cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sub-diffusive scattering parameter maps recovered using wide-field high-frequency structured light imaging.

This study investigates the hypothesis that structured light reflectance imaging with high spatial frequency patterns (fx) can be used to quantitatively map the anisotropic scattering phase function distribution (P(θs)) in turbid media. Monte Carlo simulations were used in part to establish a semi-empirical model of demodulated reflectance (Rd) in terms of dimensionless scattering (μs′fx−1) and γ, a metric of the first two moments of the P(θs) distribution. Experiments completed in tissue-simulating phantoms showed that simultaneous analysis of Rd spectra sampled at multiple fx in the frequency range [0.05-0.5] mm−1 allowed accurate estimation of both μs′(λ) in the relevant tissue range [0.4-1.8] mm−1, and γ(λ) in the range [1.4-1.75]. Pilot measurements of a healthy volunteer exhibited γ-based contrast between scar tissue and surrounding normal skin, which was not as apparent in wide field diffuse imaging. These results represent the first wide-field maps to quantify sub-diffuse scattering parameters, which are sensitive to sub-microscopic tissue structures and composition, and therefore, offer potential for fast diagnostic imaging of ultrastructure on a size scale that is relevant to surgical applications.
Interpretation of the infrared and laser-Raman spectra of cyclopentene and perfluorocyclopentene

Abstract The infrared spectra of gaseous and polycrystalline cyclopentene and perfluorocyclopentene have been recorded from 3500 to 200 cm−1. Raman spectra of the gaseous, liquid and crystalline states for the respective molecules have also been studied and depolarization values determined. In addition, the farinfrared spectrum of solid perfluorocyclopentene has been recorded from 33 to 300 cm−1. The 33 normal modes of each molecule have been assigned on the basis of the measured depolarization ratios, relative band intensities and group frequency correlations. A series of lines associated with the Δv = 2 transitions of the ring-puckering vibration of gaseous cyclopentene were readily detected in the Raman spectrum. The ring-puckering fundamental of perfluorocyclopentene is assigned to the Raman line centered at 100 cm−1. The data for these molecules will be discussed in conjunction with similar studies on other cyclic systems.
A longitudinal study of achievement goals for college in general: Predicting cumulative GPA and diversity in course selection

Abstract This correlational longitudinal study examined how college students’ achievement goals for college in general predicted overall grade point average and diversity in course selection. During their first semester of college, students ( N = 214) reported their performance-approach, performance-avoidance, and mastery-approach goals for college and completed a measure of achievement motivation. Two years later, students’ transcripts were obtained to determine each participant’s cumulative GPA and the diversity in their course selections. Regression analyses showed that, controlling for high school ability and achievement motivation, performance-approach goals positively predicted overall college performance, p p p
A cyclic vernier time-to-digital converter synthesized from a 65nm CMOS standard library

This paper presents a synthesizable cyclic Vernier time-to-digital converter (TDC) with digitally controlled oscillators (DCOs). All functional blocks in the TDC are implemented with digital standard cells and placed-and-routed (PAR) by automatic design tools; thus, the TDC is portable and scalable to other process technologies. The effect of PAR mismatch is characterized in the post-layout simulation and utilized to achieve 1ps TDC resolution. The TDC was designed in a 65nm CMOS process, and occupies 0.001mm2.
The effect of artificial insemination once versus twice per day.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of inseminating Jersey cows and heifers once per day or according to the a.m.-p.m. rule. A total of 337 artificial inseminations (AI) were completed by three technicians at the University of Tennessee Dairy Experiment Station at Lewisburg for 6 mo. Cows and heifers were inseminated at estrus using the a.m.-p.m. rule on even days of the month. On odd days of the month, AI were once daily between 0800 and 1200 h. Estrus detection was conducted two to three times daily. Pregnancy was confirmed by rectal palpation 60 to 80 d after AI. Herd DHIA averages were a 12.2-mo calving interval, 76 d to first AI, 83% observed estruses,and a 50% conception rate during the trial. Pregnancy data were analyzed with a model including treatment, AI, lactation number, parity, technician, and group. This study grouped cows and heifers according to when they were in estrus and inseminated (a.m.-a.m., a.m.-p.m., or p.m.-a.m.); means were 43.7, 57.9, and 59.0%, respectively. The a.m.-p.m. AI versus once per day AI yielded a pregnancy rate of 55.6% versus 51.3%. These results show no difference among Jersey cows or heifers that were inseminated artificially once daily in the a.m. However, those cows and heifers inseminated in the a.m. of first estrus detection had a lower pregnancy rate.
Synchronous Grammars and Transducers: Good News and Bad News

Much of the activity in linguistics, especially computational linguistics, can be thought of as characterizing not languages simpliciter but relations among languages. Formal systems for characterizing language relations have a long history with two primary branches, based respectively on tree transducers and synchronous grammars. Both have seen increasing use in recent work, especially in machine translation. Indeed, evidence from millennia of experience with bilingual dictionaries argues for synchronous grammars as an appropriate substrate for statistical machine translation systems.
An Architecture for Query Optimization Using Association Rule Mining

This research presents a way to identify attribute-value relationships already existing in a database by using association rule mining to optimize query processing. Once relationships have been determined, these relationships can be used as a basis for creating temporary structures like views to optimize query operations. This paper presents an architecture that shows how table partitions in the form of views, created based on association rules, can be used to optimize queries. The results of this study were statistically significant.
The Vertical File Index. A Role To Play, A Contribution To Make

While books and periodicals dominate the collections of most libraries, they do have a poor second cousin. Pamphlets and vertical file material have worth and value to a library (no matter what that library's size, function, or type); but this value may not always be recognized. A primary source of information on many pamphlets and vertical file‐like material is the Vertical File Index (hereafter sometimes referred to as the VFI or the index), a selection and collection‐building tool in existence for over fifty years. While the index does include references to items like Baby Shower Fun, Turn to Sandwiches, and Versatile Vinegar, it is not replete with such items.
Analytical formulations of image forces on dislocations with surface stress in nanowires and nanorods

Abstract The interaction between dislocations and surfaces is usually characterized by image forces. Most analytical solutions to image forces could be found in literatures for two-dimensional (2D) solids with or without the consideration of surface stress. This work provides alternative analytical formulations of image forces for nanowires which are in more flexible forms compared with the infinite power series solutions from complex variable method. Moreover, this work proposes analytical formulations of image forces for nanorods (3D) by approximating the 3D shape effect as a height-dependent shape function, which is obtained through curve fitting of the finite element results of image forces without surface stress. The results of nanowires are demonstrated to be acceptable compared with the classical solution and complex variable method. More importantly, the analytical formulation of nanorods has not been found in other literatures so far. This work could contribute to nanostructure design and provide guidance for the fabrication of high quality nanostructures.
Guidelines for managing theorthodontic-restorative patient

Occasionally, patients require restorative treatment during or after orthodontic therapy. Patients with worn or abraded teeth, peg-shaped lateral incisors, fractured teeth, multiple edentulous spaces, or other restorative needs may require tooth positioning that is slightly different from a nonrestored, nonabraded, completely dentulous adolescent. Generally, orthodontists are not accustomed to dealing with patients who require restorative intervention. Should the objectives of orthodontic treatment differ for the restorative patient compared with the nonrestorative patient? How should the teeth be positioned during orthodontic therapy to facilitate specific restorations? Should teeth be restored before, during, or perhaps after orthodontics? The answers to these and other important questions are vital to the successful treatment of some orthodontic patients. This article will provide a series of eight guidelines to help the interdisciplinary team manage treatment for the orthodontic-restorative patient.
Primary penile lymphoma: diagnostic difficulties and management options

A 76-year-old man presented with a painless penile ulcer. After an extensive negative workup, CO(2) laser excision was performed with penile reconstruction. Histologic examination revealed an anaplastic, large cell lymphoma with CD30(+) cells. Computed tomography scans of the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis were negative. He received no adjuvant therapy and was without evidence of recurrence after 18 months. We review published reports and discuss the management options for this rare lesion.
Deafferentation in animals as a model for the study of pain: an alternative hypothesis

The notion that post-deafferentation autonomy is a pain response is unsupported by the results of studies with neurotoxins. The selective massive destruction of a fiber system considered essential to normal nociception--unmyelinated primary afferent axons--prior to deafferenting nerve lesions did not stop or even significantly impede post-denervation DI despite massive evidence from humans and animals that pain following nerve lesions originates in the periphery and is generated by abnormal discharges in the injured nerve. In addition, when a reduction in abnormal impulse discharges of both large and small injured sensory axons could be inferred following neonatal sympathectomy, DI was not reduced in incidence or severity. This latter observation (1) provides further support for a dissociation between DI and pain, since any contribution of myelinated primary afferent axons to painful pathology probably was substantially reduced by sympathectomy and (2) suggests that DI also may be unrelated to non-painful sensory pathology attributable to abnormal activity in the thick-diameter fiber population. These findings and an evaluation of other relevant observations suggest that DI may not be a manifestation of deafferentation pain and perhaps this animal model for the experimental study of pain should be discarded. An alternative view of DI, reconcilable with known properties of this behavior, is that it reflects a proclivity in some species and circumstances to shed a functionally-impaired insensate appendage.
The structure of the dihydrohexahelicene formed by the irradiation of styryl benzo [c] phenanthrene under anaerobic conditions

Abstract According to Wismontski and Fischer irradiation under anaerobic conditions of 2-styryl benzo [c]phenanthrene ( 1 ) gives rise to an isolable dihydrohexahelicene which is easily oxidized into hexahelicene. Its structure obviously different from 5,6-dihydrohexahelicene 4 waselucidated by the analysis of the 500 MHz-NMR spectrum. The structure and configuration: trans - 6 a , 16d -dihydrohexahelicene with the 16d hydrogen oriented inside the inner helix must be formed by a suprafacial1.5-H shift of only one hydrogen from the primary formed photocyclization product 2 .
Aponeurotic Defects in Congenital Ptosis

Levator aponeurosis disinsertion is an accepted etiologic factor in some acquired ptosis cases, but it has not previously been reported as a cause of congenital ptosis. Forty-six congenitally ptotic eyelids in 36 patients with no history of birth trauma were surgically explored and three eyelids were found to have levator disinsertions. All three cases were treated by aponeurotic repair with excellent results. These cases and suggestions that help to preoperatively identify congenitally ptotic eyelids with levator disinsertions are presented. We feel the aponeurotic approach to ptosis correction is applicable to cases of congenital ptosis with at least 5 mm of function.
Fixed-analysis adaptive-synthesis filter banks

Subband/Wavelet filter analysis-synthesis filters are a major component in many compression algorithms. Such compression algorithms have been applied to images, voice, and video. These algorithms have achieved high performance. Typically, the configuration for such compression algorithms involves a bank of analysis filters whose coefficients have been designed in advance to enable high quality reconstruction. The analysis system is then followed by subband quantization and decoding on the synthesis side. Decoding is performed using a corresponding set of synthesis filters and the subbands are merged together. For many years, there has been interest in improving the analysis-synthesis filters in order to achieve better coding quality. Adaptive filter banks have been explored by a number of authors where by the analysis filters and synthesis filters coefficients are changed dynamically in response to the input. A degree of performance improvement has been reported but this approach does require that the analysis system dynamically maintain synchronization with the synthesis system in order to perform reconstruction. In this paper, we explore a variant of the adaptive filter bank idea. We will refer to this approach as fixed analysis adaptive synthesis filter banks. Unlike the adaptive filter banks proposed previously, there is no analysis synthesis synchronization issue involved. This implies less coder complexity and more coder flexibility. Such an approach can be compatible with existing subband wavelet encoders. The design methodology and a performance analysis are presented.
Type A Personality, Job Satisfaction, and Tlrnover Intention among Certified Public Accountants: A Comparison of Euro-Americans and Hispanics

Previous research has found accountants to possess the distinctive Type A personality, which may not be as prevalent in minority populations as it is in the Euro-American populations. This article reports on the results ofa survey of a sample of 860 Euro-American and 119 Hispanic certified public accountants. It assesses potential differences in personality, job satisfaction, and turnover intention by ethnicity, occupational setting, and level of decision-making authority. Analyses of the data found that ethnicity was not associated with any of the independent variables. However, personality was found to be significantly associated with occupational setting and level of decision-making authority. Job satisfaction, was not found to be associated with occupational setting but was associated with level of decision-making authority. Finally, turnover intention was not found to be associated with occupational setting but was found to be associated with level of decision-making authority.
What have we learned from the application of stochastic frontier analysis to U.S. hospitals

This article focuses on the lessons learned from stochastic frontier analysis studies of U.S. hospitals, of which at least 27 have been published. A brief discussion of frontier techniques is provided, but a technical review of the literature is not included because overviews of estimation issues have been published recently. The primary focus is on the correlates of hospital inefficiency. In addition to examining the association of market pressures and hospital inefficiency, the authors also examined the relationship between inefficiency and hospital behavior (e.g., hospital exits) and inefficiency and other measures of hospital performance (e.g., outcome measures of quality). The authors found that consensus is emerging on the relationship of some factors to hospital efficiency; however, further research is needed to better understand others. The application of stochastic frontier analysis to specific policy issues is in its infancy; however, the methodology holds promise for being useful in certain con...
Low power, small die-size PLL using semi-digital storage instead of big loop filter capacitance

Conventional low bandwidth Phase lock loop uses an external Capacitor together with a big on chip ripple capacitor. A new architecture of a Phase lock loop is proposed which eliminates the need for an external capacitor. Also the value of the on chip capacitor is reduced drastically, reducing the chip size. The PLL architecture proposed uses very low power.
Willingness to Pay for Public Goods: A Test of the Contribution Model

This article reports a test of the hypothesis that stated willingness to pay (WTP) for environmental quality follows a contribution model rather than the purchase model that is more congenial to economic thinking In particular, we examine the ability of the Schwartz norm-activation model of altruism to explain six different WTP assessments The Schwartz model explains stated WTP for environmental quality, except when payments are framed as taxes We suggest that models should presume that both altruistic and egoistic considerations may affect stated WTP and that framing may affect their relative contributions
Preparation of Nanometer-Sized Manganese Oxides by Intercalation of Organic Ammonium Ions in Synthetic Birnessite OL-1

Potassium manganese oxide materials having the synthetic birnessite structure K-OL-1 were synthesized by reduction methods. K-OL-1 has been ion-exchanged with H+ to produce H-OL-1, which was utilized in further intercalating reactions. The tetraalkylammonium hydroxides including tetramethylammonium hydroxide, tetraethylammonium hydroxide, tetrapropylammonium hydroxide, and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide and diamines such as ethylenediamine, 1,6-diaminohexane, and 1,10-diaminooctane were used to intercalate H-OL-1. Elemental analyses, X-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, UV−vis spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy have been used to characterize the samples. Structural models of both wet and dry samples are given. The intercalation and deaquation processes of TAA and DA-OL-1 were studied. Their particle sizes were determined and nanometer-sized TAA-OL-1 samples were prepared in TAA systems.
Isoforms of the Na,K-ATPase are present in both axons and dendrites of hippocampal neurons in culture.

Abstract The distributions of isoforms of the Na,K-ATPase alpha subunit were determined in mature cultured hippocampal neurons and in a polarized epithelial cell line. We find that hippocampal neurons express the alpha 1 and alpha 3 isoforms in the membranes of both axons and dendrites. In contrast the alpha 1 and alpha 3 proteins are exclusively basolateral when expressed endogenously or by stable transfection in renal epithelial cells. These data suggest that epithelial cells and hippocampal neurons localize these proteins by different mechanisms. These observations contrast with those made for the vesicular stomatitis virus and the influenza glycoproteins, which are polarized in both epithelial and neuronal cells.
Simulation of Solid Structure Formation in AN Electrorheological Fluid

The temporal evolution of three-dimensional structure in an electrorheological (ER) fluid is examined by a computer simulation. A parameter B characterizing the ratio of the Brownian force to the dipolar force is introduced. For a wide range of B, the ER fluid was a rapid chain formation followed by aggregation of chains to form thick columns, which has a body-centered tetragonal (bct) lattice structure. The Peierls–Landau instability of single chains helps the formation of thick columns. If B is very small, the ER system will be trapped in some local energy-minimum state.
A lifting surface theory for the analysis of nonplanar lifting systems

A new nonlinear, nonplanar lifting surface theory is presented. The method is regarded as a lifting surface theory in that the effects of wing thickness are neglected, but none of the usual small perturbation assumptions inherent in most other lifting surface theories are made. The method represents nonplanar lifting systems by distributed vorticity, including the leading edge singular behavior characteristic of thin wings. The method is well suited to the computation of induced drag of nonplanar systems because leading edge suction is calculated from the leading edge singularity. The method has been used to compute the induced drag benefit of winglets (vortex diffusers), and the agreement with NASA experimental data is excellent.
Effect of Temperature and Pressure on Oxygen Pressure Aging

Abstract An increase in the temperature of the oxygen pressure test from 70° to 80° C greatly increases the rate of aging of rubber vulcanizates. The temperature coefficients of aging rate for the six stocks tested vary between 1.63 and 3.48. The state of cure markedly affects the temperature coefficient of some stocks. It is obvious that no change in the specification from 70° to 80° C should be made without first determining the temperature coefficient of the stock involved. A decrease in the pressure of the oxygen pressure test decreases the rate of aging, but the rate is not proportional to pressure. The relative rates of aging between 0.5 and 300 pounds oxygen pressure for the stocks tested vary between 1.09 and 4.87 for the normal cures, and between 1.50 and 6.74 for the longer cures. The state of cure markedly affects the change in rate of aging with change in pressure. The data show that changes in the pressure of the oxygen pressure test must be accompanied by a revision of all aging specificatio...
Optimization of intravascular shear stress assessment in vivo

Abstract The advent of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors has enabled real-time wall shear stress (WSS) measurements with high spatial and temporal resolution in a 3-D bifurcation model. To optimize intravascular shear stress assessment, we evaluated the feasibility of catheter/coaxial wire-based MEMS sensors in the abdominal aorta of the New Zealand white (NZW) rabbits. Theoretical and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses were performed. Fluoroscope and angiogram provided the geometry of aorta, and the Doppler ultrasound system provided the pulsatile flow velocity for the boundary conditions. The physical parameters governing the shear stress assessment in NZW rabbits included (1) the position and distance from which the MEMS sensors were mounted to the terminal end of coaxial wire or the entrance length, (Le), (2) diameter ratios of aorta to the coaxial wire (Daorta /Dcoaxial wire=1.5–9.5), and (3) the range of Reynolds numbers (116–1550). At an aortic diameter of 2.4 mm and a maximum Reynolds number of 212 (a mean Reynolds number of 64.2), the time-averaged shear stress (τave) was computed to be 10.06 dyn cm−2 with a systolic peak at 33.18 dyn cm−2. In the presence of a coaxial wire (Daorta /Dcoaxial wire=6 and Le=1.18 cm), the τave value increased to 15.54 dyn cm−2 with a systolic peak at 51.25 dyn cm−2. Real-time intravascular shear stress assessment by the MEMS sensor revealed an τave value of 11.92 dyn cm−2 with a systolic peak at 47.04 dyn cm−2. The difference between CFD and experimental τave was 18.5%. These findings provided important insights into packaging the MEMS sensors to optimize in vivo shear stress assessment.
Bulk-like ferroelectric and piezoeletric properties of transferred-BaTiO3 single crystal thin films

Layer transfer of thin BaTiO3 films onto silicon-based substrates has been investigated. H+ and He+ ion implantation created a buried sacrificial layer in the BaTiO3 single crystals. Thermodynamics and kinetics of cavity nucleation and growth at the bonding interface have been investigated and single crystal thin film layers were transferred onto amorphous Si3N4 and Pt substrates. We have found that defects generated by ion implantation in ferroelectric materials can be significantly recovered with the subsequent annealing for layer splitting. Also, after high dose ion implantation, the films remain single crystal and stoichiometry. Finally, characterization proves the layer-transferred thin films are ferroelectrically active, with domains and piezoresponse similar to bulk crystals.
A model for coupled fluid-flow and mixed-volatile mineral reactions with applications to regional metamorphism

The effect of fluid flow on mixed-volatile reactions in metamorphic rocks is described by an expression derived from the standard equation for coupled chemical-reaction and fluid-flow in porous media. If local mineral-fluid equilibrium is assumed, the expression quantitatively relates the time-integrated flux at any point in a flow-system to the progress of devolatilization reactions and the temperature- and pressure-gradients along the direction of flow. Model calculations indicate that rocks are generally devolatilized by fluids flowing uptemperature and/or down-pressure. Flow down-temperature typically results in hydration and carbonation of rocks. Time-integrated fluid fluxes implied by visible amounts of mineral products of devolatilization reactions are on the order of 5·102–5·104 mol/cm2. The model was applied to regionally metamorphosed impure carbonate rocks from south-central Maine, USA, to obtain estimates of fluid flux, flow-direction, and in-situ metamorphic-rock permeability from petrologic data. Calculated time-integrated fluxes are 104–106 cm3/cm2 at 400°–450° C, 3,500 bars. Fluid flowed from regions of low temperature to regions of high temperature at the peak of the metamorphic event. Using Darcy's Law and estimates for the duration of metamorphism and hydrologic head, calculated fluxes are 0.1–20·10-4 m/year and minimum permeabilities are 10-10–10-6 Darcy. The range of inferred permeability is in good agreement with published laboratory measurements of the permeability of metamorphic rocks.
A helical coat protein recognition domain of the bacteriophage P22 scaffolding protein

Abstract The scaffolding protein of bacteriophage P22 directs the assembly of an icosahedral procapsid, a metastable shell that is the precursor for DNA packaging. The full-length protein has been shown previously to exist in a monomer-dimer-tetramer equilibrium of elongated and predominantly α-helical molecules. Two deletion-mutant fragments of the scaffolding protein, comprising amino acid residues 141 to 303 and 141 to 292, respectively, have been constructed, overexpressed in Escherichia coli , and purified. Removal of residues 1 to 140 yields a protein that is assembly-active both in vitro and in vivo , while the removal of the C-terminal 11 residues (293 to 303) leads to complete loss of scaffolding activity. Sedimentation analysis reveals that both scaffolding fragments exist in a monomer-dimer equilibrium governed by apparent dissociation constants K d(141–303) = 640 μM and K d(141–292) = 880 μM. Tetramer formation is not observed for either fragment; thus, the tetramerization domain of the scaffolding subunit resides in the N-terminal portion of the polypeptide chain. Examination of both fragments by circular dichroism, Raman and NMR spectroscopies indicates a highly α-helical fold in each case. Nonetheless, pronounced differences are observed between spectral signatures of the two fragments. Notably, Raman spectra of fragments 141–292 and 141–303 indicate that elimination of residues 293 to 303 results in unfolding of an α-helical coat protein “recognition” domain encompassing about 20 to 30 residues. The thermostability of fragment 141–303, monitored over a wide concentration range by circular dichroism and Raman spectroscopy, indicates a broad denaturation transition for the monomeric (low concentration) form, while more cooperative unfolding is observed for the dimeric (high concentration) form. A lesser increase in cooperativity upon dimerization is obtained for fragment 141–292. Additionally, the C-terminal recognition domain constitutes the most stable and cooperative unit in the 141–303 fragment. Measurement of hydrogen-isotope exchange kinetics in scaffolding fragments by time-resolved Raman spectroscopy shows that the C terminus is the only protected segment of the polypeptide chain. On the basis of the measured hydrodynamic and spectroscopic properties, a domain structure is proposed for the scaffolding subunit. The roles of these domains in P22 procapsid assembly are discussed.
Carbon isotope chemostratigraphy of the Middle Riphean type section (Avzyan Formation, Southern Urals, Russia): Signal recovery in a fold-and-thrust belt

Abstract The Avzyan Formation of the southern Ural Mountains, Russia, forms part of the Middle Riphean (∼ 1300–1000 Ma) type section. Its age is constrained to be younger than 1348 Ma and older than 1080 Ma and thus may preserve all or part of the mid-Mesoproterozoic isotopic shift. This shift represents a significant reorganization of the carbon cycle and separates pre-1300 Ma carbonates with δ13C near 0‰ from post-1200 Ma Mesoproterozoic successions having average δ13C values greater than + 3.5‰. Because the Avzyan Formation is a significant reference section for the Mesoproterozoic and because it has the potential to record this mid-Mesoproterozoic shift, a chemostratigraphic profile was constructed for this strongly folded and thrust-faulted succession. Best-preserved δ13C values from carbonates of the Avzyan Formation lie mainly between 0‰ and + 2‰, but the unit contains a single excursion, represented by several data points, to values greater than + 4‰. The chemostratigraphy of the Avzyan Formation does not provide a definitive match to a better-dated succession; however, the character of the carbon isotopic curve is most similar to that of the Dismal Lakes Group, arctic Canada, suggesting that the Avzyan Formation was deposited during the mid-Mesoproterozoic isotopic shift and may have an age near 1270 Ma. Best-preserved Sr isotopic values of 0.70587 are also consistent with a later Mesoproterozoic age.
Spanish-English Bilingual Students' Use of Cognates in English Reading

A study was conducted to determine how Hispanic bilingual students' knowledge of Spanish vocabulary and ability to identify Spanish-English cognates relate to their comprehension of English exposit...
Chemotherapy resistant sarcoma treated with whole body hyperthermia (WBH) combined with 1-3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU)

Seventeen patients with chemotherapy-resistant metastatic sarcoma were treated with whole body hyperthermia (WBH) combined simultaneously with 1-3-Bis(2-chloro-ethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU). All of the patients had chemotherapy resistant metastases to major organ sites. Patients were heated to 41·8–42·0°C for 2 h using an insulated blanket heating technique. Two patients (12%) experienced partial responses (PR). In addition, four objective tumour responses (OR) lasting more than 4 months were documented. One patient with previously rapidly growing chondrosarcoma pulmonary metastases experienced stable disease (SD) for 38 months from the onset of treatment. Median survival of seven patients with responding tumours (PR, OR and SD) compared with 10 patients with progressive disease was 15 versus 2 months, respectively. Cumulative thrombocytopenia was a therapy-limiting toxicity of the combined treatment, and occurred in six of seven patients. Acute toxicities attributable to WBH alone included transient thromb...
The sampling theory of neutral alleles and an urn model in population genetics.

The behaviour of a Polya-like urn which generates Ewens' sampling formula in population genetics is investigated. Connections are made with work of Watterson and Kingman and to the Poisson-Dirichlet distribution. The order in which novel types occur in the urn is shown to parallel the age distribution of the infinitely many alleles diffusion model and consequences of this property are explored. Finally the urn process is related to Kingman's coalescent with mutation to provide a rigorous basis for this parallel.
Structural components necessary for the antiestrogenic activity of tamoxifen.

Abstract The biological activities of tamoxifen derivatives that contain various side chain alterations were studied using a T47D breast cancer cell growth assay in vitro . We studied the activity of various analogs to determine the important aspects of side chain composition and aryl ring positioning on antiestrogenic activity. Previous studies utilizing a rat pituitary cell prolactin synthesis assay have shown that substitution of the aminoethoxy side chain for an allyl side chain resulted in agonist activity, whereas the addition of a glyceryl side chain produced antiestrogenic activity. In the present study utilizing T47D cells, compounds with alkyl or allyl substitutions were partial agonists, as were compounds with bulky para-substituted benzyl group constituents. A tamoxifen derivative with a side chain containing an ethyl ester was antiestrogenic (IC 50 = 2 × 10 −6 M) and effectively inhibited estradiol (10 −6 M) stimulation of growth. However, a compound with a short similar methyl ester-containing side chain did not possess any activity. Compounds with carbinol-containing side chains were antiestrogenic (IC 50 = 2.8–3.5 × 10 −7 M). All of the compounds displaying antiestrogenic activity could be “rescued” by incubation with estradiol (10 −8 M) and therefore were not nonspecifically toxic to the cells. These results support the hypothesis that the presence of a lone pair of electrons within the side chain region of tamoxifen may be required for antiestrogenic activity. Also, nonplanar placement of the aryl ring of the triphenylethylenetype of compound is critical for potency.
Remarks on Clitic-Climbing in Brazilian Portuguese

Abstract Quicoli (1976) argues that data from Clitic-Climbing in (Brazilian) Portuguese provide evidence in Favour of Chomsky's Specified Subject Condition. Other linguists have questioned Quicoli's data arguing that Brazilian Protuguese does not allow Clitic-Climbing. I contend that in discussing Clitic-Climbing in Brazilian Portuguese it is essential to distinguish the style about which grammaticality judgements are being made. Detailed examination of Jorge Amado's Torres do sem lim (1942) suggests that Clitic-Climbing does exist in Brazilian Portuguese written prose, although its distribution does not provide evidence for Quicoli's hypothesis.
Relative resistance of Dorper crossbred ewes to gastrointestinal nematode infection compared with St. Croix and Katahdin ewes in the southeastern United States.

A study was conducted to evaluate relative resistance of Dorper crossbred (DO), Katahdin (KA), St. Croix (SC), and Hampshire (HA) ewes to natural and experimental gastro-intestinal (GI) nematode infection over a 20-month period. The objective of Experiment 1 was to evaluate breeds for resistance to infection acquired naturally from mixed grass pastures. In Year 1 (May–December 2000) de-worming of ewes occurred during wet, hot conditions in July and during late pregnancy in December. In Year 2 (January–December 2001), ewes were de-wormed after fecal egg count (FEC) for a breed group rose above 1000 eggs per gram (epg) or after blood packed cell volume (PCV) of an individual ewe fell below 20. FEC was determined every 28 days and PCV every 14–28 days. In both the years, ewes were pastured together, except during the 28-days breeding periods, on tall fescue, bermudagrass, or ryegrass, and rotated among pastures dependent on forage availability. Ewes were in good or excellent condition (body condition score of 3–4 out of 5) throughout the study. The objective of Experiment 2 was to evaluate the breeds for relative resistance to an experimental infection with Haemonchus contortus infective larvae. Both PCV and FEC were determined every 7 days from 14 to 42 days after inoculation with 30,000 infective larvae per ewe. In Experiment 1, Year 1, FEC was slightly greater and PCV was lower from July to September in DO ewes (breed × time, P<0.001). In Year 2, de-worming occurred 14 days later in DO ewes compared with other breed types. Otherwise PCV and FEC were similar among the hair breeds and higher and lower, respectively, compared with HA ewes (breed × time, P<0.001). In Experiment 2, FEC and PCV were similar among hair breeds; FEC was lower and PCV higher in hair breeds compared with that of HA ewes (P<0.01). Relative resistance of mature Dorper crossbred ewes was comparable to that of Katahdin and St. Croix ewes and superior to that of Hampshire ewes.
Sensitometry control of a hybrid field-effect liquid crystal light valve

Abstract Sensitometry data are presented and analyzed for a hybrid, a.c., field-effect, liquid crystal light valve. The control voltage and its frequency are shown to change the transmission threshold, sensitivity, linear dynamic range and the shape of the device's sensitometry curve. These effect can be explained from an equivalent circuit of the device.
Effect of pentachlorophenol (PCP) on meiobenthic communities established in an experimental system

Aquaria containing clean sand received a continuous supply of seawater from Santa Rosa Sound, Florida, USA, mixed with known concentrations (7, 76 and 622 μg l-1) of pentachlorophenol (PCP). After 9 weeks, nematodes accounted for 87% of the total meiofauna. Nematode biomass and densities were greatest in aquaria exposed to 76 μg PCP l-1 and were least in aquaria exposed to 622 μg PCP l-1. Epistrate feeders were abundant in control aquaria and aquaria exposed to 7 and 76 μg PCP l-1, but not in aquaria exposed to 622 μg PCP l-1. Selective deposit feeders were not abundant in the control aquaria and aquaria exposed to 7 μg PCP l-1, but comprised 19% of the nematodes in aquaria exposed to 76 μg PCP l-1 and 61% in aquaria exposed to 622 μg PCP l-1.
Effect of brassinolide, alone and in concert with abscisic acid, on control of stomatal aperture and potassium currents of Vicia faba guard cell protoplasts

The essential role of brassinosteroids (BRs) in normal plant growth, development and physiology has been established by the analysis of biosynthesis and signal transduction mutants. Some of the BR-related mutants also display altered sensitivity to the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) suggesting that BRs normally counteract the effects of ABA on root growth, seed germination, and possibly stomatal movement. In this study, the effect of a specific BR, brassinolide (BL), on guard cell function of Vicia faba was examined alone and in conjunction with ABA. Unlike other described plant responses, BL did not oppose the effect of ABA in regulation of stomatal movement. On the contrary, BL modulated stomatal aperture by promoting stomatal closure and inhibiting stomatal opening, functions of this hormone that were previously undescribed. This study also demonstrated a role for plant steroidal hormones in ion channel regulation: BL inhibited inwardly rectifying K+ currents of V. faba guard cell protoplasts in a manner similar to ABA. In both stomatal movement assays and whole-cell patch clamp experiments, the effects of BL and ABA applied together were not additive, suggesting that these two hormones may function in interacting pathways to regulate stomatal apertures and guard cell physiology.
Describing treatment intensity in milieu teaching interventions for children with developmental disabilities: a review.

Purpose This investigation aimed to apply the dosage framework proposed by Warren, Fey, and Yoder (2007) to variations of milieu language teaching intervention strategies to explore how each of the...
Improved method for quantitating and obtaining the unsaponifiable matter of fats and oils

A quantitative method for saponifying and isolating the unsaponifiable matter (UM) from fats and oils is detailed. The method, which is a modification of a previously described procedure, is faster, uses about half the solvent, and is easier to execute. The minimum time needed to completely saponify a large number of fats and oils is established and conditions for removing contaminating soap from the extracted UM are described. Evidence presented shows some fats and oils to be incompletely saponified using previously indicated time-temperature conditions. The method compares favorably with the AOAC method, but is not applicable to the analysis of marine oils.
Compensating for diminishing natural water : Predicting the impacts of water development on summer habitat of desert bighorn sheep

Abstract Artificial water sources have been used for decades to enhance and restore wildlife habitat but the benefits of their use have been subject to debate. During the past century, the number of natural springs in Joshua Tree National Park, California, USA, has declined. In response to concerns about the viability of the bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni) population, a number of water developments were constructed throughout the park. We modeled potential historical and present-day summer habitat of female bighorn sheep to evaluate the effectiveness of the artificial and remaining natural water sources in maintaining habitat and to determine how loss of artificial sources might affect future habitat availability. Prior to 1950, 583.5 km2 of summer habitat was potentially available. Presently, only 170.6 km2 of habitat is available around natural water sources and 153.5 km2 is available around guzzlers. When all perennial water sources are included in the habitat model (minus overlap), 302.3 km2 of summer habitat is potentially available. This represents only 51.7% of summer habitat available prior to 1950. Without artificial water developments, 47.7% of present-day summer habitat would be lost, which raises important management questions regarding the debate about what is natural or artificial within otherwise protected areas.
Hidden Markov Model based classification approach for multiple dynamic vehicles in wireless sensor networks

It is challenging to classify multiple dynamic targets in wireless sensor networks based on the time-varying and continuous signals. In this paper, multiple ground vehicles passing through a region are observed by audio sensor arrays and efficiently classified. Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is utilized as a framework for classification based on multiple hypothesis testing with maximum likelihood approach. The states in the HMM represent various combinations of vehicles of different types. With a sequence of observations, Viterbi algorithm is used at each sensor node to estimate the most likely sequence of states. This enables efficient local estimation of the number of source targets (vehicles). Then, each sensor node sends the state sequence to a manager node, where a collaborative algorithm fuses the estimates and makes a hard decision on vehicle number and types. The HMM is employed to effectively model the multiple-vehicle classification problem, and simulation results show that the approach can decrease classification error rate.
Statistical design of digital control systems

This paper is concerned with the problem of statistical design of digital control systems. A simplified design procedure is introduced. The minimum mean-square error is adopted as the performance criterion; and the system design is based upon the Wiener-Kolmogoroff theory of optimum filtering and prediction. The treatment of this optimization problem makes use of the modified z -tranusform technique, and is presented in close parallel with the procedure for the statistical design of linear continuous-data control systems. By making use of some important properties of the auto-correlation sequence, the cross-correlation sequence, the pulse spectral density and the pulse cross-spectral density, the statistical design of digital control systems can be carried out in a simple and systematic manner.
A Damage Model for Nonlinear Tensile Behavior of Cortical Bone

To describe the time-dependent nonlinear tensile behavior observed in experimental studies of cortical bone, a damage model was developed using two internal state variables (ISV's). One ISV is a damage parameter that represents the loss of stiffness. A rule for the evolution of this ISV was defined based on previously observed creep behavior. The second ISV represents the inelastic strain due to viscosity and internal friction. The model was tested by simulating experiments in tensile and bending loading. Using average values from previous creep studies for parameters in the damage evolution rule, the model tended to underestimate the maximum nonlinear strains and to overestimate the nonlinear strain accumulated after load reversal in the tensile test simulations. Varying the parameters for the individual tests produced excellent fits to the experimental data. Similarly, the model simulations of the bending tests could produce excellent fits to the experimental data. The results demonstrate that the 2-ISV model combining damage (stiffness loss) with slip and viscous behavior could capture the nonlinear tensile behavior of cortical bone in axial and bending loading.
Assessing Happiness Inequality in the Welfare State: Self-Reported Happiness and the Rawlsian Difference Principle

The effect of the size of the welfare state on the average happiness level in a nation has often been discussed—but the same effect on happiness inequality has been explored much less. Rooted in divergent philosophical disciplines, utilitarianism and egalitarianism respectively, scholars have discussed the merits of policies as they effect each of these two criteria for justice. John Rawls’ difference principle, on the other hand, philosophically justifies a limited trade-off, increasing happiness inequality to benefit the over-all happiness level of the least advantaged. The difference principle—that society should allow inequality insofar as it is to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged—has seldom been discussed empirically in the context of the happiness literature. This paper contributes to the ongoing literature evaluating the welfare state in light of happiness indicators by introducing the difference principle and asking whether the welfare state benefits the least advantaged in society. My empirical analysis shows that self-reported life satisfaction of the least advantaged does not improve from an increase in the size of the welfare state more than the self-reported life satisfaction of the average citizen. In short, the welfare state does not benefit the worst-off in a society in terms of happiness more than the average member.
Parent–offspring conflict and the recruitment of helpers among bee-eaters

GENETIC conflicts of interest are to be expected between individuals in any non-clonal society1–5. One well studied form of conflict is that between parents and their offspring over the amount of parental care provided to the offspring3. A very different manifestation of parent–offspring conflict may occur in certain cooperatively breeding species in which parents (breeders) are assisted in the rearing of young by their grown offspring (helpers)6–8. If helpers have a sufficiently large effect on reproductive success, breeders will enhance their own inclusive fitness more by retaining their offspring as helpers than by allowing them to reproduce on their own4,5,9. We report here that older male white-fronted bee-eaters (typically fathers) actively disrupt the breeding attempts of their sons, and that such harassment frequently leads to the sons joining as helpers at the nest of the harassing father. Calculation of fitness costs and benefits to the various participants helps to clarify both why parents engage in such 'recruitment' behaviour and why sons frequently do not resist.