cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three interconnected parameters for genetic algorithms

When an optimization problem is encoded using genetic algorithms, one must address issues of population size, crossover and mutation operators and probabilities, stopping criteria, selection operator and pressure, and fitness function to be used in order to solve the problem. This paper tests a relationship between (1) crossover probability, (2) mutation probability, and (3) selection pressure using two problems. This relationship is based on the schema theorem proposed by Holland and reflects the fact that the choice of parameters and operators for genetic algorithms needs to be problem specific.
Interactions between chondroitin sulfate and concanavalin A.

Abstract Chondroitin sulfate, the major extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan, formed an insoluble complex with concanavalin A at pH 5.4 or below. Concanavalin A (500 μg/ml) reacted only with a relatively narrow concentration range of chondroitin sulfate (optimally between 5 and 50 μg/ml) at pH 5.4 in 0.05 M buffer. Similar precipitin-like interactions were seen between concanavalin A and hyaluronic acid or heparin. No precipitating complexes formed between concanavalin A and the glycosaminoglycans at these concentrations in physiological salt solutions (approx. 0.15 M) unless the pH was below 4.5. Precipitating self-aggregates of concanavalin A appeared to be promoted by chondroitin sulfate at pH 7.3, but no significant precipitation occurred between the reactants at this pH even at very high concentrations, nor did soluble complexes form as determined by affinity chromatography on Sephadex G-200 or fractionation on Bio-Gel P-200. Thus, binding between the lectin and glycosaminoglycans appeared to depend upon reversible non-specific electrostatic interactions observed only at low pH and low ionic strength. Stable interactions were not seen in experiments using physiologically balanced salts at near neutral pH.
Determination of the active site for CO adsorption on Ni (111)

Abstract The effect of Au on CO adsorbtion on the (111) surface of Ni has been investigated in a nickel-gold alloy. The principle effect of Au is to reduce the amount of CO adsorbed by reducing the concentration of active sites. The active site for CO adsorption is identified as a three nickel atom site.
Evaluation of therapeutics in three-dimensional cell culture systems by MALDI imaging mass spectrometry.

Drug penetration into solid tumors is critical for the effectiveness of clinical chemotherapy. Failing to consider the efficiency of drug penetration can lead to fatal recurrence in many cancers. Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures have served as an important model system and have contributed to valuable assays in drug discovery studies. However, limited methodologies result in incomplete evaluation of the distribution of many anticancer drugs. As a proof-of-concept study, we have applied matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) in HCT 116 colon carcinoma multicellular spheroids to assess the distribution of the anticancer drug, irinotecan. The time-dependent penetration of irinotecan was visualized and the localization of three metabolites as well as the parent drug in treated spheroids was mapped. To validate the identities of the metabolites, we analyzed extracts from drug-treated spheroids using nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-MS...
q -Taylor theorems, polynomial expansions, and interpolation of entire functions

We establish q-analogues of Taylor series expansions in special polynomial bases for functions analytic in bounded domains and for entire functions whose maximum modulus M(r;f) satisfies |ln M(r;f)|≤A ln2r. This solves the problem of constructing such entire functions from their values at [aqn + q-n/a]/2, for 0<q< 1. Our technique is constructive and gives an explicit representation of the sought entire function. Applications to q-series identities are given.
Health care financing policy for hospitalized pediatric patients.

• Prospective hospital payment systems using the federal Medicare DRG payment model are changing hospital reimbursement. Currently, many states have adopted diagnosis related group (DRG) prospective "all payer systems" using the federal model. All payer systems, where-by Medicaid, Blue Cross, and other commercial insurers pay by the DRG mode, prevent cost shifting between payers. New York state has used an all payer system since Jan 1, 1988. This study simulated DRG all payer methods for a large sample (N = 16 084) of pediatric patients for a three-year period using the New York DRG all payer reimbursement system now in effect. Medicaid pediatric patients had (adjusted for DRG weight index) a longer hospital stay and greater total hospital cost compared with pediatric patients from Blue Cross and other commercial payers. Medicaid pediatric patients also had a greater severity of illness compared with patients from Blue Cross and other payers. Pediatric patients in all payment groups (ie, Medicaid, Blue Cross, and other commercial insurers) generated financial risk under the DRG all payer scheme. Medicaid pediatric patients generated the greatest financial risk, however. These data suggest that state and private payers may be under-reimbursing for the care of the hospitalized pediatric patient using the DRG prospective hospital payment scheme. Health care financing policy for pediatric patients may limit both access and quality of care. (AJDC. 1989;143:312-315)
A Proposed Model for Deadwood C Production and Decay in Loblolly Pine Plantations

Analysis of long-term study data indicates deadwood C production in loblolly pine plantations averages between 50 and 1700 kg/ha/year in stands age 15 to 35 years. In order to accurately predict deadwood carbon stocks over the life of individual stands, information is needed on the size distribution of deadwood and the rates of decay of various-size deadwood pieces. Effects of management activities on mortality and subsequent decay should also be accounted for in model predictions of deadwood C. We describe a proposal for augmenting a loblolly pine stand-level growth and yield model to account for deadwood C production and yield over an entire rotation. Deadwood size distributions are predicted from stand-level variables. Decay rates after mortality are predicted from stand attributes and piece-size information and are used to predict C accumulation in deadwood. The resulting model will be used to predict aboveground carbon stocks in loblolly pine stands, or in regional assessments when linked to geographic databases.
Diurnal tiger beetles (Coleoptera Cicindelidae) capture prey without sight

Although much research has examined the process of prey capture by tiger beetles, an underlying assumption in this work is that tiger beetles are principally, or even exclusively, visual predators. Because this assumption is untested, we performed a series of experiments on four diurnally active tiger beetles in the Genus Cicindela. Individual beetles were placed in chambers in complete darkness and allowed to forage on apterous Drosophila for 6 h. Contrary to expectations, adults of all tested species captured more than 90% of prey items. These results show that other modalities can be used by tiger beetles during prey capture. Beyond potentially providing an explanation for observed night activity in tiger beetle species, the significance of these findings lies in the need to test underlying assumptions of even well-studied organisms.
Resonance in Formamide and Its Chalcogen Replacement Analogues: A Natural Population Analysis/Natural Resonance Theory Viewpoint

The influence of resonance on the structure and rotation barrier of formamide and its S, Se, and Te replacements analogues is examined using the natural bond orbital methods. Calculations are performed at the RHF, B3LYP, and MP2 levels of theory with 6-31+G* basis sets and effective core potentials. At the MP2 level, the rotation barriers increase with the increasing size of the chalcogen, from 17.2 kcal mol-1 for formamide to 21.0 kcal mol-1 for telluroformamide. Natural population analysis and natural resonance theory (NRT) reveal shifts in the charge density that are consistent with the strong resonance stabilization of the equilibrium, planar geometries. NRT provides a simple, quantitative description of the amides as a resonance hybrid consisting primarily of two contributing structures, the parent Lewis structure and a secondary dipolar form. Amide resonance effects strengthen from formamide to telluroformamide as the weight of the dipolar form increases. Polarizability appears to contribute importa...
Blacks and the United States Supreme Court: Models of Diffuse Support

Diffuse support is a central concept in efforts to explain institutional stability. Supportive attitudes constitute a reservoir of good will especially useful for institutional maintenance when political authorities make policies with which many disagree. Here we focus on diffuse support for the Supreme Court, an institution for which popular esteem is especially important, and direct our attention toward African Americans, one of the most important minorities in American politics. Using data from an unusually large national sample of blacks in 1987, we describe the attitudes of this group toward the Supreme Court and compare them to those of whites, and we also offer and test two competing theoretical accounts of support in this segment of the population. In contrast to earlier eras, blacks are on balance fairly positive toward the Court but they are decidedly less positive than are whites. We can explain a significant portion of the persistent support among blacks for the Court as a residue of positive ...
Equitable demand adjustment for infeasible transportation problems

We present a modelling/solution procedure for adjusting demands to obtain an ‘equitably infeasible’ solution for an infeasible transportation problem. The infeasibility may be due to total supply not being equal to total demand, or inadmissible routes (arcs). We show that the problem can be modelled and solved as a pre-emptive, multicriteria, capacitated transportation problem, whose objective is to minimize the maximum deviation between the fractional undersupply to the demand nodes or, equivalently, to minimize the fractional undersupply of the demands. Further, we show that an optimal solution can be obtained by solving either a single-criterion transportation problem (by choosing sufficiently large weights to aggregate the criteria) or a sequence of single-criterion transportation problems.
Optimizing feature selection across a multimodality database in computerized classification of breast lesions

Linear step-wise feature selection is performed for computerized analysis methods on a set of mammography features using a database of mammography cases, a set of ultrasound features using a database of ultrasound cases, and a set of mammography and sonography features using a multi- modality database of lesions with both mammograms and sonograms. The large mammography and sonography databases were randomly split 20 times into three subdatabases for feature selection, classifier training and independent validation. The average validation Az value over the 20 random splits for the mammography database was 0.82 +/- 0.04 and for the sonography database was 0.85 +/- 0.03. The average consistency feature selection A z value for the mammography and sonography databases were 0.87 +/- 0.02 and 0.88 +/- 0.02, respectively. For the multi-modality database, the consistency feature selection A z value was 0.93.
Beyond prevention: containment rhetoric in the case of bug chasing.

Bug chasing, the practice of pursuing HIV positive sexual partners in order to acquire HIV, presents multiple dilemmas for health affiliates in terms of how to address discourses and practices that challenge widely held beliefs about health and medicine. In order to examine how researchers respond to controversial counterpublic rhetorics, this essay chronicles the construction of “bug chasing” in published social science literature. Guided by a theory of containment rhetoric, I analyze how bug chasers are configured in the language of social science used to describe and explain them. I find that social scientific coverage of bug chasing often addresses the behavior using a recipe of rhetorical containment: first, authors gaze upon bug chasers via distanced descriptions of the community; second, authors characterize the behavior as exhibiting an idealistic naivete; and, third, authors stress the inconceivable, and therefore reproachable, sacrifice that bug chasing ultimately demands of its onlookers and participants. In closing, I evaluate the consequences of this containment rhetoric and offer three rhetorical maneuvers to aid future scholarship that examines the discourses and communities that counter dominant health ideologies.
Synthetic studies of a constrained ring didemnin analog

Abstract An asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction in the presence of 3.0 M lithium perchlorate-diethyl ether was used to generate the initial stereochemistry for a cyclohexane amino acid (3), a key intermediate in the preparation of a fused ring didemnin analog. This constrained ring macrocycle should provide insight into the binding site conformation of the bioactive species.
A CoGeNT modulation analysis

We analyze the recently released CoGeNT data with a focus on their time-dependent properties. Using a variety of statistical tests, we confirm the presence of modulation in the data, and find a significant component at high (${E}_{ee}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}1.5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{keVee}$) energies. We find that standard elastic WIMPs in a Maxwellian halo do not provide a good description of the modulation. We consider the possibility of nonstandard halos, using halo-independent techniques, and find a good agreement with the DAMA modulation for ${Q}_{\mathrm{Na}}\ensuremath{\approx}0.3$, but disfavoring interpretations with ${Q}_{\mathrm{Na}}=0.5$. The same techniques indicate that CDMS-Ge should see an $O(1)$ modulation, and XENON100 should have seen 10--30 events (based upon the modulation in the 1.5--3.1 keVee range), unless ${\mathrm{L}}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ is smaller than recent measurements. Models such as inelastic dark matter provide a good fit to the modulation, but not the spectrum. We note that tensions with XENON could be alleviated in such models if the peak is dominantly in April, when XENON data are not available due to noise.
Teaching a miniature robotic manipulator to play chess

This paper describes a project that addressed teaching a miniature robotic manipulator to play chess. This task was accomplished by interfacing a Microbot Minimover 5 robot and its Radio Shack TRS-80 control computer to a set of chessboard contacts and a Fidelity Electronics Chess Challenger 7 microcomputer. An extensive control program and interface circuitry were designed to enable each of the major components of the system to electronically communicate with one another.
Dipole antenna coaxially mounted on a conducting cylinder

The problem of a cylindrical dipole antenna symmetrically mounted on a conducting coaxial cylinder is analyzed both theoretically and experimentally. The theoretical approach is based on the Fourier transform solution for thin wire antennas, equivalence and image principles, point matching, and numerical optimization. The basic idea is that the modified dipole structure can be replaced by an equivalent system (as far as exterior fields are concerned) consisting of a simple perfectly conducting rod excited by an array of magnetic ring sources. The coefficients of these sources are then adjusted to match boundary conditions on the cylindrical modification surface. For the locations of the match points and sources, three gauges involving weighted integrals of the tangential electric fields are used to optimize the solution. Good agreements between measurement and theory have been obtained for the input admittances, resonance properties, and radiation patterns. Results are also presented for a dipole on a sphere to contrast effects due to change in modification shape.
Impact of Preoperative Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction on Long-Term Survival After Aortic Valve Replacement for Aortic Stenosis

Background—The survival of patients who undergo aortic valve replacement (AVR) for severe aortic stenosis with reduced preoperative ejection fractions (EFs) is not well described in the literature. Methods and Results—Patients undergoing AVR for severe aortic stenosis were analyzed using the Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group surgical registry. Patients were stratified by preoperative EF (≥50%, 40%–49%, and <40%) and concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting. Crude and adjusted survival across strata of EF was estimated for patients up to 8 years beyond their index admission. A total of 5277 patients underwent AVR for severe aortic stenosis between 1992 and 2008. There were 727 (14%) patients with preoperative EF <40%. Preoperative EF had minimal effect on postoperative morbidity. There was no difference in 30-day mortality across EF strata among the isolated AVR cohort. Preserved EF conferred 30-day survival benefit among the AVR+coronary artery bypass grafting population (EF≥50%, ...
Somatostatin receptors present knowledge and future directions

Genes for five somatostatin receptor subtypes, designated sst1-5, have been cloned and shown to belong to the seven transmembrane domain receptor family. The sst2 mRNA transcript is alternatively spliced to generate two related receptor products (sst2A and sst2B) which differ in their carboxylterminal sequence whereas each of the other genes is transcribed to give a single unique receptor protein. The six sst receptor subtypes all bind SRIF14, SRIF28 and the cortistatins with high affinity but vary in their affinity for analogs, such as octreotide. Although the tissue distribution of sst mRNAs has been extensively examined, much less is known about the cellular distribution of the individual receptor proteins. Recent studies with sst subtype specific antibodies have localized individual sst receptors to specific cell types within the rat gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, pituitary and brain. Furthermore, sst receptors have recently been identified in human tumors by immunocytochemistry, providing a significantly improved method for sst receptor detection. All six sst receptor subtypes are linked to guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins) and lead to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase following hormone binding. The sst receptors also regulate a variety of different effectors via G proteins, including calcium and potassium channels and serine and tyrosine phosphatases. In addition to signalling, two other processes are activated by hormone binding: receptor desensitization and receptor internalization. The extent to which these occur seems to vary for the different receptor subtypes. Recent studies have shown that the sst2A receptor is rapidly phosphorylated upon hormone binding, suggesting that this phosphorylation may be responsible for the desensitization and/or internalization of this receptor. The importance of receptor regulation in cellular responsiveness to somatostatin and for receptor detection as well as the molecular mechanisms by which these processes occur provide important areas for future investigations.
Nonlinear delamination mechanics for thin films

Delamination of prestressed thin films on thick substrates is analysed accounting for plastic dissipation in either the substrate or film. Emphasis is on large scale yielding wherein the height of the plastic zone at the propagating interface crack tip is comparable to the film thickness. Such conditions are common for both metal and polymer thin films on elastic substrates or for ceramic coatings on metal substrates when the interface between the film and substrate is reasonably strong. Under large scale yielding, the notion of a thickness-independent interface toughness no longer pertains, and a nonlinear fracture mechanics is required to quantify delamination. Two such approaches are pursued in this paper using models based on the attainment of critical conditions at the interface crack tip within the plastic zone. Steady-state film delamination is analysed for conditions where yielding occurs either in the film or in the substrate, and critical combinations of prestress and thickness are predicted. The theory is applied to a recent set of experiments on copper films delaminating from silica substrates.
Seed Bank Changes with Time-since-Fire in Florida Rosemary Scrub

The soil seed bank plays a central role in the regeneration of obligate seeding species in fire-prone habitats. We evaluated how seed density and species composition changed with time-since-fire in the Florida, USA, rosemary scrub community. Because fire affects habitat availability and plant demographic variation, we predicted that soil seed density would be low in recently burned and long-unburned stands and high at intermediate time-since-fire. Seed bank soil samples were collected from a chronosequence of time-since-fire composited from two trials conducted in 1992–1993 and 2008–2009: two sites each of 3, 6, 10, and 24 years post-fire, and 3 long-unburned (~67 years) sites. The seedling emergence method was used to determine species composition of the seed bank. Across all time-since-fire age classes, herbaceous species dominated the seed bank, while long-lived subshrubs and shrubs were present in low densities. Seed banks from sites three years post-fire were distinct from the other sites. When species were sorted as functional groups, seed density was related with time-since-fire for subshrubs and ruderal herbs, but not for scrub herbs and graminoids. Subshrubs and ruderal herbs had highest seed densities in recently burned stands. Seed densities of Florida rosemary (Ceratiola ericoides Michx.) (the major obligate seeding shrub in this community) were associated with time-since-fire and showed highest densities at recently burned and long-unburned sites. The seed banks of two scrub herb species, paper nailwort (Paronychia chartacea Fernald) and nodding pinweed (Lechea cernua Small), were associated with time-since-fire. They reached peaks in density in the first ten years post-fire, corresponding with similar changes in their aboveground abundances with time-since-fire. Soil seed densities of several species and functional groups were associated with time-since-fire, but timing of peak seed density varied depending on species’ life span and age of reproductive maturity.
Regulators of heterotrophic microbial potentials in wetland soils

Potential rates of aerobic respiration, denitrification, sulfate reduction and methanogenesis were investigated in 10 different wetland soils with a wide range of biogeochemical characteristics, with the objective of determining relationships between process rates and soil properties. Electron acceptor amendments to methanogenic soils caused gradual (1–13 d) to immediate transitions in electron flow from methanogenesis to alternate electron acceptors. Rates of organic C mineralization ranged between 0.2 and 34 μmol C g−1 d−1 and averaged three times faster with O2 as compared to alternate electron acceptors. There was no significant difference between rates of organic C mineralization (CO2+CH4 production) under denitrifying, sulfate-reducing and methanogenic conditions, indicating that soil organic carbon availability was similar under the different anaerobic conditions. Rates of electron acceptor consumption ranged between 1 and 107 μmol g−1 d−1 for O2, 0.5 and 9.3 μmol g−1 d−1 for NO3−, 0.1 and 11.1 μmol g−1 d−1 for SO42− and 0.1 and 6.2 μmol g−1 d−1 for CO2. Heterotrophic potentials in wetland soils were strongly correlated with inorganic N and several available C indices (total, dissolved and microbial C), but not with pH or dissolved nutrients (P, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe(II)). Microbial activity–soil property relationships determined in this study may be useful for predicting the fate of pollutants that are influenced by microbial oxidation–reduction reactions in different types of wetland soils.
Interrelationship of Pyrrole and Globin Metabolism in β-Thalassaemia *

Detailed metabolic studies in a case of β-thalassaemia intermedia following 14C-2-glycine administration demonstrate some of the interrelationships of pyrrole pigments and haemoglobins, and some secondary effects of a β-thalassaemia mutation. Marked increase in the early-labelled fraction of faecal bile pigment was confirmed; labelling rose to a maximum at 5 days, in advance of the haem peak, and was approximately three times greater than maximum haem labelling. Urinary coproporphyrins were increased in quantity, thus allowing complete serial determinations of radioactivity, which was at its maximum within 24 hours. The urine also contained a brown pigment, probably a dipyrrole, which had a labelling pattern resembling that of the urinary coproporphyrins, with maximum activity in the first sample. It is suggested that the ‘dipyrrole’may arise by early destruction of redundant haem associated with α-chains. At all times, haemoglobin F was more highly labelled than haemoglobin A in both the haem and the globin moieties. Mean cell survival estimated graphically from the various curves was approximately 32 days. Haem/globin ratios were similar to those reported previously in normal subjects and in thalassaemia.
An integrated manufacturing process control system: implementation in IBM manufacturing

An integrated manufacturing process control system has been developed and implemented in several of IBM's manufacturing facilities to control process and test equipment used in the manufacture of IBM products. Thes system architecture consists of a central, on-line, IBM 360 Data Processing System operating under OS/360 which communicates via high-speed data channels to satellite IBM 1800, 1130 and System/360 processors. These satellite processors control various types of process and test equipment. The central system serves as a common data bank and an input/output device for the satellite processors. In addition, the central system performs data analysis and management reporting on information obtained fromt he manufacturing floor. This paper discusses the general system requirements and specifications along with the hardware and software required to implement those requirements and specifications. Also discussed are problems which were encountered after initial development and plans for future development.
Legislative and technical aspects of mutagenicity testing.

Abstract A brief account is given of the history of the legislative acts that give responsibility to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for ensuring the safety of foods, drugs, and cosmetics. Withing the present legislative framework the FDA has the authority to impose regulations which are designed to ensure the safety of all foods, drugs, and cosmetics. The existing legislative authority is adequate for this purpose; however, the difficulty lies instead with technology and the inadequacy of scientific perspective in the emerging area of mutagenicity testing. Earlier efforts in development of mutagenicity screening systems culminated only a few years ago in the proposal to use the host-mediated assay, somatic cell cytogenetics, and dominant lethal tests collectively. Subsequent research effects indicated that there were serious practical and scientific deficiencies in using this approach. More recently a new proposal, the tier system, has been suggested as an alternative measure. The proposed tier system at FDA consists of three testing levels of increasing complexity. The first tier is an initial screening effort using techniques having maximum sensitivity that are also useful for large-scale, rapid testing. The second tier is designed to identify and confirm that the presumptie mutaggens detected in the first tier are truly mutagenic for higher organisms, most especialy, for mammals. The third tier would be devoted to explicit genetic tests in mammals designed to ascertain the imposed risk to man by the introduction of a mutagen in our environment. The FDA is currently involved in a number of research activities in the area of mutagenicity safety screening which will explore the adequacies and possible deficiencies of the tier system approach. These efforts are described for our in-house activities, our contract activities, and our cooperative and collaborative activities with other government agencies and institutions.
The Supply: Profile of Current Students and Recent Graduates in Special Education

As the field of special education (SE) examines issues related to supply and demand of SE teachers and faculty, an investigation of students currently enrolled in doctoral programs and doctoral graduates is an important perspective to consider. The results of two components of the Special Education Faculty Needs Assessment (SEFNA), focused on the aforementioned two populations, are described. Students enrolled in SE doctoral programs during the spring of 2009 (n = 1,263) and graduates of SE doctoral programs between 1999 and 2008 (n = 626) were surveyed about their educational backgrounds, experiences in applying to doctoral programs, doctoral programs and studies, postgraduation plans, postgraduation career choices, and background information. Results indicated that key predictors of doctoral students who become college and university faculty include the following: intent to pursue a faculty career, financial support (e.g., teaching assistantship, research assistantship, traineeship, fellowship), age whe...
Margin-based Decomposed Amortized Inference

Given that structured output prediction is typically performed over entire datasets, one natural question is whether it is possible to re-use computation from earlier inference instances to speed up inference for future instances. Amortized inference has been proposed as a way to accomplish this. In this paper, first, we introduce a new amortized inference algorithm called the Margin-based Amortized Inference, which uses the notion of structured margin to identify inference problems for which previous solutions are provably optimal. Second, we introduce decomposed amortized inference, which is designed to address very large inference problems, where earlier amortization methods become less effective. This approach works by decomposing the output structure and applying amortization piece-wise, thus increasing the chance that we can re-use previous solutions for parts of the output structure. These parts are then combined to a global coherent solution using Lagrangian relaxation. In our experiments, using the NLP tasks of semantic role labeling and entityrelation extraction, we demonstrate that with the margin-based algorithm, we need to call the inference engine only for a third of the test examples. Further, we show that the decomposed variant of margin-based amortized inference achieves a greater reduction in the number of inference calls.
Cooperative Transmissions for Random Access Wireless Networks With Frequency Selective Fading

A random access protocol for wireless networks was recently proposed that by exploiting cooperation of network nodes can resolve collisions and thus achieve high throughput. In this paper we propose a multichannel extension of that approach that can lead to throughput improvement and significantly reduce packet delays at high traffic loads, while at the same time can handle frequency selective fading. The channel is divided into separable subchannels and each user can transmit packets over multiple subchannels. We propose schemes for resolving collisions on the various subchannels in a way that minimizes the average processing time for each collided packet. At the physical layer we propose an OFDM approach, where the subchannels are groups of carriers.
Requirement for Shh and Fox family genes at different stages in sweat gland development

Sweat glands play a fundamental role in thermal regulation in man, but the molecular mechanism of their development remains unknown. To initiate analyses, we compared the model of Eda mutant Tabby mice, in which sweat glands were not formed, with wild-type (WT) mice. We inferred developmental stages and critical genes based on observations at seven time points spanning embryonic, postnatal and adult life. In WT footpads, sweat gland germs were detected at E17.5. The coiling of secretory portions started at postnatal day 1 (P1), and sweat gland formation was essentially completed by P5. Consistent with a controlled morphological progression, expression profiling revealed stage-specific gene expression changes. Similar to the development of hair follicles-the other major skin appendage controlled by EDA-sweat gland induction and initial progression were accompanied by Eda-dependent up-regulation of the Shh pathway. During the further development of sweat gland secretory portions, Foxa1 and Foxi1, not at all expressed in hair follicles, were progressively up-regulated in WT but not in Tabby footpads. Upon completion of WT development, Shh declined to Tabby levels, but Fox family genes remained at elevated levels in mature sweat glands. The results provide a framework for the further analysis of phased down-stream regulation of gene action, possibly by a signaling cascade, in response to Eda.
Efficiency improvement of a handset WCDMA PA module using Adaptive Digital Predistortion

Adaptive Digital Predistortion (DPD) is applied to a spec-compliant class-AB GaAs HBT PA module for WCDMA handsets. It is shown that, by using a re-optimized load line, the efficiency can be increased from 37.5% to 47% at nominal 28.5 dBm output power, while maintaining the same excellent linearity of the original PA. The quiescent current consumption is also reduced down to 40 mA at all power levels, enabling up to 49% average dc power savings without dynamic biasing. Under 2∶1 VSWR, 7% to 11% higher PAE is demonstrated at 28 dBm, achieving significant ACPR reduction as well. The methodology to tradeoff the linearization capability of DPD to optimize efficiency at a specified power and linearity is discussed in detail.
EMOTIONAL SKILLFULNESS IN MARRIAGE: INTIMACY AS A MEDIATOR OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMOTIONAL SKILLFULNESS AND MARITAL SATISFACTION

Abstract We tested the theory that emotional skillfulness, specifically the ability to identify and communicate emotions, plays a role in the maintenance of marital adjustment through its effects on the intimacy process. Ninety–two married couples completed measures of emotional skillfulness, marital adjustment, and intimate safety. As predicted, we found that the ability to identify and the ability to communicate emotions were associated with self and partner marital adjustment. Furthermore, the association between these emotion skills and marital adjustment was mediated by intimate safety for both husbands and wives. Gender differences were found in the ability to communicate emotions and in the association between the communication of emotions and partners' marital adjustment.
A Mouse View of Hypertension

Abstract Essential hypertension probably results from combinations of genetic variations, not necessarily the same in all afflicted persons, which individually may not cause sufficient deviation from normality to be significantly harmful. Genes contributing to hypertension are being sought by analytic experiments aimed at identifying candidate genes associated or segregating with the phenotype in humans and animals and by synthetic experiments in which changes are made in candidate genes in animals and their effects on blood pressure are determined. We have used gene targeting to vary the amounts of angiotensinogen and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) synthesized from their genes ( Agt and Ace ). These “gene titration” experiments establish that changes in Agt gene expression cause changes in the blood pressures of mice. Surprisingly, quantitative changes in Ace gene expression over a threefold range do not affect blood pressures. Computer simulations with a simple version of the renin-angiotensin system predict that changes in Agt function alter the steady state levels of both angiotensin I (Ang I) and angiotensin II (Ang II). In contrast, modest changes in Ace function alter Ang I levels considerably but scarcely affect Ang II levels. Simulations over the ranges of ACE levels that can be achieved with ACE inhibitors predict that Ang II levels will decrease only when Ang I levels have plateaued. Comparisons of the computer simulations with our genetic experiments and with prior work of others using wide dose ranges of ACE inhibitor show a satisfactory agreement and help reconcile the apparent contradictions between the genetic and pharmacological experiments.
Neuroprotective, neurotherapeutic, and neurometabolic effects of carbon monoxide

Studies in animal models show that the primary mechanism by which heme-oxygenases impart beneficial effects is due to the gaseous molecule carbon monoxide (CO). Produced in humans mainly by the catabolism of heme by heme-oxygenase, CO is a neurotransmitter important for multiple neurologic functions and affects several intracellular pathways as a regulatory molecule. Exogenous administration of inhaled CO or carbon monoxide releasing molecules (CORM’s) impart similar neurophysiological responses as the endogenous gas. Its’ involvement in important neuronal functions suggests that regulation of CO synthesis and biochemical properties may be clinically relevant to neuroprotection and the key may be a change in metabolic substrate from glucose to lactate. Currently, the drug is under development as a therapeutic agent and safety studies in humans evaluating the safety and tolerability of inhaled doses of CO show no clinically important abnormalities, effects, or changes over time in laboratory safety variables. As an important therapeutic option, inhaled CO has entered clinical trials and its clinical role as a neuroprotective and neurotherapeutic agent has been suggested. In this article, we review the neuroprotective effects of endogenous CO and discuss exogenous CO as a neuroprotective and neurotherapeutic agent.
Identifying clusters of functionally related genes in genomes

Motivation: An increasing body of literature shows that genomes of eukaryotes can contain clusters of functionally related genes. Most approaches to identify gene clusters utilize microarray data or metabolic pathway databases to find groups of genes on chromosomes that are linked by common attributes. A generalized method that can find gene clusters regardless of the mechanism of origin would provide researchers with an unbiased method for finding clusters and studying the evolutionary forces that give rise to them. Results: We present an algorithm to identify gene clusters in eukaryotic genomes that utilizes functional categories defined in graph-based vocabularies such as the Gene Ontology (GO). Clusters identified in this manner need only have a common function and are not constrained by gene expression or other properties. We tested the algorithm by analyzing genomes of a representative set of species. We identified species-specific variation in percentage of clustered genes as well as in properties of gene clusters including size distribution and functional annotation. These properties may be diagnostic of the evolutionary forces that lead to the formation of gene clusters. Availability: A software implementation of the algorithm and example output files are available at http://fcg.tamu.edu/C_Hunter/. Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The Bayliss-Isaacson algorithm and the constraint restoration method are equivalent

Summary Bayliss and Isaacson (1975) method of modifying any given difference scheme so as to ensure total conservation of the appropriate physical invariants is shown to be equivalent to the constraint restoration method of Miele et al. (1968, 1969) subject to the requirement of least-square change of the statevector coordinates. Both methods are applied to enforce conservation of total energy and potential enstrophy in global shallow-water equations models. Some algorithmic differences between the methods are discussed as well as some implications of a posteriori enforcement of conservation of integral invariants on the performance of meteorological numerical weather prediction (NWP) models and the internal energy distribution.
Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind and the Morality of Memory

The film Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (Michel Gondry, 2004) is one of those movies that people tend to either love or hate. Critics generally raved about it, but if you look on websites that allow people to post their own reviews, you find a fair number of “one-star” ratings and complaints that the film was confusing, pretentious, or just plain boring. On the other hand, those who like the film tend to really like it, giving it five stars and admitting to having seen the film multiple times in the theater. Why do the fans of this film seem so, well, fanatic in their devotion? Although I think much of their appreciation has its base in the sensitive and creative direction of Michel Gondry, the clever script from Charlie Kaufman, the beautifully melancholy score by Jon Brion, and the impressive performances by all the actors involved, I also think it is not crazy to suggest that the philosophy of the film helped it to achieve the cult-like status it now enjoys. What, exactly, do I mean by saying that this film has a philosophy? Well, I don’t just mean that it explores philosophical ideas. It does this very effectively, but it also offers something more: in the course of exploring these ideas, it implicitly offers a philosophical position. That is, it does not just raise certain deep questions, it suggests answers to those questions. Since it is a movie and not a journal article, the position that is gestured at does not come to us by way of an explicit argument, but it is one that I think can be unpacked and defended. Accordingly, here I will be attempting to make explicit the philosophical perspective that I take to be implicit in this original and moving film. I. FORGET ME NOT
Urinary isoflavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease

Background Whether soy food consumption may protect against coronary heart disease (CHD) remains controversial. No previous study has used biomarkers of soy intake in assessing the relationship between soy consumption and CHD. Biomarkers that reflect both intake and metabolism may be more informative than self-reports of dietary intake. Methods We examined associations of urinary isoflavonoids, a biomarker of soy or soy isoflavone intake, with risk of CHD in a case–control study nested within two prospective cohort studies of Chinese adults in Shanghai. Cases were defined as subjects with no history of CHD at baseline who developed incident CHD during follow-up. Control subjects were randomly selected from those who remained free of CHD and matched to cases by sex, age, date and time of sample collection and antibiotic use. Baseline urinary isoflavonoids (daidzein, genistein, glycitein, equol, O-desmethylangolensin, dihydrodaidzein and dihydrogenistein) were compared between cases (n = 377) and control subjects (n = 753). Conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate the associations. Results Total urinary isoflavonoids were not associated with CHD in either women or men. However, urinary equol excretion showed a significant inverse association with CHD in women. The adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for CHD across increasing quartiles of equol levels in women were 1 (reference), 0.61 (0.32, 1.15), 0.51 (0.26, 0.98) and 0.46 (0.24, 0.89) (P = 0.02 for trend). Conclusions Our study suggests for the first time that equol, a bioactive metabolite of soy isoflavone daidzein, may be inversely associated with risk of CHD in women.
Measurement of the filtration coefficient (Kfc) in the lung of Gallus domesticus and the effects of increased microvascular permeability

The filtration coefficient (Kfc) is a sensitive measure of microvascular hydraulic conductivity and has been reported for the alveolar lungs of many mammalian species, but not for the parabronchial avian lung. This study reports the Kfc in the isolated lungs of normal chickens and in the lungs of chickens given the edemogenic agents oleic acid (OA) or dimethyl amiloride (DMA). The control Kfc =0.04±0.01 ml min−1 kPa−1 g−1. This parameter increased significantly following the administration of both OA (0.12±0.02 ml min−1 kPa−1 g−1) and DMA (0.07±0.01 ml min kPa−1 g−1). As endothelial cadherins are thought to play a role in the dynamic response to acute lung injury, we utilized Western blot analysis to assess lung cadherin content and Northern blot analysis to assess pulmonary vascular endothelial (VE) cadherin expression following drug administration. Lung cadherin content decreases markedly following DMA, but not OA administration. VE cadherin expression increases as a result of DMA treatment, but is unchanged following OA. Our results suggest that the permeability characteristics of the avian lung are more closely consistent with those of the mammalian rather than the reptilian lung, and, that cadherins may play a significant role in the response to acute increases in avian pulmonary microvascular permeability.
Landau sum rules and the density dependence of the spin-dependent Landau parameters

Landau sum rules are applied to examine several sets of Landau-Migdal parameters. The sum rules imply a density dependence in the spin-dependent Landau parameterG′0. The origin of this density dependence is attributed to the density of states and the exchange of ϱ, ω and σ mesons which produce a nonnegligibleG′1.
Surgical Treatment of Laryngeal Paralysis

Unilateral arytenoid lateralization is the most commonly used technique to treat laryngeal paralysis. It is important not to overabduct the arytenoid cartilage during the unilateral lateralization to minimize exposure of the rima glottides. Dogs with laryngeal paralysis treated with unilateral lateralization have a good long-term prognosis. Idiopathic polyneuropathy is the most common cause of laryngeal paralysis in dogs.
Studies of Incurable Rickets. I. Respective Rôle of the Local Factor and Vitamin D in Healing

ConclusionsThe substitution of strontium for calcium in the rickets-producing diet produces a form of rickets which fails to respond to the very large amounts of vitamin D. The endochondral cartilage of strontium-fed animals both treated and untreated fails to calcify when incubated in artificial serum solution even with a Ca X P product of 60 which produces marked calcification in the endochondral cartilage of control rachitic rats. These observations strongly suggest an injurious effect of strontium upon the “local factor” in the hypertrophic cartilage of the provisional zone of calcification which brings about calcification at this area when conditions in the serum are favorable. The ability of vitamin D to cause an increase of the Ca X P even when healing does not take place, implies that this raising of the product is the function of the antirachitic vitamin in the cure of rickets.This communication reports a type of incurable rickets caused by the substitution of 3% SrCO3 for 3% CaCO3 in a rickets-p...
Defect-Dominated Doping and Contact Resistance in MoS2

Achieving low resistance contacts is vital for the realization of nanoelectronic devices based on transition metal dichalcogenides. We find that intrinsic defects in MoS2 dominate the metal/MoS2 contact resistance and provide a low Schottky barrier independent of metal contact work function. Furthermore, we show that MoS2 can exhibit both n-type and p-type conduction at different points on a same sample. We identify these regions independently by complementary characterization techniques and show how the Fermi level can shift by 1 eV over tens of nanometers in spatial resolution. We find that these variations in doping are defect-chemistry-related and are independent of contact metal. This raises questions on previous reports of metal-induced doping of MoS2 since the same metal in contact with MoS2 can exhibit both n- and p-type behavior. These results may provide a potential route for achieving low electron and hole Schottky barrier contacts with a single metal deposition.