cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Properties of the ladder polymer cis‐syndiotactic poly(phenylsilsesquioxane) in solution

Studies on the properties of the double-chain ladder polymer of cis-syndiotactic poly(phenylsilsesquioxane) (PPSQ) in dilute and concentrated solutions are reported. Data on the intrinsic viscosity [η], the second virial coefficient A2, and the mean-square radius of gyration 〈s2〉 as functions of molecular weight M, temperature, and solvent lead to the conclusion that the conformation of PPSQ can be modeled with a wormlike chain model with a persistence length ρ of 74 A. These data cannot be used to assess the extent of intramolecular inflexibility, e.g., resistance to rotational isomerization, of PPSQ. For concentrated solutions (0.05 ⩽ c ⩽ 0.20 g/ml) the limiting viscosity ⩾0 at zero shear rate is proportional to cM for cM < ⩾2Mc and to (cM)3,4 for cM ⩾ ρ2Mc, where Mc = 9120. The product Xc (〈s20/M) × ρ2Mc/ma is equal to 356 × 10−17 for PPSQ, close to the value 400 × 10−17 typical of single-chain polymers. The reduced flow curve ηK/ϵ0 versus ηCK for the viscosity ϵK as a function of shear rate K is not far different from that for single-chain polymers—here, the time constant ηC is equal to η0R0 with R0 the limits of the recovery function RK, at small K(R0 is often denoted Je0). The values of ηc are intermediate to ηc for a flexible single-chain polymer and the relaxation time ηR for rotatory diffusion of a rigid coil. Plots of RK versus K superpose with plots of the transient recovery R0(ϑ) with ϑ = K−1 over the limited range ηCK < 1 where ϑ is the recovery time (R0(ϑ) goes to R0 for large ϑ), similar to behavior found with solutions of single-chain polymers.
Morphological variation and heritability in three Melanesian populations: a multivariate approach.

In two previous papers Giles, Walsh and Bradley ('66) and Giles, Wyber and Walsh ('70) have shown that the inhabitants of three adjacent villages on the edge of the Markham Valley in New Guinea have significant heterogeneity in all blood group frequencies tested. The language, environment, culture, and ancestry of these people are essentially identical. The differences in the blood group frequencies were attributed to genetic drift and particularly to founder effect. In this paper the anthropometric data from these villages are analysed. Analysis of variance shows that 50% of the traits are significantly different. Multiple discriminant analysis demonstrates that the villages can be significantly separated morphologically. The heritability of each trait is determined using an analysis of within and among sibship variation. Traits with strong “genetic” components of variation and traits with strong “environmental” components contribute significantly to the morphological heterogeneity among the villages. Some speculations are presented on the cause of the “genetic” component of morphological variation.
Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation at Neutral pH by a Nanostructured Co(PO3)2 Anode

Cobalt metaphosphate Co(PO3)2 nanoparticles are prepared via the thermolytic molecular precursor (TMP) method. A Ni form electrode decorated with Co(PO3)2 nanoparticles is evaluated as an anode for water oxidation electrocatalysis in pH 6.4 phosphate-buffered water. Catalytic onset occurs at an overpotential of ca. 310 mV, which is 100 mV lower than that observed for Co3O4 nanoparticles, with a comparable surface area under identical conditions. A per-metal turnover frequency (TOF) of 0.10–0.21 s−1 is observed at an overpotential, η, of 440 mV, which is comparable to the highest rate reported for a first-row metal heterogeneous catalyst. Post-catalytic characterization of the catalyst resting state by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy reveals that surface rearrangement occurs, resulting in an oxide-like surface overlayer.
Environmental Risk Communication through Qualitative Risk Assessment

Environmental analysts are often hampered in communicating the risks of environmental contaminants due to the myriad of regulatory requirements that are applicable. The use of a qualitative, risk-based control banding strategy for assessment and control of potential environmental contaminants provides a standardized approach to improve risk communication. Presented is a model that provides an effective means for determining standardized responses and controls for common environmental issues based on the level of risk. The model is designed for integration within an occupational health and safety management system to provide a multidisciplinary environmental and occupational risk management approach. This environmental model, which utilizes multidisciplinary control banding strategies for delineating risk, complements the existing Risk Level Based Management System, a proven method in a highly regulated facility for occupational health and safety. A simplified environmental risk matrix is presented that is stratified over four risk levels. Examples of qualitative environmental control banding strategies are presented as they apply to United States regulations for construction, research activities, facility maintenance, and spill remediation that affect air, water, soil, and waste disposal. This approach offers a standardized risk communication language for multidisciplinary issues that will improve communications within and between environmental health and safety professionals, workers, and management.
Lattice Dynamics of Rutile

The phonon dispersion relation for rutile (Ti${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$) has been measured by the coherent inelastic scattering of thermal neutrons along principal symmetry directions of the Brillouin zone. Theoretical models based on rigid-ion and shell models, with either axially symmetric or tensor first- and second-neighbor forces, have been fitted to the measured dispersion relation. Only the shell model with tensor forces for all interactions except the second-neighbor oxygen-oxygen interaction was able to give acceptable qualitative agreement with the data, and that agreement is good for only some modes. A frequency distribution and Debye temperature spectrum are presented for that model. The temperature dependence of the frequency of the ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{1}^{\ensuremath{-}}({A}_{2u})$ transverse optic mode is measured from 4 to 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and the behavior of the square of the frequency is in good agreement with that predicted by the static dielectric constant measurements of Parker.
Cortisol, testosterone, and insulin action during intense swimming training in humans.

An increase in the amounts of circulating plasma cortisol or a decrease in testosterone can result in whole-body insulin resistance. The purpose of this study was to determine if the increase in cortisol and/or decrease in testosterone concentrations commonly evident with intense endurance training is associated with insulin resistance. Male (n = 9) and female (n = 10) swimmers were examined during the off-season, after 9 weeks (9 WKS) of training averaging 5,500 m·day−1 and after an additional 9 weeks (18 WKS) of training averaging 8,300 m·day−1. Resting plasma cortisol concentration was (P <− 0.05) higher in the women compared to the men at 9 WKS; values were not significantly different between genders at 18 WKS. Plasma testosterone concentration decreased significantly (P <− 0.05) in the men at 9 and 18 WKS, but did not change in the women. Whole-body insulin action, as determined by insulin and glucose responses during a 120 min, 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, did not change with training in either the men or women. These data indicated that plasma testosterone concentration can decrease in male swimmers during intense endurance training; this alteration does not affect whole-body insulin action. There would also appear to be a gender-specific response of plasma cortisol to endurance training, which does not influence insulin action.
Lack of association between variations in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene and temporal lobe epilepsy

Recently, an association between the C240T polymorphism in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene and partial epilepsy was demonstrated in a Japanese population. In this study we attempted to replicate the initial finding in a patient-control population of European ancestry and in addition tested whether the functional Val66Met polymorphism is associated with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Genotypes of 151 TLE patients and 189 controls did not differ significantly for either of the variations. Results suggest that neither of the studied polymorphisms are strong susceptibility factors for TLE in this sample of individuals of European ancestry.
PARTHENOGENESIS IN A FRESHWATER SNAIL: REPRODUCTIVE ASSURANCE VERSUS PARASITIC RELEASE.

Two alternative (but not mutually exclusive) hypotheses were contrasted for their abilities to explain the distribution of parthenogenesis in the freshwater snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum: the reproductive assurance hypothesis, which predicts that parthenogenesis will be favored in sparse populations where mates are difficult to find, and the Red Queen hypothesis, which predicts that parthenogenesis will be favored in populations that have a low risk of parasitism. The results were inconsistent with the prediction of the reproductive assurance hypothesis; male frequency was not significantly or positively correlated with snail density. Thus, there was no support for any of the hypotheses for the maintenance of sex that rely on selection for reproductive assurance to explain the distribution of parthenogenesis (e.g., recombinational repair). The results, however, were consistent with the Red Queen hypothesis; male frequency was positively and significantly correlated with the frequency of individuals infected by trematodes. This correlation suggests that parthenogenetic females have replaced sexual females in populations where parasites are rare, and that sexual females have persisted in populations where parasites are common.
Simulations and Analysis of Shock Accelerated Inhomogenous Flows With and Without Reshock

A computational study of the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability is presented for an inclined interface perturbation in support of experiments being performed at the Texas A&M shock tube facility. The study is comprised of simulations performed using the Arbitrary Lagrange Eulerian (ALE) code called ARES. These simulations were performed to late times after reshock with varying parameters including inclination angle, and incident shock Mach number. The inclination angle was varied over a wide range which provided initial interface perturbations in both the linear and non-linear regimes. Recent work have shown a distinct difference between the linear and nonlinear interface perturbations growth using a newly developed inclined interface scaling model. This work is extended here by examining the vorticity distribution for these two cases and focusing on the conditions before and after reshock. One linear and one non-linear interface perturbation case are examined qualitatively through plots of the vorticity, and density fields. The total circulation and circulation production rates for these cases are plotted as a function of time. The circulation is shown to double after reshock for the non-linear case, while for the linear case it increases by approximately the same amount as the non-linear case but from near zero just before reshock. The mixing width, and mix mass growth rates are also examined for each case both before and after reshock.© 2012 ASME
Characterization of reactions at titanium/nickel silicide interface using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy

Abstract TiN/Ti/NiSi/Si multilayer system is of great technological importance for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) device fabrication. Interfacial reactions in this multilayer system play a critical role in determining the contact resistance and affect silicon consumption, a key issue in shallow junction structures. In this report, interfacial reactions in TiN/Ti/NiSi/Si multilayer systems, with a focus on Ti/NiSi interface, were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and four-point probe measurements. Impact of thermal treatment temperatures was investigated.
Purification and kinetic characterization of uridine phosphorylase from Dictyostelium discoideum

Abstract The purification and kinetic characterization of uridine phosphorylase from Dictyostelium discoideum are described. Matrex Green A, a dye-affinity chromatography gel, was used for the purification. The enzyme was specifically eluted from the dye bead matrix with the use of its substrate, uridine, resulting in a purification of 70- to 2000-fold. The enzyme preparation exhibited stoichiometry. For nucleoside phosphorolysis, the Km values for phosphate and uridine were 0.42 and 0.24 m m , respectively, and the Ki for phosphate was 3.0 m m . For nucleoside synthesis, the Km values for uracil and ribose 1-phosphate were 0.06 and 0.14 m m , respectively, and the Ki for ribose 1-phosphate was 0.05 m m . An ordered sequential bi:bi mechanism is proposed based on product inhibition studies.
Analysis of written language of a language learning disabled (dyslexic) college student and instructional implications.

This paper examines spontaneous writing of a college student with a history of language learning problems. Writing samples, collected from tests and papers in college courses, were analyzed for syntactic complexity, spelling, grammatical errors, semantic errors, and organization. Metacognitive factors were analyzed by examining student’s responses to questions about his perceptions about writing. Results showed: (a) the dyslexic student produced syntactically complex structures comparable to nondyslexic writers; (b) the student averaged 9% spelling errors per essay and 17 grammatical errors per essay; (c) primary semantic errors were inappropriate word choices, incorrect determiners, and overuse of “so” as a transition; (d) major problem with organization involved difficulties with expanding an idea beyond “saying the same thing in a different way;” (e) metacognitive strategies included difficulties with separating self from writing and recognizing ambiguity in writing. The paper then describes six instructional strategies to assist in remediation of the student’s writing problems.
LOCALIZATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC AND ACOUSTIC WAVES IN RANDOM MEDIA. LATTICE MODELS

We consider lattice versions of Maxwell's equations and of the equation that governs the propagation of acoustic waves in a random medium. The vector nature of electromagnetic waves is fully taken into account. The medium is assumed to be a small perturbation of a periodic one. We prove rigorously that localized eigenstates arise in a vicinity of the edges of the gaps in the spectrum. A key ingredient is a new Wegner-type estimate for a class of lattice operators with off-diagonal disorder.
Superposed ridges of the Hesperia planum area on Mars

Mare ridges of the Hesperia Planum area form linear, reticular and circular structures. The main factors effective in mare ridge formation have been (i) a large areal, or maybe even global, shortening and compression, (ii) major crustal tectonics, and (iii) the moderation of tectonic movements by the megaregolith discontinuity layer(s) between surface lavas and the bedrock leaving the compressional thrust to dominate over other fault movements in surface tectonics.
Perkinsus marinussecretory products modulate superoxide anion production by oyster (Crassostrea virginica) haemocytes

Abstract Superoxide anion (O − 2 ) generation by Eastern oyster haemocytes before and after phagocytosis of living or dead Perkinsus marinus was quantified by lucigenin-augmented chemiluminescence (CL). Superoxide is the initial product formed during the respiratory burst; this radical and its more cytotoxic metabolites are thought to play roles in the oxygen-dependent defence mechanisms available to the oyster. The haemocytes, in the absence of added particles, produced a constant, very low-level CL activity. Phagocytosis of osmotically-killed P. marinus triggered a rapid CL response that peaked at a value 5–7-fold greater than the CL level of the untreated cells. However, phagocytosis of viable P. marinus was associated with minor, short-lived CL stimulation followed by a period (>2 h) of sustained inhibition of O − 2 gener-ation. Phagocytosis of zymosan produced an immediate CL response, which was maintained for the >2 h course of the experiment. Haemocytes simultaneously exposed to zymosan and osmotically-killed P. marinus produced higher levels of O − 2 than those receiving zymosan alone. Cells similarly exposed to both zymosan and living P. marinus produced significantly lower levels of O − 2 than the zymosan-stimulated haemocytes. The stimulatory and inhibitory effects of killed and living P. marinus on CL were apparently both dose-dependent. Thedata suggest that both living and dead P. marinus are avidly phagocytosed, but only live P. marinus cells produce excretory/secretory products that scavenge O − 2 and/or suppress aspects of the oxygen-dependent immune system. In this fashion the parasites can survive within the haemocytes, multiply in the haemolymph, and eventually produce lethal infections.
The Prejudicial Impact of Pretrial Publicity1

The current studies examine the influence of pretrial publicity on potential jurors' attitudes toward a defendant. In Study 1, following one year of newspaper coverage of the investigation, arrest, and indictment of defendants for distributing large quantities of marijuana in southern Illinois, 604 potential jurors in that district were surveyed regarding their knowledge of the case, general attitudes toward crime, and attitudes toward the specific case. Analyses of the survey data revealed that knowledge of the case specifics was positively and significantly correlated with perceived culpability of the defendant but nonsignificantly correlated with willingness to admit partiality. Study 2 dealt with a highly publicized Dade County, Florida murder of a police officer in a drug sting operation. Again knowledge of pretrial publicity correlated significantly with perceived culpability of the defendant. As in Study 1, such knowledge did not correlate with stated ability to be impartial. We conclude that even modest pretrial publicity can prejudice potential jurors against a defendant and that self-reports of impartiality should not be taken at face value.
Tracking the mentoring process: A multimethod approach

This article will argue for the use of multiple methods as a way of understanding and documenting the complex tasks and relationships of the mentoring process. It will describe methods being used in one multisite study of mentors and interns during the induction year. In order to illustrate the usefulness of the methods, the research tools will be described and preliminary findings will be used as examples throughout. First, however, we will briefly summarize the literature on mentoring in order to illustrate the complexity of the issues involved in understanding the process.
Lies, Damned Lies, and Homicide Rates

Since the untimely death of Eric Monkkonen in 2005, probably the most prestigious historian of violence today is Peter Spierenburg of Holland's Erasmus University. He has published on both American...
Rare isotope production near the neutron drip line

The underlying mechanism involved in the production of very neutron-rich nuclides using projectile fragmentation is studied with an abrasion-ablation (AA) model. The AA model suggests that very neutron-rich nuclides are produced by removing nearly all the required protons in the nonequilibrium abrasion stage, with minimal evaporation of neutrons in the ablation stage\char22{}``cold fragmentation.'' Furthermore, the production of the most neutron-rich nuclei from a fixed projectile relies heavily on the neutron fluctuations in the ablation stage. The production of the nuclides closest to the neutron drip line using neutron-rich unstable beams is examined.
Advances in pleural disease

Malignant mesothelioma and tuberculosis are global diseases associated with high mortality. Newly described tumor and immunological markers are important tools in the diagnosis of mesothelioma and pleural tuberculosis. Recent chemotherapeutic strategies and identification of potential targets for local treatment of mesothelioma have provided new hope. Talc improves survival in patients with malignant mesothelioma and is extremely safe when the appropriate size and quantity is used. In this article, we have reviewed the recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of malignant mesothelioma, immunological markers in pleural tuberculosis and safety of talc pleurodesis.
On-line monitoring of generators and steam turbines

This paper outlines the applications of on-line condition monitoring to steam turbine-generators and illustrate the field by describing two individual on-line monitors (thermal stress monitor and stator coolant monitor) that have been developed. Finally the fully integrated approach to condition monitoring under development is described.
AGU and books publication

Although mercury (Hg) emissions peaked in the United States over the last 20 to 40 years and are now declining, they remain well above natural background levels in soils and sediments. Only a small fraction of the Hg deposited from the atmosphere to the terrestrial landscape runs off in streamflow. However, some of this Hg is methylated in the environment and can potentially bioaccumulate to the top of food webs, posing a hazard to people who eat fish, especially children and pregnant women. What factors determine the amount of Hg that runs off in streams? During the 2000 snowmelt at Sleepers River in Vermont, strong correlations were found between dissolved and particulate mercury and the respective dissolved and particulate organic carbon fractions, even when data were pooled from 10 streams of diverse watershed size and land cover. Episodic export of particulate Hg during the highest flows appears to be the dominant mechanism of Hg movement.
Investigating subtypes of child development : A comparison of cluster analysis and latent class cluster analysis in typology creation

Two classification methods, latent class cluster analysis and cluster analysis, are used to identify groups of child behavioral adjustment underlying a sample of elementary school children aged 6 to 11 years. Behavioral rating information across 14 subscales was obtained from classroom teachers and used as input for analyses. Both the procedures and results were compared. The latent class cluster analysis uncovered three classes representing differing levels of children's behavioral adjustment (well adjusted, average adjustment, functionally impaired), whereas the cluster analysis uncovered seven groups of child behavior. Results show a high degree of overlap, and each procedure offers unique information toward classifying child behavior.
Evaluation of Healthcare-Associated Infection Surveillance in Pennsylvania Hospitals

Objective. In Pennsylvania, reporting of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) was mandated in 2007, and hospitals were encouraged to implement qualified electronic surveillance (QES) systems to assist HAI detection. This study evaluated the usefulness of these systems in reducing HAIs.Design. Online survey and retrospective cohort study. Eligible facilities had a QES or manual system in place for the entire study period and sufficient data in selected hospital units.Methods. Surveys were sent to infection preventionists (IPs) in all Pennsylvania hospitals to gather qualitative information about their systems. National Healthcare Safety Network data from Pennsylvania hospitals for July 2008 through June 2010 were used to compare catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) rates in facilities with and without a QES system.Participants. IPs from 174 facilities responded to the survey. Data from 119 of 234 hospitals were analyzed.Results. IPs in facilities with a QES system reported spending as muc...
THE ASSOCIATION OF AN INCREASED URINARY CALCIUM-TO- CREATININE RATIO, AND ASYMPTOMATIC GROSS AND MICROSCOPIC HEMATURIA IN CHILDREN

Purpose: The role of hypercalciuria for the evaluation of unexplained asymptomatic gross and microscopic hematuria in children remains unclear, as evidenced by conflicting reports in the literature. We study the function of hypercalciuria in these patients, and determine whether routine evaluation of urine for hypercalciuria and treatment with thiazide diuretics, based on the results of a urinary calcium-to-creatinine ratio, is necessary. We also wanted to compare the yield of a urinary calcium-to-creatinine ratio in patients with gross and microscopic hematuria subgroups.Materials and Methods: Between 1991 and 1998 we treated 96 patients with microscopic hematuria (group 1) and 46 with gross hematuria (group 2). All patients had isolated unexplained hematuria. Patients with organic and anatomical causes, including urinary tract infection and other urinary symptoms, were excluded from the study. Nephrological urine and serum analyses in patients with hematuria were otherwise normal, as were all imaging st...
Examination and revision of the larval life history of Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

abstract Microplitis croceipes (Braconidae) is a solitary parasitoid of Heliothis virescens (Noctuidae), the tobaccobudworm. The larva of M. crocepies develops within the abdominal cavity of its host while the hostremains active. Larval development culminates with egression of the larva from its host, and subsequentcocoon spinning and pupation near the host’s body. Previous research indicated that M. croceipes larvaepass through three instars within the host, followed by egression and pupation. Head capsule measure-ments recorded in this study at several intervals during larval development revealed that the larvae ofM. croceipes pass through ﬁve instars. The ﬁnal molt, i.e. into the ﬁfth instar, occurs during larval egres-sion from the host, and the shed exuvium remains lodged in the egression wound, acting as a plug thatprevents exsanguination of the host. The host remains alive through parasitoid pupation, and may play adefensive role guarding the parasitoid cocoon during its development to the adult stage. 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
KIN RECOGNITION IN A BROODING SALAMANDER

Egg guarding, or `brooding9, by the mountain dusky salamander (Desmognathus ochrophaeus) is an example of maternal behaviour that can be experimentally manipulated and described quantitatively. It has been demonstrated that females of this species can specifically recognize, and will preferentially brood, their own eggs over those of a conspecific. We investigated whether this behaviour would extend to the selection of eggs of a more genetically similar animal in preference to those of a less similar animal, as might be predicted by inclusive fitness theory. We report here a highly significant correlation between time spent brooding and genetic similarity determined by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. This is the first demonstration of a quantitative relation between genetic relatedness and maternal care in amphibians. Our findings have implications for the nature of maternal kin recognition in amphibians and its effect on kin selective behaviour in this class.
Linear Scaling Density Functional Calculations with Gaussian Orbitals

Recent advances in linear scaling algorithms that circumvect the computational bottlenecks of large-scale electronic structure simulations make it possible to carry out density functional calculations with Gaussian orbitals on molecules containing more than 1000 atoms and 15 000 basis functions using current workstations and personal computers. This paper discusses the recent theoretical developments that have led to these advances and demonstrates in a series of benchmark calculations the present capabilities of state-of-the-art computational quantum chemistry programs for the prediction of molecular structure and properties.
The derotation sign for perioperative diagnosis of significant partial-thickness rotator cuff tears.

Abstract Purpose: To describe and evaluate a simple perioperative test (the derotation sign) that differentiates significant (grade 3) partial-thickness and small full-thickness rotator cuff tears from insignificant (grades 1 and 2) partial-thickness rotator cuff tears and intact rotator cuffs. Type of Study: Sensitivity and specificity study. Methods: A study was conducted of 123 patients who underwent shoulder arthroscopy for chronic symptomatic rotator cuff disease, each of whom was subjected to a derotation test under general anesthesia. Specifically, the glenohumeral joint was rapidly distended with fluid just before arthroscopy. One of 3 possible observations was made: (1) the arm rotated internally only, (2) the arm initially rotated internally and then externally rotated (positive derotation sign), or (3) the arm did not rotate at all. Arthroscopic findings were then correlated with the derotation test. Results: Forty-one shoulders had no arm rotation on derotation testing; all had rotator cuff tears greater than 2 cm in size. Forty-two shoulders with impingement and no rotator cuff tears, as well as 23 shoulders with grade 1 or grade 2 partial-thickness rotator cuff tears showed internal rotation only. Seventeen shoulders had a positive derotation sign; all of these had either a grade 3 partial-thickness or a small full-thickness ( Conclusions: The derotation test is useful in the perioperative differentiation of functionally intact rotator cuffs from those with significant tears. The derotation sign is specific for the diagnosis of grade 3 partial-thickness and/or small ( Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 18, No 3 (March), 2002: pp 284–286
Marketing Libraries and Information Services: An Annotated Guide to the Literature

In this article, I have traced the literature of marketing libraries and information services from 1970 to the present. This period immediately follows Kotler and Levy's introductory article in the Journal of Marketing (January 1969) which first suggested the idea of marketing nonprofit organizations. The use of the marketing concept for libraries and information services was an idea which did not appear until after that date. However, many articles on specific aspects of marketing, such as publicity and public relations, were published prior to 1970. These areas have been touched upon only briefly to show their connection with marketing.
Comparative metabolic studies of H3 and C14 labeled stearic acid.

SummaryThe stability of orally administered stearic-9, 10-H3 appears comparable to that of stearic-1-C14 in its incorporation into lipid in rat liver and epididymal fat pad. However, column fractionation of tissue lipids and stock labeled fatty acids suggests a difference in behavior of stearic acid labeled in these 2 ways.
The Effects of Consumption and Work Satisfaction on the Life of Professionals: The Case of University Professors

This paper examines the association among consumer well-being, job satisfaction, and life satisfaction for college professors. The joint relationship among this particular assortment of variables has not been reported upon in the literature to date, and is subjected to examination here. Various theoretical and practical constructs are set forth, and several hypotheses are advanced. The hypotheses are tested through an assessment of data emanating from a survey of college professors at a South Western university. Various implications of the findings are outlined.
Development and characterization of a simian virus 40-transformed, temperature-sensitive rat antimesometrial decidual cell line.

The rat decidual tissue is formed by two cell populations, which express different genes and play diverse roles in pregnancy. Cells that decidualize in the antimesometrial region secrete several hormones and serve as a true endocrine gland. Isolation and maintenance of these decidual cells in primary culture is difficult. The goal of these experiments was to develop a cell line to serve as a model to study the expression and regulation of various genes specific to the antimesometrial decidual cells. Decidualization was induced in pseudopregnant rats. The antimesometrial decidua was dissected out, and cells were enzymatically dissociated and were cultured for 18 h at 37 C in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. Cells were washed repeatedly and then infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant of the simian virus. Transformed cells were maintained at the permissive temperature (33 C) until colonies were identified and harvested. Whereas primary cells in culture did not divide, the cloned deci...
Constructing Professional Identity: The Role of Work and Identity Learning Cycles in the Customization of Identity Among Medical Residents

Through a six-year qualitative study of medical residents, we build theory about professional identity construction. We found that identity construction was triggered by work-identity integrity violations: an experienced mismatch between what physicians did and who they were. These violations were resolved through identity customization processes (enriching, patching, or splinting), which were part of interrelated identity and work learning cycles. Implications of our findings (e.g., for member identification) for both theory and practice are discussed.
PSA kinetics following I-125 radioactive seed implantation in the treatment of T1-T2 prostate cancer.

Although there is renewed interest in prostate brachytherapy, little information is available on the effect of the procedure on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) changes over time. This study describes PSA kinetics after iodine-125 (I-125) transrectal ultrasound-guided transperineal implantation of the prostate. From February 1991-September 1997, 207 patients were treated with an I-125 prostate implant alone for T1-T2 prostate cancer. PSA values were obtained prior to treatment and at 1-73 months (median, 24 months). The change in PSA after implantation of the prostate was measured as a fraction of the pretreatment PSA (PSA at follow-up/pretreatment PSA). PSA failure was defined as two elevations in PSA or PSA > 1 ng/ml. One hundred fifty-five patients had PSA values recorded at the 1-month time period. A PSA value greater than the pretreatment PSA at 1 month was found in 27% (42/155). This had no significant effect on future PSA failure. The median percentage change in PSA after implantation for all patients were as follows: 1 month, 0.73; 3 months, 0.30; 6 months, 0.18; 12 months, 0.12; 18 months, 0.12; 24 months, 0.08; 30 months, 0.07; 36 months, 0.08; 42 months, 0.08; and 48 months, 0.05. The most significant decline occurred in the first 12 months. This was followed by a more gradual decline between 12-24 months. There was little change in PSA values after 24 months. The 1-year PSA value had a significant effect on PSA failure. Patients with a 1-year PSA 1 ng/ml (69) (P = 0.002). Twenty-seven patients developed PSA failure. The time to PSA failure ranged from 12-48 months (median, 24 months), but most (20/27) failures occurred after 18 months. We conclude that the greatest decline in PSA after I-125 implantation of the prostate occurs during the first year, and little change occurs after 2 years. A 1-year PSA value > 1 ng/ml is highly predictive of eventual PSA failure, which occurs in most patients after 18 months posttreatment.
Sequencing Genomes and Beyond

DNA sequence analysis is a multistage process that includes the preparation of DNA, its fragmentation and base analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. In the last 10 years, sequencing costs have dropped 100-fold. To continue progress in the field, innovations, such as microfabricated lab-on-a-chip devices, are needed. Revolutionary, non gel-based methods, such as mass spectrometry, single-molecule sequencing, and nanopore technology, hold great promise for simplifying and are discussed here.
Civil Inattention Exists—in Elevators:

Elevators were used as a field setting to examine the existence of civil inattention (Goffman, 1963)—the rule that in a transient encounter strangers give visual notice to each other and then withdraw attention. In Sutdy 1, confederates recorded the behavior of single riders in elevators. It was found that about half of all riders gave the confederate a brief visual notice at the beginning of the ride and then refrained from further eye contact. Of the riders, 35% added one or two glances to the initial look; perhaps these riders wanted to renew their acknowledgment of the confederates or perhaps they simply displayed more interest in their fellow passengers. In two more investigations (Study 2 and an exact replication—Study 3) confederates shared elevators with single riders and either followed or violated the rule of civil inattention. In the former they glanced at the subject and then withdrew all further attention; in the latter case they either avoided eye contact altogether or stared at the subject ...
Assessing the value of a cursor pointing device for remote collaboration on physical tasks

This study assessed the value of a cursor pointer that allows remote collaborators to point to locations in a partner's workspace via a shared video feed. We compared performance with the cursor pointer with that in video-only and side-by-side conditions. Results indicated that participants found the cursor pointer of value for referring to objects and locations in the work environment, but that the pointer did not improve performance time over video-only. We conclude that cursor pointing is valuable for collaboration on physical tasks, but that additional gestural support will be required to make performance using video systems as good as performance working side-by-side.
Health care in adults with Down syndrome: a longitudinal cohort study.

Background Individuals with Down syndrome increasingly survive into adulthood, yet little is known about their healthcare patterns as adults. Our study sought to characterise patterns of health care among adults with Down syndrome based on whether they had fully transitioned to adult- oriented providers by their inception in this cohort. Methods In this retrospective observational cohort study, healthcare utilisation and annualised patient charges were evaluated in patients with Down syn- drome aged 18-45 years who received care in a single academic health centre from 2000 to 2008. Comparisons were made based on patients' pro- vider mix (only adult-focused or 'mixed' child- and adult-focused providers). Results The cohort included 205 patients with median index age = 28 years; 52% of these adult patients had incompletely transitioned to adult pro- viders and received components of their care from child-focused providers. A higher proportion of these 'mixed' patients were seen exclusively by subspecialty providers (mixed = 81%, adult = 46%, P < 0.001), suggesting a need for higher intensity specialised services. Patients in the mixed provider group incurred higher annualised charges in analy- ses adjusted for age, mortality, total annualised encounters, and number of subspecialty disciplines accessed. These differences were most pronounced when stratified by whether patients were hospital- ised during the study period (e.g. difference in adjusted means between mixed versus adult pro- vider groups: $571 without hospitalisation, $19 061 with hospitalisation). Conclusions In this unique longitudinal cohort of over 200 adults aged 18-45 years with Down syn- drome, over half demonstrated incomplete transi- tion to adult care. Persistent use of child-focused care, often with a subspecialty emphasis, has impli- cations for healthcare charges. Future studies must identify reasons for distinct care patterns, examine their relationship with clinical outcomes, and evalu- ate which provider types deliver the highest quality care for adults with Down syndrome and a wide variety of comorbidities.
Formalizing and achieving multiparty agreements via commitments

Multiparty agreements often arise in a multiagent system where autonomous agents interact with each other to achieve a global goal. Multiparty agreements are traditionally represented by messaging protocols or event-condition-action rule sets in which agents exchange messages in a predefined sequence to ensure both global and local consistency. However, these models do not readily incorporate agents' autonomy and heterogeneity, which limits their ability to help build a flexible open system. Commitments have been studied for modelling various agent interactions. They have also been used as the key elements for formulating multi-party agreements and centralized approaches for resolving potential conflicts. This paper extends the above results by refining the formalizations and the existing protocols and proposing a decentralized protocol which is more efficient in resolving conflicts. It also introduces the concept of protocol safety, which ensures that agents not only interact efficiently but also correctly. This approach is geared toward constructing business processes where agents are mutually constraints in a manner that preserves their autonomy and heterogeneity.
Reliable detection of CMOS stuck-open faults due to variable internal delays

Testable designs for detecting single stuck-open faults in CMOS circuits have been proposed so that the tests remain valid even in the presence of unequal delays in the circuit. Existing approaches require the CMOS gate to be internally modified and are thus suitable for future chip designs. This paper proposes two versatile designs that can be adapted for both existing chips and new chip designs. A 3-sequence test set and a 2-sequence test set are derived for the proposed designs to reliably detect stuck-open faults.
A two-dimensional coupled model for ice shelf-ocean interaction

Abstract A simplified coupled model of ice shelf–ocean interaction including an evolving ice shelf is presented. The model is well suited to climate simulation, as it is computationally inexpensive and capable of handling significant changes to the shape of the sub-ice shelf cavity as the shelf profile evolves. The ocean component uses a two-dimensional vertical overturning streamfunction to describe the thermohaline circulation. In order to smoothly accommodate evolution of the shelf, the equations have been converted to a time-dependent terrain-following (sigma) vertical coordinate. The shelf component is a model for the flow of a confined ice shelf of non-uniform thickness, which consists of equations for longitudinal spreading rate and velocity. The advection of ice thickness has been modified to include separate marine and meteoric layers. The ice shelf and ocean interact thermodynamically through a three-equation formulation for basal melting and freezing. The model is applied to an idealized large-scale Antarctic ice shelf. Following a 600 year simulation, the shelf is found to have reached an equilibrium which represents a loss of approximately 10% of mass relative to its steady state when ocean interaction is not considered. Significant changes in the shelf morphology are also observed, notably an increase in basal slope near the grounding line. These changes are accompanied by shifts in the pattern of basal melting and freezing. Warming of the ocean produces a greater than linear increase in basal melting over several decades, gradually slowing to sublinear over approximately a century.
Cytomegalovirus Inhibits CD14 Expression on Human Alveolar Macrophages

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in transplant patients is associated with an increased incidence of gram-negative pneumonia ; the mechanism for this is unknown. Human alveolar macrophages (HAM) are an important part of the response of the lung to gram-negative bacteria. They interact with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) via the surface receptor CD14. The effect of CMV on CD14 expression by HAM was examined. HAM were obtained from normal volunteers by bronchoalveolar lavage, and some were exposed to CMV. CD14 expression was assessed by immunofluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry. CMV inhibited the surface expression of CD14 on HAM. Release of soluble CD14 was also reduced from infected cells, and Northern blot analysis revealed that CD14 mRNA was reduced in CMV-exposed cells. These findings were specific for CD14 expression. These results demonstrate that CMV inhibits the ability of HAM to express CD14.
A unique approach to built-in-self-test circuit design

A partitioning scheme and a self-test architecture for a wafer scale integration (WSI) FFT multiply-subtract-add (MSA) cell is described. The partitioning scheme, is used to reduce the number of the test vectors needed to cover all faults. The built-in self-test (BIST) technique incorporated into the design is described and is based on a deterministic test vector generation and sequence detector. The fault coverage of the processor was evaluated at over 99%. The fault models considered included stuck-at and bridging faults. The total increase in the area overhead at the cell level was evaluated to be less than 15%. This increase is justified on the grounds that the cells are now easily testable. The BIST circuitry is implemented in each processing element (PE) and is designed to test both the PE and the entire WSI system. The BIST approach can considerably reduce the test and probing time for evaluating test vectors via automatic test equipment. >
Two cheers for GINA

The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA) was recently enacted in the United States. Its supporters have applauded the passage of GINA, and they hope that it will alleviate public fear about genetic discrimination and facilitate genetic testing and participation in genetic research. Critics worry that GINA does not provide adequate protection because it fails to address discrimination on the basis of non-genetic health-related information, and it only regulates the use of genetic information in health insurance and employment. Despite these limitations, GINA represents a major step forward in US policy. Additional research is needed to assess the impact of GINA on industry practice and public opinion. In the mean time, education about GINA and its limitations can help individuals make more informed decisions about genetic testing and participation in genetic research.
Ontogenic changes in diel vertical migration patterns compared with known allometric changes in three mesopelagic squid species suggest an expanded definition of a paralarva

Planktonic and newly hatched cephalopods are routinely called paralarvae. Currently, the onset of diel vertical migration (DVM) marks the end of the paralarval phase, although changes in ontogenic growth trajectories may also be used. Patterns of DVM are reported for the first time for three poorly understood mesopelagic squid species. Discrete-depth samples taken during the Amsterdam Mid North Atlantic Plankton Expeditions (AMNAPE) of 1980 – 1983 are used to examine the timing of ecological and morphological changes in Chtenopteryx sicula, Mastigoteuthis magna, and Brachioteuthis sp. 3. DVM patterns are species-specific, and ontogenic changes in DVM coincide with allometric changes in the arm, fin, and funnel characters of C. sicula at 7 mm mantle length. Mastigoteuthis magna is not concentrated in the upper 250 m of the water column during the day, and no clear DVM pattern is found in Brachioteuthis sp. 3, meaning that the endpoint of the paralarval phase cannot be defined ecologically in these species. Other ecological transformations, e.g. changes in prey-capture ability, are therefore explored as alternatives to DVM. The pad-shaped club and long neck are proposed as visual markers of the end of the paralarval phase of C. sicula and Brachioteuthis sp. 3, respectively.