cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How to use what you know

This paper surveys the state of the art in the development of problem solving mechanisms for PLANNER-like formalisms. A major design goal for such formalisms is that "for any given piece of knowledge there arc natural places in the formalisms to procedurally embed the knowledge MO that it will He used when it is appropriate and not used when it inappropriate." Although this goal is still very far from being achieved, considerable progress is being made. This paper contains no major conceptual innovations although it does describe and give the rationale for many of the design decisions that have been made In PLASMA (for PLANNER-like System Modeled on Actors) which is currently being implemented at MIT. as part of a Programming Apprentice project and for other applications. The paper tries to delineate major unsolved problems and make suggestions for how some of them may be attacked. Arguments are presented against the competing predicate logic paradigm for the implementation of knowledge-based systems.
Client-Focused Recording: Linking Theory and Practice:

The current use and teaching of recording is explored. The development of the use of records for worker accountability and the loss of recording as part of the social work process is traced histori...
Agricultural Cyber-Physical System: In-Situ Soil Moisture and Salinity Estimation by Dielectric Mixing

Integration of cyber technologies with agriculture provides opportunities for precision agriculture. It requires buried underground sensors to provide useful content information to the end-user for crop management. In our earlier studies, we developed an impedance measurement-based in-situ wireless soil moisture and salinity sensor, an electrophoretic sensor for measuring soil ions/nutrients, and nano-patterned plasmonic-resonance, as well as guided-mode resonance-based optical sensors for the plant, released volatile organic compounds. Here we present a physics-based approach to infer the moisture and ionic concentration in the soil from in-situ, multi-frequency measurements of the impedance of a metamaterial-inspired sensing element buried underground. Such model holds the advantage over empirical models by obviating the need to redo the calibration for different soil types. Our method involves performing an inversion analysis on the Bruggeman’s dielectric mixing model. Under the quasi-static assumption, the approach predicts volumetric moisture content and ion concentration with 90% accuracy in terms of the molar fraction of total volume for silver nitrate concentrations of 0 to 100 mM. We observed that soil conductivity is near-linear to the inferred ionic concentration for a given saline water fraction in the soil. The model has been validated by making multi-frequency impedance measurements of a soil mixture at different concentrations comprising of various constituents of soil, air, water, and ions.
Examining the 'cosmetics placebo effect'.

Previous studies have found a positive effect of cosmetics on certain behavioral measures, such as the tip given to waitresses by male patrons. These studies have employed confederates who usually wear cosmetics. We therefore sought to examine whether the positive effect found in these studies could, in part, be explained by a change in behavior. In order to test the possibility of a ‘cosmetics placebo effect’, we employed a confederate to solicit donations from passersby. On some days our confederate would not have any cosmetics applied to her face (i.e., no cosmetics condition), on some days cosmetics were pretended to be applied to her face (i.e., placebo cosmetics condition), and on other days cosmetics were actually applied to her face (i.e., cosmetics condition). In line with previous research, we found that across conditions men donated significantly more than women to our female solicitor, providing support for the ‘showoff hypothesis’, in which male generosity serves as a mating tactic. When investigating men’s donations in more detail, we found that the highest percentage of donations came in the cosmetics condition, followed by the placebo cosmetics condition, and then by no cosmetics condition. The effect of condition on donation rates, however, was not statistically significant. Our study was limited to one solicitor and one dependent variable (i.e., percentage of people approached who donated) and therefore future research would benefit from using more confederates as well as examining other behavioral measures. Given the influence of cosmetics use on so many real-world outcomes, we believe that further exploration into a possible ‘cosmetics placebo effect’ would be valuable.
On repeatable emulation in virtual testbeds

Virtual testbeds are essential tools for evaluation of cyber-security problems and cyber-security solutions in embedded control systems such as those that control the power grid. However, without explicit control, virtual testbed behavior is not repeatable, which limits our ability to replay a testbed experiment to re-create a surprising event, or even isolate and fix a bug. In this paper we consider extensions to TimeKeeper emulation framework aimed at improving its repeatability. One approach steps through assembly language instructions, the other asks emulated applications to report their own progress through virtual time. Empirical data demonstrates the potential of our proposals.
Police Crisis Intervention Teams: Understanding Implementation Variations and Officer-Level Impacts

Many police agencies utilize the Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) approach to facilitate effective responses when officers are called to address persons experiencing a mental health crisis. CIT training is predicated on verbal de-escalation tactics and includes situational assessment procedures, understanding the role and elements of the mental health system, and connections to mental health resources. The CIT approach, often called the Memphis Model, is generally recognized as beneficial for the community, persons with mental health issues, and the agency. The officer-level impacts of assignment to a CIT position have not been thoroughly explored. Additionally, differences in implementation of the original CIT model, resulting from community variations, have not been studied. The extant research employs several data collection modalities: surveys of CIT coordinators, interviews with leading CIT researchers, and interviews/focus groups with law enforcement personnel, to expand understanding of CIT efficacy, variations, and impact. Findings point to agency policy issues regarding the use and possible expansion of CIT teams.
Lysosomal Signaling Promotes Longevity by Adjusting Mitochondrial Activity.

Summary Lysosomes and mitochondria are both crucial cellular organelles for metabolic homeostasis and organism health. However, mechanisms linking their metabolic activities to promote organism longevity remain poorly understood. We discovered that the induction of specific lysosomal signaling mediated by a LIPL-4 lysosomal acid lipase and its lipid chaperone LBP-8 increases mitochondrial s-oxidation to reduce lipid storage and promote longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans. We further discovered that increased mitochondrial s-oxidation reduces mitochondrial electron transport chain complex II activity, contributing to the induction of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria (mtROS) and the longevity effect conferred by LIPL-4–LBP-8 signaling. Moreover, by activating the JUN-1 transcription factor downstream of mtROS, the LIPL-4–LBP-8 signaling pathway induces antioxidant targets and oxidative stress tolerance. Together, these results reveal regulatory mechanisms by which lysosomal signaling triggers adjustments in mitochondrial activity and suggest the significance of these metabolic adjustments for improving metabolic fitness, redox homeostasis, and longevity.
Scope and Epidemiology of Gynecologic Cancers: An Overview.

Abstract Objective To provide a current overview of the scope and epidemiology of gynecologic cancers. Data Sources A review of articles dated 2005–2018 from PubMed, as well as data from The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Cervical Cancer Coalition, and the American Cancer Society. Conclusion Gynecologic cancers include any cancer that originates in a woman's reproductive system; cervical, ovarian, uterine, vaginal, vulvar, and fallopian tube (which is very rare), each named for the body part in which the cancer commences. The overall incidence of these cancers has decreased with time, except for vulvar and endometrial cancers, but racial disparities still exist. Implications for Nursing Practice Nurses play a significant role in educating patients on the importance of preventative measures and modifiable lifestyles and behaviors. Likewise, nurses are in a unique position to help coordinate patients’ care, thereby improving patient satisfaction. Nurses can participate and contribute to gynecologic research and influence political change to benefit those affected by gynecologic cancers.
A personal history of the echinoderm genome sequencing.

Abstract At the most fundamental level, the genome is the basis for questions about the mechanisms of development: how it works. This perspective provides a brief historical review of the sequencing of the echinoderm genome and the progress in answering this complex question, which depends on technological advances as well as intellectual ones.
Mechanisms associated with biogenesis of exosomes in cancer

Intercellular communication between cellular compartments within the tumor and at distant sites is critical for the development and progression of cancer. Exosomes have emerged as potential regulators of intracellular communication in cancer. Exosomes are nanovesicles released by cells that contain biomolecules and are exchanged between cells. Exchange of exosomes between cells has been implicated in a number of processes critical for tumor progression and consequently altering exosome release is an attractive therapeutic target. Here, we review current understanding as well as gaps in knowledge regarding regulators of exosome release in cancer.
Issue Convergence as a Persuasion Tool: Evidence from Senate and Presidential Elections

Recent court decisions have encouraged new types of interest groups to become involved in election campaigns. Yet questions remain about whether interest group advertising affects the content of the specific issues being discussed. The ability of interest groups to influence the campaign agenda has implications for the extent to which politicians can be held accountable by citizens. It may also complicate the persuasive power of the collective ad buy on behalf of candidates. Strategists often express concern that too many voices on behalf of a candidate can weaken the impact of ads. In this research, I examine ad buys in Senate and presidential elections between 2008 and 2012, modeling county-level vote outcomes as a function of the issue convergence in the race. I expect that as convergence between a candidate and her allies goes up (meaning the issue content of the ad buys overlaps across advertisers), the impact of ads on votes will increase. Ad effects should be weaker when a candidate's ads discuss different issues from allied groups and party committees. The results, however, suggest that high rates of issue convergence are only weakly related to election outcomes (and not always in consistent ways). One might wonder whether too many voices on behalf of a candidate could undermine these collective efforts. Such concerns appear unfounded, however, and this has important implications for the electoral process.
CD138 plasma cells may predict brain metastasis recurrence following resection and stereotactic radiosurgery.

We sought to identify candidate biomarkers for early brain metastasis (BM) recurrence in patients who underwent craniotomy followed by adjuvant stereotactic radiosurgery. RNA sequencing was performed on eight resected brain metastasis tissue samples and revealed B-cell related genes to be highly expressed in patients who did not experience a distant brain failure and had prolonged overall survival. To translate the findings from RNA sequencing data, we performed immunohistochemistry to stain for B and T cell markers from formalin-fixed parffin-embedded tissue blocks on 13 patients. CD138 expressing plasma cells were identified and quantitatively assessed for each tumor sample. Patients’ tumor tissues that expressed high levels of CD138 plasma cells (N = 4) had a statistically significant improvement in OS compared to low levels of CD138 (N = 9) (p = 0.01). Although these findings are preliminary, the significance of CD138 expressing plasma cells within BM specimens should be investigated in a larger cohort. Immunologic markers based on resection cavity analysis could be predictive for determining patient outcomes following cavity-directed SRS.
To Populate is To Regulate.

We examine the effects of instantiating Lewis signaling games within a population of speaker and listener agents with the aim of producing a set of general and robust representations of unstructured pixel data. Preliminary experiments suggest that the set of representations associated with languages generated within a population outperform those generated between a single speaker-listener pair on this objective, making a case for the adoption of population-based approaches in emergent communication studies. Furthermore, post-hoc analysis reveals that population-based learning induces a number of novel factors to the conventional emergent communication setup, inviting a wide range of future research questions regarding communication dynamics and the flow of information within them.
Intel Nervana Neural Network Processor-T (NNP-T) Fused Floating Point Many-Term Dot Product

Intel’s Nervana Neural Network Processor for Training (NNP-T) contains at its core an advanced floating point dot product design to accelerate the matrix multiplication operations found in many AI applications. Each Matrix Processing Unit (MPU) on the Intel NNP-T can process a 32x32 BFloat16 matrix multiplication every 32 cycles, accumulating the result in single precision (FP32). To reduce hardware costs, the MPU uses a fused many-term floating point dot product design with block alignment of the many input terms during addition, resulting in a unique datapath with several interesting design trade-offs. In this paper, we describe the details of the MPU pipeline, discuss the trade-offs made in the design, and present information on the accuracy of the computation as compared to traditional FMA implementations.
Depressive Symptoms and Suicidal Ideation in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Compared With Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: Results From a Cross-sectional Survey.

Abstract Objectives To (1) describe depressive symptom severity and suicidal ideation (SI) in persons with progressive multiple sclerosis (MS); (2) compare depressive symptom severity and SI in persons with progressive MS and persons with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS); and (3) identify common and unique risk factors for greater depressive symptom severity and SI in persons with progressive MS compared with individuals with RRMS. Design Observational, cross-sectional survey study. Setting Community. Participants Adults with MS (N=573). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures The dependent variables were depression symptoms and any SI measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Comparisons between groups used t tests and chi-square analyses, and risk factors were tested by examining the interaction of MS subtype (progressive MS and RRMS) and each risk factor in multiple regression models with bootstrapping. Results Persons with progressive MS did not differ from persons with RRMS in levels of depressive symptoms or SI. Both groups reported mild depressive symptoms and approximately 10% endorsed SI. Common risk factors for greater depressive symptom severity were younger age, greater disability, greater speech and swallowing problems, and lower household income. Common risk factors for SI were shorter disease duration, greater disability, and greater speech and swallowing problems. Conclusions In this sample, there were no group differences between persons with progressive MS and persons with RRMS in depressive symptom severity and SI. Although both groups reported mild depressive symptoms on average, nearly 1 in 4 persons met criteria for probable major depression, which underscores the importance of screening for and treating depressive disorders in all persons with MS.
Feasibility of intraoperative computed tomography for endoscopic-assisted intraparenchymal hemorrhage evacuation

Abstract Background Minimally-invasive intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH) evacuation may provide a functional and mortality benefit, especially if there is minimal residual hematoma. Several methods have been used to confirm extent of IPH evacuation, including intraoperative computed tomography (CT). We sought to evaluate the feasibility of intraoperative CT in endoscopic-assisted IPH evacuation, with a focus on the operative workflow and imaging quality. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all endoscopic-assisted IPH evacuation procedures utilizing intraoperative CT performed at our institution over a 9-month period. We describe the operative room setup and workflow for using intraoperative CT and compare the intra- and postoperative imaging findings. Results Eight consecutive procedures were included in this study. Intraoperative CT provided useful information that informed intraoperative decision-making in each case. There were no clinically significant differences in residual hematoma volume or midline shift between intra- and postoperative CT scans. Streak artifact was present in all cases due to the head holder, but did not significantly inhibit image evaluation. Conclusion Intraoperative CT is an effective method of evaluating the extent of IPH evacuation in endoscopic-assisted procedures.
Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the PrEP Sexual Expectancies (PSEXS) Scale

The goal of this study was to develop and evaluate psychometric properties of the PrEP Sexual Expectancies Scale (PSEXS). The PSEXS represents a range of expectations for how PrEP use will affect one's sexual experience. The scale was developed to understand perceived reinforcements of PrEP use among men who have sex with men (MSM), including sexual risk-taking. The study builds upon Expectancy Theory to develop a measure of sex-related PrEP expectancies with a representative sample of 1155 MSM participants from Ukraine and 408 MSM participants from the U.S. Expectancy items represented two domains: increased sexual risk-taking and enhancement of sexual experience. Confirmatory analyses showed that a two-factor model provided a good fit to the data. The PSEXS scale had a high internal reliability in both samples (Ukraine α = 0.88, U.S. α = 0.83), and the identified factor structure explains a large amount of variance in both samples. Recent studies suggest that expectations of intimacy and better sexual experience can be a significant deciding factor for PrEP uptake. The PSEXS provides researchers with a useful measure for examining MSM’s expectancy beliefs about the impact of PrEP use on their sexual life.
The politics of deferral: Denaturalizing the ‘economic value’ of children’s labor in India:

Do poor people love their children less? In the case of child laborers, this seemingly straightforward question has generated a range of complex responses. This includes research within the value o...
Effects of Virtual Instructor’s Facial Expressions in a 3D Game on Japanese Language Learning

Previous research has shown that student-teacher interaction is very important in motivating students to learn a second language. However, it is unclear whether facial expression, which is one of the most important elements of interaction, affects in-game language learning motivation. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the facial expressions of the other party, in this case, the in-game virtual instructors, will influence the language learning process for L2 Japanese students. The researchers of this study developed four conditions for a 3D animated Japanese role-playing game. In each condition of the game, only one facial expression was assigned to the virtual characters: neutral, happy, sad, or angry. Eighty-four college students from 200/300 level Japanese courses participated in the study voluntarily. Participants played a version of the game that was assigned to them randomly and then answered a questionnaire concerning language learning. The findings of this research suggested that the virtual characters’ in-game facial expressions had no significant effect on participants’ language learning. However, significant effects on language learning were found regarding years of learning Japanese and gender. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.
Frequency Response in the Presence of Renewable Generation: Challenges and Opportunities

Due to their many advantages, renewable energy resources (RERs) are proliferating rapidly to satisfy a significant portion of the global energy demand. It is predicted that the importance of RER generation will continue to increase in the future of the energy industry. In spite of all their known benefits, the integration of RERs poses several challenges to system stability and reliability. Low inertia characteristics and the intermittent output of RERs introduces additional variation into an already variable grid frequency. System regulation capability and reliability are reduced as RERs gradually replace conventional generators. This paper reviews the challenges associated with RER integration on system frequency response and how these challenges affect system reliability. Advanced methods for mitigating challenges associated with increasing RER integration, while ensuring system security, are discussed, and the necessary mathematical background is provided in concise form. A model is developed for determining the maximum level of RER penetration based on stability constraints. Emerging methods to advance the integration of RERs are discussed.
3-Hydroxykynurenic Acid and Type 2 Diabetes: Implications for Aging, Obesity, Depression, Parkinson’s Disease, and Schizophrenia

Aging, obesity, depression, Parkinson’s and other neurodegenerative diseases, schizophrenia, and treatment with antipsychotic drugs are highly associated with insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Molecular mechanisms of increased associations remain uncertain. Current review of literature and our data suggest that one such mechanism is the overproduction of diabetogenic factors resulting from dysregulation of upstream and downstream pathways of tryptophan (TRP)–kynurenine (KYN) metabolism. Proinflammatory factors and stress hormones activate two upstream steps of TRP–KYN pathway: TRP conversion into KYN, a substrate for formation of kynurenic acid (KYNA), and KYN conversion into 3-hydroxyKYN (3-HK). The first step of downstream pathway of 3-HK metabolism, formation of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA), is catalyzed by pyridoxal-5-phosphate (P5P)-dependent kynureninase (KYNase). P5P deficiency, associated with inflammation, stress, and treatment with antipsychotic drugs, diverts metabolism of overproduced 3-HK from formation of 3-HAA to the excessive formation of 3-hydroxykynurenic acid (3H-KYNA). Human and experimental studies suggested diabetogenic (e.g., impairment of production, release, and biological activity of insulin) effect of KYN, 3H-KYNA, KYNA, and their metabolites. We propose that one of the mechanisms of increased association of IR (and T2D) with aging, obesity, depression, neurodegenerative diseases, schizophrenia, and treatment with antipsychotic drugs is overproduction of 3H-KYNA resulting from upregulated formation of 3-HK augmented by P5P deficiency. Pharmacological regulation of up- and downstream TRP–KYN metabolic pathways might be a new approach for prevention and treatment of IR (and IR progression to T2D) associated with aging, obesity, depression, neurodegenerative diseases, schizophrenia, and treatment with antipsychotic drugs.
Service Learning in the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning: Effective Practices

This paper examines faculty application of service learning to pedagogical scholarship in higher-education institutions. It addresses the need for evidence of teaching effectiveness as reflected in learning outcomes systematically investigated and documented. The paper is based on a qualitative content analysis of peerreviewed journal articles focusing on service learning in the scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL). The analysis revealed four underlying themes: real-world application, collaboration and interaction, meaning making through reflection, and enhancement of course content. Effective practices are highlighted and suggestions for promoting SoTL are offered.
The Texas Diesel Fuels Project, Part 2: Comparisons of Fuel Consumption and Emissions for a Fuel/Water Emulsion and Conventional Diesel Fuels

The Texas Department of Transportation began using an emulsified diesel fuel in 2002. They initiated a simultaneous study of the effectiveness of this fuel in comparison to 2D on-road diesel fuel and 2D off-road diesel. The study included comparisons of fuel economy and emissions for the emulsion, Lubrizol PuriNOx®, relative to conventional diesel fuels. Two engines and eight trucks, four single-axle dump trucks, and four tandem-axle dump trucks were tested. The equipment tested included both older mechanically-controlled diesels and newer electronically-controlled diesels. The two engines were tested over two different cycles that were developed specifically for this project. The dump trucks were tested using the route technique over one or the other of two chassis dynamometer cycles that were developed for this project In addition to fuel efficiency, emissions of NOx, PM, CO, and HCs were measured. Additionally, second-by-second results were obtained for NOx and HCs. Speciation of the HC emissions was performed for one of the off-road engines operating over two different cycles. On average, over all engines and cycles, PuriNOx provided a NOx benefit of about 16%, a fuel efficiency penalty of about 17%, and a PM benefit of about 20%. In general, the NOx benefit and the fuel efficiency penalty were less pronounced for the electronically-controlled diesels. One truck engine/cycle combination was found for which the effect on NOx was not statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. Similarly, two engine/cycle combinations were found for which the effect on PM was not statistically significant, and there was a statistically significant increase in PM for one dump truck. PuriNOx produced significant increases in the emissions of roughly half of the Toxic Air Contaminants evaluated: formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolien, and MEK. PuriNOx did not yield decreased emissions of any TACs.
Investigation of in situ physical properties of surface and subsurface site materials by engineering geophysical techniques Annual report, fiscal year 1965

Density, moisture content, bearing capacity, shear strength, geology, and petrography of materials representative of lunar soil
SX Phoenicis period–luminosity relations and the blue straggler connection

This study is aimed at investigating the period–luminosity relation of SX Phoenicis (SX Phe) pulsators in Galactic globular clusters (GGCs) and Local Group dwarf galaxies. We verify isochrone-fitting distances of 46 GGCs by fitting their main sequences to a carefully chosen set of nearby, unevolved subdwarfs. We find that the difference between cluster distances obtained via isochrone fitting by Dotter et al. and those resulting from our subdwarf fits has a mean of 0.094 mag and a standard deviation of 0.098 mag. The cluster distances from Dotter et al. are used to calibrate an SX Phe period--luminosity relation based on radial double mode pulsators. The resulting empirical period–luminosity relation, which is insensitive to the inclusion of colour and/or metallicity terms, generally agrees well with previous empirical relations as well as theoretical predictions based on single-star pulsational and evolutionary models. However, there is a subset of ‘subluminous’ variables identified most notably in Fornax, Carina, NGC 2419 and Omega Centauri. We explore the possibility that, at least in GGCs, they represent blue stragglers which have enhanced helium content that was either inherited from second-generation progenitors or gained as a result of the blue straggler formation process.
Load control on a dynamically pitching finite span wind turbine blade using synthetic jets

The feasibility of active flow control, via arrays of synthetic jet actuators, to mitigate hysteresis was investigated experimentally on a dynamically pitching finite span S809 blade. In the present work, a six-component load cell was used to measure the unsteady lift, drag and pitching moment. Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry (SPIV) measurements were also performed to understand the effects of synthetic jets on flow separation during dynamic pitch and to correlate these effects with the forces and moment measurements. It was shown that active flow control could significantly reduce the hysteresis in lift, drag and pitching moment coefficients during dynamic pitching conditions. This effect was further enhanced when the synthetic jets were pulsed modulated. Furthermore, additional reduction in the unsteady load oscillations can be observed in post-stall conditions during dynamic motions. This reduction in the unsteady aerodynamic loading can potentially lead to prolonged life of wind turbine blades. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural Analysis of the Regulatory Dithiol-containing Domain of the Chloroplast ATP Synthase γ Subunit

The γ subunit of the F1 portion of the chloroplast ATP synthase contains a critically placed dithiol that provides a redox switch converting the enzyme from a latent to an active ATPase. The switch prevents depletion of intracellular ATP pools in the dark when photophosphorylation is inactive. The dithiol is located in a special regulatory segment of about 40 amino acids that is absent from the γ subunits of the eubacterial and mitochondrial enzymes. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to probe the relationship between the structure of the γ regulatory segment and its function in ATPase regulation via its interaction with the inhibitory ϵ subunit. Mutations were designed using a homology model of the chloroplast γ subunit based on the analogous structures of the bacterial and mitochondrial homologues. The mutations included (a) substituting both of the disulfide-forming cysteines (Cys199 and Cys205) for alanines, (b) deleting nine residues containing the dithiol, (c) deleting the region distal to the dithiol (residues 224-240), and (d) deleting the entire segment between residues 196 and 241 with the exception of a small spacer element, and (e) deleting pieces from a small loop segment predicted by the model to interact with the dithiol domain. Deletions within the dithiol domain and within parts of the loop segment resulted in loss of redox control of the ATPase activity of the F1 enzyme. Deleting the distal segment, the whole regulatory domain, or parts of the loop segment had the additional effect of reducing the maximum extent of inhibition obtained upon adding the ϵ subunit but did not abolish ϵ binding. The results suggest a mechanism by which the γ and ϵ subunits interact with each other to induce the latent state of the enzyme.
Association of cell surface antigens with microsomal membrane fractions derived from Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells.

ASCITES tumour cells have been used widely in the study of the localization and mode of action of the cytotoxic antibodies produced by the administration of whole cells to heterologous animals1–5. Such investigations have indicated that the cytotoxic antibodies exert their effect on the cell membrane. Recent investigations of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells suggest that the surface membrane of these cells form small vesicles on cell rupture, and that these sediment with the microsomal membranes on differential centrifugation6–7.
Control of learned conditioned-avoidance responses (CAR) by amphetamine and chlorpromazine

In mice, marked decrement in response strength occurred when conditioned avoidance responses were acquired under amphetamine but emitted without amphetamine or under chlorpromazine; or acquired under chlorpromazine and emitted without chlorpromazine or under amphetamine.
Testing for linearity and convexity of potency curve

Let P(t) be the probability that a subject dies at dose level t or a unit fails at stress level t,then the Bayesian methodology is used to test (i) P(t) is straight line and (ii) P(t) is convex function (concave function).
The Structural Properties of Sputtered Zinc Oxide

X-ray diffraction, chemical etching and electron microscopy are useful in delineating the microstructural properties of c-axis normal oriented polycrystalline zinc oxide films, sputter deposited on amorphous substrates. Dense ZnO films with high crystalline content and low etch rates have a strong piezoelectric effect and low surface acoustic wave and guided optical wave propagation loss. The structural properties are dependent upon substrate conditions, deposition parameters and the type of sputtering system used. Scanning electron microscope examination of the surface and side fractures of high quality ZnO films show smooth continuous upper surface and side regions with no vertical fiber grain structures apparent. Light chemical etching reveals surface defects consisting of uniformly distributed conical shaped etch pit structures with a lateral to vertical etch ratio of 3 to 1. A correlation has been made between film structure and single crystal zinc oxide. The structural picture which emerges is that of a predominantly positive polarity (0001) upper surface layer with localized negative polarity ( $000\bar 1$ ) fiber grain inversions. The sputter conditions which lead to low defect density films are a high substrate temperature, high deposition rate and low reactive gas pressures to promote the adatom mobility necessary for the preferred (0001) zinc face growth. Post deposition laser and thermal annealing can be used to reduce stress in the films and improve their guided optical wave properties.
Methylated Flavonoids Have Greatly Improved Intestinal Absorption and Metabolic Stability

To better understand the relationship between the chemical structure and biological fate of dietary polyphenols, the hepatic metabolic stability and intestinal absorption of methylated polyphenols, in comparison with unmethylated polyphenols, were investigated in pooled human liver S9 fraction and human colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells. Consistent with previous in vivo studies, the two well known unmethylated polyphenols resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene) and quercetin (3,5,7,3',4'-pentahydroxyflavone) were rapidly eliminated by the S9 fraction in the presence of the appropriate cofactors for conjugation and oxidation. In contrast, the methylated flavones, i.e., 7-methoxyflavone, 7,4'-dimethoxyflavone, 5,7-dimethoxyflavone, and 5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone, were relatively stable, indicating high resistance to hepatic metabolism. The corresponding unmethylated flavones, i.e., 7-hydroxyflavone, 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone, chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone), and apigenin (5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone), were rapidly eliminated because of extensive glucuronidation and/or sulfation just as resveratrol and quercetin were. The rate of intestinal absorption was evaluated using Caco-2 cells grown in porous inserts. The methylated flavones showed approximately 5- to 8-fold higher apparent permeability (P(app), 22.6-27.6 x 10(-6) cm s(-1)) of apical to basolateral flux than the unmethylated flavones (P(app), 3.0-7.8 x 10(-6) cm s(-1)). The lower P(app) values for the unmethylated flavones correlated with their extensive metabolism in the Caco-2 cells. Thus, combined use of the hepatic S9 fraction and Caco-2 cells will be useful for predicting the oral bioavailability of dietary polyphenols. The higher hepatic metabolic stability and intestinal absorption of the methylated polyphenols make them more favorable than the unmethylated polyphenols to be developed as potential cancer chemopreventive agents.
STUDIES ON NITROGEN FIXATION BY ALNUS CRISPA.

Root nodules of Alnus crispa (Ait.) Pursh were shown to possess a symbiotic nitrogen-fixing organism. The reduction of acetylene to ethylene, as measured by gas chromatography, was used to determine the presence of the nitrogen-fixing system. Ethylene production was measured at 5.1 μmoles/g excised nodule · hr for both field and greenhouse plants. The nodules were found to consist of short nubs usually clustered in masses up to 4 cm in diam. Microscopic examination of nodules revealed some cortical cells fully packed with spherical endophyte cells. The outer cortex and radiating arms of cells in the inner cortex remained uninfected. Nodules examined during the winter were found to be shrunken, with a random distribution of endophyte cells. Soil nitrogen measurements indicated that nitrogen fixation activity by A. crispa does not lead to an increase in soil nitrogen above levels in adjacent areas.
Synthesis and degradation of termination and premature-termination fragments of β-galactosidase in vitro and in vivo

Abstract A number of abnormal polypeptides which are products of the lacZ gene in Escherichia coli have been characterized. A variety of experiments indicates that one class of at least nine different fragments arises from premature termination of protein synthesis. They have been detected as products of protein synthesis both in vitro and in vivo, although the percentage of fragments made in vitro is greater than that in vivo. The percentage of total Z gene-encoded protein which is found as fragments is estimated to be roughly 23% in vivo. This means that about 31% of the total number of β-galactosidase monomers synthesized are prematurely terminated molecules. The average molecular weight of the polypeptides produced is 91,000. This corresponds to a termination event occurring on the average once every 3200 codons. The sites at which termination occurs appear to be specific and are located primarily near the 3′-end of the gene. Polypeptides synthesized in vitro and in vivo from templates containing mutations in the Z gene have also been compared. Most of the mutationally generated fragments synthesized in vitro are stable, unlike their in vivo counterparts, which are often rapidly degraded. One fragment, however, generated by an early amber mutation in the Z gene, is degraded in the in vitro system. The mechanism of degradation appears to be specific for small abnormal polypeptides. Internal reinitiation polypeptides generated by nonsense mutations, which have been found in vivo, are not detected in the in vitro protein synthesis system under the conditions used here.
705-6 Post-Infarct Ventricular Tachycardia: Success Rate of Catheter Ablation

Reports of catheter ablation (CA) of infarct-based ventricular tachycardia (VT) have generally targeted slow VTs of 1 morphology; success rates have been variable. We performed radiofrequency CA in 25 patients (pts) who presented with sustained uniform VT, with the intent of eliminating all inducible uniform-morphology VTs (not just “clinical” VTs). CA was performed during 94 distinct VTs; 65 of these (69%) could not be induced thereafter. In individual pts, success of CA was defined as complete (absence of any inducible uniform VT) or partial (elimination of some but not all VTs). Results among the 25 pts: Success n #VTs/Pt Procedure Time (min) Recurrence Complete 17(68%) 3.0 ± 2.0 * 320 ± 168 0(10%) Partial 5(20%) 6.4 ± 4.0 * 306 ± 175 5(100%) Failure 3(12%) 3.7 ± 2.9 243 ± 119 1(33%) P value 0.03 * NS 0.001 Of the 17 pts with complete success, 10 received no other treatment, 5 had an implantable defibrillator and 2 pts remained on prior antiarrhythmic drugs. No clinical recurrences or implantable defibrillator discharges occurred in any of these pts after a mean follow-up of 6 ±4 months. Follow-up stimulation 3 months later showed no inducible VT in 8/10 pts (80%) discharged without inducible VT. Of the 5 pts with partial success, 3 have had a marked decrease in frequency of VT recurrences. None of the documented recurrences was fatal. One pt with frequent episodes of stable VT for years had possible sudden death 2 months post CA (without symptoms in interim). The mean cycle length of successfully ablated VTs was 366 ± 74 ms vs 312 ± 51 ms for unsuccessfully ablated VTs (p l 0.01). Conclusions 1) Immediate and long term success can be achieved with aggressive radiofrequency CA in a majority of patients with sustained monomorphic VT post-infarct, even when multiple VT morphologies are present. 2) VTs with cycle length l400 ms can be successfully ablated but faster VTs are less easily ablated, not entirely related to hemodynamic tolerance.
Central antihypertensive properties of muscimol and related structures

Abstract The central antihypertensive properties of four γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogs were characterized in anesthetized cats with implanted intracerebroventricular cannulae. An intracerebroventricular infusion (ICV) of muscimol, 0.1-0.5 μg/min (total dose: 1–5 μg ICV), substantially reduced mean arterial pressure and slightly reduced heart rate. The compound was not hypotensive at 5 μg IV (total dose) and only slightly hypotensive after an intracisternal injection (5 μg). Kojic amine (2-aminomethyl-5-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one) and baclofen were also hypotensive following an intracerebroventricular infusion, but they were less active than muscimol. GABA, at 15–150 μg/min ICV (total dose, 150–1500 μg ICV), was not hypotensive by itself and unlike muscimol its activity was not enhanced in cats pretreated with nipecotic acid, an uptake inhibitor of GABA. The ability of muscimol to interfere with baroreceptor reflexes was considered in experiments in which reflex vasoconstrictor (carotid occlusion) and reflex vasodilatation (acute elevation in mean arterial pressure with norepinephrine) was measured in the perfused hindlimb of cats previously prepared with intracerebroventricular cannulae. Muscimol significantly attenuated the response to bilateral carotid occlusion and completely abolished reflex vasodilatation. These results suggest that GABA agonists and analogs may regulate blood pressure centrally and, through an interaction with the central nervous system, may attenuate baroreceptor reflexes.
The taxman cometh: Some observations on the interrelationship between accounting and inland revenue practice

Abstract Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison , (1977a) portrays the operation of society as an exercise of disciplinary technologies. Adopting this position, the author seeks to explore the British Inland Revenue's use of techniques of registration, categorization and surveillance which have the effect of subjecting organizations and their accounting practice to a compulsory visibility. The application of this disciplinary technology is seen to influence, intentionally or otherwise, the adoption and development of particular forms of accounting practice in the organization under study. The accounting process is seen to be inextricably involved in the Revenue's powers and practices, both as the focus of the Revenue's interest and as a facilitative technology which renders the financial transactions visible to the Revenue's gaze.
Solubility of anthracene in (alcohol + methylt-butyl ether) solvents

Abstract Experimental solubilities are reported for anthracene dissolved in eight binary mixtures containing (methyl t -butyl ether + 1-propanol, or 2-propanol, or 1-butanol, or 2-butanol, or 2-methyl-1-propanol, or 1-pentanol, or 3-methyl-1-butanol, or 1-octanol) at T = 298.15 K. Results of these measurements are used to test two mathematical representations based upon the combined Nearly Ideal Binary Solvent (NIBS) and Redlich-Kister equation and Modified Wilson model. For the eight systems studied, both equations were found to provide an accurate mathematical representation of the experimental results, with an overall average absolute deviation between measured and calculated values being of the order of 0.5 per cent or less.
Clostridium difficile–associated disease: Implications for midwifery practice

Clostridium difficile–associated disease (CDAD), a gastrointestinal infection with a wide range of manifestations whose primary symptom is diarrhea, occurs when antibiotic medications, or rarely other drugs or conditions, disrupt the normal colonic microflora, making it susceptible to the growth of toxigenic C difficile. It is a significant nosocomial infection and an increased incidence has been noted in recent years. Although infrequently seen in midwifery practices, it does occur and may increase with the growing usage of intrapartal antibiotics. Midwives may evaluate and treat a client with an initial episode of mild to moderate CDAD; they also may manage collaboratively or refer for medical management those clients with recurrent or severe disease. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, prevention, and midwifery management of initial and recurrent CDAD. The limitation in the use of oral vancomycin due to the emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus, resulting in metronidazole becoming the primary agent for treatment of CDAD, and the implications of this in the treatment of CDAD during pregnancy and lactation are addressed.
EFFECT OF OXYGEN REDUCING MEMBRANE FRAGMENTS ON GROWTH OF CAMPYLOBACTER SPP.1

The effect of different concentrations of Oxyrase in brucella broth supplemented with hematin solution and FBP supplement on growth of five strains of Campylobacter jejuni and one strain of C. coli at 42C under shaking and nonshaking condition was evaluated, and the generation times were calculated. The growth of Campylobacter increased as the amount of Oxyrase (0 to 0.8 unit/ml) in the broth increased. Fastest growth and shortest generation time were achieved with 0.6 unit/ml of Oxyrase in brucella broth both under shaking and nonshaking condition. All strains had higher growth and shorter generation times in the Oxyrase treated samples compared to nontreated controls. Growth kinetics of 5 strains of C. jejuni and one strain of C. coli (different level of initial population of inocula) in brucella broth with (0.6 unit/ml) and without Oxyrase at 42C in a gyrotory water bath shaker were studied. Growth curves were constructed and generation times were calculated. For all strains, growth rates were significantly (P 0.05) higher and generation times were significantly (P 0.05) shorter in the Oxyrase treated samples (0.6 unit/ml) compared to controls (0 unit/ml). The effect of Oxyrase on growth of Campylobacter strains was more profound at low initial inoculum levels. Oxyrase had a greater stimulatory effect on growth of Campylobacter strains in exponential growth phase than in stationary phase of growth.