cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Missed Opportunities: A Mixed-Methods Analysis of CAM Discussions and Practices in the Management of Pain in Oncology

Abstract Context Treatment of pain in cancer is a clinical priority. Many cancer patients seek and use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies. Objectives The aim of this study was to describe the role CAM plays in oncology, clinicians' approaches to pain management and its alignment with patient preference and self-care. Methods We used quantitative criteria to identify patients with high, self-reported pain and reduced quality of life. For these patients, we merged quantitative and qualitative data from encounter audio recordings, patient surveys, and the medical record. Results We identified 32 patients (72% women, average age 60) experiencing significantly symptomatic pain at enrollment. Merged themes were 1) Restricted and defined roles: Oncology clinicians suggested and documented cancer-specific approaches to pain management. Patients often (17, 53%) used CAM but rarely desired to discuss it in their encounters. 2) Proactive patients in setting of neutrality: Pain management strategies were considered in 22 instances. CAM was mentioned in 4 (18%) of these discussions but only after patient initiation. Clinicians took a neutral stance. 3) Missed opportunities for person-centered CAM discussions and management: Most (88%) patients were receiving conventional pain medications at enrollment or had them added or escalated during follow-up. Some patients in pain expressed preferences for avoiding opioids. One patient reported wishing CAM would have been discussed after an encounter in which it was not. Conclusion Bringing CAM discussions into the oncology encounter may facilitate a stronger patient-clinician partnership and a more open and safe understanding of pain-related CAM use.
Max Weber within the Methodenstreit

Max Weber’s position with regard to the Methodenstreit, the dispute between the Austrians and the historical school over the status of axiomatic-deductive theory within economics, is investigated. I find that while there was much in Carl Menger’s economics with which Weber agreed, his achievement was to provide an improved foundation for the historicist approach. I discuss the important differences between Weber’s approach and the methodology advocated by Ludwig von Mises, the central figure in the later Austrian school. I argue that Weber broadened the scope for economics by integrating the empirical facts of history and the contemporary world, while Mises narrowed it by attempting to establish an economics purified of contingent empirical reality. Finally, I discuss Mises’ influence on Lionel Robbins and Robbins’ contribution to the eclipse of Weber’s methodological insights.
The association of a heart attack or stroke with depressive symptoms stratified by the presence of a close social contact: findings from the National Health and Aging Trends Study Cohort.

OBJECTIVE The objective of the study is to examine whether the risk of having clinically significant depressive symptoms following a heart attack or stroke varies by the presence of a close social contact. METHODS The National Health and Aging Trends Study is a nationally representative longitudinal survey of US Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older initiated in 2011. A total of 5643 older adults had information on social contacts at baseline and depressive symptoms at the 1-year follow-up interview. The two-item Patient Health Questionnaire identified clinically significant depressive symptoms. Interview questions examined social contacts and the presence of self-reported heart attack or stroke during the year of follow-up. RESULTS A total of 297 older adults reported experiencing a heart attack and/or stroke between their baseline and follow-up interviews. In regression analyses accounting for sociodemographics, baseline depressive symptoms, medical comorbidity, and activities of daily living impairment, older adults with no close social contacts had increased odds of depressive symptoms at follow-up after experiencing a heart attack or stroke, while those with close social contacts had increased odds of depressive symptoms at follow-up after experiencing a stroke, but not a heart attack. CONCLUSIONS Older adults have increased odds of having depressive symptoms following a self-reported stroke, but only those with no close social contacts had increased odds of depressive symptoms following a heart attack. Social networks may play a role in the mechanisms underlying depression among older adults experiencing certain acute health events. Future work exploring the potential causal relationships suggested here, if confirmed, could inform interventions to alleviate or prevent depression among at risk older adults. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formative Research to Understand the Psychographics of 1% Milk Consumption in a Low-Income Audience:

A clear understanding of the knowledge, perceptions, beliefs, attitudes, and values of those whose behavior we hope to change is an essential task in a social marketing project. This formative rese...
Retrospective analysis of goal drug level attainment of posaconazole for invasive fungal infection prophylaxis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia pre- and post-switch to tablet formulation.

BackgroundPosaconazole is approved for invasive fungal infection prophylaxis in patients with hematologic malignancies. Posaconazole suspension is plagued by poor oral absorption and dietary requir...
Ethical and Legal Issues of Geriatrics

The anesthesiologist’s expanding comprehensive role in perioperative medicine necessitates an increasing awareness of and involvement in the ethics of health care. The perioperative physician must not only be the surgical patient’s medical advocate, but their ethical advocate as well. The elderly patient presents a myriad of unique and challenging ethical issues that require an understanding of both the distinctive health care issues of the geriatric population and the underlying principles of modern health care ethics. Anesthesiologists, because of their unique role in perioperative and critical care medicine, must take an active role in the development and implementation of health care institutional ethical policies and procedures during the perioperative period.
“The mind has to catch up on sex”: sexual norms and sex education in the Hull House

From its beginning in 1885, the Hull House was beacon for social progress and urban reform. Founders Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr recruited talented, passionate partners from diverse fields to address issues from street sanitation to education in Chicago’s immigrant communities. Among residents’ many projects, their involvement in the “social hygiene” movement for sex education and contraception is perhaps the least recognised, in part because the Hull House did not save materials directly related to these services. As a result, the professional activities of Hull House residents Drs Rachelle Yarros and Alice Hamilton reveal a productive relationship between the Hull House and the social hygiene movement. Part of their critical work was to dismantle the cultural association of contraceptives and sex education with “fallen women” and reframe these services as necessities for maternal health. The papers of their professional organisations chronicle their delicate efforts to challenge assumptions about reproductive healthcare while preserving Victorian ideals about sex as a private, procreative endeavour strictly between married, monogamous people. Rachelle Yarros was particularly active, producing a dearth of literature on sexual health, teaching classes on the subject, and overseeing the opening of Chicago’s first public birth control clinics. Each of these advancements, including the birth control clinic, was available on Hull House grounds. By capitalising on the financial and medical resources available to them as physicians and reformers, Yarros and Hamilton achieved significant gains in women’s healthcare and initiated a national conversation about sexual health as a human right.
Parent perspectives on information about late effects of childhood cancer treatment and their role in initial treatment decision making

Background Though most childhood cancer survivors experience late effects of treatment, we know little about parent preferences for late effects information during therapy, or how parents weigh late effects when making treatment decisions. Our objective was to explore how parents of children with cancer consider late effects in initial treatment decision making and during active cancer treatment. Methods Semistructured interviews were conducted with 12 parents of children with cancer who were actively receiving treatment at Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and qualitatively analyzed using thematic analysis. Results Ten of 12 parents reported that they had to decide between two or more treatment options for their child's cancer. Of those, 50% (5/10) considered late effects to be an important factor in their decision making. Most parents wanted early and detailed information about their child's risk of late effects to make treatment decisions and to feel prepared for the future. However, a few parents felt too overwhelmed to focus on late effects at diagnosis. While many recalled extensive late effects information in informed consent discussions, some parents felt these issues were minimally addressed. Conclusion Parents desire detailed information about late effects to make informed treatment decisions and prepare for the future. Despite the role of late effects in treatment decision making, some parents feel that late effects are either inadequately addressed or too overwhelming to process at diagnosis. Parents may benefit from early assessment of their information needs and a return to these issues over time.
Current Cannabinoid Receptor Nomenclature and Pharmacological Principles

The CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors are members of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family that were isolated more than 20 years ago. CB1 and CB2 mediate the effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the principal psychoactive ingredient in marijuana and subsequently identified endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) anandamide and 2-arachidonyl glycerol. The discovery of additional sites of action for endocannabinoids as well as synthetic cannabinoid compounds suggests the existence of additional cannabinoid receptors. We review this evidence, as well as the current nomenclature for classifying a target as a cannabinoid receptor. We discuss basic pharmacological definitions and principles in order to place in context the mechanisms underlying cannabinoid receptor activation. Constitutive (agonist independent) activity and allosterism are observed with cannabinoid receptors. Allosteric modulation of cannabinoid receptors may usher in new classes of medicinal compounds capable of enhancing signals generated by endocannabinoids. Natural polymorphisms and alternative splice variants may also contribute to the pharmacological diversity of the cannabinoid receptors. Thus, each of the cannabinoid receptors is able to recognize multiple classes of compounds and produce an array of distinct downstream effects. However, many challenges await the field, including the classification of other GPCRs (i.e., GPR18 and GPR55) as bona fide cannabinoid receptors and developing strategies to target receptor conformations for harnessing specific pharmacological responses. The basic biology of the endocannabinoid system will continue to be revealed by ongoing investigations, and progress will partially depend upon the development of technologies that can assimilate current research trends and theories.
Ventricular Arrhythmias After Acute Myocardial Infarction: Consideration of Arrhythmia Frequency, Complexity and Variability in Assessing Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death

Sudden cardiac death claims more than 1,000 lives daily in the United States. The majority of these victims have coronary artery disease and previous myocardial infarction (1). The rhythm disturbance responsible for sudden cardiac death appears to be ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation in the majority of cases (1, 2). Because of the wide-spread use of 24-hour ambulatory ECG recordings, a few centers have collected a small number of patients in whom sudden cardiac death occurred while the patient was wearing a 24-hour ambulatory ECG monitor.
Sediment Transport Models and their Testing

Hydraulic and environmental engineers must evaluate transport, deposition, and erosion of sediment for planning and operating river and canal systems. An alluvial flow is characterized by the inter-dependency of flow, sediment transport, bed form, and friction factor: The flow affects the sediment transport and bed form, which control the hydraulic roughness and channel geometry. The hydraulic roughness and channel geometry, in turn, affect the flow. This interdependency produces major difficulties for analyzing and simulating fluvial flow and associated sediment transport. Thus, a key to successful sediment transport modeling is to correctly reflect this interdependency in a model.
The Bilingual Research Journal: Dreams, possibilities, and necessity

ABSTRACTThe Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), signed in 1965, was a pivotal civil rights law to address the dream of equitable education for all children on the mainland and in U.S. te...
Linear Polyethylenimine-DNA Nanoconstruct for Corneal Gene Delivery

Abstract Purpose: This study investigated the efficiency and potential toxicity of a linear 22-kDa polyethylenimine (PEI)–DNA nanoconstruct for delivering genes to corneal cells and the effects of ...
Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA): Zone I Balloon Occlusion Time Affects Spinal Cord Injury in the Nonhuman Primate Model.

Objectives Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA) has been used clinically to limit torso bleeding and restore central perfusion. The objective of this study was to determine the sequelae of prolonged REBOA in a nonhuman primate animal model. Summary background data Prolonged duration of REBOA is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Threshold occlusion values tied to relative risk have yet to be determined. Methods Juvenile baboons were subjected to 40% to 55% total blood volume hemorrhage to achieve profound hypotension and shock. Zone I REBOA was performed for 60 minutes to assess acute injury and survival at 4 hours (group 1; n = 7). Post-REBOA 10-day survival and complications were then compared between 60 minutes (group 2; n = 8) and 30 minutes (group 3; n = 6) REBOA animals. Results Overall survival was 20/21 (95%). IL-6 and IL-8 were elevated at 1 and 4 hours in group 1 (P = 0.005; P = 0.001). Comparing 60-minute REBOA with 30-minute REBOA, there was (1) hypertension compared with normotension (P = 0.005), (2) increased base deficit (P = 0.003), (3) elevated Troponin I (P = 0.04), and histological evidence of kidney injury (P = 0.004). In addition, group 2 demonstrated paralysis with histopathologic changes of spinal cord ischemia (SCI) in 4/8 (50%), with no SCI in group 3 (P = 0.033). Conclusions REBOA limits mortality in the primate model of severe hemorrhagic shock. However, unopposed balloon inflation in the distal thoracic aorta for 60 minutes results in high rates of spinal cord ischemia, an effect mitigated by limiting balloon inflation to 30 minutes.
Diffuse light and wetting differentially affect tropical tree leaf photosynthesis

Most ecosystems experience frequent cloud cover resulting in light that is predominantly diffuse rather than direct. Moreover, these cloudy conditions are often accompanied by rain that results in wet leaf surfaces. Despite this, our understanding of photosynthesis is built upon measurements made on dry leaves experiencing direct light. Using a modified gas exchange setup, we measured the effects of diffuse light and leaf wetting on photosynthesis in canopy species from a tropical montane cloud forest. We demonstrate significant variation in species-level response to light quality independent of light intensity. Some species demonstrated 100% higher rates of photosynthesis in diffuse light, and others had 15% greater photosynthesis in direct light. Even at lower light intensities, diffuse light photosynthesis was equal to that under direct light conditions. Leaf wetting generally led to decreased photosynthesis, particularly when the leaf surface with stomata became wet; however, there was significant variation across species. Ultimately, we demonstrate that ecosystem photosynthesis is significantly altered in response to environmental conditions that are ubiquitous. Our results help to explain the observation that net ecosystem exchange can increase in cloudy conditions and can improve the representation of these processes in Earth systems models under projected scenarios of global climate change.
Trends and Disparities in Asthma Biologic Use in the United States.

Background From 2003 to 2015, only 1 biologic was approved for the treatment of moderate to severe asthma in the United States. Since 2015, 4 new asthma biologics were approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Objective To describe trends and disparities of asthma biologic use in the United States from 2003 to 2018. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis using a cohort developed from the OptumLabs Data Warehouse. Prevalent and incident asthma biologic users were identified, and characteristics of users and nonusers were analyzed using regression analysis. Clinician prescribing behavior was described. Results Use of biologic medications remains uncommon among individuals with asthma, with prevalence peaking in 2006 at 3 in 1000 individuals with asthma. Several factors are associated with a higher likelihood of asthma biologic use: middle age, higher income, commercial insurance, and access to a specialist. Most clinicians (65%) in the cohort prescribed only 1 biologic. Conclusions We report low overall use of asthma biologics and evidence of disparities in access to asthma biologics.
Is science for atheists? Perceived threat to religious cultural authority explains U.S. Christians' distrust in secularized science

A history of perceived conflict between religion and science persists in the U.S. "culture wars" that juxtapose religious and secular worldviews. As modern societies grow increasingly secular, religion is often deemed an impediment to science-based policy-making, whereas science is increasingly associated with atheism. In the present research, we addressed how perceived science-atheism associations affect U.S. Christians' attitudes toward science. In study 1, participants' own estimates of atheists' prevalence in science uniquely predicted distrust in science, and study 2 revealed a causal effect of perceived prevalence of atheists on distrust in science. Studies 3-4 (the latter preregistered) manipulated the concept of science-atheism associations more generally, revealing the same effects. These effects were mediated by the belief that scientists are anti-religion, not by moral distrust toward atheists or fundamentalist religious beliefs. Hence, Christians' institutional distrust in secularized science may derive largely from a perceived threat to the cultural status of religion.
Analysis of Channel Crosstalk Decomposition Methods

Every component in a given channel contributes to the overall crosstalk with different levels. To effectively reduce the crosstalk impact, major contributors should be addressed. Channel crosstalk decomposition is the way to identify the crosstalk contribution of each component in the channel. Two channel crosstalk decomposition methods are introduced with example, in which they have different results and lead to discrepant conclusions. This paper analyzes these two methods, explores the reason why the results are different and finally suggests one proper method for channel crosstalk decomposition.
The News from Mars

Bruno Latour advocates for portrayals of science in the making but does not explain how the public can access these portrayals. This article addresses that gap by analyzing how 199 press releases f...
State Affordable Housing Appeals Systems and Access to Opportunity: Evidence From the Northeastern United States

In many U.S. states, local governments exercise extensive control over land-use regulation. Much scholarly research indicates that local restrictions on multifamily residential development have con...
Validation of the imaging neutral particle analyzer in nearly MHD quiescent plasmas using injected beam ions on DIII-D

The imaging neutral particle analyzer (INPA) is a scintillator-based diagnostic that provides energy and radially resolved measurements of confined fast ions. To verify operation, understanding, and modeling of the diagnostic performance, distributions of deuterium beam ions in low density, nearly MHD-quiescent plasmas are measured on the DIII-D tokamak using the INPA. The distribution is altered by changing the pitch-angle scattering rate with electron cyclotron heating (ECH). Experimental images are mostly reproduced with simulation of core fast ions charge exchanging with injected beam and edge cold neutrals in classical cases. Image comparisons between the experiment and simulation show agreement with less than 25% discrepancies near the beam injection energy of 50 keV. Other strong passive signals, observed in a localized region on the image, are suggested to come from charge exchange between cold neutrals and fast ions around the plasma boundary.
Investigation on the iodine nutritional status among the key population in Chenzhou City, Hunan Province, 2015

Objective To study the iodine nutritional status among the key population in Chenzhou City of Hunan Province, and to provide scientific basis for prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD). Methods According to the "Hunan Iodized Salt Monitoring Pilot Scheme", total of 11 counties (cities, districts) were selected in Chenzhou City in 2015. One township was selected by east, west, south, north and center in each county (city, district). Four villages were drawn from each township, and 15 households were selected from each village to collect salt samples. Forty children aged 8 to 10 years old (half male half female) were selected from each primary school in each township. Urine samples were taken and the goiter was examined. Totally 20 pregnant women were selected from each township and urine samples were collected. The content of iodine in salt samples and urine samples were detected by the method of direct titration and As-Ce catalytic spectrophotometry, respectively. The status of goiter was detected using palpation. Results Totally 3 300 salt samples were detected in 2015, the median of salt iodine content was 25.2 mg/kg. The coverage and qualified iodized salt consumption rates were 99.61% (3 287/3 300) and 95.30% (3 145/3 300), respectively, which achieved the standard for the elimination of IDD. Totally 2 200 urine samples of children aged 8 to 10 years old were tested, the median of urinary iodine was 238.98 μg/L. There was variations of urinary iodine in children aged 8 to 10 years old in each county (H= 32.25, P < 0.01). Totally 2 200 children aged 8 to 10 years old were checked, and no goiter was found. Totally 1 100 urine samples of pregnant women were detected, the median of urinary iodine was 204.25 μg/L. There was variations of urinary iodine in pregnant women in each county (H= 117.47, P < 0.01). Conclusions Totally, the iodine nutritional status among the key population is appropriate in Chenzhou City. However, surveillance and health education should be continuously strengthened in the future. Key words: Child; Pregnant women; Iodine; Deficiency diseases; Salts; Urine
Institutionalizing Stakeholder Engagement

Processes for gathering representative inputs about organizational activities or preferences related to decisions are seldom institutionalized. After reviewing the inputs of stakeholders, participation activities, and participant motivations in the earlier chapters, this statement may not seem surprising. There are almost as many types and groupings of stakeholders as there are active and passive participation activities. The number and variety of both have been continuously growing alongside globalization and technological advances, which, when combined, increase the geographic reach of stakeholders and organizations. Motivations can push and pull people into participation. Making an organizational commitment to a stakeholder engagement regime signals that an organization desires to be proactively responsive to stakeholders through their decisions as well as in the everyday activities of providing goods and services. Stakeholder engagement practices promote and evaluate relationships and design strategies for relationship management that can enhance value creation related to the organization’s economic and social performance goals.
Tracing the Early Emergence of Microbial Sulfur Metabolisms

Hydrogen sulfide (nH2S) and sulfur oxide (SO n ; n = 1, 2, 3) gases in early Earth’s globally anoxic atmosphere were subjected to gas-phase chemical transformations by UV light. A principal photoly...
Effectiveness and Reach of the Primary Palliative Care for Emergency Medicine (PRIM-ER) Pilot Study: a Qualitative Analysis

Palliative care interventions in the ED capture high-risk patients at a time of crisis and can dramatically improve patient-centered outcomes. To understand the facilitators that contributed to the success of the Primary Palliative Care for Emergency Medicine (PRIM-ER) quality improvement pilot intervention. Effectiveness was evaluated through semi-structured interviews. Reach outcomes were measured by percent of all full-time emergency providers (physicians, physician assistants, nurses) who completed the intervention education components and baseline survey assessing attitudes and knowledge on end-of-life care. Emergency medicine providers affiliated with two medical centers (N = 197). Interviews conducted with six key informants at both institutions. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using deductive and inductive approaches. Descriptive statistics include reach outcomes and baseline survey results. Both sites successfully implemented all components of the intervention and achieved a high level (> 75%) of intervention reach. Two themes emerged as facilitators to successful effectiveness facilitators of PRIM-ER: (1) institutional leadership support and (2) leveraging established quality improvement (QI) processes. Institutional support included leveraging leadership with authority to (a) mandate trainings; (b) substitute PRIM-ER education for normally scheduled education; and (c) provide protected time to implement intervention components. Effectiveness was also enhanced by capitalizing on existing QI processes which included (a) leveraging interdisciplinary partnerships and communication plans and (b) monitoring performance improvement data. Capitalizing on strong institutional leadership support and established QI processes enhanced the reach and effectiveness of the PRIM-ER pilot. These findings will guide the PRIM-ER researchers in scaling up the intervention in the remaining 33 sites, as well as enhance the planning of other complex quality improvement interventions in clinical settings. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03424109; Grant Number: AT009844-01
Correction: In situ TEM measurement of activation volume in ultrafine grained gold

Correction for ‘In situ TEM measurement of activation volume in ultrafine grained gold’ by Saurabh Gupta et al., Nanoscale, 2020, 12, 7146–7158, DOI: 10.1039/D0NR01874K.
High-throughput Molecular Analysis of Pseudohypoparathyroidism 1b Patients Reveals Novel Genetic and Epigenetic Defects

Context Patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1b (PHP1b) show disordered imprinting of the maternal GNAS allele or paternal uniparental disomy (UPD). Genetic deletions in STX16 or in upstream exons of GNAS are present in many familial but not sporadic cases. Objective Characterization of epigenetic and genetic defects in patients with PHP1b. Design and patients DNA from 84 subjects, including 26 subjects with sporadic PHP1b, 27 affected subjects and 17 unaffected and/or obligate gene carriers from 12 PHP1b families, 11 healthy individuals, and 3 subjects with PHP1a was subjected to quantitative pyrosequencing of GNAS differentially methylated regions (DMRs), microarray analysis, and microsatellite haplotype analysis. Setting Academic medical center. Main outcome measurements Molecular pathology of PHP1b. Results Healthy subjects, unaffected family members and obligate carriers of paternal PHP1b alleles, and subjects with PHP1a showed normal methylation of all DMRs. All PHP1b subjects showed loss of methylation (LOM) at the exon A/B DMR. Affected members of nine PHP1b kindreds showed LOM only at the exon A/B DMR, which was associated with a 3-kb deletion of STX16 exons 4-6 in seven families and a novel deletion of STX16 and adjacent NEPEPL1 in one family. A novel NESP deletion was found in one of two other families with more extensive methylation defects. One sporadic PHP1b had UPD of 20q, two had 3-kb STX16 deletions, and five had apparent epigenetic mosaicism. Conclusions We found diverse patterns of defective methylation and identified novel or previously known mutations in 9 of 12 PHP1b families.
Designing user-centric programming aids for kinesthetic teaching of collaborative robots

Abstract Just as end-user programming has helped make computer programming accessible for a variety of users and settings, end-user robot programming has helped empower end-users without specialized knowledge or technical skills to customize robotic assistance that meets diverse environmental constraints and task requirements. While end-user robot programming methods such as kinesthetic teaching have introduced direct approaches to task demonstration that allow users to avoid working with traditional programming constructs, our formative study revealed that everyday people still have difficulties in specifying effective robot programs using these methods due to challenges in understanding robot kinematics and programming without situated context and assistive system feedback. These findings informed our development of Demoshop, an interactive robot programming tool that includes user-centric programming aids to help end-users author and edit task demonstrations. To evaluate the effectiveness of Demoshop, we conducted a user study comparing task performance and user experience associated with using Demoshop relative to a widely used commercial baseline interface. Results of our study indicate that users have greater task efficiency while authoring robot programs and maintain stronger mental models of the system when using Demoshop compared to the baseline interface. Our system implementation and study have implications for the further development of assistance in end-user robot programming.
Cerebral malaria

Successful management of cerebral malaria requires rapid diagnosis, initiation of appropriate antimalarial agents, and aggressive supportive care. The antimalarial used will depend on drug availability, with many of the most effective agents not routinely available in the US. The use of technologically advanced diagnostic studies, such as electroencephalogram, that are generally not available in malaria-endemic regions may aid in management. But other tests, such as advanced neuroimaging, may offer limited guidance because there are little data indicating the best management of conditions, such as increased intracranial pressure, focal edema, and microhemorrhages. Close clinical assessments and rapid initiation of proven therapies should be the focus of care, even when advanced resources are available. Given the mortality of this condition and the long-term neurologic morbidity seen in survivors, adjunctive therapies are clearly needed to improve patient outcomes. Until more data are available, much of the management of cerebral malaria will continue to be based on anecdote rather than evidence.
Abstract P118: Angiotensin Ii Hypertension-dependent Decrease In Circadian Rhythms Of Cardiovascular Parameters: Role Of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor-α

Decreases in circadian rhythms of cardiovascular parameters, such as day to night changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), pulse pressure (PP), systolic (SP) and diastolic pressure...
Profile of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex: Results from a Longitudinal, Prospective, Multisite Study.

OBJECTIVE Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is highly associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Objectives of the study were to characterize autistic features in young children with TSC. METHODS Participants included 138 children followed from ages 3 to 36 months with TSC from the Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Autism Center of Excellence Research Network (TACERN), a multicenter, prospective observational study aimed at understanding the underlying mechanisms of ASD in TSC. Developmental and autism-specific assessments were administered, and a clinical diagnosis of ASD was determined for all participants at 36 months. Further analyses were performed on 117 participants with valid autism assessments based on nonverbal mental age greater than 15 months. RESULTS Prevalence of clinical diagnosis of ASD at 36 months was 25%. Nearly all autistic behaviors on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2 (ADOS-2) and Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) were more prevalent in children diagnosed with ASD; however, autism-specific behaviors were also observed in children without ASD. Overall quality of social overtures, facial expressions, and abnormal repetitive interests and behaviors were characteristics most likely to distinguish children with ASD from those without an ASD diagnosis. Participants meeting ADOS-2 criteria but not a clinical ASD diagnosis exhibited intermediate developmental and ADOS-2 scores compared to individuals with and without ASD. INTERPRETATION ASD is highly prevalent in TSC, and many additional individuals with TSC exhibit a broad range of subthreshold autistic behaviors. Our findings reveal a broader autism phenotype that can be identified in young children with TSC, which provides opportunity for early targeted treatments. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:874-886.
Scattering Amplitudes for Electron-Atom Scattering

Theoretical scattering amplitudes are introduced and related to scattering (S), transition (T), and reactance (K) matrices. They can be used to calculate various experimental observables, particularly differential cross sections. A computer program is presented to calculate these amplitudes for individual total spin channels in a non-relativistic angular momentum coupling scheme.
Musings on microbial genomes

Publisher Summary Infectious diseases represent the largest cause of death in the world, and yet genomes were ignored in the initial formulation of genomes that would be of scientific interest. However, public concern about emerging infections has increased. Also, drug resistance of microbial pathogens is on a raise. Thus, now, ways are being found to obtain DNA sequences of microbial genomes, including the major pathogens of man and animals. The chapter discusses various genome sequences that have been studied to cure several chronic human diseases. It empathizes on the need to make the information on these sequenced genomes publically available. Only then scientific imaginations all over the world will be able to make use of this knowledge. Finally, the chapter presents the future of microbial genome. The next advance will surely be the study not merely of the biological potential of the static genomes, but also of the patterns of gene expression in various environmental circumstances.
Significance of melanin binding and metabolism in the activity of 5-acetoxyacetylimino-4-methyl-Δ2-1,3,4,-thiadiazoline-2-sulfonamide

Abstract 5-Acetoxyacetylimino-4-methyl-Δ2-1,3,4,-thiadiazoline-2-sulfonamide (compound (1)) is an ester prodrug that lowered intraocular pressure (IOP) in albino New Zealand rabbits, but was found to be inactive in pigmented Dutch Belt rabbits. In order to explain the differences in pharmacological activity for the two rabbit species, metabolism and melanin binding were studied. Depending on the initial concentration, the binding of compound (1) to natural melanin (Sepia officinalis) was 20–60%. The binding constant, K, at 37°C was 4.32×105 M−1 and the maximum moles bound to melanin, rmax, was 4.5×10−7 mol/mg of melanin. From a determination of binding at temperatures between 25°C and 47°C, a van't Hoff plot was constructed to determine enthalpy and entropy changes accompanying the binding process, ΔH and ΔS, respectively. Values calculated from the plot were −12.7 and −15.4 kcal/(mol deg), respectively. Negative values for these parameters are consistent with charge transfer interactions and therefore suggest that this may be an operative mechanism between compound (1) and melanin. The in vitro incubation of compound (1) was also studied with various ocular tissues from both albino and pigmented rabbits which were iris-ciliary body, intact cornea, stroma/endothelium and aqueous humor. A major metabolite, MET 1, was identified and also observed from in vivo analyses of the same tissues following topical application. The metabolite was isolated and subjected to mass spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis. From these analyses, it was hypothesized that the formation of MET 1 involved a GSH conjugation mechanism which displaced the sufonamide (-SO2NH2) group. The metabolism was found to be less extensive in the pigmented rabbit than in the albino rabbit and suggested that the binding affinity of compound (1) for melanin was a better explanation for the lack of IOP activity in the pigmented rabbit than differences in metabolism.
Neural immune pathways and their connection to inflammatory diseases.

Inflammation and inflammatory responses are modulated by a bidirectional communication between the neuroendocrine and immune system. Many lines of research have established the numerous routes by which the immune system and the central nervous system (CNS) communicate. The CNS signals the immune system through hormonal pathways, including the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and the hormones of the neuroendocrine stress response, and through neuronal pathways, including the autonomic nervous system. The hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis and sex hormones also have an important immunoregulatory role. The immune system signals the CNS through immune mediators and cytokines that can cross the blood–brain barrier, or signal indirectly through the vagus nerve or second messengers. Neuroendocrine regulation of immune function is essential for survival during stress or infection and to modulate immune responses in inflammatory disease. This review discusses neuroimmune interactions and evidence for the role of such neural immune regulation of inflammation, rather than a discussion of the individual inflammatory mediators, in rheumatoid arthritis.
1.6-Bit pattern databases

We present a new technique to compress pattern databases to provide consistent heuristics without loss of information. We store the heuristic estimate modulo three, requiring only two bits per entry or in a more compact representation, only 1.6 bits. This allows us to store a pattern database with more entries in the same amount of memory as an uncompressed pattern database. These compression techniques are most useful when lossy compression using cliques or their generalization is not possible or where adjacent entries in the pattern database are not highly correlated. We compare both techniques to the best existing compression methods for the Top-Spin puzzle, Rubik's cube, the 4-peg Towers of Hanoi problem, and the 24 puzzle. Under certain conditions, our best implementations for the Top-Spin puzzle and Rubik's cube outperform the respective state of the art solvers by a factor of four.
Cell cycle regulation and the chemosensitivity of cancer cells

Current strategies of cancer chemotherapy and drug development focus on the concept of targets of drug attack leading to cytotoxicity that, for reasons unknown, can be selective against malignant cells. Some classi targets of anti-cancer g action include DNA, enzymes of nucleic acid metabolism, topoisomerases, and microtubules (table 1). Although most of the classical anti-cancer drugs interfere in some way with DNA replication or chromosome segregation, it is not known how these actions lead to antitumor activity. Combinations of drugs are often employed in therapy, but the regimens are usually designed empirically without clear knowledge of mechanisms.
Physiologic Changes in Respiratory Function

A substantial proportion of the excess operative risk among elderly patients is attributable to respiratory complications. The excess risk is explained in part by structural and functional changes in the respiratory system associated with aging. These changes are progressive even in individuals who enjoy apparently good health and are most marked beyond 60 years of age.
Stress and work: perspectives on understanding and managing stress

What initially attracted me to this book is its title, Stress and Work. And, I remember thinking, ‘Wow, what a timely topic for me!’ as all I do these days is work with little play. I also remember...
Finding a base for a vector space of polynomials

In (Carre, 1979), and in other presentations the author proposed the definition of a fuzzy graph as a pair of vector spaces. The underlying reason for the departure from its usual definition as depicting a fuzzy relation, is not only the elegance of the new definition but also because of the practicality of having the tools of linear algebra available should we be able to find a basis for each vector space. If fuzziness is portrayed in the form of numbers then to find a base, the work of (Anton, 1987) is helpful. What if we wish to use functions such as polynomials? It is possible to show that under suitable conditions, a polynomial can serve as a fuzzy number. In (McAllister, 1992) we find help to solve the problem. This work illustrates how the task can be done. Why is this research important? Its importance relies on the fact that vector spaces are spanned by their bases. If these bases are known, then any vertex not functioning properly, or any link that is defective or inactive can be made fully functional by expressing them as a linear combination of the elements of its basis.
Environmentally Safe Operation of Barometric Condensers

Refining alumina from bauxite via the Bayer Process can create environmental liabilities. Many refineries rely on barometric condensers for key unit operations. While barometric condensers offer simple, efficient, and reliable cooling options, they have the ability to discharge contaminated water back to the cooling water source. With tightening environmental regulations worldwide, developing reliable barometric condensers that operate without discharging high pH water is critical to sustaining condenser operations. Alcoa has devised a method to prevent high pH excursions from barometric condenser discharge that has been 100% effective.
Identification of the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-binding subunit of NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (Complex I).

Abstract The mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex (Complex I) is inhibited by N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), and this inhibition correlates with incorporation of radioactivity from [14C]DCCD into a Complex I subunit of Mr 29,000 (Yagi, T. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 2822-2828). Resolution of [14C]DCCD-labeled Complex I in the presence of NaClO4 showed that the labeled Mr 29,000 subunit was in the hydrophobic fraction of the enzyme. This fraction, which contains greater than 17 unlike polypeptides, was subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the Mr 29,000 subunit, containing bound [14C]DCCD, was isolated and purified. The amino acid composition and partial sequence of this subunit corresponded to those predicted from the mitochondrial DNA for the product of the mtDNA gene designated ND-1. The identity of the Mr 29,000 subunit with the ND-1 gene product was further confirmed by immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation experiments, using the hydrophobic fraction of [14C]DCCD-labeled Complex I and antiserum to a C-terminal undecapeptide synthesized on the basis of the human mitochondrial ND-1 nucleotide sequence. Thus, it appears that the DCCD-binding subunits of the respiratory chain Complexes I, III, and IV and in certain organisms the DCCD-binding subunit of the ATP synthase complex (Complex V) are all mtDNA products.
Rapid Nongenomic Glucocorticoid Actions in Male Mouse Hypothalamic Neuroendocrine Cells Are Dependent on the Nuclear Glucocorticoid Receptor

Corticosteroids act classically via cognate nuclear receptors to regulate gene transcription; however, increasing evidence supports rapid, nontranscriptional corticosteroid actions via activation of membrane receptors. Using whole-cell patch clamp recordings in hypothalamic slices from male mouse genetic models, we tested for nongenomic glucocorticoid actions at glutamate and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) synapses in hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells, and for their dependence on the nuclear glucocorticoid receptor (GR). In enhanced green fluorescent protein-expressing CRH neurons of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and in magnocellular neurons of the PVN and supraoptic nucleus (SON), dexamethasone activated postsynaptic membrane-associated receptors and G protein signaling to elicit a rapid suppression of excitatory postsynaptic inputs, which was blocked by genetic deletion of type I cannabinoid receptors and a type I cannabinoid receptor antagonist. In magnocellular neurons, dexamethasone also elicited a rapid nitric oxide-dependent increase in inhibitory postsynaptic inputs. These data indicate a rapid, synapse-specific glucocorticoid-induced retrograde endocannabinoid signaling at glutamate synapses and nitric oxide signaling at GABA synapses. Unexpectedly, the rapid glucocorticoid effects on both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission were lost with conditional deletion of GR in the PVN and SON in slices from a single minded-1-cre-directed conditional GR knockout mouse. Thus, the nongenomic glucocorticoid actions at glutamate and GABA synapses on PVN and SON neuroendocrine cells are dependent on the nuclear GR. The nuclear GR, therefore, is responsible for transducing the rapid steroid response at the membrane, or is either a critical component in the signaling cascade or regulates a critical component of the signaling cascade of a distinct membrane GR.
Potential role of Thermus thermophilus and T. oshimai in high rates of nitrous oxide (N2O) production in ∼80 °C hot springs in the US Great Basin

Ambient nitrous oxide (N(2)O) emissions from Great Boiling Spring (GBS) in the US Great Basin depended on temperature, with the highest flux, 67.8 ± 2.6 μmol N(2)O-N m(-2) day(-1) , occurring in the large source pool at 82 °C. This rate of N(2)O production contrasted with negligible production from nearby soils and was similar to rates from soils and sediments impacted with agricultural fertilizers. To investigate the source of N(2)O, a variety of approaches were used to enrich and isolate heterotrophic micro-organisms, and isolates were screened for nitrate reduction ability. Nitrate-respiring isolates were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Thermus thermophilus (31 isolates) and T. oshimai (three isolates). All isolates reduced nitrate to N(2)O but not to dinitrogen and were unable to grow with N(2)O as a terminal electron acceptor. Representative T. thermophilus and T. oshimai strains contained genes with 96-98% and 93% DNA identity, respectively, to the nitrate reductase catalytic subunit gene (narG) of T. thermophilus HB8. These data implicate T. thermophilus and T. oshimai in high flux of N(2)O in GBS and raise questions about the genetic basis of the incomplete denitrification pathway in these organisms and on the fate of biogenic N(2)O in geothermal environments.