cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oil to cash in Somaliland: a debate whose time has come

Somaliland might start producing oil in 2019. Yet, it has done little to prepare for the arrival of oil revenues which could exceed its current annual budget. Although Somaliland has been largely peaceful for two decades and recently inaugurated its fifth president after holding a democratic election, it remains entirely unrecognised. Oil revenues could positively transform Somaliland's fragile political economy, but they also place it at significant risk for a political resource curse that could threaten its democracy, peace and political institutions. Oil to cash or the direct distribution of oil revenues to citizens has been posited as a solution to the political resource curse. Somaliland has many of the elements necessary to make oil to cash work in place. Several factors combine to make Somaliland both potentially receptive to oil to cash and uniquely positioned to benefit from it. Interviews with political elites demonstrate receptiveness to the idea. Sample revenue calculations from other African oil producers highlight just how such a system could work to benefit Somaliland.
Mandibular blastomycosis: A case report and review of the literature.

Introduction Blastomycosis is an endemic mycosis in the United States known to primarily cause pneumonia. However, dissemination to different organs including the musculoskeletal system has been described. Case report We report a case of mandibular blastomycosis in a healthy patient with no evidence of lung involvement. A 28 year-old female presented with recurrent right mandibular osteomyelitis despite courses of antibiotics and surgical debridement. She eventually underwent right hemimandibulectomy. Budding yeasts visualized on Gomori Methenamine-Silver (GMS) and Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) were morphologically consistent with Blastomyces dermatitidis, and intra-operative cultures showed growth of mold identified as B. dermatitidis by DNA probe. She was placed on a prolonged course of itraconazole with clinical improvement. We also reviewed the literature and found 5 cases of similar presentation which we briefly summarized in this present case report. Conclusion Blastomycosis should be considered in patients with recurrent or persistent mandibular osteomyelitis even in immunocompetent individuals.
Deceptive Communication in Group Contexts

Unethical behavior is often viewed as an individual-level phenomenon. However, group membership can influence individuals’ choices to behave ethically or not (Messick, 2006). This chapter discusses whether and when groups will be more likely than individuals to use deception. We focus on three areas of research. The first involves comparing individuals and groups in mixed-motive situations, and the discontinuity between individual and group responses to economic games: individuals tend to cooperate while groups tend to compete (Wildschut, Pinter, Vevea, Insko, & Schopler, 2003). In terms of deception, this is interesting as both individuals and groups initially cooperate. We discuss explanations for groups’ unethical tendencies and their relation to why groups use deception. Second, we focus on general differences between individual and group deception. Deception can be beneficial when negotiating, and groups tend to use deception to their benefit (Cohen, Gunia, Kim-Jun, & Murnighan, 2009; Sutter, 2009). Finally, we discuss explanations for these effects and provide a framework for understanding when and why groups use deception.
Chapter 12 – Intellectual Property and Patents in Drug Discovery

Intellectual property is the life blood of the pharmaceutical industry. The cost of developing novel therapeutics is extremely high, and in the absence of a method of protecting their intellectual property, no company would be able to afford to develop new medications. Patents grant their owners the ability to prevent others from using or selling their invention. It is important to understand that not every discovery is patentable, public disclosures can lead to loss of patent rights, and that timing is critical to the filing process. Drafting a patent application is a task best left to qualified experts (patent agents and attorneys), but scientists often contribute a substantial amount of information to patent applications. An understanding of the patent process and an awareness of potential critical mistakes in the patent process can be the difference between a billion dollar product and a failed program.
Ten years of Boko Haram: how transportation drives Africa’s deadliest insurgency

This article challenges the ways in which much scholarship on terrorism and insurgencies have been ‘a-mobile.’ It addresses this problem by drawing on the ‘new mobilities paradigm’ to explore analy...
In-Situ Data Reduction via Incoherent Sensing

We present a framework for in-situ processing of large-scale simulation data that performs a universal data reduction. Instead of direct compression of the data, we propose a different approach that can be benefit from compressed sensing (CS) theory. Unlike the direct data compression techniques where the accuracy of recovery is fixed, the proposed framework enables more accurate recovery (after in situ data reduction), with using better sparse representations, that can be learned from and optimized for the simulation data. Moreover, we discuss the practical case when the assumption of sparsity doesn’t hold, the optimization-based recovery algorithm is able to recover the most important elements in the data (characterized by the best k-term approximation), despite significant reduction in the data. We provide theoretical arguments from CS theory and demonstrate experimentally the error behavior exhibited by the proposed approach compared by the best k-term approximation. These arguments, together with our experiments, support the unique feature of the proposed in-situ data reduction: the accuracy of the recovery algorithm can be improved after data reduction by learning better representations for simulation data. The proposed approach provides opportunities for developing new data reduction mechanisms in high performance computing and simulation environments.
Value of response to anesthetic injection during hip MR arthrography to differentiate between intra- and extra-articular pathology

To determine the value of anesthetic injection during hip MR arthrography (anesthetic MRA) to differentiate between intra- and extra-articular pathology in patients with hip pain. This retrospective study was IRB-approved and HIPAA-compliant. We included 75 consecutive adult patients (46 women, mean age 38 ± 13 years) who were referred for MRA. All patients underwent a focused hip examination including active flexion, passive flexion, and passive flexion with internal and external rotation, immediately prior to injection. Anesthetic MRA was performed following fluoroscopically guided intra-articular injection of contrast mixed with anesthetic. Following the injection, the hip examination was repeated, and the pain response was recorded. Clinical records, including response to corticosteroid injections, physical therapy notes, and operative reports were reviewed for verification of intra- and extra-articular pathology as the source of hip pain (gold standard). The positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPP) of anesthetic MRA to differentiate between intra- and extra-articular pathology were calculated. On MRI, 41 patients had only intra-articular and 5 patients only extra-articular pathology, while 29 patients had both, intra- and extra-articular pathology. Forty-three patients had pain relief and 32 patients had no pain relief after anesthetic injection. PPV of anesthetic MRA to detect intra-articular pathology was 91% and NPV was 67%. Anesthetic MRA can be used as an adjunct to define the origin of hip pain. A positive response suggests intra-articular pathology which can be helpful to localize the source of pain in equivocal cases where both intra- and extra-articular pathology are evident on MRI.
Examination of the Responsiveness of the Great Recess Framework—Observational Tool

The purpose of this study was to test the responsiveness of the great recess framework-observational tool (GRF-OT) to detect changes in recess quality. GRF-OT data were collected at two time points (fall 2017 and spring 2018) in four geographically distinct regions of the United States. Following recommendations by Massey et al. (2018), a three-day average of recess observations was used for each data point. Data analysis was conducted on nine schools contracted to receive services from Playworks, a national non-profit organization specializing in recess implementation, for the first time; eight schools with returning Playworks services (i.e., multiple years of service) and five schools with no intervention services. Analysis of the change in GRF-OT scores from fall to spring revealed a large effect for first-year intervention schools (g = 1.19; 95% CI 0.13, 2.25) and multi-year intervention schools (g = 0.788; 95% CI −0.204, 1.78). GRF-OT scores decreased for schools not receiving an intervention (g = −0.562; 95% CI, −2.20, 1.07). New intervention schools (odds ratio= 21.59; 95% CI 4.27, 109.15) and multi-year intervention schools (odds ratio= 7.34; 95% CI 1.50, 35.97) were more likely to meet the threshold for meaningful positive change than non-intervention schools. The results of the current study suggest that GRF-OT is a responsive tool that researchers, practitioners, and policy makers can use to measure and assess changes in the quality of the recess environment.
GaN-based Periodic High-Q RF Acoustic Resonator with Integrated HEMT

This work demonstrates the first on-chip integration of a high overtone bulk acoustic resonator (HBAR) with a high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) using an epitaxial AlGaN/GaN/NbN heterostructure on a SiC substrate. This pairing combines the robust structure, periodic mode spacing, high mode density, and high quality factor (Q) of the HBAR with the amplification and nonreciprocal characteristics of the HEMT. From L-band to X-band, the HBAR exhibits among the highest Q and f×Q products reported with Q > 104 and f×Q > 1014 at 295 K, and Q > 106 and f×Q > 1015 at 20K. The drain-connected HEMT+HBAR pair demonstrates 34 dB On/Off ratio and 16 dB directional contrast (both at 3 GHz), while retaining the signature periodic spacing and mode density of the HBAR. HEMT+HBAR devices can be building blocks for comb filters, circulators, and sparse spectrum front-ends. The TMN/III-N heterostructure (with superconducting, semiconducting, and piezoelectric properties) and excellent cryogenic performance also indicates enormous potential as an integrated quantum platform for computation, communications, sensing, and metrology.
Motor cortex mapping using active gaussian processes

One important application of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is to map cortical motor topography by spatially sampling the motor cortex, and recording motor evoked potentials (MEP) with surface electromyography. Standard approaches to TMS mapping involve repetitive stimulations at different loci spaced on a (typically 1 cm) grid on the scalp. These mappings strategies are time consuming and responsive sites are typically sparse. Furthermore, the long time scale prevents measurement of transient cortical changes, and is poorly tolerated in clinical populations. An alternative approach involves using the TMS mapper expertise to exploit the map's sparsity through the use of feedback of MEPs to decide which loci to stimulate. In this investigation, we propose a novel active learning method to automatically infer optimal future stimulus loci in place of user expertise. Specifically, we propose an active Gaussian Process (GP) strategy with loci selection criteria such as entropy and mutual information (MI). The proposed method twists the usual entropy- and MI-based selection criteria by modeling the estimated MEP field, i.e., the GP mean, as a Gaussian random variable itself. By doing so, we include MEP amplitudes in the loci selection criteria which would be otherwise completely independent of the MEP values. Experimental results using real data shows that the proposed strategy can greatly outperform competing methods when the MEP variations are mostly confined in a sub-region of the space.
DIFFUSION THROUGH SODIUM AND POLYMER ENHANCED BENTONITES EXPOSED TO DILUTE AND AGGRESSIVE SOLUTIONS

Chemical incompatibility between sodium bentonite (NaB) and aggressive waste solutions has led to the development of enhanced bentonites for geoenvironmental applications. Enhanced bentonites, such...
Abstract 4378: Contribution of ERα/PR crosstalk to endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer

Half of estrogen receptor (ERα)-positive breast cancer patients treated with endocrine therapies display intrinsic or acquired therapy resistance. One-third of patients with acquired resistance present with metastatic tumors containing ERα-Y537S mutations. This mutation results in constitutive activity of ERα and altered ERα-associated gene expression. ERα/PR crosstalk, referring to the complex relationship of ERα and progesterone receptor (PR) interaction, offers therapeutic value in targeting both nuclear receptors simultaneously in ERα/PR-positive breast cancers. Previous research identified a synergistic effect of treating ERα-WT cancer cells with ERα/PR antagonism, where combined treatment results in tumor regression in vivo and increased cell death in vitro. Conversely, preliminary data suggests that treatment of ERα-Y537S-containing tumors with combined ERα and PR antagonists results in significantly increased proliferation in vivo and reduced cell death in vitro. My central hypothesis is that ERα-Y537S alters the transcription factor activity of ERα and PR, causing dysregulation of gene expression in SERM-resistant breast cancer. Using a three-dimensional culture system of patient-derived xenografts grown as organoids (PDxO), I have observed a synergistic effect of certain combinations of ERα/PR antagonists in the context of ERα-WT similar to previous results in two-dimensional cell culture. At the level of transcription, PR-associated transcriptional activity appears to be significantly altered in homozygous ERα-Y537S T47D cells compared to ERα-WT cells. Further understanding the role of ERα-Y537S in altering gene expression and reducing the response to SERM and SPRM treatment will provide understanding as to why these tumors are resistant to standard-of-care treatment and will suggest alternative targets for treatment as well. Citation Format: Rosemary J. Huggins. Contribution of ERα/PR crosstalk to endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 4378.
Appropriateness of the Direct Oral Anticoagulants Dosing in the Middle East Gulf Region.

ABSTRACT Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have proven efficacy to prevent cardioembolic strokes. Data are scarce about the appropriateness of DOAC dosing in the Middle East. We investigated the prevalence of inappropriate DOAC dosing in the region. A cross-sectional study was conducted at our hospital between April 2015 and February 2019 of patients receiving 1 of the 3 available DOACs. Patients with incomplete data sets, those prescribed DOACs for indications other than atrial fibrillation, on DOACs for <30 days, and dialysis patients were excluded. A total of 608 met the inclusion criteria. The mean age was 65.2 ± 13.9 years, and most were men (58.6%). The mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was 3.8 ± 2.0. There were 346 (56.9%) on apixaban, 123 (20.2%) on dabigatran, and 139 (22.9%) on rivaroxaban. The logistic regression model showed that for the 3 agents together, age, eGFR, major bleeding history, and history of prior stroke were significantly associated with the decision to inappropriately underdose (P < 0.05). Fifteen patients had an ischemic stroke after apixaban initiation (5 underdosed and 3 overdosed). Among patients with at least one follow-up encounter, major bleeding occurred in 13 patients (11.7%) with inappropriate dosing compared with 29 patients (6.0%) with appropriate dosing (P = 0.04). Ischemic stroke occurred in 11 patients (9.9%) with inappropriate dosing compared with 15 patients (3.1%) with appropriate dosing (P < 0.01). We concluded that inappropriate DOAC underdosing is common in our region, particularly with apixaban and rivaroxaban. It is associated with increased risk of stroke and bleeding. More education targeting prescribers is needed to encourage adherence to standard dosing criteria.
Variable Iron Kα Lines in Seyfert 1 Galaxies

We find that variability of the iron Kα line is common in Seyfert 1 galaxies. Using data from the ASCA archive for objects that have been observed more than once during the mission, we study the time-averaged spectra from individual observations, thereby probing variability on timescales that range from days to years. Since the statistics of the data do not warrant searches for line variability in terms of a complex physical model, we use a simple Gaussian to model the gross shape of the line and then use the centroid energy, intensity, and equivalent width as robust indicators of changes in the line profile. We find that ~70% of Seyfert 1 galaxies (10 out of 15) show variability in at least one of these parameters: the centroid energy, intensity, and equivalent width vary in six, four, and eight sources, respectively. Because of the low signal-to-noise ratio, limited sampling, and time averaging, we consider these results to represent lower limits to the rate of incidence of variability. In most cases changes in the line do not appear to track changes in the continuum. In particular, we find no evidence for variability of the line intensity in NGC 4151, suggesting an origin in a region larger than the putative accretion disk, where most of the iron line has been thought to originate. Mrk 279 is investigated on short timescales. The time-averaged effective line energy (as measured by the Gaussian center energy, which is weighted by emission in the entire line profile) is 6.5 keV in the galaxy rest frame. As the continuum flux increases by 20% in a few hours, the Fe K line responds within ~10,000 s, with the effective line energy increasing by 0.22 keV (~10,500 km s-1). We also examine the ROSAT PSPC spectrum of Mrk 279 but find inconsistencies with ASCA. Problems with the ASCA and ROSAT calibration that affect simultaneous spectral fits at low energies are discussed in an appendix.
Design Considerations for a 240-GHz Gyromonotron

One of the most promising high-power, near-millimeter-wave (NMMW) sources at present is the cyclotron resonance maser (CRM), also known as the gyrotron. The attractiveness of this tube is due both to the high efficiency predicted for it theoretically [1] and to the remarkable performance of such tubes built by the Soviets. Examples of this performance are 1500 W cw at 9.9 mm [2] and 1.1 MW pulsed at 3 mm [3] with efficiencies around 10%. In a joint effort at the Harry Diamond Laboratories and the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), a gyrotron oscillator, or gyromonotron, is being built which will have an output power at 240 GHz of about 3.5 kW with an overall efficiency of 13%. Figure 1 is a schematic of the overall layout of the device. The highly uniform axial magnetic field required for the CRM interaction is to be produced by a superconducting magnet system available at NRL. Since the maximum magnetic field produced by this magnet is 60 kG, the minimum possible cyclotron harmonic, S, and the one chosen, was 2.
Lipoprotein(a) Concentrations Correlate With LDL-C in Children With Type 1 and 2 Diabetes.

Context Elevated levels of lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) is an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease especially in patients with diabetes. Adult levels of Lp(a) are thought to be is expressed by the second year of life. Objective We hypothesized that Lp(a) would be influenced by low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), race, and HbA1C. Methods Retrospective electronic medical record review of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) (n = 607) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) (n = 93). Results Total of 700 subjects, ages 12-19 years with T1D (n = 607) and T2D (n = 93), 49% were male, mean age was 13.2 ± 3.08 years, and the median Lp(a) was 8.00 mg/dL, IQR 5.00-12.00. The Black subjects had an increased relative risk (RR) of higher Lp(a) compared with White subjects (RR 1.25, P < .0001). Among patients with T1D, Black people had an increased relative risk of higher Lp(a) than White people (RR 1.23, P = .0002). In T2D, Black subjects have 43% higher risk of having elevated Lp(a) than White subjects (RR 1.43, P = .268). In T1D, a 5 mg/dL increase in LDL-C results in 2% increase in Lp(a) (P < .0001). In T2D, a 5 mg/dL increase of LDL-C results in an increase of Lp(a) by 3%. LDL-C and BMI are independently associated with Lp(a) (RR = 1.02, P < .001; RR = 0.98, P < .001). Conclusion Our data suggest that Lp(a) is associated with LDL-C in children with diabetes. Lp(a) is differentially increased at higher concentrations of LDL-C. Black children with diabetes have a significant burden of Lp(a) concentrations compared with White children.
The History in “Critical Legal Histories”: Robert W. Gordon. 1984. Critical Legal Histories. Stanford Law Review 36:57–125

This commentary explores Robert Gordon's “Critical Legal Histories” from the perspective of the discipline of history. It argues that we are still stalled at the intellectual juncture that Gordon described so well twenty-five years ago because functionalism and the resulting problems that Gordon addresses in the area of sociolegal studies also pervade the discipline of history. The results reinforce the divide between sociolegal studies and other kinds of historical studies that tend to inhibit the conceptual transformation that Gordon advocates and to marginalize legal studies within the discipline of history.
Abstract 17960: Influence of a Weight Management Intervention for Overweight and Obese Cardiac Rehabilitation Patients on Macronutrient Dietary Intake and Use of Weight Loss Strategies

Introduction: The majority of cardiac patients who enter cardiac rehabilitation (CR) are overweight. However, few patients lose enough weight to reduce their risk for heart disease. Purpose: To examine the influence of a weight management (WM) intervention for overweight and obese CR patients on the outcomes of dietary macronutrient (protein, carbohydrate, and fat) intake and use of WM strategies. Methods: Overweight or obese CR patients were randomized to a 12-week WM intervention (n=22) or usual care (UC) (n=21) group. Baseline, 4- and 6-month data were obtained after cardiac revascularization [coronary artery bypass surgery (CABS) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)]. The 3-day diet diary, analyzed with the Minnesota Nutrition Data System V5.0, measured dietary macronutrient intake. The Diet and Exercise Self-Management survey measured subjects’ use of WM strategies. Results: Using RM ANCOVA, there were no significant group * time interactions controlling for % of calories from dietary fat, carbohydrate or protein intake at baseline. There were significant main effects by group, with the WM group having a significantly [F(1, 38)=4.2, p=.04] lower % intake of calories from dietary fat (29.9% compared to 34.1% for the UC group); and a significantly [F(1,38)=8.5, p=.006] higher % intake of calories from protein intake (23.7% compared to 19.9% for the usual care group). At 4-months after CABS or PCI, the WM group reported significantly higher use of WM diet behavior strategies for self-monitoring diet intake [F(1,38)=11.3, p=.002], planning [F(1,38)=9.7, p=.003], preparing and buying [F(1,38)=12.2, p=.001], and portion control [F(1,38)=7.8, p=.008]. Conclusions: The WM intervention influenced percentages of macronutrient dietary intake consistent with heart healthy diet recommendations. The WM intervention had an impact on improving reported use of weight loss strategies. Findings support the importance of a WM intervention for overweight and obese cardiac patients to improve weight outcomes not achieved in CR participation alone. Further research in a larger, controlled study is needed to examine how WM strategies can be integrated as an augmented intervention into standard CR.
Evaluation of consumable household products for decontaminating retail skinless, boneless chicken breasts.

The effect of 15 consumable products, including juices, wines, and vinegar, used as rinsing agents on microbial loads of retail skinless, boneless chicken breasts was evaluated in two studies. Ten breasts were rinsed for 1 min with each solution. Samples were swabbed before and after rinsing with a cellulose sponge and evaluated for total aerobic (APC), total coliform (TCC), and generic Escherichia coli counts by Petrifilm methods. No differences were found in initial APC or TCC in either study, with initial mean APC ranging from 5.30 to 7.05 log CFU/cm2 and initial mean TCC ranging from 2.21 to 3.36 log CFU/cm2. In study 1, the APC for breasts rinsed with distilled white vinegar (3.22 log CFU/cm2) was lower than for those rinsed with all other solutions except cranberry juice cocktail (3.86 log CFU/cm2). The TCC for breasts rinsed with distilled white vinegar (0.00 log CFU/cm2) and cranberry juice cocktail (0.20 log CFU/cm2) were lower than those for all other solutions except 10% NaCl (0.43 log CFU/cm2)...
Plastic-Fracturing Theory for Concrete

Incremental plasticity and fracturing (microcracking) material theory are combined to obtain a nonlinear triaxial constitutive relation that is incrementally linear. The theory combines the plastic stress decrements with the fracturing stress decrements, which reflect microcracking, and accounts for internal friction, pressure sensitivity, inelastic dilatancy due to microcracking, strain softening, degradation of elastic moduli due to microcracking, and the hydrostatic nonlinearity due to pore collapse. Failure envelopes are obtained from the constitutive law as a collection of the peak points of the stress strain response curves. Six scalar material functions are needed to fully define the monotonic response. One function, the dilatancy due to microcracking, is determined theoretically based on Budianski-O’Connell’s calculation of the effective elastic contents of a randomly microcracked elastic material by the self consistent method for composites.
Rapid complete response of metastatic melanoma in a patient undergoing ipilimumab immunotherapy in the setting of active ulcerative colitis

While blockade of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) T cell regulatory receptor has become a commonly utilized strategy in the management of advanced melanoma, many questions remain regarding the use of this agent in patient populations with autoimmune disease. We present a case involving the treatment of a patient with stage IV melanoma and ulcerative colitis (UC) with anti-CTLA-4 antibody immunotherapy. Upon initial treatment, the patient developed grade III colitis requiring tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) blocking antibody therapy, however re-treatment with anti-CTLA-4 antibody following a total colectomy resulted in a rapid complete response accompanied by the development of a tracheobronchitis, a previously described extra-intestinal manifestation of UC. This case contributes to the evolving literature on the use of checkpoint inhibitors in patients also suffering from autoimmune disease, supports future clinical trials investigating the use of these agents in patients with autoimmune diseases, and suggests that an understanding of the specific molecular pathways involved in a patient’s autoimmune pathology may provide insight into the development of more effective novel combinatorial immunotherapeutic strategies.
Determine Entry-Level Registered Dietitian Nutritionist's Practices in and Barriers to Participation in Advocacy and Nutrition-Related Policies

Background: There is limited information regarding Registered Dietitian Nutritionist's (RDN) motivation and barriers to participation in advocacy and public policy-related activities. The purpose o...
The Effect of Drilling Angle on Posterior Interosseous Nerve Safety During Open and Endoscopic Anterior Single-Incision Repair of the Distal Biceps Tendon

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to define a safe trajectory with regard to iatrogenic posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) injury when drilling the bicipital tuberosity for EndoButton repair (Smith & Nephew Endoscopy, Andover, MA) of distal biceps tendon ruptures. Methods: Ten cadaveric forearms were dissected. The bicipital tuberosity was exposed and the biceps tendon detached. The supinator and PIN were exposed dorsally. A K-wire was drilled perpendicular to the surface of the tuberosity. By use of digital calipers, the distance from the exit point of this wire to the PIN was measured. The length of the bone tunnel was also measured. This wire was removed, and a second was drilled from the same starting point but directed 30° ulnarly. Measurements were repeated. A Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare the distances of the K-wire to the PIN and the tunnel lengths for both trajectories. Results: With the perpendicular wire, the mean distance to the PIN was 11.1 mm. When directed 30° ulnarly, the mean distance was 16.4 mm. The difference was significant ( P P = .508). Conclusions: When drilling the bicipital tuberosity, we advocate starting at a center-center position on the face of the tuberosity, holding the forearm in maximum supination, and aiming 30° ulnarly to decrease the risk to the PIN. This trajectory does not decrease the bone tunnel length available for implants. Clinical Relevance: This cadaveric anatomic study establishes safety from iatrogenic PIN injury during drilling of the bicipital tuberosity for the purpose of open or endoscopic EndoButton repair of distal biceps tendon ruptures.
Diagnostic evaluation, classification, and treatment of men with sexual dysfunction

During a two-year period, 165 men were evaluated for sexual dysfunction. Most evaluations were conducted on an outpatient basis and required two separate visits. Fifty-one per cent, 47 per cent, and 2 per cent of the patients were found to have functional disorders, organic disorders, and incomplete evaluations, respectively. Treatment recommendations were tailored to each patient using information gathered during the diagnostic evaluation.
Passenger terminal design

Abstract The standard procedures for sizing the spaces for passenger activities in airport terminals are unsatisfactory in that they easily lead to expensive errors. The essential difficulty lies in the nature of the process, and in particular with the several formulas which specify the area per passenger in different parts of the building. The process and these formulas are insensitive both to the variations in the operational characteristics of terminals and to the overall variability in the level and nature of the traffic. This paper presents practical procedures for incorporating such considerations into terminal design, based both on theory and on experience internationally at major airports. The approach builds upon detailed consideration of the sequences of flows of the passengers, their likely dwell-time in each facility, and their psychological response to the configuration of the spaces. The overall objective is to create flexible designs that use space efficiently under the broad range of conditions that may prevail. It entails an iterative process of exploring the response of design options to different patterns of loads. This approach invites computerized models of the performance of terminals with spreadsheet-like capability to answer “what-if” questions rapidly.
Stratospheric sudden warming effects on winds and temperature in the middle atmosphere at middle and low latitudes: a study using WACCM

Abstract. A stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) is a dynamical phenomenon of the wintertime stratosphere caused by the interaction between planetary Rossby waves propagating from the troposphere and the stratospheric zonal-mean flow. While the effects of SSW events are seen predominantly in high latitudes, they can also produce significant changes in middle and low latitude temperature and winds. In this study we quantify the middle and low latitude effects of SSW events on temperature and zonal-mean winds using a composite of SSW events between 1988 and 2010 simulated with the specified dynamics version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). The temperature and wind responses seen in the tropics also extend into the low latitudes in the other hemisphere. There is variability in observed zonal-mean winds and temperature depending on the observing location within the displaced or split polar vortex and propagation direction of the planetary waves. The propagation of planetary waves show that they originate in mid–high latitudes and propagate upward and equatorward into the mid-latitude middle atmosphere where they produce westward forcing reaching peak values of ~ 60–70 m s−1 day−1. These propagation paths in the lower latitude stratosphere appear to depend on the phase of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). During the easterly phase of the QBO, waves originating at high latitudes propagate across the equator, while in the westerly phase of the QBO, the planetary waves break at ~ 20–25° N and there is no propagation across the equator. The propagation of planetary waves across the equator during the easterly phase of the QBO reduces the tropical upwelling and poleward flow in the upper stratosphere.
Modeling ionic polymer diluent response in sensing

An ionic polymer transducer (IPT) may be employed as either an actuator or sensor, where the bending mode of transduction has frequently been studied. However, the electromechanical response is not symmetric; the voltage signal required to induce a given tip displacement in actuation is higher than that generated for the same deformation in sensing by an order of magnitude or more. Thus the physical mechanisms responsible for actuation and sensing are necessarily different. Because IPTs display sensing response for any mode of deformation (bending, tension, compression, shear), it is postulated that the mechanism of streaming potential dominates sensing response. The source of the streaming potential is the flow of entrained fluid and cations (electrolyte) with respect to the electrodes expected for any mode of deformation. In this study flow is assumed to be linear and Newtonian. Trends in the flow due to imposed shear are investigated. Implications of these trends in relation to physical regions of the polymer nanochannels will be explored
SKIPPING AND HOPPING OF UNDERGRADUATES: RECOLLECTIONS OF WHEN AND WHY

The purpose of this study was to compare the reasons why young adults skip and hop and when they last skipped and hopped. Retrospective data collected from 664 undergraduate students showed that the most common explanation for skipping was related to affect (54%), but the most common explanations for hopping were more functional. No significant differences appeared in the time frames of the participants' last remembered bout of skipping or hopping, although significantly more failed to remember the last time they hopped than the last time they skipped.
Transformation mathematics of a mobile robot work center

A mobile robot work center has been constructed for the Navy by Southwest Research Institute for the purpose of re moving rivets from airplane wings during overhaul and re pair. This system is referred to as a deriveter. Two features of the robotic deriveter system required the derivation of new mathematical relationships. The first feature is the computa tion of the transformation relating the robot and wing refer ence frames to each other based on measurements made by the robot, which is mounted on a movable vehicle. Four methods for finding this transformation are presented and the applicability of each to the deriveter is discussed. The second feature is that of positioning the end-effector, tool cen terline so that it is perpendicular to the wing surface, with the tool center point at a given offset from the wing based on measurements made by the robot end effector.
A fundamental region for Hecke's modular group

Abstract Hecke proved analytically that when λ ≥ 2 or when λ = 2 cos ( π q ) , q ∈ Z, q ≥ 3, then B(λ) = {τ: Im τ > 0, | Re τ| λ 2 , |τ| > 1} is a fundamental region for the group G(λ) = 〈Sλ, T〉, where Sλ: τ → τ + λ and T: τ → −1 τ . He also showed that B(λ) fails to be a fundamental region for all other λ > 0 by proving that G(λ) is not discontinuous. We give an elementary proof of these facts and prove a related result concerning the distribution of G(λ)-equivalent points.
Ascorbate induced zeaxanthin formation in wheat leaves and photoprotection of pigment and photochemical activities during aging of chloroplasts in light

Summary Mechanisms by which higher levels of Zeaxanthin (Zx) in detached wheat leaves, induced by ascorbate in vivo treatment, photoprotect isolated chloroplasts aging in light were investigated. Leaves were incubated for 3 h in light at 400 µM −2 S −1 in the following media: ascorbate (Asc), Asc plus dithiotreitol (DTT) and DTT. Pigments were assayed using a reverse phase HPLC, and photochemical activity (PCA) was measured by an oxygen electrode. The Zx level increased by three times when the leaves were incubated in ascorbate for 3 h. When leaves were treated with Asc plus DTT, Zx accumulation that was stimulated by Asc disappeared. Chloroplasts isolated from untreated leaves, followed by in Vitro incubation in light for 4 h, significantly lost pigments and PCA, including whole chain (H 2 O to methyl viologen) electron transport and photosystem II (PS II). Chloroplasts isolated from Asc treated leaves showed relatively less chlorophyll and carotenoid loss, and PCA loss. The photoprotection was nullified in chloroplasts isolated from Asc plus DTT treated leaves, which showed lower levels of Zx. Chloroplasts isolated from the DTT treated leaves showed higher pigment loss and PCA loss as compared with the control. These results clearly show that Zx is responsible for the photoprotection of chloroplasts aging in a cell free condition in light.
Preoperative Neurobehavioral Impairment in Cerebral Revascularization Candidates

Abstract We examined level of performance in 40 candidates for cerebral revascularization and found substantial variability on general indices of neuropsychological performance. Patients differed by duration of their longest ischemic attack, by surgery type, but not by time since onset of their first ischemic attack. Duration of the longest ischemic attack correlated highly with neuropsychological summary scores. In contrast, symptom duration was unrelated to level of performance in 18 additional patients with histories consistent with cerebrovascular ischemia who did not undergo surgery subsequently. We concluded that initial status on neuropsychological tests is an important variable to consider in postoperative followup of patients undergoing cerebral revascularization. More detailed clinical history and finer grained analysis of neuropsychological data promise to reveal additional relationships among clinical symptoms, neurobehavioral data, and underlying neuropathology.
Stimulatory and Inhibitory Effects of Human Follicular Fluid on Amphibian Oocyte Maturation and Ovulation hi vitro

Follicular fluid was collected from individual human ovarian follicles and its effects, alone or in combination with frog pituitary homogenate (FPH), on oocyte maturation and ovulation were assessed following incubation with amphibian ovarian follicles in vitro. Oocyte maturation, with little or no concomitant ovulation, was induced by variable amounts of follicular fluid. Some of the individual follicular fluid samples were very active in inducing oocyte maturation, whereas others were inactive. Frog pituitary homogenates exhibited biologic activity (induced oocyte maturation and ovulation) when incubated in the presence of most follicular fluid samples. However, follicular fluid samples from two individuals inhibited ovulation but not maturation in FPH-treated follicles. These results demonstrate that amphibian follicles remain viable and undergo a number of physiologic changes in the presence of unfractionated human follicular fluid. Under appropriate conditions both stimulatory and inhibitory effects of follicular fluid were observed. These data suggest that amphibian ovarian follicles may provide a simple and independent means for detecting and assaying a number of biologic activities present in follicular fluid obtained from single human and other mammalian ovarian follicles. Such results may provide the basis for dissociating endocrine and cellular interactions which occur during normal and abnormal follicular differentiation.
The Sociological Profession and Revolution

Is present Western sociology helping prepare revolution? Conservative and liberal sociologies clearly help keep the social system as it is without questioning it at its roots. But also the current radical research is not as radical as it may seem, since it implicitly accepts the socio-political ignorance of the masses and does not question the neo-capitalistic principle of separation between theory and praxis. The final objective of a revolutionary sociology should be to make all people become their own revolutionary sociologists.
Acth and cortisone in pediatric practice

Summary 1. Eight selected cases are reviewed to demonstrate the problems involved in the adequate care of a patient receiving ACTH or cortisone. 2. The physiologic actions of ACTH and cortisone are reviewed. 3. The use of ACTH and cortisone in clinical therapeutics is summarized. 4. The greatest value to be gained from these agents is a better understanding of many poorly understood diseases through careful clinical and scientific investigation.
Intra-accumbens pertussis toxin sensitizes rats to the locomotor activating effects of a single cocaine challenge.

Abstract Drugs of abuse share common neurochemical signaling substrates, many of which are components of the cAMP cascade. Interestingly, a number of these substrates have been linked to drug-influenced behaviors. This study sought to understand the role of one signaling substrate, inhibitory G-proteins, in a drug-induced phenomenon known as behavioral sensitization. Specifically, we used pertussis toxin (PTX) as a tool to investigate the relationship between cocaine-induced alterations in cAMP signaling and behavior. Vehicle (1 μl/side) or PTX (0.15 or 0.25 μg/1 μl/side) was bilaterally infused into the nucleus accumbens of rats. Locomotor activity was assessed on days 7, 14 and 21 post-infusion. Intra-accumbal PTX produced a dose-dependent increase in locomotor activity. On day 21 following behavioral monitoring for 1 h, rats were acutely challenged with cocaine (15 mg/kg, i.p.) and behavioral data were accumulated for an additional 2 h. Intra-accumbal PTX sensitized rats to the locomotor-activating effects of a single cocaine challenge which was dose-dependent. After behavioral testing, brains were removed and processed for in vitro receptor autoradiography using the D1 receptor ligand [3H] SCH 23390. No changes in D1 dopamine receptor binding were observed. These findings suggest a role for inhibitory proteins (Gi/Go) within the nucleus acumbens in locomotor activity and also cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization.
Uterine artery embolization: a treatment option for symptomatic fibroids in postmenopausal women.

The authors tested the hypothesis that UAE is an effective treatment option in postmenopausal women with fibroid-related bulk symptoms. The authors retrospectively reviewed a prospectively acquired HI-IQ database. Between 2001 and 2004, 24 women with an average age of 52 years meeting the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop criteria for menopause underwent UAE for fibroid-related bulk symptoms. All patients underwent preprocedural gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to confirm the presence of fibroid disease and exclude other pathology. These patients were followed at 1-, 3-, 6-, 12-, and 24-month intervals to assess their clinical response to therapy. Clinical success was defined as a qualitative reduction in bulk symptoms. Postprocedural gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging was performed routinely between 3 and 6 months and at 12 or 24 months, if indicated. Technical success was achieved in 24 of 24 (100%) patients. The follow-up period ranged from 1 to 24 months with an average of 9 months. Clinical success was achieved in 22 of 24 (92%) women. There were no major complications in any of the patients. Mean uterine volume was reduced by 564 cc ( P 3 ( P = .0015). Uterine artery embolization is a viable treatment option in carefully selected postmenopausal women with fibroid-related bulk symptoms.
Optimization of multicore fiber for high-temperature sensing

We demonstrate a novel high-temperature sensor using multicore fiber (MCF) spliced between two single-mode fibers. Launching light into such fiber chains creates a supermode interference pattern in the MCF that translates into a periodic modulation in the transmission spectrum. The spectrum shifts with changes in temperature and can be easily monitored in real time. This device is simple to fabricate and has been experimentally shown to operate at temperatures up to 1000°C in a very stable manner. Through simulation, we have optimized the multicore fiber design for sharp spectral features and high overall transmission in the optical communications window. Comparison between the experiment and the simulation has also allowed determination of the thermo-optic coefficient of the MCF as a function of temperature.
On a universal alphabet - A letter of W. Von Humboldt to G. Bancroft (Sept. 17, 1821)

With an unpublished letter by W. von Humboldt about the possibility of establishing a uniform phonetic alphabet as a starting point, we investigate the ideological assumptions shared by such a project and by some attempts of Universal languages or Pasigraphies at the end of the eighteenth century. The almost unanimous dismissal of these attempts among philologists and linguists aiming at comparison seems to be responsible for their suspicion about phonetic studies, while the history of problems of transcription in Humboldt's writings ends up with a condemnation of any transfer of foreign sounds on the ground of the uniqueness of the genuine articulated sound in every language.
Patterns of Belief In Social Movements: Clarifications from an Analysis of Environmental Groups

Several explanations of social movements rest on the assumption that participants are bonded together by a commonly-held set of beliefs differentiating them from non-participants. This is especially true of Smelser's theory of collective behavior and its central concept, the generalized belief. Components of the generalized belief are examined in light of recent studies of groups within the environmental movement; results disclose significant heterogeneity, especially regarding responsibility for environmental problems and visions of solutions. Data from a total census of a focal group within one urban environmental coalition are presented and the distribution of beliefs across its structure described. The degree of homogeneity of beliefs decreases with movement from the center to the periphery of the group. These analyses suggest that collective action by social movement organizations results from emergent internal processes and structures rather than initial consensus among movement participants.