cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Keynote talk #3: The physics and mathematics of cellular wireless propagation

The objective of this presentation is to illustrate that an electromagnetic macro modeling can properly predict the path loss exponent in a mobile cellular wireless communication. This represents the variation of the path loss with distance from the base station antenna. Specifically, we illustrate that the path loss exponent in a cellular wireless communication is three preceded by a slow fading region and followed by the fringe region where the path loss exponent is four. The size of these regions is determined on the heights of the base station transmitting antennas and the receiving antennas. Theoretically this is illustrated through the analysis of radiation from a vertical electric dipole situated over a horizontal imperfect ground plane as first considered by Sommerfeld in 1909. To start with, the exact analysis of radiation from the dipole is made using the Sommerfeld formulation. The semiinfinite integrals encountered in this formulation are evaluated using a modified saddle point method for field points moderate to far distances away from the source point to predict the appropriate path loss exponents. In addition, Okumura's experimental data and extensive data taken from seven different base stations in urban environments at two different frequencies will validate the theory. Experimental data reveal that a macro modeling of the environment using an appropriate electromagnetic analysis can accurately predict the path loss exponent for the propagation of radio waves in a cellular wireless communication scenario. It is also shown that an electromagnetic macro modeling of the environment can provide simulation results comparable to the data as one would obtain in an actual drive test measurement for a cellular environment. The input parameters for the electromagnetic model can be generated using only the physical parameters of the environment like the height of the transmitting and receiving antennas over the ground, their tilts toward the ground, and the electrical parameters of the ground. Such analysis can provide realistic plots for the received power versus separation distance between the receiving and the transmitting base station antennas. The novelty of the electromagnetic analysis technique proposed in this paper lies in its ability to match the simulation and measurement results without any statistical or empirical curve fitting or an adhoc choice of a reference distance. This illustration is made using real data measured for cellular networks in western India and Srilanka.
A word processor optimized for preparing journal articles and student papers

A new Windows-based word processor for preparing journal articles and student papers is described. In addition to standard features found in word processors, the present word processor provides specific help in preparing manuscripts. Clicking on “Reference Help (APA Form)” in the “File” menu provides a detailed help system for entering the references in a journal article. Clicking on “Examples and Explanations of APA Form” provides a help system with examples of the various sections of a review article, journal article that has one experiment, or journal article that has two or more experiments. The word processor can automatically place the manuscript page header and page number at the top of each page using the form required by APA and Psychonomic Society journals. The ]ldAPA Form]rd submenu of the “Help” menu provides detailed information about how the word processor is optimized for preparing articles and papers.
NMR Applied to Materials Analysis

The need for high-performance materials in industrial settings, in the home, and in military applications has led to an explosion of research directed towards the creation of new materials. Scientists are being asked to develop materials that can withstand hostile environments such as high temperature, mechanical stress, or the presence of corrosive agents. Other efforts have been focused on creating catalysts to direct reactions selectively and give products in high yield. In some cases, substances must display high strength and modulus, yet retain a light weight. Still other applications require unique optical or electrical properties, such as high conductivity, insulating capacity, or large nonlinearity in the optical response. These properties depend upon the microstructure of the material. Of particular importance are chemical composition, preferential orientation of molecules, size of domains, sample heterogeneity, and motional properties of the substance or molecules contained within.
Teaching of Hypnosis in the Overall Approach to the Surgical Patient

Abstract The anesthesiologist can make the hospital — and especially the surgical experience of patients more pleasant and safe by the use of hypnosis and hypnotic techniques. The preoperative visit is used to induce trance, formal or more often informally, and to explain to the patient in detail the happenings and procedures of the day of operation. A method of teaching a course in hypnosis is presented, outlining the contents of twelve teaching sessions. The author believes every physician should be able to use hypnotic techniques and suggests the inclusion of the teaching of hypnosis and hypnotic techniques in accredited residency training programs.
Marketing ethics and the techniques of neutralization

The need for conceptual work in marketing ethics is addressed by examining the five techniques of neutralization as a means for partially explaining “unethical” behaviors by marketing practitioners. These techniques are often used by individuals to lessen the possible impact of norm-violating behaviors upon their self-concept and their social relationships. Borrowed from the social disorganization and deviance literature, the five techniques of neutralization are: (1) denial of responsibility, (2) denial of injury, (3) denial of victim, (4) condemning the condemners and (5) appeal to higher loyalties. Examples of marketing professionals using each of the five techniques are given, and a conceptual model linking the techniques of neutralization with “unethical” behavior is presented. Finally, relevant research questions are offered for consideration.
Experimental Results of Bremsstrahlung Shielding from Dielectric Trapping with the Use of Tl-204

A method is described for investigating the effects on bremsstrahlung of charge buildup in a dielectric from betas emitted by a radionuclide. Data is also reported of bremsstrahlung attenuation as a function of days of irradiation with point of maximum attenuation depending on magnitude of charge current. Cyclic behavior is indicated. Effects of charge buildup in dielectric on bremsstrahlung have applications as shielding against radiations from energetic electrons.
Bridging the work/social divide: the emotional response to organizational social networking sites

Organizations seem to be split on their policies governing social networking sites (SNSs) in the workplace. Recent surveys indicate that while many organizations severely restrict or ban SNSs (i.e., Facebook and Twitter) at work, a large majority are actively using, or evaluating the use of SNSs. The purpose of this study is to investigate the implementation of an internal SNS designed to help a large financial institution's IT new hire program. On the basis of a case study informed by boundary theory and the theory of positive emotions, the research describes the SNS, its uses and how it impacted both the employees and the organization. We found that SNSs blur the boundary between work life and social life and that this boundary blurring creates positive emotions for the employees that use the system. These emotions create personal resources, which then have organizational impacts. While some of the non-users of the system, the IT middle managers, experienced isolation, frustration and resentment, the executives overseeing this SNS attribute improved morale, better employee engagement and even reduced employee turnover to the internal SNS.
Constraining anisotropic baryon oscillations

We present an analysis of anisotropic baryon acoustic oscillations and elucidate how a mis-estimation of the cosmology, which leads to incorrect values of the angular diameter distance, d{sub A}, and Hubble parameter, H, manifest themselves in changes to the monopole and quadrupole power spectrum of biased tracers of the density field. Previous work has focused on the monopole power spectrum, and shown that the isotropic dilation combination d{sub A}{sup 2}H{sup -1} is robustly constrained by an overall shift in the scale of the baryon feature. We extend this by demonstrating that the quadrupole power spectrum is sensitive to an anisotropic warping mode d{sub A}H, allowing one to break the degeneracy between d{sub A} and H. We describe a method for measuring this warping, explicitly marginalizing over the form of redshift-space distortions. We verify this method on N-body simulations and estimate that d{sub A}H can be measured with a fractional accuracy of {approx}(3/{radical}(V))% where the survey volume is estimated in h{sup -3} Gpc{sup 3}.
The public/private mix in the funding and delivery of health services: An international survey

Two recently published international surveys show that industrialized Western countries with the greatest government funding and administration of health services have the greatest population coverage and the lowest administrative costs. Countries with central government administration and fiscal controls have the greatest ability to control health care expenditures. Current United States focus on the private sector may be misplaced.
The effects of oxygen concentration on neuraminidase production by type III group B streptococci

Neuraminidase production has been found to vary among individual strains of type III group B streptococci (GBS). The production of neuraminidase has been shown to be affected by different environmental factors. In this study, oxygen concentration was found to influence the amount of enzyme produced. The effect of oxygen on enzyme production was examined in a highneuraminidase-producing strain and a low-neuraminidase-producing strain. With the batch culture technique, the following trend of neuraminidase production was observed: Maximum enzyme production occurred at oxygen concentrations of 5% and 10%, intermediate production occurred at 0%, and lowest production occurred at 15% and 20%. Continuous culture technique confirmed these findings at 5% and 15% oxygen concentrations. Since neuraminidase is believed to be a virulence factor in GBS syndrome in neonates, it is possible that maximum enzyme production may occur at oxygen levels similar to those found in neonatal blood.
Purification and immunological characterization of a recombinant trimethylflavonol 3′-o-methyltransferase

Abstract A flavonol O -methyltransferase cDNA clone (p F3′OMT ) from Chrysosplenium americanum was expressed in Escherichia coli Top 10 and the recombinant protein was purified to near homogeneity by affinity chromatography on chelation resin and gel filtration on Superose 12 columns. The purified protein was enzymatically active as a 42 kDa monomer and exhibited strict specificity for position 3′ of 3,7,4′-trimethylquercetin. It did not accept the mono- or dimethyl analogs, the parent aglycone quercetin or the phenylpropanoids, caffeic and 5-hydroxyferulic acids as substrates; thus indicating its involvement in the later steps of polymethylated flavonol synthesis in this plant. The K m values of the enzyme for 3,7,4′-trimethylquercetin as substrate and S -adenosyl- l -methionine as co-substrate were 7.2 and 20 μ M, respectively. The enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by both Ni 2+ and ρ -chloromercuribenzoate and was restored by the addition of EDTA or β -mercaptoethanol, respectively. Antibodies raised against the F3′OMT recombinant protein recognized a protein band migrating at the expected molecular mass of the enzyme on SDS-polyacrylamide gels of protein extracts prepared from various sources. This implies a high degree of structural similarity among these enzymes that is also corroborated by their hydropathy profiles.
The Power of Place: Tourism Development in Costa Rica

Abstract In this paper, I question how representations of tourist destinations color and are colored by development. Presenting the results of ethnographic fieldwork conducted on the southern Caribbean coast of Costa Rica, I find that the authenticity of portrayals of place is important not for its veracity, but for the social work it performs. Authenticity is not merely socially constructed but expressive of social relations which value people and places. Tourist perceptions of the caribe sur as genuinely underdeveloped—gauged by an analysis of photos and guidebooks as well as surveys—produce an approach to resource use within the community that is limiting. Because the value of the place is its underdevelopment, development itself constrains the possibility of sustaining further growth. Ultimately, reading development via place can be a guide for critically appreciating contemporary patterns of tourism and sustainable development in the caribe sur and elsewhere.
Using next-generation RNA sequencing to identify imprinted genes

Genomic imprinting is manifested as differential allelic expression (DAE) depending on the parent-of-origin. The most direct way to identify imprinted genes is to directly score the DAE in a context where one can identify which parent transmitted each allele. Because many genes display DAE, simply scoring DAE in an individual is not sufficient to identify imprinted genes. In this paper, we outline many technical aspects of a scheme for identification of imprinted genes that makes use of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) from tissues isolated from F1 offspring derived from the pair of reciprocal crosses. Ideally, the parental lines are from two inbred strains that are not closely related to each other. Aspects of tissue purity, RNA extraction, library preparation and bioinformatic inference of imprinting are all covered. These methods have already been applied in a number of organisms, and one of the most striking results is the evolutionary fluidity with which novel imprinted genes are gained and lost within genomes. The general methodology is also applicable to a wide range of other biological problems that require quantification of allele-specific expression using RNA-seq, such as cis-regulation of gene expression, X chromosome inactivation and random monoallelic expression.
Donor Diabetes Mellitus Is an Independent Risk Factor for Graft Loss in HCV Positive but Not HCV Negative Liver Transplant Recipients

Background and Aims Graft survival in HCV (hepatitis C virus) infected recipients is worse than those transplanted for other liver diseases. We studied whether several donor cardiovascular risk factors (including advanced age, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus) contribute to worse outcomes for HCV positive and HCV negative liver transplant recipients.
Moral Conditionals, Noncognitivism, and Meaning

Critique de la conception de la signification des propositions conditionnelles morales developpee par S. Blackburn, au profit d'une position non-cognitiviste fondee sur l'argument du desaccord. Au-dela de l'approche traditionnelle impliquant une quantification universelle, l'A. defend une approche de la signification descriptive.
Contemporaneous Versus Retrospective Reports of Cohabitation in the Fragile Families Survey

We compare contemporaneous and retrospective reports of cohabitation among unmarried mothers in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing survey (N = 2,524). We find that (a) many mothers revise their reports of whether they cohabited at the time of the birth of their child and (b) revisions in reports are systematically related to individuals' characteristics and the quality and trajectory of parents' relationships. These results have important implications for analyses of determinants and consequences of family structure using these data and, potentially, any retrospective data on relationships and family structure.
Anatomically contoured large femoral heads can reduce iliopsoas impingement: A cadaver verification study

Abstract While use of large heads in total hip arthroplasty (THA) continues to grow, concerns have been raised regarding anterior hip pain resulting from impingement of the prosthetic head against soft-tissues like the iliopsoas. To address these concerns, a new anatomically contoured head (ACH) was developed. In this study cadaver tests were utilized to show that iliopsoas impingement/tenting caused by conventional heads is significantly relieved with the more rounded and reduced distal profile of the ACH. Thus, the ACH implant may be able to decrease the risk of soft-tissue impingement with conventional heads, particularly in the smaller hip.
Leucine-lysine synchronization of Allomyces germlings.

The leucine-lysine synchronization technique of Dill and Fuller (1970) has been further refined and used to study various biosynthetic events of pre-mitotic germlings of Allomyces neo-moniliformis (the time of DNA replication, RNA synthesis, and protein synthesis), and various morphogenetic changes (germling development, nuclear cap breakdown, and the first mitotic nuclear division). The degree of synchrony induced in a population of germlings appears to be determined by the time when the zoospores are induced to encyst and germinate rather than by the duration of the swimming period of the zoospore. DNA replication, nuclear cap breakdown, early protein synthesis, and morphogenetic development appear to occur prior to messenger RNA synthesis in developing thalli and thus would be under the control of pre-existing messenger RNA. The degree of synchrony of particular morphogenetic or biosynthetic developmental changes induced in a population of A. neo-moniliformis germlings must be determined for each aspect of development which is to be studied.
Consistency of symptoms in recurrent catatonia

Abstract This study examined the consistency of symptom profiles across episodes of catatonia. A recently developed standardized examination and symptom scale systematically rates 23 motor signs of catatonia, permitting symptom analysis of recurrent illness. Patients from the emergency room or inpatient unit were prospectively examined using the 23-item Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale (BFCRS), both on initial presentation and during a later episode of catatonia. Five cases were identified, with a variable interval (mean, 10.7 months; range 4.5 to 20) between episodes. All five met DSM-IV motor criteria for catatonia (293.89) and research criteria of more than two BFCRS signs. They showed a mean of 9.6 (range, 7 to 15) catatonic signs in the first episode, and 9.6 (range, 4 to 14) signs in the second. Of the 23 individual BFCRS motor signs, a mean of 16.6 (range, 13 to 21) showed agreement of signs (absence or presence) between the two episodes. The catatonic syndrome shows consistency of motor symptoms on recurrent episodes and the BFCRS facilitates the systematic study of catatonia.
The response of early neural genes to FGF signaling or inhibition of BMP indicate the absence of a conserved neural induction module

Background: The molecular mechanism that initiates the formation of the vertebrate central nervous system has long been debated. Studies in Xenopus and mouse demonstrate that inhibition of BMP signaling is sufficient to induce neural tissue in explants or ES cells respectively, whereas studies in chick argue that instructive FGF signaling is also required for the expression of neural genes. Although additional signals may be involved in neural induction and patterning, here we focus on the roles of BMP inhibition and FGF8a. Results: To address the question of necessity and sufficiency of BMP inhibition and FGF signaling, we compared the temporal expression of the five earliest genes expressed in the neuroectoderm and determined their requirements for induction at the onset of neural plate formation in Xenopus. Our results demonstrate that the onset and peak of expression of the genes vary and that they have different regulatory requirements and are therefore unlikely to share a conserved neural induction regulatory module. Even though all require inhibition of BMP for expression, some also require FGF signaling; expression of the early-onset pan-neural genes sox2 and foxd5a requires FGF signaling while other early genes, sox3, geminin and zicr1 are induced by BMP inhibition alone. Conclusions: We demonstrate that BMP inhibition and FGF signaling induce neural genes independently of each other. Together our data indicate that although the spatiotemporal expression patterns of early neural genes are similar, the mechanisms involved in their expression are distinct and there are different signaling requirements for the expression of each gene.
The Experiential Learning Cycle in Undergraduate Diversity and Social Justice Education

Teaching for diversity and social justice is the teaching of complex abstract ideas about privilege and oppression, such as the social construction of social groups and identity. An effective way to teach this material is with experiential learning, but this approach requires much more than exercises and activities. Courses must be consciously structured to emphasize both the elements and cycle of experiential learning, as well as attending to critical thinking and the potential for cognitive dissonance. An example of this process from an undergraduate course is presented to demonstrate course construction, experiential learning strategies, and initial outcomes.
Multiple Imputation Under Power Polynomials

Although the normality assumption has been regarded as a mathematical convenience for inferential purposes due to its nice distributional properties, there has been a growing interest regarding generalized classes of distributions that span a much broader spectrum in terms of symmetry and peakedness behavior. In this respect, Fleishman's power polynomial method seems to have been gaining popularity in statistical theory and practice because of its flexibility and ease of execution. In this article, we conduct multiple imputation for univariate continuous data under Fleishman polynomials to explore the extent to which this procedure works properly. We also make comparisons with normal imputation models via widely accepted accuracy and precision measures using simulated data that exhibit different distributional features as characterized by competing specifications of the third and fourth moments. Finally, we discuss generalizations to the multivariate case. Multiple imputation under power polynomials that ...
Seismic response of steel frame buildings to near‐source ground motions

Strong near-source ground motions contain large, rapid displacement pulses that can have severe effects on structures. In the U.S. it is generally agreed that our design codes do not adequately address this kind of ground motion, and changes are being made to increase the design force levels, which will result in stronger buildings. In Japan, the design force levels for buildings have for some time been considerably greater than in the U.S. Even so, Japanese engineers are also concerned about the adequacy of their design provisions for strong near-source ground motions. The issue of building strength appropriate for near-source ground motions is investigated in this report. Two different heights of buildings are selected, 6 stories and 20 stories, and for each height, designs of two different strengths are produced. The first design is according to the 1994 Uniform Building Code (1), and the second design follows current Japanese provisions (2). All four buildings are steel moment frames. One important part of assessing near-source ground motions is to quantify the size of the region that is affected. An aspect of this is that near-source effects are directional and so are confined to only a portion of the near-fault zone. In this study, ground motions at a grid of sites sufficient to cover the region of near-source effects are employed. This is accomplished by using simulated ground motions. Three earthquake simulations are run: one based on the 1994 Northridge earthquake (Mw 6.7), another for the 1995 Kobe earthquake (Mw 6.9), and the third of a hypothetical Mw 7.0 earthquake on the Elysian Park fault in Los Angeles. In addition, various recorded motions from actual earthquakes, including Northridge and Kobe, are employed. Previous studies of strong near-source ground motions have shown the potential for large story drifts in buildings and even collapse (3-7). Future design measures for near-source ground motions will likely have to consider all contributions to the strength of a building in order to be feasible. It follows from this that since future design methods will be based on assessment studies like the present one, the assessments should also be done as realistically as possible and include all important contributions to the strength of a structure. Such an approach is followed here. In addition, since strong near-source ground motions will likely produce severely nonlinear responses, it becomes necessary to include structural degradation effects. In this study, due to the common occurrence of welded connection failure in the Northridge and Kobe earthquakes and because this behavior would seem to be an important degradation mode, treatment of connection fracture is included. As there is now wide-spread interest in fracture of welded connections, this is an important part of the present investigation. The Appendix contains a description of the computer program used for the analyses. Some of the notation used in this report is defined in this Appendix.
Defects in CVD diamonds

Crystallographically perfect diamond films and crystals can be grown by microwave-assisted CVD processes. The degree of quality of these crystals depends on the growth sector and process parameters. Surface reactions in the presence of atomic hydrogen can initiate the formation of twins and stacking faults. These defects disturb the stacking sequence of tetrahedra necessary for cubic diamond structure. X-ray techniques were used to determine disturbance of diamond lattice periodicity. Planar and linear disorders were analyzed with the help of X-ray diffuse scattering. The diffuse scattering around (111) reciprocal lattice point can be used as a test for crystallographical perfection of diamond crystals.
Texture based attacks on intrinsic signature based printer identification

Several methods exist for printer identification from a printed document. We have developed a system that performs printer identification using intrinsic signatures of the printers. Because an intrinsic signature is tied directly to the electromechanical properties of the printer, it is difficult to forge or remove. There are many instances where existance of the intrinsic signature in the printed document is undesireable. In this work we explore texture based attacks on intrinsic printer identification from text documents. An updated intrinsic printer identification system is presented that merges both texture and banding features. It is shown that this system is scable and robust against several types of attacks that one may use in an attempt to obscure the intrinsic signature.
Helen Keller Was Never in a Chinese Room

William Rapaport, in "How Helen Keller used syntactic semantics to escape from a Chinese Room," (Rapaport 2006), argues that Helen Keller was in a sort of Chinese Room, and that her subsequent development of natural language fluency illustrates the flaws in Searle's famous Chinese Room Argument and provides a method for developing computers that have genuine semantics (and intentionality). I contend that his argument fails. In setting the problem, Rapaport uses his own preferred definitions of semantics and syntax, but he does not translate Searle's Chinese Room argument into that idiom before attacking it. Once the Chinese Room is translated into Rapaport's idiom (in a manner that preserves the distinction between meaningful representations and uninterpreted symbols), I demonstrate how Rapaport's argument fails to defeat the CRA. This failure brings a crucial element of the Chinese Room Argument to the fore: the person in the Chinese Room is prevented from connecting the Chinese symbols to his/her own meaningful experiences and memories. This issue must be addressed before any victory over the CRA is announced.
The Psychology of How Novices Learn Computer Programming

This paper examines the current state of knowledge concerning how to increase the novice's understanding of computers and computer programming. In particular, it reviews how advances in cognitive and educati(~nal psychology may be applied to problems in teaching nonprogrammers how to use computers. Two major instructional techniques are reviewed: providing a concrete model of the computer and encouraging the learners to actively put technical information into their own words.
An improved method for ruthenium analysis separation from uranium by pressure precipitation with H2S

Pressure precipitation of ruthenium with hydrogen sulphide is recommended for its separation from uranium. The separations from uranium solutions and from pitchblende are described as examples.
Acute polycythemia increases the disappearance rate of clottable fibrinogen in the newborn dog

To explore the pathophysiology of the necrotizing enterocolitis caused by polycythemia in the newborn dog, the effect of acute polycythemia on fibrinogen disappearance rate was studied in 38 puppies (3-14 days). All pups received an exchange transfusion removing 65 ml/kg of blood and transfusing 85 ml/kg of either whole blood (control, resulting hematocrit = 37), or packed red blood cells (polycythemia, resulting hematocrit = 68). Necrotizing enterocolitis was found in 15 of 19 polycythemic and four of 19 control pups (p less than 0.01). 125I fibrinogen and Evan's blue (an albumin marker) were injected 2 h after transfusion and the concentration of clottable labeled fibrinogen and albumin tracer were measured at 1/2 and 2 h after injection. The fraction of the tracer that disappeared over the 1 1/2-h period was calculated. In the polycythemic group 45 +/- 18 SD% of the clottable fibrinogen disappeared versus only 28 +/- 15% in the control group (p less than 0.01). In the polycythemic group 36 +/- 21% of the albumin tracer disappeared versus 31 +/- 12% in the control group (NS). Thus polycythemia in the newborn dog is associated with an increased disappearance rate of clottable fibrinogen not associated with a general increase in protein disappearance rate. Thus an intravascular coagulopathy is evident in the polycythemic animals. Whether this coagulopathy is the cause of the necrotizing enterocolitis or is secondary to the necrotizing enterocolitis seen in this animal model cannot be determined from this experiment.
Translational diffusion of rubrene and tetracene in polyisobutylene

The translational diffusion coefficients of rubrene and tetracene in amorphous polyisobutylene (PIB) were measured using the holographic fluorescence recovery after photobleaching technique. Over the temperature range from 400 to 235 K (T g =205 K), tracer diffusion coefficients from 10−7 to 10−14 cm2/s were observed. These diffusion coefficients have essentially the same temperature dependence as the rotational correlation times for these two probes in PIB. Both of these observables have a slightly stronger temperature dependence than does the viscosity. These results contrast strongly with the results of similar experiments on polystyrene and polysulfone. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that local segmental dynamics are more spatially homogeneous in PIB than in polystyrene and polysulfone.
Metabolism of [3H]Nipecotic Acid in the Rabbit Retina

Nipecotic acid has been demonstrated to block the gamma-aminobutyric acid transport systems. Previous studies have shown that the uptake system is the first transmitter-specific parameter to appear during the development of the rabbit retina. Use of these observations has been made to study the influence on the development of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors of altering the uptake mechanism by treating newborn pups with nipecotic acid to block GABA transport. The present study of the in vivo metabolism of [3H]nipecotic acid in the CNS measured the changes in the levels of [3H]nipecotic acid in both adult and newborn rabbit retinas after injection of the label into the vitreal chamber. It was found that the effective half-life of [3H]nipecotic acid in the vitreous is about 5 h for adult tissue and 3 h for newborn. In contrast, all retinal fractions retained the label longer, the effective half-lives being about 60 h (adult) and 45 h (newborn). Further, no labeled metabolites of nipecotic acid were detected in either adult or newborn tissue. This study gives evidence that the degradation of nipecotic acid in nervous tissue is minimal and suggests that, although the rate of clearance is faster in neonates, the fate of nipecotic acid in vivo may be similar in both adult and newborn tissues.
Device power saving mechanisms for low cost MTC over LTE networks

3GPP has started to investigate feasibility of a low cost machine type communication (LC-MTC) terminal class in LTE networks in Release 12 aiming to be competitive with that of GSM/GPRS terminals targeting the same low-end MTC market with improved coverage. LC-MTC devices are expected to have limited power source. Since LTE technology is relatively more power hungry compared to GSM/GPRS, device power efficiency is one of the crucial requirements for LC-MTC over LTE networks. In this paper, we focus on exploring mechanisms to reduce power consumption for LC-MTC in LTE networks. Most of the current LTE power saving mechanisms are designed and optimized for human-to-human (H2H) communications which are not attractive for LC-MTC as traffic characteristics and service requirements for LC-MTC are expected to be largely different than those of H2H Communications. LC-MTC usually has very infrequent and small traffic burst mostly in UL. Therefore, one possible solution to maximize the power saving is to maximize the time with LTE radio turned off in between the traffic bursts. In this paper, we analyze the impact of turning off LTE radio without moving LC-MTC into Radio Resource Control (RRC) Idle and reducing the RRC Connected tail time (i.e., RRC Inactivity Timer). Our results show that turning LTE radio off after data transmission can achieve upto 95.28% reduction in power consumption compared to that in case of moving device to RRC Idle. Reducing RRC Connected tail time further improves the device power saving.
Low serum insulin values in children with multiple lesions of granuloma annulare: a prospective study.

Background The relationship between granuloma annularae (GA) and diabetes mellitus (DM) is controversial. Objective To investigate the relationship between multiple lesions of GA and carbohydrate metabolism in children. Subjects and methods Fifteen children (seven boys, eight girls, mean age 4.8 years) with five or more lesions of GA were evaluated. A personal and family history of DM or other autoimmune diseases was obtained and the glycaemic and insulin response during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was determined. Thirteen children with a negative personal and family history of DM served as controls for the OGTT and 100 other children as ‘clinical controls’. Results At the 30-min sampling of the OGTT the mean insulin values were comparable in GA children and controls (P = 0.1), while the mean glucose values were significantly higher in GA children than in controls (P = 0.005). All other insulin values during the OGTT were significantly lower in GA children than in controls, while all other glucose values were comparable in GA children and controls with all indices applied. Eleven out of 15 GA children had a positive family history of DM (73.3% vs. 16% of the clinical controls; P < 0.0001). Conclusion Multiple lesions of GA in children are associated with significantly lower serum insulin values than in controls and mildly impaired glucose tolerance.
Some experiments on shallow flows over a grassed slope

Investigations into the phenomena of surface-runoff have indicated that there are natural laws which govern the conversion of a part of the rainfall into surface-runoff. Formulas have been developed to explain these processes. However, as is often the case, there is a great need for experimental data to evaluate the coefficients in these formulas. It is the purpose of this paper to present the results of some experiments on very low flows in a grasslined waterway, and to interpret these results in terms of the equation for overland-flow in the hope of helping fill this need.
Physiologic levels of β-amyloid activate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase with the involvement of tyrosine phosphorylation

The beta-amyloid protein (A beta) peptide plays an important role in Alzheimer's disease, but the potential actions of physiologic levels of A beta (225-625 pM) have not been explored. We recently showed that picomolar doses of A beta can stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of neuronal cells and now show that leads to the activation of the lipid kinase phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3 kinase). Three independent lines of evidence support the hypothesis that A beta is activating PI3 kinase through a tyrosine kinase-mediated mechanism. Immunoblotting studies show that A beta induces tyrosine phosphorylation of p85 as well as association of the p85 subunit of PI3 kinase with tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins. Studies of membrane proteins show that A beta induces a translocation of p85 to membrane-bound glycoproteins, which are likely to be receptors. Finally, direct studies of PI3 kinase activity in both anti-phosphotyrosine immunocomplexes and wheat germ agglutinin precipitates show that A beta increases formation of the product of PI3 kinase. Wortmannin, a selective inhibitor of PI3 kinase, blocks this A beta-stimulated PI3 kinase activity. Thus, physiologic levels of A beta stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation and PI3 kinase activity.
Citalopram enhances neurovascular regeneration and sensorimotor functional recovery after ischemic stroke in mice

Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors after stroke enhances motor functional recovery; however, the underlying mechanisms remain to be further elucidated. We hypothesized that daily administration of the clinical drug citalopram would produce these functional benefits via enhancing neurovascular repair in the ischemic peri-infarct region. To test this hypothesis, focal ischemic stroke was induced in male C57/B6 mice by permanent ligation of distal branches of the middle cerebral artery to the barrel cortex and 7-min occlusion of the bilateral common carotid arteries. Citalopram (10mg/kg, i.p.) was injected 24h after stroke and daily thereafter. To label proliferating cells, bromo-deoxyuridine was injected daily beginning 3 days after stroke. Immunohistochemical and functional assays were performed to elucidate citalopram-mediated cellular and sensorimotor changes after stroke. Citalopram treatment had no significant effect on infarct formation or edema 3 days after stroke; however, citalopram-treated mice had better functional recovery than saline-treated controls 3 and 14 days after stroke in the adhesive removal test. Increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor was detected in the peri-infarct region 7 days after stroke in citalopram-treated animals. The number of proliferating neural progenitor cells and the distance of neuroblast migration from the sub-ventricular zone toward the ischemic cortex were significantly greater in citalopram-treated mice at 7 days after stroke. Immunohistochemical staining and co-localization analysis showed that citalopram-treated animals generated more new neurons and microvessels in the peri-infarct region 21 and 28 days after stroke. Taken together, these results suggest that citalopram promotes post-stroke sensorimotor recovery likely via enhancing neurogenesis, neural cell migration and the microvessel support in the peri-infarct region of the ischemic brain.
An Analysis of the Treatment of "Jensenism" in Introductory Psychology Textbooks.

A sample of recent texts generally shows a rejection of Jensenism, but they offer a variety of interpretations of the issue.
The Error in Rejection Probability of Simple Autocorrelation Robust Tests

A new class of autocorrelation robust test statistics is introduced. The class of tests generalizes the Kiefer, Vogelsang, and Bunzel (2000) test in a manner analogous to Anderson and Darling's (1952) generalization of the Cramer-von Mises goodness of fit test. In a Gaussian location model, the error in rejection probability of the new tests is found to be O(T -1 log T), where T denotes the sample size.
The effect of non-caloric sweeteners on cognition, choice, and post-consumption satisfaction

Consumers often turn to non-caloric sweeteners (NCS) as a means of promoting a healthy body weight. However, several studies have now linked their long-term use to increased weight gain, raising the question of whether these products produce unintended psychological, physiological, or behavioral changes that have implications for weight management goals. In the following, we present the results of three experiments bearing on this issue, testing whether NCS-consumption influences how individuals think about and respond to food. Participants in each of our three experiments were randomly assigned to consume a sugar-sweetened beverage, an unsweetened beverage, or a beverage sweetened with NCS. We then measured their cognition (Experiment 1), product choice (Experiment 2), and subjective responses to a sugar-sweetened food (Experiment 3). Results revealed that consuming NCS-sweetened beverages influences psychological processes in ways that - over time - may increase calorie intake.
The effect of telephone counselling on reducing post-traumatic symptoms after mild traumatic brain injury: A randomised trial

Background: Mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) is a significant public health problem affecting approximately 1 million people annually in the USA. A total of 10–15% of individuals are estimated to have persistent post-traumatic symptoms. This study aimed to determine whether focused, scheduled telephone counselling during the first 3 months after MTBI decreases symptoms and improves functioning at 6 months. Methods: This was a two-group, parallel, randomised clinical trial with the outcome assessed by blinded examiner at 6 months after injury. 366 of 389 eligible subjects aged 16 years or older with MTBI were enrolled in the emergency department, with an 85% follow-up completion rate. Five telephone calls were completed, individualised for patient concerns and scripted to address education, reassurance and reactivation. Two composites were analysed, one relating to post-traumatic symptoms that developed or worsened after injury and their impact on functioning, the other related to general health status. Results: The telephone counselling group had a significantly better outcome for symptoms (6.6 difference in adjusted mean symptom score, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2 to 12.0), but no difference in general health outcome (1.5 difference in adjusted mean functional score, 95% CI 2.2 to 5.2). A smaller proportion of the treatment group had each individual symptom (except anxiety) at assessment. Similarly, fewer of the treatment group had daily functioning negatively impacted by symptoms with the largest differences in work, leisure activities, memory and concentration and financial independence. Conclusions: Telephone counselling, focusing on symptom management, was successful in reducing chronic symptoms after MTBI. Trial registration number: ClinicalTrials.gov, #NCT00483444
Germination ecology of the boreal-alpine terrestrial orchid Dactylorhiza lapponica (Orchidaceae)

In order to reveal some of the germination requirements of The boreal-alpine terrestrial orchid Dactylorhiza lapponica, several experiments were carried out on seeds collected from the Solendet, nature reserve, central Norway. Seeds were sown in seed packets made of nylon cloth and deployed in situ vertically in the peat in order to study the temporal pattern of seed germination and determine if the seeds became part of the soil seed bank. In vitro germination experiments were carried out varying the growth media, fungal partner and chilling treatment, in order to study the effect of a fungal symbiont on germination and early protocorm development, and the possibility of a physiological seed dormancy. A high rate of germination a short time after sowing in the in vitro experiments together with a very low survival after deployment in the in situ experiments (0.2% after three years) indicate that D. lapponica seeds are not part of a long-lived soil seed bank. In vitro experiments also demonstrated that a f...
The role of the central nervous system in the psychoneuroendocrine disturbances of anorexia and bulimia nervosa

It has been well-recognized that starvation in anorexia and bulimia nervosa causes endocrine disturbances. Such disturbances may help understand why many people with eating disorders cannot easily reverse their illness since people with eating disorders often enter a downward spiraling circle with malnutrition sustaining and perpetuating the desire for more weight loss and dieting. Symptoms, such as obsessions and dysphoric mood, and altered appetitive behavior, may be exaggerated by neuropeptide alterations and thus contribute to this downward spiral. While neuropeptide disturbances do not appear to be a permanent feature or cause or anorexia nervosa, these disturbances are strongly entrenched, and are not easily corrected by improved nutrition or short-term weight normalization. This suggests that therapy should be sustained for months after nutritional normalization.
The Function of Signs in the Development of Higher Mental Processes

We have considered some of the complex behavior of the child and have concluded that in a situation connected with the use of tools, the behavior of a small child differs substantially and in a major way from the behavior of the human-like ape. We could say that in many ways, it is characterized by an opposite structure and that instead of a complete dependence of the operation with tools on the structure of the visual field (as in the ape), in the child we observe a significant emancipation from it. Due to the participation of speech in the operation, the child acquires an incomparably greater freedom than is observed in the instrumental behavior of the ape; the child has the possibility of resolving the practical situation by using tools that are not in the direct field of his perception; he controls the external situation with the help of preliminarily mastering himself and preliminarily organizing his own behavior. In all of these operations, the very structure of the mental process changes substantially; direct actions on the environment are replaced by complex mediated acts. Speech included in the operation was the system of psychological signs that acquired a very special functional significance and resulted in a complete reorganization of behavior.