cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Equality: Racial and Class Disparities in State-Imposed Punishment

Even if the penal reforms proposed in the previous chapter were adopted, the question would remain whether they are imposed in an unbiased way. This question takes on special urgency given the fact that criminal defendants are disproportionately African-American and also disproportionately poor. The Court has partially addressed this by holding that indigent defendants charged with felonies and serious misdemeanors are constitutionally entitled to state-appointed counsel. It has declined to go further, however. In particular, it has held that the Constitution does not require appointed counsel for all criminal defendants. And it has declined to place address compelling evidence of racial disparities in the administration of the death penalty. This final chapter considers both issues. Indigence may never serve as a barrier to representation by counsel in criminal cases. Moreover, juror and prosecutorial discretion must be limited to maximize the risk of bias when imposing punishment.
RNA Homopolymers Form Higher-Curvature Virus-like Particles Than Do Normal-Composition RNAs

Abstract Unlike double-stranded DNA, single-stranded RNA can be spontaneously packaged into spherical capsids by viral capsid protein (CP) because it is a more compact and flexible polymer. Many systematic investigations of this self-assembly process have been carried out using CP from cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, with a wide range of sequences and lengths of single-stranded RNA. Among these studies are measurements of the relative packaging efficiencies of these RNAs into spherical capsids. In this work, we address a fundamental issue that has received very little attention, namely the question of the preferred curvature of the capsid formed around different RNA molecules. We show in particular that homopolymers of RNA—polyribouridylic acid and polyriboadenylic acid—form exclusively T = 2-sized (∼22-nm diameter) virus-like particles (VLPs) when mixed with cowpea chlorotic mottle virus CP, independent of their length, ranging from 500 to more than 4000 nucleotides. This is in contrast to “normal-composition” RNAs (i.e., molecules with comparable numbers of each of the four nucleotides and hence capable of developing a large amount of secondary structure because of intramolecular complementarity/basepairing); a curvature corresponding to T = 3-size (∼28 nm in diameter) is preferred for the VLPs formed with such RNAs. Our work is consistent with the preferred curvature of VLPs being a consequence of interaction of CP with RNA—in particular, the presence or absence of short RNA duplexes—and suggests that the equilibrium size of the capsid results from a trade-off between this optimum size and the cost of confinement.
Multilayer RDL Interposer for Heterogeneous Device and Module Integration

in this paper, we demonstrate a high density heterogeneous large package using a RDL interposer with six interconnection layers. Four Si chiplets and two HBM modules are connected with fine pitch copper lines to deliver a complete system-in-package solution for high performance computation. The multilayer interconnections provide excellent design flexibility to optimize signal, power, and ground planes. The RDL interposer has generic structural advantages in interconnection integrity and bump joint reliability, which allows further scaling up of The package size for more complicated functional integration.
Remote Pair Programming in Online CS Education: Investigating through a Gender Lens

Online CS education shows many gender-inclusivity problems in practice and through tools, and little has been done to address this. In CS classrooms, pair programming has been shown to significantly help women and men understand and appreciate programming concepts, and to help close gender gaps. Unfortunately, pair programming is not well supported in online CS education, especially when one of the pair members is a woman. Our overall objective is to address this gap by investigating the following question: How can we bring the educational benefits of pair programming to online CS students in gender-equitable ways? In this paper, we empirically investigate whether and how technology-mediated remote pair programming hinders online students of same- and mixed-gender pairs. Based on our results, we propose refining personas and the cognitive walkthrough to include leadership styles and preferences for pair-programming roles. We further recommend features for online CS educational tools to promote gender-inclusiveness.
Epidemiology and Predictors of all-cause 30-Day readmission in patients with sickle cell crisis.

The 30-day readmission rate after hospitalization for a sickle cell crisis (SCC) is extremely high. Accurate information on readmission diagnoses, total readmission costs and factors associated with readmission is required to effectively plan resource allocation and to plan interventions to reduce readmission rates. The present study aimed to examine readmission diagnoses and factors associated with all-cause 30-day readmission after hospitalization for SCC. We analyzed 2016 nationwide readmission database (NRD) to identify patterns of 30-day readmission by patient demographic characteristics and time after hospitalization for SCC. We estimated the percentage and most common readmission diagnoses for 30-day and 7-day readmissions after discharge. We studied the relationship between risk factors and readmission and the impact of readmission on patient outcomes and resulting financial burden on health care in dollars. In 2016, of 67,887 discharges after index hospitalizations, 18099 (26.9%) were readmitted within 30-days. Of all readmissions, 5166 (7.6%) were readmitted within 7 days. The spectrum of readmission diagnoses was largely similar in both 30-day and 7-day readmission with more than 80% patients in both time periods readmitted with diagnoses related to SCC. The mean length of stay for readmitted patients was significantly longer than the index hospitalization (5.3 days (5.1–5.5) vs 4.9 days (CI 4.8–5.1, p < 0.01). Also, the mean cost of hospitalization in readmitted patients $8485 was significantly higher than the index hospitalization $8064 p < 0.01. In 2016, readmission among patients with SCC incurred an additional 95,445 hospitalization days resulting a total charge of $609 million and a total cost of $152 million in the US. On Multivariate analysis, age group 18–30 years, discharge against medical advice, higher Charlson comorbidity index, low socioeconomic status and admission at high volume centers were associated with a higher likelihood of 30-day readmission. Among patients hospitalized for SCC, 30-day readmissions were frequent throughout the month post hospitalization and resulted in an enormous financial burden on the United States healthcare system.
Focused Ultrasound Platform for Investigating Therapeutic Neuromodulation Across the Human Hippocampus

Pulsed low-intensity focused ultrasound (PLIFUS) has shown promise in inducing neuromodulation in several animal and human studies. Therefore, it is of clinical interest to develop experimental platforms to test repetitive PLIFUS as a therapeutic modality in humans with neurologic disorders. In the study described here, our aim was to develop a laboratory-built experimental device platform intended to deliver repetitive PLIFUS across the hippocampus in seizure onset zones of patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy. The system uses neuronavigation targeting over multiple therapeutic sessions. PLIFUS (548 kHz) was emitted across multiple hippocampal targets in a human subject with temporal lobe epilepsy using a mechanically steered piezoelectric transducer. Stimulation was delivered up to 2.25 W/cm2 spatial peak temporal average intensity (free-field equivalent), with 36%-50% duty cycle, 500-ms sonications and 7-s inter-stimulation intervals lasting 140 s per target and repeated for multiple sessions. A first-in-human PLIFUS course of treatment was successfully delivered using the device platform with no adverse events.
Differences in fine particle chemical composition on clear and cloudy days

Abstract. Clouds are prevalent and alter fine particulate matter ( PM2.5 ) mass and chemical composition. Cloud-affected satellite retrievals are subject to higher uncertainty and are often removed from data products, hindering quantitative estimates of tropospheric chemical composition during cloudy times. We examine surface PM2.5 chemical constituent concentrations in the Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network in the United States during cloudy and clear-sky times defined using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud flags from 2010 to 2014 with a focus on differences in particle species that affect hygroscopicity and aerosol liquid water (ALW). Cloudy and clear-sky periods exhibit significant differences in PM2.5 mass and chemical composition that vary regionally and seasonally. In the eastern US, relative humidity alone cannot explain differences in ALW, suggesting that emissions and in situ chemistry related to anthropogenic sources exert determining impacts. An implicit clear-sky bias may hinder efforts to quantitatively understand and improve representation of aerosol–cloud interactions, which remain dominant uncertainties in models.
Cavity engineering of two-dimensional perovskites and inherent light-matter interaction

Two-dimensional (2D) perovskites are hybrid layered materials in which the inorganic lattice of an octahedron is sandwiched by organic layers. They behave as a quantum-well structure exhibiting large exciton binding energy and high emission efficiency, which is excellent for photonic applications. Hence, the cavity modulation and cavity devices of 2D perovskites are widely investigated. In this review, we summarize the rich photophysics, synthetic methods of different cavity structures, and the cavity-based applications of 2D perovskites. We highlight the strong exciton–photon coupling and photonic lasing obtained in different cavity structures. In addition, functional optoelectronic devices using cavity structures of 2D perovskites are also reviewed.
PMSM Six-Step Operation and Dynamic Performance Analysis

Six-step operation of permanent magnetic synchronous machine (PMSM) machine is becoming highly demanded for several applications that rely on battery as energy source. The main advantages of the six-step operation are 1) expanding the average output torque in flux weakening region; 2) reducing inverter switching losses. Nevertheless, the d-q synchronous reference frame based current regulator is no longer applicable in six-step mode, since only voltage angle can be adjusted in six-step mode. In this paper, a new algorithm based on voltage-angle control is proposed to achieve six-step operation. This innovative algorithm renders the drive dynamic performance predictable and the controller can be readily tuned using linear control theory.
Abstract P731: Genetic Knockout of Cd38 Protects Mice Against Ischemic Brain Injury

Introduction: CD38 is an ectoenzyme that is present on the cellular membranes of endothelial cells and subtypes of inflammatory cells. We have shown that ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in the heart tri...
Thoughts About Presence During Dying.

This essay is about what nurses can do when patients are at risk of dying alone during a hospitalization. A pilot program, “No One Dies Alone,” is described as the program modifications required by...
Progress and trends in publication of oral and video presentations at the society of gynecologic oncology annual meeting from 2006 to 2016.

Abstract Previous research has identified factors associated with publication of plenary presentations at the Society of Gynecologic Oncology annual meeting. However, there are no detailed comprehensive trends analyses on the publications of these oral and video presentations over time. In this analysis of 11 annual meetings, we found an increase in clinical rather than translational science publications over time. There was a greater focus on chemotherapy clinical studies and palliative care medicine, with a corresponding decline in publications on surgery. Furthermore, the time interval from presentation to publication shortened over our study period. The evaluation of trends in research publications can inform clinicians and researchers about the quality, competitiveness, and neglected areas of study from national meeting presentations.
Consistent determination of the contrast ratio of white inks

Translucency is a critical property of print on flexible packaging. It forms the basis for obtaining full color gamut, hiding the contents of a package and even creating the scanner readable digital codes for point of purchase tracking. The print industry has followed the paint and decorative coatings industry, the paper industry and the plastics industry in attempting to identify measurement methods that will accurately describe translucency or its opposite, opacity. Both of these properties are defined in terms of the contrast ratio, the ratio of the luminous reflectance of a coating placed over a black and a white substrate. In this paper, the theory of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is used to define the measurements used to determine the contrast ratio. A brief experimental study illustrates the strong points and weak points of traditional contrast ratio measurements. A better model of contrast ratio determination is hypothesized, and an experiment is designed and reported that demonstrates both the validity of the hypothesis and a method for obtaining consistent estimates of the contrast ratio.
How an Antiscience President and the COVID-19 Pandemic Altered the Career Trajectories of STEM PhD Students of Color

In this mixed-methods study, we performed content analysis on openended survey items to reveal primary themes related to how PhD students are responding to the Trump policies and the COVID-19 pande...
Estimation Methodologies for Enteric Methane Emission in Ruminants

As enteric methane emissions from ruminants contribute to feed inefficiency and global warming, methodologies to measure the enteric methane from either the individual ruminant or the herd are needed. Therefore, methane emission estimations in ruminants may provide insight into potential methane mitigation strategies. Furthermore, the use of methane emission methodologies enables researchers to compare and contrast methane emissions from different diets, breeds, and geographical locations and to evaluate mitigation strategies. This chapter describes key methane estimation methodologies previously and currently used in research and highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each methodology. Key in vivo techniques include open- and closed-circuit respiration chambers, open-circuit hood systems, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer, polythene tunnel system, methane/carbon dioxide ratio, GreenFeed, infrared (IR) thermography, laser methane detector, and the intraruminal gas measurement device. Furthermore, the in vitro gas technique (IVGT) estimates the methane emissions from different dairy rations. Theoretical methodologies include the rumen fermentation balance, COWPOLL ruminant digestion model, and the Cattle Enteric Fermentation Model (CEFM). Although there are several different types of methane estimation methodologies, the cost, species, accuracy of the technique, maintenance, and the environment of the ruminant are all contributing factors in choosing which technique to apply to a study.
Physical characterization of sub‐32‐nm semiconductor materials and processes using advanced ion beam–based analytical techniques

The authors have addressed the application of advanced ion beam–based analytical techniques to various physical characterization aspects in sub-32-nm semiconductor front-end-of-line materials and processes. We have presented the application of 18 O-isotope labeling in combination with SIMS depth profiling to follow O-migration in high-k/metal gate stacks. We have also demonstrated the application of complementary low-energy ion scattering and time-of-flight SIMS surface analysis to determine high-k thin film closure and growth mode for different deposition techniques. WehavealsoproposedalternativeDynamic Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (DSIMS) protocols for the quantitative analysis of phosphorous ultra-shallow junctions, resulting in more accurate near-surface P-profile and in situ B-doped Si1� xGex epitaxial films with explicit correction of sputter and ionization yield variations as function of [Ge]. We have demonstrated the feasibility of backside SIMS on appropriate III– Vh ighmobility channel stacks, resulting in unprecedented depth resolution at the source/drain metal–contact/III–V interface. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Site Specific Introduction of Unnatural Amino Acids at Sites Critical to Insulin Receptor Recognition and Biological Activity

Introduction Insulin constitutes a hormone of central importance in physiology and a vital element in glucose management. Its use in diabetes care has been of seminal significance for nearly a century. The advent of rDNA biosynthesis provided human insulin in virtually unlimited quantity. The advent of chemical biotechnology (biosynthesis with unnatural amino acids) provides a new venue for optimizing insulin pharmacology through the use of chemistry that otherwise would be prohibitively expense. Our work has focused on two amino acids in the C-terminus of the B-chain that are central to insulin activity, specifically positions B24 and B25.
The Dominance of Teams in the Production of Legal Knowledge

Using a database that contains over 19,000 law review articles published in top 100 law reviews between 1990 and 2010, we demonstrate that team authors dominate solo authors in the production of legal knowledge. Team research is on average more frequently cited than individual research, and teams are more likely than individuals to produce exceptionally high impact research. These results suggest that a legal research culture that encourages cooperation and collaboration could foster an intellectual connectedness helpful to improving the quality of knowledge production by legal academics.
The Principle of Maximization of the Ethical Status of One’s Image of Oneself

In the previous chapter, we analyzed given structures of individuals. In this chapter we will consider situations in which the individual can choose a type of relationship with his partner, and thus can change his structure ‘at will’.
Geometrically Intrinsic Nonlinear Recursive Filters II: Foundations

This paper contains the technical foundations from stochastic differential geometry for the construction of geometrically intrinsic nonlinear recursive filters. A diffusion X on a manifold N is run for a time interval T, with a random initial condition. There is a single observation consisting of a nonlinear function of X(T), corrupted by noise, and with values in another manifold M. The noise covariance of X and the observation covariance themselves induce geometries on M and N, respectively. Using these geometries we compute approximate but coordinate-free formulas for the "best estimate" of X(T), given the observation, and its conditional variance. Calculations are based on use of Jacobi fields and of "intrinsic location parameters", a notion derived from the heat flow of harmonic mappings. When any nonlinearity is present, the resulting formulas are not the same as those for the continuous-discrete Extended Kalman Filter. A subsidiary result is a formula for computing approximately the "exponential barycenter" of a random variable S on a manifold, i.e. a point z such that the inverse image of S under the exponential map at z has mean zero in the tangent space at z.
A study of common scorpionfly (Mecoptera: Panorpidae) visual systems reveals the expression of a single opsin

Knowledge of insect color vision and the genes that support color vision has been growing recently. Yet, research on some groups is limited (e.g., Mecoptera). Common scorpionflies (Panorpidae) are highly visual insects with many intriguing behaviors. We hypothesized that the family Panorpidae employs a complex color vision system and predicted that multiple opsin classes are expressed in the lineage. Transcriptomes were generated from the eye tissues for two species of Panorpidae (Panorpa acuminata and P. nebulosa) and one species of Boreidae (Boreus coloradensis). Opsins isolated from the transcriptomes were combined in a phylogenetic analysis with opsin sequences from other insect orders (e.g., those that are sensitive to ultraviolet, blue, and long wavelength light as part of the photopigment). A single long-wavelength opsin sequence was recovered from the panorpid species, while all three opsin classes (ultraviolet, blue, and long-wavelength) were recovered from the boreid. Among insects, this represents a potential case of monochromy due to a loss of opsin gene expression in the blue and ultraviolet portions of the visible light spectrum.
A Hybrid Approach for Probabilistic Inference using Random Projections

We introduce a new meta-algorithm for probabilistic inference in graphical models based on random projections. The key idea is to use approximate inference algorithms for an (exponentially) large number of samples, obtained by randomly projecting the original statistical model using universal hash functions. In the case where the approximate inference algorithm is a variational approximation, this approach can be viewed as interpolating between sampling-based and variational techniques. The number of samples used controls the trade-off between the accuracy of the approximate inference algorithm and the variance of the estimator. We show empirically that by using random projections, we can improve the accuracy of common approximate inference algorithms.
Interrelationships between 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase, acetoacetyl-CoA and ketogenesis.

Kinetic and physical approaches have been employed to investigate the binding of acetoacetyl-CoA to hydroxymethylgluaryl-CoA synthase. The enzyme has an apparent Km for acetoacetyl-CoA (0.35μM) which is more than an order of magnitude lower than the K(6-10μM) measured for substrate inhibition by this metabolite. Hepatic acetoacetyl-CoA concentration, as measured by a sensitive and highly specific radioactive assay appears to be in the 1- 10 μM range; the concentration decreases during diabetic ketoacidosis. Total hepatic activity of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase and levels of mitochondrial enzyme protein, determined by radioimmunoassay, are not appreciably different in livers from control or ketoacidotic animals. In contrast to the decrease in hepatic acetoacetyl-CoA concentration observed during ketoacidosis, myocardial acetoaetyl-CoA levels are increased by aaat least tenfold when compared to controls. Elevated acetoacetyl-CoA levels may serve to inhibit fatty acid utilization y the heart. Thus, a consideration of the multiple interactions of acetoacetyl-CoA with the enzymes involved in ketone ody production and utilization may be useful in evaluating the metabolic significance of this intermediate.
Empirical Guidelines for Comparing International Accounting data

This paper develops guidelines for comparing financial accounting data from different countries. Groups of countries that have similar accounting practices are identified as a basis for making valid comparisons. The distinction between measurement and disclosure practices is recognized and separate groupings are identified for each of these 2 subsets of accounting practices. The data come from the Price Waterhouse & Co. survey of 267 accounting practices in 64 countries in 1979. This study confirms the findings of earlier studies that the groupings on the basis of disclosure practices exhibit greater diversity and are less stable over time than such groupings on the basis of measurement practices.
Thoracic Disorders in the Immunocompromised Child

Immunodeficiencies in children may be caused by primary immunodeficiency syndromes or can result from secondary disorders of immune regulation. Thoracic complications in immunocompromised children are frequent and may vary according to the type of the immunodeficiency. Imaging plays a pivotal role in detection and distinction of the variety of sequelae. It is important for the radiologist to understand both the spectrum of pediatric immune disorders, and the mechanisms underlying these disorders.
Preeclampsia as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease later in life: validation of a preeclampsia questionnaire.

Objective This study was undertaken to validate a self-administered questionnaire in verifying the diagnosis of preeclampsia, eclampsia, or toxemia in a group of women with a greater than 20-year history of preeclampsia. Study Design Questionnaires were mailed to a random sample of 144 women who received a diagnosis of any of these 3 conditions and 158 women who had normotensive pregnancies at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, from 1960-1979. Results A previous diagnosis of preeclampsia, eclampsia, or toxemia was verified with 80% sensitivity and 96% specificity. Conclusion Our validated questionnaire may be a useful research tool in identifying women with a previous history of preeclampsia. Women with a history of preeclampsia had a higher prevalence of future hypertension than those with a history of normotensive pregnancy.
Testing for agreement between two groups of judges

Abstract : The 'problem of m rankings' so named by Kendall and studied extensively by Kendall, Babington Smith, and others, considers the relationship between the rankings that a group of m judges assigns to a set of k objects. Suppose there are two groups of judges ranking the objects. Given that there is agreement within each group of judges, how can we test for evidence of agreement between the two groups. This question, recently posed to us by Kendall, has been studied by Schucany, Frawley and Li. In this paper we show that the test of agreement proposed by Schucany and Frawley, and further advanced by Li and Schucany, is misleading and does not provide a satisfactory answer to Kendall's question. After pinpointing various defects of the Schucany-Frawley test, we adapt a procedure, proposed by Wald and Wolfowitz in a slightly different context, to furnish a new test for agreement between two groups of judges.
DIFFERENTIATION OF SELF AND ATTACHMENT IN ADULTHOOD: RELATIONAL CORRELATES OF EFFORTFUL CONTROL

This study tested relations between differentiation of self, adult attachment, and effortful control in a sample of 225 adults. Results indicated that adult differentiation of self uniquely predicted greater effortful control, after accounting for variance due to attachment security. Greater ability to take “I” positions in relationships, along with lower emotional reactivity (ER) and attachment anxiety, were unique predictors of effortful control. Significant relationships emerged between dimensions of attachment and differentiation of self, with strongest associations observed between attachment avoidance and emotional cutoff (r = −.78), and attachment anxiety and ER (r = −.60).
Experimental infection of nude mice as a model for Sarcocystis neurona-associated encephalitis.

The development of a rodent model for the study of Sarcocystisneurona encephalitis is described. Animal models have been developed for a number of protozoal parasites; however, no such model exists for S. neurona. The approach used in this study is similar to that employed for other closely related protozoal parasites such as Neosporacaninum and Toxoplasmagondii. A time course of infection was examined, and histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and parasite isolation were used to examine the pathogenesis and follow the infection from 1 to 6 weeks postinoculation. S.neurona was associated with the development of encephalitis in these mice, and the immune status determined the susceptibility of these mice to S. neurona-associated encephalitis.
The effects of single and multiple window presentations on achievement, instructional time, window use, and attitudes during computer-based instruction

This study investigated the effects of single and multiple window presentation on achievement, instructional time, window use, and attitudes of fourth grade students during computer-based instruction. A total of 127 fourth grade students, classified as high and low ability, completed a computer-based mathematics lesson and a delayed posttest. High ability students answered more quiz problems correctly during the lesson than low ability students. Students in the multiple window treatment answered more practice problems correctly than students in the single window treatment. High ability students scored significantly higher on the posttest measures of verbal information, rule use, and problem solving. Students in the single and multiple combination treatment and students in the multiple window treatment kept the symbols window visible significantly longer than students in the single window treatment. High ability students accessed the symbols window significantly less than low ability students. Multiple window presentations may assist students in tasks where more than one source of information is needed to complete a problem.
Efficient method to suppress artifacts caused by tissue hyper-reflections in optical microangiography of retina in vivo.

Optical microangiography (OMAG) is an optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based imaging technique that is capable of achieving the angiographic imaging of biological tissues in vivo with a high imaging resolution and no need for dye injection. OMAG has a potential to become a clinical tool for the diagnosis and treatment monitoring of various retinopathies. In principle, OMAG extracts blood flow information based on a direct differentiation of complex or intensity OCT signals between repeated B-scans acquired at the same cross section, which is sensitive to blood cell movement. In practice, this method is prone to artifacts due to tissue hyper-reflection, commonly seen in retinal diseases such as diabetic retinopathy. In this paper, we propose a novel method to suppress the artifacts induced by hyper-reflection. We propose to scale OMAG flow signals by a weighting factor that is motion-sensitive but hyper-reflection insensitive. We show that this simple weighting approach is effective in suppressing the artifacts due to tissue hyper-reflections while still maintaining the detected capillary networks with high fidelity, especially in deeper retina. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated by a phantom study and case studies on patients’ eyes with hyper-reflective foci. Finally we discuss potential applications of this technique.
Intralesional Corticosteroid Therapy of Chalazia

Twelve adult patients with 17 chalazia underwent trial intralesional injection of triamcinolone acetonide. Seven chalazia resolved within two weeks after only one injection, and another six after two injections. Two lesions failed to respond to two injections, and two lesions responded to one injection, but either recurred or another lesion developed. Patients were satisfied with the procedure, which appears to be a safe, convenient, and effective altefnative to chalazion surgery.
The Black Image in the New Deal: The Politics of Fsa Photography

Between 1935 and 1942, photographers for the New Deal's Resettlement Administration-Farm Security Administration (FSA) captured in powerfully moving images the travail of the Great Depression and the ways of a people confronting radical social change. Those who speak of the special achievement of FSA photography usually have in mind such white icons as Dorothea Lange's "Migrant Mother" or Walker Evans's Alabama sharecroppers. But some six thousand printed images, a tenth of FSA's total, included black figures or their dwellings. At last, Nicholas Natanson reveals both the innovative treatment of African Americans in FSA photographs and the agency's highly problematic use of these images once they had been created. While mono-dimensional treatments of blacks were common in public and private photography of the period, such FSA photographers as Ben Shahn, Arthur Rothstein, and Jack Delano were well informed concerning racial problems and approached blacks in a manner that avoided stereotypes, right-wing as well as left-wing. In addition, rather than focusing exclusively on FSA-approved agency projects involving blacks - politically the safest course - they boldly addressed wider social and cultural themes. This study employs a variety of methodological tools to explore the political and administrative forces that worked against documentary coverage of particularly sensitive racial issues. Moreover, Natanson shows that those who drew on the FSA photo files for newspapers, magazines, books, and exhibitions often entirely omitted images of black people and their environment or used devices such as cropping and captioning to diminish the true range of the FSA photographers' vision.
BEFORE THE INDUCTIVE LEAP: EIGHT STEPS TO SYSTEM SIMULATION

The purpose of this article is to critically describe when and how one applies simulation to business systems. Throughout, the discussion is based on a realistic example of a grocery checkout counter. The construction of both a deterministic and a stochastic simulation are explained and illustrated. Important topics covered include: the advantages and disadvantages of simulation, the formulation of system simulations, the methods of moving time, the concept and use of random numbers, tests of validity, and the analysis of results.
Template properties of liver chromatin

Isolated chromatin of rat liver supports DNA-dependent RNA synthesis catalyzed by added RNA polymerase. The product RNA, which is of high but heterogeneous sedimentation coefficient, possesses a base composition different from that of rat liver DNA and is not self-complementary. The template activity of such chromatin, which is five times less than that of deproteinized rat liver DNA, may be raised to that of the latter by selective removal of chromosomally bound histones by methods which leave chromosomal non-histone protein bound to DNA. Kinetic analysis of the interaction of template and RNA polymerase indicates that the polymerase binds equally well to DNA and to chromatin, but that in the latter, polymerase bound to a portion of the polymerase binding sites is prevented, by the presence of histone, from the execution of the transcription act.
CYTOKINE VARIATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH HORMONE TREATED PROSTATE CANCER

Purpose: We evaluated the immunological response in patients with hormone sensitive and refractory prostate cancer, and untreated benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).Materials and Methods: Serum levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 3 groups of patients. The groups included 18 men with a mean age of 79 years who had hormone sensitive prostate cancer, mean prostate specific antigen (PSA) plus or minus standard deviation 1.03 ± 2.65 ng./ml. and a mean of 35 months of treatment, 10 with a mean age of 86 years who had hormone refractory prostate cancer, mean PSA 27.52 ± 42.23 ng./ml. and a mean of 42 months of treatment, and 19 with a mean age of 73 years who had BPH and mean PSA 3.37 ± 2.47 ng./ml. Results were compared with those in 10 age matched, disease-free controls. In the hormone sensitive group PSA regressed to normal and there was clinical evidence of a response to hormone ablation therapy, including orchiectomy, luteinizing h...
Limiting and Optimal Temperatures for the Northern Atlantic Population of Black Sea Bass

Abstract Northern-stock black sea bass Centropristis striata demonstrated upper and lower median lethal temperatures of 33.6°C and 2.7°C, respectively, when temperatures were increased or decreased at a rate of approximately 0.5°C per day. The temperature for optimal growth was 25.6°C. This work, along with information in the literature, indicates that thermal tolerances and preferences do not differ greatly between the northern and southern stocks of black sea bass.
A comparison of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes in pregnancy

CELESTE DURNWALD, ALBERT FRANCO, MARK LANDON, The Ohio State University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Columbus, Ohio OBJECTIVE: To compare maternal and perinatal outcomes of women with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. STUDY DESIGN: A 3 year observational study of women with Type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Clinical characteristics, diabetic therapy and perinatal/neonatal outcomes were prospectively collected. RESULTS: 70 women with Type 1 DM and 67 women with Type 2 DM were evaluated. Women with Type 1 DM were younger (26.7 vs 31.3 years, p!0.0001) and more likely to have vascular disease (17.1 vs 3%, p=0.009). Racial distribution, insurance status, overweight/obese pregravid BMI (R25kg/m) and preexisting hypertension were similar between groups. Both preterm delivery (36.7 vs 37.5 weeks, p=0.01) and preeclampsia (30 vs 11.9%, p=0.01) were more common in Type 1 DM. Glycemic control was similar in Type 1 and 2 DM (HgBA1C 6.5 vs 6.1, p=0.07). No difference in total insulin requirements was observed between groups in 1st (0.77 vs 0.64 units/kg, p=0.12), 2nd (0.95 vs 0.91 units/kg, p=0.69), and 3rd (1.06 vs 1.15 units/kg, p=0.44) trimesters of pregnancy, however, the rate of increase in insulin dosage was lower in Type 1 compared with Type 2 DM between 1st and 2nd trimester (0.16 vs 0.28 units/kg, p=0.03), 2nd and 3rd trimester (0.11 vs 0.25 units/kg, p=0.01). A higher rate of NICU admission (28.6 vs 12%, p=0.02) and longer hospital stay (6.7 vs 3.6 days, p=0.002) was present in infants of Type 1 DM. After controlling for gestational age at delivery, rate of NICU admission was not different between groups (p=0.24). Rates of LGA and macrosomia were also similar in Type 1 and 2 DM (30 vs 29.9%, p=1.0 and 14.3 vs 23.9%, p=0.19, respectively), as were birth weight (3286 vs 3466 grams, p=0.12) and ponderal index (2.70 vs 2.68, p=0.88). CONCLUSION: Perinatal outcomes of well controlled Type 1 DM are comparable to those of Type 2 DM, except for a higher rate of preeclampsia and earlier gestational age at delivery. Remarkably, total insulin requirements were similar between Type 1 and 2 DM, although rate of increase in insulin dosage between trimesters is significantly less in Type 1 DM.
Social science evolves to include biology.

The Special Section on Genetics of Behavior (7 November 2008) helps put flesh on the evolutionary skeleton that biologists, and some social scientists, have been developing for many years. In the Perspective “Biology, politics, and the emerging science of human nature” (p. [912][1]), J. H. Fowler and D. Schreiber argue that “biologists and political scientists must work together to advance a new science of human nature.” The study of politics is not the only social science that would profit by such collaboration. Indeed, efforts to integrate evolutionary biology have recently been under way in every facet of the social sciences, including anthropology, economics, history, law, linguistics, psychology, sociology, and even literary criticism and aesthetics, in addition to political science. Finally, belatedly, but with increasing empirical and theoretical validity, social scientists representing all disciplines are collaborating with biologists to advance a much-needed, new science of human nature. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1158188
Intravitreal Liposome-encapsulated Triofluorothymidine in a Rabbet Model

Two groups of albino rabbits received an intravitreal injection of liposome-encapsulated trifluorothymidine. One group underwent a clearance study using high-performance liquid chromatography. The results of this study demonstrated a prolonged vitreal drug level within the range of ID50 for many strains of herpesvirus and human cytomegalovirus (CMV) at 28 days after injection. The eyes of another group were evaluated with preoperative and postoperative indirect ophthalmoscopy, electroretinography, and histologic examination. No retinal toxicity was found.
Investigations of multiple injection strategies for the improvement of combustion and exhaust emissions characteristics in a low compression ratio (CR) engine

Abstract The experimental analysis was conducted for a better understanding of the combustion stability and reduction of exhaust emission in low compression ratio (CR) engine. The combustion stability was analyzed in terms of combustion pressure, the rate of heat release (ROHR), the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), and coefficient of variation of indicated mean effective pressure (COVIMEP), and formation of exhaust emissions such as CO, HC, NOX, and soot was measured and compared in the low compression ratio single cylinder CI engine. It was revealed that maximum value of combustion pressure (Pmax) in two pilot injections was increased to almost the same level of single injection combustion although its maximum rate of heat release (ROHR) was decreased to 47.2% compared to single injection combustion. It was also observed that two pilot injections improves combustion efficiency, and these injection strategies operate engine more stably in low compression ratio engine, based on the results of increased IMEP (2.1%) and decreased COVIMEP (5.7%). Moreover, in multiple injection combustion, more CO formation and less HC emission were observed during combustion process, and remarkable simultaneous reduction of NOX up to 58.7% and soot up to 25% can be achieved in low compression ratio engine.
Effect of Toto circle and mammographic background size on detection performance

Kundel et al. Suggested the use of circle cues to assist human observers during signal-known-exactly (SKE) detection experiments. The circles were bipolar (with concentric black and white rings) and centered on potential locations of simulated masses added to mammographic backgrounds. They used a large circle cue (diameter 6.4 cm) and a background size of 7.7 cm (referred to the initial mammogram). They found significant detection performance improvement compared to the no cue conditions. In our previous experiments, we use mammographic background sizes of 6.1 cm and smaller circles with sizes dependent on lesion size. Our circle sizes were selected to subjectively optimize utility but choices may not have been the best. Also, detectability may also depend on background size. In this work, we present human observer results for detecting a realist mass added to mammographic backgrounds using 30 conditions (all combinations of the mass scaled to 3 sizes, 2 background sizes and 5 circle sizes). Performance did not depend on background size. For the smallest mass size (1 mm, 8 pixels), detectability decreased as circle size increased. There may be an optimum near a circle/mass size ratio of 4. The optimum size ratio for the 4 mm mass was 3. For the 16 mm mass, detectability decreased as steadily as circle size increased. The smallest size ratio used was 1.2.
Risk factors for biochemical recurrence after robotic assisted radical prostatectomy: a single surgeon experience.

Radical prostatectomy is a standard surgical treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer. Margin status has been found to be an independent predictor of biochemical recurrence (BCR) after open radical prostatectomy in several large series but this is still controversy in Robotic Assisted Radical Prostatectomy (RARP) series. We therefore wanted to investigate the prognostic significance of positive surgical margin (PSM) and other pathological factors on BCR in patients treated with RARP by a single surgeon. Prospectively collected data of 439 patients treated with RARP between October 2005 and June 2013 by a single surgeon at a single institution were analyzed. BCR was defined as follow-up PSA level > 0.2 ng/ml on two separate occasions or patients who had to undergo salvage therapy. Kaplan Meier curves and Log Rank test were used to compare the risk of BCR. Univariate and Multivariate Cox Regression analyses were performed to determine the prognostic impact of age, BMI, prostate weight, PSA prior to surgery, pathological T-stage, pathological Gleason sum, PSM and operative period. In this study period, 34 out of 439 had BCR, giving an overall BCR rate of 7.7% for this cohort. Overall 2- and 3-year BCR-free survival rates were 93% and 88%, respectively. Patients with a PSM had a 2-year BCR free survival of 88% compared to 94% in those with negative margins (p = 8, PSA, pathological stage and operative period were significantly associated with BCR. In our case series of RARP performed by a single surgeon, PSM as well as pathological Gleason sum, PSA, pathological stage and early operative period for this surgeon were the independent predictors of BCR.
On the Broadcast Capacity of Multihop Wireless Networks: Interplay of Power, Density and Interference

In wireless networks which we define as the maximum rate at which broadcast packets can be generated in the network such that all nodes receive the packets successfully within a given time. To assess the impact of topology and interference on the broadcast capacity we employ the Physical Model and Generalized Physical Model for the channel. Prior work was limited either by density constraints or by using the less realistic but manageable Protocol model [1], [2]. Under the Physical Model, we find that the broadcast capacity is within a constant factor of the channel capacity for a wide class of network topologies. Under the Generalized Physical Model, on the other hand, the network configuration is divided into three regimes depending on how the power is tuned in relation to network density and size and in which the broadcast capacity is asymptotically either zero, constant or unbounded. As we show, the broadcast capacity is limited by distant nodes in the first regime and by interference in the second regime. In the second regime, which covers a wide class of networks, the broadcast capacity is within a constant factor of the bandwidth.
Mortality is reduced for heart rate 80 to 89 after traumatic brain injury.

Background. Increasing data indicate treatment with β blockers might improve survival after traumatic brain injury (TBI); the optimal heart rate (HR) range for these patients is unknown. To guide treatment, admission HR in moderate to severe TBI patients was analyzed to determine if a specific range is associated with decreased mortality. Methods. The Los Angeles County Trauma System Database, consisting of five Level I and 8 Level II trauma centers, was queried for all injured patients admitted between 1998 and 2005 (n = 147,788). Isolated moderate to severe TBI patients (head abbreviated injury score ≥ 3) were then identified. Demographics and outcomes were compared at various admission HR subgroups ( < 50, 50―59, 60―69, 70―79, 80―89, 90―99, 100― 109, ≥110). Logistic regression was then performed to determine predictors of mortality. Results. After exclusions, a total of 11,977 isolated moderate to severe isolated TBI patients were analyzed, overall mortality was 11.5% with a trend toward lowest mortality at HR 80 to 89 (7.3%). Each HR subgroup had a significantly increased unadjusted odds ratio for mortality compared with HR 80 to 89, except HR 90 to 99 (OR 1.2, CI 1.0―1.5) and HR 100 to 109 (OR 1.2, CI 1.0―1.5). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, HR < 50, 50―59, 60―69, and ≥110 were independent predictors for increased mortality compared with HR 80―89. Conclusion. After isolated moderate to severe TBI, HR < 50, 50―59, 60―69, and ≥110 were independent predictors of increased mortality. HR outside the range 70―109 could serve as a marker for aggressive resuscitation. As mortality increased significantly with HR: < 50 (AOR 4.70), 50―59 (AOR 2.21), and 60―69 (AOR 1.63), our findings recommend avoiding HR < 70 in patients with moderate to severe TBI.