cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anemia of prematurity: Determinants of the erythropoietin response

This study was undertaken to determine the factors that are important in determining the erythropoietin response in low-birth-weight infants during the period of so-called anemia of prematurity. In the first weeks of life oxygen consumption in a group of 21 infants gradually increased as hemoglobin level fell. The magnitude of the erythropoietin response inversely varied with the central venous oxygen tension (P-vO2) (r = -0.55, P less than 0.001). When the P-vO2 declined to less than 30 torr, erythropoietin values were uniformly increased above the "normal" range (defined as the values associated with P-vO2 greater than 38 torr). Erythropoietin values varied inversely with hemoglobin but in general did not exceed the values observed for normal adult men. The erythropoietin values in the infants were remarkably lower at any given hemoglobin level when compared with those of older children with anemia resulting from bone marrow failure. In general, elevations of erythropoietin were seen when the hemoglobin concentration declined to less than 10.0 gm/dl. Change in heart rate did not appear to be a reliable indicator of the presence of anemia; rather, it correlated best with oxygen consumption.
Estimation of parameters for the Grice theory of simple reaction time

Abstract The variable-criterion theory of simple reaction times proposed by G. R. Grice is briefly summarized. Grice's method of parameter estimation is described, and it is shown how these procedures can be converted to a least-squares estimation. Finally, the likelihood function is derived from the theory, thereby permitting use of the method of maximum likelihood for estimating the Grice parameters in experiments of simple reaction times.
The changes in leaf reflectance of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) seedlings in response to heavy metal stress

Abstract The effects of heavy metal stress on leaf reflectance of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) seedlings were examined. Sugar maple seedlings treated with anomalous amounts of heavy metals in the rooting medium exhibited an increased leaf reflectance over the entire range of investigated wavelengths, from 475 to 1650 nm. These results conform to those of a previous investigation in the visible wavelengths from 475 to 660 nm, but tend to contradict the previous study in the near infrared wavelengths from 1000 to 1650 nm. The differences may possibly be due to different water regimes in the two investigations.
Against Formal Phonology

Chomsky and Halle (1968) and many formal linguists rely on the notion of a universally available phonetic space defined in discrete time. This assumption plays a central role in phonological theory. Discreteness at the phonetic level guarantees the discreteness of all other levels of language. But decades of phonetics research demonstrate that there exists no universal inventory of phonetic objects. We discuss three kinds of evidence: first, phonologies differ incommensurably. Second, some phonetic characteristics of languages depend on intrinsically temporal patterns, and, third, some linguistic sound categories within a language are different from each other despite a high degree of overlap that precludes distinctness. Linguistics has mistakenly presumed that speech can always be spelled with letter-like tokens. A variety of implications of these conclusions for research in phonology are discussed.
Trace states and KMS states for approximately inner dynamical one-parameter groups of *-automorphisms

The usual definition of approximately inner one-parameter groups of *-automorphisms ofC*-algebras (approximately inner dynamical one-parameter groups) contains a slight asymmetry. When this asymmetry is “corrected”, we show that if an approximately inner dynamical one-parameter group hasKMS states forone value of inverse temperature β=1/kT, then it hasKMS states for all values of β. By the Powers-Sakai Theorem it is enough to show that there is a trace state. We obtain a trace state as a limit of a sequence of “vector states” with respect to a givenKMS state and thus solve a problem raised in [6].
The effect of mannose6-phosphate on the turnover of cell surface glycosaminoglycans

Abstract Human fibroblasts (SL66) were cultured in medium containing 35 SO 4 2− to label the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). After washing, the labeled cells were chased in the presence or absence of mannose6-phosphate (M6P) and the GAGs were analyzed in terms of three arbitrary fractions: 1. 1, Extracellular (soluble medium), 35S radioactivity higher in cultures without M6P than in cultures with M6P. 2. 2, Pericellular (cell surface-associated), 35S radioactivity lower in cultures without M6P than in cultures with M6P. 3. 3, Intracellular (residue within the intact cell), no difference in 35S radioactivity between the two sets of cultures. In addition, when the 35S-labeled GAGs from corresponding cellular compartments derived from cultures with and without M6P were digested with pronase and chondroitin ABC lyase, and then compared by chromatography on Sepharose CL-6B, distinct molecular differences in both the extracellular and pericellular fractions were observed. Several lines of evidence indicate that the effect of M6P on the turnover of 35S-labeled GAGs in our assay system reflects disruption of cell surface lysosomal enzyme activity. For example, when the experiment was performed with I cells, which lack enzymes carrying the M6P marker, no difference was seen in cultures with or without M6P. The addition of lysosomal enzymes derived from normal human fibroblasts to 35SO4-labeled I cells, however, resulted in the turnover of pericellular GAGs and this effect was inhibited by M6P. These results suggest that one possible function of cell surface receptors recognizing the M6P moiety of lysosomal enzymes is to anchor certain of these enzymes proximate to their substrates at the cell surface.
On square‐gradient theories of polymer blend interfaces

A study is conducted on the square−gradient theories of polymer blend interfaces.Polymer blend exhibits a phase transition at a critical value of the interaction parameter. (AIP)
Flaw tolerance in ceramics with rising crack resistance characteristics

The stabilizing influence of increasing toughness with crack size associated with a cumulative closure-stress process (R-curve, orT-curve) on the strength properties of brittle ceramic materials is analysed. Three strength-controlling flaw types are examined in quantitative detail: microcracks with closure-stress history through both the initial formation and the extension in subsequent strength testing; microcracks with closure stresses active only during the subsequent extension; spherical pores. Using a polycrystalline alumina with pronouncedT-curve behaviour as a case study, it is demonstrated that the strength is insensitive to a greater or lesser extent on the initial size of the flaw, i.e. the material exhibits the quality of “flaw tolerance”. This insensitivity is particularly striking for the flaws with full closure-stress history, with virtually total independence on initial size up to some 100μm; for the flaws with only post-evolutionary exposure to the closure elements the effect is less dramatic, but the strength characteristics are nevertheless significantly more insensitive to initial flaw size than their counterparts for materials with single-value toughnesses. The implications of these results to engineering design methodologies, as expressed in conventionalR-curve constructions, and to processing strategies for tailoring materials with optimal crack resistance properties, are discussed.
Adsorption equilibrium of proteins on a dye-ligand adsorbent

The effects of pH and ionic strength on adsorption of lysozyme and bovine serum albumin to Blue Sepharose have been studied. Isotherms for both proteins obey the Freundlich model. Lysozyme binding involves both hydrophobic and cation exchange interactions with the adsorbent, while binding of albumin is due primarily to cation exchange. Protein properties will be discussed in relation to the binding patterns.
The Xbox One System on a Chip and Kinect Sensor

The system on a chip (SoC) at the heart of the Xbox One entertainment console is one of the largest consumer designs to date, with five billion transistors. The Xbox One Kinect image sensor uses time-of-flight technology to provide high-resolution, low-latency, lighting-independent 3D image sensing. Together, Kinect and the SoC provide unique voice and gesture interaction with high-performance games and other entertainment applications.
The Measurement of Consumption: A Comparison of Surveys and Diaries

The authors link consumers’ consumption behavior as reported by a 24-hour recall method and two-day diaries for 39 different food groups. Both frequency of ingestion and average serving size are co...
Coronary computed tomographic angiography for preoperative risk: improved area under curve is not enough.

The past several years have been a tumultuous and humbling time for those of us who manage and study perioperative patients. Not long ago, preoperative cardiac testing was almost routine, and large numbers of patients were treated with prophylactic coronary revascularization and β-blockers. However, few fields in medicine have experienced the seismic shifts seen in recommendations surrounding perioperative care, as recent randomized trials and registry studies1 have prompted us to be far more cautious in thinking about how and when to test and treat preoperative patients. See Article by Hwang et al In this issue of Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging , Hwang et al2 examined 844 consecutive patients referred for coronary computed tomographic angiography (CTA) to screen for coronary artery disease before noncardiac surgery. Included patients had >1 cardiovascular risk factor or used cardiovascular medications, whereas patients with contraindications to computed tomography or previous coronary revascularization were excluded. A clinical score, the revised cardiac risk index, was compared with the revised cardiac risk index plus coronary CTA for prediction of perioperative major cardiac events, defined as cardiac death, myocardial infarction, or pulmonary edema within 30 days. Events occurred in 25 patients (3.0%), with mortality in only 9 patients (1.0%). On receiver–operator curve analysis, the presence of significant coronary artery disease on CTA as measured …
Synthesis of α-, β-, and γ-Ketophosphonate Polymer-Supported Reagents: The Role of Intra-ligand Cooperation in the Complexation of Metal Ions

Bifunctional ligands, viz., α-, β-, and γ-ketophosphonic acids, wherein a carbonyl group is systematically separated from a phosphoryl group with methylene moieties, have been immobilized on cross-linked polystyrene beads via the Arbusov and Perkow reactions. Studies with Eu(III), Cu(II), Pb(II), Cd(II), Co(II), and Ag(I) in various acid solutions show that under conditions where coordination is the dominant mode of metal ion sorption, the α-ketophosphonate complexes greater levels of metal ions than the β-ketophosphonate and both complex far greater levels of ions than the γ-ketophosphonate. The latter performs in a manner comparable to the monofunctional phosphonic acid resin. The results are consistent with intra-ligand cooperation being an important factor in the design of polymer-supported reagents for the complexation of high levels of metal ions.
The natural history of idiopathic toe‐walking: a long‐term follow‐up of fourteen conservatively treated children

Aim: To determine the long-term results after conservative treatment (physiotherapy, casting, orthoses, or a combination of these) of idiopathic toe-walking (ITW). Methods: Tiptoe-walking is diagnosed as idiopathic (habitual) if no signs of neurological, orthopaedic, or psychiatric disease are detected. The diagnosis is one of exclusion. Sixteen former patients with ITW, all now at least 13 y old, were asked to participate in a follow-up investigation 7–21 y after being first diagnosed. Two cases were excluded because heel-cord lengthening had been performed later on in other hospitals. The remaining 14 patients completed a questionnaire. Eleven patients consented to a clinical examination, during which they were videotaped and their active and passive ankle-joint dorsiflexion measured. These data were compared with the assessment at the initial evaluation. In one instance, the toe-walking ceased after conservative treatment (plaster cast). In all other cases the toe-walking pattern recurred. Results: At follow-up three patients showed some toe-walking when they were unobtrusively observed. When videotaped, they did not toe-walk, although a distinct heel-strike was missing. The remaining eight patients all walked with a heel-strike. Two patients had slight symptoms possibly related to toe-walking. No fixed contracture was present at the first evaluation, and none was found at follow-up. There was no systematic change in ankle-joint dorsiflexion from initial assessment to follow-up examination. Conclusion: Non-surgical treatment of ITW does not have a lasting effect and the long-term results in this study are considered to reflect the natural history, i.e. the toe-walking pattern eventually resolves spontaneously in the majority of children. Surgical treatment of ITW should be reserved for the few cases with a fixed ankle-joint contracture.
Fluoromethacrylate-Containing Colloidal Dispersions: Phospholipid-Assisted Synthesis, Particle Morphology, and Temperature-Responsive Stratification

Because of unique properties of fluoropolymers, F-containing water dispersible colloidal dispersions continue to be of great interest and represent significant scientific challenges. These studies focus on the development and understanding of morphologies of F-containing colloidal particles synthesized in an aqueous phase in the presence of bioactive dispersing agents. When methyl methacrylate (MMA), n-butyl acrylate (n-BA), and heptadecafluorodecyl methacrylate (FMA) monomers are copolymerized in an aqueous phase, in the presence of phospholipids (PL), nonspherical particle morphologies are obtained. Their morphologies depend upon MMA/nBA ratios and lead to significantly different coalescence mechanisms and consequently surface properties. For higher MMA content, the particles are spherical, but at higher nBA contents, nonspherical morphologies are produced. This behavior is attributed to monomer starved conditions and the differences in reactivity ratios which forces copolymerization of FMA on the surfa...
Hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy and hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies Two distinct genetic disorders

Hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy with predilection for the brachial plexus (HNA) and hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) are autosomal dominant disorders associated with episodic, recurrent brachial neuropathies. HNPP is associated with a deletion or abnormal structure of the PMP22 gene on chromosome 17p11.2-12. The genetic locus for HNA is unknown. To address the possibility that HNPP and HNA might be identical disorders or allelic variations at the same locus, we investigated three HNA pedigrees with markers from the HNPP region. We did not find the 17p11.2-12 deletion associated with HNPP, nor an abnormality in PMP22 structure with HNA. This analysis provides genetic evidence, in addition to that suggested by the clinical, electrophysiologic, and pathologic differences, that HNA and HNPP are distinct disorders.
Retinal pigment epithelial cells produce PDGF-like proteins and secrete them into their media☆

Human retinal pigment epithelial cells at confluence were used to condition serum-free Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium. Conditioned media were exhaustively dialyzed against 0.5 N acetic acid, lyophilized, and subjected to Western blot analysis, using as primary antibody an IgG fraction prepared from goat antiserum directed against human platelet-derived growth factor. Native platelet-derived growth factor was resolved as a band with Mr of 30 kDa under non-reducing conditions, while bands with Mr of 36-38 kDa and 18.5 kDa were resolved from retinal pigment epithelial cell-conditioned media. Acid extracts of retinal pigment epithelial cells also contained bands at 36-38 kDa and media conditioned for 48 hr exhibited much denser bands than media conditioned for 24 hr. No bands were detected when non-immune goat IgG fractions were substituted for primary antibody and when conditioned media were prepared from several human fibroblast lines in the same manner as those prepared from retinal pigment epithelial cells, no detectable bands or only a faint shadow at 36 kDa were seen. Retinal pigment epithelial cell-conditioned media prepared in the presence of [35S]methionine were loaded on an anti-platelet-derived growth factor IgG affinity column, eluted, and subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Bands with Mr slightly less than 36 kDa and 18 kDa were visualized by autoradiography, demonstrating that the platelet-derived growth factor-like proteins in retinal pigment epithelial cell-conditioned media are newly synthesized. Two fractions eluted from the column also markedly stimulated fibroblast chemotaxis and incorporation of [3H]thymidine, both of which were neutralized by soluble anti-platelet-derived growth factor IgG. These data suggest that retinal pigment epithelial cells in culture produce platelet-derived growth factor-like proteins and secrete them into their media where they are capable of stimulating fibroblast chemotaxis and proliferation.
Going further than Lipinski's rule in drug design

Introduction: Lipinski's 1997 publication of the ‘Rule of 5’ (Ro5) was one of the most influential recent medicinal chemistry publications. In the almost 15 years since the publication of the original Ro5 paper, multiple groups have refined and expanded on the Ro5 and proposed additional heuristics to guide medicinal chemistry programs. While many variations on the Ro5 have been proposed, the majority of these remain close to the original guidelines proposed by Lipinski et al. Areas covered: This review provides an overview of heuristic methods for the design of drug-like molecules. The article also provides the reader with suggestions on future directions for the field. Expert opinion: While Lipinski's publication of the Ro5 and subsequent work by other authors has made medicinal chemists more aware of the relationships between physical properties and ADMET, it has hardly been a panacea. Pharmaceutical productivity continues to lag, and the industry is exploring new models to improve its output. If we ar...
The case for random access in OFDMA femtocells

Data services in current cellular networks are growing exponentially, due to the proliferation of high-end mobile devices (smartphones, tablets, ereaders) supporting ever increasing multimedia applications. Clearly, availing of new spectrum (as with 4G allocations) is a necessary part of meeting this challenge, but so are improved network architectures that achieve enhanced spatial spectral efficiency (bits per second per Hertz per area). 4G network operators are moving toward a heterogeneous architecture consisting of overlaid cells of various sizes. A variety of low-power, small-cell base stations and relays are being deployed to increase capacity around local, typically indoor hotspots. The primary concern in such scenarios is understanding the nature and impact of inter-cell interference in dense deployments of such unmanaged small cells, and arriving at solutions for its mitigation. Resource allocation in traditional wide-area cellular networks usually assume a fully loaded network (i.e. many simultaneous active users in a cell) where the system performance is insensitive to the activity of a single user. This assumption is not suitable for femtocells which are designed to serve very few (indoor) users and thus lacks the presumed traffic aggregation. This article provides a fresh look at the femtocell interference problem from a multiple access perspective. It first compares the multi-channel features inherent to OFDMA with traditional multi-channel MAC designs for wireless LANs and highlights how the ability to schedule users in both time and frequency as afforded by OFDMA, can be exploited to achieve more effective (distributed) random access. A simplified MAC model that hides the complexity of LTE protocol stack is proposed to facilitate the design and analysis of random access MAC algorithms in the context of OFDMA femtocells.
A Rare Case of Malignant Glomus Tumor of the Esophagus

Glomus tumors are rare neoplasms that usually occur on the hands in a subungual location, or sometimes in palms, wrists or soles of the feet. They are described as purple/pink tiny painful lesions with a triad of pain, local point tenderness, and cold hypersensitivity. They are almost always benign, but rare malignant variants have been reported. They have also been reported to be present at unusual locations, like the lung, stomach, or liver. Gastrointestinal glomus tumors are extremely rare tumors and very few cases have been reported in the literature. Most that have been reported were usually benign in nature. A rare esophageal glomangioma, mimicking a papilloma, was reported in 2006. We report a case of glomangiosarcoma (malignant glomus tumor) in a 49-year-old female, who presented with symptoms of dysphagia including some spasm and hoarseness and subjective unintentional weight loss. On endoscopic exam, she was found to have a distal esophageal mass with malignant features. Radiologically, the mass had a size of about 8 cm on the CT scan without evidence of metastases. Pathology and immunostaining of the biopsy showed features resembling a malignant glomus tumor. She underwent an endoscopic and laparoscopic staging of the tumor along with ultrasound. Based on the laparoscopic findings, which were consistent with the preoperative diagnosis, she was scheduled for an esophagectomy. Histopathology and immunophenotypic features of the excised mass were consistent with a diagnosis of malignant glomus tumor.
Framing virtual interactivity between government and citizens: a study of feedback systems in the Chicago Police Department

Considers the current efforts to describe the effect of Internet-based technology on interactivity between citizens and public organizations to be incomplete and poorly linked. This paper develops a model of interactivity that reflects the self-organization potential of virtual communication and the social context within which citizens and bureaucrats operate. The model helps us to identify ways in which different levels of feedback communication, e.g. e-mail, may affect both changes in organizations and communities, and the relationship between organizations and communities. A case analysis of the Chicago Police Department's (CPD) Citizen ICAM (Information Collection for Automated Mapping) is reviewed to determine the effects of feedback and the technology on the organization. We found that virtual interactivity is a complex process - more complex than typically described - that has significant effects on the structure and work processes of the CPD. We conclude by proposing a staged model of citizen-government interactivity and by identifying future research topics.
Managing currents of work: multi-tasking among multiple collaborations

This research reports on a study of the interplay between multi-tasking and collaborative work. We conducted an ethnographic study in two different companies where we observed the experiences and practices of thirty-six information workers. We observed that people continually switch between different collaborative contexts throughout their day. We refer to activities that are thematically connected as working spheres. We discovered that to multi-task and cope with the resulting fragmentation of their work, individuals constantly renew overviews of their working spheres, they strategize how to manage transitions between contexts and they maintain flexible foci among their different working spheres. We argue that system design to support collaborative work should include the notion that people are involved in multiple collaborations with contexts that change continually. System design must take into account these continual changes: people switch between local and global perspectives of their working spheres, have varying states of awareness of their different working spheres, and are continually managing transitions between contexts due to interruptions.
Microwave Absorbing Loops

Tiny conducting loops are shown to be effective absorbers of microwave radiation. Theory for a single loop is presented. Two theoretical methods are developed for a collection of loops. The first method is an effective medium approach and accounts for particle-particle interactions; a collection of loops is shown to behave as a diamagnetic medium. The second method is only applicable to loops which are relatively far apart and for which interactions are negligible. Both methods are applied to a low density loop chaff cloud and are shown to give essentially the same results. For such clouds the second method is preferred since it is computationally simpler. The first method should be useful for computation of denser compactions of loops. The chaff calculations indicate that a 30 m thick cloud of the specified loops should give more than 15 dB attenuation at 3 GHz (double microwave beam pass through the cloud as would be required for detection of a flat metal plate behind the cloud).
Coupling of growth rate and body stoichiometry in Daphnia: a role for maintenance processes?

SUMMARY 1. The growth rate hypothesis predicts positive relationships among growth rate (l), body RNA (%RNA of dry mass) and body P (%P of dry mass) contents. 2. We tested this within- and across-species by growing five species/clones of Daphnia (Daphnia magna, Daphnia pulex, Daphnia galeata and two isolates of Daphnia pulicaria) with different combinations of food quantity and stoichiometric food quality. 3. Within each species, positive correlations among l, %RNA and %P were seen and across species there was a strong association between%RNA and %P, consistent with the growth rate hypothesis. However, coupling of growth to %RNA and to %P differed for different species. In particular, the %RNA‐l and %P‐l relationships had similar slopes but considerably different y-intercepts (i.e.%P or %RNA at zero growth), with D. pulicaria and D. galeata having higher intercepts than D. magna and especially D. pulex. As a result of these displacements, the relative rankings of the species on the basis of %P and %RNA did not correspond to their rankings based on l. 4. These findings suggest that within a narrow clade (e.g. the daphnids), interspecific differences in body P content may reflect not growth rate-related RNA allocation but instead the amount of RNA required for support of maintenance processes.
Renaissance monuments to favourite sons

This essay focuses on a previously unnoticed large group of public monuments that was erected at civic expense in fifteenth-century Italy to honour Roman literary notables like Virgil, Ovid, Livy, Pliny the Elder, Pliny the Younger, Catullus and Virtruvius. All the memorials to Roman authors were civic commissions, prominently located in the public spaces of Italian Renaissance cities, either as freestanding statues in the main square, or installed on the exterior of the town hall, or even on the cathedral. Most of the sculptures were not of high artistic quality, or by famous sculptors, or in major centres of artistic production like Florence or Venice. Some never made it past the design stage. For all these reasons, they have not been integrated into the study of Renaissance art history. Consequently, art historians have not realised that some of these parochial monuments introduce important features associated with the Renaissance revival of ancient art that are usually ascribed to later, more famous sculptures. (pp. 458–486)
Genome-wide association of longitudinal volumetric MRI measurements in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Study

type 2 diabetes onMay 2008 to January 2009 at the TianjinMedical University hospital metabolic diseases. Select 40 cases of type 2 diabetes with MCI,80 cases of type 2 diabetes without MCI. The diagnosis of type 2 diabetes is according to the diagnostic criteria of WHO in 1999. The comprehensive assessment of cognitive function is carried out to each of those subjects using mini-mental state examination (MMSE), clock drawing test (CDT). The polymorphism of the Apo E genewas detected by PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). According to the clinical data such as age, course of disease, family history of diabetes, plasma glucose, plasma fat and body mass index (BMI), hypertension, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, coronary heart disease and insulin therapy, analyze the impact of Apo E allele in the pathogenesis of T2DM and MCI and the independent risk factors of T2DM and MCI by non-conditional logistic regression. Results: The frequency of Apo E e4 allele in the group of type 2 diabetes with MCI was higher than that without MCI, and the difference had statistical significance (P < 0.01). The indexes of the statistical significant difference between the two groups are age, course of disease, postprandial blood glucose (P2BG), HBA1C, BMI, family history of T2DM, Hypertension, Diabetic Retinopathy, Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy, Apo E gene. The independent risk factors included Diabetic Retinopathy, Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy, Apo E gene (OR 1⁄4 4.25, P 1⁄4 0.014), HBA1C, P2BG, age and course of disease. Conclusions: Apo E e4 allele has significant relationship with T2DM and MCI. The age, course of disease, control of plasma glucose and Microvascular Complication of diabetes have relationship with the cognitive function. So the emphasis on early and effective treatment of the T2DM patients may play an important role in the prevention of dementia.
Effects of Central Acting Drugs on Serum and Pituitary Prolactin Levels in Rats

A single intraperitoneal injection of reserpine (R), chlorpromazine (C), alphamethyl- para-tyrosine (AMPT) or alpha-methylmeta-tyrosine (AMMT) in proestrous rats produced profound elevations in serum prolactin 30 min to 4 hr after injection. R, C and AMPT decreased pituitary prolactin concentration, whereas AMMT increased it. This indicates that these 4 drugs evoked rapid release of prolactin from the pituitary, and that AMMT also elicited rapid synthesis of prolactin. The increased release of pituitary prolactin may be related to inhibition by the drugs of catecholamine activity in the hypothalamus and/or to reduced hypothalamic PIF content. A single intraperitoneal injection of dopamine (D), epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE) or serotonin (S) had no significant effect on serum prolactin levels 1 or 2 hr after injection. D, E and NE also had no effect on serum prolactin values when injected intracarotidly. The higher doses of E and D but not NE produced a small decrease in pituitary prolactin concentra...
Assessment of a dye permeability assay for determination of inactivation rates of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts.

The ability to determine inactivation rates of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in environmental samples is critical for assessing the public health hazard of this gastrointestinal parasite in watersheds. We compared a dye permeability assay, which tests the differential uptake of the fluorochromes 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and propidium iodide (PI) by the oocysts (A. T. Campbell, L. J. Robertson, and H. V. Smith, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:3488-3493, 1992), with an in vitro excystation assay, which tests their ability to excyst and, thus, their metabolic potential and potential for infectivity (J.B. Rose, H. Darbin, and C.P. Gerba, Water Sci. Technol. 20:271-276, 1988). Formaldehyde-fixed (killed) oocysts and untreated oocysts were permeabilized with sodium hypochlorite and subjected to both assays. The results of the dye permeability assays were the same, while the excystation assay showed that no excystation occurred in formaldehyde-fixed oocysts. This confirmed that oocyst wall permeability, rather than metabolic activity potential, was the basis of the dye permeability viability assessment. A previously developed protocol (L. J. Anguish and W. C. Ghiorse, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:724-733, 1997) for determining viability of oocysts in soil and sediment was used to examine further the use of oocyst permeability status as an indicator of oocyst viability in fecal material stored at 4 degrees C and in water at various temperatures. Most of the oocysts in fresh calf feces were found to be impermeable to the fluorochromes. They were also capable of excystation, as indicated by the in vitro excystation assay, and were infective, as indicated by a standard mouse infectivity assay. The dye permeability assay further showed that an increase in the intermediate population of oocysts permeable to DAPI but not to PI occurred over time. There was also a steady population of oocysts permeable to both dyes. Further experiments with purified oocysts suspended in distilled water showed that the shift in oocyst populations from impermeable to partially permeable to fully permeable was accelerated at temperatures above 4 degrees C. This sequence of oocyst permeability changes was taken as an indicator of the oocyst inactivation pathway. Using the dye permeability results, inactivation rates of oocysts in two fecal pools stored in the dark at 4 degrees C for 410 and 259 days were estimated to be 0.0040 and 0.0056 oocyst day-1, respectively. The excystation assay gave similar inactivation rates of 0.0046 and 0.0079 oocyst day-1. These results demonstrate the utility of the dye permeability assay as an indicator of potential viability and infectivity of oocysts, especially when combined with improved microscopic methods for detection of oocysts in soil, turbid water, and sediments.
Scaling Analysis for the Axial Displacement and Pressure of Flextensional Transducers

We have examined the axial displacement, Dh, and maxi- varying the thickness of the metal end cap and/or the diameter mum axial pressure, Pmax, of flextensional transducers such of the piezoelectric disk, axial displacements as high as 8% of as the moonies and the rainbows with both scaling and the thickness of the metal end cap have been achieved at the mechanical analyses. For a constant electric field E across center of the metal end cap. 3 The rainbow is an oxide piezoelecthe transducer, Dh/t ~ E/t 2 where t is the thickness of the tric disk such as lead-lanthanum-zirconate-titanate (PLZT) with rainbow or the thickness of the metal end cap of the moonie one of the two faces of the disk reduced. The cross-section view and Dh/t, the relative axial displacement. Thus, for a con- of a rainbow is schematically shown in Fig. 1(b). 2 An axial disstant voltage V across the transducer, Dh/t ~ V/t 3 .A s for placement is generated when an electric field is applied across the maximum pressure, Pmax ~ t 2 for the rainbows and the thickness of the rainbow. By varying the thickness and/or Pmax ~ wt for the moonies where t is the thickness of the the diameter of the disk, axial displacements as high as 600% rainbow or the thickness of the metal end cap of the moonie have been achieved. 2 The axial displacements of both the moonand w the thickness of the piezoelectric disk of the moonie. ies and the rainbows are orders of magnitude larger than those These predictions agree well with the experimental results of the traditional direct extensional devices. In addition, they found in the rainbows and the moonies. Our analysis exhibit strong size dependence. showed that although the rainbows and the moonies differ In view of the large axial displacements displayed by the in design and processing, the underlying physics for the two new actuators, it is of fundamental as well as practical enhancement in the axial displacement are essentially the importance to understand the underlying mechanism for the same: The nonuniform distribution of d31 through the thick- enhancement. The objective of this paper is to analyze and ness of the transducer causes the transducer to arch or compare the axial displacement and maximum axial pressure of flatten with an applied electrical field, which leads to the both the rainbows and the moonies. Our approach is to use enhancement in the axial displacement. The only difference scaling as well as mechanical analyses. Although finite-element is that, for the transducer to arch, the applied field is in the analyses have been performed for the moonies for their hydroopposite direction to the polarization in the rainbows but in phone application, 4 so far there has been no theory that analyzes the same direction as the polarization in the moonies. and compares the two devices as actuators. Our analyses show that although the moonies and the rainbows differ in design and processing, the underlying physics for the enhancement in the
A modified basal outlining algorithm for identifying topographic highs in gridded elevation data, part 2: Application to Springerville Volcanic Field

Delineating boundaries of volcanic edifices from surrounding topography is often difficult, time-consuming and subjective. For large volcanic fields, with hundreds of volcanoes, developing methods to efficiently and consistently identify and isolate volcanoes from surrounding topography is of utmost importance. Advances in technology for collecting and processing digital elevation datasets have significantly improved the spatial coverage and accuracy of digital elevation models. This study evaluates the efficacy of two automated methods, a simple closed-contouring algorithm and the newly developed extension of this method, known as the Modified Basal Outlining Algorithm (MBOA), to identify and isolate volcanic cones within the Springerville Volcanic Field in southeastern Arizona. Results from the automated methods are compared to geologically mapped cone boundaries isolated using petrographic and topographic characteristics (Condit, C., 2010. Geosphere 6, 430-443, doi:10.1130/GES00531.1). The MBOA reproduces the maximum height, area and volume for the Springerville Volcanic Field to within a few percent of the values obtained by field mapping; whereas the closed-contour algorithm systematically underestimates the size of the volcanic edifices. Cone steepness, which is often considered to reflect the integrated history of eruptive and erosional processes shaping an edifice, is found to be insensitive to method used to delineate the cone boundary. For all three methods, a negative exponential model can be used to describe the resulting height-frequency distribution of cones, with small differences in the estimated scaling parameters. Results from this study show the MBOA is an effective automated method for identifying and isolating volcanic edifices within a large volcanic field and an improvement over closed-contour algorithms.
The SLAC next linear collider source program

Summary form only given, as follows. The SLAC approach to a future e/sup +/-e/sup -/ 1-TeV linear collider, which will probably be an internationally sponsored project at the turn of the century, is a conventional 14-kilometer accelerator operating at 11.4 GHz. SLAC is on the 6th year of a program to develop 50-100 MW klystron sources for the "Next linear collider" or "NLC". The paper will trace the development of these tubes and present experimental results for solenoid-focused klystrons with output circuits of both the standing-wave and travelling-wave variety. In addition, the design of a periodically-focused permanent magnet klystron will be discussed and a tape will be shown with time-sequenced simulations of the interaction process for such a tube.
Concept and Feasibility Study of Wide Area Ubiquitous Network for Sensors and Actuators

The wide area ubiquitous network (WAUN), which is used for transmitting and receiving information for sensors and actuators, is proposed and the feasibility study of a new wireless network for the WAUN is described. The WAUN is designed to satisfy the requirements of many new applications using sensors and actuators, which are wirelessly connected to the IP network. One of the basic requirements for the wireless system of the WAUN is wide coverage larger than several km with low wireless terminal output power of 10 mW To meet this requirement, an experimental wireless system, which uses a powerful FEC and the diversity technique, for use in WAUNs is designed, and its feasibility is evaluated by field experiments. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the WAUN. That is, the 10 mW transmission power wireless terminal communicates with the access point (base station) 5 km away
Technology and Monitoring Patients at the Bedside

Hospital technology has aggressively improved over the past 50 years. With the primary intent of making health care more efficient and safer, the bedside nurse has been impacted by all of these changes. The growth and utilization of point-of-care testing, automated dispensing systems, electronic medication records, electronic health records, mobile and digital radiography, and computerized provider order entry have continued to foster the growth of Nursing autonomy and the expectation of nurses' critical thinking. The usability and utility of these advancing technologies are key components to end-user satisfaction and ultimately the adoption of the technology by the bedside nurse.
Networked control systems with norm bounded uncertainties: a stability analysis

In this paper, we consider a robust networked control problem. We consider linear unstable and uncertain discrete time plants with networks between the sensors and controller as well as the controller and plant. We investigate two defining characteristics of networked control systems and the impact uncertainty has on these. Namely, the minimum data rates required for the two networks and the tolerable data drop out in the form of packet losses. We are able to derive sufficient conditions in terms of the minimum data rate and minimum packet arrival rate to ensure stability of the closed loop system.
Dependence of cathepsin L-induced coronary endothelial dysfunction upon activation of NAD(P)H oxidase.

article i nfo Cathepsin L is a cysteine protease that can generate endogenous endostatin in vascular and epithelial basement membranes and importantly participates in a variety of pathophysiological processes. The present study was designed to determine whether this cathepsin L-derived endogenous endostatin alters endothelium-dependent vasodilator responses in coronary arteries via NAD(P)H oxidase activation. In isolated and perfused small bovine coronary arteries, administration of cathepsin L (200 ng/ml) markedly attenuated endothelium-dependent vasodilator responses to bradykinin or A23187 by 56.16±9.58% and 68.95±10.32%, respectively. This inhibitory effect of cathepsin L on endothelium-dependent vasodilator responses could be significantly reversed by pre-incubation of the arteries with O2 − scavenger, Tiron, or neutralizing anti-endostatin antibody. By fluorescent ELISA assay, cathepsin L dose-dependently increased endostatin production in coronary arteries. In situ high-speed dual wavelength switching fluorescent microscopic imaging showed that cathepsin L decreased bradykinin- and A23187-induced NO levels in the intact endothelium, but it had no effect on Ca 2+ response to these vasodilators. This cathepsin L-induced reduction of NO was restored by the pretreatment of an anti-endostatin antibody. Electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis demonstrated that cathepsin L increased O2 − production which could be markedly attenuated by the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitors, apocynin or anti-endostatin antibody. It is concluded that endostatin could be endogenously produced in coronary arteries when cathepsin L is increased and that this cathepsin L-derived endostatin, if excessive, may result in endothelial dysfunction through enhanced production of O2 −
Development of micropackage technology for biomedical implantable microdevices using parylene C as water vapor barrier coatings

This paper presents a study on micro package technology using conformal coating of parylene C as nonhermetic packaging material for implantable biomedical devices. Different thicknesses (2–25 µm) of parylene C were coated on patterned two electrode PCB test board for electrical performance measurement. Experiments were carried out in 85 °C salient solutions for accelerated testing. Test results on survive life will be presented, which serves as a baseline for minimum coating thickness of implantable biomedical devices. Water vapor transmissions (WVT) through parylene C thin films combined with additional oxide/nitride coatings to form multilayer vapor barrier films were also evaluated. Test results show that multilayered coating approach has improved the WVT rate by a factor of 54.7%, compared with a single parylene C coating during 24 hours test period.
Antibody Microarray for E. coli O157:H7 and Shiga Toxin in Microtiter Plates

Antibody microarray is a powerful analytical technique because of its inherent ability to simultaneously discriminate and measure numerous analytes, therefore making the technique conducive to both the multiplexed detection and identification of bacterial analytes (i.e., whole cells, as well as associated metabolites and/or toxins). We developed a sandwich fluorescent immunoassay combined with a high-throughput, multiwell plate microarray detection format. Inexpensive polystyrene plates were employed containing passively adsorbed, array-printed capture antibodies. During sample reaction, centrifugation was the only strategy found to significantly improve capture, and hence detection, of bacteria (pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7) to planar capture surfaces containing printed antibodies. Whereas several other sample incubation techniques (e.g., static vs. agitation) had minimal effect. Immobilized bacteria were labeled with a red-orange-fluorescent dye (Alexa Fluor 555) conjugated antibody to allow for quantitative detection of the captured bacteria with a laser scanner. Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1) could be simultaneously detected along with the cells, but none of the agitation techniques employed during incubation improved detection of the relatively small biomolecule. Under optimal conditions, the assay had demonstrated limits of detection of ~5.8 × 105 cells/mL and 110 ng/mL for E. coli O157:H7 and Stx1, respectively, in a ~75 min total assay time.