cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Gibbs free energies and enthalpies of formation of U (super 6+) phases; an empirical method of prediction

Uranyl minerals form as a result of the oxidation and alteration of uraninite, UO 2+x. These uranyl phases are also important alteration products of the corrosion of UO 2 in used nuclear fuels under oxidizing conditions. However, the thermodynamic database for these phases is extremely limited. The Gibbs free energies and enthalpies for uranyl phases are estimated based on a method that sums polyhedral contributions. The molar contributions of the structural components to ΔG 0 f and ΔH 0 f are derived by multiple regression using the thermodynamic data of phases for which the crystal structures are known. In comparison with experimentally determined values, the average residuals associated with the predicted ΔG 0 f and ΔH 0 f for the uranyl phases used in the model are 0.08 and 0.10%, respectively, well below the limits of uncertainty for the experimentally determined values. To analyze the reliability of the predicted ΔG 0 f values, activity-activity diagrams in SiO 2-CaO-UO3-H2O and CO2-CaO-UO3-H2O systems at 298.15 K and 1 bar were constructed using the predicted ΔG 0 f,298.15 values for the relevant U 6+ phases. There is good agreement between the predicted mineral stability relations and field occurrences, thus providing confidence in this method for the estimation of ΔG 0 f and ΔH 0 f of the U 6+ phases.
Parallel inclusion-based points-to analysis

Inclusion-based points-to analysis provides a good trade-off between precision of results and speed of analysis, and it has been incorporated into several production compilers including gcc. There is an extensive literature on how to speed up this algorithm using heuristics such as detecting and collapsing cycles of pointer-equivalent variables. This paper describes a complementary approach based on exploiting parallelism. Our implementation exploits two key insights. First, we show that inclusion-based points-to analysis can be formulated entirely in terms of graphs and graph rewrite rules. This exposes the amorphous data-parallelism in this algorithm and makes it easier to develop a parallel implementation. Second, we show that this graph-theoretic formulation reveals certain key properties of the algorithm that can be exploited to obtain an efficient parallel implementation. Our parallel implementation achieves a scaling of up to 3x on a 8-core machine for a suite of ten large C programs. For all but the smallest benchmarks, the parallel analysis outperforms a state-of-the-art, highly optimized, serial implementation of the same algorithm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first parallel implementation of a points-to analysis.
Coronary artery variation in a native Iraqi population

The variation and distribution of the coronary arteries were studied in 119 hearts of individuals, 4 fetal months to 40 years old, who died from noncardiovascular causes. All individuals included in this study were natives of the Mosul area of northern Iraq. The coronary arteries were examined by injection-corrosion and unaided dissection. Almost all (90%) of the anomalies observed were in the right coronary artery. Nine hearts (8% of total sample) possessed ectopic ostia in the right coronary sinus for the right coronary and conus arteries. The occurrence of a separate conus artery appears to be anomalous rather than ubiquitous as widely reported in the literature. One specimen had separate origins for the left circumflex and anterior descending arteries from the left coronary sinus. The patterns of coronary artery distribution were classified as left (14%) and right (46%) preponderant, and balanced (40%), following Schlesinger [Schlesinger, Arch Pathol 30:403-415, 1940]. The present study adds to the growing body of data on intrapopulation frequencies of coronary artery variants among non-Europeans and supports the contention that postpartum development may modify the pattern of coronary divergence from the aorta. As the number of non-Caucasian patients undergoing surgical treatment for ischemic or valvular heart disease increases, additional comparative data on racial, sexual, and ontogenetic variation of the coronary arteries and their aortic ostia are required to improve the care of these patients.
Reply to comments on `The influence of rotational frontogenesis and its associated shearwise vertical motions on the development of an upper-level front'

Schultz (2012) proposes that our previous arguments regarding the initiation of along-flow geostrophic cold air advection during the upper frontogenesis process are incomplete. The core of his criticism, and the motivation for his call to include additional diagnostic calculations, hinges upon the assertion that the vertical vorticity can rotate isentropes relative to isohypses. In this response we derive an expression for the rate of change of ∇ϕ that demonstrates that vorticity rotates ∇θ and ∇ϕ equally, in accord with our original statement to that effect. The derived expression also provides motivation to propose a revision of our previous conceptual model, highlighting the role of deformation instead of vorticity in the differential rotation of ∇θ relative to ∇ϕ that can contribute to the initiation of along-flow geostrophic temperature advection. Finally, we present a four-year synoptic-climatology suggesting that upper frontogenesis over central North America is, in fact, biased toward environments characterized by northwesterly flow. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Analysis of biaxially anisotropic waveguides using tangential vector finite elements

Problems of biaxially anisotropic waveguides with arbitrary cross section are formulated in terms of vector and scalar potentials. By using the tangential vector finite elements, electromagnetic characteristics of propagating modes in the waveguides are obtained without the occurrence of any spurious modes. Numerical results are verified and agreements with other published results are achieved. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On the density of elliptic curves

We show that 17.9% of all elliptic curves over Q, ordered by their exponential height, are semistable, and that there is a positive density subset of elliptic curves for which the root numbers are uniformly distributed. Moreover, for any α > 1/6 (resp. α > 1/12) the set of Frey curves (resp. all elliptic curves) for which the generalized Szpiro Conjecture |Δ(E)| ≪αN E 12α is false has density zero. This implies that the ABC Conjecture holds for almost all Frey triples. These results remain true if we use the logarithmic or the Faltings height. The proofs make use of the fibering argument in the square-free sieve of Gouvea and Mazur. We also obtain conditional as well as unconditional lower bounds for the number of curves with Mordell–Weil rank 0 and ≥2, respectively.
Capability, Types of War, Peace

IN THE last fifteen years there has been tremendous growth in the statistical findings on war. However, their meaning and significance are hardly self-evident, because of inconsistencies in findings, certain anomalies, and differences in research design. Rather, they exist as a set of clues or pieces of a puzzle that need to be put together. This article will focus on one set of findings the role of capability in the onset of war and the promotion of peace. Despite long-held realist beliefs to the contrary, the thrust of empirical analysis to date suggests that capability or differences of power are unrelated to the onset of war in any significant causal sense. Instead, it appears that capability and differences in power are related to the type of war that is fought and not to whether there will be peace or war. This means that attempts to balance power and other types of power-politics behavior are not effective measures for promoting peace, and they may even be steps toward war. Since important foreign policy decisions, like the recent military build-up by the Reagan administration in the U.S. in the 1980s, are justified by such power-politics arguments, it is critical that the quantitative evidence on this question be assessed (see Siverson and Sullivan 1983). The first part of this article will review the evidence that differences in capability are unrelated to the absence of war and piece together clues that suggest that differences in power are related to types of wars. The second part will develop a preliminary typology of wars based on these insights, and the final part will examine the importance of the typology for building a cumulative body of knowledge about war.
The Educational Importance of Self-Esteem

Some philosophers of education have recently argued that educators can more or less ignore children’s global selfesteem without failing them educationally in any important way. This paper draws on an attachment theoretic account of self-esteem to argue that this view is mistaken. I argue that understanding self-esteem’s origins in attachment supports two controversial claims. First, self-esteem is a crucial element of the confidence and motivation children need in order to engage in and achieve educational pursuits, especially in certain domains of instruction such as physical education. Second, self-esteem can be facilitated socially, through an appropriate arrangement of school institutions, thus without hindering the pursuit of other high priority aims such as a challenging academic curriculum. Consequently I maintain that educators who ignore self-esteem overlook something educationally important.
Lifestyle and Successful Aging: An Overview:

Since the 1950s, the phrase successful aging has been used increasingly to represent the factors and conditions underlying healthy aging and is often attributed to the healthy elderly. In this short review, the authors discuss the transformation in the social theories of aging that allowed for the evolution of successful aging as a construct and ultimately a theoretical basis for investigation. Because of the multifactorial nature of the psychosocial and biomedical domains, there is no clear consensus on the definition of successful aging or its determinants. What is clear, however, is that successful aging is related to the human health span, or healthy life expectancy. Moreover, the accumulating information from multidimensional studies suggests that many age-associated changes in physiological and cognitive functioning can be explained by such modifiable lifestyle factors as smoking, physical activity, and nutrition choice. The evidence presented supports the promotion of a healthy lifestyle as an effe...
Long Conserved Fragments Upstream of Mammalian Polyadenylation Sites

Polyadenylation is a cotranscriptional nuclear RNA processing event involving endonucleolytic cleavage of the nascent, emerging pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) from the RNA polymerase, immediately followed by the polymerization of adenine ribonucleotides, called the poly(A) tail, to the cleaved 3′ end of the polyadenylation site (PAS). This apparently simple molecular processing step has been discovered to be connected to transcription and splicing therefore increasing its potential for regulation of gene expression. Here, through a bioinformatic analysis of cis-PAS–regulatory elements in mammals that includes taking advantage of multiple evolutionary time scales, we find unexpected selection pressure much further upstream, up to 200 nt, from the PAS than previously thought. Strikingly, close to 3,000 long (30–500 nt) noncoding conserved fragments (CFs) were discovered in the PAS flanking region of three remotely related mammalian species, human, mouse, and cow. When an even more remote transitional mammal, platypus, was included, still over a thousand CFs were found in the proximity of the PAS. Even though the biological function of these CFs remains unknown, their considerable sizes makes them unlikely to serve as protein recognition sites, which are typically ≤15 nt. By harnessing genome wide DNaseI hypersensitivity data, we have discovered that the presence of CFs correlates with chromatin accessibility. Our study is important in highlighting novel experimental targets, which may provide new understanding about the regulatory aspects of polyadenylation.
Integrating pharmacological and psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia.

Objective: The objective of this study was to develop principles of combining pharmacological and psychosocial treatment that can be useful for clinicians who are treating patients with schizophrenia. Method: Research studies in schizophrenia that controlled both pharmacological and psychosocial treatments were reviewed. These included studies using conventional and newer antipsychotics as well as a number of psychosocial methods. Results: The interactions between the forms of treatment appear to be more than merely additive, since each can enhance the effects of the other. Drug and psychosocial treatments may affect different outcome domains, with the former affecting symptoms and the later affecting social outcomes. Recent studies using newer antipsychotics suggest that these agents improve the participation of patients in psychosocial treatments. Conclusion: Understanding the interactions between psychosocial and pharmacological treatments can be useful for clinicians who are developing treatment strategies for patients with schizophrenia. Newer agents with different side-effect profiles and broader effectiveness appear to have improved the outcomes of psychosocial treatments.
Generating fast code from concurrent program dependence graphs

While concurrency in embedded systems is most often supplied by real-time operating systems, this approach can be unpredictable and difficult to debug. Synchronous concurrency, in which a system marches in lockstep to a global clock, is conceptually easier and potentially more efficient because it can be statically scheduled beforehand.We present an algorithm for generating efficient sequential code from such synchronous concurrent specifications. Starting from a concurrent program dependence graph generated from the synchronous, concurrent language Esterel, we generate efficient, statically scheduled sequential code while adding a minimal amount of runtime scheduling overhead.Experimentally, we obtain speedups as high as six times over existing techniques. While we applied our technique to Esterel, it should be applicable to other synchronous, concurrent languages.
The effect of egg shell quality on penetration by various salmonellae.

Abstract Eggs having specific gravity values of 1.070, 1.080 and 1.090 were challenged by 12 species of Salmonellae. Challenge was by dipping eggs for 3 minutes into solutions containing approximately 1 x 104 Salmonella organisms/ml. Egg temperature was 23° C. with the solution at 5° C. at the time of challenge after which the eggs were allowed to dry at room temperature, then stored at 30° C. for 24 hours prior to sampling for Salmonella penetration. Egg shells were sterilized with iodine, then opened and swab samples were incubated for 24 hours at 37° C. in tetrathionate and/or Selenite F broth, then streaked on MacConkey and SS Agar plates to determine presences of Salmonella organisms. Penetration into eggs of low shell quality (1.070) ranged from 14.3% by S. oranienburg to 82.1% by S. typhimurium and averaged 47.5% of all eggs challenged. Penetration averaged 21.4% of eggs of intermediate shell quality ranging from 7.5% for S. anatum and S. oranienburg to 48.7% of eggs for S. typhimurium. Average penetration was 10% of eggs of excellent shell quality ranging from 3.8% by S. anatum to 21.2% by S. typhimurium. Addition of 16 p.p.m. of iron to challenge solution increased penetration with five of six species tested.
On using a penalty-based cohesive-zone finite element approach, Part II: Inelastic peeling of an epoxy-bonded aluminum strip

Previous work has demonstrated the use of a penalty methodology for enhancing the use of cohesive-zone elements to simulate double cantilever beam (DCB) and flexible-arm peeling problems, both involving elastic arm deformation. This approach is extended to the general case of inelastic peel arm deformations. Refinements to the original penalty selection methodology are included to account for the influence of plasticity in the peel arms. Accuracy of the method is demonstrated by comparing simulation results to experimental data of epoxy-bonded aluminum arms being peeled at different angles from a rigid substrate. This work addresses significant complexities in the analysis that arise due to the inelastic deformation of the aluminum peel arms.
Symbols and Asymptotic Expansions

A general principle is proposed that in all the usual asymptotic expansions for tr f(T) where f is a “general” function and T is a Toeplitz, Wiener-Hopf, or pseudodifferential operator, each term of the expansion is an integral of (or, more generally, some distribution applied to) f(σ*), where σ* is a “Symbol” associated with that term of the expansion. These Symbols are defined in terms of σ, the symbol of the given operator, but have larger domain. Although nothing so general is proved we consider several operators with smooth or nonsmooth symbol, evaluate early terms of asymptotic expansions associated with them, and show that they can all be cast into the form described.
TEMPORAL LAND‐USE PATTERN ANALYSIS WITH THE USE OF NEAREST NEIGHBOR AND QUADRAT METHODS1

(1964). TEMPORAL LAND-USE PATTERN ANALYSIS WITH THE USE OF NEAREST NEIGHBOR AND QUADRAT METHODS. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 391-399.
Radiation Hydrodynamics: A quick review of gas dynamics

Before beginning a discussion of the special effects brought about by the energy and momentum of radiation, we review ideal gas dynamics as it exists without these sources. We will define the variables we use and present the main equations that will be modified later. A quite good introduction to fluid mechanics is the volume Fluid Mechanics in the Course of Theoretical Physics by Landau and Lifshitz (1959). This does not spend much time on the microscopic picture of fluids, but is very strong on the physical applications. The approach is entirely analytic. Mihalas and Mihalas (1984) describe kinetic theory in some detail, and the basis of viscosity, in addition to some of the basic results of gas dynamics. The chapters on viscous effects and relativistic flows are valuable. Ideal fluid description: p, p , u, and e A fluid is, as the name suggests, free to flow, which distinguishes it from an elastic solid. The solid can deform, but as it does stresses are produced that depend on the displacements. In a fluid the stress is primarily (i.e., apart from a small correction due to viscosity) an isotropic pressure, and this depends on the local temperature and density of the matter, and is independent of how far a parcel may have moved from its starting point. So density is the parameter that expresses how the kinematics will change the state of the matter. The density evolves as the fluid moves, and the volume occupied by a parcel of material changes.
False Sharing Detection in OpenMP Applications Using OMPT API

Writing a parallel shared memory application that scales well on the future multi-core processors is a challenging task. The contention among shared resources increases as the number of threads increases. This may cause a false sharing problem, which can degrade the performance of an application. OpenMP Tools (OMPT) [2]- a performance tool APIs for OpenMP- enables performance tools to gather useful performance related information from OpenMP applications with lower overhead. In this paper, we propose a light-weight false sharing detection technique for OpenMP programming model using OMPT. We show that the OMPT framework has the ability to detect unique patterns that can be used to build a quality detection model for false sharing in OpenMP programs. In this work, we treat the false sharing detection problem as a binary classification problem. We develop a set of OpenMP programs in which false sharing can be turned on and off. We run these programs both with and without false sharing and collect a set of hardware performance event counts using OMPT. We use the collected data to train a binary classifier. We test the trained classifier using the NAS Parallel Benchmark applications. Our experiments show that the trained classifier can detect false sharing cases with an average accuracy of around 90 %.
Language at Three Timescales: The Role of Real-Time Processes in Language Development and Evolution

Evolutionary developmental systems (evo-devo) theory stresses that selection pressures operate on entire developmental systems rather than just genes. This study extends this approach to language evolution, arguing that selection pressure may operate on two quasi-independent timescales. First, children clearly must acquire language successfully (as acknowledged in traditional evo-devo accounts) and evolution must equip them with the tools to do so. Second, while this is developing, they must also communicate with others in the moment using partially developed knowledge. These pressures may require different solutions, and their combination may underlie the evolution of complex mechanisms for language development and processing. I present two case studies to illustrate how the demands of both real-time communication and language acquisition may be subtly different (and interact). The first case study examines infant-directed speech (IDS). A recent view is that IDS underwent cultural to statistical learning mechanisms that infants use to acquire the speech categories of their language. However, recent data suggest is it may not have evolved to enhance development, but rather to serve a more real-time communicative function. The second case study examines the argument for seemingly specialized mechanisms for learning word meanings (e.g., fast-mapping). Both behavioral and computational work suggest that learning may be much slower and served by general-purpose mechanisms like associative learning. Fast-mapping, then, may be a real-time process meant to serve immediate communication, not learning, by augmenting incomplete vocabulary knowledge with constraints from the current context. Together, these studies suggest that evolutionary accounts consider selection pressure arising from both real-time communicative demands and from the need for accurate language development.
Optical Properties of Gold and α -Phase Gold-Aluminum Alloys

Reflectance measurements at nearly normal incidence were used to investigate the optical properties and electronic band structure of gold and dilute alloys of aluminum in gold. Sample films were prepared, maintained, and measured in ultrahigh vacuum with base pressures less than ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ Torr. Measurements were made in the spectral range 1.1 - 11.5 eV. Shifts in the ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$ peak at 3.09 eV (${L}_{3}\ensuremath{-}{L}_{{2}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$) are at one-half the rate expected for the rigid-band model. The change in most transitions upon alloying is consistent with previous assignments. There appears to be a downward shift of ${X}_{{4}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ with respect to the $d$ bands.
Laboratory Tests of Diflubenzuron and Four Analogues Against the Pink Bollworm and a Field Cage Test with Diflubenzuron and EL-494 for Control of the Pink Bollworm and Cotton Leafperforator

In laboratory tests, diflubenzuron ( N -[[(4-chlorophenyl)amino] carbonyl]-2,6-difluorobenzamide) (AB-29054), EL-494 ( N -[[(5-(4-bromophenyl)-6-methyl-2-pyrazinyl]amino]carbonyl]-2,6-dichlorobenzamide), EL-588 (2,6-dichloro- N -[[[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-pyrazinyl]amino]carbonyl-]benzamide), A13-63220 ( N -[[(4-bromophenyl)amino]carbonyl]-2,6-difluorobenzamide), and A13-63223 (2,6-difluoro- N -[[(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amino]carbonyl]benzamide) prevented development of adult pink bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) when they were fed in larval diet at 1–10 ppm. Contact experiments with adult moths indicated little activity at up to 18 mg/cm2 except for AI3-3220 and AI3-63223 which caused significant mortality after a 1-wk exposure to treated cage surfaces. Diflubenzuron and EL-494 were tested for systemic activity by treating foliage of cotton plants at rates up to 15.2 mg/plant without effect on subsequent development of the pink bollworm. A further test in field cages using the 2 compounds at a rate of 0.11 kg/ha indicated that diflubenzuron was superior to EL-494 for control of the cotton leafperforator, Bucculatrix thurberiella Busck, but neither compound had any activity against the pink bollworm.
Primordial equation of state transitions

We revisit the physics of transitions from a general equation of state pa- rameter to the nal stage of slow-roll ination. We show that it is unlikely for the modes comprising the cosmic microwave background to contain imprints from a pre- inationary equation of state transition and still be consistent with observations. We accomplish this by considering observational consistency bounds on the amplitude of excitations resulting from such a transition. As a result, the physics which initially led to ination likely cannot be probed with observations of the cosmic microwave back- ground. Furthermore, we show that it is unlikely that equation of state transitions may explain the observed low multipole power suppression anomaly.
Utilization of neuropsychiatric diagnostic tests for general hospital patients with mental disorders.

Objective The author's goal was to determine the frequency and distribution of neuropsychiatric diagnostic tests provided to general hospital patients with mental disorders. Method Data from the 1989 National Hospital Discharge Survey were analyzed to determine the number, proportion, and general characteristics of 11,628 discharged patients with primary diagnoses of mental disorders who underwent computerized tomography (CT) scanning of the head, EEG, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. Results Of the discharged patients with mental disorders, 5.1% had received CT scans, 2.8% had received EEGs, and 0.7% had received MRI. These rates were below the rates for patients discharged with primary diagnoses of neurological disorders but above the rates for patients discharged with primary diagnoses of other medical disorders. Among the patients discharged with mental disorder diagnoses, the likelihood of receiving a CT scan or an EEG was greater if the primary diagnosis was an organic disorder or if the secondary diagnosis was a medical disorder. Patients over age 65 were also more likely to have received a CT scan. Hospital size and location had a modest influence on the likelihood of receiving a CT scan or EEG, but the ownership of the hospital and the patient's source of payment were not significant influences. Conclusions Neuropsychiatric diagnostic testing is selectively utilized in the routine treatment of general hospital psychiatric inpatients. Clinical variables rather than institutional or financial variables appear to be the most powerful predictors of which patients are selected to receive these tests.
Abnormalities of iron metabolism and erythropoiesis in vitamin E- deficient rabbits

Rabbits fed a vitamin E-deficient diet developed severe muscular dystrophy in 3–4 wk, but they did not become anemic. Nevertheless, reticulocyte counts increased in deficient rabbits (3.2%) compared to control rabbits (0.9%), and erythroid hyperplasia was evident in the bone marrow. Comparing deficient rabbits to controls, the plasma iron concentration was lower (134.4 versus 206.6 microgram/dl); the TIBC was higher (335.9 versus 228.3 microgram/dl); the whole blood protoporphyrin concentration was higher (131.6 versus 81.7 microgram/dl); and the total iron content was lower in spleen (71 versus 153 microgram), higher in skeletal muscle (4956 versus 3054 microgram), and unchanged in bone marrow, liver, and heart. Studies of iron absorption and excretion using 59Fe showed no abnormalities in deficient rabbits. There were abnormalities of ferrokinetics, however. The half-time of disappearance of 59Fe was shorter (100.6 versus 169.4 min), the plasma iron turnover was greater (1.25 versus 0.95 mg/dl blood/day), and the reappearance of 59Fe in circulating erythrocytes at day 9 was greater (77.2% versus 57.2%) in deficient rabbits. Anemia induced by phlebotomy accentuated the abnormal iron metabolism of deficient rabbits, and the animals were unable to correct the anemia. These findings show that vitamin E deficiency in rabbits causes abnormal erythropoiesis associated with abnormal iron metabolism and sequestration of iron in skeletal muscle.
Design for procurement: What procurement driven design initiatives result in environmental and economic performance improvement?

Abstract This study examines the role of procurement professionals in new product design. Specifically, it evaluates which factors play an important role in driving design for procurement (DFP) environmental and economic results. The factors early supplier involvement, standardization, lead time reduction, environmental sourcing, supply base maintenance, and core competence focused sourcing are regressed on diverse DFP performance outcomes. Data were collected via survey for a series of procurement focused items capturing the activities and characteristics for new product design and performance. Several major findings were supported through the analysis that enhance academic and managerial knowledge. Standardization positively impacted economic performance measures that focused on new product development and operational outcomes. Supply based maintenance was the strongest DFP initiative driving operational performance. Environmental sourcing positively affected all environmental performance measures, but was not related to economic performance.
Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Tibia

1. There are two distinct types of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia. In the first, a cystic defect, with or without fracture, is present and the pathological findings resemble those in fibrous dysplasia. The second shows sclerosis and tapering of the bone ends, probably due to a constricting band of fibrous tissue. In this type, union is more difficult to secure. 2. The etiological factors are still undetermined, but are probably due to a maldevelopment of the mesodermal structure during the fifth week of fetal life, with an associated abnormality occurring in the nerve pathways to the affected leg. 3. Pathological studies of material obtained from within the bone and between the bone ends at the site of pseudarthrosis are notably lacking in the literature. Each specimen excised should be thoroughly studied. 4. Early surgical treatment before the development of marked deformity is advised. In the first type the cyst should be curetted and the defect filled with bone chips; additional bone-grafting may or may not be necessary. In the second type, a wide resection of the constricting band of pathological soft tissue should be done, combined with suitable bone-grafting and adequate internal and external fixation; the latter, achieved by casts followed by suitable braces, should be continued until skeletal maturity or until a tibia of relatively normal size develops. 5. In cases with extreme deformity, amputation may be indicated when one is reasonably sure that a prosthesis will provide a better weight-bearing extremity than the best extremity that could be obtained following successful reconstructive surgery. In making the decision, the surgeon should compare the function of an artificial leg with the best result that can reasonably be expected following reconstructive surgery, not with a normal extremity. 6. Repeated clinical and roentgenographic examinations should be continued until skeletal maturity is reached. If at any time evidence of narrowing of the bone or sclerosis of the medullary cavity appears, prophylactic operative intervention with wide resection of the constricting band of scar tissue should be done. In addition, reinforcing grafts should be placed about the area of previous pseudarthrosis. 7. Multiple operations may be necessary during the growth period. 8. A registry for congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia is needed in order to enhance our knowledge of its etiology, pathology, treatment, and end results through the age of skeletal maturity.
Thinking about Energy

Solving the energy problem is very different from solving problems in energy. The latter—solving problems in energy—consists of calculations, such as imparting to an assistant secretary of energy of mass x kg an upward acceleration of y m/s2 in a gravitational field of g m/s2, then asking at some later time t about the secretary’s kinetic and potential energies. The former—the energy problem itself—is much more, and involves additional questions such as: “Was it a good idea?” and “Compared to what?” It is a sociotechnological condition that we did not want but brought upon ourselves nevertheless; having it, we hope to ameliorate it. But amelioration to some people means enhancing supply; to others, reducing demand. To some it means national independence; to others, reducing global tensions via international interdependence. To some it means environmental consequences of overuse; to others, economic consequences of doing without.
AXL receptor tyrosine kinase is required for T cell priming and antiviral immunity

The receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) AXL is induced in response to type I interferons (IFNs) and limits their production through a negative feedback loop. Enhanced production of type I IFNs in Axl(-/-) dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro have led to speculation that inhibition of AXL would promote antiviral responses. Notwithstanding, type I IFNs also exert potent immunosuppressive functions. Here we demonstrate that ablation of AXL enhances the susceptibility to infection by influenza A virus and West Nile virus. The increased type I IFN response in Axl(-/-) mice was associated with diminished DC maturation, reduced production of IL-1β, and defective antiviral T cell immunity. Blockade of type I IFN receptor or administration of IL-1β to Axl(-/-) mice restored the antiviral adaptive response and control of infection. Our results demonstrate that AXL is essential for limiting the immunosuppressive effects of type I IFNs and enabling the induction of protective antiviral adaptive immunity.
Sexual Orientation Identity in Relation to Minority Stress and Mental Health in Sexual Minority Women.

Abstract Purpose: Research often erases the distinct experiences of bisexual and queer women through collapsing participants with lesbian or gay women. In addition, queer is often not included as a sexual orientation identity in research, therefore limiting the available information about how this group experiences minority stress. Given these limitations, we sought to compare groups, based on their sexual orientation identity, on experiences of minority stress and mental health to further understand between group differences that often go unaccounted for in research. Methods: Participants (N = 249; age range 19–77; M = 38.43, SD = 12.98) completed an online survey exploring experiences of minority stress and mental health. Results: We found that the group most at risk for encountering minority stressors depended on the specific stressor being examined. Queer and gay or lesbian women encountered greater victimization, discrimination, and expectations of discrimination than bisexual women. However, bisexua...
Efficient error detection architectures for CORDIC through recomputing with encoded operands

Various optimized coordinate rotation digital computer (CORDIC) designs have been proposed to date. Nonetheless, in the presence of natural faults, such architectures could lead to erroneous outputs. In this paper, we propose error detection schemes for CORDIC architectures used vastly in applications such as complex number multiplication, and singular value decomposition for signal and image processing. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first in providing reliable architectures for these variants of CORDIC. We present three variants of recomputing with encoded operands to detect both transient and permanent faults. The overheads and effectiveness of the proposed designs are benchmarked through Xilinx FPGA implementations and error simulations. The proposed approaches can be tailored based on overhead tolerance and the reliability constraints to achieve.
Acute ascending aortic dissection after MDMA/ecstasy use: A case report.

Abstract Acute aortic dissection is rare among young patients in the absence of connective tissue disorders. One of the risk factors associated with aortic dissection among young patients is amphetamine use. We report a case of a 37-year-old female with a past medical history of hypertension presenting with syncope and altered mental status who was found to have an acute DeBakey Type I aortic dissection after ingestion of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as ecstasy. This is the second case in the literature describing aortic dissection in relation to MDMA use. In both cases, the patients were young and had no history of connective tissue disorders or underlying valvular abnormalities. In this case, echocardiography was used to establish the diagnosis early. A transthoracic echocardiogram revealed a possible dissection flap prolapsing in through a normal aortic valve. Subsequently, a transesophageal echocardiogram revealed wide-open aortic regurgitation with several proximal dissection flaps from a normal caliber ascending aorta prolapsing into a normal tricuspid aortic valve. A high index of suspicion is necessary to diagnose and treat aortic dissection in young patients with a history of MDMA use. Learning Objective Recognize MDMA as a risk factor for acute aortic dissection, especially among younger patients with whom clinicians may not often associate aortic dissection.
Pesticides and other chemical contaminants.

One new topic needs to be added to this rcfereeship this year. This topic is Pesticides in Foods Using Acetonitrile Extraction and Partitioning with Magnesium Sulfate. Method 2002.05: The topic, Determination of Glyphosate and Aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in Crops, has been declared an Official Final Action Method (Inside Laboratory Management, May/June 2003). In the same issue of Inside Laboratory Management, Method 998.01, Synthetic Pyrethroids, was also declared Official Final Action. The topics Determination of Residues of Triazines and their Chloro-Metabolites in Raw Agricultural Commodities and Dioxins by GC/MS remain vacant.
Modelling filovirus maintenance in nature by experimental transmission of Marburg virus between Egyptian rousette bats

The Egyptian rousette bat (ERB) is a natural reservoir host for Marburg virus (MARV); however, the mechanisms by which MARV is transmitted bat-to-bat and to other animals are unclear. Here we co-house MARV-inoculated donor ERBs with naive contact ERBs. MARV shedding is detected in oral, rectal and urine specimens from inoculated bats from 5–19 days post infection. Simultaneously, MARV is detected in oral specimens from contact bats, indicating oral exposure to the virus. In the late study phase, we provide evidence that MARV can be horizontally transmitted from inoculated to contact ERBs by finding MARV RNA in blood and oral specimens from contact bats, followed by MARV IgG antibodies in these same bats. This study demonstrates that MARV can be horizontally transmitted from inoculated to contact ERBs, thereby providing a model for filovirus maintenance in its natural reservoir host and a potential mechanism for virus spillover to other animals. Bats are natural hosts for Marburg virus (MARV), but the mechanism of bat-to-bat transmission is unclear. Here, Schuhet al. monitor MARV infection in a cohort of 38 bats over nine months, find ‘supershedders’ and show that MARV can horizontally transmit between bats.
Auditing Communication Effectiveness in Higher Education: A Team-Based Study by MBA Students

A regional University in the United States implemented an AQIP (Academic Quality Improvement Program) Action Project with a goal of developing processes for effective leadership communication. An MBA (Masters of Business Administration) class conducted a university-wide communication audit to assist with the AQIP project. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed and presented to the AQIP Task Force. The audit was a win-win opportunity for the students and broader university community. University leadership learned about communication strengths and opportunities within the organization and received recommendations on ways to strengthen communication in the areas of communication channels, information flow, and feedback. As a result, the Task Force implemented tools and processes to enhance communication within the University. The audit also provided MBA students with an opportunity to connect classroom theory with workplace practice. As a result of this service-learning project, students acquired knowledge about organizational communication, worked collaboratively with University employees and practiced communication skills as they developed and defended decisions and recommendations.
Pay-for-performance in orthopedics: how we got here and where we are going.

Purpose of the review Recent health laws have shifted from the traditional fee-for-service model toward a pay-for-performance model. In this changing climate, it is imperative that a provider understands these changes and recognizes the importance of health services research on medicine.
Toward a Fourth Law of Robotics: Preserving Attribution, Responsibility, and Explainability in an Algorithmic Society

Jack Balkin makes several important contributions to legal theory and ethics in his lecture, “The Three Laws of Robotics in the Age of Big Data.” He proposes “laws of robotics” for an “algorithmic society” characterized by “social and economic decision making by algorithms, robots, and AI agents.” These laws both elegantly encapsulate, and add new principles to, a growing movement for accountable design and deployment of algorithms. My comment aims to 1) contextualize his proposal as a kind of “regulation of regulation,” familiar from the perspective of administrative law, 2) expand the range of methodological perspectives capable of identifying “algorithmic nuisance,” a key concept in Balkin’s lecture, and 3) propose a fourth law of robotics to ensure the viability of Balkin’s three laws.
Strategic fouls: a new defense

Among philosophers, the question about strategic fouls has been whether they are ethically justified in light of our best conception of sport. This paper proposes a different defense. I argue that ...
Determinants of Customer-Perceived Service Quality in Fast-Food Restaurants and Their Relationship to Customer Satisfaction and Behavioral Intentions

﻿A model with associated metrics is developed to examine the relationship between service quality, food quality, price/value, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intentions in fast food restaurants. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation..
Electrochemistry of CO 2 corrosion of mild steel: Effect of CO 2 on iron dissolution reaction

Abstract The kinetics of the iron dissolution reaction was investigated in CO2-saturated acidic sodium chloride solutions. While the effect of CO2 on the iron dissolution reaction during corrosion process has received little attention in the existing literature, the experimental polarization curves obtained in the present study on X65 mild steel suggest that CO2 and/or its related carbonate species are directly involved in the metal dissolution reaction. The presence of CO2 was found to significantly influence the kinetics and the mechanism of the iron dissolution reaction at partial pressures as low as 1 bar. The higher corrosion rates observed in CO2-saturated brines as compared to strong acid solutions at the same pH could possibly be explained by the effect of CO2 on the kinetics of the anodic reaction.
Relative Transfer Function Estimation from Speech Keywords

Far-field speech capture systems rely on microphone arrays to spatially filter sound, attenuating unwanted interference and noise and enhancing a speech signal of interest. To design effective spatial filters, we must first estimate the acoustic transfer functions between the source and the microphones. It is difficult to estimate these transfer functions if the source signals are unknown. However, in systems that are activated by a particular speech phrase, we can use that phrase as a pilot signal to estimate the relative transfer functions. Here, we propose a method to estimate relative transfer functions from known speech phrases in the presence of background noise and interference using template matching and time-frequency masking. We find that the proposed method can outperform conventional estimation techniques, but its performance depends on the characteristics of the speech phrase.
The influence of semantic transparency on eye movements during English compound word recognition

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the compound words that present an opportunity to study the organization of the mental lexicon. Recording readers' eye movements has been a particularly useful way to study the word recognition process. Numerous studies have demonstrated that characteristics of the word currently being fixated affect its reading time, such as the word's frequency or familiarity, age-of-acquisition, concreteness, and length. Decomposition of compound words occurs in multiple languages. Most studies of compound words have used semantically transparent compounds. It is therefore difficult to localize the level at which decomposition occurs. This chapter explores the role of semantic transparency for English compound words. Transparent and opaque compounds were embedded into sentences and the frequencies of their lexemes were manipulated. Analysis of gaze durations revealed main effects of lexeme frequency and transparency. Transparency did not interact with lexeme frequency, suggesting decomposition occurs for both transparent and opaque compounds. The finding that the frequency of both lexemes influences gaze durations and that these effects do not interact with the transparency of the compound suggests that both transparent and opaque compound words are decomposed in a similar fashion during the early stages of recognition.
Costly Traits and e-Collaboration: The Importance of Oral Speech in Electronic Knowledge Communication

It is argued here that oral speech is a costly trait evolved by our human ancestors to enable effective knowledge communication. Costly traits are phenotypic traits that evolved in spite of imposing a fitness cost, often in the form of a survival handicap . In non-human animals, the classic example of costly trait is the peacock’s train , used by males to signal good health to females. This chapter argues that, because oral speech is a costly trait, it should be a particularly strong determinant of knowledge communication performance, an effect that generally applies to e-collaborative tasks performed by modern humans. The effects of oral speech support in e-collaborative tasks are discussed based on empirical studies and shown to be consistent with the notion that oral speech is a costly trait. Specifically, it is shown that the use of e-collaboration technologies that suppress the ability to employ oral speech, when knowledge communication is attempted, leads to the two following negative outcomes: (a) a dramatic decrease in communication fluency and (b) a significant increase in communication ambiguity. These effects are particularly acute in e-collaborative tasks of short duration.
The Atmosphere—A Challenge*

These recollections by Jule Charney are a condensed version of the transcript of a tape-recorded interview I made with him in August 1980. The verbatim transcript (primarily by Joel Sloman) is on deposit, with the tapes, in the Archives of MIT. It was published by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (“Conversations with Jule Charney,” Technical Note 298, 169 pp., 1987).