cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Faith-based partnerships in graduate medical education: the experience of the Morehouse School of Medicine Public Health/Preventive Medicine Residency Program.

Abstract Faith-based organizations can be strategic partners in addressing the needs of low-income and underserved individuals and communities. The Morehouse School of Medicine (MSM) Public Health/Preventive Medicine Residency Program (PH/PMR) collaborates with faith-based organizations for the purpose of resident education, community engagement, and service. These partners provide guidance for the program's community initiatives and health promotion activities designed to address health inequities. Residents complete a longitudinal community practicum experience with a faith-based organization over the 2-year training period. Residents conduct a community health needs assessment at the organization and design a health intervention that addresses the identified needs. The faith-based community practicum also serves as a vehicle for achieving skills in all eight domains of the Public Health Competencies developed by the Council on Linkages and all six Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Core Competencies. The MSM PH/PMR Program has engaged in faith-based partnerships for 7 years. This article discusses the structure of these partnerships, how partners are identified, funding sources for supporting resident projects, and examples of resident health needs assessment and intervention activities. The MSM PH/PMR Program may serve as a model to other residency and fellowship programs that may have an interest in developing partnerships with faith-based organizations.
Attitudes, perceptions, and aging knowledge of future law enforcement and recreation majors

ABSTRACTThe present study assessed knowledge of aging, ageism, and attitudes toward aging in undergraduate recreation and law enforcement majors. Past research with psychology, social work, and nursing majors showed that greater knowledge of aging was related to fewer ageist attitudes and beliefs. The results showed that law enforcement students possessed greater knowledge of aging, and endorsed fewer ageist attitudes, beliefs, and stereotypes than recreation majors. Correlations between knowledge of aging and subscales of the Fraboni Scale of Ageism were significant for both groups. Group differences were also noted on the ASD-Instrumentality subscale and FSA Discrimination subscale. The results suggest that the infusion of information on growth and development through the lifecycle was not evident for recreation majors. Discussion focuses on the importance of incorporating information about adulthood and aging and identifying other factors that may promote more positive attitudes toward older adults in ...
Failure of Hyperbolicity in Soft Shells

The loss of hyperbolicity in elastodynamics leads to a special type of instability (wrinkling) which is accompanied by a collapse of elasticity, Refs. [l]–[3]. From the mathematical viewpoint this phenomenon is associated with occurrence of imaginary acoustic speeds and local maxima of the potential energy as a function of strains (Hadamard’s instability). From the mechanical viewpoint the collapse of elasticity results from the failure of shear resistance under severe compression loading.
Equal Access? Analyzing Charter Location Relative to Demographics in Ohio

ABSTRACTWe analyze the geographical distribution of, and access to, charter schools in the state of Ohio. Using poverty and race data from the U.S. Census, as well as publicly available student achievement scores, we analyze the locational preferences of charter schools. We use Geographic Information System (GIS) to visual display charter school locations relative to these community variables. Results suggest that policies limiting charters to locate in low performing school districts (labeled “challenged districts”) lead charters to cluster in urban cities; thus students living in poverty in large portions of the state lack easy access to school choice options. Further, we find that charters tend to avoid areas of the highest concentrations of poverty and Hispanic (though not Black) students.
Barrier Island Morphological Change by Bay-Side Storm Surge

AbstractBarrier island overwash and breaching are caused by inundation from ocean storm surge and waves or from elevated levels of bay water. According to numerical simulations, a developed barrier...
Dynamics of a thermally driven film climbing the outside of a vertical cylinder

The dynamics of a film climbing the outside of a vertical cylinder under the competing effects of a thermally driven surface tension gradient and gravity is examined through numerical simulations of a thin-film model for the film height. The model, including boundary conditions, depends on three parameters, the scaled cylinder radius R[over ], the upstream film height h_{∞}, and the downstream precursor film thickness b, and reduces to the model for Marangoni driven film climbing a vertical plate in the limit R[over ]→∞. The axisymmetric advancing front displays dynamics similar to that found along a vertical plate where, depending on h_{∞}, the film forms a single Lax shock, an undercompressive double shock, or a rarefaction-undercompressive shock. A linear stability analysis of the Lax shock reveals the number of fingers that form along the contact line increases linearly with cylinder circumference while no fingers form for sufficiently small cylinders (below R[over ]≈1.15 when b=0.1). The substrate curvature controls the height of the Lax shock, bounds on h_{∞} that define the three distinct solutions, and the maximum growth rate of contact line perturbations to the Lax shock when R[over ]=O(1), whereas the three solutions and the stability of the Lax shock converge to the behavior one observes on a vertical plate when R[over ]≥O(10). An energy analysis reveals that the azimuthal curvatures of the base state and perturbation, which arise from the annular geometry of the film, promote instability of the advancing contact line.
Winter soil freeze-thaw cycles lead to reductions in soil microbial biomass and activity not compensated for by soil warming

Abstract Air temperatures are rising and the winter snowpack is getting thinner in many high-latitude and high-elevation ecosystems around the globe. Past studies show that soil warming accelerates microbial metabolism and stimulates soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling. Conversely, winter snow removal to simulate loss of snow cover leads to increased soil freezing and reductions in soil microbial biomass, exoenzyme activity, and N cycling. The Climate Change Across Seasons Experiment (CCASE), located at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH (USA) is designed to evaluate the combined effects of growing season soil warming and an increased frequency of winter soil freeze-thaw cycles on a northern forest ecosystem. Soils were collected from CCASE over two years (2014 and 2015) and extractable C and N pool sizes, as well as microbial biomass, exoenzymes, and potential net N mineralization and microbial respiration were measured. Soil warming alone did not stimulate microbial activity at any sampling time. Extractable amino acid N and organic C, proteolytic and acid phosphatase activity, and microbial respiration were reduced by the combination of warming in the growing season and winter soil freeze-thaw cycles during the period following snowmelt through tree leaf out in spring. The declines in microbial activity also coincided with an 85% decline in microbial biomass N at that time. Growing season warming and winter soil freeze-thaw cycles also resulted in a two-fold reduction in phenol oxidase activity and a 20% reduction in peroxidase activity and these declines persisted throughout the snow-free time of the year. The results from this study suggest that positive feedbacks between warming and rates of soil C and N cycling over the next 100 years will be partially mitigated by an increased frequency of winter soil freeze-thaw cycles, which decrease microbial biomass and rates of soil microbial activity.
Approximate recovery of residual displacement from the strong motion recordings of the 24 August 2016 Amatrice, Italy earthquake

This paper presents an investigation into the residual ground displacements recorded on a strong motion network during the Mw 6.0 24 August 2016 Amatrice, Italy earthquake. The available accelerometric data from near field recording stations are processed using two different techniques to remove baseline offsets and retain the low frequency signal which depends on residual displacement. The first method uses acausal filtering to identify and retain a dominant pulse while the second method uses linear regression to remove velocity or displacement baseline trends. The results are compared to high-rate (1 and 10 Hz) global positing system (GPS) displacement waveforms, consensus GPS displacement offsets and crustal deformations detected by interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) satellite imaging. Since the GPS sensors are not all collocated with the accelerometers, the InSAR data is used for stations where no GPS results are available, or when the nearest GPS is far. It is shown that both methods investigated in this paper provide displacement waveforms with features matching those of the high-rate GPS. In addition, the residual displacement magnitudes are in good agreement with the consensus and InSAR displacements. The acceleration time series for the stations considered in this work are provided as an electronic supplement with this paper.
Far ir physics and the processing of optical composites

For many years composite structures have been the building blocks of materials with specialized mechanical properties but only recently have related ideas been used successfully to develop new optical materials. A particular example to be described is hot pressed zinc sulphide, dispersion hardened with diamond particles for extreme IR window applications. It shows increased toughness over pure ZnS without loss of transmission in the 10 gm wavelength region. In addition to its practical benefits, this simple system has turned out to be extremely useful for identifying the important dynamical features underlying the optical properties of all transparent composites and complex dielectrics. One result of our far it measurements is the discovery of a generalized Lyddane-Sachs-Teller relation for solids and liquids.
Validation and application of nutrition education objectives

Twenty-four objectives for nutrition education were identified and validated in this study. Teachers, dietitians, and nutritionists can use these objectives in analyzing and targeting their efforts to influence behavior change in students, patients, employees, and clients.
Superiorly-based turnover skin flap: Pediatric tracheocutaneous fistula closure

Abstract Objective To present a novel superiorly-based turnover skin flap for the primary repair of pediatric tracheocutaneous fistula closure, and to determine the efficacy and safety of this tracheocutaneous fistula turnover flap primary closure technique. Subject and methods This retrospective review analyzed one surgeon's (DJK) pediatric tracheostomy decannulation methods and results, specifically relating to the development of tracheocutaneous fistulas, over a fourteen-year period, from October 2002 through June 2016. The review furthermore examined a turnover flap technique for the primary closure of tracheocutaneous fistulas described herein. Results Over the period of study, 57 patients were decannulated, of whom 31 (54%) developed a tracheocutaneous fistula. Mean duration of tracheostomy in patients who developed a tracheocutaneous fistula following decannulation was forty-two months compared to thirteen months in patients who did not. Duration of decannulation was an independently significant variable (P .05). Of the 31 patients who developed a tracheocutaneous fistula, 30 (97%) elected to pursue tracheocutaneous fistula closure using the turnover flap technique described in this study. Mean time from decannulation to tracheocutaneous fistula repair was 132 days. All tracheocutaneous fistulas were successfully closed. There were no perioperative or postoperative complications and no patient required subsequent hospitalization or surgical revision. Conclusions The turnover technique presented is simple, straightforward, reliable, safe, and effective with excellent cosmetic results.
Tracking diaphragm and chest wall movement on cine-MRI

Congenital muscular dystrophies (CMD) are amongst the most common early onset neuromuscular disorder that results in progressive weakness of skeletal, and respiratory muscles. Current methods based on breathing tests are not able to accurately characterize the respiratory muscle involvement. We examine the diaphragm and chest wall dynamics using cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We propose a holistic neural network to handle the segmentation of lungs on poor quality cine MR images and develop a knowledge-based method to extract the diaphragm and chest wall from the image. The method was tested on a cohort of young patients with COL6- and LAMA2-related muscular dystrophy. Automated respiratory muscle movement measurements achieve comparable accuracy as manual measurements.
Clinical Trials Using LV-P140K-MGMT for Gliomas

The field of gene therapy has experienced some success in the past decade. However, overall, gene therapy clinical trials have been challenging due to low transduction efficiency and low transgene expression. To overcome these obstacles, drug-resistance gene therapy provides an alternative to enrich gene-modified cells and enhance transgene expression. In this chapter, we present an overview of current gene-resistance gene therapy and different mechanisms of drug resistance that have been used in the selection of gene-modified cells. Although the first clinical applications are concentrated in cancer applications, the technology may be widely applicable. Finally, we also describe using this technique for the treatment of human gliomas.
Renal Cytochrome P450-Dependent Eicosanoids

Several of the arachidonic acid (AA) products generated by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases have prominent direct effects on vasomotion and ion transport (1). Unlike cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases, which are dioxygenases and have narrow substrate specificity, P450 oxygenases are monooxygenases and are capable of metabolizing a range of substrates (2). They have absolute requirements for NADPH/NADH and a flavoprotein, either a reductase and/or cytochrome b5. Synthesis of P450-AA metabolites can be characterized according to the arachidonate metabolite (Figure 1)— epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) — generated by a score of more than 200 isoforms that are encoded by the cytochrome P450 gene superfamily. These oxygenases metabolize drugs, xenobiotics, vitamins, steroids and fatty acids, including AA. Further, unlike prostanoids, EETs and HETEs can be esterified to the Sn-2 position of phospholipids from which storage site they can be released as mediators (3), presumably to participate in transmembrane signaling. While esterified to membrane phospholipids, they may influence the physiochemical properties of cells such as permeability. The wide distribution of the P450 system and the diverse activities of P450-AA metabolites on blood vessels and transporting epithelia make them prime candidates for participation in the regulation of the circulation (4).
The Role of Tin Hormones in Senescence: A Hypothesis

This symposium, the fifth of a series, has been initiated and maintained by our common interest in the effects of tin compounds on elements of the immune system and their potential usage of such materials in cancer therapy. This work has been well documented in the earlier Proceedings and journal articles, and will generally only be mentioned here by citation. It is the intent of this report to assess the “fit” of the subject data into a conceptual framework termed the “Life Pattern Hypothesis of Senescence”. While past attention has been riveted on tin agents as potential therapeutic or prophylactic agents for malignant disease, the ancillary role of endogenous tin in mammalian development and aging has been neglected. This document serves as an attempt to integrate the dual roles of tin within the conceptual schema of the hypothesis.
A Selective Overview of Sparse Principal Component Analysis

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a widely used technique for dimension reduction, data processing, and feature extraction. The three tasks are particularly useful and important in high-dimensional data analysis and statistical learning. However, the regular PCA encounters great fundamental challenges under high dimensionality and may produce “wrong” results. As a remedy, sparse PCA (SPCA) has been proposed and studied. SPCA is shown to offer a “right” solution under high dimensions. In this paper, we review methodological and theoretical developments of SPCA, as well as its applications in scientific studies.
Depression Among Older Adults in the United States by Disaggregated Race and Ethnicity.

Background and objectives As the population becomes increasingly diverse, it is important to understand the prevalence of depression across a racially and ethnically diverse older population. The purpose of this study was to compare rates of depression by age and disaggregated racial and ethnic groups to inform practitioners and target resource allocation to high risk groups. Research design and methods Data were from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Health Outcomes Survey, Cohorts 15 and 16, a national and annual survey of a racially diverse group of adults aged 65 and older who participate in Medicare Advantage plans (N = 175,956). Depression was operationalized by the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2); we estimated a logistic regression model and adjusted standard errors to account for 403 Medicare Advantage Organizations. Results Overall, 10.2% of the sample (n = 17,957) reported a PHQ-2 score of 3 or higher, indicative of a positive screen for depression. After adjusting for covariates, odds of screening positively for depression were higher among participants self-reporting as Mexican (odds ratio [OR] = 1.19), Puerto Rican (OR = 1.46), Cuban (OR = 1.57), another Hispanic/Latino (OR = 1.29), and multiple Hispanic/Latino (OR = 1.84) ethnicities, compared with non-Hispanic whites. Odds were also higher among participants reporting that their race was black/African American (OR = 1.20), Asian Indian (OR = 1.67), Filipino (OR = 1.30), Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (OR = 1.82), or two or more races (OR = 1.50), compared with non-Hispanic whites. Discussion and implications Prevalence varied greatly across segments of the population, suggesting that certain racial/ethnic groups are at higher risk than others. These disparities should inform distribution of health care resources; efforts to educate and ameliorate depression should be culturally targeted.
A Critical Examination of the Distinction between Interpretation and Construction

The distinction between interpretation and construction, with its roots in the law and theory of contracts, has become a central theme in contemporary debates about constitutional theory. According to the distinction, advanced and elaborated by Lawrence Solum, Keith Whittington and many others, interpretation is the process of locating the linguistic meaning of an authoritative text in a statute, in the Constitution, or in any other authoritative legal item. But at the heart of the distinction is the idea that identifying the linguistic meaning of a legal text does not answer the question of how that text should be applied to specific facts and specific legal controversies. This is construction, so it is said, and it necessarily goes beyond the process of interpretation. Although the distinction is a valuable precaution against those who would seek to claim that the application of law is entirely or mostly a question of meaning, it runs into trouble when it confronts the existence of technical legal language in the law. Interpreting such language, especially when it is constitutive or evaluative, requires recourse to legal values, legal goals, and the purposes of legal institutions, but in doing so it requires recourse to law at interpretation stage. As a result, the basic insight of the distinction between interpretation and construction – that semantic content and legal values are different, and that law enters the process only at the construction stage – is of limited value when the language at issue is legally technical.
Sclerostin Inhibition in the Treatment of Osteoporosis

The discovery of a few mutations that cause rare human diseases with altered skeletal mass has identified components of the WNT signaling pathway as candidates for therapeutic intervention aimed at increasing bone mass and strength for the treatment of osteoporosis. In particular, the high bone mass syndrome, sclerosteosis, and van Buchem syndromes were linked to inhibition of sclerostin expression and/or activity. Sclerostin is a WNT antagonist secreted by osteocytes, and its deletion in animal studies or its inhibition in animals and in several human clinical trials has proven to be a very efficient osteoanabolic approach. One year of monthly administration of antibodies to sclerostin rapidly decreases bone resorption and increases bone formation and bone density at all sites, decreasing markedly fracture risk in treated patients. The effect of sclerostin inhibition is however self-regulated and thereby limited in time, although this does not prevent sclerostin antibodies treatment from being the most rapid and efficient way available today to increase bone mineral density and reduce fracture risk in osteoporotic patients. Few safety issues have been identified except that cardiovascular adverse events have been reported in one clinical trial, preventing the use of these antibodies in patients at increased cardiovascular risk.
Chapter 10 – Datapath Synthesis

Publisher Summary Failure to consider resource sharing when synthesizing custom instruction set extensions can overestimate the total area cost. Without resource-sharing techniques customization options for extensible processors will be limited both by area constraints and the overhead of communicating data from the processor core to the more remote regions of the custom hardware. A heuristic procedure has been presented in the chapter that performs resource sharing during the synthesis of a set of custom instruction set extensions. It can be used as a subroutine by a larger procedure that solves the custom instruction selection problem by enumerating different subsets of custom instructions to synthesize. If custom instructions are added and removed from the subset one by one, then the common supergraph can be updated appropriately by applying the heuristic each time a new instruction is added. Whenever a custom instruction is removed, its mapping to the supergraph is removed as well. Any supergraph vertex that has no custom instruction DAG vertices that map to it can be removed from the supergraph, thereby reducing area costs. The chapter states that in this manner, the search space for the custom instruction selection problem can be explored. The best supergraph can be synthesized, and the corresponding subset of custom instructions can be included in the extensible processor design.
Practice Friendly Metric for Identification of Critical Links in Road Networks

Despite the important planning value of transportation link criticality, the existing methodologies are mostly in the academic domain, and require in-depth technical skills and extensive data. The ...
Neural-based time series forecasting of loss of coolant accidents in nuclear power plants

Abstract In the last few years, deep learning in neural networks demonstrated impressive successes in the areas of computer vision, speech and image recognition, text generation, and many others. However, sensitive engineering areas such as nuclear engineering benefited less from these efficient techniques. In this work, deep learning expert systems are utilized to model and predict time series progression of a design-basis nuclear accident, featuring a loss of coolant accident. Two major findings are accomplished in this work. First, the ability to train expert systems with high accuracy, which could help nuclear power plant operators to figure out plant responses during the accident. Second, building fast, efficient, and accurate deep models to simulate nuclear phenomena, which could be valuable to nuclear computational science. In this work, large amount of time series data is obtained from simulation tools by simulating different conditions of the base-case/nominal accident scenario. Four critical outputs/responses are monitored during the accident (e.g. temperature, pressure, break flow rate, water level). Two approaches are adopted in this work. The first approach is to use feedforward deep neural networks (DNN) to fit all time steps and outputs in a single model. The second approach is to use long short-term memory (LSTM) to fit all time steps together for each reactor response separately. Both DNN and LSTM demonstrate very good performance in predicting the test and base-case scenarios, with accuracy as low as 92% and as high as 99%, where these test scenarios are unknown to the expert systems and are not included in the model training. In addition, both approaches demonstrate a significant reduction in computational costs, as the deep expert system is able to accurately predict the accident 100,000 times faster than the original simulation tool. Given sufficient data, the methodology adopted in this study demonstrates that DNN/LSTM expert systems can be used as a decision support system to model advanced time series phenomena within nuclear power plants with high accuracy and negligible computational costs.
Approach coping and substance use outcomes following mindfulness-based relapse prevention among individuals with negative affect symptomatology.

Mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP) for substance use disorders (SUDs) appears to be particularly effective among individuals with high levels of co-occurring affective symptoms. We sought to understand whether changes in approach and avoidance coping may explain the effects of MBRP among this subpopulation. The sample included 286 individuals with SUDs randomized to MBRP, relapse prevention (RP), or treatment as usual (TAU) as an aftercare treatment. We conducted conditional indirect effect models with treatment condition as the predictor, baseline affective symptoms as the moderator, changes in approach and avoidance coping over time from baseline through 6 months post-treatment as mediators, and substance use and substance-related problems at 12 months post-treatment as the outcome. Affective symptomatology at baseline was modeled as a latent factor indicated by depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms. Change in approach and avoidance coping were modeled using latent growth curve analyses. We found significant conditional indirect effects of MBRP, such that the interaction of MBRP vs. TAU by affective symptoms predicted increases in approach coping, which in turn predicted fewer heavy drinking days and substance-related problems at month 12. Follow-up analyses showed that increases in approach coping mediated the therapeutic effect of MBRP on these outcomes among those with high, but not low or moderate, affective symptoms. We did not find indirect or conditional indirect effects when comparing RP with TAU, or when avoidance coping was the mediator. The pronounced therapeutic effects of MBRP among individuals with SUD and relatively higher negative affective symptoms may be due to increases in approach coping over time.
Comparison of State Compliance Readings on Four Different Ventilator Platforms

Background: Bench studies reported as abstracts in 2006 and 2010 demonstrated that not all ventilators report accurate lung compliance measurements. The purpose of this study was to compare a set compliance (Cs) on a Michigan test lung to the measured Cs on four new generation ventilators not previously studied. Methods: The ventilators tested were the Drager v500, ServoU, PB 980, and Hamilton G5. The ventilators were set to volume control mode with a tidal volume of 500 mL, respiratory rate of 12 breaths/min, PEEP of 0 cm H2O, and an inspiratory time of 1 second. The ventilators were individually attached to a single lung Michigan test lung (Grand Rapids, Michigan). Compliance on the test lungs were set to 30, 60, and 90 mL/cm H2O respectfully and verified with a Med Graphics 3L Syringe per manufacturer9s guidelines. Each time the compliance was changed the setting was verified per manufacture guidelines. Each ventilator was attached to the test lung at the different Cs settings and the ventilators reported Cs value were recorded three different times, 2 min apart. The reported values from the ventilator were then compared to the set values of the test lung. Results: All of the ventilators reported lung compliances within 2 cm H2O of set and verified compliances Conclusions: In this bench test, we found that all new generation ventilators reported accurate lung compliances. This is different than prior abstracts that found that some ventilators were not as accurate on their reported Cs values.
Total Synthesis and Computational Investigations of Sesquiterpene-Tropolones Ameliorate Stereochemical Inconsistencies and Resolve an Ambiguous Biosynthetic Relationship.

The sesquiterpene-tropolones belong to a distinctive structural class of meroterpene natural products with impressive biological activities, including anticancer, antifungal, antimalarial, and anti...
Preventing Child Maltreatment Fatalities

Every ten seconds, a report of child abuse or neglect is made in the United States, and every day, four children die as a result of these acts or omissions. In the past ten years, over 15,000 children died from maltreatment. Despite these numbers, there is still much to learn about the children who die from abuse and neglect, the individuals who are responsible for their deaths, and the interventions implemented to prevent them. This Article comprehensively reviews child deaths from maltreatment. Compiling, evaluating, and assessing the work of physicians, psychologists, sociologists, lawyers, and child welfare advocates, the Article charts the United States’ progress in eradicating deaths from abuse and neglect, evaluates the impact of prevention mechanisms, analyzes potential methods to enhance current measures, and proposes concrete steps for reform.
Recreational Shopping and the Size of the Brand Repertoire

The current research examines differences between recreational and economic shoppers with respect to the relative sizes of their brand repertoires. Recreational shoppers are found to have larger brand repertoires for a variety of low priced personal care products. Implications for marketing strategy and theory are discussed.
Large Volume Presses for High-Pressure Studies Using Synchrotron Radiation

The large-volume press (LVP) is an indispensable technique in high-pressure research that complements capabilities of the diamond anvil cell (DAC). While maximum attainable temperature (T) and pressure (P) are limited, compared to the DAC, LVP offers more uniform P-T conditions, with sample volumes about 103–106 times those of the DAC. These features make LVP an ideal tool for accurate measurements of bulk physical properties and systematic studies on complex systems. Advents in high-pressure technology and synchrotron radiation have revolutionized LVP research in the past 2 decades. The employment of sintered diamond anvils has dramatically expanded the LVP pressure range (currently about 90 GPa) at high temperatures. New diffraction techniques have made it possible to determine atomic structures of both crystalline and non-crystalline materials under extreme P and T conditions. Efforts in incorporating other in-situ techniques at synchrotron sources have made it possible to measure many physical properties simultaneously with x-ray diffraction. This lecture provides a brief description of the various types of LVPs in use at synchrotron sources and scientific applications.
Studies on the conversion of proinsulin to insulin. I. Conversion in vitro with trypsin and carboxypeptidase B.

Proinsulin can be rapidly and quantitatively cleaved by a combination of pancreatic trypsin and carboxypeptidase B in vitro to yield intact insulin, the C-peptide, and free arginine and lysine. No significant dealanylation or further degradation of the insulin occurs under the specified conditions. This in vitro system appears to provide a useful model for studies of the in vivo converting enzyme system localized in the β-cells of the islets of Langerhans.
Amine-induced inhibition of photosynthetic oxygen evolution: A correlation between the microwave power saturation properties of signal IIf and photosystem II-associated manganese

Signals IIvf and IIf are light-generated free radicals detected by EPR in chloroplast thylakoid membranes [ 1,2]. Both signals arise from the same species, Z”, which is an intermediate electron carrier between the photosystem II reaction center, P680, and the site of water oxidation. The difference in nomenclature, IIvf vs IIf, reflects the fact that the light-generated Z” reduction halftime can be ‘very fast’ or ‘fast’ depending on the state of the oxygen-evolving complex. In oxygen-evolving chloroplasts, Z” reduction occurs in the sub-ms time range and, under these conditions, its EPR signal is denoted as IIvf; in chloroplasts in which the oxygen evolving capability has been inhibited, Z” is stable well into the ms-range and its EPR signal is denoted as signal Hf. The microwave power saturation properties of IIvf in O2 evolving thylakoid membranes were compared with those of IIf in membranes in which the O2 evolving capability had been inhibited with Tris [3]. They found that the IIvf could not be saturated at microwave powers of up to 200 mW; in contrast, the IK species was homogeneously broadened with saturation at -25 mW. Addition of NiClz to Tris-inhibited membranes increased the level of power required to saturate the IIf signal. These findings were interpreted to indicate that IIvf was in the
Bearing Injustice: Foster Care, Pregnancy Prevention, and the Law

The state has numerous responsibilities to children and youth in, and emancipating from, foster care. Ensuring a foster child’s medical welfare is among the most imperative of the state’s obligations. Pregnancy prevention is a unique component of medical welfare and long-term well-being. Indeed, it stands out as a responsibility that the State must fulfill to counteract the likelihood of diminished life outcomes that so many former foster children face. However, like many problems facing foster children, pregnancy is noticed, yet unaddressed; contemplated, yet unresolved. The state’s failure to adequately address pregnancy prevention among youth in foster care is unconstitutional under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and demonstrates a significant need for reform. States must proactively address pregnancy prevention among foster children and provide age-appropriate medical care to all youth in foster care. State efforts at preventing pregnancy should be measured by the federal Child and Family Services Review, so as to ensure that states make appropriate prevention efforts and reduce the number of pregnancies among current and former foster children. INTRODUCTION 78 I. BACKGROUND 80 A. By the Numbers 81 B. The Reasons Behind the Numbers 82 † This Paper was written while Taylor Dudley served as the Robin Nash Post-Graduate Fellow in Law at the Barton Child Law and Policy Center at Emory University School of Law. Dudley is currently an attorney at the Alliance for Children’s Rights in Los Angeles. To the community of child welfare professionals in Georgia, thank you for your warm welcome and devotion to children. To Michelle and Andy Barclay, Melissa D. Carter, and Barbara Bennett Woodhouse, my admiration and gratitude for each of you overflows; your brilliant passion for system reform, generous hearts, patient instruction, and unwavering support will be with me for a lifetime. This paper is dedicated to the children of Georgia. MAIN DUDLEY (DO NOT DELETE) 1/30/2013 5:09 PM 78 BERKELEY JOURNAL OF GENDER, LAW & JUSTICE 1. Child Abuse, Foster Care, and the Consequences 84 2. Societal Factors 86 C. The Harmful Outcomes and Effects of Pregnancy in or Following Foster Care 87 II. STATE LAW AND POLICY ON MEDICAL CARE FOR CHILDREN IN FOSTER CARE 88 A. Georgia 88 B. California 89 C. South Carolina 90 D. Illinois 90 E. New York 91 III. SYSTEM FAILURE 91 A. Poor Case Management 92 B. Minimal Training, Discomfort, and Ambivalence 93 C. Political Forces and Conscientious Objection 94 IV. FOSTER CHILDREN AND THEIR RIGHTS UNDER THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT 95 A. Reproductive Rights 95 B. Medical Care and Due Process 96 C. Deliberate Indifference and Professional Judgment 99 1. Deliberate Indifference 100 2. Professional Judgment 103 V. FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL REFORM 106 A. Fostering Connections 107 B. Sex Education 110 C. State Law and Policy 112 CONCLUSION 115
The epistemology of Israelite religion : introductory proposals for a descriptive approach

In this article I offer a venturesome introduction to the possibility of an analytic epistemology of Israelite religion. The aim is to propose some descriptive concerns for the biblical scholar interested in what the Hebrew Bible assumed about the justification of religious knowledge and belief in the world of the text. Topics touched on are evidentialism, divine testimony, the problem of allotheism, the concept of divine revelation and the logic of belief revision.
Comparison of clinical trials evaluating cardiac resynchronization therapy in mild to moderate heart failure.

Recently, three large randomized clinical trials: REVERSE, MADIT-CRT, and RAFT were completed aiming to determine the effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) or CRT with defibrillator (CRT-D) in less advanced, predominantly NYHA class II heart failure (HF) patients. The REVERSE trial, significantly smaller than the other two trials, could be considered as a phase II study indicating that mild-to-moderate HF patients show symptomatic and hemodynamic improvement in response to CRT. The MADIT-CRT and RAFT are considered as definitive trials with large patient populations of about 1,800 patients each, and HF event/ /hospitalization or death as the primary endpoint. Both trials showed a significant reduction in the risk of primary endpoints: a 34% reduction in MADIT-CRT and 25% reduction in RAFT. However, RAFT also showed a significant reduction in mortality which was not observed in MADIT-CRT. The clinical characteristics of patients studied in both trials were different despite somewhat similar entry criteria. RAFT enrolled more advanced HF patients (including 20% NYHA class III patients) than MADIT-CRT. In the CRT-D arm, RAFT patients had about 20% two-year mortality in comparison to approximately 6% two-year mortality in MADIT-CRT. Mortality in RAFT was in similar to those observed in CRT-D patients in the COMPANION trial (estimated 25% two-year mortality), and in the CRT arm of the CARE-HF trial (estimated 18% two-year mortality), both older studies which enrolled NYHA class III and IV HF patients. Based on the above comparison, one could conclude that RAFT enrolled moderate-to-advanced HF patients whereas MADIT-CRT enrolled truly mild-to-moderate patients. (Cardiol J 2010; 17, 6: 543-548)
Comparative neuronal mechanisms.

SUMMARY From the foregoing it is evident that the physiological effects of anticonvulsants are not confined to synaptic structures and that on more generalized membranes they may exhibit actions relevant to both their therapeutic and toxic effects. These studies however do not validate the usefulness of peripheral nerve methods for screening of anticonvulsants; considerably more systematic study would be necessary to determine the predictive value of nerve testing of new drugs. On the other hand, the use of chronic drug studies and both electrophysiological and histological tests for cumulative neuropathology would seem to be a field worth further exploration. RESUME Il resulte clairement de ce qui precede que les effets physiologiques des anticonvulsifs ne se limitent pas aux structures synaptiques et qu'au niveau de membranes plus generalisees, ces substances peuvent exercer des activites liees a la fois a leurs effets therapeutiques et a leurs effets toxiques. Ces etudes n'ont toutefois pas confirmeľutilite des methodes ďinvestigation des nerfs peripheriques pour ľexperimentation des anticonvulsifs; des etudes beaucoup plus systematiques seraient necessaires pour determiner la valeur ďinformation des tests des nerfs peripheriques pour les nouveaux medicaments. Ďautre part, le recours a des etudes chroniques des medicaments ainsi qu'a des tests electrophysiologiques et histologiques sur le plan de la neuropathologie cumulative parait constituer un domaine qui meriterait ďetre explore davantage.
Mask roughness induced LER: a rule of thumb

Much work has already been done on how both the resist and line-edge roughness (LER) on the mask affect the final printed LER. What is poorly understood, however, is the extent to which system-level effects such as mask surface roughness, illumination conditions, and defocus couple to speckle at the image plane, and currently factor into LER limits. Here, we propose a "rule-of-thumb" simplified solution that provides a fast and powerful method to obtain mask roughness induced LER. We present modeling data on an older generation mask with a roughness of 230 pm as well as the ultimate target roughness of 50 pm. Moreover, we consider feature sizes of 50 nm and 22 nm, and show that as a function of correlation length, the LER peaks at the condition that the correlation length is approximately equal to the resolution of the imaging optic.
Mate choice games, context-dependent good genes, and genetic cycles in the side-blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana

According to mate choice models, a female should prefer males with traits that are reliable indicators of genetic quality which the sire can pass on to their progeny. However, good genes may depend on the social environment, and female choice for good genes should be context dependent. The side-blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana, exhibits genetically based throat colors (orange, blue, or yellow) that could be used as a sexually selected signal since they reliably predict the genetic quality of mates. The frequencies of male and female morphs cycle between years, and both male and female morphs have an advantage when rare; thus genetic quality will depend on morph frequency. A female should choose a sire that maximizes the reproductive success of both male and female progeny. We examine a game theoretical model that predicts female mate choice as a function of morph frequency and population density. The model predicts the following flexible mate choice rule: both female morphs should prefer rare males in ’boom years’ of the female cycle (e.g., ’rarest-of-N rule’), but prefer orange males in ’crash years’ of the female cycle (’orange-male rule’). Cues from the current social environment should be used by females to choose a mate that maximizes the future reproductive success of progeny, given the social environment of the next generation. We predict that the cue is the density of aggressive orange females. In the side-blotched lizard, cycling mate choice games and context-dependent mate choice are predicted to maintain genetic variation in the presence of choice for good genes.
Electrical properties of ultrathin Al2O3 films grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition for advanced complementary metal-oxide semiconductor gate dielectric applications

The electrical properties of ultrathin amorphous Al2O3 films, grown by low temperature metal-organic chemical vapor deposition from aluminum(III) 2,4-pentanedionate and water as co-reactants, were examined for potential applications as gate dielectrics in emerging complementary metal-oxide semiconductor technologies. High-frequency capacitance–voltage and current–voltage techniques were used to evaluate Al2O3 films deposited on silicon oxynitride on n-type silicon (100) substrates, with thickness ranging from 2.5 to 6.5 nm, as a function of postdeposition annealing regimes. Dielectric constant values ranging from 11.0 to 11.5 were obtained, depending on the annealing method used. Metal-insulatorsemiconductor devices were demonstrated with net equivalent oxide thickness values of 1.3 nm. Significant charge traps were detected in the as-deposited films and were mostly passivated by the subsequent annealing treatment. The main charge injection mechanism in the dielectric layer was found to follow a Poole–Frenkel behavior, with post-annealed films exhibiting leakage current an order of magnitude lower than that of equivalent silicon oxide films.
Minimizing instrumental polarization in the Multiangle SpectroPolarmetric Imager (MSPI) using diattenuation balancing between the three mirror coatings

Special enhanced silver mirror coatings were designed and fabricated to minimize the polarization introduced by a three-mirror off-axis high-accuracy telescope. A system diattenuation of approximately 1% in the VIS-NIR was achieved by both reducing the diattenuation from each mirror individually and by balancing the diattenuations introduced by the three mirrors over the spectral range. This process of low-polarization engineering involves minimizing system polarization introduced by surface geometry, thin film coatings and birefringent elements, and measuring the system. In this report we will outline a methodology to minimize instrumental polarization aberrations, with an emphasis on achieving low diattenuation in the MSPI camera, given its off-axis geometry and coating design constraints imposed by the space-based application. This polarization balancing technique for mirror coatings can be applied to astrophysics applications.
FIB 601 focused ion beam fabrication of micron-sized apertures for the NASA AXAF x-ray telescope prelaunch calibration

Focused ion-beams have proved to be a superior means of fabricating holes between 5 and 20 microns in diameter, through gold and tungsten sheets over 40 microns thick. These holes are milled with an FEI FIB800 Focused Ion Beam Workstation using a Ga liquid metal source, with and without an enhancement gaseous etchant. They will be used as apertures for detectors that probe the point response function of the X-ray optics (Wolter Type-I mirror pairs), which form part of the NASA Advanced X-ray Astrophysical Facility. It is found that both pure milling and gas-assisted etching produced micron-sized holes of a quality superior to those produced by laser beam sputtering.
Cerebral Palsy for the Pediatric Eye Care Team—Part III: Diagnosis and Management of Associated Visual and Sensory Disorders

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a term used to describe a spectrum of deficits of muscle tone and posture resulting from damage to the developing nervous system. Though considered a motor disorder, CP can b...
Lattice study of semileptonic decays of charm mesons into vector mesons

We present our lattice calculation of the semileptonic form factors for the decays {ital D}{r arrow}{ital K}{sup *}, {ital D}{sub {ital s}}{r arrow}{phi}, and {ital D}{r arrow}{rho} using Wilson fermions on a 24{sup 3}{times}39 lattice at {beta}=6.0 with 8 quenched configurations. For {ital D}{r arrow}{ital K}{sup *}, we find for the ratio of axial form factors {ital A}{sub 2}(0)/{ital A}{sub 1}(0)=0.70{plus minus}0.16{sub {minus}0.15}{sup +0.20}. Results for other form factors and ratios are also given.