cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Folding determinants of disulfide bond forming protein B explored by solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

The two-stage model for membrane protein folding postulates that individual helices form first and are subsequently packed against each other. To probe the two-stage model, the structures of peptides representing individual transmembrane helices of the disulfide bond forming protein B have been studied in trifluoroethanol solution as well as in detergent micelles using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and circular dichroism spectroscopy. In TFE solution, peptides showed well-defined α-helical structures. Peptide structures in TFE were compared to the structures of full-length protein obtained by X-ray crystallography and NMR. The extent of α-helical secondary structure coincided well, lending support for the two-stage model for membrane protein folding. However, the conformation of some amino acid side chains differs between the structures of peptide and full-length protein. In micellar solution, the peptides also adopted a helical structure, albeit of reduced definition. Using measurements of paramagnetic relaxation enhancement, peptides were confirmed to be embedded in micelles. These observations may indicate that in the native protein, tertiary interactions additionally stabilize the secondary structure of the individual transmembrane helices. Proteins 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Socio-Dramatic Affective-Relational Intervention for Adolescents with Asperger Syndrome & High Functioning Autism: Pilot Study:

This study examined the effectiveness of a novel intervention called 'socio-dramatic affective-relational intervention' (SDARI), intended to improve social skills among adolescents with Asperger syndrome and high functioning autism diagnoses. SDARI adapts dramatic training activities to focus on in vivo practice of areas of social skill deficit among this population. SDARI was administered as a six-week summer program in a community human service agency. Nine SDARI participants and eight age- and diagnosis-group matched adolescents not receiving SDARI were compared on child- and parent-report of social functioning at three week intervals beginning six weeks prior to intervention and ending six weeks post-intervention. Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) was used to estimate growth trends between groups to assess treatment outcomes and post-treatment maintenance. Results indicated significant improvement and post-treatment maintenance among SDARI participants on several measures of child social functioning. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
High Aspect Ratio CPW Fabricated Using a Micromachining Process Combining DRIE, Thermal Oxidation, Electroplating, and Planarization

A micromachining process has been developed to fabricate high aspect ratio CPW. The tall conductor sidewall created from the high aspect ratio process reduces the resistance per length of the transmission line which lowers the attenuation. The micromachining process combines Si DRIE, thermal oxidation, electroplating, and planarization to create tall CPW with Au conductors and SiO2 dielectrics. Transmission lines with characteristic impedances of 16 - 21 � have been fabricated on high resistivity Si. Transmission line characteristics were measured from 1 - 50 GHz and showed propagation loss of 1.1 - 1.3 dB/cm at 10 GHz.
Revisiting Weber's charismatic leadership: learning from the past and looking to the future

Purpose – Weber emphasized the informal structure, followers' power, and time in charismatic leadership; yet the extant literature either overlooks or underplays the significance of each of these facets. The aim of this paper is to revisit Weber's conceptualizations of charisma and illuminate these facets, thus creating new avenues for the contemporary charismatic leadership research. Design/methodology/approach – The focus of this research is on analysis of Weber's conceptualization of charisma. The analysis of selected quotes is grounded within contemporary discourse in order to illustrate how three overlooked facets may propel future research on charismatic leadership. Findings – By revisiting Weber's seminal work, the paper illustrates several historical findings and identifies research opportunities that are yet to be addressed by contemporary study in charismatic leadership. In doing so, the paper generates a set of propositions as an impetus for future exploration. Research limitations/implications...
Two-dimensional MESFET-based spatial power combiners

A spatial power combining structure capable of integrating many three terminal devices into a two-dimensional structure is described. The combiners designed and fabricated using this structure do not suffer from multimoding problems. Effective isotropic radiated powers of 5.54 W and 17.38 W at 10.03 GHz were obtained from an eight- and a sixteen-MESFET combiner, respectively. These combiners are suitable for monolithic circuit implementation. >
A low leakage 9t sram cell for ultra-low power operation

This paper presents the design and evaluation of a new SRAM cell made of nine transistors (9T). The proposed 9T cell utilizes a scheme with separate read and write wordlines; it is shown that the 9T cell achieves improvements in power dissipation, performance and stability compared with previous designs (that require 10T and 8T) for low-power operation. The 9T scheme is amenable to small feature sizes as encountered in the deep sub-micron/nano ranges of CMOS technology.
The causes of path inflation

Researchers have shown that the Internet exhibits path inflation -- end-to-end paths can be significantly longer than necessary. We present a trace-driven study of 65 ISPs that characterizes the root causes of path inflation, namely topology and routing policy choices within an ISP, between pairs of ISPs, and across the global Internet. To do so, we develop and validate novel techniques to infer intra-domain and peering policies from end-to-end measurements. We provide the first measured characterization of ISP peering policies. In addition to "early-exit," we observe a significant degree of helpful non-early-exit, load-balancing, and other policies in use between peers. We find that traffic engineering (the explicit addition of policy constraints on top of topology constraints) is widespread in both intra- and inter-domain routing. However, intra-domain traffic engineering has minimal impact on path inflation, while peering policies and inter-domain routing lead to significant inflation. We argue that the underlying cause of inter-domain path inflation is the lack of BGP policy controls to provide convenient engineering of good paths across ISPs.
A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice

Abstract : A model is proposed for the description of rational choice by organisms of limited computational ability.
Host-specific factors determine the persistence of IncP-1 plasmids

Conjugative plasmids play a very important role in bacterial adaptation through the dissemination of useful traits. Incompatibility group P-1 (IncP-1) plasmids exhibit an extreme broad-host-range among Gram-negative bacteria and known to be one of the major agents to disseminate various phenotypic traits such as antibiotic resistance and xenobiotic degradation. Although the plasmids are believed to be very stable in most Gram-negative bacteria, little is known about the factors that affect their stability in various hosts, allowing their persistence in bacterial population. Here we show that the stability of the cryptic IncP-1β plasmid pBP136 differed greatly in four different Escherichia coli K12 host backgrounds (MG1655, DH5α, EC100, and JM109), whereas the closely related plasmid pB10 was stable in all four strains. The supply of the kleF gene, which is involved in the stability of IncP-1 plasmids but absent in pBP136, did not improve the stability of the plasmid. Our findings suggest that persistence of IncP-1 plasmids in the absence of selection is affected by strain-specific factors.
When Cross-Cultural Equals Double Cross How Developmental Aid can Backfire

In the early 1960s, the Miccosukee Indian tribe, a traditional society and a sovereign American tribal government, established objectives to formally adopt certain Western ways while maintaining much of its traditional tribal culture. The Miccosukees incorporated numerous U.S. federal government planned and funded programs into their living arrangements. This article analyzes part of that experience, concluding that the programs were not very effective and served mainly as a means of transferring money from the federal government to the Miccosukees. Even though the modernization programs were formally installed and some cultural changes did occur, traditional tribal culture nevertheless remained dominant. The case has implications for those who would understand aid and undertake cross-cultural development efforts.
Element Level System Identification with Unknown Input with Rayleigh Damping

A novel system identification procedure is proposed for nondestructive damage evaluation of structures. It is a finite element-based time-domain linear system identification technique capable of identifying structures at the element level. The unique features of the algorithm are that it can identify a structure without using any input excitation information and it can consider both viscous and Rayleigh-type proportional damping in the dynamic models. The consideration of proportional damping introduces a source of nonlinearity in the otherwise linear dynamic algorithm. However, it will also reduce the total number of damping coefficients to be identified, reducing the size of the problem. The Taylor series approximation is used to transform a nonlinear set of equations to a linear set of equations. The proposed algorithm, denoted as the modified iterative least square with unknown input algorithm, is verified with several examples considering various types of structures including shear-type building, truss, and beams. The algorithm accurately identified the stiffness of structures at the element level for both viscous (linear) and proportional (nonlinear) damping cases. It is capable of identifying a structure even with noise-contaminated response information. An example shows how the algorithm could be used in detecting the exact location of a defect in a defective element. The algorithm is being developed further and is expected to provide an economical, simple, efficient, and robust system identification technique that can be used as a nondestructive defect detection procedure in the near future.
Situation-Specific “Impact Dependency” as a Determinant of Management Acceptability: Insights From Wolf and Grizzly Bear Management in Alaska

With increasing negative wildlife-related impacts on humans, public expectations of agency roles are transitioning and wildlife managers are becoming more concerned about public acceptance of management interventions, particularly lethal measures. One goal of human dimensions research in wildlife is to provide managers with a better understanding of the relationship among stakeholders' values, beliefs, and acceptance of management actions. We used data obtained from a survey of Alaska residents on managing wolf (Canis lupus) and grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) predation on moose (Alces alces) and caribou (Rangifer tarandus) to explore 2 general questions: 1) is opposition to lethal control of wildlife context-free (an individual is opposed to lethal control regardless of circumstance) or context specific (an individual's support or opposition to lethal control depends on circumstances)? And 2) does perceived impacts of wildlife on humans make a difference in an individual's expression of support or opposition to lethal actions? We found that support for lethal methods for management of wolves and grizzly bears to minimize predation on moose and caribou was influenced by the impact that predation was perceived to have on humans' access to moose and caribou, whether access was a concern primarily for food or recreational hunting. Specifically, respondents were more likely to support the use of lethal methods to control predation in situations where the effect of predation on moose and caribou had the greatest subsequent impact on humans' access to these big game resources. Conversely, lethal control of predators was less likely to be supported in situations where the impact of predators on moose and caribou was perceived to be less severe with respect to human needs. We use the phrase “impact dependency” to highlight the importance of context-specific influences on public evaluations of management actions. Although inherent characteristics of potential management interventions (e.g., relative humaneness, cost, efficiency, etc.) are important considerations in decision making, our findings suggest that researchers and managers also should consider how public support or opposition for a particular management action is influenced by public perceptions of the nature of impacts being experienced by people.
A narrative review on burnout experienced by medical students and residents

Objective To summarise articles reporting on burnout among medical students and residents (trainees) in a narrative review. Methods MEDLINE was searched for peer-reviewed, English language articles published between 1990 and 2015 reporting on burnout among trainees. The search used combinations of Medical Subject Heading terms medical student, resident, internship and residency, and burnout, professional. Reference lists of articles were reviewed to identify additional studies. A subset of high-quality studies was selected. Results Studies suggest a high prevalence of burnout among trainees, with levels higher than in the general population. Burnout can undermine trainees’ professional development, place patients at risk, and contribute to a variety of personal consequences, including suicidal ideation. Factors within the learning and work environment, rather than individual attributes, are the major drivers of burnout. Limited data are available regarding how to best address trainee burnout, but multi-pronged efforts, with attention to culture, the learning and work environment and individual behaviours, are needed to promote trainees’ wellness and to help those in distress. Conclusion Medical training is a stressful time. Large, prospective studies are needed to identify cause‒effect relationships and the best approaches for improving the trainee experience.
Transdermal iontophoretic drug delivery: advances and challenges

The stratum corneum continues to pose considerable impediment to transdermal drug delivery. One of the effective ways of circumventing this challenge is through the use of iontophoresis. Iontophoresis uses low-level current to drive charged compounds across the skin. This review discusses progress made in the field of iontophoretic transport of small and large molecules. The major obstacles are also touched upon and advances made in the last few decades described. A number of iontophoretic systems approved for clinical use by regulatory authorities is also discussed.
Assessment of Fidelity in Interventions to Improve Hand Hygiene of Healthcare Workers: A Systematic Review

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) continue to cause significant morbidity, mortality, and increased medical costs.1–3 Each year, approximately 722,000 people in the United States develop an HAI (1 in 25 hospitalized patients), and 75,000 of those affected die. In recent years, HAIs have been recognized as largely preventable, and institutions have undertaken intensive efforts to reduce their occurrence. Hand hygiene (HH) is the cornerstone of infection prevention, and most HAI prevention efforts include HH improvement as a major goal.4–6 For behavioral interventions such as HH to be effective, fidelity to the intervention is crucial.7 A plethora of literature is available on HH interventions; however, fidelity to these interventions is often poorly described. This lack of implementation data reporting poses challenges for institutions seeking to learn from the successes and failures of others, and hinders the examination of intervention effectiveness in real-world healthcare settings. Fidelity has previously been defined as “the demonstration that an experimental manipulation is conducted as planned.”7 Thus, an intervention has demonstrated fidelity if each of its components is delivered to participants without variations. Ensuring fidelity is crucial because it allows for replication, evaluation, comparison, and dissemination of interventions.7,8 Implementation fidelity of an intervention has 5 domains:9 (1) adherence to the program, (2) exposure or dose (ie, the amount of the program delivered), (3) quality of intervention delivery, (4) participant responsiveness, and (5) program differentiation (ie, the presence of distinguishing features of the intervention). To provide a comprehensive view of the integrity of any intervention, it has been recommended that researchers measure all 5 dimensions9 because they are essential for the examination of the causal links between intervention and clinical outcomes.10 We undertook a systematic review to assess this gap in the literature on HH interventions by examining fidelity reporting in interventions aimed at improving HH compliance.
Revolutions in Neuroscience: Tool Development

Thomas Kuhn's famous model of the components and dynamics of scientific revolutions is still dominant to this day across science, philosophy, and history. The guiding philosophical theme of this article is that, concerning actual revolutions in neuroscience over the past 60 years, Kuhn's account is wrong. There have been revolutions, and new ones are brewing, but they do not turn on competing paradigms, anomalies, or the like. Instead, they turn exclusively on the development of new experimental tools. I adopt a metascientific approach and examine in detail the development of two recent neuroscience revolutions: the impact of engineered genetically mutated mammals in the search for causal mechanisms of "higher" cognitive functions; and the more recent impact of optogenetics and designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs). The two key metascientific concepts, I derive from these case studies are a revolutionary new tool's motivating problem, and its initial and second-phase hook experiments. These concepts hardly exhaust a detailed metascience of tool development experiments in neuroscience, but they get that project off to a useful start and distinguish the subsequent account of neuroscience revolutions clearly from Kuhn's famous model. I close with a brief remark about the general importance of molecular biology for a current philosophical understanding of science, as comparable to the place physics occupied when Kuhn formulated his famous theory of scientific revolutions.
Curvature-induced Symmetry Lowering and Anomalous Dispersion of Phonons in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Here we report rich and new resonant Raman spectral features for several sub-nanometer diameter single wall carbon nanotubes (sub-nm SWNTs) samples grown using chemical vapor deposition technique operating at different temperatures. We find that the high curvature in sub-nm SWNTs leads to (i) an unusual S-like dispersion of the G‑band frequency due to perturbations caused by the strong electron-phonon coupling, and (ii) an activation of diameter-selective intermediate frequency modes that are as intense as the radial breathing modes (RBMs). Furthermore, an analytical approach which includes the effects of curvature into the overlap integral and the energy gap between the van Hove singularities is discussed. Lastly, we show that the phonon spectra for sub-nm SWNTs obtained from the molecular dynamic simulations which employs a curvature-dependent force field concur with our experimental observations.
Observations of sagebrush gall morphology and emergence of Rhopalomyia pomum (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and its parasitoids

Galls induced by insects are specialized plant tissues thought to provide a suitable microclimate and high-quality food for insect development. Galls are also hypothesized to provide protection from predators, and particularly from parasitoids, because larger galls may be too deep for parasitoid oviposition (enemies hypothesis). However, galls may actually increase the risk of parasitism by making the location of gallformers more apparent (apparency hypothesis). Rhopalomyia pomum (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) forms soft, lobed galls on big sagebrush ( Artemisia tridentata : Asteraceae). The volume of the largest galls can be 600X that of the smallest. Here I explore the relationships of the number of lobes per gall and gall volume with the emergence of R. pomum and its parasitoids. I collected 159 galls from 4 locations in southern Utah in spring 2002, measured them, and monitored emergence from each. Lobing was not related to midge emergence ( F 1,150 = 2.35, P = 0.13) but was positively associated with parasitoid emergence ( F 1,150 = 15.27, P F 1,150 =22.0, P F 1,150 = 0.3, P = 0.6), providing no support for either the enemies or apparency hypothesis.
Shaping the Congressional Debate on the Gulf War

Conventional legislative research fails to capture some of the motivating factors behind congressional behavior in foreign policy. One major factor that scholars have ignored is the way members' frame an issue. The results presented here on the vote to approve the Gulf War suggest that the choice of frames is a significant part of the process of legislative decision making. To wit, as members utilize more extreme frames they become less likely to defy their ideological moorings. Extreme frames are largely the product of electoral security. Interestingly legislators targeted by pro-Israeli organizations employ more moderate frames - thereby making targeted members more prone to ideologically inexplicable votes. By ignoring the way members frame issues, scholars have failed to illuminate the causes of ideologically contrary votes and have under-estimated the relevance of interest groups in legislative outcomes.
Laser shock wave assisted patterning on NiTi shape memory alloy surfaces

An advanced direct imprinting method with low cost, quick, and less environmental impact to create thermally controllable surface pattern using the laser pulses is reported. Patterned micro indents were generated on Ni 50 Ti 50 shape memory alloys (SMA) using an Nd:YAG laser operating at 1064 nm combined with suitable transparent overlay, a sacrificial layer of graphite, and copper grid. Laser pulses at different energy densities which generates pressure pulses up to 10 GPa on the surface was focused through the confinement medium, ablating the copper grid to create plasma and transferring the grid pattern onto the NiTi surface. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and optical microscope images of square pattern with different sizes were studied. One dimensional profile analysis shows that the depth of the patterned sample initially increase linearly with the laser energy until 125 mJ/pulse where the plasma further absorbs and reflects the laser beam. In addition, light the microscope image show that the surface of NiTi alloy was damaged due to the high power laser energy which removes the graphite layer.
Trafficking Rescue Initiatives as State Violence

In the last several years, the anti-domestic violence movement has gradually moved away from initial state response policies mandating arrest and prosecution of aggressors. Scholars and advocates argued that these forms of state intervention, which were intended to protect survivors, in fact deprived them of meaningful choices and potentially put them in greater fear or danger. Ironically, as the anti-domestic violence movement sought to disentangle itself from law enforcement, the criminalization of human trafficking offenses empowered law enforcement interventions that could be criticized on similar grounds. This article compares experiences of domestic violence and trafficking survivors and their interactions with law enforcement. Though domestic violence and trafficking law share common policy history, the justice system now responds to these offenses very differently; trafficking survivors are often treated as “victim-offenders” who may be punished rather than protected. The typologies of emotional abuse developed by Professor Linda Mills to frame experiences of domestic violence survivors also suggest that trafficking survivors might comparably experience law enforcement “rescue” interventions as violence. The article concludes that, as in the case of the domestic violence movement, policies that support survivor autonomy and safety are the most promising for survivor protection and trafficking prevention.
Scanning holographic optical tweezers

The aim of this Letter is to introduce a new optical tweezers approach, called scanning holographic optical tweezers (SHOT), which drastically increases the working area (WA) of the holographic-optical tweezers (HOT) approach, while maintaining tightly focused laser traps. A 12-fold increase in the WA is demonstrated. The SHOT approach achieves its utility by combining the large WA of the scanning optical tweezers (SOT) approach with the flexibility of the HOT approach for simultaneously moving differently structured optical traps in and out of the focal plane. This Letter also demonstrates a new heuristic control algorithm for combining the functionality of the SOT and HOT approaches to efficiently allocate the available laser power among a large number of traps. The proposed approach shows promise for substantially increasing the number of particles that can be handled simultaneously, which would enable optical tweezers additive fabrication technologies to rapidly assemble microgranular materials and structures in reasonable build times.
Outcomes of thoracic endovascular aortic repair for chronic aortic dissections

Abstract Background Open surgical repair remains the "gold standard" treatment for chronic type B aortic dissection (cTBD) with aneurysm. Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has gained popularity in recent years for the treatment of thoracic aortic diseases, including cTBD. We assessed the effectiveness of TEVAR in the treatment of cTBD using the Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI) database. Methods The VQI registry identified 4713 patients treated with TEVAR from July 2010 to November 2015, including 125 repairs for cTBD. We analyzed TEVAR outcomes in this cohort per the Society for Vascular Surgery reporting standards for TEVAR. Results Median age was 65.0 years (interquartile range [IQR], 56.0-72.0 years), and 85 (68.0%) were male. Median aneurysm diameter was 5.5 cm (IQR, 4.8-6.3 cm). Sixty-two (49.6%) patients were asymptomatic on presentation, 57 (45.6%) were symptomatic, and 6 (4.8%) presented with rupture. Median length of stay was 8.0 days (IQR, 4.0-11.0 days). Fluoroscopy time was 17.3 minutes (IQR, 10.5-25.6 minutes). The distal landing zone was aortic zone 4 in 27 (21.6%) and aortic zone 5 and distal in 98 (78.4%) patients. Successful device delivery occurred in 123 (98.4%) patients. Conversion to open repair occurred in one (0.8%) patient. A type IA endoleak was present in 2 (1.6%), type IB endoleak in 2 (1.6%), and type II endoleak in 2 (1.6%) patients. Perioperative complications included stroke in 1 (0.8%), respiratory complications in 6 (4.8%), and spinal cord ischemia symptoms present at discharge in 3 (2.4%) patients. In-hospital mortality occurred in three (2.4%) patients. Reintervention was required in two (1.6%) patients for false lumen perfusion and in two (1.6%) patients for extension of the dissection. Follow-up was available for 43 patients at a median time of 239 days (IQR, 38-377 days). Median change in sac diameter was −0.2 cm (IQR, −0.5 to 0.1 cm). Sac shrinkage of 0.5 cm was noted in 12 (27.9%), with sac growth >0.5 cm in four (9.3%) patients. Extent of stent graft coverage did not affect sac shrinkage (P = .65). Patients with aneurysms ≥5.5 cm compared with Conclusions TEVAR for cTBD may be performed with acceptable rates of morbidity and mortality. Changes in sac diameter in the midterm are promising. Long-term data are needed to determine whether this approach is durable.
Improtance of Laboratory Validations and Accurate Descriptions of Analytical Procedures for Drug Residues in Foods

Among drug residue analysts, strong disagreements about the validity and interpretation of analytical data or the superiority of one analytical procedure over another frequently occur. I have frequently observed these differences between persons or groups involved in the interpretation of data from the monitoring of animal food products for drug residues, or the selection of drug residue procedures for interlaboratory evaluation and approval. These disagreements can consume considerable time, result in unfavorable publicity, and cause considerable confusion among persons with good intentions. Often these disagreements result from the (1) lack of data and agreement on evaluation criteria, (2) careless use of language, or (3) the absence of adequate interpretation of analytical data. I think we need to pause periodically and remind ourselves of some of (1) the laboratory data and practices needed to establish the performance characteristics of analytical methods, (2) the importance of taking the time to generate this data, and (3) the need to accurately and effectively communicate the performance characteristics of analytical procedures. These performance characteristics need to be understood by the persons asking for the analyses and those who will make decisions based on the resulting analytical data.
Evaluation of African American Adolescent Health Status With Gender Comparison

The goals of Healthy People 2010 are to increase the quality of life and life expectancy, and eliminate health disparities. There is no clear picture, however, if these goals are being addressed by African American adolescents. This study was conducted to evaluate health status of African American adolescents aged 13-19 in Florida’s Big Bend Region. Healthy People 2010 objectives were consulted for the evaluation. Responses from a convenience sample of 35 participants (63% female, 34% male) who completed a survey comprised of questions based on Likert scale are summarized here. The results show that the African American adolescents are engaging in some physical activity; however, only about half of them reported maintaining a healthy body weight. The majority of the adolescents reported avoiding smoking, but fewer adolescents reported avoiding drinking alcohol. Only a small percentage of the adolescents reported that their friends carried a gun or knife to school within the last 30 days; the percentage increased when the adolescents were asked if their friends got into a fist fight within the last 30 days. The adolescents sampled in this study have only achieved the Healthy People 2010 objectives in one of the health concern areas examined herein. It is also important to note that there are substantial gender-based disparities. In order to meet all Healthy People 2010 objectives, health education and promotion must be increased. Future research should explore different aspects of health status of adolescents in general, and further examine gender disparities and contributing factors.
Using a Deep-Learning Approach for Smart IoT Network Packet Analysis

The Internet of Things is an emerging technology of network devices. Most IoT devices are enabled to be connected to external cloud servers purposely or incidentally, and our cell phones can also connect to the same cloud to make and apprentice such IoT devices. It is highly likely that an attack goes into or comes from IoT devices. Since IoT devices appear or disappear with no notification or no authentication, typical firewall rule-based intrusion detections are unsatisfiable. This paper describes an artificial neural network approach to training a network packet inspector to identify potentially attackable packets to/from IoT devices. The contribution of this paper includes 1) the characterization of IoT attacks, and 2) the formation of neural network nodes for each attack. This paper also shows the simulation results of neural network performance evaluation.
Paraproteins in CLL Are Frequently the Product of Another Clone.

Abstract Paraproteins are found in 5–10% of CLL patients using conventional techniques and in a higher number using more sensitive techniques. The significance of this finding is uncertain although it has been suggested to be associated with a worse prognosis. When a paraprotein occurs with CLL it is usually considered to be a product of the leukemic clone. However there is an increased incidence of both B cell clonal expansions and monoclonal immunoglobulins (Igs) in the elderly suggesting an alternative source may exist. We examined the clinicopathological features of 34 cases of paraproteins who had an immunophenotype consistent with CLL (CD5+ B cells and CD23+ if tested). These were untreated patients who had an elevation of one or more immunoglobulins (Igs) on routine screening and subsequently had immunofixation (IF) to determine the presence of a paraprotein. In a database of chronic lymphoproliferative disorders 1380 patients had Ig quantitation and 168 were found to have an elevation in one or more Igs. Cases were excluded from this group if the disease was found to be T cell, CD5- or CD23-. This left 116 CLL patients with elevated Igs, of which 53 had IF. A polyclonal increase was detected in 19 and paraproteins in 34 (14 IgG, 16 IgM, 1 IgA and 3 oligoclonal). The level of paraprotein ranged from 0.2–4.4 g/dl for IgG, 0.2–2.4 g/dl for IgM and was 0.4 g/dl for IgA. Bence Jones Protein was associated with both IgG and IgM paraproteins when tested (2 patients in each group). Suppression of other Igs was observed in 12 patients (35%) with paraproteins and only one patient (5%) with a polyclonal increase. When compared to patients with a polyclonal increase in Igs, the patients with paraproteins had more advanced disease and higher bone marrow lymphocytosis, β2-microglobulin and LDH (p The origin of paraproteins is usually considered to be the CLL clone with CLL cells capable of secreting IgM as well as producing IgG and IgA paraproteins by isotype switching. In this cohort 5/14 patients with an IgG paraprotein had a different light chain expressed on the CLL clone. In addition 3/16 patients with IgM paraproteins had biclonal IgMs and in one case the 2 Igs had different light chains suggesting that at least one was not a product of the CLL clone. In conclusion, paraproteins in CLL are frequently not the product of the CLL clone but may reflect an associated age-related restriction in B cell repertoire and existence of other clonal expansions. Further studies are needed to determine if CLL emerges from one of these clones or develops independently.
Mcl1 is the predominant pro-survival protein in neuroblastoma

5138 Neuroblastoma (NB) is a common and frequently lethal childhood tumor. While many NBs are initially chemosensitive, the majority progress after acquiring chemoresistance. Bcl2-homology (BH) proteins govern mitochondrial death signaling and alterations in these pathways contribute to chemoresistance. Mcl1 is a Bcl2 homologue capable of both sequestering specific BH3 death proteins and directly repressing Bak to exert dual pro-survival effects. We previously identified gain of Mcl1 as a co-operative lesion supporting MYCN deregulation in neural cell transformation, analogous to Bcl2 supporting MYC in lymphomagenesis, and explored Mcl1 as a candidate oncogene in NB. Mcl1 maps to a region of frequent gain in NB (1q21) and was the most highly expressed pro-survival Bcl2 homologue (RNA and protein) in NB cell lines. Both Mcl1-L and Mcl1-S were present in NBs. Co-IP studies found pro-apoptotic PUMA and BIM-L bound to Mcl1 (and Bcl-Xl), but not Bcl2, in NB cell lines during steady state growth. Thus, Mcl1 tonically represses death signals constitutively present in NBs. Expression profiling of 101 primary NBs (Affymetrix) similarly demonstrated Mcl1 as the most abundant Bcl2 homologue across all NB risk groups. To validate these findings we used TaqMan to determine Mcl1 expression in 33 independent NBs (from COG): 15 (45%) were MYCN amplified and 20 (61%) high-risk by COG criteria. There was a trend toward higher Mcl1 expression in MYCN-amplified (p=0.06) and diploid NBs (p=0.09) but not with higher stage, age, or histopathology (Wilcoxon exact two-sample test). EFS nor OS was significantly correlated with Mcl1 expression by log-rank test for this cohort. In vitro knockdown of Mcl1 via siRNA resulted in increased cell death in the NB cell lines studied. Both KAN and SK-N-AS cells treated with Mcl1 siRNA demonstrated >30% reduction in viability at 72 hrs compared with GAPDH siRNA. Knockdown of Mcl1 variably potentiated chemoresponse when combined with topotecan, doxorubicin, etoposide or mafosfamide with resultant IC50 shifted ~1 log. Mcl1 protein, unlike Bcl2, has a short t1/2 and is highly regulated. In vitro data suggests that knockdown of Mcl1 can increase cell death and chemosensitivity. For these reasons, Mcl1 makes an attractive therapeutic target. We are investigating the therapeutic utility of Mcl1-Antisense to augment chemoresponsiveness in NB.
Time-Dependent Demagnetization of NdFeB Magnets Under DC and Pulsed Magnetic Fields

This article investigates the time-dependent demagnetization behavior of NdFeB permanent magnets used for electrified vehicles. A mathematical model of magnetic viscosity was derived using maximum-likelihood estimation based on the test data. This magnetic viscosity model was then used to predict the magnet demagnetization behavior over time. A demagnetization test fixture and a programmable dc power supply were used to apply a constant demagnetizing field to N48H magnet samples. A hall-effect sensor was used for online measurement of the magnetic field under a constant demagnetizing field over a wide time range. A buck converter was used to generate a pulsed demagnetizing field in the timescale of milliseconds. The results of this article will help understand the demagnetization behavior of NdFeB magnets caused by overcurrent faults in permanent-magnet synchronous machines.
Cost Utility Analysis of Dupilumab Versus Endoscopic Sinus Surgery for Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps

OBJECTIVE Both endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) and biologic therapies have shown effectiveness for medically-refractory chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) without severe asthma. The objective was to evaluate cost-effectiveness of dupilumab versus ESS for patients with CRSwNP. STUDY DESIGN Cohort-style Markov decision-tree economic model with a 36-year time horizon. METHODS A cohort of 197 CRSwNP patients who underwent ESS were compared with a matched cohort of 293 CRSwNP patients from the SINUS-24 and SINUS-52 Phase 3 studies who underwent treatment with dupilumab 300 mg every 2 weeks. Utility scores were calculated from the SNOT-22 instrument in both cohorts. Decision-tree analysis and a 10-state Markov model utilized published event probabilities and primary data to calculate long-term costs and utility. The primary outcome measure was incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY), which is expressed as an Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS The ESS strategy cost $50,436.99 and produced 9.80 QALYs. The dupilumab treatment strategy cost $536,420.22 and produced 8.95 QALYs. Because dupilumab treatment was more costly and less effective than the ESS strategy, it is dominated by ESS in the base case. One-way sensitivity analyses showed ESS to be cost-effective versus dupilumab regardless of the frequency of revision surgery and at any yearly cost of dupilumab above $855. CONCLUSIONS The ESS treatment strategy is more cost effective than dupilumab for upfront treatment of CRSwNP. More studies are needed to isolate potential phenotypes or endotypes that will benefit most from dupilumab in a cost-effective manner. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2C Laryngoscope, 131:E26-E33, 2021.
Salivary Gland-Type Tumors of the Lung

Mucous and serous glands of the tracheobronchial tree rarely give rise to neoplasms that are histologically identical to those occurring in the salivary glands of the head and neck region. These salivary gland-type tumors (SGT) constitute a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with complex clinicopathological and biological characteristics. As the spectrum of distinct entities in the head and neck region is constantly expanding, awareness of the possibility that similar tumors may arise as lung primaries is required in the workup of more unusual-appearing lung tumors. Importantly, detailed clinical history is always necessary to rule out metastatic disease from a head and neck primary before a diagnosis of primary pulmonary SGT can be supplied.
The Effects of Computerized Sentence and Paragraph Strategy Instruction for Struggling Adolescent Writers

The purpose of this study was to determine whether struggling adolescent writers could learn sentence and paragraph writing skills from a software program. Nine junior-high and nine senior-high str...
Protest Coverage Matters: How Media Framing and Visual Communication Affects Support for Black Civil Rights Protests

This study tests the impact of protest news frames on audience support for a civil rights movement. Using a 3 × 2 experimental design, we explored how frames and visuals affect audiences’ criticism...
A hybrid Eulerian-Eulerian/Eulerian-Lagrangian method for dense-to-dilute dispersed phase flows

Abstract Problems involving a transition between dense and dilute dispersed phase regimes often require hybridization of Eulerian-Eulerian (EE) and Eulerian-Lagrangian (EL) methods for accurate and efficient computational modeling. A hybrid EE-EL formulation is developed in this work from first principles, which asymptotes to well-established EE and EL methods in limiting conditions. A smooth and dynamic transition criterion and a corresponding algorithm for conversion between the two representations of the dispersed phase are developed. To use EE and EL in their respective regions of effectiveness, the transition criterion is designed as a function of local volume fraction and local kinetic energy of random uncorrelated motion of particles. Several one-dimensional numerical tests are conducted to analyze limits of the hybrid EE-EL method in dense (up to 65% volume loading) and dilute conditions, at first, without any conversion between EE and EL, and then the ability of the conversion algorithm to smoothly transition from EE to EL and vice versa is evaluated using prespecified and dynamically computed transition criteria for one- and two-dimensional tests. Particle evolution in two-dimensional frozen turbulence is simulated to evaluate the method's ability to dynamically transition from EE to EL and vice versa in regions of particle trajectory crossing. Finally, the hybrid method is used for simulating dispersion of an initially dense particle cloud in a three-dimensional spherical sector blast.
Mediterranean, DASH, and Alternate Healthy Eating Index Dietary Patterns and Risk of Death in the Physicians' Health Study.

Objective: Our primary objective was to examine the associations of the Mediterranean (MED), the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and the Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) diet with total mortality. Our secondary objective was to examine the association of these three dietary patterns with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer mortality. Research: Design and Methods: We prospectively studied 15,768 men from the Physicians’ Health Study who completed a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Scores from each dietary pattern were divided into quintiles. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratio’s (95% confidence intervals) of mortality. Results: At baseline, average age was 65.9 ± 8.9 years. There were 1763 deaths, including 488 CVD deaths and 589 cancer deaths. All diet scores were inversely associated with risk for all-cause mortality: Hazard ratios (95% CI) of all-cause mortality from lowest to highest quintile for MED diet were 1.0 (reference), 0.85 (0.73–0.98), 0.80 (0.69–0.93), 0.77 (0.66–0.90), and 0.68 (0.58–0.79); corresponding values were 1.0 (reference), 0.96 (0.82–1.12), 0.95 (0.82–1.11), 0.88 (0.75–1.04), and 0.83 (0.71–0.99) for DASH diet and 1.0 (reference), 0.88 (0.77–1.02), 0.82 (0.71–0.95), 0.69 (0.59, 0.81), and 0.56 (0.47–0.67) for AHEI diet, after adjusting for age, energy, smoking, exercise, BMI, hypertension, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, diabetes, and atrial fibrillation. For cause-specific mortality, MED and AHEI scores were inversely associated with lower risk for CVD mortality, whereas AHEI and MED scores were inversely associated with lower risk for cancer mortality. Conclusion: Within this cohort of male physicians, AHEI, MED, and DASH scores were each inversely associated with mortality from all causes.
A systematic review of the engagement with social media-delivered interventions for improving health outcomes among sexual and gender minorities.

Abstract Background Sexual and gender minority (SGM) persons face a number of physical and mental health disparities closely linked to discrimination, social stigma, and victimization. Despite the acceptability and increasing number of digital health interventions focused on improving health outcomes among SGM people, there is a lack of reviews summarizing whether and how researchers assess engagement with social media–delivered health interventions for this group. Objective The objective of this systematic review was to synthesize and critique the evidence on evaluation of engagement with social media–delivered interventions for improving health outcomes among SGM persons. Methods We conducted a literature search for studies published between January 2003 and June 2020 using 4 electronic databases. Articles were included if they were peer-reviewed, in English language, assessed engagement with a social media–delivered health intervention for improving health outcomes among sexual and gender minorities. A minimum of two authors independently extracted data from each study using an a priori developed abstraction form. We assessed quality of data reporting using the CONSORT extension for pilot and feasibility studies and CONSORT statement parallel group randomized trials. Results We included 18 articles in the review; 15 were feasibility studies and 3 were efficacy or effectiveness randomized trials. The quality of data reporting varied considerably. The vast majority of articles focused on improving HIV-related outcomes among men who have sex with men. Only three studies recruited cisgender women and/or transgender persons. We found heterogeneity in how engagement was defined and assessed. Intervention usage from social media data was the most frequently used engagement measure. Conclusion In addition to the heterogeneity in defining and assessing engagement, we found that the focus of assessment was often on measures of intervention usage only. More purposeful recruitment is needed to learn about whether, how, and why different SGM groups engage with social media-interventions. This leaves significant room for future research to expand evaluation criteria for cognitive and emotional aspects of intervention engagement in order to develop effective and tailored social media-delivered interventions for SGM people. Our findings also support the need for developing and testing social media-delivered interventions that focus on improving mental health and outcomes related to chronic health conditions among SGM persons.