cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A climatology of solar erythema dose.

—Semi-empirical formulas for the ultraviolet erythema dose derived in an earlier paper are used to deduce an ultraviolet photoclimatology. We calculate the climatology of daily erythema radiation doses for the northern hemisphere at 5d latitude intervals. Similar dose calculations are also performed specifically for ten metropolitan areas. Effects of seasonal and geographic variations of ozone, turbidity, and cloudiness on the local erythema doses are also investigated. We present a simple approximate analytic formula for the annual erythema dose as a function of latitude, cloud cover, and ground albedo for use in connection with studies of the epidemiology of skin cancer. The implications of possible ozone depletion due to a future fleet of supersonic aircraft in the stratosphere are discussed. These calculations are made for a normal ozone thickness of 0.32 cm and for a 5, 10, 20, and 50 per cent ozone reduction.
On the non-negative impulse response of continuous-time multi-dimensional systems

This paper presents sufficient conditions on 1-D pole-zero patterns that exhibit a non-negative impulse response (NNIR) for several classes of multi-dimensional (m-D) hyper-planar filters in the continuous-time (C-T) domain. The results provide some intuitive ideas about 1-D to m-D variable substitutions that preserve the positivity/non-negativity property, and are useful for constructing m-D NNIR filters from 1-D prototypes.
Stopping and range/energy relations for charged, massive particles (CHAMPs) in silicon

Abstract Charged, massive particles (CHAMPs) have been proposed as a dark matter candidate. The identification of CHAMPs in silicon detectors depends on the nature of the tracks. The range/energy relation for positively charged CHAMPs stopping in silicon is presented, along with the details of the ionization and displacement damage.
IMMUNOLOGIC UNRESPONSIVENESS INDUCED BY PROTEIN ANTIGENS

1. Repeated large infusions of heterologous plasma proteins can induce a state of specific immunologic unresponsiveness in rabbits. In normal adult rabbits this unresponsiveness in most instances lasts only about as long as the heterologous proteins are detectable in the host (3 to 4 months). In rabbits infused from the time of birth and perhaps x-radiated adult rabbits the induced immunologic unresponsiveness lasted throughout the period of observation (10 to 11 months), long after disappearance of all detectable foreign proteins. 2. This unresponsiveness appears to be specific for the antigens administered in excess and does not prevent antibody responses to even closely related antigens. 3. The unresponsiveness was not transmitted to first generation offspring. 4. The mechanism of the temporary unresponsiveness which occurs in normal adult rabbits may be dependent upon the actual presence of the antigen in the host. However, the unresponsiveness does not result from a simple neutralization of antibody, as it is formed, by the antigen, as has been suggested in the case of pneumococcal polysaccharide induced immunologic paralysis. 5. On the other hand, the mechanism of the lasting immunologic unresponsiveness developing in the "newborn" and perhaps the x-rayed rabbits may depend upon the acceptance of the foreign protein as essentially non-antigenic by the host. A similar situation is seen in the naturally occurring placental transfer of dissimilar red blood cell types between fraternal twins.
Precarity’s Forms

Writing matters if objects of analysis are to be understood as emergent forms with qualities, intensities, and trajectories that can be described or evoked. Writing is not epiphenomenal to thought but its medium. As it sidles up to worlds, disparate and incommensurate things throw themselves together. As it attunes, spatial and temporal dimensions come into play; writing skids over surfaces, pauses on a detail, grows capacious or pinched. Here, I write four very different scenes of precarity as a form that accretes, accrues, and wears out and one that takes place through attachments, tempos, materialities, and states of being. Such objects of analysis register the tactility and significance of something coming into form through an assemblage of affects, routes, conditions, sensibilities, and habits.
To have and to hold : marriage, the baby boom, and social change

Middle-class family life in the 1950s brings to mind images of either smugly satisfied or miserably repressed nuclear families with breadwinning husbands, children and housewives, much like the families depicted in "Ozzie and Harriet" and "Father Knows Best". Jessica Weiss delves beneath these mythic images and paints a far more complex picture that reveals strong continuities between the baby boomer and their parents. Drawing on interviews with American couples from the 1950s to the 1980s, Weiss creates a dynamic portrait of family and social change in the postwar era. She pairs these firsthand accounts with a deft analysis of movies, television shows, magazines and advice books from each decade, providing an unprecedented and intimate look at ordinary marriages in a time of sweeping cultural change. Weiss shows how young couples in the 1950s attempted to combine egalitarian hopes with traditional gender roles. Middle-class women encouraged their husbands to become involved fathers. Midlife wives and mothers reshaped the labour force and the home by returning to work in the 1960s. And couples strove for fulfilling marriages as they dealt with the pressures of childrearing in the midst of the sexual and divorce revolutions of the 1960s and 1970s. By the 1980s, they were far more welcoming to the ideas of the women's movement than has often been assumed. More than simply changing with the times, the parents of the baby boom contributed to changing times themselves. Weiss's use of family interviews that span three decades, her imaginative examination of popular culture, and her incisive conclusions make her book a valuable contribution not only to our understanding of the past but also to our understanding of men's and women's roles in today's family.
Third year medical student attitudes toward learning urology.

Purpose: We studied certain research questions, including the learning environments in which third year medical students perceive that they acquire urological knowledge and skills, and whether medical students interested in urology as a career have different perceived learning needs than those interested in other specialties.Materials and Methods: A survey instrument was pilot tested and revised. The instrument elicited student perceptions of how they best learned urological diagnosis and skills. Student attitudes toward the third year urology rotation and career motivation toward urology were assessed. Consecutive students were surveyed after completing the third year urology rotation.Results: Most students perceived that they learned to manage most urological problems by seeing patients in outpatient clinics and they learned to perform physical examination and urinalysis interpretation by seeing patients. The overall usefulness of various learning environments was highest for seeing patients in clinic, ...
Severe controlled hemorrhage resuscitation with small volume poloxamer 188 in sedated miniature swine

Abstract Background The surfactant poloxamer 188 (P188) has been shown to improve survival following hemorrhage. This study used P188 as a small volume resuscitation product in a sedated, sexually mature, male miniature swine severe hemorrhage model for potential improvement in rate and time of survival. Methods Fourteen swine were anesthetized, catheterized for hemorrhage and resuscitation and allowed to recover from anesthesia. The animals were sedated and hemorrhaged 60% of estimated blood volume (∼39mlkg −1 ) exponentially over 1h. Following hemorrhage the animals were treated with either 1.33mlkg −1 of P188 (150mgml −1 ; 7 swine) or the P188 citrate vehicle (7 swine) given as an i.v. infusion over 2min without additional resuscitation fluids. The data were compared with control data from sedated swine similarly hemorrhaged, but with no resuscitation (untreated; n =16). Results Median (95% CI) survival time for the untreated control swine was 55.8 (36.5–86) min with a 6% survival at 180min. Median survival time of 161 (80–180) min for the P188 swine was significantly greater than control ( p =0.0186), whereas the citrate vehicle median survival time of 91 (32–180) min was not significantly different from control or P188. At the survival target time of 180min, survival rates were not significantly different among the three groups. TEG data from swine demonstrated anti-coagulant properties of P188. This was confirmed with human blood ex vivo . Conclusion In the presence of severe controlled hemorrhage, P188 improved median survival time. However, retardation of blood clotting raises concerns as to its use in the presence of uncontrolled hemorrhage.
The state of enzyme biotechnology in the fish processing industry

Enzymes can be put to a variety of uses in many areas of fish and seafood processing, including quality assurance and freshness testing, as well as various processing operations. In this review article, the present state of the art of enzyme utilization in fish and seafood processing is examined. Recent developments in diverse areas, ranging from analytical techniques to processing technology, are discussed.
Retention of single- and double-function lists

Four groups of 24 Ss each learned and recalled a single paired-associate list. Two groups learned a double-function list and two a single-function list. Retention interval was combined factorially with function so that two groups recalled and relearned after a 24-hr retention interval and two groups, serving as controls, recalled and relearned after a 5-min interval. No differential forgetting was found between the single-and double-function groups over the 24-hr retention interval. Subsequent analysis comparing fast and slow learners found that in the single-function groups fast learners recalled more than slow learners while this relationship was reversed in the double-function groups.
Disciplining the Working Classes: Neoliberal Designs in Vocational Education

This essay critiques the neoliberal reorganization of vocational education, finding that the notion of democratic schooling has been diminished as the differential needs of working-class students are unrecognized and unmet. Instead, these students are faced with the false promises of merit advanced in the middle-class discourses of college-for-all. Vocational education reforms support the privatization movement through the creation of charter schools, as well as the cessation of control to industries for work-ready testing, employability certification, and business-defined career clustering. Vocational institutions are expected to be entrepreneurial in this neoliberal climate of strategic global advantage, encouraged to enter into public-private partnerships for economic development, and asked to manage costs with declining support from the taxpaying public.
Meta-analysis of transcatheter closure versus medical therapy for patent foramen ovale in prevention of recurrent neurological events after presumed paradoxical embolism.

Objectives In this study, a meta-analysis of observational studies was performed to compare the rate of recurrent neurological events (RNE) between transcatheter closure and medical management of patients with cryptogenic stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) and concomitant patent foramen ovale (PFO). Background A significant controversy surrounds the optimal strategy for treatment of cryptogenic stroke/TIA and coexistent PFO. Methods We conducted a MEDLINE search with standard search terms to determine eligible studies. Results Adjusted incidence rates of RNE were 0.8 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.5 to 1.1) events and 5.0 (95% CI: 3.6 to 6.9) events/100 person-years (PY) in the transcatheter closure and medical management arms, respectively. Meta-analysis of the limited number of comparative studies and meta-regression analysis suggested that the transcatheter closure might be superior to the medical therapy in prevention of RNE after cryptogenic stroke. Comparison of the anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy subgroups of the medical arm yielded a significantly lower risk of RNE within patients treated with anticoagulants. Device-related complications were encountered at the rate of 4.1 (95% CI: 3.2 to 5.0) events/100 PY, with atrial arrhythmias being the most frequent complication. After transcatheter closure, RNE did not seem to be related to the pre-treatment shunt size or the presence of residual shunting in the follow-up period. Significant benefit of transcatheter PFO closure was apparent in elderly patients, patients with concomitant atrial septal aneurysm, and patients with thrombophilia. Conclusions Rates of RNE with transcatheter closure and medical therapy in patients presenting with cryptogenic stroke or TIA were estimated at 0.8 and 5.0 events/100 PY. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to conclusively compare these 2 management strategies.
Rheological properties of mixtures of molten polymer and fluorocarbon blowing agent. I. Mixtures of low‐density polyethylene and fluorocarbon blowing agent

The viscosities of mixtures of low-density polyethylene and fluorocarbon blowing agent were determined from the measurement of wall normal stress along the longitudinal axis of a capillary die. For the study, three different grades of commercial high-pressure low-density polyethylene were used, together with the following fluorocarbon blowing agents, dichlorodifluoromethane (FC-12), dichlorotetrafluoroethane (FC-114), and blends of FC-12 and FC-114. In the experiment, blowing agent concentration and melt temperature were varied for each combination of polymer and blowing agent employed. Analysis of the experimental data has led to a correlation between the viscosity reduction factor (VRF) and the blowing agent concentration, in which VRF is defined as the ratio of the viscosity of polymer-blowing agent mixture to that of the polymer alone. It was found that the correlation obtained is independent of shear rate and temperature and dependent upon only the type of fluorocarbon blowing agent. The practical significance of the correlation is discussed. We have shown that the entrance pressure drop obtained in the absence of phase separation in the entrance region may be used as a measure of the elastic properties of mixtures of fluorocarbon blowing agent and low-density polyethylene resin.
Bottom-up control of a northern Arizona ponderosa pine forest fire regime in a fragmented landscape

Fire regimes often vary at fine spatial scales in response to factors such as topography or fuels while climate usually synchronizes fires across broader scales. We investigated the relative influence of top-down and bottom-up controls on fire occurrence in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests in a highly fragmented landscape at Mount Dellenbaugh, in northwestern Arizona. Our study area of 4,000 ha was characterized by patches of ponderosa pine forest in drainages that were separated by a matrix of pinyon–juniper woodlands, sagebrush shrublands, and perennial grasslands. We reconstructed fire histories from 135 fire-scarred trees in sixteen 25-ha sample sites placed in patches of mature ponderosa forest. We found that, among patches of ponderosa forest, fires were similar in terms of frequency but highly asynchronous in terms of individual years. Climate synchronized fire but only across broader spatial scales. Fires occurring at broader scales were associated with dry years that were preceded by several wet years. The remarkable level of asynchrony at finer scales suggests that bottom-up factors, such as site productivity and fuel continuity, were important in regulating fire at Mount Dellenbaugh. Understanding where bottom-up controls were historically influential is important for prioritizing areas that may best respond to fuel treatment under a warming climate.
Variations in mitochondrial DNA concentration as a function of different growth conditions in yeast.

Abstract The relative concentration of mitochondrial DNA in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been examined under a variety of different growth conditions by means of an isotope dilution procedure which is shown to yield accurate estimates of mitochondrial DNA content in small samples of this yeast. Under a derepression scheme in which only limited cell proliferation occurs, mitochondrial DNA exhibited nearly a doubling in relative amount. The concentration of mitochondrial DNA was also observed to fluctuate depending upon the strain, growth phase and carbon source included in the growth media. Our results indicate that the relative proportion of mitochondrial DNA does indeed vary according to a variety of different conditions that the cells are subjected to.
Reexamination of the direct electrochemical reduction of s-nitrosothiols

We report here on the electrochemical reduction of S-nitrosothiol species (RSNO). Nitric oxide (NO) is the reported common product from electrochemically reduced RSNOs at physiological pH. However, studies here at pH 7.4 show that during the reduction of RSNOs (-0.6 V to -0.9 V, vs. Ag/AgCl), no significant amount of NO is detected. Gas analysis suggests RSNO are reduced to nitrous oxide (N2O) at pH 7.4 and can only be converted back to NO at more oxidizing voltages. Interestingly, at pH 4.0, a direct one-electron reduction of RSNOs appears to occur and generates significant amounts of NO from RSNO species.
Neurobiology of Stress and Cocaine Addiction: Studies on Corticotropin‐Releasing Factor in Rats, Monkeys, and Humansa

Stress may contribute to the increased vulnerability to and the development of cocaine addiction. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis as well as behavioral and immune processes in response to different environmental and pharmacologic stressors. We hypothesized that CRF might mediate some of the effects of cocaine and as such it may be a link between stressful events and increased vulnerability to cocaine addiction. We demonstrated that blockade of endogenous CRF by a CRF antiserum or a receptor antagonist prevented the cocaine-induced corticosterone response in rats. In male rhesus monkeys and in humans, cocaine selectively increased the amplitude-related, CRF-dependent, elements of pulsatile ACTH release. Cocaine-induced locomotor hyperactivity was antagonized by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of a CRF antiserum and a CRF receptor antagonist in rats. In rhesus monkeys, strong correlations were found between behavioral hyperactivity and CRF-dependent elements of pulsatile activity of the HPA axis. Acute cocaine administration induced dose- and time-dependent alterations in hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic/limbic CRF concentrations in rats. Cocaine withdrawal elicited anxiety-like behavior and alterations of CRF concentration in the hypothalamus, amygdala, and basal forebrain. CRF antiserum (i.c.v.) antagonized anxiety-like behavior related to cocaine withdrawal. These data strongly suggest that the HPA axis, brain CRF in particular, may mediate some of the neuroendocrine and behavioral effects of cocaine. The potential involvement of CRF and HPA axis in cocaine-induced psychopathology is hypothesized.
Food threshold territoriality in a water strider (Gerris remigis)

Summer generation 3rd, 4th and 5th instar nymphs plus adults of Gerris remigis were satiated for 2 days in a laboratory tray then deprived of food. Within 1/2–2 days, 19 of 27 nymphs and 10 of 30 adults began to exhibit territoriality, continued being so for 3–9 days, then ceased shortly before becoming quiescent. In the field, muscid flies fed to different territorial striders at a rate of 0, 1, 2, or 3 flies/day, resulted in 8 of 10 striders (at 2 flies/day) and 10 of 10 striders (at 3 flies/day) ceasing territoriality, whereas 5 of 8 controls (at 0 flies/day) remained territorial. Thus, lower and upper food thresholds were demonstrated, the upper threshold approached both from ‘above’ (laboratory study) and ‘below’ (field study).
COMBINING PHARMACOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH EATING DISORDERS

Addressed herein is the idea of combining medication management and psychotherapy in the treatment of patients with eating disorders. In most cases of eating disorder treatment, psychotherapy is an essential part of good patient care, but pharmacotherapy has been playing an increasing role in recent years. In typical clinical settings in which patients with eating disorders are seen, it is now common to find patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) or bulimia nervosa (BN) who are receiving combined therapy. Also, much has been learned in recent years about such combined treatments for these conditions from the literature on randomized, controlled trials (RCTs). Therefore, informed recommendations can be made about such combinations, particularly in the case of BN. Discussed here is the treatment literature on AN regarding combined treatment and the treatment implications of this literature. The literature on BN then is reviewed, focusing on five trials that have systematically compared drugs with psychotherapy and with the combination treatment, and the implications from these findings discussed. General guidelines regarding the management of patients with eating disorders and the particular problems that may arise when the pharmacotherapy and the psychotherapy are provided by different practitioners.
ENHANCEMENT OF EXTRA CHROMOSOMAL RECOMBINATION IN SOMATIC CELLS BY AFFECTING THE RATIO OF HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION (HR) TO NON-HOMOLOGOUS END JOINING (NHEJ)

Advancements in somatic cell gene targeting have been slow due to the finite lifespan of somatic cells, and the overall inefficiency of homologous recombination. The rate of homologous recombination is determined by mechanisms of DNA repair, and by the balance between homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). A plasmid-to-plasmid, extra chromosomal recombination system was used to study the effects of the manipulation of molecules involved in NHEJ (Mre11, Ku70/80, and p53) on HR/NHEJ ratios. In addition, the effect of telomerase expression, cell synchrony, and DNA nuclear delivery was examined. While a mutant Mre11 and an anti-Ku aptamer did not significantly affect the rate of NHEJ or HR, transient expression of a p53 mutant increased overall HR/NHEJ by 2.5 fold. However, expression of the mutant p53 resulted in increased aneuploidy of the cultured cells. Additionally, we found no relationship between telomerase expression and changes in HR/NHEJ. In contrast, cell synchrony by thymidine incorporation did not induce chromosomal abnormalities, and increased the ratio of HR/NHEJ 5-fold by reducing the overall rate of NHEJ. Overall our results show that attempts at reducing NHEJ by use of Mre11 or anti-Ku aptamers were unsuccessful. Cell synchrony via thymidine incorporation, however, does increase the ratio of HR/NHEJ and this indicates that this approach may be of use to facilitate targeting in somatic cells by reducing the numbers of colonies that need to be analyzed before a HR is identified.
The effect of stretching on formation of myofibroblasts in mouse skin

Wound contraction results from the contractile activity of modified fibroblasts, termed myofibroblasts, which are present in the granulation tissue of the healing wound. This study examines the relative role of mechanical tension (stretching) and wound healing as events capable of stimulating the formation of myofibroblasts in mouse skin. The skin of hairless mice was subjected to mechanical stretching and to a small incisional wound either separately or in combination. Animals were killed at intervals between 1 and 6 days and the dermis examined with the electron microscope. Stretching alone produced little evidence of inflammation at any time interval but cells with the ultrastructural characteristics of myofibroblasts were present at 4 days and abundant at 6 days. Skin that had been both stretched and wounded showed a marked inflammatory response and also contained myofibroblasts, but they were less frequent than in the skin subjected to stretching alone. Very few myofibroblasts were evident in skin that had only been wounded. It is suggested that the effect of mechanical tension alone may initiate formation of myofibroblasts in a tissue.
Tests for Monotonic Intensity in a Poisson Process

Likelihood ratio tests about the intensity function are obtained by confining the estimated intensity function of a Poisson process to a sample-dependent, left-continuous step function class. These tests have relatively simple test statistics and their distributions are stochastically maximized when the process is homogeneous.
Mouse Mammary Epithelial Cells form Mammospheres During Lactogenic Differentiation.

A phenotypic measure commonly used to determine the degree of lactogenic differentiation in mouse mammary epithelial cell cultures is the formation of dome shaped cell structures referred to as mammospheres 1. The HC11 cell line has been employed as a model system for the study of regulation of mammary lactogenic differentiation both in vitro and in vivo 2. The HC11 cells differentiate and synthesize milk proteins in response to treatment with lactogenic hormones. Following the growth of HC11 mouse mammary epithelial cells to confluence, lactogenic differentiation was induced by the addition of a combination of lactogenic hormones including dexamethasone, insulin, and prolactin, referred to as DIP. The HC11 cells induced to differentiate were photographed at times up to 120 hours post induction of differentiation and the number of mammospheres that appeared in each culture was enumerated. The size of the individual mammospheres correlates with the degree of differentiation and this is depicted in the images of the differentiating cells.
Hylemorphism, remnant persons and personhood

Animalism is the doctrine that we human beings are – are identical with – animals. Hylemorphism is a form of animalism. In this paper, I defend hylemorphism by showing that while other forms of animalism fall prey to the problem of ‘Remnant Persons,’ hylemorphism does not. But hylemorphism's account of personhood seems to have some very implausible implications. I address one of those implications, and argue that it isn't nearly as objectionable as it might at first appear.
Effects of Cattle Dung on the Behavior and Survival of Adult Screwworms and on the Development of their Eggs

Fifty-six percent of sterile adult screwworms, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), collected with a sweep net from cattle dung and vegetation at cattle-congregating areas in South Texas were mated females. No mating activity was observed at these sources. Collections from a wind-oriented trap baited with swormlure-2 and from dung yielded 3.7 and 11.6% males, respectively; these sex ratios were considered similar enough to suggest that some chemical components of swormlure-2 and dung may be related. Aging of dung reduces its attractiveness. Dung contributes little to screwworm survival and is an inadequate nutritional source for egg development in the second gonotrophic cycle. Dung may aid females in locating potential hosts.
Stoichiometry and possible mechanism of SiH4O2 explosions

Abstract The products of silaneO2 mixture explosions vary with mixture composition. For O2-rich mixtures (>70% O2), the products are H2O and SiO2. As the mixtures become richer in silane, H2 replaces H2O as a final product. For very SiH4-rich mixtures (>70% SiH4), the products are H2, SiOx, and Si. The fact that silane is totally consumed in silane-rich mixtures (70–90% silane) demonstrates that solid particle formation (SiO2, SiO, and Si) occurs very rapidly and that the accompanying heat release is essential to drive the reactions to completion. It is also clear that the explosion of a silane-rich mixture is primarily a thermal explosion of silane. Effects due to problems associated with upper pressure limit measurements and mechanistic aspects of the SiH4O2 explosion reaction are discussed.
Electrochemical Characterization of Equilibria Involving Catalyst Precursors: Cyclic Voltammetry of Labile Organorhodium Complexes in Coordinating Solvents

Cyclic voltammetry (CV) has been used to characterize equilibria between [Rh(COD)2]+ and [Rh(COD)(solv)2]+, where COD = cyclooctadiene and solv = acetone, 2-butanone, or acetonitrile. In donor solvents the reversible one-electron reduction of [Rh(COD)2]+/0 obeys the voltammetric diagnostics for a chemical reaction preceding electron transfer (a CE mechanism). The cathodic current for this wave is monitored as a function of CV scan rate in order to derive both equilibrium and rate constants for addition and elimination of COD from the metal center. The rate of addition of COD to [Rh(COD)(solv)2]+ is not significantly solvent-dependent, whereas elimination of COD from [Rh(COD)2]+ is about 4400 times faster for solv = CH3CN than for either acetone or 2-butanone. The exchange reaction is apparently associative in both directions, following a 16e-/18e- pathway. Electrochemical methods are shown to provide a useful alternative to optical and magnetic resonance methods for the characterization of organometallic ...
Acculturation and delinquent behavior among Cuban American adolescents: Toward an empirical model

Uses data derived from a study of 6th- and 7th-grade Cuban American adolescents in the greater Miami, Florida, area. The effects of immigrant cultural adjustment on the behavior of adolescents, especially deviant behavior, has been a subject of interest for decades. However, heretofore, little empirical research has been conducted. Key findings indicate that family factors are related to the development of attitudes favoring deviance, whereas acculturation conflicts are associated with delinquent behavior. Results are considered tentative but important for developing a comprehensive and theoretically grounded model of factors contributing to deviant behavior among Hispanic adolescents.
Impacts of Poverty on Quality of Life in Families of Children with Disabilities

This review of the literature examines the impact of poverty on the quality of life in families of children with disabilities. Twenty-eight percent of children with disabilities, ages 3 to 21, are living in families whose total income is less than the income threshold set by the U.S. Census Bureau. This review found a variety of impacts of poverty on the five dimensions of family, including health (e.g., hunger, limited health care access); productivity (e.g., delayed cognitive development, limited leisure opportunities); physical environment (e.g., overcrowded and unclean homes, unsafe neighborhoods); emotional well-being (e.g., increased stress, low self-esteem); and family interaction (e.g., inconsistent parenting, marital conflict over money). Implications of the findings for policy, research, and practices are suggested.
Multivariate analysis of morphological and anatomical characters of Calophyllum (Calophyllaceae) in South America

Calophyllum (Calophyllaceae), previously placed in Clusiaceae, is easily recognizable by its opposite entire leaves with close parallel venation alternating with resin canals. However, distinction between species has been difficult, because of infraspecific variation in tepal and stamen number and resemblance among species that share similar habitats. Here, I report the results of multivariate analyses of morphological and anatomical characters for Calophyllum in South America, and provide a taxonomic treatment for the genus in South America, the first since that of Vesque in 1893. Thirteen preliminary morphogroups were identified. Thirty-two morphological characters of the leaf, flower and fruit from 401 specimens, and 17 anatomical leaf characters from 45 specimens were measured and analysed using principal component analyses (PCAs) and discriminant analyses (DAs). PCAs were used to find groups and DAs were used to validate those PCAs that were potential groups. Two main subgroups were identified in the general analysis. Subgroup M1 has terete stems and smaller leaves and flowers than subgroup M2, which, instead, has quadrangular stems. Only subgroup M2 showed distinctive clusters in regional and local analyses. Distinctive clusters and morphological and anatomical characters helped us to recognize four species in South America, including a new species, Calophyllum pubescens sp. nov.. In addition, a new species, Calophyllum mesoamericanum sp. nov., is described from Central America. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London,
Helicon plasma generator-assisted H-ion source development at Los Alamos neutron science center

The aim of the helicon plasma generator-assisted negative ion source development at Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) is to use high-density helicon plasmas for producing intense beams of H- ions. Our work consists of two development paths, construction of a hybrid ion source (long-term goal) and replacement of the LANSCE surface converter ion source filaments by a helicon plasma generator (short-term goal). The hybrid ion source is a combination of a long-life plasma cathode, sustained by a helicon plasma generator, with a stationary, pulsed main discharge (multi-cusp H- production chamber) directly coupled to each other. The electrons are transferred from the helicon plasma to the cusp-chamber by thermal flow process to ignite and sustain the main discharge. Replacing the filaments of the ion source based on surface conversion process by a helicon plasma generator is a low-cost solution, building upon the well- proven converter-type ion sources. Both development paths are aimed at meeting the beam production goals of the LANSCE 800 MeV linear accelerator refurbishment project. This article provides a brief comparison of these approaches and describes the design and the status of the helicon-driven surface conversion H- ion source.
Methods toward supply chain risk analysis

Events like the 9/11 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center and the 11-day work stoppage at 29 West Coast ports have exposed the vulnerabilities of a key element of America's economic infrastructure-business supply chains. To sustain business in today's new risk environment, it is necessary to assess the vulnerability of business chains and develop continuity and operational plans to mitigate consequences and assure continuation of critical processes. This paper reviews existing techniques used in decision making for risk analysis and presents a modeling and analysis framework for assessing business risk and evaluating safeguards to secure the supply chain.
Avirulent Uracil Auxotrophs Based on Disruption of Orotidine-5'-Monophosphate Decarboxylase Elicit Protective Immunity to Toxoplasma gondii

The orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase (OMPDC) gene, encoding the final enzyme of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway, was deleted using Toxoplasma gondii KU80 knockouts to develop an avirulent nonreverting pyrimidine auxotroph strain. Additionally, to functionally address the role of the pyrimidine salvage pathway, the uridine phosphorylase (UP) salvage activity was knocked out and a double knockout of UP and OMPDC was also constructed. The nonreverting DeltaOMPDC, DeltaUP, and DeltaOMPDC DeltaUP knockout strains were evaluated for pyrimidine auxotrophy, for attenuation of virulence, and for their ability to elicit potent immunity to reinfection. The DeltaUP knockout strain was replication competent and virulent. In contrast, the DeltaOMPDC and DeltaOMPDC DeltaUP strains were uracil auxotrophs that rapidly lost their viability during pyrimidine starvation. Replication of the DeltaOMPDC strain but not the DeltaOMPDC DeltaUP strain was also partially rescued in vitro with uridine or cytidine supplementation. Compared to their hypervirulent parental type I strain, the DeltaOMPDC and DeltaOMPDC DeltaUP knockout strains exhibited extreme attenuation in murine virulence (approximately 8 logs). Genetic complementation of the DeltaOMPDC strain using a functional OMPDC allele restored normal replication and type I parental strain virulence phenotypes. A single immunization of mice with either the live critically attenuated DeltaOMPDC strain or the DeltaOMPDC DeltaUP knockout strain effectively induced potent protective immunity to lethal challenge infection. The avirulent nonreverting DeltaOMPDC and DeltaOMPDC DeltaUP strains provide new tools for the dissection of the host response to infection and are promising candidates for safe and effective Th1 vaccine platforms that can be easily genetically engineered.
Houses without Names: Architectural Nomenclature and the Classification of America’s Common Houses (Hubka)

This work is a book review considering the title Houses without Names: Architectural Nomenclature and the Classification of America’s Common Houses by Thomas C. Hubka.
Two-Photon Photoassisted Reactions of Collision Pairs Consisting of Xe with Halogen-Containing Polyatomic Molecules

Excitation spectra have been acquired for the two-photon, laser-assisted reactions between collision pairs of Xe with CCl4, CCl1Br, CH3I, CH2I2, CH2ICl, and SOCl2. In each case the product of the reaction is XeX(B,C); X = halogen. The excitation spectra obtained at 300 K in 100 Torr of Xe and 1.3 Torr of reagent have thresholds near 255 nm and increase toward shorter wavelength. Unexpected resonance-like features have been found in the excitation spectra of Xe/CH2ICl and Xe/CCl3Br. A set of relative two-photon excitation rates was obtained at 238 and 227 nm for all pairs by comparison to CCl4, which was selected as a standard. The excitation spectra for the polyatomic molecular pairs can be compared to previously published excitation spectra of diatomic halogen molecules with Xe. The two-photon, laser-assisted reaction of the Xe·F2 van der Waals molecule prepared by free-jet expansion also is reported.
Coupled motions under compressive load in intact and ACL-deficient knees: a cadaveric study.

is useful to determine which degrees of freedom should be included in the study of tibiofemoral contact and also to understand the role of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in coupled motions. The objectives of this study were to measure the coupled motions of the intact knee and ACL-deficient knee under compression and to compare the coupled motions of the ACL-deficient knee with those of the intact knee. Ten intact cadaveric knees were tested by applying a 1600 N compressive load and measuring coupled internal-external and varus-valgus rotations and anterior-posterior and mediallateral translations at 0 deg, 15 deg, and 30 deg of flexion. Compressive loads were applied along the functional axis of axial rotation, which coincides approximately with the mechanical axis of the tibia. The ACL was excised and the knees were tested again. In the intact knee, the peak coupled motions were 3.8 deg internal rotation at 0 deg flexion changing to �4.9 deg external rotation at 30 deg of flexion, 1.4 deg of varus rotation at 0 deg flexion changing to �1.9 deg valgus rotation at 30 deg of flexion, 1.4 mm of medial translation at 0 deg flexion increasing to 2.3 mm at 30 deg of flexion, and 5.3 mm of anterior translation at 0 deg flexion increasing to 10.2 mm at 30 deg of flexion. All changes in the peak coupled motions from 0 deg to 30 deg flexion were statistically significant p 0.05. In ACL-deficient knees, there was a strong trend (marginally not significant, p = 0.07) toward greater anterior translation 12.7 mm than that in intact knees 8.0 mm, whereas coupled motions in the other degrees of freedom were comparable. Because the coupled motions in all four degrees of freedom in the intact knee and ACL-deficient knee are sufficiently large to substantially affect the tibiofemoral contact area, all degrees of freedom should be included when either developing mathematical models or designing mechanical testing equipment for study of tibiofemoral contact. The increase in coupled anterior translation in ACL-deficient knees indicates the important role played by the ACL in constraining anterior translation during compressive loading. DOI: 10.1115/1.2800762
Muscle Articulations: Flexible Jaw Joints Made of Soft Tissues

This study surveys animals that use soft tissues rather than rigid links to build jaw joints. Hard biting elements are useful; they are used in piercing or shearing during feeding and interactive behaviors and can directly impact survival and reproduction. The best understood biting systems include biting elements that are mounted on rigid jaw links that form a joint capable of transmitting the bite reaction forces. As such, jaws must incorporate joints that resist compression. Many jaw joints are "sliding joints", in which jaw links come into direct contact and the shape of the sliding contact surfaces dictates possible motions. There are, however, organisms that have biting elements on jaws that are made of flexible muscle and connective tissues. If arranged as a muscular hydrostat, in which multiple orientations of the muscle fibers may co-contract to provide turgid skeletal support, the multifunctional joint not only (a) provides the force to move the biting elements, but also (b) creates repositionable pivots and (c) transmits bite reaction forces. Such flexible joints, termed "muscle articulations", may be important to a number of soft-bodied animals. In this survey, we review the function of previously described muscle articulations: the joints found between inarticulate brachiopods' valves, cephalopods' beaks, the hooks of kalyptorhynch flatworms, and errant polychaetes' jaws. We also review the morphology, physiology, and feeding behaviors of the hagfish as a putative muscle articulation in an effort to understand how this jawless craniate is capable of biting with surprising force, seemingly without the benefit of any obvious method of opposing the force of the dental plate that is used to remove portions of food. Initial analysis suggests that a muscle articulation may be a key feature in coordinating head and body movements to provide the leverage needed for strong "bites".
Diabetes promotes an inflammatory macrophage phenotype and atherosclerosis through acyl-CoA synthetase 1

The mechanisms that promote an inflammatory environment and accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetes are poorly understood. We show that macrophages isolated from two different mouse models of type 1 diabetes exhibit an inflammatory phenotype. This inflammatory phenotype associates with increased expression of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (ACSL1), an enzyme that catalyzes the thioesterification of fatty acids. Monocytes from humans and mice with type 1 diabetes also exhibit increased ACSL1. Furthermore, myeloid-selective deletion of ACSL1 protects monocytes and macrophages from the inflammatory effects of diabetes. Strikingly, myeloid-selective deletion of ACSL1 also prevents accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetic mice without affecting lesions in nondiabetic mice. Our observations indicate that ACSL1 plays a critical role by promoting the inflammatory phenotype of macrophages associated with type 1 diabetes; they also raise the possibilities that diabetic atherosclerosis has an etiology that is, at least in part, distinct from the etiology of nondiabetic vascular disease and that this difference is because of increased monocyte and macrophage ACSL1 expression.
Distinct roles of cadherin-6 and E-cadherin in tubulogenesis and lumen formation

Classic cadherins are important regulators of tissue morphogenesis. The predominant cadherin in epithelial cells, E-cadherin, has been extensively studied because of its critical role in normal epithelial development and carcinogenesis. Epithelial cells may also coexpress other cadherins, but their roles are less clear. The Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line has been a popular mammalian model to investigate the role of E-cadherin in epithelial polarization and tubulogenesis. However, MDCK cells also express relatively high levels of cadherin-6, and it is unclear whether the functions of this cadherin are redundant to those of E-cadherin. We investigate the specific roles of both cadherins using a knockdown approach. Although we find that both cadherins are able to form adherens junctions at the basolateral surface, we show that they have specific and mutually exclusive roles in epithelial morphogenesis. Specifically, we find that cadherin-6 functions as an inhibitor of tubulogenesis, whereas E-cadherin is required for lumen formation. Ablation of cadherin-6 leads to the spontaneous formation of tubules, which depends on increased phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity. In contrast, loss of E-cadherin inhibits lumen formation by a mechanism independent of PI3K.
Application of parallel distributed Lagrange multiplier technique to simulate coupled Fluid-Granular flows in pipes with varying Cross-Sectional area

Abstract Fluid-granular flows are common phenomena in nature and industry. Here, an efficient computational technique based on the distributed Lagrange multiplier method is utilized to simulate complex fluid-granular flows. Each particle is explicitly resolved on an Eulerian grid as a separate domain, using solid volume fractions. The fluid equations are solved through the entire computational domain, however, Lagrange multiplier constrains are applied inside the particle domain such that the fluid within any volume associated with a solid particle moves as an incompressible rigid body. The particle–particle interactions are implemented using explicit force-displacement interactions for frictional inelastic particles similar to the DEM method (Cundall and Strack, 1979) with some modifications using the volume of an overlapping region as an input to the contact forces. A parallel implementation of the method is based on the SAMRAI (Structured Adaptive Mesh Refinement Application Infrastructure) library. Application of this method to simulate fluid-granular flows in pipes with a step decrease in cross-sectional area is discussed. Correlations between pressure losses and solid mass fluxes in a pipe for different particle concentrations, pipe diameters and particle sizes are studied. Results of the simulations agree well with available experimental data for the mass flow ratio vs pressure drop during conveying.
Differential associations of urbanicity and income with physical activity in adults in urbanizing China: findings from the population-based China Health and Nutrition Survey 1991-2009

High urbanicity and income are risk factors for cardiovascular-related chronic diseases in low- and middle-income countries, perhaps due to low physical activity (PA) in urban, high income areas. Few studies have examined differences in PA over time according to income and urbanicity in a country experiencing rapid urbanization. We used data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey, a population-based cohort of Chinese adults (n = 20,083; ages 18-75y) seen a maximum of 7 times from 1991-2009. We used sex-stratified, zero-inflated negative binomial regression models to examine occupational, domestic, leisure, travel, and total PA in Chinese adults according to year, urbanicity, income, and the interactions among urbanicity, income, and year, controlling for age and region of China. We showed larger mean temporal PA declines for individuals living in relatively low urbanicity areas (1991: 500 MET-hours/week; 2009: 300 MET-hours/week) compared to high urbanicity areas (1991: 200 MET-hours/week; 2009: 125 MET-hours/week). In low urbanicity areas, the association between income and total PA went from negative in 1991 (p 95 % of individuals in low urbanicity areas reported zero leisure PA at each time point. Our findings show changing associations for income and urbanicity with PA over 18 years of urbanization. Total PA was lower for individuals living in more versus less urban areas at all time points. However, these differences narrowed over time, which may relate to increases in individual-level income in less urban areas of China with urbanization. Low-income individuals in higher urbanicity areas are a particularly critical group to target to increase PA in China.