cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orthogonal optimization of subqueries and aggregation

There is considerable overlap between strategies proposed for subquery evaluation, and those for grouping and aggregation. In this paper we show how a number of small, independent primitives generate a rich set of efficient execution strategies —covering standard proposals for subquery evaluation suggested in earlier literature. These small primitives fall into two main, orthogonal areas: Correlation removal, and efficient processing of outerjoins and GroupBy. An optimization approach based on these pieces provides syntax-independence of query processing with respect to subqueries, i. e. equivalent queries written with or without subquery produce the same efficient plan.We describe techniques implemented in Microsoft SQL Server (releases 7.0 and 8.0) for queries containing sub-queries and/or aggregations, based on a number of orthogonal optimizations. We concentrate separately on removing correlated subqueries, also called “query flattening,” and on efficient execution of queries with aggregations. The end result is a modular, flexible implementation, which produces very efficient execution plans. To demonstrate the validity of our approach, we present results for some queries from the TPC-H benchmark. From all published TPC-H results in the 300GB scale, at the time of writing (November 2000), SQL Server has the fastest results on those queries, even on a fraction of the processors used by other systems.
Claw Plate Fixation of the Greater Trochanter in Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate a new trochanteric claw plate for trochanteric fixation. From 1998 to 2004, 31 procedures were performed by one surgeon. Mean follow-up was 2.2 years. Indications for the procedure included 16 nonunion, 7 trochanteric osteotomy, 5 periprosthetic fractures, and 3 intraoperative fractures. Median Harris hip scores improved from 47 to 92 points (P < .0001). No patient had an abductor lurch postoperatively (P < .0001). No patient had moderate or severe pain postoperatively (P < .0001). Median active abduction increased from 0 degrees to 25 degrees (P < .0001). Osseous union occurred in 28 of 31 hips. Plate-related complications occurred in 6 of 31 hips. No significant difference was identified for outcomes based on indication. In conclusion, the claw plate in this study can sufficiently treat the complex situation of trochanteric nonunion, fracture, or osteotomy.
Examples of spatial positioning redundant robotic manipulators that are optimally fault tolerant

It is common practice to design a robot's kinematics from the desired properties that are locally specified by a manipulator Jacobian. For the case of optimality with respect to fault tolerance, one common definition is that the post-failure Jacobian possesses the largest possible minimum singular value over all possible locked-joint failures. This work considers a Jacobian that has been designed to be optimally fault tolerant for a simple spatial positioning manipulator. It is shown that despite the fact that the Jacobian is “unique”, up to column permutations and multiplications by ±1, there are a large family of physical manipulators that correspond to the optimal Jacobian. Two example manipulators are presented and analyzed. It is shown that there is a large degree of variability in the global kinematic properties of these designs, despite being generated from the same Jacobian.
Ex Situ Conservation of the Federally Endangered Plant Species Clematis socialis Kral (Ranunculaceae)

ABSTRACT: The Center for Plant Conservation (CPC) has created sampling guidelines for the ex situ conservation of rare plant species. These guidelines estimate the number of individuals needed to maximize the genetic diversity of the collection according to population genetic theory. For many clonal plant species, knowledge of the number of unique individuals is not easily discerned and application of these guidelines must be based on molecular genetic data. In this paper, we discuss the steps taken in order to meet CPC guidelines for the conservation of a rare clonal plant, Clematis socialis. Due to limited seed availability, methods were developed for successful in vitro propagation and cryopreservation of C. socialis shoot tips. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis identified fifteen unique genotypes in the ex situ in vitro collection. One genotype in this collection has been conserved from a population that is now presumed extinct. Although the initial sampling protocol managed to capture cons...
Turing Machines and the Spectra of First-Order Formulas

H. Scholz [11] defined the spectrum of a formula φ of first-order logic with equality to be the set of all natural numbers n for which φ has a model of cardinality n. He then asked for a characterization of spectra. Only partial progress has been made. Computational aspects of this problem have been worked on by Gunter Asser [1], A. Mostowski [9], and J. H. Bennett [2]. It is known that spectra include the Grzegorczyk class and are properly included in . However, no progress has been made toward establishing whether spectra properly include , or whether spectra are closed under complementation.A possible connection with automata theory arises from the fact that contains just those sets which are accepted by deterministic linear-bounded Turing machines (Ritchie [10]). Another resemblance lies in the fact that the same two problems (closure under complement, and proper inclusion of ) have remained open for the class of context sensitive languages for several years.In this paper we show that these similarities are not accidental—that spectra and context sensitive languages are closely related, and that their open questions are merely special cases of a family of open questions which relate to the difference (if any) between deterministic and nondeterministic time or space bounded Turing machines.In particular we show that spectra are just those sets which are acceptable by nondeterministic Turing machines in time 2cx, where c is constant and x is the length of the input. Combining this result with results of Bennett [2], Ritchie [10], Kuroda [7], and Cook [3], we obtain the “hierarchy” of classes of sets shown in Figure 1. It is of interest to note that in all of these cases the amount of unrestricted read/write memory appears to be too small to allow diagonalization within the larger classes.
Local equilibrium model of morphological instabilities in chemical vapor deposition

Abstract We construct a continuum model of morphological instabilities encountered in the growth of amorphous thin films by chemical vapor deposition. Both the effects of surface diffusion and the re-evaporation of material into the gas phase are incorporated in our description. These processes are modulated by variations in the chemical potential along the surface. We characterize the stability of a growing film with a planar interface using linear stability analysis. We also develop techniques for calculating the dynamics of surfaces well into the non-linear regime at longer times and examine the growth behavior of several non-planar interfaces for both two-dimensional and three-dimensional systems.
Propagation of decaying waves in periodic and piecewise periodic structures of finite length

Abstract A new method is described for the analysis of long and complicated structures which are composed of spatially periodic units or sections of spatially periodic units. The response of such a structure to external excitations is treated as a superposition of wave motions, with account taken of the effects of wave reflection due to change in the construction pattern along the structure and boundary conditions. Since damping usually exists in a real structure, a wave motion always decays as it propagates along the structure. However, this can cause numerical difficulties if the structure is rather long, because a decaying wave appears as a growing wave in the opposite direction and, since propagations in both directions must be accounted for in the analysis, computational errors associated with the apparent growing waves also grow and the numerical results become meaningless. In the proposed new scheme, use is made of wave reflection and transmission matrices, making it possible for all computations to proceed in the direction of wave propagation so that the results are always stable numerically. Furthermore, the required computing time is greatly reduced in comparison with that of an all-encompassing finite-element analysis for the entire structure. Application of the new method is illustrated by examples.
Spectral analysis of clock noise: a primer

The statistical characterization of clock noise is important for understanding how well a clock can perform in applications where timekeeping is important. The usual frequency domain characterization of clock noise is the power spectrum. We present a primer on how to estimate the power spectrum of clock noise given a finite sequence of measurements of time (or phase) differences between two clocks. The simplest estimator of the spectrum is the periodogram. Unfortunately this estimator is often problematic when applied to clock noise. Three estimators that overcome the deficiencies of the periodogram are the sinusoidal multitaper spectral estimator, Welch's overlapped segment averaging estimator and Burg's autoregressive estimator. We give complete details on how to calculate these three estimators. We apply them to two examples of clock noise and find that they all improve upon the periodogram and give comparable results. We also discuss some of the uses for the spectrum and its estimates in the statistical characterization of clock noise.
Affordances, Dynamic Experience, and the Challenge of Reification

Why is it that affordances have received attention within psychology only in recent decades if they are supposedly what individuals perceive most fundamentally? This paradox can be explained, in part, by the fact that psychologists have usually considered the character of perceiving from a detached stance, and then reified the results of this analysis-an error that William James called the psychologist's fallacy-rather than attending to the immediate flow of perception-action. By the same token, if ecological psychologists were to take stimulus information as what is perceived, rather than as part of a conceptual framework offered to explain how we perceive, they would be committing a similar reification error. Ecological optics as a conceptual framework is always open to revision, even while the reality of affordances is assumed. Bearing in mind this distinction between what is perceived and how it is perceived, investigators need to return regularly to immediate experience, both as a means of verifying ...
Yeast hnRNP K-like genes are involved in regulation of the telomeric position effect and telomere length.

Mammalian heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) is an RNA- and DNA-binding protein implicated in the regulation of gene expression processes. To better understand its function, we studied two Saccharomyces cerevisiae homologues of the human hnRNP K, PBP2 and HEK2 (heterogeneous nuclear RNP K-like gene). pbp2Δ and hek2Δ mutations inhibited expression of a marker gene that was inserted near telomere but not at internal chromosomal locations. The telomere proximal to the ectopic marker gene became longer, while most of the other telomeres were not altered in the double mutant cells. We provide evidence that telomere elongation might be the primary event that causes enhanced silencing of an adjacent reporter gene. The telomere lengthening could, in part, be explained by the inhibitory effect of hek2Δ mutation on the telomeric rapid deletion pathway. Hek2p was detected in a complex with chromosome regions proximal to the affected telomere, suggesting a direct involvement of this protein in telomere maintenance. These results identify a role for hnRNP K-like genes in the structural and functional organization of telomeric chromatin in yeast.
Adolescent Sexual Orientation and Suicide Risk: Evidence From a National Study

Objectives. Sexual orientation has been a debated risk factor for adolescent suicidality over the past 20 years. This study examined the link between sexual orientation and suicidality, using data that are nationally representative and that include other critical youth suicide risk factors. Methods. Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were examined. Survey logistic regression was used to control for sample design effects. Results. There is a strong link between adolescent sexual orientation and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. The strong effect of sexual orientation on suicidal thoughts is mediated by critical youth suicide risk factors, including depression, hopelessness, alcohol abuse, recent suicide attempts by a peer or a family member, and experiences of victimization. Conclusions. The findings provide strong evidence that sexual minority youths are more likely than their peers to think about and attempt suicide.
The effect of temperature and thermal acclimation on the sustainable performance of swimming scup

There is a significant reduction in overall maximum power output of muscle at low temperatures due to reduced steady-state (i.e. maximum activation) power-generating capabilities of muscle. However, during cyclical locomotion, a further reduction in power is due to the interplay between non-steady-state contractile properties of muscle (i.e. rates of activation and relaxation) and the stimulation and the length-change pattern muscle undergoes in vivo . In particular, even though the relaxation rate of scup red muscle is slowed greatly at cold temperatures (10°C), warm-acclimated scup swim with the same stimulus duty cycles at cold as they do at warm temperature, not affording slow-relaxing muscle any additional time to relax. Hence, at 10°C, red muscle generates extremely low or negative work in most parts of the body, at all but the slowest swimming speeds. Do scup shorten their stimulation duration and increase muscle relaxation rate during cold acclimation? At 10°C, electromyography (EMG) duty cycles were 18% shorter in cold-acclimated scup than in warm-acclimated scup. But contrary to the expectations, the red muscle did not have a faster relaxation rate, rather, cold-acclimated muscle had an approximately 50% faster activation rate. By driving cold- and warm-acclimated muscle through cold- and warm-acclimated conditions, we found a very large increase in red muscle power during swimming at 10°C. As expected, reducing stimulation duration markedly increased power output. However, the increased rate of activation alone produced an even greater effect. Hence, to fully understand thermal acclimation, it is necessary to examine the whole system under realistic physiological conditions.
Temperature and solar zenith angle control of D-region positive ion chemistry

Abstract A numerical model is utilized to investigate the temperature ( T ) and solar zenith angle ( χ ) control of D-region positive ion chemistry between 75 and 90 km. It is assumed that NO − is the precursor ion in a chain which involves three-body formation of the intermediary cluster ions NO + (H 2 O) m−1 ( X ) ( m = 1–3), where X can be N 2 ,O 2 , H 2 O, or CO 2 , switching reactions which convert these weakly bound clusters to hydrates of NO + and reaction of the third hydrate of NO + with H 2 O to initiate the chain to form H + (H 2 O) n ( n = 1–7). Zonal mean and tidal temperatures from rocket observations and theory are synthesized to obtain the best available estimate of mean latitudinal, seasonal and local time variations of temperature in this height region. Relative compositions of NO + (H 2 O) m and H + (H 2 O) n are found to vary widely over the complete range of realistic conditions; however, the relative ion populations are entirely explicable in terms of the effects of χ and T on the relative life-times of the intermediary ion clusters with respect to recombination, switching and thermal decomposition. For instance, as χ increases (and electron production decreases) beyond 60° for a given temperature, the recombination times of the intermediate ion cluster species lengthen with respect to the formation time of the H + water clusters, causing the relative H + water cluster population to increase and thus raise the level where the cluster ion and NO + concentrations are equal from about 85 km (normal midday) to 90 km. For a given χ the concentrations of NO + H 2 O and H + (H 2 O) 4 increase (decrease) for temperatures less than (greater than) 190 and 205 K, respectively. The transition occurs when the temperature becomes sufficiently high that the lifetimes of intermediary ion clusters with respect to thermal decomposition become less than their lifetimes with respect to H 2 O switching (which ultimately leads to the third hydrate of NO + and entry into the water chain). At this point, the formation time of H + (H 2 O) 4 becomes long compared with its lifetime with respect to thermal decomposition and its relative concentration decreases also. Implications of these results with respect to studies of the D-region are discussed.
Lifetime of the B3Σ−u state of S2

Abstract Using the single-photon time correlation method, we have determined the lifetime of the S2(B3Σ−u) state from the decay rate of the fluorescence at 370 nm. A lifetime of 45.0 ± 0.6 ns was measured, and the cross section for fluorescence quenching by S2 as found to be 81.3 ± 4.7 A2. A slight dependence of the lifetime on the wavelength of the excitation source over the range of 280 to 337 nm was observed.
Boredom, Crime and Criminology

Under the dehumanizing conditions of modernism, boredom has come to pervade the experience of everyday life. This collective boredom has spawned not only moments of illicit excitement—that is, ephemeral crimes committed against boredom itself—but larger efflorescences of political and cultural rebellion. In the same way, the machinery of modern criminology has organized a vast collectivity of boredom buttressed by rationalized methodologies and analytic abstraction. Against this institutionalized boredom, cultural criminology offers a rebellion of its own, and with it the possibility of intellectual excitement by way of methodological innovation, momentary insight and human engagement.
Courtroom Workgroups and Sentencing The Effects of Similarity, Proximity, and Stability

Sentencing decisions are the product of a group of courtroom actors, primarily judges and district attorneys. Although the structure of the courtroom workgroup and the interdependencies among members are assumed to be important determinants of sentencing decisions, the degree of this importance and the specific mechanisms through which workgroups affect these decisions have not been investigated. This study used data from the Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing (PCS) for the years 1990 to 2000 to examine how three social psychological aspects of courtroom workgroups (similarity, proximity, and stability) affect sentencing decisions. Results indicated (a) that workgroups generally had very high levels of similarity in terms of race, gender, and political party but lower levels of similarity in terms of age, college education, and law school education and (b) that proximity and stability were generally high. Controlling for individual, case, and distal contextual factors, workgroup factors affected the de...
Deembedding the effect of a local ground plane in electromagnetic analysis

In electromagnetic analysis of complex planar circuits, it may be necessary to use internal ports, e.g., in locations where surface mount devices might later be attached. These internal ports require a local ground plane for ground reference when access to the global ground reference is unavailable. Even if perfectly conducting, use of such a ground plane still introduces excess phase in the local ground currents. This paper describes how to remove the effect of a lossy or lossless local ground, even including multiple closely spaced ports
Computerized video time-lapse (CVTL) analysis of the fate of giant cells produced by X-irradiating EJ30 human bladder carcinoma cells.

Abstract Prieur-Carrillo, G., Chu, K., Lindqvist, J. and Dewey, W. C. Computerized Video Time-Lapse (CVTL) Analysis of the Fate of Giant Cells Produced by X-Irradiating EJ30 Human Bladder Carcinoma Cells. Radiat. Res. 159, 705–712 (2003). This study was designed to examine the viability and proliferation of uninucleated and multinucleated giant cells formed after 6 Gy X irradiation. The pedigrees of 102 individual EJ30 giant cells present 5 days after irradiation were analyzed from time-lapse movies captured over 6.3 days from 100 fields (100×). Pedigree analysis enabled us to study the proliferation of giant cells. The average starting size (area) of the giant cells (14500 ± 9100 μm2) was ∼25 times larger than the normal-sized cells observed after irradiation (560 ± 200 μm2). From a total of 76 pedigrees of uninucleated giant cells, 42 had giant cells that either died or were arrested, while 34 divided at least once and produced progeny that divided again (five three times and three four times) before th...
The Viscoelastic Properties of Passive Eye Muscle in Primates. II: Testing the Quasi-Linear Theory

We have extensively investigated the mechanical properties of passive eye muscles, in vivo, in anesthetized and paralyzed monkeys. The complexity inherent in rheological measurements makes it desirable to present the results in terms of a mathematical model. Because Fung's quasi-linear viscoelastic (QLV) model has been particularly successful in capturing the viscoelastic properties of passive biological tissues, here we analyze this dataset within the framework of Fung's theory. We found that the basic properties assumed under the QLV theory (separability and superposition) are not typical of passive eye muscles. We show that some recent extensions of Fung's model can deal successfully with the lack of separability, but fail to reproduce the deviation from superposition. While appealing for their elegance, the QLV model and its descendants are not able to capture the complex mechanical properties of passive eye muscles. In particular, our measurements suggest that in a passive extraocular muscle the force does not depend on the entire length history, but to a great extent is only a function of the last elongation to which it has been subjected. It is currently unknown whether other passive biological tissues behave similarly.
Slow DNA Loss in the Gigantic Genomes of Salamanders

Evolutionary changes in genome size result from the combined effects of mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift. Insertion and deletion mutations (indels) directly impact genome size by adding or removing sequences. Most species lose more DNA through small indels (i.e., ~1-30 bp) than they gain, which can result in genome reduction over time. Because this rate of DNA loss varies across species, small indel dynamics have been suggested to contribute to genome size evolution. Species with extremely large genomes provide interesting test cases for exploring the link between small indels and genome size; however, most large genomes remain relatively unexplored. Here, we examine rates of DNA loss in the tetrapods with the largest genomes-the salamanders. We used low-coverage genomic shotgun sequence data from four salamander species to examine patterns of insertion, deletion, and substitution in neutrally evolving non-long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposon sequences. For comparison, we estimated genome-wide DNA loss rates in non-LTR retrotransposon sequences from five other vertebrate genomes: Anolis carolinensis, Danio rerio, Gallus gallus, Homo sapiens, and Xenopus tropicalis. Our results show that salamanders have significantly lower rates of DNA loss than do other vertebrates. More specifically, salamanders experience lower numbers of deletions relative to insertions, and both deletions and insertions are skewed toward smaller sizes. On the basis of these patterns, we conclude that slow DNA loss contributes to genomic gigantism in salamanders. We also identify candidate molecular mechanisms underlying these differences and suggest that natural variation in indel dynamics provides a unique opportunity to study the basis of genome stability.
Enabling continuous planetary rover navigation through FPGA stereo and visual odometry

Safe navigation under resource constraints is a key concern for autonomous planetary rovers operating on extraterrestrial bodies. Computational power in such applications is typically constrained by the radiation hardness and energy consumption requirements. For example, even though the microprocessors used for the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission rover are an order of magnitude more powerful than those used for the rovers on the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) mission, the computational power is still significantly less than that of contemporary desktop microprocessors. It is therefore important to move safely and efficiently through the environment while consuming a minimum amount of computational resources, energy and time. Perception, pose estimation, and motion planning are generally three of the most computationally expensive processes in modern autonomy navigation architectures. An example of this is on the MER where each rover must stop, acquire and process imagery to evaluate its surroundings, estimate the relative change in pose, and generate the next mobility system maneuver [1]. This paper describes improvements in the energy efficiency and speed of planetary rover autonomous traverse accomplished by converting processes typically performed by the CPU onto a Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) coprocessor. Perception algorithms in general are well suited to FPGA implementations because much of processing is naturally parallelizable. In this paper we present novel implementations of stereo and visual odometry algorithms on a FPGA. The FPGA stereo implementation is an extension of [2] that uses "random in linear out" rectification and a higher-performance interface between the rectification, filter, and disparity stages of the stereo pipeline. The improved visual odometry component utilizes a FPGA implementation of a Harris feature detector and sum of absolute differences (SAD) operator. The FPGA implementation of the stereo and visual odometry functionality have demonstrated a performance improvement of approximately three orders of magnitude compared to the MER-class avionics. These more efficient perception and pose estimation modules have been merged with motion planning techniques that allow for continuous steering and driving to navigate cluttered obstacle fields without stopping to perceive. The resulting faster visual odometry rates also allow for wheel slip to be detected earlier and more reliably. Predictions of resulting improvements in planetary rover energy efficiency and average traverse speeds are reported. In addition, field results are presented that compare the performance of autonomous navigation on the Athena planetary rover prototype using continuous steering or driving and continuous steering and driving with GESTALT traversability analysis using the FPGA perception and pose estimation improvements.
The manifestation of oxygen contamination in ErD2 thin films.

Erbium dihydride Er(H,D,T)2 is a fluorite structure rare-earth dihydride useful for the storage of hydrogen isotopes in the solid state. However, thermodynamic predictions indicate that erbium oxide formation will proceed readily during processing, which may detrimentally contaminate Er(H,D,T)2 films. In this work, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques including energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, energy-filtered TEM, selected area electron diffraction, and high-resolution TEM are used to examine the manifestation of oxygen contamination in ErD2 thin films. An oxide layer ∼30–130 nm thick was found on top of the underlying ErD2 film, and showed a cube-on-cube epitaxial orientation to the underlying ErD2. Electron diffraction confirmed the oxide layer to be Er2O3. While the majority of the film was observed to have the expected fluorite structure for ErD2, secondary diffraction spots suggested the possibility of either nanoscale oxide inclusions or hydrogen ordering. In situ heating experiments combined with electron diffraction ruled out the possibility of hydrogen ordering, so epitaxial oxide nanoinclusions within the ErD2 matrix are hypothesized. TEM techniques were applied to examine this oxide nanoinclusion hypothesis.
SEGUE: A Hybrid Case-Based Surface Natural Language Generator

This paper presents Segue, a hybrid surface natural language generator that employs case-based paradigm but performs rule-based adaptations. It uses an annotated corpus as its knowledge source and employs grammatical rules to construct new sentences. By using adaptation-guided retrieval to select cases that can be adapted easily to the desired output, Segue simplifies the process and avoids generating ungrammatical sentences. The evaluation results show the system generates grammatically correct sentences (91%), but disfluency is still an issue.
Minimal RED Cell Pairs Markedly Improve Electrode Kinetics and Power Production in Microbial Reverse Electrodialysis Cells

Power production from microbial reverse electrodialysis cell (MRC) electrodes is substantially improved compared to microbial fuel cells (MFCs) by using ammonium bicarbonate (AmB) solutions in multiple RED cell pair stacks and the cathode chamber. Reducing the number of RED membranes pairs while maintaining enhanced electrode performance could help to reduce capital costs. We show here that using only a single RED cell pair (CP), created by operating the cathode in concentrated AmB, dramatically increased power production normalized to cathode area from both acetate (Acetate: from 0.9 to 3.1 W/m2-cat) and wastewater (WW: 0.3 to 1.7 W/m2), by reducing solution and charge transfer resistances at the cathode. A second RED cell pair increased RED stack potential and reduced anode charge transfer resistance, further increasing power production (Acetate: 4.2 W/m2; WW: 1.9 W/m2). By maintaining near optimal electrode power production with fewer membranes, power densities normalized to total membrane area for the...
Measurement of tissue mechanical properties with shear wave dispersion ultrasound vibrometry (SDUV)

Shear wave dispersion vibrometry (SDUV) produces motion in tissue using sequential pulses of ultrasound radiation pressure. The resulting motion of the tissue in the form of propagating shear waves can provide information about the material properties of the tissue given the appropriate equations of motion for the geometry of the tissue. An example application of the method is described to measure material properties in bovine tissue.
Fast and Accurate CBR Defense for Homeland Security: Bringing HPC to the First Responder and Warfighter

An urban-oriented emergency assessment system for airborne chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR) threats, called CT-Analystreg and based on new principles, gives greater accuracy and much greater speed than possible with current alternatives. The increased accuracy derives from detailed, three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) computations including, solar heating, buoyancy, complete building geometry specification, trees, and wind fluctuations. A limited number of such detailed high performance computing (HPC) computations for a given area can be extended to all wind directions and speeds, and all likely sources and source locations using a new data structure called Dispersion Nomografstrade. By performing all the heavy computing ahead of time using the full power of HPC parallel platforms well suited to the application, the results of a number of complete, high-resolution 3D simulations can be recalled for operational usage with no sensible delay for integration of even simple models. In this way, we have solved the usual dilemma of more computer time being required to obtain better answers. The best available answers can be presented instantly with full urban geometry in a readily comprehended format.
Photoinduced Electron-Transfer in 2-tert-Butyl-3-(Anthracen-9-yl)-2,3- Diazabicyclo(2.2.2)octane*

Intramolecular photoinduced electron-transfer from a hydrazine unit to an aromatic group is studied by resonance Raman spectroscopy and electronic absorption spectroscopy. Substituted hydrazine functional groups have played an important role in studies of electron transfer reactions, photo-induced intramolecular electron transfer, and of mixed valence. A prototypical compound, 2-tert-Butyl-3-(Anthracen-9-yl)-2,3-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, that has the hydrazine to anthracene charge transfer band in a region of the visible spectrum suitable for detailed resonance Raman spectroscopy is studied in detail. Excitation profiles are obtained, calculated quantitatively by using time-dependent theoretical methods, and interpreted with the assistance of molecular orbital calculations. Excited state distortions are calculated. The largest distortions occur on the hydrazine unit; the normal mode showing the largest distortion (659 cm -1 , calculated at 665 cm -1 ) involves an out of plane C-N-N-C bend consistent with removing an electron from the NN π antibonding orbital. Anthracene ring-centered CC stretches also are enhanced, consistent with populating an antibonding π orbital centered on the ring. Excellent fits to all of the excitation profiles and to the absorption band are obtained using one set of excited state potential surfaces.
Rural parent behaviors and expectations when caring for children with acute respiratory infections

Purpose To explore rural parents’ behaviors and expectations regarding acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in children. Data sources A random digit dial telephone survey administered to 655 rural adults; 176 answered questions regarding care of their children. Conclusions Increasing fluid intake was the action most parents reported “always” taking when caring for a child with an ARI. Parents take their child to see a provider when they “just know” their child will not get better or when the child has discolored phlegm or discharge. Most reported reasons for not taking child to a provider were because the child got better on their own and they knew how to treat their child on their own. When seeing a provider for an ARI, parents considered it very important that the provider listen to the child's symptoms, examine their child for the cause of their symptoms, and provide symptom management advice. Parents expect providers to treat the ARI in one visit and allow for follow-up by phone or e-mail. Implications for practice Nurse practitioners (NPs) in rural communities should be aware of the behaviors and expectations of parents in their practice. Awareness of these potentially unique issues will allow NPs to work with rural patients more effectively.
Manipulatives Help to Teach Molecular Diagnostic Concepts

Changes in technology and diagnostic health care challenge clinical laboratory science program administrators to meet the diverse needs of students, affiliated training institutions, and prospective employers. In particular, molecular techniques, which permeate all disciplines of clinical and anatomic pathology, are forcing instructors in clinical laboratory science, cytotechnology, and histotechnology to ensure that students have technical and clinical skills in this area. We developed lessons that use manipulatives—hands-on learning tools that students can physically manipulate to develop conceptual foundations during guided activities—to integrate molecular theory, practice, and application into a clinical laboratory science curriculum. Results gathered from student projects, assignments, and examinations indicate that students are better prepared to interpret molecular-based data and to apply molecular techniques to new clinical test systems.
The Valuation of American Options for a Class of Diffusion Processes

We present an integral equation approach for the valuation of American-style derivatives when the underlying asset price follows a general diffusion process and the interest rate is stochastic. Our contribution is fourfold. First, we show that the exercise region is determined by a single exercise boundary under very general conditions on the interest rate and the dividend yield. Second, based on this result, we derive a recursive integral equation for the exercise boundary and provide a parametric representation of the American option price. Third, we apply the results to models with stochastic volatility or stochastic interest rate, and to American bond options in one-factor models. For the cases studied, explicit parametric valuation formulas are obtained. Finally, we extend results on American capped options to general diffusion prices. Numerical schemes based on approximations of the optimal stopping time (such as approximations based on a lower bound, or on a combination of lower and upper bounds) are shown to be valid in this context.
Enabling automatic workload management in Linux

Complexity reduction in workload management is driving the development of goal-oriented workload managers (WLMs). Simultaneously, server consolidation of workloads with dynamically changing resource demands calls for these WLMs to be increasingly efficient in managing resources. We propose the class-based kernel resource management (CKRM) framework, implemented in Linux, for operating systems to these requirements.
Human Agency and Impersonal Determinants in Historical Causation: A Response to David Lindenfeld

Lindenfeld's proposed reclassification of causes—offered in lieu of a chaos theory applicable to history—yields paradoxical results when applied to the developments that installed Hitler in power, since these would have to rank as “constraining” rather than “empowering” because of his lack of control over them. The “principle of sensitive dependence,” while an admirable aspiration, proves a counsel of perfection beyond reach of the historian when applied to those same events. As to historical explanations in terms of structural, impersonal determinants, these remain ascendant, to the neglect of human agency. Narrative history, which alone can account for both remote and immediate causes, continues to be unfashionable. Explanations in terms of structures and impersonal forces, which can only imply causation, are attractive because they offer historians wide scope for exercise of erudition and arrive at determinants that appear larger and more powerful than mere actions of humans. Where profound developments are to be explained, such interpretations conform to the assumption that their causes must have been profound. Yet countless turning-points in history, including Hitler's installation in power, were decisively shaped by acts of a few persons. The frustrating difficulty of accounting for individual behavior contributes to the appeal of impersonal, structural explanations. These tend, however, toward a deterministic view of the past which awakens the impression that what happened had to happen. That obscures the openness of past situations and rules out assignment of personal responsibility to individuals, who seem mere pawns of forces beyond their control. A remedy for such deterministic tendencies lies in counterfactual analysis, which, by drawing attention to feasible, but unrealized, alternatives to what happened, can convey the open-ended qualities of past situations and the importance of contingency.
Ocean Interiors and Coastal Upwelling Models

Abstract The constraints imposed upon a coastal upwelling zone by the steady-state wind-driven dynamics of the interior of an ocean basin are examined. A parameter is found which measures the strength of the bottom boundary layer in the interior. Oceanic conditions correspond to small values of this parameter and, thus, the bottom boundary layer is weak. For these conditions the meridional mass flux can be prescribed at the boundary of the interior in terms of local variables. The zonal mass flux is developed for a meridional eastern boundary. A mean meridional pressure gradient is shown to be impressed on the eastern boundary upwelling region by the interior dynamics. Restrictions imposed upon the upwelling region motion by the assumption of an f-plane and a two-dimensional interior are discussed.
Diagnostic and Sensitivity Studies of the 7 December 1998 Great Salt Lake–Effect Snowstorm

Abstract The processes responsible for the Great Salt Lake–effect snowstorm of 7 December 1998 are examined using a series of mesoscale model simulations. Localized surface sensible and latent heating are shown to destabilize the boundary layer over the Great Salt Lake (GSL) and to produce mesoscale pressure troughing, land-breeze circulations, and low-level convergence that lead to the development of the primary band of convective clouds and precipitation. Model diagnostics and sensitivity studies further illustrate that moisture fluxes from the lake surface were necessary to fully develop the snowband; the hypersaline composition of the GSL did, however, decrease moisture fluxes compared to a body of freshwater, resulting in a 17% reduction of snowfall; latent heat release within the cloud and precipitation band intensified overlake pressure troughing, convergence, and precipitation; orographic effects were not responsible for snowband generation, but they did affect the distribution and intensity of pr...
87-P: IDENTIFICATION OF NEW HLA ALLELELS BY SEQUENCE BASED TYPING: B∗40:206, C∗02:58, DQB1∗03:40, DQB1∗06:50

Aim Characterization and identification of new HLA alleles have been important contributions to bone marrow and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (BM/HSCT) for optimal donor selection which in turn will improve graft outcome. They are also invaluable in solid organ transplantation for selecting compatible donors according to organ transplant recipients’ antibody profiles. Methods Routine HLA typing by sequence specific oligonucleotide (SSO) probe based techniques and unusual or potential new variant of HLA alleles were typed by sequence based method in which alleles at a locus were separated by sequence specific primers and then sequenced. Results Four new HLA alleles have been identified and characterized in a donor and three BM/HSC transplant recipients. The profiles of these new alleles are shown in Table 1. Conclusions The B ∗ 40:206 and C ∗ 02:58 was identified in Hispanic male patients; DQB1 ∗ 03:40 in a Caucasian male donor; and the DQB1 ∗ 06:50 in a Black patient. Finding a matched donor for patients bearing these alleles would be difficult and challenging in BM/HSCT. Patient may make antibody to these alleles which in turn would impact graft outcome in solid organ transplantation. Therefore, the identification of these new alleles is important addition to the HLA allele list. Further investigation of the transplant outcome of these patients bearing these new alleles would be warranted [Fig. 1]. Download full-size image
Generalized commutativity of lattice-ordered groups II

Commutative \({\ell}\)-groups G (in which for all \({x, y \in G, xy = yx}\)) were studied long ago. This was then generalized to the study of \({\ell}\)-groups G in which for a given integer n and for all \({x, y \in G, x^{n}y^{n} = y^{n}x^{n}}\). It was then discovered that if for all \({x, y \in G}\), both \({x^{n}y^{n} = y^{n}x^{n}}\) and \({x^{m}y^{m} = y^{m}x^{m}}\) for two different integers m, n, then also \({x^{d}y^{d} = y^{d}x^{d}}\), where d is the greatest common divisor of m, n.
Testing and analyses of copolymer fibers based on 5-amino-2-(p-aminophenyl)-benzimidazole

Fibers containing 5-amino-2-(p-aminophenyl)benzimidazole are being considered for use as reinforcement in soft body armor applications. Past research in this laboratory has resulted in a suite of tests that have been used to detect degradation in other fibers and are now being applied to the fibers in question. Due to the architecture of the yarns in this study, two methods to extract single filaments for tensile testing were described and analyzed. A dry method resulted in fibers with surface damage, reflected in a high standard deviation in strength. A wet extraction method showed a reduction in surface damage and a lower standard deviation in strength. Fourier Transform Infrared analysis detected signs of hydrolysis in the fibers that were exposed to water. Although no noticeable loss in tensile strength was noted upon exposure, the possibility of hydrolysis in these fibers may indicate a need for further study.
Characterizing the interactions of organic nanoparticles with renal epithelial cells in vivo.

Nanotechnology approaches are actively being pursued for drug delivery, novel diagnostics, implantable devices, and consumer products. While considerable research has been performed on the effects of these materials on targeted tumor or phagocytic cells, relatively little is known about their effects on renal cells. This becomes critical for supersmall nanoparticles (<10 nm), designed to be renally excreted. The active endocytic machinery of kidney proximal tubules avidly internalizes filtered proteins, which may also be the case for filtered nanoparticles. To test whether such interactions affect kidney function, we injected mice with either 5 nm dextran-based nanoparticles (DNP) that are similar in composition to FDA-approved materials or poly(amido amine) dendrimer nanoparticles (PNP) of comparable size. These fluorescently tagged nanoparticles were both filtered and internalized by renal tubular epithelial cells in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. The biological effects were quantitated by immunocy...
Binding of bilirubin to erythrocytes.

SummaryBovine erythrocytes were incubated in buffered media (pH 7.4) containing 14C-bilirubin and bovine serum albumin in molar ratios from 0.04 to 1.5. After equilibration, erythrocytes and media were separated by centrifugation and the level of 14C-bilirubin in media was determined. Bilirubin binding to erythrocytes was then correlated with the proportion of nonalbumin-bound bilirubin in media, determined ultracentrifugally.At a given albumin concentration, erythrocytes and albumin bound constant proportions of bilirubin, despite varying bilirubin concentrations. Upon changing albumin concentrations, a linear relationship was found between extents of bilirubin binding to erythrocytes and to albumin, whereby an increase of only 3% in nonalbumin-bound bilirubin resulted in 5-fold increased bilirubin binding to erythrocytes.Adding salicylate did not influence bilirubin binding to erythrocytes other than was predictable from increased unbinding of albumin-bilirubin complex.In evaluating functioning of the l...
Synthesis and Flight Test of Automatic Landing Controller Using Quantitative Feedback Theory

Landing is a challenging flight phase for automatic control of fixed-wing aircraft. For unmanned air vehicles in particular, it is imperative that model uncertainty be considered in the control synthesis. These vehicles tend to have limited sensors and instrumentation yet must achieve sufficient performance in the presence of modeling uncertainties and exogenous inputs such as turbulence. Quantitative feedback theory has been reported in the literature for design of automatic landing control laws, but none of these controllers has been flight-tested. In this paper, quantitative feedback theory is employed to synthesize robust discrete-time controllers for automatic landing of an unmanned air vehicle. A low-cost flight vehicle with standard aileron, rudder, elevator, and throttle controls is used. Dynamic simulation is conducted using uncertain aircraft models and sensor noise profiles derived from flight hardware. Controllers are initially synthesized in deterministic simulations. Control validation is pe...