cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
30 GENERATION OF CLONED TRANSGENIC GOATS WITH CARDIAC SPECIFIC OVEREXPRESSION OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR β1

Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) has a potent profibrotic function and is central to signaling cascades involved in interstitial fibrosis, which plays a critical role in the pathobiology of cardiomyopathy and contributes to diastolic and systolic dysfunction. In addition, fibrotic remodeling is responsible for generation of re-entry circuits that promote arrhythmias (Bujak and Frangogiannis 2007 Cardiovasc. Res. 74, 184–195). Due to the small size of the heart, functional electrophysiology of transgenic mice is problematic. Large transgenic animal models have the potential to offer insights into conduction heterogeneity associated with fibrosis and the role of fibrosis in cardiovascular diseases. The goal of this study was to generate transgenic goats overexpressing an active form of TGFβ-1 under control of the cardiac-specific α-myosin heavy chain promoter (α-MHC). A pcDNA3.1DV5-MHC-TGF-β1cys33ser vector was constructed by subcloning the MHC-TGF-β1 fragment from the plasmid pUC-BM20-MHC-TGF-β1 (Nakajima et al. 2000 Circ. Res. 86, 571–579) into the pcDNA3.1D V5 vector. The Neon transfection system was used to electroporate primary goat fetal fibroblasts. After G418 selection and PCR screening, transgenic cells were used for SCNT. Oocytes were collected by slicing ovaries from an abattoir and matured in vitro in an incubator with 5% CO2 in air. Cumulus cells were removed at 21 to 23 h post-maturation. Oocytes were enucleated by aspirating the first polar body and nearby cytoplasm by micromanipulation in Hepes-buffered SOF medium with 10 µg of cytochalasin B mL–1. Transgenic somatic cells were individually inserted into the perivitelline space and fused with enucleated oocytes using double electrical pulses of 1.8 kV cm–1 (40 µs each). Reconstructed embryos were activated by ionomycin (5 min) and DMAP and cycloheximide (CHX) treatments. Cloned embryos were cultured in G1 medium for 12 to 60 h in vitro and then transferred into synchronized recipient females. Pregnancy was examined by ultrasonography on day 30 post-transfer. A total of 246 cloned embryos were transferred into 14 recipients that resulted in production of 7 kids. The pregnancy rate was higher in the group cultured for 12 h compared with those cultured 36 to 60 h [44.4% (n = 9) v. 20% (n = 5)]. The kidding rates per embryo transferred of these 2 groups were 3.8% (n = 156) and 1.1% (n = 90), respectively. The PCR results confirmed that all the clones were transgenic. Phenotype characterization [e.g. gene expression, electrocardiogram (ECG), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)] is underway. We demonstrated successful production of transgenic goat via SCNT. To our knowledge, this is the first transgenic goat model produced for cardiovascular research. This work was supported by the Utah Science Technology and Research Initiative, Utah Multidisciplinary Arrhythmia Consortium.
Infrared and visible optical properties of single crystal Ni at 4K

Abstract The absorptivity of single-crystal Ni and Ni + 1% Cu has been measured from 0.08 to 3.0 eV at 4K, where the free carrier background is suppressed. The data have been Kramers-Kronig analyzed. Maxima in the interband conductivity occur at 0.28 and 1.6 eV with minima at 0.4 and 1.0 eV. Critical points may not be significant in their interpretation. Structure previously reported between 2.0 and 2.5 eV and attributed to X 5 - X ′ 4 transitions has not been found, neither in these data nor in thermomodulation measurements at 78 K.
Metaphors that teachers live by: a cultural model of literacy in the era of new literacies

Bridging home literacy practices and school has been a key theme for many New Literacy Studies researchers, yet there is no clear consensus on the impact of multiple or new literacies in K-12 classrooms. American classrooms remain book-centric. Multiple literacies represent a fundamental paradigm shift in the ways we understand and enact literacy and learning, but most teachers continue to respond to literacy instruction in ways that inadequately address the complexities of twenty-first century literacy needs. While the existing structures and policies of education make schools problematic sites for enacting multiple and new literacies, one important explanation can be found in the metaphors that constitute teachers’ cultural model of literacy. This study provides a metaphorical analysis of interview excerpts from classroom teachers in order to reconstruct their cultural model of literacy that I presuppose underlies their talk about bookishness. But membership in this category is determined by an ideal ex...
Bringing prostate cancer quality of life research back to the bedside: translating numbers into a format that patients can understand.

Purpose: Although measuring quality of life of patients with prostate cancer serves important research goals, its primary clinical purpose is informing patients. Sophisticated quality of life measures produce purely numerical results that patients have difficulty understanding. We present an approach that preserves the methodological strengths of validated multi-item measures but provides more accessible information for clinical use.Materials and Methods: Using validated indexes measuring urinary, bowel and sexual function we surveyed patients with clinically localized prostate cancer before treatment and at intervals thereafter. Based on patient responses to parallel distress measures we defined 3 levels of function, including normal—no abnormal symptom, intermediate—any abnormal symptom but none severely abnormal and poor—any severely abnormal symptom. We then translated patient survey results into these levels. To assess measurement properties we compared average symptom distress scores in patients at ...
Clinical Geropsychology and Primary Care: Progress and Prospects

This paper comments on the review by Arean & Ayalon (this issue) and on implications for the further development of clinical geropsychology in primary care. The review provides an outstanding summary of the impressive scientific progress that has occurred in this field over the past decade. Comments focus on prospects for the future of geropsychologists in primary-care settings. Psychologists have been major contributors to research in this area but are not assured of major clinical roles in behavioral healthcare delivery. As a profession, clinical psychology must attend to developing reimbursable clinical roles for psychologists and to training psychologists who are prepared for the challenges of primary-care geropsychology.
Collection definition in federated digital resource development

As part of a federation project providing integrated access to over 170 digital collections, we are studying how collections can best be represented to meet the needs of service providers and diverse user communities. This paper reports on recent results from that project on how digital resource developers conceive of and define their collections. Based on content analysis of collection registry records, survey and interview data, and focus groups, we identify collection definition trends including a broadening of target audiences, elaboration of subject representation, and a lack of clearly defined selection criteria. Our findings reveal high variability and ambiguity in the collection construct. We discuss how the concept of collection is being continuously defined through the processes of digital resource development and federation and how rapidly changing conceptualizations are likely to impact adoption, tailoring, and development of digital collections and their use.
Qualitative differences among gender-stereotyped toys: Implications for cognitive and social development in girls and boys

Although it has been suggested that the early play experiences of girls and boys may contribute to gender differences in cognitive and social development, empirical support for this hypothesis is limited. This paper reports the development of a system of toy classification and may permit a more programmatic investigation of this problem. One hundred adult subjects rated 50 children's toys on 12 “functional” dimensions. Results showed that these toys could be reliably described according to multidimensional similarities and that toys considered appropriate for girls differed in many ways from those considered appropriate for boys. Thus this system may allow us to test more systematically the hypothetical relationship between sex-typed toy play and the development of differential cognitive and/or social skills in girls and boys.
RELATIONSHIP OF AGE TO GENERAL COMPOSITION, SKIN THICKNESS, PHOSPHOLIPID CONTENT AND ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY IN TURKEYS

Meat samples from Large White male turkeys, taken at 4-wk intervals between 12 and 24 wk, indicated that “finish,” estimated by measuring skin thickness, increased significantly between 20 and 24 wk. The amounts of moisture and lipids, but not protein, changed with age of turkeys. The phospholipid portion of total lipid also changed (decreased) with increasing age. Means for lactate dehydrogenase and β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase generally were smaller for Pectoralis major than for Biceps femoris or Gastrocnemius. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were detected only on occasion in the muscles used. Variation in the enzymatic activity and the composition of muscles imply differences in the capability of muscles to accumulate lipid as the turkey increases in age.
A step-wise protocol for stress ulcer prophylaxis in the neurosurgical intensive care unit

BACKGROUND Neurosurgical patients are at risk for stress induced gastric erosion. Clinical criteria for monitoring stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) efficacy and predicting clinical bleeding are limited. SUP in the neurosurgical intensive care unit (NSICU) was evaluated utilizing a multidisciplinary quality assurance program with defined criteria for therapy. METHODS All patients admitted to the NSICU were managed using this protocol. Therapy was initiated with a single drug (cimetidine 300 mg IV every 6 hours, or continuous infusion up to 2400 mg/day) in 136 evaluable cases. Combination therapy was implemented if continued gastric pH < 4 and guaiac positive aspirates occurred (N = 45). Results Significant correlations were observed between low gastric pH values and both GCS < 8 (P ≤ 0.01) and length of ventilatory support (P ≤ 0.005). Single agent therapy was more effective in patients with GCS ≥ 8 (P ≤ 0.001). Endoscopy was performed in 25 patients. No patient with GCS < 8 had pathologic lesions. The presence of asymptomatic gastrointestinal lesions was higher in patients requiring longer ventilatory support (P ≤ 0.001) and intensive care unit stay (P ≤ 0.0001). Patients requiring pentobarbital and vasopressors had statisticallyy higher rates of clinical bleeding (P < 0.05). Patients with GCS < 8 had increased rates of pneumonia (P ≤ 0.005) with a higher pneumonia rate when treated with combination therapy (P ≤ 0.05). Overall, the incidence of clinical bleeding was 3.7%. Conclusions This protocol was effective for prospective monitoring of SUP efficacy and limited multiple drug therapy to patients at risk for clinical bleeding.
ETHNIC SEGREGATION AND CONCENTRATION IN CHICAGO SUBURBS

Since World War II, the population of the city of Chicago has become overwhelmingly black, Hispanic, and Asian. Many non-Hispanic white ethnics have left their central city enclaves to live in the suburbs. Using tract data, the social distance and concentration of seven ethnic groups were calculated through use of the dissimilarity and concentration indexes. When 1960 tract data measuring social distance within the central city are compared to 1980 data for the suburbs, with the exception of the Jews, there is remarkable correlation. The Jews actually became more isolated from other ethnic groups when they moved from the city to the suburbs. Except for the Jews, in 1980 social distance between ethnic groups decreased as the median family income of the suburban tracts increased.
Some Basic Definitions in Graph Theory

A systematic list of definitions of some basic concepts in graph theory of application to physics is presented. An index, some illustrative theorems, and a brief bibliography are included.
Mapping of genetic modifiers affecting the eye phenotype of ocular retardation (Chx10or-J) mice.

Ocular retardation is a recessive murine mutation whose phenotypic expression is greatly affected by genetic background effects. Mice of the inbred 129/SvJ background that are homozygous for the Chx10 or-J mutation are blind and have a thin, poorly differentiated retina and no optic nerve. A backcross between 129/SvJ and Mus musculus castaneus (CASA/Rk) produced animals that were homozygous for the Chx10 or-J mutation, yet showed a much milder phenotype. Such animals, when brother-sister mated and selected for mild phenotype for several generations, resulted in partial recovery of visual function, including presence of an optic nerve and pupillary response. In this article we report a genome scan of phenotypic extremes of the backcross to identify the genetic loci affecting this phenotype modification. Our scan revealed significant loci on Chromosomes 6 and 14 where the CASA/Rk alleles are maintained selectively. Markers were developed near candidate genes, but no candidate gene could be identified unequivocally.
A Little Corner of Freedom: Russian Nature Protection from Stalin to Gorbachev

Acknowledgements Introduction 1. Environmental Activism and Social Identity 2. Archipelago of Freedom 3. The Road to "Liquidation">: Conservation in the Postwar Years 4. Zapovedniki in Peril, 1948-1950 5. Liquidation: The Second Phase, 1950 6. The Deluge, 1951 7. In the Throes of Crisis: VOOP in Stalin's Last Years 8. Death and Purgatory 9. VOOP after Stalin: Survival and Decay 10. Resurrection 11. A Time to Build 12. A Time to Meet 13. More Trouble in Paradise: Crises of Zapovedniki in teh Krushchev Era 14. Student Movements: Catalysts for New Activism 15. Three Men in a Boat: VOOP in the early 1960s 16. Storm over Baikal 17. Science Doesn't Stand Still 18. Environmental Struggles in the Era of Stagnation 19. Enviromental Activism under Gorbachev
Prostate Cancer: Screening, Diagnosis, and Management

Objective: To provide physicians with a review of diagnosis, screening, staging evaluation, treatment options, prognosis, psychosocial issues, economic considerations, and future research direction...
The Saint Who Would Be Santa Claus: The True Life and Trials of Saint Nicholas of Myra. By Adam C. English. Waco, Tex.: Baylor University Press, 2012. xii + 236 pp. $24.95 cloth.

(ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.)The Saint Who Would Be Santa Claus: The True Life and Trials of Saint Nicholas of Myra . By Adam C. English . Waco, Tex. : Baylor University Press , 2012. xii + 236 pp. $24.95 cloth.Book Reviews and NotesFor Anglophone readers the study of Saint Nicholas has been dominated by Charles W. Jones's 1978 magisterial Saint Nicholas of Myra, Bari, and Manhattan: Biography of a Legend (Chicago: University of Chicago). Jones accepted as a starting point that all scholars can know about Nicholas--if he ever even existed--was a collection of legends, which Jones meticulously traced in his book.Although scholars praised and used the book, many have felt uncomfortable with Jones's dismissal not just of any historical evidence about Nicholas but also of the possibility of such knowledge. In this new study English makes a case for limited historical knowledge about Nicholas.English makes it clear that most surviving material is hagiographic if not legendary, but he also makes the case that not all of the material could have been created de novo and thus that there are historical kernels about the saint. But which ones?English points out that the earliest account of Nicholas, a supposed bishop of Myra in southwest Asia Minor in the fourth century, dates to the mid-fifth century. Proclus of Constantinople (d. 446) wrote an encomium on the saint and his abundant virtues. English argues that Proclus drew from an earlier but now non-extant Eastern source. He also lists several sixth-century sources. But he does not rush to make his case. For example, he accepts that no proof exists that Nicholas attended the Council of Nicea in 325, but also points out that the lists of attendees at the council leave out names of bishops known to have attended. He also makes the overall good point of asking how Nicholas could have become so famous if he had never even existed (37).This limited-history approach produces some very unusual and positive results. For example, Nicholas's most famous miracle was aiding an impoverished man who lacked the funds for dowries for his three daughters whom he planned to sell into prostitution. Nicholas saves the day and the young women by throwing three bags of gold on three different occasions into the man's window. When the man discovers the identity of the mysterious donor, Nicholas swears him to secrecy.English does not defend the historicity of this particular tale but does point out that Nicholas helps the daughters to get married rather than encourage them to embrace virginity or even to enter a convent as the pious reader would have expected. …
Worst-case analysis of a scheduling algorithm

In this note, a heuristic proposed by Ibarra and Kim (IK) for scheduling independent tasks on unrelated processors is analyzed. The heuristic may create a schedule which finishes a time m * OPT, where m is the number of processors, and OPT is the time used in the optimal schedule. This compares unfavorably with the heuristics described by Davis and Jaffe [2], which have worst-case behavior which is O(OPT * m^0^.^5).
In vitro labeling of polynucleotides by photoreduction.

Abstract 1. Treatment with NaB3H4 in the presence of ultraviolet irradiation is a rapid and economical method of introducing 3H into DNA and RNA. The reaction was modified into a usable laboratory procedure. Specific activities of up to 8700 counts/min per μg DNA were easily attained. 2. The reaction products were subjected to physicochemical analysis. The results of the present study suggest that the labeled DNA shows some very minor degradation and lowered thermal stability particularly at high temperatures; otherwise its general physical properties are not detectably altered. Therefore, DNA so labeled can be used for physical and hybridization studies.
Shape Grammars and Color Grammars in Design

Shape grammars have been used with much success to study and represent past and contemporary architectural and other designs. Recently, they have begun to be used to create new and original designs...
Consequences of Discretion in the Formation of Commodities Policy

Abstract In a simple model of endogenous primary-commodity price-support policy, (i) policy is affected by private inventories, and (ii) private inventories are affected by speculative attempts to forecast policy. The interaction between these two forces is rich, yielding bubbles and extrinsic volatility, thus helping to explain some odd episodes observed in commodity markets. In addition, under some conditions a government that wishes to support the price but is unable to commit to future action may be impotent; and a government that does not want to support the price may be “trapped” into doing so by speculative activity.
Observations on the spatial vectorcardiogram in man

Abstract 1. 1. A study of spatial vectorcardiograms has been made. 2. 2. Data on normal vectorcardiograms of the P, QRS, and T sE-loops are presented, and a representative normal record is described. 3. 3. Three abnormal vectorcardiograms are presented.
Treatment of iatrogenic femoral artery injuries with ultrasound-guided compression

Abstract Iatrogenic injuries of the groin are becoming more common after increasingly sophisticated vascular intervention. These injuries are accurately detected by duplex and color Doppler ultrasonography. Recently treatment of these lesions by ultrasound-guided compression repair (UGCR) has been described. During a 1-year period we identified 18 femoral artery injuries, including 17 pseudoaneurysms and one arteriovenous fistula. Three of the pseudoaneurysms thrombosed spontaneously before attempted treatment. The remaining 15 lesions underwent a trial of UGCR. Successful closure was accomplished in 10 patients (56%). Seven of these lesions were successfully treated during the initial session, and thrombosis was accomplished after repeat compression in three additional lesions. Three patients who were given anticoagulants had a failed UGCR, but their pseudoaneurysms thrombosed after administration of anticoagulants was discontinued. Two patients had failed UGCR and required operation. Seven (88%) of eight patients who were not given anticoagulants were successfully treated. In contrast only two (29%) of seven patients given therapeutic doses of anticoagulant medication were successfully treated by the technique. There was no statistical difference between mean pseudoaneurysm diameter, mean width and length of pseudoaneurysm neck, or depth of pseudoaneurysm neck from skin surface in patients in whom successful initial closure was achieved when compared with those patients in whom the initial attempt failed. UGCR is a safe, simple, noninvasive technique that can be used to treat many femoral artery injuries that traditionally were treated with surgery. The technique can be applied by any laboratory that has the necessary ultrasonography equipment and is currently the method of choice for treating uncomplicated iatrogenic femoral artery injuries at our institution. (J Vasc Surg 1992;16:832–40.)
Cerebral Glucose Utilization in Rats is Not Altered by Hindlimb Restraint or by Femoral Artery and Vein Cannulation

The effects of immobilization and femoral artery and vein cannulation on resting rates of local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) were measured in 35 brain regions of awake rats by using the quantitative, autoradiographic [14C]2-deoxy-D-glucose [( 14C]DG) technique. Three groups of rats were cannulated on the previous day, and LCGU was measured under conditions of no restraint, 4 h of hindlimb restraint, or acute, four-limb immobilization. A fourth group represented the conventional preparation for [14C]DG experiments, with same-day cannulation followed immediately by 4 h of hindlimb restraint. Plasma catecholamines, corticosterone, and glucose concentrations were measured in all groups; all were elevated significantly above values in unrestrained animals only during four-limb immobilization. LCGU was unchanged by same-day surgery, hindlimb restraint, or both. During four-limb immobilization, LCGU was reduced by 25% in the dorsal hippocampus, and to a lesser extent in the anteroventral thalamic nucleus. It was increased only in the lateral habenula (42%). We conclude that two stressors of the experimental preparation (same-day surgery and hindlimb restraint) do not influence LCGU measurements by the [14C]DG method. More severe, acute stress selectively alters LCGU in a few rat brain regions.
Analyzing Nash-Williams' partition theorem by means of ordinal types

There is a natural way of assigning ordinal-valued functions to certain Ramsey-type theorems. In particular, they can be regarded as an extension of the classical notion of Ramsey numbers. The purpose of this paper is to obtain an estimate of these functions for the Nash-Williams' partition theorem.
Visualizing the Receptor Assembly Into Clathrin-coated Pits with Super-resolution Two-color Palm and sptPALM

The dynamic assembly of receptors into endocytic structures such as clathrin-coated pits underlies cellular response to many external signals. However, the biophysical mechanisms for the regulated uptake of select receptors are unresolved. While commonly used bulk measurements access only ensemble-averaged behaviors, single molecule measurements have largely been limited to looking at only a few molecules in a single cell, lacking true ensemble information. Thus, until recently, the study of receptor capture by clathrin-coated pits has been limited by a scarcity of experimental methods capable of accessing information on ensembles of individual molecules within an individual cell. We addressed this by combining two recent technological advances to image receptors and clathrin-coated pits in living cells: two-color imaging with the photoswitchable PA-mCherry fluorescent label, and single particle tracking photoactivated localization microscopy (sptPALM).As compared to other monomeric red photoactivatable proteins, PAmCherry1 has higher pH stability, faster maturation and photoactivation kinetics, better photostability, and similar number of photons in single-molecule imaging. Furthermore, lack of background green fluorescence makes PAmCherry1 an advanced probe for two-color diffraction-limited microscopy and super-resolution techniques such as PALM. Two-color PALM imaging of PAmCherry1 tagged to the transferrin receptor (TfR) and PAGFP fused with the clathrin light-chain (CLC) were performed. Pair correlation analysis suggests clusters of less than 200 nm in size with both distinct and overlapping distributions of the TfR and CLC chimeras at sub-diffraction 25 nm resolutions. In addition, sptPALM was used to create spatially resolved maps of the trajectories of single receptor motions in conjunction with SPT of diffraction-limited clathrin-coated pits.
A standardized procedure for locating and documenting ECG chest electrode positions: consideration of the effect of breast tissue on ECG amplitudes in women.

Continuing uncertainty exists about standardized procedures for the placement of electrocardiographic (ECG) chest electrodes, technical variability being the largest error source for short-term variations in amplitudes and waveforms of the chest lead ECGs. To avoid presumed attenuation of ECG amplitudes by abundant breast tissue, anterolateral chest electrodes in women are often placed under the breasts and too low. There is also considerable uncertainty about locating the midclavicular line and the V4 electrode, particularly in obese persons and in women. We examined the effect of breast tissue protuberance on ECG amplitudes using ECG and anthropometric data on 6,814 women included in the Atherosclerosis Research in Communities Study (ARIC). The R wave amplitudes in anterolateral chest leads and the Sokolow-Lyon voltage decreased (P < .001 for all), and RaVL and the Cornell voltage increased significantly with increasing breast protuberance (P < .001 for all). However, these effects were small (15 microV or less for each 1-cm increment in breast protuberance), and R2 values were less than .01, indicating that breast protuberance alone explained less than 1% of ECG amplitude variations. When chest size and breast protuberance estimates were entered simultaneously into a multivariate regression model, chest size appeared to dominate, and model R2 values increased for positive associations with RaVL (R2 = .12) and the Cornell voltage (R2 = .04). Combined model R2 values remained < or =.01 for all other ECG amplitudes. A detailed step-by-step standardized electrode placement procedure was formulated. Because of the difficulties encountered in locating the left midclavicular line by visual inspection, we introduced well-defined procedures for identification and documentation of lateral chest electrode placement locations as a quality control method for clinical trials. Population data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Survey on the distributions by sex and race of chest electrode V4 and V6 locations and anthropometric data on chest size and shape are presented in order to facilitate evaluation of the comparability of electrode placement procedures in various studies and for quality control in clinical trials. It is concluded that standardized procedures to document chest electrode placement locations are feasible. Breast tissue appears to have a practically negligible effect on ECG amplitudes, and in women, the placement of chest electrodes on the breast rather than under the breast is recommended in order to facilitate the precision of electrode placement at the correct horizontal level and at the correct lateral positions.
Pharmacologic Treatment of Eosinophilic Esophagitis

There are several treatment options available for patients who have eosinophilic esophagitis (EE). These options include dilatation for mechanical esophageal abnormalities, pharmacologic therapy, and dietary management. Providing the appropriate therapy depends on the significance of clinical symptoms, association of abnormal anatomy, and histologic involvement of underlying the esophageal tissue. This article focuses on the pharmacotherapy of EE.
Mechanisms for Quick and Variable Responses

Dominant and subordinate males produce neuroendocrine stress responses during aggressive social interaction. In addition, stress responsiveness has both acute and chronic temporal components. A neurochemical marker that distinguishes social status and aggression by temporal and regional differentiation is the activity of serotonergic nuclei and terminals. A unique model for distinguishing the relationships among the neuroendocrine machinery of stress, social status and behavior is the lizard Anolis carolinensis. Dominant males exhibit more aggression and have temporally advanced serotonergic responses. Chronic serotonergic activity is associated with subordinate social status and reduced aggression. Acute and chronic serotonergic responses occur in both dominant and subordinate males, and are distinguished temporally. This provides a fundamental question that may elucidate basic differences in behavior: What causes temporally advanced serotonergic activity in response to stress in dominant males? Secondarily, what is the neural basis for the acute and chronic responses? The neural mechanisms for transduction of the relevant behavioral signals are very plastic. Behavioral experience and visual stimuli can produce very rapid responses. Faster and greater responsiveness may be stimulated by restraint stress, social stress and the absence of social sign stimuli (e.g. eyespots of the lizard Anolis carolinensis). Stress response machinery provides regulatory factors necessary to modify social behavior, and to adapt it for specific contexts. Serotonergic activity is rapidly modified by glucocorticoids and GABA, and also by CRF under conditions of previous stress or in combination with AVP. Advancing acute elevation of serotonergic activity may be a distinguishing characteristic of dominant males. Social events add contextual conditioning to brain transmitter activity, with social information processed in a distributed fashion. Medial amygdala manifests delayed serotonergic response compared to hippocampus and nucleus accumbens, and is therefore a good candidate to mediate chronic stress responsiveness. Limiting or delaying acute effects, in addition to chronic serotonergic activity, may be the distinguishing characteristics of subordinate males. Monoamines, glucocorticoids, testosterone, CRF, AVP, AVT, play neuromodulatory roles producing context appropriate behavior.
Entropies and heat capacities of free radicals

Methods are presented for rapidly estimating the entropies and heat capacities of free radicals from the known S0 and C of structurally similar compounds. The methods consist of estimating the differences due to changes in mass, vibration frequencies, spin, symmetry, and changes in rotational barriers. Tables of contributions to S0 and C by different frequencies over the temperature range 300–1500°K are presented to facilitate the tabulation of the above differences. Conjugated radicals, such as benzyl and allyl, are included. It is shown that the greatest uncertainties in the estimates arise from uncertainties in the barriers to rotation in the radicals. The results are applied to kinetic data on the pyrolysis of branched hydrocarbons and the reverse reactions of radical recombination. Major discrepancies exist in these data which can be nearly reconciled by postulating improbably high rotational barriers of 8 kcal for CH3 rotation in isopropyl and t-butyl radicals. It is shown that radical thermochemistry can be fitted into group schemes and tables of groups values are given for the rapid estimation of ΔH, S0, and C for different organic radicals, including those containing sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Search for Superheavy Elements in Nature

The results of a search for elements in the region of atomic number 114 are reported. More than 40 large samples of ores, naturals minerals, and other possible sources have been investigated. The method of detection made use of a large liquid scintillator to detect spontaneous fission events in which unusually large numbers of neutrons are emitted. The apparatus was located in a tunnel under about 250 m of earth shielding in order to reduce the interfering effects of cosmic rays. The limit set for the ratio of half-life/concentration for all the materials tested was greater than ${10}^{23}$ yr/concentration. If the half-life were ${10}^{9}$ yr this limit would correspond to a concentration of less than ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}$ moles of superheavy elements per mole of sample.
Gliomatosis cerebri presenting with hydrocephalus and dementia.

Gliomatosis cerebri is an uncommon central nervous system neoplasm with protean clinical manifestations and frequently nondiagnostic radiographic and laboratory studies. We report a patient with gliomatosis cerebri whose clinical presentation mimicked normal pressure hydrocephalus. Retrospective post-mortem study of the CT scans showed enlargement of the corpus callosum and septum pellucidum, a not infrequent finding in previously reported cases that may be a useful diagnostic sign in future cases.
Cdk Phosphorylation of a nucleoporin controls localization of active genes through the cell cycle

Many inducible genes in yeast are targeted to the nuclear pore complex when active. We find that the peripheral localization of the INO1 and GAL1 genes is regulated through the cell cycle. Active INO1 and GAL1 localized at the nuclear periphery during G1, became nucleoplasmic during S-phase, and then returned to the nuclear periphery during G2/M. Loss of peripheral targeting followed the initiation of DNA replication and was lost in cells lacking a cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor. Furthermore, the Cdk1 kinase and two Cdk phosphorylation sites in the nucleoporin Nup1 were required for peripheral targeting of INO1 and GAL1. Introduction of aspartic acid residues in place of either of these two sites in Nup1 bypassed the requirement for Cdk1 and resulted in targeting of INO1 and GAL1 to the nuclear periphery during S-phase. Thus, phosphorylation of a nuclear pore component by cyclin dependent kinase controls the localization of active genes to the nuclear periphery through the cell cycle.
Nutrition and aging skin: sugar and glycation

The effect of sugars on aging skin is governed by the simple act of covalently cross-linking two collagen fibers, which renders both of them incapable of easy repair. Glucose and fructose link the amino acids present in the collagen and elastin that support the dermis, producing advanced glycation end products or "AGEs." This process is accelerated in all body tissues when sugar is elevated and is further stimulated by ultraviolet light in the skin. The effect on vascular, renal, retinal, coronary, and cutaneous tissues is being defined, as are methods of reducing the glycation load through careful diet and use of supplements.
Decentralized rate-based flow control with bidding for priorities: equilibrium conditions and stability

We study rate-based flow control in a communication network, in which each link is modeled as an M/M/1 queue. The performance criterion is steady-state expected net benefit (reward minus cost) per unit time. Assuming that entering customers make payments that determine their priority in the queue, Hassin (1995) has shown that the equilibrium and optimal arrival rates coincide, so that flow control can be decentralized. We derive an explicit expression for the equilibrium distribution of priority payments and study the stability of the equilibrium under an iterative algorithm corresponding to periodic adaptive customer response to congestion.
Safety and success of kidney transplantation and concomitant immunosuppression in HIV-positive patients.

Safety and success of kidney transplantation and concomitant immunosuppression in HIV-positive patients. Background Human immunodeficiency virus–associated nephropathy (HIVAN) has become the third leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in African Americans, and is expected to grow exponentially. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly prolonged the survival of patients with HIV infection. Despite the growing number of HIV-positive dialysis patients with prolonged life expectancy, kidney transplantation with immunosuppression has been declined because it is considered a waste of scarce donor kidneys due to potential increases in morbidity and mortality. Methods The institutional review board of Drexel University College of Medicine and Hahnemann University Hospital approved this prospective study. The aim was to find out safety and success of kidney transplantation, and the effect of immunosuppression on HIV infection. Forty HIV-positive dialysis patients received kidney transplantation between February 2001 and January 2004. Patient inclusion criteria were maintenance of HAART, plasma HIV-1 RNA of Results One- and 2-year actuarial patient survival was 85% and 82%, respectively, and graft survival was 75% and 71%, respectively. Plasma HIV-1 RNA remained undetectable, and CD4 counts remained in excess of 400 cells per μL with no evidence of AIDS for up to 2 years. Conclusion One- and 2-year graft survival is comparable to other high-risk populations receiving kidney transplantation. One- and 2-year patient survival is higher than HIV patients maintained on dialysis. Immunosuppression does not adversely affect HIV recipients maintained on HAART in the short term.
Path-exploration lifting: hi-fi tests for lo-fi emulators

Processor emulators are widely used to provide isolation and instrumentation of binary software. However they have proved difficult to implement correctly: processor specifications have many corner cases that are not exercised by common workloads. It is untenable to base other system security properties on the correctness of emulators that have received only ad-hoc testing. To obtain emulators that are worthy of the required trust, we propose a technique to explore a high-fidelity emulator with symbolic execution, and then lift those test cases to test a lower-fidelity emulator. The high-fidelity emulator serves as a proxy for the hardware specification, but we can also further validate by running the tests on real hardware. We implement our approach and apply it to generate about 610,000 test cases; for about 95% of the instructions we achieve complete path coverage. The tests reveal thousands of individual differences; we analyze those differences to shed light on a number of root causes, such as atomicity violations and missing security features.
Assessing Medication Safety Technology in the Intensive Care Unit

Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of a technology in the context of the distributed system in which it is working is critical to assessing and improving the performance of that system. Taking a systems approach requires knowledge about how all agents in a system work together to achieve the goals of that system. With these aims, the alerting mechanism of infusion pumps containing Dose-Error Reduction Software (DERS) was studied to determine its effectiveness in the Intensive Care Units (ICU's) of three hospitals. In 1,146 of the 9,557 pump alerts (12.0%), the alert caused the clinician to change the input. Of these, 1,030 were changed to within the hospital's recommended dosing limits. The alert was overridden for 8,400 (88.0%) of the alerts. The data show that this technology successfully informed clinicians over 1000 times that unintended doses had been inputted and stopped those doses from reaching the patient, thereby averting potential Medication Events. The data also suggest that, because n...
Algorithm-assisted elucidation of disulfide structure: Application of the negative signature mass algorithm to mass-mapping the disulfide structure of the 12-cysteine transforming growth factor β type II receptor extracellular domain

Abstract The power of an algorithm-driven method for interpreting disulfide mass-mapping data is demonstrated in the context of determining the disulfide structure of the extracellular domain of the transforming growth factor β type II receptor, a 14-kDa cystinyl protein containing 12 cysteines in the form of six disulfide bonds. The disulfide mass-mapping methodology is based on partial reduction and cyanylation-induced cleavage of the cystinyl protein. Because the multiplicity of possible disulfide structures that must be considered grows rapidly with the number of cysteines, as does the difficulty in physically isolating each of the partially reduced and cyanylated isoforms of the analyte, manual data interpretation for disulfide mapping a cystinyl protein containing more than eight cysteines becomes unmanageable. Recently, we introduced the concept of a “negative signature mass algorithm” (NSMA) to determine the disulfide structure of a cystinyl protein by processing an input of its amino acid sequence and mass spectral data from analysis of its associated cyanylation-induced cleavage products. Here, we present experimental results to validate the NSMA concept. A key advantage of the NSMA, in addition to convenience and automation, is its capacity to interpret mass spectra from mixtures of cyanylation-induced cleavage fragments without separating the partially reduced isoforms of the cystinyl protein and without knowledge of the extent of partial reduction.
Cryptorchidism Rescues Spermatogonial Differentiation in Juvenile Spermatogonial Depletion (Jsd) Mice

Male mice homozygous for jsd mutation undergo an initial wave of spermatogenesis, but spermatogonial differentiation ceases a few weeks after birth; at that point the tubules show only type A spermatogonia and Sertoli cells. To test whether testicular descent into the scrotum contributes to the block in spermatogonial differentiation, jsd mutant (jsd/jsd) mice were bilaterally cryptorchidized at the age of 4 wk. Surprisingly, 8 wk later, germ cell differentiation was maintained in 98% of the tubules, a rate that fell to 13.5% in mice without surgery. The testis weight and the degree of spermatogenesis in cryptorchidized normal (jsd/+) and jsd mutant mice were almost identical. Furthermore, germ cell differentiation was also restored in almost all the tubules in 20-wk- and 70-wk-old jsd mutant testis unilaterally cryptorchidized 8 wk earlier, whereas the contralateral scrotal testis in these mice showed differentiation in only 6% of tubules. In irradiated LBNF1 rats, which have a block in spermatogonial di...
In situ reverse transcription for detection of hybridization between oligonucleotides and their intracellular targets

It is often important to know that a phenotypic change caused by antisense treatment has occurred because the antisense molecule has specifically hybridized to its intracellular target, rather than by some nonspecific, indirect route. We describe here a method that can be used to detect hybridization of an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide to its intracellular target RNA and, furthermore, to identify the sites at which hybrids are located in situ. Oligodeoxynucleotides are first taken up by the live cell and then cells are fixed and subjected to an in situ reverse transcription reaction. The reverse transcription assay exploits the fact that only oligonucleotides that are hybridized to RNA will act as primers for reverse transcriptase and allow incorporation of labeled nucleotide into cDNA; unhybridized oligonucleotides will not prime reverse transcription. We illustrate this approach by comparing the levels of oligo(dT) hybridized to poly(A) RNA in cells that have taken up the oligo(dT) with and without cationic lipid in the medium.
The Roles of Race, Class, and Residential Preferences in the Neighborhood Racial Composition of Middle‐Class Blacks and Whites*

Objective. This analysis extends the residential attainment literature by examining the neighborhood racial composition of middle-class blacks and whites while controlling for residential preferences. Methods. Using the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality and 1990 Census data, the spatial assimilation and place stratification theories of locational attainment are tested. Results. As in previous research, support is shown for both theories; for blacks, stronger human capital characteristics translate into neighborhoods that are less racially segregated. However, even when middle-class blacks prefer to live in integrated neighborhoods, on average, they live in neighborhoods that are about 60 percent black and 30 percent white, while middle-class whites who prefer to live in integrated neighborhoods reside in neighborhoods that, on average, are 10 percent black and 85 percent white. Conclusions. Although incorporating residential preferences into models that predict neighborhood racial composition proves important, the relative inability of middle-class blacks to implement their preferences indicates powerful social forces that maintain “American apartheid.”
Does an Index Composed of Clinical Data Reflect Effects of Inflammation, Coagulation, and Monocyte Activation on Mortality Among Those Aging With HIV?

calculated closest to date of collection. We calculated Spearman correlations stratified by HIV-1 RNA and HCV status and measured association with mortality using C statistics and net reclassification improvement (NRI). Results. Of 1302 subjects, 915 had HIV-1 RNA ,500 copies/mL and 154 died. The VACS Index was more correlated with IL-6, D-dimer, and sCD14 than the Restricted Index (P , .001). It was also more predictive of mortality (C statistic, 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], .72‐.80) than any biomarker (C statistic, 0.66‐0.70) or the Restricted Index (C statistic, 0.71; 95% CI, .67‐.75). Compared to the Restricted Index alone, NRI resulted from incremental addition of VACS Index components (10%), D-dimer (7%), and sCD14 (4%), but not from IL-6 (0%). Conclusions. Among HIV-infected individuals, independent of CD4, HIV-1 RNA, and age, hemoglobin and markers of liver and renal injury are associated with inflammation. Addition of D-dimer and sCD14, but not IL-6, improves the predictive accuracy of the VACS Index for mortality.
Electric field gradient effects in raman spectroscopy.

Raman spectra of materials subject to strong electric field gradients, such as those present near a metal surface, can show significantly altered selection rules. We describe a new mechanism by which the field gradients can produce Raman-like lines. We develop a theoretical model for this ``gradient-field Raman'' effect, discuss selection rules, and compare to other mechanisms that produce Raman-like lines in the presence of strong field gradients. The mechanism can explain the origin and intensity of some Raman modes observed in SERS and through a near-field optical microscope (NSOM-Raman).
Polycythemia secondary to multiloculated renal cyst in a child.

Polycythemia has been reported in association with a variety of pediatric renal neoplasms. The authors present the case of a 10-year-old boy with polycythemia and elevated erythropoietin that resolved after resection of a multiloculated renal cyst. This case also is unusual in the small size of the lesion, 0.5 cm in greatest dimension.