cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The experimental introduction of values into a psychiatric setting.

NUMBER OF INVESTIGATORS have related the efficacy of outpatient psychotherapy to the congruence of the expectations and values of patients and therapists. l-’ It seems probable that psychiatric inpatients are even more influenced than outpatients by the expectations and values of their therapists and the ward staff. They are usually more disturbed or “sick” and are in a more helpless and dependent position in relation to their therapists than are 5.6 outpatents: The patient’s hospital career and eventual discharge depends greatly on the staffs assessment of his “progress.” Studies of hospital settings as social systems, whether they be modern “therapeutic communitiePR or more traditional institution?‘I have made it clear that these social structures are organized to support a set of values, a value system, which may be quite explicitly recognized by staff and patients, or which may be merely implicit in procedures and decision-making. The question of the influence on the patients of the value system of the therapists and staff in a psychiatric hospital has not yet been fully investigated. Data on the iniluence of the value system of a psychiatric ward on patient behavior has been reported by the present investigators in previous studies designed to examine some of the influences on patient behavior in group therapy meetings.“-I” Despite these investigations and othersI” there is as yet little experimental data on the extent to which, and under what conditions, psychiatric patients may adopt the values held by the staff of a hospital setting. The present research was designed to ‘examine this question with hospitalized psychiatric patients by means of the experimental introduction of a value that is noncongruent but neutral to the already existing value system of the hospital setting, and the experimental accentuation of two other values already present in the system. Our interest lay in the effects of introducing or emphasizing values to patients and staff in an indirect manner, by example rather than by precept. Would staff and patients modify their behaviomr in line with the behavior of the research staff? The present study attempted to explore, in a preliminary way, the following questions: Are new values introduced indirectly by staff who are perceived as authority figures in a hospital setting adopted by other staff? When values already existing in the social system are indirectly emphasized by authority figures, do other staff also give increased This study was supporied by grants from the Pack-Kahn Foundation and from Mr. JO
An international intercomparison of quantum-based AC Voltage Standards

We report the results of a comparison of quantum-based AC Josephson Voltage Standards (ACJVS) between the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and the National Research Council, Canada (NRC), using a thermal transfer standard as the traveling standard. Excellent agreement was obtained between NIST and NRC from measurements on the lowest voltage ranges of the thermal transfer standard, indicating that the two ACJVS systems are consistent. This work confirms that the use of the ACJVS as a reference for ac voltage measurements is viable, and these systems can form the basis for ac voltage metrology in the future. This intercomparison was performed as part of SIM Bilateral Comparison SIM.EM-S11, AC-DC Voltage Transfer Difference at Low Voltages using an AC Josephson Voltage Standard.
The Reflection and Emission of Electromagnetic Radiation by Planetary Surfaces and Clouds

Planetary surface investigation by electromagnetic radiation reflection and emission observation techniques
Spreading and segregation of lipids in air-stable lipid microarrays.

As a result of heterogeneous spreading of distinct lipids within the same microspots of air-stable lipid microarrays, ganglioside GM1 tends to segregate and thus enrich within the center area of microspots where being predetermined by the quill pin used for array fabrication, as indicated by the binding pattern of fluorescein−cholera toxin subunit B.
Telomerase activity and oncogenesis in giant cell tumor of bone

Background. Benign giant cell tumor of bone (GCT) is a primary skeletal neoplasm with an unpredictable pattern of biologic aggressiveness and cytogenetic findings characterized by telomeric associations and telomeric reduction. The role of maintaining telomeric integrity is performed by telomerase. To determine if telomerase activity is present, cell extracts from fibroblasts and tumor cells from five patients with GCT were analyzed and compared with HeLa (a positive control cell line). Methods. Telomerase activity was detected by visualizing the extension of radioactive telomeric repeats on DNA sequencing gels. Telomere reduction was assessed using southern blot analyses of the restriction enzyme Hinf I digested DNA with a radio-labeled telomere probe. Results. Telomerase or telomerase-like activity was detected in the cell extracts from HeLa and tumor cells. However, GCT telomerase activity varied and was less than that observed in HeLa, but no activity was detected from fibroblasts. In addition, telomere reduction was seen in DNA isolated from both HeLa and GCT but not in fibroblasts or age-matched controls. Conclusion. Telomere reduction and telomerase activity may be oncogenic sustaining events required to maintain the transformed phenotype seen in GCT. Cancer 1995 ;75 :1094-9.
The effect of low molecular weight dextran on platelet deposition onto prosthetic materials

Abstract Low molecular weight dextran (LMD) has recently been shown in a randomized, multicenter trial to improve early patency in difficult lower extremity vascular bypass. The question remained as to whether this effect was due to plasma volume expansion by LMD or to its effects on platelets and coagulation. To analyze this we have studied the effects of LMD on platelet-graft interactions using an ex vivo baboon shunt. Indium 111-labeled autologous platelet deposition on expanded polytetrafluoroethylene and knitted Dacron grafts was monitored at a flow rate of 25 ml/min for 2½ hours. LMD was given by intravenous bolus at a dose of 5 ml/kg and was followed by a continuous infusion of 10 ml/hr. Flow through the shunt was started after the initial dextran bolus. Control studies were performed in a similar manner without dextran. An additional series of experiments was performed with a 5 to 10 ml/kg bolus of 5% human serum albumin to analyze the contribution of plasma volume expansion to platelet deposition in this model. The results revealed a significant (p
Responsiveness of Experimental Surgical-Wound Infections to Topical Chemotherapy

Topical agents freshly formulated in a cream base vehicle as well as commercial topical preparations were used to evaluate in mice the responsiveness of experimental surgical wounds infected with Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa to chemotherapy. The responsiveness of the infections to therapy or the efficacy of a topical agent was assessed primarily by means of wound counts of the infecting organism before and after the employment of an immediate (prophylactic) or delayed (therapeutic) treatment regimen. From tests of several concentrations of an agent formulated in the vehicle, a median effective dose could be determined. In the case of the lethal P. aeruginosa infection, a median protective dose could be determined. Both infections were found to be quite susceptible to treatment with those topical agents that demonstrated good activity in vitro against the test organisms. The results of the investigation indicated that the model infections were suitable for the screening of potential topical agents in vivo.
Investigation of statistical iterative reconstruction for dedicated breast CT

Dedicated breast CT has great potential for improving the detection and diagnosis of breast cancer. In this study, statistical iterative reconstruction with a penalized likelihood objective function and a Huber prior are investigated for use with breast CT. This prior has two free parameters, the penalty weight and the edgepreservation threshold, that need to be evaluated to determine those values that give optimal performance. Computer simulations with breast-like phantoms were used to study these parameters using various figuresof- merit that relate to performance in detecting microcalcifications. Results suggested that a narrow range of Huber prior parameters give optimal performance. Furthermore, iterative reconstruction provided improved performance measures as compared to conventional filtered back-projection.
Radiation chemistry in the Jovian stratosphere - Laboratory simulations

The results of the present low-pressure/continuous-flow laboratory simulations of H2/He/CH4/NH3 atmospheres' plasma-induced chemistry indicate radiation yields of both hydrocarbon and N2-containing organic compounds which increase with decreasing pressure. On the basis of these findings, upper limits of 1 million-1 billion molecules/sq cm/sec are established for production rates of major auroral-chemistry species in the Jovian stratosphere. It is noted that auroral processes may account for 10-100 percent of the total abundances of most of the observed polar-region organic species.
Faraday waves: rolls versus squares

Weakly nonlinear capillary—gravity waves of frequency ω and wavenumber k that are induced on the surface of a liquid in a square cylinder that is subjected to the vertical displacement a 0 cos 2ω t are studied on the assumptions that: 0 ka 0 , where δ is the linear damping ratio; the dominant modes are cos kx and cos ky , where x and y are Cartesian coordinates in a horizontal plane. The formulation extends those of Simonelli & Gollub (1989), Feng & Sethna (1989), Nagata (1989, 1991) and Umeki (1991) by incorporating capillarity, cubic forcing and cubic damping. The results are also applicable to a laterally unbounded fluid, but the basic symmetry then is hypothetical rather than imposed by the boundaries. Canonical evolution equations for the modal amplitudes are determined from an average Lagrangian. The fixed points of the evolution equations comprise: (i) the null solution; (ii) an orthogonal pair of rolls described by either cos kx or cos ky ; (iii) an orthogonal pair of squares described by either cos kx + cos ky or cos kx – cos ky ; (iv) coupled-mode solutions for which both modes are active and neither in phase nor in antiphase. The solutions for squares are isomorphic to those for rolls through a linear transformation of the coefficients in the Hamiltonian. The fixed points for rolls and squares lie on separate loci in an energy–frequency plane that intersect the null solution at a pair of pitchfork bifurcations, one of which is definitely supercritical and the other of which may be either subcritical or supercritical. The parametric domain of the various solutions includes subdomains in which squares/rolls are stable/unstable and conversely. In the limiting case of deep-water capillary waves in the threshold domain 0 ka 0 — δ 3 /9 all of the rolls and coupled-mode solutions are unstable, while squares are stable except for fixed points between the subcritical bifurcation (if it exists) and the corresponding turning point.
Seismic and core investigation off Panama city, Florida, reveals sand ridge influence on formation of the shoreface ravinement

Abstract A high-resolution seismic reflection and vibracore survey was conducted on the inner shelf offshore of Panama City, Florida in April, 2011, to provide seabed characterization for Office of Naval Research acoustic reverberation experiments. The seafloor in this region is part of the MAFLA sand sheet: marine sands up to 5.5 m thick extending from Mississippi to the Florida panhandle. The survey area spanned a transition in sand ridge morphology: northwest of the St. Andrews Bay inlet channel, sand ridges are up to ~4 m tall, but die off southeast of the inlet channel. Analysis of reflection and core data documents a basal reflector beneath the ridges interpreted to be the shoreface ravinement separating estuarine and Pleistocene sediments below from the marine sands above scavenged from the eroded sediments. In the northwest, this surface truncates buried river channels filled with estuarine sediment. In the middle of the survey area, where sand ridges are ~2 m high, the basal reflector is stratigraphically above the channel tops, and the presence of woody fragments in the intervening sand implies that it is relict barrier/estuarine material that has not been reworked into marine sand. In the southeast, where no sand ridges are present, the basal reflector is not observed, but the shoreface ravinement is identified in cores just ~0.4 m below the seafloor; unreworked barrier/estuarine sands are up to ~4 m thick above the channel tops. The stratigraphic progression implies reduced depth of shoreface erosion to the southeast, correlating with the reduction in sand ridge height. It is hypothesized here that sand ridge migration provides an addition to wave erosion in the formation of the shoreface ravinement along the lower shoreface and inner shelf, eroding through net negative bedform climb, and transferring sand to the sand ridges comprising the modern sand sheet.
Exact analytical formulas for the distribution functions of charged hard spheres in the mean spherical approximation

Exact analytical expressions are derived for the electrostatic part of the mean spherical approximation (MSA) radial distribution functions (RDFs) for a system of charged hard spheres. These expressions are valid for all distances. In addition, it is shown that these same expressions arise in the MSA description of the charge profile of charged hard spheres near a charged hard wall. We also derive analytical expressions for the nonelectrostatic part of the profile in this case, valid forz ⩽ 5σ, and discuss a numerical method for obtaining results forz > 5σ. Some simple approximate expressions are also considered.
Generation of a low flow atmospheric pressure neon ICP

Abstract A 27.12 MHz low flow (3 1/min), laminar flow, atmospheric pressure neon ICP has been generated. The forward power used is 500 W with a reflected power of less than 5 W. Using higher powers caused the plasma to either extinguish or form numerous filaments. The Hs line is used to determine an electron number density of 8 × 1013cm−3. The N2 +(0, 0) and OH(0, 0) transitions did not readily emit. This fact, coupled with the low electron density and low input power, indicates a relatively cool plasma.
Mitochondrial DNA markers allow monitoring of oyster stock enhancement in the Chesapeake Bay

Overharvesting, habitat degradation, and disease have resulted in a century of decline for Atlantic Coast populations of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). The introduction of oysters with superior disease resistance (e.g. oysters from different geographical areas, or genetically improved strains) may be useful in restoration efforts. In 1997 the Oyster Recovery Partnership and the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science planted more than four million Louisiana oysters in the Choptank River, which flows into the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA. These oysters, which may be distinguished from Atlantic oysters by diagnostic single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in their mitochondrial DNA, were expected to display enhanced survival and reproduction as a result of their superior resistance to Dermo disease. A high-throughput, synthesis-by-sequencing technique (Pyrosequencing) was used to determine the mitochondrial haplotypes of spat collected in the Choptank River and nearby regions of the bay. Of 3,545 spat collected in 1999, 2000, and 2001, 3,349 (94.47%) possessed the North Atlantic haplotype, 176 (4.68%) had the South Atlantic haplotype, and 3 individuals (0.08%) had the Gulf Coast haplotype. Detection of newly recruited oysters possessing the Gulf Coast haplotype in the Choptank River confirmed the survival and reproduction of the outplanted Louisiana oysters. If appropriate genetic tags are available, effective monitoring of stock-enhancement projects can be achieved with high-throughput molecular genotyping techniques.
Support of the hyperbolic connectance hypothesis by qualitative stability of model food webs

Local stability analysis of dynamical models of interacting populations predicted that food web connectance (C) is proportional to 1/S where S is species richness. This .hyperbolic connectance hypothesis. was initially supported by analyses of documented food webs. This study shows that the qualitative global asymptotic stability of the Lotka-Volterra cascade model with a finite number of species predicts a relationship between connectance and species richness that agrees closely with the hyperbolic connectance hypothesis predicted from the analysis of local asymptotic stability. Moreover, the threshold of the qualitative global asymptotic stability in the Lotka-Volterra cascade model separates food webs in constant environments from those in fluctuating environments. The obvious discrepancy between the C-S relationship based on some recent data and that predicted by the dynamical models could be due to the selection of data.
Finite size effects on lattice vibrations of ionic crystals and measurements of infrared absorption spectra

Calculations of absorption and total cross sections of spherical particles based on Englman and Ruppin's [1, 2] theory were carried out for different particle size distributions, and compared with the experimental results on NaCl and ZnS. The transmittance curves of powder samples containing spherical particles exhibit, in the case of one optically active mode of lattice vibrations, two absorption maxima whose positions as well as relative height and half-widths depend on the particle size, size distribution, and optical dielectric constant of the surrounding medium. In the limiting case R 0, the maximum between ωTO and ωLO prevails in accordance with Frohlich's formula [3]. Berechnungen der Absorptions- und Gesamtwirkungsquerschnitte kugelformiger Partikel, die auf der Theorie von Englman und Ruppin [1, 2] beruhen, wurden fur verschiedene Verteilungen der Partikelgrose durchgefuhrt und mit experimentellen Ergebnissen an NaCl und ZnS verglichen. Die Durchlassigkeitskurven von Pulverproben mit kugelformigen Partikeln zeigen im Fall einer optisch aktiven Gitterschwingungsmode zwei Absorptionsmaxima, deren Lage, relative Hohen und Halbwertsbreiten von der Partikelgrose, Grosenverteilung und der optischen Dielektrizitatskonstante des umgebenden Mediums abhangen. Im Grenzfall R 0, uberwiegt im Einklang mit der Frohlichschen Formel [3] das Maximum zwischen ωTO und ωLO.
Underutilization of β-Adrenoceptor Antagonists Post-Myocardial Infarction

Coronary artery disease continues to be the leading cause of death in the US. Several classes of drugs available today have shown benefit in decreasing the progression of coronary artery disease and its associated symptoms. When a patient experiences an acute coronary syndrome, β-adrenoceptor antagonists are considered one of the cornerstones of medical therapy. Over the past 25 years, trials have demonstrated morbidity and mortality benefit when this class of drugs was given early in the post-myocardial infarction period. Subsequent substantial data have confirmed their beneficial effect on outcomes in other high-risk populations such as the elderly, those with left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease, diabetic patients, and selected patients with reactive airway disease. Several reviews of hospital discharge data revealed that β-adrenoceptor antagonists remain significantly underutilized in patients with acute, as well as chronic coronary artery disease. Misconceptions about the adverse effects and who would benefit probably account for physician reluctance to prescribe these medications. With rare exception, the overwhelming evidence currently supports the practice of prescribing β-adrenoceptor antagonists to all patients immediately post-myocardial infarction and therapy to be continued indefinitely.
THE INEXPRESSIVE MALE: TRAGEDY OR SEXUAL POLITICS?*

Balswick and Peek's conceptualization of “male inexpressiveness” is reviewed and critiqued. Where they see such inexpressiveness simply as a deeply socialized temperament trait that poses certain dilemmas for the American style of companionate marriage, an alternative analysis that stresses the origin of male inexpressiveness in the instrumental requisites of the male power role is developed.
Chitin in the cephalochordata, Branchisotoma floridae.

Presence de chitine constatee pour la premiere fois dans les septa branchiaux deBranchisotoma floridae.
Upward shower rates at neutrino telescopes directly determine the neutrino flux

We show that the rate for upward showers from an isotropic cosmic neutrino flux at neutrino telescopes like IceCube is independent of the neutrino-nucleon cross section. For bins that span a relatively narrow range in energy, neither scaling the cross section, nor changing its power-law energy behavior affects the upward shower rate, which depends only on the flux. The neutrino flux can be completely known since its spectral shape can be determined by comparing the rates in neighboring bins. We also show that the downward shower rate varies linearly with cross section with a proportionality constant determined by the energy dependence of the cross section, independent of the power-law behavior of the flux. The normalization and energy dependence of the cross section can be found by comparing the downward rates in neighboring bins.
Major Bile Duct Injuries Associated With Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Effect of Surgical Repair on Quality of Life

The introduction and widespread use of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in the 1990s have resulted in an increased frequency of biliary injuries and associated bile duct strictures. The estimated incidence of major bile duct injuries, which was 0.1% to 0.3%1,2 during the open cholecystectomy era, has risen to an estimated 0.4% to 0.6%3–6 for LC. Despite the hope that surgeons would undergo a “learning curve” with the new procedure and that the incidence would decline, the rate of bile duct injury with LC appears to be stable. 3–5 Major bile duct injuries from LC continue to be a problem, with substantial costs to our healthcare system. 7 When assessing outcome, it is important to consider the patient’s perspective on health-related quality of life (QOL). The concept of overall “health,” as defined by the World Health Organization in 1948, is “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.”8 Quality of life is a broad concept that encompasses a patient’s assessment of all aspects of his or her experience. Health-related QOL encompasses several dimensions of health status that are directly experienced by the person. As it relates to surgical patients after a procedure, health-related QOL seeks to measure the impact of the disease process and/or procedure on the physical, psychological, and social aspects of the person’s life and feelings of well-being. 9 The early management and short-term results after surgical management of LC bile duct injuries have been previously reported and are generally considered to be excellent. 10–15 More recently, our institution has reported the clinical results of a series of 156 patients after surgical repair of major bile duct injuries with median follow-up of approximately 5 years. 16 In this series, more than 90% of patients surgically repaired after a LC major bile duct injury had a successful outcome as measured by standard clinical parameters. Despite these reports, there is a general impression that these patients may have an impaired QOL. Further, objective data addressing the QOL of these patients are limited. This study was designed to assess the QOL of patients after successful surgical reconstruction from an LC bile duct injury and to provide comparison with patients having undergone an uncomplicated LC and with healthy controls. A separate portion of this study involved a questionnaire that asked patients about several outcome measures that might be expected as a result of biliary surgery and whether patients had pursued legal action as a result of their injury.
Behavioral Responses Associated with a Human-Mediated Predator Shelter

Human activities in protected areas can affect wildlife populations in a similar manner to predation risk, causing increases in movement and vigilance, shifts in habitat use and changes in group size. Nevertheless, recent evidence indicates that in certain situations ungulate species may actually utilize areas associated with higher levels of human presence as a potential refuge from disturbance-sensitive predators. We now use four-years of behavioral activity budget data collected from pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) and elk (Cervus elephus) in Grand Teton National Park, USA to test whether predictable patterns of human presence can provide a shelter from predatory risk. Daily behavioral scans were conducted along two parallel sections of road that differed in traffic volume - with the main Teton Park Road experiencing vehicle use that was approximately thirty-fold greater than the River Road. At the busier Teton Park Road, both species of ungulate engaged in higher levels of feeding (27% increase in the proportion of pronghorn feeding and 21% increase for elk), lower levels of alert behavior (18% decrease for pronghorn and 9% decrease for elk) and formed smaller groups. These responses are commonly associated with reduced predatory threat. Pronghorn also exhibited a 30% increase in the proportion of individuals moving at the River Road as would be expected under greater exposure to predation risk. Our findings concur with the ‘predator shelter hypothesis’, suggesting that ungulates in GTNP use human presence as a potential refuge from predation risk, adjusting their behavior accordingly. Human activity has the potential to alter predator-prey interactions and drive trophic-mediated effects that could ultimately impact ecosystem function and biodiversity.
Catecholamine receptor polymorphisms affect decision-making in C. elegans

Innate behaviours are flexible: they change rapidly in response to transient environmental conditions, and are modified slowly by changes in the genome. A classical flexible behaviour is the exploration-exploitation decision, which describes the time at which foraging animals choose to abandon a depleting food supply. We have used quantitative genetic analysis to examine the decision to leave a food patch in Caenorhabditis elegans. Here we show that patch-leaving is a multigenic trait regulated in part by naturally occurring non-coding polymorphisms in tyra-3 (tyramine receptor 3), which encodes a G-protein-coupled catecholamine receptor related to vertebrate adrenergic receptors. tyra-3 acts in sensory neurons that detect environmental cues, suggesting that the internal catecholamines detected by tyra-3 regulate responses to external conditions. These results indicate that genetic variation and environmental cues converge on common circuits to regulate behaviour, and suggest that catecholamines have an ancient role in regulating behavioural decisions.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies of the Initial Stages of Thin Film Growth: the Role of the Surface Dangling Bonds

We present STM and photoemission studies of the reactions of Si(100)-(2x1) and Si(111)-(7x7) with NH3. STM allows us to image the occupied and unoccupied states of the reacting systems and to obtain electronic spectra with atomic lateral resolution. Thus, for the first time, a surface chemical reaction can be probed at the atomic level. We find that both surfaces are reactive even at 100K. However, both the extent of the reaction and the reaction products at 300K are different on the two surfaces. STM also shows that while surface dangling bonds are essential for low-temperature reactivity, not all triply-coordinated Si sites are chemically equivalent. On the 7x7 surface the rest-atoms are more reactive than center-adatoms which, in turn, are more reactive than corner-adatoms.
Microbiologically influenced corrosion inhibition (MICI) due to bacterial contamination

Microbiologically influenced corrosion inhibition (MICI) has been observed for Al 2024, mild steel, cartridge brass and stainless steel when an artificial seawater (AS) solution containing growth medium was contaminated by bacteria. In this case the test electrodes had been sterilized by immersion in ethanol, while the test cell had been sterilized in an autoclave. In tests in which all parts had been sterilized in an autoclave contamination did not occur and the corrosion behavior was similar to that obtained in AS without growth medium. Impedance data clearly showed that pitting did not occur for Al 2024 in the contaminated solution, while for mild steel and brass corrosion rates were greatly decreased. Analysis of electrochemical noise (EN) data demonstrated that the power spectral density (PSD) plots of the current fluctuations for Al 2024 and mild steel had changed to lower levels, while the PSD plots for the potential fluctuations remained unchanged. The slopes of the potential and current PSD plots were unchanged due to bacterial contamination, while the localization index (LI) was close to zero in all cases. Mikrobiologisch induzierte Korrosionsinhibierung (MICI) durch Bakterienverunreinigung Mikrobiologisch induzierte Korrosionsinhibierung (MICI) wurde fur Al 2024, unlegierten Stahl, Messing und nichtrostenden Stahl beobachtet, wenn eine kunstliche Meerwasserlosung, die Wachstumsmedium enthielt, durch Bakterien verunreinigt war. In diesem Fall waren die Versuchselektroden durch Tauchen in Athylalkohol sterilisiert, wahrend die Versuchszelle in einem Autoklaven sterilisiert worden war. In Versuchen, bei denen alle Teile in einem Autoklaven sterilisiert wurden, trat die Verunreinigung nicht auf und das Korrosionsverhalten war vergleichbar dem Verhalten in kunstlichem Meerwasser ohne Wachstumsmedium. Die Impedanzdaten zeigten deutlich, dass fur Al 2024 in der verunreinigten Losung Lochfras nicht eintrat, wahrend fur unlegierten Stahl und Messing die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeiten erheblich geringer waren. Die Analyse der elektrochemischen Rauschmessungen ergaben, dass die Energiespektrumdichtediagramme (PSD) der Stromfluktuationen fur Al 2024 und unlegierten Stahl sich zu niedrigeren Lagen veranderten, wahrend die PSD-Diagramme der Potentialfluktuationen unverandert blieben. Die Steigungen der Potential- und Strom-PSD-Diagramme waren durch die Bakterienverunreinigung unverandert, wahrend der ortliche Begrenzungsindex (LI) in allen Fallen fast Null betrug.
A mutation in the N-terminus of Troponin I that is associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy affects the Ca2+-sensitivity, phosphorylation kinetics and proteolytic susceptibility of troponin

Abstract The first human cardiac troponin I (hcTnI) mutation in the N-terminal 32 residue region, R21C (arginine residue number 21 mutated to cysteine), which has been linked to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), has recently been reported. The effect of this mutation on the physiological function of hcTnI was investigated. Human cTnI R21C (in the absence or presence of troponin T and troponin C) was phosphorylated by protein kinase A (PKA) at a significantly slower rate than wild-type hcTnI. In skinned fiber studies, the TnI R21C mutant showed a large increase in Ca2+-sensitivity of force development when compared to wild-type TnI (ΔpCa50 = 0.33). Phosphorylation of skinned fibers containing TnI R21C by PKA resulted in a significantly smaller decrease in the Ca2+-sensitivity of force development when compared to phosphorylation of fibers containing wild-type TnI. The decreased sensitivity of TnI R21C to PKA is most likely due to a decreased ability of PKA to phosphorylate this TnI rather than conformational problems within this TnI. In addition, skinned fibers were found to contain an endogenous kinase that is capable of phosphorylating wild-type TnI. However, the endogenous kinase activity did not affect the Ca2+-sensitivity of force development, the Hill coefficient or maximal force of these skinned fibers. Actomyosin ATPase assays showed that the R21C mutation did not affect the inhibitory properties of TnI or the maximal ATPase activity. TnI R21C was also found to be more susceptible to proteolysis by calpain II than wild-type TnI. These results suggest that this R21C mutation in TnI affects the Ca2+-sensitizing effect of Tn, the ability of TnI to be readily phosphorylated by PKA and the stability of TnI to calpain. The results also suggest that the N-terminal region may have important roles such as modulating the Ca2+-sensitivity of force-development.
Three centuries of observation of stratospheric transparency

A chronology of stratospheric aerosol optical depth for the period 1671–1881 is derived from total lunar eclipse colors. It is compared with available proxy time series for the same period and with more refined data for more recent years. Contrary to previous speculations, the stratosphere from 1671 to 1881 seems to have been mostly undisturbed volcanically, with only two or three eruptions having injected into it truly significant amounts of aerosol-producing and climate-altering sulfur gases. It is confirmed that the full record for 1671–2000 shows a marked, though possibly quasiregular, ∼80 year periodicity in stratospheric aerosol optical depth, which appears also in polar ice-core acidity records and in volcanic eruption frequencies.
Simulative Comparison of Multiprotocol Label Switching and OpenFlow Network Technologies for Transmission Operations

Utility companies are integrating multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) technologies into existing backbone networks, including networks between substations and control centers. MPLS has mechanisms for efficient overlay technologies as well as mechanisms to enhance security: features essential to the functioning of the smart grid. However, with MPLS routing and other switching technologies innovation is restricted to the features enclosed “in the box.” More specifically, there is no practical way for utility operators or researchers to test new ideas such as alternatives to IP or MPLS on a realistic scale to obtain the experience and confidence necessary for real world deployments. As a result, novel ideas go untested. Conversely, the OpenFlow framework has enabled significant advancements in network research. OpenFlow provides utility operators and researchers the programmability and flexibility necessary to enable innovation in next-generation communication architectures for the smart grid. This level of flexibility allows OpenFlow to provide all features of MPLS and also allows OpenFlow devices to co-exist with existing MPLS devices. The simulation results in this paper demonstrate that OpenFlow performs as well as MPLS, and may therefore be considered an alternative to MPLS for smart grid applications.
A Large-Swing Transformer-Boosted Serial Link Transmitter With $>{\rm V}_{\rm DD}$ Swing

The design and analysis of a large-swing transformer-boosted serial link transmitter is described. Transformer boosting is used to produce a signal swing that is not constrained by the supply voltage and enables a true pre-emphasis transmitter with a differential output swing greater than the supply. The boosted signal is separated from the driver through series inductors and therefore does not stress the transistor voltage tolerance. Several design tradeoffs between the amounts of boosting, power, and output matching are examined in both analysis and simulation. Distributed boosting is employed to relax the tradeoff between the amount of boosting and output matching degradation. Implemented in a 0.13-mum CMOS technology, the prototype chip produces an 8-Gb/s PRBS 231-1 data pattern and achieves a 1.42 Vpp differential output swing while drawing 137 mA current from a 1.2-V supply. The measured output reflection coefficient is better than -10dB up to 4 GHz
In situ MALDI-TOF MS regional analysis of neutral phospholipids in lens tissue.

Phospholipids (PLs) are important sources of lipid second messengers that participate in cell signaling pathways. Consequently, their analysis in biological tissues has received increased attention. Current approaches for PL analysis include an extraction step and subsequent identification of the main PL classes by either 31P NMR spectroscopy or chromatographic separation followed by mass spectrometric detection. Previous in vitro studies revealed regional changes in the PL composition of mammalian lenses at different growth stages. In this report, we demonstrate the feasibility of direct in situ analysis of two relevant PL classes, phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and sphingomyelins (SMs), in slices of fresh or fixed (2.5% formaldehyde) mammalian lenses. The chosen matrix was p-nitroaniline, as it generated superior sensitivity when compared to 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, the compound most commonly used for in vitro analysis of PLs by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass s...
Self-Design for High Involvement: A Large-Scale Organizational Change

We present a case study of a 5-year action research project in a 12-plant division of a multi-billion dollar firm. The division is attempting to design new plants and re-design all established plants as high involvement, high performance work systems (Lawler, 1986). The design process is based on a self-design learning model (Mohrman & Cummings, 1989). The history of the change process and data about its effects are reported. We review in detail how the self-design learning system is shaped by the nature of change in a large, multi-level, multi-site organization. We also consider the unusual role of the action researcher in large-scale change.
Effects of continuous hypoxia on energy metabolism in cultured cerebro-cortical neurons.

Abstract Mechanisms underlying hypoxia-induced neuronal adaptation have not been fully elucidated. In the present study we investigated glucose metabolism and the activities of glycolytic and TCA cycle enzymes in cerebro-cortical neurons exposed to hypoxia (3 days in 1% of O2) or normoxia (room air). Hypoxia led to increased activities of LDH (194%), PK (90%), and HK (24%) and decreased activities of CS (15%) and GDH (34%). Neurons were incubated with [1-13C]glucose for 45 and 120 min under normoxic or hypoxic (120 min only) conditions and 13C enrichment determined in the medium and cell extract using 1H-{13C}-NMR. In hypoxia-treated neurons [3-13C]lactate release into the medium was 428% greater than in normoxia-treated controls (45-min normoxic incubation) and total flux through lactate was increased by 425%. In contrast glucose oxidation was reduced significantly in hypoxia-treated neurons, even when expressed relative to total cellular protein, which correlated with the reduced activities of the measured mitochondrial enzymes. The results suggest that surviving neurons adapt to prolonged hypoxia by up-regulation of glycolysis and down-regulation of oxidative energy metabolism, similar to certain other cell types. The factors leading to adaptation and survival for some neurons but not others remain to be determined.
Benford’s Law Applied to Hydrology Data—Results and Relevance to Other Geophysical Data

Benford’s Law gives the expected frequencies of the digits in tabulated data and asserts that the lower digits (1, 2, and 3) are expected to occur more frequently than the higher digits. This study tested whether the law applied to two large earth science data sets. The first test analyzed streamflow statistics and the finding was a close conformity to Benford’s Law. The second test analyzed the sizes of lakes and wetlands, and the finding was that the data did not conform to Benford’s Law. Further analysis showed that the lake and wetland data followed a power law. The expected digit frequencies for data following a power law were derived, and the lake data had a close fit to these expected digit frequencies.
INDUCTION OF METASTASIS OF FROG CARCINOMA BY INCREASE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE

Metastasis of the kidney carcinoma of leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) has been induced by exposing tumor-bearing animals for approximately 50 days to a constant temperature of 28 degrees C. Under these conditions 54 per cent of the frogs developed secondary growths, whereas in groups kept at 18 degrees or at 7 degrees metastatic dissemination was found in only 6 per cent. Moreover, at the elevated temperature the metastases were usually more numerous and more widely disseminated; they were also fairly uniform in size, suggesting that they had developed at nearly the same time. Dissemination of the kidney tumors was influenced by the nutritional state of the frogs, occurring more readily in well nourished than in poorly nourished animals. Periodic Roentgen ray examinations showed that the size of the primary tumors was not significantly or uniformly affected during the course of the experiments. No correlation was found between change in size of the kidney tumors and the incidence of their metastasis. Although the mechanism by which temperature induces metastasis of frog carcinoma cannot as yet be elucidated, previous experiments with this tumor indicate that certain factors at least may be involved: Elevation of temperature has been found to cause more ready detachment of cells of frog carcinoma in tissue culture; to bring about increased velocity of locomotion of the detached cells; to lead more promptly and efficiently to vascularization of transplants; and to effect their greater invasiveness.
Comparative Analysis of In Vitro processivity of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptases Containing Mutations 65R, 74V, 184V and 65R+74V

Abstract While HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) mutations of M to V at position 184 are commonly observed in the clinic, the double mutation of 65R + 74V is rarely seen. It has been demonstrated that rapid R → K reversion occurs at RT codon 65 during replication of HIV-1 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells containing 65R + 74V mutations and that processivity of the RT is reduced relative to wild type. However, clinical studies show that M184V can be detected after several months of therapy interruption, suggesting more effective processivity. Herein, the in vitro RT processivity of genetically engineered M184V and double mutant 65R + 74V was compared. Virion-associated RTs of WT pNL4-3, K65R, L74V, M184V and 65R + 74V were used to perform RT processivity assays in the presence of trap, poly(rC)-oligo(dG). Both RTs with 184V and 65R + 74V mutations exhibited similar processivity when compared with each other and a significantly decreased processivity as compared to WT RT. Both mutant RTs synthesized shorter cDNA molecules (37–42 nt) relative to WT RT, which made longer (65–70 nt) cDNA molecules. Since these surprising biochemical results cannot explain the clinical phenotype, a hypothesis is presented to explain the discrepancy and suggest new approaches for future testing.
Every bit counts: The binary representation of typed data and programs

We show how the binary encoding and decoding of typed data and typed programs can be understood, programmed and verified with the help of question-answer games. The encoding of a value is determined by the yes/no answers to a sequence of questions about that value; conversely, decoding is the interpretation of binary data as answers to the same question scheme. We introduce a general framework for writing and verifying game-based codecs. We present games in Haskell for structured, recursive, polymorphic and indexed types, building up to a representation of well-typed terms in the simply-typed λ-calculus with polymorphic constants. The framework makes novel use of isomorphisms between types in the definition of games. The definition of isomorphisms together with additional simple properties make it easy to prove that codecs derived from games never encode two distinct values using the same code, never decode two codes to the same value and interpret any bit sequence as a valid code for a value or as a prefix of a valid code. Formal properties of the framework have been proved using the Coq proof assistant.
Control of growth and patterning of the Drosophila wing imaginal disc by EGFR-mediated signaling

The subdivision of the Drosophila wing imaginal disc into dorsoventral (DV) compartments and limb-body wall (wing-notum) primordia depends on Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) signaling, which heritably activates apterous (ap) in D compartment cells and maintains Iroquois Complex (Iro-C) gene expression in prospective notum cells. We examine the source, identity and mode of action of the EGFR ligand(s) that specify these subdivisions. Of the three known ligands for the Drosophila EGFR, only Vein (Vn), but not Spitz or Gurken, is required for wing disc development. We show that Vn activity is required specifically in the dorsoproximal region of the wing disc for ap and Iro-C gene expression. However, ectopic expression of Vn in other locations does not reorganize ap or Iro-C gene expression. Hence, Vn appears to play a permissive rather than an instructive role in organizing the DV and wing-notum segregations, implying the existance of other localized factors that control where Vn-EGFR signaling is effective. After ap is heritably activated, the level of EGFR activity declines in D compartment cells as they proliferate and move ventrally, away from the source of the instructive ligand. We present evidence that this reduction is necessary for D and V compartment cells to interact along the compartment boundary to induce signals, like Wingless (Wg), which organize the subsequent growth and differentiation of the wing primordium.
Experience with salvage regimens at M. D. Anderson Hospital

Summary With the intent of using active regimens in the front-line setting, new combinations of chemotherapy have been tested as salvage treatment in lymphoma patients at M. D. Anderson Hospital. Combinations based on ifosfamide plus etoposide, including IMVP-16 (ifosfamide/methotrexate/etoposide) and MIME (methyl-GAG/ ifosfamide/methotrexate/etoposide) resulted in overall and complete responses (CRs) of 60 and 25%, respectively. Long-term follow-up of MIME indicates a 25% cure rate in intermediate-grade lymphoma patients who achieve CR. The in vitro synergism of platinum and high-dose cytarabine recently has been confirmed clinically. A study is currently under way to evaluate the effect of integrating MINE (mesna/ifosfamide/mitoxantrone/etoposide) and ESHAP (etoposide/methyl prednisolone/cytarabine/platinum) into one protocol.