cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variability in the surface temperature and melt extent of the Greenland ice sheet from MODIS

[1] Satellite-derived moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) ice-surface temperature (IST) of the Greenland ice sheet shows a positive trend and two major melt events from 2000 to present. IST increased by ~0.55 ± 0.44°C/decade, with the greatest increase (~0.95 ± 0.44°C/decade) found in northwestern Greenland where coastal temperatures and mass loss are also increasing and outlet glaciers are accelerating. IST shows the highest rates of increase during summer (~1.35 ± 0.47°C/decade) and winter (~1.30 ± 1.53°C/decade), followed by spring (~0.60 ± 0.98°C/decade). In contrast, a decrease in IST was found in the autumn (~−1.49 ± 1.20°C/decade). The IST trends in this work are not statistically significant with the exception of the trend in northwestern Greenland. Major surface melt (covering 80% or more of the ice sheet) occurred during the 2002 and 2012 melt seasons where clear-sky measurements show a maximum melt of ~87% and ~95% of the ice sheet surface, respectively. In 2002, most of the extraordinary melt was ephemeral, whereas in 2012 the ice sheet not only experienced more total melt, but melt was more persistent, and the 2012 summer was the warmest in the MODIS record (−6.38 ± 3.98°C). Our data show that major melt events may not be particularly rare during the present period of ice sheet warming.
Purification and some properties of autoprothrombin II-A: An anticoagulant perhaps also related to fibrinolysis☆

Abstract Methods were developed for the assay and isolation of autoprothrombin II-A. The purified protein retarded blood coagulation in vitro as well as in vivo and induced fibrinolysis. It is tentatively concluded that the protein originated from prothrombin and possessed inhibitor-activator qualities respectively as anticoagulant and fibrinolytic agent. To obtain Auto II-A, concentrated prothrombin complex was digested with purified thrombin. Chromatography on a DEAE-cellulose column separated prethrombin, Auto II-A, and autoprothrombin III (Factor X). The inhibitor-activator was then purified by using a Sephadex G-100 or G-100 superfine column. A single component was indicated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by ultracentrifugation. The equation for S 20,w 0 was 3.9 + 0.0114X. Isoelectric point = pH 3.9. It is a competitive inhibitor of autoprothrombin C (Factor X a ). N-terminal amino acids were Ile and Gly. An amino acid analysis was compared with a new amino acid analysis of purified prothrombin. The latter had 518 amino acid residues per mole. The protein contained sialic acid, neutral sugars, and amino sugars. Serum from rabbits immunized with purified prothrombin crossreacted with purified Auto II-A. A working theory is proposed as follows: Thrombin functions in a negative feedback system which retards thrombin formation due to the production of prethrombin and Auto II-A. Platelet factor 3 also produced prethrombin and Auto II-A. This feedback system could be the molecular basis of latent coagulation and fibrinolysis. In accelerated coagulation, the latent coagulation sequences are by-passed with massive formation of fibrin.
Pediatric Bipolar Disorder: Part I — Is it related to classical Bipolar

Abstract A new diagnosis for children has emerged in the last decade: Pediatric Bipolar Disorder. Children who, in the past, would have been given other diagnoses are now being relabeled as Pediatric Bipolar. This paper examines whether the children being labeled Pediatric Bipolar belong to the same population as well-characterized Bipolar I disorder of the past. We begin with a description of well-characterized Bipolar I adults of the past. Retrospective studies examining the childhood characteristics of adults with Bipolar are reviewed. Then we examine the types of children receiving the diagnosis of Pediatric Bipolar and delineate how the behavior of these children differs from the pattern of behavior exhibited by adults with classical Bipolar, thus raising the question of whether Pediatric Bipolar is a childhood manifestation of classical Bipolar. Next we discuss the changes in the DSM IV which greatly expanded the types of persons included under the Bipolar label. Then we review studies examining the children of parents with well-characterized Bipolar I and studies examining children of parents meeting criteria under the expanded definition of Bipolar. We conclude that only children of parents meeting criteria for Bipolar under the expanded definition are similar to children being diagnosed with Pediatric Bipolar, while the children of parents with classical Bipolar I are not similar. Because the new people added to the traditional Bipolar population do not share a genetic diathesis with the traditional Bipolar diagnosed person of the past, we question the usefulness of having broadened the Bipolar label to children and, perhaps, their parents. We end with the studies suggesting that some children meeting criteria for bipolar behavior will grow out of this behavior.
A Microwave Plasma Density Measuring System with Microsecond Response Time

Based on the STALO (acronym for STAbilization of Local Oscillator) system wherein an external high Q cavity is used to frequency stabilize a reflex klystron, a technique was developed using a microwave Fabry‐Perot resonator (MFPR) operating at 35 GHz for performing time varying plasma diagnostics over a two to three order of magnitude range centered at 5×109 electrons/cm3. Experimental results are given for 2 MHz density variations in a 125 μ He rf induced discharge. The frequency response is an order of magnitude faster than an external feedback control system (also described) which utilizes the MFPR. Calibration techniques as well as the underlying theory are also given.
Characterization of hafnium oxide resistive memory layers deposited on copper by atomic layer deposition

Abstract Hafnium oxide-based resistive memory devices have been fabricated on copper bottom electrodes. The HfO x active layers in these devices were deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) at 250 °C with tetrakis(dimethylamido)hafnium(IV) as the metal precursor and an O 2 plasma as the reactant. Depth profiles of the HfO x by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectroscopy revealed a copper concentration on the order of five atomic percent throughout the HfO x film. In addition to the Cu doped HfO x , a thin layer (20 nm) of Cu x O is present at the surface. This surface layer is believed to have formed during the ALD process, and greatly complicates the analysis of the switching mechanism. The resistive memory structures fabricated from the ALD HfO x exhibited non-polar resistive switching, independent of the top metal electrode (Ni, Pt, Al, Au). Resistive switching current voltage (I–V) curves were analyzed using Schottky emission and ionic hopping models to gain insight into the physical mechanisms underpinning the device behavior. During the forming process it was determined that, at voltages in excess of 2.5 V, an ionic hopping model is in good agreement with the I–V data. The extracted ion hopping distance ~ 4 A was within the range of interatomic spacing of HfO 2 during the forming process consistent with ionic motion of Cu 2 + ions. Lastly the on state I–V data was dominated at larger voltages by Schottky emission with an estimated barrier height of ~ 0.5 eV and a refractive index of 2.59. The consequence of the Schottky emission analysis indicates the on state resistance to be a product of a Pt/Cu 2 O/Cu filament(s)/Cu 2 O/Cu structure.
First report of a B cell lymphoproliferative disorder arising in a patient treated with immune suppressants for severe aplastic anemia

Aplastic anemia is a disorder characterized by pancytopenia and bone marrow hypocellularity. There is some evidence that aplastic anemia may be due to suppression of hematopoiesis by activated T-suppressor cells. Thus, immunosuppressive agents have been used as an alternative to bone marrow transplantation for treatment. We report on a unique case of a patient with aplastic anemia who was treated with a course of immunosuppression including cyclosporine (CSA), anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG), and prednisone. Five months after this treatment, the patient developed a B cell lymphoproliferative disorder which was successfully treated with radiation therapy. Prior reports of CSA-associated lymphoproliferative disorders have appeared in the literature as potential side effects of immunosuppression following transplantation. This is the first report of a lymphoproliferative disorder associated with immunosuppressive treatment of aplastic anemia in a nontransplant setting. Thus, when presenting options for treatment of aplastic anemia, lymphoproliferative disorders should be included as a rare complication of immunosuppressive therapy. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Global climate change and potential effects on Pacific salmonids in freshwater ecosystems of southeast Alaska

General circulation models predict increases in air temperatures from 1°C to 5°C as atmospheric CO2 continues to rise during the next 100 years. Thermal regimes in freshwater ecosystems will change as air temperatures increase regionally. As air temperatures increase, the distribution and intensity of precipitation will change which will in turn alter freshwater hydrology. Low elevation floodplains and wetlands will flood as continental ice sheets melt, increasing sea-levels. Although anadromous salmonids exist over a wide range of climatic conditions along the Pacific coast, individual stocks have adapted life history strategies—time of emergence, run timing, and residence time in freshwater—that are often unique to regions and watersheds. The response of anadromous salmonids will differ among species depending on their life cycle in freshwater. For pink and chum salmon that migrate to the ocean shortly after they emerge from the gravel, higher temperatures during spawning and incubation may result in earlier entry into the ocean when food resources are low. Shifts in thermal regimes in lakes will change trophic conditions that will affect juvenile sockeye salmon growth and survival. Decreased summer stream flows and higher water temperatures will affect growth and survival of juvenile coho salmon. Rising sea-levels will inundate low elevation spawning areas for pink salmon and floodplain rearing habitats for juvenile coho salmon. Rapid changes in climatic conditions may not extirpate anadromous salmonids in the region, but they will impose greater stress on many stocks that are adapted to present climatic conditions. Survival of sustainable populations will depend on the existing genetic diversity within and among stocks, conservative harvest management, and habitat conservation.
Effects of intrahemispheric interference on reaction times to lateral stimuli.

Earlier work (Green, 1977) indicated that response by a given hand was slower when stimuli occurred in the visual half field ipsilateral to the body side of hand origin. It was hypothesized that this was due to interference between processing demands originating within the same hemisphere. The present experiments provide evidence regarding the relationship between such interference and the magnitude and type of processing demands. The eight experiments indicate that intrahemispheric interference affects a variety of tasks, including letter shape, letter name, or face matching. The results indicate that reduction in response processing demands reduces the interference. Evidence of interference appeared with a more demanding choice response, but not with a simpler go-no-go response. Manipulations hypothesized to reduce initial, perceptual stimulus processing demands did not reduce the magnitude of interference, possibly because the level of more central stimulus processing demands was still sufficient to interfere with response processing. Interference tended to be minimal on right-hand, match trials, which are hypothesized to involve reduced response processing and reduced central stimulus processing demands. Further investigation of the effects of stimulus processing demands is required. Language: en
Near-Infrared Imaging of Adoptive Immune Cell Therapy in Breast Cancer Model Using Cell Membrane Labeling

The overall objective of this study is to non-invasively image and assess tumor targeting and retention of directly labeled T-lymphocytes following their adoptive transfer in mice. T-lymphocytes obtained from draining lymph nodes of 4T1 (murine breast cancer cell) sensitized BALB/C mice were activated in-vitro with Bryostatin/Ionomycin for 18 hours, and were grown in the presence of Interleukin-2 for 6 days. T-lymphocytes were then directly labeled with 1,1-dioctadecyltetramethyl indotricarbocyanine Iodide (DiR), a lipophilic near infrared fluorescent dye that labels the cell membrane. Assays for viability, proliferation, and function of labeled T-lymphocytes showed that they were unaffected by DiR labeling. The DiR labeled cells were injected via tail vein in mice bearing 4T1 tumors in the flank. In some cases labeled 4T1 specific T-lymphocytes were injected a week before 4T1 tumor cell implantation. Multi-spectral in vivo fluorescence imaging was done to subtract the autofluorescence and isolate the near infrared signal carried by the T-lymphocytes. In recipient mice with established 4T1 tumors, labeled 4T1 specific T-lymphocytes showed marked tumor retention, which peaked 6 days post infusion and persisted at the tumor site for up to 3 weeks. When 4T1 tumor cells were implanted 1-week post-infusion of labeled T-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes responded to the immunologic challenge and accumulated at the site of 4T1 cell implantation within two hours and the signal persisted for 2 more weeks. Tumor accumulation of labeled 4T1 specific T-lymphocytes was absent in mice bearing Meth A sarcoma tumors. When lysate of 4T1 specific labeled T-lymphocytes was injected into 4T1 tumor bearing mice the near infrared signal was not detected at the tumor site. In conclusion, our validated results confirm that the near infrared signal detected at the tumor site represents the DiR labeled 4T1 specific viable T-lymphocytes and their response to immunologic challenge can be imaged in vivo.
The grandmaternal niche: Critical caretaking among Martu Aborigines

This paper expands upon the existing literature on the evolutionary importance of grandmothers by examining how direct care by grandmothers differs from care provided by other helpers within a population of Martu Aborigines. Behavioral observations were collected on ten babies who ranged from 3 months to 3 years of age. The results show that Martu grandmothers were in contact with their grandchildren more than any person other than the mother, and they were also more likely than any other category of caregiver to perform high- demand tasks, such as bathing or feeding. These results suggest that Martu grandmothers are specializing in the type of care they provide and posits that high-quality allocare is an important pathway to increased health and survival of grandchildren. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 21:448-454, 2009. ' 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Compared with other primates, human infants are exceptionally altricial, infant mortality rates are high, maturation is delayed, and inter-birth intervals are short (Mace 2000; Stearns 1992). This suite of life-his- tory traits results in human offspring needing a rela- tively high level of care for an extended period of time. Cooperative breeding, the eliciting of help from individ- uals other than the genetic parents, has been posited as an important strategy to cope with these demands, and is seen in a wide array of birds and mammals (Emlen 1991; Russell 2004). Among other species, help-
Analysis of immune status of hemodialyzed adults: association with prior transfusions.

Analysis of immune status of hemodialyzed adults: Association with prior transfusions. Peripheral blood leukocytes of 29 hemodialyzed adults, 19 transfused and 10 nontransfused, were studied using immunofluorescent staining with monoclonal antibodies and in vitro measurement of natural killer (NK) cell activity. When compared with control subjects, the absolute number of leukocytes in transfused hemodialyzed patients was significantly reduced (P + cells (P + cells (P + and OKT4 + cells was also significantly lower among transfused hemodialyzed patients (P + cells resulted in a decrease in the ratio of OKT4 + /OKT8 + cells (P + cells was also decreased in the transfused group (P Analyse de l'etat immunitaire des adultes hemodialyses: Relation avec les transfusions anterieures. Les leucocytes sanguins peripheriques de 29 adultes hemodialyses, dont 19 transfuses et 10 non transfuses ont ete etudies par marquage en immunofluorescence avec des anticorps monoclonaux et mesure in vitro de l'activite cellulaire killer naturelle (NK). Par rapport a des sujets controles, le nombre absolu de leucocytes chez les hemodialyses transfuses etait significativement moindre (P + (P + (P + et OKT4 + etait egalement plus faible chez les hemodialyses transfuses (P + entrainait une diminution du rapport des cellules OKT4 + /OKT8 + (P + etait egalement diminue dans le groupe transfuse (P
Dielectric parameterization of raman lineshapes for GaP with a plasma of charge carriers

We have studied the Raman lineshapes of several samples of GaP with appreciable carrier concentrations. There is no feature identifiable as a plasma resonance, but there are pronounced effects of interaction with the LO phonon resonance. For analysis we have developed a model along lines laid down by Barker and Loudon, employing Nyquist relations to calculate infrared fluctuations which scatter light. We introduce a response matrix α(ω) withseveral resonances; and we uncover some points which seem to be new, for coupled-mode scattering systems in general. In the GaP-plasma problem the data do not necessitate inclusion of the scattering amplitude from the plasma; we ascribe this to large plasma damping rates (ωτ≲1). This provides an account for the lack of any apparent plasma resonance in the scattering and for the modified appearance of the LO phonon, relative to the pure crystal. We emphasize that the following parameters suffice: Lorentz parameters measured in linear infrared experiments, the nonlinear parameterC from a visible-infrared mixing experiment, and the plasma frequency and damping fit to each sample. Beyond treatment of the plasma problem, the theory bears more generally on the conditions under which an LO Raman lineshape measures locally the shape of 〈E 2〉ω. Also it bears upon the analysis of polariton linewidths to infer the variation of the phonon damping Γ(ω).
Estimating the Reliability of Dichotomous or Trichotomous Scores

To meet the requirements of the No Child Left Behind Act, school districts and states must compile summary reports of the levels of student achievement in reading and mathematics. The levels are to be described in broad categories: “basic and below,” “proficient,” or “advanced.” Educational units are given considerable latitude in defining the percentile limits of these categories and the measures to be used in assessing the levels of each student. However, they must defend the validity and reliability of these measures. The question arises: How does one estimate the reliability of a score generated by a test of k items after the score is reduced to three or even two values? A precise solution, based on normality assumptions, requires the application of computer programs inaccessible to most local educators. Tables are provided in this article that enable local educators to deduce the reliability of broad-category scores (ρyy′) from the reliability of the original scores (ρxx′).
Promoter prediction in E. coli based on SIDD profiles and Artificial Neural Networks

Background One of the major challenges in biology is the correct identification of promoter regions. Computational methods based on motif searching have been the traditional approach taken. Recent studies have shown that DNA structural properties, such as curvature, stacking energy, and stress-induced duplex destabilization (SIDD) are useful in promoter prediction, as well. In this paper, the currently used SIDD energy threshold method is compared to the proposed artificial neural network (ANN) approach for finding promoters based on SIDD profile data.
Differential expression of stem cell markers in human follicular bulge and interfollicular epidermal compartments.

Although skin contains a number of stem cell repositories, their characterization has been hindered by a lack of specific markers and an unclear in vivo localization. In this study, we whole mounted single human scalp hair follicles and examined their profiles using in situ immunohistochemistry and multicolor immunofluorescence in search of markers to distinguish between stem cells residing in the interfollicular epidermis (IFE) and bulge. Our study revealed that expression of several biomarkers localized uniquely to the basal IFE (CD34 and CD117), bulge region (CD200), or both (CK15, CD49f, and CD29). In addition, we found that both basal IFE and bulge stem cells did not express CD71 or CD24 suggesting their potential utility as negative selection markers. Dermal papilla but not basal IFE or bulge stem cells expressed CD90, making it a potential positive selection marker for dermal hair follicle stem cells. The markers tested in this study may enable pursuit of cell sorting and purification strategies aimed at determining each stem cell population’s unique molecular signature.
Elizabeth Bentley and cold war representation: Some masks not dropped

During the 1930s and 1940s Soviet intelligence operated spy rings within the United States. America Communist Elizabeth Bentley managed these networks until she defected to the FBI in 1945. Bentley's story of Communists in government ‐ the first of the Cold War — caused a public scandal. Some commentators, offended by Bentley's failure to fulfil traditional gender prescriptions, ridiculed her and shed doubts upon her story, which received less serious consideration than Whittaker Chambers’ similar tale. This article explores these criticisms, Bentley's attempts to counter them with her own public performances of traditional feminity, and, implicitly, gender's role in American Cold War politics.
Development and Clinical Use of an Artificial Lung

In the 1970s, the use of cardiopulmonary bypass at the bedside for critically ill patients with respiratory failure began and was termed extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Later, in the 1980s, applications for extracorporeal technology expanded, and included oxygenation, CO2 removal, and hemodynamic support. However, early studies regarding the use of ECMO for acute lung failure provided less than optimistic results. Today, recent research has created a renewed interest in such technology. There have been progressive advancements in artificial lung technology, and ECMO serves as a form of life support and as a bridge to transplantation for critically ill patients when traditional supportive care is no longer effective. These progressive advancements in artificial lung technology provide another tool in the critical care physician’s arsenal to combat this often fatal injury.
Captive‐rearing piping plovers: Developing techniques to augment wild populations

Techniques for captive-rearing and releasing piping plovers (Charadrius melodus) were developed using a surrogate species, killdeer (Charadrius vociferus). We compared captive- and parent-reared killdeer, and parent-reared piping plovers and determined that growth and behavior were similar. After surrogate trials determined that captive-rearing was feasible, we used the same methods to raise piping plover chicks from salvaged eggs. For captive-reared chick of both species, survival to fledging was higher than and behaviors similar to parent-reared chicks in the wild. Rearing techniques were fine-tuned, and ten piping plover fledglings were released to the wild. Based on our results, we developed recommendations for captive-rearing piping plovers using salvaged eggs to enhance productivity of small populations. Zoo Biol 16:461‐477, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Tattoo Image Matching and Retrieval

An automated tattoo image matching system achieves significantly better results for forensic and law enforcement applications than traditional keyword-based matching.
A proposed stress history for fatigue testing applicable to offshore structures

Abstract A fatigue loading spectrum proposed by Wirsching has been modified to yield a new spectrum more similar in appearance to the long-term stress history of deep water structures. The original spectrum was accelerated by omitting the three lowest sea states, combining the three highest stress states into one and raising the stress level. The test time history was developed using a Markov Chain model for sequencing between sea states.
Fast generation of spherical slicing surfaces for irregular volume rendering

An efficient algorithm for generating a set of concentric spherical slicing surfaces for volume rendering of irregular volume datasets is presented. Our original algorithm, which approximates volume rendering by accumulating concentric spherical slicing surfaces from back to front, generates these surfaces by means of a conventional isosurface generation algorithm. However, this causes a performance bottleneck. To solve the problem, we propose a proliferous generation of slicing surfaces from seed cells, which are automatically determined according to the extremum points of the values of distances from a viewing point. A benchmark test shows that this approach can improve the performance significantly. In addition, we compare this algorithm with a raycasting algorithm that we proposed previously, and discuss a criterion for selecting which one to use for maximizing the performance
Attenuation of activity-induced increases in cerebellar blood flow by lesion of the inferior olive.

We sought to define the contribution of the climbing fibers (CF), one of the major inputs to Purkinje neurons, to the increase in cerebellar blood flow (BFcrb) produced by activation of the cerebel...
The pitch canker epidemic in California

Native Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) forests are currently found at three disjunct locations in coastal California and on two islands off the coast of Mexico. The mainland forests comprise, in total, approximately 4,500 ha (11), whereas the two island populations are limited to 150 ha on Cedros Island and fewer than 400 trees on Guadalupe Island (28). Collectively, these populations are significant ecological and recreational resources, but they are also a valuable repository of useful genetic traits for improved varieties of Monterey pine, which are widely used by the timber industry. In California, Monterey pine is important as a landscape tree, with an estimated 50 million standing trees as of 1985. Monterey pines were especially popular for plantings on freeway rights-of-way, where they served as visual and sound barriers for the adjacent properties. It was among such trees that a dieback problem became apparent in Santa Cruz County (Fig. 1) during the mid-1980s. In 1986, A. H. McCain, extension plant pathologist at University of California Berkeley, established that the affected trees were suffering from pitch canker (30), caused by Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg & O’Donnell (=Fusarium subglutinans (Wollenweb. & Reinking) Nelson, Toussoun, & Marasas f. sp. pini). Subsequent surveys showed the disease to be widespread in coastal Santa Cruz County, with a clearly disjunct infestation being found farther inland, in Alameda County (Fig. 1). Curiously, the disease was also found in Christmas tree farms in Los Angeles and San Diego counties, more than 450 km to the southeast (8).
Supercritical Fluid Attachment of Palladium Nanoparticles on Aligned Carbon Nanotubes

Nanocomposite materials consisting of Pd nanoparticles deposited on aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes have been fabricated through hydrogen reduction of palladium-beta-diketone precursor in supercritical carbon dioxide. The supercritical fluid processing allowed deposition of high-density Pd nanoparticles (approximately 5-10 nm) on both as-grown (unfunctionalized) and functionalized (using HNO3 oxidation) nanotubes. However, the wet processing for functionalization results in pre-agglomerated, bundle-shaped nanotubes, thus significantly reducing the effective surface area for Pd particle deposition, although the bundling provides more secure, lock-in-place positioning of nanotubes and Pd catalyst particles. The nanotube bundling is substantially mitigated by Pd nanoparticle deposition on the unfunctionalized and geometrically separated nanotubes, which provides much higher catalyst surface area. Such nanocomposite materials utilizing geometrically secured and aligned nanotubes can be useful for providing much enhanced catalytic activities to chemical and electrochemical reactions (e.g., fuel cell reactions), and eliminate the need for tedious catalyst recovery process after the reaction is completed.
Infectivity of Five Entomopathogenic Nematodes to the Sweetpotato Weevil, Cylas formicarius (F.), (Coleoptera: Apionidae) in Three Experimental Arenas

Abstract The infectivity of five nematodes [ Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (= Neoaplectana carpocapsae, Steinernema feltiae ) All and Mexican strains, Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (= Steinernema bibionis ) N-27 strain, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (= Heterorhabditis heliothidis ) HP88 strain; and Heterorhabditis sp. FL2122 strain (an undescribed nematode isolated in Florida)] were compared in three experimental arenas. Infectivity was determined by the number of infective juveniles established in Cylas formicarius (F.) larvae. The experimental arenas consisted of a standard petri plate/filter paper arena and a 30-ml vial filled with coarse construction sand or a Krome loam soil. Nematodes and individual larvae were placed at opposite ends in the vial. Larvae were replaced every 2 days for 16 days in all test arenas. Heterorhabditis sp. FL2122 was more effective at establishing in larvae than all other nematodes in all three experimental arenas. There were significant differences in nematode establishment among experimental arenas for each nematode tested. Steinernema carpocapsae strains were favored in the petri plate arenas while Heterorhabditis spp./strains were favored in the sand arena. Nematode establishment increased with time for the first 4 to 8 days and then leveled off for the remaining test period for most nematode-bioassay combinations.
THE RING STRUCTURE OF MANNOSE.

For a long time the structure of the sugars has been the subject of considerable controversy. Originally the sugars were considered to be straight chain aldehydes, but they are now believed to have a cyclic or ring structure. The size of the ring may be determined experimentally by methylating the free hydroxyls and determining where the groups are located by degradation. Another method for determining ring structure has been devised by C. S. Hudson. This method depends upon the comparison of optical rotations. Those substances whose rotations conform to certain rules which he has developed are considered to have the same ring structure, while those which do not agree are considered to have different ring structures. Although there are other instances where the results from the two methods do not agree, the discussion today will be restricted to the ring structure of mannose. The sugar mannose differs from glucose in that the hydroxyl on the second carbon atom lies to the left rather than to the right as in glucose. The difference in the molecular rotations of like forms of glucose and mannose is presumably twice the rotation of the second carbon atom, which is
Use of transcutaneous nerve stimulation wristband to treat methotrexate-induced nausea.

Antecedents: Bien que le methotrexate soit un traitement tres efficace du psoriasis, ses effets secondaries, notamment la nausee et le vomissement, peuvent en limiter l'usage. Diverses approches ont ete essayees pour ameliorer la tolerabilite au methotrexate, dont la variation de la dose, le changement de la methode d'administration ou encore l'administration concomitante d'acide folique et d'un anti-emetique. Objectif L'objectif de ce rapport de cas est de presenter une nouvelle approche non pharmacologique, qui serait utile pour maitriser la nausee associee a la prise du methotrexate. Resultats : Une patiente âgee de 47 ans, souffrant depuis longtemps de psoriasis, a suivi un traitement au methotrexate. Elle a developpe une nausee resistante aux anti-emetiques traditionnels. Grâce a un bracelet a neurostimulation transcutanee, elle a ete presque immediatement soulagee de sa nausee. Conclusions: La neurostimulation peut etre une alternative viable aux autres therapies anti-emetiques preferentielles.
Deuterium interactions with ion-implanted oxygen in Cu and Au

The interactions of deuterium (D) with oxygen in Cu and Au were examined using ion implantation, nuclear-reaction analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. In Cu, the reduction of Cu/sub 2/O precipitates by D to produce D/sub 2/O was shown to occur readily down to room temperature at a rate limited by the transport of D to the oxides. The reverse process of D/sub 2/O dissociation was characterized for the first time below the temperature range of steam blistering. The evolution of the Cu(D)-Cu/sub 2/O-D/sub 2/O system was shown to be predicted by a newly extended transport formalism encompassing phase changes, trapping, diffusion, and surface release. In Au, buried O sinks were used to measure the permeability of D at 573 and 373 K, thereby extending the range of measured permeabilities downward by about six orders or magnitude. 14 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.
A Potential Dimerization Region of dCAMTA Is Critical for Termination of Fly Visual Response

Abstract CAMTAs are a group of Ca2+/calmodulin binding transcription activators that are implicated in brain tumor suppression, cardiac hypertrophy, and plant sensory responses. The sole fly CAMTA, dCAMTA, stimulates expression of an F-box gene, dFbxl4, to potentiate rhodopsin deactivation, which enables rapid termination of fly visual responses. Here we report that a dCAMTA fragment associated with a full-length protein in co-transfected human embryonic kidney 293 cells. The interaction site was mapped to a region within the DNA-binding CG-1 domain. With this potential dimerization site mutated, the full-length dCAMTA had defective nuclear localization. In transgenic flies, this mutant dCAMTA variant failed to stimulate expression of dFbxl4 and rescue the slow termination of light response phenotype of a dCAMTA null mutant fly. Our data suggest that dCAMTA may function as a dimer during fly visual regulation and that the CG-1 domain may mediate dimerization of CAMTA transcription factors.
Public response to radon information in the Pacific Northwest

Most work on the perception of risk from radon is based on studies of limited populations. This paper assesses data from a relatively far reaching program to evaluate what determinants affect public response. The Bonneville Power Administration's radon education, monitoring, and mitigation program has reached over 100,000 households in the Pacific Northwest. We review the responses these households have had to the program to assess its effectiveness in encouraging homeowners to monitor for radon and, where needed, to install mitigation. Program evaluations that touch on the radon information program suggest that homeowners read and understand a 25‐page booklet about indoor air quality. Portions of the program have a penetration rate of 42%, which is comparable to that of programs in regions with the highest radon exposures, though Pacific Northwest exposures are relatively low. We apply a logit regression model to Bonneville's radon data base, which suggests that program participants respond to the progra...
Management of peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum.

Background Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) occurs in about 1% to 5% of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum (PPG) is particularly difficult to manage. Study Design A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients with IBD in whom PPG developed from 1997 to 2007 at the Milton S Hershey Medical Center. Results Sixteen patients (11 women) were identified. Seven had Crohn's disease (CD), seven had ulcerative colitis (UC), and two had indeterminate colitis. Six patients underwent total proctocolectomy, six patients had total abdominal colectomy (TAC), and four patients had diverting loop stomas. PPG occurred an average of 18.4±7.5 months after stoma creation. Twelve patients had active IBD when PPG developed. Two patients had stoma revisions and both had recurrence of the PPG with the new stoma. Medical therapy was successful in eight patients. Five patients had their stomas closed, with active PPG, and all five resolved their lesions. In four of five, surgical management was altered because of PPG (one early stoma closure, two ileal pouches without stomas, one ileal pouch with high body mass index). Of the seven and six patients treated with cyclosporine or infliximab, respectively, there were only two successes with each. Conclusions PPG is more common in the presence of active IBD. Surgical closure of the stoma was successful in resolving PPG in all patients. Cure rate of PPG was poor with cyclosporine and only marginally better with infliximab. Medical treatment of PPG is imperfect, and the best therapy is stoma closure when possible.
Lubrication by molecularly thin water films confined between nanostructured membranes

We use molecular dynamics simulations to study thermal sliding of two nanostructured surfaces separated by nanoscale water films. We find that friction at molecular separations is determined primarily by the effective free energy landscape for motion in the plane of sliding, which depends sensitively on the surface character and the molecular structure of the confined water. Small changes in the surface nanostructure can have dramatic effects on the apparent rheology. Whereas porous and molecularly rough interfaces of open carbon nanotube membranes are found to glide with little friction, a comparably smooth interface of end-capped nanotubes is effectively stuck. The addition of salt to the water layer is found to reduce the sliding friction. Surprisingly, the intervening layers of water remain fluid in all cases, even in the case of high apparent friction between the two membranes.
A Spatial Diversity Technique for IEEE 802.11ad WLAN in 60 GHz Band

This paper shows that a spatial diversity technique can maintain a stable link quality for a 60 GHz WLAN system in an indoor multi-path environment, which suffers from the human-induced shadowing. The 60 GHz spatial diversity technique is validated by simulations and experiments.
The release of pituitary LH and sprouting of LH-releasing hormone (LHRH)-containing neurons after anterior hypothalamic deafferentation.

Abstract The chronology of changes in plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and the distribution of immunoreactive neuronal processes containing LH releasing hormone (LHRH-ir) were studied in the female rat after surgical interruption of anterior neural connections of the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH). Spontaneous LH surges on the afternoon of proestrus and LH release of proestrus and LH release after estradiol benzoate (EB) followed 48 h later by progesterone (P) administration were studied in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The maximum increase in plasma concentrations (ΔmaxLH) after EBP was calculated for each rat at several intervals over 140 days. Control animals given EBP at monthly intervals after OVX had comparably largeΔmaxLH surges during the first few months of study. However, a gradual decline in controlΔmaxLH followed becoming significant 3 months after the start of the experiment. In contrast, frontal cuts (FC), which interrupted anterior MBH connections, produced an abrupt decrease inΔmaxLH surges after EBP to 11% of preoperative levels. However, during subsequent EBP trials, there was a gradual improvement in LH surges to about 50% of preoperative levels over 100 days. In some cases, individual improvement became equal to preoperative LH surge levels, in others there was no recovery. Examination of LHRH-ir nerve growth responses after FC suggested that sprouting by these peptide-containing neuronal process may have contributed to the functional improvements observed.
Physical and Psychological Aggression in At-Risk Young Couples: Stability and Change in Young Adulthood

Physical and psychological aggression was examined over a 2 1/2-year period for at-risk young couples. It was predicted, first, that there would be persistence in any physical aggression across time in the group of couples who stayed together; second, that stability in levels of aggression toward a partner would be higher for men who remained with the same partner compared to men who repartnered; third, that increases in levels of aggression would occur over time for couples with the same partners; and fourth, that changes in aggression over time would be concordant for couples. Measures of aggression included reports of aggression and observed aggression. Findings indicated considerable stability in aggression for the same-, but not for the different-, partner group.
The First “R”: Evidence-Based Reading Instruction for Students With Learning Disabilities

Students with learning disabilities (LD) represent a significant proportion of students enrolled in U.S. schools. Research suggests that students with LD in reading benefit from specialized reading instruction, and effective reading instruction can be characterized as explicit, intensive, and systematic. Examples of evidence-based interventions that follow these principles for students across grade levels are reviewed.
Characteristics of 95% Lean Beef German Sausages Varying in Phosphate and Added Water

Beef German sausages (95% lean) with added water levels (0, 10, 20, 35%) and phosphate levels (0.5 and 1.0%), were compared to a control (20% fat). Controls and sausages with 35% added water tended to be scored higher in juiciness and tenderness than other sausages. Aerobic plate counts increased to 2 wk storage and then were almost constant to 6 wk when 0.5% phosphate had been added, but counts increased up to 6 wk storage when 1% phosphate had been added. Most characteristics were similar to control sausages when the formula had 35% added water and either 0.5 or 1% phosphate.
Ensuring America's Health: Publicly Constructing the Private Health Insurance Industry, 1945–1970

“Ensuring America’s Health” demonstrates how public and private power intermingled to embed a specific organizational model—the insurance company model—into the health care system. The dissertation draws on government documents, trade association papers, company archives, and interviews with policymakers, insurance industry leaders, and physicians. In addition to exploring health care politics, it presents a detailed study of major trade associations and ground-level organizations, such as individual insurance companies and physician offices. This history reveals the degree to which policy debates and private sector organization have informed one another; exposes the factors driving US health care costs; and details the origins of the system’s pseudo-corporate structure, which places insurance companies in a supervisory role over physicians and hospitals.
Chronic Pain in Persons with Neuromuscular Disease

Chronic Pain in Persons with Neuromuscular Disease Amy J. Hoffman, MPH, Mark P. Jensen, PhD, R. Ted Abresch, MS, Gregory T. Carter, MD* Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Box 356490, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-6490, USA Multidisciplinary Pain Center, University of Washington Medical Center–Roosevelt, 4245 Roosevelt Way Northeast, Seattle, WA 98105-6920, USA Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, PM&R TB 191, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
The Baculum in the Pocket Gopher

Apparently the baculum ( os priapi ) has been recorded in no more than five orders of mammals: Chiroptera, Carnivora, Insectivora, Primates and Rodentia. The baculum has been useful in taxonomic evaluation of certain groups of rodents and as an age criterion in mink, otter and beaver. It is the purpose of this note to describe the baculum in two species of the genus Geomys . This structure apparently has not been heretofore described for the family Geomyidae . Figure 1 depicts the …
Oxidation of glycine by Pseudomonas putida requires a specific lipoamide dehydrogenase

Pseudomonas putida produces two lipoamide dehydrogenases with molecular weights of 49,000 and 56,000 designated LPD-val and LPD-glc, respectively. LPD-val is required for oxidation of valine, since it is specifically utilized as the E3 component of branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase. Since glycine oxidation by bacteria and mammals also requires lipoamide dehydrogenase, we desired to determine which lipoamide dehydrogenase would be used by the P. putida glycine oxidation system. When grown in a medium with glycine as the sole nitrogen source, P. putida produced a single lipoamide dehydrogenase with a molecular weight of 56,000 and which reacted with antiserum to LPD-glc. The partially purified glycine oxidation system from P. putida was stimulated by LPD-glc but not by LPD-val and was inhibited by anti-LPD-glc, but not by anti-LPD-val. It was not possible to detect LPD-val in extracts of cells grown in glucose-glycine medium by the use of anti-LPD-val. LPD-glc was five times as active as LPD-val in catalyzing the oxidation of purified protein H, the heat-stable, lipoic acid-containing protein of the glycine oxidation system. These results indicate that LPD-glc is specifically utilized for glycine oxidation in P. putida.
Effect of heat on the kinetic constants of myosin-adenosine triphosphatase.

Nanninga and Mommaerts used the firefly technique for detection of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in order to establish the binding of ATP to myosin1. The addition of creatine phosphate and creatine phosphate transphosphorylase is necessary to counteract the hydrolysis of ATP by the myosin. In this way a maximal binding of 1 mole ATP to 1 mole myosin was established while it was also possible to determine k1, the kinetic constant of the formation of the ATP–myosin complex, from the initial speed of disappearance of the free ATP as measured from the decrease of the luminescence2. The k1 determination can be done in absence of the rephosphorylating system. The effect of heat inactivation of the myosin on both the k1 and on the bound ATP was studied. The myosin was 1.31 per cent, dissolved in 0.3 M potassium sulphate, 0.01 M tris-buffer of pH 7.0 and was heated for 90 min. at 37° C. Then it was added to the luciferin–luciferase solution at different ATP concentrations. It was found that both k1and the bound ATP decrease about sevenfold (Table 1).
The absolute configuration of (-)-aspidospermine.

Die absolute Konfiguration von (−)-Aspidospermin-N(b)-jodemthylat wurde rontgenographisch unter Anwendung der anomalen Streuung bestimmt. Dadurch ist die absolute Konfiguration von (−)-Aspidospermin festgelegt.