cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Navigating Electronic Medical Records

Since the initial development of electronic medical records (EMRs), EHRs have come to provide physicians an unparalleled advantage in the care of patients. There are many levels of complexity and challenges associated with EHRs. As the primary users and caretakers of this information, it is critical that we help shape the way these tools are used in our hospitals and to mold the way EHR systems are deployed universally.
Implications of melanoma with diabetes mellitus on patient outcomes.

e21595Background: This study examined the impact of diabetes mellitus (DM) on survival in melanoma patients, and the impact of melanoma on glycemic control. Methods: Melanoma patients with DM (n = ...
Metaphor and synesthesia

Abstract Here we review literature on the neural basis of synesthesia and consider whether similar mechanisms might be relevant for the neural underpinnings of metaphor in language.
Effects of changes in earned income tax credit: Time-series analyses of Washington DC.

Abstract Poverty has numerous deleterious effects on health, and the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) is the major policy tool used to alleviate poverty in the U.S. We evaluate effects of four distinct changes in earned income tax credit law in Washington, DC on maternal behaviors and infant outcomes. An interrupted time-series design was used with 312 monthly measures from 1990 through 2015 analyzed in 2018 (total n = 225,933 births). States with no EITC were included as the comparison group; analyses involved ARIMA modeling. Outcomes were derived from birth certificates, and included percent of live births below 2500 g, mean birth weight, mean gestation weeks, first trimester prenatal care, and maternal smoking during pregnancy. We found a pattern of significant improvements across all three infant outcome measures, with the size of the effect estimate monotonically matching the magnitude of the tax credit—ranging from a 1.9 (-2.9, -0.9) reduction in rate per 100 births of low birth weight for the smaller 10% credit, to a 4.7 (-5.4, -4.0) reduction with the 40% credit. Results for maternal smoking and prenatal care were mixed. Results suggest that earned income tax credit policies improve birth outcomes; mechanisms for this effect deserve further study.
Assessment of an electronic and clinician-delivered brief intervention on cigarette, alcohol and illicit drug use among women in a reproductive healthcare clinic

Abstract Background Women are at highest risk for development of a substance use disorder during their reproductive years. We recently evaluated the efficacy of an electronic screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment (e-SBIRT) and a clinician-delivered SBIRT (SBIRT) compared with enhanced usual care (EUC) for reducing overall substance use among women recruited from reproductive health clinics. The present study assessed the impact of the SBIRT interventions within three primary substance subgroups: cigarettes, illicit drugs, and alcohol. Methods This is a secondary analysis from a 3-group randomized trial comparing e-SBIRT and SBIRT to EUC. For the present study, participants (N = 439) were grouped according to their primary substance: cigarettes, alcohol, or illicit drugs. Differences in days per month of primary substance use over time between treatment groups were examined using generalized estimating equations, modelling linear as well as quadratic effects of time. Results Cigarettes were the most frequently reported primary substance (n = 251), followed by illicit drugs (n = 137) and alcohol (n = 51). For primary cigarette use the interaction between the linear effect of time and treatment was significant for SBIRT (β (SE) = −0.067 (0.029), p = .020), but not e-SBIRT, suggesting greater reductions in cigarette use over the first 3 months following treatment with SBIRT compared to EUC. However, the significant interaction of SBIRT with time-squared (β (SE) = 0.009 (0.004), p = .049) showed that reductions in cigarette use attenuated over time, such that after month 3, monthly reductions in cigarette use were similar between groups. Results followed a similar pattern for primary illicit drug use among the e-SBIRT group in which the interaction of e-SBIRT treatment with linear time (β (SE) = −0.181 (0.085), p = .033) and quadratic time (β (SE) = 0.028 (0.012), p = .018) were statistically significant suggesting greater reductions in illicit drug use with e-SBIRT versus EUC, which attenuated with time. Neither SBIRT nor e-SBIRT was associated with a significant reduction in days of alcohol use per month, as compared to EUC. Conclusions Reproductive-age women appear to respond differently to electronic- and clinician-delivered interventions, depending on their primary substance. SBIRT reduced use of cigarettes, and e-SBIRT reduced illicit drug use. Although neither intervention reduced primary alcohol use, the sample size was small (n = 51), suggesting a need for further testing in a larger sample.
Addressing White Supremacy on Campus: Anti-Racist Pedagogy and Theological Education

AbstractStudents in colleges and universities across the United States are being exposed to overtly white supremacist groups on campus. These groups dub themselves “identitarians” and attempt to in...
Adaptive repair and digitization for hybrid manufacturing

Abstract Repair of aerospace components represents a significant opportunity for hybrid manufacturing systems to reduce high scrap rate through automation of the inspection, additive and subtractive processes. In this study, a series of on-machine profile digitization strategies were investigated to determine the effects on accuracy of non-rigid registration of blade component geometry and downstream quality measures pertaining to parent material blendlines. The profile digitization strategies investigated include dense sampling methods and curvature-based segmentation approaches. A model was developed to predict the accuracy of the digitization approaches and a series of machining tests were also conducted to show the predictive capability of the model. From these results, it is seen that curvature-based segmentation methods provide an accurate and rapid digitization solution for blend-type repairs.
Hydrogen bonding and C-H.O interactions in 4-phenanthrenemethanol at 150 K

The title compound, C15H12O, crystallizes in the centrosymmetric space group I41/a with one mol­ecule in the asymmetric unit. In the single hydrogen bond, the H atom is ordered, the OD⋯OA distance is 2.788 (1) A and the O—H⋯O angle is 176 (1)°. Each hydroxyl group forms hydrogen bonds with two other hydroxyl groups and the resulting chains of interactions, in four non-linked subsets of mol­ecules, propagate along [001]. The single leading intermolecular C—H⋯O interaction has an H⋯O distance of 2.81 A and a C—H⋯O angle of 140°; the single leading intramolecular C—H⋯O interaction has an H⋯O distance of 2.24 A and a C—H⋯O angle of 152°. The phenanthrene core is less nearly planar in this structure than in the room temperature structure of phenanthrene-4-carboxylic acid.
Rating Mechanisms for Sustainability of Crowdsourcing Platforms

Crowdsourcing leverages the diverse skill sets of large collections of individual contributors to solve problems and execute projects, where contributors may vary significantly in experience, expertise, and interest in completing tasks. Hence, to ensure the satisfaction of its task requesters, most existing crowdsourcing platforms focus primarily on supervising contributors' behavior. This lopsided approach to supervision negatively impacts contributor engagement and platform sustainability. In this paper, we introduce rating mechanisms to evaluate requesters' behavior, such that the health and sustainability of crowdsourcing platform can be improved. We build a game theoretical model to systematically account for the different goals of requesters, contributors, and platform, and their interactions. On the basis of this model, we focus on a specific application, in which we aim to design a rating policy that incentivizes requesters to engage lessexperienced contributors. Considering the hardness of the problem, we develop a time efficient heuristic algorithm with theoretical bound analysis. Finally, we conduct a user study in Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) to validate the central hypothesis of the model. We provide a simulation based on 3 million task records extracted from MTurk demonstrating that our rating policy can appreciably motivate requesters to hire less-experienced contributors.
Human factors outrank salary as turnover cause in this hospital

(1966). Human factors outrank salary as turnover cause in this hospital. Hospital Topics: Vol. 44, No. 8, pp. 65-67.
Clinical characteristics of colitis induced by taxane-based chemotherapy.

Background Limited data are available concerning the clinical features of toxic gastrointestinal (GI) effects of taxane-based therapy. We describe the clinical, endoscopic and histologic features of taxane-induced colitis. Methods This retrospective study included cancer patients who received taxane therapy and underwent colonoscopy for GI symptoms from 2000-2018. Results Of the 45,527 patients who received taxane therapy during the study period, 76 (0.2%) met the inclusion criteria. Most patients (54%) received paclitaxel, 37% docetaxel, and 9% nab-paclitaxel. The median time from taxane therapy initiation to colitis symptom onset was 31 days. The median duration of colitis symptoms was 30 days. Colitis treatment comprised immunosuppressive therapy in 8 patients (11%), antibiotics in 17 (22%), antimotility agents in 18 (24%), and octreotide or somatostatin in 2 (3%). Thirty-five patients (46%) required hospitalization and seven (9%) required admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). Endoscopy revealed mucosal ulceration in 19 patients (25%), nonulcerative inflammation in 32 (42%), and normal findings in 25 (33%). Seventeen patients (22%) had features of lymphocytic colitis. One patient had spontaneous colonic perforation that required surgical intervention. Colitis symptoms recurred in 7 patients (9%) after initial improvement. Patients who received nab-paclitaxel developed GI toxicity earlier (P=0.003), required colitis-related hospitalization more frequently (P=0.005), and received intravenous fluids more frequently (P=0.025), compared with patients who received other taxanes. Conclusions Taxane-related colitis can present with significant inflammation on colonoscopy, and in a minority of patients as microscopic colitis. Taxane-induced colitis, although uncommon, can lead to ICU admission and colonic perforation.
Efficient Polling Algorithms using Friendship Paradox and Blackwell Dominance

This paper develops efficient polling algorithms that take into account the influence structure of the social network and can track a time-varying fraction of the population having a particular attribute. The proposed algorithms belong to the class of Neighborhood Expectation Polling (NEP) algorithms with two key differences in the sampling mechanism: (i) Friendship Paradox based sampling, (ii) Blackwell Dominance based sampling. NEP algorithm based on Friendship Paradox is provably more efficient, in terms of smaller mean square error, compared to the well known intent polling algorithm. NEP algorithm with Blackwell dominance is developed using a partially observed Markov decision process (POMDP) framework, and is provably (computationally) inexpensive to implement. The proposed methods can be viewed as a form of adaptive information fusion from querying nodes in a large graph.
34.1 A 64×64 Implantable Real-Time Single-Charged-Particle Radiation Detector for Cancer Therapy

60% of all cancer treatment requires radiation therapy and the fundamental goal is to deposit sufficient energy in a tumor to irreparably damage its DNA. Unlike high energy photons which pass through the body, charged particles such as protons deposit the majority of their energy at a specific depth, the location of the Bragg peak. In theory, this allows high radiation doses to be delivered in submm proximity to critical organs such as the spinal cord (see Fig. 34.1.1). Unfortunately, mm-scale prediction of the in vivo Bragg peak location is challenging because particle energy loss and scattering are highly path-dependent and patient-specific, largely due to anatomical heterogeneity which drifts from day to day. Given this, clinicians usually reduce therapeutic doses or adjust treatment margins to avoid harming healthy, vital tissue in proximity to the tumor site. To alleviate this constraint, in vivo dosimeters (IVD) have been developed to report in situ radiation doses to clinicians, enabling more effective and safer closed-loop treatment. However, conventional IVDs can only measure the total accumulated energy deposited, i.e. the total dose [1]–[5]. Given this, conventional IVDs cannot distinguish between single high energy particle depositions and those due to the combined contributions from several lower energy depositions, which have significantly different biological effect on tissue [6]. Furthermore, these conventional lVDs employ a single large detector and thus suffers from low spatial resolution. Here, we present a mm-scale real-time single-particle dosimeter array for charged particle cancer therapy that solves these problems.
Reconfigurable All-Dielectric Metasurfaces using Phase-Change Chalcogenide Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5

We demonstrate a reconfigurable all-dielectric metasurface comprising of concentric phase-change/high-index materials nanopillars. The dynamic interplay of dominant Mie resonance modes due to the real-time phase-transition of Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 grants 2π phase agility with unprecedented efficiency.
“Students Are the Reason Most of Us Have Jobs”: Sport Management Faculty Members’ Perceptions of and Attitudes Toward Students

Sport management is one of the fastest growing disciplines on college campuses nationwide. Its multifaceted nature suggests that it has a unique blend of students with broad ranging interests. To ensure student success, it is important to understand faculty attitudes toward students. There are two predominant attitudes toward students that occur along a spectrum: conservative-autocratic and liberal-democratic. The conservative-autocratic attitude is characterized by traditional classroom authority, class discipline, and placing little emphasis in the encouragement of autonomy within their students. Liberal-democratic attitudes are characterized by the belief that students should be treated as individuals and can be self-directed in their learning. Liberal-democratic attitudes have been positively correlated with the academic success of students. Utilizing Ng’s (2002) Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Students scale (TATS) scale and informed by McGregor’s (1960) X and Y managerial models of motivation, this study explored sport management faculty attitudes toward students. This study used a mixed methods approach, and 166 sport management faculty members participated in this study. Although the results indicate that the participants prefer adopting liberal-democratic approach in their teaching, older faculty members and tenure-track faculty members were significantly more likely to exhibit conservativeautocratic attitudes toward students. As such, faculty members need to be aware that some circumstances may impact teaching effectiveness and directly influence student outcomes.Subscribe to TPE
INTERNACIONALIZAÇÃO E DUMPING SOCIAL: RISCOS E OPORTUNIDADES DO AMBIENTE DE NEGÓCIOS EM MOÇAMBIQUE (Internationalization and Social Dumping: Risks and Opportunities for the Business Environment in Mozambique)

Portuguese Abstract: O presente trabalho apresenta uma analise da globalizacao como a base da internacionalizacao, e dos seus meios, servindo esta de ponto focal para a analise do dumping social em Mocambique em contrapartida do bloco regional SADC, buscando analisar os riscos e oportunidades advindas dela e a posterior seus factores de decisao pelos modos de entrada em novos mercados e os que geram risco e oportunidades mediante o dumping social. Visa de igual modo analisar o dumping social no contexto do comercio regional e identificar os desafios actuais da internacionalizacao com base nos modelos, motivacoes e factores de decisao que encaram as PME’s em Mocambique. English Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of globalization as the basis of internationalization, and its means, serving as a focal point for analysis of social dumping in Mozambique in return for the regional bloc SADC, seeking to analyze the risks and opportunities arising from it and beyond. Their decision-making factors by the modes of entry into new markets and those that generate risk and opportunity through social dumping. It also aims to analyze social dumping in the context of regional trade and to identify the current challenges of internationalization based on the models, motivations and decision factors facing SMEs in Mozambique.
Thromboelastography of Limited Benefit in LVAD Patient Management

Purpose The role of utilizing thromboelastography (TEG) in managing antiplatelet therapy (APT) in LVAD patients is controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine if the removal of TEG from APT protocol reduced late onset bleeding without an increase in thromboembolic events. Methods We performed a single-center retrospective cohort study at the University of Florida including all recipients of a HeartMate II, HeartMate III, or Heartware LVAD between April 2005 and November 2019 (n=293). LVAD recipients before June 1st,2017 (n=221) whose APT was monitored and adjusted using TEG were compared to LVAD recipients after June 1st,2017 (n=72) where TEG was not utilized. The occurrence of late-onset bleeding events after post-operative day 7, as defined by INTERMACs major bleeding, as well as thromboembolic events were collected. Patients were followed up to one year post-implantation or to time of death, transplant, or pump exchange. APT doses, warfarin use and INR values were collected at discharge as well as 1, 3, 6 and 12 months post-implantation. Results Over a median follow-up period of 12 months, INTERMACS major bleeding events occurred in 35% of patients where TEG was utilized compared to 29% where TEG was not utilized (p-value 0.375), and procedural intervention was required in 29% compared to 18% respectively (p-value 0.058). After June 1st 2017, patients had a higher average BMI (31 compared to 29, p-value 0.020), were more likely to be on digoxin on discharge (24% compared to 12%, p-value 0.019), and were less likely to be of white race (p-value 0.043) or have ischemic cardiomyopathy (p-value 0.019). In a multivariable Cox proportional-hazards regression model including all these variables, older age was the only independent predictor of bleeding events (HR 1.03 for each additional year of age, 95% CI 1.01-1.05, p 0.008). Use of TEG was associated with use of higher doses of aspirin (>325mg 41% vs. 0%), and use of a second antiplatelet (43% vs. 1%). There was no significant difference in thromboembolic events (15% in each). Conclusion In this single center retrospective study, thromboelastography monitoring after LVAD implantation was associated with significantly higher rates of multidrug antiplatelet regimen use, at significantly higher doses, with no difference in thromboembolic events compared to LVAD patients managed without TEG. Bleeding events were more common in elderly recipients.
Dynamic Routing in Telephone Networks

Up to this point, our loss networks have all had the following salient characteristic: An arriving call is admitted into the network if and only if there is sufficient bandwidth in each of the links along its predefined route. The models have conspicuously lacked alternative routes on which a call can be established when the predefined route is unavailable. Due to this absence of alternative routes, these loss networks are said to have fixed routing. Being simple to implement, fixed routing is employed in many regional and private circuit-switched networks. Moreover, it will be employed in many initial implementations of ATM.
Acetoacetic decarboxylase. Activation by heat.

Abstract Acetoacetic decarboxylase (acetoacetate carboxy lyase, EC 4.1.1.4), as extracted from acetone-powdered Clostridium acetobutylicum, contains some enzyme which is expressed and an equal amount which is latent and which may be measured only after its exposure by heating. Activation of the latent decarboxylase is an effectively irreversible, time- and temperature-dependent process which is kinetically first order. ΔHa for this activation is 25 kcal per mole. The expressed decarboxylase can be irreversibly inhibited by treatment with borohydride plus acetoacetate or 2-oxopropane sulfonate, without affecting the latent decarboxylase. The latent decarboxylase and the expressed decarboxylase sediment identically in a sucrose density gradient and are not separated by the procedures employed in the purification of the enzyme. The initially expressed decarboxylase and that which is exposed by heating, exhibit the same Km for acetoacetate and Ki for 2-oxopropane sulfonate. Monovalent anions protect against the irreversible inhibition of the enzyme by substrate plus BH4- but have no effect on the activation of the latent decarboxylase or on the thermal stability of the enzyme. Acetylacetone is similarly without effect on the process of heat activation but strikingly enhances the heat stability of the decarboxylase.
Distribution of Vibrio vulnificus and other lactose-fermenting vibrios in the marine environment.

During the summer of 1981, 3,887 sucrose-negative vibrios were isolated from seawater, sediment, plankton, and animal samples taken from 80 sites from Miami, Fla., to Portland, Maine. Of these, 4.2% were able to ferment lactose. The lactose-positive strains isolated from the various samples correlated positively with pH and turbidity of the water, vibrios in the sediment and oysters, and total bacterial counts in oysters. Negative correlations were obtained for water salinity. Numerical taxonomy was performed on 95 of the lactose-fermenting environmental isolates and 23 reference strains. Five clusters resulted, with the major cluster containing 33 of the environmental isolates and all of the Vibrio vulnificus reference strains. The 33 isolates, which produced an acid reaction in lactose broth within hours of initial inoculation, represented 20% of all lactose-fermenting vibrios studied. These isolates were nearly identical phenotypically to clinical strains of V. vulnificus studied by the Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga., and by our laboratory, and their identification was confirmed by DNA-DNA hybridization studies. V. vulnificus was isolated from all sample types and from Miami to Cape Cod, Mass., and comparison of the environmental parameters of the eight subsites yielding this species with those of all 80 subsites revealed no significant differences. The majority of the isolates were obtained from animals, with clams providing most (84%) of these. On injection into mice, 82% of the V. vulnificus isolates resulted in death. Members of the remaining four clusters contained strains which differed from V. vulnificus in such phenotypic traits as luminescence and in urease or H2S production. None of the other reference cultures, including nine other Vibrio species, were contained in the remaining clusters, and these isolates could not be identified. Most of these were also lethal for mice. Phenotypic differences, potential pathogenicity, and geographic distribution of the five clusters were examined. It is concluded that V. vulnificus is a ubiquitous organism, both geographically and in a variety of environmental sources, although it occurs in relatively low numbers. The public health significance of this organism and of the other unidentified lactose-fermenting Vibrio species is discussed.
Single Sensor Individual Cylinder Air-Fuel Ratio Control of an Eight Cylinder Engine with Exhaust Gas Mixing

This paper describes the application linear periodic control techniques to the analysis and design of an individual cylinder air-fuel ratio controller for an 8-cylinder engine. A model of the engine including exhaust gas mixing in the manifold is developed. The resulting system was determined to be nearly unobservable. The exhaust manifold was subsequently redesigned, and a successful controller implemented.
Accuracy of Late-Night Salivary Cortisol in Evaluating Postoperative Remission and Recurrence in Cushing's Disease.

Context: Late-night salivary cortisol (LNSC) is well-validated in the diagnosis of Cushing's disease (CD). The accuracy of LNSC during follow-up of patients undergoing transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) has not been fully characterized. Objectives: We examined the accuracy of LNSC in establishing remission and identifying recurrence in postoperative patients with CD. Design: This is a retrospective study. Patients: Records of patients with CD who underwent TSS by a single neurosurgeon in our tertiary center (2005–2014) were analyzed (N = 224). Patients were selected for further investigation (n = 165) if there was at least one available LNSC test obtained after TSS (either within 3 months or during long-term follow-up). Extracted data included demographic and clinical characteristics, magnetic resonance imaging and laboratory data (morning serum cortisol, 24-hour urine free cortisol [UFC], LNSC) . Main Outcomes and Measures: Remission was defined as nadir morning serum cortisol less than 5 mcg/dl and nadir 24-...
Derivation of general formulas of torques, moments and train values for standard n–gear train by means of moment of force

This paper presents the general formulas of torques, moments and train values for a standard n–gear train which have been developed on the basis of deriving the basic formulas of torques, moments and train values for the simple standard two–gear train through the simple standard four–gear train by using the method of 'the moment of the force'.
Investigation of partial volume correction methods for brain FDG-PET studies [MRI application]

The usage of PET in quantitative FDG studies of aging and dementia has been limited by partial volume effects. A general method for correction of partial volume effects (PVE) in PET involves the following common procedures: (1) segmentation of MRI brain images into gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), and muscle (MS) components, (2) MRI-PET registration, (3) generation of simulated PET images. Afterward, two different approaches can be taken. Approach A derives first a pixel-by-pixel correction map as the ratio of the measured image to the simulated image (with realistic FWHM). The correction map was applied to the MRI segmentation image. ROIs can then be applied to give results free of partial volume effects. Approach B uses the ROI values of the simulated "pure" image (with negligible FWHM), and those of the simulated and the measured PET images to correct for the PVE effect. By varying the ratio of radiotracer concentrations for different tissue components, the in-plane FWHMs of a 3-dimensional point spread function, and the ROI size, the authors evaluated the performance of these two approaches in terms of their accuracy and sensitivity to different simulation configurations. The results showed that both approaches are more robust than the approach developed by Muller-Gartner, et al. (1992), and approach B is more accurate and more robust than approach A. In conclusion, the authors recommend that approach B should be used on FDG PET images to correct for partial volume effects and to determine whether an apparent change in GM radiotracer concentration is truly due to pathophysiological process.
Evidence for a vestigial pinna‐orienting system in humans

Although some people can voluntarily move their ears, overt reflexive control of the pinnae has been lost during the course of primate evolution. Humans and apes do not move their ears to express emotion, they do not defensively retract them when startled, and they do not point them at novel, salient, or task-relevant stimuli. Nevertheless, it is the thesis of this review that neural circuits for pinna orienting have survived in a purely vestigial state for over 25 million years. There are three lines of evidence: (1) Shifting the eyes hard to one side is accompanied by electromyographic (EMG) activity in certain ear muscles and by a barely visible (2-3 mm) curling of the dorsal edge of the pinna. (2) The capture of attention by a novel, unexpected sound emanating from behind and to one side has been found to trigger a weak EMG response in the muscle behind the corresponding ear. (3) Reflexive EMG bursts recorded during a selective attention task suggested that subjects were unconsciously attempting to orient their ears toward the relevant sounds. In addition to pinna orienting, the possibility that pinna startle might have survived in a vestigial state is also considered. It is suggested that the postauricular reflex to sudden, intense sounds constitutes a vestigial startle response, but that the reflex arc is dominated by a pathway that bypasses the main organizing center for startle.
Identification of a major human serum DNA-binding protein as β1H of the alternative pathway of complement activation

Summary One of the major proteins in human serum capable of binding DNA (designated DBP-1) has been identified as β1H of the alternative complement pathway. The two proteins exhibit the same molecular weight and amino acid composition. When compared directly using immunoassays, DBP-1 and β1H appear immunologically identical. Finally, although isolated as a complement component and not as a DNA-binding protein, β1H demonstrates an affinity for DNA comparable to that of DBP-1.
Bulk and diffusional transport in the region between molecular and viscous flow

Abstract Analytical and experimental analyses are presented for bulk and diffusional flow of a binary gas mixture under steady-state conditions. The analyses are valid for the entire region between pure molecular and viscous flow. The analytical analysis is made for flow through a capillary tube subjected to a small pressure gradient. A momentum balance is applied to one component of the gaseous mixture in order to determine an equation for the rate of transport of that component. Analytical results for the capillary tube are modified for the case of transport through a porous material by considering this material to be a bundle of capillary tubes. Experimental results for the transport of an air-water-vapor mixture through freeze-dried meat are presented; these results compare favorably with the analytical results for the porous material.
Targeted therapies in non-small cell lung cancer: emerging oncogene targets following the success of epidermal growth factor receptor.

The diagnostic testing, treatment and prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has undergone a paradigm shift since the discovery of sensitizing mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene in a subset of NSCLC patients. Several additional oncogenic mutations, including gene fusions and amplifications, have since been discovered, with a number of drugs that target each specific oncogene. This review focuses on oncogenes in NSCLC other than EGFR and their companion “targeted therapies.” Particular emphasis is placed on the role of ALK, ROS1, RET, MET, BRAF, and HER2 in NSCLC.
Eddy Current Sensing of Torque in Rotating Shafts

The noncontact torque sensing in machine shafts is addressed based on the stress induced in a press-fitted magnetoelastic sleeve on the shaft and eddy current sensing of the changes of electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability due to the presence of stress. The eddy current probe uses dual drive, dual sensing coils whose purpose is increased sensitivity to torque and decreased sensitivity to variations in distance between probe and shaft (liftoff). A mechanism of keeping the distance constant is also employed. Both the probe and the magnetoelastic sleeve are evaluated for performance using a standard eddy current instrument. An eddy current instrument is also used to drive the coils and analyze the torque data. The method and sensor described are general and adaptable to a variety of applications. The sensor is suitable for static and rotating shafts, is independent of shaft diameter and operational over a large range of torques. The torque sensor uses a differential eddy current measurement resulting in cancellation of common mode effects including temperature and vibrations.
Is protein catabolism nonrandom

Injektion von14C-Lysin in 320 bis 750 Tage alten Mausen deutet darauf hin, dass wahrend des Alterns alte Proteinmolekule infolge ihrer Strukturanderung rascher katabolisiert werden als neue.
Binding of Hoechst 33258 to the minor groove of B-DNA.

An X-ray crystallographic structure analysis has been carried out on the complex between the antibiotic and DNA fluorochrome Hoechst 33258 and a synthetic B-DNA dodecamer of sequence C-G-C-G-A-A-T-T-C-G-C-G. The drug molecule, which can be schematized as: phenol-benzimidazole-benzimidazole-piperazine, sits within the minor groove in the A-T-T-C region of the DNA double helix, displacing the spine of hydration that is found in drug-free DNA. The NH groups of the benzimidazoles make bridging three-center hydrogen bonds between adenine N-3 and thymine O-2 atoms on the edges of base-pairs, in a manner both mimicking the spine of hydration and calling to mind the binding of the auti-tumor drug netropsin. Two conformers of Hoechst are seen in roughly equal populations, related by 180 degrees rotation about the central benzimidazole-benzimidazole bond: one form in which the piperazine ring extends out from the surface of the double helix, and another in which it is buried deep within the minor groove. Steric clash between the drug and DNA dictates that the phenol-benzimidazole-benzimidazole portion of Hoechst 33258 binds only to A.T regions of DNA, whereas the piperazine ring demands the wider groove characteristic of G.C regions. Hence, the piperazine ring suggests a possible G.C-reading element for synthetic DNA sequence-reading drug analogs.
Sulfanilamide Activity Against Escherichia coli Under Anaerobic Conditions.

ConclusionsThe results of this study show that SA inhibits the respiration and growth of Esch. coli in a synthetic medium with glucose as the source of energy under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions and that PAB also exerts its anti-SA activity under anaerobic conditions. Growth and respiration are inhibited to somewhat the same extent as previously reported by Sevag8 for Streptococcus pyogenes and Type I Diplococcus pzeumonice. SA appears to inhibit respiration somewhere between the original dehydrogenase system and the final H-acceptor, possibly inhibiting a H-carrier system as well as the decarboxylase system. It is not evident whether the decreased rate of respiration is due to inhibition of growth or vice versa although Wyss9 reports that respiration is inhibited by isomers of SA which do not exhibit “chemotherapeutic activity.”
Experiments on the beam breakup instability in long-pulse electron beam transport through cavity systems

1407_61Experiments have been performed to investigate the beam breakup (BBU) instability in electron beams transported through rf cavity systems. Experiments have utilized two accelerators: 1) a Febetron accelerator operating with energy equals 100-300 keV, extracted current equals 10-100 (Alpha) , and pulse length equals 300 ns, and 2) the Michigan Electron Long Beam Accelerator (MELBA), with energy equals 0.6-0.9 MeV, extracted current equals 100-400 (Alpha) and pulselength equals 0.5-2 microsecond(s) . The transport system consists of 5 or 10 rf cavities with Q equals 210 +/- 30. the cavities are connected by cutoff waveguide sections, which prevent electromagnetic coupling between cavities in order to eliminate the regenerative BBU. Each cavity has a microwave probe to detect growth of e-beam emission in the non-axisymmetric TM110 mode at 2.5 GHz, corresponding to the BBU. Solenoidal magnetic fields of 1-3.5 kG are applied. Initial experimental data on the Febetron show strong (>40 dB) growth of rf at 2.5 GHz between the first and tenth cavity. MELBA data shows about 20 dB rf growth between the second and fifth cavities in a 5 cavity system. Up to 85% of the injected current is transported through the cavity system. The magnitude of BBU growth, its dependence on current and magnetic field, and the onset time to rf peaking are consistent with theory.
Using the Instrumental Variables Estimator to Analyze Noninferiority Trials with Noncompliance

The standard intent-to-treat (ITT) approach can lead to erroneous conclusions about treatment efficacy in noninferiority trials with noncompliance. Per-protocol and as-treated analyses are also known to result in biased comparisons of treatment effects. Alternative statistical methods are therefore needed to better address the effects of noncompliance in noninferiority trials. In this paper, we consider the use of the instrumental variables (IV) estimator in a noninferiority trial with a binary outcome and evaluate the performance of this approach in comparison to other conventional analytic methods. Unlike the ITT, per-protocol, and as-treated approaches, the IV method provides an unbiased estimate of the average causal effect of treatment among the subgroup of compliers and maintains the nominal type I error rate, but does increase the sample size requirements of the study as the expected proportion of noncompliers increases. Further development of the IV estimator for more general patterns of noncompliance would be useful and would encourage broader application of this method in noninferiority trials.
Synthesis, optical, and thermal properties of conjugated, bispyridyl and tetrapyridyl compounds by knoevenagel reaction

A series of conjugated, bispyridyl and tetrapyridyl compounds were synthesized from either terephthalaldehyde or isophthalaldehyde and activated pyridyl compounds by Knoevenagel reaction on heating in acetic anhydride in presence of acetic acid and their optical and thermal properties were examined. All of them exhibited photoluminescence in chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, and dimethyl sulfoxide as well as in solid state. In solid state, their emission spectra exhibited bathochromic shifts when compared with those in less or more polar solvents. Some compounds emitted UV light both in polar solvents and in the solid state; other compounds emitted UV light in polar solvents, but emitted visible light in the solid state.
Promising and delivering gene therapies for vision loss

The maturity in our understanding of the genetics and the pathogenesis of disease in degenerative retinal disorders has intersected in past years with a novel treatment paradigm in which a genetic intervention may lead to sustained therapeutic benefit, and in some cases even restoration of vision. Here, we review this prospect of retinal gene therapy, discuss the enabling technologies that have led to first-in-human demonstrations of efficacy and safety, and the road that led to this exciting point in time.
The photonic ring: Algorithms for optimized node arrangements

Abstract New applications such as the future university and research environment, medical imaging, and supercomputer interconnects indicate that the future end-user will need to operate at close to peak electronic processing speed, viz. a few Gigabits per second. By exploiting the unique properties of emerging lightwave technology, it is now possible to embed different logical structures over a given physical network topology. Regular multihop structures, for example, bus, ring, toroid, are attractive candidates for logical topologies since they use simple routing schemes, that require less processing time.
Hydrogen and sulfur from hydrogen sulfide—VI. Solar thermolysis

Abstract The thermolysis of H2S and the recovery of H2 and S were studied in a simple, single-pass reactor in a solar furnace. With low feed rates, conversions and quench fractions that are virtually 100% of the maximum expectation values were obtained at a nominal reactor temperature of 1800 K. At lower temperatures, they were lower because the rate of the dissociation reaction was limiting. At higher temperatures, they were slightly reduced because recombination occurring during the quench began to play a role. The rate of the dissociation reaction is apparently enhanced by catalysis on the A12O3 walls of the reactor. Although high feed rates may reduce conversions and quench fractions, the overall effect of higher feed rates can be increased production rates. Process designers would thus have substantial latitude in choosing process parameters (temperature, pressure, and feed rate) to optimize the processing of H2S recovered from fossil fuel, as well as that unearthed for its own sake, as a valuable resource.
MOSAIC - A space-multiplexing technique for optical processing of large images

A technique for Fourier processing of images larger than the space-bandwidth products of conventional or smart spatial light modulators and two-dimensional detector arrays is described. The technique involves a spatial combination of subimages displayed on individual spatial light modulators to form a phase-coherent image, which is subsequently processed with Fourier optical techniques. Because of the technique's similarity with the mosaic technique used in art, the processor used is termed an optical MOSAIC processor. The phase accuracy requirements of this system were studied by computer simulation. It was found that phase errors of less than lambda/8 did not degrade the performance of the system and that the system was relatively insensitive to amplitude nonuniformities. Several schemes for implementing the subimage combination are described. Initial experimental results demonstrating the validity of the mosaic concept are also presented.
The influence of saturated fatty acid modulation of bilayer physical state on cellular and membrane structure and function

Abstract Cultured chick fibroblasts supplemented with stearic acid in the absence of serum at 37°C degenerate and die in contrast to cells grown at 41°C which appear normal in comparison with controls. These degenerative effects at 37°C are alleviated by addition to stearate-containing media of fatty acids known to fluidize bilayers. These observations suggest that cell degeneration at 37°C may involve alterations in the physical state of the membrane. Fatty acid analysis of plasma membrane obtained from stearate-supplemented cells clearly demonstrates the enrichment of this fatty acid species into bilayer phospholipids. Moreover, the extent of enrichment is similar in cells grown at both 37 and 41°C. Stearate enrichment at either temperature does not appear to alter significantly membrane cholesterol or polar lipid content. Fluorescence anisotropy measurements for perylene and diphenylhexatriene incorporated into stearate-enriched membranes revelas changes suggestive of decreased bilayer fluidity. Moreover, analysis of temperature dependence of probe anisotropy indicates that a similarity in bilayer fluidity exists between stearate-enriched membranes at 41°C and control membranes at 37°C. Calorimetric data from liposomes prepared from polar lipids isolated from these membranes show similar melting profiles, consistent with the above lipid and fluorescence analyses. Arrhenius plot of stearate-enriched membrane glucose transporter function reveals breaks which coincide with the main endotherm of the pure phospholipid phase transition, indicating the sensitivity of the transporter to this transition which is undetectable in these native bilayers. These data suggest the existence of regions of bilayer lipid microheterogeneity which affect integral enzyme function, cell homeostasis and viability.
The Impact of Economic Freedom and Personal Freedom on Net In-Migration in the U.S.: A State-Level Empirical Analysis, 2000 to 2010

Arguably, private enterprise flourishes under conditions of increased freedom. However, increases in economic freedom can sometimes impose costs on others (negative externalities and monopoly power being prominent examples). Nevertheless, on balance, it is typically expected that the greater the degree of economic freedom, the more successfully and efficiently markets perform and the greater the prosperity created through private enterprise. These net outcomes from greater freedom accelerate economic growth and development, which in turn creates opportunities for yet further success. From a different perspective, it can be argued that greater personal freedom promotes higher levels of utility for consumers in non-economic ways. Accordingly, the present study empirically investigates whether the prospects of greater economic freedom and/or greater personal freedom in any given state vis-a-vis other states act(s) to induce a greater net influx of migrants. This empirical study of internal U.S. migration over the study period from 2000 to 2010 finds clear evidence that migrants prefer to move to those states with greater economic freedom on the one hand and greater personal freedom on the other hand.
Effects of arabinosyl cytosine and 5-azacytidine on the intestinal absorption of nutrients

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of two pyrimidine antimetabolites, arabinosyl cytosine (ara-C) and 5-azacytidine (5-aza-C), on the intestinal transport of glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes. Male Swiss-Webster mice were given either 50 mg/kg ara-C or 15 mg/kg 5-aza-C in isotonic saline, ip, once daily for 5 successive days. Using the everted sac technique there was a marked decrease in d -glucose, 3- O -methyl- d -glucose (3MG), and l -tyrosine transport. The rates of glucose, 3MG, and l -tyrosine transport were decreased by 67, 74, and 60%, respectively, in ara-C-treated animals, and 58, 79, and 62%, respectively, in 5-aza-C-treated animals. When intestinal sacs from untreated animals were exposed to ara-C or 5-aza-C (10 −3 m ) on both mucosal and serosal sides, there was no effect on transport. Furthermore, in animals treated with either ara-C or 5-aza-C there was a significant decrease in transmucosal potential difference and short circuit current associated with decreases in net Na + , Cl − , and HCO 3 − transport across the intestinal mucosa. Simultaneous administration of deoxycytidine, in a two- to threefold molar excess, prevented the impairment of intestinal transport function caused by ara-C; similarly, cytidine prevented the impairment caused by 5-aza-C. The results suggest that active metabolites of ara-C and 5-aza-C are involved in their inhibitory effects on intestinal absorption and that this may be a contributing factor to the malnutrition and diarrhea commonly associated with the administration of these anticancer drugs.
Barium hollandite-type compounds BaxFe2xTi8−2xO16 with x=1.143 and 1.333

Experimental X-ray powder diffraction patterns and refined unit cell parameters for two barium hollandite-type compounds, BaxFe2xTi8−2xO16, with x=1.143 and 1.333, are reported here. Compared to the tetragonal parent structure, both compounds exhibit monoclinic distortions that increase with Ba content [Ba1.333Fe2.666Ti5.334O16: a=10.2328(8), b=2.9777(4), c=9.899(1) A, β=91.04(1)°, V=301.58(5) A3, Z=1, ρcalc=4.64 g/cc; Ba1.143Fe2.286Ti5.714O16: a=10.1066(6), b=2.9690(3), c=10.064(2) A, β=90.077(6)°, V=301.98(4) A3, Z=1, ρcalc=4.48 g/cc]. The X-ray powder patterns for both phases contain a number of broad, weak superlattice peaks attributed to ordering of the Ba2+ ions within the tunnels of the hollandite framework structure. According to the criteria developed by Cheary and Squadrito [Acta Crystallogr. B 45, 205 (1989)], the observed positions of the (0k1)/(1k0) superlattice peaks are consistent with the nominal x-values of both compounds, and the k values calculated from the corresponding d-spacings suggest that the Ba ordering within the tunnels is commensurate for x=1.333 and incommensurate for x=1.143. High-temperature X-ray diffraction data indicate that the x=1.333 compound undergoes a monoclinic→tetragonal phase transition between 310 and 360 °C.