluid and stained by a variety of acid stains. The stains were employed singly, in combination with each other and in conjunction with various mucoid staining procedures. After these procedures the chromophils of the pars distalis were classified as either acidophilic, mucoid, acidophilic-mucoid, modified or degranulated. The remaining cells which lacked specific chromophilic granules were classified as chromophobes. The acidophils after the terminology of Ezrin were designated as cell types I, II and VIII which correspond to the alpha, eta and epsilon cells of Romeis. Numerous, carminophilic type I cells were present in glands of all ages. Although usually pyramidal or oval in shape they also exhibited a variety of morphologic forms. The type I cells were further subdivided into small, light and dark cells on the basis of size and nuclear characteristics. The type II cell although present in all glands was most frequently observed in fetal and post-menopausal pituitaries. It was tinctorially identified by the prominent staining of its cytoplasmic granules with erythrosin. The type VIII cell exhibited staining properties intermediate between cell types I and II. On the basis of tinctorial and morphologic properties it was tentatively identified as a modified type I or type II cell.
Amine-catalyzed transformation of enolic nonenzymic browning products, isomaltol glycopyranosides into 1,6-anhydro-β-d-hexopyranoses

Abstract The nonenzymic browning products, isomaltol d -galacto- and d -glucopyranosides, are transformed by 5:1 (v/v) triethylamine-pyrrolidine into 1,6-anhydro-β- d -galactopyranose (41%) and 1,6-anhydro-β- d -glucopyranose (
Genes in their environment: how can we read the riddles?

Once upon a time, as all the best children’s stories begin, a lot of clever geneticists began a huge hunt for the “asthma gene.” At first they thought they had found it, but then more and more of the hunters found different “asthma genes,” and sometimes some gene hunters could not find the gene that previous hunters thought was the key one. Life became more and more confusing, and the root causes, which should have been thought of right from the start, have only recently begun to be identified. These include that there are many types of asthma, not likely all to have the same background, and thus careful clinical phenotyping is essential; that genes do not operate in isolation, but in their environment (which includes other genes around them), and this may modify their effects, and even completely reverse them. Also, statistical dangers lie in wait for those who merely collect DNA, feed it all into a good computer and turn the handle; and detailed attention to methodology is needed. The purpose of
Rule Management in Expert Database Systems

Expert database systems combine database and expert systems technologies to support the effective management of both rules and data. This paper studies rule processing strategies in expert database systems involving rules that are conditional on joins of relational data. Auxiliary constructs for processing join rules are proposed, and a framework of join rule processing strategies is developed. Cost functions of several strategies are derived based on a stochastic model that characterizes the arrival processes of transactions and queries to the database. Performance evaluation shows that the proposed data constructs and strategies provide an effective method for processing rules.
The origin and nature of informed consent: Experiences among vulnerable groups

The concept of informed consent has evolved over the past century. Today it is a mainstay of clinical practice and human subjects research. This article traces informed consent from its origins in law and bioethical thought to the creation of codes and a system of regulations. In this discussion, informed consent as a point of law and as an ethical construct is viewed from historical and contemporary perspectives in conjunction with the experiences of vulnerable population groups. This consideration does not extend to the use of specific research methodologies. The need to recognize the influence and importance of the sociocultural context in the implementation of informed consent is strongly supported. A correlation is drawn between aspects of consent and the ethical principles of beneficience, nonmaleficence, and autonomy. Four major guidelines for nurse researchers and clinicians are presented.
Hippelates Eye Gnat Attractants. 1. Isolation and Identification of Ether-Soluble Coattractants Produced by Fermentation of Whole-Egg Solids

Fermented aqueous suspension of whole-egg powder is attractive to Hippelates collusor (Townsend) (Diptera: Chloropidae) eye gnats and has been used for trapping eye gnats. Distillate of the fermented aqueous suspension was separated into water- and ether-soluble fractions by ether extraction. The 2 fractions were less attractive when tested individually. However, when these 2 fractions were combined and evaluated in an olfactometer against eye gnats in the field, the combination showed a significant increase in attractancy over the combined attractancies when evaluated separately. From the ethersoluble fraction, 10 carboxylic acids, n -butyric, iso -valeric, iso -caproic, myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic, were isolated and identified as their esters with gas-liquid chromatography. Among these 10 acids, oleic and linoleic each enhanced the attractiveness of the water-soluble fraction; n -butyric, iso -valeric, and iso -caproic acids decreased the attractiveness of the water-soluble fraction; while myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, and linolenic acids did not significantly influence the attractiveness of the water-soluble fraction.
OpenDig: In-field data recording for archaeology and cultural heritage

OpenDig is a platform for recording, editing, managing and publishing archaeological data. It comprises of three related applications, one for data entry in the field using hand-held mobile devices, another as a light-weight utility to view and edit data during an expedition and finally a full web application with complete tools for research and analysis. The OpenDig framework relies on open source tools that allow for easy data sharing using standard web-based protocols. This allows for new tools to built on the existing application programming interface (API) for extendibility and collaboration. Through CouchDB, Apache's NoSQL database, OpenDig is able to adopt a flexible data structure which can be easily modified to fit any particular project, whether it is excavation, survey or other cultural heritage management systems. The three tiered approach also allows for deployment in areas where there is little or no Internet connectivity, allowing for any laptop to act as a portable server for the database and each device acting as a redundant copy for maximum data protection.
Differential effects of the antianginal drug nicorandil on canine arteries and veins.

Summary Nicorandil, a potent coronary vasorelaxant used in the treatment of angina, has differential effects on arteries and veins in vivo. To explain this phenomenon, experiments were designed to characterize the relaxant and inhibitory actions of this compound on canine isolated arteries and veins. Paired rings of canine coronary, femoral, and saphenous arteries and saphenous veins were suspended at optimal length for isometric tension recording in organ chambers containing physiologic salt solution at 37°C and gassed with 95% 02-5% CO2. In certain experiments, one ring of each pair was denuded of the endothelium. Removal of the endothelium did not affect nicorandil-induced relaxations of contracted blood vessels. Nicorandil exerted a differential relaxant effect on arteries and veins contracted with KC1 (order of potency: saphenous vein > coronary artery > femoral artery). No difference in sensitivity to nicorandil was observed in arteries and veins contracted with prostaglandin F2α. Contractions of saphenous arteries and veins to nor-epinephrine (NE) were equally sensitive to the inhibitory action of nicorandil. However, contractions of saphenous veins induced by sympathetic nerve stimulation were more sensitive to nicorandil than were contractions of saphenous arteries. Furthermore, nicorandil did not affect contractions to phenylephrine in saphenous veins, although contractions to B-HT 920 were virtually abolished by the compound. Saphenous veins contracted with St 587 were more sensitive to the relaxant action of nicorandil than when contracted with phenylephrine. These results suggest that nicorandil inhibits preferentially con-tractions of canine arteries and veins mediated by α2 rather than α-adrenoceptors. This selectivity of action may be conferred by a differential receptor reserve and/or receptor coupling efficiency between the a-adrenoceptor subtypes for contractile agonists.
Lipid modifying therapy and aortic wall thickness regression by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): the plaque follow up study by the National Institute of Aging (NIA)

Methods 114 participants age >65 years were enrolled in a double blinded randomized trial as part of the NIA Plaque study. Participants were randomly assigned to two treatment groups; one receiving simvastatin and niacin and other receiving simvastatin and placebo. Baseline MRI was performed on all participants using a 1.5-Tesla scanner. Follow-up MRI exams were done every 6 months for 18 months. Axial images of 3 segments of the thoracic aorta (ascending, arch and descending) were obtained using a double inversion recovery black blood fast spin-echo sequence with ECG-gating. 0.1 mmol/kg of gadodiamide contrast was given intravenously. Post contrast T1weighted images were used to evaluate the changes in vessel wall thickness and lumen diameter over the course of lipid therapy. Paired t test and multivariable regression were used for data analyses.
Chemically cross-linkable polyimide membranes for improved transport plasticization resistance for natural gas separation

Abstract A series of cross-linkable membrane materials based on the 6FDA-DAM:DABA (3:2) polyimide with enhanced transport plasticization resistance were synthesized to separate CO2 from CH4. Glycidol was used as a cross-linking agent to modify 6FDA-DAM:DABA (3:2) efficiently and form a transesterification reaction-based cross-linking. The conversion was calculated by solution 1H NMR. These materials were also characterized via density, glass transition temperature, permeation, and sorption measurements. Pure (CO2, CH4) and mixed gas (CO2/CH4) permeation was studied on dense films of these materials up to 700 psia (1000 psia) for pure CO2 (50%:50% CO2:CH4 mixed gas) feed. Compared to the 6FDA-DAM:DABA (3:2) membrane, CO2-induced plasticization resistance for cross-linked membranes was enhanced in aggressive feed streams. Under CO2 feed conditions at 35 °C, plasticization for the 41% glycidol-modified cross-linked membrane was not observed up to approximately 450 psia. Glycidol-induced cross-linking offers an excellent balance of selectivity, permeability, and plasticization resistance. The glycidol-modified 6FDA-DAM:DABA (3:2) is competitive with the earlier reported 1,3-propanediol modified materials. Possible issues such as resistance to contaminants may be final determinants in choice of approach; however, this topic was beyond the scope of the current study.
XXXIX. Determination of v, the ratio of the electromagnetic to the electrostatic unit

(1889). XXXIX. Determination of v, the ratio of the electromagnetic to the electrostatic unit. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 28, No. 173, pp. 315-332.
Xeroderma Pigmentosum Variants: Influence of Temperature on Dna Repair

Three forms of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) are currently known: the common form, the de Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome with neurologic involvement, and the XP variant. The first two forms are associated with a reduced capacity of cells to perform excision repair of ultraviolet (UV) damage to DNA. The XP variant clinically resembles the other forms of XP, but cells from these patients have a normal response to UV light when measured at 37°C. Fibroblasts from a patient with the variant type of XP were tested to see if they were still similar to normal cells a reduced temperature. The XP variant was found to be indistinguishable from normal cells, and both carried out similar amounts of DNA repair. This form of XP, then, should be regarded as quite distinct from the other two major forms and probably has an etiology that does not involve a defect in DNA repair.
Sex differences in outcomes of sinus surgery.

Purpose: Sex has been demonstrated to affect outcome in many diseases. Our current aim is to investigate the relationship between sex and outcomes of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Methods: Forty-four males and 73 females undergoing ESS for CRS with a mean follow-up of 1.4 years were evaluated prospectively. Computed tomography (CT), endoscopy, and quality of life (QOL) assessment was performed. Univariate analyses were performed to evaluate whether sex was predictive of outcome. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate sex association with patient factors predictive of outcome. Results: Although no sex differences in CT and endoscopy were observed (CT, P = .107 and endoscopy, P > .1), females consistently scored worse than males on disease-specific QOL pre- and postoperatively. Importantly, there was no effect of sex on improvement/change scores for the QOL instruments. Predictive Models and Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis: Sex was not found to be predictive of QOL or endoscopic outcome. Female sex was, however, associated with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) intolerance and depression, both factors that have been associated with poorer outcome. Conclusion: Despite similarities in objective disease measures, females report significantly worse QOL scores pre- and postoperatively. Postoperative improvement did not differ by sex, nor was sex predictive of postoperative outcome. Sex differences in QOL reflect sex differences in ASA intolerance and depression, both more prevalent in females.
The Dye 3 gas and aerosol sampling program (DGASP): An overview

DGASP was designed as an international effort to study the processes influencing chemical species that eventually reach the deep ice in the south of Greenland. These processes include long-range atmospheric transport, wet and dry deposition to the snow surface, and changes during aging of the snow. The program took place during August 1988–July 1989. Experimental work included sampling of aerosols and gases, collection of fresh and older surface snow, and sampling of snowpits. The various samples were analysed for chemical species that are tracers of specific sources categories. Results of the program show that the southern Greenland Ice Sheet experiences very different airborne concentration patterns than sea-level arctic sites. Concentrations of SO42−, trace metals, and other species are episodic and peak in April, unlike the consistently high concentrations during January–April seen at lower elevations. Source regions influencing Dye 3 are variable, and include North America, western Europe, and the Arctic Basin. The last region is particularly important, as it may contain relatively high concentrations of chemical constituents from eastern Europe and western Asia that eventually reach Dye 3. The seasonal variations in airborne concentrations are generally also reflected in fresh snow. Similarly, these patterns are seen in snowpits, although some modifications to the glacial record are apparent. Other information on the extent of riming, aerosol/gas partitioning, and aerosol size distributions demonstrate the complexity of air-snow transfer processes, and illustrate the need for further research.
The crystallization of beef heart mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase.

Abstract Conditions are described under which crystals are formed with the ATPase enzyme from beef heart mitochondria. Enzyme activity is retained during the crystallization process. Some unit cell parameters have been determined by electron microscopy of negatively stained crystals; comparison with the unit cell of crystalline matrix inclusions indicates that such inclusions could be ATPase crystals.