cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Higher order hierarchical plates and curved shell elements based on p-approximation in the thickness direction

This paper presents a curved shell finite element formulation for elastostatics where the element displacement field approximation in the shell thickness direction can be of any desired polynomial order p thereby permitting strain of at least p-1 order. This is accomplished by introducing additional degrees of freedom in the element displacement field approximation corresponding to the Lagrange interpolating polynomials in the direction of the element thickness. These elements have the important hierarchical property i.e. the element approximation functions, nodal degrees of freedom, stiffness matrix and equivalent nodal load vectors corresponding to an approximation order p are a subset of those corresponding to the approximation order (p+1). The formulation ensures C^o continuity across the interelement boundaries.
DETERMINANTS OF AMPHETAMINE-PRODUCED STEREOTYPED BEHAVIOR IN THE RAT

Two experiments were designed to determine the dose-response relationships between amphetamine injections and the incidence and form of stereotyped behavior. Also, male and female subjects from three different strains of rats (19 Hooded, 4 Tryon Maze Bright, 4 Tryon Maze Dull) were tested. The two experiments demonstrated that the incidence of stereotyped behavior was a monotonic increasing function of dose. Variations in the form of the response to dose are described. Both experiments provided evidence for the existence of constitutional effects. Locomotor activity, which was also measured, displayed dose-response curves which differed consistently from those for most types of stereotyped behavior.
N-acetyl-L-asparagine in human brain.

Abstract A substance identical with N-acetyl-L-asparagine was isolated in pure form from an aqueous extract of human brain. The substance was isolated by a combination of an ion exchange and paper chromatography. The substance reacts avidly with chlorine-starch-iodide but does not react with ninhydrin. Upon acid hydrolysis it yields only aspartic acid and ammonia. An acetyl hydrazide was identified by paper chromatography. The unknown had the L-configuration. The results of elementary analysis of the isolated compound were in full accord with the analysis calculated for authentic N-acetyl-L-asparagine.
Lumbar spine fusion performed with hypotensive thoracic epidural anesthesia

The technique of hypotensive epidural anesthesia for lumbar spine fusion is described. The major benefit is reduced blood loss. The other is early emergence from general anesthesia and the option for postoperative thoracic epidural analgesia. This technique requires skill at thoracic epidural anesthesia in patients with deformed spines, facility at performing hemodynamic monitoring, and a preparedness to closely monitor patients intraoperatively to optimize their physiology.
Green's relations for substochastic matrices

Abstract This paper investigates certain equivalence relations, known as Green's relations, for regular elements of the semigroup of substochastic matrices. First we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for a substochastic matrix to be idempotent. A canonical form for substochastic idempotent matrices is given, and necessary and sufficient conditions for Green's R , L , and H relations are obtained. We also obtain results for regular doubly substochastic matrices. Finally we use these results to describe the maximal subgroups of our semigroups.
Social statistics and an American urban underclass : improving the knowledge base for social policy in the 1990s

Abstract Social statistics have played a large role in describing the nature of the problem of an emerging urban underclass in the United States and in placing these issues on the public agenda and before the research community. Extant social statistics, however, are inadequate to the task of understanding the processes and mechanisms that create, maintain, or overcome the conditions and consequences of the urban underclass. Without theoretically informed social statistics of organizations and institutions and of geographic and contextual detail, social statistics will be unable to inform public policy in the 1990s.
Utility of laparoscopy in chronic abdominal pain

Abstract Background Patients with chronic abdominal pain can undergo numerous diagnostic tests with little change in their pain. This study was undertaken to assess the utility of performing diagnostic and therapeutic laparoscopy in patients with chronic abdominal pain for longer than 12 weeks. Methods All patients undergoing laparoscopy by the primary author were prospectively entered into a database for the 3-year period July 1, 1997 through June 30, 2000. The patients' demographic data, length of time with pain, number of diagnostic studies performed before surgery, intraoperative findings, interventions, pathology, and long-term follow-up were determined. Results A total of 70 patients (61 women and 9 men) with an average age of 42 years, underwent diagnostic laparoscopy only for the evaluation and treatment of chronic abdominal pain. The average length of time with pain was 74 weeks (range 12–260) and the average number of studies performed prior to surgical referral was 3.3. Fifty-three (76%) patients had their procedures performed as outpatients, with the remainder admitted for observation status. The average length of operative time was 70 minutes; no cases required conversion to an open procedure and no complications occurred. Findings included adhesions in 39, a hernia in 13, adhesions from the appendix to adjacent structures in 6, appendiceal pathology in 5, endometriosis in 3, and gallbladder pathology in 2. Ten patients had no obvious pathology. At the time of their initial postoperative visit, 90% reported their pain to be gone or improved. After an average follow-up of 129 weeks, 71.4% had long-term pain relief. All patients with recurrence of pain had it within the first 6 months. No patient experienced any long-term complications and all reported satisfaction with their procedure. Conclusions Laparoscopy has a significant diagnostic and therapeutic role in patients with chronic pain. Therapeutic laparoscopy studies have to follow-up with patients at least 6 months. With aggressive indicated therapeutic laparoscopy, including adhesiolysis, appendectomy, cholecystectomy, or hernia repairs, more than 70% of patients can have improvement in their pain.
Impairment of secretin release in celiac sprue.

Plasma secretin concentrations and pH in the second portion of duodenum were measured in the fasting state and during duodenal infusion of HCl in five patients with untreated celiac sprue, five celiac sprue patients after gluten-free diets, and five normal subjects. Mean fasting plasma secretin concentrations were insignificantly lower in untreated sprue patients (4.1±1.4 pg/ml) than in normal subjects (5.7±0.59 pg/ml). During 30-min intraduodenal infusions of 0.1 N HCl at 0.22 mEq H+/min, mean plasma secretin concentrations were significantly lower in untreated sprue patients (5.8±1.8 pg/ml) than in normal subjects (25.4±1.60 pg/ml,P<0.01). The increases in mean secretin concentrations over fasting were 2.1±0.82 pg/ml in untreated sprue patients compared to 19.7±1.47 pg/ml in normal subjects (P<0.01), a ninefold difference. The results indicate that endogenous release of secretin in response to duodenal acidification is impaired in patients with celiac sprue.
Preservation of the maxillary anterior teeth: report of case.

Extensive endodontic, orthodontic and restorative procedures used to treat 11-year-old boy.
A transgenic model of comorbid Tourette's syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder circuitry

The tic disorder Tourette’s Syndrome (TS) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are comorbid behavioral disorders, suggesting a shared but still unknown neuronal basis. To ‘circuit-test’ such behaviors, we previously engineered transgenic mice expressing a neuropotentiating protein (cholera toxin A1 subunit) within a cortical-limbic subset of dopamine D1-receptor expressing (D1+) neurons known to trigger glutamatergic excitation of orbitofrontal, sensorimotor, limbic and efferent striatal circuits thought to be hyperactive or affected in OCD and TS. These mice exhibited OCD-like behaviors including generalized behavioral perseveration and compulsion-like leaping and grooming-associated pulling and biting of skin and hair. We now report that these OCD-like mice, like humans, also exhibit comorbid TS-like behaviors, including juvenile-onset tics; increased tic number, complexity and flurries; increased tic severity in males; voluntary tic suppression; and tic responsiveness to a non-cataleptic TS+OCD drug therapy (clonidine, 0.01 mg kg −1 ). These data suggest that hormonal gender differences, apart from the influence of genetic or autoimmune etiologic factors, may be sufficient to aggravate tic severity in human TS males compared to TS females. These data also proffer a precise neuronal basis for TS+OCD, wherein tics and primary compulsions or obsessions are evoked by hyperactivity of various cortical-limbic projection neurons’ glutamatergic output to efferent targets like the striatum. The ‘Cortical-limbic Glutamatergic Neuron’ (CGN) neuronal circuit model merges formerly opposed neurotransmitter models of TS and OCD, and is consistent with new clinical reports of increased cortical hyperactivity, striatal glutamate and striatal inhibitory D2 receptors, and reduced striatal responsiveness, in these disorders. Molecular Psychiatry (2002) 7, 617–625. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001144
Unsaturated Soil Mechanics.

NING LU and WILLIAM J. LIKOS. John Wiley and Sons Inc, Hoboken, New Jersey. 2004. Hardcover, 556 pp. $130. ISBN 0-471-44731-5. Unsaturated soil mechanics is a relatively new discipline developed during the past 40 years from classical soil mechanics, which deals with stress, strength, and
Laser Microsurgery in Fission Yeast: Role of the Mitotic Spindle Midzone in Anaphase B

Abstract Introduction: During anaphase B in mitosis, polymerization and sliding of overlapping spindle microtubules (MTs) contribute to the outward movement the spindle pole bodies (SPBs). To probe the mechanism of spindle elongation, we combine fluorescence microscopy, photobleaching, and laser microsurgery in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe . Results: We demonstrate that a green laser cuts intracellular structures in yeast cells with high spatial specificity. By using laser microsurgery, we cut mitotic spindles labeled with GFP-tubulin at various stages of anaphase B. Although cutting generally caused early anaphase spindles to disassemble, midanaphase spindle fragments continued to elongate. In particular, when the spindle was cut near a SPB, the larger spindle fragment continued to elongate in the direction of the cut. Photobleach marks showed that sliding of overlapping midzone MTs was responsible for the elongation of the spindle fragment. Spindle midzone fragments not connected to either of the two spindle poles also elongated. Equatorial microtubule organizing center (eMTOC) activity was not affected in cells with one detached pole but was delayed or absent in cells with two detached poles. Conclusions: These studies reveal that the spindle midzone is necessary and sufficient for the stabilization of MT ends and for spindle elongation. By contrast, SPBs are not required for elongation, but they contribute to the attachment of the nuclear envelope and chromosomes to the spindle, and to cell cycle progression. Laser microsurgery provides a means by which to dissect the mechanics of the spindle in yeast.
#Music Students: College Music Students’ Twitter Use and Perceptions

The purpose of the study was to investigate music education and music therapy majors’ use of Twitter and their perceptions and knowledge related to policies and practices. Music majors (N = 238) from five universities in the Southeastern and Midwestern United States participated in a 16-question researcher-designed survey. Results indicated that Twitter was most often used for social purposes. Academic use of Twitter was reported less frequently. Music education majors were likely to have knowledge of Twitter-based incidences of unprofessional content. Similar Twitter usage was reported in terms of gender. Student/faculty classroom interactions involving Twitter were minimal. Implications and avenues for possible future research are discussed.
Evaluation of distillers' grains with solubles as a protein source in diets for channel catfish

Abstract A 12-week feeding trial was conducted in aquaria with juvenile (10 g) channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) to evaluate the use of distillers' grains with solubles (DGS) as a partial replacement for soybean meal in a prepared diet. In three diets, DGS were added at 0, 35, and 70% of the diet. A fourth diet also contained 70% DGS, but was supplemented with 0.4% crystalline L-lysine (70% DGS+LYS). All diets were isonitrogenous (36% crude protein) and isocaloric (2.7 kcal/g of diet). Fish fed the 35% DGS and 70% DGS+LYS diets were significantly larger (total length), had greater weight gains, and higher specific growth rate (SGR) than fish fed a diet with 70% DGS without supplemental lysine ( P P > 0.05) were found in weight gain, food conversion ratio (FCR), and SGR in fish fed the 35% DGS, 70% DGS+LYS, or the control (0% DGS) diets. These data suggest that growth in channel catfish juveniles fed a diet with 35% DGS is equivalent to that in fish fed a commercially formulated diet with a high proportion of soybean meal. A diet containing 70% DGS appeared to be lysine-deficient for juvenile channel catfish since the addition of crystalline lysine to the diet significantly improved growth rate.
Phosphorimetry and its potential for the study of surface heterogeneity of chromatographic silica-based stationary phases.

Abstract Phosphorimetry was applied to the study of silica-based chromatographic phase surface heterogeneity by determining the phosphorescence response of a phenanthrene probe as a function of loading on underivatized silica and reversed and ion-exchange phases. The phosphorescence response was used to “titrate” and estimate the number of strong adsorption sites on underivatized silica. By incorporating covalent vs. ionic heavy atom/ion enhancers onto derivatized silicas, it was demonstrated that the probe molecules adsorb at residual silanols at lower loadings but associate with alkyl chains at higher loadings. Suggestions for further phosphorimetric studies are given.
RalA signaling pathway as a therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

Ral (Ras like) leads an important proto-oncogenic signaling pathway down-stream of Ras. In this work, RalA was found to be significantly overactivated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and tissues as compared to non-malignant samples. Other elements of RalA pathway such as RalBP1 and RalGDS were also expressed at higher levels in malignant samples. Inhibition of RalA by gene-specific silencing caused a robust decrease in the viability and invasiveness of HCC cells. Additionally, the use of geranyl-geranyl transferase inhibitor (GGTI, an inhibitor of Ral activation) and Aurora kinase inhibitor II resulted in a significant decrease in the proliferation of HCC cells. Furthermore, RalA activation was found to be at a higher level of activation in HCC stem cells that express CD133. Transgenic mouse model for HCC (FXR-Knockout) also revealed an elevated level of RalA-GTP in the liver tumors as compared to background animals. Finally, subcutaneous mouse model for HCC confirmed effectiveness of inhibition of aurora kinase/RalA pathway in reducing the tumorigenesis of HCC cells in vivo. In conclusion, RalA overactivation is an important determinant of malignant phenotype in differentiated and stem cells of HCC and can be considered as a target for therapeutic intervention.
On directCPviolation in Kπ’s versus π’s decays

Abstract We discuss a class of decay modes for charged as well as neutral B mesons where directCPviolation could produce asymmetries of the order of a few percent. Even an asymmetry as large as 10% is conceivable though admittedly optimistic. Two essential ingredients for such an asymmetry are the presence of theV(ub) coupling and the intervention of nontrivial final state interactions; these two elements are also at the origin of large numerical uncertainties in the predictions. The third essential ingredient is the observation that D0 and D ¯ 0 mesons cannot be distinguished as a matter of principle if they decay into Ks + pions. Such asymmetries can be searched for equally well on and off the Υ (4S) resonance.
The dynamic genetic repertoire of microbial communities.

Community genomic data have revealed multiple levels of variation between and within microbial consortia. This variation includes large-scale differences in gene content between ecosystems as well as within-population sequence heterogeneity. In the present review, we focus specifically on how fine-scale variation within microbial and viral populations is apparent from community genomic data. A major unresolved question is how much of the observed variation is due to neutral vs. adaptive processes. Limited experimental data hint that some of this fine-scale variation may be in part functionally relevant, whereas sequence-based and modeling analyses suggest that much of it may be neutral. While methods for interpreting population genomic data are still in their infancy, we discuss current interpretations of existing datasets in the light of evolutionary processes and models. Finally, we highlight the importance of virus–host dynamics in generating and shaping within-population diversity.
Early Uses of Hypnosis as Surgical Anesthesia

Abstract Among the numerous applications of hypnosis over the centuries have been its uses as surgical anesthesia and analgesia. Although there are unverified reports of earlier surgery with hypnosis in France, the first documented case took place on April 12, 1829, when a mastectomy was performed by Jules Cloquet in Paris. Hypnotic anesthesia was initially applied in the United States on June 30, 1836, in a case of dental surgery performed by a Dr. Harwood in Boston. Two years later, hypnoanesthesia began to be used in England in 1838 when a seton was inserted into a patient's neck, probably by John Elliotson. The modality proved to be useful in numerous instances during a period of medical history when surgery was a distinct risk and frequently a death sentence for the patient.
OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS AND OTHER CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF HIV DISEASE IN CHILDREN

As the decade draws to a close, physicians can be cautiously optimistic about the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in children with HIV disease. As more children receive therapy with powerful antiretroviral regimens, fewer are likely to be at risk for opportunistic pathogens. The widespread use of protease inhibitor combination therapies has already resulted in a dramatic decrease in morbidity and mortality in the population of HIV-infected adults. The same effect has been seen at pediatric care centers throughout the United States. Clinicians caring for HIV-infected children are now considering the safety of discontinuing prophylactic therapies for children with sustained immunologic improvement on antiretroviral therapy. For children who remain at risk, prophylactic regimens for PCP and MAC have been shown to decrease the risk for these infections. Preventive regimens for several other opportunistic infections are also available. The understanding of the pathogenesis of HIV and many of the opportunistic pathogens has led to the development of a variety of efficacious therapies for these infections. Despite these advances, physicians can anticipate that HIV-infected children will continue to develop opportunistic infections and other related complications. Some children fail to respond to antiretroviral therapies, whereas others are unable to tolerate the complex medication regimens. Prophylactic therapies are not 100% protective and, despite improved treatments, few opportunistic infections are cured. Most require lifelong maintenance therapy in the absence of immune reconstitution. Drug interactions, complex dosing schedules, adverse side effects, and high costs further limit the efficacy of these therapies. The prophylaxis, diagnosis, and treatment of opportunistic infections are likely to remain integral components of HIV care for the near and distant future.
Amalthea: Voyager imaging results

Voyager images of Amalthea are presented, which reveal an irregular satellite in synchronous rotation relative to Jupiter with dimensions of 270 x 165 x 150 km. The surface appears scarred by large craters and sharp ridges to indicate a history of cosmic battering. Amalthea'a normal surface reflectance is 5-6% with a very red color and a mean opposition angle magnitude of +14. The phase coefficient between phase angles of 0.8 and 42 deg of 0.042 + or - 0.004 mag/deg indicates that the phase integral does not exceed 0.3 and the Bond Albedo is less than 0.02. Several prominent bright spots of 10-50 km across occur on local slopes and ridges, have albedos several times higher than the background, and have a greenish color where the spectrum bends down beyond 0.56 microns.
A Genetic Analysis of the Virginia Opossum Mating System: Evidence of Multiple Paternity in a Highly Fragmented Landscape

Using molecular techniques, we examined patterns of paternity in Virginia opossums occupying a highly fragmented agricultural landscape in northern Indiana. During 2008, we collected tissue from 64 females and their pouch young in 34 forest patches distributed over a 1100-km 2 region. Using genotypes from 10 microsatellite loci, we determined the minimum number of fathers contributing to each litter using GERUD 1.0. Genotyped offspring with known mothers were then analyzed using CERVUS 3.0, incorporating genotypes from 317 males sampled from 2007–2008 to identify potential fathers. Our analyses revealed that promiscuity was common among females, with 26 (41%) litters having 2 sires. Despite the fact that we intensively sampled forest patches for potential fathers, we only were able to identify 13 fathers contributing to 14 litters, with an average Euclidean distance of 18.7 km between father–offspring pairs found in disparate patches (N 5 6). Our inability to identify most (85%) fathers of sampled litters, coupled with the extensive distances observed between putative father–offspring pairs, suggests that opossums may not maintain explicit home ranges in highly fragmented landscapes.
Role of Gastric Acid in Food Iron Absorption

Radioiron absorption tests in human volunteers demonstrated a modest but significant 28% reduction in the absorption of dietary nonheme iron from a meal that was preceded by the administration of 300 mg cimetidine. More pronounced decreases of 42% and 65% were observed with 600 and 900 mg cimetidine, respectively. Antacid caused a 52% decrease in iron absorption whereas pentagastrin had no significant effect. Since 300 mg cimetidine reduces gastric acid secretion by 60%-80% but iron absorption by only 28%, it appears that under normal conditions more gastric acid is secreted than is required for optimal iron absorption; absorption falls only when acid secretion is markedly reduced. Cimetidine in the doses currently recommended would not be expected to have a major effect on iron nutrition, although the combination of high doses of cimetidine with antacids would impair nonheme iron absorption significantly.
Genetic constraints at the metamorphic boundary: Morphological development in the wood frog, Rana sylvatica

Organisms with complex life-cycles often experience very different environments in different phases of their life. Genes expressed in more than one phase could potentially create a conflict or constraint on evolutionary change if the pattern of selection on those genes were different in the different phases. The potential importance of this type of constraint across metamorphosis in frogs was assessed by measuring the genetic correlation between several morphological traits in both larval and juvenile Ran~l sylcatica. Genetic correlations within a stage tended to be moderately high and significant whereas correlations across stages were low and not significant. Errors on the genetic parameters make it impossible to prove that there are no genetic constraints across metamorphosis in this population of frogs, but the results are consistent with the hypothesis that gene expression and developmental regulation are partitioned separately before and after metamorphosis.
Feedback loop analysis for AC/DC rectifiers operating in discontinuous conduction mode

High power factor rectifiers employing converters operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) exhibit "automatic" current shaping and use output voltage feedback to regulate the output voltage. Analysis of this feedback control loop requires derivation of the control-to-output transfer function in the presence of the rectified AC source voltage. In this paper, linear, line frequency averaged control-to-output transfer functions are derived for some common DCM power converter based rectifier topologies. Also, a new control scheme is analyzed which provides open loop correction for the nonideal input current of the DCM boost power converter, giving it unity power factor. Finally, a simple method of providing "fast" output voltage regulation under transient conditions is introduced.
Funk2: A Distributed Processing Language for Reflective Tracing of a Large Critic-Selector Cognitive Architecture

We see the field of metareasoning to be the answer to many large organizational problems encountered when putting together an understandable cognitive architecture, capable of commonsense reasoning. In this paper we review the EM1 implementation of the Emotion Machine critic-selector architecture, as well as explain the current progress we have made in redesigning this first version implementation. For this purpose of redesign and large-scale implementation, we have written a novel programming language, Funk2, that focuses on efficient metareasoning and procedural reflection, the keystones of the critic-selector architecture. We present an argument for why the Funk2 programming language lends itself to easing the burden on programmers that prefer to not be restricted to strictly declarative programming paradigms by allowing the learning of critic and selector activation strengths by credit assignment through arbitrary procedural code.
A Case History: Effects of Mixing Regime on Nutrient Dynamics and Community Structure in Third Sister Lake, Michigan During Late Winter and Early Spring 2003

) were an order of magnitude greater than rain event loads (0.13 mg m-2 P-SRP, 0.17 mg m-2 N-NH 4 +, and 1.05 mg m-2 N-NO 3 -) during the transition time from ice cover to open water. Reduced spring mixing did not have a large impact on N:P molar ratios, because external N:P ratios were low (7.5) compensating for reduced supply of P from the bottom waters. Bacterial production was greater in the hypolimnion than in the epilimnion, and mesocosm experiments showed that bacteria were P limited in the epilimnion but not in the hypolimnion. Total algal and zooplankton densities increased after ice-out, while Daphnia and Bosmina densities decreased. Increases in zooplankton grazing rates after ice-off were most dramatic in small-bodied zooplankton. Sediment core analysis showed that Asterionella relative abundance continues to increase, suggesting that the lake has become more brackish and oligotrophic. Our findings suggest that TSL has undergone a transition from dimictic to meromictic conditions, and that continued salt inputs have altered the structure and function of this ecosystem.
In vivo evidence for transdifferentiation of peripheral neurons

It is commonly thought that differentiated neurons do not give rise to new cells, severely limiting the potential for regeneration and repair of the mature nervous system. However, we have identified cells in zebrafish larvae that first differentiate into dorsal root ganglia sensory neurons but later acquire a sympathetic neuron phenotype. These transdifferentiating neurons are present in wild-type zebrafish. However, they are increased in number in larvae that have a mutant voltage-gated sodium channel gene, scn8aa. Sodium channel knock-down promotes migration of differentiated sensory neurons away from the ganglia. Once in a new environment, sensory neurons transdifferentiate regardless of sodium channel expression. These findings reveal an unsuspected plasticity in differentiated neurons that points to new strategies for treatment of nervous system disease.
Continuous Perception and Graded Categorization Electrophysiological Evidence for a Linear Relationship Between the Acoustic Signal and Perceptual Encoding of Speech

Speech sounds are highly variable, yet listeners readily extract information from them and transform continuous acoustic signals into meaningful categories during language comprehension. A central question is whether perceptual encoding captures acoustic detail in a one-to-one fashion or whether it is affected by phonological categories. We addressed this question in an event-related potential (ERP) experiment in which listeners categorized spoken words that varied along a continuous acoustic dimension (voice-onset time, or VOT) in an auditory oddball task. We found that VOT effects were present through a late stage of perceptual processing (N1 component, ~100 ms poststimulus) and were independent of categorization. In addition, effects of within-category differences in VOT were present at a postperceptual categorization stage (P3 component, ~450 ms poststimulus). Thus, at perceptual levels, acoustic information is encoded continuously, independently of phonological information. Further, at phonological levels, fine-grained acoustic differences are preserved along with category information.
Impacts of land use conversion on bankfull discharge and mass wasting.

Mass wasting and channel incision are widespread in the Nemadji River watershed of eastern Minnesota and northwestern Wisconsin. While much of this is a natural response to glacial rebound, sediment coring and tree ring data suggest that land use has also influenced these erosional processes. We characterized land use, inventoried mass wasting, surveyed stream channels and collected discharge data along segments of five streams in the Nemadji River watershed. Due to natural relief in this region, wetlands and agricultural lands are concentrated in the flatter terrain of the uplands of the Nemadji watershed, while forestland (coniferous or deciduous) is concentrated in the deeply incised (50‐200% slope) stream valleys. Bankfull discharge was higher where forests had been converted from coniferous to deciduous forests and where there were fewer wetlands. Mass wasting increased exponentially with bankfull flows. While mass wasting was not correlated with forest type conversion and agricultural land use, it was negatively dependent upon wetland extent in headwater areas. Interactions between the spatial distribution of land use and terrain obfuscate any clear cause-and-effect relationships between land use, hydrology and fluvial
Blowout! Sal Castro & the Chicano Struggle for Educational Justice

In Blowout!, Mario Garcia focuses on East Los Angeles educator Sal Castro as a great of Chicano history, since Castro played a central role in the 1968 East L.A. walkouts. With Castro as his co-aut...
Passing, Cultural Performance, and Individual Agency: Performative Reflections on Black Masculine Identity:

This performative article uses the trope of “passing” as reference to crossing racial identity borders as well as to intra/interracial issues of identity and authenticity. Passing is constructed as a performative accomplishment and assessment by both the group claimed and the group denied. This article is structured around three divisions—passing as cultural performance, the social construction of identity, and the quest for self-definition of socially mediated expectations. All issues are centered within the specific concerns of Black masculine identity. In the process, the essay also seeks to establish the notion of an integrative ethnography of performance that envelops the critique of a performance as a part of the overall textual presentation of experience.
Cellular Copper Transport and Metabolism

The transport and cellular metabolism of Cu depends on a series of membrane proteins and smaller soluble peptides that comprise a functionally integrated system for maintaining cellular Cu homeostasis. Inward transport across the plasma membrane appears to be a function of integral membrane proteins that form the channels that select Cu ions for passage. Two membrane-bound Cu-transporting ATPase enzymes, ATP7A and ATP7B, the products of the Menkes and Wilson disease genes, respectively, catalyze an ATP-dependent transfer of Cu to intracellular compartments or expel Cu from the cell. ATP7A and ATP7B work in concert with a series of smaller peptides, the copper chaperones, that exchange Cu at the ATPase sites or incorporate the Cu directly into the structure of Cu-dependent enzymes such as cytochrome c oxidase and Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase. These mechanisms come into play in response to a high influx of Cu or during the course of normal Cu metabolism.
CO-free hydrogen production via dehydrogenation of a Jet A hydrocarbon mixture

The dehydrogenation of a Jet A hydrocarbon mixture was investigated for the production of hydrogen for fuel cell applications. This process differs from steam/partial oxidation reforming of hydrocarbons in that the hydrogen produced is free of CO, and therefore can be used in low temperature fuel cells without further purification. Because of their relative importance with respect to the spectrum of hydrocarbons in the
MYBL2, A LINK BETWEEN PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION IN MATURING COLON EPITHELIAL CELLS

Multiple signals, controlling both proliferation and differentiation, must be integrated in the reprogramming of intestinal epithelial cells during maturation along the crypt-luminal axis. The v-myb family member Mybl2, a molecule implicated in the development and maintenance of the stem cell phenotype, has been suggested to play an important role in proliferation and differentiation of several cell types and is a gene we have found is commonly regulated in several systems of colon cell maturation both in vitro and in vivo. Here we show that siRNA silencing of Mybl2 in proliferating Caco-2 cells increases expression of the cell-cycle regulators cdk2, cyclin D2, and c-myc and decreases expression of cdc25B and cyclin B2 with a consequent 10% increase of cells in G2/M and a complementary 10% decrease in G1. Mybl2 occupies sequences upstream of transcriptional start sites of cyclin D2, c-myc, cyclin B2, and cdc25B and regulates reporter activity driven by upstream regions of cdk2, cyclin D2, and c-myc. These data suggest that Mybl2 plays a subtle but key role in linking specific aspects of cell-cycle progression with generation of signals for differentiation and may therefore be fundamental in commitment of intestinal epithelial cells to differentiation pathways during their maturation.
Infectious insanities, surgical solutions: Bayard Taylor Holmes, dementia praecox and laboratory science in early 20th-century America. Part 1:

After his 17-year-old son suddenly developed a chronic psychotic illness in 1905, Bayard Taylor Holmes (1852–1924), a Chicago physician and surgeon with no psychiatric training, conducted both library and laboratory research on dementia praecox, as described in Part 1 of this two-part study. By late 1915 he believed he had found support for a focal infection theory of its aetiology – an ergot-like toxaemia caused by faecal stasis in the caecum. Holmes was also the editor of what is believed to be the first medical journal named after a psychiatric disorder: Dementia Praecox Studies. Part 2 will describe Holmes’ adoption of a rational therapy (using it first on his son, who died), and his founding of a Psychiatric Research Laboratory.
Pro: Robotic surgery is the preferred technique for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.

OBOTICALLY ASSISTED totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass (TECAB) surgery represents the most advanced procedural development in the field of minimally invasive coronary artery surgery. TECAB surgery is an innovative surgical procedure that utilizes robotic technology to perform the entire coronary revascularization endoscopically in the closed chest. Robotic coronary artery surgery encompasses utilization of robotic assistance in varying degrees from robotically-assisted minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB) procedures to TECAB. MIDCAB procedures involve harvesting of the internal mammary artery (IMA) robotically with the coronary anastomoses being performed through a small minithoracotomy under direct visualization. In TECAB procedures, IMA harvesting as well as the coronary anastomoses are performed in a closed chest with robotic assistance through small ports, making this procedure truly minimally invasive.
Maestro: orchestrating lifetime reliability in chip multiprocessors

As CMOS feature sizes venture deep into the nanometer regime, wearout mechanisms including negative-bias temperature instability and time-dependent dielectric breakdown can severely reduce processor operating lifetimes and performance. This paper presents an introspective reliability management system, Maestro, to tackle reliability challenges in future chip multiprocessors (CMPs) head-on. Unlike traditional approaches, Maestro relies on low-level sensors to monitor the CMP as it ages (introspection). Leveraging this real-time assessment of CMP health, runtime heuristics identify wearout-centric job assignments (management). By exploiting the complementary effects of the natural heterogeneity (due to process variation and wearout) that exists in CMPs and the diversity found in system workloads, Maestro composes job schedules that intelligently control the aging process. Monte Carlo experiments show that Maestro significantly enhances lifetime reliability through intelligent wear-leveling, increasing the expected service life of a population of 16-core CMPs by as much as 38% compared to a naive, round-robin scheduler. Furthermore, in the presence of process variation, Maestro's wearout-centric scheduling outperformed both performance counter and temperature sensor based schedulers, achieving an order of magnitude more improvement in lifetime throughput – the amount of useful work done by a system prior to failure.
The anti-asthma herbal medicine ASHMI acutely inhibits airway smooth muscle contraction via prostaglandin E2 activation of EP2/EP4 receptors.

Our previous studies have shown that the anti-asthma traditional Chinese medicine herbal formula ASHMI (anti-asthma simplified herbal medicine intervention) inhibits acetylcholine-induced contracti...
An Examination of Growing Trends in Land Tenure and Conservation Practice Adoption: Results from a Farmer Survey in Iowa

Tenants and part-owners are farming an increasing number of acres in the United States, while full-owners are farming fewer acres. This shift in ownership is a potential cause for concern because some previous research indicated that tenant and part-owner farmers were less likely to adopt conservation practices than farmers who owned the land they farmed. If that trend persists, ownership changes would signal a national drop in conservation adoption. Here we examine this issue using a survey of agricultural operators in the Clear Creek watershed in Iowa, a state with intensive agricultural production. We compare adoption of conservation practices, and preferences for conservation information sources and communication channels, between farmers who rent some portion of the land they farm (tenants and part-owners) and farmers who own all of the land they farm (full-owners). We find that renters are more likely to practice conservation tillage than full-owners, though they are less likely to rotate crops. In addition, renters report using federal government employees (specifically, Natural Resource Conservation Service and Farm Service Agency) as their primary sources of conservation information, while full-owners most frequently rely on neighbors, friends, and County Extension. These findings are significant for conservation policy because, unlike some past research, they indicate that renters are not resistant to all types of conservation practices, echoing recent studies finding an increase in conservation adoption among non-full-owners. Our results emphasize the importance of government conservation communication and can inform outreach efforts by helping tailor effective, targeted conservation strategies for owners and renters.
Self-Terminated Electrodeposition of Ni, Co, and Fe Ultrathin Films

Self-terminated Fe-group metal (Ni, Co, Fe) electrodeposition occurs at potentials negative of the onset of water reduction where OH– generation leads to the formation of a blocking hydroxide monolayer. Quenching of metal deposition is accompanied by an increase in dissipative energy loss in microbalance experiments attributed to increased hydrogen bonding to the adjacent double layer. Pulse deposition at −1.5 VSSCE in 5 mmol/L (NiCl2, CoCl2, FeSO4) – 0.1 mol/L NaCl pH 3.0 electrolytes yields fully coalesced ultrathin films of Ni, Co, Fe, or alloys thereof, on Au. The film thickness is controlled by the nucleation, growth, and termination dynamics constrained by the electrochemical cell time constant. Precipitation of bulk Ni(OH)2 and related phases is minimized by using short deposition times and dilute metal cation concentrations to limit supersaturation. The rapid deposition of smooth, compact ultrathin Fe, Co, and Ni films should facilitate mechanistic and durability studies of Fe-group metal catalysi...
Reproductive Activity of Individual Females in Three Experimental Freely Growing Populations of House Mice (Mus Musculus)

Three populations of house mice (Mus musculus) were established by placing two sibling females with one sibling male into each of three cages. the proportion of the total number of females that successfully reproduced was limited and decreased as the density of the populations increased. Although only 35.9 per cent of the surviving females produced litters, 74.7 per cent of the surviving females showed evidence of having been pregnant prior to sacrifice. As density increased the intervals between litters born to individual females increased. Factors implicated in affecting reproduction of individuals in this experiment were rank of the females in the social hierarchy, fetal resorption, inhibition of estrus, and sudden increases in infant mortality.
Phoxim as an Insect Protectant for Stored Grains

Phoxim was tested on hard winter wheat, shelled corn, and sorghum grain as a protectant against adult rice weevils, Sitophilus oryzae (L.); red flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst); confused flour beetles, T. confusum Jacquelin duVal; and lesser grain borers, Rhyzopertha Dominica (F.). Evaluations of results were made at intervals by determination of mortalities after aging of the deposits, by counting the number of progeny developing after toxicity test exposures, and by an assessment of progeny damage to the treated grain. Phoxim applied at a rate of 5 ppm was superior to the standard dosage of 10 ppm malathion in all tests. Protection against rice weevil damage was excellent throughout the 12-month storage. A lessening of toxicity effectiveness against the flour beetles and lesser grain borers was noted after 9 months storage, and little progeny damage was inflicted. Definite levels of phoxim residue were evident with the 3 dosages applied. Variations were found, but the recoveries seem representative for 3 scalar rates of application.
Music Educator Vacancies in Faith-Based K–12 Schools in the United States 2013–2014

The purpose of this study was to analyze and summarize characteristics of music educator vacancies in faith-based K–12 schools in the United States for the 2013–2014 academic year. Data extracted from placement notices and supplemental sources included demographic information, job responsibilities, and employment requirements for 153 listings in 41 states and the District of Columbia. The majority of openings sought music teachers capable of articulating a personal faith and working with multiple grade levels (elementary, middle school, high school) and content areas (general, choral, instrumental). Additional findings related to full-time equivalent status, nonmusic duties, and required/preferred applicant certification, experience, and faith/denominational membership. This research will help specify requirements and expectations for music teachers in faith-based schools to (a) identify qualified candidates, (b) aid potential applicants in the job search process, and (c) inform music teacher educators ho...
Analysis of the Effect of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on the Culturable Bacterial Community of Peanut

The requirement for photosynthesis in plants dictates the exposure of aerial chlorophyll-containing structures to natural sunlight. Thus, an important component of the physical environment of the phyllosphere is the daily influx of solar radiation, which includes visible light, ultraviolet radiation (UVR), and infrared radiation. The ultraviolet wavelengths reaching the earth’s surface are classified as UV-A (320 to 400 nm) and UV-B (290 to 320 nm). UV-A wavelengths typically cause only indirect damage to DNA while UV-B wavelengths are particularly damaging to living organisms because photons of these wavelengths are of sufficiently high energy to cause direct DNA damage through the formation of DNA photoproducts, of which the cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) and the pyrimidine(6–4)pyrimidinone are the most common.
A Theoretical Framework for Ethical Reflection in Big Data Research

The emergence of massive datasets collected using automated or large scale data harvesting methodologies ushered in by digital tools creates new challenges for researchers with respect to the ethical use and securing of private information. Such concerns are heightened by the fact that big data is likely to be reused, reanalyzed, recombined, and repurposed without explicit consent from the original data providers. The present chapter offers a methodology for assessing the ethical nature of a given big data use situation. The approach is contextual and relational. Researchers are invited to use a privacy matrix that intersects five ethical concerns (non-maleficence, beneficence, justice, autonomy, and trust) with four possible contexts of use (social, science, government, and science). The matrix can be used to determine the significance of the ethical problem for a given situation by tallying the number and assessing the nature of concerns present in using the data in a given context. Furthermore, the heuristic procedure can be enhanced with a modified type of trade-off analysis which starts from a minimum ethical threshold below which trade-offs should not be performed. The matrix and the heuristic method offer a pragmatic, yet ethically grounded approach to dealing with the complex nature of privacy in the context of big data research.
Otolaryngology Concerns for Illicit and Prescription Drug Use

Concern for illicit and restricted drug use in otolaryngology is similar to other surgical specialties with a few notable exceptions. Many illicit drugs are consumed transnasally. Repeated nasal exposure to stimulants or narcotics can cause local tissue destruction that can present as chronic rhinosinusitis or nasoseptal perforation. Further, the Food and Drug Administration has taken a stance against codeine for pediatric patients undergoing adenotonsillectomy. They have identified an increased risk of death postoperatively with these medications. Because codeine has been the most commonly prescribed narcotic, this has shifted the standard practice.