cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making the unequal global economic structure more just

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop principles through which the global economic structure could become more equal and just; it begins by demonstrating that world poverty is pervasive, and that the global economic structure is very unequal.Design/methodology/approach – The paper utilizes conceptual/theoretical arguments in welfare economics, utilitarianism, Sen's capability approach, and Rawlsian theories of justice to argue that none of those theories can lead to a more equal global economic structure. Thus, the development of more egalitarian principles is needed.Findings – Arguing that the principles that Rawls developed in his 1999 The Law of Peoples are more egalitarian than the other theories, the paper still finds them less than adequate. However, the principles developed in the paper can lead the world toward a more just and much more egalitarian economic structure.Originality/value – Since the principles developed in the paper are more egalitarian, helping toward ending world povert...
Relationship between surgical volume and patient outcomes

The authors discuss the inverse relationship between hospital volume of surgical procedures and rates of operative mortality, looking in particular at surgeons' experience of performing radical prostatectomy and patient outcomes.
The Eval That Men Do

Transforming text into executable code with a function such as JavaScript’s eval endows programmers with the ability to extend applications, at any time, and in almost any way they choose. But, this expressive power comes at a price: reasoning about the dynamic behavior of programs that use this feature becomes challenging. Any ahead-of-time analysis, to remain sound, is forced to make pessimistic assumptions about the impact of dynamically created code. This pessimism affects the optimizations that can be applied to programs and significantly limits the kinds of errors that can be caught statically and the security guarantees that can be enforced. A better understanding of how eval is used could lead to increased performance and security. This paper presents a large-scale study of the use of eval in JavaScript-based web applications. We have recorded the behavior of 337 MB of strings given as arguments to 550,358 calls to the eval function exercised in over 10,000 web sites. We provide statistics on the nature and content of strings used in eval expressions, as well as their provenance and data obtained by observing their dynamic behavior.
Formation of selected biogenic amines in carp meat

Changes in biogenic amine content in carp (Cyprinus carpio) muscle were studied. Fish halves and minced fish meat were stored at 3 and 15 °C. Both the temperature of storage and the type of meat processing had statistically important effects on the amine content. In another set of experi- ments, temperature and the preservative effects of Purac at various concentrations were tested. Purac can extend the shelf-life of fish halves stored at 3 °C by about 5 days. Putrescine concentration is proposed as a chemical indicator of carp meat quality. Decomposition is apparent when the putrescine content in the meat exceeds 20mg kg � 1 . # 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Infrared Studies on the Mechanism of Action of Carbonic Anhydrase

By accurately measuring the difference infrared spectrum of CO2-equilibrated bovine carbonic anhydrase against the ethoxzolamide- or azide-inhibited enzyme, we have been able to obtain the absorption maximum at 2341 cm-1 that is due to the asymmetric stretching of the CO2 molecule loosely bound to a hydrophobic surface at the active site of the enzyme. CO2 dissolved in water absorbs at 2343.5 cm-1. The observed small shift for bound CO2 can be attributed to a solvent effect. The absence of a larger spectral shift shows that this substrate is not appreciably distorted upon binding by the enzyme. The binding constant of carbonic anhydrase for CO2 may be estimated directly from the difference spectra taken at various CO2 pressures. Nitrous oxide is found to compete with CO2 for binding to this enzyme with approximately the same affinity. In addition to ethoxzolamide, we found that nitrate, bicarbonate, azide, and the other sulfonamide inhibitors also prevent the formation of the enzyme-substrate complex. Azide ion, both free and bound to metal-ion complexes, also absorbs strongly in this infrared range. A comparison between the infrared spectra of azide bound to the diethylenetriamine Zn(II) and Co(II) complexes or to the cobalt-enzyme and the corresponding spectrum for the native enzyme shows that the azide ion is coordinate to the Zn(II) atom of the native enzyme. Examination of the difference spectra in the presence of both azide and CO2 shows that the bound azide sterically interferes with the binding of CO2 in the hydrophobic cavity adjacent to the Zn(II). Infrared data on the competition of bicarbonate and hydroxide with azide for Zn(II), when combined with the results on CO2 binding, lead to the formulation of a detailed but extremely simple molecular mechanism for the catalytic action of carbonic anhydrase, i.e. attack of the bound CO2 by the OH- group coordinated to the zinc ion.
Impact of a videotaped dental fear-reduction program on people who avoid dental treatment.

Discussed is the impact of a videotaped dental fear-reduction program on moderately and highly fearful people who avoid dental treatment. Subjects were assigned randomly to one of two groups—the videotaped treatment group or the videotaped placebo group. The results indicate that the videotaped treatment program produced a decrease in self-reported fear in both moderately fearful and highly fearful subjects. However, the treatment program increased dental visitation and appointment-making behavior only for moderately fearful subjects.
The determinants and consequences of the placement of government programs in Indonesia

Most estimates of the consequences of public programs rely on the cross-sectional association between region-specific programs and program outcomes. Such estimates assume that the spatial distribution of programs is random. This article reports estimates of the effects of public programs on basic human capital indicators and the biases in conventional cross-sectional estimates of program effects due to non-random program placement. The estimates are obtained from pooled observations on human capital outcomes, socioeconomic variables, and program coverage at the kecamatan (subdistrict) level. The observations are based on successive sets of Indonesian cross-sectional household and administrative data during 1976-86. The determinants of the spatial allocation of programs in Indonesia in 1976-86 are also estimated. The empirical results indicate that the presence of grade and middle schools in villages has a significant positive effect on the school attendance rates of teenagers. The presence of health clinics in villages also positively affects the schooling of females ages 10-18. However, no evidence is found of any significant effects of the presence of family planning and health programs on either the survival rates of children or on cumulative fertility. The estimates also suggest that the use of cross-sectional data results in substantial biases in the estimates of program effects because of the evident nonrandom spatial allocation of public programs.
Is blindness a realistic complication in blepharoplasty procedures

Blindness is a rare but realistic complication in blepharoplasty procedures. Review of 55 case reports in the literature supports this view. The cause or causes of blindness are not precisely clear, but orbital hemorrhage after removal of fat seems to be the most common event associated with visual loss. Preoperative ophthalmologic assessment is highly desirable to document preexistent eye and systemic disease. Exquisite care with removal of fat is essential. Careful postoperative observation without patching is necessary. Management of acute visual loss may be medical, surgical, or both.
Differences in self-reported work ethic across three career stages

Abstract Miller and Woehr’s Multidimensional Work Ethic Profile (as described in Miller, Woehr, & Hudspeth, 2002) was used to examine differences in work ethic across career stages. Participants in the trial stage scored significantly higher on the hard work and delay of gratification dimensions, but participants in the stabilization and maintenance stages scored higher on the morality, wasted time, and leisure dimensions. No significant differences were found for centrality or self-reliance. The results provide evidence of the importance of studying work ethic across the lifespan and of the multidimensional nature of the work ethic construct.
A finite-element analysis approach to determine the parasitic capacitances of high-frequency multiwinding transformers for photovoltaic inverters

Magnetic components such as transformers and inductors play a significant role in the efficiency and size/weight of inverter. They are also amongst the most difficult components to design, often requiring numerous design interactions and testing. Understanding and accurate prediction of parasitic winding capacitances of high-frequency multiwinding transformers in PV inverters is fundamental to improve performance, lower cost, and speed time to market. Parasitic capacitances are highly dependent on the winding geometry and the proximity of conducting surfaces. As the geometry of the components becomes more complicated, it is almost impossible to derive analytical equations that describe accurately the behavior of magnetic components. Currently, parasitic capacitances of the multiwinding transformers are only known with certainty once a prototype is built. Therefore a design-build-test cycle needs to be iterated, often at substantial cost and time. This paper presents a technique and method to quantitatively predict the parasitic capacitance of high-frequency multiwinding transformer by means of finite-element analysis (FEA). Comparison of the FEA results with a commercially constructed experimental prototype results shows good agreement.
Contrast Inversion in the Epifluorescence of Cholesterol-Phospholipid Monolayers

A number of dihydrocholesterol-phospholipid mixtures have been examined using the epifluorescence microscopy of monolayers at the air-water interface. These mixtures form two coexisting liquids. Fluorescence contrast was provided using a variety of different lipid probes. With increasing monolayer pressure, all of the charged probes show contrast inversion at higher dihydrocholesterol concentrations. That is, with increasing pressure the charged probes transfer from one liquid to the other, reversing the fluorescence contrast. A wide variety of phospholipids were studied, and the inversion was seen in all cases. In the inverted state and at the higher dihydrocholesterol concentrations, the immiscibility persists to the highest pressures employed, 30-40 mN/m. The data show that binary dihydrocholesterol-phospholipid mixtures can form three distinct liquids, one of which is interpreted as a phase rich in condensed complex.
The psychoanalytic theories of wish‐fulfilment and meaning

Psychoanalysis regards many previously inexplicable phenomena as wish‐fulfilments, which have meaning inasmuch as they express the person's wishes or affects. This might appear to make such psychoanalytic explanations rather like ordinary explanations of conduct and to enlarge the area of intentional and possibly that of responsible behavior. But a critique of these psychoanalytic accounts will show that they are very unlike accounts in terms of ordinary notions of fulfilling or expressing wishes and that the psychoanalytic concept of wish‐fulfilment differs sufficiently from the ordinary one for it to be difficult to determine how to test psychoanalytic hypotheses concerning wish‐fulfilment by merely considering the way in which we assess claims utilizing the ordinary notion. In fact, such a critique will show that for a certain type of claim regarding wish‐fulfilments, psychoanalysts have not indicated ways of confirming or disconfirming such claims — in the sense that they have not shown how to find an...
ASHMI (Anti-Asthma Herbal Medicine Intervention) prevents maternal transmission of early onset of allergic airway inflammation and mucus cell development in offspring

Trabajo presentado al American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Annual Meeting celebrado en Nueva Orlenas (US) del 26 de febrero al 2 de marzo de 2010.
Brain metastases in osteosarcoma: incidence, clinical and neuroradiological findings and management options

Brain metastasis is uncommon in osteosarcoma, but this may be changing with prolonged patient survival in the modern chemotherapy era. We present 5 patients with brain metastases out of 39 with lung metastasis (13%) in a total of 87 osteosarcoma patients. The clinical manifestations of brain metastases were catastrophic: massive hemorrhage in 2 and status epilepticus in 3. Metastases were single or multiple, and some were osteoblastic. Surgical intervention in 2 cases resulted in dramatic, though transient, clinical improvement. We advocate periodic neuroradiology screening in osteosarcoma patients with lung metastases, for early detection of brain involvement.
Ocular involvement in xeroderma pigmentosum

A 37-year-old, white woman with xeroderma pigmentosum had reduced vision for many years because of primary and secondary corneal epithelial edema and stromal haze. Corneal grafting was required, but was not successful. Numerous primary dermal tumors of various types involving the lids of both eyes had been excised surgically or treated by freezing with liquid nitrogen. Squamous cell carcinomas involving the limbal area of the globe and adjacent tissues were excised from the left eye at age 12, the right eye at age 32, and the left eye (again) at age 36. The right limbal tumor soon recurred and invaded the orbit despite radiation treatment; this required right orbital exenteration. The second left limbal tumor recurred one year later, soon after the recurrence of a left lower lid basal cell carcinoma. Left orbital exenteration was required. Corneal graft failures and recurrent ocular squamous cell carcinoma involving the eye in xeroderma pigmentosum can be difficult management problems.
Knickpoint initiation and distribution within fluvial networks: 236 waterfalls in the Waipaoa River, North Island, New Zealand

If knickpoints transmit signals of base level fall in river networks, then improvements in our understanding of their retreat rate and basin wide distribution helps constrain the transient response following perturbation. Many studies of knickpoint retreat focus on the response of trunk streams to base level fall. Here we examine the response of an entire fluvial network, as recorded by 236 active knickpoints distributed within the Waipaoa River on the North Island of New Zealand. Base level fall within the Waipaoa catchment initiated 18,000 years ago in response to a climatically triggered and tectonically exacerbated pulse of incision. Using observations from field work, aerial photo analysis and a digital elevation model (DEM), we study the knickpoint positions within the network. We find that ∼70% of the knickpoints are located at drainage areas between 1×10 5 m 2 and 1×10 6 m 2 and more than half are b1 km upstream of a large change in drainage area. For the knickpoints b1 km upstream of large tributary junctions, we find that the retreat distances were well correlated with the tributaries' drainage areas. In order to determine how a pulse of incision distributes itself throughout a fluvial network, we develop two simple, end-member models and compare their behavior to the observed knickpoint distribution in the Waipaoa. In the first model, we propose that a knickpoint initiated at the basin outlet retreats upstream and distributes the signal throughout the network at a rate that is a power law function of drainage area. In the second model, we propose that knickpoints form near a threshold drainage area, below which channels cannot incise with the same efficiency as possible in downstream reaches. Though neither model addresses the along-stream variability in substrate or knickpoint form, the misfit between the modeled and the observed knickpoints' along-stream positions are surprisingly low (b1 km; ∼1.25% of the total stream length) for knickpoints with drainage areas b1×10 6 m 2 . Large misfits (up to 3.5 km) are observed for knickpoints with present-day drainage areas greater than 1×10 6 m 2 . The large, single step in channel elevation that characterizes knickpoints presently observed in tributaries of the Waipaoa River may not characterize the base level fall signal that propagated through the trunk streams. Evidence for progressive (rather than instantaneous) incision in the trunk streams, the knickpoints’ vicinities to tributary junctions and the equivalent success of the two-end member models lead us to conclude that the present positions of the 236 observed knickpoints are largely a consequence of thresholds in channel incision at low drainage areas.
SufD and SufC ATPase activity are required for iron acquisition during in vivo Fe-S cluster formation on SufB.

In vivo biogenesis of Fe-S cluster cofactors requires complex biosynthetic machinery to limit release of iron and sulfide, to protect the Fe-S cluster from oxidation, and to target the Fe-S cluster...
Stress-induced hypertension in the borderline hypertensive rat: Stimulus duration

Blood pressure and circulating catecholamines were evaluated in borderline hypertensive rats (BHR) that were exposed to daily sessions of either short (20 min) or long (120 min) duration air-jet stimulation. Indirect measures of systolic blood pressure indicated that within 2 weeks both experimental groups developed stress-induced hypertension in comparison to home cage controls. Animals exposed to 120 min stress sessions had significantly higher systolic blood pressure relative to the 20 min group. However, direct measures of blood pressure taken after 5 weeks of daily stress did not reveal any differences between the stress groups. Daily measurements indicated that acute changes in blood pressure during stress were modest and transient, suggesting little contribution to the chronic elevation in blood pressure observed as a consequence of stress. Circulating catecholamines were significantly increased by the stressor. Epinephrine returned to baseline within 60 min, although norepinephrine remained elevated throughout the 120 min session. The results indicate that increasing the duration of daily air jet stimulation did not impact the development of stress-induced hypertension over the 5-week measurement period.
Relating the Physical and Chemical Properties of Petroleum Hydrocarbons to Soil and Aquifer Remediation

This chapter presents a detailed review of the physical and chemical properties of petroleum hydrocarbons. Once petroleum hydrocarbons are introduced into the environment they interact with the surrounding soils. Specific chemical properties affect the technologies that are used for remediation as well as the methods used for analysis. Because petroleum products are complex mixtures of chemicals, special problems are faced in analyzing for these compounds. A more complete description and application of the pristane/phytane test is found in the paper by Senn and Johnson. Great care must be taken in deciding which analytical methods are used for identifying and quantitating petroleum hydrocarbons present in soils and liquids. The identification and quantitation of petroleum products in soils and ground waters is a complex and difficult task.
Does Relationship Marketing Age Well

Most managers agree that close co-operative relationships between business partners yield benefits to all parties. However, some question whether these benefits continue as the relationship ages. This article reports on a study designed to answer this question. The study suggests that, however long the relationship, building trust, commitment and the other components of Relationship Marketing (RM) continue to have a positive effect on the performance of business partners. However, it also shows that, over time, the positive effect diminishes. The authors suggest that managers need to recognize this, and to identify the true costs of building relationships so as to judge whether the diminishing returns justify the effort. Ultimately, managers need to vary their handling of each relationship because standardized RM practices are unlikely to be effective.
Empirical and counterfactual conditions for sufficient cause interactions

SUMMARY Sufficient-component causes are discussed within the deterministic potential outcomes framework so as to formalize notions of sufficient causes, synergism and sufficient cause in teractions. Doing so allows for the derivation of counterfactual and empirical conditions for detecting the presence of sufficient cause interactions. The conditions are novel in that, unlike other conditions in the literature, they make no assumption about monotonicity. The conditions can also be generalized and the conditions for three-way sufficient cause interactions are given explicitly. The statistical tests derived for sufficient cause interactions are compared with and contrasted to interaction terms in standard statistical models.
Optically Induced Migration of Interstitial Zinc in ZnSe: Caught in the Act

Optically detected EPR studies of zinc-vacancy\char21{}zinc-interstitial Frenkel pairs produced by 2.5 MeV electron irradiation at 4.2 K in ZnSe reveal transformations between pairs of differing separations induced by optical excitation at cryogenic temperatures. The interstitial is identified as the mobile constituent by directly observing its conversion between ${T}_{d}$ sites surrounded by four Se atoms and those surrounded by four Zn atoms. The interstitials, therefore, have been caught in the act of a single recombination-enhanced diffusion half jump, uniquely revealing the exact path taken in the one-jump diffusion process.
Newly recognized hosts for uranium in the Hanford Site vadose zone

Abstract Uranium contaminated sediments from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Hanford Site have been investigated using electron microscopy. Six classes of solid hosts for uranium were identified. Preliminary sediment characterization was carried out using optical petrography, and electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) was used to locate materials that host uranium. All of the hosts are fine-grained and intergrown with other materials at spatial scales smaller than the analytical volume of the electron microprobe. A focused ion beam (FIB) was used to prepare electron-transparent specimens of each host for the transmission electron microscope (TEM). The hosts were identified as: (1) metatorbernite [Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2·8H2O]; (2) coatings on sediment clasts comprised mainly of phyllosilicates; (3) an amorphous zirconium (oxyhydr)oxide found in clast coatings; (4) amorphous and poorly crystalline materials that line voids within basalt lithic fragments; (5) amorphous palagonite surrounding fragments of basaltic glass; and (6) Fe- and Mn-oxides. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of combining EMPA, FIB, and TEM to identify solid-phase contaminant hosts. Furthermore, they highlight the complexity of U geochemistry in the Hanford vadose zone, and illustrate the importance of microscopic transport in controlling the fate of contaminant metals in the environment.
Development of tolerance to a pneumotoxic impurity of malathion.

O,O,S‐Trimethyl phosphorothioate (OOS‐Me) is a pneumotoxic impurity present in various organophosphorus insecticides. OOS‐Me produces morphological alteration of bronchiolar epithelial Clara cells accompanied by an increase in pulmonary lavage lactate dehydrogenase activity and severe weight loss in rats. Tolerance to the pneumotoxicity of OOS‐Me was induced rapidly by oral pretreatments with small doses of OOS‐Me itself. O,O‐Dimethyl S‐ethyl phosphorothioate (OOS‐Et),a pneumotoxictrialkyl phosphorothioate that is closely related in structure to OOS‐Me, also produced a tolerance by oral pretreatment with small doses of OOS‐Et itself. Pretreatment of rats with OOS‐Me produced tolerance to OOS‐Et, but OOS‐Et pretreatment did not produce tolerance to OOS‐Me. Pretreatment of rats with tolerance‐inducing doses of OOS‐Me or OOS‐Et had no effect on pulmonary or hepatic monooxygenase activities. Malathion and phenthoate carboxylesterases in pulmonary and hepatic microsomes were inhibited by these pretreatments. A...
Development of the Omni Directional Intelligent Navigator

The Autonomous Systems Laboratory is in the midst of developing an advanced underwater robotic technology test platform. The platform consists of the Omni-Directional Intelligent Navigator (ODIN) and the Integrated Graphic Workstation (IGW). ODIN is a six degree-of-freedom (dof) underwater vehicle with dual operational modes (autonomous and tethered) and a single dof mechanical manipulator. IGW is a real-time, 3-dimensional graphic monitoring, testing, and evaluation workstation. This paper presents ODIN's mechanical and electrical specifications; its vehicle dynamics and depth control system; its recent simulation and experimental results; and IGW's specifications. >
Unusual complication following trauma to a bone-anchored hearing aid: case report and literature review.

Objective:We report the second published case of a child with a serious traumatic injury involving the fixture and abutment of their bone-anchored hearing aid.Method:Case reports and review of the world literature concerning unusual complications following trauma to bone-anchored hearing aids.Results:A nine-year-old girl with Dubowitz syndrome sustained an intrusion injury of her bone-anchored hearing aid fixture and abutment following a fall. No other injury was sustained, and there was no neurological complication. The patient underwent immediate removal of the implant and subsequently made a full recovery. Such serious and unusual complications are fortunately very rare. On review of the literature, four cases of similar complications were identified. Only one involved a traumatic injury in a child.Conclusion:Provision of bone-anchored hearing aids involves many clinicians. All clinicians involved in this procedure must be aware of the need to monitor their patients carefully, and to remember that unusual and unexpected complications, although rare, do happen. The patient's need for care continues long after the surgery is complete.
Effect of aberrations and apodization on the performance of coherent optical systems. 3: The near field.

The effects of Gaussian apodization on the near field of a coherent optical system having −0.8 waves of third-order spherical aberration were examined. The study concentrated on the areas near the focus in the Fresnel region of an f/12 system. Computer predictions were made for four cases: unapodized–unaberrated, apodized–unaberrated, unapodized–aberrated, and apodized–aberrated. Predictions were made for cross-sectional planes perpendicular to the optical axis using Fourier techniques. Meridional plane predictions were produced using a numerical integration method for evaluating the Kirchhoff integral. Additionally, experimental data were taken to compare with the predictions. It is shown that the experimental data match the computer predictions and that apodization is an effective method for controlling the near-field ringing due to aperture effects and spherical aberrations. Additionally, fine structure corresponding to Young’s double slit interference is observed in the unapodized cases.
SHIFTING FROM PRIESTLY TO NON-PRIESTLY LEGAL AUTHORITY: A COMPARISON OF THE DAMASCUS DOCUMENT AND THE MIDRASH SIFRA

This chapter establishes the presence and authority of a learned priest as a precondition for the formation of a minimal community of ten. The authority of the hereditary priesthood at Qumran, and their priority in matters of battle, judgment, teaching, worship, meeting, and meals, both in the present time and the awaited messianic time, is well-known from the sectarian scrolls. The chapter then qualifies the first, allowing for the possibility that a community might lack a priest with the requisite knowledge and experience, in which case a proficient Levite would fulfill the priestly leadership function, thereby giving expertise the edge over priestly heredity alone. Finally, the chapter deals with a specific area of purity law, skin affections, which demanded a particularly sophisticated expertise, both of the law and of the variety of types of skin affections that had to be recognized and judged in relation to it.Keywords: Damascus; Dead Sea Scrolls; Midrash Sifra; Qumran
Synthesis of submicron polycrystalline MFI zeolite films on porous ceramic supports

Abstract This paper reports preparation and properties of ultra-thin MFI-type zeolite (silicalite) films on sol–gel derived mesoporous 8 mol% yttria doped zirconia (YZ) supports by the in situ synthesis method. Only non-continuous zeolite films were obtained on the as-synthesized YZ supports (calcined at 450°C). Continuous polycrystalline pure silicalite films, with a thickness of 0.5–0.7 μm, could be grown on the YZ supports pretreated at 700°C. The difference in the oxygen vacancy defect concentrations in these two types of YZ supports is suggested to explain the different results of growing silicalite films. Moreover, defect free 2–3 μm thick silicalite films were also prepared on the α-alumina supports under the same synthesis conditions. The silicalite layer on the YZ support offers a significantly lower mass transfer resistance as compared to that on the alumina support. Single gas permeation data of hydrogen, methane and ethane through these membranes were measured and compared with those of silicalite membranes prepared by other groups. The alumina supported silicalite membranes prepared in this work show better separation factors than the literature values. The zeolite film on the YZ support is less resistant to the stress induced in the step of template removal as compared to the zeolite film on the alumina support.
Stacking paleointensity and oxygen isotope data for the last 1.5 Myr (PISO-1500)

Coupled relative geomagnetic paleointensity (RPI) and oxygen isotope records are used to construct RPI and oxygen isotope stacks for the last 1.5 Myr. The coupled correlations are accomplished using the Match algorithm (Lisiecki, L.E., and Lisiecki, P.A., 2002. Application of dynamic programming to the correlation of paleoclimate records. Paleoceanography, 17: 1049, doi:10.1029/2001PA000733) to simultaneously correlate isotope and RPI records. The simultaneous match reduces the degree of freedom associated with correlations using RPI or oxygen isotope records alone. The overall compatibility of RPI and oxygen isotopes indicates a dominant global (but independent) component in both signals. The local wavelet power spectrum (LWPS) for the RPI stack indicates little significant orbital power, although the accompanying oxygen isotope stack has all the LWPS characteristics expected of a high-resolution oxygen isotope record containing orbital frequencies. The PISO-1500 stack represents a new stratigraphic template that can be used to correlate among marine sediment records and link them to polar ice cores via variations in cosmogenic nuclide production. Scaling the stack to values for virtual axial dipole moment (VADM) indicate maxima at ~ 15 × 1022 Am2 and minima that imply a threshold of ~ 2.5 × 1022 Am2 below which values are associated with either polarity reversals or magnetic excursions.
NEONATAL HOMOVANILLIC (HVA) AND VANILLYLMANDELIC (VMA) ACID LEVELS IN URINE SAMPLES COLLECTED ON FILTER PAPERS

NEONATAL HOMOVANILLIC (HVA) AND VANILLYLMANDELIC (VMA) ACID LEVELS IN URINE SAMPLES COLLECTED ON FILTER PAPERS
Molecular mixing and chemical reactions in turbulent shear layers

The general topic of this chapter is molecular mixing and chemical reaction in turbulent shear flow, in particular, in two-dimensional mixing layers and axi-symmetric jets. The discussion is centered around recent experiments in these two flows and upon proposed new interpretations of the observations. The central issue is the nature of the pathway from the freestream to the molecularly mixed state. The experimental results suggest that the path does not resemble that given by turbulent diffusion concepts. They imply, as well, that molecular transport coefficients influence molecular mixing rates even in what are conventionally called fully-developed turbulent flows. In the proposed model, this influence is felt at the Taylor scale.
Autophagosome targeting and membrane curvature sensing by Barkor/Atg14(L)

The class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3KC3) is crucial for autophagosome biogenesis. It has been long speculated to nucleate the autophagosome membrane, but the biochemical mechanism of such nucleation activity remains unsolved. We recently identified Barkor/Atg14(L) as the targeting factor for PI3KC3 to autophagosome membrane. Here, we show that we have characterized the region of Barkor/Atg14(L) required for autophagosome targeting and identified the BATS [Barkor/Atg14(L) autophagosome targeting sequence] domain at the carboxyl terminus of Barkor. Bioinformatics and mutagenesis analyses revealed that the BATS domain binds to autophagosome membrane via the hydrophobic surface of an intrinsic amphipathic alpha helix. BATS puncta overlap with Atg16 and LC3, and partially with DFCP1, in a stress-inducible manner. Ectopically expressed BATS accumulates on highly curved tubules that likely represent intermediate autophagic structures. PI3KC3 recruitment and autophagy stimulation by Barkor/Atg14(L) require the BATS domain. Furthermore, our biochemical analyses indicate that the BATS domain directly binds to the membrane, and it favors membrane composed of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [PtdIns(3)P] and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2]. By binding preferentially to curved membranes incorporated with PtdIns(3)P but not PtdIns(4,5)P2, the BATS domain is capable of sensing membrane curvature. Thus, we propose a novel model of PI3KC3 autophagosome membrane nucleation in which its autophagosome-specific adaptor, Barkor, accumulates on highly curved PtdIns(3)P enriched autophagic membrane via its BATS domain to sense and maintain membrane curvature.
Surgical strategies for liver cell adenoma

Liver cell adenomas (LCA) are benign tumors that occur primarily in women with a history of oral contraceptive use. While rare, LCA are clinically important because of their propensity for sudden, unpredictable hemorhage or malignant transformation. Differentiation from focal nodular hyperplasia or hepatocellular carcinoma may be difficult even with sophisticated imaging modalities. Current management guidelines are based on the presence or absence of symptoms, the certainty of diagnosis, and the response, if any, to withdrawing putative growth stimuli. Complete excision, sparing as much normal liver as possible, is generally recommended, except in patients with adenomatosis. This may require anatomical resection (either lobectomy or segmentectomy), local wedge excision, or enucleation. Rarely, orthotopic liver transplantation may be required in patients with large, centrally placed lesions, recurrence following previous resection(s), or adenomatosis. Nonsurgical ablation techniques such as interstitial radio-frequency or laser hyperthermia and cryotherapy may also be useful in selected patients.
Relative Kinetic Basicities of Organogold Compounds

The relative kinetic basicities of a series of differentially substituted and hybridized neutral organogold compounds were examined through competitive protodeauration experiments and were found to span 2.2 orders of magnitude. The effect of electron-withdrawing and electron-donating substituents on the rate of protodeauration of alkenylgold and arylgold compounds was explored. An acid counterion effect indicated the presence of a gold-mediated substrate preequilibrium before protodemetalation, and hybridization effects and a Hammett correlation with ρ+ = −0.41 indicated the involvement of the C−C π system in the protodeauration of vinylgold, alkynylgold, and arylgold complexes.
Kynurenine metabolism in the development chick embryo

1. 1. In the embryonic chick liver during the midperiod of development (8–12 days), kynureninase is the primary enzyme involved in the catabolism of kynurenine. Kynurenine aminotransferase was not found. 2. 2. Embryonic chick liver kynureninase is primarily concentrated in the supernatant fraction of the liver. 3. 3. Kynureninase specific activity measured from day 8 to day 20 (just prior to hatching) showed a steady increased from 9 days to 13 days followed by a shapr decrease at 14 days. The low activity remained through 18 days before again increasing. 4. 4. Addition of saturating levels of pyridoxal phosphate increased the activity of kynureninase 2- to 3-fold at all ages studied. 5. 5. Kynurenine at concentration of 6·10−4 M or higher quenches the fluorescence due to anthranilic acid.
AN ASSOCIATIVE ANALYSIS OF INSTRUMENTAL BICONDITIONAL DISCRIMINATION LEARNING

Three different techniques were employed to analyze the associative structures mediating performance on an instrumental biconditional discrimination. In all three experiments, rats were trained concurrently on two tasks in which different stimuli signaled which one of two responses would be followed by reward. In each task, one response was rewarded in one stimulus and the other response was rewarded in the other stimulus. Correct responses earned pellets in one task and sucrose in the other task. The transfer procedure was used in Experiment 1A to identify whether or not an association developed between a biconditional discriminative stimulus and its instrumental outcome. Evidence was obtained that a biconditional cue elevated preferentially a new response trained with the same outcome. Experiments 1B and 3 examined the potential contribution of this stimulus-outcome association to biconditional performance by training the biconditional cues as signals (S-s) for the nonreinforcement of a different response. There was no evidence that this operation interfered with the ability of a biconditional cue to control performance of its correct response. In Experiments 1B and 2, the value of the instrumental outcome was reduced in an attempt to assess the contribution of stimulus-response associations to performance on the biconditional discrimination. The results of Experiments 1B and 2 reveal that correct responses were depressed following devaluation of the outcome used to train them, suggesting that learning about the response-outcome relation occurs. The implications of these results for binary and hierarchical models of instrumental learning are discussed.
What's looks got to do with it? Instructor appearance and student evaluations of teaching

Some studies suggest that instructors' looks are important determinants of their Student Evaluations of Teaching (SET) results. Yet the studies examining this proposition leave out many independent variables that have been found to be important determinants of SETs in the SET literature. This study adds in most such factors and finds that, controlling for these other factors, attractiveness has no effect in our data. We conclude that earlier findings indicating that instructor appearance is important are likely due to omitted variable bias. © 2005 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
Prototype distributed object-oriented architecture for image-based automatic laser alignment

Designing a computer control system for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) is a complex undertaking because of the system`s large size and its distributed nature. The controls team is addressing that complexity by adopting the object-oriented programming paradigm, designing reusable software frameworks, and using the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) for distribution. A prototype system for image-based automatic laser alignment has been developed to evaluate and gain experience with CORBA and OOP in a small distributed system. The prototype is also important in evaluating alignment concepts, image processing techniques, speed and accuracy of automatic alignment objectives for the NIF, and control hardware for aligment devices. The prototype system has met its inital objectives and provides a basis for continued development.
Small Cell Carcinoma of the Gall Bladder: Role of Adjuvant Chemotherapy

Introduction Small cell cancer of the gallbladder is a rare malignancy with a poor prognosis. There is limited information in the literature on the best therapeutic approach towards this cancer with anecdotal therapy extrapolated from experience in small cell cancer of the lung.
ICESat observations of Arctic sea ice: A first look

Analysis of near-coincident ICESat and RADARSAT imagery shows that the retrieved elevations from the laser altimeter are sensitive to new openings (containing thin ice or open water) in the sea ice cover as well as to surface relief of old and first-year ice. The precision of the elevation estimates, measured over relatively flat sea ice, is approx. 2 cm Using the thickness of thin-ice in recent openings to estimate sea level references, we obtain the sea-ice free-board along the altimeter tracks. This step is necessitated by the large uncertainties in the time-varying sea surface topography compared to that required for accurate determination of free-board. Unknown snow depth introduces the largest uncertainty in the conversion of free-board to ice thickness. Surface roughness is also derived, for the first time, from the variability of successive elevation estimates along the altimeter track Overall, these ICESat measurements provide an unprecedented view of the Arctic Ocean ice cover at length scales at and above the spatial dimension of the altimeter footprint.
Fabrication of platinum nanoparticles and nanowires by electron beam lithography (EBL) and nanoimprint lithography (NIL): comparison of ethylene hydrogenation kinetics

Electron beam lithography (EBL), size reduction lithography (SRL), and nanoimprint lithography (NIL) have been utilized to produce platinum nanoparticles and nanowires in the 20–60-nm size range on oxide films (SiO2 and Al2O3) deposited onto silicon wafers. A combination of characterization techniques (SEM, AFM, XPS, AES) has been used to determine size, spatial arrangement and cleanliness of these fabricated catalysts. Ethylene hydrogenation reaction studies have been carried out over these fabricated catalysts and have revealed major differences in turnover rates and activation energies of the different nanostructures when clean and when poisoned with carbon monoxide. The oxide-metal interfaces are implicated as important reaction sites that remain active when the metal sites are poisoned by adsorbed carbon monoxide.
Reaction of bis(triphenyltin) oxide with thiourea and some 1,3-disubstituted thioureas

Abstract Bis(triphenyltin) oxide was found to react with thiourea in refluxing acetonitrile to give bis(triphenyltin) sulfide, bis(triphenylstannyl)carbodiimide, and dicyandiamide. Bis(triphenylstannyl)carbodiimide was prepared by the reaction of bis(triphenyltin) oxide with cyanamide in refluxing acetonitrile or benzene. Bis(triphenyltin) oxide was found to react with 1,3-disubstituted thioureas in refluxing acetonitrile or toluene to give bis(triphenyltin) sulfide and, with the exception of di-tert-butylthiourea, the corresponding 1,3-disubstituted urea.
Compression, compaction, and disintegration properties of low crystallinity celluloses produced using different agitation rates during their regeneration from phosphoric acid solutions

The tabletting characteristics of low crystallinity celluloses (LCPC)-LCPC-700, LCPC-2000, and LCPC-4000-prepared using agitation rates of 700, 2000, and 4000 rpm, respectively, during their regeneration from phosphoric acid, were evaluated and compared with those of Avicel PH-102 and Avicel PH-302. The mean deformation pressure values calculated from the linear region of the Athy-Heckel curves indicated LCPC-4000 to be the most ductile material. The area under the Athy-Heckel curve for LCPC-4000 was 330 MPa, whereas LCPC-700 and LCPC-2000 showed a corresponding value similar to that of Avicel PH-102 and Avicel PH-302 (192–232 MPa). The tensile strength of LCPC and Avicel compacts increased linearly with increasing applied pressures. A comparison of the area under the tensile strength-compression pressure curves indicated that LCPC-4000 formed the strongest tablets. The strengths of LCPC-700 and LCPC-2000 compacts, in contrast, were slightly lower than that of Avicel PH-302 and Avicel PH-102, respectively. The compacts of both LCPC-4000 and Avicel PH-102 were intact in water for 6 hours, whereas LCPC-2000 and Avicel PH-302 compacts disintegrated in 4 minutes and 2 minutes, respectively. In conclusion, LCPC-4000 was the most ductile material and exhibited the highest compression and compaction characteristics. The corresponding properties of LCPC-700 and LCPC-2000, in contrast, were comparable to that of Avicel PH-102 or Avicel PH-302.
Hybrid near-optimal aeroassisted orbit transfer plane change trajectories

In this paper, a hybrid methodology is used to determine optimal open loop controls for the atmospheric portion of the aeroassisted plane change problem. The method is hybrid in the sense that it combines the features of numerical collocation with the analytically tractable portions of the problem which result when the two-point boundary value problem is cast in the form of a regular perturbation problem. Various levels of approximation are introduced by eliminating particular collocation parameters and their effect upon problem complexity and required number of nodes is discussed. The results include plane changes of 10, 20, and 30 degrees for a given vehicle.
Vertebral artery revascularization

Ischemia of the posterior circulation related to diseases of the vertebral artery is associated with a significant incidence of delayed stroke and morbidity. Although medical therapies, including anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents, typically are used as the first line of treatment, many surgical techniques are available for the management of refractory cases. Atheroclerosis and compression by fascial bands or osteophytes represent the most frequent types of pathology affecting the vertebral artery. Surgical techniques vary according to the location and type of disease process. Vertebral endarterectomy, transpositions, and bypasses are discussed, and surgical approaches are reviewed in the context of the location and type of disease.
Resistance levels ofTyphlodromus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) from Washington apple orchards to ten pesticides

Nine Washington populations ofTyphlodromus (=Metaseiulus) occidentalis Nesbitt collected from commercial apple orchards were surveyed for resistance to ten pesticides. A susceptible population collected from wild blackberry which had no history of pesticide exposure was used in estimating resistance development. All populations from apple orchards were tolerant to high concentrations of azinphosmethyl, diazinon, endosulfan and propargite. Resistance was also apparent to these materials, especially for azinphosmethyl which produced over 100-fold resistance levels for several populations. Moderate to low levels of tolerance and resistance development were seen to field concentrations of cyhexatin, formetanate and carbaryl. Fenvalerate, methomyl and methidathion were all very toxic at field concentrations and little evidence of resistance development was apparent. The use of fenvalerate, methomyl or methidathion at a time whenT. occidentalis is active would likely abrogate favorable biological control of pestiferous orchard mites.