cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A PROFIT‐MAXIMIZATION MODEL FOR A RETAILER'S STOCKING DECISIONS ON PRODUCTS SUBJECT TO SUDDEN OBSOLESCENCE

A product has been formally denned as being subject to sudden obsolescence if its lifetime is negative exponentially distributed. Using an approximate model, Masters suggested that the traditional method of incorporating obsolescence cost as a component of inventory holding costs in the economic order quantity (EOQ) model was appropriate-for products subject to sudden obsolescence, provided that the obsolescence cost component was computed properly. Unfortunately, current practice of the EOQ model seriously underestimates the costs of sudden obsolescence. An exact model demonstrating that Masters' model also underestimated true lifetime costs and overestimated the optimal order quantity has been presented. Neither of these models addressed quantity discounts. Furthermore, with their cost-minimization focus, these models fail to identify situations when minimized costs exceed expected revenues. We extend Joglekar and Lee's model to focus on maximizing profits, rather than minimizing costs. This model answers such questions as whether to stock the product at all, whether to accept a quantity discount offer, and what order quantity to use. Numerical examples and sensitivity analyses suggest that Masters' model provides a significant improvement over the traditional model in moving toward true optimality. However, they also illustrate situations where both the traditional and the Masters' model accept a quantity discount that deserves to be rejected and stock a product that should not be stocked. In such situations, it seems important that a retailer uses the profit-maximization model presented here.
In vitro phosphorylation of a 41,000-MW protein band is selectively increased 24 hr after footshock or learning.

In vitro phosphorylation of certain electrophoretically separated brain proteins was influenced by the past history of adult albino rats. Passive avoidance training or unavoidable shock significantly increased incorporation into a phosphoprotein in band F 2 (MW ∼ 41K). These specific biochemical alterations may be related to the general state of the animal rather than the training per se.
The natural history of ulcerative colitis.

Abstract Chronic ulcerative colitis is used to designate a group of serious maladies which may have varying etiologies. However, when the known etiologic factors are excluded, the majority of cases remain without a specific known cause. It is probable that the entity, idiopathic ulcerative colitis, is the result of the interaction of several etiologic factors including infection, allergy, vascular alterations, and an imbalance between the autonomic nervous systems. The important temporal relation between psychic trauma and the development of ulcerative colitis has been emphasized. Gross pathologic changes include hyperemia of the mucosa, edema, superficial abscesses, and coalescence of abscesses with the formation of larger ulcers. These processes appear to be the result of two processes: vasculitiss with ischemia of the mucosa and submucosa, and the development of crypt abscesses which rupture into the submucosa. The most characteristic feature of the clinical course of ulcerative colitis is its variability. The onset may be sudden or insidious. It may pursue an intermittent or continous course for a period varying from a few weeks to many years. Certain factors are of value in predicting the subsequent clinical course. Factors suggesting a poor subsequent prognosis are: onset in either the very young of rery old, a severe initial attack which carries a higher mortality rate, lack of response to treatment, segmental or right-sided involvement of the bowel, lack of improvement in the proctoscopic appearance, and the development of complications. Local complications include polyps, stricture, perirectal and perianal complications, hemorrhage, perforation, and an increased susceptibility to carcinoma. The systemic complications may be related directly to the disease or secondary to the nutritional and metabolic disorders secondary to ulcerative colitis. Important among these are nutritional problems, an increased incidence of liver disease, arthritis, and skin complications, notably erythema nododum and pyoderma gangrenosum. Although improvement initially is usually noted regardless of the type of therapy employed, there are few data to suggest that any therapeutic agents now in use greatly alter the long-term course of the disease.
Study of the phosphorescent bases of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA with the aid of optical detection of magnetic resonance.

Abstract The phosphorescence of brewers' yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA has been investigated at 77 °K and at 1.2 °K in pumped liquid helium. Although the phosphorescence at 77 °K originates almost completely from the Y base in the anticodon loop, independent of excitation wavelength, the phosphorescence originates from normal bases with 270 nm excitation at temperatures in the helium range. The low-temperature phosphorescence is assigned to the triplet state of adenosine by optical detection of magnetic resonance measurements. The adenosine phosphorescence at 1.2 °K is quenched by the binding of the codon poly(U), as well as by the removal of Mg 2+ . The former result indicates that the adenosine phosphorescence originates from the anticodon, -Gm-A-A-, while the second shows that a conformational change introduced by removing Mg 2+ (possibly involving unstacking of the anticodon) prevents energy trapping in the anticodon triplet state. The lack of triplet energy transfer from anticodon to Y indicates that Y cannot be stacked with the anticodon in the conformation that is stable at helium temperature. The adenosine phosphorescence of transfer RNA Phe is nearly completely quenched at 77 °K, at least partially due to energy transfer to Y. We think that the thermally activated energy transfer is associated with some mobility of the Y base at 77 °K. Our observations are in contrast with previous results on bakers' yeast tRNA Phe where there is apparently little, if any, energy transfer to Y from the normal nucleotides at 80 °K with 265 nm excitation. Optically detected magnetic resonance measurements on the triplet state of Y base in various environments indicate that removal of Mg 2+ causes a shift of the Y base in tRNA Phe to a more solvent-exposed position, whereas the binding of poly(U) has little effect on the environment of Y.
Partial purification and properties of tryptophan synthase of pea plants.

Abstract Tryptophan synthase [ l -serine hydro-lyase (adding indole), EC 4.2.1.20] was extracted and purified approximately 50-fold from pea ( Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska) seedlings, and found to be a two-component (A and B) enzyme with a molecular weight of approximately 140,000. The enzyme catalyzes three reactions: Indole-3-glycerol phosphate + l -serine → l -tryptophan + glyceraldehyde -3-phosphate + H 2 O (1) Indole + l -serine → l -tryptophan + H 2 O (2) Indole-3-glycerol phosphate ⇌ indole + glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (3) Both components of the enzyme are required for Reaction 1, the B component catalyzes Reaction 2, and the A component catalyzes Reaction 3 but only at a fraction of the velocities of Reactions 1 and 2. Reactions 1 and 2 require pyridoxal phosphate. The pH optimum for both Reactions 1 and 2 is approximately 7.6. The enzyme is activated by K + > Na + ∼- NH 4 + , although an absolute univalent cation requirement was not demonstrable. Kinetic constants for Reaction 2 were ascertained for partially purified enzyme extracts. Kinetic data are consistent with an enzyme reaction mechanism involving the formation of a ternary complex. l -Serine may function as an allosteric effector as well as a substrate. The specific activity of tryptophan synthase was determined for cell-free enzyme extracts of different parts of 14-day-old seedlings and was found to be consistently highest in extracts of shoot tips.
Analysts' earnings forecasts in Japan: Accuracy and sell-side optimism

Abstract We analyze two distinct sources of analysts' earnings forecasts for Japanese stocks — one from (mostly) sell-side analysts and another from an information provider which does not make stock recommendations. Forecasts from sell side analysts are more optimistic and less accurate than the second set of forecasts. We interpret such optimism as reflecting an upward bias in Japanese sell-side forecasts, likely resulting from analyst incentive structures and historical policies of Japanese security houses. Unlike patterns found in the U.S., we find no evidence of consensus benefits in averaging individual analysts' forecasts in Japan, consistent with a view of less independence and less unique (analyst specific) information in Japanese forecasts.
The Tacit Concept of Competence in J. S. Mill's On Liberty

Mill is often the object of schizophrenic interpretation: he is either interpreted as a fierce proponent of negative freedom, i.e. a prototypical liberal who professes neutrality with regard to different conceptions of the good, or as a concealed moralist whose ultimate goal is to construct society on the basis of a particular and thick conception of the good. In this paper I will argue that Mill employs a tacit concept of competence in On Liberty, which allows us to account for these different interpretations. I will do so by focussing on the role of truth and individuality in On Liberty. Competence is a precondition for individuality, and as such, it is a threshold concept: those above the threshold are sensitive to rational argument and should be free to pursue happiness in their own way (because they are guided by the truth), whereas those who fail to meet this threshold should be educated and paternalistically be kept out of harm's way until they are able to find the truth for and by themselves.
Accumulation of abnormal amounts of glycosaminoglycans in murine mucopolysaccharidosis type VII neural progenitor cells does not alter the growth rate or efficiency of differentiation into neurons.

Abstract Mucopolysaccharidosis type VII (MPS VII) results from deficiencies in the gene encoding the lysosomal enzyme β-glucuronidase (GUSB). To study how the genetic and biochemical defects of MPS disease affect neural cell populations, neural progenitor cells (NPCs) were isolated from MPS VII mice and normal littermates. After growth in culture, approximately 90% of cells from both genotypes were nestin positive, a marker for NPCs, and lacked markers associated with lineage commitment. The mutant NPCs contained elevated levels of undegraded glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), the substrate for GUSB. Transduction with a retrovirus-vector expressing normal GUSB resulted in correction of the biochemical defects. Because of the demonstrated roles that GAGs and proteoglycans have in NPC biology and neural development, we tested whether the alterations in GAG metabolism affected MPS VII NPC properties regulated by GAG-containing molecules. MPS VII NPC cultures had growth rates in response to FGF-2 that were similar to normal cultures and the efficiency of differentiation into neurons was the same as with normal cells. Thus, even though isolated NPCs accumulate abnormally high levels of GAGs, these two key developmental properties were not altered when the cells were examined outside the milieu of the diseased brain.
The enthalpies of dilution of phosphate solutions at 30°C

The enthalpies of dilution of aqueous solutions of HCl, H3PO4, NaOH, NaH2PO4, Na2HPO4 and Na3PO4 in the molality range 0.1 to 1.0 mole-kg−1 have been determined at 30°C. The relative apparent molal enthalpies φL of HCl, NaOH, NaH2PO4 and Na2HPO4 have been determined with the aid of an extended form of the Debye-Huckel limiting law. The relative apparent molal enthalpies for Na3PO4 solutions have been corrected for hydrolysis. A value of ΔH H o =9525±150 cal-mole−1 was determined for the heat of hydrolysis of PO 4 −3 . This value gives ΔH 3 o =3815±150 cal-mole−1 for the ionization of H2PO 4 − , which is in good agreement with the value of ΔH 3 o =3500±500 cal-mole−1 determined directly by Pitzer at 25°C. The relative apparent molal enthalpies for H3PO4 solutions have been corrected for ionization. A value of ΔH 1 o =−1900±150 cal-mole−1 was obtained for the heat of ionization of H3PO4 to H++H2PO 4 − . This value is in good agreement with the value of ΔH 1 o =−2031 cal-mole−1 at 30°C determined by Harned and Owen from the temperature coefficient of the equilibrium constant and ΔH 1 o =−1950±80 cal-mole−1 at 25°C determined from calorimetry by Pitzer.
The Development of Photophosphorylation and Photosynthesis in Greening Bean Leaves

Photophosphorylation and oxygen evolution were measured in 8-day-old dark-grown bean leaves (Phaseolus vulgaris) after various times of greening in far red light and in white light. The sequence of development was the same for both greening regimes, but the processes were much more rapid in white light. The capacity for photophosphorylation, as assayed by the firefly luciferase assay, appeared after 12 hours in far red light. At this stage and for times up to 24 hours, photophosphorylation was not inhibited by 10−5m 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. At 24 hours, the capacity for oxygen evolution appeared and photophosphorylation became partially inhibited by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea at concentrations which inhibited oxygen evolution. In white light photophosphorylation appeared after 15 minutes, and oxygen evolution at one hour. Photophosphorylation became partially sensitive to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea when oxygen evolution appeared. Carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone inhibited photophosphorylation and photosynthesis at low concentrations, 10−5m, with immature leaves, but the leaves developed resistance to carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone as they greened.
Competitive DNA transfection formulation via electroporation for human adipose stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells.

Background Adipose stem cells have a strong potential for use in cell-based therapy, but the current nucleofection technique, which relies on unknown buffers, prevents their use.
A generalized access path model and its application to a relational data base system

An Access Path Producing LanguagE (APPLE) has been developed which permits users to formulate completely non-procedural queries expressed solely in terms of attribute names. The responsibility for programming or specifying the access path by which a query is resolved has thus been shifted from the user to the system. Examples are presented which illustrate the procedures by which the system determines an access path. The problems to be found in this approach are also described, and techniques required to solve these problems are presented.
Liver Cell Estrogen Receptor Binding in Prespawning Female Largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides, Environmentally Exposed to Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Estrogen-receptor–like binding was partially characterized in liver tissue of prespawning female largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (LMB). Saturation and Scatchard analyses exhibited estrogen binding activity with high affinity (Kd in the 10−9 M range) and limited capacity (nuclear = 37.4 fmol/g tissue; cytosol = 234 fmol/g tissue). Androgens, progestins, and cortisol competed poorly for binding in competition studies. Thus, LMB liver estrogen binding activity possesses similar properties to estrogen receptors (ER) described in other vertebrates.
EFFECTS OF INSTRUCTIONS FOR VISUAL IMAGERY ON THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST RESPONSES

Summary.-Previous clinical investigations identified two types of patients, those who produce either high (Reactors) or low (Nonreactors) levels of affecrive and conflictual marerial in response ro imagery instructions within a rherapeutic context. This classification held up when Reactors and Nonceactors were administered a Rorschach-based procedure under Conventional and Imagery (reporting imagery sequences following exposure to Rorschach cards) conditions. Reactors produced significantly more affect/conflict and other clinically relevant material. The present study addresses the generalizability of these findings, using the TAT. Consecutive patients in therapy (20 Reactors and 20 Nonreactors) were administered TAT cards under the two conditions. While the results were less dramatic than with the Rorschach, the TAT showed trends congruent with previous findings. This was especially evident in the major category, Affect/Conflicr. Nonreactors showed a decrease in this category under Imagery. Visual imagery procedures using the Rorschach plates as stimuli have been employed to advantage in the assessment of patiena' clinically relevant characteristics (3). Prior research has identified response differences associated with conflictual and affective content under two different conditions labeled Conventional and Imagery (2 ). When Rorschach plates are administered in the standard (Convenrional) fashion, the responses over-alI are not as evocative of clinically significant material as they are under the condition using imagery techniques. In the latter condition, the subjects have been instructed to view a plate for 1 min. and then with closed eyes to visualize its image and report any visual associations that develop following this brief exposure to the stimulus. Subjects vary considexably in their capacity to respond to the imagery instructions. To date, two general groups have been defined on the basis of their comparative productivity in responding wich conflictual and affective material. Using a clinical rating system as the classification criterion, the subjects were divided into Visual Imagery Reaccors and Nonreactors. The characteristic responses of these groups ro Rorschach plates in the Conventional and Imagery procedures were analyzed. On the whole, Reaccors have shown significant increases across certain standard as well as specifically developed Rorschach indices which reflect clinically relevant material as noted above. Nonreactors have
An 11-Step Sorting Network for 18 Elements

Sorting networks are cost-effective multistage interconnection networks with sorting capabilities. These networks theoretically consume Θ(NlogN) comparisons. However, the fastest implementable sorting networks built so far consume Θ(Nlog2N) comparisons, and generally, use the Merge-sorting strategy to sort the input. An 18-element network using the Merge-sorting strategy needs at least 12 steps — here we show a network that sorts 18 elements in only 11 steps.
Effect of volume used for injection in micro-assay of prolactin.

SummaryIn 2 types (single and double injection) of 48-hour micro-methods for assaying prolactin, in which the injection volume was 0.05 ml, 4 times as much prolactin was required for minimum stimulation as when the volume was 10 times larger, 0.5 ml. A minimum stimulation dose of prolactin in 0.05 nil thus has its apparent effectiveness increased 4 times by a dilution of 10 times. No simple explanation of this result is apparent. Micro-assays of prolactin by intracutaneous injections over crop-sacs must utilize a constant volume of fluid to be of much quantitative value.
Get Money Get Involved? NGO’s Reactions to Donor Funding and Their Potential Involvement in the Public Policy Processes

This article investigates how NGOs’ reactions to donors may suggest their potential involvement in the policy process. Without pretending to abridge a multifaceted complicated situation in any singular factor or to make claims for causality and generalizability, the experiences of three NGOs in Lebanon are compared. The analysis reveals that a variation in NGOs’ relationship with the same donor might reflect on different level of involvement in the policy process and interactions with government. Constructing strong, yet balanced, ties with the donor contributes to active involvement in the policy process and cooperation with government. Otherwise, the NGO’s role is marginalized. Abandoning donor funding furthers change in the nature of NGO work, leaning more towards activism and generating confrontation with the government. Donor funding, therefore, is neither a necessary condition for nor a universal effect on NGOs’ potential engagement in public policy processes.
Food animal medicine in crisis.

JAVMA, Vol 235, No. 4, August 15, 2009 A dearth of veterinary professionals are engaged in food animal medicine. According to the AVMA’s 2008 market research statistics, 10,736 (13.5%) AVMA members, reporting practice type by species category, were in practices related to food animal medicine. This void was originally acknowledged as many as 20 years ago, but until recently, it has undergone little scrutiny regarding origins and possible resolutions. Recent events have heightened political, public, and professional awareness of the threat of global bioterrorism and resulted in > 30 published manuscripts and reports addressing the scarcity of veterinarians interested in food animal medicine. Reports published by organizations such as the AAVMC have identified potential causes for these shortages, including a skewed focus in the veterinary curriculum, challenges in recruitment, lack of mentorship while a veterinary medical student and after graduation, and insufficient remuneration and retention. Although all of the aforementioned causes are important for creating the void, solutions are lacking because the professional purpose of FAVs has become increasingly diverse. Indeed, a review of the literature reveals that veterinary medicine has a lack of FAVs that has been compounded by an identity crisis in FAVs within the veterinary profession. The identity crisis stems from inconsistent terms, including food supply veterinarians, food systems veterinarians, and veterinarians in food animal production medicine, used to describe FAVs. Such inconsistencies dilute attempts to fill the FAV void and render such attempts ineffectual because the void or voids veterinary colleges are trying to fill have yet to be clearly defined. The information provided here is intended to include a brief history of the foundations of veterinary medicine, its primary obligations, and societal forces that have expanded these obligations, which are necessary to provide an adequate background for understanding the problems facing the veterinary profession. In addition, it is intended to explore many of the challenges contributing to the void in FAVs and proposed changes in veterinary medical education and outreach. Finally, I hope to define the contributors to the FAV identity crisis within veterinary medicine and the resulting need for a new taxonomy of veterinary scientists who are able to adapt veterinary education for the future. Food animal medicine in crisis
Less Law? Or Different Law?

constitutional right strike me as tutelary discourse misplaced. They constitute moral discourse of the most peremptory kind, since they preclude other governmental institutions from acting. Further, physician-assisted suicide has not had the kind of social debate that prepares courts to make informed and intelligent judgments. Nor do the conventional sources of judicial wisdom-here principally the Constitution-speak to this issue in ways that relieve judges of the need for the guidance and discipline of social debate.
Solving topologically modified structures

Abstract During the design process, the engineer frequently makes modifications to the structure. At times, the modification involves topological changes such as joint addition or joint deletion which result in an increase or a decrease in the size of the stiffness matrix. These modifications may not lead to a completely different configuration. In such cases the results of a previous analysis can be used to decrease the computational effort which is needed for a complete reanalysis of the modified structure. This paper presents two algorithms for obtaining the inverse of the modified stiffness matrix. The algorithms use the results of a previous solution to obtain solutions when joints are added to or deleted from a structure. The algorithm for joint addition uses Householder's identity to obtain the inverse of that portion of the modified stiffness matrix corresponding to the original stiffness matrix. The inverse of the modified stiffness matrix is then obtained by inversion by matrix partitioning. The algorithm for joint deletion uses the extraction of the inverse of a reduced matrix and Householder's identity to obtain the inverse of the modified stiffness matrix. A comparison of operation counts for the proposed algorithms and a complete inversion indicates that by using the proposed methods a 20–80 per cent saving in the computational effort is achieved.
Management of infusion-related reactions to enzyme replacement therapy in a cohort of patients with mucopolysaccharidosis disorders.

Objective Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is currently available for the treatment of mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) Type I, MPS II and MPS VI. Hypersensitivity reactions have been reported in some patients receiving ERT, but these can usually be easily managed. Methods In this retrospective study, we evaluated the manifestations and management of hypersensitivity reactions in patients at a single center who were receiving ERT for either MPS I, MPS II or MPS VI between 2002 and 2008. Results Hypersensitivity reactions were observed in 28 (36%) out of 77 patients, and were most common in children with severe disease. When an infusion-related reaction occurred, ERT was immediately suspended until the patient's symptoms had resolved. Antihistamines and antipyretics were administered to treat the acute symptoms of hypersensitivity reactions. In some patients, low-dose corticosteroids were administered to attenuate late-phase or biphasic reactions. There were no instances in which resuscitation was necessary. When ERT was restarted, patients were given premedication in the form of antihistamines and antipyretics, and ERT was administered at a slower rate. In most cases, this approach overcame the hypersensitivity. After gradually increasing the infusion rate, patients were generally able to resume a normal infusion schedule without premedication after a period ranging from 8 weeks to 3.5 years. Conclusion Close monitoring of patients receiving ERT is essential. Use of an adapted ERT infusion regimen with premedication resulted in improvement of signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity in most of the patients who experienced infusion-related reactions.
Attenuated influenza virus in normal adults: role of pulmonary function studies in vaccine trials.

A live attenuated influenza virus, influenza A/Hong Kong/68(H3N2)-ts-1(E), was administered to 10 normal volunteers. Infection resulted in minor upper respiratory tract symptoms in one volunteer. An isolate from one volunteer contained a presumed revertant wild-type virus, but no clinical significance could be ascribed to this infection. Since infection with natural influenza A virus adversely affects airway dynamics, serial tests of pulmonary functions were performed, including measurements of forced expiratory flow rates, lung volumes, diffusing capacity, closing volume, and total pulmonary resistance at various frequencies by the oscillometric technique. All tests performed before and on days 3, 30, and 60 after administration of virus yielded normal results throughout the study; these results suggested that there was no inflammatory response to the candidate vaccine in either the large or the small airways. Determination of total pulmonary resistance by the oscillometric technique proved to be a simple and acceptable procedure and may be useful in large-scale epidemiologic studies.
The quality caring nursing model: a journey to selection and implementation.

A nursing model selection team was created to evaluate the theoretical framework of the professional practice model for the department of nursing. The team's mission was to assess whether the present nursing model was congruent with the culture of contemporary practice of nursing within the organization. After a year of in-depth readings, meetings, and communications with other hospitals, the committee adopted the Quality Caring Model © (QCM) developed by Joanne Duffy, RN, PhD. The implementation team used focus groups, Web-based tutorials, and interactive media as educational tools. Quality caring advocates (unit-based direct care nurses) were selected to assist with the sustainability of the QCM © .
The cost of a short-selling constraint – welfare implications for investors under uncertainty

In this article, I analyse investors' welfare losses from being restricted from short-selling. To measure those losses, I use the concept of the proportionate opportunity cost along with various Constant Relative Risk Aversion (CRRA) utility functions. Two sets of asset returns are used with a Vector Autoregressive process for generating joint returns distributions: the original historical asset returns data set and the historical asset returns with extreme values exaggerated. In each case, 1000 alternative sets of assets, including one with a risk-free nominal return, are randomly made available for investment. I show that the optimal portfolio strategy with the short-selling constraint performs almost as well as the unconstrained portfolio strategy for investors with medium and high levels of risk aversion. The results, derived from the original historical asset returns data set, show that investors' welfare losses reach 12.8% of initial wealth when risk aversion is low and reach 13.5% of initial wealth...
Zinc and nickel removal in simulated limestone treatment of mining influenced water

Mining influenced water (MIW) is often characterized by low pH (acid mine drainage) and high dissolved metal concentrations. Treatment of MIW is often required to mitigate these two characteristics. One option, which has traditionally been used only for pH neutralization, is limestone based treatment systems. However, there is field evidence that limestone systems are also effective at removing metals such as Zn and Ni. These field systems are often too complex to examine specific removal hypotheses, while certain modes of laboratory examination are too simplistic to be applied to field settings. Instead, the batch reactors used here were intentionally more complex to allow for the examination of how certain variables (pH, alkalinity, and primary metal concentrations) interact to affect Zn and Ni removal. The data herein suggest that one possible removal process for Zn and Ni is through surface interactions on the precipitated primary metals Fe and Al. The specific processes are complex and conditional, and were found to depend on pH, alkalinity, and total amount of primary metal present. Indeed the complex interplay between these variables led to an observed local maximum in Zn removal that would not be predicted from traditional surface complexation theory or observed from simpler experimental systems.
Rolling circle amplification of DNA immobilized on solid surfaces and its application to multiplex mutation detection

A new method of amplifying short DNA molecules immobilized on a solid support has been developed. This method uses a solid-phase rolling circle replication reaction, termed rolling circle amplification (RCA). The probe consists of a single-stranded DNA primer anchored at the 5' terminus to a solid support and a single stranded DNA template hybridized to the immobilized primer. Here, DNA ligase was used to circularize the template, and DNA polymerase I was used to extend the immobilized primer in a rolling circle replication reaction. This method was used to identify a known polymorphism in BRCA1 exon 5. These results demonstrate that RCA offers considerable promise to facilitate effective mutation screening of DNA using a solid-phase format.
Systemic review of the patterns of failure following stereotactic body radiation therapy in early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer: Clinical implications

Abstract Purpose To analyze the patterns of failure, the toxicity profile, and the factors influencing efficacy of stereotactic body radiation (SBRT) for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods and materials A search was based on PubMed electronic databases. All searches were conducted in May, 2009. Results The local control ranged from 80% to 100% in most studies with adequate isocentric or peripheral biologically effective dose (BED). Recurrences were associated with increased tumor size. The main pattern of failure after SBRT was distant metastasis. Grades 3–5 toxicity occurred mostly in centrally located tumors, and adjuvant chemotherapy may further decrease all recurrences; possibly translating to a survival benefit in large or centrally located tumors where high BED cannot be safely reached. Conclusion SBRT is an excellent treatment option for early-stage, and mostly medically inoperable, NSCLC. BED at both the isocenter and the tumor periphery is very important for optimal tumor control; higher doses are required for large (⩾T2) lesions; SBRT for centrally located tumors can be feasible with a much less aggressive dose regimen than 60–66 Gy/3 fractions and adjacent critical structures excluded from the target volume; chemotherapy may optimize the clinical outcome in large or centrally located lesions.
Life history of Styloxus bicolor (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on Juniperus monosperma in northern Arizona

Life history and mortality factors of Styloxus bicolor (Champlain and Knull) were studied on its host, one-seed juniper, Juniperus monosperma (Englemann) Sarg., in northern Arizona from 1982 to 1986. Adults emerged from juniper branches in early August. Larval development was completed over a 3-yr period. Each year the larva created a circumferential gallery (a flattened spiral cut severing the xylem) at the nearest branching point. This is a previously undescribed life history strategy for a cerambycid with a multiple-year life cycle. Mating and oviposition behavior of the adults and larval gallery construction are described. A survivorship curve showed that 10.8% of the 1983 cohort survived to adults, 15.7% died from natural enemies, 34.3% died from branch breakage at the circumferential gallery, 16.0% died from resinosis, 3.8% died in long travel galleries, and 19.1% died of desiccation or disease.
Synaptic adhesion-like molecules (SALMs) promote neurite outgrowth.

SALMs are a family of five adhesion molecules whose expression is largely restricted to the CNS. Initial reports showed that SALM1 functions in neurite outgrowth while SALM2 is involved in synapse formation. To investigate the function of SALMs in detail, we asked if all five are involved in neurite outgrowth. Expression of epitope-tagged proteins in cultured hippocampal neurons showed that SALMs are distributed throughout neurons, including axons, dendrites, and growth cones. Over-expression of each SALM resulted in enhanced neurite outgrowth, but with different phenotypes. Neurite outgrowth could be reduced by applying antibodies targeting the extracellular leucine rich regions of SALMs and with RNAi. Through over-expression of deletion constructs, we found that the C-terminal PDZ binding domains of SALMs 1–3 are required for most aspects of neurite outgrowth. In addition, by using a chimera of SALMs 2 and 4, we found that the N-terminus is also involved in neurite outgrowth.
Justice as a Dynamic Construct: Effects of Individual Trajectories on Distal Work Outcomes

Despite an amassing organizational justice literature, few studies have directly addressed the temporal patterning of justice judgments and the effects that changes in these perceptions have on important work outcomes. Drawing from Gestalt characteristics theory (Ariely & Carmon, 2000, 2003), we examine the concept of justice trajectories (i.e., levels and trends of individual fairness perceptions over time) and offer empirical evidence to highlight the value of considering fairness within a dynamic context. Participants included 523 working adults who completed surveys about their work experiences on 4 occasions over the course of 1 year. Results indicate that justice trends explained additional variance in distal work outcomes (job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intentions) after controlling for end-state levels of justice, demonstrating the cumulative effects of justice over time. Findings also reveal that change in procedural justice perceptions affected distal work outcomes more strongly than any other justice dimension. Implications for theory and future investigations of justice as a dynamic construct are discussed.
Aphrodisiac pheromones of the sulfur butterflies Colias eurytheme and C. Philodice (Lepidoptera, Pieridae)

Male wing compounds involved in maintaining reproductive isolation between the sulfur butterfliesColias eurytheme andC. philodice have been identified. MaleC. philodice produce threen-hexyl esters; myristate, palmitate, and stearate, which are absent inC. eurytheme. A branched hydrocarbon, 13-methylheptacosane, is found on the wings of maleC. eurytheme, but notC. philodice. Several straight-chain hydrocarbons are on the wings of both species. The esters and 13-methylheptacosane have significant electrophysiological activity. Preliminary behavioral experiments indicate that the esters (especiallyn-hexyl myristate) function as species-recognition signals. The esters and 13-methylheptacosane also have low-to-moderate aphrodisiac activity.
Single-crystal studies of β-Ag2HgI4☆

Abstract The structure and transformation behavior of β-Ag2HgI4 have been investigated by X-ray diffraction methods using single crystals. It has been verified that a single crystal of the β-form, stable at room temperature, transforms to a single crystal of the α-phase, stable above 50°C. The reverse transformation, α → β, on the other hand, is found to result in a multidomain arrangement of the β-phase and not to yield a new cubic modification. The β-structure is tetragonal: a = 6.322 (2) A, c = 12.605 (15) A, with space group I 4 and Z = 2. The chalcopyrite type of cation ordering, proposed by Hahn et al. (7), is confirmed. The iodine arrangement is considerably distorted from ideal cubic close packing with preservation of normal cation-iodine distances. No significant amount of disorder or occupancy of vacant sites has been found.
Crystal structure and thermoelastic properties of (Mg0.91Fe0.09)SiO3 postperovskite up to 135 GPa and 2,700 K.

Intriguing seismic observations have been made for the bottom 400 km of Earth's mantle (the D″ region) over the past few decades, yet the origin of these seismic structures has not been well understood. Recent theoretical calculations have predicted many unusual changes in physical properties across the postperovskite transition, perovskite (Pv) → postperovskite (PPv), that may provide explanations for the seismic observations. Here, we report measurements of the crystal structure of (Mg0.91Fe0.09)SiO3-PPv under quasi-hydrostatic conditions up to the pressure (P)–temperature (T) conditions expected for the core-mantle boundary (CMB). The measured crystal structure is in excellent agreement with the first-principles calculations. We found that bulk sound speed (VΦ) decreases by 2.4 ± 1.4% across the PPv transition. Combined with the predicted shear-wave velocity (VS) increase, our measurements indicate that lateral variations in mineralogy between Pv and PPv may result in the anticorrelation between the VΦ and VS anomalies at the D″ region. Also, density increases by 1.6 ± 0.4% and Gruneisen parameter decreases by 21 ± 15% across the PPv transition, which will dynamically stabilize the PPv lenses observed in recent seismic studies.
MR fluoroscopy in vascular and cardiac interventions (review).

Vascular and cardiac disease remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed and emerging countries. Vascular and cardiac interventions require extensive fluoroscopic guidance to navigate endovascular catheters. X-ray fluoroscopy is considered the current modality for real time imaging. It provides excellent spatial and temporal resolution, but is limited by exposure of patients and staff to ionizing radiation, poor soft tissue characterization and lack of quantitative physiologic information. MR fluoroscopy has been introduced with substantial progress during the last decade. Clinical and experimental studies performed under MR fluoroscopy have indicated the suitability of this modality for: delivery of ASD closure, aortic valves, and endovascular stents (aortic, carotid, iliac, renal arteries, inferior vena cava). It aids in performing ablation, creation of hepatic shunts and local delivery of therapies. Development of more MR compatible equipment and devices will widen the applications of MR-guided procedures. At post-intervention, MR imaging aids in assessing the efficacy of therapies, success of interventions. It also provides information on vascular flow and cardiac morphology, function, perfusion and viability. MR fluoroscopy has the potential to form the basis for minimally invasive image–guided surgeries that offer improved patient management and cost effectiveness.
Nonlinear-Feedback Vehicle Traction Force Control With Load Transfer

This article deals with the nonlinear feedback regulation of the longitudinal traction forces for high-speed vehicles, possibly over a low friction surface. Hybrid models of the longitudinal vehicle dynamics incorporating load transfer effects, a crucial element in advanced driving techniques, are derived. The designed hybrid regulator allows the tracking of a given friction force profile in the presence of known disturbances and unknown model uncertainties. Simulations show good performance of the proposed hybrid regulator under all operating conditions.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
In-cylinder unburned hydrocarbon visualization during low-temperature compression-ignition engine combustion using formaldehyde PLIF

Abstract Formaldehyde (H2CO) is visualized by planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) in a heavy-duty direct-injection diesel engine to better understand the sources of unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) emissions. H2CO is used as a tracer for UHC based on chemical kinetic simulations, which show that after the first-stage of ignition, the evolution of H2CO is very similar to that of UHC in the bulk gases. Modern low-temperature, low-nitrogen oxides (NOx) combustion conditions are achieved by diluting the intake stream with nitrogen to 12.7% oxygen by volume, simulating exhaust gas recirculation. A range of ignition delays (IDs) is produced by adjusting the intake temperature and/or the fuel injection timing. Spectral measurements of the laser-induced emission after 355-nm excitation show that broadband emission from sources other than H2CO can be significant, so the PLIF images must be interpreted with care. A frequency-domain covariance analysis is offered as a way to quantify the contribution of H2CO fluorescence in the images. Longer ID conditions are found to have both higher-UHC emissions and stronger H2CO fluorescence persisting late in the cycle, especially near the injector. Based on kinetic model predictions of longer H2CO lifetimes in leaner regions, it is concluded that for long ID conditions, mixtures near the injector after the end of injection are too lean to achieve complete combustion, thus contributing to UHC emissions.
Kinetics of sodium thiosulfate, a cisplatin neutralizer

Sodium thiosulfate kinetics were studied in eight subjects, six of whom were given the drug as a cisplatin neutralizer. Thiosulfate at a dose of 12 gm/m2 was injected by continuous intravenous infusion over 6 hr. Under these conditions, steady-state plasma concentrations were not achieved and apparent volume of distribution could not be calculated. The drug was eliminated from plasma by first-order kinetics, and the data best fit a one-compartment kinetic model with a t1/2 (mean +/- SD) of 80 +/- 38 min. Total body thiosulfate clearance was 190 +/- 76 ml/min/m2 and renal clearance was 50 +/- 11 ml/min/m2. The plasma elimination t1/2 and renal thiosulfate clearance correlated poorly with clearance of endogenous creatinine. Only 28.5% +/- 9.4% of the thiosulfate was recovered unchanged in the urine. Urinary excretion was rapid, with approximately 95% of recoverable drug eliminated within 4 hr after termination of the infusion. No toxic effects of thiosulfate were observed. These data provide the basis for the rational development of dose schedules when sodium thiosulfate is used as a cisplatin neutralizer.
A closed-form DC model for long-channel thin-film transistors with gate voltage-dependent mobility characteristics

Abstract A model is derived for the drain current (under DC steady-state operating conditions) of a long-channel thin-film transistor (TFT) with gate voltage-dependent channel mobility. A closed-form expression is obtained for cases in which the average mobility ( μ avg ) can be reasonably approximated by an n th-order polynomial curve fit; a more generalized expression allows the substitution of an arbitrary parameterized equation for μ avg , yielding a closed-form expression in cases where the form of the selected mobility expression is such that the requisite integration can be carried out analytically. The model is employed to replicate measured drain current versus drain voltage ( I D – V DS ) curves for exemplary zinc oxide and zinc tin oxide channel TFTs with highly non-ideal (i.e., gate voltage-dependent) mobility characteristics; in each case, excellent correlation to measured I D – V DS data is obtained, thus validating the proposed model. This model comprises a valuable tool in the preliminary development of novel TFTs for which standard device models are not, in general, appropriate.
Vaporization thermodynamics of Ni-B(liquid) and Ni-B-C(liquid)

Abstract The activity of nickel was measured as a function of composition and temperature throughout the Ni-B and Ni-B-C liquid range by the Knudsen effusion technique. Equations are given which describe thermodynamic properties as a function of composition and temperature. At 1600 K, the liquid phase exists between Ni0.922B0.078 and Ni0.473B0.527. Within this range the nickel activity drops from 1.0 to 0.0245. Dissolved carbon lowers the nickel activity and reduces the boron content of the high-boron phase boundary.
Production and formulation of high quality conidia of Microsphaeropsis amaranthi for the biological control of weedy Amaranthus species.

The fungal pathogen, Microsphaeropsis amaranthi, is under consideration as a bioherbicide for the control of weeds in the genus Amaranthus. This organism has been shown to be virulent against a number of important Amaranthus species but has not yet demonstrated sufficient aggressiveness or reliability in the field to be commercially developed. We report a sequence of experiments evaluating a range of solid media for the production of high quality inoculum, methodologies for the enhancement of aggressiveness in culture, and the effects of a variety of spray adjuvants. Additionally, we report preliminary results testing the efficacy of the bioherbicide applied as granules, prior to weed emergence. The fungus grew well and sporulated profusely on a range of different solid substrates. Conidia produced on corn stover were larger than those produced on other substrates, had thicker cell walls, and exhibited particularly high aggressiveness. Repeated inoculation and re-isolation of the fungus from Amaranthus tuberculatus plants increased its aggressiveness. In addition, application in Sunspray oils resulted in improved disease impact under low moisture conditions. Preemergence application of granular formulations, especially where the fungus was grown and applied in ground barley grains, resulted in good control of emerging A. tuberculatus. Further progress has been made in improving the M. amaranthi bioherbicide by refining the conditions for the production and deployment of quality inoculum.