cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Variability of Gauged Precipitation Over California and Its Links to Circulation Patterns

California is an area of diverse topography and has what many scientists call a Mediterranean climate. Various precipitation spatial and temporal patterns exist due to El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) which can cause abnormal precipitation or droughts. As temperature increases due to the rise of CO2 in the atmosphere, it is rapidly changing the climate of not only California but the world. Using NOAA’s hourly precipitation data from rain gauges and modeled data, we performed an extensive analysis (Empirical Mode Decomposition) with SOI, PDO, and AMO to depict ENSO patterns. We found that indices have a stronger relationship with the gauge datasets than the modeled data. Also, SOI has a stronger correlation to the northern regions of California and PDO to the southern. Lastly, AMO shows insignificant correlations in California.
Comparative Overall Comorbidity Burden Among Patients With Hidradenitis Suppurativa.

Importance The overall comorbidity burden among patients with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) has not been systematically evaluated. Objectives To investigate the standardized overall comorbidity burden among patients with HS and to compare it with the comorbidity burden in patients with psoriasis and a control group. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional analysis was conducted of 5306 patients with HS, 14 037 patients with psoriasis, and 1 733 810 controls identified using electronic health records data from October 1, 2013, through October 1, 2018. Main Outcome and Measure The primary outcome was the mean Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score. Results Each matched cohort had 3818 patients (2789 women and 1029 men; mean [SD] age, 45.7 [15.0]). Before matching, the overall mean (SD) CCI score was highest among the psoriasis cohort (2.33 [3.13]), followed by the HS cohort (1.80 [2.79]) and control cohort (1.26 [2.35]). In matched analyses, the overall mean (SD) CCI score was highest among the HS cohort (1.95 [2.96]), followed by the psoriasis cohort (1.47 [2.43]; P < .001) and control cohort (0.95 [1.99]; P < .001) patients. A total of 516 patients with HS (13.5%) had an overall mean CCI score of 5 or greater. Mean CCI score was highest for patients with HS across all sex, race, and age groups. The most common comorbidities among patients with HS were chronic pulmonary disease (1540 [40.3%]), diabetes with chronic complications (365 [9.6%]), diabetes without chronic complications (927 [24.3%]), and mild liver disease (455 [11.9%]). Patients with HS with a CCI score of 5 or greater had 4.97 (95% CI, 1.49-16.63) times the adjusted risk of 5-year mortality compared with patients with HS with a CCI score of zero. Conclusions and Relevance Patients with HS have a higher overall comorbidity burden compared with patients with psoriasis and a control group. A significant proportion of patients with HS have CCI scores of 5 or greater, which are associated with increased mortality. This degree of comorbidity burden may warrant multidisciplinary implementation of routine screening measures
“Progress and Perfectability”: Urban Policy, Model Cities, and Community Control in the Shadow of Newark:

Positioning itself against arguments that claim that the Model Cities program (initially known as the 1966 Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act) was either an unmitigated failure, ...
“If in Other Respects He Appears to Be Effectively Human”: Defining Monstrosity in Medieval English Law

In 1265, William Pilche was exonerated for the 1265 killing of Augustine le Fevere on the grounds that he was “a natural fool” while his victim was a “terrible monster.” Legal treatises referred to monstrosity and disability in the same passages, considering both in response to broader questions about who had the ability to exercise the rights associated with legal adulthood. Jurists conferred similar restrictions upon monsters and people with disabilities, so it would be easy to imagine that they viewed the difference between these categories as one of degree rather than kind and used the term “monster” to denote people born with the most profound mental and physical impairments. However, a survey of English legal treatises, as well as the records of a very small number of contemporaneous court cases involving “monsters,” reveals that medieval law did not collapse the categories of disability and monstrosity. Instead, jurists carefully clarified the ways that monstrosity differed from disability. Monsters were “not born in the likeness of a man,” while impairment or deformity did not render someone a monster if they still appeared to be “effectively human.”
Discontinuation of Pegvaliase therapy during maternal PKU pregnancy and postnatal breastfeeding: A case report.

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited metabolic disorder due to phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) deficiency resulting in an elevation of Phe [1]. High blood phenylalanine (Phe) is associated with developmental disability, seizures and eczema that are prevented if blood Phe is controlled from infancy within 120–360 μmol/L [2]. The primary treatment for PKU is a Phe-restricted diet that eliminates high protein food and relies on the use of low or Phe-free medical foods. The diet is difficult to follow, and this results in sub-optimal blood Phe, especially in adults [3], with associated adverse neuropsychological outcomes [4]. Consequently, additional non-dietary therapies have been developed. The first of these to be approved was saproterin dihydrochloride,1 a synthetic form of the PAH cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). In pharmacological amounts this oral therapy usually serves as adjunctive to diet by enhancing PAH activity in a subpopulation of those with PKU, thereby allowing for a degree of diet liberalization in those patients [5]. A second and more recently approved therapy is pegvaliase pqpz1 (pegvaliase), an injectable enzyme substitution therapy that converts phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid and ammonia and can replace dietary therapy in those with PKU who respond to this treatment [6]. Untreated PKU during pregnancy (maternal PKU) results in poor offspring outcomes, including low birth weight, microcephaly, congenital heart defects and developmental disability [7,8]. During clinical trials of pegvaliase, subjects were required to use two forms of birth control and to discontinue the study drug for pregnancy and breastfeeding but the approved label in the U.S. does not contraindicate its use during pregnancy or breastfeeding [9]. Therefore, this decision is left to the judgment of prescribing clinicians. However, there are no human data available regarding the use of pegvaliase during pregnancy or breastfeeding. This case describes the challenges for a woman with PKU who transitioned from pegvaliase therapy and an unrestricted diet to a phe-restricted diet for pregnancy and breastfeeding and the re-introduction of drug therapy after breastfeeding.
NMR Frequency Shifts and Phase Identification in Superfluid 3He

The pressure dependence of the order parameter in superfluid $$^3\hbox {He}$$ is amazingly simple. In the Ginzburg–Landau regime, i.e., close to $$T_\mathrm{c}$$ , the square of the order parameter can be accurately measured by its proportionality to NMR frequency shifts and is strictly linear in pressure. This behavior is replicated for superfluid $$^3\hbox {He}$$ imbibed in isotropic and anisotropic silica aerogels. The proportionality factor is constrained by the symmetry of the superfluid state and is an important signature of the corresponding superfluid phase. For the purpose of identifying various new superfluid states in the p-wave manifold, the order parameter amplitude of superfluid $$^3\hbox {He}$$ -A is a useful reference, and this simple pressure dependence greatly facilitates identification.
Recall of Genomic Testing Results Among Patients with Cancer.

Background Genomic testing of somatic and germline DNA has transformed cancer care. However, low genetic knowledge among patients may compromise care and health outcomes. Given the rise in genomic testing, we sought to understand patients' knowledge of their genetic test results. Materials and methods We conducted a survey-based study with 85 patients at a comprehensive cancer center. We compared self-reported recall of 1) having had somatic/germline testing and 2) their specific somatic/germline results to the genomic test results documented in the medical record. Results Approximately 30% of patients did not recall having had testing. Of those who recalled having testing, 44% of patients with pathogenic/likely pathogenic germline mutations and 57% of patients with reported somatic alterations did not accurately recall their specific gene or variant-level results. Conclusion Given significant knowledge gaps in patients' recall of genomic testing, there is a critical need to improve patient-directed education and return-of-results strategies.
“It's not Art, It’s State”: Rethinking the Feminist Interventions into the Mexican Monument of Independence through the Post-Aesthetic Concept of Emptiness and Leerraumkunst

Leading the feminist intervention on the Mexican Monument of Independence, and further historical actions into commissions of the State, question have risen upon the “desecration” of identitarian monuments and artworks as to historically actualize them through a process of creative violence. Grounded upon Heidegger’s post-aesthetic concept of Raum or space, understood both as presence and emptiness in which to imprint meaning, along the newfound concept of Leerraumkunst, this research conducts a philosophical and historiographical study of the Monument of Independence, along with the feminist intervention upon it. Taking into consideration Heidegger’s term of “preservation” within art, this research will come to demonstrate how acts of intervention into the art of the State might become akin to such concept. This discussion will let us cross the bridge from the singularity of this historical event and monument, into an ontological truth that might question the mindless sacralization of the State’s identitarian art.
Duration of Downy Mildew Control Achieved with Fungicides on Cucumber under Florida Field Conditions.

Cucurbit production in Florida is impacted by downy mildew on a yearly basis. Cucurbit downy mildew (CDM), caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis, is one of the most devastating cucurbit diseases and...
Multipactor Breakdown Threshold and Growth in Multicarrier Systems

Many high power RF communication and navigation systems utilize multicarrier systems. Testing such systems for multipactor breakdown has no universal approach, and current practices range in their degree of conservatism. A common approach involves considering the number of signal crossings over the single carrier breakdown threshold. Previous experimental work [1] evaluated multicarrier breakdown in two-tone systems and determined a relationship between carrier spacing and required signal crossings to achieve breakdown.
The effects of conglomerate mergers on concentration in manufacturing industries, 1967-1977

This dissertation investigates the relationship between conglomerate mergers and changes in concentration in 193 manufacturing industries. The theoretical bases suggesting the possibility of such a relationship are explained, as are the theoretical implications of any such relationship. An ordinary least squares multiple regression model is presented for use in analyzing changes in four-firm and eight-firm concentration ratios (CR-4 and CR-8, respectively) in an attempt to infer the extent to which the practices of reciprocity, cross-subsidization, and/or mutual forbearance are used to affect the market shares of firms acquired in conglomerate mergers;Descriptive statistics for changes in CR-4 and CR-8 in the sample industries during the period 1967-77 are presented. These statistics show, inter alia, that: (1) concentration in consumer-goods industries has increased and concentration in producer-goods industries has decreased, and (2) the number of conglomerate mergers seems to be inversely related to changes in concentration. The latter result is referred to as the "dampening relation" between conglomerate mergers and changes in industry concentration;The results from estimation of the regression model are generally consistent with results from previous studies. They provide no support for theories predicting that conglomerate mergers result in increases in industry concentration, and they provide only very weak evidence that such mergers lead to decreases in concentration. Thus, the wide-spread use of reciprocity or cross-subsidization to increase the market shares of acquired firms cannot be inferred from this study. However, various further regression analyses support the existence of the dampening relation suggested by the descriptive Statistics and Probability; This result is consistent with the theory of mutual forbearance between large diversified firms.
Lingering Debates and Innovative Advances: The State of Public Opinion Research

The intersection of public policy and public opinion has fostered the development of an extensive body of scholarly literature. Much of the research strives to disentangle the relationship between policy and opinion. For this rich area of study to continue to flourish, it is imperative that innovations in public opinion are grasped and utilized. In this essay, I synthesize the most significant advances made to policy related public opinion research in the last few years. Although debates from previous decades persist, theoretical and methodological advances lead to an increased comprehension of the nuances and complexities of the relationship between public opinion and policy.
On Computing Structural Changes in Evolving Surfaces and their Appearance

As a surface undergoes a one-parameter family of deformations, its shape and its appearance change smoothly except at certain critical parameter values where abrupt structural changes occur. This paper considers the case of surfaces defined as the zero set of smooth density functions undergoing a Gaussian diffusion process and addresses the problem of computing the critical parameter values corresponding to structural changes in the parabolic curves of a surface and in its aspect graph. An algorithm based on homotopy continuation and curve tracing is proposed in the case of polynomial density functions, whose zero set is an algebraic surface. It has been implemented and examples are presented.
The Mechanization of Existence Proofs of Recursive Predicates

Proving the congruence of two semantics of a language is a well known problem. Milne[3] and Reynolds [5] gave techniques for proving such congruences. Both techniques hinge on proving the existence of certain recursively defined predicates. Milne’s technique is more general than Reynolds’, but the proofs based on that technique are known to be very complicated. In the last eight years:many authors have expressed the need for a more systematic method and a mechanical aid to assist the proofs. In this paper we give a systematic method based on domain theory. The method works by building up appropriate cpos and continuous functions on them. Existence of a predicate then follows by using the Fixed Point Theorem. A mechanized tool has been developed on top of LCF to assist proofs based on this method. The paper refutes the fear expressed by many people that fixed-point theory could not be used to show existence of such predicates.
Vision: Occlusion, Illusory Contours and ‘Filling‐in’

Visual interpolation processes allow humans to perceive complete objects despite input that is fragmentary in space and time owing to occlusion. Mental representations of objects and surfaces, and their correspondence to real objects, depend heavily on interpolation processes that create both contour and surface connections among visible areas. Keywords: visual perception; contours; surfaces; occlusion; visual interpolation
Formation of 1,4-Diaminobutane and of Spermidine by an Ornithine Auxotroph of Escherichia coli Grown on Limiting Ornithine or Arginine

Abstract The formation of 1,4-diaminobutane and spermidine from 14C-ornithine and 14C-arginine was studied in an ornithine auxotroph of Escherichia coli W grown in a chemostat. Even under conditions of severe ornithine-arginine restriction, a substantial part of the ornithine or arginine entering the cells (5 to 18%) was used for polyamine biosynthesis. Addition of exogenous 1,4-diaminobutane or spermidine to the culture resulted in a markedly decreased biosynthesis of the polyamines from 14C-ornithine and 14C-arginine. Evidence is presented that these amines can cause both inhibition of ornithine and arginine decarboxylation and partial repression of the formation of ornithine and arginine decarboxylases.
Effect of duodenal fat on plasma levels of gastrin and secretin and on gastric acid responses to gastric and intestinal meals in dogs

Abstract The effects of duodenal instillation of sodium oleate (10 mmoles per hr) on plasma levels of gastrin and secretin and on gastric acid secretion in response to gastric and intestinal meals were determined. Four dogs prepared with a septum between stomach and duodenum were provided with a special cannula that allowed separate access to the stomach or duodenum. Each dog received a 10% liver extract meal introduced either into the stomach (gastric phase) or into the duodenum (intestinal phase). Sodium oleate administered during the gastric phase caused approximately a 30% reduction in plasma gastrin level and a 25% inhibition of gastric acid secretion. Sodium oleate given during the intestinal phase completely abolished the plasma gastrin response and resulted in a 75% inhibiton of gastric acid secretion. Plasma secretin levels were not changed during the gastric phase or the intestinal phase by instillation of sodium oleate. These results show that fat in the duodenum is a potent inhibitor of gastrin release and gastric acid secretion; the intestinal mechanism involved does not appear to affect plasma secretin concentrations.
3He-4He mixture films: The 4He coverage dependence of the 3He binding energy.

Precision measurements of the velocity of third sound in very dilute $^{3}\mathrm{He}$-$^{4}\mathrm{He}$ mixture films are used to test the formulation of the mixture problem due to Lekner and to test recent predictions for the thickness dependence of the binding energy of the $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ to the film. The results confirm the basic correctness of the calculations of Sherrill and Edwards. Comparison is made to the layered hydrodynamic model.
Influence of the El Niño Southern Oscillation on the middle and upper atmosphere

[1] Based on Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) simulations, Pedatella and Liu (2012) recently demonstrated that significant interannual variability occurs in migrating and nonmigrating tides in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) due to the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The role of changes in tropospheric forcing, changes in the zonal mean atmosphere, and planetary wave-tide interactions on generating the tidal variability in the MLT are investigated in the present study. The ENSO-driven variability in the migrating diurnal tide (DW1) is found to be primarily due to changes in the tropospheric forcing of the DW1. Changes in tropospheric forcing are also the source of the changes in the eastward propagating nonmigrating diurnal tide with zonal wave number 3 (DE3). However, changes in the zonal mean atmosphere also contribute to interannual variability of the DE3 due to the ENSO. Variability in the eastward propagating nonmigrating diurnal tide with zonal wave number 2 (DE2) is largely due to changes in the background atmosphere, with a smaller additional contribution due to changes in tropospheric forcing. Variability in the westward propagating semidiurnal tide with zonal wave number 4 (SW4) is believed to be due to changes in planetary waves during the ENSO which will enhance generation of the SW4 through the nonlinear interaction of the migrating semidiurnal tide and stationary planetary waves with zonal wave number 2. The influence of the interannual tidal variability on the longitude structure of the low-latitude ionosphere is also investigated in the present study. Comparison of El Nino and La Nina time periods reveals that the ENSO introduces changes of ~2–4 ms−1 in the daytime vertical drift velocity at certain longitudes. Simulation results further illustrate that the variability in the vertical drift velocity drives interannual variability in the low-latitude daytime F region maximum electron density (NmF2). The results demonstrate that the ENSO introduces variability of ~10–30% in the MLT and ~10–15% in the ionosphere. The ENSO should therefore be considered as a potentially significant source of variability in the Earth's upper atmosphere.
Method for characterization of adhesion properties of trace explosives in fingerprints and fingerprint simulations.

The near inevitable transfer of explosive particulate matter through fingerprints makes it possible to detect concealed explosives through surface sampling. Repeatable and well-characterized fingerprint simulation facilitates quantitative comparison between particulate sampling methods for subsequent detection of trace explosive residues. This study employs a simple, but reproducible sampling system to determine the accuracy of a fingerprint simulation. The sampling system uses a gas jet to entrain particles from a substrate and the resulting airborne particles are then aspirated onto a Teflon filter. A calibrated Barringer IonScan 400 ion mobility spectrometer was used to determine the mass of explosive material collected on the filter. The IonScan 400 was calibrated with known masses of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). The resulting calibration curve is in good agreement with that obtained by Garofolo et al. (1994) (1) for an earlier model of the instrument. The collection efficiency of the sampling system was measured for three particle sizes (8.0, 10.0, and 13.0 μm) using spherical polystyrene particles laced with known quantities of TNT. Collection efficiency ranged from less than 1% for the larger particles to 5% for the smaller particles. Particle entrainment from the surface was monitored with dark field imaging of the remaining particles. The sampling system was then applied to two C4 test samples—a fingerprint transfer and a dry Teflon transfer. Over 100 ng of RDX was collected from the dry transfer sample, while less than 1 ng was collected from the fingerprint transfer. Possible explanations for this large difference are presented based on the system calibration.
Integrative Review: Effects of Music on Cancer Pain in Adults

Problem identification To evaluate the literature for music's effect on adult cancer pain. . Literature search An electronic literature search from 1986-2014 was conducted to evaluate the effects of quantitative music among adults with cancer pain in settings including homes, hospitals, and palliative care units. Databases used were PubMed (MEDLINE) and Scopus. Data evaluation The study designs, methods, measures, outcomes, and limitations were evaluated independently by the primary author and verified by the second author. The primary outcome measure of interest was the effect of music in cancer pain. Synthesis Of 82 studies, 5 of them--totaling 248 participants--met eligibility criteria. Review of findings suggests a paucity of innovative approaches for using music to mitigate cancer pain among adults. Psychological outcomes, anxiety, depression, and mood were understudied. Advanced pain, multiple cancer types, and lack of racial diversity characterize the samples. Conclusions Modern treatments for cancer have improved survival rates; however, patients often experience tumor- and treatment-related pain. Pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic methods may minimize cancer pain. The use of music as an adjunct to pain medication requires additional studies, particularly on mechanisms of its effect on pain among diverse, large samples with multiple cancer pain types. A limitation of this review is the small number of available studies to date. Implications for practice The evidence for music therapy in the management of pain is limited. Integrative methods using music may represent an important intervention that nurses may be able to suggest as an inexpensive, nontoxic, and readily available intervention for potentially minimizing cancer pain.
Prediction of the packing arrangement of strands in beta-sheets of globular proteins.

A method is proposed for predicting the adjacency order in which strands pack in a beta-sheet in a protein, on the basis of its amino acid sequence alone. The method is based on the construction of a predicted contact map for the protein, in which the probability that various residue pairs are close to each other is computed from statistically determined average distances of residue pairs in globular proteins of known structure. Compact regions, i.e., portions of the sequence with many interresidue contacts, are determined on the map by using an objective search procedure. The proximity of strands in a beta-sheet is predicted from the density of contacts in compact regions associated with each pair of strands. The most probable beta-sheet structures are those with the highest density of contacts. The method has been tested by computing the probable strand arrangements in a five-strand beta-sheet in five proteins or protein domains, containing 62-138 residues. Of the theoretically possible 60 strand arrangements, the method selects two to eight arrangements as most probable; i.e., it leads to a large reduction in the number of possibilities. The native strand arrangement is among those predicted for three of the five proteins. For the other two, it would be included in the prediction by a slight relaxation of the cutoff criteria used to analyze the density of contacts.
Adaptive pseudowavelet algorithms for solving nonlinear partial differential equations

We numerically solve nonlinear partial differential equations of the form ut equals Lu + Nf(u) where L nd N are linear differential operators and f(u) is a nonlinear function. Equations of this form arise in the mathematical description of a number of phenomena including, for example, signal processing schemes based on solving partial differential equations or integral equations, fluid dynamical problems, and general combustion problems. A generic feature of the solutions of these problems is that they can possess smooth, non-oscillatory and/or shock-like behavior. In our approach we project the solution u(x,t) and the operators L and N into a wavelet basis. The vanishing moments of the basis functions permit a sparse representation of both the solution and operators, which has led us to develop fast, adaptive algorithms for applying operators to functions, e.g. Lu, and computing functions, e.g. f(u) equals u2, in the wavelet basis. These algorithms use the fact that wavelet expansions may be viewed as a localized Fourier analysis with multiresolution structure that is automatically adaptive to both smooth and shock-like behavior of the solution. In smooth regions few wavelet coefficients are needed and in singular regions large variations in the solution require more wavelet coefficients. Our new approach allows us to combine many of the desirable features of finite-difference, (pseudo) spectral and front-tracking or adaptive grid methods into a collection of efficient, generic algorithms. It is for this reason that we term our algorithms as adaptive pseudo- wavelet algorithms. We have applied our approach to a number of example problems and present numerical results.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Study of Nonverbal Communication among Jews and Protestants

Summary This study explored the nonverbal communication of Protestant Americans (Episcopalians) of Anglo-Saxon descent and American Jews. Conducted in Jewish synagogues (n = 164 males and females) and Episcopalian churches (n = 160 males and females), the investigation examined the distance and axis at which communicators interacted and the types of gestures and tactile behavior conversants displayed. Few significant differences were found between Jews and Protestants; accordingly, nonsignificant statistical trends were reported in addition to the limited number of tactility and gestural scores that were significantly different. Genders did not differ significantly on distance, axis, and tactility. Significant differences were found between men and women on gesticulation.
The protective effect of guanylic acid against isoproterenol toxicity.

SummarySubcutaneous injections of isoproterenol in rats produces myocardial edema and other histologic evidence of toxicity. If guanylic acid is injected daily for 7 days preceding the administration of isoproterenol there is significantly less cardiac muscle edema and the cardiac index (heart weight/body weight) is lowered. Similar pretreatment with adenylic acid had no effect. When bilateral or unilateral hind limb tourniquet is added to the stress of isoproterenol injection the survival time of the animals following tourniquet removal is markedly decreased. Seven days of pretreatment with guanylic acid significantly extended the survival time of these doubly stressed animals. Again, adenylic acid was without effect. It is suggested that guanine nucleotides may be utilized to a greater degree during severe stress and administration of exogenous guanine nucleotides may produce more effective protein anabolism under these circumstances.
GALDÓS AND THE NEW HUMANISM

Author's summary.— Many of the cardinal principles of the New Religious Humanism are found expressed in the works of Benito Perez Galdos years before the advent of the new movement. The insistence on the value of the individual personality, the belief in the perfectibility of human personality, and many other humanistic principles are advocated by Galdos, though the great novelist would not agree entirely with all the beliefs of the Religious Humanists.
Path-guided apparent motion

A curved gray path, briefly flashed between two alternately displayed black dots, induced a compelling illusion of a single dot moving back and forth over that path. The minimum interval between dot onsets yielding this apparent motion increased not with the direct distance between the dots but, linearly, with the length of the curved path.
The synthesis and crystal and molecular structure of H3(μ-η2-C6H4)(μ-η2-HC3NC6H5)Os3(CO)8

Abstract The complex H 3 (μ-η 2 -C 6 H 4 ) (μ-η 2 -HC 3 NC 6 H 5 )Os 3 (CO) 8 has been synthesized and characterized by IR, 1 H NMR and X-ray crystal structure analyses. The compound contains a dihapto -benzyne ligand bridging one edge of a triangular cluster of osmium atoms and a dihapto -formimidoyl ligand bridging a different edge on the opposite face of the cluster from the benzyne ligand.
Object Manipulation: An Interactional Strategy with Autistic Children.

The present research compared the effect of three play procedures upon the frequency and duration of object manipulation by six autistic children. The three interaction play procedures varied in the degree of similarity between the adult's and the child's performances. In procedure 1, the experimenter imitated the subject's movements with her duplicate object. In procedure 2, the experimenter performed a different movement with her duplicate object. In procedure 3, the experimenter performed a different action on a different object. The interaction procedure, in which the experimenter imitated both the material and the method of play chosen by the autistic child, resulted in greater frequency and duration of object manipulation.
Chromosomal domains and escape from X inactivation: comparative X inactivation analysis in mouse and human

In females, most genes on the inactive X Chromosome (Chr) are transcriptionally silenced. However, several dozen genes have been identified in human that escape inactivation and are expressed from both the active and inactive X Chrs. Many of the genes that escape inactivation in human are subject to inactivation in mouse, raising questions concerning the mechanisms that govern expression from the inactive X Chr in the two species. In human, the existence of a cluster of genes in Xp11.21-p11.22 that escape inactivation suggests that control of X inactivation occurs at the level of chromosomal domains. In this study, we have isolated, physically mapped, and determined the X inactivation status of a number of the orthologous mouse genes that correspond to this human "escape domain". In contrast to human, only the mouse Smcx gene has been found to escape inactivation in this region thus far, despite a highly conserved physical map between the two species. Sequence analysis and functional characterization of the mouse Smcx promoter did not reveal any obvious unique features that would explain the difference in the behavior of this gene on the inactive X compared with other nearby genes. Possible mechanisms responsible for the differing inactivation status between genes in the escape domain in human Xp11. 21-p11.22 and the corresponding mouse region are discussed.
MANIFEST ANXIETY: UNIFACTORIAL OR MULTIFACTORIAL COMPOSITION?

The study investigates three subscales of manifest anxiety, consisting of symptoms of striated muscle tension, symptoms of autonomic arousal, and feelings of fear and insecurity. There was both a g...
Social support resources, behavior, and appraisals: A path analysis

Three models involving 3 facets of social support, orientation to support utilization, and psychological distress were subjected to path analysis using data from 176 college students. Findings supported the following models: (a) support network resources yield supportive behavior that in turn promotes positive appraisals of support, (b) orientation to support utilization effects resources, behavior, and appraisals, and (c) resources and behavior effect distress indirectly through support appraisals.
Ethanol impairs memory of a simple discrimination in adolescent rats at doses that leave adult memory unaffected

Abstract Adolescent rats are less sensitive than adults to the hypothermic, anxiolytic, motor impairing, hypnotic, and lethal effects of ethanol. In vitro experiments nevertheless suggest that hippocampal neural activity is more affected by ethanol in preweanling or adolescent rats than in adults. These data are complemented by in vivo results showing that pretraining ethanol impairs learning in adolescent rats at doses that do not affect adult learning. In order to determine if posttraining ethanol affects memory differently in adolescents than in adults, Sprague–Dawley albino rats of both ages were trained in an appetitively motivated odor discrimination in which they were required to dig in scented sand for sweetened cereal reward. Immediately after training subjects received intraperitoneal injections of 0, 0.5, or 1 g/kg ethanol (12.6%). At test, 48 h later, subjects were presented with unbaited discriminanda and the time (s) spent digging in the S+ and S− was measured. Adolescents, but not adults, showed impaired discrimination performance if training was followed by ethanol. A subsequent experiment discounted the possibility that impaired adolescent performance was due to ethanol-induced conditioned taste or odor aversions. It thus appears that relative to adults, memory in adolescent rats is more strongly affected by ethanol in a test of appetitive conditioning that excludes ethanol’s effects on sensory and motivational influences during the learning experience.
Bull sperm adenylate cyclase: Localization and partial characterization

Abstract Adenylate cyclase activity has been studied in subcellular fractions isolated from bull sperm. The plasma membrane fraction had the highest specific activity for adenylate cyclase and contained approximately 15% of the total activity. However, 30% of the adenylate cyclase activity was present in the soluble fraction and did not sediment after centrifugation at 200,000g for 2 h. Low levels of guanylate cyclase were present in the soluble fraction, but cannot account for the soluble adenylate cyclase activity. These results indicate that bull sperm contain both soluble and membrane-bound forms of adenylate cyclase. Plasma membrane-bound adenylate cyclase had a pH optimum between pH 7.0 and 9.0 with maximum activity near pH 8.5. Variation of ATP concentration gave normal saturation kinetics in the presence of excess Mg2+, with a Km of approximately 4 m m . When Mg2+ concentration is limiting, inhibition is observed at high ATP concentrations. Membrane-bound adenylate cyclase is not stimulated by 10 m m F− and has much higher rates with 25 m m Mn2+ than with Mg2+. At pH 7.6, with 3 m m ATP and 15 m m Mg2+, specific activities of 2–3 and 1.0–1.5 nmol/10 min/mg of protein were obtained for plasma and acrosomal membranes, respectively. Comparable activities with 25 m m Mn2+ are 20–30 and 10–15 nmol/min/mg of protein, respectively. Plasma membrane-bound adenylate cyclase was not activated by thyroxine, luteinizing hormone, or prostaglandins A1, E1, E2, F1α, and F2α.
POPULATION-LEVEL EFFECTS OF THE NEEM INSECTICIDE, NEEMIX, ON DAPHNIA PULEX

Although natural insecticides from the neem tree are generally perceived as less harmful to the environment than synthetic insecticides, new evidence indicates that these products may pose a risk to certain nontarget organisms. In this paper, acute and chronic effects of commercial neem insecticides on the aquatic invertebrate, Daphnia pulex were examined. The acute toxicity of two commercial neem insecticides, Neemix, Azatin and the experimental insecticide, RH-9999 to D. pulex was investigated using traditional 48 hr concentration-mortality estimates. Neemix and Azatin were equitoxic with LC50's of 0.68 and 0.57 ppm; RH-9999 was significantly less toxic with an LC50 of 13 ppm. A 10 d population growth study was conducted for Neemix and a Neemix formulation blank (Neemix devoid of the active ingredients) to determine whether the active ingredients of Neemix and/or components of the formulation were responsible for toxicity. D. pulex populations went to extinction after exposure to a Neemix concentration of 0.45 ppm azadirachtin (equivalent to the acute LC7). Neemix No Observable Effect Concentration (NOEC) and Lowest Observable Effect Concentration (LOEC) values for population growth were 0.045 and 0.15 ppm azadirachtin, respectively. The mean number of offspring per surviving female (Ro) declined in a concentration-dependent manner after exposure to Neemix with no offspring being produced after exposure to 0.45 ppm. Neemix NOEC and LOEC values for reproduction were 0.045 and 0.15 ppm, respectively. The formulation blank caused no mortality in the individuals used to start the population growth study but reduced reproduction and population growth accounting for 47% of the toxicity caused by Neemix at a concentration of 0.15 ppm. Thus, the formulation contributes substantially to the toxicity of Neemix but neem components are also toxic to D. pulex. Because the NOEC for population growth and reproduction were higher than the estimated environmental concentration of 0.035 ppm (a measure developed for forest pest mananagement), Neemix should pose little risk to populations of D. pulex.
Reduction of NMDA receptors with dithiothreitol increases [3H]-MK-801 binding and NMDA-induced Ca2+ fluxes.

Abstract 1. We have investigated the modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation by the sulphydryl redox reagents dithiothreitol (DTT) and 5,5-dithio-bis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB). 2. Increases in [3H]-MK-801 binding produced by glutamate, glycine and spermidine were enhanced by DTT (2mM) and diminished by DTNB (0.5 mM). 3. The inhibition of [3H]-MK-801 binding by CGS 19755 and 7-chlorokynurenate was not altered by 2 mM DTT. However, the potency of the competitive polyamine antagonist, arcaine, was decreased by DTT. 4. NMDA-induced Ca2+ fluxes into primary cultures of rat forebrain neurones were enhanced by DTT in a DTNB-reversible fashion. In addition to augmenting the magnitude of NMDA-induced increase in intracellular free Ca2+, 10 mM DTT also prolonged the duration of the Ca2+ signal. However, DTT had no effect on the increase in Ca2+ produced by depolarizing neurones with 50 mM KCl. 5. These studies show that the reduction of disulphide bonds on the NMDA receptor complex by DTT increases activation. The precise site of these groups remains unclear but they are unlikely to form an integral part of the glutamate, glycine or polyamine binding domains. The enhancement of the activation of the NMDA receptor by DTT is associated with increased Ca2+ fluxes. The possible pathophysiological consequences of receptor reduction are discussed.
Regulation of keratinocyte growth factor gene expression in human skin fibroblasts

Human keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is a recently identified mitogen for epithelial cells produced by normal stromal fibroblasts. KGF has been shown to stimulate keratinocyte migration and promote re-epithelialization of skin suggesting a critical role for KGF in wound healing. To understand how KGF might be regulated during wound healing, we examined the ability of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) to modulate KGF gene expression in cultured human fibroblasts, using northern blot analysis. Exposure to IL-1 alpha (20 units/ml) or IL-1 beta (100 units/ml) for 24 h increased KGF mRNA expression by 352% and 504%, respectively, with early induction seen at 2 h and maximal induction seen at 8 h. TNF-alpha (30 ng/ml) increased KGF mRNA expression by 535% at 24 h, with induction first seen at 8 h. The maximal induction of KGF mRNA was observed when IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha were used at 100 units/ml, and 3 ng/ml, respectively, although concentrations 100-500-fold lower (IL-1 alpha, 0.02 units/ml; IL-beta, 0.02 units/ml; and TNF-alpha, 0.03 ng/ml) were nearly as stimulatory, increasing KGF mRNA expression by 175%, 254% and 322%, respectively. IL-6 (200 units/ml), TGF-beta 1 (5 ng/ml) and IFN-gamma (200 units/ml) did not change the level of KGF mRNA at 24 h in human fibroblasts under the same conditions. The protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide abrogated the effects of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha on KGF gene induction, indicating that new protein synthesis is required in the process. Dexamethasone (10(-7) M), known to inhibit inflammatory reactions and retard wound healing, also inhibited the induction of KGF mRNA expression by IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. Individual variation in KGF mRNA expression was see when fibroblasts from different aged donors were analysed, but no consistent age-associated change was observed. These results suggest that IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha up-regulate KGF gene expression in fibroblasts and might be responsible for its induction following skin wounding or other injury.
Applications of energy methods to finite-difference solutions of the parabolic wave equation

Abstract Implicit finite-difference techniques may be applied readily to solve acoustic wave-propagation problems in diverse ocean environments. For only the most simple cases, however, can the stability of such schemes be established. In this paper the method of energy inequalities is applied to examine the stability and step-size requirements for solving the parabolic approximation to the wave equation.
Microscale-based modeling of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon transport and biodegradation in soil.

A mathematical model to describe polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) desorption, transport, and biodegradation in saturated soil was constructed by describing kinetics at a microscopic level and incorporating this description into macroscale transport equations. This approach is novel in that the macroscale predictions are made independently from a knowledge of microscale kinetics and macroscopic fluid dynamics and no adjustable parameters are used to fit the macroscopic response. It was assumed that soil organic matter, the principal site of PAH sorption, was composed of a continuum of compartments with a gamma distribution of desorption rate coefficients. The mass transport of substrates and microorganisms in a mesopore was described by diffusion and that in a macropore by one-dimensional advection and dispersion. Naphthalene was considered as a test PAH compound for initial model simulations. Three mechanisms of naphthalene biodegradation were considered: growth-associated degradation as a carbon and energy source for microbial growth; degradation for maintenance energy; and growth-independent degradation. The Haldane modification of the Monod equation was used to describe microbial growth rates and to account for possible growth inhibition by naphthalene. Multisubstrate interactions were considered and described with a noninteractive model for specific growth rates. The sensitivity of selected model parameters was analyzedmore » under conditions when naphthalene was the sole growth-rate-limiting substrate.« less
Structured techniques for IMIS (Integrated Maintenance Information System) software development—a case study

The AFHRL has a long term research project to develop an Integrated Maintenance Information System (IMIS). The project was initiated in 1979 and is expected to be completely by 1991. The objective of IMIS is to give maintenance technicians a very small size portable computer/display that will interface with on-aircraft systems and other computer systems to provide a single, integrated source of the information needed to perform maintenance on the line and in the shop. The system will display graphic instructions, provide intelligent diagnostic advice, provide aircraft battle damage assessment aids, analyze in-flight access and interrogate on-board built-in-test capabilities. It will also provide the technician with easy and efficient methods to receive work orders, report maintenance actions, order parts from supply, and offer complete computer-aided training lessons and simulations.The objectives of the study were to review and evaluate the requirements specifications and to make recommendations to accomplish total compatibility of IMIS with current and future requirements of the users with an emphasis on methodologies/tools for software requirements specification. The study concentrated on structured tools which could be used for IMIS. The various reports submitted by contractors and those developed in-house related to concepts of IMIS, feasibility aspects and information requirements of maintenance technicians were reviewed by the researcher, and it was observed that structured tools have not been used in defining user requirements or in development of software. The information requirements of maintenance technicians were presented using process flowcharts and narration. A great deal of mental effort is required to understand these charts. Checking for consistency and completeness of requirements is a formidable task when these charts are used.It was recommended that structured techniques should be used at the various phases of IMIS software development life cycle. They would provide efficient documentation of various phases and also lead to solutions in successive phases. They could also be used as management tools in assigning tasks to various contractors and in monitoring the progress of IMIS project. Some of the tools which could be used in the IMIS project are: Data Flow Diagrams, Structure Charts, Warnier-Orr Methodology, Nassi-Shneiderman Charts, Decision Tables, and Entity-Relationship Diagrams.It was also recommended that automated structured tools should be adapted as it is not possible to enforce uniformity and consistency if the documentation is done manually. An automated tool for DFD was obtained and some of the information requirements were presented through the DFD. An effort is in progress to select appropriate automated tools for various phases of IMIS life cycle.