cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Late quaternary glacial history of the South Orkney Plateau, Antarctica

Abstract Piston cores from the South Orkney Plateau penetrated overcompacted diamictons in water depths of up to 250 m. Detailed textural and petrological analyses of these diamictons indicate that they are basal tills. Seismic records from the plateau show a widespread surface of glacial erosion and provide additional evidence of an ice cap grounded to a depth of 250 m. Piston cores from the slope of the plateau penetrated diatomaceous muds resting directly on poorly sorted muds with very little to no biogenic material. The ice-rafted debris in these glacial-marine sediments is composed almost exclusively of material derived from the South Orkney Islands. This implies deposition beneath an ice shelf as opposed to iceberg rafting. In contrast, diatomaceous muds contain relatively abundant exotic iceberg-rafted material and reflect a glacial-maritime setting similar to that of today. The sharp contact separating diatomaceous surface sediments from basal tills and sub-ice shelf deposits indicates that the ice cap and ice shelf retreated from the plateau rapidly. Radiocarbon dates for diatomaceous muds from a glacial trough on the plateau indicate that the ice cap and ice shelf retreated from the plateau prior to 6000 to 7000 years ago. The homogeneity of surficial diatomaceous sediments suggests that sea ice conditions over the plateau have not changed radically since that time.
Entitlements or empowerment? famine and starvation in Africa

Famine and the crisis of African development have become inseparably linked in popular writing. Visual images of starvation are the icons of African failure, yet they have a dispelling quality accusing everyone and no one. This article reviews recent research on the genesis, dynamics and consequences of famine in Africa. While the entitlement approach to starvation associated with Amartya Sen has proven most helpful it must be situated on the larger political economic canvas by which entitlements and endowments are distributed and fought over – class relations. Food crises must be rooted in what Sen calls the ‘totality of rights’ not entitlements in a narrow legal sense. This provides an important link between famine, food security and democratization in Africa.
Maintenance of DNA content and erbB-2 alterations in intraductal and invasive phases of mammary cancer

Ductal carcinoma in situ (intraductal carcinoma) of the breast is a commonly recognized and curable clinical entity. Patients with intraductal carcinoma are at risk to develop invasive breast cancer presumably due to a transition from the noninvasive to the invasive phase of growth. Primary breast malignancies commonly display both in situ and invasive phases of growth in the same tumor. In the current study, DNA content and alterations in the erbB-2 (HER-2/neu) oncogene product were examined simultaneously in both growth phases of primary breast cancers by image analysis. DNA content in the intraductal and invasive components of primary breast cancers were virtually identical (r = 0.979, p < 0.001). Quantitative image analysis was used to measure erbB-2 expression and categories of expression were related to copy number of the erbB-2 gene. Expression of erbB-2 was similar in both growth phases and implies identity of the erbB-2 genotype. The identity of DNA content suggests that the noninvasive and invasive phases within a single breast cancer are highly related. It is likely that erbB-2 gene number remains the same during progression from intraductal to invasive disease.
On testing specific hypotheses about subliminal perception: a reply to Shevrin.

Schwartz and Rem (1975) reported that they could find no evidence that averaged evoked responses discriminate between two stimuli presented for durations that were either subliminal or supraliminal for discriminating the stimuli behaviorally. Shevrin (1975) has criticized this conclusion. This paper argues that Shevrin's criticisms are factually and theoretically erroneous. In addition, a reanalysis of the data, following Shevrin's suggestions, confirms the conclusions originally drawn—there is no evidence that averaged evoked responses discriminate between either subliminal or supraliminal stimuli.
Leaf area index inferred from solar beam transmission in mixed conifer forests on complex terrain

Abstract Forest process models are used to predict forest growth in a broad range of conditions. Because more than a quarter of the world’s forests are in mountainous regions, leaf area index (LAI) must frequently be estimated for forests in complex terrain. LAI is often inferred from canopy light transmission using various canopy models. Choice of a canopy model becomes especially problematic in complex terrain because the complex topography changes the path length of the solar beam through the canopy. For example, if solar elevations are expressed relative to the inclined surface, low elevations can occur on steep slopes at any time of the day, especially on surfaces facing north (in the northern hemisphere). We inferred LAI with various models at 36 plots in a mixed conifer forest in northern Idaho, USA, over a wide range of altitude and solar insolation. We compared these inferences to allometric estimates of LAI. We also tested a theoretical solution for path length on complex terrain. We conclude that the use of this path length correction does not improve agreement between ceptometer LAI and allometric LAI. However, residuals of the fit between transmission and allometric LAI were weakly related to path length (P=0.052) and squared path length (P=0.049) in a quadratic multiple linear regression. The best fits between ceptometer LAI and allometric LAI were both based on extinction coefficients corrected only for solar zenith angle; we recommend the Beer–Lambert model for its simplicity. We analyzed residuals of ceptometer estimates of LAI and determined that they were correlated with species composition. These results suggest that species composition might be used to predict extinction coefficients, though the current data set will not support such prediction. Thus, terrain complexity had only a minor influence on model predictions of leaf area index in these stands, simplifying the prediction of LAI in mountain forests.
RISN: An Efficient Sensor Network Overlay with Support for Autonomous and Distributed Applications

Once deployed, sensor networks are capable of providing a comprehensive view of their environment. However, since the current sensor network paradigm promotes isolated networks that are statically tasked, the full power of the harnessed data has yet to be exploited. In recent years, users have become mobile enti-ties that require constant access to data for efficient and autonomous processing. Under the current limita-tions of sensor networks, users would be restricted using only a subset of the vast amount of data being col-lected; depending on the networks they are able to access. Through reliance on isolated networks, prolifera-tion of sensor nodes can easily occur in any area that has high appeals to users. Furthermore, support for dy-namic tasking of nodes and efficient processing of data is contrary to the general view of sensor networks as subject to severe resource constraints. Addressing the aforementioned challenges requires the deployment of a system that allows users to take full advantage of data collected in the area of interest to their tasks. Such a system must enable interoperability of surrounding networks, support dynamic tasking, and swiftly react to stimuli. In light of these observations, we introduce a hardware-overlay system designed to allow users to efficiently collect and utilize data from various heterogeneous sensor networks. The hardware-overlay takes advantage of FPGA devices and the mobile agent paradigm in order to efficiently collect and process data from cooperating networks. The computational and power efficiency of the prototyped system are herein demonstrated. Furthermore, as a proof-of-concept, we present the implementation of a distributed and autonomous visual object tracker implemented atop the Reconfigurable and Interoperable Sensor Network (RISN) showcasing the network’s ability to support ad-hoc agent networks dedicated to user’s tasks.
Obligatory transformation of fibroblasts by bone matrix in rats fed sucrose ration.

SummaryAllogeneic transplantation of coarse powder of demineralized bone matrix in rats has a profound influence on the gene expression of responding fibroblasts. Under normal nutritional states, the fibroblasts are transformed sequentially into cartilage and bone with hemopoietic bone marrow. In rats fed sucrose exclusively, there was an obligatory transformation of fibroblasts to cartilage and bone. However, there was no evidence of erythropoiesis.
The flip‐side of the North Atlantic Oscillation and modal shifts in slope‐water circulation patterns

A large single-year reversal in the phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) during 1996 led to a dramatic shift in the slope-water circulation patterns of the northwest (NW) Atlantic. Analyses of time-series data collected from the region over the past half century show that both physical and biological responses are commonly elicited by such phase reversals in the NAO. Here, we use a model developed from time-series data to predict responses of the NW Atlantic slope-water circulation patterns to phase reversals in the NAO.
Magnetic resonance imaging in symptomatic Paget's disease

Four patients with symptomatic Paget's disease of the appendicular skeleton were evaluated by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The plain film findings in each case were advanced but dissimilar. All patients had progressive symptoms of pain, and one presented with excruciating pain of short duration. The radiographic features included diffuse progressive osteolysis, cortical resorption, insufficiency fractures, bowing, and cortical and trabecular thickening. In three of the patients, MRI was performed to exclude sarcoma, revealing preservation of fatty marrow signal in all phases of Paget's disease except in patients with an acute fracture (demonstrated by MRI) and sarcoma. Small, focal, linear or oval areas of low signal seen against a background of normal marrow signal on short or long TR/ TE do not mimic tumor. These findings suggest that fatty marrow signal is preserved in advanced Paget's disease unless an acute fracture or tumor is present.
Bounds on the mean recurrence time of subclinical epidemics in dairy herds

Abstract An undetected, non-fatal infectious disease entering a dairy herd may be expected to spread through the susceptible portion of the herd at an epidemic rate. If infection produces lifelong immunity, detectable by serological techniques, then the proportion immune in the herd declines due to the replacement of older animals by susceptible recruits. In a steady state the replacement rate is constant, say 100β% per year, and the proportion p(t) immune t years after the last epidemic is 1 β − βt. When the average within-herd proportion immune, p , is known from a serological survey made at one point in time then an upper bound on the mean recurrence time T in the population of herds is given by T ⩾ 1 2β p when p ⩽ 1 2 2 β (1 − p ) when p ⩾ 1 2 If risk of herd infection increases as p(t) decreases then a lower bound on p is given by p ⩾1−β T (1−e 1− β T Tighter bounds on T may be calculated from higher moments of p(t), but are subject to larger sampling errors.
The hybrid crack-tip element approach to thermo-elastic cracks

Abstract The stress intensity factors for a thermal crack problem are computed directly from the crack tip singular field as it was embedded in a specialized crack-tip element. The method gives accurate results without modeling a very refined mesh near the crack tip and without evaluating additional line and/or area integrals for the “modified” path independent integrals as suggested by most current methods for thermoelastic cracks.
Macrosegregation development during solidification of a multicomponent alloy with free-floating solid particles

Abstract The macrosegregation patterns and convective behavior of a Pb–5wt%Sb–35wt%Sn alloy are studied using numerical treatments of solid particle motion and of transport phenomena occurring during the solidification of ternary metal systems. At this composition, the solidification in the (Pb)–(SbSn) binary eutectic trough has a significant effect on these phenomena. The effects of this solidification path on fluid flow and macrosegregation are compared to the more familiar binary alloy patterns and the effect of solid particle transport is evaluated. The final predictions of macrosegregation are compared to measured composition profiles.
Accentuate the Positive: Elderly Responses to Health Communications

Elderly responses to differentially framed health communications are the focus of this research. Systematic processing deficiencies imposed by the aging process are suggested to contribute to elderly preference for positively framed advocacies. Health motivation, health knowledge, and health efficacy are proposed to enhance the facilitative effects of positive framing on elderly adoption of healthy behaviors. A significant interaction between age and framing as well as significant influence of health motivation, health knowledge, and health efficacy on the persuasiveness of positively framed advocacies lend support to the arguments. Implications for research on aging and public policy conclude the paper.
Standards media and methods

The global marketplace and advances in information technologies are leading to great changes in standards. These include growing reliance on international standards, new standards-development techniques, and new media and environments in which standards are expressed. Both general and project-specific information are being stored in and accessed from distributed, electronic, object-oriented databases. Standards available from general-purpose information systems will be capable of accessing and processing data to evaluate compliance with their provisions. Such standards will be convenient and efficient: input data will be accessed automatically from pertinent fields of the general and project-specific databases; results of evaluations will be recorded automatically in the project-specific database and used in decisions affecting design, construction or operation of constructed facilities. Major uses of standards will be associated with computer-aided systems and major revenues from uses of standards will accrue to systems developers and users. Standards-developing organizations should respond to this marketplace by themselves producing standards in the form of executable objects. Computer aids can assist in the formulation and expression of standards that are complete in coverage of the intended scope, consistent and unambiguous in their logic, and correct in reproducing the intent of the formulators.
A 13C NMR study of mesomorphic solutions of poly(p‐phenylene terephthalamide)

Solutions of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) in fuming sulfuric acid were characterized by 13C NMR spectroscopy and solution viscosity measurements over the 2–28% w/w concentration range. The spectra showed the presence of two distinct amide carbonyl resonances at low concentration, tentatively assigned to cis and trans conformations. As the concentration increased, additional carbonyl lines were observed along with significant broadening. Peak area measurements showed that only the polymer molecules in the isotropic environments contributed to the 13C NMR spectra and a considerable amount of the polymer remained in the isotropic phase at concentrations previously considered to consist of polymer in highly anisotropic regions. Spin-lattice relaxation times were measured at six concentrations using the inversion recovery method. The aromatic carbons relaxed at a much faster rate (ca. 0.10 s) than the carbonyls (ca. 0.45 s), but the relaxation rates for both carbons were essentially constant over the concentration range, indicating that the observed isotropic phase is not affected by changes in the macroscopic solution behavior so as to alter spin-lattice relaxation mechanisms.
Electronic structure of the GeGaAs (111) and (111) heterojunctions

Abstract The electronic density of states for GeGaAs (111) and ( 1 1 1 ) heterojunctions has been calculated. No interface states in the fundamental gap are found. A sizeable density of interface states below the top of the valence band is found for GeGa bonds-(111) junctions-interface states in the ionic gap are reported. The effect of varying the amount of the valence band discontinuity across the interface is discussed.
THE EXTRACTION OF AMERIC1UM (III) BY MIXTURES OF TRIBUTYLPHOSPHATE WITH DIBUTYL-N,N-DIETHYLCARBAMOYL- PHOSPHONATE AND -METHYLPHOSPHONATE (DBDECP AND DBDECMP)

ABSTRACT The chemistry of the mixed solvent extractants, dibutyl-N, N-diethylcarbamoylmethylphosphonate (DBDECMP)-tri -£-butyl phosphate (TBP), using carbon tetrachloride diluent, was studied for extracting americium (III) from nitric acid at various concentrations and temperatures. Synergistic extraction of americium was observed and an extraction mechanism is proposed based on slope analysis, infrared studies, and temperature variation studies. Similar studies were performed with dibutyl-N, N-diethylcarbamoylphosphonate (DBDECP)
Quantitative Studies of In Vitro Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans Plaque Formation by Organic Amines

The abilities of five, long-chain aliphatic monamines to inhibit the deposition of Plaque formed by Streptococcus mutans on stainless-steel wires were determined. The compounds along with their relative inhibitory potencies that were studied are N-methyltetradecylamine, hexadecylamine, dodecylamine, N-ethyldodecylamine, and octylamine. Activities are compared with critical micelle concentrations, partition coefficients, and quantum mechanical charges on the amine nitrogens.
Flexible Muscle Modes and Synergies in Challenging Whole-Body Tasks

We used the idea of hierarchical control to study multi-muscle synergies during a whole-body sway task performed by a standing person. Within this view, at the lower level of the hierarchy, muscles are united into groups (M-modes). At the higher level, gains at the M-modes are co-varied by the controller in a task-specific way to ensure low variability of important physical variables. In particular, we hypothesized that (1) the composition of M-modes could adjust and (2) an index of M-mode co-variation would become weaker in more challenging conditions. Subjects were required to perform a whole-body sway at 0.5 Hz paced by a metronome. They performed the task with eyes open and closed, while standing on both feet or on one foot only, with and without vibration applied to the Achilles tendons. Integrated indices of muscle activation were subjected to principal component analysis to identify M-modes. An increase in the task complexity led to an increase in the number of principal components that contained significantly loaded indices of muscle activation from 3 to 5. Hence, in more challenging tasks, the controller manipulated a larger number of variables. Multiple regression analysis was used to define the Jacobian of the system mapping small changes in M-mode gains onto shifts of the center of pressure (COP) in the anterior-posterior direction. Further, the variance in the M-mode space across sway cycles was partitioned into two components, one that did not affect an average across cycles COP coordinate and the other that did (good and bad variance, respectively). Under all conditions, the subjects showed substantially more good variance than bad variance interpreted as a multi-M-mode synergy stabilizing the COP trajectory. An index of the strength of the synergy was comparable across all conditions, and there was no modulation of this index over the sway cycle. Hence, our first hypothesis that the composition of M-modes could adjust under challenging conditions has been confirmed while the second hypothesis stating that the index of M-mode co-variation would become weaker in more challenging conditions has been falsified. We interpret the observations as suggesting that adjustments at the lower level of the hierarchy-in the M-mode composition-allowed the subjects to maintain a comparable level of stabilization of the COP trajectory in more challenging tasks. The findings support the (at least) two-level hierarchical control scheme of whole-body movements.
Transition from β -tin to simple hexagonal silicon under pressure

Recently a simple hexagonal phase of Si has been discovered at \ensuremath{\sim}130-160 kbar of pressure. We have performed self-consistent density-functional calculations on the $\ensuremath{\beta}$-tin and simple hexagonal structures of Si, using the calculated stress tensor to determine the $\frac{c}{a}$ ratios as a function of volume. We find the simple hexagonal phase to be stable at pressures above 143 kbar. As the two structures are simply related by small strains and displacements of the atoms, we calculate the total energy along a path between the transition structures showing that any barrier between them is lower than 0.01 eV per atom.
A new energy and momentum conserving algorithm for the non‐linear dynamics of shells

A numerical time-integration scheme for the dynamics of non-linear elastic shells is presented that simultaneously and independent of the time-step size inherits exactly the conservation laws of total linear, total angular momentum as well as total energy. The proposed technique generalizes to non-linear shells recent work of the authors on non-linear elastodynamics and is ideally suited for long-term/large-scale simulations. The algorithm is second-order accurate and can be immediately extended with no modification to a fourth-order accurate scheme. The property of exact energy conservation induces a strong notion of non-linear numerical stability which manifests itself in actual simulations
The pH of setting cements. III. In vivo

Abstract The pH of 3 types of dental cement was measured in vivo. Generally, the in vivo pattern of pH change for each of the cements followed those which have previously been observed in vitro. However, the final pH values which were attained differed. These differences appeared to be related to 2 factors: penetration of the cement by saliva and the salivary pH. In no case did the final pH of the cement exceed the pH which was recorded for the saliva. Consequently, the pH values obtained for zinc phosphate cement were slightly lower in vivo than those recorded in vitro, whereas the silicate values in vivo were considerably higher than those previously reported in vitro. Minimal salivary influence was noted for readings taken on copper cement.
Seasonal changes in the diel vertical migration of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) in the northern Gulf of Alaska

Walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) perform diel vertical migration (DVM) as juveniles, but have an increasing tendency to be associated with the bottom with age. We studied the DVM of a local population of adult pollock in the northern Gulf of Alaska in August and November 2003. There was no relationship between the depth of pollock and the isolume (line of equal light intensity) necessary for visual foraging in August. Pollock passed through the thermocline at this time. In November there was a significant relationship between pollock biomass above/below the 200 m isobath and the isolume necessary for visual foraging. It is hypothesized that in August pollock ignore the isolume and thermocline, simply tracking the movements of their prey (euphausiids) to feed upon them near the surface at night. In November, relatively denser pollock shoals migrate up and down with the isolume necessary for visual foraging to feed on decapods.
Sex and the Capital City: The Political Framing of Syphilis and Prostitution in Early Republican Ankara

In its initial years, the nascent Turkish republic established the Ministry of Health and Social Assistance in order to promote public health. Beyond simply facilitating its modernizing agenda for the emergent nation-state as it sought to define itself against an Ottoman past, this institution was also geared toward remedying a self-defined population crisis by prioritizing and confronting particular diseases and health conditions. One of the maladies of utmost concern was syphilis. Based upon an analysis of official primary sources, this article engages with how the developing republic distinguished and consequently politically constructed-or framed-the syphilis problem from the vantage of its new forward capital, Ankara. Integral to this project of confronting this sexually transmitted disease, public health officials projected upon both this ailment and their understanding of the suitable means for its treatment their own views of what constituted appropriate sexual practices and relations. In doing so, certain subgroups of the population, especially prostitutes, were particularized as targets for surveillance and policing through regimes of licensing and compulsory medical examinations. Stemming from the state's framing of the disease-and its definition of appropriate sexual practices-this article also examines the subsequent legislative and public health education projects that followed.
Oxidation of PCE with a UV LED Photocatalytic Reactor

This paper is the first to investigate photocatalysis using a cutting-edge and energy-efficient solid-state light source: Ultraviolet (UV) Light Emitting Diodes (LED's). UV LED's do not involve mercury vapor, can be driven with direct current (DC), and have a long lifetime of 100000 hours. UV LED's with a peak wavelength of 375 nm were tested for perchloroethylene (PCE) photocatalytic oxidation over Degussa P-25 TiO 2 . At a UV light output of only 49 μW/cm 2 , the designed reactor delivers a PCE conversion of up to 43 %. If the UV LED price continues to drop, it is very likely that UV LED's will replace UV lamps as the favored light source in photocatalysis applications.
Simultaneous partial pole placement: A new approach to multimode system design

Simultaneous partial pole placement of a family of single-input single-output plants is proposed as a generalization of the classical pole placement and stabilization problems. This problem finds application in the design of a compensator for a family of linear dynamical systems. In this note we show that the proposed problem is equivalent to a new class of transcendental problem using stable, minimum phase rational functions with real coefficients. A necessary condition for the solvability of the associated transcendental problem is obtained. Finally, a counterexample to the following conjecture is obtained-"pairs of simultaneously stabilizable plants of bounded McMillan degree have simultaneously stabilizing compensators of bounded McMillan degree."
Ion-beam implantation and cross-sectional TEM characterization of Gd2Ti2O7 pyrochlore

Abstract Radiation effects in a wide range of pyrochlore compositions have been extensively investigated due to the potential application of pyrochlores as host matrices for the immobilization of actinides – particularly Pu. In this study, we have performed 1.0 MeV Kr 2+ ion implantations in bulk samples of single crystal Gd 2 Ti 2 O 7 at room temperature at different ion fluences of 1.875, 3.125 and 5 × 10 14 ions/cm 2 . The microstructural evolution upon ion-beam implantation was examined by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The critical amorphization dose at room temperature for 1 MeV Kr 2+ implanted Gd 2 Ti 2 O 7 was determined to be ∼0.143 dpa, which is significantly lower than the dose obtained by ion-irradiation under in situ TEM observation.
An Investigation of Affect of Service Using a LibQUAL+™ Survey and an Experimental Study

Abstract Among specialized applications of the well-known SERVQUAL scale for measuring perceptions of service quality, the LibQUAL + ™ survey system has found widespread use in assessment of the quality of libraries. Three main dimensions of library quality have been identified: Information Control, Library as Place and Affect of Service. Using data from an application of the LibQUAL + ™ survey, we investigate the relative difficulty of answering questions in each of these three areas, estimate the importance of each dimension in contributing to overall satisfaction with the library, and study differences in responses between user groups. We determine that Affect of Service (AS), similar to empathy in the general scale, is the most difficult dimension to evaluate. This is unfortunate because we find that AS is also the most important dimension in determining overall satisfaction with the library. We find that user characteristics are relevant in influencing both response rates and ratings of the AS scale items. In a follow up experiment to the LibQUAL survey we study the effect of user characteristics, such as type of user (student or faculty) and experience (length of association) on Affect of Service ratings. We determine that there is an interaction effect with experience moderating the impact of user type on perceptions of AS. Similar results are found in the case of another university service, a computer help desk. Our findings have implications for the administration and interpretation of LibQUAL surveys. The results also have implications for front line library staff members who should be mindful to provide individual, caring attention to undergraduates who are not favorably disposed towards their library services until they are both experienced and familiar with the library.
Deployment, commissioning, and operation of plasma electrode Pockels cells in the National Ignition Facility

Large aperture Plasma Electrode Pockels Cells (PEPCs) are an enabling technology in the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The Pockels cells allow the NIF laser to take advantage of multipass main amplifier architecture, thus reducing costs and physical size of the facility. Each Pockels cell comprises four 40-cm x 40-cm apertures arranged in a 4x1 array. The combination of the Pockels cell and a thin-film polarizer, also configured in a 4x1 array, forms an optical switch that is key to achieving the required multi-pass operation. The operation of the PEPC is a follows: Before the arrival of the laser pulse, optically transparent, low-density helium plasmas are initiated to serve as electrodes for the KDP crystals mounted in the Pockels cell. During beam propagation through the main laser cavity a longitudinal electric field is impressed on the electro-optic crystals. The polarization of the propagating beams is rotated by 90° on each of two passes, thereby allowing the beam to be trapped in the main laser amplifier cavity for a total of four passes before being switched out into the cavity spatial filter. The physics aspects of the PEPC are well documented. Consequently, this paper will emphasize the PEPC subsystem in the context of its role and relevance within the broader NIF laser system, provide a view of the complexity of the subsystem and give an overview of PEPC's interactions with other elements of NIF, including interfaces to the Beamline Infrastructure, the NIF Timing Subsystem, and the Integrated Computer Control System (ICCS); along with dependence on the Optics Production, Transport and Handling (T&H), and Assembly, Integration and Refurbishment (AIR) and Operations organizations. Further, we will discuss implementation details related to the functional blocks and individual components that comprise PEPC, with particular emphasis on the unique constraints placed on the elements and the attendant engineering solutions. Finally, we describe performance, fabrication and assembly requirements unique to PEPC and the various considerations necessary for successfully commissioning and operation of each PEPC unit. These considerations include, but are not limited to, materials choices, materials preparation and processing (especially cleanliness), inspection, pre- and post-assembly testing.
On the existence of approximate solutions for singular integral equations of Cauchy type discretized by Gauss-Chebyshev quadrature formulae

It is shown that the direct Gauss-Chebyshev method used for the numerical solution of singular integral equations of Cauchy-type possesses a unique solution for sufficiently largen.
Glycosylated haemoglobin in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1) was measured serially by microcolumn chromatography in 38 children with newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes. Initial HbA1 levels of 13.6±0.5% fell significantly from day 0 (prior to therapy) both to day 1 (1.6±0.2% decrease) and to day 3–5 (2.6±0.4% decrease) (p < 0.001). This drop correlated closely with changes in blood glucose (p < 0.001), less closely and inversely with plasma bicarbonate levels (p < 0.01), but not with prior duration of symptoms or changes in serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. HbA1 levels reached a nadir of 8.2±0.3% 3 weeks to 6 months after diagnosis, and correlated with decreasing insulin dosage (p < 0.001). HbA1 levels rose again to 11.4±0.5% in 21 patients followed for more than 3–6 months. Our results indicate that (1) HbA1 levels change rapidly during initial stabilization of insulin-dependent diabetes suggesting that glycosylation may not be entirely irreversible, and (2) HbA1 levels are consistent with clinical assessment of control during remission and postremission phases.
Visible-light photooxidation of trichloroethylene by Cr–Al-MCM-41

Abstract In the present study, the photooxidation of gaseous trichloroethylene (TCE) was performed on Cr–Al-MCM-41 (predominantly a SiO 2 framework) under visible light and UV light. This mesoporous Cr-containing MCM-41 material is a promising photocatalyst and exhibits excellent photoactivity. Moreover, the products of photooxidation under visible light are similar to those under UV-light illumination. The photocatalysis process occurs on isolated Cr 6+ ions supported on a predominantly SiO 2 framework. A possible mechanism leading to the photooxidation of TCE together with the detection of intermediates by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is reported here.
Component search and reuse: An ontology-based approach

In order to realize the full potential of software reuse, effective search techniques are indeed essential. In this paper, we propose a semantic-based approach for retrieving relevant components from a reuse repository. This approach utilizes an ontology model that includes a source-code ontology, a component ontology, and a domain-specific ontology. Due to the indexing and knowledge population mechanisms we used, our approach supports various kinds of search techniques. However, our experiments show evidence that only pure semantic search that exploits domain knowledge tends to improve precision.
De novo translocation (8;12) and frontofacionasal dysplasia in a newborn boy.

We describe a newborn boy one of triplets, whose karyotype was 46,XY,t(8;12)(q22;q21). Prenatal diagnosis of multiple craniofacial anomalies had been made. Following delivery, the patient was thought to exhibit findings consistent with a diagnosis of frontofacionasal dysostosis. We hypothesize that one of the break points of this translocation may involve a gene essential to craniofacial development. Am. J. Med. Genet. 94:179–183, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cost-effective alcohol treatment: The community reinforcement approach

Recent meta-analyses of the alcohol treatment outcome literature have pointed to a number of therapeutic modalities that consistently surface as generally more effective than others. Yet the gap between science and practice remains largely unaffected by these findings. Among the many possible reasons for this gap, a critical one is the difficulty of synthesizing research findings and methodically adapting them for private or clinic practice. This paper introduces the Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA), one of the well-supported treatment modalities. CRA is a cost-effective behavioral and social-learning-based treatment protocol. Its innovative, menu-driven approach to substance abuse also integrates several other cost-effective treatments to make a comprehensive package for the clinician. An overview of CRA is provided with the objective of helping the clinician increase his or her cost-effectiveness with alcohol abusing and dependent clients.
Internet Auction Features as Quality Signals.

Internet auction companies have developed innovative tools that enable sellers to reveal more information about their credibility and product quality to avoid the “lemons” problem. On the basis of signaling and auction theories, the authors propose a typology of Internet auction quality and credibility indicators, adopt and modify Park and Bradlow’s (2005) model, and use eBay as an example to examine empirically how different types of indicators help alleviate uncertainty. This empirical evidence demonstrates how Internet auction features affect consumer participation and bidding decisions, what modifies the credibility of quality indicators, and how different buyers react to indicators. The signaling-based hypotheses provide coherent explanations of consumers’ bidding behavior. As the first empirical study to evaluate the signaling role of comprehensive Internet auction institutional features in mitigating the adverse selection problem, this research provides evidence to clarify the economic foundation behind innovative Internet auction designs.
Using distributed objects to build the Stanford digital library Infobus

For digital libraries to thrive, the providers of information processing services must be able to evolve their systems autonomously. However, as the complexity of their offerings increases, software tools more sophisticated than existing Web facilities are needed. Distributed object technology may be the answer. The availability of high-volume, increasingly sophisticated information is making the need for metadata facilities more urgent. Traditional, library-based approaches break down when used in an advanced digital library. More modular mechanisms are needed, and the CORBA system is one approach. Digital libraries are affected at a deep technical level by the widely differing user traditions of Web users and library patrons. The challenge and opportunity of digital libraries will be the synthesis of these traditions. The authors set out to create a technical infrastructure to support the construction of digital libraries. In their view, a digital library comprises widely distributed resources that can be maintained autonomously by different organizations and will not require adherence to uniform interfaces.
Heterogeneous natural selection on oxidative phosphorylation genes among fishes with extreme high and low aerobic performance.

Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is the primary source of ATP in eukaryotes and serves as a mechanistic link between variation in genotypes and energetic phenotypes. While several physiological and anatomical factors may lead to increased aerobic capacity, variation in OXPHOS proteins may influence OXPHOS efficiency and facilitate adaptation in organisms with varied energy demands. Although there is evidence that natural selection acts on OXPHOS genes, the focus has been on detection of directional (positive) selection on specific phylogenetic branches where traits that increase energetic demands appear to have evolved. We examined patterns of selection in a broader evolutionary context, i.e., on multiple lineages of fishes with extreme high and low aerobic performance. We found that patterns of natural selection on mitochondrial OXPHOS genes are complex among fishes with different swimming performance. Positive selection is not consistently associated with high performance taxa and appears to be strongest on lineages containing low performance taxa. In contrast, within high performance lineages, purifying (negative) selection appears to predominate. We provide evidence that selection on OXPHOS varies in both form and intensity within and among lineages through evolutionary time. These results provide evidence for fluctuating selection on OXPHOS associated with divergence in aerobic performance. However, in contrast to previous studies, positive selection was strongest on low performance taxa suggesting that adaptation of OXPHOS involves many factors beyond enhancing ATP production in high performance taxa. The broader pattern indicates a complex interplay between organismal adaptations, ATP demand, and OXPHOS function.
The Cost of Tritium Production in a Fusion Reactor

In this paper, a computational model is presented in order to assess the cost of tritium breeding in a fusion power reactor. This model compares the differential cost of the Li-bearing breeder blanket with that of a steel shield and adds the loss of revenue due to the lower energy multiplication of the breeder blanket compared to the steel shield. The cost of tritium production ranges from $215-$300/g for a simple breeder up to $1420/g for a high temperature breeder.
Preface to Part IV

Stephen Lerman has done the community of mathematics education researchers a service by opening up some of the issues that arise as a result of the proliferation of theories that concern the learning and teaching of mathematics. We teach research students in mathematics education that it is necessary to be guided by one or more theories in designing and carrying out a research study in this field. For the coherence of the research, the particular conceptual framework developed from the theoretical considerations should inform the overall design as well as every detail of the decisions made regarding methodology, participants, specific methods of data collection, plans for analysis once the data are collected, and finally the reporting of the results. Every research decision should have a rationale that is grounded in the conceptual framework. Thus theory is eminently important. But why is it important? And as Lerman asks, is it a problem that there is a growing plethora of theories that have potential uses in our field? He comes to the ultimate conclusion that it is not a problem, and I agree with him.
Stability of individual and group behavior in a blog network

This work experimentally examines different notions of stability of the behavior of individuals and groups in a network of blogs. Our experiments are conducted on data collected from LiveJournal. All stability notions aim to locate stable behavior within an individual's area, which is defined in a variety of manners. Our experiments confirm an earlier observation of the highly dynamic nature of the network. Roughly 70% of the communication of a typical week was not observed in the previous week. Depending on the definition of stability and area used, we find small, but highly stable, sets of individuals with stable behavior in the network.
The balance between silica production and silica dissolution in the sea: Insights from Monterey Bay, California, applied to the global data set

Silicon isotope tracers were used to examine the relative magnitude of silica dissolution and silica production in the Monterey Bay, California, upwelling system. A diatom bloom dominated by Skeletonema costatumand Chaetoceros spp. was encountered under conditions of moderate upwelling. Profiles of silica production and dissolution rates were obtained at seven stations that sampled both inside and outside the bloom. Integrated silica production rates ranged from 5.4 to 108 mmol Si m 22 d 21 , averaging 42.8 mmol Si m 22 d 21 . Integrated silica dissolution rates were considerably lower than production rates with values between 0.63 and 6.5 mmol Si m 22 d 21 (mean 5 2.90 mmol Si m 22 d 21 ). The mean ratio of integrated silica dissolution to integrated silica production ( # D: # P) between the surface and the 0.1% light depth was 0.075, omitting one station with an unusually high # D: # P of 0.61, indicating that, on average, 93% of silica production was supported by new silicic acid. The f-ratio for diatom nitrogen use estimated from silicic acid and nitrate depletion curves and the mean # D: # P ratio was found to be 0.83, indicating that silica was being regenerated at a rate that was only slightly slower than that for particulate organic nitrogen. These data provide direct evidence confirming earlier hypotheses that the silica pump is weak in Monterey Bay. Analysis of the global data set on # D: # P in the surface ocean leads to the hypothesis that low # D: # P( ;0.10 or less) are typical of diatom bloom events, with # D: # P rising to values in excess of 0.50 during nonbloom periods. This pattern is shown to be consistent with previous estimates that the annual mean # D: # P ratio in the upper 200 m of the global ocean is 0.5‐0.6. A regional analysis reveals that the fraction of silica production supported by new silicic acid varies as a hyperbolic function of the level of gross silica production similar to the variation in the f-ratio for N use with primary productivity. These trends suggest that diatom blooms, especially those occurring in more productive waters, are the main vectors of silica export in the sea, with the majority of the silica produced during nonbloom periods being recycled in the euphotic zone.
Popular Myths About Popular Vote-Electoral College Splits

An official recount was required to determine the winner of a knifeedged election. A Senate candidate's untimely death resulted, surprisingly and circuitously, in the Democrats picking up an extra Senate seat. Amidst widespread allegations of fraud and irregularities, the winner of the popular vote in the presidential election failed for the first time since 1888 to win the decisive electoral-college vote. And thus was foiled the vice president's bid to emerge from the shadow of the president he had served for eight years. The year 2000? No. The year was 1960. The Democrat, John Kennedy, was the president-elect who failed to secure the plurality of the popular vote, while the Republican, Richard Nixon, was the vice president whose popular-vote majority offered him scant consolation in defeat. The Senate candidate was not, of course, Missouri Democrat Mel Carnahan, whose death in September 2000 seems to have spurred a large sympathy vote, resulting in a posthumous victory (which, in turn, permitted the appointment of his widow to fill the seat). Keith Thompson was the Republican senator-elect from Wyoming at the time of his death in December 1960. Immediately thereafter, Democratic governor J.J. Hickey resigned to make himself eligible for appointment to the vacant seat by his own successor, Democratic Secretary of State Jack Cage.
Constructing Social Reality in Organizational Decision Making: Account Vocabularies in a Diversity Discussion

Communication during organizational decision making has often been treated as information exchange, and when social constructionist orientations have been assumed, these have focused on communication related to decision making rather than on talk during decision-making interactions. Shotter’s rhetorical-responsive social constructionist approach is applied to analyzing a faculty senate’s discussion on whether or not to implement a culture and ethnic diversity requirement. This study examines decision-making talk and how, during decision making, participants socially construct a diversity requirement. The vocabularies of diversity and requirement function to define the resolution and allow faculty to demonstrate accountability in different ways. The meanings of these vocabularies are discursively negotiated during decision making; this process reveals competing vocabularies and ambiguity. The conflict over the diversity requirement was resolved through a substitute resolution that reaffirmed the nature of ...