cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Old fashion clinical judgment in the era of protocols: is mandatory chest X-ray necessary in injured patients?

Background: The ATLS® Course advocates that injured patients have a chest x-ray (CXR) to identify potential injuries. The purpose of this study was to correlate clinical indications and clinician judgment with CXR results to ascertain if a selective policy would be beneficial. Methods: Patients treated at a Level I trauma center over 12 months were prospectively evaluated. Before obtaining a CXR, signs, symptoms, and history suggestive of thoracic injury were identified. Additionally, a trauma surgeon (TS) recorded whether in their judgment a CXR was clinically indicated. These findings were compared with final CXR diagnoses. The sensitivity of individual clinical indicators, combinations of clinical indicators, and TS judgment for CXR abnormalities were calculated with a 95% confidence interval. Results: During the twelve-month study period, data were acquired on 772 patients (age 0-102 years). Seventy percent were male and 86.0% were injured by blunt force. Only 29% (N = 222) of the patients manifested one or more of the clinical indicators (signs and symptoms). The negative predictive value for the TS judgment was 98.2% which was superior to the clinical indicators. Reliance on the opinion of the TS to determine the need for a CXR would have eliminated 49.9% of CXRs and avoided hospital and radiologist reading charges totaling $100,078.22. Conclusion: Mandatory CXR for all trauma patients has a low yield for abnormal findings. A selective policy relying on surgical judgment guided by clinical indicators is safe and efficacious while reducing cost and conserving resources.
A matrix-free preconditioned Newton/GMRES method for unsteady Navier-Stokes solutions

The unsteady compressible Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations are discretized using the Osher approximate Riemann solver with fully implicit time stepping. The resulting non-linear system at each time step is solved iteratively using a Newton/GMRES method. In the solution process, the Jacobian matrix–vector products are replaced by directional derivatives so that the evaluation and storage of the Jacobian matrix is removed from the procedure. An effective matrix-free preconditioner is proposed to fully avoid matrix storage. Convergence rates, computational costs and computer memory requirements of the present method are compared with those of a matrix Newton/GMRES method, a four stage Runge–Kutta explicit method, and an approximate factorization sub-iteration method. Effects of convergence tolerances for the GMRES linear solver on the convergence and the efficiency of the Newton iteration for the non-linear system at each time step are analysed for both matrix-free and matrix methods. Differences in the performance of the matrix-free method for laminar and turbulent flows are highlighted and analysed. Unsteady turbulent Navier–Stokes solutions of pitching and combined translation–pitching aerofoil oscillations are presented for unsteady shock-induced separation problems associated with the rotor blade flows of forward flying helicopters. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attitudes versus actions: Lapiere's (1934) classic study revisited

LaPiere’s (1934) seminal research into the attitude-behavior relationship has been commonly misinterpreted as pointing to a discrepancy between attitudes and behavior. In fact, the actual discrepancy uncovered was between true attitudes – the tendency to act in a certain way – and that which is measured by an attitude questionnaire. LaPiere’s primary concern was to point out the danger of assuming that questionnaire-assessed “attitudes” lead to actual behavior in specific situations. In the present paper we theoretically and methodologically critique LaPiere’s classic study.
IPO Market Timing

I develop a model of information spillovers in initial public offerings (IPOs). The outcomes of pioneers' IPOs reflect participating investors' private information on common valuation factors. This makes the pricing of subsequent issues relatively easier and attracts more firms to the IPO market. I show that IPO market timing by the followers emerges as an equilibrium clustering pattern. High offer price realizations for pioneers' IPOs better reflect investors' private information and trigger a larger number of subsequent IPOs than low offer price realizations do. This asymmetry in the spillover effect is more pronounced early on in a hot market. The model provides an explanation for recent empirical findings that illustrate the high sensitivity of going public decision to IPO market conditions. Copyright 2005, Oxford University Press.
The α-Amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate Receptor Trafficking Regulator “Stargazin” Is Related to the Claudin Family of Proteins by Its Ability to Mediate Cell-Cell Adhesion

Mutations in the Cacng2 gene encoding the neuronal transmembrane protein stargazin result in recessively inherited epilepsy and ataxia in "stargazer" mice. Functional studies suggest a dual role for stargazin, both as a modulatory gamma subunit for voltage-dependent calcium channels and as a regulator of post-synaptic membrane targeting for alpha-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrate that stargazin can bind proteins of either complex in vivo, but it remains unclear whether it can associate with both complexes simultaneously. Cacng2 is one of eight closely related genes (Cacng1-8) encoding proteins with four transmembrane segments, cytoplasmic termini, and molecular masses between 25 and 44 kDa. This group of Cacng genes constitutes only one branch of a larger monophyletic assembly dominated by over 20 genes encoding proteins known as claudins. Claudins regulate cell adhesion and paracellular permeability as fundamental components of non-neuronal tight junctions. Because stargazin is structurally similar to claudins, we hypothesized that it might also have retained claudin-like functions inherited from a common ancestor. Here, we report that expression of stargazin in mouse L-fibroblasts results in cell aggregation comparable with that produced by claudins, and present evidence that the interaction is heterotypic and calcium dependent. The data suggest that the cell adhesion function of stargazin preceded its current role in neurons as a regulator of either voltage-dependent calcium channels or AMPA receptors. We speculate these complexes may have co-opted the established presence of stargazin at sites of close cell-cell contact to facilitate their own evolving intercellular signaling functions.
Does it matter whether or not a lipid-lowering agent inhibits Rho kinase?

Lipid-lowering agents, such as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors, also known as statins, have been shown to reduce cardiovascular events. However, evidence from recent clinical trials suggests that some of the beneficial effects of statins may be unrelated to changes in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In animal studies, many of the cholesterol-independent or “pleiotropic” effects of statins are mediated by inhibition of Rho kinase (ROCK). Indeed, ROCK has been implicated in the regulation of vascular tone, proliferation, inflammation, and oxidative stress. To what extent ROCK activity is inhibited in patients on lipid-lowering therapy, and in particular on statins, is not known, but it may have important clinical and therapeutic implications. This review attempts to make the case that, in addition to lipid lowering, inhibition of ROCK contributes to some of the benefits of statin therapy in patients with cardiovascular disease.
Fluid City, Solid State: Urban Environmental Territory in a State of Emergency, Kathmandu

This paper addresses the relationship between contemporary territorial processes of statemaking and the fluidity associated with globalizing cities. Focused on the remaking of urban environmental space during a period of political emergency in Kathmandu, the paper examines how state power was sustained and articulated through the production of urban environmental forms, and shows how particular modes of violence and governance were enabled in urban environmental territory. Through an analysis of beautification initiatives undertaken in concert with preparations for a major regional trade conference, I argue that urban environmental productions are critical for understanding the semiotics, multiple scales, and materialities of statemaking in twenty-first century cities.
Space charge and oscillation effects in gold-doped silicon p-‘i’-n diodes☆

Abstract Properties of Au-doped Si p-‘i’-n diodes in the region of the I–V characteristics preceding the usual double injection negative resistance have been examined. At lowest applied voltages the I–V characteristic obeys Ohm's law. With the voltage increased to the point where the time required for electrons to cross the ‘i’ region becomes comparable to the electron lifetime, the I–V characteristic in many cases deviates from Ohm's law to a cubic dependence of the current on the applied voltage. This region is described by a modification of a known theory of electron-hole space-charge-limited emission. As the applied voltage is increased further, a point is reached in the I–V characteristic where the current both deviates from a cubic dependence on applied voltage and develops an oscillatory component which can vary in frequency from about 5 to greater than 100 MHz. These oscillations occur in a positive resistance region of the I–V characteristic.
Do ability-performance relationships differentiate age and practice effects in visual search?

Relationships between abilities and performance in visual search were investigated for young and old adults. Ss received extensive practice on category search task. A consistent version allowed development of an automatic attention response; a varied version allowed general performance improvements. Transfer conditions assessed learning. General ability, induction, semantic knowledge, working memory, perceptual speed, semantic memory access, and psychomotor speed were assessed. LISREL models revealed that general ability and semantic memory access predicted initial performance for both ages. Improvements on both the consistent and varied tasks were predicted by perceptual speed. Ability-performance relationships indexed performance changes but were not predictive of learning (i.e., automatic process vs. general efficiency). Qualitative differences in the ability-transfer models suggest age differences in learning.
Large diameter tunneling in a soft clay shale - A case history of the San Antonio flood control tunnels

Abstract Highly developed areas of San Antonio, Tx are protected from flooding by two tunnels that divert flood waters deep beneath the city. The San Antonio River Tunnel is approximately 4.97 km (3.1 mi) in length. The San Pedro Creek Tunnel is approximately 1.78 km (1.2 mi) in length. Both tunnels have 7.4 m (24 ft-4 in.) inside diameters with 30.5-cm (12-in.) thick precast concrete segments. The tunnels were excavated by a shielded tunnel boring machine (TBM). Fallout above and in front of the TBM necessitated a change in the mining to a top heading through about 610 m (2000 ft) of blocky ground in the San Antonio River Tunnel.
Leucoisoprenochrome-o-semiquinone formation in freshly isolated adult rat cardiomyocytes.

Sustained high levels of circulating catecholamines can lead to cardiotoxicity. There is increasing evidence that this process may result from metal-catalyzed catecholamine oxidation into semiquinones, quinones, and aminochromes. We have previously shown that Cu2+-induced oxidation of isoproterenol into isoprenochrome induces toxic effects in isolated cardiomyocytes. The aim of this study was to characterize the isoproterenol oxidation process and to locate the formation of semiquinone radicals in cardiomyocyte suspensions. Freshly isolated rat cardiomyocytes were incubated with 1 or 10 mM isoproterenol and 20 μM Cu2+ for 4 h. The formation of an isoproterenol oxidation radical was detected in the extracellular medium, cells, membranes, and heavy organelles by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. An electron spin resonance signal assigned to leucoisoprenochrome-o-semiquinone increased in a time-dependent manner in the extracellular medium. A second electron spin resonance signal, characteristic of an imm...
Phosphate transients in photosynthesis.

Abstract The concentrations of plant metabolites change when the plant is suddenly placed in light or dark. The time courses of such changes in compounds which have been isolated by paper chromatography from P32-labeled Scenedesmus have been followed for the following compounds: phosphoglyceric acid, phosphopyruvic acid, glucose phosphate, ribulose diphosphate, inorganic phosphate, and adenosine di- and triphosphates. The observations are explained in terms of the behavior of a model system.
Tillering, nutrient accumulation, and yield of winter wheat as influenced by nitrogen form

Abstract When grown with mixtures of nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3‐N) and ammonium‐nitrogen (NH4‐N) (mixed N) spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants develop higher order tillers and produce more grain than when grown with only NO3. Because similar work is lacking for winter wheat, the objective of this study was to examine the effect of N form on tillering, nutrient acquisition, partitioning, and yield of winter wheat. Plants of three cultivars were grown to maturity hydroponically with nutrient solutions containing N as either all NO3, all NH4, or an equal mixture of both forms. At maturity, plants were harvested; separated into shoots, roots, and grain; and each part analyzed for dry matter and chemical composition. While the three cultivars varied in all parameters, mixed N plants always produced more tillers (by a range of 16 to 35%), accumulated more N (28 to 61%), phosphorus (P) (22 to 80%), and potassium (K) (11 to 89%) and produced more grain (33 to 60%) than those grown with either form alone. Althou...
Phonological recording and use of spelling-sound rules in reading of sentences

Phonological recoding in reading may be accomplished by use of one or both of two different mechanisms—spelling-sound rules and word-specific associations. The three experiments reported focus on phonological recoding in fluent reading of meaningful sentences, and ask whether spelling-sound rules play a role in this process. The results show that effects attributed to spelling-sound rule use—effects previously found in lexical decision tasks with single words—emerge also in sentence-reading tasks. These effects include inhibition on words with similar spellings and different pronounciations and exception word/ regular word differences. It is concluded that phonological recoding and spelling-sound rule use continue to be important even for fluent readers.
Community Metabolism in Acid and Alkaline Strip-mine Lakes

Abstract Community metabolism was measured over a 24-month period by a modified diel oxygen procedure in three Missouri strip-mine lakes, one acid and two formerly acid. Water pH ranged from 3.2 to 8.1. Biotic diversity was inversely related to acidity. Maximum daily values of gross photosynthesis were similar in the lakes (7.9, 7.6 and 6.5 g O2 m-2 day-1). The highest rates of annual gross volumetric photosynthesis (586 and 682 g O2 m-3 yr-1) were found in the more nearly eutrophic alkaline lake in both 1963–64 and 1964–65. Annual areal gross photosynthetic values were variable among the lakes in 1963–64, but similar in 1964–65. Community respiration values, which were reasonably similar in the lakes, were considerably lower than in ponds and Texas coastal bays of similar photic depth. Rates of community respiration closely paralleled gross photosynthesis so that the P/R ratio of each lake fluctuated about unity. Community function in these acid and alkaline strip-mine lakes, judged by rates of photosynt...
TRANSPORTATION NETWORK OPTIMIZATION FOR THE MOVEMENT OF INDIGENOUS GOODS IN AMAZONIAN ECUADOR

This paper presents an unusual case study and a new network optimization model for transportation of agricultural products in a largely roadless region of Amazonian Ecuador. One proposed sustainable economic development strategy to help protect the biodiversity and indigenous cultures of this region is to grow and transport locally produced organic crops to markets outside the region. Transportation options include for-hire modes such as small planes that can land at grass airstrips and truck transport available from only one node. Other options include self-owned modes such as motorized canoes, which can be purchased and based at certain villages for use on a few navigable rivers. To analyze this unique logistics problem, this paper develops a hybrid mixed-integer linear programming model combining elements from cost-minimizing multimodal network flow models and location–routing models with vehicle-capacity constraints. Because of the small volumes shipped, the keys to minimizing transport costs for both for-hire and self-owned modes are the economies of scale of larger vehicles as well as high utilization of the capacity of those vehicles. The model solves for optimal modes, sizes, routes, bases, stops, and volumes, as well as location of storage and transshipment facilities. The five different scenarios demonstrate the substantial cost savings achievable with network optimization as opposed to direct routing from each community. This type of model could be adapted to help address logistics problems facing other inaccessible regions in mountainous, polar, or rainforest ecosystems.
An improved swinging-bucket ultracentrifugal filter for receptor-binding assays

Abstract An improved ultracentrifugal filter for the Beckman SW 50.1 rotor has been tested to 300,000g. The filter is 0.5 in. in diameter, accepts standard 25-mm polycarbonate filter membranes and filters 0.5 ml of solution.
Optically pumped gold nanorod plasmonic microlaser

High optical field intensities build up inside microtoroids owing to its ultra-high quality factor, making them an ideal platform for plasmonic-photonic interactions with noble metals and a suitable pump source for microlaser. In this work, a microlaser based on hybrid silica microtoroids coated with gold nanorods is theoretically modeled and experimentally demonstrated. Theoretically, we used 3-D Comsol Multiphysics and modeled the interaction between the optical mode of the microtoroids and the surface plasmonic resonance of gold nanorods, both on and off resonance. To thoroughly study the role that the polymer layer plays in the plasmonic laser system, we perform a series of finite element method simulations in which the polymer layer thickness and refractive index is varied, and its effect on the plasmonic resonance is quantified. Experimentally, we demonstrated a visible laser at 575nm from hybrid microtoroids with a 30μWthreshold and an approximately 1nm linewidth. We have also varied the gold nanorod concentration on the microtoroids surface, and studied its effect on the Quality factor and the threshold power in order to get the optimum concentration for lasing.
Similarities in weak syllable omissions between children with specific language impairment and normally developing language: a preliminary report

Abstract Two-year-olds with normally developing language (NL) and older children with specific language impairment (SLI) omit initial weak syllables from words (e.g., “ banana ”∼“ nana ” ). Previous research revealed a phonetic “trace” of syllables omitted by children with NL ( Carter, 1999 ; Carter & Gerken, submitted for publication ). The present study asked whether similar evidence could be found for omissions by children with SLI. Fourteen children with SLI produced sentences containing reduced or unreduced disyllabic proper names (e.g., “Feed_cinda,” from “Feed Lucinda” vs. “Feed Cindy”). Acoustic analyses revealed a significantly longer duration for verb-onset to name-onset of sentences containing the reduced name, indicating that although segmental material is omitted, an acoustic trace remains. In addition, a phonological examination showed similarities between groups regarding sentential and syllabic factors that affect omission rates, as well as an interesting difference that suggests different strategies the groups use in acquiring adult targets. Learning outcomes As a result of reading this article, participants should (1) have a better understanding of similarities and differences in the language production of children with specific language impairment and normally developing language, with regard to prosodic development, (2) be familiar with several models of the phenomenon of weak syllable omissions in children’s developing language, and (3) recognize the importance of using a combination of linguistic analysis types when studying issues in child language production.
Setting a new course for advanced practice community/public health nursing.

Abstract In recent years the changes in the organization and delivery of health care have created an environment that places great demands on nursing education at all levels. Determining a sound, responsive course of study in advanced practice community/public health nursing (C/PHN) is dependent on clear educational outcomes and competencies. Outcomes and competencies for C/PHN practice need to continue to be derived from the rich knowledge, experience, and research tradition with populations living in the community. However, in today’s health care environment, these outcomes and competencies also must be integrated within the context of a very different health care system perspective. This article describes the outcomes and competency indicators developed to guide a curriculum designed to integrate traditional C/PHN and a health systems perspective for students seeking advanced practice education in C/PHN at the College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center.
Antiarrhythmic drugs in the prevention of ventricular arrhythmias related to paired pacing

Abstract Lidocaine, quinidine and diphenylhydantoin proved ineffective in preventing pacer-induced ventricular fibrillation in dogs in which paired pacing was attempted after coronary artery ligation. p]Propranolol prevented ventricular fibrillation in 11 of 14 animals, but only in a dose (5 mg/kg) that significantly reduced heart rate and myocardial contractility. Bretylium (5 mg/kg) protected 9 of 10 dogs against pacer-induced ventricular fibrillation and produced none of the negative chronotropic and inotropic effects observed with propranolol. These data suggest that administration of bretylium before paired pacing may be of value in the cardiogenic shock-low output failure syndrome related to acute myocardial infarction in man.
Simultaneous Heat Flux and Velocity Measurements in a Transonic Turbine Cascade

The gas turbine engine combustor generates turbulence that increases heat transfer on downstream turbine blades, but the mechanisms of that heat transfer are not fully understood. In this work, simultaneous time-resolved surface heat flux and velocity measurements have been made at three locations on the pressure surface of a high-turning transonic airfoil. Grids were used upstream of the linear turbine cascade to produce free-stream turbulence with two different inlet length scales, but the same turbulence intensity. High-frequency response instrumentation was used to obtain both steady and unsteady measurements. Results show that the time-averaged heat transfer is larger for the flow with the smaller integral length scale. Frequency-domain analysis demonstrates coherence between the fluctuations of heat flux and velocity over a broad range of frequencies. This is a direct indication that free-stream turbulent eddies penetrate completely through the boundary layer to the surface.
Thermodynamic stability field of the 123 and 124 phases in the Y2O3–BaO–Cu–O system

The partial molar entropy of solution of oxygen in YBa2Cu3Ox, δsO, has been computed using equilibrium data and the recently measured partial molar enthalpy of oxygen. While δhO is independent of oxygen content (6 < x < 7), δsO depends on x. The po2, T location of phase equilibrium between the 123 and 124 superconducting phases is calculated. The standard free energies of interactions of the superconducting phases with carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O) have been assessed. The free energies of carbonation of the fully oxidized 123 and 124 phases are −323 ± 22 kJ mol−1 and −291 ± 32 kJ mol−1, respectively. The free energies of hydration of the 123 and 124 are −397 ± 22 kJ mol−1 and −469 ± 32 kJ mol−1, respectively. These large exothermic values show that degradation of these superconductors at ambient conditions is thermodynamically favorable.
Impacts of Solar Heating Options Upon Electric Power Systems

With increased popular emphasis on solar energy in recent years, concern has been raised about possible adverse effects the application of solar energy in residential and commercial sectors could have on electric utilities. Possible problems are deterioration of the generating system load factor, increasing the generating system peak load and placing electric utilities at the mercy of bad weather conditions. Much solar energy research has dealt with the design and construction of individual solar heating systems but has failed to address these potential problems of the large-scale effects of solar energy on electric utilities. In order to evaluate these problems, solar energy research must be coupled with the capability of evaluating generating capacity and electric demand over a realistic planning period. Methods of incorporating solar energy coupled loads into generation planning research have been developed at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. An hour-by-hour simulation of a solar-assisted heat pump which utilizes actual weather data is combined with data of the New York State electric power load for the corresponding hours. This information is then processed with a generation planning model that utilizes linear programming to calculate the corresponding optimum generation and operating strategy. This data is then post-processed to determine the implication of solar heating on power generation and primary fuel requirements. By combining actual weather and electric demand data with forecasts of future power generation and electric heating use, a realistic projection of solar heating's impact on New York State utilities is evaluated over the 1980 to 1999 planning period.
Penetration of the Stigma and Style Elicits a Novel Transcriptome in Pollen Tubes, Pointing to Genes Critical for Growth in a Pistil

Pollen tubes extend through pistil tissues and are guided to ovules where they release sperm for fertilization. Although pollen tubes can germinate and elongate in a synthetic medium, their trajectory is random and their growth rates are slower compared to growth in pistil tissues. Furthermore, interaction with the pistil renders pollen tubes competent to respond to guidance cues secreted by specialized cells within the ovule. The molecular basis for this potentiation of the pollen tube by the pistil remains uncharacterized. Using microarray analysis in Arabidopsis, we show that pollen tubes that have grown through stigma and style tissues of a pistil have a distinct gene expression profile and express a substantially larger fraction of the Arabidopsis genome than pollen grains or pollen tubes grown in vitro. Genes involved in signal transduction, transcription, and pollen tube growth are overrepresented in the subset of the Arabidopsis genome that is enriched in pistil-interacted pollen tubes, suggesting the possibility of a regulatory network that orchestrates gene expression as pollen tubes migrate through the pistil. Reverse genetic analysis of genes induced during pollen tube growth identified seven that had not previously been implicated in pollen tube growth. Two genes are required for pollen tube navigation through the pistil, and five genes are required for optimal pollen tube elongation in vitro. Our studies form the foundation for functional genomic analysis of the interactions between the pollen tube and the pistil, which is an excellent system for elucidation of novel modes of cell–cell interaction.
Primary Sutureless Repair and Anterior Translocation of the Atrial Septum for Cardiac Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection

The incidence of pulmonary vein stenosis after correction of a cardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection in neonates may be underestimated because of the small population of patients; however, it is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. This report describes a primary sutureless repair and anterior translocation of the atrial septum to create a large left atrial cavity and avoid post-repair pulmonary vein stenosis.
Removing interference from above ground reflectors in ground penetrating radar data

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) surveys may receive reflections from above ground and surface objects such as power lines, metal fences, building walls, and tree trunks. These reflections may have high amplitude and obscure reflections from below ground targets. This paper proposes an algorithm to filter reflections from above ground objects within a region of interest in the GPR scan data.
Multimedia and culture: Globalization vs. localization of world music videos in the internet age

This paper examines how world music artists globalize or localize multimedia in order to target world audiences. Some world music artists use exotic images in their music videos to market their work across cultures with the hope of the “other” being the key appeal. Other artists use international images to target a global market. In both cases, these music artists make only one product with the goal of targeting a global audience; they do not make localized versions of their videos for different markets. Such an approach may provide an alternative view for technical communicators who might maintain that products should be localized in order to meet the needs of specific audiences.
The search for the origin of factor VIII synthesis and its impact on therapeutic strategies for hemophilia A

Activated factor IX and its cofactor, activated factor VIII, are critical for the proteolytic activation of factor X. Inherited deficiencies of these factors cause the bleeding disorders hemophilia B and hemophilia A, respectively. The development of recombinant expression systems for factor VIII,
Iron and macronutrients in California coastal upwelling regimes: Implications for diatom blooms

The supply of iron, relative to that of the macronutrients nitrate, phosphate, and silicic acid, plays a critical role in allowing extensive diatom blooms to develop in coastal upwelling regimes. The presence or absence of a broad continental shelf influences the supply of iron. The iron input to central California upwelling waters varies spatially and can be characterized by two end-member regimes. One end member, which includes Monterey Bay and extending north to Pt. Reyes, is an iron-replete regime where upwelling occurs over a relatively broad continental shelf that results in waters with high concentrations of dissolved and particulate iron ( .10 nM) entrained together with high concentrations of nitrate and silicic acid. In these iron-replete regions, extensive blooms of large diatoms deplete macronutrient concentrations, which results in correspondingly high chlorophyll a concentrations. The other end member, located to the south of Monterey Bay off the Big Sur coast, is an iron-deplete regime where upwelling is focused offshore of a narrow continental shelf. Upwelled waters in the Big Sur region are characterized by low dissolved and particulate iron concentrations (,1 nM), together with high concentrations of nitrate and silicic acid. Extremely low iron concentrations, unused nitrate and silicic acid, and a low abundance of large diatoms characterize surface waters in these iron-deplete regions, and thus represent coastal upwelling, high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll systems limited by the micronutrient iron.
Thermal nociceptive properties of trigeminal afferent neurons in rats

Although nociceptive afferents innervating the body have been heavily studied form many years, much less attention has been paid to trigeminal afferent biology. In particular, very little is known concerning trigeminal nociceptor responses to heat, and almost nothing in the rat. This study uses a highly controlled and reproducible diode laser stimulator to investigate the activation of trigeminal afferents to noxious skin heating. The results of this experiment demonstrate that trigeminal thermonociceptors are distinct from themonociceptors innervating the limbs. Trigeminal nociceptors have considerably slower action potential conduction velocities and lower temperature thresholds than somatic afferent neurons. On the other hand, nociceptors innervating both tissue areas separate into those that respond to short pulse, high rate skin heating and those that respond to long pulse, low rate skin heating. This paper provides the first description in the literature of the in vivo properties of thermonociceptors in rats. These finding of two separate populations aligns with the separation between C and A-delta thermonociceptors innervating the paw, but have significant differences in terms of temperature threshold and average conduction velocities. An understanding of the temperature response properties of afferent neurons innervating the paw skin have been critical in many mechanistic discoveries, some leading to new pain therapies. A clear understanding of trigeminal nociceptors may be similarly useful in the investigation of trigeminal pain mechanisms and potential therapies.
Comprehension of indefinite pronouns and quantifiers by hearing-impaired students

Deaf students' recognition of indefinite pronouns and quantifiers was tested using written materials in the form of comic strips that provided pragmatically appropriate context. One hundred and eighty-seven profoundly hearing-impaired students, aged 7–23 years, served as subjects. There were significant developmental trends for both the indefinite pronouns and the quantifiers, with the quantifiers significantly more difficult than the indefinite pronouns. A comparison of the results with predictions drawn from theoretical linguistics and with predictions drawn from Developmental Sentence Scoring (Lee, 1974) data for hearing children indicates that theoretical predictions are more accurate for hearing-impaired students. This may be due to differences in methodology (DSS reports spontaneous spoken language; the present study reports comprehension of written English) and to educational practices with hearing-impaired students.
An investigation into the flow of elastico-viscous fluids past a circular cylinder

The stress-relaxation effect is analyzed in a boundary layer flow of elastico-viscous fluids past a circular cylinder. The fluid's constitutive equation employs a time derivative which rotates together with the principal axes of the strain-rate tensor and permits a separate parametric description of the relaxation process and the normal stresses. The results show that the relaxation process retards the separation point and reduces the skin friction, which is in a qualitative agreement with previous experiments.
Reaction of nido-7,8-C(2)B(9)H(13) with Dicobalt Octacarbonyl: Crystal Structures of the Complexes [Co(2)(CO)(2)(eta(5)-7,8-C(2)B(9)H(11))(2)], [Co(2)(CO)(PMe(2)Ph)(eta(5)-7,8-C(2)B(9)H(11))(2)], and [CoCl(PMe(2)Ph)(2)(eta(5)-7,8-C(2)B(9)H(11))].

The compounds [Co2(CO)8] and nido-7,8-C2B9H13 react in CH2Cl2 to give a complex mixture of products consisting primarily of two isomers of the dicobalt species [Co2(CO)2(η5-7,8-C2B9H11)2] (1), together with small amounts of a mononuclear cobalt compound [Co(CO)2(η5-10-CO-7,8-C2B9H10)] (5) and a charge-compensated carborane nido-9-CO-7,8-C2B9H11 (6). In solution, isomers 1a and 1b slowly equilibrate. However, column chromatography allows a clean separation of 1a from the mixture, and a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study revealed that each metal atom is ligated by a terminal CO molecule and in a pentahapto manner by a nido-C2B9H11 cage framework. The two Co(CO)(η5-7,8-C2B9H11) units are linked by a Co−Co bond [2.503(2) A], which is supported by two three-center two-electron B−H ⇀ Co bonds. The latter employ B−H vertices in each cage which lie in α-sites with respect to the carbons in the CCBBB rings bonded to cobalt. Addition of PMe2Ph to a CH2Cl2 solution of a mixture of the isomers 1, enriched in 1b, ...
A Consolidation and Contaminant Transport Device for Assessing Reactive Mat Effectiveness for Subaqueous Sediment Remediation

This paper describes the design and fabrication of a new laboratory testing column to assess the effectiveness of a permeable reactive mat for in situ sediment remediation. After the composite mat, which consists of top and bottom filtering geotextile layers and a middle reactive core, is placed on the sediment surface, hydrodynamic dispersion and pore fluid flow carry contaminants through the mat. In the reactive layer, the contaminants react with one or more amendments. A thin cap of new sediment material can be placed on top of the geocomposite to promote a new, healthy benthic community. The processes controlling these geocomposites have not been physically modeled to assess their effectiveness. The new device is fundamentally a sediment column, but with the capability to apply a constant, overlying stress to the sediment-reactive mat column to cause its consolidation. Pressure-volume controllers at the top and bottom of the sediment column allow in situ pressure conditions to be imposed and allow for chemical sampling of inflow/outflow fluids.
Present systems and future needs for risk assessment of biologicals in the United States of America: the perspective of the regulator

The authority for regulating veterinary biologicals in the United States of America (USA) is provided in the Virus-Serum-Toxin Act, enacted in 1913 and amended in 1995. The Act authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to prescribe regulations governing the preparation and marketing of veterinary biologicals shipped into, within or from the USA. The mandate of the United States Veterinary Biologics Program is to ensure that all veterinary biological products under Government jurisdiction in the USA are pure, safe, potent and effective. The Program is based on licensing, inspection and testing. Risk assessment techniques, and effective strategies for risk management and risk communication, are essential tools for regulatory officials charged with the responsibility of developing requirements for licensing veterinary biological products and production facilities. To accommodate scientific advances, heightened consumer awareness and the international harmonization of requirements, regulatory agencies must continually review and update programme requirements. The author discusses programme updates initiated to address future needs of the United States Veterinary Biologics Program.
Phenotypic and Clonal Analysis of T Lymphocytes in Childhood Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura

In an attempt to identify and characterize T-lymphocyte immunoregulatory abnormalities in immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), we have performed phenotypic and clonal analysis on peripheral T lymphocytes from 23 children with ITP. Quantitation of lymphocyte subpopulations showed that children with acute ITP had higher numbers of CD45RA+ and lower numbers of CD45RO+ T cells than children with chronic ITP or controls, but these differences may be age related. Analysis of T-cell receptor variable beta gene usage identified 2 boys with chronic ITP and elevated numbers of V beta 8+ T cells. Eight T-cell clones were established (6 CD4+, 4B4+ helper-inducer lines and 2 CD8+ lines) that showed in vitro proliferation against allogeneic platelets. The addition of autologous antigen-presenting cells enhanced the proliferation of six clones, but not for two clones that coexpressed natural killer (NK) markers. Four of seven positive clones also had measurable interleukin (IL)-2 secretion following platelet stimulation, providing further evidence for T-cell reactivity. Our results provide the first evidence that patients with ITP may have platelet-reactive T lymphocytes identifiable at the clonal level, supporting the hypothesis that autoreactive peripheral T lymphocytes may mediate or participate in the pathogenesis of this disorder.
Estimating Error in Diffusion Coefficients Derived from Molecular Dynamics Simulations

The computationally expensive nature of molecular dynamics simulation limits the access to length (nanometer) and time scales (nanosecond) that are orders of magnitude smaller than the experiment it models. This limitation warrants a careful estimation of statistical uncertainty associated with the properties calculated from these simulations. The assumption that a simulation is long enough so that the ergodic hypothesis applies is often invoked in the literature for the computation of properties of interest from a single molecular dynamics simulation. Here, we demonstrate that making this assumption without validation results in poor estimates of the self-diffusion coefficient from a single molecular dynamics simulation of Lennard-Jones fluid. This problem is shown to be even more severe when the diffusion coefficient of macromolecules is calculated from a single molecular dynamics simulation. We have shown that conducting multiple independent simulations is necessary to obtain reliable estimates of diffusion coefficients and their associated statistical uncertainties. We show that even a “routine” calculation of the self-diffusion coefficient for a Lennard-Jones fluid, as determined from a linear fit of the mean squared displacement of particles as a function of time, violates the key assumptions of linear regression. A rigorous approach for addressing these issues is presented.
Hegel's Ethical Thought

It is often assumed that Hegel's philosophy contains no practical dimension, no doctrine of how human beings should live, but is concerned exclusively with showing that human existence, as the product of reason, is already fully rational. As a consequence, even though Hegel's social and political thought (which is set out mainly in his Philosophy of Right) has been the subject of extensive and detailed study over the years, few commentators have ever tried to develop a Hegelian ethical theory to place alongside those of Aristotle, Kant and Mill. In his book, Hegel's Ethical Thought, Allen Wood has set himself the task of remedying this situation and, in my view, has succeeded in producing one of the most thoughtful, informative and provocative accounts of Hegel's Philosophy of Right to date. Wood's achievement is extraordinary. He offers a coherent and sophisticated account of virtually all the major elements of Hegelian “objective spirit”, including freedom, happiness, recognition, right, property, punishment, morality, conscience, civil society, poverty, the state and history; and in the process he engages Hegel in a fascinating and highly instructive dialogue with a whole host of thinkers, including Aristotle, Hobbes, Locke, Kant, Fichte, J F Fries and J S Mill, in a way that exceedingly few commentators have succeeded in doing (or have even tried to do). As a result, I believe that Wood has shown conclusively that Hegel is an ethical theorist who is every bit as sophisticated as Aristotle, Kant and Mill, and whose contribution to ethical theory can no longer continue to be disparaged or ignored (as is largely the case) by contemporary students of the subject.
The State of Education and the Double Transfer of Learning Paradox

The aim of all education, from elementary, secondary, vocational, and industrial training, to higher education, is to apply the things learnt in different contexts, and to recognize and extend that learning to completely new situations. Collectively, this is called transfer of learning. Transfer is not just simply a teaching or learning strategy and it has serious implications here for mental functioning. The concept of transfer of learning has however been wrapped in a kind of double paradox. The first paradox is this although transfer has been almost universally recognized as fundamental to all learning and must therefore occur all of the time, the history of research findings on transfer suggests that it seldom occurs in instructional settings. Part of the problem of transfer is that learning tends to be welded to a place or to a subject matter. General transfer from instructional settings and significant transfer in everyday settings, as well as transfer leading to invention and discovery, seldom seem to occur.
Editorial Reviewers’ Persepctives on Writing and Publishing in High Quality Marketing Journals: An Interactive Discussion

With the existing insights on writing and publishing marketing journal articles and the discipline’s rapid expansion of publishing opportunities in new U.S. and international marketing journals, one intuitive prediction is marketing scholars’ publishing success of important scientific articles is rapidly becoming a more common occurrence. Yet, this trend prediction is perplexing and contradictive because the prestigious and top 25 ranked marketing-oriented journals consistently report annual acceptance rates ranging between 7 and 18%. The low acceptance suggest a disconnect gap between conducting important, relevant quality research and ultimately publishing that research in quality journals.
Abstract 6: Metabolomics of Gleason score in prostate tumor tissue and serum

Background: Gleason score is currently the best clinical predictor of prostate cancer specific-mortality. Identifying biomarkers associated with Gleason score can improve prediction and advance the understanding of the biology of aggressive disease. Using gene expression data, we previously determined that metabolism pathways, including pyrimidine, propanoate, and beta-alanine, were differentially expressed in high and low grade tumors. The goal of this study is to identify metabolites that differ in low and high Gleason score tumors and in blood from these patients. Methods: Metabolic profiling was performed on Gleason score 6 (n = 53) and Gleason score ≥8 (n = 32) radical prostatectomy tumor tissue specimens, and on serum samples from the time of diagnosis (n = 30 Gleason score 6 and n = 19 Gleason score ≥8) from the DF/HCC Prostate Cancer SPORE Cohort. Samples were prepared for analysis by Metabolon, Inc. with their standard solvent extraction method to recover small molecules. Metabolites were identified and quantified by gas and liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Missing values were calculated using k-nearest neighbor imputation, and sample values were normalized across batches. The metabolite levels were compared across Gleason score 6 and Gleason score ≥8 tumors and serum using a Wilcoxon test. Results: In the tumor tissue, 207 metabolites were identified. Of these, 30 were present in significantly different amounts in high and low Gleason score tumors, including previously reported citrate (p = 0.002) and spermine (p = 0.003). In a pathway analysis, the propanoate pathway was significantly different in high and low Gleason (p = 0.03), but not the pyrimidine or beta-alanine pathways (p>0.05). In serum, 15 individual metabolites had significantly different levels, including uridine (p = 0.008) and N-acetylserine (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: Metabolite levels do differ in high and low Gleason score prostate tumor tissue. The novel serum results suggest that metabolites in blood may serve as biomarkers of tumor differentiation. Our ongoing research will build prediction models, and will determine if the blood metabolites can indicate the presence of high-Gleason score tumor not detected at biopsy and could serve as biomarkers for monitoring disease progression in active surveillance patients. Citation Format: Kathryn Penney, Svitlana Tyekucheva, Massimo Loda. Metabolomics of Gleason score in prostate tumor tissue and serum. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 6.