cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal Association Between Smoking Abstinence and Depression Severity in Those With Baseline Current, Past, and No History of Major Depressive Episode in an International Online Tobacco Cessation Study.

Introduction We use multilevel modeling to parse out the effects of time-varying smoking abstinence and baseline depression (history and severity) on depression severity over 1 year. Aims and methods Participants were 1000 smokers recruited worldwide for an online randomized controlled tobacco cessation trial. We examined whether changes in depression severity over time were associated with self-reported 7-day point prevalence smoking status assessed at 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up (FU) using baseline major depressive episode (MDE) history and baseline depression severity as time-invariant covariates. We present depression severity means and smoking abstinence at each FU. Results Regardless of concurrent abstinence status, baseline MDE history was significantly related to depression severity over time: those reporting a past MDE had worse depressive symptoms over time compared with those reporting no MDE history. Baseline depression severity interacted significantly with time-varying abstinence status: for every 1-unit increase in baseline scores on the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), individuals who were smoking at FU reported CES-D scores that were 0.17 points higher than those who were abstinent. In this context, nicotine dependence, gender, age, or marital status did not affect depression severity. Conclusions In the context of cessation, having an MDE history plays a significant role in the trajectory of depression severity over the course of 1 year, regardless of abstinence status. Abstinence is related to lower depressive symptoms at each FU, and this effect was stronger at higher levels of baseline depression severity. Implications This study indicates that depressive symptoms are not exacerbated among individuals who are quitting smoking at 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month FUs. Depression severity is worse with a baseline history of MDE. Further, those with high baseline depression severity who continue smoking have worse depressive symptoms throughout a 1-year period compared with their abstinent counterparts.
Governmental Innovation Policies, Globalisation, and Change in Doctoral Education Worldwide: Are Doctoral Programmes Converging? Trends and Tensions

Since the 1990s, globalisation and an economic model that views knowledge as a critical national resource for economic growth, innovation, prosperity, and international competitiveness have motivated governments around the world to pay attention to doctoral education. This chapter highlights the connections between governmental innovation policies and changes that have occurred in doctoral education in national/regional higher education systems (macro level) and in individual doctoral programmes (micro level) within a local university context. The predominant impetus for doctoral education reform used by governments is monetary incentives. It is argued that doctoral education worldwide is converging in the sense that top national or regional flagship programmes now have similar principles and structures, resulting in an intensified stratification of doctoral education training, and bringing about new tensions in doctoral education.
Thermal-Stress Fatigue Behavior of Twenty-Six Superalloys

The comparative thermal-stress fatigue resistances of 26 nickeland cobalt-base alloys were determined by fluidized bed tests. Cycles to cracking differed by almost three orders of magnitude for these materials, with directional solidification and surface protection showing definite benefit. The alloy-coating combination with the highest thermal-stress fatigue resistance was directionally solidified NASA TAZ-8A with an RT-SP coating. Its oxidation resistance was also excellent, showing approximately a 1/2 percent weight loss after 14,000 fluidized bed cycles.
Control of retinal blood flow levels by selected combinations of cervical arterial ligations in rat

Abstract The effect of various combinations of cervical arterial ligations (Combinations) on retinal blood flow (RBF) levels is not known in rats. We hypothesized: 1) No artery exists between the Circle of Willis and the eye, 2) Selective Combinations enable varying RBF levels between normal and zero, 3) In certain Combinations, the capillary bed of the head participates in supplying the eye. Twenty-six Combinations were studied in one eye of 20 Long-Evans rats under general anesthesia. RBF was quantitatively evaluated with our published imaging methods based on direct measurements of venous diameter and blood velocity from the displacement of fluorescent microspheres over time. For each Combination, one or more RBF values (runs) were measured. Data were obtained from 59 runs (2.9 ± 2.7 runs/rat). Levels of RBF ranged from normal to zero. An artery between the Circle of Willis and the eye was excluded. With some Combinations, flow traversed the capillary bed. Combinations were consolidated into five Groups based on the blood flow paths remaining after the ligations. A mixed linear model accounting for multiple measurements in the same eye demonstrated an effect of Group on RBF (P contralateral carotid artery > ipsilateral distal internal carotid artery retrograde from Circle of Willis. The findings advanced knowledge of the sources of blood supply to the rat eye and demonstrated a method of selective cervical arterial ligations for varying RBF levels with potential to impact future retinal ischemia research.
Program Evaluation of Group Transcending Self Therapy: An Integrative Modular Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Substance Use Disorders.

Objectives:Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) are increasingly prevalent among Veterans. Effective interventions for SUDs that also meet the clinical reality of open treatment groups are needed. Transc...
Formation of Ordered Patterns in Growing Colonies of Microorganisms

In this work, we discuss the mechanisms of the ordered-pattern formation in the colonies of microorganisms, which are related to the instabilities of their collective motion. The nematic-order formation during the E.coli-bacterium growth inside an open microflow chamber is considered and intricate flower-like patterns, which emerge during the growth of the binary mixture of two types of bacteria (motile A. baylyi and non-motile E. coli) on the agar surface inside a Petri dish, are described. The experiments and the models, which explain the observed phenomena, are described in both cases.
Professional Athletes and Gen Z: A Commentary on Social Media Influence During the COVID-19 Pandemic

In the century since Honus Wagner and Babe Ruth first endorsed the Louisville Slugger baseball bat, the influence of professional athletes on society has become undeniable. The proliferation of television in the mid-20th century expanded the exposure of athletes, and now in the early 21st century, social media has seen the impact of athletes explode. The intimacy of social media has enabled professional athletes to interact with their fan communities, changing the perception that they are untouchable elites and creating a dynamic where fans, particularly those in Generation Z (Gen Z), now relate to athletes more like peers than idols. The unique communicative opportunities afforded by social media, combined with declining trust in traditional institutional sources such as the media and government, have created potential for athletes to have even greater behavioral influence on their followers and hence, on society. Drawing on media consumption and credibility trends, normative social influence theory, and parasocial relationships, this commentary considers how the COVID-19 pandemic underscores the potential influence of professional athletes on the behaviors of Gen Z. Given the stakes, this commentary raises the importance of examining the impact and implications of athlete influencers and concludes with recommendations for future research.
Use of Telemedicine with An Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Stethoscope to Support Decision-Making and Reduce Inappropriate Use of Echocardiography in Children with Heart Murmurs

Background/Purpose: A pathologic murmur may be the first sign of heart disease in children and is an appropriate indication for echocardiography, while an innocent murmur is not. However, stethoscope skills are in decline among primary providers making distinction of innocent from pathologic murmurs increasingly difficult. This may lead to over-referral to the cardiologist and overuse of echocardiography, resulting in unnecessary emotional and financial burdens on families. The use of telemedicine and an artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled electronic stethoscope may aid decision-making regarding referral of children with …
Situating the New Sharing Economy: “Regional Geographies” of Greater Seattle’s Coworking Facilities

Developing the wider themes set out for this book, the discussion here provides an empirical investigation of coworking facilities across the entire Seattle city-region, using the regional geographies concept to situate the spatialities and functionalities of specific facilities in specific places shaped by extant policies and development goals. After a brief overview of Seattle’s emerging knowledge-sharing economy, the chapter explores the recent rise of coworking spaces by type of human settlement, analysing similarities and differences in their forms, land use patterns, and local functional synergies (e.g. adaptive reuses, adjacency/isolation, auto-dependency, mass transit access, and mixed use). It is the first study of this kind on Seattle, and one of the few studies anywhere that explores explicitly the metropolitan geographies of coworking facilities (Mariotti et al. J Urban Technol 24:47–66, 2017).
Overjustification scripts

To test the usefulness of the script concept to the Overjustification effect, college student subjects were given one of several opening story lines and asked to devise story endings to a Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) picture, and then to rate their character’s intrinsic interest. Opening story lines differed in the extent to which the main character was engaging in the target activity out of intrinsic interest (standard opening) or interest plus other constraints. In two experiments (Ns = 87 and 102), the results failed to support the prediction that the constrained-character story lines would result in less perceived intrinsic motivation than would the standard opening.
The cross-hemispheric nigrostriatal pathway prevents the expression of levodopa-induced dyskinesias.

Abstract Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder that is routinely treated with levodopa. Unfortunately, long-term dopamine replacement therapy using levodopa leads to levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LID), a significant and disabling side-effect. Clinical findings indicate that LID typically only occurs following the progression of PD motor symptoms from the unilateral (Hoehn and Yahr (HY) Stage I) to the bilateral stage (HY Stage II). This suggests the presence of some compensatory interhemispheric mechanisms that delay the occurrence of LID. We therefore investigated the role of interhemispheric connections of the nigrostriatal pathway on LID expression in a rat model of PD. The striatum of one hemisphere of rats was first injected with a retrograde tracer to label the ipsi- and cross-hemispheric nigrostriatal pathways. Rats were then split into groups and unilaterally lesioned in the striatum or medial forebrain bundle of the tracer-injected hemisphere to induce varying levels of hemiparkinsonism. Finally, rats were treated with levodopa and tested for the expression of LID. Distinct subsets emerged from rats that underwent the same lesioning paradigm based on LID. Strikingly, non-dyskinetic rats had significant sparing of their cross-hemispheric nigrostriatal pathway projecting from the unlesioned hemisphere. In contrast, dyskinetic rats only had a small proportion of this cross-hemispheric nigrostriatal pathway survive lesioning. Crucially, both non-dyskinetic and dyskinetic rats had nearly identical levels of ipsi-hemispheric nigrostriatal pathway survival and parkinsonian motor deficits. Our data suggest that the survival of the cross-hemispheric nigrostriatal pathway plays a crucial role in preventing the expression of LID and represents a potentially novel target to halt the progression of this devastating side-effect of a common anti-PD therapeutic.
Enantioselective Syntheses of Yohimbine Alkaloids: Proving Grounds for New Catalytic Transformations

The total synthesis of bioactive alkaloids is an enduring challenge and an indication of the state of the art of chemical synthesis. With the explosion of catalytic asymmetric methods over the past three decades, these compelling targets have been fertile proving grounds for enantioselective bond forming transformations. We summarize these activities herein both to highlight the power and versatility of these methods and to instill future inspiration for new syntheses of these privileged natural products.
On the Question of a Pituitary-Adrenal Component in the Gastric Secretory Response to Insulin Hypoglycemia

Summary The inhibitory effect of hypoglycemia on gastric secretion emerges as an important factor in the interpretation of the acid response to insulin. This inhibition, which does not operate via the vagus nerves, precedes, and is shortly overwhelmed by, the augmentatory effect, which is mediated by the vagi. In nearly complete gastric parasympathectomy, the augmentatory effect of hypoglycemia is sharply reduced and the inhibitory effect is prolonged. This circumstance provides the most reasonable explanation of the delayed postinsulin acid rise observed in some patients after incomplete vagotomy and even in an occasional intact subject, an explanation more in keeping with the evidence at hand than is the proposal that a delayed secretion is a manifestation of pituitary-adrenal activation of the gastric glands.
Electrical Technologies in Total War

This chapter contains sections titled: Remote and Automatic Control Military Research and Development Mobilization for Total War ]]>
Evaluating a Personal Communication Tool: Sidebar

By more closely integrating email with the web we aim to bring organization to email and more collaboration to the web. To this end we developed the Sidebar, a web-browser plug which displays email messages which link to the currently displayed URL. We conducted longitudinal studies on two versions of Sidebar to observe the usage of Sidebar and determine if it improves communications productivity. We found that providing an email summary in Sidebar resulted in raised awareness of the email collaborations, increased serendipitous discovery of information, and resulted in higher reported communication productivity. This paper summarizes Sidebar's operation, describes the user studies, and presents conclusions.
Social Workers’ Perceived Knowledge and Use of Human Behavior Theory

Human behavior curricula have reflected prevailing social and political contexts. They have been accompanied by changes in instructional emphases and have predicted changes in the theories used in ...
Spatial Deconvolution of IRAS Observations of Planetaries

The sizes of fifty planetaries at the four IRAS wavelengths are presented as a result of performing spatial deconvolution of survey mode data. We obtain an increase in resolving of a factor of about 2 or 3 from the normal IRAS detector sizes of 45″, 45″, 90″, and 180″ at wavelengths 12, 25, 60 and 100 microns. Most of the planetaries deconvolve at 12 and 25 microns to sizes equal to or smaller than the optical size. Some of the nebulae such as NGC 6720 and NGC 6543 show full width at half maximum at all IRAS wavelengths that are about equal to the optical size, while others give an increasing size with wavelength. The profiles of a few interesting cases are shown. The method and results should allow comparison with models for infrared emission from dust from planetary nebulae.
Tasers and Community Controversy: Investigating Training Officer Perceptions of Public Concern Over Conducted Energy Weapons

Over the last several decades, "Tasers," "stun guns" and other conducted energy devices (CEDs) have become a widely adopted, though publicly controversial, form of police restraint technology. While there is a growing body of research on the physiological effects of these types of weapons, less attention has been devoted to the social effects of this technology. This paper draws on in-depth interviews with a stratified random sample of police training officers from two states (n=27) to explore the effect that community controversy over the use of CEDs has had on police organizational practices. In particular, we explore how police training officers: (a) Represent the sources of recent community controversies relating to CEDs; (b) Characterize the effects that community controversy has on officer practices and policy development. Language: en
Paid Educational Leave for Union Representatives

Who should pay the cost of educating union representatives? This article briefly surveys the European experience on paid union educational leave and then develops a costing model for assessing payment of access (compensating lost time and travel) and delivery (tuition and related expenses) costs and offers recommendations for shifting access and delivery costs away from the worker and the union to third parties.
Rescuing Trafficking Mutants of the ATP-binding Cassette Protein, ABCA4, with Small Molecule Correctors as a Treatment for Stargardt Eye Disease

Stargardt disease is the most common form of early onset macular degeneration. Mutations in ABCA4, a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family, are associated with Stargardt disease. Here, we have examined two disease-causing mutations in the NBD1 region of ABCA4, R1108C, and R1129C, which occur within regions of high similarity with CFTR, another ABC transporter gene, which is associated with cystic fibrosis. We show that R1108C and R1129C are both temperature-sensitive processing mutants that engage the cellular quality control mechanism and show a strong interaction with the chaperone Hsp 27. Both mutant proteins also interact with HDCAC6 and are degraded in the aggresome. We also demonstrate that novel corrector compounds that are being tested as treatment for cystic fibrosis, such as VX-809, can rescue the processing of the ABCA4 mutants, particularly their expression at the cell surface, and can reduce their binding to HDAC6. Thus, our data suggest that VX-809 can potentially be developed as a new therapy for Stargardt disease, for which there is currently no treatment.
Iodinated phenethylamine products from a didemnid tunicate

Abstract Two idodinated phenethylamine derivatives 1 and 2 were isolated from a didemnid tunicate
Hydrothermal crystal growth and electrical conductivity of the spinel LiV2O4

Abstract Single crystals of the spine Li[V2]O4 have been grown by a hydrothermal technique. Measurements on these crystals of the temperature dependence of electrical resistivity indicate that the material is a metallic conductor, contrary to previous results obtained on polycrystalline samples. Collective-electron behavior in Li[V2]O4 is consistent with trends previously observed for other members of the M[V2]O4 series.
The Role of C/EBPε in the Terminal Stages of Granulocyte Differentiation

As a consequence of its characterization using both in vitro and knockout mouse models, the myeloid-specific transcription factor, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)epsilon, has been identified as a critical regulator of terminal granulopoiesis and one of the causative mutations in the human disease, neutrophil-specific granule deficiency. C/EBPs are a family of transcription factors sharing numerous structural and functional features and to date include C/EBPalpha, -beta, -gamma, -delta, -epsilon, and -zeta. C/EBPalpha was the first family member isolated and characterized, its essential role in hepatocyte and adipocyte differentiation demonstrated in knockout mouse models. Subsequent analysis of the hematopoietic elements in fetal mouse liver revealed its critical role in myelopoiesis. Understanding the role of C/EBPepsilon in terminal granulopoiesis in the context of other known transcription factors is ongoing with analysis of deficient and conditionally expressing cell lines and knockout models. Mouse models with targeted gene disruptions have contributed greatly to our understanding of the transcriptional regulation of granulopoiesis. Further manipulation of these models and other conditional expression systems have bypassed some of the limitations of knockout models and helped delineate the interactions of different transcription factors in affecting granulocyte development. Phenotypic expression of the loss of C/EBPepsilon in mice is extreme, resembling absolute neutropenia with systemic infection with P. aeruginosa. Future work will need to explore the regulation of C/EBPepsilon expression, its functional interactions with other transcriptional regulators such as PU.1, and its role in monocyte differentiation and function in the mouse.
Electron density changes and the surface resistivity of thin metal films : oxygen on Cu(100)

Abstract Through a study of dc resistance and infrared reflectance changes induced in epitaxial Cu(1 0 0) films by adsorbed oxygen, we show that standard surface resistivity models based on free electrons and point scatterers are inadequate, even if adsorbate-induced changes in conduction electron density are considered. Previous experiments showed that the reflectance–resistance change ratio varies among adsorbates on identically prepared samples, in contradiction of free-electron scattering models. Electron density changes were proposed to account for the variation. In the present work the ratio for adsorbed oxygen is found to vary with the conductivity of the clean film, which differs from sample to sample. Interpreting these results within a free electron model would require that each adsorbate localize an unreasonably large number of conduction electrons. Significant modification of the prevailing free-electron models, perhaps including energy-dependent scattering, will be necessary to explain the experimental results.
The chemoprevention of breast cancer by reducing sex steroid exposure: Perspectives from epidemiology

Mitogenesis is a major driving force in neoplastic development. Blocking the effect of breast cell mitogens by reducing the actual exposure of the breast to these mitogens is an obvious strategy for breast cancer prevention. The ovarian hormones, estrogens and progesterone, are major effective (direct or indirect) breast cell mitogens. A woman's exposure to ovarian estrogens and progesterone is drastically reduced by the use of combination-type oral contraceptives (COCs), but the synthetic estrogen and progestogen in the COCs effectively replace ovarian estrogens and progesterone, so that breast cell exposure to these hormones is not decreased. Doses of estrogen and progestogen in modern COCs are close to the minimum attainable while still retaining both contraceptive efficacy and ovarian suppression (so that endogenous estrogen and progesterone do not add to the dose of estrogen and progestogen from the COC). Considerably lower effective breast cell exposure to estrogen and progestogen can, however, be achieved by using a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHA) to suppress ovarian function and compensate for the resulting hypoestrogenemia with low-dose hormone replacement therapy. Compared to modern COCs, estrogen exposure can be reduced by approximately 60%, and progestogen dose by more than 80%. Such a contraceptive is predicted to reduce lifetime breast cancer risk by more than 50% if used for 10 years. The possibility that a practical contraceptive could achieve such a major benefit is shown by the dramatic decline in the incidence of both ovarian and endometrial cancer in young women in the U.S. over the last 3 decades—a direct result of COC use.
The Different Versions of Esther

In this article I contrast my reading of Esther as presented in The Feminine Unconventional with that proposed by David J.A. Clines in his book, The Esther Scroll: The Story of the Story. I particularly criticize his judgment on the literary genre, composition, and value of the so-called "A-Text," a Greek version of the Esther story extant in four late manuscripts, in which Clines sees an original core of the genuine story he calls the pre-Masoretic tale. The constant implication in his book is that this pre-Masoretic version is far superior in artistry and philosophical content to the later reworkings of the tale as we find them in the MT and in the LXX with its extensive Additions. To retrieve the alleged pristine meaning of the tale, Clines is led to emend all elements of the story that do not fit the conventional pattern of "the success story of the wise courtier." My reading and assessment of the A-Text are vastly different from Clines's. I explain why and present several samples of my divergent understanding. The A-Text is a most interesting piece, but, I believe, Clines has missed the real generic nature of the document and, in consequence, has drawn from it far-reaching but wrong conclusions.
Evanescent colitis in a child.

The clinical and radiographic features of evanescent colitis in a child are described. Previously reported cases have occurred in adults.
Flower formation in Primula vulgaris is affected by temperature, photoperiod and daily light integral

Abstract Primula vulgaris ‘Dania Lemon Yellow’ was grown at photoperiods of 8, 11 and 14 h, daily light integrals (DLIs) of 2, 10 and 18 mol m −2 per day, and temperatures of 8, 12, 16 and 20 °C from transplant (30 days from seeding). Time to flower initiation varied from 28 to 201 days from transplant. Fastest flower initiation as determined by regression analysis occurred at 14 h photoperiod, 11 mol m −2 per day and 13 °C. No correlation between plant size and flower initiation could be identified. At the time of flower initiation, leaf number varied from 6 to 26. Leaf unfolding rate was not affected by photoperiod but increased as a linear function of temperature and DLI (leaves per day=0.01114(°C)+0.007627(DLI). Maximum leaf unfolding rate was 0.36 leaves per day at 20 °C and 18 mol m −2 per day. The length of the longest plant leaf at 8 weeks varied from 4.2 to 9.7 cm. In general, plants at a more advanced flower development stage after 8 weeks had the greater leaf lengths. After 8 weeks of experimental conditions, plants were moved to a common environment (11 h photoperiod, 10 mol m −2 per day and 16 °C). By week 15, the longest plant leaf length varied from 7.4 to 10.5 cm. Although there was a significant trend for longer leaves with a higher initial temperature, leaf size was proportional to overall plant size at all growing conditions. Average number of side shoots decreased from 7 at 8 and 12 °C, to 5 at 16 and 20 °C. The largest number of flowers and buds at termination was more than 100 for plants initially grown at 20 °C and 18 mol m −2 per day. First flower color was recorded after 25–35 days in the common environment for plants initially at 14 h, 10 or 18 mol m −2 per day, and 12 or 16 °C. Less than 35 days was also sufficient for flower color in Primula first grown at 8 °C, 14 h and 10 or 18 mol m −2 per day.
New genes associated with schizophrenia in neurite formation: a review of cell culture experiments

New genes consistently associated with schizophrenia include NRG1, Akt, DISC-1 and dysbindin-1. Since these genes participate in neurotransmission, neuroplasticity and neurodevelopment it has not been easy to elucidate which of these roles are abnormal in patients with schizophrenia. Neurite formation is identified as a crucial stage in development, and it is proposed that a defect in neurite formation originating from abnormally encoded proteins by these new genes could be at least an in vitro marker that reflects the most consistent molecular and neuroanatomical findings in schizophrenia. A systematic review of the literature linking the process of neurite formation to genes with replicated evidence that supported their association with schizophrenia was conducted. In addition, an outline of the process of neurite formation was included. Neurite formation was shown to be induced by neuregulins, the product of the gene NRG1. The activation of Akt, a serine/threonine kinase, promoted neurite formation in six independent studies. Conversely, two studies found that Akt inhibits neurite outgrowth. Stronger evidence supporting an association with the new genes related to schizophrenia and neurite formation comes from DISC-1. Defects in DISC-1 protein were shown to directly alter the process of neurite formation. Dysbindin-1 has not yet been directly implicated in neurite outgrowth. These findings suggest that the proteins encoded by NRG1, Akt and DISC-1 are implicated in the process of neurite formation in cellular models as well as, at least in part, animal models during development. Abnormalities in this process could have potential etiologic implications for schizophrenia. Direct evidence, however, of abnormal neurite formation in patients with schizophrenia is still missing. Limitations to this model are identified.
Alcohol, Drugs, and Urban Violence in a Small City Trauma Center

Substance abuse and urban trauma go hand in hand. But research focuses on large cities served by major academic medical centers. Do small cities face the same problems? Two hundred thirty-three urban trauma inpatients from a metro area of 250,000 were studied using patient interviews and medical records. As in large cities, one half used alcohol or drugs when attacked. Seventy percent were likely to be young, male, poor African-Americans. Only 3% were gang members, but demographic characteristics failed to explain substance abuse as they have for larger cities. A culture of violence pervades the small city, as it does in large urban ghettos. Two fifths were repeat urban trauma victims. Two fifths witnessed assaults in the past year. One third carried a knife or gun. Fifteen percent used a weapon on another person in the last year. Contextual variables, like being hurt in a bar, were related to drinking and drugs. The best predictor of present substance abuse and urban trauma was medical history of substance abuse. The need for (a) toxicology screens for all trauma victims, (b) referrals to substance abuse programs, (c) targeting at-risk populations for prevention, and (d) eliminating environments fostering violence and substance abuse is supported.
Compliance effects on the torsional flow of a viscoelastic fluid

Abstract The effects of transducer compliance on transient stress measurements in torsional flows of a viscoelastic fluid are investigated theoretically. The analysis is based on the torsional flow of an upper-convected Maxwell fluid between a rotating and ‘stationary’ disk, which is allowed to twist and displace axially as a result of the stresses exerted on the disk by the fluid. An approximate analytical solution to the governing equations is obtained using a standard perturbation method. Results of the analysis are used to examine how the fluid velocity is altered by the motion of the stationary disk and to gain insight on how transient stress measurements are affected by transducer compliance. The analysis shows that compliance effects increase with applied shear rate and that the effects of torsional and axial compliance are coupled in measurements of the shear stress and first normal stress difference.
Avian riboflavinuria—XI. Immunological quantitation of cross-reacting liver proteins from normal, heterozygous, and mutant hens

A genetic defect, avian riboflavinuria, was discovered in a strain of Single Comb White Leghorn chickens and has been attributed to the absence of functional riboflavin-binding protein (RBP). The ratio of functional RBP in blood, egg yolk, and egg white was 2 (RdRd): 1 (Rdrd): 0 (rdrd). The present study on non-riboflavin-binding, cross-reacting proteins (CRPs) from RdRd, Rdrd, and rdrd hens involved partial purification and immunochemical quantitation using antiserum to RBP. Immunoreactivities (µg/g liver) of CRPs were found to be 2.6 (RdRd): 1.3 (Rdrd): 0.02 (rdrd). Reciprocal cross-reactions were observed with rabbit sera directed toward both RdRd CRP and RBP. Reaction of the CRPs with antiglycopeptide serum (specific for β-linked galactose) showed that they were glycosylated. CRPs from RdRd and Rdrd hens had relative antigenicities similar to that of RBP (K rel ⋍ 1), while rdrd CRP had a significantly lower antigenicity (K rel=0.003). The molecular weights of the CRPs as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were as follows: RdRd=31,600, Rdrd=30,900, and rdrd=27,500. The molecular weight of egg yolk RBP was 34,700 by the same method. The conclusion is drawn that the rd gene codes for a nonfunctional mutant protein, possibly an “altered precursor,” that is different from RBP.
Compliant coatings research: A guide to the experimentalist

The study of compliant coatings has been an area of keen interest for about 30 years. Among the potential useful applications for such coatings are drag reduction, sound absorption, vibration control and noise shielding. There are, however, several important issues with regard to the reliability of the available experimental data. In the present article, some of these issues will be addressed with the objective of guiding newcomers to the field. The effects of background turbulence in a wind or water tunnel, accurate drag measurements, compliant wall motion, noise reduction, and the geometry and properties of the coatings used in the experiments will be among the outstanding issues discussed. Attempts will be made to explain some of the seemingly contradictory results available in the open literature.
Novel enzymatic polyethylene oxide-polyphenol system for ionic conductivity

Abstract Phenol formaldehyde resins are of interest for different industrial and electronic applications. However, the toxic nature of formaldehyde and the extreme reaction conditions for the synthesis of these polymers have severely limited their use in today's markets. We present here a novel, biocatalytic approach where the enzyme horseradish peroxidase is used to polymerize phenol in the presence of a template such as polyethylene oxide. Here the template assists as a surfactant that can both emulsify the phenol and polyphenol chains during polymerization and provide water/solvent solubility of the final polyphenol/template complex. The reactants and the reaction conditions of this method are mild and result in high molecular weight, electrically and optically active, water-solvent soluble complexes of polyphenol and the template used. High molecular weight water-soluble polyphenol/polyethylene oxide complexes were formed.
Histamine disposition in the hypertensive rat

Abstract Total histamine levels in heart, lung, stomach and skeletal muscle are not significantly different between normotensive (NT) and desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) — hypertensive (HT) rats. Histamine depletion from skeletal muscle and heart of NT and HT rats by Compound 48/80 was similar indicating that the mast-cell pool(s) of histamine are of equivalent size. Tissue levels of 3 H-histamine following 3 H-histidine administration of NT and HT rats indicated that the capacity for histamine formation is unaffected by the hypertensive state. This conclusion was reinforced by the finding that histamine turnover rates were similar in tissues from NT and HT rats. Studies of 3 H-histamine metabolism suggest that an alteration in histamine methylation capacity may exist in the hypertensive rat. The relationship of altered histamine disposition to the reduced magnitude of histaminergic reflex vasodilatation noted in the hypertensive rat is discussed.
Efficacy and Physiological Responses of Grass Carp to Different Sedation Techniques: II. Effect of Pulsed DC Electricity Voltage and Exposure Time on Sedation and Blood Chemistry

Abstract Owing to the current absence of an approved “immediate-release” chemical sedative for use on fish, researchers have been exploring alternative methods that would allow treated fish to be released immediately after sedation, including the use of electrosedation. To address the efficacy of this approach, we evaluated induction and recovery times, survival, and postsedation hematology of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella (291 ± 6.7 g, 30.6 ± 0.3 cm TL, mean ± SE) sedated by exposure to 100, 150, or 200 V of pulsed DC (30 Hz and 25% duty cycle) for 5 or 10 s. Regardless of voltage strength or exposure time, all fish were sedated to Stage IV sedation within 0.75 min and recovered within 1.5 min. Although recovery times for fish exposed to electrosedation for 10 s were longer than those for fish electrosedated for 5 s using 100 and 150 V, the opposite trend was observed among fish sedated using 200 V. Overall, induction and recovery times were short: total time elapsed from induction to full recovery ...
Glycosylation of the dengue 2 virus E protein at N67 is critical for virus growth in vitro but not for growth in intrathoracically inoculated Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

To determine the importance of dengue 2 virus (DEN2V) envelope (E) protein glycosylation, virus mutants in one or both of the N-linked glycosylation motifs were prepared. We found that while the E2 mutant virus (N153Q) replicated in mammalian and mosquito cells, the E1 (N67Q) and E1/2 (N67Q and N153Q) mutant viruses were unable to grow in mammalian cells. Infection of C6/36 mosquito cells with either the E1 or E1/2 mutants resulted in the introduction of a compensatory mutation, K64N, restoring glycosylation in the area. All mutants replicated similarly in inoculated Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, with no change in their mutations. These results suggest that N-linked glycosylation of the E protein is not necessary for DEN2V replication in mosquitoes, however N-linked glycosylation at amino acid N67 (or nearby N64) is critical for the survival of the virus in either mammalian or insect cell culture.
Missing Data Techniques for Structural Equation Modeling.

As with other statistical methods, missing data often create major problems for the estimation of structural equation models (SEMs). Conventional methods such as listwise or pairwise deletion generally do a poor job of using all the available information. However, structural equation modelers are fortunate that many programs for estimating SEMs now have maximum likelihood methods for handling missing data in an optimal fashion. In addition to maximum likelihood, this article also discusses multiple imputation. This method has statistical properties that are almost as good as those for maximum likelihood and can be applied to a much wider array of models and estimation methods.
Crystal engineering of Cu-containing metal-organic coordination polymers under hydrothermal conditions

Abstract This account reviews Cu-containing polymeric coordination compounds synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. The rapid growth of hydrothermal synthesis of new coordination polymers is largely accredited to the developments in crystal engineering via functional network design. Both projected and unexpected framework structures have been obtained through oxidation, reduction, substitution, chemical rearrangement and regular hydrothermal reactions. New methods and reaction pathways play crucial roles in the formation of novel structures and topology under hydrothermal conditions. This review covers copper iodine-containing metal–organic coordination polymers, copper pyridylcarboxylate-containing metal–organic coordination polymers, and metastable coordination polymers with active copper open metal (OM) sites.
Kinetics of D-xylose absorption in patients with human immunodeficiency virus enteropathy.

D-Xylose absorption was studied in 12 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or advanced AIDS-related complex who had had diarrhea for more than 8 weeks, averaged an 11% (range, 3% to 21%) body weight loss during the previous 6 months, and had had negative stool examinations for enteric pathogens. Patients were evaluated by duodenal aspiration and biopsy and received both 25 gm oral and 10 gm intravenous doses of D-xylose. Kinetic analysis of D-xylose absorption was characterized by an absorption rate constant (ka) and a rate constant (ko) reflecting nonabsorptive loss. Extent of D-xylose absorption averaged 18.4% ± 9.3% (±SD) in the 12 patients (normal >60%). Percentage of weight loss during the previous 6 months was negatively correlated with ka (r = -0.69; p = 0.018) in the 11 patients in whom this parameter was reduced but was not correlated with either ko or extent of D-xylose absorption. In these patients with human immunodeficiency virus enteropathy, ka was reduced out of proportion to the minor histologic changes present in the duodenal biopsy specimens. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1991) 49, 632–640; doi:10.1038/clpt.1991.80
Commitment to community mental health aftercare services: staffing and structural implications.

This study examines the views of community mental health practitioners toward aftercare services and deinstitutionalized patients. A survey of 361 practitioners in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, finds that these views are related to practitioner experience in psychotherapeutic practice, professional affiliation, educational level, and amount of specialization in aftercare. Implications are drawn for staffing and structuring community mental health aftercare services in ways that are likely to enhance practitioner commitment to aftercare.
INTRAVENOUS DIAZOXIDE IN ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

Diazoxide was used to treat 16 patients with hypertension secondary to post-streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis. The diagnosis of AGN was made clinically, however culture and/or serologic evidence of a recent strep infection was mandatory for retention in the study group. Diazoxide was given by rapid intravenous injection at a dose of 5mg./kg. Since 11 patients required repeated injections, a total of 29 doses were given. The average pre-injection systolic pressure was 159 mm. of Hg. This fell by 23% within 5 minutes to an average post-injection pressure of 122 mm. of Hg. The average pre- and post-injection diastolic pressures were 104 and 71 mm. of Hg. respectively, an average decrease of 32%. There were no episodes of hypotension nor symptoms attributable to this rapid fall in blood pressure. Five patients maintained acceptable blood pressures throughout their hospital course. Eleven required repeat doses. The interval between doses averaged 41 hours (range 5-95). Four patients had blood sugar elevations above 120mgm%, the highest was 155mgm%. No other adverse side effects were noted. We feel diazoxide is effective in treating hypertension associated with AGN. It is faster acting than any of the currently used drugs. It does not produce CNS depression as seen with reserpine and is less likely to cause hypotension than intravenous hydralazine or methyl dopa.
The psychology of markets vs. hierarchies: The procedural fairness of alternative allocation procedures for benefits and burdens

Abstract This paper reports two studies examining the influence of social context on judgments about the fairness and desirability of two allocation mechanisms — markets and hierarchies. Two allocation contexts are compared: distributing benefits and burdens. The results show that people prefer to allocate burdens through markets and benefits through hierarchies. In both cases desirability is linked to procedural fairness, suggesting that people always prefer to use the fairer procedure for allocation, but view different procedures as fairer in these different contexts. Procedural fairness judgments were found to be linked to respondents' judgments about the impact of using different procedures to make allocations in each context, with people in each case preferring the procedure that they believe will have the most positive impact upon group cohesion. These findings suggest that what is construed as a fair procedure in one social context is not the same as what is construed as a fair procedure in another social context.
Science and technology of MEMS/NEMS resonators: Si versus diamond platform materials

Having recently been demonstrated at frequencies over 1GHz with measured Q' s>10,000 1-6 , MEMS/NEMS resonators in silicon, SiC and CVD diamond structural materials have great potential for enabling resonant mass sensing down to zeptogram resolution as well as on-chip high- Q passives needed in wireless communication systems for frequency generation, translation and filtering. However, the acceptance of such devices for RF applications in present-day transceivers has been hindered so far by several remaining issues, including: (1) a frequency range lower than 5 GHz, (2) higher motional impedances than normally exhibited by macroscopic high- Q resonators, (3) limited linearity and power handling ability, and (4) insufficient frequency repeatability and stability. This paper reviews several material-centric strategies for alleviating the aforementioned issues. Given that resonance frequency is generally proportional to the acoustic velocity while energy dissipation and Q is also a strong function of the material properties, several deviceoriented and system-level performance-enhancing technologies will be discussed. Both capacitively-transduced and piezoelectrically-transduced resonators will be discussed with a particular emphasis on the employment of transducers with improved electromechanical coupling coefficient as the device-level method for lowering the motional impedance.
Tamoxifen regulation of ectocervical cell differentiation.

Objective:To determine the effects of tamoxifen on the growth and differentiation of normal human cervical cells and compare those effects with those of a synthetic estrogen, diethylstilbestrol (DES). In addition, the effects of these compounds on immortalized cervical cells and cervical tumor cells were ascertained.Methods:Growth curves were used to determine the effects on cell proliferation. The expression of several proteins was used to determine the effects on cell differentiation. Binding assays and Western analysis were used to determine estrogen receptor levels.Results:Both tamoxifen and DES inhibited the proliferation of normal cervical cells. This growth inhibition was coincident with an increase in cell differentiation as determined by cornified envelope formation. The increase in envelope number was not accompanied by an increase in involucrin or cornifin, two protein precursors of the envelope. The activity of transglutaminase, which enzymatically incorporates precursor proteins into the enve...
Radiolytic Control of the Size of Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles

Solutions containing KAu(CN)2 (∼5 × 10-4 M), methanol (0.3 M), and nitrous oxide (2.5 × 10-2 M) are γ-irradiated in the presence of colloidal gold (∼6 × 10-5 M; mean particle size, 15 nm). The hydroxymethyl radicals, •CH2OH, which are generated in these solutions, reduce Au(I) in Au(CN)2-, and the reduced gold is completely deposited on the gold seeds to yield larger particles. The particle growth is followed spectrophotometrically and by electron microscopy. A mechanism is proposed in which the radicals transfer electrons to the gold particles and Au(CN)2- is subsequently reduced by the stored electrons directly at the surface of the particles. In further steps of particle enlargement, Au(CN)2- is reduced in solutions in which the gold particles synthesized in the preceding step serve as seeds, the result being larger and larger gold particles up to 120 nm. The reduction yield is discussed with respect to side reactions of the radicals, such as mutual deactivation and gold-catalyzed H2 formation. The rad...