cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of feed intake, forage physical form, and forage fiber content on particle size of masticated forage, ruminal digesta, and feces of dairy cows.

Two trials were conducted to determine particle size of masticates, ruminal digesta, and feces of dairy cows. In Trial 1, three Holstein cows with ruminal cannulae were fed prebloom alfalfa hay in long, chopped, or pelleted form in a Latin square design (21-d periods) conducted in early lactation (wk 3 to 11) and again during the dry period to attain high (3.75) and low (1.95% of BW) feed consumption. In trial 2, prebloom, midbloom, and full bloom alfalfa hay, mature bromegrass hay, and corn silage were fed to early lactation (wk 5 to 15) Holsteins in a 5 X 5 Latin square design (15-d periods). All diets (Trials 1 and 2) were formulated to 17% CP and contained forage:grain in a 60:40 ratio (DM basis). Similar particle distributions of digesta from long and chopped hay diets suggest little influence of chopping forage on particle size reduction when high quality forage is fed. The large proportion of DM in the small particle (less than .6 mm) pool in the rumen in both trials suggests that rate of escape of small particles from the rumen is an important factor influencing ruminal retention time. Increased proportion of coarse (greater than or equal to 2.36-mm screen) fecal particles at high intake and with fine grinding appears related to a reduction in chewing per unit feed consumed. Soluble DM and particulate matter passing a .063-mm screen made up a significant portion (30 to 50%) of the total DM sieved from all sampling sites in both trials.
Strength in Diversity? Group Heterogeneity in the Mobilization of Grassroots Organizations

Grassroots groups often find that they need to manage issues of diversity along racial/ethnic, class, gender, religious, and/or citizenship lines, among several other axes of difference. There are strong reasons to expect that diversity is a benefit to such groups, especially in terms of coalition breadth and the widely held expectation that internal heterogeneity helps organizations to resolve collective action dilemmas. Nonetheless, a long tradition within sociological research sets out the expectation that group heterogeneity thwarts the formation of collective identities and group solidarity, and therefore limits the potential for effective organizing. With a particular emphasis on groups active in local community-based organizing since the 1970s, we review studies on a variety of features of group diversity and their effects on mobilizing processes. We find that although researchers remain somewhat divided on these critical issues, the preponderance of evidence suggests that managing diversity poses significant challenges for grassroots organizing efforts. While these challenges may not easily be overcome, we point to a variety of cases in which group differences offered a significant asset to social change efforts.
Surface segregation in blends of styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers

We investigated the kinetic as well as thermodynamic aspects of surface segregation in blends of random copolymers of styrene and acrylonitrile (SAN) with different acrylonitrile contents (22.5 and 27.2 wt%) annealed at 163°C. A comparison was made with equilibrium data collected by Mansfield et al. on the same system using neutron reflectivity. The lower-AN-content SAN, which is labelled with deuterium (d-SAN), was observed to segregate to the vacuum/polymer interface. Time-of-flight and conventional forward recoil spectrometry were used to determine the depth profile of the deuterated component. The apparent diffusion coefficient D app controlling the segregation kinetics at a bulk volume fraction ω of d-SAN of 0.34 was obtained. It was smaller by a factor of approximately 1.5 than the mutual diffusion coefficient D app at =0.34 calculated without taking the expected thermodynamic slowing of diffusion into account. However, D app was larger than the measured D at =0.34 by a factor of approximately 3. The mean-field theory of Schmidt and Binder was employed to extract the Flory interaction parameter χ , which was found to be smaller than but close to its critical value χ c . The value of D computed using this χ value was in good agreement with the independently measured D at= 0.34.
Stabilization of Secondary Structure of Alzheimer β-Protein by Aluminum(III) Ions and D-Asp Substitutions

Abstract The CD spectra of the D-Asp substituted analogs of amyloid peptides, β6-25 and β1-40, showed a distinct blue-shift on A1 3+ complexation. The influence of Al 3+ coordination was most significant on the triply substituted β1-40 (D-Asp 1,7,23 ). This analog showed a reduction of the minima near 210nm and a simultaneous increase in the maxima near 200nm as compared to the native L-Asp β1-40. These observations suggest that Al 3+ interaction with D-Asp induces the peptide backbone to increase its antiparallel β-sheet character. D-Asp substitution and chelation by Al 3+ lead to increased stability of higher molecular weight species of β1-40, and thereby could increase the toxicity of the Alzheimer amyloid protein.
Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Integrating Risk Assessment With Intervention

The concept that coronary heart disease (CHD) can be prevented has increasingly become a driving force in cardiovascular medicine. For many years, the field gave lip service to prevention but neglected to take it seriously. The possibility of effective prevention was met with skepticism from many quarters. Gradually, however, the tide has turned, and prevention is getting the upper hand. Widespread acceptance of the benefits of prevention came first in the area of secondary prevention, ie, preventing recurrent coronary events in patients with established CHD.1 Secondary prevention stands at the boundary between prevention and treatment. Many cardiologists consider secondary prevention to be treatment of coronary artery disease; others see it as prevention of recurrent coronary events. There is a more uniform agreement that prevention of new-onset CHD should be called primary prevention. This article examines some of the major issues currently under scrutiny for primary prevention of CHD. Without question, the area of primary prevention is complex and contentious; some of the issues will not be easily resolved. However, if the burden of CHD in industrialized and developing societies is to be substantially reduced, effective strategies for primary prevention must be put in place. Major advances have recently been made in understanding the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndromes (unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and coronary death). Of great importance was the recognition that rupture of vulnerable plaques leading to coronary thrombosis accounts for most acute coronary syndromes.2 3 Equally important was the discovery that the risk of plaque rupture and its consequences can be substantially reduced by medical intervention. For example, cigarette smoking almost certainly predisposes to plaque rupture, and smoking cessation rapidly lowers risk for coronary thrombosis.4 Meta-analysis confirms that lowering blood pressure in hypertensive patients will reduce acute myocardial infarctions.5 Low-dose aspirin therapy likewise lowers …
Use of Ion Scattering Spectroscopy to Monitor the Nb target Nitridation during Reactive Sputtering

Ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS) has been used to directly monitor the nitrogen coverage of a niobium target during ion-beam reactive sputtering. This measurement shows that the fully reacted target is nearly completely covered with nitrogen. The functional dependence of the nitrogen coverage on the N2 pressure has also been obtained. By taking the fractional target coverage to be a steady-state equilibrium between nitrogen sputter removal and thermal N2 arrival, the measured target coverage has been accurately modeled. The results indicate that the nitridation reaction is controlled by the thermal N2 molecules, which stick to the target with a high probability. This firmly establishes the fact that the molecular N2 flux can control the target reaction. This target coverage model has also been applied to fit the measured deposition rate as a function of the N2 pressure and shows that the deposition rate does not accurately reflect the target coverage. By modifying an existing reactive sputtering model, we show that the deposition rate can be modeled accurately by taking into account both the gettering reaction at the growing film and the target reaction.
Effects of Heat Treatment on the Surface Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of MoSi2‐TiC0.7N0.3 Composites

MoSi 2 -TiC 0.7 N 0.3 composites were prepared by hot-pressing under vacuum, and MoSi 2 -TiC 0.7 N 0.3 composites were heat-treated in air at various temperatures. SEM analysis showed that the surface microstructure of the MoSi 2 -TiC 0.7 N 0.3 composite changed because of the oxidation of MoSi 2 and TiC 0.7 N 0.3 and that many TiO 2 whiskers appeared on the surfaces of the composites. Compared with the non-heat-treated MoSi 2 -TiC 0.7 N 0.3 , the bending strength of the heat-treated MoSi 2 -TiC 0.7 N 0 was significantly improved.
Finite element modeling of residual stress profile patterns in hard turning

Hard turning, i.e., turning hardened steels, may produce the unique “hook” shaped residual stress (RS) profile characterized by surface compressive RS and subsurface maximum compressive RS. However, the formation mechanism of the unique RS profile is not yet known. In this study, a novel hybrid finite element modeling approach based on thermal-mechanical coupling and internal state variable plasticity model has been developed to predict the unique RS profile patterns by hard turning AISI 52100 steel (62 HRc). The most important controlling factor for the unique characteristics of residual stress profiles has been identified. The transition of maximum residual stress at the surface to the subsurface has been recovered by controlling the plowed depth. The predicted characteristics of residual stress profiles favorably agree with the measured ones. In addition, friction coefficient only affects the magnitude of surface residual stress but not the basic shape of residual stress profiles.
D-aspartate oxidation by rat and bovine renal peroxisomes: an electron microscopic cytochemical study.

D-amino acid oxidase, a peroxisomal enzyme, and D-aspartate oxidase, a potential peroxisomal enzyme, share biochemical attributes. Both produce hydrogen peroxide in flavin-requiring oxidative reactions. Such similarities suggest that D-aspartate oxidase may also be localized to peroxisomes. Definitive identification of D-aspartate oxidase as a peroxisomal enzyme depends, however, on visualization at the electron microscopic level. Using incubation conditions shown to be specific for the enzyme in biochemical studies, this report extends the cytochemical localization of D-amino acid oxidase to bovine renal peroxisomes, and shows that D-aspartate can be oxidized by rat and bovine renal peroxisomes. An unexpected finding was the sensitivity of both D-amino acid oxidase activity (proline specific) and D-aspartate oxidase activity to inhibition by agents used in biochemical studies to discriminate between the two enzyme activities. Therefore, it is possible that, in the cytochemical system used in this study, ...
Radiation Boundary Conditions for Computational Fluid Dynamics Models of High-Temperature Cavity Receivers

Rigorous computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes can accurately simulate complex coupled processes within an arbitrary geometry. CFD can thus be a cost-effective and time-efficient method of guiding receiver design and testing for concentrating solar power technologies. However, it can be computationally prohibitive to include a large multifaceted dish concentrator or a field of hundreds or thousands of heliostats in the model domain. This paper presents a method to allow the CFD code to focus on a cavity receiver domain alone, by rigorously transforming radiance distributions calculated on the receiver aperture into radiance boundary conditions for the CFD simulations. This method allows the incoming radiation to interact with participating media such as falling solid particles in a high-temperature cavity receiver. The radiance boundary conditions of the CFD model can take into consideration complex beam features caused by sun shape, limb darkening, slope errors, heliostat facet shape, multiple heliostats, off-axis aberrations, atmospheric effects, blocking, shading, and multiple focal points. This paper also details implementation examples in ansys fluent for a heliostat field and a dish concentrator, which are validated by comparison to results from delsol and the ray-tracing code asap , respectively.
Effective moduli of an anisotropic material with elliptical holes of arbitrary orientational distribution

Abstract Effective moduli of a two-dimensional anisotropic solid with elliptical holes having an arbitrary (non-random) orientational distribution are given in closed form. The results are derived in the non-interacting approximation. Besides being rigorous at small defect densities, this approximation constitutes the basic building block for various approximate schemes. Proper tensorial parameters of defect density (dependent on ellipses’ eccentricity and their orientations relative to the matrix anisotropy axes) are identified. When derived in terms of such parameters, expressions for the effective moduli cover, in a unified way, mixtures of holes of diverse eccentricities and arbitrary orientational distribution. A number of special cases (circles, cracks of various orientational distributions) are discussed. If the field of defects is “geometrically isotropic” (holes of the circular shapes, or randomly oriented cracks), it reduces the matrix anisotropy.
ICA and Factor Analysis Application in Seismic Profiling

We study the problems of stacking in seismic profiles. ICA is considered first as it has been a well studied subject in recent years. In contrast to PCA, the objective of ICA is to extract components with higher-order statistical independence. However ICA clearly has the disadvantage of not taking nonstationarity into consideration, typically experienced in the seismic data processing problems. In this paper we examine instead the use of factor analysis as an alternative but effective way of enhancing the seismic profiles rather than using the conventional Stacking method. Factor analysis is a way to fit a model to multivariate data to estimate the interdependence. In a factor analysis model, the measured variables depend on a smaller number of unobserved (latent) factors. Because each factor might affect several variables in common, they are known as common factors. Each variable is assumed to be dependent on a linear combination of the common factors, and the coefficients are known as loadings. Each measured variable also includes a component due to independent random variability, known as "specific variance"because it is specific to one variable. Contrary to stacking, Factor analysis takes into consideration the scaling of the latent signal and makes explicit use of the second order statistics, obtaining high signal to noise ratio. Moreover, it is compared with principal component analysis and Independent Analysis in processing the synthetic Marmousi dataset.
Abnormalities of basement membrane on blood vessels and endothelial sprouts in tumors.

Often described as incomplete or absent, the basement membrane of blood vessels in tumors has attracted renewed attention as a source of angiogenic and anti-angiogenic molecules, site of growth factor binding, participant in angiogenesis, and potential target in cancer therapy. This study evaluated the composition, extent, and structural integrity of the basement membrane on blood vessels in three mouse tumor models: spontaneous RIP-Tag2 pancreatic islet tumors, MCa-IV mammary carcinomas, and Lewis lung carcinomas. Tumor vessels were identified by immunohistochemical staining for the endothelial cell markers CD31, endoglin (CD105), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, and integrin alpha5 (CD49e). Confocal microscopic studies revealed that basement membrane identified by type IV collagen immunoreactivity covered >99.9% of the surface of blood vessels in the three tumors, just as in normal pancreatic islets. Laminin, entactin/nidogen, and fibronectin immunoreactivities were similarly ubiquitous on tumor vessels. Holes in the basement membrane, found by analyzing 1-μm confocal optical sections, were <2.5 μm in diameter and involved only 0.03% of the vessel surface. Despite the extensive vessel coverage, the basement membrane had conspicuous structural abnormalities, including a loose association with endothelial cells and pericytes, broad extensions away from the vessel wall, and multiple layers visible by electron microscopy. Type IV collagen-immunoreactive sleeves were also present on endothelial sprouts, supporting the idea that basement membrane is present where sprouts grow and regress. These findings indicate that basement membrane covers most tumor vessels but has profound structural abnormalities, consistent with the dynamic nature of endothelial cells and pericytes in tumors.
Gender and Health Lifestyle: An In-Depth Exploration of Self-Care Activities in Later Life

Objective. Evaluate similarities and differences in the self-care domain of health lifestyle among older, rural-dwelling women and men. Method. Qualitative analysis of in-depth interview data from 62 community-dwelling older (M = 74.3 years) African and European American women and men. Results. Both older women and men rely heavily on over-the-counter medications and home remedies for self-care; professional health care is typically sought when self-care is not effective. However, relative to men, women were more knowledgeable about different approaches to self-care, especially home remedies; they used a wider range of self-care activities; and they placed greater priority on self-care over professional health care. Discussion. The structure of older women’s and men’s self-care domain of health lifestyle is similar. However, there are subtle differences in health lifestyle that are likely embedded in gendered role behavior and may contribute to women’s greater health complaints.
Modeling Dislocation Loop Nucleation and Evolution in Germanium, Arsenic and Boron Implanted Silicon

A loop nucleation and evolution model in Si + implanted Silicon was previously introduced [1]. In this study, the model is extended to predict end of range (EOR) and projected range defect nucleation and evolution created by different ion implant species such as Germanium, Arsenic and Boron. The model assumes that all the nucleated loops come from {311} unfaulting and the loop density and average loop radius follow a log normal distribution. The model is verified with the experimental data obtained from literature for Germanium [2], Arsenic [3] and Boron [4] implanted Silicon for different implant doses and energies. Modeling results are in agreement with the experimental results.
Adaptive tracking with robust stability

We address adaptive tracking for nonlinear systems in 'observer canonical form'. We present control algorithms that combine the attractive features of recent adaptive algorithms with algorithms producing robust stability. This yields regressors which depend only the desired trajectory. >
DIALOGUE ON WRITING: RETHINKING ESL, BASIC WRITING, AND FIRST-YEAR COMPOSITION

DIALOGUE ON WRITING: RETHINKING ESL, BASIC WRITING, AND FIRST-YEAR COMPOSITION. Geraldine DeLuca, Len Fox, Mark-Ameen Johnson, and Myra Kogen (Eds.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2002. Pp. xvi + 488. $46.00 paper.This collection is weighty, offering the reader 28 essays on first (L1) and second (L2) language writing theory and method in the college composition classroom, although the concepts of “theory” and “method” become problematic by the end of the collection. In their preface, the editors—who work with basic writers, English as a second language (ESL) writers, and first-year composition students—state that the book arose out of their conversations about the needs and strengths of these writers. The editors' backgrounds offered them an opportunity to look at the issue of college writing from a variety of perspectives as they began the task of selecting pieces for the collection. Three years and 300 articles later, they came down to 28 pieces, divided thematically into four parts—teaching writing, becoming a writer, responding to writing, and beyond the writing classroom. One of the editors wrote a separate introductory essay for each part, providing a comprehensive overview; indeed, one of the strengths of the anthology is the editorial voice that opens each section.
Inherited macrocephaly–hamartoma syndromes

Recent discoveries in the molecular biology of the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) locus in the q22-23 region of chromosome 10 prove and/or suggest that several syndromes previously considered to be clinically and genetically distinct entities should actually be unified into a single entity. This conclusion is most secure for the Cowden and "Bannayan-Zonana" phenotypes, but almost certainly should also include the "Riley-Ruvalcaba" and Lhermitte-Duclos phenotypes as well benign familial macrocephaly and external hydrocephalus. The clinical and molecular data supporting this unification are presented along with a proposal for new nomenclature-the PTEN MATCHS (macrocephaly, autosomal dominant, thyroid disease, cancer, hamartomata, skin abnormalities) syndrome-based on the observed clinical abnormalities.
Spiroplasma Swim by a Processive Change in Body Helicity

Microscopic organisms must rely on very different strategies than their macroscopic counterparts to swim through liquid. To date, the best understood method for prokaryotic swimming employs the rotation of flagella. Here, we show that Spiroplasma, tiny helical bacteria that infect plants and insects, use a very different approach. By measuring cell kinematics during free swimming, we find that propulsion is generated by the propagation of kink pairs down the length of the cell body. A processive change in the helicity of the body creates these waves and enables directional movement.
An ultrastructural study of mast cell interactions in hemangiomas.

Hemangiomas, the most common tumors of infancy, are characterized by a postnatal period of rapid growth, followed by a phase of gradual involution. The proliferative phase is characterized by increased numbers of endothelial and mast cells and thickened basement membrane.Ultrastructural analysis of hemangiomas in the late proliferative phase showed that mast cells had numerous fingerlike processes aligned parallel to the outer lamina of the thickened basement membranes surrounding the vessels and to the surfaces of opposing cell membranes. We found evidence of different types of interactions between mast cells and adjacent connective tissue cells (fibroblasts, macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, and plasma cells) in the perivascular regions of the lesions. Intercellular contacts were observed in areas where these mast cell processes were in close association to the opposing cell membrane. Areas of membrane fusions were seen between cell types. Coated vesicles and pinocytotic vesicles were present alo...
A Compliance Guide to Pennsylvania's 'Plain English' Consumer Contract Law

This article address the initial impact of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania's Plain Language Consumer Contract Act (Act), effective June 23, 1994, Pennsylvania is not unique. Pennsylvania has now joined the ranks of several other states which enacted similar consumer legislation years ago. The article also discusses the review procedures implemented by the Pennsylvania Office of Attorney General for preapproval of contracts, documents or leases covered by the Act. Specific sections of the Act, in terms of transactions covered and transactions excluded are reviewed. Finally, the article addresses "Plain English" practice pointers.
Banking Regulation's Illusive Quest

Jonathan Macey's recent article "Commercial Banking and Democracy: The Illusive Quest for Deregulation" offers such a problematic argument for banking regulation that it implies such regulation is losing its intellectual foundation.
RISK FACTORS FOR THE ONSET OF PANIC DISORDER AND OTHER PANIC ATTACKS IN A PROSPECTIVE, POPULATION-BASED STUDY

A total of 383 cases of incident panic attack were identified among 12,823 participants in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program over various 12-month periods in 1980-1983. These cases not phobia-stimulated were compared with 766 controls. Risk factors were examined for the onset of panic attacks, with attacks categorized as panic disorder, severe and unexplained panic attacks, or other panic attacks. Risk factors were also examined for the onset of attacks in which cardiovascular symptoms were experienced and those in which psychologic symptoms were experienced. Females were at greater risk than males for each category of attacks (relative odds ranged from 1.36 to 2.25). Persons aged 65 years or older were at lower risk than younger persons (relative odds, compared with 30- to 44-year-olds, ranged from 0.26 to 0.71). A history of cardiac symptoms, shortness of breath, depression or a major grief episode, drug abuse or dependence, alcohol abuse or dependence, and seizures were each strongly associated with panic attacks. A history of cardiac symptoms was more strongly associated with attacks in which cardiovascular symptoms were experienced than with attacks in which psychologic symptoms were experienced (relative odds, 8.36 vs. 2.23). A history of seizures was more strongly associated with attacks with psychologic symptoms than with attacks with cardiovascular symptoms (relative odds, 5.21 vs. 1.58).
Legitimating Knowledge in the Modern World Polity: a Study of INGOs and Sustainable Hunting

This paper looks at globalization as a cultural construct that is neither homogeneous nor inclusive of a broad range of perspectives. It does so by analyzing the process of how knowledge claims are legitimated within international non-governmental organizations (INGOs), showing how political globalization likely limits the ability of global civil society to effectively facilitate diverse knowledge, values, and styles of reasoning. Sustainable hunting is the topical focus for understanding what scientific knowledge is promoted by environmental INGOs, how knowledge is legitimated, and what that legitimation process means for globalization and civil society. This exploratory, qualitative analysis of four environmental INGOs identifies the mechanisms for knowledge legitimation, including funding and several aspects of trust. This paper discusses how contradictory conditions of these mechanisms make inclusive and effective decision-making difficult, which may help explain problems INGOs have in adaptively working with local peoples and environments.
The Leading Edge: Bringing it All Back Home

The Leading Edge is a column by Laurie Ristino in the ABA NRE magazine which explores issues relating to the practice of environmental and natural resources law given the changes occurring in the legal field and the complexity of environmental issues that must be addressed.
Prothrombin utilization during clotting: comparison of results with the two-stage and one-stage methods.

Summary1. A comparison was made of the changes in prothrombin during clotting, as indicated by the one- and 2-stage methods.2. By the 2-stage method, progressive disappearance of prothrombin from serum was observed. Prothrombin utilization was slower in human blood than in dog blood, and was delayed greatly in canine hemophilic blood, platelet-poor human plasma, and in blood clotting in silicone-treated glassware.3. By the one-stage method, an initial period of hypoactivity in the plasma was followed by a hyperactive phase in the serum. At the peak of hyperactivity, “prothrombin” values were about 180% of the control plasma. In slowly clotting bloods, the hyperactive phase developed less rapidly and persisted for a longer period than in normal blood. The abnormally high serum prothrombin values obtained by the one-stage test appear to be due to the evolution and persistence of the recently recognized serum factor which accelerates thrombin formation. Apparently this factor does not influence the 2-stage s...
Control of Drosophila in Wineries with Dichlorvos Aerosols

Dichlorvos thermal aerosol treatments gave good control of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen in a wine cellar. Based on trap counts, effective was obtained for 18 days from single treatments. Fly populations more than doubled during the weeks that treatments were not made. These tests indicate that 2 or 3 aerosol treatments per week would give good control.
Mapping the Cold War: Cartography and the Framing of America's International Power

Timothy Barney. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2015. xiii and 322 pp., maps, notes, bibliography, index. $29.95 paper (ISBN 9781469618548).This is a fine book that should be r...
Comparison of D-alanine and diaminopimelic acid as bacterial markers in young calves.

ABSTRACT D-aianine (DAL) and diaminopimelic acid (DAP) were compared as markers to estimate propor- tion of bacterial N in total N reaching the abomasum of young calves. Sixteen Holstein bul/calves fed complete pelleted starter or unpelleted starter plus hay and weaned at 4 or 8 wk of age were fitted with ruminal and abomasal cannulas and sampled twice weekly from 2 to 11 wk of age. Iso- lated ruminal bacterial ceils contained more DAL than DAP at all weeks and averaged 7.0 and 5.4 mg N/g N, respectively. Weekly mean marker concentrations were highly correlated (.89) in ruminal bacteria, except at 3 wk of age. Concentration of DAL in abomasal digesta was greater than that of DAP at all weeks and averaged 5.2 and 2.4 mg N/g N, respectively. Weekly mean DAL correlated with DAP .61 in abomasal digesta and correlated .57 and .89 with starter intake, respec- tively. The proportion of bacterial N in total abomasal N was greater at all weeks when estimated by DAL than by DAP and averaged 77% and 46%, respectively. Estimates by DAL exceeded 100% in several cases and reflected large variation in analytical estimates. Estimates by DAL and DAP correlated .33 and .92 with starter intake. D-alanine was not an acceptable bacterial marker in this study. (Key Words: Calves, Bacteria, Markers, Alanine, Diaminopimelic acid, Protein.)
Solution Assembled Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Foams: Superior Performance in Supercapacitors, Lithium-Ion, and Lithium–Air Batteries

We demonstrate a surfactant-free, solution processing route to form three-dimensional freestanding foams of pristine single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and explore the diverse electrochemical energy storage applications of these materials. This route utilizes SWCNT dispersions in organic n-methylpyrrolidone solvents and subsequent electrophoretic assembly onto a metal foam sacrificial template which can be dissolved to yield surfactant-free, binder-free freestanding SWCNT foams. We further provide a comparison between surfactant-free foams and conventional surfactant-based solvent processing routes and assess performance of these foams in supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries, and lithium–air batteries. For pristine SWCNT foams, we measure up to 83 F/g specific capacitance in supercapacitors, specific capacity up to 2210 mAh/g for lithium-ion batteries with up to 50% energy efficiency, and specific discharge capacity up to 8275 mAh/g in lithium–air batteries. For lithium–air batteries, this correspo...
Synthesis, Dynamics, and DFT Studies of Rhenium Dicarbonyl PNN Pincer Complexes in Three Different Oxidation States

The synthesis and characterization of ReI and ReII dicarbonyl halides 1 and 2 and the ReIII dicarbonyl dihalide 3 supported by a PNN pincer ligand are described. Complex 1 (1a, X = Br; 1b, X = Cl) was synthesized by refluxing the PNN ligand with Re(CO)5X (X = Br, Cl) in toluene. One-electron oxidation of 1 by [(4-BrC6H4)3N][SbCl6] gave 2, which when oxidized by PhIO afforded 3. X-ray and IR analysis of 1–3 revealed a systematic increase of Re–C(≡O) and decrease of C≡O bond lengths and increase in the corresponding C≡O stretching frequency. All of these results are consistent with weakening in the Re–C(≡O) bond from 1 to 3 upon increasing the oxidation state from +1 in 1 to +3 in 3, with 2 being in between. The heptacoordinate complex 3 exhibited temperature-dependent fluxional behavior, caused by the pseudorotation of the rhenium center. This phenomenon was observed by NMR and supported computationally by density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
Results of mitral valve replacement with the Beall prosthesis in 209 patients.

In this 3 year study of 209 patients who underwest mitral valve replacement with the newer Beall prostheses (Models 104 and 105) the operative mortality rate was 5.2 per cent. None of these deaths was related to the valve. This prosthesis features a larger frustrum area and a “turtle-neck” sewing ring which permits its rapid insertion with a continuous suture technique. Of the 20 (9.5 per cent) late deaths, two were due to thrombosis of the valve. Among the 178 survivors, 17 developed thromboembolic complications; however, 10 of these patients recovered. Late clinical results have been quite satisfactory in over 90 per cent of the survivors. In the 15 patients who underwent hemodynamic studies postoperatively, the cardiac index and pulmonary artery pressure showed significant improvement; however, they still had transvalvular gradients at rest. The improvement in the design of this prosthesis has been an important factor in lowering the operative risk and improving the late results of mitral valve replacement.
Hemoglobin A1c and Race: Should Therapeutic Targets and Diagnostic Cutoffs Differ among Racial Groups?

Type 2 diabetes mellitus results from a combination of insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion, which together lead to impaired glucose homeostasis, culminating in hyperglycemia. Nonenzymatic attachment of glucose to a protein is termed glycation. The glucose concentration in blood modulates the extent of glycation of proteins in the circulation; higher glucose increases glycation. Hemoglobin A1c (Hb A1c)2 forms when glucose attaches to the N-terminal valine of the β chain of Hb A. Erythrocyte lifespan is approximately 120 days, and Hb A1c thus reflects the mean blood glucose concentration over the preceding 8–12 weeks. As a marker of chronic glycemia, Hb A1c is used extensively in individuals with diabetes to predict complications and monitor therapy, with target values established for optimal treatment (1). More recently, the use of Hb A1c was advocated for screening and diagnosis of diabetes (1). Several different methods, including immunoassay, HPLC, affinity chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and enzymatic assay, are used to measure Hb A1c. Importantly, assay standardization has resulted in equivalent values among methods (2). Like other analytes, Hb A1c is not perfect. The main limitation is that the Hb A1c concentration may be altered by factors other than glycemia (3). In particular, any condition that changes erythrocyte lifespan will change Hb A1c. Examples include severe thalassemia, hereditary spherocytosis, splenomegaly, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and some hemoglobin variants. Conceptually, this problem could be eliminated if one could apply a factor to correct for erythrocyte age. However, it is extremely difficult to measure erythrocyte lifespan, thus precluding the use of this strategy. Chronic renal failure is a common complication of diabetes. Patients with chronic renal failure have lower Hb A1c due to shortened erythrocyte survival. In many of these patients, erythropoietin is used …
A method for analyzing terrorist attacks

Analyzing terrorist attacks is important for homeland security. Analyses of past records can provide important information on those attacks and enable appropriate actions to prevent similar attacks in the future. In this research, we present a novel method based on Latent Dirichlet Allocation to analyze data collected by START (Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism) from 1970 to 2010. The first step in our method consists of generating topic models from the data. We then identify the most frequent terms occurring across various topic distributions. Moreover, we study the evolution of different kinds of attacks that occurred over time. The results show that a distinct change in attack patterns emerges over the past four decades.
A hands-on modular laboratory environment to foster learning in control system security

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSes) use computers to control and monitor physical processes in domains such as aviation, industrial automation, transportation, communication, water distribution, waste treatment, and power systems. These systems are increasingly connected with both private and public networks, making them susceptible to disruption or destruction by adversaries anywhere in the world. Attacks such as the Stuxnet worm have highlighted CPS vulnerabilities and motivated the development of CPS-specific defenses. The lab modules described in this paper arose from a project initially focused on technology to counter a Stuxnet-class attack on a CPS, and the suitability of this technology's commercial off-the-shelf components for undergraduate education was later realized. CPS security is not given much attention in undergraduate programs because networks and control systems are traditionally distinct areas of study. We have developed hands-on courseware to show how an adversary can compromise a CPS in a Stuxnet-like manner by tunneling through a layered sequence of network protocol and interface weaknesses. The courseware incorporates cyber-physical security concepts into effective learning modules that highlight real-world technical issues. This modular learning approach helps students understand CPS architectures and their vulnerabilities to cyber-attacks via experiential learning, and acquire practical skills through actively participating in the hands-on exercises. This courseware uses an economical and easily replicable hardware testbed, making this experience available as an adjunct to conventional embedded system, control system design, or cybersecurity courses. To assess the impact of this courseware, an evaluation survey is developed to measure the understanding of the unique aspects of CPS security. These modules leverage existing academic subjects, help students understand the sequence of steps taken by adversaries, and serve to bridge theory and practice.
WP-1034, a Novel Jak-Stat Inhibitor, Has Proapoptotic and Antileukemic Activity in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Cell Lines and AML Patient Samples.

Proliferation and growth of AML cells result from stimulation by cytokines and high levels of cytokines are associated with poor prognosis in AML. Cytokines act through cellular receptors that are associated with members of the Jak family of protein tyrosine kinases. Upon phosphorylation and activation of Jak, proteins bound to Jak initiate signaling pathways including those regulated by Stat proteins. Since constitutive activation of Jak-Stat has been associated with leukemogenesis, we hypothesize that inhibition of Jak-Stat inhibits proliferation of AML cells. To do this, we studied the effects of WP-1034, a novel and potent inhibitor of Jak-Stat, in the OCIM2 AML cell line and fresh samples from AML patients. OCIM2 cells were deprived of serum for 2 hours and then incubated with 1 to 5 μM WP-1034 to investigate its effect on OCIM2 cell proliferation. After incubation of the cells without and with 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 μM WP-1034 for 1 hour, and at 5 μM for 0, 20 min, 40 min, and 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours, we determined expression of Stat 1, 3, and 5, as well as Phospho-stat 1, 3, and 5 in the cells by Western Immunoblotting. In addition, we analyzed cell cycle status by PI staining and flow cytometry. We further evaluated induction of apoptosis of OCIM2 cells following incubation with WP-1034 at 3, 5, and 6 μM using the annexin V-CY5 assay and analyzed caspase 3 and PARP cleavage using Western Immunoblotting. To demonstrate the effect of WP-1034 on marrow cells from AML patients and healthy volunteers we incubated marrow cells with WP-1034 at increasing concentrations and used the blast colony assay to measure inhibition of proliferation. Our results show that: i) WP-1034 effectively inhibits proliferation of OCIM2 cells and AML blast proliferation from patient samples; ii) WP-1034 blocks activation of Stat 3 and 5 by decreasing the amount of Phospho-stat 3 and 5 in OCIM2 cells; iii) WP-1034 causes cell cycle arrest in sub-G 0 phase and is able to induce apoptosis in OCIM2 cells; and iv) WP-1034 induces apoptosis involving cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP. Our data suggest that WP-1034, a potent inhibitor of Jak-Stat, inhibits proliferation of AML cells by inhibition of Stat 3 and 5 and induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis.
Ultrasound for surgeons: What i learned from lifetime practice

Surgeon-performed ultrasound is a necessary tool in the evaluation of patients with thyroid and parathyroid disease. On a daily basis, I am able to demonstrate to my residents and fellows key decisions that hinged upon the ultrasound evaluation performed by the surgeon that were not apparent by review of images or reports. For a surgical practice, both the indications for surgery as well as the extent of the surgical procedure are driven by the findings on ultrasound evaluation. This benefit is apparent when applied in the clinic as well as in the operating room setting. In addition to the ability to identify structural lesions, fine needle aspiration under ultrasound guidance is an invaluable adjunct for clinical decision-making.
Neural Control of the Male Photuris Versicolor Firefly Flash

1.Continuous electrical stimulation of the ventral nerve cord or the lantern of the decapitated male Photuris versicolor firefly over a wide range of stimulus frequencies can produce a flash that is multi-peaked, like the courtship flash of this species. The central nervous system does not shape these stimulated compound flashes because they can be induced in deganglionated posterior lantern segments. 2.The stimulated compound flashes show a fixed oscillatory character with peak frequencies independent of stimulation frequency. They can be generated by individual lantern areas. Compared with the peaks of courtship flashes the peaks of stimulated flashes show higher frequency, significantly lower temperature coefficients ( Q ) 10 , and incomplete extinction. 3. P. lucicrescens males produce a courtship flash that has a single peak and their lanterns respond to continuous stimulation with an unstructured glow.
Pelvic restraint cushion sled test evaluation of pelvic forward motion.

ABSTRACTObjective: This study was designed to evaluate the performance of a pelvic restraint cushion (PRC), a submarining countermeasure that deploys under the thighs when a crash is detected in order to block the forward motion of the pelvis.Methods: Sled tests approximating low- and high-speed frontal impacts were conducted with 4 female postmortem human subjects (PMHS) restrained by a lap and shoulder belt in the right front passenger seat. The subjects were tested with and without a PRC.Results: The PRC is effective in reducing forward motion of the PMHS pelvis and reduces the risk of injury due to lap belt loading in a high-speed frontal crash.Conclusions: Although small sample size limits the utility of the study's findings, the results suggest that the PRC can limit pelvic forward motion and that pelvic injury due to PRC deployment is not likely.
The Role of HIPAA Omnibus Rules in Reducing the Frequency of Medical Data Breaches: Insights From an Empirical Study.

Policy Points: Frequent data breaches in the US health care system undermine the privacy of millions of patients every year-a large number of which happen among business associates of the health care providers that continue to gain unprecedented access to patients' data as the US health care system becomes digitally integrated. Implementation of the HIPAA Omnibus Rules in 2013 has led to a significant decrease in the number of privacy breach incidents among business associates. Context Frequent data breaches in the US health care system undermine the privacy of millions of patients every year. A large number of such breaches happens among business associates of the health care providers that continue to gain unprecedented access to patients' data as the US health care system becomes digitally integrated. The Omnibus Rules of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), which were enacted in 2013, significantly increased the regulatory oversight and privacy protection requirements of business associates. The objective of this study is to empirically examine the effects of this shift in policy on the frequency of medical privacy breaches among business associates in the US health care system. The findings of this research shed light on how regulatory efforts can protect patients' privacy. Methods Using publicly available data on breach incidents between October 2009 and August 2017 as reported by the Office for Civil Rights (OCR), we conducted an interrupted time-series analysis and a difference-in-differences analysis to examine the immediate and long-term effects of implementation of HIPAA omnibus rules on the frequency of medical privacy breaches. Findings We show that implementation of the omnibus rules led to a significant reduction in the number of breaches among business associates and prevented 180 privacy breaches from happening, which could have affected nearly 18 million Americans. Conclusions Implementation of HIPAA omnibus rules may have been a successful federal policy in enhancing privacy protection efforts and reducing the number of breach incidents in the US health care system.
Adequate Pain Management and Sedation in the Neonate: a Fine Balance

With heightened awareness of long-term neurocognitive effects of pain and stress in the neonatal population, increased focus has been placed on pain assessment as well as potential effects of routinely administered analgesics/sedatives in our neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Our goal was to review recently published literature on current pain assessment practices, novel approaches to management, pharmacogenomics in the neonate, and risks of commonly used medications. There is an increasing trend in the administration of analgesics and sedatives in NICUs, despite reports of the negative effects these medications may have on neonatal brain development. As in the adult world, studies are finding that pharmacogenomics has the potential to play a significant role in adequate pain control and sedation in the individual neonatal patient. Due to increased reports of adverse effects of commonly used medications such as morphine and midazolam, new pharmacologic agents are being evaluated in the neonatal population as possibly safer alternatives. There have been significant advances in our knowledge of pain and sedation in the neonate, ranging from a better understanding of long-term neurocognitive effects of pain in neonatal brain development to the role of pharmacogenomics in the NICU setting. These developments have opened the door for continued learning and investigation into the ideal management of neonatal pain and sedation.