cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A New Functional Group Selection Method for Group Contribution Models and Its Application in the Design of Electronics Cooling Fluids

This paper presents a new method to identify functional groups in molecular structures. This method relies on a deterministic optimization model that decomposes each molecular structure into the sm...
Modeling Social Readers: Novel Tools for Addressing Reception from Online Book Reviews.

Readers' responses to literature have received scant attention in computational literary studies. The rise of social media offers an opportunity to capture a segment of these responses while data-driven analysis of these responses can provide new critical insight into how people "read". Posts discussing an individual book on Goodreads, a social media platform that hosts user discussions of popular literature, are referred to as "reviews", and consist of plot summaries, opinions, quotes, or some mixture of these. Since these reviews are written by readers, computationally modeling them allows one to discover the overall non-professional discussion space about a work, including an aggregated summary of the work's plot, an implicit ranking of the importance of events, and the readers' impressions of main characters. We develop a pipeline of interlocking computational tools to extract a representation of this reader generated shared narrative model. Using a corpus of reviews of five popular novels, we discover the readers' distillation of the main storylines in a novel, their understanding of the relative importance of characters, as well as the readers' varying impressions of these characters. In so doing, we make three important contributions to the study of infinite vocabulary networks: (i) an automatically derived narrative network that includes meta-actants; (ii) a new sequencing algorithm, REV2SEQ, that generates a consensus sequence of events based on partial trajectories aggregated from the reviews; and (iii) a new "impressions" algorithm, SENT2IMP, that provides finer, non-trivial and multi-modal insight into readers' opinions of characters.
Witnessing Pandora: Doing "Undone Science" at Chicken Sanctuaries

Farmed animal sanctuaries rescue, rehabilitate, and care for animals bred for use in agriculture. Because of the structure of veterinary training, regulations on species considered agricultural, and for other reasons, rescued animals such as chickens fall out of spaces of veterinary care and medical knowledge production. Given these knowledge and research gaps, this paper investigates how sanctuaries develop medical knowledge about chickens, focusing on hens bred for egg production. I develop the concept of “witnessing” as it has been used in science studies, feminist theory, and animal activism, arguing that sanctuary science and medicine can be understood as queer witnessing. Then, I discuss how sanctuaries put queer witnessing into practice, through aspirational archiving, transposition, and reorienting health. Though queer witnessing has its limits and problems, it offers a way of doing activist science, at sanctuaries and beyond.
Fast-folding proteins under stress

Proteins are subject to a variety of stresses in biological organisms, including pressure and temperature, which are the easiest stresses to simulate by molecular dynamics. We discuss the effect of pressure and thermal stress on very-fast-folding model proteins, whose in vitro folding can be fully simulated on computers and compared with experiments. We then discuss experiments that can be used to subject proteins to low- and high-temperature unfolding, as well as low- and high-pressure unfolding. Pressure and temperature are prototypical perturbations that illustrate how close many proteins are to instability, a property that cells can exploit to control protein function. We conclude by reviewing some recent in-cell experiments, and progress being made in simulating and measuring protein stability and function inside live cells.
A new approach to adaptive control using multiple models

SUMMARY The demands of a rapidly growing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on advances in automatic control theory. In recent years, problems are arising in a variety of disciplines including medicine, computer vision, and financial markets where fast and accurate decisions have to be made in the presence of large uncertainties or rapidly time-varying parameters. Classical adaptive control methods based on the use of a single identification model are found to be inadequate to cope with such problems. During the past 15years, efforts have been made to extend the general methodology of adaptive control by the use of multiple identification models. Among numerous methods that have been proposed, two approaches, referred to as “switching” and “switching and tuning”, have emerged over the years as the most successful ones. In this paper, a radically new way of using multiple models for the identification and control of an unknown linear time-invariant plant is proposed. It uses the information generated by a finite number of conventional adaptive identifiers (referred to as first level) to re-parameterize and identify rapidly the unknown plant (at a second level). The stability of the procedure, and the reasons for its resulting in faster convergence in the control of time-invariant plants, are discussed and illustrated using simulation studies. The accepted philosophy among adaptive control theorists has been that if an adaptive system is fast and accurate in a time-invariant environment, it will perform satisfactorily in a time-varying environment. Simulation studies are included, at the end of the paper, of plants with rapidly time-varying parameters, to compare the performance of the new approach with currently well-established methods. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Simple Method for Charpy Impact Testing below 6K

Impact testing at temperatures down to 77 K is routinely accomplished according to ASTM specifications. The specimen is transferred in open air from a liquid bath to the test machine anvil and the pendulum is released within 5 sec. However, this method is impractical at lower temperatures since the low heat capacity of the metal leads to a rapid increase in specimen temperature during transfer.
Inductive Logic and Inductive Intuition

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on inductive logic and inductive intuition. Although in choosing axioms for inductive logic one has to rely on our inductive intuition, the intuitive plausibility of an axiom may be more or less strong; and in the course of the development of a system, there may be progress by an increase in plausibility. Inductive logic is the study of inconclusive but plausible (if preferred, reasonable but nondemonstrative) inference. The various kinds of inductive reasoning (chiefly generalization from observed cases and generalization from low level inductions) constitute just a subset of the class of nondeductive inference patterns. According to the analysis of inductive intuition, one may learn something about the objective probability from the observation of frequencies.
Central Tolerance to Self-Antigen Expressed by Cortical Epithelial Cells

The exposure of developing thymocytes to high-affinity self-Ag results in T cell tolerance. A predominant mechanism for this is clonal deletion; though receptor editing, anergy induction, and positive selection of regulatory T cells have also been described. It is unclear what signals are involved in determining different tolerance mechanisms. In particular, OT-I mice displayed receptor editing when the high-affinity self-Ag was expressed in cortical epithelial cells (cEC) using the human keratin 14 promoter. To test the hypothesis that receptor editing is a consequence of a unique instruction given by cEC presenting self-Ag, we created mice expressing the 2C and HY ligands under control of the keratin 14 promoter. Alternatively, we studied the fate of developing T cells in OT-I mice where Ag was presented by all thymic APC. Surprisingly, we found that the tolerance mechanism was not influenced by the APC subset involved in presentation. Clonal deletion was observed in 2C and HY models even when Ag was presented only by cEC; and receptor editing was observed in OT-I mice even when Ag was presented by all thymic APC. These results suggest that different TCRs show intrinsic differences in thymic tolerance mechanism.
A side collision awareness method

We present a new vision-based side-collision awareness method that allows the entire computation of time-to-collision estimates and hence the collision threat measure to be performed in the image domain, thus making it simple and intuitive. Simulations are performed on several test scenarios to measure the efficacy of the new collision awareness scheme.
A resource-based perspective on human capital losses, HRM investments, and organizational performance

Reversing the focus on human capital accumulations in the resource-based literature, the authors examine the issue of human capital losses and organizational performance. They theorize that human capital losses markedly diminish the inimitability of human capital stores initially, but that the negative effects are attenuated as human capital losses increase. They argue further that these effects are more dramatic when human resource management (HRM) investments are substantial. As predicted, Study 1 shows that the human capital losses (voluntary turnover rates)-workforce performance relationship takes the form of an attenuated negative relationship when HRM investments are high. Study 2 shows stronger curvilinear effects of voluntary turnover rates on financial performance via workforce productivity under these conditions. Implications for resource-based theory and strategic HRM are addressed.
Dietary Glycomacropeptide Supports Growth and Reduces the Concentrations of Phenylalanine in Plasma and Brain in a Murine Model of Phenylketonuria

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder caused by deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) that requires life-long adherence to a low-phenylalanine (Phe) diet. Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is uniquely suited to the nutritional management of PKU, because pure GMP contains no Phe. Our aim was to assess how ingestion of diets containing GMP support growth and affect the concentrations of amino acids in plasma and brains of mice with a deficiency of PAH, the Pah(enu2) mouse (PKU mouse). Experiments were conducted in 4- to 6-wk-old wild-type (WT) (C57Bl/6) and PKU mice fed diets containing 20% protein from casein, amino acids, or GMP supplemented with limiting indispensable amino acids (IAA). PKU mice fed the GMP diet showed gains in body weight, feed efficiency, and a protein efficiency ratio that did not differ from the amino acid diet. The concentrations of isoleucine and threonine in plasma showed a significant 2- to 3-fold increase for WT and PKU mice fed GMP compared with casein or amino acid diets, respectively. PKU mice fed the GMP diet had decreased concentrations of Phe in plasma (11% decrease) and in 5 regions of the brain (20% decrease) compared with the amino acid diet. The concentration of Phe in the brain was inversely correlated with the concentrations of isoleucine, threonine, and valine in plasma (R2 = 0.74; P < 0.0001), suggesting competitive inhibition of Phe transport into the brain. In summary, PKU mice fed GMP showed comparable growth and reduced concentrations of Phe in plasma and the brain compared with an amino acid diet. These data support the use of GMP supplemented with IAA as an alternative source of dietary protein for individuals with PKU.
Making Stargates: The Physics of Traversable Absurdly Benign Wormholes

Abstract Extremely short throat “absurdly benign” wormholes enabling near instantaneous travel to arbitrarily remote locations in both space and time – stargates – have long been a staple of science fiction. The physical requirements for the production of such devices were worked out by Morris and Thorne in 1988. They approached the issue of rapid spacetime transport by asking the question: what constraints do the laws of physics as we know them place on an “arbitrarily advanced culture” (AAC)? Their answer – a Jupiter mass of negative restmass matter in a structure a few tens of meters in size – seems to have rendered such things beyond the realm of the believably achievable. This might be taken as justification for abandoning further serious exploration of the physics of stargates. If such an investigation is pursued, however, one way to do so is to invert Morris and Thorne's question and ask: if “arbitrarily advanced aliens” (AAAs) have actually made stargates, what must be true of the laws of physics for them to have done so? Elementary arithmetic reveals that stargates would have an “exotic” density of on the order of 1022 gm/cm3, that is, orders of magnitude higher than nuclear density. Not only does one have to achieve this stupendous density of negative mass matter, it must be done, presumably, only with the application of “low” energy electromagnetic fields. We examine this problem, finding that a plausible solution does not depend on the laws of quantum gravity, as some have proposed. Rather, the solution depends on understanding the nature of electrons in terms of a semi-classical extension of the exact, general relativistic electron model of Arnowitt, Deser, and Misner (ADM), and Mach's Principle.
Future Directions in Atrial Fibrillation Surgery

In 1987, Dr. James Cox introduced the first effective surgical treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF) at Barnes-Jewish Hospital in St. Louis, USA. The operation was termed the Maze procedure, and involved a relatively complicated set of incisions on both the right and left atria. It was designed to block the multiple macroreentrant circuits felt to be responsible for AF. The final iteration of this procedure was termed the Cox-Maze III. This operation was extremely effective at curing AF. In a large series from our institution reported in 2003, the freedom from recurrent AF was 97% at 10 years in those patients undergoing the Maze procedure concomitant with another cardiac operation and 92% in stand-alone Maze group at 14 years. (Figure 1) This high success rate has been replicated by a number of other groups around the world. Unfortunately, few surgeons adopted the Maze procedure. It was a lengthy and difficult procedure which required cardiopulmonary bypass and an arrested heart. At our center, the mean crossclamp time required to perform a lone Cox-Maze III procedure was 93 34 minutes. The procedure also had significant morbidity, with relatively long lengths of hospital stay.
Treatment of ragweed hay fever with intranasally administered disodium cromoglycate

Summary In a double-blind study the therapeutic effect of a 4% disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) nasal solution was evaluated in thirty-nine patients with acute symptoms of ragweed hay fever. Patients were randomly assigned to the DSCG or placebo group as they presented with allergic rhinitis. Overall, the DSCG was not more effective than placebo in controlling the symptoms of rhinitis or in decreasing the need for concomitant antihistamines or corticosteroids. Among patients with the highest pretreatment serum ragweed-specific IgE (RW IgE) levels, drug-treated patients had some reduction in symptoms as compared to their placebo controls during the peak of the ragweed pollen season. DSCG treatment did not influence the usual seasonal rise in RW IgE. Side effects from both the active and placebo aerosols were frequent but mild. We conclude that DSCG nasal solution used for the treatment of seasonal ragweed allergic rhinitis is relatively ineffective.
Implications of the high D/H ratio for the sources of water in Venus' atmosphere

THE high abundance ratio of deuterium to hydrogen in the atmosphere of Venus (120 times that on Earth) can he interpreted either as the signature of a lost primordial ocean1, or of a steady state in which water is continuously supplied to the surface of Venus by comets or volcanic outgassing, balancing loss through hydrogen escape2,3. New observations4–6 of a water concentration of only 30 parts per million in Venus' atmosphere imply that the residence time of water in the atmosphere, before it escapes to space, is short compared with the age of the Solar System, casting doubt on the primordial ocean hypothesis. But a recent theoretical reanalysis of collisional ejection7 has increased estimates of the deuterium escape efficiency by a factor of 10: this means that if the venusian water budget is in steady state, the D/H ratio of the source water must be 10–15 times higher than that on Earth, ruling out cometary water, whose D/H ratio is thought to be lower than this8. Here I suggest that these observations can be understood either as the result of continuous outgassing from a highly fractionated mantle source (such as might result from severe dessication of the mantle, or massive hydrogen escape early in the planet's history) or Rayleigh fractionation after massive outgassing from catastrophic resurfacing of the planet in the past 0.5–1 Gyr.
Glial inhibition of CNS axon regeneration

Damage to the adult CNS often leads to persistent deficits due to the inability of mature axons to regenerate after injury. Mounting evidence suggests that the glial environment of the adult CNS, which includes inhibitory molecules in CNS myelin as well as proteoglycans associated with astroglial scarring, might present a major hurdle for successful axon regeneration. Here, we evaluate the molecular basis of these inhibitory influences and their contributions to the limitation of long-distance axon repair and other types of structural plasticity. Greater insight into glial inhibition is crucial for developing therapies to promote functional recovery after neural injury.
Three Regimes of Non-Newtonian Rimming Flow

The present study is related to the rimming flow of non-Newtonian fluid on the inner surface of a horizontal rotating cylinder. Using a scale analysis, the main characteristic scales and nondimensional parameters, which describe the principal features of the process, are found. Exploiting the fact that one of the parameters is very small, an approximate asymptotic mathematical model of the process is developed and justified. For a wide range of fluids, a general constitutive law can be presented by a single function relating shear stress and shear rate that corresponds to a generalized Newtonian model. For this case, the run-off condition for rimming flow is derived. Provided the run-off condition is satisfied, the existence of a steady-state solution is proved. Within the bounds stipulated by this condition, film thickness admits a continuous solution, which corresponds to subcritical and critical flow regimes. It is proved that for the critical regime the solution has a corner on the rising wall of the cylinder. In the supercritical flow regime, a discontinuous solution is possible and a hydraulic jump may occur. It is shown that straightforward leading order steady-state theory can work well to study the shock location and height. For the particular case of a power-law model, the analytical solution of a steady-state equation for the fluid film thickness is found in explicit form. More complex rheological models, which show linear Newtonian behavior at low shear rates with transition to power law at moderate shear rates, are also considered. In particular, numerical computations were carried out for the Ellis model. For this model, some analytical asymptotic solutions have also been obtained in explicit form and compared with the results of numerical computations. Based on these solutions, the optimal values of parameters, which should be used in the Ellis equation for the correct simulation of the coating flows, are determined; the criteria that guarantee the steady-state continuous solutions are defined; and the size and location of the stationary hydraulic jumps, which form when the flow is in the supercritical state, are obtained for the different flow parameters.
A cross-cultural investigation into how tasks influence seatwork activities in mathematics lessons

Abstract This study examined how types of tasks influenced student activities/thinking and defined the role of Seatwork in mathematics lessons. It used 60 lessons from the TIMSS videotaped Study. These data indicated that practice was the most prevalent form of tasks in the U.S. In Germany, students completed mathematical calculations after a complex problem-solving segment. In Japan, teachers combined practice of routine procedures in Seatwork with opportunities to prepare material, think about problems, and explore concepts. Findings expand our understanding of how tasks organize learning opportunities and effect how students come to understand mathematics.
Personality factors associated with rheumatoid arthritis: A review

Abstract A review of the literature relating personality factors to rheumatoid arthritis has shown some communalities and some differences in results across studies. Several investigators agreed that rheumatoid arthritics, when compared to various control groups, tend to be self-sacrificing, masochistic, conforming, self-conscious, shy, inhibited, perfectionistic, and interested in sports and games. They also tend to over-react to their illness. There were, however, disagreements about many other factors, e.g., the extent of the expression of anger, the importance of separation trauma, and the amount of impulsivity and defiance shown. Several important factors, the existence of which limit the generalizability of the results of previous work, and which in addition help in understanding the disagreements among various studies, were discussed. These factors include a gross lack of information about patient characteristics such as age, intelligence, severity of disease, etc.; radical differences in the theoretical orientations and methods of the different investigations; a lack of adequate and comparable control groups; the difficulty of obtaining clear-cut unambiguous behavioral predictions from personality theories which hypothesize that similar underlying personality traits may manifest themselves in different, perhaps even opposite ways; a lack of knowledge about the relationship between what an arthritic says about himself in an interview or on psychologic tests, and what his external behavior is actually like; an assumption that particular personality patterns antedate the onset of disease; and an overemphasis on ‘negative’ personality traits. Some suggestions for further work were made.
Semantic and spatial factors in environmental memory.

Reaction time (RT) in simple categorization tasks was predicted to vary as a function of the relatedness among environmental items. Differences in RT were interpreted as reflecting differences in proximity or strength of associations in environmental memory. In Experiment 1, subjects sorted names of familiar local buildings according to which seemed to go together. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed major clusters whose members were related in function and, within these, smaller clusters of buildings related by spatial proximity. In Experiment 2, subjects responded “Yes” if two items on a trial were both local buildings and “No” if one item was local and one nonlocal. Subjects responded significantly faster to pairs taken from the cluster analysis that were related by both spatial proximity and function than they did to unrelated pairs or pairs related in function only. In Experiment 3, a free-associaton task identified related pairs of spatially proximate, functionally dissimilar environmental items. In Experiment 4, RTs to these pairs did not differ from RTs to pairs of spatially proximate, functionally dissimilar items or from RTs to pairs unrelated functionally and spatially. Spatial proximity and functional similarity together contribute to the organization in memory of buildings in the physical environment.
Petechiae associated with systemic fat embolism.

In patients with recent fracture of the long bones, the sudden appearance of petechiae over the upper part of the body may be indicative of systemic fat embolism. The purpose of this report is to describe a case with the clinical features of post-traumatic systemic fat embolism and to emphasize the diagnostic significance of petechiae in this disorder. Report of Case A 25-year-old Latin-American woman was hit by a car and sustained a closed fracture of the right femur. Thirty hours later, she suddenly developed shaking chills, confusion, lethargy, tachycardia, tachypnea, and a temperature of 103 F. Multiple petechiae were noted in the palpebral and bulbar conjunctivae of both eyes (Fig. 1). Similar lesions were present over the arms (Fig. 2), shoulders, and anterolateral portions of the neck and thorax. These findings were thought to result from systemic fat embolism. Routine examinations of the blood and spinal fluid were performed
A comparison of parasitic infestations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from Central and East Texas.

The deer from Tyler County, Texas, had heavy infestations of ticks (Amblyoma americanum) and were infected by the hemoprotozoan (Babesia cervi). These two factors may be responsible for the unthrifty condition and low reproductive ability of the deer from Tyler County.
Structure/Reactivity relationships for high‐performance polyamides: Kinetics of the reactions of N,N′‐dihexylphthalamides in the presence of added copper iodide and water

An experimental study to determine the effect of copper(I) iodide and water on the rate and product distribution of aliphatic-aromatic polyamide degradation was carried out by using N,N′-dihexylterephthalamide (DHT) and N,N′-dihexylisophthalamide (DHI) as models of the amide functionality. DHT was reacted in an inert argon atmosphere at 350°C in the presence of CuI added in amounts ranging from 0–5% by weight. The rate of disappearance of DHT was enhanced by a factor of three with the addition of 0.5% CuI. Increases to 5 wt % did not change the disappearance kinetics further. Comparison of the behavior of DHT and DHI revealed that changes in rate of disappearance and product yields were dependent on the relative positions of the amide substituents. Reaction of DHI was enhanced more significantly at a given CuI loading. The rate of disappearance of DHI and DHT and the selectivity to N-hexylbenzamide increased with the addition of water in loadings ranging from 0.148M to 0.193M. The reactivity of DHI was more greatly enhanced at a given water loading. These differences were attributed to electronic effects, as evaluated by differences in atomic partial charges, and physical effects. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Aggregation-Dependent Changes in Susceptibility of Dictyostelium discoideum to Amphotericin B

Abstract In this study, the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B was used to induce changes in permeability and viability of the eucaryotic microorganism Dictyostelium discoideum. The results show that as the cells progress from the growth phase through stationary phase to eventual aggregation, they become increasingly resistant to both permeability changes and lysis. Plasma membranes were prepared from cells harvested at exponential growth, stationary phase, and the aggregation-competent stage, and both the neutral lipid and phospholipid content were determined. An increase in the neutral lipid and a decrease in the phospholipid were observed as the cells progressed from growth into aggregation, with the overall result that the phospholipid-sterol ratio decreased during this period. The extent of amphotericin B binding by cells from the different stages was also determined. Aggregation cells exhibited a small but significant increase in binding compared to cells from either of the other two stages. The permeability changes produced by the drug were measured as a function of temperature. Exponentially growing cells showed a marked temperature dependence for the drug effect, whereas aggregating cells did not. Rates of inactivation by the drug were also determined over a range of temperatures. With exponentially growing cells, the rate of inactivation was temperature dependent, whereas with aggregating cells it was not. Finally, drug binding for both growing and aggregating cells was temperature dependent. Thus, no binding was observed for cells of either type at 4°C. This finding suggests that the differences in the temperature dependence of the permeability changes and inactivation between the cells involve parameters other than drug binding.
A NEW GENUS AND FOUR NEW SPECIES OF RHYPAROCHROMINAE (HEMIPTERA: LYGAEIDAE) FROM AUSTRALIA

A new genus, Exomyocara (Lethaeini), and two new species, E. trispinosum (type species) from Western Australia and E. submuticum from eastern Australia, are described. In the genus Ethaltomarus Scudder (Ozophorini), hitherto known only from Africa, two new species are described: E. australicus from Western Australia and E. terraereginae from Queensland. Biological data and descriptions of nymphs and eggs of Exomyocara trispinosum and Erhaltomarus austrulicuc are provided. The probable relationships of Exomyocara and Ethaltomarus are briefly discussed. Copyright
Decay of Some Levels in O iv

Oxygen IV transition multiplet relative intensities for measuring decay rates, using triply ionized emitters
Analysis of nitramine and nitroaromatic explosives by capillary electrophoresis

Abstract Analysis of nitramine and nitroaramatic explosives is of interest for both environmental and forensic applications. Analysis of 14 nitramine and nitroaromatic explosives was accomplished by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography, MECC. Analysis times under 11 min were possible employing a phosphate-SDS electrolyte. Detection limits for each explosive at different wavelengths (185 nm, 214 nm, 229 nm and 254 nm) were calculated. Analysis of various extracts of high explosives such as composition C-4, tetrytol and detonating cord was performed. Detection limits less than 1 mg/L were possible using a hydrostatic injection and direct UV detection at 214 nm.
Orthodontics and temporomandibular disorders: A review of the literature (1966–1988)

The orthodontist has been both accused of causing and complimented for curing temporomandibular dysfunction. To better understand the origins of these conflicting opinions, a review of the orthodontic and temporomandibular joint journals was performed for articles published since 1966. A total of 91 publications that discussed the relationship between orthodontics and temporomandibular disorders was found, and these articles were divided in three categories: viewpoint publications, case reports, and sample studies. Among the areas scrutinized in each category was the method that has led to the diversity of viewpoints. From this analysis, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) viewpoint publications and case reports were excessively represented in comparison with the number of sample studies; (2) viewpoint publications and case reports described a wide variety of conflicting opinions on the relationship between orthodontics and temporomandibular disorders; (3) unlike sample studies, viewpoint publications and case reports have little or no value in assessment of the relationship between orthodontics and temporomandibular disorders; (4) sample studies indicate that orthodontic treatment is not responsible for creating temporomandibular disorders, regardless of the orthodontic technique; and (5) sample studies indicate that orthodontic treatment is not specific or necessary to cure signs and symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction.
A simulation-based approach in determining permitted left-turn capacities

Abstract A fundamental objective of traffic signal operations is the development of phasing plans that reduce delays while maintaining a high level of safety. One issue of concern is the treatment of left-turn phasing, which can operate as a protected movement, a permitted movement yielding to conflicting traffic, a combination protected–permitted movement or as a split-phase intersection. While protected-only movements can improve safety for the turning movement, they can also increase delays and congestion at the intersection. Most states maintain independent guidance for determining left-turn phasing; however, the most common identified guidance for protected left-turn phases is using a threshold based on the cross product of the left-turn volume and opposing through movements. The use of the cross product has been questioned recently as an indicator for determining phase selection. Based on simulation analysis within this research, the cross product is shown to be a poor indicator of left-turn capacity and congestion at the intersection. This research proposes a simplified single variable exponential model to determine left-turn capacity based on opposing volume and percent green time to determine left-turn capacity thresholds for protected left-turn phasing. The model is developed based on observed capacity from 450 VISSIM microsimulation scenarios which evaluated varying opposing volume, opposing number of lanes, cycle lengths and green time splits. Validation of the model based on complex Highway Capacity Manual procedures, indicates that the proposed model provides similar correlation to observed capacities. Finally, a nomograph is developed which presents the model in a simple form for interpretation and application by practicing traffic engineers, when required to determine left-turn phasing options. This procedure allows simple determination based on minimum input data needs similar to the cross product determination, without the need for complex hand calculations or computing requirements of the Highway Capacity Manual.
Probing the positron moderation process using high-intensity, highly polarized slow-positron beams

A highly polarized (P = 0.48 + or - 0.02) intense (500,000/sec) beam of 'slow' (Delta E = about 2 eV) positrons (e+) is generated, and it is shown that it is possible to achieve polarization as high as P = 0.69 + or - 0.04 with reduced intensity. The measured polarization of the slow e+ emitted by five different positron moderators showed no dependence on the moderator atomic number (Z). It is concluded that only source positrons with final kinetic energy below 17 keV contribute to the slow-e+ beam, in disagreement with recent yield functions derived from low-energy measurements. Measurements of polarization and yield with absorbers of different Z between the source and moderator show the effects of the energy and angular distributions of the source positrons on P. The depolarization of fast e+ transmitted through high-Z absorbers has been measured. Applications of polarized slow-e+ beams are discussed.
Progressive collapse of cold-formed steel framed structures

This study investigated the possibility of progressive collapse of a cold-formed steel framed structure. Five different analysis cases were considered, exterior wall column removal specified in General Services Administration (GSA) guidelines and Department of Defense (DoD) guidelines, corner wall column removal specified in GSA and DoD guidelines, and analysis by Successive Removal. The results showed that the removal of corner wall columns appeared to cause progressive collapse of a portion of the second and third floor of the end bay directly associated with the column removal, and not the entire building.
Syntax and intentionality: an automatic link between language and theory-of-mind.

Three studies provided evidence that syntax influences intentionality judgments. In Experiment 1, participants made either speeded or unspeeded intentionality judgments about ambiguously intentional subjects or objects. Participants were more likely to judge grammatical subjects as acting intentionally in the speeded relative to the reflective condition (thus showing an intentionality bias), but grammatical objects revealed the opposite pattern of results (thus showing an unintentionality bias). In Experiment 2, participants made an intentionality judgment about one of the two actors in a partially symmetric sentence (e.g., “John exchanged products with Susan”). The results revealed a tendency to treat the grammatical subject as acting more intentionally than the grammatical object. In Experiment 3 participants were encouraged to think about the events that such sentences typically refer to, and the tendency was significantly reduced. These results suggest a privileged relationship between language and central theory-of-mind concepts. More specifically, there may be two ways of determining intentionality judgments: (1) an automatic verbal bias to treat grammatical subjects (but not objects) as intentional (2) a deeper, more careful consideration of the events typically described by a sentence.
Biophysical properties of apolipoprotein E4 variants: implications in molecular mechanisms of correction of hypertriglyceridemia.

In humans and animal models, high plasma concentrations of apolipoprotein (apo) E are associated with hypertriglyceridemia. It has been shown that overexpression of human wild-type (WT) apoE4 in apoE-deficient mice induces hypertriglyceridemia. In contrast, overexpression of an apoE4 variant, apoE4-mut1 (apoE4(L261A, W264A, F265A, L268A, V269A)), does not induce hypertriglyceridemia and corrects hypercholesterolemia. Furthermore, overexpression of another variant, apoE4-mut2 (apoE4(W276A, L279A, V280A, V283A)), induces mild hypertriglyceridemia and does not correct hypercholesterolemia. To better understand how these mutations improve the function of apoE4, we investigated the conformation and stability of apoE4-mut1 and apoE4-mut2 and their binding to dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) vesicles and to triglyceride (TG)-rich emulsion particles. We found that the mutations introduced in apoE4-mut1 lead to a more stable and compactly folded conformation of apoE4. These structural changes are associated with a slower rate of solubilization of DMPC vesicles by apoE4-mut1 and reduced binding of the protein to emulsion particles as compared to WT apoE4. Under conditions of apoE4 overexpression, the reduced binding of apoE4-mut1 to TG-rich lipoprotein particles may facilitate the lipolysis of these particles and may alter the conformation of the lipoprotein-bound apoE in a way that favors the efficient clearance of the lipoprotein remnants. Mutations introduced in apoE4-mut2 result in smaller structural alterations compared to those observed in apoE4-mut1. The slightly altered structural properties of apoE4-mut2 are associated with slightly reduced binding of this protein to TG-rich lipoprotein particles and milder hypertriglyceridemia as compared to WT apoE4.
Richard Ellis, Printer

This article is about the life and works of Richard Ellis (1894-1942), a printer and designer of print. Miers remarks were written in connection with an exhibit of Richard Ellis books and print miscellanea at Rutgers.
Tool force and deflection compensation for small milling tools

A technique to compensate for deflection of small milling tools (diameter < 1 mm) has been demonstrated. This open-loop technique involves predicting the cutting and thrust forces, applying these forces to the tool, calculating the shape error due to tool deflection and creating a new tool path to eliminate this error. The tool force model has evolved from a decade of research to predict the forces in diamond turning. This model was modified to include the effects of tool rotation in milling as well as the changes in contact area and force direction using a ball end mill to create a free form surface. Experimental measurements were made to corroborate the components of the tool forces in the cutting and thrust directions. The force model was then combined with tool stiffness to calculate the deflection of the tool as a function of the depth of cut, the up-feed per revolution and the geometry of the part. Two experiments were used to demonstrate the effectiveness of this error compensation technique-a slot and a large circular groove. Each experiment reduced the error due to tool deflection by an order of magnitude from 20-50 μm to 2-5 μm.
Gonadal cell lineages of the nematode Panagrellus redivivus and implications for evolution by the modification of cell lineage.

Abstract To explore the nature of cell lineage modifications that have occurred during evolution, the gonadal cell lineages of the nematode Panagrellus redivivus have been determined and compared to the known gonadal lineages of Caenorhabditis elegans ( J. Kimble and D. Hirsh, 1979 , Develop. Biol. 70, 396–417). Essentially invariant lineages generate the 143 somatic cells of the male gonad and at least 326 somatic cells of the female gonad of P. redivivus . The basic program of gonadogenesis is strikingly similar among both sexes of both species. For example, the early division patterns of the somatic gonad precursors Z1 and Z4 are almost identical. Later division patterns are more divergent and, in a few cases, generate structures that are species specific. In general, similar cell types are produced after similar patterns of cell divisions. Differences among the Z1 and Z4 cell lineages appear to reflect phylogenetic modifications of a common developmental program. The nature of these differences suggests that the evolution of cell lineages involves four distinct classes of alterations: switches in the fate of a cell to that normally associated with another cell; reversals in the polarity of the lineage generated by a blast cell; alterations in the number of rounds of cell division; and an “altered segregation” of developmental potential, so that a potential normally associated with one cell instead becomes associated with its sister. A number of cell deaths occur during gonadogenesis in P. redivivus . The death of Z4.pp, a cell that controls the development of the posterior ovary in C. elegans , probably prevents the development of a posterior ovary in P. redivivus and hence is responsible for the gross difference in the morphologies of the gonads of the P. redivivus female and the C. elegans hermaphrodite. As exemplified by the death of Z4.pp, an alteration in the fate of a “regulatory cell” could facilitate rapid and/or discontinuous evolutionary change.
The defects in effector generation associated with aging can be reversed by addition of IL-2 but not other related γc-receptor binding cytokines

Aged naive CD4 T cells produce low levels of IL-2, leading to inefficient generation of effectors. The cells expand poorly, giving rise to few effectors with less activated phenotypes and reduced ability to produce cytokines. The aged cells also respond less vigorously in vivo. Addition of exogenous IL-2 or other gamma(c) receptor-signaling cytokines, restores expansion. However, only effectors generated in the presence of IL-2, are able to produce IL-2 in normal amounts and to become polarized to secrete Th2 cytokines. The defect in IL-2 production may be the only critical deficiency of aged naive CD4 T cells. Importantly, memory CD4 T cells generated from the IL-2 "restored" effectors are also deficient in IL-2 production, suggesting that a heritable change occurs during aging which effects production of IL-2 by resting naive and memory CD4 T cells, but not by optimally generated effectors.
Cost-effectiveness of a behavioral weight loss intervention for low-income women: The Weight-Wise Program

Abstract Objective Assess the cost-effectiveness of a 16-week weight loss intervention (Weight-Wise) for low-income midlife women. Method A randomized controlled trial conducted in North Carolina in 2007 tested a weight loss intervention among 143 women (40–64 years old, mean BMI = 35.1 kg/m2). Women were randomized to one of two arms—special intervention (n = 72) and a wait-listed control group (n = 71). Effectiveness measures included changes in weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol. Cost-effectiveness measures calculated life years gained (LYG) from changes in weight, based on excess years life lost (YLL) algorithm. Results Intervention participants had statistically significant decreases in weight (kg) (− 4.4 95% CI = − 5.6, − 3.2) and in systolic blood pressure (− 6.2 mm Hg, 95% CI = − 10.6, − 1.7) compared to controls. Total cost of conducting Weight-Wise was $17,403, and the cost per participant in intervention group was $242. The incremental cost per life year gained (discounted) from a decrease in obesity was $1862. Conclusion Our results suggest the Weight-Wise intervention may be a cost-effective approach to improving the health of low-income women.
Distinguishing Protein Domains and Folded States with Unfoldase-Mediated Nanopore Analysis

We have recently shown that the protein unfoldase ClpX can be used to controllably unfold and translocate proteins through an α-hemolysin pore, thereby allowing sequence-dependent features of engineered proteins to be detected [1]. Here we now describe the extension of this technique to the analysis of hetero-multi-domain proteins. The signals generated during the enzymatic unfolding and translocation of these systematically engineered protein constructs were analyzed to correlate domain identity and folded state, in addition to unfolding intermediates, to specific current states. These results demonstrate the utility of this technique to linearly interrogate and distinguish between the individual domains of complex proteins by revealing information on sequence, size, and structural stability at the single-molecule level.1. Nivala, J., Marks, D.B. & Akeson, M. Unfoldase-mediated protein translocation through an α-hemolysin nanopore. Nat. Biotechnol. 31 247-50 (2013).View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Affinity Maturation of an ERBB2-Targeted SPECT Imaging Peptide by In Vivo Phage Display

The goal of this study was to improve the pharmacokinetic properties and specificity of an ERBB2-targeted peptide for SPECT imaging. Bacteriophages (phages) displaying the ERBB2 targeting sequence, KCCYSL, flanked by additional random amino acids were used for in vivo selections in mice-bearing ERBB2-expressing MDA-MB-435 human breast xenografts. Phage-displayed peptides were evaluated for ERBB2 and cancer cell binding affinity and specificity in vitro, and one peptide was radiolabeled with 111In-DOTA and biodistribution and SPECT imaging properties were compared to the first generation peptide, 111In-DOTA-KCCYSL. In vivo phage display selected two peptides, 1-D03 (MEGPSKCCYSLALSH) and 3-G03 (SGTKSKCCYSLRRSS), with higher breast carcinoma cell specificity and similar ErbB2 affinity (236 and 289 nM, respectively) to the first generation peptide. The corresponding radiolabeled probes bound with higher affinity to target cancer cells than 111In-DOTA-KCCYSL; however, only 111In-DOTA-1-D03 demonstrated higher specificity for MDA-MB-435 cells. Biodistribution analysis demonstrated that although 111In-DOTA-1-D03 had slightly reduced tumor uptake (0.661 % ID/g) in comparison to 111In-DOTA-KCCYSL (0.78 %/ID/g), its dramatic improvement in blood clearance led to a significantly higher tumor/blood ratio (6.02:1). Non-specific uptake was also reduced in most organs including heart, lung, muscle, bone, and kidneys. SPECT imaging revealed tumor-specific uptake of 111In-DOTA-1-D03, which was confirmed by blocking with unlabeled 1-D03 peptide. This is the first evidence that SPECT imaging peptides with improved tumor specificity and pharmacokinetics can be obtained by in vivo phage display affinity maturation. The combination of ERBB2-specific binding, rapid clearance, and tumor specificity may make 1-D03 a viable candidate for clinical imaging studies.