cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Swiss cheese striatum: clinical implications.

Importance Markedly enlarged Virchow-Robin spaces throughout the striatum appear occasionally on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the elderly, and this type of striatum is known as the Swiss cheese striatum (SCS); however, its clinical impact is unknown. Objective To determine the clinical features associated with SCS detected on MRI scans. Design, Setting, and Participants A blinded, retrospective case-control study using medical records from 2000 to 2007 obtained from an MRI database at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, of residents 40 years of age or older of Olmsted County, Minnesota, who had extensive Mayo Clinic medical records and MRI reports suggestive of SCS. Cases with a severe form of SCS (n = 27) were randomly selected for comparison with age-, sex-, and examination year–matched controls (n = 52) with a minimal form of SCS or no SCS. Exposure Magnetic resonance imaging. Main Outcomes and Measures Associations of clinical and imaging features with the presence of a severe form of SCS. Medical records were reviewed for clinical features such as parkinsonism, dementia, and vascular risk factors. The MRI scans were visually scored for degree of leukoaraiosis, central atrophy, and cortical atrophy. Results No significant differences were found between those with a severe form of SCS and controls in rates of parkinsonism (19% vs 17%; odds ratio, 1.09 [95% CI, 0.28-4.16]) or dementia of any type (30% vs 21%; odds ratio, 1.57 [95% CI, 0.48-5.13]). Vascular risk factors were not significantly different between groups. Swiss cheese striatum correlated with degree of leukoaraiosis ( P P = .01), nonobstructive urinary incontinence (18.5% vs 3.9%; P = .04), and syncope (37% vs 9.6%; P = .01) did not hold up after correction for the false discovery rate. Conclusions and Relevance Our study suggests that marked cribriform change in the striatum was not associated with the development of extrapyramidal clinical disorders, including parkinsonism. The association of SCS with leukoaraiosis suggests that it is part of a more generalized cerebrovascular process. Skepticism is called for when attributing clinical symptoms to this MRI finding.
CALIFORNIA'S PROPOSITION 13 AND THE FISCAL LIMITATIONS MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES*

There have been substantial recent efforts to use public policy measures to limit public taxing and spending in the United States. These fiscal limitations policies are analysed, with primary attention on the explanations for and the effects of Proposition 13, the measure enacted by California voters in June 1978. More broadly, the characteristic features of fiscal limitations measures in the United States are explicated. These measures attempt to place constitutional or statutory constraints on a government's expenditure levels, on its revenue generation capabilities, or on the nature of its fiscal policy-making process. The data and analysis suggest that some of the fundamental forces underlying fiscal limitations measures might emerge in many ‘First World’ political systems and that such measures, as a policy innovation, might diffuse widely.
Impact of airbags on a Level I trauma center: injury patterns, infectious morbidity, and hospital costs.

Background To date, no study has evaluated the potential impact of supplemental restraint use on resource use at a Level I trauma center. We hypothesized that airbag use would be related to decreased injury severity of motor vehicle collision survivors admitted to a Level I trauma center, leading to a decrease in infectious morbidity and hospital resource use. Study Design Using the trauma registry, motor vehicle collision victims admitted during an 11-year period were identified. Restraint groups were defined as unrestrained (reference group), seatbelt only, airbag only, or airbag and seatbelt. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between restraint type and injury patterns. Other outcomes measured included prevalence of ventilator-associated pneumonia and bacteremia, hospital length of stay, days in the ICU, and hospital mortality. Results A total of 14,390 patients (unrestrained, n=7,881; airbag only, n=692; seatbelt only, n=4,909; airbag and seatbelt, n=908) had restraint data available. Both airbag and seatbelt use were associated with a substantial reduction in injury to the brain, face, cervical spine, thorax, and abdomen. The largest reduction occurred when these restraints were used in combination. The only injury associated with airbag deployment was extremity fractures. Compared with unrestrained persons, any restraint use was associated with substantially reduced injury severity, significant infectious morbidity, and resource use. Conclusions Airbags are associated with reduced in-hospital mortality. Airbags are also associated with decreased injury severity, substantial infectious morbidity, and resource use. Cost savings from reduced resource use associated with supplemental restraints could be tremendous.
A mathematical model for the hemoglobin response to iron intake, based on iron absorption measurements from habitually consumed Indian meals.

A mathematical model for the hemoglobin response to iron intake, based on iron absorption measurements from habitually consumed Indian meals
Single-cell genomics reveals metabolic strategies for microbial growth and survival in an oligotrophic aquifer.

Bacteria from the genus Pedobacter are a major component of microbial assemblages at Hanford Site (a largely decommissioned nuclear production complex) in eastern Washington state, USA, and have been shown to change significantly in abundance in response to the subsurface intrusion of Columbia River water. Here we employed single-cell genomics techniques to shed light on the physiological niche of these micro-organisms. Analysis of four Pedobacter single amplified genomes (SAGs) from Hanford Site sediments revealed a chemoheterotrophic lifestyle, with the potential to exist under both aerobic and microaerophilic conditions via expression of both aa3 -type and cbb3 -type cytochrome c oxidases. These SAGs encoded a wide range of both intra- and extracellular carbohydrate-active enzymes, potentially enabling the degradation of recalcitrant substrates such as xylan and chitin, and the utilization of more labile sugars such as mannose and fucose. Coupled to these enzymes, a diversity of transporters and sugar-binding molecules were involved in the uptake of carbon from the extracellular local environment. The SAGs were enriched in TonB-dependent receptors, which play a key role in uptake of substrates resulting from degradation of recalcitrant carbon. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR)-Cas mechanisms for resisting viral infections were identified in all SAGs. These data demonstrate the potential mechanisms utilized for persistence by heterotrophic micro-organisms in a carbon-limited aquifer, and hint at potential linkages between observed Pedobacter abundance shifts within the 300 Area (in the south-eastern corner of the site) subsurface and biogeochemical shifts associated with Columbia River water intrusion.
Nano-magnetic non-volatile CMOS circuits for nano-scale FPGAs (abstract only)

Nanotechnology promises to open up new ways of scaling CMOS circuits by introducing new materials. For example, a hybrid circuit of CMOS gates and carbon nano-tubes (CNT), NEMS relay logic and emerging memory devices have been proposed for future nano-scale Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). Hybrid circuits for use as FPGA configurable logic blocks (CLBs) are often proposed in the form of crossbar array architecture. However, many of emerging devices, such as NEMS relays, are not two terminal devices and are thus difficult to be used in the crossbar. On the other hand diode-based logics that are two-terminal devices that can be used in the crossbars, lack signal gain and inversion capability, which makes logic implementation with them difficult. We present nano-magnet/CMOS hybrid circuit using Magnetic Coupled Spin-Torque Devices (MCSTDs) to solve the signal gain and signal level restoration problems, allowing a crossbar array layout to be used throughout the entire crossbar array architecture FPGA. MCSTD consists of two spin torque input devices at the perimeter of a larger output device that serve as biasing dots and manipulate the magnetic reversal energy barrier of the center spintorque device. MCSTDs can implement entire Boolean logic (NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR and NOT) simply by changing the location of the input spin-torque device and the magnetic shape anisotropy of the center device. The unique features of this logic include: 1) nonvolatility, 2) electronic gain for fan-out and signal restoration and 3) fewer devices to realize most logic functions (i.e. a single MCSTD gate can realize the entire range of Boolean logic gates, while CMOS takes up to 4 (NAND, NOR) or 16 (XOR, XNOR) transistors). The combination of non-volatility and smaller device count leads to reduced circuit area and lower power consumption. Signal gain is achieved by using asymmetric device dimensions between input and output devices. Area and energy consumption calculation of FPGA Look-Up Table (LUT) are performed to demonstrate the merits of the presented Nano-magnetic/CMOS hybrid circuit compared to CMOS. The results show a 94% savings in area at comparable energy consumptions when compared with 32nm CMOS technology node.
Ectoparasitism of Damselflies by Water Mites in Central Florida

Abstract Little is known about the frequency of water mite ectoparasitism (Acari: Hydrachnida) within and among damselfly species of Central Florida. Here I present a field survey of the assemblage of damselflies and their water mite parasites at the Archbold Biological Station (Lake Placid, FL) during late Mar, 2006. During this period, 4 species of damselfly were abundant: Ischnura hastata (Say) and Nehalennia gracilis Morse captured only at pond sites; and Argia fumipennis atra Gloyd and Ischnura ramburii (Selys) captured at a lake site. Only pond damselflies had water mites, and 12.2% and 12.5% of I. hastata and N. gracilis were parasitized, respectively. These are 2 novel and unreported odonate-acari associations for this area. I also examined within-species differences in ectoparasitism by sex, body size, and wing-cell fluctuating asymmetry. However, these factors did not relate to the prevalence and intensity of parasitism in the field. My study indicates that brief surveys of odonates in Central F...
Fine-scale genetic structure in the surface brooding Caribbean octocoral, Antillogorgia elisabethae

Larval dispersal is a critical component of marine species’ life histories because it controls their population dynamics. Dispersal distance can be inferred by the presence and scale of spatial genetic structure (SGS). The larvae of Antillogorgia elisabethae, a surface brooding Caribbean octocoral, have been observed to settle within meters of maternal colonies, although many disperse over greater distances. Using a spatially hierarchical sampling design, A. elisabethae recruits were collected from a site off the coast of Great Abaco, The Bahamas, in June of 2009–2011. Seven microsatellite loci were used to determine whether genetic structure was present among recruits on scales of <1 m to 10s of meters. Multilocus genotypes were autocorrelated within spatial distance classes using Moran’s I coefficient as an estimate of genetic similarity, and Rousset’s genetic distance (â). Genetic structure was present on a scale of <10 m in 2010, but not in the other 2 years, suggesting that larval dispersal was more localized in 2010. Moran’s I coefficients were positive and significant for 0–1, 1–2 and 2–5 m classes in 2010, and the average genetic distance (â) among recruits in the 0–1 m class was significantly lower than the other classes. Autocorrelograms suggested that genetic patch sizes were 7.5 m in 2010, and 20 m in 2009 and 2011. Differences in the SGS of recruits between years might reflect temporal variation in temperature, wind and/or current speeds affecting larval dispersal, or variation in reproduction at the site.
Adaptive spectral window sizes for feature extraction from optical spectra

We propose an approach to adaptively adjust the spectral window size used to extract features from optical spectra. Previous studies have employed spectral features extracted by dividing the spectra into several spectral windows of a fixed width. However, the choice of spectral window size was arbitrary. We hypothesize that by adaptively adjusting the spectral window sizes, the trends in the data will be captured more accurately. Our method was tested on a diffuse reflectance spectroscopy dataset obtained in a study of oblique polarization reflectance spectroscopy of oral mucosa lesions. The diagnostic task is to classify lesions into one of four histopathology groups: normal, benign, mild dysplasia, or severe dysplasia (including carcinoma). Nine features were extracted from each of the spectral windows. We computed the area (AUC) under Receiver Operating Characteristic curve to select the most discriminatory wavelength intervals. We performed pairwise classifications using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) with leave-one-out cross validation. The results showed that for discriminating benign lesions from mild or severe dysplasia, the adaptive spectral window size features achieved AUC of 0.84, while a fixed spectral window size of 20 nm had AUC of 0.71, and an AUC of 0.64 is achieved with a large window size containing all wavelengths. The AUCs of all feature combinations were also calculated. These results suggest that the new adaptive spectral window size method effectively extracts features that enable accurate classification of oral mucosa lesions.
A statistical examination of self-ordering of amino acids in proteins

Steinman and Cole (1967) have claimed that amino acids will naturally assume a nonrandom sequence when polymerized into polypeptides. They based their claim on a comparison of the frequency with which various dipeptide bonds formed in a dilute solution of amino acids to the various depeptide frequencies actually observed in ten proteins. Although the trends in the normalized frequencies go in the same direction, a statistical examination of the two sets of frequencies indicates that there is no correlation at all between experimental dipeptide frequencies and actual depeptide frequencies based on the chi-square tests.
The Question-Driven Laboratory Exercise: A New Pedagogy Applied to a Green Modification of Grignard Reagent Formation and Reaction

Experimental exercises within second-year-level organic laboratory manuals typically involve a statement of a principle that is then validated by student generation of data in a single experiment. These experiments are structured in the exact opposite order of the scientific method, in which data interpretation, typically from multiple related experiments, leads to the development of a principle. The question-driven laboratory exercise (QDLE) better mimics a research investigative process in that data from multiple experiments provided to students are coupled with student-generated data with the goal being the development of a principle. To facilitate students’ ability to tether together interpretations from multiple experiments, the entire exercise is driven by guiding questions. This general approach is applicable to a broad array of potential laboratory exercises. In this example, students are guided to develop a more environmentally friendly solvent system for Grignard formation and reaction, test the new system via a laboratory experiment, and then discern between two competing proposed mechanisms for describing Grignard reagent formation in the modified media. To accomplish this goal, the students will be guided to interpret and synthesize data (some provided, some student generated) from 13C NMR, GC−MS, and computational investigations.
Self/not self, innate immunity, danger, cancer potential

Self/not self is an important hypothesis that has guided research in immunology. It is closely connected to adaptive immunity (restricted to vertebrates) and innate immunity (found in vertebrates and invertebrates). Self/not self is now being challenged and investigators are turning to the danger hypothesis to guide and open new areas of research. Emerging information suggests that genes involved in development of cancer are present in Drosophila and C. elegans. Short life span may not preclude the presence of genes that are related to the development of cancer.
Linguistic and Epistemological Dualism

In the present century, there are two main approaches to problems of knowledge within philosophy. The first of these is non-psychological and concerns itself with logical justification of the knowing process. The contention is that a philosophical investigation into human knowledge must not invoke data from the empirical sciences, since these in turn presuppose perceptual knowledge as a means of acquiring their data. The concern is to arrange the parts of the process of knowledge into some sort of logical order such that from basic simples we can derive the complex levels of knowledge. Russell, Price, Broad and Eddington are representative of this approach although none of them, least of all Eddington, has concentrated solely upon the formalization of perceptual and ontological beliefs. Eddington’s concern with formulating the conclusions of physics in a deductive system reflects the same interest in formalization as do the sense-datum analyses of perception offered by the other three. The second main approach, which I have termed organic phenomenalism in chapter II, is more outspoken in its reference to scientific data, insisting that its objective is not to present a logical ordering of knowledge at the risk of ignoring empirical data, but rather to incorporate the empirical psychological data into its analysis of knowledge. There are several components in this second approach to epistemology. All cognition is said to rest upon a pre-cognitive level of experience. The organism and its environment are interacting on this level of experience in such a way that the later cognitive discriminations are grounded in the neuro-physiological structure of the organism. Knowing, like learning, consists in making discriminations in the originally undifferentiated field of experience, a discrimination which is guided by the needs and desires of the organism. The process of objectification, of becoming aware of a world distinct from ourselves, arises out of the sensory-motor activity of the organism which classifies in a neuro-physiological manner the qualities of experience, forms them into groups controlled by relations like similarity and contiguity, and then, when cognitive awareness emerges, dissociates these grouped qualities from the organism and gives them an independent status. This act of grouping becomes one of the essential defining properties of intelligence.1
Clusters of adaptive evolution in the human genome.

Considerable work has been devoted to identifying regions of the human genome that have been subjected to recent positive selection. Although detailed follow-up studies of putatively selected regions are critical for a deeper understanding of human evolutionary history, such studies have received comparably less attention. Recently, we have shown that ALMS1 has been the target of recent positive selection acting on standing variation in Eurasian populations. Here, we describe a careful follow-up analysis of genetic variation across the ALMS1 region, which unexpectedly revealed a cluster of substrates of positive selection. Specifically, through the analysis of SNP data from the HapMap and HGDP-CEPH samples as well sequence data from the region, we find compelling evidence for three independent and distinct signals of recent positive selection across this 3 Mb region surrounding ALMS1. Moreover, we analyzed the HapMap data to identify other putative clusters of independent selective events and conservatively discovered 19 additional clusters of adaptive evolution. This work has important implications for the interpretation of genome-scans for positive selection in humans and more broadly contributes to a better understanding of how recent positive selection has shaped genetic variation across the human genome.
Origin and age of the Lake Nyos maar, Cameroon

Abstract Lake Nyos occupies a young maar crater in the Precambrian granitic terrane of northwest Cameroon. The lake is partly surrounded by poorly consolidated, ultramafic nodule-bearing pyroclastic surge deposits that were explosively ejected from the Nyos crater at the time of its formation. Radiocarbon dates show that the maar probably formed about 400 years ago. Field evidence suggests that carbon dioxide could have been the principal volatile involved in the formation of the Nyos maar, and that the role of water may have been minor. The formation of the Nyos maar was preceded by a brief period of effusive basaltic volcanism, but the maar itself may have largely formed by cold, ‘dry’ explosive processes. Carbon dioxide may still be trapped interstitially in a diatreme inferred to underlie Lake Nyos; its gradual release into the waters of Lake Nyos may have set the stage for the tragic gas-release event of August 21, 1986. Only young maar lakes such as Nyos may pose a danger of future lethal gas releases.
Application of systems analysis to depository library decision making regarding the use of new technology

Abstract This article, the first in a series of four, views the application of systems anal ysis and design as a method of problem solving for documents librarians. Par ticular emphasis is placed on the use of systems analysis as a major, first step in applying computer based technology to problem areas common to U.S. government publication collections. The specific problem areas amenable to the application of this methodology include (1) bibliographic control, (2) col lection development, (3) collection integration, and (4) improved documents reference service. The steps required for its application to these problem areas are described in sequential fashion, and are augumented by actual examples. Several sources of supplementary information are noted for further references.
Ultrasonographic features of canine hepatic nodular hyperplasia.

Hepatic nodular hyperplasia is a benign, usually clinically inapparent, proliferative lesion commonly found at necropsy in older dogs. Three examples of hepatic nodular hyperplasia are described in dogs with clinical signs compatible with hepatic disease in which ultrasonography revealed a variety of echotextural changes in the liver similar to those reported in primary or secondary hepatic neoplasia. In subsequent in vitro ultrasonographic studies of hepatic nodular hyperplasia lesions detected at necropsy in dogs without clinical signs of hepatic disease, only subtle echotextural changes were seen. Hence, hepatic nodular hyperplasia may be inapparent in vivo in many dogs. Hepatic nodular hyperplasia is a potentially confusing sporadic finding which must be considered by ultrasonographers examining dogs with clinical signs of hepatic disease. The diagnosis of hepatic neoplasia should not be made on the basis of ultrasonographic findings alone.
Semantic interpretation of unrealized syntactic material in LTAG

This paper presents a LTAG-based analysis of gapping and VP ellipsis, which proposes that resolution of the elided material is part of a general disambiguation procedure, which is also responsible for resolution of underspecified representations of scope.
Genesis of Silica Cement in Sandstones and Its Replacement by Carbonates: ABSTRACT

Paragenetic history of the cementation observed in many sand-carbonate rocks can best be explained by understanding the complex physical-chemical changes which cause the precipitation and solution of cements in sediments. Beta quartz and other metastable forms of SiO2 are widely distributed by sedimentary processes and commonly make up a considerable volume of some sediments. Several sources of silica are available: (1) abrasion of siliceous sediments along beaches, (2) siliceous tests, and (3) eolian quartz dust. Silica contributed by these sources forms silica cements in sediments. Three zones of diagenesis beneath the depositional interface may be recognized, each with differing chemical and physical characteristics. The metastable forms of SiO2 are dissolved in the upper zone because the trapped sea water is universally undersaturated with respect to these phases. In the middle zone, alpha quartz precipitates as silica cement and overgrowths when the conentration of SiO2 of the interstitial fluid rises above 14 ppm. This is due to the higher solubility of the metastable forms of SiO2 (up to 140 ppm.) than that of alpha quartz (14 ppm.). In the lowest or third zone, carbon dioxide concentration decreases while the temperature and pH increase slightly. These conditions favor precipitation of carbonate rocks and the solution of silica. End_of_Article - Last_Page 546------------
Molecular structure and energetics of sym-ClO3

Abstract The equilibrium structure, vibrational spectra and heat of formation for sym-ClO 3 have been investigated using high levels of ab initio theory. Methods include second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) and singles and doubles coupled-cluster theory which incorporates a perturbational estimate of effects of connected triples excitation [CCSD(T)]. Two density functional methods were also investigated. At the highest level of theory, CCSD(T)/6-311 + G(3df)//CCSD(T)/6-311G(2df), the heat of formation for sym-ClO 3 is predicted to be 46.0 ± 3 kcal mol −1 at 0 K.
Partition coefficient for small amounts of monomer, solvent, or plasticizer in a two‐phased polymer blend or IPN

Theoretical calculations based on statistical thermodynamics are presented addressing the partitioning behavior of a monomer, solvent, or plasticizer in a two-phased polymer system. A phase-separated interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) consisting of a polyurethane (PU) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) (50/50 by weight) is chosen as the model. Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is chosen as the partitioning small molecule, which is added at 20% by weight of the polymers. It is shown that the free energy of mixing this MMA is minimum only when the MMA is partitioned nearly uniformly between the two phases. It is also shown that such mixing of a small molecule in a polymer system is controlled by the entropic rather than enthalpic contributions to the free energy changes. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Philosophical Critique of Process‐Product Research on Teaching

Our goal in this book is to develop an approach to teaching that is both empirically rigorous and intentional. As indicated in Chapter I, the dominant tradition of research on teaching has tried to achieve empirical rigor by avoiding the intentional components of teaching. In the present chapter, we will employ some principles of postpositivistic philosophy of science (Garrison 1986) to show how and why the various stratagems employed within the dominant research tradition to finesse the problem of intentionality have failed and why it is time to begin exploring new alternatives such as those suggested by the erotetic concept of teaching.
Cost analysis: Mohs micrographic surgery

Background With the continuing increase in the incidence of skin cancer, delivery of cost-efficient skin cancer treatment is a top priority. Objective To compare costs associated with removal of skin cancers using Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) with that using standard surgical excision (SSE) with frozen or permanent margin control in the office or an ambulatory surgery center (ASC). Methods and Materials Costs for actual MMS and calculated costs for all SSE were recorded. The expense of treatment of incomplete excisions with subsequent reexcision and reconstruction and MMS on recurrent tumors were added to the final estimate. Results Four hundred six tumors were included in the study. An average tumor was cleared in 1.6 stages. MMS was the least expensive surgical procedure evaluated, at $805 per tumor. SSE with permanent margins ($1,026) was more expensive than MMS but less expensive than SSE with frozen margins ($1,200) and ASC-SSE with frozen margins ($2,507). Adjusted for inflation, the cost of MMS, inclusive of initial examination, biopsy, and 5-year follow-up, in 2009 ($1,376) was lower than in 1998 ($1,635). Conclusions This study confirms MMS as the cornerstone of cost-effective treatment, regardless of place of service or type of margin control pathology.
Neutrophil migration across endothelium: transcellular or paracellular?

Comment on Yang et al, page [584][1] ICAM-1 controls neutrophil transendothelial migration (TEM) via both transcellular (nonjunctional) and paracellular (junctional) pathways. Extravasation of blood leukocytes is critical for immune surveillance and a first step in the development of inflammation
On Permuting Properties of Regular Rectangular SW-Banyans

This correspondence analyzes the permuting properties of a reconfigurable multicomputer architecture based on a regular rectangular SW-banyan interconnection network with arbitrary fan-out and an arbitrary number of stages. An analytical expression for the total number of distinct permutations performable by a rectangular SW-banyan (in one pass) is derived. It is shown how the combinatorial power of a rectangular SW-banyan increases with the growth of its fan-out. It is also shown that a two-pass (unidirectional) rectangular SW-banyan network can be made rearrangeable by a proper choice of the feedback connection.
The Effects of Crosslinking Chemistry on CO2 Plasticization of Polyimide Gas Separation Membranes

To suppress undesirable plasticization effects in CO2/CH4 separations, crosslinkable 6FDA-based copolyimides were synthesized by using 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid (DABA) as one of two diamine monomers. DABA contains a carboxylic acid group that can be used to crosslink the polymer chains with ethylene glycol and aluminum acetylacetonate. These chemistries were compared for effectiveness in suppressing CO2 plasticization on the basis of pure CO2 permeation and sorption data up to 800 psia. The time and pressure dependencies of permeation and sorption were analyzed to characterize the plasticization phenomenon and how it can be controlled by covalent crosslinking. Mixed-gas permeation data are reported up to a total feed pressure of 850 psia for the separation of 50:50 CO2/CH4 mixtures at 35 °C. Selectivity losses with increasing feed pressure are modeled to further understand the effects of plasticization, dual-mode sorption, gas-phase nonidealities, and bulk flow on membrane performance. Additionally, a short...
CARPEL MORPHOLOGY IN THE CRUCIFERAE

In the investigation of the floral anatomy of the Cruciferae and some allied families, with the object of determining the fuindamental floral structure of the groups, the writers have obtained evidence which compels them to reopen a subject of long controversy-the nature of the ovary of the Cruciferae. Further, light is also shed upon the recently proposed theory of carpel polymorphism as applied to this family. The structure of the crucifer gynoecium hlas long been a subject of discussion, especially in regard to the number and type of carpels, and the nature of the septum, or false partition. Students of this subject have held several theories as to the nature of the ovary. Of these the chief are, (i) that the pistil consists of two carpels; (2) that there are four carpels, either in one whorl or in two whorls of two each. That the number of carpels is six has also been maintained; and recently as many as IO-20 have been considered to compose the pistil in some genera. The two-carpel theory seems to be commonly held today. Accordiulg to this understanding there are two open carpels fused edge to edge forming the ovary. The fused margins of these carpels bear the placentae, and outgrowths of the placentae divide the really one-celled ovary. The septum is thus false. Those students holding that there are four carpels lhave generally believed that two of these are reduced or aborted. In such cases the ovules are said to be borne on placenital surfaces (of which there are four), placed between the normal and the reduced carpels; and opinions have varied as to the carpel to which the ovules belong, and hence which type of carpel is sterile and which is fertile. A prominent theory, put forth and emphasized by older writers, and recently renewed, and supported with new facts by Miss Saunders (26), is that the so-called valves of the ovary make up the sterile carpels, the fertile carpels being composed of the segments between the valves. The relationship of these two types of carpels can be understood by reference to text figure I. Many supporters of this theory, as well as of the two-carpel theory, have considered the septum, or false partition, to be a secondary placental outgrowth. A few have considered this dissepiment to represent carpellary tissue of the fertile carpels. If the septum is truly carpellary, then it must represent either the venitral part of the carpel itself or a much expanded margin of the carpel. If the dissepiment is false, that is, of placental
Bipolar Disorder — A Focus on Depression

This article describes the identification and management of depression due to bipolar disease. Data on the benefits and risks of the two therapies approved by the FDA, as well as those of nonapproved therapies, are reviewed.
Truth in Our Time

The debate over the legitimacy of qualitative and quantitative research approaches has been of interest to social workers over the last 25 years. The authors suggest that a parallel debate among qu...
Utilization of Solar Dynamics Observatory space weather digital image data for comparative analysis with applicationto Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey

Digital solar image data is available to users with access to standard, mass-market software. Many scientific projects utilize the Flexible Image Transport System (FITS) format, which requires specialized software typically used in astrophysical research. Data in the FITS format includes photometric and spatial calibration information, which may not be useful to researchers working with self-calibrated, comparative approaches. This project examines the advantages of using mass-market software with readily downloadable image data from the Solar Dynamics Observatory for comparative analysis over with the use of specialized software capable of reading data in the FITS format. Comparative analyses of brightness statistics that describe the solar disk in the study of magnetic energy using algorithms included in mass-market software have been shown to give results similar to analyses using FITS data. The entanglement of magnetic energy associated with solar eruptions, as well as the development of such eruptions, has been characterized successfully using mass-market software. The proposed algorithm would help to establish a publicly accessible, computing network that could assist in exploratory studies of all FITS data. The advances in computer, cell phone and tablet technology could incorporate such an approach readily for the enhancement of high school and first-year college space weather education on a global scale. Application to ground based data such as that contained in the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey is discussed.
Plug nozzles: The ultimate customer driven propulsion system

This paper presents the results of a study applying the plug cluster nozzle concept to the propulsion system for a typical lunar excursion vehicle. Primary attention for the design criteria is given to user defined factors such as reliability, low volume, and ease of propulsion system development. Total thrust and specific impulse are held constant in the study while other parameters are explored to minimize the design chamber pressure. A brief history of the plug nozzle concept is included to point out the advanced level of technology of the concept and the feasibility of exploiting the variables considered in this study. The plug cluster concept looks very promising as a candidate for consideration for the ultimate customer driven propulsion system.
Number, characteristics, and classification of patients with dermatomyositis seen by dermatology and rheumatology departments at a large tertiary medical center.

Background The current diagnostic criteria for dermatomyositis (DM) exclude patients without muscle involvement. As a result there is a paucity of research related to the complete spectrum of the disease. Objective The goal of this study was to evaluate differences in the clinical manifestations of DM seen by dermatology relative to rheumatology. We hypothesized that patients with minimal (hypomyopathic) or no (amyopathic) muscle disease would more likely be seen in dermatology, whereas those with more severe (classic) muscle disease would be seen in rheumatology. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of patients with DM seen by our dermatology and rheumatology departments to classify spectrum, presentation, and complications. Patients seen between July 1, 2003, and June 30, 2006, were identified by Current Procedural Terminology billing code 710.3. Patients with mixed connective tissue diseases or miscoded DM were excluded. Results In all, 131 (65%) patients seen in dermatology, 58 (29%) in rheumatology, and 13 (6%) in both departments were identified. In all, 83 (69%) patients seen in dermatology, 27 (23%) in rheumatology, and 10 (8%) in both departments met criteria for inclusion in the study. The number of patients seen in rheumatology given the classification of classic DM (CDM) (24 of 27 [89%]), hypomyopathic DM (2 of 27 [7%]), and amyopathic DM (ADM) (1 of 27 [4%]) differed significantly from dermatology, where CDM comprised 27 of 83 (33%), hypomyopathic DM comprised 23 of 83 (28%), and ADM comprised 33 of 83 (40%) of the population, respectively (P Limitations Patients reflect the population in only one institution and, thus, the results may not be generalizable to other settings or referral centers. Because this is a retrospective chart review, results are limited by missing data and nonstandardized physical examinations and laboratory data across patients and physicians. Conclusions There is a clear difference in DM presentation to dermatology and rheumatology by degree of myositis-complicated disease.
Internal Friction and Elastic Constants of Sintered Titanium

Using a Marx-oscillator standing-wave resonance method, we measuredthe internal friction Q -1 of sintered titanium containing up to 26 volume-percent voids (c). The surprising Q -1 versus-c curve shape, an exponential increase, lead us to remeasure Q -1 versus-c by acoustic-resonance spectroscopy, which gave similar results. We hypothesized that both void shape and void size change with c. For the void shape, we confirmed this hypothesis by measuring longitundinal and transverse sound velocities v l and v t and comparing them with Mori-Tanaka model predictions. As c increases from 0 to 0.26, effective void shape changes from near spherical to oblate spheroidal with an aspect ratio near 0.05. Optical microscopy confirmed the void-size change. We outline a model based on wavescattering theory that explains the observed Q -1 -c behavior. Increased particle size with increased c provides the dominant factor for the exponential Q -1 increase.
Treatment of ventricular arrhythmias in children without structural heart disease with class IC agents as guided by invasive electrophysiology.

Abstract Although the efficacy of class IC antiarrhythmic agents in the treatment of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias in adults has been clearly demonstrated, serious proarrhythmic effects have been reported. 1 These agents have also proven useful in the pediatric population, but there is growing concern that similar proarrhythmic potential exists. 2,3 Recognizing that these drugs, although very useful, may also be deadly, we have adopted a protocol at the Medical University of South Carolina that uses invasive ventricular stimulation after drug administration to help assess the risk/benefit ratio of these agents in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias. Since mid-1987, all 23 children with ventricular arrhythmias treated with IC agents have had invasive stimulation performed after drug administration to evaluate efficacy or proarrhythmia, or both. Ten of these children with structurally normal hearts, treated solely with IC agents, were tested in the electrophysiology laboratory both before and after drug administration; data from these 10 patients were used in this investigation (Table I). I . Class IC Therapy for Pediatric Ventricular Arrhythmias as Evaluated by Electrophysiologic Studies Pt. Age(yr) S EPS = electrophysiologic study; IC = class IC agent; NS = nonsustained; VT = ventricular tachycardia; + = present; 0 = absent.
Substance P-dopamine relationship in the rat substantia nigra: a light and electron microscopy study of double immunocytochemically labeled materials.

Abstract The synaptic relationships between substance P-containing terminals and dopaminergic neurons (immunoreactive for tyrosine hyodroxylase) in the substantia nigra were studied at both light and electron microscopic levels using a pre-embedding double-labeling immunocytochemical method. Many substance P-containing terminals were found to form synapses directly with dendrites and somata of nigral dopaminergic neurons. Since most of the substance P-containing axon terminals arise from the striatum, this result suggests that striatal substance P neurons can have monosynaptic influence on nigral dopaminergic neurons.
Functionalized glass substrate for microarray analysis

Abstract A series of glass treatments were investigated to develop a miniaturized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay microarray sensor with covalently immobilized antibody. Two glass compositions were photo-hydrolytically treated and functionalized with an amino- or mercapto-silane. Surface characterization was done using contact angle, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy data. Antibody binding efficiency was statistically compared between treatments and glass compositions. Photo-hydrolytic treatment increased surface roughness and hydrophobic behavior due to alkali leaching and molecular surface rearrangement. Antibody binding tests indicated amino functionalized surfaces coupled with photo-hydrolytic treatment adsorb more antibody than those with thiol functionalization and without photo-hydrolytic treatment.
Abnormally small head size and intellect in children

Measurements of 212 microcephalic children show them to be consistently retarded in height when compared by age and sex with 12,000 healthy children in the public schools. Abnormally small head sizes in microcephalic children have a significant correlation with intelligence quotients when degrees of microcephaly are plotted against degrees of mental retardation as measured in intelligence quotients.
Ulysses Observations of Magnetic Waves Due to Newborn Interstellar Pickup Ions. II. Application of Turbulence Concepts to Limiting Wave Energy and Observability

The low-frequency magnetic waves that arise from the isotropization of newborn interstellar pickup ions (PUIs) are reasonably well described by linear and quasi-linear kinetic theory in so far as those theories predict the wave frequency and polarization in the spacecraft frame. Those theories fail to describe the scarce observability of the waves. Quasilinear theory predicts that the wave power should accumulate over long periods of time as the relatively weak kinetic instability slowly adds power to the observed spectrum. At the same time it has been argued that the same wave energy must serve as a secondary source of thermal ion heating in the outer heliosphere once the initial turbulence is depleted. To the extent that turbulent transport of the wave energy acts against the spectrally confined accumulation of wave energy, turbulence should be a limiting factor in observability. We argue that turbulence does limit the observability of the waves and we use turbulence theory to predict the observed wave energy. We compare this prediction against a database of 502 wave observations attributed to newborn interstellar PUIs observed by the Ulysses spacecraft.
Training Effectiveness Versus Simulation Realism

Simulation is of continually increasing importance in training. Cost, energy, and safety are among the driving factors. The goal of simulator development is to provide increased training effectiveness. This is frequently considered to be almost synonymous with increased simulation realism. Actually, the relationship between simulation realism and training effectiveness is far from simple. Realism itself is not a simple scalar there are types of realism, and functions of realism must be considered in multidimension space. This applies to cost as well as to training effectiveness. Questions in this area may not be difficult to answer, once they are asked. There is a continual danger that important decisions will be made, and made incorrectly, due to failure to ask the pertinent questions. This paper considers results from simulation experiments and training activities over the years. In particular, surprising and nonintuitive results are examined. The major goal is to illuminate areas of pertinent questions, although in some cases tentative answers are presented.
Principles of competitive binding assays (saturation analyses). II. Sequential saturation.

The principles of sequential saturation as a form of competitive binding assays are discussed in detail and differentiated from those of equilibrium techniques. The rationale of its applicability in practice and its potential to increase sensitivity under certain assay conditions are demonstrated with three binding systems involving digoxin, insulin, and folates. The advantages and disadvantages of the sequential saturation technique are outlined.
Metastases to and from Bone

Bone, lymph nodes, lung, and liver represent the most common sites of tumor metastasis. Meanwhile, metastatic tumor within bone is the most common type of malignant tumor involving bone. Carcinomas are much more likely than sarcomas to metastasize to bone. Virtually all types of carcinomas can metastasize to bone. The most common origins include breast, lung, prostate, thyroid, and kidney. In fact, certain solid tumors have a particular propensity to seed within bone (e.g., prostate cancer), a theory known as the “seed and soil” hypothesis proposed by Stephen Paget more than a century ago. Radiographically, bone metastasis most commonly is osteolytic and, less frequently, osteoblastic or mixed. Most lesions are mixed microscopically as a result of an active remodeling process. The use of immunohistochemistry has allowed pathologists to better identify the origins of many of these metastases, although a small proportion of cases remain “cancer of unknown primary origin” despite extensive radiologic and pathologic workup. Advances in molecular genetics are expected to narrow this category even further. The most common metastasis from bone is from osteosarcoma, and the most common site to which it spreads is the lungs. High-grade chondrosarcomas also may have distant metastases, which also usually occur, as do most sarcomas, in the lungs.
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy in Childhood Depression

Cognitive behavioural approaches have been used in the treatment of adult depression for many years, with much evidence of effectiveness. The paper discusses issues in the applicability of these techniques in interventions with depressed children and adolescents. Different models of CBT are discussed and a typical programme described using a case example. Work with parents, carers and other significant adults is emphasised.