cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
System of Systems Architecture Generation and Evaluation using Evolutionary Algorithms

Evolutionary algorithms and computational intelligence represent a developing technology and science that provides great potential in the area of system and system-of-systems architecture generation, categorization and evaluation. Classical system engineering analysis techniques have been used to represent a system architecture in a manner that is compatible with evolutionary algorithms and computational intelligence techniques. This paper focuses on specific system relationship configurations and attributes that are required to successfully aggregate the best-fit function in a fuzzy associative memory that is used in an evolutionary algorithm to generate and evaluate system architectures.
A Bayes-rule based hierarchical system for binaural sound source localization

A Bayes-rule based hierarchical binaural sound source localization system is proposed. By combining three localization cues: interaural time differences (ITDs), interaural intensity differences (IIDs), and spectral cues, and a hierarchical decision making structure, this system enables a sound source to be located in a 3D space by using only the binaural inputs. Preliminary simulations have shown the effectiveness of this system. It can be used in studying binaural localization mechanism and applications such as in hearing aids and robotics.
Predictors of Timing of Transfer From Pediatric- to Adult-Focused Primary Care

Importance A timely, well-coordinated transfer from pediatric- to adult-focused primary care is an important component of high-quality health care, especially for youths with chronic health conditions. Current recommendations suggest that primary-care transfers for youths occur between 18 and 21 years of age. However, the current epidemiology of transfer timing is unknown. Objective To examine the timing of transfer to adult-focused primary care providers (PCPs), the time between last pediatric-focused and first adult-focused PCP visits, and the predictors of transfer timing. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective cohort study of patients insured by Harvard Pilgrim Health Care (HPHC), a large not-for-profit health plan. Our sample included 60 233 adolescents who were continuously enrolled in HPHC from 16 to at least 18 years of age between January 2000 and December 2012. Pediatric-focused PCPs were identified by the following provider specialty types, but no others: pediatrics, adolescent medicine, or pediatric nurse practitioner. Adult-focused PCPs were identified by having any provider type that sees adult patients. Providers with any specialty provider designation (eg, gastroenterology or gynecology) were not considered PCPs. Main Outcomes and Measures We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression to model age at first adult-focused PCP visit and time from the last pediatric-focused to the first adult-focused PCP visit (gap) for any type of office visit and for those that were preventive visits. Results Younger age at transfer was observed for female youths (hazard ratio [HR], 1.32 [95% CI, 1.29-1.36]) who had complex (HR, 1.06 [95% CI, 1.01-1.11]) or noncomplex (HR, 1.08 [95% CI, 1.05-1.12]) chronic conditions compared with those who had no chronic conditions. Transfer occurred at older ages for youths who lived in lower-income neighborhoods compared with those who lived in higher-income neighborhoods (HR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.83-0.95]). The gap between last pediatric-focused to first adult-focused PCP visit was shorter for female youths than male youths (HR, 1.57 [95% CI, 1.53-1.61]) and youths with complex (HR, 1.35 [95% CI, 1.28-1.41]) or noncomplex (HR, 1.24 [95% CI, 1.20-1.28]) chronic conditions. The gap was longer for youths living in lower-income neighborhoods than for those living in higher-income neighborhoods (HR, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.75-0.85]). Multivariable models showed an adjusted median age at transfer of 21.8 years for office visits and 23.1 years for preventive visits and an adjusted median gap length of 20.5 months for office visits and 41.6 months for preventive visits. Conclusions and Relevance Most youths are transferring care later than recommended and with gaps of more than a year. While youths with chronic conditions have shorter gaps, they may need even shorter transfer intervals to ensure continuous access to care. More work is needed to determine whether youths are experiencing clinically important lapses in care or other negative health effects due to the delayed timing of transfer.
PREDICTION OF HOLDING TIMES FOR CONTINUOUS THERMAL PROCESSING OF POWER‐LAW FLUIDS

Correlations for predicting fastest element holding times (neglecting diffusion) in smooth tubes from process flow conditions are presented for any time-independent, nonviscoelastic fluid in laminar or turbulent flow. The results were derived from previously developed semi-theoretical and empirical relationships for power-law fluids. However, the pre dictions can be applied with only slight approximation to nonpower-law fluids. A holding tube length based upon these correlations should provide a safe process since no fluid element should be in the tube for less time than predicted.
Ventilatory and cardiovascular responses of a python (Python molurus) to exercise and digestion.

To investigate the potential limiting steps of peak metabolic rates, we examined gas exchange rates (V . O•,V . CO•), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), breathing frequency, tidal volume, minute ventilation volume ( V . E) as well as the heart rate, systemic blood flow and stroke volume of Burmese pythons (Python molurus) while fasting at rest, exercising, digesting and exercising while digesting. All measured variables increased significantly during
β decay of S 40 , 42 and Cl 43

Results from the study of the {beta} decays of {sup 40,42}S and {sup 43}Cl, produced in the fragmentation of a 70-MeV/nucleon {sup 48}Ca beam, are presented. The half-lives for {sup 42}S and {sup 43}Cl have been measured to be 1.03{+-}0.03 s and 3.13{+-}0.09 s, respectively. On the basis of {gamma}-ray singles and {gamma}{gamma} coincidence data, decay schemes for each of these decays have been established. Only subtle changes in low-energy nuclear structure, including switching of the order of the 2{sup -} and 3{sup -} states in the odd-odd Cl isotopes, were observed when passing the midpoint of the {nu}f{sub 7/2} subshell. These results agree well with previous shell-model calculations using restricted model spaces suggesting that deformation and shell-breaking effects in the midshell region are small. However, excitations across the N=20 shell gap are important to explain the low-lying positive parity states.
Reaction of Hydrazine with a Chlorine-Terminated Si(111) Surface

Interaction of hydrazine with Cl-terminated Si(111) surface was explored in order to understand the pathways for obtaining a reactive functionalized silicon surface that is oxygen-free. Hydrazine-functionalized Si(111) surface with Si–NH–NH–Si species was prepared starting with Cl-terminated Si(111) surface in a reaction with anhydrous hydrazine at 35 °C. This process was followed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry to characterize the modified surface. DFT calculations were performed to supplement the analysis, to identify major surface species resulting from this reaction, and to provide a mechanistic insight into the initial stages of modification. This work provides a new pathway to obtain a well-defined functionalized silicon surface with a Si–N interface that is oxygen- and carbon-free and that can be used for further functionalization or deposition schemes.
Humility and humanity: Machiavelli's rejection and appropriation of a Christian Ideal

Though Machiavelli is famous for advising the mere ‘appearance’ of certain Christian and classical virtues (P XVIII), Machiavellian virtu inherits the legacy (though neither the content nor the tel...
Cloud microphysical processes on simulation of precipitation in Qilian Mountains

Based on the MM5 model with four different cloud microphysical schemes(Duhia simple ice,Reisner mix phase,Reisner2 graupel and Schultz microphysical schemes),numerical simulations are carried out to study the cloud physical processes in a rainfall event over Qilian Mountains during 12—13 July 2002.Comparisons among the experiments and against the observations indicate that the simulated rainfall area from the four cloud physical processes are further south than the observed one.Except Reisner2 graupel scheme,other three schemes have little effect on the center of rainfall area,and the intensity of precipitation center is not sensitive to cloud microphysical processes.The explicit precipitation and parameterize precipitation depend on different cloud microphysical processes.Cloud microphysical processes impact on the occurrence time and intensity of strong precipitation by affecting the occurrence/development times and intensity of dynamic conditions.Analysis of the cloud microphysical parameters shows that the processes of the parameters concerned with precipitation are different for the four different schemes.For Duhia simple ice scheme,rain water and cloud water are primary.For Reisner mix phase scheme,the collection of rain water,cloud water,snow and graupel may paly a main role for precipitation,and the coagulation of ice crystal is relatively weak.For Reisner2 graupel scheme,rain water,cloud water,snow,ice and graupel all are concerned with collection and accretion processes.For Schultz microphysical scheme,the collection of ice,snow and graupel is more significant.
The Role of Self-Efficacy, Adaptive Coping, and Smoking Urges in Long-Term Cessation Outcomes.

Objective:Smoking cessation self-efficacy and adaptive coping are posited as 2 important treatment targets in smoking cessation interventions, especially in the context of handling strong urges to smoke. Yet, less is known about whether intervention-related changes in these constructs predict long-t
Abstract 15376: Heart Rate Increase and Repolarization Lability Precede Onset of Ventricular Arrhythmia in Casq2-/- Mice

Introduction Calsequestrin (CASQ2) mutations cause hereditary propensity to ventricular tachycardia (VT) and cardiac arrest in humans. The phenotype is reproduced in Casq2-/- mice. Heart rate (HR) increase and repolarization lability (RL) precede other forms of VT in humans. Hypothesis HR and RL increase prior to VT onset in Casq2-/- mice. Methods 24 hr ECG was recorded in 10 unrestrained male mice (5 Casq2-/- [KO], 5 Casq2+/+ [WT]). ECG data were manually edited and analyzed with custom-written software. The signal was low-pass filtered at 100 Hz. Cubic spline subtraction was used to correct low-frequency baseline fluctuations. RL was defined as root-mean-square of ECG amplitude in “repolarization window” (30-35 ms after R wave peak). RL was calculated from 60 consecutive sinus rhythm (SR) or junctional rhythm (JR) beats, corrected for nonspecific noise and normalized by QRS amplitude. HR and RL were evaluated in each hour during stable SR, SR preceding VT, SR preceding JR, and JR preceding VT. Results KO mice have lower HR (average RR interval 135 ± 14 vs 111 ± 12 msec; p -4 ) and more frequent episodes of JR (p -4 ) than WT. VT is only detected in KO mice. JR episodes often precede VT. In KO, HR in SR preceding VT is higher than during stable SR (RR interval 112 ± 8 vs 128 ± 8 msec; p -4 ). HR in SR preceding JR onset is faster than during stable SR; HR is also higher in JR preceding VT onset than during other JR episodes. RL during stable SR is similar in WT and KO. Compared to stable SR, RL increases before VT (0.0034 ± 0.003 vs 0.012 ± 0.009; p -4 ; Figure ) and before JR in KO. In JR, RL increases further before VT onset. Conclusions Onset of VT and JR in KO mice is preceded by increase in HR and RL. Our data suggest that increased adrenergic tone leads to irregular calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum, resulting in both repolarization instability and VT triggering. Sinus bradycardia and JR in KO mice attest to importance of calsequestrin in normal physiology of sinus node and Purkinje fibers.
Thoracoscopic surgery for esophageal atresia

This review centers on the thoracoscopic management of esophageal atresia (EA) and distal tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF). The first thoracoscopic repair of EA was performed by Rothenberg and Lobe in Berlin in 1999 just prior to an IPEG meeting. Since that time, the largest report describing the use of thoracoscopy for EA/TEF repair came in 2005 with a multi-national, multi-institutional retrospective review from six institutions around the world. The outcomes reported were quite good and very comparable to large series of open operations that had been previously reported. This review will describe a single surgeon's technique for thoracoscopic repair of EA/TEF. In addition, further controversies regarding the usefulness of preoperative bronchoscopy, ligation of the distal TEF, and type of suture used for the esophageal anastomosis will also be discussed. Finally, there is a discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of the thoracoscopic approach.
A Direct Synthesis of Highly Substituted π-Rich Aromatic Heterocycles from Oxetanes

The ubiquitous use of π-rich five-membered heterocycles has driven the development of new methods for their synthesis for more than a century. Here, we disclose a general and reliable reaction manifold for the construction of highly substituted heterocycles through a facile Lewis-acid-catalyzed oxetane rearrangement. Notably, this methodology employs a keto-oxetane motif as a 1,4-dicarbonyl surrogate, which can be synthesized using robust alkylation or alkenylation reactions, and thus obviates the need to access 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds via umpoled starting materials. We harnessed this reactivity to generate a broad range of substituted furans and pyrroles, and extended this methodology to produce benzo-fused versions thereof.
Chronic Pain and Telomere Length in Community-Dwelling Adults: Findings From the 1999 to 2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Abstract Chronic pain is a common condition associated with psychological distress, functional impairments, and age-associated comorbidity. Preliminary studies, on the basis of relatively small sample sizes, suggest that the combination of chronic pain and stress is associated with telomere shortening, a widely recognized marker of cellular aging. We sought to determine the cross-sectional association of chronic pain with telomere length in 7,816 community-dwelling adults ages 20 years and older who participated in the 1999 to 2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Consistent with previous studies, leukocyte telomere length was assessed using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction method and compared with a DNA reference standard to compute a telomere to single copy gene ratio. Standardized, in-person interviews were used to identify chronic regional pain and chronic widespread pain in 784 (10.0%) and 266 (3.4%) participants, respectively. Older age, male sex, obesity, and less physical activity were associated with shorter telomere length (P Perspective The findings from the current study do not support the hypothesis that chronic pain accelerates cellular aging measured according to leukocyte telomere length. Additional population-based studies with more detailed assessments of pain and stress are needed to further investigate potential interactive effects on telomere length and other biomarkers of aging.
Mixed-integer Models for Simultaneous Optimization of Inventory Policies and Supply Chain Planning

Abstract The goal of Supply Chain Planning (SCP) is to find the optimal material flows through the supply chain network, together with the optimal inventory levels. The output of supply chain optimization models is not directly applicable to manage inventories in warehouses. The daily operation is managed through policies that dictate when to replenish the inventory and the ordered amount. The policy parameters are usually obtained through the analysis of historical data or simulation. To address the disconnection between optimization of planning models and inventory policies we propose mixed-integer linear programming formulations to optimize the inventory policy parameters. These formulations can be embedded in SCP models to simultaneously optimize the material flows and the inventory policies. Models for two traditional policies are obtained, the (r,Q) policy for continuously reviewed inventory, and the (s,S) policy for periodic review.
Roles of Mo Surface Dopants in Enhancing the ORR Performance of Octahedral PtNi Nanoparticles

Doping with a transition metal was recently shown to greatly boost the activity and durability of PtNi/C octahedral nanoparticles (NPs) for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), but its specific roles remain unclear. By combining electrochemistry, ex situ and in situ spectroscopic techniques, density functional theory calculations, and a newly developed kinetic Monte Carlo model, we showed that Mo atoms are preferentially located on the vertex and edge sites of Mo–PtNi/C in the form of oxides, which are stable within the wide potential window of the electrochemical cycle. These surface Mo oxides stabilize adjacent Pt sites, hereby stabilizing the octahedral shape enriched with (111) facets, and lead to increased concentration of Ni in subsurface layers where they are protected against acid dissolution. Consequently, the favorable Pt3Ni(111) structure for the ORR is stabilized on the surface of PtNi/C NPs in acid against voltage cycling. Significantly, the unusual potential-dependent oxygen coverage trend o...
RENAL MECHANISMS FOR OSMOREGULATION IN REPTILES AND BIRDS

I. ABSTRACT Volume and osmolarity of the urine produced by reptilian and avian kidneys depend on anatomical relationships of nephrons, change in water permeability of tubular epithelium in response to antidiuretic hormone, and variation in volume flow through collecting ducts. Volume flow through collecting ducts is determined in part by number of filtering nephrons which vary with hydration under control of antidiuretic hormone. Complexing of cations with urate precipitates permits excretion of ions without their contributing to urine osmolarity, but this may require absorption of filtered water without sodium. Such a process has been identified in reptilian proximal tubules and may be important for all uricotelic reptiles and birds.
Before Authorship: Solomon and Prov. 1:1

How should we understand the naming of legendary figures like Solomon in biblical titles? The ancient practice of attribution is often obscured by scholars committed to the modern construction of authorship. Texts such as 11QPs a XXVII (“David’s Compositions”) demonstrate an altogether different understanding of this ancient practice. Using Prov. 1:1 as a test case, this essay examines how biblical authors and editors assigned texts to legendary figures, and how this kind of attribution evokes a set of imagined associations in the broader literary tradition. The essay presents a description and categorization of biblical titles and textual frames, and compares these titles and frames to textual frames of ancient Near Eastern and Mediterranean collections of instruction and poetry. The essay argues that Prov. 1:1, like other textual frames, uses attribution to imaginatively stage the text in the broader literary tradition.
Recent developments in digital radiology

Digital radiology has experienced a tremendous growth in recent years, among the many advancements are the new developments in the area of image acquisition, picture archiving and communication systems, image compression, image viewing stations, and image processing. The involvement of our department related to these topics are reviewed in this paper.
Transparency and Access to Source Code in E-Voting

We examine the potential role of source code disclosure and open source code requirements in promoting technical improvements and increasing transparency of voting systems. We describe the enclosure of transparency of voting technology that has occurred over the course of United States' electoral history, the implications that source code disclosure has for transparency, the negative effects that enclosing transparency has had at different levels and the regulatory and legislative efforts to increase access to source code. We then look at the benefits and risks of open and disclosed source code regimes for voting systems, efforts to provide open source voting systems, existing open source business models that might translate to the voting systems context, regulatory and market barriers to disclosed or open source code in voting systems and alternatives that might exist outside of public disclosure of source code. We conclude that disclosure of full system source code to qualified individuals will promote technical improvements in voting systems while limiting some of the potential risks associated with full public disclosure.
Urban Religious Congregations’ Responses to Community Substance Use: An Exploratory Study of Four Cases

Faith-based drug treatment programs are common, and many are implemented through congregations; however, little is documented about how congregations conceptualize and implement these programs. We use case study analysis to explore congregational approaches to drug treatment; qualitative findings emerged in three areas: (1) religion's role in congregational responses to substance use, (2) relationships between program participants and the broader congregation, and (3) interactions between congregational programs and the external community. Congregational approaches to drug treatment can be comprehensive, but work is needed to evaluate such efforts. Congregants' attitudes may influence whether program participants become members of a sustaining congregational community.
Intermarriage Between ‘White’ Britons and Immigrants from the New Commonwealth and Pakistan

The 1983 General Household Survey for the United Kingdom was analyzed to examine the extent to which intermarriage has occurred between white British residents and immigrants from countries of the ...
Alejandro de la Sota’s modern villages: vernacular abstraction and surrealist modernity

Asked to implement General Franco’s ambitious “hydro-social dream” of modernization of the countryside, Falangist planners, engineers, and architects of the Instituto Nacional de Colonizacion (I.N.C.) developed a national strategy of “interior colonization” that, along with the reclamation of extensive regions, included the construction of302 modern pueblos between 1944 and 1970. Alejandro de la Sota (1913–1996) was one of the first five architects of the I.N.C. He designed Gimenells (1943), which set up the standards for the 1940s, and thenfour innovative villages: Esquivel (1952), Entrerrios (1954), Valuengoand La Bazana (1956). Based on research within the archives of the Fundacion Alejandro de la Sota and the Ministry of Agriculture, this paper summarizes the modernity of his pueblos: the separation of traffic, the propagandistic concept of the open plaza, the volumetric abstraction ofthe vernacular house, and his ironic use (as understood by Ortega yGasset) of the Spanish classical. The research emphasizes how de la Sota transcended the functionalist elements of modernity in order to mobilize memories of the real and produce a “surreal” reality. In so doing,he reversed the fundamental reference to the countryside thatcharacterized Spanish surrealism to bring surrealism within the processof Franquist rural modernization.
Spectral flows of Toeplitz operators and bulk-edge correspondence

We show that the (graded) spectral flow of a family of Toeplitz operators on a complete Riemannian manifold is equal to the index of a certain Callias-type operator. When the dimension of the manifold is even, this leads to a cohomological formula for the spectral flow. As an application, we compute the spectral flow of a family of Toeplitz operators on a strongly pseudoconvex domain in $${\mathbb {C}}^n$$ . This result is similar to the Boutet de Monvel’s computation of the index of a single Toeplitz operator on a strongly pseudoconvex domain. Finally, we show that the bulk-boundary correspondence in the tight-binding model of topological insulators is a special case of our result. In “Appendix,” Koen van den Dungen reviewed the main result in the context of (unbounded) KK-theory.
Exploring $k$ out of Top $\rho$ Fraction of Arms in Stochastic Bandits

This paper studies the problem of identifying any $k$ distinct arms among the top $\rho$ fraction (e.g., top 5\%) of arms from a finite or infinite set with a probably approximately correct (PAC) tolerance $\epsilon$. We consider two cases: (i) when the threshold of the top arms' expected rewards is known and (ii) when it is unknown. We prove lower bounds for the four variants (finite or infinite arms, and known or unknown threshold), and propose algorithms for each. Two of these algorithms are shown to be sample complexity optimal (up to constant factors) and the other two are optimal up to a log factor. Results in this paper provide up to $\rho n/k$ reductions compared with the "$k$-exploration" algorithms that focus on finding the (PAC) best $k$ arms out of $n$ arms. We also numerically show improvements over the state-of-the-art.
Notch Analysis of Ductile Fracture

Notch analysis of ductile fracture is based on the stress field analysis of notches by Neuber (1,2) and the slip-line field solution by Hill (3). The work at Syracuse (4–6) has shown that an estimate of a materials resistance to crack extension can be obtained by considering the elastic and plastic deformation processes in the crack tip region. Detailed studies of the strain field in the vicinity of the crack tip, e.g. by Liu and co-workers (7) and by Ogasawara, Adachi, Nagao and Weiss (8) show that the strain field ahead of the crack tip is reasonably well represented by: $$\varepsilon _{\text{r,}\theta } = \varepsilon = _{F,\alpha ,\beta }^{\frac{2}{{n + 1}}} (\frac{{\rho *}}{{\rho * + 2r}})^{\frac{1}{{n + 1}}} f_{ij} (\theta )$$ (1) where n is the strain hardening exponent, ρ* the Neuber micro support effect constant and eFαβthe maximum strain at the tip of an extending crack under the stress field, \(\alpha = \frac{{\sigma _2 }}{{\sigma 1}}\) and \(\beta = \frac{{\sigma _3 }}{{\sigma _1 }}\) in that region.
Relationships Between Executive Control Circuit Activity, Amyloid Burden, and Education in Cognitively Healthy Older Adults.

Abstract Introduction In cognitively healthy older adults, amyloid-beta (Aβ) burden is associated with greater activity on task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging. Higher levels of functional activation are associated with other factors along with amyloid and the authors investigated these relationships as well as how they relate to Aβ in cognitively healthy older adults. Methods The authors recruited cognitive healthy older adults (N = 50) from the Pittsburgh community that underwent extensive cognitive batteries, activation during a working memory (digit symbol substitution task, DSST), positron emission tomography scan for Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB, measuring amyloid), and other demographic measures. The authors tested the association between DSST activation and global PiB, neurocognitive batteries, and education. Results The authors found that the DSST robustly activated expected structures involved in working memory. The authors found that greater global Aβ deposition was associated with greater DSST activation in the right calcarine, precuneus, middle temporal as well as the left insula and inferior frontal gyrus. The authors also found that greater education was associated with lower DSST activation – however this was not significant after adjusting for Aβ. Discussion Greater amyloid was associated with greater activation, which may represent compensatory activation. Greater education was associated with lower activation, which may represent more efficient activation (i.e., less activation for the same task). After adjusting for amyloid, education was not significantly associated with activation suggesting that during the preclinical stage amyloid is the primary determinant of activation. Further, activation was not associated with cognitive function. Compensatory activation in the preclinical stage may help maintain cognitive function.
Advance Optimal Style

Chapters 10 and 11 have presented a sequence of ten OFIs that focus on concision, clarity, and correctness as fundamental features of excellence in sentence design. Beyond these general attributes of high quality, there is another. A sentence that is lean, lucid, and technically correct can still be suboptimal at communicating its intended message if it lacks appropriate style.
Parental Leave Policy in Radiology Residency Programs: Current Status.

Abstract Purpose To explore the current status and determine the uniformity of parental leave policies among US radiology residency programs. Methods An electronic survey was developed and sent to 222 radiology residency program directors (PDs) in June 2019 to assess their policies and attitudes toward parental leave. The survey was administered via the Internet Qualtrics Research Suite (Qualtrics, Provo, Utah) format with four reminders sent over the course of 2 months before closing the data collection. Results In all, 74 PDs responded to the survey. Of those, 88% claimed to have a maternal leave policy (88% explicitly written and 77% paid); 80% had a paternal leave policy (88% explicitly written and 75% paid). The average length of maternal and paternal leaves was 7.4 ± 3.9 and 3.7 ± 3.7 weeks, respectively. Parental leaves were allocated at least every other year in over 70% of programs. Approximately 60% of the PDs required residents to make up call rotations for parental leaves. About 92% of responsive programs adjusted angiography and fluoroscopy rotations for trainees throughout the pregnancy or according to the trainee’s request. Policies did not generally address issues of breastfeeding and nontraditional parenthood. Conclusion The proportion of radiology programs with explicit maternal leave policies remained constant compared with previous surveys during the last two decades. However, there was a dramatic rise in the adoption of paternal leave policies. Overall, there was a lack of national uniformity in radiology residency programs’ policies concerning parental leave, leaving open the possibility of national guidance in addressing the issue.
The Oldest Highlands of Mars May Be Massive Dust Fallout Deposits

The oldest terrains of Mars are cratered landscapes, in which extensive valleys and basins are covered by ubiquitous fluvial plains. One current paradigm maintains that an impact-generated megaregolith underlies these sediments. This megaregolith was likely largely generated during the Early Noachian (~4.1 to ~3.94 Ga) when most Martian impact basins formed. We examined the geologic records of NW Hellas and NW Isidis, which include this epoch's most extensive circum-basin outcrops. Here, we show that these regions include widespread, wind-eroded landscapes, crater rims eroded down by several hundred meters, pitted plains, and inverted fluvial and crater landforms. These surfaces exhibit few fresh craters, indicating geologically recent wind erosion. The deep erosion, topographic inversions, and an absence of dunes on or near talus across these regions suggest that sediments finer than sand compose most of these highland materials. We propose that basin-impact-generated hurricane-force winds created sediment-laden atmospheric conditions, and that muddy rains rapidly settled suspended sediments to construct extensive Early Noachian highlands. The implied high abundance of fine-grained sediments before these impacts suggests large-scale glacial silt production and supports the previously proposed Noachian "icy highlands" hypothesis. We suggest that subglacial meltwater interactions with the sedimentary highlands could have promoted habitability, particularly in clay strata.
Quantifying Impact of Disruption to Radiology Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Implications for Future Training.

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to assess the impact on radiology resident education due to the COVID-19 pandemic in order to inform future educational planning. Methods During a 10-week study period from March 16 to May 22, 2020, changes to educational block-weeks (BW) of first through fourth year residents (R1-4) were documented as disrupted in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic. The first 5 weeks and the second 5 weeks were evaluated separately for temporal differences. Overall and mean disrupted BW per resident were documented. Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used to assess pairwise differences between classes with Bonferroni-adjusted P-values, as well as differences in the early versus later phase of the pandemic. Results Of 373 BW, 56.6% were assigned to virtual curriculum, 39.4% radiology clinical duties, 2.9% illness, and 1.1% reassignment. Scheduling intervention affected 6.2 ± 2.3 (range 1-10) mean BW per resident over the 10-week study period. The R3 class experienced the largest disruption, greater than the R2 classes, and statistically significantly more than the R1 and R4 classes (both P Discussion The impact of COVID-19 pandemic varied by residency class year, with the largest disruption of the R3 class and the least disruption of the R4 class. To optimize future educational opportunities, shifting to a competency-based education paradigm may help to achieve proficiency without extending the length of the training program.
The Influence of Structural Characteristics and Street Codes on Violent Female Offenders: A Decade After Anderson’s Initial Observations:

A large number of studies have examined predictors of female crime quantities yet considerably less attention has been directed toward exploring patterns in the nature or quality of female violence...
Abscission Checkpoint Bodies Reveal a New Facet of Abscission Checkpoint Control

Abstract The abscission checkpoint regulates the ESCRT membrane fission machinery and thereby delays cytokinetic abscission to protect genomic integrity in response to residual mitotic errors. The checkpoint is maintained by Aurora B kinase, which phosphorylates multiple targets, including CHMP4C, a regulatory ESCRT-III subunit necessary for this checkpoint. We now report the discovery that cytoplasmic abscission checkpoint bodies (ACBs) containing phospho-Aurora B and tri-phospho-CHMP4C develop in telophase under an active checkpoint. ACBs are derived from Mitotic Interchromatin Granules (MIGs), transient mitotic structures whose components are housed in splicing-related nuclear speckles during interphase. ACB formation requires CHMP4C, and the ESCRT factor ALIX also contributes. ACB formation is conserved across cell types and under multiple circumstances that activate the checkpoint. Finally, ACBs retain a population of ALIX, and their presence correlates with delayed recruitment of ALIX to the midbody where it would normally promote abscission. Thus, a cytoplasmic mechanism helps regulate midbody machinery to delay abscission.
Conformation and protein interactions of intramolecular DNA and phosphorothioate four-way junctions.

The objectives of this study are to evaluate the structure and protein recognition features of branched DNA four-way junctions in an effort to explore the therapeutic potential of these molecules. The classic immobile DNA 4WJ, J1, is used as a matrix to design novel intramolecular junctions including natural and phosphorothioate bonds. Here we have inserted H2-type mini-hairpins into the helical termini of the arms of J1 to generate four novel intramolecular four-way junctions. Hairpins are inserted to reduce end fraying and effectively eliminate potential nuclease binding sites. We compare the structure and protein recognition features of J1 with four intramolecular four-way junctions: i-J1, i-J1(PS1), i-J1(PS2) and i-J1(PS3). Circular dichroism studies suggest that the secondary structure of each intramolecular 4WJ is composed predominantly of B-form helices. Thermal unfolding studies indicate that intramolecular four-way junctions are significantly more stable than J1. The Tm values of the hairpin four-way junctions are 25.2° to 32.2°C higher than the control, J1. With respect to protein recognition, gel shift assays reveal that the DNA-binding proteins HMGBb1 and HMGB1 bind the hairpin four-way junctions with affinity levels similar to control, J1. To evaluate nuclease resistance, four-way junctions are incubated with DNase I, exonuclease III (Exo III) and T5 exonuclease (T5 Exo). The enzymes probe nucleic acid cleavage that occurs non-specifically (DNase I) and in a 5'→3' (T5 Exo) and 3'→5' direction (Exo III). The nuclease digestion assays clearly show that the intramolecular four-way junctions possess significantly higher nuclease resistance than the control, J1.
Computational Insights into the Nucleation of Mixed-Valent Polyoxovanadate Alkoxide Clusters.

The synthesis of novel tunable electroactive species remains a key challenge for a wide range of chemical applications such as redox catalysis, energy storage, and optoelectronics. In recent years, polyoxovanadate (POV) alkoxide clusters have emerged as a new class of compounds with highly promising electrochemical applications. However, our knowledge of the formation pathways of POV alkoxides is rather limited. Understanding the speciation of POV alkoxides is fundamental for controlling and manipulating the evolution of transient species during their nucleation and therefore tuning the properties of the final product. Here, we present a computational study of the nucleation pathways of a mixed-valent [(VV6-nVIVnO6)(O)(O-CH3)12](4-n)+ POV alkoxide cluster in the absence of reducing agents other than methanol.
Developmental heatmaps of brain functional connectivity from newborns to 6-year-olds.

Abstract Different functional networks exhibit distinct longitudinal trajectories throughout development, but the timeline of the dynamics of functional connectivity across the whole brain remains to be elucidated. Here we used resting-state fMRI to investigate the development of voxel-level changes in functional connectivity across the first six years of life. Globally, we found that developmental changes in functional connectivity are nonlinear with more changes during the first postnatal year than the second, followed by most significant changes from ages 2–4 and from ages 4–6. However, the overall global difference observed between the first and second year appears to have been driven by girls. Limbic and subcortical areas consistently demonstrated the most substantial changes, whereas primary sensory areas were the most stable. These patterns were consistent in full-term and preterm subgroups. Validation on randomly divided subsamples as well as in an independent cross-sectional sample revealed global patterns consistent with the main results. Overall, the derived developmental heatmaps reveal novel dynamics underlying functional circuit development during the first 6 years of life.
Aerospace vehicle noise-induced structural vibrations.

The nature of aerospace noise-induced vibration problems is summarized, with emphasis placed on reviewing and categorizing types and sources of noise which are significant in such problems. Physical characteristics of representative noise loads associated with propellers, turbojet engine exhausts, and sonic boom waves are presented. Examples of noise-induced structural vibrations are discussed.
Low power sigma delta decimation filter

This paper presents an efficient design and implementation of a low power sigma delta digital decimation filter. We implement a low power decimation filter with a narrow transition finite impulse response (FIR) filter using a canonic signed digit number (CSD) system. We use multi-stage multi-rate signal processing to design and implement half-band filters and narrow transition band FIR filters. The decimation filter is designed using Simulink, DSP Blockset and simulated using Matlab. The FIR filter has been coded in Verilog and implemented using FPGA Xilinx 4000 technology. The power consumption of the proposed decimation filter is reduced by 67% compared to the conventional 4-stage comb-FIR architecture.
Vertical natural capacitor time dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) improvement in 28nm

Ultra Low-K films are used in advanced technologies as an interlayer dielectric in Cu processing. Due to its high porosity, it poses a lot of process challenges. This paper discusses one challenge it posed for reliability of vertical natural capacitors (VNCAP). When a new Cu-CMP slurry was evaluated for its improved performance for defects and uniformity, degradation of the time dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) lifetime for VNCAP was observed. Studies have been performed to characterize the interaction of the deposited film to the CMP process. In the course of this investigation, it was observed that the post-CMP clean chemistry impacts the TDDB lifetime. By characterizing the ULK surface post-CMP, and establishing inline correlations to TDDB lifetime, a new process was identified quickly to improve the TDDB lifetime by 2 orders.
The network computer and its future

This future network computer is clearly not simply a computer with a communications peripheral, but rather a communication device with a network-attached computer peripheral. All the growth in computation capability being provided by the PC industry will still be required as network servers by this new computing paradigm, and the user device will have the simplicity required of any consumer device. Finally, if the use of the Internet continues to pervade all aspects of life, the need to have ubiquitous access will necessitate the mobility that can be provided in this future conception of the network computer.
The reaction of F atoms with O2 in an argon matrix: Vibrational spectra and photochemistry of FO2 and O2F2

Abstract When F atoms produced by a microwave discharge through NF 3 in argon carrier gas are codeposited with O 2 in an argon matrix at 14K, prominent infrared absorptions—including several overtone and combination bands—of FO 2 and of O 2 F 2 result. Also present is a peak at 1548 cm −1 , contributed either by (O 2 ) 2 or by O 2 perturbed by a nearby F 2 molecule. Upon exposure of the sample to radiation of wavelength longer than 650 nm, this peak disappears, with the concurrent appearance of absorptions assigned to O 2 F 2 trapped in a different type of site in the argon lattice. Detailed isotopic substitution studies support the previous vibrational assignments for FO 2 . The behavior of the OF-stretching overtone absorptions of O 2 F 2 suggests that the unobserved OO-stretching fundamental lies in the 1250–1300 cm −1 spectral region, resulting in Fermi resonance interaction between it and the two OF-stretching overtones. The normal coordinate analysis of O 2 F 2 is refined to include the vibrational data for 16 O 18 OF 2 . No discrete electronic absorptions are observed between 220 and 870 nm. However, photodissociation of FO 2 is observed with a threshold near 490 nm, and photodissociation of O 2 F 2 occurs rapidly at wavelengths near 300 nm.
Modelling soil water dynamics considering measurement uncertainty

In shallow water table-controlled environments, surface water management impacts groundwater table levels and soil water dynamics. The study goal was to simulate soil water dynamics in response to canal stage raises considering uncertainty in measured soil water content. Water and Agrochemicals in the soil, crop and Vadose Environment (WAVE) was applied to simulate unsaturated flow above a shallow aquifer. Global sensitivity analysis was performed to identify model input factors with the greatest influence on predicted soil water content. Nash–Sutcliffe increased and Root Mean Square Error reduced when uncertainties in measured data were considered in goodness-of-fit calculations using measurement probability distributions and probable asymmetric error boundaries, implying that appropriate model performance evaluation should be carried out using uncertainty ranges instead of single values. Although uncertainty in the experimental measured data limited evaluation of the absolute predictions by the model, WAVE was found a useful exploratory tool for estimating temporal variation in soil water content. Visual analysis of soil water content time series under proposed changes in canal stage management indicated that sites with land surface elevation of less than 2.0-m NGVD29 were predicted to periodically experience saturated conditions in the root zone and shortening of the growing season if canal stage is raised more than 9 cm and maintained at this level. The models developed could be combined with high-resolution digital elevation models in future studies to identify areas with the greatest risk of experiencing saturated root zone. The study also highlighted the need to incorporate measurement uncertainty when evaluating performance of unsaturated flow models. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Questionable Character of the Bar's Character and Fitness Inquiry

Lawyers who engage in misconduct can do substantial harm. To screen out “unfit” lawyers, bar examining authorities collect detailed personal information from bar applicants. The rationale for this “character and fitness” inquiry is to identify who is likely to become a problematic lawyer. Despite the history of discrimination associated with this inquiry and the highly personal information requested, there has been no rigorous test of whether such predictions are possible. This article examines the information disclosed by 1,343 Connecticut bar applicants and their subsequent disciplinary records. It reveals that while some bar application data are associated with an elevated risk of future discipline, the predictive power of the data is extremely low. Moreover, several variables are more strongly associated with less severe discipline than with more severe discipline. We argue that some of the causal mechanisms linking application data to subsequent discipline may have more to do with career trajectory than with an underlying propensity to engage in misconduct.
Rewriting the Bases of Capitalism: Reflexive Modernity and Ecological Sustainability as the Foundations of a New Normative Framework

The debate on sustainable globalized development rests on two clearly stated economic assumptions: that "development" proceeds, solely and inevitably, through industrialization and the proliferation of capital intensive high-technology, towards the creation of service sector economies; and that globalization, based on a neoliberal, capitalist, free market ideology, provides the only vehicle for such development. Sustainability, according to the proponents of globalized development, is merely a function of market forces, which will generate the solutions for all problems including the environmental dilemmas that loom over the globe today. The social focus of globalized development is clearly the "individual" and the much-touted goal of development in the context of these debates, is the emancipation of the individual from want. This glorification of the individual, so characteristic of the Enlightenment, has defined all aspects of modernity, leading to approaches that are self-focused and that give little thought to the needs of society or even the social context. The increasing impoverishment of human life and the growing environmental degradation, however, provide a poignant counterpoint to this onrush of capital interests, demanding a reassessment of sustainability separate from the logic of industrialization and globalized development. This paper examines the unfolding of the logic of capitalism, which underlies the structure of the Rostowian model of development and the problems in the assumptions underlying today's globalized development process. The evident impossibility of sustainability in the current growth-based market system leads to the examination of alternatives including a reflexive understanding of the choices and the inclusion of opportunity costs, related to the social, environmental and economic aspects of decision making. The integration of all factors of production into the logic of development provides a sustainable alternative to the current system.