cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kachru's circles and the growth of professionalism in TESOL

[The text of a plenary paper presented as Distinguished Speaker at the conference Globalization and World Englishes: Identity and Creativity, convened by the International Association of World Englishes (IAWE) at Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA, 16–18 July 2004.]I MUST START with two disclaimers: First, my name is not James E. Alatis. It is Demetrious Efstathiou Alatis. In the early days of the 20th century, when many Greeks emigrated to the United States, the immigration authorities were troubled with the polysyllabic Greek names. They proceeded therefore to shorten them or otherwise change them to fit the American assimilationist mold. This was done either by transliteration, phonetic respelling, translation, or shortening: that is to say, initial, medial, or final clipping. The Greeks, of course, had a word for each of these processes: procope, syncope, and apocope. Thus, Papatriandaphilopoulos, became Papas or Poulos or Triandaphilos or Triandos or even just Tree. I knew a man whose name was Constantinous Papatriandaphilopoulos who had his name changed to Gus Rose. My own name, Demetrious, was shortened to Dim, and the closest thing to Dim was Jim. Most Demetriouses in those days became Jims.
Influence of Electrostatic Interactions on Chain Dynamics and Morphological Development in Perfluorosulfonate Ionomer Membranes

Several high temperature methods of processing Nafion® have been developed using various alkylammonium ion forms of the ionomer, and the choice of counterion has been shown to have a significant effect on the thermal and mechanical properties of this material. In particular, it has been shown that neutralization gives rises to two high-temperature mechanical relaxations as observed in dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). While several studies in the literature have attempted to explain the molecular origins of these mechanical relaxations, the assignments were based primarily on limited DMA results and have at times been contradictory. The study presented here is a fundamental investigation into the molecular origins of the thermally induced morphological relaxations and dynamics of alkylammonium forms of Nafion® membranes as studied by variable temperature small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and solid-state 19F NMR spectroscopy. The intensity of the small-angle ionomer peak at ca. q = 2 nm−1 was monitored as a function of temperature for each alkylammonium neutralized sample in unoriented and oriented states. In the case of the oriented samples, the degree of anisotropic scattering from the oriented ionomer morphology was quantified using the Hermann’s orientation function and monitored as a function of temperature. Changes in intensity of the ionomer peak and the Hermann’s parameter as a function of temperature were shown to correlate well with relaxations observed in DMA. Several variable temperature solid-state 19F NMR techniques (including spin diffusion, side-band analysis and T1p experiments) were used to investigate the dynamics of the Nafion® chains. Side band analysis indicated that the side-chain is more mobile than the main chain and that the mobility is greatly affected by the size of the counterion. Changes in side-band intensity as a function of temperature were shown to correlate well with DMA data. Results from T1p experiments show strong counterion dependence and suggest coupled main- and side-chain motions. A two-component relaxation process was also observed for the main-chain fluorines. The results of the NMR investigations, along with the SAXS data, have led to the development of a more detailed description of the dynamics of Nafion® and the molecular origins of the mechanical relaxations. With this information, the continuing goal to determine how the strength of the electrostatic interactions in perfluorosulfonate ionomers affects the chain dynamics and developing morphology may be realized for the purpose of controlling the morphology to create more efficient ionomeric membrane materials.
Intrusive versus deliberate rumination in posttraumatic growth across US and Japanese samples.

Abstract To examine the role of rumination in the aftermath of traumatic/stressful events, posttraumatic growth (PTG) and the four types of rumination (i.e., intrusive rumination soon after the event, intrusive rumination recently, deliberate rumination soon after the event, and deliberate rumination recently) were assessed retrospectively for participants from the USA (N=224) and Japan (N=431). The results from a hierarchical regression analysis revealed that the hypothesized relationships among the four types of rumination and PTG were largely supported. Intrusive rumination soon after the event was positively related to PTG but recent deliberate rumination most strongly predicted the current levels of PTG for both samples. Some evidence for cultural differences in the role of rumination in PTG was also observed. In the US sample, deliberate rumination recently was more important than the deliberate rumination in the immediate aftermath of the traumatic/stressful event, whereas in the Japanese sample, d...
Synthesis of elliptical Taylor distributions using a three-reflector antenna with a symmetric main reflector

The Taylor circular distributions and corresponding far-field expressions are reformulated in a more general elliptical-aperture form. Synthesis of the desired distributions is then accomplished by means of a tilted axially symmetric paraboloidal main reflector and two shaped subreflectors. >
Arabidopsis Regeneration from Multiple Tissues Occurs via a Root Development Pathway

Unlike most animal cells, plant cells can easily regenerate new tissues from a wide variety of organs when properly cultured. The common elements that provide varied plant cells with their remarkable regeneration ability are still largely unknown. Here we describe the initial process of Arabidopsis in vitro regeneration, where a pluripotent cell mass termed callus is induced. We demonstrate that callus resembles the tip of a root meristem, even if it is derived from aerial organs such as petals, which clearly shows that callus formation is not a simple reprogramming process backward to an undifferentiated state as widely believed. Furthermore, callus formation in roots, cotyledons, and petals is blocked in mutant plants incapable of lateral root initiation. It thus appears that the ectopic activation of a lateral root development program is a common mechanism in callus formation from multiple organs.
Understanding the social effects of emotion regulation: The mediating role of authenticity for individual differences in suppression.

Individuals differ in the strategies they use to regulate their emotions (e.g., suppression, reappraisal), and these regulatory strategies can differentially influence social outcomes. However, the mechanisms underlying these social effects remain to be specified. We examined one potential mediator that arises directly from emotion-regulatory effort (expression of positive emotion), and another mediator that does not involve emotion processes per se, but instead results from the link between regulation and self-processes (subjective inauthenticity). Across three studies, only inauthenticity mediated the link between habitual use of suppression and poor social functioning (lower relationship satisfaction, lower social support). These findings replicated across individuals socialized in Western and East Asian cultural contexts, younger and older adults, when predicting social functioning concurrently and a decade later, and even when broader adjustment was controlled. Thus, the social costs of suppression do not seem to be due to reduced positive emotion expression but rather the incongruence between inner-self and outer-behavior. Reappraisal was not consistently related to social functioning. Implications of these findings for emotion processes, self processes, and interpersonal relationships are discussed.
The Ethics and Economics of Health Care

This essay argues that medical innovation proceeds most efficiently and effectively within a free market economy. Medical innovation is an expression of the technological project: the program through which we seek to control nature, to improve the quality and quantity of life. The Technological Project proceeds most efficiently with a free market economy because such a market both promotes competition and encourages innovation. As I argue, the market is a discovery process in which alternatives are tried, tested, and selected by consumer's choices. The alternatives to a free market-primarily central planning and a heavily regulated market-fail adequately to encourage medical innovation.
Modulation of Vacuolar pH Is Required for Replication of Edwardsiella ictaluri in Channel Catfish Macrophages

Previous in vitro work demonstrated that Edwardsiella ictaluri produces an acid-activated urease that can modulate environmental pH through the production of ammonia from urea. Additional work revealed that expression of the E. ictaluri type III secretion system (T3SS) is upregulated by acidic pH. Both the urease and the T3SS were previously shown to be essential to intracellular replication. In this work, fluorescence microscopy with LysoTracker Red DND-99 (LTR) indicated that E. ictaluri-containing vacuoles (ECV) became acidified following ingestion by head kidney-derived macrophages (HKDM). In vivo ratiometric imaging demonstrated a lowered ECV pH, which fell to as low as pH 4 but subsequently increased to pH 6 or greater. Inhibition of vacuolar H(+)-ATPases by use of the specific inhibitor bafilomycin A1 abrogated both ECV acidification and intracellular replication in HKDM. Failure of an E. ictaluri urease knockout mutant to increase the ECV pH in the in vivo ratiometric assay suggests that ammonia produced by the urease reaction mediates the pH increase. Additionally, when the specific arginase inhibitor l-norvaline was used to treat E. ictaluri-infected HKDM, the ECV failed to neutralize and E. ictaluri was unable to replicate. This indicates that the HKDM-encoded arginase enzyme produces the urea used by the E. ictaluri urease enzyme. Failure of the ECV to acidify would prevent both upregulation of the T3SS and activation of the urease enzyme, either of which would prevent E. ictaluri from replicating in HKDM. Failure of the ECV to neutralize would result in a vacuolar pH too low to support E. ictaluri replication.
Boundary-dependent circuit model for the transient behavior of a thermal stack in power modules

An accurate circuit model for transient behavior is necessary for transient thermal design and coupled electro-thermal simulation of complete power electronics system including semiconductor devices, thermal packages, and heat exchangers. Conventional thermal models of a power module are usually independent of boundary conditions, rendering these models ineffective in predicting the transient temperature of the thermal stacks as a function of heat-transfer coefficients. Thus, the paper presents an RC circuit model in which the thermal resistances and capacitances depend on the material properties and dimensions of the thermal layers, as well as the heat-transfer coefficient of the boundary. Only steady-state FEM simulation is needed to extract the model parameters. The boundary-dependent thermal model has been verified by simulation and experiment, which confirms that it is more accurate than the widely used thermal model based on assumption of 45° heat spreading.
Understanding the Choices That Patients Make

Several developments in health care in recent years have focused attention on the patient's role in his or her own health care. Patients are demanding greater participation in the decision making that surrounds their care. More and more of the finan­ cial responsibility for their care falls on their own shoulders. Drug companies promote their products through the lay media directly to patients, bypass­ ing their physicians. This approach is intended to create demand by changing patients' preferences for the benefits offered by the products. The role of health maintenance organizations (HMOs) in lim­ iting access to specialists, to expensive investiga­ tions, and to such high-tech treatments as bone­ marrow transplantation is under legislative assault as patients demand that their reasonable prefer­ ences be met. It is important to emphasize that this review does not focus on the population level policy deci­ sions reflected above but on the individual health care choices made by patients. In practice, physi­ cians make decisions all day as they choose tests and treatments, select screening tests, and help patients manage chronic as well as life-threatening diseases. Most decisions are made in the face of uncertainty in the sense that the outcome of the action they select is unknown.
Newcastle Disease Virus

Newcastle disease virus is an economically important pathogen of poultry and other birds that has a worldwide distribution. The virus continues to pose a threat to poultry producers, and vaccination is commonly practised in many parts of the world. The virus may cause a conjunctivitis in humans. Keywords: Avian paramyxovirus 1; negative-strand RNA virus; avian diseases
Air quality and hen health status in three types of commercial laying hen houses

Environmental conditions and bird health are important elements in assessment of animal welfare for laying hen housing systems, but limited information is available comparing different types of systems. Three types of laying hen houses - caged high-rise, caged manure-belt, and cage-free floor-raised - were monitored for temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide, and atmospheric ammonia during winter and summer conditions in Iowa. During winter conditions, temperature and ammonia concentrations were maintained at a more comfortable level for the caged facilities. During summer conditions, temperature showed the least rise above ambient for the cage-free facilities, and ammonia was maintained at similar levels for all housing types. Assessment of hen health status revealed differences in pathogen frequency between housing systems for winter and summer, but not conclusively in favor of one system over another. The results of this observational study indicate that each system may offer benefits during specific weather conditions. Further monitoring to quantify the benefits of each system should be completed.
Body Mass Index and Angiotensin-Dependent Control of the Renal Circulation in Healthy Humans

Obesity is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for renal disease, but the mechanism is unclear. Renal plasma flow response to captopril, as an index of renin-angiotensin system activity, was measured by para-aminohippurate clearance technique in 100 healthy, normotensive subjects in balance on a high-salt diet. Of the 100 subjects, body mass index exceeded 25 in 56 and exceeded 30 in 22. The average vasodilator response to captopril was 27+/-7 mL/min per 1.73 m2 (P<0.0001). After adjustment for other predictors of the renal plasma flow response to captopril using a multivariate linear regression model, there was a highly significant relationship between age- and plasma renin activity-adjusted body mass index and the renal plasma flow response to captopril; however, a quadratic model provided a substantially better fit (r=0.55; P<0.0001; P=0.03 versus linear correlation). The strong association between increasing body mass index and angiotensin-dependent control of the renal circulation suggests that this may be a mechanism by which obesity contributes to renal disease. Weight loss should be considered in the overweight or obese patient for renal protection.
GESTURE, CONCEPTUAL INTEGRATION AND MATHEMATICAL TALK

The research reported here focuses on an examination of the conceptual underpinnings of two areas of mathematical thought, fractions and proof. The analysis makes use of the theoretical framework of conceptual integration, and draws on the modality of spontaneous gesture as an important data source. The question of how gestures evoke meaning is addressed within the context of two studies, one involving prospective elementary school teachers discussing fractions, and the other involving doctoral students in mathematics talking about and carrying out proofs. In both situations, gestures and their accompanying language are analyzed in terms of conceptual mappings from more basic conceptual spaces.
Critique on the use of presurgical chemotherapy: Recent trials as updated in this volume

From the updates published in this volume, is it possible to answer the following question: Does presurgical chemotherapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy after definitive surgery produce a higher disease-free survival than the traditional approach of definitive surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy? We feel that the answer is probably not. Can some insight be gained from what is included in this volume? Possibly.
The Occurrence and Interaction of Plant Viruses and Mollicutes in Plants and Insect Vectors

The literature is extensive concerning dual infections of plants with viruses and other pathogens causing interactions ranging from interference to synergism. A few recent examples indicate increased virulence of one of the pathogens (26,29,39,40,43,44,47,48); others show evidence for interference or reduced virulence of one of the components (18,34,42,50). The references for virus-Mollicute interactions in plants are more recent and limited (Table 1). There are few reports that suggest interactions of these pathogens in dual infections of plants and/or vectors (6,7,9,10,13,21,33). Previous reviews (4,49) have summarized the literature regarding this topic and this report will incorporate and emphasize more recent pertinent findings.
Preindustrial atmospheric ethane levels inferred from polar ice cores: A constraint on the geologic sources of atmospheric ethane and methane

Ethane levels were measured in air extracted from Greenland and Antarctic ice cores ranging in age from 994 to 1918 Common Era (C.E.) There is good temporal overlap between the two data sets from 1600 to 1750 C.E. with ethane levels stable at 397 ± 28 parts per trillion (ppt) (±2 standard error (s.e.)) over Greenland and 103 ± 9 ppt over Antarctica. The observed north/south interpolar ratio of ethane (3.9 ± 0.1, 1σ) implies considerably more ethane emissions in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere, suggesting geologic ethane sources contribute significantly to the preindustrial ethane budget. Box model simulations based on these data constrain the global geologic emissions of ethane to 2.2–3.5 Tg yr−1 and biomass burning emissions to 1.2–2.5 Tg yr−1 during the preindustrial era. The results suggest biomass burning emissions likely increased since the preindustrial period. Biomass burning and geologic outgassing are also sources of atmospheric methane. The results place constraints on preindustrial methane emissions from these sources.
Salvage therapy following failure or relapse after FCR chemo-immunotherapy as initial treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

7009 Background: CLL treatment evolved from single agents to combination chemotherapy to chemo-immunotherapy e.g. fludarabine and rituximab (FR) or with cyclophosphamide (FCR). Reports usually desc...
Photophysical probes for multiple-redox and multiple-excited-state interactions in molecular aggregates.

Photosynthesis takes place through a highly efficient series of energy, electron, and proton transfers initiated by absorption of one or more photons within the visible region of the solar spectrum...
Solutions of a Probability Difference Equation

(1925). Solutions of a Probability Difference Equation. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 32, No. 7, pp. 354-370.
Interfacial Force Analysis and Lubrication Behavior During Post-CMP Cleaning

This research investigates the tribological interactions in removal of nano-sized particles during post chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) cleaning. Possible surface interactive forces are discussed in order to understand the particle adhesion and subsequent removal through physical and mechanical interactions. The investigation was carried out using theoretical analysis combined with experimental study. The theoretical analysis was based on the particle adhesion and removal. Surface interaction consideration includes brush load, frictional force, and hydrodynamic drag. Finite element modeling using ABAQUS was used. The polishing experiments were done on silicon wafers with SiO2 slurry. Cleaning tests were done using DI water to brush clean the adhered particles from hydrophilic silicon surface. An Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) was used to evaluate the effective cleaning topography. It was found that particles are removed through sliding and rolling. The fluid film behavior was successfully illustrated using a modified Stribeck behavior with considering of changing material properties. New particle removal mechanisms and lubrication model were proposed.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Lymphocytosis of γ/δ T Cells in Human Ehrlichiosis

The majority of T cells in peripheral blood express a T-cell receptor (TCR) comprised of alpha and beta chains. An alternate form of the TCR is comprised of gamma and delta chains. These gamma/delta T cells are associated with certain infectious lesions, and modestly elevated in peripheral blood in certain disease states. Human ehrlichiosis is characterized by hematologic abnormalities including multi-lineage cytopenias. In most cases reported, a lymphocytopenia has been present either at diagnosis, or at some time during the illness. Early in the course of antibiotic treatment (48-72 hours), the lymphocytopenia corrects itself and is rapidly followed by a lymphocytosis of T cells that express CD3, but are negative for CD4 and CD8, as well as the major form of the TCR formed by the alpha/beta heterodimer. Instead, these CD3+4-8- T cells express the gamma/delta heterodimer associated with V gamma 9 and V delta 2 chains, a population of cells usually the distinctive minority of peripheral blood T cells, but constituting the major phenotype of peripheral gamma/delta T cells.
Epidemiological analysis on food poisoning in Hubei (2004-2013)

Objective To explore effective measures to reduce food poisoning cases in Hubei.Methods A total of2006 food poisoning cases in Hubei from Jan,2004 to Dec,2013 were collected and analyzed.Results Over the past10 years a total of 129 food poisoning cases were reported by network monitoring in Hubei,2 926 victims with 90 deaths.The high risk month of food poisoning was in the third quarter(July,August,September).Among the 15 cities /prefectures,the highest food poisoning standardized incidence rate was in Huangshi city(20.05 /lakh),followed by Shiyan city(11.46 /lakh) and Xianning city(11.33 /lakh),the mortality rate in the top three cities were Enshi city(30.61%),Ezhou city(18.75%) and Xiantao city(7.55%).The top three causes of food poisoning were:the contamination of raw material or deterioration(34.11%),causes unknown(24.03%) and diet mistaken(22.48%).Conclusions In general,it showed no obvious trends of food poisoning in recent 10 years in Hubei.The high risk period occurred in the third quarter.The constituent ratio of the number of patients of food poisoning was microbial food poisoning.Mainly caused by cross-contamination between raw and cooked food.The highest mortality rate was caused by the toxic animal and plant food poisoning,mainly caused by eating poisonous substances or improperly processed food.
Primary tethered cord syndrome: A new hypothesis of its origin

Primary tethered cord syndrome is defined as low placement of the spinal cord and thickened filum terminale with associated anomalies. This definition excludes anomalies concomitant with overt myelomeningocele and spinal cord tethering secondary to myelomeningocele repair. Embryologically, the primary tethered cord syndrome is an entirely different entity from overt myelomeningocele and associated Arnold-Chiari type II malformation, but its origins have not been satisfactorily explained. The authors postulate that primary tethered cord syndrome is a manifestation of local dysmorphogenesis of all three germ layers at the lumbosacral area, possibly triggered by a hemorrhagic, inflammatory, or some other local lesion occurring in embryogenesis.
313 A RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW OF THE PROGNOSIS AND RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ENDOGENOUS ENDOPHTHALMITIS.

Objective To report the visual outcome, management, causative organisms, source of infection, and predisposing diseases in cases of endogenous endophthalmitis, which is defined as an intraocular infection resulting from a microorganism that has crossed the blood-ocular barrier initially focused at a distant infection site. Methods This is a retrospective case series of 13 patients and 19 eyes that presented to the Loma Linda University Medical Center from January 1, 1987 to December 31, 2005. This study is ongoing. Results All of the patients had a prior medical condition that predisposed them to this disease. These include diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, kidney disease, immune deficiency, and malignancy. Forty-six percent of the patients had bilateral endophthalmitis. The majority of cases were fungal (46%), while Staphylococcus aureaus accounted for 15% of the cases. Sources of infection were infected hospital tubing in 31% of cases, endocarditis in 15% of cases, and GI abscesses in 15% of cases. The majority of cases were managed with intravitreal antibiotics and vitrectomies with disappointing visual outcomes. Only three of the eyes had final visual acuities of 20/100 or better. Conclusion These results represent a trend of increasing incidence of fungal endogenous endophthalmitis. They also indicate predisposing conditions and infection sources of this disease. Prognosis is poor in the majority of patients and is most likely determined by the extent of the infection and how soon the infection is treated.
Role of Impurities

Coal is a composite material with organic and inorganic constituents; its structure can be viewed as consisting of hydroaromatic structures with aromaticity in­creasing from low-rank to high-rank coals (Wender, 1976). The heteroatoms oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur are associated with the coal in varying amounts. The sulfur is divided into organic and inorganic, with the organic sulfur being distributed throughout the entire coal. The inorganic sulfur is mainly associated with iron disulfide (pyrite or marcasite) and with the sulfates in weathered coals. Elemental sulfur has also been observed in coals although it is not a common occurrence (Yurovskii, 1960). Nitrogen in coal is found mainly in ring positions. Oxygen is present in phenolic hydroxyl, open ethers, and ring ethers; it is also an important constituent of the clay minerals. Lower-rank coals are rich in oxygen. The inorganic constituents of coal are mainly the commonly occurring minerals illite, kaolinite, mixed-layer clay, quartz, calcite, and pyrite. Other minerals occur in smaller amounts like siderite, ankerite, dolomite, feldspar, gypsum, marcasite, and sphalerite. Szomolnokite, coquimbite, and other sulfates are detected in partially oxidized coals (Rao Prasada et al., 1973). Minor minerals like rutile, anatase, cassiterite, etc. have been detected in several coals (Harris et al., 1981). Trace elements appear in range down to parts per million and practically cover the whole Periodic Table. The direct determination of the chemical forms of the trace elements in coal is quite difficult.
TWO-COLOR, PHOTON-GATED SPECTRAL HOLE-BURNING

Persistent spectral hole-burning (PHB) has been proposed as the essential element of a frequency domain optical storage system1 in which the frequency at which a hole is burned in an inhomogeneously broadened absorption line at low temperatures serves as an additional dimension for the storage of digital information. Essentially all of the mechanisms studied until recently have been single-photon mechanisms, i.e., the photoionduced change leading to hole-burning (writing) for a given center occurs with a certain fixed probability after the absorption of one photon. Such linear, monophotonic processes suffer from the drawback that the act of detecting holes (reading) can also produce changes in the absorption line. Recent modeling studies of the generalized single-photon process2 have shown that thousands to tens of thousands of reads can be obtained from single-photon mechanisms only when the material possesses high quantum efficiency and low absorption cross section. These restrictive requirements do not apply for photon-gated hole-burning mechanisms, i.e., those mechanisms for which hole-burning occurs only in the presence of an additional “gating” light source, because for these mechanisms, reading is performed in the absence of the gating light and is therefore nondestructive.
A Stage Model of Stress and Disease

In this article, we argued that the term stress has served as a valuable heuristic, helping researchers to integrate traditions that illuminate different stages of the process linking stressful life events to disease. We provided a short history of three traditions in the study of stress: the epidemiological, psychological, and biological. The epidemiological tradition focuses on defining which circumstances and experiences are deemed stressful on the basis of consensual agreement that they constitute threats to social or physical well-being. The psychological tradition focuses on individuals' perceptions of the stress presented by life events on the basis of their appraisals of the threats posed and the availability of effective coping resources. The biological tradition focuses on brain-based perturbations of physiological systems that are otherwise essential for normal homeostatic regulation and metabolic control. The foci of these three traditions have informed elements of a stage model of disease, wherein events appraised as stressful are viewed as triggering affective states that in turn engender behavioral and biological responses having possible downstream implications for disease.
Cockroaches As Vectors of Salmonella : Laboratory and Field Trials.

Studies were conducted to determine if individual American, German, or Oriental cockroaches could acquire a naladixic acid-resistant strain of Salmonella typhimurium from an infected food source and then infect noncontaminated colony members, food, and water. Cockroaches, food, and water were sampled after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h and assayed for S. typhimurium. Cockroaches, food, and water samples were positive for S. typhimurium at each 24-h sampling period. American and Oriental cockroaches were contaminated twice as often as German cockroaches. In a second study, the incidence of S. typhimurium cross-contamination between 1 or 5 infected cockroaches and 10 noninfected cockroaches was followed over 4 d. The highest frequency of cross-contamination occurred within 24 h and declined thereafter. Water sites were heavily contaminated throughout the 4-d test period. In a third study, the potential for contamination of table eggs via S. typhimurium-infected cockroaches was evaluated. Whole egg rinses of eggs exp...
Existence of a solution to a semilinear elliptic equation

We consider the equation $-\Delta u =f(u)-\frac{1}{|\Omega|}\int_{\Omega} f(u)d\mathbf{x}$, where the domain $\Omega= \mathbb{T}^N$, the $N$-dimensional torus, with $N=2$ or $N=3$. And $f$ is a given smooth function of $u$ for$u(\mathbf{x}) \in G \subset \mathbb{R}$. We prove that there exists a solution $u$ to this equation which is unique if $|\frac{df}{du}(u_0)|$ is sufficiently small, where $u_0 \in G$ is a given constant. And we prove that the solution $u$ is not unique if $\frac{df}{du}(u_0) $ is a simple eigenvalue of $-\Delta$.
Abstract 76: MicroRNA-144 Regulates Hepatic ABCA1 and Plasma HDL Following Activation of the Nuclear Receptor FXR

RationaleThe bile acid receptor Farnesoid-X-Receptor (FXR) regulates many aspects of lipid metabolism by various complex and not fully understood molecular mechanisms. We set out to investigate the...
When two wrongs make a right: synchronized neuronal bursting from combined electrical and inhibitory coupling

Synchronized cortical activities in the central nervous systems of mammals are crucial for sensory perception, coordination and locomotory function. The neuronal mechanisms that generate synchronou...
Current challenge and perspective of PGM-free cathode catalysts for PEM fuel cells

To significantly reduce the cost of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, platinum-group metal (PGM)-free cathode catalysts are highly desirable. Current M-N-C (M: Fe, Co or Mn) catalysts are considered the most promising due to their encouraging performance. The challenge thus has been their stability under acidic conditions, which has hindered their use for any practical applications. In this review, based on the author’s research experience in the field for more than 10 years, current challenges and possible solutions to overcome these problems were discussed. The current Edisonian approach (i.e., trial and error) to developing PGM-free catalysts has been ineffective in achieving revolutionary breakthroughs. Novel synthesis techniques based on a more methodological approach will enable atomic control and allow us to achieve optimal electronic and geometric structures for active sites uniformly dispersed within the 3D architectures. Structural and chemical controlled precursors such as metal-organic frameworks are highly desirable for making catalysts with an increased density of active sites and strengthening local bonding structures among N, C and metals. Advanced electrochemical and physical characterization, such as electron microscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy should be combined with first principle density functional theory (DFT) calculations to fully elucidate the active site structures.
Characterization of the electrical properties of advanced silicon-on-insulator (SOI) materials and transistors

Abstract: The characterization of nanosize silicon-on-insulator (SOI) materials and devices demands special attention. This chapter shows that conventional measurement techniques need to be replaced, or at least updated. The accurate interpretation of experimental results is based on new models, able to account for multiple interfaces and channels. Informative examples are selected from various structures including ultrathin SOI wafers, fully depleted metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFETs), and multiple-gate and nanowire transistors.
Combined Biological and Abiological Degradation of Xenobiotic Compounds

In this chapter, we will discuss approaches to bioremediation of recalcitrant xenobiotic chemicals, specifically approaches that employ a combination of chemical (or physical) and biological steps to increase the efficacy of contaminant destruction. Varieties of chemical agents and processes have been applied toward this goal. Prominent among these procedures is the use of pretreatments with strong oxidizing agents such as ozone, Fenton’s reagent (Fe2+ + H2O2), potassium permanganate (KMnO4), or ferrate (K2FeO4) to convert recalcitrant molecules to oxidized products that are more amenable to biodegradation than the parent contaminant. Other chemical and physical agents, however, also have been employed in this manner, including powerful reductants such as zero-valent iron (Fe0) and the use of ultrasound or electric fields. Studies of combined chemical-biological treatment processes have been performed using pure microbial cultures, mixed microbial systems under rigorously controlled laboratory conditions’ or actual wastewaters or contaminated soils. We will discuss these different investigations in separate sections of our review. We will begin with a brief description of the primary chemical and physical agents used in combined physiochemical-biological treatment schemes.
Growth and Transformation of Human Mammary Epithelial Cells in Culture

The culture systems available for the study of normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) have advanced dramatically in the past 10 years. HMEC can now be serially cultivated in serum-free media, as monolayers, on prepared substrates, and in collagen gels (1–6). This capacity to obtain active growth of the epithelial cell component of the breast has made it possible to examine a variety of aspects of HMEC physiology and carcinogenesis, including transformation in vitroby chemical carcinogens and oncogenic viruses.
Use of allograft for large Hill–Sachs lesion associated with anterior glenohumeral dislocation: A case report

Though Hill-Sachs lesion is a common injury associated with anterior glenohumeral dislocation, there have been only few articles describing specific treatments for the humeral head defects. This paper described the case of an alternative treatment for large defect of the posterior-superior aspect of the humeral head using allograft. The patient was a 69-year-old male and the diagnosis was a chronic anterior dislocation of the right glenohumeral joint with a large impaction fracture of the posterior-superior aspect of the humeral head. The size of this defect was 4 cm by 2.5 cm in diameter with a 2 cm depth. To reduce the impaction fracture of the humeral head, a preserved frozen allograft of the femoral head was selected and configured to fit the defect. The graft was then impacted firmly down into the defect, and appeared to offer excellent stability even without adjuvant internal fixation. Two years after surgery, the patient was doing quite well with no complaints. Radiographs showed humeral head with incorporation of the graft and no evidence of collapse.
Happily never after: the visual politics of contemporary French interracial romantic comedy

The term humour communautaire has been adopted to describe the widely popular genre of ethnic comedy cinema in France, films both praised for their ability to bring together diverse groups through ...
Abstract 028: Susceptibility to Strokes in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Due to a Mutation in Stim1

Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-A3/SHRSP) develop cerebrovascular disease as a result of naturally occurring genetic variation. We recently identified a novel truncating mutation ...
Machine Learning for VLSI Chip Testing and Semiconductor Manufacturing Process Monitoring and Improvement

Machine learning and big data analytics are the latest spotlights with all the glare of fame ranging from media coverage to booming start-up companies to eye-catching merges and acquisitions. On the contrary, the $336 billion industry of semiconductor was seen as an “old-fashioned” business, with fading interests from the best and brightest among young graduates and engineers. This chapter argues that this does not have to be that way because many research problems and solutions as studied in the semiconductor industry are in fact closely related to these machine learning and big data problems. To illustrate this point, we discuss a number of practical but challenging problems arising from semiconductor manufacturing process in this chapter. We first show how machine learning techniques, especially those regression-related problems, often under the “disguise” of optimization problems, have been used frequently (often with nontrivial modeling skills and mathematical sophistications) to solve the semiconductor problems. We discuss such examples as process variation modeling and VLSI chip testing. For some other types of semiconductor problems, such as manufacturing process monitoring and improvement, we show that some existing machine learning algorithms are not necessarily well positioned to solve them, and novel machine learning techniques involving temporal, structural, and hierarchical properties need to be further developed. In either scenario, we convey the message that machine learning and existing semiconductor industry researches are closely related, and researchers often contribute to and benefit from each other.
Assessing the overlap between tobacco and marijuana: Trends in patterns of co-use of tobacco and marijuana in adults from 2003-2012.

Abstract Background As marijuana legalization and acceptability increase in the U.S., it is important to understand the potential impact on tobacco use. Accordingly, we assessed prevalence, correlates, and ten-year trends in co-use of marijuana and tobacco among U.S. adults. Methods Data came from 378,459 adults participating in the 2003–2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, an annual, cross-sectional, household survey. Data from 2011–2012 were used to compute the most recent prevalence of past 30-day marijuana and tobacco use (co-use). Data from 2003–2012 were used to compute demographic correlates of co-use, overall trends in co-use, and trends by age, race, and sex. We also assessed trends in tobacco use among marijuana users and marijuana use among tobacco users. Results From 2011 to 2012, 5.2% of participants were past month co-marijuana and tobacco users, 24.0% were tobacco-only users, and 2.3% were marijuana-only users. From 2003 to 2012, prevalence of co-use increased overall (p Conclusions Co-use of tobacco and marijuana increased from 2003–2012, with marijuana use increasing among past-month tobacco users and tobacco use declining among past-month marijuana users. Improved surveillance of co-use is needed as marijuana legalization policies expand and become more integrated in communities.
Intermittency in Estuarine Turbulence: A Framework toward Limiting Bias in Microstructure Measurements

AbstractIntermittent turbulence behavior has a number of implications for field sampling, namely, that if undersampled, it can result in over- or underestimates of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) di...
Design and characterization of energy efficient roofing system with innovative TiO2 enhanced thermochromic films

Abstract A novel roofing system was designed to actively tailor solar heat gains in buildings, potentially reducing overall space heating and cooling energy needs and costs. The multifunctional films containing thermochromic materials and/or nano-TiO2 particles are featured with high solar reflectance throughout the entire solar spectrum and potential self-cleaning capacity. In this study, the novel roof system was designed by integrating multifunctional films with traditional roofing materials (aluminum, wood, plastics, and asphalt concrete). The optical characterization found that the solar reflectance value in the wavelength region of 300–1800 nm could reach up to 24–35% for individual multifunctional film whereas the value was 40%, 48%, 39%, and 40% for the roofing systems based on aluminum, wood, plastics, and asphalt concrete, respectively. The effectiveness of multifunctional films in modulating thermal performance of innovative roofing systems was experimentally examined. The experimental results demonstrated that the film containing both thermochromic materials and nano-TiO2 particles produced a drop in interior surface temperature as high as 3.5 °C for roofing system based on asphalt concrete and 9–10 °C for roofing system based on plastics. The proposed innovative roof systems have the potential for the reduction of heat absorption and cooling loads as well as mitigation of heat island effects.
HIV/AIDS Perceptions, Attitudes and Behaviors among HBCU Students.

College environments are typically considered somewhat protected zones--protected from the “sins” of the general community. However, a recent report from CDC placed considerable attention on the resoundingly high rates of HIV infection among African American students attending predominately African American serving colleges and universities in North Carolina. In the “outside” world, data show that African Americans lead the nation in the rates of HIV/AIDS infections. This research turns on the light to view more clearly an oft-shielded group in an effort to identify and assess the exacerbating or ameliorating social forces that these campuses imbue. This project uses quantitative and qualitative methodologies to examine how college age young adults attending HBCU’s respond to the pandemic / epidemic. In the general African American population typical intervention approaches have had little to no positive effects on reducing the persistently high rates of infection. An in-depth look is taken into the lived-experiences of students at Historically Black Colleges and Universities as it relates to their sexual risk taking in the age of HIV/AIDS.
Environmental Concern in a Capitalist Economy: Climate Change Perception Among U.S. Specialty-Crop Producers:

The agricultural sector offers a unique opportunity to examine the topic of climate change because agriculture is more susceptible to climate disruptions than many other industrial sectors. Based o...
A pilot study of liposomal irinotecan plus 5-FU/LV combined with paricalcitol in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer progressed on gemcitabine-based therapy.

TPS793Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is predicted to be the second leading cause of cancer-related death by 2030, and is characterized by resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy ...
Rare Presentation of CLL as Expansile Spinal Cord Lesions: A Radiographic Chronicle of Treatment Response (P3.6-005)

Objective: NA Background: Both secondary lymphoma involvement of the spinal cord or primary spinal cord lymphoma are rare occurrences, estimated at 1% of primary CNS lymphoma. Due to variable presentation and high morbidity location for biopsy, diagnosis is often challenging. We present here a case diagnosed based on clinical suspicion, corresponding imaging, and treatment response. Design/Methods: 69 year-old gentleman with bipolar disorder, secondary Parkinsonism and smoldering CLL presented after requiring a walker for new stiffness and gait slowing. He described ‘heavy’ right hip flexors and falls when taking turns. A few months later, he developed urinary retention, constipation, and peri-rectal numbness. On exam, patient had myeloradiculopathy and cauda equina syndrome. He had lower extremity spasticity, pathologic hyperreflexia, partial C4 sensory level, and slow spastic gait. He also had right L2–L4 sensory-motor radiculopathy with dysesthesia and iliopsoas weakness. Pre-existing secondary Parkinsonism tremors and cogwheel rigidity were mild. Results: MRI spine showed two lesions from medulla-C7 and T10-conus. Lesions were T2 hyperintense, and expanded both gray and white matter. Gadolinium enhanced in a patchy, infiltrative pattern. Cervical expansion was so severe it filled the spinal canal and effaced CSF space. MRI brain showed multiple post-contrast enhancements along the centrum semiovale concerning for perivascular infiltration of disease. PET scan showed corresponding FDG avidity within spinal cord and extensive lymphadenopathy concerning for Richter’s transformation of CLL. The patient underwent induction with high dose methotrexate, vincristine, rituximab, and procarbazine (R-MPV). Due to methotrexate related nephrotoxicity, treatment was changed to rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, procarbazine (R-CHO-procarbazine). After each cycle, there was marked radiographic response and clinical improvement. Conclusions: This case highlights careful evaluation of neurologic symptoms in CLL, even in presence of comorbid neurologic conditions, such as extrapyramidal symptoms in our patient. Recognition of CNS involvement of CLL was critical in this case and has already achieved encouraging response to chemotherapy. Disclosure: Dr. Cheung has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chan has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Alnylam.