cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of operating parameters in high-performance displacement chromatography

The effect of operational parameters of displacement chromatography was examined in the separation of various mixtures such as that of the main hydrolysis products of methylfurylbutyrolactone, a potential anticancer drug, the diastereoisomers benzoyl-d- and benzoyl-l-phenylalanyl-l-alanyl-l-proline, as well as polyethylene glycol homologues containing 1–10 ethylene oxide units. The chromatograph was assembled from modules generally used in analytical high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the column effluent was analyzed by an on-line HPLC unit at 30-sec intervals. Octadecyl-silica was used throughout as the stationary phase. Derivatives of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol as well as tetrabutylammonium bromide and n-butanol were used as displacers. The throughput was used as the measure of efficiency. In the absence of axial dispersion, for a given separation various displacers are expected to yield the same efficiency if the slope of the operating line is kept the same by appropriate adjustment of displacer concentrations. In practice, however, the optimum slope of the operating line has to be determined experimentally as most available chromatographic systems depart from ideal behavior. The dependence of the throughput on the flow-rate and feed load also indicated the presence of non-equilibrium phenomena and the optimum value of these parameters was established experimentally. In most cases water was used as the carrier solvent but the separation of poorly soluble peptides required the use of hydro-organic carriers. Results obtained with octadecyl-silicas of different origin and a given displacer were found to vary significantly suggesting that even for stationary phases of the same type the selection of displacer requires special consideration. Most experiments were carried out with columns having dimensions customary in analytical HPLC. Increasing the inner diameter of the column did not result in the expected increase in throughput probably due to poor distribution of the sample at the column entrance. Therefore scaling-up the process requires careful engineering of inlet conditions. Throughput can be increased by connecting a small inner diameter column to the outlet of a large diameter preparative column. As theoretical predictions for ideal displacement chromatography do not hold in practice when axial dispersion is significant, optimization of the process requires experimental support. The results obtained in the separation of a variety of mixtures shed light on the most important operational aspects of displacement chromatography and suggest approaches to find optimum conditions. They also point to displacement chromatography as a powerful technique for preparative separations.
Empirical comparison of two least squares methods for computing image shift with application to correlation tracking

Many trackers make use of correlation techniques to provide an estimate of the shift between incoming imagery and a stored reference image. One efficient method for estimating this shift is based on a least squares approach that makes use of gradient and difference imagery to avoid the computationally expensive construction of a correlation surface. A problem with this method is that it tends to underestimate image shifts when there is significant noise in the reference image - which is often the case. An alternative method makes use of a generalized least squares approach that takes the noise in the reference image into account when estimating the image shift. This paper describes these two correlation algorithms and presents the results of an empirical comparison of their performance under varying noise conditions for a variety of test imagery.
The logic of the Membrane, Magnesium, Mitosis (MMM) model for the regulation of animal cell proliferation.

Abstract The addition of animal serum or specific protein growth factors to quiescent, serum-deprived vertebrate cells in culture activates a wide variety of biochemical responses within minutes, which are followed in 5–10 h by the initiation of DNA synthesis and then by mitosis. The quintessential early and continuing activation step for the increase in DNA synthesis is the increased initiation rate of protein synthesis, which must be continuously maintained throughout the G1 phase for advancement into S. The aggregate of biochemical reactions to growth factors is called the coordinate response, to indicate that many related and unrelated processes are orchestrated to repetitively reproduce cells. It is, however, crucial to recognize that the coordinate response can be induced for one or more rounds of replication by a variety of non-specific and quasi-specific membrane effectors. The logic of considering this framework of events in growth control implied that a single multi-target second messenger plays a central role in coordinating the events of the overall response. The same reasoning suggested that free Mg2+ is the unifying regulatory element in that response which includes protein kinase pathways, and that the cytoplasmic activity of Mg2+ increases with the binding of growth factors to their receptors in the cell membrane, or of less specific perturbations of the membrane. Experimental support of this conclusion is presented here and is represented in the MMM model of cell proliferation control.
State observation of nonlinear uncertain dynamical systems

This note proposes new types of observers for nonlinear dynamical systems subjected to bounded nonlinearities or uncertainties. The design of these observers utilizes techniques related to variable structure systems theory. A measure for the rate at which the estimates converge to the actual states is derived.
Computing the generalized singular values/vectors of large sparse or structured matrix pairs

We present a numerical algorithm for computing a few extreme generalized singular values and corresponding vectors of a sparse or structured matrix pair \(\{A,B\}\). The algorithm is based on the CS decomposition and the Lanczos bidiagonalization process. At each iteration step of the Lanczos process, the solution to a linear least squares problem with\((A^{\rm T},B^{\rm T})^{\rm T}\) as the coefficient matrix is approximately computed, and this consists the only interface of the algorithm with the matrix pair \(\{A,B\}\). Numerical results are also given to demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the algorithm.
Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Papaya Juice

SummaryPapaya juice is an efficient scavenger of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (OH·) formed during 60Co irradiation of water. The OH· radicals were detected by the electron spin resonance (ESR) technique of spin trapping using DMPO (5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide) or by a colorimetric assay in which salicylate is converted into polyhydroxybenzoic acids. Papaya juice is also able to quench the ESR signal of a stable free radical (TEMPOL) and the ESR signal of the DMPO—OH adduct. The active substance(s) in papaya juice are heat-stable, dialyzable, and soluble in water but not in lipid solvents. The active agents do not appear to be ascorbate, tocopherol, or carotenoids.
Cardioprotection in an in vitro model of hypoxic preconditioning

Short periods of myocardial ischemia appear to provide protection against subsequent prolonged ischemic episodes in experimental animals and in man. This phenomenon, known as ischemic preconditioning, has not yet been characterized at the cellular or molecular levels; however, tissue hypoxia appears to be required. In this study, we used a previously developed method for hypoxic cardiac myocyte culture in order to establish a model for ischemic (or hypoxic) preconditioning in cell culture. We demonstrate that cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes preconditioned by 25 min of exposure to hypoxia followed by reoxygenation were protected against membrane damage for up to 6 h of prolonged severe hypoxia, as determined by arachidonic acid release and contractile recovery. In contrast, non-preconditioned myocytes exhibited significant hypoxic damage after 2-4 h. Pretreatment of cells with PMA, a tumor-promoting phorbol ester, mimicked the protective effects of hypoxic preconditioning; pretreatment with the muscarinic cholinergic agonist carbachol had no effect. Our data suggests that isolated myocytes in culture remain competent to be preconditioned by hypoxia, through a pathway that may involve the activation of protein kinase C.
NACHWEIS CHEMISCHER KAMPFSTOFFE ANHAND DES ABBAUPRODUKTS METHYLPHOSPHONSAURE

Methylphosphonsaure (MPA) ist das Abbauprodukt vieler chemischer Kampfstoffe. Ihr einfacher Nachweis ware bei Gelandeuntersuchungen hilfreich, um die illegale Herstellung und den Einsatz verbotener chemischer Waffen nachzuweisen. MPA lies sich effektiv mit einer aromatischen Diazoverbindung funktionalisieren, und das dabei erhaltene Derivat wurde von monoklonalen Antikorpern gebunden, die mit Hilfe eines analogen Haptens erzeugt worden waren (siehe Schema). Die Messung mittels ELISA war schnell, empfindlich und spezifisch.
Models for evolving fixed node networks: model fitting and model testing

Abstract Researchers in social networks are becoming increasingly interested in how networks evolve over time. There are theories that bear on the evolution of networks, but virtually no statistical methodology which supports the comparative evaluation of these theories. In this paper, we present explicit probability models for networks that change over time, covering a range of simple but significant qualitative behavior. Maximum likelihood estimates of model parameters which describe the rate of change of the network are derived, and some of their sampling properties are elucidated. To calculate these estimates the researcher must have measurements upon the trajectory of a network — these are the values of the network at successive time points. We also describe goodness-of-fit tests for assessing model adequacy, and use Newcomb's dataset to illustrate the methodology.
Perilous terra incognita--open-access journals.

The author focuses on a new rapidly spreading practice of publication in open-access journals. The pros and cons of open-access journals are discussed. Publishing in these journals may be cost prohibitive for educators and junior faculty members. Some authors may be lured by the ease of publishing in open-access journals (and their, at times, inflated self-description, e.g., “international”, “scientific”), and their possibly valuable contributions will escape the attention of Academic Psychiatry readership in the vast sea of open-access journals. The readership may be flooded with a large number of low-quality articles (maybe not even properly peer-reviewed) from open-access journals. It may take some time to sort out what is and what is not relevant and useful. Open-access publishing represents a problematic and controversial practice and may be associated with a conflict of interest for the editors and publishers of these journals.
Emergent mechanics, quantum and un-quantum

There is great interest in quantum mechanics as an "emergent" phenomenon. The program holds that nonobvious patterns and laws can emerge from complicated physical systems operating by more fundamental rules. We find a new approach where quantum mechanics itself should be viewed as an information management tool not derived from physics nor depending on physics. The main accomplishment of quantum-style theory comes in expanding the notion of probability. We construct a map from macroscopic information as data" to quantum probability. The map allows a hidden variable description for quantum states, and efficient use of the helpful tools of quantum mechanics in unlimited circumstances. Quantum dynamics via the time-dependent Shroedinger equation or operator methods actually represents a restricted class of classical Hamiltonian or Lagrangian dynamics, albeit with different numbers of degrees of freedom. We show that under wide circumstances such dynamics emerges from structureless dynamical systems. The uses of the quantum information management tools are illustrated by numerical experiments and practical applications
Role of Turbulence in Wake-Induced Galloping of Transmission Lines

Linearized equations of motion are used in conjunction with power spectral analysis to analyze full-span oscillations of smooth two-conductor bundle transmission lines in turbulent winds. Assuming a von Karman model for low-altitude turbulence, it is found that, for low wind speeds, the response of the bundle is small for all equilibrium bundle tilt angles. As wind speed increases large-amplitude motions occur for tilt angles near 10°. These motions begin as horizontal galloping, but vertical galloping dominates for high wind speeds. Bundle rolling occurs only at the highest wind speeds considered.
Fractionation of Hydrophobic Organic Materials in Surface Microlayers

Abstract Organic microlayers occur naturally on the surfaces of most bodies of water. Hydrophobic organic materials such as longchain acids and hydrocarbons are constituents of these surface films and may be essential for their formation. Studies of these microlayer components have been primarily of marine locations, although several reports describing freshwater locations exist. Results of these studies are generally consistent with those of Lake Michigan surface films. Fractionation of fatty acids and alkanes according to differential solubility occurs to some extent but is complicated by other processes. Partitioning between dissolved and particulate phases appears to modify both input and removal effects, and purely physical phenomena such as sinking processes and turbulent mixing are also quite important. Evidence of aquatic, terrigenous, and eolian sources is preserved in microlayer components. Their relative contributions vary considerably but provide more information about surface/subsurface fractionation.
Relationship between hyphal and arbuscular colonization and sporulation in a mycorrhiza of Paspalum notatum Flugge

summary Experiments were conducted to determine correlation between sporulation by an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus to proliferation of arbuscules or intercellular hyphae. Paspalum notatum Flugge seedlings were inoculated with the AM fungus Gigaspora margarita Becker & Hall and treated with either tap water, nutrient solution without P, or nutrient solution with P to manipulate colonization levels. Plants receiving the nutrient solution without P tended to have greater colonization than plants receiving water only (e.g. 62 vs 54%, respectively at week 7) but lesser percentage root length with arbuscules (e.g. 27 vs 38% respectively at week 7). Mycorrhizas receiving the nutrient solution without P sporulated sooner (week 7) than the water only treatment and had larger spore populations (e.g. 20.9 vs 14.2 spores cm−3 at week 13). Nutrient solution with P did not completely inhibit colonization, and though these plants had total colonized root lengths similar to those of the water treatment, spore populations were much less (2.9 cm−3 at week 13), Spore populations correlated equally well with total root length as with root length colonized and root length with arbuscules in the water and nutrient solution without P treatments. Populations were not correlated to these measures for the nutrient solution with P, indicating that the host may have limited the ability of a unit length of colonization to produce spores in this treatment.
Effect of Wake on Endwall Film Cooling Effectiveness for a Row of Cylindrical Holes Near the Stagnation Region of an Airfoil

Over the last decades, researchers have investigated many aspects of film cooling. The present study investigates the effect of transition wake near the stagnation region on endwall film cooling effectiveness. Experimental measurements are presented for a single row of cylindrical holes inclined at 35° with hole length to diameter ratio, L/D = 7.5, pitch to diameter ratio, PI/D = 3 with a constant density ratio of 1.26 and with nitrogen as the coolant. Nine different configurations were studied. The airfoil was positioned at x/D equal to (I) 6.4, (II) 12.7, and (III) 25.4. Configuration (IV-VI) consisted of the airfoil positioned at x/D = 6.4, 12.7 and 25.4 and a wake plate positioned at x/D = −12.7, upstream of the injection point. The presence of wake is also investigated on configuration VII through IX. Configuration (VII-IX) consisted of the airfoil positioned at x/D = 6.4, 12.7 and 25.4 and a wake plate positioned at x/D = −50.8, upstream of the injection point. Configuration 0, 0-b and 0-c are the baselines; these configurations consist of a single row of cylindrical holes with and without wake plate. In the absence of wake, the average effectiveness increases with increasing blowing ratio at a x/D further downstream of the injection point where the jet has reattached. Higher blowing ratio increases lateral spreading of the jet promoting jet to jet interaction and mainstream interaction enhancing mixing. The presence of wake promotes jet mixing with the mainstream resulting in faster decay of film cooling effectiveness. Effectiveness is higher for the cases where the plate is placed further upstream of the injection point.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Liquid Entrainment in High-Pressure Bubble Columns

The liquid entrainment in bubble columns is experimentally studied under high-pressure conditions. Water and Paratherm NF heat-transfer fluid are used as the liquid phase, with nitrogen and air as the gas phase. Operating pressures and superficial gas velocities vary by up to 3.13 MPa and 33 cm/s, respectively. Parameters include the droplet size and droplet velocity, and local and total entrainment rates are examined. The study indicates that the entrainment rate increases with system pressures and superficial gas velocities. The maximum droplet velocity is found to be located between the center and wall regions at low pressures and low superficial gas velocities; the specific location shifts toward the center as the pressure and superficial gas velocity increase. The distributions of the droplet velocity and droplet size are narrower at locations further away from the entrainment surface. The droplet velocity of water at a given location and operating condition is found to be higher than that of parathe...
Screening for age-related macular degeneration using nonstereo digital fundus photographs

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease with significant visual morbidity and accounts for the majority of blind registrations in the developed world including the UK. Certain forms of neovascular AMD are amenable to treatment but require expeditious referral to a retinal specialist. To evaluate the possibility of using nonstereo fundus photographs as a low-cost screening tool for neovascular AMD. Retrospective review of patients referred to the macular clinic of a teaching hospital in London. A total of 198 randomised digital fundus photographs, without any other clinical information, were presented to two independent ophthalmic interns who graded them into one of the three categories: normal, age-related maculopathy (ARM), or neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) to determine the urgency of referral to clinic. The results were compared with the known diagnosis for each patient and sensitivities and specificities for each diagnostic category calculated. The intraobserver Kappa statistic was 0.75 and 0.91 for grader 1 and 2, respectively. The interobserver Kappa was 0.54. The mean sensitivity and specificity for the identification of ARM was 60.5 and 76.3%, respectively The mean sensitivity and specificity for the identification of AMD was 85.7 and 78.8%, respectively. Nonstereo digital fundus photograph is a reasonable screening tool for CNV and may aid in decreasing the visual morbidity it causes by enabling timely referrals and treatment.
Overexpression of α-defensin is associated with bladder cancer invasiveness

Abstract Alpha-defensin (α-defensin) has been identified as a potential marker for bladder cancer in urine by surface enhanced laser desorption ionization studies, and confirmed using both immunoabsorption and immunodepletion studies. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of α-defensin in bladder cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis of tissue sections showed that α-defensin peptides are frequently expressed in bladder cancer cells. It is noteworthy that expression of α-defensins increased with tumor invasiveness. Surface enhanced laser desorption ionization analysis showed the presence of α-defensin in the T24 and A498 cancer cell lines. These cell lines show higher classically aggressive in vitro characteristics compared with the J82 cells that did not express α-defensin. Exogenously added α-defensin increased the proliferation and motility/invasiveness of these cell lines using respective assays. It is interesting that α-defensin peptides increased intracellular calcium ions (Ca2+). These data are consistent with a role for α-defensin in bladder cancer via modulation of cell motility and invasiveness using common intracellular signals, such as Ca2+. We propose that autocrine tumor expression of α-defensins may play an important role in facilitating the invasive phenotype of bladder cancer in patients.
Volumetric in-vivo imaging of intra-cochlear microstructures and microvascular perfusion in mice using high-speed spectral domain optical coherence tomography and ultra-high sensitive optical microangiography

Studying the inner ear microstructures and microvascular dynamics is extremely important to understand the cochlear function and to further advance the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of many otologic disorders. There is considerable interest in developing new methods for in vivo imaging of the complex anatomy of the mammalian cochlea and the micro vascular perfusion within it for both clinical as well as fundamental studies. In this study, we explored the feasibility of high-speed spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and ultra-high sensitive optical microangiography (UHS-OMAG) for volumetric in vivo imaging of intracochlear microstructures and microvascular perfusion in mice, respectively.
Liver tumors in children in the particular reference to hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma: American Academy of pediatrics surgical section survey — 1974☆

A review of 227 cases of hepatoblastoma, hepatic cell carcinoma in children seen in the United States over a 10-yr period is presented. Both tumors were seen most commonly in infancy, but the hepatocellular carcinoma shows a second peak of incidence around puberty. Males predominated in both diseases more so in hepatoblastoma. Presenting symptoms in both diseases were very similar, most commonly an upper abdominal mass or abdominal enlargement associated with anorexia and weight loss. In the preoperative evaluation the presence of alpha-feto protein was one of the most helpful diagnostic tests. Disturbances of liver function were usually mild but were more marked in those children with hepatocellular carcinoma. Preoperative x-rays were abnormal in a large percentage of cases with the hepatic arteriogram and vena cavagram being the most useful diagnostic x-rays for liver tumors. Liver scans were positive for liver tumor in 95% of the children when this test was carried out. The follow-up for these patients ranged from 2 to 10 yr. The size of the primary tumor did not appear to correlate with survival but bilateral location of the tumor, 33% in hepatoblastoma and 45% in hepatocellular carcinoma, made many of these tumors inoperable. Multicentric tumors were also found in a large number of patients, being more common in hepatocellular carcinoma. There was a high rate of local recurrence or local extension after operation in both diseases, and metastatic spread was similar being most common to the lungs and abdomen. A wide variety of surgical procedures were carried out in these patients from biopsy only to extended hepatic lobectomy. When incomplete excision or biopsy only was carried out no patient survived in either group. Among the hepatoblastoma patients, 45 of 78 patients who had complete excision are surviving. In the hepatocellular carcinoma patients where the operability rate was much lower 12 of 33 patients are surviving when tumor was completely excised. Complications were frequent, the most common being excessive blood loss at operation. There were eight operative deaths and 17 postoperative deaths in the combined group. There was no evidence that radiation therapy or chemotherapy controlled disease which could not be completely excised surgically. The only direct evidence of a favorable effect of radiation and chemotherapy were three cases of hepatoblastoma in which the tumor changed from inoperable to operable by a combination of radiation therapy and multiple drug chemotherapy. Both tumors are highly malignant, and 90% of the children who died of hepatoblastoma died within 12 mo of diagnosis. In the hepatocellular carcinoma 80% of the deaths occurred within 1 yr of diagnosis. At this time it seems that operative excision offers the only chance of cure in children with these tumors and cure rates of 60% can be expected with hepatoblastoma and 33% in hepatocellular carcinoma if the tumor can be completely excised.
Dissatisfaction With Relationship Power and Dating Violence Perpetration by Men and Women

This study focuses on the relationship between an individual’s dissatisfaction with the level of power they have in their dating relationships, parental violence they experienced during their childhoods, and their dating violence perpetration. A sample of 352 male and 296 female undergraduate college students completed a dating violence survey, including selected subscales from the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2) and the Relationship Power Scale. Findings show that relationship power dissatisfaction is associated with the use of violence in dating relationships for both men and women. However, parental violence emerged as an even stronger predictor of dating violence perpetration. Findings also indicate that male perpetration of dating violence is related to mother’s violence, whereas female perpetration of dating violence is related to father’s violence. The results indicate the importance of including gender in the study of dating violence perpetration.
Evidence for Anelastic Creep Recovery in Silicon Carbide‐Whisker‐Reinforced Alumina

Experiments were conducted on monolithic Al[sub 2]O[sub 3] and Al[sub 2]O[sub 3] composites reinforced with SiC-whiskers in which the load was removed during high-temperature creep. The monolithic material exhibited no anelastic recovery on load removal, but the composites showed a significant anelastic recovery which was reproducible and essentially independent of the total creep strain at which the load was removed. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that an interconnecting whisker network may develop during processing of the composites.
Caveolin Revealed: A Mutagenesis Study of Caveolin-1

Caveolae are 50-100 nm invaginations in the plasma membrane that are rich in cholesterol, sphingomyelin and the integral membrane protein called caveolin-1. Caveolin-1 has three main functions: forming caveolae, cell signaling, and endocytosis. To examine the importance of conserved residues within the scaffolding and intra-membrane domains of caveolin-1, alanine and phenylalanine scanning mutagenesis was performed on conserved residues. These residues were identified by sequence alignment of the three caveolin isoforms. Sixteen residues (S88, F92, K96, Y97, Y100, L103, P110, A112, G116, F119, A120, S123, H126, I127, W128 and P132) were mutated individually to both alanine and phenylalanine and subjected to analysis by NMR spectroscopy (1H-15N-HSQC). The effect of the mutation on the overall protein structure was monitored by comparison to the wild-type spectrum. These mutagenesis studies reveal seven residues (Y100, P110, A112, G116, S123, H126, and P132) that are structurally significant. The residues within the scaffolding domain are more permissive to mutation than the intra-membrane domain. The proline residues within the intra-membrane domain were shown to be critical for protein structure. These findings shed light onto the structurally relevant residues within the caveolin-1 scaffolding and intra-membrane domains, and further our understanding of the requirements for protein structure and stability.
Facilitation of responding for rewarding brain stimulation by a high dose of amphetamine when hyperthermia is prevented

Rats given a 5 mg/kg injection of d-amphetamine did not respond for brain stimulation reward when tested under normal laboratory temperatures. In addition to the usual manifestations of stereotypy the rats were markedly hyperthermic. If the hyperthermia was prevented, however, by initially placing the rats in a cold room (10°C) and subsequently testing for brain stimulation under a cool chamber temperature (14–16°C), the rats responding for brain stimulation was facilitated. Thus, the occurrence of hyperthermia appears to be a critical factor responsible for this behavioral dysfunction produced by a high dose of amphetamine.
Natural suppression of Higgsino-mediated proton decay in supersymmetric SO(10).

In supersymmetric grand unified theories, proton decay mediated by the color-triplet Higgsino is generally problematic and requires some fine-tuning of parameters. We present a mechanism which naturally suppresses such dimension-5 operators in the context of SUSY SO(10). The mechanism, which implements natural doublet-triplet splitting using the adjoint Higgs boson, converts these dimension-5 operators effectively into dimension 6. By explicitly computing the Higgs spectrum and the resulting threshold uncertainties we show that the successful prediction of ${{sin}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta}}_{W}$ is maintained as a prediction in this scheme. It is argued that only a weak suppression of the Higgsino-mediated proton decay is achievable within SUSY SU(5) without fine-tuning, in contrast to a strong suppression in SUSY SO(10).
EXAFS investigation of mobile-ion density: Cul and Cu2Se contrasted

Abstract The extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) has been measured in the superionic phases of the Cu and Ag halides and chalcogenides. Cul and Cu 2 Se, both of which have an FCC anion lattice in the α phase, are discussed as representative examples. In both cases the excluded volume model provides an accurate description of the near neighbor cation-anion pair correlation function. It is found, however, that a significant fraction of the Cu ions occupy the octahedral sites in α-Cul but not for α-Cu 2 Se. For Cu 2 Se the Cu ions are predominately confined to the tetrahedral regions of the Se FCC lattice. The lack of octahedral occupation may result from larger Cu-Cu interactions for octahedral ions in the denser superionic material, Cu 2 Se.
Herpes simplex virus infections in the neonate.

Objectives: To review the experience of the Camperdown Children's Hospital with neonatal herpes simplex viral (HSV) infections between 1960 and 1992. Design: A retrospective record review of all cases of HSV infection. Results: Fifteen proven HSV infections were found. Only three cases had a definite history of HSV infection during pregnancy. Six were delivered at 36 weeks gestation or earlier. Seven weighed 2500 g or less. Forty-three per cent developed physical signs within 7 days of birth. Three cases were confined to skin, eyes and mouth, five were generalized, six had encephalitis with or without skin lesions, and one had pneumonitis. The mortality rate comprising the five with generalized infection was 47%, one with encephalitis and the one with pneumonitis. Four of the eight survivors have persisting neurological impairment. Those with disseminated infection and encephalitis did poorly regardless of antiviral treatment. Conclusion A high index of suspicion of HSV infection is important so that antiviral treatment can be commenced early, particularly for those infections localized to skin, eye and mouth where there may be a good prognosis.
Regulation of Amino Acid Uptake into Oat Mesophyll Cells: A Comparison between Protoplasts and Leaf Segments

The uptake of cc-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) into protoplasts and into 1 cm sections of leaves from 7 d old light-grown oats (Avena sativa L. cv. 'Garry') was studied. Both protoplasts and leaf sections with cuticle and epidermis removed accumulated AIB against a concentration gradient although the rate of uptake into protoplasts was one-third to one-sixth that into leaf sections. AIB uptake into both protoplasts and leaf cells in situ was stimulated by 'aging,' and low pH, and inhibited by osmotic shock, respiratory poisons, and KC1 concentrations above 1 mM. It was concluded that the rate of uptake of AIB and its accumulation ratio could be accounted for by the energy inherent in the proton-motive force, the proton-motive force being the sum of the pH gradient and potential difference across the plasma membrane. The similarities between oat mesophyll protoplasts and leaf cells in situ suggest that these protoplasts are suitable material for the study of certain membrane-regulated events.
The ontogeny of human learning in delay, long-delay, and trace eyeblink conditioning.

The ontogeny of associative learning in delay (750-ms conditional stimulus [CS], 650-ms interstimulus interval [ISI]), long-delay (1,350-ms CS, 1,250-ms ISI), and trace (750-ms CS, 500-ms trace interval, 1,250-ms ISI) eyeblink conditioning was examined in 5-month-old human infants and adults. Infants and adults showed different acquisition rates but reached equivalent asymptotes of conditional responses (CRs) in standard delay conditioning. In long-delay and trace conditions, infants exhibited less robust conditioning than adults and minimal ability to appropriately time CRs. During infancy, the ISI, rather than the conditioning procedure, predicted rate and effectiveness of CRs. These findings suggest that higher order cognitive abilities begin emerging early in development. Across ontogeny, however, there are changes in the limits and parameters that support associative learning.
The Baltimore affair: let's not forget what went wrong.

The Office of Research Integrity should rename itself the Office of Reputational Restoration.
Successive Earthquake-Tsunami Analysis to Develop Collapse Fragilities

Over the last half century, scientists and engineers have developed methods to better understand and mitigate the damage caused by tsunamis. According to U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) P646, buildings in many regions, including the U.S. Pacific Northwest, will experience substantial ground shaking from an offshore earthquake that precedes a tsunami and then experience the tsunami forces themselves. Thus, both hazards should be considered in computing the damage and collapse risk to buildings. This article summarizes a basic approach to numerically consider the successive seismic and tsunami risk to buildings in near-field tsunami regions such as the U.S. Pacific Northwest.
Aqueous And Gaseous Nitrogen Losses Induced By Fertilizer Application

Anthropogenic input of reactive nitrogen to ecosystems has led to significant environmental consequences [Galloway et al., 2003; Aber et al., 1998]. Use of nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture has a direct impact on water (NO3) and atmospheric pollution (N2O, NO, NH3) [Vitousek et al., 1997]. Groundwater NO3 concentrations exceed drinking water standards in many areas [Byrnes, 1990; Scanlon et al.,2007], resulting in potential human health effects (i.e., methemoglobulinemia [Hill, 1996]). Elevated NO3  concentrations in leachate and surface water can also lead to eutrophication of lakes and estuaries [Lowrance et al., 1997]. Agricultural land also has been identified as the major anthropogenic source of nitrous oxide (N2O) [Mosier, 1998; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2007] and an important source of nitric oxide (NO) [Yienger and Levy, 1995] entering the atmosphere. Because the formation of these N species in soils is primarily through volatilization, nitrification, and denitrification [Bremner, 1997; McKenney and Drury, 1997; Firestone and Davidson, 1989], theirrelease rates can drastically increase with elevated inputs of nitrogen from fertilization. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas and is also involved in the destruction ofstratospheric ozone [IPCC, 2001]. Nitric oxide (NO) emissions contribute to the formation of tropospheric ozone and acid deposition [McTaggart et al., 2002]. NH3 emissions affect the environment in the form of wet and dry depositionof NH4 + salts, causing acidification of poorly buffered soils and eutrophication [van der Weerden and Jarvis, 1997]. Such concerns have stimulated extensive studies in recent years to identify potential mitigation options for reducing N leaching and emission from agroecosystems [Skiba et al., 1997].
Retrieving relevant CAPEC attack patterns for secure software development

To improve the security of computer systems, information, and the cyber space, it is critical to engineer more secure software. To develop secure and reliable software, software developers need to have the mindset of an attacker. Attack patterns such as CAPEC are valuable resources to help software developers to think like an attacker and have the potential to be used in each phase of the secure software development life cycle. However, systematic processes or methods for utilizing existing attack pattern resources are needed. As a first step, this paper describes our ongoing effort of developing a tool to retrieve relevant CAPEC attack patterns for software development. This tool can retrieve attack patterns most relevant to a particular STRIDE type, as well as most useful to the software being developed. It can be used in conjunction with the Microsoft SDL threat modeling tool. It also allows developers to search for CAPEC attack patterns using keywords.
Will it stick?: exploring the sustainability of computational thinking education through game design

A strategy exposing middle school students to computer science through game design appears to be a promising means to mitigate the computer science pipeline challenge. Particularly when short game design activities are integrated into already existing middle school courses, research suggests that game design is effective in broadening participation and motivating large numbers of students, along with large percentages of women and minorities. A study with over 10,000 students is exploring the sustainability of this approach and finding positive responses to inquiries such as these: Do teachers continue to use game design? Can they advance beyond extrinsic rewards such as research stipends? After building one game, do students advance, building more games or even STEM simulations?
A simulation model of market expansion policies for natural gas distribution utilities

Abstract A long-term simulation model is developed to evaluate the impacts of different market expansion policies for a natural gas distribution utility serving a multi-county region. The model is based on economic, engineering, accounting, and regulatory relationships, and is designed to replicate the operations and decision-making processes of the real world system composed of the utility, its suppliers, its customers, and its regulators. Each market expansion policy is evaluated in the light of financial, adequacy of service, and economic efficiency criteria. The usefulness of the model is illustrated for the East Ohio Gas Company.
Heterogeneous expression of voltage-dependent Na + and K + channels in mammalian retinal bipolar cells

Retinal bipolar cells show heterogeneous expression of voltage-dependent Na+ and K+ currents. We used whole-cell patch-clamp recordings to investigate the possible roles of these currents in the response properties of bipolar cells in rats. Isolated bipolar cells showed robust spontaneous regenerative activity, but the regenerative potential of rod bipolar cells reached a more depolarized level than that of cone bipolar cells. In both isolated cells and cells in retinal slices, the membrane depolarization evoked by current injection was apparently capped. The evoked membrane potential was again more depolarized in rod bipolar cells than in cone bipolar cells. Application of tetraethylammonium and 4-aminopyridine shifted the spontaneous regenerative potential as well as the evoked potential to a more depolarized level. In addition, a subclass of cone bipolar cells showed a prominent spike in the initial phase of the voltage response when the cells were depolarized from a relatively negative membrane potential. The spike was mediated mainly by tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na+ current. The presence of the spike sped up the response kinetics and enhanced the peak membrane potential. Results of this study raise the possibility that voltage-dependent K+ currents may play a role in defining different membrane operating ranges of rod and cone bipolar cells and that voltage-dependent Na+ currents may enhance the response kinetics and amplitude of certain cone bipolar cells.
Canadian and American federalism in capital markets: Comparative debt financing

As China and other countries seek to decentralize the financial practices of their sub‐national governments, designing relevant institutions and rules looms as a major policy issue. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the capital market behaviour of Canadian provincial and municipal governments (PMGs), given their financing choices, and to draw relevant comparisons to American state and local government (SLG) debt financing practices. After identifying relevant elements of the federalism structure in the two countries, the paper compares the institutional rules and roles that comprise the capital acquisition behaviour of sub‐national borrowers. The paper concludes by highlighting key points of difference in this important area of fiscal federalism. Both Canada and the United States can present their market‐oriented approaches to subnational financing as a positive foreign policy force.
Synthesis, characterization and reactivity of a novel Di-nickel complex towards carbon dioxide

Abstract Newly synthesized dinickel complex 1, K2[Ni2(ccdp)(C5H7O2)(H2O)2], reacts with CO2 to produce a novel bis(μ-η2,η2)-carbonato bridged tetranickel complex 2, Cs6[Ni4(ccdp)2(μ-η2-η2-CO3)2], via an intermediate species that contains a bis(μ-OH) dinickel(II) moiety, complex 3.
Her money, her time: Women’s earnings and their housework hours

Abstract Do husbands and wives divide housework on the basis of who makes more money? Much of the recent literature has focused on the effects of individuals’ earnings relative to their partners’ on their housework. By contrast, this paper analyzes the effects of women’s own earnings on the time they spend doing housework in the context of heterosexual couple households. A conservative estimate using the second wave of the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) is that the negative association of women’s housework with their own earnings is two to three times greater than that with their partners’; in the full model, the association with partners’ earnings is not statistically significant. The importance of women’s own earnings in housework models is highlighted by the comparable effect of income on housework among single women. It appears that so far as housework is concerned, women do not benefit greatly from their male partners’ incomes. The finding emphasizes the gender segregation of domestic labor, and underscores the importance of income differences among women in explaining their housework behavior. It shows that the difference between the mean housework hours of the women with the lowest and highest earnings is as large as the difference between the mean housework hours of women and men.
Physical Response of Collagen Gels to Tensile Strain

Extra cellular matrix, which provides physical support to epithelial and endothelial cells and to fibroblasts, also affects a number of important cell biological phenomena, such as cell motility and angiogenesis. Although type I collagen has long been recognized as the primary structural component of the extra cellular matrix, little is known about the physical properties of collagen gels. In this study, we used a servo-controlled linear actuator to impose quick stretches on dilute collagen gels. An axial strain imposed on the gel within few milliseconds resulted in a rapid development of gel tension in the direction of the strain. The gel tension then decayed toward a steady-state value within several seconds. The instantaneous gel stiffness increased and the relaxed gel stiffness decreased with the extent of gel stretching. These rheological parameters were also dependent on the density of the collagen network. Taken together the results indicated that collagen gels possess nonlinear viscoelastic properties.
Sexual phases in the gastropod Crucibulum spinosum

This species represents a typical example of protandric consecutive sexuality, the male phase becoming functional at a very early age, when the body has reached a length of only 3 to 7 mm. Those males which become functional earliest usually seek the association of older individuals in the female phase; others, maturing later, are more likely to remain solitary. Mated males have accentuated masculine characteristics and retain the male phase longer than solitary individuals or those that are isolated experimentally. Unfavorable environmental conditions postpone or prevent functional sexuality and terminate the male phase promptly without inaugurating the female phase. The influence of the female in accentuating the sexuality of the male is thought to be due to stimuli received by the latter through sense organs in tentacles and penis and mediated by the nervous system through hormonal secretions. Termination of the male phase and transition to the functional female are comparable to metamorphosis from the immature to the mature condition in other animals and, like metamorphosis, the primary (male) sexual phase can be abbreviated or prolonged experimentally, but the sequence cannot be reversed.
Technical and Conceptual Considerations for Performing and Interpreting Functional MRI Studies in Awake Rats

Functional neuroimaging studies in rodents have the potential to provide insight into neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions. The strength of the technique lies in its non-invasive nature that can permit longitudinal functional studies in the same animal over its adult life. The relatively good spatial and temporal resolution and the ever-growing database on the biological and biophysical basis of the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal make it a unique technique in preclinical neuroscience research. Our laboratory has used imaging to investigate brain activation in awake rats following cocaine administration and during the presentation of lactation-associated sensory stimuli. Factors that deserve attention when planning fMRI studies in rats include technical issues, animal physiology and interpretability of the resulting data. The present review discusses the pros and cons of animal imaging with a particular focus on the technical aspects of studies with awake rats. Overall, the benefits of the technique outweigh its limitations and the rapidly evolving methods will open the way for more laboratories to employ the technique in neuroscience research.