cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HERITABILITY OF CARBON ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION IN GUTIERREZIA MICROCEPHALA (ASTERACEAE)

The carbon isotope composition (13C/'2C) of C3 plant tissues provides a long-term, integrated measure of photosynthetic metabolism. Quantitative genetic methods were used to study the inheritance of carbon isotope composition and several morphological characters in Gutierrezia microcephala, a short-lived desert perennial. Open-pollinated seed was collected from a population located near Lee's Ferry, Arizona, in an area that was disturbed approximately 20 years ago. Seeds were germinated and seedlings grown in a common greenhouse environment. Carbon isotope discrimination (A) and all morphological characters varied significantly among maternal families. Heritability of A was estimated as 81% in the greenhouse and as 92% using the regression of family mean A on parent A from field samples. Using both field and greenhouse data, we estimated a lower bound for heritability in nature of 54%. Offspring size and biomass both showed significant, positive correlations with A. The corresponding genetic correlations were similar in magnitude and direction, but did not differ significantly from zero. These results imply the existence of heritable differences in physiology associated with carbon assimilation and water loss within populations, and the potential for microevolutionary change through natural selection.
Cyclic-mean based synchronization and efficient demodulation for UWB ad hoc access: generalizations and comparisons

Synchronization is a performance-critical factor in all communication systems, but becomes particularly challenging in ultra-wideband (UWB) radios due to the ultra-short length of the transmitted pulses. Presence of severe inter-symbol interference (ISI) and multi-user interference (MUI) render the synchronization task even more difficult. The present paper deals with a blind synchronization and demodulation scheme which relies on intermittent transmission of nonzero mean symbols. This transmission pattern enables MUI- and ISI-resilient timing acquisition via energy detection and low-complexity demodulation by correlating the received waveform with a synchronized aggregate template (SAT). The resultant SAT receiver offers distinct advantages over the traditional RAKE and has remarkably low-complexity. Its blind operation nicely fits the requirements of multi-user ad hoc access and its ability to handle ISI is particularly attractive for UWB communications. Analytical performance evaluation of the novel timing estimator and the SAT demodulator is provided along with comparisons with the RAKE receiver for a single user link without ISI. Simulations confirm the analytical results and corroborate the high potential SAT-based UWB modems have for deployment.
A study of the antimicrobial properties of impression tray adhesives

Three impression tray adhesives were tested for their antimicrobial actions on three bacteria strains used for disinfectant studies. The colony forming unit (CFU) counts from plating the adhesive-exposed bacteria showed a significant reduction in number compared with the CFU of the controls. Statistical analyses confirmed the significant reduction (p < 0.05) for all but one test case. Proper infection control procedures should always be followed, but the added benefits of disinfection by impression tray adhesives can help prevent cross contamination.
Science Education and the Emergence of the Specialized Scientist in Nineteenth Century Greece

In this paper, I describe the strong and reciprocal relations between the emergence of the specialized expert in the natural sciences and the establishment of science education, in early Modern Greece. Accordingly, I show how science and public education interacted within the Greek state from its inception in the early 1830, to the first decade of the twentieth century, when the University of Athens established an autonomous Mathematics and Physics School. Several factors are taken into account, such as the negotiations of Western educational theories and practices within a local context, the discourses of the science savants of the University of Athens, the role of the influential Greek pedagogues of the era, the state as an agent which imposed restrictions or facilitated certain developments and finally the intellectual and cultural aspirations of the nation itself. Science education is shown to be of fundamental importance for Greek scientists. The inclusion of science within the school system preceded and promoted the appearance of a scientific community and the institution of science courses was instrumental for the emergence of the first trained Greek scientists. Thus, the conventional narrative that would have science appearing in the classrooms as an aftermath of the emergence of a scientific community is problematized.
Social facilitation of a previously learned response in normal, hypoglycemic, and alloxan diabetic rats

The presence of a co-actor on performance of a well-learned T-maze response reduced behavior efficiency in terms of running time, but not accuracy. The effect interacts with blood glucose levels, Alloxan diabetic rats being relatively unaffected by pairing with another animal while normals and hypoglycemics showed inhibiting and facilitating effects respectively.
Characterization of thermal transport across single-point contact between micro-wires

A contact transient electrothermal technique (CTET) is developed to characterize the thermal transport between one-dimensional conductive and nonconductive microscale wires that are in point contact. This technique is a significant advance from the transient electrothermal method that is used to characterize the thermophysical properties of individual one-dimensional micro-wires. A steady-state analytical solution and a transient numerical solution are used to independently determine the value for the thermal contact resistance between the wires at the contact point. The CTET technique is applied to measurement of the thermal contact resistance between crossed Pt wires (25.4 μm diameter) and the thermal contact resistance between a glass fiber (8.9 μm diameter) in contact with a Pt wire (25.4 μm diameter). For Pt wire contact, the thermal contact resistance increases from 8.94×104 to 7.05×105 K/W when the heating current changes from 20 to 50 mA. For the Pt/glass fiber contact, the thermal contact resistance is much larger (2.83×106 K/W), mainly due to the smaller area at the contact point.
NATURAL CONVECTION IN ISOPYCNIC LIQUID

Abstract The isopycnic system Cyclohexane/Methanol is studied as a model system of the separation process during natural convection. The system is well suited to eliminate gravitational effects from the two-phase system and to focus the study on the phase separation process itself. It is found that isopycnic phase separation does not affect the convective flow of the two-phase liquid. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd
Generating advertising keywords from video content

With the proliferation of online distribution methods for videos, content owners require easier and more effective methods for monetization through advertising. Matching advertisements with related content has a significant impact on the effectiveness of the ads, but current methods for selecting relevant advertising keywords for videos are limited by reliance on manually supplied metadata. In this paper we study the feasibility of using text available from video content to obtain high quality keywords suitable for matching advertisements. In particular, we tap into three sources of text for ad keyword generation: production scripts, closed captioning tracks, and speech-to-text transcripts. We address several challenges associated with using such data. To overcome the high error rates prevalent in automatic speech recognition and the lack of an explicit structure to provide hints about which keywords are most relevant, we use statistical and generative methods to identify dominant terms in the source text. To overcome the sparsity of the data and resulting vocabulary mismatches between source text and the advertiser's chosen keywords, these terms are then expanded into a set of related keywords using related term mining methods. Our evaluations present a comprehensive analysis of the relative performance for these methods across a range of videos, including professionally produced films and popular videos from YouTube.
HPV16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins regulate Notch‐1 expression and cooperate to induce transformation

Notch receptor signaling has been implicated in cellular transformation. Notch-1 receptor expression is increased during the progression from cervical intraepithelial lesions (CIN) to invasive cervical carcinoma. Moreover, the main cellular localization of Notch-1 protein changes from cytoplasmic to nuclear with the transition from CIN III to microinvasive carcinoma. Since the E6 and E7 proteins encoded by human papilloma virus (HPV) are a causative agent of cervical carcinoma, this study determined whether E6 and E7 protein expression causes the observed upregulation in Notch-1 expression. Mouse and human primary cell lines were transfected with HPV16 E6 and E7 and Notch-1 expression and activity were analyzed. We show that Notch-1 expression and activity are upregulated by E6 and E7 independently. This was due to both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. A protein involved in Notch processing, Presenilin-1 (PS-1), was also upregulated by E6 and E7. In the presence of E6 and E7, Notch-1 protein expression is localized in the cytoplasm. Downregulation of Notch-1 expression in a human cervical carcinoma cell line expressing E6/E7 caused striking inhibition of proliferation in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. These data suggest that E6- and E7-mediated upregulation of Notch signaling may contribute to disruption of regular cell growth in cervical cancer.
Model-Based Clustering, Discriminant Analysis, and Density Estimation

Cluster analysis is the automated search for groups of related observations in a dataset. Most clustering done in practice is based largely on heuristic but intuitively reasonable procedures, and most clustering methods available in commercial software are also of this type. However, there is little systematic guidance associated with these methods for solving important practical questions that arise in cluster analysis, such as how many clusters are there, which clustering method should be used, and how should outliers be handled. We review a general methodology for model-based clustering that provides a principled statistical approach to these issues. We also show that this can be useful for other problems in multivariate analysis, such as discriminant analysis and multivariate density estimation. We give examples from medical diagnosis, minefield detection, cluster recovery from noisy data, and spatial density estimation. Finally, we mention limitations of the methodology and discuss recent development...
Observation of low energy particle precipitation at low altitude in the equatorial zone

Precipitation of protons in the equatorial zone was investigated by the Phoenix-1 experiment on the S81-1 mission from May to November, 1982. The protons show a precipitation peak along the line of minimum magnetic field strength with a FWHM of 13 deg. The index of equatorial pitch angle distribution is about 19. The peak proton flux shows a fifth-power altitude dependence, and the proton flux shows approximately a factor of 3 times increase in 1982 compared to that in 1969 due, possibly, to the stronger solar maximum conditions of 10.7-cm radiation in 1982.
Preparation and X-ray crystal structure study of a polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complex containing a dehydrodithizone ligand

Coordination of 2,3-diphenyltetrazolium-5-thiolate (tet) to an Ru(trpy)(bpy)(OH2) 2+ (trpy=2,2':6',2"-terpyridine; bpy=2,2'-bipyridine) centre resulted in the formation of [Ru(trpy)(bpy)(tet)](ClO 4 ) 2 . Single-crystal X-ray analysis revealed that the tet ligand is bound through the sulfur atom to a somewhat distorted-octahedral ruthenium centre. The Ru–S bond distance is 2.393(2) A, and the Ru–S–C bond angle is 115.1(2)°; the tet N-N bonded distances [1.306(10)A 1.316(9)A] are essentially equal. These data, as well as spectroscopic and electrochemical evidence, suggest that the tetrazolium ring exhibits delocalized, mesoionic character with some thiolate character on the sulfur atom.
Novel intronic germline FLCN gene mutation in a patient with multiple ipsilateral renal neoplasms.

Summary Multiple renal tumors of diverse morphology are rare and typically seen in Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome. Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome is a rare inherited cancer syndrome caused by a germline mutation in the folliculin ( FLCN ) gene, but the genetic causes for histologic diversity of renal tumors in Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome have not been elucidated. We describe here a 64-year-old man with a novel germline mutation in the FLCN gene who presented with 3 phenotypically distinct renal tumors in the same kidney, which were histologically classified as oncocytoma (1.4 cm), oncocytic papillary carcinoma (0.5 cm), and clear cell renal carcinoma (0.8 cm). Genetic analysis of normal kidney tissue revealed a heterozygous germline FLCN mutation (intron 9, IVS9+6 C>T). Additional molecular genetic testing revealed somatic mutations and epigenetic events in genes typically associated with these specific histologic tumor types: oncocytoma harbored a second FLCN mutation (intron 12, IVS12+4 C>T), oncocytic papillary carcinoma harbored promoter methylation of FLCN , and a missense mutation in the MET gene (P246L), whereas clear cell carcinoma harbored inactivating VHL mutation (5–base pair deletion in exon 2) and VHL gene promoter methylation. In addition, chromosomal analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes showed low level chromosome instability, not previously associated with germline mutations in the FLCN gene.
Chris Abani and the Politics of Ambivalence

In his 2004 novel GraceLand, Chris Abani unsettles notions of youth "empowerment," or "resistance," creating a restless oscillation between cynicism and idealism. On the one hand, pervasive violence and restricting norms seem to debilitate the novel's characters, leaving little room to negoti- ate the constraints of their bleak lives in the slums of Lagos. On the other, there is a certain euphoric optimism that pervades the novel—particularly among youth—which is undergirded primarily by idealized non-African spaces. The persistent fluctuation between suffocating violence and utopian thoughts of the "outside" renders the politics of GraceLand fundamen- tally ambiguous. In lieu of a rigidly determinate portrayal, Abani deploys ambivalence as a discursive vehicle with which to expand the contours of how we come to think and imagine African youth resistance—pressing us to consider the inherent contradictions, complicities and contingencies that perhaps accompany any ascription of agency.
Field strategy to monitor radioactivity associated with investigation-derived wastes returned from deep drilling sites

The U.S. Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office, Underground Test Area Operable Unit (UGTA) is drilling deep (>1500m) monitoring wells that penetrate both unsaturated (vadose) and saturated zones potentially contaminated by sub-surface nuclear weapons testing at the Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada. Drill site radiological monitoring returns data on drilling effluents to make informed management decisions concerning fluid management. Because of rapid turn-around required for on-site monitoring, a representative sample will be analyzed simultaneously for {alpha}, {beta} and {gamma} emitters by instrumentation deployed on-site. For the purposes of field survey, accurate and precise data is returned, in many cases, with minimal sample treatment. A 30% efficient high purity germanium detector and a discriminating liquid scintillation detector are being evaluated for {gamma} and {alpha}/{beta} monitoring respectively. Implementation of these detector systems complements a successful on-site tritium monitoring program. Residual radioactivity associated with underground nuclear tests include tritium, activation products, fission products and actinides. Pulse shape discrimination (PSD) is used in {alpha}/{beta} liquid scintillation counting and is a function of the time distribution of photon emission. In particular, we hope to measure {sup 241}Am produced from {sup 241}Pu by {beta} decay. Because {sup 241}Pu is depleted in fissile bomb fuels, maximum PSD resolution will be required. The high purity germanium detector employs a multichannel analyzer to count gamma emitting radionuclides; we will designate specific window configurations to selectively monitor diagnostic fission product radionuclides (i.e., {sup 137}Cs).
Some economic determinants of Third World professional immigration to the United States: 1972–87

Abstract We estimate reduced form equations for immigration to the United States by engineers, natural and social scientists, and physicians from 18 Third World countries. Explanatory variables include income, real GDP growth, graduation in the United States, and study in each country of origin. Additional explanatory variables are foreign student enrollment in the United States, lagged immigration, total immigration from each country, and a dummy variable which accounts for implementation of restrictions on permanent visas in 1972–1973. Results generally conform to expectations, but differ across occupations and with model specification. Most income statistics are unexpected, however, and the strong correlation of US income with graduation in the United States suggests that there is a simultaneity problem in models which include income. Because immigration appears to respond to labor shortages in the United States and surpluses in countries of origin, our results suggest that US immigration quotas have not prevented Third World professionals from responding to economic incentives.
Determination of hetero-element content in organics by alkali flame—gas—liquid chromatography

Abstract It has been held by inter alia Cremer, Guiffrida, and Karmen that the response of the alkali flame (thermionic) detector is proportional to the amount of hetero-element introduced; other authors disagreed. This paper presents evidence to confirm this proportionality for the both positive and negative modes of detector response, and describes its application to determine the percentage of various hetero-elements present in organic compounds. This determination is done by adding a suitable “standard” to an “unknown” compound and comparing their responses on both alkali flame and flame ionization detectors. For such calculations, pairs of model compounds were used which contained either P, N or I for positive alkali flame response; or Cl, Br, or S for negative response. The accuracy of the results depends on the choice of a suitable standard and proper chromatographic conditions. The percent chlorine content of fifteen organochlorine compounds, for instance, was determined with a standard deviation of 3.6%.
Electrostatic Precipitation of Dust in the Martian Atmosphere: Implications for the Utilization of Resources During Future Manned Exploration Missions

Future human missions to Mars will require the utilization of local resources for oxygen, fuel. and water. The In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) project is an active research endeavor at NASA to develop technologies that can enable cost effective ways to live off the land. The extraction of oxygen from the Martian atmosphere. composed primarily of carbon dioxide, is one of the most important goals of the Mars ISRU project. The main obstacle is the relatively large amount of dust present in the Martian atmosphere. This dust must be efficiently removed from atmospheric gas intakes for ISRU processing chambers. A common technique to achieve this removal on earth is by electrostatic precipitation, where large electrostatic fields are established in a localized region to precipitate and collect previously charged dust particles. This technique is difficult to adapt to the Martian environment, with an atmospheric pressure of about one-hundredth of the terrestrial atmosphere. At these low pressures. the corona discharges required to implant an electrostatic charge to the particles to be collected is extremely difficult to sustain and the corona easily becomes biopolar. which is unsuitable for particle charging. In this paper, we report on our successful efforts to establish a stable corona under Martian simulated conditions. We also present results on dust collecting efficiencies with an electrostatic precipitator prototype that could be effectively used on a future mission to the red planet
The Child Witness: Conclusions and Future Directions for Research and Legal Practice

The papers in this issue reflect the “state of the art” in research and thinking on children as witnesses, but the possibilities for further studies are numerous. In this article, ideas for future research on child witnesses are discussed in relation to three themes: children's ability to provide accurate testimony, emotional trauma likely to be experienced by child witnesses, and the perceived credibility of children's testimony. Proposals for improvements in legal practices are also offered. It is concluded that members of the psychological and legal communities should join in trying to solve the dilemmas posed by the child witness.
Streamer Initiation in Volume and Surface Discharges in Atmospheric Gases

It is generally acknowledged that once a highly conductive channel is established between two charged and conducting materials, electrical breakdown is well established and difficult to interrupt. An understanding of the initiation mechanism for electrical breakdown is crucial for devising mitigating methods to avoid catastrophic failures. Both volumetric and surface discharges are of interest. An effort is underway where experiments and theory are being simultaneously developed. The experiment consists of an impedance matched discharge chamber capable of investigating various gases and pressures to ten atmospheres. In addition to current and voltage measurements, a high dynamic range streak camera records streamer velocities. The streamer velocities are particularly valuable for comparison with theory. A streamer model is being developed which includes photo-ionization and particle interactions with an insulating surface. The combined theoretical and experimental effort is aimed at detailed comparisons of streamer development as well as a quantitative understanding of how streamers interact with dielectric surfaces and the resulting effects on breakdown voltage.
Integrating manufacturing resources planning (MRP II) with flexible manufacturing systems (FMS)

Abstract This paper will describe the gap that exists between the Manufacturing Resources Planning (MRP II) system and the Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) and discuss several approaches for closing the gap. Considerable effort has gone into developing and integrating the various modules in the MRP II system. The modules for business planning, production planning, master production scheduling, material requirement planning, capacity requirements planning, and shop floor control have been integrated into a comprehensive computer package for planning and controlling manufacturing. At the same time, a similar effort has been underway to develop and integrate the several subsystems of a FMS. In particular, a number of computer control systems have been developed to automatically plan and control the operations of NC machines with automated tool changers, automated material handling, and automated test and inspection equipment. Unfortunately these two efforts have proceeded relatively independently with little interaction between the two groups. If computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) is to become a reality, the resulting gap must be closed, and closed rapidly.
A procedure for the isolation of deoxyribonucleic acid from micro-organisms

A method has been described for the isolation of DNA from micro-organisms which yields stable, biologically active, highly polymerized preparations relatively free from protein and RNA. Alternative methods of cell disruption and DNA isolation have been described and compared. DNA capable of transforming homologous strains has been used to test various steps in the procedure and preparations have been obtained possessing high specific activities. Representative samples have been characterized for their thermal stability and sedimentation behaviour.
Selected CDC HIV/AIDS information resources

June 1981 marked the beginning of an indepth investigation by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) of clusterings of two rare disorders, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Kaposi's sarcoma, in homosexual men. These diseases were soon recognized as two of the many opportunistic infections and cancers that can attack the immune systems of persons who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Gradients at a curved shock in reacting flow

The inviscid equations of motion for the flow at the downstream side of a curved shock are solved for the shock–normal derivatives. Combining them with the shock–parallel derivatives yields gradients and substantial derivatives. In general these consist of two terms, one proportional to the rate of removal of specific enthalpy by the reaction, and one proportional to the shock curvature. Results about the streamline curvature show that, for sufficiently fast exothermic reaction, no Crocco point exists. This leads to a stability argument for sinusoidally perturbed normal shocks that relates to the formation of the structure of a detonation wave. Application to the deflection–pressure map of a streamline emerging from a triple shock point leads to the conclusion that, for non–reacting flow, the curvature of the Mach stem and reflected shock must be zero at the triple point, if the incident shock is straight. The direction and magnitude of the gradient at the shock of any flow quantity may be written down using the results. The sonic line slope in reacting flow serves as an example. Extension of the results – derived in the first place for plane flow – to three dimensions is straightforward.
Nonlinear Krylov acceleration applied to a discrete ordinates formulation of the k-eigenvalue problem

We compare a variant of Anderson Mixing with the Jacobian-Free Newton-Krylov and Broyden methods applied to an instance of the k-eigenvalue formulation of the linear Boltzmann transport equation. We present evidence that one variant of Anderson Mixing finds solutions in the fewest number of iterations. We examine and strengthen theoretical results of Anderson Mixing applied to linear problems.
Endothelial function in health and disease: new insights into the genesis of cardiovascular disease

The vascular endothelium secretes factors that not only modulate blood vessel tone, but also participate in the development and progression of atherosclerosis through their effects on platelet adhesion and aggregation, thrombogenicity, and cell proliferation. Altered activities of these substances in patients with risk factors for cardiovascular disease (e.g., hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes, aging, postmenopausal status, smoking, and infections) appear to underlie the atherosclerotic process. There is increasing evidence from both preclinical studies and clinical trials that nitric oxide (NO) plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of arteriosclerosis. This review describes the role of NO in human health and disease and summarizes strategies currently being used to measure and improve endothelial dysfunction.
Off-pump multivessel coronary bypass via sternotomy is safe and effective

Abstract Background . In an attempt to avoid the deleterious effects of cardiopulmonary bypass, off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting has been rediscovered and refined. The purpose of this study was to compare clinical outcomes, length of stay, and hospital costs with coronary artery bypass grafting on cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods . Coronary artery bypass was performed on 51 patients without cardiopulmonary bypass. Patients were selected on the basis of coronary anatomy, with significant stenoses in the left anterior descending, ramus intermedius, diagonal, right coronary, acute marginal, or posterior descending territories. Outcomes were compared with those of a computer-generated matched control group having coronary artery bypass grafting on cardiopulmonary bypass (n = 248) during the same time period. Results . No preoperative differences were noted between groups. There were no deaths in the off-pump group and a mortality rate of 1.6% (4/248) in the control group. There was no incidence of stroke, myocardial infarction, or reentry for bleeding among patients in the off-pump group. There was a reduction in length of stay by 3 days ( p = 0.01), blood transfusions by 50% ( p = 0.0001), and hospital charges by one third ( p = 0.05) in the off-pump group. Twenty-six patients had repeat coronary angiography before discharge; 41/43 grafts were widely patent, 1/43 was totally occluded, and 1/43 was narrowed by more than 50%. All internal mammary artery grafts were widely patent. Conclusions . Off-pump multivessel cardiopulmonary bypass grafting is a safe and effective means of revascularization for patients with coronary stenoses in the anterior or inferior regions, with excellent short-term patency rates and minimal morbidity.
Polar Sampling Theorems And Their Application To Computer-Aided Tomography

Several new polar sampling theorems are discussed and applied to the Problem of reconstructing images from their samples or projections. An application of a Polar sampling theorem to computer-aided tomography (CAT) is illustrated and compared with standard CAT reconstructions. The advantages and disadvantages of our technique versus convolution-back projection are given.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A mechanism for the guidance and topographic patterning of retinal ganglion cell axons

Three dimensional reconstruction, with the use of serial, 1-micrometer sections, has revealed a system of oriented intercellular spaces within the undifferentiated optic cup. These large openings appear in the marginal zone of the primitive retina and optic stalk prior to the formation of the first retinal ganglion cell axons. The spaces at the region of the optic disc form sets of long, interconnecting tunnels oriented in the direction of the stalk. The spaces at the back and rim of the cup form blind, radially arranged pockets. The extracellular tunnels of the optic disc region strictly maintain their positions in relation to the optic fissure and, thus, discrete portions of the retina become connected by continuous openings with equivalent regions in the stalk. The path taken by the earliest outgrowing optic fibers is identical to the one previously established by the intercellular tunnels. We propose that the tunnel and pocket layout may provide directional and topographic information to the first forming optic axons.
On the invariance principle for differentiable statistical functionals

Abstract Sup-norm differentiability of a statistical functional T is shown to be a sufficient condition for invariance principles for T. Application of the result to repeated significance testing is sketched.
The neglected dimension in strategic sourcing: security

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on a neglected dimension in strategic sourcing – security. Design/methodology/approach The paper describes two vignettes which illustrate different kinds of security breaches and discusses securing strategic sourcing efforts. Findings The paper points to the need to seriously consider the security dimension in sourcing agreements. Originality/value This paper will hopefully raise awareness to the security dimension in the context of strategic sourcing.
Monomer dependence of radiation graft polymerization. VI. Low-density polyethylene–styrene

The results presented here are for reaction conditions in which the rate of monomer diffusion into the polyethylene does not limit the rate of graft polymerization. This was established by observing the reaction rate experimentally as independent of polymer film thickness for films 0.002 and 0.003 in. thick. Thus the graft polymerization rates for 100% styrene at 0.037 Mrad/hr are 0.128 and 0.121%/min, respectively, for film thicknesses of 0.002 and 0.003 in. It was earlier proven to obtain the order of dependence of rate on monomer it is necessary that the styrene concentration be varied without altering the internal microviscosity of the reaction system. This was accomplished by using benzene as a diluent for styrene. The extent of swelling (and therefore the internal microviscosity) of polyethylene by styrene--benzene solutions was experimentally observed to be 8.0% independent of composition. Furthermore, the composition of the styrene--benzene solution absorbed into the polyethylene films by refractive index measurements was experimentally analyzed. 3 figures.
Using Native Speakers as Teaching Assistants

This is a report of a college-level program in which foreign students serve as animateurs with small groups of English-speaking students on a weekly basis. The underlying philosophy of the program and the role of the foreign language teacher in such a program are explained. The classroom becomes a workshop in which the American students are faced with authentic challenges to communicate in the target language with one of their peers who speaks that language natively. The teacher becomes a learning manager who builds bridges between learner and native speakers and provides explanations of grammar and usage as the American student may require it. In the traditional classroom, on the other hand, the teacher has had to assume a dual role, that of interlocuter and prompter, and students, feeling the lack of authenticity of this situation, are not motivated to use the language. An additional benefit of this program is the involvement and acceptance of the foreign student, which leads to the development of international goodwill at the grassroots level as well as to an appreciation of the culture and people of other countries through direct contact with them.
Genetics and functional bowel disease.

participate and interact with established investigators in the field.Finally, the symposium intendedto developa research agenda for collaborative studies to define the pathophysiology and treatment strategies for childhood FAP. During the symposium the biopsychosocial model was endorsed to provide a framework to integrate the biological and psychosocial components of FGID. The biopsychosocial model assumes that the individual genetic background and early life experiences influence the biological and psychosocial predisposition to symptom development in response to a variety of physiological or noxious stimuli later in life. This response is affected by physical, environmental, and social exposures that influence the patient’s attitude toward illness. The first module of the symposium discussed the basic and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying FGID, including the role of early life events, genetics, and environment. Given that the biopsychosocial model has been adopted by investigators dealing with non-GI functional disorders, such as fibromyalgia, autonomic dysfunction, and migraine, experts from non-GI disciplines were asked to share their experiences in the second module of the symposium. The absence of a consistent biological marker in FGID has led to the development of symptom-based criteria to diagnose these disorders. The third module was dedicated to discussion of the Rome criteria (7–9). Finally, the last didactic module discussed medical, behavioural, and complementary treatment strategies for pediatric FGIDs. The end of the symposium was dedicated to the discussion of a research agenda and the creation of a pediatric multicenter consortium for the study of FGIDs, and brought together representatives from the National Institutes of Health, industry, and many interested pediatric gastroen
Old Pinus ponderosa growth responses to restoration treatments, climate and drought in a southwestern US landscape

Questions Do landscape-scale thin and burn restoration treatments have a long-term, landscape-scale impact on old Pinus ponderosa growth? Is there a relationship between old P. ponderosa growth and climatic factors, in particular, drought, before and after restoration treatments? Location Northwestern Arizona, USA. Methods We looked at old P. ponderosa growth across the landscape in both an area ‘treated’ by thin and burn restoration treatments, and a neighbouring untreated area. We re-visited each old P. ponderosa located on permanent 0.1-ha plots installed across the landscape prior to treatment implementation and recorded tree status, diameter, aspect, slope and competition from neighbouring trees. Growth was analysed from shallow increment cores taken from each tree at breast height (1.37 m). Comparisons of growth between the treated and untreated areas were carried out using regional proxy and instrumental Palmer drought severity index values and instrument precipitation data. Results We found significant differences in precipitation and temperature between the treated and untreated areas, indicating a drier, less advantageous climate in the untreated area. Old trees in the treated area responded less negatively in diameter growth to treatments; both treatment and abiotic site factors were important in predicting post-treatment growth. All old trees grew slowly during drought years; however, old trees in the treated area grew better after three recent drought years than old trees in the untreated area. Conclusions Old P. ponderosa diameter growth increased following restoration, though not immediately. Old trees in the treated area also grew better in the years after drought than old trees in the untreated area. Restoration, or similar treatments removing small, neighbouring trees may be critical in maintaining old P. ponderosa in the landscape, particularly under future climate change and increasing drought frequency in the western USA.
Collegiate swimmers: sex differences in self-reports and indices of physiological stress

Psychological and physiological stress indices were taken from collegiate swimmers of both sexes prior to a practice session and prior to a meet. At another time these same individuals were administered a scale to ascertain their relative self-reported masculinity and femininity. Analysis of covariance demonstrated that 14 males had higher systolic blood pressure than 13 females but lower self-reported feelings of anxiety and hostility associated with the stress of competition. Sex differences in relative masculinity and femininity provided the key to interpretation.
Complex fragment emission from low energy compound nucleus decay to multifragmentation

In the first of these lectures, the experimental emission probabilities of complex fragments by low energy compound nuclei and their dependence upon energy and Z value are compared to the transtion state rates. In the second part, the high energy multi-fragment emission probabilities are shown to be reducible to the single fragment emission probability through the binomial distribution. The extracted one-fragment emission probabilities have a thermal dependence of the formp=e−B/T. This suggests that multifragmentation is a sequence of thermal binary decays.
Individual Station Monitoring Using Press Tonnage Sensors for Multiple Operation Stamping Processes

In multiple operation stamping processes, a press tonnage signal measured by press tonnage sensors installed on press linkages/uprights, is the summation of die forces at all stations. Different from the current practice of using a whole cycle of press tonnage signals to monitor the compound condition of all stations, this paper proposes a new method to use the partitioned monitoring segments of press tonnage signals to monitor individual station conditions. For this purpose, a generic signal segmentation principle is proposed, and the Hotelling T 2 control charts are developed with consideration of the interactions among stations. A real case study of a doorknob stamping process is provided to demonstrate analysis procedures and effectiveness of the developed methodology.
Subpicosecond resonance Raman spectroscopy of carbonmonoxy- and oxyhemoglobin.

In this paper we present the resonance Raman spectrum of the carbonmonoxy- (HbCO) and oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) photointermediates on a 800–900 fs timescale. In the case of HbCO, the frequencies of the so-called core-size markers (1500–1650 cm-1) are characteristic of a deoxylike photoproduct in a high spin state (S = 2) with a partially domed heme. The spectrum of the HbO2 photointermediate, on the other hand, is different, and may be characteristic of an excited-state species. These results are discussed in terms of a reaction scheme previously presented by Petrich, J. W., C. Poyart, and J. L. Martin (1988. Biochemistry. 27:4049–4060) and compared with those obtained in the literature on a 30–40 ps timescale. In both molecules a distinct downshift of the v4 mode was observed with respect to the equilibrium value, which is indicative of an elevated temperature of the heme after photodissociation.
Molten gallium as a catalyst for the large-scale growth of highly aligned silica nanowires.

The vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) process is a fundamental mechanism for the growth of nanowires, in which a small size (5-100 nm in diameter), high melting point metal (such as gold and iron) catalyst particle directs the nanowire's growth direction and defines the diameter of the crystalline nanowire. In this article, we show that the large size (5-50 Im in diameter), low melting point gallium droplets can be used as an effective catalyst for the large-scale growth of highly aligned, closely packed silica nanowire bunches. Unlike any previously observed results using gold or iron as catalyst, the gallium-catalyzed VLS growth exhibits many amazing growth phenomena. The silica nanowires tend to grow batch by batch. For each batch, numerous nanowires simultaneously nucleate, grow at nearly the same rate and direction, and simultaneously stop growing. The force between the batches periodically lifts the gallium catalyst upward, forming two different kinds of products on a silicon wafer and alumina substrate. On the silicon wafer, carrot-shaped tubes whose walls are composed of highly aligned silica nanowires with diameters of 15- 30 nm and length of 10-40 Im were obtained. On the alumina substrate, cometlike structures composed of highly oriented silica nanowires with diameters of 50-100 nm and length of 10-50 Im were formed. A growth model was proposed. The experimental results expand the VLS mechanism to a broader range.
A Comparative Study of Quantitative Scales to Populate Affordance Structure Matrices

The Affordance Structure Matrix (ASM) is a concept exploration and attention directing tool to enable designers to take advantage of the special properties of affordances, such as form dependence and polarity of positive and negative affordances. However, in an ASM, as in other popular matrix based tools, the entities being mapped (in the case of an ASM, affordances and components, respectively) are typically assumed to be of equal importance. In this paper we present a comparative study of various quantitative scales used to populate ASMs. By using these scales, we can capture the relative importance of different affordances, for example that cutting the user is more important to avoid than annoying the user with noise. Also, by using scales of increased granularity for populating the interior of an ASM, the relative strength of relationships between product components and individual components can be captured. For example, larger, heavier components have a stronger relationship with transportability than smaller, lighter components. The results of the comparison studies on the case study of a shaving razor show that a scale of negative ten through positive ten for populating the interior of the matrix is necessary to produce results which clearly rank all of the components in terms of helpful and harmful relationships. The results also show that the scale used for populating the interior of the matrix has a much stronger effect on the results than does the scale used for weighting the individual affordances. An electro-mechanical razor is used as the consumer product in the comparative study. Based on the results of the study, practical suggestions for redesigning the razor are also suggested.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Boys, Books, and Boredom: A Case of Three High School Boys and Their Encounters with Literacy.

We examine the literacy gender gap through the documented experiences of 3 representative high schools boys and their teacher—how they view themselves as students, their dispositions toward schooling and education, and their engagement with literacy—as a way to further understand how literacy teachers can better work with them. We offer a case study analysis of the boys' struggles with academic reading in high school reading classes aimed at addressing the needs of young people who read far below grade level in school. We highlight the multifaceted, complex nature of “struggle” or “reluctance” toward academic reading and argue that no 1 single factor drives or maintains reluctance. Instead, we demonstrate how cycles of narrow definitions of literacy and what it means to be literate, negative experiences with teachers, frustration with academic and social structures in schools, and difficult relationships at home all work together to perpetuate struggles with reading.
Elegantin and albolabrin purified peptides from viper venoms; homologies with the RGDS domain of fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor

The RGD-containing peptides isolated from the venoms of the Viperidae constitute a new class of small cysteine-rich peptides of variable amino acid composition and biological activity (Huang, T.-F., et al. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 16157-16163; Gan, Z.R., et al. (1988) J. Biol. Chem 263, 19827-19832; Huang, T.-F., et al. (1989) Biochemistry 28, 661-668), which it is proposed by Gould et al. (unpublished data) that we call 'disintegrins'. These peptides bind to the glycoprotein IIb-IIIa receptor on the platelet surface and inhibit aggregation induced by ADP, thrombin, platelet-activating factor and collagen. These peptides are also potent inhibitors of cell adhesion to fibrinogen (Knudsen, K.M., et al. (1988) Exp. Cell Res. 179, 42-49). We report the isolation of two further RGD-peptides from the venoms of Trimeserusus elegans and Trimeserusus albolabris, purified to homogeneity with high yield by a novel, rapid reverse-phase HPLC method. The primary structures of these two peptides were determined to be single polypeptide chains of 73 amino acids. Albolabrin differed from trigramin by eight residues whilst elegantin differed by 22 residues. The molecular mass of albolabrin calculated on the basis of amino acid sequence was 7574 Da and the pI similarly calculated was 4.27. The molecular mass of elegantin was calculated to be 7806 Da and the theoretical pI to be 4.69. RGD is maintained in the same position (51-53 AA) and all 12 cysteines are identical. Our data suggest that the presence of RGD, the conserved secondary and tertiary structure, are essential for the expression of biological activity by these peptides. Both peptides inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Extended homologies around the RGDS sequences in human von Willebrand Factor and bovine fibrinogen were found with both peptides.