cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SUPPORTING URBAN ENTREPRENEURS: LAW, POLICY, AND THE ROLE OF LAWYERS IN SMALL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT

This Essay explores the challenges of urban entrepreneurship and how lawyers, academics, businesspeople, policymakers, and community leaders can help small businesses succeed.1 In the United States, small businesses represent ninety-nine percent of all inner-city businesses,2 generate sixty to eighty percent of net new jobs annually, and account for almost fifty percent of private pay­ roll.3 Indeed, domestic "structural economic shifts" have moved the nation from a goods-producing to a service-producing econ­ omy.4 The economic shift to a service-producing economy and the national focus on economic self-sufficiency have fueled interest in small businesses as part of job creation and self-employment strategies.
Influence Lines for Beams on Elastic Supports

This note presents an elementary approach for the determination of influence line ordinated for support moments of continuous beams having a variable moment of inertia and supported by springs with unequal spring constants. Influence line ordinates for beams having up to four spans can be hand calculated. The procedure requires the inversion of a matrix of order equal to the number of interior supports.
Estimation of Mechanical Properties of Soft Tissue Subjected to Dynamic Impact

Human soft tissue is highly deformable leading to a difficulty in estimating itsmechanical properties. This paper focuses on the extraction of human tissue dampeningproperties under dynamic impact, which enabled an efficient implementation ofmechanical response of tissue, which is of growing interest and importance inbiomedical research and forensic science. Such properties are not only useful forrealistic surgical simulation, preoperative planning, and robot-assisted medicalprocedures, but also may be useful in deriving impact characteristics necessary tocause contusions for forensics purposes. The estimates of the damping propertiesof human soft tissue was done by using spring and damper system as a model; massdamper-spring (MDS). Spring stiffness is represented by the spring constant K anddashpot damping resistance is represented by the damper constant C. Data werecollected by striking human subjects with a weighted pendulum at different levelsof energy, velocity, and mass. The estimation process involved conditioning the data,such that the modeling process and estimation were feasible, resulting in estimates ofK and C. In conclusion, using impact data collected on living human tissue to estimatethe dampening properties is plausible. The results showed that both the stiffness andthe dampening resistance are highly correlated with the mass of the striking object, itsenergy and velocity. Hence, knowledge of these properties may be used in determiningthe impact parameters required by a striking object, which might be helpful in forensicinvestigation when contusions were induced.
Assessment of the efficiency of the LMS algorithm based on spectral information

The LMS algorithm is used to find the optimal minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) solutions for a wide variety of problems. Unfortunately, its convergence speed depends heavily on its initial conditions when the autocorrelation matrix R of its input vector has a high eigenvalue spread. In many applications such as system identification or channel equalization, R is Toeplitz. In this paper we exploit the Toeplitz structure of R to show that when the weight vector is initialized to zero, the convergence speed of LMS is related to the similarity between the input PSD and the power spectrum of the optimum solution.
Pyrolysis studies of organic oxygenates: 3. High temperature rearrangement of aryl alkyl ethers

Abstract Thermal chemistry pathways of aryl alkyl ethers have been investigated under coal conversion-like conditions. Anisole is a thermally reactive compound having an oxygen functionality found in such coal precursors as lignins. Pyrolysis of anisoles was carried out using small batch autoclaves. Under thermolysis conditions anisole yielded a product distribution strongly dependent upon experimental parameters. Phenol, methane, CO and benzaldehyde are the low molecular weight products and polyphenyls and polyethers are the predominant high molecular weight products. The generation of CO is explained by a high temperature rearrangement of the phenyl group from O- to C- followed by rapid thermal decarbonylation of the benzaldehyde. Carbon monoxide formation from aryl alkyl ethers can thus be an important mechanistic pathway in coal conversion processes. By investigating the rearrangement using para-fluoroanisole it was shown that this rearrangement proceeds via a three-centered intermediate to para-fluorobenzaldehyde. No meta isomer was observed.
Enhancement of signal to noise in mid-IR photothermal spectroscopy by optimization of fiber probe lasers

Continuous-wave and mode-locked fiber lasers are incorporated into label-free mid-IR photothermal spectroscopy. Optimization of probe laser parameters leads to significant enhancement in the signal to noise ratio and the peak-to-baseline contrast.
Global modulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor is triggered by occupancy of only a few receptors. Evidence for a binary regulatory system in normal human fibroblasts.

Abstract We investigated the effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) pretreatment on binding to its own receptor. We found that EGF specifically induces a rapid, reversible, and global change in the affinity of surface EGF receptors. Occupancy of only a few (less than 1%) was sufficient to reduce the affinity of the majority of surface receptors by 10 min and a maximal response required only 5% occupancy. The rate at which EGF receptor affinity decreased was essentially independent of the extent of receptor occupancy and occurred with a t 1/2 between 2-2.5 min. Surface receptors remained in the lower affinity state as long as EGF remained present. Removal of EGF resulted in the restoration of receptor affinity with a t 1/2 of about 20 min. Kinetic analyses revealed that the alteration in apparent affinity was due to changes in both the association and dissociation rate constants as well as an increase in the specific internalization rate of the receptor. Treatment of cells with phorbol esters produced a similar affinity drop, but depletion of intracellular protein kinase C did not affect the affinity change induced by EGF. Thus, phorbol esters and EGF mediate their effects through different pathways. EGF reduced the affinity of its own receptors in a variety of cell types including Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing transfected human EGF receptors. Our observations are consistent with the hypothesis that occupancy of a few receptors on EGF naive cells triggers a global modification/phosphorylation of surface receptors which results in the observed change in affinity. This system is independent of protein kinase C and probably serves to regulate the activity of the EGF receptor.
Regulation of protein synthesis in mammalian cells: II. Inhibition of protein synthesis at the level of initiation during mitosis☆☆☆

Abstract The decline in the rate of protein synthesis during mitosis in eukaryotic cells was studied using Chinese hamster ovary cells arrested in metaphase with Colcemid. The rate of protein synthesis in mitotic cells is approximately 30% of the interphase rate. Ribosomes become attached to messenger RNA and initiate polypeptide synthesis at a reduced rate. After initiation of polypeptide synthesis, ribosomes are translated at a normal rate. Reducing the rate of translation with low levels of cycloheximide mobilizes a large proportion of monomeric ribosomes into active polyribosomes. The amount of messenger RNA associated with polyribosomes is also increased in mitotic cells treated with cycloheximide. It appears that the reduced protein synthesis during mitosis results from a lowered rate of attachment of ribosomes to messenger RNA and initiation of polypeptide synthesis.
Treatment of the Choking Child

To the Editor.— Frank et al,1 comparing incidence and severity of respiratory illness in breast-fed v bottle-fed babies, reach an interesting and reasonable sounding conclusion: that breast-feeding in their study population appeared to protect babies from serious morbidity, but not from respiratory illness per se. The authors do not, however, address in their discussion the fact that 93% of the parents of bottle-fed babies were smokers, whereas only 38% of the breast-fed babies9 parents were (table 1 in their paper; these numbers are statistically significant [P
Plasticity of meso-diencephalic projections to the inferior olive following neonatal hemicerebellectomy in rats

Abstract In normal adult animals, projections from the subparafascicular nucleus and the nucleus of Darkschewitsch terminate heavily in the ipsilateral inferior olivary complex (IOC). However, in adult animals with neonatal hemicerebellar lesions, which cause the contralateral IOC to degenerate, many fibers from the subparafascicular and Darkschewitsch nuclei ipsilateral to the missing IOC were observed to decussate and terminate in the topographically appropriate areas of the contralateral IOC.
Does tuftsin alter phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils

The physiological significance of the putative phagocytosis-promoting peptide, tuftsin, was investigated by measurement of chemiluminescence generated during phagocytosis and by assay of the uptake of radiolabeled bacteria. We found no differences in either assay when we compared serum from splenectomized patients (which purportedly lacks tuftsin) with normal serum. Further, there was no difference when serum from splenectomized patients was employed in the presence or absence of exogenous tuftsin. Similar results were obtained under a variety of conditions, utilizing three different challenge particles with varying particle-cell ratios and serum from 20 different splenectomized patients. These results do not agree with the hypothesis that tuftsin plays a major role in promoting phagocytosis.
Chemical looping processes for CO2 capture and carbonaceous fuel conversion – prospect and opportunity

Chemical looping processes offer a compelling way for effective and viable carbonaceous fuel conversion into clean energy carriers. The uniqueness of chemical looping processes includes their capability of low cost in situ carbon capture, high efficiency energy conversion scheme, and advanced compatibility with state-of-the-art technologies. Based on the different functions of looping particles, two types of chemical looping technologies and associated processes have been developed. Type I chemical looping systems utilize oxygen carrier particles to perform the reduction–oxidation cycles, while Type II chemical looping systems utilize CO2 carrier particles to conduct carbonation–calcination cycles. The exergy analysis indicates that the chemical looping strategy has the potential to improve fossil fuel conversion schemes. Chemical looping particle performance and looping reactor engineering are the key drivers to the success of chemical looping process development. In this work, the desired particle characterization and recent progress in mechanism studies are generalized, which is followed by a discussion on the looping reactor design. This perspective also illustrates various chemical looping processes for combustion and gasification applications. It shows that both Type I and Type II looping processes have great potentials for flexible and efficient production of electricity, hydrogen and liquid fuels.
Mean‐strain eight‐node hexahedron with optimized energy‐sampling stabilization for large‐strain deformation

Summary A method for stabilizing the mean-strain hexahedron for applications to anisotropic elasticity was described by Krysl (2015). The technique relied on a sampling of the stabilization energy using the mean-strain quadrature and the full Gaussian integration rule. This combination was shown to guarantee consistency and stability. The stabilization energy was expressed in terms of input parameters of the real material, and the value of the stabilization parameter was fixed in a quasi-optimal manner by linking the stabilization to the bending behavior of the hexahedral element (Krysl, submitted). Here, the formulation is extended to large-strain hyperelasticity (as an example, the formulation allows for inelastic behavior to be modeled). The stabilization energy is expressed through a stored-energy function, and contact with input parameters in the small-strain regime is made. As for small-strain elasticity, the stabilization parameter is determined to optimize bending performance. The accuracy and convergence characteristics of the present formulations for both solid and thin-walled structures (shells) compare favorably with the capabilities of mean-strain and other high-performance hexahedral elements described in the open literature and also with a number of successful shell elements. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biological Studies of Ceutorhynchus punctiger (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Dandelion in Virginia

Development of Ceutorhynchus punctiger Gyllenhal, a weevil which feeds on dandelion seeds, was studied in relation to the phenology of dandelion in Virginia. Eggs were observed from when the flower bud rays were white (1st week of April) until the flower closed and the rays were dry and brown (2nd week of May). There were 3 instars; mean duration of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd instars was 4.7, 3.7, and 29.2 days, respectively. First instars were initially detected when the bud's outer sepals were open (1st week of April), 2nd instars midway through the open flower stage (4th week of April), and 3rd instars at the beginning of the stage when the flower closed and rays were dry and brown (4th week of April). Pupation occurred in the soil; the pupal stage averaged 14.2 days. Seed consumption/larva was 19.0 ± 8.9 from a mean of 157.4 ± 40.1 seeds/dandelion flower. Adults fed on leaves and lived for an average of 96.5 weeks; there was no significant difference between sexes. Adult feeding had minimal impact on dandelion seed production.
Mecamylamine for Treatment of People With Dual Diagnoses of Depression and Alcohol Dependence

Objective: Currently there is no consensus on the best treatment for individuals with dual diagnoses of alcohol dependence and depression. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of mecamylamine augmentation of an antidepressant in reducing drinking, smoking, and depressive symptoms. Methods: This was a double-blind, randomized 12-week treatment trial comparing mecamylamine to placebo. Twenty-one participants with diagnosed alcohol dependence and comorbid depression were included in this study. Eleven participants were assigned to mecamylamine and ten were assigned to placebo. The main outcome variables included drinking measures and depressive symptoms. Analyses included all participants. Results: Mecamylamine augmentation was effective in reducing drinking outcomes particularly in nonsmokers. Symptoms of depression decreased for all participants and there was a trend indicating that this was more pronounced again for nonsmokers receiving mecamylamine. The rates of smoking decreased for all smok...
Communities, policy-makers and scientists: a critical partnership for malaria elimination

Partnership between all stakeholders involved in malaria efforts has been demonstrated to be a pillar of successful malaria control, a precursor for malaria elimination. Over the last decade, collaboration between donors, governments, academia, industry (private sector), civil society and to reasonable extent communities has borne fruits that were only a dream in the recent past. Manuals about the prerequisites for countries moving from control to elimination abound. They point out the need for country programs to embrace a paradigm shift that entails not only thinking differently but also managing differently. Key to the move from control to elimination for a country is the sustained “free from local transmission” status for three years at least, thus having malaria off the list of a country’s key health problems, driven by a strong political commitment to follow through overall development efforts including the Millennium Development Goals, development of strong health systems and enactment of adequate policies for vigilance/surveillance together with enhanced legislation to support some of the policies. In addition, a cooperating epidemiological condition that allows positive parasitological rates of below established thresholds is critical. This paper while acknowledging the importance of all partners in the malaria control equation, posits that the partnership between communities, policy-makers and scientists be strengthened. Communities that embrace and believe that malaria can be controlled are better able to be engaged in surveillance and vigilance, and are also better able to demand for services and follow through with utilization of necessary tools during the pre-elimination to elimination phase. This paper further argues that scientists who are the ones charged with providing evidence upon which policies and strategies are based have to ensure their evidence is unpacked to enable policymakers make rational decisions - based on science and not political rhetoric. Countries that have conditions that are conducive to moving to elimination should be supported and encouraged to do so. On the other hand, countries in which conditions for elimination are fraught with challenges including long or year-round transmission (high endemicity), low coverage of effective malaria control interventions and lack of adequate funding among others should be advised against taking the elimination route prematurely. Examples of countries that have registered progress in Africa through deliberate strengthening of partnerships as described above will be provided. In addition, the paper will provide proposals about channels that can be used to reach policy-makers, who must of necessity not only steward their countries’ control to elimination agenda, but also provide strong leadership for inevitable cross-border collaboration.
Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio: a new marker for predicting steatohepatitis and fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Background Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the most severe form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is associated with inflammation and increased oxidative stress. The neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (N/L) integrates information on the inflammatory milieu and physiological stress. Aims The aim of this study was to determine the utility of N/L ratio to predict the presence of NASH in patients with NAFLD. Methods Our cohort consisted of 101 consecutive patients undergoing liver biopsy for clinical suspicion of NAFLD. Patients were divided into two groups: NASH group (n = 50) and not NASH group (n = 51). The stage of fibrosis was measured using a 4-point scale. The total white cell count, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts were recorded, and the N/L ratio was calculated. Results The mean age was 49.5 (±10.8) years and the mean BMI was 31.4 (±4.9) kg/m2. Patients with NASH had a higher N/L ratio compared with patients with not NASH [2.5 (1.9–3.3) and 1.6 (1.2–2.0), respectively, P < 0.001]. The N/L ratio correlated with the NAFLD activity score and its individual components (steatosis, inflammation and ballooning P < 0.001). Patients with advanced fibrosis (F3-4) had an elevated N/L ratio [2.9 (2.0–3.9)] compared with patients with fibrosis stage 1–2 [1.8 (1.2–2.2)], P < 0.001. For each one-unit increase in N/L ratio, the likelihood of having NASH increased by 70% and the likelihood of having fibrosis increased by 50%. Conclusion The N/L ratio is higher in patients with NASH and advanced fibrosis. This ratio can be used as a novel noninvasive marker to predict advanced disease.
The effects of self-construals and embarrassability on predicament response strategies

Abstract The purpose of this study was to discover the relationship between self-construals, embarrassability, and predicament response strategies such as apologies, excuses, justifications, and denials. It was predicted that independent self-construals would be negatively correlated with embarrassability, which, in turn, would lead to the higher likelihood of using more assertive predicament responses such as justifications or denials. On the other hand, it was proposed that interdependent self-construals would be positively correlated with embarrassability, which, in turn, would lead to the higher likelihood of using more mitigating predicament responses such as apologies and excuses. One hundred and eighty students at the University of Hawaii participated in this study which consisted of reading two hypothetical situations involving self-induced social predicaments and then rating the likelihood of using the corresponding predicament response statements. The participants were also given Leung and Kim's [1997. A modified version of self-construal scale . Manoa: University of Hawaii] revised self-construal scale and Modigliani's [1968. Embarrassment and embarrassability. Sociometry , 31 , 313–326] embarrassability scale. As expected, interdependent self-construals were positively correlated with embarrassability, which in turn, led to the greater likelihood of use of apologies and excuses; however, the expectation for independent self-construals to be negatively correlated to embarrassability was not borne out by the data. Additionally, the relationship between self-construals and embarrassability was not significantly linked to justification or denial. Discussion of these results and suggestions for future research is provided.
Mechanism of the beneficial effects of ATP-MgCl2 following trauma-hemorrhage and resuscitation: Downregulation of inflammatory cytokine (TNF, IL-6) release

Although ATP-MgCl2 improves hepatocellular function in a nonheparinized model of trauma-hemorrhage and crystalloid resuscitation, it remains unknown whether the beneficial effects of this agent are due to downregulation of the release of the inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) under those conditions. To study this, rats underwent a 5-cm laparotomy (i.e., trauma induced) and were bled to and maintained at a mean arterial pressure of 40 mm Hg until 40% of maximum bleedout volume was returned in the form of Ringer's lactate (RL). The animals were then resuscitated with four times the volume of shed blood with RL over 60 min. ATP-MgCl2 (50 mumoles/kg body weight each) or an equivalent volume of normal saline was infused intravenously for 95 min. This infusion was started during the last 15 min of RL resuscitation. Plasma levels of TNF and IL-6 were measured at 1.5 hr after the completion of resuscitation by cytokine-dependent cellular assays. Hepatic blood flow was determined by in vivo indocyanine green clearance (corrected by hepatic extraction ratio for indocyanine green), radioactive microspheres, and [3H]-galactose clearance techniques. The results indicate that the levels of circulating TNF and IL-6 increased significantly in the hemorrhaged-resuscitated animals. ATP-MgCl2 treatment, however, markedly decreased the synthesis and/or release of these cytokines to levels similar to the sham group. The markedly decreased hepatic blood flow (as determined by three different methods) and hepatic extraction ratio for indocyanine green were also restored by ATP-MgCl2 treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adaptive optics at the University of Hawaii III: the adaptive optical PSF

In this paper we discuss the performance of low order adaptive optics (AO) systems. We present improved calculations of Strehl ratio achievable at various D/ro ratios for AO systems up to 7th order. Additionally we present calculations concerning the throughput of low order AO systems used in conjunction with spectrometers. We then show the results of a detailed simulation of the expected interaction of the University of Hawaii prototype AO system with spectrometers through the V,I,J,H,K optical bands. This simulation shows that AO spectroscopy performance should always be acceptable in the near IR (J,H,K), and often in the visible (V,I). We show the results of our initial efforts at deconvolving the AO PSF. These results indicate that deconvolution is likely to be quite widely applicable to AO images. Finally we discuss how it might be possible to extend the applicability and accuracy of deconvolution using the AO drive and wavefront error signals. The following results are for on-axis system, the effects of atmospheric anisoplanitism have not been addressed in this paper.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
13 C-Isotopomer-based metabolomics of microbial groups isolated from two forest soils

Soil microorganisms are the primary mediators of organic matter decomposition and humification processes in soil, which represent a critical C flux in the global C cycle. Little is known about how soil microbes regulate carbon cycling including the contribution of their own biomass to stable soil organic matter. A comprehensive understanding of microbial composition is a first step to unraveling microbial regulation of soil humification processes. For this purpose, we isolated 23 microbial strains representing four major groups (Gram (+) bacteria, Gram (−) bacteria, Actinobacteria, and Fungi) from a temperate and a tropical forest soil. The microbial isolates were cultured with uniformly 13C-labeled glucose as the C source such that all biochemical components synthesized from glucose were 13C labeled. This approach enabled field mesocosm experiments on tracking microbial decomposition, while facilitating solution- and solid-state NMR analysis of microbial composition. Polar and lipid extracts of labeled biomass of the four microbial groups from the two forest sites were profiled by 2D NMR methods, including high-resolution heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectroscopy and HCCH-total correlation spectroscopy. This 13C labeling approach also enabled the analysis of intact biomass by 2D solid-state 13C–13C correlation spectroscopy. Distinction between microbial groups and sites was observed in the polar and lipophilic metabolite profiles. Dominant differences could also be related to the capacity for lipid β-oxidation or adaptation to desiccation. Solid-state NMR further revealed differential synthetic capacity for glycolipids among groups. This technology coupled with 13C metabolite profiling should facilitate future functional annotation of indigenous microbial genomes.
Dyeing Polymorphs: The MALDI Host 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid

The dye methyl red was used to distinguish concomitant polymorphs of the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) host, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid. Red and purple crystals were readily separated by inspection. They corresponded to the known Form I (P21/c, a = 4.9110(3) A, b = 11.8280(7) A, c = 11.0580(6) A, β = 91.059(3)°, V = 642.22 A3) and Form II (P21/c, a = 5.5610(2) A, b = 4.8690(1) A, c = 23.6880 (8) A, β = 100.191(1)°, V = 631.27 A3), respectively. X-ray structures of cocrystals of dihydroxybenzoic acids and methyl red, measurements of the linear dichroism of mixed crystals, and force-field calculations were used to investigate the mechanism of differential coloring. The relevance of the observations to investigations of the MALDI mechanism are discussed.
Emphysema – a vascular disease?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), of which emphysema is a feature, encompasses several diseases characterized by a progressive loss of lung function and is a huge health problem with many needs for new treatments. It is likely to be a disease of the entire lung including airways, lung vasculature and the components of the immune system. Early detection markers for emphysema are badly needed.
The Nature of Early Memory

Despite tremendous gains in our understanding of the development of memory during the infancy period, relatively little is known about the neural bases of early memory. This is unfortunate, as elucidating the neurobiological mechanisms that mediate changes in memory would likely yield important insight into the concept of infantile amnesia, that is, the inability to recall those events that occur during the first 3-4 years of life. This paper begins by describing the major types of memory adults are capable of and the corresponding neural substrate of each type. A brief exposition of the neural bases of memory development is then provided, including a description of recent work that examines long-term memory in infancy. It is concluded that maturation of cortical areas in the temporal and frontal cortices that transpires between the ages of 1 and 4 years likely accounts for our lack of access to our earliest memories. It is also argued that the examination of the electrophysiological correlates of memory development may shed light on these cortical changes.
Controlled supercritical crossflow on supersonic wings - An experimental validation

Leading edges of wings with high lift at supersonic speeds are discussed. Under these conditions, the leading edge must generate a controlled supercritical crossflow such that high lift is obtained without boundary layer separation. The leading edge concept that accomplishes this is the supersonic counterpart of the leading edge of the 2-D supercritical airfoil at transonic speeds. Wind tunnel test results on a cambered wing with a controlled supercritical crossflow leading edge successfully validated the concept. The main results are presented at the M = 1.62 design point, with off-design results given for the range of Mach numbers from 1.60 to 2.00. Surface pressure, oil flow photographs, and force data are presented and analyzed. A flat wing with the same thickness distribution was also tested and the results were used both for comparison with the designed wing and to illustrate the development of the supercritical crossflow region which, for the flat wing, is terminated by a distinct crossflow shock wave.
Organizing for Tenants' Rights: Insights and Approaches From Both Sides of the Fence

The initial discussion includes musings about learning community organization as a graduate student in social work during the late 1970s and subsequently practicing as a tenant organizer in the inner cities of New York City. Three major areas are addressed: (1) the tensions between educational models of practice and community organizing; (2) the critical role of the organizer in constructing the problem and shifting perceptions of power and; (3) how confrontations with legitimate channels of power can foster the development of oppositional consciousness and thus promote social justice efforts. This article argues for greater educational emphasis on the claimsmaking role of community organizers because problem construction is inextricably tied to definitions of power and thus to its redistribution to exploited classes.
Oscillatory second order linear difference equations and Riccati equations

Oscillation criteria are established for the equation $c_n x_{n + 1} + c_{n - 1} x_{n - 1} = b_n x_n $, $c_n > 0$, involving asymptotic behavior of the quantity $\alpha _{n,m} = 4\prod _{j = 0}^m (4q_{n + j} )^{ - 1} $, where ${{q_n = c_n^2 } / {(b_n b_{n + 1} )}}$. We also show that the given equation is oscillatory if $y_{n + 1} + y_{n - 1} = (q_n^{ - 1} - 1)y_n $ is oscillatory. This result is then employed to obtain several new oscillation criteria. Riccati difference equations are used to prove the basic results.
An analysis of the dose-response for arteriovenous malformation radiosurgery and other factors affecting obliteration.

Abstract Purpose : The aim of this study was to better understand arteriovenous malformation (AVM) obliteration rates after radiosurgery. Methods and materials : We studied obliteration after Gamma knife radiosurgery in 351 AVM patients with 3–11 years of follow-up imaging. The median marginal dose was 20Gy (range: 12–30) and median treatment volume was 5.7cm 3 (range: 0.26–24). Stereotactic targeting was with angiography alone in 250 AVMs, and additional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in 101 AVMs. Results : We documented obliteration by angiography in 193/264 (73%) AVM, and by MR alone in 75/87 (86%) AVM for a 75% corrected obliteration rate. We identified persistent out-of-field nidus in 18% of embolized vs. 5% of non-embolized patients, ( P =0.006). Multivariate analysis correlated in-field obliteration with marginal dose ( P P ≤0.026, but not for overall obliteration P =0.19). A mathematical dose–response model for overall obliteration was constructed to generate a dose–response curve for AVM obliteration with a maximum overall obliteration rate of 88% and minimal improvement above 25Gy. We could not define the value of α/β for AVM obliteration to a level of statistical significance. Conclusion : The rate of AVM obliteration from radiosurgery depends on the marginal dose administered with a dose–response curve that reaches a maximum of approximately 88%. The dose–response plateau reflects problems with target definition which is made more difficult by prior embolization.
True Atomic Resolution by Atomic Force Microscopy Through Repulsive and Attractive Forces

The (1014) cleavage plane of calcite has been investigated by atomic force microscopy in water at room temperature. True lateral atomic-scale resolution was achieved; the atomic-scale periodicities as well as the expected relative positions of the atoms within each unit cell were obtained. Along monoatomic step lines, atomic-scale kinks, representing point-like defects, were resolved. Attractive forces on the order of 10-11 newton acting between single atomic sites on the sample and the front atoms of the tip were directly measured and provided the highest, most reliable resolution on a flat, well-ordered surface.
Modeling Transcriptional Regulation Using Microinjection intoXenopusOocytes

Abstract Transcriptional regulation is a complex process that requires cooperation between specific DNA sequence elements, the DNA-binding proteins that bind to these sequences, the general transcriptional machinery, and chromatin. Oocyte microinjection offers a technique to study the integrated transcription process while still providing the opportunity to experimentally perturb this process. We describe here techniques for manipulating DNA templates and the protein complement of the oocyte to study multiple facets of transcriptional regulation. We present sample results showing that the GAL4–VP16 fusion activator is sensitive to distance in constructs containing only a minimal promoter, but can activate transcription at greater distances when proximal promoter elements are present.
An integrative review of promoting trust in the patient–primary care provider relationship

Aim An integrative review of empirical studies on factors promoting trust in the patient–primary care provider relationship. Background Trust is essential to the patient–provider relationship. Patients with high trust in their healthcare providers have been found to have improved outcomes, including improved chronic disease management, increased use of preventative services and satisfaction with care. Breaches of trust in the healthcare system threaten trust. Exploring factors that promote trust in the patient–provider relationship is warranted. Design Integrative literature review. Data sources Electronic databases searched included CINAHL, MEDLINE and PsycARTICLES, using combinations of the key term ‘trust’ with: concept, practitioner, provider, physician, developing, creating, engendering, promoting and establishing. The results were limited to original publications in English, published between 1998–2013. Review methods A review of the literature was conducted by two independent reviewers based on the criteria established by Cooper; Whittemore and Knafl; and Polit and Beck. Methodological assessment tools were used to organize, evaluate the quality of and synthesize the data. Results A new conceptual definition of promoting trust is proposed that includes three core qualities: interpersonal and technical competence, moral comportment and vigilance. Gaps in the literature still exist related to rural, young adult, older adult and well patient populations. Conclusion The core qualities could serve as target areas for the development of interventions aimed at modifying provider behaviours so that trust can be established, maintained or improved. Future prospective longitudinal research studies are needed that enhance understanding of trust with multiple primary care provider types.
Effect of Extrusion on Lipid Oxidation

To examine extrusion temperature effects on oil stability, corn meal/ starch with soybean oil was extruded, frozen immediately in liquid nitrogen, freeze-dried and ground. The conjugable oxidation products (COP), oxodiene values (OV), peroxide values (PV) and conjugated dienes were determined during storage. There was an increase in COP, OV, PV, and conjugated dienes with an increase in extrusion temperature. An increase in transition metal content, particularly iron, occurred with an increase in extrusion temperature. Starch and soybean oil were extruded with 50 ppm ferrous acetate (dry weight) and 50 ppm butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) (oil weight). Ferrous acetate reduced the oxidation relative to the control, which contained neither antioxidant nor iron, and relative to the sample containing BHA.
Age-of-Onset or Behavioral Sub-Types? A Prospective Comparison of Two Approaches to Characterizing the Heterogeneity within Antisocial Behavior

There are two common approaches to sub-typing the well-documented heterogeneity within antisocial behavior: age-of-onset (i.e., childhood-onset versus adolescence-onset; see Moffitt 1993) and behavioral (i.e., physical aggression versus non-aggressive rule-breaking). These approaches appear to be associated, such that aggression is more characteristic of childhood-onset antisocial behavior whereas rule-breaking is linked to both child- and adolescence-onset antisocial behavior. However, it remains unclear which approach, if either, better explains the heterogeneity within antisocial behavior. We examined this question in a prospective sample of male twins, assessed at the ages of 11, 14, 17, and 24 years. Although the age-of-onset subtypes predicted adult antisocial behavior in the expected direction when analyzed alone, this association dissipated once we controlled for aggression and rule-breaking. Such findings suggest that the behavioral sub-types of antisocial behavior may be a stronger predictor of later antisocial outcomes than is its age-of-onset.
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists in the setting of rescue percutaneous coronary intervention

It is clear that survival and better outcomes after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are dependent on rapid, complete, and sustained reperfusion of the affected myocardium. Thrombolytic therapy is currently the most common reperfusion strategy in AMI, however, a significant proportion of patients fail to reach reperfusion with this form of therapy. There is evidence from randomized trials that rescue percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for failed thrombolysis may convey better outcomes to patients when compared to a conservative management. Nevertheless, it is not surprising that in this inherently thrombogenic milieu, rescue PCI has a lower success rate and a high incidence of rethrombosis, which have a profoundly negative impact on the outcome of patients. Platelets are thought to play a central role in the pathophysiology of failed thrombolysis and in the thrombotic complications following PCIs. Therefore, platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa antagonist may be of benefit in the setting of rescue PCI. Two retrospective subgroup analyses have suggested that these potent antiplatelet agents may improve the outcome of patients undergoing rescue PCI after failed full-dose thrombolytic therapy. An increase in major bleeding, however, has also been noted. Therefore, in light of the lack of evidence deriving from randomized, placebo-controlled trials, careful consideration of several aspects relevant to this setting is needed before GP IIb/IIIa antagonists are administered in rescue percutaneous coronary procedures.
Pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis in the setting of lung growth abnormality: radiographic and pathologic correlation

Pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis (PIG) is a rare pediatric interstitial lung disease. We report a case of a term boy presenting with tachypnea at birth requiring supplemental oxygen. Chest radiographs followed by high-resolution CT (HRCT) demonstrated hyperinflation and diffuse interstitial markings interspersed with multiple cystic spaces. An open lung biopsy demonstrated a minor component of PIG superimposed upon poor alveolarization. PIG in the setting of lung growth abnormality might be more common than previously described. Additionally, radiographic findings associated with most pediatric interstitial lung diseases are nonspecific, and histopathologic correlation is essential for diagnosis.
On the distribution of a linear combination correlated quadratic forms

In this paper, the authors proved the infinite divisibility of a linear combination of correlated noncentral quadratic forms is normal variables. Further, using the property of the infinite divisibility, tvo representations are given for the distribution of the above linear combination. Finally, the authors derived a generalization of the noncentral multivariate t‐distribution and also obtained as exact expression for the density of the difference of two correlated chi‐square random variables with same degrees of freedom.
Properties of A Ca2+ binding peptide from prothrombin

Summary The peptide containing the vitamin K-dependent Ca2+ binding region of prothrombin was isolated as described by Nelsestuen, G.L., and Suttie, J. ( Proc . Natl . Acad . Sci . (USA) (1973) 70 , 3366–3370) and its amino acid composition reported. From the acid-base titration of the peptide, a large excess of free carboxyl groups was revealed. Quantitation of the carboxyl groups indicated eight additional carboxyls which are probably a component of the unknown prosthetic group(s) attached to the peptide. The carboxyl groups of the peptide were shown to be required for quantitative adsorption onto barium citrate and presumably for binding of Ca2+.
Common voice: Analysis of behavior modification and content convergence in a popular online community

Abstract This study analyzes images and associated commentary from an online image-sharing community ( www.imgur.com ). We hypothesize that, in the presence of overt communication of social rules, site content will reflect a somewhat consistent, content convergence irrespective of who comments, given that an individual’s social identity, rather than their individual identity, will dominate their online interactions. We began with a random sample of 5000 images, and we grouped those images into six categories. We then randomly selected 10 images from each category, and conducted a close qualitative analysis of the micro-comments submitted in response to those images. Our results suggest that there is an overt communication of behavioral standards through explicit behavior correction by other site members. Content convergence can also be observed both in responses to a single image, and more broadly in comment similarity across images and even categories. Cultural norms and resulting content convergence suggests that individuals may come to see themselves as representatives of the site when they post – and may modify their behavior accordingly. This may lead to the perception that a common voice appears throughout the site, which may have implications for the communication of social support over the Internet, and for more quantitative analyses.
NOTE TAKING AND LISTENING COMPREHENSION ON THE TEST OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

This study examined the effects of taking notes in the portion of the TOEFL listening comprehension section that contains short monologues, or “mini-talks.” These effects were assessed in experimental testing sessions with students in intensive English language programs and with undergraduate and graduate international students. A multiple-choice questionnaire surveyed the students' reactions to the opportunity to take notes and their previous note-taking experiences. Allowing students to take notes had little effect on their performance, and urging students to take notes significantly impaired their performance. These effects were observed even for students who reported being in the habit of taking many notes or reported having had classroom instruction in note taking. Apparently, then, little benefit is gained by taking notes in the context of the present TOEFL mini-talks, perhaps because they are designed to assess listening comprehension with minimal demand placed on memory. Responses to the questionnaire aid in understanding the results and provide useful general information about the students' note-taking experiences and habits.
Parent firm effects on founder turnover: parent success, founder legitimacy, and founder tenure

Empirical studies examining new ventures have demonstrated a significant degree of founder turnover after start-up as founders are replaced by ‘professional’ managers. We examine how founders' past experience in their prior employer (their parent firm) affects their tenure in the new venture. Founders coming from more successful parent firms, with more prior affiliations among the venture's cofounders and with prior start-up experience are more likely to remain with the new venture after founding. These effects are more pronounced in cases where the technologies employed by the start-up are more uncertain. Copyright © 2010 Strategic Management Society.
Role of CT in the assessment of superior vena caval obstruction

Abstract Four cases are presented that demonstrate the superiority of computerized tomography in the diagnostic evaluation of the superior vena caval syndrome. It is shown that CT can provide early, detailed anatomic information, influence the positioning of needle biopsy, and establish radiation portals with minimum relative risk and discomfort.
A note on the stock market effects of the adoption of risk-based capital requirements on international banks in different countries

Abstract The present note provides empirical evidence on the relative competitive effects of the adoption of risk-based capital requirements on large, international banks in the U.S., Canada, U.K., and Japan. A two-index regression model is used to calculate prediction errors in periods with numerous announcements concerning the new capital rules, including the Basle Conference. We find significant declines in equity returns for U.S., Canadian, and U.K. banks in response to news announcements, with U.S. bank stocks exhibiting the largest negative reaction. For Japanese banks, the equity return results are mixed, which may be due to uncertainty among investors regarding the handling of their sizeable hidden reserves under the new risk-adjusted capital rules.