cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GE-33A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF VIRAL TRANSCRIPTS IN DNA- AND RNA-SEQ DATASETS FROM HIGH-GRADE GLIOMAS REVEALS NO ASSOCIATION

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a devastating disease with poor survival rates. Despite years of research, there has been little change in the survival rate or median survival time. HCMV (human cytomegalovirus) was reported in GBM over a decade ago and this finding has the potential to increase our understanding of the disease and it offers a potential tumor specific therapeutic target. Because of this promise, there is a fair amount of time, energy and money being directed towards understanding and utilizing this connection for eventual therapeutic purposes. Despite these ongoing efforts and the time lapsed since the discovery of HCMV in GBM, the association remains controversial. Here we utilized both RNA and DNA sequence data from high-grade gliomas from the Cancer Genome Atlas to assess the veracity of the association between GBM and HCMV (or other infectious agents). Raw sequence reads were aligned to a reference genome containing a human genome (hg19) and a library of virus sequences known to infect humans. Alignments were performed using Spliced Transcripts Alignments to a Reference (STAR). In 56 out of 56 GBM RNA-seq datasets no known viruses were identified. Virome analysis of the DNA-seq datasets demonstrated 40 out of 40 datasets with human herpesvirus 7 ranging from 32 to 10,845 reads. However, upon further analysis, it was determined that these herpesvirus 7 matching reads have low complexity and are consistent with mapping to human telomeric repeats. Therefore, no known viruses were identified at the DNA or RNA levels. This analysis raises the possibility that viruses may not be associated with gliomas as previously reported.
Abstract 4585: Breaking metastatic dormancy during surgical resection of a primary tumor and implications for treatment strategies.

At the time of a cancer diagnosis, most patients have localized tumors. Despite elaborate staging schemas for each cancer type in an attempt to stratify patients, the vast majority of patients that die will do so from metastatic disease. We hypothesized that surgery augments the already ongoing activation and mobilization of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells that are critical to colonizing tumor cells at distant sites. These bone marrow-derived cells, by inducing a local inflamed tumor microenvironment, provide survival signals to these seeding tumor cells. Our data show increased metastatic burden in the lung after surgical resection of the primary tumor using two murine cancer models, B16 melanoma and E0771 breast carcinoma. In these models, we also show a surge in hematopoietic and endothelial progenitor cells in the hours and days immediately following resection of the primary tumor, which is not similarly observed in control mice, where surgery was performed in the absence of the primary tumor. We also confirmed that a factor specific to the plasma of the tumor-bearing mice is responsible for this mobilization by using in vitro migration assays, whereby plasma from tumor-bearing mice and surgically resected mice induced an increased migration of lineage negative bone marrow cells compared to the plasma of wild type mice. We confirmed increased levels of MCP-1 and MCSF, both known to mobilize progenitor cells, in the plasma of mice with surgical resection. Additionally, targeting these bone marrow derived hematopoietic and endothelial progenitor cells with Pazopanib prevents the surge in bone marrow-derived cells into the circulation, abolishes the enhanced metastatic spread in mice undergoing surgical resection of the primary tumor, and provides a significant prolongation of survival. Finally, we correlated these data to a cohort of breast cancer patients where circulating levels of progenitor cells were analyzed at time points before and after surgery, which confirmed the mobilization of progenitor cells with surgery. Together, these results provide evidence for the increased risk of metastatic spread after surgical resection of the primary tumor and suggest that blocking progenitor cell mobilization by adjuvant treatment during or immediately following surgery, the incidence of metastatic recurrence may be reduced. Citation Format: Selena R. Granitto, Amber Giles, Simon Lavotshkin, Daniel Rutigliano, David Lyden, Rosandra N. Kaplan. Breaking metastatic dormancy during surgical resection of a primary tumor and implications for treatment strategies. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4585. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4585
Thermal Requirements for Diapause Termination in Laboratory Cultures of Heliothis zea and H. virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Exposures of diapausing pupae of the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and the tobacco budworm, H. virescens (F.), from laboratory cultures to 16, 17, 18, 19,21, and 26.7°C after an ca. 8-month period of low-temperature storage (13°C) indicated that thermal requirements for diapause termination were lower in females and males, respectively, of H. virescens than in H. zea and lower in females than in males of each species. This explained the earlier spring emergence of H. virescens than of H. zea and females than males of both species that had been observed in the field.
Simultaneous phase and absorption imaging in the x-ray band using illumination structured by a single transmission grid

We demonstrate a structured illumination TIE method that simultaneously obtains both the phase and absorption images. By extracting the modulation signal, we are able to correct for the circulation effect induced errors.
THERMODYNAMICS OF THE Ca-La_2O_3-Ni SYSTEM

The Gibbs free energy change, the standard Gibbs free energy change, the equilibrium vapor pressure of Ca for the reduction reaction of 3Ca + La2O3 = 2La + 3CaO and the formation of LaNi5 by the reaction of La and Ni, La + 5Ni = LaNi5, were calculated. The LaNi5 powders were prepared experimentally at 1223, 1273, 1323 and 1373 K. XRD analysis confirmed that LaNi5 formed,and the resultant must be LaNi5 in La--Ni system compound. this coincides with results of the thermodynamics calculation.
Acqua e cibo a Venezia. Storie della laguna e della città [Water and food in Venice. Stories of the lagoon and the city]

Acqua e cibo a Venezia. Storie della laguna e della citta is a volume quite singular in its kind. Although an exhibition catalogue, it is equally valid as a book, while evoking the atmosphere and q...
Debating Absolutism and Pluralism in Contemporary Islam

In the post-9/11 context, any reference to a “war of ideas” conjures up a civili-zational showdown primarily between the world of Islam and the West. This is a scenario made popular by the Harvard scholar Samuel Huntington in his provocative “clash of civilizations” thesis. Although Huntington recognized several civilizational blocs at odds with the West, Islam has received disproportionate attention. The atrocities of 9/11 were believed by a considerable number of people, many of them influential policymakers under the previous Bush administration, to have vindicated this thesis. Such a belief has spawned a dangerously Manichaean worldview pitting an assumed monolithic Islamic world against a monolithic West, the disastrous results of which were only too evident in the last eight years in particular.
The Sensing Self: Dickens and the Space of Habit

Critics have long associated literary character with psychological inferiority. Henry James’s celebrated ‘dramas of consciousness’ elevated inward psychological action over external happenings and events at the turn of the twentieth century, and the theory of fiction that he advanced in his many reviews and essays helped make this shift seem as natural and intuitive as it was decisive.4 James’s distinction between successfully drawn characters and mere ‘figures’ . that is, between living, breathing creations and more two-dimensional, wooden things, ‘pictures rather than persons’ . would famously be elaborated by E.M. Forster in his description of the difference between ‘round’ and ‘flat’ characters in Aspects of the Novel (1927).5 Indeed, the dominance of the Jamesian view of the novel as a psychologically penetrating and fundamentally inwrought aesthetic form shaped a century of appreciation and critique . from the appearance of still-resonant New Critical canons such as F.R. Leavis’s The Great Tradition to seminal accounts of the development of the form such as Ian Watt’s The Rise of the Novel (1957) . in ways that contemporary criticism is still accounting for, and is still in need of addressing. For the critical ascendancy of the Jamesian ‘psychological turn’ has also, in significant ways, prevented a longer view of the mutual development of the novel and of what came to count as ‘psychological,’ including the multiple, overlapping, and sometimes competing theories of mental life explored by nine tee nth-century novelists and psychologists alike; indeed, the assumed link between literary character and inward psychological action does not even account fully for James’s own fictional practices, as we will see in Chapter 4.
Inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandin E2 by low dose aspirin: implications for adenocarcinoma metastasis.

Meta-analyses have demonstrated that low-dose aspirin reduces the risk of developing adenocarcinoma metastasis, and when colon cancer is detected during aspirin treatment, there is a remarkable 83% reduction in risk of metastasis. As platelets participate in the metastatic process, the antiplatelet action of low-dose aspirin likely contributes to its antimetastatic effect. Cycloxooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) also contributes to metastasis, and we addressed the hypothesis that low-dose aspirin also inhibits PGE2 biosynthesis. We show that low-dose aspirin inhibits systemic PGE2 biosynthesis by 45% in healthy volunteers (P < 0.0001). Aspirin is found to be more potent in colon adenocarcinoma cells than in the platelet, and in lung adenocarcinoma cells, its inhibition is equivalent to that in the platelet. Inhibition of COX by aspirin in colon cancer cells is in the context of the metastasis of colon cancer primarily to the liver, the organ exposed to the same high concentrations of aspirin as the platelet. We find that the interaction of activated platelets with lung adenocarcinoma cells upregulates COX-2 expression and PGE2 biosynthesis, and inhibition of platelet COX-1 by aspirin inhibits PGE2 production by the platelet-tumor cell aggregates. In conclusion, low-dose aspirin has a significant effect on extraplatelet cyclooxygenase and potently inhibits COX-2 in lung and colon adenocarcinoma cells. This supports a hypothesis that the remarkable prevention of metastasis from adenocarcinomas, and particularly from colon adenocarcinomas, by low-dose aspirin results from its effect on platelet COX-1 combined with inhibition of PGE2 biosynthesis in metastasizing tumor cells. Cancer Prev Res; 9(11); 855-65. ©2016 AACR.
Droplets of 3He Atoms

Variational and Green’s function Monte Carlo calculations within the fixed node approximation are performed on droplets of 3He atoms. No bound states are found for droplet sizes of up to 40 atoms variationally, and up to 20 atoms using the Green’s function Monte Carlo method.
The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for patent ductus arteriosus closure in preterm infants

Over the last four decades, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been widely used to induce closure of the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in preterm infants. Evidence to support this practice is lacking, despite performance of >50 randomized trials. The credibility of those trials may have been compromised by high rates of open treatment in controls, era of study prior to advent of modern practices, or inclusion of insufficient numbers of very immature infants. Meta-analyses show little impact of those factors on main conclusions. Essentially all trials reporting important long-term outcomes (other than mortality) initiated treatment within five days after birth, so no evidence regarding later treatment is available. Accruing clinical experience suggests that long-term outcomes are not compromised, and may be improved, with non-interventional management strategies. Future studies to identify preterm infants at greatest risk of potential harm from a persistent PDA, particularly after the second postnatal week, are urgently needed.
The Role of Stakeholders in Internationalization in Spain

The constitutional authority for education policy granted to the 17 subnational autonomous communities in Spain has uniquely influenced higher education reforms. There has been less statewide cohesion in policy reform in Spain than in Portugal because of the competing notions of nationalism across these autonomous communities. Similar to Portugal, the dominant stakeholder in Spain is the public sector, which drives the higher education policy reforms at the national level. While Portugal’s government received international financial assistance (from 2011 to 2014), Spain received this assistance primarily to support the financial and banking sector. Both the governments practiced austerity measures during this period. Together with the structure of the government, consistency in political leadership and funding dedicated for higher education impact policy reforms at the national level.
Coming Out of the Shadows and the Closet: Visibility Schemas Among Undocuqueer Immigrants.

Centering the experiences of 31 undocuqueer immigrants, this study seeks to understand the ways that undocuqueer immigrants negotiate the boundaries of social performance by revealing or concealing...
Frequency and impact of midlife stressors among men and women with physical disability.

AbstractPurpose: Middle-age may be a challenging time for people with physical disabilities as life demands, secondary symptoms such as fatigue, and risk for depression increase, yet little is known about types, levels, and impact of life stressors in individuals aging with disability. Our aims were to describe aging- and disability-associated life stressors, explore gender differences, and evaluate effects of resilience on adjustment to these stressors.Materials and methods: Longitudinal data analysis of self-report surveys completed by 541 middle-aged community-dwelling participants with long-term physical disability from baseline to 5-year follow-up.Results: 97% of participants endorsed one or more stressful life events (M = 8.2, SD = 4.9), all of whom endorsed at least one life stressor with a negative impact. Reporting more life stressors and having lower resilience were significantly associated with developing more depressive symptoms. Interaction analyses indicated that women developed more depress...
Using History to Inform the Modern Immigration Debate in the United States.

The contentious modern immigration debate in the United States is often void of historical context and thus filled with fallacious narratives. To confront this trend, social studies educators should place the issues of modern immigration within their proper historical framework. This paper looks at three primary themes educators can explore: the increasingly restrictive immigration system, the similarities between the past and present in relation to xenophobic and nativist beliefs and movements, and the changes immigrants have continuously brought to American society. By exploring both the historical continuity and contrasts, students can begin to obtain a more nuanced and embracive view of immigration. History is a powerful tool which educators can employ to undermine increasingly popular xenophobic rhetoric and policies.
TRANSFER FACTOR TREATMENT OF VIRAL DISEASES IN MILWAUKEE

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the transfer factor (TF) treatment of viral diseases in Milwaukee. Transfer factor therapy has been used for treatment of seventeen patients with a variety of disorders known, or suspected to involve virus infection. Nine patients have experienced clinical improvement. After receiving two injections, 0.05 units each, the patient reported improvement in his upper limb arthritis and developed numerous pustular eruptions in his scalp and on his upper arms. After a three week interval of not receiving TF, the patient returned with arthritis. Administration of 0.1 unit of TF each week for 7 weeks was accompanied by gradual improvement of the arthritis, all genital ulcers had healed, but oral ulcers persisted. The patient reported that injection of TF the affected joints were very painful for about 2k hours. TF from a new donor was instituted while the patient was free of arthritis, and had only one small oral ulcer.
ULTRASONIC IDENTIFICATION OF MICROPARTICLES IN EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCUITS

Publisher Summary This chapter describes an ultrasonic method that is being used to quantitate microemboli in blood during extracorporeal circulation. The system consists of a plexiglas ultrasonic chamber, a reflectoscope, and a PDP 11/40 DECLAB computer. The ultrasonic chamber is constructed such that the 5 MHz ceramic transducer is positioned external to the fluid flow. The curvature of the cylindrical chamber forms a planoconcave lens that focuses the ultrasonic beam at a point 1.36 cm from the crystal. Random nonpenetrating holes were drilled around the periphery of the transducer to break up the shear waves from the edges of the crystal. The chapter presents an ultrasonic microparticle detection system that has been designed to monitor the number and size of microparticles in fluid. The system has the capability to distinguish between gaseous and solid emboli.
Opioid Peptides and Vasopressin

During the past several years, several of the neuroscience disciplines have increasingly assumed both the character and methodologies of classical molecular biology. In large part, this inundation reflects our need to investigate and understand the “pretranslational” events governing the regulation of peptide hormone and receptor expression throughout the nervous system. As a result, it has become evident that many components of the regulation of neuronal function and neurotransmission take place at sites removed from synapses. One such site is the regulation of specific messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. This has received increasing recent attention in light of the pivotal roles that these molecules play in neurotransmission and neuroendocrine functions.
Abstract 463: Impairment Of Angiogenesis And Endothelial Progenitor Function By Mutation Of Circadian Gene mPER2

Background: Biological circadian rhythm is tightly regulated and is important in cardiovascular function. Two transcriptional activators, CLOCK and BMAL1, form heterodimeric complexes and induce the expression of several circadian genes. Among those genes are Per1, Per2, Cry1 and Cry2, whose protein products control circadian clock in brain and peripheral tissues. However, the role of Per2 and circadian rhythm in regulating vascular function is not known. Methods and Results: Per2 mutant mice, which have a deletion in the PAS domain, and their wild type littermates were subjected to hindlimb ischemia. Tissue necrosis, capillary density, blood flow recovery and clinical score were assessed every week for one month. All Per2 mutant mice developed auto-amputation after hindlimb ischemia compared to none for WT mice. In order to assess if Per2 in bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) contribute to this vascular defect, bone marrow from WT and Per2 mutant mice were transplanted into irradiated WT mice. Mice, which received Per2 mutant bone marrow, demonstrated 34% less blood flow recovery compared to mice receiving WT bone marrow (P Conclusion: These findings indicate that mutation of the clock gene, Per2, severely impairs angiogenesis and worsens the angiogenic response to ischemic injury. In particular, Per2 mutation in bone marrow-derived ECPs plays a critical role in neovascularization. These results suggest that circadian rhythm regulates vascular function, in part, through effects on EPC function.
G-Quadruplex Structures and G-Quadruplex-Interactive Compounds

G-quadruplexes are noncanonical secondary structures formed in DNA sequences containing consecutive runs of guanines. DNA G-quadruplexes have recently emerged as attractive cancer therapeutic targets. It has been shown that the 3' G-rich single-stranded overhangs of human telomeres can form G-quadruplex structures. G-quadruplex-interactive compounds have been shown to inhibit telomerase access as well as telomere capping. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been shown to be a powerful method in determining the G-quadruplex structures under physiologically relevant conditions. We present the NMR methodology used in our research group for structure determination of G-quadruplexes in solution and their interactions with small molecule compounds. An example of a G-quadruplex structure formed in the human telomere sequence recently solved in our laboratory is used as an example.
Genet-CNV: Boolean Implication Networks for Modelling Genome-Wide Co-occurrence of DNA Copy Number Variations

Boolean implication networks (Genet) have been utilized to model gene co-expression networks in our previous research. In this study, they are constructed to model the co-occurrence of amplification/deletion events in DNA copy number variations (CNVs) at a genome-wide scale. The Boolean implication scheme extends the dichotomous nature of the variable under scrutiny such that it can have numerous discrete values corresponding to DNA CNVs, and pairwise co-occurrence of CNVs is computed. The implication network was implemented in a software package (Genet-CNV) and run on 271 patient samples afflicted with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC )[GSE31800].
Stress-induced bandgap renormalization in atomic crystals

Abstract Single atomic layers of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are promising candidates for integration of optical and electronic circuits due to their extraordinary optical oscillator strength and large exciton binding energy. Customizing the exciton energy of the TMDs is a direct way to control the light-matter interaction. Here we demonstrate that the electronic band gap of tungsten diselenide WSe2 can be tuned continuously with the application of the uniaxial tensile strain. The energy is redshifted with a rate of ∼62.5 meV/% strain for exciton A, determined by photoluminescence spectroscopy along with Finite Element Method modeling using the commercial software ANSYS. The uniaxial bandgap deformation potential (DP) of the electronic bandgap of monolayer WSe2 can be computed directly from our measurements and is about −6.3 ± 0.5 eV. Our results agree well with first-principles calculations. The ability to control the renormalization of the bandgap in 2D materials with strain could be used in flexible electronics or optoelectronic devices such as a TMDs based microcavity.
Wild-West Capitalism in the East

This chapter departs from the literature surveyed on the context of predatory raiding in Russia, presented in the introductory chapter. It starts with the emergence of Wild-West capitalism in Russia. This chapter considers how the new social archetype—Communist cowboy capitalists—captured Russia in the course of economic reforms during the late 1980s and early 1990s. It further links the concept of social Darwinism with predatory hostile takeovers. This chapter emphasizes that the struggle for survival or competition that takes place in modern Russian business ecosystem is based on the use of noneconomic factors, including direct violence. Predatory raiders actively use corruption and violence as two dominant forms of state-society and state-business relations.
The Struggle for Life: ‘L’Assassinat Scientifique’ in Daudet, Barrès, and Bourget

Loosely based on a gruesome fait-divers from 1878, Paul Bourget’s Le Disciple and L’Etape, Alphonse Daudet’s La Lutte pour la Vie, and Maurice Barres’s Les Deracines present the figure of the strug...
ETS And Governmental Protection Of Consumers And Workers

If the opposition to smoking were based exclusively on the alleged adverse health effects to the smoker himself, it would be easy to counter this opposition by simply noting that paternalism is inconsistent with the principles of individual liberty upon which our free, democratic society is based. Simply stated, if individuals choose to smoke despite possessing knowledge of the possibility of adverse health effects, that is their right, and they would harm no one but themselves in doing so. The choices of individuals concerning the relative riskiness of their personal behavior is their business, and theirs alone, so long as those choices do not infringe on the rights of others. Few of even the most ardent opponents of tobacco should disagree with this proposition.1 As we have seen in Chapters 4–7, costs of lost productivity and medical care related to smoking would be borne by the smokers themselves.
Interactions Between Digital Noise Reduction and Reverberation: Acoustic and Behavioral Effects.

Background Digital noise reduction (DNR) processing is used in hearing aids to enhance perception in noise by classifying and suppressing the noise acoustics. However, the efficacy of DNR processing is not known under reverberant conditions where the speech-in-noise acoustics are further degraded by reverberation. Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate acoustic and perceptual effects of DNR processing across a range of reverberant conditions for individuals with hearing impairment. Research design This study used an experimental design to investigate the effects of varying reverberation on speech-in-noise processed with DNR. Study sample Twenty-six listeners with mild-to-moderate sensorineural hearing impairment participated in the study. Data collection and analysis Speech stimuli were combined with unmodulated broadband noise at several signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). A range of reverberant conditions with realistic parameters were simulated, as well as an anechoic control condition without reverberation. Reverberant speech-in-noise signals were processed using a spectral subtraction DNR simulation. Signals were acoustically analyzed using a phase inversion technique to quantify improvement in SNR as a result of DNR processing. Sentence intelligibility and subjective ratings of listening effort, speech naturalness, and background noise comfort were examined with and without DNR processing across the conditions. Results Improvement in SNR was greatest in the anechoic control condition and decreased as the ratio of direct to reverberant energy decreased. There was no significant effect of DNR processing on speech intelligibility in the anechoic control condition, but there was a significant decrease in speech intelligibility with DNR processing in all of the reverberant conditions. Subjectively, listeners reported greater listening effort and lower speech naturalness with DNR processing in some of the reverberant conditions. Listeners reported higher background noise comfort with DNR processing only in the anechoic control condition. Conclusions Results suggest that reverberation affects DNR processing using a spectral subtraction algorithm in such a way that decreases the ability of DNR to reduce noise without distorting the speech acoustics. Overall, DNR processing may be most beneficial in environments with little reverberation and that the use of DNR processing in highly reverberant environments may actually produce adverse perceptual effects. Further research is warranted using commercial hearing aids in realistic reverberant environments.
Comparison of qPCR and traditional beach monitoring methods at select Great Lakes beaches and the impact on beach management

Campbell A, Kleinheinz G. 2020. Comparison of qPCR and traditional beach monitoring methods at select Great Lakes beaches and the impact on beach management. Lake Reserv Manage. 36:155–168. The US ...
Weak and strong solutions to the nonhomogeneous incompressible Navier-Stokes-Cahn-Hilliard system

Abstract We study the nonhomogeneous incompressible Navier-Stokes-Cahn-Hilliard system in a bounded smooth domain in R d , d = 2 , 3 . This model arises from the Diffuse Interface theory of binary mixtures accounting for density variation, capillarity effects at the interface and partial mixing. We consider the case of initial density away from zero and concentration-depending viscosity with free energy potential equal to either the Landau potential or the Flory-Huggins logarithmic potential. In this setting, we prove the existence of global weak solutions in two and three dimensions, and the existence of strong solutions with bounded and strictly positive density. The strong solutions are local in time in three dimensions and global in time in two dimensions.
Longitudinal monitoring of honey bee colonies reveals dynamic nature of virus abundance and indicates a negative impact of Lake Sinai virus 2 on colony health

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are important pollinators of plants, including those that produce nut, fruit, and vegetable crops. Therefore, high annual losses of managed honey bee colonies in the United States and many other countries threaten global agriculture. Honey bee colony deaths have been associated with multiple abiotic and biotic factors, including pathogens, but the impact of virus infections on honey bee colony population size and survival are not well understood. To further investigate seasonal patterns of pathogen presence and abundance and the impact of viruses on honey bee colony health, commercially managed colonies involved in the 2016 California almond pollination event were monitored for one year. At each sample date, colony health and pathogen burden were assessed. Data from this 50-colony cohort study illustrate the dynamic nature of honey bee colony health and the temporal patterns of virus infection. Black queen cell virus, deformed wing virus, sacbrood virus, and the Lake Sinai viruses were the most readily detected viruses in honey bee samples obtained throughout the year. Analyses of virus prevalence and abundance revealed pathogen-specific trends including the overall increase in deformed wing virus abundance from summer to fall, while the levels of Lake Sinai virus 2 (LSV2) decreased over the same time period. Though virus prevalence and abundance varied in individual colonies, analyses of the overall trends reveal correlation with sample date. Total virus abundance increased from November 2015 (post-honey harvest) to the end of the almond pollination event in March 2016, which coincides with spring increase in colony population size. Peak total virus abundance occurred in late fall (August and October 2016), which correlated with the time period when the majority of colonies died. Honey bee colonies with larger populations harbored less LSV2 than weaker colonies with smaller populations, suggesting an inverse relationship between colony health and LSV2 abundance. Together, data from this and other longitudinal studies at the colony level are forming a better understanding of the impact of viruses on honey bee colony losses.
Eyetracking during picture naming predicts future vocabulary dropout in progressive anomia.

The dynamic and unpredictable nature of expressive vocabulary dropout in progressive anomia presents a challenge for language intervention. We evaluated whether eye gaze patterns during naming coul...
My way is the highway: the role of plasticity in learning complex migration routes

For many species, learning is an important component in navigating complex landscapes during migration. Although much progress has been made in recent years in understanding the flexibility of selecting and navigating complex habitats, the importance of behavioural plasticity during migratory activity remains particularly unclear as empirical support is often difficult to acquire due to the difficulties of controlling, manipulating and tracking wild animals during migration. To directly address the possible role of behavioural plasticity in migratory navigation, we behaviourally manipulated eastern painted turtles, Chrysemys picta, which migrate long distances annually using the same precise, complex routes learnt during a juvenile critical period (prior to age 4 years). We conducted a series of field experiments under different seasonal, contextual and experiential conditions across ontogeny to test the hypotheses that adults use fixed spatial memory based on cognitive experiences that occur prior to age 4 years and that juveniles remain plastic until age 4 years. We found high plasticity in migration route use in juvenile turtles, with juvenile turtles able to follow any route with high precision, irrespective of the route, season or direction. Experienced adults, on the other hand, were only able to use their own route; they were unable to use routes with which they had no prior experience. This pattern was consistent across seasons and was independent of the direction of movement. Inexperienced, translocated adults were unable to navigate any route in any direction during any season. Together, these results are consistent with numerous studies of large-scale migration as well as patterns observed in other learning systems (e.g. song learning) where plasticity is restricted to a critical period. Future studies should examine the mechanisms behind this apparent migratory plasticity and their implications for understanding how animals respond to and navigate through complex environments.
Redesigning Orientation in an Intensive Care Unit Using 2 Theoretical Models

Background To accommodate a higher demand for critical care nurses, an orientation program in a surgical intensive care unit was revised and streamlined. Two theoretical models served as a foundation for the revision and resulted in clear clinical benchmarks for orientation progress evaluation. Purpose The purpose of the project was to integrate theoretical frameworks into practice to improve the unit orientation program. Methods Performance improvement methods served as a framework for the revision, and outcomes were measured before and after implementation. Results The revised orientation program increased 1- and 2-year nurse retention and decreased turnover. Critical care knowledge increased after orientation for both the preintervention and postintervention groups. Conclusion Incorporating a theoretical basis for orientation has been shown to be successful in increasing the number of nurses completing orientation and improving retention, turnover rates, and knowledge gained.
PYROMANIA ? WHAT DOES IT MEAN ?

Pyromania, despite an explicit definition spelled out in successive editions of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual since 1980, remains an elusive concept. While rarely diagnosed by psychiatrists, pyromania is a label frequently applied by law enforcement and fire fighting/investigation personnel. To test the understanding of pyromania by these professions, the F.B.I. collected data from participants at advanced fire investigation training sessions, specifically asking them to write out their understanding of pyromania. This paper reports on the data obtained from 603 respondents. The results indicate a remarkably poor understanding of pyromania. The authors examined sources of information available to law enforcement and fire fighting/investigation professionals and found the sources to be generally as misinformed as they are. The authors conclude that the professions of psychiatry, law enforcement and fire fighting/investigation must have better source material available to them and must share information better if we are to decrease the threats posed by the ineffectual differentiation of the causes of serial arson.
Abstract 540: A MALDI imaging mass spectrometry approach using tissue microarrays to identify an N-glycan biomarker panel for pancreatic cancers

We have recently developed a MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) method to spatially profile N-linked glycans in frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections and tissue microarrays (TMAs). Tissues are incubated with peptide N-glycosidase, and released N-glycans are detected directly using MALDI-FTICR, linked directly with tissue histopathology. Other methods to detect the localization of glycans in tissues rely on detection of broader glycan structural motifs (i.e., lectins or carbohydrate antigen antibodies), whereas our method is able to simultaneously identify and distinguish 40 or more components of the N-glycome on a single slide. To demonstrate the ability of MALDI-IMS to generate biomarker panels, pancreatic cancer tissue blocks and six TMAs containing matched tumor and non-tumor regions from over 70 patients were profiled. Aberrant glycosylation, such as elevated CA-19-9, is well documented in pancreatic cancer, making this an ideal sample set. To best analyze this complex data set, we developed an in-house analysis script that can extract spectra from tissue cores, and return non-biased statistics for observed glycan ions. Panels were generated using a training set of data and tested on external validation data set. The most accurate panel of 12 glycans achieved an overall sensitivity of 92.9% and specificity of 86.7%. Structural identification of N-glycans has been confirmed by techniques such as on-tissue CID, ethylation analysis, sequential glycosidase digestions, and comparison to glycan structural databases. Furthermore, imaging of entire FFPE sections matched with histological analysis revealed a vast diversity of N-glycan localizations, which could distinguish not only tumor from normal tissue, but also regions of pancreatitis and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia. The generated glycan tissue maps will also be used to determine specific glycoprotein carriers of biomarker candidate glycans in tissue and biofluid samples. Citation Format: Richard R. Drake, Thomas W. Powers, Benjamin A. Neely. A MALDI imaging mass spectrometry approach using tissue microarrays to identify an N-glycan biomarker panel for pancreatic cancers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 540. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-540
GIB: Steps Toward an Expert-Level Bridge-Playing Program

This paper describes GIB, the first bridge-playing program to approach the level of a human expert. (GIB finished twelfth in a handpicked field of thirty-four experts at an invitational event at the 1998 World Bridge Championships.) We give a basic overview of the algorithms used, describe their strengths and weaknesses, and present the results of experiments comparing GIB to both human opponents and other programs.
PHYSICAL MATURITY, MUSCULAR STRENGTH, AND MOTOR PERFORMANCE OF YOUNG SCHOOL-AGE BOYS.

Abstract This investigation examined the relationship of skeletal age and other maturity indicators to measures of strength and motor performance of second grade boys. In addition to four maturity indicators the data on each subject included measurement of the strength of eight muscle groups, performance on the standing broad jump, the 30-yd. dash, and the overarm throw. The results showed that skeletal maturity was a factor of little consequence in explaining individual differences in strength and motor proficiency. Although none of the maturity indicators separately accounted for more than 15 percent of the variance in strength and motor performance, a proper weighting of these variables in multiple correlations accounted for as much as 65 percent of the variance in strength.
Did a bi-polar multi-level oceanic oscillation cause the Little Ice Age and other high latitude climate extremes?

Variations of ice-rafted sand and sediment from deep-sea cores beneath the North Atlantic Drift imply 1500yr cycles of the Drift flow and its associated climate warmth in northern North Atlantic regions. The Drift cycle is part of a complex bi-polar oceanic oscillation. Central to the oscillation is the relatively higher sea surface salinity of the high-latitude Greenland Sea that enables the winter sinking of surface water to form North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). This drives the oscillation, and the NADW is replaced by water from the Drift. The oscillation causes climate extremes in both northern and southern high latitudes and is framed here in a sinusoidal model. The model is consistent with and may explain the early medieval climate optimum, the subsequent Little Ice Age, the recent record maximum area of Antarctic winter sea ice, and the related record low rate of Antarctic Bottom Water (ABW) formation. The negative feedback of lower salinity ABW entering the northern North Atlantic tends to inhibit NADW formation and the northward Drift flow. The positive feedback of warmer and higher salinity NADW mixing into the Southern Ocean around Antarctica tends to reduce sea ice formation and enhance the rate of ABW formation. Because of these feedbacks, the rate of NADW formation oscillates over a range less than a maximum without feedback, the rate of ABW formation oscillates over a range greater than a minimum without feedback, and the phase of NADW oscillation in the model leads the ABW oscillation by 375 years. The model predicts another northern North Atlantic climate optimum about 2500 AD. However, increases in penetration of the polar ocean by flow of Atlantic water in the process of replacing the sinking NADW suggest that an interval of extreme warmth in the northeastern North Atlantic may occur within decades. This penetration could result in the loss of perennial sea ice along the northern coast of Greenland. Much of the inferred increase of northward winter flow of northeastern North Atlantic water into the Greenland Sea in recent decades may be due to stronger NADW formation caused by greater salt contributions to the Drift from the Mediterranean outflow.
There is no free phish: an analysis of free and live phishing kits

Phishing is a form of identity theft in which an attacker attempts to elicit confidential information from unsuspecting victims. While in the past there has been significant work on defending from phishing, much less is known about the tools and techniques used by attackers, i.e., phishers. Of particular importance to understanding the phishers' methods and motivations are phishing kits, packages that contain complete phishing web sites in an easy-to-deploy format. In this paper, we study in detail the kits distributed for free in underground circles and those obtained by crawling live phishing sites. We notice that phishing kits often contain backdoors that send the entered information to third parties. We conclude that phishing kits target two classes of victims: the gullible users from whom they extort valuable information and the unexperienced phishers who deploy them.
Finite area method for nonlinear supersonic conical flows

A fully conservative numerical method for the computation of steady inviscid supersonic flow about general conical bodies at incidence is described. The procedure utilizes the potential approximation and implements a body conforming mesh generator. The conical potential is assumed to have its best linear variation inside each mesh cell; a secondary interlocking cell system is used to establish the flux balance required to conserve mass. In the supersonic regions the scheme is symmetrized by adding artificial viscosity in conservation form. The algorithm is nearly an order of a magnitude faster than present Euler methods and predicts known results accurately and qualitative features such as nodal point lift off correctly. Results are compared with those of other investigators.
Effect of Polycarbophil on diarrhea and constipation.

The consistency of stools is greatly altered by relatively small variations in water con­ tent. Tainter and Buchanan' have reported that a liquid stool contains only about 10 per cent more water than the hardest sc:ybalum. Apparently there is in normal feces a colloidal system that is very sensitive to changes in water content. The seemingly paradoxic use of hy­ drophilic colloids in the treatment of diarrhea as well as constipation rests on the modifying effect which these substances may have on an abnormal fecal consistency. The efficacy of a hydrophilic agent in diarrhea depends on its capacity to absorb free fecal water and produce a formed gel within the lumen of the hypermotile bowel or that bowel unable to absorb water due to a pathologic alteration of the mucosa. The value of such an agent in constipation is related to its capacity for retaining water against the strong dehydrating function of the colon. Thus, a hydrophilic preparation that absorbs and binds water efficiently is likely to be beneficial in both antidiarrheal and anticostive therapy. Polycarbophil (a loosely cross-linked poly­ carboxylic macromolecule, manufactured by White Laboratories, Inc.), a new synthetic xerogel, has hydrophilic characteristics and other properties which suggested that this material might prove useful in the manage­ ment of bowel dysfunction. In artificial in
Mechanisms for greater insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in normal and insulin-resistant skeletal muscle after acute exercise

Enhanced skeletal muscle and whole body insulin sensitivity can persist for up to 24-48 h after one exercise session. This review focuses on potential mechanisms for greater postexercise and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (ISGU) by muscle in individuals with normal or reduced insulin sensitivity. A model is proposed for the processes underlying this improvement; i.e., triggers initiate events that activate subsequent memory elements, which store information that is relayed to mediators, which translate memory into action by controlling an end effector that directly executes increased insulin-stimulated glucose transport. Several candidates are potential triggers or memory elements, but none have been conclusively verified. Regarding potential mediators in both normal and insulin-resistant individuals, elevated postexercise ISGU with a physiological insulin dose coincides with greater Akt substrate of 160 kDa (AS160) phosphorylation without improved proximal insulin signaling at steps from insulin receptor binding to Akt activity. Causality remains to be established between greater AS160 phosphorylation and improved ISGU. The end effector for normal individuals is increased GLUT4 translocation, but this remains untested for insulin-resistant individuals postexercise. Following exercise, insulin-resistant individuals can attain ISGU values similar to nonexercising healthy controls, but after a comparable exercise protocol performed by both groups, ISGU for the insulin-resistant group has been consistently reported to be below postexercise values for the healthy group. Further research is required to fully understand the mechanisms underlying the improved postexercise ISGU in individuals with normal or subnormal insulin sensitivity and to explain the disparity between these groups after similar exercise.
Content knowledge: its role, representation, and restructuring in memory development.

Publisher Summary This chapter provides a knowledge-based framework that could be useful in interpreting much of the memory development literature of the 1970s and 1980s. The resulting framework was largely composed of a scaffolding of content knowledge of various types. It argues that most of the age differences that were observed in previous studies could be explained in terms of the ways in which content knowledge developed. Thus, the chapter focuses on a reanalysis of these studies almost exclusively in the context of age-related differences in content knowledge. A danger in this approach is that it may create the impression that changes in content knowledge are the sole source of knowledge-based developmental differences in memory. Many other types of knowledge also change: planning knowledge, “meta” knowledge, and procedural skills.