cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Muscle glycogen synthesis before and after exercise.

The importance of carbohydrates as a fuel source during endurance exercise has been known for 60 years. With the advent of the muscle biopsy needle in the 1960s, it was determined that the major source of carbohydrate during exercise was the muscle glycogen stores. It was demonstrated that the capacity to exercise at intensities between 65 to 75% VO2max was related to the pre-exercise level of muscle glycogen, i.e. the greater the muscle glycogen stores, the longer the exercise time to exhaustion. Because of the paramount importance of muscle glycogen during prolonged, intense exercise, a considerable amount of research has been conducted in an attempt to design the best regimen to elevate the muscle's glycogen stores prior to competition and to determine the most effective means of rapidly replenishing the muscle glycogen stores after exercise. The rate-limiting step in glycogen synthesis is the transfer of glucose from uridine diphosphate-glucose to an amylose chain. This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme glycogen synthase which can exist in a glucose-6-phosphate-dependent, inactive form (D-form) and a glucose-6-phosphate-independent, active form (I-form). The conversion of glycogen synthase from one form to the other is controlled by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation reactions. The muscle glycogen concentration can vary greatly depending on training status, exercise routines and diet. The pattern of muscle glycogen resynthesis following exercise-induced depletion is biphasic. Following the cessation of exercise and with adequate carbohydrate consumption, muscle glycogen is rapidly resynthesised to near pre-exercise levels within 24 hours. Muscle glycogen then increases very gradually to above-normal levels over the next few days. Contributing to the rapid phase of glycogen resynthesis is an increase in the percentage of glycogen synthase I, an increase in the muscle cell membrane permeability to glucose, and an increase in the muscle's sensitivity to insulin. The slow phase of glycogen synthesis appears to be under the control of an intermediate form of glycogen synthase that is highly sensitive to glucose-6-phosphate activation. Conversion of the enzyme to this intermediate form may be due to the muscle tissue being constantly exposed to an elevated plasma insulin concentration subsequent to several days of high carbohydrate consumption. For optimal training performance, muscle glycogen stores must be replenished on a daily basis. For the average endurance athlete, a daily carbohydrate consumption of 500 to 600g is required. This results in a maximum glycogen storage of 80 to 100 mumol/g wet weight.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Measuring relative market power in the Western U.S. coal market using Shapley values

Abstract There has been a great deal of policy discussion about the extent to which prices of low-sulfur western coal have been inflated over costs. Railroads serving the Powder River basin and the states of Wyoming and Montana, through their severance taxes, have been accused of extracting monopoly rent from the market for cheap low-sulfur western coal. The question posed in this paper is who has market power? And if more than one party possesses power (as is likely) what is the relative power of participants in the market? To measure power in this market, we propose a new metric. We set up the market as a four-person game involving the states of Wyoming and Montana and the two railroads serving the Powder River Basin — the Burlington Northern and the Chicago and Northwestern. We then compute the Shapley values for this game and normalize them by potential industry revenue. We call this measure the Lerner-Shapley index and demonstrate that it has several desirable characteristics as a conduct-endogenous measure of market power. One conclusion of the paper is that the railroad serving Wyoming has more power than the other actors in the market.
Effects of rearing temperature on immune functions in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

To determine if the defences of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) raised in captivity are affected by the rearing temperature or their life-cycle stage, various indices of the humoral and cellular immune functions were measured in fish reared at either 8 or 12 degrees C for their entire life-cycle. Measures of humoral immunity included the commonly used haematological parameters, as well as measurements of complement, and lysozyme activity. Cellular assays quantified the ability of macrophages from the anterior kidney to phagocytise Staphylococcus aureus cells, or the activities of certain bactericidal systems of those cells. The T-dependent antibody response to a recombinant 57 kDa protein of Renibacterium salmoninarum was used to quantify the specific immune response. Fish were sampled during the spring and fall of their second, third and fourth years, corresponding to a period that began just before smolting and ended at sexual maturation. Fish reared at 8 degrees C tended to have a greater percentage of phagocytic kidney macrophages during the first 2 years of sampling than the fish reared at 12 degrees C. During the last half of the study the complement activity of the fish reared at 8 degrees C was greater than that of the 12 degrees C fish. Conversely, a greater proportion of the blood leucocytes were lymphocytes in fish reared at 12 degrees C compared to the fish reared at 8 degrees C. Fish reared at 12 degrees C also produced a greater antibody response than those reared at 8 degrees C. Results suggested that the immune apparatus of sockeye salmon reared at 8 degrees C relied more heavily on the non-specific immune response, while the specific immune response was used to a greater extent when the fish were reared at 12 degrees C. Although a seasonal effect was not detected in any of the indices measured, varying effects were observed in some measurements during sexual maturation of fish in both temperature groups. At that time there were dramatic decreases in complement activity and lymphocyte numbers. This study was unique in its scope because it was the first quantitative assessment of salmon immune functions for an entire life-cycle.
The H/C ratios of Earth's near-surface and deep reservoirs, and consequences for deep Earth volatile cycles

Abstract The H/C mass ratio of the Earth's exosphere, which consists of the fluid envelopes plus the crust, is 1.95 ± 0.15. In contrast, the H/C ratios of undegassed oceanic basalts are significantly lower, ranging from 1.2 down to 0.05. Reconstruction of source H/C ratios by accounting for H/C fractionation during partial melting and addition of carbon-enriched low-degree partial melts suggests that the source regions of MORB have H/C ratios in the range of 0.75 ± 0.25 and those of OIB have ratios in the interval 0.5 ± 0.3. Combining these estimates with plausible limits on the relative proportions of the OIB and MORB sources indicates that the total H inventory of the mantle is equivalent to between 0.2 and 1.6 times the H in the exosphere, assuming that there are no significant hidden reservoirs unsampled by oceanic basalts. Combining the H contents and H/C ratios of the mantle and the exosphere suggests that the H/C ratio of the bulk silicate Earth, (H/C) BSE , is 0.99 ± 0.42, significantly greater than the H/C ratio of chondrites, which have H/C ratios no greater than 0.55. The superchondritic (H/C) BSE ratio likely results from preferential sequestration of C in the core, though it may also partly reflect a cometary origin for some portion of the BSE volatile inventory. The high (H/C) BSE ratio, combined with a D/H ratio similar to chondrites, argues strongly that the BSE volatile inventory is not chiefly derived from a late veneer. The large difference in H/C ratio between the exosphere and the mantle could reflect early Earth processes such as preferential retention of C in a crystallizing magma ocean in reduced phases such as diamond, or selective loss of a massive CO 2 -rich atmosphere. Alternatively, it may have arisen by enhanced subduction of carbon relative to hydrogen. If the latter is the case, carbon in the mantle is likely dominantly recycled.
Cryptococcal UDP-glucose dehydrogenase: enzymic control of capsular biosynthesis

UDP-Glucuronate, formed through dehydrogenation of UDP-glucose and itself decarboxy-lated to make UDP-xylose, is the presumed donor for the glucuronyl side-groups in biosynthesis of the capsular polysaccharide in Cryptococcus neoformans. A specific radiochromatographic assay for UDP-glucose dehydrogenase shows that the enzyme is present in the cytosol. The enzyme is very labile but is stabilized by 25% glycerol. The enzyme is inhibited strongly by NADH (Ki.NADH = Km.NAD = 0·1 to 0·2 mm). It is also inhibited competitively by UDP-xylose (Ki = 0·3 mm). These results suggest that the rate of production of the capsular precursor, UDP-glucuronate, is controlled by the intracellular concentrations of an end product. UDP-xylose, and of a direct product, NADH. Capsule mutants have been screened for activity of this enzyme but none is clearly deficient.
Empirically detecting false test alarms using association rules

Applying code changes to software systems and testing these code changes can be a complex task that involves many different types of software testing strategies, e.g. system and integration tests. However, not all test failures reported during code integration are hinting towards code defects. Testing large systems such as the Microsoft Windows operating system requires complex test infrastructures, which may lead to test failures caused by faulty tests and test infrastructure issues. Such false test alarms are particular annoying as they raise engineer attention and require manual inspection without providing any benefit. The goal of this work is to use empirical data to minimize the number of false test alarms reported during system and integration testing. To achieve this goal, we use association rule learning to identify patterns among failing test steps that are typically for false test alarms and can be used to automatically classify them. A successful classification of false test alarms is particularly valuable for product teams as manual test failure inspection is an expensive and time-consuming process that not only costs engineering time and money but also slows down product development. We evaluating our approach on system and integration tests executed during Windows 8.1 and Microsoft Dynamics AX development. Performing more than 10,000 classifications for each product, our model shows a mean precision between 0.85 and 0.90 predicting between 34% and 48% of all false test alarms.
The dynamic impact of structural adjustment policies on labour market and macroeconomic aggregates in Sub-Saharan Africa

ABSTRACT This paper employs a nonstructural technique to analyze the dynamic effects of two key structural adjustment policy instruments on the economies of some African countries. In particular, the paper evaluates the policies in the labour market and on two important macroeconomic variables. The general conclusion is that the policies are not effective in influencing the labour market either in the short-run or in the long-run for most of the African countries. In contrast, the policies have a moderate dynamic effect on the macro-economic variables. The impulse response functions derived from the VAR suggest that the effects of the policies, if significant, are felt at different time periods. Also, different countries respond to these policies differently An Important implication of the results is that, these policies alone may not be able to significantly arrest the poverty problem which is inimical in African countries.
Reliance on Visible Speech Cues During Multimodal Language Processing: Individual and Age Differences

The current study demonstrates that when a strong inhibition process is invoked during multimodal (auditory-visual) language understanding: older adults perform worse than younger adults, visible speech does not benefit language-processing performance, and individual differences in measures of working memory for language do not predict performance. In contrast, in a task that does not invoke inhibition: adult age differences in performance are not obtained, visible speech benefits language performance, and individual differences in working memory predict performance. The results offer support for a framework for investigating multimodal language processing that incorporates assumptions about general information processing, individual differences in working memory capacity, and adult cognitive aging.
Sulfate Reduction and Sediment Metabolism in Tomales Bay, California

Sulfate reduction rates (SRR) in subtidal sediments of Tomales Bay, California, were variable by sediment type, season and depth. Higher rates were measured in near-surface muds during summer (up to 45 nmol cm-3 h-1), with lower rates in sandy sediments, in winter and deeper in the sediment. Calculations of annual, average SRR throughout the upper 20 cm of muddy subtidal sediments (about 30 mmol S m-2 d-1) were much larger than previously reported net estimates of SRR derived from both benthic alkalinity flux measurements and bay wide, budget stoichiometry (3.5 and 2.6 mmol m-2 d-1, respectively), indicating that most reduced sulfur in these upper, well-mixed sediments is re-oxidized. A portion of the net alkalinity flux across the sediment surface may be derived from sulfate reduction in deeper sediments, estimated from sulfate depletion profiles at 1.5 mmol m-2 d-1. A small net flux of CO2 measured in benthic chambers despite a large SRR suggests that sediment sinks for CO2 must also exist (e.g., benthic microalgae).
Mourning on morning rounds.

Many medical trainees feel sadness, guilt, and a sense of personal failure when a patient dies. But rounds must go on, usually affording no time to pause for reflection. How can one learn to deal with losses of this magnitude without becoming callous and detached?
Right Atrial Myxoma Unusual Post-operative Complications

This case report concerns a patient with right atrial myxoma who had few features to suggest this diagnosis before cardiac catheterization. Fifteen days after successful removal of the tumor she developed an acute anterior myocardial infarction. Her convalescence from this was complicated by various rhythm disturbances including left atrial rhythm and ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Possible underlying causes which may have been responsible for the development of left atrial rhythm are discussed. The ventricular tachyarrhythmias did not respond to drug therapy but were immediately suppressed by rapid transvenous ventricular pacing.
Reactive oxygen species generation is not different during isometric and lengthening contractions of mouse muscle.

Skeletal muscles can be injured by lengthening contractions, when the muscles are stretched while activated. Lengthening contractions produce structural damage that leads to the degeneration and regeneration of damaged muscle fibers by mechanisms that have not been fully elucidated. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated at the time of injury may initiate degenerative or regenerative processes. In the present study we hypothesized that lengthening contractions that damage the muscle would generate more ROS than isometric contractions that do not cause damage. To test our hypothesis, we subjected muscles of mice to lengthening contractions or isometric contractions and simultaneously monitored intracellular ROS generation with the fluorescent indicator 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (CM-DCFH), which is oxidized by ROS to form the fluorescent product CM-DCF. We found that CM-DCF fluorescence was not different during or shortly after lengthening contractions compared with isometric controls, regardless of the amount of stretch and damage that occurred during the lengthening contractions. The only exception was that after severe stretches, the increase in CM-DCF fluorescence was impaired. We conclude that lengthening contractions that damage the muscle do not generate more ROS than isometric contractions that do not cause damage. The implication is that ROS generated at the time of injury are not the initiating signals for subsequent degenerative or regenerative processes.
The Standby Milk Pool—A New Strategic Bargaining Device

The standby milk pool is a voluntary supply-management device. Through it the cooperatives in high-priced markets, with little or no surplus, pay cooperatives in distant areas that have surpluses, to manufacture these supplies into butter-powder or cheese where they are and to ship them in fluid form only when called for. Thus, recipient cooperatives in surplus areas share in the high-priced deficit markets. Contributing cooperatives find it economical to: (a) pay for reserves, (b) pay for certainty that these reserves will not move unless called for. Thus they can bargain for premiums above federal order minimums.
Inverse segregation for a unidirectional solidification of aluminum-copper alloys

Abstract A mathematical model has been developed to simulate the inverse segregation for a unidirectional solidification of Al-Cu alloys cooled from the bottom. It is found from the present study that the fluid flow of solute-rich liquid in the mushy zone caused by solidification shrinkage is the main driving force for the formation of inverse segregation. The predicted copper concentration in the solidified alloys is in good agreement with the published experimental data. Several interesting transient behaviors of solute redistribution in the mushy zone, which were not reported before, are also discussed.
Development of laser absorption techniques for real-time, in-situ dual-species monitoring (NO/NH3, CO/O2) in combustion exhaust

Abstract Simultaneous dual-species monitoring offers potential for control of large-scale practical combustion systems. The development and demonstration of two dual-species sensors for characterizing NO x abatement (NO/NH 3 ) and combustor performance (CO/O 2 ) are described for potential application in boiler exhaust at coal-fired electric utilities. Tunable laser absorption sensors for simultaneous in-situ detection of these paired species were developed using fundamental-band vibrational transitions in the mid-infrared near 5.2 μm for NO, combination-band transitions near 2.25 μm for NH 3 , overtone-band transitions near 2.3 μm for CO, and electronic transitions in the b-X system near 760 nm for O 2 . Scanned-wavelength, 1 f -normalized wavelength modulation spectroscopy with second harmonic detection (WMS-2 f ) was employed for real-time data processing. Spatial- and time-demultiplexing strategies were used to combine and separate the laser signals. The sensors were tested for simultaneous, continuous monitoring in laboratory combustion exhaust from a premixed ethylene-air flame at atmospheric pressure and varied equivalence ratios with exhaust temperature of ∼620 K. A retro-reflected 3.58 m beam-path was used to mimic a single-ended installation in a boiler exhaust duct. NH 3 mixtures were metered into the flame at different rates to test the response of the NO/NH 3 sensor, and the CO/CO 2 ratio was adjusted by fuel/air equivalence ratio. Trends in the measured concentration ratio of NO to NH 3 were found to agree qualitatively with theoretical expectation, and the CO and O 2 measurements were confirmed by analysis of sampled gases. The laser absorption exhibited the fast time response needed for control sensors. These fast-response, simultaneous dual-species sensors for NO/NH 3 and CO/O 2 show excellent promise for control and optimization of NO x abatement and furnace efficiency in practical combustion systems.
Habenular modulation of raphe indoleamine metabolism.

Abstract Anatomical and neurophysiological findings have demonstrated neuronal connections between the diencephalic habenular nuclei and brain stem serotonergic raphe nuclei. Therefore we examined some neurochemical consequences of habenular lesions. Sixteen hours and one week after bilateral lesions serotonin metabolism (as reflected by concentrations of its metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid) was significantly increased in the dorsal but not the median raphe nuclei. Unilateral lesions produced a proportionally smaller augmentation. Motron locomotor activity was enhanced during the light and dark illumination phases in lesioned animals but only attained statistical significance during the day.
The Impact of Type A Behavior Pattern on Role Overload-induced Stress and Performance Attributions

A controlled laboratory experiment investigated the effects of Type A behavior pattern on role overload-induced stress and performance attributions. Although previous correlation studies have concluded that Type A individuals are more likely to feel stressed than Type B individuals, the present study did notfind this. The current study reports the alternative hypothesis that differences in reported stress between Type A and Type B individuals may occur because the Type A seeks out situations that are objectively more stressful. In contrast to the stress findings, performance attributions varied between Type A and Type B individuals. Results are discussed in terms of their theoretical and practical implications.
Using 'subcement' to simulate the long-term fatigue response of cemented femoral stems in a cadaver model: could a novel preclinical screening test have caught the Exeter matt problem?

Previously, cement was formulated with degraded fatigue properties (subcement) to simulate long-term fatigue in short-term cadaver tests. The present study determined the efficacy of subcement in a 'preclinical' test of a design change with known clinical consequences: the 'polished'-to-'matt' transition of the Exeter stem (revision rates for polished stems were twice those for matt stems). Contemporary stems were bead blasted to give Ra 5 1 mm (matt finish). Matt and polished stems were compared in cadaver pairs under stair- climbing loads (three pairs of size 1; three pairs of size 3). Stem micromotion was monitored during loading. Post-test transverse sections were examined for cement damage. Cyclic retroversion decreased for polished stems but increased for matt stems (p , 0.0001). The implant size had a substantial effect; retroversion of (larger) size-3 stems was half that of size-1 stems, and polished size-3 stems subsided 2.5 times more than the others. Cement damage measures were similar and open through-cracks occurred around both stems of two pairs. Stem retroversion within the mantle resulted in stem-cement gaps of 50-150 mm. Combining information on cyclic motion, cracks, and gaps, it was concluded that this test 'predicted' higher revision rates for matt stems (it also implied that polished size-3 stems might be superior to size-1 stems).
A Developmental Perspective on Anger: Family and Peer Contexts.

A model of the development of anger in family and peer contexts is presented. Emotional socialization begins in early infancy, in the context of parent–infant caretaking. Children's awareness and understanding of their own and other people's anger depends on exposure to models of anger expression and conflict resolution, parental emotional coaching strategies such as discussing feelings and problem solving about emotion-based actions, coercive versus authoritative parenting practices, and opportunities to engage in constructive conflict resolution with family members. Emotional socialization in the home affects children's physiological reactivity and physiological self-regulation, social information processing, and behavioral strategies for anger-provoking situations. When the child brings these characteristics to the peer arena, anger and emotion management skills affect peer social status, aggressive versus prosocial peer interactions and the ability to form and profit from close peer relationships. Implications for school psychologists and other school personnel are discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Thin-layer chromatographic assay method for cyclo-propane synthetase

Abstract A method using thin-layer chromatography has been developed for the assay of cyclopropane synthetase. The procedure combines specificity of product identification with the convenience necessary for routine assay work. The method has been used to assay cyclopropane synthetase from Lactobacillus plantaram (ATCC 8014). The enzymatic reaction was found to be linear with respect to both time and protein concentration.
Interactions between two bubbles under isothermal conditions and in a downward temperature gradient

Results from experiments on the motion of a pair of air bubbles in a silicone oil under isothermal conditions as well as in a downward temperature gradient are reported. Three situations were investigated: motion driven by buoyancy, motion dominated by thermocapillarity, and motion when the gravitational force and the thermocapillary force on the larger bubble of the pair were comparable. The experimental results were found to be in good agreement with theoretical predictions from the method of reflections. When the gravitational force was slightly smaller than the thermocapillary force on the larger bubble in the pair, the larger bubble moved downward but the smaller bubble nearby was found to move upward. This counterintuitive behavior is actually consistent with expectation, and an explanation is given.
Processing of complex sentences in a case of aphasia in Indonesian: thematic vs. linear strategies

Abstract The comprehension of HS, an Indonesian-speaking man with non-fluent aphasia, was investigated using an act-out task. HS was tested on VP-conjoined and center-embedded constructions in Indonesian that contained either two active verbs or two passive verbs, an active verb in the first clause and a passive verb in the second clause, or vice versa. Another type of center-embedded construction contained an object-preposed verb in the embedded clause and either an active or passive verb in the matrix clause. HS enacted the first clause accurately on all sentence types, yet he consistently predicated the second verb of the NP with the role of agent in the first clause. This strategy resulted in appropriate enactments of sentences with an active verb in the first clause, but it led to ungrammatical interpretations of sentences whose first clause contained a passive or object-preposed verb, since in these constructions the subject of the second verb is the NP with the role of theme in the first clause. HS's response pattern supports a new computational model, the Thematic Prominence Model, which posits that in thematically oriented, free word order languages like Indonesian, the thematic prominence of arguments is more important for predication than their linear positions.
Using Recursive Partitioning to Analyze a Large SAR Data Set

Abstract Large data sets are becoming much more prevalent in drug discovery as high throughput screening and combinatorial chemistry data sets become available. Conventional linear parametric methods, linear regression, PCR, PLS, etc., often fail in analyzing structurally heterogeneous data sets. This is because the underlying relationships may involve nonlinearities, thresholds and interactions, all of which considerably impede linear additive modeling approaches. Also the conventional assumption that all compounds in data set are acting by the same mechanism is not expected to hold. Recursive partitioning (RP) is able to accommodate all these difficulties; it is also computationally fast; RP can deal with very large data sets - 10 to 100k observations pose no particular problems. Therefore RP invites investigation as a general approach for study of structure activity relationships in large chemistry data sets. The purpose of this paper is to explicate a recursive partitioning procedure, FIRM, through th...
A Relativistic Description of Deformed Nuclei

In recent years relativistic mean field calculations have successfully reproduced the properties of spherical nuclei using parameters that are fit to the empirical binding energy and saturation density of nuclear matter.1 Specifically, the large scalar and vector mean fields that are a characteristic of this model lead to a natural inclusion of the large spin-orbit splittings that are present in real nuclei. Unfortunately, the restriction to spherical symmetry effectively limits the model to calculations in five doubly-magic nuclei. In order to extend the model to non-closed shell nuclei it is necessary to include deformations. This makes it possible to determine if the model can provide a good description of deformed nuclei using the same parameters that reproduce the properties of nuclear matter and spherical nuclei.
CFD ADVANCED PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION VIA INTERNET

The use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), to better understand/enhance performance of engineered systems design, has deeply penetrated our profession. University academic content now selectively includes comprehensive graduate level courses in CFD. Typically, a large proportion of industry practitioners cannot access this formal content due to remoteness from campus. The newly established UT CFD Laboratory website renders this a non-issue via a fully functional Internet modality for CFD graduate course participation. It presents a totally time-and distance-insensitive fully participatory environment including comprehensive computer laboratory CFD experiments. Successfully completed content is applicable to a MSc degree, to a CFD Certificate or to CEUs when pursued as professional self-study. The scope, organization and illustrations of content of this Internet innovation is presented.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
New Polyphonies: Score Streams, Improvisation and Telepresence

ABSTRACT The author discusses “score streams,” a compositional method in which notations are displayed dynamically on computer screens and interpreted by improvisers. These works are informed by contemporary explorations in telematic performance and by the many methods devised over the past half century in composer-improviser traditions, where works by individuals are understood as catalysts for profoundly collaborative real-time acts of creation. Referencing polyphony both literally and metaphorically, the author points to a richly generative dialogue between recent histories of improvised music and new forms of digital networking technologies.
Progress in High Sensitivity Electro-optic Field Sensors

An EO sensor measures an external electric field though a modulation of birefringence (detected optically) induced by the field on the nonlinear crystal. We have developed three different types of EO sensors: a free-field sensor to measure an electric field in transmission mode, another free-field sensor in reflection mode, and an optical fiber- attached sensor to measure a field inside a cavity. These sensors can detect both CW RF fields as well as transient RF fields.
Gradient-corrected correlation with nearly exact Kohn-Sham exchange: Calculations for Si and Ge

We have constructed a pseudopotential that reduces the errors inherent in ordinary pseudopotentials when used together with nonlocal exchange potentials. Using the very accurate approximation of Krieger, Li, and Iafrate to the exact Kohn-Sham exchange potential together with correlation in the local-density approximation (LDA) both with and without the generalized gradient correction of Perdew and Wang, we calculated the electronic and physical properties of Si and Ge. The gradient corrections result in a large reduction of the indirect energy gaps, worsening agreement with experiment. They also reduce the total energy of both of the atoms and both of the crystals, resulting in increases of the Si and Ge cohesive energies which improve their agreement with experiment. In addition we have studied the effect of adding gradient corrections when the valence electrons see a Hartree-Fock potential from the core electrons and LDA exchange and correlation among themselves.
Police perceptions of human trafficking

Although the US federal government and all 50 states have passed legislation that defines human trafficking as a crime and specifies stiff penalties for such offenses, little is known about how police perceptions of human trafficking influence investigation and response strategies. Previous research confirms that human trafficking definitions are ambiguous and police commonly lack the training and experience necessary to identify the crime. Using schema theory as a guide to our inquiry, we explore how existing crime schema influence police perceptions of and responses to human trafficking. In addition, we examine how new human trafficking laws change police perception of previously existing crimes, particularly prostitution. Data from in-depth interviews from a targeted sample of 90 law enforcement officials in 12 US counties inform how the police frame the problem of human trafficking and how those frames guide their actions.
White House Budget Proposal Would Provide National Science Foundation With 1.2% Increase

The proposed $7.255 billion budget request for the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) for fiscal year (FY) 2015, announced by the White House on 4 March, would increase funding just $83 million, 1.2% above the FY 2014 estimate (see Table 1). The budget for NSF's Directorate for Geosciences (GEO) would nudge up 0.1% to $1.304 billion, an increase of $1.36 million (see Table 2).
XQuery implementation in a relational database system

Many enterprise applications prefer to store XML data as a rich data type, i.e. a sequence of bytes, in a relational database system to avoid the complexity of decomposing the data into a large number of tables and the cost of reassembling the XML data. The upcoming release of Microsoft's SQL Server supports XQuery as the query language over such XML data using its relational infrastructure.XQuery is an emerging W3C recommendation for querying XML data. It provides a set of language constructs (FLWOR), the ability to dynamically shape the query result, and a large set of functions and operators. It includes the emerging W3C recommendation XPath 2.0 for path-based navigational access. XQuery's type system is compatible with that of XML Schema and allows static type checking.This paper describes the experiences and the challenges in implementing XQuery in Microsoft's SQL Server 2005. XQuery language constructs are compiled into an enhanced set of relational operators while preserving the semantics of XQuery. The query tree is optimized using relational optimization techniques, such as cost-based decisions, and rewrite rules based on XML schemas. Novel techniques are used for efficiently managing document order and XML hierarchy.
Phenotypic plasticity in opsin expression in a butterfly compound eye complements sex role reversal.

Animals often display phenotypic plasticity in morphologies and behaviors that result in distinct adaptations to fluctuating seasonal environments. The butterfly Bicyclus anynana has two seasonal forms, wet and dry, that vary in wing ornament brightness and in the identity of the sex that performs the most courting and choosing. Rearing temperature is the cue for producing these alternative seasonal forms. We hypothesized that, barring any developmental constraints, vision should be enhanced in the choosy individuals but diminished in the non-choosy individuals due to physiological costs. As a proxy of visual performance we measured eye size, facet lens size, and sensitivity to light, e.g., the expression levels of all opsins, in males and females of both seasonal forms. We found that B. anynana eyes displayed significant sexual dimorphism and phenotypic plasticity for both morphology and opsin expression levels, but not all results conformed to our prediction. Males had larger eyes than females across rearing temperatures, and increases in temperature produced larger eyes in both sexes, mostly via increases in facet number. Ommatidia were larger in the choosy dry season (DS) males and transcript levels for all three opsins were significantly lower in the less choosy DS females. Opsin level plasticity in females, and ommatidia size plasticity in males supported our visual plasticity hypothesis but males appear to maintain high visual function across both seasons. We discuss our results in the context of distinct sexual and natural selection pressures that may be facing each sex in the wild in each season.
Unified Approach for Causal Inference and Censored Data

Let A(t) represent a time-dependent action process as observed on a randomly sampled subject. A general example can be A(t) =(A1(t),A2(t),A3(t),A4(t)), where A1 (t) = I(C ≤ t) jumps to 1 when the subject is right-censored, A2 (t) is a counting process that jumps when the subject is monitored, A3(t) indicates which of the covariates are measured at time t, and A4(t) denotes the treatment that the subject receives at time t. In other words, A(t) can denote both censoring/missingness and treatment actions. Let A be the set of possible sample paths of A(·). For technical reasons and simplicity, we will assume that A(t) only changes values at given time points t = 1, 2, ... , p and that A is finite. We note that this does not diminish the practical applicability of the methods presented in this chapter since one can approximate a continuous action process with an arbitrarily fine discrete approximation. In addition, we will present the formulas in such a way that they can be applied to continuous data as well, although we do not present regularity conditions and proofs
Development and characterization of cold-adapted viruses for use as live virus vaccines

Representative viruses from twelve RNA and two DNA virus genera have been successfully adapted to growth at sub-optimal temperature (cold-adapted). In almost every case, there was a correlation between acquisition of the cold-adaptation phenotype and loss of virulence in the normal host whether animal or man. Overall, the best method of cold adaptation to develop a live virus vaccine line appeared to be a stepwise lowering of the growth temperature allowing time for multiple lesions to occur and/or be selected. In addition, the starting virus should be a recent isolate not as yet adapted to a tissue culture host and the cold-adaptation process should then occur in a host heterologous to the virus' normal host. These viruses have been reviewed in the light of their cold-adaptation method and successful production of an attenuated line as virus vaccine candidate. Finally, detailed information is presented for the cold-adaptation process in influenza virus.
Morphological complexity increase in metazoans

The number of cell types required for the construction of a metazoan body plan can serve as an index of morphological (or anatomical) complexity; living metazoans range from four (plac- ozoans) to over 200 (hominids) somatic cell types. A plot of the times of origin of body plans against their cell type numbers suggests that the upper bound of complexity has increased more or less steadily from the earliest metazoans until today, at an average rate of about one cell type per 3 m.y. (when nerve cell types are lumped). Computer models in which increase or decrease in cell type number was random were used to investigate the behavior of the upper bound of cell type number in evolving clades. The models are Markovian; variance in cell type number increases linearly through time. Scaled to the fossil record of the upper bound of cell type numbers, the models suggest that early rates of increase in maximum complexity were relatively high. The models and the data are mutually consistent and suggest that the Metazoa originated near 600 Ma, that the metazoan "explosion" near the Precambrian/Cambrian transition was not associated with any im- portant increase in complexity of body plans, and that important decreases in the upper bound of complexity are unlikely to have occurred.
Isophoric arrays-massively thinned phased arrays with well-controlled sidelobes

Traditional filled phased arrays have an element placed in every location of a uniform lattice with half-wavelength spacing between the lattice points. Massively thinned arrays have fewer than half the elements of their filled counterparts. Such drastic thinning is normally accompanied by loss of sidelobe control. This paper describes a class of massively thinned linear and planar arrays that show well-behaved sidelobes in spite of the thinning. The term isophoric is derived from Greek roots to denote uniform weight. In isophoric arrays, element placement based on difference sets forces uniformly weighted spatial coverage. This constraint forces the array power pattern to pass through V uniformly spaced, equal, and constant values that are less than 1/K times the main beam peak, where V is the aperture size in half-wavelengths and K is the number of elements in the array. The net result is reduced peak sidelobes, especially when compared to cut-and-try random-placement approaches. An isophoric array will exhibit this sidelobe control even when the array has been thinned to the extent that K is approximately the square root of V. Where more than one beam must be generated at a time, isophoric array designs may be used to advantage even within a traditional filled array. By "interweaving" two isophoric subarrays within a filled array and by appropriate cyclic shifting of the element assignments over time, two independent antenna power patterns can be generated, each with a sidelobe region that is approximately a constant value of 1/(2K) relative to the main beam, where K is the number of elements in the subarray.
Representation selection for constraint satisfaction: a case study using n-queens

Representation selection for a constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) is addressed. The CSP problem class is introduced and the classic n-queens problem is used to show that many different CSP representations may exist for a given real-world problem. The complexities of solving these alternative representations are compared empirically and theoretically. The good agreement found is due to two key features of the analytic results, their generality and their precision (or instance specificity), which are also discussed. The n-queens problem is used only to provide a convenient case study; the approach to CSP representation selection applies to arbitrary problems that can be formulated in terms of CSP and, when the corresponding mathematical results are available, should also be readily applicable when selecting representations in domains other than CSP. >
Distributed Amplifier with CRLH-Transmission Line Leaky Wave Antenna

We propose a distributed amplifier integrated with a CRLH leaky wave antenna. This active antenna uses the interdigital capacitor-based CRLH transmission line, microstrip line and FETs. To coordinate the phase between the guided slow-wave in the microstrip section and fast-wave in the CRLH radiator, the length of the unit cell of the microstrip section is shortened and FETs are connected with a constant phase coupling line. The signal travels to each unit-cell through FETs and radiate from the CRLH antenna. This antenna radiates an amplified forward wave in the right hand region and an amplified backward wave in the left hand region. A 5 unit-cell prototype demonstrates the proposed active leaky wave antenna. The measured and simulated forward and reverse gains exhibit good agreement, and beam scanning can be observed.
Acquiring robust, force-based assembly skills from human demonstration

Robots have been used successfully in structured settings, where the environment is controlled; this research is inspired by the vision of robots moving beyond structured, controlled settings. The work focuses on the problem of teaching robots force-based assembly skills from human demonstration. To avoid position dependencies, force-based discrete states (contact formations) are used to describe qualitatively how contact is being made with the environment. Sensorimotor skills are modeled using a hybrid control model, which provides a mechanism for combining continuous low-level force control with higher-level discrete event control. A change in qualitative, discrete state constitutes an event and triggers a new control command to the robot, which moves the assembly toward a new contact formation. In this way, the skill execution is not dependent on absolute position but rather responds to changes in the force-based qualitative state. Experimental results are presented which validate the approach and show how skill acquisition can be accomplished even with an imperfect demonstration.
Management of Bleeding from the Bile Duct

Bleeding from the gallbladder or biliary tree (“hemobilia”) is not seen frequently in clinical practice. Historically, hemobilia was predominantly observed in the trauma setting. Both penetrating and blunt trauma have been recognized as a common source of hemobilia since the review by Sandblom [1]. Currently, trauma is believed to represent only 1–3% of cases of hemobilia [2, 3]. In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in both diagnostic and therapeutic hepatobiliary procedures. This has resulted in a dramatic increase in the incidence of iatrogenic hemobilia [4] which is becoming important in clinical practice. The etiology of iatrogenic hemobilia is diverse. It may be observed, for example, after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiograms, percutaneous biliary drainage, preoperative portal vein embolization, radiofrequency ablation, and liver biopsies.
Modulation of respiratory motor output by cerebellar deep nuclei in the rat

The present study was undertaken to determine what roles the various cerebellar deep nuclei (CDN) play in modulation of respiration, especially during chemical challenges. Experiments were carried ...
Por Quién Doblan Las Campanas De Taco Bell: Respuestas Populares Al TLC Al Sur De La Frontera (For Whom the Taco Bells Ring: Popular Responses to NAFTA South of the Border)

This paper explores recent forms of Mexican popular nationalism in the wake of the North American Free Trade Agreement. Drawing on ethnographic research in a colonia popular of Mexico City, I maintain that analyses of nationalism and class, including within critical theory, should reexamine cultural questions pertaining to national sovereignty within contemporary globalization. Responses to the Free Trade Agreement among the urban poor in Mexico, for instance, indicate a growing disparity between elite and popular perceptions regarding issues such as democracy and nationalism. Although grassroots leftist politics in the last two decades have been successful in overcoming a previous neglect of daily needs and realities for the poor, the paper also argues that recent popular social movements have too often ignored debate on questions of transnationalism and nationalism.
The Medina Constitution

The first Islamic state was founded not in the shadow of swords, as is commonly believed in some circles, but in the security of a social contract, called the Constitution of Medina. By all counts, the Medina Constitution lit the torch of freedom by establishing a Free State for a pluralistic community composed of Muslims, Jews, and pagans. This unprecedented Free State, the first of its kind in the intellectual and political history of human civilization, was founded by none other than Prophet Muhammad himself in the Gregorian year of 622, that is, more than thirteen hundred years before the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) envisaged a modern pluralistic, religiously tolerant Free State.