cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
(Bipyridyl-κ2N,N′)bis(η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)(trifluoromethanesulfonato-κO)cerium(III)

The title compound, [Ce(CF3SO3)(C10H15)2(C10H8N2)], crystallizes as a bent metallocene with an inner-sphere trifluoro­methane­sulfonate ligand [Cg1—Ce—Cg2 = 138.91 (1) A; Cg1 and Cg2 are the centroids of the cyclo­penta­dienyl rings]. The penta­methyl­cyclo­penta­dienyl rings have a slightly staggered conformation. The bipyridine ligand has an N—C—C—N torsion angle of −8.2 (7)°.
Fast Decentralized Data Analytics in IoT Wireless Networks

This paper presents an innovative mechanism for decentralized data analytics in the Internet of Things (IoT) networks. In contrast to traditional centralized (eg. Cloud) based solution, our proposed decentralized framework can avoid the problems raised in data collection such as the constraint in high latency, and the associated data breach and privacy issues. The invented mechanism enables each IoT node in the network to independently obtain the global optimal analytics with local computation and communication. The proposed framework has been tested in seismic imaging and machine learning applications. The evaluation results validate its fast convergence to the optimal model, and demonstrates that it allows (near) real-time data analytics in IoT networks under bandwidth and energy limitation, particularly in uncertain and dynamic environments.
Chimeric Humanized Vasculature and Blood: The Intersection of Science and Ethics

The only curative therapy for diseases such as organ failure is orthotopic organ transplantation. Organ transplantation has been limited due to the shortage of donor organs. The huge disparity between those who need and those who receive transplantation therapy drives the pursuit of alternative treatments. Therefore, novel therapies are warranted. Recent studies support the feasibility of generating human-porcine chimeras that one day would provide humanized vasculature and blood for transplantation and serve as important research models. The ethical issues they raise require open discussion and dialog lest promising lines of inquiry flounder due to unfounded fears or compromised public trust.
Understanding Treatment Adherence in Cystic Fibrosis: Challenges and Opportunities

Significant advancements in the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) have led to drastically improved medical outcomes for those living with this illness. While these improvements have increased life expectancy and resulted in better quality of life, managing the daily care required to stay healthy is burdensome and complex. A time-intensive daily CF treatment regimen may be difficult to maintain and can interfere with many aspects of one’s life. Many factors impact how well an individual adheres to recommendations of their healthcare team. Understanding the barriers and facilitators of treatment adherence in CF is critical as well as the interventions available to help those with this disease live better lives while managing their health.
Three-Dimensional Voxel-Level Classification of Ultrasound Scattering

Three-dimensional (3D) H-scan ultrasound (US) is a new high-resolution imaging technology for voxel-level tissue classification. For the purpose of validation, a simulated H-scan US imaging system was developed to comprehensively study the sensitivity to scatterer size in volume space. A programmable research US system (Vantage 256, Verasonics Inc, Kirkland, WA) equipped with a custom volumetric imaging transducer (4DL7, Vermon, Tours, France) was used for US data acquisition and comparison to simulated findings. Preliminary studies were conducted using homogeneous phantoms embedded with acoustic scatterers of varying sizes (15, 30, 40 or 250 μm). Both simulation and experimental results indicate that the H -scan US imaging method is more sensitive than B-mode US in differentiating US scatterers of varying size. Overall, this study proved useful for evaluating H -scan US imaging of tissue scatterer patterns and will inform future technology research and development.
Delay discounting as a predictor of adjuvant endocrine therapy adherence among breast cancer survivors.

e24172Background: Despite the demonstrated mortality benefit, 30-70% of hormone-responsive breast cancer (BC) survivors struggle to adhere to adjuvant endocrine therapy (ET). Little is known about ...
Single bag high dose intravenous N-acetylcysteine associated with decreased hepatotoxicity compared to triple bag intravenous N-acetylcysteine in high-risk acetaminophen ingestions

There is controversy that the triple bag intravenous (IV) N-acetylcysteine (NAC) regimen may be underdosing the sickest patients in its current, common usage. We hypothesize that a higher dose IV N...
Coverage of Transvenous Pulmonary Embolectomy - Medicare's Missed Opportunity for Evidence Generation.

Coverage of Transvenous Pulmonary Embolectomy There is no evidence of clinical benefit associated with catheter-based aspiration thrombectomy for pulmonary embolism. Nevertheless, CMS has ended its...
Tangible visualization of molecular dynamics simulations using 3-D printing

a b s t r a c t Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are vital tools in modern research as they can provide molecular and atomic level insights into macroscopic behaviors of organic, inorganic, biological and hybrid materials. The analytical process of translating structural coordinates into a complex 3-D structure can be a challenging and engaging computational exercise for students. Here, we describe a detailed methodology for transforming the outputs of MD simulations into tangible forms through the use of dual-extrusion 3-D printing on a commercially available 3-D printer that we operate in our laboratory. Additionally, the printed 3-D structures can provide unique educational opportunities outside of traditional lecture halls and away from computer workstations environments as they provide a tangible representation of data when a digital copy is unavailable or inconvenient to share. We believe that 3-D printing can become a valuable complementary technique with MD and other forms of simulations in the chemical sciences. 3-D printers truly can be used to make just about anything, and this manuscript provides just one example of how this emerging technology can be applied within chemical engineering. As more chemical engineering educators become familiar with 3-D printing, we foresee a number of educational and applied uses including printing of highly complex patterned/porous surfaces, custom laboratory parts/equipment and even functional unit operations.
Can core allocations be achieved in avoidable fixed cost environments using two-part price competition?

Two environments are studied in which sellers have only avoidable fixed costs and fixed capacities: (a) in the first, the core exists and is supportable by a competitive equilibrium; (b) in the second, the core exists but there is no competitive equilibrium. In both cases, demand price is constant up to capacity. Experiments using the double auction institution fail to converge to 100% efficiency allocations in either environment. We study a new mechanism in which sellers each submit fixed vendor's fees, which must be paid before units can be sold, as well as a price and corresponding maximum quantity. Buyers submit price-quantity bids. A computing center determines allocations that maximize the aggregate surplus subject to the price, quantity, and vendor fee constraints. We report 20 experiments: 5 inexperienced (45 periods) and 5 experienced (75 periods) subject groups in each of the designs (a) and (b). Buyers are simulated to be fully revealing. The same four sellers participate in both inexperienced and experienced sessions. We explain why this environment proves difficult in these experiments and what we intend to do about it in further iterations.
Applications of a parallel processing modular simulation system for dynamic simulation of nuclear power plants

A new approach for high-speed simulation is applied to the analysis of nuclear power system dynamics. The proposed approach is to first identify inherent parallelism and then to develop suitable parallel computation algorithms. The latter includes numerical integration and table lookup techniques that can be used for achieving high-speed simulation. A performance evaluation of the proposed methodology has been completed, which is based on benchmark simulation for pressurized water reactor plant dynamics. The multirate integration algorithm and an innovative table lookup technique running on a parallel processing computer system have proved to be the most advantageous in computational speed.
Collaboration Between Hyperheuristics to Solve Strip-Packing Problems

In this paper we introduce a collaboration framework for hyperheuristics to solve hard strip packing problems. We have designed a genetic based hyperheuristic to cooperate with a hill-climbing based hyperheuristic. Both of them use the most recently proposed low-level heuristics in the literature. REVAC, which has recently been proposed for tuning [18], has been used to find the best operators parameter values. The results obtained are very encouraging and have improved the results from both the single heuristics and the single hyperheuristics' tests. Thus, we conclude that the collaboration among hyperheuristics is a good way to solve hard strip packing problems.
Dissolution, speciation, and reaction of acetaldehyde in cold sulfuric acid

The uptake of gas-phase acetaldehyde [CH 3 CHO, ethanal] by aqueous sulfuric acid solutions was studied under upper tropospheric/lower stratospheric (UT/LS) conditions. The solubility of acetaldehyde was found to be low, between 2 x 10 M atm -1 and 1.5 x 10 5 M atm -1 under the ranges of temperature (211-241 K) and acid composition (39-76 weight percent, wt%, H 2 SO 4 ) studied. Under most conditions, acetaldehyde showed simple solubility behavior when exposed to sulfuric acid. Under moderately acidic conditions (usually 47 wt% H 2 SO 4 ), evidence of reaction was observed. Enhancement of uptake at long times was occasionally detected in conjunction with reaction. The source of these behaviors and the effect of acetaldehyde speciation on solubility are discussed. Implications for the uptake of oxygenated organic compounds by tropospheric aerosols are considered.
4.4.3 System Engineering For Informal Regulation

While systems engineering has traditionally concentrated on formal regulations as the basis for design requirements, other informal regulations may have equally strong impacts on the nature of any given industry or processes' relationship to its regulators. Through SE analysis of programs at Los Alamos National Laboratory, we argue that these informal regulations can have substantial effects on project outcomes. We develop a framework which can be used to include these informal regulations in both static and dynamic SE approaches and argue that such factors can and should be included in our analyses, despite the difficulties such an approach might generate.
A DENTAL X-RAY VALIDATION STUDY COMPARISON OF INFORMATION FROM PATIENT INTERVIEWS AND DENTAL CHARTS

Information was collected from dentists of a subset of participants in a case-control interview study conducted in Los Angeles County, California, in August 1980-August 1981 to evaluate the relationship of dental x-rays to tumors of the parotid gland. Complete dental charts were available from 142 dentists of 84 cases and from 130 dentists of 79 control. Analysis of data from these interview chart comparisons indicates that recall appears to be unbiased since the measures of agreement between interview and dental chart data are similar for cases and controls. The authors further conclude that interview data alone may be used for case-control comparisons of dental x-ray exposure and would, because of unbiased misclassification, tend to underestimate the relative risks. 12 references, 3 tables.
Antimicrobial anionic peptide binds in vivo to Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica attached to ovine alveolar epithelium

Abstract Endogenous antimicrobial peptide activity in vivo has rarely been demonstrated. To assess this, Mannheimia haemolytica (log 10 10.20 cfu) was deposited into the lungs of adult sheep, which were killed at 0, 5, 10 and 20 min for necropsy. At 0 min, M. haemolytica appeared normal and monoclonal antibody to antimicrobial anionic peptide (AP) and Protein A-colloidal gold identified AP already bound to the bacterial surface. At 5–20 min, many organisms were distorted with flocculated intracellular constituents characteristic of AP cellular damage indicating that AP can bind to and presumably help inactivate organisms in vivo.
Spanning not-implausible futures to assess relative vulnerability to climate change and climate variability1

The global-change research community is beginning to turn its attention to assessing the vulnerability of social, economic, political and/or ecological systems to climate change and climate variability in ways that systematically incorporate their ability to adapt. The Workshop on Adaptation to Climate Variability and Change hosted in Costa Rica (March 29}April 1, 1998) by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stands as evidence of this increased interest. Indeed, the `Scoping Meetinga hosted by the IPCC in late June con"rmed that vulnerability and adaptation will be unifying themes in the work of Working Groups II and III as they prepare the Third Assessment Report (TAR). It is reasonable, therefore, to expect a #urry of activity in this area over the next several years. As the process begins, though, it must be emphasized that the proceedings of the IPCC Costa Rica Adaptation Workshop reiterated the long held belief that long-term uncertainty and near-term variability are ubiquitous. Participants there agreed that
Web page caching in Java Web applications

Many Web applications serve pages that change infrequently, such as catalog pages within a shopping application or a calendar of events on a university Web site. Such pages change only when a staff member logs in, and updates data on which the pages are based. Without caching, requests for such pages result in redundant read operations on the database and generation of HTML from a collection of HTML generating components. In this paper, we explain how we decrease this processing overhead in Java Web applications by caching infrequently changing Web pages.
Monte Carlo simulation of the double layer at an electrode including the effect of a dielectric boundary

Monte Carlo values of the density profiles and related properties of the double layer formed by an electrolyte near a charged electrode are reported for the cases where the electrode has a dielectric coefficient greater, equal, and smaller than that of the electrolyte that causes a surface polarization that can be represented by electrostatic images. As expected, compared to the case where there is no dielectric boundary the ions near the electrode are attracted or repelled by the electrode if the dielectric coefficient is greater or smaller, respectively, than that of the electrolyte. This effect is most pronounced near the electrode and is stronger for 2:2 electrolytes than for 1:1 electrolytes. For both monovalent and divalent ions the effect of the dielectric boundary is stronger at low concentrations.
Empirical analysis and policy implications of the patterns and structure of japanese direct investment in the united states

Japan's rapid transformation into a mature industrial economy and its growing role in the international economy have generated a great deal of interest among analysts and policymakers, particularly in terms of Japan's trade and investment relations with the United States. This article provides an empirical analysis and policy implications of the Japanese direct investment in the manufacturing sector in the United States. We find that both industrial organization and the cost of capital considerations have been the proximate causes for the surge in such investments.
Plant proteins: Their role in the future

Schools in the U.S. used about 60 million lb of hydrated textured vegetable protein in 1973–74 compared with 40 million lb in 1972–73 and 28 million lb in 1971–72. Plant proteins are projected to replace ca. 2146 million lb meats and other proteins in the U.S. by 1980.
High temperature pre-digestion of corn stover biomass for improved product yields

The efficient conversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks remains a key step in the commercialization of biofuels. One of the barriers to cost-effective conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to sugars remains the enzymatic saccharification process step. Here, we describe a novel hybrid processing approach comprising enzymatic pre-digestion with newly characterized hyperthermophilic enzyme cocktails followed by conventional saccharification with commercial enzyme preparations. Dilute acid pretreated corn stover was subjected to this new procedure to test its efficacy. Thermal tolerant enzymes from Acidothermus cellulolyticus and Caldicellulosiruptor bescii were used to pre-digest pretreated biomass at elevated temperatures prior to saccharification by the commercial cellulase formulation. We report that pre-digestion of biomass with these enzymes at elevated temperatures prior to addition of the commercial cellulase formulation increased conversion rates and yields when compared to commercial cellulase formulation alone under low solids conditions. Our results demonstrating improvements in rates and yields of conversion point the way forward for hybrid biomass conversion schemes utilizing catalytic amounts of hyperthermophilic enzymes.
Estimating Adult Mortality in Cameroon from Census Data on Household Deaths: 1976-1987

Many African countries lack conventional data sources for systematic assessment of adult mortality. Studies of mortality in Cameroon have mainly been concerned with infant and child survival, while levels and structure of adult mortality have rarely been investigated. This paper employs the Generalized Growth Balance method to estimate adult mortality in Cameroon using data from 1976 and 1987 censuses. More specifically, we use data on household deaths during the 12 months preceding the 1976 and 1987 censuses to assess the adult mortality situation in Cameroon prior to the onset of HIV/AIDS pandemic. Results suggest that overall adult mortality in Cameroon prior to the HIV/AIDS era was high even by African standards. Ignoring potential methodological and data differences, a comparison of age-specific death rates from the two censuses to those from the recent DHS results portray a recent increase in mortality during the peak productive and reproductive years. However, a complete and reliably operational vital registration system remains the ultimate solution to estimating and fully understanding the trends in adult mortality. In the meantime, consistently collecting census data on household deaths can enhance knowledge and inform policy intervention.
Renal cell carcinoma : Current status and emerging therapies

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for about 3% of all adult malignancies and its incidence is increasing. Smoking, obesity, and end-stage renal disease are important risk factors. Localized RCC may be cured with surgical excision. However, over one-third of patients eventually develop metastatic disease. While chemotherapy and radiation therapy are relatively ineffective for RCC, immunotherapy modestly extends survival and may lead to tumor regression and long-term survival in a small minority of patients. Recently, research into the pathology of genetic syndromes associated with RCC has led to remarkable advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of sporadic RCC. Rational therapeutic agents developed from this understanding have established new treatment paradigms for this disease.
A multimodal support group with Hispanic traumatic brain injury survivors.

OBJECTIVES: (a) To design and pilot a culturally sensitive and neuropsychologically informed support group addressing barriers to emotional, social, and vocational adjustment among high-level functioning Hispanic/Latino TBI survivors. (b) To determine efficacy through outcome measures. INTERVENTION: Ten-week multimodal, culturally sensitive support group focusing on TBI sequelae education, relaxation techniques, coping skills development, behavioral goal setting and monitoring, and family participation. PARTICIPANTS: Six Spanish-speaking high-level functioning TBI survivors aged 20-42. SETTING: Outpatient neuropsychological assessment and treatment center. OUTCOME MEASURES: Beck Hopelessness Scale; Purpose in Life Test; Perceived Self-Regulatory Ability Inventory. RESULTS: Participants' sense of personal destiny and feelings of hopelessness improved, as evidenced by objective measures and self-report. A telephone interview a year later indicated that gains had been maintained, and most participants were vocationally active. CONCLUSIONS: Results underscore the importance of considering linguistic and ethnic factors in developing support groups.
Pharmacologic management of postoperative nausea and vomiting

Introduction: As advances in the safety and efficacy of surgery and anesthesia have been made, other complications such as postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) have become more apparent. PONV occurs after 30% of all surgeries, and incidences as high as 80% have been reported among patients at high risk. Areas covered: This review provides a brief overview of the etiology and mechanisms of emesis and of known risk factors for PONV. It also covers pharmacologic therapies, appropriate management strategies, prophylactic strategies, multimodal therapy and rescue treatment. Expert opinion: The main triggers for PONV are general anesthesia with inhalational anesthetics and opioids. When given to susceptible patients, e.g., females, the risk may be as high as 80%. In such patients, opioid-free regional anesthesia would be the most logical approach. However, if general anesthesia is needed, we prefer total intravenous anesthesia as it eliminates the use of inhalational anesthetics and reduces the risk for PON...
Energy Spectra for Interactive Turbulence Fields in a Bubble Column

The turbulent energy distributions in the gas−liquid bubble-column system and the effect of solids on the liquid-phase turbulence are investigated using laser Doppler and particle image velocimetries. The superficial gas velocity employed ranges from 0.025 to 7.5 cm/s, covering such bubble flow conditions as single-bubble chain, bubbly flow, and churn-turbulent flow. Turbulence induced by rising bubbles and liquid shear are examined. The energy containing ranges for the bubble- and shear-induced turbulence is determined from the liquid-phase power spectra. Experimental results indicate that the bubble-induced turbulence is the governing factor in the liquid-phase turbulence in bubbly flows. The analysis of power spectra indicates that the bubble-induced turbulence includes the turbulence from eddies in the bubble wake and that from the drift velocity change due to rising bubbles. The interaction between two turbulence fields is studied with a two-orifice gas distributor. The interaction can only be observ...
ASIS&T annual meeting pre‐conference activities: The history of ASIS&T and information science and technology

Editor's Summary A highlight of the 2012 ASIS&T Annual Meeting, the pre-conference session on the History of ASIS&T and Information Science and Technology Worldwide drew presenters and attendees from around the globe. The day featured papers on four historical themes, starting with the institutional roots of ASIS&T and recognizing decades of research presented in the Annual Review of Information Science and Technology. The evolution of the field was apparent through a review of information revolutions prompted by the printing press, the post-World War II information crisis and the Internet, as well as through presentations on digital curation, ongoing work on relevance, sense-making theory and developments from Croatia to France. Discussion of the historical contexts of technology innovations and impacts considered photographic documentary techniques, binary computing and networking standards. The development of foundational ideas was explored through presentations on pioneering document indexing methods, the semantic challenge of term-oriented retrieval, early European perceptions of classification systems and the French view of communication and information science. Efforts to deepen the historical understanding of information science and technology will continue through oral history interviews, funded research and awards for outstanding papers.
Introduction to MATLAB Programming

The chapter, “Introduction to MATLAB Programming” introduces the idea of algorithms and scripts. Programming style, such as the top-down design approach, and use of commenting for documentation, are explained. Input and output statements are introduced, including the formatting of output. Simple plot functions and functions that annotate plots are introduced in this chapter as it is easier to produce plots using scripts. Reading from a file using load and writing to a file using save is demonstrated. Finally, the concept of a user-defined function is introduced with the type of function that calculates and returns a single value.
Complementarities in economic reform

The authors report on technical work which examines the implications of combining complementarities and convex adjustment costs in a model of economic reform. The main results are that the optimal pace of reform is higher if there is a larger initial crisis, stronger pro-reform institutions, and greater immediate potential entrepreneurship. This supports the argument that radical reform was appropriate for most countries in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, while gradualism was more appropriate for a country like China.
Comparison of Dormant and Circum-bloom Zinc Spray Programs for Washington Apple Orchards

ABSTRACT Spraying high rates of inorganic zinc (Zn) salts during the late-dormant or delayed-dormant period has been a traditional practice to control Zn insufficiency in Pacific Northwest apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) orchards. Long-term use of such sprays can cause excessive soil accumulation of Zn. Using circum-bloom sprays of less phytotoxic Zn products may improve Zn phytoavailability and reduce Zn fertilizer requirements. A four-year field study was conducted comparing Zn phytoavailability and other effects of five Zn spray programs applied to ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees. Treatments were late-dormant sprays of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) applied at medium and high rates, a single delayed-dormant spray of a medium rate of zinc oxide (ZnO) tank-mixed with horticultural oil, and multiple circum-bloom sprays of two organically complexed Zn products applied at much lower per-acre rates. No sprays were applied in the last year in order to evaluate carry-over effects. Zinc concentrations of unwashed and det...
Homuncular Flexibility in Virtual Reality

Immersive virtual reality allows people to inhabit avatar bodies that differ from their own, and this can produce significant psychological and physiological effects. The concept of homuncular flexibility Lanier, 2006 proposes that users can learn to control bodies different from their own by changing the relationship between tracked and rendered motion. We examine the effects of remapping movements in the real world onto an avatar that moves in novel ways. In Experiment 1, participants moved their legs more than their arms in conditions where leg movements were more effective for the task. In Experiment 2, participants controlling 3-armed avatars learned to hit more targets than participants in 2-armed avatars. We discuss the implications of embodiment in novel bodies.
Conceptualizing the linkages between diversity experiences and moral development

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to advance an understanding of how diversity experiences can potentially foster moral development among college students. An overview of the research linking diversity experiences to moral development is discussed, followed by a presentation of a conceptual framework that demonstrates the nuances and challenges in optimizing the moral benefits derived from diversity encounters.
A multivariate test of the Job Characteristics Theory of Work Motivation.

This paper reports the results of a multivariate test of the Job Characteristics Theory of Work Motivation using data from employees of a state agency in the United States. A canonical correlation analysis was done first to determine whether there was a statistically significant multivariate relationship among the variables. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was then done to test main effects and interactions. The results of the study were mostly supportive of predictions from the theory. The interactions with Growth Need Strength were different in form for low and high GNS people. The implications of the results for both the theory and job redesign practice are discussed.
Legal Reasoning and the Separation of Powers: A State-Level Analysis of Disputes Involving Federal Funds Appropriations*

This article investigates the influence of judicial decisions on state legislative oversight of federal funds. A systematic analysis of judicial decisions is undertaken in an effort to reveal (a) the extent to which such activity on the part of legislatures is permitted or denied by courts, and (b) the nature of legal reasoning that determines differential outcomes. The analysis reveals, among other things, that there are two divergent paths of law: one upholding the legislative prerogative to exercise the power of the purse, and the other upholding the executive function of governors to act as custodians and executors of federal funds and programs. The delegation of legislative powers to interim committees is likewise investigated.
In vitro genetic transfer of protein synthesis and respiration defects to mitochondrial DNA-less cells with myopathy-patient mitochondria.

A severe mitochondrial protein synthesis defect in myoblasts from a patient with mitochondrial myopathy was transferred with myoblast mitochondria into two genetically unrelated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-less human cell lines, pointing to an mtDNA alteration as being responsible and sufficient for causing the disease. The transfer of the defect correlated with marked deficiencies in respiration and cytochrome c oxidase activity of the transformants and the presence in their mitochondria of mtDNA carrying a tRNA^(Lys) mutation. Furthermore, apparently complete segregation of the defective genotype and phenotype was observed in the transformants derived from the heterogeneous proband myoblast population, suggesting that the mtDNA heteroplasmy in this population was to a large extent intercellular. The present work thus establishes a direct link between mtDNA alteration and a biochemical defect.
Method for Detecting a Progressive Renal Disorder Superimposed on a Preexisting Progressive Renal Disorder

We describe a patient with declining renal function due to polycystic kidney disease, who then insidiously develops bilateral renal artery stenosis. The major clue which led to the discovery of the bilateral renal artery stenosis was the finding of an unexpected increase in the rate of loss of renal function. This assessment was based on analysis of the slope of a plot of the reciprocal of the patient's serum creatinine concentration vs. time (reciprocal creatinine plot). The rationale for the use of the reciprocal creatinine plot to detect a progressive renal disorder superimposed upon a preexisting progressive renal disorder, is discussed.
Are Specific and Generalized Social Phobias Qualitatively Distinct

This article reviews studies of the generalized (CSP) and specific (SSP) subtypes of social phobia, including their onset, course, etiology, comorbid conditions, types of situations feared, reactions (i.e., cognitive, physiological, and behavioral) to feared situations, and response to treatment. Because the differences between CSP and SSP seem difficult to reconcile with a strictly quantitative perspective, we propose a qualitative distinction. The characteristics of SSP are seen as similar to those of specific phobias, but those of CSP are not. We offer a speculative interpersonal model of CSP that emphasizes beliefs about the self being unlovable, behaviors that elicit negative self-evaluations in others, and a pattern of mutual social-distancing behaviors. We discuss the implications of a qualitative distinction between CSP and SSP and offer avenues for future inquiry.
Wind program technological developments in the United States

Abstract Under its wind energy research and development program, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) works as a partner with industry to improve understanding of wind system technology and to develop and deploy advanced wind turbines in multi-regional markets. Installed capacity in the U.S. reached 1720 MW by the end of 1995. This figure however does not include some capacity that was retired or taken off line. Growth of about 140 MW during 1995, is attributed to improved and lower cost turbines and was stimulated in part by the availability of energy tax credits and production and financial incentives. In addition, there are nearly 500 MW of firm contracts for new domestic wind plants. Recently, there has been substantial growth outside the U.S. Europe went from 1671 MW in 1994 to 2478 MW in 1995 and the rest of the world went from 192 MW in 1994 to 642 MW in 1995. Commercial projects are currently producing electricity in the $0.05 to $0.07/kWh range operating at moderate (5.8 m/s average) wind sites. The U.S. DOE Wind Energy Systems Program is continuing broad based research and technology development, focusing on advanced wind turbine development. Contracts have been placed with industry for next generation design studies, innovative subsystems applied research, and value engineering to improve existing turbines. Some of these turbines are now being deployed in utility verification projects. Over the past year, the U.S. opened its National Wind Technology Center, located near Golden, Colorado. The center will include a new user facility to serve as a wind turbine blade and system testing and research center for industry.
Clinical outcomes for Conduits and Scaffolds in peripheral nerve repair

The gold standard of peripheral nerve repair is nerve autograft when tensionless repair is not possible. Use of nerve autograft has several shortcomings, however. These include limited availability of donor tissue, sacrifice of a functional nerve, and possible neuroma formation. In order to address these deficiencies, researchers have developed a variety of biomaterials available for repair of peripheral nerve gaps. We review the clinical studies published in the English literature detailing outcomes and reconstructive options. Regardless of the material used or the type of nerve repaired, outcomes are generally similar to nerve autograft in gaps less than 3 cm. New biomaterials currently under preclinical evaluation may provide improvements in outcomes.
Knot stability and tensile strength of an absorbable suture material

Abstract The tensile strengths of different gauges of two smooth-surface suture materials, the absorbable material polydioxanone (PDS) and the nonabsorbable material polypropylene (Prolene) are determined. The knotting regimen required to provide knot security in vitro and following implantation in an animal model is also studied for both materials. The tensile strength of both materials is significantly reduced by knotting and it is found that the number of throws required to ensure non-slippage of the knot under tension varied with both the suture material and its gauge. In vivo, Prolene suffered no loss in tensile strength over 56 days whilst PDS lost some 30% of its tensile strength over 28 days.
Experiences with CC2001 at a small college

In this poster, we describe our experiences over the past two years using the CC2001 small department model for our computer science major. We discuss issues with the number of required courses, the mathematics requirement, course prerequisites, our capstone experience, and the relative lack of computer science theory in the new curriculum.
Dopamine β-hydroxylase distribution in density gradients: Physiological and artefactual implications

Knowledge of the vesicular origin of circulating dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DbetaH) is indispensable for any attempts to explain the parallelism or lack of it between circulating enzyme and catecholamines as they may relate to physiological stress, forms of hypertension, neurological disorders, and the response to pharmacological agents. The present study represents an effort to evaluate and to place in proper perspective data based on the DbetaH activity found in the region of the light vesicle peak of noradrenaline (NA), which is used as a quantitative measure of a population of small terminal vesicles. Distributions of vesicles and subvesicular components are compared with DbetaH and NA in sucrose-D2O density gradients used to prepare relatively pure fractions of large dense cored vesicles (LDV) from bovine splenic nerve. Although NA in sedimentable particles of the light vesicle peak is likely to be a valid measure of a small vesicle population, the following is demonstrated: (1) A substantial fraction (25%-37%) of the total sedimentable DbetaH activity can be proven to distribute in the region of the light vesicle peak from a tissue with an insignificant small vesicle population. Based on studies of vesicles from sequential nerve segments, this enzyme activity probably corresponds to a population of "immature" LDV which are undergoing axoplasmic transport and have not synthesized their full complement of transmitter. (2) Physical lysis which depletes the matrix of LDV causes redistribution of DbetaH activity from the heavy vesicle peak into the region of the light vesicle peak. Analogously, DbetaH associated with exocytosed LDV and retrograde transport particles is also likely to contaminate the region of the light vesicle peak. (3) Based on available data, it can be calculated that each small dense cored vesicle could contain only 0.1-0.5 molecules of DbetaH and that a contamination of only 0.016% LDV can account for all of the DbetaH reported to occur in the light vesicle peak of normal rat vas deferens preparations.
Age- and education-corrected, standardized short form of the category test

Abstract A 128-item short form of the Category Test is described. The advantage of this form over earlier forms is that the user has a choice of interpretation methods. The user can estimate the total Category Test score or obtain a standardized score corrected for age and education. This standardized score can be compared to a normative sample of 109 non-brain-damaged subjects.
Quantitative Aspects of Magnetospheric Physics

This book deals with a number of topics in magnetospheric physics, but a review of the physics of magnetically trapped radiation and related phenomena threads through all the technical discussions and forms a major unifying theme. In developing this theme, the authors rely heavily on their own previously published journal articles (both are prolific scientists), but the treatment generally parallels that found in two earlier texts on this subject, Dynamics of Geomagnetically Trapped Radiation, by J. Roederer (1970), and Particle Diffusion in the Radiation Belts, by M. Schulz and L.J. Lanzerotti (1974) (both published by Springer-Verlag, New York). Juan Roederer's book offers a thorough treatment of adiabatic theory and its application to radiation belt structure; it also includes a relatively brief treatment of diffusion processes—an active subject at the leading edge of radiation belt research in 1970. The Schulz and Lanzerotti work reverses this emphasis: adiabatic theory is reviewed, and radiation belt diffusion theory, by 1974 a much more mature but still active research area, is developed in detail and applied in studies of trapping region dynamics.
The politics of global warming in Germany

In response to growing concerns about global warming, the German government announced its intention to reduce carbon dioxide emissions 25–30 per cent by the year 2005, perhaps the most demanding target of any advanced industrial democracy. When the policy process that led the German government to adopt such an ambitious goal is examined, it can be held that the corporatist types of arrangements found in Germany have provided an institutional arena that enabled a consensus to coalesce around the view that climate change was a serious threat that warranted concerted action. The policy process that helped forge the political consensus on global warming, however, has not been immune to changes in the broader political environment that have made agreement on specific actions more difficult. Whether Germany will be able to achieve its announced target, therefore, remains in question.
A computational and evolutionary perspective on the role of representation in vision

Abstract Recently, the assumed goal of computer vision, reconstructing a representation of the scene, has been critcized as unproductive and impractical. Critics have suggested that the reconstructive approach should be supplanted by a new purposive approach that emphasizes functionality and task driven perception at the cost of general vision. In response to these arguments, we claim that the recovery paradigm central to the reconstructive approach is viable, and, moreover, provides a promising framework for understanding and modeling general purpose vision in humans and machines. An examination of the goals of vision from an evolutionary perspective and a case study involving the recovery of optic flow support this hypothesis. In particular, while we acknowledge that there are instances where the purposive approach may be appropriate, these are insufficient for implementing the wide range of visual tasks exhibited by humans (the kind of flexible vision system presumed to be an end-goal of artificial intelligence). Furthermore, there are instances, such as recent work on the estimation of optic flow, where the recovery paradigm may yield useful and robust results. Thus, contrary to certain claims, the purposive approach does not obviate the need for recovery and reconstruction of flexible representations of the world.
An analysis of the economic justification for consolidation in a secondary security market

Abstract This paper considers whether all trading in a listed security should be required to go through an exchange. To this end, the incentives for a brokerage firm to offer in-house execution services are discussed, and an analytical framework is developed which shows that, under idealized conditions, fragmentation of the market through in-house execution services would not result in any overall deterioration of market performance characteristics. However, when some of the idealized conditions are relaxed, the market fragmentation arising from in-house execution causes the gains to some customers to be more than overcome by the losses to others. The analysis, which also takes account of the desirability of enforcing reasonable trading priority rules (such as priority by price and time) across all traders, yields several public policy implications. For some unlikely scenarios, it would be possible, through appropriate commission sharing and a perfectly operating intermarket trading system, for optimal overall market performance to be consistent with the market fragmentation inherent in in-house execution services. However, for most realistic scenarios, fragmentation would cause a deterioration in the quality of the market. Thus it seems desirable to require that all trading go through a central exchange with a consolidated limit order book.
The Epidemiologic Basis for Hypertension Control

YPERTENS ION is the most prevalent of all cardiovascular diseases: about 18% of the adult population in U J 2 the United States have high blood pressure (BP), defined as values equal to or above either 16o mm Hg for systolic (SBP) or 95 mm Hg for diastolic blood pressure 9 (DBP) (1). In addition, although hypertensive disease per se is said to be directly responsible for only 1 .7% of all cardiovascular deaths in the United States (2), this contribution is much underestimated, since hypertension is one of the major risk factors for diseases such as coronary heart disease and stroke, conditions which account for almost 8 % of all cardiovascular deaths (2). Because these cardiovascular complications of hypertension may take years to manifest, the prevalence pool of individuals with high BP is exceedingly high. As recently as 1975, it was estimated that hypertension accounted for about 81% of all prevalent cases of the major cardiovascular diseases including strokes, coronary disease, hypertensive disease, and rheumatic disease (2). Thus, given its magnitude, hypertension control poses a major challenge for the public health planner. Hypertension is also unique in that it is both a risk factor for some of the most serious cardiovascular diseases, and an outcome whose determination depends on its own set of risk factors. Thus, in any discussion of hypertension prevention, it is appropriate not only to discuss prevention of cardiovascular complications by means of reduction of BP levels, but also the extent to which it is possible to carry out primary prevention of hypertension.
Chromogranin B: isolation from pheochromocytoma, N-terminal sequence, tissue distribution and secretory vesicle processing.

Abstract The chromogranins/secretogranins are a family of neuroendocrine vesicle secretory proteins. Immunohistology and immunoblotting have suggested that a major soluble protein in human chromaffin granules may be chromogranin B (CgB). We purified from pheochromocytoma chromaffin granules an SDS-PAGE 110–120 kDa protein whose N-terminal sequence matched that previously deduced from a human CgB cDNA. An antibody directed against a synthetic human CgB N-terminal region specifically recognized the CgB N-terminus, though not the chromogranin A (CgA) N-terminus or the CgB C-terminus on immunoblots. An antiserum directed against CgB's C-terminus also visualized CgB but not CgA. By immunoblotting, CgB was a quantitatively major protein in human pheochromocytoma chromaffin granules, but a relatively minor protein in normal bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin granules. In a variety of normal bovine neuroendocrine tissues, the relative abundance of CgB immunoreactivity on immunoblots was: adrenal medulla > anterior pituitary > pancreas > small intestine , hypothalamus. Immunoblotting of neuroendocrine tissues (or their hormone storage vesicle cores) with both anti N-terminal and anti C-terminal CgB antisera suggested bidirectional cleavage or processing of CgB; in the anterior pituitary, a unique 40 kDa C-terminal fragment was observed. Bidirectional CgB cleavage was also suggested on immunoblots of chromaffin tissue from three species (human, bovine, rat). C-terminal processing of CgB was also confirmed by amino acid sequencing of SDS-PAGE-separated, polyvinylidene difluoride membrane-immobilized CgB fragments from pheochromocytoma chromaffin granules. Whether such fragments possess biological activity remains to be investigated.
What motivates managers' choice of discretionary accruals?

Abstract The papers by Subramanyam (1996) and Kasanen, Kinnunen, and Niskanen (KKN, 1996) both consider why managers manipulate accounting accruals. Subramanyam finds that discretionary accruals are associated with several performance measures, and concludes that managers' accrual choices increase the informativeness of accounting earnings. However, a strong competing alternative is that the ‘Jones model’ systematically mismeasures discretionary accruals, so that they contain a significant non-discretionary component. Unlike many US studies, KKN find strong evidence of earnings management in Finland, where Finnish managers set earnings to satisfy the demand for dividends by keiretsu-like institutional investors.
Cultural Preservation Program for Alaska

In this technical report, an innovative cultural preservation program for implementation in Athabascan villages is presented. The parameters for success in implementing such a project is discussed based on a workshop with Athabascan elders.