cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Robotic Technique for Pancreaticoduodenectomy

While the robotic approach to pancreaticodudenectom is relatively new, this approach is not limited by many of the issues faced with the laparoscopic technique. There are better optics and imcreased maneverability, dexterity, abd precision with difficult tasks. Intial studies have confirmed the safety and feasibility of robotic pancreatocduodenectomy (RPD) and early reports have shown that outcomes are comparable to the open approach. At our institution, we frequently use laparoscopy for the intial mobilization steps, but complete the ajority of the resection and all of the reconstruction robotically. In this chapter, we describe our approach to RPD in detail with the necessary considerations for each step.
Where they live and go: Immigrant ethnic activity space and neighborhood crime in Southern California

Abstract The current study advances the literature by simultaneously accounting for the geographic location of immigrant residences and the location of ethnic businesses, and considers their proximity to one another. We argue our alternative measure, which we term Immigrant Ethnic Activity Space (IEAS), more fully captures the ecology of immigrant communities. Using data from several sources to capture neighborhoods in the Southern California region, we constructed IEAS measures for the seven largest ethnic groups in the region, including groups from Mexico, China, Korea, Vietnam, Philippines, Armenia, and El Salvador. These measures reflect where immigrants live and where they go for various ethnic-related routine activities, as well as the distance between the two. We estimated a set of negative binomial regression models to examine the effects of the IEAS measures on neighborhood violent and property crime rates. We find that our IEAS approach is distinct from traditionally-employed measures of immigrant neighborhoods. We also find that IEAS measures have negative associations with both violent and property crime, in general. The current study proposes and develops an alternative approach to conceptualizing immigrant neighborhoods, which more closely aligns with extant theory and should be considered in future research on the immigration-crime nexus.
Barriers to use of radial access for percutaneous coronary intervention.

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to identify barriers to transradial access percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). BACKGROUND Transradial access yields fewer vascular complications, earlier ambulation, and more patient comfort. However, the adoption to practice is slow, and transfemoral access is still commonly used. METHODS We identified all PCIs done by one operator in a radial-first trainee-driven practice. The individual charts were reviewed for all PCIs using femoral access. Reasons for not using radial access were identified. Descriptive statistics were used to report reasons for not using transradial access. Analyses were performed on a per-procedure basis. RESULTS Of 1,948 PCIs, 1,790 (92%) were via radial access and 158 (8%) via femoral access. Femoral access was used to bail out unsuccessful radial access in 21 PCIs (13% of all femoral PCIs, 1% of all PCIs). Radial access was unsuccessful due to failure to cannulate radial artery, radial artery spasm, and radial loop in majority of radial access failure PCIs (n = 13). Femoral access was used as a primary strategy in 137 PCIs (87% of all femoral PCIs, 7% of all PCIs), mostly due to undetectable radial artery pulse (both left and right) (n = 40). CONCLUSIONS Radial access can be used for PCI safely and effectively. Inadequate radial pulse is the main barrier. Adjunctive strategies such as ulnar access and use of ultrasound may further increase the success rate of arterial access from the upper extremities.
Touching the Surface: Diverse Roles for the Flagellar Membrane in Kinetoplastid Parasites

While flagella have been studied extensively as motility organelles, with a focus on internal structures such as the axoneme, more recent research has illuminated the roles of the flagellar surface in a variety of biological processes. Parasitic protists of the order Kinetoplastida, which include trypanosomes and Leishmania species, provide a paradigm for probing the role of flagella in host-microbe interactions and illustrate that this interface between the flagellar surface and the host is of paramount importance. An increasing body of knowledge indicates that the flagellar membrane serves a multitude of functions at this interface: attachment of parasites to tissues within insect vectors, close interactions with intracellular organelles of vertebrate cells, transactions between flagella from different parasites, junctions between the flagella and the parasite cell body, emergence of nanotubes and exosomes from the parasite directed to either host or microbial targets, immune evasion, and sensing of the extracellular milieu. Recent whole-organelle or genome-wide studies have begun to identify protein components of the flagellar surface that must mediate these diverse host-parasite interactions. The increasing corpus of knowledge on kinetoplastid flagella will likely prove illuminating for other flagellated or ciliated pathogens as well.
Outcomes of neoadjuvant chemotherapy before CRS-HIPEC for patients with appendiceal cancer.

Background Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with or without hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is indicated for patients with peritoneal dissemination of appendiceal cancer. The role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) before CRS-HIPEC remains controversial. Methods A retrospective review of adult patients who underwent CRS ± HIPEC for metastatic appendiceal cancer between 2000-2017 was performed. Patients who received NAC followed by surgery were compared with those who underwent surgery first (SF) with and without 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM). Results Among 803 patients with appendiceal cancer who underwent CRS ± HIPEC, 225 (28%) received NAC, and 578 (72%) underwent SF. After PSM (n = 186), median overall survival (OS) did not differ (NAC: 40 vs SF: 56 months; P = .210) but recurrence-free survival (RFS) was worse among patients who received NAC (14 vs 22 months; P = .007). NAC was independently associated with worse OS (hazards ratio [HR], 1.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-3.18) and RFS (HR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.25-2.99). Conclusion In this multi-institutional retrospective analysis of patients with peritoneal dissemination from appendiceal cancer, the use of NAC before CRS-HIPEC was associated with worse OS and RFS even after PSM and multivariable regression. Immediate surgery should be considered for patients with disease amenable to complete cytoreduction.
The uninhibited pathway is not worth studying.

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) stands at the head of the pentose phosphate pathway, which is responsible for nucleotide synthesis. The identification and thorough validation of an improved G6PD inhibitor provide a valuable new tool compound for studying metabolism.
Delayed bolus-tracking trigger at CT correlates with cardiac dysfunction and suboptimal portovenous contrast phase

To assess whether delayed trigger during bolus-tracking for CT correlates with reduced heart function and suboptimal portovenous contrast phase. Patients who underwent portovenous abdominal CT using bolus-tracking and echocardiography within 2 weeks were included and excluded if there was a non-standard contrast injection. The bolus trigger time (BTT) at 100 Hounsfield units in the abdominal aorta, patient age, congestive heart failure (CHF) history, and ejection fraction were recorded. Two radiologists scored the liver contrast phase (1–5, 5 being an optimal portovenous phase). When applicable, the BTT and contrast score of the most recent comparison examination with equivalent technical parameters were also recorded. Simple linear regression (univariate) was used to test for associations with trigger time. 114 patients with a mean age of 61 ± 15 years fulfilled criteria. The mean trigger time was 18 ± 6 s (range: 6–38 s) and the mean ejection fraction was 52 ± 12% (range: 19–69%). A longer bolus trigger had a significant correlation with reduced ejection fraction (P = 0.0018), lower hepatic contrast score (P < 0.0001), history of CHF (P = 0.0212), and older age (P = 0.0223). Contrast score differences between the study exam and available prior exams revealed score differences of 0 (n = 73), 1 (n = 15) and 2 (n = 5); these were associated, respectively, with a mean bolus trigger time difference between exams of 2 s (range, 0–6 s), 6 s (range, 1–15 s), and 11 s (range, 5–13). The P-value comparing bolus trigger time and contrast score differences was less than 0.0001. A lower ejection fraction also significantly correlated with suboptimal PV contrast phase (P < 0.0001). Delayed time to trigger during bolus-tracking for CT can indicate cardiac dysfunction and may not adequately adjust to provide an optimal portovenous contrast phase.
Social media use and internalizing symptoms during early adolescence: The role of co-rumination

Abstract Background This study examined the longitudinal associations between social media use, co-rumination (repeatedly discussing personal problems with peers), and internalizing symptoms during early adolescence. Methods Self-report measures were administered to a diverse sample of 1,205 early adolescents (51% girls; 51% non-Hispanic White; Mage= 12.75, SD = .71) at three time points (during the fall of 2016, spring of 2017, and fall of 2017). Results Findings indicated that daily social media use predicted engagement in co-rumination, which in turn predicted increases in internalizing symptoms. Specifically, co-rumination significantly mediated social media use and anxiety symptoms. Limitations Study limitations include the use of self-report data and the geographically limited sample (restricted to the Northeastern United States). Conclusions Findings from this study highlight an important interpersonal pathway by which social media use may confer risk for internalizing problems. Prevention and intervention programs designed to reduce the negative effects that social media use may have on adolescent internalizing problems should target co-rumination as a modifiable behavior and provide skills training in the use of more positive, adaptive coping strategies.
Impact of Socioeconomic Status and Race on Sepsis Epidemiology and Outcomes.

BACKGROUND Socioeconomic status (SES) is a complex variable that is derived primarily from an individual's education, income, and occupation and has been found to be inversely related to outcomes of health conditions. Sepsis is the sixth most common admitting diagnosis and one of the most costly conditions for in-hospital spending in the United States. The objective of this review is to report on the relationship between SES and sepsis incidence and associated outcomes. CONTENT Sepsis epidemiology varies when explored by race, education, geographic location, income, and insurance status. Sepsis incidence was significantly increased in individuals of Black race compared with non-Hispanic white race; in persons who have less formal education, who lack insurance, and who have low income; and in certain US regions. People with low SES are likely to have onset of sepsis significantly earlier in life and to have poorly controlled comorbidities compared with those with higher SES. Sepsis mortality and hospital readmission is increased in individuals who lack insurance, who reside in low-income or medically underserved areas, who live far from healthcare, and who lack higher level education; however, a person's race was not consistently found to increase mortality. SUMMARY Interventions to minimize healthcare disparity for individuals with low SES should target sepsis prevention with increasing measures for preventive care for chronic conditions. Significant barriers described for access to care by people with low SES include cost, transportation, poor health literacy, and lack of a social network. Future studies should include polysocial risk scores that are consistently defined to allow for meaningful comparison across studies.
The intestinal barrier, an arbitrator turned provocateur in IBD.

Key studies published in 2020 demonstrate that an impaired intestinal barrier precedes clinical diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by years. Furthermore, studies identify novel regulators of the intestinal barrier, including intestinal macrophages and diurnal variations of diet–microbiome interactions, which could be future therapeutic strategies for IBD.
Transcatheter Interatrial Shunts for the Treatment of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Abstract Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a clinical syndrome, which accounts for about 50% of patients with heart failure (HF). The morbidity and mortality associated with HFpEF is similar to HFrEF. Clinical trials to date have failed to show a benefit of medical therapy for HFpEF, which may due to lack of uniform phenotypes and heterogeneous population. In addition, medical therapy proven for HFrEF may not address the pathophysiologic basis for HFpEF. Left atrial remodeling and dysfunction [...]
A varied approach to left ventricular assist device follow-up improves cost-effectiveness.

Background Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation improves outcomes in advanced heart failure, however, the optimal frequency of outpatient assessments to improve cost-effectiveness and potentially avert readmissions is unclear. Methods To test if varying the frequency of follow-up after LVAD implantation reduces readmissions and improves cost-effectiveness, a less intensive follow-up (LIFU) strategy with scheduled visits at one month and then every 6-months was compared to an intensive follow-up (IFU) group with scheduled visits at 1, 2, and 4-weeks, and then every 3-months post-implant. We developed a decision-tree model to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different follow-up schedules at 3, 6, and 12-months. The readmission rates for LIFU and IFU, along with the associated costs, were estimated using data from the IBM® MarketScan® Commercial Claims Databases (2015-2018). A total of 349 patients were enrolled, with 193 and 156 in the IFU and LIFU groups. Results Patients with IFU were found to have a lower risk for readmission at 3-months (HR:0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.60-0.79), but this difference diminished overtime at 6 (HR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.73-0.96), and 12-months (HR:0.94, 95% CI: 0.83-1.06). The incremental net benefit of IFU, when compared with LIFU, is greatest in the first 3 months and also diminishes over time (3-month: $19616, 6-month $9257, 12-month $717). Conclusions An initial IFU strategy, followed by a period of de-escalation at the 6-month post-implant mark in lower-risk patients, may be a more cost-effective strategy to provide follow-up care while not predisposing patients to a higher risk of readmission.
Algorithms for Analyzing Generalized Cell Mappings

In the last chapter we discussed the basic ideas of the theory of generalized cell mapping and some elements of the theory of Markov chains. From the discussion it is obvious that if a normal form of the transition probability matrix can be found, then a great deal of the system behavior is already on hand. To have a normal form (10.3.7) is essentially to know the persistent groups and the transient groups. In Section 10.5 we have seen some simple examples of generalized cell mapping. Those examples involve only a very small number of cells. The normal forms can be obtained merely by inspection. For applications of generalized cell mapping to dynamical systems where a very large number of cells are used, it is an entirely different matter. We need a viable procedure to discover persistent and transient groups and, if possible, the hierarchy among the transient groups.
Electrocardiographic patterns of impending coronary closure independent of unstable anginal symptoms

Nonsurgical revascularization with thrombolytic agents or angioplasty (PTCA) technique creates, as a part of the therapeutic effect, an unstable coronary site. Thrombolytic agents dissolve the platelet/thrombin clot, but may not alter the underlying ruptured plaque that first stimulated the thrombogenic cascade. PTCA balloon inflations fracture and tear plaque-imbedded coronary intima, creating a nidus of inflammation and fresh collagen exposure.
Early Introductions of African Bees into Europe and the New World

(1973). Early Introductions of African Bees into Europe and the New World. Bee World: Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 57-60.
Processing & Properties of Inorganic/Organic Dielectric Nanocomposites

The trend in integral passives and embedded capacitors in microelectronic packaging and system in package is rapidly progressing. The needs for new dielectric materials for the trend are pressing. Our new ultrahigh dielectric constant material is nanocomposites of ceramic, metal and plastics under the morphology control in the nanoscale. The resulting composites exhibited dielectric constant in the order of 100-500 and dielectric loss 2-30% with plastic mechanical characteristics and high breakdown voltages.
An Ontology Based Approach for Cloud Services Catalog Management

As more and more service providers choose to deliver services on common Cloud infrastructures, it becomes important to formally represent knowledge in a services catalog to enable automatic answering of user requests and sharing of building blocks across service offerings. In this paper, we propose an ontology-driven methodology for formal modeling of the service offerings and associated processes.
Intratracheal injection of endotoxin and cytokines. IX. Contribution of CD11A/ICAM-1 to neutrophil emigration

Intratracheal injection of endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] in rats causes acute inflammation characterized by the emigration of neutrophils (PMNs) into the bronchoalveolar airspace. Antibody to PMN adhesion molecule CD11a inhibited LPS-initiated PMN accumulation in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid by 32% (P < 0.001). Antibody to the endothelial CD11a counterreceptor intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) inhibited LPS-initiated PMN accumulation in BAL fluid by 66% (P < 0.0001). Combined antibody blockade of ICAM-1 and the C-X-C chemokine cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) inhibited LPS-initiated PMN emigration by 80%, significantly more than antibody against either ICAM-1 or CINC alone. To study the relative contribution of alveolar macrophages and PMNs to intra-alveolar tumor necrosis factor (TNF), the LPS-induced TNF in BAL fluid was measured after depletion of circulating PMNs with a cytolytic antibody to CD18. Although the anti-CD18 antibody completely abrogated LPS-initiated PMN emigration into BAL fluid, TNF levels in BAL fluid were unaffected, suggesting that alveolar macrophages are the predominant cellular source of LPS-induced TNF production. In conclusion, 1) CD11a, ICAM-1, and CINC play major roles in the LPS-initiated emigration of PMNs into the bronchoalveolar space, and 2) the TNF that drives ICAM-1 and CINC expression is derived largely from alveolar macrophages rather than PMNs.
Similarities or Differences in Identity Development? The Impact of Acculturation and Gender on Identity Process and Outcome

This study examined the effects of variations in acculturation and gender on identity processes and outcomes. Three hundred fifty-seven students at a culturally diverse university completed measures of identity processes (exploration, commitment, and identity style) and outcomes (identity status). The generalizability of the underlying identity processes across contextual variations was ascertained by evaluating the consistency of factor solutions across immigrant generation and gender. Results suggested that the processes underlying identity development are consistent across variations in acculturation and gender. Supplemental analyses revealed effects of acculturation and gender on the extent to which individuals utilized various identity processes and manifested various identity outcomes.
Comparison of NIS and NHIS/NIPRCS vaccination coverage estimates. National Immunization Survey. National Health Interview Survey/National Immunization Provider Record Check Study.

Abstract Background: The National Immunization Survey (NIS) and the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) produce national coverage estimates for children aged 19 months to 35 months. The NIS is a cost-effective, random-digit-dialing telephone survey that produces national and state-level vaccination coverage estimates. The National Immunization Provider Record Check Study (NIPRCS) is conducted in conjunction with the annual NHIS, which is a face-to-face household survey. As the NIS is a telephone survey, potential coverage bias exists as the survey excludes children living in nontelephone households. Methods: To assess the validity of estimates of vaccine coverage from the NIS, we compared 1995 and 1996 NIS national estimates with results from the NHIS/NIPRCS for the same years. Results: Both the NIS and the NHIS/NIPRCS produce similar results. Conclusion: The NHIS/NIPRCS supports the findings of the NIS.
328 SOMATIC CELL ISOLATION FROM SEMEN BY PERCOLL GRADIENTS

We previously isolated epithelial-like cells (ELC) from sheep (Ovis aries) and eland (Taurotragus oryx) ejaculates (Nel-Themaat et al. 2004 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 16, 152). Success rates were low, and the presence of live sperm during initial culture may have altered medium properties, physically prevented contact between cells and the substrate, and/or damaged somatic cell membranes. Using the complete semen sample requires the sacrifice of valuable live spermatozoa without the certainty of obtaining a somatic cell population. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to develop a method for isolating somatic cells from semen before culture. Separation by discontinuous Percoll gradient centrifugation was performed. Ejaculates obtained by electro-ejaculation from two Louisiana Native rams and rectal massage of one eland bull were washed, layered on columns of 2.5 mL each of 20% (P-20), 50% (P-50), and 90% (P-90) Percoll in 15-mL conical tubes, and centrifuged for 20 min at 400g. Bands were obtained at the three interfaces, as well as a pellet in the P-90 fraction. Each Percoll layer plus the interface band immediately below it was collected by aspiration. Cells from each fraction were re-suspended in serum-supplemented Minimum Essential Medium Alpha containing 500 IU/mL of penicillin, 0.5 mg/mL of streptomycin and 250 g/mL of gentamycin, and were plated on collagen-1 coated dishes. Trypan blue staining was used to determine cell viability in each fraction. After 24 h, dishes were washed and the culture continued until cells attached and proliferated. For both species, the surface fraction yielded primarily dead ELC that were morphologically flat and angular in shape. In the P-20 band, more viable cells were isolated compared with other fractions, although dead cells were also present. In the P-50 and P-90 fractions, few ELC were observed compared with the surface and P-20 fractions. A negligible number of sperm was observed in the surface and P-20 fractions. In contrast, mostly dead sperm were found at the P-50 and P-90 interface band, whereas live spermatozoa were detected in the P-90 pellet. Epithelial-like cells isolated from semen of both species attached (A, initial 24 h of culture), divided (D, within 3 days after plating), and proliferated (P, after 1 week of culture) (see Table). Ram ELC derived from the surface and from the P-20 and P-50 layers attached, but proliferation was detected only with cells collected in the P-20 fraction. In contrast, eland cells collected from the surface and P-20 layers readily attached and proliferated. In summary, a technique has been developed for the isolation of somatic cells from semen using a three-layer Percoll gradient. This method also allows the isolation of motile spermatozoa, hich are available for further use.
Efficient security mechanisms for overlay multicast-based content distribution

This paper studies the security issues that arise in an overlay multicast architecture where service providers distribute content such as web pages, static and streaming multimedia data, realtime stock quotes, or security updates to a large number of users. In particular, two major security problems of overlay multicast, network access control and group key management, are addressed. We first present a bandwidth-efficient scheme, called CRBR, that seamlessly integrates network access control and group key management. Next we propose a DoS-resilient key distribution scheme, called k-RIP, that delivers updated keys to a large fraction of nodes with high probability even if an attacker can selectively compromise nodes in the multicast data delivery hierarchy and command these compromised nodes to drop keying packets. The proposed schemes do not rely on knowledge of overlay topology, and can scale up to very large overlay networks.
University-industry technology transfer in Japan: will the American model work in Japan?

Summary form only given. In this paper we examine Japan's technology transfer initiatives in a historical context. History is important, we argue, because academic research in Japan has, for more than a hundred years, been expected to play a role in the national innovation system far different from that played by academic research in the US. The question we ask is: will the easing of regulations that formerly limited contacts between academic researchers and their counterparts in industry, along with various promotional schemes to support creation of technology licensing offices (TLOs), boost the level of patenting and licensing activity along the lines of that experienced in the US? We believe the evidence justifies cautious optimism. The methodology we employ is based on historical sources, newspaper articles reporting current developments, government documents, and a survey of small and medium sized companies in Kanagawa Prefecture. Our approach is rooted in the "national innovation systems" framework which holds that the innovative capacity of nations is best understood by studying the ways in which universities, public and private sectors have historically evolved and systematically interacted. We conclude that historic changes are indeed being made to improve and increase the potential for formal technology transfer.
Photodetachment cross section of He{sup {minus}} (1s2s2p;{sup 4}P{sup o}) in the region of the 1s detachment threshold

Using a Spline-Garlekin and inverse iteration method, we studied in detail the photodetachment cross section of the ${\mathrm{He}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ $(1s2s2p{}^{4}{P}^{o})$ state in the region of the $1s$ detachment threshold. Details of the cross section from threshold to 44 eV are presented. The effects of core excitation and continuum channel coupling are studied. A very narrow $2s3s4s{}^{4}S$ resonance was found at 42.866 00 eV with a width of 0.103 meV. Other resonance structures are also found and analyzed. We studied the ${2s2p}^{2}{}^{4}P$ resonance state that lies immediately below the $1s$ threshold. The width and position of this state, obtained from this calculation, are 37.669 eV and 9.850 meV, respectively. This result is in good agreement with other theoretical calculations.
STAT4 controls GM-CSF production by both Th1 and Th17 cells during EAE.

In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, mice genetically deficient in the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) are resistant to disease. In contrast, deletion or inhibition of the Th1-associated cytokines IL-12 or IFNγ which act upstream and downstream of STAT4, respectively, does not ameliorate disease. These discordant findings imply that STAT4 may act in a non-canonical role during EAE. Recently, STAT4 has been shown to regulate GM-CSF production by CD4 T cells and this cytokine is necessary for the induction of EAE. However, it is not known if STAT4 controls GM-CSF production by both Th1 and Th17 effector CD4 T cells. This study utilized the MOG35–55 peptide immunization model of EAE. Intracellular cytokine staining and novel mixed bone marrow chimeric mice were used to study the CD4 T cell-intrinsic role of STAT4 during disease. STAT4 chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP-PCR) experiments were performed to show STAT4 directly interacts with the Csf2 gene loci. Herein, we demonstrate that STAT4 controls CD4 T cell-intrinsic GM-CSF production by both Th1 and Th17 CD4 T cells during EAE as well as in vitro. Importantly, we show that STAT4 interacts with the Csf2 locus in MOG35–55-activated effector CD4 T cells demonstrating direct modulation of GM-CSF. Overall, these studies illustrate a previously unrecognized role of STAT4 to regulate GM-CSF production by not only Th1 cells, but also Th17 effector CD4 T cell subsets during EAE pathogenesis. Critically, these data highlight for the first time that STAT4 is able to modulate the effector profile of Th17 CD4 T cell subsets, which redefines our current understanding of STAT4 as a Th1-centric factor.
Consumer Behavior Across Literacy and Resource Barriers

Our understanding of consumer behavior stems largely from studying literate consumers in relatively resource-rich settings. Yet, a sizable proportion of individuals in the United States and even larger proportions around the world live across resource and literacy barriers. This article examines low-literate, low-income consumer behavior in the United States and subsistence consumer behavior in India. Our discussion elaborates on how such consumer behavior is qualitatively different from traditional consumer behavior and what the implications of our insights are for managers and researchers in marketing. Keywords: low literacy; subsistence consumer behavior; low-literate consumer behavior; bas-of-the-pyramid consumers; poor consumers; impoverished consumers; vulnerable consumers
Substrate defect smoothing of EUVL mask blanks using TaSiN films

Substrate or phase defects on EUVL masks are considered non- repairable because they lie underneath or are imbedded in the multi-layer mirror. One defect specification requires that no more than three defects greater than 80nm can be present on a starting substrate. Finding and removing these small defects before multi-layer deposition can be very difficult tasks. It has been shown that very small defects can have an influence on the patterned absorber stack and the printed image from an EUVL system. Substrate defect mitigation using TaSiN smoothing layers has been investigated. Programmed Cr defects were formed using standard semiconductor processing techniques and subsequently buried by the defect mitigating film. Experimental results are presented showing that a sputtering process can be used to deposit very smooth and thick TaSiN films (i.e. less than 0.2-nm RMS surface roughness and greater than 1.5-microns thick) as a substrate defect mitigation layer.
Integrating quality and safety science in nursing education and practice

Worldwide, health care delivery systems are applying new quality and safety science in response to startling reports of negative patient outcomes. Many health care professionals lack the knowledge,...
CD34‐positive eruptive fibromas

The list of entities comprising a proliferation of CD34 (+) spindle cells continues to grow. Described, herein, is a patient who had an indolent eruption of scattered papules composed of CD34 (+) spindle cells, beginning in adolescence. An 18-year-old female patient presented with asymptomatic, tan/brown papules over the neck, chest, and proximal extremities. They appeared 6 years previously and had slowly increased in number. Biopsy from the neck showed a proliferation of plump spindle cells, associated with delicate collagen, in the upper reticular dermis. No atypia nor mitotic figures were present. The spindle cells were negative for S-100, muscle actins, and Factor XIIIa, but stained intensely with CD34. This unusual mesenchymal proliferation of CD34 (+) apparent dermal dendrocytes did not have the storiform pattern, short fascicles, nor mitotic figures of DFSP. The completely negative muscle markers helped to exclude dermatomyofibroma, and no morphological evidence of vasoformative differentiation was seen. The clinical picture militated against solitary fibrous tumor. These eruptive tumors are benign and thought to represent a distinctive fibroma produced by proliferated CD34 (+) stromal cells.
A Nash---Moser Framework for Finding Periodic Solutions of the Compressible Euler Equations

We report on recent progress the authors have made in a long term program to prove the existence of time-periodic shock-free solutions of the compressible Euler equations. We briefly recall our previous results, describe our recent change of direction, and discuss the estimates that must be obtained to get the Nash---Moser method to converge. Assuming these estimates, we present a convergence theorem for the Nash---Moser method. Our approach reduces the problem to that of obtaining small divisor estimates for finite dimensional projections of linearized operators. These operators can be described in detail, and in principle, this reduces the proof of periodic solutions to the calculation of the smallest singular value of an $$N\times N$$N×N matrix.
Organizational knowledge and the intranet

Abstract The Intranet phenomenon has been driven by the push of technology standards and the pull of organizational need to (1) communicate across geographic, organizational and functional barriers, and (2) collaborate among sites and with suppliers and customers. The objective of this study is to generate a theoretical framework for the interaction between organizational knowledge and the Intranet. The contribution of this paper is 4-fold. First, we generate a theoretical framework using the paradigm model of grounded theory. We show interactions between the Intranet and three organizational knowledge strategies taking into account drivers, the context, and intervening conditions. Second, previous research on organizational knowledge creation theory is incorporated into the framework. Third, the framework forms the basis for future empirical research on the business value of the Intranet. Finally, the study raises implications for IS developers, IS departments, management and researchers.
A line transect density index for wolf spiders (Pardosa spp.), and a note on the applicability of catch per unit effort methods to entomological studies

. 1. A line transect density index for small wolf spiders is described and shown by means of regression analysis to provide adequate accuracy and excellent reproducibility. 2. A review of the literature discloses numerous regression and replication studies of other catch per unit effort methods possessing equal precision and reliability. 3. Such methods, when used judiciously, can provide accuracy and reproducibility as good as those obtainable using the statistical methods now in wider use, and deserve serious consideration in many kinds of sampling situations.
Where do you go online? A comparison of internet connectedness via personal computers and mobile phones in Japan

The ways in which people use the internet via Personal Computers (PCs) and mobile phones are examined in the unique context of Japan where the majority of people use the internet via mobile phones. Applying the concept of internet connectedness, people's PC internet connectedness and mobile internet connectedness are compared. The result indicates that people engage in a wider variety of activities via their computers than via mobile phones. Also, PC connectedness showed a significantly higher number of e-mails received per day than mobile connectedness, while the number of e-mails sent was similar between the two media.
Comparative distress levels of inner‐city family members of homicide victims

This study investigated the distress levels of 150 family members of homicide victims, as well as how pre-event, peri-event, and postevent variables were related to distress. Distress levels were very high, with 26% of the sample reporting clinical distress. Because it was not possible to say if this distress resulted from the homicide itself or from the fact that people who lose family members to homicide generally have lives rooted in stressful contexts, we compared the homicide sample to two sociodemographically comparable groups of 108 other trauma victims and 119 nonvictims selected from a larger epidemiological dataset. Homicide survivors were significantly more distressed than either group, suggesting that loss of a family member to homicide has definite clinical implications. Although event-related variables were somewhat predictive of distress, pre-event and postevent variables selected for this study had greater predictive utility.
EEG alpha rhythms and susceptibility to hypnosis.

DESPITE a rich literature of anecdotal and clinical material on the relationship of hypnosis to physiological functions, especially to events in the central nervous system, the research findings are highly equivocal. Most relevant studies have been concerned with shifts in brain wave patterns, as measured by the electroencephalogram (EEG). The studies have attempted to identify the underlying processes which accompany the observed or reported events characteristic of passage between waking and hypnotic states of consciousness. With some exceptions, however, most studies have failed to demonstrate EEG correlations of the hypnotic state1,2. Similarly, most studies of physiological functioning have failed to find clear-cut changes in the autonomic nervous system resulting from “hypnosis per se, that is, without further verbal instructions”3.
NCS security experimentation using DETER

Numerous efforts are underway to develop testing and experimentation tools to evaluate the performance of networked control systems (NCS) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. These tools offer varying levels of fidelity and scale. Yet, researchers lack an experimentation framework for systematic testing and evaluation of NCS reliability and security under a wide range of failure scenarios. In this paper, we propose a modular experimentation framework that integrates the NCS semantics with the DETERLab cyber security experimentation facilities. We develop several attack scenarios with realistic network topology and network traffic configurations to evaluate the impact of denial of service (DoS) attacks on scalar linear systems. We characterize the impact of the attack dynamics on six plants located at various levels in a hierarchical topology. Our results suggest that emulation-based evaluations can provide novel insights about the network-induced security and reliability failures in large scale NCS.
Nel Noddings’ Care Theory and Outdoor Education

This article offers a comprehensive introduction to Nel Noddings' care theory, examining specific examples of when care theory can be useful for both analyzing current practices and establishing a way forward to strengthen the presence of Noddings'™ care theory in Outdoor education (OE). A broad-based approach was taken as a means to initiate further discussion and promote research of Nodding's care theory in OE, including its potential and implications.
Activation Cross Sections for 14-Mev Neutrons

Cross sections for several nuclear reactions induced by 14-Mev neutrons were measured by the activation method. The number of activated atoms was determined by absolute beta-counting. Corrections for finite sample thicknesses were determined experimentally in every case. Cross sections for the following reactions were measured: ($n,2n$) for ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{63}$, ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{65}$, ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{107}$, and ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{109}$; ($n,p$) for ${\mathrm{Al}}^{27}$, ${\mathrm{P}}^{31}$, ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{56}$, and ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{65}$; ($n,\ensuremath{\alpha}$) for ${\mathrm{Al}}^{27}$.
Reproductive behavior of the Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia (Pisces, Atherinidae)

The spawning behavior of the Atlantic silverside,Menidia menidia, was studied at two sites on the North Edisto River estuary in South Carolina. Prespawning schools moved back and forth along the shoreline as the time of high tide approached. Spawning runs took place in the upper intertidal zone at high tide. Spawning fish deposited their eggs on three types of substrates: 1) the lower stems of cordgrass plants,Spartina alterniflora, 2) detrital mats, and 3) exposed cordgrass roots along erosional scraps. Spawning behavior during egg deposition and fertilization was similar for all three substrates. Females released eggs during a rapid fluttering motion of the posterior half of the body. A similar movement accompanied release of sperm by males. Behavior of fish just prior to spawning insured deposition of gametes at locations that provided protection from thermal and drying stress during development. Eggs were deposited at mean intertidal elevations of 1.8 and 1.5 meters above mean low water (MLW) at respective study sites. They were exposed to the atmosphere for approximately ten hours between successive high tides. During spawning runs in which eggs were deposited at the base of cordgrass plants, ambient dissolved oxygen concentrations of the water in the spawning area were sometimes reduced to < 1.0 mg. 1−1. Spent fish, apparently incurring an oxygen debt while spawning, formed a nonschooling aggregation offshore from the spawning zone. The recurrent use of specific spawning substrates for egg deposition resulted in an uneven distribution of spawning runs along the shoreline at each study site.
A Mechanical Spike Accompanies the Action Potential in Mammalian Nerve Terminals

Large and rapid changes in light scattering accompany secretion from nerve terminals of the mammalian neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary). In the mouse, these intrinsic optical signals are intimately related to the arrival of the action potential E-wave and the release of arginine vasopressin and oxytocin (S-wave). Here we have used a high bandwidth atomic force microscope to demonstrate that these light-scattering signals are associated with changes in terminal volume that are detected as nanometer-scale movements of a cantilever positioned on top of the neurohypophysis. The most rapid mechanical response (“spike”), having a duration shorter than the action potential but comparable to that of the E-wave, represents a transient increase in terminal volume due to water movement associated with Na+-influx. The slower mechanical event (“dip”), on the other hand, depends upon Ca2+-entry as well as on intraterminal Ca2+-transients and, analogously to the S-wave, seems to monitor events associated with secretion.
“In the Presence of a Domestic Drama”: Susan Glaspell's Debt to Joseph Conrad's THE SECRET AGENT

Susan Glaspell's Trifles, written in 1916, charts the attempts of a county attorney and sheriff, visiting a remote farmhouse, to discern the motive for a woman's murder of her husband. It is not, h...
Photoelectic lightcurve and phase relation of the asteroids 505 Cava

Abstract Photoelectric observations of 505 Cava taken on 8 nights at the Table Mountain observatory in the fall of 1982 give a period of rotation of 8.1796 ± 0.0010 hr with an amplitude of 0m.25. The absolute magnitude vs solar phase angle (phase relation) was measured over the range of phase angle of 10 to 25°. The resulting very steep phase relation is suggestive of a dark object (cf. K. Lumme and E. Bowell, 1981 , Astron. J. 86, 1705). The is consistent with the “FC” classification suggested by D. Tholen (1984, Asteriod Taxonomy from Cluster Analysis of Photometry, PhD dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson) based on eigth color photometry.
Upper dermal elastolysis: A comparative study with mid‐dermal elastolysis

We encountered a patient who complained of many small papules on the neck, shoulders, upper chest and upper back. Biopsy specimens showed complete loss of elastic fibers in the upper dermis including papillary dermis, whereas those of the mid dermis were intact. Electron microscopy revealed that assembly of component fibrils of elastic fibers was loose, and electron dense substance was aggregated in the spaces between these loosely bound subunit Fibrils or along the periphery of abnormal fibers. Dermal phagocytes engulfed abnormal as well as normal elastic fibers. Upper dermal elastolysis is a clinical and histopathological entity different from mid-dermal elastolysis. Ultrastructural changes of the former are essentially similar to those of the latter but much more severe. It is suggested that activated elastophagocytosis of dermal phagocytes may play a role in this disease. Hashimoto K, Tye MJ. Upper dermal elastolysis: A comparative study with mid-dermal elastolysis.
Viscosity B-coefficients and standard partial molar volumes of amino acids, and their roles in interpreting the protein (enzyme) stabilization

This review systematically surveys the viscosity B-coefficients and standard partial molar volumes of amino acids at various temperatures as these data are quite important for interpreting the hydration and other properties of peptides and proteins. The effect of organic solutes and various ions on the viscometric and volumetric properties of amino acids has also been discussed in terms of their kosmotropic ('structure-making') effects on the hydration of amino acids. The comparison of these effects on the amino acid hydration enables us to have a better understanding of the influence of organic solute and salt on the protein stabilization. In addition, the viscometric and volumetric behaviors of amino acid ions (cations and anions) are also summarized because these ions have recently been incorporated as part of novel ionic liquids, which have wide applications in biocatalysis and protein stabilization.
Identification of triclosan-degrading bacteria in a triclosan enrichment culture using stable isotope probing.

Triclosan, a widely used antimicrobial agent, is an emerging contaminant in the environment. Despite its antimicrobial character, biodegradation of triclosan has been observed in pure cultures, soils and activated sludge. However, little is known about the microorganisms responsible for the degradation in mixed cultures. In this study, active triclosan degraders in a triclosan-degrading enrichment culture were identified using stable isotope probing (SIP) with universally 13C-labeled triclosan. Eleven clones contributed from active microorganisms capable of uptake the 13C in triclosan were identified. None of these clones were similar to known triclosan-degraders/utilizers. These clones distributed among α-, β-, or γ-Proteobacteria: one belonging to Defluvibacter (α-Proteobacteria), seven belonging to Alicycliphilus (β-Proteobacteria), and three belonging to Stenotrophomonas (γ-Proteobacteria). Successive additions of triclosan caused a significant shift in the microbial community structure of the enrichment culture, with dominant ribotypes belonging to the genera Alicycliphilus and Defluvibacter. Application of SIP has successfully identified diverse uncultivable triclosan-degrading microorganisms in an activated sludge enrichment culture. The results of this study not only contributed to our understanding of the microbial ecology of triclosan biodegradation in wastewater, but also suggested that triclosan degraders are more phylogenetically diverse than previously reported.