cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS OF SMALL MAMMALS AT TWO SPATIAL SCALES IN THE NORTHERN SIERRA NEVADA

Effective management strategies require an understanding of the spatial scale at which fauna use their habitat. Toward this end, we sampled small mammals in the northern Sierra Nevada, California, over 2 years at 18 livetrapping grids among 5 forest types. Forest types were defined by overstory tree composition, and 19 microhabitat variables were measured at all trap stations. Forest type and year explained 93% of variation in abundance of North American deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus), whereas only 40% was explained by microhabitat and year. Similarly, variation in abundance of long-eared and shadow chipmunks (Neotamias quadrimaculatus and N. senex) was better explained by forest type and year (67%) than by microhabitat and year (30%). Red fir (Abies magnifica) forests supported more P. maniculatus and Neotamias species than mixedconifer and pine‐cedar forests, and more Neotamias species than mixed-fir forests. Five of 6 uncommon species were significantly associated with forest type; golden-mantled ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis), northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus), and long-tailed and montane voles (Microtus longicaudus and M. montanus) were captured almost exclusively in red fir forests, whereas dusky-footed woodrats (Neotoma fuscipes) and California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) were found in pine‐cedar, mixed-fir, and mixed-conifer forests. The first 2 axes of a canonical correspondence analysis on microhabitat variables explained 71% of variation in combined small mammal abundance. Microhabitat associations varied among species but were driven primarily by canopy openness, shrub cover, and shrub richness. Although much of the small mammal fauna appeared to select habitat at both spatial scales studied, canonical correspondence analysis using forest type as a covariate revealed that microhabitat explained much less variation in small mammal abundance than did forest type.
Measurement of the energy of the gamma radiation from neutron capture by hydrogen

Abstract A scintillation spectrometer with an anticoincidence annalus of NaI is used to measure the energy of the gamma ray that follows the capture of a neutron by hydrogen. The measurement is made simultaneously with the calibration of the spectrometer system in terms of six reference gamma rays. The results indicate a value of 2219±2 keV for the binding energy of the deuteron. A discussion of this result relative to other measurements of this and related quantities is presented.
User evaluations of IS as surrogates for objective performance

User evaluations of information systems are frequently used as measures of MIS success, since it is extremely difficult to get objective measures of system performance. However, user evaluations have been appropriately criticized as lacking a clearly articulated theoretical basis for linking them to systems effectiveness, and almost no research has been found that explicitly tests the link between user evaluations of systems and objectively measured performance. In this paper, we focus on user evaluations of task-technology fit for mandatory use systems and develop theoretical arguments for the link to individual performance. This is then empirically tested in a controlled experiment with objective performance measures and carefully validated user evaluations. Statistically significant support for the link is found for one measure of performance but not for a second. These findings are consistent with others which found that users are not necessarily accurate reporters of key constructs related to use of IS, specifically that self reporting is a poor measure of actual utilization. The possibility that user evaluations have a stronger link to performance when users receive feedback on their performance is proposed. Implications are discussed.
Marital Naming Plans among Students at Four Evangelical Colleges

Despite increasingly egalitarian gender roles in the United States, when the wedding bells ring for heterosexual couples, husband and wife still commonly emerge sharing the man’s last name. Largely missing from previous studies of marital name change is the influence of religion. We examine the marital naming plans of 199 students from four Evangelical colleges. Nearly all these students planned to marry and more than 80% planned to follow the traditional naming pattern for their gender. Bivariate correlations and logistic regression models reveal that private prayer and more literal views of the Bible correspond to plans for a traditional marital surname. Yet, only a small minority of students evoked religious language to justify their surname choice. Gender roles, identity, and tradition were dominant themes in their explanations. Whether recognized or not, personal religiosity and the model of marriage cultivated in religious families guide the marital naming intentions of Evangelical students. Thus, religion operates as an invisible influence shaping ideals of marriage and family within Evangelical subculture.
Average Age at Death from COPD in the United States: 1980–85, 1990–95, 2000–05

COPD represents an important public health challenge, in the US and globally, that is both preventable and treatable. We describe the average age at death from COPD, a leading cause of death in the US, using data from the National Vital Statistics System for the periods 1980-85, 1990-95, and 2000-05. Average age at death from COPD increased 3-4 years between 1980-85 and 2000-05 for men and women as well as for Whites and Blacks.
Part perception in infancy: Sensitivity to the short-cut rule

Research indicates that object perception involves the decomposition of images into parts. A critical principle that governs part decomposition by adults is the short-cut rule, which states that, all else being equal, the visual system parses objects using the shortest possible cuts. We examined whether 6.5-month-olds’ parsing of images also follows the short-cut rule. Infants in the experimental conditions were habituated to cross shapes and then tested for their preference between segregated patterns produced using long cuts versus short cuts. Infants in the control conditions were directly tested with the segregated patterns. Infants in the experimental conditions exhibited a greater novelty preference for the long-cut over the short-cut patterns than did those in the control conditions, thereby indicating that they are more likely to segregate cross shapes using short cuts rather than long cuts. This sensitivity to the short-cut rule was evident when two alternative parameters, part area and protrusion, were controlled in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Thus, a critical principle that governs part segregation in adulthood is operational by 6.5 months of age.
Cellular effects of misscheduled brlA, abaA, and wetA expression in Aspergillus nidulans

Asexual sporulation in the fungus Aspergillus nidulans is controlled, in part, by a central regulatory pathway composed of the brlA, abaA, and wetA genes. The coding region of each of these genes was fused, in frame, to the threonine-inducible alcohol dehydrogenase promoter then stably incorporated into the A. nidulans genome at the argB locus. Misscheduled expression of each of these developmental genes interfered with normal growth and sporulation. Expression of brlA or abaA terminated vegetative growth and led to anomalous deposition of wall material at the hyphal apex and septa. brlA alone induced the formation of phialide-like structures and the production of conidia.Key words: Aspergillus nidulans, conidiogenesis, sporulation, gene regulation.
Russian Modernism between East and West: Natal'ia Goncharova and the Moscow Avant-Garde

1. Orientalisms 2. A westernizing avant-garde 3. Art into life 4. Nationality on display: official versions, avant-garde interventions 5. Orientalism in reverse 6. Anti-artist: the year 1913-1914 7. Vsechestvo: Russia's other modernism.
SU-E-I-06: A Robust and Improved Method of Analysis for Dose Calibrator Linearity Data Based On First Principles

Purpose: Identify shortcomings in the common mathematical methods of dose calibrator linearity analysis, then propose an improved and more robust method. Methods: Precision of activity measurements using attenuator sleeves was measured using inter-user (several users) & intra-user (single user) measurements. We performed retrospective follow-up investigation of several reported dose calibrator linearity failures at our institution. Common methods of linearity analysis generate best-fits without using the known decay constant, no-weighting of data points, and/or compare scaled values to the “zero” measurement (inherently assumed to be error-free).Fixing the known slope (-λ) of our data on a semilog plot, we then use least-squares methodology to find y-intercept of data's best fit line, against which linearity is assessed. Results: Two-sigma precision ranges of attenuator sleeve measurements were ±0.4–1.2% for inter-user measurements, and ±0.4–2.1% for intra-user measurements. Retrospective analysis of all reported dose calibrator linearity failures from previous four years showed that robust least squares method of analysis would have prevented all repeat testing. Trending data using different methods shows more consistent data ranges (max. deviation 4.9–6.7% versus 3.2–4.2% for select datasets) i.e. more consistent device performance (as anecdotally expected) is demonstrated when analyzed with least squares method. Lower absolute maximum variation values are also calculated across nearly all linearity data sets when using least squares method of analysis. Conclusion: Precision of attenuator sleeve measurements confirm signal averaging must be used in analysis. Dose calibrator performance specification for accuracy is 1%. Linearity tolerance for heightened scrutiny, and arguably a best practice action limit, is 5%. Thus a considerable fraction of the allowed tolerance for the test can be occupied by measurement error. Proposed method of analysis is improvement over other common methods based on first principles, and is demonstrated to be robust.
Challenge Point Framework and Efficient Learning of Golf

The current paper overviews a framework for motor learning and uses this framework to suggest efficient means to practice golf. The framework, known as the Challenge Point Framework, was built from years of laboratory and field studies that have been shown to enhance learning. Throughout the paper, the relationship between practice protocols and the learning that results from them are discussed and where appropriate golf-related examples are provided for the reader to be able to translate from motor learning and neuroscience research to the application of golf. Ultimately, the aim of the article is to show how the Challenge Point Framework can be used to enhance golf performance.
GI tract tumors with melanocytic differentiation.

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract tumors with melanocytic differentiation may present significant diagnostic challenges both for the pathologist and the clinician. This comprehensive review discusses the relatively common as well as rare entities that have melanocytic differentiation in the GI tract. Clin
Scale-out beyond map-reduce

The amount and variety of data being collected in the enterprise is growing at a staggering pace. The default now is to capture and store any and all data, in anticipation of potential future strategic value, and vast amounts of data are being generated by instrumenting key customer and systems touch points. Until recently, data was gathered for well-defined objectives such as auditing, forensics, reporting and line-of-business operations; now, exploratory and predictive analysis is becoming ubiquitous. These differences in data heterogeneity, scale and usage are leading to a new generation of data management and analytic systems, where the emphasis is on supporting a wide range of large datasets to be stored uniformly and analyzed seamlessly using whatever techniques are most appropriate, including traditional tools like SQL and BI and newer tools, e.g., for machine learning. These new systems are necessarily based on scale-out architectures for both storage and computation. The terms Big Data and data science are often used to refer to this class of systems and applications. Hadoop has become a key building block in the new generation of scale-out systems. Early versions of analytic tools over Hadoop, such as Hive [1] and Pig [2] for SQL-like queries, were implemented by translation into Map-Reduce computations. This approach has inherent limitations, and the emergence of resource managers such as YARN [3] and Mesos [4] has opened the door for newer analytic tools to bypass the Map-Reduce layer. This trend is especially significant for iterative computations such as graph analytics and machine learning, for which Map-Reduce is widely recognized to be a poor fit. In fact, the website of the machine learning toolkit Apache Mahout [5] explicitly warns about the slow performance of some of the algorithms on Hadoop. In this talk, I will examine this architectural trend, and argue that resource managers are a first step in re-factoring the early implementations of Map-Reduce, and that more work is needed if we wish to support a variety of analytic tools on a common scale-out computational fabric. I will then present REEF, which runs on top of resource managers like YARN and provides support for task monitoring and restart, data movement and communications, and distributed state management. Finally, I will illustrate the value of using REEF to implement iterative algorithms for graph analytics and machine learning.
Effects of Replacing Fish Meal with Soybean Meal in Diets for Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus and Potential for Palatability Enhancement

Two 8-wk feeding trials were conducted with juvenile red drum to determine the maximum levels of soybean meal that may replace fish meal in diets containing 38% crude protein, without reducing weight gain. In the first experiment, fish fed diets containing up to 90% of the protein from soybean meal gained as much weight as fish fed a diet with 100% of protein from fish meal, but fish fed the diet with 100% of its protein from soybean meal gained significantly (P < 0.05) less. Supplementation of glycine and fish solubles individually at 2% (as-fed basis) in diets containing 90% of their protein from soybean meal tended to increase weight gain of fish compared to those fed a similar diet without supplementation. Similar results were obtained in the second experiment, as fish fed diets containing 90% of their protein from soybean meal gained as much weight as fish fed a diet with 100% of its protein from fish meal. Fish fed diets with 95% and 100% of their protein from soybean meal gained significantly less weight than those fed the diet with all of its protein from fish meal. Supplementation of glycine at 2% in the diet containing 95% of its protein from soybean meal significantly improved weight gain of fish relative to those fed a similar unsupplemented diet. Supplementation of fish solubles at 5% of diet on a dry-matter basis provided a nonsignificant increase in weight gain compared to that of fish fed a similar unsupplemented diet. In both experiments there was greater observed consumption of the soybean-meal-based diets than diets with all of their protein from fish meal. A minimum of 10% of protein from fish meal appears necessary in practical diets containing most of their protein from soybean meal to prevent impaired growth and feed efficiency of red drum.
Further Studies of Density and Group Size Effects in Caged Hens of Stocks Differing in Fearful Behavior: Productivity and Behavior,

Abstract Two experiments were done involving moderately inbred strains known to differ in escape and avoidance behavior. Hens of those strains and of a cross between them (second experiment only) were compared for fear-related behavior, feather damage and loss, and productivity traits when housed four or eight/cage at densities of 348 (high), 464 (medium), and 580 (low) cm2/bird. Hens that died were replaced. Strain cross hens did not differ from parental strain hens in nervousness, feathering scores, or survival, but exhibited hybrid vigor for rate of lay, egg weight, daily egg mass, and age at sexual maturity. Density, but not group size, affected rate of lay, daily egg mass, and percentage survival. Hens in high density cages were adversely affected but those in medium and low density cages did not differ from each other. Nervousness and feather loss were influenced adversely and stepwise by higher densities, and hens in cages of eight were more nervous and had greater feather loss and damage than those in low density cages. There were no interactions between stock and density or group size for any of the traits measured. However, there was an interaction of stock with age period for both egg weight and daily egg mass. Strain cross hens had an advantage over parental hens during the earlier part of the laying year because of their earlier maturity and relatively heavier egg weights during that period. There was an interaction between density and group size for rate of lay and egg mass during the second and larger scale experiment only; hens in eight-bird cages performed at lower levels than did hens in four-bird cages only when kept at high density. There was a strong interaction between density, but not group size, and age; adverse effects of the high-density cage environment became more evident as time passed.
Synthesizing Self-Synchronizing Chaotic Arrays

A systematic approach is developed for synthesizing dissipative chaotic arrays that possess the self-synchronization property. The ability to synthesize high-dimensional chaotic arrays further enhances the usefulness of synchronized chaotic systems for communications, signal processing, and modeling of physical processes.
Estimating system equilibrium from response to an input of short duration

It is established that the time integrated system response to a unit pulse is numerically equal to the equilibrium state under a continuous unit input. Extensions to nonlinear systems are discussed.
Functional integration of the transport of ammonium, glutamate and glutamine in astrocytes.

Abstract This short review surveys the effects of extracellular potassium, released by neuronal activity, on the fluxes of ammonium, glutamate and glutamine in astrocytes. There is evidence that each of these fluxes is modulated by potassium-induced changes in astrocytic pH. The result is viewed as an integrated response to neuronal activity. The unusually high permeability of astrocyte cell membrane to ammonium ions, together with the normal transmembrane gradient of pH, enables astrocytes to accumulate ammonium appreciably. However, at loci of neuronal activity, effective ammonium ion permeability is diminished and the cytosol is alkalinized, resulting in a local decline in intracellular ammonium concentration. Intracellular potassium concentration rises at these same loci, creating the conditions for a ‘potassium–ammonium countercurrent’ in which ammonium ions migrate intracellularly towards sites of neuronal activity as potassium ions diffuse away. Physiologic elevations of extracellular potassium evoke a marked ‘paradoxical’ increase in the velocity of glutamate uptake in astrocytes. This increase correlates well with the extent of potassium-induced alkalinization. Further, recent evidence identifies a major transporter of glutamine in astrocytes (System N) as a glutamine/proton exchanger. Potassium can reverse the transmembrane gradient of protons in astrocytes, and increase intracellular glutamine concentration, creating the conditions for a reversal of glutamine flux via System N from uptake to export. These flux changes, evoked by potassium released from active neurons, combine to accelerate glutamate–glutamine cycling.
Timeline of Tibial Tunnel Expansion After Single-Incision Hamstring Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the time frame for tibial tunnel expansion in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with hamstring autografts using an endoscopic technique. Does this expansion occur immediately after surgery or over the first 12 weeks of rehabilitation? Type of Study: Observational study involving 10 patients. Methods: The single incision technique used a transtibial approach for drilling the femoral tunnel. Femoral fixation was accomplished with a closed-loop EndoButton (Acufex, Smith & Nephew; Mansfield, MA) and tibial fixation with a soft tissue screw and washer augmented by a polylactic acid interference screw. Computed tomography (CT) scans were taken in a consistent manner at weeks 1 and 12 after surgery to measure tibial and femoral tunnel expansion. Results: The CT scans showed significant widening of the tibial tunnel between 1 and 12 weeks (mean area of tibial tunnel increased from 82.5 to 112.7 mm 2 ; P = .001). Expansion of the femoral tunnel was also seen; however, this change was not statistically significant ( P = .18). Conclusions: The expansion after surgery occurred over time, not immediately after surgery, and was probably caused by factors other than surgical technique. The significance of tibial tunnel expansion needs to be clinically correlated with a long-term study on the effect of tunnel expansion on graft survival.
Lessons in Developing a Personal Ethical Standard

Tompkins, P. S. (2011). Practicing communication ethics: Development, discernment, and decision making. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. 264 pp., $61.80 (Pbk). Practicing Communication Ethics, a well-sourced...
Longitudinal study to assess the safety and efficacy of a live-attenuated SHIV vaccine in long term immunized rhesus macaques.

Live-attenuated viruses derived from SIV and SHIV have provided the most consistent protection against challenge with pathogenic viruses, but concerns regarding their long-term safety and efficacy have hampered their clinical usefulness. We report a longitudinal study in which we evaluated the long-term safety and efficacy of ΔvpuSHIVPPC, a live virus vaccine derived from SHIVPPC. Macaques were administered two inoculations of ΔvpuSHIVPPC, three years apart, and followed for eight years. None of the five vaccinated macaques developed an AIDS-like disease from the vaccine. At eight years, macaques were challenged with pathogenic SIV and SHIV. None of the four macaques with detectable cellular-mediated immunity prior to challenge had detectable viral RNA in the plasma. This study demonstrates that multiple inoculations of a live vaccine virus can be used safely and can significantly extend the efficacy of the vaccine, as compared to a single inoculation, which is efficacious for approximately three years.
Shape-memory NiTi foams produced by replication of NaCl space-holders.

Abstract NiTi foams were created with a structure (32–36% open pores 70–400 μm in size) and mechanical properties (4–25 GPa stiffness, >1000 MPa compressive strength, >42% compressive ductility, and shape-memory strains up to 4%) useful for bone implant applications. A mixture of NiTi and NaCl powders was hot-isostatically pressed at 950 and 1065 °C and the NaCl phase was then dissolved in water. The resulting NiTi foams show interconnected pores that replicate the shape and size of the NaCl powders, indicating that NiTi powders densified significantly before NaCl melted at 801 °C. Densifying NiTi or other metal powders above the melting point of the space-holder permits the use of NaCl, with the following advantages compared with higher-melting, solid space-holders such as oxides and fluorides used to date: (i) no temperature limit for densification; (ii) lower cost; (iii) greater flexibility in powder (and thus pore) shape; (iv) faster dissolution; (v) reduced metal corrosion during dissolution; (vi) lower toxicity if space-holder residues remain in the foam.
VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS IN GLASS1

The concentric cylinder method, described in a previous paper, has been used in the measurement of viscosities in molten glass. The apparatus and method of measurement are fully described. Comparisons are made between results obtained and those of English, Stott, and Washburn. Quite good checks are found in comparisons with English and with Stott, but results obtained in comparing with Washburn indicate a difference supposedly due to his use of a variable calibrating factor. Measurements made by the use of a falling sphere give values of viscosity 25 to 50% higher than those given by the concentric cylinders in the same glasses. This may be due to the extended extrapolation of Ladenburg's correction for finite boundaries.
Discovering a dialectic of care.

Using data from a recent study on the outcomes of child psychiatric hospitalization, the author presents a critique of the intervention-outcome movement that dominates the health care agenda. Employing an exploratory descriptive study design and Denzin’s interpretive interactionism method, she presents data that illustrate how interventions can become distorted by contextual factors, conflicting ideologies, agendas, and failure to thoughtfully consider patient needs. She posits that research agendas are heavily tilted toward outcomes research that often discount the nature of structure and process. The marketplace emphasis of health care may result in environments in which a structure and process of caring is replaced by a focus of profits over patients. The value of focusing on interventions and outcomes in research without addressing broader ecosystem variables that influence practice is questioned in view of in-depth data that emerge from practice settings.
Millimeter-wave radiometric measurements of a treeline and building for aircraft obstacle avoidance

Passive millimeter-wave (MMW) imagers have the potential to be used on low-flying aircraft for terrain-following / terrain-avoidance during low-visibility conditions. This potential exists because of the inherent nature of MMW radiation that allows it to penetrate many visible and IR obscurants such as fog, clouds, and smoke. The phenomenology associated with this application, however, has not been fully explored. Specifically, the radiometric signatures of the various obstacles that might be encountered during a low-altitude flight need to be thoroughly understood. The work described in this paper explores the 93-GHz passive signature of a deciduous treeline and a concrete/glass building. The data were taken from the roof of a 4-story building to simulate the view of a low-flying aircraft. The data were collected over many months with an ARL-built Stokes-vector radiometer. This radiometer is a single-beam system that raster scans over a scene to collect a calibrated 93-GHz image. The data show the effects of weather and tree lifecycle on the 93-GHz brightness temperature contrast between the horizon sky and the obstacles. For the case of trees, it is shown that the horizon sky brightness temperature is greater than that of the trees when the leaves are on because of the reflective properties of the leaves. This made the trees quite detectable to our system during the late spring, summer, and early fall. Concrete buildings are inherently low-contrast obstacles because their vertical nature reflects the horizon behind the sensor and can easily mimic the forward horizon sky. Solar loading can have a large effect on building signatures.
The ecology of lizard malaria

The lizard malarias are a taxonomically and ecologically diverse group of parasites that offer excellent models for research on the ecology of malaria in free-ranging non-human vertebrate hosts. Studies over the past decade show that plasmodia of lizards can play an important role in the ecology and behavior of their hosts. The behavior of malarial infections in lizards also reveals unsuspected variation in the life history of Plasmodium.
Potomac Technical Processing Librarians 77th Annual Meeting

If practice really does make perfect, the Potomac Technical Processing Librarians have honed the art of the annual meeting. The Potomac Technical Processing Librarians (PTPL), a professional organi...
Influence of route and concentration of ethanol upon central depressant effect in the mouse.

SummaryThe central depressant effect of ethanol has been assessed in male mice in terms of the extent of prolongation of hexobarbital sleeping time produced. The dosage of alcohol was varied in terms of both concentration (30, 50, 70 and 90 vol%) and route of administration (p.o., i.v., and i.p.). Correlation between concentration and depressant effect of ethanol was absent by the p.o. route and positive by the i.v. route. When administered i.p., the depressant effect of ethanol increased with increasing concentration up to 70%, but showed a significant reduction at 90%.
New Leader Assimilation: An Intervention for Leaders in Transition

The problem and the solution . Leader transitions are important passages that have implications for the leader, his or her team, and the organization. Such transitions are more frequent than in the past, and the failure rate of new leaders is high.When leaders transition into a new leadership role in a new organization, there are few formal interventions, like a leader assimilation, to help them learn, adapt, and build relationships quickly with their new teams. Moreover, there is little empirical research documenting the impact of leadership development interventions early in a leader's transition. The purpose of this study was to leverage the observation and interview data of an existing study conducted by the researcher on leader assimilation outcomes.The following study will explain the process of facilitating a leader assimilation and will use research data to provide insights into how human resource development (HRD) practitioners can use leader assimilations more effectively.
A practical synthesis of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3,4-di-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-d-galactopyranose

Abstract Two different sugar derivatives having free hydroxyl groups have been employed for synthesis of the title trisaccharide. In one attempt, benzyl 2-acetamido-6-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-α- d -galactopyranoside (8) was treated with an excess of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α- d -galactopyranosyl bromide (11), to give a mixture of products which, on fractionation, afforded benzyl 2-acetamido-6-O-benzyl-3,4-di-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β- d -galactopyranosyl)- α- d -galactopyranoside (15) in 21% yield. However, in another, preferable approach, benzyl 2-acetamido-6-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-3-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β- d - galactopyranosyl)-α- d -galactopyranoside (13) was treated with 11, to produce 15 in 69% yield. Both 8 and 13 were conveniently prepared via reductive ring-opening of the respective 4,6-benzylidene acetals. O-Deacetylation of 15, followed by hydrogenolysis, provided the title trisaccharide. The structure of the final product, and of various other intermediates, was established by 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy.
An anomalous by‐product in the von pechmann reaction

During condensation of 4-chloro-2-methylphenol with diethyloxalacetate in sulfuric acid the spirodilactone 3 was observed as well as the desired coumarin 1. Further reaction of 1 under the reaction conditions with 4-chloro-2-methylphenol did not produce 3 readily. These observations imply the formation of the intermediate 10 prior to production of the novel spirodilactone 3.
Assessing the relationship between obesity and asthma in adolescent patients: a review

The parallel rise in the prevalence of obesity and asthma over the last several decades has led to an extensive line of investigation into the relationship between these two conditions. This review will discuss evidence from laboratory-based studies, observational clinical studies, and clinical trials that suggests that obesity adversely influences asthma through multiple mechanisms. The effect of obesity on asthma during adolescence, including asthma incidence, the severity and control of existing asthma, lung function, and exacerbations, will be reviewed.
Tailoring the parameters of nanohole arrays in gold films for sensing applications

Subwavelength hole arrays in metal films have the potential to exhibit narrow and high refractive index (RI) sensitive transmission features. We have previously demonstrated that such features can arise from the coupling between Wood anomalies (WAs) and surface Plasmon polaritons (SPPs) on opposite sides of the metal film, the "WA-SPP" effect. Rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) calculations on a 2D model, which are shown to give WA-SPP features very similar to that of 3D Finite-Difference Time- Domain (FDTD) calculations, are performed to determine how system parameters influence the strength of the WA-SPP effect. Herein we show that the optimum values for the film thickness and hole diameter are 45 and 175 nm, respectively.
Effect of fluorine substitution on benzo[j]fluoranthene genotoxicity

The metabolism and mutagenic activity of 4-fluorobenzo[j]fluoranthene (4F-B[j]F) and 10-fluorobenzo[j]fluoranthene (10F-B[j]F) were evaluated and compared with benzo[j]fluoranthene (B[j]F) using an identical rat liver homogenate preparation. Previous studies have shown that the major genotoxic metabolites of B[j]F are the 4,5- and 9,10-dihydrodiol. The 9,10-dihydrodiol was the principal metabolite formed in the case of 4F-B[j]F, while the 4,5-dihydrodiol was the principal metabolite formed in the metabolism of 10F-B[j]F. Studies on the relative genotoxicity of these fluorinated derivatives were performed to indirectly determine the possible contribution of the 4,5- and 9,10-dihydrodiol in the activation of B[j]F to a genotoxic agent. In the presence of microsomal activation, both of these fluorinated derivatives of B[j]F were more mutagenic in S. typhimurium TA97a, TA98 and TA100 than B[j]F. However, differences in mutagenic potency were observed between 4F- and 10F-B[j]F. 10F-B[j]F had similar mutagenic potency to 4F-B[j]F in TA97a and TA98 at doses associated with the linear portion of the dose response curve. However, a slightly higher mutagenic response was observed with 10F-B[j]F in TA98 at doses above 5 nmol. In contrast, 4F-B[j]F was more active than 10F-B[j]F as a mutagen in TA100. The tumor-initiating activity of these analogs on mouse skin was assessed at doses of 2.0, 1.0 and 0.3 mumol. Skin irritation was observed with the fluorinated B[j]F derivatives at doses above 0.3 mumol. At a dose of 0.3 mumol, 4F-B[j]F exhibited tumorigenic activity which was similar to B[j]F. In contrast, 10F-B[j]F was less active than B[j]F at all three doses assayed. Both fluorinated derivatives of B[j]F formed higher levels of DNA adducts in vivo in mouse skin than B[j]F. A modified 32P-postlabeling method was required to detect fast migrating B[j]F:DNA adducts that went undetected in previous studies. The level of DNA adducts formed from 4F-B[j]F was considerably greater than the levels observed with 10F-B[j]F. This is consistent with the greater mutagenic activity in S. typhimurium TA100 and tumor-initiating activity exhibited by 4F-B[j]F. These studies suggest that fluorine substitution may significantly alter the intrinsic genotoxicity of the 4,5- and 9,10-dihydrodiol of B[j]F. These data also imply that B[j]F may be primarily activated via the formation of the 9,10-dihydrodiol metabolite. This pathway of activation is inconsistent with our previous studies which indicate that the 4,5-dihydrodiol is the most important pathway of activation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Ab initio calculations of guanidinium-carboxylate interaction

Ab initio calculations (self-consistent-field Hartree–Fock) using 6-31G and STO-4G basis sets are used to investigate the interaction between guanidinium and methylguanidinium ion with the carboxylate group of formate. Binding energies and optimum geometries are obtained and compared with reported results using a smaller basis set (STO-3G). The importance of this interaction in proteinsubstrate binding is discussed.
Coiled-Coil Probes Capture Mechanical Unfolding Pathways of Individual Proteins

Force-induced unfolding of a consensus ankyrin repeat protein NI6C was suggested to follow a vectorial pathway from the C to the N terminus. We further test this vectorial unfolding hypothesis by introducing, at the gene level, a 70 amino acid coiled-coil (CC) polypeptide probe at different positions along the NI10C sequence and determine the unfolding force extension data of the hybrid proteins with single-molecule atomic force spectroscopy (AFM). The basic idea assumes that the coiled-coil folds independently of the host protein and does not significantly disturb its structure, and that the occurrence and the position of the CC unfolding force peak is indicative of the progress of the unfolding process past the location of the CC probe. First, AFM measurements of the CC probe flanked by I27 domains captured a single ∼35pN unfolding peak characteristic of the unzipping of the coiled-coil. Second, the unfolding force-extension data of the NI8CCI2C hybrid indicated that the unfolding of the CC occurs early in the unfolding process, consistent with the unfolding starting at the C terminus. Third, the force-extension data of the NI4CCI6C indicate that the unfolding of the CC occurs late during the unfolding process, corroborating our vectorial unfolding hypothesis. More generally, our studies suggest that coiled-coil probes maybe very useful to examine mechanical unfolding pathways of many proteins, including large proteins that are rarely studied in bulk folding measurements.
A planar-defect-driven growth mechanism of oxygen deficient tungsten oxide nanowires

Tungsten oxide nanowires (NWs) have many applications and can be grown simply via vapor transport from solid WO3, but the mechanism by which they form is not well understood. We performed a series of vapor transport tungsten oxide growth experiments with controlled oxygen partial pressures, source-to-substrate temperature differences, and with W or WO3 substrates. The resulting films were analyzed using electron microscopy, diffraction, and photoelectron spectroscopy. NWs formed only under sufficiently reducing conditions where substoichiometric compositions (e.g. ∼WO2.9) were obtained. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of the NWs revealed extended defects parallel to the (010) NW growth direction, similar to those found in bulk samples that are associated with ordered O vacancies. Cross-sectional TEM analysis showed that the defects appear to bound, and thus potentially stabilize the nanowire surface to preference the 1D growth. NWs annealed in air show decreasing defect concentrations with increasing temperature and a progressive collapse of the 1D morphology. These results support a mechanism where oxygen-deficient substoichiometric planar defects oriented parallel to the NW long axis direct the NW growth. This mechanism is likely relevant to other oxide nanomaterials that form extended defects due to oxygen non-stoichiometry. The role of defects in controlling the growth morphology is also important for NW applications because the defects may be beneficial (e.g. for thermoelectrics) or detrimental (e.g. for photoelectrochemical cells) to device performance.
Benthic Community Formation in a "New" Marine Environment

Sequence of invasion of estuarine benthic organisms into a man-made pond was followed over a 2-year period. Dominant animals established early and developed aMya- Macoma- Nereis association similar to that in nearby estuarine waters. Estimated biomass, faunal abundance, and growth measurements indicate that the benthic populations were near maximum levels within the first year, and that a stable association continued through the second year. Control of benthic populations will be essential if maximum production from selected food organisms is to be realized in artificial ponds.
Heredity and Internal Secretion on Origin of Mammary Cancer in Mice.

More than 20 years ago Loeb in preliminary investigations on the heredity of cancer in mice first applied to the analysis of this problem a method which allowed the establishment of the significanc...
Numerical Simulations on the Aerodynamics Drag of a Tractor With a Tandem-Trailer

The aerodynamic drag characteristics of a heavy duty truck with two configurations, a tractor and a single trailer, and a tractor and a tandem-trailer (two trailers), have been studied. The aerodynamic drag of a truck depends on geometry, frontal area, and the speed of the truck. The basic geometry used in the simulation is 1:8 scale Ground Transportation System (GTS). The present simulation model has a simplified geometry of GTS with a cab-over engine design with either one or two trailers. In particular, the effects of the gap between the tractor and the trailer, and the gap between the tandem trailers on the aerodynamic drag were determined. The effects of vehicle geometry, vehicle speed, and the gap size were investigated and the drag coefficients were computed. CFD software STAR-CD with an expert tool, es-aero, was used for all the analyses reported in this paper. The simulation results were validated with available experimental data and good agreements were found for vehicle speeds at highway and city limits. The results showed that closing the gaps and incorporating boat-tails at the rear of the trailer could reduce the drag by as much as 40 percent.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
"The Job of Teaching Writing”: Teacher Views of Responding to Student Writing

Although response to student writing often consumes the majority of a writing instructor’s time and energy, studies of teachers’ philosophies and practices with regard to feedback have been relatively rare in the response literature. In the study described in this article, college writing instructors from six community colleges and two four-year universities in Northern California (N=129) were surveyed, and volunteers from this group (N=23) gave follow-up in-depth interviews. In addition, each interview participant provided 3-5 samples of student texts with their own written commentary. Based on the findings, our analysis focuses on two questions: 1. How do the participants (college-level writing instructors in Northern California) perceive response to student writing? 2. In what ways might the participants’ own practices be causing or adding to their frustrations? We found that although most of the participants value response and believe it is very important, they are often frustrated and dissatisfied with the task itself and with its apparent lack of impact on student progress. Our data analyses suggest some possible underlying explanations for these teachers’ complex attitudes toward response. The discussion concludes with suggestions of ways writing instructors can adapt or focus their response practices to increase the efficiency and quality of their feedback, to reduce frustration, and to increase satisfaction with this aspect of their teaching practice.
Internet and Social Media Use as a Resource Among Homeless Youth

Little is known about internet and social media use among homeless youth. Consistent with typologies prevalent among housed youth, we found that homeless youth were using internet and social media for entertainment, sociability, and instrumental purposes. Using Haythornwaite's 2001 premise that it is important to look at the types of ties accessed in understanding the impact of new media, we found that homeless youth were predominantly using e-mail to reach out to their parents, caseworkers, and potential employers, while, using social media to communicate with their peers. Using the "Social Capital" perspective, we found that youth who were connecting to maintained or bridging social ties were more likely to look for jobs and housing online than youth who did not.
A review of the most common viruses affecting Psittaciformes1

Four of the most common viral infections affecting psittacine birds have been studied in detail: (1) avian polyomavirus, (2) proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), (3) Pacheco's disease and (4) psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD). The Psittacine Disease Research Group, University of Georgia, has been actively involved in this research. Proventricular dilatation disease has been reported in more than 50 psittacine species and in species in other families, while PBFD affects over 40 psittacine species. The acute and chronic clinical characteristics of the diseases, pathological features, diagnosis, and transmission prevention and control, including vaccination, are described. The vaccine for avian polyomavirus is safe and effective in captive birds, and, when used in high-risk situations, vaccination against Pacheco's disease (a psittacine herpesvirus) can prevent high mortality. A safe vaccine for PBFD is being evaluated. Specific tests for viral nucleic acid (DNA probe tests) for avian polyomavirus and PBFD virus, and anti-virus antibody assays for avian polyomavirus and Pacheco's disease have been developed which will facilitate the diagnosis and monitoring of disease. The benefits and limitations of screening psittacines for disease are also discussed.
Rejecting exclusion, embracing inclusion: conversation as policy-making at a US Baptist conference on sexuality and covenant

While much of the work on language, policy, and religion has focused on how discourse is influenced by policy, this article presents a case study of how discourse is used to construct policy itself. These policy-making discourses tend to occur in institutional settings; however, non-institutional discourse may also be instrumental in the development and implementation of policy. The strict separation of institutional and non-institutional discourse is problematized as it fails to account for the ways in which both types of discourse are ideologically constructed and often co-occurring. The article analyzes how the non-institutional discourse model of ‘conversation’ was promoted in the institutional setting of The Baptist Conference on Sexuality and Covenant as a way to explicitly avoid policy-making. However, it is argued that the framing of a conversation did not ultimately circumvent the implications of policy-making but rather promoted a policy of inclusion over a policy of exclusion.
High-resolution fluorescence mapping of impurities in historical zinc oxide pigments: hard X-ray nanoprobe applications to the paints of Pablo Picasso

Here for the first time we describe the use of high resolution nanoprobe X-ray fluorescence (XRF) mapping for the analysis of artists’ paints, hierarchically complex materials typically composed of binder, pigments, fillers, and other additives. The work undertaken at the nanoprobe sought to obtain highly spatially resolved, highly sensitive mapping of metal impurities (Pb, Cd, Fe, and other metals) in submicron particles of zinc oxide pigments used in early 20th century artists’ tube paints and enamel paints, with particular emphasis on Ripolin, a popular brand of French house paint used extensively by Pablo Picasso and some of his contemporaries. Analysis revealed that the Zn oxide particles only contain a little Fe, proving that the highest quality Zn oxide pigment, free of Pb and Cd, was used for Ripolin house paints as well as artists’ paints. Nanoprobe XRF mapping also demonstrated that artists’ tube paints generally have more abundant fillers and additional whites (based on Pb, Ti, Ca) than Ripolin paints, which contain mostly pure zinc oxide. The chemical characterization of paints at the nanoscale opens the path to a better understanding of their fabrication and chemical reactivity.