cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influenza A Nucleoprotein Detection by a Novel Immuno-Interferometric Sensor

Rapid detection and identification is imperative to combat known or emerging infectious agents. This novel immuno-interferometric sensor utilizes the specificity and selectivity of antibody-antigen interactions to detect and identify a specific influenza viral component in a label-free manner. Primary antibodies to the nucleoprotein of Influenza A (IFA) were oriented utilizing a previously reported polymer- protein interaction system of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA, CAS# 9011-14-7) and biolinker protein G′. This unique noncovalent adsorption method resulted in increased primary antibody orientation, and enhanced assay sensitivity. Indeed, the immuno fluorescence assay was found to have a detection limit of 1.25 μg/ml of IFA nucleoprotein. Combining this novel antibody orientation method and Fabry Perot (FP) Interferometry, a PMMA-on-silica label-free biosensor was designed and fabricated. A 100nm PMMA layer was spin coated onto a 1.5 μm silicon dioxide wafer. Illuminating and receptor fibers were set at 45° and 135° angles to measure the reflected spectra. Protein G’, Anti-Influenza Primary Antibody, and Influenza Antigen were added to the sensor surface incubated, washed and air-blown dry prior to measurements. Sequential addition of protein G′, primary antibody, and viral antigen to the sensor surface were concurrently verified by non-contact AFM imaging analysis. Spectrum demodulation, known for high resolution and accuracy, was employed to process total thickness changes of the PMMA-silicon chip. The determined subsequent spectral shifts correlated with binding of detector proteins and ultimately influenza to sensor surface. This novel sensor, as an analytical tool, has the potential to quickly and easily detect influenza and other biohazards. Supported by NSF Grant EEC-0425826 and Army Research Office Grant W911NF-07-02-0081
Deconvolution of High Energy Edge of Noise Distorted Backscattering Spectra

A procedure for deconvoluting high energy leading edge of noise distorted backscattering spectra measured by surface barrier detector systems is presented. This procedure is based on two assumptions: (i) The undistorted spectrum can be represented as a polynomial function of the energy of the backscattered ions, relative to the maximum energy of ions back-scattered from the impurity, with unknown expansion coefficients; (ii) The observed distorted spectrum is the gaussian spread of the undistorted spectrum. The spread is characterized by ?, the rms value of a monoenergetic ion beam scattered from a single layer of impurity atoms. This generates a set of "spread" coefficients which depend only upon the energies in (i) and ? in (ii). The derivative of various order of the high energy edge of the distorted spectrum provide the values of the unknown polynomial expansion coefficients.
Chemically induced supernumerary lumbar ribs in CD‐1 mice: Size distribution and dose response

Supernumerary ribs (SNR) of differing sizes are commonly observed in rodent developmental toxicity studies, and the significance of treatment-related increases in SNR in standard studies has been contentious. We induced dose-related increases in SNR in fetal CD-1 mice by treating on gestation days 7–8 with benomyl (BEN; 0, 75, 150 mg/kg/d), dinoseb (DIN; 0, 30, 50 mg/kg/d); 2-methoxyethanol (2-ME; 0, 75, 150 mg/kg/d), or valproic acid (VPA; 0, 125, 250 mg/kg/d). Incidences of SNR were 9.3–27.6% in controls and 19.3–84.4% in the high dosage groups. SNR length showed a bimodal distribution with peaks at 0.3–0.4 mm and 0.9–1.1 mm in both treated and control groups. Based on length distributions, we used an actual length of 0.6 mm to separate short (rudimentary) from long (extra) SNR. DIN, 2-ME, and VPA induced a dose-related increase of extra ribs, while the incidence of rudimentary ribs remained at control levels. There was no apparent correlation of the presence of either type of SNR in a fetus and the occurrence of other anomalies. These data support the idea that extra and rudimentary SNR may reflect separate developmental phenomena, and should be considered and reported separately in developmental toxicity studies for risk assessment.Birth Defects Res B 71:17–25, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Moving Teeth with High Frequency Oscillations; Theory, Method, Instrumentation, and Initial Tests

The theory and effects of the application of high frequency oscillations to the extraalveolar portion of a tooth are discussed in the study. It introduces a new method and means of moving a tooth for extraction and other possible uses such as orthodontics.
Influence of resource pulses and perennial neighbors on the establishment of an invasive annual grass in the Mojave Desert

Invasion by exotic annual grasses is one of the most significant threats to arid ecosystems in the western USA. Current theories of invasibility predict plant communities become more susceptible to invasion whenever there is an increase in the amount of unused resources. The objective of this field study was to examine how resource pulses and temporal variation in resource demand by the native shrub vegetation influences establishment of the invasive annual grass Schismus arabicus. Water and nitrogen were applied as pulses in early spring, mid-spring, or continuously throughout the growing season to plots containing either Atriplex confertifolia or Atriplex parryi shrubs. The effect of resource pulses on Schismus density and biomass was highly dependent on the seasonal timing of the resource pulses and the identity of the neighbor shrub. When resource pulses coincided with high rates of resource capture and growth of the native vegetation, density and biomass of Schismus was reduced. Schismus establishment was greater under continuous resource supply compared to pulsed resource supply, likely because more soil resources were available at a shallow depth when resources were supplied at a continuous low rate. These results suggest that the establishment of invasive annual grasses in arid systems can be influenced by the magnitude and spatial distribution of resource pulses in addition to the seasonal timing of resource pulses.
Structure and properties of potassium iodide nanoparticles. A molecular dynamics study

Abstract Properties of solid and liquid clusters ranging in size from 108 to 500 KI pairs have been investigated in computer simulations. Melting points, densities or, for the liquid, a density profile, coefficients of thermal expansion, heat capacities, heats of fusion and diffusion coefficients were determined, for the most part as functions of particle size. Coefficients of thermal expansion showed the greatest differences from the bulk, particularly for the liquid where the coefficient was twice as large. Effects of the Laplace pressure could be discerned in both the liquid and solid densities. Although the solid particles retained their well-developed facets and exhibited little surface diffuseness until very warm, the molten clusters had very diffuse liquid–vapor interfaces. Unlike the case of liquid argon clusters, the surface diffuse layer was considerably thicker than could be accounted for by classical capillary waves. As had been found in the liquid state of bulk salts, the closest cation–anion internuclear distances were appreciably shorter than in the solid, a consequence of the lower coordination numbers. The solid clusters possessed what is nominally the face centered cubic rock salt structure but deviated from it in that the cations tended not to be midway between the anions. This tendency resembles that in the liquid, though to a smaller extent. It also can be attributed to the diminished coordination number of those ions at the surface. This asymmetry causes alternations in K–I distances to be propagated into the interior.
Natural language projects at IBM research

At IBM Research there are currently six projects dealing with natural language, each of which is described in this issue. These projects are diverse both technically and administratively, as can be seen from the following summary.
Studies with reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase: Harmaline and related compounds

Abstract Harmaline and related compounds have been shown to be potent inhibitors of monoamine oxidase effecting 50 per cent inhibition of serotonin metabolism at 10−6 M. Inhibition is reversible both in vitro and in vivo. Procedures have been presented for evaluating the effectiveness of monoamine oxidase inhibitors bothin vitro and in vivo.
The Biology of the T-Cell Antigen Receptor and Its Role in the Skin Immune System

T lymphocytes play an important role in the generation, maintenance, and specificity of the skin immune response. T cells are the predominant class of lymphocytes found in the skin and moderate many of the initial immune responses, such as allergic contact and delayed-type hypersensitivity. In addition, the primary class of cutaneous lymphomas is believed to be of T-cell lineage. All of the antigen and MHC-restriction capabilities are manifested by the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR), the study of which has been the primary focus of immunologists for many years. Proper recognition of antigen and MHC-restriction. by the TCR is necessary for the activation of the T cell. The analysis of the TCR has proved to be a useful tool for the diagnosis of lymphomas and the study of the normal skin immune system. Recently, TCR subset populations were found to be expressed specifically within the epidermis and have been hypothesized to be important in the maintenance of immunity in the skin immune system. In this article, we discuss the relationship of T cells to the immune system and the importance of the TCR to its function and homeostasis.
Local segmental relaxation in bidisperse polystyrenes

Dynamic mechanical results are reported for segmental relaxation of mono- disperse polystyrenes (PSs) with molecular weights of 0.7, 3, 18, and 104 kg/mol and bidisperse PSs created from blending pairs of these materials. The data for the mono- disperse polymers confirm previous findings; namely, there is an increase in the glass-transition temperature normalized temperature dependence of the segmental relaxation times (fragility) with increasing molecular weight, along with a breakdown of the correlation between the fragility and the breadth of the relaxation function. For both the monodisperse and bidisperse PSs, the glass-transition temperature is a single function of the average number of chain ends, independent of the nature of the molecular weight distribution. It is also found that these materials exhibit fragilities that uniquely depend on the number-average molecular weight, that is, on the concen- tration of chain ends. In blends with linear PS, cyclic PS with a low molecular weight behaves as a high polymer, similar to its neat behavior, reflecting the overriding importance of chain ends. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 2604 -2611, 2004
Cutaneous ultraviolet radiation inhibits herpes simplex virus-induced lymphoproliferation in latently infected subjects.

Abstract Exposure of herpes simplex virus (HSV) latently infected subjects to ultraviolet irradiation (UVR) (1 minimum erythema dose, 90% body surface) caused a significant inhibition of HSV and phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphoproliferation. The inhibition was observed on Day 3 post-UVR and lasted at least 9 days. UVR-induced downregulation of HSV-specific lymphoproliferation was associated with increased levels of activated transforming growth factor β However, the relationship between UVR-induced immune downregulation and the development of recurrent HSV lesions was incomplete.
A molecular model for homogeneous nucleation

Abstract This work concerns the theory of vapor phase homogeneous nucleation. A microscopic model for homogeneous nucleation has been extended to large clusters so it can be employed where classical theory is currently used. Attempts have been made to obtain all results in closed analytical form which are easy to compare with experimental data. The results of this model are compared with the experimental nucleation rates of ethanol, methanol and nonane. This model is very consistent with recent experimental data.
A New Furan Synthesis. Evidence for the Intermediacy of the Elusive Anhydro-5-hydroxy-1,3-dioxolium Hydroxide System

Abstract While five-membered mesoionic ring systems have been employed as useful synthetic intermediates in the preparation of a wide variety of pyrroles and thiophenes1, only limited application has been made to the preparation of furans2. We would like to report a new furan synthesis in which the unreported anhydro-5-hydroxy-1, 3-dioxolium hydroxide system may be an intermediate.
Invasive prey indirectly increase predation on their native competitors

Ecological theory predicts that invasive prey can interact with native prey directly by competing for shared resources or indirectly by changing the abundance or behavior of shared native predators. However, both the study and management of invasive prey have historically overlooked indirect effects. In southern California estuaries, introduction of the Asian nest mussel Arcuatula senhousia has been linked to profound changes in native bivalve assemblages, but the mechanisms of these interactions remain unclear. We performed three field experiments to assess the mechanisms of competition between Arcuatula and native bivalves, and evaluated the potential for Arcuatula to indirectly mediate native predator-prey dynamics. We found that Arcuatula reduces the diversity, abundance, and size of native bivalve recruits by preemptively exploiting space in surface sediments. When paired with native shallow-dwelling clams (Chione undatella and Laevicardium substriatum), Arcuatula reduces adult survival through overgrowth competition. However, Arcuatula also attracts native predators, causing apparent competition by indirectly increasing predation of native clams, especially for poorly defended species. Therefore, invasive prey can indirectly increase predation rates on native competitors by changing the behavior of shared native predators, but the magnitude of apparent competition strongly depends on the vulnerability of natives to predation. Interestingly, our results indicate that the vulnerability of invasive prey to predation can greatly exacerbate impacts on their native competitors. Our findings suggest that consideration of both direct and indirect effects of invasive prey, as well as native predator-prey relationships, should lead to more effective invasive species management.
How do electronegative substituents make metal complexes better catalysts for the oxidation of hydrocarbons by dioxygen

Modeling studies support a radical-chain autoxidation mechanism for the aerobic oxidation of isobutane catalyzed by halogenated porphyrin iron complexes. A key role of the electronegative halogen substituents is to increase the FeIII / IIredox potential and thereby accelerate oxidation of the intermediate t-butyl hydroperoxide by (porph)FeIII. The electronic structures of electronegatively substituted salen iron complexes have been characterized by several techniques, and related to changes in catalytic activity for oxidation of cyclohexene. The crystal and molecular structure of [Fe((NO2)4salen)(H2O)Cl] is reported.
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LOCAL SEMIPARAMETRIC EFFICIENCY BOUNDS UNDER SHAPE RESTRICTIONS

Consider the model y = x′β0 + f*(z) + e, where e [d over =] N(0, σ02). We calculate the smallest asymptotic variance that n1/2 consistent regular (n1/2CR) estimators of β0 can have when the only information we possess about f* is that it has a certain shape. We focus on three particular cases: (i) when f* is homogeneous of degree r, (ii) when f* is concave, (iii) when f* is decreasing. Our results show that in the class of all n1/2CR estimators of β0, homogeneity of f* may lead to substantial asymptotic efficiency gains in estimating β0. In contrast, at least asymptotically, concavity and monotonicity of f* do not help in estimating β0 more efficiently, at least for n1/2CR estimators of β0.
Regionalization of pediatric cardiac services: from theory to practice

Abstract Theoretically, regionalization has the effect of concentrating specialized medical services into ‘Centers of Excellence’ thereby enhancing volumes to improve outcomes via the volume–outcome relation. Several examples of the volume–outcome relation have been demonstrated in the field of heart surgery for congenital heart disease in the pediatric population. However, translating this theoretical construct into practice by promoting or achieving regionalization of pediatric cardiac surgical services can prove to be a challenging undertaking. In this article we review four strategies for achieving regionalization: national mandates, state standards, expert panels and market-based strategies. The feasibility of applying each strategy to pediatric cardiac surgery is discussed. When possible, specific examples of the use of each strategy have been given.
A Meta-Analysis of Vibrotactile and Visual Information Displays for Improving Task Performance

Many studies have investigated the effect of vibrotactile cues on task performance, but a wide range of cue and task types have made findings difficult to interpret without a quantitative synthesis. This report addresses that need by reviewing the effectiveness of vibrotactile cues in a meta-analysis of 45 studies. When added to a baseline task or to existing visual cues, vibrotactile cues enhanced task performance. When vibrotactile cues replaced visual cues; however, some effects were attenuated and others moderated by cue information complexity. To summarize such moderating effects, vibrotactile alerts are an effective replacement for visual alerts, but vibrotactile direction cues are not effective when replacing visual direction cues. This meta-analysis of vibrotactile applications underscores the benefits of vibrotactile and multimodal displays, highlights conditions in which vibrotactile cues are particularly effective, and identifies areas in need of further investigation.
Stability of an iterative multiwavelength lidar scheme

Multiwavelength elastic lidar is often used to probe the aerosol profiles of the atmosphere. Normally, the atmosphere is considered homogeneous and an a-priori aerosol ratio is given for each wavelength channel which is then processed independently. However, it is clear that the multiwavelength retrieved backscatter profiles should contain information that can be used to estimate particle size distribution which may provide a new estimate to range dependant aerosol ratio profiles which can be repeated until convergence. In this paper, we illustrate the basic idea of using multiwavelength data using a two wavelength lidar to obtain local information on the lidar ratio which can be used to improve lidar profiling in inhomogeneous atmospheres and show that a key feature of any scheme is the monotonic dependance between the optical data ratio and the distribution parameter. In addition, we extend the approach to a prototypical Nd:YAG three wavelength (355, 532, 1064nm) lidar arrangement and show that while an iterative lidar procedure can be used to extract range dependant profiles, imprecision in the inversion procedure as well as error propagation of the lidar back integration can hamper convergence.
Outpatient Care Patterns and Organizational Accountability in Medicare

Importance Fostering accountability in the Medicare Accountable Care Organization (ACO) programs may be challenging because traditional Medicare beneficiaries have unrestricted choice of health care providers, are attributed to ACOs based on utilization, and often receive fragmented care. Objective To measure 3 related constructs relevant to ACO incentives and their capacity to manage care: stability of patient assignment, leakage of outpatient care, and contract penetration. Design, Setting, and Participants Using 2010-2011 Medicare claims and rosters of physicians in organizations participating in ACO programs, we examined these constructs among 524 246 beneficiaries hypothetically assigned to 145 ACOs prior to the start of the Medicare ACO programs. We compared estimates by patient complexity, ACO size, and the primary care orientation of ACO specialty mix. Main Outcomes and Measures Three related construct measurements: stability of assignment , defined as the proportion of patients whose assignment to an ACO in 2010 was unchanged in 2011; leakage of outpatient care , defined as the proportion of office visits for an assigned population that occurred outside of the contracting organization; and contract penetration , defined as the proportion of Medicare outpatient spending billed by an ACO that was devoted to assigned patients. Results Of beneficiaries assigned to an ACO in 2010, 80.4% were assigned to the same ACO in 2011. Of those assigned to an ACO in 2010 or 2011, 66.0% were consistently assigned in both years. Unstable assignment was more common among beneficiaries with fewer conditions and office visits but also among those in several high-cost categories, including the highest decile of per-beneficiary spending. Among ACO-assigned beneficiaries, 8.7% of office visits with primary care physicians were provided outside of the assigned ACO, and 66.7% of office visits with specialists were provided outside of the assigned ACO. Leakage of outpatient specialty care was greater for higher-cost beneficiaries and substantial even among specialty-oriented ACOs (54.6% for lowest quartile of primary care orientation). Of Medicare spending on outpatient care billed by ACO physicians, 37.9% was devoted to assigned beneficiaries. This proportion was higher for ACOs with greater primary care orientation (60.0% for highest quartile vs 33.6% for lowest). Conclusions and Relevance Care patterns among beneficiaries served by ACOs suggest distinct challenges in achieving organizational accountability in Medicare. Continued monitoring of these patterns may be important to determine the regulatory need for enhancing ACOs’ incentives and their ability to improve care efficiency.
Effects of statins on myocardial and coronary artery response to ischemia-reperfusion.

This study tested the hypotheses that (i) lipophilic statins (atorvastatin and simvastatin) impair ventricular re- covery from myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, owing to their greater myocyte permeability, compared with a hydro- philic statin (pravastatin), and (ii) statins enhance endothelium-dependent vasodilation of isolated coronary arteries from the ischemic region. Farm pigs consumed chow supplemented with atorvastatin (2.5 mg·kg -1 ·d -1 ; n = 6), pravastatin (10 (n =3 ) or 20 (n =2 ) mg·kg -1 ·d -1 ), simvastatin (5 mg·kg -1 ·d -1 ; n = 6), or no statin (control; n = 6) for 3 weeks. Animals were anesthetized and instrumented to measure regional (% segment shortening) and global (dP/dt max) left ventricular (LV) function during coronary artery occlusion (10 min) and reperfusion (30 min). Coronary resistance (i.d. =1 19 ±3 µm) and conductance (i.d. = 487 ± 11 µm) arteries were isolated from the ischemic region to measure receptor-dependent (acetylcholine (ACh)) and -independent (KCl) vasoconstriction, and endothelium-dependent (bradykinin (BK)) and -independent (sodium nitroprusside (SNP)) vasodilation. At 30 min reperfusion, neither percent recovery of regional ventricular function (atorvastatin, 24% ± 15%; pravastatin, 36% ± 13%; simvastatin, 29% ± 13%; control, 36% ± 13%) nor percent recovery of global LV cardiac function differed among groups. However, BK-induced vasorelaxation of coronary conductance vessels was greater (P < 0.05) in statins versus controls, and ACh-induced vasoconstriction was less in simvastatin-treated animals, suggesting the potential for enhanced coronary arterial blood flow to the jeopardized region. In conclusion, our data suggest that ischemia-induced myocardial stunning is similar among pigs treated for 3 weeks with atorvastatin, pravastatin, or simvastatin, even though statin treatment appears to augment endothelium-dependent vasodilation of conductance, but not resistance, vessels subjected to ischemia- reperfusion.
Heat Conduction and Interface Thermal Resistance in Liquid Argon Filled Silver and Graphite Nanochannels

Heat conduction between two parallel solid walls separated by liquid argon is investigated using three-dimensional molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Liquid argon molecules confined in silver and graphite nano-channels are examined separately. Heat flux and temperature distribution within the nano-channels are calculated by maintaining a fixed temperature difference between the two solid surfaces. Temperature profiles are linear sufficiently away from the walls, and heat transfer in liquid argon obeys the Fourier law. Temperature jump due to the interface thermal resistance (i.e., Kapitza length) is characterized as a function of the wall temperature. MD results enabled development of a phenomenological model for the Kapitza length, which is utilized as the coefficient of a Navier-type temperature jump boundary condition using continuum heat conduction equation. Analytical solution of this model results in successful predictions of temperature distribution in liquid-argon confined in silver and graphite nano-channels as thin as 7 nm and 3.57 nm, respectively.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Advance Australia—Fair or Foul? Observing Australian Arts Policies

(2005). Advance Australia—Fair or Foul? Observing Australian Arts Policies. The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society: Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 49-59.
The synthesis of 3H-1,2,4-thiadiazolo[3,4-b]benzothiazoles†

2-Aminobenzothiazole reacted with 1,1,1-trichloromethanesulfenyl chloride yielding 1,1,1-trichloro-N-(2-benzothiazolyl)methanesulfenamide. Subsequent cyclization using either aromatic or heteroaromatic amines readily yielded derivatives of the 3H-1,2,4-thiadiazolo[3,4-b]benzothiazole ring system. Spectral data and brominations of these benzothiazoles are described.
Phosphorylation of muscle proteins by cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase from muscle.

Abstract Tissue-specific substrates for a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase from bovine tracheal smooth muscle have been partially characterized. The substrates are phosphorylated by purified smooth muscle kinase or by kinases found in crude extracts of bovine smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle. The substrates derived from and phosphorylated by smooth muscle protein kinase have a molecular weight of approximately 70 000, as determined by disc gel electrophoresis in the absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and of approx. 20 000–25 000 when electrophoresed in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. It appears that there are a liminated number of substrates for the smooth muscle cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase.
A pathogenic nonoccluded virus in hemocytes of the navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera)☆

Abstract A small, nonoccluded virus was isolated from the granular hemocytes (=adipocytes) of moribund larvae of the navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella , collected from almonds in northern California. The virus was readily transmitted perorally in laboratory tests and was highly pathogenic to neonate larvae; however, third- and fourth-stage larvae usually acquired attenuated infections that retarded growth and delayed mortality. Large paracrystalline viral arrays filled the cytoplasm of granular hemocytes of diseased larvae. Attempts to transmit the virus perorally to larvae of nine other species of moths were unsuccessful. The virus is isometric, about 25 nm in diameter, and contains single-stranded RNA. It has been designated “chronic stunt virus” (CSV) and tentatively assigned to the picorna-like viruses.
Impression Management by Association: Construction and Validation of a Scale

Abstract This study describes the construction and initial validation of a scale that measures four indirect impression management tactics identified by Cialdini (1989). The scale measures the connection-focused tactics of Boasting, Blurring, Blaring, and Burying. The scale development consisted of the multiple stage process identified by Hinkin (1998). Stage 1 included holding three separate focus groups to generate the initial items. Stages 2 and 3 included two data collections to first explore and then confirm the factor structure of the impression management by association scale. A final data collection in Stage 4 assessed the convergent and discriminant validity of the impression management by association scale. Overall, the impression management by association scale satisfactorily represented the four factors conceptualized by Cialdini (1989), although more refinement is needed to better distinguish the Burying from the Blaring factor.
The Use of Self-Disclosure: Lived Experiences of Recovering Substance Abuse Counselors

This phenomenological investigation explored the lived experiences of recovering substance abuse counselors regarding their use of self-disclosure of their personal histories of addiction with clients in counseling for substance abuse–related issues. A total of 10 recovering counselors were interviewed and asked to describe in detail their uses of self-disclosure, changes in frequencies, amount, and rationale for use or nonuse of self-disclosure. The interviews were analyzed for patterns in recovering counselors' lived experiences related to self-disclosure, and themes related to rationale for and against the use of self-disclosure, benefits, and drawbacks of self-disclosure were identified.
Recognizing and interpreting diagrams in design

Hand drawn diagrams are essential tools for thinking and communicating in the early phases of design, yet computer based drawing tools support diagramming and sketching only poorly. Key components of computational support for early design include recognition, interpretation, and management of diagrams. The paper describes the motivation for, implementation of, and initial experience with the “computer as cocktail napkin” project, a design environment based on diagrams. It explains low level recognition of glyphs, construction of higher-level recognizers, and routines for managing diagrams in the cocktail napkin prototype.
Reducing CD-SEM measurement carryover effect for 193-nm resist processes using CEq

As device performance increases, the circuitry line-width has drastically reduced. The challenges for CD-SEM metrology are not only on getting precise measurements on smaller geometries but also reducing E-beam induced charging on new resist materials. A well-known later case is the 193 nm resist processes that are extremely sensitive to the electron beam dosing. In E-beam metrology, the incremental CD deviation due to repeated charging during measurement is termed as CD carryover. Most substrate materials will typically exhibit positive CD carryover; in which line-width will grow, while trench and hole sizes will shrink. However, 193 nm resist will exhibit negative CD carryover, in which line-width will shrink, while trench and hole features will grow. With optimized landing energy and beam current, this carryover can be reduced. However, the image contrast and resolution will typically suffer. In this paper, KLA-Tencor's CEq (Charging equalization) technique is presented to minimize negative CD carryover effect on patterned 193nm resist wafers. The study was carried out on hole, trench and line structures to characterize CEq technique. The results suggested that the CEq technique could minimize negative CD carryover, especially on the hole and trench photolithography process levels.
Extracellular matrix mediates epithelial effects on chondrogenesis in vitro

It has been previously observed that single chick embryonic limb mesenchymal cells can differentiate into chondrocytes without cell-cell interactions when cultured in collagen or agarose gels. In the present study, limb ectoderm, but not dermis, inhibits chondrogenesis when placed on such collagen gel cultures. The inhibitory influence can be transmitted extensive distances in the gel, even when the ectoderm is placed on a porous filter. Collagen gels, preconditioned with limb ectoderms, are also inhibitory to chondrogenesis. On the other hand, chondrogenesis is less inhibited by ectoderm when the mesenchymal cells are placed in agarose. These results suggest that the antichondrogenic effect of limb ectoderm is mediated through alterations of the collagenous extracellular matrix and support the idea that the extracellular matrix must be considered as an organized, functional unit capable of regulating cell differentiation.
Follicular Dysplasia in Adult Black and Red Doberman Pinschers.

— Four black and two red Doberman Pinschers with a slowly progressive, dorsal hypotrichosis were studied. All six dogs developed the hair loss as adults and hypotrichosis was permanent. Skin biopsies showed changes compatible with follicular dysplasia. Resume— L'etude porte sur 4 Dobermans noirs et 2 Dobermans marrons presentant une hypotrichose dorsale d'extension progressive. L'hypotrichose dorsale d'extension progressive. L'hypotrichose s'est developpee chez les 6 chiens a l'âge adulte et est permanente. Les biopsies cutanees ont montre des images compatibles avec le diagnostic de dysplasie folliculaire. Zusammenfassung— Bei vier schwarzen und zwei roten Dobermannern wurde eine langsam fortschreitende dorsale Hypotrichose festgestellt. Alle 6 Hunde verloren als adulte Tiere permanent Haare. Die histologischen Untersuchungen zeigten Veranderungen, die einer Follikeldysplasie entsprechen. Resumen Se describe la presencia de una hipotricosis dorsal de progresion lenta en cuatro perros de raza Doberman color negro y dos perros de raza Doberman y color rojo. En los seis animales la hipotricosis se inicio cuando eran adultos y se mantuvo de forma permanente. Las biopsias cutaneas mostraron cambios histopatologicos compatibles con una displasia folicular.
Tripodal Ru(II) complexes with conjugated and non-conjugated rigid-rod bridges for semiconductor nanoparticles sensitization

Abstract Three tripodal Ru(II)-polypyridyl complexes have been synthesized as models to study long-range electron transfer in TiO 2 semiconductor nanoparticles thin films, in particular to study the effect of the conjugation of the bridge containing the Ru complex and for distance dependence studies. The tripodal sensitizers, which are 1,3,5,7-tetraphenyladamantane derivatives having three COOMe anchoring groups and one rigid-rod bridge substituted with a Ru(II) complex, are the longest prepared to date (Ru-to-footprint distance ∼24 A). Two have a rigid-rod bridge made of two p -ethynylphenylene units (Ph-E) 2 capped with a 4-2,2′-bipyridyl (bpy) ligand or a 5-1,10-phenanthrolinyl (phen) ligand for the Ru complex. The third tripod, which contains a bpy ligand for the Ru complex, has one bicyclo[2.2.2]octylene (Bco) unit in place of a p -phenylene (Ph) unit and is the first example of a tripodal sensitizer with a non-conjugated bridge.
Genetic models in the study of alcoholism and substance abuse mechanisms

Abstract 1. 1. Vulnerability to substance abuse is an important emerging issue. Some related factors are the relationship between propensity to self-administer a drug and neurosensitivity to that drug; similarities and differences between various models of drug seeking behavior; and the commonality of drug-seeking behavior across drugs and genotypes, that is, whether reinforcement from and abuse of alcohol and other drugs define variations within a single behavioral phenomenon, or whether reinforcement and abuse must be individually defined for each substance involved. 2. 2. Findings related to these issues are now being obtained from the areas of pharmacogenetics and operant drug self-administration. 3. 3. The results indicate that reinforcement from alcohol and other drugs is only moderately related to preference for alcohol and other drugs. In addition, neurosensitivity to drugs appears to have little influence on whether that drug will come to serve as a positive reinforcer for any given individual or animal. Indeed, the critical factor appears to be the individual organism's innate propensity to find a particular drug reinforcing. 4. 4. Initial findings also show that genotypic patterns of reinforcement from ethanol appear to correlate highly with patterns of reinforcement from cocaine and opiates. 5. 5. From these findings it is concluded that there exist important genetic determinants of drug reinforced behavior; reinforcement is an important and independent effect of several psychoactive drugs; and drug seeking behaviors maintained by ethanol, cocaine and opiates may have at least some common biological determinants.
Universal Pavement Distress Evaluator Based on Fuzzy Sets

Setting priorities for pavement maintenance and rehabilitation depends on the availability of a universal scale for assessing the condition of every element in the network. The condition of a pavement section has traditionally been assessed by several condition indexes. The present serviceability index (PSI) is one common evaluator used to describe the functional condition with respect to ride quality. Pavement condition index is another index commonly used to describe the extent of distress on a pavement section. During the decision-making process, both classes of indexes are needed to evaluate the overall status of a pavement section in comparison to other sections in the network. Traditionally, regression techniques were used for the development of functions that relate condition indexes to the information recorded in the pavement management database. This approach produces mathematical functions that are limited to a particular database. The functions so developed may also suffer from inaccuracies due to errors in data collection and recording. There is a need for a more generalized approach for the evaluation of pavement conditions to enable efficient management of large transportation networks. The development of a universal measure capable of formally assessing the condition of a pavement section within the universe of pavement conditions is described. This is accomplished by the fusion of a set of fuzzy membership functions that describe different parameters in the database with the perception of each parameter's significance. The model output is the fuzzy distress index (FDI), which combines the extent of structural distress with traditional performance parameters such as roughness to describe the overall status of the pavement section. The behavior of FDI over time is examined for a random sample of pavement sections and is compared with trends in the corresponding PSI values (PSI was used only because it was readily available in the database). The results indicate that the flexible, universal FDI is a consistent and accurate measure of the overall pavement condition. The set of generated membership functions describing the different extents of every distress type can be easily standardized over the 50 states, allowing the model to be implemented on any pavement at any location. Also, the parameter weights used in the assessment may be easily adjusted (increased or decreased) to reflect changes in maintenance policies or budget availability at the local, state, or national decision-making level. Moreover, the concept allows for the omission of any number of parameters that might not be available in a particular pavement management database.
Maps from the Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment: Part II. Potential vorticity and its Conservation

Abstract Observations of float trajectories and vertical density profiles from the Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment are analyzed in terms of a likely equation of motion for mesoscale eddies involving the conservation of quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity along horizontal particle paths. From maps of the potential vorticity a careful scale analysis is made to estimate both local values for the Rossby number and the relative dynamical contributions of the planetary vorticity gradient, the relative vorticity and the stretching of vortex lines in the vertical. The proposed conservation is verified, to within estimates of the likely error, at several depths where this error is sufficiently small. Furthermore, two regimes in time are found, one in which the dynamical balances are highly nonlinear and another, for longer time scales, in which they are marginally linear.
An Ethnographic Approach to Social Stratification: Prestige in a Central Italian Community

The ethnographic strategy that works toward the formulation of a culture's rules for perceiving the objective world and for making culturally acceptable decisions was applied to the system of social stratification in a community in Central Italy. In order to determine the native categories by which persons are hierarchically differentiated, the criteria that define these categories, and the indicators by which criteria are judged to have been met, a field method was devised requiring informants to demonstrate the principles of their system. Some of the problems and potentialities of the approach are illustrated by the results obtained in Colleverde.
Molecular-weight profiles of immunoreactive corticotropin in the hypothalamus of the aging rat

Abstract Extracts of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH), the preoptic anterior hypothalamus (POA), or the pituitary gland of young (4-month-old) and old (18-month-old) female rats were fractionated on columns of Sephadex G-75 superfine. Five forms of immunoreactive corticotropin (ACTHi) were found in the MBH or POA: >40K, 30–40K, 20–30K, 5.7K, and 4.5K. In contrast, 4 forms of ACTHi were found in the pituitary gland: 30–40K, 20–30K, 5.7K, and 4.5K. Thus, hypothalamic tissue contains a large form of ACTH (>40K ACTH) which is not present in the pituitary gland. We tentatively identified >40K ACTH as a large form of pro-opiocortin, 30–40K ACTH as pro-opiocortin, 20–30K ACTH as ACTH biosynthetic intermediate, 5.7K ACTH as glycosylated ACTH 1–39, and 4.5K ACTH as ACTH 1–39. The content of ACTHi in the MBH and POA of old rats was lower than that of young rats. Nevertheless, regardless of the age of the animals, the fractional amount of 30–40K ACTHi was high in the MBH (a region that includes the presumed site of biosynthesis of pro-opiocortin5,19,22,27) compared to that in the POA (a region that is distant to the site of biosynthesis of pro-opiocortin). Moreover, the reduced fractional amount of 30–40K ACTHi in the POA was associated with an increased fractional amount of >40K, 20–30K, 5.7K, and 4.5K ACTHi. These findings are consistent with a precursor-product relationship between the 30–40K ACTHi and 20–30K ACTHi, 5.7K ACTHi, and 4.5K ACTHi. The possibilty that >40K ACTHi is a metabolite of 30–40K ACTHi,or that it is a large form of pro-opiocortin, the processing of which differs from that of the 30–40K ACTHi, was considered. We propose that aging causes a decline in the production of pro-opiocortin, and that this decline is not accompanied by major changes in the processing of pro-opiocortin.
Computer Based Training and Multimedia Design: The Role of Spatial Aptitudes in Learning:

The present study manipulated both the technology (Microsoft PowerPoint® versus Macromedia Director®) and the design (Text Priming versus No Text Priming) in a computed-based training multimedia environment. The study investigated trainees' spatial aptitude and how it interacted with computer-based training design. The specific computer-based training environment employed in this experiment was based on presenting the principles of flight to naive participants. A multifaceted knowledge test was developed to assess different levels of knowledge integration. Overall, results suggest that technology type did not play an important role in knowledge acquisition. Priming type also did not show significant effects; however, when factoring trainees' spatial ability, significant aptitude-treatment interactions emerged. We discuss these findings as they relate to computer-based training multimedia paradigms.
A Systems Approach to Cyber Assurance Education

The demand for cybersecurity professions faces continual shortages. Real-world cyber threats continue to drive this demand as we face a daily barrage of attacks on our critical infrastructure, national, and private industry assets. To meet this demand, many cybersecurity and information assurance educational programs have emerged. These programs range from specialized tracks within traditional academic programs to specialized degree titles developed solely for the purpose of producing cyber capable graduates.In this paper we document curriculum development that focuses on a systems level approach to cyber assurance education. This program incorporates both hardware and software aspects to ensure cyber security graduates are produced that can address adversaries that target complete system implementations.
Flow control regulations to gain waste disposal self sufficiency

In a recent ruling, the U.S. Supreme Court has determined that solid waste flow control regulations are unconstitutional. Many states have established some form of flow control. As an example, the state of New Jersey has implemented a long-term plan to gain waste disposal self-sufficiency by the year 2000. The success of this plan hinges on the flow controls implemented by the state. Almost two billion U.S. dollars of debt has been incurred by the twenty-two solid waste districts in New Jersey to build the state-of-the-art facilities necessary to reach these goals. An analysis has been performed on the most recent data available of the state’s solid waste generation and management system, at a time when New Jersey must restructure its solid waste management plan. The New Jersey solid waste management model is of interest to other states. The consequences, facts, and alternatives of flow control are examined.
Solution-Processed Organic Field-Effect Transistors and Unipolar Inverters Using Self-Assembled Interface Dipoles on Gate Dielectrics

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of polarized and nonpolarized organosilane molecules on gate insulators induced tunable threshold voltage shifting and current modulation in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) made from solution-deposited 5,5'-bis(4-hexylphenyl)-2,2'-bithiophene (6PTTP6), defining depletion-mode and enhancement-mode operation. p-Channel inverters were made from pairs of OFETs with an enhancement-mode driver and a depletion-mode load to implement full-swing and high-gain organic logic circuits. The experimental results indicate that the shift of the transfer characteristics is governed by the built-in electric field of the SAM. The effect of surface functional groups affixed to the dielectric substrate on the grain appearance and film mobility is also determined.
When Politics Distort Science: What Mental Health Professionals Can Do

Political distortions of science can occur on the right and left wings of the political spectrum and are causes of concern, not only to scientists and policy makers but also to physicians, psychiatrists, and mental health professionals seeking empirical support for clinical interventions. Science requires a shared set of operating assumptions, and sound policy making requires objective scientific data. While special interest groups often try to distort scientific findings to achieve single-minded political or economic objectives, distorting findings from one scientific field for personal or political reasons can undermine the entire scientific enterprise. Also troubling is the publicizing of “research” created solely to support political agendas. Such activities raise the troubling question of whether science as we know it can survive politicization. This paper briefly reviews some historical political efforts to deny or denigrate early scientific findings. It then goes on to describe contemporary attacks...
Testing string theory via Born–Infeld electrodynamics?

Abstract We consider the feasibility of an experiment to measure the string parameter α ′ . The proposal relies on the stringy prediction that low-energy electrodynamics is described by a Born–Infeld Lagrangian.