cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extracting Fuzzy Rules Under Uncertainty and Measuring Definability Using Rough Sets

In this article we consider attributes to be fuzzy sets. Knowledge acquisition takes place by looking at examples. In each example, attributes as well as a corresponding decision is made available. The decision may be a fuzzy diagnosis. Based on these examples two sets of fuzzy rules are constructed: certain rules and possible rules. Corresponding measures of how much we believe these rules are also constructed. The concept of how much a fuzzy diagnosis is definable in terms of fuzzy attributes is studied. Finally, classifications and some of their properties are analyzed.
Online EECS curriculum for high school students

One way to increase the reach of STEM exposure and education programs is through the use of online environments. There are numerous challenges in pursuing such a solution, however. Here we present an online EECS-themed curriculum we developed and ran in the summer of 2014 that introduced rising high school seniors to core concepts in EECS. The course placed significant emphasis on short, yet complex exercise modules that relied on both software and hardware engineering concepts and attempted to develop a virtual laboratory setting in an effort to reproduce the benefits of laboratory presence of residential programs. Three different online environments were used in tandem to create an online community. We discuss the creation of the curriculum, show several examples of exercises carried out by students, present analysis of student behavior throughout the course, and discuss student feedback from this course as compared to residential programs. It is our intention that this work could provide the basis for future similar curricula, enabling cost-effective broader outreach of STEM programs at the K-12 level.
ZEPLIN IV: A One Ton WIMP Detector

We describe the research and development program carried out by the UCLA — Torino group leading to the ZEPLIN II detector under construction for the Boulby Laboratory. Knowledge of ZEPLIN II performance will help in the design and construction of ZEPLIN IV. This detector could be located at a U.S. underground laboratory (WIPP site or others) or elsewhere. We show that a detector of this size is required to observe SUSY WIMPS.
“AGING OUT: DON'T MISS OUT”—A MODEL OF COMMUNITY LEGAL EDUCATION

Typically, community legal education projects are ad hoc efforts where attorneys, law students, paralegals, or community organizers present how-to workshops, develop manuals, or lead informational or training sessions for other attorneys, advocates, or members of the community. However, community education efforts can also promote and encourage public awareness, community engagement, and advocacy. This essay explores why community legal education efforts are needed and particularly well suited for youth transitioning out of foster care, and examines a specific community legal education effort that is being implemented with and on behalf of foster youth transitioning out of New Jersey's foster care system. The hope is that by studying this example, others may learn from it and be inspired to replicate it, as part of a state's or a community's overall effort to aid, empower, and engage foster youth.
Forecasting Basis Levels in the Soybean Complex: A Comparison of Time Series Methods

A battery of time series methods are compared for forecasting basis levels in the soybean futures complex: soybeans, soybean meal, and soybean oil. Specifically, nearby basis forecasts are generated with exponential smoothing techniques, autoregression moving average (ARMA), and vector autoregression (VAR) models. The forecasts are compared to those of the 5-year average, year ago, and no change methods. Using the 5-year average as the benchmark method, the forecast evaluation results suggest that alternative naive techniques may produce better forecasts, and the improvement gained by time series modeling is relatively small. In this sample, there is little evidence that the basis has become systematically more difficult to forecast in recent years.
Semantic B2B integration

The tutorial “Semantic B2B Integration” will give an introduction to the field of business-to-business (B2B) integration from a technical viewpoint with the focus on semantic integration aspects. The set of B2B integration concepts is introduced as well as their implementation in form of a technical semantic B2B integration architecture. A mix of examples is taken illustrating the problems that need to be solved in semantic B2B integration projects. The tutorial enables the audience to identify semantic B2B integration problems as well as to determine the benefits and deficiencies of various technical integration architecture approaches or B2B integration technologies.
EFFICIENT DIRECT COMPUTATION OF THE PSEUDO-INVERSE AND ITS GRADIENT

The pseudo-inverse (also called the Moore–Penrose inverse or the generalized inverse) has many uses in engineering in fields such as control design, structural dynamics and identification. Efficient computation of the pseudo-inverse can greatly ease the computational burden associated with these techniques. In addition, the gradient of the pseudo-inverse may be needed for sensitivity analysis or optimization. Typical methods for computing the pseudo-inverse require the singular value or eigenvalue decomposition of the appropriate matrices. Moreover, if the gradient is required, it is either computed with finite differences, or by taking the gradient of the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and eigen decomposition of the appropriate matrices. However, this is a very difficult task, if possible at all. This paper develops a direct method of computing the gradient of the pseudo-inverse of well-conditioned systems with respect to a scalar. The paper begins by revisiting a direct method for computing the pseudo-inverse developed by Greville for matrices with independent columns. When applied to a square, fully populated, non-symmetric case, with independent columns, it was found that the approach can be up to 8 times faster than the conventional approach of using the SVD. Rectangular cases are shown to yield similar levels of speed increase. A method is then presented which is a direct approach for computing the gradient of the pseudo-inverse that previously did not exist. To help illustrate the algorithms, simple MATLAB code is provided. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hierarchical clustering analysis of flexible GBR 12909 dialkyl piperazine and piperidine analogs

Pharmacophore modeling of large, drug-like molecules, such as the dopamine reuptake inhibitor GBR 12909, is complicated by their flexibility. A comprehensive hierarchical clustering study of two GBR 12909 analogs was performed to identify representative conformers for input to three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship studies of closely-related analogs. Two data sets of more than 700 conformers each produced by random search conformational analysis of a piperazine and a piperidine GBR 12909 analog were studied. Several clustering studies were carried out based on different feature sets that include the important pharmacophore elements. The distance maps, the plot of the effective number of clusters versus actual number of clusters, and the novel derived clustering statistic, percentage change in the effective number of clusters, were shown to be useful in determining the appropriate clustering level. Six clusters were chosen for each analog, each representing a different region of the torsional angle space that determines the relative orientation of the pharmacophore elements. Conformers of each cluster that are representative of these regions were identified and compared for each analog. This study illustrates the utility of using hierarchical clustering for the classification of conformers of highly flexible molecules in terms of the three-dimensional spatial orientation of key pharmacophore elements.
The effect of coastal sea level forcing on Indian River Bay and Rehoboth Bay, Delaware

Abstract Previous studies have suggested that sea level and current variability in Indian River Bay and Rehoboth Bay, Delaware are primarily forced by coastal sea level fluctuations. A linearized frequency-dependent pumping mode model is developed to (1) examine the response characteristics of the Indian River Bay-Rehoboth Bay system, and (2) assess the relative importance of the coastal forcing from the Indian River Inlet and the Lewes-Rehoboth Canal. The results indicate that the pumping mode model can adequately address the first-order response of the two bays. The results further indicate that sea level variabilities in the two bays are almost entirely forced by coastal forcing from the Indian River Inlet at both tidal and subtidal frequencies. The coastal forcing from the inlet also dominates the volume flux through the system at all frequencies. but the coastal forcing conveyed through the Lewes and Rehoboth Canal can generate up to 20% of the total volume transport at very low frequencies. The lowfrequency volume flux through the canal, however, generates a flow through the entire system and produces minimal sea level response. The overall response of the two bays to coastal forcing depends strongly on the degree to which the two bays are coupled. The ditch connecting the two bays acts as an effective low-pass filter to preferentially damp out high-frequency tidal motions in Rehoboth Bay. Because of the coupled nature of the response, the ditch also exerts substantial influence on the response characteristics of Indian River Bay.
On optimal adiabatic reactors of combined types

Some fairly general considerations arising out of the work of Cholette and Blanchet on combined stirred tank and tubular reactors are here presented. General analytical and graphical conditions for the optimality of the MT combination are given and it is shown that, save for autocatalytic reactions, the combination is only optimal for sufficiently exothermic reactions. The proportions of the optimal combined reactor can be readily calculated and it is shown that the stirred tank design is always stable. A circumstance under which the TM combination is optimal is also suggested but it is thought to be of rare occurrence. L'auteur presente des considerations tres generales qui ont ete suggerees par le travail de Cholette et Blanchet sur les combinaisons de reacteurs bien agite et tubulaire. Il donne les conditions generales, analytiques et graphiques, qui ont trait a l'optimalite de la combinaison MT et montre que sauf pour les reactions autocatalytiques la combinaison est optimale uniquement dans le cas de reactions suffisamment exothermiques. L'auteur indique que l'on peut calculer facilement les proportions de la combinaison optimale de reacteurs et montre que le reacteur bien agite est toujours stable. Il suggere un cas ou la combinaison TM est optimale mais croit que ce soit un cas d'exception.
Concurrency in linear hashing

Concurrent access to complex shared data structures, particularly structures useful as database indices, has long been of interest in the database community. In dynamic databases, tree structures such as B-trees have been used as indices because of their ability to handle growth; whereas hashing has been used for fast access in relatively static databases. Recently, a number of techniques for dynamic hashing have appeared. They address the major deficiency of traditional hashing when applied to databases that experience significant change in the amount of data being stored. This paper presents a solution that allows concurrency in one of these dynamic hashing data structures, namely linear hash files. The solution is based on locking protocols and minor modifications in the data structures.
Fish eye-lens reagents: a possible new class of reagents for molecular and cellular identification.

Initial studies have shown that fish lens protein can be modified in vitro to acquire a specific affinity for selected molecules, e.g., human hemoglobins, and cells, e.g., human erythrocytes. These studies were extended by preparing lens reagents that can distinguish bovine serum albumin from ovalbumin, and major groups of human erythrocytes in the ABO system from each other. Lens reagents appear to be potentially useful tools for the identification of specific molecules, either in solution or on cell surfaces.
Effect of tinfoil substitute contamination on adhesion of resin denture tooth to its denture base

At least one manufacturer claims that contamination of denture teeth with tinfoil substitute during processing is not detrimental. The purpose of this study was to determine whether tinfoil substitute contamination has any significant effect on the bond strength between acrylic resin denture teeth and their processed acrylic resin base. Eighty acrylic resin maxillary central incisors were processed to denture base material. The experimental group had the denture tooth ridgelap area contaminated with tinfoil substitute. The control group was not contaminated. The bond strength of the two groups was tested. The results indicate that contamination with tinfoil substitute significantly reduces the bond strength of acrylic resin denture teeth bonded to their denture base.
The molecular mechanism of action of general anesthetics: structural aspects of interactions with GABAA receptors

(1) Considerable evidence has accumulated that the molecular target of general anesthetics in the central nervous system is the GABA(A) receptor, the major mediator of inhibitory synaptic transmission. This receptor is actually a family of ligand-gated chloride channel proteins, each a heteropentameric membrane-spanning structure. (2) Regional variation in anesthetic actions on the central nervous system may parallel a corresponding regional variation in pharmacological subtypes of GABA(A) receptors. These result from differential regional expression of approximately 18 subunit genes. (3) Receptors of varying subunit composition show differential sensitivity to GABA, modulatory drugs, and biological regulatory mechanisms. Regional variation in allosteric modulation of GABA(A) receptor binding and function can be reconstituted in certain recombinant receptor subunit combinations expressed in heterologous cells. (5) Differential sensitivity to anesthetics for various GABA(A) receptor subunits also allows the use of the chimeric and site-directed mutagenesis approach in attempting to define domains of the protein which participate in the binding and actions of anesthetics.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression Comorbid with Neurologic Disorders

Depression is common in patients with neurologic disorders such as Alzheimer disease, stroke, Parkinson disease, and multiple sclerosis. Diagnosing depression in the context of neurologic disease is challenging, given the overlap between many signs and symptoms of depression with those of the neurologic disorders. Cognitive impairment further complicates diagnostic evaluation. The etiology of depression in these patients is not well understood and variously has been attributed to emotional reaction to the diagnosis or disability associated with the neurologic condition, the anatomical and/or neurochemical outcomes of neurodegeneration, and the influence of other disease factors. Beyond the inherent burden depression places on patients and caregivers, it increases cognitive and functional disability and, depending on the neurologic disorder, poorer treatment adherence and recovery, earlier institutionalization, and increased suicide risk. Few controlled antidepressant trials are available to guide treatment. In the absence of validated diagnostic guidelines for depression in each neurologic condition, clinicians are urged to remain vigilant for this treatable comorbidity. Although more controlled trials clearly are needed, existing studies suggest that depression in patients with neurologic disorders responds to antidepressant medication and, in some disorders, to psychotherapeutic approaches. Investigating the neuroanatomical and neurochemical correlates of depression comorbid with neurologic conditions also may clarify depression etiology and treatment in the general population.
Use of the radiation therapy oncology group recursive partitioning analysis classification system and predictors of survival in 19 women with brain metastases from ovarian carcinoma

BACKGROUND Brain metastases are an uncommon complication in women with primary ovarian carcinoma; thus, little is known about whether the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) prognostic classification system is valid in this patient population. METHODS From September 1985 to June 2002, 19 patients with brain metastases resulting from primary ovarian carcinoma underwent treatment at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. The medical records of these patients were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS At the time of data analysis, all 19 women had died. The median age at diagnosis of primary ovarian carcinoma and brain metastasis was 51 and 54 years of age, respectively. Fifteen patients presented with a Karnofsky performance status (KPS) of 70 or higher. Seven patients had a single brain lesion and 12 had multiple lesions. All RTOG RPA prognostic classes were represented, with median survivals of 24.7, 8.9, and 2.6 months for Classes I, II, and III, respectively (P = 0.31). Patients who underwent surgical resection survived longer than those who did not (33.7 vs. 7.4 mos). The presence of multiple lesions was adversely related to survival on multivariate analysis (P = 0.03). Primary control was an important predictor of survival on multivariate analysis as well (P = 0.01) and was achieved in 15 of the 19 women. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to support the prognostic usefulness of the RTOG RPA classification for ovarian carcinoma patients with metastasis to the brain. The number of metastatic intracranial lesions should be included when determining the prognosis. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Mechanistic insights into the chiral phosphoramide-catalyzed, enantioselective crossed-aldol reactions of aldehydes.

The mechanism of the phosphoramide-catalyzed enantioselective aldol additions of trichlorosilyl enolate 1 to aldehydes has been studied. Natural abundance 12C/13C kinetic isotope analysis showed that the rate-determining step of the reaction is the aldolization. Arrhenius activation parameters for the aldol addition reaction were determined. The entropy of activation is large and highly negative, whereas the enthalpy of activation is relatively small. Despite the different trends in selectivity observed for electron-rich and electron-poor aldehydes, similar entropic and enthalpic contributions to the free energies of activation are found for both classes of substrates. The experimental results from the Arrhenius and the kinetic isotope effect studies allowed the formulation of an interpretation for the divergent selectivity trends in the aldol reaction.
Microfaunal response to fertilization of an arctic tundra stream

1. As part of a whole-system study, the response of the heterotrophic microfaunal community colonizing artificial substrata (polyfoam units) to fertilization of an arctic tundra stream was followed for 6 weeks during the summer. 2. Dominant heterotrophic microfauna observed included amoebae (approximately 40% of colonizing biomass), rotifers (36% of biomass) and ciliates (25% of biomass). 3. Biomass of heterotrophic microfauna on artificial substrata was not significantly different in a control reach and an experimental reach fertilized with phosphorus (loading rate ten times ambient), but in a reach fertilized with both phosphorus and nitrogen (loading rates ten times ambient) biomass was double that of the control and phosphorus-fertilized reaches. The lack of response in the phosphorus reach was probably due to greater insect grazing as a result of previous phosphorus fertilization of this reach. 4. Abundance of microfauna on epilithic surfaces in the river was higher on rocks from pools than on rocks from riffle areas, but abundance on the artificial substrata was higher than on the natural rocks. 5. The results suggest that microfauna of arctic tundra streams are regulated by grazers and that their importance in transfers among trophic levels is greater in pools than in riffles.
S-Glutathionylation Reshapes Our Understanding of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Uncoupling and Nitric Oxide/Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Signaling

Oxidative stress has been shown to convert endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) from an NO-producing enzyme to an enzyme that generates superoxide, a process termed NOS uncoupling. This uncoupling of eNOS converts it to function as an NADPH oxidase with superoxide and hydrogen peroxide generation. eNOS uncoupling has been associated with many pathophysiologic conditions, such as heart failure, ischemia/reperfusion injury, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and diabetes. The mechanisms implicated in the uncoupling of eNOS include oxidation of the critical NOS cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin, depletion of L-arginine, and accumulation of methylarginines. All of these prior mechanisms of eNOS-derived reactive oxygen species formation occur primarily at the heme of the oxygenase domain and are blocked by heme blockers or the NOS inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine methylester. Recently, we have identified another unique mechanism of redox regulation of eNOS through S-glutathionylation that was shown to be important in cell signaling and vascular disease. Herein, we briefly review the mechanisms of eNOS uncoupling as well as their interrelationships and the evidence for their importance in disease.
Community-Based Initiatives and Poverty Alleviation in Subsistence Marketplaces:

Despite the success of recent poverty alleviation efforts, millions remain entrapped by abject poverty. While many of these efforts have resulted in vastly improved lives for individuals and their close relations, the benefits for the community, as a whole, are less clear. This research draws on Resource-Advantage Theory to investigate the potential of community-based initiatives as a route to poverty alleviation in subsistence marketplaces. In particular, the viability of a collaborative, community-based solution is demonstrated through a case study detailing the outcome of reforestation measures in Mexico and Haiti. The findings suggest that the success of community-based initiatives in poverty alleviation efforts is predicated on combining market-oriented goals and a communal philosophy.
Fifty years of psychiatric nomenclature: Reflections on the 1943 War Department Technical Bulletin, Medical 203.

War Department Technical Bulletin, Medical 203 is presented in historical context as the first psychodynamic nomenclature. The history of Medical 203 is presented to show how Medical 203 was adapted to become DSM-I. Medical 203 then is compared and contrasted to DSM-IV to illustrate how changes in the modern DSMs have led to an 800% increase in the number of psychiatric diagnoses over the last half century. The role of critical history is emphasized in evaluating those changes and in speculating about the next 50 years of psychiatric nomenclature. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 56: 935–967, 2000.
Major Ion Loadings to Lake Superior

Abstract A method of predicting tributary loadings of major ions to Lake Superior is described, making use of the water budget and chemical composition of Lake Superior, and of data on the chemistry of atmospheric precipitation on or around the lake. Predicted tributary loadings are compared with tributary water chemistry, and the basic assumptions of the procedure are confirmed: chemical weathering in the basin is the principal source of calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate ions to the lake; the atmosphere is the major source of sulphate and chloride to the lake and to its basin. Both the predicted loadings and the river chemistry loadings estimates indicate an excess loading, mainly atmospheric in origin, of chloride and sulphate, but because the lake volume is so great, increases in concentrations of these ions in the open waters of the lake will not be detectable for several decades.
Differential effects of mild repeated restraint stress on behaviors and GABAA receptors in male and female rats

We previously reported that the very mild stress of individual housing influenced seizure risk and gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA(A)) receptor activity differentially between male and female rats. The aim of the present set of studies was to assess sex differences in behavioral responses to a more pronounced type of stressor, repeated restraint stress. We also wanted to determine the role of GABA(A) receptors in effects of this stressor. Our data suggest that repeated restraint stress afforded short-term protection against seizure induction in both male and female rats. Moreover, this protection was more persistent in female than male rats. This stress paradigm also elicited a reduction in general activity in male rats, whereas female rats displayed prolonged increased activity following the repeated restraint stress exposure. However, there were limited effects on anxiety-like behaviors, as determined by time spent in the open arms on the elevated plus maze. Sex differences in stress-induced increases in plasma corticosterone levels were observed, which generally correlated with sex differences in behavioral measures. There were no significant effects of the repeated restraint stress exposure on benzodiazepine/GABA(A) receptor density or affinity nor on receptor function. Taken together, these findings provide additional evidence to support the important influences of sex in responding to stress and highlight the need to consider this context when addressing the role of stress in health issues for women and men.
Enhancing the Academic Experiences of First-Generation Master's Students

Is being first generation significant for undergraduates only? The narratives of 25 first-generation master’s students in this phenomenological study suggest not. Participants experienced challenge...
CANCELLATION EFFECTS IN COMPUTED ATOMIC TRANSITION PROBABILITIES

— The common method of computing atomic transition probabilities involves the expansion of atomic wavefunctions in terms of single-configuration, LS-coupled basis functions. Calculated values are frequently rendered very unreliable by cancellation effects resulting from intermediate-coupling and configuration-interaction mixing of basis functions. Examples are discussed in the spectra of Ar I, AI L, and Si I. The general circumstances under which computed transition probabilities may be expected to be most reliable are reviewed. 1. Qualitative discussion. — Theoretically computed atomic transition probabilities are of a notoriously low general level of accuracy. Although the reasons for this are fairly well known, we wish here to review the subject, with particular emphasis on configurationmixing effects, and using certain transitions in the spectra of Ar I, Al I, and Si I as illustrations. Weighted transition probabilities or oscillator strengths for electric dipole transitions are computed in terms of the line strength S according to the equa-
Students' Use of Technology in Learning Course Material: Is it Cheating?

This paper presents the results of a four-year study examining business students' perceptions of academic integrity and the role of technology in e-learning. This study is an extension of previous research on academic integrity in the online environment Cole, Shelley & Swartz, 2013; Cole & Swartz, 2013; Shelley, Cole & Swartz, 2010. Of the 553 students who participated in the study, more than a third did not believe that academic integrity applied equally online and in the classroom. Independent-samples t-tests showed statistically significant differences based on gender, but not by age group or level of study. There were 200 responses to what made the two learning environments different. Students pointed to the "real world" where accessing all available resources to solve a problem was the norm, suggesting that instructors should recognize that and adapt their expectations of what is and is not acceptable behavior in the courses they teach.
Designing isothermal titration calorimetry experiments for the study of 1:1 binding: Problems with the “standard protocol”

Literature recommendations for designing isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) experiments to study 1:1 binding, M+X -->/<-- MX, are not consistent and have persisted through time with little quantitative justification. In particular, the "standard protocol" employed by most workers involves 20 to 30 injections of titrant to a final titrant/titrand mole ratio (R(m)) of ~ 2-a scheme that can be far from optimal and can needlessly limit applicability of the ITC technique. These deficiencies are discussed here along with other misconceptions. Whether a specific binding process can be studied by ITC is determined less by c (the product of binding constant K and titrand concentration [M](0)) than by the total detectable heat q(tot) and the extent to which M can be converted to MX. As guidelines, with 90% conversion to MX, K can be estimated within 5% over the range 10 to 10(8)M(-1) when q(tot)/σ(q)≈700, where σ(q) is the standard deviation for estimation of q. This ratio drops to ~150 when the stoichiometry parameter n is treated as known. A computer application for modeling 1:1 binding yields realistic estimates of parameter standard errors for use in protocol design and feasibility assessment.
Further validation of the Psychosocial Costs of Racism to Whites Scale on a sample of university students in the southeastern United States.

We examined the factor structure of the Psychosocial Costs of Racism to Whites Scale (PCRW; Spanierman & Heppner, 2004) on 766 White American university students from the southeastern United States. Results from confirmatory factor analyses supported the 3-factor model proposed by Spanierman and Heppner (2004). The construct validity of the PCRW was further strengthened by its convergent validity demonstrated by the associations among its subscales and White racial identity attitudes and White privilege attitude. Our findings support the continued exploration of the validity and reliability of the PCRW as well as its utility as a measure of White individuals' affective responses to racism.
Why Arizona Matters: The Historical, Legal, and Political Contexts of Arizona's Instructional Policies and U.S. Linguistic Hegemony.

The United States is home to the largest number of immigrants of any nation (United Nations 2006). In 2005, 38.5 million residents of the U.S. were foreign born. As a result, an increasing number of children in the public schools are either immigrants or the children of immigrants: more than one of every five. Most of these children come from homes in which English is not the primary language spoken, and more than half at any one time are designated as English learners (or ELs), that is, they do not speak enough English to allow them to succeed in the mainstream English classroom. Importantly, however, about 75% of these students speak Spanish and while there is an increasing dispersion of immigrants across the U.S., still most are concentrated in particular areas such that a number of instructional options are often possible. Nonetheless, the U.S., like many other immigrant nations has struggled to find appropriate ways to incorporate these students into the public schools and to help them to become successful learners. Much of this quest has been shaped by legal and political battles over the rights of immigrants and English learners. Although there were major initiatives in the U.S. Congress and the courts in the 1960s and 1970s, there has been little policy coherence since that time.
Consuming Lattes and Labor, or Working at Starbucks

This is an ethnographic portrait of working at one of the most conspicuous components of the neoliberal order: the upscale looking, fast-food acting coffee chain, Starbucks. Simon discusses the emotional labors of being a happy and chatty “partner” (employee), the difficulties of the uneven scheduling, the unexpected physical aspects of the job, and the culture of conformity at the nation's largest seller of coffee and affordable luxury. The essay assesses the corporations' reputation for being a good employer and contains extensive interviews with Wobblies trying to organize the chain. It suggests how workers are consumed by and with the brand in what the author calls “New Age welfare capitalism.”
Isolated, perfused fetal rabbit lungs: Preparation and flow relationships

An isolated, perfused, nonventilated, previable fetal rabbit lung preparation is described. Fetal rabbits were obtained by caesarean section from timed pregnancy does, and without allowing the fetus to gasp, the ductus arteriousus was ligated and the pulmonary vasculature was perfused with a Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution containing glucose and plasma expanders. The lungs were removed and maintained in an experimental chamber at 38° C and 100% relative humidity. The viability of the lungs was monitored by recording the pressure in the pulmonary artery. Fifty-four fetal lungs from 25 does were perfused at flows ranging from 0.66 to 5.94 ml/min. The retention time of a vascular marker dye (indocyanin green) decreased, from 37 seconds to about 5 seconds over this flow range. Fetal lungs retained a significant percentage of infused radioactive serotonin (5HT) (20 second infusion of 1.12 × 10−8 M 3H-5HT). At low flows (below about 2.0 ml/min) the percent3H-5HT retained was maximal at 50 to 55% of the infused dose, but when flow was increased so that dye retention time was less than about 12 seconds (flow was greater than about 3.0 ml/min) the % 5HT retained decreased in a flow-dependent manner, which is essential for characterization of the uptake process. Three interrelated purposes of this report — a) the description of the techniques involved in achieving an isolated fetal lung preparation, b) the concept of using the dye retention time as index of uptake surface area, and c) a description of potential 5HT uptake limitations at low flows — form the foundation for future research comparing the metabolism of the fetal lung with lungs at later stages of development.
A fresh look at weather impact on peak electricity demand and energy use of buildings using 30-year actual weather data

Buildings consume more than one third of the world’s total primary energy. Weather plays a unique and significant role as it directly affects the thermal loads and thus energy performance of buildings. The traditional simulated energy performance using Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) weather data represents the building performance for a typical year, but not necessarily the average or typical long-term performance as buildings with different energy systems and designs respond differently to weather changes. Furthermore, the single-year TMY simulations do not provide a range of results that capture yearly variations due to changing weather, which is important for building energy management, and for performing risk assessments of energy efficiency investments. This paper employs large-scale building simulation (a total of 3162 runs) to study the weather impact on peak electricity demand and energy use with the 30-year (1980–2009) Actual Meteorological Year (AMY) weather data for three types of office buildings at two design efficiency levels, across all 17 ASHRAE climate zones. The simulated results using the AMY data are compared to those from the TMY3 data to determine and analyze the differences. Besides further demonstration, as done by other studies, that actual weather has a significant impact on both the peak electricity demand and energy use of buildings, the main findings from the current study include: (1) annual weather variation has a greater impact on the peak electricity demand than it does on energy use in buildings; (2) the simulated energy use using the TMY3 weather data is not necessarily representative of the average energy use over a long period, and the TMY3 results can be significantly higher or lower than those from the AMY data; (3) the weather impact is greater for buildings in colder climates than warmer climates; (4) the weather impact on the medium-sized office building was the greatest, followed by the large office and then the small office; and (5) simulated energy savings and peak demand reduction by energy conservation measures using the TMY3 weather data can be significantly underestimated or overestimated. It is crucial to run multi-decade simulations with AMY weather data to fully assess the impact of weather on the long-term performance of buildings, and to evaluate the energy savings potential of energy conservation measures for new and existing buildings from a life cycle perspective.
High-temperature corrosion-fatigue (Circumferential) cracking life evaluation procedure for low alloy (Cr-Mo) boiler tube steels

Abstract A laboratory simulation procedure for reproducing high-temperature cracks found in coalfired boiler tubes was developed. The procedure design was based on an intergranular corrosion/thermal stress interactive initiation mechanism and an environmentally assisted fatigue crack propagation mechanism. Simulation results show the potential of this procedure as both an evaluation tool for material solutions to the problem and a life estimation procedure for new boiler tube surface modifications.
The chlorophyll-deficient mutant assay in barley (Hordeum vulgare) a report of the U.S. environmental protection agency Gene-Tox program☆

Barley, a self-fertilized, diploid plant with 2n = 2x = 14 relatively large chromosomes, is used extensively in genetic studies. The chlorophyll-deficient mutant assay is based on the appearance of discrete phenotypes (i.e., albina, xantha, viridis, striata and tigrina) in the M2 generation following mutagenic treatments. These mutant phenotypes result from events affecting numerous loci distributed throughout the genome; therefore, the assay is relatively efficient. Although dorman and/or germinating seeds are generally treated, plants can be exposed to mutagens either at specific ontogenetic stages or throughout their life cycle. Experimental protocols are described in the literature. The review of literature pertaining to chemical mutagens identified 20 chemicals that have been tested in the barley chlorophyll-deficient mutant assay. Either a positive or a positive-dose-rleated response was reported for 95% of these; only N-methyl-bis-(β-chloroethul)amine hydrochloride was reported as negative. It appears that those compounds that are mutagenic in other organisms are also mutagenic in barley. Although most of the reports reviewed involved mutagenesis experiments under laboratory conditions, this assay might be useful for detecting mutagens in the ‘real world’ environment.
The Invisibility and Centrality of Class After Communism

Just as the availability of new ideas can drive the development of new institutions, the unavailability of ideas also has powerful political effects. The article demonstrates the paradoxical absence of class discourse in postcommunist Polish political debates—paradoxical because the same actors who eschewed class discourse believed that postcommunist class formation and inequalities were the central problems shaping the country and driving the political agenda. The paper documents the early thinking about class and politics on the part of key political activists. It traces their fear of class discourse to their limited knowledge of postwar European capitalisms and the role played by strong labor movements in stabilizing those systems. Ironically, Poles understood capitalism in too Marxist a way, as a perennially raging struggle between classes. Knowing that workers would lose out in the new system, they feared that speaking about class would empower workers as a class and thus weaken the market economy they were determined to build. Not generally aware how class compromise in the post-World War II era worked to stabilize capitalism, Polish (and most other eastern European) oppositionists did their best to thwart the emergence of class identities on the part of those left behind, even at the cost, for liberals, of reconciling themselves to political defeat. The result of the refusal to countenance class discourse was not a block on the emergence of class anger, but a displacement of that anger from class “others” to identity-based others, and thus a weakening of the liberal politics that most postcommunist liberals had wished to reinforce. A final section explores recent Polish thinking about class in the context of reactions to the Polish edition of my Defeat of Solidarity book showing continued mainstream reluctance to talk about class but new interest in this category among youth.
Nonlinear perturbative electromagnetic (Darwin) particle simulation of high intensity beams

A multi-species perturbative nonlinear (δf) electromagnetic particle simulation scheme has been developed for studying the propagation of intense charged particle beams in high-intensity accelerators and transport systems. The scheme is based on the Darwin approximation of Ampere's law, in which the transverse inductive electric field is neglected, resulting in the elimination of high-frequency transverse electromagnetic effects and, consequently, the associated numerical restrictions from the simulation. However, as noted previously, the presence of the time derivative of the vector potential in the equations of motion for the Darwin model can cause numerical instability. To circumvent this difficulty, we have adopted an approach by replacing the mechanical momentum, pz, in the direction of beam propagation, by the canonical momentum, Pz=pz+qAz/c, as the phase-space variable. The resulting Ampere's law is then modified by the presence of an additional shielding term associated with the skin depth of the species. In order to minimize the numerical noise and to easily access both linear and nonlinear regimes for the physics of interest, we have also adopted the δf formalism for the Darwin model. The absence of unwanted high-frequency waves also enables us to use the adiabatic particle pushing scheme to compensate for the mass-ratio disparities for the various species of charge. The scheme is ideal for studying two-stream and filamentation instabilities, which may cause deterioration of the beam quality in the heavy ion fusion driver and fusion chamber.
Waiting for Mates: Variation in Female Encounter Rates Within and Between Leks of Drosophila Conformis

Previous work on Drosphila conformis revealed that males were aggregated at trees of Pisonia umbellifera, where they defended individual leaves at mating territories. Leaves of this tree species are distributed in distinct clusters at the ends of branches, and males tended to occupy and females visit the lowest leaves within a given cluster. Larger males were found to dominate smaller ones with the result that larger individuals generally occupied the lowest territories within a cluster. Here, data collected over a 2-year period are used to investigace settlement patterns of D. conformis on two larger spatial scales: between clusters in the same lek and between different leks. Within a single lek, both sexes (but particularly females) appeared to settle preferentially in the larger clusters, and as a result female encounter rates were usually greatest for males that occupied low leaves in large clusters. Moreover, because of this female preference, relatively small (and presumably subordinate) males that held high leaves in large clusters encountered females more frequently than larger males that defended low leaves in small clusters. Among the three leks observed, ratios of males/territory varied only slightly, whereas female arrival rates/territory differed substantially and were greatest for the largest lek. Consequently, the average female encounter rates for males in the largest lek were 1.4-2.4 times greater than those recorded for males in the smaller aggregations.
Using Petitions To Teach Slavery.

For many years, the historical experience of slavery has occupied a unique niche in the minds of Americans. For some, the presence of enslaved Africans, while unfortunate, did not necessarily mean that American democracy was flawed (after all, they argued, American slavery was not all that bad). Others were repulsed by the institution and labeled the United States Constitution an immoral document for protecting the horrors of slavery. Regardless of their view, many Americans turned to the words and experiences of slaves themselves to support their arguments. Comments Reprinted from Magazine of History, Volume 17, Issue 3, April 2003, pages 44-50. Publisher URL: http://www.oah.org/ NOTE: At the time of publication, author Damon Freeman was affiliated with Indiana University. Currently December 2006, he is a faculty member of the School of Social Policy and Practice at the University of Pennsylvania. This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/spp_papers/30 OAH MAGAZINE OF HISTORY • APRIL 2003 Copyright © 2003 Organization of American Historians (OAH). Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF file from the Organization of American Historians (www.oah.org) are copyrighted by the Organization of American Historians. Unauthorized distribution, posting, or copying is strictly prohibited without written permission of the OAH. COLONIAL SLAVERY 3 Exploring Slavery’s Roots in Colonial America Ira Berlin 5 Recent Literature on Slavery in Colonial North America Donald R. Wright 11 The Transatlantic Slave Trade and Colonial Chesapeake Slavery Lorena S. Walsh 17 Slavery in the North Shane White 23 Slavery in the Lower South Jane Landers 28 “Amazing Grace”: Literature as a Window on Colonial Slavery James G. Basker 31 Complicating Slavery: Teaching with Runaway Slave Advertisements from Northern Colonies Matthew Mason and Rita G. Koman 35 Virginia’s Black Codes: Uncovering the Evolution of Legal Slavery Gary Hart 37 The Code Noir: Construction of Slavery in French Colonial Louisiana Kevin Arlyck 41 Using Primary Source Documents: African Americans in the Revolutionary War Steven Mintz 44 Using Petitions to Teach Slavery Damon Freeman 52 The Survey, Again Julie Roy Jeffrey 55 The Transatlantic Slave Trade and American Slavery Ellen Bucy
Period doubling in the outer heliosphere

From approximately July 28 to November 26, 1984, IMP 8 at 1 AU observed quasi-periodic interaction regions in the solar wind characterized by a peak every 13.4 days in the magnetic field strength, plasma density, and temperature, corresponding to an inertial period of 12.5 days. When the same solar wind reached Voyager 2 (which moved from 15.2 to 16.1 AU during the corresponding time interval, September 27, 1984, to January 27, 1985), the enhancements in the magnetic field strength and the plasma density and temperature recurred with a period of approximately 25 days. Thus the period of the large-scale fluctuations in B, N, and T doubled between 1 AU and 15.2 AU. The magnetic field strength increased linearly with the density and the temperature in the Voyager 2 data. The tails of the distributions of B, N, and T in the Voyager 2 data were approximately exponential.
The first Chinese translation of the last nine books of Euclid's Elements and its source

Abstract Books VII to XV of the Elements (Books VII to XIII by Euclid and Books XIV and XV by Hypsicles of Alexandria) were first translated into Chinese by the British missionary Alexander Wylie and the Chinese mathematician Li Shanlan between the years 1852 and 1856. The translation was subsequently published in 1857. Neither of the translators in their prefaces to the translation or in their other writings mentioned the specific original source. Accordingly, historians have pondered this question ever since. Some took a bold guess that its source was Isaac Barrow's English translation. This article provides solid evidence to show that the guess is wrong, and argues that the first English translation of Euclid's Elements of 1570 by Henry Billingsley was the actual source.
Teachers for the gifted — past, present and future

The issue of how teachers for the gifted should be trained and selected is closely related to the historical and philosophical views of education in general.