cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypercorrection of high confidence errors: Prior testing both enhances delayed performance and blocks the return of the errors

Abstract How people correct their mistakes and sustain those corrections over time is a problem of central interest to education. It might be thought that the erroneous beliefs that people hold with high confidence would be especially difficult to correct. Interestingly, people correct these high confidence errors more easily than low confidence errors, a phenomenon known as the ‘hypercorrection effect’. Unfortunately, though, with a delay in testing there is a tendency for some of these high confidence errors to reemerge – a finding with serious consequences for education. This study investigated the effect of intervening a test immediately after corrective feedback on preventing the return of the errors. It also investigated processing differences between prevention-focused and promotion-focused people. The most educationally important new finding was that testing immediately after corrective feedback not only greatly enhanced memory for the correct answers but also blocked the return of the errors.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Emotion in Legal Judgment and Decision Making

In the last decade, researchers have shown burgeoning interest in issues at the intersection of emotion and law. Given the longstanding interest in emotion among social (and other) psychologists, most of this research has come from a psychological perspective, but it also includes work with a legal, sociological, philosophical, and neuroscience flavor. The issues are theoretical as well as practical, influencing both psychological theories of emotion and matters of legal practice and policy. The law adopts a double standard in its treatment of emotion. In some areas, the law explicitly addresses emotion as a legitimate consideration, but in other areas, the law denies emotion any role in legal decision making. For example, legal analysis requires decision makers to consider the emotional reactions of others when classifying certain offenses for purposes of criminal culpability (e.g., “hate crimes” and “crimes of passion”), awarding damages for emotional injuries (e.g., mental suffering and emotional distress), and allowing jurors’ moral judgments to influence certain consequential decisions such as punitive damages, capital sentencing, and jury nullification. At the same time, the courts make what may be untenable presumptions when they require factfinders to ignore their affective states and evaluate evidence, such as gory crime scene photographs, dispassionately. Thus, the field of law and emotion is ripe for scholarly exploration.
A New in Vitro Bioassay System for Discovery of Novel Human-Use Mosquito Repellents

A Klun & Debboun (K&D) test module, previously developed and used for quantitative measurement of the efficacy of mosquito repellents on human volunteers, was adapted for in vitro evaluation of repellents by coupling the module with a membrane-blood reservoir. Performance of Deet, Bayrepel, and SS-220 insect repellents in the new in vitro system was compared with their performance on humans against mosquitoes using our standard in vivo system. For each compound, in vitro dose-response assays were conducted with compounds applied to cloth positioned over blood reservoirs covered with Baudruche membrane against Aedes aegypti. The repellents were also tested in vitro against Anopheles stephensi and Ae. aegypti at a fixed dose of 24 nmol compound/cm2 cloth over the Baudruche and Edicol collagen membranes. Concurrently, the repellents were tested at the fixed dose using the K&D module on human volunteers. The observed proportions of both mosquito species deterred from biting in the fixed doses in the in vitro assays were similar to those obtained using humans, being clearly able to distinguish controls from repellents, and differing only in the ranking of the effectiveness of some of the repellents. Dose-response relationships of the in vitro and in vivo systems were also very similar, although not directly comparable because the data were not collected concurrently. This new in vitro assay system can be used in high throughput screening of compounds to identify new repellents having potential for use as topical mosquito repellents on humans.
A Three -Dimensional, Coupled, Heat Transfer Model for Multi-hole Cooling and Comparisons with Experiments

A 3-dimensional, coupled, heat transfer model and solution for multi-hole cooling is described in this paper. It couples DNS calculations of the primary turbulent flow, the backside flow and the flow in the injection holes by solving the 3-D heat conduction equation for the wall, which leads to an iteration process to obtain a converged solution for the mean temperature in the wall and in the flow. The model is tested for both a laminar and a turbulent primary flow and the results show that the convergence is very efficient. The results obtained with this 3-D model are presented and compared with an adiabatic and a 1D, conducting–wall, model. The cooling effectiveness predicted by the 3-D model is compared with experimental results at the same Reynolds number with a turbulent boundary layer and satisfactory agreement is achieved. Other issues including an approximate technique for extending the current low Reynolds number calculations to higher Reynolds number and corresponding comparisons with experimental results are discussed.
Microstuctural Evolution and Substrate Selectivity in PECVD μc-Si

We discuss a process for selective area deposition of microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si) using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition at low substrate temperature (<300°C) using time modulated silane flow in a hydrogen plasma. We discuss selectivity and deposition rate on a variety of substrates with process conditions important for manufacturing applications, and show a distinct microstructural evolution in the initial nucleation layers using Raman spectroscopy that correlates with the transition from selective to non-selective growth. Atomic hydrogen discriminates between different degrees of bond strain in the nucleii formed on different substrates, and can increase the crystallinity fraction in films deposited at low temperatures by modifying the kinetics of bulk-like bond formation.
Implementation High-Speed Modular Arithmetic Circuit with Improved Look-up Table

This paper introduce a brand new improved method of look-up table to implement high-speed Modular Arithmetic. This look-up table method can save a lot of logic resources comparing to conventional method and has higher performance than array division circuit. This paper gives an example of design and demostrates calculation procedure of this arithmetic. Besides, the application limitation and extended application are discussed at the end.
An Analysis of Epidemic Characteristics of Mumps from 2006 to 2013 in Xincheng District of Xi'an

Objective: To analyze the epidemic characteristics of mumps in Xincheng district of Xi'an from 2006 to 2013 and to provide a scientific basis for the control of the disease. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the epidemic data of mumps was conducted in Xincheng district of Xi'an from 2006 to 2013. Results: Mumps cases were 150,127,202,309,229,1180,655 and 407,respectively,from 2006 to 2013 in Xincheng district of Xi'an,with the annual incidence rate being 21. 93- 200. 09 /100 thousand. The epidemic mumps occurrence presented regular double- peak distribution,the first peak in April to July and the second peak in October to the next January. There was significant difference in the incidence rate between the male and the female( P = 0. 041). Conclusion: The incidence rate of the epidemic mumps in Xincheng district is slightly higher than the national level. There is an upward trend for the epidemic mumps from 2006 to 2013,an downward trend from 2011 to 2013 and the individuals aged 5 ~ 14 are a high- risk group for it.
The era of laparoscopic surgery for gastric cancer: what is the present territory and what will be next?

Since its introduction, laparoscopic surgery has evolved from a new idea into a popular technique that is now the standard of care for many indications. In the treatment of gastric cancer, since Kitano et al. first reported a laparoscopic approach for gastric cancer resection in 1994 (1), laparoscopic techniques have become widely adopted by gastric cancer surgeons, beginning in Japan, Korea, and China, and now extending throughout the world. However, at the time laparoscopic techniques were being introduced, conservative surgeons expressed significant concerns about the use of laparoscopic techniques in the treatment of gastric cancer. In the past, many trials failed to show the benefit of chemotherapy for gastric cancer, thus it was considered to be a malignancy refractory to chemotherapy, making complete resection the only strategy for achieving a cure (2). As part of an attempt to completely remove all gastric cancer tumor cells, extended lymph node dissection was previously believed to provide survival benefits.
Cytochrome Oxidase Deficiency in Alzheimer's Diseasea

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative neurologic disorder that may be familial but is usually sporadic and not easily analyzable in terms of conventional Mendelian genetics. The mitochondrial electron transport chain contains 13 proteins that are encoded by mitochondrial genes rather than nuclear (chromosomal) genes. Disorders resulting from heteroplasmic mutations of mitochondrial genes may appear to be sporadic rather than familial. We evaluated electron transport chain activity in platelet mitochondria prepared from patients with AD and found a specific defect in cytochrome oxidase in five of six patients studied. The mitochondrial genome may play a role in the pathogenesis of AD.
Idealer Anspruch und Gegenspruch

Mit den bisher untersuchten Idealverhalten, idealen Seinsverhalten und konkreten Idealen ist der Kreis der idealen Ordnungsgebilde noch nicht erschopft. Zu den beiseite gelassenen Ordnungsgebilden gehort vor allem das Phanomen des Anspruchs. Ihm wollen wir uns nun zuwenden.
Frontier Arms Race: Historical and Archaeological Analysis of an Assemblage of Eighteenth-Century Cannon Recovered from the Detroit River and Lake Erie

An assemblage of six iron 4-pounder guns, recovered from the Detroit River between 1984 and 2011, is contextualized against the military history of the Great Lakes between the founding of Detroit (1701) and the outbreak of the War of 1812 The guns, their condition, and their deployment are used as indexes of the increasing militarization of the region, as French, Native American, British, and American forces contested the control of economic resources and strategic waterways.
Nitrogen processing by grazers in a headwater stream: riparian connections

Summary Primary consumers play important roles in the cycling of nutrients in headwater streams, storing assimilated nutrients in growing tissue and recycling them through excretion. Although environmental conditions in most headwater streams and their surrounding terrestrial ecosystems vary considerably over the course of a year, relatively little is known about the effects of seasonality on consumer nutrient recycling these streams. In this study, we measured nitrogen accumulated through growth and excreted by the grazing snail Elimia clavaeformis (Pleuroceridae) over the course of 12 months in Walker Branch, identifying close connections between in-stream nitrogen processing and seasonal changes in the surrounding forest. Nitrogen processing rates were positively correlated with ecosystem respiration, which was driven by leaf phenology on streamside trees. Snail nitrogen assimilation, growth and excretion were relatively high in spring before leaf emergence, low in summer when canopy shade was extensive and high again in autumn after leaf-fall. During the time that snails grazed primarily on epilithon (winter, spring and summer), growth and excretion rates followed changes in light and epilithon biomass. In autumn, when snails primarily grazed fallen leaves, leaf-associated microbes provided large subsidies of nitrogen for the snails. Nitrogen accumulation in snail biomass was greater in the 2 months following leaf-fall than at any other time of the year. Snails were less important as nitrogen sinks than as sources of recycled nitrogen in Walker Branch. Over the course of the year, snails excreted approximately 12 times more nitrogen than they accumulated in biomass. Nitrogen accrued during growth in spring was subsequently lost in summer when primary production declined and snails underwent tissue loss. Catabolic losses represented >40% of the nitrogen excreted by the snails in summer. Net nitrogen growth efficiency (growth/assimilation), which varied with food availability, was only 8% for the entire year. Neither growth nor excretion was positively correlated with nitrogen concentrations in grazing substrata. Snails achieved high standing crops and were significant contributors to nitrogen spiralling in Walker Branch. On an areal basis, nitrogen in snail biomass (mgN m−2) was two to five times greater than that in epilithon biomass, depending on the season. Snails assimilated and excreted up to 50% of the nitrogen initially taken up by autotrophs and leaf microbes, and they were likely to have additional effects on nitrogen spiraling through egestion and the cropping of assimilative biomass. Primary consumers like Elimia are important catalysts of nutrient movement through headwater streams, decreasing residence times and facilitating fluxes to downstream waters.
Comparative Decay Rates of Human, Rhesus Macaque, Cynomolgus, and Porcine Activated Factor VIII.

Abstract Abstract 3164 Poster Board III-104 The proteolytic conversation by thrombin of factor VIII (fVIII) to fVIIIa produces a A1/A2/A3-C1-C2 heterotrimer that spontaneously dissociates into inactive A1/A3-C1-C2 and A2 species. Human mutations that increase the rate of A2 subunit dissociation produce hemophilia A, indicating that A2 subunit dissociation is physiologically relevant and is an important regulatory feature of the blood coagulation mechanism. The A2 subunit dissociation rate from human fVIIIa is significantly faster than the corresponding dissociation rates from porcine or murine fVIIIa. The fast decay rate of human fVIIIa raises the question whether the f8 gene is under positive selection for this trait. To determine whether fast A2 dissociation occurs elsewhere in the primate lineage, we cloned cDNAs encoding B-domain deleted (BDD) fVIII from rhesus macaque and cynomolgus monkey liver. The deduced BDD amino acid sequences of rhesus and cynomolgus fVIII were 97.9 % and 98% identical to human fVIII, respectively, and were 99.9% identical to each other. The expression of rhesus and cynomolgus fVIII from baby hamster kidney-derived cells was similar to human fVIII and ten-fold lower than porcine fVIII. BDD human, rhesus, cynomolgus, and porcine fVIII molecules were purified to homogeneity by tandem ion-exchange chromatography. Concentrations of the purified constructs were calculated using a molar extinction coefficient at 280 nm based on their predicted tyrosine, tryptophan and cysteine compositions. Human, rhesus, and cynomolgus fVIII displayed similar specific coagulant activities by one-stage coagulation assay (6800, 4500, and 5200 units per mg, respectively). The kinetics of decay of human, rhesus, cynomolgus and porcine fVIIIa were measured following rapid activation of 1 nM fVIII by thrombin using a chromogenic substrate assay of purified intrinsic fXase complex under conditions in which fVIIIa was limiting. Decay curves were fit using nonlinear least-squares regression to a first-order model (Fig. 1). Decay rate constants for rhesus and cynomolgus fVIIIa were similar (0.31 and 0.27 min-1, respectively) and were slightly, but significantly lower than human fVIIIa (0.40 min-1). In contrast, the decay rate constant for porcine fVIIIa, 0.17 min-1, was 2.3-fold lower than human fVIIIa, consistent with previous observations. These results suggest that fast A2 subunit dissociation rates evolved before evolution of the primate lineage. Download : Download high-res image (100KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Julian and Porphyry on the Resurrection of Jesus in the Gospels

Julian, in a Syriac fragment of his Contra Galilaeos , attacked the resurrection narratives in Matthew and Mark, because they were inconsistent with each other concerning the time of the arrival of the women to the tomb, the nature of the being they met in the tomb, and the women’s subsequent actions. Other texts in Syriac and Latin indicate the probability that Julian took over the substance of his argument from Porphyry.
Design of a decision support system to reduce net radiative forcing via optimal contrail generation

With global flight distance projected to increase by a factor of four by 2050, contrail generation is expected to increase by a similar factor. Optimized contrail presence can lead to decreased net radiative forcing (RF): the phenomenon that occurs when heat is trapped within the Earth's atmosphere. RF is projected to increase by 280% by 2050, adding significantly to global warming. A system needs to be developed to utilize the opportunity in aircraft contrail generation optimization; this will help to prevent radiation from entering the Earth's atmosphere and allow outgoing heat to escape. Controptimal is a decision support system for airline dispatch that was created to help address this gap and reduce net radiative forcing. Specifically, a simulation was developed to optimize contrail generation to lower net radiative forcing. Of the nine altitudes analyzed, two proved to lower net RF by at least 20% with the most optimal route flying at FL 330 and decreasing the baseline RF value by 94%. However, RF values were found to decrease further when the system used live weather data. The simulation utilized a network optimization to then conduct a tradeoff between net radiative forcing, fuel burn, and duration of flight. In a specific case study timestamped ‘2015-08-16 09:00,’ Controptimal found an optimal route that began at FL 330 and ascended to FL 380 one hour into the flight. By flying this route, it decreased net RF by 94%, increased fuel burn by 3%, and increased flight time by approximately 4 minutes. This trajectory had a utility of 0.65, followed by an alternatives with the utility of 0.49. The results indicate that contrail presence could be planned to lower the net RF.
Combating Coordinated Pricing Cyberattack and Energy Theft in Smart Home Cyber-Physical Systems

The information exchange between the utility company and the smart community is crucial to the smart home cyber-physical systems. Yet the interaction between the two parties is vulnerable to many potential cyberattacks, among which the most striking ones are pricing cyberattacks and energy theft. Coordinated cyberattacks have emerged as an advanced attacking scheme with both pricing attack and energy theft applied in the cooperative manner, which can induce significant impact to smart home systems even if each attack is applied with only moderate strength. Such attacks cannot be effectively detected since the existing techniques are designed for detecting either pricing attack or energy theft without considering the impact due to coordinated attacks. This paper aims at developing the detection framework for coordinated cyberattacks considering coordinated impacts of various attacking strategies using an advanced continuous state partially observable Markov decision process. Handling coordinated attacks induces drastic increase in time complexity, which motivates us to propose innovative cross entropy state sampling and Fourier belief state approximation for the solving of developed detection framework. Our simulation results demonstrate that the coordinated cyberattack can reduce his/her electricity bill by 32.65%. In addition, the proposed detection technique can better capture coordinated attacks than the conventional detection technique, resulting in 10.31% increase in the hacker’s bill.
A Bibliography of Consolidation

This is a citation bibliography of works dealing with the quasi-static theory of consolidation of soil, and rock, as at 1982.
Introduction to Mammalian Auditory Pathways

This volume in the Springer Handbook of Auditory Research series discusses the anatomy of the auditory system with an emphasis on how the local connections of specific neurons within auditory structures control the processing of sound. The volume is dedicated to D. Kent Morest, a leader of neuroanatomical studies of the auditory system in the twentieth century who stressed the importance of the circuits connecting specific types of neurons in auditory processing. In this introductory chapter, a brief history of the field of functional neuroanatomy is provided and the contents of each chapter are summarized.
Large right ventricular sinusoids in an infant with aorta-left ventricular tunnel and proximal right coronary artery atresia

We report a 1-month-old infant diagnosed with an aorta-left ventricular tunnel, ventricular septal defect, and right coronary atresia with right ventricular sinusoids. The patient's anatomy and physiology did not indicate right-ventricular-dependent coronary circulation, and therefore right ventricular decompression could be performed without compromising coronary perfusion during surgical correction. A detailed understanding of the coronary anatomy is critical in managing this defect when coronary anomalies are present.
Analytical Methods of Green Economics

This chapter avails some of the neoclassical economic methods, in addition to transaction cost economics and new institutional economics. Different constituents of economic analyses, with appropriate improvements wherever necessary, tend to constitute a meaningful and workable strategy toward the design and implementation of green economic policies. This chapter focuses on such foundations, and also leads to useful methods/models and techniques of analysis. Limitations of the conventional approaches are also elucidated here.
How Do Youth with Cystic Fibrosis Perceive Their Readiness to Transition to Adult Healthcare Compared to Their Caregivers' Views?

Abstract Purpose To describe how perceived stages of change for self-care management skills varies by age in youth with cystic fibrosis in preparation for transition to adult healthcare, to compare caregiver perception of youth readiness for self-care, and age/frequency of transition discussion with provider. Design and Methods The Transition Readiness Assessment Questionnaire and a modified version (TRAQ-C) for caregivers were used for data collection. Descriptive statistics, simple linear regression, and t-tests were employed. Results Regression equations suggest that age predicts youth perception of self-care management skill in all five domains on the TRAQ (p ≤ .009). A paired t-test compared the overall TRAQ and TRAQ-C mean scores between dyads. Youth rated themselves significantly higher in perception of self-care skill management (m = 3.187, sd = 0.769) than caregivers (m = 2.490, sd = 0.788; t = 7.408, df = 51, p Conclusions Although increasing age predicts perception of self-care management, many youth age 18–22 were still only contemplating or starting to learn skills. Skill level perceptions between youth and caregiver differed, but scores from all self-care management domains followed a similar trend. Discussions with providers began later than guidelines recommend and were often not recognized as such by youth. Practice Implications Results underscore the importance of beginning transition discussion and skill evaluation in youth with cystic fibrosis at an early age, incorporating caregivers' perception in the process.
Minimally Invasive Surgery in Pediatric Surgical Oncology: Practice Evolution at a Contemporary Single-Center Institution and a Guideline Proposal for a Randomized Controlled Study.

Background: Despite the lack of randomized or controlled trials for minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in pediatric surgical oncology, the integration of MIS into the surgical practice of pediatric oncology has become increasingly popular. The aim of this study was to evaluate the implementation of MIS in a pediatric tertiary cancer center and compare present use of MIS to that in a previous analysis at our center. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with pediatric cancer treated with MIS at a single institution between 2000 and 2014. Results: A total of 252 MIS procedures were performed: 73 laparoscopic (29%) and 179 thoracoscopic (71%). MIS was used for diagnostic purposes in 59% (146 thoracoscopic and 34 laparoscopic) and the therapeutic resection in 24% (39 laparoscopic cases and 33 thoracoscopic cases). Conversion to an open procedure occurred in 18 tumor resections (6%) and in 22 diagnostic biopsies (7%), mostly due to technical challenges in identifying or mobilizing tumors. Complications occurred in seven tumor resections (2%) and included three pneumothoraces, two bleeding complications, one bowel injury, and one wound infection. Complications occurred in 10 diagnostic biopsies (3%), mostly pneumothoraces. No tumor upstaging or trocar site recurrences occurred (follow-up time, 1-15 years). Conclusions: Over the last decade, we demonstrate the evolution of MIS in the management of solid tumors in children. We encourage surgeons and oncologists to join the call to arms to establish prospective trials evaluating MIS in pediatric surgical oncology.
Additional therapy improves outcomes in completely resected, limited-stage follicular lymphoma.

Patients with early-stage nodal follicular lymphoma (FL) may be rendered free of detectable disease by a diagnostic excisional biopsy. We reviewed the management and outcomes of 48 patients with FL...
Evaluating the Minimum Jerk Motion Model for Redirected Reach in Virtual Reality

Reach redirection in virtual reality uses spatial distortion to augment interaction with passive props as well as active haptic devices. For such dynamic physical systems, motion modeling is needed to update the interface based on users' predicted targets & trajectories. However, it remains unclear how well standard predictive models hold under redirection. In this work we evaluate one such commonly used model, the Minimum-Jerk (MJ) model, during redirected reach at various lateral offsets up to 16cm. Results show that larger redirection significantly worsens MJ model fit, suggesting that models should be adjusted for reaches with considerable redirection. Predicted arrival times, based on fitting an MJ model on the first half of reach data, led to an average error of -0.29s for redirected reach, compared to -0.03s for normal reach.
Climate change and the opportunity cost of conflict.

A growing empirical literature associates climate anomalies with increased risk of violent conflict. This association has been portrayed as a bellwether of future societal instability as the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events are predicted to increase. This paper investigates the theoretical foundation of this claim. A seminal microeconomic model of opportunity costs—a mechanism often thought to drive climate–conflict relationships—is extended by considering realistic changes in the distribution of climate-dependent agricultural income. Results advise caution in using empirical associations between short-run climate anomalies and conflicts to predict the effect of sustained shifts in climate regimes: Although war occurs in bad years, conflict may decrease if agents expect more frequent bad years. Theory suggests a nonmonotonic relation between climate variability and conflict that emerges as agents adapt and adjust their behavior to the new income distribution. We identify 3 measurable statistics of the income distribution that are each unambiguously associated with conflict likelihood. Jointly, these statistics offer a unique signature to distinguish opportunity costs from competing mechanisms that may relate climate anomalies to conflict.
Improving Practices for Selecting a Subset of Important Predictors in Psychology: An Application to Predicting Pain:

Frequently, researchers in psychology are faced with the challenge of narrowing down a large set of predictors to a smaller subset. There are a variety of ways to do this, but commonly it is done b...
A New Paper-Based Microfluidic Device for Improved Detection of Nitrate in Water.

In this paper, we report a simple and inexpensive paper-based microfluidic device for detecting nitrate in water. This device incorporates two recent developments in paper-based technology suitable for nitrate detection and has an optimized microfluidic design. The first technical advancement employed is an innovative fibrous composite material made up of cotton fibers and zinc microparticles that can be incorporated in paper-based devices and results in better nitrate reduction. The second is a detection zone with an immobilized reagent that allows the passage of a larger sample volume. Different acids were tested—citric and phosphoric acids gave better results than hydrochloric acid since this acid evaporates completely without leaving any residue behind on paper. Different microfluidic designs that utilize various fluid control technologies were investigated and a design with a folding detection zone was chosen and optimized to improve the uniformity of the signal produced. The optimized design allowed the device to achieve a limit of detection and quantification of 0.53 ppm and 1.18 ppm, respectively, for nitrate in water. This accounted for more than a 40% improvement on what has been previously realized for the detection of nitrate in water using paper-based technology.
The Role of Vaccines in Combating Antimicrobial Resistance

The introduction of new classes of antibiotics, and the high use of antimicrobials in healthcare, agriculture, and the food industry, have all contributed to accelerate the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacterial species and dissemination of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains worldwide. At present, the dramatic rise in AMR among important human bacterial pathogens is reaching a state of global crisis threatening a return to the pre-antibiotic era. AMR, already a significant burden on public health and economies, is anticipated to grow even more severe in the coming decades.
Analysis of opioid distribution before and after recreational marijuana legalization in California

Abstract The opioid epidemic has risen to an all-time high. Harm reduction and prevention policies have not alleviated this crisis. Recent investigations have highlighted the efficacy and safety of marijuana-based products for pain management. Providing alternative pain treatment options may help mitigate the opioid epidemic. The distribution of codeine, fentanyl, hydrocodone, morphine, and oxycodone per 100K people and by 3-digit zip codes and overdose rates from 2014 to 2018 in California, which legalized recreational marijuana in 2016, were compared to Texas, where marijuana is functionally prohibited. Drug weights were obtained from the Automation of Reports and Consolidated Orders System and converted to oral morphine milligram equivalents. Overdose data was retrieved from the Centers for Disease Control’s WONDER database. California (−43.7%) and Texas (−27.3%) showed significant reductions in cumulative opioid distribution from 2014 to 2018. Opioid distribution per 100K people decreased −38.9% in California relative to −26.4% in Texas. Opioid and heroin overdoses increased between 1999 and 2019 by +11.6% in California but +272.7% in Texas. This evidence supports marijuana legalization as a mitigating factor to the opioid epidemic. Continued studies on safer pain management alternatives and policies will help identify measures that help combat the opioid epidemic.
Unbecoming Heretics: Knowledge, Missionary Stories, and the Legacy of David Cranz in North America

Jared Burkholder explores the reception of the English language versions of The History of Greenland in North America, where it entered into both an emerging North American print culture as a devotional text and as a sourcebook on Native American culture. His source material is comprised of nineteenth-century journals, ethnographic works, religious books as well as literature intended for children. Through his analysis, he demonstrates the way this literature helped to rehabilitate the image of the Moravians for a North American audience. This chapter also demonstrates how Cranz’s The History of Greenland entered the corpus of source material referenced in scientific works about indigenous languages, the origins of Native Americans, and anthropological theories about race into the twentieth century in America.
Fresh in My Mind! Investigating the effects of the order of presenting opportunistic and restrictive design for additive manufacturing content on students’ creativity

To capitalise the design freedoms enabled by additive manufacturing (AM), designers must employ opportunistic and restrictive design for AM (O- and R-DfAM respectively). The order of information pr...
Infection of the Penuma penile implant and associated post-operative complications: A case report.

Abstract The Penuma penile implant is the only FDA approved device for cosmetic correction of the penis. We present a case of an infected Penuma implant that presented similarly to penile prosthesis infection. Explantation is recommended, similar to the management of infected penile prosthesis, via an infrapubic approach, which differs from explantation of a penile prosthesis. Post-operatively, the patient developed penile shortening and dorsolateral curve, which is important to discuss when counseling patients.
Model prediction of the critical heat flux and thermal resistance of a rectangular thin-strip evaporator with distributed liquid supply capillary wicks for high heat flux cooling

Abstract The heat transfer performance characteristics, mainly the upper limit of heat flux and the overall thermal resistance, of two-phase liquid-vapor-based heat spreaders primarily developed for concentrated-heat dissipation in microelectronics are dependent, predominantly, on the thickness and particle size of the evaporation wick as well as on the distribution of the high-permeable liquid supply channels, also known as arteries. In this study we develop a heat and mass transfer (thermal-hydraulic) model to predict the critical heat flux and the overall thermal resistance of a novel wick with rectangular thin-strip evaporator (with a large length-to-thickness ratio, L/t ≥ 3.5), with distributed liquid supply capillary wicks in a downward-facing orientation, each made of sintered copper particles, for microgravity applications. The liquid supply capillary wicks are made of 350-μm-diameter particle sizes. With the thermal-hydraulic model, we predict the CHF and overall thermal resistance for three evaporation wick particle sizes, i.e., 30, 60, and 100 μm, monolayer each, and show that both performance characteristics are primarily controlled by the hydraulic properties of the evaporation wick. The predicted CHF and minimum thermal resistance are 275 (12.3 °C superheat) and 0.045 K/(W/cm2), 599 (56.7 °C superheat) and 0.095 K/(W/cm2), and 655 W/cm2 (114.4 °C superheat) and 0.175 K/(W/cm2), for the 30, 60, and 100 μm particles, respectively. Finally, we compare the results of the present work with some of the existing numerical and experimental data for different thin wick designs found in the literature.
Factors Related to Thickness of Melanoma

Computer analyses to identify correlations between thickness of primary superficial spreading malignant melanoma and eighteen variables previously reported to be related to prognosis were performed on a series of malignant melanomas. The variables that showed statistically significant (less than or equal to 0.05) direct relationships to thickness were level (Clark), elevation of lesion, age of patient, least and greatest diameters of lesion, history of bleeding, ulceration, clinical and histologic stage, anatomic location, pedunculation, and satellitosis. The variables that did not correlate with thickness were clinical diagnosis of regional lymphadenopathy, in-transit metastasis, duration of lesion, sex, history of a previous malignant melanoma, and history of a pre-existing lesion at the site of the development of melanoma. Multiple regression analysis of the factors that showed statistically significant correlation with thickness of the primary lesion revealed a subset of six dominant variables that were most predictive of thickness, namely, level, elevation, largest diameter of lesion, ulceration, histologic stage, and age of the patient.
Annexin-V imaging for noninvasive detection of cardiac allograft rejection

Heart transplant rejection is characterized pathologically by myocyte necrosis and apoptosis associated with interstitial mononuclear cell infiltration. Any one of these components can be targeted for noninvasive detection of transplant rejection. During apoptotic cell death, phosphatidylserine, a phospholipid that is normally confined to the inner leaflet of cell membrane bilayer, gets exteriorized. Technetium-99m-labeled annexin-V, an endogenous protein that has high affinity for binding to phosphatidylserine, has been administered intravenously for noninvasive identification of apoptotic cell death. In the present study of 18 cardiac allograft recipients, 13 patients had negative and five had positive myocardial uptake of annexin. These latter five demonstrated at least moderate transplant rejection and caspase-3 staining, suggesting apoptosis in their biopsy specimens. This study reveals the clinical feasibility and safety of annexin-V imaging for noninvasive detection of transplant rejection by targeting cell membrane phospholipid alterations that are commonly associated with the process of apoptosis.
Comparison of the Histopaque-1119 method with the Plasmagel method for separation of blood leukocytes for cytomegalovirus isolation.

Histopaque-1119 (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.) and Plasmagel (Cellular Products, Inc., Buffalo, N.Y.) were compared as density gradient separation reagents for the separation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear cells from blood from the isolation of cytomegalovirus (CMV). Of 200 peripheral blood specimens examined, CMV was recovered from 51 by both methods. The time of detection of immunofluorescent sites or a cytopathic effect associated with CMV was similar by each method. The Histopaque-1119 method was less time-consuming than the Plasmagel method since it did not require a precentrifugation step for the settling of erythrocytes. The use of Histopaque-1119 will permit an effective alternative single-step method for the separation of blood leukocytes for the isolation of CMV.
Abstract 5242: miR-10b functions as a novel tumor suppressor in uterine leiomyosarcoma by promoting overexpression of SDC1

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous RNA transcripts that play a critical role in regulating pleuripotency and differentiation. Altered miRNA expression is a well-established feature of nearly all human cancers. However, the mechanisms by which dysregulated miRNA expression promote tumorigenesis remain poorly understood.To evaluate the role of miRNAs in uterine leiomyosarcoma (uLMS), we profiled patterns of small RNA expression in matched specimens of healthy myometrium (n=34), uterine leiomyomas (n=34) and uterine leiomyosarcoma (n=12) using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). After quantile normalization, patterns of mature miRNA transcripts were compared. We found that 37 individual miRNAs were differentially expressed >2-fold (p 8-fold, p 2-fold when uLMS were compared to myometrium (p Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Matthew L. Anderson, Gyoung Eun Kim, Claire M. Mach, Chad J. Creighton, Dina Lev. miR-10b functions as a novel tumor suppressor in uterine leiomyosarcoma by promoting overexpression of SDC1. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5242. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5242
Methane Oxidation and Molecular Characterization of Methanotrophs from a Former Mercury Mine Impoundment.

The Herman Pit, once a mercury mine, is an impoundment located in an active geothermal area. Its acidic waters are permeated by hundreds of gas seeps. One seep was sampled and found to be composed of mostly CO2 with some CH4 present. The δ13CH4 value suggested a complex origin for the methane: i.e., a thermogenic component plus a biological methanogenic portion. The relatively 12C-enriched CO2 suggested a reworking of the ebullitive methane by methanotrophic bacteria. Therefore, we tested bottom sediments for their ability to consume methane by conducting aerobic incubations of slurried materials. Methane was removed from the headspace of live slurries, and subsequent additions of methane resulted in faster removal rates. This activity could be transferred to an artificial, acidic medium, indicating the presence of acidophilic or acid-tolerant methanotrophs, the latter reinforced by the observation of maximum activity at pH = 4.5 with incubated slurries. A successful extraction of sterol and hopanoid lipids characteristic of methanotrophs was achieved, and their abundances greatly increased with increased sediment methane consumption. DNA extracted from methane-oxidizing enrichment cultures was amplified and sequenced for pmoA genes that aligned with methanotrophic members of the Gammaproteobacteria. An enrichment culture was established that grew in an acidic (pH 4.5) medium via methane oxidation.
How does influence-peddling impact industrial competition? Evidence from enterprise surveys in Africa

Prior research has emphasized that the high costs and risks arising from a poor investment climate-lack of clear property rights, macro-instability, the burden of regulation and taxation, poor infrastructure, lack of finance, and lack of human capital-have impeded the development of the private sector in sub-Saharan Africa, despite adoption of structural adjustment and liberalization policies. Given the resulting wide differentials in productivity, it is not surprising that most of the African manufacturing sector has not been competitive in exports. However, trade liberalization should have had greater impact on domestic markets for manufactured goods in Africa, leading to either to a rapid decline in the size of the manufacturing sector due to import competition, or to a rapid increase in productivity of surviving enterprises. In fact, neither has happened to any significant degree over the last 20 years. Based on data from Enterprise Surveys conducted by the Regional Program for Enterprise Development at the World Bank, this paper argues that some African manufacturing enterprises have continued to retain their market leadership in domestic markets by investing in relationships with governments, thereby maintaining high barriers to entry and a reduced degree of competition. This influence is particularly severe in some countries in Africa and is often driven by relatively few enterprises. In particular, Zambia and Kenya seem to suffer a high degree of influence-peddling, while Mali and Senegal are at the low end of the scale. Comparisons with selected countries in Asia show that lobbying in East Africa is different than in Asia-larger enterprises, and enterprises with higher market share lobby in Africa, as compared to Asia where market share is not a significant determinant of lobbying activity. The results imply that attempts to improve the productivity of the African private sector through focusing only on the removal of trade barriers, improvements in the investment climate, and private sector capacity building will at most be partially successful. In order to escape from the current low-level equilibrium trap, future reforms will need to explicitly consider political economy issues. From this perspective, the role of regional integration as a tool of competition policy will need to be given greater consideration.
Development of an Immunity-based Framework for Power Plant Monitoring and Control

In this paper, the artificial immune system paradigm is used to formulate a comprehensive and integrated framework for monitoring and control of advanced power plants. The proposed data-driven methodology is envisioned to address directly the complexity and multi-dimensionality of modern power plants and support their safe operation at desirable levels of performance under normal and abnormal conditions. Abnormal condition detection, identification, evaluation, and accommodation are addressed. A preliminary numerical simulation example using an integrated gasification combined cycle power plant illustrates the general concept and the proposed computational tools.
Clinical radioimmunodetection, 1978-1988: overview and suggestions for standardization of clinical trials.

In the last decade of radioimmunodetection studies the radiolabeled antibody preparations used have gradually changed from polyclonal antibodies labeled predominantly with 131I to monoclonal antibodies labeled with diverse radionuclides including 131I, 111In, 123I, and 99mTc. Over this period progressive improvement in tumor imaging has been observed when one compares the best examples of early studies, performed with 131I labeled heterosera, to the best of modern images, obtained with 123I, 99mTc, or 111In labeled monoclonal antibodies. Important findings in 61 clinical studies reviewed include the reports from several centers which demonstrate occult disease in patients with carcinoma of colon, melanoma, and lymphoma, and the improved sensitivity and specificity of radioimmunodetection in comparison to transmission computerized tomography in the lymph nodes and abdomen, in lymphoma and colon cancer, and ovarian cancer. Evaluation of the liver remains a difficult problem with this technique and standard approaches are superior in most reports. The general principle of targeting radioactivity to tumor with radiolabeled antitumor antibody and the feasibility of developing practical clinical methodology which will add new diagnostic information have clearly been established. Toxicity, particularly for index studies, is reassuringly limited. In all the studies with surgical confirmation after i.v. injection, uptake in tumor is in the range of 0.005% injected dose/g tumor, and this low tumor uptake remains the single greatest limitation of the method. A second important problem is the prompt development of human anti-mouse antibody, which reduces the usefulness of follow-up studies. A serious criticism of the information currently available on radioimmunodetection is that the clinical studies reported to date vary greatly in approach and results. The vast majority of studies are early Phase I clinical trials, from which toxicity information and biodistribution data can be derived but which give limited information about impact on clinical management. Standardization in the study design is needed in order to establish the efficacy of radioimmunodetection in adequate and well controlled clinical trials.
Power Distribution on the Moon

There are many reasons for returning to the moon, including lunar resources, scientific surveys, and forming an advance base for space exploration. Each of these missions will have different objectives, and will require different facilities. Independent of their design, these bases will need power, and this power will have to be distributed. There are many possible methods for distributing power on the moon. This paper examines three of these alternatives: transmission lines, beam power, and individual nuclear power stations. The purpose of this paper is to determine the mass of these systems as a function of the distance over which the power is transported, and a known power requirement.