cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Green manures of oat, rape and sweet corn for reducing common root rot in pea (Pisum sativum) caused by Aphanomyces euteiches

Green manure crops of sweet corn, soybean, alfalfa, snap bean, rape, pea and of the two oat cultivars ‘Dane’ and ‘Troy’ were incorporated into the same soil and containers in which the crop had grown for five weeks. The soil was then evaluated for suppression of common root rot (Aphanomyces euteiches) of pea grown in infested pasteurized and non-pasteurized soils in the greenhouse. Pea biomass reduction and a plant bioassay for A. euteiches were used to measure the green manure suppression of disease. Green manures of sweet corn cv.‘Jubilee’, oat cv.‘Troy’, and rape cv.‘Humus’ significantly reduced pea biomass losses over the non-amended control soil treatments. Oat cv.‘Troy’and sweet corn cv.‘Jubilee’ green manures significantly reduced inoculum density of A. euteiches over the corresponding fallow controls in inoculated pasteurized soil by 87% and 76%, respectively, and in inoculated non-pasteurized soil by 67% and 66%, respectively. Only the green manure of oat cv. ‘Troy’ reduced inoculum density significantly below fallow.
Cracking the Boundaries of Urban Life in the United States

Philippe Bourgois. In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio. New York and London: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 392 pp., 14 halftones,. map,. table. (Honorable Mention, Victor Turner Prize for Ethnography Writing, 1996.)
Thermal deformation of Cu-SiCOH interconnect layer

The conventional dielectric material SiO/sub 2/ is going to be replaced by materials with low dielectric constants, such as SiCOH, in the demands of faster speed, lower power consumption and reduced cross-talk. Because of the decreasing dimensions and increasing complexity, it is important to verify Cu-SiCOH structure reliability experimentally. A novel experimental micromechanics technique SIEM (Speckle Interferometry with Electron Microscopy) was employed to examine the thermal deformation of Cu-SiCOH interconnect layer. SIEM is a micro-mechanics measurement technique that has a spatial resolution approaching to a few nanometers. It is able to perform the full field displacement mapping over a region of only several microns in diameter. An electronic chip, which was designed to test the Cu-SiCOH interconnect layer, was evaluated by SIEM. There are three layers in this electronic chip, SiCOH film (about 1 micron in thickness), copper wire and silicon die. The thermal deformation of these three layers in the cross-section of the chip was obtained at 15000x magnification with a temperature difference 188/spl deg/C. And the Cu-SiCOH interconnect layer showed a good reliability.
Joint association between birth weight at term and later life adherence to a healthy lifestyle with risk of hypertension: a prospective cohort study

Low birth weight and unhealthy lifestyles in adulthood have been independently associated with an elevated risk of hypertension. However, no study has examined the joint effects of these factors on incidence of hypertension. We followed 52,114 women from the Nurses’ Health Study II without hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, prehypertension, and hypertension at baseline (1991–2011). Women born preterm, of a multiple pregnancy, or who were missing birth weight data were excluded. Unhealthy adulthood lifestyle was defined by compiling status scores of body mass index, physical activity, alcohol consumption, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet, and the use of non-narcotic analgesics. We documented 12,588 incident cases of hypertension during 20 years of follow-up. The risk of hypertension associated with a combination of low birth weight at term and unhealthy lifestyle factors (RR, 1.95; 95 % CI, 1.83–2.07) was more than the addition of the risk associated with each individual factor, indicating a significant interaction on an additive scale (Pinteraction <0.001). The proportions of the association attributable to lower term birth weight alone, unhealthy lifestyle alone, and their joint effect were 23.9 % (95 % CI, 16.6–31.2), 63.7 % (95 % CI, 60.4–66.9), and 12.5 % (95 % CI, 9.87–15.0), respectively. The population-attributable-risk for the combined adulthood unhealthy lifestyle and low birth weight at term was 66.3 % (95 % CI, 56.9–74.0). The majority of cases of hypertension could be prevented by the adoption of a healthier lifestyle, though some cases may depend on simultaneous improvement of both prenatal and postnatal factors.
Uniqueness of ground states for Schrödinger operators over loop groups

Abstract Over the space L of based loops in a compact connected Lie group G there is a natural gradient operator ∇ induced by the left action on L of the Hilbert Lie group K 0 which consists of finite energy elements of L . Denote by μ pinned Brownian motion measure on L . The Schrodinger operator ∇ + ∇ + V acting in L 2 ( L , μ) is shown to have a unique ground state over each homotopy class in L . The proof of uniqueness is reduced to the proof of ergodicity of the left action of K 0 on ( L , μ) for a simply connected group G of compact type. Ergodicity, in turn, is proved by first characterizing the Ito expansion coefficients of K 0 invariant functions and then regularizing such functions via a smooth approximation of multiple Stratonovich integrals. As a byproduct of this method one obtains an isometric isomorphism of L 2 ( G , heat kernel measure at time one) with a natural completion of the universal enveloping algebra of G , thus extending to the noncommutative case the well known isometry between L 2 ( R d , Gauss measure) and the space of symmetric tensors over R d .
Binding of an aminoacridine derivative to a GAAA RNA tetraloop.

Abstract RNA tetraloops are common secondary structural motifs in many RNAs, especially ribosomal RNAs. There are few studies of small molecule recognition of RNA tetraloops although tetraloops are known to interact with RNA receptors and proteins, and to form nucleation sites for RNA folding. In this paper, we investigate the binding of neomycin, kanamycin, 2,4-diaminoquinazoline, quinacrine, and an aminoacridine derivative (AD1) to a GAAA tetraloop using fluorescence spectroscopy. We have found that AD1 and quinacrine bind to the GAAA tetraloop with the highest affinity of the molecules examined. The equilibrium dissociation constant of the AD1–GAAA tetraloop complex was determined to be 1.6 μM. RNase I and lead acetate footprinting experiments suggested that AD1 binds to the junction between the loop and stem of the GAAA tetraloop.
Photochemistry of adsorbed nitrate on aluminum oxide particle surfaces.

Nitrogen oxides, including nitrogen dioxide and nitric acid, react with mineral dust particles in the atmosphere to yield adsorbed nitrate. Although nitrate ion is a well-known chromophore in natural waters, little is known about the surface photochemistry of nitrate adsorbed on mineral particles. In this study, nitrate adsorbed on aluminum oxide, a model system for mineral dust aerosol, is irradiated with broadband light (λ > 300 nm) as a function of relative humidity (RH) in the presence of molecular oxygen. Upon irradiation, the nitrate ion readily undergoes photolysis to yield nitrogen-containing gas-phase products including NO2, NO, and N2O, with NO being the major product. The relative ratio and product yields of these gas-phase products change with RH, with N2O production being highest at the higher relative humidities. Furthermore, an efficient dark reaction readily converts the major NO product into NO2 during post-irradiation. Photochemical processes on mineral dust aerosol surfaces have the pot...
The Geography of Deterrence: Exploring the Small Area Effects of Sobriety Checkpoints on Alcohol-Impaired Collision Rates Within a City

This article examines alcohol-impaired collision metrics around nine sobriety checkpoint locations in Indianapolis, Indiana, before and after implementation of 22 checkpoints, using a pre/post examination, a pre/post nonequivalent comparison group analysis, and an interrupted time series approach. Traffic safety officials used geographical information system (GIS) analysis to help select checkpoint locations amid high alcohol-related collision clusters, then analyzed possible checkpoint impacts. A post hoc analysis examined counts and rates of impaired collisions before and after checkpoint dates within the 2-mile radius zones around each checkpoint site and compared pre-to-post differences to two similar time-matched control areas without checkpoints. As a group, checkpoint zones showed significant though minor declines in pre-to-post collision counts, and no impairment rate change. Considered together, non-downtown checkpoint zones had more favorable impairment rates than comparison areas. After controlling for collision volume, monthly trend, and locational effects, the interrupted time series analysis found that for all checkpoints the count of impaired collisions in post-checkpoint periods was about 19% less than pre-checkpoint counts. Language: en
Topographic control of regional accumulation rate variability at South Pole and implications for ice-core interpretation

Snow-accumulation rates are known to be sensitive to local changes in ice-sheet surface slope because of the effect of katabatic winds. These topographic effects can be preserved in ice cores that are collected at non-ice-divide locations. The trajectory of an ice-core site at South Pole is reconstructed using measurements of ice-sheet motion to show that snow was probably deposited at places of different surface slope during the past 1000 years. Recent accumulation rates, derived from shallow firn cores, vary along this trajectory according to surface topography, so that on a relatively steep flank mean annual accumulation is ∼18% smaller than on a nearby topographic depression. These modern accumulation rates are used to reinterpret the cause of accumulation rate variability with time in the long ice-core record as an ice-dynamics effect and not a climate-change signal. The results highlight the importance of conducting ancillary ice-dynamics measurements as part of ice-coring programs so that topographic effects can be deconvolved from potential climate signals.
Studies of a Dinuclear Manganese Complex with Phenoxo and Bis-acetato Bridging in the Mn2(II,II) and Mn2(II,III) States: Coordination Structural Shifts and Oxidation State Control in Bridged Dinuclear Complexes

The dinucleating ligand, 2,6-bis{[(2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl)(2-pyridylmethyl)-amino]-methyl}-4-methylphenol) (L1OH) reacts with Mn(ClO4)2.6H2O to form the dinuclear complex [Mn2(II,II)(L1O)(mu-OOCCH3)2]ClO4 (1). The electrolytic oxidation of 1 at 0.7 V (vs Ag/AgCl) produces the mixed valent complex [Mn2(II,III)(L1O)(mu-OOCCH3)2](ClO4)2 (1ox) quantitatively, while electrolysis at 0.20 V converts 1ox back to 1. X-ray crystallographic structures show that both 1 and 1ox are dinuclear complexes in which the two manganese ions are each in distorted octahedral coordination environments bridged by the phenoxo oxygen and two acetate ions. The structural changes that occur upon the oxidation 1 to 1ox suggest an extended pi-bonding system involving the phenoxo ring C-O(phenoxo)-Mn(II)-N(pyridyl) chain. In addition, as 1 is oxidized to 1ox, the rearrangements in the coordination sphere resulting from the oxidation of one Mn(II) ion to Mn(III) are transmitted via the bridging Mn-O(phenoxo) bonds and cause structural changes that render the site of the second manganese ion unfit for the +3 state and hence unstable to reduction. Thus the electrolytic oxidation of 1ox in acetonitrile at 1.20 V takes up slightly greater than 1 F of charge/mol of 1ox, but the starting complex, 1ox, is recovered, showing the instability of the Mn2(III,III) state that is formed with respect to reduction to 1ox. Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements of 1 and 1ox over the temperature range from 1.8 to 300 K can be modeled with magnetic coupling constants J = -4.3 and -4.1 cm(-1), respectively showing the weak antiferromagnetic coupling between the two manganese ions in each dinuclear complex, which is commonly observed among similar phenoxo- and bis-1,3-carboxylato-bridged dinuclear Mn2(II,II) and Mn2(II,III) complexes.
Squamous cell carcinoma arising within a choledochal cyst.

Choledochal cysts are rare congenital or acquired cystic dilatations of the intra- or extrahepatic bile ducts. Their exact pathophysiology remains unclear. Extensive complications exist with untreated cysts. including biliary stasis and inflammation, with resultant stricture and stone formation, cholangitis, pancreatitis, and malignant degeneration. Most commonly reported malignancies include cholangiocarcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and gallbladder cancer. We report the case of a 41-year-old female with a history of chronic calcific pancreatitis, choledocholithiasis, and a large type I choledochal cyst, who presented with flu-like symptoms followed by painless jaundice and weight loss. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and direct cholangioscopy revealed a mass at the biliary bifurcation, a 4-cm choledochal cyst with multiple calculi, absence of anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal union, and multiple calcifications in the pancreatic head. Pathology demonstrated a synchronous choledochal cyst and squamous cell carcinoma, an infrequently reported phenomenon. We report the associated rare finding of chronic calcific pancreatitis, without anomaly of the pancreatic biliary junction. This suggests that the formation of calculi within the choledochal cyst may contribute to chronic calcific pancreatitis, possibly by virtue of papillary stenosis.
Abstract 3848: Cryopreserved, viable and architecturally intact lung tissue from patients as a model to study drug therapies.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC RATIONALE: Surgery, chemotherapy and radiation have not appreciably improved lung cancer patient survival rates over the past 20 years. Preclinical anti-tumor efficacy testing models could be improved by being rapid, reliable and capable of demonstrating tumor responses to dosing (concentration/timing) and drug interactions, while accounting for inter-patient variation. High-throughput, 3D in vitro systems hold promise as such therapeutic models, but linking these models to clinical responses in patients has been a dilemma. METHODS: We developed a lung tissue cryopreservation/banking method that optimizes cell viability and maintains tissue architecture after thawing. This method involves the expansion-perfusion of fresh patient lung tissue samples with non-toxic cryoprotectant solutions, followed by controlled-rate freezing of samples. RESULTS: We used this method to cryopreserve lung tissues from multiple patients. Although inter-patient variability in lung tissue compliance was anticipated, a wide range of expansion volumes can be tolerated without architectural damage. In contrast, tissue integrity was more sensitive to variations in expansion-perfusion rates (as gauged by lymphatic expansion/tearing). Cryosubstitution demonstrated that crystal formation varies with cryoprotectant cocktail and region within the lung, but can be virtually eliminated under certain conditions. From thawed lung tissues, we have 1) isolated and expanded viable lung cell types; 2) isolated decellularized extracellular components; and, 3) reconstituted intact lung tissue with fluorescent-tagged lung tumor cells. We performed patient surgeries/preservations individually, thawing, processing and analysis of lung tissue from multiple patients was performed simultaneously. CONCLUSION: Cancer cell drug responses are being compared in lung tissues ex vivo versus on standard monolayer culture using advanced proteo-/lipidomic mapping techniques (including MALDI MS and DIGE). Comparing multiple patient-specific lung tissues simultaneously should afford patient population stratification based on molecular profiles and achieve more rapid methods for determining personalized clinical treatment regiments. Citation Format: Demetri D. Spyropoulos, Chadrick E. Denlinger, Ellen C. Riemer, Danforth A. Newton, E. Ellen Jones, Richard R. Drake, John E. Baatz. Cryopreserved, viable and architecturally intact lung tissue from patients as a model to study drug therapies. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3848. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3848
Multiphase ozonolysis of organics in wastewater by a novel membrane reactor

Conventional ozonation of recalcitrant organic compounds in wastewater suffers from low transfer rate of ozone into water. The low transfer rate can be enhanced by adding an inert fluorocarbon (FC) liquid immiscible with water but having a much higher solubility for ozone. A novel membrane reactor was studied for the destruction of organic pollutants by using PC liquid simultaneously as a reaction medium and a liquid membrane. The membrane reactor consisted of two sets of microporous and/or non-porous hollow-fiber membranes well-mixed in a cylindrical shell filled with the inert FC liquid. Wastewater was allowed to flow through the lumen of one set of microporous fibers; O3-containing gas flowed through the bore of the other set. Oxidative degradation products get partitioned back into the two mobile phases. Degradation of such pollutants as phenol, acrylonitrile, nitrobenzene, trichloroethylene, and toluene in such a reactor is presented. The kinetics of degradation of each pollutant in the two-phase (aqueous- FC) system were studied using batch and semibatch experiments. Simulation results based on a first-order model to predict the behavior of pollutant degradation in such a membrane reactor are compared with experimental data.
Action tremor and thalamotomy

Abstract During the pre-operative study of eight Parkinsonian patients, two men were found to have a typical “action tremor”. Voluntary contraction of the biceps was produced by a rhythmic discharge of motor units at a frequency of 9–12 c/sec. The unloading reflex was abnormal, with bursts of tremor activity occurring when the “silent period” would be seen normally. After stereotaxic thalamotomy, both men showed a normal EMG pattern during voluntary contraction and a normal unloading reflex in the arm contralateral to the thalamic lesion. We conclude that, prior to thalamotomy, voluntary contraction was relatively independent of proprioceptive feedback, as shown by the abnormal unloading reflex. The demonstration of a normal unloading response after operation suggested that voluntary innervation was now supported, at least partially, by proprioceptive feedback from the muscle stretch receptors.
Functional assessment of communication: Merging public policy with clinical views

Abstract Functional assessment—the measurement of an individual's ability to perforni daily life activities despite disease, disorder, or impairment-is becoming a vital supplement to traditional clinical assessment batteries in rehabilitation. From a clinical perspective, functional assessment seems to bridge the gap between identifying specific behaviours, and evaluating how those behaviours affect an individual's ability to function in natural contexts (Holland 1980; Sarno 1983; Beukelman et al., 1984; Aten 1986; Frattali and Lynch 1989; Hartley 1990; Kao 1990). From a public policy perspective, functional assessment takes on added import, providing the means to set reimbursement rates, determine eligibility for services, and measure the quality of long-tern1 or rehabilitative care (Hosek et al., 1986; Kane 1987; Health Care Financing Administration 1989; Cornelius 1990).
Ultrasonic imaging and velocimetry in two-phase pipe flow

This paper presents the first results of an experimental and theoretical investigation of the feasibility of using ultrasonic measurements in multiphase pipe flow. Extant downhole flow rate measurement technology used in the petroleum industry is not adequate in some multiphase flow regimes, particularly when the well is deviated from vertical. Ultrasonics offers Doppler velocity and imaging capabilities, both of which could be of great value in production logging. Some air-water measurements, both imaging and velocimetry, are presented, along with a discussion of pulsed Doppler theory.
Analysis of physiological parameters in skin tumors by a scaleable Monte Carlo simulation

This paper presents a study of the use of a single scaleable Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the physiological parameters of skin lesions from data collected in vivo using spectroscopic oblique-incidence reflectometry. Spatio-spectral data from 101 cases are separated into two groups based on their melanocytic conditions. Group-1 consists of (a) cancerous basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas and (b) benign actinic keratoses and seborrheic keratoses. Group-2 consists of (a) dysplastic nevi and (b) benign common nevi. Several physiological parameters are estimated, such as the size distribution of the optical scatterers, the relative index of refraction of the scatterers, the total volume concentration of the scatterers, the concentration of the total hemoglobin and the oxygen saturation, and the relative changes related to the values calculated from the neighboring healthy tissues. The most significant features are then combined into one feature. The results show that for both groups the combined feature is significantly different for the benign and cancerous cases than for the dysplastic cases. The ROC area was 0.9 and 0.86 for group-1 and group-2, respectively.
Effects of single and simultaneous combined nanoinjections of Met-enkephalin into rat midbrain and medulla on activity of differentially nociresponsive ventral medullary neurons.

Abstract Neuronal activity classified by receptive field, adequate stimulus, and raphe-spinal (R-S) projection in 48 lightly anaesthetized rats was recorded from raphe magnus (RM) area. Effects of nanoinjections of Met-enkephalin in periaqueductal gray (PAG; 2 or 10 μg), nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis (PGC; 1 or 5 μg), and both sites (conjointly) were studied. Most of the 78 neurons studied responded to noxious stimulation, some with increased responses (‘on-cells’) and some with decreased responses (‘off-cells’). Major findings: (1) Met-enkephalin in PAG and PGC depressed the response of on-cells and enhanced the response of off-cells; (2) for a given RM or R-S cell, PAG and PGC effects were typically identical; and (3) conjoint injections tended to produce greater effects than single effects, whether enhancing or depressing,
Structure–activity relationships of 2-aminothiazoles effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A series of 2-aminothiazoles was synthesized based on a HTS scaffold from a whole-cell screen against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The SAR shows the central thiazole moiety and the 2-pyridyl moiety at C-4 of the thiazole are intolerant to modification. However, the N-2 position of the aminothiazole exhibits high flexibility and we successfully improved the antitubercular activity of the initial hit by more than 128-fold through introduction of substituted benzoyl groups at this position. N-(3-Chlorobenzoyl)-4-(2-pyridinyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-amine (55) emerged as one of the most promising analogues with a MIC of 0.024μM or 0.008μg/mL in 7H9 media and therapeutic index of nearly ∼300. However, 55 is rapidly metabolized by human liver microsomes (t1/2=28min) with metabolism occurring at the invariant aminothiazole moiety and Mtb develops spontaneous low-level resistance with a frequency of ∼10(-5).
The nonspecific interaction of water with the surfaces of clay minerals

Abstract Measurements were made of ( ∂φ v ∂P ) T , the apparent specific isothermal compressibility, and ( ∂φ v ∂T ) P , the apparent specific isobaric expansibility, of water mixed with clays having different surface properties and different values of S, the specific surface area. Since t, the average thickness of the water films on the clay, is functionally related to the S of the clay, the density ρw of the water and the mass ratio of clay to water, ( ∂φ v ∂P ) T and ( ∂φ v ∂T ) P were obtainable as functions of t. Thus, it was found that both properties were described by J = J 0 exp ( k p w t) where J and J0 are the values of either property in the clay-water system and in pure water, respectively, and k is a constant that is characteristic of the property alone. References were cited to show that the same equation describes two other properties of the water and data from earlier studies were combined to show that the swelling pressure of the clay is also an exponential function of k ρ w t . Therefore, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) a common factor must influence the various properties of the water in a clay-water system and the swelling pressure of the clay, and (2) this factor must not depend on the specific nature of the mineral surface.
Learning rate and attractor size of the single-layer perceptron.

We study the simplest possible order one single-layer perceptron with two inputs, using the delta rule with online learning, in order to derive closed form expressions for the mean convergence rates. We investigate the rate of convergence in weight space of the weight vectors corresponding to each of the 14 out of 16 linearly separable rules. These vectors follow zigzagging lines through the piecewise constant vector field to their respective attractors. Based on our studies, we conclude that a single-layer perceptron with $N$ inputs will converge in an average number of steps given by an $N\text{th}$ order polynomial in $\frac{t}{l}$, where $t$ is the threshold, and $l$ is the size of the initial weight distribution. Exact values for these averages are provided for the five linearly separable classes with $N=2$. We also demonstrate that the learning rate is determined by the attractor size, and that the attractors of a single-layer perceptron with $N$ inputs partition ${\mathbb{R}}^{N}\ensuremath{\bigoplus}{\mathbb{R}}^{N}$.
ℓ1-homology of combable groups and 3-manifold groups

S. Gersten asked whether the reduced l1-homology of a group of type ℱn vanishes in all dimensions up to n - 1. We prove this for combable groups and for the fundamental groups of closed 3-manifolds. This means that the l1-homology in these cases can be interpreted as "an amount of non-linearity" for the isoperimetric functions.
Measurement of the driving force dependence of interfacial charge-transfer rate constants in response to pH changes at n-ZnO/H2O interfaces

Abstract Changes in pH have been used to shift the band-edge positions of n-type ZnO electrodes relative to solution-based electron acceptors having pH-independent redox potentials. Differential capacitance vs. potential and current density vs. potential measurements using [Co(bpy) 3 ] 3+/2+ and [Ru(bpy) 2 (MeIm) 2 ] 3+/2+ (where bpy = 2,2′-bipyridyl and MeIm = 1-methyl-imidazole) allowed investigation of the pH-induced driving-force dependence of the interfacial electron-transfer rate in the normal and inverted regions of electron transfer, respectively. All rate processes were observed to be kinetically first-order in the concentration of electrons at the ZnO surface and first-order in the concentration of dissolved redox acceptors. Measurements using [Co(bpy) 3 ] 3+/2+ , which has a low driving force and a high reorganization energy in contact with ZnO electrodes, and measurements of [Ru(bpy) 2 (MeIm) 2 ] 3+/2+ , which has a high driving force and a low reorganization energy in contact with ZnO electrodes, allowed for the evaluation of both the normal and inverted regions of interfacial electron-transfer processes, respectively. The rate constant at optimum exoergicity was observed to be approximately 5 × 10 −17 cm 4 s −1 . The rate constant vs. driving-force dependence at n-type ZnO electrodes exhibited both normal and inverted regions, and the data were well-fitted by parabolas generated using classical electron-transfer theory.
Outline of the evolution of behavioral and nonbehavioral patterns of parental care among the vertebrates: Critical characteristics of mammalian and avian parental behavior

An outline of the evolution of parental care among the vertebrates is presented, leading to a characterization of critical features of parental care among the mammals and birds. Among the lower vertebrates (fishes, amphibia) and reptiles there are a variety of patterns of parental care. These can be divided into those that involve parental behavior and those that are nonbehavioral. Among extant species, parental behavior is not the predominant form of parental care, although it is present in many species of fish, frog and reptile. Nonbehavioral patterns of parental care predominate and are equally effective as parental behavior. Parental behavior is based on reciprocal stimulus interaction (trophallaxis) between the parent and the offspring and includes behavior directed at the nest, eggs, and developing young. Among lower vertebrates and reptiles there are increases in the complexity and completeness of parental behaviors but only among the mammals and birds has parental behavior been elaborated as the only form of parental care. Critical characteristics of mammalian parental behavior are: simultaneous onset of birth, lactation, and maternal care, rapid formation of an attachment of the mother to her offspring, synchrony in the behavioral interaction between mother and young during their development until weaning, and the significance of the mother-offspring unit as the basis of social organization. Among birds there is the period of egg incubation in the nest preceding hatching of the young, in addition to the above characteristics of mammals, but the mother-offspring unit is not the basis for social organization.
The effect of plasma shape on H-mode pedestal characteristics on DIII-D

The characteristics of the H-mode are studied in discharges with varying triangularity and squareness. The pressure at the top of the H-mode pedestal increases strongly with triangularity, primarily due to an increase in the margin by which the edge pressure gradient exceeds the ideal ballooning mode first stability limit. Two models are considered for how the edge may exceed the ballooning mode limit. In one model, access to the ballooning mode second stable regime allows the edge pressure gradient and associated bootstrap current to continue to increase until an edge localized, low toroidal mode number, ideal kink mode is destabilized. In the second model, the finite width of the H-mode transport barrier and diamagnetic effects raise the pressure gradient limit above the ballooning mode limit. We observe a weak inverse dependence of the width of the H-mode transport barrier, Δ, on triangularity relative to the previously obtained scaling Δ∝(βPEP)1/2. The energy loss for Type I ELMs increases with triangularity in proportion to the pedestal energy increase. At low density, the energy confinement of high-triangularity discharges is larger than discharges with low triangularity, as a result of an increase in the energy in the H-mode pedestal. At high density, both the change in pedestal pressure and the response of the density profile are found to play a role in setting the energy confinement. The highest energy confinement at high density was obtained in low-triangularity discharges.
Noncovalent derivatives of hydroquinone : Bis-(N, N-dialkyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-dicarboxamide complexes

Abstract The solid state phase behavior of hydroquinone 1 with bis-(N,N-diethyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-dicarboxamide ( 4 ) and with bis-(N,N-dimethyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-dicarboxamide ( 5 ) has been investigated. A 1:1 complex, 6 , exists with hydroquinone and the diethyl derivative 4 . A 1:2 complex, 7 , and a 2:1 complex, 8 , is formed with hydroquinone and the dimethyl derivative, 5 . X-ray structure determinations of these cocrystals have been performed and the role of the alkyl side chains in the crystal packing is discussed.
How much do we really know about statins and transplant vasculopathy

It is the responsibility of a major medical journal to publish information that will constructively influence patient care. Optimally, each manuscript should transmit a ‘take-home message’. And this one does. So, let us track the evolution of the message presented in the review by Som et al. [1] in this issue of the World Journal of Surgery. When the Framingham Heart Study began in 1948, hypertension and a rising plasma cholesterol were considered to be routine and inevitable consequences of aging. However, physicians rapidly recognized that blood pressure control was good. But, manipulation of plasma cholesterol is conceptually trickier.
Assessing serotonin receptor mRNA editing frequency by a novel ultra high-throughput sequencing method

RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification of pre-mRNA that results in increased diversity in transcriptomes and proteomes. It occurs in a wide variety of eukaryotic organisms and in some viruses. One of the most common forms of pre-mRNA editing is A-to-I editing, in which adenosine is deaminated to inosine, which is read as guanosine during translation. This phenomenon has been observed in numerous transcripts, including the mammalian 5-HT2C receptor, which can be edited at five distinct sites. Methods used to date to quantify 5-HT2C receptor editing are labor-intensive, expensive and provide limited information regarding the relative abundance of 5-HT2C receptor editing variants. Here, we present a novel, ultra high-throughput method to quantify 5-HT2C receptor editing, compare it to a more conventional method, and use it to assess the effect of a range of genetic and pharmacologic manipulations on 5-HT2C editing. We conclude that this new method is powerful and economical, and we provide evidence that alterations in 5-HT2C editing appear to be a result of regional changes in brain activity, rather than a mechanism to normalize 5-HT2C signaling.
Stress analysis of a matrix-cracked viscoelastic laminate

Two distinctly different approaches to viscoelastic stress analysis are employed herein for the purpose of predicting the response of a matrix-cracked viscoelastic laminate to a given loading history. A viscoelastic correspondence principle is developed to provide an analytical solution and a finite element formulation is developed to provide a numerical solution. The two methods are demonstrated through the solution of a simple illustrative example problem. Results from the two methods of analysis are compared.
On the use of iron octa-alkylporphyrins as models for protoporphyrin IX-containing heme systems in studies employing magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy.

Abstract The magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) properties of numerous oxidation and ligation state derivatives of myoglobin and horseradish peroxidase reconstituted with an iron octa-alkylporphyrin (mesoheme IX) have been investigated in order to establish the utility of such porphyrins as models for protoporphyrin IX-containing systems. The MCD spectra of the mesoheme-reconstituted proteins are blue-shifted (4–12 nm) and are somewhat more intense (1.5–2.5 fold) when compared to the spectra of analogous derivatives of native myoglobin and horseradish peroxidase. However, the spectral band patterns of the mesoheme-reconstituted proteins closely resemble those of the native proteins in essentially all cases. These data demonstrate that octa-alkylporphyrins can be productively used as models for protoporphyrin IX in studies of heme proteins with MCD spectroscopy.
Recombination of 5-eV O(3P) atoms with surface-adsorbed NO - Spectra and their dependence on surface material and temperature

Measurements have been conducted of the 300-850 nm recombination spectra associated with 5-eV collisions of O(3P) atoms with NO adsorbed on surfaces of MgF2, Ni, and Ti. Attention is given to the dependence of chemiluminescence intensity on surface temperature over the 240-340 K range. While all three materials tend to emit at the lower temperatures, MgF2 exhibits the greatest tendency to chemiluminescence. Both results are reflective of the greater packing density of surface-adsorbed NO at the lower temperatures for each surface. The activation energy for each surface is independent of emission wavelength, so that the same species is emitting throughout the wavelength range.
Adaptive motion compensation for in vivo ultrasound temperature estimation

Recent works have shown promising results in in vivo temperature estimation using diagnostic ultrasound. By applying speckle tracking algorithm on the M2D images taken by a diagnostic probe positioned in the fenestration of a Dual Mode Ultrasound Array (DMUA), localized temperature changes during sub-therapeutic High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) operation can be detected. However, interference from natural motion and deformation of the tissue could result in severe errors in the estimated temperature profiles. Two-dimensional filtering inspired by the bio-heat equation was shown to partially mitigate these effects, but it is ineffective when the spatial frequencies of the deformations are within the same bandwidth of the temperature-induced strains. We present results of a new adaptive technique which is capable of largely suppressing the interference without sacrificing the dynamics of the temperature change. The method is based on finding points with strong deformation induced strains outside the targeted region before the therapy starts and training an adaptive filter with the signals from these points as it inputs. During the therapy, the strain data from selected points and trained coefficients are used to suppress the effect of natural motions using a spatial interference cancellation filter.
A hybrid approach to protein name identification in biomedical texts

This paper presents a hybrid approach to identifying protein names in biomedical texts, which is regarded as a crucial step for text mining. Our approach employs a set of simple heuristics for initial detection of protein names and uses a probabilistic model for locating complete protein names. In addition, a protein name dictionary is complementarily consulted. In contrast to previously proposed methods, our proposed method avoids the use of natural language processing tools such as part-of-speech taggers and syntactic parsers and solely relies on surface clues, so as to reduce the processing overhead. Moreover, we propose a framework to automatically create a large-scale corpus annotated with protein names, which can be then used for training our probabilistic model. We implemented a protein name identification system, named PROTEX, based on our proposed method and evaluated it by comparing with a system developed by other researchers on a common test set. The experiments showed that the automatically constructed corpus is equally useful in training as compared with manually annotated corpora and that effective performance can be achieved in identifying compound protein names with PROTEX.
Implicitly-multithreaded processors

This paper proposes the Implicitly-MultiThreaded (IMT) architecture to execute compiler-specified speculative threads on to a modified Simultaneous Multithreading pipeline. IMT reduces hardware complexity by relying on the compiler to select suitable thread spawning points and orchestrate inter-thread register communication. To enhance IMT's effectiveness, this paper proposes three novel microarchitectural mechanisms: (1) resource- and dependence-based fetch policy to fetch and execute suitable instructions, (2) context multiplexing to improve utilization and map as many threads to a single context as allowed by availability of resources, and (3) early threadinvocation to hide thread start-up overhead by overlapping one thread's invocation with other threads' execution.We use SPEC2K benchmarks and cycle-accurate simulation to show that an microarchitecture-optimized IMT improves performance on average by 24% and at best by 69% over an aggressive superscalar. We also compare IMT to two prior proposals, TME and DMT, for speculative threading on an SMT using hardware-extracted threads. Our best IMT design outperforms a comparable TME and DMT on average by 26% and 38% respectively.
Activation of coronary arterial guanylate cyclase by nitric oxide, nitroprusside, and nitrosoguanidine--inhibition by calcium, lanthanum, and other cations, enhancement by thiols.

Abstract Although reports that certain vasodilate s activate soluble guanylate cyclase, especially in the presence of thiols, and elevate cyclic GMP levels in smooth muscle suggest that cyclic GMP is involved in vascular smooth muscle relaxation, earlier reports that Ca 2+ activates guanylate cyclase and that Ca 2+ -dependent contractile agents elevate cyclic GMP levels are seemingly at odds with this hypothesis. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of Ca 2+ related cations, and thiols on bovine coronary arterial soluble guanylate cyclase. Guanylate cyclase activity was detected in the presence of Mg 2+ or Mn 2+ but not of other cations. Basal activity was greater in the presence of Mn 2+ than of Mg 2+ . Activity of guanylate cyclase stimulated by nitroprusside, nitric oxide, or nitrosoguanidine, however, was greater with Mg 2+ , although the requirement of activated enzyme for Mn 2+ was reduced about 10-fold. Ca 2+ markedly inhibited guanylate cyclase activation in the presence of Mg 2+ but not of Mn 2+ . La 2+ inhibited enzyme activation in the presence of Mg 2+ or Mn 2+ . Neither Ca 2+ nor La 3+ altered basal enzymatic activity. Results that were qualitatively similar to those indicated above were observed with partially purified, heme-free, coronary arterial soluble guanylate cyclase. Nitric oxide and nitroso compounds activated partially purified enzyme, and thiols enhanced enzyme activation by nitroprusside and nitrosoguanidine without appreciably altering basal activity. Irreversible sulfhydryl binding agents such as ethacrynic acid and gold inhibited both basal and activated guanylate cyclase. These results suggest that changes in intracellular concentrations of free Ca 2+ and sulfhydryl groups could influence the rate of formation of cyclic GMP by vasodilators and that this, in turn, could alter smooth muscle tone.
Towards a Consistent Chemical Kinetic Model of Electron Beam Irradiation of Humid Air

A chemical kinetic model has been assembled based upon previous literature to assist in developing a better understanding of the mechanism behind the electron beam irradiation of humid air. Thermodynamic determination of the feasibility of particular product sets was used to eliminate certain reactions proposed previously, dynamical models were used to guide the choice of product sets, and updated rate constants were obtained from the current literature. Tracers were also used to determine significant sources and sinks of hydroxyl radical, an important species in the irradiation process. Modeling results for selected species have been presented for 1 atm of air at 298.15 K and 50% relative humidity, at doses of 1, 5, 10, 25, and 50 kGy delivered over 0.8 s. The concentrations of the most abundant ions, radicals, and stable reaction products have been included, as well as the calculated major sources and sinks of hydroxyl radical.
A local asynchronous distributed privacy preserving feature selection algorithm for large peer-to-peer networks

In this paper we develop a local distributed privacy preserving algorithm for feature selection in a large peer-to-peer environment. Feature selection is often used in machine learning for data compaction and efficient learning by eliminating the curse of dimensionality. There exist many solutions for feature selection when the data are located at a central location. However, it becomes extremely challenging to perform the same when the data are distributed across a large number of peers or machines. Centralizing the entire dataset or portions of it can be very costly and impractical because of the large number of data sources, the asynchronous nature of the peer-to-peer networks, dynamic nature of the data/network, and privacy concerns. The solution proposed in this paper allows us to perform feature selection in an asynchronous fashion with a low communication overhead where each peer can specify its own privacy constraints. The algorithm works based on local interactions among participating nodes. We present results on real-world dataset in order to test the performance of the proposed algorithm.
Time-dependent quantum many-body theory of identical bosons in a double well: Early-time ballistic interferences of fragmented and number entangled states

A time-dependent multiconfigurational self-consistent field theory is presented to describe the many-body dynamics of a gas of identical bosonic atoms confined to an external trapping potential at zero temperature from first principles. A set of generalized evolution equations are developed, through the time-dependent variational principle, which account for the complete and self-consistent coupling between the expansion coefficients of each configuration and the underlying one-body wave functions within a restricted two state Fock space basis that includes the full effects of the condensate's mean field as well as atomic correlation. The resulting dynamical equations are a classical Hamiltonian system and, by construction, form a well-defined initial value problem. They are implemented in an efficient numerical algorithm. An example is presented, highlighting the generality of the theory, in which the ballistic expansion of a fragmented condensate ground state is compared to that of a macroscopic quantum superposition state, taken here to be a highly entangled number state, upon releasing the external trapping potential. Strikingly different many-body matter-wave dynamics emerge in each case, accentuating the role of both atomic correlation and mean-field effects in the two condensate states.