cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Responsibility of authorship

LAST YEAR, SURGERY PUBLISHED a study by Schein and Paladugu1 documenting the incidence of dual publication and “salami slicing” in 3 surgical journals (Surgery, British Journal of Surgery, and Archives of Surgery) in the calendar year 1998. The editors of Surgery reviewed (and confirmed) all the articles claimed to be dual publications: there were a frightening number of true dual publications that represented 3% of all articles in those 3 journals that year—indicative of a form of academic dishonesty. This and similar transgressions led the editors of 23 surgical journals to publish a joint statement in June 2001 in each of their journals2 setting forth criteria to be followed by authors submitting their work to these journals. Recently, Surgery was asked to retract a previously published paper. Serious concerns were raised regarding the content, data analysis, and the authorship of the work. Because of the doubts raised about the data and the process of submission, we are publishing a retraction of this paper in this issue. The central issue here is academic dishonesty. Numerous attestations concerning authorship, scientific validity, financial disclosure, ownership of copyright, etc, are built into our system of manuscript submission. Ultimately we must rely on the honesty of the submitting authors and the veracity of the data. Situations involving dual publication and allegations of academic dishonesty are disheartening and distasteful. What must we learn from this? Any submission for publication must first be reviewed, read, and approved by all authors before submission. Perhaps subsequent communications from Surgery should be shared with all authors; in any event, all authors must again approve the revised manuscript and resubmission cover letter. Submission and publication bestows a responsibility on all involved—the authors, the institution, Surgery, and the scientific community. This is serious business— we all work too hard to achieve credibility to allow ourselves to fall prey to charges of academic fraud.
Shadows of the past

German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power 1939–49. By Mark Walker. Cambridge University Press: 1989. Pp.290. £27.50, $29.95.
Volvulus of colon.

Seventy-four cases of volvulus of the colon are reviewed. In 63 the sigmoid was involved and in 11 the involvement was in the cecum.
Effect of an Oscillating Free Stream on the Unsteady Pressure on a Circular Cylinder

Abstract : An experimental investigation was made of the unsteady pressure on a circular cylinder in a free stream of constant and oscillating velocity. Consideration of possible resonant coupling mechanisms between the Karman vortex street fluctuations and freestream velocity oscillations showed such coupling to be insignificant, if any. It appears that the independence of symmetric and antisymmetric modes in linear systems brings about this fortunate circumstance in these nonlinear flows. Designs involving bluff bodies in flows with pulsations should therefore be much safer than previously believed. In such flows the Strouhal number evidently scales with the 'instantaneous' velocity when the pulsations are slow and with the mean velocity when the pulsating frequency is of the same order as the frequency of the vortex street. (Author)
Study of the behaviour of a DI diode under the influence of a surface magnetic field

Double injection diodes consisting of an electron injecting cathode (n+) and a hole injecting anode (p+) exhibit s-type negative differential resistance under proper conditions similar to a silicon controlled rectifier. These devices usually have high threshold voltages and high holding voltages. This work explores the modulation of threshold voltage, in particular, with a surface magnetic field. For these devices, the threshold voltage variation under the influence of magnetic field is investigated for different anode to cathode separations.
Polymer Chain Deformation in Stretched and Swollen Elastomers

In the early theories of rubber elasticity, the retractive force and change in free energy of a stretched specimen were calculated from the deformation of the polymer chains of which the rubber network was formed. The mean chain deformation was presumed to be the same as that of the macroscopic specimen, an assumption which seemed reasonable, but could not be confirmed experimentally. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) made measurement of chain dimensions possible, and it was soon discovered [1], [2] that the actual relation between dimensional changes of the polymer chain and deformation of the specimen was not at all what had been assumed. SANS studies of carefully prepared elastomeric networks provide the most direct experimental information required for a molecular theory of rubber elasticity, and have stimulated many new developments.
ALPS: the age-layered population structure for reducing the problem of premature convergence

To reduce the problem of premature convergence we define a new method for measuring an individual's age and propose the Age-Layered Population Structure (ALPS). This new measure of age measures how long the genetic material has been evolving in the population: offspring start with an age of 1 plus the age of their oldest parent instead of starting with an age of 0 as with traditional measures of age. ALPS differs from a typical evolutionary algorithm (EA) by segregating individuals into different age-layers by their age and by regularly introducing new, randomly generated individuals in the youngest layer. The introduction of randomly generated individuals at regular intervals results in an EA that is never completely converged and is always exploring new parts of the fitness landscape. By using age to restrict competition and breeding, younger individuals are able to develop without being dominated by older ones. Analysis of the search behavior of ALPS finds that the offspring of individuals that are randomly generated mid-way through a run are able to move the population out of mediocre local-optima to better parts of the fitness landscape. In comparison against a traditional EA, a multi-start EA and two other EAs with diversity maintenance schemes we find that ALPS produces significantly better designs with a higher reliability than the other EAs.
An experimental study of centrifugally driven free convection in a rectangular cavity

Abstract Centrifugally driven thermal convection has been studied experimentally in a rectangular cavity of length 27·94 cm, height 2·62 cm, and width 2·54 cm. The cavity was heated from above and cooled from below and rotated about a vertical axis passing through the center point of the cavity. The cavity was filled with silicone oils having Prandtl numbers of 7 and 3000, and rotated up to 565 rev/min. The Nusselt number for heat transfer from the top to bottom surfaces varied as the 0·4 power and the 0·25 power of the imposed temperature difference for the low and high Prandtl number fluids, respectively, and as the 0·25 and 0·3 powers of the centrifugal acceleration evaluated at the outer edge of the cavity. A dimensionless radial centerline temperature gradient was obtained and found to be independent of both rotational rate and imposed temperature difference.
n-Butyllithium/N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine-mediated ortholithiations of aryl oxazolines: substrate-dependent mechanisms.

n-Butyllithium/N,N,N‘,N‘-tetramethylethylenediamine-mediated ortholithiations of aryloxazolines are described. Methyl substituents on the aryloxazoline and substituents at the meta position of the arenes (methoxy, oxazolinyl, and fluoro) influence the rates and the mechanisms. Monomer- and dimer-based reactions are implicated. Density functional calculations probe details of the mechanism and suggest the origins of cooperative effects in meta-substituted aryl oxazolines.
Features that determine telomere homolog oligonucleotide-induced therapeutic DNA damage-like responses in cancer cells

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the USA, with metastatic disease proving a particular management challenge. Treatment modalities for patients with metastatic disease are limited, and survival beyond 5 years is uncommon. We have reported that an 11-base DNA oligonucleotide 100% homologous to the telomere 3' overhang can induce apoptosis, senescence and/or differentiation of several types of malignant cells in vitro and in vivo, while having minimal effect on normal cells. We now report that 22 oligonucleotides, 9-20 bases in length, with or without a 5' phosphate group and with varying homology (40-100%) to the 3' overhang, inhibit growth and induce apoptosis of human cell lines derived from breast cancers, pancreatic and ovarian carcinomas, and malignant melanoma, lines that lack p53 and/or p16 and harbor a variety of other abnormalities in key regulatory signaling pathways. Cytosine (C) content adversely affected oligonucleotide efficacy, decreasing their effect on cellular apoptosis by > or =80%. These data confirm and expand our earlier work suggesting that such telomere homolog oligonucleotides (T-oligos) target an innate anti-cancer defense system in human cells and may provide an effective treatment for cancers of multiple different cellular origins and genetic profile.
128 &#215; 128 deformable mirror device

The deformable mirror device (DMD) is an X-Y array of deformable mirror elements addressed by an underlying array of MOS transistors. Applications include optical information processing and projection displays. The architecture, operation, and experimental results are presented for a 128 × 128 DMD.
Brain motion during vibration of water immersed rhesus monkeys

Abstract Three rhesus monkeys were subjected to sinusoidal vibration in the long axis of their brain and body at ±5 g , ±10 g , and ±15 g peak linear accelerations, while totally preventing vibration induced motion of body parts relative to each other (e.g. head on neck) by water immersion. A roentgenographic technique was used to visualize the motions of the skull relative to motions of iso-density radio-opaque pellets imbedded 2 mm below the cortical surface within the brain. No brain motion relative to skull motion could be detected under these conditions of pure linear or translatory head motion. These data support the hypothesis that rotational head motions are of greater significance than translation for brain injury during impacts.
The logic of public policy design: Linking policy actors and plausible instruments

This article examines the implication that insufficient attention is paid to design in policy analysis, as well as the logic of treating the design process analytically. The authors introduce a set of analytic instruments intended to structure the design process. For illustration, they reconstruct and reexamine the design process in cases where several well-defined and seemingly antithetical solution strategies exist.
The effects of antimicrotubule agents on cell motility in fibroblast aggregates

Abstract Spherical aggregates of chick heart, sclera and skin fibroblasts were fused with tritiated thymidine-labelled aggregates of the identical cell type. After being placed in contact, the two aggregates cohered and broadened the area of contact to form a single aggregate with a planar interface between the labelled and unlabelled halves. The motility of cells in the aggregate was determined by measuring the movement of labelled cells across the boundary into the unlabelled half. Exposure to pharmacological doses of antimicrotubule agents resulted in a significant reduction in fibroblast motility in the three-dimensional aggregates.
The effect of exercise on venous admixture in valvular heart disease.

Abstract Eight patients with valvular heart disease were studied by the oxygen diffusion technic at rest and during exercise. With exercise, ventilation-perfusion ratios increased and venous admixture decreased. This is believed to result from more efficient gas exchange in previously poorly ventilated areas of the lung.
Simultaneous Pancreas Kidney Transplantation: A Critical Appraisal of the Risks and Benefits Compared With Other Treatment Alternatives

Advances in technical aspects of pancreas transplantation and improvements in immunosuppression over the last decade have led to significant improvements in pancreas transplant outcomes in the short-term. Simultaneous kidney pancreas transplantation remains an attractive option for patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and late chronic kidney disease (CKD), with 1-year pancreas graft survival rates of 86% in 2004. For the individual patient with T1DM and CKD, the various transplant options must be considered carefully, with attention to the timing of surgery relative to the need for dialysis, the challenge in managing diabetes with noninvasive medical therapy, and the assumption of risks attendant to each surgical option. This review summarizes the current status of simultaneous pancreas kidney transplantation and compares and contrasts outcomes with other potential treatment options.
An exploration of ideal-divisor graphs

Zero-divisor graphs have given some interesting insights into the behavior of commutative rings. Redmond introduced a generalization of the zero-divisor graph called an ideal-divisor graph. This paper expands on Redmond’s findings in an attempt to find additional information about the structure of commutative rings from ideal-divisor graphs.
A discrete multicomponent fuel evaporation model with liquid turbulence effects

Abstract A new approach to simultaneously account for finite thermal conductivity, finite mass diffusivity and turbulence effects within atomizing multicomponent liquid fuel sprays has been developed in this study. The main contribution of this paper is to incorporate the liquid turbulence effect in modeling the boundary layer heat and mass resistance during multi-component droplet evaporation. The finite conductivity model is based on an existing two-layer film theory, where the turbulence characteristics of the droplet are used to estimate the effective thermal conductivity. The present paper extends the two-layer film theory formulation to include multi-component mass diffusivities within the droplet liquid phase. In this model four regions are considered: the interior region of the droplet, droplet-side interface, gas-side interface, and the surrounding gas phase. Approximate solutions to the quasi-steady energy and mass transfer equations were used to derive an explicit expression for the heat and mass flux from the surrounding gas to the droplet–gas interface, and within the multi-component droplet. Extension of the model to high pressures using the Peng–Robinson equation of state is also considered. The validation study was carried out for a bi-component decane/hexadecane fuel, followed by application studies of complex gasoline–ethanol blended fuels evaporating in hot gas environments.
Semiclassical circular strings in AdS{sub 5} and 'long' gauge field strength operators

We consider circular strings rotating with equal spins S{sub 1}=S{sub 2}=S in two orthogonal planes in AdS{sub 5} and suggest that they may be dual to long gauge-theory operators built out of self-dual components of gauge field strength. As was found in hep-th/0404187, the one-loop anomalous dimensions of the such gauge-theory operators are described by an antiferromagnetic XXX{sub 1} spin chain and scale linearly with length L>>1. We find that in the case of rigid rotating string both the classical energy E{sub 0} and the 1-loop string correction E{sub 1} depend linearly on the spin S (within the stability region of the solution). This supports the identification of the rigid rotating string with the gauge-theory operator corresponding to the maximal-spin (ferromagnetic) state of the XXX{sub 1} spin chain. The energy of more general rotating and pulsating strings also happens to scale linearly with both the spin and the oscillation number. Such solutions should be dual to other lower-spin states of the spin chain, with the antiferromagnetic ground state presumably corresponding to the string pulsating in two planes with no rotation.
Parallel Evolution of Truncated Transfer RNA Genes in Arachnid Mitochondrial Genomes

The cloverleaf secondary structure of transfer RNA (tRNA) is highly conserved across all forms of life. Here, we provide sequence data and inferred secondary structures for all tRNA genes from 8 new arachnid mitochondrial genomes, including representatives from 6 orders. These data show remarkable reductions in tRNA gene sequences, indicating that T-arms are missing from many of the 22 tRNAs in the genomes of 4 out of 7 orders of arachnids. Additionally, all opisthothele spiders possess some tRNA genes that lack sequences that could form well-paired aminoacyl acceptor stems. We trace the evolution of T-arm loss onto phylogenies of arachnids and show that a genome-wide propensity to lose sequences that encode canonical cloverleaf structures likely evolved multiple times within arachnids. Mapping of structural characters also shows that certain tRNA genes appear more evolutionarily prone to lose the sequence coding for the T-arm and that once a T-arm is lost, it is not regained. We use tRNA structural data to construct a phylogeny of arachnids and find high bootstrap support for a clade that is not supported in phylogenies that are based on more traditional morphological characters. Together, our data demonstrate variability in structural evolution among different tRNAs as well as evidence for parallel evolution of the loss of sequence coding for tRNA arms within an ancient and diverse group of animals.
Neurogenic pulmonary edema: Case reports and review

Neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) is a relatively common though often subclinical complication of a variety of central nervous system insults (trauma, hemorrhage, seizures, etc.) in children and adults. The syndrome probably results from massive centrally mediated sympathetic discharge and generalized vasoconstriction, and often presents in the emergency department (ED). The symptoms are likely to be mistaken for aspiration pneumonia. Treatment consists of ventilatory support, including positive end-expiratory pressure, and aggressive measures to reduce intracranial pressure. We present four cases of NPE and review its recognition and emergent management.
Functional studies of polysome-membrane interactions in vitro.

Abstract Experiments with artificial polysome-membrane complexes are reported which indicate a functional competence in vitro similar to that of natural complexes derived from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. These experiments, involving transmembrane discharge of polypeptide, are viewed as supporting the authenticity of the membrane binding sites which hold the polysomes as facsimiles of naturally occurring sites. Additional in vitro experiments with these sites have shown that they are cognate for polysomes, not for ribosomal subunits. Hypothetical schemes for the operation of a polysome-attaching region of a rough membrane are discussed.
Corneal injury from explosion of microwaved eggs.

Purpose To report two patients with ocular burns from explosion of microwaved eggs that caused direct vision-threatening corneal damage. Methods The initial examination and treatment of both patients are described. Results Both patients were initially examined with severe decrease in the visual acuity of both eyes. The first patient required limbal conjunctival transplantation and a subsequent penetrating keratoplasty in the right eye and prolonged treatment of superficial keratitis in the left eye. The second patient sustained bilateral corneal epithelial defects and unilateral intrastromal hemorrhage. Conclusions Exploding microwaved eggs can cause notable thermal injury to the eyes. The public should be educated about the dangers of cooking eggs in the microwave oven.
Effect of bipiperidyl mustard and gold thioglucose on the hypothalamus and growth of the hatchling chick and duckling.

Abstract 1. Following a 48 h fasting period after hatching, male Cobb broiler chicks were injected with either bipiperidyl mustard (intraperitoneally; 0#lb01 and 0#lb02 mg/g body weight) or goldthioglucose (intracardially; 0#lb25 mg/g body weight). The influence of these obesifying agents on growth was compared to control injections of physiological saline. 2. Bi‐weekly body weights, and eight week live, carcass, and abdominal fat plus carcass weights were depressed in chicks injected with bipiperidyl mustard, the depression being significant for eight‐week abdominal fat weights. In birds injected with gold thioglucose all weights were significantly depressed. 3. In a separate investigation, histological evidence of generalised hypothal‐inic lesions was observed in both chicks (Gallus domesticus) and ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos) injected with bipiperidyl mustard or gold thioglucose. Similar lesions were absent in control chicks and ducklings. 4. The possibility of the existence of a sex‐steroid‐mediated...
Effects of potato virus S and mild potato virus X on early and late harvest yields of the Kennebec cultivar in Maine.

Yields of the Kennebec cultivar as affected by mild potato virus X (PVX) and/or potato virus S (PVS) were compared with those of a virus-free (VF) stock in both early and late harvest tests for the years 1972, 1973 and 1974. Results showed that VF stocks gave significantly higher yield weights than those with PVS plus mild PVX in late-harvested plots but in early-harvested plots results were reversed, though not significantly so at P=.05. Thus, the significant interaction of virus content with harvest date indicated that length of growing season can influence the outcome of tests designed to measure the effects of PVS and PVX on yield.
A geometric interpretation of r-precision and its correlation with average precision

We consider two of the most commonly cited measures of retrieval performance: average precision and R-precision. It is well known that average precision and R-precision are highly correlated and similarly robust measures of performance, though the reasons for this are not entirely clear. In this paper, we give a geometric argument which shows that under a very reasonable set of assumptions, average precision and R-precision both approximate the area under the precision-recall curve, thus explaining their high correlation. We further demonstrate through the use of TREC data that the similarity or difference between average precision and R-precision is largely governed by the adherence to, or violation of, these reasonable assumptions.
Nonparametric estimation of market risk: an application to agricultural commodity futures

Purpose – While the extant literature is replete with theoretical and empirical studies of value at risk (VaR) methods, only a few papers have applied the concept of VaR to quantify market risk in the context of agricultural finance. Furthermore, papers that have done so have largely relied on parametric methods to recover estimates of the VaR. The purpose of this paper is to assess extreme market risk on investment in three actively traded agricultural commodity futures.Design/methodology/approach – A nonparametric Kernel method was implemented which accommodates fat tails and asymmetry of the portfolio return density as well as serial correlation of the data, to estimate market risk for investments in three actively traded agricultural futures contracts: corn, soybeans, and wheat. As a futures contract is a zero‐sum game, the VaR for both short and long sides of the market was computed.Findings – It was found that wheat futures are riskier than either corn or soybeans futures over both periods considere...
Second-Order Parameter-Free Duality Models in Semi-Infinite Minmax Fractional Programming

In this article, we construct and discuss several second-order parameter-free duality models for a semi-infinite minmax fractional programming problem and establish appropriate duality results under various generalized second-order (ℱ, β, φ, ρ, θ)-univexity assumptions.
Controller design for a tubular catalytic reactor

Conception d'un controleur sous-optimal au moyen d'un modele de reacteur catalytique tubulaire avec reactifs et produits gazeux. Les perturbations ont consiste en variations aleatoires de la temperature et/ou de la concentration de l'alimentation. On a suivi le procede au moyen d'une seule mesure de la temperature et on a regule la temperature de la concentration d'un courant intermediaire
Transverse gas jet injection behind a rearward-facing step

An experimental and theoretical study of the behavior of a transverse gas jet injected behind a rearward-facing step in supersonic flow is described. In-flight iodine planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging was performed to study this flowfield at NASA Dryden Flight Research Center using a flight test fixture situated under the fuselage of an F-104G aircraft. Jet structure and penetration data were obtained, in addition to limited characteristics for jet mixing and for supersonic flow over a rearward-facing step in a flow regime and for injection locations not extensively studied in the past. A model for jet behavior is described that places emphasis on the dynamics of the vortical structures observed to dominate jet cross section. The complex flowfield formed downstream of the step is represented by a combination of empirical and analytical correlations. Model predictions for jet trajectories compare reasonably well with results from the present in-flight experiments as well as with prior wind-tunnel experimental data.
Not Acute Myocardial Infarction in a Teenager Due to Adderall XR

The case report of Sylvester and Agarwala [4] purports to be that of a myocardial infarction in a teenager receiving methylphenidate. The electrocardiogram (ECG) shown is typical of early repolarization changes that are a normal variant and that often cause concern when a young (usually male) patient presents to the emergency room with chest pain. This presentation is, of course, also typical of acute inflammatory pericarditis. Although there is an impression that raised serum levels of cardiac enzymes are specific for myocardial infarction, this is not necessarily the case. Certainly, when the clinical picture is that of myocardial ischemia, these raised serum levels of cardiac enzymes are extremely helpful in establishing or excluding myocardial infarction. When the clinical picture is not that of myocardial ischemia, then they should not automatically be attributed to myocardial infarction, and there are many noncardiac causes [2]. The most likely cause for the reported patient’s disorder is acute pericarditis or possibly myopericarditis, although with the latter, even higher levels of cardiac enzymes might have been expected. The headache for several days before the presentation would be typical of a viral prodrome, which in itself can cause a rise in serum troponin. Viral titers performed at presentation and in the recovery phase would have been very helpful. Unless the ECG changes reversed completely when the pain subsided, the disorder also is highly unlikely to have been coronary spasm, in which the major ST elevation typically should have been coved upward. If it was myocardial infarction, then the ECG would have shown progressive changes. Although some reports have described myocardial ischemia when stimulant medication for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been used in overdose or abuse [1, 3], this case does not add to these concerns with normal dosing.
Resolution of heterogeneous fluorescence emission signals and decay-lifetime measurement of fluorochrome-labeled cells by phase-sensitive FCM

A phase-sensitive flow cytometer has been developed to resolve signals from heterogeneous fluorescence emission spectra and quantify fluorescence decay times on cells labeled with fluorescent dyes. This instrument combines flow cytometry (FCM) and fluorescence spectroscopy measurement principles to provide unique capabilities for making phase-resolved measurements on single cells in flow, while preserving conventional FCM measurement capabilities. Stained cells are analyzed as they pass through an intensity-modulated (sinusoid) laser excitation beam. Fluorescence is measured orthogonally using a collecting lens, a longpass barrier filter to block scattered laser excitation light, and a photomultiplier tube detector. Results have demonstrated: (1) signal phase shift, amplitude demodulation, and average measurement of fluorescence lifetimes on stained cells; (2) a detection limit threshold of 300 to 500 fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) molecules equivalence for excitation frequencies 1 to 30 MHz; (3) fluorescence measurement precision of 1.3% on alignment fluorospheres and 3.4% on propidium iodide (PI)-stained cells; (4) the resolution of PI and FITC signals from cells stained in combination with PI and FITC, based on differences in their decay lifetimes; and (5) the ability to measure single decay times by the two-phase, phase comparator, method.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Pediatric allo-SCT for malignant and non-malignant diseases: impact on health-related quality of life outcomes.

The objective of this study was prospectively to investigate the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of 80 pediatric recipients of allo-SCT for malignant and non-malignant diseases. The PedsQL 4.0 was used to assess self-reported physical, emotional and social functioning of children ⩾5 years old once, pre-allo-SCT and on days +100, +180, +365 and +730. Emotional and social functioning was stable pre-to-post-allo-SCT and comparable to the normative sample (P>0.05), and physical functioning was 17 points lower pre-allo-SCT (P⩽0.01) with improved scores equivalent to the norms by day +730. Lower physical scores were reflected by 50–54% of children reporting difficulties with movement, strength, pain and fatigue. At baseline, children ages 5–7 reported lower social functioning (P<0.05) and patients with non-malignant disease reported better physical functioning (P<0.05). Emotional functioning in ages 8–12 improved over time (P<0.05). More than 50% of the participants were minority and their HRQOL was similar to non-minority participants. Physical functioning significantly improved for recipients of reduced-toxicity conditioning (P⩽0.01), significantly worsened for patients with chronic GVHD (cGVHD; P<0.05), and significantly decreased in recipients of matched-unrelated donor transplant who developed cGVHD (P<0.05). Multidisciplinary efforts are necessary to identify and support pediatric patients’ physical needs to improve functional outcomes.
Anxiety, order and the other: well-being among ethnic Kyrgyz and Uzbeks

Neither well-being nor suffering can be understood without understanding how the two experiences are related. In this paper, the author focuses on the experiences of well-being and suffering in everyday, mundane contexts, such as food preparation, cleaning and hospitality. Data presented are drawn from fieldwork conducted among ethnic Kyrgyz and Uzbeks in southern Kyrgyzstan, shortly after independence. The author discusses how the experiences of well-being and suffering are informed by symbolic systems that are linked to religious beliefs. This examination contributes to an understanding of the power of religious symbols, arguing that the expectations of well-being or suffering make systems of religious symbols more compelling.
Parasitoid population biology.

Preface xi List of Contributors xiii One: Introduction by Michael E. Hochberg and Anthony R. Ives 3 PART ONE: POPULATION DYNAMICS 15 Two: Host Location and Selection in the Field by Jgr6me Casas 17 Three: Effects of Parasitoid Clutch Size on Host-Parasitoid Population Dynamic by George E. Heimpel 27 Four: Host-Parasitoid Models: The Story of a Successful Failure by Carlos Bernstein 41 Five: A Field Guide to Studying Spatial Pattern Formation in Host-Parasitoid Systems by Susan Harrison 58 Parasitoid Spread: Lessons for and from Invasion Biology by Alan Hastings 70 Seven: Landscape Ecology of Parasitism by Jens Roland 83 PART TWO: POPULATION DIVERSITY 101 Eight: The Evolution of Parasitoid Egg Load by Minus van Baalen 103 Nine: Host Resistance, Parasitoid Virulence, and Population Dynamics by H. C. J. Godfray 121 Ten: Developmental Traits and Life-History Evolution in Parasitoids by Michael R. Strand 139 Eleven: Host Specificity and Trophic Relationships of Hyperparasitoids by Jacques Brodeur 163 Twelve: Comparing Parasitoid-Dominated Food Webs with Other Food Webs: Problems and Future Promises by Marcel Holyoak 184 Thirteen: Species Coexistence in Parasitoid Communities: Does Competition Matter? by Bradford A. Hawkins 198 PART THREE: POPULATION APPLICATIONS 215 Fourteen: Biological Control: The Need for Realistic Models and Experimental Approaches to Parasitoid Introductions by Nick Mills 217 Fifteen: Parasitoid Populations in the Agricultural Landscape by Teja Tscharntke 235 Sixteen: Threats, Flies, and Protocol Gaps: Can Evolutionary Ecology Save Biological Control? by Bernard D. Roitberg 254 Seventeen: "What, Conserve Parasitoids?" by Michael E. Hochberg 266 Eighteen: Conclusions: Debating Parasitoid Population Biology over the Next Twenty Years by Anthony R. Ives and Michael E. Hochberg 278 References 305 Index 359
Applications of queueing structures in manufacturing systems

Abstract This survey paper discusses and, to some extent, identifies manufacturing sub-systems that can be represented using accepted queueing models. Aggregate performance measures can be obtained through application of these models. Depending on the complexity of the congestion characteristics of the system, the standard results from queueing theory texts may yield guidelines for selection of optimal operational parameters.
Understanding and solving arithmetic word problems: A computer simulation

In this paper, I describe a computer program, WORDPRO, which simulates the psychological processes involved when third-grade children understand and solve simple arithmetic word problems. Both the implementation of the program and its performance on a set of sample problems are presented. WORDPRO is a useful research tool in that it demonstrates the sufficiency of the theory upon which it is based, assists in communicating that theory to other researchers, and provides a sources of empirical predictions for experimental tests of the theory.
Catalysis by cytochrome P-450 of an oxidative reaction in xenobiotic aldehyde metabolism: deformylation with olefin formation.

Abstract As we have briefly described elsewhere, cytochrome P-450 catalyzes the oxidative deformylation of cyclohexane carboxaldehyde to yield cyclohexene and formic acid in a reaction believed to involve a peroxyhemiacetal-like adduct formed between the substrate and molecular oxygen-derived hydrogen peroxide. This reaction is a useful model for the demethylation reactions catalyzed by the steroidogenic P-450s, aromatase, and lanosterol demethylase. In the present study, the cytochrome P-450-catalyzed formation of olefinic products from a series of xenobiotic aldehydes has been demonstrated. Isobutyraldehyde and trimethylacetaldehyde, but not propionaldehyde, are converted to the predicted olefinic products, suggesting a requirement for branching at the alpha carbon. In addition, the four C5 aldehydes of similar hydrophobicity were compared for their ability to undergo the reaction. The straight-chain valeraldehyde gave no olefinic products with five different rabbit liver microsomal P-450 isozymes. However, increasing activity was seen with the other isomers in the order of isovaleraldehyde, 2-methylbutyraldehyde, and trimethylacetaldehyde, with all of the P-450 cytochromes. The catalytic rate with trimethylacetaldehyde is highest with antibiotic-inducible P-450 form 3A6, followed by phenobarbital-inducible form 2B4 and ethanol-inducible form 2E1. Citronellal, a beta-branched aldehyde that is found in many essential oils and is widely used as an odorant and a flavorant, was found to undergo the oxidative deformylation reaction to yield 2,6-dimethyl-1,5-heptadiene, but only with P-450 2B4. The oxidative cleavage reaction with olefin formation appears to be widespread, as judged by the variety of aldehydes that serve as substrates and of P-450 cytochromes that serve as catalysts.
Differential engagement of self-reactive influences in cognitive motivation

Abstract The present research tested the hypothesis that self-reactive influences exert differential impact on motivation as a function of the level and direction of discrepancy between a comparative standard and attainments. Subjects pursued a challenging standard in a strenuous activity and received preselected feedback that their effort fell either markedly, moderately, or minimally short of the standard, or that it exceeded the standard. They then recorded their perceived self-efficacy, self-evaluation, and self-set goals, whereupon their motivational level was measured. In accord with prediction, perceived self-efficacy contributes to motivation across a wide range of discrepancy conditions. Self-evaluation operates as an influential motivator only when attainments fall markedly or moderately short of a comparative standard. Self-set goals contribute to motivation at all discrepancy levels except when attainments are markedly discrepant from the standard. The relevant self-influences operating in concert at particular discrepancy levels explain a substantial amount of the variance in motivaion.
Strategies for Reporting Evidence-Based Clinical Studies Involving Positron Imaging.

Abstract The objective of this investigation was to determine whether publications on positron imaging for lung cancer adhered to basic principles of data reporting and analysis according to the requirements established by payer organizations. The study sample consisted of 26 articles retrieved from the published literature for the interval 1980 to 1998. These articles were reviewed to assess the use and reporting of eight fundamental principles covering evidence-based data analysis that were formulated from payer-sponsored technology assessment program evaluations. These principles were derived from reviewing payer-sponsored assessments and reimbursement recommendations concerning diagnostic imaging technologies. The overall adherence to these basic principles was poor. The median number of principles to which articles adhered was two. In particular, the literature did not adequately include information about the role of imaging results in overall patient care, and , therefore, made any recommendations concerning the role of positron imaging in lung cancer patient management problematic. Strategies for publishing the results of positron imaging studies in the medical literature should include appropriate information that is required by payers for establishing reimbursement and clinical policies.
Assessing adolescents’ positive psychological functioning at school: Development and validation of the Student Subjective Wellbeing Questionnaire.

This study reports on the initial development and validation of the Student Subjective Wellbeing Questionnaire (SSWQ) with a sample of 1,002 students in Grades 6-8. The SSWQ is a 16-item self-report instrument for assessing youths' subjective wellbeing at school, which is operationalized via 4 subscales measuring school connectedness, academic efficacy, joy of learning, and educational purpose. The conceptualization and development of the SSWQ's subscales and items are described, and results from a series of preliminary psychometric analyses are reported. Findings indicated that the SSWQ was characterized by 4 conceptually sound latent factors, that these 4 first-order factors were robust indicators of a single second-order factor (i.e., student subjective wellbeing), that all subscales and the composite scale demonstrated at least adequate construct reliability and internal consistency, and that the estimated latent-means for all first-order and second-order factors were invariant across gender. Moreover, results from bivariate correlations and a latent-variable path analysis provided evidence in support of the construct validity of the SSWQ's scales and latent factors, showing strong associations with other student wellbeing indicators (i.e., school prosociality and academic perseverance), while findings from binary logistic regressions demonstrated that overall student subjective wellbeing levels, based on composite scores from the SSWQ, were mildly to-strongly associated with a variety of self-endorsed risk factors (e.g., aggression and self-harm) and protective factors (e.g., social support and physical exercise). Implications for theory, research, and the practice of school psychology are discussed.
Pressure tuning of picosecond pulse transmission in germanium

Abstract The nonlinear transmission of intense 1.06 μm picosecond pulses in germanium has been measured at several hydrostatic pressures up to 24 kbar. A considerable variation in the enhanced transparency is observed with the maximum deviation from Beer's law observed at 14 kbar. The overall behavior is shown to be consistent with a recently proposed theoretical model in which plasmon-assisted recombination plays a fundamental role in influencing nonlinear pulse transmission in semiconductors.
Kinetics of Conformational Transitions in Cardiac Troponin Induced by Ca2+ Dissociation Determined by Förster Resonance Energy Transfer

Upon Ca2+ activation of cardiac muscle, several structural changes occur in the troponin subunits. These changes include the opening of the cardiac troponin C (cTnC) N-domain, the change of secondary structure of the inhibitory region of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), and the change in the separation between these two proteins in the cTnC-cTnI interface. We have used Forster resonance energy transfer in Ca2+ titration and stopped-flow experiments to delineate these transitions using a reconstituted cardiac troponin. Energy transfer results were quantified to yield time-dependent profiles of changes in intersite distances during Ca2+ dissociation. The closing of the cTnC N-domain induced by release of regulatory Ca2+ from cTnC occurs in one step (t 1/2 ∼ 5 ms), and this transition is not affected by Ca2+ release from the C-domain. The other two transitions triggered by Ca2+ dissociation are biphasic with the fast phase (t 1/2 ∼ 5 ms) correlated with Ca2+ release from the cTnC N-domain. These transitions are slower than the release of bound regulatory Ca2+ (t 1/2 3.6 ms) and are coupled to one another in a cooperative manner in restoring their conformations in the deactivated state. The kinetic results define the magnitudes of structural changes relevant in Ca2+ switching between activation and deactivation of cardiac muscle contraction.
A Discrete Ordinates Solution of the Fokker-Planck Equation Characterizing Charged Particle Transport*

A formalism for obtaining a discrete ordinates solution of the time and space-dependent Fokker-Planck equation governing the transport of charged particles in multispecie plasmas is developed. In the absence of macroscopic electromagnetic fields and assuming isotropic Rosenbluth potentials, the Fokker-Planck equation is solved for a test particle distribution; both angular dispersion and velocity diffusion are accounted for. Difference relations are obtained and a series of validation problems are discussed. The conservation of both particles and energy are continuously monitored. In addition to providing the single-particle distribution function J(r, ,u, v, t), spatially dependent energy deposition profiles are calculated. Comparisons with reported energy deposition profiles for a central source of 35MeV alpha particles in a spherical D-T plasma are made and are found to be in good agreement.
VLSI implementation of a dynamic retina

The authors report on efforts to construct a silicon retina that generates output signals in real time outputs that correspond directly to those of biological retinas. It uses the principle of signal aggregation and demonstrates a tolerance for device imperfections that is characteristic of a collective system. The proposed silicon retina responds only to variations in the intensity of black and white light. The output of the retina is analogous to the output of the ganglion cells in the vertebrate retina. Its components operate well above the threshold voltage, i.e., each component operates in a voltage range of 0-5 V, while the current reaches few tens in an ampere. >
On the temperature dependence of lanthanide-induced NMR shifts

The current theories of the origin of lanthanide-induced NMR shifts are examined and compared with one another and with experimental results in an attempt to understand the temperature dependence of the shifts. It is concluded that shifts arising from a pseudocontact mechanism should in general show a T−2 behavior as predicted by Bleaney. In most situations with a fixed molecular geometry, theory does not predict a substantial T−1 component of the shift; but in some instances a fortuitous combination of crystal field parameters can lead to additional T−n components (n ≥ 3) which cause the overall shift to appear to be a linear function of T−1 with a large intercept at T−1 = 0. Extension of Bleaney's method to the (positive) T−3 term shows it to be negligible compared to that in T−2 for systems with J = 32 and relatively small (∼10%) for larger J. In the absence of detailed experimental studies of crystal field parameters in solution, it is likely that for the majority of lanthanide adduct systems the most realistic description of the proton shifts is in terms of the well-established T−2 dependence.
On the occurrence of hollow-shell hydration grains in hydrated cement paste

In this paper, we provide the original illustrations of the formation and morphological characteristics of hollow-shell hydration grains taken from the 1972 thesis of the first author, along with more recent illustrations of the occurrence and importance of this feature as a normal mode of hydration of certain cement particles.
Integration of chemical and biological oxidation processes for water treatment: Review and recommendations

The literature of studies which used a combination of chemical and biological degradation (usually oxidative) of organic contaminants in water is reviewed. Beneficial effects of such two-step treatments are commonly reported; these results, primarily from laboratory studies, suggest potential advantages for water treatment via process integration rather than single technology processing. Four wastewater contaminant types are identified which can benefit from combined processes: 1.) recalcitrant compounds 2.) biodegradable wastes with small amounts of recalcitrant compounds 3.) inhibitory compounds and 4.) intermediate dead-end products. The design key for such two-step systems lies in choosing processes that complement each other and lead to a synergistic effect. Predicting this performance outcome requires knowledge of the physical, chemical and biological properties of the major reaction intermediates and their susceptibility to degradation by each process. Economic, physical and technological limitations of the individual processes should be recognized for design of more effective and economical integrated processes. The ultimate treatment goal, whether specific pollutant removal or reduction of a global parameter such as TOC, must be known so that appropriate and complementary processes can be utilized. More work is needed concerning the degradation kinetics within the combined process, from initial attack of the primary compound through dynamics of intermediates and on to total mineralization.