cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Semantic Representation of Map Projections Knowledge

Abstract. A body of knowledge for cartography requires representing knowledge of the specific sub topics in the field. Map projections is a fundamental part of the knowledge base for cartography and a wealth of material exists on knowledge of map projections. Semantic organization of such knowledge is of primary importance to the access and use of map projections knowledge. This project builds a semantic representation for the fundamental parts of map projection knowledge. The semantics capture the concepts and relations between these concepts providing the user an easy method to access the knowledge and apply it to specific problems. The semantics represent classes of projections and the properties associated with those classes as well as the appropriate use. Such a representation can be accessed by humans or machines to arrive at appropriate selection and use of map projection theory.
Identification of Children With High-Intensity Neurological Impairment.

This cross-sectional study describes and evaluates the effectiveness of a refined coding system for distinguishing children with high-intensity neurological impairment from those with lower-intensity neurological conditions.
Skeletal System Morphophysiology

Abstract The skeleton possesses a hierarchical structure that, in conjunction with the cells that reside within it, enables it to carry out its biological functions. Herein is an introduction to the functions of the zebrafish skeleton, and a survey of the hierarchical structure of the adult zebrafish skeleton, starting from the nanoscale (molecules), and ending with the macroscale (bone as an organ).
Automatic collision notification availability and emergency response times following vehicle collision-an analysis of the 2017 crash investigation sampling system.

To determine whether occupants of collisions involving at least one vehicle with an available Automatic Collision Notification (ACN) system have quicker times from collision to 1) Emergency Medical...
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Polymerized Ionic Liquids: Mechanism of Ion Transport with Different Anions

All-atom molecular dynamics simulations were undertaken to study the ion-transport mechanism in poly(ethyl vinyl imidazolium) with different anions: Br–, BF4–, PF6–, and Tf2N–. Specifically, ion as...
Trunk-pelvic coordination during unstable sitting with varying task demand: A methodological study.

Unstable sitting is used commonly to evaluate trunk postural control (TPC), typically via measures based on center-of-pressure (CoP) time series. However, these measures do not directly reflect underlying control/movement strategies. We quantified trunk-pelvis coordination during unstable sitting using vector coding (VC) and correlated such coordination with CoP-based outcomes across varying task demands. Thirteen uninjured individuals (11 male/2 female) sat on an unstable chair at four instability levels, in a random order, defined relative to the individual gravitational gradient (∇G): 100, 75, 60, and 45%∇G. VC assessed trunk-pelvic coordination, and coupling angles classified movements as: 1) anti-phase, 2) in-phase, 3) trunk-phase, or 4) pelvic-phase. With decreasing %∇G (i.e., increasing instability), we found: increased anti-phase movement in the sagittal and frontal planes; decreased in-phase movement in the sagittal and frontal planes; and increased in-phase and pelvic-phase movement in the transverse plane. In the sagittal and frontal planes, we observed significant weak-to-moderate correlations between anti-phase and in-phase movements (0.288 < |ρ| < 0.549). Correlations between CoP-based measures and pelvic-phase and trunk-phase movements were typically weak and/or non-significant (|ρ| < 0.318). VC techniques discriminated between levels of instability during unstable sitting, identifying in-phase coordination (stiffening strategy) at lower instability levels and anti-phase coordination at higher instability levels. Compared to CoP-based measures, trunk coordination outcomes during unstable sitting provide measures of TPC that more directly quantify underlying movement strategies. These results can also serve as a baseline for future work investigating populations with impaired TPC (e.g., individuals with low back pain or limb loss).
The Relationships Between Perceived Wellness, Sleep, and Acute: Chronic Training Load in National Collegiate Athletics Association Division I Male Soccer Players.

Sekiguchi, Y, Curtis, RM, Huggins, RA, Benjamin, CL, Walker, AJ, Arent, SM, Adams, WM, Anderson, T, and Casa, DJ. The relationships between perceived wellness of, sleep of, and acute: chronic training load on National Collegiate Athletics Association division I male soccer players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between perceived wellness, sleep, and acute: chronic workload ratio (ACWR) throughout a collegiate men's soccer season. Sixty male collegiate soccer players (mean[M] ± SD; age, 21±2 year; body mass, 77.6 ± 6.5 kg; height, 180.1 ± 6.4 cm; body fat%, 9.9 ± 3.9% ; and V[Combining Dot Above]O2max, 53.1 ± 5.0 ml·kg-1·min-1) participated in this study. During each session, players used a heart rate and global positioning satellite-enabled chest strap to measure training impulse and ACWR. The ACWR values were trichotomized at the individual level giving an equal number of observations within each ACWR category of low, moderate, and high ACWR (M ± SD; low, 0.658 ± 0.23; moderate, 0.92 ± 0.15; and high, 1.17 ± 0.16). Stress, fatigue, and soreness levels were collected using 1-10 Likert scales and sleep duration, and sleep quality were measured by the Karolinska Sleep Diary. Stress, fatigue, soreness levels, and sleep quality were transformed to corresponding z-scores at the individual level. Fatigue levels were significantly higher when ACWR was high compared with low (mean difference [95% confidence intervals], effect size, p-value; 0.31 [0.21, 0.42], 0.29, p < 0.001) and moderate (0.14 [0.03, 0.24], 0.13, p = 0.01). Fatigue levels were also significantly higher when the ACWR was moderate compared with low (0.18 [0.07, 0.28], 0.16, p = 0.001). Soreness levels were significantly higher when the ACWR was high compared with low (0.25 [0.14, 0.36], 0.23, p < 0.001). Stress levels were significantly greater when the ACWR was high compared with low (0.19, [0.08, 0.29], 0.18, p < 0.001) and compared with moderate (0.15, [0.05, 0.25], 0.14, p = 0.004). There were no differences in sleep duration or sleep quality in different ACWR. The ACWR may be a useful tool to achieve an appropriate balance between training and recovery to manage daily fatigue and soreness levels in athletes.
Transitioning from Early to Mid-Career as an Asian American Scholar of Religion

This article explores the post-tenure challenges and opportunities for Asian American scholars of religion. Although the pressure of service can be a burden on mid-level faculty, service can offer a fulfilling way to integrate one’s scholarly work and one’s commitment to Asian American communities. Moreover, even as excellence in teaching often is not given much (if any) weight in promotion to full professor, it can be mutually illuminative to experiment with teaching at the same time as one is also reassessing one’s field and place within it. Indeed, the mid-career offers a unique standpoint from which one can bring teaching and research together in a synergistic way. Revised approaches to courses in comparative theology and Hinduism both enhanced the author’s scholarship as well as allowed her to better serve her students. Integrating teaching, scholarship, and advocacy can be deeply productive for Asian American scholars of religion after tenure.
Accelerating AI Applications using Analog In-Memory Computing: Challenges and Opportunities

Linear transformations are the dominating computation within many artificial intelligence (AI) applications. The natural multiply and accumulate feature of resistive crossbar arrays promise unprecedented processing capabilities to resistive dot-product engines (DPEs), which can accelerate approximate matrix-vector multiplication using analog in-memory computing. Unfortunately, the functional correctness of the accelerated AI applications may be compromised by various sources of errors. In this paper, we will outline the most pressing robustness challenges, the limitations of state-of-the-art solutions, and future opportunities for research.
Privacy Regulations and Online Search Friction: Evidence from GDPR

How do privacy regulations in the market impact online search for products and information? This paper investigates the impact of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR for short) on consumers’ online browsing and search behavior using consumer panels from four countries, United Kingdom, Spain, United States, and Brazil. We find that after GDPR, a panelist exposed to GDPR submits 21.6% more search terms to access information and browses 16.3% more pages to access consumer goods and services compared to a non-exposed panelist, indicating higher friction in online search. The implications of increased friction are heterogeneous across firms: Bigger e-commerce firms see an increase in consumer traffic and more online transactions. The increase in the number of transactions at large websites is about 6 times the increase experienced by smaller firms. Overall, the post-GDPR online environment may be less competitive for online retailers and may be more difficult for EU consumers to navigate through.
Witchcraft and Colonial Rule in Kenya, 1900-1955

Focusing on colonial Kenya, this book shows how conflicts between state authorities and Africans over witchcraft-related crimes provided an important space in which the meanings of justice, law and order in the empire were debated. Katherine Luongo discusses the emergence of imperial networks of knowledge about witchcraft. She then demonstrates how colonial concerns about witchcraft produced an elaborate body of jurisprudence about capital crimes. The book analyzes the legal wrangling that produced the Witchcraft Ordinances in the 1910s, the birth of an anthro-administrative complex surrounding witchcraft in the 1920s, the hotly contested Wakamba Witch Trials of the 1930s, the explosive growth of legal opinion on witch-murder in the 1940s, and the unprecedented state-sponsored cleansings of witches and Mau Mau adherents during the 1950s. A work of anthropological history, this book develops an ethnography of Kamba witchcraft or uoi.
Software development for real-time safety-critical applications

We develop a software for real-time safety-critical applications. We study the fundamental concepts of real-time systems, design principles for real-time architectures, real-time programming. Rate monotonic analysis (RMA) refers to the real-time performance analysis of a system that uses static priority driven scheduling. Three application case studies: benchmark problem, air traffic control system, satellite ground control station is discussed.
Chiral Anomalies In Field Theories

The role of the contribution from the fermion mass term in the axial vector Ward identity in generating the U(1) axial anomaly, both local and global, is elucidated. Gauge invariance requires the fermion to decouple from the gauge field if it is very heavy. This identifies the Adler-Bell-Jackiw (ABJ) anomaly with the asymptotic limit of the sign reversed mass term. In an instanton background, the chiral limit $(m = 0)$ of the mass term does not vanish but consists of contributions from fermion zero modes. Space time integral of these zero mode contributions exactly cancels, thanks to the Atiyah-Singer index theorem, the integral of the ABJ anomaly and suggests that the Jacobian for global U(1) chiral transformation is trivial even in an instanton background. This can be realised in the representation of the fermion partition function in a Weyl basis. The resolution of the strong CP problem is thus achieved in an axionless physical world. In chiral gauge theories the fermion partition function admits of a gauge invariant representation but only at the cost of locality. Implementation of fermion averaging of the gauge current with the invariant partition function yields the current whose covariant derivative is the covariant anomaly. With the covariant current as input one can derive an integrable current whose covariant derivative is the minimal consistent anomaly obeying the Wess-Zumino consistency condition. The distinction between the two currents disappears if either the covariant or the consistent anomaly vanishes. This is realised only if the fermion belongs to an anomaly-free representation of the gauge group.
Will the Information Security Industry Die? Applying Social Network Analysis to Sturdy Industry Convergence

In this paper, we first analyze the trends in mergers and acquisitions (M&As) activities among information security firms and other information technology (IT) firms in the US over the period 1996 to 2008. We then use social network analysis to investigate the characteristics and underlying dynamics of these M&As activities. Our results reveal an increase in cohesiveness of 200% in the network linking the information security firms and the IT firms considered in our analysis. This, in turn, implies a move towards industry convergence. In particular, we show that acquisitions of identity and access management (IAM) firms have become more central to M&As by IT firms in the US since 2004, reflecting an increasing trend among IT firms to integrate IAM technologies within their products.
Molecular signatures of sanguinarine in human pancreatic cancer cells: A large scale label-free comparative proteomics approach

Pancreatic cancer remains one of the most lethal of all human malignancies with its incidence nearly equaling its mortality rate. Therefore, it's crucial to identify newer mechanism-based agents and targets to effectively manage pancreatic cancer. Plant-derived agents/drugs have historically been useful in cancer therapeutics. Sanguinarine is a plant alkaloid with anti-proliferative effects against cancers, including pancreatic cancer. This study was designed to determine the mechanism of sanguinarine's effects in pancreatic cancer with a hope to obtain useful information to improve the therapeutic options for the management of this neoplasm. We employed a quantitative proteomics approach to define the mechanism of sanguinarine's effects in human pancreatic cancer cells. Proteins from control and sanguinarine-treated pancreatic cancer cells were digested with trypsin, run by nano-LC/MS/MS, and identified with the help of Swiss-Prot database. Results from replicate injections were processed with the SIEVE software to identify proteins with differential expression. We identified 37 differentially expressed proteins (from a total of 3107), which are known to be involved in variety of cellular processes. Four of these proteins (IL33, CUL5, GPS1 and DUSP4) appear to occupy regulatory nodes in key pathways. Further validation by qRT-PCR and immunoblot analyses demonstrated that the dual specificity phosphatase-4 (DUSP4) was significantly upregulated by sanguinarine in BxPC-3 and MIA PaCa-2 cells. Sanguinarine treatment also caused down-regulation of HIF1α and PCNA, and increased cleavage of PARP and Caspase-7. Taken together, sanguinarine appears to have pleotropic effects, as it modulates multiple key signaling pathways, supporting the potential usefulness of sanguinarine against pancreatic cancer.
Attitudes toward prescribed fire policies.

This article discusses the fire policy of several land management agencies and research done to assess public attitudes toward these policies. Biological information may provide support for a prescribed fire policy in areas managed with a preservation mandate, that alone is not sufficient justification for its implementation. Fire policy has a critical sociopolitical component, and the fact that people appear poorly informed about the outcomes of fire policy and fire effects adds controversy. The fires of 1988 and the subsequent policy reevaluation reinforce what most managers realize: modern forestry is heavily involved in educating and communicating with the public.
Physics and Applications of Quantum Dots in Photonic Crystals

Photonic crystals provide an engineerable electromagnetic environment for controlling the interaction between light and matter. In this chapter, we discuss quantum dot-embedded photonic crystal devices for classical and quantum information processing. For classical applications, we discuss high-speed, low-power lasing dynamics, and carrier-induced switching in photonic crystal cavities. For quantum information applications, we describe photonic crystals for controlling the spontaneous emission rate of embedded quantum dots in the weak-coupling regime. Using a set of tools to fine-tune the interaction between quantum dots and cavities, we also demonstrate strong coupling between single dots and photonic crystal cavities. We probe these systems by photoluminescence (PL) and by a newly developed technique for coherent optical dipole access in cavity (CODAC). With these steps, and a toolkit of independent control of quantum dots and photonic crystal components, we are seeing the beginning of a new era of coherent control of quantum systems on the chip, that promises to contribute to secure long-range communication and quantum computing.
Computer Driven Displays and Their Use in Man/Machine Interaction*

Publisher Summary In the mid-fifties, the use of displays became popular and a burst of activity resulted in a proliferation of equipment and techniques, which has not yet abated. During the remainder of this decade, the more noticeable advances in the state-of-the-art of computer systems is not in the computer itself, but primarily in the area of peripheral I/O devices such as optical character readers, general-purpose display consoles, electronic printers, and microfilm recorders. Because the display is, in fact, the communication interface between the user and the computer system, today's emphasis on real time on-line computation, decision making, and design has made it important to use displays judiciously to reduce the communications barrier, increase the information throughput and match the impedance of man and machine. The chapter discusses the display technology and its classification based on society for information display (SID). One of the primary purposes of the SID is the promulgation of research and formalization in the field of information display through the establishment of definitions and standards.
Tails of Levy Measure of Geometric Stable Random Variables

We establish precise logarithmic asymptotics around the origin for the Le´vy measure of geometric stable (GS) random variables. This implies, in particular, exponential rate of convergence in series representation of GS random variables.
Drinking Level, Drinking Pattern, and Twenty-Year Total Mortality Among Late-Life Drinkers

Objective:Research on moderate drinking has focused on the average level of drinking. Recently, however, investigators have begun to consider the role of the pattern of drinking, particularly heavy episodic drinking, in mortality. The present study examined the combined roles of average drinking level (moderate vs. high) and drinking pattern (regular vs. heavy episodic) in 20-year total mortality among late-life drinkers.Method:The sample comprised 1,121 adults ages 55–65 years. Alcohol consumption was assessed at baseline, and total mortality was indexed across 20 years. We used multiple logistic regression analyses controlling for a broad set of sociodemographic, behavioral, and health status covariates.Results:Among individuals whose high level of drinking placed them at risk, a heavy episodic drinking pattern did not increase mortality odds compared with a regular drinking pattern. Conversely, among individuals who engage in a moderate level of drinking, prior findings showed that a heavy episodic dri...
Planar cell polarity signalling controls cell division orientation during zebrafish gastrulation

Oriented cell division is an integral part of pattern development in processes ranging from asymmetric segregation of cell-fate determinants to the shaping of tissues. Despite proposals that it has an important function in tissue elongation, the mechanisms regulating division orientation have been little studied outside of the invertebrates Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster1. Here, we have analysed mitotic divisions during zebrafish gastrulation using in vivo confocal imaging and found that cells in dorsal tissues preferentially divide along the animal–vegetal axis of the embryo. Establishment of this animal–vegetal polarity requires the Wnt pathway components Silberblick/Wnt11, Dishevelled and Strabismus. Our findings demonstrate an important role for non-canonical Wnt signalling in oriented cell division during zebrafish gastrulation, and indicate that oriented cell division is a driving force for axis elongation. Furthermore, we propose that non-canonical Wnt signalling has a conserved role in vertebrate axis elongation, orienting both cell intercalation and mitotic division.
On Template Selection for Homology Modeling of G-Protein Coupled Receptors

G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are a family of structurally similar integral membrane proteins that bind diverse ligands, from the size of a photon to small peptides. For several years the inactive conformation of Bos taurus rhodopsin has been the only GPCR crystal structure available at atomic resolution, thus serving as the most reliable template for homology modeling of other GPCRs. Over the past year, the atomic coordinates of several different new crystal structures of GPCRs (two of them encompassing some of the characteristic structural features that have often been attributed to GPCR activated states) have become available. Considering that acceptable models of the transmembrane (TM) regions of membrane proteins may be obtained for template sequence identities of 30% or higher, we investigated the extent to which current crystal structures of GPCRs are valuable templates for homology modeling of the TM regions of a dataset of non-redundant non-orphan non-olfactory Class A GPCRs from the human genome aligned using conserved functional residues in their TMs. While the recently solved crystal structures of beta-2 adrenergic receptor and mutant m23 beta-1 adrenergic receptor are calculated to be valuable templates for 16% and 18% of class A human GPCRs, respectively, our results indicate that the majority of GPCRs in the human genome needs better templates for their accurate homology modeling. Thus, our calculations point to specific GPCR targets whose crystal structures would be most beneficial to the majority of human GPCRs. Moreover, we suggest specific ways to improve GPCR modeling, including the use of hybrid templates.
Visual imagery and hypnotic susceptibility.

A dot-pattern test for accuracy of imagery and the Betts QMI scale for vividness of self-reported imagery were administered to 10 Ss high and 10 Ss low in hypnotic susceptibility. As in previous studies, susceptibility and Betts scale responses were related, but neither was related to dot-pattern performance. Results emphasize the complexity of the concept of imagery and the variety of possible bases for the relationship between self-reported imagery and hypnotic susceptibility, such as response-bias, suggestibility, and/or forms of imagery conferring very limited accuracy.
The Power of t and Wilcoxon Statistics A Comparison

Computer-generated Monte Carlo techniques were used to assess the relative power of Wilcoxon's rank-sum test and the independent means t test under a certain mixed normal distribution. Results showed a very largepoweradvantagefor the Wilcoxon statistic. This indicates that the very large advantages promised by asymptotic theory may be obtained with samples of sizes commonly encountered in social science research.
G protein gene knockout hits the gut.

The induction of ulcerative colitis in mice with targeted disruptions of a G protein-encoding gene establishes yet another genetic link between G proteins and disease.
Forecasting petroleum discoveries in sparsely drilled areas: Nigeria and the North Sea

Decline function methods for projecting future discoveries generally capture the crowding effects of wildcat wells on the discovery rate. However, these methods do not accommodate easily situations where exploration areas and horizons are expanding. In this paper, a method is presented that uses a mapping algorithm for separating these often countervailing influences. The method is applied to Nigeria and the North Sea. For an amount of future drilling equivalent to past drilling (825 wildcat wells), future discoveries (in resources found) for Nigeria are expected to decline by 68% per well but still amount to 8.5 billion barrels of oil equivalent (BOE). Similarly, for the total North Sea for an equivalent amount and mix among areas of past drilling (1322 wildcat wells), future discoveries are expected to amount to 17.9 billion BOE, whereas the average discovery rate per well is expected to decline by 71%.
An infrared device to monitor discrete ambulatory and stereotypic behaviors

An electronic device that can detect discrete ambulatory and stereotypic behaviors of animals is described. The system involves a minimum of two infrared (IR) beams, each connected to a set/reset flip-flop or latch. The initial occlusion of an IR beam simultaneously sets a latch, delivers a locomotion pulse output, and resets any previously set latch whose IR beam is not occluded. A set latch causes its associated IR beam to be refractory to further locomotion movements until reset by the occlusion of a second IR beam. All beams are continuously responsive to stereotypic activity.
Diagnosis, physiology, pathology and rehabilitation of traumatic brain injuries

Accumulating clinical and experimental studies continue to elucidate and further define the significance of intra- and extra-cranial factors which determine outcome of traumatic brain injury. These factors include severity of injury, age of the patient, presence or absence of premorbid brain insults, and associated pathophysiological events such as anoxia, respiratory arrest, hemorrage, edema, contrecoup and Wallerian degeneration. Following resolution of acute temporary symptoms, delayed complications include seizures, neurotic and psychotic disorders, earlier onset of stroke, earlier senescence, increased suicide risk, reduced life expectancy, progressive intellectual deterioration and development of symptoms comprising the post-traumatic syndrome. In spite of these diverse initial and later pathological sequelae, the reserve capacities of the brain for establishment of compensatory mechanisms can provide bases for a remarkable degree of spontaneous cerebral reorganization and recovery. The accumulating findings in patients with traumatic brain injuries reflect principles and factors underlying the organization, disorganization and reorganization of human brain function.
T.I.1 Targeted therapies for myotonic dystrophy

Our current understanding of the disease process in myotonic dystrophy is still incomplete. Nevertheless, recent efforts to develop therapy have progressed rapidly, mainly by targeting the RNA that contains an expanded repeat. Expression of this repetitive RNA has many deleterious effects on the muscle transcriptome, such as, abnormalities of RNA splicing, localization, and decay. One of the more promising therapeutic strategies involves the use of RNase H-active antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to accelerate the clearance of toxic RNA. Studies in mouse models have shown that knocking down the level of toxic RNA can lead to overall improvement of the muscle transcriptome and elimination of the myotonia. Studies also suggest that expanded-CUG-repeat transcripts are unusually sensitive to antisense knockdown, suggesting an opportunity for allele-specific reduction of the mutant RNA. Another strategy that has shown beneficial effects in mouse models has been to block the interaction of CUG repeats with RNA binding proteins. This can be done either with antisense oligonucleotides or small-molecule drug-like compounds. This presentation will summarize the progress in developing targeting treatments for myotonic dystrophy, and efforts to become “trial ready” by identifying useful biomarkers and clinical endpoints for trials.
The effects of changing axis II diagnostic criteria

Abstract This study examined whether changes in diagnostic criteria from the DSM-III to the DSM-III-R for personality disorders (PDs) had the intended effects. Seventy-two subjects at the University of Iowa from three research studies and one clinical sample were administered two structured interviews (the Structured Interview for DSM-III Personality [SIDP] and the revised SIDP [SIDP-R]) to assess DSM-III and DSM-III-R criteria. Major changes in rates of diagnoses were observed between the DSM-III and DSM-III-R criteria with kappas for agreement ranging between −.025 and .571. As expected, the switch from monothetic to polythetic definitions had an effect on which patients were assigned a given diagnosis. However, not all of the other revisions associated with the DSM-III-R had the intended effects. For instance, the frequency of the diagnosis of schizoid PD did not increase, nor did the overlap between borderline and histrionic PDs decrease. In addition, there was an unintended increase in the rate of paranoid PD. An analysis of individual criteria showed how small, apparently minor changes in the wording of criteria can sometimes have major effects on which patients received a diagnosis of PD.
Ionospheric Effect of X-rays from Scorpius XR-1

X rays from Sco XR-1 compared with galactic cosmic rays and solar Lyman alpha radiation to determine ionospheric ionization causing radio wave attenuation
Synthesis and study of (Z)-3-chlorophosphoenolpyruvate

Abstract (Z)-3-Chlorophosphoenolpyruvate has been synthesized by the reaction of 3,3-dichloropyruvic acid with trimethylphosphite, followed by deesterification. This compound is a competitive inhibitor of pyruvate kinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Pyruvate kinase is not inactivated upon prolonged incubation with the compound, but phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase is slowly inactivated t 1 2 = 5 h ). The compound is a substrate for both enzymes, being acted upon by pyruvate kinase approximately 0.1% as rapidly as phosphoenolpyruvate itself. In the case of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, the compound is converted into a 3:1 mixture of chloropyruvate and chlorooxalacetate, at an overall rate that is about 25% the carboxylation rate for phosphoenolpyruvate.
Composition of individual nitrate-containing particles in non-urban atmospheres of Colorado, U.S.A. and Tel Aviv, Israel

Nitrate-containing aerosols, collected on Nuclepore filters and electron microscope screens, precoated with nitron, cause characteristic reaction patterns that can be identified by scanning and transmission electron microscope (STEM). Interfacing the STEM with an X-ray energy analyzer and selected area electron diffraction permits the simultaneous detection of elements of atomic number larger than 11 and of minerals in individual aerosols. In an application of this technique to aerosols collected at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory and at Tel Aviv University, the aerosols were found associated with wet crustal particles. They were found as minerals and air pollution aerosols containing one or a combination of several elements. The precoated electron microscope screens, permitted elemental analysis of individual micrometer-size particles providing new information on the characterization of aerosols mainly the presence of water that can not be obtained by bulk analysis commonly employed in the study of nitrates.
Neurotransmitter metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid of man following physostigmine.

Abstract A 3.0 mg dose of physostigmine or normal saline was given intravenously to 23 normal subjects who had been treated with probenecid. Homovanillic acid and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol concentrations were significantly higher in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid of subjects who received physostigmine than subjects who received normal saline. This establishes biochemical evidence for a cholinergic link in the central nervous system of man.
Sample size guidelines for fitting a lognormal probability distribution to censored most probable number data with a Markov chain Monte Carlo method

Abstract Levels of pathogenic organisms in food and water have steadily declined in many parts of the world. A consequence of this reduction is that the proportion of samples that test positive for the most contaminated product–pathogen pairings has fallen to less than 0.1. While this is unequivocally beneficial to public health, datasets with very few enumerated samples present an analytical challenge because a large proportion of the observations are censored values. One application of particular interest to risk assessors is the fitting of a statistical distribution function to datasets collected at some point in the farm-to-table continuum. The fitted distribution forms an important component of an exposure assessment. A number of studies have compared different fitting methods and proposed lower limits on the proportion of samples where the organisms of interest are identified and enumerated, with the recommended lower limit of enumerated samples being 0.2. This recommendation may not be applicable to food safety risk assessments for a number of reasons, which include the development of new Bayesian fitting methods, the use of highly sensitive screening tests, and the generally larger sample sizes found in surveys of food commodities. This study evaluates the performance of a Markov chain Monte Carlo fitting method when used in conjunction with a screening test and enumeration of positive samples by the Most Probable Number technique. The results suggest that levels of contamination for common product–pathogen pairs, such as Salmonella on poultry carcasses, can be reliably estimated with the proposed fitting method and samples sizes in excess of 500 observations. The results do, however, demonstrate that simple guidelines for this application, such as the proportion of positive samples, cannot be provided.
Relative importance of size versus territorial residency in intraspecific aggression by symbiotic male water mites (Acari: Unionicolidae)

Body size plays an important role in the outcome of aggressive encounters between males of the symbiotic freshwater miteUnionicola formosa. Since intruding males displace resident males as often as resident males successfully defend their territory (mantle cavity of a mussel), resident males do not hold a competitive advantage during male-male aggressive encounters. Larger male size probably enhances a male's success when competing for receptive females.
The cyclic homology of an exact category

McCarthy, R., The cyclic homology of an exact category, Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 93 (1994) 251-296. We define Hochschild and cyclic homology groups for an exact category which generalize the usual definitions when one considers finitely generated projective modules. They satisfy additivity as well as many of the usual properties one expects from the homology groups of an algebra. The Dennis trace and its lift to negative homology are also (multiplicatively) generalized to this setting. We use the S construction of Waldhausen and a formal generalization of the usual cyclic complex from Hochschild homology for our definition.
The Dialectic of Autonomy: State, Class, and Economic Crisis in Mexico, 1958-1982

Does the causal relationship between economic crisis and greater state autonomy so widely accepted in the advanced capitalist context hold for Latin America and, in particular, for Mexico? Despite ongoing debates over the bases of state autonomy and its political or theoretical implications, the claim that fiscal crisis facilitates greater autonomy is one of the few propositions to generate relative consensus from both state-centered and classcentered theorists of the advanced capitalist world (Offe, 1975; Wolfe, 1977; Block, 1977; Wright, 1978; Skocpol, 1979, 1980, 1985).' In the literature on Latin America, however, there is much less consensus about state autonomy, a concept which generally refers to the policy capacity of state bureaucrats to act independently of class pressures, especially the demands of the capitalist class. Some analysts share the perspective of their counterparts in the study of advanced capitalist countries and argue that economic crisis in Latin America enhances bureaucratic autonomy (Frieden, 1987: 24). This is especially the case when economic crisis brings more foreign loans directly to the state (Stallings, 1985) or when crisis generates so much social conflict that the state is empowered to repudiate the demands of capital or international banking institutions and respond to citizen demands (Smith, 1989; Stallings and Kaufman, 1989). Yet, numerous other scholars argue precisely the opposite: that economic crisis reduces the Latin American state's capacity to act
The World War II plutonium experiments: contested stories and their lessons for medical research and informed consent

During the Second World War medical researchers around the USAinjected 18 hospital patients with radioactive plutonium in orderto learn its effects on the body. Two documents, a newspaperaccount and a university committee report, tell divergent storiesof the scientists and patients involved in that experiment. Thisarticle uses those documents – plutonium narratives– as a catalyst for exploring the problematicrepresentation of past human experimentation, assumptions of moralprogress in medical research, and the nature of informed consenttoday. Informed consent is shown to be an evolving process anddiscursive practice that cannot be understood apart from itshistorical and cultural embeddedness.
Electrical conductivity and surface layer formation in semiconducting As50Te45I5

Abstract Electrical conductivity, thermal (DSC), and structural (X-ray) studies of As 50 Te 45 I 5 are reported. Results suggest that (1) structural changes significantly affect the electrical transport properties, and (2) the formation of a conductive surface layer, at temperature where segregation of crystalline phases is observed, may be related to the memory effect.
mass higher education and the religious imagination in contemporary Arab societies

This article explores the relationship between the recent growth of mass higher education in the Arab Muslim world, particularly in Oman and North Africa, religious activism, and the implications of the “objectified” religious knowledge and authority that modern education encourages. Study of the new ways of knowing and the emerging networks for communication and action produced by mass higher education and contemporary religious activism offers insight into the “political economy” of religious knowledge: the interplay of religion, politics, and national identity. [Islam, Middle East, authority, religion, education]
Measurement of glomerular filtration rate utilizing a single subcutaneous injection of 125I-iothalamate

The measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is an important index in the evaluation and follow-up of patients with renal disease and transplant recipients. Unfortunately, its clinical usefulness was limited for many years because of the difficulties associated with the measurement of inulin clearance. Marked simplification in the measurement of GFR occurred as a result of the introduction of radioactively-labeled iothalamate, a substance reported to be handled by the kidney in an identical manner as inulin [1].1 Sigman, Elwood and Knox [3], as well as others [4–7], clearly demonstrated that the clearance of isotopically labeled iothalamate, administered by continuous infusion, was identical to that of inulin over a wide range of filtration rates. Subsequently, the measurement of GFR was simplified further by the utilization of a single intravenous injection of labeled iothalainate [8–10]. Unfortunately, the results obtained with the single intravenous injection have not been uniformly in agreement with the simultaneously measured inulin clearance. Therefore, a new technique for the administration of iothalamate has been introduced.
Screening and confirmation of recombinant human erythropoietin and darbepoietin-α in spiked plasma samples from drug-free horses

Abstract Methods for screening and confirmation of erythropoiesis stimulating glycopeptides (ESGs) such as endogenous equine erythropoietin (eEPO), recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) and darbepoietin-α (DAR) have been described. Four rhEPO immunoassay kits (R&D ELISA, Diagnostic Systems Limited (DSL) ELISA, chemiluminescent IMMULITE (CHEM), and DiaSorin RIA kits) were evaluated for eEPO, rhEPO and DAR screening in basal and spiked horse samples. The R&D-ELISA detected rhEPO and DAR, but did not detect eEPO. DSL-ELISA, CHEM and DS-RIA kits detected all three ESGs. The immunoassay kits did not differentiate rhEPO and DAR. Deglycosylation of the ESGs increased the detection limits of the immunoassays. DAR, rhEPO and eEPO were extracted from positive or spiked samples by using the Affi-gel and/or immunoaffinity columns. The R&D antibodies did not retain eEPO but retained rhEPO and DAR. The antibodies from DS and DSL effectively retained all three ESGs. The isolated ESGs were confirmed by using either gel electrophoresis or MALDI-TOF-MS methods. DAR and rhEPO extracted from horse plasma were hydrolyzed using trypsin and the fragments were analyzed by the MALDI-TOF-MS for their amino acid sequence. DAR and rhEPO could be differentiated according to their intact mass-ions ( m / z 29,000 for rhEPO and m / z 36,000 for DAR) or trypsin-hydrolysis products ( m / z 2689 and 2359 for rhEPO and m / z 2696 and 2293 for DAR).
RunScript: An extendable object-oriented program for computer-controlled psychology experiments

RunScript is a general-purpose authoring program that allows one to specify, in a script text file, the steps to be undertaken in the execution of an experiment. The script language supports fundamental operations, such as conditional branching to script-defined labels, manipulation of variables, sending the user messages, appending a string to a data file, and executing a subsidiary script file. A second command type allows runtime loading and execution of custom object-oriented software modules. A module’s methods (or routines) are accessed from the script file simply by citing their text names, with optional variables likewise specified via a character string. Module development is simplified by requiring that new modules inherit existing code that implements protocols for passing variables and interacting with the script interpreter. These mechanisms allow the experimenter to add features of arbitrary complexity while maintaining simplicity, clarity, and consistency in the overall architecture of the software and the scripting language.
Tomaculous neuropathy in chromosome 1 Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome.

We performed morphological and immunohistochemical studies on sural nerve biopsies from two members of a Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1B family, in which a mutation of the P0 gene on chromosome 1 had been found. Biopsies showed a tomaculous neuropathy with loss of myelinated fibers and frequent small onion bulbs. Immunofluorescence with antibodies to P0 showed this protein to be present in tomaculous and non-tomaculous areas of the nyelin sheath. The severity of the myelin abnormalities suggests that in this family Charcot-marie-Tooth disease may result from a generalized disturbance of Schwann cells as a result of an abnormal P0 protein.
A photoelectric survey of 130 asteroids

Asteroid collisional evolution has been investigated by an observational survey conducted on 150 nights from November, 1982, to February, 1985. Attention is given to the function of collisions in the clearing of the Kirkwood 3/1 resonance gap and the formation and evolution of the Eos and Koronis families. When combined, the more than 400 lightcurves obtained allowed the derivation of rotational periods and lightcurve amplitudes. In addition, B-V and U-B colors were obtained for most of the objects. Absolute magnitudes have been computed, and a tabulation of observational circumstances is presented.
Formation of a millisecond pulsar in a globular cluster

The discovery of an isolated 3-millisecond pulsar PSR1821-24 in the globular cluster M28 (=NGC6626)1,2 has important implications for the genesis of such objects. Millisecond pulsars (MSPs) have weak (∼109 G) magnetic fields and are commonly believed to be spun up during an epoch of mass transfer in a close binary system. However, the modest cluster escape velocity, vesc ≲40 km s−1, implies that the pulsar must be extracted from the binary with some care. One possibility, often discussed in connection with the formation of the isolated MSP 1937 + 214, involves coalescence with the mass–donor companion (ref. 3, and refs therein). In this letter, we suggest a model appropriate to the cluster site, namely disruption of an expanded tidal capture binary by the perturbations of field stars. We also attempt to relate the MSP formation rate to that of the cluster X-ray sources.
MULTIPLE VIEWS ANALYSIS OF SOFTWARE DESIGNS

Designs are expressed in terms of structure, behavior, objects, modules, and functions which, once consolidated, become design blueprints. This paper describes a formal framework for expressing, analyzing, and comparing multiple views of designs. The analysis of multiple designs or views using different design notations is proposed as a strategy to enhance design quality by providing a systematic identification of design defects and discrepancies. Views are formalized, analyzed independently, and then compared to each other. The type of design discrepancies identified are omission of information, incompatible information, and inconsistencies between views.
Iron Removal and Simultaneous Regeneration of Hexavalent Chromium in Spent Plating Solutions

This study focuses on the removal of metallic impurities such as Fe(II), Fe(III), and Cr(III) from spent plating solutions via electrolytic separation. A two-chamber electrolytic cell separated by a ceramic membrane was used. The choice of the catholyte affected the removal rate of iron. As compared to chromic acid, sodium monophosphate was found to provide the maximum removal rates for iron (5.89 mM h - 1 ). The main modes of mass transfer across the ceramic membrane were diffusion driven by concentration gradient and cation migration. Subsequent removal of the impurity from the cathode compartment was achieved via electrodeposition and precipitation as sludge. The iron removal increased 69% when the applied potential was increased from 5 to 7.5 V, while an increase in temperature from 45 to 55°C resulted in a 33% decrease in impurity removal. In addition, regeneration of Cr(VI) occurred simultaneously due to the anodic oxidation of Cr(III). The rate of regeneration was found to depend on the applied potential and the concentration of the Cr(III) species in the anode chamber. A mathematical model describing the process was developed and validated. Modeling results indicate that a greater iron removal could be obtained if the impurities transported to the catholyte are deposited or precipitated at a faster rate. The estimated mobilities, diffusivities are in good agreement with those reported in the literature.
Verifying Sierpi\'nski and Riesel Numbers in ACL2

A Sierpinski number is an odd positive integer, k, such that no positive integer of the form k * 2^n + 1 is prime. Similar to a Sierpinski number, a Riesel number is an odd positive integer, k, such that no positive integer of the form k * 2^n + 1 is prime. A cover for such a k is a finite list of positive integers such that each integer j of the appropriate form has a factor, d, in the cover, with 1 < d < j. Given a k and its cover, ACL2 is used to systematically verify that each integer of the given form has a non-trivial factor in the cover.