cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Motility potential of macaque epididymal sperm: the role of protein phosphatase and glycogen synthase kinase-3 activities.

Human and monkey ejaculated sperm contain pro- tein phosphatase-1 (PP1), PP1 inhibitor 2 (12), and glycogen syn- thase kinase-3 (GSK-3). Inhibition of ejaculated human sperm pro- tein phosphatase (PP) activity with calyculin-a (CL-A) significantly stimulates motility, implicating protein dephosphorylation in motility regulation. The present experiments were conducted to character- ize and compare PP and GSK-3 activity in monkey caput and cau- dal epididymal sperm, to determine the cellular distribution of these enzymes, and to test the thesis that epididymal sperm PP activity is inversely related to motility. Caput epididymal sperm popula- tions, (8.8% motile) contained levels of PP activity that were >3 times as high as those of caudal spermatozoa. This PP activity was further identified by inhibitor response profiles as PP1. In both caput and caudal sperm, the majority of this PP1 activity was lo- calized in 100,000 x g soluble fractions. Western blot analysis indicated that a portion of this difference was the result of elevated amounts of PP1 in caput compared with caudal epididymal sperm. The presence of GSK-3 activity was undetectable in 100,000 X g insoluble fractions of epididymal sperm, whereas both caput and caudal sperm soluble fractions contained GSK-3 activity, which was approximately threefold higher in caput sperm compared with caudal populations. Treatment of caput epididymal sperm from the rhesus macaque with the PP inhibitor CL-A resulted in a significant, dose-dependent increase from 8 to 38% motile cells (without any effect on their path velocity). In contrast, CL-A had no significant influence on either percent motility or path velocity of caudal epi- didymal sperm. Cytosolic PP1 and GSK-3 activities appear to be inversely related to the motility of monkey epididymal sperm and may have a regulatory role in the development of the potential for motility in epididymal sperm.
Smell and Taste

SECTION I. BASIC PRINCIPLES A. Fundamentals 1. Epidemiology of smell and taste dysfunction B. Morphophysiology of the olfactory and nasal trigeminal sensory systems 2. Anatomy of the olfactory system 3. Development of the human olfactory system 4. Anatomy of the olfactory mucosa 5. Olfactory receptor function 6. Central olfactory structures 7. Taste and smell processing in the brain 8. The intranasal trigeminal system 9. Cranial nerve 13 C. Morphophysiology of the gustatory and oral trigeminal systems 10. Anatomy and development of the human taste system 11. Taste receptor function 12. Central taste anatomy and physiology 13. The orotrigeminal system SECTION II. CLINICAL ASPECTS A. Clinical assessment 14. Health histories and medical evaluations of patients with complaints of chemosensory dysfunction 15. Psychophysical testing of smell and taste function 16. Electrophysiological assessment of olfactory and gustatory function 17. Neuroimaging of smell and taste B. Diseases and disorders 18. Diseases of the nasal cavity 19. Neurolocalization of taste disorders 20. Chemosensory dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases 21. Systemic diseases and disorders 22. Toxic exposures and the senses of taste and smell 23. The influence of head injury on olfactory and gustatory function 24. Animal models of olfactory dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases C. Treatment and management of chemosensory disorders 25. Treatments for smell and taste disorders: A critical review
Coronal Mass Ejections, Corotating Interaction Regions, and Geomagnetic Storms

The geomagnetic activity index, Dst, solar wind data, and solar coronal images have been analyzed and compared for 10 solar rotations from August 1993 to May 1994. A description of the background solar wind patterns is given for the period, and the modification of the geoeffectiveness of this pattern by seasonal effects is reviewed. Most of the geomagnetic storms are found to be associated with passage of the sector boundaries in the interplanetary magnetic field. The geoeffectiveness of these storms is determined by three components. One is the corotating interaction region (CIR) formed at the leading edge of high-speed streams from major coronal holes, a traditional source for recurrent geomagnetic storms. All of the storms near sector boundaries were followed by high-speed streams, and by assumption, were associated with CIRs. In the study period, the modification of the geoeffectiveness of these CIRs by the second component, seasonal effects, was quite strong. The final component is due to coronal mass ejection (CME) driven solar wind transients. Association of solar signatures with each storm suggests that all major storms, and probably most moderate storms, have a transient component. We conclude that major geomagnetic storms, both recurrent and nonrecurrent, are the result of the combined effects of CMEs and CIRs.
Effects of soil skeleton deformations on hysteretic soil water characteristic curves: Experiments and simulations

[1] Soil water characteristic curves (SWCCs) represent the relationship between suction and water content in unsaturated soils. The SWCCs exhibit hysteresis during wetting-drying cycles; however, the empirical expressions used to describe SWCCs have typically ignored the hysteresis. Additionally, the shape of the SWCC will vary depending on the void ratio of the soil and changes resulting from soil skeleton deformations, which may also show hysteretic behavior under various loading conditions. Therefore, it is important to investigate, both experimentally and theoretically, the relationship between soil skeleton deformations and the SWCC for different soils. There is limited information in the literature that examines, both experimentally and theoretically, the complex coupling between the soil skeleton deformation and SWCC behavior, and generally, this behavior is not well understood. This paper presents laboratory test results of SWCCs determined under different confining stresses on similarly prepared samples of a silty soil; drying, wetting, second drying, and scanning curves were obtained. The influence of soil skeleton deformations on SWCCs is inferred from the curves measured in an oedometer under different stress conditions. An elastoplastic phenomenological constitutive model based on the bounding surface plasticity theory was utilized to simulate the coupled mechanical-hydraulic behavior of measured results. This research demonstrates that the model is capable of predicting hysteresis in SWCCs and soil skeleton deformation and the coupling between the hydraulic and mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils.
Tobacco control education in pediatric anesthesiology fellowships.

Summary Background Cigarette smoking and secondhand smoke exposure (SHS) increase the risk of perioperative complications. Traditionally, anesthesiologists have limited involvement in tobacco control. Objective To develop and disseminate an educational curriculum that educates pediatric anesthesia fellows in tobacco control. Methods After IRB approval, an online survey was disseminated to pediatric anesthesiology fellowship directors. Results Thirty-one surveys were completed. Most report that they ask pediatric patients about tobacco use. A majority advise their patients who smoke about the health effects of smoking, but only 40% advise children to quit, and the majority never provide educational materials to assist in smoking cessation. Half reported that they sometimes or always ask about SHS. Approximately one-third never advise about the ill effects of SHS, nearly half never advise parents to stop smoking, and the majority never provide educational material about quitting to parents. Two-thirds felt that it is their responsibility to advise pediatric patients not to smoke, but less than half felt the same sense of responsibility about advising parents not to smoke. Approximately two-thirds believe that fellowship programs should provide education about the effects of smoking in the perioperative period and the effects of SHS exposure, but few programs do. Almost all would implement a free teaching module about SHS exposure and tobacco control as part of fellowship education. Conclusions Many pediatric anesthesiology fellowship directors agree that exposure to cigarette smoke adversely impacts patients in the perioperative period, but few participate in tobacco control, and issues germane to tobacco control are not consistently addressed.
In Vitro Folding of KvAP, a Voltage-Gated K+ Channel

In this contribution, we report in vitro folding of the archaebacterial voltage-gated K(+) channel, K(v)AP. We show that in vitro folding of the K(v)AP channel from the extensively unfolded state requires lipid vesicles and that the refolded channel is biochemically and functionally similar to the native channel. The in vitro folding process is slow at room temperature, and the folding yield depends on the composition of the lipid bilayer. The major factor influencing refolding is temperature, and almost quantitative refolding of the K(v)AP channel is observed at 80 °C. To differentiate between insertion into the bilayer and folding within the bilayer, we developed a cysteine protection assay. Using this assay, we demonstrate that insertion of the unfolded protein into the bilayer is relatively fast at room temperature and independent of lipid composition, suggesting that temperature and bilayer composition influence folding within the bilayer. Further, we demonstrate that in vitro folding provides an effective method for obtaining high yields of the native channel. Our studies suggest that the K(v)AP channel provides a good model system for investigating the folding of a multidomain integral membrane protein.
Laser Scanning: 3D Analysis of Biological Surfaces

This chapter introduces laser scanning to students and researchers who are interested in using this three-dimensional (3D) acquisition method for biological research. Laser scanning is yet another tool for transforming biological structures into 3D models that contain useful geometric and topological information. Current laser scanning technology makes it relatively straightforward to acquire 3D data for visualization purposes. However, there are many additional challenges that are necessary to overcome if one is interested in collecting and analyzing data from their laser-scanned 3D models. In this chapter, I review some basic concepts, including what laser scanning is, reasons for using laser scanning in biological research, how to choose a laser scanner, and how to use a laser scanner to acquire 3D data, and I provide some examples of what to do with 3D data after they have been acquired.
The People's Justice?

Over the past few decades, the liberal Justices on the Supreme Court have made their most notable extrajudicial communications about the Constitution in academic venues discussing academic issues. This has limited their appeal to broader audiences. In this Essay -- written for a symposium at Yale Law School on Justice Sotomayor's first five years on the Court -- David Fontana explores the distinctive path that Justice Sotomayor has pursued. Justice Sotomayor has spoken to academic audiences, as past liberal Justices have. What is most notable about Justice Sotomayor, though, is that she has also appeared in locations and addressed issues that make her and what she discusses of broader appeal; that gives her the potential, as this Essay discusses, to become the “People’s Justice.” Justice Sotomayor thus may make liberal perspectives on the Constitution more known, more liked, and more comprehensible. For those concerned with pursuing a liberal vision of the Constitution, this could be an important development.
Determination of urinary 3-methoxytyramine, normetanephrine and metanephrine in pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma by gas chromatography

Abstract A gas chromatographic method for the determination of 3-methoxytyramine, metanephrine and normetanephrine has been developed and applied to their determination in the urine of patients with neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma.
Disorders of Pregnancy

Ectopic pregnancy, uterine torsion, hypocalcemia, and hypoglycemia are discussed. A diagnostic and therapeutic approach to spontaneous abortion and embryonic death is given. Infectious causes of abortion are emphasized. Discussed are the normal variation in gestation length and its relationship to the diagnosis of dystocia as well as the diagnosis and treatment of dystocia.
From modern production to imagined primitive: The social world of coffee from Papua New Guinea

From modern production to imagined primitive: The social world of coffee from Papua New Guinea by Paige West is a well-written account of the social relationships that are made possible through cof...
Midwater fishes from a warm-core eddy

Abstract On a transect from Slope Water into the Northern Sargasso Sea during August 1967, one daytime midwater trawl was made to 210 metres in a warm-core eddy (200-m temp. 16·1°C) at 40°04′N 67°13′W. The fish catch in the eddy, 5 species at a rate of 0·5 cm 3 /hr, was relatively very poor, for comparable Slope Water trawls (200-m temp. 3 /hr and Northern Sargasso Sea trawls(200-m temp. > 18°C) took 11 species at a rate of 1·0 cm 3 /hr. Qualitatively, the eddy trawl was also distinctive, sharing but one species with the 5 most abundant species in comparable Slope Water collections and one with the 5 most abundant in the Northern Sargasso Sea.
Fabric properties of butadienediepoxide-treated cottons as affected by liquid ammonia pretreatments

Effects of liquid ammonia and mercerizing-strength caustic as pretreatments upon textile properties of cotton sheeting modified with butadienediepoxide (BDO) catalyzed by 2% and 15% NaOH were compared. Tensile properties of the NaOH-mercerized control (CM) (celluloses I and II) greatly exceeded those of native (cellulose I) and ammonia-treated (NH3) controls. NH3(I) and NH3(III) are those cottons having the cellulose I and mixed cellulose I and III lattices, respectively. Resistance to flex abrasion was doubled by pretreatments. Wrinkle recoveries of all controls were equivalent, but tensile recovery differed. BDO reaction enhanced wrinkle recovery of controls but produced the usual losses in tensile properties and resistance to flex abrasion associated with crosslinking reagents. BDO reaction nullified the initial tensile advantage held by CM cotton. Tear strengths of all BDO-treated cottons remained comparable. High dry and high wet recoveries were obtained only when 2% NaOH catalyzed the BDO reaction and were greatest for NH3 cottons. BDO reaction reduced permanent set of all controls and increased tensile recovery primarily by enlarging the delayed recovery. Postmercerization with 23% NaOH adversely affected recovery behavior of all BDO-treated cottons. Nevertheless, wrinkle and tensile recoveries of postmercerized NH3(I) and CM cottons were equivalent. Postmercerization partially restored fabric properties of BDO cottons with cellulose I lattice to those of their respective controls; no change was noted for corresponding products from CM cottons. Because of this, final properties of products from NH3(I) cottons equaled and even exceeded those of comparable CM cottons.
Singular, weak and absent: Solutions of the Euler equations

We will describe necessary and sufficient conditions for blowup and discuss weak solutions for the incompressible Euler equations. We will also describe a result concerning anomalous dissipation of energy.
Stability criterion for a two-neuron reciprocally coupled network based on the phase and burst resetting curves

Previously, we have used open-loop-phase resetting curves (PRCs) that were tabulated for postsynaptic neurons using a perturbation equal to a burst in the presynaptic neuron to predict the patterns exhibited by a closed-loop circuit containing these bursting neurons. This requires the assumption that the phase resetting observed in the circuit is the same with or without the feedback that occurs in a closed circuit, yet both the duration and waveform of the bursts can change under these conditions. Experimental and theoretical studies have shown that the amount of phase resetting produced in a neural oscillator by a synaptic input depends not only on the stimulus timing (phase), but also on its intensity and duration. The effects of variations in the synaptic coupling due to the waveform of the burst envelope or changes in frequency were ignored here, but the effects of the burst duration were incorporated into the stability analysis by tabulating the burst resetting curve (BRC) as a function of the phase of the presynaptic input in the open-loop condition.
SiO MASERS IN ASYMMETRIC MIRAS. IV. χ CYGNI, R AQUILAE, R LEO MINORIS, RU HERCULIS, U HERCULIS, AND U ORIONIS

This is the fourth paper in a series of multi-epoch observations at 7 mm wavelength of the SiO masers in several asymptotic giant branch stars from a sample of Mira variable stars showing evidence of asymmetric structure in the infrared. These stars have been observed interferometrically in the infrared by IOTA and with VLBA measurements of the SiO masers. In this paper, we present the observations of χ Cygni (χ Cyg), R Aquilae (R Aql), R Leo Minoris (R LMi), RU Herculis (RU Her), U Herculis (U Her), and U Orionis (U Ori). Several radial features with velocity gradients were observed, all with velocities close to systemic furthest from the star and redshifted closer to the stellar surface. Systemic velocities are estimated for several of the stars. No compelling evidence of asymmetry is seen in the maser distributions. All maser rings are approximately twice the near-IR uniform disk diameter and are comparable in size to the extended molecular envelope when such measurements are available.
Near-atomic resolution reconstructions of icosahedral viruses from electron cryo-microscopy.

Nine different near-atomic resolution structures of icosahedral viruses, determined by electron cryo-microscopy and published between early 2008 and late 2010, fulfil predictions made 15 years ago that single-particle cryo-EM techniques could visualize molecular detail at 3-4A resolution. This review summarizes technical developments, both in instrumentation and in computation, that have led to the new structures, which advance our understanding of virus assembly and cell entry.
Another look at Kennedy's inaugural address

(1965). Another look at Kennedy's inaugural address. Today's Speech: Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 17-19.
Effects of peripheral nerve implants on the regeneration of partially and fully innervated urodele forelimbs

This study addresses the cellular mechanism of the nerve requirement for regeneration of the urodele forelimb. Others have suggested that only the Schwann cell lineage of the blastema requires nerves for regeneration and that upon limb denervation, Schwann cells arrest in the cell cycle and produce a factor that inhibits the cycling of the remaining blastema cells. Our objective was to test this Schwann cell inhibitor model. First, pieces of peripheral nerve were implanted into partially denervated (one third of the nerve supply cut) axolotl forelimbs in an attempt to provide sufficient additional Schwann cells to increase the threshold nerve requirement above that provided by the remaining nerves. These limbs showed delayed regeneration in 68% of the cases and mild deformities, as seen by Victoria Blue staining, in 10% of the cases, as compared with control, partially denervated contralateral limbs that received grafts of muscle or frozen/thawed nerve. Second, when pieces of peripheral nerve were implanted into fully innervated newt limbs, blastema formation was limited, and regeneration was delayed in 80% of experimental cases when compared with control, contralateral newt limbs with muscle or frozen/thawed nerve implants. The results support the inhibition model and further link the need for nerves in regeneration to a possible specific requirement by Schwann cells.
Arranging pseudorotaxanes octahedrally around [60]fullerene.

The formation of both [2]- and [7]pseudorotaxanes, which are obtained by mixing of a dibenzylammonium derivative with mono- and hexakis-adducts of [60]fullerene bearing malonato-benzo[25]crown-8 rings, has been monitored in dichloromethane by both 1D and 2D 1H NMR spectroscopies.
Daytime Use of Astronomical Telescopes for Deep-Space Optical Links

Tests at the 200-inch Hale Telescope on Palomar Mountain have demonstrated this telescope's ability to withstand considerable thermal stress, and subsequently produce remarkably unaffected results. During the day of June 29, 2005, the Hale telescope dome was left open, and the telescope was exposed to outside air and direct sunlight for 8 hours. During this time, portions of the telescope structure in the telescope's optical path experienced temperature elevations of 30 C, while the primary mirror experienced unprecedented heating of over 3 C. The telescope's measured blind pointing accuracy after this exposure was not noticeably degraded from the measurements taken before exposure. More remarkably, the telescope consistently produced stellar images which were significantly better after exposure of the telescope (1.2 arcsec) than before (1.6 arcsec), even though the conditions of observation were similar. This data is the first step in co-opting astronomical telescopes for daytime use as astronomical receivers, and supports the contention that deleterious effects from daytime exposure of the telescope can be held to an acceptable level for interleaved communications and astronomy.
Large Contributions of Negative-Energy States to Forbidden Magnetic-Dipole Transition Amplitudes in Alkali-Metal Atoms

The influence of negative-energy states (NES) on forbidden magnetic-dipole ns12 2 n 1 1s12 transitions in alkali-metal atoms is investigated. We find that the NES contributions are significant in almost all cases and, for rubidium, reduce the transition rate by a factor of 8. We tabulate magnetic-dipole M1 transition amplitudes for the alkalis. Our M1 value for cesium, where accurate measurements are available, differs from experiment by 16%. We briefly discuss the feasibility of an experimental test of NES effects.
The effect of malnutrition on patients undergoing elective joint arthroplasty.

Malnutrition has been linked to serious complications in patients undergoing elective total joint arthroplasty (TJA). This study prospectively evaluated 2,161 patients undergoing elective TJA for malnutrition as defined by either an abnormal serum albumin or transferrin. The overall incidence of malnutrition was 8.5% (184 of 2,161) and the rate of overall complications in the malnourished group was 12% as compared to 2.9% in patients with normal parameters (P 55years-old undergoing TJA and is associated with a significant increase in post-operative complications.
The Birth of Nonlinear Optics

The first two years of nonlinear optics will be reviewed, starting with the second harmonic generation obtained in 1961 by Franken and coworkers of light with a ruby laser pulse in quartz crystal.
On the length-width inequality for compound clutters

Abstract It is shown that if the length-width inequality holds on a clutter then it holds on all parts of any decomposition.
Steady-state simulation of a cement-milling circuit

Abstract The conversion factor for specific rates of breakage, to change from results in a 200-mm diameter laboratory mill with 25.4-mm diameter balls, at Bond filling conditions, to a 4-m diameter production cement mill was found to be 2.75. The residence time distribution of the 10-m long, 2-compartment production mill was equivalent to 10 equal fully-mixed reactors in series, with a mean overall residence time of 5.58 min. A mathematical simulation of the mill circuit using experimental separator selectivity values gave a reasonably close match between simulated and experimental size distributions at various points in the circuit. The steady-state simulation model was used to predict how design schemes for different operation conditions would influence the product size distributions and output rates, assuming that the discharge diaphragm could be redesigned to preserve design mill filling conditions at different circulating loads. It was concluded that the increase of circuit output from the breakage view-point due to separation and rejects recycle was slight, and that improved separator efficiency to produce the same product would not result in significant increase in output, primarily because the size distribution of the finish product is close to that predicted from open-circuit operation.
Machine tool component error extraction and error compensation by incorporating statistical analysis

Abstract The extraction of component errors of a machine tool’s axes is a critical step for the synthesis of 3D volumetric error mapping, which is a prerequisite to improve the machine tool accuracy by numerical error compensation. This paper presents a method for the extraction of machine tool component errors from a statistical point of view. First, the B-Spline mathematical model is established to represent the component error function, and the least-squares fitting method to measured data points is presented. Then, statistical analysis is used to select the B-Spline model with proper flexibility, so as to separate repeatable errors from random errors in the measured data. Finally, based on the component error extraction method, numerical error compensation experiments were conducted on the XY-plane of a high precision machine tool by using a cross-grid scale system. According to the statistical analysis of the experimental data, all repeatable errors except the dynamic errors caused by machine tool control system were compensated for.
Heinlein's Have Space Suit–Will Travel

(2001). Heinlein's Have Space Suit–Will Travel. The Explicator: Vol. 59, No. 3, pp. 144-147.
Population variation in asymmetry and diversity from finger to finger for digital ridge-counts

Population variation in ridge-count asymmetry and diversity from finger to finger has received scant attention in dermatoglyphic studies. Asymmetry, in particular, has generally been attributed to environmental effects operating during the formation of dermal ridges. Examination of samples from several groups of diverse racial background revealed the existence of considerable population variation with respect to finger ridge-count asymmetry and diversity from finger to finger. Patterning along population lines suggests a genetic rather than environmental basis for such variation. The genetic mechanisms responsible for ridge-counts may also mediate asymmetry and diversity, or the degree of developmental stabiltiy in different populations may itself be under genetic control.
Effect of exciton localization and delocalization on magnetic-field-dependent photoluminescence line widths in semiconductors

Theory and data are presented for the photoluminescence linewidth in ordered and disordered semiconductor alloys (In{sub 0.48}Ga{sub 0.52}P) at low temperatures. In disordered (ordered) systems, the linewidth is due to exciton localization (exciton-impurity scattering) and increases (decreases) as a function of the field in agreement with the data.
Repeated amphetamine administration induces Fos in prefrontal cortical neurons that project to the lateral hypothalamus but not the nucleus accumbens or basolateral amygdala.

Rationale The development of sensitization to amphetamine (AMPH) is dependent on increases in excitatory outflow from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) to subcortical centers. These projections are clearly important for the progressive enhancement of the behavioral response during drug administration that persists through withdrawal.
Status of Paddlefish in the Alabama Waters of the Tennessee River

Abstract The Alabama waters of the Tennessee River have historically contained abundant populations of paddlefish Polyodon spathula. During the later half of this century, overexploitation has reduced the number of paddlefish in the Tennessee River. We attempted to determine whether paddlefish populations in the Tennessee River within Alabama had recovered from this overexploitation since the implementation of a statewide moratorium in 1988. We failed to collect paddlefish after an effort of 346 gill-net-hours and 20 h of electrofishing pedal time from November 1993 through June 1994. Low abundance of paddlefish in the Tennessee River is likely the result of a combination of continuing commercial harvest in bordering states, loss of habitat, and slow recruitment due to a relatively old age at maturity. Recovery may require additional time, stocking, or both.
Intermediates in the formation of the open complex by RNA polymerase holoenzyme containing the sigma factor σ32 at the groE promoter

The interaction of E sigma 32 with the groE promoter at temperatures between 0 degrees C and 37 degrees C was studied using DNase I footprinting and dimethyl sulfate methylation. Three distinct complexes were observed. At 0 degrees C E sigma 32 fully protected sequences between -60 and -5 from DNase I digestion on the top (non-template) strand of the promoter. At 16 degrees C the majority of the E sigma 32 promoter complexes had a DNase I footprint almost identical with that seen at 37 degrees C, protecting the DNA from about -60 to +20; however, little DNA strand separation had occurred, and the changes in sensitivity of guanine residues to dimethyl sulfate methylation caused by E sigma 32 differed from those seen at 37 degrees C. DNA strand separation, and changes in the pattern of protections from and enhancements of methylation by dimethyl sulfate to those characteristic of the open complex, occurred at temperatures between 16 degrees C and 27 degrees C. It is plausible to assume that these temperature-dependent isomerizations are analogous to the time-dependent sequence of intermediates on the pathway to open complex formation at 37 degrees C. Therefore we propose that the formation of an open complex by E sigma 32 at the groE promoter involves three classes of steps: E sigma 32 initially binds to the promoter in a closed complex (RPC1) in which the enzyme interacts with a smaller region of the DNA than in the open complex. E sigma 32 then isomerizes to form a second closed complex (RPC2) in which the enzyme interacts with the same region of the DNA as in the open complex. Finally, a process of local DNA denaturation (strand opening) leads to formation of the open complex (RPO).
X-ray study and thermoelectric properties of the NbSixGe2−x and the TaSixGe2−x systems

Abstract The AB2-type silicides and germanides of niobium and tantalum as well as numerous solid solutions have been prepared and were structurally characterized. All compositions crystallize in the C40 type, and complete solid solubility between the corresponding silicides and germanides was experienced. The thermoelectric parameters were determined at room temperature for all compositions and also at higher temperatures for the specific composition NbSiGe.
Guest editor’s words

Following the aim of Synthese, which tries to bring together diverse research foci and methods within the analytic tradition in a broad sense, John Symons and I started this project of compiling a special issue of Synthese called “Analytic Philosophy in China.” The greatest help came from Dr. Xiangdong Xu, who organized a conference, which beared the same title as the special issue in May 2005 at Peking University in China. He solicited contributions from a few of the best analytic philosophers in China for the conference, and later for the special issue. Four of the six research articles in this special issue were based on talks given at this conference. Due to many technical problems, we could not access the editing tools available at the Synthese website. We, especially John, took a lot of effort to find reviewers for the original submissions. We are grateful to the reviewers for their great work. We wish to thank them by mentioning their names, but we cannot, due to our observance of the blind review process. We aimed to have an inclusive and representative issue of the analytic scholarship in China. But we are not sure how successful our efforts were. We decided to reject some articles due to reviewers’ strong objections. But some contributions were not included because their methods and foci are too different from the usual scope of Synthese to be included even in a special issue that is aimed to broaden that scope. But these rejections say nothing of the quality of the contributions, and we are sorry to have to exclude them from this special issue. This uneasy feeling is more intense when we consider the fact that we put this issue together in order to broaden the scope and vision of analytic philosophy in the English-speaking world. I would like to mention a few articles that were not included. Prof. Jiaying Chen gave a talk at the conference. He was among the first generation of young Chinese scholars who studied Western philosophy after
Randomized comparison of a high clopidogrel maintenance dose in patients with diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease: results of the Optimizing Antiplatelet Therapy in Diabetes Mellitus (OPTIMUS) study.

Background— After treatment with clopidogrel, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have reduced platelet inhibition compared with patients who are not diabetic. Whether platelet inhibition can be enhanced by increasing clopidogrel maintenance dosage in T2DM patients is unknown. The aim of this pilot study was to assess the functional impact of a high maintenance dose in T2DM patients with suboptimal clopidogrel-induced antiplatelet effects. Methods and Results— T2DM patients on chronic dual antiplatelet therapy were screened to identify suboptimal clopidogrel responders. The latter were randomized to 30-day treatment with a standard (75 mg; n=20) or high (150 mg; n=20) daily maintenance dose. Platelet function was assessed at 3 time points: baseline, 30 days after randomization, and 30 days after resuming standard dosing. Platelet function parameters included adenosine diphosphate–induced (20 and 5 μmol/L) maximal and late platelet aggregation, inhibition of platelet aggregation, platelet disaggr...
Sustainability and intergenerational equity: do past injustices matter?

Intergenerational equity is a core concept of sustainability, typically expressed as a concern for future generations. We contend in this review paper that intergenerational equity can also reflect a concern for past generations. Within the study and practice of social justice, significant concern is paid to remedying injustices suffered by past generations, sometimes called “restorative justice,” because these injustices do not end with the past, but remain embedded in the social, economic, and ecological fabrics of our present-day society. We ask: what roles do past injustices play in our understanding of intergenerational justice, and what roles can this understanding play in sustainability thought and practice? We weave together reviews from justice and legal studies and environmental ethics. Several short cases illustrate how restorative justice in practice results in benefits for sustainability, including improved resource management and social cohesion and governance. Our review of sustainability literature shows that while only few of the conceptions of intergenerational equity hint at a concern for historical issues, its concern for intra-generational equity may be a place where restorative issues can be addressed. Within sustainability science approaches, restorative issues may also arise in the assessment of the current state as well as in the appreciation of contextual norms and histories of the places attempting to become more sustainable.
A 17-month-old boy with periorbital swelling.

HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS Symptoms started 2 weeks before initial evaluation and were noted to be worse in the morning. He had 1 episode of emesis during this time but otherwise had no changes in stool pattern or quality. He had no fevers. He had recently been evaluated by a cardiologist for “bluish” lips with normal oxygen saturation and normal chest radiographic, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic findings.
Harmless Delays for Permanence in a Class of Population Models with Diffusion Effects

Abstract This paper studies a class of time-delay reaction–diffusion systems modeling the dynamics of single or interacting populations. In the logistic equation, we prove that when the magnitude of the instantaneous term is larger than that of the delay terms, the population growthuhas the same asymptotic limit as in the case of no delay. For the predator–prey model, a condition on the interaction rates is given to ensure the permanence effect in the ecosystem regardless of the length of delay intervals. A permanence condition is also obtained in theN-species competition system with time delays. It is shown that when the natural growth rate (a1, a2,…,aN) is in an unbounded parameter set Λ, the reaction–diffusion system has a positive global attractor. Finally, long-term behavior of the solutions for those time-delay systems is numerically demonstrated through finite-difference approximations and compared with the corresponding systems without delays.
High Energy QCD and the Large Nc Limit

We review recent progress in understanding QCD at high energies and the role played in it by the large Nc limit. We discuss unitarization of total hadronic cross sections and saturation of structure functions at high energies.
Convenient Ambient Temperature Generation of Sulfonyl Radicals

Presented herein is a novel method for the efficient, ambient temperature generation of sulfonyl radicals from aryl and alkyl sulfonylbromides upon autoxidation of triethylborane (Et3B). The resultant radicals were regioselectively trapped via addition to terminal alkynes, generating a secondary vinyl radical that selectively abstracts a Br atom from RSO2Br, yielding the (E)-bromo vinylsulfones. Sensitivity towards Lewis basic groups was observed, presumably due to the disruptive coordination to Et3B before atom-transfer.
Drugs and Crime: An Empirically Based, Interdisciplinary Model.

ABSTRACT This article synthesizes neuroscience findings with long-standing criminological models and data into a comprehensive explanation of the relationship between drug use and crime. The innate factors that make some people vulnerable to drug use are conceptually similar to those that predict criminality, supporting a spurious reciprocal model of the drugs–crime relationship. Simultaneously, police pressure and penalty severity, the principal tools of the drug war, inflate the cost of drugs, which drives most drug-related crime. Concluding that much drug war rhetoric is the misleading product of a moral panic, this perspective supports a harm reduction approach to ameliorating the drug war.
Magnetic phase transition of stage-2 CucCo1-cCl2-graphite intercalation compounds.

Stage-2 ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{\mathit{c}}$${\mathrm{Co}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{c}}$${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$-graphite intercalation compounds (GIC's) (0\ensuremath{\le}c\ensuremath{\le}1) provide ideal two-dimensional random spin systems with a spin frustration effect arising from competing ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions. The magnetic properties of these compounds have been studied by dc and ac magnetic susceptibility, and superconducting quantum interference device magnetization. The sign of the Curie-Weiss temperature changes from positive to negative with increasing concentration around c=0.80 to 0.85. The intraplanar exchange interaction J(Cu-Co) between ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$ and ${\mathrm{Co}}^{2+}$ spins is ferromagnetic and depends on the Cu concentration. These systems with c0.9 undergo a ferromagnetic phase transition at the critical temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$. The irreversible effect of magnetization is observed below ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$. The low-temperature phase below ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ may correspond to a cluster glass phase where the spin direction of ferromagnetic clusters is frozen because of frustrated interisland interactions which include a dipole-dipole interaction and an interplanar antiferromagnetic interaction. The critical temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ increases as c increases and exhibits a broad maximum around c=0.5. This enhancement of ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is partly due to the ferromagnetic interaction J(Cu-Co). No magnetic phase transition is observed for 0.9c1 partly because of the spin frustration effects arising from (i) the competition between ferromagnetic J(Cu-Co) and antiferromagnetic J(Cu-Cu) interactions, and (ii) the fully frustrated nature of the antiferromagnet on the triangular lattice.
Communications: Prototype Counter for Postlarvae of the Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Abstract An electro-optical counter was designed to count postlarval prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Counts were made by the detection of white light scattered by the passage of prawns through the counter. Tests were conducted to determine the effect of detector angle, sensor threshold voltage, and counting-tube diameter on the counting process. Counting errors were found to be approximately 7% at a counting rate of 50!min.
Ethanol Potentiation of Halogenated Aliphatic Solvent Toxicity

Abstract This study was undertaken to determine the potentiating action of prior ethanol ingestion on the toxicity of carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, perchloro-ethylene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethylene. Ethanol potentiation of toxicity, as measured by serum enzyme response, could be demonstrated only after exposure of rats to carbon tetrachloride or trichloroethylene.
Determinants of Early-Onset Group B Streptococcal Disease - A Multi Center Case-Control Study

Determinants of Early-Onset Group B Streptococcal Disease - A Multi Center Case-Control Study
Design of software for thermal titrations.

Abstract A set of computer programs has been written in FORTRAN and in BASIC to allow automation of data acquisition from a TRONAC titration calorimeter and calculation of the concentration of titrant or titrand in an acid—base reaction; the heat capacity of a solution and enthalpies of reaction may also be calculated. The enthalpy change of a reaction and equilibrium constant can also be determined under certain conditions.
Influence of high‐pressure processing on selected polymeric materials and on the migration of a pressure‐transmitting fluid

This study investigated the migration of 1,2-propanediol (PG) through selected food packaging films exposed to high-pressure processing (HPP). Pouches made from these materials were filled with 95% ethanol as a food-simulating liquid. These packages were then processed using a pilot-scale high-pressure food processor at 400, 600 and 827 MPa and 30, 50 and 75°C for 10 min. Controls were processed at similar temperatures and times, but at atmospheric pressure. To investigate any structural changes to these films during HPP, water was used as the food simulant at temperatures of 30, 75, 85, 90 and 95°C and at pressures of 200, 400, 690 and 827 MPa. No detectable PG migration into the polyester/nylon/aluminium (Al) polypropylene (PP) meal-ready-to eat (MRE)-type pouches was observed. PG migration into the nylon/ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH)/PE (EVOH) pouches was similar at 30, 50 and 75°C after 10 min under atmospheric pressure. However, PG migration into the EVOH pouches significantly decreased when treated with high pressure at 30, 50 and 75°C. At 75 and 50°C, the PG migration was significantly higher than the amounts detected at 30°C. Visible signs of delamination between the polypropylene (PP) and aluminum (Al) layers were observed in the MRE pouches processed at ≥200 MPa and 90°C for 10 min. This delamination appeared to occur between the PP and Al layers. The differential scanning calorimetric analyses and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were similar for the high-pressure treated pouches when compared to their respective controls. This indicated that there were no HPP-induced molecular changes to the treated pouches. Results from this study should be useful to HPP users for predicting PG migration trends and in deciding the selection of appropriate packaging materials for use under similar processing conditions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward Imaging Biomarkers for Glycosaminoglycans

Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of cartilage degeneration will be accelerated with the availability of validated biomarkers that reveal the features relevant to the health of cartilage. Using the delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage (dGEMRIC) technique for evaluating tissue glycosaminoglycan as a case study, I review the types of evidence needed to validate imaging (or other) biomarkers. In addition, I present discussions about face validity and technical validity and offer a review of emerging data that provide pathophysiologic validity. Examples of such data include evidence that glycosaminoglycan content is restored after an injury-induced loss and evidence suggesting that dGEMRIC can indicate when it is too late for protective (load-modifying) surgery. These and other data suggest that new imaging biomarkers may indeed be able to provide a state-of-cartilage proxy that can be of use in the diagnosis and staging of disease.
Bacterial Community in the Biofilm of Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) PreBiofilter in Bench-Scale Pilot Plants for Surface Water Pretreatment

Biofilters of granular activated carbon (GAC) are responsible for the removal of organic matters in drinking water treatments. PreBiofilters, which operate as the first unit in a surface water treatment train, are a cost-effective pretreatment for conventional surface water treatment and provide more consistent downstream water quality. This study investigated bacterial communities from the samples of raw surface water, biofilm on the PreBiofilter, and filtrates for surface water pretreatment. A bench-scale pilot plant of PreBiofilter was constructed to pretreat surface water from the Canoochee River, GA, USA. PreBiofilter exhibited a significant reduction of total organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon. The evenness and Shannon diversity of bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were significantly higher on the biofilm of PreBiofilter than in raw water and filtrates. Similar bacteria communities were observed in the raw water and filtrates using relative abundance of bacterial OTUs. However, the bacterial communities in the filtrates became relatively similar to those in the biofilm using presence/absence of bacterial OTUs. GAC biofilm or raw water and filtrates greatly contributed to the abundance of bacteria; whereas, bacteria sheared from colonized biofilm and entered filtrates. Evenly distributed, diverse and unique bacteria in the biofilm played an important role to remove organic matters from surface water for conventional surface water pretreatment.
Structural biology of enzymes of the thiamin biosynthesis pathway

Thiamin pyrophosphate is an essential cofactor of carbohydrate and branched-chain amino acid metabolism. Although its mechanistic role is well studied, the biosynthesis of thiamin has only recently been understood. Thiamin biosynthesis in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis show some similarities, but diverge at key steps of thiazole formation. The biosynthesis of thiamin in eukaryotes is at a very early stage of understanding. Structural and mechanistic studies on thiamin biosynthetic enzymes have played a key role in increasing our understanding of thiamin pyrophosphate biosynthesis and have revealed unexpected evolutionary ties.
In search of parallel dimensions

Performance matters. But how we improve it is changing. Historically, transparent hardware improvements would mean software just ran faster. That may not necessarily be true in the future. To continue the pace of innovation, the future will need to be increasingly parallel--nvolving parallelism across data, threads, cores, and nodes. This talk will explore some of the dimensions of parallelism, and the opportunities and challenges they pose.