cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
White Matter Abnormalities Associated With Prolonged Recovery in Adolescents Following Concussion.

Background: Concussion symptoms in adolescents typically resolve within 4 weeks. However, 20 - 30% of adolescents experience a prolonged recovery. Abnormalities in tracts implicated in visuospatial attention and emotional regulation (i.e., inferior longitudinal fasciculus, ILF; inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, IFOF; uncinate fasciculus; UF) have been consistently reported in concussion; yet, to date, there are no objective markers of prolonged recovery in adolescents. Here, we evaluated the utility of diffusion MRI in outcome prediction. Forty-two adolescents (12.1 - 17.9 years; female: 44.0%) underwent a diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging (dMRI) protocol within the first 10 days of concussion. Based on days of injury until medical clearance, adolescents were then categorized into SHORT ( 28 days; N = 21) recovery time. Fractional anisotropy (FA) in the ILF, IFOF, UF, and/or concussion symptoms were used as predictors of recovery time (SHORT, LONG). Forty-two age- and sex-matched healthy controls served as reference. Higher FA in the ILF (left: adjusted odds ratio; AOR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.15 - 0.91, P = 0.030; right: AOR = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.10 - 0.83, P = 0.021), IFOF (left: AOR = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.07 - 0.66, P = 0.008; right: AOR = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.11 - 0.83, P = 0.020), and UF (left: AOR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.09 - 0.74, P = 0.011; right: AOR = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.10 - 0.73, P = 0.010) was associated with SHORT recovery. In additional analyses, while adolescents with SHORT recovery did not differ from HC, those with LONG recovery showed lower FA in the ILF and IFOF (P < 0.014). Notably, inclusion of dMRI findings increased the sensitivity and specificity (AUC = 0.93) of a prediction model including clinical variables only (AUC = 0.75). Our findings indicate that higher FA in long associative tracts (especially ILF) might inform a more objective and accurate prognosis for recovery time in adolescents following concussion.
Post-injury born oligodendrocytes integrate into the glial scar and inhibit growth of regenerating axons by premature myelination

ABSTRACT The failure of mature central nervous system (CNS) projection neurons to regenerate axons over long distances drastically limits the recovery of functions lost after various CNS injuries and diseases. A major barrier in axon regeneration research is that, in most neurons, the axonal regenerative response to experimental treatments stalls before the axons reach their post-synaptic targets. Here, we tested the hypothesis that premature de novo myelination of the injured axons that are experimentally stimulated to regenerate stalls their growth, even after the glial scar is bypassed. To test this hypothesis, we used single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) and immunohistological analysis to investigate whether post-injury born oligodendrocytes integrate into the glial scar. We also used a multiple sclerosis model of demyelination concurrently with the stimulation of axon regeneration by Pten knockdown (KD) in projection neurons after traumatic optic nerve injury. We found that post-injury born oligodendrocytes integrate into the glial scar, where they are susceptible to the demyelination treatment, which prevented premature myelination, and thereby enhanced Pten KD-stimulated axon regeneration. We also present a website for comparing the gene expression of scRNA-seq-profiled optic nerve oligodendrocytes under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Myelin debris from degenerating axons along with reactive astrocytes in the glial scar inhibit CNS axon regeneration. However, even with the recently developed experimental approaches which activate axons to regenerate passed the glial scar, almost all axons still stall growth before reaching their post-synaptic targets. Here, we show that post-injury born oligodendrocytes integrate into the glial scar, and that other than myelin debris, live oligodendrocytes prematurely myelinating the regenerating axons inhibit growth, even if the axons have already regenerated passed the glial scar.
Likelihood ratio tests and intersection-union tests

The likelihood ratio test (LRT) method is a commonly used method of hypothesis test construction. The intersection-union test (IUT) method is a less commonly used method. We will explore some relationships between these two methods. We show that, under some conditions, both methods yield the same test. But, we also describe conditions under which the size-α IUT is uniformly more powerful than the size-α LRT. We illustrate these relationships by considering the problem of testing H0: min{|μ 1|, |μ 2|} = 0 versus Hα: min{|μ 1|,|μ 2|} > 0, where μ 1 and μ 2are means of two normal populations.
Chapter 19 Estrogen in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Lessons from the SELENA Study

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the estrogen in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). SLE is a multisystem autoimmune disease with a strong female predominance. The incidence of SLE in women is 10 times higher than in men. Disease onset is more common after menarche and before menopause, implicating estrogens in the pathogenesis of SLE. The effects of estrogen on the immune system are variable and may differ in B-cell and T-cell-mediated autoimmune responses. In another mouse model of lupus, MRL/lpr mice, a single lymphoproliferation (lpr) gene is mutated, leading to a lupus-like syndrome. Estradiol worsens B-cell-mediated manifestations such as immune-complex glomerulonephritis in the MRL/lpr mouse model of SLE. Menstrual irregularities are frequent in women with SLE. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in women with SLE is an important issue. Cyclophosphamide is used in the treatment of severe disease manifestations of SLE, including diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis. Cyclophosphamide is associated with amenorrhea and this effect seems to be dependent on cumulative dose.
Superinfection exclusion by P22 prophage in lysogens of Salmonella typhimurium: IV. Genetics and physiology of sieB exclusion

Abstract The sie B exclusion system of phage P22 interferes with superinfection by several Salmonella phages, but not P22 itself. Vegetative development of the Salmonella phage L proceeds normally in P22 sie B + lysogens until midway through the latent period, when there is a rapid and complete cessation of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, resulting in failure to produce any progeny phage. It appears that expression of vegetative functions by the excluded superinfecting phage contributes to the premature arrest of macromolecular synthesis, since superinfecting L phage can establish lysogeny normally in P22 sie B + lysogens. Superinfecting P22 phage escape sie B exclusion by expressing an early phage function ( esc + P22 ), lacking in L phage. Escape through expression of esc + P22 is dominant in mixed infections. The esc + P22 determinant maps near the P22 c 3 gene and is separable from the P22 immunity regions. Recombination resulting in acquisition of the esc + P22 determinant from the prophage limits the efficiency of exclusion of L phage by P22 sie B + lysogens. The sie B gene of phage P22 is located between erf and gene 24 on the P22 genetic map. This fact poses an interesting problem, since the prophage sie B gene is expressed during superinfection while flanking genes in this region remain repressed. These results indicate that the P22 sie B exclusion mechanism may have elements in common with several other phage exclusion mechanisms, such as those responsible for the exclusion of T4 r II mutants by coliphage λ lysogens and for the exclusion of λ by coliphage P2 lysogens.
How to Stimulate Your Partner

The cytoskeletal protein major sperm (MSP) of nematode sperm is required for these amoeboid cells to move in search of oocytes. As [Villeneuve][1] explains in her Perspective, it now turns out that MSP, when released by sperm, behaves as a bipartite signaling molecule that can both induce oocytes to mature and stimulate ovulation by causing gonad sheath cells to contract ([ Miller et al .][2]). [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/291/5511/2099 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/291/5511/2144
Measurement of blood pressure in infants and children by the Doppler ultrasonic technique.

Simultaneous determination of arterial pressures by the Doppler ultrasonic technique and intra-arterial measurements were done on 13 children during cardiac catheterization at the St. Louis Children9s Hospital. Their ages ranged from 4 weeks to 14 years. Sixty-nine paired determinations were obtained. There was good correlation between the two methods for systolic pressures ranging from 70 to 150 mm Hg (correlation coefficient 0.945) as well as for the diastolic pressures which ranged from 36 to 73 mm Hg (correlation coefficient 0.754). The instrumentation is not elaborate; the method is simple and can be used by a physician, nurse, or nurse9s aide for routine blood pressure determination in infants and children.
A Framework for Social Justice in Education

Political philopher Nancy Fraser has developed a theory of social justice with three dimensions: Redistribution (economic), recognition (cultural), and representation (political). This article first presents Fraser's theory. Then I describe in her terms the successes and challenges encountered in four primary schools in Australia that were trying to provide educational equity for all students, especially their Indigenous students. That evidence suggests that the dimensions of redistribution and recognition are both essential for "closing the gap" in academic achievement, and that representation is important for school and community relationships.
Examining Race and Sex Inequality in Recidivism

A low recidivism rate is a goal for any criminal justice system. Poor post-release outcomes are not random events, however. Some groups are more likely than others to recidivate. This paper will review the literature on inequality in recidivism rates, concentrating on the effects of race and sex. The probability of recidivating is not a randomly distributed event; men are more likely than women to recidivate, and Blacks more likely than Whites, with Hispanics in between. This paper will also address some of the promises (and challenges) that researchers face when trying to identify the causes of race and sex gaps in recidivism rates. This paper will end with recommendations for how to study inequality in recidivism in the future, with the key being to identify the social mechanisms that underlie these consistently unequal outcomes of our corrections system.
Mapping fast protein folding with multiple-site fluorescent probes.

Fast protein folding involves complex dynamics in many degrees of freedom, yet microsecond folding experiments provide only low-resolution structural information. We enhance the structural resolution of the five-helix bundle protein λ6–85 by engineering into it three fluorescent tryptophan–tyrosine contact probes. The probes report on distances between three different helix pairs: 1–2, 1–3, and 3–2. Temperature jump relaxation experiments on these three mutants reveal two different kinetic timescales: a slower timescale for 1–3 and a faster one for the two contacts involving helix 2. We hypothesize that these differences arise from a single folding mechanism that forms contacts on different timescales, and not from changes of mechanism due to adding the probes. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the corresponding three distances in one published single-trajectory all-atom molecular-dynamics simulation of a similar mutant. Autocorrelation analysis of the trajectory reveals the same “slow” and “fast” distance change as does experiment, but on a faster timescale; smoothing the trajectory in time shows that this ordering is robust and persists into the microsecond folding timescale. Structural investigation of the all-atom computational data suggests that helix 2 misfolds to produce a short-lived off-pathway trap, in agreement with the experimental finding that the 1–2 and 3–2 distances involving helix 2 contacts form a kinetic grouping distinct from 1 to 3. Our work demonstrates that comparison between experiment and simulation can be extended to several order parameters, providing a stronger mechanistic test.
Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptors (PPARs)

This article has no abstract. Keywords: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs)
Quality Specifications for Glucose Meters: Assessment by Simulation Modeling of Errors in Insulin Dose

Background: Proposed quality specifications for glucose meters allow results to be in error by 5–10% or more of the “true” concentration. Because meters are used as aids in the adjustment of insulin doses, we aimed to characterize the quantitative effect of meter error on the ability to identify the insulin dose appropriate for the true glucose concentration. Methods: Using Monte Carlo simulation, we generated random “true” glucose values within defined intervals. These values were converted to “measured” glucose values using mathematical models of glucose meters having defined imprecision (CV) and bias. For each combination of bias and imprecision, 10 000–20 000 true and measured glucose concentrations were matched with the corresponding insulin doses specified by selected insulin-dosing regimens. Discrepancies in prescribed doses were counted and their frequencies plotted in relation to bias and imprecision. Results: For meters with a total analytical error of 5%, dosage errors occurred in ∼8–23% of insulin doses. At 10% total error, 16–45% of doses were in error. Large errors of insulin dose (two-step or greater) occurred >5% of the time when the CV and/or bias exceeded 10–15%. Total dosage error rates were affected only slightly by choices of sliding scale among insulin dosage rules or by the range of blood glucose. To provide the intended insulin dosage 95% of the time required that both the bias and the CV of the glucose meter be <1% or <2%, depending on mean glucose concentrations and the rules for insulin dosing. Conclusions: Glucose meters that meet current quality specifications allow a large fraction of administered insulin doses to differ from the intended doses. The effects of such dosage errors on blood glucose and on patient outcomes require study.
Preparation and Properties of Aqueous Castor Oil-based Polyurethane–Silica Nanocomposite Dispersions through a Sol–Gel Process

Waterborne castor oil-based polyurethane-silica nanocomposites with the polymer matrix and silica nanoparticles chemically bonded have been successfully prepared through a sol-gel process. The formation of silica nanoparticles in water not only reinforces the resulting coatings, but also increases the crosslink density of the nanocomposites. The (29)Si solid state NMR spectrum indicates the formation of silica and the TEM indicates that the nanoparticles are embedded in the polymers, resembling a core-shell structure. The silica nanoparticles in the polymer matrix play an important role in improving both the mechanical properties and the thermal stabilities of the resulting nanocomposites. This work provides an effective and promising way to prepare biorenewable, high performance nanocomposite coatings.
On the dynamic balance of the Chesapeake Bay waters

An investigation into the dynamic balance of Chesapeake Bay waters is carried out by means of a two-dimensional, plan view numerical model. The results of this investigation show that neither the Coriolis force nor the advective terms in the governing vertically integrated equations can be neglected without changing the tidal dynamics and circulation patterns of this Bay. Also, a bottom friction coefficient of 0.0025 produces the most realistic simulations of observed tidal data.
Velocity Judgments of Moving Sounds in Virtual Acoustic Displays

A pure tone sound source, moving along a linear left-to-right trajectory, was simulated over headphones. Six attributes of the object motion were varied independently in a randomized block, factorial design experiment. The independent variables included: 1) sound source velocity, 2) distance from the observer, 3) interaural time delays, 4) Doppler frequency shifts, 5) overall intensity and 6) signal duration. Eight listeners estimated the magnitude of the velocity of the simulated moving sound source in miles per hour. Five of the six independent variables were found to make statistically significant (p<.05) contributions to estimates of velocity magnitude. Correct velocity estimates were found to be moderately correlated with the minimal distance between the trajectory path and the observer, Doppler frequency shifts, and intensity changes. The simulated velocity of the sound source and interaural time delay variables, although statistically significant, explained less than ten percent of the variance in ...
Effects of cluster trajectories on cluster-cluster aggregation: A comparison of linear and Brownian trajectories in two- and three-dimensional simulations

Recent computer simulation studies have shown that diffusion-limited particle-cluster aggregation leads to structures with a considerably smaller effective fractal dimensionality than particle-cluster aggregation via linear particle trajectories. Here it is shown that Brownian motion has a much smaller effect on the structure of aggregates formed as a result of cluster-cluster aggregation. In particle-cluster diffusion-limited aggregation, it is the particle trajectory which prevents the particles from penetrating and filling in the fractal cluster. In cluster-cluster aggregation, the clusters cannot penetrate each other by means of any trajectory so the particle trajectory is of much less importance.
Reduction of the Fraction of Circulating Helper-Induced T Cells Identified by Monoclonal Antibodies in Psoriatic Patients Treated with Long-term Psoralen/Ultraviolet-A Radiation (PUVA)

Ultraviolet radiation has been found to alter the distribution and function of human lymphocytes. To determine whether photochemotherapy (PUVA) alters circulating levels of T cell subset marker-bearing lymphocytes, cells from 9 patients with psoriasis undergoing PUVA therapy for several years (mean 4.6 ± 1.4 yr), 17 patients with active untreated psoriasis, and 20 healthy volunteers were reacted with monoclonal antibodies to T cell surface markers, including OKT3 (all peripheral blood T cells), OKT4 (helper/inducer T cells), OKT6 (common thymocytes), and OKT8 suppressor/cytotoxic T cells), and analyzed by flow cytometry. There were no differences in the distribution of T cell subsets between healthy volunteers and patients with active psoriasis. In contrast, the percentages of lymphocytes reacting with OKT3 and OKT4 were lower (by 16% and 12% percent respectively, p
3D interferometric optoacoustic imaging

ABSTRACTWe report on the further development of our previously described spectroscopic imaging technique based ontime-resolved interferometric measurements of laser-induced thermoelastic expansion (POISe: Pulsed OptoelasticInterferometric Spectroscopy and Imaging). We show the capability of POISe to form tomographic images oftissue phantoms and live animal tissues. By performing image reconstruction on data sets acquired from severaltissue-like phantoms we demonstrate the ability of POISe to provide better than 200 µ m spatial resolution in astrongly scattering medium ( µ s =1.5/mm). Additionally we demonstrate the ability of POISe to image chickenchorio-allantoic membrane (CAM) blood vessels through a 610 mm layer of Intralipid with µ s =0.75/mm.Keywords: photoacoustic, interferometer, beam forming, image reconstruction, thermoelastic eect1. INTRODUCTIONOptoacoustic methods have emerged over the past decade as a medical technology capable of imaging tissue struc-tures with submillimeter resolution up to several centimeters in depth. These capabilities have been demonstratedin tissue phantoms,
Severe Effects of Low-Level Oil Contamination on Wildlife Predicted by the Corticosterone-Stress Response : Preliminary Data and a Research Agenda

Low-level contamination events are common but often neglected because they may not immediately harm the environment or wildlife. We suggest that even seemingly benign oil spills may cause severe damage for wildlife and we offer a rapid assessment tool for the health status of a wildlife population that is potentially affected by a spill. We studied two island populations of seagoing lizards, marine iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus), for 20 years before a low-level oil spill hit the shores of the Galarchipelago in January 2001. Under natural conditions, the main cause of mortality for marine iguanas is starvation caused by a decline in their staple food, marine algae. Starvation induces a strong stress response during which the hormone corticosterone is secreted. When iguanas of one island were exposed to low-level oil contamination of their food after the tanker ''Jessica'' grounded, they also showed a strong stress response, allowing us to predict high mortality rates for oiled individuals. Indeed, one year after the spill 62% of the iguanas on the oiled island had died, while none of the control iguanas on the non-oiled island died. We hypothesize that oiled iguanas died from starvation because their digestive gut bacteria were killed by oil residues in their algae food. Although the exact causation of oil-induced mortality is unknown and should be investigated further, we suggest that the corticosterone-stress response is a powerful predictor for the rapid assessment of wildlife health. Low-level oil contamination appears to be a serious threat to wildlife. � 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Long-term toxicity and neuropathology associated with the sequencing of cranial irradiation and enhanced chemotherapy delivery.

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to evaluate, at 1 year, 75 Long-Evans rats for survival rates and toxicity associated with the sequencing of cranial irradiation and enhanced chemotherapy delivery. METHODS: Seventy-five Long-Evans rats were randomized into four groups and evaluated at 1 year for survival rates and toxicity associated with the sequencing of cranial irradiation and enhanced chemotherapy delivery. Radiation (2000 cGy) was administered as a single fraction, by using parallel opposed portals, 30 days before chemotherapy (Group 1), 24 hours before chemotherapy (Group 2), 30 days after chemotherapy (Group 3), or without chemotherapy or without radiation (control group, Group 4). Five subgroups within each treatment group included rats receiving intra-arterially administered methotrexate (1 g/m 2 ) or intravenously administered etoposide (200 mg/m 2 ) combined with intra-arterially administered carboplatin (200 mg/m 2 ), administered with or without osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption, and a group receiving normal saline solution after blood-brain barrier disruption. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in total toxic effects when the three experimental groups were compared with the control group (P = 0.001, 0.006, and 0.013 for Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively). All groups receiving radiation and chemotherapy (particularly carboplatin and etoposide) had an increased incidence of hind limb paralysis, resembling experimental allergic neuritis (P = 0.053). Statistical analysis showed a trend toward increased mortality rates in Group 1 (antecedent radiation), compared with the control group (P = 0.082), and an increased incidence of intracerebral calcification (P = 0.019). No differences in mortality rates were observed for Group 2 or 3, compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: Radiation before chemotherapy was a more toxic sequence and, surprisingly, carboplatin/etoposide administered in combination with radiotherapy was more detrimental than methotrexate. Additional studies are in progress to evaluate the toxicity and efficacy of sequences of cranial irradiation and enhanced chemotherapy in tumor-bearing rats.
A Chick Model for Impaired Renal Function

To evaluate some of the metabolic consequences of impaired renal function (IRF) in the chick, a surgical method to induce IRF was developed that involves the destruction of approximately 85% of the renal mass by ureteral ligation. It is relatively simple with minimal time and labor required, produces low mortality, requires little specialized postoperative care, and is readily reproducible. Three-week-old control, sham-operated, and IRF chicks were bled by cardiac puncture and biochemical measurements were made on serum samples. Serum uric acid concentration was the most sensitive indicator of IRF, with mean levels in the IRF chicks being increased above control and sham-operated chicks 3.3-, 2.7-, 2.0-, and 1.2-fold at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days, respectively. The gradual decline in uric acid levels is most likely related to the functional recovery and hypertrophy of the remaining renal mass. The IRF chick model will be useful to provide information on renal aspects of the toxicity, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of nephrotoxic agents.
Influence of pinealectomy on corticotropin (ACTH)

Sensory deprivation produced by removing the eyes and olfactory bulbs in male rats allowed pinealectomy to markedly augment the post-adrenalectomy elevation of ACTH levels. Pineal removal or sensory deprivation separately did not have this effect. Thus, intact sensory input and an intact pineal gland are independently capable of restricting the post-adrenalectomy rise in ACTH levels.
Planning the duration of long-term survival time studies designed for accrual by cohorts.

Abstract A procedure for estimating the duration of long-term comparative survival time studies, designed for subject accrual by cohorts, has been developed. The method is based on the conversion of fixed sample size determinations into equivalent ‘person-years at risk’ when comparing an experimental and control group with respect to their anticipated median survival times. In formulating the model, use is made of the assumption of exponential survival and other simplifying assumptions concerning accrual and loss to follow-up rates. Tables have been generated which indicate minimum study length requirements to demonstrate statistically significant differences in median survival times under various conditions. These projections may aid the investigator in planning for the optimum use of case material, facilities and personnel as well as in monitoring the study as it progresses. The use of the tables has been illustrated for studies involving chronic disease. Other examples have been given for experiments involving animals, and the value of the ‘cohort principle’ in both the design and analysis of animal and human experiments has been recognized. Applications to nonconcurrent prospective studies have also been suggested and illustrated.
Means-means-end tool choice in cotton-top tamarins ( Saguinus oedipus ): finding the limits on primates’ knowledge of tools

Most studies of animal tool use require subjects to use one object to gain access to a food reward. In many real world situations, however, animals perform more than one action in sequence to achieve their goals. Of theoretical interest is whether animals have the cognitive capacity to recognize the relationship between consecutive action sequences in which there may be one overall goal and several subgoals. Here we ask if cotton-top tamarins, a species that in captivity uses tools to solve means-end problems, can go one step further and use a sequence of tools (means) to obtain food (end). We first trained subjects to use a pulling tool to obtain a food reward. After this initial training, subjects were presented with problems in which one tool had to be used in combination with a second in order to obtain food. Subjects showed great difficulty when two tools were required to obtain the food reward. Although subjects attended to the connection between the tool and food reward, they ignored the physical connection between the two tools. After training on a two-tool problem, we presented subjects with a series of transfer tests to explore if they would generalize to new types of connections between the tools. Subjects readily transferred to new connections. Our results therefore provide the first evidence to date that tamarins can learn to solve problems involving two tools, but that they do so only with sufficient training.
Effects of the 2004 hurricanes on the fish assemblages in two proximate southwest Florida estuaries: Change in the context of interannual variability

We examined interannual differences in fish assemblage structure in Tampa Bay and Charlotte Harbor, Florida, from 1996 to 2005 to reveal the extent of hurricane-induced changes in relation to multiannual variability for five different assemblages in each estuary: small-bodied fishes ( generally 100-mm standard length) along bay shorelines. Fish assemblages tended to differ, between estuaries, as did interannual variability in assemblage structure. In the lower portions of tributary rivers to Tampa Bay, the small-bodied shoreline fish assemblage during August 2004 to July 2005, i.e., during and after the multiple hurricanes, was different from assemblages of August to July in previous years. This may have been a result of physical displacement of fish or suboptimal salinities caused by increased freshwater inflow. The small-bodied shoreline fish assemblage in Charlotte Harbor also differed between prehurricane and hurricane periods, possibly because damage to vegetated shorelines affected fish survival through a decrease in feeding and refuge habitats. In the remaining habitats, fish assemblage structure from August 2004 to July 2005 were within the range of variability exhibited over the 9-yr study period. There were several unusual fish assemblages that appeared to be attributable to drought conditions (1996, 1999–2000), suggesting that other major environmental perturbations may be as important as hurricanes in influencing assemblage structure. We conclude that although the 2004 hurricane season affected some of the fish assemblages of Tampa Bay and charlotte Harbor, these assemblages generally appeared quite resilient to natural environmental perturbations from a decadal perspective.
Thermodynamics Works! Enthalpy and Heat Capacity Changes on Solution from Gas Solubility Data

Thermodynamic relationships connect many phenomena in somewhat surprising ways. This paper discusses how calorimetric information (enthalpy and heat capacity changes on solution) can be derived from data on the solubility of gases in liquids as a function of temperature. The primary examples come from the high-precision data on the solubility of a number of gases in water where there are calorimetric results on gas solubilities for comparison purposes.
Scaling and paleodepth of compaction bands, Nevada and Utah

Compaction energies calculated in this paper for the Utah bands, Gc = 55–120 kJ/m 2 , and for the Nevada bands, Gc = 30–60 kJ/m 2 , are consistent with those estimated from laboratory experiments despite major differences in band length, thickness, degree of grain fracturing, and remote stress state. Using the field measurements of bands from both sites in the recently proposed inverse relation between the magnitude of remote bandnormal compression and compaction band thickness predicts values of band-normal compression of 24–30 MPa for the Utah bands and 31–62 MPa for the Nevada bands. Given that compaction bands at both sites are steeply dipping, these values correspond to a regional tectonic compression oriented subhorizontally at the time of band growth. The results suggest that the compaction bands formed at relatively shallow paleodepths of 0.92–1.3 km at the Utah site and 0.54–1.1 km at the Nevada site, in accord with estimates of the thickness of overlying stratigraphic cover during Sevier-Laramide deformation at both sites. Growth of compaction bands at both field sites was likely facilitated by favorable host rock properties (well-sorted, coarse-grained, high-porosity sandstone sequences) deformed within a thrust faulting tectonic environment. Citation: Schultz, R. A. (2009), Scaling and paleodepth of compaction bands, Nevada and Utah, J. Geophys. Res., 114, B03407,
On the factors that promote the diversity of herbivorous insects and plants in tropical forests

Some of the most fascinating and challenging questions in ecology are why biodiversity is highest in tropical forests and whether the factors involved are unique to these habitats. I did a worldwide test of the hypotheses that plant community divergence in antiherbivore traits results in higher insect herbivore diversity, and that predominant attack by specialized herbivores promotes plant richness. I found strong correlative support for both ideas. Butterfly diversity was greatest in regions where the community average species-pairwise dissimilarity in antiherbivore traits among plant species was highest. There was also a strong positive relationship between specialized (insect) vs. generalized (mammal) herbivores and plant richness. Regions where herbivory impact by mammals was higher than that of insects tended to have lower plant diversities. In contrast, regions in which insects are the main consumers, particularly in the Central and South American tropics, had the highest plant richness. Latitude did not explain any residual variance in insect or plant richness. The strong connections found between insect specialization, plant defense divergence, and plant and insect diversities suggest that increasing our understanding of the ecology of biological communities can aid in considerations of how to preserve biodiversity in the future.
Extrusion of embolization coils through the carotid artery in a radiated neck

Extrusion of embolization coils is an exceedingly rare event. We present and discuss a unique case of coil extrusion through the carotid artery into the pharyngeal soft tissue in the setting of soft tissue radionecrosis (STRN). A 55-year-old man with previous chemoradiation therapy presented with massive transoral hemorrhage. Control of the bleeding was accomplished by coil embolization of the right carotid artery system. The patient subsequently developed spiking fevers, and an exploration of the neck revealed coil extrusion through the common carotid artery and into the neck and pharynx. Although the incidence of coil extrusion in the head and neck is remarkably low, this complication must be considered in the heavily radiated neck and a high index of suspicion should be maintained in the setting of radionecrosis and signs and symptoms of systemic infection. Appropriate management requires early recognition and removal of foreign material with wound stabilization.
The impact of breast MRI on surgical decision-making: are patients at risk for mastectomy?

Background and Objectives The goal of the current study was to determine whether MRI impacts multidisciplinary treatment planning and if it leads to increased mastectomy rates. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of 441 patients treated for breast cancer between January 2005 and May 2008 who underwent breast MRI. Data included number of additional findings and their imaging and pathologic work-up. This was analyzed to determine impact of MRI on treatment planning. Results Of 441 patients, 45% had ≥1 additional finding on MRI. Of 410 patients with complete records, 29% had changes in the treatment plan, including 36 patients who were initially considered for breast conservation but proceeded directly to mastectomy based on MRI findings of suspected multicentricity. Twenty-three of those patients did not have a biopsy of the MRI lesion, with 87% having unicentric disease on final pathology. Overall, the mastectomy rate was 44%, which was significantly increased compared to patients not undergoing MRI (32%, P < 0.05). Conclusions Breast MRI alters the treatment planning for many patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer. Mastectomy rates are increased when MRI results alone direct surgical planning. Biopsy of MRI-identified lesions should be performed to avoid over-treatment. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:553–558. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ribonuclease. II. Activators and inhibitors for ribonuclease

Abstract Heparin and treburon, a synthetic heparin-like polysaccharide, inhibit pancreatic ribonuclease and ribonuclease activity in rat kidney and liver. Pancreatic desoxyribonuclease is inhibited to a lesser extent. The inhibition appears to be a competitive one between the acid polysaccharide and RNA or DNA. Benzimidazole greatly increased the initial reaction rate of pancreatic ribonuclease but had no effect on pancreatic desoxyribonuclease. The possible relationship of heparin inhibition of cell division and nuclease activity was discussed.
A rhetoric in defense of formalism in the social sciences: Comment on McCloskey

McCloskey’s criticism of formalism in economics and other social sciences fails to identify important arguments that justify the practices he criticizes. While it is valuable to expose accepted methods to critical examination, McCloskey’s broad attack implies the rejection of good social science as well as bad.
Involvement of brain biogenic amines in the electroencephalographic and behavioural effects of morphine in post-addict rats ☆

Abstract Rats were prepared with chronic cortical and temporalis muscle electrodes for recording of the electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram and with chronic indwelling intravenous cannulae for drug administration. To induce dependence on morphine, progressively increasing intravenous doses were delivered automatically over a period of 6–7 days, after which time the injections were discontinued. Administration of morphine (10mg/kg, i.p.) to post-addict rats abstinent for 7 days was followed by the immediate appearance of EEG desynchronization and marked behavioural hyperarousal. After pretreatment of rats with (±) α-methyl-para-tyrosine (α-MPT), para-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA), or a combination of α-MPT and p-CPA during the period of morphine addiction and withdrawal, these EEG and behavioural effects of morphine, given on the eighth day of abstinence, were unaltered. Brain levels of the catecholamines norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) measured in un-treated post-addict rats after a morphine test dose (10mg/kg, i.p.) likewise remained unchanged. Brain levels of serotonin (5-HT), determined 30 min after the morphine challenge, were significantly elevated. Determinations of brain NE and DA levels, made 30 min after injection of morphine to postaddict rats pretreated 4 hr earlier with a-MPT, showed a reduction in brain DA utilization. These results suggest that both dopaminergic and serotonergic brain pathways may be involved in the mediation of EEG and behavioural responses to morphine in post-addict rats.
GABAergic RIP-Cre neurons in the arcuate nucleus selectively regulate energy expenditure

Neural regulation of energy expenditure is incompletely understood. By genetically disrupting GABAergic transmission in a cell-specific fashion, and by combining this with selective pharmacogenetic activation and optogenetic mapping techniques, we have uncovered an arcuate-based circuit that selectively drives energy expenditure. Specifically, mice lacking synaptic GABA release from RIP-Cre neurons have reduced energy expenditure, become obese and are extremely sensitive to high-fat diet-induced obesity, the latter due to defective diet-induced thermogenesis. Leptin's ability to stimulate thermogenesis, but not to reduce feeding, is markedly attenuated. Acute, selective activation of arcuate GABAergic RIP-Cre neurons, which monosynaptically innervate PVH neurons projecting to the NTS, rapidly stimulates brown fat and increases energy expenditure but does not affect feeding. Importantly, this response is dependent upon GABA release from RIP-Cre neurons. Thus, GABAergic RIP-Cre neurons in the arcuate selectively drive energy expenditure, contribute to leptin's stimulatory effect on thermogenesis, and protect against diet-induced obesity.
Observation of the epitaxy, oxidation and surface structure of copper on thin gold films by high resolution electron microscopy

High resolution electron microscopy studies of the oxidation of vapor deposited Cu ( 2 O(110) variants and Cu(110) transforming to (211) oxide overgrowth. A lateral displacement of the top Cu layer in the (110) stacking sequence is detected in the first case and atomic layering is observed in the 6-layer lattice structure of the Cu 2 O(211) orientation.
Dynamic query sliders vs. brushing histograms

Dynamic queries facilitate exploration of information through real-time visual display of both query formulation and results. Dynamic query sliders are linked to the main visualization to filter data. A common alternative to dynamic queries is to link several simple visualizations, such as histograms, to the main visualization with a brushing interaction. Selecting data in the histograms highlights that data in the main visualization. We compare these two approaches in an empirical experiment on DynaMaps, a geographic data visualization tool. Dynamic query sliders resulted in better performance for simple range tasks, while brushing histograms was better for complex comparison, tradeoff, and pattern tasks. Participants preferred brushing histograms for understanding relationships between attributes.
Sequential changes in peripheral blood leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) reactivity during progressive growth and spontaneous regression of canine transmissible venereal sarcoma.

Sequential changes in canine transmissible venereal sarcoma (CTVS) extract-induced leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) reactivity of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) were monitored in dogs from the time of tumor inoculation through progressive growth and spontaneous regression or surgical excision of CTVS. The time-course profiles of LAI reactivity of tumor dog PBL correlated with the clinical stage of tumor growth, substantiating our previous findings in a cross-sectional study. The kinetics of the time-course appearance of LAI reactivity observed and the demonstration of a rapid anamnestic response following tumor challenge indicate further that LAI is a reliable in vitro measure of in vivo tumor immunity. A significant increase in CTVS antigen extract-induced LAI reactivity observed in the PBL during tumor regression suggests that LAI reflects a functional effector cell mechanism associated with spontaneous regression of CTVS. By contrast, absence of significant LAI reactivity of PBL during progressive tumor growth suggests the presence of serum blocking factors. In addition, a substantial rebound in LAI reactivity observed in the PBL of dogs 3 to 7 days following surgical excision of progressively growing CTVS provides further evidence that tumor-cell components are associated with progressive tumor growth and diminished LAI reactivity.
Connector Contributions to the SGEMP Response of Hardened Cable Systems

Measurements of the x-ray induced response of various portions of a low profile multi-pin connnector are presented and compared with model calculations. The conversion of the overbraid/cable shield source term into common mode cable signals that occurs when cable shields are grounded using inductive pigtails is also considered. The various connector contributions are then compared with each other and with contributions from typical hardened cables.
Granovetter Was Right The Importance of Weak Ties to a Contemporary Job Search

Using a longitudinal research design, the authors investigate the impact of the relative growth or decline of a job seeker’s predisplaced industry on the use of personal contacts in the job search ...
Identifying metabolomic features that predict metastasis of melanoma from a primary site

Background About 90% of mortality associated with cancer is attributable to metastatic disease. Thus, our ability to treat cancer is largely dependent on the capacity to prevent metastasis. Metabolic reprogramming is recognized to support cellular transformation and tumor initiation; however, whether or how metabolism supports metastasis remains an open question. This study seeks to identify metabolic predictors of metastasis, with the rationale that understanding metabolic changes will lead to novel insights into metastasis and perhaps new therapies to treat metastatic disease. Materials and methods A patient-derived xenograft model was used in which metastasis in mice strongly correlates with metastatic history of patient donors. Tumor cells were originally obtained from melanoma patients and passaged exclusively in highly immunocompromised mice [1]. In this study, 17 of such tumor lines were investigated including 6 lines with low metastatic potential, 9 high metastatic potential and 2 intermediate metastatic potential. Tumor cells were implanted subcutaneously into mice, yielding 62 tumors. 3-4 biopsies from each primary tumor were harvested, for a total of 185 samples. A mass spectrometry (MS)-based analytical platform was used to characterize >150 metabolites in each specimen. The relative abundance of metabolites that contribute most to the distinction of highly metastatic from inefficiently metastatic melanomas was examined using statistical tools. Results Unsupervised hierarchical clustering revealed that in every case, a given tumor biopsy was most closely related to all other biopsies descended from the same parental tumor. In addition, as a frequent mutation in melanoma, BRAFmutant tumors were easily distinguished from BRAF-wild type tumors by their metabolomic signatures. More importantly, several metabolic pathways were found altered significantly when metabolomics profiles between melanoma lines with high or low metastatic potentials were compared. Conclusions The MS-based metabolomic analysis of patient-derived melanoma xenografts demonstrates that tumors contain individual metabolomic identities that can be tracked. It may be possible to identify metabolomic features from primary tumors that predict various aspects of tumor biology, including the propensity to metastasize. The altered metabolic pathways in highly metastatic melanomas are potential therapeutic targets.
Structure in the bifurcation diagram of the Duffing oscillator.

We identify four levels of structure in the bifurcation diagram of the two-well periodically driven Duffing oscillator, plotted as a function of increasing control parameter T, the period of the driving term. The superstructure, or bifurcation peninsula, repeats periodically as T increases by \ensuremath{\sim}2\ensuremath{\pi}, beginning and ending with symmetric period-one orbits whose local torsions differ by 2. Within each bifurcation peninsula there is a systematic window structure. The primary window structure is due to Newhouse and Newhouse-like orbits. Fine structure is due to a Farey sequence of well-ordered orbits between the primary windows. Hyperfine structure consists of very narrow windows associated with non-well-ordered orbits. We construct a template for the Duffing oscillator, a two-dimensional return map, and a one-dimensional return map which describes the systematics of orbit creation and annihilation. All structures are identified by topological indices. Our predictions are based on, and compatible with, numerical computations.