cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the physiological role of casein kinase II in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Casein kinase II (CKII) is a highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase that is ubiquitous in eukaryotic organisms. This review summarizes available data on CKII of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , with a view toward defining the possible physiological role of the enzyme. Saccharomyces cerevisiae CKII is composed of two catalytic and two regulatory subunits encoded by the CKA1 , CKA2 , CKB1 , and CKB2 genes, respectively. Analysis of null and conditional alleles of these genes identifies a requirement for CKII in at least four biological processes: flocculation (which may reflect an effect on gene expression), cell cycle progression, cell polarity, and ion homeostasis. Consistent with this, isolation of multicopy suppressors of conditional cka mutations has identified three genes that have a known or potential role in either the cell cycle or cell polarity: CDC37 , which is required for cell cycle progression in both GI and G2/M; ZDS1 and 2, which appear to have a function in cell polarity; and SUN2 , which encodes a protein of the regulatory component of the 26S protease. The identity and properties of known CKII substrates in S. cerevisiae are also reviewed, and advantage is taken of the complete genomic sequence to predict globally the substrates of CKII in this organism. Although the combined data do not yield a definitive picture of the physiological role of CKII, it is proposed that CKII serves a signal transduction function in sensing and/or communicating information about the ionic status of the cell to the cell cycle machinery. © 1998 Academic Press
Bloggers after the Shield: Defining Journalism in Privilege Law

Josh Wolf claims to be the longest jailed journalist in American history after courts rejected his journalist’s privilege claims and he spent 226 days in prison. But was the blogger really a journalist entitled to invoke privilege protections? Academics, journalists, lawyers, judges and lawmakers have struggled to articulate legal definitions of journalism as bloggers increasingly seek newsgathering protections. This article evaluates controversies in state statutory interpretation, federal shield law proposals and federal common-law development. The article argues that the analytical evolution in federal and state case law supports expanding privilege protection to bloggers whose purposes, processes and products are similar to professional journalists’ historical practices and values.
Automation in the Clinical Laboratory

Total laboratory automation (TLA) is an approach to laboratory instrumentation that replaces human operators with robotic devices for the performance of highly repetitive tasks in the preparation and transport of specimens. TLA will consolidate the control and oversight for multiple different analytical instruments to a smaller number of operators, thus reducing the costs of labor in laboratory testing. Benefits of TLA include reduction of human errors in specimen handling and improvements in overall process control, including faster turn-around-times (TAT) from specimen collection to test result reporting. Possible detriments include very high costs for equipment installation and disruption of workforces trained in existing technologies. Most clinical laboratories will soon face a decision about implementing TLA (or portions of it) to reduce operating costs in order to offset falling reimbursements for medical services.
Study of Diboson Production at CMS

I present an overview of the measurements of the di-boson (WW, WZ, ZZ, W\gamma, and Z\gamma) production cross sections in proton-proton collisions at \sqrt{s} = 7 TeV. The measurements are based on 36 pb^-1 and 1.1 fb^-1 of data collected with the CMS detector at the LHC in 2010 and 2011, respectively. The vector bosons W and Z are reconstructed in purely leptonic decays. The measured cross sections are compared with the Standard Model expectations calculated at next-to-leading order in perturbative QCD. Limits on anomalous triple gauge boson couplings are derived.
The Supreme Court and the Uses of History

This publication is the edited transcript of a March 14, 2013 debate between Pulitizer Prize winning historian Gordon S. Wood and myself about the Supreme Court and the uses of history.
Laboratory Detection of Two New C5H2 Isomers

Two new isomers of the C5H2 molecule have been detected in the laboratory, and their microwave spectra have been characterized to high accuracy. Both are good candidates for radio astronomical detection. Like the two isomers previously detected in the laboratory, both are closed-shell carbenes, and both are extremely polar and fairly stable. The first, calculated to lie 0.73 eV above isomer 1, the C5H2 ring-chain ground state, has a bent carbon chain backbone with single, double, and triple bonds; the second, calculated to lie only 0.19 eV higher in energy, is a new type of ring chain formed by adding a pair of doubly bonded carbon atoms to the top of the C3H2 ring, which is one of the most abundant interstellar molecules.
Lithium effects on selected circadian rhythms in rats

Treating rats with lithium results in clear phase-delays in certain circadian rhythms but has no effect upon other rhythms. Phase-delays can be seen in running-wheel activity rhythms but under certain conditions, phase changes are not noted in SCN 2-DG uptake or pineal melatonin rhythms.
Clinical Informatics Board Certification: History, Current Status, and Predicted Impact on the Clinical Informatics Workforce

Within health and health care, medical informatics and its subspecialties of biomedical, clinical, and public health informatics have emerged as a new discipline with increasing demands for its own work force. Knowledge and skills in medical informatics are widely acknowledged as crucial to future success in patient care, research relating to biomedicine, clinical care, and public health, as well as health policy design. The maturity of the domain and the demand on expertise necessitate standardized training and certification of professionals. The American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) embarked on a major effort to create professional level education and certification for physicians of various professions and specialties in informatics. This article focuses on the AMIA effort in the professional structure of medical specialization, e.g., the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) and the related Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). This report summarizes the current progress to create a recognized sub-certificate of competence in Clinical Informatics and discusses likely near term (three to five year) implications on training, certification, and work force with an emphasis on clinical applied informatics.
A Systems Model of Innovation Processes in University STEM Education

Drawing upon understanding of innovation processes in other domains, we construct a model of the innovation system for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. The model suggests that higher educational innovation in research universities is severely disadvantaged in many regards. Paramount is the lack of a “natural” innovator who, analogous to the engineer in an industrial research and development lab, has professional training and incentives to perform a significant professional role—teaching. The model suggests a number of organizational and structural factors that must be addressed, systemically, to bolster prospects of educational improvement at research universities. Changing single factors, without attention to the interactive systems nature of STEM educational processes, is unlikely to prove effective in improving undergraduate education.
Photon-induced near-field electron microscopy (PINEM): theoretical and experimental

Electron imaging in space and time is achieved in microscopy with timed (near relativistic) electron packets of picometer wavelength coincident with light pulses of femtosecond duration. The photons (with an energy of a few electronvolts) are used to impulsively heat or excite the specimen so that the evolution of structures from their nonequilibrium state can be followed in real time. As such, and at relatively low fluences, there is no interaction between the electrons and the photons; certainly that is the case in vacuum because energy–momentum conservation is not possible. In the presence of nanostructures and at higher fluences, energy–momentum conservation is possible and the electron packet can either gain or lose light quanta. Recently, it was reported that, when only electrons with gained energy are filtered, near-field imaging enables the visualization of nanoscale particles and interfaces with enhanced contrast (Barwick et al 2009 Nature 462 902). To explore a variety of applications, it is important to express, through analytical formulation, the key parameters involved in this photon-induced near-field electron microscopy (PINEM) and to predict the associated phenomena of, e.g., forty-photon absorption by the electron packet. In this paper, we give an account of the theoretical and experimental results of PINEM. In particular, the time-dependent quantum solution for ultrafast electron packets in the nanostructure scattered electromagnetic (near) field is solved in the high kinetic energy limit to obtain the evolution of the incident electron packet into a superposition of discrete momentum wavelets. The characteristic length and time scales of the halo of electron–photon coupling are discussed in the framework of Rayleigh and Mie scatterings, providing the dependence of the PINEM effect on size, polarization, material and spatiotemporal localization. We also provide a simple classical description that is based on features of plasmonics. A major part of this paper is devoted to the comparisons between the theoretical results and the recently obtained experimental findings about the imaging of materials and biological systems.
Conductivity dependence of seismoelectric wave phenomena in fluid‐saturated sediments

[1] Seismoelectric phenomena in sediments arise from acoustic wave–induced fluid motion in the pore space, which perturbs the electrostatic equilibrium of the electric double layer on the grain surfaces. Experimental techniques and the apparatus built to study the conductivity dependence of the electrokinetic (EK) effect are described, and outcomes for studies in loose glass microspheres and medium-grain sand are presented. By varying the NaCl concentration in the pore fluid, we measured the conductivity dependence of two kinds of EK behavior: (1) the electric fields generated within the samples by the passage of transmitted acoustic waves and (2) the electromagnetic waves produced at the fluid-sediment interface by the incident acoustic wave. Both phenomena are caused by relative fluid motion in the sediment pores; this feature is characteristic of poroelastic (Biot) media but is not predicted by either viscoelastic fluid or solid models. A model of plane wave reflection from a fluid-sediment interface using EK-Biot theory leads to theoretical predictions that compare well to the experimental data for both loose glass microspheres and medium-grain sand.
Secondary Calcium Phosphate Prevents and Cures Rickets Without Vitamin D. 1. Utilization Studies

ConclusionsThe substitution of refined dicalcium phosphate or unrefined dicalcium phosphate for calcium carbonate in the ricketsproducing diet resulted in the prevention and cure of rickets. Disregarding the effect of an external supply of phosphorus in the diet, these experiments indicate that from the standpoint of bone formation, refined dicalcium phosphate or unrefined dicalcium phosphate are infinitely superior to calcium carbonate in its various forms, such as precipitated chalk, crushed limestone, or crushed shells. Hence it is proper to refer to refined and unrefined dicalcium phosphate as being indicated in cases of rickets, or leg weakness of chicks.
Catalysis of nifuroxazide formation by crosslinked poly(vinylpyridine)-supported acids

Abstract The condensation reaction of either 5-nitrofuran-2-aldehyde (NFA) or 5-nitrofuran-2-aldehyde diacetate (NFAD) with p-hydroxybenzalhydrazide (PHBH) gave nifuroxazide (NF), a drug used for the treatment of acute bacterial diarrhea, by catalysis with crosslinked poly(vinylpyridine)-supported acids (PVPHX). The product NF was obtained with high yield and purity. The effects of the counteranion, X−, in polymer catalyst (PVPHX) on the rate of the reaction were studied. It was found that the catalytic activity is increasing in order: I−>ClO4−, Cl−=Br−>TsO−. The effects of temperature and amount of catalyst on the reaction rate were discussed.
Failure Mechanism for Fast‐Charged Lithium Metal Batteries with Liquid Electrolytes

In recent years, the Li metal anode has regained a position of paramount research interest because of the necessity for employing Li metal in next-generation battery technologies such as Li-S and Li-O2. Severely limiting this utilization, however, are the rapid capacity degradation and safety issues associated with rechargeable Li metal anodes. A fundamental understanding of the failure mechanism of Li metal at high charge rates has remained elusive due to the complicated interfacial chemistry that occurs between Li metal and liquid electrolytes. Here, it is demonstrated that at high current density the quick formation of a highly resistive solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) entangled with Li metal, which grows towards the bulk Li, dramatically increases up the cell impedance and this is the actual origin of the onset of cell degradation and failure. This is instead of dendritic or mossy Li growing outwards from the metal surface towards/through the separator and/or the consumption of the Li and electrolyte through side reactions. Interphase, in this context, refers to a substantive layer rather than a thin interfacial layer. Discerning the mechanisms and consequences for this interphase formation is crucial for resolving the stability and safety issues associated with Li metal anodes.
An automatic data acquisition system for simultaneous operation of two Mettler thermoanalyzers

Abstract An automatic data acquisition system was developed for two Mettler Vacuum Recording Thermoanalyzers, Model TA-I, using a Hewlett-Packard 9825S calculator. The interface with the thermoanalyzers is unique in the way that it is independent of and has a wider dynamic range than the six-channel strip chart recorder supplied with the instrument. The data acquisition system permits data from two TA-Is simultaneously in operation to be collected and stored in a magnetic tape cartridge. To facilitate rapid analysis of the acquired data, five computer programs were also developed for use with a Hewlett-Packard 9872A plotter. This data reduction system would (1) plot the thermograms (DTA, TG, DTG) including the % weight changes as a function of temperature or time, (2) label the thermograms, (3) record the experimental conditions, (4) correct the thermogravimetric data for effect due to buoyancy, if desired, (5) locate and mark the peak minima and maxima on DTA and DTG curves, and (6) tabulate the % weight change between two temperatures or time.
Reflector surface distortion compensation using reflectarrays: Experimental verification

This paper presents the application of sub-reflectarray for main reflector antenna distortion compensation through simulations and measurements. A distorted dual reflector Cassegrain system is used for this study. A sub-reflectarray is used as the subreflector to form the compact Cassegrain system. A metallic ring-type distortion is created on the main reflector surface that severely distorts the radiation performance of the dual reflector system. A hybrid HFSS/PO simulation approach was used for the design and analysis. The distortions are corrected using sub-reflectarray approach by employing conjugate field matching method. A sub-reflectarray was designed and built. Bipolar planar near-field measurements are performed to measure the radiation patterns of the whole system. The sub-reflectarray compensation technique shows improved system performance in terms of higher directivity and lower side lobes.
Target-Cell Sensitivity to Natural Killer-Cell Lysis is Determined by the Expression of a Novel Antigen in Conjunction with Major Histocompatibility Complex Class-I Molecules

Recently, a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) was developed that identified a novel tumour-cell antigen conserved across species (mouse, rat and man). Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis demonstrated that this antigen was expressed at highest levels on human tumour cell lines sensitive to natural killer (NK)-cell lysis. These MoAbs inhibited NK cell lysis of K562 target cells (by up to 90%), as well as a variety of other NK-sensitive target cells. Biochemical analyses revealed that the MoAbs reacted with a polypeptide of 42 kDaltons, distinct from other known cell surface antigens. Now the expression of this antigen has been analysed further with a panel of 24 tumour cell lines to determine its role in NK cell function. The expression of target cell major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in conjunction with sensitivity to NK cell lysis was examined also. For each of the 24 cell lines it was found that the level of expression of the novel target cell antigen determined the sensitivity of the cell line to NK cell lysis. However, the level of MHC antigen expression could modulate target cell sensitivity to NK cell lysis, in that high levels of MHC class-I molecule expression resulted in a target cell that was insensitive to NK cell lysis regardless of the level of expression of the novel antigen. Thus, for most transformed cell lines, sensitivity to NK cell lysis appeared to be determined by the expression and levels of the novel antigen in association with MHC class-I molecules.
First estimate of annual mercury flux at the Kilauea main vent

Mercury and sulphur dioxide analyses were conducted from 1971 to 1980 on air samples collected immediately downwind of Halemaumau, the Kilauea main vent, in Hawaii. On the basis of these measurements, an Hg/SO2 ratio of 0.00051 has been derived which, when applied to the recently determined SO2 mass output of Halemaumau, yields a calculated Hg flux of 2.6 x 10 to the 8th g annually. This rate is consistent with Varekamp and Busek's (1981) evidence suggesting that volcanogenic Hg significantly contributes to the atmospheric total.
Diabetes as a risk factor for cardiac conduction defects: a review

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality with increasing prevalence in the ageing population. Coronary artery disease is the major cardiovascular abnormality in DM patients. Cardiomyopathy and left ventricular hypertrophy are two other known associated cardiovascular abnormalities. There are a few non-randomized studies reporting increased prevalence of cardiac conduction abnormalities, such as right bundle branch block (RBBB), bifascicular block and high degree atrioventricular (AV)-block but not left bundle branch block (LBBB), in DM patients. Most clinicians are not aware of this association, and it is rarely mentioned in the published reviews about cardiovascular abnormalities in this population. The cause of cardiac conduction abnormalities in DM patients is not known. If autonomic neuropathy or DM-associated cardiovascular disease plays a role, it remains unknown. The goal of this manuscript is to review the current literature about the risk of conduction abnormalities in DM patients. For this study, Medline, Google and published books were searched and reviewed for any references that matched cardiac conduction abnormalities, AV-block, BBB for bundle branch block, LBBB, RBBB, bifascicular block, autonomic neuropathy and DM.
The role of particle heterogeneity in infection by tobacco streak virus

Abstract Tobacco streak virus was separable by density gradient centrifugation into four types of nueleoprotein particles. These were designated, from the slowest to the most rapidly sedimenting, T, a , b , and c . T and c were noninfectious; a and b were weakly infectious. When mixed in pairs the a plus b pair was highly infective; the other pairs were not. T, when mixed with a plus b mixtures markedly enhanced infectivity, c did not. This pattern of enhanced infectivity was also typical of mixtures of components from different strains. In heterologous mixtures of a and b , the lesions were typical of the strain from which the a component was derived. In three-component mixtures of homologous a and b plus heterologous T, enhanced lesion numbers were due to lesions typical of the strain from which T was derived. To determine whether infectivity of a or b was intrinsic, heterologous mixtures were prepared and reseparated. The separated b component produced lesions typical of the strain which produced it, not the strain which supplied the a component with which it had been mixed. Apparently infectivity of a or b was not due to contamination with the other particle type. Infectivity dilution curves of most isolated a or b components were typical of multiple-hit curves, suggesting that at some infection sites several particles cooperate in supplying a complete complement of factors necessary for infection. T enhanced infectivity of a and b separately when concentrations of each were sufficiently high, but the effect was less marked than when a was mixed with b .
Methods of approximate agreement for multisensor fusion

Multisensor fusion is a method for improving sensor reliability. Because individual sensors are prone to errors and noise, it is advisable to fuse readings from many sensors. This allows several technologies to be used to measure the value of a variable. Unfortunately it is a non- trivial task to glean the best interpretation from a large number of partially contradictory sensor readings. A number of methods exist for finding the best approximate match for this type of redundant, but possibly faulty, data. This paper states the approximate matching problem and its application to multisensor fusion. Existing algorithms and recent developments are explained along with their performance and assumptions. A new algorithm is presented which unifies previous research. Appropriate applications and potential bottlenecks are discussed.
Sensory gating by a corollary discharge mechanism

Electric fish locate objects in their environment by sensing the distortions which such objects cause in the electric field of their own electric organ discharge (EOD). Extraneous electrical signals, such as discharges of other electric fish, are a potential source of confusion. Behavior experiments with artificial EODs indicate that fish of the family Mormyridae minimize such interference by gating electrosensory input. Input is only considered relevant if it arrives during a brief period after the motor command which elicits the normal EOD. These results confirm an earlier physiologically-based hypothesis that a corollary discharge mechanism assures preferential access to the electrolocation system for sensory input elicited by an animal's own EOD.
But it was too late.

Abstract Through the generosity of Charles R. Millikan, D. Min., vice president for spiritual care and values integration, an annual award competition was established at The Methodist Hospital among the resident staff. For the second competition, residents submitted a poem or essay of 1,000 words or less for the topic, “On Being a Doctor.” A committee of 5 was selected from The Methodist Hospital Education Institute to judge the entries. Criteria for judging were established by this committee. The 2nd place winning essay is herein published. The author is a minimally invasive surgery resident. The 3rd place winning entry will be published in the next issue of this journal.
115-kV Load-Flow Analysis Using a Simplified Loop Digital Program

An IBM 7094 digital computer is used to solve a small load-flow problem by an iterative nodal technique. Using an IBM 1620 computer the same flow problem is solved using a simplified loop method approach. From comparison of these results, the simplified method appears acceptable for small single-loop systems not requiring greater than 7-percent accuracy.
TOWARD REALISTIC PROGENITORS OF CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE

Two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamical simulations of progenitor evolution of a 23 Mstar, close to core collapse (in � 1 hour in 1D), with simultaneously active C, Ne, O, and Si burning shells, are presented and contrasted to existing 1D models (which are forced to be quasi-static). Pronounced asymmetries, and strong dynamical inter- actions between shells are seen in 2D. Although instigated by turbulence, the dynamic behavior proceeds to sufficiently large amplitudes that it couples to the nuclear burn- ing. Dramatic growth of low order modes is seen, as well as large deviations from spherical symmetry in the burning shells. The vigorous dynamics is more violent than that seen in earlier burning stages in the 3D simulations of a single cell in the oxygen burning shell (Meakin & Arnett 2007b), or in 2D simulations not including an active Si shell. Linear perturbative analysis does not capture the chaotic behavior of turbulence (e.g., strange attractors such as that discovered by Lorenz (1963)), and therefore badly underestimates the vigor of the instability. The limitations of 1D and 2D models are discussed in detail. The 2D models, although flawed geometrically, represent a more realistic treatment of the relevant dy- namics than existing 1D models, and present a dramatically different view of the stages of evolution prior to collapse. Implications for interpretation of SN1987A, abundances in young supernova remnants, pre-collapse outbursts, progenitor structure, neutron star kicks, and fallback are outlined. While 2D simulations provide new qualitative insight, fully 3D simulations are needed for a quantitative understanding of this stage of stellar evolution. The necessary properties of such simulations are delineated.
``Physical process version'' of the first law and the generalized second law for charged and rotating black holes

We investigate both the ``physical process'' version of the first law and the generalized second law of black hole thermodynamics for charged and rotating black holes. We begin by deriving general formulas for the first order variation in the Arnowitt-Deser-Misner mass and angular momentum for linear perturbations off a stationary, electrovac background in terms of the perturbed nonelectromagnetic stress-energy $\ensuremath{\delta}{T}_{\mathrm{ab}}$ and the perturbed charge current density $\ensuremath{\delta}{j}^{a}.$ Using these formulas, we prove the ``physical process version'' of the first law for charged, stationary black holes. We then investigate the generalized second law of thermodynamics (GSL) for charged, stationary black holes for processes in which a box containing charged matter is lowered toward the black hole and then released (at which point the box and its contents fall into the black hole and/or thermalize with the ``thermal atmosphere'' surrounding the black hole). Assuming that the thermal atmosphere admits a local, thermodynamic description with respect to observers following orbits of the horizon Killing field, and assuming that the combined black/hole--thermal atmosphere system is in a state of maximum entropy at fixed mass, angular momentum, and charge, we show that the total generalized entropy cannot decrease during the lowering process or in the ``release process.'' Consequently, the GSL always holds in such processes. No entropy bounds on matter are assumed to hold in any of our arguments.
Conversion Electron Spectra of Cm 242 and Cm 244

The conversion electron spectra of ${\mathrm{Cm}}^{242}$ and ${\mathrm{Cm}}^{244}$ have been studied by means of two 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} photographic recording beta-ray spectrographs. Conversion coefficient ratios in the $L$ and $M$ subshells have been measured for several $E2$ transitions in the decay of these nuclides, and the values so obtained compared with theoretical ratios. Accurate energy determinations of the first three excited states in ${\mathrm{Pu}}^{238}$ are reported, and the validity of the Bohr-Mottelson rotational energy formula, including the vibration-rotation interaction term to describe these states, is discussed. A more accurate value is reported for the energy of the first excited state in ${\mathrm{Pu}}^{240}$. The decay of ${\mathrm{I}}^{131}$ is discussed briefly.
Modeling of Vehicle Magnetic Footprint in 3-D Space for Type Detection

This paper presents a modified multiple 3-D dipole model to capture the complex magnetic footprints created by different vehicles on the road. In this study, laboratory bench tests were carried out to record the magnetic behavior of single dipole magnets and road tests were then conducted to record the complex magnetic behavior of vehicles. A preliminary 2-D modified dipole model similar to literature was developed and then expanded to a high fidelity 3-D multiple dipole model. An exhaustive parametric study was conducted to identify relevant design parameters for model matching. The 2-D model helped corroborate the results of laboratory bench tests using magnets and showed that the magnetic sensor was capable of identifying different sized magnets based on their magnetic footprints. Similar conclusions were made when applying the 3-D multiple dipole model to the experimental road tests. Different analytical functions were developed to help distinguish vehicle types based on their magnetic footprint. The analytical and experimental study conducted showed that vehicle magnetic footprint could be captured by mathematical models and that the magnetic sensor could be used to identify vehicle types.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Characterization of polynuclear aza heterocyclic hydro-carbons separated by column and thin-layer chromatography from air pollution source particulates

Abstract By column and thin-layer chromatography approximately 200 spots have been obtained in the analysis of various air pollution sources. With the help of direct spectrophotofluorometric analysis of the spots on the thin-layer chromatograms 25 aza heterocyclic and 8 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons were characterized according to the parent ring structure. Eleven of the aza heterocyclic hydrocarbons were identified unequivocally. The following carcinogens have been found in air pollution source effluents: dibenz(a h)acridine and dibenz(a j)acridine. In addition, alkyl derivatives of benz(a)acridine and benz(c)acridine were obtained, some of which could be carcinogenic.
A time-randomness tradeoff for oblivious routing

Three parameters characterize the performance of a probabilistic algorithm: T, the runtime of the algorithm; Q, the probability that the algorithm fails to complete the computation in the first T steps and R, the amount of randomness used by the algorithm, measured by the entropy of its random source.We present a tight tradeoff between these three parameters for the problem of oblivious packet routing on N-vertex bounded-degree networks. We prove a (1 - Q) log N/T - log Q - O(1) lower bound for the entropy of a random source of any oblivious packet routing algorithm that routes an arbitrary permutation in T steps with probability 1 - Q. We show that this lower bound is almost optimal by proving the existence, for every e3 log N ≤ T ≤ N1/2, of an oblivious algorithm that terminates in T steps with probability 1 - Q and uses (1-Q+o(1))logN/T-logQ independent random bits.We complement this result with an explicit construction of a family of oblivious algorithms that use less than a factor of log N more random bits than the optimal algorithm achieving the same run-time.
Influence of Cultural Practices on Weed Management in Soybean

Weed management in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.j is influenced by cultural practices including planting date, fertilizer and herbicide application, and cultivation. Field studies were conducted in 1990, 1991, and 1992 to examine the interactions of planting date, deep-banded fertilizer, banded and broadcast herbicide applications, rotary hoeing, and cultivation on weed management in soybean. Soybean was planted in early May, with or without deep-banded fertilizer, and planted in late May without fertilizer. Nineteen weed management treatments were included in the study, ranging from mechanical control only to broadcast herbicides followed by rotary hoeing and cultivation. Weed density, soybean population, and soybean yield were measured. Gross margin over weed control cost was calculated for each weed management system. Applying deep-banded fertilizer at planting did not influence weed densities, soybean population, or soybean yield. Rotary hoeing 4 to 6 d after planting reduced soybean populations 9 to 15%, while rotary hoeing 12 to 21 d after planting did not reduce soybean populations. Rotary hoeing did not reduce weed densities or improve soybean yield when herbicides were broadcast or band-applied. In the absence of herbicides, timely rotary hoeing followed by two cultivations reduced weed density and increased soybean yield to within 75% of the hand-weeded control. Cultivating broadcast preemergence and postemergence herbicide applications increased soybean yield and gross margin in eight of 10 instances. Soybean yield and gross margin over weed control costs was greatest where postemergence herbicides were broadcast and soybean cultivated once, followed by banded postemergence herbicide application and soybean cultivated twice. Soybean yield was greater when planted in early May than late May in 89% of the weed management treatments in 1991 and 78% of the weed management treatments in 1992. Therefore, planting early, broadcasting or banding postemergence herbicides, and cultivating resulted in more consistent weed control and higher gross margins than other weed management strategies.
Excitation Cross-Section of a Lossy Dielectric Slab

The excitation cross-section per unit area of a lossy dielectric slab due to a plane polarized EM wave incident obliquely upon it has been investigated as a scattering problem. The result shows that the excitation power obeys the backward scattering theorem.
The Effect of Exercise upon the Mean Systolic Left Ventricular-Brachial Artery Gradient in Aortic Stenosis

SUMMARY Measurements of the mean systolic left ventricular-brachial artery gradient and cardiac output at rest and during exercise in four subjects with aortic stenosis were made in the course of combined right and left heart catheterization. Only minimal elevations were noted in the aortic systolic gradient during exercise despite significant flow increases in three of the four patients.
Changes in the adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate content of the rabbit uterus throughout sexual maturation and after ovulation.

IF ONE accepts the current view that the actomyosin-adenosine triphosphate system is responsible in a final sense for muscular contractility (Mommaerts, 1950; Sandow, 1949; Straub, 1950; Szent-Gyorgyi, 1951) it seems reasonable to look for possible changes in this system when variation occurs in the contractility pattern of the living muscle itself. Changes occurring at the molecular level might help to understand muscle function as well as the nature of its variation. For an investigation of this kind the uterus during the course of sexual maturation, menstrual or estrous cycle, and pregnancy offers valuable material. Changes in myometrial contractility in these conditions and the part played by the sexual hormones in producing them have been thoroughly studied with a great variety of experimental animals and techniques in vivo as well as in vitro. It is impossible even to outline in this paper the published results on this subject and the authors refer the reader for literature
A method for the determination of approximate system transfer functions

Abstract Upon examining various experimental techniques for obtaining data which are useful in the determination of approximate system transfer functions of arbitrary systems, it has been concluded that pulse testing is the most generally applicable method. Non-linear regression techniques have been used to fit empirical transfer function forms to pulse test data which have been reduced to the useful frequency response form (or directly to frequency response data). General techniques are discussed briefly and are applied specifically to first-, second-, and third-order system models. A simple statistical test was used to select the simplest adequate representation from the suggested transfer function forms. Several examples have been presented to illustrate the use of the method. They justify the conclusion that the transfer function representation, which is of great utility in process control and dynamic stability studies on linear systems, can be obtained from easily procured experimental data.
Some Cheap Tricks for Making Inferences about Distribution Shapes from Variances

Formulae and graphs are presented that allow one to compute the variances of three prototypical distributions over a finite number of categories. The distributions are (1) the maximum variance distribution, (2) the uniform distribution, and (3) a unimodal triangular distribution. The use of the variances of these prototypical distributions to make inferences about distribution shapes is illustrated with several examples.
Comments on Eliza darling’s “O Sister”

In the iconic 1970s Western, the eponymous protagonist Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid are relentlessly pursued by a posse of strangers prompting them to ask repeatedly: ‘‘Who are those guys?’’ The same question is posed here about folks who are labeled as ‘‘White Trash’’ or ‘‘Rednecks’’ and doubtless other unlovely sobriquets as well. As a small child resident in Little Rock, Arkansas, a denigrating contraction of poor was added to the unflattering name to make the label ‘‘po’ white trash,’’ the unofficial appellation of the neighborhood in which our family was then resident. When I asked my mother who and what were ‘‘po’ white trash,’’ she immediately referred to the Martins, the family next door. The why came next; only ‘‘po’ white trash’’ would give their children such idiotic names as Dodo Earl and BoBo Earl, my twin playmates. She pointed out that the Martins were recent arrivals from the Ozarks, home to what she called ‘‘hillbillies,’’ ‘‘a backwards bunch of folks,’’ she explained. The general thrust of Darling’s argument can be summarized as follows. Through media and film, a stereotypic image of white trash has been created and promulgated for a very long time. Essential to this image is a catalogue of dubious behavioral traits such as a hyper macho adoration of firearms and pickup trucks, misogyny, sexual profligacy, and reactionary politics. This image has been promoted by media, both in print journalism and cable television, in addition to film: motion pictures such as Deliverance and O’ Brother Where Art Thou? This image is almost entirely negative and has little to do with any nuanced account of the existential verities of the rural white poor it purports to describe. Like all stereotypes, it is never difficult to find some people who actually embody the image if you really want to. But to embrace stereotypes blown up to caricatures in the ‘‘white trash’’ imagery Darling describes, is to fix one’s vision upon the hole rather than upon the doughnut. Simply
An analysis of a class of DNA sequence reading molecules.

ABSTRACT Linked polyamides are a class of designed molecules that bind in the minor groove of double-stranded DNA in a partially sequence-specific manner but have limited sequence discriminatory ab...
Radiation dose to the thyroid gland and breast from multidetector computed tomography of the cervical spine: does bismuth shielding with and without a cervical collar reduce dose?

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the radiation dose reduction that could be achieved using an in-line bismuth shielding over the thyroid gland and breast and to determine the effect of a cervical spine collar on thyroid dose reduction and image noise when performing computed tomography of the cervical spine using automatic tube current modulation. Materials and Methods: An anthropomorphic phantom was scanned using a commercially available 64-channel computed tomographic scanner. A standardized trauma cervical spine protocol was used. Scans were obtained with and without a standard cervical spine immobilization collar and with and without bismuth-impregnated thyroid and breast shields. Thermoluminescent dosimeters were placed over the thyroid gland and breasts for each scan. A paired t test was used to determine whether the skin entry dose differed significantly between the shielded and unshielded thyroid and breast and to determine whether placing the thyroid shield over a cervical immobilization collar resulted in a significant dose reduction. Region of interest of pixel values was used to determine image noise. Results: The average measured skin entry dose for the unshielded thyroid gland was 21.9 mGy (95% confidence interval, 18.9-4,7). With a bismuth shield applied directly over the skin, the dose to the thyroid gland was reduced by 22.5% (P < 0.05). With the bismuth shield applied over the cervical spine collar, the dose reduction to the thyroid was 10.4%, which was not statistically significant (P 0.16) compared with the dose reduction without the cervical collar. Skin entry dose over the breasts was significant, although they were outside the primary scan range. Without bismuth shielding, the skin entry dose was 1.5 mGy, and with bismuth shielding, the dose was significantly reduced by 36.6% (P < 0.01). Image noise increased most when shielding was used with an immobilization collar. Conelusions: There is a significant dose reduction to the thyroid gland and breasts when a bismuth shield is placed on the skin. The dose saving achieved by placing the shield on the cervical collar is approximately halved compared with placement on the skin, and this did not reach statistical significance, and this was accompanied by an increase on image noise. Bismuth shields should not be used in combination with cervical immobilization collars.
Clinician usage patterns of a desktop radiology information display application

We developed a system for delivering radiologic images and reports to desktop computers used for the electronic medical record (EMR). This system was used by both primary care physicians and specialists primarily in the out-patient setting. The system records all physician interactions with the application to a database. This usage information was then studied in order to understand the value and requirements of an application that could display radiology information (reports and images) on EMR workstations. In this report we describe some of the differences and similarities in usage patterns for the two physician groups. A very high percentage of physicians indicated that having image display capabilities on the workstations was very valuable.
A comparison of SPOT and Landsat-TM data for use in conducting inventories of forest resources

Abstract SPOT multispectral (XS) and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) digital data were studied in an attempt to evaluate the use of this data in detailed assessments of forest conditions. Forest type, basal area, and age class information were collected from 256 sample sites within an intensively managed 80000acre experimental forest in North Carolina, U.S.A. A comparison of the SPOT and TM data with the sample site information showed that XS3, the near-infrared waveband, and TM bands 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 were significantly correlated with basal area. Age class was not found to be significantly correlated with any of the three SPOT XS wavebands. TM bands 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 were, however, shown to be significantly correlated with age class. Although significant, the correlation coefficients between the TM or SPOT waveband data and basal area or age class were low (<0.65). Six forest cover types, and an additional water category, were selected as the basis of a land cover classification system for use with the TM ...
Where does language come from? The role of reflexive enculturation in language development

Abstract How does the developing child bridge the ontological gap from the empirical, measurable world of behavioral patterns, anatomical structures, and neurological processes to the world of the linguistic phenomena referred to by the expressions of commonsense metalinguistic discourse: words, meanings, names, truth, languages, understanding, and so on? Rejecting the positions both of sceptical eliminativism and of linguistic immanence, this paper argues that the linguistic identity of language emerges only gradually, by means of the child’s increasingly competent participation in the discursive processes of reflexive enculturation.
Mitochondria and microsomal membranes have a free radical reductase activity that prevents chromanoxyl radical accumulation

Enzyme-dependent mechanisms which prevent accumulation of chromanoxyl radicals derived from the vitamin E analogue, 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-6-hydroxycromane (PMC), were characterized in rat liver microsomal and mitochondrial membranes. The free radical oxidation product of PMC (chromanoxyl radical) was generated in membranes using either photochemical (uv light) or enzymatic (lipoxygenase and arachidonic acid) methods and detected by ESR. Substrates (NADH or NADPH) prevented accumulation of chromanoxyl radicals until the substrate was fully consumed. In microsomes, reduced glutathione increased the efficacy of NADPH in preventing the accumulation of the chromanoxyl radical, but was without effect in the absence of NADPH. Ascorbate also prevented accumulation of the chromanoxyl radical. It is concluded that rat liver microsomes and mitochondria have both enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms for reducing chromanoxyl radicals.
Synthesis of a constrained enkephalin analog to illustrate a novel route to the piperazinone ring structure

Abstract The synthesis of a constrained, piperazinone analog of Leu-enkephalin is presented. A key step in this synthesis was the use of the secondary amine, Boc-Tyr(O t Bu)Ψ[CH 2 NH]Gly-OMe, to ring open the β-lactone of Z-protected L-serine (the Vederas lactone). The resulting free acid was then coupled to H-Phe-Leu-O t Bu in a one-pot fashion using standard carbodiimide coupling conditions. This linear precursor cyclized upon hydrogenolysis of the Z group to form the N 4 -substituted, 6-carboxy-derived piperazinone ( 5 ). Deprotection of compound 5 using 1:1 TFA:CH 2 Cl 2 yielded the target compound 1 .