cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Scientific Credibility of ESP

A faculty of psychologists is much more skeptical regarding the existence of ESP than beginning psychology students. The students, however, are unaware of this discrepancy. The greater acceptance of ESP by the students is due to cultural and psychological factors which encourage such beliefs. The skepticism of academic psychologists arises because the evidence for ESP has failed to meet generally accepted scientific standards. Among these are (1) a replicable experiment, (2) the elimination of more plausible explanations, (3) isolation of an independent variable, (4) a coherent theory, and (5) practical applications. Much of the research in ESP may be criticized because of the lack of accurate reporting, improper design, and inadequate controls. In view of these considerations behavioral scientists should make a public disavowal of belief in ESP.
Governing the data commons: Policy, practice, and the advancement of science

Property rights of shared scientific data are often analyzed by applying formal intellectual property law. However, the scales at which these laws apply are not necessarily relevant to data sharing practice among individuals (e.g., in virtual, social communities). Rather, the data sharing communities and their members often form their own policies, practices and norms governing data sharing. Using common property theory, our research objectives were to determine: (1) parallels between data sharing communities and natural resource-sharing communities; (2) factors that lead to successful data sharing; (3) circumstances under which rules, laws and policies govern data sharing. We used cases from two emerging data sharing communities in the environmental sciences-a micrometeorology community (FLUXNET) and a satellite remote sensing community. Cases of data sharing without conflict or irresolvable disputes had more principles in common with a successfully managed natural resource commons than did those characterized by conflict. Successful data sharing requires that biophysical scientists be more attentive to the social nature of data sharing.
Sense and Senselessness in Religion: Reflections on Creation of the Sacred

Creation of the Sacred posits that ‘religion makes sense’. In so doing, it underestimates ‘the negative’. Its emphasis on the scientific basis for tradition, here called ‘scientistic traditionalism’, underestimates the role of critique and the function of dissent in the dialectics of tradition-building. For this reason, it also cannot ‘make sense’ of monotheism, which, in its many traditions, positions itself in opposition to mere biological imperatives.
Slowing intestinal transit by PYY depends on serotonergic and opioid pathways

Slowing of intestinal transit by fat is abolished by immunoneutralization of peptide YY (PYY), demonstrating a key role for this gut peptide. How PYY slows intestinal transit is not known. We teste...
Crime Salience, Perceived Racial Bias, and Blacks' Punitive Attitudes

Abstract When it comes to criminal justice policy, black Americans face an important dilemma. On the one hand, black communities benefit from criminal penalties that remove offenders from their neighborhoods; on the other, punitive policies draw many blacks into a criminal justice system they view as racially discriminatory. Using data from the 2001 Race, Crime, and Public Opinion study, this paper examines how the competing concerns of crime salience and perceived racial bias in the criminal justice system affect blacks' support for harsh criminal justice policies. The effects of causal attributions for crime, political ideology, exposure to incarceration, and demographic factors are also addressed. The results indicate that fear of crime and individualistic attributions for criminal behavior have a significant and positive effect on their punitive attitudes, while perceived racial bias and vicarious exposure to incarceration decrease blacks' support for harsh punishments.
Skull allometry in the marine toad, Bufo marinus.

Scaling predictions pioneered by A.V. Hill state that isometric changes in kinematics result from isometric changes in size. These predictions have been difficult to support because few animals display truly isometric growth. An exception to this rule is said to be the toads in the genus Bufo, which can grow over three orders of magnitude. To determine whether skull shape increases isometrically, I used linear measurements and geometric morphometrics to quantify shape variation in a size series of 69 skulls from the marine toad, B. marinus. Toads ranged in body mass from 1.8 gm to a calculated 1,558.9 gm. Of all linear measurements (S/V length, skull width, skull length, levator mass, depressor mass, adductor foramen area), only the area of the adductor foramen increased faster than body mass; the remaining variables increased more slowly. In addition, modeling the lower jaw as a lever-arm system showed that the lengths of the closing in- and out-levers scaled isometrically with body mass despite the fact that the skull itself is changing allometrically. Geometric morphometrics discerned areas of greatest variability with increasing body mass at the rear of the skull in the area of the squamosal bone and the adductor foramen. This increase in area of the adductor foramen may allow more muscle to move the relatively greater mass of the lower jaw in larger toads, although adductor mass scales with body mass. If B. marinus feeds in a similar manner to other Bufo, these results imply that morphological allometry may still result in kinematic isometry. J. Morphol. 241:115–126, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ethnic and Panethnic Asian American Identities: Contradictory Perceptions of Cambodian Students in Urban Schools

This article examined the various ethnic identities of Cambodian students, a group often perceived by the larger society through the lens of the model minority stereotype but often endure low expectations from teachers and counselors in their local high schools. Our findings suggested that a Cambodian identity was often considered a stigmatized label and students identified as Cambodian were essentialized into the discourse of urban low achieving and culturally deficient minority students. Cambodian students’ identities in the less selective academic programs were often quite visible to teachers. This characterization was often coupled with a panethnic representation of Asian American students in selective programs who were considered motivated and supported by advantageous home and cultural values. In these contexts, teachers preferred to discuss Cambodian students in panethnic terms, ignoring students’ ethnic backgrounds, described their Cambodian students as part of their “bright Asian students” group. Overall, this study extends other works on Asian American ethnicity and panethnicity by focusing on the conflicting identities that affect the schooling of Cambodian students. These analyses complicate further the static notion of Asian American students as model minorities by emphasizing the fluid, problematic, and contextually-based nature of the construct.
An Estimate of Line Width and Pressure from the High Resolution Spectrum of Jupiter at 11,000 Å

Abstract A preliminary analysis of high resolution image tube spectra of Jupiter in the region of the R branch of the 3ν3 band of methane is reported. The results indicate, for a simple reflecting layer model, that the effective pressure for the formation of lines in this band is 2.3±0.5 atm.
Observations on the Use of Chromic Oxide for Estimating the Fecal Output of Dairy Animals

Summary Two trials employing dairy heifers fed either fresh-cut alfalfa (Trial 1) or mixed hay (Trial 2), and one trial using lactating cows which received a complete ration, have been conducted to study further the usefulness of chromic oxide for predicting fecal output. Total fecal collections were made during each trial. In addition, partial fecal samples were obtained at 6 a.m., 12 noon, 6 p.m., and 12 midnight on each day of each collection period. The results indicate that periods of from three to seven days may be required for the indicator to reach a stable level in the feces. The mean recovery rates of chromic oxide from totally collected feces and from the combined 6 a.m. and 6 p.m. samples for Trials 1, 2, and 3, respectively, were 89.4 and 89.7%; 97.5 and 96.4%; 90.0 and 89.7%. Average daily fecal DM outgo was estimated from the chromic oxide concentration of the combined 6 a.m. and 6 p.m. samples, with an error of about 12%. Only in Trial 2 were satisfactory estimates obtained.
The Ledger of Cristianus Lomellinus and Dominicus De Garibaldo, Stewards of the City of Genoa (1340–41)

The cartularies of the Commune of Genoa of 1340–1466 provide evidence of the use of double-entry bookkeeping long before it was described by Pacioli. The cartularies are of particular interest because they relate to a commune, and had been prescribed in regulations dating from 1327. In the ledgers of the massaria, the two sections of the accounts are divided laterally, erasures were forbidden, and all pages were pre-numbered. There is also evidence suggesting that these techniques were adopted from the methods used by the banks at that time. The importance of these early methods of bookkeeping and financial control has not previously been recognized.
The effect of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 on proliferation of an intestinal goblet cell line and its synthesis and secretion of mucin glycoproteins

Abstract The effect of 16,16′-dimethyl prostaglandin E 2 (dmPGE 2 ) on the human colonic adenocarcinoma derived mucus-secreting goblet cell line HT29-18N2 was investigated. The proliferation rate of HT29-18N2 was increased by exposure to 10 or 100 μM dmPGE 2 . Exposure to 10 or 100 μM dmPGE 2 caused a significant decrease in the rate of radiolabeled glucosamine incorporation into newly synthesized glycoproteins during an 8 or 24 h exposure. At concentrations as low as 1 μM, dmPGE 2 accelerated the secretion of mucin glycoproteins as assessed by the release of newly synthesized radiolabeled glycoproteins, a mucin-specific enzyme-linked immunoassay and a whole-mount immunofluorescence assay. A 1 h exposure to dmPGE 2 did not, however, result in a morphometrically detectable decrease in intracellular mucous granule stores or elicit any other readily detectable morphological change. The experimental results suggest elevated levels of PGs may contribute to the previously recognized decreases in intracellular mucin stores and shifts in the types of mucins species present at sites of mucosal inflammation in ulcerative colitis patients.
Cancer prevention and screening behaviors in lesbians

The incidence of cancer diagnosis has increased in the United States highlighting the need for astute cancer prevention and screening behaviors. Previous literature has suggested that lesbians may not follow the American Cancer Society's (ACS) guidelines regarding prevention and screening for cancer due to disparity in access to care and increased use of alcohol and tobacco. The purpose of this study was to examine the cancer prevention and screening behaviors of lesbians using the ACS guidelines as the standards for comparison, and to determine factors that influence mammography screening. A 102-item self-report survey was distributed to lesbians nationwide using various methods including snowballing sampling techniques. The sample included 1139 self-identified lesbians from 44 states. In general, healthy lifestyle behaviors were followed. The majority of the women did not smoke, ate plenty of fruits and vegetables, ate protein sources low in fat and consumed alcohol at a moderate rate. However, safe sex practices were often not used by participants. Most women did have mammograms and Papanicolaou smears (PAP) as recommended; however, adherence to self-breast examination guidelines was not followed. Women who were older, had higher yearly incomes, did not smoke, performed regular self breast exams and had regular physical exams were most likely to have a mammogram. Over half of the women met American Cancer Society guidelines for prevention and screening for breast and cervical cancer. However, strategies are needed to increase compliance with these guidelines in order to improve cancer health outcomes.
Food preferences: their conceptualization and relationship to consumption

The relationship between a dislike and non‐use was much stronger than a like for, and consumption of a vegetable, leading the authors to surmise that food preference functions to limit the available food supply for individuals. This paper reports on a study undertaken to examine the extent of the relationship between food preference and consumption; to ascertain the relative importance of characteristics of the food, the individual, and the environment on these two measures of food habits; and to update knowledge of adult vegetable preferences. Preferences of 120 women, living in upstate New York, for 20 vegetables were measured using hedonic scaling and compared to their frequency of use.
Cyclic AMP-amplified replication of RNA tumour virus-like particles in Chinese hamster ovary cells.

Treatment of Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1) with dibutyryl cyclic AMP and testosterone increases the production of RNA tumour virus-like particles thirty-fold or more, and induces a large increase in agglutinability by concanavalin A.
Angiotensin II induces transactivation of two different populations of the platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor. Key role for the p66 adaptor protein Shc.

Several signal transduction events induced by angiotensin II (AngII) binding to the angiotensin II type 1 receptor resemble those evoked by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) binding to the PDGF-beta receptor (PDGFbeta-R). We report here, in agreement with previous data, that AngII and PDGF-B-chain homodimer (PDGF-BB) stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of the PDGFbeta-R. Both AngII and PDGF-BB stimulated the phosphorylation of PDGFbeta-R via the binding of tyrosine-phosphorylated Shc to PDGFbeta-R. Both PDGF-BB- and AngII-induced phosphorylation of the Shc.PDGFbeta-R complex was inhibited by antioxidants such as N-acetylcysteine and Tiron, but not by calcium chelation. However, transactivation of PDGFbeta-R by AngII (measured by PDGFbeta-R tyrosine phosphorylation) differed significantly from PDGF-BB. Evidence to support different mechanisms of PDGFbeta-R phosphorylation includes differences in the time course of PDGFbeta-R phosphorylation, differing effects of inhibitors of the endogenous PDGFbeta-R tyrosine kinase and Src family tyrosine kinases, differing results when the PDGFbeta-R was directly immunoprecipitated (PDGFbeta-R-antibody) versus coimmunoprecipitated (Shc-antibody), and cell fractionation studies that suggested that the Shc.PDGFbeta-R complexes phosphorylated by AngII and PDGF-BB were located in separate subcellular compartments. These studies are the first to suggest that transactivation of tyrosine kinase receptors by G protein-coupled receptors involves a unique pathway that regulates a population of tyrosine kinase receptors different from the endogenous tyrosine kinase ligand.
Modelling and control of a deformable-link flexible-joint robot

Prsent studies on industrial manipulator control either completely neglect structural flexibility or only consider manipulator link flexibility. Ignoring joint flexibility may cause significant errors in gross motion control if the joint elastic effect is predominant. A control scheme that can effectively compensate for the motion disturbances due to simultaneous existence of link and joint flexibility is presented. The manipulator dynamics is first formulated by a superposition of two models. An assumed modes of vibration is proposed to model the flexible links and a linear torsional spring to model the elastic joint. Then, a non-linear feedback rate servo control system is developed that compensates for the gross motion bias introduced by both joint elasticity and link flexibility. Motion simulation results show that the proposed modelling technique can effectively describe the dynamic behaviour of a flexible-link, elastic-joint robot. They also verify that the proposed controller is robust in that it c...
UAF1 Is a Subunit of Multiple Deubiquitinating Enzyme Complexes

A balance between ubiquitination and deubiquitination regulates numerous cellular processes and pathways, and specific deubiquitinating enzymes often play the decisive role of controlling this balance. We recently reported that the USP1 deubiquitinating enzyme, which regulates the Fanconi anemia pathway by deubiquitinating the central player of the pathway, FANCD2, is activated by the WD40-repeat containing UAF1 protein through formation of a stable USP1/UAF1 protein complex. Here we present the isolation of two novel multisubunit deubiquitinating enzyme complexes containing USP12 and USP46, respectively. Both complexes contain the UAF1 protein as a bona fide subunit. Interestingly, UAF1 regulates the enzymatic activity of both enzyme complexes, suggesting that this activator protein may regulate a subclass of human deubiquitinating enzymes. We postulate that additional WD40-containing proteins may also form complexes with other human deubiquitinating enzymes and thereby regulate their activity and substrate specificity.
Pediatric use of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate.

Summary 1. Excellent results were obtained in treatment of fifty constipated infants and children with dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate. 2. The fecal softening action eliminates hard, dry feces. This seems to remove the principal cause of constipation. 3. In artificially fed infants a daily dose of 10 to 40 mg. is satisfactory. Children from 1 to 10 years of age usually require 50 to 60 mg. daily, and those over 10 years a daily dose of 100 to 120 mg. is usually satisfactory. 4. Treatment for fifteen days is often sufficient although continued use pro re nata in ambulatory patients or routinely in immobilized patients may be desirable. 5. Correction of constipation in children may relieve some of the annoying symptoms referable to faulty elimination.
The latest performance of GaN-based nonpolar and semipolar emitting devices

All of conventional nitride-based light emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes (LDs) available in a market have been grown on polar (C-plain) plain GaN. Nonpolar and semipolar plain GaN are getting popular recently to improve the performance of those devices further. In the case of LDs, the nonpolar and semipolar plains have a several advantages. Non-isotropic strain changes the density states of the valence band and, then increases the optical gain. There are no quantum confined Stark effects (QCSE) in nonpolar plains, which reduces the radiative recombination rate. We have recently confirmed that material gain of nonpolar plain is three times higher than that of polar plain. As a result, we succeeded in making nonpolar blue LDs and semipolar green LDs using those advantages.
A Comparison of Subject and Institutional Repositories in Self-archiving Practices

The disciplinary culture theory presumes that if a scholar has been familiar with self-archiving through an existing subject-based repository, this scholar will be more enthusiastic about contributing his/her research to an institutional repository than one who has not had the experience. To test the theory, this article examines self-archiving practices of a group of physicists in both a subject repository and an institutional repository. It does not find a correlation between a disciplinary culture and self-archiving practices.
Developing a Primary Science Methods Classroom

The purpose of this paper is to describe how and why a primary science methods classroom was conceived, designed, and developed for preservice and inservice teachers. Just as science educators believe that students learn best by constructing their knowledge of the natural world with the aid of a teacher and colleagues, science educators also believe that preservice and inservice teachers should learn in a collaborative and constructivist environment. Multiple dimensions relating to the dynamic processes of learning to teach, a ‘technical factor’ related to the physical and resource constraints that exist within a school, and sociocultural theory were used for the theoretical framework. A survey was given to 97 students who took a course in the classroom, six instructors were given a questionnaire, and three of these instructors were interviewed. These data sources sought to determine the effect of design features on student learning and instructor teaching. The results of the evaluation suggest students who used the classroom found their learning positively affected by the room design and instructors who taught in the classroom benefited by being able to teach in an inquiry and constructivist manner.
Microarrays: Determining the Balance of Cellular Transcription

The advent of high-throughput DNA sequencing and the ability to investigate global patterns of gene expression are revolutionizing biology, and plant biology is no exception. These new technologies allow biologists to systematically evaluate gene expression patterns on a genomewide scale. It is now
Child Protection and Battered Women's Services: From Conflict to Collaboration

The past three decades have witnessed a rapid expansion of programs for abused children and for battered women. Despite evidence that child maltreatment and woman battering often occur in the same families, these service sectors mostly operate independently of each other and are sometimes in conflict. There are scant data available on either the current practices of child protection workers and battered women's advocates in these cases or on the varying perspectives that bring them to conflict or collaboration. This article reports the results of an effort to systematically probe the practices and views of these two groups of workers in an effort to pinpoint ways in which current practices might evolve toward greater cooperation. Six focus group interviews involving 23 child protection workers and battered women's advocates were conducted. This article describes our methodology and results and concludes with a discussion of the future potential for resolving outstanding issues so that closer collaboration...
How did the Meers fault scarp form? Paleoearthquake or aseismic creep?: A soil mechanical perspective

Abstract Studies confirm that the Meers fault in southwestern Oklahoma has been active in recent times. The most recent movement occurred about 1100 y ago in late Holocene. There is as much as 5 m vertical and possibly appreciably more left-lateral strike–slip displacements on the fault. During faulting, the Quaternary soils 1 along the fault were folded as well as ruptured. In some places, almost all of the deformation is accommodated by ductile folding of the soils. Having this kind of deformation with no record of an earthquake associated with the Meers fault during historical times raises the question whether the present scarp was formed seismically by earthquake event(s), or aseismically by slow deformation (aseismic fault creep). To determine how the scarp was formed, I have developed a multidisciplinary study which involved geological, soil mechanical, and soil micromorphological techniques. Geological mapping delineated the deformation, stratigraphy, and any features that might be associated with the faulting. The mapping was also needed to reconstruct the sequence of events that formed the scarp at the study site. Consolidation tests using the Casagrande (1936) method for finding maximum effective stresses were used to determine the states of stresses imposed on the soil deposits when they were first faulted. These states of stresses were then compared to the states of stresses needed to slowly deform or shear the soils in triaxial and direct drained shear tests. The direction of maximum principal stress was determined by Mohr's circle and soil micromorphological analyses. The results of soil mechanical analysis show that the faulting of the Quaternary soils along the fault had to be sudden or fast, which indicates that the scarp was probably created seismically. During faulting, the soils were anisotropically consolidated or compacted, thereby, recording in their structure the states of stresses that caused faulting to occur. The direction of the maximum principal horizontal stress is between N62°E and N72°E indicating rotation of principal stress axes. The technique developed for this study can be used in similar areas where active faults offset Quaternary soils with relatively unchanging moisture contents below some depth. Also, for shallow depths, this technique might give more reliable young tectonic stress measurements (both magnitude and orientation) than other techniques such as overcoring, hydraulic fracturing and wellbore breakouts because it is used on geologically recent units which, unlike lithified rocks, have not yet existed through millions of years of deformation.
A comparison of β-glucanase and β-glucosidase in Saccharomyces lactis

Abstract Intracellular β-glucanase (β-1,3(4)-glucan) glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.6) has been characterized in Saccharomyces lactis. A partially purified preparation hydrolyzes laminarin and p-nitrophenyl-β-spd-glucopyranoside, the classic substrate for measuring β-glucosidase (β- d -glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.21) activity. β-Glucanase is responsible for only 3.8% of the total p- nitrophenyl-β- d -glucopyranoside hydrolysis in crude extracts and its activity is not influenced by the regulatory systems controlling β-glucosidase synthesis in this yeast.
Surface plasmon enhanced fluorescence emission inside metal nanoshells

We study the surface plasmon enhanced fluorescence where an emitter is embedded in a metal nanoshell. Both simulation and experimental results are presented.
The use of deep duplex scanning to predict hemodynamically significant aortoiliac stenoses

Abstract Hemodynamic assessment of aortoiliac occlusive disease in necessary for successful arterial reconstruction of the aorta and legs. Various methods have been proposed and "pull-through" intra-arterial pressures are the "gold standard." Deep Doppler duplex imaging was supplemented with real-time spectral analysis and velocity measurements in 29 cases. Twenty-three of these patients needed arteriography. One hundred sixty-six (166) arterial segments extending from the proximal aorta to the common femoral arteries were independently graded on duplex scans and arteriograms. For severe occlusive disease, duplex scanning is highly accurate (sensitivity 82%, specificity 93%). Velocity measurements were useful in determining the hemodynamic significance of stenoses. Peak systolic velocities in stenoses were measured with a duplex scanner. The pressure gradient calculated with the modified Bernoulli equation (ΔP = 4Vmax 2 ) correlated well with the gradients measured during arteriography (r = 0.9, n=11). These noninvasive velocity measurements and Bernoulli calculations alert arteriographers to obtain special views of suspected areas and suggest the need for "pull-through" pressures and possible balloon angioplasty. In addition, these noninvasive measurements are useful to follow up patients who have mild to moderate aortoiliac disease and after angioplasty. (J VASC SURG 1988;7:395-9.)
Synthetic Diversity in the Formation of Triazoles from Nitriles and Diazo Compounds Using Metallocenes of Electropositive Metals

Reactions of [(C5Me5)2Ln][(μ-Ph)2BPh2] complexes with Li[Me3SiCN2] form dimeric isocyanotrimethylsilyl amide complexes {(C5Me5)2Ln[μ-N(SiMe3)NC]}2, not only for Ln = Sm (1-Sm) and La (1-La) but als...
The significance of the heel process in anthropoids

The plantar process of the tuber calcanei among pongids and hominids serves as the origin for the superficial head of the flexor digitorum brevis muscle (FDB). In a survey of the soft tissues and osteology of the foot in a diverse number of anthropoid genera, it was found that a large superficial head of the FDB is associated with a large inflated plantar process (heel process). A large FDB with a separate calcaneal origin allows toe flexion independent of foot position. This type of movement allows an animal to reach and grasp or hang by its feet during slow deliberate climbing. The presence of a heel process in anthropoids and in nonprimate mammals is correlated with those animals which are slow climbers or are likely descended from slow-climbing forms. The presence of a heel process in humans and in pongids implies that the common pongid-hominid ancestor was most likely a slow climber. In fossil catarrhines the presence of a heel process can be interpreted either as evidence of slow-climbing behavior or as a heritage feature from a slow-climbing ancestor.
Carrying American Ideas to the Unconverted : la tentative manquée du MIT d'exporter la recherche opérationnelle au sein de l'OTAN

Resume Les etudes recentes sur l'« americanisation » des pratiques economiques et culturelles ont souligne que les Europeens n'ont pas ete des victimes passives d'un projet « colonisateur » mais qu'ils s'en sont approprie certains aspects de maniere selective, tout en en rejetant d'autres. Cette contribution elargit cette analyse au domaine scientifique. Elle retrace l'echec de la tentative d'exporter au niveau de l'OTAN un modele de recherche operationnelle fonde sur l'informatique et lie aux relations sociales ou des scientifiques civils etaient profondement integres dans le processus decisionnel militaire. Cette conception de la recherche operationnelle et les pratiques sociales quelle entrainait ont ete bloquees par les Britanniques, qui ont rejete un modele de recherche operationnelle requerant une formation poussee en mathematique et en informatique, et qui ont insiste pour que l'OTAN conserve une distinction stricte entre les domaines civil et militaire. L' « americanisation » a ete un projet negocie et conteste, qui, meme s'il a favorise une prise de conscience de la necessite du changement en Europe, n'en a pas pour autant determine la trajectoire.
Fingerprints of spin mediated pairing in cuprates

Abstract We demonstrate that the feedback effect from bosonic excitations on fermions, which in the past allowed one to verify the phononic mechanism of a conventional, s -wave superconductivity, may also allow one to experimentally detect the ‘fingerprints’ of the pairing mechanism in cuprates. We argue that for spin-mediated d -wave superconductivity, the fermionic spectral function, the density of states, the tunneling conductance through an insulating junction, and the optical conductivity are affected by the interaction with collective spin excitations, which below T c are propagating, magnon-like quasiparticles with gap Δ s . We show that the interaction with a propagating spin excitation gives rise to singularities at frequencies Δ + Δ s for the spectral function and the density of states, and at 2 Δ + Δ s for tunneling and optical conductivities, where Δ is the maximum value of the d -wave gap. We further argue that recent optical measurements also allow one to detect subleading singularities at 4 Δ and 2 Δ +2 Δ s . We consider the experimental detection of these singularities as a strong evidence in favor of the magnetic scenario for superconductivity in cuprates.
Output, price, and welfare under nonlinear pricing in an imperfectly competitive industry

Abstract This paper investigates the effects of prohibiting nonlinear pricing on consumer participation, total output, prices, and aggregate welfare in an imperfectly competitive industry. Our results show that nonlinear pricing, like other types of price discrimination, can be beneficial and should not be dismissed outright. We demonstrate that nonlinear pricing may be market expanding and may also be welfare improving. We also develop criteria to test the effects of nonlinear pricing on output, prices, and welfare.
SU‐E‐J‐221: MVCT‐Detector Data Sinograms for In Vivo Quality Assurance of Helical TomoTherapy Treatments of Left Sided Breast Cancer Patients: Effect of Soft‐Tissue Deformations

Purpose: Objectives are to compute delivered doses in megavoltage CT (MVCT) datasets using the MVCT‐detector‐data sinograms (MVCT‐DDS), collected during breast‐cancer treatments, and to study the impact of soft‐tissue‐deformations (SD) on dose‐volume‐histograms (DVHs) of the PTVs and organs at risk (OARs). Methods: Tomotherapy Delivery Verification (DV) software was used to reconstruct delivered fluence using pretreatment MVCTs and MVCT‐DDS for 4 patients (20 fractions) treated in our clinic. Delivered fluence was back projected onto the MVCT datasets to compute dose distributions to the patients anatomy at the time of delivery. A commercial deformation algorithm was used to deform planning CT‐datasets to match the pre‐treatment anatomy. The same deformation matrix was applied to plan structures (PS) for true volumes. Both image fusions and deformed structures (DS) were reviewed by a radiation oncologist and a medical physicist. DS were manually edited when necessary. Only fractions with the entire treatment volume contained in the MVCT scans were used. CT‐datasets, planned and reconstructed‐doses (RD), PS and DS were exported to CERR for computing dose‐volume‐indices (DVI). DVI of the planned and reconstructed doses, of both non‐deformed (RD‐ND) and deformed (RD‐D) structures, were averaged and compared. Dose deformations were ignored in this study. Results: PTV D9 5 was 49.1±0.6Gy, 48.0±0.8Gy, 45.8±1.0Gy for the plan, RD‐ND and RD‐D volumes. PTV dose heterogeneity (D5–D9 5) increased by 3.0Gy for deformed targets. Mean dose (MD) of both lungs reduced slightly for both non‐deformed and deformed volumes, however, they were not significant. Heart MD, V2 5 and V3 5 were also non‐significantly reduced. The Sign tests revealed that absolute relative differences between planned and delivered dose distributions were significantly greater than 5% (p<0.05) for D9 5 and D5–D9 5 and heart V2 5 . Conclusion: This study showed that its feasible to reconstruct delivered fraction‐doses in pretreatment MVCT datasets utilizing MVCT‐DDS. Soft‐tissue deformations are important for accurate dose volume evaluations. Research is partly funded by Tomotherapy Inc now called Accuray Inc
Torsion of certain prismatic bars.

I the following investigation, two methods of solution are employed to solve the problem of torsion of a cylindrical bar having an axial circular hole. Since numerous investigations have been done on the solutions of classical theory of torsion of prismatic bars, no attempt shall be made here to refer to the previous works. Assume that the cross section of a bar acted upon by a torque has two axes of symmetry, and that its outer boundary is a simple convex curve with the equation
The V compiler: automatic hardware design

The V language describes VLSI systems concisely through the use of sequential algorithmic descriptions. Because V includes high-level constructs such as queues, asynchronous calls, and cycle-blocks, designs are more readily described and optimized into efficient hardware implementations. The implementations can then be tuned for space, time, or other objectives using annotations. From the input description, the V compiler generates both a register-transfer-level specification and a software simulator. Thus, a single description is suitable for both functional simulation and input to logic synthesis. The author describes parsing. scheduling, and resource sharing using the V compiler. He discusses synthesis and simulation, annotations, and high-level constructs. >
Rapid sediment deposition and fine‐scale strata formation in the Hudson estuary

[1] A 9 month time series of tripod-mounted optical and acoustic measurements of sediment concentration and bed elevation was used to examine depositional processes in relationship to hydrodynamic variables in the Hudson River estuary. A series of cores was also taken directly under and adjacent to the acoustic measurements to examine the relation between the depositional processes and the resulting fine-scale stratigraphy. The measurements reveal that deposition occurs as a result of sediment flux convergence behind a salinity front and that the accumulation rates are sufficient to deposit up to 25 cm of new high-porosity sediment in a single ebb-tidal phase. Subsequent dewatering and erosion reduces the thickness of the initial deposit to several centimeters. These depositional events were only observed on spring tides. Ten depositional events during two spring tidal cycles produced a seasonal deposit of 18 cm, consistent with estimates of seasonal deposition from cores. A proxy for near-bed suspended grain size variations was estimated from the combined acoustic and optical measurements, implying that the erosional processes resuspend only the finer-grained sediments, thus leaving behind silt and very fine grained sand beds. The thickness of the deposited homogenous clayey silt beds, and the vertical separation between beds interlaminated with silt and very fine sand, are roughly consistent with the acoustic measurements of changes in bed elevations during deposition and erosion. The variability in individual bed thickness is the result of variations of processes over an individual tidal cycle and is not a product of variations over the spring neap fortnightly timescale.
What’s the DIF? Why differential item functioning analyses are an important part of instrument development and validation.

The purpose of this manuscript was to help researchers better understand the causes and implications of differential item functioning (DIF), as well as the importance of testing for DIF in the process of test development and validation. The underlying theoretical reason for the presence of DIF is explicated, followed by a discussion of how to test for the presence of DIF using logistic regression and DIFPACK, which includes SIBTEST, PSIBTEST and Crossing SIBTEST. This manuscript stresses the importance of conducting DIF analyses using a priori hypotheses whenever possible. However, the example that is provided, to show researchers and practitioners how to conduct a DIF analysis, utilizes an exploratory DIF analyses paradigm which may often be needed in practical DIF applications. This example uses PSIBTEST to test for DIF, using data from an international assessment that includes a mixture of polytomous and dichotomous items. In addition to demonstrating how to test for DIF, this manuscript demonstrates h...
Cross-situational statistically based word learning intervention for late-talking toddlers.

Abstract Purpose To explore the efficacy of a word learning intervention for late-talking toddlers that is based on principles of cross-situational statistical learning. Methods Four late-talking toddlers were individually provided with 7–10 weeks of bi-weekly word learning intervention that incorporated principles of cross-situational statistical learning. Treatment was input-based meaning that, aside from initial probes, children were not asked to produce any language during the sessions. Pre-intervention data included parent-reported measures of productive vocabulary and language samples. Data collected during intervention included production on probes, spontaneous production during treatment, and parent report of words used spontaneously at home. Data were analyzed for number of target words learned relative to control words, effect sizes, and pre–post treatment vocabulary measures. Results All children learned more target words than control words and, on average, showed a large treatment effect size. Children made pre–post vocabulary gains, increasing their percentile scores on the MCDI, and demonstrated a rate of word learning that was faster than rates found in the literature. Conclusions Cross-situational statistically based word learning intervention has the potential to improve vocabulary learning in late-talking toddlers. Limitations on interpretation are also discussed. Learning outcomes: Readers will describe what cross-situational learning is and how it might apply to treatment. They will identify how including lexical and contextual variability in a word learning intervention for toddlers affected treatment outcomes. They will also recognize evidence of improved rate of vocabulary learning following treatment.
Shear-stress sensitive liquid crystals for hypersonic boundary-layer transition detection

The use of shear-stress-sensitive (SSS) liquid crystals (LCs) has been evaluated as a boundary-layer transition detection technique for hypersonic flows. Experiments were conducted at Mach 8 in the Sandia National Laboratories Hypersonic Wind lunnel using a flat-plate model at near-0-deg angle of attack over the freestream unit-Reynolds-number range (1.2-5.8) x!0/ft. Standard 35-mm color photography and Super VHS color video were used to record LC color changes due to varying surface shear stress during the transition process for a range of commercial SSS liquid crystals. Visual transition data were compared with an established method using calorimetric surface heat-transfer measurements to evaluate the LC technique. It is concluded that the use of SSS LCs can be an inexpensive, safe, and easy-to-use boundary-layer transition detection method for hypersonic flows. However, a valid interpretation of the visual records requires careful attention to illumination intensity levels and uniformity and to lighting and viewing angles, some prior understanding of the general character of the flow, and the selection of the appropriate liquid crystal for the particular flow conditions.
Scale-up Nation: China’s Specialization in Innovative Manufacturing

Summary On the basis of more than one hundred interviews conducted in 42 firms in China’s wind turbine and solar PV sectors during 2010–2013, this article seeks to specify the nature and extent of China-based technology innovation. We argue that Chinese firms have developed unique capabilities surrounding technology commercialization and manufacturing-related innovation. We provide a taxonomy for understanding such capabilities, showing the ways in which they are related to multidirectional, cross-border learning among firms. Our analysis points the way toward new frameworks for understanding national competitiveness and industrial upgrading.
Integrating Business Strategy and Capital Allocation: an Application of Multi-Objective Decision Making

ABSTRACT A fundamental element of the business strategy process is allocating capital and corporate resources. Managers of this process are often faced with complicating factors such as financial risk and uncertainty about potential outcomes. This paper describes a decision science methodology for systematically integrating the processes of business strategy and capital allocation. We present an application of this methodology by a large oil and gas company concerned with allocating an annual $200 million capital budget. This approach is shown to have broad implications for managers in all sectors and provides rich insight into the effects of integrating corporate objectives and risk policy into the investment choice process.
393 SEROLOGIC MARKERS OF HEPATITIS A (HAV) AND B (HBV) IN BILIARY ATRESIA (BA) AND NEONATAL HEPATITIS (NH)

Etiological speculation regarding BA and NH has implicated perinatal virus infection, however no consistent agent has been found. We sought serologic evidence of HAV or HBV infection in BA and NH by screening, at 2-6 months, 18 infant-mother pairs and 6 unpaired pts. Specific, sensitive radioimmunoassays (RIA) were used to test for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-HBs); complement fixation for antibody to HBV core antigen (anti-HBc). Antibody to HAV (anti-HAV) was assayed by RIA, as well as the less sensitive immune adherence assay (IAHA). There was no evidence of active or past HBV infection. Both BA infants with detectable anti-HAV were born to anti-HAV(+) mothers; serial testing in one revealed declining titers, suggesting transplacental transfer. Of 3 anti-HAV(+) NH infants, maternal antibody was present in one; serial titers showed disappearance by 7 mos. Maternal serum was not available in the remaining two. Thus,it is unlikely that either HAV or HBV had an etiologic role in BA or NH. A non-viral etiology or other non-A, non-B hepatitis viruses must be considered when assays become available.
The effects of strain-hardening and strain-rate sensitivity on the transient response of elastic-plastic rings and cylinders

Abstract The effect of material description on the final response of rigid-plastic structures has received considerable attention over the past decade. In this paper, the influence of the constitutive relation on the transient and final responses of elastic-plastic structures is investigated for uniformly expanding rings and long cylinders. Realistic values of material strain-hardening and strain-rate sensitivity are shown to have a significant effect on both dynamic and final deflections. For comparison to the elastic-plastic solution, the solution based upon a rigid-plastic material assumption is developed. Final deflection values for the rigid-plastic material are found to be within 20 per cent of elastic-plastic values when the ratio of plastic to elastic energy is greater than three.
Thermochemical redox equilibria of ZoBell's solution

Abstract The redox potential of ZoBell's solution, consisting of 3.33 × 10 −3 molar K4Fe(CN)6, 3.33 × 10 −3 molar K3Fe(CN)6 and 0.10 molar KCl, has been measured by a polished platinum electrode vs a saturated KCl, Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Measurements in the temperature range 8–85°C fit the equation E( volts ) = 0.23145 − 1.5220 × 10 −3 (t − 25) − 2.2449 × 10 −6 (t − 25) 2 where t is in degrees Celsius. Evaluation of literature data was necessary to obtain a reliable value for the Ag/AgCl half-cell reference potential as a function of temperature. Combining the measurements from this study with the literature evaluation of the Ag/AgCl reference potential yields the temperature dependent potential for ZoBell's solution: E( volts ) = 0.43028 − 2.5157 × 10 −3 (t − 25) − 3.7979 × 10 −6 (t − 25) 2 relative to the standard hydrogen potential. From these data the enthalpy, entropy, free energy and heat capacity for the ferro-ferricyanide redox couple have been calculated. The temperature equation for the potential of ZoBell's solution may be used for checking potentiometric equipment in the determination of the redox potential of natural waters.
Fetal Human Hemolytic Plaque‐Forming Cells

. Lymphoid tissues from 24 human fetuses were assayed for hemolytic plaque-forming cells (PFC) against a variety of erythrocyte targets. PFC against maternal and other erythrocyte antigens were commonly detected in human fetal liver, lymph nodes, spleen, or thymus as early as 16 weeks gestation and were usually more abundant in liver than in spleen after 16 weeks gestation. These data corroborate studies from other laboratories which indicate that human fetuses develop some forms of immunocompetence very early during gestation.
Spinal cord compression secondary to gaucher's disease

A case of compression of the spinal cord and cauda equina secondary to collapse of the T-12 and L-3 vertebral bodies in a patient with type 1 Gaucher's disease is presented. Decompressive laminectomies were done at both the T-12 and L-3 levels with moderate improvement of the patient's neurologic findings. Histologic examinations confirmed the presence of Gaucher's cells in the bone. Review of the literature revealed only one previous report.