cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanistic modeling of deformation and fracture behavior in TiAl and Ti3Al

Abstract Phase stability and bulk properties of TiAl and Ti 3 Al are investigated based on the first-principles local-density-functional approach, and deformation and fracture behavior of two-phase lamellar γ-TiAl alloys are analyzed using the linear elasticity theory applied to interfaces, dislocations, and cracks. In terms of the calculated elastic constants, Young's and shear moduli are higher in Ti 3 Al than in TiAl. The coupling effect due to elastic incompatibility reduces the misfit strain at an interface when a tensile stress is applied normal to it. The mode mixity of stress concentration by a dislocation pile-up plays an important role in determining whether slip transfer or microcracking occurs at the interface. The fracture morphology reported in notched polysynthetically twinned crystals is explained in terms of the elastic interaction of a (11 2 )[1 1 0] crack with an α 2 -Ti 3 Al plate. Additional factors that are involved in the brittle-to-ductile transition behavior of TiAl are discussed.
The Transient Dermal Exposure II: Post‐Exposure Absorption and Evaporation of Volatile Compounds

The transient dermal exposure is one where the skin is exposed to chemical for a finite duration, after which the chemical is removed and no residue remains on the skin's surface. Chemical within the skin at the end of the exposure period can still enter the systemic circulation. If it has some volatility, a portion of it will evaporate from the surface before it has a chance to be absorbed by the body. The fate of this post-exposure "skin depot" is the focus of this theoretical study. Laplace domain solutions for concentration distribution, flux, and cumulative mass absorption and evaporation are presented, and time domain results are obtained through numerical inversion. The Final Value Theorem is applied to obtain the analytical solutions for the total fractional absorption by the body and evaporation from skin at infinite time following a transient exposure. The solutions depend on two dimensionless variables: χ, the ratio of evaporation rate to steady-state dermal permeation rate; and the ratio of exposure time to membrane lag time. Simple closed form algebraic equations are presented that closely approximate the complete analytical solutions. Applications of the theory to the dermal risk assessment of pharmaceutical, occupational, and environmental exposures are presented for four example chemicals.
The Ricardian equivalence proposition: evidence from foreign exchange markets

Abstract The major argument against running large government budget deficits is that they raise interest rates and crowd out real investment. Conclusive evidence of a relationship between large budget deficits and high interest rates has not been found. Two competing explanations are tested by examining the impact of government udget announcements on foreign exchange rates. The Ricardian equivalence proposition that deficits have no crowding-out effects is compared to the conventional open economy hhypothesis that capital mobility transfers these effects to foreign exchange rates. The results supports the open economy hypothesis over the Ricardian equivalence proposition. (JEL F41).
Left-ventricular structural and functional remodeling in the mouse after myocardial infarction: assessment with the isovolumetrically-contracting Langendorff heart

The goal of this study was to determine whether the isovolumically-contracting Langendorff heart could be used to assess changes in left-ventricular volume and contractile reserve in the mouse heart after myocardial infarction. Myocardial infarction (40 +/- 3% of the left ventricle by weight) was induced in CD-1 mice by ligation of the left-anterior descending coronary artery. Two weeks after infarction there was compensatory hypertrophy of the non-infarcted ventricle as indicated by increases in heart-to-body weight ratio (5.5 +/- 0.2 v 4.9 +/- 0.2 mg/g; P < 0.05; n = 12) and the expression of atrial natriuretic peptide mRNA (4.4 +/- 1.4-fold; P < 0.001; n = 4). Left-ventricular pressure-volume relationships were assessed in vitro in isovolumically-contracting hearts perfused with red cell-supplemented buffer (hematrocrit = 40%). Myocardial infarction caused left-ventricular dilation with a rightward-shift of the diastolic pressure-volume relationship. This was associated with reduced left-ventricular contractile function, as evidenced by a decrease in developed pressure over a range of left-ventricular volumes. Thus, it is feasible to use the isovolumically-contracting Langendorff preparation to assess the structural and functional consequences of left-ventricular remodeling in the mouse after a myocardial infarction.
Misregistration effects on multiple scene clutter rejection

In target detection using multiple scene clutter rejection, pixel data from separate observations of the same scene are used to reduce or remove the background clutter. This is generally accomplished by registering the scene (converting onserved electromagnetic inputs to pixel vector signals), and filtering the vectors via algorithmic processing. When a scene is misregistered, its pixels are mislocated in the observation vector, leading to processing errors that degrade target detection. In this paper misregistration degradation is evaluated for several basic cases, and used to scope the allowable alignment errors that can be tolerated from scene to scene.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Extracellular VirB5 Enhances T-DNA Transfer from Agrobacterium to the Host Plant

VirB5 is a type 4 secretion system protein of Agrobacterium located on the surface of the bacterial cell. This localization pattern suggests a function for VirB5 which is beyond its known role in biogenesis and/or stabilization of the T-pilus and which may involve early interactions between Agrobacterium and the host cell. Here, we identify VirB5 as the first Agrobacterium virulence protein that can enhance infectivity extracellularly. Specifically, we show that elevating the amounts of the extracellular VirB5—by exogenous addition of the purified protein, its overexpression in the bacterium, or transgenic expression in and secretion out of the host cell—enhances the efficiency the Agrobacterium-mediated T-DNA transfer, as measured by transient expression of genes contained on the transferred T-DNA molecule. Importantly, the exogenous VirB5 enhanced transient T-DNA expression in sugar beet, a major crop recalcitrant to genetic manipulation. Increasing the pool of the extracellular VirB5 did not complement an Agrobacterium virB5 mutant, suggesting a dual function for VirB5: in the bacterium and at the bacterium-host cell interface. Consistent with this idea, VirB5 expressed in the host cell, but not secreted, had no effect on the transformation efficiency. That the increase in T-DNA expression promoted by the exogenous VirB5 was not due to its effects on bacterial growth, virulence gene induction, bacterial attachment to plant tissue, or host cell defense response suggests that VirB5 participates in the early steps of the T-DNA transfer to the plant cell.
Thoracic Wall Desmoid Tumor in a Child

Abstract A 10-year-old boy developed a massive chest wall desmoid tumor that caused dyspnea by compressing the lung and shifting the mediastinum. No similar case could be found in the literature in either a child or an adult. The necessity for wide local excision, even in the young, growing child, is stressed if a cure of these locally invasive tumors is to be obtained.
Functional role of oxygen-containing residues in the fifth transmembrane segment of the Na,K-ATPase alpha subunit.

The functional roles of Tyr771, Thr772, and Asn776 in the fifth transmembrane segment of the Na, K-ATPase alpha subunit were studied using site-directed mutagenesis, expression, and kinetics analysis. Nonconservative replacements Thr772Tyr and Asn776Ala led to reduced Na,K-ATPase turnover. Replacements at these positions (Asn776Ala, Thr772Leu, and Thr772Tyr) also led to high Na-ATPase activity (in the absence of K+). However, Thr772- and Asn776-substituted enzymes showed only small alterations in the apparent Na+ and K+ affinities (K1/2 for Na,K-ATPase activation). Thus, the high Na-ATPase activity does not appear related to cation-binding alterations. It is probably associated with conformational alterations which lead to an acceleration of enzyme dephosphorylation by Na+ acting at the extracellular space (Arguello et al. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 24610-24616, 1996). Nonconservative substitutions at position 771 (Tyr771Ala and Tyr771Ser) produced a significant decrease of enzyme turnover. Enzyme-Na+ interaction was greatly changed in these enzymes, while their activation by K+ did not appear affected. Although the Na+ K1/2 for Na,K-ATPase stimulation was unchanged (Tyr771Ala, Tyr771Ser), the activation by this cation showed no cooperativity (Tyr771Ala, nHill = 0.75; Tyr771Ser, nHill = 0.92; Control, nHill = 2.28). Substitution Tyr771Phe did not lead to a significant reduction in the cooperativity of the ATPase Na+ dependence (nHill = 1.91). All Tyr771-substituted enzymes showed low steady-state levels of phosphoenzyme during Na-activated phosphorylation by ATP. Phosphorylation levels were not increased by oligomycin, although the drug bound and inactivated Tyr771-substituted enzymes. No E1 left and right arrow E2 equilibrium alterations were detected using inhibition by vanadate as a probe. The data suggest that Tyr771 might play a central role in Na+ binding and occlusion without participating in K+-enzyme interactions.
On the converse of singer's theorem

Abstract A construction is given in which the nonzero elements of a planar difference set give rise to a totally symmetric quasi-group. Examples are provided which suggest that the quasi-group is essentially the additive group of the field. The evidence supports the conjecture that the converse of Singer's theorem holds. The Multiplier Theorem is used to characterize when the totally symmetric quasi-groups are totally symmetric loops. The results extend to Abelian group difference sets (λ = 1).
Preparing precision ultrafine sapphire surfaces: a practical method

A method is presented for preparing small quantities of polished sapphire wafers having a surface figure of lambda/8 or better and surface roughness of 2--3 A-circle rms. (AIP)
Public Managers' Perceptions of Organizational Goal Ambiguity: Analyzing Alternative Models

ABSTRACT Much organizational theory, research, and practice emphasizes the value of organizational members having clear perceptions of the organization's goals. For years, authors have asserted that public organizations have particularly vague goals, goals more vague than those of business firms. Yet, researchers have not devoted a lot of attention to ways of measuring perceptions about organizational goal clarity in public organizations and analyzing these perceptions. Many authors claim that the external political context increases goal ambiguity in public organizations. Some survey evidence, however, suggests that other factors, such as individual dispositions and attitudes, and internal organizational structures and processes, have greater effects. We analyze three alternative models of goal ambiguity—a political model, an organizational model, and an individual model—using data collected in Phase II of the National Administrative Studies Project (NASP-II), and then a composite model. Although politic...
The bond bundle in open systems

Much of modern chemistry is concerned with the properties and dynamics of chemical bonds. Although they have been described variously, the most familiar representation is that of a link connecting two atoms. However, no one has yet developed a scheme by which to partition a molecule into bond volumes with well-defined properties. As a consequence, the chemical bond is left as nothing more than a heuristic devise. Here, we show molecules can be partitioned into bond-bundles–volumes that share many of the properties associated with the conceptual bond. This partitioning follows naturally through an extension of Baders topological theory of molecular structure. Surprisingly, it also bounds regions of space containing nonbonding or lone-pair electrons and leads to bond orders consistent with those expected from theories of directed valance. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Counting Knowledge and Skill in Cognitive Addition: A Comparison of Normal and Mathematically Disabled Children

The relationship between counting knowledge and computational skills (i.e., skill at counting to solve addition problems) was assessed for groups of first-grade normal and mathematically disabled (MD) children. Twenty-four normal and 13 MD children were administered a series of counting tasks and solved 40 computer-administered addition problems. For the addition task, problem-solving strategies were recorded on a trial-by-trial basis. Performance on the counting tasks suggested that the MD children were developmentally delayed in the understanding of essential and unessential features of counting and were relatively unskilled in the detection of certain forms of counting error. On the addition task, the MD children committed many more computational errors and tended to use developmentally immature counting procedures. The immature counting knowledge of the MD children, combined with their relatively poor skills at detecting counting errors, appeared to underlie their poor computational skills on the addition task. Suggestions for future research are presented.
Structures of P-type and F-type ion pumps

Abstract P-type ion pumps are large, integral membrane proteins, whereas the F-type ATP synthase is an enormous multiple-subunit complex. Both have been the focal points of intensive physiological and mechanistic studies for many years; however, critical information about three-dimensional structure has been lacking. During the past year, new crystal forms of both P-type and F-type ATPases were reported. Although the resulting structures are at medium to low resolution, they provide novel structural and functional information, as well as prospects for higher resolution structures in the foreseeable future.
Genes associated with antibody-dependent cell activation are overexpressed in renal biopsies from patients with antibody-mediated rejection.

Abstract Introduction Antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) is dependent on complement activating donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies (DSA). This is commonly detected by C4d deposition in allografts. However, recent data define a C4d negative ABMR phenotype suggesting a role for complement-independent DSA injury, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Methods Here, we established an in vitro ADCC model that identified human ADCC-activated genes using microarray analysis. We subsequently interrogated renal allograft biopsies from patients with ABMR and controls for mRNA expression of the ADCC-activated gene set. Results We identified 13 ADCC-activated genes. Six gene expression assays including 8 of the 13 genes ( CCL3 , CCL4 / CCL4L1 / CCL4L2 , CD160 , IFNG , NR4A3 and XCL1 / XCL2 ) were analyzed in 127 kidney biopsies obtained from HLA-sensitized (HS), non-HS patients and control individuals. Most ADCC-activated genes showed significantly higher expression in the transplant samples compared to the controls (p 80%) or positive DSA patients showed higher gene expression levels for the ADCC-activated genes compared to low PRA ( Conclusion ADCC pathways are active in transplant patients with ABMR, and likely mediate allograft injury, providing a potential mechanism for C4d negative ABMR.
Union Membership and Attitudes Toward Participation in Determining Conditions of Work in the Federal Government

Data from five federal installations are examined in order to determine the relationship between union membership and (1) perceived influence over the determination of working conditions, and (2) satisfaction with participation in determining work conditions in this sector. Union members, compared with nonmember bargaining unit employees, show lowerperceivedparticipation in determining their annual performance standards and less satisfaction with their influence in creating these standards. Lower satisfaction with influence persists even when perceived amount of influence is controlled, supporting the argument that union members in the federal government seek more influence in determining their conditions of work than nonmembers. These results are not indicative of job dissatisfaction or of distrust between labor and management. Rather, they appear to reflect a positive desire among union members for more influence in the agency.
Syllable Classification and Sequencing in Twitter Calls of Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)

Vocalizations between pairs of adult female “Gothic-arch” squirrel monkeys were tape-recorded, along with identification of the vocalizer and social context. The major purpose the study was to identify and describe acoustic characteristics of certain call types, and to attempt to correlate these characteristics with social context. The call type analyzed in this paper was the Twitter or Trill, an FM sound containing a limited set of repeated sound elements. Spectrographic analysis of these elements, or “syllables”, revealed that all Twitters were made up of a subset of the same 12 syllable types. Certain rules were identified which determine the sequential position of each syllable type in a Twitter. Syllable usage varied between individuals and with changes in social context.
Cerebral oedema and increased intracranial pressure in chronic liver disease.

Summary Background Cerebral oedema is a cause of morbidity and mortality in fulminant hepatic failure but has not been well documented as a complication of chronic liver diseases. We report here the development of cerebral oedema and increased intracranial pressure in 12 patients with chronic liver disease. Methods Between July 1, 1987, and Dec 31, 1993, we studied 12 patients aged 29–67 years with end-stage chronic liver disease. All the patients had cirrhosis, portal hypertension, hypoprothrombinaemia, hepatic encephalopathy, and decreased serum concentrations of albumin ( Findings All the patients had intracranial hypertension and cerebral oedema. Two patients had successful treatment of cerebral hypertension with improvement of intracranial pressure such that orthotopic liver transplantation was undertaken. Both patients became neurologically normal after transplantation. Eight patients had only a transient reponse to treatment and died of cerebral oedema before a transplant could be done. Interpretation Cerebral oedema and increased intracranial pressure can occur in chronic liver disease and presents as neurological deterioration. Treatment guided by monitoring of intracranial pressure can lead to the reversal of intracranial hypertension, but in most patients cerebral oedema contributes to death or places them at too high a risk for liver transplantation.
Treatment and prevention of Candida albicans biofilms with caspofungin in a novel central venous catheter murine model of candidiasis

Objectives: We sought to develop a novel model of central venous catheter (CVC)-associated candidiasis in mice and to use this model to examine the efficacy of caspofungin to treat and prevent Candida albicans biofilms in vivo. Methods: We used catheterized mice, commercially available from the National Cancer Institute, to form C. albicans biofilms inside CVCs. Once the model was developed, we examined the efficacy of caspofungin for the treatment of preformed biofilms and for the prevention of C. albicans biofilm formation. Results: We developed a relatively simple murine model of CVC-associated candidiasis that minimized the number of manipulations necessary for in vivo biofilm formation. C. albicans biofilms formed in vivo display structural features similar to those observed for models of in vitro- and other in vivoformed biofilms. Following model development, 0.25 mg/mL of caspofungin was instilled in the catheter to treat preformed biofilms. The results indicated that caspofungin treatment significantly reduced biofilm fungal load in the catheters and dissemination to kidneys compared with untreated controls. In a second set of experiments catheters were pre-treated by filling with 60 mg/mL of caspofungin before challenge with C. albicans via the CVC. Again, the results indicated a significant reduction in biofilm fungal load and dissemination to kidneys compared with untreated controls. Conclusions: We have developed a novel model of CVC-associated candidiasis in mice. Using this model we demonstrate the efficacy of caspofungin for the treatment and prevention of C. albicans biofilms in vivo.
Trends in Global Gender Inequality

This study investigates trends in gender inequality throughout the world. Using data encompassing a large majority of the world's population, we examine trends in recent decades for key indicators of gender inequality in education, mortality, political representation and economic activity. We find that gender inequality is declining in virtually all major domains, that the decline is occurring across diverse religious and cultural traditions, and that population growth is slowing the decline because populations are growing faster in countries where there is the greatest gender inequality.
KiMS: Kids' Health Monitoring System at day-care centers using wearable sensors and vocabulary-based acoustic signal processing

Wearable sensors for healthcare and wireless health monitoring are rapidly becoming ubiquitous. They enable remote, accurate and low-cost health monitoring and can provide personal healthcare with timely detection of health issues. In this paper, we present a novel integrated system for monitoring children at day-care centers in order to facilitate proper care of health issues and overall wellbeing, including early detection of symptoms for various diseases, post-treatment monitoring as well as encouraging healthy habits and activities. The proposed “Kids Health Monitoring System”, referred to as KiMS, is built around a wearable acoustic sensor with embedded digital signal processing capabilities in order to detect various audio signals of interest, such as coughs, sneezes, and cries. It is also equipped with wearable body temperature and pulse rate sensors, along with on-site processing and a Bluetooth unit for communicating alerts and activity on a timely basis. The record of a child's activities can be used by daycare specialist, parents or the healthcare provider for understanding the probable cause or time of onset of symptoms and encouraging healthy habits. This paper also presents a signal processing framework for feature detection and classification of various audio signals, under varying Signal to Noise Ratios (SNR).
Effects of colesevelam on LDL-C, A1c and GLP-1 levels in patients with type 1 diabetes: a pilot randomized double-blind trial.

Aim: Colesevelam is indicated to lower low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in hyperlipidaemia and improve glycaemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes. This short-term pilot study evaluates its effects in type 1 diabetes. Methods: This double-blind, randomized, investigator-initiated, single-centred, 12-week pilot study evaluated 40 adults (age = 36.4 ± 9.4 years) with type 1 diabetes (duration = 20.4 ± 8.5 years) and hyperlipidaemia. It was powered to show a treatment difference of >10% LDL-C reduction. Subjects received 3.75 g/day colesevelam (n = 20) or placebo (n = 20) for 12 weeks. LDL-C and haemoglobin A1c (A1c) levels were assessed at screening (week 2), baseline (week 0) and every 4 weeks throughout the treatment duration. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) levels were measured during 4-h meal (Boost Plus®, Nestle HealthCare Nutrition Inc., Florham Park, New Jersey, USA) challenge tests (MCT) at baseline and 12 weeks. Results: Colesevelam treatment resulted in a significant reduction in LDL-C values at 4 weeks [−12.1% (95% CI: −20.1 to −4.1), p = 0.004] which was sustained for the study duration (p = 0.005 at 12 weeks). The treatment group also showed a significant change in A1c from baseline at week 4; however, this was not significant for the study duration. There was a significant median increase in GLP-1 levels during the first 2 h of the baseline MCT in the treated group but no difference at 12 weeks. Conclusions: During this short-term pilot study, colesevelam treatment effectively lowered LDL-C in patients with type 1 diabetes. Improvements in A1c seen at week 4 were not sustained. Effects on glycaemic control in subjects with type 1 diabetes may be related to a postprandial rise in GLP-1 levels and require further clinical study.
Neurochemical and psychopharmacologic aspects of aggressive behavior.

The clinical treatment of violent behavior shows a remarkable congruence with preclinical research concerning the modulations of central neuro­ transmitter systems and their influence upon human aggressive behavior. Moreover, systematic alterations of central neurotransmitter activity in patients offer substantial promise of increasing the successful biological modification of violent behavior.
An overview of USDA's Dietary Intake Data System

Automated methods for collecting and processing food intake data have been developed by the Food Surveys Research Group at USDA to increase the quality and efficiency of food intake surveys and other dietary research studies. These automated methods are part of a Dietary Intake Data System, which consists of three computer systems and an extensive food and nutrient database. Computer systems included are the Automated Multiple Pass Method (AMPM) for collecting food intakes, the Post-Interview Processing System (PIPS) for reformatting data and assigning food codes, and Survey Net for final coding, quality review, and nutrient analysis. Features addressing data quality were prominent in the design of each of these systems. Components of the database, the Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS), include food descriptions, food portions and their weights, and nutrients. These systems are currently used for research projects conducted by the USDA's Agricultural Research Service and for the dietary component of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey beginning in 2002. The AMPM, translated into French and adapted to collect data for Canadian foods, will also be used in the next Canadian Community Health Survey.
Effectiveness of Computer Application to Instruction with Mildly Handicapped Learners A Review

This review examines empirical evidence on the relationship between computer use and achievement in elementary aged mildly handicapped students. The studies reviewed consider the effectiveness of the computer as a supplement to, or as a replacement for, traditional instruction. Evidence indicates that the computer effectively augments teacher instruction, but that its effectiveness as a teacher substitute is less evident. The conclusion is that a new research paradigm is needed that focuses on the interaction between the characteristics of the computer and the nature of the environment, both around the computer itself and within the school.
Unexpected prolonged presentation of influenza antigens promotes CD4 T cell memory generation.

The kinetics of presentation of influenza virus–derived antigens (Ags), resulting in CD4 T cell effector and memory generation, remains undefined. Naive influenza-specific CD4 T cells were transferred into mice at various times after influenza infection to determine the duration and impact of virus-derived Ag presentation. Ag-specific T cell responses were generated even when the donor T cells were transferred 3–4 wk after viral clearance. Transfer of naive CD4 T cells during early phases of infection resulted in a robust expansion of highly differentiated effectors, which then contracted to a small number of memory T cells. Importantly, T cell transfer during later phases of infection resulted in a modest expansion of effectors with intermediate phenotypes, which were capable of persisting as memory with high efficiency. Thus, distinct stages of pathogen-derived Ag presentation may provide a mechanism by which T cell heterogeneity is generated and diverse memory subsets are maintained.
An update and review of antiretroviral therapy

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was discovered in 1982, but treatment strategies were not introduced until 5 years later. Early regimens consisted of one or two drugs and often led to treatment failure. Since the advent in 1995 of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), which consists of at least three agents, a dramatic improvement has been seen in the number of patients attaining undetectable viral loads, improved CD4 counts, and improved survival. However, early HAART often consisted of drugs with complex dosing schedules, strict food requirements, treatment-limiting adverse effects, and the need to take 16-20 pills/day. These treatment barriers often led to patient nonadherence, with subsequent treatment failure and development of resistant strains. The CD4 count and viral load are the most important surrogate markers used to determine if treatment is indicated. Current guidelines suggest starting treatment in patients who are symptomatic with an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-defining illness regardless of CD4 count or viral load, as well as in asymptomatic patients with a CD4 count of 350 cells/mm(3) or below. In patients with CD4 counts above 350 cells/mm(3) and viral loads above 100,000 copies/ml, some clinicians prefer to defer treatment, whereas others will consider starting therapy; treatment is deferred in patients with CD4 counts above 350 cells/mm(3) and viral load s below 100,000 copies/ml. If therapy is started, the selection of appropriate agents is based on comorbidities (liver disease, depression, cardiovascular disease), pregnancy status, adherence potential (dosage regimen, pill burden, dosing frequency), food restrictions (dosing with regard to meals), adverse drug effects, and potential drug-drug interactions. Within the last 8 years, newer antiretroviral agents have focused on ways to improve adherence, such as convenient dosing (fewer pills), pharmacokinetic and formulation changes to reduce dosing frequency or pill burden, and coformulated dosage forms that contain two or three drugs in one convenient pill. Other improvements include increased potency of newer agents, agents sensitive to a highly resistant virus, improved adverse-effect profile (e.g., less gastrointestinal effects, improved lipid profiles), as well as protease inhibitor boosting with ritonavir, which takes advantage of the potent cytochrome P450 inhibitory action of ritonavir. This review focuses on the concepts of antiretroviral therapy, barriers to successful antiretroviral treatment, developments to limit treatment barriers, and new drug entities for the treatment of HIV.
Degradation of Lycopene, α‐Carotene, and β‐Carotene During Lipid Peroxidation

: The stability and antioxidant effectiveness of lycopene, a-carotene, and b-carotene were compared during oxidation of methyl linoleate at 37 and 60 °C. Two carotene concentrations, 80 or 160 mg/g of methyl linoleate, were used to determine a concentration effect. At 37 °C, the degradation rates were: lycopene > β-carotene > α-carotene. Lycopene and α-carotene inhibited hydroperoxide formation, lycopene being the more effective antioxidant. β-Carotene inhibited hydroperoxide formation at the lower concentration but did not show an antioxidant effect at the higher concentration. At 60 °C, the carotenes degraded 6 to 8 times faster than at 37 °C and did not show an antioxidant effect. BHT or α-tocopherol effectively suppressed the hydroperoxide formation and degradation of the carotenes.
The Politics of Linking Educational Research, Policy, and Practice: The Case of Improving Educational Quality in Ghana, Guatemala and Mali

This paper examines the political dimension of the educational research undertaken by Ghanian, Guatemalan, and Malian teams as part of the 1991 to 1996, USAID-funded “ Improving Educational Quality” (IEQ) project. The following questions are addressed: (a) why were (or were not) aspects of the educational reforms studied by the researchers; (b) why were (or were not) research e ndings used in decision-making about the educational policies and practices associated with the reforms; and (c) why were particular institutional arrangements and funding levels constituted for the research and dialogue activity. In offering answers to these questions, attention is paid to local, national, and global power relations and resource distributions.
A universal RNAi-based logic evaluator that operates in mammalian cells

Molecular automata1,2,3 that combine sensing4,5,6, computation7,8,9,10,11,12 and actuation13,14 enable programmable manipulation of biological systems. We use RNA interference (RNAi)15 in human kidney cells to construct a molecular computing core that implements general Boolean logic1,3,8,9,10,11,12,16 to make decisions based on endogenous molecular inputs. The state of an endogenous input is encoded by the presence or absence of 'mediator' small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). The encoding rules, combined with a specific arrangement of the siRNA targets in a synthetic gene network17, allow direct evaluation of any Boolean expression in standard forms using siRNAs and indirect evaluation using endogenous inputs. We demonstrate direct evaluation of expressions with up to five logic variables. Implementation of the encoding rules through sensory up- and down-regulatory links between the inputs and siRNA mediators will allow arbitrary Boolean decision-making using these inputs.
THE ANDA SUBMISSION AND REVIEW PROCESS

AbstractA summary of the Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) submission and review process is presented. The numerous significant factors that have impacted the process are highlighted (e.g., the passage of the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, and the publication of the NDA rewrite), and the effects of these changes on ANDA submissions and the Division of Generic Drug’s policies and procedures are discussed. The criteria used in evaluating an ANDA submission in terms of acceptablity and completeness are set forth. Also, problems currently encountered in ANDA submissions are identified. Industry, FDA, and the public benefit when firms submit acceptable, complete ANDAs which can be processed expediently and culminate in approval.
How Heavy Are You? Find the Answer in the Periodic Table

In a classroom or take-home activity, students are challenged to write their name as a combination of chemical-element symbols and calculate “their” molar mass. Age-appropriate versions ranging from middle school to entry-level college classes are discussed. Acceptable molar-mass suggestions may be used in a competition for the heaviest combination or weighed against a preset value derived from the teacher’s name. The activity is suited for exploring information provided with the periodic table at times when atomic and molar masses are first introduced.
Recent progress in avalanche photodiodes for sensing in the IR spectrum

Abstract—We report low-noise avalanche gain from photodiodes composed of a previously uncharacterized alloy, Al x In 1-x As y Sb 1-y , grown lattice-matched on GaSb substrates. By varying the aluminum content the direct bandgap can be tuned from 0.25 eV (0% aluminum) to 1.24 eV (75% aluminum), corresponding to photon wavelengths from 5000 nm to 1000 nm, with the transition from direct-gap to indirect-gap occurring at ~1.18 eV (~72% aluminum), or 1050 nm. This has been used to fabricate separate absorption, charge, and multiplication (SACM) APDs using Al 0.7 In 0.3 As 0.3 Sb 0.7 for the multiplication region and Al 0.4 In 0.6 As 0.3 Sb 0.7 for the absorber. Gain values as high as 100 have been achieved and the excess noise factor is characterized by a k value of 0.01, which is comparable to or below that of Si. In addition, since the bandgap of the absorption region is direct, its absorption depth is 5 to 10 times shorter than indirect-bandgap silicon, potentially enabling significantly higher operating bandwidths.
Function of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells in Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis in children

Objective To investigate the levels and functions of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and specific transcription factor Foxp3 and Th17 cells related cytokine in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and renal tissues, and explore their roles in pathogenesis of Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephropathy (HSPN) in children. Method From March, 2011 to March, 2013, 30 cases of HSPN children underwent renal biopsy and were treated in Guiyang Children's Hospital were enrolled into this study. Ten healthy children who underwent health check up were enrolled as blood sample control group. The normal kidney tissue specimens were taken from 5 children who underwent surgery for urologic disorders were used as renal sample control group. The circulating proportions of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in PBMC of 30 cases of HSPN children and 10 cases of control group were determined by flow cytometry, respectively. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) were used to analyze the mRNA expressions of IL-17, IL-1β and Foxp3 in PBMC. The expression of IL-17 and IL-1β in renal tissue of HSPN and control group were measured by immunohistochemistry. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells, Foxp3, IL-17, IL-1β expression were analyzed and compared in HSPN group and control groups respectively. Result Thirty cases of HSPN pathological classification were as follows: type Ⅰ was found in 0 case; type Ⅱ in 9 cases; type Ⅲ in 16 cases; type Ⅳ in 5 cases; type Ⅴ in 0 case. The circulating proportions of CD4+CD25+/CD4+T cells and the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg/CD4+T cells level were (5.84±0.78)%, (1.01±0.46)% in HSPN groups were substantially lower than those in control group. All these two differences had statistical significance (t=27.200, 33.260, P Ⅲ>Ⅱ, F=545.800, 262.500, all P<0.01). Conclusion The disorder of quantity and function of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells, and increase in levels of IL-17, IL-1β (cytokine related to Th17 cells) may play important roles in pathogenesis of HSPN in children; increased protein expression of IL-17, IL-1β in renal tissue may contribute to the development of renal pathological damage in HSPN children. Key words: T-lymphocytes; Th17 cells; Interleukin-1beta; Flow cytometry
Fluid transport across cultured bovine corneal endothelial cell monolayers.

The mammalian corneal endothelium is known to transport fluid from the stromal compartment to the aqueous humor, thereby maintaining corneal transparency. Corneal endothelial cells have been cultur...
Reconstructing New York

When President Andrew Johnson signed the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865, and slavery was outlawed in North America, the major political and social fault line of the United States suddenly disappeared. Emancipation removed what until then had been the most important reference point for the political discourse of northern society. Though New York's economic elite had been aware of the social changes fostered by economic expansion in the antebellum North, they had linked the problem of proletarianization in one way or another to slavery: Some had believed that an expanding slave economy would provide for prosperous employment of northern wage workers while others had held that the destruction of slavery would reinvigorate social and geographical mobility for temporary proletarians. Yet by the late 1860s and early 1870s, both the republic of independent producers, envisioned by Abraham Lincoln along with New York manufacturers, and the commercial capitalism based on slavery championed by August Belmont and many of the city's mercantile elite were rapidly faltering on the shoals of industrialization. Indeed, social tensions arising from the blossoming of capitalism sharpened considerably in the wake of the Civil War. During the 1860s, rapid economic development and novel political arrangements mitigated these strains, but workers' collective action eventually forced upper-class New Yorkers to come to terms with the emerging new world. This reorientation was at first careful and tentative, but by the early 1870s, New York's merchants, industrialists, and bankers began to reconsider the meaning of proletarianization and the role of the state in society, with dramatic results not only for class relations in the North but also for Reconstruction and the fate of the freedpeople in the South.
Status of alloplastic total temporomandibular joint replacement procedures performed by members of the American Society of Temporomandibular Joint Surgeons

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the number of alloplastic total temporomandibular joint replacement (TMJ TJR) devices implanted and the complications encountered by members of the American Society of Temporomandibular Joint Surgeons (ASTMJS). A questionnaire was developed using REDCap (Chicago, IL) and an on-line link was e-mailed four times over a 6-week period (February to March 2015) to all members of the ASTMJS. The questionnaire included eight questions related to the surgeon's TMJ TJR experience. A Likert scale was included to assess the respondents’ opinions concerning the future demand for TMJ TJR and their thoughts on potential device improvements. The study sample was composed of 36 ASTMJS respondents (42.4%). TMJ TJR is performed successfully and in relatively high numbers by members of the American Society of Temporomandibular Joint Surgeons.
A Call to Action: The Need for Improved Transplant Cancer Screening Guidelines

Improved transplant diagnostics and therapeutics have led to improved short-term allograft survival, yet have also resulted in increasing incidence of death with a functioning graft. The causes of death, including cancer and cardiovascular disease, most often reflect the biological age and comorbidities of the recipient. Cancer mortality in solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) is higher than in the general population and is now the second most common cause of death for recipients in developed nations (1). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Local Media and the Local Housing Market

This paper provides evidence for media affecting households' home-buying decisions, which in turn leads to an impact on short-term housing return. Individuals and households have been known to be affected by the media. Together with specific assumptions about the housing market, this implies a positive correlation between lagged media content and subsequent housing return. Through county-level panel time-series regression using data from 269 counties and newspaper articles as a proxy for the media, I find that counties with increase in housing related articles experience 7 to 10 annualized bp higher housing returns than other counties 4 to 6 months afterwards. This effect is persistent throughout the whole sample except during the housing crisis when there were higher than average amount of negative housing news. The increase in housing return is reversed in 10 to 12 months. Furthermore, using Google Trends data as a proxy for households' home-owning interest, I show that media affects households' home-buying interest.
Computational study of strain-engineered III–V tunneling transistors

Strain has been widely used to engineer electronic devices by altering the material band structures. Recently it has also been employed to improve the performance of tunneling field-effect transistors (TFETs). A TFET is a steep subthreshold swing (SS) device that is very promising in building future low-power integrated circuits. But its drive current (I ON ) is usually limited leading to pronounced switching delay (CV/I). It has been shown that for InAs nanowire TFETs, strain can reduce the band gap and/or effective masses leading to improved I ON . We show that for the experimentally more favorable ultra-thin-body (UTB) InAs TFETs, certain types of strain improve I ON when channel length is long (30 nm). When channel length is short (15 nm), however, the improvement is marginal due to degraded SS as a result of increased ambipolar leakage. To mitigate this detrimental effect, we propose to apply the strain locally in an area around the source-channel tunnel junction. Since the band structures of the channel and the source remain unaffected, the ambipolar leakage does not increase and meantime the source Fermi degeneracy is removed. In this way we obtain a significant boost of SS and I ON . The simulations are performed by solving Poisson equation and open-boundary Schroedinger equation self-consistently within NEMO5 tool. The band structure of III–V materials is described by strained eight-band k·p Hamiltonian. Since tunneling current is very sensitive to band structures, we extract the k·p band parameters and deformation potentials from the corresponding atomistic tight binding calculations, whose parameters are fit to first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations with excellent match. We compare the confined band structures as well as I–V curves obtained from both methods and show that the accuracy of the k·p method is guaranteed.
A Round Table Discussion of the Olympiad, or Looking Back from a 30-Year Perspective

It is impossible to translate into a written word the excitement of the 30-Year Anniversary Award Presentation and the Round Table Panel that took place. Yet, let me attempt to give you a glimpse of this event.
»Die Frau im Fenster« (1898)

Der Spatsommer 1897 im oberitalienischen Varese gehort zu den fruchtbarsten Schaffensphasen Hofmannsthals. Eigentlich mit der Arbeit am Kleinen Welttheater befasst, uberkommt ihn »blitzartig« der Einfall, eine Episode aus Gabriele d’Annunzios kleinem Drama Sogno d’un mattino di primavera (Traum eines Fruhlingsmorgens) fur die Buhne zu bearbeiten. Die erste Notiz halt Hofmannsthal in seinem Exemplar von d’Annunzios Buch fest, die erste Niederschrift, unter dem Titel In einem Fenster, erfolgt vom 24. August nachmittags bis zum 27. August vormittags, eine Reinschrift geht einige Zeit spater an den Vater.
Chapter 5 – Vitamin E

Tocochromanols are a small group of natural products synthesized exclusively by photosynthetic organisms and include the tocopherols and tocotrienols that are vitamin E, an essential lipid-soluble antioxidant in the human diet. The major source of vitamin E in the human diet is plant-derived products, which can vary by orders of magnitude in tocochromanol content and composition and hence vitamin E activity. In the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in our understanding of the molecular genetics of tocochromanol synthesis in plants and cyanobacteria, and all the biosynthetic genes of the core pathway have now been cloned and studied in detail. Significant progress has been made in engineering tocochromanol content and composition in plant tissues. Our understanding of tocochromanol function(s) during the plant life cycle has been advanced by the isolation and study of pathway mutants that accumulate specific intermediates or completely eliminate tocochromanols from the organism. Tocochromanols are absolutely essential for limiting lipid oxidation during seed desiccation, storage and germination, and the severe fitness impact of tocochromanol deficiency at this stage of the plant life cycle makes it obvious why tocochromanol synthesis has been conserved in all seed-bearing plants during evolution. However, the functions of tocochromanols in mature plant tissues are surprisingly more limited than had long been assumed, especially in regard with plant stress.