cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anabolic effects of fluoride on bone

Fluoride exerts a biphasic action at the level of osteoblasts, on bone mineral, on bone structure and function, and in the treatment of osteoporosis. At low circulating concentrations, skeletal uptake of fluoride is limited and the effects are beneficial. At higher concentrations and greater skeletal uptake, fluoride may cause the formation of abnormally mineralized bone of impaired quality. A new treatment program entailing intermittent slow release sodium fluoride (SR-NaF) with continuous calcium citrate may capture desirable qualities of fluoride without toxic effects, and be therapeutically efficacious in postmenopausal osteoporosis.
School for Scandal: different educational experiences for females and males

Abstract Some would argue that sex discrimination in educational settings is on the wane. This paper, drawing especially from research undertaken in North American settings will contend however that the announcement of its demise is premature. Research shows that gender inequality in the classroom continues and is manifest in and maintained by a variety of overlearned, non‐conscious, verbal and non‐verbal messages initiated in interactions between teachers and students. This paper reviews four such ‘messages’. They include: (1) how teachers respond to verbal participation by female students; (2) how teachers’ discourse reveals subtle sex bias; (3) how teachers assist female and male students in unequal ways and; (4) how teacher non‐verbal messages feed sex‐based differences in present interests and future goals. The paper concludes with some suggestions for changing these messages and thereby reducing gender inequality in educational settings..
High-Pressure B-Type Polymorphs of Some Rare-Earth Sesquioxides.

New high pressure forms of the sesquioxides of holminum, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, and yttrium have been obtained by exposure of the C-type sesquioxides to pressures between 25 and 40 kilobars and temperatures between 900° and 1020°C. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that these new high-pressure phases are of the monoclinic B-type which is known for several of the lighter rare-earth sesquioxides (samarium through dysprosium).
Potentiometric oxygen sensing with copper films: Response mechanism and analytical implications

The electrochemical response mechanism of a previously reported potentiometric oxygen (O2) sensing system based on thin films of copper sputtered on single crystal Si(100) is examined. The potentiometric O2 response of such films is shown to depend on sample stirring rate as well as the pH, ionic strength and nature of the buffer salts within the test solution. XPS studies of the copper films exposed to solution for several days confirm the presence of compper corrosion products on the surface. These findings, in conjunction with cyclic voltammetric measurements, suggest that the potentiometric O2 response originates from slow corrosion of copper and simultaneous reduction of O2 at the surface of the thin films. A steady-state situation exists when the rates of these two reactions are equal, resulting in a corrosion potential (also referred as rest potential Er for the system) that varies in a near Nernstian (1 e−) manner with the partial pressure of O2 in solution. A mathematical formulation for this type of response, based on the Butler–Volmer equation, is presented. The analytical implications of these findings with respect to devising useful potentiometric O2 sensors based on copper films are discussed.
Measurement of Near Surface Residual Stresses Using Electric Discharge Wire Machining

It has been shown that near surface residual stresses may be deduced form surface strains produced by making a cut of progressively increasing depth. The process of electric discharge wire machining (EDWM) greatly improves the ability of the method to resolve a stress gradient near the surface. However, the EDWM process may also introduce residual stresses
Regional Evaluation of the Relation of Habitat to Distribution and Abundance of Smallmouth Bass and Largemouth Bass in Missouri Streams

Abstract Fish-habitat models for streams were developed to help explain the decline and possible replacement of smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu by largemouth bass M. salmoides in the Ozark Border region of Missouri. We identified habitat conditions associated with the distribution and abundance of both species in sympatric and allopatric situations by means of correlation analysis and multiple linear regression models. Maximum summer temperature and percent pool area explained most of the variability in total densities, adjusted densities (fish larger than 100 mm total length), and biomass for both species. Smallmouth bass were negatively associated with each variable, whereas largemouth bass were positively associated. Physical habitat that is usable as cover was not associated with the abundance of either species. Final models explained about 50% of the variation in the population characteristics of both species and showed good accuracy and precision across years. Adjusted-density models appeared t...
Ecological Risk Model of Childhood Obesity in Chinese Immigrant Children

Chinese Americans are the largest and fastest growing Asian American subgroup, increasing about one-third during the 2000s. Despite the slender Asian stereotype, nearly one-third of 6-to-11 year old Chinese American children were found to be overweight (above the 85th percentile in BMI). Importantly, unique and severe health risks are associated with being overweight/obese in Chinese. Unfortunately, Chinese immigrant children have been neglected in the literature on obesity. This review aimed to identify factors at various levels of the ecological model that may place Chinese immigrant children at risk for being overweight/obese in the U.S. Key contextual factors at the micro-, meso-, exo-, macro- and chronosystem were identified guided by Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory. The corresponding mediating and moderating processes among the factors were also reviewed and proposed. By presenting a conceptual framework and relevant research, this review can provide a basic framework for directing future interdisciplinary research in seeking solutions to childhood obesity within this understudied population.
Optical interconnection networks for switching

An ever-increasing bandwidth demand in computer communication and switching necessitates an efficient interconnection technology. Some of the advanced electronic parallel computer communication architectures may not even be sufficient to meet the ultra-high speed switching requirements of today's applications. The optical signal whether communicated through waveguides or free-space can propagate at the speed of light in the medium and, hence, is independent of the number of components that receive those signals. Optical interconnections are inherently fast, secure, and parallel in nature, which in turn, facilitate high bandwidth computer communication and switching. An attractive means for exploiting optical bema non-interaction property is to use free-space propagation but with focused, i.e., photorefractive volume holographic interconnection technique. In this talk we review a number of different optical interconnection network architectures with an emphasis on photorefractive volume holograms and their possibilities and problems as applied to computer communication switching.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On magnetostrophic mean-field solutions of the geodynamo equations

A dynamo driven by motions unaffected by viscous forces is termed magnetostrophic. Although such a model might describe well magnetic field generation in Earth’s core, its existence is in doubt as numerical simulators have to impose substantial viscosity to stabilize solutions of the full MHD dynamo equations. An attempt is made here to revive interest in a procedure proposed by Taylor [Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, 1963, 274, 274] for finding inertialess magnetostrophic dynamos. The evolution of the magnetic field from the fluid flow follows the usual kinematic path, but the creation of the zero viscosity flow from the magnetic field was reduced by Taylor to the solution of a second-order ordinary differential equation. Roberts and Wu [Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 2014, 108] derived an exact solution of this equation for axisymmetric mean-field dynamos. Numerical solutions of this equation are presented here, leading to the first truly magnetostrophic dynamos ever found. The magnetic field and fluid flow are...
Toward a parameterization of mesoscale fluxes and moist convection induced by landscape heterogeneity

A growing body of evidence from modeling and observations indicates that mesoscale circulations generated by land-surface wetness heterogeneities result in substantial vertical fluxes of sensible heat and moisture. These fluxes are believed to have a strong impact on large-scale mean atmospheric variables such as temperature, humidity, cloudiness, and precipitation. Currently, however, this type of mesoscale convective process is not considered in general circulation models (GCMs). In this study, we develop a parameterization for these landscape-forced fluxes, similar to what might eventually be implemented into a GCM. In addition, we investigate the relationship between the parameterized mesoscale flux and the convective condensation associated with these circulations as a first step toward directly including clouds and precipitation forced by surface heterogeneity effects as one component of a comprehensive GCM convective scheme. To generate the data necessary for this development, we perform a number of simulations with a state-of-the-art mesoscale model to determine the sensitivity of the fluxes and condensation to a variety of background atmospheric conditions and land-surface wetness distributions. We use similarity theory to determine the dependence of the mesoscale sensible heat and moisture fluxes on the parameters relevant to the problem, and we create parameterized vertical flux profiles by fitting with Chebyshev polynomials. The parameterized fluxes are tested against an independent, three-dimensional (3-D) simulation of mesoscale development over a heterogeneous landscape, and general good agreement is found. We propose an empirical form for domain-averaged condensation on the basis of a linear relationship with parameterized mesoscale moisture flux and also demonstrate a reasonable agreement with the results from the 3-D simulation. The methodology of this study, i.e., the use of a numerical model in the preliminary stages of parameterization development, is advantageous for situations where the necessary observational data set is nonexistent. The use of model simulations to fully explore the parameter space of this type of problem should then lead to observational campaigns that focus on only those key processes and variables which are relevant for the further refinement of a given parameterization.
Effect of Sodium Chloride on Hatching Rate on Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Embryos

Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, eggs were hatched statically in 0, 2, 4, or 6 ppt salinity. Hatching rate was highest (P < 0.05) in 4 ppt treatments, 60%–82%. Hatching rate was 17%–52%, 46%–75%, and 32%–47% for 0, 2, and 6 ppt treatments, respectively. The high salt levels had adverse post-hatch effects as fry in the 4 and 6 ppt treatments had heavy post-hatch mortality and difficulty absorbing their yolk sac. The 0 ppt treatment experienced fungal infection, but no fungal growth was observed for the other treatments. Embryo mortality was observed between 24–48 hpf in the 6 ppt treatment, a time frame that may coincide with a developmental stage of the embryo that is sensitive to high salt concentrations as well as to other chemical treatments used to treat egg diseases. Developmental rate slowed with increasing salinity. The 2 ppt treatment appears to be the best treatment considering the post-hatch mortality in the 4 ppt treatment. Salinity levels between 2 and 4 ppt should be evaluated as well as...
Validation of family history of breast cancer and identification of the BRCA1 and other syndromes using a population‐based cancer registry

A major risk factor for breast cancer is family history of the disease in first-degree relatives. This study evaluates the validity of family history information on breast cancer in mothers and sisters of breast cancer probands from the cancer registry (CR) compared to personal interviews (PI) of 359 consecutive population-based cases of breast cancer. Breast cancer is seen in mothers of 14% of probands by CR compared to 12% by PI. Further, 13% of probands have a sister with breast cancer using CR compared to 12% by PI. Using PI as the standard, the sensitivity of the CR family history data in mothers is 92% and the specificity is 99%, while in sisters they are 88% and 99%, respectively. These estimates were calculated on cases where family history information is available in the CR. Sensitivity and specificity are recalculated, recording an "error" whenever family history information is not available, and they are 75% and 68%, respectively, for mothers and 72% and 70%, respectively, for sisters. Estimates of proband-mother and proband-sisters familial breast cancer from CR and PI are sufficiently similar to warrant the use of CR family history data in studies of genetic epidemiology. The family phenotype consistent with the BRCA1 syndrome was found in four (1.1%) probands, all below age 50 years, while for BRCA2 there were five (1.4%) probands, three below age 50 years and two 50 years or older. Site-specific familial breast cancer was found in 23 (6.4%) probands. Population-based multiple-case breast cancer families can rapidly be identified through CR. These families can make substantial contributions to the study of genetic and environmental etiology of the disease as well as benefit from preventive and therapeutic efforts. As new knowledge and tools in molecular genetics become available, there is an urgent need for large population-based registries of families at high risk for cancer.
Prevalence of Enteric Zoonotic Agents in Cats less than 1 Year Old in Central New York State

A prevalence study of several enteric zoonotic bacterial and parasitic infections was conducted in 263 fecal samples from cats that were between 1 and 12 months old, and that were in humane shelters (n = 149) or were presented to primary-care veterinarians (n = 114). Of these samples, 2 (0.8%) were positive for Campylobacter, 2 (0.8%) were positive for Salmonella, and 10 (3.8%) were positive for Cryptosporidium, confirming that these zoonotic agents are relatively rare in cats. Toxocara cati (33.0%) and Giardia (7.3%) were found more commonly. At least 1 zoonotic agent was detected in 105 samples (40.7%). Our results suggest that clinical signs such as diarrhea are not reliable predictors of whether a cat is actively shedding enteric organisms. Therefore, the decision to test a newly adopted cat should be based on the potential risks to the client rather than on the cat's clinical presentation. The high prevalence of T. cati confirms that comprehensive testing or treatment for ascarids is warranted in newly adopted kittens.
Assessing the true cost of landfills

The most common means for disposing of municipal solid waste is burial in a sanitary landfill. However, many landfill owners significantly underestimate the total cost of landfill disposal by considering only land and operating costs, ignoring external physical and social costs associated with landfills. This paper proposes an approach to estimating (in monetary terms) the external costs arising from the development and operation of a landfill. All cost information is based on typical U.S. landfill cost structures. The approach is illustrated by applying it to a case study of a proposed landfill in Durham, North Carolina (U.S.A.). This case study demonstrates that the method can be applied easily and yields reasonable results.
Theory of hemeprotein reactivity.

Abstract A chemical theory of hemeprotein reactivity is presented. It is based upon recent chemical and spectroscopic studies of metalloporphyrins and hemeproteins and upon the established X-ray structures of the iron (III) complexes of hemoglobin, myoglobin and cytochrome c. The theory, in simplest form, can be formulated as a set of three interrelated statements: (i) the reactivity of hemeproteins is determined primarily by the inherent chemical capacities of iron porphyrins; (ii) the inherent chemical capacities of iron porphyrins are modulated by the protein in two ways; (a) by controlling the axial ligands on iron and their accessibility to substitution and (b) by providing a tertiary matrix (protein conformation) in which the porphyrin periphery is “blocked” or “exposed”; (iii) the nature of biological electron transfer in hemeproteins is a peripheral “outer sphere” process. Two corollaries are: (i) a dissociative electron transfer reaction does not ensue in a high field complex of a low valent transition metal to a high field ligand; (ii) ubiquinone can function as an electron transfer agent at the cellular level. The congruence of the theory with the current state of knowledge is presented and some general predictions of hemeprotein reactivity are made.
Superantigens induce IL-17 production from polarized Th1 clones.

Differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells has been considered to be an irreversible event and, in particular, the plasticity is believed to be completely lost in Th1 subset in vitro after multiple stimulations. However, here we demonstrate that highly polarized myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)- and herpes simples virus-specific Th1 clones were still capable of producing IL-17 upon superantigen stimulation. Anti-MHC class-II and anti-TCR αβ chains partially blocked superantigen-induced IL-17 production. These findings suggest that fully differentiated Th1 cells still have capability to produce cytokines of other Th subsets and production of IL-17 by MOG-specific Th1 cells may have implication in initiation and/or exacerbation of neurological autoimmune diseases.
Math and Science Social Cognitive Variables in College Students: Contributions of Contextual Factors in Predicting Goals

This study investigated the influence of two contextual factors, parental involvement and perceived career barriers, on math/science goals. Using social cognitive career theory (SCCT; Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994), a path model was tested to investigate hypothesized relationships between math- and science-related efficacy beliefs (i.e., task and coping) and perceived career barriers to math/science interests and goals in a sample of 227 undergraduates. Overall fit indices supported a model for the direct contribution of parental involvement largely to outcome expectations and moderately to math/science task self-efficacy and perceived barriers. Parental involvement directly and indirectly predicted goals through its strong relationship with outcome expectations. Outcome expectations and interests directly predicted goal intentions. Evidence supported coping efficacy as a mediator of the relationship between perceived career barriers and goals. Future research directions and practice implications are discu...
Viscoelastic deformation for a clustered earthquake cycle

[1] The clustering of earthquakes in time on the same fault affects the rate and pattern of interseismic deformation. We develop a simple analytic viscoelastic model of the surface velocity field through a clustered earthquake cycle by superposing the velocities of individual earthquake cycles of constant period but varying phase. Velocity profiles prior to and after an earthquake show a wider range of behavior than they do for earthquake cycles with constant repeat times. These new types of behavior provide possible explanations for discrepancies between geologic estimates of long-term fault slip rates and slip rate estimates from geodetic data.
Diversity of Neuronal Inhibition: A Path to Novel Treatments for Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Benzodiazepines have been used for more than half a century for their anxiolytic, hypnotic, anticonvulsant and myorelaxant properties. Benzodiazepines act as positive allosteric modulators of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type-A receptor (GABAAR), amplifying inhibitory neurotransmission. While the use of benzodiazepines provides rapid and effective symptom relief, their use as therapeutic agents has declined over the years due to their unfavorable side-effect profile, e.g. sedation when used for daytime anxiolysis, falls related to muscle relaxation and ataxia, development of tolerance, and sometimes dependence after long-term use. While clinically used benzodiazepines modulate several GABAAR subtypes non-selectively, research over the last 25 years has helped to identify and functionally characterize individual GABAAR subunits and subtypes. In this Viewpoint, we provide a synopsis1 of the research on the role of GABAARs in neuropsychiatric disorders and their treatment, with consideration of targeting individual GABAAR subtypes to achieve novel pharmacological profiles.
Characterisation and expression of a PP1 serine/threonine protein phosphatase (PfPP1) from the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum: demonstration of its essential role using RNA interference

Background: Reversible protein phosphorylation is relatively unexplored in the intracellular protozoa of the Apicomplexa family that includes the genus Plasmodium, to which belong the causative agents of malaria. Members of the PP1 family represent the most highly conserved protein phosphatase sequences in phylogeny and play essential regulatory roles in various cellular pathways. Previous evidence suggested a PP1-like activity in Plasmodium falciparum, not yet identified at the molecular level. Results: We have identified a PP1 catalytic subunit from P. falciparum and named it PfPP1. The predicted primary structure of the 304-amino acid long protein was highly similar to PP1 sequences of other species, and showed conservation of all the signature motifs. The purified recombinant protein exhibited potent phosphatase activity in vitro. Its sensitivity to specific phosphatase inhibitors was characteristic of the PP1 class. The authenticity of the PfPP1 cDNA was further confirmed by mutational analysis of strategic amino acid residues important in catalysis. The protein was expressed in all erythrocytic stages of the parasite. Abrogation of PP1 expression by synthetic short interfering RNA (siRNA) led to inhibition of parasite DNA synthesis. Conclusions: The high sequence similarity of PfPP1 with other PP1 members suggests conservation of function. Phenotypic gene knockdown studies using siRNA confirmed its essential role in the parasite. Detailed studies of PfPP1 and its regulation may unravel the role of reversible protein phosphorylation in the signalling pathways of the parasite, including glucose metabolism and parasitic cell division. The use of siRNA could be an important tool in the functional analysis of Apicomplexan genes.
We need a building code for building code

A proposal for a framework for code requirements addressing primary sources of vulnerabilities for building systems.
On Agency, Freedom, and the Boundaries of Slavery Studies

On Agency, Freedom, and the Boundaries of Slavery Studies Jessica Millward Labour / Le Travail, Issue 71, Spring 2013, pp. 193-201 (Article) Published by The Canadian Committee on Labour History DOI: 10.1353/llt.2013.0021 For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/llt/summary/v071/71.millward.html Access provided by University of California @ Irvine (21 Jun 2013 15:43 GMT)
Effect of Cocoa Butter Structure on Oil Migration

: Oil migration from a high oil content filling into adjacent chocolate causes changes in product quality. The objective of this study was to quantify the oil migration from a cream filling system into cocoa butter, which provided a model for the behavior of chocolate-enrobed confectionery products with a soft, creamy center. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to monitor spatial and temporal changes of liquid lipid content. A multislice spin echo pulse sequence was used to acquire images with a 7.8 ms echo time and a 200 ms repetition time using a 1.03 T Aspect Imaging MRI spectrometer. Samples were prepared as a 2-layer model system of cocoa butter and model cream filling. Three methods were used to prepare the cocoa butter: static, seeded, and sheared. Samples were stored at 25 °C for a time frame of 56 d. The rate of oil migration was quantified by a kinetic expression based on the linear dependence of oil uptake by cocoa butter and the square root of the time. Samples showed distinctly different rates of oil migration, as evidenced by quantitative differences in the kinetic rate constant. Practical Application: This work will be helpful to elucidate the influence of crystallization process and structural properties such as crystal nanostructure and crystal habit on the migration of oil through a crystalline fat matrix.
Genetic Basis for Differential Activities of Fluconazole and Voriconazole against Candida krusei

Invasive infections caused by Candida krusei are a significant concern because this organism is intrinsically resistant to fluconazole. Voriconazole is more active than fluconazole against C. krusei in vitro. One mechanism of fluconazole resistance in C. krusei is diminished sensitivity of the target enzyme, cytochrome P450 sterol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51), to inhibition by this drug. We investigated the interactions of fluconazole and voriconazole with the CYP51s of C. krusei (ckCYP51) and fluconazole-susceptible Candida albicans (caCYP51). We found that voriconazole was a more potent inhibitor of both ckCYP51 and caCYP51 in cell extracts than was fluconazole. Also, the ckCYP51 was less sensitive to inhibition by both drugs than was caCYP51. These results were confirmed by expressing the CYP51 genes from C. krusei and C. albicans in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and determining the susceptibility of the transformants to voriconazole and fluconazole. We constructed homology models of the CYP51s of C. albicans and C. krusei based on the crystal structure of CYP51 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These models predicted that voriconazole is a more potent inhibitor of both caCYP51 and ckCYP51 than is fluconazole, because the extra methyl group of voriconazole results in a stronger hydrophobic interaction with the aromatic amino acids in the substrate binding site and more extensive filling of this site. Although there are multiple differences in the predicted amino acid sequence of caCYP51 and ckCYP51, the models of the two enzymes were quite similar and the mechanism for the relative resistance of ckCYP51 to the azoles was not apparent.
Characteristics of technical visionaries as perceived by American and British industrial physicists

Department of Business Administration, College of Business, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 350 Wohlers Hall, 1206 South 6th Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.abbieg@uiuc.eduThis research explores which characteristics most frequently appear in industrial technicalvisionaries and which are perceived as being the most important contributors to their success.Industrial technical visionaries are deﬁned as ‘technical individuals who effectively synthesizemultiple technologies and business strategy to identify new and innovative breakthroughproducts and processes’. The perceptions of a total of 418 American and British industrialphysicists were evaluated for this study to produce the ﬁrst descriptive analysis of these keyindividuals based on a large-scale investigation. The research provides a proﬁle of technicalvisionary characteristics that can be employed in identifying those with the potential forcontributing in this role.Inaddition to their recognized depth and breadthof technical expertise, technical visionariesare, ﬁrst and foremost, emotionally involved, energetic, stubborn in pursuing objectives andinterpersonally capable. They are a self-motivated driving force in a ﬁrm, not just the source oftechnical insight. These individuals’ knowledge of, and ability to navigate, the business world isperceived as more important to their success than most of their technical skills, other thantechnical depth. Finally, the traits associated with technical visionaries’ ‘idealist’ nature areperceived as important, indicating that this characteristic should not be overlooked as deﬁningwho these individuals are.
Pleistocene Glaciation, Bridgeport Basin, California

Bridgeport Basin, east of the Sierra Nevada in central California, contains deposits of the following Pleistocene glaciations, youngest to oldest: Tioga, Tenaya, Tahoe, Mono Basin, and Sherwin (?). Some evidence also suggests an advance between the Mono Basin and Sherwin(?). With respect to the last major interglacial, the first three glaciations are younger, position of the Mono Basin is debatable, and the others are older. The following conclusions have been drawn. (1) Within Bridgeport Basin, Sherwin(?) glaciers were the most extensive. (2) Since Sherwin(?) time, warping and erosion have caused significant topographic changes in the piedmont area at the east Sierra foot. (3) Bridgeport Valley has been warped down relative to the range front and northward tilting of the piedmont has reversed a stream formerly flowing south into Mono Basin. (4) A gravel filling of Bridgeport Valley occurred to a depth of at least 250 ft (75 m), and locally twice that amount, at about the same time as the Sherwin(?) glaciation. Most of this fill is believed to have been warped down and covered by modern alluvium. (5) Gravels, at least 500 ft (150 m) thick, were also deposited in nearby Huntoon Valley in Sherwin(?) time, at least in part, because of meltwater overflow from a large pool of glacier ice occupying West Walker River. (6) Eastward flow of ice out of Robinson Creek during Mono Basin time built a moraine that escaped burial by the subsequent more extensive Tahoe glacier that flowed north along the present course of Robinson Creek. This fortuitous circumstance facilitates recognition of the Mono Basin glaciation. (7) Ice from Robinson Creek also flowed eastward through the Summers Meadows trough in Sherwin(?) time and probably also within the interval between the Sherwin(?) and Mono Basin glaciations. (8) The Tahoe glaciers of Robinson and Buckeye Creeks coalesced to form a piedmont bulb. (9) Qualitative relations and semiquantitative data indicate that the Tenaya is a valid and distinct glaciation between Tahoe and Tioga, although the small moraines suggest that it was a relatively short-lived event. (10) The size and spacing of recessional moraines demonstrate a reasonably consistent but not identical behavior of Tioga ice streams in the four principal canyons of Bridgeport Basin.
Exploring the effect of grid impedance on the large signal stability of an inverter using Lyapunov functions

This paper investigates the large signal stability of a DC to AC inverter using a Lure-type Lyapunov function. The Lyapunov function is systematically calculated for an inverter modeled as an electrostatic machine. The calculated Lyapunov function takes into account the impedance between the inverter and the grid. The stability of the inverter was studied under three scenarios: purely inductive, slightly resistive and purely resistive grid impedance. Simulation results show that the grid impedance has a pronounced effect on the large signal stability of inverters.
Sensitivity analysis of the two-thickness and two-layer methods for material parameter extraction using a single waveguide probe

A full-wave solution for material parameter extraction which uses two independent measurements is presented. When the addition of random noise on the measurements is considered, the estimates of the propagation of those errors greatly reduces the confidence in the two-layer results. Future work shall investigate the two-layer method using different thicknesses and types of material for the top layer.
Magnetic Reversal Mechanisms in Spin Valves with Pico-Scale Antiferromagnetic Layers

Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) studies at 5K have verified the presence of exchange bias in spin valves with AFM layers as thin at 0.4 nm. To probe the stability of such systems at these threshold values, a comparable spin valve with AFM thickness 0.4 nm is studied using polarized neutron reflectometry (PNR) and GMR techniques.
The Student Is Not the Customer- An Alternative Perspective

ABSTRACT This paper investigates some of the reasons that institutions of higher education should NOT regard the student as the customer. It is proposed that differences between profit-seeking enterprises and colleges and universities preclude the customer-focus from being an entirely useful one. In fact, the student-as-a-customer paradigm may cause institutions to concentrate on short-term, narrow student satisfaction, rather than meeting the long-term needs of an entire range of stakeholders. An alternative paradigm, the student as collaborative partner, is proposed and its potential benefits are examined.
Adaptive modulation using long range prediction for flat Rayleigh fading channels

We theoretically analyze the statistical behavior of prediction errors generated by our previously proposed (Duel-Hallen et al. 2000) long range prediction algorithm, and investigate adaptive modulation design using predicted channel state information (CSI). Both numerical and simulation results show that accurate prediction of the fading channel far ahead makes adaptive transmission feasible for rapidly time-varying mobile radio channels.
The effect of mermithid parasitism on predation of nymphal Baetis bicaudatus (Ephemeroptera) by invertebrates.

We investigated how infection by the me- rmithid nematode Gasteromermis sp. aected predation on its nymphal mayfly host, Baetis bicaudatus, by two invertebrate predators - the stonefly nymphs of Kogotus modestus and the caddisfly larvae of Rhyacophila hyali- nata. Predation trials and behavioral observations were conducted in stream-side, flow-through experimental chambers. When parasitized and unparasitized prey were oered in equal numbers, K. modestus consumed significantly more parasitized than unparasitized nymphs. R. hyalinata consumed equal numbers of both prey types. Behavioral observations of foraging K. modestus on parasitized and unparasitized prey sug- gested that the increased consumption of parasitized nymphs was due to dierences in the behavior of in- fected mayflies in response to the predator. Specifically, parasitized nymphs drifted less often to escape an ap- proaching predator (non-contact encounters) compared to unparasitized nymphs, which increased the number of contact encounters and attacks that occurred between K. modestus and parasitized prey. Because all hosts are castrated, these behavioral alterations aect only the fitness of the parasite, which is killed along with its host by invertebrate predation. We present a number of hy- potheses to explain why the parasite causes increased predation on its host. These include the large size of the parasite aecting the sensory abilities of the host, the larger energetic costs of escape behavior for parasitized individuals, and natural selection from fish predation against drifting behavior by parasitized individuals.
An Analysis of I/O And Syscalls In Critical Sections And Their Implications For Transactional Memory

Transactional memory (TM) is a scalable and concurrent way to build atomic sections. One aspect of TM that remains unclear is how side-effecting operations - that is, those which cannot be transparently undone by a TM system - should be handled. This uncertainty poses a significant barrier to the general applicability and acceptance of TM. Further, the absence of transactional workloads makes it difficult to study this aspect In this paper, we characterize the usage of I/O, and in particular system calls, within critical sections in two large applications, exploring both the actions performed and the characteristics of the critical sections in which they are performed. Shared memory programs employing critical sections are the closest approximation available to transactional workloads, so using this characterization, we attempt to reason about how the behavior we observed relates to the previous proposals for handling side-effecting operations within transactions. We find that the large majority of syscalls performed within critical sections can be handled with a range of existing techniques in a way transparent to the application developer. We also find that while side-effecting critical sections are rare, they tend to be quite long-lasting, and that many of these critical sections perform their first syscall (and thus become side-effecting) relatively early in their execution. Finally, we show that while these long-lived, side-effecting critical sections tend to execute concurrently with many critical sections on other threads, we observe little concurrency between side-effecting critical sections.
The Historical Context of Addiction in the Nursing Profession: 1850-1982.

Intertwined in the history of substance abuse in the United States is the history of addiction in the nursing profession. This historical research explores the context of addiction in the nursing profession with reference to social, medical, political, and legal events from 1850 until the American Nurses' Association officially acknowledged addiction in the nursing profession in 1982 with guidelines for the impaired nurse. Prior to these guidelines colleagues looked the other way hoping the nurse would solve the problem by herself or if not, just leave. If caught, punitive action was taken. Nurses lost their licenses, their source of income (meaning no resources for rehabilitation treatment), and often went to jail.
Characterization of a Nerve Growth Factor-Inducible Cellular Activity That Enhances Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Gene Expression and Replication of an ICP0 Null Mutant in Cells of Neural Lineage

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) ICP0 is required for efficient viral gene expression during lytic infection, especially at low multiplicities. A series of cellular activities that can substitute for ICP0 has been identified, suggesting that when the activity of ICP0 is limiting, these activities can substitute for ICP0 to activate viral gene expression. The cellular activities may be especially important during reactivation of HSV from neuronal latency when viral gene expression is initiated in the absence of prior viral protein synthesis. Consistent with this hypothesis, we have identified an inducible activity in cells of neural lineage (PC12) that can complement the low-multiplicity growth phenotype of an ICP0 null mutant, n212. Pretreatment of PC12 cells with nerve growth factor (NGF) or fibroblast growth factor (FGF) prior to infection produced a 10- to 20-fold increase in the 24-h yield of n212 but only a 2- to 4-fold increase in the yield of wild-type virus relative to mock treatment. Slot blot analysis of nuclear DNA isolated from infected cells treated or mock treated with NGF indicated that NGF treatment does not significantly affect viral entry. The NGF-induced activity in PC12 cells was expressed transiently, with peak complementing activity observed when cells were treated with NGF 12 h prior to infection. Addition of NGF 3 h after infection had little effect on virus yield. The NGF-induced cellular activity was inhibited by pretreatment of PC12 cells with kinase inhibitors that have high specificity for kinases involved in NGF/FGF-dependent signal transduction. RNase protection assays demonstrated that the NGF-inducible PC12 cell activity, like that of ICP0, functions to increase the level of viral mRNA during low-multiplicity infection. These results suggest that activation of viral transcription by ICP0 and transcriptional activation of cellular genes by NGF and FGF utilize common signal transduction pathways in PC12 cells.
Kant, Rhetoric, and the Challenges of Freedom

Kant clearly valued freedom in his moral philosophy, but he also seemed to distance the moral realm from the activities of rhetoric. This article challenges the long-standing concept of Kant as anti-rhetoric, complicating the view that rhetoric had no place in Kant’s philosophy. After examining the centrality of freedom as autonomy in Kant’s moral and political philosophy, this article carefully dissects Kant’s pronouncements on rhetoric in his various works. The conclusion reached is that Kant advances a bifurcated notion of rhetoric, with some uses of communicative means being characterized by freedom-restricting features and other employments foregrounding autonomy-enhancing aspects. This latter sense of communication is what can be identified as Kant’s educative rhetoric given its focus on preserving and promoting the freedom of both rhetor and audience.
Animal Husbandry Energy Conservation

Certainly the most criticized farm operation in terms of energy input versus output is livestock production. The efficiency of crop production is on the order of about 1 % of the incident solar radiation; an additional 10-fold reduction of energy occurs when crops are fed to livestock. Critics feel it would be more energy efficient to feed crops directly to humans. Livestock producers and many meat consumers feel otherwise. An examination of the facts may help to put the issue into perspective.
New Graduates A Precious Critical Care Resource

The shortage of nurses is here, and the complexity of the issues involved will take time to resolve. Undoubtedly, this process will be slow and frustrating. Critically ill patients who require intensive, highly skilled nursing care are among those most affected by the shortage of nurses. Nursing service, in partnership with nursing education, should create innovative strategies that will ultimately alleviate the shortage of nurses. What we have to gain is more precious resources, our new graduates filling all the chairs in future summer critical care orientation classes.
Dental School Vacant Budgeted Faculty Positions, Academic Years 2005–06 and 2006–07

The annual turnover of dental school faculty creates a varying number of vacant budgeted positions at any given time. The American Dental Education Association (ADEA) conducts an annual survey to determine the status and characteristics of these vacant faculty positions. In addition, ADEA conducts an annual survey of dental educators to maintain a database on the size and characteristics of dental school faculty, including data on the distribution of full-time, part-time, and volunteer faculty, reasons for faculty separations, and sources of new faculty. The number of vacant budgeted faculty positions within U.S. dental schools increased throughout the 1990s, with a peak of 358 positions in 2000. Following this peak, the number of vacancies declined, falling to 275 in 2004-05. Since that time, there has been a rapid increase in the number of estimated vacancies, reaching 417 in 2005-06, then falling slightly to 406 in 2006-07. The 2005-06 and 2006-07 faculty vacancies surveys explore these increases, along with information relevant to trends in the faculty workforce, factors influencing faculty vacancies, and the impact of vacant positions on dental schools.
Motion Noise Cancelation in Heartbeat Sensing using Accelerometer and Adaptive Filter

This letter focuses on suppressing the motion artifact of wrist photoplethysmographic heart rate signals using an accelerometer based adaptive filter. Monitoring of the heart signal can offer important insights with regard to health and wellness. The objective of the experiment conducted here is to recover the distorted signal resulting from body movement while measuring the heart rate signal noninvasively from the wrist. The class of filters, known as adaptive filters, that can extract meaningful information from the distorted signal, used predetermined initial conditions to equalize the signal distortion due to motion. Adaptive filters of least mean-square (LMS), Kalman filter, and recursive least-squares (RLS) were used in this study to recover the distorted heart rate signal. This study also presented a comparison on utilized filters that can be used for recovering of the heart rate signal.
Evaluation of pharmacy resident alertness in an overnight on-call program

PURPOSE: Results of a study to determine the impact of overnight on-call duty on pharmacy residents' alertness are presented. METHODS: A prospective single-site observational study was conducted to evaluate sleep patterns and alertness levels among pharmacy residents serving 24-hour on-call duty assignments at a large hospital. The study participants (n = 10) wore a wrist actigraph to allow continuous tracking of rest-activity patterns; in addition, study participants completed a validated three-minute psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) during designated time periods around the beginning and the end of each duty shift and several hours after the shift ended. Study participants also documented sleep quality and quantity in a sleep log and self-rated their level of alertness using the Karolinska sleepiness scale (KSS). RESULTS: Assessments were conducted for a total of 31 on-call duty shifts over one month. Paired comparisons of PVT data obtained at the three assessment periods indicated that on-call duty was not associated with significant changes in PVT performance measures (mean response speed and number of attention lapses). On average, on-call residents rated the quality of sleep during duty assignments as 5 on a 10-point Likert scale. CONCLUSION: On-call residents slept for a mean of six hours during overnight duty shifts, with half of the residents reporting sleep interruptions (a mean of 1.73 per shift). PVT results and KSS values indicated no overall decline in resident alertness during the study period. Language: en
General Methods of Kinetic Model Reduction

Abstract Two novel approaches to simplification of a kinetic mechanism are presented. The first combines macroscopic reactor balances with linear variable selection techniques from the statistics literature. The second approach formulates the network reduction problem as a combinatorial optimization problem that is solved using genetic algorithms. Both approaches are tested for an 18 reaction, 10 species network in a batch reactor. Results are compared with global solutions found using complete enumeration.
Septic Arthritis of the Ankle Caused by Group-B Streptococci Following Blunt Trauma: A Case Report.

Case: A healthy young adult underwent irrigation and debridement after experiencing minimal blunt trauma involving the ankle. Culture of synovial fluid demonstrated growth of group-B streptococci. Magnetic resonance imaging of the joint at three months of follow-up demonstrated synovitis without signs of osteomyelitis. At one year of follow-up, the patient reported resolution of pain and return of range of motion to normal baseline. Conclusion: Septic arthritis of the ankle can lead to joint destruction if not immediately diagnosed and treated. Empiric antimicrobial therapy should be administered while awaiting bacterial identification on the basis of culture of synovial fluid. Group-B streptococci are a more common cause of septic arthritis in the pediatric and peripartum populations; however, hematogenous spread can translocate these bacteria from the genitourinary tract to joints in all age groups.
Design Equations for Bod Removal in Facultative Ponds

Facultative pond performance data collected for the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) at four locations throughout the USA and data collected by others were used to evaluate the most frequently used design equations and to develop non-linear design equations. Empirical models were evaluated as well as the classical plug flow and complete mix models. The first order plug flow model gave the best fit of all the rational models. The empirical non-linear models did not fit the data, nor did the other empirical models with the exception being the areal loading and removal model. Attempts to verify the models developed with the USEPA data using data collected by others were not successful with the exception of the areal loading and removal model.