cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A high-density genetic map of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench based on 2926 AFLP, RFLP and SSR markers.

Using AFLP technology and a recombinant inbred line population derived from the sorghum cross of BTx623 x IS3620C, a high-density genetic map of the sorghum genome was constructed. The 1713 cM map encompassed 2926 loci distributed on ten linkage groups; 2454 of those loci are AFLP products generated from either the EcoRI/MseI or PstI/MseI enzyme combinations. Among the non-AFLP markers, 136 are SSRs previously mapped in sorghum, and 203 are cDNA and genomic clones from rice, barley, oat, and maize. This latter group of markers has been mapped in various grass species and, as such, can serve as reference markers in comparative mapping. Of the nearly 3000 markers mapped, 692 comprised a LOD >3.0 framework map on which the remaining markers were placed with lower resolution (LOD <3.0). By comparing the map positions of the common grass markers in all sorghum maps reported to date, it was determined that these reference markers were essentially collinear in all published maps. Some clustering of the EcoRI/MseI AFLP markers was observed, possibly in centromeric regions. In general, however, the AFLP markers filled most of the gaps left by the RFLP/SSR markers demonstrating that AFLP technology is effective in providing excellent genome coverage. A web site, http://SorghumGenome.tamu.edu, has been created to provide all the necessary information to facilitate the use of this map and the 2590 PCR-based markers. Finally, we discuss how the information contained in this map is being integrated into a sorghum physical map for map-based gene isolation, comparative genome analysis, and as a source of sequence-ready clones for genome sequencing projects.
Divergent effects of 4-1BB antibodies on antitumor immunity and on tumor-reactive T-cell generation.

4-1BB is an inducible receptor-like protein expressed rapidly by both CD4 and CD8 T-cells after activation. 4-1BB cross-linking, either by binding to 4-1BBL or by antibody ligation, delivers a costimulatory signal to enhance T-cell activation and proliferation. Previous studies have demonstrated that the administration of 4-1BB monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) induces antitumor immune responses. In the current study using several murine tumors, we examined the systemic effects of 4-1BB mAb on the growth of s.c., intracranial (i.c.), and pulmonary metastases. In addition, the effects of 4-1BB mAb on the generation of antitumor effector T cells were examined. Treatment of 3-day i.c. MCA 205 sarcoma and GL261 glioma with the antibody resulted in prolongation of survival and cure of disease in some mice, whereas only minimal therapeutic effects were observed in established s.c. and pulmonary tumors. No antitumor effects against the poorly immunogenic B16/D5 melanoma were observed. Interestingly, successful treatment of i.c. tumors induced concomitant regression of s.c. tumors. Experiments using severe combined immunodeficient mice and mice depleted of either CD4 or CD8 T cells demonstrated T-cell dependence of the antitumor effects. For generation of effector T cells in the tumor-draining lymph nodes (LNs), administration of 4-1BB mAb had adverse effects, despite the apparent hypertrophy of the LNs. During in vitro activation of tumor-draining LN T cells with anti-CD3 and interleukin 2, the 4-1BB mAb augmented proliferation, resulting in an increase in CD8 T cells. However, they were less therapeutic than not treated LN cells. In adoptive immunotherapy, the coadministration of 4-1BB mAb enhanced the therapeutic efficacy. These results thus demonstrate the limits and potential advantages of 4-1BB antibody interactions with antitumor T cells in vivo and in vitro and suggest that therapeutic interactions of the antibody may be used in a variety of immunotherapeutic approaches.
The privacy implications of Bluetooth

A substantial amount of research, as well as media hype, has surrounded RFID technology and its privacy implications. Currently, researchers and the media focus on the privacy threats posed by RFID, while consumer groups choose to boycott products bearing RFID tags. At the same, however, a very similar technology has quietly become part of our everyday lives: Bluetooth. In this paper we highlight the fact that Bluetooth is a widespread technology that has real privacy implications. Furthermore, we explore the applicability of RFID-based solutions to address these privacy implications.
Efficient Flapping Flight Using Flexible Wings Oscillating at Resonance

We use fully-coupled three-dimensional computer simulations to examine aerodynamics of elastic wings oscillating at resonance. Wings are modeled as planar elastic plates plunging sinusoidally at a low Reynolds number. The wings are tilted from horizontal, thereby generating asymmetric flow patterns and non-zero net aerodynamic forces. Our simulations reveal that resonance oscillations of elastic wings drastically enhance aerodynamic lift, thrust, and efficiency. We show that flexible wings driven at resonance by a simple harmonic stroke generate lift comparable to that of small insects that employ a significantly more complicated stroke kinematics. The results of our simulations point to the feasibility of using flexible resonant wings with a simple stroke for designing efficient microscale flying vehicles.
Varying developmental mechanisms in teratology.

The great variety of developmental mechanisms which may be involved in the genesis of abnormalities is emphasized. The following examples are presented: Too little growth; too little resorption; too much resorption; a resorptive process normal in character but occurring in an abnormal location; a growth process normal in character but occurring in an abnormal location and, finally, too much growth of some particular structure or tissue. With this variety of developmental mechanisms involved, the futility of expecting to find any blanket cause of congenital defects should be self-evident. Moreover, one would not expect to find the various causative factors even in the same category. See figure in the PDF.file In cases of too little growth, i.e., cases of the "developmental arrest" type, one would naturally look for deficiency factors, or for inhibiting factors-genetic or environmental. In the case of too much or too little resorption as a secondary moulding process, or with growth or resorptive processes out of their normal territory, one would look for regulatory factors. So, also, with disturbances in timing, which were not discussed but which I believe we will find of great importance when we know more accurately the rate at which critical developmental process should normally progress. See figure in the PDF.file Finally, especial emphasis is placed on defects involving the overproduction of a tissue, or a structure, because the factors which might cause overgrowth must be of a different nature than the inhibiting or deficiency factors we have so long been accustomed to emphasize. See figure in the PDF.file I feel certain that in other papers in this conference there will be stressing of the multiplicity of etiologic factors, as well as similar emphasis on the variety of developmental mechanisms involved. I believe that we shall gain the conviction that each type of defect and each possible etiologic factor must be intensively studied on an individual basis if we are to make sound progress instead of bogging down in a morass of vague generalizations.
Immunolocalization of CRES (Cystatin-Related Epididymal Spermatogenic) Protein in the Acrosomes of Mouse Spermatozoa

The CRES (cystatin-related epididymal spermatogenic) protein is a member of the cystatin superfamily of cysteine protease inhibitors and exhibits highly restricted expression in the reproductive tract. We have previously shown that CRES protein is present in elongating spermatids in the testis and is synthesized and secreted by the proximal caput epididymal epithelium. The presence of CRES protein in developing germ cells and in the luminal fluid surrounding maturing spermatozoa prompted us to examine whether CRES protein is associated with spermatozoa. In the studies presented, indirect immunofluorescence, immunogold electron microscopy, and Western blot analysis demonstrated that CRES protein is localized in sperm acrosomes and is released during the acrosome reaction. Interestingly, while the 19- and 14-kDa CRES proteins were present in testicular and proximal caput epididymal spermatozoa, the 14-kDa CRES protein was the predominant form present in mid-caput to cauda epididymal spermatozoa. Furthermore, following the ionophore-induced acrosome reaction, CRES protein localization was similar to that of proacrosin/acrosin in that it was detected in the soluble fraction as well as associated with the acrosome-reacted spermatozoa. The presence of CRES protein in the sperm acrosome, a site of high hydrolytic and proteolytic activity, suggests that CRES may play a role in the regulation of intraacrosomal protein processing or may be involved in fertilization.
Cadmium and cobalt substitution for zinc in a marine diatom

IN the oceans, many trace metals show a surface depletion relative to deep waters that is typical of the principal algal nutrients, N, i and Si, and is therefore presumed to result from biological uptake at the sea surface and regeneration at depth. Among trace metals, cadmium has an especially acute surface depletion1,2, and shows the best correlation with a major algal nutrient (P) 1–3. But the biological reason for Cd surface depletion is particularly puzzling, because unlike other surface-depleted trace elements (for example, Fe, Ni, Co, Zn and Cu), Cd is not known to be required by organisms. However, because Cd can substitute for Zn in some metalloenzymes in vitro4 and in vivo5, we hypothesized that Cd might promote the growth of Zn-limited phytoplankton. Marine phytoplankton are limited by a free Zn ion activity of 10–11.5 M (refs 6, 7), which is similar to the activity estimated for ocean surface waters8 as a result of the low concentration and organic complexation of Zn in the oceans. We now report that, in sea water with low Zn concentration, mimicking conditions of the ocean surface waters, Cd stimulates the growth of the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii by substituting for Zn in certain macromolecules. The substitution is highly effective, in that Zn-defAcient cells can grow at 90% of their maximum rate when supplied with Cd. We also find that Co can substitute for Zn (although less efficiently than Cd), indicating that Co could be an important nutrient for algal growth for reasons other than its role in vitamin B12 (ref. 9).
Light, nitrogen, and phosphorus limitation of edaphic algae in a delaware salt marsh

Abstract The effects on edaphic algae associated with a pure stand of the cord grass, Spartina alterniflora Loisel of manipulating light intensity and additions of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus as fertilizers to the marsh surface have been investigated for one year. The standing crop of edaphic algae as measured by chlorophyll a production was limited only by phosphorus supplies during fall and winter, by both phosphorus and nitrogen in spring, and only by nitrogen during the summer. Since the responses were in phase with the seasonal fluctuations in the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus, it is concluded that the flood tide is the major source of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds for edaphic algal growth. Reduction in the quantity of light reaching the edaphic algae by Spartina cover is always a limiting factor for the standing crop. A gradient in the composition of the algal flora is directly related to light intensity, and indicates that this factor determines the relative contribution of diatoms and filamentous algae to the community. The interaction of light intensity and nutrients in regulating the production of edaphic algae and cord grass on the marsh under study over a yearly cycle has also been investigated.
The societal costs of low back pain: data published between 2001 and 2007.

The paper reviews low back pain (LBP) studies with economic implications in order to determine whether the societal cost attributed to lower back pain (LBP) have changed since 2001, a time during which LBP treatment guidelines were updated. A Medline search of publications 2001 and 2007 using broadly defined keywords produced 338 abstracts that were screened, of which 68 potentially relevant articles were retrieved and reviewed. Cost estimates for the management of LBP were high, consistent with the results of review of LBP economic studies published prior to 2001. Pharmacotherapy plays an important role in LBP treatment, although drug cost data in LBP is limited. Newer, more costly agents such cyclooxengenase-2 selective nonsterioidal antiinflammatory agents will increase drug costs as a portion of total costs, particularly if not used in accordance with treatment guidelines.
Three-dimensional stylus profilometry☆

The method of three-dimensional stylus profilometry is presented together with a computer-based system for transforming the surface topography of a specimen into an intensity image. Examples are given in which intensity images obtained by stylus profilometry are compared with scanning electron micrographs and two other representations of the stylus data. The comparisons are made for three types of surface irregularities: a discrete feature, a periodic profile surface, and a random profile surface. It is shown that stylus profilometry provides high vertical resolution for low sloped surfaces and thus can be useful in revealing features not easily detectable with other methods.
Hypospadias repair by laser tissue soldering : Intraoperative results and follow-up in 30 children

Abstract Objectives . We examined the use of laser tissue soldering (LTS) as an adjunct to suturing of, as well as aprimary means of, tissue closure in urethral reconstruction. Methods . Since June 1994, 26 boys ranging in age from 3 months to 14 years (mean 3.0 years) underwenthypospadias repair using LTS techniques. The classification of hypospadias was subcoronal in 13, midpenile in 5, penoscrotal in 7, and scrotal in 1. Laser tissue soldering was used in an additional 4 patients: tunica vaginalis patch graft corporoplasty in 2 (scrotal hypospadias), epispadias fistulae in 1, and urethral diverticulum in 1. Of these cases, 3 hypospadias repairs were completely sutureless. An intraoperative comparision was made between suturing and LTS with respect to operative time and degree of difficulty in performing LTS. Postoperatively, patients were examined to determine complications, including stricture, fistula, or impaired wound healing. An unselected group of 25 consecutive boys undergoing hypospadias repair between 1991 and 1992 served as a historical control group. Results . No intraoperative complications resulted from laser activation. In 5 of the 30 procedures (16.6%),suture disruption was noted to occur, with a higher incidence seen with finer, dyed suture material. For hypospadias repair, the average time to suture was 6.7 min/cm (n=23), whereas it was, 3.1 min/cm for adjunctive LTS (n=23) and 1.4 min/cm for sutureless urethroplasty (n=3). Follow-up ranged from 3 to 22 months (average 9.6). Four fistulae were noted (1 onlay, 2 skin tube grafts, 1 Thiersch tube) each following penoscrotal or scrotal hypospadias repair; a fifth fistula developed following a traumatic catheterization in a sutureless repair. The overall complication rate in the LTS group was 19% (5 of 26) versus 24% (6 of 25) for controls, whereas that for the distal forms of hypospadias was 11% (2 of 18) and 13.6% (3 of 22), respectively. Conclusions . Tissue soldering with laser and chromophore-doped solder is feasible, safe, and easy to perform.Laser tissue soldering may be an alternative to standard microsuture technique for hypospadias repair.
DETAILED FORMS OF YIELD CURVES FROM SEMITHICK ALUMINUM TARGETS

Accurate measurements were made of the detailed shapes of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray yield curves from semithick aluminum targets over the 992-keV resonance. Detailed information from these targets was possible through the use of a new electronic device which allowed data to be taken while incrementing the target voltage to provide energy changes and simultaneously correcting for energy fluctuations in the beam. To provide pure targets, fast evaporation rates were used with pressures usually 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ Torr or less. During runs the pressure was usually 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ Torr or less. No contamination effects appeared. Experimental results were compared to curves computed by Monte Carlo techniques for an assumed collision spectrum in which the contributions of electrons from each shell were computed using the Born approximation. These calculated curves gave closer fits to the experimental data than previous curves for which all electrons were assumed to be free and stationary. The experimental results departed somewhat from those calculated because nonuniformities in target thickness were not completely eliminated. Some additional results on thick targets show that surface contamination can take place if ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ gases are introduced into the vacuum system.
High temperature phase transition in YBa2Cu3Ox: a thermodynamic key to the high temperature superconductivity

Abstract A first order-like phase transition at Tp = 900°C in YBa2Cu3Ox followed by a second order transition from 900 to 600°C is found to be responsible for the high temperature superconductivity. Samples quenched from above Tp are not superconducting and have a tetragonal unit cell. Samples quenched from Tp down to 600°C show a continuously increasing and sharpening superconducting transition, and a continuously growing orthorhombic distortion. From the quenching and anneal/recovery studies we concluded that a thermodynamically inhomogeneous state occurs below Tp.
Hypothesis and experiment in the early development of Kekulé's Benzene theory

Summary This article attempts a contextual study of the origin and early development of August Kekule's theory of aromatic compounds. The terminus a quo is essentially August Hofmann's coining of the modern chemical denotation of ‘aromatic’ in 1855; the terminus ad quem is the first full codification of Kekule's theory in the sixth fascicle of his Lehrbuch der organischen Chemie, published in the summer of 1866. Kekule's theory is viewed in context with the earlier and concurrent experimental work of such chemists as Hermann Kolbe, Friedrich Beilstein, Rudolph Fittig, and Hugo Muller. The reception of the theory is briefly examined. Attention is paid to the role of Kekule's molecular models and of his celebrated dream anecdote of the snake that seizes its own tail. The episode is used as a case study for the continuity of scientific progress, and to illustrate the close reciprocal interactions of hypothesis and experiment in the evolution of a scientific theory.
Tryptophan depletion and depressive vulnerability

Abstract Background: Rapid and transient depletion of tryptophan (TRP) causes a brief depressive relapse in most patients successfully treated with and taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, but little change in drug-free, symptomatic depressed patients. This study investigates the effects of TRP depletion in drug-free subjects in clinical remission from a prior major depressive episode (MDE). Methods: Twelve subjects with a prior MDE, currently in clinical remission and drug-free for at least 3 months (patients), and 12 healthy subjects without personal or family history of Axis I disorder (controls), received TRP depletion. The study was conducted in a double-blind, controlled [full (102-g) and quarter-strength (25 g) 15-amino acid drinks], crossover fashion. Behavioral ratings and plasma TRP levels were obtained prior to, during, and after testing. Results: All subjects experienced significant depletion of plasma TRP on both test-drinks, showing a significant dose–response relation. Healthy control subjects had minimal mood changes, but patients had a depressive response of greater magnitude. Conclusions: In the context of prior TRP depletion studies with antidepressant-treated, and drug-free symptomatic depressed patients, these results suggest that depression may be caused not by an abnormality of 5-HT function, but by dysfunction of other systems or brain regions modulated by 5-HT.
Directional antenna diversity for mobile devices: characterizations and solutions

We report a first-of-its-kind realization of directional transmission for smartphone-like mobile devices using multiple passive directional antennas, supported by only one RF chain. The key is a multi-antenna system (MiDAS) and its antenna selection methods that judiciously select the right antenna for transmission. It is grounded by two measurement-driven studies regarding 1) how smartphones rotate during wireless usage in the field and 2) how orientation and rotation impact the performance of directional antennas under various propagation environments. We implement MiDAS and its antenna selection methods using the WARP platform. We evaluate the implementation using a computerized motor to rotate the prototype according to traces collected from smartphone users in the field. Our evaluation shows that MiDAS achieves a median of 3dB increase in link gain. We demonstrate that rate adaptation and power control can be combined with MiDAS to further improve goodput and power saving. Real-time experiments with the prototype show that the link gain translates to 85% goodput improvement for a low SNR scenario. The same gain translates to 51% transmit power reduction for a high SNR scenario. Compared to other methods in realizing directional communication, MiDAS does not require any changes to the network infrastructure, and is therefore suitable for immediate or near-future deployment.
Factors associated with not having a personal health care provider for children in Florida.

OBJECTIVE. National recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners promote that all children obtain quality primary care through a consistent medical provider who can better assess, diagnose, and monitor a child9s health. The purpose of this article was to identify characteristics of children in Florida without a personal health care provider. METHODS. Florida data ( N = 2116) from the 2003 National Survey of Children9s Health were analyzed by using bivariate and multivariate methods. The dependent, or outcome, variable was a personal health care provider, defined in the National Survey of Children9s Health as a personal doctor or nurse. RESULTS. In Florida, 20.1% of children (0–17 years of age) do not have a personal health care provider compared with 16.7% in the United States. Children at greatest risk are those without health insurance. Other significant risk factors include family poverty up to 100% of federal poverty level, poverty level 100% to 199%, poverty level unknown, poverty level 200% to 399%, children aged 5 to 12 years, children aged 13 to 17 years, and Hispanic ethnicity. All the factors in the Florida model were also significant in the national model. CONCLUSIONS. Lack of a personal health care provider is driven by larger community issues of health insurance, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity, including race, on a national level. To achieve the goal of a personal health care provider for children, a multifaceted approach needs to be considered. Knowing which children are without a personal health care provider provides valuable information for state policy-makers, program planners, and evaluators.
Unsaturated free fatty acids regulate cAMP relay and cell-cell adhesion duringDictyostelium discoideum aggregation

Cell-cell adhesion and cAMP-stimulated cAMP production (cAMP relay) regulate the aggregation that occurs early in theDictyostelium discoideum developmental cycle. Increasing the concentration of neutral lipids inD. discoideum membranes inhibits both cell-cell adhesion and cAMP relay. Fractionation experiments revealed that it was the free fatty acids, one group of the neutral lipids, that inhibited both cAMP relay and cell-cell adhesion. Work with commercially-available free fatty acids demonstrated that the addition of saturated free fatty acids, palmitic acid and stearic acid, did not alter cell-cell adhesion or cAMP relay. The addition of unsaturated free fatty acids inhibited both cAMP relay and cell-cell adhesion in a dose-dependent, saturable manner. To test the physiological significance of these observations, the concentrations of endogenous unsaturated fatty acids were modified by altering theD. discoideum diet. Decreasing the amount of fatty acids 18 carbons long with 2 double bonds enhanced cAMP relay and cell-cell adhesion. These results suggest that fatty acids may be important regulators of cAMP responsiveness and cell-cell adhesion duringD. discoideum aggregation, and therefore may play important roles in development.
Cost analysis model of digital imaging networks: results of a comprehensive sensitivity analysis

The Cost Analysis Model for Digital Imaging Networks (CAMDIN) is a life cycle cost analysis model of the financial impact of PACS technology upon the radiology department at Georgetown University Hospital. The model (which uses the Javelin Plus economic modeling package with data from Georgetown University Hospital and AT&T's CommView system) follows the costs and revenues within radiology both with and without the PACS network. CAMDIN guides the user in building a model tailored to an individual radiology department. It allows for sensitivity studies and produces practical results in several levels of detail clearly and quickly. Sensitivity studies have been performed on this system to determine the relative weights of several factors of PACS implementation.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Genetic Heterogeneity in Adolescents’ Depressive Symptoms in Response to Victimization

This study had two objectives: first, to determine the degree to which experiences of victimization by peers during adolescence led to a subsequent rise in depressive symptoms, and second, to identify genetic markers that predict depressive reactivity to victimization. We used a cohort sequential design to obtain a longitudinal sample of 1,475 adolescents (3,263 observations) in Grades 8 to 12 (56% female; 47% Black, 46% White). Multilevel growth curve models were used to assess whether victimization predicted depressive symptoms 6 months later, beyond baseline trajectories for depressive symptoms. We modeled the interactive effects of peer victimization with three genetic polymorphisms (on 5-HTTLPR, DRD2 TaqIA, and BDNF Val66Met) on depressive symptoms. Although victimization predicted subsequent depressive symptoms, there was substantial heterogeneity in the magnitude of the effect of victimization. Val alleles, associated with higher brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) functioning, predicted more ...
Steroidal control of male hamster sexual behavior in Me and MPOA: effects of androgen dose and tamoxifen

Steroids stimulate male sexual behavior through interconnected limbic nuclei, including the medial amygdala (Me) and medial preoptic area (MPOA). Although Me and MPOA each can transduce hormonal cues to induce sexual activity in castrated male hamsters, simultaneous stimulation of Me and MPOA fails to amplify mating. The present study extends our investigations of redundancy in the hormonal control of mating by testing the behavioral effects of (1) increasing steroid dose in a single brain region or (2) locally blocking steroid action with an estrogen antagonist. In Experiment 1, sexually experienced castrates received a single testosterone implant in Me, bilateral testosterone implants, or a single implant of a highly potent androgen, 7a-methyl-19-nortestosterone (MENT). These treatments stimulated mating behavior: 2 weeks after surgery, mounting was observed in > or =50% of the males in each group. In Experiment 2, castrated males received intracerebral implants of the estrogen antagonist tamoxifen in Me or MPOA, combined with systemic testosterone replacement. Tamoxifen in MPOA had minimal effects on the recovery of mating behavior. With tamoxifen in Me, mounts and intromissions were significantly reduced 18 days after surgery. However, the percent of males in each group that expressed mounts, intromissions or ejaculations was not different. Thus, in Experiment 1, increasing the amount of steroid does not amplify mating. Likewise, local blockade of hormone action in Experiment 2 does not prevent behavior. These findings support the concept that steroids are largely permissive for male sex behavior. Steroid stimulation of either Me or MPOA is sufficient for sexual activity. Conversely, neither Me nor MPOA has an absolute requirement for hormones to facilitate expression of mating.
Potent Inhibition and Global Co-localization Implicate the Transmembrane Kunitz-type Serine Protease Inhibitor Hepatocyte Growth Factor Activator Inhibitor-2 in the Regulation of Epithelial Matriptase Activity

Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitors (HAI)-1 and -2 are recently identified and closely related Kunitz-type transmembrane serine protease inhibitors. Whereas HAI-1 is well established as an inhibitor of the serine proteases matriptase and hepatocyte growth factor activator, the physiological targets of HAI-2 are unknown. Here we show that HAI-2 displays potent inhibitory activity toward matriptase, forms SDS-stable complexes with the serine protease, and blocks matriptase-dependent activation of its candidate physiological substrates proprostasin and cell surface-bound pro-urokinase plasminogen activator. To further explore the potential functional relationship between HAI-2 and matriptase, we generated a transgenic mouse strain with a promoterless β-galactosidase marker gene inserted into the endogenous locus encoding HAI-2 protein and performed a global high resolution mapping of the expression of HAI-2, matriptase, and HAI-1 proteins in all adult tissues. This analysis showed striking co-localization of HAI-2 with matriptase and HAI-1 in epithelial cells of all major organ systems, thus strongly supporting a role of HAI-2 as a physiological regulator of matriptase activity, possibly acting in a redundant or partially redundant manner with HAI-1. Unlike HAI-1 and matriptase, however, HAI-2 expression was also detected in non-epithelial cells of brain and lymph nodes, suggesting that HAI-2 may also be involved in inhibition of serine proteases other than matriptase.
Dynamics in coupled oscillators with recurrent/random forcing, a PDE approach

The current paper is devoted to the study of coupled oscillators with recurrent/random forcing. Special attention is given to the solutions having the same recurrence/randomness as that of the forcing (recurrent/random solutions for short). By embedding coupled oscillators into coupled parabolic equations, it establishes a general theorem on the existence of recurrent/random solutions. It also finds conditions under which such solutions are unique. When the recurrent forcing is actually quasi-periodic or almost periodic, recurrent solutions are refereed to as quasi-periodic or almost periodic solutions in a weak sense and they are quasi-periodic or almost periodic in the classical sense under the uniqueness conditions. In addition, applications of the general theory to coupled Duffing type oscillators and Josephson junctions are considered and the results obtained extend several existing ones for quasi-periodic Duffing oscillators.
Reactivity of {(Ph3P)Pt[μ-η2-HSiH(Ar)]}2 (Ar=2-isopropyl-6-methylphenyl) with phosphines. X-ray crystal structure of trans-{(dppe)Pt[μ-SiH(Ar)]}2

Abstract The dinuclear PtSi complex {(Ph 3 P)Pt{μ-η 2 -HSiH(IMP)]} 2 ( trans - 1a – cis - 1b =3:1; IMP=2-isopropyl-6-methylphenyl) reacted with basic phosphines such as 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe) and dimethylphenylphosphine (PMe 2 Ph) to afford different dinuclear PtSi complexes with loss of H 2 , {(P) 2 Pt[μ-SiH(IMP)]} 2 [P=dppe, trans - 2a (major), cis -2b (trace); PMe 2 Ph, 3 ( trans only)]. Complexes 2 and 3 were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography ( 2a ). In contrast, the reaction of 1a , b with the sterically demanding tricyclohexylphosphine (PCy 3 ) afforded {(Cy 3 P)Pt{μ-η 2 -HSiH(IMP)]} 2 ( trans - 4a – cis - 4b 2:1) analogous to 1a , b where the central Pt 2 Si 2 (μ-H) 2 core remains intact but the PPh 3 ligands have been replaced by PCy 3 . Complexes 4a and 4b was characterized by multinuclear NMR and IR spectroscopies.
Dietary selenium intake and growth of the MT-W9B transplantable rat mammary tumor.

Abstract The present study reports the effect of dietary selenium deficiency and supplementation on the growth of the transplantable MT-W9B mammary tumor in female Wistar-Furth rats. Supplementation of the diet with 2 ppm of selenium inhibited tumor growth and reduced the final tumor weight by approximately 50% compared to the control rats receiving 0.1 ppm of selenium. The inhibitory response was selective, without inducing any weight loss in the animals. On the other hand, selenium deficiency (
Hemostatic properties of a venomic protein in rodent dermal injuries.

Abstract Hemostatic properties of a factor Xa-like protease (Q8009) from the Australian snake Pseudonaja textilis textilis were determined. In tail-tip transection and dermal incision (hind limb) models, reagents were applied with collagen matrix. Blood was collected on filter paper chads for 12 one-minute intervals or until hemostasis. Determination of blood loss was performed using the hematin content and reported as blood loss per minute and total blood lost. Results from the studies demonstrated that the addition of the protease Q8009 and collagen matrix significantly reduced the volume of blood loss and shortened the time-to-hemostasis. In the dermal incision model, Q8009 (100, 250 and 1000 μg/ml) plus collagen matrix significantly reduced ( p p
A more precise security type system for dynamic security tests

The move toward publically available services that store private information has increased the importance of tracking information flow in applications. For example, network systems that store credit-card transactions and medical records must be assured to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of this information. One way to ensure this is to use a language that supports static reasoning about information flow in the type system. While useful in practice, current type systems for checking information flow are imprecise, unnecessarily rejecting safe programs. This annoys programmers and often results in increased code complexity in order to work around these artificial limitations. In this work, we present a new type system for statically checking information flow properties of imperative programs with exceptions. Our key insight is to propagate a context of exception handlers and check exceptions at the throw point rather than propagating exceptions outward and checking them at the catch sites. We prove that our type system guarantees the standard non-interference condition and that it is strictly more permissive than the existing type system for Jif, a language that extends the Java type system to reason about information flow.
Unfulfilled needs in IR astronomy focal-plane readout electronics

The NOAO's 8-m IR optimized telescope for Mauna Kea and NASA's SIRTF show that from 1 to 200 microns there are a number of unfulfilled needs in readout electronics. These include: extremely low readnoise, less than 10 electrons, stable operation at temperatures as low as 2 K, high well capacity, greater than 1 e 7 electrons, and integration times from 30 msec to over 100 sec. Sensors for adaptive optics systems are required with readnoise less than 10 electrons and response times of 30 msec. They should be highly efficient from 1 to 2.5 microns, but may have small formats. Ground-based imagers at these wavelengths need comparable readnoise but longer integration times, and the largest possible formats are essential. To achieve these goals improved cryogenic MOSFETS are essential and complete cryogenic CMOS circuits are highly desirable. Experimental cryoptimized MFETS promise to exceed the above noise requirements at 77 K and approach the needs at 2 K.
Head injury as a risk factor in Alzheimer's disease

Several case-control studies have reported head injury to be more common among patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) than healthy elderly controls. The present study sought to determine whether milder head injury is also a risk factor for AD. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that head injury would be more common among AD patients without a genetic risk for the disease. History of head injury in 68 consecutive cases of probable or definite AD and 34 non-demented control subjects was ascertained from their spouses. Head injury was reported in 20 of the AD patients (29%), and in only one control subject (2.9%) (odds ratio = 13.75). Twenty per cent of the familial and 43.5% of the sporadic AD cases reportedly had a premorbid head injury (odds ratio = 3.08). Head injury had no effect on age of dementia onset. The results indicate that head trauma may be a predisposing factor to AD, particularly in the absence of a clear genetic contribution.
TGF-β2 inhibition augments the effect of tumor vaccine and improves the survival of animals with pre-established brain tumors

TGF-beta2 secretion by high grade gliomas has been implicated as one of the major factors contributing to tumor growth, alterations in the host immune response to tumor, and failure of gliomas to respond to current immunotherapy strategies. We hypothesized that targeted delivery and inhibition of TGF-beta2 by TGF-beta2 antisense oligonucleotides (AS-ODNs) would overcome tumor-induced immunosuppression and enhance the capacity of tumor vaccines to eradicate established brain tumors. Utilizing the mRNA sequences of TGF-beta2, specific AS-ODNs were constructed and tested for their ability to inhibit TGF-beta2 production in 9L glioma cells. The effect of combining local intracranial administration of antisense ODNs with systemic tumor vaccine was examined. Fisher 344 rats were vaccinated subcutaneously with irradiated 9L tumor cells 3 days after intracranial tumor implantation. Four days after vaccination, ODNs were administered into the tumor mass and survival was followed. ODNs delivered locally distributed widely within the brain tumor mass and inhibited TGF-beta2 expression. Survival of tumor-bearing rats treated with the combination of local antisense and systemic tumor vaccine was significantly enhanced (mean survival time (MST): 48.0 days). In contrast, MST for animals treated with nonsense plus vaccine, vaccine alone, antisense alone or PBS showed no survival advantage and no statistical differences between groups (33.5 days, 29.0 days, 37.5 days, and 31.5 days, respectively). Our data supports the hypothesis that local administration of antisense TGF-beta2 ODNs combined with systemic vaccination can increase efficacy of immunotherapy and is a novel, potentially clinically applicable, strategy for high-grade glioma treatment.
Detailed Heat Transfer in a Two Pass Internal Cooling Duct With Rib Turbulators Using Wall Modeled Large Eddy Simulations (WMLES)

Accurate prediction of ribbed duct flow and heat transfer is of importance to the gas turbine industry. Detailed heat transfer in a two pass stationary square duct with rib turbulators is studied using wall modeled Large Eddy Simulations (WMLES). Each pass has ribs on two opposite walls and aligned normal to the main flow direction. The rib pitch to rib height (P/e) is 9.28, the rib height to channel hydraulic diameter (e/Dh) is 0.0625 and calculations have been carried out for a bulk Reynolds number of 25,000. The present study validates the use of WMLES for predicting flow and heat transfer with published data on similar geometries. The calculations predict the major flow features with reasonable accuracy especially distribution of mean and turbulent quantities in the developing, fully developed and 180° bend region. It is found that the mean flow and turbulent quantities do not become fully developed until the flow passes the fifth rib of the duct. Results show that the heat transfer augmentation is higher in the second pass after the 180° turn compared to the first pass. Local heat transfer comparisons show that the heat transfer augmentation shifts towards the outside smooth wall in the second pass after the 180° turn. In addition to primary flow effects, secondary flow impingement on the smooth walls is found to develop by the fifth rib, while it continues to evolve downstream of the sixth rib. Results show the local and average distribution of Nusselt numbers normalized with classical Dittus and Boelter correlation.© 2012 ASME
The dynein heavy chain family

Dynein is the large molecular motor that translocates to the (-) ends of microtubules. Dynein was first isolated from Tetrahymena cilia four decades ago. The analysis of the primary structure of the dynein heavy chain and the discovery that many organisms express multiple dynein heavy chains have led to two insights. One, dynein, whose motor domain comprises six AAA modules and two potential mechanical levers, generates movement by a mechanism that is fundamentally different than that which underlies the motion of myosin and kinesin. And two, organisms with cilia or flagella express approximately 14 different dynein heavy chain genes, each gene encodes a distinct dynein protein isoform, and each isoform appears to be functionally specialized. Sequence comparisons demonstrate that functionally equivalent isoforms of dynein heavy chains are well conserved across species. Alignments of portions of the motor domain result in seven clusters: (i) cytoplasmic dynein Dyhl; (ii) cytoplasmic dynein Dyh2; (iii) axonemal outer arm dynein alpha; (iv) outer arm dyneins beta and gamma; (v) inner arm dynein 1alpha; (vi) inner arm dynein 1beta; and (vii) a group of apparently single-headed inner arm dyneins. Some of the dynein groups contained more than one representative from a single organism, suggesting that these may be tissue-specific variants.
Chiral enrichment of 2-amino-2′-hydroxy-1,1′-binaphthyl

Abstract A new synthetic procedure for the formation of 2-amino-2′-hydroxy-1,1′-binaphthyl, and a new purification procedure through the formation of Schiff bases, purification of the Schiff bases, and breakdown of the Schiff bases through amine exchange, are described. Through the new purification procedure, greater than 99% purity of the compound can be obtained easily and reliably. A set of procedures were examined to compare the efficiency and reliability to resolve 2-amino-2′-hydroxy-1,1′-binaphthyl into enantiomers. A new procedure was discovered to enrich enantiomeric excess from less than 10% to 95–99% in one step. Even a racemic mixture from an achiral procedure can be enriched to 67% e.e. in about 4% yield. The X-ray crystal structure of the racemic mixture [rhombohedral, space group Iba2, a=15.718(2) A, b=21.703(2) A, c=8.5398(9) A, V=2913.2(5) A3, R1=0.0705, Z=8, dcalcd=1.301 g/cm3, F(000)=1200 e] was solved to elucidate the intriguing behavior of this compound.
Atmospheric and indoor chemistry of gas-phase indole, quinoline, and isoquinoline

The gas-phase chemistry of the nitrogen-containing organic compounds indole, quinoline and isoquinoline, which are present in environmental tobacco smoke, has been investigated. No photolysis of these nitrogen heterocycles was observed under indoor “white” fluorescent lighting conditions. Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of these compounds with OH radicals, NO3 radicals, NO2, and O3 were measured, and the rate constants obtained (in cm3 molecule−1s−1 units) were: for reaction with the OH radical: indole, (1.54 ± 0.35) × 10−10; quinoline, (1.16 ± 0.55) × 10−11; isoquinoline, (8.5 ± 3.6) × 10−12; for reaction with the NO3 radical: indole, (1.3 ± 0.5) × 10−10; for reaction with NO2: indole,< 2 × 10−19; quinoline, < 1.6 × 10−20; isoquinoline,< 1.1 × 10 and for reaction with O3: indole, (4.9 ± 1.8) × 10−17; quinoline, < 1.0 × 10−19; and isoquinoline, < 1.1 × 10−19. Evidence was obtained that quinoline reacts with gas-phase nitric acid and this is also expected to be the case for isoquinoline. These data indicate that in indoor environments, quinoline and isoquinoline will be largely removed by air exchange unless gas-phase nitric acid is present, while indole will be removed by chemical reaction if NO3 radicals are present at part-per-trillion levels. Products of the O3 and OH radical reactions with indole have been studied and the possible O3 reaction mechanism is discussed.
The design of multiplierless FIR filters for compensating D/A converter frequency response distortion

Designs are presented for multiplierless linear-phase FIR digital filters for compensating the sinc(x) frequency-response distortion resulting from D/A conversion. The filter coefficients are represented by a simple canonic single-digit code, and thus the filter can be implemented using only a few adders and delay registers. A 7-tap design is given which compensates the D/A distortion to within +or-0.045 dB from DC through 0.41 f/sub s/ and an 11-tap design is given which compensates the D/A distortion to within +or-0.028 dB from DC through 0.045 f/sub s/. >
Global seismological shear velocity and attenuation: A comparison with experimental observations

We present a comparison of seismologically observed shear velocity and attenuation on a global scale. These observations are also compared with laboratory measurements of the same quantities made on fine-grained olivine and extrapolated to upper-mantle conditions. The analysis is motivated by recent developments in global attenuation tomography and in laboratory measurements of velocity and attenuation at seismic frequencies and upper-mantle temperatures. The new attenuation model QRFSI12 is found to be strongly anti-correlated with global velocity models throughout the upper mantle, and individual tectonic regions are each characterized by a distinct range of attenuation and velocity values in the shallow upper mantle. Overall, lateral temperature variations can explain much of the observed variability in velocity and attenuation. The seismological velocity–attenuation relationship for oceanic regions agrees with the experimental observations at depths > 100 km and indicates lateral temperature variations of 150°–200 °C at 150 and 200 km beneath the seafloor. The seismic properties of cratonic regions deviate from the experimental trends at depths < 250 km, suggesting differences between oceanic and cratonic composition or water content at these depths. Globally, seismic properties shift into better agreement with the mineral-physics data at depths of ~ 125 km and ~ 225 km beneath oceans and cratons, respectively, which may indicate the base of a compositional boundary layer.
Lesser Scaup Winter Foraging and Nutrient Reserve Acquisition in East‐Central Florida

Abstract Lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) populations have been declining since the late 1970s. One of the explanations to account for this decline, the spring-condition hypothesis (SCH), is based on the premise that scaup are limited by their ability to acquire or maintain nutrient reserves during migration to the breeding grounds, leading to an impairment of their reproductive potential. Available evidence suggests that endogenous reserves required for reproduction are obtained at a later stage of migration or after arrival at the breeding grounds, not wintering sites. However, only one study has addressed body-condition levels on a southern wintering site in the last decade, with results limited to the wintering grounds on the Mississippi Flyway. We documented foraging behavior, nutrient levels, and body mass of lesser scaup in east-central Florida, USA, where 62% of the Atlantic Flyway population overwinters, during the winters of 2002 and 2003. Diurnal foraging did not increase seasonally. Nocturnal for...