cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activation of bronchopulmonary vagal afferent nerves with bradykinin, acid and vanilloid receptor agonists in wild-type and TRPV1–/– mice

The vanilloid receptor TRPV1 (formerly VR1) has been implicated in the activation of nociceptive sensory nerves by capsaicin, noxious heat, protons, bradykinin, cannabinoids such as anandamide, and certain metabolites of arachidonic acid. Using TRPV1 knockout mouse (TRPV1-/-) we address the question of whether TRPV1 is obligatory for action potential discharge in vagal C-fibre terminals evoked by capsaicin, anandamide, acid and bradykinin. The response of a defined subtype of the vagal afferent bronchopulmonary C-fibres (conduction velocity < 0.7 ms(-1)) to the putative TRPV1 activators was studied in vitro in the mouse isolated/perfused lung-nerve preparation. Capsaicin (1 microm) evoked action potential discharge of approximately 90% (28/31) of C-fibres in the TRPV1+/+ mice, but failed to activate bronchopulmonary C-fibres in TRPV1-/- animals (n = 10). Anandamide (3-100 microm) induced concentration-dependent activation of capsaicin-sensitive TRPV1+/+ C-fibres with a threshold of 3-10 microm, but failed to evoke substantive discharge in TRPV1-/- C-fibres. In the TRPV1+/+ mice, the B2 receptor-mediated activation by bradykinin (1 microm) was restricted to the capsaicin-sensitive C-fibres. Bradykinin was effective in evoking B2 receptor-mediated action potential discharge in TRPV1-/- C-fibres, but the response was significantly (P < 0.05) less persistent than in TRPV1+/+ C-fibres. Exposing the tissue to acid (pH = 5) excited both TRPV1+/+ and TRPV1-/- C-fibres. We conclude that TRPV1 is obligatory for vagal C-fibre activation by capsaicin and anandamide. By contrast, whereas TRPV1 may have a modulatory role in bradykinin and acid-induced activation of bronchopulmonary C-fibres, it is not required for action potential discharge evoked by these stimuli.
What project leaders need to know about Model Driven Development: A paradigm shift in software

Model-Driven Development (MDD) represents a paradigm shift in software development. But MDD is not yet widely used within the Aerospace industry. Because of the familiarity of many in the industry with the MATLAB/Simulink tool, there is often miscommunication or misunderstanding over the expression “software modeling” that may be hindering the leveraging of MDD tools and techniques.
Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) in Patients With Wake-Up Stroke

One-quarter of ischemic strokes occur during sleep, and affected patients are excluded from thrombolytic therapy because of an unknown time of stroke onset. It has been suggested that early ischemic changes detected on computed tomography (CT) are similar in patients with acute stroke and patients who recently awoke with stroke. We compared head CT scans using the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) in patients who were likely to suffer their stroke during sleep (awoke group) and a control group of patients with stroke of known onset time. Patients were recruited from a prospectively collected acute stroke database. The awoke group was defined as all ischemic stroke patients who were "last seen normal" more than 4 hours ago, arrived between 4 a.m. and 10 a.m., and underwent head CT within 15 hours of the time last seen normal. The control group was randomly selected from patients who underwent head CT within 4 hours of stroke onset. The ASPECTS evaluations were performed by investigators blinded to patient group and time of onset. A modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score was available in 15 awoke patients and 46 control patients at 90 days after stroke. Twenty-eight awoke patients and 68 control patients had suitable imaging for the ASPECTS. Baseline demographic characteristics and risk factors were similar in the 2 groups. The dichotomized ASPECTS analysis (≤7 vs 8-10) showed no significant differences between the groups. ASPECTS was 8-10 in 89.3% the awoke group and 95.6% in the control group (P=.353). There was a trend toward higher 90-day mRS score (0-1) in the awoke group versus controls (73% vs 45%; P=.079). Initial ASPECTS was similar in patients with wake-up stroke and those with 4 hours of symptoms. This suggests that a subset of wake-up stroke patients might be suitable for thrombolytic therapy.
The Specialist–Synthesis Approach to the Revival of Geography: The Case of Cultural Ecology

Abstract Geography prospers within the major graduate and research institutions of the United States where and when it makes research contributions on par with the rest of the academy; other prescriptions for its revival will have little impact in this realm. Geography has been unable to maintain these contributions when it embarks upon disciplinary trajectories that emphasize synthesis without expertise or specialization within a theoretical domain unto itself. Geography has flourished within the academy by addressing major conceptual and applied themes shared within an interdisciplinary formal but by way of a specialist-synthesis fusion. This approach re quires both a topical expertise commensurate with the affiliated fields of study and geographic synthesis of multi-variable interactions either in place or among places. This approach has been honed in the cultural ecology subfield of geography, a subfield perhaps more noted at the interdisciplinary level than within its home discipline. The development...
Nash-Cournot Equilibria in Electric Power Markets with Piecewise Linear Demand Functions and Joint Constraints

Most previous Nash-Cournot models of competition among electricity generators have assumed smooth demand (price) functions, facilitating computation and proofs of existence and uniqueness. However, nonsmooth demand functions are an important feature of real power markets due, for example, to price caps and generator recognition of transmission constraints that limit exports. A more general model of Nash-Cournot competition on networks is proposed that accounts for these features by including (1) concave piecewise-linear demand curves and (2) joint constraints that include variables from other generating companies within the profit maximization problems for individual generators. The piecewise demand curves imply, in general, a nonmonotone multivalued variational inequality problem. Thus, for instance, imposition of a price cap can destroy the uniqueness properties found in previous models, so that distinct solutions can yield different sets of profits for market participants. The joint constraints turn the equilibrium problem into a quasi-variational inequality, which also can yield multiple solutions. The formulation poses computational challenges that can cause Lemke's algorithm to fail; a restricted formulation is proposed that can be solved by that algorithm.
P3B-2 Clutter From Multiple Scattering and Aberration in a Nonlinear Medium

Aberration, clutter, and reverberation degrade the quality of ultrasonic images. When an acoustic pulse propagates through tissue these effects occur simultaneously and it is difficult to obtain independent estimates for the precise source of the point spread function broadening. The purpose of this paper is to characterize the sources of clutter and reverberation with a simulation of ultrasonic propagation through the abdomen. A full-wave equation that describes nonlinear propagation in a heterogeneous attenuating medium is solved numerically with finite differences in the time domain (FDTD). Three dimensional solutions of the equation are verified with water tank measurements of a commercial diagnostic ultrasound transducer and are shown to be in excellent agreement in terms of the fundamental and harmonic acoustic fields, and the power spectrum at the focus. The linear and nonlinear components of the algorithm are also verified independently. In the linear non-attenuating regime solutions match results from Field II, a well established software package used in transducer modeling, to within 0.3 dB. In addition to thermoviscous attenuation we present a numerical solution of the relaxation attenuation laws that allows modeling of arbitrary frequency dependent attenuation, such as that observed in tissue. A perfectly matched layer (PML) is implemented at the boundaries with a novel numerical implementation that allows the PML to be used with high order discretizations. A -78 dB reduction in the reflected amplitude is demonstrated. The numerical algorithm is used to simulate a focused ultrasonic pulse propagating through a histologically determined representation of the human abdomen. An ultrasound image is created in silicon using the same physical and algorithmic process used in an ultrasound scanner: a series of pulses are transmitted through heterogeneous scattering tissue and the received echoes are used in a delay-and-sum beamforming algorithm to generate a images. The resulting harmonic image exhibits characteristic improvement in lesion boundary definition and contrast when compared to the fundamental image. We demonstrate a mechanism of harmonic image quality improvement by showing that the harmonic point spread function is less sensitive to reverberation clutter.
Capitalizing on the Self-Referencing Effect in General Psychology: A Preliminary Study

After reviewing the literature on the effect of personal relevance (self-schema, self-referencing effect, autobiographical significance, etc.), I implemented a constructivist narrative assignment for general psychology students. I hoped the assignment would enhance learning of and memory for psychological principles. Students wrote personal relevance papers in which they described psychological principles in their own words and provided examples of how the principles they chose were relevant in their own lives. Students assigned to write the papers produced higher exam scores. Moreover, student feedback revealed other benefits, including improved writing quality, higher grades, and increased motivation to learn.
The collisionless rings of Uranus

In light of the Voyager 2 mission, the ringlets of Uranus seem unlikely to be accompanied by the swarm of 10 to 18 "shepherding" satellites generally supposed. Consequently, coherent motion (i.e., bulk circulation) in the ringlets again deserves serious consideration. Moreover the radio occultation data show the rings to be composed of larger boulders but few of the small particles one would expect if these boulders bumped and ground against one another as they would have to if the motions were incoherent. Recent evidence that Neptune's ringlets may be incomplete arcs further points in this direction. Dense (‘liquid’) rings have been proposed by Borderies, Goldreich and Tremaine. We point out here that such rings would be essentially viscosity free if executing coherent circulation and hence endure for geologically long time scales.
Metabolic and physiologic aspects of 131i rose bengal in studying liver function

Abstract 131 I rose bengal has been used since 1954 to estimate liver function, to determine biliary tract patency, and to distinguish among various hepatobiliary conditions. The labeling of this dye with a radionuclide permits simple evaluation of these parameters by external counting. In normal patients the 20/5 min ratio of plasma activity after the i.v. injection of radiorose bengal is less than 0.51. In patients with reduced hepatic function, this ratio rises. The patency of the biliary tract can be assessed by the detection of radioactivity in the gut either by point counting or scanning. This evaluation may be enhanced by administration of certain foods and drugs. The plasma clearance and biliary excretion of 131 I rose bengal are useful aids in the evaluation of the jaundiced patient.
Career Development Among Ethnic and Age Groups of Community College Students

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in career development among four ethnic groups and two age groups of community college students in regard to their career goals, career preparation actions, and the number of job seeking strategies utilized. Data were obtained from the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study (BPS: 90/94) of the National Center for Educational Statistics (NOES), U.S. Department of Education. Results suggest that there are statistically significant differences among the ethnic groups in six of the seven career goals; however, there are no significant differences between the traditional and non-traditional age groups in career goals. For career preparation action there are significant differences between the two age groups and also between Black/African American and White/European American students. There is no significant difference among the age or ethnic groups in the number of job seeking strategies utilized. These findings imply that student services providers, such as counselors, should be sensitive to community college students' backgrounds and experiences related to ethnicity and age. Individualized career-related workshops tailored to the career needs of specific student populations should be offered. The function of community colleges as providers of employment preparation can be enhanced by familiarizing students with accurate career information, considering students' ethnic backgrounds and their age.
Inkjet-printed conductive patterns for physical manipulation of audio signals

In this demo paper, we present the realization of a completely aesthetically driven conductive image as a multi-modal music controller. Combining two emerging technologies - rapid prototyping with an off-the-shelf inkjet printer using conductive ink and parametric graphic design, we are able to create an interactive surface that is thin, flat, and flexible. This sensate surface can be conformally wrapped around a simple curved surface, and unlike touch screens, can accommodate complex structures and shapes such as holes on a surface. We present the design and manufacturing flow and discuss the technology behind this multi-modal sensing design. Our work seeks to offer a new dimension of designing sonic interaction with graphic tools, playing and learning music from a visual perspective and performing with expressive physical manipulation.
Chapter 12 Computational problems and methods

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses some of the important computational methods and problems. The emphasis is on algorithms and general procedures for solving problems. The chapter discusses matrix methods involved in estimating the parameters of single and simultaneous equation models. It discusses various aspects of numerical optimization. These methods become relevant whenever the first-order conditions for a maximum are not linear in the parameters to be estimated. The chapter presents a survey of the typical functions that are optimized and discusses the basic theory of optimization. Special purpose algorithms and simplifications useful in econometrics; and some further aspects of algorithms are discussed. The chapter discusses particular difficulties encountered only in problems of certain types and focuses on numerical integration and random number generation.
Regulation of neuron mitochondrial biogenesis and relevance to brain health

Mitochondrial dysfunction has severe cellular consequences, and is linked to aging and neurological disorders in humans. Impaired energy supply or Ca(2+) buffering, increased ROS production, or control of apoptosis by mitochondria may contribute to the progressive decline of long-lived postmitotic cells. Mitochondrial biogenesis refers to the process via which cells increase their individual mitochondrial mass. Mitochondrial biogenesis may represent an attempt by cells to increase their aerobic set point, or an attempt to maintain a pre-existing aerobic set point in the face of declining mitochondrial function. Neuronal mitochondrial biogenesis itself has been poorly studied, but investigations from other tissues and model systems suggest a series of transcription factors, transcription co-activators, and signal transduction proteins should function to regulate mitochondrial number and mass within neurons. We review data pertinent to the mitochondrial biogenesis field, and discuss implications for brain aging and neurodegenerative disease research efforts.
Verifying Placement of Small-Bore Feeding Tubes: Electromagnetic Device Images Versus Abdominal Radiographs

Background Clinicians are unsure if radiography is needed to confirm correct positioning of feeding tubes inserted with assistance from an electromagnetic system. Objectives To compare radiographic reports of feeding tube placement with images generated by an electromagnetic feeding tube placement device. Methods The medical records of 200 consecutive patients who had feeding tubes inserted with assistance from an electromagnetic feeding tube placement device were reviewed retrospectively. Radiographic reports of tube site were compared with images generated by the device. Results Radiographic evidence of tube sites was available in 188 cases: 184 tubes were located in portions of the gastrointestinal tract. Ninety of the 188 tubes were situated in the optimal site (distal duodenum or jejunum) radiographically. Images generated by the electromagnetic device were available in 176 cases; of these, 52 tubes appeared to end in the expected left lower quadrant. Tubes shown on radiographs to be in other sites also occasionally appeared to end in the left lower quadrant. Nurses using the device did not recognize 4 of the 188 tubes (2.1%) that were inadvertently placed in the lung. No consistent pattern of quadrant distribution was found for tubes positioned in the stomach or proximal duodenum. Conclusions Images generated by the electromagnetic tube placement device provided inconsistent results regarding tube location. A small percentage of seriously malpositioned tubes were not detected by using the electromagnetic device. These findings do not support eliminating radiographs to confirm correct tube placement following use of an electromagnetic tube placement device.
Efficiency improvement techniques for RF power amplifiers in deep submicron CMOS

Integration of RF power amplifier (PA) in CMOS technology can help to reduce total solution cost and achieve small form factor in modern communication systems. To improve overall efficiency of the power amplifier supporting modulated signals with very high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), new transmitter and PA architectures are being explored by researchers. This paper reviews some of our recent developments in CMOS based PA architectures including PWM based digital transmitter and outphasing power amplifier and presents a new multi-mode outphasing PA designed in 45 nm CMOS.
Mode-locked lasers for frequency standards and time/frequency transfer

Precision stabilization of mode-locked lasers, by locking them to optical frequency transitions, has lead to remarkable advances in high accuracy frequency standards and is enabling improvements of time and frequency transfer over fiber.
How statelessness can force refugees to redefine their ethnicity: what can be learned from Russian émigrés dispersed to six continents in the inter-war period?

AbstractThis article explores how approximately 400 Russian emigres living in fifty-eight countries during the inter-war period redefined Russian ethnicity. In responses to an amateur nation-building project, they provided a wide variety of either organic or voluntaristic definitions of Russianness, despite the fact that they were a fairly homogenous group in terms of their political views and their social background. Most of their criteria for determining Russianness were dissimilar to pre-revolutionary conceptions. Yet one overarching feature united their conceptions of Russianness: they were all intent on excluding entire groups of would-be Russians, even though it was in their interests to expand the size of the Russian diaspora. This article argues that statelessness forced Russian emigres to refine their ethnicity and that the process of defining members of their diaspora nation paralleled their endeavour to create a Russian emigre ethnicity separate from that of Soviet Russians. The criteria they d...
Bone and marrow transplants in the rat.

Three hundred adult rats weighing between 200 and 300 Cm., were etherized, a section of tibial bone proximal to the knee joint, 1.0 to 1.5 cm. in length, was removed and a longitudinal hemisection containing hone and marrow was implanted into the animal’s left kidney via a retroperitoneal approach. The capsule and cortex were incised and the tibial specimen inserted into the parenchyma along the lateral border of the kidney ( figure 1 ). The leg and flank wounds were sutured, 20,000 units of penicillin administered, and the
An Interpolation Formula

(1946). An Interpolation Formula. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 53, No. 5, pp. 259-264.
Dimensional crossover in the layeredxy-model

Using the Monte-Carlo technique we studied the isotropic layeredxy-model. We concentrate on the fall of the transition temperatureT c , the behavior of the specific heat and the vortex density with reduced thickness. Our approximate Ginzburg-Landau treatment suggests that the drop ofT c resulting from the dimensional crossover is a combination of fluctuation and boundary effects.
Maternal vaccination with formalin-inactivated Gross lymphoma virus in rats and transfer of immunity to offspring.

SummaryNewborn rats are highly susceptible to viral induction of lymphoma, and become naturally resistant after 2 wk of age. Protection during this period can be conferred by transfer of maternal immunity which occurs pre- and postnatally, by transplacental and milk passage.Vaccination of mothers was effectively achieved with formalin-inactivated Gross lymphoma virus (GLV), resulting in passive immunization of the progeny. Only 5% of the offspring of vaccinated mothers had lymphoma when injected with a lethal dose of virus, as compared to 90% of the offspring of nonvaccinated mothers. Complete neutralization of GLV in vitro with serum of vaccinated mothers was demonstrated by subsequent bioassays.Vaccination of females with an inactivated oncogenic virus represents a model which may also be applicable to the prevention of oncogenesis in other animal systems.
Erythrocyte catechol-O-methyltransferase activity in pregnant women with pregnancy-induced hypertension

Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of catechols, e.g., catecholamines and catechol estrogens, to their methyl ethers. COMT activity measured in erythrocytes (red blood cells) of healthy, pregnant women (N = 100) was 10.7 ± 0.29 nmoles × ml− 1 red blood cell × hr− 1 (mean ± standard error). The COMT activity in red blood cells of pregnant women with pregnancy-induced hypertension (N = 29) was 13.3 ± 0.4 nmoles × ml− 1 red blood cells × hr− 1, a value that is significantly higher than that found in healthy, pregnant women (p
Morgagni hernias: An uncommon cause of chest masses in adults

Morgagni hernia is a congenital diaphragmatic hernia that occurs secondary to potential anterior medial defects in the diaphragm. Although the hernia usually is diagnosed incidentally, appearing as a mass on chest radiograph, symptoms of bowel obstruction may occur. Surgical repair is required in all cases and may be performed with either the abdominal or transthoracic approach.
Osteochondritis dissecans with associated malformations in two brothers. A review of familial aspects.

Two brothers have been described with osteochondritis dissecans in multiple joints and numerous developmental abnormalities, including a striking facial appearance, congenital ptosis of the eyelids, peculiar pinnae, osseous fusion of the manubriosternal joint with pectus excavatum, cryptorchidism, and short little fingers and fifth toes. The elder boy was eunuchoid, while the younger had camptodactyly and partial syndactyly. The pertinent literature is reviewed and discussed with regard to the present patients. The osteochondritis dissecans in these patients was probably secondary to developmental abnormalities which were the result of a single gene.
Bending the Rules to Get a Medication

The scenario described above will become increasingly familiar to most practicing physicians over the next few years. Currently, we are witness to at least 40 million “medically indigent” patients without insurance and the number continues to increase.
Red, blue, and purple firms: Organizational political ideology and corporate social responsibility

Research summary: Why do firms vary so much in their stances toward corporate social responsibility (CSR)? Prior research has emphasized the role of external pressures, as well as CEO preferences, while little attention has been paid to the possibility that CSR may also stem from prevailing beliefs among the body politic of the firm. We introduce the concept of organizational political ideology to explain how political beliefs of organizational members shape corporate advances in CSR. Using a novel measure based on the political contributions by employees of Fortune 500 firms, we find that ideology predicts advances in CSR. This effect appears stronger when CSR is rare in the firm's industry, when firms are high in human capital intensity, and when the CEO has had long organizational tenure. Managerial summary: Why do firms vary in their stances toward corporate social responsibility (CSR)? Prior research suggests that companies engage in CSR when under pressure to do so, or when their CEOs have liberal values. We introduce the concept of organizational political ideology, and argue that CSR may also result from the values of the larger employee population. Introducing a novel measure of organizational political ideology, based on employees' donations to the two major political parties in the United States, we find that liberal-leaning companies engage in more CSR than conservative-leaning companies, and even more so when other firms in the industry have weaker CSR records, when the company relies heavily on human resources and when the company's CEO has a long organizational tenure. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DUI histories in intoxicated injured bicyclists.

INTRODUCTION: It has been well documented that the use of alcohol correlates with injury risk, especially in DUI (driving under the influence) and DWI (driving while intoxicated). Consumption of alcohol in patients presenting with bicycle-related injuries is associated with greater injury severity, longer hospitalization, and higher health care costs. We hypothesized that intoxicated patients operating a bicycle with traumatic injuries have previous DUI or DWI convictions and had lost their privilege to drive a motor vehicle, resorted to bicycling, and had continued alcohol consumption despite negative previous consequences. METHODS: We retrospectively collected data on injured bicyclists over the age of 18 with positive blood alcohol levels (BAC's) treated from the period January 2009 to June 2014 at a large level 1 urban trauma center. We then matched each patient by name and date of birth and were able to obtain public criminal records through the Superior Court of California for the local of county. RESULTS: A total of 149 injured bicyclists with positive blood alcohol levels were identified. Their average BAC was 236.0 mg/dl and their average age was 41 years old. 66 of these patients (44.2%) had prior DUI/DWI convictions with suspension of driving privileges. 95 patients in this group (63.8%) had no health insurance and 51 patients (34.2%) tested positive for other drugs. Intoxicated bicyclists trended towards longer hospital length compared to non-intoxicated bicyclists (4.60 vs. 3.44 days p=0.07). 3 out of 149 patients (0.02%) were charged with bicycling while intoxicated. CONCLUSION: Intoxicated bicyclists involved in trauma are more likely to have a previous DUI/DWI, have other drug use, tend to have longer hospital stays, and are less likely to have insurance. Bicycle safety education and behavior modification targeting DUI/DWI offenders is warranted. In order to promote injury prevention, resources to increase awareness of this underestimated public health issue should be promoted. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic/epidemiologic study, level III. Language: en
Death and Succession (1991)

On the eve of the U.S.S.R. passing into history, there was in place a series of Soviet-Iranian agreements. To these, the successor states of the Soviet Union, as they were gaining their sovereignty, pledged a conditional adherence, at least in theory. Insofar as the Caspian was concerned, there were five jurisdictionally significant agreements. First, there was the Friendship Treaty that recognized for Iran and the U.S.S.R. the right to equal access to and navigation in the Caspian. Second, there was the 1940 CN Treaty that reaffirmed the parties’ equal access and navigation rights on the Caspian. It also recognized that only Iranian and Soviet vessels could be present in the Caspian; it also provided for an exclusive ten-mile wide fisheries zone for each country. Third, there was the March 25, 1940, exchange of notes between Iran and the Soviet Union, in which, in the context of regulation of third-country national activities in Iranian and Soviet ports and vessels, the parties referred to the Caspian as an “Iranian and Soviet sea.” Fourth, there were the 1954 and 1957 frontier agreements, which had formally established the Astara-Hassanqoli line as the Soviet-Iranian boundary in the Caspian. Fifth, there was the 1962 Aram-Pegov exchange of notes, which allegedly validated the Astara-Hassanqoli line as the Soviet-Iranian boundary at a time when the 1957 Frontier Agreement was not as yet ratified.
The effect of D-cycloserine on social anxiety treatment using a behavioral outcome measure and a post-session administration strategy.

The drug D-cycloserine (DCS) has been used as an adjunct to increase the pace of symptom reductions during exposure therapy for anxiety disorders. This procedure has met with mixed results and many questions remain. The findings from 2 investigations are reported here, highlighting important domains
Nurses’ Perceptions of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Environment and Work Experience After Transition to Single-Patient Rooms

BACKGROUND The architectural design of the pediatric intensive care unit may play a major role in optimizing the environment to promote patients' sleep while improving stress levels and the work experience of critical care nurses. OBJECTIVES To examine changes in nurses' perceptions of the environment of a pediatric critical care unit for promotion of patients' sleep and the nurses' work experience after a transition from multipatient rooms to single-patient rooms. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of nurses was conducted before and after the move to a new hospital building in which all rooms in the pediatric critical care unit were single-patient rooms. RESULTS Nurses reported that compared with multipatient rooms, single-patient private rooms were more conducive to patients sleeping well at night and promoted a more normal sleep-wake cycle (P < .001). Monitors/alarms and staff conversations were the biggest factors that adversely influenced the environment for sleep promotion in both settings. Nurses were less annoyed by noise in single-patient rooms (33%) than in multipatient rooms (79%; P < .001) and reported improved exposure to sunlight. CONCLUSIONS Use of single-patient rooms rather than multipatient rooms improved nurses' perceptions of the pediatric intensive care unit environment for promoting patients' sleep and the nurses' own work experience.
Stereoselective Synthesis of 5-epi-α-Sialosides Related to the Pseudaminic Acid Glycosides. Reassessment of the Stereoselectivity of the 5-Azido-5-deacetamidosialyl Thioglycosides and Use of Triflate as Nucleophile in the Zbiral Deamination of Sialic Acids.

With a view to the eventual synthesis of glycosyl donors for the stereocontrolled synthesis of pseudaminic acid glycosides, the stereocontrolled synthesis of a d-glycero-d-gulo sialic acid adamantanylthioglycoside carrying an axial azide at the 5-position is described. The synthesis employs levulinic acid as nucleophile in the oxidative deamination of an N-acetylneuraminic acid thioglycoside leading to the formation of a 3-deoxy-d-glycero-d-galacto-2-nonulosonic acid (KDN) derivative selectively protected as 5-O-levulinate. Replacement of the levulinate by triflate enables introduction of the axial azide and hence formation of the glycosyl donor. A shorter synthesis uses trifluoromethanesulfonate as nucleophile in the oxidative deamination step when the 5-O-triflyl KDN derivative is obtained directly. Glycosylation reactions conducted with the 5-azido-d-glycero-d-gulo-configured sialyl adamantanylthioglycoside at −78 °C are selective for the formation of the equatorial glycosides, suggesting that the synt...
Through Jevic's Mirror: Orders, Fees, and Settlements

After a long period of silence about reorganization law, the United States Supreme Court’s Jevic opinion offered the opportunity for clarification and updating. Instead, Jevic offers a narrow holding against structured dismissals but has potent undercurrents about first-day orders, fees, and settlements.
Effect of transport limitations and fluid properties on reaction products in fractures of unaltered and serpentinized basalt exposed to high PCO2 fluids

Abstract A series of high temperature and high pressure (45 °C and 100 °C; 10 MPa) experiments were conducted to examine geochemical alterations of fractured serpentinized and unaltered basalts exposed to high P CO2 fluids. Net mineral dissolution was observed in flow-through experiments that examined reactions under advection-dominated conditions, whereas carbonate mineral precipitation occurred along basalt fractures after 6 weeks of reaction in static batch experiments where mass transport was diffusion limited. Consistent with prior work, increased temperature and salinity enhanced dissolution in flow-through experiments, and greater congruency in silicate dissolution was observed at higher temperature. Analysis of the reacted cores via X-ray computed tomography revealed regions of enhanced dissolution along the fracture pathway that correspond to contact with large grains of pyroxene and olivine. In the batch experiments, discrete Mg-bearing siderite crystals were observed along the entire fracture of the fine-grained unserpentinized basalt samples, while siderite formed in clusters along the fracture of the coarser-grained serpentinized basalt. Results of this study demonstrate how diffusive mass transport conditions and distribution of reactive mineral phases may be key factors in determining the extent of silicate dissolution and secondary mineral carbonation during geological carbon sequestration in fractured basalts.
Amblyomma maculatum SECIS binding protein 2 and putative selenoprotein P are indispensable for pathogen replication and tick fecundity.

Selenium, a vital trace element, is incorporated into selenoproteins to produce selenocysteine. Our previous studies have revealed an adaptive co-evolutionary process that has enabled the spotted fever-causing tick-borne pathogen Rickettsia parkeri to survive by manipulating an antioxidant defense system associated with selenium, which includes a full set of selenoproteins and other antioxidants in ticks. Here, we conducted a systemic investigation of SECIS binding protein 2 (SBP2) and putative selenoprotein P (SELENOP) by transcript silencing in adult female Gulf-coast ticks (Amblyomma maculatum). Knockdown of the SBP2 and SELENOP genes depleted the respective transcript levels of these tick selenogenes, and caused differential regulation of other antioxidants. Importantly, the selenium level in the immature and mature tick stages increased significantly after a blood meal, but the selenium level decreased in ticks after the SBP2 and SELENOP knockdowns. Moreover, the SBP2 knockdown significantly impaired both transovarial transmission of R. parkeri to tick eggs and egg hatching. Overall, our data offer new insight into the relationship between the SBP2 selenoprotein synthesis gene and the putative tick SELENOP gene. It also augments our understanding of selenoprotein synthesis, selenium maintenance and utilization, and bacterial colonization of a tick vector.
Glypican 3 (GPC3) expression in a lethal subgroup of refractory cisplatin-resistant testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT).

559Background: The oncofetal protein GPC3 has been tested as a therapy target. Early phase clinical trials established the safety and efficacy of anti-GPC3 chimeric antigen receptor modified T cell...
Understanding the role of Transactive Memory Systems and Knowledge Management Mechanisms on Team Performance

Teams are increasingly faced with obstacles that can hurt their performance. Social cognitive skills are emerging factors that that have shown the potential to influence how well team members work together. However, the interplay of transactive memory systems (TMSs) and knowledge management (KM) mechanisms within technology teams has not received much research attention. This paper examines the effects of a team’s TMS and KM mechanisms on the team’s performance. The hypotheses are tested using data from 54 teams within seven major US corporations. The results show knowledge creation to be more salient than knowledge sharing and application mechanisms, because only creation seems to affect team performance. Moreover, knowledge creation affects knowledge sharing, which affects knowledge application. Information Technology (IT) support and TMS both facilitate knowledge creation. TMS also affects knowledge application, whereas knowledge sharing only indirectly (through knowledge creation) depends on TMS and IT support. Theoretical and practical implications are offered.
A spatial-temporal/3-D model for volcanic hazard assessment : Application to the Yucca Mountain region, Nevada

We present a 3-D Poisson model that permits identification and quantification of volcanic phenomena distributed through space and evolving in time (i.e., spatiotemporal data). Specifically, the model: (1) is volcanologically informative in solving problems of volcanic risk/hazard which depends on the location and time of future events; (2) contains model fitting computation algorithms that are efficient; and (3) is flexible enough to handle a large class of volcanic risk/hazard studies. Furthermore, we apply the model fitting techniques developed in this paper to the volcanic data from the Yucca Mountain project to demonstrate a unified volcanic hazard analysis. This study also evaluates the sensitivity of the statistical models developed by experts who have addressed the volcanic hazard/risk assessment problem near the Yucca Mountain region.
Products of Activated Lymphocytes

Publisher Summary An evaluation of lymphocyte function in vitro includes a measurement of the proliferative response to mitogens and antigens and one or more lymphocyte mediators. The methods that detect lymphocyte activation include the measurement of cellular proliferation or DNA synthesis, the elaboration of biologically active mediators or lymphokines, and direct lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. This chapter describes several assay systems that are employed at present to detect the production of lymphocyte mediators. When lymphocytes are stimulated in vitro by mitogens, such as phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or concanavalin A (Con A), as well as by antigens, such as PPD, Candida, or SK-SD, they release a variety of biologically active materials. These factors affect the function of a number of cells, including macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and other cell types. The production of mediators by lymphoid cells after immunologically specific stimulation may serve as a means of communication between sensitized lymphocytes, macrophages, and other cells involved in the cellular immune reaction.
Commonalities between pain and memory mechanisms and their meaning for understanding chronic pain

Pain sensing neurons in the periphery (called nociceptors) and the central neurons that receive their projections show remarkable plasticity following injury. This plasticity results in amplification of pain signaling that is now understood to be crucial for the recovery and survival of organisms following injury. These same plasticity mechanisms may drive a transition to a nonadaptive chronic pain state if they fail to resolve following the termination of the healing process. Remarkable advances have been achieved in the past two decades in understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie pain plasticity following injury. The mechanisms bear a striking resemblance to molecular mechanisms involved in learning and memory processes in other brain regions, including the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Here those mechanisms, their commonalities and subtle differences, will be highlighted and their role in causing chronic pain will be discussed. Arising from these data is the striking argument that chronic pain is a disease of the nervous system, which distinguishes this phenomena from acute pain that is frequently a symptom alerting the organism to injury. This argument has important implications for the development of disease modifying therapeutics.
The Hydrolysis of Extracellular Adenine Nucleotides by Cultured Vascular Cells and Cardiac Myocytes

We have studied the extracellular reaction sequence ATP → ADP → AMP → adenosine, from the point of view that it is important in the regulation of the time course of cell and tissue response during crisis or signaling events. We began with the working hypothesis that the rate of appearance of adenosine from ATP would be governed by feed forward inhibition by ADP and perhaps ATP. It was known that 5′-nucleotidase is inhibited by ATP and ADP1–5; indeed, inhibition by the nonhydrolyzable analog of ADP, α,β-methylene-ADP, has come to be used as a marker to distinguish this enzyme from other phosphatases. None of the previous studies of ectonucleotidase activity had gathered the kind of total progress of reaction data necessary to test this hypothesis. We previously noted that when cultured endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells from pig aorta are incubated with 1 μM ATP very little ADP or AMP accumulate, and there is immediate and linear production of adenosine6. We have now investigated the time course of hydrolysis of ATP by three vascular cell types and cardiac myocytes, using starting concentrations of 100–1000 μ.M, concentrations that could easily be achieved, for example, at the site of platelet degranulation.
Machine-learning error models for approximate solutions to parameterized systems of nonlinear equations

Abstract This work proposes a machine-learning framework for constructing statistical models of errors incurred by approximate solutions to parameterized systems of nonlinear equations . These approximate solutions may arise from early termination of an iterative method, a lower-fidelity model, or a projection-based reduced-order model, for example. The proposed statistical model comprises the sum of a deterministic regression-function model and a stochastic noise model. The method constructs the regression-function model by applying regression techniques from machine learning (e.g., support vector regression , artificial neural networks) to map features (i.e., error indicators such as sampled elements of the residual) to a prediction of the approximate-solution error. The method constructs the noise model as a mean-zero Gaussian random variable whose variance is computed as the sample variance of the approximate-solution error on a test set; this variance can be interpreted as the epistemic uncertainty introduced by the approximate solution. This work considers a wide range of feature-engineering methods, data-set-construction techniques, and regression techniques that aim to ensure that (1) the features are cheaply computable, (2) the noise model exhibits low variance (i.e., low epistemic uncertainty introduced), and (3) the regression model generalizes to independent test data. Numerical experiments performed on several computational-mechanics problems and types of approximate solutions demonstrate the ability of the method to generate statistical models of the error that satisfy these criteria and significantly outperform more commonly adopted approaches for error modeling.
Moving iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes Forward to Treat Myocardial Infarction.

Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes represent a promising cell source for cardiac repair. However, their clinical translation is hindered by limited evidence for functional benefits in primate models, potential risks for arrhythmias, and teratoma formation. A recent study by Liu et al. (2018) makes significant progress on these critical issues.
The Role of Interpreters in High Performance Computing

Compiled code is fast, interpreted code is slow. There is not much we can do about it, and it's the reason why interpreters use in high performance computing is usually restricted to job submission. We show where interpreters make sense even in the context of analysis code, and what aspects have to be taken into account to make this combination a success.
O18/O16 and C13/C12 Ratios of Fossils from the Hot-Brine Deep Area of the Central Red Sea

Carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of foraminifera and pteropod shells show considerable fluctuations with depth in all cores investigated. Distinct changes in the isotope ratios at certain depths can be correlated among cores. Foraminifera tests deposited in the Discovery and Atlantis II Deeps during the last 10,000 years show evidence of a beginning isotopic re-equilibration with the hot brine. Older deposits show no such effect, suggesting a maximum age of the brine of about 10,000 years. The isotopic data strongly suggest the repeated occurrence of periods of evaporation in the Red Sea during the last 80,000 to 100,000 years. It seems likely that these periods coincided with those of lowered sea level which severely restricted the exchange of water between the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. Alternatively the reduced exchange could have been caused by tectonic activity near the Strait of Bab el Mandeb.
Risk Management Research Report - Spring 2009

Risk Management Research Report (RMRR) surveys and screens the flow of academic articles on risk management and presents extended scholarly summaries of today’s most important scholarly work in a convenient format on a timely basis. Each issue features approximately 15 of the most important scholarly articles in risk management published within the preceding quarter. For each of these articles, RMRR presents an extended summary of about 500-800 words, which contrasts with the brief (approximately 150-word) abstracts that typically accompany publication. The purpose of each summary is to provide a substantive understanding of the content of the article.
Guidelines for Evaluation of Published Metric Materials.

The metric system has been adopted in the United States, and classroom teachers are being urged to teach metric measurement. Consequently, school districts are looking for quality instructional materials, curriculum guides, and other metric resources to assist teachers in the conversion to the International System (SI). Commercial publishing companies have anticipated the demand for new instructional materials by producing a plethora of metric handbooks, workbooks, worksheets, filmstrips, and metric-measurement instruments of varying quality. Experience in foreign countries (Chalupsky, Crawford, and Carr 1974; Chalupsky et al. 1975) shows that publishers rush in to fill the gap in commercial materials created by legislation. In the haste to publish, the materials that are developed often are inappropriate and even incorrect.