cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms and networks of motoneuronal control during sleep: introduction.

are “What and how is the brain thinking?” To find the answers, researchers “connect the dots” and look for clues based on electrical, magnetic, biochemical and behavioral signals generated in the nervous system. Ultimately, it is the motor activity, or more generally the outcomes determined by the levels of activity in the last order neurons that control the muscles and other effector organs, which informs us about the state of the brain in health and disease. This Special Issue offers a collection of review and research articles that focus on the mechanisms and networks underlying motoneuronal control during sleep. The topic may seem paradoxical, just as one of the stages of sleep that bears this name, because the roots of Western culture associated sleep with an immobility akin to death. Indeed, the phrase “There she met Sleep, Death’s brother,” attributed to Homer in The Illiad (Homer, 2008), inspired many artists and philosophers, including Virgil (70 BC 19 BC), Ovid (43 BC AD 17/18), William Shakespeare (1564-1616), Sir Thomas Brown (1605-1682), Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822), and Edgar Allen Poe (1809-1849), to see sleep and life as opposites. It was so till Charles Dickens (1812-1870) called the parallel between sleep and death a “poor hollow mockery [of sleep],” and asked: “Where, in the sharp lineaments of rigid and unsightly death, is the calm beauty of slumber, telling of rest for the waking hours that are past, and gentle hopes and loves for those which are to come? Lay death and sleep down, side by side, and say who shall find the two akin” (Dickens, 1960). This is perhaps not surprising from the man who also saw the Pickwickian syndrome for what it was -a medical condition distinctly affecting breathing during wakefulness and sleep. Thereafter, scientific foundations of the modern concepts of sleep as an active and regulated state were developed by Constantine von Economo (1876-1931) based on his analysis of brains from patients with “encephalitis lethargica” (Economo, 1930; see Triarhou, 2006 for a historical overview). This was followed by a formal description of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, a state characterized by extremely high level of brain activity (Aserinsky and Kleitman, 1953; Jouvet and Michel, 1958; Jouvet, 1962). In this Special Issue, the readers will find ample review of early studies of motoneuronal control during REM sleep, most recent discoveries, and discussions of the phenomenology and mechanisms of motor suppression and activation during REM and non-REM sleep. Experiments testing new concepts in animal models and applications of the results to human sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, sleep bruxism and REM sleep behavior disorder are also discussed. And, yes, there Mechanisms and networks of motoneuronal control during sleep: introduction
ON THE BRAIN IN ECLAMPSIA

Eclampsia is a syndrome of unknown etiology that is unique to human pregnancy. The pathophysiologic abnormalities of eclampsia have been the subject of extensive investigation and speculation. Reported abnormalities include vasospasm, disturbed hemodynamics, activation of the coagulation system, endothelial cell injury, mitochondria injury, and uteroplacental ischemia (1). Endothelial cell dysfunction or injury plays a central role in its pathogenesis (2). Endothelial cell injury results in altered balance between the release of potent vasoconstricting substances such as endothelin and lack of potent vasodilating substances such as prostacyclin and endothelium-derived relaxing factors. In addition, platelet activation results in abnormal production of vasoconstricting and platelet aggregating agents such as thromboxane A2 and serotonin. A combination of the above may lead to pathophysiologic ischemic lesions within multiple organ systems including the uteroplacental vascular beds, kidneys, liver, and brai...
Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus Form Polymicrobial Biofilms: Effects on Antimicrobial Resistance

Candida albicans readily forms biofilms on the surface on indwelling medical devices, and these biofilms serve as a source of local and systemic infections. It is estimated that 27% of nosocomial C. albicans bloodstream infections are polymicrobial, with Staphylococcus aureus as the third most common organism isolated in conjunction with C. albicans. We tested whether S. aureus and C. albicans are able to form a polymicrobial biofilm. Although S. aureus formed poor monoculture biofilms in serum, it formed a substantial polymicrobial biofilm in the presence of C. albicans. In terms of architecture, S. aureus formed microcolonies on the surface of the biofilm, with C. albicans serving as the underlying scaffolding. In addition, S. aureus matrix staining revealed a different phenotype in polymicrobial versus monomicrobial biofilms, suggesting that S. aureus may become coated in the matrix secreted by C. albicans. S. aureus resistance to vancomycin was enhanced within the polymicrobial biofilm, required viable C. albicans, and was in part mediated by C. albicans matrix. However, the growth or sensitivity to amphotericin B of C. albicans is not altered in the polymicrobial biofilm.
An Economic Valuation of Biotic Pollination Services in Georgia

As agriculture faces documented decline in bees and other insect pollinators, empirical assessments of potential economic losses are critical for contextualizing the impacts of this decline and for prioritizing research needs. For the state of Georgia, we show that the annual economic value of biotic pollinators is substantial--US$367 million, equivalent to 13 percent of the total production value of crops studied and 3 percent of the total production value of Georgia's agricultural sector. Our unique Geographic Information Systems analysis reveals an irregular pattern of vulnerability. While the Georgia counties displaying the highest economic values of pollination are clustered in southern Georgia, those with the highest dependency on pollinators in terms of their contribution to crop production value are more dispersed throughout the state.
Polymorphisms in dopamine transporter (SLC6A3) are associated with stimulant effects of D-amphetamine: an exploratory pharmacogenetic study using healthy volunteers.

Individuals vary in their subjective responses to stimulant drugs, and these differences are believed to be partially genetic in origin. We evaluated associations between mood, cognitive and cardiovascular responses to d-amphetamine and four polymorphisms in the dopamine transporter (SLC6A3): rs460000, rs3756450, rs37022 and rs6869645. Healthy Caucasian male and female volunteers (N = 152) participated in a double-blind, crossover design study in which they received placebo, 10 and 20 mg of d-amphetamine. We measured self-reported rating of mood, performance on the Digit Symbol Substitution Task, blood pressure and heart rate. Individuals with the C/C genotype at rs460000 (N = 83) reported approximately twofold higher ratings of stimulation and euphoria relative to the A/A+A/C (N = 69) genotype group, at both the 10 and 20 mg doses. No other responses or SNPs showed significant effects. rs460000 is in perfect LD with rs463379 (CEU: D′ = 1; r2 = 1), which was not studied here, but has been associated with etiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). These findings suggest a pleiotropic effect of this polymorphic locus on both ADHD and sensitivity to the subjective effects of amphetamine.
Coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with calcified ascending aorta: Aortic no-touch technique

Abstract To perform coronary artery bypass grafting safely for patients with calcified ascending aorta, an "aortic no-touch technique," which consisted of (1) maximal utilization of In situ arterial grafts, (2) fibrillatory arrest without aortic cross-clamp, (3) left ventricular venting through the right superior pulmonary vein, and (4) femoral artery perfusion, was attempted in 3 patients. All were men, aged 64, 70, and 56 years, respectively, with triple-vessel disease with severe atherosclerotic lesion in the ascending aorta. Bilateral internal mammary arteries and the right gastroepiploic artery were used in all patients. All patients survived without evidence of perioperative myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident.
Werner syndrome cells are sensitive to DNA cross-linking drugs.

SPECIFIC AIMSTo define the type of chromatin lesion(s) that require the Werner syndrome (WRN) helicase/exonuclease activity to prevent cytotoxicity and S phase prolongation/arrest, we exposed lymph...
A vector surface integral approach to computing inductances of general 3-D structures

A novel approach to calculating the magneto-quasi-static but frequency-dependent inductance of three-dimensional conductors is presented. A vector surface integral formulation is used, as this requires only a conductor surface discretization, and an excitation source which ensures current conservation is self-consistently computed. Results are presented which demonstrate that the proposed method is effective for computing the inductance and the resistance for general 3-D structures. >
Analysis of bacterial cultures in infectious keratitis, 1997 to 2004.

Purpose To review bacterial culture results in infectious keratitis at a tertiary referral center. Design Retrospective case series. Methods Analysis of Gram stain, bacterial culture, and targeted antibiotic sensitivities of all cases of presumed infectious keratitis at Duke University Eye Center from 1997 to 2004 (n = 453). Results Cultures were positive in 307 cases (68%); 21% demonstrated polymicrobial growth. Among 388 isolates, 81% were Gram-positive. Gram stain results were available in 334 cases, demonstrating 18% sensitivity and 94% specificity. Antibiotic sensitivities revealed 24% resistance of tested S. aureus isolates to cefazolin, and Conclusions In this study, the microbial profile has remained stable from 1997 to 2004. Gram stain studies were of poor sensitivity, while culture yields were significantly higher and demonstrated a relatively high polymicrobial infection rate. Increasing antibiotic resistance was not clearly demonstrated.
Developmental cytokine response profiles and the clinical and immunologic expression of atopy during the first year of life.

Abstract Background Allergic diseases have been linked to abnormal patterns of immune development, and this has stimulated efforts to define the precise patterns of cytokine dysregulation that are associated with specific atopic phenotypes. Objective Cytokine-response profiles were prospectively analyzed over the first year of life and compared with the clinical and immunologic expressions of atopy. Methods Umbilical cord and 1-year PBMCs were obtained from 285 subjects from allergic families. PHA-stimulated cytokine-response profiles (IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and IFN-γ) were compared with blood eosinophil counts and total and specific IgE levels (dust mites, cat, egg, Alternaria species, peanut, milk, and dog) at age 1 year and at the development of atopic dermatitis and food allergy. Results For the cohort as a whole, cytokine responses did not evolve according to a strict T H 1 or T H 2 polarization pattern. PHA-stimulated cord blood cells secreted low levels of IL-5 (2.1 pg/mL), moderate levels of IFN-γ (57.4 pg/mL), and greater amounts of IL-13 (281.8 pg/mL). From birth to 1 year, IL-5 responses dramatically increased, whereas IL-13 and IFN-γ responses significantly decreased. Reduced cord blood secretion of IL-10 and IFN-γ was associated with subsequent sensitization to egg. In addition, there was evidence of T H 2 polarization (increased IL-5 and IL-13 levels) associated with blood eosinophilia and increased total IgE levels by age 1 year. Conclusion These findings demonstrate that cytokine responses change markedly during the first year of life and provide further evidence of a close relationship between T H 2 skewing of immune responses and the incidence of atopic manifestations in children.
Microprocessor-based tissue classification using artificial neural net classifier

Presents an algorithm and instrumentation for classifying liver tissue abnormalities. The instrumentation used is a 50-MHz microcomputer-based data acquisition and analysis system. The primary functions of the system are to digitize the backscattered ultrasound signal from a human liver tissue phantom, process these digitized data in the frequency domain, and apply pattern recognition algorithms to classify the abnormalities of simulated liver tissues. The pattern recognition algorithm is based on a three-layer back-propagation artificial neural network. The results show that the algorithm works satisfactorily for classifying simulated normal liver tissue and three types of simulated abnormalities. >
Belonging to and exclusion from the peer group in schools: influences on adolescents' moral choices

This paper reports on a mixed methods study of adolescents’ responses to case material about social exclusion. First, a qualitative coding method is presented that describes the way adolescents choose and justify strategies to negotiate such situations. The responses were then analysed quantitatively using chi square tests and multinomial logistic regression. Findings indicate that adolescents’ interpretation of their social context was a significant factor in their choice of strategy. Those adolescents who invoked normative rules and conventions as the most salient justifications were more likely to recommend bystanding rather than joining in the exclusion. However, adolescents who viewed the protagonist’s own choice as an opportunity for making long-lasting positive changes in the social environment were more likely to recommend helping the victim. Gender and school context also were associated with adolescents’ choice of strategy. Implications for research in moral development as well as practical implications for school-based programming are discussed.
Characterization of the head organizer in hydra.

A central process in the maintenance of axial patterning in the adult hydra is the head activation gradient, i.e. the potential to form a secondary axis, which is maximal in the head and is graded down the body column. Earlier evidence suggested that this gradient was based on a single parameter. Using transplantation experiments, we provide evidence that the hypostome, the apical part of the head, has the characteristics of an organizer in that it has the capacity to induce host tissue to form most of the second axis. By contrast, tissue of the body column has a self-organizing capacity, but not an inductive capacity. That the inductive capacity is confined to the hypostome is supported by experiments involving a hypostome-contact graft. The hypostome, but not the body column, transmits a signal(s) leading to the formation of a second axis. In addition, variations of the transplantation grafts and hypostome-contact grafts provide evidence for several characteristics of the organizer. The inductive capacity of the head and the self-organizing capacity of the body column are based on different pathways. Head inhibition, yya signal produced in the head and transmitted to the body column to prevent head formation, represses the effect of the inducing signal by interfering with formation of the hypostome/organizer. These results indicate that the organizer characteristics of the hypostome of an adult hydra are similar to those of the organizer region of vertebrate embryos. They also indicate that the Gierer-Meinhardt model provides a reasonable framework for the mechanisms that underlie the organizer and its activities. In addition, the results suggest that a region of an embryo or adult with the characteristics of an organizer arose early in metazoan evolution.
Adapting Work Analysis to a Fast-Paced and Electronic Business World

The reliance of traditional job analysis on job incumbents as the primary source of work-analytic data is critically examined. It is argued that the sole use of incumbents is practically and theoretically unjustified. The incorporation of non-incumbents to the work analysis process is advocated, especially when abstract human attributes and strategic requirements are evaluated. The time and resource savings afforded by the use of mechanical estimation of work dimensions are also discussed. A revision of traditional formats of data collection in job analysis such as paper-and-pencil surveys and face-to-face interviews is proposed. Instead, the potential work-analytic uses of electronic records of work information nowadays available in electronic performance monitoring systems are outlined.
Investigation of the Efficiency Boost Due to Spectral Concentration in a Quantum-Dot Based Luminescent Concentrator

Luminescent concentrators may have significant promise for producing low-cost PV energy. Luminescent concentrators convert the solar spectrum and concentrate the sunlight, but the benefit that can be obtained by the spectral conversion is not obvious. This paper presents the results of a theoretical study of the impact of spectral concentration. A well-known set of relationships for PV cell efficiency was modified to include the effect of the variation in internal quantum efficiency for different wavelengths, and then used to examine the impact of spectral concentration for materials with different bandgaps. The results suggest that spectral concentration leads to only a modest increase in PV conversion efficiency.
Depth and deblurring from a spectrally-varying depth-of-field

We propose modifying the aperture of a conventional color camera so that the effective aperture size for one color channel is smaller than that for the other two. This produces an image where different color channels have different depths-of-field, and from this we can computationally recover scene depth, reconstruct an all-focus image and achieve synthetic re-focusing, all from a single shot. These capabilities are enabled by a spatio-spectral image model that encodes the statistical relationship between gradient profiles across color channels. This approach substantially improves depth accuracy over alternative single-shot coded-aperture designs, and since it avoids introducing additional spatial distortions and is light efficient, it allows high-quality deblurring and lower exposure times. We demonstrate these benefits with comparisons on synthetic data, as well as results on images captured with a prototype lens.
Effects of intraosseous epinephrine in a cardiac arrest swine model

Abstract Background Interruptions in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to obtain vascular access reduces blood flow to vital organs. Tibial intraosseous (TIO) access may be a faster alternative to intravenous (IV) access for delivery of vasoactive medications. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of TIO- and IV-delivered epinephrine. Materials and methods A prospective, between subjects, experimental design comparing C max , T max , return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), and time to ROSC. Adult male swine were divided into three equal groups ( n = 7) all received CPR and defibrillation: the second group received IV epinephrine and the third group received tibial intraosseous epinephrine. Swine were placed in cardiac arrest for 2 min before CPR was initiated. After 2 min of CPR, epinephrine was delivered by IV or TIO, and serial blood samples were collected over 4 min. Results There were no significant differences between IV versus TIO epinephrine in achieving ROSC, time to ROSC, and C max . A one-way analysis of variance demonstrated a significant difference between the IV and TIO groups in T max ( P = 0.025). A Fisher exact test demonstrated a significant difference between IV epinephrine versus CPR/Defib only ( P = 0.035) and TIO epinephrine versus CPR/Defib only ( P = 0.010) in achieving ROSC. A multivariate analysis of variance showed significant differences in IV versus intraosseous epinephrine concentration at specific time intervals: 60 ( P = 0.023), 90 ( P = 0.001), and 120 ( P Conclusions In the context of ROSC, epinephrine delivered via TIO route is a clinically relevant alternative to IV administration. When IV access cannot be immediately obtained in cardiac arrest patients, TIO access should be considered.
Mutually Supportive Communication and Relational Narratives: Online Conversations Between Two Friends in Declining Health

How mutual support is created in online conversations and how such relational communication can be understood within and between layers of more enduring relational narratives is the focus of this study. The online (Facebook) conversations between two close friends over a 9 month period—one dying from pancreatic cancer (H. L. “Bud” Goodall, Jr.) and one experiencing vision loss (me)—are analyzed for how they create mutual support. The detailed qualitative analysis of the conversations furthers our understanding of supportive communication in two important ways: First, although much of the current literature focuses on one-way support, this study illustrates how mutual support is constructed. Second, given that the conversations are between long-term close friends during a specific period of health decline, the paper provides a detailed account of how supportive conversations are both “supported by” and help to “support” two broader narrative layers. One layer is the context of being mutually supportive during 9 months of need, and the second layer is the context of maintaining and celebrating a 20-year friendship. The further scholarly implications for understanding the invaluable connection of mutually supportive conversations within these broader relational narrative layers are explored.
The Relation of Bayesian and Maximum Entropy Methods

Further progress in scientific inference must, in our view, come from some kind of unification of our present principles. As a prerequisite for this, we note briefly the great conceptual differences, and the equally great mathematical similarities, of Bayesian and Maximum Entropy methods.
Decision Support for IP Uplink and Routing Choice

Although Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is broadly used among autonomous systems (ASes), the topology of peer autonomous systems is often mysterious to some Internet Service Providers (ISPs) or administrative domains. With unknown routing policies of BGP neighbors and their uplink ASes, it is uneasy to make a proper design when building a multihoming environment. Sometimes it may even cause congestion problems. Some mistakenly announced prefixes of ASes over the Internet will continuously increase routing table and deteriorate policy-based routing. This paper analyzes the adjacency relationships of ASes over the entire Internet and their announced prefixes. Using this information, our prototype system can automatically identify the more appropriate access point for individual ASes, depict the relations among ASes, and provide decision support to manage the improper address spaces over the Internet
Development and Testing of the Operator Training Package for a Small Computer System

The training package for the System/23 Datamaster was developed in accordance with human factors principles and an interactive testing strategy. The viability of the training was assessed by observations, interviews, and post-training task assignments, using surrogate operators. Revisions were incorporated into the training materials and testing was repeated. The result of this interactive testing process was a highly successful training package.
The Trophic Cells of Clastostelium Recurvatum, a Third Member of the Myxomycete-Like Protostelids

There are two trophic states in the life history of the protostelid Clastostelium recurvatum, an amoeboflagellate state which germinates from the spore and an obligately amoeboid state which develo...
Characterizations of bounded mean oscillation on the polydisk in terms of Hankel operators and Carleson measures

A scale of BMO spaces appears naturally in product spaces corresponding to the different, yet equivalent, characterizations of the class of functions of bounded mean oscillation in one variable. S.-Y. Chang and R. Fefferman characterized product BMO, the dual of the (real) Hardy spaceH Re 1 on product domains, in terms of Carleson measures. Here we describe two other BMO spaces, one contained in and the other containing product BMO, in terms of Carleson measures and Hankel operators. Both of these spaces play a significant role in harmonic analysis of the polydisk and in multivariable operator theory.
Rhetorical Ambivalence in the New Netherland Author Adriaen van der Donck

previous centuries to sort out the elements that went into the varied and multi-form mosaic that formed early America. A case in point is the Dutch colonists in the seventeenth century. The Dutch colony of New Netherland existed from 1609 until 1664, and comprised the area of present day New York and parts of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Connecticut. Thus the Dutch colony of New Netherland was wedged in between the English colonies of New England in the northeast and Virginia to the southwest. Being surrounded by English colonists, the Dutch-Americans felt ambivalent toward their neighbors. This ambivalence was keenly expressed by the colony's most famous author, Adriaen van der Donck. Van der Donck wrote, among other works, the colony's "most impressive piece of literature" (Wright 189). Van der Donck also wrote a text which became New Netherland's most often reprinted and translated text. In his works, van der Donck used the feeling of ambivalence toward "the others"-in this case the English colonists-as a rhetorical device to advance the different purposes of his several texts. After discussing ambivalence in general, this essay will introduce van der Donck and explore exactly how he used ambivalence as a rhetorical device. On the positive side, the seventeenth-century Dutch colonists in America had benevolent feelings towards the English colonists due to the close ethnic and cultural affinity between the two mother countries in Europe. Both the Dutch and the English speak a West-Germanic language; both the Dutch and the English are independent-minded people who never favored the hierarchical structure of feudalism; and both the Netherlands and England became predominantly Protestant nations. Geographically as well, the two mother countries are proximate, facing each other across the waters of the North Sea. Historically,
Racial/ethnic differences in post-stroke blood pressure trajectory and mortality risk

Background: Left ventricular hypertrophy is an independent risk factor in patients with Hypertension and type II Diabetes for adverse cardiovascular events. Various studies in medical literature have reported a prevalence of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Hypertensive and Diabetic patients in the range of 15%-45%. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy in a community practice in patients with Hypertension and Type II Diabetes. Methods: This is a retrospective chart review of 4,630 patients with hypertension and 1,884 patients with type two diabetes. Patients underwent 2D M-Mode Echocardiography for evaluation of left ventricular mass and LV function. Left Ventricular hypertrophy diagnosis was established using the American Society of Echocardiography criteria of LV Mass Index. LVMI > 110 g/m Female LVMI > 135 g/m Male Patients with valvular heart disease were excluded from the study. Diabetic patients were diagnosed when Hemoglobin A1C > 6.4.
Workplace Disruption following Psychological Trauma: Influence of Incident Severity Level on Organizations' Post-Incident Response Planning and Execution

Background: Psychologically traumatic workplace events (known as critical incidents), which occur globally, are increasing in prevalence within the USA. Assisting employers in their response is a growing practice area for occupational medicine, occupational social work, industrial psychology and other occupational health professions. Traumatic workplace events vary greatly in their level of organizational disruption. Objective: To explore whether extent of workplace disruption influences organizations' decisions for post-incident response planning and plan execution. Methods: Administrative data mining was employed to examine practice data from a workplace trauma response unit in the USA. Bivariate analyses were conducted to test whether scores from an instrument measuring extent of workplace disruption associated with organizational decisions regarding post-incident response. Results: The more severe and disruptive the incident, the more likely organizations planned for and followed through to deliver on-site interventions. Following more severe incidents, organizations were also more likely to deliver group sessions and to complete follow-up consultations to ensure ongoing worker recovery. Conclusion: Increasing occupational health practitioners' knowledge of varying levels of organizational disruption and familiarity with a range of organizational response strategies improves incident assessment, consultation and planning, and ensures interventions delivered are consistent with the level of assistance needed on both worker and organizational levels.
Kornerupine; chemical crystallography, comparative crystallography, and its cation relation to olivine and to Ni 2 In intermetallic

Mg 3,98 Fe 3+ 0,38 Al 5,47 Si 4,11 B 0,43 O 21,24 (OH) 0,76 cristallise dans Cmcm avec affinement jusqu'a 0,027
Targeting protein geranylgeranylation slows tumor development in a murine model of prostate cancer metastasis

The isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway (IBP) plays a critical role in providing substrates and enzymes necessary for the post-translational modification and thus activation of a number of proteins inv...
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Cervical Cancer Screening.

Abstract Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been associated with an increased risk of a variety of diseases, including cancer. However, research has largely ignored how ACEs impact cancer screening, a potential intermediate outcome. As such, the present study examined the association between ACEs and ever and recent use of Papanicolaou (Pap) test, among women aged 21 and older. Materials and Methods: Analyses used the 2009 Tennessee Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (n = 1527) to model odds of ever and recently (within the last 3 years) engaging in Pap tests screening from nine different adversities. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were run to accomplish this. Results: In bivariate and multivariate models, living in a household in which adults treated each other violently increased odds of ever receiving a Pap test. In bivariate models, physical and sexual abuse was associated with decreased odds of receiving a recent Pap test. After accounting for confoun...
Testing of Visual and Chemical Attractants in Correlation with the Development and Field Evaluation of an Autodissemination Station for the Suppression of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Florida.

Three exotic mosquito-borne pathogens—dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses—transmitted by Aedes albopictus and Ae. aegypti have undergone dramatic global expansion in recent years. The control of vector populations and minimizing bites from these vectors are the primary methods of reducing risk of transmission of these viruses to humans. However, Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti are notoriously challenging to control through conventional chemical means, due primarily to difficulties in applying pesticides to their cryptic larval habitats. A novel strategy for suppressing populations of these species is the autodissemination of insect growth regulators (IGRs), in which adult female mosquitoes are attracted to a treatment station where they are tainted with small amounts of potent IGR. When the adult females subsequently visit oviposition sites, they inadvertently disseminate the IGR to larval development sites, suppressing their own population. Implementing this technology to control natural vector populations presents substantial logistical challenges. The current manuscript describes laboratory bioassays and field evaluations to design a novel autodissemination station (ADS) and test the methodology at field locations in Florida where Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus are abundant and pose a risk for transmission of emerging pathogens. The prototype ADS is intended to attract host-seeking, resting site–seeking, and oviposition site–seeking females through a combination of visual and olfactory cues. The efficacy of this strategy was assessed through the use of sentinel ovicups at field locations in Indian River County and Martin County, FL. Greatest efficacy (45.3 ± 7.7% mortality in treatment sentinel ovicups) was achieved at a field site with few competing natural ovisites, while much lower efficacy was observed in locations with numerous competing ovisites (0.0 to 29.0 ± 8.2% mortality). The efficacy of the ADS is likely to be strongly affected by the abundance of competing ovisites, the population dynamics, and climatic conditions.
Laser and optical system for laser assisted hydrogen ion beam stripping at SNS

Abstract Recently, a high-efficiency laser assisted hydrogen ion (H-) beam stripping was successfully carried out in the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) accelerator. The experiment was not only an important step toward foil-less H- stripping for charge exchange injection, it also set up a first example of using megawatt ultraviolet (UV) laser source in an operational high power proton accelerator facility. This paper reports in detail the design, installation, and commissioning result of a macro-pulsed multi-megawatt UV laser system and laser beam transport line for the laser stripping experiment.
Quantitative MR measures of intrarenal perfusion in the assessment of transplanted kidneys: initial experience.

Rationale and Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate prospectively a gadolinium-based perfusion technique for intrarenal blood flow in transplanted kidneys and to determine if magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements of intrarenal perfusion could be used to differentiate between normal-functioning kidney allografts and allografts with acute tubular necrosis (ATN) or acute rejection. Materials and Methods Twenty-one subjects were enrolled within 4 months of receiving a kidney transplant. A biopsy was performed on subjects to diagnose each allograft as having either ATN or acute rejection. A group of subjects with normal functioning transplants was also enrolled in our study. MRI perfusion images were acquired on a 1.5 T MRI system within 48 hours after biopsy using an echo planar, T2∗-weighted sequence, and an injection of gadodiamide contrast agent administered at a dose of 0.1 mmol/kg. Scan parameters were: repetition time/echo time/flip = 1000 ms/30 ms/60°, field of view = 340 × 340 mm, matrix = 128 × 64, slice thickness = 10 mm, and temporal resolution = 1.0 seconds. Cortical and medullary blood flow values were calculated. Results Medullary blood flow values were significantly ( P = .02) lower in allografts undergoing acute rejection (121 ± 41 mL/100 g/min) compared to normal-functioning allografts (221 ± 96 mL/100 g/min) and those with ATN (247 ± 124 mL/100 g/min). Cortical blood flow values were also significantly ( P = .03) reduced in allografts with acute rejection (243 ± 116 mL/100 g/min) compared to those with normal function (413 ± 116 mL/100 g/min). Conclusions Preliminary results indicate that MRI perfusion techniques may provide a means of determining noninvasively the viability of renal allografts, potentially alleviating the need for biopsy in some patients.
Effects of spent air removal scheme on internal-side heat transfer in an impingement-effusion system at low jet-to-target plate spacing

Abstract Present study reports detailed measurements of heat transfer coefficient for jet impingement in an impingement-effusion system at low jet-to-target plate spacing. The heat transfer coefficients were measured experimentally by transient liquid crystal thermography. Heat transfer experiments were carried out at three jet Reynolds numbers – 3500, 6000 and 9000. The jet plate featured 8 × 9 circular jets with normalized streamwise ( x / d j ) and spanwise ( y / d j ) spacing of 6. The configurations are divided into two segments based on the characteristics of target surface. The first target surface was smooth without effusion holes, and the second target surface was smooth with effusion holes. The arrangement of effusion holes was staggered with respect to jet plate and the ratio of effusion hole diameter to jet hole diameter was unity. For the smooth target surface without effusion holes, three crossflow schemes were studied – minimum, intermediate and maximum. For the smooth target surface with effusion holes, four different crossflow schemes were studied – zero, minimum, intermediate and maximum. Interesting heat transfer characteristics are reported for different crossflow schemes as it was found that low z / d j (=1) played an important role in the spent air removal from the system. Discharge coefficient of jets is also reported for wide range of plenum pressure ratio. Also reported are the pumping power requirements for each configuration across full range of flow conditions. It has been found that the minimum crossflow scheme (with and without effusion holes) has been the most efficient configuration and the maximum crossflow scheme with target surface without effusion holes has been the least efficient configuration.
Orthotopic liver transplantation provides a survival advantage compared with resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and preserved liver function.

Background Prior studies comparing the efficacy of orthotopic liver transplantation to resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma have not controlled for underlying severity of liver disease. Methods Patients with stage I to III hepatocellular carcinoma and preserved liver function (model for end-stage liver disease Results During the period studied, 689 (28%) underwent orthotopic liver transplantation, and 1,774 (72%) patients underwent resection. Propensity score matching yielded 374 undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation matched to 374 patients undergoing resection. Rates of 30-day mortality (01.9% vs 0.8%, respectively; P = .34) and 90-day mortality (3.5% vs 2.1%, P = .38) were not different between matched cohorts. Orthotopic liver transplantation did, however, result in a greater overall survival compared with resection (median overall survival not reached versus 4.5 years; P = .01). On multivariable Cox regression, resection was associated with a 67% greater likelihood of overall mortality compared with orthotopic liver transplantation (hazard ratio 1.67; 95% confidence interval, 1.15–2.43). Conclusion For patients diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma in the context of preserved liver function, orthotopic liver transplantation was associated with a significant improvement in overall survival relative to resection.
Kinetic Measurement Platform for Open Surgical Skill Assessment

Current surgical skill assessment methods are often based on the kinematics of manual surgical instruments during tool-tissue interactions. Though kinematic data are generally regarded as a sufficient basis for skill assessment, the inclusion of kinetic information would allow the assessment of measures such as “respect for tissue” and force control, which are also important aspects of surgical proficiency. Kinetic data would also provide a richer data set upon which automated surgical motion segmentation and classification algorithms can be developed. However, the kinetics of tool-tissue interactions are seldom included in assessments, due largely to the difficulty of mounting small sensors — typically silicon strain gauges — onto surgical instruments to capture force data. Electromagnetic (EM) or optical trackers used for kinematic measurement are often tethered, and thus having tethered force sensors also mounted on the same surgical instruments would complicate the experimental process and could affect/distort the acquired data by impeding the natural manual motions of surgeons.We present a surgical skill assessment platform which places the kinetic sensors in the environment, not on the instruments, to reduce the physical encumbrance of the system to the surgeon. This system can capture kinetic data using a standalone force/torque sensor embedded in a custom designed workspace platform, and kinematic data using EM trackers placed on the instruments. This portable platform enables the empirical characterization of open surgery motion trajectories and corresponding kinetic data without need for a centralized acquisition site, and will eventually be integrated into a completely untethered skill assessment system.Copyright © 2017 by ASME
STM-01: Phase I EFFTox study of aurora A kinase inhibitor alisertib (MLN8237) given in combination with selective VEGFR inhibitor pazopanib for therapy of solid tumors.

2587Background: Pazopanib is a multi - kinase inhibitor that inhibits angiogenesis. Alisertib is a highly selective inhibitor of mitotic Aurora A Kinase that has been shown to disrupt chromosome se...
FAB-MS Applications in the Elucidation of Proanthocyanidin Structures

Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS), which requires no chemical derivatization prior to mass spectral analysis, has become a powerful tool for studying the structures of biopolymers. FAB and similar forms of mass spectrometry have the potential for achieving the same degree of importance in the elucidation of proanthocyanidin structure currently accorded nuclear magnetic resonance. The extent and state of research on the use of FAB-MS to determine molecular weight, adduct identity, sequence, branching, and linkage type are reviewed in this paper. Experimental considerations (such as sample introduction, sample matrices, and instrument modes) and mass spectral features associated with the characterization of oligomeric proanthocyanidins are surveyed.
Impact of Rail Transit System on Grid Power Quality

As the issues of energy security, environmental degradation and traffic jam becoming more prominent, the rail transit is experiencing an unprecedented prosperity. However, rail transit is a special load system with “four-non” features which can cause the decline in power quality of grid, so it is more important to solve the power quality problems. In this paper, the basic structure of the public power grid and the power supply system of rail transit are introduced firstly. The types and characteristics of main loads are summarized, and the influence factors and potential hazards of the power quality problems are analyzed entirely. Finally, some solutions are proposed to solve each kind of power quality problems.
A Transactional Perspective on the Workshop: Looking Again and Wondering

The assigned topic of my target chapter was to relate the “transactional perspective” to a practice-based science of teaching and learning, which I understood as referring to the work of John Dewey and situated cognition. As Saljo eloquently explains in this volume, my chapter has two faces, with different scientific intentions: the first to inform cognitive science (particularly theories of memory, conceptualization, and consciousness), the second to inform instructional practice. In this response to the commentaries I revisit these two objectives and discuss others’ remarks that have stirred me and might be useful for future work to consider.
Fundamentals of Electrosurgery Part I: Principles of Radiofrequency Energy for Surgery

Radiofrequency (RF) electrosurgery used appropriately, it can allow the surgeon to perform a wide spectrum of procedures safely, effectively, and with minimal undesired tissue trauma. Used without proper care, education, and training, electrosurgery, like other instruments and energy sources, has the potential to cause excessive tissue trauma, and increased operative morbidity, sometimes of a life-threatening nature. This chapter provides the reader with a fundamental knowledge of the scientific principles of RF electrosurgery that will facilitate understanding of the systems and techniques.
Markets and More Markets

In this chapter, we consider several problems that will allow us to demonstrate how supply and demand curves can be employed to understand social issues and to predict directional movements in market price and quantity of a good purchased. Supply and demand analysis does not tell us all we may like to understand about the market—for example, how much price and quantity change—but it can indicate general tendencies and, to that extent, can help clarify issues that may otherwise remain obscure.
Association of Electrocardiographic and Imaging Surrogates of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy With Incident Atrial Fibrillation: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis)

Objectives This study sought to examine the association between left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), deﬁned by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and electrocardiography (ECG), with incident atrial fibrillation (AF). Background Previous studies of the association between AF and LVH were based primarily on echocardiographic measures of LVH. Methods The MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) enrolled 4,942 participants free of clinically recognized cardiovascular disease. Incident AF was based on MESA-ascertained hospital-discharge International Classification of Diseases codes and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services inpatient hospital claims. CMR-LVH was defined as left ventricular mass ≥95th percentile of the MESA population distribution. Eleven ECG-LVH criteria were assessed. The association of LVH with incident AF was evaluated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for CVD risk factors. Results During a median follow-up of 6.9 years, 214 incident AF events were documented. Participants with AF were more likely to be older, hypertensive, and overweight. The risk of AF was greater in participants with CMR-derived LVH (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.04, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15 to 3.62). AF was associated with ECG-derived LVH measure of Sokolow-Lyon voltage product after adjusting for CMR-LVH (HR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.06 to 3.14, p = 0.02). The associations with AF for CMR-LVH and Sokolow-Lyon voltage product were attenuated when adjusted for CMR left atrial volumes. Conclusions In a multiethnic cohort of participants without clinically detected cardiovascular disease, both CMR and ECG-derived LVH were associated with incident AF. ECG-LVH showed prognostic signiﬁcance independent of CMR-LVH. The association was attenuated when adjusted for CMR left atrial volumes.