cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth of Cr2O3 crystals by the decomposition of a K2Cr2O7 melt

Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) melts congruently at 400°C and decomposes to form Cr2O3 crystals at 780°C or higher by the following reaction: K2Cr2O7(1) = K2CrO4(1) + 0.5 Cr2O3(s) + 0.75 O2(g). In this decomposition reaction, the precipitated Cr2O3 crystals in the melt are gradually grown with increase of heating time, but the decomposition rate is too rapid to grow the crystals of good quality. The decomposition rate can be slowed by adding K2CrO4 to K2Cr2O7, and thus crystals of larger size and higher quality can be obtained. Most of the grown crystals take the shape of plates with the basal plane c(0001) and the side faces n (224¯3) and r (101¯1).
Farm Size Evaluation in the El Paso Valley: Reply

Hanson and Eidman (HE) preface their comment by stating that the basic conclusion of our study is that "a farm with less than the minimum situation (640 acres owned with 100% beginning equity) likely will not survive the next ten years (p. 436)." While the intent of this sentence was to refer to a farm with less than 640 acres and less than 100% equity, we concede that there is a need for clarification. The wording would be more precise if the sentence had read, "A farm with less than the minimum situation (i.e., less than 640 acres and less than 100% equity) likely will not survive the next ten years." We are indebted to HE for challenging this statement and providing the opportunity for clarification. The remainder of HE's comment (a) "contrasts RC results with those of other studies on the same issue in other geographic areas," (b) finds that these studies "stand in marked contrast to the RC findings," and (c) concludes that "the RC results are quite surprising in view of the literature." HE's conclusion simply is not supported by the quoted studies and stems from their failure (a) to consider differences in methodology between our study and those quoted, (b) to interpret accurately the results of quoted studies, and (c) to note evident regional differences in profitability and economies of size. One study cited by HE as showing a "marked contrast to the RC findings" is Seckler and Young's analysis of the 160-acre limitation. Because Seckler and Young (p. 579) "rely heavily" on a 1978 study conducted by a special U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) task force, HE should have examined the USDA study more carefully. USDA analyzed the viability of each farm size by comparing 1977 returns to operator management and labor with 1970 median family incomes. These returns were "estimated by the California Cooperative Extension budget generator using seasonal average prices for 1977, current costs, and average county yields" (USDA, p. 17). USDA (p. vi) recognized that static analyses of farm budgets do "not adequately reflect the risky nature of many farm enterprises." Note their self-imposed limitation:
Tropical storm structure revealed by stereoscopic photographs from Skylab

Abstract A stereo pair of photographs taken by Skylab astronauts over Hurricane Ellen, September 19, 1973, resulted in the first stereo analysis over tropical storms. This pair is also the first evidence to indicate the existence of “supercell” convection in developing tropical storms. The photos are analyzed to determine the cloud top structure of the intense convection occurring in one quadrant of the storm. This type of supercell convection in tropical storms has recently been correlated with subsequent rapid deepening. The stereo analysis revealed that a circular cloud feature over the storm center was a dome which protruded 3–4 km above the undisturbed cirrus clouds. The center of the dome was capped by smaller scale convective turrets which protruded another 1–2 km above the dome. The existence of shear induced waves in the cloud tops is shown with wave amplitude ranging from 150–300 m and wave lengths ranging from 2–4 km. The existence of gravity waves at the cloud tops is also shown with wave amplitudes of 500–600 m and wavelengths of 10–12 km.
Ixodes Dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) and Associated Ixodid Ticks in South-Central Connecticut, USA

Nine thousand ticks of 9 species were collected from 22 species of wild mammals in south-central Connecticut. The majority of ticks were Ixodes dammini and Dermacentor variabilis . The principal hosts of I. dammini were Peromyscus leucopus, Tamias striatus , and Odocoileus virginianus. D. variabilis was most abundant on P. leucopus, Microtus pennsylvanicus , and Procyon lotor . Immature I. dammini were most abundant in the late seral stages of forest development. Immature D. variabilis were most abundant in the early seral stages. The distribution of I. dammini was influenced by a coastal climatic gradient. The abundance of D. variabilis was inversely related to that of I. dammini . Larval I. dammini were most abundant in the late summer and fall, nymphs in the summer, and adults in the spring and fall. All stages of D. variabilis were most abundant in the spring and summer.
The helium microwave-induced plasma: an alternative ion source for plasma mass spectrometry

Abstract Helium microwave-induced plasmas are a useful alternative ion source for plasma mass spectrometry in certain applications including nonmetal detection. A review of investigations concerning helium microwave-induced plasma mass spectrometry is presented. The advantages of helium plasmas are discussed and initial MIP-MS work is reviewed. Both gaseous and aqueous sample introduction techniques are discussed including chromatographic techniques, electrothermal vaporization and solution nebulization. In addition, other studies including fragmentation and fundamentals are reviewed.
The Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX®): Applications in Clinical Practice

Osteoporosis is a serious health concern affecting millions of Americans, with many patients going undiagnosed and untreated. Fractures due to osteoporosis and fracture-related complications are the most clinically relevant and costly consequences of this disorder. The Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX®), released by the World Health Organization (WHO) in February 2008, is a major achievement in helping determine which patients may be candidates for pharmacological therapy for osteoporosis. This Web-based algorithm, which has been incorporated into some dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) reporting software, calculates the 10-year probability of major osteoporotic fracture (clinical vertebral, hip, forearm, or humerus) and the 10-year probability of hip fracture in men and women based on easily obtained clinical risk factors and bone mineral density (BMD) of the femoral neck (optional). The National Osteoporosis Foundation updated its U.S. guidelines in February 2008 to incorporate FRAX and recommends that all postmenopausal women and men aged ≥50 years with a hip or vertebral fracture, a T-score ≤-2.5 at the femoral neck or spine (excluding secondary causes), or low bone mass (T-score between -1.0 and -2.5) and a 10-year probability of hip fracture ≥3% or of major osteoporosis-related fracture ≥20% (based on FRAX) should be considered candidates for drug therapy. Despite its demonstrated clinical utility, FRAX has limitations and should not be used in all situations. Acceptance and clinical use of FRAX may help identify men and women at increased risk for osteoporotic fracture, but implementing the tool into clinical practice may be a challenge for busy physicians.
Decision-Making In Cranial Cruciate Ligament Ruptures

Differential diagnoses for cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) ruptures are discussed. Management of CrCL ruptures complicated by other orthopedic or medical problems is discussed and illustrated with clinical cases. The literature comparing various repair techniques for CrCI ruptures is reviewed and some recommendations for repair choices made.
In situ hybridization of three transfer RNAs to the polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract Three Drosophila transfer RNAs, tRNA 2 Met , tRNA 3 Met and tRNA 2 Arg , were purified from larvae using a new fractionation procedure. After enzymatic aminoacylation, the amino group of aminoacyl-tRNA was coupled covalently to activated CH-Sepharose 4B (the N -hydroxysuccinimide ester of 6-aminohexanoic acid coupled to Sepharose 4B). The resin was washed extensively to remove the unaminoacylated tRNAs and the tRNA specific for the amino acid was eluted at high pH. Addition purification and separation of isoacceptors was done by RPC-5 chromatography. In situ hybridization of 125 I-labeled tRNA 2 Met identifies 48AB on chromosome 2 and 72F on chromosome 3 as gene loci. The rate of in situ hybridization at these two sites is the same and corresponds to the rate expected for a pure tRNA. Hybridization to several other sites occurs at slower rates and is interpreted as due to impurities in the tRNA preparation. Based on in situ , filter, and gel transfer hybridizations, there are two genes for tRNA 2 Met at 48AB and two at 72F. Similar experiments with tRNA 2 Arg indicate about eight genes at 42A on chromosome 2 and about five genes at 84EF on chromosome 3. In situ hybridization of tRNA 3 Met labels 61D, 70DE, 42A and 42E. The rapid rate of labeling at 61D and 70DE establishes these as sites with tRNA 3 Met genes. The precision of the in situ hybridization measurements is too low to determine whether 42A and 42E are tRNA 3 Met genes or sites labeled by impurities.
The value of maintenance interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) in older adults with different IPT foci.

Objective/METHODS The authors examined recurrence rates of major depression in elderly subjects with different foci of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), who were treated for up to 3 years with either monthly maintenance IPT and pill placebo or with monthly clinical management and pill placebo. RESULTS Among subjects with an IPT focus on role conflict, a greater proportion of those treated with maintenance-IPT survived for 3 years without recurrence than those treated with placebo/clinical management. Median time to recurrence was 68.9 weeks in IPT-treated patients versus 16.3 weeks for patients in clinical management. Subjects with an IPT focus on abnormal grief or role transition demonstrated no effect differential for maintenance IPT and pill-placebo on recurrence prevention over supportive clinical management and pill-placebo. CONCLUSION If replicated in a larger sample, these findings have important implications for ongoing case-management decisions.
Online State of Charge estimation in electrochemical batteries: Application of pattern recognition techniques

High precision State-of-Charge (SOC) estimation in electrochemical batteries is an integral part of an effective energy management system. This paper proposes two pattern recognition methods for online estimation of SOC using the impulse response of the battery. By capturing the impulse responses at various levels of SOC, one can use the proposed pattern recognition methods in time domain or in frequency domain to determine the SOC of the battery. These two techniques have been studied in details and their precisions have been compared by simulation and experiment. The results show that the frequency domain method offers higher resolution in SOC estimation and lower computational complexity.
The Trust Responsibility and Limited Sovereignty: What can Environmental Justice Groups Learn from Indian Nations?

During the 1990s, American Indian Nations assumed regulatory primacy over certain portions of federal environmental laws in the United States. For tribes that have not developed their own standards, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued policy statements aimed at incorporating tribal health and natural resources. While many communities of color have to fight to get heard in state and federal permitting processes, the U.S. EPA has made it an explicit mission to always include Indian Nations. Thus, “getting to the decision-making table”—a key goal of environmental justice groups—is presumably serving the interests of tribes seeking environmental justice. However, being involved in regulatory processes, as tribes are, may not be enough for Indian Nations or other communities of color. It is to this end that I write this article—should “getting to the table” be the ultimate goal for environmental justice groups, and how should this table be structured?
Prospects for shale development outside the USA: evaluating nations’ regulatory and fiscal regimes for unconventional hydrocarbons

Pursuant to a generous Association of International Petroleum Negotiator (AIPN) 2014 Summer Research Award, this article identifies, evaluates and compares the legal and fiscal rules, regulations and incentives necessary for countries with significant shale petroleum and natural gas formations to attempt to replicate the boom that is ongoing in the USA. As others have pointed out, several legal, tax, and operational barriers can impair duplication of the US shale revolution in similarly endowed nations. This article identifies key factors responsible for the surge in US shale production, distill the fundamental forces from the US experience that are applicable to any jurisdiction, and evaluate and compare how several countries fare in this vein. The report also identifies avenues for reform and innovative policies that could be applied in other jurisdictions.
Heat transfer surface enhancement through the use of longitudinal vortices: a review of recent progress

Abstract Flow through an interrupted or enhanced heat exchanger passage is complicated and may cause the natural formation f vortices that can enhance local heat transfer by several hundred percent. Vortex-induced heat transfer enhancement exploits this effect through the deliberate generation of large-scale lonitudinal vortices in the flow. In this review of vortex-induced heat transfer enhancement, the theoretical basis for the method is discussed and both active and passive implementations are reviewed. The aim of this survey is to critically review recent progress and to identify research needs in the area of vortex-induced heat exchanger enhancement.
Solution Synthesis of Epitaxial Rare-Earth Oxide Thin Films on Roll-Textured Nickel

Using solution chemistry, epitaxial films of rare-earth oxides of the general formula RE2O3 (where RE = Sm to Lu) were prepared on cubic-textured nickel tapes. Solutions of metal methoxyethoxides or metal acetate/methoxyethoxides in 2-methoxyethanol were used to coat rolltextured nickel tapes using either spin-coating or dip-coating. Coated tapes were subsequently heated in a reducing atmosphere at temperatures between 950 °C and 1160 °C for varying lengths of time. Film quality was determined using X-ray diffraction and electron and surface probe microscopy. Films were found to be oriented both in and out-of-plane of the substrate, free of pinholes and gross defects, and of sufficient quality for use as substrates for high Tc, superconductors.
Occurrence and Effects of Leader Delegation in Virtual Teams

Virtual teams are an important work structure in software development projects. However, little is known about what constitutes effective virtual team leadership, in particular, what amount of leader delegation is appropriate in a virtual environment? This study investigates virtual team leader delegation and explores the impact of delegation strategies on virtual team performance mediated by team motivation, team flexibility and team satisfaction with the team leader The research is a report of a pilot study run on student teams carried out to refine and test the research constructs and research model. The study found that virtual team leaders delegate more to competent virtual teams and that delegation is positively correlated with team member satisfaction with their leader and with team member motivation. This work provides important knowledge for software-based organizations interested in developing virtual team leadership skills.
Characterization of dynamic nonlinearity in ADCs using wavelet networks

Dynamic nonlinear effects in the Track-and- Hold circuit contribute significantly to distortion in Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs). This paper proposes a model for the characterization of non-linear dynamic effects of a T/H-ADC device by employing a mathematical approach based on Wavelet Networks (WN). Method effectiveness is demonstrated by validating the model on ADS5483, a 16-bit, 135 MSPS ADC from Texas Instruments. The proposed model is able to predict the harmonic distortion of the ADC in the first three Nyquist zones, at all amplitudes ranging from −1dbFS to −45 dBFS.
Withdrawal of Antithrombotic Agents and Its Impact on Ischemic Stroke Occurrence

Background and Purpose—Antithrombotic medications (anticoagulants and antiplatelets) are often withheld in the periprocedural period and after bleeding complications to limit the risk of new or recurrent bleeding. These medications are also stopped by patients for various reasons such as cost, side effects, or unwillingness to take medication. Methods—Patient records from the population-based Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study were reviewed to identify cases of ischemic stroke in 2005 and determine the temporal association of strokes with withdrawal of antithrombotic medication. Ischemic strokes and reasons for medication withdrawal were identified by study nurses for subsequent physician review. Results—In 2005, 2197 cases of ischemic stroke among residents of the region were identified through hospital discharge records. Of the 2197 ischemic strokes, 114 (5.2%) occurred within 60 days of an antithrombotic medication withdrawal, 61 (53.5%) of these after stoppage of warfarin and the remain...
The MHETA Execution Model for Heterogeneous Clusters

The availability of inexpensive "off the shelf" machines increases the likelihood that parallel programs run on heterogeneous clusters of machines. These programs are increasingly likely to be out of core, meaning that portions of their datasets must be stored on disk during program execution. This results in significant, per-iteration, I/O cost. This paper describes an execution model, called MHETA, which is the key component to finding an effective data distribution on heterogeneous clusters. MHETA takes into account computation, communication, and I/O costs of iterative scientific applications. MHETA uses automatically extracted information from a single iteration to predict the execution time of the remaining iterations. Results show that MHETA predicts with on average 98% accuracy the execution time of several scientific benchmarks (with and without prefetching) and one full-scale scientific program that utilize pipelined and other communication. MHETA is thus an effective tool when searching for the most effective distribution on a heterogeneous cluster.
Multi-step routes of capuchin monkeys in a laser pointer traveling salesman task.

Prior studies have claimed that nonhuman primates plan their routes multiple steps in advance. However, a recent reexamination of multi-step route planning in nonhuman primates indicated that there is no evidence for planning more than one step ahead. We tested multi-step route planning in capuchin monkeys using a pointing device to “travel” to distal targets while stationary. This device enabled us to determine whether capuchins distinguish the spatial relationship between goals and themselves and spatial relationships between goals and the laser dot, allocentrically. In Experiment 1, two subjects were presented with identical food items in Near-Far (one item nearer to subject) and Equidistant (both items equidistant from subject) conditions with a laser dot visible between the items. Subjects moved the laser dot to the items using a joystick. In the Near-Far condition, one subject demonstrated a bias for items closest to self but the other subject chose efficiently. In the second experiment, subjects retrieved three food items in similar Near-Far and Equidistant arrangements. Both subjects preferred food items nearest the laser dot and showed no evidence of multi-step route planning. We conclude that these capuchins do not make choices on the basis of multi-step look ahead strategies. Am. J. Primatol. 76:828–841, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical Utility and Analytical Challenges in Measurement of Cerebrospinal Fluid Amyloid-β1–42 and τ Proteins as Alzheimer Disease Biomarkers

BACKGROUND: Over the past 2 decades, clinical studies have provided evidence that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid β1–42 (Aβ1–42), total τ (t-τ), and τ phosphorylated at Thr181 (p-τ181) are reliable biochemical markers of Alzheimer disease (AD) neuropathology. CONTENT: In this review, we summarize the clinical performance and describe the major challenges for the analytical performance of the most widely used immunoassay platforms [based on ELISA or microbead-based multianalyte profiling (xMAP) technology] for the measurement of CSF AD biomarkers (Aβ1–42, t-τ, and p-τ181). With foundational immunoassay data providing the diagnostic and prognostic values of CSF AD biomarkers, the newly revised criteria for the diagnosis of AD include CSF AD biomarkers for use in research settings. In addition, it has been suggested that the selection of AD patients at the predementia stage by use of CSF AD biomarkers can improve the statistical power of clinical trial design. Owing to the lack of a replenishable and commutable human CSF-based standardized reference material (SRM) and significant differences across different immunoassay platforms, the diagnostic–prognostic cutpoints of CSF AD biomarker concentrations are not universal at this time. These challenges can be effectively met in the future, however, through collaborative ongoing standardization efforts to minimize the sources of analytical variability and to develop reference methods and SRMs. SUMMARY: Measurements of CSF Aβ1–42, t-τ, and p-τ181 with analytically qualified immunoassays reliably reflect the neuropathologic hallmarks of AD in patients at the early predementia stage of the disease and even in presymptomatic patients. Thus these CSF biomarker tests are useful for early diagnosis of AD, prediction of disease progression, and efficient design of drug intervention clinical trials.
Use of bomb radiocarbon to validate otolith section ages of red snapper Lutjanus campechanus from the northern Gulf of Mexico

The red snapper Lutjanus campechanus is an important recreational and commercial fish species in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Management approaches have varied in part because of uncertainty of their longevity. Snapper ages have been based on presumed otolith annuli; however, this methodology has not been validated for all age classes. A recent technique to validate otolith age utilizes the increase in oceanic 14C resulting from atmospheric testing of nuclear bombs during the 1950s and 1960s. Analyses of annuli from living corals and fish otoliths from 1900 to the present have documented that elevated 14C input has occurred throughout the world's oceans. We validated otolith section age estimates through accelerator mass spectrometry analysis of bomb-produced 14C in red snapper (otoliths) hatched before, during, and after the nuclear testing periods. Delta 14C data from the otoliths of red snapper with presumed birth dates between 1960 and 1973 clearly reflect the sharp increase in oceanic radiocarbon attributable to previous nuclear testing. Similarities between the otolith and nearby coral △14C chronologies suggest that annulus-based age estimates of red snapper are valid on average to within 1–3 yr. In addition, this study provides the first carbonate bomb radiocarbon time series from the northern Gulf of Mexico.
On the role of experience in ethical decision making at work An ethical expertise perspective

Previous research has produced contradictory results on whether and how “experience” relates to ethical decision making in the workplace. Maintaining that these divergent findings result from under...
Penetrating Cardiac Injuries : A Historic Perspective and Fascinating Trip Through Time

ardiac injuries have been described since ancient times. he earliest known descriptions of cardiac injuries appear n Homer’s Iliad(Fig. 1). It contains specific references to xsanguination as a cause of death and foreign bodies imaled in the heart. The poetic description of the death of arpedon includes an episode of exsanguinating hemorhage from a cardiac injury, “Not so Patroclus’ never erring arts; Aim’d at his breast, it peers at the mortal part, Where he strong fibers bind the solid heart.” The Iliad also records an observation describing the ardiac impulse transmitted through a spear that had transixed the heart of Alkathoos, “The hero Idomeneus smote im in the midst of the breast with the spear. . . and he fell ith a crash, and the lance fixed in his heart that, still eating, shook the butt end of the spear.” Beck classified the history of wounds of the heart acording to three historical periods. First, the period of mysicism, in which wounds to the heart were described, but ere considered uniformly fatal. This was followed by a eriod of observation and experiment, culminating in the eriod of suture, which began in 1882. Hippocrates stated hat all wounds of the heart were deadly. Authors such as vid, Celsus, Pliny, Aristotle, and Galen regarded hem as absolutely and necessarily fatal. According to Ar-
Drug and light dose dependence of photodynamic therapy: a study of tumor cell clonogenicity and histologic changes.

— The dependence of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on changes in drug and light doses was determined in C3H/HeJ mice bearing the RIF tumor. Measurements of tumor clonogenicity were determined 24 h after PDT over a range of drug and light doses. Representative histological samples were prepared at each of these doses. Both the drug and light dose dependence experiments showed an exponential decrease in clonogenicity after an initial shoulder region. Reciprocity of drug and light dose was established from those clonogenicity curves. Histological examination of tumors gave information concerning the localization of gross damage within tumors. Increases of light dose in PDT were shown to extend the depth of necrosis within tumors. Increases of drug dose produced enlargements in the area of necrotic spots produced by PDT
Skills in assessing the professional literature (SAPL): a 7-year analysis of student EBD performance.

Abstract Purpose The primary goal of this project was to describe the level of knowledge acquisition using detailed test performance outcomes of the EBD SAPL curriculum over its first 7-years of implementation at the NYU College of Dentistry. A secondary goal was to compare performance outcomes impact of the full 60 h base SAPL curriculum as taught to 4-year DDS students vs an abbreviated 30 h base SAPL curriculum as taught to 3-year Advanced Placement DDS students. Methods The findings for the period 2004–2010 are reported for 1647 dental students (63.6% 4-year DDS students, 36.3% 3-year Advanced Placement DDS students). The database consisted of the score earned by each student on each individual question of the SAPL course's 4 h final examination in which each student read an original research article and answered all questions on the Literature Analysis Form. Results The major findings were overall high performance by both groups of students (SAPL exam scores of 85.8 vs 83.7, respectively) as well as very similar outcomes between these two student groups on: 1) recognizing research design elements and on interpreting those design elements for clinical application, 2) detailed performance of knowledge within the specific five traditional sections of research articles, and 3) detailed performance across 18 identified research design topics. Conclusion In conclusion, both course formats appear to be highly effective for their respective student groups, but should not be interpreted as evidence favoring the shorter format given the different characteristics of the two student groups.
A revision of the genus Osmoxylon (Araliaceae) in Palau, including two new species

Osmoxylon Miq. (Araliaceae) is revised for Palau, Micronesia including descriptions of two new taxa Osmoxylon leidichii Costion, sp. nov. and Osmoxylon ngardokense Costion, sp. nov. Full descriptions are provided for all four Palau species, along with diagnostic field keys.
The Obligation of the Coalition Provisional Authority to Protect Iraq's Cultural Heritage

In executing the Security Council's mandate, the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA)- composed of the United States and the United Kingdom, the two member states that presently occupy Iraq - bears a special responsibility in retrieving stolen cultural objects, preserving and restoring archaeological, historical, and cultural sites that have suffered damage.
Quantum Computing via Cavity Induced Coupling of Spectrally Selective Bands of Particles in a Solid

A quantum computer that stores information on two-state systems called quantum bits or qubits must be able to address and manipulate individual qubits, to effect coherent interactions between pairs of qubits, and to read out the value of qubits.
Phase transformation and fracture in single Li x FePO 4 cathode particles: a phase-field approach to Li–ion intercalation and fracture

Modern Li–ion batteries with LiFePO4 cathodes have been shown to be low cost, non-toxic, have a high theoretical capacity, and high (dis)charging rates. Although LiFePO4 has advantageous properties for electrical energy storage, it can lose some of its charging capacity when cycled. Researchers have found cracks that develop in LiFePO4 cathode particles during cycling, and it has been suggested that this is the main cause of the capacity loss. The work presented here develops a multi-physics computational model to investigate the possible causes of fracture in single LiFePO4 particles. The model combines the recently developed reaction-limited phase-field model for Li–ion intercalation with the phase-field model for brittle fracture. We use our numerical model to simulate single LiFePO4 cathode particles during galvanostatic discharging as well as under no charging. It was found that because of the phase transformation and two-phase coexistence of LiFePO4, cracks were able to grow due to large stresses at coherent phase boundaries. Phase nucleation at particle side facets was also examined and we show that pre-cracks grow that follow the high stresses at the coherent interface during charging.
Measuring Rapid Changes in Plant Volatiles at Different Spatial Levels

The majority of volatile chemical measurements related to plant communication processes have been conducted at relatively small spatial scales. Relatively little is known about how volatile-mediated signalling functions at larger scales, such as large plant, ecosystem or region. To understand these issues, real-time measurement of volatile organic compounds (VOC), which has been successfully used in the atmospheric science community for almost two decades, is required. When VOCs and vertical wind speed are measured at sufficiently high temporal resolution, eddy correlation techniques can be used to provide direct information about the ecosystem biosphere–atmosphere exchange. These very fast measurements can reflect the true dynamics of the concentrations of key semiochemicals, which could otherwise be averaged out over longer time periods. Furthermore, they allow for direct measurement of their ecosystem net flux from a well-defined area, which enables a holistic understanding of a habitat’s chemistry and physics. This chapter is intended to inspire chemical ecologists to view the bigger picture in chemical communication by applying real-time measurement approaches at larger scales. This chapter presents the principles of real-time measurements of semiochemicals by PTR-MS and the eddy covariance technique along with examples of their current and potential applications in field measurements.
An Automated Tandem HPLC System Applied to Peptide Mapping of Human Plasma Proteins

Abstract We have developed an automated tandem HPLC system for peptide mapping of very large proteins. The method is based on the principle of introducing the eluate from the first column (anion-exchange) directly into the second (reversed-phase). The system consists of two HPLC assemblies with a programmed elution by controllers. The system was applied to peptide mapping analysis of ceruloplasmin (Cp), serum albumin, and heavy-chain disease (HCD) proteins.
Patterns of Loss to Follow-Up Care Among Childhood Cancer Survivors

Purpose: Surveillance for long-term complications related to previous cancer therapy can help diagnose/manage chronic health conditions in childhood cancer survivors and improve survivor quality of life. However, a challenge to delivering long-term care to childhood cancer survivors is loss to follow-up; many patients discontinue care at specialized survivor care centers. The purpose of this study was to examine patterns of loss to follow-up among a cohort of childhood cancer survivors. Methods: This retrospective study examined follow-up patterns among a nonrandom representative sample of 370 childhood cancer survivors among 1116 patients from a single institution. The median age of patients at diagnosis was 10.2 years (range <1–21). Factors potentially related to follow-up were utilized to evaluate patterns of follow-up across 5-year intervals following completion of active therapy. The association between patient characteristics and follow-up was evaluated using univariate and multivariate binomial reg...
Caspase dependent and independent mechanisms of apoptosis across gestation in a sheep model of placental insufficiency and intrauterine growth restriction

Increased placental apoptosis is a hallmark of intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR). Several molecules have been shown to be involved in the control of apoptosis during this disease. Our objective was to determine the expression of Bcl2, Bax, phospho XIAP, AIF, caspase 3 and 9, and telomerase activity across gestation in an ovine hyperthermia-induced model of IUGR. Pregnant sheep were placed in hyperthermic (HT) conditions to induce IUGR along with age-matched controls. Placental tissues were collected at 55 (early), 95 (mid-gestation) and 130 (near-term) days of gestational age (dGA) to determine the expression of apoptotic molecules during the development of IUGR. Compared to the control placenta, IGUR pregnancies showed: significantly reduced placental Bcl2 in early gestation (55 dGA) with a significant increase observed at mid gestation (95 dGA); decreased placental pXIAP at both mid and near term gestational days (95 and 130 dGA); placental AIF increased only at 55 dGA (early gestation); active caspase 3 increased at both mid and near term gestational days (95 and 130 dGA); caspase 9 only increased at mid gestation (95 dGA) and decreased Telomerase activity near term. Placental apoptosis, mediated in part by the apoptosis related molecule, participates in the development of IUGR. Findings from this study suggest a caspase-independent apoptotic pathway during early gestation and caspase-dependent apoptosis at mid and near term gestation. The data also implicate decreased activation of XIAP as a plausible factor involved in the control of placental apoptosis during IUGR.
Cellular Properties of Autonomic-Related Neurons in the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus

The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) is a complex area composed of functionally different subsets of neurons, including magnocellular neuroendocrine, parvocellular neuroendocrine and parvocellular pre-autonomic neurons. Accumulating evidence indicates that PVN pre-autonomic neurons play important roles in cardiovascular control, both under physiological and pathological conditions. Despite this growing evidence, fundamental information on the cellular mechanisms controlling neuronal excitability in PVN pre-autonomic neurons is still missing. Using a multilevel experimental approach that combines neuronal tract tracing, in vitro patch clamp recordings, three dimensional neuronal reconstruction and immunohistochemistry, we have recently started to characterize the cellular properties of pre-autonomic PVN neurons that innervate medullary autonomic centers. PVN neurons innervating the dorsal vagal complex are characterized by a prominent low threshold spike (LTS), mediated by the activation of Ni2+sensitive, low-threshold Ca2+ conductance (IT). The LTS can efficiently modulate the ability of these neurons to fire in different pattern modes. Morphologically, PVN pre-autonomic neurons have medium to large somata and a bipolar or multipolar dendritic configuration with a relatively high degree of branching. Interestingly, the axons of the majority of these neurons originated from a primary dendrite, instead of originating from the soma with a typical axon hillock. In summary, these studies provide for the first time a detailed characterization of the basic cellular properties underlying neuronal excitability in PVN pre-autonomic neurons, providing a basis for the study of their involvement in the patho-physiology of hypertension and congestive heart failure disorders.
Using wearable sensors to collect user data at an event as a live API and for logistical planning

Event planning can be a challenging task. Accommodating dozens or hundreds of attendees can create a series of logistical challenges. Data can play an important role in event planning. Knowing what attendees want can allow one to give them a great experience. There are many ways to obtain this data. At the inaugural Rowan-hosted hackathon, ProfHacks, every attendee received an NFC wristband. At various points during the event, such as meals and presentations, their wristbands were scanned. This live data set was made available to attendees as a live API to incorporate into their projects. After the event ended, this data was analyzed to make smarter decisions for planning the event for years to come.
Imatinib-induced changes in gene expression and the metastatic potential of human breast carcinoma cells

1074 Background: Imatinib mesylate (imatinib) is a potent and selective inhibitor of the tyrosine kinases, Bcr-Abl, c-Kit and platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs). Since its advent for the successful treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia in 2001, the clinical efficacy of imatinib has been investigated in many other human malignancies, including breast cancer. Based on recent reports that chemotherapy selects more invasive and metastasizing cells, we have hypothesized that exposure of breast cancer cells to imatinib could enhance their malignant behavior. Methods: MA-11 breast carcinoma cells, originating from bone marrow micrometastases, were exposed to imatinib in vitro for seven days. After four days of recovery in drug-free medium, biological properties and gene expression pattern were compared with those of the parental cell line. In a separate set of experiments, the effects of in vivo administration of imatinib to athymic nude (nu/nu) mice carrying MA-11 tumors were investigated. Re...
Klein: Ikosaeder und quintische Gleichung (1884)

Wir hatten in Kapitel 9 gesehen, dass die allgemeine Gleichung 5. Grades keine Losungsformel besitzt, die nur die Grundrechenarten und das Wurzelziehen beliebigen Grades benutzt. Und doch gibt es eine Losungsformel; sie verwendet eben noch eine weitere Rechenart. Felix Klein hat 1884 den geometrischen Grund fur diese merkwurdige Formel beschrieben, die nur fur quintische Gleichungen gilt: Er hat eine enge Verbindung dieser Gleichung zur Geometrie des Ikosaeders aufgedeckt. Ein Indiz dafur ist, dass die Drehgruppe des Ikosaeders isomorph ist zur Galoisgruppe der quintischen Gleichung, ahnlich wie die Drehgruppe des Wurfels isomorph zur Galoisgruppe der quartischen Gleichung ist (Ubung 9.1).
Resident and young physician experience with complex cataract surgery and new cataract and refractive technology: Results of the ASCRS 2016 Young Eye Surgeons survey

A survey was offered to attendees of the 2016 annual meeting of the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (ASCRS) as well as online to ASCRS members. Of the 429 self-identified surgeons in training or those with fewer than 5 years in practice, 83% had performed complex cataract surgery using iris expansion devices or capsular tension rings (63%) and 70% had implanted a toric intraocular lens (IOL). A minority of respondents had performed laser-assisted cataract surgery (27%) or implanted presbyopia-correcting IOLs (39%), and only half (50%) had performed laser vision correction (LVC). Comfort with complex cataract and IOL procedures improved with increasing number of cases performed until greater than 10 cases. From this we can conclude that young surgeons have adequate exposure to complex cataracts but lack experience in refractive surgery and new IOL technology. Reported surgeon confidence improved with increased experience and exposure.
Unemployment and Crime Rate Fluctuations: A Comment on Greenberg

Several ways in which the specification of the Cantor and Land (1985) conceptual model of transient relationships between aggregate unemployment and crime rate fluctuations differs from that of Greenberg (2001) are noted. It follows that we do not accept Greenberg's Eq. (1) as a valid theoretical representation of the processes of interest. We briefly review the substantive context from which our investigation began in the mid-1980s. We also review the time series properties of our model and of the aggregate unemployment and crime rates used in its estimation. We note how the time series behavior of various crime rates determines which parts of the Cantor and Land model are and are not likely to be estimated as statistically significant for those series. We conclude with some comments on the limitations of aggregate time series research designs for testing the behavioral hypotheses used to generate expected relationships between aggregate unemployment and crime rates and suggest some alternative research designs.
Ozone Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis Using DDM-3D in a Photochemical Air Quality Model

Sensitivity analysis plays an important role in understanding the response of an environmental system to the variation of model inputs or parameters. This information can be further utilized to explore the model uncertainties introduced from these model inputs and parameters. However, sensitivity analysis has not been used as widely as desired in multidimensional models because of its complexity. A fast and formal sensitivity technique (DDM-3D) has been developed and implemented in the CIT (California/Carnegie Institute of Technology) airshed model to evaluate the sensitivity of predicted pollutant levels to the reaction rate constants of gas-phase photochemical mechanism. The study focuses on the chemical rate constants, which have been identified to be influential to the predicted ozone uncertainty in previous studies. The ozone sensitivities to rate parameters are then computed spatially in a multiday ozone episode, August 27–29, 1987, applied to the Los Angeles area, southern California. It was found that only a limited number of rate constants have a significant influence on ozone predictions. Combined with the sensitivity analysis, a first-order uncertainty was conducted and results indicate that uncertainty of reaction rate constants have significant impacts on the ozone levels. The uncertainty (± lσ) in ozone ranged from 10–35% of predicted levels downwind of Los Angeles and 35–50% for the urban core during afternoon high-ozone hours. In addition to the first-order uncertainty analysis, a Monte Carlo simulation incorporated with Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) technique was conducted to assess the importance of non-linearities. It was found that the two approaches gave very similar results. The results also suggest that the overall uncertainty of predicted ozone is highly dominated by the uncertainty of rate constant of HNO3 formation.
Donor Variation and Optimization of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Chondrogenesis in Hyaluronic Acid

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an attractive cell type for cartilage repair that can undergo chondrogenesis in a variety of three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds. Hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels provide a biologically relevant interface for cell encapsulation. While previous studies have shown that MSC-laden HA constructs can mature in vitro to match native mechanical properties using cells from animal sources, clinical application will depend on the successful translation of these findings to human cells. Though numerous studies have investigated chondrogenesis of human MSC (hMSC)-laden constructs, their functional outcomes were quite inferior to those using animal sources, and donor-specific responses to 3D HA hydrogels have not been fully investigated. To that end, hMSCs were derived from seven donors, and their ability to undergo chondrogenesis in pellet culture and HA hydrogels was evaluated. Given the initial observation of overt cell aggregation and/or gel contraction for some donors, the impact of variation in cell and HA macromer concentration on functional outcomes during chondrogenesis was evaluated using one young/healthy donor. The findings show marked differences in functional chondrogenesis of hMSCs in 3D HA hydrogels based on donor. Increasing cell density resulted in increased mechanical properties, but also promoted construct contraction. Increasing the macromer density generally stabilized construct dimensions and increased extracellular matrix production, but limited the distribution of formed matrix at the center of the construct and reduced mechanical properties. Collectively, these findings suggest that the use of hMSCs may require tuning of cell density and gel mechanics on a donor-by-donor basis to provide for the most robust tissue formation for clinical application.
Economic evaluation of low pathogenic avian influenza in northeastern US live bird markets

SUMMARY Avian influenza in domestic poultry can have varied impacts on the health and welfare of birds and an economic burden on producers, consumers, and animal health agencies including the cost to control and eradicate avian influenza. Low pathogenic avian influenza has historically been a recurring issue in U.S. live bird markets, but rarely studied. Live bird markets source various species of birds and mammals from a variety of wholesalers and sell either live animals or freshly harvested animals. Using cost estimates from the 2016 outbreak of low pathogenic avian influenza in northeastern U.S. live bird markets, estimates of the mean per market costs were calculated for responding government agencies ($804) and the market itself ($3,997), including traceback investigation, testing costs, and cleaning and disinfection. The economic impact also included market impacts which the majority are affected by income that the live bird markets forego during cleaning and disinfection ($3,998 per market) with an expected shutdown of 3–5d. Animal health agencies' responses to a disease depend on the established disease response and resources, such as labor and funding. Understanding the economic costs of disease management improves the decision-making process for these agencies and markets as a whole to limit disease introduction, spread, longevity, and market impacts through business disruptions and foregone income.