cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interscalene brachial plexus block for outpatient shoulder arthroplasty: Postoperative analgesia, patient satisfaction and complications.

Background: Shoulder arthroplasty procedures are seldom performed on an ambulatory basis. Our objective was to examine postoperative analgesia, nausea and vomiting, patient satisfaction and complications of ambulatory shoulder arthroplasty performed using interscalene brachial plexus block (ISB). Materials and Methods: We prospectively examined 82 consecutive patients undergoing total and hemi-shoulder arthroplasty under ISB. Eighty-nine per cent (n=73) of patients received a continuous ISB; 11% (n=9) received a single-injection ISB. The blocks were performed using a nerve stimulator technique. Thirty to 40 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine with 1:400,000 epinephrine was injected perineurally after appropriate muscle twitches were elicited at a current of less than 0.5% mA. Data were collected in the preoperative holding area, intraoperatively and postoperatively including the postanesthesia care unit (PACU), at 24h and at seven days. Results: Mean postoperative pain scores at rest were 0.8 ± 2.3 in PACU (with movement, 0.9 ± 2.5), 2.5 ± 3.1 at 24h and 2.8 ± 2.1 at seven days. Mean postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) scores were 0.2 ± 1.2 in the PACU and 0.4 ± 1.4 at 24h. Satisfaction scores were 4.8 ± 0.6 and 4.8 ± 0.7, respectively, at 24h and seven days. Minimal complications were noted postoperatively at 30 days. Conclusions: Regional anesthesia offers sufficient analgesia during the hospital stay for shoulder arthroplasty procedures while adhering to high patient comfort and satisfaction, with low complications.
A Binomial Coefficient Congruence Modulo Prime Powers

Abstract Let p > 3 be a prime, and n , k , a , b , r , and s be non-negative integers, n , k , r , s > 0, 0 ≤ a , b p s , then [formula].
Cloning and Characterization of PET100, a Gene Required for the Assembly of Yeast Cytochrome c Oxidase

The biogenesis of cytochrome c oxidase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires a protein encoded by the nuclear gene, PET100. Cells carrying a recessive mutation (pet100-1) in PET100 are respiratory deficient and have reduced levels of cytochrome c oxidase activity. The PET100 gene has been cloned by complementation of pet100-1, sequenced and disrupted. PET100 is located adjacent to the PDC2 gene on chromosome IV and contains an open reading frame of 333 base pairs. The PET100 protein contains a possible membrane-spanning segment and a putative mitochondrial import sequence at its NH2 terminus. A strain carrying a null mutation in PET100 lacks cytochrome c oxidase activity and assembled cytochromes a and a3, but the other respiratory chain carriers are present. The respiratory-deficient phenotype of this strain is not rescued by added hemin or heme A. These findings indicate that the mutation is specific for cytochrome c oxidase and does not affect the biosynthesis of heme A. In addition, mitochondria from the strain carrying a null mutation in PET100 contain each of the subunit polypeptides of cytochrome c oxidase. Together, these findings suggest that PET100p is not required for the synthesis or localization of cytochrome c oxidase subunits to mitochondria, but is required at a later step in their assembly into an active holoenzyme.
The racemization rate constant for protein-bound aspartic acid in woodrat middens

Abstract The racemization rate constant for aspartic acid has been determined from the d / l isomeric ratio in four strata of radiocarbon dated woodrat midden in Arizona. Two different methods of stereospecifically deaminating l -aspartic acid prior to the assay are compared. It is found that pure l -amino acid oxidase pretreatment of the dl aspartic acid mixture requires one less step than treatment with crude, dialyzed venom ( Crotalus viridis ) but that the two methods give the same results. Application of the theory of amino acid racemization dating is discussed in the context of the steric properties ofthe protein environment in which the racemization actually occurs.
A simulation of U.S. Navy training pipelines

Abstract The system by which the U.S. Navy trains personnel is modeled using the SLAM computer language. By incorporating both network simulation techniques and discrete event logic, the flow of students from a Recruit Training Center (RTC) through the Basic Electricity and Electronics (BEE) schools, the “A” schools and eventually to the fleet, is modeled to a level of detail represented by an individual BEE/“A” school classroom. Inputs for the model include the daily influx of trainees into an RTC for each classification, as well as the various drop, attrition and setback rates. Since the objective of the study was to allow Navy representation to identify potential bottlenecks prior to their occurrence, the output variables depict both resources utilization and queuing statistics. The simulation model was executed, and the resulting outputs were used to test hypotheses.
Economics: A positive side of disaster

In October 1998, a hurricane visited death and destruction on Honduras, with flooding and mudslides. A case history of a rural community documents how recovery from that event produced socio-economic improvement.
Intermediate Products and Differential Tariffs: A Generalization of Lerner's Symmetry Theorem

I. Introduction and summary of main conclusions, 684. â€” II. A model with three tradable goods usable in production or consumption, 588. â€” III. Intermediate products, production technology, and the gains from trade, 601. â€” IV. The structure of production in protected industries, 610.
Inhibitors of fibrinolysis

Abstract The inhibitors of fibrinolysis form an integral part of the fibrinolytic system maintaining a state of dynamic equilibrium with the activators. Studies of their presence are reviewed. Data on their role in tissue repair is also presented. Among the different inhibitors against fibrinolysis urokinase was found consistently to be of higher levels in platelets and cultures from tissues taken from all parts of the body. The urokinase inhibitor was also found to be high in plasma of a variety of physiological and pathological conditions predisposed to thromboembolism. These conditions include late pregnancy, various cancer states and sickle cell disease. It is concluded that urokinase along with its inhibitor forms an integral part of the physiological hemostatic mechanism of importance not only in the urinary tract but throughout the body.
EXACT (1+1)-DIMENSIONAL SOLUTIONS TO A DISCRETE VELOCITY MODEL FOR COAGULATION-FRAGMENTATION

A family of discrete velocity models is proposed for the study of particle coagulation and fragmentation in gases. Patterned after the Broadwell model, the models allow inelastic collisions to occur, as well as elastic collisions. The models generate systems of highly coupled semilinear hyperbolic equations which approximate the Boltzmann equation. With the aid of the powerful computer algebra systems Mathematica and Maple, we find an exact four-parameter solution to the simplest model.
Sensory development and concurrent behavioural changes in Atlantic croaker larvae

Development of the visual and mechanosensory systems of Atlantic croaker larvae was examined and compared to behavioural performance in order to determine sensory system functionality. Early larvae were characterized by a photopic visual system with a high density of cone photoreceptors, but no rods or photoreceptor summation on to higher order cells. Acuity of small larvae was comparable to other species. The mechanosensory system of early larvae consisted of a relatively high density of free neuromasts on the head and body. By approximately 10 mm total length (LT), many sensory attributes of larvae had changed. Visual acuity had improved to levels slightly better than in other species. Rods began forming and summation ratios increased, indicating development of scotopic vision. Cephalic lateral-line canals began to enclose at 15 mm LT and were complete by 24 mm. The trunk lateral-line began to enclose at 30 mm and was complete by 40 mm. Behavioural performance was tested using an artificial predatory stimulus under different conditions to isolate the roles of vision and mechanoreception. Both sensory systems were necessary to elicit the highest levels of responsiveness. Responsiveness of larvae 6 mm was largely influenced by visual input. Both vision and mechanoreception influenced ontogenetic changes in reactive distance of larvae. When there was no visual input, reactive distances increased slightly through ontogeny, indicating the use of mechanoreception. Only when mechanoreception was blocked, the ontogenetic increase in reactive distances was greater than that of larvae with all sensory systems intact. These results indicate that Atlantic croaker larvae use both sensory systems throughout the larval period, but the relative importance of these sensory systems changes with ontogeny.
Long-Wavelength Interferometer In The Optical Shop

AbstractThe in situ testing of an unpolished off -axis parabolic mirror with a vertex radius of12.8 m, a diameter of 1.42 m, and an off -set of 1 m is described. Interferograms are shownthat were obtained during the fabrication process by means of a long- wavelength interferom-eter that uses a CW CO2 laser operating at a wavelength of 10.6 pm as the coherent light source. IntroductionToday, most of the mirrors of astronomical telescopes or tracking systems have a largediameter and a relatively short focal length with an aspheric surface configuration. There-fore, the sag, or the departure from the best fit reference sphere, approaches severaltens of micrometers or more. It is difficult to obtain the final surface figure by polish-ing from a surface that has been brought to a reference sphere by previous fine grinding.The best way to solve this problem is to reach the required shape by grinding with finergrades of abrasive until polishing is feasible. However, conventional interferometric,testing in the visible spectrum cannot be applied to the nonreflective ground surface. Thustesting becomes the most difficult task in fabrication.Long -wavelength interferometry,1'2 especially at the wavelength of 10.6 pm, has been usedsince Munnerlyn and Latta3 performed rough surface interferometry about a decade ago.
Systems theory for a competency model framework

Systems of Systems require organizations within them to have staff with abilities appropriate to the challenges. Large organizations frequently use competency models as the tool to ensure that their staff has the proper skills to deal with these challenges. While competency models represent an improvement on their primary predecessor, weaknesses have been noted in the literature. Most improvement efforts have been evolutionary adjustments or insertion of more elements. Systems Theory has been used as the literature data set for a grounded theory development of a competency model framework. This paper presents the background and a short history of competency models, introduces a wholly new method of developing competency models based on grounded theory supplemented by Whewell's Discoverer's Induction and reports on one case study implementing the new competency model framework in an organization embedded in a System of Systems.
Pax-2 regulatory sequences that direct transgene expression in the developing neural plate and external granule cell layer of the cerebellum.

Abstract Expression of Pax-2 in the mouse gastrula is the first marker of the midbrain–hindbrain region. To address roles played by transcription factors in the process of neural plate pattern formation and to facilitate gain-of-function approaches in the study of midbrain–hindbrain and cerebellar development, we characterized regulatory sequences at the Pax-2 locus using an in vivo transgenic mouse reporter assay. An 8.5 kb fragment of genomic DNA located upstream of Pax-2 directed lacZ expression prior to neurulation (7.5 days post-coitum, dpc) in a region fated to become midbrain and hindbrain, and subsequently in developing neuroepithelium. While similar to the pattern of Pax-2 expression, reporter gene activity extended beyond the boundaries of Pax-2 expression, most probably reflecting purdurance of β-galactosidase activity and an absence of DNA sequences that restrict Pax-2 expression to rhombomere 1 by 9.5 dpc. In the fetal and neonatal brain, Pax-2-lacZ activity was confined largely to Purkinje cells and the external granule cell layer (EGL) of the cerebellum. A 4 kb regulatory element, in contrast, initiated neural expression at 8.25 dpc in the anterior hindbrain, but recapitulated all later aspects of Pax-2-lacZ activity observed with the larger transgene. These results indicate the presence of regulatory sequences upstream of the Pax-2 locus capable of directing gene expression in the developing midbrain, first rhombomere of the hindbrain, and its principal derivative, the cerebellum. Successful misexpression of Sonic hedgehog demonstrates that Pax-2 regulatory sequences should prove generally useful for transgenic gain-of-function approaches in mice.
Esophageal perforation: surgical, endoscopic and medical management strategies.

Purpose of reviewThe purpose of this article is to review current therapeutic strategies and outcomes in the management of esophageal perforation. The relative rarity and unpredictability of esophageal perforation has precluded a randomized or multiinstitutional study of this condition. Practice sta
Development “PLANRIGHHT”: A conceptual knowledge-based expert system program as a tool for decision support for planning construction projects

The development of advanced computer technologies has provided opportunities for re-engineering of engineering, procurement and construction processes across the project life cycle. One potential area of applying computer technologies to the re-engineering of construction projects is in the application of artificial intelligence techniques, to develop knowledge-based expert systems with the capability to reason like humans, and carry out specialized tasks that typically require human judgments and expertise. Expert systems are ideally suited for use on construction projects because construction is mainly an experience based industry, and decisionmaking in construction relies more on individual experience than on formalized decision-making methods This paper proposes a knowledge-based expert system program as a tool for decisions support for planning construction projects based on a detailed review of the existing literature.
HIGH-FREQUENCY ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY OF THE APOGALACTOSE OXIDASE RADICAL

The activated form of galactose oxidase from the fungus Dactylium dendroides contains a single divalent copper ion which is antiferromagnetically coupled to a protein-based free radical. Chemical oxidation of the apoenzyme generates the free radical which is localized on a covalently cross-linked tyrosine−cysteine residue. This species, together with model radicals generated by UV irradiation of protonated and selectively deuterated o-(methylthio)cresol (MTC), has been studied by high-frequency EPR spectroscopy (139.5 GHz/5 T) in conjunction with molecular orbital calculations employing self-consistent local density functional (LDF) methods. The Zeeman interactions (g values) determined from the high-frequency spectra of the apogalactose oxidase and the MTC model radicals are remarkably similar and support the assignment of the protein radical to a sulfur-substituted tyrosyl moiety. Molecular orbital calculations accurately reflect the experimental data, including an increase in the axial symmetry of the ...
Behavioral effects of the μ-opioid peptide agonists DAMGO, DALDA, and PL017 on locomotor activities

The relative role of central mu-opioid receptor agonists Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-N-Methyl-Phe-Gly-ol (DAMGO), Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-Lys (DALDA), and Tyr-Pro-MePhe-D-Pro (PL017) (0.00, 0.01, 01, or 1.0 micrograms, ICV) on behavior was investigated in rats for 60 min in activity monitors. DAMGO (0.1 and 1.0 micrograms) and PL017 (1.0 micrograms) resulted in biphasic effects, inhibition followed by hyperactivity for linear locomotor, whereas the 0.01-micrograms dosage was associated with hyperactivity. On the other hand, DALDA (0.1 and 1.0 micrograms) suppressed locomotor activity over the 60-min session.
Recrystallization in disperse corundum ceramics

A technique is proposed whereby recrystallization can be investigated quantitatively in a ceramic material composed of grains widely ranging in size (due to localization of sintering) and containing grain-boundary barriers (such as impurities and micropores) that vary in spatial distribution and quantity. It is shown that only primary recrystallization takes place in alumina sintered at 1550–1700°C and that the grain size distribution is about the same as in a barrier-free material thus implying that the recrystallization proceeds in an effectively homogeneous medium. An addition of 2% Nb2O5 to activate sintering leaves the general pattern of recrystallization unchanged and only quantitative differences are noted. These are an increase in the average particle size (because a liquid phase appears and causes a change in the properties of the boundaries and because structure defects are formed when Nb2O5 dissolves in Al2O3, which accelerates bulk diffusion) and an increase in the number of grain sizes (related to the increased inhomogeneity of contacts between alumina particles).
Imatinib analogs as potential agents for PET imaging of Bcr-Abl and c-KIT expression at a kinase level.

Abstract We synthesized two series of imatinib mesylate (STI-571) analogs to develop a Bcr-Abl and c - KIT receptor-specific labeling agent for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to measure Bcr-Abl and c - KIT expression levels in a mouse model. The methods of molecular modeling, synthesis of STI-571 and its analogs, in vitro kinase assays, and radiolabeling are described. Molecular modeling revealed that these analogs bind the same Bcr-Abl and c - KIT binding sites as those bound by STI-571. The analogs potently inhibit the tyrosine kinase activity of Bcr-Abl and c - KIT , similarly to STI-571. [ 18 F]-labeled STI-571 was prepared with high specific activity (75 GBq/μmol) by nucleophilic displacement and an average radiochemical yield of 12%. [ 131 I]-labeled STI-571 was prepared with high purity (>95%) and an average radiochemical yield of 23%. The uptake rates of [ 18 F]-STI-571 in K562 cells expressing Abl and in U87WT cells overexpressing c - KIT were significantly higher than those in the U87 cell and could be inhibited by STI-71 (confirming the specificity of uptake). PET scans of K562 and U87WT tumor-bearing mice with [ 18 F]-STI-571 as a contrast agent showed visible tumor uptake and tumor-to-non-target contrast.
Successful treatment of Acute Fulminant Liver Failure due to Hepatitis B virus with Entecavir in patients with contra-indications to liver transplant

There are no randomized clinical trials on efficacy of Entecavir in Fulminant Hepatic Failure (FHF) due to Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). Definitive treatment of FHF remains Liver Transplant. However, availability of cadaveric donor organs is limited, and many of the patients with FHF may not be candidates for Liver Transplantation. There are only few case reports on beneficial effects of Entecavir in FHF due to HBV. We present 2 cases of FHF due to HBV. Both patients had severe liver cell damage among which one was immunocompromised. Transaminases were elevated up to 200 times the normal. Both were not transplant candidates, and were successfully treated with Entecavir resulting in significant clinical and transaminases improvement within 7 days of starting Entecavir. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jaim.v2i2.8780 Journal of Advances in Internal Medicine 2013;02(02):67-70
Synthesis of 4, 6-dialkyl-1,3-dioxins. Versatile intermidiates for the preparation of (E)-alkenones, anti,anti-1, 2, 3-triols and syn-1, 3-diols

The title compounds 4 are prepared from 4-alkyldioxins 2 via a metalation, alkylation sequence. The dialkyl dioxins 4 are thermally labile (providing enones) and undergo highly stereoselective hydroboration or hydrogenation reactions to provide anti, anti-1, 2, 3-triols and syn, 1, 3-diols, respectively. This methodology has been exploited in the synthesis of (±)-endo-1, 3-dimethyl-2,9-dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane.
Statistically quantitative volume visualization

Visualization users are increasingly in need of techniques for assessing quantitative uncertainty and error in the images produced. Statistical segmentation algorithms compute these quantitative results, yet volume rendering tools typically produce only qualitative imagery via transfer function-based classification. This paper presents a visualization technique that allows users to interactively explore the uncertainty, risk, and probabilistic decision of surface boundaries. Our approach makes it possible to directly visualize the combined "fuzzy" classification results from multiple segmentations by combining these data into a unified probabilistic data space. We represent this unified space, the combination of scalar volumes from numerous segmentations, using a novel graph-based dimensionality reduction scheme. The scheme both dramatically reduces the dataset size and is suitable for efficient, high quality, quantitative visualization. Lastly, we show that the statistical risk arising from overlapping segmentations is a robust measure for visualizing features and assigning optical properties.
Impact of Negative-Bias Temperature Instability in Nanoscale SRAM Array: Modeling and Analysis

One of the major reliability concerns in nanoscale very large-scale integration design is the time-dependent negative- bias-temperature-instability (NBTI) degradation. Due to the higher operating temperature and increasing vertical oxide field, threshold voltage (Vt) of PMOS transistors can increase with time under NBTI. In this paper, we examine the impact of NBTI degradation in memory elements of digital circuits, focusing on the conventional 6T-SRAM-array topology. An analytical expression for the time-dependent Vt degradation in PMOS transistors based on the empirical reaction-diffusion (RD) framework was employed for our analysis. Using the RD-based Vt model, we analytically examine the impact of NBTI degradation in critical performance parameters of SRAM array. These parameters include the following: (1) static noise margin; (2) statistical READ and WRITE stability; (3) parametric yield; and (4) standby leakage current (IDDQ). We show that due to NBTI, READ stability of SRAM cell degrades, while write stability and standby leakage improve with time. Furthermore, by carefully examining the degradation in leakage current due to NBTI, it is possible to characterize and predict the lifetime behavior of NBTI degradation in real circuit operation.
THE HOLOCAUST AS RECURRING REALITY: VICTIMIZATION THEMES AND JEWISH AMERICAN ETHNIC IDENTITY FORMATION

Drawing on sociological studies that document the regularity through which marginalized ethnic groups construct an ethnic identity, this article examines identity formation in the Jewish American context. A content analysis of 100 short stories written between 1946 and 1995 demonstrates how victim-oriented identities are created out of the more mundane experiences of everyday life. These stories, which were intended for consumption by Jewish American readers, describe daily life within the Jewish American community and, with surprising regularity, bring issues of victimization into the imagined experience for their readers. In addition, the analysis shows how Jewish American short story writers present the Holocaust, victimization, and anti-Semitism as contributing heavily to the processes of identity formation within the community. The discussion of the data concludes by arguing that, as the Jewish American community becomes further removed from the events of World War II, the Holocaust is becoming a mor...
Risk-Factor Studies as an Epidemiologic Tool

Anecdotal and historical data strongly suggest that environmental factors and hygienic practices play a major role in chlamydial transmission and the maintenance of endemic blinding trachoma. They also suggest that relatively minor alterations in these practices can have a profound impact, virtually eliminating trachoma as a blinding disease. This is especially critical, since few countries can now afford extensive, ongoing chemoprophylaxis programs. Epidemiologic studies are now needed to identify the critical risk factors in each affected culture. A recent study that used this approach found that in one region the simple hygienic practice of face washing was strongly associated with trachoma status. The next task will be to carry out appropriately designed intervention trials to establish the significance of such a factor and the possibility of altering it.
A VLSI Neural Monitoring System With Ultra-Wideband Telemetry for Awake Behaving Subjects

Long-term monitoring of neuronal activity in awake behaving subjects can provide fundamental information about brain dynamics for neuroscience and neuroengineering applications. Here, we present a miniature, lightweight, and low-power recording system for monitoring neural activity in awake behaving animals. The system integrates two custom designed very-large-scale integrated chips, a neural interface module fabricated in 0.5 μm complementary metal-oxide semiconductor technology and an ultra-wideband transmitter module fabricated in a 0.5 μm silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) technology. The system amplifies, filters, digitizes, and transmits 16 channels of neural data at a rate of 1 Mb/s. The entire system, which includes the VLSI circuits, a digital interface board, a battery, and a custom housing, is small and lightweight (24 g) and, thus, can be chronically mounted on small animals. The system consumes 4.8 mA and records continuously for up to 40 h powered by a 3.7-V, 200-mAh rechargeable lithium-ion battery. Experimental benchtop characterizations as well as in vivo multichannel neural recordings from awake behaving rats are presented here.
Exploiting hardware advances for software testing and debugging (NIER track)

Despite the emerging ubiquity of hardware monitoring mechanisms and prior research work in other fields, the applicability and usefulness of hardware monitoring mechanisms have not been fully scrutinized for software engineering. In this work, we identify several recently developed hardware mechanisms that lend themselves well to structural test overage analysis and automated fault localization and explore their potential. We discuss key factors impacting the applicability of hardware monitoring mechanism for these software engineering tasks, present novel online analyses leveraging these mechanisms, and provide preliminary results demonstrating the promise of this emerging hardware.
Understanding of fingernail-bone interaction and fingertip hemodynamics for fingernail sensor design

When the human fingertip is pressed against a surface or bent, the hemodynamic state of the fingertip is altered due to mechanical interactions between the fingernail and bone. Normal force, shear force, and finger extension/flexion all result in different patterns of blood volume beneath the fingernail. This phenomenon has been exploited in order to detect finger forces and finger posture by creating a photoplethysmograph "fingernail sensor," which measures the two-dimensional pattern of blood volume beneath the fingernail. In this paper, the anatomical structure of the fingertip is investigated in order to understand the various ways in which the bone and nail interact to alter the hemodynamic state of the fingertip. A qualitative nail-bone interaction model is created and used to explain the different blood volume patterns that result from each stimulus. The model is verified using experimental data from the fingernail sensor. The impact of this study on potential performance and application of the fingernail sensors is discussed.
Energy storage dispatch using adaptive control scheme considering wind-PV in smart distribution network

This paper presents an adaptive control scheme for optimal dispatch of energy storage systems (ESS) to follow the pattern of intermittent power output of renewable energy sources (RES) in electric power distribution networks with the goal to minimize costs and reduce the need to compensate the variability and uncertainty of RES, mainly wind and solar. The proposed control scheme utilizes day-ahead forecasts of wind and photovoltaic (PV) power output obtained from hybrid intelligent methods. Once the forecasts are obtained, unit commitment (UC) is executed using forecasted data of load as well as wind and PV power in order to schedule optimal generation. The operational decisions are then fed into the economic dispatch (ED) problem, which has the control scheme embedded. As the actual power output of wind-PV deviates from the desired value due to forecast error, the adaptive control scheme developed in this paper assists the ESS to compensate the difference by charging or discharging. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed model, this paper considers a case study of a sixteen-bus test system and the results indicate that the ESS can reduce the deviation of the wind-PV power output between 1–5%.
Navigational path planning for a vision-based mobile robot

The Autonomous Robot Architecture (AuRA) provides multi-level representation and planning capabilities. This paper addresses the task of navigational path-planning, which provides the robot with a path guaranteed to be free of collisions with any modeled obstacles. Knowledge supporting visual perception can also be embedded, facilitating the actual path traversal by the vehicle.A multi-level representation and architecture to support multi-sensor navigation (predominantly visual) are described. A hybrid vertex-graph free-space representation based upon the decomposition of free space into convex regions capable for use in both indoor and limited outdoor navigation is discussed. This “meadow map” is produced via the recursive decomposition of the initial bounding area of traversability and its associated modeled obstacles. Of particular interest is the ability to handle diverse terrain types (sidewalks, grass, gravel, etc.) “Transition zones” ease the passage of the robot from one terrain type to another.The navigational planner that utilizes the data available in the above representational scheme is described. An A* search algorithm incorporates appropriate cost functions for multi-terrain navigation. Consideration is given to just what constitutes an “optimal” path in this context.
Using semantic differencing to reduce the cost of regression testing

An algorithm is presented that reduces the cost of regression testing by reducing the number of test cases that must be rerun and by reducing the size of the program that they must be run on. The algorithm uses dependence graphs and program slicing to partition the components of the new program into two sets: preserved points-components that have unchanged run-time behaviour; and affected points-components that have changed run-time behavior. Only test cases that test the behavior of affected points just be rerun; the behavior of the preserved points is guaranteed to be the same in the old and new versions of the program. Furthermore, the algorithm produces a program 'difference', which captures the behavior of (only) the affected points. Thus, rather than restricting the (large) new program on a large number of test cases, it is possible to certify the new program by running the (smaller) program 'differences' on a (smaller) number of test cases. >
Utilizing the polar cap index to explore strong driving of polar cap dynamics

[1] The polar cap, defined as a region of open magnetic flux, is an ideal region in which to investigate how properties of the solar wind directly affect the magnetosphere. For such studies, the polar cap (PC) index provides a useful characterization of the state of the polar ionosphere. In this paper, we study how polar cap properties, quantified by the PC index, depend on solar wind parameters and other geomagnetic indices during intervals of exceptionally large (10 mV/m) merging electric field. Using 53 one to two-day intervals that include such extreme fields, we find that the PC index correlates strongly with the modified electric field (EK-R) proposed by Kivelson and Ridley (2008). Here, EK-R is a form representative of several models in which the electric field imposed on the ionosphere by magnetopause reconnection saturates for extreme solar wind driving. However, there are anomalous events during which the auroral oval expanded poleward to the latitude of the PC index station and the index increased because of proximity to auroral zone currents. It is found that nightside magnetospheric processes, as represented by AL, make a significant contribution to the PC index. A linear regression analysis shows that the portion of the PC index directly driven by the solar wind electric field outweighs the contribution arising from energy release in the magnetotail by roughly a factor of 2. Neither the solar wind dynamic pressure (Pdyn) nor jumps in Pdyn are found to directly contribute to the PC index. However, there exists some correlation between the PC index and Pdyn, because of the common dependence of EK-R and Pdyn on the solar wind number density.
Natural history study of pseudoachondroplasia.

Pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH) is a well-characterized autosomal dominant dwarfing condition. A great deal of information is available about orthopedic complications, but little is known about extraskeletal complications in adulthood. This study was undertaken to delineate the natural history of PSACH at all ages. Seventy-nine individuals responded to an extensive questionnaire that included information about deformities, operations, general health, chronic diseases, and reproduction. PSACH individuals were ascertained through the University of Texas Medical Genetics patient population, a genetic linkage study, and the social organization, Little People of America. The results show that PSACH individuals with a family history do not have a distinct or more severe phenotype than new mutation cases. There were no differences in the number of orthopedic complications, operations, or number of offspring between these two groups. Less than half of affected adults reported having total hip replacement surgery, which was less common than previously reported. Extraskeletal complications were generally uncommon. There were four cases of cancers in 41 individuals queried. Premature osteoarthritis was the major health problem for PSACH individuals. PSACH individuals are generally healthy but have problems associated with debilitating osteoarthritis. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The mucigenous glandular mucosa in the complex stomach of two new-world camelids, the llama and guanaco†

In contrast to the so-called true ruminants, the compartmentalized stomach of these camelids contained an extensive mucigenous glandular mucosa. This mucosal epithelium was studied with the light and electron microscope. Surface, foveolar, isthmic, and end-piece regions were identified. Undifferentiated cells with many free ribosomes and few mucigen granules were found in the gland isthmus. More fully differentiated mucigenous cells with fewer free ribosomes, an extensive Golgi complex and a large heterogeneous population of secretory granules were observed in the subjacent end-piece. These cells were compared with cardiac and other gastric glandular epithelia. The cells in the foveola contained a more extensive granular reticulum, a prominent Golgi complex, and large numbers of mucigen granules and mitochondria. In the upper foveolar cells, large supranuclear and narrow apical accumulations of mucigen granules were separated by an intervening mitochondrial mass. In the tall surface cells there was a diminution in the number of mucigen granules and a concomitant supranuclear massing of mitochondria. Basally, these cells were often separated by prominent intercellular spaces. Effete surface cells were also noted. These lacked desmosomal attachments and sometimes appeared partially extruded. These findings suggested that cells derived from the undifferentiated isthmic cells moved up the foveola and onto the luminal surface. During this migration, these cells appeared to undergo sequential cytologic differentiation. The possible functional significance of these differentiations was considered.
The intrinsic viscosity of mixed protein systems, including studies of plasma and serum.

Experimental evidence is presented that the intrinsic viscosity of solutions of mixed proteins obeys the additive equation See PDF for Equation. The datum serves to characterize the system, and combined with other analytical techniques and fractionation procedures, enables one to analyze and characterize subfractions. The plasmas and sera of clinically "normal" individuals give intrinsic viscosity values agreeing with calculated values. The intrinsic viscosity values for pathological plasmas and sera in all cases are greater than normal and reflect the augmented levels of those proteins fibrinogen, α2-globulins, and γ-globulins occurring in the pathological state. The method is readily adaptable to routine clinical use and furnishes a measure of the departure from normal of protein levels in serum and plasma.
Polar Localization of a Soluble Methyl-Accepting Protein of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A soluble methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein (MCP) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, McpS, showed polar localization by immunofluorescence microscopy. Overexpression of McpS resulted in a dominant-negative effect on chemotaxis and caused a loss of polar clustering of the general MCP population. The polar localization of a soluble MCP defines a third, and unexpected, paradigm for cellular MCP localization.
Integrin-mediated Signals Regulated by Members of the Rho Family of GTPases

The organization of the actin cytoskeleton can be regulated by soluble factors that trigger signal transduction events involving the Rho family of GTPases. Since adhesive interactions are also capable of organizing the actin-based cytoskeleton, we examined the role of Cdc42-, Rac-, and Rho-dependent signaling pathways in regulating the cytoskeleton during integrin-mediated adhesion and cell spreading using dominant-inhibitory mutants of these GTPases. When Rat1 cells initially adhere to the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin, punctate focal complexes form at the cell periphery. Concomitant with focal complex formation, we observed some phosphorylation of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src, which occurred independently of Rho family GTPases. However, subsequent phosphorylation of FAK and paxillin occurs in a Rho-dependent manner. Moreover, we found Rho dependence of the assembly of large focal adhesions from which actin stress fibers radiate. Initial adhesion to fibronectin also stimulates membrane ruffling; we show that this ruffling is independent of Rho but is dependent on both Cdc42 and Rac. Furthermore, we observed that Cdc42 controls the integrin-dependent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 and of Akt, a kinase whose activity has been demonstrated to be dependent on phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase. Since Rac-dependent membrane ruffling can be stimulated by PI 3-kinase, it appears that Cdc42, PI 3-kinase, and Rac lie on a distinct pathway that regulates adhesion-induced membrane ruffling. In contrast to the differential regulation of integrin-mediated signaling by Cdc42, Rac, and Rho, we observed that all three GTPases regulate cell spreading, an event that may indirectly control cellular architecture. Therefore, several separable signaling pathways regulated by different members of the Rho family of GTPases converge to control adhesion-dependent changes in the organization of the cytoskeleton, changes that regulate cell morphology and behavior.
Induction of Autologous Graft vs Host Disease: An Immunotherapeutic Approach to Eliminate Residual Leukemia After Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation

Graft vs host disease (GVHD) remains a major complication following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) [1]. The large number of peripheral blood T lymphocytes which contaminate the graft during bone marrow (BM) harvesting are thought to mediate GVHD by responding to foreign major and/or minor histocompatibility antigen differences of the recipient [2].
Library education and library problems in developing nations

AbstractThe author has attempted to emphasize the point that education is a dynamic process. The acquisition and acceptance of models and systems of education involves an exchange of ideas which must be beneficial to all who are concerned. The receptability to new ideas is influenced by the attitudes of those who teach and those who learn. Harvey noted that students in Iran objected to additional examinations. If more than one examination per course or practical assignments as requirements happens to be contrary to local academic traditions in teaching, the students will object. If the importance of libraries and librarians is not recognized by local authorities, the teaching of a tedious course will be made more difficult. For the student, prospects for the future would not appear to justify the effort.Every culture has its own unique and rich qualities and these should never be ignored. Yet the literature indicates a similarity in many basic problems and needs which must be mastered if libraries in deve...
Integrating modelling and remote sensing to identify ecosystem performance anomalies in the boreal forest, Yukon River Basin, Alaska

Abstract High-latitude ecosystems are exposed to more pronounced warming effects than other parts of the globe. We develop a technique to monitor ecological changes in a way that distinguishes climate influences from disturbances. In this study, we account for climatic influences on Alaskan boreal forest performance with a data-driven model. We defined ecosystem performance anomalies (EPA) using the residuals of the model and made annual maps of EPA. Most areas (88%) did not have anomalous ecosystem performance for at least 6 of 8 years between 1996 and 2004. Areas with underperforming EPA (10%) often indicate areas associated with recent fires and areas of possible insect infestation or drying soil related to permafrost degradation. Overperforming areas (2%) occurred in older fire recovery areas where increased deciduous vegetation components are expected. The EPA measure was validated with composite burn index data and Landsat vegetation indices near and within burned areas.
Goldstein, Joseph Leonard

1940– American scientist who, with Michael Brown, elucidated the molecular mechanisms of cholesterol synthesis and the clinical consequences of their abnormalities.
In Vitro Antibiotic Susceptibilities of Burkholderia mallei (Causative Agent of Glanders) Determined by Broth Microdilution and E-Test

In vitro susceptibilities to 28 antibiotics were determined for 11 strains of Burkholderia mallei by the broth microdilution method. The B. mallei strains demonstrated susceptibility to aminoglycosides, macrolides, quinolones, doxycycline, piperacillin, ceftazidime, and imipenem. For comparison and evaluation, 17 antibiotic susceptibilities were also determined by the E-test. E-test values were always lower than the broth dilution values. Establishing and comparing antibiotic susceptibilities of specific B. mallei strains will provide reference information for assessing new antibiotic agents.
Evaluation of a CRT-Based Test of Saturation Discrimination Using a Discrete Matching Technique

A computer controlled color CRT system was used to present color test stimuli varying in saturation along R-G and B-Y lines through the white point in color space. Subjects ordered stimuli according to color and saturation. Normals ordered the R-G series with few errors but showed a tendency toward increasing errors with increasing age on the B-Y series. Dichromat error scores showed a sensitivity to the exact orientation of the R-G stimulus line. The maximum rate of stimulus presentation was too slow to allow exploitation of color choice.
Long-Acting Injectable Naltrexone for the Management of Patients with Opioid Dependence

Opioid dependence is a condition with serious clinical ramifications. Treatment has focused on detoxification, agonist therapy with methadone or buprenorphine, or remission maintenance with the opioid antagonist, naltrexone. Treatment with oral naltrexone has been limited by poor treatment adherence and relapse. Studies with long-acting formulations have shown increased treatment adherence. Extended-release injectable naltrexone has been used for the treatment of alcohol dependence, and has recently received an indication for treatment of opioid dependence from the US Food and Drug Administration. Dosing occurs once monthly and existing data with long-acting naltrexone supports efficacy of treatment for opioid dependence; however published data is sparse. Treatment with long-acting naltrexone should be monitored for hepatotoxicity, and patients should be made aware of increased risk of overdose with administration of opioids during and immediately after discontinuation of long-acting naltrexone.
Eta Carinae: From 1600 to the Present

In this introductory chapter we review η Car’s historical photometric and spectroscopic record with emphasis on its recovery from its Great Eruption and important recent advances in our understanding of the most massive, most luminous star in our corner of the Milky Way.
Abstracting The Concrete, Concretizing The Abstract: Reframing Diversity Education Through Experiential Learning Theory

Framed by Kolb’s (1984) Experiential Learning Theory (ELT), this article proposes ways to enhance diversity education’s effectiveness for all learners—regardless of identity group membership. It uses ELT to explain a faulty foundation upon which many diversity initiatives are built and to offer a solution to increase the learning outcomes of both majority and minority learners. The article offers propositions to guide future diversity education efforts.
The impact of definition of ILD on WHO group Classification of PH in scleroderma

Background:Patients with scleroderma (SSc) can develop several forms of pulmonary hypertension (PH). However, while guidelines for classification of PH distinguish between WHO Group I and II disease, they fail to distinguish between PH-ILD [group III] and PAH with thresholds of pulmonary function or chest radiographic findings that define PH-ILD. Therefore, we applied various definitions of “significant” ILD to our population of SSc patients with known PH to determine the impact on PH classification. Methods: 150 consecutive patients with SSc and either Group I or III PH documented by RHC were retrospectively reviewed. We applied 3 definitions of “significant” ILD: 1) TLC “minimal” fibrosis (clinical trial definition) 2) Limited/Extensive staging system: extent of lung involvement>20% of lung fields or <20% with FVC<70% predicted 3) FVC<70% predicted. Patients were then reclassified as Group I or III based upon these criteria. Results: Using the clinical trial definition, 73% of patients had Group I disease; however, when applying the limited/extensive staging system or FVC criteria, only 39% patients had Group I disease. No differences in demographics or hemodynamics were noted between groups based upon ILD definition. Conclusions: We found a substantial impact upon the WHO group classification of patients with SSc-PH based upon criteria used to define ILD with changes in >40% of patients. Given the differences in response to therapy and outcomes in SSc between Group I and Group III disease, the changes in PH classification based upon definition of ILD demonstrated in this study have important implications for clinical trials and clinical practice.