cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
`Isotopically strange xenon' in meteoritic nanodiamonds: implantation by stellar winds?

It is argued that the cycling of the atomic nuclei of`isotopically strange xenon' through carbon stars and its implantation intometeoritic nanodiamonds by low-energy stellar wind ions of such starslessens several difficulties of earlier theories. The isotopically strangexenon might be an abundant galactic constituent today, or have been suchduring the presolar past.
Design of a power management and distribution system for a thermionic-diode powered spacecraft

The Electrical Systems Development Branch of the Power Technology Division at the NASA Lewis Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio is designing a Power Management and Distribution (PMAD) System for the Air Force's Integrated Solar Upper Stage (ISUS) Engine Ground Test Demonstration (EGD). The ISUS program uses solar-thermal propulsion to perform orbit transfers from low Earth orbit (LEG) to geosynchronous orbit (GEO) and from LEO to Molnya. The ISUS uses the same energy conversion receiver to perform the LEO to high Earth orbit (HEO) transfer and to generate on-orbit electric power for the payloads. On-orbit power generation is accomplished via two solar concentrators heating a dual-cavity graphite-core which has thermionic diodes (TIDs) encircling each cavity. The ISUS power system is to provide 1000 W/sub e/ at 28+/-6 V/sub dc/ to the payload/spacecraft from a maximum TID generation capability of 1070 W/sub e/ at 2200 K. Producing power with this quality, protecting the spacecraft from electrical faults and accommodating operational constraints of the TIDs is the responsibility of the PMAD system. The design strategy and system options examined along with the proposed designs for the flight and EGD configurations are discussed herein.
A new species of the enigmatic archosauromorph Doswellia from the Upper Triassic Bluewater Creek Formation, New Mexico, USA

Doswellia sixmilensis is a new species of the dos-welliid archosauromorph genus Doswellia named for an incomplete skeleton from the Upper Triassic Bluewater Creek Formation of the Chinle Group in west-central New Mexico, USA. D. sixmilensis differs from D. kaltenbachi Weems, the type and only other known species of Doswellia, in its larger size, higher tooth count and greater heterodonty, possession of keels on the cervical centra and the presence of discrete knobs or spikes on some osteoderms. The holotype of D. six-milensis is the fourth occurrence of Doswellia and only the second occurrence of a Doswellia skull, which includes the previously unknown premaxilla and maxilla (and therefore the best dentition) and has the best-preserved cervical vertebrae. Although it adds to our knowledge of the anatomy of Doswellia, this new information does not alter previous concepts of the phylogenetic relationships of the doswelliid gen-era, largely because they are so poorly known anatomically. The genus Doswellia is known from the Newark Supergroup in Virginia, and the Chinle Group in Texas, New Mexico and Utah, in strata of Otischalkian–Adamanian age. The type locality of D. sixmilensis is c. 43 m stratigraphically below a bed from which U-Pb dating of detrital zircons yields a maximum depositional age of c. 220 Ma, so this is a reasonable approximate numerical age for D. sixmilensis.
Rethinking Stages of Development in Women's Groups: Implications for Practice

ABSTRACT This article explores the relational model, a formulation for stages of development in women's groups that is rooted in recent feminist scholarship. Implications for worker interventions are discussed, especially in regard to the timing of themes of connection and conflict. Examples from group work practice illustrate the discussion.
Calcium carbonate supplements may adversely affect protein nutriture

Abstract The objective of the project was to determine the effects of level and form of calcium carbonate supplementation of diets on protein status of humans. In study 1, 9 healthy adult subjects were fed a basal diet alone or with graded levels of calcium carbonate. Total calcium intakes were 325, 925, 1525 and 2125 mg/day, respectively, while protein intake (expressed as nitrogen intake) was kept relatively constant at 8.48 g nitrogen/day. As levels of calcium carbonate increased, urinary and fecal excretions of nitrogen increased and nitrogen balances decreased. In study 2, 10 healthy adult humans participated in a 33 days study in which they were fed a basal diet plus added calcium carbonate in several commercially available forms. These included a tablet, a caramel, a gum and a wafer (chewable). The wafer form of calcium produced lower mean urinary and fecal nitrogen losses, thereby giving a numerically higher nitrogen balance. Thus, it would appear that high level calcium carbonate supplementation of diets of humans may have an adverse effect on protein status but that there are only minimal difference among the various forms at least at low levels of calcium intake.
Maximum obtainable specific cooling load of a refrigerator

Abstract The maximum obtainable specific cooling load of an endoreversible Carnot refrigerator is presented in this paper. The endoreversible Carnot refrigerator is a modified Carnot cycle. The only irreversibilities of the cycle are associated with the heat transfers between the refrigerator and the surrounding thermal reservoirs. The specific cooling load is the cooling load per unit of the total surface area of the heat exchangers. The maximum obtainable specific cooling load provides a thermoeconomic criterion for use in the evaluation of the performance of a real refrigerator.
Reproducibility of time and frequency domain analysis of heart rate variability in patients with chronic stable angina.

Before heart rate variability (HRV) can be used to investigate the effects of drugs or other clinical interventions in chronic stable angina, it is important to establish the stability and reproducibility of HRV indices over time. HRV analysis was performed on two consecutive 24-hour ambulatory ECG recordings in 19 patients with chronic stable angina. Time-domain analysis included average heart rate, variance, SDNN, SDANN5, ASDNN5, and PNN50. The power spectral analysis was computed using fast Fourier transformation for the total power (0.003 and 0.40 Hz), low frequency (0.04–0.15 Hz), and high frequency (0.15–0.40 Hz) bands. No statistically significant differences in the time or frequency domains were found between the two ambulatory ECG recordings. HRV indices in the time and frequency domains are consistent and reproducible in patients with chronic stable angina. Thus, cardiac autonomic tone can be evaluated using HRV analyses, and any significant changes that occur after medical therapy or other clinical interventions can be ascribed to the intervention rather than the lability of cardiac autonomic tone.
Audience characteristics and the price of advertising in a circulation industry: evidence from US magazines

Abstract This paper investigates the impact of audience characteristics on the newsstand sales, the cover price and the price of advertising in the US magazine industry. Employing a unique data set describing 94 US magazines, a simultaneous equations model estimates the impact of various audience and magazine characteristics on the price of magazine advertising. The empirical model is guided by previous theoretical work that predicts audience characteristics may influence the price of advertising. The results indicate that average reader income, average reader age, the number of pages printed per year, and the possible number of advertising impressions enhance the price of advertising. On the other hand, a higher cover price, having local distribution, and a greater dependence on newsstand sales reduce the price publishers charge for advertising.
A high-resolution synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction study of trans-stilbene in zeolite ZSM-5

Upon adsorption of two molecules of stilbene per unit cell, the apparent symmetry of ZSM-5 changes to tetragonal, but the true symmetry is orthorhombic with a very small difference between aand b, which becomes progressively more pronounced with b > aas the sample is cooled to 25 K; the stilbene molecule is located in the straight channels, with one phenyl ring on the mirror plane, at the intersection of the straight and sinusoidal channels.
Memory, war and American identity: Saving Private Ryan as cinematic jeremiad

The American jeremiad long has been an established rhetorical form that operates as a corrective to conditions gone awry. In response to a “falling away,” the jeremiad issues a call to the community to return home to idealized foundational principles. The American experience in Vietnam produced in the national community a crisis of faith in foundational principles and precipitated a crisis of representation of national identity. This essay argues that the secular American jeremiad emerges prominently in Steven Spielberg's film Saving Private Ryan. Through a close reading of the film, contextualized by the preceding twenty years of popular cinematic lamentation following Vietnam, I argue that the film operates, in part, as a rhetorically skillful response to the post-Vietnam crisis of national identity. I further argue that Spielberg both acknowledges and appropriates the crisis, offering viewing audiences a “way home” to mythic America. The essay concludes with a discussion of the tensions between the con...
Is silicosis required for silica-associated lung cancer?

Background Abundant epidemiologic and experimental evidence supports the 1997 International Agency for Research on Cancer classification of crystalline silica as a human lung carcinogen. Nonetheless, there remains uncertainty about whether excessive lung cancer occurs exclusively among workers with silicosis. Methods A review was performed of published occupational epidemiologic literature directly pertinent to the interrelations among silica exposure, silicosis, and lung cancer. Results The association between silica and lung cancer is generally, but not uniformly, stronger among silicotics than nonsilicotics. However, the existing literature is ambiguous due to incomplete or biased ascertainment of silicosis, inadequate exposure assessment, and the inherently strong correlation between silica exposure and silicosis which hinders efforts to disentangle unique contributions to lung cancer risk. Conclusions Until more conclusive epidemiologic findings become available, population-based or individually-based risk assessments should treat silicosis and lung cancer as distinct entities whose cause/effect relations are not necessarily linked. Am. J. Ind. Med. 37:252–259, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Advances in the Surface Science of TiO2

TiO2 rutile single-crystal surfaces have served has useful prototypical, well-defined specimens for fundamental investigations of oxide surface science for many years. As a result of both experimental and theoretical efforts, we have gained considerable insight into the structural, electronic, thermochemical and photochemical properties of pristine as well as defective surfaces. In this brief review, I summarize some of the recent advances that have been made in the laboratories of participants of the International Workshop of Oxide Surfaces (IWOX) series, principally on TiO2(110).
Improving Communication at the Transition to Home Health Care: Use of an Electronic Referral System

Appropriate and efficient provision of services at home requires more than skilled personnel; effective communication between the primary care provider and the agency is an often overlooked but essential tool for maintaining the patient's health in the community. A method was developed to create home care orders (the “e-485”) that guides the physician through the order writing process, uploads data from the electronic medical record, and creates a legible, complete order set that can be faxed quickly to the agency. This paper describes this tool and the challenges and rewards of its implementation in an academic medical center.
X-ray and thermodynamic studies of staphylococcal nuclease variants I92E and I92K: insights into polarity of the protein interior.

Abstract We have used crystallography and thermodynamic analysis to study nuclease variants I92E and I92K, in which an ionizable side-chain is placed in the hydrophobic core of nuclease. We find that the energetic cost of burying ionizable groups is rather modest. The X-ray determinations show water molecules solvating the buried glutamic acid under cryo conditions, but not at room temperature. The lysine side-chain does not appear solvated in either case. Guanidine hydrochloride (GnHCl) denaturation of I92E and I92K, done as a function of pH and monitored by tryptophan fluorescence, showed that I92E and I92K are folded in the pH range pH 3.5–9.0 and pH 5.5–9.5, respectively. The stability of the parental protein is independent of pH over a broad range. In contrast, the stabilities of I92E and I92K exhibit a pH dependence, which is quantitatively explained by thermodynamic analysis: the p K a value of the buried K92 is 5.6, while that of the buried E92 is 8.65. The free energy difference between burying the uncharged and charged forms of the groups is modest, about 6 kcal/mol. We also found that e app for I92K and I92E is in the range ∼10–12, instead of 2–4 commonly used to represent the protein interior. Side-chains 92E and 92K were uncharged under the conditions of the X-ray experiment. Both are buried completely inside the well-defined hydrophobic core of the variant proteins without forming salt-bridges or hydrogen bonds to other functional groups of the proteins. Under cryo conditions 92E shows a chain of four water molecules, which hydrate one oxygen atom of the carboxyl group of the glutamic acid. Two other water molecules, which are present in the wild-type at all temperatures, are also connected to the water ring observed inside the hydrophobic core. The ready burial of water with an uncharged E92 raises the possibility that solvent excursions into the interior also take place in the wild-type protein, but in a random, dynamic way not detectable by crystallography. Such transient excursions could increase the average polarity, and thus e app , of the protein interior.
Evidence that the cro repressor inhibits expression of the bacteriophage λP gene at high multiplicities of infection

The activity of the λP gene product at various multiplicities of infection (m.o.i.) was examined in C 1 - conditions using an assay which measures the disappearance of the rapidly-sedimenting closed-circular (c.c) form of phage DNA. When cells were infected with λC1857 at multiplicities of 5 phage/cell or less, between 65%–75% c.c. DNA was lost during incubation. If the multiplicity of infection was increased to 10 phage/cell or greater, a marked inhibition in the cleavage of c.c. DNA was observed. When bacteria were infected with either λCI857CII2002 or λCI857cro27 at low m.o.i., the usual 65%–75% decrease in the percentage of c.c. phage DNA occurred during incubation. In contrast, no losses in c.c. DNA were noted after infection with λCI857cro27susP3. At high m.o.i., the cleavage of c.c. DNA was inhibited after infection with λCI857CII2002, but not after infection with λCI857cro27. It is concluded that at high m.o.i. in C 1 - infections, the expression of gene P is unaffected by the CII gene product, but is inhibited by the increased intracellular levels of cro protein.
BACTERIAL RELATIONSHIPS IN STORMWATERS

: Data were developed within a three-year period for indicator bacteria and three species of bacterial pathogens following rural storm event hydrographs. The first flush concept was confirmed in all hydrographs. Bacterial density peaking occurred at or before the hydrograph peaks. FC and FS values were higher in more developed areas than the primary rural test site and their numerical ratios followed similar trends. Chlorine demand of storm waters varied between 8 and 16 mg/l and, the ozone requirement was greater than 32 mg/l in the same waters. Aftergrowth of total coliform bacteria occurred following chlorine and ozone doses of 16 mg/l and 32 mg/l respectively. Fecal coliform, fecal streptococci, Salmonella sp., and Pseudomonas sp. all were reduced to near detectable limits by the disinfectants up to 8 days. Staphylococcus sp. demonstrated a propensity to restablish their populations. Multiple regression analysis of the bacterial groups and species in storm waters suggested the fecal streptococci to have been the most useful group in evaluating bacterial storm water quality, with staphylocci have been closely related insofar as their statistical significance was concerned.
Herbicide resistance from a divided EPSPS protein: the split Synechocystis DnaE intein as an in vivo affinity domain.

Abstract We report that the N- and C-terminal splicing domains of the intein found in the dnaE gene of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 ( Ssp DnaE intein) are capable of association in vivo and in vitro, even with key splicing residues changed to alanine (Cys 1 , Asn 159 , and Cys +1 to Ala). These studies utilized the herbicide resistant form of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) from Salmonella typhimurium and an Escherichia coli strain with the EPSPS gene deleted from its genome ( E. coli strain ER2799). EPSPS was mapped to identify potential split sites using a facile Tn7 linker scanning procedure. Forty positions were found to tolerate a five amino acid insertion while 21 sites did not, as assayed by the rescue of growth of E. coli strain ER2799. Further characterization of these sites by inserting a full length Ssp DnaE intein identified residue 235 of EPSPS as the optimal position. The EPSPS gene was then divided into amino acids 1–235 and 236–427 which were fused to residues 1–123 and 124–159 of a splicing defective Ssp DnaE intein, respectively. Expression of the EPSPS-intein fusions from separate DNA molecules conferred resistance to the herbicide glyphosate, indicating that the intein splicing domains were bringing the EPSPS fragments together to generate activity. As a control the split EPSPS without the intein-affinity domain did not allow cell growth. The use of an intein as an in vivo affinity domain was termed intein-mediated protein complementation (IPC). Intein fragment assembly was verified in vitro by immobilizing the C-terminal splicing domain of the Ssp DnaE intein on a resin and demonstrating that the N-terminal 235 amino acids of EPSPS only bound to the resin when fused to the N-terminal splicing domain of the Ssp DnaE intein. As chloroplast DNA is not transmitted by pollen in plants such as corn and soybean, transgene spread via pollen may be controlled in the future by expressing inactive gene fragments from separate DNA locations, such as the nuclear and chloroplast genome, and using the split intein to generate protein activity.
Negative emotions and stigma associated with a human papillomavirus test result: A comparison between human papillomavirus–positive men and women

Human papillomavirus has largely been framed as a women's health issue, and the psychosocial impact of human papillomavirus among men remains unclear. In this study, we found that women infected with human papillomavirus (n = 154) experienced a greater degree of negative emotions and stigma than human papillomavirus-infected men (n = 190). Among women, younger age and less education were associated with greater expression of negative emotions and stigma. Conversely, being single was significantly associated with a greater degree of negative emotions and stigma beliefs among men. These findings suggest the need to re-frame messages that both men and women receive regarding human papillomavirus.
The Perianesthesia Nurse as Advocate in the Policy Arena: Driving the Health Care Agenda

Nurses must become leaders in creating public policy that is relevant to health care. Understanding the extent of the policy process—the components, models, and processes—will provide a framework for the nurse to work in the policy arena and effect change in a positive way.
Multiple Listings as a Reflection of Geographic Disparity in Liver Transplantation

Background Geographic disparity in access to liver transplantation (LT) exists. This study sought to examine Model for End-Stage Liver Disease–era multiply listed (ML) LT candidate (ie, candidates who list at 2 or more LT centers to receive a liver transplant). Study Design Data on adult, primary, non–status 1 LT candidates (n = 59,557) listed from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2011 were extracted from the United Network for Organ Sharing's Standard Transplant Analysis and Research files. Comparisons of ML vs singly listed LT candidates were performed, with additional analysis performed at the donor service area (DSA) and regional level, as well as assessment of the donor population used. Results There were 1,358 (2.3%) ML candidates during the 7-year study period. Multiply listed candidates compared with singly listed candidates were more often male, white, blood type O, nondiabetic, college educated, and privately insured. The odds of pursuing ML increased considerably as time on the waitlist increased. Of the ML candidates, 918 (67.6%) went on to receive a liver transplant (ML-LT), 767 (83.6%) at the secondary listing DSA, which was a median of 588 miles (range 229 to 1095 miles) from the primary listing DSA. When compared with the primary listing DSA, the secondary listing DSA had significantly lower match Model for End-Stage Liver Disease scores, as well as shorter wait times. Regional analysis demonstrated significantly higher odds for pursuing ML from LT candidates located within regions 1, 5, and 9. Conclusions A small and distinctive cohort of LT candidates pursue ML, indicating willingness and means to travel to receive a liver transplant. Efforts toward equalizing LT access across regional disparities are warranted, and can help obviate the need for ML.
Field calibration using the energy distribution of field ionization

The accuracy of data obtained by field-ion microscopy is often limited by a \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 15% uncertainty of converting measured voltages into field strengths. Plotting the difference of relative energy deficits of free-space ionized ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$, or Kr for sets of two applied voltages against the logarithm of the voltage ratios yields a field factor $k$. The surface field ${F}_{0}=\frac{V}{k{r}_{t}}$ is obtained with the 3% accuracy by which the tip radius ${r}_{t}$ can be known. The method is applicable to all metals accessible to field-ion-microscopy.
Deuteron-Proton Scattering Using Photographic Techniques

The differential scattering cross section for 9.94\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08-Mev deuterons scattered by protons has been determined with nuclear track emulsions as detectors. The deuterons were obtained from the cyclotron while the target consisted of hydrogen gas at a pressure of approximately 5 cm of mercury.The photographic plates were arranged so that they recorded simultaneously at all laboratory angles from 12.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 65\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Approximately 5000 proton tracks at each of 12 angles in this range were counted. Geometrical, slit scattering, and slit penetration corrections have been made to the number of tracks counted.
Predictors of interest in direct-to-consumer genetic testing

Direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing is an increasingly available option among individuals searching for information about their health risk factors and ancestry. This study is one of the first to examine predictors of interest in DTC genetic testing. Participants read one of the three types of information about DTC genetic testing (positive only, negative only or both) and reported perceptions of and intentions to pursue testing. The information which people read, their perceptions of the benefits of testing, their perceptions of the barriers to testing and anticipated regret predicted intentions to undergo testing. Interestingly, people who read both positive and negative information did not differ from people who read only negative information in their intentions to pursue testing. We discuss the implications of these findings for predicting interest in this relatively new type of genetic testing and for designing interventions to encourage (or discourage) testing.
S-adenosylmethionine and morphogenesis in Mucor racemosus

The intracellular concentration of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and the specific activity of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase (ATP:l-methionine S-adenosyltransferase, EC 2.5.1.6) were examined in wild-typeMucor racemosus, as well as a morphological mutant termedcoy, under conditions designed to prevent the morphogenesis of yeasts to hyphae. When the mutant was grown in a defined medium supplemented with methionine and induced to shift by exposure to air, there was an increase in intracellular SAM analogous to that previously reported with the wild type. However, when thecoy mutant was grown in the absence of methionine, the intracellular concentration decreased dramatically and the mutant failed to undergo the yeast to hypha transition. An inhibitor of SAM synthetase activity, cycloserine, was used to lower the intracellular concentration of SAM in the wild-type organisms. Under these conditions, wild-typeM. racemosus failed to undergo the transition from yeasts to hyphae when exposed to air.
Radiofrequency energy delivery to the lower esophageal sphincter reduces esophageal acid exposure and improves GERD symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Purpose:Studies of endoscopic application of radiofrequency energy to the lower esophageal sphincter for gastroesophageal reflux control have produced conflicting reports of its effectiveness. This study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and cohort studies to assess th
Rules of combination that generate climbing fiber tactile receptive fields

Abstract Climbing fiber tactile receptive fields in the anterior lobe of the cat's cerebellum are found to have regularities of shape, independent of their relative position on the cerebellar cortex. The shape regularities can be expressed as rules of combination that generate the receptive field shapes. Both face and paw receptive fields are unions of a certain set of skin areas called compartments. Face receptive fields are generated by taking the union of a seed compartment and another compartment in a binary relation to it, called CF-contiguity. Paw receptive fields are formed in a similar iterative fashion, with the constraint that anatomically equivalent areas be included on all toes involved in the receptive field. This paper specifies rules of combination that both reproduce observed receptive fields and also predict receptive fields that have not yet been observed. Because of the regularities of shape among the climbing fiber tactile receptive fields, the rules of combination can be used to predict ensemble activation in response to tactile stimulation.
Simulation of the coupled thermal/optical effects for liquid immersion nanolithography

Immersion lithography is proposed as a method for improving optical microlithography resolution to 45 nm and below via the insertion of a high-refractive-index liquid between the final lens surface and the wafer. Because the liquid acts as a lens component during the imaging process, it must maintain a high, uniform optical quality. One potential source of optical degradation involves changes in the liquid's index of refraction caused by changing temperatures during the exposure process. Two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics models from previous studies investigated the thermal and fluid effects of the exposure process on the liquid temperature associated with a single die exposure. We include the global heating of the wafer from multiple die exposures to better represent the "worst-case" liquid heating that occurs as an entire wafer is processed. The temperature distributions predicted by these simulations are used as the basis for rigorous optical models to predict effects on imaging. We present the results for the fluid flow, thermal distribution, and imaging simulations. Both aligned and opposing flow directions are investigated for a range of inlet pressures that are consistent with either passive systems or active systems using filling jets.
Biphasic Effect of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone and Its Agonist Analog (HOE766) on in Vitro Testosterone Production by Purified Rat Leydig Cells

GnRH and GnRH agonists have stimulatory and inhibitory effects on testicular testosterone secretion both in vivo and in vitro. To determine whether they are exerted directly on the Leydig cells and to explore the temporal relationships, we examined the effects of acute (3 h) and chronic (24–72 h) exposure of purified (≥80%) rat Leydig cells to GnRH and its agonist analog HOE766 (D-Ser-t-BU6,des-Gly-NH210LHRH ethylamide; Hoechst, Frankfurt, Germany) on testosterone production. GnRH and HOE766 enhanced basal testosterone secretion by freshly isolated or cultured Leydig cells. HOE766 was at least 100 times more potent than GnRH. However, exposure of Leydig cells to HOE766 for 24 h or longer lead to a significant reduction in hCG responsiveness without altering basal testosterone secretion. Both the stimulatory and inhibitory effects were dose related, with a maximal response elicited by 10−9 M HOE766. HOE766 reduced Leydig cell sensitivity to hCG (ED50) stimulation, but did not alter the slope of the dose-re...
Old and new approaches to drug treatment of schizophrenia

More than 30 years have passed since the introduction of effective antipsychotic drugs. These drugs have revolutionized both the treatment of patients with schizophrenia and the thinking about the nature of this disorder. During this time, technical improvements have widened the scope of usefulness of these agents. However, no newer drug has been more effective overall than was the first, chlorpromazine. In addition, many patients respond poorly or not at all to drug therapy; others find the side effects of present drugs unbearable. Tardive dyskinesia and tardive psychosis are developments following long-term treatment that may have serious import. Many questions about drug therapy remain unanswered. Which drug? How much? Intermittent or continual maintenance therapy? What new approaches to treatment can be considered? Atypical neuroleptics that may specifically bind to receptors in the mesolimbic system constitute the major thrust of current drug development. Interest in benzodiazepines as adjunctive agents have revived. The role of propranolol remains uncertain; it seems more to be an adjunctive treatment. Lithium and carbamazepine may be suitable adjuncts for patients who are otherwise refractory to treatment. Use of neuropeptides was greeted with initial enthusiasm, which is rapidly waning as more experience develops. New approaches to drug treatment for schizophrenia are desperately needed.
Advances in the treatment of malignant gliomas

Local control with surgery, radiation, and temozolomide chemotherapy remain the pillars of treatment for high-grade gliomas. Novel therapeutic strategies, including a variety of antiangiogenic agents, are under investigation. One of these agents, bevacizumab, was recently given accelerated approval by the US Food and Drug Administration as a single agent for recurrent glioblastoma. Recent trial results are generating important clinical questions regarding which patients to treat and when, and how best to monitor response. Encouraging results of recent studies are driving willingness to undertake aggressive treatment and to improve outcomes in this population. In this era, better understanding of biology, molecular aspects of cancer, and clinical trial methodology are crucial for clinicians. This review focuses on recent advances in the treatment malignant gliomas, especially antiangiogenic therapy.
Microvascular Transfer of Burned Tissue for Mandibular Reconstruction

We present a case of mandibular reconstruction using a free-vascularized fibula osteocutaneous flap after invasive infection of the mandible with mucormycosis. Unique to this case is the skin paddle that previously sustained full-thickness burn injury treated with cultured skin substitute (CSS). A 10-year-old boy sustained a 96% total body surface area burn. CSS was used to obtain wound closure. However, he developed invasive mucormycosis of the mandible requiring resection. The best option for mandibular reconstruction was the use of a free-vascularized fibular osteocutaneous flap with CSS as a skin paddle. The reconstruction was performed without complications. To our knowledge this is the first case describing the use of CSS in free tissue transfer. With the improved prognosis in massively burned patients and the increased use of cultured skin for wound coverage, complex reconstruction using previously burned tissue will be required. Previously burned skin including tissue grafted with skin substitutes attains vascularity and healing properties that allow flap elevation for burn reconstruction. Successful utilization of previously burned skin relies on the ability to provide adequate blood supply to the flap by preservation or regeneration of its angiosome.
MOLECULAR MONITORING OF t(9;22) POSITIVE LEUKEMIA: RECENT ADVANCES 43

The translocation t(9;22), a hallmark of chronic mylogenous leukemia (CML), also occurs in about 25% of adults and in about 2-5% of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). At the molecular level, this translocation is associated with different types of BCR/ABL gene rearrangements which are amenable to detection by a variety of molecular genetic techniques permitting highly sensitive monitoring of the disease.
The semiconductivity and stability of palladium oxide

Films of palladium oxide of good optical quality have been prepared by the oxidation of sputtered films of palladium. Optical absorption and photoconductivity measurements indicate extrapolated band gaps of 2.13±0.03 eV and 2.67±0.03 eV respectively with the photoconductivity showing an exponential tail extending to lower energies. Measurements of the thermal stability of the films in the presence of a low partial pressure of oxygen indicate a dissociation enthalpy of −1.17±0.06 eV. The presence of hydrogen in the ambient during decomposition was found to reduce the temperature for decomposition to palladium metal from about 580 to 350 K.
Male pheromone blend preference function measured in choice and no-choice wind tunnel trials with almond moths, Cadra cautella

An almost universal component of moth reproduction is the long-range attraction of males by female-produced sex pheromones. Males are hypothesized to discriminate against incomplete and aberrant blend ratios. Male moth preference functions would then be unimodal with a single optimum coincident with the mean female sex pheromone blend. The resulting variation in female mating success would impose stabilizing selection on the ratio of components in the female sex pheromone. Stabilizing male preference functions would tend to constrain pheromone evolution, reduce phenotypic variation, and eliminate heritable variation. Despite the fact that these predictions are implicit to some models of pheromone evolution, there are few studies that have examined the shape of male moth preference functions over the range of pheromone blends produced by female moths. The shape of the male almond moth preference function was estimated using choice and no-choice wind tunnel trials to a range of naturally occurring ratios of pheromone components. Choice trials documented the predicted unimodal (stabilizing selection) preference function, whereas in the no-choice trials a flat (no selection) male preference function was documented. The no-choice trials are likely to be more representative of mating opportunities under natural conditions than the choice trials, as the opportunity to choose among equally receptive and available females may be rare in the field. If choice does not occur, this may reflect historical stabilizing selection, and male mating preferences may not be stabilizing over the range of currently produced female blend ratios.
N-RAP scaffolds I-Z-I assembly during myofibrillogenesis in cultured chick cardiomyocytes

N-RAP is a muscle-specific protein with an N-terminal LIM domain (LIM), C-terminal actin-binding super repeats homologous to nebulin (SR) and nebulin-related simple repeats (IB) in between the two. Based on biochemical data, immunofluorescence analysis of cultured embryonic chick cardiomyocytes and the targeting and phenotypic effects of these individual GFP-tagged regions of N-RAP, we proposed a novel model for the initiation of myofibril assembly in which N-RAP organizes α-actinin and actin into the premyofibril I-Z-I complexes. We tested the proposed model by expressing deletion mutants of N-RAP (i.e. constructs containing two of the three regions of N-RAP) in chick cardiomyocytes and observing the effects on α-actinin and actin organization into mature sarcomeres. Although individually expressing either the LIM, IB, or SR regions of N-RAP inhibited α-actinin assembly into Z-lines, expression of either the LIM-IB fusion or the IB-SR fusion permitted normal α-actinin organization. In contrast, the LIM-SR fusion (LIM-SR) inhibited α-actinin organization into Z-lines, indicating that the IB region is critical for Z-line assembly. While permitting normal Z-line assembly, LIM-IB and IB-SR decreased sarcomeric actin staining intensity; however, the effects of LIM-IB on actin assembly were significantly more severe, as estimated both by morphological assessment and by quantitative measurement of actin staining intensity. In addition, LIM-IB was consistently retained in mature Z-lines, while mature Z-lines without significant IB-SR incorporation were often observed. We conclude that the N-RAP super repeats are essential for organizing actin filaments during myofibril assembly in cultured embryonic chick cardiomyocytes, and that they also play an important role in removal of the N-RAP scaffold from the completed myofibrillar structure. This work strongly supports the N-RAP scaffolding model of premyofibril assembly.
The effect of various salinities on whole and dissected preparations of Crassostrea virginica

Abstract 1. 1. All experiments were performed on whole animal or isolated preparations of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica . 2. 2. Whole preparations showed a linear decline in the transport of particles when the salinities were changed. Dissected preparations exhibited a transport rate which declined more precipitously. 3. 3. The dissected preparation demonstrated a decrease in serotonin and DOPA decarboxylase activities. This was further exacerbated in the presence of PTZ (an intracellular calcium releasor) and salyrgan (a calcium-pump inactivator) perfusates. 4. 4. These experiments support the hypothesis that the effect of salinity change on transport of particles is in fact an effect of the change in calcium ion concentration.
Dynamical solutions to the horizon and flatness problems.

We discuss in some detail the requirements on an early-Universe model that solves the horizon and flatness problems during the epoch of classical cosmology ($t\ensuremath{\ge}{t}_{i}\ensuremath{\gg}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}43}$ sec). We show that a dynamical resolution of the horizon problem requires superluminal expansion (or very close to it) and that a truly satisfactory resolution of the flatness problem requires entropy production. This implies that a proposed class of adiabatic models in which the Planck mass varies by many orders of magnitude cannot fully resolve the flatness problem. Furthermore, we show that, subject to minimal assumptions, such models cannot solve the horizon problem either. Because superluminal expansion and entropy production are the two generic features of inflationary models, our results suggest that inflation, or something very similar, may be the only dynamical solution to the horizon and flatness problems.
Increasing Ten-Year Burden of Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Southeastern Wisconsin: Relationship with Body Weight at Diagnosis

Purpose Several studies in Europe have documented the increase in incidence of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and the apparent relationship with increase weight at diagnosis. Such data suggests that maintaining a healthy weight throughout childhood may delay the onset of T1DM into adolescents. This is the first study conducted in the Midwest examining this issue. Our objective was to determine if there is an increasing burden of T1DM in specific age cohorts and if increasing body weight is an apparent risk factor for this increase. Methods Retrospective chart review of all 1618 newly diagnosed children and adolescents ( Results An overall, estimated annual incidence, which increased from 18.8 to 40.3/100,000 (p=0.006) over 10 years was observed, with an average yearly cumulative incidence of 2.39%. The increase in incidence was largest in the younger age groups with children ages 0–4, 5–9, and 10–14 having an average yearly increase of 2.4, 2.3, and 3.0% respectively; corresponding to a relative 10-year increase of 25.2, 32.6, and 37.9%, respectively. Age at diagnosis was inversely correlated with weight z-score (p Conclusion The incidence of T1DM increased 2-fold in Southeastern Wisconsin over 10 years. The majority of the increase was in the youngest age groups, which were comparatively the heaviest. Our observations suggest excess weight gain during childhood may be a risk factor for early manifestation of T1DM.
Absence of evidence of translocation of GLUT2 to the apical membrane of enterocytes in everted intestinal sleeves.

Introduction Traditional models of intestinal glucose absorption confine GLUT2 to the basolateral membrane. Evidence suggests that GLUT2 is translocated to the apical membrane when the enterocyte is exposed to high luminal glucose concentrations. Hypothesis GLUT2 translocates to the apical membrane by a PKC signaling mechanism dependent on activity of SGLT1 and the cellular cytostructure. Methods Transporter-mediated glucose uptake was studied in rat jejunum using everted sleeves under seven conditions: Control, SGLT1 inhibition (phlorizin), GLUT2 inhibition (phloretin), both SGLT1 and GLUT2 inhibition, PKC inhibition (calphostin C or chelerythrine), and disruption of cellular cytostructure (nocodazole). Each condition was tested in iso-osmotic solutions of 1, 20, or 50 mM glucose for 1 or 5 min incubations (n = 6 rats each). Results Control rats exhibited a saturable pattern of uptake at both durations of incubation. Phlorizin (P ≤ 0.006 each) inhibited markedly and phloretin (P ≤ 0.01 each) inhibited partially glucose uptake in all concentrations and time. Phloretin and phlorizin together completely inhibited uptake (P = 0.004 each). Calphostin C, chelerythrine, and nocodazole had little effect on glucose uptake at either 1 or 5 min. Inhibition of SGLT1 led to near complete cessation of transporter-mediated glucose uptake, while GLUT2 inhibition led to partial inhibition, suggesting some constitutive expression of GLUT2 in the apical membrane. Disruption of PKC signaling or cytoskeletal integrity partially inhibited transporter-mediated glucose uptake only in 1 mM glucose, suggesting a non-specific effect. Conclusions Under these conditions, it does not appear that GLUT2 is translocated to the apical membrane on the cellular cytostructure in response to PKC signaling.
Relationship between Intrarenal Hydrostatic Pressure and Hemodynamically Induced Changes in Sodium Excretion

Intrarenal capillary hydrostatic pressure effect on hemodynamically induced changes in sodium excretion
“Lean” service: in defense of a production‐line approach

The desirability of transferring manufacturing logic and practices to service operations, strongly advocated by Levitt (1972; 1976) in two classic Harvard Business Review articles two decades ago, is now commonly challenged by both service researchers and practitioners. We defend a “production‐line approach to service” by arguing that services can “reindustrialize” by applying revised, progressive manufacturing technologies. We describe how services businesses such as Taco Bell, Southwest Airlines, and Shouldice Hospital have mastered what we call “lean” service ‐ the application of lean manufacturing principles to their own service operations. Overall, services tend to be innovation laggards, compared to manufacturing. Looking ahead, mass customization can be viewed as the convergence of service and manufacturing logic.
021 Cost functional dependence of optimal CPA equilibration trajectories

Rapid and safe equilibration of cells with and from high concentrations of permeating solutes is of great interest to cryobiologists. This equilibration is limited by at least two competing factors: cells and tissues have volume or concentration constraints (known as osmotic tolerance limits) and the toxicity of permeating solutes is considered to be a monotonically increasing function of exposure time. Because of this, there has been considerable effort to establish equilibration protocols that minimize time of exposure while keeping cells within known bounds. Our approach has been to define the concept of an equilibration damage cost function that depends on the cellular state during the entire equilibration protocol, namely its CPA equilibration state space trajectory. We recently cast and solved this problem formally in terms of the mathematical theory of optimal control, determining extracellular CPA and nonpermeating solute concentrations that minimize a cost function of total protocol time. While it has been hypothesized that the equilibration damage cost function should also depend on intracellular concentration, the precise dependence has not yet been determined. Here we extend our recent work by mathematically determining the dependence of optimal CPA equilibration state space trajectories for classes of cost functions, defining optimal extracellular CPA and nonpermeating solute concentrations. We are able to show that there are fundamental classes of toxicity cost functions that correspond to a limited number of optimal equilibration trajectories, indicating that the precise determination of the toxicity cost function (e.g. cellular damage as a function of concentration and time) is not as important as its class membership (e.g. does the damage depend super or sublinearly as a function of concentration). In other words, we are able to mathematically determine optimal CPA equilibration protocols given relatively few cell specific parameters. Source of funding: None declared. Conflict of interest: None declared. benson@math.niu.edu
Initiation of transcription in permeabilized novikoff hepatoma cells

Novikoff hepatoma cells, grown in monolayer cultures, when permeabilized by treatment with lysolecithin, incorporated 3H-UTP at a high rate for 2 hours at 25 °. The incorporation was inhibited by initiation inhibitors such as rifampicin AF/013, heparin and aurintricarboxylic acid. About 75% of RNA polymerase II, and 45% of RNA polymerase I activities were inhibited by rifampicin AF/013. In contrast, transcription in isolated nuclei was not inhibited either by rifampicin AF/013 or heparin. The permeabilized cells apparently retain the mechanisms for reinitiation in vitro and may be a useful model for studies on the effects of proteins on gene transcription.