cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Digitisation and Full Abstraction for Dense-Time Model Checking

We study the digitisation of dense-time behaviours of timed processes, and show how this leads to exact verification methods for a large class of dense-time specifications. These specifications are all closed under inverse digitisation, a robustness property first introduced by Henzinger, Manna, and Pnueli (on timed traces), and extended here to timed failures, enabling us to consider liveness issues in addition to safety properties. We discuss a corresponding model checking algorithm and show that, in many cases, automated verification of such dense-time specifications can in fact be directly performed on the model checker FDR (a commercial product of Formal Systems (Europe) Ltd.). We illustrate this with a small case study (the railway level crossing problem). Finally, we show that integral--or digitised--behaviours are fully abstract with respect to specifications closed under inverse digitisation, and relate this to the efficiency of our model checking algorithm.
Evidence for Recurrent Paralogous Gene Conversion and Exceptional Allelic Divergence in the Attacin Genes of Drosophila melanogaster

Insects produce a limited variety of antibacterial peptides to combat a wide diversity of pathogens. These peptides are often conserved across evolutionarily distant taxa, but little is known about the level and structure of polymorphism within species. We have surveyed naturally occurring genetic variation in the promoter and coding regions of three Attacin antibacterial peptide genes from 12 lines of Drosophila melanogaster. These genes exhibit high levels of silent nucleotide variations (1-3% per nucleotide heterozygosity), but are not excessively polymorphic at the amino acid level. There is extensive variation in the Attacin promoters, some of which may affect transcriptional efficiency, and one line carries a deletion in the Attacin A coding region that renders this gene nonfunctional. Two of the genes, Attacins A and B, are arranged in tandem and show evidence of repeated interlocus gene conversion. Attacin C, more divergent and located 1.3 Mbp upstream of Attacins A and B, does not appear to have been involved in such exchanges. All three genes are characterized by divergent haplotypes, and one Attacin AB allele appears to have recently increased rapidly in frequency in the population.
CARBON AND PHOSPHORUS BURIAL ASSOCIATED WITH MODERN PHOSPHORITE FORMATION

Phosphorite formation plays a significant but poorly constrained role in the marine C and P cycles. This report concerns a site of modern phosphorite formation on the upper continental slope off southern Baja California, Mexico (Sta. 6; 380 m water depth; 23°41′N, 111°05′W). At this site, a series of six narrow (1–3 cm), partially indurated phosphorite layers have formed authigenically during the last 15,000 years within a surficial section of slowly, but steadily, accumulating (3.8×10−3 cm year−1) organic-rich mud. A poorly oxygenated benthic environment has prevailed at the study site since approximately 8100 year B.P., probably helping to produce and preserve the pristine phosphorite layers. The mean P burial flux (1.1 μmol cm−2 year−1) recorded by these deposits agrees closely with the downward diffusive P flux (1.3 μmol cm−2 year−1) attributed to active francolite growth. Such a coincidence implies that the phosphorite layers could have formed entirely under present conditions; however, a much larger upward diffusive P flux (−4.2 μmol cm−2 year−1), directed out of the sediment, limits the efficiency of ongoing phosphorite formation, and the most recently deposited sediment does not contain enough labile P to maintain the overall P regeneration rate indefinitely. Attendant burial fluxes of inorganic and especially organic C (7.7 and 6.6 μmol cm−2 year−1, respectively) do not accord with a depositional model of coastal upwelling, suggesting that an alternative mechanism, possibly Fe-redox cycling, controls porewater P concentrations and hence phosphorite formation. A comparison with previously published P burial fluxes for a wide variety of other modern marine settings reveals that phosphorite formation in general does not disproportionately affect the global P burial flux. From these data, we tentatively estimate a minimum global P burial flux of approximately 70×109 mol year−1, with almost 80% occurring on continental margins.
The seasonal response of the Held-Suarez climate model to prescribed ocean temperature anomalies. II - Dynamical analysis

The heating associated with equatorial, subtropical, and midlatitude ocean temperature anamolies in the Held-Suarez climate model is analyzed. The local and downstream response to the anomalies is analyzed, first by examining the seasonal variation in heating associated with each ocean temperature anomaly, and then by combining knowledge of the heating with linear dynamical theory in order to develop a more comprehensive explanation of the seasonal variation in local and downstream atmospheric response to each anomaly. The extent to which the linear theory of propagating waves can assist the interpretation of the remote cross-latitudinal response of the model to the ocean temperature anomalies is considered. Alternative hypotheses that attempt to avoid the contradictions inherent in a strict application of linear theory are investigated, and the impact of sampling errors on the assessment of statistical significance is also examined.
Domoic acid in planktivorous fish in relation to toxic Pseudo-nitzschia cell densities

In at least two mass mortality events in Monterey Bay, California, planktivorous fish were implicated as vectors of the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) from diatoms to sea birds and marine mammals. Whereas the transfer of DA from planktivorous fish to piscivorous predators has been well established, the relationship between toxin levels in plankton-feeding fish and the regional abundance of DA-producing diatoms has not been documented. Here we present data from an extensive field study in which cell densities of toxic Pseudo-nitzschia species and DA levels in anchovies and sardines were measured from samples collected weekly throughout Monterey Bay from 8 October 1999 to 18 October 2000. Four distinct blooms were documented with cell densities ranging from 3.2×103 to 5.0×105 cells l–1. DA was detected in fish viscera samples whenever toxic diatom densities reached ≥103 cells l–1 in surface waters, suggesting that anchovies and sardines regularly consume toxic diatoms when present. Fish contained DA levels above the regulatory limit (20 µg DA g–1 whole fish) only when toxic cell densities exceeded 104 cells l–1. DA was only detected in fish when toxic diatom species were also present in the water, suggesting that the toxin is quickly depurated and that fish are only dangerous vectors during the bloom period. Anchovies appear to be more potent vectors than sardines as they consistently contained more DA than sardines collected simultaneously. Maximum DA levels detected in fish were 1,815 µg DA g–1 in anchovy and 728 µg DA g–1 in sardine viscera samples. In fish with high viscera levels of DA, corresponding body tissues contained 0.2–2.2 µg DA g–1 (0.2±0.1% of the viscera level), suggesting that DA is not accumulated in edible body tissues to levels that threaten human consumers. Results from this study suggest that anchovies may be a valuable indicator species for assessing the risk of DA intoxication to piscivorous sea birds and mammals during toxic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms in Monterey Bay.
The effect of chronic binge ethanol consumption on the primary stage of SIV infection in rhesus macaques.

Background: Alcohol abuse and infection with HIV individually compromise immune function, but the consequence of both conditions together is poorly understood owing to the difficulties of performing appropriate studies in human subjects. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of rhesus macaques is considered to closely model HIV disease in that the virus infects CD4+ cells and this infection leads to a similar AIDS state. This study was initiated to study the combined effects of chronic binge alcohol consumption on the primary stage of SIV infection. Methods: Rhesus macaques were administered alcohol or isocaloric sucrose via a permanently indwelling intragastric catheter 4 consecutive days per week for the duration of the study. Doses were individualized to achieve plasma alcohol concentrations of 50–60 mM over a 5-hr period. After 3 months, animals were inoculated intravenously with 10,000 times the ID50 (50% infective dose) of SIVDeltaB670 at the conclusion of an alcohol session and followed for 2 months postinoculation. Results: At 1 week, plasma SIV RNA was greater than 60-fold higher in alcohol-consuming animals compared with sucrose controls. Likewise, alcohol consumption enhanced the SIV-induced increase in cell cycling T lymphocytes (i.e., cells expressing Ki67 protein) in blood. These differences between alcohol- and sucrose-treated animals were not sustained during the observation period. Peak viral load occurred 2 weeks post-SIV inoculation at 7.6 ± 4.2 and 5.2 ± 3.1 × 106 copies/ml in alcohol- versus sucrose-consuming animals, respectively. Blood CD4+ lymphocyte numbers were decreased 1 and 2 months after SIV inoculation to a similar degree in both sucrose-control and alcohol-treated animals. Conclusions: The consequence of the early rise in viral load and increase in lymphocyte turnover seen with excess alcohol consumption is unknown. We hypothesize that alcohol intoxication may increase the susceptibility of the host to HIV/SIV infection. This possibility needs to be explored further.
General surgery resident practice plans: a workforce for the future?

Abstract Background Available evidence indicates that there will be a general surgical workforce shortage in the future. Methods A 21-question survey instrument was mailed to all general surgery residency programs in the United States. Results A total of 1,169 residents responded. Seventy-eight percent of respondents anticipate pursuing fellowship training and thereby narrowing their scope of practice. Both male and female residents indicate that lifestyle is important in their decision-making process for choosing a fellowship and in the choice of practice type. Our data revealed that female residents anticipate working fewer hours, taking less emergency call, taking more extended leaves of absence, and retiring earlier than their male counterparts. Conclusions Evaluation of the health care system's future needs continue to be difficult. However, available evidence points to a shortfall in the general surgery workforce. An evaluation of our capacity to train new general surgeons should be performed to meet future demands.
The Relationship Between Raw Broiler Breast Meat Color and Composition

Experiments were conducted to compare the chemical composition of broiler breast meat that was naturally lighter than normal, normal, and darker than normal. In each of three separate replicated trials (wk), fillets were obtained from three commercial processing plants. Approximately 25 fillets of each color group were selected based on International Commission on Illumination (CIE) lightness values as follows: lighter than normal (L * > 53), normal (48 < L * < 51), and darker than normal (L * < 46). The fillets from each replicate, plant, and color group were ground and mixed together, and samples for the 27 treatment groups subjected to color, pH, and chemical analyses (protein, ash, moisture, total lipids, iron, glycogen, and fatty acids profile). The whole fillets had significantly different color values for the three color groups at 0 and 24 h prior to grinding. Of the ground meat samples, there were significant treatment and plant differences in composition. There were no color treatment effects on moisture, lipid, glycogen, iron, ash, or fatty acid ratios. Meat from the light group had significantly lower protein values than the normal or dark meat and lower ash than the dark group. The light group also had significantly higher levels of C16:1 and lower levels of C18:0 and C20:4 fatty acids than the dark group. Among the three plants, there were significant effects for breast meat color and composition. Results indicated that, although plant had more effect on composition, differences by color group might indicate that extreme variation in color may be due to long-term genetic factors as well as short-term antemortem stress.
Damping of the low frequency magnetoplasma resonance by cyclotron absorption in sodium

The observation of Doppler shifted cyclotron resonance absorption of the magnetoplasma resonance in sodium plates is reported. The absorption was excited by a wave the frequency of which was five orders of magnitude less than the cyclotron frequency. The agreement between the observations and theory was investigated. (D.C.W.)
Has man altered the cycling of nutrients and organic C on the Washington continental shelf and slope

Abstract Several sets of water column and sediment data from the Washington coastal zone reveal that man has not detectably increased fluxes of planktonic C to continental slow sediments in recent decades by either increasing nutrient fertilization of the waters or by overharvesting higher tropic level organisms. Washington slope sediments are not as important depocenters for storage of anthropogenic CO 2 as the model of Walsh et al. (1985, Deep-Sea Research , 32 , 853–883) predicts for slope sediments.
Analytical correlations for intermediate temperature PEM fuel cells

This paper presents analytical correlations, which predict the polarization performance and thermal effects in an intermediate temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Such correlations are useful for engineers and designers of fuel cells to expedite calculations without depending on complex computational models. Analytical results compare well with published experimental polarization data. They also indicate the temperature variations and dominant modes of heat transfer in a unit cell.
Clinical presentation of 26 anaplasma phagocytophilum-seropositive dogs residing in an endemic area.

Anaplasma (A.) phagocytophilum, the etiological agent of canine granulocytic anaplasmosis, is capable of inciting moderate to severe clinical disease in a variety of mammals and is endemic in the upper midwest. The purpose of this study was fourfold: to describe the range of clinical signs in dogs seropositive to A. phagocytophilum; to examine the prevalence of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) in this population; to evaluate whether specific clinical signs were associated with coexposure to Borrelia (B.) burgdorferi in actively infected dogs; and to determine whether clinical response to doxycycline was complete in treated dogs. Medical records of dogs seropositive for A. phagocytophilum were reviewed retrospectively. Peripheral blood smears were also reviewed retrospectively for granulocytic Anaplasma morulae. Lethargy (81%), inappetence (58%), and lameness (50%) were the most common clinical signs, followed by fever (46%). Thrombocytopenia was the most common laboratory abnormality, and IMHA was ...
On Polishing and Erosion of Aluminum Substrates by a Jet of Alumina Slurry

Polishing of a nominally flat aluminum substrate using a fluid jet, carrying abrasive particles, was investigated. The effects of jet orientation and polishing duration were studied, on a fixed spot on the aluminum substrate. Stylus profilometry was used to examine the final surface along different directions. It was seen that the final erosion contour is strongly dependent on the jet orientation. The surface roughness was found to be dependent on the slurry parameters. On average, the average roughness (Ra ) of the aluminum surface was reduced from 430 nm to 139 nm. Best polishing was obtained with the jet orientation of 30°. The process was simulated by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and it was concluded that dynamic pressure is the main parameter affecting erosion. Results apply to erosion as well as polishing of metal surfaces.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Genomic instability in sporadic colorectal cancer quantitated by inter-simple sequence repeat PCR analysis

Genomic instability plays a major role in cancer by facilitating tumor progression and tumor heterogeneity. Inter-simple sequence repeat (inter-SSR) PCR has been developed to provide a rapid and reproducible technique for quantitation of the major type of genomic instability observed in sporadic tumors, namely, that manifesting itself as amplifications, deletions, translocations, and insertions. Evaluation of 59 sporadic colorectal cancers by inter-SSR PCR has demonstrated a wide range of instability, independent of tumor stage at diagnosis. Comparison of these data and the results of microsatellite PCR analysis reveals an association of high genomic instability with loss of heterozygosity but no association with the replication error phenomenon arising from defects in mismatch repair.
Prior probability variation in an information purchase task

The prior probabilities were varied for two hypotheses in an information-purchasing task in which Ss were required to construct the prior probability-generating device personally. Biases in priors did not affect the number of pieces of data purchased. Comparison of subjective opinion revisions with the Bayesian normative model showed that Ss were less conservative with data having high diagnostic impact than they were with data having low diagnostic impact. No performance differences were evident for in firming and confirming forms of data.
Random genetic drift in a cline.

A diffusion model is derived for random genetic drift in a cline. The monoecious organism occupies an unbounded linear habitat with constant, uniform population density. Migration is homogeneous, symmetric, and independent of genotype. The analysis applies to a single diallelic locus without dominance or mutation. Assuming that Hardy—Weinberg proportions obtain locally, partial differential equations are deduced for the expected gene frequency at each location and the covariance between gene frequencies at any two points of the habitat. For most selection gradients, the population density, ρ, selection intensity, s, and migration variance, σ2, appear only combined in the single dimensionless parameter, β, the ratio of the characteristic length for migration and random drift to the natural distance for migration and selection. Random drift is highly significant if β « 1; it causes only relatively small variations of order 1/β around the deterministic cline if β » 1. With β ≫ 1, the correlation between the gene frequencies at any two points is very nearly independent of β, and hence is parameter-free for particular forms of the selection gradient. For a very steep selection gradient, β = 2 [unk] 2sρσ, i.e., essentially the product of the square root of the selection intensity and the neighborhood size.
Simple laboratory system for generating well-controlled atmospheric-like turbulence

We describe a simple optical system for generating atmospheric-like turbulence in the laboratory which allows for well-controlled testing of advanced adaptive-optical components and concepts. The system models a two-layer atmosphere using static phase plates and is capable of simulating a wide range of atmospheric conditions. The design of the hardware is presented along with results from the initial system modelling describing the theory of operation.
Coordination of Actin-Activated Phosphate Release and the Myosin Power-Stroke Detected by Transient Time-Resolved FRET

We have used transient kinetics and nanosecond time-resolved FRET to resolve a structural transition in the myosin relay helix during the actin-activated power stroke. The relay helix plays a critical role in force generation in myosin, coupling biochemical changes in the ATPase site with force-transducing rotation of the myosin light chain domain. Previous research in the absence of actin used optical and EPR spectroscopy to demonstrate that the relay helix of Dictyostelium Discoideum myosin II exists in dynamic equilibrium between a bent pre-power-stroke state, stabilized by ATP, and a straight post-power-stroke state that predominates when ADP or no nucleotide is bound. Kinetics studies showed that ATP binding induces a recovery stroke in which this equilibrium is shifted toward the bent state. In the present study, we ask whether actin binding to the myosin.ADP.Pi complex reverses this transition and if so, how actin-activated helix straightening is coordinated with biochemical transitions of the myosin ATPase cycle. We labeled a Cys-lite Dictyostelium myosin motor domain with donor and acceptor probes at two engineered Cys residues designed to detect relay helix bending. We measured time-resolved FRET following stopped-flow mixing of myosin (in the presence of ATP) with actin. These experiments allowed us to measure the structural kinetics of the relay helix during the weak-to-strong actin-binding transition. The results clearly show that actin binding straightens the relay helix in the presence of ATP. The helix straightens prior to ADP dissociation and full formation of the strong binding actomyosin interface. Measurements of actin-activated phosphate release demonstrate that dissociation of the hydrolyzed gamma-phosphate is closely coupled to the structural state of the relay helix during the power-stroke.
Effects of nutrients and zooplankton on an estuary's phytoplankton: inferences from a synthesis of 30 years of data

Phytoplankton biomass is commonly used as a water quality metric in the management of anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus loading, yet interpretation of the long-term response of phytoplankton biomass to nutrient regulation may be confounded by changes in zooplankton grazing pressure. Zooplankton community structure may be affected by planktivorous fish whose populations are subject to losses through fishing and gains through restoration efforts. We investigated temporal changes in phytoplankton biomass, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, zooplankton, and planktivorous fish in the tidal fresh and oligohaline Chowan River, NC, over a 30-year period in order to compare long-term trends in these parameters and infer their relative influence on phytoplankton biomass. Data were compiled from the records of two state agencies and several academic studies and supplemented by our own two year monitoring of water quality and zooplankton in the Chowan River mainstem and two tributaries. Seasonal trend decomposition using locally weighted regression was applied to chlorophyll a (a proxy for phytoplankton biomass), nitrogen, and phosphorus, and showed that chlorophyll a declined more quickly than did nutrient concentrations over the 30-year period. Despite the long-term decline in nitrogen and to a lesser extent phosphorus, the long-term trend in phytoplankton growth rate (predicted using an empirical model involving irradiance and nutrients) remained relatively constant. Zooplankton abundance increased from the period 1981–1982 to 2008–2010, as did the predicted zooplankton community water clearance rate (a proxy for zooplankton grazing). River herring, historically the dominant planktivore, declined dramatically over the 30-year period. The data indicate that the most parsimonious explanation for the long term decrease in chlorophyll a is an increase in zooplankton and not a decrease in nutrients. This inference leads us to hypothesize that the historically large river herring population exerted a positive, indirect influence on phytoplankton biomass in the Chowan River system, and that the decline in river herring has lead to higher zooplankton abundance and subsequently lower phytoplankton biomass.
The Internal-External Ethnic Identity Measure: Factor-Analytic Structures Based on a Sample of Chinese Americans

The factor-analytic structure of the Internal-External Ethnic Identity (Int-Ext Id) measure was examined using a sample of Chinese Americans. Items in the Int-Ext Id measure reflect the common internal and external aspects of ethnic identity as conceptualized from the social psychological perspective, as well as the Asian values of family orientation and collectivism. Four factors—Ethnic Friendship and Affiliation, Ethno-Communal Expression, Ethnic Food Orientation, and Family-Collectivism—were identified.
QT interval: A measure of drug action

Historically, QT prolongation, occurring with or without drug therapy, has been considered primarily as a clinical marker for risk of arrhythmia. However, as understanding of cardiac repolarization improves and ability to measure accurately small changes in QT interval increases, the QT interval will be used as a marker for drug action as well. In addition, QT prolongation may prove to be a valuable tool for detecting and quantifying risk of arrhythmia due to drugs. This has been emphasized recently by the experience with terfenadine. Use of the QT interval as a marker for toxicity and efficacy will require sensitive and specific methods that are currently being developed and validated. The current methodologies for detecting small changes in the QT interval and the significance of those changes are discussed.
Continuous naloxone infusion in paediatric patients with pruritus associated with epidural morphine

Summary Pruritus is a common, troublesome complication of epidural morphine analgesia in children. This report describes the successful management of pruritus with a continuous naloxone infusion in 5 patients after 6 operations.
Aging and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to challenge in humans

AGING is a multifactorial process that results in heterogeneous patterns of progressive morbidity and disability (1–3). This complex process is influenced by multiple internal homeostatic mechanisms which are, in turn, influenced by the external stimuli or stressors. One of the best characterized homeostatic response systems is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis which coordinates multiple neuroendocrine and metabolic response to stressors. Interest in possible age-related changes in homeostatic regulation, and in HPA functioning in particular, has been stimulated by the fact that men and women who are 65 and over represent one of the fastest growing segments of the population (4). Estimates for the United States alone project that by the year 2000 there will be more than 35 million people aged 65 and over and more than 51 million by the year 2020 (5). The needs of this population in terms of healthcare resources have focused attention on identifying the factors that influence their patterns of ...
Experimental analysis of the surface roughness evolution of etched glass for micro/nanofluidic devices

Roughness of channel surfaces, both deterministic and random, is known to affect the fluid flow behavior in micro/nanoscale fluidic devices. This has relevance particularly for applications involving non-Newtonian fluids, such as in biomedical lab-on-chip devices. While several studies have investigated effects of relative large, deterministic surface structures on fluid flow, the effect of random roughness on microfluidic flow remains relatively unexplored. In this study, the effects of processing conditions for wet etching of glass including etching time and etching orientation on centre-line average (Ra) and the autocorrelation length (ACL) were investigated. Statistical distribution of the roughness was also studied. Results indicated that ACL can be tailored in the range of 1–4 µm by changing etching time in horizontal etching while Ra was found to increase weakly with etching time in all three etching orientations. Analysis of the experimental data using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov goodness-of-fit hypothesis test shows that the glass surface roughness does not follow a Gaussian distribution, as is typically assumed in the literature. Instead, the T location-scale distribution fits the roughness data with 1.11% error. These results provide promising insights into tailoring surface roughness for improving microfluidic devices.
Reconstructions of populations of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone neurons in young and middle-aged rats reveal progressive increases in subgroups expressing Fos protein on proestrus and age-related deficits.

Fos expression has been used as a marker of activation of neuroendocrine cells including LHRH neurons. In this study, Fos protein was localized within LHRH neurons in young and middle-aged rats to trace the temporal and spatial pattern of LHRH neuronal activation associated with the preovulatory LH surge. Animals were killed during the late morning, afternoon, and evening of proestrus. Dual immunocytochemical protocols localized LHRH and LHRH/Fos neurons, and computer-assisted methods were used to reconstruct forebrain populations of single- and double-labeled LHRH neurons. Although a significant increase in the number of LHRH/Fos neurons was noted by evening in both age groups, a greater increase was observed in young (12% in morning, 28% in afternoon, and 62% by evening) compared with aging females (5% in morning, 10% in afternoon, and 40% by evening). Reconstructions of LHRH and LHRH/Fos neurons revealed time- and age-dependent differences in Fos expression within LHRH neurons. In young females, LHRH/F...
Implications of User Characteristics in Information Seeking on the World Wide Web

The study described in this article investigated how differences in cognitive style and online search experience influence the search performance and navigational pattern of individuals utilizing a university World Wide Web (WWW) site. Forty-eight undergraduate students with diverse academic backgrounds participated in the study. On the basis of cognitive style and prior experience with online database search, the participants were assigned to 1 of the following groups: (a) field-dependent (FD) with little or no online search experience, (b) FD with substantial online search experience, (c) field-independent (FI) with little or no online search experience, and (d) FI with substantial online search experience. It was found that cognitive style influenced search time, whereas online search experience affected navigational style, such as jumps and layer traversal. Cognitive style and online search experience also interacted to influence search performance and navigational style. FDs with little or no online ...
FEELING WITHOUT THINKING: LESSONS FROM THE ANCIENTS ON EMOTION AND VIRTUE‐ACQUISITION

: By briefly sketching some important ancient accounts of the connections between psychology and moral education, I hope to illuminate the significance of the contemporary debate on the nature of emotion and to reveal its stakes. I begin the essay with a brief discussion of intellectualism in Socrates and the Stoics, and Plato's and Posidonius's respective attacks against it. Next, I examine the two current leading philosophical accounts of emotion: the cognitive theory and the noncognitive theory. I maintain that the noncognitive theory better explains human behavior and experience and has more empirical support than the cognitive theory. In the third section of the essay I argue that recent empirical research on emotional contagion and mirroring processes provides important new evidence for the noncognitive theory. In the final section, I draw some preliminary conclusions about moral education and the acquisition of virtue.
Immunology Of Epidermal Fibrous Proteins

This report describes the preparation and detection of antibodies to chemically unmodified prekeratin and stratum corneum proteins of cow and human epidermis. The antibodies are specific for epidermal fibrous proteins and do not cross-react with those of hair and nail which have the same molecular configuration but but distinctive physical and chemical properties. The antibodies did cross-react with epidermal fibrous proteins from a number of other vertebrate sources indicating an immunologic relationship among epidermal proteins whose polypeptide compositions and amino acid contents are somewhat dissimilar. Both antibodies give intense immunofluorescence localized to the malpighian layers but not to the stratum corneum. The antigenic sites in the native configuration of the stratum corneum layer may be buried, since denatured stratum corneum proteins react readily with the antibody. These antibodies have permitted the first detection of a form of keratin whose solubility properties are quite different from either prekeratin or stratum corneum proteins.
Design and Optimization of a Nanotip Sensor via Immersed Molecular Electrokinetic Finite Element Method

A critical challenge in the field of medicine is to develop a low cost sensor competent of detecting specific bacterial pathogens via a precise deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence. In order to identify such biological agents in a patient’s blood or other bodily fluids at the onset of infection, detection of specific pathogen genomic DNA is considered a reliable approach. Current techniques involving multiplex DNA/RNA detection arrays or immunoassays [1] require cumbersome sample preparation, aggressive nucleic acid amplification protocols and must be operated by trained personnel. To overcome the aforementioned obstacles, a time-dependent dielectrophoretic force driven sensor consisting of nanostructured tip is being developed.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Conceptual and methodological issues in the judgment of facial expressions of emotion

In two studies, subjects judged a set of facial expressions of emotion by either providing labels of their own choice to describe the stimuli (free-choice condition), choosing a label from a list of emotion words, or choosing a story from a list of emotion stories (fixed-choice conditions). In the free-choice condition, levels of agreement between subjects on the predicted emotion categories for six basic emotions were significantly greater than chance levels, and comparable to those shown in fixed-choice studies. As predicted, there was little to no agreement on a verbal label for contempt. Agreement on contempt was greatly improved when subjects were allowed to identify the expression in terms of an antecedent event for that emotion rather than in terms of a single verbal label, a finding that could not be attributed to the methodological artifact of exclusion in a fixed-choice paradigm. These findings support two conclusions: (1) that the labels used in fixed-choice paradigms accurately reflect the verbal categories people use when free labeling facial expressions of emotion, and (2) that lexically ambiguous emotions, such as contempt, are understood in terms of their situational meanings.
SU‐GG‐I‐138: Quantitative Fat Fraction Change in Pelvic Bone Marrow in Response to Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy

Purpose: To quantify changes in pelvic bone marrow (BM) fat fraction (FF) during concurrent chemoradiotherapy for patients with pelvic malignancies.Method and Materials: The study includes 6 patients with stage I–III cervical cancer and 4 patients with stage II–III anal cancer. For cervical cancer patients, treatment consisted of IMRT, 45 Gy in 1.8 Gy daily fractions with concurrent weekly cisplatin, followed by intracavitary brachytherapy boost. For anal cancer patients, treatment consisted of IMRT, 50.4–54.0 Gy in 1.8 Gy daily fractions, with concurrent 5‐fluorouracil and mitomycin C. All patients underwent CT simulation and baseline quantitative FF magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) with the technique called Iterative Decomposition of water and fat with Echo Asymmetry and Least‐Squares Estimation (IDEAL) within 3 weeks of initiating CRT. In addition, patients underwent mid‐ (week 3–4) and post‐treatment (week 6–7) MRI‐IDEAL scans. Rigid image registration was applied to the pre‐, mid‐, post‐ treatment FF image volume, using a commercial software Velocity AI (Velocity Medical Solutions, Atlanta, GA), to achieve accurate alignment and account for local heterogeneity in red BM. Results: All 10 patients had the baseline MRI‐IDEAL scans. All 6 cervical cancer patients and 3 anal cancer patients had mid‐treatment scans. And 4 cervical cancer patients and 2 anal cancer patients had post‐treatment scans. The mean pelvic bone FF of the cervical cancer patients at pre‐, mid‐, and post‐ treatment were 46%, 61%, and 72%, respectively. The mean pelvic bone FF of the anal cancer patients at pre‐, mid‐, and post‐ treatment were 63%, 72%, and 68%, respectively. Conclusion: Pelvic BM FF increases significantly during chemoradiation for pelvic malignancies. As a putative indicator for functional BM, this imaging technique may be useful for guiding IMRT plans and for quantifying local changes in BM resulting from treatment.
Evaluating the Quality of Interventions: Improving Pediatric Nursing Practice Through Research

Research and quali ty improvement projects highlight the importance of evaluating and testing interventions to improve the quality of pediatric nursing practice. EVALUATING INTERVENTIONS DETERMINES not only the quality and effectiveness of programs on specific outcomes in real-world settings, but creates new knowledge about the impact of the intervention, thereby building upon and extending the evidence (Glascow & Linnan, 2008; Rohrbach, Grana, Sussman, & Valente, 2006). Quality improvement projects are designed to evaluate and test the effectiveness intervention programs by translating research into nursing practice (Polit & Beck, 2012). Through systematic evaluation, interventions are refined to improve the quality of the intervention program and, ultimately, to enhance pediatric nursing practice through improved care of children and their families. This dynamic interplay of research, theory, and practice undergirds the dialectic between nursing research, knowledge development, and nursing practice. In this way, evidence is substantiated and knowledge is developed resulting in improved nursing practice. Critical evaluation and testing of interventions are essential to determine their efficacy and effectiveness in improving outcomes that will enhance the care of children and their families (Christian, 2011). Testing and evaluation of best practices identified and developed through clinical experiences, provide critical evidence that is translated into practice for improving the quality of care (Christian, 2010a, 2010b). In this way, knowledge is developed and pediatric nursing practice is enhanced, resulting in improved quality of care. In this issue of the Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 15 articles highlight the importance of critical evaluation of interventions and quality improvement programs providing evidence for the
The Use of Opioids in the Postoperative Setting: Focus on Morphine, Hydromorphone, and Fentanyl

U P 7 OPIOID ANALGESICS are crucial for providing pain control during and after surgery. Opioids provide analgesia by binding to specific receptors located primarily in the brain and spinal cord to inhibit the release of substance P. This, in effect, blocks the pain pathways ascending to the brain, where pain is perceived. Opioids also activate descending pain pathways to inhibit the transmission of nociceptive information.
Substitutional H - -ion vibrations in the alkaline-earth oxides reduced at high temperatures

The infrared absorption spectra of MgO, CaO, and SrO, crystals containing high concentrations of hydrogen are studied. Samples reduced at high temperatures and high pressures of the alkaline-earth vapor exhibit sharp absorption lines that can be attributed to the fundamental vibrations of substitutional ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ions. In MgO:${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ a first-harmonic line is also observed. A comparison is made with results for ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ions in the alkali halides.
Ecology of SO2 resistance: III. Metabolic changes of C3 and C4 Atriplex species due to SO2 fumigations

The photosynthetic processes of two ecologically-matched, herbaceous Atriplex species differed in their response to SO2 fumigations. Atriplex triangularis, a C3 species, was more sensitive than the C4 species, A. sabulosa. This difference in sensitivity can be attributed in part to the higher conductance of the C3 species in normal air and saturating light as well as greater stimulation of stomatal opening following exposure to SO2. In addition, photosynthetic mechanisms of the C3 species had higher intrinsic SO2 sensitivity than the C4 species. Differences between photosynthetic responses of these two species may also reflect differences in morphological configuration of mesophyll tissues and greater SO2 sensitivity of the initial photosynthetic carboxlating enzyme of the C3 species. It is likely that certain of the differences in photosynthetic SO2 sensitivity of these contrasting C3 and C4 Atriplex species are characteristic of C3 and C4 plants in general.
Ore Subresultant Coefficients in Solutions

The subresultants play a fundamental role in elimination theory and computer algebra. Recently they have been extended to Ore polynomials. They are defined by an expression in the coefficients of Ore polynomials. In this paper, we provide another expression for them. This expression is written in terms of the solutions of Ore polynomials (in generic case). It is a generalization of our previous paper where we gave expressions for the principal (formal leading) coefficients of subresultants. In this paper, we give expressions for all the other coefficients.
Ultrasound biomicroscopy of eyelid eccrine hidrocystoma.

Abstract Case report: A 58-year-old white female noted a lesion on her left lower eyelid, present for 3 months. Examination disclosed a dark-blue, subepithelial, smooth mass along the cilia near the punctum.The lesion did not transmit light and was thought to be a solid mass, such as a deep-blue nevus or melanoma versus a cystic mass with internal debris. Ultrasound biomicroscopy showed a fairly circumscribed echolucent mass measuring 3.2 × 3.5 mm suggestive of a cyst with numerous internal echo impedances. Following resection, histopathologic evaluation disclosed a cyst lined by a dual layer of eccrine sweat ductal epithelium, consistent with eccrine hidrocystoma. Comments: Eyelid hidrocystomas can be pigmented and can be confused clinically with melanocytic tumors. Ultrasound biomicroscopy can provide helpful diagnostic information about the internal architecture of such lesions.
Relative advantages of small and observatory type satellites.

Weight and volume capability, celestial orientation, data handling and storage, telemetry, and reliability of Explorer type satellites and orbiting type observatories
Approximation and radial-basis-function networks

This paper concerns conditions for the approximation of functions in certain general spaces using radial-basis-function networks. It has been shown in recent papers that certain classes of radial-basis-function networks are broad enough for universal approximation. In this paper these results are considerably extended and sharpened.
INTEGRATION OF THE MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY STATUS MEASUREMENT SYSTEM INTO THE ROADSIDE INSPECTION SELECTION SYSTEM

The roadside Inspection Selection System (ISS) was developed in response to a 1995 congressional mandate that called for the use of prior carrier safety data to guide the selection of commercial vehicles and drivers for roadside inspections. The program was developed in part by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation. As ISS has developed, FMCSA's Performance and Registration Information Systems Management (PRISM) program has also been evolving. One objective of PRISM is to identify relatively unsafe carriers by assigning Safety Status Measurement System (SafeStat) scores and also encouraging those drivers to improve their safety performance or risk losing registration privileges. SafeStat was designed to prioritize carriers for monitoring and compliance reviews, but ISS was designed to prioritize carriers for roadside inspection. Both algorithms, however, use similar data to define a relatively unsafe carrier. It would be advantageous therefore to ...
Race, Gender, and the Black Women’s Standpoint

Hill Collins (1997, 1998, 2000) argues that because of their position within the intersecting hierarchies of race, gender, and class, black women as a group possess a "unique angle of vision" on the social world. Rooted in the everyday experiences of black women, the "black women's standpoint" is marked by an intersectional understanding of oppression and a "legacy of struggle" against such oppression. In this article, I employ quantitative analyses of data from the National Survey of Black Americans (1992) and the National Black Feminist Study (2004-2005) to investigate the black women's standpoint. I ask: "Do black women as a group tend toward the black women's standpoint that Hill Collins describes?" and "Do black women embrace this perspective more than black men?" Results from numerous χ 2 and logistic regression analyses suggest that, within the black community, gender is not a significant predictor of the standpoint that Hill Collins describes, with black men and black women being equally likely to embrace many of the core ideas associated with the black women's standpoint. I conclude by discussing the implications of this finding for gender and race-based standpoint theory.
PReS13-SPK-1028: Activity and damage - we have to measure them

Background Childhood-onset SLE is a complex multiorgan disease. In order to judge the need of medical intervnetions and the patient benefits from them, measurement disease activity and damage are key. Furthermore, important improvement and deterioration of disease needs to be ascertained. Such measurement are the basis for clinical trial aimed at identifying improved medications and are needed to judge the benefits of medical interventions in general.
Comparisons in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo of the actions of seven structurally diverse inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

1. Seven drugs (captopril, zofenopril, enalapril, ramipril, lisinopril, fosinopril, and SQ 29,852) were compared in vitro in homogenates of aorta, brain, heart, lung, and kidney and in sera of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) both with respect to potencies of their active moieties as inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and, where applicable, rates of hydrolysis of their prodrug ester functions. 2. In ex vivo dose-response and time-course studies, the inhibitory effects of the seven drugs on tissue ACEs and their relative distributions to SHR tissues were compared following oral administration. 3. The relative potencies of the inhibitory moieties of the drugs (in parentheses) and the normalized 'equiactive' oral doses employed for time-course studies were: SQ 29,852 (1.0), 100 mg kg-1; captopril (3.5), 30 mg kg-1; enalapril (12), 20 mg kg-1; fosinopril (13), 25 mg kg-1; zofenopril (20), 10 mg kg-1; lisinopril (24), 10 mg kg-1; and ramipril (51), 5 mg kg-1. 4. Following oral administration of the drugs to SHR, the degree and duration of ACE inhibition in aorta and lung correlated with the antihypertensive actions, with ramipril, lisinopril, and zofenopril producing effects of the greatest magnitude and duration. 5. Ramipril and enalapril did not inhibit brain ACE ex vivo; captopril and zofenopril had modest but short-lasting effects; and fosinopril, lisinopril, and SQ 29,852 had long-lasting inhibitory actions, which, with the latter two, were delayed in onset. 6. All of the drugs produced significant inhibition of kidney ACE, with ramipril and fosinopril having somewhat weaker effects, perhaps due to biliary routes of excretion. 7. Captopril, fosinopril, and particularly zofenopril inhibited cardiac ACE ex vivo with degrees and durations that were marked compared with those of the other drugs; preliminary studies with isolated hearts suggest a possible relationship between inhibition of cardiac ACE and preservation of cardiac function subsequent to ischaemia.