cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some reflections on the sport of language

To understand the relation between language and belief we must revise the image of the language game. Language, I claim, is essentially a sport and mental states are among the equipment with which that sport is played. The primary point of this picture is to allow us to account for one of the central motivating puzzles about the intuitive notion of belief, namely, that beliefs are both essentially causally engaged physical entities and at the same time essentially individuated according to public semantic norms. Unlike elements of games which are purely formal, or normative, entities, a football is essentially characterized both in terms of its physical makeup and the normative properties governing it. Similarly, mental states are essentially physical states of brains, and the like, with specific causal roles, and also individuated accorded to their normative status. The resulting picture thus takes seriously the embodiment of belief states, and linguistic dispositions generally, while retaining a conception of them as essentially playing roles in the public linguistic practice. It stands, therefore, in stark contrast both to the normative formalism of Brandom, who takes semantic content to be a matter of inferential role and understands the latter purely in terms of public normative status, and also to the reductive naturalistic accounts of causal theorists, functionalists, and others. Given constraints on length, the view is presented in a way which requires patience on the part of the reader. Although well known arguments are gestured at, many other approaches to these issues are dismissed in a cursory manner. I thus make no claim to have shown that one must follow the sort of account given here, only to have made it clear that there is such an account, and why one might be inclined toward it
The Energy Flux from the Wind to Near-Inertial Motions in the Surface Mixed Layer

Abstract Time series of wind stress computed from long-term meteorological buoy data off North America are used to examine the forcing of surface inertial currents by the wind. A simple damped slab model of the mixed layer is used to compute 〈Π(H)〉, the average flux of energy from the wind to mixed layer inertial currents in a mixed layer of fixed depth H. The forcing of mixed layer inertial motions is highly intermittent. Most of the forcing occurs during the winter months, with a few dozen events accounting for typically over half the total energy flux. Major forcing events are usually associated with translating cold fronts or small lows with scales of about 100 km. The larger, synoptic scale features have little energy at the inertial frequency and thus result in only weak forcing of inertial currents. A strong seasonal signal exists in the inertial forcing. At OWS-P (50°N, 145°W), 〈Π(50 m)〉 is largest from October to February and is a factor of 12 above the June and July values. If seasonally varying...
Design lessons in residential rehabilitation

Abstract In multi‐family residential buildings, earthquake hazards mitigation and reconstruction are two sides of the same coin. The buildings are costly and difficult to retrofit and losses from the Loma Prieta earthquake make it clear that these buildings are significantly more costly and difficult to replace. Case studies of residential buildings which have been upgraded demonstrate that details and schedules are more important than the conceptual design. To achieve cost efficiency, traditional engineering design solutions must be adapted to the conditions found in existing buildings. Further, because construction is almost always done with tenants remaining in the building, cost efficiency must include social as well as technical design.
Phosphorus-32 radiopharmaceuticals for the treatment of painful osseous metastases

Phosphorus-32, employed as the orthophosphate or polyphosphate, can reduce or relieve the pain of osteoblastic metastases without serious hematologic toxicity, especially if used as a single injection. Uptake of this beta-emitter by osteoblastic-reactive bone and possibly by tumor and other cells can lead to pain reduction and often to cell killing. Efficacy has been demonstrated for the treatment of pain in 84% of 322 breast cancer patients and 77% of 444 prostate cancer patients found in a review of the literature. These results match those of the newer radiopharmaceuticals currently under investigation.
Four quinone reduction sites in the NADH dehydrogenase complex.

Quinones can be used as electron acceptors and donors in a new approach to the study and resolution of the respiratory chain-linked NADH dehydrogenase system of beef heart mitochondria. Juglone (5-hydroxynapthoquinone), ubiquinone, duroquinone (tetramethylbenzoquinone), and ferricyanide are found to react at four separate sites in the complex. The sites can be defined by chemical and enzymatic inhibition or by fractionation of the system. The reduced form of one quinone, duroquinol, has the unique property of being an electron donor for the energy-linked reduction of NAD+.
Explosives detection technology for commercial aviation security

The threat posed to commercial aviation by small, concealed plastic explosives is particularly onerous. Small amounts of these highly energetic explosives are difficult to reliably detect using current technologies. But they can cause significant damage to an aircraft that can result in the destruction of the aircraft, resulting in loss of life. The key issues regarding explosive detection technologies include: What methods can detect plastic explosives? How do these methods perform in practice? How can the different methods be best employed to counter the terrorist threat?
Uptake of L-carnitine by a human intestinal epithelial cell line, Caco-2.

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: The mechanism of intestinal uptake of L-carnitine is controversial. The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanism and regulation of L-carnitine uptake. METHODS: Uptake of [3H]-L-carnitine was measured across the apical membrane of confluent monolayers of Caco- 2 cells. RESULTS: [3H]-L-carnitine uptake was linear and appreciable for up to 7 minutes with minimal metabolic alteration, was temperature- and Na(+)-(but not pH-) dependent, and included a saturable component with an apparent Michaelis constant of 45.5 +/- 6.5 mumol/L and a maximum velocity of 83.5 +/- 5.6 nmol.mg protein-1.5 min-1. Unlabeled L- carnitine and its structurally related analogues significantly (P CONCLUSIONS: L-carnitine uptake by intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2) involves a carrier-mediated system that is temperature-, Na(+)-, and energy-dependent and seems to be under the regulation of a calmodulin-mediated pathway. (Gastroenterology 1996 Dec;111(6):1534-40)
Three-dimensional structure of the complex flagellar filament of Rhizobium lupini and its relation to the structure of the plain filament

Electron micrographs of negatively stained preparations were used to obtain a three-dimensional reconstruction of the complex flagellar filament of Rhizobium lupini H13-3. The complex filament has an organization similar to that of the more common plain filament, but the subunits are perturbed in a pairwise fashion to generate a very distinctive set of three continuous ridges of density along the outer surface of the filament. In the three-dimensional map, the design of the complex filament is similar to that of the plain filament described in the accompanying paper. The structures consist of 11 segmented rods of density lying at a radius of 65 to 70 A. The exterior surfaces of both kinds of filaments consist of features that protrude from the segmented rods. The interiors of both consist of arms that extend inwards from the rods. In the case of the complex filament, but not of the plain filament, the inner arms interact to generate three tubular features, which, together with the three outer ridges, may account for the more brittle and, by implication, stiffer nature of the complex filament.
Enriched Asthenosphere and Depleted Plumes

“Lithosphere” and “asthenosphere” are mechanical concepts; “depleted mantle” (DM), “enriched mantle” (EM), and “primitive mantle” (PM) are chemical concepts. Upper mantle, lower mantle, and D″ are seismological subdivisions. Geochemistry provides few constraints on the locations of mantle reservoirs, but it is generally assumed that the MORB reservoir (DM) lies immediately below the lithosphere, i.e., DM is the asthenosphere or in the asthenosphere. This leads to various paradoxes involving the temporal and spatial distributions of non-depleted basalts. To accommodate evidence for a widespread, shallow, enriched (relative to MORB) layer, it has been proposed that giant plume heads arise, as needed, from the core-mantle boundary, or that continental lithosphere delaminates and contaminates the shallow mantle. “Fossil plume heads” have been proposed to accommodate the need for long-lived, enriched, shallow mantle. Evidence is presented that a global, shallow, enriched layer is a permanent part of the upper mantle, and is absent or attenuated only when long-sustained spreading has replaced it by upwelling depleted mantle. It is the absence of EM, rather than its presence, that needs to be explained. I call this shallow, enriched (or metasomatized) region the “perisphere” (for “all around”). It is constantly refreshed by fluids from subducting slabs and by residual melts trapped beneath the lithosphere. There is no one-to-one correspondence of the perisphere with the lithosphere or asthenosphere, since it can be either hot or cold, weak or strong, fertile or infertile. The perisphere protects the underlying depleted mantle from recycling and contamination. Recognition that noble gases and high ^3He/^4He material collect in pelagic sediments increases the power of the recycling hypothesis. The shallow mantle is the likely sink for recycled sediments and slab-derived fluids, and the likely source of the enriched components of island-arc, ocean-island, and continental flood basalts. I argue that enriched magmas are caused neither by melting of continental lithosphere in continental domains nor by channeling in narrow hoses from point-source hotspots in the oceanic domain. Large-scale enriched domains exist in the shallow mantle. Narrow point-like or line-like eruptive centers are the result of lithospheric control, and are not the dimensions of active plume-like upwellings. I attribute the homogeneity of the MORB source to isolation from the effects of recycling rather than to efficient stirring. The best candidates for hot plume material are high-temperature magmas, picrites, and komatiites. Geochemically these are more similar to MORB than to enriched magmas thought to be plume derived. The tectonic context of many socalled hotspot magmas implies that it is the lithospheric dynamics of the upper Earth that control eruption, not the fluid dynamics of the deep Earth or lower mantle.
A novel amorphous calcium phosphate polymer ceramic for bone repair: I. Synthesis and characterization.

Traditional materials for bone repair or replacements such as autografts and allografts have a limited supply and other complications. Thus, alternative materials need to be explored. Three-dimensional, porous composites prepared from bioresorbable polymers and hydroxyapatite or other calcium phosphate ceramics are promising materials for the repair or replacement of diseased or damaged bone. However, in many cases the ceramic component of these composites is crystalline in nature, while bone apatite is made of a poorly crystalline, carbonated phosphate system. In this study, we synthesized a noncrystalline, carbonated calcium phosphate ceramic by carrying out the reaction within bioresorbable PLAGA microspheres using a modified emulsion/solvent evaporation technique, making each individual microsphere a composite. Sintering the composite microspheres together yielded a bioresorbable, porous, 3-dimensional scaffold that may be ideal for tissue ingrowth, making this composite scaffold potentially suitable for bone repair applications.
A general model of continuous character evolution

I present a general model for continuous character evolution, review some of the common challenges that emerge in such complex methods and review strategies for handling them.
Cooled Grating Fabry-Perot Spectrometer For The 10 µm Region

A spectrometer optimized for measurement of narrow spectral features in the 10 pm atmospheric window has been constructed and used for astronomical observations. The instrument consists of a LN2 cooled, piezoelectrically scanned, Fabry-Perot interferometer and a LHe cooled grating monochromator and Si:As photoconductive detector. The Fabry-Perot has been used with a free spectral range of 3-10 cm-1 and a resolution of 0.07-0.3 cm-1. The grating, which isolates a single order of the Fabry-Perot, has a resolution of typically 2 cm-1 with an entrance aperture corresponding to 6" on a 3m telescope. The system sensitivity, which is photon shot noise limited, is 2x10-14WHz-1/2 , including all losses in the spec-trometer, telescope, and atmosphere, and due to chopping. The instrument can be used as a scanning spectrometer to measure line shapes and fluxes or as a monochromator to allow emission-line mapping of nebulae. Astronomical applications have included observations of the motion and distribution of the ionized gas in the Galactic center and first detections of H2 S(2) at 12.28 μm and H I Humphreys a at 12.37 μm.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Preconditioning causes improved wall motion as well as smaller infarcts after transient coronary occlusion in rabbits.

BACKGROUND A brief coronary occlusion before a more prolonged occlusion results in less myocardial infarction than the longer occlusion alone. However, the effects of this preconditioning on recovery of systolic function after coronary occlusion have not been determined. METHODS AND RESULTS Ultrasonic crystals implanted in rabbit myocardium measured segment length in the distribution of a branch of the left coronary artery that was fitted with a snare occluder. Rabbits were randomly allocated to either nonpreconditioned or preconditioned groups. Rabbits in the latter group underwent preconditioning with a 5-minute coronary occlusion followed by 10 minutes of reperfusion. Then the coronary artery was occluded for 20 minutes in all rabbits, after which it was allowed to reperfuse for 90 minutes. The hearts were then excised, and infarct size was measured by staining with triphenyltetrazolium chloride. During coronary occlusion, all hearts except one demonstrated either akinesis or paradoxical bulging. Five minutes after release of the 20-minute occlusion, active shortening had returned in the preconditioned rabbits and averaged 27.9 +/- 16.6% of baseline shortening. At the same time, paradoxical lengthening persisted in nonpreconditioned rabbits (-15.5 +/- 19.8% of baseline). By the end of the 90-minute reperfusion period, segment shortening averaged 40.1 +/- 8.4% of baseline in preconditioned rabbits and only 6.2 +/- 12.0% in nonpreconditioned rabbits (p less than 0.05). Infarct size as a percentage of risk area was significantly smaller in preconditioned rabbits as well (3.0 +/- 1.6% versus 28.8 +/- 7.0%, p less than 0.002) and likely accounted for the improved shortening. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that a brief coronary occlusion before a more prolonged occlusion results in not only reduced infarct size but also significantly better recovery of systolic function.
Implications of the Clean Air Act acid rain title on industrial boilers

This paper discusses the impacts of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments related to acid rain controls, as they apply to industrial boilers. Emphasis is placed on explaining the Title IV provisions of the Amendments that permit nonutility sources to participate in the SO{sub 2} allowance system. The allowance system, as it pertains to industrial boiler operators, is described, and the opportunities for operators to trade and/or sell SO{sub 2} emission credits is discussed. The paper also reviews flue gas desulfurization system technologies available for industrial boiler operators who may choose to participate in the system. Furnace sorbent injection, advanced silicate process, lime spray drying, dry sorbent injection, and limestone scrubbing are described, including statements of their SO{sub 2} removing capability, commercial status, and costs. Capital costs, levelized costs and cost-effectiveness are presented for these technologies.
Side Branch Interaction with Main Line Standing Waves and Related Signal Handling Approaches

Data from a low pressure air test facility are used to quantify the influence of the acoustic field in the main line on side branch resonance behavior. The main line of diameter <path id="x1D437" d="M780 372q0 -191 -178 -297q-128 -75 -335 -75h-250l7 27q61 7 77 22t28 76l77 398q11 62 0 76.5t-77 22.5l6 28h292q164 0 258.5 -67.5t94.5 -210.5zM678 375q0 119 -73 180.5t-201 61.5q-62 0 -82 -13q-17 -7 -25 -53l-80 -427q-8 -47 -4 -62t26 -20q24 -6 80 -6 q166 0 262.5 95t96.5 244z" /> = 7.6 cm may accumulate acoustic energy broadcast from a resonating branch of diameter <path id="x1D451" d="M530 686q-79 -330 -126 -595q-5 -24 4 -24q22 0 77 53l16 -24q-42 -49 -88 -78.5t-72 -29.5q-37 0 -19 83l21 99h-2q-62 -83 -153 -141q-65 -41 -97 -41q-28 0 -48 31.5t-20 91.5q0 71 32.5 144t88.5 118q36 30 94 52.5t94 22.5q38 0 68 -13l29 158q7 40 2 47.5t-38 7.5 h-35l1 26q39 4 76 13.5t58.5 17t27.5 7.5q16 0 9 -26zM387 375q-11 11 -38.5 20t-51.5 9q-45 0 -79 -23q-46 -32 -77.5 -107.5t-31.5 -143.5q0 -40 9.5 -58.5t23.5 -18.5q40 0 113.5 70t99.5 118z" /> = 1.9 cm ( = 0.25). The side branch resonance amplitude is a strong function of branch position along the main line with the normalized pressure rising to 1.2 in the most favorable branch positions with Strouhal number near 0.3. Large time variation of the side branch and main line resonance amplitude is apparent for most branch positions. A moving window is used on the time history to collect an array of power spectral densities (PSDs). Peak amplitude values from the PSD array are represented in a probability density function (PDF) that provides a repeatable characterization of data from the system.
Elongation rates and endogenous indoleacetic acid levels in roots of pea mutants differing in internode length

Growth of the primary root of 12 genotypes of peas (Pisum sativum) differing in their stem height was recorded for 14 days. The growth rate of roots of wild-type tall, gibberellin (GA)-deficient le dwarf or slender mutants (with la cry s ) was similar (3 cm day -1 ); that ofseverely GA-deficient nana (na-1) plants was 50% of wild-type but elongation ceased after 8 days; moderately severe dwarf GA-deficient lines Is-1 and Ih-1 had a 15% reduction in elongation rate but displayed no time-dependent slowing of the growth rate and brassinosteroid-insensitive and -deficient dwarfs Ika and Ikb showed slightly decreased root elongation. GA (levels reported in Yaxley et al. 2001) is not substantially limiting to root growth until it is severely deficient. The terminal 3 cm of roots of tall plants contained about 25 or 35 ng g -1 fresh weight indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), depending on the genetic background, and Ie-1 dwarfs were similar. Nana (na-1) had less than 50% the level of IAA of tall, all the moderately severe dwarfs had reductions of about 30% and the slender plants had about 40% more IAA than the corresponding wild-type. With the exception of slender plants, IAA level in the root tips correlated with root elongation. Root growth seems to be promoted by IAA within the range of the internal concentrations detected. Nana plants had a reduced amount of IAA and a lower root-growth rate. Whereas external application of IAA always inhibits root growth, even at very low concentrations, root growth is not similarly inhibited by internal IAA as slender plants had the highest IAA level and growth rate similar to wild-type, regardless of the shoot GA content.
One-Carbon Vitamins, Epigenetic/Genetic Integrity and Colon Cancer:Research is Needed to Understand the Effect on Tumorigenic Signaling Pathways

Copyright: © 2012 Liu Z. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Evidence has established the protective effect of folic acid fortification and periconceptional supplementation on neural tube defects. A large and growing body of compelling evidence from both epidemiological and pre-clinical studies also indicates that adequate folate status, and possibly in combination with other one-carbon nutrients, is associated with a decreased risk of colorectal carcinogenesis [1,2]. Evidence is still accumulating in support of these claims, but some recent studies raise warnings in regard to the safety for use folate as a chemopreventive component. Not to mention some null observations [3,4], it is important to point out that some studies suggest that overly abundant intake of folate may paradoxically promote tumor progression if administered in an inopportune time when an individual already has harbored foci of precancerous or cancerous cells [5-8]. To fully take advantage of this chemopreventive agent and avoid its cancer-promoting effect (though more studies are needed to confirm), research is urgently needed to understand specific molecular mechanisms by which these paradoxical effects are mediated.
Culture-Negative Prosthetic Joint Infection

Background. Culture-negative (CN) prosthetic joint infection (PJI) has not been well studied. We performed a retrospective cohort study to define the demographic characteristics and determine the outcome of patients with CN PJI. Methods. All cases of CN total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty infections (using a strict case definition) treated at our institution from January 1990 through December 1999 were analyzed. Kaplan-Meier survival methods were used to determine the cumulative probability of success. Results. Of 897 episodes of PJI during the study period, 60 (7%) occurred in patients for whom this was the initial episode of CN PJI. The median age of the cohort was 69 years (range, 36‐87 years). Patients had received a prior course of antimicrobial therapy in 32 (53%) of 60 episodes. Of the 60 episodes, 34 (57%), 12 (20%), and 8 (13%) were treated with 2-stage exchange, debridement and retention, and permanent resection arthroplasty, respectively. The median duration of parenteral antimicrobial therapy was 28 days (range, 0‐88 days). Forty-nine (82%) of 60 episodes were treated with a cephalosporin. The 5-year estimate of survival free of treatment failure was 94% (95% confidence interval, 85%‐100%) for patients treated with 2-stage exchange and 71% (95% confidence interval, 44%‐100%) for patients treated with debridement and retention. Conclusions. CN PJI occurs infrequently at our institution. Prior use of antimicrobial therapy is common among patients with CN PJI. CN PJI treated at our institution is associated with a rate of favorable outcome that is comparable to that associated with PJI due to known bacterial pathogens. Prosthetic joint infection ( PJI) involving a total hip athroplasty or total knee arthroplasty can occur in up to 5% of patients undergoing total joint replacement. Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species account for close to 65% of PJIs [1‐9]. We have observed a significant number of patients with PJI for whom aerobic and anaerobic cultures of periprosthetic tissue samples did not reveal the growth of any microorganisms. These patients received a diagnosis of PJI on the basis of the presence of periprosthetic purulence, acute pathology revealed by histopathologic examination of periprosthetic tissue samples, or a sinus tract communicating with the prosthesis. Although the outcome of microbiologically confirmed PJI
The early post-natal development of the neuronal lysosome.

The hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-fi-~-gluco-(I) and 8-D- galacto-pyranoside (11) and of p-nitrophenyl-a-D-mannopyranoside (111) by neuronal cell bodies and glial cells isolated from the cerebral cortex of 18-day-old or adult rats was found to be equally efficient, with relative ratios of hydrolysis for I, I1 and I11 of approximately 10: 1 :05 in both cell types and at both ages. Homogenatesoftheneuronal cell bodies obtained from cerebral cortices of 3-, 8-, 12-, 18- and 32-day-old rats were subjected to differential centrifugation and the subcellular localization of N-acetyl-fi-o-ghcosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30) bydrolysing (I)) was compared to that of the mitochondrial marker, succinate-INT- oxidoreductase (EC 1.3.99.1). A fraction in which N-acetyl-B-D-ghcosaminidase exhibited maximal specific activity could be isolated at all ages, an observation indicating that the potential for active hydrolytic performance is incorporated into the neuronal lysosome very early post-natally. The specific activities of N-acetyl-fi-D-glucosaminidase and succinate- INT-oxidoreductase reached their respective maxima at widely different times postnatally: at 10-12 days for the mitochondrial enzyme and at about 18 days for the glycosidase, a difference suggesting that in the cortical neuron lysosomes and mitochondria develop out of step. The mitochondrial, lysosomal and microsomal fractions obtained by differential centrifugation were subjected to equilibrium density centrifugation and the presence of two populations of N-acetyl-fi-D-glucosaminidase-bearing particles was demonstrated. Although their presence was readily apparent in the neurons from 8- and 12-day old brains, it was difficult to discern their presence in the neurons from the 3- and the 18-day-old brains. In 8-day-old brains gradient fractions obtained from neurons containing N-acetyl-P-D- glucosaminidase of a specific activity up to %fold higher than that of the enzyme in the original neuronal homogenate were examined by electron microscopy and the concentra- tion of numerous lysosomes and derivative bodies in these fractions was verified. Our present study demonstrates the capability of the immature and developing neuron to tightly couple the pace of its degradative processes to that of its highly efficient and highly selective synthetic activities. N-ACETYL-/?-D-GLUCOSAMINIDASE (EC 3.2.1.30; /3-2-acetylamino-2-deoxy-~-glucoside acetylaminodeoxyglucohydrolase) is localized in the lysosomes of the cerebral cortex of the rat (SELLINGER, RUCKER and DE BALBIAN VERSTER, 1964) and the guinea pig (BOSMANN and HEMSWORTH, 1970), as well as in the lysosomes of several other anatomi- cal areas of the rat brain (SELLINGER and HIAIT, 1968; SELLINGER and NORDRUM, 1969; SELLINGER, NORDRUM and IDOYAGA-VAKGAS, 1971b). TALLMAN, BRADY and SUZUKI (1971) recently demonstrated the lysosomal localization of this hydrolase in
Developing high-level reliability languages using a general intermediate domain

This paper presents an improved and generalized version of intermediate language called the failure automaton (FA). By utilizing a common formal semantic domain such as the FA, languages have a precise meaning, the cost of developing and implementing languages is reduced, advances can be more easily shared among languages, and understanding the differences between languages is easier. This new approach to the definition and implementation of reliability modeling languages helps find ambiguity, reduces implementation effort, and allows sharing of language features.
Effect of Agricultural Antibiotics on the Persistence and Transformation of 17β-Estradiol in a Sequatchie Loam

A laboratory incubation study was conducted to investigate the effect of agricultural antibiotics (sulfamethazine, tylosin, and chlortetracycline) on the persistence and transformation of 17β-estradiol in Sequatchie loam. We measured concentrations of 17β-estradiol and its primary metabolite (estrone) in soils spiked with antibiotics and 17β-estradiol. Dehydrogenase activity (DHA) was also measured as an indicator of the total microbial activity of the soils. The presence of antibiotics significantly decreased transformation of 17β-estradiol to estrone. There was a positive correlation between the DHA and the concentrations of estrone in soil spiked with 17β-estradiol only, implying that the reaction is mainly catalyzed by dehydrogenases. However, the positive correlation was weakened in soil spiked with 17β-estradiol and antibiotics together. We recommend that any study evaluating the fate and transport of estrogenic hormones in soil should include the effect of agricultural antibiotics because antibioti...
Use of design codes for on-line beam diagnostics at the MIT-Bates Accelerator

The MIT-Bates Accelerator Center consists of a one GeV electron linac with a beam recirculation system, and a storage ring which was initially commissioned in early 1993. For proper operation of this facility, on-line beam measurements and analysis are important. To this end we have developed codes for simulating and measuring beam optics and the transverse beam phase space. One of the beam optics simulators is an extension of the DIMAD based simulator which originated at CEBAF. It has been modified to include the capability of directly reading the machine magnetics values and thereby predict the beam envelope, as well as automatically set up the desired theoretical beam phase space. Two types of on-line transverse phase space measuring codes are in operation. It is envisioned that these phase space measurement systems will eventually be linked with the optics simulator to allow semi-automatic beam tuning procedures. Another code for automatically measuring optical matrix elements has been in use for several years. A description of the codes, their bases and their operation are presented here. >
Contribution of folding steps involving the individual subunits of bacterial luciferase to the assembly of the active heterodimeric enzyme

Bacterial luciferase is an alpha beta heterodimer with a single active center in which the reaction of reduced FMN, O2, and an aliphatic aldehyde yields a photon of blue-green light. We have shown that refolding of the luciferase subunits from 5 M urea occurs via the intermediacy of several species, one of which is an inactive heterodimeric structure, resulting from the dimerization of alpha and beta, which isomerizes to the active alpha beta structure in a first-order reaction (Ziegler, M. M., Goldberg, M. E., Chaffotte, A. F., and Baldwin, T. O. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 10760-10765). We have also demonstrated the existence of an inactive heterodimeric species that is well populated at equilibrium in the presence of 1.6-2.8 M urea (Clark, A. C., Sinclair, J. F., and Baldwin, T. O. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 10773-10779). We have separated the alpha and beta subunits by ion exchange chromatography and investigated the effects on reformation of active luciferase of allowing the individual subunits to refold separately prior to mixing. These investigations show that the lag in formation of active luciferase is due to slow steps in folding of the individual subunits. The beta subunit appears to fold faster than the alpha subunit, but folding of the beta subunit also shows a distinct lag. When the alpha and beta subunits were allowed to refold from urea for periods of several hours or more prior to mixing, the yield of active heterodimeric luciferase was compromised, which is consistent with the finding that individual subunits produced in vivo fold into structures incompetent to interact with each other to form the active heterodimer (Waddle, J. J., Johnston, T. C., and Baldwin, T. O. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 4917-4921). It appeared that the rate with which the beta subunit assumed the heterodimerization-incompetent structure was faster than the rate with which the alpha subunit became heterodimerization-incompetent. These observations support a model for folding and assembly of the subunits of luciferase in which the two subunits fold into assembly-competent structures that associate to form the heterodimer. In a slow competing process, the subunits undergo a conformational rearrangement to form stable structures incompetent to form heterodimers. It appears that the association of the luciferase subunits might constitute an example of one polypeptide modifying the folding pathway of another, a model that is consistent with the suggestion that the formation of the heterodimeric structure of luciferase is a kinetic trap on the folding pathway of the individual subunits (Sugihara, J., and Baldwin, T. O. (1988) Biochemistry 27, 2872-2880).
Middleware for Distributed Video Surveillance

Graduates of computer science (CS) and software engineering (SE) programs are typically employed to develop industry-strength software. Computer engineering (CE) programs focus primarily on computing-system design, often with significant software components. These three programs have different emphases: development of new algorithms versus development of large, complex software systems versus development of small embedded software and device drivers. All three areas require good SE practices.
ROSE II for Updating Additive Link State Information

Many works have been reported to address the issue of updating link state information in order to effectively facilitate Quality-of-Service (QoS) routing. However, most of them, if not all, only consider concave metrics, e.g., bandwidth. In this paper, we first observe that due to the inherently different nature of additive and concave QoS metrics, directly applying existing link state update policies cannot provide satisfactory performance. As such, it is essential to consider the additive metrics of link state update for the purpose of reducing the protocol overhead and improving the accuracy of link state information. By applying the central limit theorem, the additive QoS constraint imposed on each link can be modeled as a normal random variable. Then, based on our previous proposal, ROSE, we present a high performance link state update policy, ROSE II. Via theoretical analysis and extensive simulations, we show that ROSE II greatly outperforms the state of the arts in terms of protocol overhead and the accuracy of the link state information for additive metrics.
Calcium Current Activated by Depletion of Calcium Stores in Xenopus Oocytes

Ca(2+) currents activated by depletion of Ca(2+) stores in Xenopus oocytes were studied with a two-electrode voltage clamp. Buffering of cytosolic Ca(2+) with EGTA and MeBAPTA abolished I(Cl(Ca)) and unmasked a current in oocytes that was activated by InsP(3) or ionomycin in minutes and by thapsigargin or the chelators themselves over hours. At -60 mV in 10 mM extracellular CaCl(2), the current was typically around -90 or -160 nA in oocytes loaded with EGTA or MeBAPTA, respectively. This current was judged to be a Ca(2+)-selective current for the following reasons: (a) it was inwardly rectifying and reversed at membrane potentials usually more positive than +40 mV; (b) it was dependent on extracellular [CaCl(2)] with K(m) = 11.5 mM; (c) it was highly selective for Ca(2+) against monovalent cations Na(+) and K(+), because replacing Na(+) and K(+) by N-methyl-d-glucammonium did not reduce the amplitude or voltage dependence of the current significantly; and (d) Ca(2+), Sr(2+), and Ba(2+) currents had similar instantaneous conductances, but Sr(2+) and Ba(2+) currents appeared to inactivate more strongly than Ca(2+). This Ca(2+) current was blocked by metal ions with the following potency sequence: Mg(2+) << Ni(2+) approximately Co(2+) approximately Mn(2+) < Cd(2+) << Zn(2+) << La(3+). It was also inhibited by niflumic acid, which is commonly used to block I(Cl(Ca)). PMA partially inhibited the Ca(2+) current, and this effect was mostly abolished by calphostin C, indicating that the Ca(2+) current is sensitive to protein kinase C. These results are the first detailed electrophysiological characterization of depletion-activated Ca(2+) current in nondialyzed cells. Because exogenous molecules and channels are easy to introduce into oocytes and the distortions in measuring I(Cl(Ca)) can now be bypassed, oocytes are now a superior system in which to analyze the activation mechanisms of capacitative Ca(2+) influx.
Pioneering in Neuroendocrinology 1952–1969

Let me say at the outset of this essay that I am somewhat dubious about any historical or scientific significance of the type of microautobiographies that the previous volume has shown us in its tone, scope, and style. I said so to my old friend Joseph Meites when he asked me to contribute to this second volume. To have declined his invitation, however, would have probably been in bad taste in view of the list of contributors: all were friends and contemporaries; we had grown up together pioneering in the new field of neuroendocrinology. Thus I accepted the task of writing a short essay.
Imaging Features of Rhinoplasty

SUMMARY: Cosmetic rhinoplasty encompasses a diverse group of procedures, including alteration of the radix, nasal dorsum, nasal tip, and nasal base; premaxillary augmentation; septoplasty; and combinations thereof. Similarly, many different types of grafts and alloplastic materials can be used in cosmetic rhinoplasty, such as cartilage, bone, silicone, porous polyethylene, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, and calcium hydroxylapatite. Complications of rhinoplasty that can be observed on imaging include retained metallic surgical instrument fragments, infection, implant extrusion, nerve impingement by implants, nasal valve collapse, and implant deformity. Knowledge of the basic surgical procedures and potential complications of cosmetic rhinoplasty is important for adequately interpreting postoperative radiologic imaging studies. ABBREVIATION: K-wires Kirschner wires
The search for an endogenous schizogen: the strange case of taraxein.

In 1956, Dr. Robert Galbraith Heath, Chair of Psychiatry and Neurology at Tulane University School of Medicine in New Orleans, announced that he and colleagues had discovered a protein they called taraxein in the blood of schizophrenic patients that caused symptoms of schizophrenia when injected into healthy volunteers. Heath's claim received wide public and professional attention. Researchers quickly tried to confirm the discovery. These efforts, which were rigorous and in some cases conducted in consultation with the Tulane researchers, failed. Nevertheless, for the next four decades Heath continued to defend his claim. This article recounts the scientific developments that led up to Heath's putative discovery and it explores the scientific findings for and against the taraxein theory of schizophrenia. 1
MHC-Class I Antigens Regulate Both the Function and the Survival of Human Peripheral Blood NK Cells: Role of Endogenously Secreted TNF-α

Abstract The cytotoxic activity and survival of NK cells are negatively regulated in the presence of antibodies directed against the FCγRIII (CD16) surface receptor. The addition of MHC-class I monoclonal antibody (mAb) in combination with CD16 mAb resulted in a significant potentiation of the inhibition of NK cell cytotoxic function and both accelerated kinetics and synergistic induction of cell death in both resting and IL-2-treated human peripheral blood purified NK cells. The potentiating effect of class I MHC monoclonal antibody was specific as monoclonal antibodies directed against other cell surface antigens on NK (e.g., LFA-3, LFA-1, and CD56) had no effect. A correlation was observed between the levels of secreted TNF-α and the frequency of NK cell death and the addition of anti-TNF-α antibody inhibited NK cell death. The levels of death promoting gene products such as the Fas receptor and the Fas ligand were upregulated in NK cells in the presence of anti-class I and anti-CD16 antibodies. However, anti-Fas antibodies did not block cell death. These findings demonstrate that MHC-class I antigens regulate both TNF-α secretion and cell death of anti-CD16 mAb treated NK cells. These results also suggest that MHC-class I antigens regulate the function and survival of activated NK cells.
Steady and Pulsatile Flow Studies on a Trileaflet Heart Valve Prosthesis

The need for better and longer lasting trileaflet valves has led to the design and development of the ABIOMED polymeric trileaflet valve prosthesis. In vitro fluid dynamic studies in the aortic position indicate that overall it has improved leaflet motion characteristics and pressure drop characteristics compared to the Carpentier-Edwards porcine and Ionescu-Shiley pericardial tissue valves in current clinical use. The ABIOMED valve is, however, more stenotic compared to the St. Jude and Medtronic-Hall low profile mechanical valves, at normal cardiac outputs. Steady and pulsatile flow velocity measurements with a laser-Doppler anemometer system indicate that the flow field downstream of the ABIOMED valve is jet-like and leads to elevated shear stresses. These shear stresses are, however, lower than those observed with the Ionescu-Shiley and Carpentier-Edwards tissue valves. The ABIOMED valves tested had been originally configured for use in valved conduits, and it is therefore our opinion that further imp...
Antitumor effects of doxorubicin against a virally-induced rat osteosarcoma with minimal immunosuppression.

Intratibial inoculation of a Moloney strain of Murine Sarcoma Virus (MSV-M) in neonatal Wistar-Lewis rats produced osteosarcoma in 96% of animals and resulted in a median survival of 20 days. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of doxorubicin (adriamycin) (1-2 mg/kg/d, on day 10-12) resulted in reduced tumor growth and prolonged median survival to 95+ and 64 days, respectively. Higher dose doxorubicin (3-4 mg/kg/d, on day 10-12) caused early lethal toxicity. Autopsy data revealed a characteristic sarcomatous tumor producing osteoid. Gross pulmonary nodules appeared in 30% of both treated and untreated animals. Microscopic evaluation of lung tissue revealed anaplastic tumors without osteoid in as many as 90% of rats. Hepatosplenomegaly was usually present but microscopic sections of the spleen did not reveal tumor. Long bone metastases were increased in frequency in those animals receiving doxorubicin. Cell mediated immunity (CMI) to osteosarcoma cells by peripheral blood lymphocytes of tumor-bearing animals was detectable between days 21-48. This was bimodal with an early peak at day 21 (CMI = 56%) and a late peak at day 39 (CMI = 48%). CMI in rats given 1 mg/kg/d x 3d of doxorubicin was similar, with peak cytotoxicity (CMI = 61%) on day 26. Two mg/kg/d x 3d of doxorubicin did not significantly suppress either the early response (CMI = 50% on day 22) or the second peak (CMI = 38% and 50% on day 40 and 46, respectively). Thus, doxorubicin was effective in decreasing the growth of an MSV-M induced osteosarcoma and prolonging survival in the rat while usually failing to suppress CMI against rat osteosarcoma cells.
The Costs of Related Diversification: The Impact of the Core Business on the Productivity of Related Segments

I develop the thesis that in related diversified firms, the core business in my analysis, the largest business may provide benefits such as scope economies to a related segment, but it may also exert power and constrain the segment to act in its interests in various internal and external transactions. This enables the core business to shift productivity gains toward itself from the segment, which could lead to various inefficiencies within the related diversified firm. Using input/output flow data and a multilevel model with the segment as the unit of analysis, I first show that a segment's productivity is lower compared with a single-business firm when it shares backward and forward complementarity i.e., when it shares transactions with common suppliers and customers with the core business. Correspondingly, I show that as a mirror image, the core business's productivity is enhanced when the business shares backward and forward complementarity with segments and when segments are backward integrated with it i.e., when the core business provides outputs to segments. These shifts in productivity and the attendant inefficiencies do not seem to be destroying the entire value from related diversification. Overall, the findings support the argument that the power and influence exerted by the core business-and concomitantly, the subsidization of the core business by related segments-is an important source of costs borne by segments in a related diversified firm.
The future is not assured-but it should be

Twenty years from now there will still be software security-enhanced applications vulnerable to buffer overflow problems. These products should not be called secure, but will be sold as such. Twenty years from now there will still be security-enhanced operating systems that will crash when applications misbehave. They will not be secure either. The author considers how we will have sufficient functionality, plenty of performance, but not enough assurance.
Elastic-plastic analysis of arbitrary heterogeneous materials with the Voronoi Cell finite element method

Abstract In this paper, a Voronoi Cell finite element method is developed to solve small deformation elastic-plasticity problems for arbitrary heterogenous materials. Dirichlet Tessellation of microstructural representative materials results in a network of arbitrary-sided polygons called Voronoi cells. Each Voronoi cell encompasses one second phase heterogeneity at most. These are natural elements for the microstructure, representing the basic structural elements of the material. In this paper, formulations are developed for directly considering Voronoi cells as elements in a finite element model without any further dissection. Furthermore, a composite Voronoi Cell finite element method is developed to account for the presence of the second phase within each polygonal element. Various numerical elastic-plastic examples are executed for validating the effectiveness of this formulation. Finally, studies are conducted to understand the effect of size, shape and distribution of second phase on the averaged and true local responses of representative material elements.
Linking a cougar decline, trophic cascade, and catastrophic regime shift in Zion National Park

The strength of top-down forces in terrestrial food webs is highly debated as there are few examplesillustratingtheroleoflargemammaliancarnivoresinstructuringbioticandabiotic systems. Based on the results of this study we hypothesize that an increase in human visitation within Zion Canyon of Zion National Park ultimately resulted in a catastrophic regime shift through pathways involving trophic cascades and abiotic environmental changes. Increases in human visitors in Zion Canyon apparently reduced cougar (Puma concolor) densities, which subsequently led to higher mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) densities, higher browsing intensities and reduced recruitment of riparian cottonwood trees (Populus fremon
Long-term incidence and risks for recurrent stones following contemporary management of upper tract calculi in patients with a urinary diversion.

AbstractPurpose: The long-term rate of stone recurrence following contemporary minimally invasive management of calculi was determined in patients with urinary diversion and to identify specific risk factors for these recurrences.Materials and Methods: We followed for a minimum of 12 months 25 patients (29 renal units) with upper tract calculi associated with urinary diversion, and treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and/or percutaneous nephrostolithotomy. The risk of recurrent stones at 5 years was determined by a Kaplan-Meier estimate, while potential risk factors for recurrence were analyzed using a log-rank comparison.Results: Stones recurred in 8 patients (32 percent) 18 to 61 months (mean 27.0) after treatment. The risk of new stone formation after 5 years was estimated to be 63.3 percent and was significantly greater in patients with recurrent bacteriuria after treatment. Neither stone history, type of procedure used, stone composition nor radiographic status of completion of treatme...