cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vivo "photofootprint" changes at sequences between the yeast GAL1 upstream activating sequence and "TATA" element require activated GAL4 protein but not a functional TATA element.

Abstract Transcription of the yeast GAL1 and GAL10 genes is induced by growth on galactose. Using the technique of photofootprinting in vivo, we previously documented equivalent transcription-dependent footprints within the putative "TATA" elements of both genes. To explore the functional significance of these observations, we created a 3-base-pair substitution mutation within the GAL1 promoter TATA element, which disrupted the ATATAA consensus sequence but left intact the photomodification targets. The mutation reduced galactose-induced RNA levels by a factor of 100. The mutant promoter no longer displayed the characteristic TATA sequence footprint, supporting the hypothesis that transcription activation involves the binding of a TATA box factor. We also observed a collection of transcription-correlated alterations in the modification pattern at sites between the UASG and the GAL1 TATA element, within sequences that are not required for inducible transcription. These patterns, characteristic of the induced wild-type GAL1 gene, were still galactose inducible with the TATA mutant GAl1 promoter, despite the low level of transcription from this promoter. We conclude that the GAL4-dependent protein/DNA structure responsible for the altered pattern within nonessential sequences is therefore not strictly coupled to an active TATA element or to high levels of expression. Nonetheless, the patterns probably reflect a stable protein-dependent structure that accompanies assembly of the transcription initiation complex.
Densities and Diversity of Gymnamoebae in Relation to Some Inshore Aquatic Habitats at Bermuda

Densities and diversity of gymnamoebae are reported for three sites at Bermuda. Two are marine sites in Mullet Bay, and the third is a shallow pond (Ferry Reach Park), Bermuda. Site 1 (edge of a small island in Mullet Bay) had higher densities of gymnamoebae (28,761/g sediment) than at a disturbed site 2 (17,597/g), a boat mooring. The diversity was higher, however, at site 2 (H = 4.3) compared to site 1 (H = 3.3). The site 2 species were larger including morphotypes categorized as type 1 (e.g. Mayorella and a reticulate amoeba). The brackish inland pond had higher abundances in the sediments (40,590/g) compared to the marine habitats. However, the diversity was lower (H = 2.7) and it was dominated largely by Vannella and Platyamoeba (categorized as morphotype 4). These data are consistent with findings at continental coastal locations in northeastern USA. Pond sediments generally contain higher densities of gymnamoebae than marine coastal sediments with less organic content. The ratio of type 4 to type 1 amoebae in pond samples is higher than those from coastal sites. The data from Bermuda, an open ocean insular site, provide additional zoogeographic evidence for the generality of these patterns of abundance.
Phase II trial of a 75-mg/m2 dose of docetaxel with prednisone premedication for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

Background. A prior Phase II study of a 100-mg/m2 dose of docetaxel conducted at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (New York, NY) demonstrated a 38% response rate with grade 3 or 4 neutropenia in 76% of the patients and a grade 2 or greater rash or infusion-related reaction in 41% and 34% of the patients, respectively. The current Phase II study sought to determine the activity of a 75-mg/m2 dose of docetaxel to establish whether this lower dose, combined with prednisone, ameliorates toxicity. Methods. Twenty untreated patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) received a 1-hour 75-mg/m2 dose of docetaxel every 21 days. Fifty milligrams of prednisone were administered twice the day before chemotherapy and once each of the next 3 days. Patients' disease-related symptoms were assessed prospectively using the Lung Cancer Symptom Scale (LCSS). Results. All patients were assessable for response and toxicity. Five patients had a major objective response (25%; 95% confidence interval, 11-50%). The median duration of response was 9.1 months. The projected 1-year survival was 71%. Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia occurred in 70% of the patients. Grade 2 or greater rash and infusion-related reactions decreased to 25% each. Analysis of the LCSS measurements found that six of nine component symptoms improved on Day 22, and all improved when baseline measurements were compared with the best value for each patient during the study. Conclusions. Docetaxel administered at a dose of 75 mg/m2 every 21 days shows significant antitumor activity in untreated patients with NSCLC. Neutropenia is comparable with that observed at a 100-mg/m2 dose. The number of infusional reactions and rash decreased when docetaxel at this dose was administered with prednisone. Based on response rates observed in trials using a 100-mg/m2 dose with similar degrees of neutropenia, a 100-mg/m2 dose with steroid pretreatment is recommended future trials. Cancer 1995;75:968-72.
Cutaneous necrosis associated with interferon α-2b

Cutaneous necrosis may occur as a complication of treatment with interferon. Here we report the first case of cutaneous necrosis developing in a patient receiving interferon α-2b for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C viral infection. The patient developed two necrotic lesions while receiving high doses of interferon. We suggest that discontinuation of treatment may be necessary to permit healing of such lesions. Although the exact mechanism involved in cutaneous necrosis remains unknown, our observations support earlier findings suggesting that intraarterial injection may be a factor.
Putative apolipoprotein B-100 in the freshwater turtle Chrysemys picta: effects of estrogen and progesterone

Abstract 1. 1. The isolation and purification of a putative apolipoprotein B-100 in the plasma of the freshwater turtle Chrysemys picta is described. 2. 2. The protein was purified through differential ultracentrifugation and subsequent Sepharose 6B column chromatography. 3. 3. The molecular weight of the protein determined by electrophoresis was approximately 350 kDa. 4. 4. An antibody to chicken apolipoprotein B-100 specifically recognizes this 350 kDa protein in Western blots, suggesting its identity with apolipoprotein B-100. 5. 5. An antibody to the putative Chrysemys apolipoprotein B-100-like protein was developed and used in an ELISA to quantitate protein levels in plasma. 6. 6. Acute estrogen treatment increased levels of apolipoprotein B-100 ( 7.64± 0.79 mg/ml plasma ) over that of control animals ( 5.07 ± 1.74 mg/ml plasma ). 7. 7. In contrast, chronic estrogen treatment reduced apolipoprotein B-100 significantly to 2.94 ± 0.53 mg/ml plasma ( P ).
A TUTORIAL ON THE USE OF EXCEL 2010 AND EXCEL FOR MAC 2011 FOR CONDUCTING DELAY-DISCOUNTING ANALYSES

In recent years, researchers and practitioners in the behavioral sciences have profited from a growing literature on delay discounting. The purpose of this article is to provide readers with a brief tutorial on how to use Microsoft Office Excel 2010 and Excel for Mac 2011 to analyze discounting data to yield parameters for both the hyperbolic discounting model and area under the curve. This tutorial is intended to encourage the quantitative analysis of behavior in both research and applied settings by readers with relatively little formal training in nonlinear regression.
Layered niobium titanium oxychloride cluster compounds with six-member ring opening channels

New niobium oxychloride cluster compounds corresponding to the general formula, A 5 Ti 8 Nb 18 Cl 53 O 12 (A = K, In), have been prepared in sealed quartz tubes from a mixture containing NbCl 5 , Nh 2 O 5 , Nb, Ti, and KCl or In by solid-state reactions at 750°C. Their structure was determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction; Crystal data: trigonal, P3m1 (No. 164) (for K: a = 16.8303(11) A, c = 9.0510(8) A, V = 2220.3(3) A 3 and Z = 1; for In: a = 16.889(2) A, c = = 9.0684(2) A, V = 2240.0(6) A 3 and Z = 1). The full-matrix least-squares refinement of all data against F 2 converged to R 1 = 0.044, wR 2 = 0.088 for K, and R 1 = 0.050, wR 2 = 0.140 for In. The structure consists of octahedral (Nb 5 Cl i 8 O i 4 )Cl a 6 cluster units that share four outer chloride ligands with four adjacent clusters to form a two-dimensional framework that generates six- and three-member rings similar to those found in hexagonal tungsten bronze. Additional linkages within the same layer are provided by Ti 3 Cl 7 O 6 trimers. Adjacent layers are stacked in registry with each other leading to the formation of six-member ring openings channels parallel to the [001] direction in which a disordered [A 5 (Ti 2 Cl 9 )] 2+ species are located. Magnetic susceptibility studies show paramagnetic behavior with a magnetic moment of 3.74 μR per formula unit.
Induction of heme oxygenase-1 is a beneficial response in a murine model of venous thrombosis

The induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) may protect against tissue injury. The present study examines the induction of HO-1 in a murine model of venous thrombosis and explores the downstream consequences of this induction. In a model of stasis-induced thrombosis created by ligation of the inferior vena cava, HO-1 expression is markedly induced. Such expression occurs primarily in smooth muscle cells in the venous wall and in leukocytes infiltrating the venous wall and clot. To determine the significance of HO-1 induction in venous thrombosis, this model was imposed in HO-1+/+ and HO-1−/− mice. The initial clot size did not differ in either group by day 2, but was significantly larger in HO-1−/− mice by day 10, where an exaggerated inflammatory response in the venous wall was also observed. Following ligation of the inferior vena cava, HO-1−/− mice exhibited increased nuclear factor κB activation and markedly increased up-regulation of tissue factor, selectins, inflammatory cytokines, and matrix metalloproteinase-9, the latter incriminated in both clot lysis and vascular injury. We conclude that HO-1 deficiency impairs thrombus resolution and exaggerates the inflammatory response to thrombus formation. These findings offer insight into recent observations that polymorphisms in the HO-1 gene may increase the risk for recurrent venous thrombosis and dysfunction of hemodialysis arteriovenous fistulas, the latter caused, in part, by thrombosis.
Defining “the enemy” in revolutionary America: From the rhetoric of protest to the rhetoric of war

During the Stamp Act crisis, colonial protest leaders relied upon a tradition of legitimate, extralegal coercion to justify mob actions against stamp distributors. As the conflict between Britain and its colonies escalated, however, whig leaders broadened their definition of “the enemy” to include a variety of fellow colonists, making it more difficult to justify coercion and violence on traditional grounds. Following the outbreak of war, radical whigs justified the suppression of all remaining dissent with appeals, not to tradition, but to a revolutionary theory of popular sovereignty. This change marked a key rhetorical “moment” in the coming of the Revolution, but its legacy also threatened the political stability of the new American Republic.
Changes in the spectrum of organisms causing bacteremia and fungemia in immunocompromised patients due to venous access devices.

A significant increase in the use of vascular access devices has changed the spectrum of organisms causing bacteremia and fungemia at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. This paper documents the 1988 laboratory experience with bacteremia and fungemia and contrasts some of that data with information obtained in 1984. In 1988, 439 tunnelled-catheters and 355 ports were inserted in patients; 2,778 organisms were subsequently recovered from 933 episodes of bacteremia and fungemia. Fifty-percent of the episodes of bacteremia and fungemia were vascular access device-related. Compared to 1984, the relative incidence of bacteremia due to gram-positive organisms increased from 33 to 43 %, polymicrobic cultures increased from 24 to 27 %, and the number of organisms with colony counts greater than 100 cfu/ml increased from 24 to 44 %. In 1988, device-related sepsis was often caused byAcinetobacter spp.,Bacillus spp.,Corynebacterium spp., pseudomonads other thanPseudomonas aeruginosa, and coagulase-negative staphylococci. Infection was also caused by species of flavobacteria,Micrococcus, andRhodotorula. Efforts required for identification of many of the newer pathogens have escalated material and personnel costs.
Teaching Citizen Science Skills Online: Implications for Invasive Species Training Programs

Citizen science programs are emerging as an efficient way to increase data collection and help monitor invasive species. Effective invasive species monitoring requires rigid data quality assurances if expensive control efforts are to be guided by volunteer data. To achieve data quality, effective online training is needed to improve field skills and reach large numbers of remote sentinel volunteers critical to early detection and rapid response. The authors evaluated the effectiveness of online static and multimedia tutorials to teach citizen science volunteers (n = 54) how to identify invasive plants; establish monitoring plots; measure percent cover; and use Global Positioning System (GPS) units. Participants trained using static and multimedia tutorials provided less (p < .001) correct species identifications (63% and 67%) than did professionals (83%) across all species, but they did not differ (p = .125) between each other. However, their ability to identify conspicuous species was comparable to that ...
Introduction: Perspectives on the Contemporary Workplace

Sarah Henly-Shepard and Jason Ashley Simon have been invited to describe their workforce experiences because they are committed to positive social change through their work. They are also within th...
Ileitis: When It Is Not Crohn's Disease

Ileitis, or inflammation of the ileum, is often caused by Crohn’s disease. However, ileitis may be caused by a wide variety of other diseases. These include infectious diseases, spondyloarthropathies, vasculitides, ischemia, neoplasms, medication-induced, eosinophilic enteritis, and others. The clinical presentation of ileitis may vary from an acute and self-limited form of right lower quadrant pain and/or diarrhea, as in the majority of cases of bacterial ileitis, but some conditions (ie, vasculitis or Mycobacterium tuberculosis) follow a chronic and debilitating course complicated by obstructive symptoms, hemorrhage, and/or extraintestinal manifestations. Ileitis associated with spondylarthropathy or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is typically subclinical and often escapes detection unless further testing is warranted by symptoms. In a minority of patients with long-standing Crohn’s ileitis, the recrudescence of symptoms may represent a neoplasm involving the ileum. Distinguishing between the various forms of ileitis remains a test of clinical acumen. The diagnosis of the specific etiology is suggested by a detailed history and physical examination, laboratory testing, and ileocolonoscopy and/or radiologic data.
An explanation and critique of taguchi's contributions to quality engineering

Recently there has been much interest and some controversy concerning the statistical methods employed by Professor Genichi Taguchi of Japan for improving the quality of products and processes. These methods include the use of fractional factorial designs and other orthogonal arrays, parameter design to minimize sensitivity to environmental factors, parameter design for minimizing transmitted variation, signal-to-noise ratios, loss functions, accumulation analysis, minute analysis and the analysis of life test data. This paper explains some of Taguchi's contributions to quality engineering and also provides a critical evaluation of his statistical methods. Our conclusion is that although on the one hand, Professor Taguchi's quality engineering ideas are of great importance and should become part of the working knowledge of every engineer, on the other hand, many of the techniques of statistical design and analysis he employs to put these ideas into practice are often inefficient and unnecessarily complicated and should be replaced or appropriately modified. In this short article only an overview is attempted, but references are appended where these matters are discussed in greater detail.
Observation of the A∼–X∼ electronic transition of C6–C10 peroxy radicals

Abstract The A ∼ – X ∼ electronic transitions of C 6 –C 10 peroxy radicals were observed in the near infra red. Spectra have been obtained for straight chain peroxy radicals: hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, and decyl including one C 8 isomer, iso -octyl peroxy. The peroxy radicals were generated using hydrogen abstraction of the corresponding hydrocarbon precursors. Spectra was assigned through spectral/structural relationships established through prior studies of smaller peroxy radicals. The secondary peroxy isomer was determined to be the dominate carrier for the observed n -alkyl spectra. However, the iso -octyl peroxy radical was found to contain the tertiary and primary isomers in its spectrum.
A Matter of Give and Take: Peasant Crafts and Their Revival in Late Imperial Russia

As we watch the end of our century loom closer on the horizon, the discovery of broad historical and psychological parallels with the last generation to undergo such an experience has become both a comfort and an object lesson. Among the ways in which our contemporary fin-de-siecle angst echoes that of ca. 1900 is a shared forboding that the world as we know it is about to disappear, and that a frustrating ambivalence as to what we can do about it. This sense of deja vu is particularly strong when we compare our present unabated enthusiasm for ethnic or folk crafts in this increasingly homogeneous world with the arts and crafts revivals of the late nineteenth century.] Revivals are almost, by definition, one-sided affairs, whereby the living make their own selective use of the past and its artifacts (e.g., neoclassicism, Gothic Revival). But the folk or vernacular craft revivals that emerged throughout Europe, Great Britain, and the United States at the end of the nineteenth century were exceptions in that they depended on the conjunction of two living cultures-an educated, cosmopolitan intelligentsia (artists, philanthropists, entrepreneurs) and a romanticized but very much alive "folk" (peasantry, indigenous peoples). As the heirs to cultural traditions threatened with extinction by the modern age, the latter were enlisted by the former as partners in innumerable campaigns to save and resuscitate crafts that might otherwise have quietly disappeared onto the dustheap of history. At once grandly utopian and eminently pragmatic in scope, such revivals went far beyond the confines of borrowing design motifs from bygone eras and exotic peoples. Rooted in a belief that folk culture was a dynamic organism capable of growth and adaptation, rather than a dead style, they operated on quite a different model-one of give and take and mutual selfinterest. The process might begin, as in other revivals, with artists borrowing raw material from "the folk" (usually in the form of ornament) for their own design experiments, but it rarely stopped there. Having passed these precious elements of a potential national design vocabulary through the purifying filter of their own tasteinformed by a professional art education and a familiarity with European trends-artists and craft reformers felt morally bound to reinvest these borrowed cultural riches back into their source communities, by employing modern-day "folk" as the producers of For a panoramic view of craft revivals, see Nicola Gordon Bowe, ed., Art and the National Dream: The Search for Vemacular Expression in Tum-of-theCentury Design (Dublin, University of Dublin Press, 1993).
Probabilistic Analysis for Comparing Fatigue Data Based on Johnson-Weibull Parameters

Leonard Johnson published a methodology for establishing the confidence that two populations of data are different. Johnson's methodology is dependent on limited combinations of test parameters (Weibull slope, mean life ratio, and degrees of freedom) and a set of complex mathematical equations. In this report, a simplified algebraic equation for confidence numbers is derived based on the original work of Johnson. The confidence numbers calculated with this equation are compared to those obtained graphically by Johnson. Using the ratios of mean life, the resultant values of confidence numbers at the 99 percent level deviate less than 1 percent from those of Johnson. At a 90 percent confidence level, the calculated values differ between +2 and 4 percent. The simplified equation is used to rank the experimental lives of three aluminum alloys (AL 2024, AL 6061, and AL 7075), each tested at three stress levels in rotating beam fatigue, analyzed using the Johnson- Weibull method, and compared to the ASTM Standard (E739 91) method of comparison. The ASTM Standard did not statistically distinguish between AL 6061 and AL 7075. However, it is possible to rank the fatigue lives of different materials with a reasonable degree of statistical certainty based on combined confidence numbers using the Johnson- Weibull analysis. AL 2024 was found to have the longest fatigue life, followed by AL 7075, and then AL 6061. The ASTM Standard and the Johnson-Weibull analysis result in the same stress-life exponent p for each of the three aluminum alloys at the median, or L(sub 50), lives
Calmodulin-binding proteins are developmentally regulated in gametes and embryos of fucoid algae

Calcium-binding proteins and calmodulin-binding proteins were identified in gametes and zygotes of the marine brown algae Fucus vesiculosus, Fucus distichus, and Pelvetia fastigiata using gel (SDS-PAGE) overlay techniques. A calcium current appears to be important during cell polarization in fucoid zygotes ( K. R. Robinson and L. F. Jaffe, 1975 , Science 187, 70–72; K. R. Robinson and R. Cone, 1980 , Science 207, 77–78), but there are no biochemical data on calcium-binding proteins in these algae. By using a sensitive 45Ca2+ overlay method designed to detect high-affinity calcium-binding proteins, at least 9–11 polypeptides were detected in extracts of fucoid gametes and zygotes. All samples had calcium-binding proteins with apparent molecular weights of about 17 and 30 kDa. A 17-kDa calcium-binding protein was purified by calcium-dependent hydrophobic chromatography and was identified as calmodulin by immunological and enzyme activator criteria. A 125I-calmodulin overlay assay was used to identify potential targets of calmodulin action. Sperm contained one major calmodulin-binding protein of about 45 kDa. Eggs lacked major calmodulin-binding activity. A 72-kDa calmodulin-binding protein was promient in zygotes from 1–65 hr postfertilization. Both calmodulin-binding proteins showed calcium-dependent binding activity. Overall, the data suggest that the appearance and distribution of certain calcium-binding and calmodulin-binding proteins are under developmental regulation, and may reflect the different roles of calcium during fertilization and early embryogenesis.
Linear spectral unmixing approaches to magnetic resonance image analysis

Since Magnetic Resonance (MR) images can be considered as multispectral images where each spectral band image is acquired by a particular pulse sequence, this paper investigates an application of a technique that is widely used in multispectral image processing, referred to as Linear Spectral Unmixing (LSU), in MR image analysis where two types of LSU, unconstrained LSU and constrained LSU are considered. Due to a limited number of MR images acquired by MR sequences, the ability of the LSU cannot be fully explored and utilized. In order to mitigate this dilemma, a band expansion process is introduced to expand an original set of MR images to an augmented set of multsipectral images by including additional spectral band images that can be generated from the original MR images using a set of nonlinear functions. In order to demonstrate the utility of the LSU in MR image analysis, two sets of MR images, synthetic MR images available on website and real MR images, are used for experiments. Experimental results show that the LSU can be a very effective technique in quantifying MR substances to calculate their partial volumes for further MR image analysis.
Abstract 2330: Transcription factor MAZ promotes cell growth and aggressive behavior of human pancreatic cancer cells

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth most common cancer in the United States and the eighth worldwide. PDAC is most aggressive type of cancer that spreads rapidly and is seldom detected in its early stages as signs and symptoms may not appear until pancreatic cancer is quite advanced. MAZ (Myc-associated zinc-finger protein) or SAF1 (Serum amyloid A activating factor 1) gene is a member of multiple Cys2-His2-type zinc finger proteins that are activated in response to various inflammatory signals and may act as a transcription factor with dual roles in transcription initiation and termination. Deregulation of MAZ expression has been shown to be related to the development and progression of various cancers like prostate cancer, breast cancer and pancreatic cancer. However, mode of action of MAZ in carcinogenesis is unclear. We found that MAZ mRNA and protein levels were markedly elevated in pancreatic adenocarcinoma tissue samples as compared to adjacent normal tissues and the expression profile was increased as the disease progressed. Similarly, MAZ mRNA and protein levels were increased several folds in aggressive pancreatic cancer cell lines as compared to non-transformed pancreatic cancer cell lines. Functional analysis demonstrates that siRNA-based depletion of MAZ significantly inhibits in vitro cellular growth, colony formation, anchorage independent growth and invasion in pancreatic cancer cells. Mechanistically, MAZ regulates BIRC5, a pancreatic cancer promoting gene, to possibly exert its pathobiological function. Moreover, we found that CCN1/Cyr61 is an upstream regulator of MAZ. Collectively, these findings indicate that MAZ is a downstream target of CCN1 and plays an important role in pancreatic cancer progression and differentiation. Thus, MAZ could be an ideal target for PDAC management. [This work is supported by VA Merit Award Grant (SB/SKB)] Citation Format: Gargi Maity, Sandipto Sarkar, Kakali Dhar, Gopal Dhar, Inamul Haque, Sushanta K. Banerjee, Snigdha Banerjee. Transcription factor MAZ promotes cell growth and aggressive behavior of human pancreatic cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2330. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2330
A framework for real-time monitoring of acoustic events using a wireless sensor network

Wireless Sensors have been used for environmental monitoring and battlefield surveillance for many years now. Wireless, low-cost, and low-energy sensors are distributed geographically to monitor and report specific effects such as temperature, light, motion and sound. The hardware, network protocols and information retrieval techniques for wireless sensor networks are areas of active research. While outdoor monitoring has been done using wireless sensor networks for some time now, little work has been done in indoor environments. This paper presents a novel approach towards a real time system for indoor surveillance of campus-like environments for loud acoustic events such as gunshots. The work proposes the use of low-cost MICAz motes and a scalable networking approach that ensures low-energy consumption, reliable communication and high data rate. The system uses a hierarchical decision making model to categorize loud acoustic signals, localize the event and trigger an alert system in case of critical events like a gunshot. Several experiments were conducted with real gunshots and other acoustic sources to validate the detection and localization approach.
Selectively Monomodified Cyclodextrins. Synthetic Strategies

Monomodifications of cyclodextrins to give selectively 2-, 3-, or 6-substituted product is a challenging task because of the number of hydroxyl groups that can potentially react with the incoming reagent. The principles and the methods involved in manipulations of the differences in the chemistry of these hydroxyl groups to control the outcome of an electrophilic reaction with them to produce monoalkylated (ether-linkaged) cyclodextrin derivatives are discussed and illustrated.
Electronic structure of a vacancy in aluminum

The electronic structure of an isolated atomic vacancy in metallic aluminum is investigated on the basis of solid-state scattering theory. A total scattering phase shift and the change in the sum of the one-electron energies are computed with reference to a band calculation using the LCGO (linear combination of Gaussian orbitals) method. The effects of lattice relaxation are included. The calculation is made approximately selfconsistent using a dielectric function calculated (separately) for a perfect aluminum crystal. Problems associated with the calculation of the formation energy are discussed.
Electron acceleration by the net inverse bremsstrahlung of ultrahigh-intensity laser in plasma waves

The net inverse bremsstrahlung (NIB) acceleration of high-energy electrons traveling in isotropic turbulent plasma waves and a laser light in the ultra-high intensity regime where the e times potential amplitude of the laser wave is much greater than the electron rest energy is inves­ tigated by means of quantum kinetics based on the Dirac equation. The NIB force is independent of the spread of the electron beam energy, and increases with the electron beam energy. However, the NIB force scales as the inverse of the laser intensity.
Capsule Commentary on Okoro et al., Effects of Massachusetts Health Reform on the Use of Clinical Preventative Services

This study by Okoro et al.1 examined whether Massachusetts’ health reform was associated with changes in healthcare access and use of clinical preventative services. They found that the proportion of adults with health insurance, a healthcare provider, annual routine checkup and colorectal cancer screening were significantly increased after Massachusetts’ health reform was initiated when compared with surrounding New England states. No differences in rates of breast cancer, cholesterol screens and influenza vaccines were noted pre and post-health reform. The authors conclude that health reform may increase access to healthcare and clinical preventative services. This article shows that access to insurance does lead to increased utilization of healthcare, and increase in some, but not all preventive services. Insurance is only one piece of the solution. The uninsured utilize preventative care 10–30 % less than the general population. However, across the United States, less than 75 % of those with insurance use preventative services.2 The rates of preventive services was higher in Massachusetts as well as the surrounding New England states than the rest of the United states, with 90 % having had breast cancer, cervical cancer and cholesterol screening. In New England, there appears to be more than insurance accounting for high levels of preventive service utilization. While insurance will lead to increased utilization of healthcare elsewhere, this alone will not ensure higher rates of preventative services and the differences according to this study will be small. Alternative approaches to care delivery might help. For example, the medical home may help minimize healthcare disparities and increase access to primary care and preventative services.3 Low-income adults served by a medical home and with insurance are nearly as likely as those with higher-incomes to receive preventative care services.4 Full implementation of this model awaits development of payer models. Pay for performance might also serve to increase utilization of preventive services if properly incentivized. Benchmarking performance in preventive services has also been shown to increase their use. Careful design and use of performance measures may help improve preventive health care.5 To increase preventative care access, insurance is necessary, but needs to be coupled with regular primary care and stakeholder accountability.4 Further research into what incentivizes patients to get primary care and physicians to ensure comprehensive preventative care is needed as healthcare reform continues.
Critical Media Pedagogy: Lessons from the Thinking Television Project

This article examines the results of a 4-year long student-based media education project entitled “Thinking Television.” This project focuses on interrogating the cultural terrain of contemporary television and developing an alternate vocabulary with attention paid to issues of multiculturalism and popular culture. Students in a media research class were simultaneously exposed to literature in critical/cultural studies and were asked to develop television show proposals. The findings from the “Thinking Television” project allow us to re-think issues of critical media literacy and television criticism. We raise questions about the limits of critical media literacy and those of identity formation in an information society. These two concerns are then tied into our central concern which is of the disjunction between production and theory and the creation of alternate pedagogies of media education.
Predictive visual tracking

Due to delays in image acquisition and processing, prediction is a critical factor for successful visual tracking of moving objects (both for humans and for vision machines). This paper explores some alternative techniques for predicting object motion for the purpose of tracking with an active camera system. In particular, one of our goals is to develop a system that will track an object undergoing `random' motion quite well, but that will track much better (at higher speeds with less lag) if the object settles into a periodic motion of some kind. Rather than identify parameters for specific signal models to accomplish this, we propose to use a finite set of previous joint states for the signal model. The advantages and problems associated with this approach are discussed. Results of experiments using different prediction algorithms with TRICLOPS, a high-performance active vision system, are also presented.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Über Tris(siloxymethyl)‐, Tris(silylmercaptomethyl)‐ und Tris(silylmethyl)amine

By the reaction of alkali salts of triorgano-silanols, -silanethiols and trimethylsilylmethanol as well as of triorganosilyllithium compounds with tris(chloromethyl)amine, silyl derivatives of tris(hydroxymethyl)-, tris(mercaptomethyl)- and tris(methyl)amine were prepared.
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: perspectives on novel therapeutic compounds and strategies for the treatment of HIV infection.

At present, the nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors and protease inhibitors (PI) have dominated the therapeutic options for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. From the initial monotherapeutic strategies, to the widely accepted multi-drug cocktails of today, the use of these two classes of compounds has successfully prolonged patient survival following infection with HIV. The efficacy of the multi-drug cocktails has delayed the onset of disease and generated hope that long-term therapy might allow the natural immune response to HIV infection to control both virus replication and pathogenesis within the context of an intact immune system despite the continuing presence of virus in various reservoirs within the body and the inability of these therapies to completely eradicate virus. However, the use of antiretroviral compounds for prolonged periods of time has also resulted in the appearance of significant drug-induced toxicity and metabolic abnormalities, as well as ...
Circular grating surface emitting lasers for free-space optical interconnects

Circular grating surface emitting distributed Bragg reflector lasers exhibit extremely small divergence angles and moderately high output power levels which makes them an attractive candidate for free-space interconnects. Computational simulations are used to model the observed results and assist in the design of new functionality such as focusing and beam shaping. Numerical analysis of the coupled mode equations for DBR lasers and free-space propagation of the emitted field have been performed. Surface emission is realized through grating outcoupling provided by a second order grating while feedback is accomplished with an inner annulus consisting of either a first order or second order grating. These gratings are written using electron beam lithography (EBL) and subsequently etched using ECR-RIE. The flexibility of the EBL process enables a variety of different grating designs to be created on a single sample and subsequently compared during device testing.
Intercomparison of electron-density synthesis methods for two groundbased techniques—wave interaction and partial reflection—1. Theoretical evaluation of the methods

Abstract This paper deals with critical quantitative intercomparison of over-deterministic electron density synthesis method applied to two major groundbased experiments for the D -region, the wave interaction and the partial reflection. In Part 1, the theory of the synthesis method is introduced; the method is applied to the data simulated using wide range of electron density as well as two characteristically different forms of electron density height profiles for evaluating the errors involved in the synthesis; and the results of the tests made with and without error in the data are presented. Part 2 of the paper will deal with the method applied to the real data of wave interaction and partial reflection experiments to be obtained simultaneously at the same site.
Association of genomic loci from a cardiovascular gene SNP array with fibrinogen levels in European Americans and African-Americans from six cohort studies: the Candidate Gene Association Resource (CARe)

Several common genomic loci, involving various immunity- and metabolism-related genes, have been associated with plasma fibrinogen in European Americans (EAs). The genetic determinants of fibrinogen in African Americans (AAs) are poorly characterized. Using a vascular gene-centric array in 23 634 EA and 6657 AA participants from 6 studies comprising the Candidate Gene Association Resource project, we examined the association of 47 539 common and lower frequency variants with fibrinogen concentration. We identified a rare Pro265Leu variant in FGB (rs6054) associated with lower fibrinogen. Common fibrinogen gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (FGB rs1800787 and FGG rs2066861) significantly associated with fibrinogen in EAs were prevalent in AAs and showed consistent associations. Several fibrinogen locus single nucleotide polymorphism associated with lower fibrinogen were exclusive to AAs; these include a newly reported association with FGA rs10050257. For IL6R, IL1RN, and NLRP3 inflammatory gene loci, associations with fibrinogen were concordant between EAs and AAs, but not at other loci (CPS1, PCCB, and SCL22A5-IRF1). The association of FGG rs2066861 with fibrinogen differed according to assay type used to measure fibrinogen. Further characterization of common and lower-frequency genetic variants that contribute to interpopulation differences in fibrinogen phenotype may help refine our understanding of the contribution of hemostasis and inflammation to atherothrombotic risk.
Natural killer cells discriminate between high mannose- and complex-type asparagine-linked oligosaccharides.

Abstract Chinese hamster ovary cell lines with different types of N-linked oligosaccharides were tested as targets for control and lymphokine treated natural killer (NK) cells. The targets tested were parent cells, Lec1 mutants and Lec4 mutants. Due to an apparent defect in GlcNAc transferase V, Lec4 cells produce complex-type N -linked oligosaccharides devoid of GlcNAc β(1–6) linked branches. Lec1 cells form only high mannose-type N -linked oligosaccharides because they lack GlcNAc transferase I activity. Lec1 cells are very sensitive to lysis by β-interferon treated human NK cells, but both parent and Lec4 cells are resistant to NK lysis. The ability to discriminate between parent and Lec1 targets was demonstrated with untreated control effectors as well as those which were pretreated with either β-interferon, γ-interferon or interleukin-2. Both control and lymphokine-boosted NK cells exhibit much greater lytic activity against targets having only high mannose-type N -linked oligosaccharides. Five oligosaccharide structures resembling those found on N -linked glycoproteins were tested for their ability to block NK lysis of Lec1 targets. Only the high mannose-type glycopeptide from 7S soybean glycoprotein was inhibitory in the μmolar range. At the same concentration, none of the complex-type oligosaccharides had any effect on lytic activity. The results suggest that a high mannose-type N -linked oligosaccharides is recognized at some step in NK cell-mediated lysis.
Attentional capture by globally defined objects.

The abrupt appearance of a new perceptual object in the visual field typically captures visual attention. However, if attention is focused in advance on a different location, onsets can fail to capture attention (Yantis & Jonides, 1990). In the present experiments, we investigated the extent to which the deployment of attention to the local level of a hierarchical scene may be affected by the abrupt appearance of a new object at the global level. Participants searched for a semi-disk target in an array of randomly oriented segmented disks (“pacmen”). On half the trials, a subset of the segmented disks induced a subjective square. On these critical trials, participants were significantly slower to respond to the presence of a local target even though the local features of the display were qualitatively identical across all conditions. This slowing was absent when outline pacmen were used (which do not induce subjective figures) and when the subjective square was perceptually old. When the participants’ task was defined at the global level of the display, a new local element failed to capture attention, suggesting an asymmetry in the ability of objects at different levels of a hierarchical scene to capture attention. In a control experiment, a new local element captured attention, however, when the participants’ task was defined at the local level, indicating that the local item was in principle capable of capturing attention. It is argued that global objects capture attention because they convey important information about the environment that is not available at the local level.
New Technology For Beryllium Mirror Production

Current methods for fabricating beryllium optics are both time consuming and too expensive for many production applications. This has sometimes resulted in the substitution of marginally acceptable materials which do not always deliver the required performance. The advent of net shape blank fabrication directly from powder, utilizing disposable tooling and the hot isostatic pressing process, has provided the breakthrough which enables the cost effective production of beryllium mirrors.
Expression of a neuromodulin-β-galactosidase fusion protein in primary cultured neurons and its accumulation in growth cones

Cultured embryonic neurons share a number of characteristic morphological and physiological properties with their counterparts in vivo. For example, differentiating hippocampal neurons in culture develop two distinct classes of processes that serve as dendrites and axons. It has also been shown that the microtubule organization and composition in axons differs from those in dendrites, which may contribute to differential transport of macromolecules into axons or dendrites. We have expressed a neuromodulin-β-galactosidase fusion gene in cultured mesencephalic neurons in order to study the transport of the neurospecific protein neuromodulin into neurite growth cones. When β-galactosidase alone was expressed in neurons, it was found in the cell bodies with diffuse neurite staining. In marked contrast, the neuromodulin-β-galactosidase fusion protein was rapidly transported into neurites and was concentrated in the growth cones. This system may provide a useful model for studying the structural domain(s) of neuromodulin that are required for transport and accumulation of neuromodulin in the growth cones of neurons.
Extrinsic factors in the mechanics of bridged cracks

The far-reaching effects of such extrinsic factors as specimen shape and load distribution on bridged crack propagation, in cases where bridging-zone length is comparable to any of the crack and/or specimen dimensions, are presently demonstrated in view of calculation results for single-edge-notch specimens under uniform remote tension. The inherent risk of nonconservative predictions or reliability and strength may be reduced by considering the relationship between the bridging tractions and the crack-opening displacement as a fundamental material property. The fundamentality of the 'bridging length scale', or initial crack extension over which the bridging zone matures, is demonstrated.
Inhibition of renal, cardiac and corneal (Na+−K+ATPase by 12(R)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid

Abstract 12(R)-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid [12(R)-HETE] is one of the major arach-idonate metabolites of the corneal epithelial cytochrome P450 system. We studied its inhibitory effect on different preparations of (Na+−K+]ATPase. 12(R)-HETE had no effect on ATPase activity in the absence of Na+ and K+. However, it inhibited ouabain-sensitive (Na+K+)ATPase obtained from bovine corneal epithelium, rat kidney and rat heart ventricle in a concentration-dependent manner with an ic 50 of 10−6 M. Its enantiomer, 12(S)-HETE, was inactive at 10−7 M and 10−6 M, but it inhibited (Na+- K+)ATPase at higher doses, an effect also seen with arachidonic acid. 12(R)-HETE as an endogenous metabolite of arachidonic acid may modulate physiological and pathophysiological processes by affecting (Na+-K+)ATPase activities in vivo.
The Relationship Between Assessment and Psychotherapy

The many arguments, pro and con, about the usefulness and roles of diagnosis in general, and a psychological test battery in particular, can be settled only with reference to particular tests, a particular tester, particular patients, with reference to particular questions, in a particular context. Psychologists need to establish the usefulness of tests in cost-effective ways and demonstrate how tests provide a means of studying the mind. It follows that all psychotherapists should be able to use the tests, as all physiologists should be able to use a microscope. The rule of thumb that therapists should not give tests to their patients is unnecessary, though it is preferable that the tests be given early in the relationship, and that patients have the opportunity to explore their reactions to the procedure. To maximize the usefulness of tests given by someone who is not the patient's therapist, the test report should be designed as a means of persuasion toward therapeutic action more than a passive report...