cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solution of the comoving-frame equation of transfer in spherically symmetric flows. IV - Frequency-dependent source functions for scattering by atoms and electrons

A numerical method is presented of solving the radiative transfer equation in the comoving frame of a spherically symmetric expanding atmosphere in which both the line and the electron-scattering source function can depend on frequency (i.e., when there is partial frequency redistribution in the scattering process). This method is used to assess the adequacy of various assumptions regarding frequency redistribution in the comoving frame and to discuss the effects of electron scattering more accurately than previously possible. The methods developed here can be used in realistic model atmospheres to account for the (major) effects of electron scattering upon emergent flux profiles.
Dicnemon subpiliferum (Dicnemonaceae), new to Norfolk Island

A report of Erpodium hodgkinsoniae from Norfolk Island is based on erroneous determinations of Dicnemon subpiliferum. The Norfolk Island collections of D. subpiliferum are the first report of the species outside of New Caledonia.
Role of polymer/filler interactions in the linear viscoelasticity of poly(butylene succinate)/fumed silica nanocomposite

Abstract The linear melt viscoelasticity of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) nanocomposites containing different types of fumed silica nanoparticles (unmodified and modified fumed silica) was studied. Depending on the primary particle size and surface chemistry of fillers, distinct modes of polymer/filler interactions could be identified in the nanocomposites. The PBS nanocomposites containing silica nanoparticles with larger surface area appear to have higher density of temporary physical network structures leading to significantly increased modulus. Increasing the polymer–particle compatibility through introduction of a hydrophobic functionality on the surface of the particles resulted in strong immobilization of the PBS molecules. The presence of such improved polymer/filler interactions was confirmed by the secondary relaxation mode and rubber-like behavior, indicative of stronger adhesion between the modified SiO2 and the PBS matrix. The entangled polymer dynamic theory was used to discuss the influence of polymer/filler interactions on the relaxation behavior of PBS molecules. The relaxation hierarchy can be identified from the linear viscoelastic responses of PBS/modified fumed silica nanocomposites. Dynamic mechanical measurements showed that glass transition range was widened and the peak temperature was also shifted to higher temperature in the composites with enhanced PBS/silicainteractions.
Nitric oxide: a mediator in rat tubular hypoxia/reoxygenation injury.

Abstract Nitric oxide (NO), among several other functions, may play a role in hypoxia and reoxygenation injury due to its free radical nature and high reactivity with the superoxide radical to yield peroxynitrite, an oxidant molecule. The present study was undertaken to evaluate a potential role for NO, either endogenous or exogenous, in a model of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) in freshly isolated rat proximal tubules. NO synthase activity, as assessed by conversion of L-[3H]arginine to L-[3H]citrulline, was detected in normoxic tubules. This activity could be inhibited by N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a NO synthase inhibitor, and was stimulated by 15 min of hypoxia. The injury in proximal tubules caused by 15 min of hypoxia followed by 35 min of reoxygenation was completely prevented by L-NAME as assessed by release of lactate dehydrogenase, whereas D-NAME, which does not inhibit NO synthase, had no effect. In contrast, L-arginine (NO substrate) enhanced the H/R injury. These effects were paralleled by nitrite/nitrate production. In separate experiments, the addition of sodium nitroprusside, a NO donor, to proximal tubules enhanced the H/R injury; this effect could be blocked by hemoglobin, a NO scavenger. Also, addition of nitroprusside reversed L-NAME protection against H/R injury. These results demonstrate that NO is synthesized in rat proximal tubules and participates as one of the mediators in rat tubular H/R injury.
Cytogenetic study of a Merkel cell carcinoma

Banded karyotypes from two metastatic sites of a Merkel cell carcinoma were analyzed. The results indicate very close similarity between the two specimens including an overall tendency to triploidy and the same five marker chromosomes. One of the markers represented by two copies in most of the karyotyped cells was 1q-.
Persistence of sterile screwworm (Diptera: Calliphoridae) flies at a release site.

Studies to determine the persistence of released, sterile screwworms, Cochliomyia homillivorax (Coquerel), were conducted in Belize, Central America, in 1987-1988. A total of nine releases were made, each consisting of 4,000 females marked with a fluorescent dust. Previous similar studies with baited fly traps indicated that flies died or dispersed from the release site within 3-4 d. For this study, flies were recaptured at sentinel animals. Recapture rates varied greatly between releases, a result that was not correlated with any weather parameter. The pattern of recapture indicated a sharp drop in the released population after 9-10 d, with a few flies persisting in the release area for up to 3 wk. The results suggest that survival of released sterile flies is comparable with estimated survival rate and life span of wild, native flies.
Further comments on irreversibility

Abstract Further comments are given concerning Balescu's views on irreversibility in statistical mechanics.
Game-like tasks for comparative research: leveling the playing field.

Game-like computer tasks offer many benefits for psychological research. In this paper, the usefulness of such tasks to bridge population differences (e.g., age, intelligence, species) is discussed and illustrated. A task called ALVIN was used to assess humans' and monkeys' working memory for sequences of colors with or without tones. Humans repeated longer lists than did the monkeys, and only humans benefited when the visual stimuli were accompanied by auditory cues. However, the monkeys did recall sequences at levels comparable to those reported elsewhere for children. Comparison of similarities and differences between the species is possible because the two groups were tested with exactly the same game-like paradigm.
Construction of novel shuttle vectors and a cosmid vector for the glutamic acid-producing bacteria Brevibacterium lactofermentum and Corynebacterium glutamicum

Abstract Novel cloning vectors for glutamic acid-producing bacteria have been constructed. Two cryptic plasmids, pAM330 from Brevibacterium lactofermentum and pHM1519 from Corynebacterium glutamicum , were used as precursors, and recombined with pBR325 or pUB110. Resultant composite plasmids were able to propagate and to express the Cm R or Km R phenotype in B. lactofermentum and C. glutamicum . A smaller, high-copy-number plasmid, pAJ43, was also isolated following deletion of a part of the pAM330-pBR325 composite plasmid. Furthermore, a cosmid vector, which can be packaged and transduced through phage infection, has been developed using a cohesive-end fragment of the f 1A phage and plasmid pAJ43. These plasmids are suitable for use as cloning vectors in the glutamic acid-producing bacteria.
Combined Timolol and Epinephrine Therapy for Open Angle Glaucoma

A survey of the literature concerning the interaction of timolol and epinephrine in lowering intraocular pressure, and a study comparing the efficacy of timolol and dipivefrin (a prodrug of epinephrine) to that of timolol and pilocarpine are presented. These observations suggest that timolol-epinephrine therapy is less effective than timolol-pilocarpine treatment, although the former combination has clinical value in some patients, and it is possible that this can be enhanced when special schedules for drug administration are used.
A Unified Model for the Prediction of Structural Disturbance Propagation in Mass Exchanger Networks

The design of mass exchanger networks (MENs) has drawn increasing attention in recent years, mainly because of attractiveness in pollution prevention and materials recovery. The integration of an MEN, however, will make a plant structurally more complicated. The process streams in the plant will be more heavily interacted. The interactions may be detrimental to stable process operation and effective waste reduction when severe entering disturbances propagate throughout the plant. Such a structural inferiority must be prevented in process design. The process structural superiority can be evaluated through process modelling. In the present work, a unique modelling methodology is developed to characterize disturbance propagation and predict the worst situations to occur in a plant when an MEN is integrated. In the methodology, a unified model structure is introduced to model mass separating agent-based separators, splitters, mixers, and a system composed of them. The model is simple and computationally efficient. It can be used to evaluate process alternatives and to select the most desirable one with maximum structural disturbance rejection in the early stages of process design.
Technological Progress, Terms of Trade, and Monopolistic Competition

Abstract This paper examines welfare implications of technological progress in the new trade model with monopolistic competition. Our result shows that labor-augmenting technological progress turns the terms of trade against the growing country while capital-augmenting technological progress shifts them in favor of the growing country. Unlike the Findlay–Grubert theorem, both technological progresses are welfare-enhancing. The key channel for this welfare effect is the love of variety in the new trade model.
Making Poetry Happen: Birth of a Poetry Troupe.

My father provided the other half of my primary literary heritage, and that was the Book of Common Prayer. "Lighten our darkness, we beseech thee, 0 Lord, and by thy great mercy defend us from all perils and dangers of this night." Perils, in my mind, were confused with pharoahs, but the rolling breathing beauty of rhythm, repetition, alliteration, and of the words themselves was something I absorbed.
Research Notes: Organizational Communication--an Analysis Based on Empirical Data

The article discusses a study conducted by the University of California Research Institute for Business and Economics. The study analyzed the communication practices of an aerospace company in the ...
Further studies on the biosynthesis of very lysine-rich histones in isolated nuclei

Abstract 1. 1. The characteristics of the in vitro amino acid incorporation into histones and other proteins of isolated calf thymus nuclei have been extensively investigated. The kinetics of incorporation into very lysine-rich histones, other histones, and soluble nucleoplasmic proteins have been studied. The quantitatively different susceptibilities to puromycin inhibition of these nuclear proteins were further studied over a range of puromycin levels. Electron-microscopic analysis of the whole cell content of various thymus nuclear preparations, prepared by Ficoll barrier sedimentation, was correlated with amino acid incorporation into histones, demonstrating that histones are indeed synthesized within the nucleus. An unexpected inverse relationship between the specific activities of the nuclear proteins and the concentration of nuclei during incubation was observed. This inverse relationship was found to be quantitatively different for different classes of nuclear proteins and has been attributed to dilution of the radioactive amino acids by unlabelled amino acids released from the nuclei during incubation. 2. 2. By the use of an improved fractionation procedure the very lysine-rich histone preparation was resolved into 4 undegraded components. Determination of specific activities of these 4 very lysine-rich histones showed that their rates of synthesis did not differ significantly one from another.
Environment tobacco smoke: A public health issue

Abstract The health effects of passive smoking (environmental tobacco smoke—ETS) are now accepted in the perceptions of both the public and the experts. ETS is considered a public health issue and a legal, legislative issue. Although there are scientific issues still to be solved, public perception and action are foremost in preventive approaches to the problem. Public policy has focused on legislative control. Further strategies will be needed, since public health history has shown that personal practices, including active smoking, are the most difficult to modify or control. The nature of the problem, and its context should be explored to reach the goals of appropriate control and public health action.
Floral biology of Philippine morphospecies of the grape relative Leea (Leeaceae)

I observed the floral biology of three Leea morphospecies in a Philippine natural forest habitat. The red-flowered morphospecies Leea guineensis limits selfing through synchronized dichogamy, with male and female flowers temporally separated in the same inflorescence, whereas the two morphospecies of the white-flowered Leea indica might be prone to geitonogamous selfing. Light and soil pH are correlated with phenology. In addition to bees and flies, Leea is visited by wasps, butterflies, beetles, bugs and spiders.
AO self-drilling and self-tapping screws in rat calvarial bone: An ultrastructural study of the implant interface

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to compare the bone-to-screw interface of both AO self-drilling screws (SDSs) and self-tapping screws (STSs) using scanning electron microscopy. Materials and Methods: The calvaria from Sprague-Dawley rats were harvested, and the periosteum was removed. The samples were stored in saline until use. AO STSs and SDSs were then inserted into the outer surface of the calvaria without irrigation. All screws were 4 mm in length and were inserted until their tips protruded to the endosteal side. A total of 6 screws, 3 of each type, were placed. The dimensions of the screws were 1.3, 1.5, and 2.0 mm. All STSs were placed with an appropriately sized predrilled hole. Samples were then examined and digitally photographed using scanning electron microscopy. Results: No damage was noted to any of the implants (STSs or SDSs). Excellent adaptation of the STSs to host bone was observed for all specimens. On the other hand, the endosteal surface of the SDSs demonstrated large voids adjacent to the screw threads at the interface. These appeared to represent microfractures of the bone at the bone-implant interface. Conclusions: These data suggest a greater amount of bone damage during placement of the SDSs compared with the STSs. These results point to the need for further investigation into the use of SDSs in clinical practice. © 2002 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons J Oral Maxillofac Surg 60:294-299, 2002
Do benzodiazepines induce sleep by a gabaergic mechanism

In order to further characterize the possible role of GABA function in the sleep-inducing properties of benzodiazepines (BZs), we have administered the GABA agonist muscimol (0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg) and the GABA antagonist bicuculline (1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg) IP, alone and in combination with triazolam (0.8 mg/kg). There was no evidence of interaction of these compounds with triazolam vis a vis sleep. These data are consistent with an earlier report indicating a lack of interaction of muscimol with flurazepam, and suggest that non-GABAergic mechanisms may be involved in the hypnotic properties of benzodiazepines.
A REVIEW OF GRAIN‐SIZE PARAMETERS

SUMMARY This paper comprises a review of the many graphical and mathematical techniques that have been proposed for the statistical summary of grain-size data. Satellitic problems, such as laboratory techniques, choice of size scales, and interpretation, are only considered briefly.
Alzheimer disease amyloid beta protein forms calcium channels in bilayer membranes: blockade by tromethamine and aluminum.

Abstract Amyloid beta protein (A beta P) is the 40- to 42-residue polypeptide implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. We have incorporated this peptide into phosphatidylserine liposomes and then fused the liposomes with a planar bilayer. When incorporated into bilayers the A beta P forms channels, which generate linear current-voltage relationships in symmetrical solutions. A permeability ratio, PK/PCl, of 11 for the open A beta P channel was estimated from the reversal potential of the channel current in asymmetrical KCl solutions. The permeability sequence for different cations, estimated from the reversal potential of the A beta P-channel current for each system of asymmetrical solutions, is Pcs > PLi > PCa > or = PK > PNa. A beta P-channel current (either CS+ or Ca2+ as charge carriers) is blocked reversibly by tromethamine (millimolar range) and irreversibly by Al3+ (micromolar range). The inhibition of the A beta P-channel current by these two substances depends on transmembrane potential, suggesting that the mechanism of blockade involves direct interaction between tromethamine (or Al3+) and sites within the A beta P channel. Hitherto, A beta P has been presumed to be neurotoxic. On the basis of the present data we suggest that the channel activity of the polypeptide may be responsible for some or all of its neurotoxic effects. We further propose that a useful strategy for drug discovery for treatment of Alzheimer disease may include screening compounds for their ability to block or otherwise modify A beta P channels.
Women's Responses to Sexual Aggression: The Effects of Childhood Trauma, Alcohol, and Prior Relationship

This study examined effects of alcohol consumption (control, moderate dose, high dose) and type of relationship (new, established) on women's responses to escalating male sexual aggression. The role of childhood trauma was also examined. After consuming a beverage, participants (N=220) projected themselves into a story portraying a social interaction with a man that depicted escalating sexual aggression. The story was paused 3 times to assess assertive, polite, and passive resistance as well as consent. Alcohol consumption increased consent and interacted with type of relationship to increase passive resistance and with level of sexual aggression to increase polite resistance. Assertive resistance increased and other responses decreased as the man's sexual aggression escalated. Childhood trauma lowered consent initially and increased passive resistance when rape was threatened. Language: en
Modeling of crack tip dislocation emission in B2 intermetallic alloys

A model has been previously proposed to describe the energy associated with emission of dissociated superlattice dislocations from crack tips in ordered intermetallic alloys. In the present paper, the model is applied to several B2 intermetallic alloys. The results of the analysis reveal a correlation between the range of slip system orientations for which emission of a dislocation from a crack tip is energetically favorable and the macroscopic fracture mode of the alloy. Additionally, the effects of changing the active slip system, increasing the thermal energy available for thermally activated dislocation emission, and changing the {111} APB energy on the fracture mode of NiAl and FeAl are discussed.
The quality of medical care: techniques and investigation in the outpatient clinic.

Abstract Some stages in the evolution of chart conference procedures currently in use in the General Clinic of the North Carolina Memorial Hospital are described, together with an analysis of data from two representative, random samples of student work-ups during the Spring semesters of 1959 and 1960. These data suggest the value of developing and improving the efficiency of techniques in an ambulatory clinic which may be used to evaluate the quality of care being given. A method by which periodic surveys, using specially designed activities cards to detect areas needing further investigation or increased emphasis in the teaching program, is described. A major benefit of monitoring the quality of medical care in an outpatient clinic may be the awareness encouraged in students and staff that attention to detail in evaluating and recording clinical data is part of their responsibility as physicians.
Measuring preferences for hierarchical control: an attitude scale for contemporary times.

A concern for understanding patterns of social control in contemporary society led to the development of an attitude scale measuring preferences for Hierarchical Control (ns = 473, 510). The scale distinguished situations where decisions were associated with those having power or authority from situations where decisions were made by people most affected by the decision, regardless of status. Statistical characteristics of the 34-item forced-choice questionnaire included (1) moderately high item-total score correlations, (2) a wide distribution of scores, and (3) reliabilities of approximately .80. The scale did not duplicate the I-E Scale, Dogmatism, or the control subscales of FIRO-B, not was it significantly related to social desirability. Data from police officers, army enlisted men, and teachers with differing educational approaches supported the validity of the scale.
Bounds on the k out of n reliability of a test, and an exact test for hierarchically related items

Consider an n-item multiple-choice test where it is decided that an examinee knows the answer if and only if he/she gives the correct response. The k out of n reliability of the test, Qk, is defined to be the probability that, for a randomly sampled examinee, at least k correct decisions are made about whether the examinee knows the answer to an item. The paper describes and illustrates how an extension of a recently proposed latent structure model can be used in conjunction with results in Sathe, Pradhan, and Shah (1980) to estimate upper and lower bounds on Qk. A method of empirically checking the model is discussed.
The presenting features of mucopolysaccharidosis type IH (Hurler syndrome).

The presenting features of 39 patients with mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type IH are described. The mean age at diagnosis was approximately 9 months and it is difficult to see how this can be reduced without consideration of newborn screening. An earlier age at diagnosis is likely to lead to better results following therapy such as bone marrow transplantation. Clinical features which should arouse suspicion of MPS IH include frequent ENT surgery and recurrent herniae. Clinical vigilance is needed for early diagnosis
Effects of partial melting on the uranium decay series

Abstract Distinction between possible partial melting processes using stable incompatible trace elements depends largely on the mass fraction of liquid produced. At low degrees of melting (less than 5%), both incompatible element concentrations and interelement fractionations are greater for batch, fractional and accumulated fractional melting than for dynamic or continuous melting. At higher degrees of melting, uncertainty in initial source composition and small fractionations between incompatible elements make it unlikely that the most realistic melting models, batch and dynamic, could be discriminated. However, it is possible for these melting processes to be distinguished by the magnitude of radioactive disequilibria that is produced within the 238U decay series. Even for durations of partial melting much longer than the half-lives of 230Th and 226Ra, both230Th-238U and 226Ra-230Th disequilibria can occur because of differences in the bulk solid/liquid partition coefficients for these elements. The magnitude of these disequilibria depends on melting process. The ( 230 Th) ( 232 Th) of a dynamic melt can differ significantly from that of a batch melt, and will not necessarily indicate the original ( 238 U) ( 232 Th) of the source. If MORB is formed by a dynamic melting process, then the Th/U of the upper mantle near ridge axes may be higher than that calculated from the ( 230 Th) ( 232 Th) of the basalts.
Erratum to: Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome: from gene discovery to molecularly targeted therapies

The authors would like to correct an error in the original publication of the online article. The line appearing in the penultimate paragraph under the heading ‘‘FLCN may function in multiple signaling pathways as a tumor suppressor’’ has been published incorrectly. The correct sentence should read as ‘‘They found a clear correlation between reduced FLCN expression and overexpression of the PGC-1a target gene set in a variety of tumor types.’’
Conduction properties of the M-channel in rat sympathetic neurons

We have investigated the conduction properties of the M-channel in rat superior cervical ganglion neurons. Reversal potentials measured under bi-ionic conditions yielded a permeation sequence of Tl > K > Rb > Cs > NH4 > Na. Slope conductances gave a conductance sequence of K > Tl > NH4 > Rb > Cs. M-current was shown to exhibit a number of features atypical of potassium channels. First, the conduction of monovalent cations relative to K was very low. Second, the nature of the permeant ion did not affect the deactivation kinetics. Third, M-current did not exhibit anomalous mole-fraction behavior, a property suggestive of a multi-ion pore. Finally, external Ba, which is a blocker of M-current, showed a preferential block of outward current and had much less effect on inward current. The permeability sequence of the M-channel is very similar to other K-selective channels, implying a high degree of conservation in the selectivity filter. However, other conduction properties suggest that the pore structure outside of the selectivity filter is very different from previously cloned potassium channels.
Serologic Reactions in Pemphigus Vulgaris

An attempt was made to detect the possible presence of complete or incomplete antibodies or a virus in blood serum (PS) or in blister fluid (PBF) taken from three histologically confirmed patients with pemphigus vulgaris, two of whom were of blood group O and one of A, using the patients' own red blood cells (RBC), homologous RBC from normal donors and fowl RBC.
The clinical recognition of botulism.

In this issue ofThe Journal(p 475), Terranova and colleagues describe the ocular and neurologic findings in a group of 59 persons involved in a common-source outbreak of type B botulism. This is the largest outbreak of botulism yet reported in the United States, and it afforded an opportunity for the prospective and systematic observation of the evolving signs and symptoms of the disease. In this outbreak all affected persons noted a dry mouth, and 51 (86%) had difficulty focusing to a near point or had diplopia before they visited a physician. Bilateral abducens nerve palsy developed in nearly all persons. Signs of bilateral severe third cranial nerve palsy were of prognostic importance. Among 11 persons in whom all three signs of third nerve palsy-medial rectus palsy, ptosis, and sluggishly reacting pupils developed, eight subsequently had respiratory insufficiency. Noteworthy respiratory insufficiency subsequently developed in only one patient without all
Frequency-switchable CO 2 laser: design and performance

A CO(2) laser with an intracavity CdTe modulator is described whose output frequency can be rapidly switched or chirped, while the output intensity remains constant to better than 2%. Currently, frequency switches of up to 20 MHz in 50 nsec can be performed, with the limitation being only the performance of the pulse generator which drives the crystal. The problems which must be addressed in designing such a laser are discussed along with the approaches we have taken to solve them. The laser performance is analyzed and compared with theory, and a novel laser frequency locking scheme is presented which eliminates switching transients in the CO(2) gain medium.
The equally coupled i-d interaction ferromagnet

Abstract The spin 1 2 ferromagnet is examined via an equally coupled, infinite range, Ising like Hamiltonian including i-d interaction. The Green's function method is employed utilizing Tyablikov decoupling. The numerical solution for the spontaneous magnetization closely fits the nickel curve.
Dissecting the imitation faculty: The multiple imitation mechanisms (MIM) hypothesis

Is the imitation faculty one self-contained domain-general mechanism or an amalgamation of multiple content-specific systems? The multiple imitation mechanisms (MIM) hypothesis posits that the imitation faculty consists of distinct content-specific psychological systems that are dissociable both structurally and functionally. This hypothesis is supported by research in the developmental, cognitive, comparative and neural sciences. This body of work suggests that there are dissociable imitation systems that may be distinguished by unique behavioral and neurobiological profiles. The distribution of these different imitation skills in the animal kingdom further suggests a phylogenetic dissociation, whereby some animals specialized in some (but not all possible) imitation types; a reflection of specific selection pressures favoring certain imitation systems. The MIM hypothesis attempts to bring together these different areas of research into one theoretical framework that defines imitation both functionally and structurally.
Tethered elevator design for Space Station

This paper describes the conceptual engineering design of a space station elevator that operates on a 10-km tether spanning the distance between the space station and a tethered platform. The unmanned mobile structure provides access to residual gravity levels, remote servicing, and transportation to any point along the tether. Design requirements including torque and power requirements are discussed. A configuration is proposed including the robotics, drive mechanism, and power generation and transmission subsystems. Design emphasis is placed on the hooking/unhooking of the tether and the conception of a suitable capture and drive mechanism to interface with the tether to control elevator motion. A brief discussion of the decison matrix analysis is provided to indicate the method used to select the chosen tethered elevator and subsystem configurations. The tethered elevator design illustrates the uses of such a device for space station operations.
Santeria from Africa to the New World: The Dead Sell Memories

Santeriafrom Africa to the New World: The Dead Sell Memories. George Brandon. Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, 1993. 207 pp. (Cloth US$35.00; Paper US$11.95)
Potential continuity of colorings

We say that a coloring \({c: [\kappa]^n\to 2}\) is continuous if it is continuous with respect to some second countable topology on κ. A coloring c is potentially continuous if it is continuous in some \({\aleph_1}\)-preserving extension of the set-theoretic universe. Given an arbitrary coloring \({c:[\kappa]^n\to 2}\), we define a forcing notion \({\mathbb P_c}\) that forces c to be continuous. However, this forcing might collapse cardinals. It turns out that \({\mathbb P_c}\) is c.c.c. if and only if c is potentially continuous. This gives a combinatorial characterization of potential continuity. On the other hand, we show that adding \({\aleph_1}\) Cohen reals to any model of set theory introduces a coloring \({c:[\aleph_1]^2 \to 2}\) which is potentially continuous but not continuous. \({\aleph_1}\) has no uncountable c-homogeneous subset in the Cohen extension, but such a set can be introduced by forcing. The potential continuity of c can be destroyed by some c.c.c. forcing.
Medicolegal progress in inquests of felonious deaths: Westminster, 1761-1866.

(1981). Medicolegal progress in inquests of felonious deaths: Westminster, 1761–1866. Journal of Legal Medicine: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 193-264.
Carotenoid bioaccessibility from nine raw carotenoid-storing fruits and vegetables using an in vitro model†

BACKGROUND: Many techniques exist for processing fruits and vegetables. The impact of these processes on nutritional qualities of the food can be considerable, however. Given the benefits of eating raw foods, nutrient sources need to be identified that deliver substantial benefit without cooking. In this study a survey of carotenoid bioaccessibility was carried out in order to additionally evaluate the impact of their distinctive storage structures (chromoplasts) on bioaccessibility. RESULTS: Per cent carotenoid bioaccessibility varied among the nine raw, whole fruits and vegetables evaluated, with values of 1–39% for lycopene, 18–20% for α-carotene, 7–49% for β-carotene, 9–59% for lutein, 4–22% for violaxanthin and 47–96% for phytoene. Per 100 g of food, grapefruit and watermelon imparted the most lycopene (69 and 64 µg respectively), carrot the most α-carotene (559 µg), β-carotene (1078 µg), lutein (91 µg) and phytoene (23 mg) and mango the most violaxanthin (177 µg). Digestive stability averaged over 80%, except for the xanthophylls, which exhibited a wider and lower range of stabilities. CONCLUSION: These data identify raw food sources for carotenoid bioaccessibilities comparable to those of other foods accomplished by substantial processing. The information presented here also has application in identifying appropriate plant-breeding goals and optimal sources for commercial carotenoid isolations. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Quantification of fossil fuel CO2 emissions on the building/street scale for a large U.S. City

In order to advance the scienti! c understanding of carbon exchange with the land surface, build an e" ective carbon monitoring system, and contribute to quantitatively based U.S. climate change policy interests, ! ne spatial and temporal quanti! cation of fossil fuel CO2 emissions, the primary greenhouse gas, is essential. Called the "Hestia Project", this research e" ort is the ! rst to use bottom-up methods to quantify all fossil fuel CO2 emissions down to the scale of individual buildings, road segments, and industrial/ electricity production facilities on an hourly basis for an entire urban landscape. Here, we describe the methods used to quantify the on-site fossil fuel CO2 emissions across the city of Indianapolis, IN. This e" ort combines a series of data sets and simulation tools such as a building energy simulation model, tra# c data, power production reporting, and local air pollution reporting. The system is general enough to be applied to any large U.S. city and holds tremendous potential as a key component of a carbon-monitoring system in addition to enabling e# cient greenhouse gas mitigation and planning. We compare the natural gas component of our fossil fuel CO2 emissions estimate to consumption data provided by the local gas utility. At the zip code level, we achieve a bias-adjusted Pearson r correlation value of 0.92 (p < 0.001).
This exquisite forest

Conceived by Chris Milk and Aaron Koblin and produced by Tate Modern and Google, This Exquisite Forest was inspired by the surrealist game "exquisite corpse" and its idea of collaborative creation. The project lets users create short animations that build of one another as they explore specific themes. The result is a collection of branching narratives resembling trees to which anyone may contribute. The project lives online and as a physical installation at the Tate Modern (through June 2013). At the museum, visitors can explore the project as a life-sized projection and contribute animations using high-end digital drawing tablets.
Spherical cap bubbles with laminar wakes

The steady rise of a given amount of gas in an infinite liquid under the action of buoyancy forces is examined. The shape of the bubble is that of a spherical cap. Behind the bubble there is a region of closed streamlines where the flow is assumed to be steady and rotational. The predicted velocity and geometry of the cap agree well with observation for a limited range of values of the Reynolds number.
Human Cytomegalovirus Induces the Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP through Increased Transcription and Activation of Translation by Using the BiP Internal Ribosome Entry Site

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone BiP (immunoglobulin binding protein) plays a major role in the control of the unfolded protein response. We have previously shown that BiP levels are dramatically increased during human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection, where BiP performs unique roles in viral assembly and egress. We show that BiP mRNA levels increase during infection due to activation of the BiP promoter by the major immediate-early (MIE) proteins. The BiP promoter, like other ER stress-activated promoters, contains endoplasmic reticulum stress elements (ERSEs), which are activated by unfolded protein response (UPR)-induced transcription factors. However, these elements are not needed for MIE protein-mediated transcriptional activation; thus, a virus-specific transcriptional activation mechanism is used. Transcriptional activation results in only a 3- to 4-fold increase in BiP mRNA, suggesting that additional mechanisms for BiP production are utilized. The BiP mRNA contains an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) which increases the level of BiP mRNA translation. We show that utilization of the BiP IRES is dramatically increased in HCMV-infected cells. Utilization of the BiP IRES can be activated by the La autoantigen, also called Sjogren's syndrome antigen B (SSB). We show that SSB/La levels are significantly increased during HCMV infection, and SSB/La depletion causes the loss of BiP IRES utilization and lowers endogenous BiP levels in infected cells. Our data show that BiP levels increase in HCMV-infected cells through the combination of increased BiP gene transcription mediated by the MIE proteins and increased BiP mRNA translation due to SSB/La-induced utilization of the BiP IRES.
Numerical modeling of shock-to-detonation transition in energetic materials

Abstract Determining the hazard classification of energetic materials is important for transportation safety and storage concerns. To avoid costly grain redesign and additional testing, a model that adequately predicts the shock sensitivity of energetic materials is required, particularly the outcome of the Naval Ordnance Laboratory Large Scale Gap Test. The goals of this effort are to develop and validate computational tools that predict the shock sensitivity of energetic materials. Specifically, to use our packing code, Rocpack, to generate morphologies of interest for shock sensitivity assessments, and to use our CFD code, RocSDT, to propagate shocks of various strengths through the pack to predict the onset of detonation. Dealing accurately with the material interfaces in this problem is a long-standing challenge, as familiar strategies lead to spurious temperature spikes, and therefore spurious reaction rate spikes. We describe a new strategy, which does not generate spurious spikes, and demonstrate via a number of test problems that numerical convergence can be achieved. We also examine two problems that are stepping stones to a complete simulation; both are planar. In the first, we consider the passage of a shock wave through pure HMX in which a line of hot spots of the kind generated by void collapse are located a short distance behind the shock. When the hot spot spacing is large, the shock remains a shock; when small, transition to detonation occurs. In the second problem we also insert hot spots, but into a matrix of HMX particles and binder.
What Makes an Aquaporin a Glycerol Channel? A Comparative Study of AqpZ and GlpF

The recent availability of high-resolution structures of two structurally highly homologous, but functionally distinct aquaporins from the same species, namely Escherichia coli AqpZ, a pure water channel, and GlpF, a glycerol channel, presents a unique opportunity to understand the mechanism of substrate selectivity in these channels. Comparison of the free energy profile of glycerol conduction through AqpZ and GlpF reveals a much larger barrier in AqpZ (22.8 kcal/mol) than in GlpF (7.3 kcal/mol). In either channel, the highest barrier is located at the selectivity filter. Analysis of substrate-protein interactions suggests that steric restriction of AqpZ is the main contribution to this large barrier. Another important difference is the presence of a deep energy well at the periplasmic vestibule of GlpF, which was not found in AqpZ. The latter difference can be attributed to the more pronounced structural asymmetry of GlpF, which may play a role in attracting glycerol.
Performance of high-bandwidth TRABOL protocol for radar data streaming

TCP-friendly Rate Adaptation Based on Loss (TRABOL) is a high bandwidth overlay transport protocol that dynamically adapts the data transmission rate based on the packet loss feedback received from an end user. TRABOL performs AIMD based congestion control such that transmission rate satisfies minimum and target rate requirements of the end user. Additionally, rate is adapted, while remaining friendly to the TCP cross traffic and efficiently using the bottleneck link bandwidth. This paper investigates the impact of different AIMD increase and decrease functions for congestion control on performance of the TRABOL protocol. A network emulator test bed is used for the performance evaluation, measuring the effectiveness of different AIMD rate control schemes in meeting bandwidth requirements of the end user, TCP-friendliness, bandwidth efficiency, and response time of the protocol.
A Pascal-type Justification of Faith in a Scientific Age

What's religious faith? Mark's Gospel (9:23f) tells us paradoxically: 'Lord, I believe; help thou mine unbelief'. Here's a more extreme version of the paradox: One person has great assurance that there's a god, but lacks religious faith altogether. Another has little surety of a god's existence, but has strong faith nonetheless. The one has high belief and low faith; the other has low belief, but high faith. We resolve the paradox by examining the idea of religious faith. Faith cannot be just belief; if it were, our paradox would resolve into contradiction, and we'd be done before we started. If faith were just belief in a god, faith would have as indirect a connection to the will as belief does, for belief connects to action only by way of desire. If faith were just belief in a god, faith would be compatible with cursing god, as is belief in a god. No; we must find a more direct and reliable connection to the will than belief provides, and a connection of the right sort. I think faith has four components; belief is just one of them. Yes, there must be some belief in the content of faith; faith's not simply emotional. The articles of faith consist of the descriptive stuff, things and events that science and history target, such as the death and resurrection of Jesus mentioned in the prayer, the Apostles' Creed; they're about what exists, just as scientific theories are. Some modern thinkers, Kant and Schleiermacher for instance, say that faith's content so differs from science's that the two cannot conflict.
The Motherhood Mandate

The centrality of motherhood to the definition of the adult female is characterized in the form of a mandate which requires having at least two children and raising them well. The processes mandating motherhood are discussed. A direct attack on the motherhood mandate is seen as basic to eliminating sex-role stereotypes, mythologies, and sex-typed behavior. Given the social and cultural forces that propel women into motherhood — either by choice or by chance — a thorough analysis of the purpose of childbearing and childrearing in a changing society is basic to understanding persistence and change in sex-typed behavior.
Supporting scalable and resilient video streaming applications in evolving networks

While the demand for video streaming services has risen rapidly in recent years, supporting video streaming service to a large number of receivers still remains a challenging task. Issues of video streaming in the Internet, such as scalability, and reliability are still under extensive research. Recently proposed network contexts such as overlay networks, and mobile ad hoc networks pose even tougher challenges. This thesis focuses on supporting scalable video streaming applications under various network environments. More specifically, this thesis investigates the following problems: (i) Server selection in replicated batching video on demand (VoD) systems: we find out that, to optimize the user perceived latency, it is vital to consider the server state information and channel allocation schemes when making server selection decisions. We develop and evaluate a set of server selection algorithms that use increasingly more information. (ii) Scalable live video streaming with time shifting and video patching: we consider the problem of how to enable continuous live video streaming to a large group of clients in cooperative but unreliable overlay networks. We design a server-based architecture which uses a combined technique of time-shifting video server and P2P video patching. (iii) A Cooperative patching architecture in overlay networks: We design a cooperative patching architecture which shifts video patching responsibility completely to the client side. An end-host retrieves lost data from other end-hosts within the same multicast group. (iv) V3: a vehicle to vehicle video streaming architecture: We propose V3, an architecture to provide live video streaming service to driving vehicles through vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) networks. V3 incorporates a novel signaling mechanism to continuously trigger video sources to send video data back to the receiver. It also adopts a store-carry-and-forward approach to transmit video data in a partitioned network environment. We also develop a multicasting framework that enables live video streaming applications from multiple sources to multiple receivers in V2V networks. A message integration scheme is used to suppress the signaling overhead, and a two-level tree-based routing approach is adopted to forward the video data.
A novel cassette holder for head and cervical spine radiography

Cassette holders are useful equipment assisting in diagnostic radiography of various body parts for suitable radiograms and reduction of unnecessary dose for the people in the working area. In our country, the cassette holders are expensive and mainly imported Therefore, some diagnostic unit order to make them from metal or other materials. The made to order cassette holders types and quality depends on the quality and skill of both producer and designer. The main purposes of this research are designing and producing the cassette holder from poly - acrylic sheet of 6 mm. thickness which is suitable because of its strength and low x-ray attenuation for head and cervical spine radiography. The design of the cassette holder was adjusted for holding the 10x12 inch or 25.4x30.5 cm. cassette with 2 cm. space to be used for left and right lateral radiation by inverting the cassette. The cassette holder can also be used for AP, PA and supine techniques. The test radiogram of acrylic sheet with aluminum step wedge and head exposure technique using head unit tissue equivalent phantom showed no significant different on the radiograms. Satisfaction of users was studied and showed good to excellent level amongst the technicians and radiological technologists. These results indicated that our design and simple technique to create a novel cassette holder for head and cervical spine radiography. It was worker friendly in any diagnostic radiology unit and feasible to order for production from every plastic work supplier. Bull Chiang Mai Assoc Med Sci 2008; 41: 175-186.
Neomycin Inhibition of Lipolysis in vitro.

SummaryThe effect of antibiotics on pancreatic lipolysis was studied in vitro. Neomycin and some other antibiotics inhibited lipolysis at concentrations below 3 mg per 100 ml. These antibiotics may directly effect pancreatic lipase or alter the physico-chemical state of the substrate.