cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applying resource selection functions at multiple scales to prioritize habitat use by the endangered Cross River gorilla

Aim The critically endangered Cross River gorilla is a patchily distributed taxon for which habitat selection has been modelled only at coarse spatial scales, using remotely sensed landscape data and large-scale species distribution maps. These coarse-scale models fail to explain why Cross River gorillas (CRG) display a highly fragmented distribution within what appears to be a large, continuous area of suitable habitat. This study aimed to refine our understanding of CRG habitat use to inform conservation planning both for the subspecies and for other fragmented species of conservation concern. Location Cross River gorillas occur only in a discontinuous distribution in the southern portion of the Cameroon-Nigeria border region, an area that represents one of Africa's biodiversity hotspots. This study was carried out in the Northern Mone-Mt. Oko region, part of the Mone/Mbulu forest system located in the Manyu division of the South-west Province of Cameroon. Methods We used resource selection functions to understand habitat use by CRG at multiple scales. Specifically, we employed generalized additive models at the scale of the annual subpopulation range and conditional logistic regression at the scale of individual movements. Results Cross River gorillas habitat selection is highly scale dependent. Localized measures of habitat quality strongly influenced selection at the subpopulation or landscape scale, while human activity and food availability were the best predictors of selection at finer scales. Main conclusions Understanding why CRG do not occur in seemingly suitable habitat is crucial for designating critical habitat both within and between CRG subpopulations. Our results indicate that conservation planning to maintain critical habitat and connectivity among CRG populations will require an integrative, multi-scale planning approach incorporating large-scale landscape characteristics, human use patterns and CRG food availability.
Preliminary Observation of Parity Nonconservation in Atomic Thallium

Parity nonconservation is observed in the $6^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{-}7^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ transition in thallium. Absorption of circularly polarized 293-nm photons by $6^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ atoms in an $E$ field results in polarization of the $7^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state through interference of Stark $E1$ amplitudes with $M1$ and parity-nonconserving $E1$ amplitudes $\mathfrak{M}$ and ${\mathcal{E}}_{p}$. Detection of this polarization yields the circular dichroism $\ensuremath{\delta}=+(5.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, which agrees in sign and magnitude with theoretical estimates based on the Weinberg-Salam model.
Second-year pharmacy students' perceptions of adhering to a complex simulated medication regimen.

Objective. To conduct a simulated medication regimen with second-year pharmacy students to determine their anticipated versus actual difficulty in adhering to it. Methods. Second-year pharmacy students were given 6 fictitious medications (jellybeans) and a drug regimen to adhere to for 6 days. Pre- and post-intervention surveys were conducted to compare participants anticipated vs. actual difficulty with adherence and changes in empathy toward patients. Results. The 69 (96%) students who participated in the study missed on average 16% of all simulated medication doses and noted that adhering to the complex medication regimen was more difficult than they had anticipated. Eighty-nine percent of students agreed or strongly agreed the project was valuable in developing empathy towards patients taking complex medication regimens. Conclusions. Pharmacy students participating in a simulated medication regimen missed a notable number of doses and reported a greater level of empathy for patients taking complex medication regiments. Finding meaningful ways to integrate adherence into the curriculum is essential.
Indoor Environmental Influences on Children's Asthma

The burden of asthma for children in the United States is substantial and has continued to rise for the past 2 decades. There is growing evidence that the indoor environment may play an important role in the pathogenesis of childhood asthma. This article first reviews the effects of indoor allergen exposure and sensitization on asthma incidence and morbidity, focusing on dust mite, cockroach, pet, and rodent allergens. It then addresses the effects of indoor air pollutants (ozone, particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, environmental tobacco smoke, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide) on asthma morbidity.
On inverse problems in secondary oil recovery

We review simple models of oil reservoirs and suggest some ideas for theoretical and numerical study of this important inverse problem. These models are formed by a system of an elliptic and a parabolic (or first-order hyperbolic) quasilinear partial differential equations. There are and probably there will be serious theoretical and computational difficulties mainly due to the degeneracy of the system. The practical value of the problem justifies efforts to improve the methods for its solution. We formulate ‘history matching’ as a problem of identification of two coefficients of this system. We consider global and local versions of this inverse problem and propose some approaches, including the use of the inverse conductivity problem and the structure of fundamental solutions. The global approach looks for properties of the ground in the whole domain, while the local one is aimed at recovery of these properties near wells. We discuss the use of the model proposed by Muskat which is a difficult free boundary problem. The inverse Muskat problem combines features of inverse elliptic and hyperbolic problems. We analyse its linearisation about a simple solution and show uniqueness and exponential instability for the linearisation.
Do nurses and their assistants hold the key to reducing falls in institutionalized older adults

In general medicine, falls among older adults and the consequences of such falls have been the focus of a plethora of empirical and scholarly research efforts. This is for good reason since falls are the leading cause of accidental death in older adults and are a major cause of morbidity and mortality (Currie, 2006). It is estimated that between a third and a half of adults aged over 65 years fall each year (Lim et al., 2001). The cost to healthcare systems is significant; for example, in the U.S.A. non-fatal falls cost between 19 billion per annum (Stevens et al., 2006). Despite advances in general medicine, there is a relative dearth of empirical data on the incidence of falls in older adults.
Spinal and spino-bulbo-spinal reflexes in rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.

Abstract Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) often produces complete hindlimb paralysis in rats. Stimulating the dorsal root at L 5 was found to produce hind leg twitches in EAE rats with complete hindlimb paralysis. In addition, it was possible to record a monosynaptic response from the ventral root at L 5 after stimulating the ipsilateral dorsal root (L 5 ) in these rats. It was also possible to elicit a reflex at L 5 which was shown to involve the central nervous system above the spinal cord level. These experiments demonstrated that the motoneurons and the muscles of the hindlimbs and the spinal cord segment innervating the hindlimbs remain functional in EAE paralyzed rats. This suggests that the paralysis may be caused by dysfunction of descending pathways of supraspinal origin.
Eye on RNA unwinding

Biochemical studies on the spliceosomal helicase Brr2 reveal that it is activated by Prp8, the master regulator of the splicing cycle. Substitutions in Prp8 that cause retinal degeneration in humans block activation of Brr2, providing insight into the molecular pathology of retinitis pigmentosa.
Hepatitis C virus E1 envelope glycoprotein interacts with apolipoproteins in facilitating entry into hepatocytes

Our previous studies demonstrated that hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope glycoproteins 1 and 2 (E1 and E2) display distinct reactivity to different cell-surface molecules. In this study, we characterized the interaction of E1 and E2 with apolipoproteins in facilitating virus entry. The results suggested a higher neutralization of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)/HCV E1-G pseudotype infectivity by antibodies to apolipoprotein E (ApoE) than apolipoprotein B (ApoB), with VSV/HCV E2-G pseudotype infectivity remaining largely unaffected. Neutralization of cell-culture–grown HCV infectivity by antiserum to ApoE and, to a lesser extent, by ApoB further verified their involvement in virus entry. HCV E1, but not E2, displayed binding with ApoE and ApoB by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Binding of E1 with apolipoproteins were further supported by coimmunoprecipitation from human hepatocytes expressing E1. Rabbit antiserum to a selected E1 ectodomain-derived peptide displayed ∼50% neutralization of E1-G pseudotype infectivity. Furthermore, E1 ectodomain-derived synthetic peptides significantly inhibited the interaction of E1 with both the apolipoproteins. Investigation on the role of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) as a hepatocyte surface receptor for virus entry suggested a significant reduction in E1-G pseudotype plaque numbers (∼70%) by inhibiting LDL-R ligand-binding activity using human proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 and platelet factor-4, whereas they had a minimal inhibitory effect on the E2-G pseudotype. Conclusion: Together, the results suggested an association between HCV E1 and apolipoproteins, which may facilitate virus entry through LDL-R into mammalian cells. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;)
Impact of submesoscale processes on dynamics of phytoplankton filaments

In Monterey Bay, CA, during northwesterly, upwelling favorable winds, the development of a southward flowing cold jet along the entrance to the Bay is often observed. This dense cold jet separates warm waters of the anticyclonic circulation offshore from the water masses inside the Bay. Interactions between the cold jet and the offshore anticyclonic circulation generate ageostrophic secondary circulation (ASC) cells due to submesoscale processes as, for example, flow interaction with the development of surface frontogenesis and nonlinear Ekman pumping. Based on observations and modeling studies, we evaluate the impact of these submesoscale processes on the formation of chlorophyll a filaments during late spring-earlier summer, and late summer time frames. We show that during the late summer time frame, ASC leads to the development of filaments with high values of chlorophyll a concentration along the edge of the cold jet–in contrast to the earlier summer time, when the ASC mixes phytoplankton much deeper to the area below of the euphotic depth, and chlorophyll a filaments are 3–4 times weaker.
Structural stability of phases of black phosphorus

The pseudopotential method is used to examine the structural stability of high-pressure orthorhombic, rhombohedral (A-7), and simple cubic (sc) phases of black phosphorus. The calculated ground-state properties are in good agreement with the measured values for each phase. A total-energy study gives the orthorhombic phase as the most stable structure at low pressures. At higher pressures it transforms into the A-7 structure in agreement with experiment. At even higher pressure, the calculations indicate that the A-7 phase is stable with respect to the sc structure as is the case for other group-V elements. Measurements show that the sc phase is stable at 110 kbar at room temperature. This suggests that the calculated crystal energy for the A-7 phase is too low and it requires a finite energy shift. With an a priori energy shift, the transition pressure and volume are in good agreement with experiment. A possible source of this correction is the zero-point energy or temperature renormalization of the phonon frequencies caused by anharmonicity. The changes of the energy band structures and charge densities for the A-7 displacement and selected phonon frequencies are calculated.
Resilience and trajectories of posttraumatic stress among youth exposed to disaster

Abstract Objective: Multiple trajectories of posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms are hypothesized following disaster in a number of theoretical perspectives. Increasingly, those with rapidly declining, transient, or stable low symptoms are defined as resilient. This article examines trajectories to understand acute reactions to disaster, and explores the need to define resilience as more than just symptom trajectories. Methods: An urban school-based sample of youth exposed to both hurricanes Katrina and Gustav (n=141; grades 4 through 8) were assessed for PTS symptoms at 12 months and 6 months pre-Gustav (Times 1 and 2); and then again at 1 month post-Gustav (Time 3). Results: Data indicated that there were significant decreases in mean PTS symptoms post-Gustav, but individual trajectories were identified consistent with theory. Whereas an ostensibly resilient group was identified (stable low symptoms), results suggest that the group was heterogeneous in terms of disaster experiences, and that those with ...
Early stress exposure: Concepts, findings, and implications, with particular emphasis on attachment disturbances

Background Early intervention and preventive interventions are attracting increasing attention in the child and adolescent mental health field because recent research findings offer new insights into risk mechanisms and because of the growing expectation that they may hold clues to reducing suffering and health cost burdens for society and the individual.
An analysis of the segmentation threshold used in axial–shear strain elastography

Abstract Axial–shear strain elastography was introduced recently to image the tumor–host tissue boundary bonding characteristics. The image depicting the axial–shear strain distribution in a tissue under axial compression was termed as an axial–shear strain elastogram (ASSE). It has been demonstrated through simulation, tissue-mimicking phantom experiments, and retrospective analysis of in vivo breast lesion data that metrics quantifying the pattern of axial–shear strain distribution on ASSE can be used as features for identifying the lesion boundary condition as loosely-bonded or firmly-bonded. Consequently, features from ASSE have been shown to have potential in non-invasive breast lesion classification into benign versus malignant. Although there appears to be a broad concurrence in the results reported by different groups, important details pertaining to the appropriate segmentation threshold needed for – (1) displaying the ASSE as a color-overlay on top of corresponding Axial Strain Elastogram (ASE) and/or sonogram for feature visualization and (2) ASSE feature extraction are not yet fully addressed. In this study, we utilize ASSE from tissue mimicking phantom (with loosely-bonded and firmly-bonded inclusions) experiments and freehand – acquired in vivo breast lesion data (7 benign and 9 malignant) to analyze the effect of segmentation threshold on ASSE feature value, specifically, the “ fill-in ” feature that was introduced recently. We varied the segmentation threshold from 20% to 70% (of the maximum ASSE value) for each frame of the acquisition cine-loop of every data and computed the number of ASSE pixels within the lesion that was greater than or equal to this threshold value. If at least 40% of the pixels within the lesion area crossed this segmentation threshold, the ASSE frame was considered to demonstrate a “ fill-in ” that would indicate a loosely-bonded lesion boundary condition (suggestive of a benign lesion). Otherwise, the ASSE frame was considered not to demonstrate a “ fill-in ” indicating a firmly-bonded lesion boundary condition (suggestive of a malignant lesion). The results demonstrate that in the case of in vivo breast lesion data the appropriate range for the segmentation threshold value seems to be 40–60%. It was noted that for a segmentation threshold within this range (for example, at 50%) all of the analyzed breast lesion cases can be correctly classified into benign and malignant, based on the percentage number of frames within the acquisition cine-loop that demonstrate a “ fill-in ”.
Temperature bounds from heat flow data on irregular non-isothermal surfaces

Summary. The formalism of Huestis for placing bounds on subsurface temperatures is generalized to the case of heat flow measurements on a surface which is neither flat nor isothermal. The strip extending between the surface and the depth of interest is imbedded in a larger flat strip extending to a horizontal level everywhere above the topography. Using linear programming, heat sources within and temperatures on the boundary of this simpler region are found such that the heat flow data and temperatures on the Earth’s surface are fit, heat production constraints are met, and the extremal bound is achieved.
Class of graphs with restricted neighborhoods

A description is obtained for connected graphs in which a point u is adjacent of v only if u is adjacent to all points whose degree is greater than that of v. The minimum number of lines in such a grpah with all points having degree at least d is also determined. Finally, an application to communication systems is discussed.
Distribution of radioactive silver colloids in tissues of rodents following injection by various routes.

Summary1. Intramuscular injection of a dextrin protected radio-silver colloid results in a high concentration of the injected material at the site of injection. 2. Intravenous injection of a dextrin-silver colloid into rats and intraperitoneal injection of a gelatin-silver colloid into mice result in deposition of the silver in highest concentration in the reticuloendothelial system. 3. Considerable silver was eliminated through the intestines and feces. The possible causes of such elimination under the conditions of this experiment are discussed. 4. A method of preparing tissues of small bulk for determining radio-silver activity with the Geiger-Muller counter is described.
Morphine: Conditioned Increases in Self-Administration in Rhesus Monkeys

Operant responding in three monkeys was maintained by intravenous presentations of morphine. Nalorphine produced reliable increases in morphine-reinforced responding. With successive daily nalorphine injections there was a decreased latency of self-administration responding for morphine, and substituted saline injections produced conditioned increases in morphine-reinforced responding.
Leukoencephalopathy complicating intraventricular Catheters: clinical, radiographic and pathologic study of 10 cases

Ten patients with implanted Ommaya devices developed pericatheter white matter lesions, apparent as focal lucenaries on computed tomographic scan sometimes with contrast enhancement and/or mass effect. Some of the patients had significant neurological signs that related to the lesion. Three of the patients had not received cytotoxic drugs through the reservoir, and two had received neither intrathecal chemotherapy nor cranial radiation therapy. The process appears to be related to back flow of cerebrospinal fluid, with or without contained cytotoxic drugs into the periventricular white matter. Patients with elevated intracranial pressure are at particular risk. Removal of the catheter relieves the condition.
Genetic Identification of Factors That Modulate Ribosomal DNA Transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is transcribed from the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) genes by RNA polymerase I (Pol I). Despite being responsible for the majority of transcription in growing cells, Pol I regulation is poorly understood compared to Pol II. To gain new insights into rDNA transcriptional regulation, we developed a genetic assay in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that detects alterations in transcription from the centromere-proximal rDNA gene of the tandem array. Changes in Pol I transcription at this gene alter the expression of an adjacent, modified URA3 reporter cassette (mURA3) such that reductions in Pol I transcription induce growth on synthetic media lacking uracil. Increases in Pol I transcription induce growth on media containing 5-FOA. A transposon mutagenesis screen was performed with the reporter strain to identify genes that play a role in modulating rDNA transcription. Mutations in 68 different genes were identified, several of which were already known to function in chromatin modification and the regulation of Pol II transcription. Among the other classes of genes were those encoding proteasome subunits and multiple kinases and phosphatases that function in nutrient and stress signaling pathways. Fourteen genes were previously uncharacterized and have been named as regulators of rDNA transcription (RRT).
5-HT3 receptor antagonism and psychoactivity.

The purpose of this study was to assess the acute psychoactive and physiological properties of 5-HT 3 antagonism using ondansetron as a probe. Ondansetron is used clinically as an anti-emetic but is also under treatment consideration for a range of psychiatric disorders including drug abuse. A 15 min infusion of 40 mg ondansetron, a 1 min infusion of 25 mg of cocaine (positive control) and their respective placebos were tested intravenously in eight volunteers with histories of drug abuse in a blinded cross-over study. Ondansetron responses could not be distinguished from the placebo. Cocaine produced typical subjective and physiological effects. These findings indicate that the prototypic 5-HT 3 receptor antagonist ondansetron does not produce acute psychoactive effects when infused at doses of up to 40 mg and has no rewarding effects with this regime.
Hafnium Polystyrene Composite Particles for the Detection of Organophosphate Compound

Organophosphate (OP) pesticides present a challenge for detection and identification in both the gas and liquid phase. The organophosphate esters are commonly used as persistent pesticides and nerve agents. Thus, it is highly desirable to develop methods for the detection of these compounds. Bragg diffraction of laser light from crystalline colloids of polystyrene spheres is observed for the detection of OPs. This was done by utilizing a simple method for the colloidal crystal arrays (CCA) based on a polystyrene (PS) core and a hafnium oxide (HfO2) shell sensing composite particles that detects the organophosphorus compound paraoxon (OP) of varying concentrations in aqueous solution. The molecular recognition agent for the sensor is hafnium, which is an inorganic compound that theoretically has an affinity for paraoxon. Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-rays (EDX) was used to characterize the PS coated HfO2 particles as well as for the confirmation of the presence of hafnium around the polystyrene core. Tra...
Multiple channel 4πβ−γ anti-coincidence counting

Abstract An outline is given of the analytical basis for the use of several gamma channels in 4πβ−γ anti-coincidence counting for absolute radioactivity measurements. This approach offers the possibility of linearizing counting data for complex β−γ decay which may also involve β-branching to the daughter nucleus ground state or pure β-decay from an admixed species in tracer measurements. The procedures needed for multidimensional data analysis are also summarized.
The effects of acrylamide treatment upon the dopamine receptor

Abstract The binding of tritiated spiroperidol to striatal membranes prepared from acrylamide-treated male 6-week-old rats and matched controls has been studied. This binding has high-affinity characteristics and is stereospecific and reversible. Equilibrium was attained within 15 min at 37°C. The extent of binding was much more pronounced in the striatum than in any other brain region and was not detectable within the cerebellum or spinal cord. Regional distribution of binding and competition studies with other pharmacologic agents suggested a correspondence between the location of ligand-membrane complex formation and the dopamine receptor. Twenty-four hours after a single oral administration of acrylamide there was a significant increase in [ 3 H]spiroperidol binding at all acrylamide doses tested (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight). However, there was no significant change in striatal dopamine levels of treated animals. Kinetic analysis of animals treated with 100 mg acrylamide/kg suggested increased affinity of receptors of treated animals toward the labeled ligand. Receptor density was only slightly elevated in experimental animals. Effects were also studied in rats that had received 10, 20, or 30 mg/kg acrylamide daily for 10 days. Twenty-four hours after the last dose there was a major increase in spiroperidol binding in treated animals. Scatchard plot analysis again revealed that this change was largely attributable to a change in the dissociation constant of the binding interaction but also there was an increase in the overall number of receptor sites. Normal values were restored within 8 days after cessation of dosing. This illustrates that, under the conditions of this experiment, the effect of acrylamide on a central neurotransmitter system is reversible.
CHARACTERIZATION AND MODELING OF INTEGRATED DIODE IN 1.2kV 4H-SiC VERTICAL POWER MOSFET

We have characterized and modeled the integrated diode of a 1.2kV 4H-SiC power MOSFET. We have measured its static and dynamic characteristics up to 200°C and extracted relevant SPICE model parameters. From the extracted turn-on voltage and ideality factors, we conclude that the integral diode is not a pin junction diode, but a unipolar diode.
Heated gaseous streamers and star formation in the Orion molecular cloud

THE Orion molecular cloud, which is obscured by the dust and ionized gas of the Orion nebula, is the nearest example of a giant molecular cloud. Massive stars are actively forming deep in the core of this cloud as a result of large-scale cloud instabilities, fragmentation and gravitational collapse. These young stars will inject a considerable amount of energy back into the surrounding environment through stellar winds and radiation1, and they are thus expected to exert a major influence on the evolution of the cloud. Here we present a mosaic of ten high-resolution radio maps of the region of the cloud known as OMC-1; the maps were constructed from observations of two ammonia emission lines, which trace the densest regions of the gas while mitigating the obscuring effects of the dust. We find dense filaments of molecular gas with complex motions fanning out more than 0.5 parsec from the central core of the cloud. These filaments appear as long, bead-like chains, consisting of dense clumps of gas that may be the sites of future star formation. The outer sheaths of clumps and the edges of filaments may be heated as a direct result of radiation and outflows from young stars embedded in the central core.
Matrix techniques applied to CML-typedH-2 mutants.

Techniques associated with the Labeled Reaction Matrix model are used to provide several assignments of discrete labels to some serologically identical, CML-typedH-2 haplotypes. It is shown how this model can utilize the internal consistency of a labeling scheme to aid in making decisions on assigning values of ‘positive’ or ‘negative’ to reactions of questionable strength. A few examples of labeling schemes that may suggest further experimentation are derived.
Prostate Cancer Screening

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in American men. Although the use of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test for prostate cancer screening since the 1990s has led to increased early diagnoses, the most recent studies are in conflict about the risks and benefits of routine prostate cancer screening. Recently, evidence has emerged to support the use of the PSA test to lower mortality, but there is still concern that over-diagnosis may lead to over-treatment of cancers that would not significantly affect patients’ health for several years. This article describes the results of important recent prostate cancer screening trials, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network and American Cancer Society screening guidelines, and discusses the implications for clinical practice.
Antiproteins in horse sera. VI. Salt fractionation of antibodies to the globulin of rabbit serum.

Summary o 1. Horse antiserum to the globulins of rabbit serum was fractionated with ammonium sulfate followed by dialysis against water. 2. The antibody to rabbit γ-globulin was found mainly in the water-insoluble protions of the fractions precipitating at 1/3 and between 1/3 and 1/2 saturation with ammonium sulfate, the extent of purification being about 30-fold. Recovery of antibody exceeded 80%. 3. The antibody in the insoluble fractions was characterized by a higher initial combining ratio than the antibody in the soluble fractions. 4. The high initial combining ratios are explained on the basis of an aggregation of the water-insoluble globulins. The low initial combining ratios of the antibody in the water-soluble fractions appear due to a solubilizing effect of globulins other than antibody in these fractions.
Some empirical evidence for ecological dissonance theory.

In 1989 Miller, Topping, and Wells-Parker published a theoretical extension to Barker's ecological theory (Barker, 1968) which they called ecological dissonance theory. The authors believed that Barker's concepts concerning how biological, physical, and behavioral systems influence each other had much to say about how the environment influences behavior, but they thought the theory could do more to explain the dynamic complexities of systems in conflict. Consequently, Mlller, et a/. (1989) proposed an extension to the theory that could be used to explain the motivational dynamics of environmental systems in conflict with one another or with personal cognitive systems. An example of ecological dissonance generating conflict occurs when the behavioral systems of individuals are at variance with the requirements of state or federal statutes, such as may occur in the case of mandatory seat-belt laws. To help understand the dynamics of systems in conflict, the authors applied Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory (1957). Using Festinger's theory as a model, Wer, et al. (1989) developed six propositions to be empirically tested. The first proposition of ecological dissonance theory is 1. Ecological dssonance is a state of confict which will result in the mobilization of forces directed at its attenuation. Conflict exists when nvo or more systems are pushing the inhabitants toward goals which are incompatible with each other.
Wendy Gamber, The Female Economy: The Millinery and Dressmaking Trades, 1860–1930. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1997. xiii + 300 pp.

The Female Economy is an apt title for this study because it offers a conceptual framework for understanding a neglected aspect of US economic and social history. Dressmaking and millinery formed a female economy within the business world, an enclave in which women proprietors employed women in a variety of capacities and served female customers. Gamber emphasizes that analysis of this female economy challenges much conventional wisdom about women's employment and patterns of consumption. She argues that contrary to business historians' assumptions, in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the business world was not exclusively male. Not only were women “there,” but, as in wage labor markets, “hierarchies of gender” (2) as well as hierarchies of class, ethnicity, and race characterized commerce too. Moreover, social scientists who assume that mass production and large-scale retailing replaced custom work neglect proprietors, employees, and customers who participated in the creation of custom goods well into the twentieth century alongside factory production and department stores. Also, scholars who portray women as uniformly unskilled, low paid, and temporary workers overlook dressmaking and millinery, which resembled prestigious male crafts more than other female occupations. Finally, popular literature reinforced popular ideologies asserting that business was inappropriate for respectable women and inaccurately portrayed proprietors of millinery and dressmaking shops as “pathetic victims,” working-class “upstarts,” or women of ill repute (6).
Finite particle number effect in high spin B(E2)'s

Abstract The high spin B(E2)'s of deformed nuclei are discussed using the Fermion Dynamical Symmetry Model (FDSM). It can be shown that the loss of E2 collectivity and band termination are mainly due to a finite particle number effect in the collective subspace.
The use of a bioactive skin substitute decreases length of stay for pediatric burn patients

between the treatment groups with regard to percent TBSA burn: standard therapy, 14.3 1.4% TBSA versus TransCyte, 12.7 1.3% TBSA. There was nodifference in the type o f burns in each group, the majority were liquid scald type, 70% in the standard therapy group versus 90% in the TransCyte group. Only 1 child in the TransCyte group required autografting (5%) compared with 7 children in the standard therapy group (35%). Children treated with TransCyte had a statistically6 significant decreaed LOS compared with those receiving standard therapy, 5.9 0.9 days versus 13.8 2.2 days, respectively (P .002). Conclusions: This is the first study using TransCyte in children. The authors found that this protocol of burn care was safe, effective, and significantly reduced the LOS. This new approach to pediatric burn care is effective and improves the quality of care for children with burns. J Pediatr Surg 36:1118-1121. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Coding and computation with neural spike trains

We study a simple model for the statistics of neural spike trains as they encode a continuously varying signal. The model is motivated with reference to several recent experiments on sensory neurons, and we show how analogies between the relevant probabilistic issues in neural coding and statistical mechanics can be exploited. Results are given for the information capacity of the code, for the optimal structure of code-reading algorithms, and for the time delays which arise in optimal processing of the coded signal. In addition, we show how simple analog computations can be expressed directly in terms of transformations of the spike train. The rules for reading the code and for optimal analog computation depend on the context for behavioral decision making-the relative weights assigned to different types of errors, the relative importance of different signals. We find that there is a conflict between minimizing this context dependence of the code and maximizing its information capacity; a compromise can be achieved by appropriate preprocessing (filtering) of the encoded signal. Experiments on auditory and visual neurons qualitatively confirm the predicted filtering. Similarly, the structure of the optimal “multiplier neuron” is shown to depend upon the intensity and spectral content of incoming signals, and these predictions compare favorably with experiments on a movement-sensitive cell in the fly visual system.
Political Leadership, Cultural Ethics and Recovery: Louisiana Post-Katrina

The history of Louisiana colorful politics and corruption in government is legendary and, in Louisiana, something celebrated, or at least warmly embraced, as part of the cultural richness of the State. An oft-repeated phrase here is that Louisiana is no more corrupt than any place else, it’s just that Louisianians are more proud of it. Such sentiments permeate the discussion of federal and private financial assistance to the State in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, and serves as an explanation regarding the lack of effective leadership and misuse of funds thus far distributed. Yet beyond concern for the loss of dollars in themselves are the very real and tragic consequences for the citizens who were most affected by hurricane Katrina, who have received but a trickle of the flood of money that poured into the State following the event. For these people, who remain without adequate shelter, resources, educational opportunities, healthcare, and separated from their support networks, the recovery progress remains little changed over the last 4 years. An overview of the political and ethical culture of Louisiana and reflections on how that contributed to and exacerbated administrative failure in the wake of Katrina is presented here.
97 THE ACCURACY OF THE DIAGNOSTIC PROCESS IN HOSPITALIZED PEDIATRIC PATIENTS

Although much attention is devoted to the diagnostic process in medical school and postgraduate training, very little effort has been devoted to an analysis of the success of this process in unselected patients. In an attempt to gain insight into the accuracy of this process we developed a classification scheme and applied it to a sample of our pediatric hospitalizations. Of the 442 patients in our sample, 92.3% were discharged with a correct diagnosis, 7.5% were discharged without a diagnosis, and 0.2% were discharged with a diagnosis which ultimately proved to be incorrect. Of the 408 patients discharged with a correct diagnosis, 29.2% had a previously established diagnosis, 40.2% had a correct diagnosis made at the time of admission, and 30.6% had a diagnosis made during the hospital stay. A total of 159 patients were admitted without a diagnosis. In this group, 15.7% were never diagnosed. A longer mean hospital stay was found for those patients in whom no diagnosis was made by the time of discharge. Of the 408 patients discharged with a correct diagnosis, 147 patients were discharged with a “presumed” diagnosis -- most of these patients had infectious diseases that were of apparent viral etiology. This study should provide a standard for comparison and highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the diagnostic process.
Analysis of Ventricular Activation Using Surface Electrocardiography to Predict Left Ventricular Reverse Volumetric Remodeling During Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

Background— Cardiac resynchronization therapy for heart failure with left bundle branch block reduces left ventricular (LV) conduction delay, contraction asynchrony, and LV end-systolic volume (“reverse remodeling”). Up to one third of patients do not improve, and the electric requirements for reverse remodeling are unclear. We hypothesized that reverse remodeling is predicted by the left bundle branch block ventricular activation sequence, the paced activation sequence, and interactions between these 2 conditions. Methods and Results— Twelve-lead ECGs during left bundle branch block and cardiac resynchronization therapy were analyzed in 202 consecutive patients (New York Heart Association class III to IV heart failure, ejection fraction ≤35%) for predictors of reverse remodeling (≥10% reduction in end-systolic volume) at 6 months. Greater longest baseline LV activation time predicted increased odds of reverse remodeling (odds ratio [confidence interval]=1.30 [1.11, 1.52] per 10-ms increase), whereas high...
Effects of Activated Charcoal and Sorbitol on Sodium Pentobarbital Absorption in the Rat

AbstractThree activated charcoals were tested for their ability to reduce the oral absorption of sodium pentobarbital (SP) in rats. Fasted adult, male rats were given 40 mg/kg of C-14 labelled SP by gavage (2 ml). Five minutes after drug administration, the animals were given 40 mg of either Darco (G-60), United States Pharmacopeia (USP) or SuperChar (SC) activated charcoals. The charcoals were administered as a slurry in either 1 ml of water, or 1 ml of 70 percent (w/v) sorbitol solution. Water (control) and sorbitol given alone were tested separately. Various pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the plasma concentration of SP determined at various time intervals after drug administration. When given in water, only SC significantly (p<.01) reduced the peak plasma concentration and oral bioavailability of SP. Sorbitol given alone produced diarrhea but did not affect drug absorption. However, sorbitol selectively enhanced the effectiveness of G-60 and USP charcoals and, as a result, all charcoal...
Maintenance chemotherapy in advanced ovarian cancer: the US experience.

The somewhat controversial results of a Southwest Oncology Group/Gynecologic Oncology Group phase 3 randomized trial have revealed that a maintenance strategy consisting of 12 cycles of single-agent paclitaxel (175 mg/m2 over 3 h every 28 days), delivered to women with advanced ovarian cancer who have achieved a clinically defined complete response to primary platinum–paclitaxel chemotherapy, significantly improves progression-free survival compared to delivery of three cycles of the same treatment regimen. While it is not possible to provide a definitive statement regarding the impact of this management approach on overall survival, in an exploratory analysis, patients who initiated this study with a baseline CA-125 level ≤10 units/mL and were treated with the 12-cycle maintenance program experienced a statistically significant improvement in survival. An ongoing Gynecologic Oncology Group trial in the United States will hopefully provide a definitive answer to the question of the impact of this novel strategy on outcome in ovarian cancer.
Nonideal Liquid-Phase Intraparticle Transport and Reaction

The effect of liquid-phase nonideality on intraparticle transport with chemical reaction is explored theoretically and experimentally. Generalized transport equations for the multicomponent diffusion and flow of n species participating in q reactions are developed on the basis of the dusty-fluid model, in which the diffusional driving force of species i is its chemical potential gradient. This is appropriate owing to the nonideality of reaction mixture and is consistent with the thermodynamics of irreversible processes. Nonideality also impels the use of species activities as a measure of composition in the reaction rate expression. The constitutive equations are generally supplemented by n material balances, but because of stoichiometry, only q of these are independent. The n “species” fluxes in the material balance and constitutive equations are, therefore, replaced by an independent set of q “reaction” fluxes, resulting in a simpler and more direct description. This transport and reaction model is appl...
Evaluation of the hexokinase/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase method of determination of glucose in urine

Abstract The two-step enzymic method for determination of glucose, using hexokinase for phosphorylation of the glucose and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase for the subsequent reduction of triphosphopyridine nucleotide to its reduced form measurable at 340 nm, was evaluated for its suitability for urine analysis. The glucose oxidase method, previously considered the best available, is subject to serious interference which cannot be removed without destroying the accuracy of the method. The hexokinase/G6PD method is highly specific and interference-free. The only possible urinary interference that could be found is a diminution of the glucose indication in the presence of extremely abnormal fructose concentrations. The method was tested for recovery on 100 clinical urine samples. A normal range of 0 to 20 mg 100 ml glucose was indicated by these samples. The method may also be used for blood analysis as normal concentrations of preservative did not interfere. The general analytical and kinetic characteristics of the method were examined, showing that the method may be used accurately at ambient temperatures, with a straight line standard curve, at an incubation time of 10 min, for sample concentrations up to 100 mg 100 ml . The method may be used for screening purposes without determining the background ultraviolet absorbance of the sample.
Cytochemical localization and ultrastructure of Aspergillus flavus in cottonseed

Cottonseeds having fluorescent fibers were harvested from fields in Arizona and examined utilizing light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The occurrence of fluorescent fibers indicated that seeds had been infected by Aspergillus flavus during development. Presence of A. flavus was verified by plating portions of seeds with fluorescent fibers. Hyphae, conidial heads, and conidia were identified readily in differentially-stained cotyledon tissue processed for light microscopy. Utilization of transmission electron microscopy permitted observations on lignified seed coats and cotyledons of mature cottonseeds. Hyphae were located throughout the cotyledon and in the nonlignified layers of the seed coat. The identification of hyphae in cross sections of vessel elements within the seed coat provided ultrastructural evidence supporting the hypothesis that A. flavus may enter seeds via the vascular tissue. Controls for the microscopy studies included observations on cottonseeds with no visual signs of infection and on laboratory-grown cultures of A. flavus. These observations demonstrated that the hyphae localized within fluorescent seeds had features characteristic of A. flavus and that fungal-like structures do not occur within uninfected seeds.
Acceptor Luminescence in High-Purity n -Type GaAs

Photoluminescence of epitaxial GaAs in a magnetic field has established the origin of several recombination transitions 20 to 40 meV off the band edge. The data indicate that two acceptor levels are present in high purity material and that two free-electron-neutral-acceptor and two donor-acceptor pair bands are observed in photoluminescence at low temperatures.
Stratospheric Temperature Change as a Function of Height and Sunspot Number during 1972–89 Based on Rocketsonde and Radiosonde Data

Abstract Based on linear regression analysis applied to temperatures at 6 rocketsonde and 12 radiosonde stations mostly in the western half of the Northern Hemisphere, between 1972 and 1989 the temperature changed by nearly −0.5°C/decade in the low stratosphere, close to −1.6°C/decade in the high stratosphere, and by approximately −2.0°C/decade in the stratosphere layer. In the middle stratosphere the temperature is indicated to have changed by −0.3°C/decade according to the radiosonde data but by about -0.9°C/decade according to the rocketsonde data. The reason for this discrepancy is still uncertain. The cooling has been greatest in winter, except in the middle stratosphere where it has been similar in winter and autumn. The correlation between annual values or sunspot number and temperature has been best in the middle stratosphere (0.83), but even this correlation is not significant at the 5% level due to the short record and the considerable serial correlation in the date. In the middle and high strat...
The delineation of ionic pathways in organic coatings using a molecular probe technique

Abstract The mode with which ions enter organic coatings when subjected to corrosive environments remains unresolved. Local electrochemical methods have provided insight into the local nature of the underfilm degradation process. But these local electrochemical methods have not provided conclusive evidence as to whether the transport of water and ions occurs through discrete heterogeneities within the organic film, or whether these species enter as a uniform front and then elicit localized corrosion dictated by heterogeneities on the substrate surface (e.g., intermetallic particles). The mode of ion entry through thin (10 μm) epoxy coatings was investigated using a chloride-specific chromophore in conjunction with fluorescence microscopy. Epoxy coatings were spin cast onto glass slides and exposed to NaCl solutions at ambient and low (pH=2.5) pH for 1, 3, and 7 days. An additional variable included the age of the coating component materials as assessed from the date of manufacture. Following exposure to chloride solutions, the films were exposed to a chloride-specific chromophore, 6-methoxy-N-ethylquinolinium iodide (MEQ). Fluorescence microscopy indicated that chloride ions were clustered in discrete sites on the surface of the coatings. The number of defect sites appeared qualitatively to increase with NaCl exposure time, but not to increase at low pH. This proof of concept experiment provides a possible new avenue for the characterization and quantification of coating degradation.