cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Improved Mechanistic Interpretation of the Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Methylcyclohexanols

The acid-catalyzed dehydration of regioisomeric methylcyclohexanols is a classic organic chemistry experiment featured in a variety of laboratory textbooks and literature. The mechanistic details of this reaction have received an inconsistent and occasionally inaccurate treatment, wherein the reaction has been described as a mix of E1, E2-like, acid-catalyzed E2, and base-catalyzed E2 processes. We provide an overview of how this reaction has been represented in the chemistry education literature and describe a model for its mechanistic interpretation as an E1 reaction that is typically analyzed before thermodynamic equilibrium is established. This model is supported by new experimental data and computational explorations of the reactive intermediates and cycloalkene products. We provide clear recommendations for how this reaction should be presented to students.
Exposure Assessment at a Pullet Barn - A Case Study.

Objectives Poultry production is an integral part of agriculture and of the U.S. economy, accounting for millions of eggs and chicken products consumed annually. Most ubiquitous to the poultry industry from farm production to research are broiler and layer poultry operations, with pullet operations at the forefront. Although essential to the cycles of production, there is a dearth of evidence regarding the occupational exposure risks of pullet production. The aim of this case study was to measure total dust and ammonia levels during the growth cycle of pullets. Methods Ammonia and total dust concentrations were measured as single day measurements at three different points of time during the 16.5-week growth cycle of pullet flocks using two fixed sampling stations configured to represent the breathing zone height of poultry workers. Results As birds grew from chicks to hens, concentrations of total dust and ammonia increased. Notably, from 3 weeks-of-age to 9 weeks-of-age concentrations of total dust increased from 1.1-1.2 mg/m3 to 16.0-18.0 mg/m3; and from 9 weeks-of-age to 15 weeks-of-age, dust concentrations reached 43.0-50.0 mg/m3. Concentrations of ammonia also increased from 9 weeks to 15 weeks from 1.1-2.7 ppm to 22.0-30.0 ppm. Conclusions Both levels of ammonia and total dust reached levels that have the potential to induce adverse health effects among farmers raising pullets.
NeuroComb: Improving SAT Solving with Graph Neural Networks

Propositional satisfiability (SAT) is an NP-complete problem that impacts many research fields, such as planning, verification, and security. Despite the remarkable success of modern SAT solvers, scalability still remains a challenge. Main stream modern SAT solvers are based on the Conflict-Driven Clause Learning (CDCL) algorithm. Recent work aimed to enhance CDCL SAT solvers by improving its variable branching heuristics through predictions generated by Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). However, so far this approach either has not made solving more effective, or has required frequent online accesses to substantial GPU resources. Aiming to make GNN improvements practical, this paper proposes an approach called NeuroComb, which builds on two insights: (1) predictions of important variables and clauses can be combined with dynamic branching into a more effective hybrid branching strategy, and (2) it is sufficient to query the neural model only once for the predictions before the SAT solving starts. Implemented as an enhancement to the classic MiniSat solver, NeuroComb allowed it to solve 18.5% more problems on the recent SATCOMP-2020 competition problem set. NeuroComb is therefore a practical approach to improving SAT solving through modern machine learning.
Comprehensive Unified Land Data System

American Bar Association Committee on Improvement of Land Title Records has recommended modernization of land records through cooperation of interested governmental and private organizations to assure proper use of EDP equipment, miniaturization of records, orthophotography, photogrammetry, large scale maps, plane coordinates convertible into latitude and longitude, modern equipment to measure distances, increased monumentation of grid points tied into national monumentation system, standard classification codes, and elimination of unnecessary duplication. Land data as to any parcel may be obtained by use of parcel’s primary identifier, street adress, or any other commonly used number such as book-plat-lot number. Primary or a secondary identifier for parcels may be coordinates of its approximate center or of a point in center of front line of urban lots. Large scale maps and parcel coordinates will be based on State Plane Coordinate Systems or another acceptable plane coordinate grid convertible into latitude and longitude and tied into national monumentation system.
Heat Transfer in Non-Newtonian Fluids

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on heat transfer in non-Newtonian fluids. This chapter illustrates that useful engineering studies which deal with transport processes in non-Newtonian fluids have been underway for the past several years. Earlier heat transfer reviews therefore serves primarily to separate a very small number of useful contributions from the substantial mass of trivial, misleading or even incorrect concepts and interpretations available at that time. This chapter provides the general survey of rheological behavior necessary for an understanding of transport processes in non-Newtonian fluids. The fluid classification system of interest is based on the form of the constitutive equations used to describe the properties of real fluids quantitatively. The chapter discusses all or more recent publication of work on heat transfer to non-Newtonian fluids since 1954 and provides an overview of the current state of the art. The chapter also describes fluid mechanical studies dealing with non-Newtonian materials.
Cryptanalysis and enhancement of authentication protocols

Authentication protocols play important roles in network security. A variety of authentication protocols ranging from complex public-key cryptosystems to simple password-based authentication schemes have been proposed. However, currently there is no fully secure authentication scheme that can resist all known attacks. When a user authentication is performed over an insecure network, additional problems arise due to the fact that the communication may be intercepted, or even altered, by an attacker. In general, one cannot assume that there is a secure channel between the client and the server. In this dissertation, we present specific cryptanalytic attacks on existing protocols and show their vulnerabilities in order to design more secure protocols. In particular, we propose improved security schemes to overcome certain security defects with registration, login, and password/identifier-change schemes. We also propose new authentications schemes which are more secure against guessing, stolen-verifier, replay, denial-of-service, and impersonation attacks than the existing protocols.
Continuing Medical Education: Key Methodological Issues in Sexual Medicine Research (CME)

ABSTRACT DeRogatis LR, and Burnett AL. Key methodological issues in sexual medicine research The field of research in sexual medicine has grown dramatically in the past decade to a point where we now have a substantial armamentarium of pharmacologic and psychological interventions available for the treatment of sexual dysfunctions in men. Concomitantly, numerous new compounds are in advanced stages of clinical development to expand the spectrum of treatment options for women's sexual dysfunctions as well. We believe we have reached a point in our overall research agenda where it may be useful to reappraise certain aspects of our clinical research methodology. We have performed this with a view toward identifying a number of key issues that we believe represent continuing impediments to sustained growth in sexual medicine research, and we have made recommendations concerning implementing tactics and strategies that we believe will help overcome these methodological barriers to continued progress. We do not view the suggestions made here as definitive resolutions to the problems identified, but rather as progressive ideas that will enable our research to continue to move forward.
Polarizability tensors of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Sheets with realistic shapes

Carbon Nanotube (CNT) and Graphene Sheets (GS) dispersed in composites exhibit a variety of shapes that are controlled by many factors such as how the CNT/GS are fabricated, how they are dispersed, and the material in which the CNT/GS are embedded. The goal of this work is to study how the shape of the CNT and GS affects their electromagnetic properties. A large number of worm-like CNT and crumpled GS with realistic shapes were generated using a coarse-grained molecular dynamics model. The static electric and magnetic polarizability tensors of these worm-like CNT and crumpled GS were calculated. The electric polarizability tensor is defined as the polarizability tensor calculated when the ratio between the dielectric permittivity of the CNT/GS and the dielectric permittivity of the embedding environment is equal to infinity. The magnetic polarizability tensor is the polarizability tensor calculated when the ratio between the dielectric permittivity of the CNT/GS and the dielectric permittivity of the embedding environment is equal to zero. The electric polarizability tensors were calculated using ZENO, which is a Monte Carlo numerical path integration package, and the magnetic polarizability tensors were calculated using the commercial finite element package COMSOL.
Systems integration approach to developing component arrangements, the test facility, and maintenance for the Compact Ignition Tokamak

A systems integration approach providing total integration of machine and facilities for the Compact Ignition Tokamak (CIT) is presented. In particular, the approach ensures that the test-cell design accommodates all envisioned component agreements during the machine lifetime, that maintenance operations can be accomplished with available equipment, and that a degree of operating flexibility is incorporated into the overall configuration. The Systems Integration Group has defined machine component interfaces, established maintenance requirements, and coordinated appropriate facility changes. A facility arrangement allowing personnel access into the diagnostic cells, the high bay, and the basement, and providing for remote maintenance in the center-cell where the machine core is located has been developed. The center-cell arrangement is based on installing up to seven midplane heating systems, an array of diagnostics, and an articulated boom manipulator for in-vessel remote maintenance operations. >
The use of singular value gradients and optimization techniques to design robust controllers for multiloop systems

A method for designing robust feedback controllers for multiloop systems is presented. Robustness is characterized in terms of the minimum singular value of the system return difference matrix at the plant input. Analytical gradients of the singular values with respect to design variables in the controller are derived. A cumulative measure of the singular values and their gradients with respect to the design variables is used with a numerical optimization technique to increase the system's robustness. Both unconstrained and constrained optimization techniques are evaluated. Numerical results are presented for a two output drone flight control system.
Low-Current, Xenon Orificed Hollow Cathode Performance for In-Space Applications

An experimental investigation of the operating characteristics of 3.2-mm diameter orificed hollow cathodes was conducted to examine low current and low flow rate operation. Cathode power was minimized with an orifice aspect ratio of approximately one and the use of an enclosed keeper. Cathode flow rate requirements were proportional to orifice diameter and the inverse of the orifice length. The minimum power consumption in diode mode was 10-W, and the minimum mass flow rate required for spot-mode emission was approximately 0.08-mg/s. Cathode temperature profiles were obtained using an imaging radiometer and conduction was found to be the dominant heat transfer mechanism from the cathode tube. Orifice plate temperatures were found to be weakly dependent upon the flow rate and strongly dependent upon the current.
Superconvergence analysis for the Navier---Stokes equations

This paper derives a general superconvergence result for finite element approximations of the Navier-Stokes problem by using a least-squares surface fitting method proposed and analyzed recently by Wang for the standard Galerkin method. The superconvergence result is based on some regularity assumption for the Navier-Stokes problem and is applicable to any finite element method with quasi-uniform meshes. The method is demonstrated to give a convergent scheme for finite element spaces which fail to satisfy the well-known uniform inf-sup condition of Brezzi and Babuska.
Development of a semipurified test diet for determining amino acid requirements of Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus reared under low-salinity conditions

Abstract Two trials were conducted to develop a semipurified test diet for determining indispensable amino acid (IAA) requirements for Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus . The objective of the first trial was to evaluate casein and corn gluten meal as principal intact protein sources, and the ability of Florida pompano to utilize l -crystalline amino acids in the diet. Eight isonitrogenous (42% crude protein) and isoenergetic (22.0 kJ/kg) diets were formulated. A 2 × 4 factorial was employed to evaluate the two intact proteins, each with four amino acid profiles that mimicked the ratio of IAA in pompano whole body, pompano unfertilized eggs, menhaden fish meal, or unsupplemented negative control. Growth and efficiency were significantly better ( P The objective of the second trial was to re-evaluate the same IAA profiles in 46% crude protein and 22.0 kJ/kg casein-based diets to evaluate their performance relative to each other and to a practical type fish meal-based control diet. Growth and feed conversion were significantly better ( P P
Cloning and expression of rat caspase-6 and its localization in renal ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Cloning and expression of rat caspase-6 and its localization in renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Background Caspase-6 is an important member of the executioner caspases in the caspase family of cell death proteases. The executioner caspases are the major active caspases detected in apoptotic cells and are generally considered to mediate the execution of apoptosis by cleaving and inactivating intracellular proteins. However, the complete characterization of mRNA and protein of caspase-6 in rat and its expression in normal kidney and in disease state has not been previously elucidated. Methods A rat kidney cortex λgt10 cDNA library was screened to isolate the full-length caspase-6 cDNA. The recombinant caspase-6 protein was characterized by expression in bacteria and by transient transfection in mammalian cells. The expression in various tissues was analyzed by Northern blot, and localization in normal and ischemic kidney was performed by immunohistochemistry. Results The predicted amino acid sequence of rat caspase-6 contains 277 amino acids, with two potential glycosylation sites, an integrin binding site (KGD), the caspase active site pentapeptide QACRG and the caspase family signature, HX 2-4 (S,C) X 4 (L,I,V,M,F) 2 (S,T)HG (HVDADCFVCVFLSHG). Rat caspase-6 is unique among known caspases by possessing a relatively long 5′ untranslational region. Among various tissues tested, cas-pase-6 was expressed in varying levels in kidney, liver, spleen, heart, muscle, testis, and lung. Bacterial expression of recombinant rat caspase-6 resulted in production of both of the pro-form and active form of the enzyme suggesting autoactivation. Transient overexpression of rat caspase-6 in COS-1 cells induced DNA fragmentation, a hallmark of apoptosis. We also examined the localization and expression of caspase-6 by immunohistochemistry in kidneys subjected to 40 minutes of ischemia followed by 24 hours of reperfusion injury. Normal kidney showed mostly cytoplasmic and some nuclear staining of the tubules. Kidneys 24 hours after 40 minutes of ischemia showed more intense and diffused cytoplasmic staining with prominent nuclear staining, indicating increased expression and translocation from the cytoplasm to the nuclei. The staining in glomeruli was negative in both normal and ischemic kidney. Conclusions These studies demonstrate cloning, expression and characterization of the full-length rat caspase-6 and its localization in normal kidneys and kidneys subjected to ischemia/reperfusion injury. Since caspase-6 is involved in the degradation of nuclear matrix proteins and in activation of caspase-3, it may play an important role during renal ischemic injury.
Dispersion‐free solvent extraction with microporous hollow‐fiber modules

Determination experimentale des coefficients de transfert de matiere pour des modules hydrophobes ou hydrophiles. Mise en place d'une correlation pour decrire les resultats
Development of a drug assay using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy has been used to detect low levels of several chemical compounds, including the drugs of abuse -cocaine hydrochloride and methamphetamme hydrochloride. Raman spectra of these substances have also been taken over optical fibers using red-wavelength excitation. These measurements demonstrate the feasibility of the remote determination of various target chemicals using diode laser excitation and diode array detection.
The relation of economic conditions, social support, and life events to depression

Evidence for a connection between recession and psychopathology has come from aggregate and individual-level studies. The aggregate studies cannot identify particular mechanisms (e.g., personally experienced life changes caused by the economy versus anticipation of stress on the basis of perceived community conditions versus the interaction of the two). Individual-level studies rarely control for earlier symptoms or, if they do, never include a measure of aggregate conditions (making a cross-level analysis). This study is novel in that it crosses levels of analysis, controls for earlier symptoms, replicates the tests in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan sites, and controls for social support and social support buffering effects. Economic conditions did not affect covariate-adjusted depression directly or in interaction with events, and life events (including economic ones) accounted for little variance in adjusted depression. Controlling for prior symptoms also eliminated the main and buffering effects of social support. The negative results from this cross-level, panel approach raises doubts about the “recession-causes-psychopathology” view and, by inference, lends credence to rival views, such as, “recession-uncovers-pathology.”
Cell surface glycoprotein PZR is a major mediator of concanavalin A-induced cell signaling

PZR is an immunoglobulin superfamily cell surface protein containing a pair of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs. As a glycoprotein, PZR displays a strong association with concanavalin A (ConA), a member of the plant lectin family. Treatment of several cell lines with ConA caused tyrosine phosphorylation of a major cellular protein. Immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation studies indicated that this protein corresponded to PZR. Tyrosine phosphorylation of PZR was accompanied by recruitment of SHP-2 and was inhibited by PP1, a selective inhibitor of the Src family tyrosine kinases. Furthermore, c-Src was constitutively associated with PZR and was activated upon treatment of cells with ConA. Moreover, tyrosine phosphorylation of PZR was markedly enhanced in v-Src-transformed NIH-3T3 cells and was predominant in Escherichia coli cells co-expressing c-Src. Expression of an intracellular domain-truncated form of PZR in HT-1080 cells affected cell morphology and had a dominant negative effect on ConA-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of PZR, activation of c-Src, and agglutination of the cells. Together, the data indicate that PZR is a major receptor of ConA and has an important role in cell signaling via c-Src. Considering the various biological activities of ConA, the study of PZR may have major therapeutic implications.
Random time change and an integral representation for marked stopping times

Consider the set $$C$$ of all possible distributions of triples (τ, κ, η), such that τ is a finite stopping time with associated mark κ in some fixed Polish space, while η is the compensator random measure of (τ, κ). We prove that $$C$$ is convex, and that the extreme points of $$C$$ are the distributions obtained when the underlying filtration is the one induced by (τ, κ). Moreover, every element of $$C$$ has a corresponding unique integral representation. The proof is based on the peculiar fact that EV τ, κ=0 for every predictable processV which satisfies a certain moment condition. From this it also follows thatT τ, κ isU(0, 1) wheneverT is a predictable mapping into [0, 1] such that the image of ζ, a suitably discounted version of η, is a.s. bounded by Lebesgue measure. Iterating this, one gets a time change reduction of any simple point process to Poisson, without the usual condition of quasileftcontinuity. The paper also contains a very general version of the Knight-Meyer multivariate time change theorem.
Income Shares Revisited

A number of recent studies claim that when properly computed, factor income shares across countries at different levels of development are essentially uniform. This note evaluates the methodology behind such findings and offers estimates using newly available data. The results for a group of 55 developed, developing, and transition economies for the period 1990–2008 lead us to reject the hypothesis of factor share convergence.
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE BEAM-FOIL INTERACTION

The beam energy dependence between 50 and 200 keV of the linear polarization fraction (M/I) of the 2s /sup 1/S--3p /sup 1/P, 5016 A transition in He I on temperature was measured. The thin carbon exciter foils were heated externally by nichrome resistance elements. The measurements of Hight et al. are duplicated; the energy and current dependences are the same for corresponding between beam heating and external heating. It was also observed that ..gamma.., the number of slow secondary electrons produced per incident ion, decreases with increasing foil temperature. These two effects, in conjunction, offer a plausible explanation for the variation of polarization with beam current density. 5 figures.
A Sparse-Group Lasso

For high-dimensional supervised learning problems, often using problem-specific assumptions can lead to greater accuracy. For problems with grouped covariates, which are believed to have sparse effects both on a group and within group level, we introduce a regularized model for linear regression with l1 and l2 penalties. We discuss the sparsity and other regularization properties of the optimal fit for this model, and show that it has the desired effect of group-wise and within group sparsity. We propose an algorithm to fit the model via accelerated generalized gradient descent, and extend this model and algorithm to convex loss functions. We also demonstrate the efficacy of our model and the efficiency of our algorithm on simulated data. This article has online supplementary material.
On the theories of cyclotron resonance line shape

Abstract A recent claim by Choi and Chung that the Argyres-Sigel theory of cyclotron resonance line shape is invalid is shown to be erroneous.
Manifolds with intermediate tautness

We introduce examples of compact embedded manifolds in Euclidean space which have the spherical two-piece property but are not taut. More generally we define the notion of k-taut and show that there are manifolds which are k-taut but not (k+1)-taut. We investigate methods for constructing such examples and examine their properties.
Comparative optical study of the two-dimensional donor-type intercalation compounds graphite- KH x and their binary counterparts C 8 K and C 24 K

We report the results of optical reflectivity studies of the stage-1 and -2 graphite-${\mathrm{KH}}_{\mathrm{x}}$ intercalation compounds prepared by direct reaction of highly ordered pyrolytic graphite and KH powder. The stage-1 and -2 binary graphite-K compounds are studied for comparison. The optical data are analyzed in terms of a model involving two-dimensional (2D) graphitic \ensuremath{\pi} electrons and three-dimensional (3D) nearly free K(4s) electrons. The model is used to interpret the observed values of the free-carrier unscreened plasma frequencies and the position of the interband absorption threshold to determine experimental values for the Fermi level (${E}_{F}$) in the carbon \ensuremath{\pi} band(s) and the fractional occupation of the K(4s) band. For the hydrides, we find quantitative evidence that the hydrogen states lie below ${E}_{F}$. Thus, hydrogen is present as ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$, acting as an acceptor, thereby compensating the electron donation to the \ensuremath{\pi} bands from the K(4s) states. This assumption and the optical data for the stage-1 and -2 hydrides results in a [H]/[K] ratio of 0.8, in excellent agreement with chemical analyses reported by Gu\'erard and co-workers, and leads to very small values for the fractional K(4s) band occupation ${f}_{\mathrm{K}}$0.03 electrons per K atom. Within the framework of a superimposed 2D (\ensuremath{\pi}) and 3D [K(4s)] rigid-band model, our experimental results support an empty K(4s) band (i.e., ${f}_{\mathrm{K}}$=0) in stage-2 ${\mathrm{C}}_{24}$K. In stage-1 ${\mathrm{C}}_{8}$K, the rigid-band model yields large values for ${f}_{\mathrm{K}}$ (${f}_{\mathrm{K}}$g0.5 electrons per K atom), unless the value of the optical mass of the electrons in the K(4s) states is larger than \ensuremath{\sim}2. The ${\mathrm{C}}_{8}$K results are also discussed in terms of more sophisticated energy-band calculations.
Thermodynamic properties of some solid nickel-indium alloys

Abstract The vapor pressure of indium over five solid, binary nickel-indium alloys was measured by the method of atomic absorption spectroscopy. The alloys exist in ≡, ζ′, ϵ, γ, and ϵ + γ phases of the nickel-indium system in the temperature range of this study. The thermodynamic activity, partial molar enthalpy and partial molar entropy of indium were calculated from the vapor pressure and the temperature coefficients. The results are compared with previous work on α and ζ phases of the nickel-indium system. It is found that the criterion of equality of chemical potential for coexisting phases is obeyed and thus the accuracy of activity measurements in these phases is confirmed.
Studies on carbohydrate metabolism in rat kidney slices. IV. Effect of cations on metabolism of glucose, pyruvate and glycerol.

Abstract The metabolism of glucose, pyruvate, and glycerol by rat kidney slices has been studied in three media containing varying concentrations of the cations K, Na, Mg, and Ca. It was found that the rate of uptake of all three substrates and the rate of glucose and lactate formation were greater in the high Na media than in the high K medium. Variations of Mg- and Ca-ion concentrations did not exert any significant effect.
Scale-up of flat-plate reactors for enzymatic hydrolysis of fats and oils

Abstract To determine the feasibility of continuous enzymatic fat-splitting, immobilized lipase reactors were constructed from alternating layers of enzyme support material and separator screens. Partially purified lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus was loaded onto the support material at pH 5.5 by irreversible adsorption. Melted edible tallow at 51°C was pumped through the immobilized enzyme layers and swept from the downstream separator screens by buffer recycled from a continuous oil/water separator. Results from continuous operation of 10-layer reactors were compared with data from single-layer reactors. The activity per square centimeter of 10-layer reactors was nearly as much as that of single-layer reactors at the same enzyme loading and oil feed rate. Data were fitted to an empirical mathematical model.
Diagnose und Differenzialdiagnose der zerebralen Vaskulitis

In einem Zeitraum von 5 Jahren wurden uns 77 Patienten mit der Verdachtsdiagnose einer zerebralen Vaskulitis zugewiesen. Die Leitsymptome der Patienten waren Hirninfarkte, Enzephalopathie oder Kopfschmerzen. Auf der Basis einer umfangreichen Diagnostik einschlieslich MRT, Echokardiographie, Laboruntersuchungen und zerebraler Angiographie sowie gezielten Biopsien wurde eine zerebrale Vaskulitis letztlich bei 13 Patienten (17%) diagnostiziert. 29 Patienten (38%) zeigten nichtentzundliche Vasopathien, u. a. Moya-Moya-Syndrom (n=6), Sneddon-Syndrom (n=5), multilokulare Dissektionen (n=4), CADASIL (n=2) und Kollagenerkrankungen (n=9). Bei 14 Fallen (18%) zeigte sich eine Koagulopathie, sonstige endgultige Diagnosen waren kardiogene Hirnembolien (n=8), Multiple Sklerose (n=5) und migraneassoziierter Schlaganfall (n=3). Zusammenfassend konnte bei grundlicher Anamnese und Diagnostik die Verdachtsdiagnose einer ZNS-Vaskulitis nur bei 13 von 77 Patienten bestatigt werden. Wesentliche Differenzialdiagnosen sind nichtentzundliche Vasopathien, Gerinnungsstorungen und Herzerkrankungen mit Hirnembolien. Da septische Erkrankungen dem klinischen Bild zugrunde liegen konnen, sollte eine „blinde“ Behandlung mit Immunsuppressiva strikt unterbleiben.
Consumer Acceptance of Foods Lower in Sodium

Abstract Objective To assess the magnitude of sodium reduction that can be made without significantly changing the perception of saltiness and acceptability of a broad range of common food items. Design The investigation was carried out in two phases. Military and civilian volunteers (N=190 in study 1; N=380 in study 2) from the US Army Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center rated the saltiness and acceptability of foods containing differing sodium concentrations. Setting Consumers rated food items in the sensory testing laboratory. Intervention "Regular" and "low-sodium" entrees were rated for saltiness and acceptability in study 1. Prepared food, commercially prepared food, and beverages containing various concentrations of sodium were rated for saltiness and acceptability in study 2. Statistical analyses performed Results were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients, Student's t test, and analysis of variance. Results The perception of saltiness increased as the concentration of sodium increased. Acceptance ratings varied considerably over a broad range of sodium concentrations, which indicates that the relationship was product specific. Results suggest that a reduction of one third or more in added sodium can be made to some foods without significantly affecting consumer acceptance. Applications The sodium content of food can be reduced by consumer-guided food engineering and food preparation. Alterations in food preparation and product formulation, in conjunction with alterations in diet, can be effective methods for reducing sodium consumption. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995; 95:447–453.
Self, senility, and Alzheimer's disease in modern America: A history, by Jesse F Ballenger

Self, senility, and Alzheimer's disease in modern America: A history, by Jesse F Ballenger, Baltimore, MD, The Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 978-0-8018-8276-0, 256 pp., US$43 (hdbck) This is...
A convenient synthesis of t-butyldimethylsilyl protected cyanohydrins

Abstract A simple high yielding procedure is described for the direct conversion of aldehydes to t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS) protected cyanohydrins using TBSCl, KCN and ZnI2.
Instant placement: a new model for providing rehabilitation services within a community mental health program.

Traditional methods of restoring social-vocational function of mental patients are inappropriate. Developed for use with the physically disabled and outside the mainstream of the mental hygiene movement, present techniques of vocational rehabilitation bias the selection process and may, iatrogenically, reinforce patients' unemployed status. A new model is proposed consisting of: (a) job placement at the start of the rehabilitation process; (b) extinction of inadequate social-vocational behavior and shaping of appropriate work habits and interpersonal skills; (c) use of nonprofessional leaders directing work-related activity groups. More realistic criteria of success and new professional roles by staff are proposed.
Control of Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum through use of the ‘4-poster’ treatment device on deer in Maryland

Deer self-treatment devices (‘4-posters’) were evaluated for their efficacy in reducing populations of blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis, and lone star ticks, Amblyomma americanum. At each of three locations in Maryland, 25 ‘4-posters’ were operated in study areas of approximately 5.18 km2. Populations of host-seeking ticks were monitored by flagging of treated areas and similar untreated control areas without ‘4-posters.’ From 1998 to 2002 the percent mortalities achieved were 69, 75.8 and 80 at the three study sites infested with I. scapularis nymphs, and 99.5 and 95.3 for A. americanum nymphs at the two sites where this species occurred.
Open and Endovascular Management of Subclavian and Innominate Arterial Pathology

Innominate and subclavian artery lesions run a wide spectrum of disease manifestation and treatment options. Since the first surgical treatment, multiple variances have been attempted with the desire to maintain high long-term patency rates while reducing perioperative morbidity and mortality. The advent of endovascular procedures in the 1970s provided the opportunity to seek alternative treatment options, but the fear of serious neurologic sequela stalled the adoption of these new techniques. The advancement in endovascular techniques and technology, along with proven clinical success and decreased morbidity and mortality, has led to their adoption as the first-line treatment.
Potential Nutritional Conflicts in Bariatric and Renal Transplant Patients

An increasing number of morbidly obese patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) are sequentially undergoing bariatric surgery followed by renal transplantation. Discrepancies between the nutritional recommendations for obesity and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are often confusing for the obese patient in renal failure. However, when recommendations are structured according to stage and treatment of disease, a consistent plan can be clearly communicated to the patient. Therefore, to optimize patient and graft outcomes we present nutritional recommendations tailored to three patient populations: obese patients with ESRD, patients post Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) with ESRD, and patients post RYGBP and post renal transplantation.
Summary and comparison of gradient-restoration algorithms for optimal control problems

This paper considers the problem of minimizing a functionalI which depends on the statex(t), the controlu(t), and the parameter π. Here,I is a scalar,x ann-vector,u anm-vector, and π ap-vector. At the initial point, the state is prescribed. At the final point, the state and the parameter are required to satisfyq scalar relations. Along the interval of integration, the state, the control, and the parameter are required to satisfyn scalar differential equations.
Diffractive dissociation in the minijet model.

We use a Good-Walker model for diffraction to study the high-energy behavior of the diffractive cross sections in the minijet model. We find that the high-energy behavior of the diffractive cross section, like the elastic cross section, is determined by minijet production. Using a fit to low-energy and collider data we make predictions for the behavior of the diffractive cross sections at high energy.
Contrast Transmission In Medical Image Display

The display of medical images involves transforming recorded intensities such at CT numbers into perceivable intensities such as combinations of color and luminance. For the viewer to extract the most information about patterns of decreasing and increasing recorded intensity, the display designer must pay attention to three issues: 1) choice of display scale, including its discretization; 2) correction for variations in contrast sensitivity across the display scale due to the observer and the display device (producing an honest display); and 3) contrast enhancement based on the information in the recorded image and its importance, determined by viewing objectives. This paper will present concepts and approaches in all three of these areas. In choosing display scales three properties are important: sensitivity, associability, and naturalness of order. The unit of just noticeable difference (jnd) will be carefully defined. An observer experiment to measure the jnd values across a display scale will be specified. The overall sensitivity provided by a scale as measured in jnd's gives a measure of sensitivity called the perceived dynamic range (PDR). Methods for determining the PDR fran the aforementioned PDR values, and PDR's for various grey and pseudocolor scales will be presented. Methods of achieving sensitivity while retaining associability and naturalness of order with pseudocolor scales will be suggested. For any display device and scale it is useful to compensate for the device and observer by preceding the device with an intensity mapping (lookup table) chosen so that perceived intensity is linear with display-driving intensity. This mapping can be determined from the aforementioned jnd values. With a linearized display it is possible to standardize display devices so that the same image displayed on different devices or scales (e.g. video and hard copy) will be in sane sense perceptually equivalent. Furthermore, with a linearized display, it is possible to design contrast enhancement mappings that optimize the transmission of information from the recorded image to the display-driving signal with the assurance that this information will not then be lost by a -further nonlinear relation between display-driving and perceived intensity. It is suggested that optimal contrast enhancement mappings are adaptive to the local distribution of recorded intensities.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Current perspectives in zebrafish reverse genetics: Moving forward

Use of the zebrafish as a model of vertebrate development and disease has expanded dramatically over the past decade. While many articles have discussed the strengths of zebrafish forward genetics (the phenotype-driven approach), there has been less emphasis on equally important and frequently used reverse genetics (the candidate gene-driven approach). Here we review both current and prospective reverse genetic techniques that are applicable to the zebrafish model. We include discussion of pharmacological approaches, popular gain-of-function and knockdown approaches, and gene targeting strategies. We consider the need for temporal and spatial control over gain/loss of gene function, and discuss available and developing techniques to achieve this end. Our goal is both to reveal the current technical advantages of the zebrafish and to highlight those areas where work is still required to allow this system to be exploited to full advantage.
Toeplitz arrays, linear sequence transformations and orthogonal polynomials

Lets n be a given sequence, $$U = \left[ {\mu _{i,j} } \right]_{i,j = 0}^\infty $$ an infinite array of complex numbers $$\mu _{i,j} = 0,i< j,\sum\limits_{k = 0}^i {\mu _{i,k} = 1} $$ and $$s_{n,m} = \sum\limits_{k = 0}^m {\mu _{m,k} s_{n + k} } $$ . We develop and discuss linear sequence transformations defined by $$s_{n,m + 1} = a_m s_{n + 1,m} + b_m s_{n,m} $$ or $$s_{n,m + 1} = a_m s_{n,m} + b_m s_{n + 1,m} + c_m s_{n,m - 1} ,$$ n, m=0, 1, 2,... We ask, ifs n ?? asn??, doess n,m ?? asm??? This convergence and the rapidity of it are seen to depend on the location of the zeros of the polynomial $$P_m \left( \lambda \right) = \sum\limits_{k = 0}^m {\mu _{m,k} \lambda ^k } $$ . When theP m are chosen to be certain polynomials encountered in special function theory, such as Bessel polynomials or Legendre polynomials, the result is an elegant and powerful set of algorithms for improving the convergence of large classes of sequences.
No-Till and Strip-Till Corn Production with Broadcast and Subsurface-Band Phosphorus and Potassium

Fertilizer placement is often designed to improve nutrient availability. Our objective was to determine the effect of P and K rate and placement in no-till and strip-till on grain yield; water, P, and K values in the soil; and the distribution of corn (Zea mays L.) roots. A 4-yr field experiment was setup near Urbana, IL, with a corn–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation. Tillage/fertilizer placement was the main plot [no-till/broadcast (NTBC), no-till/deep band (NTDB), and strip-till/deep band (STDB)]; deep band was 15-cm beneath the crop row. Phosphorus fertilizer rate (0, 12, 24, and 36 kg P ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) was the subplot, and K-fertilizer rate (0, 42, 84, and 168 kg K ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) was the sub-subplot. Measurements included grain yield and yield components, grain and shoot P and K concentrations, root parameters, and soil-water, P, and K values. Strip-till/deep band produced greater kernels row⁻¹ and 9.43 Mg ha⁻¹ yield that was 7.8% greater than NTBC and 7.9% greater than NTDB. Deep banding increased soil P and K test values beneath the crop row and lowered soil surface test values compared with broadcast applications, but had no effect on root distribution. Across treatments, greatest apparent P and K uptake occurred in the surface layer where most roots were present and where precipitation replenished water to a greater extent than deeper layers. Relative to NTBC, STDB had 24% greater apparent-P and 23% greater apparent-K uptake rates. The results indicate that improved conditions for nutrient uptake provide a competitive advantage for production with STDB relative to no-till treatments.
Gonochoric sexual system in the caridean shrimps Processa riveroi and P. bermudensis (Decapoda: Processidae) inhabiting a tropical seagrass meadow

The sexual system of two caridean shrimps (Processa riveroi and P. bermudensis) was investigated, stimulated by reports of male to female sex change (protandry) in Processa edulis from European waters. Shrimps used in the study were obtained from monthly samples taken from March 19 8 2 to February 19 8 3 in a Thalassia-Syringodium seagrass meadow in Puerto Rico. Observations on size, sex, and reproductive condition were used to construct monthly size-frequency distributions and sex-ratios by size-class (SC). Males were smaller than reproductive females, but there was extensive overlap in size between males and immature females. A sex-ratio (SR) analysis by SC of the overall year-long population sample showed an equal or female-biased SR in the smallest SC, a male-biased SR in 1 ― 3 intermediate SC, with larger SC dominated by females incubating embryos. Such a population structure might result from slower growth in males than females and higher mortality in larger males. Observations on and allometric analysis of sexual characters failed to identify transitional individuals (sex-changers) intermediate in reproductive morphology between males and females. Thus, a hypothesis of protandry is rejected, and that of gonochory (separate sexes) is accepted in these two Processa species, revealing possible variation in sexual systems among Processa species.
Valproate decreases EEG synchronization in a use-dependent manner in idiopathic generalized epilepsy

Summary Introduction In order to explore the mechanism of action of valproate (VPA) in idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE), the effect of VPA on cortical EEG activity was investigated. Hypothesis: VPA decreases EEG synchronization in the delta and theta frequency bands in a use-dependent manner in IGE patients. Methods First setting: EEG records of 17 untreated IGE patients (NAE group) were analyzed and compared to those of 15 healthy controls (NC group). Second setting: EEG recorded in the untreated condition (NAE) was compared to the EEG recorded in the treated condition (VPA) of the patient group. Technique and analysis: 2min of eyes-closed, waking EEG background activity (without epileptiform potentials and artifacts) were analyzed. Absolute power (AP) and mean frequency (MF) were computed for 19 electrodes and four frequency bands ( δ =1.5–3.5Hz, θ =3.5–7.5Hz, α =7.5–12.5Hz, β =12.5–25.0Hz). Log-transformed data entered further analysis. Group differences were computed by means of parametric statistics including correction for multiple comparisons. The VPA-related changes (APvpa−APnae) were correlated with the degree of the baseline abnormality (APnae) and the daily dose/serum levels of VPA. Main results Statistically significant ( p Conclusion The hypothesis that VPA decreased EEG synchronization in the delta and theta frequency bands in a use-dependent manner was supported. The findings contribute to the understanding of the action of VPA at the network level.
Bax regulates primary necrosis through mitochondrial dynamics

The defining event in apoptosis is mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), allowing apoptogen release. In contrast, the triggering event in primary necrosis is early opening of the inner membrane mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), precipitating mitochondrial dysfunction and cessation of ATP synthesis. Bcl-2 proteins Bax and Bak are the principal activators of MOMP and apoptosis. Unexpectedly, we find that deletion of Bax and Bak dramatically reduces necrotic injury during myocardial infarction in vivo. Triple knockout mice lacking Bax/Bak and cyclophilin D, a key regulator of necrosis, fail to show further reduction in infarct size over those deficient in Bax/Bak. Absence of Bax/Bak renders cells resistant to mPTP opening and necrosis, effects confirmed in isolated mitochondria. Reconstitution of these cells or mitochondria with wild-type Bax, or an oligomerization-deficient mutant that cannot support MOMP and apoptosis, restores mPTP opening and necrosis, implicating distinct mechanisms for Bax-regulated necrosis and apoptosis. Both forms of Bax restore mitochondrial fusion in Bax/Bak-null cells, which otherwise exhibit fragmented mitochondria. Cells lacking mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), which exhibit similar fusion defects, are protected to the same extent as Bax/Bak-null cells. Conversely, restoration of fused mitochondria through inhibition of fission potentiates mPTP opening in the absence of Bax/Bak or Mfn2, indicating that the fused state itself is critical. These data demonstrate that Bax-driven fusion lowers the threshold for mPTP opening and necrosis. Thus, Bax and Bak play wider roles in cell death than previously appreciated and may be optimal therapeutic targets for diseases that involve both forms of cell death.
CALIFORNIA SEA LIONS USE DOLPHINS TO LOCATE FOOD

Abstract Aggregations by 3 species of dolphins (the bottlenose dolphin [Tursiops truncatus], the short-beaked common dolphin [Delphinus delphis], and the long-beaked common dolphin [Delphinus capensis]) and California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) were investigated in Santa Monica Bay, California. Groups were followed and observed during 201 boat-based surveys conducted in 1997–2001 documenting that sea lions were aggregated in 18.6% of the sightings with bottlenose dolphins (150 bottlenose dolphin sightings) and in 45.9% of the sightings with 1 of the 2 species of common dolphins (98 common dolphin sightings). Aggregations of bottlenose dolphins and sea lions were observed in inshore ( 500 m) waters, whereas common dolphins and sea lions were observed only in offshore waters. These aggregations were often recorded feeding near escarpments and submarine canyons, showing a striking preference for these bathymetric features. The results show that sea lions spend a signi...