cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender Differences in Clinical Manifestation and Pathophysiology of Ischemic Heart Disease- A Gender Paradox

This chapter will cover the basic pathophysiology and symptom presentation of ischemic heart disease and will highlight the differences in heart disease between men and women. Heart disease affects millions of Americans and is the leading cause of death for both men and women in America [1]. Numerous risk factors for developing heart disease and the mechanisms by which a normal heart becomes a diseased heart have been previously identified. Coronary atherosclerosis leading to obstruction of the epicardial coronary arteries has been identified as the leading cause of heart disease. With this paradigm of coronary artery disease (CAD) in mind, clinicians typically evaluate and treat patients with angina with medications or interventions aimed at preventing or correcting obstructive CAD.
Person-Fit as an Index of Inattentive Responding: A Comparison of Methods Using Polytomous Survey Data

Self-report measures are vulnerable to response biases that can degrade the accuracy of conclusions drawn from results. In low-stakes measures, inattentive or careless responding can be especially ...
The fourth amendment and the potential use of field-portable mass spectrometry systems in law enforcement

The advent of new technology presents new opportunities for forwarding thinking law enforcement administrators and new legal challenges for the courts. One such new technology is portable mass spec...
CRAC channels in secretory epithelial cell function and disease.

Abstract The receptor-evoked Ca2+ signal in secretory epithelia mediate many cellular functions essential for cell survival and their most fundamental functions of secretory granules exocytosis and fluid and electrolyte secretion. Ca2+ influx is a key component of the receptor-evoked Ca2+ signal in secretory cell and is mediated by both TRPC and the STIM1-activated Orai1 channels that mediates the Ca2+ release-activated current (CRAC) Icrac. The core components of the receptor-evoked Ca2+ signal are assembled at the ER/PM junctions where exchange of materials between the plasma membrane and internal organelles take place, including transfer of lipids and Ca2+. The Ca2+ signal generated at the confined space of the ER/PM junctions is necessary for activation of the Ca2+-regulated proteins and ion channels that mediate exocytosis with high fidelity and tight control. In this review we discuss the general properties of Ca2+ signaling, PI(4,5)P2 and other lipids at the ER/PM junctions with regard to secretory cells function and disease caused by uncontrolled Ca2+ influx.
CSR, Acquisitions, and Institutional Context: Spanning the Globe

This chapter discusses how state and regional institutional considerations can affect the enactment of both mergers and acquisitions (M&As) and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Institutional factors have been explored in previous scholarships separately for M&As and CSR. This chapter joins the two domains in an institutionally embedded global perspective. We additionally draw on complementary global strategy, strategic intent, and transnationalism perspectives to understand M&A-CSR conduct and stakeholder engagement. As firms internationalize via acquisitions, varying national and regional practices intermix and influence CSR initiatives differentially. As state and regional institutions transform [through] participation in global markets, institutionalized practices within firms adapt to new market pressures and in response to stakeholder interests and environmental concerns.
The Exceptional Teacher Initiative: Finding a Silver Lining in Addressing Medical Student Mistreatment.

PROBLEM The Penn State College of Medicine (PSCOM) faced escalating reports of learner mistreatment in 2013-2017. As systems were implemented to gather and respond to student reports, faculty members expressed concern that these were creating a culture that focused on negative behaviors to the exclusion of acknowledging outstanding teaching that was also occurring. APPROACH The Exceptional Teacher Initiative was introduced in August 2017 to attempt to shift the institutional conversation around learner mistreatment by balancing reports of mistreatment with reports highlighting examples of excellent teaching considered in-line with organizational values. The primary goals of the program were to make it easy for students to submit narratives describing outstanding teaching experiences and to capture the nuances of what the teacher did that were notable to the student. Students were invited to write about teachers who challenged and changed them. Narratives were sent to the named teachers and their educational and clinical leaders. OUTCOMES Over the first 12 months of the Exceptional Teacher Initiative, learners submitted 553 narratives naming 253 different individuals across 37 departments. Faculty members and students expressed appreciation for this effort to highlight the positive. A monthly Exceptional Moments in Teaching feature was introduced in 2018, in which a named educator is featured prominently across the PSCOM. NEXT STEPS Future plans include examining the impact of being named an exceptional teacher, ways exceptional teachers create respectful teaching interactions, and common threads within student narratives that illuminate specific techniques, behaviors, and attitudes that create exceptional teaching experiences.
Stock Market and Consumption: Evidence from China

Author(s): Hau, Leslie C | Abstract: Despite the rapid development of the Chinese stock market in recent years, relatively little is known about its characteristics or its relationship to other macroeconomic variables. For example, in contrast to more developed markets, dependencies between stock market movements and consumer expenditure are less documented for China. In this paper, I first show that the Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE, 1999--2010) has higher average returns and variability than the Standard and Poor's 500 Index (SaP 500). The General Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) model also shows that the SSE has high volatility clustering. Then, I examine the statistical relationships between consumer expenditure and the behavior of the SSE against theoretical predictions. Following the stock market "wealth effect," one would expect higher (lower) stock returns would lead to higher (lower) consumer expenditure. The uncertainty hypothesis predicts that high volatility in the stock market will create higher uncertainty in consumption spending. However, my analyses using the Vector Auto-Regression (VAR) model show that private consumption expenditure in both rural and urban areas had no relationship with and was not aected by the market returns. Analyses also show that the volatility of the Shanghai Stock Exchange had a small lagged eect on urban private consumption expenditure. Results suggest that the Chinese stock market is relatively immature with higher volatility. At this stage, stock markets in China are still inefficient and do not serve as good leading indicators of future economic activities for Chinese consumers.
Has Africa Missed the Bus? The Confusing Consensus about the Continent’s Growth

Several smaller economies such as Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Senegal are showing that African transformations can be as rapid as those in Asia. These economies deserve international recognition and support because they will inspire others through example. But Sub-Saharan Africa's prospects will depend mainly on what happens in Nigeria, South Africa, and Angola, the three largest middle-income economies that together add up to almost two thirds of the region's economy. The economic outlook does not look good even if oil and commodity prices increase, because these countries have many of the structural attributes more typical of low-income countries in other parts of the world. We discuss three development deficits that may be the most critical: access to electricity, the quality of education, and domestic revenues.
Using recurrent neural networks for nonlinear component computation in advection-dominated reduced-order models.

Rapid simulations of advection-dominated problems are vital for multiple engineering and geophysical applications. In this paper, we present a long short-term memory neural network to approximate the nonlinear component of the reduced-order model (ROM) of an advection-dominated partial differential equation. This is motivated by the fact that the nonlinear term is the most expensive component of a successful ROM. For our approach, we utilize a Galerkin projection to isolate the linear and the transient components of the dynamical system and then use discrete empirical interpolation to generate training data for supervised learning. We note that the numerical time-advancement and linear-term computation of the system ensure a greater preservation of physics than does a process that is fully modeled. Our results show that the proposed framework recovers transient dynamics accurately without nonlinear term computations in full-order space and represents a cost-effective alternative to solely equation-based ROMs.
Wave Front Tracking in High Speed Videos Using a Dynamic Template Matching

In recent years, image processing has been evolving as an important tool to estimate the properties of a generated wave during a gas experiments. The wave properties were estimated by tracking a wave fronts in the images of a high speed video, captured during the experiment. In this work, we purposed a dynamic template matching method, based on the mean square error (MSE) between the intensity values of a template and its foot print in an image to track the wave front. At first, a dynamic template of a predefined size [5 \(\times \) 20] was created, whose values varies according to the minimum and maximum intensity of the considered image. Secondly to reduce the processing time, a bounding box was set around the area of interest in the considered image, such that the matching process is limited within the area covered by the bounding box. The purposed method was tested for four different high speed videos from four different gas experiments conducted two different experimental set-ups. All the results from the purposed method are within an acceptable accuracy.
Sensitivity of urethral flow-evoked voiding reflexes decline with age in the rat: insights into age-related underactive bladder

The prevalence of underactive bladder (UAB) increases with age, suggesting a link between age-related processes and lower urinary tract (LUT) symptoms; however, the underlying mechanisms of age-related UAB are poorly understood. Understanding how aging affects LUT reflexes may help in the development of new treatments by identifying mechanistic targets. In this work, we studied the relationship between age and systems-level function of the LUT and tested the hypothesis that aging is related to weakening of reflexes that control voiding. Three groups of anesthetized female rats, young (4-7 mo old), mature (11-14 mo old), and old (18-24 mo old), were used to quantify the effect of aging on LUT reflexes. A double-lumen catheter enabled us to control the bladder volume and urethral flow rate independently, under quasi-isovolumetric bladder conditions. We systematically investigated the reflex bladder contractions evoked by combinations of rates of urethral infusion and bladder fill volumes as a function of age. Urethral infusion with the same flow rate evoked bladder contractions (via the augmenting reflex) in old animals less often than in younger animals. Furthermore, old animals needed more fluid in their bladders (relative to their bladder capacity) before urethra flow-evoked bladder contractions could be triggered at all, suggesting a delay in the switch of the LUT to "voiding mode." Old rats also showed longer and weaker bladder contractions than young or mature rats. Taken together, this suggests there is an age-related functional weakening and loss of sensitivity in LUT reflexes, which may contribute to age-related UAB symptoms.
Ten Years after the Texas Tech Accident. Part II: Changing Safety Cultures and the Current State of Academic Laboratory Safety at Texas Tech University

A serious academic laboratory accident occurred at Texas Tech University in January of 2010. As a result of internal assessment and subsequent investigations by the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard ...
Future Outlook for In-Situ Mechanics Approach

This chapter presents the future outlook for the in-situ mechanics approach. The technique is promising for research, innovations, and product developments across the scientific and engineering disciplines. The in-situ characterization approach is expected to drive new material development, expand the application of novel manufacturing techniques to different material classes and interrogate the performance of critical engineering materials under extreme conditions. Considering the recent trend toward miniaturization, multifunctionality, and large-scale integration, the field can advance and expand by coupling in-situ mechanical testing with measurement of different functional properties. Real-time imaging can be time-consuming and expensive—interfacing in-situ experiments with machine learning can cut down the time and resources required to gain insights into the mechanics of materials and enable the development of predictive models. The chapter also presents some ideas and recommendations on developing the education curriculum on the in-situ mechanics approach relevant to the students and researchers cutting across the disciplines. The development of focused courses is beneficial to prepare the future engineering workforce, popularize the in-situ approach in the industry, and to equip the researchers with knowledge set and hands-on training necessary to pursue research in the field. This book aspires to be one such comprehensive source of information for both new students and expert users alike.
Gassmann equation and replacement relations in micromechanics: A review

Abstract In this review, we discuss replacement (or substitution) relations that quantify changes in various physical properties of heterogeneous materials, produced by variation in the properties of one (or several) of the constituents while keeping the microstructure unmodified. The latter may be formed by interconnected pores, isolated inhomogeneities (cracks, pores, inclusions), or represent the combination of the two. Replacement relations play important role in different branches of applied science, but they are most widely used in geophysics (Gassmann equation), where it is of considerable practical interest to predict how the effective elastic properties of a rock change when the pore-filling material is changed. It allows one to distinguish between, for example, oil and water saturation. Another important application following from the replacement relations is a new methodology to evaluate physical properties (thermal conductivity or elastic moduli) of material particles that cannot be directly measured with reliable accuracy (due to their small size, for example). We overview various approaches to the problem and then advance the most general method based on the concept of property contribution tensors. This method leads to replacement relations that are valid for materials of arbitrary anisotropy and have explicit closed form. We discuss replacement relations for elastic properties and thermal (or electric) conductivity and compare the relations derived by different ways.
Cholestasis: A Prospective Study of Perinatal Outcomes and Time to Symptom Improvement.

Objective Although intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) remains poorly understood, there are several perinatal complications associated with this condition. This study aimed to examine perinatal outcomes of women with ICP, evaluate outcomes according to severity of disease, and monitor time to symptom improvement following diagnosis. Study Design It involves a prospective, observational study of women with ICP at a single institution. Women with new-onset pruritus without rash were referred to a high-risk obstetrics clinic and evaluated with fasting total bile acids (TBA). Laboratory-confirmed ICP was defined as fasting TBA ≥10 µmol/L. Following diagnosis, a standardized protocol was utilized, including treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). Perinatal outcomes were compared amongst those with and without ICP, and to the general population. Women with ICP were further analyzed based on maximum TBA: 10 to 39, 40 to 99, and ≥100 µmol/L. A Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to analyze time to symptom improvement. Results A total of 404 patients were evaluated and 212 (52%) were diagnosed with ICP. The mean gestational age at diagnosis was 34.1 ± 3.3 weeks. When comparing those with ICP to those not confirmed, and to the general population, there were no differences in age, parity, mode of delivery, preeclampsia, or stillbirth (p > 0.05). Preterm birth was significantly associated with ICP (p Conclusion Despite treatment with UDCA, women with ICP are at increased risk for spontaneous preterm birth, and this risk significantly increased with severity of disease. Although not significant, a trend exists between increasing time to symptom improvement and worsening severity of disease. Key Points
Sars-Cov-2 Antibody Prevalence among Healthcare Workers and First Responders, Florida, May-June 2020

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 virus responsible for severe respiratory infection associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first confirmed in Florida on March 1, 2020 Responding to the pandemic, multi-agency collaborative partnerships put in place actions integrating point-of-care antibody testing at established large-scale COVID-19 testing sites where the baseline seropositivity of COVID-19 in health care workers and first responders in Florida at the start of the pandemic was established Purpose: Determine the seropositivity of healthcare workers and first responders at five drive thru testing sites using a rapid SARS-CoV-2 antibody test in Florida from May 6 through June 3, 2020 Methods: The first drive-thru SARS-CoV-2 antibody test site was opened at Miami Hard Rock Stadium, May 6, 2020 Testing expanded to three additional sites on May 9, 2020: Jacksonville, Orlando, and Palm Beach The fifth and final site, Miami Beach, began testing on May 21, 2020 Healthcare workers and first responder's self-seeking SARS-CoV-2 testing were designated for antibody testing and completed a laboratory collection form onsite for the point-of-care test All testing was performed on whole blood specimens (obtained by venipuncture) using the Cellex Inc qSARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgM Rapid Test Seropositivity was assessed by univariate analysis and by logistic regression including the covariates age, sex, race/ethnicity, and testing location Results and Discussion: As of June 3, 2020, of 5,779 healthcare workers and first responders tested, 4 1% were seropositive (range 2 6-8 2%) SARS-COV-2 antibody tests had higher odds of being positive for persons testing at the Miami Hard Rock Stadium (aOR 2 24 [95% C I 1 48-3 39]), persons of Haitian/Creole ethnicity (aOR 3 28 [95% C I 1 23-8 72]), Hispanic/Latino(a) ethnicity (aOR 2 17 [95% C I 1 50-3 13], and Black non-Hispanic persons (aOR 1 63 [95% C I 1 08-2 46]) SARS-COV-2 antibody prevalence among first responders and healthcare workers in five sites in Florida varied by race and ethnicity and by testing location
The centre of pressure position determined by capacity of weight-shifting in stride stances in individuals with post-stroke

Abstract Background The dynamics of shifting the centre-of-pressure in stride stances are essential for postural control during the double-limb support phase of gait. Impaired loading onto a paretic limb following stroke causes a biased self-centred position (defined as the centre-of-pressure position in a static stride stance) between legs, which may be related to the capacity of the centre-of-pressure movements. This study investigated anteroposterior centre-of-pressure movements relative to two different positions in stride stances and determine their relationship with the self-centred position and clinical measures after stroke. Methods Sixteen chronic post-stroke individuals performed anteroposterior weight-shifting in stride stances with the anterior and posterior paretic foot on a plantar pressure platform. The maximum anterior and posterior centre-of-pressure movements in stride stances were quantified relative to the self-centred position and the origin of the platform. Findings The self-centred position was biased towards the non-paretic limb to maintain identical anterior and posterior centre-of-pressure movements between stride stances with the anterior and posterior paretic foot. Furthermore, the self-centred position was related to the capacity of anteroposterior centre-of-pressure movements in stride stances. Especially, impaired balance function was associated with the self-centred position and decreased posterior centre-of-pressure movement in stride stance with the posterior paretic foot. Interpretations The assessment of the self-centred position in stride stances can be beneficial in understanding the capability to control weight-shifting. In particular, the improvement of balance control in stride stance with the posterior paretic foot would help to improve postural control during the double-limb support phase following stroke.
The Murderer Next Door: Why the Mind Is Designed to Kill

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The Vapor Pressure of Dry Air at Low Temperatures

Dry air is a mixture of gases (chiefly oxygen and nitrogen) having different boiling points. There is no single vapor-pressure curve, as in the case of a pure substance. Instead, the liquid-vapor equilibrium is represented by a bubble-point curve and a dew-point curve. The bubble-point pressure of a liquid mixture is that pressure at which, for a given temperature, vapor just begins to appear. When this pressure is plotted against temperature for a liquid mixture of constant composition, the curve obtained is called the bubble-point curve. The dew-point pressure of a gaseous mixture is that pressure at which, for a given temperature, liquid just begins to appear. When this pressure is plotted against temperature for a gaseous mixture of constant composition, the curve obtained is called the dew-point curve.
Comparative strengths of a pseudo-spectral time domain method in numerical simulation of single particle optical scattering

We present some results on the relative performance of the pseudo-spectral time domain, finite difference time domain, and DDA methods in calculating single-particle optical scattering properties. Our interest is in particles with size parameters in excess of 10. Using as test case a homogeneous spherical particle we have found that the pseudo-spectral time domain method is generally more efficient (uses less cpu time for a given accuracy) than the finite-difference time domain method. The DDA method appears to be superior to the pseudo-spectral method for indices of refraction less than 1.5, but as the index of refraction increases, the pseudo-spectral method becomes superior. We present here some results for particles with size parameters 10 and 30, and indices of refraction 1.3117 and 1.7.
The cytochemistry of nonezyme proteins.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the cytochemistry of nonenzyme proteins. Histochemically, there are three approaches to the demonstration of proteins: staining methods, autoradiography, and physical optical methods. The demonstration of proteins by staining methods rests on one of two general approaches: (1) the attachment of dye to a particular reactive group typical of proteins or (2) the attachment of a dye to one of the side chain group's characteristic of certain amino acids. The most frequently used method of demonstrating proteins has rested on the affinity of acid dyes for the reactive basic groups of proteins. Indeed, the staining of “cytoplasmic ground substance” with acid dyes such as eosin or orange G represents one of the oldest techniques in histology. Deitch has used the acid dye, naphthol yellow S, in 1% acetic acid to stain the dibasic amino acid residues of arginine, lysine, and histidine. Autoradiography is one of the exciting techniques that followed in the wake of the availability of radioactive isotopes. For the identification of proteins properly, usually C14 or S35 labeled amino acids have been used. Tissues from the organism exposed to the intake and subsequent incorporation of labeled amino acids are removed and processed as usual for histological staining; before or after staining, the sections are covered with a photographic emulsion and exposed in the dark for several days to several weeks. The emulsion is then developed.
4 The Cellular Basis of Sea Urchin Gastrulation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the cellular mechanisms of morphogenesis in the sea urchin gastrula. The sea urchin embryo has been historically important system for investigating the cellular basis of gastrulation. Sea urchin embryos can be obtained in large numbers; they develop synchronously, they are optically transparent, and their organization is relatively simple. The simplicity of the organization of the sea urchin embryo makes it an appealing model system for undertaking a cellular analysis of gastrulation. Mechanical interactions are significant during gastrulation. Forces capable of shaping the embryo may be produced by single cells or groups of cells. Understanding the response of other cells to such forces is a part of the analysis of gastrulation. Behaviors exhibited by a cell, may serve multiple functions during gastrulation. A clear example of such multiplicity is the role played by the secondary mesenchyme cells. Their mechanical influence seems to be important for elongating the archenteron, but they are also required for correct attachment and positioning of the tip of the archenteron.
Siting of manned lunar launch facilities.

The criteria used to select Merritt Island, Fla., as the launch area for the manned lunar landing program; and the launch operations concept, criteria, and considerations used for siting individual facilities at the launch complex are presented. Conclusions are based on the best data available at the time of launch area selection and launch complex layout.
Examining the Influence of Campus Leadership Programs at a Catholic University.

This study uses the socially responsible leadership and leadership efficacy scales in the Multi-Institutional Study of Leadership (MSL) to examine leadership programs at one Catholic campus, and their influence on socially responsible leadership and leadership efficacy. Examining students that identified as involved in 14 campus leadership programs (e.g., student government, residence assistants, and orientation) compared to the students uninvolved in these programs, the researchers examined campus-specific data for the MSL over two collection periods.
Massively parallel scanning probe nanolithography

Direct-writing lithographic processes such as electron-beam lithography or techniques based on Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) are sequential, and therefore have a low throughput. This paper discusses parallel approaches to SPM lithography that use multiple tips to achieve high throughputs. Algorithms are presented for planning the motion of an SPM multi-tip array so as to write complex patterns in an efficient, parallel manner. The input is a set of features (polygons) defined in the Caltech Intermediate Format (CIF), which is a de facto standard used by most electronic Computer-Aided Design systems. Simulation results are presented to validate the approach.
Comparisons of implant-through-contact and conventional high-voltage TFTs

An implant-through-contact (ITC) scheme to fabricate offset-gate high-voltage (HV) thin-film transistors (TFTs) has recently been proposed. The ITC scheme saves the n/sup +/ mask required in the conventional methods by performing the n/sup +/ source-drain implant only after contact opening. The device performances of ITC and conventional HV transistors has been fully characterized and compared. Both ITC and conventional HV TFTs have been fabricated on the same wafers by making the ITC TFTs during the conventional n/sup +/ source-drain implant and applying another n/sup +/ implant after contact opening for forming their source-drain. Experimental results show that ITC transistors have a higher breakdown voltage. ITC transistors also show better alignment tolerance in regard to the drain offset length, which is beneficial for large area applications. The observed improvements are ascribed to the existence of a drain metal field plate overlapping the offset region of ITC TFTs. The drain metal pad serves to accumulate and enhance carriers along the offset region, thus minimizing its sensitivity to the length. This has been confirmed by fabricating conventional HV TFTs with and without the drain overlapping field plate. >
The Spectrum of the Almost Mathieu Operator

These notes are based on a series of six lectures, given during my stay at the CRC 701 in June/July 2008. The lecture series intended to give a survey of some of the results for the almost Mathieu operator that have been obtained since the early 1980's. Specifically, the metal-insulator transition is discussed in detail, along with its relation to the ten Martini problem via duality and reducibility.
Identification of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Serum Antitoxin Activity by the Vascular Permeability Factor Assay

Twenty-five strains of enterotoxigenic (tox(+)) Escherichia coli isolated in India, Bangladesh, and the U.S.A. were shown to produce vascular permeability factor (PF) activity as well as diarrheagenic activity. Sixteen strains of non-enterotoxigenic E. coli were found to be PF negative. The PF response elicited by tox(+)E. coli isolated in the U.S.A. from cases of infantile diarrhea was qualitatively different and more difficult to demonstrate. However, this problem was surmounted by assaying 25-fold concentrates of the crude enterotoxin of these strains. PF activity of various strains of tox(+)E. coli was neutralized by anti-PF antiserum prepared against the enterotoxin of strain H-10407. This anti-PF antiserum also neutralized PF activity of Vibrio cholerae enterotoxin (choleragen). Antiserum containing antibody specific for purified choleragen neutralized E. coli PF activity. These and other results indicate that the PF activity of E. coli is a function of the diarrheagenic enterotoxin as is known to be the case with choleragen. We conclude that the PF assay can be employed for the identification of tox(+)E. coli and for the detection of antitoxic antibody.
Evaluation of cis-acting elements in the rubella virus subgenomic RNA that play a role in its translation.

The subgenomic (SG) mRNA of rubella virus (RUB) contains the structural protein open reading frame (SP-ORF) that is translated to produce the three virion structural proteins: capsid (C) and glycoproteins E2 and E1. RUB expression vectors have been developed that express heterologous genes from the SG RNA, including replicons which replace the SP-ORF with a heterologous gene, and these expression vectors are candidate vaccine vectors. In the related alphaviruses, translational enhancing elements have been identified in both the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of the SG RNA and the N-terminal region of the C gene. To optimize expression from RUB vectors, both the 5′UTR of the SG RNA and the C gene were surveyed for translational enhancing elements using both plasmids and replicons expressing reporter genes from the SG RNA. In replicons, the entire 5′UTR was necessary for translation; interestingly, when plasmids were used the 5′UTR was dispensable for optimal translation. The RUB C gene contains a predicted long stem-loop starting 62 nts downstream from the initiation codon (SLL) that has a structure and stability similar to SL’s found in the C genes of two alphaviruses, Sindbis virus (SIN) and Semliki Forest virus, that have been shown to enhance translation of the SG RNA in infected cells. However, a series of fusions of various lengths of the N-terminus of the RUB C protein with reporter genes showed that the SLL had an attenuating effect on translation that was overcome by mutagenesis that destabilized the SLL or by adding downstream sequences of the C gene to the fusion. Thus, for optimal expression efficiency from RUB expression vectors, only the 5′UTR of the SG RNA is required. Further investigation of the differing effects of the SLL on RUB and alphavirus SG RNA translation revealed that the SIN and RUB SLLs could enhance translation when expressed from a SIN cytopathic replicon, but not when expressed from a plasmid, a RUB replicon, or a SIN noncytopathic replicon. Thus, the SLL only functions in a “cytopathic environment” in which cell translation has been altered.
Ultra fast all-optical fiber pressure sensor for blast event evaluation

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a great potential threat to soldiers who are exposed to explosions or athletes who receive cranial impacts. Protecting people from TBI has recently attracted a significant amount of attention due to recent military operations in the Middle East. Recording pressure transient data in a blast event is very critical to the understanding of the effects of blast events on TBI. However, due to the fast change of the pressure during blast events, very few sensors have the capability to effectively track the dynamic pressure transients. This paper reports an ultra fast, miniature and all-optical fiber pressure sensor which could be mounted at different locations of a helmet to measure the fast changing pressure simultaneously. The sensor is based on Fabry-Perot (FP) principle. The end face of the fiber is wet etched. A well controlled thickness silicon dioxide diaphragm is thermal bonded on the end face to form an FP cavity. A shock tube test was conducted at Natick Soldier Research Development and Engineering Center, where the sensors were mounted in a shock tube side by side with a reference sensor to measure the rapidly changing pressure. The results of the test demonstrated that the sensor developed had an improved rise time (shorter than 0.4 μs) when compared to a commercially available reference sensor.
Infant perception and cognition and the initial architecture of constructivist models

There is a wealth of data on the perceptual and cognitive capacities of infants strongly supporting early nativistic influences on development. Without considering these initial determinants, constructivist models of development are at best incomplete.
Surge-Voltage Breakdown Characteristics for Electrical Gaps in Oil

This paper, emanating from a request for information regarding surge voltages required to break down gaps in oil, gives surge breakdown voltage values with different gap spacings for ?-inch, ?-inch, and 1-inch round rod electrodes with hemispherical ends immersed in transformer oil. As expected, these values are a function of ``time to breakdown'' but for each condition curves show constant breakdown values for breakdown times of the order of about 16 microseconds and longer with the 1? × 40 negative wave, used on all the tests reported. Particular attention is called to the relatively small amount of oil required for tests of this type, made possible by the special type of test barrel used.
Existence of multiple periodic solutions for first order functional differential equations

Abstract We obtain sufficient conditions for the existence of three T -periodic solutions of the first order functional differential equation u ′ ( t ) = a ( t ) g ( u ( t ) ) u ( t ) − b ( t ) f ( u ( t − τ ( t ) ) ) , where a , b , τ ∈ C ( R , R ) are T -periodic functions, f , g ∈ C ( R , R ) , and g is not necessarily bounded. As an application of our theorem, we also derived criteria for the existence of three T -periodic solutions of the eigenvalue problem u ′ ( t ) = a ( t ) g ( u ( t ) ) u ( t ) − λ b ( t ) f ( u ( t − τ ( t ) ) ) , where λ is a positive parameter. Our analysis mainly relies on the lower and upper solution method and the topological degree theory. Examples are provided to apply our results.
A Study of Annealing of Poly(ethylene-co-octene) by Temperature-Modulated and Standard Differential Scanning Calorimetry

Annealing of poly(ethylene-co-octene)s with 12−25 mass % 1-octene for 2.5−5250 min was carried out by approaching the annealing temperature through cooling at 10 K min-1. Above the annealing temperature, primary crystallization was initiated. The analysis of the samples was performed during and after the annealing with temperature-modulated and standard differential scanning calorimetry, respectively (TMDSC and DSC). The irreversible annealing process consists of two different, exothermic events which are secondary crystallization and reorganization. The two processes were separated and quantitatively expressed by exponential laws with relaxation times of the order of 5 and 100 min, respectively. The two stages of crystallization and the reorganization produce a temperature-dependent, arrested, metastable, global structure of crystals and amorphous defects. Changing the annealing time can only partially compensate for changes in annealing temperature. Furthermore, TMDSC reveals a small amount of fully rev...
A functional method for linear sets II

Various exceptional sets (such as Helson sets and sets of multiplicity) are constructed by means of a functional method using differentiable mappings.
An exo-cell assay for examining real-time γ-secretase activity and inhibition

γ-Secretase is an aspartyl protease that cleaves multiple substrates that are involved in broad biological processes ranging from stem cell development to neurodegeneration. The investigation of γ-secretase has been limited by currently available assays that require genetic or biochemical manipulation in the form of substrate transfection or membrane preparation. Here we report an exo-cell assay that is capable of characterizing γ-secretase activity in any cellular system without limitation. Using a highly active, recombinant substrate this assay can quickly and easily ascertain the status of γ-secretase activity in cell systems and patient samples. We have applied this method to determine the activity of γ-secretase in primary cell samples where transfection and/or membrane isolation are not viable options. Importantly, it allows for the detection of real time γ-secretase activity after inhibitor or drug treatment. The application of this assay to determine the role of γ-secretase in physiological and pathological conditions will greatly facilitate our characterization of this complex protease and help in the development and evaluation of γ-secretase-targeted therapies in Alzheimer's disease or a variety of neoplasms.
The automorphism-order in finite groups

The notion of automorphism-order is introduced as a generalization of elemental order in finite groups. Some theorems involving orders of elements are then generalized. Divisibility properties involving this concept are considered. Necessary and sufficient conditions for an abelian group to be represented by number-theoretic functions involving divisibility properties are given. Explicit formulas of these functions are also given.
The Structure and Recall of Narrative Prose

Abstract This paper describes a study of the recall of narrative prose. Subjects listened to repeated presentations of a tape recording of two pages from a history book, with verbal recalls collected after each presentation. The elements of the passage were organized according to a serial structure based on order in the passage and a story grammar structure based on causal relations. While the serial structure at first influenced which elements of the passage were remembered, as the subjects remembered more of the passage, the story grammar structure became the dominant influence over the elements remembered on subsequent recalls.
UV Photodegradation of Biomolecules and Polymers by an Interferometric Technique

Photodegradation grating is formed on thin films of biomolecules like melanin and polymers like polybutadiene using UVA laser interferometry. Photodegradation rate is measured by monitoring diffraction of a He-Ne laser by grating in real-time.
Central projections of the saccular and utricular nerves in macaques.

The central projections of the utricular and saccular nerve in macaques were examined using transganglionic labeling of vestibular afferent neurons. In these experiments, biotinylated dextran amine was injected directly into the saccular or utricular neuroepithelium of fascicularis (Macaca fascicularis) or rhesus (Macaca mulatta) monkeys. Two to 5 weeks later, the animals were killed and the peripheral vestibular sensory organs, brainstem, and cerebellum were collected for analysis. The principal brainstem areas of saccular nerve termination were lateral, particularly the spinal vestibular nucleus, the lateral portion of the superior vestibular nucleus, ventral nucleus y, the external cuneate nucleus, and cell group l. The principal cerebellar projection was to the uvula with a less dense projection to the nodulus. Principle brainstem areas of termination of the utricular nerve were the lateral/dorsal medial vestibular nucleus, ventral and lateral portions of the superior vestibular nucleus, and rostral portion of the spinal vestibular nucleus. In the cerebellum, a strong projection was observed to the nodulus and weak projections were present in the flocculus, ventral paraflocculus, bilateral fastigial nuclei, and uvula. Although there is extensive overlap of saccular and utricular projections, saccular inputs to the lateral portions of the vestibular nuclear complex suggest that saccular afferents contribute to the vestibulospinal system. In contrast, the utricular nerve projects more rostrally into areas of known concentration of vestibulo-ocular related cells. Although sparse, the projections of the utricle to the flocculus/ventral paraflocculus suggest a potential convergence with floccular projection inputs from the vestibular brainstem that have been implicated in vestibulo-ocular motor learning.
Cosmopolitanism, Nationalism and Moral Opportunity Costs

Cosmopolitanism and nationalism are at war, if the criticism they relentlessly direct at each other is any guide. The current debates between defenders of these two views tend to solve their disagreements by showing that one view is incoherent and assigning victory to the other. I argue instead that cosmopolitanism and nationalism do not fail on their own, but are rather incomplete facets of the truth, because each reflects demands of morality that are in permanent tension with one another. Moreover, there may be no way in principle to establish a binding order of priority between nationalistic and cosmopolitan claims, even if in practice we will find various ways to negotiate between them.
WE‐SAMS‐AUD B‐03: Gated Radiotherapy for Lung Cancer

Respiratory gated radiotherapy holds promise to reduce the incidence and severity of normal tissue complications and to increase local control through dose escalation for lungcancer patients. In this lecture, we discuss the current status, existing problems, and potential solutions for applying gating techniques to lungcancertreatment. First, the motion artifacts in CT simulation are discussed and the 4D CT scan technique is recommended for treatment simulation of lungcancer patients under gated radiotherapy. Second, we discuss two currently available forms of gated radiotherapy: internal (fluoroscopic) gating and external (optical) gating. Internal gating utilizes internal tumor motion surrogates such as implanted fiducial markers while external gating uses external respiratory surrogates such as markers placed on the surface of the patient's abdomen. The major strengths of external gating are that it is non‐invasive, is relatively easy and does not require any radiationdose for imaging. However, the relationship between the tumor motion and the surrogate signal may change over time, inter‐ and intra‐fractionally. The major strength of the internal gating systems is the precise and real‐time localization of the tumor position during the treatment. The two major weaknesses of internal gating are the risk of pneumothorax for implantation of markers in lung and the high imagingdose required for fluoroscopic tracking. Third, we discuss the potential solutions and future development of gated radiotherapy for lungtreatment. We propose the combination of external and internal surrogates (hybrid gating) to solve the imaging dos problem and the direct fluoroscopic tracking of lung mass to avoid seed implantation. Other related issues are also discussed.
Design of Conductor-Cooled Steam Turbine-Generators and Application to Modern Power Systems

Principles which influence the design, application, and operation of conductor-cooled turbine-generators with liquid-cooled stator windings and gap-pickup rotors are defined. Thermal design practice applying for continuous operation at steady-state load conditions is described, and the practical attainment of design temperatures is verified by the results of generator tests in the factory and in the field. Temperature-time relationships resulting from short-time overload conditions are shown. These thermal relationships and the associated duty on the generator components form the basis for a guide to machine operation during forcing conditions and short circuits. Generator thermal characteristics are related to generator and system characteristics which are considerations of proper application and operation of the generator on the power system.