cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sublimation pressures of solid solutions III. NH4Cl + NH4Br†

The total sublimation pressures of ammonium chloride, ammonium bromide, and of ten solid solutions of these salts, covering the entire composition range, have been measured by a static method from 250 to 320°C. The results were fitted to ln P = A − BT −1 + C ln T . The isothermal variation of total pressure with composition indicates that the solids deviate positively from Raoult's law. The differences between the “second-law” and “third-law” values for the enthalpy of sublimation for the pure chloride and pure bromide are discussed. Results are presented for the variation with composition, at 550 K, of the enthalpy of sublimation, uncorrected for possible incomplete dissociation in the gas phase.
Serotonin uptake sites and serotonin receptors are altered in the limbic system of schizophrenics

Serotonin (5-HT) uptake sites were mapped by autoradiographic means with [3H]cyano-imipramine ([3H]CN-IMI), the 5-HT1A receptor with [3H]8-hydroxy-2-[di-n-propyl-amino]tetralin ([3H]8-OH-DPAT), and the 5-HT2 receptor with both [3H]ketanserin and [125I]lysergic acid diethylamide ([125I]LSD) in eight nonneurologic controls and 10 cases with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. In the striatum, there was a marked heterogeneous patterning of 5-HT uptake sites that corresponded to the striosomal/matrix compartmentalization of the striatum. This organization was not matched with an equally heterogeneous pattern of either 5-HT2 or 5-HT1A receptors. For the isocortex, a general organizational scheme was observed with the 5-HT1A receptor expression high in the external laminae and deep laminae, but 5-HT2 receptor expression was higher in the internal laminae. There was a laminar distribution of 5-HT uptake sites that approximated the combined distributions of the 5-HT1A receptor and the 5-HT2 receptor. In the parahippocampal gyrus and hippocampus, the distribution of 5-HT uptake sites was complementary to the distribution of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors. In schizophrenic cases, there was a large increase in the number and altered striosomal/matrix organization of 5-HT uptake sites in the striatum. There was also an increase in the numbers of 5-HT2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens and ventral putamen of the schizophrenics. The number of 5-HT1A receptors was not modified. There was a marked reduction in 5-HT uptake sites in the external and middle laminae of the anterior cingulate, frontal cortex, and posterior cingulate, and no changes were observed in the motor cortex, temporal cortex, or hippocampus. Increased numbers of 5-HT1A receptors were found in the posterior cingulate, motor cortex, and hippocampus. Serotonin2 receptors were substantially elevated in the posterior cingulate, temporal cortex, and hippocampus, but not in the frontal, anterior cingulate, or motor cortices. Examination of the temporal lobe and hippocampus of a group of nonschizophrenic suicides (n = 8) indicated the alterations in 5-HT system in the limbic regions of the striatum, the limbic cortex, and hippocampus of the schizophrenic cases may be disease specific.
Characterization of solubilized atrial natriuretic peptide receptors from rat olfactory bulb and A10 cultured smooth muscle cells

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) receptors from A10 cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and rat olfactory bulbs have been solubilized and then pharmacologically and biochemically compared. The dissociation constant for 125I-ANP(99–126) was 12.7 pM for the VSMC- derived receptor and 164 pM for the olfactory receptor. Competition binding between 125I-ANP(99–126) and several unlabeled ANP analogs with the soluble olfactory receptor, demonstrated a rank order potency of ANP(99–126) = ANP(103–126) much greater than ANP(103–123). However, the rank order potency of the soluble VSMC ANP receptor was ANP(99–126) = ANP(103–126) = ANP(103–123). Therefore, the olfactory ANP receptor appears to require the complete COOH-terminal sequence of ANP as compared with the VSMC ANP receptor. When the 2 soluble receptor preparations were applied to a GTP-agarose column, a portion of the olfactory ANP receptor was retained on the column and could be eluted with 5 mM GTP, while the VSMC ANP receptor did not adsorb to the column. Since the olfactory bulb ANP receptor has been shown to contain a binding component of 116 kDa, while the VSMC ANP receptor binding component is 66 kDa, these receptors appear to be similar to the 2 receptor classes described recently in which the 120 kDa receptor that binds GTP is postulated to be coupled to guanylate cyclase, while the 60 kDa receptor does not bind GTP, is not coupled to guanylate cyclase, and may possess a hormone clearance function. Taken together, these data indicate that cyclic GMP appears to be a second messenger for ANP in the brain.
A Grounded Theory of Students’ Long-Distance Coping With a Family Member’s Cancer

In this study, we explore how family members cope with one source of stress—cancer diagnosis and treatment. We suggest that coping away from one’s family is characterized by constraints that are not common to proximal coping. We conducted six focus groups with college students (N = 21) at a university in the United States to investigate their long-distance coping experiences and used grounded theory methods to develop a model of college students’ long-distance coping. Negotiating the tension between being here (at school) and being there (at home) was central to their experiences. Participants described four manifestations of their negotiation between here and there (i.e., expressing/hiding emotion, longing to care for the patient there/avoiding responsibility here, feeling shock at degeneration there/escaping degeneration by being here, and lacking information from there) and three strategies they used to cope (i.e., being here and withdrawing, being here and doing school, and seeking/not seeking support).
Spectral design of weighted median Filters:A general iterative approach

A new design strategy for weighted median (WM) filters admitting real and complex valued weights is presented. The algorithms are derived from Mallows theory for nonlinear selection type smoothers, which states that the closest linear filter to a selection type smoother in the mean square error sense is the one having as coefficients the sample selection probabilities (SSPs) of the smoother. The new design method overcomes the severe limitations of previous approaches that require the construction of high order polynomial functions and high dimensional matrices. As such, previous approaches could only provide solutions for filters of very small sizes. The proposed method is based on a new closed-form function used to derive the SSPs of any WM smoother. This function allows for an iterative approach to WM filter design from the spectral profile of a linear filter. This method is initially applied to solve the median filter design problem in the real domain, and then, it is extended to the complex domain. The final optimization algorithm allows the design of robust weighted median filters of arbitrary size based on linear filters having arbitrary spectral characteristics.
Fuzzy Multiobjective Decision-Making Approach for Groundwater Resources Management

A conventional simulation-optimization model with constraint on drawdown at an area of interest is used to optimize additional groundwater withdrawal at multiple demand locations in a coastal aquifer. After obtaining the optimal solution, a decision- making analysis is conducted using fuzzy logic concepts. The goal is to evaluate multiple objectives and select the best management strategy. This methodology is applied to a hypothetical case consisting of six groundwater demand locations in Savannah, Ga. The objective function of the optimization model includes a penalty term which can be adjusted by the user to control the degree of "fairness" with respect to the distribution of limited groundwater resources in the region. The decision-making framework incorporates hydrologi- cally, politically, and economically motivated multiple conflicting objectives into the evaluation process. Results of the coupled simulation-optimization model are used to determine individual satisfaction degrees of each management strategy with respect to multiple objectives. Based on this outcome, an overall performance value is calculated by using the ordered weighted averaging OWA operator and the management strategy with the highest overall performance is identified as the best strategy. The OWA operator is an averaging operator that avoids ruling out some alternatives in favor of others which is observed in the logical operators such as "and" and "or." When combined with expert knowledge to identify the appropriate membership functions for the fuzzy objectives, the procedure devel- oped in this study may yield transparent and robust groundwater management solutions in coastal aquifers.
Permian sedimentary record of the Turpan-Hami basin and adjacent regions, northwest China: Constraints on postamalgamation tectonic evolution

The Permian marks an important, yet poorly understood, tectonic transition in the Tian Shan region of northwestern China between Devonian–Carboniferous continental amalgamation and recurrent Mesozoic–Cenozoic intracontinental orogenic reactivation. The Turpan-Hami basin accommodated up to 3000 m of sediment and is ideally positioned to provide constraints on this transition. New stratigraphic data and mapping indicate that extension dominated Early Permian tectonics in the region, whereas flexural, foreland subsidence controlled Late Permian basin evolution. Lower Permian strata in the northwestern Turpan-Hami basin consist of coarse- grained debris-flow and alluvial-fan deposits interbedded with mafic to intermediate volcanic sills and flows. In contrast, Lower Permian rocks in the north-central and northeastern Turpan-Hami basin unconformably overlie a Late Carboniferous volcanic arc sequence. These Lower Permian strata include possible shallow-marine carbonate rocks and thick volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks that are in turn overlain by littoral- to profundal-lacustrine facies. Above a regional Lower Permian/Upper Permian unconformity, regional sedimentation patterns record the development of a more integrated sedimentary basin. The Upper Permian is entirely nonmarine and can be correlated east-west along the depositional strike of the basin. The lower Upper Permian consists of a broad belt of braided fluvial deposits shed northward. These strata are overlain by fluctuating littoral- and profundal-lacustrine facies and associated fluvial facies. The uppermost Permian is characterized by shallow lake- plain and fluvial environments. The Early Permian association of diffuse volcanism and partitioning of subbasins by normal faulting is consistent with an early phase of lithospheric extension. Local relationships indicate west-east extension in the Turpan-Hami basin along faults oriented normal to Late Devonian–Carboniferous collisional sutures within the Tian Shan. The cause of extension in the wake of Carboniferous orogenesis remains enigmatic. However, the temporal and spatial relationships of the two strain regimes suggest that they are genetically related. Upper Permian stratigraphy and unconformities and local Late Permian–Triassic contractional deformation record foreland-basin development when the Turpan-Hami region became a wedge-top basin with respect to the north Tian Shan fold-and-thrust belt. Flexurally induced Late Permian subsidence is also manifested in the larger Junggar basin to the north, where >4000 m of strata are preserved in the foredeep region. The Turpan- Hami and Junggar basins were depositionally connected for much of the Late Permian when a vast lacustrine system developed across northwestern China. This lacustrine paleogeography was only occasionally interrupted, possibly by structural damming during uplift of the orogenic wedge.
Wood‐fiber/high‐density‐polyethylene composites: Compounding process

The compounding process directly influenced the compounding quality of wood–polymer blends and finally affected the interfacial bonding strength and flexural modulus of the resultant composites. With 50 wt % wood fiber, the optimum compounding parameters for the wood-fiber/high-density-polyethylene blends at 60 rpm were a temperature of 180°C and a mixing time of 10 min for the one-step process with a rotor mixer. The optimum compounding conditions at 90 rpm were a temperature of 165°C and a mixing time of 10 min. Therefore, a short compounding time, appropriate mixing temperatures, and a moderate rotation speed improved the compounding quality of the modified blends and the dynamic mechanical properties of the resultant composites. The melt torque and blend temperature followed a polynomial relationship with the loading ratio of the wood fiber. The highest melt torque and blend temperature were obtained with 50% wood fiber. The coupling treatment was effective for improving the compatibility and adhesion at the interface. The two-step process was better than the one-step process because the coupling agents were more evenly distributed at the interface with the two-step process. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2570–2578, 2004
Valuing Knowledge: a Reply to the Epistemological Perspective on the Value of Gain-of-Function Experiments

The central ethical claim of Casadevall et al. in “An Epistemological Perspective on the Value of Gain-of-Function Experiments Involving Pathogens with Pandemic Potential” (1) is that, when conducting risk-benefit analyses on studies that use gain-of-function (GOF) methods to create potential pandemic pathogens (PPP), we ought to explicitly account for the value of the “epistemic gains” of the experiment. That is, the value of knowledge derived from GOF/PPP studies is informed by its contribution to the body of microbiological knowledge amassed in recent years. They conclude from this (1) that when one does a risk-benefit analysis of this issue, the epistemic gain from GOF experiments should be included in the bookkeeping: if one does that, the benefits of GOF experiments are potentially so great as to warrant our risking more than we otherwise might. Unfortunately, the authors devote the majority of their paper to expounding on the epistemic merits of two paradigm GOF/PPP studies published in 2012 (2, 3) and on the general merits of GOF studies; they spend comparatively little time, however, on identifying the sense in which “epistemic gain” might be valuable in the context of decision making. Put another way, the authors spend little time on determining how gains in scientific knowledge, individually and collectively, should be understood to be valuable. There is little doubt that there is epistemic value in GOF studies and other research posing a “dual-use dilemma.” In point of fact, the epistemic gains posed by dual-use research are a strong contributor to the “dilemma” that we face; it is uncontroversial that scientific …
Children’s language ideologies in a first-grade dual-language class

This study explores the language ideologies of young children in a Spanish/English dual language programme in the USA. Recent studies of language ideologies in education have centred primarily on a...
Comparing Marital Status and Divorce Status in Civilian and Military Populations

Since military operations began in Afghanistan and Iraq, lengthy deployments have led to concerns about the vulnerability of military marriages. Yet evaluating military marriages requires some benchmark against which marital outcomes in the military may be compared. These analyses drew from personnel records from the entire male population of the active components of the U.S. military between 1998 and 2005, and from the Current Population Surveys from the same years, to compare the likelihood of being married or divorced between service members and civilians matched on age, racial/ethnic composition, employment status, and education. Results indicate that service members are significantly more likely to be married, but are not more likely to be divorced, than civilians with matched characteristics. These patterns have not changed substantially since the current conflicts began.
A Wide-Band Gunn-Effect CW Waveguide Amplifier

Broad-band CW amplification with Gunn diodes in waveguide circuits has been obtained, with power gains typically between 10 and 15 dB and half-power bandwidths of more than 1 GHz. It is found that amplifier performance can be modeled with fair accuracy using a rough characterization for the diode parameters.
Perceived Coaching Behaviors and College Athletes' Intrinsic Motivation: A Test of Self-Determination Theory

Abstract Using self-determination theory (SDT) as a framework, this study tested whether perceived competence, autonomy and relatedness mediated the relationships between perceived coaching behaviors and athletes' intrinsic motivation (IM). Male and female college athletes (N = 280) completed questionnaires assessing perceived coaching behaviors (i.e., training and instruction, positive feedback, social support, and autocratic and democratic behavior), as well as their IM, perceptions of competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Structural equation modeling revealed support for a mediational effect. Specifically, results indicated that all of the coaching behaviors, with the exception of social support, significantly predicted perceived competence, autonomy and/or relatedness, which, in turn, predicted IM. Only perceived autocratic and democratic behaviors had a significant indirect effect on IM. Results are discussed in relation to SDT and coaching effectiveness.
Characterization of microsatellite markers for the endemic sand dune lizard, Sceloporus arenicolus

Here we characterize and report on the genetic variability of eight microsatellite loci for the endemic sand dune lizard, Sceloporus arenicolus, that amplified consistently for individuals throughout the species’ range. The number of alleles per locus was high (mean = 13.25) and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.354 to 0.808. With the exception of a single locus, the loci did not deviate from Hardy–Weinberg expectations. This set of markers is currently being used to examine population structure and landscape genetics in S. arenicolus, a habitat specialist with a restricted range and patchy distribution.
De-emphasizing Competition in Organized Youth Sport: Misdirected Reforms and Misled Children

Throughout the twentieth century, organized youth sport became an increasingly prevalent childhood experience across Western societies—especially in affluent ones. Millions of children participate in organized sport each year. Partici pation is accepted and encouraged as an integral part of children’s lives because of its alleged benefits. Arguably, the goal of organized youth sport is to foster children’s overall welfare. Competition has played a prominent and sometimes controversial role in programs espousing this objective. It is precisely through the organization and administration of competitive sports that youth sport programs seek to advance their goal. However, the growing emphasis on winning, as well as the myriad of excesses and abuses that it has created among parents, coaches, spectators, and young athletes, has generated a massive wave of criticism against competition (6;7;11;26;33;37). Many professional organizations, advocacy groups, and experts in the field believe that organized youth sport programs are in crisis and have recommended reforms designed to establish a healthy environment that emphasizes children’s needs and interests first, so they can make the most of their sport experiences. To ensure this, those who advocate the refocusing of organized youth sport maintain that these programs should “emphasize that there should be action, [and] involvement among all participants” and that adults “need to encourage fun” (6: p. 147; 33). The gist of their proposals is to reprioritize the values inspiring participation in organized youth sport, which necessitates moving away from organizational models that mimic adult-oriented priorities. While confessedly de-emphasizing competition, the recommendations to emphasize action and fun have led organizers and administrators to discourage the formation of regular competitive teams and the keeping of scores or standings, to limit traveling outside the community, and to ensure minimal playing time for all young athletes. This set of recommendations and measures constitutes a growing trend in organized youth sport programs—a trend through which programs purport to underscore children’s interests and welfare over competitive performance and outcomes. In this essay, we argue that this trend in organized youth sport is unwarranted and misleading to children. We believe that when children are initiated into such
Prevalence and Characterization of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in the White-Tailed Deer Population in Indiana:

Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is one of the economically important diseases of cattle. For many years, different types of vaccines have been commercially available, yet this disease is hard to contro...
Community Gardening in Disadvantaged Neighborhoods in Phoenix, Arizona: Aligning Programs with Perceptions

This study examined a struggling community gardening program in a low-income minority community in Phoenix, Arizona. The gardening program exists within a larger local food initiative organized by a nonprofit community development organization. The nonprofit’s goals for the com­munity gardening program are to provide residents with opportunities for education, extra income and socializing. In partnership with the nonprofit and local residents, we undertook a study to determine the potential for increasing the recruitment and retention of local gardeners in order to sustain a successful community gardening program. We used interviews and participant observation to create an exploratory survey that measured residents’ percep­tions of benefits and burdens associated with gardening. Results revealed that while respondents had a level of gardening interest and experience in the commu­nity, they also lacked awareness about the garden­ing program. Perceptions of the benefits and burdens of gardening varied among current gardeners, ex-gardeners, and people who had never gardened. The benefits of gardening suggested by many residents differed from the local food initia­tive goals. If community gardens and local food initiatives are to succeed, organizers should align their programs with the desires of neighbor­hood residents and educate them about a wide range of potential benefits of gardening to both individuals and neighborhoods.
REVERSE TAKOTSUBO CARDIOMYOPATHY IN A YOUNG ORGAN DONOR

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM) is caused by the significant production of catecholamines that lead to myocardial hypokinesis through cardiomyocytes toxicity and coronary microvascular dysfunction. We present an organ donor who developed reverse TCM (a variant of TCM) following major head trauma. 22
Effects of Electrostatic Field on Locational Preference of House Flies and Flight Activities of Cabbage Loopers

House flies, Musca domestica L., were given a choice of either an electrostatic field gradient ranging from 200–1500 v/cm or no field. They preferred no electrical field to one of 1000 v/cm or higher. At 750 v/cm slightly, but significantly, more flies preferred the electrostatic field. At less than 500 v/cm no preference was observed. A significant effect on wingbeat frequency among male cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), was observed for electrostatic field gradients ranging from 200–1500 v/cm. There was so significant effect among females. The change in wingbeat of males in response to the fields was inconsistent. Among females the wingbeat tended to decrease.
Altered Prefrontal Excitation/Inhibition Balance and Prefrontal Output: Markers of Aging in Human Memory Networks

Memory impairments and heightened prefrontal cortical (PFC) activity are hallmarks of cognitive and neurobiological human aging. While structural integrity of PFC gray matter and interregional white matter tracts are thought to impact memory processing, the balance of neurotransmitters within the PFC itself is less well understood. We used fMRI to establish whole-brain networks involved in a memory encoding task and dynamic causal models (DCMs) for fMRI to determine the causal relationships between these areas. These data revealed enhanced connectivity from PFC to medial temporal cortex that negatively correlated with recall ability. To better understand the intrinsic activity within the PFC, DCM for EEG was employed after continuous theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the PFC to assess the effect on excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) synaptic ratios and behavior. These data revealed that the young cohort had a stable E/I ratio that was unaffected by the TMS intervention, while the aged cohort exhibited lower E/I ratios driven by a greater intrinsic inhibitory tone. TMS to the aged cohort resulted in decreased intrinsic inhibition and a decrement in memory performance. These results demonstrate increased top-down influence of PFC upon medial temporal lobe in healthy aging that is associated with decreased memory and may be due to unstable local inhibitory tone within the PFC.
CisSERS: Customizable In Silico Sequence Evaluation for Restriction Sites

High-throughput sequencing continues to produce an immense volume of information that is processed and assembled into mature sequence data. Data analysis tools are urgently needed that leverage the embedded DNA sequence polymorphisms and consequent changes to restriction sites or sequence motifs in a high-throughput manner to enable biological experimentation. CisSERS was developed as a standalone open source tool to analyze sequence datasets and provide biologists with individual or comparative genome organization information in terms of presence and frequency of patterns or motifs such as restriction enzymes. Predicted agarose gel visualization of the custom analyses results was also integrated to enhance the usefulness of the software. CisSERS offers several novel functionalities, such as handling of large and multiple datasets in parallel, multiple restriction enzyme site detection and custom motif detection features, which are seamlessly integrated with real time agarose gel visualization. Using a simple fasta-formatted file as input, CisSERS utilizes the REBASE enzyme database. Results from CisSERS enable the user to make decisions for designing genotyping by sequencing experiments, reduced representation sequencing, 3’UTR sequencing, and cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) molecular markers for large sample sets. CisSERS is a java based graphical user interface built around a perl backbone. Several of the applications of CisSERS including CAPS molecular marker development were successfully validated using wet-lab experimentation. Here, we present the tool CisSERS and results from in-silico and corresponding wet-lab analyses demonstrating that CisSERS is a technology platform solution that facilitates efficient data utilization in genomics and genetics studies.
All-turn off Detection of OH Power Supply of HL-2A Device

The functions of Ohmic(OH) coils in HL-2A experiments are ionizing the gas,establishing and heating the plasma current.So the power supply of the ohmic coil called OH power supply is very important.With the advancement of experiment and the improvement of the experimental parameters on HL-2A device,the OH power supply should be worked without circulating current mode.It is key to detect the time correctly when the current passes zero.In order to detect the time correctly,all-turnoff detection of the thyristor convert which is one of the detections of OH power supply has been presented in this paper.It judges whether the current passes zero or not by detecting the voltage of the thyristor.If the voltage of the thyristor is low,the current doesn't pass zero,otherwise it passes zero.It is proved that this detection mode is safe and doable by theoretical analysis.One circuit of all-turnoff detection has been constructed.With synthesizing the all-turnoff signal and the other two signals(soft detection and hardware detection),the OH power supply system works successfully without circulating current mode.
CSF γ-aminobutyric acid in alcoholics and control subjects

Alcohol has widespread effects on the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system in the brain. This system in the brain is also postulated to have a role in anxiety, and alcoholics have been reported to have more anxiety disorders. Therefore, the authors undertook a study to compare CSF levels of GABA in abstinent alcoholic patients and normal control subjects. There was no significant difference between groups in CSF levels of GABA. Also, there was no significant difference in GABA level between alcoholic patients with histories of withdrawal seizures and those without such a history.
Description of a Modeling, Simulation, Animation, and Real-Time Control (MoSART) Environment for a Broad Class of Dynamical Systems

This paper describes an interactive modeling, simulation, animation, and real-time control (MoSART) environment that is useful for controls education and research. The described MoSART environment is shown to be useful for analyzing, designing, visualizing, and evaluating control systems for a broad class of dynamical systems which include: a collection of pendulum/robotic systems, aircraft, helicopters, and other six degree-of-freedom systems. The environment - referred to as Control3D-Lab - is based on Microsoft Windows, Visual C++, Direct-3D, and MATLAB/Simulink. The environment can be used as a stand-alone application or together with MATLAB, Simulink, and toolboxes. When used as a standalone application, a friendly graphical user interface permits easy interaction. Users may select (via pull-down menus): systems, dynamical models, control laws, exogenous signals (including joystick inputs) and associated parameters, initial conditions, integration routines and associated parameters. When used with MATLAB, Simulink, and toolboxes, the above nominal features are significantly enhanced. In either case, the interface permits users to access the following (via pulldown menus): animation models, mesh properties, texture and lighting models, system-specific visual indicators, graphics to be displayed, animation/data display/storage rates, simulation control buttons, and extensive documentation. When Simulink is present, users can exploit extensive visualization and 3D animation features through provided and/or user-generated Simulink diagrams. This capability makes the developed environment very extensible with respect to mathematical models and control laws. Additionally, users may readily export simulation data to MATLAB/toolboxes for post-processing and further analysis. The environment also contains a suite of well documented (easy-to-modify) models and control laws that are implemented within the provided Simulink block diagrams. Provided (special) blocks enable animation, joystick inputs, and (near) real-time simulation and animation (when possible). Associated with each block diagram are system-specific, menu-accessed m-files that permit detailed analysis and design. A hardware module permits real-time control of actual hardware experiments. The developed environment is shown to be a valuable tool for enhancing both controls education in a variety of classes as well as research. Examples are presented to illustrate the utility of the environment
The Influence of HLA-A, B Compatibility on Cadaver Donor Renal Transplantation in SEOPF

Data collected prospectively on all 3811 transplants performed between June 1977 and July 1982 by the 42 member institutions of the South-Eastern Organ Procurement Foundation (SEOPF) were analyzed to determine the influence of donor-recipient HLA- A, B matching on patient and graft outcome. Patients receiving well-matched grafts used more shared organs, had a higher level of pretransplant sensitization, included fewer blacks and more retransplants. Multivariate analysis (Cox regression) including these four covariates (sharing, sensitization, race, transplant number) and five others (pretransplant transfusions, ATN, native nephrectomy, splenectomy, diabetes) revealed that poor HLA-A, B matching provided the greatest risk of graft loss due to irreversible rejection (P < 10−5) for all variables examined.
Nullius in verba: The University of Minnesota Social and Administrative Pharmacy Program proposed Guidelines for Formulary Evaluations

The University of Minnesota Social and Administrative Pharmacy Program proposed Guidelines for Formulary Evaluations (GFE) are designed to focus on the credibility of clinical and cost-outcomes claims in formulary decision making. The last few years have witnessed increasing concern over the credibility of trial based efficacy claims, with a surprisingly high proportion of claims falling short. At the same time cost-outcomes claims, where comparative clinical claims are a key input, have been presented where the claims made are not open to experimental or observational assessment. This follows from standards recommended for modeled and simulated claims. In the absence of cost-outcomes claims being presented in an evaluable form, it is impossible not only to replicate the claim or to judge whether or not it is credible. Claims for product value based on such claims are unacceptable. The guidelines proposed here are designed to overcome these limitations and support an evidence base that is both credible and replicable for formulary decisions. This is achieved by focusing on short-term modeled or simulated claims for cost-effectiveness. The requirement for modeled or simulated claims that are evaluable within a time frame that is meaningful for formulary decisions marks a major departure from format submissions already in play, not only in the US but in other developed economies. Rather than subscribing to the gold standard of long term or lifetime cost-per-QALY claims a short-term time horizon of no more than 2-years is recommended. This allows products to be provisionally placed on formulary but subject to a protocol that supports an evaluation to be reported back to a formulary committee as part of ongoing disease area or therapeutic class reviews. The place of the product and its contracted price can then be reviewed. Conflict of Interest None Type: Commentary
Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor of the Kidney: AIRP Best Cases in Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation

Editor's Note.-RadioGraphics continues to publish radiologic-pathologic case material selected from the American Institute for Radiologic Pathology (AIRP) "best case" presentations. The AIRP conducts a 4-week Radiologic Pathology Correlation Course, which is offered five times per year. On the penultimate day of the course, the best case presentation is held at the American Film Institute Silver Theater and Cultural Center in Silver Spring, Md. The AIRP faculty identifies the best cases, from each organ system, brought by the resident attendees. One or more of the best cases from each of the five courses are then solicited for publication in RadioGraphics. These cases emphasize the importance of radiologic-pathologic correlation in the imaging evaluation and diagnosis of diseases encountered at the institute and its predecessor, the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP).
Online algorithms for the linear tape scheduling problem

Even in today's world of increasingly faster storage technologies, magnetic tapes continue to play an essential role in the market. Yet, they are often overlooked in the literature, despite the many changes made to the underlying tape architecture since they were conceived. In this article, we introduce the LINEAR TAPE SCHEDULING PROBLEM (LTSP), which aims to identify scheduling strategies for read and write operations in single-tracked magnetic tapes that minimize the overall response times for read requests. Structurally, LTSP has many similarities with versions of the Travelling Repairman Problem and of the Dial-a-Ride Problem restricted to the real line. We investigate several properties of LTSP and show how they can be explored in the design of algorithms for the online version of the problem. Computational experiments show that the resulting strategies deliver very satisfactory scheduling plans, which in most cases are clearly superior (potentially differing by one order of magnitude) to those produced by a strategy currently used in the industry.
Impact of a goal setting and decision support telephone coaching intervention on diet, psychosocial, and decision outcomes among people with type 2 diabetes

Abstract Objective Evaluate a 16-week decision support and goal-setting intervention to compare diet quality, decision, and diabetes-related outcomes to a control group. Methods Adults with type 2 diabetes (n = 54) were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group. Intervention group participants completed one in-person motivational interviewing and decision support session followed by seven biweekly telephone coaching calls. Participants reported previous goal attempts and set diet- and/or physical activity-related goals during coaching calls. Control group participants received information about local health care resources on the same contact schedule. Results There was a significant difference between groups for diabetes empowerment (p = 0.045). A significant increase in diet quality, diabetes self-efficacy, and diabetes empowerment, and a significant decrease in diabetes distress and depressive symptoms (all p ≤ 0.05) occurred in the intervention group. Decision confidence to achieve diet-related goals significantly improved from baseline to week 8 but then declined at study end (both p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions Setting specific diet-related goals may promote dietary change, and telephone coaching can improve psychosocial outcomes related to diabetes self-management. Practice implications Informed shared decision making can facilitate progressively challenging yet attainable goals tailored to individuals’ lifestyle. Decision coaching may empower patients to improve self-management practices and reduce distress.
Blood–Brain Barrier

The definition of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) has been expanded to include the interaction of endothelium with other components of the vessel wall and with neurons and glial cells. This functional unit, termed the neurovascular unit, maintains cerebral homeostasis in steady states and brain injury. The emphasis of this article is on cerebral endothelium, the best studied component of the neurovascular unit, and its permeability mechanisms in health and brain injury. Overall, a combination of hemodynamic, structural, and molecular alterations affecting brain endothelium results in BBB breakdown in brain injury.
A Novel Endoluminal Ultrasound Imaging Technique to Determine Urethral Luminal Cross-Sectional Area.

Abstract Introduction and Objectives: Retrograde urethrogram (RUG) and voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) are currently the gold standard imaging technique for diagnosis of urethral stricture and dete...
Improving underwater localization accuracy with machine learning

Machine learning classification and regression algorithms were applied to calibrate the localization errors of a time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA)-based acoustic sensor array used for tracking salmon passage through a hydroelectric dam on the Snake River, Washington, USA. The locations of stationary and mobile acoustic tags were first tracked using the approximate maximum likelihood algorithm. Next, ensembles of classification trees successfully identified and filtered data points with large localization errors. This prefiltering step allowed the creation of a machine-learned regression model function, which decreased the median distance error by 50% for the stationary tracks and by 34% for the mobile tracks. It also extended the previous range of sub-meter localization accuracy from 100 m to 250 m horizontal distance from the dam face (the receivers). Median distance errors in the depth direction were especially decreased, falling from 0.49 m to 0.04 m in the stationary tracks and from 0.38 m to 0.07 m in the mobile tracks. These methods would have application to the calibration of error in any TDOA-based sensor network with a steady environment and array configuration.
Interannual Variability in Coupled Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean Models

In this study we develop a series of coupled atmosphere-ocean models to investigate the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. A coupled numerical ocean-atmosphere model of the atmosphere-ocean system in the tropical Pacific is used to examine the dynamic and thermodynamic processes associated with ENSO. The model warm events are initiated in the spring prior to the event peak, and are well described as an instability of the coupled system. Oceanic wave dynamics determines the fate of the growing instability. The warming of the sea surface temperature (SST) produces westerly wind anomalies in the equatorial central Pacific, forcing equatorially trapped Rossby waves that propagate freely to the western boundary. These waves reflect at the western boundary, sending upwelling equatorial Kelvin waves back to the central basin which act to terminate instability growth and rapidly plunge the coupled system into a cold regime. The western boundary reflection is necessary for event termination. Of the Rossby waves produced in the central Pacific by the warm event, only the two gravest symmetric modes are important in the reflection process which produce the Kelvin waves that terminate the warm event. In this model the interannual variability is not produced by vacillation between two equilibrium states. The growth rate to either a cold or warm state is too slow for the system to achieve equilibrium. The system is oscillatory around a single basic state.
The Ecology of Rhabdoviruses That Infect Vertebrates

Rhabdoviruses infect vertebrate and invertebrate animals as well as plants. The life cycle of many rhabdoviruses involves replication in an arthropod and subsequent transmission to either a vertebrate animal or a plant. Thus, arthropods are the unifying life form in the natural history of many of these agents, an observation noted more than 30 years ago (Maramorosch, 1955). Ecological studies are incomplete, but available information suggests that arthropods were in the past essential to the maintenance of rhabdoviruses. It can be argued that rhabdoviruses evolved in arthropods and were originally maintained by vertical transmission, i.e., by passage through the egg. Some, such as Sigma virus, are still maintained exclusively by vertical transmission today (Brun and Plus, 1980). Others, because of the parasitic association of their arthropod host with plants or vertebrates, developed the ability to grow in plants or in vertebrate animals. Consequently, many rhabdoviruses are now maintained in arthropod-vertebrate-arthropod or arthropod-plant-arthropod cycles (Knudson 1973; K. M. Johnson et al., 1969). A few rhabdoviruses, such as rabies and some of the fish viruses, have adapted completely to vertebrates and no longer infect arthropods.
The Reading Process

Scholars from many disciplines are involved in studying reading. These include, but are not limited to psychologists, linguists, literary critics, psycholinguists, sociolinguists, semioticians, anthropologists, ethnographers, neurolinguists, educational researchers, curriculum workers, and those who study reading development and the teaching of reading. Except for occasional collaborations, each field has tended to work on its own, using its own methodologies and asking questions significant within the discipline. Sometimes attempting to bring these diverse vantage points together is like trying to construct an elephant from the descriptions of the blind men of Hindustan of their personal encounters with different portions of the elephant.
The Geology of the Lau Basin

The Lau Basin comprises oceanic crust that separates the remnant Lau Ridge volcanic arc from the active Tofua arc. The basin is situated above mantle exhibiting strong seismic wave attenuation; it overlies the west dipping seismic zone of the Tonga Trench subduction system and is presently opening at rates as high as 1.6 cm/yr. Seaward rollback of the trench axis, coupled with upwelling high temperature mantle diapirs, is proposed as the main driving force to cause crustal extension in this region of oceanic plate convergence. The trapezoidal shape of the basin suggests that it has opened progressively from north to south; the trace of the Louisville seamount chain may help constrain the southern apex of the basin. The basin has opened in two tectonic styles. Initially, beginning at about 6 Ma, attenuation and rifting of the forearc or outer part of the Lau Ridge formed a series of half-grabens that were partly sedimented and received basaltic flows. This extension and magmatism overlapped with Lau Ridge arc volcanism. The second stage of opening (about 5.5-5 Ma) was promoted by a southward-propagating rift system that formed new crust by seafloor spreading. A second propagator (about 1.5 Ma) has overtaken the first and forms an overlapping ridge system. A small three-limbed spreading system in the northeastern basin forms a triple junction. A fourth spreading system is recognized in the northwestern part of the basin.
Entropy Measures for Optimal Adaptive Control

Abstract Entropy may be used as the common measure to evaluate the different levels of an Intelligent Machine. At the hardware level, the uncertainty of design of the desirable control may be expressed as the entropy of selecting the optimal control level that minimizes a given performance index by choosing a density function over the set of admissible controls to minimize the differential control Entropy H(u), one may show that the optimal control problem is equivalent to the problem of minimization of the assigned entropy function with respect to the associated control. Furthermore, the Adaptive Control Problem can be analyzed by considering the same entropy over extended space that includes the uncertain parameters. It is shown that the optimal entropy is decomposed into three terms: the optimal control term with given parameters H(h/Φ), the parameter identification term H(Φ) and the equivocation term (Φ/u) which accounts for the Active Transition of Dual control (Feldbaum). The equivocation H(Φ/u) when calculated may serve as a measure of optimality of the Adaptive Control algorithms that involve only distinct identification and optimal control algorithms. An upper bound may be used instead, when the Equivocation is hard to calculate. An example illustrates the method.
Goal Driven Autonomy as a Model for Reasoning in Cognitive Active Sonar

While active sonar systems include a variety of parameters that can be tuned to improve performance when addressing search and track goals, such parameters remain largely fixed, in part because tuning individual parameters imposes an impractical cognitive load for sonar operators. In this paper, we propose adopting a goal reasoning architecture to develop an intelligent active sonar system that can dynamically tune parameters to meet system goals. Goal reasoning architectures support systems that reason about, prioritize, and generate goals based on information obtained in real time. Using the goal-driven autonomy architecture as a framework, we have developed a model for an active sonar system that can tune parameters at both the transmitter and receiver to improve its ability to perform search and track tasks. We provide a proof-of-concept example in which an intelligent sonar system whose goal is to track a maneuvering target uses observed Doppler from the target to decide what waveform to transmit. Simulation results show that intelligent waveform selection yields improvement with respect to both target location estimation and maintaining the target track, providing evidence to support the goal reasoning model for intelligent sonar. Next steps include developing mechanisms to arbitrate among simultaneous system goals.