cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Naproxen-induced liver injury.

Background Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been reported to induce liver injury. Patterns of the injury usually range from mild elevations of liver enzymes to sometimes severe fulminant hepatic failure. Likewise, naproxen is a propionic acid derivative NSAID that was introduced in 1980 and has been available as an over-the-counter medication since 1994, but has rarely been reported to cause liver injury. Methods We treated a 30-year-old woman with jaundice and intractable pruritus that developed shortly after taking naproxen. We reviewed the medical history and liver histopathology of the patient as well as all previously published case reports of naproxen-associated liver toxicity in the English language literature. Results The liver biochemical profile of the patient revealed a mixed cholestasis and hepatitis pattern. Consecutive liver biopsies demonstrated focal lobular inflammation, hepatocyte drop-out, and a progressive loss of the small interlobular bile ducts (ductopenia). The biopsy performed two years after onset of the disease showed partial recovery of a small number of bile ducts; however, 10 years passed before the biochemical profile returned to near normal. Conclusions Naproxen-associated liver toxicity remains a rare entity, but should be considered in any patient presenting with cholestasis shortly after its use. Liver injury is most commonly seen in a mixed pattern characterized by cholestasis and hepatitis. The resulting liver damage may take years to resolve.
Effects of Temperature and Tension on Oxygen Toxicity for the Protozoa of Cryptocercus

SUMMARY. At any given temperature level, the rate of oxygen poisoning increases proportionally with an increase in oxygen tension. But the toxicity of oxygen does not bear a proportional relationship to temperature. At a constant low tension, it is more toxic at low temperatures than at high ones and, at a constant high tension, it is less toxic at low temperatures than at high ones.
Non-convexities and the gains from concealing defenses from committed terrorists

Abstract How should countries defend against committed terrorists who attack until defeated? We identify a fundamental non-convexity—one only needs to defeat the terrorist once. Consequently, provided a country values targets similarly, it should conceal defenses and allocate defense resources randomly.
Gender and mentoring of faculty in science and engineering: individual and organisational factors

The study significantly advances understanding of faculty's mentoring of other faculty, by gender, in science and engineering. The empirical analyses are grounded in a conceptual framework about the importance of individual and organisational characteristics in explaining faculty performance, including mentoring. The models investigate factors that explain: (1) who mentors, by gender and (2) who are mentored (women only, men only, or both women and men), by gender. Findings highlight the importance of individual and organisational/institutional characteristics for mentoring. Specifically, higher levels of rank significantly increase the likelihood of being a mentor among both women and men; while being a principal investigator is significant for men only. Departmental climates perceived as 'stimulating' influence being a mentor, but differ by gender. Any effect of field on being a mentor is present only for women. Multinomial models point to gender differences in explaining who mentors women only, men only, or both.
Germany's quest for a New EU industrial policy: Why it is failing

German Chancellor Schroeder has expressed publicly the desire for a fundamental revision of European Union industrial policy to conform more closely with the changing needs of the German political economy. What is the nature of this challenge? To what extent has the German government been able to alter EU industrial policy? And to the extent it has not been able to do so, why not, given the scope of Germany's power in Europe? Using the process of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) as a paradigm for assessing German power in Europe, I argue that the German quest to remake EU industrial policy is likely to fail for three reasons: (1) emulation: Germany has not been a model for EU industrial policy; (2) timing and sequencing: EU industrial policy became institutionally embedded from the late 1980s to the early 1990s, when the influence of the German industrial model was waning; and (3) path dependence: for nearly two decades, the overriding goal of the European integration project has been to advance the sing...
The Misfortune of Intellectuals

Chaucer (in Canterbury Tales) tells this story: A knight commits a serious crime and the king hands him over to the queen for disposal, whereupon the queen orders him to answer one question: What is a woman's greatest wish? The knight is unable to answer the question then and there, so the queen gives him a time limit. If he cannot answer the question in that time, his head will be chopped off. So the knight journeys far and wide to find the answer. Eventually he finds it and saves his own head. There would be no story if he did not find it. It is said the noblewomen discussed the answer and all found it to be correct. It was: "A woman's greatest wish is to be loved." If that were today, women's rights activists would probably disagree, but in the Middle Ages, this answer would get full approval marks.
Impact of a Kentucky Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home-Visitation Program on Parental Risk Factors.

As public health organizations continue to implement maternal and child health home-visitation programs, more evaluation of these efforts is needed, particularly as it relates to improving parental behaviors. The purpose of our study was to assess the impact of families’ participation in a home-visitation program offered by a central Kentucky health department on parental risk factors. A family social worker or nurse interviewed parents pre-intervention, completing a Parent Survey which assessed multiple parental risk factors associated with negative health and well-being and to calculate a total risk score. Upon exiting the program, parents are re-interviewed to document improvements, review progress and accomplished goals, plan for transitional services, and calculate a new risk score. As of December 2010, 64 families had completed the home-visitation program and had pre- and post-risk scores available for analysis. Based on paired-sample t tests, there was a statistically significant difference in total mean risk scores among both mothers and fathers from pre to post. The McNemar–Bowker test also revealed statistically different scores for four of the six risk factors for mothers and fathers pre- and post-home-visitation: lifestyle behaviors and mental health, coping skills and support systems, stresses, and anger management skills. Findings suggest that families who were deemed at-risk for adverse pregnancy and child health outcomes benefit from participation in the home-visitation program. Programs designed to promote positive pregnancy outcomes and child development may benefit from providing social support, fostering parental knowledge, skill development and problem solving, insuring proper medical care, and connecting parents with community resources.
Coronal changes associated with a disappearing filament

Skylab/ATM observations of a disappearing filament near the center of the solar disk are described using XUV and H-alpha spectroheliograms, X-ray filterheliograms, and photospheric magnetograms. The temperature of the coronal plasma as the filament disappeared is estimated to have been in excess of 6 million K, and it is noted that the time history of the soft X-ray and microwave fluxes displayed the gradual-rise-and-fall (GRF) signature, suggesting that the present event may have properties that are characteristic of a wide class of long-duration X-ray and radio events. A comparison with other spatially resolved long-duration X-ray events indicates that all such long-lived bursts involve transients in the outer corona and that some two-thirds of them involve either the eruption or the major activation of a prominence. It is also found that long-lived events are characterized by the appearance of new emission loops in the lower corona during the declining phase of the X-ray emission and that these loops sometimes disappear after the X-ray events and sometimes remain indefinitely.
Ethical dilemmas in representation: engaging participative youth

This paper reflects upon the ways that multi-modal data and student productions enhance and challenge our methodologies and ethical commitments in our collaborative critical ethnographic research in youth media. We review recent research and theory related to multi-modal representations and we critically explore how our data are produced, including how claims are represented and substantiated in the findings. We consider, through specific examples, how youth media provides insights into the meaning-making and identity work of minority youth, while presenting new representational demands for traditional scholarly publication. In closing, we discuss perceived tensions in the representation and disembodiment of voice, confidentiality of youth participants and issues of empowerment evidenced in the communication of multi-modal research findings.
Image Resolution (OTF) Through Atmospheric Turbulence Over The Ocean

The optical transfer function (OTF) of the atmosphere has been measured over the ocean for four wavelengths from visible to far IR, using laser sources and a slit scanning telescope. The effects of diffraction, finite slit width, and aberrations have been removed by digital Fourier processing. The shapes of the curves of long term average OTF, and the image-centered (tracked) OTF, as well as the magnitude of the wander variance, all agree well with a theoretical model by Fried. Comparisons of the path-integrated values of Cn 2 , obtained from the OTF, with the path-integrated values of Cn obtained from CT 2 , indicate that, for nonuniform Cn2, the weighting of Cn 2 as a function of position on the path, behaves as predicted. This weighting heavily emphasizes the part of the path nearest the telescope for imaging devices, whereas scintillation emphasizes the path center. The weighting that applies to imaging devices also applies to beam-forming or projection sys-tems, with the heavily emphasized part near the projection optics. Measurement with a scanning telescope thus yields directly the properly weighted value for such systems.
A new equation of state for square-well molecules

This paper presents a new equation of state for the square-well fluid based on perturbation theory. This equation has the exact second virial coefficient behavior, converges to the correct mean-field behavior at high densities, and accurately interpolates between the two limits. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to evaluate the limiting behavior of the theory in the dilute-gas regime. Comparison of the theory with the simulation results shows excellent agreement between the equation-of-state predictions and the data.
Modulation of striatal neuronal activity by glutamate and GABA: iontophoresis in awake, unrestrained rats

Abstract To examine the effects of glutamate (GLU) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and their interactions in the striatum under behaviorally relevant conditions, single-unit recording was combined with microiontophoresis in awake, unrestrained rats. Iontophoretically applied GLU (0–40 nA, 20 s) excited all spontaneously active neurons in dorsal (caudate–putamen) and ventral (accumbens, core) striatum; phasic GLU-induced excitations (mean threshold 19.7 nA) were dose-dependent, inversely correlated with rate of basal activity (excitation limit ∼65 imp/s), and highly stable during repeated GLU applications. GLU also excited silent and sporadically active units, which greatly outnumbered spontaneously active cells, and enhanced neuronal excitations associated with movement. Both spontaneously active and GLU-stimulated striatal neurons were highly sensitive to GABA (0–40 nA, 20 s); most showed short-latency inhibitions during GABA diffusion from the pipette (0 nA) and the response quickly progressed to complete silence with a small increase in current. The GABA-induced inhibition was current-dependent, equally strong on spontaneously active and GLU-stimulated units, and independent of neuronal discharge rate, but less stable than the GLU-induced excitation during repeated drug applications. Prolonged GABA application (0–20 nA, 2–4 min) reduced basal impulse activity, but was less effective in attenuating the neuronal excitations induced by GLU or associated with movement. Our data support the role of GLU afferents in the phasic activation of striatal neurons and suggest that the effects of GLU strongly depend on the level of ongoing neuronal activity. The ability of GABA to modulate both basal and GLU-evoked activity suggests that GABA, released from efferent collaterals and interneurons, plays a critical role in regulating neuronal activity and responsiveness to phasic changes in excitatory input.
Agent-based modeling of malaria vectors: the importance of spatial simulation.

The modeling of malaria vector mosquito populations yields great insight into drivers of malaria transmission at the village scale. Simulation of individual mosquitoes as “agents” in a distributed, dynamic model domain may be greatly beneficial for simulation of spatial relationships of vectors and hosts. In this study, an agent-based model is used to simulate the life cycle and movement of individual malaria vector mosquitoes in a Niger Sahel village, with individual simulated mosquitoes interacting with their physical environment as well as humans. Various processes that are known to be epidemiologically important, such as the dependence of parity on flight distance between developmental habitat and blood meal hosts and therefore spatial relationships of pools and houses, are readily simulated using this modeling paradigm. Impacts of perturbations can be evaluated on the basis of vectorial capacity, because the interactions between individuals that make up the population- scale metric vectorial capacity can be easily tracked for simulated mosquitoes and human blood meal hosts, without the need to estimate vectorial capacity parameters. As expected, model results show pronounced impacts of pool source reduction from larvicide application and draining, but with varying degrees of impact depending on the spatial relationship between pools and human habitation. Results highlight the importance of spatially-explicit simulation that can model individuals such as in an agent-based model. The impacts of perturbations on village scale malaria transmission depend on spatial locations of individual mosquitoes, as well as the tracking of relevant life cycle events and characteristics of individual mosquitoes. This study demonstrates advantages of using an agent-based approach for village-scale mosquito simulation to address questions in which spatial relationships are known to be important.
The TBT Panels: US–Cloves, US–Tuna, US–COOL

In a series of controversial 2011 decisions, WTO DSM Panels sought to reconcile legitimate regulatory interests of the state with various obligations to treat imported products in an even-handed and not unnecessarily trade-restrictive manner. Among the key points of contention were which obligation pertained in each case – national treatment, limits on technical regulations, or rules governing standards. In each case, the Panel imposed significant restrictions on national regulatory practices, and in each case the Panel reasoning was challenged by the Appellate Body. This paper addresses some of the key legal and economic issues raised in the original Panel decisions, leaving the late-breaking Appellate Body decisions for future analysis. Given the unsettled nature of the terrain, the economic analysis focuses primarily on the question of national treatment, while the legal analysis deals with other interesting points that emerge from these rulings, such as the appropriate level of deference to international standards and the legitimacy of labeling requirements.
Uncooled, millimeter-scale atomic magnetometers with femtotesla sensitivity

We summarize recent results at NIST to develop high-performance yet highly miniaturized magnetic sensors based on atomic vapors confined in microfabricated alkali vapor cells. These sensors currently achieve sensitivities in the range of a few tens of femtotesla in a 1 Hz bandwidth in detection volumes of about 1 mm3. They require no cooling and only a small amount of heating, making them ideal for deployment in remote, power starved locations.
A transfer policy for global scheduling algorithms to schedule tasks with deadlines

The authors present a load index to characterize the system state that is more conducive to apply preventive and corrective measures, and a transfer policy which takes preventive measures by doing anticipatory task transfers in addition to corrective measures. Key features of this transfer policy are: (1) it is general and can be used in conjunction with a broad range of existing location policies, (2) it does not require the capability to transfer partially executed tasks, and (3) it adapts better to the system state by looking-ahead. A simulation study shows that an algorithm making use of the transfer policy and the load index reduces the number of deadline misses significantly when compared to algorithms taking only corrective measures. >
Performance of shark teeth during puncture and draw: implications for the mechanics of cutting

The performance of an organism’s feeding apparatus has obvious implications for its fitness and survival. However, the majority of studies that focus on chondrichthyan feeding have largely ignored the role of teeth. Studying the functional morphology of shark teeth not only elucidates the biological role that teeth play in feeding, but also provides insight specifically into the evolution of shark feeding because teeth are often the only structures available in the fossil record. In the present study, we investigate the puncture and draw performance of three general categories of extant teeth, tearing-type, cutting-type, and cutting–clutching type, as well as three fossil morphologies, utilizing a universal testing system. Differences in puncturing performance occurred among different prey items, indicating that not all ‘soft’ prey items are alike. The majority of teeth were able to puncture different prey items, and differences in puncture performance also occurred among tooth types; however, few patterns emerged. In some cases, broader triangular teeth were less effective at puncturing than narrow-cusped teeth. There were no differences between the maximum draw forces and maximum puncture forces. Many of the shark teeth in the present study were not only able to perform draw and puncture equally well, but also many tooth morphologies were functionally equivalent to each other. The findings obtained in the present study lend little support to the belief that shark tooth morphology is a good predictor of biological role. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 100, 271–286.
Contribution of clonally distinct subpopulations to heterogeneous production of inducible nitric oxide synthase by LPS-stimulated mouse macrophages

Expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene in mouse macrophages can be induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). iNOS (EC 1.14.13.39) catalyzes production of the reactive nitrogen intermediate, nitric oxide (NO), which is very important to macrophage-mediated host defense in species such as the mouse and rat. We have investigated production of iNOS at the level of single cells through immunocytochemical analysis of LPS-stimulated macrophages. Both bone marrow culture-derived macrophages and those of the cell line, RAW 264.7, were examined. Heterogeneous production of iNOS within macrophage populations was explained in part by the existence of clones that were high producers of iNOS and, therefore, NO, while other clones were reproducibly low producers of each. All clonally derived populations continued to demonstrate heterogeneous iNOS production, suggesting that at least one additional mechanism must be responsible for the phenomenon of heterogeneity. In contrast to iNOS, LPS-stim...
Corporations and Community in Highland Guatemala

This article takes Eric Wolf's concept of the closed, corporate community as a starting point for exploring how senses of community take shape in highland Guatemala in relation to contemporary property and production models that are premised on the sovereignty of legal corporations (i.e., multinational firms). Findings are based on ethnographic fieldwork among indigenous Maya entrepreneurs who own small-scale clothing manufacturing businesses and who routinely copy trademarked fashion brands. Their understandings and practices of community reveal a great deal about the unique dilemmas forged by global rights regimes and transnational capitalist production. Small-scale manufacturers interpret their relationships to international intellectual property protections and maquiladoras [foreign-owned, large-scale factories] through a moral economy that privileges the sharing of knowledge and resources across kin and neighbors and in ways that reinforce senses of belonging to spatialized communities.
Phase II study of bortezomib and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.

Abstract Background Based on preclinical studies and a phase I trial of the combination of bortezomib and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD), which both showed activity in breast cancer, we conducted a phase II study of this regimen in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Patients and Methods Patients received bortezomib 1.3 mg/m2 on days 1, 4, 8, and 11 of an every-21-day cycle, along with PLD 30 mg/m2 on day 4. The primary objective was to evaluate the response rate of this combination, while secondary objectives were to obtain further safety data about this combination, to evaluate the time to disease progression (TTP), and to evaluate response by the breast cancer subtype. Results One of 12 evaluable patients had a partial response (8%), while 3 (25%) had stable disease. At 26 months follow-up, the median overall survival was 4.3 months (95% CI, 1.2-26.2) and the median TTP was 1.3 months (95% CI, 0.8-14.0 months). The combination was well tolerated, with the most common events including low-grade nausea and vomiting, neutropenia, and neuropathy, and no cardiac toxicity was seen. Of the 7 tumors subtyped, no association was seen between intrinsic subtype or receptor status and response. Conclusion The combination of PLD and bortezomib was well tolerated but has minimal activity in heavily pretreated unselected metastatic breast cancer.
Large-signal compression-current measurements in high-power microwave pin photodiodes

The authors present the first large-signal compression measurements for surface-illuminated pin microwave photodetectors. The maximum RF power delivered by the photodiodes was +12, +17 and +20 dBm for bandwidths of 25, 3 and 1 GHz, respectively.
A statistical clustering approach to discriminating perfusion from conduit vessel signal contributions in a pulmonary ASL MR image

The measurement of pulmonary perfusion (blood delivered to the capillary bed within a voxel) using arterial spin labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging is often complicated by signal artifacts from conduit vessels that carry blood destined for voxels at a distant location in the lung. One approach to dealing with conduit vessel contributions involves the application of an absolute threshold on the ASL signal. While useful for identifying a subset of the most dominant high signal conduit image features, signal thresholding cannot discriminate between perfusion and conduit vessel contributions at intermediate and low signal. As an alternative, this article discusses a data-driven statistical approach based on statistical clustering for characterizing and discriminating between capillary perfusion and conduit vessel contributions over the full signal spectrum. An ASL flow image is constructed from the difference between a pair of tagged magnetic resonance images. However, when viewed as a bivariate projection that treats the image pair as independent measures (rather than the univariate quantity that results from the subtraction of the two images), the signal associated with capillary perfusion contributions is observed to cluster independently of the signal associated with conduit vessel contributions. Analyzing the observed clusters using a Gaussian mixture model makes it possible to discriminate between conduit vessel and capillary-perfusion-dominated signal contributions over the full signal spectrum of the ASL image. As a demonstration of feasibility, this study compares the proposed clustering approach with the standard absolute signal threshold strategy in a small number of test images. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RACIAL REALITIES IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

Doing Race: 21 Essays for the 21st Century and Black Los Angeles: American Dreams and Racial Realities are two important additions to the study of race in the United States. First, both provide insight into the continuous significance of race in a time when racial tensions are on the rise despite the ubiquitous suggestion that we are in a post-racial society. Secondly, both works serve as important indicators of the multiplicative nature of race, each covering many of the bases so critical to race study. As many academicians and students of race and ethnicity recognize, race is a phenomenon that must be approached from multiple angles (e.g., anthropologically, sociologically, historically, and so on) if we are to fully understand how race operates. Thirdly, these two works offer an array of possible solutions or models for addressing some of the problems that beset racial and ethnic conflicts. Finally, while each of the books tackles the issue of race, they complement each other as Doing Race provides a more general, comprehensive understanding of racial and ethnic issues across the United States while Black Los Angeles represents a specific case study of race relations in one urban setting. All in all, these works make important contributions to the literature about the significance of race in America.
Computational results with a branch-and-bound algorithm for the general knapsack problem

In this paper, a branch-and-bound procedure is presented for treating the general knapsack problem. The fundamental notion of the procedure involves a variation of traditional branching strategies as well as the incorporation of penalties in order to improve bounds. Substantial computational experience has been obtained, the results of which would indicate the feasibility of the procedure for problems of large size.
Heteroepitaxy Via Seed Films: Application to Magnetic Metal Superlattices

The magnetic properties of epitaxial magnetic metal multilaycrs, superlatticcs and ultrathin films are of intense current interest because of the novel and potentially useful properties which these structures exhibit. MBE techniques permit the growth and in-situ characterization of such structures and the control of the growth axis of films and multilayers through epitaxial seed layers on semiconductor substrates. Techniques for controlling the growth axis of Co/Cu superlattices, for magnetoresistance studies, are described. In this and other other material systems it is necessary to combine the in situ probes of RHEED, LEED and X-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD) with post-growth HRXTEM to understand and control the formation and nature of the interfaces in the structures.
NONTRIVIAL EMBEDDINGS OF POLYGONAL INTERVALS AND UNKNOTS IN 3-SPACE

We consider embedding classes of polygonal intervals and circles with fixed edge lengths. We classify all embeddings of polygonal lines of five segments, finding that this space has three connected components for suitable edge lengths. We then construct a class of "stuck" unknotted hexagons, which cannot be deformed to the standard unknotted hexagon. The edge lengths of our examples are not equal.
Generator cluster transient stability assessment using catastrophe theory

A technique to study the real time wide area power system transient stability assessment using catastrophe theory is presented in this manuscript. This uses the sudden changes of the power system operation (discontinuity) to study the stability margin of the system; unlike conventional approaches which are aimed to figure out numerous thresholds for different operating condition parameters. Further, this work is based on the stability between generator clusters. This is ideal for the distributed generation control in smart grid implementation. From the case study it is evident that the proposed method could improve operation efficiency by helping the decision making in the power system security.
Force steadiness during a co-contraction task can be improved with practice, but only by young adults and not by middle-aged or old adults.

New Findings What is the central question of this study? Does the capacity to modulate afferent input to spinal motor neurons during steady submaximal contractions change with advancing age? What is the main finding and its importance? After practising a co-contraction task involving lower leg muscles, young subjects improved force steadiness by reducing the amount of Ia presynaptic inhibition as indexed by D1 inhibition. Middle-aged and old adults both found the task challenging, and force steadiness even worsened for old adults after practising the co-contraction task. Despite similar muscle strength for young and middle-aged adults, the capacity to modulate a spinal reflex pathway was reduced in middle-aged adults. This study compared the changes in steadiness and the modulation of presynaptic inhibition of soleus Ia afferents in young, middle-aged and old adults before and after a single session of practising a task that involved concurrent contraction of dorsiflexor and plantarflexor muscles. The hypothesis was that young subjects would be able to improve steadiness with practice by modulating Ia afferent feedback as indicated by changes in a measure of presynaptic inhibition (D1 inhibition), but that middle-aged and older subjects would exhibit a lesser ability to augment steadiness. There were no differences in steadiness between groups during an initial co-contraction trial (P = 0.713). Maximal voluntary contraction force for the plantarflexors was not significantly different between young and middle-aged subjects (P > 0.05), but it was significantly less in old subjects (P < 0.05). The main finding of the study was that young adults were able to improve steadiness by ∼19% (P < 0.001) during a co-contraction task after 50 min of practice, whereas there was no change for the middle-aged adults, and old adults became less steady by ∼15% (P < 0.05). The improvement in steadiness by young adults was accompanied by a significant reduction in the amount of Ia presynaptic inhibition as indexed by D1 inhibition (P < 0.01). Conversely, neither of the other two groups exhibited any change in D1 inhibition after practising the co-contraction task. In contrast to young subjects, middle-aged and old adults found the co-contraction task challenging and were not able to improve steadiness after practising the low-force isometric contraction.
Radiology medical student education: an outcome-based survey of PGY-1 residents.

Rationale and Objectives Postgraduate year (PGY)-1 residents are frequently required to order imaging studies and make preliminary interpretations on them. This study determines whether PGY-1 residents feel their radiology education in medical school sufficiently trained them for the clinical responsibilities of internship. Materials and Methods This multicenter, institutional review board–approved survey asked PGY-1 trainees three categories of questions: 1) extent of medical school training for ordering and interpreting imaging studies, 2) confidence levels in ordering appropriate imaging studies and making common/emergent diagnoses, and 3) rating the importance of radiologic interpretation by interns. Respondents also submitted ideas for medical school teaching topics deemed most useful for interns. Results A total of 175 questionnaires were returned with good representation across specialties. Although 63.7% of interns were frequently asked to independently preview radiology studies, 12.6% received no formal radiology training in medical school. Participants rated chest radiographs as the most important study for interns to competently interpret (93.4% reporting very or extremely important). However, only 60.2% of interns reported high confidence in recognizing common/emergent pulmonary findings, and 56.3% for evaluating line and tube position. With regard to ordering imaging studies, 81.0% had never used or never heard of the American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria®. Only 33.1% had high confidence in knowing when to order oral/intravenous contrast. Similar low percentages had high confidence identifying and premedicating contrast allergies (36.4%) and knowing risk factors of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (13.2%). Conclusions PGY-1 residents feel that medical school curriculum emphasizing interpretation of chest radiographs and ordering appropriate imaging studies would better prepare students for the responsibilities of internship.
Audio-Visual Communication in a Two Person Gross Manipulation Task

In order to design robots suited to engage in cooperative manipulation tasks with humans, we study human-human teams as they work together to move a heavy object across a room. We are interested in several questions. First, do two person, gross motion tasks follow the same sinusoidal pattern, one person fine motion tasks do? Does performance improve when audio or visual communication is permitted? How does performance correlate with an individual's perception of performance? Non-physiological, or performance based, studies of human-human cooperation can be divided into two categories: Haptic and Non-Haptic (audio, visual, etc). The first category, involves physical interaction through the object being manipulated via force, pressure, and tactile sensations (Jones and Sarter 2008), (Reed and Peshkin 2008). Most of the non-haptic experiments are virtual setups where individuals are moving an object together on a computer screen via two controllers (Basdogan, Ho, and Srinivasan 2000), (Sallnas and Zhai 2003). A survey on the role of communication between people appears in (Whitaker, 2003). The novelty of our work is to investigate non-haptic communication in haptic manipulation tasks.
CANSCID-CUDA

The 2010 MEMOCODE Hardware Software Co-design challenge is to implement a Deep Packet Inspection architecture, called the CANSCID - Combined Architecture for Stream Categorization and Intrusion Detection. In this short paper, we present the design details of our submission, that utilizes a Graphical Processing Unit (GPU) to accelerate the parallel regular expression matching. The target line rate of 500 Mbps is met on all of the 25 mandatory and 10 optional patterns. The design is developed using the NVIDIA CUDA framework and tested on the Tesla GPU.
Optimal fluid resuscitation in trauma: Type, timing, and total

Purpose of review This review article explores the recent literature regarding the optimal type and amount of intravenous fluids for the trauma patient from the time of injury through their ICU stay. It discusses damage control principles as well as targeted resuscitation utilizing new technology. Recent findings In the prehospital arena, intravenous fluids have been associated with worse patient outcomes due to increased coagulopathy and time to definitive care. Once in the trauma bay, damage control resuscitation principles apply to the severely injured patient. Large volume crystalloid infusion increases mortality. The best patient outcomes have been found with transfusion of blood products in a ratio that closely mimics whole blood. Thrombelastography is a useful adjunct in resuscitation and can help guide the judicious use of blood products. New technology can help providers ascertain when a patient is appropriately resuscitated by determining adequate global and regional perfusion. Summary During the resuscitation of the acutely injured patient, crystalloids should be limited in favor of blood components. Damage control principles apply until definitive hemostasis is obtained, at which point the focus should change to targeted resuscitation using traditional global endpoints of resuscitation in conjunction with determinants of regional perfusion.
IB-06THE ROLE OF TGFβ IN NK CELL-MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY IN MEDULLOBLASTOMA.

Medulloblastoma is the most common pediatric central nervous system (CNS) malignancy, with generally favorable outcomes depending on the molecular subtype. However, recurrent/relapsed disease portends a dismal prognosis. Therefore, novel, innovative, and safe therapies are needed to treat such tumors and to minimize treatment-related morbidities. Immune cell therapy is an appealing, targeted approach for CNS tumors. Natural killer (NK) cells are CD56 + /CD3- cytotoxic lymphocytes that possess the ability to target tumor cells without prior exposure to the tumor. Previous limitations on the use of NK cells in adoptive cell therapy included obtaining sufficient cell numbers for clinical use. We developed a robust expansion platform that enables the growth of large numbers of NK cells that are effective for clinical use. We show that expanded NK cells can induce cytotoxicity of medulloblastoma. However, there is evidence that tumor derived factors could dampen NK cell cytotoxicity in a clinical setting. One mechanism by which medulloblastoma cells may evade NK cell-mediated killing is secretion of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), by the tumor itself as well as by the surrounding milieu. We show that NK cells express TGFβ receptor family members, and that NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity is diminished in the presence of soluble TGFβ. This suggests a possible role of TGFβ in immune suppression. We have identified populations of NK cells that variably express the TGFβ receptor and will overcome resistance to TGFβ-induced immunosuppression. Further studies will explore the mechanisms by which NK cells can escape immunosuppression. An understanding of how NK cells can overcome immunosuppression by medulloblastoma may lead to a pre-clinical model of NK cell cytotoxicity in medulloblastoma, as well as shed light on the use of NK cell adoptive therapy in other pediatric CNS malignancies.
Feeding Behavior of the Pigeon1

Publisher Summary The class Aves exhibits an enormous variety of morphological and behavioral specializations for feeding, which are reflected most strikingly in the relation between bill structure and food source. This chapter discusses on the control of food and water intake and the regulation of body weight, hunger in the pigeon: behavioral responses to food deprivation, the consummatory response of eating in the pigeon, feeding behavior patterns, brain mechanisms and feeding behavior in the pigeon, trigeminal deafferentation and feeding behavior, and implications for the study of vertebrate feeding behavior. The comparative study of behavior involves the analysis of similarities and differences in the behavior of animals, both within and between major taxonomic divisions. Although research on feeding behavior has focused largely on a few mammalian species, most notably the rat, the neglect of avian neurobehavioral mechanisms is due in part to the widely held assumption that the brains of birds and mammals represent entirely different directions of vertebrate evolution. Certain specific attributes of the feeding behavior make the pigeon a highly suitable model system as for neurobehavioral studies and as an excellent representative of the class Aves, including the behavioral response is species typical, and unlike the rat, the movement patterns constituting eating and drinking in the pigeon are distinctive. The studies of the rat and pigeon presented in the chapter testify to the analysis of vertebrate feeding behavior mechanisms.
Determination for Hydrargyrum in Salt with Vapor Generation-Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry

Objective In order to establish determination method for Hydrargyrum in Salt.Methods Vapor generation-Atomic fluorescence spectrometry was used.Results Detection limit of the method was 0.025mg/kg. Recovery rate of the method was 90%-103%. RSD was 6.1%.Conclusions It was concluded that the method is suitable for Hydrargyrum determination in salt.
Effects of Tanshinone II_A for Adjuvant Treatment of Kawasaki Disease

Objective To investigate the treatment effect of TanshinoneⅡA on children with Kawasaki disease. Methods Sixty-one children with Kawasaki disease were recruited in this study.The children were randomly divided into 2 groups:control group(IVIG plus aspirin)and TanshinoneⅡA treatment group.In TanshinoneⅡA treatment group,apart from IVIG and aspirin,TanshinoneⅡA was administrated intravenously for 5 to 7 days.The changes of clinical symptoms,signs,C-reactive protein level,erythrocyte sedimentation rate and echocardiogram results were recorded and analyzed.TanshinoneⅡA was applied for 5 to 7 days on the other children.The clinical and physical symptoms,echocardiograph,level of C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were observed and studied. Results The level of C-reaction protein decreased significantly and the duration of fever after treatment in Tanshinone ⅡA group [(9.72±2.82) mg·L-1,(16.27±3.42) h]was shorter than that in control group[(14.68±2.90) mg·L-1,(22.78±7.53) h](Pa0.05);and the coronary artery recovered better in Tanshinone ⅡA group than that in the control group.However,the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions Adding Tanshinone ⅡA to aspirin for the treatment of Kawasaki disease,the duration of fever after treatment becomes shorter and coronary artery injury reconditioned faster in Tanshinone ⅡA group.Tanshinone ⅡA which can help coronary artery injury recover,have not been found any adverse effect.
Supernatural Entertainments: Victorian Spiritualism and the Rise of Modern Media Culture

The appearance since 1990 of so many excellent books about Spiritualism—Alex Owen’s The Darkened Room, Ann Braude’s Radical Spirits, Janet Oppenheim’s The Other World, Marlene Tromp’s Altered State...
Pathophysiological Basis of Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis: Lessons from Animal Models

A number of potential defects may impair acidification either directly or indirectly in segments of the distal nephron. Papillary micropuncture studies have validated the urine minus blood PCO2 (U-B PCO2) obtained during a bicarbonate diuresis as a reliable qualitative index of distal nephron proton pump integrity. Microelectrode determination of both PCO2 and disequilibrium pH in the papillary collecting duct in a number of experimental models of distal renal tubular acidosis (DRTA) have demonstrated at least four types of defects: 1) The permeability or “gradient” defect is best exemplified by the amphotericin B lesion, where reduction in net acid excretion is the result of backleak of bicarbonate during excretion of an acid urine. During bicarbonate loading, the U-B PCO2 is normal, however, demonstrating that the pump is not defective; 2) Voltage-dependent rate defects are induced by amiloride or lithium. As a result of the decrease in voltage in the cortical collecting tubule (CCT) both H+ and K+ secretion are reduced; 3) Nonvoltage mediated pump defects occur in the postobstructed kidney and, when corrected for voltage, are present in aldosterone deficiency; 4) Impaired buffer delivery or production compromises net acid excretion. Ammonium production is decreased in chronic hyperkalemia and with reduction of GFR. Ammonium excretion is impaired in hyperkalemia because a decrease in ammonium transport by the TALH reduces ammonium accumulation in the inner medulla and, thus, impedes transfer of ammonia into the inner medullary collecting duct. Mixed defects also exist, e.g., in aldosterone deficiency hyperkalemia impairs ammonium excretion while aldosterone deficiency compromises the capacity of the proton pump.
Endoscopic Ultrasound Guided Perirectal Abscess Drainage Using a Novel Lumen-Apposing Covered Metal Stent.

Endoscopic Ultrasound Guided Perirectal Abscess Drainage Using a Novel Lumen-Apposing Covered Metal Stent
A Backward Sampling Framework for Interdiction Problems with Fortification

This paper examines a class of three-stage sequential defender-attacker-defender problems. In these problems the defender first selects a subset of assets to protect, the attacker next damages a subset of unprotected assets in the “interdiction” stage, after which the defender optimizes a “recourse” problem over the surviving assets. These problems are notoriously difficult to optimize, and almost always require the recourse problem to be a convex optimization problem. Our contribution is a new approach to solving defender-attacker-defender problems. We require all variables in the first two stages to be binary-valued, but allow the recourse problem to take any form. The proposed framework focuses on solving the interdiction problem by restricting the defender to select a recourse decision from a sample of feasible vectors. The algorithm then iteratively refines the sample to force finite convergence to an optimal solution. We demonstrate that our algorithm not only solves interdiction problems involving ...
A resilient and efficient CFD framework: Statistical learning tools for multi-fidelity and heterogeneous information fusion

Abstract Exascale-level simulations require fault-resilient algorithms that are robust against repeated and expected software and/or hardware failures during computations, which may render the simulation results unsatisfactory. If each processor can share some global information about the simulation from a coarse, limited accuracy but relatively costless auxiliary simulator we can effectively fill-in the missing spatial data at the required times by a statistical learning technique – multi-level Gaussian process regression, on the fly; this has been demonstrated in previous work [1] . Based on the previous work, we also employ another (nonlinear) statistical learning technique, Diffusion Maps, that detects computational redundancy in time and hence accelerate the simulation by projective time integration, giving the overall computation a “patch dynamics” flavor. Furthermore, we are now able to perform information fusion with multi-fidelity and heterogeneous data (including stochastic data). Finally, we set the foundations of a new framework in CFD, called patch simulation, that combines information fusion techniques from, in principle, multiple fidelity and resolution simulations (and even experiments) with a new adaptive timestep refinement technique. We present two benchmark problems (the heat equation and the Navier–Stokes equations) to demonstrate the new capability that statistical learning tools can bring to traditional scientific computing algorithms. For each problem, we rely on heterogeneous and multi-fidelity data, either from a coarse simulation of the same equation or from a stochastic, particle-based, more “microscopic” simulation. We consider, as such “auxiliary” models, a Monte Carlo random walk for the heat equation and a dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) model for the Navier–Stokes equations. More broadly, in this paper we demonstrate the symbiotic and synergistic combination of statistical learning, domain decomposition, and scientific computing in exascale simulations.