cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model Based Online Diagnosis of Rotating Machinery Structural Damage

Structural damage often happens in rotating machinery such as steam engines, aircraft engines, and compressors due to the high-speed rotating of the shaft. The most common structural damages in rotating machinery are rotor shaft crack, rotor to stator rub, and bolts looseness and so on. In the present paper, the model based identification method is used to detect single structural damage such as crack, rotor to stator rub, pedestal looseness, and also, coupling fault such as rotor to stator rub and crack, crack and pedestal looseness. Utilizing the characteristic that equivalent loads of rub forces are internal forces, and the equivalent loads of the crack are external moments, the coupling faults of crack and rub-impact and crack and pedestal looseness are analyzed and exampled. The merit of the method is that it is an online diagnosis method, which provides early warning of machine failure. Theoretical simulation and laboratory testing are conducted to validate the method.
The modulated spatial Gausson solution to the Biswas–Milovic equation with log law nonlinearity

Abstract This paper presents the one soliton modulated cosine solution to the Biswas–Milovic equation with log law nonlinearity. The approach is to use the ansatz method to obtain relations for the velocity of the soliton or spatial Gausson with equations for dispersion and the amplitude of the soliton. It turns out that the modulated beam requires an additional periodic relation for the one soliton solution existence.
Radiative lifetime of the A 2Πu (ν′ = 2) level of N2+

Abstract An electron beam excitation technique has been used to determine the radiative lifetime of the A 2 Π u ( ν ′ = 2) state of N + 2 . The measured lifetime is (9.2±2.0) × 10 −6 sec.
Describing Urban 'No Man's Land' in Africa

Cities as elusive, invisible, yet to come. ‘[T]he city is no-man's land’ (Grace Khunou, p. 240 in Mbembe and Nuttall). ‘Lagos is no man's land’ (heard in Lagos by the present writer, August 2010). A picture of a strangely empty and disrupted man-made landscape (William Kentridge, pp. 349–350 in Mbembe and Nuttall), balanced by a dense but also personless urban scene (by the same author, pp. 35–6 in the same text). … The slippage between conventional social scientific terms of runaway urbanization, the teeming human vitality of African cities, and the elusiveness of the titles, sayings and images of these three books, opens up the rich vein for research and writing into which these authors work their ways. Johannesburg. Kinshasa. Pikine (Dakar). Winterveld (a South African urban area outside Pretoria). Douala. Jeddah. The books reviewed here are based on detailed field research in six particular cities. They all juxtapose the categories of ‘metropolis’ and ‘modernity’ to the category of ‘Africa’, all positing the anomaly this move may represent in the categorical social scientific mind. The subtitles immediately indicate a different starting point from the analytics of population, geography and governance. With an approach through ‘tales’ (De Boeck and Plissart) and ‘reading the city’ (Mbembe and Nuttall), the authors indicate an alternative intellectual reach. They start from visual imagery, the language arts and the social mediations through which the lives lived in urban ‘modern’ Africa are expressed, communicated, understood, configured and conserved. Their aims evoked in my mind the modern art – rather than the analytics – of other cities. So here we have ‘circulation’ and vehicles as symbols and sounds without too much attention to traffic (the Lagos ‘go slow’; the accidents); ‘bodies’ without much attention to food or toilet needs or aging; ‘authority’ evaded or permeating rather than personified in mayors, town councils and multitudes of other officials and employees. In the ether of the invisible, what circulates are symbols and expressions; what emanates from bodies is sexual tension, aesthetic sensibility and physical vulnerability (‘bodies in danger’, De Boeck and Plissart, p. 117); what bears down oppressively is constraint and neglect of all kinds. In brief, what strikes the perceptive mind is precisely what bursts out of the conventional forms and has not yet taken a newly conventionalized shape. Through this orientation, all three books bring the humanities and artistic sensibilities to the question of the spirits, souls, inspirations, dangers, images and memories that inhabit the crowded spaces between buildings and people, insects and people, people and people.
Emerging roles of RNA processing factors in regulating long non-coding RNAs

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can be important regulators of various biological processes such as RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM). In the RdDM pathway, recruitment of the DNA methylation complex is mediated through complementary pairing between scaffold RNAs and Argonaute-associated siRNAs. Scaffold RNAs are chromatin-associated lncRNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase Pol V or Pol II, while siRNAs originate from Pol IV- or Pol II-dependent production of lncRNAs. In contrast to the vast literature on co-transcriptional and post-transcriptional processing of mRNAs, information is limited for lncRNA regulation that enables their production and function. Recently Arabidopsis RRP6L1, a plant paralog of the conserved nuclear RNA surveillance protein Rrp6, was shown to mediate RdDM through retention of lncRNAs in the chromatin, thereby revealing that accumulation of functional lncRNAs requires more than simply RNA polymerases. By focusing on the canonical RdDM pathway, here we summarize recent evidence that indicate co-transcriptional and/or post-transcriptional regulation of lncRNAs, and highlight the emerging theme of lncRNA regulation by RNA processing factors.
Low-impedance shielded tip piezoresistive probe enables portable Microwave Impedance Microscopy

We present new scanning probes suitable for Microwave Impedance Microscopy measurements on any scanning platform using a piezoactuator. We microfabricated piezoresistive cantilevers integrated with low-impedance, electrically-shielded transmission lines to enable simultaneous topographical and electrical scanning probe microscopy. The probes provide topography feedback with nanometer vertical resolution for samples or setups where laser detection is not feasible or desirable. MIM is a scanning probe technique that utilizes the interaction of a GHz electrical signal with a sample and yields a conductivity map of the sample at the nanoscale. Our new design exhibits vertical displacement resolution of 3.5 nm in a measurement bandwidth from 1 Hz to 10 kHz. The capacitance between shield and inner conductors measured with an impedance analyzer is 9.5 pF and the trace resistance is 32 Ω. We have demonstrated sample location and topographic scanning capabilities using the self-sensing piezoresistor.
Discriminating positive and negative aspects of pet interaction: sex differences in the older population

Although pet interacters from a sample of 250 persons over 50 years of age generally report receiving more intense uplifts than hassles from their pets (Chi Square = 26.7, p<0.001), there are also differences seen within this group. More specifically, differences are seen in regard to relationships between reported hassles and uplifts from pets, and socializing, life situation, and gender. For example, pet interacters who report a great deal of uplift from pets also report doing things with friends more frequently than do interacters who report only slight uplift from pets (t=2.38, p<0.05). Importantly, pets also appear to serve different roles for female and for male pet interacters, and for pet interacters in different circumstances. Uplifts from pets are associated with leisure and lack of psychological pressure for females, but are related to hassles with social interactions, time, and money for males. Contrastingly, females who report hassles from pets report hassles in the areas of free time, money, and health, but uplifts from social interactions. Human interactions with pets frequently contribute to quality of life and these interactions merit further study.
Molecular basis for substrate selectivity and specificity by an LPS biosynthetic enzyme

Diversity in the polysaccharide component of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) contributes to the persistence and pathogenesis of Gram-negative bacteria. The Nudix hydrolase GDP-mannose mannosyl hydrolase (Gmm) contributes to this diversity by regulating the concentration of mannose in LPS biosynthetic pathways. Here, we present seven high-resolution crystal structures of Gmm from the enteropathogenic E. coli strain O128: the structure of the apo enzyme, the cocrystal structure of Gmm bound to the product Mg2+-GDP, two cocrystal structures of precatalytic and turnover complexes of Gmm-Ca2+-GDP-alpha-d-mannose, and three cocrystal structures of an inactive mutant (His-124 --> Leu) Gmm bound to substrates GDP-alpha-d-mannose, GDP-alpha-d-glucose, and GDP-beta-l-fucose. These crystal structures help explain the molecular basis for substrate specificity and promiscuity and provide a structural framework for reconciling previously determined kinetic parameters. Unexpectedly, these structures reveal concerted changes in the enzyme structure that result in the formation of a catalytically competent active site only in the presence of the substrate/product. These structural views of the enzyme may provide a rationale for the design of inhibitors that target the biosynthesis of LPS by pathogenic bacteria.
Multivariate Comparison of Two Model Preschool Programs.

This study compared two preschool programs-Bank Street and Montessori-using an observational scale originally developed for a study of Head Start classrooms. The two questions underlying the study were: ( 1 ) could the observation scale discriminate between the two programs and ( 2 ) how many independent dimensions underlay the variables derived from the scale. Three classrooms were observed in each program. In each classroom observations were made on four boys and four girls. Each subject was observed for 40 min. on each of three separate days. Three sets of variables were formed from the basic categories. The variables in the first set measured activities and experiences emphasized by Montessori but not by Bank Street literature, in the second set the experiences emphasized by Bank Street and not by Montessori, and in the third set experiences emphasized by both programs. All the differences were found in the first two sets. Perhaps they only reflect a single basic dimension of preschool programs. In order to address this issue multivariate analysis of variance and factor analysis were applied to the nine variables, four from the Montessori set and five from the Bank Street set, which did not show effects of teachers (thus allowing this term to be dropped from the model). The analysis of variance was used to assess how many variables in each set differentiated independently of the others between the two programs, as determined by their step-down Fs. For each set of variables the most general variable was tested first followed by the remaining variables in order of their increasing univariate Fs. Only one of the Montessori variables reached significance according to this criterion, but three of the Bank Street did. Discriminant analysis of these data gave similar results. A second analysis examined the dimensions within the two programs by means of principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation. Of importance here was not the number of factors since this was limited by the small number of variables but how the composition of the factors compared with the results of the analysis of variance: the three Bank Street variables which discriminated independently between the two programs were all on the same factor when looking within the Bank Street program. In determining the dimensions needed to describe preschool programs, it is important to distinguish questions concerning differences between programs from interrelations among the variables within a program.
An Inpatient Diabetes Educator's Impact on Length of Hospital Stay:

This study assessed the impact of an inpatient diabetes education program on: 1) staff nurses' and patients' knowledge about diabetes, 2) hospital length of stay, and 3) patients' glycemic control. Over the course of 1 year, a certified diabetes educator updated nursing staff about diabetes care and education and coordinated a diabetes education program on two experimental medical units. Length of stay of insulin-requiring patients with diabetes and their diabetes knowledge and glycemic control were compared with two control medical units that received no structured diabetes education program. Results showed a significant difference in length of stay and patient knowledge between experimental and control units. Three conditions commonly associated with diabetes (diabetic ketoacidosis, osteomyelitis, foot ulcer) did not account for this difference in length of stay. There was no significant difference between the groups in glycemic control following discharge. While all groups showed improvement in their glycosylated hemoglobin values, only the change in the values of the total population and the control groups was significant. The findings suggest that a Certified Diabetes Educator can decrease length of stay in the hospital setting.
Transition from I4 to I2 scaling of K-shell emission in aluminum array implosions

Abstract It has been observed experimentally that optimal K-shell emission scales as I4 over a limited range of currents in Z-pinch imploded plasmas. It is also known that in order to conserve energy at a sufficiently high current level, this scaling must change and become less than or equal to I2. This result follows because the energy sources, PdV work and ohmic heating scale as I2. In this work, we study theoretically how the scaling of K-shell emission changes as the current is progressively increased. This study is based on a comparison of the implosion characteristics of a number of 1-D radiation hydrodynamic simulations of imploding aluminum wire arrays in which it is assumed that X-ray emission occurs primarily as a result of thermalization of kinetic energy and that the maximum kinetic-energy-per-ion that is generated before the plasma stagnates on axis is kept constant while the mass and current are increased. Results are presented that show the range of validity of previously developed phenomenological models that examined I4 scaling. In addition, the roles that opacity, initial conditions, total mass, density, temperature, and the strength of the magnetic field play in influencing the scaling of total, and K-shell emissions as the current is increased are discussed.
Impact initiation of Tritonal and PBX-N109

Recently, the behavior of explosive materials under intermediate loading rates (100 - 104 s-1) has become of interest. Shock and quasi-static behaviors have been well characterized, but in weapons such as a deep earth penetrator, loading conditions in intermediate strain ranges will occur previous to initiation and affect the response of the explosive. Impact tests of the explosives Tritonal and PBX-N109 were conducted at the Advanced Warhead Experimentation Facility at Eglin AFB, FL. The tests show that these materials fragment under dynamic shear loading and require high hydrostatic loads after failure to generate internal friction needed for initiation. Macroscopic, adiabatic shear localization is not a feasible initiation mechanism for these materials under these loading conditions.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Iodine in milk and meat of dairy cows fed different amounts of potassium iodide or ethylenediamine dihydroiodide.

Relationships between I intake by lactating Holstein cows and iodine concentrations in milk and meat were investigated. Six treatment groups with seven cows assigned to each treatment were fed a basal diet containing .8 mg I/kg alone or supplemented with I at 1, 2, or 4 mg/kg in four 5-wk periods. Basal alone was fed in the first and third periods and the I supplement was potassium iodide in the second period and ethylenediamine dihydroiodide in the fourth period. Iodine concentrations in milk increased with each increase in dietary I from 205 ng/ml for basal periods to 404, 477, and 757 ng/ml when 1, 2, or 4 mg/kg I was fed as potassium iodide; and 467, 535, and 869 ng/ml when 1, 2, or 4 mg/kg I was fed as ethylenediamine dihydroiodide. Concentrations of I in skeletal muscle after the fourth period were not affected by 2 mg/kg I and only increased from 166 to 199 ng/g when supplemental I was 4 mg/kg. Moderate changes in dietary I are quickly reflected in milk I, but I in meat is relatively stable.
Short-distance dominance of vertex functions

In order to calculate high-energy high-momentum-transfer processes for particles described by composite fields one needs to know some uniformity properties of the external-particle vertex function. We examine such a vertex function in a scalar theory in six dimensions in the case in which anomalous dimensions are realized. We start from the result that, in a certain class of renormalizable theories, the vertex function for three fundamental fields is dominated by short distances. This is used to prove that the convolution of the composite-particle vertex function with the direct and crossed renormalized skeleton graphs is consistent only if such a vertex function is also dominated by short distances.
Computation of continuous relative phase and modulation of frequency of human movement

Continuous relative phase measures have been used to quantify the coordination between different body segments in several activities. Our aim in this study was to investigate how the methods traditionally used to compute the continuous phase of human rhythmic movement are affected by modulations of frequency. We compared the continuous phase computed method with the traditional method derived from the position-velocity phase plane and with the Hilbert Transform. The methods were tested using sinusoidal signals with a modulation of frequency between or within cycles. Our results showed that the continuous phase computed with the first method results in oscillations in the phase time-series not expected for a sinusoidal signal and that the continuous phase is overestimated with the Hilbert Transform. We proposed a new method that produces a correct estimation of continuous phase by using half-cycle estimations of frequency to normalize the phase planes prior to calculating phase angles. The findings of the current study have important implications for computing continuous relative phase when investigating human movement coordination.
Review of a Large Clinical Series: Perioperative Myocardial Infarction in Low-Risk Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery Is Associated With Intraoperative Hypotension:

This is an investigation of the association of intraoperative hypotension and perioperative myocardial infarction (MI) in low-risk patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. The case-control study compared all patients who experienced perioperative MI during the years 1996 through 1999 to a similar group of patients matched for multiple variables. Perioperative MI occurred in 22 patients. Two patients, who underwent unusual surgical procedures, were excluded from the study. The remaining 20 MI patients were compared with 40 patients who had the same types of surgery and similar mean ages, co-morbidities and preoperative evaluations. Of the patients suffering a perioperative MI, 14 (70%) experienced intraoperative hypotension, as opposed to 11 (28%) of those who did not have an MI (P = .002). Six (30%) MI patients died as opposed to only one (2.5%) of the non-MI group (P = .004). When subjected to logistic regression analysis, intraoperative hypotension remained the only significant variable associated with p...
Functional Regulation of T-Type Calcium Channels by S-Nitrosothiols in the Rat Thalamus

Although T-type Ca2+ channels in the reticular thalamic nucleus (nRT) have a central function in tuning neuronal excitability and are implicated in sensory processing, sleep, and epilepsy, the mech...
Anxiety responses of parents during and after the hospitalization of their 5- to 11-year-old children.

The purpose of this study was to examine the anxiety responses of parents ( N =52) of 5-to 11-year-old children during and after the hospitalization of their child. The study assessed the level of parental anxiety and its change over time and it examined the relationship between parental anxiety and their children's anxiety, age, gender, length of hospitalization, and previous admission. The study also examined the feelings reported by the parents. Parent showed a decrease in anxiety from admission to discharge whereas anxiety remained fairly constant from discharge to posthospitalization. There was a positive relationship between parental anxiety and the length of the child's hospitalization. There were both positive and negative relationships between the various measures of parental and child anxiety. No relationship was found between parental anxiety and the children's age, gender, and previous admission. Findings of this study have implications for practice and further research.
Muscular or Directional Preferences in Finger Movement as a Function of Handedness

Right handed, left handed, and "ambiguous" male and female subjects performed circular index finger movements. Analysis of preferred direction of movements showed that strong right handers tend to move both left and right index fingers in the same direction, and familial left handers tend to move them in opposite directions. Since right handers tend to possess a strongly dominant left hemisphere, while familial left handers exhibit a high degree of cerebral lateral equipotentiality, the result indicates that interhemispheric interference in a motor skill consists of activation of inappropriate muscles of the non-preferred hand by the dominant ipsilateral hemisphere as its attempts to force that hand to conform to the direction of movement preferred by the dominant hand.
Unusual Vortex Dynamics in Nb-a-Si Multilayers with Strong Interlayer Coupling.

We observe an unexpected, new dissipation peak as a function of magnetic field orientation in NB{endash}{ital a}-Si multilayers. This peak depends differently on current, anisotropy, and magnetic field to the usual dissipation in layered anisotropic superconductors which is also seen. This new peak is most easily visible for thin {ital a}-Si layers and is consistent with a crossover from 3D to 2D vortex behavior as the field direction approaches the plane of the layers. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Demonstration of a High Speed 4-Channel Integrated Silicon Photonics WDM Link with Hybrid Silicon Lasers

The demonstration of a 4λ×10Gbps Silicon Photonics CWDM link integrating all optical components, electronics and packaging technologies required for system integration is reported. Further demonstration of the link operating at 50Gbps, 4λ×12.5Gbps, is also shown.
Analysis of Errors in Historical Use of Archie's Parameters

While it is common knowledge that the values of Archie's parameters 'a', 'm' and 'n' may vary for sandstone reservoirs at different conditions - consolidated/unconsolidated, water-wet/ oil-wet, pore geometry, degree of sphericity, clay content and insitu depositional environment - the values of a = 1, m = 2 and n = 2 have been linked historically with Archie's equations. Statistically, these values were assumed as the population mean when used in calculations, but the magnitude of errors associated with their use is often neglected. This study shows how a sample of data drawn from experimental and analytical methods determine Archie's parameters. Well logs from sandstone reservoirs are used to draw statistical inferences about the population characteristics of Archie's parameters in sandstone reservoirs. This also shows the magnitude of relative error possible when m = 2 and n = 2 are used to compute water saturation and formation resistivity factors.
The emptied bacteriophage T4 head: a novel nanoparticle vehicle to simultaneously deliver HIV-1 antigens and genes into dendritic cells

Background Simultaneous delivery of HIV-1 antigens and genes by a single nanoparticle will greatly aid in the development of effective HIV-1 vaccines. We have created a highly stable, empty bacteriophage T4 capsid shell which can be engineered both inside and out. The empty head can be filled with foreign DNA using a powerful DNA packaging machine. Its surface can be arrayed with proteins as fusions of the outer capsid proteins, Hoc (highly antigenic outer capsid protein) and Soc (small outer capsid protein). The 120 x 86 nm head has a capacity to accommodate 170-kb foreign DNA and 1025 molecules of proteins. Methods
Climate and the evolution of mountains.

This article examines the effects of climate on the shape of the earth's surface. It focuses on research conducted in Himalayas in Nepal that displayed a strong relationship between mountain size, plate tectonics, and climactic conditions. The annual Indian monsoon season causes erosion on the east side of the mountains, which, in turn, may cause a flow of crustal material from underneath the southern Tibetan Plateau to other areas of the range, rebuilding it.
An Unknown Whitman Prose Manuscript on the Principle of Aggregation

Transcribes and discusses a previously unpublished Whitman prose manuscript dealing with the "Central Identity" of the United States.
Predation on Largemouth Bass Embryos by the Pond Snail Viviparus georgianus

(1972). Predation on Largemouth Bass Embryos by the Pond Snail Viviparus georgianus. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society: Vol. 101, No. 4, pp. 734-738.
Scattering of Gravitational Radiation by a Schwarzschild Black-hole

THE discovery of pulsars and the general conviction that they are neutron stars resulting from gravitational collapse have strengthened the belief in the possible presence of Schwarzschild black-holes—or Schwarzschild horizons—in nature, the latter being the ultimate stage in the progressive spherical collapse of a massive star. The stability of these objects, which has been discussed in a recent report1, ensures their continued existence after formation. Inasmuch as the infinite redshift associated with it and its behaviour as a one-way membrane make the Schwarzschild horizon at once elusive and intriguing, it is important to explore theoretically all possible modes in which the presence of such a black-hole manifests itself. In what follows, we present a partial summary of some results obtained from an investigation of the scattering of gravitational waves by a Schwarzschild horizon.
A role for Drosophila dFoxO and dFoxO 5'UTR internal ribosomal entry sites during fasting.

One way animals may cope with nutrient deprivation is to broadly repress translation by inhibiting 5′-cap initiation. However, under these conditions specific proteins remain essential to survival during fasting. Such peptides may be translated through initiation at 5′UTR Internal Ribosome Entry Sites (IRES). Here we show that the Drosophila melanogaster Forkhead box type O (dFoxO) transcription factor is required for adult survival during fasting, and that the 5′UTR of dfoxO has the ability to initiate IRES-mediated translation in cell culture. Previous work has shown that insulin negatively regulates dFoxO through AKT-mediated phosphorylation while dFoxO itself induces transcription of the insulin receptor dInR, which also harbors IRES. Here we report that IRES-mediated translation of both dFoxO and dInR is activated in fasted Drosophila S2 cells at a time when cap-dependent translation is reduced. IRES mediated translation of dFoxO and dInR may be essential to ensure function and sensitivity of the insulin signaling pathway during fasting.
The Effects of Gender Interactions in the Lab and in the Field

Abstract An important issue with conducting economic analysis in the lab is whether the results generalize to real-world environments where the stakes and subject pool are considerably different. We examine data from the game show The Weakest Link to determine whether the gender of one's opponent affects performance. We then attempt to replicate the competitive structure of the game show in the lab with an undergraduate subject pool. The results in the lab only match when we both employ high stakes in the lab (≥ $50) and limit our analysis to young contestants in the game show (age < 33).
Microalgae to biofuels: Life cycle impacts of methane production of anaerobically digested lipid extracted algae

This study presents experimental measurements of the biochemical methane production for whole and lipid extracted Nannochloropsis salina. Results show whole microalgae produced 430 cm(3)-CH4 g-volatile solids(-1) (g-VS) (σ=60), 3 times more methane than was produced by the LEA, 140 cm(3)-CH4 g-VS(-1) (σ=30). Results illustrate current anaerobic modeling efforts in microalgae to biofuel assessments are not reflecting the impact of lipid removal. On a systems level, the overestimation of methane production is shown to positively skew the environmental impact of the microalgae to biofuels process. Discussion focuses on a comparison results to those of previous anaerobic digestion studies and quantifies the corresponding change in greenhouse gas emissions of the microalgae to biofuels process based on results from this study.
Technology in Science Education: The Next 10 Years

Federal activity in key areas can help ensure the successful application of the microcomputer and the videodisk to science education.
Block-graft and star-shaped copolymers by continuous transformation from anionic to cationic polymerization

The anionic block copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 2-(1-acetoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate (2) was first carried out by the sequential polymerization of MMA and 2, using (1,1-dipheny...
Consumers of Hmong Textiles

Profiles of midwestern consumers of Hmong textiles were developed and recommendations were made for improved product design and marketing of Hmong textiles. Participants were 20 consumers of Hmong textiles. In-depth interviews were followed by participants' completing a questionnaire. Central to the interviews were the participants' 1) ranking a set of 10 Hmong textiles according to preference and 2) discussing their reasons for placement of textiles at the top and bottom ranks. Data were analyzed using a content analysis system and hierarchical cluster analysis. Six consumer profiles were developed for Fine Workmanship Consumers, Supporters of the Hmong People, Pragmatic Consumers, Patrons of Hmong Folk Art, Function-Oriented Consumers, and Color-Centered Consumers. The results contributed to a proposition that the majority of textile craft consumers fit a common set of profiles regardless of the textile craft purchased or the consumer's home locale.
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Pregnant Women With Breast Cancer

Background Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SNB) in pregnant women with breast cancer is uncommonly pursued given concern for fetal harm. This study evaluated efficacy and safety outcomes in pregnant breast cancer patients undergoing SNB.
Validation and verification of intelligent systems - what are they and how are they different?

Researchers and practitioners in the field of expert systems all generally agree that to be useful, any fielded intelligent system must be adequately verified and validated. But what does this mean in concrete terms? What exactly is verification? What exactly is validation? How are they different? Many authors have attempted to define these terms and, as a result, several interpretations have surfaced. It is our opinion that there is great confusion as to what these terms mean, how they are different, and how they are implemented. This paper, therefore, has two aims—to clarify the meaning of the terms validation and verification as they apply to intelligent systems, and to describe how several researchers are implementing these. The second part of the paper, therefore, details some techniques that can be used to perform the verification and validation of systems. Also discussed is the role of testing as part of the above-mentioned processes.
Delay-Doppler Ambiguity Function for Wideband Signals

The conventional ambiguity function is extended to include the Doppler distortions of the modulation function. The distinctive features of the extension are the use of the complex notation for wideband signals, and inclusion of the Doppler effect on the signal amplitude. The result is an ambiguity function from which Woodward's form can be found by inspection. It is shown that the well-known volume constraint also applies, in unchanged form, to the generalized ambiguity function. For the volume to be constant, it is not required that the distortions of the modulation function be neglected. Rather, the volume constancy is related to the sinusoidal fluctuations of a modulated carrier-type signal and thus is strictly a matter of the percentage bandwidth of the signal.
Photon echoes in lithium vapor with the use of angled excitation beams

Two-pulse photon echoes on the $2^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{-}2^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ transition in lithium vapor are generated using laser excitation pulses with angular separations of 0.70 and 1.40 mrad. The observed degradation of echo intensity with angling of the excitation pulses is in agreement with theory. The largest echoes radiated by the lithium sample contained ${10}^{9}$ photons; the smallest echoes detected contained only an average of 0.04 photons. This intensity range of greater than ${10}^{10}$ represents measurements made over more than 15 natural lifetimes of the $2^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ state despite the degradation due to angling. Modulation of the echo signal due to the hyperfine structure of the $2^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ state is also observed.
Promoting and Protecting Corporate Identity: The Importance of Organizational and Industry Context

Corporate identity has the power to help a firm obtain an advantage over its competitors. Scholars have stressed the importance of building this identity. The promotion and protection of a firm's corporate identity represent organizational capabilities that are critical in this pursuit. The building of corporate identity, however, is not a universal prescription for success. Under certain conditions, firms may not want to allocate scarce resources to corporate identity promotion and protection. This study explores the role of several of these contextual factors using survey data from corporate communications executives of 129 US public firms. The research explores the role of branding strategy on the promotion and protection of corporate identity, as well as the potential moderating influences of financial resources and industry characteristics. The findings suggest that firms using a monolithic approach are likely to promote and protect their corporate identity more aggressively, relative to firms employing a branded strategy. The results also suggest that the relationship between branding strategy and corporate identity promotion differs between consumer goods industries and non-consumer goods industries. Implications for researchers and managers are discussed.
Measuring the fractal geometry of landscapes

Kilometers-wide landscapes are spatially complex. Often, the consequences of spatial heterogeneity on the flow of organisms and energy is unknown, primarily due to a lack of quantitative tools appropriate for patterns which vary consistently across a range of length scales. Methods are described for quantifying perimeter, area, frequency, density, and diversity relationships for the patches composing fractal mosaics. A methodology is also introduced for applications where analyses based on the statistical association of patches are preferable to independent analyses of the patches. Determinations of the range of length scales over which systems exhibit self-similarity provide a means of identifying the scales at which fine-scale processes create ''global'' scale patterns. Together, these methods provide tools for the analysis of fractal patterns in landscapes, with implications for the use of predictive models at many scales, the comparison of diversity measurements from different studies, and the possible enumeration of processes affecting a system.
Influence of sibutramine on energy expenditure in African American women.

OBJECTIVE African American women have a high prevalence of obesity, which partially may be explained by their lower rates of resting energy expenditure (REE). The aim of this study was to examine the influence of acute sibutramine administration on REE and post-exercise energy expenditure in African American women. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES A total of 15 premenopausal, African American women (age, 29 +/- 5 years; body fat, 38 +/- 7%) completed a randomized, double-blind cross-over design with a 30-mg ingestion of sibutramine or a placebo. Each trial was completed a month apart in the follicular phase and included a 30-minute measurement of REE 2.5 hours after sibutramine or placebo administration. This was followed by 40 minutes of cycling at approximately 70% of peak aerobic capacity and a subsequent 2-hour measurement of post-cycling energy expenditure. RESULTS There was no difference (p > 0.05) in REE (23.70 +/- 2.81 vs. 23.69 +/- 2.95 kcal/30 min), exercise oxygen consumption (1.22 +/- 0.15 vs. 1.25 +/- 0.15 liter/min), and post-cycling energy expenditure (104.2 +/- 12.7 vs. 104.9 +/- 11.4 kcal/120 min) between the sibutramine and placebo trials, respectively. Cycling heart rate was significantly higher (p = 0.01) during the sibutramine (158 +/- 14 beats/min) vs. placebo (150 +/- 12 beats/min) trials. DISCUSSION These data demonstrate that acute sibutramine ingestion does not increase REE or post-exercise energy expenditures but does increase exercising heart rate in overweight African American women. Sibutramine may, therefore, impact weight loss through energy intake and not energy expenditure mechanisms.
Nonuniform sediment transport in alluvial rivers

A correction factor has been developed in this paper to account for the hiding and exposure mechanism of nonuniform sediment transport. This factor is assumed to be a function of the hidden and exposed probabilities, which are stochastically related to the size and gradation of bed materials. Based on this concept, the formulas to calculate the critical shear stress of incipient motion and the fractional bed-load and suspended load transport rates of nonuniform sediment have been established. These formulas have been tested against a wide range of laboratory and field data and compared with several other existing empirical methods. The predictions by these newly proposed formulas are very good.
A simplified two‐phase technique for the simplex method

A simplified two-phase technique is presented for treating artificial vectors when simplex calculations are made by hand. This procedure allows the elimination of the extra row used to keep artificial variables at a zero level in Phase II, when they appear at a zero level in the basis at the end of Phase I.
Evidence That MIF Plays a Role in the Development of Pigmentation Patterns in the Frog

A ventrally localized melanization-inhibiting factor (MIF) may play an important role in the expression of dorsal-ventral pigment patterns of amphibians. In efforts to purify this putative MIF, ventral skin conditioned medium (VCM) from Rana forreri was partially fractionated and used to immunize mice. A monoclonal antibody that has the ability to block the activity of MIF was isolated, and an immunoaffinity matrix was prepared by cross-linking the antibody to protein G-Sepharose. The fraction of VCM that bound to the affinity matrix decreased the number of melanized cells in the Xenopus laevis neural tube explant assay, but did not reduce significantly the number of cells that emigrated. The monoclonal antibody was used for immunohistochemical studies on R. pipiens skin. Strong staining with the antibody was observed beneath the basement membrane, in mucous glands, and in the subcutaneous tissue of the ventral skin. A weak staining was also observed in the ground substances of both ventral and dorsal skin. These results confirm that a monoclonal antibody has been secured against at least one of the MIF constituents and that it is useful as a probe in detecting the distribution of MIF in tissues. The results of its use in this study support the hypothesis that MIF plays a role in the expression, development, and maintenance of the dorsal-ventral pigmentation patterns of frogs.
Effects of pretreatment with pyrazole and inducers of mixed function oxidases on DNA repair elicited by dimethylnitrosamine in rat hepatocytes in vivo and in vitro

Abstract Experiments were performed to investigate the relationship between the rate of oxidative metabolism of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) by rat liver microsomes (i.e., DMN demethylase activity, DMNd) and its genotoxicity in liver, as assessed by the in vitro and in vivo/in vitro rat hepatocyte primary culture/DNA repair (HPC/DR) assays. Pretreatment of rats with pyrazole (PYR) resulted in a 4-fold increase in DMNd and a 3-fold greater DNA repair response to in vivo administration of 5 mg DMN/kg body weight. Pretreatment with phenobarbital (PB), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), β-naphthoflavone (β-NF) or Aroclor 1254 (ARO) produced a variable degree of inhibition of DMNd and had no significant effects on the response to DMN in the in vivo/in vitro HPC/DR assay. DNA repair elicited by DMN in vitro was decreased in hepatocytes from rats pretreated with 3-MC, while PB, DDT, β-NF and ARO pretreatments had little effect on the response. In contrast, PYR pretreatment produced a 4.5–6.7-fold increase in the in vitro DNA repair response to DMN, and extended detection of positive responses to lower concentrations. Most of the inducers had no effect on DNA repair elicited by the direct acting alkylator, methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). Thus, the pretreatment-related changes in DMN-induced DNA repair were probably due to alterations in DMNd rather than to effects on the DNA repair capacity of the hepatocytes.
Serum CPK in muscular dystrophy and myotonia dystrophica.

Abstract Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity in serum was measured in control subjects and in patients with various forms of muscular dystrophy or with myotonia dystrophica by the one enzyme backward ward reaction (C + ATP ⇌ CP + ADP) without and with the addition of a sulfhydryl compound (mercaptoethanol). In healthy subjects and in patients without myopathy or neuropathy the addition of the sulfhydryl compound to such assays based on one enzyme did not raise the mean serum CPK value (differences recorded without or with mercaptoethanol were not statistically significant), nor did it alter the range of minimum-maximum values. In terms of reference standards serum CPK values lie between zero and 16.9 I.U. in 99 per cent of control subjects and the remainder is between 17 and 40.9 I.U. The addition of mercaptoethanol to the one enzyme backward reaction, judging from our studies, increases the mean value of CPK in patients with pseudohypertrophic and limb girdle muscular dystrophy and decreases the overlap of these groups with control values. Similar trends in FSH dystrophy and myotonia dystrophica were not statistically significant, but our observations are limited in number. Comparisons of our data based on the one enzyme backward reaction with results from laboratories employing this plus two other enzyme reactions indicate that both methods can yield serum CPK values of the same order of magnitude. Despite differences in the magnitude of serum CPK activity reported by various laboratories employing a variety of assay methods, there is general agreement concerning the frequency and the course of increased serum CPK activity in the various primary myopathies, myotonia dystrophica, and in neurologic disorders.
DRS. MUTH AND MILLS MEET DR. TIEBOUT: INTEGRATING LOCATION‐SPECIFIC AMENITIES INTO MULTI‐COMMUNITY EQUILIBRIUM MODELS*

We consider the problem of integrating spatial amenities into locational equilibrium models with multiple jurisdictions. We provide sufficient conditions under which models that assume a single housing price in each community continue to apply in the presence of location-specific amenities that vary both within and across communities. If these conditions are satisfied, the models, estimation methods, and results in Epple and Sieg (1999) are valid in the presence of (potentially unobserved) location-specific amenities. We also show how to construct sufficient statistics that capture location specific spatial heterogeneity. We apply these techniques using data from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. We find that these amenity measures capture proximity to important local employment centers as well as heterogeneity in school quality within a given school district.
Vegetation–site relationships of roadside plant communities in West Virginia, USA

Summary 1 In mountainous regions, road construction is accompanied by large-scale physical disturbance associated with cut and fill operations that drastically alter the landscape. Cut operations remove soil and rock from the hillside above the proposed road, while soil and rock are deposited on the down-slope area in fill operations. The resultant roadsides are highly disturbed habitats characterized by plant communities maintained at an early successional stage. They are often planted with non-native species and frequently provide vectors for the introduction and spread of invasive species. Public transportation managers need to balance the rapid revegetation of roadsides with the goal of maximizing use of native species and minimizing the introduction of non-native species. 2 This study examined vegetation–site relationships along 13 major four-lane highways in West Virginia, USA, using analysis of variance, multiresponse permutation procedures and indicator species analysis. 3 Mean soil nutrient values showed some differences with respect to highway, but fewer when highway positions were compared. Similarly, when highway position was considered, there were no significant differences in mean plant species richness, evenness or diversity. 4 Results of multiresponse permutation procedures suggested that different highways may be characterized by distinct vegetation assemblages. This hypothesis was supported by indicator species analysis: 54 species showed a statistically significant (P < 0·05) affinity to one highway over all others. More than half of these were classified as non-native and exotic invasive species. When highway position was considered, no significant differences in community composition were found, and indicator species analysis found only 25 species that exhibited a significant affinity to one type of position. Of these, only eight were exotic. 5 Of the 33 most abundant herbaceous species, 11 showed a significant relationship between cover and distance from pavement. For all but one, average cover declined in a linear fashion with increasing distance. 6 Synthesis and applications. Despite extensive topographic disturbance associated with highway construction, the resultant vegetative communities do not differ with respect to type of construction or resultant landform. This suggests that highway agencies can manage roadside vegetation using similar, standard techniques. Roadsides are optimal growing sites for exotic invasive species that out-compete native vegetation. Management goals should therefore include techniques for limiting the establishment of these species, and substitution of non-native species planted for erosion control with suitable native species.