cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Translational immunologic safety evaluation: a perspective.

Although translational research is a rapidly evolving area of biomedical sciences, translational immunologic safety evaluation has so far attracted only very limited attention. Assays and animal models have been developed to identify immunotoxic hazards related to immunosuppression, but less attention has been paid to immunostimulation, hypersensitivity, and autoimmunity. Some of these assays and models are recommended by regulatory bodies, even though it is as yet unsure to what extent they can predict the potential of, or lack of, new chemical entities and drug candidates for inducing significant immunotoxic effects. A translational approach should attempt to standardize and validate those models, assays, and biomarkers that could be used in regulatory non-clinical safety studies as well as clinical studies. Beyond translational immunologic safety, immune monitoring during clinical studies is intended to identify and evaluate potential immune safety issues not seen in non-clinical studies. Based on this...
Ethnic disparities in youth access to tobacco: California statewide results, 1999-2003.

The authors examined the role of youth ethnicity in youth access to tobacco with large, random samples of stores and large samples of ethnically diverse youths for the first time. From 1999 through 2003, White, Black, Latino, and Asian youths made 3,361 cigarette purchase attempts (approximately 700 per year) statewide. Analyses revealed that Black youths had significantly higher access than other youths and that access rates for Black and Asian (but not Latino or White) youths exceeded the Synar-mandated ≤ 20%. Clerks who failed to demand youth proof of age identification (ID) sold 95% of the tobacco that youths received and sold significantly more often to minorities and to girls, whereas clerks who demanded youth ID sold equally infrequently to all youths. These findings highlight significant ethnic disparities in youth access to tobacco and imply that those might be eliminated by policies and interventions that increase clerk demands for youth ID.
Root-stem junctions of a desert monocotyledon and a dicotyledon: hydraulic consequences under wet conditions and during drought.

SUMMARY Junctions between shoot-borne main roots and stems, which are a crucial part of the water-flow pathway in plants, were investigated for the leaf succulent Agave deserti Engelm. and the sympatric stem succulent Ferocactus acanthodes (Lem.) Britton & Rose under wet conditions and during 21 d of drying in soil. During soil drying, the hydraulic conductance per unit pressure gradient (Kh) declined dramatically in the junctions and to a lesser extent in the roots, but not in stems. The decline in junction Kh was particularly important for A. deserti, which lacks vessels in its stem, because even under wet conditions its Kh was lower in stems and junctions than in roots. For both species, the decline in Kb was due to embolism in the connective tracheary elements at the junction. Such connective elements may be particularly vulnerable to embolism due to their large areas of unlignified primary cell wall. Because the embolism is reversible, the junctions act as rectifiers. Thus, high Kh under wet conditions allows for rapid water uptake following rainfall, and low Kh during drought helps limit water loss from the succulent shoots to a dry soil.
Fifty Years of Progress in Construction Engineering Research

This paper provides insight into how and why construction has developed as a research based discipline over the past 50 years. The writer presents anecdotal information about certain critical events which played a role in shaping the thrust of construction research in the United States. The acceptance of construction engineering and management as a university level program and discipline is strongly tied to research and the publication of scholarly work.
A Fourier model of ISAR imaging of approaching targets

The authors develop a theory for high-resolution, microwave imaging of approaching targets, using concepts from synthetic aperture radar. Assuming a stepped-frequency waveform, it is shown that the demodulated returned signals provide approximate samples of the two-dimensional Fourier transform of the target reflectivity, on a nearly Cartesian grid. The Fourier model is only an approximation, however, and it is shown that the effect of the true non-Fourier nature of the problem is to shift point targets in the cross-range direction from their actual locations. The importance of autofocus techniques is illustrated, and directions for future research are suggested. >
Local Worlds of Suffering: An Interpersonal Focus for Ethnographies of Illness Experience

Ethnography is advanced as a methodology that links the humanities and social sciences with the health sciences. Ethnography deepens the study of human suffering by refraining the experience of illness as interpersonal processes in a moral context. Because ethnography's validity depends on the skills and training of the ethnographer, medical ethnographers must be effectively prepared to conduct research studies. This will become a serious issue in the development of qualitative research within the health sciences.
Neural Network Estimation of Atmospheric Profiles Using AIRS/IASI/AMSU Data in the Presence of Clouds

A novel statistical method for the retrieval of atmospheric temperature and water vapor profiles has been developed and evaluated with sounding data from the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) on the NASA Aqua satellite and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) and AMSU on the EUMETSAT MetOp-A satellite. The present work focuses on the cloud impact on the AIRS and IASI radiances and explores the use of the stochastic cloud clearing methodology together with neural network estimation. A stand-alone statistical algorithm will be presented that operates directly on cloud-impacted AIRS/AMSU and IASI/AMSU data, with no need for a physical cloud clearing process. The performance of this method was evaluated using global (ascending and descending) EOS-Aqua orbits collocated with ECMWF fields for a variety of days throughout 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006. Over 1,000,000 fields of regard (3×3 arrays of footprints) over ocean and land were used in the study. The method requires significantly less computation than traditional variational retrieval methods, while achieving comparable performance. Retrieval accuracy will be evaluated using ECMWF atmospheric fields as ground truth. The accuracy of the neural network retrieval method will be compared to the accuracy of the AIRS Level 2 (Version 5) retrieval method.
Governing distributed systems: from protocols to laws

This paper is concerned with the problem of the implementation of protocols, particularly in the case of heterogeneous, evolving and open distributed systems. If one is to have any confidence that a given protocol is obeyed by all objects of a distributed system, this protocol must somehow be enforced. In order to facilitate enforcement of protocols, the author introduces a new architecture for distributed systems under which all interactions between objects are governed by an explicit and strictly enforced set of rules, called the law of the system. This law is global, in the sense that all the objects of the system are made to obey it, but the maintenance of the law and its enforcement are performed locally, at each object. The law, then, is the enforced specification of protocols. >
Differential Mechanical Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in Intact Human Blood Vessels

Abstract Background. Vascular tissue remodels in response to a variety of hemodynamic factors, often transduced through activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases such as extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK1/2) and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). This study tests the hypothesis that these kinases are involved in mechanical signal transduction in intact human arteries and veins. Methods. Unused portions of human saphenous vein and radial artery were obtained fresh at the time of peripheral or coronary bypass. A sample of the vessel was immediately snap frozen (control 0 ) and the remainder separated into three segments. One segment was placed in sterile medium and left undisturbed for 2 h (control 2 ), one was perfused with sterile medium for 2 h at a steady rate of 150 ml/min, yielding shear stress values of 8–20 dyne/cm 2 (flow), and one was statically pressurized without flow at 110 mm Hg for 2 h (pressure). After treatment, samples were tested for phosphorylated ERK1/2 and JNK using Western blot. Results. Two hours of culture produced mild increases in ERK1/2 activity in both vessel types. Stimulation with continuous rapid flow produced significantly increased ERK1 activity and a nearly 100% increase in ERK2 in veins. Static pressurization also stimulated ERK1/2, although slightly less than continuous flow. ERK1/2 phosphorylation was only mildly increased in flow-stimulated radial arteries, and exposure to normal systemic pressure showed no appreciable effect. Significant phosphorylation of JNK was not observed in either vessel. Conclusion. ERK1/2 phosphorylation is increased in human saphenous veins and radial arteries exposed to the hemodynamic conditions of arterial grafting. This pathway may be involved in the transduction of external stimuli leading to remodeling.
Uncovering the cognitive duality of bilinguals through word association

This article examines the nature of the cognitive structures of bilingual consumers. The article begins by describing a psycholinguistic model that suggests that bilinguals have different structures for each of the languages they know. In a marketing context, this model implies that even the perfect translation of a marketing communication may not have the same meaning as the original. The article proposes that word-association tasks may help marketers gain insight into the dual cognitive structures of bilingual consumers and discover possible differences in meaning across languages. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phylogenetic trees using evolutionary search: initial progress in extending Gaphyl to work with genetic data

Gaphyl is an application of evolutionary algorithms to phylogenetics, an approach used by biologists to investigate evolutionary relationships among organisms. For datasets larger than 20-30 species, exhaustive search is not practical in this domain. Gaphyl uses an evolutionary search mechanism to search the space of possible phylogenetic trees, in an attempt to find the most plausible evolutionary hypotheses, while typical phylogenetic software packages use heuristic search methods. In previous work, Gaphyl has been shown to be a promising approach for searching for phylogenetic trees using data with binary attributes and Wagner parsimony to evaluate the trees. In the work reported here, Gaphyl is extended to work with genetic data. Initial results with this extension further suggest that evolutionary search is a promising approach for phylogenetic work.
A coding error elimination procedure for validating isotropic turbulent convection numerical calculations in axisymmetric flows with Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions

SUMMARY A procedure which ensures the elimination of discretization and coding errors in the numerical solution of a set of governing equations describing internal turbulent convection flows is given and illustrated. The governing equations investigated in the validation analysis are of general form. The equations for the turbulence model (k-8) assume the turbulence to be isotropic. In the analysis a portion of the solution region uses a Lagrangian description while a Eulerian description is used elsewhere. The work was originally motivated by the need to validate numerical calculations performed in the modelling of cornbusting fluid flow within symmetric piston engines. Thus the procedure is demonstrated for an axisymmetric formulation. The same methodology can be even more easily applied to Cartesian-based problems using the guidelines given in this work. Details of the procedure are presented in a very practical format, making it possible to consider both simpler and more complex governing equation sets with little additional effort. Thus the implementation of this procedure by researchers to a variety of both turbulent and laminar internal flow problems should prove to be easy.
Consent and Rights in Comparative Effectiveness Trials

To respect patients' rights, they must not be enrolled in clinical research without their consent, no matter how low the risk or small the differences from standard clinical treatment.
A multi agent systems for design simulation framework: experiments with virtual physical social feedback for architecture

This paper presents research on the development of multi-agent systems (MAS) for integrated and performance driven architectural design. It presents the development of a simulation framework that bridges architecture and engineering, through a series of multi-agent based experiments. The research is motivated to combine multiple design agencies into a system for managing and optimizing architectural form, across multiple objectives and contexts. The research anticipates the incorporation of feedback from real world human behavior and user preferences with physics based structural form finding and environmental analysis data. The framework is a multi-agent system that provides design teams with informed design solutions, which simultaneously optimize and satisfy competing design objectives. The initial results for building structures are measured in terms of the level of lighting improvements and qualitatively in geometric terms. Critical to the research is the elaboration of the system and the feedback loops that are possible when using the multi-agent systems approach.
The Heat of Formation of Boron Carbide.

The standard heat of combustion in fluorine of a boron carbide sample having the composition B4.222C was determined from the heats of combustion of polytetrarluoroethylene and of boron carbide-polytetrafluoroethylene mixtures. The energy of the combustion reaction was measured in an isothermal-jacket bomb calorimeter. From the experimental data, we calculate -17.1 kcal mol-1 for the heat of formation of boron carbide. By combining all probable errors, we estimate our overall experimental uncertainty to be 2.7 kcal mol-1. The value for the heat of formation of boron carbide is for the phase represented by the formula B4.222C.
Developmental expression of alkaline phosphatase genes; reexpression in germ cell tumours and in vitro immortalized germ cells

Human germ cell alkaline phosphatase (GCAP) is developmentally expressed in primordial germ cells and in trace amounts in the testis and thymus. The equivalent mouse isozyme, embryonic alkaline phosphatase (EAP), is similarly expressed in the testis and thymus but also from the 2-cell to blastocyst stage of preimplantation development. EAP has been found to be transiently expressed in M-phase spermatogenic cells in the mouse testis. These alkaline phosphatase isozymes serve as markers of germ cell differentiation and in the management of germ cell tumors. GCAP is expressed in carcinoma-in-situ and seminoma where serum GCAP levels are often elevated and may provide clinically useful information. However, GCAP is a polymorphic enzyme, and monoclonal antibodies to be used in the clinical evaluation of tumor tissues or fluids should be carefully evaluated for their ability to detect all allelic variants of GCAP.
Reactivity of Cp‘2Mo2Co2S3(CO)4 with Diphosphines: Synthesis of Cp‘2Mo2Co2S3(μ3-CO)(η2-dmpe)2 and X-ray Structure of [Cp‘2Mo2Co2S3(μ3-CH)(η2-dmpe)2]Cl

Treatment of the heterobimetallic sulfido cluster Cp‘2Mo2Co2S3(CO)4 (1) with the diphosphine compound bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (dppm) or bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe) gives the carbonyl-substituted adduct Cp‘2Mo2Co2S3(CO)2(η2-dppm) (11a) or Cp‘2Mo2Co2S3(CO)2(η2-dppe) (11b), respectively, whereas treatment of 1 with an excess of bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane (dmpe) gives the cluster Cp‘2Mo2Co2S3(μ3-CO)(η2-dmpe)2 (12) containing a triply-bridging carbonyl ligand (νCO = 1615 cm-1). Cluster 12 readily reacts with dichloromethane to give the μ3-methylidyne cluster [Cp‘2Mo2Co2S3(μ3-CH)(η2-dmpe)2]+ (14). Cluster 14 was also characterized by an X-ray crystallographic analysis. Reaction of 13CO-labeled 12 with CH2Cl2 and CD2Cl2 showed that the methylidyne atoms originate from the dichloromethane solvent. 13CO-labeled 1 was prepared to 96% enrichment and revealed a resonance for the carbonyl ligands in the 13C-NMR spectrum at δ 207 with w1/2 = 940 Hz. Cluster 11b was found to desulfurize thiols and perfor...
Enhancing E-Solution Animations Through Conceptual Metaphor

AbstractGraphics-based e-commerce, e-learning, and e-communication solutions often employ computer animations in order to increase the effectiveness of message communication. Cognitive scientists have found that metaphor and analogy characterize a good deal of human cognitive structure and processes. We suggest that animators and motion graphics designers might enhance their control of design and development processes as well as the effectiveness of message reception, if they develop and employ an enhanced awareness of the underlying metaphors that populate their animations. We discuss the underlying theoiy of conceptual metaphor and provide an example of how that theory is embodied within a typical animation series.
Prophylactic Plasma Transfusion Before Interventional Radiology Procedures Is Not Associated With Reduced Bleeding Complications

Abstract Objective To determine the association between prophylactic plasma transfusion and periprocedural red blood cell (RBC) transfusion rates in patients with elevated international normalized ratio (INR) values undergoing interventional radiology procedures. Patients and Methods In this retrospective cohort study, adult patients undergoing interventional radiology procedures with a preprocedural INR available within 30 days of the procedure during a study period of January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2013, were eligible for inclusion. Baseline characteristics, coagulation parameters, transfusion requirements, and procedural details were extracted. Univariate and multivariable propensity-matched analyses were used to assess the relationships between prophylactic plasma transfusion and the outcomes of interest, with a primary outcome assessed a priori of RBC transfusion occurring during the procedure or within the first 24 hours postprocedurally. Results A total of 18,204 study participants met inclusion criteria for this study, and 1803 (9.9%) had an INR of 1.5 or greater before their procedure. Of these 1803 patients, 196 patients (10.9%) received prophylactic plasma transfusion with a median time of 1.9 hours (interquartile range [IQR], 1.1-3.2 hours) between plasma transfusion initiation and procedure initiation. In multivariable propensity-matched analysis, plasma administration was associated with increased periprocedural RBC transfusions (odds ratio, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.38-3.50; P P Conclusion In patients undergoing interventional radiology procedures, preprocedural plasma transfusions given in the setting of elevated INR values were associated with increased periprocedural RBC transfusions. Additional research is needed to clarify this potential association between preprocedural plasma transfusion and periprocedural RBC transfusion.
Psychopathy and Functions of Aggression in Emerging Adulthood: Moderation by Anger Rumination and Gender

Psychopathy has been previously identified as a risk factor for aggression (Porter and Woodworth 2006). However, few studies have considered specific relationships with functional subtypes of aggression, or how gender and anger rumination affect these relationships in emerging adulthood. We hypothesized that primary psychopathy would be uniquely related to proactive aggression (PA) and secondary psychopathy to reactive aggression (RA), and that these relationships would be amplified by anger rumination, and potentially influenced further by gender. Undergraduate students (N = 610; 73.3 % female) ages 18–20 completed self-report measures of anger rumination, psychopathy, and aggression, and hypotheses were tested using hierarchical regression. As predicted, anger rumination enhanced the association between secondary psychopathy and RA. It also amplified the relationship between primary psychopathy and PA, but only at very high levels of anger rumination. Gender moderated interactions between primary and secondary psychopathy on aggression. For men, primary psychopathy attenuated the secondary psychopathy – RA relationship, but not for women. These findings fill an important gap in the literature by demonstrating how tendencies to ruminate on anger and psychopathic traits interact to influence functional subtypes of aggression in young men versus women.
Her Father’s ‘Remains’: Editing and Filial Love

In January 1843 Henry Nelson Coleridge finally succumbed to a degen­erative nerve disease. He had been paralysed and bedridden from May 1842 to the end.1 His premature death had forced the roles of editor and literary executor onto Sara. She went through the motions of deferring to the other executors and the men in the immediate family circle by offering the job of rebutting Ferrier in an Afterword for the new edition of Biographia Literaria to Green, and speculating with Hartley about whether he might take up the task of writing a biographical sketch of their father, something for which they had felt the need since De Quincey’s essays. Posthumous hagiographies, first Heraud’s, and more recently Gillman’s biography, had proven embarrassing, at least for Sara, and she longed to set a comprehensive portrait of her father before the public, that he might escape the caricatures of the partisans as much as the perceived enemies. Her view of Gillman’s account, although she was careful to appear enthusiastic in public, was withering: ‘A surer way to blur the bright face of his newly bought fame and credit through my father’s name [Gillman] could hardly have hit upon than to bring out this absurd hodge podge of stale and vapid ingredients, just to shew how long an unwise man may live with a wise one without catching any of his wisdom’.
Chapter Twelve – Oxidizing and Reducing Agents as Titrants in Analytical Chemistry

Publisher Summary Many elements have more than one stable oxidation state. Thus, a titration with an oxidizing agent or reducing agent is a very useful general method of analysis. However, for success, the species being titrated must be present quantitatively at its lower oxidation state if it is to be titrated with an oxidizing agent. Similarly, the species should be present quantitatively at its higher oxidation state if it is to be titrated with a reducing agent. Most procedures for inorganic samples, which are based on a redox titration, require as a preliminary step the adjustment of the oxidation state of the sample. This oxidation change must be performed quantitatively, and the reagents or conditions used for this purpose must not interfere in the titration. Many organic functional groups are titrated with oxidizing agents or reducing agents. The redox titration is used in macro analysis; however, when coupled with the general field of electrochemistry the concentration range and scope is broadened tremendously. The frequency of application of reducing titrants is less than with oxidizing titrants. The reason for the difference is stability.
Context Matters: Systematic Observation of Place-Based Physical Activity

Physical activity is place-based, and being able to assess the number of people and their characteristics in specific locations is important both for public health surveillance and for practitioners in their design of physical activity spaces and programs. Although physical activity measurement has improved recently, many investigators avoid or are at a loss regarding the assessment of physical activity in explicit locations, especially in open environments where many people come and go in a seemingly indiscriminate fashion. Direct, systematic observation exceeds other methods in simultaneously assessing physical activity and the contexts in which it occurs. This commentary summarizes the development and use of 2 validated observation tools: the System for Observing Play and Leisure in Youth (SOPLAY) and System for Observing Play and Active Recreation in Communities (SOPARC). Their use is well supported by both behavior-analytic principles and social-ecological theory, and their methods have utility for b...
The difference of cadmium accumulation between the indica and japonica subspecies and the mechanism of it

Many studies have shown genotypic differences in Cadmium (Cd) accumulation among rice cultivars, and concentrations in shoots and grains are generally higher in indica rice cultivars than in japonica rice cultivars, but the mechanism remains unknown. The main objective of this study was to investigate differences in heavy metal accumulation between rice subspecies through the analysis of 46 indica cultivars and 30 japonica cultivars. At the seedling stage, the mean Cd concentrations in the shoots of indica subspecies were significantly higher than those in japonica subspecies (1.22-fold), but this pattern was not observed in the roots. At the filling stage, the mean Cd concentrations in the shoots and spikes of indica subspecies were 1.66- and 2.14-fold higher than the respective concentrations in japonica subspecies. At the harvest stage, the mean Cd concentrations in the shoots and brown rice of indica subspecies were 1.61- and 2.27-fold higher than the respective concentrations in japonica subspecies. These results indicate that root-to-shoot and shoot-to-grain translocation, rather than Cd absorption in the roots, may be the key processes that determine the differences in Cd accumulation among rice subspecies. Gene expression analysis revealed that overall, the expression levels of the Cd transporter gene OsNramp1 notably increased (22.46-fold), but the expression levels of OsHMA2, OsHMA3 and OsNRAMP5 were not significantly changed at the seedling stage in the 76 cultivars exposed to Cd; the expression levels of OsNramp1 were positively correlated with the Cd concentrations in spikes at the filling stage. In addition, a significant difference was observed in the expression levels of OsNramp1 between the indica and japonica subspecies, which may explain the higher Cd concentrations in roots but lower Cd concentrations in spikes and brown rice for the japonica subspecies. Together, these results demonstrate that OsNramp1 may be the most important gene among the four selected genes in the promotion of Cd uptake by roots and transfer of Cd into spikes and eventually into brown rice.
The infrared properties of magnesium oxide and their interpretation

New determinations of the infrared absorption and reflection curves of magnesium oxide show that these curves do not differ in form from those of other NaCl-type crystals. Detailed comparison of MgO with LiF, NaF, NaCl, and KCl, for which accurate data are available, reveals a correlation between the amount of coupling of vibrational modes and the amount of homopolar bonding and ionic overlapping. It is suggested that the coupling is primarily associated with the change in polarizability of the ions during vibration rather than with anharmonic vibrations as proposed by existing theories.
Centrochromatin of Fungi

The centromere is an essential chromosomal locus that dictates the nucleation point for assembly of the kinetochore and subsequent attachment of spindle microtubules during chromosome segregation. Research over the last decades demonstrated that centromeres are defined by a combination of genetic and epigenetic factors. Recent work showed that centromeres are quite diverse and flexible and that many types of centromere sequences and centromeric chromatin (“centrochromatin”) have evolved. The kingdom of the fungi serves as an outstanding example of centromere plasticity, including organisms with centromeres as diverse as 0.15–300 kb in length, and with different types of chromatin states for most species examined thus far. Some of the species in the less familiar taxa provide excellent opportunities to help us better understand centromere biology in all eukaryotes, which may improve treatment options against fungal infection, and biotechnologies based on fungi. This review summarizes the current knowledge of fungal centromeres and centrochromatin, including an outlook for future research.
Pharmacogenetics of Opioid Use and Implications for Pain Management.

Background: Opioid analgesics are frequently prescribed to manage acute and chronic pain, but individual differences in opioid response make effective pain control in all patients an elusive goal. Furthermore, the risk of addiction following opioid consumption varies among individual patients. Although many psychosocial factors contribute to an individual9s opioid response and risk for addiction, a strong genetic component has also been demonstrated. Content: Opioids undergo substantial enzymatic modification that can generate metabolites with either increased or decreased opioid activity relative to the parent compound. To elicit their analgesic effect, parent compounds and active metabolites must be transported into the central nervous system where they bind to opioid receptors and inhibit neurotransmission. Inherited genetic variants that alter the function of proteins involved in these processes have been associated with differences in opioid response and risk for addiction. Detection of these variants can help guide opioid selection, inform dosing decisions, or encourage use of a nonopioid analgesic. Summary: Whereas some genetic variants are clearly associated with differences in opioid response and have been included in consensus clinical practice guidelines, the impact of other variants on opioid response remains unclear. Studies performed to date have generated promising results, but inconsistent findings, reimbursement challenges, and the lack of robust decision support tools have hampered widespread adoption of pharmacogenetic testing to guide pain management treatment decisions. Future work involving the simultaneous evaluation of large numbers of variants and demonstration of a clear clinical benefit provided by pharmacogenetic testing will be required to overcome these obstacles.
A factored evolutionary optimization approach to Bayesian abductive inference for multiple-fault diagnosis

When supporting commercial or defense systems, a perennial challenge is providing effective test and diagnosis strategies to minimize downtime, thereby maximizing system availability. Potentially one of the most effective ways to maximize downtime is to be able to detect and isolate as many faults in a system at one time as possible. This is referred to as the "multiple-fault diagnosis" problem. While several tools have been developed over the years to assist in performing multiple-fault diagnosis, considerable work remains to provide the best diagnosis possible. Recently, a new model for evolutionary computation has been developed called the "Factored Evolutionary Algorithm" (FEA). In this paper, we combine our prior work in deriving diagnostic Bayesian networks from static fault isolation manuals and fault trees with the FEA strategy to perform abductive inference as a way of addressing the multiple-fault diagnosis problem. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach on several networks derived from existing, real-world FIMs.
Skeletons in the Basement? Family (and) Politics in Josef Haslinger’s Das Vaterspiel

In an interview about his 2000 novel Das Vaterspiel , Josef Haslinger summarized what he termed the Vaterprinzip : “Wahrend des ganzen verfluchten 20. Jahrhunderts waren Vaterspiele im Gange. Das Vaterprinzip war vorherrschend und das bedeutete: Gewalt, Gewalt der Manner. In verschiedensten Formen.” Das Vaterspiel was written at a moment when Haslinger’s frustration with his native Austria was ascendant (a sentiment informed by the rise of Jorg Haider and the dismantling of the long-established Grose Koalition ), and his novel considers the many ways in which Austria in 1999/2000 had failed to adequately come to terms with injustices that the “Vater” of previous generations had inflicted. In this analysis, I examine how Haslinger uses the Kramer family’s fall from grace, along with a consideration of (divided) space, performance, and self-presentation (embodied in particular by the constructed performance given by Jorg Haider on the European political stage), to metaphorize the disintegration of Austrian politics at the dawn of the new millenium. Further, I draw connections between Das Vaterspiel and Haslinger’s political essays, and consider how several of the themes that emerge in his novel are also present in his published sociopolitical commentaries such as Politik der Gefuhle (1987) and Klasse Burschen (2001).
Late Breaking Abstract - The impact of errors on members of the ERS Respiratory Intensive Care Assembly

The medical and financial impact to patients affected by errors is known to be meaningful. While the impact on health care professionals is rarely discussed, we hypothesize that they too are negatively affected in ways that are poorly understood. We conducted an online survey addressing 3 clinical scenarios of procedural, diagnostic, and treatment medical errors that were sent to the members of the ERS Respiratory Intensive Care Assembly. Each of the scenarios resulted in 3 different possible patient outcomes, and they answered questions about how likely they are to be blamed, criticized, or receive disciplinary actions due to these errors. The survey also asked about physician long term response to these medical errors and the institutional support that physicians received after errors. In all three scenarios, the likelihood of blame and criticism by colleagues, or concern for receiving disciplinary action increases with worsening patient outcomes. In cases of severe morbidity or death, respondents experienced anxiety (59.7%), guilt (58.8%), anger at self (46.2%) and professional self-doubt (35.3%). Seventy-nine percent of ERS members would try to actively learn more about the issue. Debriefing with the entire team was the most helpful action after these events (65.3%) followed by talking with colleagues (62.8%). Critical care practitioners experience feelings of anxiety, guilt, anger and self-doubt after involvement with medical errors. There is also important fear of blame and disciplinary action. This study suggests that developing forums for debriefing and case review and to discuss with colleagues may be useful supportive measures for practitioners impacted by medical errors.
Reduced Intravoxel Incoherent Motion Microvascular Perfusion Predicts Delayed Cerebral Ischemia and Vasospasm After Aneurysm Rupture.

Background and Purpose—Proximal artery vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) after cerebral aneurysm rupture result in reduced cerebral perfusion and microperfusion and significant morbidit...
Accuracy of tumor segmentation from multi-parametric prostate MRI and 18F-choline PET/CT for focal prostate cancer therapy applications.

The study aims to assess the accuracy of multi-parametric prostate MRI (mpMRI) and 18F-choline PET/CT in tumor segmentation for clinically significant prostate cancer. 18F-choline PET/CT and 3 T mpMRI were performed in 10 prospective subjects prior to prostatectomy. All subjects had a single biopsy-confirmed focus of Gleason ≥ 3+4 cancer. Two radiologists (readers 1 and 2) determined tumor boundaries based on in vivo mpMRI sequences, with clinical and pathologic data available. 18F-choline PET data were co-registered to T2-weighted 3D sequences and a semi-automatic segmentation routine was used to define tumor volumes. Registration of whole-mount surgical pathology to in vivo imaging was conducted utilizing two ex vivo prostate specimen MRIs, followed by gross sectioning of the specimens within a custom-made 3D-printed plastic mold. Overlap and similarity coefficients of manual segmentations (seg1, seg2) and 18F-choline-based segmented lesions (seg3) were compared to the pathologic reference standard. All segmentation methods greatly underestimated the true tumor volumes. Human readers (seg1, seg2) and the PET-based segmentation (seg3) underestimated an average of 79, 80, and 58% of the tumor volumes, respectively. Combining segmentation volumes (union of seg1, seg2, seg3 = seg4) decreased the mean underestimated tumor volume to 42% of the true tumor volume. When using the combined segmentation with 5 mm contour expansion, the mean underestimated tumor volume was significantly reduced to 0.03 ± 0.05 mL (2.04 ± 2.84%). Substantial safety margins up to 11–15 mm were needed to include all tumors when the initial segmentation boundaries were drawn by human readers or the semi-automated 18F-choline segmentation tool. Combining MR-based human segmentations with the metabolic information based on 18F-choline PET reduced the necessary safety margin to a maximum of 9 mm to cover all tumors entirely. To improve the outcome of focal therapies for significant prostate cancer, it is imperative to recognize the full extent of the underestimation of tumor volumes by mpMRI. Combining metabolic information from 18F-choline with MRI-based segmentation can improve tumor coverage. However, this approach requires confirmation in further clinical studies.
Abstract 9671: Molecular Dynamics and Calcium Binding Studies on Troponin Mutations Causing Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Troponin (Tn), part of the thin filament in cardiomyocytes, plays an important role in calcium signaling events in cardiac muscle contraction. It acts as a Ca2+-dependent switch, activating and deactivating the myofilament leading to contraction and relaxation of the muscle cell. The most common form of heart muscle disease, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), is characterized by dilatation of the heart and impaired systolic function of the left or both ventricles. Several Tn mutations that cause DCM have been reported. We used microsecond timescale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to elucidate the molecular action of three troponin C (TnC) DCM mutations - D75Y, E59D and G159D - with particular focus on calculating the free energy difference between the open and closed states of the TnC as well as average times between opening events. We found free energy differences between the open and closed states of ~8 kcal/mol for the wildtype system. While G159D causes a significant increase in the free energy difference (by ~4 kcal/mol), D75Y does not change the free energy difference significantly, and E59D even causes a ~2 kcal/mol drop in the free energy difference. This finding illustrates nicely that the opening propensity of the TnC hydrophobic patch is only one possible mechanism by which DCM mutations can influence the contractility in cardiomyocytes. Both G159D and E59D use this mechanism. D75Y, however, does not influence TnI binding but rather impacts Ca2+-binding affinity, which can also be observed in our Brownian Dynamics simulations of calcium association.
Antimicrobial stewardship education in US colleges and schools of pharmacy.

Background Pharmacists are key members of antimicrobial stewardship (AS) teams. It is unknown if and how US colleges and schools of pharmacy incorporate AS into their Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) curricula. Methods This study was a cross-sectional, multicentre, electronic survey distributed to infectious diseases faculty or department chairs of 137 accredited and candidate-status PharmD programmes. Results One hundred and sixteen programmes participated, representing an 84.7% response rate. AS education was integrated into the required didactic, elective didactic and experiential education components of the curricula in 79 (68.1%), 43 (37.1%) and 97 (83.6%) PharmD programmes, respectively. The most common AS topics in required and elective didactic curricula were AS definitions, principles and purpose (98.7% and 86.0%) and the pharmacist's role in AS (93.7% and 83.7%). In the required and elective didactic curricula, lecture (93.7% and 86.0%) and case-based instruction (57.0% and 83.7%) were the most common instructional methods. For experiential education, the pharmacist's role in AS (96.9%), de-escalation of antimicrobials (96.9%) and antimicrobial dose optimization (95.9%) were the most common AS topics. PharmD programmes employing a faculty member who specializes in AS were more likely to offer AS experiential education than programmes without AS faculty (88.1% versus 71.9%, P = 0.049). Conclusions Integration of AS education in US PharmD curricula is variable and there are considerable differences in the AS activities and topics delivered. PharmD programmes should attempt to expose students to AS education to prepare future pharmacists for AS practice. Efforts should be made to incorporate interprofessional collaboration into AS education.
Combined Treatment for Obesity and Depression: A Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVE Obesity and depression frequently co-occur, and each increases risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study tested whether a combined treatment, targeting obesity and depression simultaneously, would yield greater improvements in weight, mood, and CVD risk factors than treatments that targeted each disease individually. METHODS Seventy-six participants with obesity and major depression were randomly assigned to (1) behavioral weight control (BWC), (2) cognitive behavioral therapy for depression (CBT-D), or (3) BWC combined with CBT-D. Participants were provided 18 group treatment sessions over 20 weeks. Mood, weight, and CVD risk were assessed at baseline and weeks 8 and 20, with a follow-up visit at week 46. RESULTS At week 20, participants in combined treatment lost significantly (P < 0.02) more weight (5.2% ± 1.2%) than those assigned to CBT-D (0.8% ± 1.3%) and comparable amounts as those in BWC (3.5% ± 1.3%). Depression scores decreased significantly from baseline levels in each group, with no significant differences between groups. All three groups showed significant improvements in 10-year CVD risk, with no significant differences between groups. Groups did not differ significantly on any of these measures at week 46. CONCLUSIONS BWC yielded short-term improvements in weight, mood, and CVD risk, comparable to a combined treatment that incorporated CBT-D. Results require replication with a larger sample size.
Introduction to Dynamic Model Reduction Techniques

In the structural dynamics community, model order reduction techniques have been widely used in global-local analysis, reanalysis and structural dynamic optimization, eigenvalue problem, structural vibration and buckling, sensitivity studies and control parameters design, model update, and damage detection. Different nonstructural problems related to heat transfer, fluid-structure interaction, and other linear and nonlinear steady-state boundary-value problems have also been analyzed using a reduced order model. A detailed review on model order reduction techniques can be found in Noor (Noor, 1994). Van Woerkom (1990) carried out an elaborate survey of model order reduction methods for application in flexible spacecraft dynamics.
Loops, Unitarity, and Analyticity

In this chapter we will explore how unitarity, the requirement that probability be conserved in quantum time evolution, interacts with the perturbation expansion.
Mechanical Modeling of Material Behavior

The typical types of models that have been employed in the analysis of the mechanical behavior of material objects are described in this chapter. Specifically, descriptions of the various model types employed in mechanics, namely the particle model, the rigid object model, the deformable continuum model, and the lumped parameter model are described. The modeler should view these model types as tools and the task of the modeler is to select the proper tool for the problem at hand.
Teachers' interactions with a young child with: Comparing iPad and non-iPad use

Normal 0 false false false BS-LATN-BA JA X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;} The purpose of this study was investigating teachers’ interaction with a young child with ASD when they were using iPad to support language and communication skills development. A case study method was applied. Business-as-usual classroom interaction was analyzed. Utterances were divided into two conditions (iPad-use and non-iPad-use) to compare effectiveness on supporting the child’s engagement in teacher-child interaction. In addition, interviews with teachers were conducted to collect more information about their own perspectives regarding iPad use with the student with ASD. Results of the study indicate that child-teacher joint attention and teachers’ verbal assistance happened more frequently when iPad was not used. In addition, surprisingly, teachers put a minor emphasis on iPad use for targeted instruction for language and communication skills development, different from their initial claim. These findings suggest that more professional development for teachers’ iPad use in language and communication skills development should be provided.
FACH: FPGA-based acceleration of hyperdimensional computing by reducing computational complexity

Brain-inspired hyperdimensional (HD) computing explores computing with hypervectors for the emulation of cognition as an alternative to computing with numbers. In HD, input symbols are mapped to a hypervector and an associative search is performed for reasoning and classification. An associative memory, which finds the closest match between a set of learned hypervectors and a query hypervector, uses simple Hamming distance metric for similarity check. However, we observe that, in order to provide acceptable classification accuracy HD needs to store non-binarized model in associative memory and uses costly similarity metrics such as cosine to perform a reasoning task. This makes the HD computationally expensive when it is used for realistic classification problems. In this paper, we propose a FPGA-based acceleration of HD (FACH) which significantly improves the computation efficiency by removing majority of multiplications during the reasoning task. FACH identifies representative values in each class hypervector using clustering algorithm. Then, it creates a new HD model with hardware-friendly operations, and accordingly propose an FPGA-based implementation to accelerate such tasks. Our evaluations on several classification problems show that FACH can provide 5.9X energy efficiency improvement and 5.1X speedup as compared to baseline FPGA-based implementation, while ensuring the same quality of classification.