cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alternative Mechanical Structure for LARP Nb $_{3}$ Sn Quadrupoles

An alternative structure for the 120 mm Nb3Sn quadrupole magnet presently under development for use in the upgrade for LHC at CERN is presented. The goals of this structure are to build on the existing technology developed in LARP with the LQ and HQ series magnets and to further optimize the features required for operation in the accelerator. These features include mechanical alignment needed for field quality and provisions for cold mass cooling with 1.9 K helium in a helium pressure vessel. The structure will also optimize coil azimuthal and axial pre-load for high gradient operation, and will incorporate features intended to improve manufacturability, thereby improving reliability and reducing cost.
Minimum power and minimum jerk position control and its applications in computer disk drives

Analytical and experimental results dealing with power optimal control strategies for the point-to-point slewing of motor-driven flexible structures which would result in zero residual vibration are presented. Two optimality criteria to uniquely define the control input are discussed. An algebraic synthesis technique is introduced for composing the finite-time point-to-point control waveform. Experiments are performed on a laboratory flexible beam and a small disk drive. The results show that the Laplace domain synthesis technique is very effective in eliminating residual vibration in point-to-point positioning operations. >
Creating High-Technology Growth: High-Tech Employment Growth in U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 1988–1998*

Objective. Growth in the share of high-technology employment is critical to discussions of the postindustrial transition. Do new state and local technology policies create growth in the share of high-technology employment? This article examines this question along with the effects of location and agglomeration advantages, identifying sources of qualitative growth in the U.S. economy. Methods. We examine change in the share of high-technology employment in metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in the United States between 1988 and 1998. High-technology employment is measured from the BLS Current Employment Statistics Survey. The scale of state and local technology policies are measured from a comprehensive survey of state and local technology programs. A generalized linear model (GLM) estimates the effects of technology policies along with regional proximity, location, and agglomeration factors. Results. Technology grant and loan programs and research parks have direct effects on the share of high-technology employment, along with private venture capital firms and military R&D. Research parks also magnify the effects of private venture capital firms, while public venture programs and technology development policies compensate for agglomeration deficits. Rapid population growth provides a more conducive context for these policies but does not directly influence growth in the share of high-technology jobs. Conclusion. State and local technology policies compensate for and magnify the effects of agglomeration advantages, indicating that state and local government can play a strategic role in high-technology development.
Nonorthogonal image expansion related to optimal template matching in complex images

Abstract Expansion matching (EXM) is a novel method for template matching that optimizes a new similarity measure called discriminative signal-to-noise ratio (DSNR). Since EXM is designed to minimize off-center response, it yields results with very sharp matching peaks. EXM yields superior performance to the widely used correlation matching (also known as matched filtering), especially in conditions of noise, superposition, and severe occlusion. This paper presents an extended EXM formulation that matches multiple templates in the complex image domain. Complex template matching is useful in matching frequency domain templates and edge gradient images, and can be extended to multispectral images as well. Here, a single filter is designed to simultaneously match a set of given complex templates with optimal DSNR, while eliciting user-defined center responses for each template. It is shown that when the complex case is simplified to the case of matching a single real template, the result reduces exactly to the minimum squared error (MSE) restoration filter assuming the template as the blurring function. Here, we introduce a new generalized MSE restoration paradigm based on the analogy to multiple-template EXM. Furthermore, the output of the single-template EXM filter is also shown to be equivalent to a nonorthogonal expansion of the image with basis functions that are all shifted versions of the template. Experimental results prove that EXM is robust to minor rotation and scale distortions.
Transformation of Methanococcus maripaludis and identification of a Pst I-like restriction system

An optimized polyethylene glycol (PEG) method of transformation was developed for Methanococcus maripaludis using the pKAS102 integration vector. The frequency of transformation with 0.8 μg of plasmid and 3×109 cells was 4.8×10−5 transformants cfu−1, or 1.8×105 transformants μg−1, which was four orders of magnitude greater than with the natural transformation method. A PstI restriction activity in M. maripaludis was also identified. Methylation of the plasmid with PstI methylase increased the methanococcal transformation frequency at least four-fold. Also, chromosomal DNA from M. maripaludis was resistant to digestion by the PstI endonuclease.
An Overview of Latent Curve and Latent Change Score Analyses

This chapter is intended as an update of our previous chapter on “Growth Curve Analysis” (McArdle & Nesselroade, 2003). But here we emphasize the use of the Latent Curve Analysis (LCA) and Latent Change Scores (LCS) approaches using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). We consider some of the many questions that have been raised about this general topic during the last decade. We discuss technical and substantive features of contemporary model fitting and the inferences that follow. This presentation is not intended to be overly technical, and the parameters in these kinds of models can be estimated using standard computer programs which allow appropriate calculations. We start by providing basic definitions of LCA-SEM, and show how these lead to mean and covariance expectations, and the associated likelihood equations, and we then report some of our own illustrations applied to real data. We discuss alternative ways to achieve the same results, and this leads to other even more advanced alternatives. We suggest how these approaches can deal with incomplete longitudinal data and review important innovations in the basic LCA-SEM have occurred during the past decade. The final section summarizes and makes some predictions about the future of both LCA-SEM and LCS-SEM. Keywords: latent curves; growth and changes; latent change scores; longitudinal structural equation modeling
Operational considerations for augmentation of Trichogramma exiguum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) for suppression of Rhyacionia frustrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Pinus taeda plantations.

Studies were performed to assess the operational feasibility of Trichogramma exiguum Pinto & Platner (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) augmentation for suppression of the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in commercial loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., plantations. Single inundative releases containing two cohorts of encapsulated T. exiguum at a potential rate of 224,200 ± 27,600 females per ha per cohort were made into two 4-ha plots during the second R. frustrana generation in 2000. Augmentation failed to increase parasitism rates above those occurring naturally; yet, 10% fewer shoots were attacked by R. frustrana, but not below acceptable levels. Quality control data suggest that low emergence levels and intense predation by ants upon developing T. exiguum lowered actual release rates to 13,000 ± 900 females per ha per cohort. The effect of capsule distribution and microclimate on the discovery of capsules by predators (indicated by some E. kuehniella egg removal), parasitoid predation (percentage of eggs removed or destroyed), and subsequent parasitoid emergence was investigated. Uniformly distributed capsules experienced significantly higher predation levels than clustered capsules, and capsules exposed to field conditions for 5 d experienced higher predation than those exposed for 3 d, independently of distribution. Discovery of capsules by predators was unaffected by distribution or exposure period. Microhabitat significantly impacted average maximum daily temperature, the number of consecutive hours per day at or above 35°C, and parasitoid emergence percentages. Parasitoid emergence declined significantly in response to increasing number of consecutive hours per day above 35°C. Microclimate did not impact capsule discovery by predators or predation levels. Augmentation of T. exiguum for suppression of R. frustrana damage may not be practical within P. taeda plantations.
Shallow water waves in canals of variable section

New theoretical solutions are derived for shallow water small amplitude waves in rectangular cross-sectional channels that have their depth and their width varying in the form of a polynomial. These solutions can closely approximate the long period seiches in shallow water canals, harbors, or lakes that are either open or closed at either end. The solutions are obtained by using the well-known linearized shallow water theory, shown to be best suited for studying the usual seiche in a lake or a harbor because of the fact that the fundamental standing wave that can be formed has a relatively small amplitude in comparison with its long wave length. The fundamental seiche usually has a long period and corresponds to the free oscillation of all of the contained water following a sudden impulse, such as that produced by an abrupt change in the atmospheric pressure or by an earthquake, or by resonance with tidal waves. These solutions may also be used to study the amplification of sea waves as they enter a shallow water canal or harbor. The new solutions that are presented allow a greater variation in the shape of the shallow body of water because they are applicable to any canals, harbors, or lakes that can have their depth and width approximated by polynomials. It is shown that all of the previously available theoretical solutions for varying rectangular cross sections are special cases of this new family of solutions.
In hot blood: quantifying the arterial input function.

Measurement of absolute myocardial blood flow (MBF) and coronary flow reserve (CFR) is of great importance clinically. To make such measurements quantitatively, one must also measure the arterial input function (AIF). Many studies, including the one reported by Vasquez et al. ([1][1]) in this issue
Merkel cell carcinoma: Do you know your guidelines?

Background Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a cutaneous neuroendocrine malignancy that exhibits clinically aggressive features and is associated with a poor prognosis. The incidence of MCC seems to be increasing for reasons unknown, and is estimated to be 0.32/100,000 in the United States. Methods This article will review the current literature and National Comprehensive Cancer Network practice guidelines in the treatment of MCC. Results Resection of MCC with negative margins remains the mainstay of therapy. Positive nodal disease should be treated with neck dissection and adjuvant radiotherapy. High-risk patients should undergo adjuvant radiotherapy, which improves oncologic outcomes. The role of chemotherapy is less clear and is currently reserved for advanced-stage MCC and palliative therapy. Conclusion The pathogenesis of MCC has recently been impacted with the discovery of the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). Research to establish targeted and immunologic therapeutic options are ongoing. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2015 © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 647–652, 2016
Prenatal Development of the Human Blood-Brain Barrier

Mammalian, and more specifically human, brain development is the result of a long and complex evolutionary pathway. As we move from the simplest jellyfish nervous system, (which forms an undifferentiated network) to vertebrate animals (such as fish, amphibians, and reptiles), we observe the development of more complex and larger brains. The developmental process reaches its highest form of evolution and complexity in mammals with the addition of the neocerebellum and the neocortex where the highest cognitive functions take place. Among the mammals, humans show the highest form of brain development. The vasculature of the central nervous system (CNS) undergoes a parallel process of adaptation in order to provide a specialized structure such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is capable of maintaining the functional homeostasis of the brain, providing cellular nutritional support and allowing for finer tuning of neuronal activity. During embryonic brain development, this highly specialized vascular endothelium acquires brain-specific properties that set it apart from other vascular endothelial cells (EC). In this chapter, we will cover the initial stages of brain development and discuss in detail the vascular differentiation that leads to the establishment of the BBB. The data reported in this work have been obtained in experimental animal studies both in vivo and in vitro as well as human studies, therefore we included a dedicated session to discuss about cross-species comparability and the challenges inherent to the extrapolation of animal-derived data in humans. A dedicated session that summarize the functional characteristic of the BBB and its role in the development of neurological diseases is also provided.
Concurrent Kleene algebra with tests and branching automata

Abstract We introduce concurrent Kleene algebra with tests (CKAT) as a combination of Kleene algebra with tests (KAT) of Kozen and Smith with concurrent Kleene algebras (CKA), introduced by Hoare, Moller, Struth and Wehrman. CKAT provides a relatively simple algebraic model for reasoning about semantics of concurrent programs. We generalize guarded strings to guarded series-parallel strings , or gsp-strings, to give a concrete language model for CKAT. Combining nondeterministic guarded automata of Kozen with branching automata of Lodaya and Weil one obtains a model for processing gsp-strings in parallel. To ensure that the model satisfies the weak exchange law ( x ‖ y ) ( z ‖ w ) ≤ ( x z ) ‖ ( y w ) of CKA, we make use of the subsumption order of Gischer on the gsp-strings. We also define deterministic branching automata and investigate their relation to (nondeterministic) branching automata. To express basic concurrent algorithms, we define concurrent deterministic flowchart schemas and relate them to branching automata and to concurrent Kleene algebras with tests.
A scalable architecture for ordered irregular parallelism

We present a new parallel architecture that exploits ordered irregular parallelism, which is abundant but hard to mine with current software and hardware techniques. In this architecture, called Swarm, programs consist of short tasks, as small as tens of instructions each, with programmer-specified order constraints. Swarm executes tasks speculatively and out of order, and efficiently speculates thousands of tasks ahead of the earliest active task to uncover enough parallelism. Furthermore, Swarm sends task to run close to their data whenever possible, reducing data movement. We contribute several new techniques that allow Swarm to scale to large core counts and speculation windows, including a new execution model, speculation-aware hardware task management, selective aborts, and scalable ordered task commits.
Model-Based Design for the Development and System-Level Testing of ADAS

Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) are becoming ubiquitous, and the safety of these systems is more important than ever. Engineers are incorporating new technologies—including different sensing modalities, data processing and fusion algorithms, as well as enhanced control and automation systems—leading to increased system complexity. In order to manage the complexity of these systems and address the issue of safety via extensive testing, it is vital to have an integrated environment so that different technological components can be incorporated and tested at a system level. We present such a solution in this paper. The proposed framework is based on Model-Based Design, enabling vision algorithms and control strategies to be developed using the same platform. Furthermore, software-in-the-loop (SIL) testing can be achieved via automatic C/C++ code generation. To close the loop at a system level, the environment must also be modeled. Environmental conditions include the weather conditions, the type of sensor used which affects the input data for the vision algorithms, as well as the vehicle dynamics model. This aspect is also addressed in this paper. We focus on lane-keeping as an example to illustrate different aspects of the framework.
Agroecology: A Global Paradigm to Challenge Mainstream Industrial Agriculture

Considerable controversy continues to exist in scientific and policy circles about how to tackle issues of global hunger, malnutrition, and rural economic decline, as well as environmental issues, such as biodiversity loss and climate change adaptation. On the one hand, powerful vested interests, with close ties to government, media, and academic institutions, propose high-input technology-based solutions, speculative and neoliberal “market-based” solutions, and export-oriented agricultural models. On the other hand, an international scientific and grassroots Food Movement has emerged, calling for a redesign of the Global Food System in support of small-scale agroecological farming systems. A call to re-evaluate our current Food Systems was made in 2008 by the International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD). Here, using the IAASTD study as a backdrop, we review the recent literature to outline key contentious points in the controversy between the need for high-input and “techno-based” versus agroecological farming models. A critical assessment is made of proposed strategies to protect soil resources, improve nutrient and energy cycles, protect agrobiodiversity, and promote social well-being in rural communities. With an increase in the number of affluent consumers (i.e., the middle class) in the developing world, and with the continued problem of extreme and chronic poverty with other larger sectors of society, Organic Farming and Agroecology models are put forward as a sound social, scientific, and rural development strategy.
Analysis on the surveillance results of HFRS in Ning-hai,2005～2012

[Objective] To analyze the surveillance data on hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Ning- hai from 2005 to 2012, and explore the epidemio logical characteristics and trend of HFRS. [ Method] Methods of descriptive epidemiolog y are used to analyze population HFRS surveillance. [ Result] Incidence of HFRS was decreasing and the surveillance data shows that there is no seasonal peak. The main occupations of patients were peasants. The main gender of patients were man and incidence increased with age increasing. [ Conclusion] Age and gender were not the risk factor of HFRS. It sho uld be more sociological investigation. Seasonal results revealed that there w ere apodemus and house mice in Ninghai which needs further investigation. Future disease controlling should be more focus in rural areas.
Labour Productivity and Requirements

From these figures of national agricultural product, necessarily limited to countries for which reasonably good national statistics are available, we now turn to information on productivity based on general local observation, or studies of individual farms, or groups of farms. To have such information in the form merely of round-figure general averages is a useful start: but it is much more interesting if we are able to compare farms at different levels of labour input/ha., so that we can estimate the marginal productivity of labour, or of land. These procedures have not yet been carried out satisfactorily in any great number of cases by agricultural economists even in the advanced countries, and we must be content with rough and ready measurements. Nevertheless, they are of great interest and importance. Finally, we can test our results by applying the basic economic theorem, that the wage paid to hired agricultural labourers should be approximately equal to the marginal product of labour.
The role of post-SRS systemic therapy in synchronous lung cancer brain metastases.

e13052 Background: We present our experience with SRS for patients with synchronous brain metastases from lung cancer and evaluate the prognostic significance of post-SRS systemic therapy (PSST). Additionally, we examine the impact of earlier PSST as well as definitive thoracic radiation (DTR). Methods: In this single-institution retrospective study, we reviewed 96 patients with lung cancer and ECOG PS ≤ 3 who underwent LINAC-based SRS between 2007 and 2013. Of these, 47 patients with 77 synchronous brain metastases (intracranial disease diagnosed within 2 months of primary diagnosis) were included. For analysis, clinical factors were recorded including histology, the systemic status of disease (SDS) at time of SRS, the use of PSST, and whether patients received DTR ( > 45 Gy) after SRS. The SDS was designated as either pulmonary disease (one or both lungs with adjacent nodal involvement) or distant extrapulmonary disease. For analysis, the SRS-PSST interval (SPI) was divided into ≤ 30 days and > 30 days....
Genome Organization: The Effects of Transcription-driven DNA Supercoiling on Gene Expression Regulation

The transcriptional outputs of genes are often dependent on their chromosomal localizations. Such positional effects suggest that the architecture of chromatin structures play roles in gene expression regulation. The molecular mechanisms that underlie the position effects of gene expression regulation remain unclear. In particular, the role of DNA supercoiling that plays in this level of transcriptional control is absent. The fact that the transcription process itself generates DNA supercoiling has further complicated the issue and has led to a hypothesis that DNA supercoiling may be involved in coordinating the expression of multiple genes in a region via modulating the chromosomal architecture or directly altering the structures of the DNA elements. This possibility has been built upon the existence of unconstrained DNA supercoiling on the chromosome.
Abstract TMP55: TGF-β1 Induces Microglial BDNF Production and Improves Functional Outcome After Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Introduction: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) results in the activation of microglia. Microglia can become classically activated, promoting neurotoxicity or alternatively activated, promoting tissue repair. Our lab has previously shown that microglia become alternatively activated between 3 and 14 days after ICH. This transition is critical to recovery, yet the mechanism is unknown. The anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β1 has a critical role in microglial development and homeostasis. We hypothesize that TGF-β1 is the mediator of microglia alternative activation after ICH and that TGF-β1 promotes microglial secretion of BDNF to promote tissue repair. Methods: Primary microglial cultures from C57BL/6 (WT) P0-P2 pups were used to study the mechanism of alternative activation. Microglia were activated with thrombin with or without TGF-β1 for 8 and 24 hours. BDNF was measured by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) (flow cytometry) and ELISA from cell supernatants. ICH was induced by injecting 25ul of whole blood into the right striatum of male WT mice. Mice were treated with either 10ng TGF-β1 or PBS intracerebrally immediately prior to blood injection to target microglia. Behavioral outcomes were measured by cylinder test and beam walking. Brains were harvested at 7 days for immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results: Primary microglia that were activated with thrombin and TGF-β1 had more BDNF+ cells by ICS at 8 hours and secreted more BDNF by ELISA at 24 hours compared to thrombin alone in vitro (fig 1). Mice treated with TGF-β1 had better functional outcomes by cylinder test and beam walking than PBS treated mice 24 hours after ICH. TGF-β1 treated mice had significantly more BDNF+ CD11b+ cells (microglia/macrophages) than PBS treated 7 days after ICH by IHC. Conclusions: TGF-β1 treatment induces microglial BDNF production and improves functional outcomes 24 hours after ICH. Ongoing work will determine whether microglial BDNF production is the link to improved outcomes.
Abstract TP433: Early Decompressive Hemicraniectomy Optimizes Highest Rehabilitation Potential in Patients With Acute Malignant Middle Cerebral Artery Syndromes

Objectives: Early decompressive hemicraniectomy in malignant middle cerebral artery (MCA ) syndrome is shown to improve long term clinical outcomes in patients. Longer hospitalization and ventilator days expose patients to increased risk of complications. We explore pertinent short term clinical predictors for the highest potential of functional recovery with acute rehabilitation in patients who present with malignant MCA syndromes requiring decompressive hemicraniectomy. Methods: This is a retrospective review of 53 patients from 2008-2013 on patients with acute ischemic malignant MCA strokes who underwent decompressive hemicraniectomy. We quantified midline shifts on brain imaging obtained prior to surgery. The primary objective was identifying patient factors leading to acute rehabilitation compared to other discharge outcomes including long term acute care facilities (LTAC), subacute nursing facilities (SNF), or expiration. Results: See Table. Conclusions: Younger patients presenting with malignant MCA syndromes receiving decompressive hemicraniectomies at smaller midline shifts are observed to achieve less ventilator days, reduced hospital length of stay and discharge with optimal rehabilitation potential.
Predicting Receipt of Social Security Administration Disability Benefits Using Biomarkers and Other Physiological Measures: Evidence From the Health and Retirement Study:

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess how well physiological measures, including biomarkers and genetic indicators, predict receipt of Social Security Administration (SSA) disabilit...
Interactions between European Court of Human Rights and Private International Law of European Union = Interacciones entre el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos y Derecho Internacional Privado de la Unión Europea

Abstract: The present work is concentrated on the analysis of the jurisprudence between the European Court of Human Rights and the European Court of Justice in the sector of private international law. In particular, it deals with the differences, similarities, influences, impact, etc. in the sector of family law, insolvency and succession according the Regulations and the private international law and last but not least the recognition of sentences by the European Member States. Keywords: European Court of Human Rights, International private law, European Court of Justice, European family law, insolvency, succession. Resumen: El presente trabajo se concentra en el analisis de la jurisprudencia entre el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos y el Tribunal de Justicia Europeo en el sector del derecho internacional privado. En particular, aborda las diferencias, similitudes, influencias, impacto, etc., en el sector del derecho de familia, la insolvencia y la sucesion de acuerdo con el Reglamento y el Derecho internacional privado y, por ultimo, el reconocimiento de condenas por parte de los Estados miembros europeos. Palabras clave: Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, Derecho Internacional Privado, Tribunal Europeo de Justicia, Derecho de Familia Europeo, insolvencia, sucesion.
Road sensor network for smart city applications

A smart city integrates diverse sets of information and communication technologies to monitor asset condition, security, safety, service quality, and operational efficiencies, often in real time, which requires significant information from infrastructure road sensors. In this study, an infrastructure embedded sensor network will be developed to provide real-time traffic and road condition information such as traffic volume (e.g. ADT, peak-hour traffic), traffic composition (vehicle classification), vehicle speed, dynamic weight via weigh-in-motion (WIM), and other data. Robust fiber optics-based infrastructure sensors will be used as a candidate for the embedded sensor network. Detail sensor network design, data analysis for traffic information abstraction will be performed followed by field testing for validation of the network. The developed infrastructure sensor network can be used to support the application of smart cities with future efforts in fields.
Atmospheric stability characterization using the Pasquill method: A critical evaluation

Abstract The Pasquill system was designed to describe dispersion conditions and was never intended to be a “stand-alone” measure of stability, but it has nevertheless been used to characterize stability in a wide range of applications unrelated to atmospheric dispersion. In this study we evaluate whether the method's underlying assumptions are sufficiently robust for characterizing stability, and whether the method provides acceptable characterizations when used as a stability classification tool outside the context of atmospheric dispersion. Observed temperature lapse rates at six locations across Eurasia largely fail to support the Pasquill method's “exclusivity” assumptions prohibiting the identification of stable classes during daytime, unstable classes at night, and all non-neutral classes during day/night transition and overcast periods. While observed nighttime stability is mostly stable or neutral and thus largely consistent with the Pasquill method, daytime lapse rates frequently indicate stable conditions. Moreover, the majority of lapse rates during day/night transition periods are non-neutral. Substantial seasonal variability is observed in diurnal stability variations and is unaccounted for in the Pasquill system. When compared with observed stability based on lapse rates, the Pasquill classification scheme exhibits a strong neutral bias at most sites. The method performs particularly poorly during daytime, correctly identifying instability in only 1%–29% of cases at the sites analyzed. Nighttime stability is correctly identified more frequently, but the strength of nocturnal stability is overestimated at all sites analyzed.
Imaging Congenital Cardiovascular Disease

The radiographic evaluation of congenital heart disease (CHD) is based upon identifying and characterizing structural changes reflecting abnormal blood flow or pathophysiologic homeostatic mechanisms resulting from structural or metabolic derangement. Evaluation of adult patients with CHD is complicated by the superimposition of acquired heart disease (with associated pathophysiologic changes) on the now chronic changes associated with palliated or untreated CHD. Progress in the diagnosing and managing pediatric and adult patients with CHD has been closely tied to progress and advancement in our ability to visualize cardiac structure. Correlation of clinical presentation with the demonstration of structural abnormalities is a cornerstone to early and accurate diagnosis and evaluation of medical and surgical management of CHD. Thus, the history of cardiac medicine can be told in terms of the history of cardiac imaging.
Heavy Metal Binding Properties of Wild Type and Transgenic Algae ( Chlamydomonas sp.)

Trace metal pollution is among the most pervasive and serious environmental problems facing the biosphere. In 1988, global releases of lead, mercury, cadmium, copper, and zinc were estimated to be: 1,160; 11; 30; 2,150; and 2,340 thousand metric tons/year, respectively (Nriagu & Pacyna, 1988). The largest sources of trace metal pollution were mining and the smelting of non-ferrous metals (Nriagu & Pacyna, 1988). Substantial quantities of trace metals are also released as the result of; coal combustion, refuse and sewage disposal, and manufacturing (steel production and plating, battery manufacturing, and electroplating).
A spatial econometric model for transboundary air pollution control treaties: an analysis of noncooperative international behavior

This dissertation develops a theoretical model that explains differences in emission reductions of transboundary air pollutants among nations based on national income, political freedom, the cost of emission reductions, emissions from other countries, the type of pollutant, and the pollutant's dispersion characteristics. The model is based on the theory of the private provision of impure public goods. This theoretical model is then used to derive a reduced form demand equation for emission reductions that can be econometrically estimated using spatial autoregressive techniques that have been modified to use time-series cross-section data. The econometric model is applied to 25 European nations and covers the period from 1980 to 1990. These 25 nations were signatories to the Helsinki Protocol of 1985, which mandated reductions in sulfur dioxide (SO2), and the Sofia Protocol of 1988, which limited emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO*)The signing of these treaties indicated a recognition of the problems caused by acid rain and ozone pollution, yet the two treaties had very different requirements regarding emission reductions, and in addition, nations were much more likely to meet the requirements of the Helsinki Protocol than the Sofia Protocol. By taking into account the differences between nations and the different characteristics of the pollutants, my model allows a closer examination of the reasons for the differences in treaty requirements and treaty adherence. The regression results can answer the following questions. First, did a nation's behavior change after a treaty was signed? Second, which factors were most important in
Effect of amino acid supplementation on whole-body protein turnover in Holstein steers.

We used the [15N]glycine single-dose urea end-product technique to measure whole-body protein turnover in six Holstein steers (250 +/- 18 kg). Steers were implanted with Revalor-S and continuously infused abomasally with water (4 L/d) or amino acids (AA; in 4 L/d water) in a crossover experiment (two 14-d periods). The AA infusion contained the following (g/d): lysine (5.3), methionine (3.3), threonine (3.2), tryptophan (1.0), histidine (2.1), and arginine (5.5). Steers were fed a diet containing 85% rolled corn, 10% prairie hay, and 1.1% urea (DM basis) at 2.16% of body weight. Nitrogen retention tended (P = .15) to increase with AA infusion, from 27.9 to 32.9 g N/d. Amino acid infusion numerically increased whole-body protein turnover from 168.6 to 183.2 g N/d, protein synthesis from 152.6 to 169.3 g N/ d, and protein degradation from 124.7 to 136.4 g N/d. Enhanced protein accretion may have resulted from a larger increase in protein synthesis than in degradation. The tendency for increased N retention is interpreted to suggest that the implanted, lightweight Holstein steers fed a corn-urea diet in our study were able to respond to AA supplementation, suggesting that at least one of the infused AA was limiting in the basal diet. Protein turnover data suggest that cattle, like other animals, may increase protein synthesis and protein degradation in response to supplementation with limiting AA. The [15N]glycine single-dose urea end-product technique for measuring whole-body protein turnover in cattle may be useful.
Association Between Autoantibody Phenotype and Cutaneous Adverse Reactions to Hydroxychloroquine in Dermatomyositis.

Importance Hydroxychloroquine sulfate is a commonly used medication for patients with dermatomyositis and has been associated with a uniquely elevated risk of adverse cutaneous reactions in this population. No studies to date have examined whether certain subsets of patients with dermatomyositis are at increased risk of experiencing a hydroxychloroquine-associated skin eruption. Objective To identify disease features that increase the risk of hydroxychloroquine-associated skin eruption in adults with dermatomyositis. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective cohort study was conducted in the outpatient dermatology clinic at a tertiary academic referral center. All adults with dermatomyositis (age >18 years) who started receiving hydroxychloroquine between July 1, 1990, and September 13, 2016, were eligible for the analysis. Patients were considered to have a hydroxychloroquine-associated skin eruption if a skin eruption had developed within their first 4 weeks of treatment and resolved with discontinuation of hydroxychloroquine therapy. Exposures One or more doses of hydroxychloroquine. Main Outcomes and Measures The associations between autoantibodies (against transcription intermediary factor 1γ [TIF-1γ], nucleosome-remodeling deacetylase complex [Mi-2], nuclear matrix protein [NXP-2], small ubiquitinlike modifier 1 activating enzyme [SAE-1/2], melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 [MDA-5], histidyl–transfer RNA synthetase [Jo-1], Ku, and signal recognition particles) and cutaneous adverse reactions to hydroxychloroquine in patients with dermatomyositis. Results A total of 111 patients met the inclusion criteria, and 23 (20.7%) developed a hydroxychloroquine-associated skin eruption (20 [87.0%] were women with a mean [SD] age of 49 [14] years at diagnosis). Skin eruptions were approximately 3 times more common in patients with anti–SAE-1/2 autoantibodies (7 of 14 [50.0%]) compared with those without the autoantibody (16 of 97 [16.5%]). In contrast, none of 15 patients with anti–MDA-5 autoantibodies had a skin eruption vs 23 of 96 (24.0%) of those without the autoantibody. In exact logistic regressions adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, sex, amyopathic status, anti–Ro52 status, and dermatomyositis-associated cancer, the presence of anti–SAE-1/2 autoantibodies was significantly associated with a hydroxychloroquine-associated skin eruption (odds ratio [OR], 8.43; 95% CI, 1.98-49.19;P = .003) and presence of anti–MDA-5 autoantibodies was significantly negatively associated with a hydroxychloroquine-associated skin eruption (OR, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.0004-0.52;P = .006). No other autoantibodies were significantly positively or negatively associated with a hydroxychloroquine-associated skin eruption. Conclusions and Relevance Adverse skin reactions to hydroxychloroquine are relatively common in a US cohort of patients with dermatomyositis. Our data suggest that pathophysiologic differences exist between autoantibody subsets in dermatomyositis.
In-kind incentives and health worker performance: Experimental evidence from El Salvador

We experimentally evaluated the effects of in-kind team incentives on health worker performance in El Salvador, with 38 out of 75 community health teams randomly assigned to performance incentives over a 12-month period. All teams received monitoring, performance feedback and recognition for their achievements allowing us to isolate the effect of the incentive. While both treatment and control groups exhibit improvements in performance measures over time, the in-kind incentives generated significant improvements in community outreach, quality of care, timeliness of care, and utilization of maternal and child health services after 12 months. Gains were largest for teams at the bottom and top of the baseline performance distribution. We find no evidence of results being driven by changes in reporting or by shifting away effort from non-contracted outcomes. These results suggest that in-kind team incentives may be a viable alternative to monetary or individual incentives in certain contexts.
Serial Quantitative and Qualitative Measurements of Flow in Vein of Galen Malformations Using 4-Dimensional Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Phase Contrast Vastly undersampled Isotropic PRojection)

Background Vein of Galen malformations (VoGMs) induce cerebrovascular dysfunction through arterial steal and venous hypertension resulting, if untreated, in severe neurologic morbidity and mortality. Noninvasive techniques for quantitative, serial evaluation of cerebrovascular hemodynamics in VoGMs are lacking. This proof of concept study using quantitative blood flow measurements from 4-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging may be useful as a noninvasive biomarker to guide timing of intervention and assess disease progression and treatment outcomes. Case Description Between July 2016 and July 2018, 4 patients harboring VoGMs underwent Phase Contrast Vastly undersampled Isotropic PRojection (PCVIPR) imaging at the University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics. We applied PCVIPR imaging to assess its potential for obtaining anatomic and physiologic flow data before and after surgical embolization of VoGMs. Hemodynamic pressure parameters obtained from PCVIPR imaging were compared with stump pressures recorded in vivo. We found a decrease in mean arterial pressure from 97 mm Hg pretreatment to 65 mm Hg post treatment. These findings corroborate the decrement in venous pressure gradients documented on PCVIPR imaging. For all patients, pressure gradient changes on PCVIPR imaging correlated with in vivo arterial pressures and aided in clinical decision related to cerebrovascular evaluation, treatment planning, and clinical course. Conclusions Four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging/PCVIPR imaging has a potential role in determining endovascular embolization and therapeutic outcomes on the basis of objective and reproducible hemodynamic characteristics of the vascular lesion. It represents a novel, noninvasive approach that may guide the extent and timing of therapeutic intervention and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases in pediatric patients.
The practice and perception of unexpected topic switching in Mandarin Chinese

Abstract In this paper, I combine a model of context, practice, and perception with a discursive-interactional approach to investigate the moral order of the practice and perception of unexpected t...
Potential Undiagnosed VWD Or Other Mucocutaneous Bleeding Disorder Cases Estimated From Private Medical Insurance Claims

Introduction Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is a common inherited bleeding disorder, but awareness among health care professionals is low. We estimated the number of cases of undiagnosed VWD or other mucocutaneous bleeding disorders among commercially insured patients in the United States with a recent history of bleeding events. Methods Patients with a VWD diagnosis who were users of or candidates for von Willebrand factor replacement were identified from the IMS PharMetrics Plus Database (2006-2015). We constructed a unary patient-finding model based on 12 prediagnosis variables that best defined this population, and applied this to undiagnosed patients with recent bleeding events from the same database. Cases of symptomatic undiagnosed VWD or other mucocutaneous bleeding disorders in the commercially insured population were estimated from the "best fit" (positive predictive value [PPV] 83%) and "good fit" (PPV 75%) patients thus identified. Results Overall, 507,668 undiagnosed patients with recent bleeding events were identified (86% female, 14% male). Application of the VWD model identified 3318 best-fit and 37,163 good-fit patients; 91% of best-fit patients were females aged <46 years, with heavy menstrual bleeding as the most common claim. Projection to the full commercially insured US population suggested that 35,000-387,000 patients may have symptomatic, undiagnosed VWD or other mucocutaneous bleeding disorders. Discussion Computer modeling suggests there may be a significant number of patients with symptomatic, undiagnosed VWD or other mucocutaneous bleeding disorder in the commercially insured population. Enhanced awareness of VWD symptoms and their impact, and of screening and testing procedures, may improve the diagnosis of VWD and reduce disease burden.
Bridging the gap between geographic concept and the data we have: The case of labor markets in the USA:

A broad literature has made it clear that geographic units must be selected with care or they are likely to introduce error and uncertainty into results. Nevertheless, researchers often use data “o...
Modeling the Relationships Between Combat Experiences and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Factors

Evidence suggests specific types of combat can influence different posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom presentations. This study applied structural equation modeling to extend this line of...
CHAPTER X – Base Pressure

Publisher Summary With the advance of aerospace sciences, the flight range of Mach and Reynolds numbers has widened. The region of investigation of base pressure also has become broader. This chapter describes base pressure with incompressible flow and that with compressible flow, which has been investigated recently by many researchers. It highlights the classical problem of the base pressure of a plate at subsonic speeds. The solution of this problem is not yet satisfactory. The research on base pressure at supersonic speeds has been carried out more vigorously compared to that at subsonic speeds, in experiment and analysis. Extensive experiments on base pressure behind a body of revolution have been carried out in the past. However, for the base pressure behind a two-dimensional body, more analytical solutions are available than for a body of revolution.
Electoral geography and the social construction of space: The example of the Nazi party in Baden, 1924–1932

This paper makes two contributions towards making a theoretically driven electoral geography a vital component of geography. First, a theoretical framework for the empirical analysis of elections is proposed that views elections as one component of the social construction of space while simultaneously illustrating how space structures electoral behavior. Second, the concepts of a geographic theory of voter mobilization need to be operationalized in such a way that space is an integral component of statistical analysis. The statistical concepts of spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity are used to include electoral locales and the regionalization of voter mobilization in the analysis. The theoretical framework and statistical operationalization proposed are illustrated by a statistical analysis of the growth of the Nazi party vote in Baden between 1924 and 1932.
Semiliquid electrolytes with anion-adsorbing metal–organic frameworks for high-rate lithium batteries

Adding particles of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) into liquid electrolytes leads to semiliquid electrolytes, where nanoporous MOFs enclose anions while facilitating lithium-ion conduction. The improved transport efficiency of lithium-ions in semiliquid electrolytes boosts effective reaction kinetics, mitigates polarization, and produces affinitive electrolyte-electrode interfaces, which afford enhanced cycle durability for high-rate lithium batteries.