cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Evolution of US Extended Deterrence and South Korea’s Nuclear Ambitions

ABSTRACTExtended deterrence has been a main pillar of the security alliance between the United States and South Korea (Republic of Korea [ROK]) since the end of the Korean War. The changing dynamics of US extended deterrence in Korea, however, affected Seoul’s strategic choices within its bilateral alliance relationship with Washington. Examining the evolution of US extended deterrence in the Korean Peninsula until the Nixon administration, this article explains why South Korea began its nuclear weapons programme in a historical context of the US–ROK alliance relationship. This article argues that President Park Chung-hee’s increasing uncertainty about the US security commitment to South Korea in the 1960s led to his decision to develop nuclear weapons in the early 1970s despite the fact that US tactical nuclear weapons were still stationed in South Korea.
Effect of Terminal Ligature of Thyroid Artery Branches on Preservation of Thyroid Function After Capsular Subtotal Thyroidectomy

Objective To study whether terminal ligature of thyroid artery branches(TLTAB) during capsular subtotal thyroidectomy is associated with lower injury of recurrent laryngeal nerve(RLN) and parathyroid. Methods Altogether 487 patients underwent subtotal thyroidectomy in Renci Hospital of Guanyun County from 1983 to 2009 were retrospectively analyzed,including 352 cases with TLTAB and 135 cases with terminal ligature of thyroid artery trunk(TLTAT).Chi square test was used to analyze the statistical differences between the two groups. Results Temporary RLN injury occurred in 1.42%(5/352)of TLTAB and 6.67%(9/135) of TLTAT.Permanent RLN injury occurred in 0.56%(2/352)of TLTAB and 4.44%(6/135)of TLTAT.Temporary hypoparathyroidism occurred in 2.27%(8/352) of TLTAB and 8.14%(11/135) of TLTAT.Permanent hypoparathyroidism occurred in 0.56%(2/352) of TLTAB and 2.22%(3/135) of TLTAT.There were statistically significant differences in the incidence rates of RLN injury and hypoparathyroidism between TLTAT and TLTAB(P0.01,P0.01). Conclusions The approach of TLTAT during capsular subtotal thyroidectomy can reduce the probability of recurrent laryngeal nerve and parathyroid trauma.
Theoretical and experimental studies of periodic foundations

With proper design,periodic foundations with low-frequency attenuation zones can be used to isolate seismic waves. This paper reports theoretical and experimental studies results of one-,two- and three-dimensional periodic foundations. First,using the transfer matrix method,Fourier expansion method and Finite elements methods,dispersion curves of infinite one-,two and three dimensional periodic structures are obtained,respectively,from which frequency attenuation zones are found. Second,small modals for one-,two-,and three-dimensional periodic foundations are designed and fabricated. Shake table tests and free-field tests are conducted to verified the effectiveness of periodic foundations. It is proved that periodic foundations can isolate seismic waves effectively.
Single Event Soft Error Mechanisms

Researchers mostly considered Single Event Transients (SET) as the main cause of radiation induced transient failure of combinatorial circuits. However, recent research has reported new mechanisms for such transient failures such as radiation induced soft delays, clock jitter and race, single event crosstalk noise, delay and speed up effects. These additional sources are important, especially, for mission critical or high reliability applications such as avionics and medical system applications, and need to be included in reliability analysis. All these new mechanisms are gaining importance in newer technologies as technology scaling continues and circuit frequencies increase.
The 1990s and Beyond

It is ironic that although the last decade has witnessed an appropriately lauded wave of transitions to capitalist democracy, the advanced industrial countries that stand as the presumed exemplars of the synergies between capitalism and democracy are in deep trouble. The era of noninflationary economic growth and full employment in the OECD ended abruptly in 1973, and whether it will ever return must be in serious doubt. The policy legacy from the golden age of capitalist democracy is under siege in this new straitened economic climate. Just twenty-five years ago, the mixed economy in which governments redistributed wealth and social risk without harming the macroeconomy was considered by many to be the greatest achievement of the postwar industrial democracies. Today, most government interventions in the economy are viewed with skepticism and many pundits contend that redistributive objectives must be sacrificed at the altar of efficiency. The driving force behind this perceived transformation of capitalist democracy is thought to be the globalization of markets and the attendant ease with which production and capital can be moved around the world in search of higher rates of return. The standard line on globalization is that markets now dominate politics as social forces and there is nothing that governments can do about it. For anyone interested in substantive equality or indeed the vitality of the democratic process, this is a distressing conclusion. Markets generate winners and losers (in the short term at least), but it is commonly assumed today that it is impossible to help losers without inciting socially damaging behavior by winners.
Fluctuating Risk Factors and Epidemiology

Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is an acquired condition associated with severe gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and has a malignant predisposition. The overall prevalence of BE in general population varies between 1.6% and 6.8% in western countries. BE is a multifactorial disease with GERD being the most important contributing factor. Other risk factors include older age, male gender, Caucasian race, and family history of BE or esophageal adenocarcinoma. The modifiable risk factors include visceral obesity, smoking, diet rich in processed foods and poor in fruits and vegetables. There is emerging evidence about aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, diabetes, and sleep apnea. There is growing interest in the field of biomarkers to detect BE and development of risk prediction models.
Durkheim and the Homo Duplex: Anthropocentrism in Sociology

ABSTRACTPrevious analyses of anthropocentrism in sociological theory primarily attribute the origins of anthropocentrism in sociology to George Herbert Mead. This study addresses anthropocentrism in the influential works of David Emile Durkheim. At the core of Durkheim’s theory is his concept of the homo duplex, an inherent but tentative quality separating humans from all other animals. Durkheim uses the homo duplex as an ontological device, defining humanity as having the unique capacity to create and participate in the social. This collective process permits humans to transcend the profane, or what he observes as the immoral, passionate, animalistic individualism of nonhuman animals, into social solidarity: a realm generating morality and, ultimately, the sacred. This key distinction serves as the basis of all Durkheimian theory. This profound anthropocentrism becomes significant considering the degree of Durkheim’s influence on the field of sociology and the extent of anthropocentrism in sociology as a...
Why Cognitive Health Matters

The authors discusses the reasons why they believe that cognitive health is necessary to ensure quality of life and independence across an individual's life span, and it mentions the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's views about intuition, judgment, and brain health. America's National Institute on Aging is addressed, along with cognition in children and young adults. Cognitive deficits and U.S. public health are assessed, along with mentally ill individuals in the country.
REVIEW ARTICLES: REAL ESTATE BROKERAGE RESEARCH IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM

This paper examines the direction of real estate brokerage since 1999. This paper updates the brokerage literature since that time and examines the direction of brokerage research. The paper highli...
Utilizing Genetic Resources and Precision Agriculture to Enhance Resistance to Biotic and Abiotic Stress in Watermelon

Originally from Africa, watermelon is a staple crop in South Carolina and rich source of important phytochemicals that promote human health. As a result of many years of domestication and selection for desired fruit quality, modern watermelon cultivars are susceptible to biotic and abiotic stress. The present review discusses how genetic selection and breeding combined with geospatial technologies (precision agriculture) may help enhance watermelon varieties for resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. Gene loci identified and selected in undomesticated watermelon accessions are responsible for resistance to diseases, pests and abiotic stress. Vegetable breeding programs use traditional breeding methodologies and genomic tools to introduce gene loci conferring biotic or abiotic resistance into the genome background of elite watermelon cultivars. This continuous approach of collecting, evaluating and identifying useful genetic material is valuable for enhancing genetic diversity and tolerance and combined with precision agriculture could increase food security in the Southeast.
Divestiture Governance Modes and Innovativeness of Divested Units

The current paper investigates how discrete variations in the autonomy of divested units from their parents’ governance impact these units’ innovativeness. In particular, this paper makes a compara...
Effects of UV-B Radiation on Thalassiosira Pseudonana: A Preliminary Study

Effects of differing levels of ultraviolet-B radiation on cell concentrations, maximum specific growth rates, and pigment content of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana were investigated. Increased UV-B compared to the base UV-B level (intended to simulate the natural level of UV-B present in the environment) tended to show detrimental effects in all parameters. When compared to our normal culture conditions (UV-B excluded), even the base level of UV-B radiation showed detrimental effects in all parameters except chlorophyll a concentrations, the only tested parameter which increased with the addition of UV-B radiation.
Some Synthetic Implications of the Concept of Cyclopropyl Units as Pseudo-Functional Groups

Cyclopropanes constitute a unique ring system because they combine thermodynamic instability with kinetic reactivity. Release of the 27 kcal/mol of ring strain can provide a thermodynamic driving force. However, as the comparison of cyclopropanes with cyclobutanes (which have similar strain energies) illustrates, release of such strain energy may not be sufficient for high reactivity. The ir character of the ring bonds of a cyclopropane provides the kinetic opportunity to initiate the unleashing of the strain. As such, the cyclopropane should be considered as a novel functional group. In this lecture, I wish to consider the implications of this functional group concept in terms of generating new reagents for organic synthesis.
Homeownership as Savings

This article suggests that housing is an important savings vehicle, proposing that the tax law should provide incentives for homeownership as it does for retirement savings.
Abstract P391: Association of Peripheral Artery Disease With the Use of Smokeless Tobacco, Cigars, or Pipes in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Background: Cigarette smoking is one of the strongest modifiable risk factors for peripheral artery disease (PAD), a disease which affects over 200 million people worldwide. Though cigarette use ha...
Resting state functional connectivity and cognitive task-related activation of the human claustrum.

Abstract Structural and functional analyses of the human claustrum, a poorly understood telencephalic gray matter structure, are hampered by its sheet-like anatomical arrangement. Here, we first describe a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) method to reveal claustrum signal with no linear relationship with adjacent regions in human subjects. We applied this approach to resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) analysis of the claustrum at high resolution (1.5 mm isotropic voxels) using a 7T dataset (n = 20) and a separate 3T dataset for replication (n = 35). We then assessed claustrum activation during performance of a cognitive task, the multi-source interference task, at 3T (n = 33). Extensive functional connectivity was observed between claustrum and cortical regions associated with cognitive control, including anterior cingulate, prefrontal and parietal cortices. Cognitive task performance was associated with widespread activation and deactivation that overlapped with the cortical areas showing functional connectivity to the claustrum. Furthermore, during high cognitive conflict conditions of the task, the claustrum was significantly activated at the onset of the task, but not during the remainder of the difficult condition. Both of these findings suggest that the human claustrum can be functionally isolated with fMRI, and that it may play a role in cognitive control, and specifically task switching, independent of sensorimotor processing.
Association of Serum Paraoxonase/Arylesterase Activity With All-Cause Mortality in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients.

Author(s): Suematsu, Yasunori; Goto, Masaki; Park, Christina; Nunes, Ane CF; Jing, WangHui; Streja, Elani; Rhee, Connie M; Cruz, Siobanth; Kashyap, Moti L; Vaziri, Nosratola D; Narayanaswami, Vasanthy; Kalantar-Zadeh, Kamyar; Moradi, Hamid | Abstract: ContextIn end-stage renal disease (ESRD), serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level is not an accurate predictor of mortality, partly because it does not necessarily correlate with indices of HDL function. Paraoxonase (PON) is a major enzyme constituent of HDL and a key component of HDL antioxidant activity. Apolipoprotein A-I (Apo A-1) is the core HDL structural protein that plays a major role in various aspects of HDL function.ObjectiveWe sought to examine PON activity and Apo A-I levels in patients with ESRD vs healthy controls.Design and settingPON/arylesterase activity was measured in 499 patients with maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) and 24 healthy controls with similar distributions of age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Serum acrolein-modified Apo A-I was measured in 30 patients with MHD and 10 healthy controls.Main outcome measuresMultilevel Cox models were used to assess associations among PON activity, Apo A-I, and HDL-C levels with 12-month all-cause mortality.ResultsPON activity was significantly lower in patients with MHD vs controls. Furthermore, acrolein-modified Apo A-I levels were higher in patients with MHD vs controls. In fully adjusted models, high PON activity was associated with lower 12-month mortality, whereas no difference of mortality risk was observed across HDL-C levels. The combination of high PON and low Apo A-I compared with low PON and low Apo A-I was associated with lower mortality risk.ConclusionsIn patients with MHD, PON activity had a stronger association with 12-month mortality than HDL-C. Future studies are needed to examine the role of these markers as potential diagnostic and therapeutic tools in ESRD.
Reshaping light: reconfigurable photonics enabled by broadband low-loss optical phase change materials

Optical phase change materials (O-PCMs) are a unique class of materials which exhibit extraordinarily large optical property change (e.g. refractive index change > 1) when undergoing a solid-state phase transition. Traditional O-PCMs suffer from large optical losses even in their dielectric states, which fundamentally limits the performance of optical devices based on the materials. To resolve the issue, we have recently demonstrated a new O-PCM Ge-Sb-Se-Te (GSST) with broadband low loss characteristics. In this talk, we will review an array of reconfigurable photonic devices enabled by the low-loss O-PCM, including nonvolatile waveguide switches with unprecedented low-loss and high-contrast performance, free-space light modulators, bi-stable reconfigurable metasurfaces, and transient couplers facilitating waferscale device probing and characterizations.
Food Dependency and Global Food Crisis

ABSTRACTA key feature of the contemporary global economy is the unevenness of food production and trade. The problem of food dependency and the system’s lack of capacity to accommodate global deman...
Heat Transfer, Efficiency and Turn-Down Ratio of a Dynamic Radiative Heat Exchanger

Abstract Efficient heat transfer is critical in the design and optimization of thermal control systems. Static radiative heat exchangers are often simple and reliable systems but typically cannot be adapted to environmental changes. Adaptable radiative heat exchangers can be adjusted in response to variations in the thermal environment or operating conditions and have the potential for increased efficiency and reduced cost. Dynamic control of a radiative heat exchanger is possible through geometric manipulation of a segmented, self-irradiating fin, consisting of rigid panels that are linked by thermal hinges in an accordion arrangement. In this paper, a numerical model is described to predict the temperature profile and efficiency of a radiative heat exchanger, accounting for conduction and self-irradiation. Governing equations are cast in terms of the conduction-radiation interaction parameter, surface emissivity, actuation angle, and the thermal conductance of the hinges linking the panels. Results indicate that a turn-down ratio (largest possible heat rate divided by smallest possible heat rate) of greater than three is possible for realistic panel geometries and materials. Self-irradiation decreases the turn-down ratio, and there is evidence that an optimal number of rigid panels exists for any combination of panel geometry and device temperature. The maximum efficiency occurs when the plates are in the collapsed position, but the heat rate is at a minimum in this configuration. Finally, the properties and geometry of the plates are shown to have a more significant effect on the turn-down ratio than the properties of the thermal hinges.
Radiation Belt Radial Diffusion at Earth and Beyond

The year 2019 marks the 60th anniversary of the concept of radial diffusion in magnetospheric research. This makes it one of the oldest research topics in radiation belt science. While first introduced to account for the existence of the Earth’s outer belt, radial diffusion is now applied to the radiation belts of all strongly magnetized planets. But for all its study and application, radial diffusion remains an elusive process. As the theoretical picture evolved over time, so, too, did the definitions of various related concepts, such as the notion of radial transport. Whether data is scarce or not, doubts in the efficacy of the process remain due to the use of various unchecked assumptions. As a result, quantifying radial diffusion still represents a major challenge to tackle in order to advance our understanding of and ability to model radiation belt dynamics. The core objective of this review is to address the confusion that emerges from the coexistence of various definitions of radial diffusion, and to highlight the complexity and subtleties of the problem. To contextualize, we provide a historical perspective on radial diffusion research: why and how the concept of radial diffusion was introduced at Earth, how it evolved, and how it was transposed to the radiation belts of the giant planets. Then, we discuss the necessary theoretical tools to unify the evolving image of radial diffusion, describe radiation belt drift dynamics, and carry out contemporary radial diffusion research.
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Leukemia and Cardiovascular Events: From Mechanism to Patient Care

Targeted oncology therapies have revolutionized cancer treatment over the last decade and have resulted in improved prognosis for many patients. This advance has emanated from elucidation of pathways responsible for tumorigenesis followed by targeting of these pathways by specific molecules. Cardiovascular care has become an increasingly critical aspect of patient care in part because patients live longer, but also due to potential associated toxicities from these therapies. Because of the targeted nature of cancer therapies, cardiac and vascular side effects may additionally provide insights into the basic biology of vascular disease. We herein provide the example of tyrosine kinase inhibitors utilized in chronic myelogenous leukemia to illustrate this medical transformation. We describe the vascular considerations for the clinical care of chronic myelogenous leukemia patients as well as the emerging literature on mechanisms of toxicities of the individual tyrosine kinase inhibitors. We additionally postulate that basic insights into toxicities of novel cancer therapies may serve as a new platform for investigation in vascular biology and a new translational research opportunity in vascular medicine.
Abstract 131: PDE1 Inhibition Improves Cardiac Protein Quality Control

Protein quality control (PQC) functions to minimize the level and toxicity of misfolded proteins in the cell. PQC relies on molecular chaperones and the targeted degradation of misfolded proteins. ...
Association of hospital type with prices, spending, and acute care utilization among privately insured patients undergoing cancer surgery.

e19376Background: With annual cancer spending estimated to surpass $170 billion in 2020, national attention has focused on the prices and utilization of cancer care. This is particularly important ...
Real-Time and Conventional PCR Tools for Detection and Discrimination of Calonectria pseudonaviculata and C. henricotiae Causing Boxwood Blight

Calonectria pseudonaviculata and C. henricotiae are the causal agents of boxwood blight, a devastating disease of boxwood that has caused significant economic impact on the nursery and landscape industries in the U.S. and in Europe. The two species are genetically distinct and are found in different geographic areas but are difficult to distinguish based on morphology and pathogenicity. Fast, accurate, and inexpensive methods to detect and differentiate these species is critical in stopping the spread of the disease. We designed primer pairs based on available sequences of four conserved regions-calmodulin, histone H3, internal transcribed spacer, and β-tubulin-and tested their ability to differentiate the two Calonectria species. Here we report three primer pairs derived from sequence differences in the histone H3 region that can be used to specifically detect C. pseudonaviculata, C. henricotiae, or both species. Specificity of these primers was tested against nine isolates of C. pseudonaviculata, three isolates of C. henricotiae, 13 other Calonectria species, and five isolates from related genera using conventional and real-time PCR. These are the first primers available that can be used with either a multiplexed conventional PCR or SYBR-based real-time PCR to specifically detect and differentiate the two fungal species.
Comparison of laparoscopy versus mini-laparotomy for jejunostomy placement in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma.

Optimal nutrition is challenging for patients with gastric and gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma and often requires feeding tube placement prior to preoperative therapy. Feeding jejunostomy (FJ) placement via mini-laparotomy is technically easier to perform than laparoscopic FJ. The purpose of this study was to compare outcomes in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma undergoing laparoscopic versus mini-laparotomy FJ placement. A retrospective cohort study was performed of patients with gastric adenocarcinoma receiving laparoscopic versus mini-laparotomy FJ at a single tertiary referral center from 2000 to 2018. 30-day outcomes included complications, conversion to laparotomy, reoperation, length of stay, and readmission. A total of 656 patients met the inclusion criteria and were studied. The majority of patients were male (68.1%) with a mean age of 60.6 years. The difference in surgical approach remained relatively stable over time. Overall, 82 (12.5%) patients experienced complications, and three (0.5%) patients died postoperatively. While readmission and conversion to open laparotomy did not differ between groups, overall complications (10.5% vs. 20.8%, p = 0.002), Clavien–Dindo ≥ 3 complications (4.0% vs. 8.9%, p = 0.021), length of stay (4.1 vs. 5.6 days, p < 0.001), and reoperation (0.9% vs. 4.0%, p = 0.002) favored the laparoscopic over mini-laparotomy group. The current study helps clarify the risk of FJ placement in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma requiring nutritional support. Laparoscopic FJ placement has lower overall morbidity and length of stay compared to mini-laparotomy. However, caution is needed in preventing and identifying the rare causes of postoperative mortality that may be associated with laparoscopic FJ placement.
Woody hardness classification impact on salvage laryngectomy functional outcomes.

Abstract Purpose Post-radiation therapy salvage surgeries are challenging for surgeons due to tissue fibrosis. The woody hardness classification is valuable in differentiating the degree of neck stiffness, but its clinical utility has not been evaluated. We applied it to patients undergoing salvage laryngectomy to study the impact of woody hardness on postoperative outcomes. Materials and methods A retrospective observational study was performed on patients undergoing salvage laryngectomy between 2014 and 2019. Patients were assigned into the A (extremely woody hard), B (moderately woody hard), or C (mildly woody hard) woody hardness class. The primary outcome was pharyngoesophageal stricture development. Secondary outcomes included time to pharyngoesophageal stricture, pharyngocutaneous fistula development, time to pharyngocutaneous fistula, development of post-operative complications, and tracheoesophageal puncture complications. Results Fifty-one patients were included in the study: Class A 1 patient, Class B 30 patients, and Class C 20 patients. The single Class A patient was grouped with the Class B patients. The development of a pharyngoesophageal stricture shows consistent negative association with woody hardness despite most analyses not reaching statistical significance. These associations are robust to a number of confounding variables in multivariate logistic and time to event analyses. Furthermore, the time to event analysis controlling for squamous cell carcinoma diagnosis led to a statistically significant association between woody hardness (i.e., A/B higher risk) and time to stricture (HR=5, p=0.02). Conclusions This study suggests that this classification may be useful in predicting pharyngoesophageal stricture formation in salvage laryngectomy patients and could be used to implement stricture preventive measures.
Flocculation of MXenes and Their Use as 2D Particle Surfactants for Capsule Formation.

MXenes, transition metal carbides or nitrides, have gained great attention in recent years due to their high electrical conductivity and catalytic activity, hydrophilicity, and diverse surface chemistry. However, high hydrophilicity and negative ζ potential of the MXene nanosheets limit their processability and interfacial assembly. Previous examples for modifying the dispersibility and wettability of MXenes have focused on the use of organic ligands, such as alkyl amines, or covalent modification with triethoxysilanes. Here, we report a simple method to access MXene-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions by using common inorganic salts (e.g., NaCl) to flocculate the nanosheets and demonstrate the use of these Pickering emulsions to prepare capsules with shells of MXene and polymer. Ti3C2Tz nanosheets are used as the representative MXene. The salt-flocculated MXene nanosheets produce emulsions that are stable for days, as determined by optical microscopy imaging. The incorporation of a diisocyanate in the discontinuous oil phase and diamine in the continuous water phase led to interfacial polymerization and the formation of capsules. The capsules were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confirming the presence of both polymer and nanosheets. The addition of ethanol to the capsules led to the removal of the toluene core and retention of the shell structure. The ability to assemble MXene nanosheets at fluid-fluid interfaces without the use of ligands or cosurfactants expands the accessible material constructs relevant for biomedical engineering, water purification, energy storage, electromagnetic electronics, catalysis, and so on.
OpenMP application experiences: Porting to accelerated nodes

Abstract As recent enhancements to the OpenMP specification become available in its implementations, there is a need to share the results of experimentation in order to better understand the OpenMP implementation’s behavior in practice, to identify pitfalls, and to learn how the implementations can be effectively deployed in scientific codes. We report on experiences gained and practices adopted when using OpenMP to port a variety of ECP applications, mini-apps and libraries based on different computational motifs to accelerator-based leadership-class high-performance supercomputer systems at the United States Department of Energy. Additionally, we identify important challenges and open problems related to the deployment of OpenMP. Through our report of experiences, we find that OpenMP implementations are successful on current supercomputing platforms and that OpenMP is a promising programming model to use for applications to be run on emerging and future platforms with accelerated nodes.
MDCT in Children: Scan Techniques and Contrast Issues

Computed tomography (CT) is an essential imaging modality in the evaluation of infants and children [1]. Technical advances, especially with multidetector-array CT (MDCT) have provided increased opportunities for established uses as well as for new applications, such as evaluation of possible appendicitis, renal colic, and cardiovascular abnormalities. However, these technical advances are often complex and can be confusing. This complexity arises from the equipment, with increasing numbers of channels or arrays, and from the scan technique, consisting of multiple options for scan settings and intravenous (IV) contrast medium administration. Only with a solid understanding of these technical considerations will diagnostic MDCT in children be optimized. Therefore, this chapter focuses on the technical aspects of MDCT rather than on its applications. In addition to this technical discussion, issues in patient safety related to MDCT are addressed, including radiation management as a fundamental responsibility of the radiologist and radiology personnel [2].
The generation of shared cryptographic keys through full duplex channel impulse response estimation at 60 GHz

In scenarios where standard key-management schemes are infeasible, methods to generate private keys based on wireless channel characteristics have been proposed. In this paper, we discuss recent results in the implementation of a full-duplex system for the generation of private keys for cryptographic communications using channel impulse-response estimation at 60 GHz. The full duplex system is composed of two transceivers implemented with commercial millimeter-wave VubIQ transceivers, laboratory equipment, and software implemented in MATLAB. Near simultaneous channel measurements in complex environments are presented with differences in the measured response quantified.
Invariant Manifolds in Celestial Mechanics

Several examples of invariant manifold problems in celestial mechanics are discussed including the determination of the topological character of the Kepler energy manifold and the derivation of a priori bounds for the artificial satellite problem.
Mexican American caregivers’ coping efficacy

Background Coping styles utilized by family caregivers of persons with schizophrenia have been implicated in the mental health of those caregivers and in the course of schizophrenia. We tested the relation between caregivers’ coping efficacy, defined as the caregiver’s perceptions of how successful they were in modifying their relative’s behavior, and caregiver’s psychological distress as well as criticisms and positivity toward their relatives diagnosed with schizophrenia.
Chromatic dispersion monitor for WDM systems using vestigial-sideband optical filtering

We propose and demonstrate a novel technique for 10- and 40-Gbit/s chromatic dispersion monitoring that uses an optical filter to select the upper and lower vestigial sideband (VSB) signals in transmitted optical data and determine the relative group delay caused by dispersion. The filter bandwidth is approximately equal to the bit-rate, e.g., -0.3 nm for 40-Gb/s data. The group delay can be measured from detecting the phase of the clock component in the photo-detected data. This technique can be used for both NRZ and RZ format. Many WDM channels can be accommodated by sweeping the optical filter across all channels.
Universal Continuous Media I/O: Design and Implementation

The problem this paper addresses is how to modify an existing operating system’s I/O subsystem to support new high-speed networks and high-bandwidth multimedia applications that will play an important role in future computing environments. The proposed I/O subsystem is called universal continuous media I/O (UCM I/O). This paper will cover the preliminary design of UCM I/O, some of the trade-offs and issues that need to be addressed in order to implement UCM I/O, and a a summary of work in progress. This work supported by ARPA, NSF, Ascom Timeplex, BNR, Goldstar, NEC America, NTT, Southwestern Bell, SynOptics, and Tektronix. UNIVERSAL CONTINUOUS MEDIA I/O: DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION Charles D. Cranor chuck@ccrc.wustl.edu +1 314 935 4203 Gurudatta M. Parulkar guru@flora.wustl.edu +1 314 935 4621
Expanding the Molecular Toolkit for Chlamydia

Although historically a genetically intractable bacterium, Chlamydia is experiencing a renaissance for molecular genetic manipulation. Two new studies published in Cell Host & Microbe, Mirrashidi et al. (2015) and Kokes et al. (2015), have dramatically changed the landscape of what is possible for molecular dissection of Chlamydia-host interactions.
Additional records of cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) to the fauna of Mindanao, Philippines, with the description of three new species and a key to the species of Champaka Distant

This paper provides the revised checklist of the tribes, subtribes, genera, and species of the family Cicadidae from Mindanao, Philippines, comprising 22 species belonging to 16 genera. Three new species, Champaka solivenae sp. nov., Purana crassinotata sp. nov., and Ggomapsalta fragilis sp. nov., are described. Lembeja fatiloqua (Stal, 1870) is added to the list, which was omitted in the previous checklist. Neoncotympana leeseungmoi Lee, 2011 is added to the list, which was described after the previous checklist. Oncotympana averta Lee, 2011 is newly recorded from Mindanao, replacing Oncotympana sp. listed in the previous checklist. A key to the 12 species of Champaka Distant, 1905 is provided.
Re‐engaging the interface debate: strong, weak, none, or all?

In the history of SLA research, the relationship between explicit and implicit knowledge has incited heated debate, culminating in, broadly, three disparate positions: (a) the non-interface; (b) the weak-interface; and (c) the strong-interface. In this paper, we re-engage the theoretical debate. Unlike the previous discussions, however, which typically find researchers espousing one position against another – usually the non-interface position, we claim that in the interlanguage of any L2 learners, there is likely both explicit and implicit knowledge, but, more important, three types of relationships co-existing between them: a strong interface, a weak interface, and no interface. We argue that further advances in SLA research would benefit from a concerted effort to identify which aspects of grammar are susceptible to a strong, weak, or no interface relation. 二语习得研究中显性知识与隐性知识之间的关系历来是一个辩论的焦点。理论上对此有三种不同的观点：强衔接，弱衔接，无衔接。本文对三种观点重新展开讨论。作者引用实证，一反以往该辩论中的不同论点的相互排斥，指出在任何一个中介语中均可发现显性知识与隐性知识之间三种不同的表象。也就是说，中介语中的次系统有的会表现出强衔接，有的会表现弱衔接，还有的会表现出无衔接。作者认为二语研究会更上一层楼而且更富有意义，如果研究者们能携手共同发掘中介语中哪些次系统分别适于显性知识与隐性知识间的强衔接，弱衔接，或者无衔接。
Physicochemical analysis of reversible molybdate effects on different molecular forms of glucocorticoid receptor.

Abstract Several distinct molecular forms of glucocorticoid receptor have been identified in a melanoma model system. We have used velocity sedimentation to monitor molybdate dependent alterations in receptor size and heterogeneity. In the absence of molybdate, native glucocorticoid receptor from dexamethasone-sensitive tumors sediments at 7–8 S and 12–13 S. Under identical conditions, receptor isolated from dexamethasone-resistant tumors sediments at 7–8 S only. However, when molybdate is introduced, either during homogenization or immediately prior to centrifugation, glucocorticoid receptors from both dexamethasone-sensitive and -resistant tumors sediment sharply at 9–10 S. These molybdate induced phenomena are reversible. The activated forms of glucocorticoid receptor isolated from both dexamethasone-sensitive and -resistant tumors by DEAE-cellulose chromatography have similar sedimentation coefficients (4–5 S) which are unaffected by molybdate.
Collisional deactivation Of Ca(4p3PJ) by barium atoms

Abstract Collisional deactivation of Ca(4p 3 P J by barium atoms proceeds with a thermal cross section of 0.26±0.02 nm 2 at 850 K. No evidence for the corresponding deactivation of electronically excited Ca(4p 3 P J ) by Ca(4s 1 S o ) was obtained. The optical lifetime of Ca(4p 3 P J ) was measured to be 0.33 ± 0.03 ms, in good agreement with previous studies.
The MAP kinase Pmk1 and protein kinase A are required for rotenone resistance in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Rotenone is a widely used pesticide that induces Parkinson's disease-like symptoms in rats and death of dopaminergic neurons in culture. Although rotenone is a potent inhibitor of complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, it can induce death of dopaminergic neurons independently of complex I inhibition. Here we describe effects of rotenone in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, which lacks complex I and carries out rotenone-insensitive cellular respiration. We show that rotenone induces generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as fragmentation of mitochondrial networks in treated S. pombe cells. While rotenone is only modestly inhibitory to growth of wild type S. pombe cells, it is strongly inhibitory to growth of mutants lacking the ERK-type MAP kinase, Pmk1, or protein kinase A (PKA). In contrast, cells lacking the p38 MAP kinase, Spc1, exhibit modest resistance to rotenone. Consistent with these findings, we provide evidence that Pmk1 and PKA, but not Spc1, are required for clearance of ROS in rotenone treated S. pombe cells. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of S. pombe for elucidating complex I-independent molecular targets of rotenone as well as mechanisms conferring resistance to the toxin.
Three-dimensional model of vertical deformation at the southern Cascadia subduction zone, western United States

Recent studies indicate that there have been several episodes of coseismic subsidence along the coasts of central and southern Oregon and northern California during the past several thousand years. A three-dimensional dislocation model is used to predict the amount of coseismic subsidence produced by different magnitude earthquakes. The magnitude of coseismic subsidence is equal to the interseismic uplift in an elastic earth model. The model is constrained mainly by interseismic uplift data from repeated leveling surveys in western Oregon over the past 50–60 yr. The results suggest that earthquakes with moment magnitude of ∼8.5 are required to produce the coseismic subsidence observed. The model also suggests that larger earthquakes (Mw > 9.0) would produce coseismic subsidence in areas where none is observed in the geologic record.
Reaction Control of the Robinson Annelation by Pressure and Temperature Manipulation under Supercritical CO2 Conditions

Robinson annelation under supercritical CO2 in the presence of various metal oxide catalysts without any organic solvent was studied to synthesize fused polycyclic compounds such as the series of steroid compounds. Under constant pressure and temperature, the reaction would have a limitation in the yield of desired product 8a-methyl-3,4,8,8a-tetrahydro-2H,7H-naphthalene-1,6-dione (5a) up to 57%. To improve the reaction yield of the product, we developed the new method that the pressure and temperature manipulation in one pot by using sub- and supercritical CO2 can be achieved successfully to obtain 5a in high yield (95%) and high selectivity (95%) without any modifications of the catalysts. This simple method could be applied for various ketones and various catalysts to synthesize fused polycyclic compounds.
Antithrombotic therapy after transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

A solid evidence base for appropriate antithrombotic therapy in patients with complex transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is not yet established. This is especially important because approximately 40% of patients with TAVR from both the Society of Thoracic Surgeons/American College of Cardiology Transcatheter Valve Therapy (STS/ACC TVT) registry1 and the Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valves (PARTNER) trial2 cohorts had baseline diagnosis of atrial fibrillation (AF) and may have had an indication for anticoagulation in addition to the protocol-directed 6 months of dual antiplatelet therapy (clopidogrel and aspirin) after TAVR.
Proportional navigation and weaving targets

Sinusoidal or weave maneuvers on the part of the target can make it particularly difficult for a pursuing missile to hit. Normalized design curves are presented so that the guidance system designer can easily assess the influence of weave maneuvers on missile system performance. These curves show how the target weave frequency and amplitude along with the interceptor guidance system tune constant and effective navigation ratio determine the size of the miss distance. Acceleration saturation effects also are considered as a further important influence on system performance. Finally, suggestions are made showing how to improve system performance.
Electron dynamics in the current disruption region

[1] Turbulent magnetic field observed at substorm onsets in the near-Earth magnetotail is often regarded as a manifestation of the disruption of the local tail current. The present study examines the associated dynamics of electrons using data from the Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorers/Charge Composition Explorer. Two well-known events were selected, which took place on 28 August 1986 and 1 June 1985. The results are summarized as follows: (1) during the early period of the 28 August 1986 event, the average perpendicular energy changed very little even though the total magnetic field strength (BT) fluctuated by an order of magnitude; (2) except the period of (1), tends to change in proportion to BT in both events; and (3) and the density N tend to be anticorrelated, whereas such a tendency cannot be found for the parallel average energy. The successive trigger of the Ion Weibel instability (IWI) and the modified two-stream instability (MTSI) is a possible explanation for (1). As the plasma sheet thins, the IWI may be triggered first, followed by the MTSI, which becomes unstable at higher frequencies than the IWI and energizes electrons. The observed sequence of magnetic turbulence and electron energization in the 28 August event is consistent with this idea. On the other hand, (1) can also be explained as far as magnetic turbulence is localized near the neutral sheet irrespective of its trigger mechanism. In this case electrons stay mostly outside of the turbulent region, and accordingly the variations of the average electron energy do not have to be correlated with the variations of magnetic field in the turbulence region. In contrast, when the source current of the magnetic turbulence is not located closely (compared with its characteristic scale), the resultant magnetic disturbance is more coherent and is distributed widely along the flux tube. In this case the observed magnetic field can represent the magnetic variation that electrons actually undergo, which explains (2). Result (3) indicates that for the full understanding, the electron dynamics need to be addressed in a three-dimensional configuration. As the present study is based on two events, it remains to be understood how common the observed features are among current disruption events. However, the results of the present study as well as their implications for the magnetic turbulence, such as its confinement near the neutral sheet, provide additional information for further understanding of the current disruption process.
Pattern recognition analysis of VA/EPA PCDD and PCDF data

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate, by pattern recognition techniques, the relationships of PCDDs and PCDFs in human adipose tissue among the analytes themselves and with respect to demographic variables (military/civilian status, age, collection year, race, and geographic region). The conclusions of this study provide a multivariate context for the data and strengthen the conclusions obtained in a univariate study (on 2,3,7,8-TCDD) previously conducted by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). From a principal component analysis, the result of most interest, based on a set of matched specimens (36 Vietnam veterans, 79 non-Vietnam veterans, and 80 civilians), is that Vietnam veterans in this study do not exhibit higher levels of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, PCDDs, and PCDFs than the other two groups. Also, cluster analysis of the PCDDs and PCDFs demonstrates that 2,3,7,8-TCDD is not strongly correlated with any of the other analytes, indicating possible differences in exposure routes to these chemicals.
Spin susceptibility of metallic surfaces

Abstract The density-functional approach is used to examine the surface spin susceptibility of a high density metal. A formalism is developed whereby the response to both local and extended magnetic field perturbations can be calculated. Results are given for the case of a jellium model of the metal. The ferromagnetic instability at the surface of a metal is also investigated.
Predictive Simulation in Structural Health Monitoring With Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors for Risk-Informed In-Service Inspection

Piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) are lightweight and inexpensive enablers for a large class of structural health monitoring (SHM) applications. The presentation will start with a brief review of PWAS physical principles and basic modeling. Then, the presentation will consider the several ways in which PWAS can be used for damage detection: (a) embedded guided-wave ultrasonics, i.e., pitch-catch, pulse-echo, phased arrays, thickness mode; (b) high-frequency modal sensing, i.e., the electro-mechanical (E/M) impedance method; (c) passive detection, i.e., acoustic emission and impact detection. Emphasis will be placed on recent developments. Special attention will be given to the mechatronics predictive modeling of the complete cycle from electrical excitation through piezoelectric transduction, ultrasonic acoustic waves, and finally reverse piezoelectric transduction to generate the received electric signal. Power and energy aspects of this process will be considered and discussed. The presentation will end with conclusions and suggestions for further work.Copyright © 2011 by ASME