cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Remeasurement of the 2 S 1 2 2 − 2 P 3 2 2 Splitting in Atomic Hydrogen

We have completed a remeasurement of the $2^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{-}2^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ energy separation in atomic hydrogen, using an atomic beam microwave technique. The final result obtained from measurements on four resonances is 9911.173 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.042 MHz. When this is combined with the recent remeasurement by Robiscoe of the $2^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{-}2^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ energy separation, we obtain a value for the fine-structure splitting $\ensuremath{\Delta}E$ and the fine-structure constant ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}=137.0358(5)$.
Stress that Endures: Influence of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Daily Life Stress and Physical Health in Adulthood.

Abstract Background : Understanding the influence of ACEs on reported daily stress is needed to further address the role of ACEs on adult health and well-being. Methods : Data from 3,235 adults in the Midlife in the US (MIDUS) (Wave 1 (1995-1996) and Wave II (2004-2006)) were used. ACEs included emotional and physical abuse, household dysfunction, and financial strain. Daily stress was assessed using the National Study of Daily Experiences survey. Generalized Estimating Equations were used to examine the relationship between ACEs and Daily Stress. Results : ACE exposure was associated with higher number of reported stressors per day (p Limitations : Assessment of ACEs is retrospective and self-reported. Secondly, this data is limited by ACE category. Specifically, sexual abuse and other forms of family dysfunction were not included in this dataset. Conclusions : ACEs are associated with increased report of daily stress as an adult, reported physical symptoms as a result of stress, and reports of poor negative affect in adulthood. These findings highlight the role that ACEs play in the occurrence of reported daily stress during adulthood. Further investigation is needed to establish treatment and interventions for individuals who have experienced ACEs to avoid worsening health conditions and promote positive coping skills.
Fucoxanthin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and oxidative stress by activating nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT pathway in macrophages

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of fucoxanthin (FCX), a xanthophyll carotenoid, have been suggested. However, underlying mechanisms are elusive. The objective of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms by which FCX and its metabolites inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in macrophages. The effects of the FCX on mRNA and protein expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antioxidant genes, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation were determined in RAW 264.7 macrophages. A potential role of FCX in the modulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/nuclear E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) axis was evaluated. FCX significantly decreased LPS-induced interleukin (Il)6, Il1b, and tumor necrosis factor α (Tnf) mRNA abundance and TNFα secretion. FCX attenuated LPS or tert-butyl-hydroperoxide-induced ROS accumulation with concomitant increases in the expression of antioxidant enzymes. Also, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay demonstrated that FCX had a potent free radical scavenging property. FCX markedly increased nuclear translocation of NRF2 in LPS-treated macrophages, consequently inducing its target gene expression. Interestingly, the effect of FCX on NRF2 nuclear translocation was noticeably diminished by LY294002, an inhibitor of PI3K, but not by inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Phosphorylation of AKT, a downstream element of PI3K, was also markedly increased by FCX. FCX metabolites, such as fucoxanthinol and amarouciaxanthin A, significantly attenuated LPS-induced ROS accumulation and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. FCX exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects by the activation of NRF2 in the macrophages activated by LPS, which is mediated, at least in part, through the PI3K/AKT pathway.
Interactions between sensory prediction error and task error during implicit motor learning

Implicit motor recalibration allows us to flexibly move in novel and changing environments. Conventionally, implicit recalibration is thought to be driven by errors in predicting the sensory outcome of movement (i.e., sensory prediction errors). However, recent studies have shown that implicit recalibration is also influenced by errors in achieving the movement goal (i.e., task errors). Exactly how sensory prediction errors and task errors interact to drive implicit recalibration and, in particular, whether task errors alone might be sufficient to drive implicit recalibration remain unknown. To test this, we induced task errors in the absence of sensory prediction errors by displacing the target mid-movement. We found that task errors alone failed to induce implicit recalibration. In additional experiments, we simultaneously varied the size of sensory prediction errors and task errors. We found that implicit recalibration driven by sensory prediction errors could be continuously modulated by task errors, revealing an unappreciated dependency between these two sources of error. Moreover, implicit recalibration was attenuated when the target was simply flickered in its original location, even though this manipulation did not affect task error - an effect likely attributed to attention being directed away from the feedback cursor. Taken as a whole, the results were accounted for by a computational model in which sensory prediction errors and task errors, modulated by attention, interact to determine the extent of implicit recalibration.
Electrodeposition of ligand-free copper nanoparticles from aqueous nanodroplets

Copper nanoparticles have emerged as promising electrocatalysts for energy storage and conversion. Generally, homogenous nanoparticle synthesis requires a stabilizing ligand, which may influence the electrocatalysis. Ligands can be avoided by direct nanoparticle electrodeposition. Here, we extend nanodroplet-mediated electrodeposition to the electrodeposition of copper nanoparticles from aqueous nanodroplets suspended in 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate ([TBA][PF6]) and 1,2-dichloroethane. Stochastic electrochemistry on microelectrodes was used to elucidate nanoparticle growth kinetics for various solution conditions and substrate materials. A study on the effect of surfactants on nanoparticle morphology and growth kinetics demonstrated the surfactant's role as an avenue for morphological control. Nanoparticle morphology was studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the presence of copper nanoparticles. TEM and Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) confirmed nanoparticle size, morphology, and polycrystallinity. We demonstrate tunable nanoparticle size using cyclic voltammetry on single aqueous nanodroplets by altering the voltammetric sweeping potentials of copper electroreduction. Finite element simulations validate the voltammetric response and ability to control the nanoparticle size with nanometer resolution during a voltammetric sweep. These results inform the electrodeposition of copper nanoparticles from aqueous nanodroplets for important applications, such as the conversion of CO2 to hydrocarbon fuels.
Provider perception of racial healthcare disparities among women with gynecologic malignancies

Objectives: To identify patterns in provider perception of healthcare disparities among black patients with gynecologic malignancies. Methods: An anonymous survey was distributed among the US physician members of the Society of Gynecologic Oncology. Participants were queried about demographics and their perceptions of healthcare disparities among patients with gynecologic malignancies. Responses to the outcome questions were collected on a continuous scale from 0-100, where 0 represented ‘strongly disagree’ and 100 represented ‘strongly agree’. For the analysis, we dichotomized the continuous response to a binary outcome where the collected response >50 is 1, and 0 otherwise. All survey responses, demographic and outcome questions, were analyzed descriptively using frequency (percent). The outcome questions were also summarized by whether the participant self-identified as white/non-White. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were performed to test independence. Results: A total of 229 responses to the survey were analyzed. Of the respondents, 74% identified as White/Caucasian, 10% identified as Black/African American, 2.2% identified as Hispanic or Latino, 8.7% identified as Asian, 0.4% identified as American Indian or Alaskan native, and 3.9% identified as mixed race. A total of 31% of respondents were male and 69% female. Irrespective of their own identified race, respondents felt strongly that Black women with gynecologic malignancies have worse outcomes than White women, with 94% of respondents with a score >50. However, respondents remained more neutral when queried about their own black patients’ outcomes, with only 48% of respondents answering with a score >50. This did not vary when comparing white to non-white respondents (p=0.9). When queried about the 2 most significant contributors to poor outcomes among Black patients, 70% of respondents cited socioeconomic status. Other cited contributors included systemic racism (58%), distrust of the medical field (49%), unconscious bias/prejudice (47%), education/health literacy (45%), and intrinsic biological differences (31%). A total of 86% agreed that they could contribute to addressing healthcare disparities (87% responding >50 for white respondents vs 84% responding >50 for non-white respondents; p=0.8). Non-white respondents were more likely than white respondents to disagree that their institutions have measures to address healthcare disparities in black women (73% responding Conclusions: Though most respondents agreed that Black patients have worse oncologic outcomes, most did not perceive these issues within their own patients. There remains room for improvement in the identification of healthcare disparities within our own patients and implementation of well-studied measures used to address these gaps in outcomes.
Measuring nonvisual knowledge about object categories: The Semantic Vanderbilt Expertise Test.

How much do people differ in their abilities to recognize objects, and what is the source of these differences? To address the first question, psychologists have created visual learning tests including the Cambridge Face Memory Test (Duchaine & Nakayama, 2006) and the Vanderbilt Expertise Test (VET; McGugin et al., 2012). The second question requires consideration of the influences of both innate potential and experience, but experience is difficult to measure. One solution is to measure the products of experience beyond perceptual knowledge—specifically, nonvisual semantic knowledge. For instance, the relation between semantic and perceptual knowledge can help clarify the nature of object recognition deficits in brain-damaged patients (Barton, Hanif, & Ashraf, Brain, 132, 3456–3466, 2009). We present a reliable measure of nonperceptual knowledge in a format applicable across categories. The Semantic Vanderbilt Expertise Test (SVET) measures knowledge of relevant category-specific nomenclature. We present SVETs for eight categories: cars, planes, Transformers, dinosaurs, shoes, birds, leaves, and mushrooms. The SVET demonstrated good reliability and domain-specific validity. We found partial support for the idea that the only source of domain-specific shared variance between the VET and SVET is experience with a category. We also demonstrated the utility of the SVET-Bird in experts. The SVET can facilitate the study of individual differences in visual recognition.
Dead Sorrow: A Story About Loss and a New Theory of Wrongful Death Damages

In this “scholarative,” combining personal narrative and traditional doctrinal scholarship, the author uses a story about personal loss to argue for a new type of wrongful death damages.When a tortiously caused death occurs, five losses/injuries result: (1) the decedent’s life itself; (2) the trauma and bereavement suffered by the decedent’s survivors, collectively referred to in this article as “grief;” (3) the pecuniary value of financial and service contributions that the decedent could have been expected to make to his or her dependents; (4) the loss of the decedent’s society and companionship, which in some states is considered a type of pecuniary loss under the fiction that society and companionship are a type of “lost service” with ascertainable monetary value (technically placing such damages in category 3) but which in other states is viewed as an intangible or noneconomic loss; and (5) the direct costs associated with the death, such as funeral expenses.The wrongful death system fails to account for the first two elements. Current law attaches no monetary value to life itself. The second item, grief, traditionally has been the invisible injury from wrongful death. This article proposes a legislative reconceptualization of wrongful death damages that addresses both of the deficiencies described above — for one price. Specifically, it argues that life has independent value apart from what we earn and give to others and that this value should be recognized in the form of “lost life” damages.Departing from the orthodox view that such damages should be allocated to the decedent’s estate or to the survivors, the article instead suggests that damages for the lost value of life be used for the exclusive purpose of establishing a lasting memorial to the decedent. Such a solution would promote both the economic deterrence and corrective justice models of tort law. Additionally, the memorial established with the lost life damages would, at no additional cost, provide a proven grief-healing instrument for all persons who mourn the decedent’s passing. Finally, because it is recommended that memorials created with lost life damages be required to serve a utilitarian function, another unique aspect of the proposal is that it would allocate tort damages in ways that benefit society in addition to tort victims, enhancing the net social benefit of the tort system.
Selection in a preferred provider organization enrollment.

Abstract OBJECTIVE. The study was conducted to determine whether favorable or adverse selection occurred in a preferred provider organization (PPO) enrollment. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SETTING. Secondary data sources were used to conduct a retrospective study of the utilization of health services and the demographic characteristics of the population involved in the first open enrollment in a new university-based PPO. The PPO under study, sponsored by the University of Michigan (UM) Medical Center, was offered to all 43,005 UM employees, dependents, and retirees. STUDY DESIGN. We analyzed insurance company payments during the one-year period prior to the enrollment to compare the utilization patterns of those who enrolled in the PPO with those who did not. DATA COLLECTION. Prior health care utilization data were obtained from Blue Cross-Blue Shield of Michigan on the entire university population for one year prior to the start of the PPO. Demographic data were obtained from the personnel office of the university. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS. The PPO group had a younger median age than the non-PPO group; the sex distribution was roughly similar for the two groups. In the PPO group 57 percent of all contracts were family contracts compared with only 30 percent in the non-PPO group. The PPO group experienced 20.6 percent lower inpatient payments per member, and 9.4 percent lower outpatient payments per member in the year prior to the enrollment. These differences resulted in an overall 18.7 percent lower payment per member for the PPO group in the year prior to their enrollment. CONCLUSIONS. The results show, based on prior insurance payments, that this PPO received favorable selection during the open enrollment, a finding consistent with favorable selection found in early HMO enrollment.
Juvenile Delinquency: Past and Present

Youth offending and other antisocial behaviors are a great concern in contemporary society. How such concern is manifested, whether through law, policy, legal decisions about individuals, or the decisions of schools or families about adolescents, has significant implications for liberty, public safety, and accountability -- important cornerstones of the kind of society in which we would like to raise our children. Too often, however, decisions about youthful offending and other antisocial behavior are made in the absence of good information, when such information is not sought or not readily available or is outweighed by competing political considerations. It is our belief that good decision making requires good information. We have asked a number of researchers and scholars prominently associated with important questions in this area to describe what information is available and to critically analyze its implications for policy and practice. In the process, we offer our own description of the important aspects of these questions (in the present chapter) and, in the final chapter, our conclusions about the broader implications of the discussion and analyses in each of the earlier chapters.
Image quality measures for fingerprint image enhancement

Fingerprint image quality is an important factor in the performance of Automatic Fingerprint Identification Systems(AFIS). It is used to evaluate the system performance, assess enrollment acceptability, and evaluate fingerprint sensors. This paper presents a novel methodology for fingerprint image quality measurement. We propose limited ring-wedge spectral measure to estimate the global fingerprint image features, and inhomogeneity with directional contrast to estimate local fingerprint image features. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposal.
The 2007 Bering Strait oceanic heat flux and anomalous Arctic sea‐ice retreat

[1] To illuminate the role of Pacific Waters in the 2007 Arctic sea-ice retreat, we use observational data to estimate Bering Strait volume and heat transports from 1991 to 2007. In 2007, both annual mean transport and temperatures are at record-length highs. Heat fluxes increase from 2001 to a 2007 maximum, 5–6 × 1020 J/yr. This is twice the 2001 heat flux, comparable to the annual shortwave radiative flux into the Chukchi Sea, and enough to melt 1/3rd of the 2007 seasonal Arctic sea-ice loss. We suggest the Bering Strait inflow influences sea-ice by providing a trigger for the onset of solar-driven melt, a conduit for oceanic heat into the Arctic, and (due to long transit times) a subsurface heat source within the Arctic in winter. The substantial interannual variability reflects temperature and transport changes, the latter (especially recently) being significantly affected by variability (> 0.2 Sv equivalent) in the Pacific-Arctic pressure-head driving the flow.
The effect of tyrosine nitration of L‐type Ca2+ channels on excitation–transcription coupling in colonic inflammation

Background and purpose: Excitation–transcriptional coupling involves communication between plasma membrane ion channels and gene expression in the nucleus. Calcium influx through L-type Ca2+ channels induces phosphorylation of the transcription factor, cyclic-AMP response element binding protein (CREB) and downstream activation of the cyclic-AMP response element (CRE) promoter regions. Tyrosine nitration of Ca2+ channels attenuates interactions with c-Src kinase, decreasing Ca2+ channel currents and smooth muscle contraction during colonic inflammation. In this study we examined the effect of tyrosine nitration and colonic inflammation on Ca2+ channel mediated phosphorylation of CREB and CRE activation. Experimental approach: CREB and phospho-CREB were detected by Western blots and CRE activation measured by dual luciferase assay. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were transfected with hCav1.2b and hCav1.2b c-terminal mutants. Colonic inflammation was induced by intracolonic instillation of 2,4,6 trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid in mouse colon. Key results: In hCav1.2b transfected CHO cells and in native colonic smooth muscle, depolarization with 80 mM KCl induced CREB phosphorylation (pCREB). Treatment with peroxynitrite inhibited KCl-induced pCREB. Following experimental colitis, KCl-induced CREB phosphorylation was abolished in smooth muscle, concomitant with tyrosine nitration of Ca2+ channels. Depolarization increased CRE activation in hCav1.2b CHO cells by 2.35 fold which was blocked by nifedipine and by protein nitration of Ca2+ channels with peroxynitrite. The Src-kinase inhibitor, PP2, blocked depolarization-induced CRE activation. Mutation of the C-terminus tyrosine residue, Y2134F, but not Y1861F, blocked CRE activation. Conclusions and implications: Post-translational modification of Ca2+ channels due to tyrosine nitration modified excitation–transcriptional coupling in colonic inflammation.
Signaling Networks that Regulate Cell Migration

SUMMARY Stimuli that promote cell migration, such as chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors in metazoans and cyclic AMP in Dictyostelium, activate signaling pathways that control organization of the actin cytoskeleton and adhesion complexes. The Rho-family GTPases are a key convergence point of these pathways. Their effectors include actin regulators such as formins, membersoftheWASP/WAVEfamilyandtheArp2/3complex,andthemyosinIImotorprotein. Pathways that link to the Rho GTPases include Ras GTPases, TorC2, and PI3K. Many of the molecules involved form gradients within cells, which define the front and rear of migrating cells, and are also established in related cellular behaviors such as neuronal growth cone extension and cytokinesis. The signaling molecules that regulate migration can be integrated toprovide amodelofnetworkfunction. Thenetworkdisplaysbiochemicalexcitabilityseenas spontaneouswavesofactivationthat propagatealongthe cellcortex. Theseeventscoordinate cell movement and can be biased by external cues to bring about directed migration.
Individual differences in sexual responsiveness to estrogen and progesterone in ovariectomized rats

Individual differences among 83 ovariectomized rats in behavioral responsiveness to estrogen were measured by scoring the quality of sexual receptivity induced by injections of estradiol benzoate (EB) and progesterone (P). The P dose remained constant but the quantity of EB administered was systematically reduced over successive weeks until lordosis behavior could no longer be elicited. This EB dose was considered threshold. This sequence of weekly hormone injections and receptivity tests was repeated to assess the reliability of our procedures. Animals had thresholds of either 2.0, 1.0 or 0.5 μg/kg EB on both tests; the correlation between threshold values on the two tests was high (r=0.66; p<0.001). Sixty-two females were used to determine the facilitating effects of various quantities of P following EB treatment. Subgroups were tested after the E alone and again after one of 6 P doses. Zero, 20, 50 and 100 μg P failed to elevate receptivity scores significantly; both 250 and 500 μg P had significant facilitating effects. The results demonstrated that individual differences in EB sensitivity can be measured reliably, and a further analysis also suggests similar individual differences in P responsiveness. Our threshold determination procedures provide a useful technique for measuring the effects of various experimental manipulations on the hormone sensitivity of brain mechanisms which regulate estrous behavior.
Conjunctival posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder.

Purpose To describe a patient with conjunctival posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). Design Interventional case report. Methods A 8-year-old boy, three months status post bone marrow transplantation with bilateral enlarged gelatinous bulbar conjunctiva was examined. Biopsy of the bulbar conjunctiva was performed. Results Conjunctival biopsy revealed a polymorphous infiltrate of lymphoid cells with large atypical immunoblastic lymphoma cells, plasmacytoid lymphocytes, and plasma cells. B-cell markers CD20 and CD79a were positive. Plasma cells exhibited restriction for kappa immunoglobulin light chain and were positive for CD79a. Most cells were positive for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encoded ribonucleic acid. EBV-related polymorphic PTLD was diagnosed and treated with discontinuation of cyclosporine, reduction in prednisone dosage and administration of EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The conjunctival lesions resolved during the next five weeks. Conclusions Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder rarely involves the ocular structures with most cases presenting as a masquerade syndrome. This case illustrates that PTLD can involve the conjunctiva and further expands the clinical spectrum of ocular PTLD.
Association of hypercholesterolemia incidence with antiretroviral treatment, including protease inhibitors, among perinatally HIV-infected children.

Treatment of HIV-infected children with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has led to vastly improved outcomes, including reduced mortality,1 decreased incidence of opportunistic infections,2 and improved quality of life.3,4 Despite these advances, metabolic complications related to antiretroviral treatment (ART) have been noted, including delayed puberty, fat redistribution, insulin resistance. and dyslipidemia.5–8 Several cross-sectional studies have found the use of protease inhibitors (PIs) to be associated with elevated cholesterol in children.9–12 Other studies that examined the incidence of hypercholesterolemia among children on PI therapy observed an increase in cholesterol levels over time.13–15 A few longitudinal studies have also been conducted to examine the association between antiretroviral therapy and incidence of high cholesterol and other metabolic disturbances in HIV-infected children. Beregszaszi et al16 identified PI use as an independent predictor of metabolic disturbance (defined as abnormally high levels of insulin, cholesterol, or triglycerides). Rhoads et al17 compared nonfasting lipid levels in children on HAART with PI, HAART without PI, or no HAART. Both types of HAART regimens were associated with an increase in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). PI use was independently associated with incidence of high total cholesterol among children participating in the Perinatal AIDS Collaborative Transmission Study–HIV Follow-up After Perinatal Exposure (PACTS-HOPE) study.18 All these studies were relatively small, however, with fewer than 200 subjects. For this analysis, we examined the incidence of hypercholesterolemia in a large prospectively followed cohort of perinatally HIV-infected children, while adjusting for potentially confounding factors. In addition, we evaluated whether ART, particularly PIs, was associated with increased incidence. This study adds to the earlier cross-sectional evaluation of hypercholesterolemia in this cohort,11 because the ART exposure in our study preceded the development of hypercholesterolemia.
Comparative analysis of cuticular hydrocarbons in the drosophila virilis species group

Abstract 1. 1. Chemical structures were determined for the cuticular alkanes, alkenes, and certain of the alkadienes for 11 D. virilis group species. 2. 2. Male-specific hydrocarbons occurred in five species: these were 9-heneicosene in D. americana and D. novamexicana , 10-heneicosene in D. virilis , 5,13- and 5,15-pentacosadienes in D. kanekoi , and 9-pentacosene in one strain of D. lummei . 3. 3. Hydrocarbon profiles of newly emerged flies always differed from mature files. 4. 4. Relationships among the species, with respect to hydrocarbon profiles, were investigated by cluster analysis.
Individual differences in guilt proneness affect how people respond to moral tradeoffs between harm avoidance and obedience to authority

High guilt proneness was associated with valuing harm avoidance more than obedience to authority on questionnaires (Study 1). Results from a laboratory study suggest that people high in guilt proneness, but not those low in guilt proneness, disobeyed an experimenter to prevent a confederate from suffering through an unpleasant task (Study 2). The present research highlights the role of guilt proneness in moral decision making.
Strategic orientations, competitive advantage, and business performance

Abstract Internally oriented business units, externally oriented business units, and businesses with dual emphasis (which are internally and externally oriented) are analyzed with respect to their performance. The results of the empirical investigation reveal that the internally oriented and the externally oriented businesses have not achieved competitive advantage and are underperformers. The results also portray that the businesses with dual emphasis have achieved competitive advantage and perform well.
The product-delay algorithm: graphic design with amplitude- and frequency-modulated waveforms

Abstract In a recent paper (Sen AK. Computers & Graphics, 1999; 22(6):759–764), the product-delay algorithm was presented as a means of creating graphic designs on a computer. The algorithm was illustrated with sine and square waves. It was shown that a multitude of interesting geometric patterns can be generated with these waveforms. In this paper the product-delay algorithm is used to explore the effects of amplitude and frequency modulation on pattern formation. The strikingly different effects of amplitude and frequency modulation are illustrated with the aid of several examples.
Illusory Causation and Illusory Correlation Two Epistemological Accounts

Illusory causation and illusory correlation, two phenomena which have been observed both in object perception and in person perception, are discussed together with various explanations for these effects. It is proposed that the perception of salient stimuli as causal ma}' reflect the way in which the perceiver picks up information about the environment and that the perception of salient stimuli as correlated may reflect the perceiver's attunement to particular environmental invariants. Research evidence consistent with these propositions is reviewed, and research which would more directly test them is suggested.
Orienteering for Boundary Spanning: Reflections on the Journey to Date and Suggestions for Moving Forward

The problem and the solution. As is evident from the following discussion, continuing professional education and human resource development tend to have boundaries that are held strongly in place by theoretical premises, philosophical foundations, language, the practice arena, and the codification of knowledge in graduate programs. In this article, a grounded-theory approach to boundary spanning is proposed using the Dirkx and Austin model as a compass to navigate between and among types of learning and development, focus of interest, and context.
MIND diet associated with reduced incidence of Alzheimer's disease

Abstract Introduction In a previous study, higher concordance to the MIND diet, a hybrid Mediterranean-Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet, was associated with slower cognitive decline. In this study we related these three dietary patterns to incident Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods We investigated the diet-AD relations in a prospective study of 923 participants, ages 58 to 98 years, followed on average 4.5 years. Diet was assessed by a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Results In adjusted proportional hazards models, the second (hazards ratio or HR = 0.65, 95% confidence interval or CI 0.44, 0.98) and highest tertiles (HR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.26, 0.76) of MIND diet scores had lower rates of AD versus tertile 1, whereas only the third tertiles of the DASH (HR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.38, 0.97) and Mediterranean (HR = 0.46, 95% CI 0.26, 0.79) diets were associated with lower AD rates. Discussion High adherence to all three diets may reduce AD risk. Moderate adherence to the MIND diet may also decrease AD risk.
Extrahypothalamic Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) — Its distribution and its functions

Abstract Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) is distributed throughout the extrahypothalamic nervous system and spinal cord, in the retina, in the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract, in the placenta, in amniotic fluid, in the adrenals and in frog skin. TRH has been shown to have a variety of effects in the central nervous system, both on isolated neurones and in a number of in vivo situations. TRH interacts with endogenous and exogenous opiates and it has been suggested that endogenous TRH may mediate part of the opiate withdrawal syndrome. The presence of TRH in the retina suggests the possibility that TRH plays a role in the visual process. TRH appears to be integrally related to central thermoregulatory mechanisms. The role of TRH in psychiatric disorders is at present controversial. Recent studies suggest a role for TRH as a modulator of gastrointestinal and pancreatic function. The gastrointestinal actions of TRH include inhibition of gastric acid secretion and alterations in gastic motility. The high concentrations of TRH in the neonatal pancreas suggest a role for TRH in the early development of the pancreas. One of the metabolites of TRH histidyl-proline diketopiperazone, appears to have a number of extrahypothalamic actions and this suggests the need for further exploration of the affects of this compound both on the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract. The multiple extrahypothalamic actions of TRH have led to the concept that it is an ubiquitous neurotransmitter that has been co-opted by the pituitary as a releasing factor.
Indications for peritoneo-jugular shunt for ascites.

In the past, refractory ascites was considered to be the only indication for insertion of an ascites valve with a peritoneo-jugular shunt. Such patients required a prolonged hospital stay prior to surgery and often succumbed to acute renal failure. In the present study, every patient entering with massive ascites was placed on a low-salt diet for 2 weeks. Eleven patients did not respond in a 2-week period and were placed on a regimen of continued medical therapy starting with aldactone. Although most of these patients lost weight, onehalf of them died within 6 months. Only 1 patient in the entire group survived more than a year.
Chin augmentation and genioplasty

The position of the chin plays an important role in facial esthetics. It can be modified in two ways. The first is by adding material to it and the second is by a horizontal sliding osteotomy. They both have their indications and limitations. The horizontal sliding osteotomy is the most versatile, however, and should be a part of the armamentarium of all facial plastic surgeons.
Gradient-free directional cell migration in continuous microchannels

Directing cell movements within 3D channels is a key challenge in biomedical devices and tissue engineering. In two dimensions, closely spaced arrays of asymmetric teardrop islands can intermittently polarize cells and sustain their autonomous directional migration with no gradients. However, in 3D microchannels composed of linearly connected teardrop segments, negligibly low directional bias is observed. Rather than adopt teardrop shapes, cells evade morphological polarization by spreading across multiple teardrop segments, only partly filling each. We demonstrate here that cells can be forced to adopt the shape of individual segments by connecting the segments at an angle to minimize cell spreading across multiple segments. The resulting rhythmic polarization leads to significant directional bias for NIH3T3 fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and even cells whose intracellular signalling have been purposely altered to affect lamellipodia extension (Rac1) and cell polarity (Cdc42). This gradient-free approach to directing cell migration in 3D microchannels may find significant applications in tissue scaffolds and cell on a chip devices.
Early Liberal Roots of Feminism: John Locke and the Attack on Patriarchy

The seventeenth-century conflict between patriarchal and liberal political thought grew out of a shift in views on the nature of man and society. Sir Robert Filmer insisted that the king ruled absolutely, the divinely ordained father of his people. Sidney, Tyrrell, and Locke grounded political power in an act of consent on the part of free-born individuals. To what extent did these changing beliefs about human nature also bring about new perspectives on the nature, role and status of women? While this aspect of political theory has usually remained unexplored, it was an important critical weapon in the battle between patriarchal and liberal thought. Patriarchal theorists, relying on the Book of Genesis, could assign women to an appropriately subordinate place in family and society. Consent theories, though, as Filmer noted, depended for consistency on the inclusion of women (as well as children) in the formation of civil society. Early liberal writers including Tyrrell and Sidney were unwilling, then, to abandon patriarchal theory in all its forms and insisted that the consent of the “promiscuous multitude” of women and children was unnecessary. John Locke never specifically dealt with the role of women in the formation of society. Thus, he seemed to have escaped some of the difficulties of finding a place for women consistent with both traditional views of female status and newer views of human nature. Where Locke did speak directly about women, he often departed from traditional views in favor of an individualist approach. Examples of this may be found in his comments on marriage, education and in his discussion of female preaching.
Nature, extent, and impact of superfund hazardous waste sites

Uncontrolled hazardous waste sites are major environmental and public health concerns in the United States and elsewhere. The identification and remediation of and public health responses to these sites are mandated by the U.S. federal Superfund statute. Since its enactment into law in 1980, approximately 40,000 uncontrolled waste sites have been identified in the United States. Approximately 1,300 of these sites constitute the current national Superfund priority list of sites for remediation. Results from analyses are described that characterize the priority hazardous substances released from Superfund sites and the extent of hazard posed to residential communities. Findings from the United States' experience in responding to uncontrolled waste sites are relevant to other countries as they address similar environmental and public health concerns.
Vincristine, adriamycin, and mitomycin (VAM) therapy for previously treated breast cancer: A preliminary report

Fifteen patients with metastatic breast cancer previously treated with chemotherapy were treated with a regimen consisting of vincristine, Adriamycin, and mitomycin. Eleven patients (73%) responded with three complete and eight partial responses. The median duration of response was eight months. While all four nonresponders died within five months, the median duration of survival of responders was 18 months. Toxicity was significant but tolerable. Thus, this preliminary report suggests that this regimen is active in advanced previously treated breast cancer, providing meaningful remissions with acceptable toxicity.
In situ SEM study of the high-temperature oxidation of an Fe-Mn-Al-Si alloy

The oxidation behavior of a low-carbon Fe-30Mn-10Al-Si alloy was studied at 1100 and 1150†C in a hot-stage environmental scanning electron microscope. The oxidation experiments were performed in pure oxygen at a partial pressure of 10 −4 atm. Under these conditions, nodule nuclei of manganese and iron oxide appeared after a few minutes of oxidation, indicating the local destruction of the protective Al2O3 scale. The nodules grew and coalesced and finally overgrew the entire specimen surface. The composition of the nodules changed during the growth process; the amount of iron decreased, and the manganese content increased to about 95 wt%. All the nodules were located in symmetrically shaped pits which intrude into the metal.
Initial plate geometry, shortening variations, and evolution of the Bolivian orocline

Comparisons of newly published cross sections across the Bolivian Andes with existing cross sections through Argentina emphasize significant along-strike changes in crustal shortening. A sharp decrease in the magnitude of crustal shortening from ∼530 km to ∼150 km (north to south) occurs at ∼23°S. A 20–40 m.y. difference in the ages at which deformation was initiated accompanies the abrupt decrease in the magnitude of shortening. Extending the western margin of South America to account for 530 km of shortening in the Bolivian Andes and 150 km of shortening in Argentina produces a central Andean salient that is perpendicular to the Nazca plate shortening direction from 60 to 26 Ma. During this same time interval, the Chilean coast south of 23°S was in an orientation sufficiently oblique to oceanic convergence to allow for predominantly strike-slip offset and backarc extension. Deformation within the Andean mountain chain may be a function of plate convergence where the oblique nature of convergence south of ∼23°S inhibited mountain building, whereas north of ∼23°S, normal convergence to a central Andean salient facilitated contractional deformation. The magnitude of deformation north of ∼23°S is a consequence of both plate-convergence direction, providing a longer period of contractional deformation (from ca. 70 Ma to the present), and a thick Phanerozoic sedimentary package that permitted large magnitudes of thin-skinned deformation. Significant along-strike changes in the shape of the South American margin—allowing for convergence to change from compression to extension along the strike of the orogen—may help explain the dramatic differences in timing, amount, and style of deformation in the Andes.
Comparison of energy expenditure in normal-weight and overweight women using the Caltrac Personal Activity Computer.

Researchers have been unable to discern the relationship between energy expenditure and obesity because there has been no reliable, unobtrusive method to capture daily activity. The Caltrac Personal Activity Computer (Caltrac) is a small, portable accelerometer that translates motion into activity counts when worn by human subjects. It has shown high test-retest reliability during laboratory trials and has demonstrated a strong relationship to several measures of energy expenditure in some laboratory tests. In order to correlate activity with amount of body fat, 39 university women (mean age = 19.15 years, mean weight = 135 lb, SD = 27.17, range = 100-220 lb) wore Caltracs for either 3 (n = 39) or 6 (n = 26) consecutive days. Pearson product-movement correlation coefficients showed a moderate negative relationship between Caltrac counts and body mass index (BMI) (r = -.47, p < or = .01) for Days 4-6 in the subjects who wore the Caltrac for 6 days, but there was no correlation between Caltrac counts and any measures of body fat for the first 3-day period.
Support for situation awareness in trustworthy ubiquitous computing application software

Due to the dynamic and ephemeral nature of ubiquitous computing (ubicomp) environments, it is especially important that the application software in ubicomp environments is trustworthy. In order to have trustworthy application software in ubicomp environments, situation-awareness (SAW) in the application software is needed to enforce flexible security policies and detect violations of security policies. In this paper, an approach is presented to provide development and runtime support to incorporate SAW in trustworthy ubicomp application software. The development support is to provide SAW requirement specification and automated code generation to achieve SAW in trustworthy ubicomp application software, and the runtime support is for context acquisition, situation analysis and situation-aware communication. To realize our approach, the improved Reconfigurable Context-Sensitive Middleware (RCSM) is developed to provide the above development and runtime support. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reproductive effects on skeletal health in Shuar women of Amazonian Ecuador: a life history perspective.

Objective: Clinical and epidemiological research suggest that bone mineral density (BMD) in women is shaped by various reproductive factors such as parity and lactation patterns. However, the extent of these effects on BMD remains unclear because of contradictory findings and a focus on industrialized populations. Because fertility patterns in these groups are vastly different than those of women from non-Western, subsistence populations, our current understanding of the reproductive effects on skeletal health is incomplete. Using a life history perspective, this study examines the relationship between reproductive factors and bone density among women from the Indigenous Shuar population, an Amazonian Ecuadorian forager-horticulturalist group. Methods: This preliminary, cross-sectional study included 130 premenopausal and postmenopausal women (14–86 years old) from the Morona-Santiago region of Ecuador. Anthropometrics were recorded, as was estimated BMD using a calcaneal ultrasonometer. A reproductive history questionnaire was administered that included questions regarding menarche, parity, lactation patterns, and menopause. Results: Among postmenopausal women, early menarche and greater stature were significantly associated with higher bone density values. Among premenopausal women, few significant relationships between bone values and reproductive variables were documented; effects of lactation appeared to be transient and restored following weaning. Conclusions: Although preliminary and not based on longitudinal data, these findings suggest that the effects of reproduction are transient as the system of calcium homeostasis in premenopausal women efficiently restores the bone loss that results from metabolically active reproductive states. Further, this research suggests that the timing of early life history events may canalize bone density phenotype. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Extracting and representing qualitative behaviors of complex systems in phase space

Abstract This paper presents a computational method for automatically analyzing qualitative behaviors of complex dynamical systems in phase space. To demonstrate this method, a program called MAPS has been constructed that understands qualitatively distinct features of a phase space and represents geometric information about these features in a dimension-independent description, using deep domain knowledge of dynamical systems theory. Given a dynamical system specified as a system of governing equations, MAPS incrementally extracts the qualitative information about the system in terms of a qualitative phase-space structure describing steady-state behaviors, stabilities, and transient properties. MAPS generates a high-level symbolic description of the system sensible to human beings and manipulable by other programs, through a combination of numerical, combinatorial, and geometric computations and spatial reasoning techniques. MAPS has successfully demonstrated its power in a difficult engineering domain of nonlinear control design.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Medication Nonadherence in Patients With Uncontrolled Hypertension

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common in primary care patients1 and is associated with psychological distress, suicide risk, and disability. PTSD also increases risk of incident and recurrent cardiovascular events,2 possibly by reducing medication adherence.3 Prior studies showing an association between PTSD and medication non-adherence3 are limited by their use of self-report to measure adherence as PTSD can bias reporting of negative behaviors.4 We evaluated the association between PTSD and antihypertensive medication adherence using electronic monitoring in primary care patients with uncontrolled hypertension.