cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Snowflake Divertor Experiments in the DIII-D, NSTX, and NSTX-U Tokamaks Aimed at the Development of the Divertor Power Exhaust Solution

Experimental results from the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX), a medium-size spherical tokamak with a compact divertor, and DIII-D, a large conventional aspect ratio tokamak, demonstrate that the snowflake (SF) divertor configuration may provide a promising solution for mitigating divertor heat loads and target plate erosion compatible with core H-mode confinement in the future fusion devices, where the standard radiative divertor solution may be inadequate. In NSTX, where the initial high-power SF experiment was performed, the SF divertor was compatible with H-mode confinement, and led to the destabilization of large Edge Localized Modes (ELMs). However, a stable partial detachment of the outer strike point was also achieved where inter-ELM peak heat flux was reduced by factors 3–5, and peak ELM heat flux was reduced by up to 80% (see standard divertor). The DIII-D studies show the SF divertor enables significant power spreading in attached and radiative divertor conditions. Results include: compatibility with the core and pedestal, peak inter-ELM divertor heat flux reduction due to geometry at lower $n_{e}$ , and ELM energy and divertor peak heat flux reduction, especially prominent in radiative $D_{2}$ -seeded SF divertor, and nearly complete power detachment and broader radiated power distribution in the radiative $D_{2}$ -seeded SF divertor at $P_{\text {SOL}}=3-4$ MW. A variety of SF configurations can be supported by the divertor coil set in NSTX Upgrade. Edge transport modeling with the multifluid edge transport code UEDGE shows that the radiative SF divertor can successfully reduce peak divertor heat flux for the projected $P_{\text {SOL}} \simeq 9$ MW case. The radiative SF divertor with carbon impurity provides a wider $n_{e}$ operating window, 50% less argon is needed in the impurity-seeded SF configuration to achieve similar $q_{\text {peak}}$ reduction factors (see standard divertor).
Eight Simple Rules for Stating My Dogma

This article is s recount of remarks given by the author for a Yom Kippur services. The remarks lay out eight simple rules of ideas regrading faith and the meaning of Yom Kippur.
"There but not there": Imagined bonds with siblings never known.

ABSTRACTContinuing a bond after a loved one’s death is considered typical and healthy. However, such a bond can continue symbolically only if it existed in the first place. What of indirect grievers, those who never knew the decedent? The authors describe bonds between individuals who did not have a living relationship to begin with, a concept referred to as imagined bonds. Forty-nine adults, who had a sibling die that they never knew, were interviewed. This article describes the bonds constructed between participants and the sibling they never knew. The authors compare and contrast the concepts of continuing bonds versus imagined bonds.
Periocular necrotizing fasciitis in an infant

Periocular necrotizing fasciitis developed in a 12-month-old boy with swelling of both eyes and redness and a discharge from the left eye approximately 36 hours after blunt trauma. Computed tomography revealed preseptal and soft-tissue edema on the left side, but no signs of orbital involvement, orbital fractures, or drainable abscess in the anterior left lower eyelid. The inflammatory signs worsened over the next day, and there was purulent discharge from the left lower eyelid and an abscess and necrosis of the lower eyelid skin. He did well following surgical debridement and treatment with intravenous antibiotics. His course highlights the difficulty in diagnosing necrotizing fasciitis and the necessity for prompt surgical debridement and empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy.
Speech Recognition in Nonnative versus Native English-Speaking College Students in a Virtual Classroom.

BACKGROUND Limited attention has been given to the effects of classroom acoustics at the college level. Many studies have reported that nonnative speakers of English are more likely to be affected by poor room acoustics than native speakers. An important question is how classroom acoustics affect speech perception of nonnative college students. PURPOSE The combined effect of noise and reverberation on the speech recognition performance of college students who differ in age of English acquisition was evaluated under conditions simulating classrooms with reverberation times (RTs) close to ANSI recommended RTs. RESEARCH DESIGN A mixed design was used in this study. STUDY SAMPLE Thirty-six native and nonnative English-speaking college students with normal hearing, ages 18-28 yr, participated. INTERVENTION Two groups of nine native participants (native monolingual [NM] and native bilingual) and two groups of nine nonnative participants (nonnative early and nonnative late) were evaluated in noise under three reverberant conditions (0.03, 0.06, and 0.08 sec). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS A virtual test paradigm was used, which represented a signal reaching a student at the back of a classroom. Speech recognition in noise was measured using the Bamford-Kowal-Bench Speech-in-Noise (BKB-SIN) test and signal-to-noise ratio required for correct repetition of 50% of the key words in the stimulus sentences (SNR-50) was obtained for each group in each reverberant condition. A mixed-design analysis of variance was used to determine statistical significance as a function of listener group and RT. RESULTS SNR-50 was significantly higher for nonnative listeners as compared to native listeners, and a more favorable SNR-50 was needed as RT increased. The most dramatic effect on SNR-50 was found in the group with later acquisition of English, whereas the impact of early introduction of a second language was subtler. At the ANSI standard's maximum recommended RT (0.6 sec), all groups except the NM group exhibited a mild signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) loss. At the 0.8 sec RT, all groups exhibited a mild SNR loss. CONCLUSION Acoustics in the classroom are an important consideration for nonnative speakers who are proficient in English and enrolled in college. To address the need for a clearer speech signal by nonnative students (and for all students), universities should follow ANSI recommendations, as well as minimize background noise in occupied classrooms. Behavioral/instructional strategies should be considered to address factors that cannot be compensated for through acoustic design.
Health-Related Characteristics of Older Adults Who Attend Congregate Meal Sites in the United States

The purpose of this study was to determine health-related characteristics of a representative sample of older adults who attend congregate meal sites in the United States, and compare races/ethnicities and sexes. Participants were adults, aged 60 years and older, (N = 901) of the 2015 Tenth Annual National Survey of Older American Act Participants (NSOAAP). Difficulties with mobility and Activities of Daily Living were common among older adults who attended congregate meals. Health-related characteristics differed by race/ethnicity and sex. Higher percentages of men reported eating more than half their calories from the site: 61.0% (53, 68), compared to women: 41.2% (33,50); while twice the number of women reported exercising at the site: 42.7% (36, 50), compared to 21.8% (16, 29) for men. Hispanics reported poor/fair health, food insecurity, diabetes, and poverty more often than White non-Hispanics. The odds of reporting that meals helped maintain independence were higher for persons with food insecurity: OR = 2.67 (1.05, 6.80) and those who reported eating half or more of their calories from the site: OR = 5.78 (2.36, 14.30). Strategies that consider preferences by sex and race/ethnicity are required at congregate meal sites to encourage mobility and healthy eating.
Model Based State Estimates from the National Health Interview Survey

There is a continuing need to assess health status, health practices and health resources at both the national level and subnational levels. Estimates of these health items help determine the demand for quality health care and the access individuals have to it. Although National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) survey data systems can provide much of this information at the national level, little can be provided directly at the subnational level, except for a few large states and metropolitan areas. The need for State and substate health statistics exists, however, because health and health care characteristics are known to vary geographically. Also, health care planning often takes place at the state and county level.
Fault analysis on distribution feeders with distributed generators

Summary form only given. This paper shows that the current an inverter interfaced distributed generator (IIDG) contributes to a fault varies considerably, due mainly to fast response of its controller. The paper proposes a method to extend the conventional fault analysis methods so that IIDG contribution can be estimated in the fault analysis. The proposed method gives rms profiles of the fault currents of interest (IIDG contribution and the fault currents the protective device will see). Test results, based on a prototype feeder, show that the proposed approach can estimate the fault currents contributions under both balanced and unbalanced fault conditions.
Longitudinal Ultrasound Curriculum Incorporation at West Virginia University School of Medicine: A Description and Graduating Students' Perceptions.

Objectives Sonography is a clinical tool being incorporated in multiple medical specialties with evidence of improved patient care and cost. Some schools have begun implementing ultrasound curricula. We hope to build upon that foundation and provide another potential framework of incorporation. There are several barriers, including curricular space, equipment and physical space, adequate faculty, and performing assessment. Methods At West Virginia University, we began a longitudinal ultrasound curriculum in 2012 with incorporation of didactic and practical sessions into gross anatomy, our systems-based second-year curriculum, physical diagnosis course, and clinical rotations. We included both written and practical assessment from the onset. After the initial 4 years, the first graduates were surveyed on their perceptions of the curriculum. Responses were correlated with specialty choice and clinical campus site. Results Based on our survey (90% response rate), students felt sonography was useful for anatomical understanding and patient care. Overall, 93% of our respondents reviewed the curriculum favorably. Qualitative feedback was very positive, with students desiring more ultrasound education and more required components, specifically in clinical rotations. Conclusions Based on these results, some changes have already been implemented, including decreased student-to-instructor ratios, more open scan time, and more required components. The breadth of formal assessment has increased. Multiple pilot programs for clinical rotations are being developed. There is an ongoing need for faculty development and continued assessment of ultrasound competency.
Important melanocytic lesions in childhood and adolescence.

Melanocytic lesions are common in children and adolescents and are predominantly benign. Several melanocytic lesions that occur in young patients may serve as markers of increased melanoma risk or may cause concern because of difficulty in differentiating them from malignant melanoma. Although melanoma is uncommon in children, prompt recognition is crucial. Physicians who care for children have the opportunity to decrease the risk of melanoma throughout the lifespan by encouraging avoidance of excessive sun exposure.
Point and block SOR applied to a coupled set of difference equations

Several forms of “Successive Overrelaxation (SOR)” are applied to a coupled pair of difference equations, equivalent to the biharmonic equation. The analysis and results yield a partial comparison amongst the methods. Computational results are also included.
Signal Representation Issues in Neural-Network Modeling of Perceptual Properties

This paper discusses neural-network modeling of five perceptual processes: adaptation, scaling, similarity, absolute threshold as a function of frequency and lateral inhibition. First the need for joint-domain representations is discussed. A joint-domain representation discussed in detail is the Wigner distribution. Autocorrelations of the Wigner distribution in time and frequency are taken to view interactions of the Wigner distribution with itself. These autocorrelations are then implemented using a simple neural-network. Some insight is gained in modeling the above perceptual properties with these functions.
Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Stigma

When I was asked to write a commentary chapter for the work by Stewart Schwab and Garth Glissman (Chapter 8 on Disability) and John Dovidio, Lisa Pagotto, and Michelle R. Hebl (Chapter 9, on Race), I was flummoxed. What could I contribute to the fine work of eminent scholars on the topic of stigma, particularly as it relates to discrimination and public policy? Chapter 8 focuses on the similarities and differences between disability definitions, discrimination, and legal protections and other forms of stigma, such as age, sex, and race definitions and discrimination. The review of the legal issues inherent in defining and responding to treatment, based on stigma, by Glissman, Schwab, and Willborn provides a foundation for future research on the psychological processes attending legal decision making on these issues.
Dead Fuel Loads in North Carolina’s Piedmont and Coastal Plain and a Small Scale Assessment of NFDRS Fuel Models

Dead fuel loads were measured on six distinct forest management compartments in North Carolina’s Uwharrie national forest, Croatan national forest and the Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge. Average 1-, 10-, 100- and 1000-hour fuels loads were analyzed within and between each of the three research areas and compared to National Fire Danger Rating System fuel model estimates of dead fuel load. Mean dead fuel load measurements were significantly different within and between most research areas and differences tended to increase with fuel class size. While there was good agreement within and between research areas for woody fuels, the addition of litter and duff generally resulted in larger variability and significantly different dead fuel load measurements. NFDRS fuel load estimates compared well with some classes of measured fuel load, but no one model provided estimates comparable with measured fuel load across all fuel size classes within a site. The models tended to estimate 1- and 10-hour fuels well, but generally underestimated 100- and 1000-hour fuels. Large differences between 100- and 1000-hour fuels were mostly the result of high duff and litter measurements, especially on the sites with deep peat soils. This important component of forest fuel loads may not be well represented in the current NFDRS. As forests become more fragmented and managed for different resource objectives, finer scale fuel load estimates may be necessary to accurately assess fire danger and minimize the loss of life and property.
CoRuM: Collaborative Runtime Monitor Framework for Application Security

We propose a framework based on Collaborative Runtime Monitors (CoRuM) for application-level security. CoRuM detects the abnormal behavior of an application by observing critical characteristics during program runtime. In this paper, we discuss the application's critical and essential characteristics to be monitored, the components of the framework, and its workflow on different use case scenarios. We provide experimental results on typical cyber-attacks and provide the throughput and detection accuracy measures. We also propose multidimensional preventive measures using honeypot and backup servers.
Maxillomandibular Advancement for Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Is a Highly Skeletally Stable Long-Term Procedure

Purpose To evaluate long-term clinically significant cephalometric skeletal stability with maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Materials and Methods We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of long-term clinically significant skeletal stability in patients who underwent MMA for OSA. The primary predictor and outcome variables were the occurrence of and time to loss of clinically significant skeletal stability, respectively, at sella–nasion–B point (SNB). The inclusion criteria included severe OSA (apnea-hypopnea index > 30), MMA, diagnostic preoperative and postoperative lateral cephalometric radiographs, and a minimum of 5 years of follow-up. Digitized cephalometric radiographs were analyzed at 3 time points: preoperatively, postoperatively, and at last follow-up. Statistical analyses included Kaplan-Meier time–to–loss of clinical stability analysis, the log-rank test, and the Cox proportional hazards model for hazard ratio determination for the influence of the following independent variables on loss of clinical stability: gender, age at the time of surgery, time to follow-up, and amount of surgical movement. Post hoc stratification for bone grafting was completed. Statistical significance was set at the P Results Thirty consecutive patients with an even gender distribution and average follow-up period of 10.7 years were included in this study. Preoperatively, the average age was 43.7 years; apnea-hypopnea index, 59.8; and body mass index, 39.3. Half of the cohort had clinically significant loss of skeletal stability at sella–nasion–A point (SNA), SNB, and A point–nasion–B point (ANB) approximately 13 years after surgery, with no statistically significant difference between SNA, SNB, and ANB curves (χ2 = 0.12) independent of the independent variables at SNB (χ2 = 1.9), SNA (χ2 = 1.3), or ANB (χ2 = 1.3). The average hazard ratio ranged from 0.89 to 1.02. Conclusions Within the limitations of this study, MMA in the treatment of severe OSA is a highly skeletally stable long-term procedure independent of gender, age at the time of surgery, time to follow-up, and amount of surgical movement.
2268-PUB: Level of Physical Activity and Perceived Barriers to Exercise in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes in Argentina

Physical activity (PA) is a mainstay in the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) treatment. Data about level of PA and perceived barriers to exercise in adults with T2D is lacking in Argentina. Objectives: Primary: To assess the percentage of adults with T2D who perform PA according to intensity level. Secondary: 1. To describe the barriers to exercise. 2. To describe the association between level of PA and metabolic control and other variables in the study population. 3. To evaluate sedentary time. Methods: Multicenter, observational, cross-sectional study of data collection through 2 questionnaires: International PA Questionnaire (IPAQ) short form and the “Barriers to being Active Quiz” developed by Center for Disease Control (CDC). Clinical and biochemical data were also collected. We included adults with T2D age 18 to 65 years, in 17 Argentine diabetes centers, from May 2nd to July 15 th , 2018. Statistical Methods: Chi2, t student, Pearson and Spearman correlations, multiple logistic regression and multiple linear regression. Results: 270 men (age 54.9 ± 9.8 years) and 225 women (age 55.3 + 9.6 years) were included. Diabetes duration: 8.2 ± 6.3 years. BMI men: 32.0 ± 10.6 Kg/m2 and women: 32.5 ± 7.2 Kg/m2. Two last HbA1c: 7.6 ± 1.7% and 7.5 ± 1.6%. 32.5% treated with insulin. 12.7% had cardiovascular disease; 13.7% nephropathy; 20.8% neuropathy; 6.1% diabetic foot and 14.1% retinopathy. The level of PA by IPAQ was low in 52.3% and moderate in 30.5%. The most frequent barriers were: "lack of will" (59.6%), "lack of energy" (37.2%) and "lack of time" (31.5%). Multivariate analysis: low level of PA was associated with age (OR: 1.05 per year of age, p Conclusions: 52.3% showed a low level of PA and the main barriers are related to low personal motivation. Disclosure C. Gomez Martin: None. M.L. Pomares: None. C.M. Muratore: None. S. Apoloni: None. P.J. Avila: None. M. Rodriguez: None.
Childhood enuresis. A comprehensive treatment program.

Throughout time and around the world, in both primitive and civilized societies, enuresis has been a source of unhappiness and embarrassment. Along with ridicule, the enuretic was frequently subjected to harsh and punitive treatment approaches. Fortunately, we are more enlightened today. This article provides a digest of the contemporary understanding of the condition and a discussion of treatment approaches.
Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of the morphological evolution of orthorhombic precipitates from solution

Abstract In this paper, a kinetic Monte Carlo (k-MC) simulation was applied to the growth of crystals with a base-centered orthorhombic crystal structure with the intention of capturing the effect of material and environmental parameters such as nucleation rate, temperature, lattice energy, diffusion hop barrier, Ehrlich-Schwoebel barrier and nucleation rate. A seeded random nucleation model was utilized for the simulation and events allowed included solidification from liquid state, attaching/adsorbing to existing particles, diffusing on the surface or into vacancies in the existing crystal (first or second neighbor) and detaching from an existing crystal. Different energy functions for lattice sites with respect to coordination numbers, including linear, logarithmic, power law, exponential and constant energy functions, were implemented and compared. Five different structures were identified: Rectangular prisms, angular shaped particles, thin, sheet-like structures or platelets, a particle network and random distribution. It was found that low or nonexistent barriers resulted in rectangular prism shapes. When lattice energies were implemented, particle shapes became more angular.
Computational modeling of a right-sided Fontan assist device: Effectiveness across patient anatomies and cannulations.

Abstract The use of mechanical circulatory support for failing Fontan patients is an area of growing interest, as the increased life expectancy of these patients continues to be accompanied by numerous end-organ complications. In vitro work has shown positive results using the CentriMag device for right-sided Fontan support, however the generalizability across various patient anatomies and cannulations is unknown. Computational simulations are first validated against in vitro modeling, then used to assess generalizability and further explore hemodynamic metrics including relative pressure changes, hepatic flow distribution, wall shear stress and power added. Computational modeling matched previous in vitro work very well, with vessel flow rates and relative average pressure change each within 1%. Positive results were seen across all patient anatomies and cannulations. On average, pressure from the vena cava to pulmonary arteries increased by 5.4 mmHg corresponding to 32 mW of power added. Hepatic flow distribution and wall shear stress were within acceptable ranges, with an average hepatic flow distribution of 47% and all patients showing ≤ 1% of the total Fontan connection surface area at a wall shear stress above 150 Pa. The positive results previously seen using CentriMag as a right-sided Fontan support device were found to be repeatable across multiple patient anatomies and cannulations. While animal models and eventual patient studies will provide further insight into the efficacy of this support strategy, our findings here suggest this method may reproduce right heart function.
A persistent lack of International representation on editorial boards in biology

The scholars comprising journal editorial boards play a critical role in defining the trajectory of knowledge in their field. Nevertheless, studies of editorial board composition remain rare, especially those focusing on journals publishing research in the increasingly globalized fields of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM). Using the combined membership of N = 24 editorial boards of environmental biology journals, we tested for changes in the international representation among editors 1985-2014 with metrics used to the diversity of ecological communities. Over the course of these three decades, 3831 unique scientists based in 70 countries served as editors. However, 67.06% of editors were based in the USA and UK, while editors based in the Global South were extremely rare. The number of countries in which editors were based (i.e., Geographic Richness) did increase over the 30-year survey period, but most of these newly represented countries were in Western Europe. As a result, Geographic Diversity remained unchanged from 1985-2014. This -- coupled with the 420% increase in the number of editors serving each year -- resulted in a significant decline in Geographic Evenness over time. We argue that this limited geographic diversity can detrimentally affect the creativity of scholarship published in journals, the progress and direction of research, the composition of the STEM workforce, and the development of science in the Global South.
Global Mobilization in the Name of Islam: the Global Imaginary of Political Islam

This chapter steps back to view the narrative of Islamism through the lens of globalization. From this, it envisions an Islamicate global imaginary that seeks to include Islamism as a part of a holistic vision of a peaceful global society and alternative to the traditional binary of “West is best.” The unity of Islam is expressed through the global Islamicate imaginary which is understood in terms of seeking a good society and in creating a Muslim identity and shows how this makes possible a primarily peaceful, globalized mobilization of Muslims in the name of Islam. The chapter also responds to those who see only terrorism in the political discourse of Islamism and contributes to the literature on globalization by illustrating how global studies allow researchers to see pathways toward a less violent world. Policy writers will benefit from the analysis because it shows that the standard approach to Islamic societies, which Edward Said summarizes as “essentialist, empiricist and historicist,” is actually the source of conflict in the world today (Said 1979).
The effect of X-ray induced oxygen defects on the photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide nanoparticles

Abstract The effect of X-ray irradiation on titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles and their photocatalytic activity was studied through surface chemistry analysis after irradiation and TiO2 degradation of methylene blue (MB). Detailed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis showed that an increased number of oxygen vacancies, chemisorbed oxygen, and OH groups were formed at the surface of the nanomaterial with increasing irradiation dose. Moreover, the formation of these features in the structure and surface of TiO2 showed an improved catalytic activity. The superior performance of the catalyst upon X-ray irradiation is caused by the introduction of new energy levels below the conduction band of the catalyst, which generates trap centers that delay the recombination rate of electron-holes pairs. Degradation of MB in the presence of TiO2 showed reaction rate coefficient enhancements of 47.6 %–61.6 % when TiO2 with a mean size of 6.5 nm was irradiated at doses of 10 and 60 kGy respectively. Overall, our experiments showed promise of the X-ray irradiation as a feasible surface treatment that showed significant improvements in the photocatalysis of TiO2.
A study on droplets dispersion and deposition characteristics under supersonic spray flow for nanomaterial coating applications

Abstract Supersonic spray coating of nanomaterials, owing to high impact velocity of particles, offers significant potential to improve the physical and mechanical properties of target surfaces. Rather than handling individual light nano-scale particles directly with a number of limitations, aqueous nanomaterial colloids and suspensions can be supersonically deposited onto surfaces by converting these complex liquid mixtures into the form of atomized micro-scale droplets. Dispersion and deposition characteristics of these droplets play a vital role in the quality and efficacy of the resultant nanomaterial coating. In the present study, comprising numerical modeling and experimental validation, we investigate details of the dispersion and deposition characteristics of droplets under supersonic flow conditions. In the numerical study, a two-way coupled discrete phase modeling is used to track the discrete phase (i.e., droplets) and to investigate the interaction of droplets with the continuous gas phase (i.e., high-velocity driving gas) in regard to their properties and conditions. The results through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) show that driving gas properties (i.e., temperature, pressure, gas type) and droplet size play a prominent role in droplets dispersion and deposition phenomena. In particular, smaller droplets (≤2 μm) are observed to be more susceptible to turbulent dispersion and evaporation. In the experimental study, an atomization-based supersonic spray system is developed for model validation and a case example of nano-coating applications. The CFD modeling results are validated by particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements. A case study of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanomaterial coating on a polymer substrate (ITO/PET film) is performed to demonstrate the suitability of the present spray deposition system, which also addresses the current challenges of TiO2 coating onto ITO/PET surface.
Forecasting Kilovolt Electrons

The Magnetospheric Specification Model (MSM) represents the state-of-the-art in operational specification of fluxes of magnetospheric electrons in the 1-100 keV range. When driven by upstream solar-wind data, it can provide very short-term forecasts. Partly theoretical and partly empirical, the MSM calculates average particle drifts using data-driven models for the electric and magnetic fields and for initial and boundary fluxes. For the geosynchronous-orbit region, where it has been thoroughly tested, the MSM represents general trends in a reasonable way, but the accuracy of its predicted flux for a given spacecraft at a given instant is less impressive. The RMS error in the log 10 (flux) is about 0.45. However, it will probably not be easy to make significant global improvement in that level of accuracy. One barrier to achieving high accuracy is our incomplete understanding of the physics of magnetospheric substorms, which are the main cause of dramatic increases in near-geosynchronous kilovolt electrons. For the immediate future, the most promising approach to improving accuracy is the assimilation of real-time particle-flux data from spacecraft near geosynchronous orbit. The first step along that line showed a potential for modest improvement in accuracy, within about 2 hours local time of the data-providing spacecraft. In the long run, we can hope for models that represent the essential physics of substorm-associated particle injections. Recent runs with the Rice Convection Model coupled with a friction-code equilibrium solver provide a different view of substorms that emphasizes aspects that are crucial for particle injection into the inner magnetosphere In this view, a substorm is the physical process that violates the adiabatic drift laws to produce flux tubes with lower values of pV 5/3 than typical middle-plasma-sheet flux tubes. These reduced plasma population flux tubes are the primary ones injected into the inner magnetosphere during substorms.
Content-Based Multimedia Data Retrieval on Cluster System Environment

In this paper, we propose a data partitioning scheme for contentbased retrieval from a multimedia database using a heterogeneous cluster system. The proposed parallel unified model [6] was used to represent multimedia data. All types of multimedia data in the unified model are represented by k-dimensional(k-d) signals. Each dimension of k-d data is separated into small blocks and then formed into a hierarchical multidimensional tree structure, called a k-tree. The parallel version of k-tree model was introduced in [7]. The previous experimental results show the huge reduction of retrieval time on a cluster of homogeneous workstations. In this paper, we extend our parallel model to a heterogeneous cluster system environment. We demonstrate the experimental results of using a parallel retrieval algorithm for the k-tree unified model on a cluster of heterogeneous system connected via a network. We use system characteristics to help in partitioning the data and balancing the loads of the processors. The experiments of the model with load balancing shows a significant reduction of retrieval time while maintaining the quality of perceptual results.
Whose Fish Are They Anyway

Bluefin tuna abundance in the western Atlantic declined during the late 1970s and 1980s to levels that were a mere 20% of the abundance in the early 1970s. As Magnuson et al. explain in their Perspective, mixing of fish from different regions of the Atlantic at feeding grounds complicates the management and the rebuilding of western Atlantic fish stocks. Attempts to rebuild abundance in the western Atlantic are not independent of fishing activities in the east, where overfishing still occurs. With electronic archival and pop-up tags, Block et al. have tracked bluefin movements across and around the Atlantic and conclude that the degree of mixing at feeding grounds is higher than previously believed, complicating management strategies still further.
Structure of DNA in denaturing solvents. I. Bacteriophage PM2 DNA in aqueous sodium perchlorate.

Abstract The sedimentation velocity behavior of both closed (I) and nicked (II) circular bacteriophage PM2 DNA's has been determined in aqueous NaClO4 solutions ranging from 0.98 to 7.2 m . The addition of the salt results in a progressive, non-cooperative unwinding of the DNA duplex to the extent of 3.9% at 7.2 m -NaClO4, as determined by comparison with the sedimentation velocity/dye titration results of Upholt, Gray & Vinograd (1971) , The salt-induced unwinding is complemented and extended by the intercalation of ethidium bromide, and the shape of the sedimentation velocity/dye titration curve in 0.98 m -NaClO4 is similar to that in 2.85 m -CsCl ( Upholt et al., 1971) . The sedimentation coefficient ratio S I S II has the same dependence upon NaClO4 concentration at 5 °C and at 20 °C, except for an effective translation to 0.8 m higher salt concentrations at the lower temperature. This shift is consistent with the known effects of temperature upon the duplex rotation angle ( Wang, 1969 ). The unwinding of the DNA duplex in the presence of increasing NaClO4 concentrations is to be contrasted with the much smaller overwinding which occurs upon the addition of NaCl or CsCl at 20 °C ( Wang, 1969 ). The NaClO4-induced unwinding takes place at temperatures well below the onset of the melting transition, and the specific salt effect does not appear to have a large temperature coefficient. The results indicate that substantial angular alteration of the duplex may be induced by a change in solution environment in the absence of transition to the coiled form of DNA.
Resources for teaching Mammalian neuroanatomy using sheep brains: a review.

Sheep brain dissection is a mainstay of many neuroscience and biological psychology lab courses. Sheep brain dissection is relatively easy and requires only the brains, surgical gloves, and a large, sharp knife without serrations to provide a valuable learning experience. Preserved sheep brains are readily available from a variety of vendors at a reasonable cost. (Getting brains with the dura already removed is highly recommended because students tend to tear up the brain when removing the dura.) Most structures in the sheep brain are highly homologous to structures in the brains of other placental mammals, including humans. Only cortical structures, particularly sulci and gyri, which are not always homologous across mammalian orders, differ markedly between humans and sheep. Thus, specific facts learned from dissecting sheep brains can be readily generalized to other species. A published hard-copy photographic atlas of the sheep brain is available (Vanderwolf and Cooley, 2002), but searching the internet also reveals many resources made freely available by instructors at a variety of institutions. Most of the websites are designed to be supplements for specific courses, but some are clearly designed for broader use. Many websites could serve as excellent supplements to in-lab dissections, and some could even replace in-lab dissections if resources are tight or if students have ethical objections to using animals.
Bilateral internal mammary artery ligation for angina pectoris; preliminary clinical considerations

Abstract Since December of 1956, 82 patients have been operated upon. The criteria for ligation of the internal mammary artery in the second interspace, was the presence of angina pectoris. No other factor except this was used in selecting these cases. Fifty of the cases have been followed for two to six months. When the report is made up of this group of fifty, it can be noted that eighteen are asymptomatic, eleven are moderately improved, five are slightly improved, eleven are unchanged. Three of the patients died within one month of surgery, two patients died more than a month after surgery. In dividing the cases up into basic pathologic patterns, it was noted that those with hypertension as well as coronary disease seemed to do quite well. The hemodynamic types which accompanied valvular disease were also benefited, although these groups were not large and made up only ten of the fifty. Of the five patients who were operated upon within two weeks of an acute infarction, three are now dead. One death occurred in a patient with lymphoma; another death occurred in a patient who had pyelonephritis and developed uremia. It is pointed out that local anesthesia seems to be safer than even light general anesthesia for this procedure. It is also evident that evaluation of this surgical procedure will have to be based on a formula involving large numbers of patients and much time, leavened by careful follow-up studies.
Health disparities and advertising content of women's magazines: a cross-sectional study

Disparities in health status among ethnic groups favor the Caucasian population in the United States on almost all major indicators. Disparities in exposure to health-related mass media messages may be among the environmental factors contributing to the racial and ethnic imbalance in health outcomes. This study evaluated whether variations exist in health-related advertisements and health promotion cues among lay magazines catering to Hispanic, African American and Caucasian women. Relative and absolute assessments of all health-related advertising in 12 women's magazines over a three-month period were compared. The four highest circulating, general interest magazines oriented to Black women and to Hispanic women were compared to the four highest-circulating magazines aimed at a mainstream, predominantly White readership. Data were collected and analyzed in 2002 and 2003. Compared to readers of mainstream magazines, readers of African American and Hispanic magazines were exposed to proportionally fewer health-promoting advertisements and more health-diminishing advertisements. Photographs of African American role models were more often used to advertise products with negative health impact than positive health impact, while the reverse was true of Caucasian role models in the mainstream magazines. To the extent that individual levels of health education and awareness can be influenced by advertising, variations in the quantity and content of health-related information among magazines read by different ethnic groups may contribute to racial disparities in health behaviors and health status.
The Final Frontiers of Healthcare Universalisation in Costa Rica and Panama

This article explains how Costa Rica and Panama, two Central American countries with nearly universal public healthcare programmes, have come to enjoy such broad coverage. It then describes the distinct paths each is taking towards reaching the populations still left out of healthcare coverage. Costa Rica is seeking to bring all residents under the umbrella of its ILO-style social security plan. Panama is targeting the rural poor with a package of defined interventions aimed at maternal and child mortality. The article frames these cases within the literature on the varieties of universalism.
EFFECT OF PERINEURAL ANESTHESIA ON THE ULTRASONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF EQUINE PALMAR METACARPAL STRUCTURES

The purpose of this study was to describe ultrasonographic changes of the equine palmar metacarpal area attributed to the infiltration of local anesthetic solution and to determine whether these changes were noted immediately or at 24 h. The palmar metacarpal region of one forelimb in each of six horses was examined ultrasonographically with a 10-MHz linear array transducer and a 7.5-MHz curvilinear trans-ducer. Transverse and longitudinal images were recorded at 5-cm intervals distal to the accessory carpal bone. High and low palmar and palmar metacarpal nerve blocks were performed with a 2% mepivacaine hydrochloride solution. Ultrasonographic examinations similar to the initial examination then were performed immediately, 1 h and 24 h postinjection. Cross-sectional area and mean pixel value were determined for the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons, the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon, the suspensory ligament, and the suspensory branches at each level and time period. Subjective ultra-sonographic changes also were noted. No significant difference was noted in the cross-sectional area or mean pixel value of any structure at any level or time period compared to baseline. Subjective changes in the tendons and ligaments were not noted. There was mild hypoechoic swelling of the surrounding soft tissues and gas in the region of the injections. Gas could interfere with the evaluation of the origin of the suspensory ligament and the proximal portion of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon within the first hour but was not detectable ultrasonographically at 24 h. Based on these findings, if gas interferes with an ultrasonographic examination performed temporally close to perineural anesthesia, a repeat examination at 24 h is recommended.
The reduced Einstein equations and the conformal volume collapse of 3-manifolds

We consider the problem of the Hamiltonian reduction of Einstein's equations on a (3 + 1)-vacuum spacetime that admits a foliation by constant mean curvature compact spacelike hypersurfaces M of Yamabe type -1. After a conformal reduction process, we find that the reduced Einstein flow is described by a time-dependent non-local dimensionless reduced Hamiltonian Hreduced which is strictly monotonically decreasing along any non-constant integral curve of the reduced Einstein system. We discuss relationships between Hreduced, the σ-constant of M, the Gromov norm |M|| and the hyperbolic σ-conjecture. As examples, we consider Bianchi models that spatially compactify to manifolds of Yamabe type -1. For these models we show that under the reduced Einstein flow, Hreduced asymptotically approaches either the σ-constant or in the hyperbolizable case, the conjectured σ-constant, as suggested by our general theory. In the non-hyperbolizable cases, the conformal metric of the reduced Einstein flow volume-collapses M along either circular fibres, embedded tori, or collapses the entire manifold to a point, and in each case, the collapse occurs with bounded curvature. We consider applications of these results to future all-time small-data existence theorems for spatially compact spacetimes.
Developing LCA techniques for emerging systems: Game theory, agent modeling as prediction tools

Although Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has become an important tool in the context of environmental and industrial analysis, its limitations keep it from achieving wider acceptance. One limitation is its inability to forecast. LCA can present environmental impacts of established processes but cannot do so for emerging processes or developing products. We propose two different techniques as an addition to the traditional LCA to address these processes and products. In this paper, we compare the tools proposed, assess the limitations inherent in each technique, and finally formulate recommendations of systems where each technique can best serve the forecasting needs of an LCA. We also propose further work towards creating a functioning Predictive Dynamic Life Cycle Assessment that can provide insightful information on emerging situations in general.
Contingency management for the treatment of antipsychotic-induced weight gain: a randomized controlled pilot study.

Objective: Weight gain is common for individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) receiving antipsychotic drug therapy. Contingency management (CM) is a behavioral intervention that rewards positive performance and has demonstrated effectiveness in reducing drug use in SMI populations. This study evaluated the feasibility of using CM to promote weight loss in individuals with SMI over 8 weeks. Method: 30 individuals (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2) were randomized to one of three conditions: i) The combination of a standardized lifestyle modification (LM) program for individuals with SMI and payment for group attendance (CMattendance), ii) The combination of LM and payment for weight loss (CMweight), and iii) waitlist control (CON). After the waitlist period, those participants joined a LM group and received payment for behavioral change (CMbehavior). Results: Subjects in the CMattendance and in the CMweight group lost a mean of 1.16 kg and 1.23 kg, respectively, while subjects in the CON gained a mean of 0.68 kg. Subjects receiving CMbehavior, lost a mean of 2.54 kg, which was a significant weight loss compared to the control period. Conclusion: LM supplemented with CM may facilitate weight loss in patients taking antipsychotic medications; financial reimbursement for behavioral change may be particularly effective in this population.
Spatial organization of fibroblast nuclear chromocenters: component tree analysis

The nuclei of mouse connective tissue fibroblasts contain chromocenters which are well-defined zones of heterochromatin that can be used as positional landmarks to examine nuclear remodeling in response to a mechanical perturbation. This study used component tree analysis, an image segmentation algorithm that detects high intensity voxels that are topologically connected, to quantify the spatial organization of chromocenters in fibroblasts within whole mouse connective tissue fixed and stained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). The component tree analysis method was applied to confocal microscopy images of whole mouse areolar connective tissue incubated for 30 min ex vivo with or without static stretch. In stretched tissue, the mean distance between chromocenters within fibroblast nuclei was significantly greater (vs. non-stretched, P < 0.001), corresponding to an average of a 500-nm increase in chromocenter separation (~10% strain). There was no significant difference in chromocenter number or average size between stretch and no stretch. Average chromocenter distance was positively correlated with nuclear cross-sectional area (r = 0.78, P < 0.0001), and nuclear volume (r = 0.42, P < 0.0001), and negatively correlated with nuclear aspect ratio (r = −0.65, P < 0.0001) and nuclear concavity index (r = −0.44, P < 0.0001). These results demonstrate that component trees can be successfully applied to the morphometric analysis of nuclear chromocenters in fibroblasts within whole connective tissue. Static stretching of mouse areolar connective tissue for 30 min resulted in substantially increased separation of nuclear chromocenters in connective tissue fibroblasts. This interior remodeling of the nucleus induced by tissue stretch may impact transcriptionally active euchromatin within the inter-chromocenter space.