cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reply to “Quo Vadimus?”

Have all of Hilbert's 23 problems been solved, and how did they influence mathematics since he stated them at the International Conference of Mathematicians in 1900? Many readers may be wondering, after reading “Quo Vadimus?” [by George D. Garland, V. Keilis-Borok, and Helmut Moritz] (Eos, February 11, 1986, p. 65).
Anti-Müllerian Hormone as a Diagnostic Marker for Equine Cryptorchidism in Three Cases with Equivocal Testosterone Concentrations

Abstract Cryptorchidism is a developmental disorder which can be diagnosed by a variety of different tests. Still, equine field veterinarians often rely on endocrine markers to detect retained testicular tissue. This report describes the value of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) as a diagnostic marker for cryptorchidism in three stallions suspected of cryptorchidism, with equivalent serum testosterone concentrations. A single measurement of AMH identified cryptorchidism, with inconclusive testosterone concentrations as either gelding or stallion. Furthermore, a human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulation test or surgery was performed to support the diagnostic value of AMH. To conclude, the endocrine panel for cryptorchidism should be expanded to include determination of serum AMH, as this determination can increase the diagnostic accuracy of a single blood sample.
Validation and Sensitivities of Dynamic Precipitation Simulation for Winter Events over the Folsom Lake Watershed: 1964-99

Abstract A total of 62 winter-storm events in the period 1964–99 over the Folsom Lake watershed located at the windward slope of the Sierra Nevada were simulated with a 9-km resolution using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5). Mean areal precipitation (MAP) over the entire watershed and each of four subbasins was estimated based on gridded simulated precipitation. The simulated MAP was verified with MAP estimated (a) by the California Nevada River Forecast Center (CNRFC) for the four subbasins based on eight operational precipitation stations, and (b) for the period from 1980 to 1986, on the basis of a denser precipitation observing network deployed by the Sierra Cooperative Pilot Project (SCPP). A number of sensitivity runs were performed to understand the dependence of model precipitation on boundary and initial fields, cold versus warm start, and microphysical parameterization. The principal findings of the validation analysis are that (a) MM5 achieves a good ...
Quantity of partial agonist activity for antiglucocorticoids complexed with mutant glucocorticoid receptors is constant in two different transactivation assays but not predictable from steroid structure.

Abstract An unsolved question in steroid hormone action is why the amount of agonist activity displayed by antisteroids is not constant but varies with the assay conditions. Receptor mutations have provided insight into hormone action, presumably due to changes in the tertiary structure of the receptor that alter its interaction surfaces with the transcriptional machinery or/and co-factors. We have now employed two mechanistically different induction assays to determine whether disparate transactivation processes are similarly altered by receptor mutations. The two activation assays studied were (i) the standard induction of GREtkLUC in transiently transfected CV-1 cells and (ii) a novel modulation of endogenous receptor activity by transiently transfected receptors in HeLa cells. Five different mutations in the ligand binding and DNA binding domains of the rat glucocorticoid receptor (CS1, CS1/CD, 451/9, C656G, and R732Q) and seven steroids of varied structures (five antagonists and two agonists) were selected for use. The results in both induction assays were the same. However, no generalizations regarding steroid structure and activity emerged. Neither of two potent glucocorticoids were active with GR-CS1, or GR-CS1/CD, while RU 486 was the only antisteroid with appreciable agonist activity. With the GR-451/9 mutant, three antagonists afforded partial agonist activity. We confirmed that the C656G mutant is both “super-sensitive” and “super-selective” for transactivation. In contrast, the R732Q mutation caused significant decreases in activity with both antagonists and subsaturating concentrations of agonists. This inability to generalize about the behavior of any class of steroids with mutant receptors may reflect an induced fit for each receptor–steroid complex. Nevertheless, the activity of a given steroid appeared to be constant in two different transactivation assays for a given mutant receptor. Thus, disparate transactivation processes may utilize identical receptor surfaces, even in the expression of partial agonist activity for specific antiglucocorticoids.
Standardized method for quantification of developing lymphedema in patients treated for breast cancer.

Purpose To develop a simple and practical formula for quantifying breast cancer-related lymphedema, accounting for both the asymmetry of upper extremities' volumes and their temporal changes. Methods and Materials We analyzed bilateral perometer measurements of the upper extremity in a series of 677 women who prospectively underwent lymphedema screening during treatment for unilateral breast cancer at Massachusetts General Hospital between August 2005 and November 2008. Four sources of variation were analyzed: between repeated measurements on the same arm at the same session; between both arms at baseline (preoperative) visit; in follow-up measurements; and between patients. Effects of hand dominance, time since diagnosis and surgery, age, weight, and body mass index were also analyzed. Results The statistical distribution of variation of measurements suggests that the ratio of volume ratios is most appropriate for quantification of both asymmetry and temporal changes. Therefore, we present the formula for relative volume change (RVC): RVC=(A 2 U 1 )/(U 2 A 1 ) − 1, where A 1 , A 2 are arm volumes on the side of the treated breast at two different time points, and U 1 , U 2 are volumes on the contralateral side. Relative volume change is not significantly associated with hand dominance, age, or time since diagnosis. Baseline weight correlates ( p = 0.0074) with higher RVC; however, baseline body mass index or weight changes over time do not. Conclusions We propose the use of the RVC formula to assess the presence and course of breast cancer–related lymphedema in clinical practice and research.
Hijacking the DNA Damage Response to Enhance Viral Replication: γ-Herpesvirus 68 orf36 Phosphorylates Histone H2AX

In a step toward clarifying how acute viral infections provoke the host DNA damage response, Tarakanova et al. (2007) characterized a γ-herpesvirus protein, which phosphorylates histone H2AX during infection, suggesting that the virus actively initiates and benefits from the host DNA damage response.
Reticular formation unit discharge modulation by local perfusion in behaving cats

Abstract A combined push-pull cannula and microwire unit recording device was developed to study brain unit discharge within the field of perfused agents during sleep in behaving cats. KCl perfusion increased pontine reticular formation (PRF) unit discharge and protein concentrations in the perfusate. Simultaneous midbrain reticular formation unit recordings showed either increased or decreased rates. By contrast, chloramphenicol perfusion suppressed PRF unit discharge, particularly during sow-wave sleep (SWS) and SWS-REM transition periods. Unit recordings were stable for several hours during perfusion experiments. This method allows simultaneous study of (i) unit discharge within a chemically stimulated brain region, (ii) agents released in the perfusate, and (iii) behavioral and remote electrophysiologic responses.
PROTON ACCELERATION AT OBLIQUE SHOCKS

Acceleration at the shock waves propagating oblique to the magnetic field is studied using a recently developed theoretical/numerical model. The model assumes that resonant hydromagnetic wave-particle interaction is the most important physical mechanism relevant to motion and acceleration of particles as well as to excitation and damping of waves. The treatment of plasma and waves is self-consistent and time dependent. The model uses conservation laws and resonance conditions to find where waves will be generated or damped, and hence particles will be pitch-angle-scattered. The total distribution is included in the model and neither introduction of separate population of seed particles nor some ad hoc escape rate of accelerated particles is needed. Results of the study show agreement with diffusive shock acceleration models in the prediction of power spectra for accelerated particles in the upstream region. However, they also reveal the presence of spectral break in the high-energy part of the spectra. The role of the second-order Fermi-like acceleration at the initial stage of the acceleration is discussed. The test case used in the paper is based on ISEE-3 data collected for the shock of 1978 November 12.
On the description of direct nuclear rearrangement reactions using various coupled channel equations

Abstract The standard description of direct nuclear rearrangement reactions by means of the distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) or the coupled reaction channel (CRC) method has provided little insight into the role of rearrangement coupling effects in these reactions. Essential to these calculational schemes is the bound state approximation (BSA), i.e., the replacement of the full wave function by product wave functions corresponding to relevant asymptotic channels. The role of the continuum in rearrangement effects is thus ignored. Many-body scattering theory provides a powerful, mathematically correct tool for assessing the validity of these approximate schemes and for improving the treatment of the coupling mechanisms. In this paper we use one of the many-body scattering theories, the channel coupling array (CCA) theory, to study rearrangement coupling effects in the BSA both theoretically and computationally. The results of these calculations are compared with those from the DWBA and the CRC scheme for the transfer reactions 16O(d, p)17O(2s 1 2 ), 16O(α, 3He)17O(2s 1 2 ), and 19F(3He, d)20He(0+). The associated elastic cross sections are also determined. Coupling effects are found to be very small in the BSA. They are overestimated considerably in the common “post” form of the CRC equations. In general, the CCA and CRC results are similar in shape and in magnitude. We argue that the exact coupling effects can be much larger and indicate how one could accomodate these large effects in equations having the same structure as the CCA or CRC equations. In such equations the rearrangement effects will mainly reveal themselves either through modified optical potentials, in which case a DWBA procedure — which uses first-order distorted waves — is well justified, or through large coupling potentials in which case higher order CCA or CRC type equations must be used. In the second case, and possibly also in the first case, the effective coupling potentials will be quite different from the short range interaction occurring in the usual DWBA.
Structural study of self-assembled monolayer of 22-mercapto-1-docosanoic acid on silver (111)

Abstract 22-mercapto-1-docosanoic acid spontaneously forms a compact self-assembled (SA) monolayer on the silver (111) surface. Surface X-ray diffraction shows that the in-plane structure of this monolayer is close-packed hexagonal with an interchain spacing of approximately 4.77 A and a chain tilt angle of 0±5° from the surface normal. The monolayer is incommensurate with the substrate and exhibits rotational epitaxy. The rotational epitaxy angle also depends monotonically on the interchain spacing and varies from 0 to ±10° with respect to the Ag(211) direction as the spacing varies from 4.80 to 4.73 A. Based on comparisons with other structures we conclude that the S atom is bound to the surface.
INFRARED SPECTRA OF SOME ASYMMETRIC DISULFIDES PRODUCED BY ALLIUM.

Abstract Gas-liquid Chromatographic analysis of vapors from chopped tissues of Allium allows rapid determination of a number of aliphatic disulfides. Elemental analyses, infrared spectra, and relative retention volume data for three synthetic, asymmetric disulfides, methyl-allyl, methyl- n -propyl, and allyl- n propyl, are presented. These infrared spectra and relative retention volumes are used to confirm the production of these compounds by Allium . Species studied were Allium satirum L. (garlic), A. chinense G. Don (rakkyo), and A. ampeloprasum L. (great-headed garlic).
Aging Prisoners' Concerns toward Dying in Prison:

Prison populations are experiencing rapid increases and many more offenders are dying in prison. This study investigated key variables associated with death anxiety among a group of aging prisoners. For this research, 102 respondents residing in a maximum security prison with a mean age of 59 completed Templer's Death Anxiety Scale. A regression analysis showed that age, inmate social supports, and a number of health related variables were important predictors of death fear. The findings revealed that fear of death is slightly higher among older prisoners than for similar age groups in the community. Qualitative information based on personal narratives found that some inmates see death as an escape, while others expressed fears of dying in prison or the stigma associated with imprisonment.
Computationally efficient 3-D statistical reconstruction from digitized radiographs

X-ray and /spl gamma/-ray radiography have been indispensable techniques for materials inspection for many years. Internal structure is typically inferred from radiographs by human evaluation. More precise information is possible if the function of three spatial variables can be estimated directly from the radiographic data. Several mathematical inversion formulae have been derived for deterministic reconstruction from the cone-beam integral projection data represented by the radiographs, but depend on large numbers of measurements for usable reconstructions. Bayesian statistical approaches are more robust to data limitations, and can function usefully in the presence of severe system limitations. The solution of the estimation problem, however, is an formidable numerical challenge, requiring inordinate amounts of computing power and data storage for quality reconstructions. This paper presents techniques for reducing the computation time and storage requirements for iterative approximation from digitized radiographs. Examples of these reconstructions are provided for physical experiments with steel samples imaged on radiographic film.
Ssri-induced sexual dysfunction in adolescents.

The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used for the treatment of pediatric anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorders (Kastelic et al., 2000). With the exception of behavioral disinhibition, the occurrence of SSRI adverse effects in children and adolescents, such as headache, dry mouth, gastrointestinal upset, and insomnia, is reported to be similar to the occurrence in adults (Findling et al., 1999; Riddle et al., 1990). However, little if anything is known about the occurrence of sexual dysfunction in adolescents prescribed SSRIs. We attempted to obtain an estimate of the prevalence of SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction by performing a chart review in one of our hospital-based clinics. This particular clinic is unique in that the attending physician (W.G.R.) is both a child and adolescent psychiatrist and a pediatric urologist. It is the practice in this clinic to take a sexual history and to regularly ask about sexual functioning. The Johns Hopkins Hospital Institutional Review Board approved our research protocol. All charts of adolescent patients 13 to 17 years old were reviewed. Patients whose sexual dysfunction was due to some kind of neurological defect or structural defect were excluded. A consecutive series of 34 charts was thus identified. Twelve patients (35%) were neither receiving SSRI treatment nor experiencing any sexual dysfunction. Seventeen patients (50%) were receiving SSRI treatment, but no sexual dysfunction was reported in any of them. Five patients (15%) were receiving the SSRI sertraline and reported experiencing sexual dysfunction (Table 1). Given these limited data, the point prevalence of SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction among adolescents in a hospital-based clinic is 23% (5 of 22). Except for one letter to the editor (Robinson, 2001) that reported impaired sexual functioning in three of five adolescents prescribed SSRIs, there are no studies of SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction in adolescents. In adults, SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction leads to an impaired quality of life and to poor treatment compliance (Rosen et al., 1999). It may be reasonable to expect that a similar impairment in quality of life and poor treatment compliance also occur in adolescents who experience SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction. Further work needs to be done to test this hypothesis. Our estimate of the prevalence of SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction in adolescents is very crude at best and is probably only valid for sertraline. However, even with a rough estimate of 23%, it does suggest that SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction in adolescents may be common. Asking the adolescent direct questions about sex and sexual functioning may be the most effective way to assess for SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction.
Partial characterization of lipoproteins containing apo[a] in human atherosclerotic lesions.

Previously we quantified the amounts of im- munoreactive apo( a) found in human atherosclerotic lesions ex- tracted sequentially with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCI). In this study we have at- tempted to characterize lipoproteins containing apo(a) in such PBS and GuHCl fractions, obtained from autopsy samples, in order to eventually determine their structure-function relation- ships critical for evaluating the mechanisms that make them atherogenic. Apo(a) in the PBS extracts migrated slightly ahead of plasma Lp(a) on agarose electrophoresis. Although apo(a) in extracts showed the same isoforms as in plasma in SDS-PAGE, it was also highly fragmented. When a d < 1.10 g/ml ultracen- trifugation fraction of the PBS extract was subjected to gel filtra- tion, a major part of the immunoreactive apo(a) in this fraction co-isolated with plasma Lp(a). When the Lp(a)-sized fraction was further separated by density gradient ultracentrifugation, a subpopulation was isolated containing apo(a) in the 1.06 < d < 1.08 g/ml density range that was free of lesion-derived low density lipoprotein (LDL) (A-LDL). This fraction contained immunoreactive apo(a) and apoB, had a total cholesterol to pro- tein ratio of about 1, and demonstrated increases in fluorescence (360 ex/430 em) and conjugated dienes that were even greater than values obtained for the corresponding A-LDL sample. The void volume fraction following gel exclusion chromatography of the d < 1.10 g/ml fractions contained both apo(a) and apoB that comigrated on nondenaturing PAGE, suggesting that they were present on the same particle. Apo(a) in GuHCl extracts comigrated with plasma Lp(a) on agarose electrophoresis and contained apo(a) isoforms of similar molecular weights as those found in corresponding plasma samples. When the GuHCl ex- tract was subjected directly to gel filtration in the presence of 6 M GuHCI, two included peaks of apo(a) immunoreactivity were present, one eluting slightly ahead of plasma Lp(a), the other slightly ahead of plasma LDL. Collectively, these data indi- cate that apo(a) is present in human atherosclerotic lesions in forms resembling intact but oxidized plasma Lp(a), as larger particles possibly representing Lp(a) complexed to itself or other plaque components, and as slightly smaller particles possibly representing degraded Lp(a).-Hoff, H. F., J. O'Neil, and A. Yashiro. Partial characterization of lipoproteins containing apo(a) in human atherosclerotic lesions. J. Lipid Res. 1993. 34: 789-798.
Expectancies, Setting, Age, and Beverage Choice as Predictors of Sexual Behaviors in Hypothetical Dating Situations

Brief vignettes depicting heterosexual dates were used to examine how date location (bar/restaurant), age (21/35), female character's beverage choice (alcohol/soda), and respondents' gender interacted to determine participants' estimations of the likelihood of sexual behaviors between daters. Participants were randomly assigned to read vignettes that combined these factors in a factorial design. Younger, alcohol-drinking females in a bar date were perceived as more likely to engage in sex than were nondrinking females at a restaurant. For older daters, neither factor was relevant. The drinking female was perceived as more likely to initiate sex than was the nondrinker. Alcohol use by the male target was not related to perceived initiation likelihood. Participants with stronger alcohol expectancies gave higher estimates of likelihood of sex.
The Expression of N-Terminal Deletion DNA Pilot Proteins Inhibits the Early Stages of φX174 Replication

The X174 DNA pilot protein H contains four predicted C-terminal coiled-coil domains. The region of the gene encoding these structures was cloned, expressed in vivo, and found to strongly inhibit wild-type replication. DNA and protein synthesis was investigated in the absence of de novo H protein synthesis and in wild-type-infected cells expressing the inhibitory proteins (H). The expression of the H proteins interfered with early stages of DNA replication, which did not require de novo H protein synthesis, suggesting that the inhibitory proteins interfere with the wild-type H protein that enters the cell with the penetrating DNA. As transcription and protein synthesis are dependent on DNA replication in positive single-stranded DNA life cycles, viral protein synthesis was also reduced. However, unlike DNA synthesis, efficient viral protein synthesis required de novo H protein synthesis, a novel function for this protein. A single amino acid change in the C terminus of protein H was both necessary and sufficient to confer resistance to the inhibitory H proteins, restoring both DNA and protein synthesis to wild-type levels. H proteins derived from the resistant mutant did not inhibit wild-type or resistant mutant replication. The inhibitory effects of the H proteins were lessened by the coexpression of the internal scaffolding protein, which may suppress H-H protein interactions. While coexpression relieved the block in DNA biosynthesis, viral protein synthesis remained suppressed. These data indicate that protein H’s role in DNA replication and stimulating viral protein synthesis can be uncoupled. Although the atomic structure of protein H remains to be elucidated, the results of bioinformatic analyses predict an N-terminal transmembrane (23) and several coiled-coil domains (16) in the C terminus (Fig. 1). During penetration, H protein is ejected from the capsid along with the penetrating DNA (14). Initially, protein H and the incoming DNA are associated with the outer membrane (13) at sites of cell wall adhesion (2, 3). From there, the single-stranded DNA
MicroRNA 29 Targets Nuclear Factor-κB–Repressing Factor and Claudin 1 to Increase Intestinal Permeability

Background & Aims Some patients with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D) have intestinal hyperpermeability, which contributes to their diarrhea and abdominal pain. MicroRNA 29 (MIR29) regulates intestinal permeability in patients with IBS-D. We investigated and searched for targets of MIR29 and investigated the effects of disrupting Mir29 in mice. Methods We investigated expression MIR29A and B in intestinal biopsies collected during endoscopy from patients with IBS (n = 183) and without IBS (controls) (n = 36). Levels were correlated with disease phenotype. We also generated and studied Mir29 −/− mice, in which expression of Mir29a and b, but not c, is lost. Colitis was induced by administration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid; intestinal tissues were collected and permeability was assessed. Microarray analysis was performed using tissues from Mir29 −/− mice. Changes in levels of target genes were measured in human colonic epithelial cells and small intestinal epithelial cells after knockdown of MIR29 with anti-MIRs. Results Intestinal tissues from patients with IBS-D (but not IBS with constipation or controls) had increased levels of MIR29A and B, but reduced levels of Claudin-1 (CLDN1) and nuclear factor-κB–repressing factor (NKRF). Induction of colitis and water avoidance stress increased levels of Mir29a and Mir29b and intestinal permeability in wild-type mice; these increased intestinal permeability in colons of far fewer Mir29 −/− mice. In microarray and knockdown experiments, MIR29A and B were found to reduce levels of NKRF and CLDN1 messenger RNA, and alter levels of other messenger RNAs that regulate intestinal permeability. Conclusions Based on experiments in knockout mice and analyses of intestinal tissue samples from patients with IBS-D, MIR29 targets and reduces expression of CLDN1 and NKRF to increase intestinal permeability. Strategies to block MIR29 might be developed to restore intestinal permeability in patients with IBS-D.
Guidelines for best practices in biometrics research

Biometric recognition has undoubtedly made great strides over the past 50 years. To ensure that current academic research in biometrics has a positive impact on future technological developments, this paper documents some guidelines encouraging researchers to focus on high-impact problems, develop solutions that are practically viable, report results using sound experimental and evaluation protocols, and justify claims based on verifiable facts. The intent is to ensure that methods and results published in the literature have been properly evaluated and are practically feasible for automated or semi-automated human recognition. It is believed that following these guidelines will avoid inflated claims and support published research on a legitimate foundation that can be embraced by practitioners and peers in biometrics and related scientific disciplines (e.g., forensic science.
Dual purpose secondary compounds: phytotoxin of Centaurea diffusa also facilitates nutrient uptake

Traits that allow more efficient foraging for a deficient resource could increase the competitiveness of a species in resource-poor habitats. Considering the metal-nutrient mobilization ability of many allelochemicals, it is hypothesized that, along with the reported toxic effect on the neighbors, these compounds could be directly involved in resource acquisition by the allelopathic plant. Using nutrient manipulation treatments in hydroponic culture, this hypothesis was tested using Centaurea diffusa, an invasive species that produces the putative phytotoxin 8-hydroxyquinoline (8HQ). The exudation of 8HQ by C. diffusa was very limited and transient. It was further shown that: C. diffusa utilizes 8HQ for its own acquisition of iron, a nutrient deficient in many of its alkaline, invaded habitats; there possibly exists a unique mechanism for the uptake of the 8HQ-complexed iron (Fe) in C. diffusa, which is novel to the nongraminaceous species; although phytotoxic at very low concentrations, the toxic effect of 8HQ showed a conditional response in the presence of metals, and was significantly reduced when 8HQ was complexed with copper (Cu) and Fe. This study, in addition to elucidating one of the possible adaptive mechanisms conferring competitive advantage to C. diffusa, also outlines measures to negate the phytotoxicity of its putative allelochemical. The results indicate that the exudation of 8HQ by C. diffusa could be primarily for nutrient acquisition.
Marital satisfaction predicts weight gain in early marriage.

Objective Prior research makes competing predictions regarding whether marital satisfaction is positively or negatively associated with weight gain. The health regulation model suggests that satisfying relationships facilitate the functions of marriage that promote health. Thus, spouses should be most likely to gain weight when either partner is less satisfied because marital strain causes stress that interferes with self-regulatory behaviors. The mating market model, in contrast, suggests that weight maintenance is motivated primarily by the desire to attract a mate. Thus, spouses should be least likely to gain weight when either partner is less satisfied because they should feel an increased need to attract a new mate. This longitudinal study of 169 newlywed couples evaluated each possibility. Methods Spouses completed measures of height, weight, marital satisfaction, stress, steps toward divorce, and several covariates biannually for 4 years. Results Supporting the mating market model, own and partner satisfaction were positively associated with changes in weight, and this association was mediated by steps toward divorce: Spouses who were less satisfied than usual or had partners who were less satisfied than usual were more likely to consider divorce and thus less likely to gain weight. Conclusions These findings challenge the idea that quality relationships always benefit health, suggesting instead that spouses in satisfying relationships relax their efforts to maintain their weight because they are no longer motivated to attract a mate. Interventions to prevent weight gain in early marriage may therefore benefit from encouraging spouses to think about their weight in terms of health rather than appearance.
Kavitation in Kreiselpumpen

Im letzten Jahrzehnt wurde kein Zweig des Gebietes der hydraulischen Maschinen in der technischen Literatur so ausfuhrlich behandelt wie die Kavitation. Der Grund dafur ist der, das man hohere spezifische Drehzahlen, die erhohte Kavitationsgefahr mitbrachten, sowohl bei Turbinen wie bei Pumpen wahlte. Um die Zusammenhange zu klaren, wurden experimentelle und theoretische Studien uber Kavitation in Turbinen, Kreiselpumpen und in Anordnungen ohne bewegte Teile wie venturiformigen Wasserleitungen durchgefuhrt. Der Erfolg der Studien und der fuher gesammelten Erfahrungen ist, das die heutigen Pumpen bei hoheren Drehzahlen arbeiten und trotzdem sicherer gegen Zerstorungen durch Kavitation sind als fruher.
A Retrospective Examination of Sporozoite- and Trophozoite-Induced Infections with Plasmodium Falciparum: Development of Parasitologic and Clinical Immunity during Primary Infection

Abstract. A retrospective analysis was made of the parasitologic and fever records of 318 patients who had been infected with the El Limon, Santee Cooper, or McLendon strains of Plasmodium falciparum for treatment of neurosyphilis between 1940 and 1963 to determine the development of parasitologic and clinical immunity during primary infection. The presence of fever ≥ 101 °F and ≥ 104°F, asexual parasite counts ≥ 1,000 and ≥ 10,000/μl, and gametocyte counts ≥ 100/μl and ≥ 1,000/μl are presented. The frequency of fever (number of patients with fever/number of patients remaining in study) for the first 100 days of patent parasitemia, the frequency of parasite counts ≥ 1,000 and ≥ 10,000/μl during the first 100 days of patent parasitemia, and the frequency of gametocyte counts ≥ 100 and ≥ 1,000/μl during the first 100 days of patent parasitemia are presented for 4 groups of patients: 1) sporozoite-induced and 2) trophozoite-induced infections requiring treatment during their primary attack, and 3) sporozoite-induced and 4) trophozoite-induced infections not requiring treatment during the primary attack. For each sporozoite-induced infection, the route of inoculation (bites or syringe), the species of mosquito used, the number of mosquito glands or bites, the intensity of salivary gland infection, and the length of the prepatent period are recorded. Prepatent periods for 109 sporozoite-induced infections ranged from 6 to 28 days. Patients with parasitologic or clinical findings that required suppressive, but non-curative treatment, during the primary attack had higher frequency of fever, parasitemia, and gametocytemia than patients not so treated. Fever was concentrated in the first 2 weeks of patent parasitemia although instances of fever were reported > 100 days after infection. High-density parasitemia was also concentrated early in the infection; instances of parasite counts ≥ 10,000/μl occurred > 75 days after infection. In conclusion, immunity to infection with P. falciparum was shown to develop rapidly. Following primary infection, clinical and parasitologic immunity was evident within 2–3 weeks following the detection of parasites in the peripheral circulation.
Metabolic adaptation following massive weight loss is related to the degree of energy imbalance and changes in circulating leptin.

Objective To measure resting metabolic rate (RMR) and body composition changes in obese subjects following massive weight loss achieved via bariatric surgery or calorie restriction plus vigorous exercise.
Attachment of the Freshwater Limpet Laevapex fuscus to the Hemelytra of the Water Bug Belostoma flumineum

ABSTRACT Insects serve as agents of passive dispersal for freshwater limpets in the family Ancylidae. Previous studies of insect-mediated limpet dispersal have recorded limpets attaching themselves to beetles. We found the ancylid Laevapex fusczu attached to two individuals of the water bug Belostoma flumineum (Hemiptera: Belostoinatidae) at a pond in Michigan in September 2006. Our discovery is the first description of belostomatids as a potential mode of transport for ancylids. Additionally, the timing of the observation suggests a possible seasonal component to such dissemination events; this association has never been observed in spring and summer surveys at the same site.
Prognostic value of pretreatment serum beta 2 microglobulin in myeloma: a Southwest Oncology Group Study [see comments]

Six hundred twelve eligible, previously untreated patients with active multiple myeloma and at least some data available for analysis were entered into a randomized trial (Southwest Oncology Group [SWOG] Phase III myeloma study 8229/30), in which the prognostic significance of pretreatment serum beta 2 microglobulin levels was evaluated. Because there was no statistically significant survival difference between the alternating and syncopating VMCP/VBAP regimens, it was possible to evaluate serum beta 2 microglobulin for the total population all together. The serum beta 2 microglobulin measurements showed the highest significance of any prognostic factor, both in the bivariate and multivariate regression analyses. The median survival was 36 months for the 322 patients with pretreatment serum beta 2 microglobulin values of less than 6 micrograms/mL, as compared with a median survival of 23 months for the 225 patients with a beta 2 level of greater than or equal to 6 mcg/mL (P less than .0001). The stepwise multiple regression model first contained serum beta 2 microglobulin, followed by serum albumin, serum calcium, age, and serum creatinine. Serum beta 2 microglobulin was highly correlated with stage: median values ranged from 3.7 micrograms/mL for stage IA, to 10.1 for stage IIIB. It was possible to stratify myeloma patients based on combinations of serum beta 2 microglobulin with both albumin and age, producing excellent separation of patients into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk categories. It is concluded that serum beta 2 microglobulin is the most powerful prognostic factor currently available for multiple myeloma and that it can be used alone or in combination with other variables for pretreatment stratification.
Detection and filtering of landmark occlusions using Terrain Spatiograms

A team of robots cooperating to quickly produce a map needs to share landmark information between members so that the local maps can be accurately merged. However, the appearance of landmarks as seen by members of the team can change dramatically due to the phenomenon of occlusion.
Financial equilibria in the semimartingale setting: Complete markets and markets with withdrawal constraints

Existence of stochastic financial equilibria giving rise to semimartingale asset prices is established under a general class of assumptions. These equilibria are expressed in real terms and span complete markets or markets with withdrawal constraints. We deal with random endowment density streams which admit jumps and general time-dependent utility functions on which only regularity conditions are imposed. As an integral part of the proof of the main result, we establish a novel characterization of semimartingale functions.
Application of the Volume-of-Fluid Method to the Advection–Condensation Problem

Abstract The authors demonstrate the application of the volume of fluid (VOF) method, a specialized grid refinement technique, to the numerical simulation of clouds. In particular, it is shown that VOF eliminates most of the well-recognized numerical difficulties (spurious oscillations and/or diffusion in vicinity of a cloud–environment interface) associated with finite-difference Eulerian advection of cloud boundaries. In essence, VOF is a subgrid-scale advection parameterization that accounts for the transport of material interfaces. VOF is an Eulerian approach, as it does not track explicitly material interfaces. Instead, it reconstructs such interfaces using auxiliary dependent variables—the partial volume fractions of immiscible materials within computational cells. A feature of VOF particularly important for cloud modeling is its ability to identify cells with a subgrid-scale cloud–environment interface. Consequently, relevant parameterizations of microphysical processes can be applied consistently ...
The snowflake divertor

The snowflake magnetic configuration is characterized by the presence of two closely spaced poloidal field nulls that create a characteristic hexagonal (reminiscent of a snowflake) separatrix structure. The magnetic field properties and the plasma behaviour in the snowflake are determined by the simultaneous action of both nulls, this generating a lot of interesting physics, as well as providing a chance for improving divertor performance. Among potential beneficial effects of this geometry are: increased volume of a low poloidal field around the null, increased connection length, and the heat flux sharing between multiple divertor channels. The authors summarise experimental results obtained with the snowflake configuration on several tokamaks. Wherever possible, relation to the existing theoretical models is described.
School-Based Interventions for Depression

This chapter provides a discussion of school-based interventions aimed at treating youth with depression. The authors give an overview of depression in youth, including its clinical presentation in children and assessments that can be used to diagnose and monitor the disorder within the framework of a school setting. Also, the authors provide a review of school-based interventions with a focus on indicated programs. The ACTION (Stark et al., 1997) program is one such school-based intervention, and the authors give a discussion of the treatment components involved in this program. Finally, this chapter covers issues related to transportability of cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) programs for youth into the schools, with a focus on school commitment, treatment parameters, environmental constraints, and training school staff.
Core flow analysis of liquid-metal magnetohydrodynamic flow in slotted channels with anchor links

In this paper a computationally efficient method for analyzing magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow is used to investigate flow in a channel with a high aspect ratio that is mechanically strengthened by the use of anchor links. The method used is the core flow approximation, which neglects inertial and viscous effects and the induced magnetic field. This reduces the governing equations to a set of linear equations. These assumptions are often valid at the high magnetic fields characteristic of a fusion reactor. The slotted duct shape is used to reduce the MHD pressure drop, which may be excessive in liquid-metal blankets. It may be necessary, however, to use anchor links in the design, and these anchor links introduce an additional pressure drop. The analysis shows that the size is more important than the conductivity of the anchor link. Depending on the size of the anchor link, the pressure drop is shown to increase by as much as 100% for the geometries analyzed.
Unsteady Flow of Solid-Liquid Suspensions

Basic energy and momentum relationships are used to obtain analytical expressions for pressure and flow variations in suspended solid-liquid flow. The suspended flow occurs in a pressurized conduit system and transients are introduced into the system by rapidly closing a terminal valve. Pressure wave magnitudes and wave stapes generated by this action are investigated. Expressions are obtained describing the momentum exchange resulting from viscous action between the phases that occurs behind the wave front. Experimental results are obtained for several solid-liquid suspensions. The suspending liquid utilized is water and solid rubber, plastic, and sand particles with widely varied properties are used for the solid phase. Pressure wave magnitudes and wave shapes resulting from rapid closure of a terminal valve are recorded. Good agreement between the theoretical and experimental results is obtained.
Discrete Polycomb-binding sites in each parasegmental domain of the bithorax complex

The Polycomb protein of Drosophila melanogaster maintains the segmental expression limits of the homeotic genes in the bithorax complex. Polycomb-binding sites within the bithorax complex were mapped by immunostaining of salivary gland polytene chromosomes. Polycomb bound to four DNA fragments, one in each of four successive parasegmental regulatory regions. These fragments correspond exactly to the ones that can maintain segmentally limited expression of a lacZ reporter gene. Thus, Polycomb acts directly on discrete multiple sites in bithorax regulatory DNA. Constructs combining fragments from different regulatory regions demonstrate that Polycombdependent maintenance elements can act on multiple pattern initiation elements, and that maintenance elements can work together. The cooperative action of maintenance elements may motivate the linear order of the bithorax complex. SUMMARY
Schottky Contact Characterization of Thin, Excimer Laser Grown Gaas Oxides

Thin GaAs-oxide layers have been formed on GaAs (100) surfaces using deep UV light to enhance the oxidation reactions. Two different oxidation reactions were compared by using UV light of wavelengths below and above the O2 dissociation limit, viz, 248 nm and 193 nm respectively. For the light above the O2 dissociation limit which causes ozone formation, oxides formed by direct surface illumination were compared to oxides formed by illumination parallel to the GaAs surface. Metal contacts were deposited in situ to study the effect of the various thin oxides on the Schottky barrier height of contacts to GaAs.
The Influence of Film-Substrate and Internal Interfaces on the Strength and Ductility of Oriented B2 NiAl-Based Alloys

The effects of surface films and second phase interfaces on the room temperature ductility of oriented β (B2) NiAl-based alloys were investigated. Significant reduction in flow stress and enhancement in plasticity, as compared to the monolithic β phase, were seen in both film-coated and ductile γ (fcc)/γ' (Ll2) second-phase-containing alloys. The constrained deformation at the film/substrate and interphase interfaces was effective in nucleating mobile a dislocations in the β phase even though the loading axis was approximately parallel to . For the case of film-coated NiAl single crystals deformed in compression, a micro-kinking model is proposed to explain the propagation of a dislocations generated at the film/substrate interface. For multiphase β/γ+γ' alloys where 10–12% tensile ductility was observed, the role of crystallographic orientation relationships in promoting slip transfer is highlighted. In these multiphase alloys, the intrinsic tensile ductility of β phase by {011} slip when deformed approximately along the β orientation is explained using lattice rotation concepts.
Early Stage Coagulation Functional Change and Clinical Significance about Newborn Baby Recovery from Stifle

Objective To evaluate early coagulation functional change and the clinical significanceof newborn baby recovery from stifle.Methods A total of 58 newborn baby recovery form stifle werechecked DD.PC.PT.TT and APTT in blood plasma And contrast with 20 cases normal newborn baby. ResultsThe blood plasma DD increase and PC decrease in the group of heavy stifle .There is a significancedifference contrast to normal group or light stifle group.(p0.01).The blood plasma DD in light stiflegroup also increase,there is a significant difference between normal group(p0.01).And PC isn't asignificant difference between with normal group. The blood plasma PT.TT and APTT in light and heavystifle group longer than contrast group. There is a significant difference between them(p0.05 and p0.01)The PT.TT and APTT is a significant difference between light with heavy (p0.01). Conclusion Theymajority will be coagulation function disorder in newborn baby recovery early stage from stifle. Theymost manifest hight coagulation state and the coagulation functional disorder. There will be veryimportant clinical significance to check coagulation function in newborn baby recovery early stage fromstifle.
A Study of Pretreatment for Electroless Nickel Plating on Aluminum Substrate

The pretreatment,a key for electroless nickel plating on aluminum,is studied.An excellent multi-alloy zincate liquid with moderate concentration is developed through orthogonal designation experimentation,and an optimal alkaline electroless nickel pre-plating formulation and process for the zincate liquid are also sorted out.
Technical requirements of the research on formula and preparation process of the generic drug product

Generic drug is a main component of all drug products in China,and ensures the safe use by the public together with innovative drug.The generic injection is the most important type in all generic drugs because its route of administration needs the highest requirement of quality control than any others.In order to further improve our generic drug evaluation system and the quality of our evaluation and to enhance the efficiency of drug research and development,this article points out some requirements on preparation research of generic injection based on the principle of "The quality coherence between the innovative and the generic drug".