cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Fasting on Gluconeogenesis from Alanine in Nondiabetic Man

The present study was designed to determine the effect of fasting on gluconeogenesis from alanine. This process was measured by combining the infusion of l4 C-alanine with the A-V difference technique. Normal subjects were studied after 12 and 48 h of fasting and obese subjects were studied after 18 days of therapeutic starvation. After a 12-h fast the hepatic venous 14 C-alanine specific activity was 34% lower than the arterial 14 C-alanine specific activity, which was consistent with a dynamic exchange of alanine between the intestine and the plasma and with a net release of unlabeled alanine by the intestine. Under these conditions the net splanchnic alanine uptake (106 μmol/min) would underestimate the actual hepatic extraction of alanine, which could be estimated as at least 147 μmol/min. After 48 h and 18 days of fasting, the 14 C-alanine specific activity equaled that in the arterial plasma, indicating cessation of intestinal release of alanine into the portal circulation. Under these circumstances, net splanchnic alanine uptake would equal net hepatic alanine extraction. Thus, actual hepatic alanine extraction rates at 48 h and 18 days of fasting were 134 and 94 μmol/min, respectively. In the face of a decreasing hepatic alanine extraction with fasting, gluconeogenesis from alanine increased by 100% (from 41 to 82 μmol/min) after 48 h of fasting. After 18 days of starvation 51 /μmol/min of alanine was converted to glucose, a rate still 25% higher than after a 12-h fast. We concluded: (a) fasting is associated with a gradual decrease in hepatic alanine extraction; (b) however, gluconeogenesis from alanine is increased after 48 h and 18 days of fasting due to a more efficient intrahepatic conversion of alanine to glucose.
Detection of malabsorption of vitamin B12 due to gastric or intestinal dysfunction

In vivo tests for detection of vitamin B 12 malabsorption involve feeding 0.5–2 μ g of the vitamin, labeled with 56 Co (half-life, 77 days), 57 Co (half-life, 270 days), 58 Co (half-life, 71 days), or 60 Co (half-life. 5.26 yr), and measuring the amount absorbed by the amount of radioactivity in either stool, urine, blood, liver, or whole body. The test is divided into three stages: (1) Feed radio B 12 alone. Subnormal absorption ‘means. gastric or ileal dys function. Need not be done if in vitro radioassay for intrinsic factor carried out. (2) Feed radio Biz plus intrinsic factor concentrate. Subnormal absorption means ileal dysfunction, but does not rule out concomitant gastric dysfunction. (3) Only done if second stage is subnormal. Feed antibiotic (or anthelminthic) for appropriate period, then feed radio B 12 . Normal result means patient had "blind loop" syndrome (or fish tapeworm). When pancreatic dysfunction is suspected, the third stage consists in feeding the radio-B 12 with added bicarbonate or pancreatin or both. When drug-induced B 12 malabsorption is suspected, the third-stage test is the test after withdrawal of the offending agent. In vitro radioassay tests for B 12 malabsorption include: (1) Serum B 12 level: subnormal levels nearly always mean inadequate ingestion or absorption of B 12 . (2) Gastric intrinsic factor: lack means inability to absorb B 12 due to gastric dysfunction. (3) Circulating antibody to intrinsic factor: presence means the same as lack of gastric intrinsic factor; present in about two-thirds of patients who lack intrinsic factor. (4) Radioassay of ileal biopsy: a research test for functionality of the ileal receptor mechanism for intrinsic factor-mediated B 12 absorption. Every patient with B 12 malabsorption that is not unequivocally of a single cause should be retested after therapy to separate primary from secondary malabsorption.
Evolution and expansion of SOI in VLSI technologies: Planar to 3D

□ SOI has enabled industry leadership in planar CMOS exemplified by both digital and analog mixed-signal applications □ Innovative future opportunities for SOI as Industry moves to Fully Depleted Architectures and beyond Uniformity and Variability control are at the forefront! □ Paradigm shift in SOI value proposition as FinFET era arrives.
Effects of two forms of combined oral contraceptives on carbohydrate metabolism in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome

Objective To compare the effects of combined oral contraceptives (OCs) containing cyproterone acetate or desogestrel on insulin sensitivity in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Design A prospective randomized clinical trial. Setting Outpatient gynecological clinic of Aretaieion University Hospital. Patient(s) Thirty-six adolescent girls with hyperandrogenism and six or less menses in the preceding 12 months. Intervention(s) Patients were separated in two groups: group A (n = 18) received 0.15 mg of desogestrel plus 0.030 mg of ethinyl E 2 daily; and group B (n = 18) received 2 mg of cyproterone acetate plus 0.035 mg of ethinyl E 2 daily, for 21 days followed by a 7-day rest, for 12 months. Main Outcome Measure(s) Hirsutism score, lipid, androgen, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels were evaluated at baseline. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed and metabolism indices, based on previously studied mathematical formulas, were assessed at baseline and at 12 months. Result(s) After 12 months of treatment, the homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance increased significantly in both groups. The fasting glucose-to-insulin ratio and predicted insulin sensitivity index decreased in group B. The delta of the area under the OGTT curve for insulin and predicted first and second phase insulin secretion indices increased significantly only in group B. Conclusion(s) We conclude that treatment of adolescent girls with PCOS with the two combined OCs administered, results in unfavorable changes of insulin sensitivity. In addition, cyproterone acetate is associated with an increase of insulin secretion and hyperinsulinemia.
Safety of Levalbuterol Compared to Albuterol in Patients With a Tachyarrhythmia.

Objective: To determine the safety of levalbuterol versus albuterol in patients with a tachyarrhythmia. Data Sources: A PubMed search was conducted using the MeSH search terms levalbuterol, albuter...
Analysis and design of homopolar motors and generators

The homopolar DC motor converts electrical energy into mechanical rotational energy using the Lorentz force. The same machine can be used to convert mechanical energy to DC electrical energy. In order to better understand homopolar motors and their applications, an analog model was created using PSPICE. Forces opposing the motor rotation include back-voltage, eddy currents, moment of inertia, and sliding friction and are analyzed in detail. Resulting forces are discussed and calculated analytically. The capabilities of the homopolar machine operating as both as motor and generator are considered. Using current research from the University of Missouri on rail guns and coil guns which utilize similar electromagnetic forces for linearly-accelerated applications, the maximum efficiency of the homopolar motor is examined. Experimental data was collected and used to compare simulation results and verify the accuracy of motor performance. Sensitivity analysis and the estimated maximum machine efficiency obtained from simulation are presented.
Hyperparathyroidism and Anemia in Chronic Renal Failure

The clinical course of an adolescent on chronic hemodialysis with severe hyperparathyroidism, osteodystrophy and profound anemia is described. After 1,25,dihydroxycholecalciferol was instituted for therapy, bone disease improved as evidenced by radiographic findings. Transfusion requirements diminished and bone marrow fibrosis on serial biopsies decreased significantly. These therapeutic results link hyperparathyroidism with the pathogenesis of anemia in chronic renal failure.
Simulate the Process of Nitriding Depth on the Surface of Titanium by Mixing Laser and Nitrogen Plasma Nitriding Approach

An approach by mixing laser and plasma to conduct nitriding treatment on the surface of titanium can improve the surface hardness, and the hardness of the surface in different nitriding depth is different. We wrote a program, by which we carried out Monte Carlo simulation calculation, in accordance with the model description by C language. In the calculation process, by changing laser power intensity, scanning velocity, nitrogen ion energy and angle of incidence, we got the distribution of nitrogen ions in iron under different conditions, and thus formed computer simulation diagram of titanium nitride process.
Quantitative thermo-acoustics and related problems

Thermo-acoustic tomography is a hybrid medical imaging modality that aims to combine the good optical contrast observed in tissues with the good resolution properties of ultrasound. Thermo-acoustic imaging may be decomposed into two steps. The first step aims at reconstructing an amount of electromagnetic radiation absorbed by tissues from boundary measurements of ultrasound generated by the heating caused by these radiations. We assume that this first step has been performed. Quantitative thermo-acoustics then consists of reconstructing the conductivity coefficient in the equation modeling radiation from the now known absorbed radiation. This second step is the problem of interest in this paper. Mathematically, quantitative thermo-acoustics consists of reconstructing the conductivity in Maxwell's equations from available internal data that are linear in the conductivity and quadratic in the electric field. We consider several inverse problems of this type with applications in thermo-acoustics as well as in acousto-optics. In this framework, we obtain uniqueness and stability results under a smallness constraint on the conductivity. This smallness constraint is removed in the specific case of a scalar model for electromagnetic wave propagation for appropriate illuminations constructed by the method of complex geometric optics solutions.
Primary cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma in the United States: Incidence, survival, and associated cancers, 1976 to 2005

Background Primary cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma (PCACC) is a rare appendageal tumor of uncertain origin. Details on epidemiologic features of PCACC are sparse and largely based on clinical reports. Objective We sought to develop an understanding of PCACC incidence, survival, and associated cancers using population-based data. Methods We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program to calculate age-adjusted incidence rates (IRs), IR ratios, 95% confidence intervals, standardized incidence ratios (SIRs), and 5-year relative survival of PCACC diagnosed during 1976 to 2005. Results In a population of 723,174,580 person-years, the overall PCACC IR was 0.23 per 1 million person-years (n = 152), with similar IRs among male and female patients (IR = 0.24). Most cases of PCACC presented at a localized stage and arose on the face/head/neck. Among 122 of the 2-month survivors of PCACC and more than 2.4 million 2-month cancer survivors, risk of associated cancers overall was not significantly increased (SIR = 1.17 [n = 24] and SIR = 1.43 [n = 16], respectively). However, PCACC was associated with significantly increased risks of subsequent lymphohematopoietic (n = 6; SIR = 3.70) and thyroid (n = 2; SIR = 15.25) cancers, whereas the converse associations were not observed. Five-year relative survival was excellent (96.1%; n = 122) with more favorable survival noted for PCACC involving the face/head/neck than the trunk. Limitations A pathologic review of reported cases was not undertaken. Conclusion PCACC is a rare appendageal tumor that affects male and female individuals equally, primarily presents at localized stage, predominates in the face/head/neck, and is associated with favorable survival. Immunosuppression does not appear to contribute to the development of PCACC, and the observed associated cancer patterns will need to be confirmed in larger studies.
Can treating the diastolic blood pressure below a certain value increase cardiovascular risk

The appearance of cardiovascular events when the diastolic blood pressure is lowered to some critical level is referred to as a “J-curve.” Extensive data document the presence of a J-curve appearing when the diastolic blood pressure is lowered by antihypertensive medication to a level below 65 mm Hg, particularly in patients with underlying coronary heart disease even if such disease has not been clinically evident. Caution is needed in the more intensive and widespread treatment of hypertensive patients to avoid a J-curve.
Frequency Spectrum of Crystalline Solids

It is generally accepted that a normal crystalline solid can be pictured at absolute zero as an assembly of molecules arranged at periodically placed lattice points. Since at higher temperatures each molecule becomes a harmonic oscillator about its lattice point, in order to calculate thermodynamic properties of the crystal it is necessary to know the distribution of its internal normal modes of vibration. On the basis of the Born‐von Karman model these normal modes of vibration are roots of a secular determinant. In this paper it is shown that the 2nth moment of the distribution function of normal modes is proportional to the trace of the nth power of the matrix of the Born‐von Karman determinant. By expressing the distribution function as a linear combination of Legendre polynomials it is shown that the coefficient of each polynomial is a linear combination of the moments. The frequency distribution function of a two‐dimensional simple cubic lattice is calculated by the above method and turns out to have two maxima. Usually the equation for a thermodynamic function F(T) involves the integral of the product of the frequency distribution function g(v) and a known function K(T, v). We show here that when F(T) is a known function of T an integral equation results with g(v) under the integral sign. This integral equation can be solved for g(v) by use of Fourier transforms.
A correlation structure based approach to neighborhood selection in random field models of texture images

Random field models have been successfully utilized in many applications requiring texture synthesis, classification, and segmentation. This class of models assumes each image pixel can be represented as a function of neighboring pixels and an additive noise sample. The effectiveness of these models is highly dependent on the choice of neighbor sets. Current approaches to selecting neighbor sets are based on ad-hoc methods. In the paper a systematic method which selects neighbor sets based on the correlation structure of texture images is presented and evaluated. >
System combination for out-of-vocabulary word detection

This paper presents a method to improve the out-of-vocabulary (OOV) word detection performance by combining multiple speech recognition systems' outputs. Three different fragment-word hybrid systems, the phone, subword, and graphone systems, were built for detecting OOV words. Then outputs from each individual system were combined using ROVER. Two combination metrics were explored in ROVER, voting by word frequency and voting by both word frequency and word confidence score. The experimental results show that the OOV word detection performance of the ROVER system with confidence scores is better than the ROVER system with only word frequency, as well as any of the individual hybrid systems.
The Production and Dissipation of Compensated Thermohaline Variance by Mesoscale Stirring

Abstract Temperature–salinity profiles from the region studied in the North Atlantic Tracer Release Experiment (NATRE) show large isopycnal excursions at depths just below the thermocline. It is proposed here that these thermohaline filaments result from the mesoscale stirring of large-scale temperature and salinity gradients by geostrophic turbulence, resulting in a direct cascade of thermohaline variance to small scales. This hypothesis is investigated as follows: Measurements from NATRE are used to generate mean temperature, salinity, and shear profiles. The mean stratification and shear are used as the background state in a high-resolution horizontally homogeneous quasigeostrophic model. The mean state is baroclinically unstable, and the model produces a vigorous eddy field. Temperature and salinity are stirred laterally in each density layer by the geostrophic velocity and vertical advection is by the ageostrophic velocity. The simulated temperature–salinity diagram exhibits fluctuations at depths ju...
Vaginitis due to Gardnerella vaginalis and to Candida albicans in sexual abuse

Sexually transmitted diseases may be transferred to children and adolescents during voluntary or involuntary sexual contact. Two children are reported with the unusual association of sexual abuse and Candida albicans or Gardnerella vaginalis infections. Awareness of the techniques for diagnosis of these infections is essential for appropriate management of the abused child. These organisms should not be considered normal flora when found in symptomatic children and adolescents and should raise the possibility of sexual abuse. Language: en
Future of NSF to be reviewed

The National Science Board has announced the formation of a Special Commission on the Future of the National Science Foundation. This announcement provides the latest evidence that the mission of the 40-year-old agency will undergo substantial change. NSF's reexamination of its mission is not unexpected. It was widely predicted that Walter Massey, the foundation's director since early last year, would put his own stamp on the agency. The external environment has also changed, notably with the transformation of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Budget restraints have forced the foundation to contemplate a future which no longer includes a doubling of its budget. And finally, Congress has urged the agency to reexamine its role, a recent example being Senate Appropriations Committee report language stating, “the Committee believes that the new world order requires the Foundation to take a more activist role in transferring the results of basic research from the academic community into the market place.”
The effect of DNS delays on worm propagation in an IPv6 Internet

It is a commonly held belief that IPv6 provides greater security against random-scanning worms by virtue of a very sparse address space. We show that an intelligent worm can exploit the directory and naming services necessary for the functioning of any network, and we model the behavior of such a worm in this paper. We explore via analysis and simulation the spread of such worms in an IPv6 Internet. Our results indicate that such a worm can exhibit propagation speeds comparable to an IPv4 random-scanning worm. We develop a detailed analytical model that reveals the relationship between network parameters and the spreading rate of the worm in an IPv6 world. We also develop a simulator based on our analytical model. Simulation results based on parameters chosen from real measurements and the current Internet indicate that an intelligent worm can spread surprising fast in an IPv6 world by using simple strategies. The performance of the worm depends heavily on these strategies, which in turn depend on how secure the directory and naming services of a network are. As a result, additional work is needed in developing detection and defense mechanisms against future worms, and our work identifies directory and naming services as the natural place to do it.
Orthogonal wavelets with applications in electromagnetics

A topic of considerable interest in applied mathematics is wavelets. The promises of wavelets are based upon their localization in both spatial and spectral domains, better convergence properties, their computational speed, and the two parameter invariance under analytic representations. We introduce the basic wavelet theory, discuss periodic wavelets, intervallic wavelets, integral equations' solution and present the applications of orthogonal wavelets to the eddy current and EM wave scattering problems.
Folate metabolism and deposition in eggs by laying hens.

Abstract White Leghorn hens were fed purified folate-deficient diets or commercial corn- and soybean meal-based diets supplemented with different amounts of folic acid. The folate contents of egg yolk and blood plasma from these hens were estimated with an isotope-dilution, radioligand-binding assay. Folates in egg yolk were concentrated approximately 43-fold relative to the blood plasma from which they were derived. Yolk and plasma folate concentrations became saturated with increasing dietary folate. Hens fed a commercial, folate-sufficient diet (0.72 mg folate/kg) produced eggs with slightly less than half of the maximal folate content. Based on tritium deposition in egg yolk and egg white, the biological half-life of [3H]folic acid injected intraperitoneally into two folate-sufficient hens was ∼15 days, while it was ≥40 days in two hens fed a purified folate-deficient diet (0.07 mg folate/kg) that also reduced egg production. Radioactivity in egg yolk was concentrated more than 100-fold relative to egg white in both cases. The [3H]folates remaining in the hens at the end of the experiment were substantially more concentrated in liver than in kidney, heart, or skeletal muscle. The specific radioactivity of folates in the liver of folate-deficient hens after 78 days was almost 10 times greater than in folate-sufficient hens after 39 days. Laying hens have highly efficient conservation and delivery systems for folates.
Ocean color reveals phase shift between marine plants and yellow substance

Daily high-resolution Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) images of the central North Atlantic Ocean (1998-2003) show that temporal changes in the absorption coefficient of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) or "yellow substance" follow changes in phytoplankton pigment absorption coefficient in time. CDOM peaks (between January and March) and troughs (late summer and fall) followed pigment peaks and troughs by approximately two and four weeks, respectively. This phase shift is additional strong evidence that CDOM in the marine environment is derived from phytoplankton degradation. The common assumption of linear covariation between chlorophyll and CDOM is a simplification even in this ocean gyre. Due to the temporal changes in CDOM, chlorophyll concentration estimated based on traditional remote sensing band-ratio algorithms may be overestimated by about 10% during the spring bloom and underestimated by a similar 10% during the fall. These observations are only possible through use of synoptic, precise, accurate, and frequent measurements afforded by space-based sensors because in situ technologies cannot provide the required sensitivity or synoptic coverage to observe these natural phenomena.
Haptic feedback augmentation through position based adaptive force scaling: theory and experiment

This paper addresses the development, implementation, and evaluation of a novel application of robot force control called position based force scaling. We report the first results in the implementation of asymptotically exact force scaling, as well as the first results in on-line environment compliance adaptation while performing the task of force scaling. One previously reported and two new (one adaptive and one non-adaptive) force scaling algorithms are reviewed. Extensive comparative experiments quantify the performance of all three algorithms and show that the new adaptive force scaling algorithm significantly outperforms both its non-adaptive counterpart as well as the previously reported set-point-regulator based force scaling algorithm over a wide range of user applied input force trajectories and force scale factors.
Erysipelothrix septicemia in a little blue penguin (Eudyptula minor).

On June 25, 2002, aquarium veterinarians treated a 5-year-old, male little blue penguin (Eudyptula minor) that was acutely recumbent and dull, with inappetence of 24-hour duration. The penguin died within 10 minutes of presentation despite emergency resuscitation efforts. Gross pathologic findings consisted of pulmonary congestion and intestinal hemorrhage. Histopathologic findings included necrosis of tips of intestinal villi, increased numbers of mononuclear cells in pulmonary interstitium and hepatic sinusoids, and gram-positive bacteria in systemic microvasculature. Transmission electron microscopic examination revealed short gram-positive bacilli located in lumina of glomerular capillaries and in cytoplasm of mononuclear phagocytic cells in the lung and liver. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was recovered from the lung, liver, and intestine by bacteriologic culture. Amplicons from polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests using Erysipelothrix genus–specific primers and total genomic DNA extracted from forma...
Strain counterstrain: Current concepts and clinical evidence

Strain counterstrain is an osteopathic manipulative technique about which research is only recently emerging. This master class reviews the evidence investigating proposed physiologic mechanisms and clinical effects of strain counterstrain. Clinical application guidelines are presented with specific treatments for key clinical scenarios.
Deliberative Poll. Jenseits von „Polling Alone“

Deliberative Demokratie war ein Schlusselprinzip in der ursprunglichen Verfassung der US-amerikanischen Republik. Nach Aussage von James Madison wird die allgemeine Meinung dadurch gefiltert und erweitert. „... it passed through the medium of a chosen body of citizens ...“.
Reconfigurable monopole antenna for filtered multi-radio wireless application

In this paper, a frequency reconfigurable antenna using a PIN diode and variable bandpass filtering using varactor diode and coplanar waveguide resonant cell has been proposed. By means of two PIN diodes and the associated dc bias network, the proposed antenna has the ability to alternatively switch the operating filtering frequency. The measured results agree with simulated results, and further verify the design concept.
Performance of multi-threaded execution in a shared-memory multiprocessor

The authors propose a general analytic model for the overlapped execution of thread management operations in shared-memory multiprocessors. Performance measures as speedup, utilization and network contention are evaluated and verified using simulations. It is assumed that the execution of each thread consists of sequence of single-cycle instructions, interleaved with four high-level thread management instructions: create, activate, suspend and halt (CASH). Each processor (also called the CASH processor) in the multiprocessor is specialized for the efficient execution of the CASH thread execution model. This is achieved by overlapping the execution of all thread management operations in a separate thread management unit, that executes concurrently with the thread execution unit. The execution time of the thread management operations is reduced by increasing the thread memory bandwidth, and by storing multiple thread contexts in a thread cache located on the processor. >
Fluoride in the Ground Water of Northeastern Ohio

Fluoride contents range from <0.05 to 5.9 milligrams per liter (mg/1) based upon 255 water samples collected from wells in nine counties of northeastern Ohio. Only 16 samples had fluoride contents exceeding 1 mg/1, and all are from the southern trio of counties. Furthermore, all samples high in fluoride are from wells close to or penetrating the contact between the Allegheny and Pottsville Formations. Data from a line of 34 wells for which logs were obtained indicate that high fluoride water occurs in either the lower part of the Allegheny Formation, or more probably, in the upper part of the Pottsville Formation. Ground waters high in fluoride are related to the bedrock geology. Fluoride data, particularly in the area of potentially high values, are important to health professionals in the prescription of fluoride supplements for children. Such prescriptions should be made only after the water has been tested.
Identification of larvae of exotic Tipula paludosa (Diptera: Tipulidae) and T. oleracea in North America using mitochondrial cytB sequences.

Two exotic crane fly species, Tipula (Tipula) paludosa Meigen (Diptera: Tipulidae) and Tipula (Tipula) oleracea L. have spread considerably in North America beyond original areas of detection in eastern and western Canada. These species are endemic in Europe, and pests in pastures and cereals. The two species differ in life cycles and periods when they feed, warranting species-specific control. Identification presents a challenge because the larvae are not easily distinguishable from each other, and resemble native nonpestiferous species present in sympatry. We collected crane flies from urban landscapes and agricultural fields in Oregon in the western United States. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we sequenced a portion of the mitochondrial cytB gene in 55 individuals (eight adults and 47 larvae) from 29 sites. We observed 7% divergence between exotic and native species. Phylogenetic analysis, using Nephrotoma ferruginea F. as an outgroup, resolved four well-supported monophyletic groups: the exotics, T. (Tipula) oleracea and T. (Tipula) paludosa, and two natives, Tipula (Serratipula) tristis Doane and Tipula (Triplicitipula) sp. Nucleotide divergence between T. oleracea and T. paludosa was P = 0.071, whereas within species divergence was very low (P = 0.0018 and P = 0.0022, respectively). The study indicated that mitochondrial cytB sequences provided an accurate, rapid, and economic technique for separation of T. oleracea and T. paludosa from each other and from native species, and insights on their habitats. The technique will facilitate early pest management decisions, and studies on host plants and geographic distribution, as the two exotic species extend their ranges across North America.
An In Vitro System for Measuring Intrinsic Dietary Mineral Exchangeability: Alternative to Intrinsic Isotopic Labeling

The primary purpose for the in vitro system described here was to provide an alternative method to intrinsic isotopie labeling for determining exchange ability of intrinsic food mineral with extrinsic inorganic mineral or one of its isotopes. In this system, foods or food mixtures extrinsically tagged with an isotope of the mineral of interest are incubated successively in media simulating peptic or pancreatic digestion. Radioactivity and mineral measurements are made on a) the mixture before digestion and after b) peptic and c) successive peptic pancreatic (P-Pa) digestion. Exchangeability is determined by comparing the specific activity in the peptic and P-Pa digest super- natants to that in the mixture before digestion. In addition, determination of the total soluble mineral after P-Pa digestion provides a measurement of potential bioavailability. The procedure was tested for calcium (Ca) exchangeability and bioavailability from a number of foods and food combinations with '"Ca as the tracer. It could be used for any mineral, however, including non-nutrient or toxic elements. It is likely to be most useful in association with human studies carried out with extrinsic stable (non-radio active) or short-lived radioactive isotopes that are unsuitable for intrinsic labeling. J. Nutr. 112: 497-504, 1982.
Amphibian occurrence and aquatic invaders in a changing landscape: Implications for wetland mitigation in the willamette valley, Oregon, USA

Despite concern about the conservation status of amphibians in western North America, few field studies have documented occurrence patterns of amphibians relative to potential stressors. We surveyed wetland fauna in Oregon’s Willamette Valley and used an information theoretic approach (AIC) to rank the associations between native amphibian breeding occurrence and wetland characteristics, non-native aquatic predators, and landscape characteristics in a mixed urban-agricultural landscape. Best predictors varied among the five native amphibians and were generally consistent with life history differences. Pacific tree frog (Pseudacris regilla) and long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) occurrence was best predicted by the absence of non-native fish. Northern red-legged frog (Rana a. aurora) and northwestern salamander (Ambystoma gracile) were most strongly related to wetland vegetative characteristics. The occurrence habitats, was best predicted by greater forest cover within 1 km. The absence of non-native fish was a strong predictor of occurrence for four of the five native species. In contrast, amphibians were not strongly related to native fish presence. We found little evidence supporting negative effects of the presence of breeding populations of bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) on any native species. Only the two Ambystoma salamanders were associated with wetland permanence. Northwestern salamanders (which usually have a multi-year larval stage) were associated with permanent waters, while long-toed salamanders were associated with temporary wetlands. Although all the species make some use of upland habitats, only one (rough-skinned newt) was strongly associated with surrounding landscape conditions. Instead, our analysis suggests that within-wetland characteristics best predict amphibian occurrence in this region. We recommend that wetland preservation and mitigation efforts concentrate on sites lacking non-native fish for the conservation of native amphibians in the Willamette Valley and other western lowlands.
Mechanical retardation of bone growth.

Wire or staples, applied unilaterally across the epiphyseal cartilaginous plate, will arrest length growth on the side of insertion. There will also be restriction of growth on the opposite side to a lesser degree, but sufficient to cause a loss in length growth of the bone. It, is inadvisable to try to compensate for a growth deformity, due to a destructive injury to the plate on one side, by the insertion of a staple or wire on the opposite side of the plate. If the deformity was caused by factors outside of the plate, it may be corrected by unilateral wires or staples, but loss in length of the bone may occur. It is difficult to determine definitely whether or not growth is as active after temporary retardation by a wire or staples. It was not so active as on the normal side, but it is possible that injury to the circulation and trauma to the plate disturbed the growth. There was evidence of a premature closure of the plate in some of the experiments.
Summary and Overview of Metal Toxicity

Previous chapters have indicated the physicochemical and physiologic basis for metal toxicity. An understanding of the composition and dynamic aspects of our geochemical environment provides an overview of the interplay between man and his spaceship Earth. We are becoming more aware that the geologic changes in climate may affect the cycles of specific metals, as illustrated by the mercury cycle (Fig. 6–1). Similar cycles that are drastically affected by man’s utilization of earth’s geologic resources could be drawn for selenium, arsenic, and other metals (Wood, 1974). Concepts of geologic, industrial, agribusiness, and urban utilization and pollution must be incorporated into the overview of metal toxicity. Man’s activities have increasingly disturbed geologic caches of heavy metals. Relatively high concentrations of metals, such as cadmium, mercury, indium, thallium, and lead, have been released into the environment from the earth’s reservoirs of immobilized ores and minerals. Consequently, man and animals are increasingly exposed to less-common metals at an alarming rate. The contributions of mineral toxicities to disabilities or diseases of man and other mammals are often nebulous. A cause-effect relationship is one of numerous questions being considered from both experimental and epide-mologic approaches (Hopps, 1972).
The Professional in Legal Education: Foreign Perspectives

Japan is about to change its system of legal education. In April 2004 Japan will introduce law schools. Law schools are to occupy an intermediary place between the present undergraduate faculties of law and the national Legal Training and Research Institute. The law faculties are to continue to offer general undergraduate education in law, while the law schools in combination with the national Institute are to provide professional legal education. A principal goal of the change is to produce more lawyers. Law schools are charged with providing "practical education especially for fostering legal professionals." But just what is professional legal education? And how and where is it to be accomplished? There are recurring issues of legal education around the world. This article focuses on what professional education is and how it is conveyed in Germany and the United States. It puts in comparative perspective some of the choices that Japan is facing in deciding what to include in professional education and where to provide it. The article sets out the issue in general terms and then seriatum the German and American approaches.
Evaluation of a Dust Control for a Small Slab-Riding Dowel Drill for Concrete Pavement

Purpose To assess the effectiveness of local exhaust ventilation to control respirable crystalline silica exposures to acceptable levels during concrete dowel drilling. Approach Personal breathing zone samples for respirable dust and crystalline silica were collected while laborers drilled holes 3.5 cm diameter by 36 cm deep in a concrete slab using a single-drill slab-riding dowel drill equipped with local exhaust ventilation. Data were collected on air flow, weather, and productivity. Results All respirable dust samples were below the 90 µg detection limit which, when combined with the largest sample volume, resulted in a minimum detectable concentration of 0.31 mg m(-3). This occurred in a 32-min sample collected when 27 holes were drilled. Quartz was only detected in one air sample; 0.09 mg m(-3) of quartz was found on an 8-min sample collected during a drill maintenance task. The minimum detectable concentration for quartz in personal air samples collected while drilling was performed was 0.02 mg m(-3). The average number of holes drilled during each drilling sample was 23. Over the course of the 2-day study, air flow measured at the dust collector decreased from 2.2 to 1.7 m(3) s(-1). Conclusions The dust control performed well under the conditions of this test. The initial duct velocity with a clean filter was sufficient to prevent settling, but gradually fell below the recommended value to prevent dust from settling in the duct. The practice of raising the drill between each hole may have prevented the dust from settling in the duct. A slightly higher flow rate and an improved duct design would prevent settling without regard to the position of the drill.
A new method for producing automated seismic bulletins: Probabilistic event detection, association, and location

Given a set of observations within a specified time window, a fitness value is calculated at each grid node by summing station‐specific conditional fitness values. Assuming each observation was generated by a refracted P wave, these values are proportional to the conditional probabilities that each observation was generated by a seismic event at the grid node. The node with highest fitness value is accepted as a hypothetical event location, subject to some minimal fitness value, and all arrivals within a longer time window consistent with that event are associated with it. During the association step, a variety of different phases are considered. Once associated with an event, an arrival is removed from further consideration. While unassociated arrivals remain, the search for other events is repeated until none are identified. Results are presented in comparison with analyst‐reviewed bulletins for three datasets: a two‐week ground‐truth period, the Tohoku aftershock sequence, and the entire year of 2010. The probabilistic event detection, association, and location algorithm missed fewer events and generated fewer false events on all datasets compared to the associator used at the International Data Center (51% fewer missed and 52% fewer false events on the ground‐truth dataset when using the same predictions).
Overhang Effect on Reducing Wind-driven Rain for a Mid-rise Building

Abstract Roof overhangs are a common feature that can be used to protect the building facade from wind-driven rain (WDR) as field measurements and CFD modelling have shown. However, the quantitative evaluation of the effectiveness of overhangs in protecting the building facade requires further investigation. A six-storey mid-rise building with a flat roof located in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada has been selected for the experimental study. The study involves the analysis of the spatial distribution of WDR on the building facade before and after the installation of a temporary retractable roof overhang. This paper presents the experimental setup, preliminary result analysis including the spatial variation of catch ratios on the building facade, and the performance assessment of a 1.2 m overhang under two rain events.
Beyond Childhood Sexual Abuse: Ritual Abuse-Torture and Human Trafficking

Ritual abuse-torture (RAT) may be carried out by individuals, families, cults, and gangs as a way to instill submission, humiliation, and fear in victims. According to survivors, the tactics of RAT can include confinement in locked cages, closets, single rooms, basements, or backyard sheds. To keep victims silent, there are often threats of death for the victims and/or their siblings, other family members, peers, or pets or threats of even more severe physical abuse. RAT is often associated with human trafficking. Human trafficking includes the harboring and transporting of victims for the purpose of forced sex and/or labor, which is a very profitable industry today. Human trafficking victims may be subjected to any of the tactics used with RAT victims to ensure traffickers' power and control and maintenance of compliance and silence. It is critically important to assess suspected victims alone, apart from those who bring them in and may be the perpetrators. The major barrier to any treatment plan is the risk of harm by perpetrators if victims reveal their circumstances. What is needed is a coordinated multidisciplinary action team and resources for victims of RAT/human trafficking. Additional safety protections and emotional support are needed if the perpetrators of RAT or human trafficking are being investigated or prosecuted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) Keywords: Human trafficking Language: en
Effects of Volcanic Ash from the Eruption of Mount St. Helens on the Dissipation of Azinphosmethyl Applied for Codling Moth Control

The eruption of Mount St. Helens on 18 May 1980 deposited a heavy ash on the orchards in the Yakima Valley, Wash. Tests were conducted to determine if the volcanic ash caused a degradation or dissipation of azinphosmethyl, the principal insecticide used to control Laspeyresia pomonella (L.). It was determined that a chemical reaction between the ash and insecticide that lasted no longer than 2 days resulted in the degradation of ca. 28% of the insecticidal residue. Ash, which absorbed some insecticide, was dislodged in the process of application, particularly the aerial application, where ca. 50% was lost. A rain storm 8 days after the eruption was responsible for the loss of 35% of the insecticidal residue. Overtree sprinkler irrigation alone removed 52% of the insecticidal residue. Consequently, four major factors were affecting the loss of azinphosmethyl: ashrelated chemical degradation; adsorption; and dissipation by rain and imgation. Bioassay showed control was inadequate for larvae when residues were below 0.8 μg/cm2, and for adults below 0.6 μg/cm2. Residues dropped to ineffective levels within 7 to 14 days.
Shattuck lecture--cardiovascular medicine at the turn of the millennium: triumphs, concerns, and opportunities.

Tthe end of every century it is customary to reflect on the events of the past hundred years and to look toward the future, and in this lecture I should like to do this for cardiovascular disease. This is also an especially opportune time to comment on progress in cardiovascular disease, because both the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the American Heart Association are celebrating their golden anniversaries within the next 18 months. These two organizations have had the most profound influence on the development of research on cardiovascular disease during the 20th century. A bewildering amount of . . .
Antifouling ultrafiltration membranes via post-fabrication grafting of biocidal nanomaterials.

Ultrafiltration (UF) membranes perform critical pre-treatment functions in advanced water treatment processes. In operational systems, however, biofouling decreases membrane performance and increases the frequency and cost of chemical cleaning. The present work demonstrates a novel technique for covalently or ionically tethering antimicrobial nanoparticles to the surface of UF membranes. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) encapsulated in positively charged polyethyleneimine (PEI) were reacted with an oxygen plasma modified polysulfone UF membrane with and without 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) present. The nucleophilic primary amines of the PEI react with the electrophilic carboxyl groups on the UF membrane surface to form electrostatic and covalent bonds. The irreversible modification process imparts significant antimicrobial activity to the membrane surface. Post-synthesis functionalization methods, such as the one presented here, maximize the density of nanomaterials at th...
Impact Initiation of Reactive Aluminized Fluorinated Acrylic Nanocomposites

The initiation of aluminized fluorinated acrylic (AlFA) nanocomposites during modified Taylor impact tests was investigated. Samples were impacted against a steel or sapphire anvil at a nominal velocity of 150 m/s. A framing camera was used to capture head-on and side-profile impact images for the sapphire window and steel plate rigid anvils, respectively. Correlations were drawn between both experimental setups to determine the initiation locations and reaction times. Reactions were found to initiate at an intermediate radius on the impact face of the pellet at a time near full compaction. From simulations, the highest strains and temperatures were found at radii similar to those observed in experiments at the time of ignition. Off-normal impacts produced higher localized straining and temperatures on one-half of the pellet. The copper projectile, used for delivery, was revealed to aid in a shear assisted reaction by helping to drive the pellet material outward as the projectile deformed radially.