cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Divided Zygomatic Bone in Primates With Implications of Skull Morphology and Biomechanics

Typically the zygoma is a single bone in the facial skeleton whose shape uniquely copes with loads associated with mastication. Rarely but naturally, the zygoma is divided into two or more parts by supernumerary sutures. These extra intrazygomatic sutures are located at an area of critical morphological and biomechanical importance, yet their impacts have not been studied. In this study, the morphological and possible biomechanical consequences of the divided zygoma (DZ) were investigated in primates including rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), orangutans (Pongo abelii and P. pygmaeus), and modern humans (Homo sapiens). Results demonstrated that a unilateral supernumerary suture within the zygoma affected facial symmetry. The superior division of the divided zygoma was normally slender along with the adjacent frontal bone parts; while the inferior division of the divided zygoma was normally more robust, along with stronger temporal and maxillary bones. These were possible biomechanical consequences, in which the stresses incurred during normal masticatory activities were shunted from the upper face to the lower face, especially along the zygomatic arch. These findings revealed that the DZ condition would alter overall morphology of the midface of the affected side, and unfavorably affect the pattern of stress distribution in the loaded side of the face during mastication. The developmental mechanisms for the supernumerary sutures dividing the zygoma were unclear. Further insights into this rare condition may deepen our understanding of craniofacial form, adaptation, developmental plasticity, and evolution, and help to improve therapeutic philosophies in corrective and regenerative medicine. Anat Rec, 299:1801-1829, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Machine vision methods for analyzing social interactions.

ABSTRACT Recent developments in machine vision methods for automatic, quantitative analysis of social behavior have immensely improved both the scale and level of resolution with which we can dissect interactions between members of the same species. In this paper, we review these methods, with a particular focus on how biologists can apply them to their own work. We discuss several components of machine vision-based analyses: methods to record high-quality video for automated analyses, video-based tracking algorithms for estimating the positions of interacting animals, and machine learning methods for recognizing patterns of interactions. These methods are extremely general in their applicability, and we review a subset of successful applications of them to biological questions in several model systems with very different types of social behaviors.
Creating Desirable Difficulties: Strategies for Reshaping Teaching and Learning in the Law School Classroom

Students unconsciously experience a conflict between the type of learning they believe is best for them and the type of learning that actually is best for them. As a result, they are choosing ineffective study techniques and making numerous mistakes when it comes to learning. This Article seeks to make law professors aware of students’ learning mistakes and to equip them with strategies to teach students how to be self-regulated learners who make thoughtful decisions about how best to learn. These strategies introduce desirable difficulties into the learning process – namely, complex learning activities that require students to actively engage with the material in ways that promote self-assessment and reflection skills. While this process might initially appear to slow the rate of learning, challenging students in this manner pushes them to develop their own strategies to address the intricate learning tasks that are prevalent in law school. This Article anticipates law school efforts to implement the revised American Bar Association Accreditation standards, which, amongst other changes, require schools to establish and assess learning outcomes. These new standards shift the focus of legal education from what we are teaching to what our students are learning. This shift will require professors to become comfortable evaluating learning outcomes. Accordingly, the Article proposes that professors engage in “backwards course design” – first determining desired learning outcomes, then choosing formative and summative assessment methods to measure those outcomes, and finally incorporating specific teaching strategies to achieve their learning objectives. The Article demonstrates this approach by articulating a specific legal learning outcome for an Evidence class and suggesting formative assessment activities and teaching strategies to help students achieve that outcome. The Article’s intended learning outcome is to provide professors with tools to design and deploy tangible strategies that advance learning in the law school classroom, while ensuring compliance with the ABA standards.
Vector Arthropods and Host Pain and Itch Responses

Itch and pain are danger signals that induce protective responses of scratching and withdrawal from painful stimuli. Itch and pain are distinct, yet related, sensations involving increasingly well-characterized receptors, mediators, and peripheral and central neuronal pathways. Cutaneous itch alerts to the presence of a probing or feeding arthropod vector and may induce behaviors that remove the offending arthropod. Saliva composition differs significantly among genera and species of vector arthropods. A diverse array of inhibitors of hemostasis, immunomodulators, and molecules that block pain and itch responses are found in vector saliva. Repeated vector arthropod feeding induces host responses that neutralize actions of some saliva molecules. Vector arthropod–induced itch is linked to grooming related reduction in tick numbers; awareness of feeding vectors, particularly mosquitoes and ticks; and a positive correlation exists between itch induced by vectors and lower incidence of vector-borne disease transmission.
Successes, Challenges, and Future Directions for an Urban Full Service Community Schools Initiative

After receiving a multiyear federal grant, an urban school district and community agency that focused on family literacy implemented a comprehensive school reform initiative called Providence Full ...
Suppression of Gut Dysbiosis Reverses Western Diet-Induced Vascular Dysfunction

Vascular dysfunction represents a critical preclinical step in the development of cardiovascular disease. We examined the role of the gut microbiota in the development of obesity-related vascular d...
Forest landscapes as social-ecological systems and implications for management

Abstract Many of the most pressing threats to forests result from complex interactions between multiple stressors and require management on large spatial and temporal scales. For this reason, many ecosystem managers have begun to recognize the need to consider the broader context of decisions, and how outcomes of past, present and future decisions in one location may interact with outcomes of such decisions in other locations nearby. The landscape has been put forth as an appropriate unit for such holistic approaches to management. However, as there are differing definitions of landscapes, it can be difficult to develop frameworks for management. Moreover, many definitions do not fully account for the many ways social and ecological conditions and processes interact within landscapes. Building on emerging theoretical and empirical literature, I offer a perspective on temperate forest landscapes as social-ecological systems: nested sets of coevolving social and natural subsystems connected through feedbacks, time lags, and cross-scale interactions. This interdisciplinary framing emphasizes the biogeophysical and socio-cultural influences on landscapes and the need to consider these influences – and the interactions among them – in management. I discuss challenges to managing forest landscapes as social-ecological systems that stem from mismatches in the temporal and spatial scales on which ecological and social systems typically function, as well as opportunities for policies, formal organizations, and governance networks.
The Missing Link: Connecting Physical and Virtual Channels Through Click and Mortar Electronic Commerce

Many observers became disillusioned with consumer-oriented electronic commerce after the so-called Internet bubble burst in 2000 and 2001. Yet, without much fanfare, annual revenue from online retail sales has steadily increased, in both absolute terms and as a percentage of total retail sales. In the United States, the U.S. Census Bureau has tracked online sales since the fourth quarter of 1999 using a panel of approximately 11,000 retail firms. According to the most recent Census Bureau estimates available at the time this chapter was written, quarterly online sales have risen from 5,393 billion, or 0.7% of total sales in the fourth quarter of 1999 to 13.77 billion, or 1.6% of total sales in the fourth quarter of 2002 (US Census Bureau, 2003). Other sources report much higher figures, largely because the U.S. Census data does not include sales from such popular online purchases as financial services, travel and information2. Moreover, further evidence of the increasing importance of consumer e-commerce is revealed in the online sales growth rates, which vastly exceeded traditional retail sales growth even during the period following the collapse of the dot.coms. The most recent revised figures from the U.S. Census Bureau show that from 2000 to 2001, total retail sales reported by the U.S. Census Bureau increased by only 2.66%, while online sales increased by 22.2%.
The effect of small-scale fluid motion on the green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda

The effect of shear flow on the green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda grown in Bristol's medium wastested. The shear flow was generated using a Couettetype rotating cylinder apparatus. Growth of Scenedesmus quadricauda, measured in terms ofchlorophyll a concentration, was inhibited underdifferent fluid motions. Inhibition was mostpronounced at high Reynolds number (Re) and thecorresponding mean rate of energy dissipation(e). Algal growth was maximum during thestagnant fluid flow experiment. The flocs comprised of dead and living cells of algae formed as a resultof shear flow. Cell morphometry did not changeconsistently under different flow conditions but celldestruction was evident. A two step model isproposed, relating algal growth as a function of Re,and e. The attenuation factor, φF for growth limiting conditions underdifferent fluid motions, was defined as the ratio of the algal growth rate constant to the maximum algalgrowth constant under stagnant fluid flowconditions.
Histrelin implantation in the pediatric population: A 10-year institutional experience.

Abstract Purpose To perform the largest review of the safety and clinical management practices of histrelin implantation in children. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed including all patients (age ≤ 20) that underwent histrelin implant insertion, replacement, or removal by a single surgeon at a large pediatric tertiary care center (2008–2017). Data analyzed included patient demographics, procedure details, and complications. Results A total of 377 patients, with a mean age of 9.3 ± 2.4 years, underwent 866 unique procedures (352 insertions, 329 replacements, and 185 removals) for a diagnosis of either central precocious puberty (343 patients, 821 cases) or gender identity disorder (34 patients, 45 cases). There were 271 (72%) female patients, 72 (19%) male patients, and 34 (9%) children in gender transition. Procedures were performed in three settings: 415 (47.9%) in the outpatient clinic, 401 (46.3%) in a sedation unit, and 50 (5.8%) in the operating room. The preferred setting shifted over time to more clinic-based procedures (9.4% vs. 62.9% in the first five vs. second five years, respectively). Complications were rare (1% of cases). Conclusion Histrelin implantation in the pediatric population is safe, with minimal morbidity. Implantation and removal in the clinic setting are appropriate for the majority of patients. Level of evidence Treatment study; Level IV.
Patterns of proton beam therapy for prostate cancer advertising on the Internet.

e16098 Background: Due to increased cost and unproven advantage over traditional radiation techniques, large insurance payers have declined to reimburse for proton beam therapy for prostate cancer. Yet, patients request this modality. A possible reason for this is the marketing efforts, including those on the internet. We analyzed the content of websites through common search engines. Methods: Utilizing the search phrase “proton therapy for prostate cancer”, through Google, Bing and Yahoo, webpages were judged on trends in information provided. Results: 15 centers were evaluated. All 15 centers advertised the technique as “more precise”, “more effective”, “fewer side effects” and less likely to affect the healthy organs compared with IMRT. 65% used phrases including “innovative”, “higher dose of radiation than IMRT”, “spares healthy tissues”, and “smaller radiation fields.” 30% advertised it as” the most targeted form of radiotherapy” and stated that protons can “selectively kill cancerous cells.” 15% des...
Doctoral Output in Political Science — Tables for 1970-72

Unfortunately, a careful look at the lists reveals that they are not complete. Some political science departments that actually granted degrees have no entries at all in one or more years. These omissions, which have been confirmed by correspondence with several schools, are the inevitable result of the difficulties attendant upon the collection of information from so many offices.' While they diminish in some measure the utility of the lists themselves and of the tables that appear below, the data still give a fairly accurate, though conservative, index of the number of Ph.D. degrees being awarded in political science. Certainly, it is the best readily available index we have.
Role of Surface Oxygen Vacancy Concentration on the Dissociation of Methane over Nonstoichiometric Ceria

Chemical looping reforming of methane over ceria-based materials is a promising route for the production of synthetic liquid fuel precursors, H2 and CO. In this work, a comprehensive kinetic model ...
Techno-economic evaluation of different hybridization schemes for a solar thermal/gas power plant

Abstract Stabilizing the effects of greenhouse gases emissions on the atmosphere is a key step towards solving the global climate change problem. The power industry is one of the major sectors for greenhouse gas emissions. One solution to help reduce emissions from the existing power plants is to hybridize them with renewable energy sources. Solar energy is a leading source among alternative energy sources due to its technological advancement and declining cost in recent years. Concentrated solar power is a mature solar technology that can play a major role in large-scale power production. Hybridizing concentrated solar power plants with natural gas plants can ensure a continuous and reliable power supply in meeting electricity demand. This study investigates the environmental impact and techno-economics of a hybrid natural gas/solar plant with a power production capacity of 140 MW. The system uses a tightly integrated design and a robust control scheme to exploit the synergies between natural gas and solar thermal power. A techno-economic comparison is made between the hybrid plant and two separate plants (solar thermal and natural gas) that are only connected at the grid-level as well as to a stand-alone natural gas plant. Simulation results demonstrate that the solar-to-electric efficiency and solar fraction in a plant-level hybrid unit increase by 77.7 and 69.6%, respectively, when compared to a grid-level hybrid unit. A sensitivity analysis on the plant economics reveals that a value of $146.2/tonne for the carbon tax and a renewable energy credit of 56.94% are required for the plant-level hybrid unit to break-even with the levelized cost of electricity production from the stand-alone natural gas plant. In contrast, the grid-level hybrid unit does not break-even with the levelized cost of electricity production from the natural gas plant within a reasonable range of carbon tax and renewable energy credit. The sensitivity analysis also demonstrates that a carbon tax will be a better leveraging tool to encourage greenhouse gas emissions reductions than the renewable energy credit. A life cycle assessment is also performed for the three systems considered in this work, while using their dynamic models and the relevant control schemes. This study shows that the greenhouse gas emissions in the grid-level hybrid unit and natural gas plant are 9.28% and 23.78%, respectively, higher than the plant-level hybrid unit. Hence, the plant-level hybrid unit emits the least amount of greenhouse gases while demonstrating the maximum synergistic benefits from hybridization.
Irreducible characters of \mathrm{GSp}(4, q) and dimensions of spaces of fixed vectors

In this paper, we compute the conjugacy classes and the list of irreducible characters of $$\mathrm{GSp}(4,q)$$ , where $$q$$ is odd. We also determine precisely which irreducible characters are non-cuspidal and which are generic. These characters are then used to compute dimensions of certain subspaces of fixed vectors of smooth admissible non-supercuspidal representations of $$\mathrm{GSp}(4,F)$$ , where $$F$$ is a non-archimedean local field of characteristic zero with residue field of order $$q$$ .
Where are they hiding? Testing the body snatchers hypothesis in pyrophilous fungi

Abstract Pyrophilous fungi produce sporocarps after a fire but little is known about their ecology prior to or after a fire event. Recently, the body snatchers hypothesis was proposed that suggests some post-fire fungi form endophytic and/or endolichenic relationships with plants and lichens. To test the body snatchers hypothesis, bryophyte, lichen, club moss, and soil samples were collected from unburned and mixed-intensity burned areas 1–2 y after a 2016 wildfire in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, and from unburned areas in four states outside the park. Samples were examined for the presence of pyrophilous fungi occurring as endophytes or in lichens using culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques. Culture-dependent methods isolated Pholiota highlandensis, a known pyrophilous fungus, from five bryophyte samples. Culture-independent methods identified 22 pyrophilous taxa from bryophyte, club moss, lichen, and soil samples across a range of geographical localities. The ‘body snatchers’ hypothesis is supported since many bryophyte, lichen, and club moss samples contained pyrophilous taxa suggesting that these fungi occur as endophytes and/or endolichenic fungi until a fire event triggers them to produce sporocarps.
Zoning Effect on the Capacity and Placement Planning for Battery Exchange Stations in Battery Consolidation Systems

The concept of the battery exchange station (BES) as a part of the battery consolidation system (BCS) has certain criteria which makes it a significant player of better adaptation plan of electric vehicles (EVs) in the grid toward the smart grid (SG). In this paper, we focus on finding an efficient joint capacity and placement planning of BESs among candidate zones and exchange decisions of EV drivers at a BCS (CPPED) with the aim of minimizing the implementation cost of BESs placement, the distance traveled by EVs to exchange their batteries, and the waiting time of EVs at the BESs subject to the limitation on the number of BESs in the system. The formulated multi-objective optimization problem is non-convex with a combination of binary and continues variables which introduces a disjoint feasible solution set. To have a polynomial time complexity solution, we employ abstract Lagrangian duality and maximization-minimization methods to handle the binary variables. Our proposed method reaches to a robust solution of joint CPPED problem. Through simulation results, we investigate the effect of the number of zones and number of BESs on the performance of the proposed method for addressing the CPPED problem. Our numerical results show that increasing the number of zones and maximum number of BESs have significant effects on optimizing the CPPED problem, however after some certain points, their effects are less significant.
The Summer Before College: A Case Study of First-Generation, Urban High School Graduates:

Often without guidance in completing college-related tasks, first-generation students face unique challenges during the summer before college. This case study investigates this critical time period...
A primary neural cell culture model to study neuron, astrocyte, and microglia interactions in neuroinflammation.

Interactions between neurons, astrocytes, and microglia critically influence neuroinflammatory responses to insult in the central nervous system. In vitro astrocyte and microglia cultures are powerful tools to study specific molecular pathways involved in neuroinflammation; however, in order to better understand the influence of cellular crosstalk on neuroinflammation, new multicellular culture models are required. Primary cortical cells taken from neonatal rats were cultured in a serum-free “tri-culture” medium formulated to support neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, or a “co-culture” medium formulated to support only neurons and astrocytes. Caspase 3/7 activity and morphological changes were used to quantify the response of the two culture types to different neuroinflammatory stimuli mimicking sterile bacterial infection (lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure), mechanical injury (scratch), and seizure activity (glutamate-induced excitotoxicity). The secreted cytokine profile of control and LPS-exposed co- and tri-cultures were also compared. The tri-culture maintained a physiologically relevant representation of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia for 14 days in vitro, while the co-cultures maintained a similar population of neurons and astrocytes, but lacked microglia. The continuous presence of microglia did not negatively impact the overall health of the neurons in the tri-culture, which showed reduced caspase 3/7 activity and similar neurite outgrowth as the co-cultures, along with an increase in the microglia-secreted neurotrophic factor IGF-1 and a significantly reduced concentration of CX3CL1 in the conditioned media. LPS-exposed tri-cultures showed significant astrocyte hypertrophy, increase in caspase 3/7 activity, and the secretion of a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF, IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-6), none of which were observed in LPS-exposed co-cultures. Following mechanical trauma, the tri-culture showed increased caspase 3/7 activity, as compared to the co-culture, along with increased astrocyte migration towards the source of injury. Finally, the microglia in the tri-culture played a significant neuroprotective role during glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, with significantly reduced neuron loss and astrocyte hypertrophy in the tri-culture. The tri-culture consisting of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia more faithfully mimics in vivo neuroinflammatory responses than standard mono- and co-cultures. This tri-culture can be a useful tool to study neuroinflammation in vitro with improved accuracy in predicting in vivo neuroinflammatory phenomena.
Diagnosis and treatment of colonic stenosis in children: a report of 3 cases and literature review

Objective To explore the feasibility, diagnosis and treatment of colonic stricture in children. Methods Three children of sigmoid stenosis were hospitalized from July 2008 to July 2018. Their clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. There were 2 boys and 1 girl with an age range of 9 to 25 months. The literatures of clinical characteristics and surgical treatments of pediatric colonic stenosis were retrieved from the databases of PubMed, Wanfang and application document delivery. The key words included colonic stenosis, colonic stricture and child. The literature cutoff period started from January 1968 to November 2018. Results One case with a previous history of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) had sigmoid stenosis and terminal ileum stenosis. Among another two cases of congenital sigmoid stenosis, one was associated with coagulation abnormalities. All 3 cases were operated for acute intestinal obstruction. One case underwent colonic stenosis resection with end-to-end anastomosis while the remainder were operated in stages. The first stage was stenotomy plus proximal enterostomy and the second stage closure of fistula. All children recovered well postoperatively and no complication occurred during follow-ups. The retrieved literatures were divided into congenital and acquired colonic stenosis groups. In congenital colonic stenosis group, 19 articles were retrieved and 22 cases were reported. The operative stages were I (9/22, 41%) and II (4/22, 18%). The remainder was not described. A total of 31 literatures were retrieved in pediatric acquired colonic stenosis group (n=180) and NEC acquired colonic stenosis group (n=158). Conclusions Colonic stenosis is clinically rare and its etiology is due to congenital and acquired causes. The acquired cause is predominantly NEC. The clinical presentation depends upon the severity of stenosis. The selection of treatments is dependent upon age of onset, degree of stenosis, location and presence/absence of complications. Sigmoid stricture resection may be completed by one-stage end-to-end anastomosis or staged enterostomy. And staged operation is reserved for multiple colonic stenoses. Key words: Colonic diseases; Stenosis; Child
Patterns of tobacco use and nicotine dependence among youth, United States, 2017-2018.

Abstract This study examined patterns of tobacco product use and their association with nicotine dependence among U.S. youth. Combined data from the 2017–2018 National Youth Tobacco Surveys were analyzed for students that reported current (past-30-day) use of e-cigarettes, cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, or hookah (n = 6106). Analyses assessed multiple product use (≥2 tobacco products) overall and by sex, school level, race/ethnicity, current use, and frequent use (use of a product for ≥20 of the preceding 30 days). Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify correlates of nicotine dependence. During 2017–2018, 40.8% of tobacco product users reported use of multiple products. Multiple product use ranged from 47.0% among e-cigarette users to 80.7% among cigarette smokers. Among frequent users of each respective product, 80.0% of cigarette smokers, 74.9% of cigar smokers, 73.6% of smokeless tobacco users, 70.7% of hookah smokers, and 40.3% of e-cigarette users reported use of multiple products. Most youth who reported nicotine dependence (64.0%) were multiple product users. E-cigarettes were the most common single product used (36.3%) and the product most commonly used in combination with other products; e-cigarettes plus cigarettes (6.7%) was the most common product combination. Combustible product use, smokeless tobacco use, multiple product use and frequent use were associated with greater odds of nicotine dependence. Nicotine dependence among youth is especially influenced by cigarette use, smokeless tobacco use, frequent use of any tobacco product, and multiple product use. Proven tobacco control interventions in coordination with regulatory efforts can reduce youth tobacco product use.
Study of the Additive Products of Electroerosive Cobalt-Chrome Powders by X-Ray Methods

This paper presents the results of X-ray methods for studying additive products obtained from electroerosive cobalt-chrome powders. It is experimentally established that the conditions for the preparation and dispersion of the powders determine their behavior during sintering. With an increase in the dispersion of the powder, the sintering process accelerates and proceeds more actively, while the mechanical properties of the resulting products increase. Intensification of sintering of the powder is facilitated by oxides contained in large quantities in fine powders and restored when they are heated during sintering. The spongy metal surface formed after disappearance of the oxide is more active than the surface initially free of an oxide film. As the studies show, the structural phase state of the samples does not change and the presence of the following phases remains constant in all four samples: Co, Cr, Ni, and Cr3Ni2. As the dispersion and specific surface area of the powder increase, its penetration increases and porosity decreases, meanwhile its microhardness increases. The presence of powder particles of different fractions increases the density of its shrinkage due to the filling of troughs and micropores at the joints of large particles, which further leads to a decrease in the roughness of sintered products and an increase in the compressive and bending strength. The conducted studies will solve the problem of the import substitution of powder materials suitable for additive products, and reduce the cost of producing the final product.
Diabetes Mellitus And Outcomes Of Lower Extremity Revascularization For Peripheral Artery Disease.

INTRODUCTION The impact of diabetes mellitus (DM) on outcomes of lower extremity revascularization (LER) for peripheral artery disease (PAD) is uncertain. We characterized associations between DM and post-procedural outcomes in PAD patients undergoing LER. METHODS Adults undergoing surgical or endovascular LER were identified from the 2014 Nationwide Readmissions Database. DM was defined by ICD-9 diagnosis codes and sub-classified based on the presence or absence of complications (poor glycemic control or end-organ damage). Major adverse cardiovascular and limb events (MACLE) were defined as the composite of death, myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke, or major limb amputation during the index hospitalization for LER. For survivors, all-cause 6-month hospital readmission was determined. RESULTS Among 39,441 patients with PAD hospitalized for LER, 50.8% had DM. The composite of MACLE after LER was not different in patients with and without DM after covariate adjustment, but patients with DM were more likely to require major limb amputation (5.5% vs. 3.2%, p < 0.001; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.22, 95% CI 1.03-1.44) and hospital readmission (59.2% vs. 41.3%, p < 0.001; aOR 1.44, 95% CI 1.34-1.55). Of 20,039 patients with DM hospitalized for LER, 55.7% had DM with complications. These patients were more likely to have MACLE after LER (11.1% vs. 5.2%, p < 0.001; aOR 1.56 95% CI 1.28-1.89) and require hospital readmission (61.1% vs. 47.2%, p < 0.001; aOR 1.41 95% CI 1.27-1.57) than patients with uncomplicated DM. CONCLUSIONS DM is present in ≈50% of patients undergoing LER for PAD and is an independent risk factor for major limb amputation and 6-month hospital readmission.
Confronting the “brutal facts” and identifying opportunities as pharmacy education weathers the covid-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted almost every facet of modern life, causing almost a million deaths worldwide as well as widespread economic and social strife. While contemplating how we might emerge from this pandemic, we were reminded of the Stockdale paradox. We suggest that the Academy must not only confront the brutal facts of the current situation, but we must also maintain faith in the endgame and a commitment to prevail despite the enormous challenges we face. The Academy can play a key role in helping the world recover from this pandemic if we build on the diversity and strengths of our programs nationally and globally. We suggest that there are three key actions that pharmacists and pharmacy educators must take to show leadership in this time of need. First, we must be the voice that reassures the public about the value of science and the scientific method. Second, we must work locally and nationally to ensure an optimal public health response. Finally, members of the Academy must serve as role models with respect to the essential public health tools to prevent the spread of COVID-19. By remaining positive, keeping the endgame in mind, and confronting the most brutal facts of the COVID-19 pandemic, we are confident that pharmacy education and pharmacy will weather this storm and arise even stronger for it.
W. Grampp's 'What Did Smith Mean by the Invisible Hand?' Overlooks Smith's Analysis of Uncertainty-Ambiguity Aversion Based on His Definition of Uncertainty in the Wealth of Nations

Grampp, as well as all other economists who have written on Smith, overlooked Smith’s original contributions to decision making under uncertainty. Grampp’s main point, that “The invisible hand is not a power that makes the good of one the good of all, and it is not any of a number of other things it is said to be. It is simply the inducement a merchant has to keep his capital at home, thereby increasing the domestic capital stock and enhancing military power, both of which are in the public interest and neither of which he intended”, is correct. However, his claim that “Smith’s exposition discloses how his rhetorical sallies could disfigure his economics, confuse his argument for free trade, and make him play fast and loose with facts and the ideas of others.”, overlooks the great originality of Smith’s penetrating application of uncertainty – ambiguity aversion to the decision making approaches of merchants and businesses.
Evaluation of a School-Based Child Physical and Sexual Abuse Prevention Program.

BackgroundEvidence-based child sexual and physical abuse prevention programs delivered in schools are needed and require rigorous evaluation of program effects prior to widespread dissemination. Th...
Tandem DNA repeats contain cis-regulatory sequences that activate biotrophy-specific expression of Magnaporthe effector gene PWL2.

During plant infection, fungi secrete effector proteins in coordination with distinct infection stages. Thus, the success of plant infection is determined by precise control of effector gene expression. We analysed the PWL2 effector gene of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae to understand how effector genes are activated specifically during the early biotrophic stages of rice infection. Here, we used confocal live-cell imaging of M. oryzae transformants with various PWL2 promoter fragments fused to sensitive green fluorescent protein reporter genes to determine the expression patterns of PWL2 at the cellular level, together with quantitative reverse transcription PCR analyses at the tissue level. We found PWL2 expression was coupled with sequential biotrophic invasion of rice cells. PWL2 expression was induced in the appressorium upon penetration into a living rice cell but greatly declined in the highly branched hyphae when the first-invaded rice cell was dead. PWL2 expression then increased again as the hyphae penetrate into living adjacent cells. The expression of PWL2 required fungal penetration into living plant cells of either host rice or nonhost onion. Deletion and mutagenesis experiments further revealed that the tandem repeats in the PWL2 promoter contain 12-base pair sequences required for expression. We conclude that PWL2 expression is (a) activated by an unknown signal commonly present in living plant cells, (b) specific to biotrophic stages of fungal infection, and (c) requires 12-base pair cis-regulatory sequences in the promoter.
Displacing the French? Ivorian Development and the Question of Economic Decolonisation, 1946–1975

This chapter revisits the historical mechanisms that allowed French firms to dominate the arena of development in Ivory Coast. Starting in the late colonial era, and especially during the heyday of the post-1945 modernisation of the territory, not only did French businesses receive the larger share of aid-financed work, but French involvement and deal-making would become hegemonic in the post-independence industrial expansion of the country. Having struck an alliance with the Ivorian elite during the waning years of colonialism, French interests rearticulated their clientelistic relations and networks to maintain the competitive edge over the business of postcolonial development. While Ivorian authorities attempted subsequently to ease the grips of their French development partners, their effort remained modest. By the mid-1970s, the voices of the critics of postcolonial development as implemented in Ivory Coast had gained momentum. This situation forced the Ivorian leadership to contemplate serious transformations of the country’s drive to modernity.
Significance testing for small annotations in stratified LD-Score regression

Abstract S-LDSC is a widely used heritability enrichment method that has helped gain biological insights into numerous complex traits. It has primarily been used to analyze large annotations that contain approximately 0.5% of SNPs or more. Here, we show in simulation that, when applied to small annotations, the block jackknife-based significance testing used in S-LDSC does not always control type 1 error. We show that the inflation of type 1 error for small annotations is due both to the noisiness of the jackknife estimate of the standard error and to the non-normality of the regression coefficient estimates. We use the percent of 0.01 centimorgan blocks in the genome overlapped by the annotation to quantify the size of an annotation and the extent to which the SNPs in the annotation cluster together, and we find thresholds on this value above which type 1 error is controlled. We have implemented a test in the LDSC software that informs users when they compute LD scores for an annotation if the annotation does not pass the threshold for producing controlled type 1 error. Author Summary Genetics is a rapidly evolving field that allows us to link our genetic code to the physiological manifestations of disease. A key part of this work is finding regions of the genome that contribute disproportionately to the genetic underpinnings of a disease. A commonly used tool to provide such insight is stratified LD score regression (S-LDSC). S-LDSC allows us to estimate how much a set of genomic regions contributes to the overall heritability of a phenotype, and to test whether this is more than we would expect by chance. Here we show that when we apply S-LDSC to a small set of genomic regions, it does not give an accurate test of whether this set of genomic regions contributes more than we would expect by chance to the phenotype. We characterize what it means to be a “small” set of genomic regions, and we set thresholds to restrict which annotations we test to prevent false positive results.This helps to ensure that as we continue to pursue genetic analyses at scale, we report only truly significant results that will help us further understand the etiology of many of the traits we study.
Republished: Onyx extrusion through the scalp after embolization of dural arteriovenous fistula

A man in his sixties referred with symptoms of episodic left lip numbness and left arm weakness was diagnosed with a Borden type 3 dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) on DSA. Successful Onyx embolization of the DAVF was performed via the distal left occipital artery using an ev3 Apollo detachable tip microcatheter. He underwent surgical obliteration for the residual DAVF 3 days later. Three months later during a routine postoperative clinic visit, the patient produced a plastic bag containing multiple small pieces of Onyx cast and the detached tip of the Apollo microcatheter that had extruded out from his scalp through small spontaneous holes about 5 weeks after the embolization procedure. This spontaneous extrusion of Onyx can be alarming to the patient not expecting it; however, prior knowledge and discussion can lessen the anxiety of both the treating physician and the patient dealing with such a situation.
Weaponizing economics: Big Oil, economic consultants, and climate policy delay

The role of particular scientists in opposing policies to slow and halt global warming has been extensively documented. The role of economists, however, has received less attention. Here, I trace t...
Linear Transformer Driver Cavity Testing on Hades

HADES is a 250-GW megaampere machine currently under construction at the University of Rochester. HADES has a compact design and can be easily relocated in light sources facilities, like APS or LCLS. The machine is composed of 6 linear Transformer Driver (LTD) cavities. In this talk, we present data demonstrating how one LTD cavity can drive a load, matched to the LTD's impedance. This load is composed of ten inductors, each in series with two highvoltage resistors arranged in an axi-symmetric pattern. The simulations predict that such configuration will be able to deliver up to 700-kA peak current with about 120-ns time-to-peak when LTD is fully charged up to 200 kV.
Ultraviolet photodissociation dynamics of the n-propyl and i-propyl radicals

Ultraviolet (UV) photodissociation dynamics of jet-cooled n-propyl (n-C3H7) radical via the 3s Rydberg state and i-propyl (i-C3H7) radical via the 3p Rydberg states are studied in the photolysis wavelength region of 230–260 nm using high-n Rydberg atom time-of-flight and resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization techniques. The H-atom photofragment yield spectra of the n-propyl and i-propyl radicals are broad and in good agreement with the UV absorption spectra. The H + propene product translational energy distributions, P(ET)’s, of both n-propyl and i-propyl are bimodal, with a slow component peaking around 5-6 kcal/mol and a fast one peaking at ∼50 kcal/mol (n-propyl) and ∼45 kcal/mol (i-propyl). The fraction of the average translational energy in the total excess energy, 〈fT〉, is 0.3 for n-propyl and 0.2 for i-propyl, respectively. The H-atom product angular distributions of the slow components of n-propyl and i-propyl are isotropic, while that of the fast component of n-propyl is anisotropic (with an ...
Commentary 1 to Cox and Little: The Unbridged Gap between in Vivo and in Vitro Models for Evaluation of Low Dose, Low Dose Rate Radiation-Induced Oncogenic Transformation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the various stages of neoplastic development and the model systems for studying neoplastic progression. Despite the advantages of the cell-culture model for mechanistic studies of the initiation phases of the neoplastic process, the large number of critical variables governing neoplastic development in vivo cannot be modeled in culture. The in vivo and cell-culture models can be different, and not necessarily overlapping, aspects of neoplastic development. Even if both the in vivo and cell-culture models lead to the development of neoplastic cells following exposure to similar agents, it does not necessarily follow that the route taken to attain that state is the same in vivo and in culture. The problem with carcinogenesis experiments is that increasing the relevance of a model is accompanied by increased complexity and decreased quantifiability. Therefore, it is critical to continually re-evaluate the balance between simplicity and relevance. In vitro models give important insights into cellular, genetic, and molecular changes associated with the loss of regulated growth that can be a pivotal point in carcinogenesis.
Integrating theories of the etiology of Crohn's Disease On the etiology ofCrohn's Disease: Questioning the Hypotheses.

The most prominent theory describes the Crohn's Syndrome as a dysregulated, inappropriate immune response to otherwise innocuous bowel flora in a genetically susceptible host. The autoimmune theory assumes that a specific infectious agent does not exist. Data from mouse models, impairment of the mucosal epithelial barrier and the influence of gut flora are used to support the autoimmune theory. Critics claim that the dysregulated immune responses are not the primary disorder but secondary to an underlying infection. Two other theories are also consistent with the same data. The immunodeficiency theory hypothesizes that defects in innate immunity leading to compensatory immune processes underlie the Crohn's phenotype and suggests that therapy should stimulate immunity rather than suppress it. The mycobacterial theory proposes that Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is one of the causes of the Crohn's Disease syndrome. Mycobacterial molecules dysregulate immune signaling pathways as part of the organisms'evolved survival strategy. If MAP were to initiate the dysregulated immune response then the necessity to hypothesize that commensal gut flora provide the antigenic stimulus would be moot. Commensal bacteria would be relegated to a secondary role of modifying the immune response rather than occupying the central role of providing the initiating antigens. Critics claim that MAP is merely a secondary invader. The three theories differ primarily by emphasizing different aspects of the same overall process.
A 1500-year record of climatic and environmental change in ElkLake Clearwater County, Minnesota II: geochemistry, mineralogy, and stableisotopes

Most of the sediment components that have accumulated in ElkLake, Clearwater County, northwestern Minnesota, over the past 1500 years areauthigenic or biogenic (CaCO3, biogenic SiO2, organicmatter, iron and manganese oxyhydroxides, and iron phosphate) and are deliveredto the sediment–water interface on a seasonal schedule where they are preservedas distinct annual laminae (varves). The annual biogeochemical cycles of thesecomponents are causally linked through the ‘carbon pump’, and are recapitulatedin longer-term cycles, most prominently with a periodicity of about 400 years.Organic carbon is fixed in the epilimnion by photosynthetic removal ofCO2, which also increases the pH, triggering the precipitation ofCaCO3. The respiration and degradation of fixed organic carbon inthe hypolimnion consumes dissolved oxygen, produces CO2, and lowersthe pH so that the hypolimnion becomes anoxic and undersaturated with respectto CaCO3 during the summer. Some of the CaCO3 produced inthe epilimnion is dissolved in the anoxic, lower pH hypolimnion and sediments.The amount of CaCO3 that is ultimately incorporated into thesediments is a function of how much is produced in the epilimnion and how muchis consumed in the hypolimnion and the sediments. Iron, manganese, andphosphate accumulate in the anoxic hypolimnion throughout the summer.Sediment-trap studies show that at fall overturn, when iron-, manganese-, andphosphate-rich bottom waters mix with carbonate- and oxygen-rich surfacewaters, precipitation of iron and manganese oxyhydroxides, iron phosphate, andmanganese carbonate begins and continues into the winter months.Detrital clastic material in the sediments of Elk Lake depositedover the last 1500 years is a minor component (<10% by weight) that ismostly wind-borne (eolian). Detailed analyses of the last 1500 years of the ElkLake sediment record show distinct cycles in eolian clastic variables (e.g.aluminum, sodium, potassium, titanium, and quartz), with a periodicity of about400 years. The 400-yr cycle in eolian clastic material does not correspond tothe 400-yr cycles in redox-sensitive authigenic components, suggesting that theclastic component is responding to external forcing (wind) whereas theauthigenic components are responding to internal forcing (productivity),although both may ultimately be forced by climate change. Variations in theoxygen and carbon isotopic composition of CaCO3 are small but appearto reflect small variations in ground water influx that are also driven byexternal forcing.
D‐Lactate Dehydrogenase

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Protein–Lipid Interactions 3 Topology of d-LDH 4 Dynamics of Trp Residues in d-LDH 5 Acknowledgements 6 Biographical Sketches Related Articles