cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Development and Testing of a Behavioral Intentions Model: A Longitudinal Study

ABSTRACT This paper develops and tests a model that illustrates the development of travel behavior intentions. Two separate studies were conducted, that measured the perceptions of German travel consumers regarding Northern Ireland (NI) as a tourist destination. The studies were conducted at the ITB Berlin (1999 and 2000) Travel Trade Fair. Northern Ireland was chosen as the travel destination because the 1998 Good Friday peace agreement gave hope that tourism to NI would again increase (after two years of decreases). We focused on German consumers because they are considered to be an important segment for NI tourism. The results of the study indicated that 81% of those interviewed had a good or very good impression of NI, and 59% considered it safe or very safe. The model itself illustrated that the travel consumers utilize both external and internal information for developing their perceptions and ultimately their behavioral intentions. Yet, the results also illustrated that travel consumers were more d...
Nonparametric Trend Estimation for Periodic Autoregressive Time Series

A periodically stationary time series has seasonal variances. A local linear trend estimation is proposed to accommodate unequal variances. A comparison of this proposed estimator with the estimator commonly used for a stationary time series is provided. The optimal bandwidth selection for this new trend estimator is discussed.
Litter sex ratios in the golden hamster vary with time of mating and litter size and are not binomially distributed.

Pregnancy rates, litter sizes, and litter sex ratios vary strongly with the time in the estrous cycle at which female golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) are mated. Early matings tend to produce relatively high pregnancy rates, large litters, and female-biased sex ratios, while late matings tend to produce low pregnancy rates, small litters, and male-biased sex ratios. Time of mating and litter size are therefore correlated, but each appears to have an independent effect on litter sex ratio: time of mating and sex ratio are positively correlated, holding litter size constant, while litter size and sex ratio are negatively correlated, holding time of mating constant. At each litter size greater than two, the variance of litter sex ratios is less than the binomial variance expected on the hypotheses of independent sampling with a constant probability of producing a male. The main features of the distribution of litter sex ratios can be generated from a causal model in which different probabilities of producing a male apply to “early” and “late” conceptions within each litter. The relationship between litter size and mean litter sex ratio is potentially consistent with several different models for the evolution of adaptive sex-ratio variation.
EFFECT OF RANTES ON PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE ACTIVITY (PTK) IN NEWBORN LAMB MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERIES (MCA) 2236

EFFECT OF RANTES ON PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE ACTIVITY (PTK) IN NEWBORN LAMB MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERIES (MCA) 2236
Anticipatory undercover targeting in high schools

Abstract Previous studies on undercover operations have not given adequate processual attention to “officer-intensive” targeting. Officer-intensive targeting is associated with “anticipatory” operations, where agents infiltrate a diffuse setting, pose as one of its members, identify offenders, and implicate them in illicit transactions. This article addresses this process in high school settings, where young-looking officers pose as students to buy drugs from dealers. A four-part typology is offered that involves rep building, intelligence gathering, semantic inducement, and visual/conversational serendipity. Discussion focuses an “expressive” analytic framework of anticipatory undercover social control based on the notion of seduction. Data were drawn from semi-structured interviews with thirty undercover officers located in a large United States city.
Microvascular smooth muscle cell quantitation from scanning electron microscopic preparations.

A morphometric method to analyze scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of microvascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) is validated using intestinal arterioles. Features easily obtained from these microvasculature preparations are counted (number of tapers and number of complete wraps in the central 87% of the vessel, which is one-third of the vessel's circumference) or measured (vessel diameter and vessel segment length). These data allow the determination of wraps around the vessel per SMC, cell length, and cell width, which are not different from either the values as determined by circumferential examination and quantitation of the vascular segment or an alternative SEM quantitation method (Miller et al., 1986). The method described herein provides a relatively easy way to determine microvascular SMC parameters.
Shattered Rim Failure Analysis in Railroad Wheels

A general methodology for fatigue reliability degradation of railroad wheels is proposed in this paper. Both fatigue crack initiation and crack propagation life are included in the proposed methodology using previously developed multiaxial fatigue models by the authors. A response surface method in conjunction with design of experiments is used to develop a closed form approximation of the fatigue damage accumulation with respect to the input random variables. The total fatigue life of railroad wheels under stochastic loading is simulated, accounting for the spatial and temporal randomness of the fatigue damage. The field observations of railroad wheel fatigue failures are compared with the numerical predictions using the proposed methodology.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Forced expression of hepatocyte‐specific fibroblast growth factor 21 delays initiation of chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis

Inappropriate fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is involved in most tissue-specific pathologies including cancer. Previously we showed that inappropriate expression and chronic activity of FGF receptor (FGFR) 1 in hepatocytes accelerated diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-initiated hepatocarcinogenesis. Here we showed that although widely expressed FGF1 and FGF2 are frequently upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), germline deletion of both FGF1 and FGF2 had no effect on DEN-initiated hepatocarcinogenesis. Thus overexpression of FGF1 or FGF2 may be a consequence rather than contributor to hepatoma progression. FGF21 is the first of 22 homologues whose expression has been reported to be preferentially in the liver. We showed that similar to FGF1 and FGF2, FGF21 mRNA was upregulated in neoplastic and regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy (PH) and CCl4 administration. In situ hybridization analysis confirmed that in contrast to FGF1 and FGF2, expression of FGF21 mRNA was limited to hepatocytes. Forced overexpression of FGF21 in hepatocytes by gene targeting had no apparent impact on normal liver development and compensatory response to injury. Surprisingly, overexpression of FGF21 delayed the appearance of DEN-induced liver tumors. At 8 and 10 mo, only 10% and 30% of transgenic mice, respectively, developed adenomas compared to 50% (all adenomas) and 80% (60% adenoma/20% HCC) in the wild-type (WT) mice. However, the incidence and burden of HCC at 10 mo and later was equal in the FGF21 transgenic and WT mice. We propose that FGF21 may delay development of adenomas through activation of resident hepatocyte FGFR4 at early times, but counteracts the delay by acceleration of progression to HCC through interaction with ectopic FGFR1 once it appears in hepatoma cells. This indicates a dual function of FGF21 that may reflect changes in FGFR isotype during progression of differentiated hepatoma cells.
A quantitative study of accounting methods in mid-nineteenth-century Alabama and Mississippi: an application of content analysis

Archival searches and the case study have traditionally been the primary research tools used by accounting historians to further their knowledge of the development of accounting practices. The case-study method, though, has a limited scope because it often emphasizes the practices of a single participant in the business community. This fosters an implicit fallacy which assumes that the practices of this player are those of the community in general. Such a fallacy tends to overshadow a much needed question: how much of the business community accepted certain accounting practices? The study presented in this paper addresses this question and applies the statistical techniques of content analysis and proportions tests to determine whether retail stores in the states of Alabama and Mississippi during the mid-nineteenth century used accounting techniques that they developed themselves or used ones that were presented in bookkeeping texts published in the northern states. The results show that, while some of th...
Molecular cloning and expression of the gene for a major leucine-rich protein from human hepatoblastoma cells (HepG2)

The human hepatoblastoma cell line, HepG2, exhibits an array of stable properties in culture that have made it a popular cell culture model for studies on regulation of liver-specific gene expression and properties of hepatoma cells. In contrast to other hepatoma cell lines, HepG2 cells overexpress a characteristic detergent-extractable, wheat germ lectin-binding protein with apparent molecular mass of 130 kDa. Using an antibody to screen a phage expression library of HepG2 complementary DNA (cDNA), we identified and cloned a 4734 base pair cDNA which codes for a 130-kDa leucine-rich protein (lrp130) when expressed in transfected cells. The deduced sequence of lrp130 exhibits sequences weakly homologous to the consensus sequence for the ATP binding site in ATP-dependent kinases and the protein kinase C phosphorylation site of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Consistent with the higher levels of expression of lrp130 antigen, Northern hybridization analysis indicated that HepG2 cells express high levels of the major 4.8 kilobase lrp130 mRNA relative to other hepatoma cells. Although currently of unknown function, lrp130 may be of utility as a marker for liver cell lineages represented by the HepG2 cell line.
Implementing and Evaluating Goal Setting in a Statewide Psychiatric Rehabilitation Program

Although the idea of people with psychiatric disabilities determining their own treatment and rehabilitation goals is increasingly accepted, its relationship to service outcomes has rarely been eva...
What cultural values influence American public relations practitioners

Abstract This paper advances a cultural approach to public relations research and practice through the extension of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions to Grunig’s models of public relations. This study tested a quantitative instrument that links societal culture, corporate culture, and the public relations communication of American practitioners. Two findings emerged from this study. First, American practitioners continue to practice one-way models of public relations even when their organizations may not dictate one-way communication with publics. And second, public relations practitioners who have collectivistic values tend to practice two-way models of public relations. Gabriel Vasquez is an assistant professor in the School of Communication, University of Houston, TX. Maureen Taylor is an assistant professor in the School of Communication, Information, and Library Studies at Rutgers University, NJ.
Epigenetic Regulation of Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNFα) Release in Human Macrophages by HIV-1 Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) Is Dependent on TLR8 Signaling

Human macrophages at mucosal sites are essential targets for acute HIV infection. During the chronic phase of infection, they are persistent reservoirs for the AIDS virus. HIV virions gain entry into macrophages following ligation of surface CD4-CCR5 co-receptors, which leads to the release of two copies of HIV ssRNA. These events lead to reverse transcription and viral replication initiation. Toll-like receptors TLR7 and TLR8 recognize specific intracellular viral ssRNA sequences, but in human alveolar macrophages, their individual roles in TLR-mediated HIV ssRNA recognition are unclear. In the current study, HIV-1 ssRNA induced TNFα release in a dose-dependent manner in adherent human macrophages expressing both intracellular TLR7 and TLR8. This response was reduced by inhibiting either endocytosis (50 μm dynasore) or endosomal acidification (1 μg/ml chloroquine). Either MYD88 or TLR8 gene knockdown with relevant siRNA reduced HIV-1 ssRNA-mediated TNFα release, but silencing TLR7 had no effect on this response. Furthermore, HIV-1 ssRNA induced histone 4 acetylation at the TNFα promoter as well as trimethylation of histone 3 at lysine 4, whereas TLR8 gene knockdown reduced these effects. Taken together in human macrophages, TLR8 binds and internalizes HIV ssRNA, leading to endosomal acidification, chromatin remodeling, and increases in TNFα release. Drugs targeting macrophage TLR8-linked signaling pathways may modulate the innate immune response to acute HIV infection by reducing viral replication.
Preliminary results of a PACS implementation

The Radiology Department at the University of Pennsylvania is in the process of clinically testing the first phase of its PACS implementation. The first phase has been designed to support two Intensive Care Units, two GE SIGNA MR units and a Du Pont FD 2000 Film Digitizer. The entire system has been running clinically for about three months. Any PACS effort involves integrating software and hardware from different manufactures. Some of the equipment on a PACS network are often 'closed' and provide limited access. In addition, the entire PACS system is expected to provide uninterrupted service, have adequate throughput and ensure data integrity. By and large, these goals have been met. Clinical testing has provided valuable insights about system integration and highlighted areas of improvement in the system design. A detailed discussion of these results is presented.
Photoinitiated polymerization on metal surfaces

Abstract Irradiation of acrolein vapors in the presence of films of nickel and other metals results in the formation of thin films of polyacrolein on the metal surface. The polyarcrolein film protects the metal surface from abrasion and corrosion. Polymer growth is more rapid on oxidized vs. unoxidized metal surfaces indicating a role for surface oxide sites in the polymerization process. Several other monomers investigated fail to form adhesive polymer films on metal films, but can be copolymerized with acrolein.
Redefining addiction II. The meaning of addiction in our lives.

(1979). Redefining Addiction II. The Meaning of Addiction in Our Lives. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 289-297.
THE CONCEPT OF DOMAIN IN DEVELOPMENTAL ANALYSES OF HIERARCHICAL COMPLEXITY

Individuals do not operate “at a stage of development.” They operate at a range of different levels of hierarchical complexity depending on skill area, task, context, degree of support, and other variables. It is thus necessary to postulate the concept of domain to refer to the particular conceptual, behavioral, or affective area within which activity operates. The concept raises questions and implications for theory building and application. Such issues are elaborated by discussing a variety of domains and social contexts. A postformal case example of leadership in higher education illuminates the concept of domains and the interrelationships among domains.
Reaction Properties of the Ascorbic Acid Oxidase from Myrothecium verrucaria

Ascorbic acid oxidase activity in Myrothecium verrucaria extracts resulted in O(2) uptake exceeding 0.5 mole per mole of ascorbic acid and in CO(2) evolution. Measurement of oxidized ascorbic acid at completion of the reaction demonstrated that an average of 10% of the oxidized product disappeared. A comparison of the gas exchange data with the amount of ascorbic acid not accounted for indicated that the reaction could not be explained by independent oxidase and oxygenase systems. Chromatographic examination of the reaction mixtures identified l-threonic acid. Experiments with ascorbic acid-1-(14)C showed that C-1 was partially decarboxylated during the oxidation. Test of the fungal extracts for enzymes that might explain the deviation from expected stoichiometry showed that phenolase, glutathione reductase, cytochrome oxidase, peroxidase and oxalic decarboxylase were not involved. Addition of azide in concentrations sufficient to block catalase increased excess O(2) consumption about 65%. No enzymes were found that could directly attack oxidized ascorbic acid. H(2)O(2) accumulated during oxidation in azide-blocked systems.The O(2) excess could be explained by assuming the enzyme had peroxidative capacity on a reductant other than ascorbic acid. An intermediate of ascorbic acid oxidation appeared to function as the substrate yielding CO(2) and l-threonic acid on degradation. The increase in excess O(2) utilized in azide-blocked systems and the H(2)O(2) accumulation also were explained by the proposed scheme.Another interpretation would involve production of free radicals during ascorbic acid oxidation. Evidence for this was the ability of extracts to oxidize DPNH in the presence of ascorbic acid. Oxygen radicals formed in such reactions were considered possible agents of degradation of ascorbic acid.
Revision of opinion with verbally and numerically expressed uncertainties

Abstract Are verbal judgements of uncertainty more accurate and less conservative relative to the Bayesian calculations than are numerical judgements? This question was investigated by using a within-subject design in which subjects were required to estimate, numerically on some trials and verbally on others, the probability of one of two mutually exclusive hypotheses in a series of sequential probability revision tasks. The membership functions of the verbal phrases that were actually stated were assessed. Two alternative point values were used to represent these functions in a statistical comparison with the numerical probability judgements. The results show that verbal judgements are less conservative but more variable, and consequently less accurate, than numerical. The degree of conservatism and accuracy depends on the manner in which the membership function is converted to a point value.
Young adult African American patients with type 2 diabetes: a high risk patient sub-group with few supports for good diabetes management.

This study examined age differences in support, BMI, and HbA1c among African American patients with type 2 diabetes. Participants were 158 African American adults with type 2 diabetes. Average HbA1c was 1% higher among patients aged 20–49 than patients 60–77, and double the number of younger patients had a BMI ≥35 than older patients. Younger patients reported less trust in their physician and greater disagreement with recommendations. They reported relying less on partners, greater unresolved conflict with partners around diabetes, and less church involvement. The association between age and HbA1c was partially mediated by patients’ trust of their physician.
Limb body‐wall complex in association with sirenomelia sequence

Limb body-wall complex and sirenomelia sequence are uncommon birth defects and their association is extremely rare. Their overlapping manifestations and their concurrence in our patient suggest that they share a common cause and belong to a group of pathologically closely related conditions. Embryonic vascular disruption may be a common pathogenesis in both anomalies.
Diel oscillations of the photosynthesis-irradiance (P-I) relationship in natural assemblages of phytoplankton

Diel oscillations in the photosynthesis-irradiance (P-I) relationship are described for marine phytoplankton assemblages at 6 stations in an upwelling area off the southern California coast (USA) between May and August 1980. The initial slope (α) and asymptote (P max) of P-I curves changed significantly over the day; both parameters were in phase and had similar changes in amplitude. The diel oscillations in photosynthesis appeared unrelated to changes in chlorophyll a concentrations. Amplitudes of daily variations in photosynthesis ranged from approximately 3 to 9, as measured by the maximum to minimum ratio for photosynthetic capacity (P max). Diatom-rich samples collected during an upwelling event and those dominated by dinoflagellates both had midday to early afternoon maxima in α and P max. Samples from other locations had peak photosynthetic activity later in the afternoon. The relationship between α and P max was consistent in all phytoplankton samples analyzed, with a surprisingly high correlation considering the spatial and temporal scales encompassed in this study. These results indicate that the photosynthesis-irradiance (P-I) relationship is time-dependent and, moreover, that changes in α and P max are closely coupled for a variety of natural phytoplankton assemblages.
Diamond-like nanocomposites (DLN)

Abstract A new class of amorphous hydrogenated carbon based films is described. The structure of these films consists of atomic-scale composite random networks of carbon and silicon. The carbon network is stabilized by hydrogen and the silicon network is stabilized by oxygen. The mutual stabilization of these interpenetrating atomic-scale filaments and the common random network structure prevents the growth of graphitic carbon at high temperature, serving to enhance adhesion and reduce the internal stress in these films. Such self-stabilized C-Si amorphous structures form an ideal matrix for the introduction of metals. These metals are distributed as separate atoms or as separate disordered networks, and all three networks (the carbon matrix, a-Si, and a-Me) are bonded to one another mainly by weak chemical forces. Various electron transport mechanisms and percolation phenomena are observed in diamond-like nancomposite (DLN), and “diamond-like” properties and structure are preserved in both the metallic and dielectric states. In the present paper, several methods of DLN synthesis are compared, and real applications and perspectives are discussed.
On boolean near-rings

It is well-known that a boolean ring is commutative. In this note we show that a distributively generated boolean near-ring is multiplicatively commutative, and therefore a ring. This is accomplished by using subdirect sum representations of near-rings.
Canning of vegetable soybean: procedures and quality evaluations

Summary Some aspects of the preservation process of vegetable soybean are discussed in this paper. Factors, like the effects of blanching duration, and brine composition, were discussed in relation with the quality attributes of the product including enzyme activity, texture and colour. It was observed that the concentration of CaCl2 influenced the texture and luminosity (L), while the pH affected luminosity (L) and green colour (–a/b) of the processed product. Furthermore, blanching for 90 s before heat-processing was effective to inactivate 99% of the initial lipoxygenase activity. It was found that a brine containing 150 g L−1 NaCl and 2.9 g L−1 CaCl2, at pH 6.5 that was thermally treated for 9 min generated a lethality of 4 min that is enough to produce a 12-log reduction required for low acid foods and at the same time retaining desirable colour and texture.
Detection of Faults and Attacks Including False Data Injection Attack in Smart Grid Using Kalman Filter

By exploiting the communication infrastructure among the sensors, actuators, and control systems, attackers may compromise the security of smart-grid systems, with techniques such as denial-of-service (DoS) attack, random attack, and data-injection attack. In this paper, we present a mathematical model of the system to study these pitfalls and propose a robust security framework for the smart grid. Our framework adopts the Kalman filter to estimate the variables of a wide range of state processes in the model. The estimates from the Kalman filter and the system readings are then fed into the $\chi^{2}$ -detector or the proposed Euclidean detector. The $\chi^{2}$ -detector is a proven effective exploratory method used with the Kalman filter for the measurement of the relationship between dependent variables and a series of predictor variables. The $\chi^{2}$ -detector can detect system faults/attacks, such as DoS attack, short-term, and long-term random attacks. However, the studies show that the $\chi^{2}$ -detector is unable to detect the statistically derived false data-injection attack. To overcome this limitation, we prove that the Euclidean detector can effectively detect such a sophisticated injection attack.
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HYDRAULIC AND TOPOGRAPHIC SINUOSITY INDEXES1

ABSTRACT Stream sinuosity indexes are usually derived by dividing the length of a reach as measured along a channel by the length of a reach as measured along a valley. This method restricts stream sinuosity to those rivers which have downcut sufficiently to allow the formation of a floodplain. Therefore, all stream-occupied valleys in the youthful stage of erosion cannot provide a sinuosity value greater than unity, for during youth the valley and channel are coincident. It is an inherent flaw in existing indexes which suggests that all streams with a value of unity are straight, because in nature all streams have significant departures from a straight-line course and, hence, possess some degree of sinuosity. Consequently, one must assume that factors other than those which are purely hydraulic or lithologic must contribute to the sinuosity of all channels. These neglected factors are those which are topographic in origin. With this in mind, the author offers a set of indexes which takes into account bot...
Critical current of a long Josephson junction in the presence of a perturbing Abrikosov vortex

We investigate theoretically how the proximity of an Abrikosov vortex influences the physical properties of a long Josephson junction. We find that dI c , the contribution to the critical current associated with the presence of the vortex, is generally positive ~the critical current is increased ! and is crucially dependent on the specific boundary conditions satisfied by the transport current. In the case in which the latter has a bulk component in the vicinity of the vortex, dI c is proportional to the coupling c between the vortex and the junction. The situation is however more complex when the transport current is purely a surface phenomenon. In this case dI c strongly depends on the distance between the vortex and the edges of the junction, and is in general much smaller than that of the bulk current case unless a special commensurability condition is met. In particular we show that a contribution to dI c proportional to c is obtained in this case only when an integer number of Josephson vortices can be accommodated between the location of the vortex and one of the edges of the junction. @S0163-1829~98!10137-6#
Polymerase Switching in DNA Replication

Our view of DNA replication has been of two coupled DNA polymerases anchored to the replication fork helicase in a "replisome" complex, synthesizing leading and lagging strands simultaneously. New evidence suggests that three DNA polymerases can be accommodated into the replisome and that polymerases and repair factors are dynamically recruited and engaged without dismantling of the replisome.
The biological significance of behavioral learning from a systems view.

When found in the company of adaptation, maturation, evolution, and all other processes which promote change and development of biological organization, the “natural beauty” of learning is revealed in all of its forms. But, the biological significance of behavioral learning is that, as such a system process, it promotes the development of organization in the transactional relationships standing between organism and environment, the two major participants in the life process.
A continuum thermodynamics formulation for micro-magneto-mechanics with applications to ferromagnetic shape memory alloys: application to domain wall-twin boundary dissociation

A continuum thermodynamics formulation for micromagnetics coupled with mechanics is devised to model the evolution of magnetic domain and martensite twin structures in ferromagnetic shape memory alloys. The theory falls into the class of phase-field or diffuse-interface modeling approaches. In addition to the standard mechanical and magnetic balance laws, a two sets of micro-forces their associated balance laws are postulated, one set for the magnetization order parameter and one set for the martensite order parameter. The second law of thermodynamics is analyzed to identify the appropriate material constitutive relationships. The general formulation does not constrain the magnitude of the magnetization to be constant, allowing for the possibilities of spontaneous magnetization changes associated with strain and temperature. The equations governing the evolution of the magnetization are shown to reduce to the commonly accepted Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equations when the magnetization magnitude is constant. Numerical solutions to the governing equations are presented to investigate the fundamental interactions between the magnetic domain wall and the martensite twin boundary in ferromagnetic shape memory alloys. Calculations are performed to determine under what conditions the magnetic domain wall and the martensite twin boundary can be dissociated, resulting in a limit to the actuating strength of the material.
Fluorescent probes of α- and β-adrenergic and opiate receptors: Biochemical and histochemical evaluation

Abstract Dansyl derivatives of the opiate antagonist naloxazone and the α-adrenergic blocking drug 2-[(2′,6′-dimethoxy)phenoxyethylamino]methyl-benzodioxan (WB-4101) were synthesized as potential in vivo fluorescent labels for opiate and α-adrenergic receptors, respectively. When assayed in vitro dansyl analogs display Ki-values for [3H]naloxone and [3H]WB-4101 binding of 8 nM and 80 nM, respectively. The same patterns of histofluorescence are observed in rat brain slices after the intravenous or intracerebroventricular injection of both dansyl drugs. The same patterns are also observed in dansyl-propranolol and 9-aminoacridine-propranolol (9-AAPN) treated animals as well as in untreated control rats. Accordingly, the observed fluorescence does not reflect the labeling of any receptor but is consistent with the distribution of lipofuscin, an endogenous fluorescent compound.
Design of Reactive Compensation for Industrial Power Rectifiers

The design of compensation for industrial rectifier units is analyzed. The first section outlines a general method of analysis using operational impedances. Per-unit impedance and frequency as related to the operational impedance is discussed. A general harmonic analysis is described which applies root locus techniques to the study of the system operational impedance. This technique may be used to identify quickly systems which may be successfully compensated by capacitors with reactors tuned to the 4.7th harmonic and provides insight into the design of systems for which compensation tuned to the 4.7th harmonic is not desirable. A general design guide is presented, and practical examples of the design strategy are included. This technique is straightforward and easy to apply and provides insight into the resonant characteristics of the system while avoiding much of the computation needed for previous techniques.
Excitonen in Polymeren mit aromatischen Seitengruppen

Bringt man in einem Ensemble von organischen Molekulen einzelne Molekule durch Bestrahlung mit UV-Licht in einen elektronischen Anregungszustand, so konnen diese Molekule unter gewissen Umstanden ihre Anregungsenergie auf andere Molekule des Ensembles ubertragen. Solche Energieubertragungs-Phanomene sind praktisch in allen Aggregatzustanden organischer Materie gefunden worden, in Gasen, Flussigkeiten, Losungen und in Kristallen. Das auch in organischen Polymeren Energieubertragung auftreten kann, weis man aus Untersuchungen an Kunststoffszintillatoren (1), wo man im Kunststoff geloste Fremdmolekule dadurch zur Emission von Fluoreszenzlicht veranlassen kann, das man nicht die Fremdmolekule selbst, sondern die Kunststoffmatrix (Wirtsmatrix) durch harte Strahlung oder UV-Licht anregt. Der Mechanismus der Energieubertragung in Polymeren wurde jedoch lange nicht richtig aufgeklart, weil die verwendeten Kunststoffe eine storend hohe Konzentration von nichtpolymerisierten Monomeren enthielten (2). Die Aufklarung dieses Mechanismus ist nicht nur fur die Deutung der Vorgange im Kunststoff-Szintillator von Wichtigkeit, sondern ebenso fur ein besseres Verstandnis der photoelektrischen Prozesse in Polymeren sowie fur den photochemischen Abbau von Kunststoffen.
Anisotropic transport and magnetic properties and magnetic-field tuned states of CeZn 11 single crystals

We present detailed temperature- and field-dependent data obtained from magnetization, resistivity, heat capacity, Hall resistivity and thermoelectric power measurements performed on single crystals of CeZn${}_{11}$. The compound orders antiferromagnetically at $\ensuremath{\sim}$2 K. The zero-field resistivity and thermoelectric power data show features characteristic of a Ce-based intermetallic with crystal-electric-field splitting and possible Kondo lattice effects. We constructed the $T\ensuremath{-}H$ phase diagram for the magnetic field applied along the easy [110] direction, which shows that the magnetic field required to suppress ${T}_{N}$ below 0.4 K is in the range of 45--47.5 kOe. A linear behavior of the $\ensuremath{\rho}(T)$ data, $\mathbf{H}\ensuremath{\parallel}$ [110], was observed only for $H=45$ kOe for 0.46 K $\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}$ 1.96 K followed by the Landau--Fermi-liquid regime for a limited range of fields 47.5 kOe $\ensuremath{\le}H\ensuremath{\le}$ 60 kOe. From the analysis of our data, it appears that CeZn${}_{11}$ is a local moment compound with little or no electronic correlations arising from the Ce 4$f$ shell. The thermoelectric and transport properties of CeZn${}_{11}$ are mostly governed by the crystal-electric-field effects. Given the very high quality of our single crystals, quantum oscillations are found for both CeZn${}_{11}$ and its nonmagnetic analog LaZn${}_{11}$.
Latent heat of vaporization of cyclohexane

Abstract Experimental data concerning the latent heat of vaporization of cyclo hexane are not available over a wide range of temperatures. Because information concerning the enthalpy change upon vaporization has many industrial applications, experimental investigation was desirable. Direct calorimetric measurements of the latent heat of vaporization of cyclo hexane are reported for temperatures between 100° and 310°F. The experimental data were obtained under substantially isobaric-isothermal conditions. The results are presented in graphical and tabular form with values based upon volumetric data and limited measurements near room temperature.
Current status of balloon angioplasty for neonatal and infant aortic coarctation

Abstract Balloon angioplasty of native aortic coarctation in children is now generally accepted as the initial management option, but its use in the neonate and young infant remains controversial. In order to objectively assess this matter, a review of previously published reports and an analysis of our own experience in recent years was undertaken. Balloon angioplasty has been shown to be effective in immediate relief of obstruction. During intermediate-term follow-up, recurrence of obstruction was encountered in a significant number of patients, but such recurrence has been successfully treated either by repeat balloon angioplasty or by surgery. The procedure is not associated with mortality, although there are occasional exceptions recorded in the literature. Arterial complications occur when femoral artery is used for balloon angioplasty. Aneurysms are uncommon following balloon angioplasty in neonates and young infants. These data indicated that complication rates are in an acceptable range and the procedure is considered safe. Comparison with surgical therapy revealed similar mortality rates and similar degree of relief of obstruction, but slightly lower morbidity and complication rates with balloon than surgical therapy. Data from our recent experience suggests effective palliation, defined as no need for surgical intervention for 4 weeks or longer, in 96% patients. But, recurrence was observed during short-term follow-up in 45% patients. The recurrence, however, has successfully been treated with repeat balloon angioplasty or surgical therapy. Transumbilical artery and transvenous anterograde approaches were devoid of femoral artery complications, while such complications are seen in infants undergoing the procedure via the femoral artery. Recent introduction of balloon catheters that can be introduced through 3-French sheaths may decrease arterial complications. Biodegradable stents, when they become available, may prevent or reduce recoarctation. Based on the available data, it may be concluded that balloon angioplasty is an acceptable alternative to surgical treatment in the initial management of native aortic coarctation in the neonate and young infant.
Marine nature reserves in France: Legal framework, management, and comparative notes for the U.S. marine sanctuary program

This study evaluates a method used by the Republic of France to protect discrete marine areas of shoreline and adjacent coastal waters through designation of sites as marine nature reserves. Although much smaller in size than many national marine sanctuaries in the United States, the reserves in France represent successful efforts to protect and manage coastal marine areas. This is due in part to a high amount of local involvement during the designation process; the use of advisory committees at the reserves as well as scientific committees, which develop and conduct research projects within the sites; and the use of core areas, in which almost all human activities are prohibited or restricted, to promote repopulation of fish communities and to increase species diversity. The initiative for creating the reserves begins at the local level and is coordinated among local officials, user groups, environmental organizations and the national government. This study describes the legal framework in which the rese...
DEVELOPMENT OF EFFICIENT CRACK GROWTH SIMULATOR BASED ON HOT-MIX ASPHALT FRACTURE MECHANICS

It has long been accepted that cracking of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavements is a major mode of premature failure. Many state departments of transportation have verified that pavement cracking occurred not only in fatigue cracking in which a crack initiates from the bottom of the asphalt layer but also in other modes such as low-temperature cracking and the more recently identified top-down cracking. Recent work at the University of Florida has led to the development of a crack growth law based on viscoelastic fracture mechanics that is capable of fully describing both initiation and propagation of cracks in asphalt mixtures. The model requires the determination of only four fundamental mixture parameters, which can be obtained from less than 1 h of testing using the Superpave® indirect tensile test (IDT). These parameters can account for microdamage, crack propagation, and healing for stated loading conditions, temperatures, and rest periods. The generalization of the HMA crack growth law needed for its su...
Effectiveness of alcohol-based hand rubs for removal of Clostridium difficile spores from hands.

Background. Alcohol‐based hand rubs (ABHRs) are an effective means of decreasing the transmission of bacterial pathogens. Alcohol is not effective against Clostridium difficile spores. We examined the retention of C. difficile spores on the hands of volunteers after ABHR use and the subsequent transfer of these spores through physical contact. Methods. Nontoxigenic C. difficile spores were spread on the bare palms of 10 volunteers. Use of 3 ABHRs and chlorhexidine soap–and‐water washing were compared with plain water rubbing alone for removal of C. difficile spores. Palmar cultures were performed before and after hand decontamination by means of a plate stamping method. Transferability of C. difficile after application of ABHR was tested by having each volunteer shake hands with an uninoculated volunteer. Results. Plain water rubbing reduced palmar culture counts by a mean (± standard deviation [SD]) of 1.57 ± 0.11 log10 colony‐forming units (CFU) per cm2, and this value was set as the zero point for the ...
Association of the HLA-DRB1 epitope LA(67, 74) with rheumatoid arthritis and citrullinated vimentin binding.

Objective Although rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has long been associated with an HLA–DRB1 shared epitope, a systematic search for other epitopes has never been conducted. In addition, the relationship between these epitopes and the binding of citrullinated autoantigens has not been investigated. We developed a program that can analyze HLA data for all possible epitopes of up to 5 amino acids and used this program to assess the shared epitope hypothesis in RA. Methods We analyzed high-resolution data from the International Histocompatibility Working Group, which included a group of 488 patients with RA and a group of 448 racially and ethnically balanced control subjects, for all combinations of up to 5 amino acids among polymorphic HLA–DRB1 positions 8–93. Statistical significance was determined by chi-square and Fisher's exact tests, with a false discovery rate correction. Results Three residues (V11, H13, and L67) were found to have the highest degree of association with RA susceptibility (P 2 million epitopes examined, LA67, 74 exhibited the highest correlation with RA susceptibility (P = 2 × 10–20; odds ratio 4.07 [95% confidence interval 3.07–5.39]). HLA alleles containing the LA67, 74 epitope exhibited significantly greater binding to citrullinated vimentin65–77 than did alleles containing D70. Only 1 allele (DRB1*16:02) contained both LA67, 74 and D70; it bound citrullinated vimentin weakly and was not associated with RA. Conclusion The findings of these studies confirm the importance of HLA–DRB1 amino acids in pocket 4 for the binding of citrullinated autoantigens and susceptibility to RA.
A 5-MHz 91% peak-power-efficiency buck regulator with auto-selectable peak- and valley-current control

This paper presents a multi-MHz buck regulator for portable applications using an auto-selectable peak- and valley-current control (ASPVCC) scheme. The proposed ASPVCC scheme and the dynamically-biased shunt feedback in the current sensors relax the settling-time requirement of the current sensing and improve the sensing speed. The proposed converter can thus operate at high switching frequencies with a wide range of duty ratios for reducing the required inductance. Implemented in a 0.35-µm CMOS process, the proposed buck converter can operate at 5-MHz with a duty-ratio range of 0.6, use a small-value off-chip inductor of 1 µH, and achieve 91% peak power efficiency.
A REVIEW OF THEORY AND EXPERIMENTS ON DIFFUSION FROM SUBMICROSCOPIC PARTICLES

Diffusion-controlled evaporation or growth of submicroscopic particles is considered theoretically and experimentally. The conditions for which Fick's law apply are elucidated for Knudsen aerosols, and Fick's law together with the Chapman-Enskog molecular theory of gases are applied to determine diffusivities and Lennard-Jones intermolecular force parameters from experimental data on single submicron aerosol evaporation. The experimental method involving light scattering from a single droplet suspended in an electric field is reviewed, and the results for diffusion-controlled and noncontinuum evaporation are presented. For Knudsen numbers greater than 0.05, where diffusion theory does not apply, evaporation rate data are compared with available theoretical and semi-theoretical equations. A recently published solution of the stationary Boltzmann equation, modified to include the collision integral, is shown to be in excellent agreement with our experimental data for dibutyl sebacate evaporating into nitrogen.
Pineal Acid Phosphatase Activity in Syrian Hamsters: Sex Differences and Effects of Castration and Androgen Replacement Therapy

Pineal acid phosphatase (ACP) activity was examined in seven experiments involving young intact or castrated male and female Syrian hamsters. Nine-week old female hamsters had a 3-fold (p < 0.001) higher ACP activity in their pineal glands than did males. After three weeks of castration, a significant increase (p < 0.001) in ACP activity occurred in castrated male pineal glands. In males, pellets with 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (p < 0.01) but not testosterone or progesterone suppressed pineal ACP activity. In females, no changes in pineal ACP activity were noted due to the estrous cycle. Pineal ACP activity was not affected by testosterone, dihydrotestosterone or androstenedione pellets in intact females or by testosterone pellets in ovariectomized animals.
Functional–Anatomic Correlates of Sustained and Transient Processing Components Engaged during Controlled Retrieval

Controlled processing is central to episodic memory retrieval. In the present study, neural correlates of sustained, as well as transient, processing components were explored during controlled retrieval using a mixed blocked event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm. Results from 29 participants suggest that certain regions in prefrontal cortex, including anterior left inferior prefrontal cortex near Brodmann's Area (BA) 45/47 and more posterior and dorsal left prefrontal cortex near BA 44, increase activity on a trial-by-trial basis when high levels of control are required during retrieval. Providing direct evidence for control processes that participate on an ongoing basis, right frontal-polar cortex was strongly associated with a sustained temporal profile during high control retrieval conditions, as were several additional posterior regions, including those within left parietal cortex. These results provide evidence for functional dissociation within prefrontal cortex. Frontal-polar regions near BA 10 associate with temporally extended control processes that may underlie an attentional set, or retrieval mode, during controlled retrieval, whereas more posterior prefrontal regions associate with individual retrieval attempts. In particular, right frontal-polar cortex involvement in sustained processes reconciles a number of disparate findings that have arisen when contrasting blocked-trial paradigms with event-related paradigms.
Why Are Phenotypic Mutation Rates Much Higher Than Genotypic Mutation Rates

The evolution of genotypic mutation rates has been investigated in numerous theoretical and experimental studies. Mutations, however, occur not only when copying DNA, but also when building the phenotype, especially when translating and transcribing DNA to RNA and protein. Here we study the effect of such phenotypic mutations. We find a maximum phenotypic mutation rate, umax, that is compatible with maintaining a certain function of the organism. This may be called a phenotypic error threshold. In particular, we find a minimum phenotypic mutation rate, umin, with the property that there is (nearly) no selection pressure to reduce the rate of phenotypic mutations below this value. If there is a cost for lowering the phenotypic mutation rate, then umin is close to the optimum phenotypic mutation rate that maximizes the fitness of the organism. In our model, there is selective pressure to decrease the rate of genotypic mutations to zero, but to decrease the rate of phenotypic mutations only to a positive value. Despite its simplicity, our model can explain part of the huge difference between genotypic and phenotypic mutation rates that is observed in nature. The relevant data are summarized.