cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Equilibrium Unfolding Parameters of Horse and Sperm Whale Myoglobin: EFFECTS OF GUANIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE, UREA, AND ACID

The urea and guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) unfolding of sperm whale ferrimyoglobin and of horse ferrimyoglobin has been studied under equilibrium conditions at both neutral and acid pH. Using two spectral parameters (the Soret absorbance and the molar ellipticity at 222 nm) to monitor conformational equilibria, and various thermodynamic treatments of the resulting data, it was found that the conformational free energy of unfolding, ΔG0 (i.e. the value in the absence of denaturant obtained using the two-state transition model), differs by about 20% in these two proteins. In particular, ΔG0 = 13.6 and 11.0 Cal per mole for sperm whale ferrimyoglobin and horse ferrimyoglobin, respectively. Based on the crystal structure of sperm whale ferrimyoglobin, an analysis of the 19 amino acid differences in the two proteins indicates that sperm whale ferrimyoglobin has a net of two additional arginyl-aspartyl side chain interactions that cannot be realized in horse ferrimyoglobin. Also, sperm whale ferrimyoglobin is predicted to be approximately 0.8 Cal per mole more stable than horse ferrimyoglobin due to an internal residue and several surface contact residues of higher hydrophobicity than the corresponding groups in horse ferrimyoglobin. Thus, the experimental free energy difference of 2.6 Cal per mole in the two proteins can be qualitatively explained, although minor conformation differences in localized regions of the native structures may exist. The acid unfolding of the two proteins can be described reasonably well in terms of six abnormal histidyl groups in each protein. These groups titrate with apparent pK values of 5.9 in the unfolded proteins and 3.0 and 3.7, respectively, in native sperm whale ferrimyoglobin and horse ferrimyoglobin. Corrections for the electrostatic free energy of the protein give an intrinsic pK of 6.6 for these groups in the unfolded state. A slightly better fit to the acid unfolding data could be achieved by considering two other classes, each containing 6 partially masked residues. The ΔG0 obtained from acid unfolding was in good agreement with that found from urea and GuHCl unfolding at neutral pH. These results show that conservative mutations can have pronounced effects on the conformational stability of phylogenetically similar globular proteins. However, in spite of the significant difference in ΔG0 of these two myoglobins, it is known that the oxygenation free energy differs by only a few per cent. Thus, these data demonstrate that in the myoglobins the evolutionary constraints are such that little variation is permitted in the biological function, but that appreciable variation is allowed in parts of the primary structure with concomitant changes in stability and perhaps small changes in conformation.
Interpreting fluid pressure anomalies in shallow intraplate argillaceous formations

Investigations have revealed several instances of apparently isolated highs or lows in pore fluid potential in shallow (< ~ 1 km depth) argillaceous formations in intraplate settings. Formations with the pressure anomalies are distinguished by (1) smaller ratios of hydraulic conductivity to formation thickness and (2) smaller hydraulic (or pressure) diffusivities than those without anomalies. This is consistent with transient Darcian flow caused by strain at rates of ~ 10−17 to 10-16 s-1, by significant perturbing events in the past 104 to 106 annum or by some combination of the two. Plausible causes include erosional downwasting, tectonic strain, and glaciation. In this conceptualization the anomalies provide constraints on formation-scale flow properties, flow history, and local geological forcing in the last 106 annum and in particular indicate zones of low permeability (10−19–10−22 m2) that could be useful for isolation of nuclear waste.
Gene Memory in Neuroendocrine and Behavioural Systems

Several examples of sex steroid hormone actions on rat brain and behaviour show that initial hormone exposures may be followed by enduring neuronal alterations, apparent long after the hormone itself has disappeared. Precedents from non-neuronal systems led to the concept of 'gene memory'. We are studying genomic structural alterations in rat hypothalamic neurons to account for these effects. The preproenkephalin gene is turned on by oestradiol in rat brain neurons in a tissue-specific and genetic sex-specific manner. Levels of preproenkephalin mRNA in the ventromedial hypothalamus correlate tightly with oestradiol-dependent reproductive behaviour. Our results indicate a tissue-specific pattern of DNA methylation in the enkephalin promoter. Putative binding sites for several transcription factors have been described in the preproenkephalin gene promoter; a role for some of these factors in regulating expression of the gene has been demonstrated.
Privacy-Aware Device Identifier through a Trusted Web Service

Device identifiers can be used to enhance authentication mechanisms for conducting online business. However, personal computers (PC) today are not equipped with standardized, privacy-aware hardware-based device identifiers for general use. This paper describes the implementation of privacy-aware device identifiers using the capabilities of the Trusted Platform Module (TPM) and extending the trust boundary of the device using a Web Service. It also describes a case study based on a device reputation service.
Three research essays on examining online privacy concerns: the role of personal dispositions, context, and privacy-assurance features

This dissertation, which is comprised of three essays, examines online privacy concerns from multiple perspectives. Essay 1 investigates the association of personal dispositions with privacy concern and trust in the context of disclosing private health information online. This work contributes to the research in online privacy and trust by identifying the role of personal dispositions and the opposing influences of trust and privacy concerns in a decision to disclose health information. Essay 2 addresses whether the degree of concern varies across different contexts when websites require disclosure of private information. It compares a high privacy monetary concern context with a low one. Supporting the accepted trust model, privacy concern and trust are associated with intention to disclose private information, and experience influences both trust and intention. However, the role of trust is stronger when the context involved sensitive monetary information, and privacy concern is associated with trust only in this sensitive context. Context also influences the way personality traits affect privacy concern and trust. Finally, Essay 3 studies the role of privacy policies and privacy-assurance cues in enhancing trust and intention to disclose private information online in different contexts. Essay 3 develops a new scale to measure "privacy policy quality" and then contrasts the role of perceived privacy policy quality with privacy-assurance cues for individuals with high and low privacy concern across different contexts. Essay 3 provides insight about the roles of privacy policy and trust/privacy-assurance cues and conditions under which web users rely on them. The study extends elaboration likelihood model (ELM) by arguing that context moderates central and peripheral arguments as does the level of involvement (privacy concern in this case). The study also informs managers and web designers on how to combine privacy policy and trust cues in enhancing their customers' trust and in personalizing their websites. The research methodology for all the experiments was controlled lab experiments. The results of this study have limited generalizability since the respondents were college students studying in a large Midwestern University. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling approach.
Multipurpose reservoir operation: 2. Daily operation of a multiple reservoir system

Abstract The short-term control of reservoir systems usually calls for numerous updates of the operating policy because of the uncertainties associated with the forecast of inflow. This paper presents and illustrates a daily operation model for maximization of monthly water and energy output from a system of two parallel reservoirs. The model uses optimum monthly water and energy contract levels obtained from the monthly release policy. These contract levels are adjusted to allow for differences between the daily and monthly forecast of inflow. The model is developed using a minicomputer to provide an inexpensive tool for updating purposes. The model is applied to the Shasta and Folsom reservoirs of the California Central Valley Project with computation time requirements of less than 2 min.
Radiation esophagitis in the opossum: radioprotection with indomethacin.

Abstract Twenty-five opossums ( Didelphis virginiana ) were evaluated before irradiation by fiberoptic endoscopy and air-contrast barium esophagram examination. All animals received 2250 rad 60 Co-irradiation in a single exposure to the entire esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter. Animals received treatment with indomethacin before and daily for 1 wk postirradiation or 16, 16-dimethylprostaglandin E 2 before irradiation and every 4 hr for 24 hr postirradiation. Control animals recieved only injection vehicle. Acute esophagitis occurred 7–10 days postirradiation in control animals and was characterized by erythema, ulceration, and sloughing of esophageal mucosa as determined by air-contrast barium esophagram, endoscopy, and histology. Prostaglandin-treated animals showed more severe evidence of esophagitis than control animals. Indomethacin-treated animals showed no signs or only mild esophagitis posttreatment. It is concluded that indomethacin treatment may significantly reduce the severity of radiation esophagitis perhaps by blockade of prostaglandin synthesis.
The transcriptional control of the perforin locus

Summary: Natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) use cytotoxic granules containing perforin and granzymes to lyse infected or malignant host cells, thereby providing immunity to intracellular microbes and tumors. Perforin is essential for cytotoxic granule-mediated killing. Perforin expression is regulated transcriptionally and correlates tightly with the development of cells that can exhibit cytotoxic activity. Although a number of genes transcribed by T cells and NK cells have been studied, the cell-specificity of perforin gene expression makes it an ideal model system in which to clarify the transcriptional mechanisms that guide the development and activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes. In this review, we discuss what is known about perforin expression and its regulation, then elaborate on recent studies that utilized chromosome transfer and bacterial artificial chromosome transgenics to define a comprehensive set of cis-regulatory regions that control transcription of the human PRF1 gene in a near-physiologic context. In addition, we compare the human and murine Prf1 loci and discuss how transcription factors known to be important for driving CTL differentiation might also directly regulate the cis-acting domains that control Prf1. Our review emphasizes how studies of PRF1/Prf1 gene transcription can illuminate not only the mechanisms of cytotoxic lymphocyte differentiation but also some basic principles of transcriptional regulation.
A Framework for Use with Racially and Culturally Integrated Families: The Cultural-Racial Identity Model as Applied to Transracial Adoption

A new model for understanding and depicting the unique identity experiences of those reared in racially and/or culturally integrated families is presented. The model accounts for heterogeneity within groups defined by their racially integrated families. For the purpose of describing and presenting the model, it was applied to the unique experiences of transracial adoptees. The model allows distinctions to be made between racial identity and cultural identity. These distinctions comprise 16 proposed identities of transracial adoptees and are made up of the degrees to which they have knowledge of, awareness of, competence within, and comfort with their own racial group's culture, their parents' racial group's culture, and multiple cultures as well as the degree to which they are comfortable with their racial group membership and with those belonging to their own racial group, their parents' racial group, and multiple racial groups. A model for understanding the role of parents, extended families, and social and environmental contexts was also presented as a guide for demonstrating the factors impacting the cultural-racial identities of transracial adoptees or others from racially and/or culturally integrated families.
Fast computation of the discrete Hartley transform

Two approaches to the computation of the discrete Hartley transform (DHT) are proposed. The first approach is based on computing a prime length DHT using a radix-2 number-theoretic transform. The number of multiplications required in this method is equal to N-1, which is less than the number of multiplications required for direct computation of the DHT using radix-2 or split radix algorithms. In the second approach, short-term transforms are implemented with rotations replacing multiplications. The availability of VLSI cordic processors implementing circular rotation makes this approach an interesting alternative to the realization of the transform. >
On individual and aggregate TCP performance

/sup A/s the most widely used reliable transport in today's Internet, TCP has been extensively studied in the past. However previous research usually only considers a small or medium number of concurrent TCP flows. The TCP behavior under many competing TCP flows has not been sufficiently explored. In this paper we use extensive simulations to investigate the individual and aggregate TCP performance for a large number of concurrent TCP flows. First, we develop a simple yet realistic network model to abstract an Internet connection. Based on the model, we study the performance of a single TCP flow with many competing TCP flows by evaluating the best-known analytical model proposed in the literature. Finally, we examine the aggregate TCP behavior and derive general conclusions about overall throughput, goodput, and loss probability.
Effect of vertical acceleration on the frequency of a pendulum: impact on input shaping

The vibration of a pendulum is often linearized to obtain a natural frequency that can be used by vibration control techniques to reduce or eliminate pendulum sway. Vertical acceleration will alter this effective natural frequency. Therefore, this paper studies the impact that vertical acceleration has on a pendulum's linearized natural frequency and studies how input shaping can be used to counteract this effect. Simulation results show that robust input shapers perform well in reducing vibration in the midst of frequency variation, and that new input shapers can be specifically designed based on studying how vertical acceleration influences pendulum oscillations.
Prospective evaluation and treatment of familial carcinoid small intestine neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NETs).

Background The aim of this study was to prospectively screen patients with a positive family history of carcinoid small intestine neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NETs) to elucidate the benefits of early detection and operative intervention. Methods A single-center, prospective trial was conducted from 2008 to 2014 that evaluated patients with 2 or more blood relatives with carcinoid SI-NETs. All eligible patients were screened with urine/serum biochemistries and various imaging modalities. Operative intervention was elected in patients found to have at least 1 positive diagnostic study. Results Twenty-nine patients from 13 families had occult carcinoid SI-NETs (15 female, 14 male). Twenty-four of the 29 patients (83%) had multifocal disease found in either the distal jejunum or ileum. On average, 75.9 cm (range, 13–195) of bowel was resected in 1 segment. Three patients were found to have stage IV disease at operation. All stage I-IIIB patients who had R0 resections have remained disease-free, with a median follow-up of 35 months. Conclusion Familial carcinoid SI-NETs often are asymptomatic and can be diagnosed with aggressive screening. With early detection, there may be a window of opportunity for operative resection to change the natural history of this disease and even prove to be curative.
Assessing the contribution of instructional technology in the teaching of pronunciation

Discusses the implementation of computer-based teaching of Spanish pronunciation, especially intonation, in the classroom. The author examines the potential and the actual use of a technologically-based system, and the results of such a system in the improvement of students' pronunciation in one semester of instruction. The effects of instructional technology were studied through recordings of students made at the beginning and end of a semester. Their recordings were evaluated by native speakers of Spanish in two ways. First, native speakers evaluated the overall pronunciation of each recording according to a scale from 0-8, using 8 as the equivalent of native speaker pronunciation. Then, the native speakers were asked to give their intuitive evaluation of the language musicality of the same recordings. In this second task, native speakers were asked to decide if the recordings of second language learners sounded: (0) not like singing, (1) a little like singing, (2) much like singing, and (3) so much singing that it was annoying. Quantitative analysis of the overall results is still undetermined, despite possible improvement in nearly 40-50% of participating students. More promising and revealing, however, is the qualitative analysis of the data, and the experiment itself all of which reveal significant information in favor of the present technology.
Sensory characteristics of commercial lactose-free milks manufactured in the United States

This study determined the sensory characteristics of ultrapasteurized (UP) lactose-free milk of different fat contents, and compared them with regular milk. Nine milk samples (six UP lactose-free and three regular) containing 0, 2 or 3 g milkfat/100 mL were tested by a descriptive panel. A consumer test with three UP lactose-free milk and three regular samples was also conducted. The skim milks were found to be lacking in freshness and the dairy notes were lower compared to the higher-fat-content milks. The UP lactose-free milks were different from the regular milk because of higher intensities of cooked, processed, and sweet attributes. UP lactose-free milks tended to score higher than the regular milks at the same fat content for dairy-related attributes, but this difference was not significant for the reduced-fat milks. Although majority of the consumers in the present study were aware that UP lactose-free milks existed in the market, only few had tasted them before. The higher intensities of cooked and sweet flavor attributes in the UP lactose-free milks might be a hindrance to their consumption by the lactose-intolerant population. More efforts are needed from the dairy industry to develop better lactose-free products and to educate consumers about lactose-free dairy products.
Charge ordering and spin gap transitions in quarter-filled ladders

Several new families of charge transfer solids with ladder-like structure show unusually high spin gap transition temperatures. We argue that these materials are best described by a 1/4-filled ladder with zigzag interstack bonds. We find that in the 1/4-filled zigzag ladder, a cooperative bond-charge ordering leads to the formation of local singlets and a spin gap. The spin gap for the zigzag ladder is an order of magnitude larger than that found in equivalent one dimensional systems.
Civil authority and the articulation of markets

Markets, law, and regulation are intimately intertwined. Thus, recent studies (by Morton Keller and Donald McCloskey et al.) of the intersection between public policy and the economy are both necessary and welcome. But the absence in these works of a nuanced conceptualization of the critical, constructive role of civil authority in the creation and maintenance of open, competitive markets, and the virtual absence of a concern for and understanding of the engines of real economic growth, results in scholarship that only weakly articulates the profound linkage between civil authority, open markets, and economic growth.
Continuous optimization via simulation using Golden Region search

Simulation Optimization (SO) is a class of mathematical optimization techniques in which the objective function can only be numerically evaluated through simulation. In this paper, a new SO approach called Golden Region (GR) search is developed for continuous problems. GR divides the feasible region into a number of (sub) regions and selects one region in each iteration for further search based on the quality and distribution of simulated points in the feasible region and the result of scanning the response surface through a metamodel. Monte Carlo experiments show that the GR method is efficient compared to three well-established approaches in the literature. We also prove the asymptotic convergence in probability to a global optimum for a large class of random search methods in general and GR in particular.
Evaluation of megadose vitamin therapy in an experimental brain tumor

A mixture of vitamins C and B12 in high dosage, which has been reported to eradicate ascites tumors in rats, was tested for its antineoplastic effect against the L9 glioma in Fisher CDF strain rats. No difference in survival time between animals receiving the vitamin mixture and controls could be demonstrated. Possible reasons for the different response to therapy in the two experimental tumor systems are discussed.
A Public Use Microdata Sample of the 1860 Census of Slave Inhabitants

Abstract The authors describe a public use microdata sample of the 1860 slave population of the United States recently created at the Minnesota Population Center. They discuss the key substantive issues that quantitative historians are likely to address with the data set, such as the demography of slavery, patterns in slave-holding, and miscegenation. They outline the sample design, data-entry procedures, variable availability, and documentation of the final data set.
Method for multiple analyses of concentration and specific radioactivity of individual amino acids in nervous tissue extracts.

Abstract A procedure has been described for the analysis of the concentration and specific radioactivity of amino acids present in moderate to large amounts (>0.4 μmole/gm) in nerve tissue extracts. These amino acids can be analyzed in as little as 10 mg of fresh nerve tissue. The procedure is less time consuming than other methods with similar objectives.
An Interactive Taxonomy of Mothers and Children During Storybook Interactions

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the social construction of interactions between mothers and children with a variety of developmental disabilities during storybook interactions. The study used interpretive methods to describe the participation of 20 preschool children and mothers in storybook interactions in terms of their interactive and communicative participation. Data were collected via home videotapes of mothers and children engaged in storybook interactions with novel (unfamiliar) storybooks for 15- to 30-minute interaction samples. Mothers were also interviewed concerning their beliefs and practices concerning early communication and literacy. Findings yielded an emerging interpretive taxonomy for observing and conceptualizing the social milieu of adults and children during storybook interactions that may be useful for enhancing communication and emergent literacy learning. The taxonomy may also be useful clinically to help parents and clinicians develop interaction styles that f...
Four Reasons to Consider a Novel Class of Innate Immune Molecules in the Oral Epithelium

An expanding number of innate immune molecules occupy the "epithelial frontier". This review introduces a recently recognized class of mammalian proteins with similarity to PLUNC (palate, lung and nasal epithelium clone), which is itself related to the host defense protein BPI (bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein). Four emerging lines of evidence unite the PLUNC-like proteins: conserved genetic structure, epithelial expression, three-dimensional protein similarity, and a physiological response to injury or inflammation. By analogy to known proteins of the innate immune system, an emerging hypothesis for this family is that they act as sensors of Gram-negative bacteria in the oral cavity, among other areas.
Why the molten salt fast reactor (MSFR) is the “best” Gen IV reactor

A simultaneously “nuclear”, permanent, and in-time solution to mankind's energy-related problems would require the relatively rapid manufacture of 10,000–30,000 genuinely sustainable, full-sized (~1 GWe) reactors. This “nuclear renaissance” would have to be implemented with breeder reactors because today's commercial nuclear fuel cycle is unsustainable and based upon a fuel (235U) that is intrinsically expensive and politically problematic. The purpose of this paper is to point out why a simple/cheap “minimal reprocessing” implementation of the European Union's (EU's) molten salt fast reactor (MSFR) concept represents the most promising way to implement that technical fix: It would be relatively simple/cheap to both build and operate, Its fuel cycle is genuinely sustainable (no fuel shortages “forever”), Radwaste management would also be relatively simple and cheap, Operation would neither generate nor require huge amounts of transuranic (TRU) elements, The consequences of accidents (fuel spills, etc.) would be relatively benign, When steady state is achieved, the world would no longer need its uranium enrichment facilities. Its primary drawback is that it would require virtually everyone currently involved with managing, researching, implementing, regulating, or “helping” the USA's nuclear power industry to embrace a massive paradigm shift.
Fractal analysis of height distributions of anisotropic rough surfaces

A general distribution function for the heights of anisotropic engineering surfaces is obtained by extending earlier work on surface profiles. The derivation starts from a functional description of surface heights that involves fractal quantities and is comprehensive enough to include almost all of the mathematical models for surface topography that have appeared in the literature. It is found that the distribution is in the form of a Gaussian function multiplied by a convergent power series, and the terms in the series depend in a fundamental way on the fractal parameters of the surface. This distribution is used to predict the dependence of bearing-area on fractal parameters, and is compared with other approaches to anisotropic surfaces in the literature. Two truncated approximate versions of the distribution function are introduced in order to test the theoretical model against experimentally obtained distributions of engineering surfaces; the results show good agreement between theory and experiment.
Angular distributions of electrons elastically scattered from H 2

Angular distributions of electrons elastically scattered from ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ have been measured by a crossed-beam method. Energy and angular range covered were from 2.0 to 200 eV and from -96\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to + 156\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, respectively. Comparison has been made with the previous measurements and theories. There is a good agreement above 100-eV incident energy between the previous measurements and theories and the present results, but below 100 eV considerable discrepancies exist between the previously reported results and the present measurements in the shape as well as in the magnitude of the angular distribution. The total cross sections of Golden et al. [D. E. Golden, H. W. Bandel, and J. A. Salerno, Phys. Rev. 146, 40 (1966)] above 7 eV are smaller than the present results (pure elastic) by as much as 24%, and the results of Srivastava et al. [S. K. Srivastava, A. Chutjian, and S. Trajmar, J. Chem. Phys. 63, 2659 (1975)] are also smaller than the present results by as much as 15%. The momentum-transfer cross section calculated directly from the present results of angular distribution show good agreement with those results derived from transport coefficients is swarm experiments by Frost and Phelps [L. S. Frost and A. V. Phelps, Phys. Rev. 127, 1621 (1962)] and Crompton et al. [R. W. Crompton, D. K. Gibson, and A. I. McIntosh, Aust. J. Phys. 22, 715 (1969)] below 7 eV, but not for results above 7 eV. The results of Srivastava et al. are in agreement within the experimental uncertainties above 10 eV.
High-Speed and Low-Power UWB Radio System Design

A high-speed and low-power UWB radio system is proposed. To operate at a wide signal bandwidth using low-order modulation, cyclic-prefixed single-carrier (CP-SC) transmission is employed. CP-SC uses a simple transmitter structure and enables the use of efficient frequency domain equalizer at the receiver. As the UWB radio must co-exist with in-band and out-of-band interferers that are inevitably present in the unlicensed UWB band, the primary implementation challenge is the need to support the wide signal bandwidth in the presence of these interferers. To relax the resulting large dynamic range requirement of the radio, a frequency channelized UWB receiver is presented. A novel, fast equalization scheme for the channelized receiver based on a diversity combining perspective is described. Based on the AGC settings in each subband, the scheme automatically accounts for the effects of interferers when combining the subbands.
Circular dichroism studies of the mitochondrial channel, VDAC, from Neurospora crassa

The protein that forms the voltage-gated channel VDAC (or mitochondrial porin) has been purified from Neurospora crassa. At room temperature and pH 7, the circular dichoism (CD) spectrum of VDAC suspended in octyl beta-glucoside is similar to those of bacterial porins, consistent with a high beta-sheet content. When VDAC is reconstituted into phospholipid liposomes at pH 7, a similar CD spectrum is obtained and the liposomes are rendered permeable to sucrose. Heating VDAC in octyl beta-glucoside or in liposomes results in thermal denaturation. The CD spectrum irreversibly changes to one consistent with total loss of beta-sheet content, and VDAC-containing liposomes irreversibly lose sucrose permeability. When VDAC is suspended at room temperature in octyl beta-glucoside at pH
Formation of the Shuswap metamorphic core complex during late-orogenic collapse of the Canadian Cordillera: Role of ductile thinning and partial melting of the mid-to lower crust

The early Tertiary evolution of the Shuswap metamorphic core complex is characterised by low-angle crustal detachments and nearly isothermal decompression followed by rapid cooling of rocks in the ...
Factors essential for successful all-ceramic restorations.

ABSTRACT Background The use of all-ceramic crowns is increasing, and this trend will continue. However, all-ceramic systems are not all the same. They differ considerably in their relative esthetic potential, their physical properties and evidence base relative to longevity. The use of an all-ceramic system does not guarantee outstanding esthetics. Conclusions Some all-ceramic systems can provide superior esthetic results compared with metal-ceramic restorations. Zirconia-cored crowns are the strongest all-ceramic system and may provide improved esthetic results compared with metal-ceramic crowns. No all-ceramic restoration has been shown to have a life span equivalent to that of metal-ceramic restorations. Further clinical trials are needed. Practice Implications Clinicians should choose appropriate all-ceramic restorations on the basis of their patients' needs. Currently available evidence indicates that clinicians should not use all-ceramic crowns on molars; in addition, posterior fixed partial prostheses fabricated with all-ceramic materials have a high likelihood of failure.
Layer-by-Layer Growth of Thin Films of the Infinite-Layer Compounds SrCuO2 and CaCuO2

Epitaxial thin films of the infinite-layer compounds SrCuO{sub 2} and CaCuO{sub 2} have been grown in a layer-by-layer mode on (100) SrTiO{sub 3} substrates by pulsed laser deposition with in situ monitoring using reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED). While the pseudomorphic growth of SrCuO{sub 2} thin films on lattice-matched SrTiO{sub 3} substrates has been reported previously, we have also successfully synthesized for the first time high quality thin films of the other end-member, CaCuO{sub 2}, which is an important structural component of a number of cuprate superconductors. The stabilization of the infinite-layer CaCuO{sub 2} has been achieved by using an epitaxial layer of the infinite-layer SrCuO{sub 2} film as a chemical template for the nucleation and growth of this highly metastable phase. The oxygen concentration used during deposition and subsequent cooldown of the films has been observed to result in subtle structural modifications in the infinite-layer compounds, with substantial influence on their transport properties.
Accumulation of Reserve Carbohydrate by Rumen Protozoa and Bacteria in Competition for Glucose

The aim of this study was to determine if rumen protozoa could form large amounts of reserve carbohydrate compared to the amounts formed by bacteria when competing for glucose in batch cultures. We separated large protozoa and small bacteria from rumen fluid by filtration and centrifugation, recombined equal protein masses of each group into one mixture, and subsequently harvested (reseparated) these groups at intervals after glucose dosing. This method allowed us to monitor reserve carbohydrate accumulation of protozoa and bacteria individually. When mixtures were dosed with a moderate concentration of glucose (4.62 or 5 mM) (n = 2 each), protozoa accumulated large amounts of reserve carbohydrate; 58.7% (standard error of the mean [SEM], 2.2%) glucose carbon was recovered from protozoal reserve carbohydrate at time of peak reserve carbohydrate concentrations. Only 1.7% (SEM, 2.2%) was recovered in bacterial reserve carbohydrate, which was less than that for protozoa (P < 0.001). When provided a high concentration of glucose (20 mM) (n = 4 each), 24.1% (SEM, 2.2%) of glucose carbon was recovered from protozoal reserve carbohydrate, which was still higher (P = 0.001) than the 5.0% (SEM, 2.2%) glucose carbon recovered from bacterial reserve carbohydrate. Our novel competition experiments directly demonstrate that mixed protozoa can sequester sugar away from bacteria by accumulating reserve carbohydrate, giving protozoa a competitive advantage and stabilizing fermentation in the rumen. Similar experiments could be used to investigate the importance of starch sequestration.
Efficient parallel algorithms for bipartite permutation graphs

In this paper, we further study the properties of bipartite permutation graphs. We give first efficient parallel algorithms for several problems on bipartite permutation graphs. These problems include transforming a bipartite graph into a strongly ordered one if it is also a permutation graph; testing isomorphism; finding a Hamiltonian path/cycle; solving a variant of the crossing number problem; and others. All these problems can be solved in O(log2n) time with O(n3) processors on a Common CRCW PRAM. We also show that the minimum fill-in problem for bipartite permutation graphs can be solved efficiently by a randomized parallel algorithm. © 1993 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Recombinant DNA produced human IL-2, injected in vivo, will substitute for carrier priming of helper function in the South African clawed toad, Xenopus laevis

Abstract The studies included in this report tested the ability of a recombinant DNA produced human lymphokine (rIL-2) to serve as a substitute for the carrier priming required for the in vivo generation of anti-hapten responses, in young adults of Xenopus laevis , the South African clawed toad. Heterologous erythrocyte carriers were used. Immune reactivity was monitored with hapten-specific antigen binding cells (ABC) in spleen cell suspensions, 8 days after injection i.p. of trinitrophenylated sheep erythrocytes (TNP-SRBC) or rIL-2 or the two together. No substantial anti-hapten responses were generated by either TNP-SRBC or rIL-2 alone. However, a greatly (9x) enhanced anti-TNP response was produced after co-injection. By varying the time between injection of the rIL-2 and the TNP-SRBC challenge, it was found that the effectiveness of this mediator would last for up to three hours in this animal. When rIL-2 was co-injected with an optimal priming dose of SRBC, two days prior to TNP-SRBC challenge, it did not enhance the level of helper function generated by carrier priming. Therefore, it is likely that the rIL-2 acts on the same cells affected by carrier priming which is maximally efficient in this regard. Thus, cells, which participate in the generation of helper function in this primitive species, are sensitive to human rIL-2. The universality of an immune regulatory molecule of this kind is considered.
Palliative Care for the Family Carrying a Fetus with a Life-Limiting Diagnosis

Prenatal diagnosis of a lethal anomaly is a monumental moment in a family's life. It requires extensive team counseling and planning about complex neonatal and obstetric medical management. The construct of palliative care with its focus on emotional, spiritual, social, and symptom support can provide a model for caring for these families.
Separation of lactose, lactobionic acid and lactobionolactone by high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract Complete separation of the three title compounds has been achieved for the first time on either a β-cyclodextrinor an aminopropyl-silica gel-bonded-phase HPLC column eluted with acetonitrile-aqueous buffer mixtures. An HPLC system using either of these stationary phases and a refractive index detector directly quantified lactose, lactobionic acid and lactobionolactone at levels between 0.3 and 40 μg of analyte per injection. Simple separations of lactose and lactobionic acid were also readily accomplished on a calcium-form cation-exchange type column eluted with 1.2 m M CaSO 4 solution. These methods are useful for monitoring the chemical or enzymatic conversion of lactose into the valuable derivatives, lactobionic acid and lactobionolactone.
The “no child left behind act” of 2001: Issues and implications for early childhood teacher education

Abstract On January 8, 2002, President G.W. Bush signed into law the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLBA) of 2001. The article which follows examines this legislation, data upon which it is based, and likely outcomes. Moreover, this discussion challenges early childhood teacher educators to work together more closely and more actively with a broad base of concerned professionals to make changes in this short‐sighted legal obstacle to research‐based, professionally‐defined, high quality, early childhood education.
Multiple learning parameters differentially regulate olfactory generalization.

Sensory representations depend strongly on the descending regulation of perceptual processing. Generalization among similar stimuli is a fundamental cognitive process that defines the extent of the variance in physical stimulus properties that becomes categorized together and associated with a common contingency, thereby establishing units of meaning. The olfactory system provides an experimentally tractable model system in which to study the interactions of these physical and psychological factors within the framework of their underlying neurophysiological mechanisms. We here show that olfactory associative learning systematically regulates gradients of odor generalization. Specifically, increasing odor-reward pairings, odor concentration, or reward quality – each a determinant of associative learning – significantly transformed olfactory generalization gradients, each narrowing the range of variance in odor quality perceived as likely to share the learned contingency of a conditioned odor stimulus. However, differences in the qualitative features of these three transformations suggest that these different determinants of learning are not necessarily theoretically interchangeable. These results demonstrate that odor representations are substantially shaped by experience and descending influences.
Interfacing with USSTRATCOM and UTTR during Stardust Earth Return

The Stardust Sample Return Capsule separated from the main spacecraft four hours prior to atmospheric entry. Between this time and the time at which the SRC touched down at the Utah Test and Training Range, two organizations external to JPL were involved in tracking the Sample Return Capsule. Orbit determination for the Stardust spacecraft during deep space cruise, the encounters of asteroid Annefrank and comet Wild 2, and the final approach to Earth used X-band radio metric Doppler and range data obtained through the Deep Space Network. The SRC lacked the electronics needed for coherently transponded radio metric tracking, so the DSN was not able to track the SRC after it separated from the main spacecraft. Although the expected delivery accuracy at atmospheric entry was well within the capability needed to target the SRC to the desired ground location, it was still desirable to obtain direct knowledge of the SRC trajectory in case of anomalies. For this reason U.S. Strategic Command was engaged to track the SRC between separation and atmospheric entry. Once the SRC entered the atmosphere, ground sensors at UTTR were tasked to acquire the descending SRC and maintain track during the descent in order to determine the landing location, to which the ground recovery team was then directed. This paper discusses organizational interfaces, data products, and delivery schedules, and the actual tracking operations are described.
COMMENT ON "IONOSPHERIC EVIDENCE OF HOT OXYGEN IN THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE OF VENUS"

The conclusion of Mahajan et al. (1992) that 'the existence of O(+) as dominant at (Venusian) ionopause altitudes in excess of 500-1000 km can only be explained if atomic oxygen is the major neutral constituent' is argued to be incorrect. It is suggested that at a transition region of about 200 km, thermal atomic oxygen is the dominant neutral gas, and hot oxygen is a minor species; thus the O(+) to H(+) ratio at high altitudes is not an indicator of the presence of hot oxygen at these altitudes. A 1D model for H(+) and O(+) appropriate for the dayside ionosphere of Venus shows that within hot atomic oxygen density values from 1000 to 10 exp 6/ cu cm at 150 km, the calculated H(+) and O(+) densities did not change in any meaningful way, because the hot oxygen population remained a minor neutral constituent below 200 km, which is the approximate height of the transition between chemical and diffusive equilibrium conditions for the ions.
Lewin Meets Confucius: A Review of the OD Model of Change:

Questions have been raised in recent years about the cultural limits and overall efficacy of organization development (OD) to address the current and emerging problems of contemporary organizations...
On the capacity of nitroheterocyclic compounds to elicit an unusual axial asymmetry in cultured rat embryos.

Abstract A series of nitroheterocyclic compounds with antimicrobial and radiosensitizing properties was tested for embryotoxicity in cultured Sprague-Dawley rat embryos, and their effects were compared with various other five-membered heterocycles. Nifuroxime, furazolidone, nitrofurazone, niridazole, 2-nitroimidazole, and ronidazole each elicited a striking malformation characterized by asymmetrical, right-sided hypoplasia when coincubated with embryos for 26 hr. Minimum concentrations required to elicit this unusual defect ranged from 0.01 m m with nifuroxime and furazolidone to 0.5 m m with ronidazole and were roughly correlated with single electron redox potentials; i.e., agents with relatively high redox potentials were generally more effective than those with low potentials. Nitrofurantoin failed to elicit this unusual malformation but exhibited an extremely steep dose-response curve for embryolethality. Metronidazole and 4-nitroimidazole, nitroheterocyclic agents with relatively low redox potentials, did not produce the asymmetric abnormality nor were they highly embryotoxic, even at concentrations up to 2 m m . 2-Amino-5-nitrothiazole and 4′-methylniridazole also failed to evoke the asymmetric malformation but produced significant embryotoxicity as manifested by decreased growth parameters and elicitation of other kinds of malformations. Heterocyclic compounds not bearing a nitro group (furosemide, 2-aminothiazole, and 2-aminoimidazole) failed to elicit axial asymmetry at concentrations up to 1.0 m m but produced other signs of embryotoxicity at the highest concentrations tested. The results suggest that the presence of a reducible nitro group is critical for generation of the unusual malformation and that the single-electron redox potential of the nitro group plays a dominant but not exclusive role in the capacity of these chemicals to evoke axial asymmetry in cultured rat embryos.
Class II cytokine receptor ligands inhibit human vascular smooth muscle proliferation.

Background: Vessel injury provokes the release of proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors that influence vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration. Produced by T lymphocytes, interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) both have immunoregulatory functions and act on similar receptors, designated class II cytokine receptors. We hypothesized that the class II cytokine receptor participates in vascular remodeling by inhibiting VSMC proliferation. The purposes of this study were to determine the influence of class II cytokine receptor stimulation on (1) unstimulated, (2) cytokine-stimulated, and (3) growth factor-stimulated VSMC proliferation. Methods: Human aortic VSMCs were isolated and cultured. VSMCs were treated with IL-10 or IFN with or without tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF). Proliferation was quantified by colormetric assay. Results: Compared to control, both TNF and FGF stimulated concentration-dependent VSMC proliferation (P < .005). IL-10 and IFN alone had no effect on unstimulated cell growth. With TNF or FGF stimulation, both IL-10, at a dose as low as 10 fg/mL, and IFN, at a dose as low as 1.0 U/mL, inhibited cell growth (P < .001). Conclusions: The class II cytokine receptor ligands, IL-10 and IFN, inhibit cytokine- (TNF) and growth factor- (FGF) induced VSMC proliferation. The class II cytokine receptor may provide a novel therapeutic target in regulating vessel wall remodeling after vascular injury. (Surgery 1998;124:318-27.)
Global natural gas resources

Abstract The potential of the global natural gas resource has gained renewed attention in recent years as energy diversification and environmental concerns have risen in significance. Conventional estimates affirm the importance of gas as an underutilized element in the portfolio of energy sources available to serve future requirements. Current estimates of remaining recoverable gas reserves worldwide are 8000 trillion ft 3 , of which 3900 trillion ft 3 are proved reserves established by drilling information.