cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tumor necrosis factor induces cholesterol accumulation in human arterial endothelial cells through LDL receptor surface redistribution

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFɑ) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) are important modulators of the atherosclerotic process. Here, the effect of TNFɑ on confluent primary human aortic endothelial cell (pHAEC) LDL-derived lipids and trafficking were investigated. TNFɑ promoted up to 2 folds increase in cellular cholesterol and could induce a massive increase in the non-hydrolysable tracer, Dil, by over 200 folds. The lipid increase was associated with increased 125I-LDL surface binding. Further, Dil-LDL cellular association was blocked by excess unlabeled LDL, but not oxidized LDL (oxLDL). Moreover, TNFɑ-induced Dil and cholesterol increase were enhanced by the endosomal pH-raising agent, chloroquine. Internalization of Dil-LDL was reduced by the scavenger receptor B1 (SR-B1) antagonist, BLT-1, and the LDLR family antagonist, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), but not receptor associated protein (RAP). Additionally, surface accessible LDLR was higher in TNFɑ-treated cells by about 30 folds, without a significant change in total LDLR. Correspondingly, specific LDLR antibody blocked Dil-LDL internalization to undetectable levels, and Dil-apoE3-VLDL by 94%, but had no effect on Dil-HDL3 internalization. TNFɑ did not increase Dil-HDL3 cellular association. Further, ACAT inhibitor reduced cholesteryl esters, but not the total cholesterol increase induced by TNFɑ. On pHAECs grown on transwell inserts, TNFɑ did not enhance apical (AP) to basolateral (BL) LDL cholesterol or Dil release. It is concluded that TNFɑ induces LDLR surface localization and that LDLR does not promote AP to BL LDL transport across pHAECs.
Organic Dust Exposure Induces Stress Response and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Monocytic Cells

Abstract Exposure to airborne organic dust (OD), rich in microbial pathogen-associated molecular patterns, has been shown to induce inflammatory responses in the lung resulting in changes in airway structure and function. A common manifestation in lung inflammation is the occurrence of altered mitochondrial structure and bioenergetics, consequently regulating mitochondrial ROS (mROS) and creating a vicious cycle of mitochondrial dysfunction. The role of mitochondrial dysfunction in airway diseases such as COPD and asthma is well known. However, whether OD exposure induces mitochondrial dysfunction largely remains unknown. Therefore, in this study, we tested a hypothesis that OD exposure induces mitochondrial stress using a human monocytic cell line (THP-1). We examined the mechanisms of organic dust extract (ODE) exposure-induced mitochondrial structural and functional changes in THP-1 cells. In addition, the effect of co-exposure to ethyl pyruvate (EP), a known anti-inflammatory agent, or mitoapocynin (MA), a mitochondria targeting NOX2 inhibitor was examined. Transmission electron microscopy images showed significant changes in cellular and organelle morphology upon ODE exposure. ODE exposure with and without EP co-treatment increased the mtDNA leakage into the cytosol. Next, ODE exposure increased the PINK1 and Parkin expression, cytoplasmic cytochrome c levels and reduced mitochondrial mass and cell viability, indicating mitophagy. MA treatment was partially protective by decreasing Parkin expression, mtDNA and cytochrome c release and increasing cell viability.
Rethinking gross anatomy in a compressed time frame: Clinical symptoms, not case studies, as the basis for introductory instruction.

The goal of this observational study was to develop effective approaches to introduce first year medical students to gross anatomy/embryology in a compressed time frame. Pedagogical reorganization of anatomy instruction in the regions of Lower Extremity and Head and Neck was based upon core clinical conditions taught in second-year and USMLE Step 1 board review courses. These conditions were not presented as clinical problems, as many students had limited prior training in medical terminology, but focused upon clinical symptoms, allowing for direct correlation of structure and function. Instruction stressed vocabulary acquisition and was extended to prepare for laboratory dissections. Overall methodology was multimodal, including "flipped" and traditional lectures, study of prosections/radiographs and small group laboratory review sessions. Content was significantly reduced: knowledge of muscle actions and innervations was required, not muscle origins and insertions. Performance was evaluated by criterion-based written examinations that included a set of questions (34) asked repetitively over an 8 year period (n = 606 students) and by regional practical exams. Mean scores in all areas were sustained or numerically improved, despite the compression of instruction duration. Analysis showed no significant differences based upon question format or instructional modality. Despite the high performance levels, students needing assistance in learning could be identified by score distributions. A survey of students indicated that these changes effectively decreased stress and facilitated review for the USMLE Step 1 Board examination. These results suggest that training in gross anatomy can be modified to a compressed duration by instruction in the context of clinical symptomatology.
Lighting Standards: When is Doing Something, Better than Doing Nothing?

The lighting industry is amid transformations enabled by rapid advances in solid-state light generation and control and an ever-increasing understanding of how lighting contributes to human health....
Abstract IA29: Developmental and oncogenic programs in pediatric brain tumors dissected by single-cell RNA-sequencing

During development, the multiple cell types of human brain arise from pluripotent stem cells via progressively more committed progenitor cells. Emerging data suggest that pediatric brain tumors arise from progenitors that have become developmentally stalled. In preliminary studies, our lab used single-cell RNA-seq to display the expression profiles of individual cells within pediatric midline and hemispheric high-grade gliomas. Our data show that these tumors are composed of (i) replicating cells that resemble glial and neural progenitors and (ii) maturing cells resembling astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, or mesenchymal cells. In this presentation I will address how single-cell RNA-sequencing has revolutionized our understanding of the developmental hierarchy and oncogenic programs in pediatric brain tumors. Our recent findings pointing towards potential cells of origin of midline and hemispheric pediatric high-grade gliomas as well as plasticity of different cancer cell states will be discussed. Citation Format: Mariella G. Filbin. Developmental and oncogenic programs in pediatric brain tumors dissected by single-cell RNA-sequencing [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Advances in Pediatric Cancer Research; 2019 Sep 17-20; Montreal, QC, Canada. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(14 Suppl):Abstract nr IA29.
Action Guidance: Getting the Best of Sparse Rewards and Shaped Rewards for Real-time Strategy Games

Training agents using Reinforcement Learning in games with sparse rewards is a challenging problem, since large amounts of exploration are required to retrieve even the first reward. To tackle this problem, a common approach is to use reward shaping to help exploration. However, an important drawback of reward shaping is that agents sometimes learn to optimize the shaped reward instead of the true objective. In this paper, we present a novel technique that we call action guidance that successfully trains agents to eventually optimize the true objective in games with sparse rewards while maintaining most of the sample efficiency that comes with reward shaping. We evaluate our approach in a simplified real-time strategy (RTS) game simulator called μRTS.
Anxiety sensitivity and respiratory disease outcomes among individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Abstract Objective Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Depression and anxiety worsen COPD and lead to greater respiratory symptom severity and health care utilization. Fear of physical sensations of anxiety (AS-P) is known to exacerbate respiratory symptoms. The current study investigated the unique contribution of AS-P in respiratory symptom exacerbations, emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and COPD-related functional health status, controlling for medical characteristics, depression, and anxiety. Method The sample included 535 adults with COPD (Mage = 56.57; 58.1% male). Participants were recruited from a web-based panel of adults with chronic respiratory disease and completed an online battery of self-report measures. Results Consistent with hypotheses, AS-P significantly increased the likelihood of acute symptom exacerbations by 12% and respiratory-related emergency department visits and hospitalizations by 7% during the prior 12 month period. Additionally, AS-P demonstrated a unique, large effect (f2 = 0.37) on COPD-related functional health status. Conclusion Fear of physical sensations contributed to worse respiratory outcomes and health care utilization among adults with COPD. Screening for AS-P may effectively identify at-risk COPD patients, while reducing AS-P through targeted interventions may result in decreased symptom severity, functional limitations, and burden on the health care system.
Addressing Unpaid Work in Cambodia

This paper presents an overview of development challenges related to promoting gender equality in Cambodia based on the available published evidence. To achieve gender equality objectives, Cambodia needs policy initiatives that address unpaid work and facilitate women's equal participation in labor and social development. This paper offers policy recommendations to address Cambodia's unpaid work issues, including the provisions of elderly care, enhancement of early childhood education coverage, promoting accessible and affordable childcare programs, pushing for parental leave, and increasing pension scheme coverage. The success of policy design and implementation requires political will to deliver the policies, accompanying efficient and effective public service delivery.
A Role for TGFβ Signaling in Preclinical Osteolytic Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer Bone Metastases Progression

While tumoral Smad-mediated transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling drives osteolytic estrogen receptor α-negative (ER-) breast cancer bone metastases (BMETs) in preclinical models, its role in ER+ BMETs, representing the majority of clinical BMETs, has not been documented. Experiments were undertaken to examine Smad-mediated TGFβ signaling in human ER+ cells and bone-tropic behavior following intracardiac inoculation of estrogen (E2)-supplemented female nude mice. While all ER+ tumor cells tested (ZR-75-1, T47D, and MCF-7-derived) expressed TGFβ receptors II and I, only cells with TGFβ-inducible Smad signaling (MCF-7) formed osteolytic BMETs in vivo. Regulated secretion of PTHrP, an osteolytic factor expressed in >90% of clinical BMETs, also tracked with osteolytic potential; TGFβ and E2 each induced PTHrP in bone-tropic or BMET-derived MCF-7 cells, with the combination yielding additive effects, while in cells not forming BMETs, PTHrP was not induced. In vivo treatment with 1D11, a pan-TGFβ neutralizing antibody, significantly decreased osteolytic ER+ BMETs in association with a decrease in bone-resorbing osteoclasts at the tumor-bone interface. Thus, TGFβ may also be a driver of ER+ BMET osteolysis. Moreover, additive pro-osteolytic effects of tumoral E2 and TGFβ signaling could at least partially explain the greater propensity for ER+ tumors to form BMETs, which are primarily osteolytic.
Robust Event Classification Using Imperfect Real-world PMU Data

This paper studies robust event classification using imperfect real-world phasor measurement unit (PMU) data. By analyzing the real-world PMU data, we find it is challenging to directly use this dataset for event classifiers due to the low data quality observed in PMU measurements and event logs. To address these challenges, we develop a novel machine learning framework for training robust event classifiers, which consists of three main steps: data preprocessing, fine-grained event data extraction, and feature engineering. Specifically, the data preprocessing step addresses the data quality issues of PMU measurements (e.g., bad data and missing data); in the fine-grained event data extraction step, a model-free event detection method is developed to accurately localize the events from the inaccurate event timestamps in the event logs; and the feature engineering step constructs the event features based on the patterns of different event types, in order to improve the performance and the interpretability of the event classifiers. Based on the proposed framework, we develop a workflow for event classification using the real-world PMU data streaming into the system in real-time. Using the proposed framework, robust event classifiers can be efficiently trained based on many off-the-shelf lightweight machine learning models. Numerical experiments using the real-world dataset from the Western Interconnection of the U.S power transmission grid show that the event classifiers trained under the proposed framework can achieve high classification accuracy while being robust against low-quality data.
An equation of state for partially ionized plasmas: The Coulomb contribution to the free energy

Abstract We have previously developed an equation of state (EOS) model called ChemEOS (Hakel and Kilcrease, Atomic Processes in Plasmas, Eds., J. Cohen et al., AIP, 2004) for a plasma of interacting ions, atoms and electrons. It is based on a chemical picture of the plasma and is derived from an expression for the Helmholtz free energy of the interacting species. All other equilibrium thermodynamic quantities are then obtained by minimizing this free energy subject to constraints, thus leading to a thermodynamically consistent EOS. The contribution to this free energy from the Coulomb interactions among the particles is treated using the method of Chabrier and Potekhin (Phys. Rev. E 58, 4941 (1998)) which we have adapted for partially ionized plasmas. This treatment is further examined and is found to give rise to unphysical behavior for various elements at certain values of the density and temperature where the Coulomb coupling begins to become significant and the atoms are partially ionized. We examine the source of this unphysical behavior and suggest corrections that produce acceptable results. The sensitivity of the thermodynamic properties and frequency-dependent opacity of iron is examined with and without these corrections. The corrected EOS is used to determine the fractional ion populations and level populations for a new generation of OPLIB low-Z opacity tables currently being prepared at Los Alamos National Laboratory with the ATOMIC code.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Few useful microsatellites are available for population studies of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). An enrichment strategy was used to develop microsatellite markers for O. nubilalis, and over 500 positive clones were isolated. Seventy-five contained unique microsatellites, 10 of which were polymorphic with discernable polymerase chain reaction products. The 10 loci were surveyed for variability in 72 wild individuals from central Iowa. Five loci showed no deviation from Hardy–Weinberg proportions, and all were successfully cross-amplified in the related Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis. These loci represent a significant addition to microsatellites appropriate for population studies of O. nubilalis.
Trikonic Inter-Enterprise Architectonic

There is a need for information, application, and other enterprise architectures which are robust and flexible enough to meet the challenges of today's heterogeneous, rapidly changing, digitally networked environment. Developing advanced architectures may prove essential for achieving emerging research, business, and social goals. Indeed, the profoundly changed landscape suggests that a new paradigm may be needed, an inter-enterprise architectonic(I-EA) informing architectures capable of integrating all key components and processes in an increasingly interconnected environment. To meet this challenge, a systems architectonicis outlined that is based on the trichotomic category theory of Charles S. Peirce. Trikonic Inter-Enterprise Architectonicinvolves a pragmatic approach to the observation andmanipulationof diagrams as models of enterprise and inter-enterprise processes.
Computer science curricula in a global competitive environment

Computer Science enrollments are off nationwide, due in part to the tech downturn, and due in part to the well-publicized movement of tech jobs overseas in a global economy with instantaneous communications. Computer Science program coordinators and curriculum committee's are in a quandary: the organization and content of a science education should not be dependent upon the whims of the marketplace. Yet this new technology environment contains forces beyond the control of governments, let alone curriculum committees, and marketplace effects are playing out in academic environments in terms of enrollment and faculty positions. Current research from the Information Systems discipline analyzed the "global sourcing" movement, and concluded that IT-related business enterprise functions differ markedly in the ease and success in which they can be outsourced. Functions and knowledge areas that are of strategic importance to the enterprise and those that are critical to a firm's competitive advantage, are less likely to be successfully out-sourced. Unfortunately, the traditional entry-level career step for computer science graduates in basic programming has been identified as relatively easy to move offshore with great success. By examining computer science knowledge areas in light of these observations, a strategy to position computer science curriculum to counter the outsourcing movement is revealed: CS programs can emphasize higher-level knowledge areas that tend to be both critical and strategic to a business enterprise, in order to make the curriculum more attractive to, and of more value to career-minded students aware of the global employment competition they face. Based on the opportunities and strategy developed in this paper, a graduate CS curriculum has already been implemented at Kennesaw State University, and a revised undergraduate CS program is being developed that implements this concept while retaining compliance with ABET accreditation guidelines and criteria.
Normalization of the Peripheral Blood T Cell Receptor Vβ Repertoire After Cultured Postnatal Human Thymic Transplantation in DiGeorge Syndrome

Complete DiGeorge syndrome is an immunodeficiency disease characterized by thymic aplasia and the absence of functioning peripheral T cells. A patient with this syndrome was transplanted with cultured postnatal human thymic tissue. Within 5 weeks of transplantation, flow cytometry, T cell receptor Vβ sequence analysis, and cell function studies showed the presence of oligoclonal populations of nonfunctional clonally expanded peripheral T cells that were derived from pretransplantation T cells present in the skin. However, at 3 months posttransplantation, a biopsy of the transplanted thymus showed normal intrathymic T cell maturation of host T cells with normal TCR Vβ expression on thymocytes. By 9 months posttransplantation, peripheral T cell function was restored and the TCR Vβ repertoire became polyclonal, coincident with the appearance of normal T cell function. These data suggest that the transplanted thymus was responsible for the establishment of a new T cell repertoire via thymopoiesis in the chimeric thymic graft.
Deriving properties of belief update from theories of action

Two areas that have attracted much interest in recent years, belief update and reasoning about action, have so far been largely disjoint. Indeed, at first glance there appears to be little connection between them. In this paper we argue that this first impression is wrong; specifically, we show that the postulates for belief update recently proposed in [Katsuno and Mendelzon, 1991], can in fact be analytically derived, using the formal theory of action proposed in [Lin and Shoham, 1991].
Fundamentals of Jet Propulsion with Applications: Combustors and Afterburners

Introduction The burner and afterburner are the only components through which energy is added to the engine. That is, in these two components the total temperature of the gas increases. For the primary burner, a part of this energy is used by the turbine to drive the compressor, and the other part is left to generate a high-velocity gas from the nozzle, generating thrust. For the afterburner, all of this energy increase is used to generate an increase of the fluid enthalpy and consequently a higher velocity gas from the nozzle, generating more thrust. As a result of these direct impacts, efficient operation of these components is necessary for the overall efficiency of the engine. However, several complex considerations must be realized in the design of either of these components, and some of the more advanced topics are summarized by Lefebvre (1983) and Peters (1988). Furthermore, Malecki et al. (2001) demonstrate the application of CFD predictions to modern combustor design. The following are essential considerations in the design of a burner: A major objective is complete combustion or fuel will be wasted. Minimal total pressure loss is another important design goal. As discussed in Section 9.2, these first two objectives are in direct conflict. All of the combustion must take place in the combustor and not the turbine, or the turbine life will be reduced. […]
A novel, cryopreserved, viable osteochondral allograft designed to augment marrow stimulation for articular cartilage repair

Background Here, we describe the design and characterization of a novel, cryopreserved, viable osteochondral allograft (CVOCA), along with evidence that the CVOCA can improve outcomes of marrow stimulation for articular cartilage repair.
The elimination of a severe long term facial tic and vocal distortion with multi-facet behavior therapy

Abstract A multifaceted behavioral program was designed for a 52-year-old female who had a severe facial tic and vocal distortion for six years. The program included extensive relaxation training combined with an unsuccessful use of massed practice, followed by a habit reversal procedure. This was followed by a continuation of relaxation training, in vivo metronomeinduced desensitization and a prosthetic response prevention and feedback device which restricted the client's spasmodic jaw movements. Also, audio and video feedback equipment was used in some sessions. This study supports the value of on-going behavioral analysis in developing a successful therapeutic intervention. During a 24-month follow-up period the client remained completely free of the tic and of the related speech distortion.
H- and J-aggregates of conjugated polymers and oligomers: A theoretical investigation

Abstract Excited-state interactions between two oligo-phenylene molecules are evaluated for different intermolecular orientations using singles configuration interaction with a Pariser–Parr–Pople Hamiltonian. As one molecule in a pair of cofacially overlapping molecules is displaced along its axis, an H- to J-aggregate crossover occurs at the slip fraction f 0 . For intermolecular separations typical of polymer aggregates, f 0 initially decreases with oligomer size, but converges in the polymer limit to 0.44 and 0.48 for oligo- p -phenylene (OP) n and oligo- p -phenylene vinylene (OPV) n dimers, respectively. Relative intermolecular rotations are also investigated. Implications for larger aggregates are discussed.
Resistance of 'Tulare' Walnut (Juglans regia cv. Tulare) to Aflatoxigenesis

ABSTRACT: The ability of tree nuts to inhibit production of aflatoxins by Aspergillus flavus was investigated invitro. Walnuts were much more resistant to aflatoxin formation than almonds or pistachios. The walnut cultivar‘Tulare’ showed complete suppression of toxin production. Kernel without seed coat had no activity and theinhibitory factor(s) were shown to be specifically located in seed coat tissue. When seed coat was added back to‘Tulare’ kernel media, aflatoxin was decreased to the detection limit or below. Aflatoxin production declinedrapidly with seed coat maturity and was independent of growing location and rootstock. Breeding programscould increase resistance, enhancing marketability and safety of walnuts for human consumption.Keywords: walnut, Juglans regia , seed coat, aflatoxin, Aspergillus flavus Introduction I NFECTION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS , ESPECIALLY CORN , PEANUTS AND tree nuts, by various strains of the fungi Aspergillus flavus and A.parasiticus may result in production and accumulation of aflatox-ins, which are a threat to food safety and detrimental to quality.These mycotoxins are highly regulated in commodities marketeddomestically and abroad because of their toxicity and potential car-cinogenicity. Although the Food and Drug Administration (1996)has set a maximum guidance level limit of 20 ng/g (20 ppb) for treenuts (shells included) intended for human consumption within theUnited States, the European Community has recently imposedmuch more restrictive tolerance levels of 2 ng/g for aflatoxin B
D-amino acid peptide residualizing agents bearing N-hydroxysuccinimido- and maleimido-functional groups and their application for trastuzumab radioiodination

Abstract Introduction Proteins that undergo receptor-mediated endocytosis are subject to lysosomal degradation, requiring radioiodination methods that minimize loss of radioactivity from tumor cells after this process occurs. To accomplish this, we developed the residualizing radioiodination agent N ϵ -(3-[ ⁎ I]iodobenzoyl)-Lys 5 - N α -maleimido-Gly 1 -d-GEEEK (Mal-d-GEEEK-[ ⁎ I]IB), which enhanced tumor uptake but also increased kidney activity and necessitates generation of sulfhydryl moieties on the protein. The purpose of the current study was to synthesize and evaluate a new d-amino acid based agent that might avoid these potential problems. Methods N α -(3-iodobenzoyl)-(5-succinimidyloxycarbonyl)-d-EEEG (NHS-IB-d-EEEG), which contains 3 d-glutamates to provide negative charge and a N -hydroxysuccinimide function to permit conjugation to unmodified proteins, and the corresponding tin precursor were produced by solid phase peptide synthesis and subsequent conjugation with appropriate reagents. Radioiodination of the anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab using NHS-IB-d-EEEG and Mal-d-GEEEK-IB was compared. Paired-label internalization assays on BT474 breast carcinoma cells and biodistribution studies in athymic mice bearing BT474M1 xenografts were performed to evaluate the two radioiodinated d-peptide trastuzumab conjugates. Results NHS-[ 131 I]IB-d-EEEG was produced in 53.8%±13.4% and conjugated to trastuzumab in 39.5%±7.6% yield. Paired-label internalization assays with trastuzumab-NHS-[ 131 I]IB-d-EEEG and trastuzumab-Mal-d-GEEEK-[ 125 I]IB demonstrated similar intracellular trapping for both conjugates at 1h ( 131 I, 84.4%±6.1%; 125 I, 88.6%±5.2%) through 24h ( 131 I, 60.7%±6.8%; 125 I, 64.9%±6.9%). In the biodistribution experiment, tumor uptake peaked at 48h (trastuzumab-NHS-[ 131 I]IB-d-EEEG, 29.8%±3.6%ID/g; trastuzumab-Mal-d-GEEEK-[ 125 I]IB, 45.3%±5.3%ID/g) and was significantly higher for 125 I at all time points. In general, normal tissue levels were lower for trastuzumab-NHS-[ 131 I]IB-d-EEEG, with the differences being greatest in kidneys ( 131 I, 2.2%±0.4%ID/g; 125 I, 16.9%±2.8%ID/g at 144h). Conclusion NHS-[ 131 I]IB-d-EEEG warrants further evaluation as a residualizing radioiodination agent for labeling internalizing antibodies/fragments, particularly for applications where excessive renal accumulation could be problematic.
Interaction of alpha-synuclein and dopamine metabolites in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease: a case for the selective vulnerability of the substantia nigra

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder. Major disease symptoms are due to the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in substantia nigra (SN). The pathologic hallmark of PD is Lewy bodies (LBs) in the SN and the major protein in LBs is alpha-synuclein (AS). A plethora of evidence points towards the culpability of AS in the pathogenesis of PD including: (1) linkage of AS mutations to familial forms of PD, (2) triplication of the AS locus causing PD, and (3) overexpression of AS in transgenic mice and Drosophila leads to PD-like phenotypes. Studies of purified AS have revealed its ability to interact with diverse molecules including monoamines. Monoamine metabolism is associated with oxidative stress conditions that may contribute to DA-AS interactions promoting aggregation and neuronal damage. However, in order to explain the selective vulnerability of DA neurons there needs to be a link between DA metabolism and AS aggregation. Since only the DA neurons contain significant amounts of DA, this has been hypothesized to account for the selective vulnerability of SN neurons. However, DA itself may not be toxic at physiologic relevant doses, so it is probable that other DA metabolites may play a major role in AS aggregation. In this review, we discuss the role of the DA metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde to provide a plausible link between DA production and metabolism, AS aggregation and the pathogenesis of PD.
Lateral tunnel suture line variation reduces atrial flutter after the modified Fontan operation

Background. Atrial flutter (AFL) is a common postoperative sequela of the modified Fontan operation, or total cavopulmonary connection. We hypothesized that injury to the crista terminalis (CT) by the lateral tunnel suture line contributes to the development of AFL in this setting. This study was designed to determine the effects of alteration of the lateral tunnel suture line, relative to the CT, on the inducibility of AFL in an acute canine model of the modified Fontan operation. Methods. Adult mongrel dogs (n = 25) underwent a median sternotomy and normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. In groups 1, 2, and 3, through a right atriotomy, a suture line was placed to simulate the lateral tunnel of the modified Fontan operation (n = 20). The lateral aspect of the suture line ran along the CT in group 1 (n = 10), 5 mm medial to the CT in group 2 (n = 5), and 10 mm anterior to the CT, incorporated into the atriotomy closure, in group 3 (n = 5). In group 4 (n = 5), only the lateral portion of the suture line, along the CT, was placed. Form-fitting 253-point unipolar endocardial mapping electrodes were inserted into the left and right atria via bilateral ventriculotomies. Induction of AFL was then attempted using atrial burst pacing. If sustained AFL could not be induced, isoproterenol was administered and the pacing protocol repeated. Endocardial activation sequence maps of spontaneous rhythm and AFL were constructed. Results. Under baseline conditions, after placement of the suture line, sustained AFL could reproducibly be induced in 8/10 dogs in group 1, 0/5 dogs in group 2, 0/5 dogs in group 3, and 5/5 dogs in group 4 ( p p = 0.01). The mean cycle length of AFL was 189 ± 25 ms in group 1, 136 ± 8 ms in group 2, and 182 ± 20 ms in group 4 ( p p Conclusions. In an acute canine model of the modified Fontan operation, conduction block imposed by the lateral tunnel suture line is an essential component of the AFL circuit. The inducibility of AFL is increased by suture line placement along the CT. Slow conduction, resulting from injury to the CT, promotes this increased inducibility. Avoidance of the CT may reduce the incidence of AFL in children undergoing the modified Fontan operation.
Transfer in context: replication and adaptation in knowledge transfer relationships

This paper explores the role of replication and adaptation in knowledge transfer relationships. I develop a model of knowledge transfer in which firms replicate because knowledge is ambiguous and adapt because knowledge depends on context. In the model, firms replicate more when knowledge is discrete and adapt more when they understand the interactions between different areas of knowledge. Replication and adaptation lead to successful knowledge transfer, which leads to improved performance of the receiving unit. The predictions are tested using a survey of cross-border knowledge transfer relationships among firms in the telecommunications industry. The results are largely consistent with the model and point to potential areas for future research, such as the drivers of replication, the depreciation rate of knowledge, and the role of understanding in organizational knowledge. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Barbara Liskov on Programming, Career, and the Future

A talk with Barbara Liskov, recipient of the 2004 IEEE John von Neumann Medal for her "fundamental contributions to programming languages, programming methodology, and distributed systems."
Hunt and his Friends

This essay reads Hunt’s Foliage alongside works by three members of his circle: John Keats, Elizabeth Kent and Mary Novello. It argues that the work of all three is inflected by Foliage and Hunt’s philosophy of sociability, and it suggests that Hunt himself is not diminished when his work is contextualised by that of his friends. Rather, friendship is so central to his sociable aesthetic that we diminish his achievements when, in an attempt to free him from the shadows cast by his contemporaries, we critically render him in isolation. It represents Hunt as a man who was made by his friends, and whose friends were made by him.
Temporal variability of rainwater iron speciation at the Bermuda Atlantic Time Series Station

[1] Diurnal and seasonal variations in rainwater iron speciation were investigated during a summer and winter cruise aboard the RV Endeavor at the Bermuda Atlantic Time Series Station. Concentrations of total Fe, Fe(II), and Fe(III) were all higher in rainwater falling at BATS during the summer relative to winter cruise. Iron speciation displayed marked diel variability with a 200-fold higher Fe(II)(aq)/Fe(III)(aq) ratio in rain received between 1200 and 1800 local time (LT) relative to late evening or early morning summer rain. The higher Fe(II)/Fe(III) ratio in the afternoon indicates Fe(II) is produced at the expense of Fe(III) during the course of the day, suggesting photochemical processes are important in controlling iron speciation in marine rains falling over the open ocean. Experiments utilizing authentic rainwater collected at BATS during both summer and winter cruises demonstrate that rainwater Fe(II)(aq) is stabilized against oxidation and precipitation for more than 4 hours after mixing with BATS seawater. Preliminary results suggest this stabilization is the result of organic complexation of Fe in rainwater. Owing to the isolation of BATS from riverine sources of Fe, rainwater is the predominant source of soluble and stable Fe(II) in this region of the North Atlantic.
The Keweenaw Current and Ice Rafting: Use of Satellite Imagery to Investigate Copper-rich Particle Dispersal

The immense surface area and large volume of Lake Superior causes thermal characteristics to resemble marine waters, yet the completely bounded shoreline and low flushing rate introduce unique features. Previously, shoreline inputs were considered minor, as annual river discharges account for only 0.36% of the total hydrologic volume of the lake. However, thermal bar formation and wind shear from prevailing westerlies impound warm waters along the southern coastline, creating a coastal exposure corridor with strong counterclockwise circulation known as the Keweenaw Current. Discharges from rivers and industrial sources are confined, then entrained. Here infrared AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) satellite imagery was utilized, verified by NDBC (NOAA National Data Buoy Center) buoy surface data, to document thermal features of offshore waters and the coastal zone. Five stamp mills at Freda/Redridge discharged over 45 million metric tons of stamp sands between 1895 and 1922. The coarse fraction forms beach sands that now extend 23 kilometers north from their sources and that blanket shallow-water sandy sediments. The finer fractions disperse much farther than the coarse fractions, moving along the primary track of the Keweenaw Current. SPOT and TM (Thematic Mapper) imagery were used to document how Ontonagon clays and Freda/Redridge stamp sand particles are entrained by the Keweenaw Current. The two particle types have distinctive reflective spectra. An additional transport mechanism, revealed by RADARSAT ScanSAR (Synthetic Aperature Radar) imagery, is ice rafting. Nearshore ice incorporates large amounts of coastal sands and deeper-water sediments. Spring break-up of coastal ice results in large drifting ice packs that are pushed by prevailing westerlies and currents around the tip of the Keweenaw Peninsula into the Caribou Basin.
Growth and the Relation Between Live Weight and Feed Consumption in the Case of White Pekin Ducklings

Abstract THE RELATION BETWEEN LIVE WEIGHT AND FEED CONSUMPTION Horton1 has recently obtained the average live weight and the average feed consumption of a group of 183 White Pekin ducklings a , at intervals of one week, from the time of hatching until the age of 12 weeks. Being very much interested in the relation between live weight and feed consumption in the various classes of poultry, the writer decided to examine Horton’s data b in order to ascertain if this relationship, in the case of White Pekin ducklings, were expressable by the law of diminishing increment. Horton’s original data relating to the average live weight and the average feed consumption of the ducklings are given in Table 1. The first step in the examination of the data was to plot the average live weight against the cumulative feed consumption. The resulting plotted points suggested that the relationship in question might be described with . . .
CONCEPTUAL HIATUS IN ACID-BASE PHYSIOLOGY

Discerning students have for years sensed there was something missing in understanding of linkage between buffering in extra- and intracellular fluids. At this time one can pinpoint the area of confusion to the process of buffering of metabolic change by tissues other than blood. Unlike the red cell, utilization of buffer in the tissues can be clearly dissociated from the change in the absolute value of pH. This dissociation is shown by the following data obtained in experiments with dogs. Intracellular pH of muscle was estimated by the bicarbonate method. When the intracellular pH was lowered by 0.24 units with respiratory acidosis, the full equivalence of the tissue buffer utilization amounted only to 7.5 mEq. On the other hand, with metabolic acidosis, 30 mEq were neutralized in the tissues while the muscle pH decreased a mere 0.04 units. In place of absolute values, metabolic buffering in the tissues relates to change in the gradient of hydrogen ion concentrations across the cell membrane and hence to a unique and undescribed reaction sequence. Despite the lack of understanding of mechanism, simple rationales meet requirements for clinical diagnosis. Change in the extracellular bicarbonate is proportional to the metabolic disorder in the complete system. Small adjustments provide suitable correction for abnormal tensions of CO2: 1.0-1.3 mEq/liter in the bicarbonate concentration for each deviation of 10 mm Hg in the Pco2. (NSF Grant GB 35524).
Looking Again at Insider Knowledge A Relational Approach to Knowledge Production and Assessment

In this article, the authors challenge historical relations of power, which have valued academic knowledge over the experiential knowledge of teachers and claim that such knowledge is valuable and should be seen as legitimate. At the same time, though, they argue that there is a need to assess the knowledge produced by teachers and academics and offer a conceptual apparatus for conducting such assessments. According to the authors, assessment needs to be an ongoing process that occurs within a collaborative setting where differences in perspective are used as strengths to aid researchers (both teachers and academics) in critically examining their perceptions. More specifically, the authors suggest that by incorporating both insider and outsider knowledge (i.e., experiential and traditional forms of academic knowledge) into teacher research reports, a relational type of assessment can occur where both types of knowledge forms can be scrutinized.
Medical Anthropology at the Intersections

It may be hard to believe, but the discipline of medical anthropology is now nearly 50 years old. In 1959, one of the first references to "medical anthropology" was made in a article by a physician-anthropologist named James Roney, entitled "Medical Anthropology: A Synthetic Discipline" (Roney 1959). Craig Janes and I discovered this in our research for an article, just published in the new journal Global Public Health, on the legacy of our University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) mentor, Frederick Dunn (Inhorn and Janes 2007). Fred, along with Roney, Charles Leslie, Margaret Clark, Benjamin Paul, and George Foster, were among the founders of our field. When both Ben Paul and George Foster passed away in their nineties this May, within about one week of each other, many of you replied to my e-mail announcement by saying that "an era" had passed in medical anthropology. This passing of an era has caused me to reflect on how far medical anthropology has come as a discipline and where it is headed. Medical anthropology is now very firmly entrenched not only within the larger discipline of anthropology but also as one of the medical social sciences in many universities around the world. The practicing side of our profession is also prospering, as seen at the 2007 Society for Applied Anthropology meetings, at which 1,800 anthropologists gathered in Vancouver and where medical anthropology themes were prominent. In short, I believe that medical anthropology is truly thriving. Personally, I feel grateful that perhaps this generation's most famous medical anthropologist, Paul Farmer, through his life's work and his many books-including Pathologies of Power (2003), which has just won the prestigious School for American Research's J. I. Staley Prize-has brought so many young people into the medical anthropology fold. But, where is medical anthropology heading in the future? I would like to argue here that the cutting edges of our field are now found "at the intersections" of many other disciplines. With our solid foundation in place, medical anthropology is now expanding outward and interacting in many productive ways across disciplinary boundaries. In the new millennium, interdisciplinarity is certainly one of the key tropes in the academy, and, at my own university, I am happy to be the
Effect of elengation rate on the failure properties of the rabbit anterior cruciate ligament

Abstract The effect of elongation rate on the failure properties of the rabbit femuranterior crucicate ligament-tibia were investigated. Paired limbs were elongated to failure at rates of 0.0001 m s −1 and 0.92 m s −1 . Two distinct types of tibial avulsion injury reflecting rate-dependent areas of weakness were noted. ‘Bony avulsions' formed by the junction between cortical and trabecular bone comprised the predominant injury observed at the faster elongation rate. ‘Fibrous avulsions' between the zones of mineralized fibrocartilage and bone occurred predominantly at the slower elongation rate. The faster rate significantly increased ultimate load (74%) and stiffness (615%) on average, relative to the slow rate. In contrast to what has been previously described, there was a significant decrease in failure deformation (79%) at the faster rate.
A Comparison of Pregnant Hispanic Adolescents < 17 Years Old with Those of Black and Anglo Ethnicity

Abstract To determine if the prepregnancy characteristics, pregnancy course, and outcome of Hispanic adolescents differed from their black and Anglo peers, we retrospectively reviewed the pregnancies of all adolescents ≤ 17 years old who delivered in 1985–86 at The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. The sample of 1,080 teenagers included 254 (23.5%) Hispanics, 329 (30.5%) blacks, and 497 (46%) Anglos. Hispanic adolescents differed from their peers at the onset of pregnancy in that they were more likely to be married, less educated, and physically shorter. Similarities among adolescents of all three ethnicities included number of clinic visits, mean gestational age when care began, mean weight gain in pregnancy, mean 1-minute Apgar scores, and the percentage of preterm deliveries, cesarean sections, and stillboms. Infants born to black teenagers had significantly lower birth weights than Hispanics and Anglos, although the incidence of preterm births for black infants was lower in our sample than for infants of other black adolescents ≤ 17 years in our geographic region. The incidence of low birthweight (LBW) infants was higher among Hispanic teenagers in our sample than that reported for teenagers of Mexican origin. Attention should be focused on factors that may explain the ethnic differences among pregnant teenagers, such as the effect of acculturation, analysis of dietary intake based on cultural preferences and family and environmental factors, sociocultural factors influencing decisions about marital status, educational achievement, and motherhood. An urgent need in this population is for pregnancy prevention, particularly among the very young Hispanic and black adolescents.
Museum Exhibition Lighting: Visitor Needs and Perceptions of Quality

(1993). Museum Exhibition Lighting: Visitor Needs and Perceptions of Quality. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 45-54.
Modeling Support Effects: Finite Element and Experimental Modal Methods

The effects of support/foundation dynamics are often significant in high speed turbomachinery, and can affect the stability and response to unbalance. In some cases additional critical speeds are introduced, related to resonances in the foundation or interaction with rotor resonances of foundation resonances.This paper reviews several methods for representing these effects, including (1) reduced matrices from finite element substructures (ANSYS, for example), (2) matrices generated from modal data, and (3) direct use of experimental transfer functions. These methods are implemented in a finite element rotor program in a PC-DOS environment.The application of the methods to two laboratory rotor configurations described and results presented. Situations with a foundation resonance above and near the rotor critical are included. The importance of including coupling effects between supports is shown.Copyright © 1996 by ASME
The Breadth-Based Adjective Rating Task (BART) in consumer behavior

Consumer researchers have suggested that nonconscious processes may operate on consumer behavior. The goal of this research was to evaluate the Breadth-Based Adjective Rating Task (BART), an indirect measure of attitudes, in the consumer domain. In study 1, the BART was related to past Philadelphia Inquirer usage and was a significant predictor of prospective choice. In study 2, the BART was related to past Ben & Jerry’s purchase and was a marginal predictor of prospective choice. Overall, the BART added to the specificity of prediction of consumer behavior. The potentiality of the BART in consumer research is discussed
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression and Pulmonary Development in Murine Fetal Heart-Lung Culture

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression and Pulmonary Development in Murine Fetal Heart-Lung Culture