cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anesthetic efficacy and heart rate effects of the supplemental intraosseous injection of 2% mepivacaine with 1:20,000 levonordefrin.

Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine the anesthetic efficacy and heart rate effects of a supplemental intraosseous injection of 2% mepivacaine with 1:20,000 levonordefrin. Study Design. Through use of a repeated-measures design, 40 subjects randomly received 3 combinations of injections at 3 separate appointments. The combinations were as follows: inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) block (with 3% mepivacaine) + intraosseous injection of 1.8 mL of 2% mepivacaine with 1:20,000 levonordefrin; IAN block + intraosseous injection of 1.8 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine (positive control); IAN block + mock intraosseous injection (negative control). Each first molar, second molar, and second premolar was blindly tested with a pulp tester at 2-minute cycles for 60 minutes after injection. Anesthesia was considered successful when 2 consecutive readings of 80 were obtained. Heart rate (pulse rate) was measured with a pulse oximeter. Results. One hundred percent of the subjects had lip numbness with the IAN block + intraosseous mock technique and IAN block + intraosseous techniques. The anesthetic success rates for IAN block + mock intraosseous injection, IAN block + intraosseous lidocaine, and IAN block + intraosseous mepivacaine, respectively, were as follows: 80%, 100%, and 100% for the first molar; 90%, 100%, and 100% for the second molar; 77%, 97%, and 97% for the second premolar. For the first molar and second premolar, the differences were significant (P < .05) when the intraosseous mepivacaine and lidocaine techniques were compared with the IAN block + mock intraosseous injection. There were no significant differences between the intraosseous mepivacaine and lidocaine techniques. Eighty percent of the subjects had a mean increase in heart rate of 23-24 beats per minute with the intraosseous injection of the mepivacaine and lidocaine solutions; there were no significant differences between results with the 2 solutions. Conclusions. We concluded that intraosseous injection of 1.8 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine or 2% mepivacaine with 1:20,000 levonordefrin, used to supplement an IAN block, significantly increased anesthetic success in first molars and second premolars. The 2 solutions were equivalent with regard to intraosseous anesthetic success rate, failure rate, and heart rate increase after IAN block. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999;87:284-93)
Systemic chemotherapy and extracorporeal photochemotherapy for T3 and T4 cutaneous T-cell lymphoma patients who have achieved a complete response to total skin electron beam therapy

PURPOSE To evaluate the impact of systemic adjuvant therapies on relapse-free (RFS) and overall survival (OS) of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) patients treated with total skin electron beam therapy (TSEBT). METHODS AND MATERIALS Between 1974 and 1990, TSEBT (36 Gy at 1 Gy/day; 9 weeks; 6 MeV electrons) was administered with curative intent to a total of 163 CTCL (mycosis fungoides) patients using six fields supplemented by orthovoltage boosts (120 kvp, 1 Gy x 20) to the perineum, soles of feet, and apical scalp (120 kvp, 2 Gy x 3). In this group, all patients who achieved a clinical complete response or a good partial response were offered one of two competing regimens of either adjuvant doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide or adjuvant extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP). RESULTS When the results for the group who achieved a complete response (CR) to TSEBT were analyzed, OS for T1 and T2 patients was excellent (85-90% at 5-10 years) and not improved by either adjuvant regimen. However, T3 and T4 patients who received either adjuvant doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide (75% at 3 years) or adjuvant ECP (100% at 3 years) had better overall survival than those who received neither adjuvant regimen (approximately 50% at 5 years). The difference between the OS curves for those who received ECP vs. those who received no adjuvant therapy approached statistical significance (p < 0.06), while a significant survival benefit from the addition of chemotherapy for TSEBT complete responders was not observed. Neither adjuvant therapy provided benefit with respect to relapse free survival after TSEBT. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that an adjuvant nontoxic regimen of extracorporeal photochemotherapy may prolong survival in advanced stage CTCL patients who have achieved a complete remission after TSEBT. The combination of doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide had no significant impact on overall survival in those patients who achieved CR to TSEBT, and neither adjuvant therapy had an impact on relapse free survival for all T-stages. Such results are the basis for the current development of a prospective, randomized trial studying the impact of ECP after TSEBT in patients with advanced stage CTCL.
Nuclear and axonal localization of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type Gr in rat cerebellar cortex.

Abstract The granule cell-enriched Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase-Gr) is a recently discovered neuron-specific enzyme. The kinase avidly phosphorylates synapsin I and contains a polyglutamate sequence, which suggests an association with chromatin as well. A possible role in synapsin I phosphorylation and in nuclear Ca2+ signaling was supported by immunochemical and ultrastructural examination of CaM kinase-Gr distribution. CaM kinase-Gr immunoreactivity was present in the molecular and granule cell layers of the rat cerebellum. This pattern corresponded to the occurrence of the enzyme in the granule cell axons and nuclei, respectively. Immunoblots confirmed these findings. Thus, CaM kinase-Gr may mediate and coordinate Ca2(+)-signaling within different subcellular compartments.
B-Lymphoma Models for Tolerance: The Good, the Bad, and the Apoptotic

Abstract Murine B-cell lymphomas have become useful models for analyzing the mechanisms of clonal deletion and apoptosis during tolerance, as well as for understanding the regulation of both normal and neoplastic cell growth. In this article, the advantages and disadvantages of these lymphoma models are summarized, and the pathways of signal transduction regulating cell cycle behavior are described. Our studies, and those of several other laboratories, have demonstrated that crosslinking of membrane IgM on a subset of B-cell lymphomas leads to an initial tyrosine phosphorylation event leading to the transcriptional regulation of the c- myc oncogene, subsequent modulation of the phosphorylation of the pRB growth suppressor protein, and cell cycle arrest. This process is followed by apoptosis presumably due to alterations in myc protein turnover. Whether similar events occur during B-cell tolerance in the developing host is discussed.
THE SCIENCES OF CLINICAL PRACTICE

Summary The Robert Wood Johnson Commission on Medical Education focused on evidence that, in the midst of the genetic revolution in medicine, medical students all too often are not engaged by the science component of their education. Medical education is being driven by social as well as these intellectual forces to make fundamental changes. In the USA, the rich array of scientific talent can be used more effectively, and there is a new significance for the behavioural, social, probabilistic, and information sciences. The Report discusses the general changes under way in the USA and includes examples from the eight schools in the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Preparing Physicians for the Future: A Program in Medical Education. Another report explores the reasons why the general changes under way in North American medical education are difficult to bring about. Educating Medical Students is the report of the Assessing Change in Medical Education: The Road to Implementation (ACME-TRI) project of the Association of American Medical Colleges. This project, funded by the Charles E. Culpeper Foundation, explored the recurring problems in medical students’ education that have been reported from the 1930s. The ACME-TRI report documents that most medical schools have not solved these recurring problems, summarizes the schools’ views of the barriers to solving these problems, and identifies strategies to assist schools in overcoming or minimizing the barriers they have identified. Together, the Robert Wood Johnson Commission report and the ACME-TRI report provide a context in which to consider the complex issues facing medical education in the 21st century.
Optically detected multipulse nuclear-quadrupole-resonance studies of trivalent praseodymium in zero and weak static magnetic fields.

Optically detected multipulse nuclear quadrupole resonance is used to study trivalent praseodymium in lanthanum trifluoride in zero and weak static magnetic fields. A spin-locking spin-echo rf pulse sequence consisting of a \ensuremath{\pi}/2 preparation pulse, followed by repeated sequence of space t, a \ensuremath{\pi}/2 pulse phase shifted by 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} from the preparation pulse, and a space t. A Raman heterodyne scheme was used for optical detection. The coherence was observed to decay exponentially at a rate of 51 \ensuremath{\mu}sec (6.2 kHz) in zero static magnetic field. For static magnetic fields of 80 G applied along the ${c}_{3}$ axis the decay was described by time constants of 76 \ensuremath{\mu}sec (4.2 kHz) and 372 \ensuremath{\mu}sec (855 Hz). This represents a lengthening of the coherence time from a previously reported (two-pulse spin echo) 16.9 \ensuremath{\mu}sec (18.8 kHz) at zero field and a measured 37.5 \ensuremath{\mu}sec (8.5 kHz) at 80 G.
Visual loss in patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome before widespread availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Objective To evaluate rates and causes of visual loss among patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis before widespread availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Methods Data from 681 patients with AIDS and newly diagnosed or relapsed CMV retinitis who enrolled in 3 clinical trials conducted by the Studies of Ocular Complications of AIDS (SOCA) Research Group (between 1990 and 1996) were combined to evaluate the rates and causes of visual loss. Visual acuity and visual field (Goldmann visual fields) losses were evaluated. Results The rates of visual loss in eyes with CMV retinitis were substantial in all 3 clinical trials, ranging from 51.7 to 97.7 events per 100 eye-years for loss of visual acuity to worse than 20/40 and 18.9 to 49.1 events per 100 eye-years for loss of visual acuity to 20/200 or worse. The 2 major causes of visual loss were retinitis, involving either the macula or the optic nerve, and retinal detachment. After 1992, visual outcomes improved significantly. Antiretroviral therapy was associated with a 30% reduction in the risk of visual acuity loss (relative risk, 0.70; P = .02). Conclusions In the pre-HAART era, visual morbidity was substantial. However, there was a secular trend for improved outcomes. The principal causes of visual loss were CMV involvement of the posterior retina and retinal detachment.
Evaluation of a residency program's experience with a one-week emergency medicine resident rotation at a medical liability insurance company.

INTRODUCTION: The authors' residency program implemented a one-week rotation at the office of a medical liability insurance company. Residents examined 30 closed malpractice claims cases and sat in on settlement discussions. OBJECTIVE: To review the residents' evaluations of their experiences and to determine whether this was a worthwhile addition to the emergency medicine (EM) residency curriculum. METHODS: This was a five-year retrospective study that reviewed residents' annual evaluations from 1994 to 1999 regarding the medical liability rotation. A five-point scale was used to score specific categories in the rotation and an open-ended section was used to collect general comments. RESULTS: A total of 179 resident evaluations were reviewed. The quality of teaching ranked in the 80th percentile, the clinical caseload ranked in the 85th percentile, and level of responsibility ranked in the 79th percentile for all EM rotations. Specific comments included "All MDs should do this in their training"; "Quite an eye opener"; and "Good exposure to legal aspects of EM." CONCLUSIONS: Overall, EM residents found the one-week rotation to be invaluable and a good learning experience. This rotation ranked above average when compared with all of our other EM residency rotations. Language: en
Elements and polychlorinated biphenyls in sewage sludges of large cities in the United States

Abstract An analytical survey was conducted of sewage sludges from 16 large cities in the United States for toxic and nutrient elements and polychlorinated biphenyls. The Cd content of one sludge (242 ppm) was far above that recommended if the sludge is to be applied to agricultural land. The content of Ni or Zn in four other sludges was only slightly below permissible levels for those metals. Continuous analytical monitoring of toxicant levels in sludges is recommended.
Some Patterns in the Development of Centers of Solar Activity, 1962–66

A graphical representation of the 66 solar rotations (Carrington) between January 1, 1962 and December 31, 1966 has been prepared. It includes all centers of activity for which the calcium plage attained an area of at least 1000 millionths of the solar hemisphere and/or intensity 3 (McMath scale). In this study the antecedents, descendents, and neighbors of each region can easily be discerned. The work shows clearly that zones of activity, apparently closely related and much larger than single plages existed for long intervals of time. For example, the significant increases in solar activity in February, May, and October of 1965 occurred in a ‘family’ of calcium plages apparently related through similarities of position and strong radio emission.
High voltage protection for USB transceivers in 45nm CMOS

Many present day IO specifications require over-voltage protection. USB2.0, a popular serial interface, requires a 5.25V short circuit protection for the signal pins. This becomes a challenging requirement to meet in Ultra Deep Sub-micron (UDSM) technologies. The challenge lies in protecting the low-voltage gate oxides from higher voltage in different modes of operation including power down. A protection circuit is proposed in this paper that also protects from overshoots due to a mismatched cable. The proposed circuit also ensures that supply for the output pad driver doesn't get charged during the high voltage event. It continues to protect during power down drawing ∼12µA current ensuring low power operation. The protection circuit presented in this paper is implemented in 45nm CMOS, without using any 3.3V gate-oxide transistors. This circuit consumes 300µA from 3.3V during functional mode. The area of this circuit is 90×320µm2.
Cytotoxicity and cell-proliferation induced by the nephrocarcinogen hydroquinone and its nephrotoxic metabolite 2,3,5-(tris-glutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone.

Hydroquinone, an intermediate used in the chemical industry and a metabolite of benzene, is a nephrocarcinogen in the 2-year National Toxicology Program bioassay in male Fischer 344 rats. Current evidence suggests that certain chemicals may induce carcinogenesis by a mechanism involving cytotoxicity, followed by sustained regenerative hyperplasia and ultimately tumor formation. Glutathione (GSH) conjugates of a variety of hydroquinones are potent nephrotoxicants, and we now report on the effect of hydroquinone and 2,3,5-(tris-glutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone, on site-selective cytotoxicity and cell proliferation in rat kidney. Male Fischer 344 rats (160‐200 g) were treated with hydroquinone (1.8 mmol/kg or 4.5 mmol/kg, p.o. ) or 2,3,5-(tris-glutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone (7.5 mmol/kg; 1.2‐ 1.5 mmol/rat, i.v.), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urinary g-glutamyl transpeptidase (g-GT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glucose were measured as indices of nephrotoxicity. Hydroquinone (1.8 mmol/kg, p.o.) is nephrotoxic in some rats, but not others, but cell proliferation (BrDU incorporation) in proximal tubular cells of the S3M region correlates with the degree of toxicity in individual rats. At 4.5 mmol/kg, hydroquinone causes significant increases in the urinary excretion of gGT, ALP and GST. Pretreatment of rats with acivicin prevents hydroquinone-mediated nephrotoxicity, indicating that toxicity is dependent on the formation of metabolites that require processing by g-GT. Consistent with this view, 2,3,5-(tris-glutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone, a metabolite of hydroquinone, causes increases in BUN, urinary g-GT and ALP, all of which are maximal 12 h after administration of 2,3,5-(tris-glutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone. In contrast, the maximal excretion of GST and glucose occurs after 24 h. By 72 h, BUN and glucose concentrations return to control levels, while g-GT, ALP and GST remain slightly elevated. Examination of kidney slices by light microscopy revealed the presence of tubular necrosis in the S 3M segment of the proximal tubule, extending into the medullary rays. Cell proliferation rates in this region were 2.4, 6.9, 15.3 and 14.3% after 12, 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively, compared to *Abbreviations: BHA, butylated hydroxyanisole; ABC, avidine-biotin-peroxidase complex; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; BrDU, bromodeoxyuridine; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; GSH, reduced glutathione; GST, glutathione-S-transferase; γ-GT, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; LI, labeling index; OSOM, outer stripe of the outer medulla; PBS, phosphate buffered saline.
Outcomes of Primary Total Joint Arthroplasty After Lung Transplantation

Lung transplantation is increasingly common with improving survival rates. Post-transplant patients can be expected to seek total hip (THA) and knee arthroplasty (TKA) to improve their quality of life. Outcomes of 20 primary total joint arthroplasties (15 THA, 5 TKA) in 14 patients with lung transplantation were reviewed. Clinical follow-up time averaged 27.5 and 42.8 months for THA and TKA respectively. Arthroplasty indications included osteonecrosis, osteoarthritis, and fracture. All patients subjectively reported good or excellent outcomes with a final average Harris Hip Score of 88.7, Knee Society objective and functional score of 92.0. There were 4 minor and 1 major acute perioperative complications. 1 late TKA infection was successfully treated with two-stage revision. The mortality rate was 28.5% (4/14 patients) at an average 20.6 months following but unrelated to arthroplasty. Overall, total joint arthroplasty can be safely performed and provide good functional outcomes in lung transplant recipients.
Identification of novel susceptibility loci for inflammatory bowel disease on chromosomes 1p, 3q, and 4q: Evidence for epistasis between 1p and IBD1

The idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic, frequently disabling diseases of the intestines. Segregation analyses, twin concordance, and ethnic differences in familial risks have established that CD and UC are complex, non-Mendelian, related genetic disorders. We performed a genome-wide screen using 377 autosomal markers, on 297 CD, UC, or mixed relative pairs from 174 families, 37% Ashkenazim. We observed evidence for linkage at 3q for all families (multipoint logarithm of the odds score (MLod) = 2.29, P = 5.7 × 10−4), with greatest significance for non-Ashkenazim Caucasians (MLod = 3.39, P = 3.92 × 10−5), and at chromosome 1p (MLod = 2.65, P = 2.4 × 10−4) for all families. In a limited subset of mixed families (containing one member with CD and another with UC), evidence for linkage was observed on chromosome 4q (MLod = 2.76, P = 1.9 × 10−4), especially among Ashkenazim. There was confirmatory evidence for a CD locus, overlapping IBD1, in the pericentromeric region of chromosome 16 (MLod = 1.69, P = 2.6 × 10−3), particularly among Ashkenazim (MLod = 1.51, P = 7.8 × 10−3); however, positive MLod scores were observed over a very broad region of chromosome 16. Furthermore, evidence for epistasis between IBD1 and chromosome 1p was observed. Thirteen additional loci demonstrated nominal (MLod > 1.0, P < 0.016) evidence for linkage. This screen provides strong evidence that there are several major susceptibility loci contributing to the genetic risk for CD and UC.
Long-term follow-up of patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy in the presence of a contralateral occlusion

Abstract Background : Patients with stenosis of one carotid artery and occlusion of the contralateral carotid artery (stenosis-occlusion) who are treated medically are at high risk for stroke. We have recently reported that carotid endarterectomy on the stenotic artery has a low perioperative risk in these patients. We now present follow-up data to define the long-term effectiveness of this operation. Patients and methods : From 1985 to 1991, 135 patients with stenosis-occlusion underwent endarterectomy of the stenotic carotid artery. Selective intra-arterial shunting was performed based on mental status changes under regional anesthesia, preoperative neurologic deficit, or evidence of preoperative cerebral infarction on computed tomography scan. Shunting was used in 70 patients (52%). Saphenous vein was used for patch closure in 132 patients (98%), and polytetrafluoroethylene in 3 (2%). Results : By life-table analysis, 92% of patients have remained stroke-free at 5 years. Fourteen deaths, none related to cerebrovascular disease, have occurred during follow-up. The life-table cumulative stroke-free survival rate at 5 years is 74%, and the overall survival rate is 82%. Conclusion : Carotid endarterectomy in the presence of a contralateral occlusion provides long-term benefit to the patient with respect to prevention of stroke. With lower perioperative stroke rates and proven long-term benefit, carotid endarterectomy of the stenotic artery should be the treatment of choice in the patient with stenosis-occlusion.
Three decades of many-body potentials in materials research

A brief history of atomic simulation as it was used in chemistry, physics, and materials science is presented starting with seminal work by Eyring in the 1930s through to current work and future challenges. This article provides the background and perspective needed to understand the ways in which reactive many-body potentials developed over the last three decades and have impacted materials research. It also explains the way in which this substantial impact on the field has been facilitated by increases in computational resources and traces the development of reactive potentials, which have steadily increased in complexity and sophistication over time. Together with the other contributions in this issue of MRS Bulletin, this article will help guide and inspire the next generation of computational materials scientists and engineers as they build on current capabilities to expand atomic simulation into new and exciting areas of materials research.
Isotretinoin and Psychiatric Illness in Adolescents and Young Adults

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the relationship between isotretinoin and psychiatric illness in adolescents and young adults.DATA SOURCES:Primary literature located via MEDLINE (1966–December 2002). Key terms were isotretinoin, depression, psychosis, suicide, and adolescents.DATA SYNTHESIS:Information regarding depression was added to isotretinoin labeling in 1998 following a series of case reports and submitted to the MedWatch system.CONCLUSIONS:Although a causal relationship may exist between isotretinoin and psychiatric illness in adolescents and young adults, this has not been demonstrated in the literature. Until evidence establishes a presence or lack of causality, prescribers should exercise caution when treating adolescents and young adults with isotretinoin.
Thomas Henry Huxley's Address at the Opening of the Johns Hopkins University in September 1876

On Christmas Eve, 1873, the 79-year-old Johns Hopkins died, and the birth process of The Johns Hopkins University and The Johns Hopkins Hospital began. From a devout Quaker family, Mr. Hopkins had become one of Baltimore’s wealthiest citizens through his success first in the wholesale grocery business, and then in banking and finance, though he had little formal education. A bachelor, Johns Hopkins had created in 1867 a Board of 12 distinguished trustees whose task it would be at his death to establish a university and a hospital. In his will1 Hopkins donated $3,500,000 to each venture and also his 330-acre country estate (Clifton), an incredibly generous endowment for that time. Virtually no restrictions were to be attached. The Board now moved quickly, seeking advice from many quarters, including the presidents of Harvard, Cornell and Michigan, on educational policies and potential candidates for president. The Board was strongly recommended to secure Daniel Coit Gilpian (1831-1908) who, in 1873 at the age of 42, had begun serving as the president of the new University of California at Berkeley.
Nocturia, sleep-disordered breathing, and cardiovascular morbidity in a community-based cohort.

Background: Nocturia has been independently associated with cardiovascular morbidity and all-cause mortality, but such studies did not adjust for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), which may have mediated such a relationship. Our aims were to determine whether an association between nocturia and cardiovascular morbidity exists that is independent of SDB. We also determined whether nocturia is independently associated with SDB. Methodology/Principal Findings: In order to accomplish these aims we performed a cross-sectional analysis of the Sleep Heart Health Study that contained information regarding SDB, nocturia, and cardiovascular morbidity in a middle-age to elderly community-based population. In 6342 participants (age 63611 [SD] years, 53% women), after adjusting for known confounders such as age, body mass index, diuretic use, diabetes mellitus, alpha-blocker use, nocturia was independently associated with SDB (measured as Apnea Hypopnea index .15 per hour; OR 1.3; 95%CI, 1.2–1.5). After adjusting for SDB and other known confounders, nocturia was independently associated with prevalent hypertension (OR 1.23; 95%CI 1.08– 1.40; P = 0.002), cardiovascular disease (OR 1.26; 95%CI 1.05–1.52; P = 0.02) and stroke (OR 1.62; 95%CI 1.14–2.30; P = 0.007). Moreover, nocturia was also associated with adverse objective alterations of sleep as measured by polysomnography and self-reported excessive daytime sleepiness (P,0.05). Conclusions/Significance: Nocturia is independently associated with sleep-disordered breathing. After adjusting for SDB, there remained an association between nocturia and cardiovascular morbidity. Such results support screening for SDB in patients with nocturia, but the mechanisms underlying the relationship between nocturia and cardiovascular morbidity requires further study. MeSH terms: Nocturia, sleep-disordered breathing, obstructive sleep apnea, sleep apnea, polysomnography, hypertension.
An Application of Variance-Ratio Test of Five Asian Stock Markets

In the present study the variance-ratio test developed by Lo and MacKinlay (1988, and 1989) is applied to monthly stock index returns of five Asian markets that are in different stages of development. The markets examined are Bangladesh, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Taiwan. Although previous studies have examined the efficiency issues of the markets in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Taiwan, the empirical evidence is often contradictory. The current study looks at the efficiency issues of these markets over a sufficiently long period of time (November 1986 — December 1995) using more appropriate methodology and type of data. Also, this study is the first to provide new evidence on an emerging market in Asia — Bangladesh. Results reported in this study indicate that the index return series of all the sample markets except Sri Lanka do follow a random walk.
Print news coverage of cancer: what prevention messages are conveyed when screening is newsworthy?

Abstract Background : Americans are generally favorable towards cancer screening, but fatalistic about cancer prevention. News coverage shapes perceptions of cancer control in meaningful ways, but there is little consensus as to the impact of news on our understanding of and engagement in cancer screening practices. Our analysis of cancer screening-related print news coverage during a four month period in 2005 suggests that the newsworthiness of new screening technologies may undermine public confidence in currently available and effective secondary prevention programs, while promoting tests whose effectiveness is debated or not yet established. Methods and results : We conducted a structured text analysis of 517 cancer-related news articles from 15 leading daily newspapers and a subsequent qualitative analysis of the 79 screening news articles. Screening articles were analyzed for content related to criteria for screening effectiveness. Content patterns for each type of screening and cancer were also noted. News coverage consistently conveyed screening as important and highlighted the need to protect and expand access to screening. At the same time, to the extent that story content was framed by the newsworthiness of new tests and technologies this often indirectly called into question effective and established protocols and programs without providing any actionable alternative. Conclusion : This analysis revealed unexpected messages about screening that are potentially problematic for cancer control. The cancer control community should continue efforts to understand and shape news coverage of screening in order to promote balanced and action-oriented content. Research has shown that Americans hold conflicting views regarding cancer—having a favorable opinion of screening while simultaneously feeling fatalistic about prevention. Our analysis of print news stories on cancer screening suggests that the determination of screening's "newsworthiness" is related to newly developed tests and protocols, which may create demand for new tests whose effectiveness is unknown and undermine confidence in established and effective screening programs.
Parametrized scalar field on openR >= 1: Dynamical pictures, spacetime diffeomorphisms, and conformal isometries.

As a preparation for a consistent Dirac constraint quantization and an anomaly-free operator representation of the spacetime diffeomorphism algebra, we develop a covariant canonical theory of a parametrized massless scalar field propagating on a cylindrical Minkowskian spacetime. We show how to pass from the Schr\"odinger picture to the Heisenberg picture on the extended phase space of this parametrized system, how to construct a pair of canonical representations of L DiffM by using these pictures, and how to relate canonical representations of conformal isometries to those of L DiffM. We reconstruct the spacetime structures needed for operator ordering from the geometric data on a single embedding. We keep the formalism covariant under all relevant transformations.
Bio‐optical inferences from chlorophyll a fluorescence: What kind of fluorescence is measured in flow cytometry?

A comparison is made of the in vivo Chl a fluorescence per cell measured by the flow cytometer (1c,,,) and dark-adapted bulk fluorescence measured in a standard field fluorometer for the marine cryptomonad Chroomonas sp. (clone Chang 2). The bulk fluorescence protocol estimated the levels of the minimum (F,) and maximum (F’,,) fluorescence yields that are exhibited depending on the rcdox state of the photosystem II reaction center. Both I;0 and F,,, are known to be functions of cell irradiance history. During the illumination of control samples at growth irradiance (40 pmol quanta m-* s-l), F,, F,,,, and F,,, (EPICS V) all increased by about the same proportion. After exposure to photoinhibiting irradiance (1,700 pmol quanta m-2 s-l), F,,,,, decreased and F0 increased. Parameters of the photosynthesis-irradiance curve verified that photoinhibition had occurred, indicating less activity at all irradiances. In contrast to bulk fluorescence measurements, relative changes in F,,, in response to strong-irradiance treatment were much smaller than changes in FO, and F,,,,,,. We conclude that this is because FM is intermediate between F. and F,,,,,. Multiple regression analyses suggest that, under the flow cytometry conditions used, F,, exhibits -20% enhancement above F,,, i.e. an average of 20% of the increase from F. to F,,,. Time scales of photosystem II primary photochemistry are consistent with this amount of fluorescence enhancement occurring over the residence time of the cell in the laser beam. These results suggest caution in using oversimplified interpretations of Fcyt. The enhancement effect should also be considered in other instances where fluorescence is excited by a brief saturating flash, for example, some types of in situ fluorometers.
Arousal-Mediated Memory Consolidation: Role of the Medial Temporal Lobe in Humans

Although the influence of emotional arousal on declara- tive memory has been documented behaviorally, the mechanisms underlying arousal-memory interactions and their representation in the human brain remain uncertain. One route through which arousal achieves its effects on memory performance is by regulating consoli- dation processes. Animal research has revealed that the amygdala strengthens hippocampal-dependent memory consolidation in a limit- ed time window following participation in an arousing task. To exam- ine whether this integrative function of amygdalo-hippocampal structures extends to the human brain, we tested unilateral-temporal- lobectomy patients on an adaptation of a classic paradigm in which levels of physiological arousal at encoding modulate retention over time. Subjects rated emotionally arousing (taboo) and neutral words on an arousal scale while their skin conductance responses (SCRs) were monitored. Recall for the words was assessed immediately and after a 1-hr delay. Both temporal-lobectomy patients and control sub- jects generated enhanced SCRs and arousal ratings for the arousing words at the time of encoding. However, only control subjects exhibit- ed an increase in memory for the arousing words over time. This group difference in the effect of arousal on the rate of forgetting suggests that the role of medial temporal lobe structures in memory consolidation for arousing events is conserved across species. dala's mechanism of action involves both direct interconnections with the hippocampus and indirect feedback via the release of hormones in the periphery. To investigate whether this function of the medial tem- poral lobe extends to the human brain, we tested unilateral-temporal- lobectomy patients on an adaptation of Kleinsmith and Kaplan's (1963) classic arousal memory task. We developed a novel variant to the original task that expanded the number of items to be recalled and tested memory for the studied words themselves rather than single- digit paired associates. We hypothesized that the patients, whose locus of brain damage included the amygdala, hippocampus, and surround- ing cortex, would not exhibit forgetting-resistant memory traces for the arousing words. Such a finding would suggest that the integrity of the medial temporal lobe is essential for consolidating declarative memories for arousing stimuli in the human brain.
Recombinant human parathyroid hormone (PTH 1-34) and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound have contrasting additive effects during fracture healing

Fracture healing is thought to be naturally optimized; however, recent evidence indicates that it may be manipulated to occur at a faster rate. This has implications for the duration of morbidity associated with bone injuries. Two interventions found to accelerate fracture healing processes are recombinant human parathyroid hormone [1-34] (PTH) and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS). This study aimed to investigate the individual and combined effects of PTH and LIPUS on fracture healing. Bilateral midshaft femur fractures were created in Sprague-Dawley rats, and the animals treated 7 days/week with PTH (10 microg/kg) or a vehicle solution. Each animal also had one fracture treated for 20 min/day with active-LIPUS (spatial-averaged, temporal-averaged intensity [I(SATA)]=100 mW/cm(2)) and the contralateral fracture treated with inactive-LIPUS (placebo). Femurs were harvested 35 days following injury to permit micro-computed tomography, mechanical property and histological assessments of the fracture calluses. There were no interactions between PTH and LIPUS indicating that their effects were additive rather than synergistic. These additive effects were contrasting with LIPUS primarily increasing total callus volume (TV) without influencing bone mineral content (BMC), and PTH having the opposite effect of increasing BMC without influencing TV. As a consequence of the effect of LIPUS on TV but not BMC, it decreased volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) resulting in a less mature callus. The decreased maturity and persistence of cartilage at the fracture site when harvested offset any beneficial mechanical effects of the increased callus size with LIPUS. In contrast, the effect of PTH on callus BMC but not TV resulted in increased callus vBMD and a more mature callus. This resulted in PTH increasing fracture site mechanical strength and stiffness. These data suggest that PTH may have utility in the treatment of acute bone fractures, whereas LIPUS at an I(SATA) of 100 mW/cm(2) does not appear to be indicated in the management of closed, diaphyseal fractures.
Creating platforms for environmental technology development

Global awareness of environmental impacts is undoubtedly higher than ever before, and justifiably so. The recognition of these impacts as having far-reaching social, political, and economic effect is rising. Customers, society, and governments are placing ever-increasing demands on industry to implement environmental management systems that demonstrate a commitment to quality. Industry must fully recognize that a critical link between environmental quality and sustained economic growth exists. Industry must develop innovative sustainable environmental technology and environmental management systems to meet these demands.
Molecularly Ordered Inorganic Frameworks in Layered Silicate Surfactant Mesophases

Self-assembled lamellar silica-surfactant mesophase composites have been prepared with crystal- like ordering in the silica frameworks using a variety of cationic surfactant species under hydrothermal conditions. These materials represent the first mesoscopically ordered composites that have been directly synthesized with structure-directing surfactants yielding highly ordered inorganic frameworks. One-dimensional solid- state 29Si NMR spectra, X-ray diffraction patterns, and infrared spectra show the progression of molecular organization in the self-assembled mesophases from structures with initially amorphous silica networks into sheets with very high degrees of molecular order. The silicate sheets appear to be two-dimensional crystals, whose structures and rates of formation depend strongly on the charge density of the cationic surfactant headgroups. Two-dimensional solid-state heteronuclear and homonuclear NMR measurements show the molecular proximities of the silica framework sites to the structure-directing surfactant molecules and establish local Si-O-Si bonding connectivities in these materials.
The Reemergence of the Wafd Party: Glimpses of the Liberal Opposition in Egypt

What has been called the Revolution of 1952 was not really a revolution; a revolution should start from the bottom, not the top. The 1919 Revolution was different; it created the Egyptian man, while the 1952 revolution killed him. The 1919 Revolution … achieved … the British evacuation, while the 1952 revolution brought with it several defeats. The leaders and members of the 1919 Revolution faced torture in prisons, while the leaders of the 1952 revolution built palaces with money from secret sources and sent hundreds of people to military prisons.
Contact transfer of anions from hands as a function of the use of hand lotions

Contact transfer of anions from human hands can result in contamination of materials, increasing their rate of corrosion. Two types of hand lotion were applied to the hands: one was specially formulated for cleanroom use and the other was a popular commercial lotion. The effect on contact transfer of anions was measured versus anion transfer from washed hands without lotions.
Stability of quantized linear systems with bounded noise under dynamic bit assignment

This paper studies the stability of quantized linear control systems with external noise under the fixed-length coding policies. A vector of feedback measurements is quantized prior to being transmitted over a communication channel. This transmitted data may be dropped by the channel. This paper derives a lower bound on the number of quantization levels for closed-loop stability under fixed-length coding policies. Prior studies consider each component of the feedback vector separately, which may not achieve the above lower bound. This paper considers the feedback vector as a whole and introduces a dynamic bit assignment algorithm that is shown to achieve this lower bound.
STUDY OF ESTRUS-PRODUCING ACTIVITY OF DIETHYLSTILBESTROL IN SUBTHRESHOLD TO MAXIMAL DOSAGES

IN 1939 the authors undertook the prosaic and tedious task of determining the physiologic range of activity of diethylstilbestrol for their colony of rats. These data were needed to determine more judiciously the dosages to be used in subsequent studies on the toxicity of diethylstilbestrol and its effects upon growth and weight of organs of the rat (1, 2). It is not the purpose of this communication to champion a method of assay or a fixed minimal dosage for diethylstilbestrol but rather to indicate the range of activity for diethylstilbestrol in oil and in alkaline, aqueous solutions, as well as to indicate the variations in response in the same colony of rats to various dosages of the drug. Two media were employed, sesame oil and an alkaline aqueous solution. The oil solutions were made by dissolving the crystalline diethylstilbestrol in a small quantity
High-Dose Therapy in Lymphomas: A Review of the Current Status of Allogeneic and Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Hodgkin's Disease and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Autologous stem cell transplantation has proven to be beneficial in selected patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). In patients with HD, transplantation appears to increase event-free survival in patients who fail to enter complete remission with initial therapy. When a patient relapses after a complete remission, transplantation is probably the best option and particularly so if the remission lasted less than 1 year. Transplantation as part of primary therapy for very high-risk patients may be beneficial, but is not standard therapy at this time. For patients with diffuse large-cell NHL, transplantation can be considered standard therapy for relapsed patients if they have chemotherapy-sensitive disease. The use of transplantation for high-risk patients in complete remission is promising, but definite recommendations cannot be made at this time. For follicular lymphomas, selected patients seem to benefit and studies are ongoing. Finally, the use of allogeneic stem cell transplantation can be useful in a select group of younger patients.
iSAM2: Incremental smoothing and mapping with fluid relinearization and incremental variable reordering

We present iSAM2, a fully incremental, graph-based version of incremental smoothing and mapping (iSAM). iSAM2 is based on a novel graphical model-based interpretation of incremental sparse matrix factorization methods, afforded by the recently introduced Bayes tree data structure. The original iSAM algorithm incrementally maintains the square root information matrix by applying matrix factorization updates. We analyze the matrix updates as simple editing operations on the Bayes tree and the conditional densities represented by its cliques. Based on that insight, we present a new method to incrementally change the variable ordering which has a large effect on efficiency. The efficiency and accuracy of the new method is based on fluid relinearization, the concept of selectively relinearizing variables as needed. This allows us to obtain a fully incremental algorithm without any need for periodic batch steps. We analyze the properties of the resulting algorithm in detail, and show on various real and simulated datasets that the iSAM2 algorithm compares favorably with other recent mapping algorithms in both quality and efficiency.
Fatty acid ethyl esters in liver and adipose tissues as postmortem markers for ethanol intake

Background: Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) are nonoxidative metabolites of ethanol. FAEEs are found in liver, pancreas, and adipose tissues up to 24 h after consumption of ethanol, and on that basis, they are potentially useful markers for ethanol intake. In this study with rats, we investigated the efficacy of using FAEEs in liver and in adipose tissue as postmortem markers for premortem ethanol ingestion. Methods: An animal study was conducted in which test rats received injections of ethanol and control rats received injections of normal saline. The rats were killed 2 h after the injections. The bodies of the animals were stored at 4 °C up to 12 h, and samples of liver and adipose tissues were collected at different time intervals and processed for FAEE quantification. In another set of experiments, the rats received injections and were killed as described above, but bodies of animals from both groups were stored at 4, 25, or 37 °C for up to 72 h, and liver samples were collected and processed for FAEE quantification. Results: FAEEs were detected up to 12 h after death in liver and adipose tissue samples from the bodies of ethanol-treated animals stored at 4 °C; negligible amounts were detected in the bodies of animals that received normal saline. Adipose tissues contained higher amounts of FAEEs than liver, as well as more species: eight FAEE species in adipose tissue and five in liver tissue. Higher concentrations of FAEEs were detected in livers of treated animals stored at 25 °C for up to 48 h than in livers of controls stored under the same conditions. Conclusions: For at least 12 h after death, FAEEs in liver and adipose tissues are useful postmortem markers of premortem ethanol ingestion.
Organismal, Ecological, and Evolutionary Aspects of Heat-Shock Proteins and the Stress Response: Established Conclusions and Unresolved Issues'

How heat-shock proteins function in diverse organisms from diverse environments, and how this diversification has evolved, is an emerging focus of research on molecular chaperones. As molecular chaperones, heat-shock proteins play diverse cellular roles, typically in minimizing dysfunction that may occur when other proteins are in non-native conformations. The standard aspects of these roles in vitro , in isolated cells, and in typical model organisms in the laboratory are now well-established, as are the ubiquity of heat-shock proteins in organisms, the range of stresses that induce heat-shock proteins, the major families of heatshock proteins, their expression in nature, and their variation along natural gradients of stress. These aspects may no longer require extensive examination. By contrast, the frequency of natural expression of heat-shock proteins, their exact physiological roles in stress tolerance at levels of biological organization above the cell, the exact molecular mechanisms by which heat-shock protein expression and function has become tuned to the prevailing level of environmental stress, and the fitness consequences of heat-shock protein expression in nature are among the numerous unresolved issues in this area.