cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The category of relative clauses in Japanese, with reference to Korean

Relative clauses in Japanese and Korean appear to represent a minimal contrast: modern Japanese lacks the affixal complementizers characteristic of adnominal clauses in Korean. The absence of overt complementizers has frequently been related to the hypothesis that adnominal clauses in Japanese have less structure than their counter-parts in languages with overt complementizers. This paper argues that the absence of an overt head in this specific case does not indicate the absence of a CP projection. The behavior of the copula in Japanese relative clauses and the distribution of the overt complementizerno both provide support for an analysis positing an empty complementizer position. At the same time, certain apparent peculiarities of relative operator movement in Japanese, in particular the clause-boundedness of adjunct relative operator movement, are also found in Korean and therefore cannot be attributed to the absence of a relative clause complementizer and its projection. These peculiarities reflect instead a general restriction on null operators which severely restricts their availability in relative clause structures, with the consequence that the adjunct relative clauses in question are in fact gapless.
Centrifugal Sephadex Procedure for Fractionation of Concentrated Skimmilk, Whey, and Similar Biological Systems

Abstract A centrifugal Sephadex procedure has been adapted for separation of concentrated skimmilk, whey, and similar biological systems on the basis of molecular size. Concentrated skimmilk and whey were separated into two fractions: a) proteins and colloidal salts and b) lactose, salts, and other dissolved components. This procedure permits rapid fractionation of relatively large volumes of viscous solutions (v ≤ ½ bed volume) with a minimum dilution of the protein fraction.
SCATTERING OF REGULARIZED-LONG-WAVE SOLITARY WAVES

Abstract The Lagrangian density for the regularized-long-wave equation (also known as the BBM equation) is presented. Using the trial function technique, ordinary differential equations that describe the time dependence of the position of the peaks, amplitudes, and widths for the collision of two solitary waves are obtained. These equations are analyzed in the Born and “equal-width” approximations and compared with numerical results obtained by direct integration utilizing the split-step fast Fourier-transform method. The computations show that collisions are inelastic and that production of solitary waves may occur.
Twenty-five years of phosphate and potassium fertilization of a crop rotation.

Effects of rate and placement of phosphate and potassium fertilizers was studied using a 4-year rotation of corn (Zea mays L.), soybeans (Glycine max L.), wheat (Triticum vulgare L.) and hay (later changed to corn). Yields increased with increased P until 22 kg P ha−1 yr−1 was applied. Yields increased with increased K applications to 140 kg K ha−1 yr−1. Broadcast P applications gave high yields than row applications. Crop response to P was affected more by soil P level than by application to the specific crop. Residual effect from K fertilizer applications did not last as long as the residual effect from P application. Soil tests for available P were closely correlated with rate of P application over the 25-year period. Soil tests for P were higher where P was banded where P was broadcast indicating less tie-up of P by the soil where less mixing occurred.
Association of self-efficacy with pain, functioning, and coping among patients with temporomandibular disorder pain

Self-efficacy for managing pain has been found to play an important role in arthritis pain problems, but has received little attention in studies of chronic temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain patients. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship of self-efficacy to pain, disability, distress, and coping among TMD patients. We hypothesized that (1) self-efficacy would be associated negatively with pain, disability, and distress; (2) even after controlling for pain intensity, the associations of self-efficacy with disability and distress would remain significant; and (3) self-efficacy would be associated positively with use of an active, adaptive chronic pain coping strategy (task persistence) and negatively with use of a passive, maladaptive pain coping strategy (rest). TMD clinic patients (N 156, 87% female, mean age 37 years) completed measures of self-efficacy, pain, disability, distress, and coping. The 8-item Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale, modified by replacing ’arthritis’ with ’facial pain,’ demonstrated good psychometric characteristics (Cronbach’s alpha .91, minimal floor and ceiling effects, and validity). Controlling for age, gender, and pain duration, higher self-efficacy was associated with lower pain intensity (P .001), disability (Graded Chronic Pain Scale pain-related disability, P .001; SF-36 Physical Function, P .01; SF-36 Role-Physical, P .05), and psychological distress (SF-36 Mental Health, P .001; Beck Depression Inventory, P .001), and remained significantly associated with the disability and distress measures even after also controlling for pain intensity (Ps .05). Patients with higher selfefficacy reported greater use of task persistence (P .01) and less use of rest (P .05) to cope with pain. Self-efficacy for managing pain appears to be important in TMD patient adjustment; research is needed to determine whether treatments designed to increase self-efficacy improve TMD patient outcomes.
Calculating the large-N phase transition in gauge and matrix models

Abstract We analyze the large-N phase transition phenomenon in lattice gauge and chiral models. In particular, we prove the existence of a large-N phase transition in 4d lattice QCD without fermions and present a physical understanding of why it takes place. The phase transition occurs at g2N = 2.53.
Neural‐hybrid control of systems with sandwiched dead‐zones

The control of systems that have sandwiched nonsmooth nonlinearities, such as a dead-zone sandwiched between two dynamic blocks, is addressed. An adaptive inverse control scheme using a hybrid controller structure and a neural network based inverse compensator, is proposed for such systems with unknown sandwiched dead-zone. This neural-hybrid controller consists of an inner loop discrete-time feedback structure incorporated with an adaptive inverse using a neural network for the unknown dead-zone, and an outer-loop continuous-time feedback control law for achieving desired output tracking. The dead-zone compensator consists of two neural networks, one used as an estimator of the sandwiched dead-zone function and the other for the compensation itself. The compensator neural network has neurons that can approximate jump functions such as a dead-zone inverse. The weights of the two neural networks are tuned using a modified gradient algorithm. Simulation results are given to illustrate the performance of the proposed neural-hybrid controller. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a self-contained accelerometry based system for control of functional electrical stimulation in hemiplegia

For stroke patients, functional electrical stimulation (FES) has been shown in the past to greatly reduce gait impairments. A critical element of the success of this intervention is accurate and reliable triggering of the stimulation for step initiation. Foot switches are the most commonly used devices for triggering hemiplegic FES gait, but they have been known to produce unreliable results and degrade over time. This paper outlines the development of a self-contained accelerometry-based gait stimulation system that can be worn around the waist and unlike other systems, adds no additional hardware or equipment to don or doff. An acceleration algorithm was developed and shown to have significantly shorter heel strike detection delays than when detecting with a heel sensor which could lead to improved stimulation timing for step initiation.
Adaptive stratified reservoir sampling over heterogeneous data streams

Reservoir sampling is a known technique for maintaining a random sample of a fixed size over a data stream of an unknown size. While reservoir sampling is suitable for applications demanding a sample over the whole data stream, it is not designed for applications in which an input stream is composed of sub-streams with heterogeneous statistical properties. For this class of applications, the conventional reservoir sampling technique can lead to a potential damage in the statistical quality of the sample because it does not guarantee the inclusion of a statistically sufficient number of tuples in the sample from each sub-stream. In this paper, we address this heterogeneity problem by stratifying the reservoir sample among the underlying sub-streams. This stratification poses two challenges. First, a fixed-size reservoir should be allocated to individual sub-streams optimally, specifically to have the stratified reservoir sample used to generate estimates at the level of either the whole data stream or the individual sub-streams. Second, the allocation should be adjusted adaptively if and when new sub-streams appear in or existing sub-streams disappear from the input stream and as their statistical properties change. We propose a novel adaptive stratified reservoir sampling algorithm designed to meet these challenges. An extensive performance study shows the superiority of the achieved sample quality and demonstrates the adaptivity of the proposed sampling algorithm.
Implementing Selected Lessons From Changing The Course Upper Elementary Curriculum

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To describe positive impact of CTC upper elementary nutrition curriculum on three behavioral goal areas. Changing the Course (CTC) upper elementary curriculum was developed by American Cancer Society (ACS) to increase awareness of health-promoting dietary habits. CTC curriculum addresses three goal areas; Goal 1: To understand the relationship between eating healthful food and lowering risk of disease, emphasizing cancer prevention, Goal 2: To identify protector foods to eat more of and promoter foods to eat less of, Goal Area 3, 4, and 5: To examine how one's own eating patterns relate to cancer risk and health, to examine internal and external influences on food choices, and to modify food choices to reduce cancer risk and maintain good health. Subjects in two rural elementary schools were studied to determine if positive results can be achieved using selected portions of the curriculum. Experimental subjects (n = 50) were exposed to nutrition education in the classroom and food merchandising in the cafeteria over a 2 month period. Control subjects (n = 50) received no intervention. Pre- and posttests were completed using validated instrument developed by ACS for use with the curriculum. Experimental group improved significantly more than control group for overall test score (p Findings suggest that positive results can be achieved when using selected lessons from CTC curriculum over a brief period of time. This is an important finding in that schools are often unable to dedicate large amounts of class time to nutrition education.
Group Facilitation of the Grieving Process with Those Bereaved by Suicide.

People bereaved by suicide receive less sympathy and support from society than do those bereaved by other causes. By using Yalom's curative factors, Parkes's stages of grief, and Worden's tasks of grief resolution, a structured group model can be constructed to facilitate movement through the grieving process of participants bereaved by suicide.
Practice parameters in child neurology: do pediatricians use them?

We assessed pediatrician awareness of the parameter ‘‘Evaluating the first non-febrile seizure in children’’ and how the concepts of this parameter were incorporated into practice. Although most reported caring for children with seizures, 60% were not aware of the practice parameter. When given the clinical scenario of an otherwise healthy 8-year-old child with a first, unprovoked seizure, management was variable. Most (83%) would obtain an electroencephalography, and many (58%) would order an imaging study, usually a magnetic resonance imaging. However, most were also likely to order laboratory studies that were not indicated given the scenario and the practice parameter. This pilot study suggests that pediatricians may not be aware of this practice parameter and many may not be incorporating evidence-based recommendations regarding the evaluation of children with new-onset seizures.
Iron and Atherosclerosis: Nailing Down a Novel Target with Magnetic Resonance

Iron is an essential mineral in many proteins and enzymes in human physiology, with limited means of iron elimination to maintain iron balance. Iron accrual incurs various pathological mechanisms linked to cardiovascular disease. In atherosclerosis, iron catalyzes the creation of reactive oxygen free radicals that contribute to lipid modification, which is essential to atheroma formation. Inflammation further fuels iron-related pathologic processes associated with plaque progression. Given iron's role in atherosclerosis development, in vivo detection techniques sensitive iron are needed for translational studies targeting iron for earlier diagnosis and treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging is uniquely able to quantify iron in human tissues noninvasively and without ionizing radiation, offering appealing for longitudinal and interventional studies. Particularly intriguing is iron's complementary biology vs. calcium, which is readily detectable by computed tomography. This review summarizes the role of iron in atherosclerosis with considerable implications for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
Clarifying decision making in high-growth ventures: The use of responsibility charting

Abstract Many new ventures fail as a result of their inability to navigate successfully through the developmental challenges posed by rapid growth. These issues are particularly salient for founder-owners who often have difficulty in authorizing a more formal structure than the face-to-face, personal mode of operating that led to the organization's initial successes. This article focuses on the developmental transition of decision-making processes when previous strengths, such as informality, may become weaknesses. As the venture becomes more complex, problems are more divergent and less able to be resolved by a single individual or team. The sheer rate of growth can stress the capabilities of the existing structure. The key dilemma for an organization is how to get the necessary clarity and accountability without the rigidity and loss of creativity and motivation that often attends a restructuring. The authors argue that the process and structure of responsibility charting can be a useful tool both to diagnose and to intervene during critical transitions. Through two case examples, the authors assert that the process and results of responsibility charting allow groups to set the rules within which they and others will reach the substantive decisions. One of the most powerful aspects of the process is that it allows a group to discuss the difficult issues of power and authority. Responsibility charting ties discussions about participation and influence to task-related reasons and assures that discussions about who should be involved hinge on the value that their participation would add to the decision. Some caveats to using the process are presented, such as the risk of surfacing latent conflicts before the entrepreneur wants to deal with them or encouraging subordinates to push for delegations that the founder may not be ready to confer. The authors illustrate how responsibility charting can greatly help an organization negotiate the difficult structuring choices during a critical growth slate. As a team-building experience, it clears the air among the original core group and concretely diagnoses difficulties they may be experiencing. Greater clarity on how decisions are to be made and accountability for those decisions result from these discussions. Finally, the decisions are easily communicated to a wider audience—a critical feature given the numbers of new people who join fast-growing new ventures and must learn to operate rapidly and effectively.
Commemorative Surrogation and the American South's Changing Heritage Landscape

Abstract The past two decades have witnessed momentous changes on the American South's heritage landscape. First, and most dramatically, ascendant civil rights museums have established themselves as bona fide heritage attractions. Second, and more subtly, a nascent movement on the part of plantation house museums is afoot to engage with the lives and labour of enslaved African Americans. The two trends are interrelated and the result is a regional heritage landscape that is more attuned to the dynamics of racial oppression than at any time in the past. Geographers and other tourism researchers have begun to document and analyse these changes, seeking to better understand the motives and implications that are reworking the region's heritage scene. The task remains, however, to develop a more nuanced understanding of audience reactions to the evolving content of southern heritage tourism. Drawn from two extent surveys of visitors to civil rights museums and a plantation museum, this article uses the concept...
Effects of chronic reserpine pretreatment on myocardial sodium pump and inotropic sensitivity to ouabain in guinea pig heart

Abstract The effects of chronic reserpine pretreatment (0.1 mg/kg/day, 7–9 days) on myocardial sodium pump activity, the binding of 3 H-ouabain to Na + , K + -ATPase, and the positive inotropic effect of ouabain were studied in guinea pig hearts. Ouabain-sensitive 86 Rb uptake, an estimate of sodium pump activity, was significantly decreased (33.0%) in papillary muscles of chronic reserpine-pretreated guinea pigs as compared to the saline-treated controls. Kinetic analyses of the interaction of 3 H-ouabain with Na + , K + -ATPase indicated that chronic reserpine pretreatment resulted in a significant decrease (24.3%) in the maximum 3 H-ouabain binding site concentration when the results were expressed as pmoles per mg protein. The maximum 3 H-ouabain binding sites or the number of Na + , K + -ATPase units, however, were not significantly different between the two groups when they were expressed as pmoles per mg DNA. The affinity or the dissociation rate constant (Kd) of 3 H-ouabain binding was not altered after chronic reserpine pretreatment. In isolated, electrically-driven left atrial preparations, the basal contractile force was slightly higher in the reserpine-pretreated animals; the subsequent development of the positive inotropic effect and the concentration of ouabain needed to produce half-maximal inotropic response, however, were not different from the controls. Thus, it is concluded that chronic reserpine pretreatment is accompanied by a significant reduction in myocardial sodium pump activity; however, the number of sodium pump sites per cell was unchanged. The sensitivity of the reserpine-pretreated myocardium to the inotropic action of ouabain as well as its affinity for 3 H-ouabain binding in vitro are also unchanged.
THE COST OF TRANSFERS

SUMMARY Additional discussions of transfers have pointed out that they are essentially costless to society as a whole. This article discusses the investment of resources in obtaining transfers or attempting to avoid transfers away from ego. In any situation in which transfers are likely, it must be assumed that profit-seeking individuals will invest resources in attempting to get them or prevent them, if the transfer is away from some individual. The problem is discussed in the areas of voluntary charity, bargaining, governmental income redistribution, theft, and war. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Ublicherweise wird in der Diskussion urn Transferzahlungen angenommen, dass deren Vornahme praktisch keine gesellschaftlichen Ressourcen in Anspruch nimmt. Vorliegender Artikel befasst sich mit den Kosten, die notwendigerweise entstehen, wenn jemand die Ausrichtung einer Transferzahlung erreichen oder aber die Entrichtung eigener Zahlungen verhindern will. In jedem gesellschaftlichen Zustand, in dem die Wahrscheinlichkeit hoch ist, dass es zur Entrichtung von Transferzahlungen kommt, werden profitmaximierende Individuen Ressourcen in den Erhalt (oder die Abwendung) von Transferzahlungen investieren. Die sich daraus ergebenden Probleme werden anhand der Bereiche der freiwilligen karitativen Tatigkeit, des bargaining, der staatlichen Einkommensumverteilung, des Diebstahls and des Kriegs erlautert. RESUME Des discussions portant sur les transferts degagent le fait que ceux-ci n'entrainent pratiquement aucune depense pour la societe dans son ensemble. Le present article traite de l'investissement de ressources lorsqu'on essaie d'obtenir le paiement ou d'eviter le versement de transferts. Dans une situation quelconque ou des transferts apparaissent comme probables, it est admis que les individus, dont le profit decroit, investiront des ressources afin d'obtenir ou d'eviter des paiements de transferts. Le meme probleme est debattu dans les cas suivants: la charite volontaire, le marche, la redistribution des revenus gouvernementaux, le vol et la guerre.
Gravimetric measurements of steady-state moisture uptake in spin-coated polyimide films

Polyimide (PI) is an insulating polymer that is finding increased use in the semiconductor industry as an intermetal dielectric, passivation coating, and planarization layer. It has a low dielectric constant (3.5 at audio frequencies) and can be processed at temperatures below 450°C. These features make PI attractive to the integrated circuit industry. One disadvantage of this material is that, like most polymers, it is hygroscopic. Moisture can lead to such reliability problems in integrated circuits as increased insulator conductivity, loss of adhesion, and corrosion. It is important to quantify the moisture uptake in polyimide so that the reliability implications of its use can be fully understood. In this study, the steady-state moisture uptake of the model PI pyromellitic dianhydride-oxydianiline (PMDA-ODA) is reported. The moisture uptake is measured using a Cahn 1000 Microbalance with a 1-μg resolution. The samples are prepared by spin-coating one or more layers of the precursor polyamic acid onto 2-in silicon substrates. The moisture uptake in these polymers is found to be linearly related to ambient relative humidity, and the maximum moisture uptake by weight is 3.2%. The moisture uptake in PI is also shown to be a bulk absorption rather than a surface adsorption phenomenon.
The use of spontaneous continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for reduction of intrapulmonary shunting in adults with acute respiratory failure

A discussion of the indications for and technique and effects of spontaneous CPAP are presented, showing its value in the treatment of hypoxaemia, using a basically simple system. A series of patients are presented showing a typical clinical course.
Ovarian and IGF-I axis control of mammary development in prepubertal heifers

Abstract Although much is known about the endocrine control of bovine mammary development, most heifer work has focused on periods near the time of puberty or during gestation. However, we have found that ovariectomy in the prepubertal period also markedly impacts mammary development well before the onset of estrus would have normally occurred. Interactions between the pituitary and ovary to control udder development are mediated at least in part via alteration in concentrations of local IGF-I axis molecules within the developing mammary gland. For example, in heifers treated with growth hormone or estrogen, expression of IGF-I binding proteins (IGFBP-3) protein was reduced, thus effecting an increase in free IGF-I. Ovariectomized heifers had reduced rates of epithelial cell proliferation, fewer IGF-I receptors, and less local IGF-I. Mammary tissue expression of fibronectin was increased in ovariectomized heifers, but laminin expression was higher in controls. Thus, alterations in specific extracellular matrix proteins likely impact heifer mammary development. As a result, we have initiated calfhood studies. At 30 days of age, it is difficult to detect parenchymal tissue in the udder. Only a thin cord of parenchymal tissue (150 mg per gland) is discernible. By 75 days of age, a rounded, walnut-like mass of mammary parenchymal tissue becomes very evident and at 90 days of age, this mass of tissue has grown to approximately 10 g, a ∼60-fold increase. At 2 months of age, most proliferating epithelial cells (>92%) are confined to a population of light and intermediate-staining parenchymal cells. Between 2 and 5 months of age, a dark-staining cell population markedly emerges, but these dark cells were rarely labeled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and are likely to represent a more differentiated or committed cell lineage. The coordinated change in the proportions of each cell type suggests a progression from light-, to intermediate-, to dark-staining cell phenotypes. We are currently focusing on the importance of the ovary and mammary tissue synthesis of estrogens on emergence of specific populations of putative mammary stem cells.
Crystallographic Study of Fabp5 as an Intracellular Endocannabinoid Transporter.

In addition to binding intracellular fatty acids, fatty-acid-binding proteins (FABPs) have recently been reported to also transport the endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-­arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), arachidonic acid derivatives that function as neurotransmitters and mediate a diverse set of physiological and psychological processes. To understand how the endocannabinoids bind to FABPs, the crystal structures of FABP5 in complex with AEA, 2-AG and the inhibitor BMS-309403 were determined. These ligands are shown to interact primarily with the substrate-binding pocket via hydrophobic interactions as well as a common hydrogen bond to the Tyr131 residue. This work advances our understanding of FABP5–endocannabinoid interactions and may be useful for future efforts in the development of small-molecule inhibitors to raise endocannabinoid levels.
A comprehensive probability density function formalism for multiphase flows

A theoretical foundation for two widely used statistical representations of multiphase flows, namely the Eulerian–Eulerian (EE) and Lagrangian–Eulerian (LE) representations, is established in the framework of the probability density function (p.d.f.) formalism. Consistency relationships between fundamental statistical quantities in the EE and LE representations are rigorously established. It is shown that fundamental quantities in the two statistical representations bear an exact relationship to each other only under conditions of spatial homogeneity. Transport equations for the probability densities in each statistical representation are derived. Exact governing equations for the mean mass, mean momentum and second moment of velocity corresponding to the two statistical representations are derived from these transport equations. In particular, for the EE representation, the p.d.f. formalism is shown to naturally lead to the widely used ensemble-averaged equations for two-phase flows. Galilean-invariant combinations of unclosed terms in the governing equations that need to be modelled are clearly identified. The correspondence between unclosed terms in each statistical representation is established. Hybrid EE–LE computations can benefit from this correspondence, which serves in consistently transferring information from one representation to the other. Advantages and limitations of each statistical representation are identified. The results of this work can also serve as a guiding framework for direct numerical simulations of two-phase flows, which can now be exploited to precisely quantify unclosed terms in the governing equations in the two statistical representations.
Effects of amphetamine on the monkey’s visual threshold

Five macaque monkeys were tested individually on brightness discriminations of near threshold stimuli under photopic and scotopic conditions. The drug amphetamine produced an increase in errors as a function of increasing dose, but did not affect performance differentially under the two lighting conditions.
Congenital pyloric atresia, presentation, management, and outcome: a report of 20 cases.

Abstract Background Congenital pyloric atresia (CPA) is a very rare anomaly. It is usually seen as an isolated condition with excellent prognosis. Few cases are familial. These are usually associated with other hereditary conditions and have a poor prognosis. This is a review of our experience with 20 patients with CPA outlining aspects of diagnosis, associated anomalies and management. Patients and methods This is a retrospective analysis of 20 cases seen over a 22year period (December 1990 to December 2012). Their records reviewed for: age, sex, presentation, prenatal history, associated anomalies, investigations, treatment, operative findings and the outcome. Results 20 cases (9 Males, 11 Females) were treated. 7 patients were full term and the remaining 13 were prematures. Their mean birth weight was 2.1kg (1.1kg to 3.9kg). Polyhydramnios was seen in 13 patients (65%). Two were brothers and four were members of the same family. Isolated CPA was seen in 7 (35%); 13 had an associated conditions: epidermolysis bullosa (EB) in 8 (40%) and multiple intestinal atresias (MIA) in 5 (25%). Three patients had associated esophageal atresia. All were operated on except two who died early due to unrelenting sepsis. The variety of pyloric atresias encountered were as follows: pyloric diaphragm in 13 including double diaphragms in 2, pyloric atresia with a gap in 4 and pyloric atresia without gap in 3. Ten died postoperatively giving an overall survival of 40%. Conclusions CPA is a very rare condition. Isolated CPA carries a good prognosis. Association of CPA with other familial and congenital anomalies like EB and MIA carries a poor prognosis.
Bacteriostatic Effect of Paranitrobenzoic Acid on Pneumococci in Vitro.

SummaryParanitrobenzoic acid and the salt compare favorably with sulfathiazol in their bacteriostatic power against Type II pneumococci in vitro.
Evolution of Specific Protein–Protein Interaction Sites Following Gene Duplication

Gene duplication is a common evolutionary process that leads to the expansion and functional diversification of protein subfamilies. The evolutionary events that cause paralogous proteins to bind different protein ligands (functionally diverged interfaces) are investigated and compared to paralogous proteins that bind the same protein ligand (functionally preserved interfaces). We find that functionally diverged interfaces possess more subfamily-specific residues than functionally preserved interfaces. These subfamily-specific residues are usually partially buried at the interface rim and achieve specific binding through optimized hydrogen bond geometries. In addition to optimized hydrogen bond geometries, side-chain modeling experiments suggest that steric effects are also important for binding specificity. Residues that are completely buried at the interface hub are also less conserved in functionally diverged interfaces than in functionally preserved interfaces. Consistent with this finding, hub residues contribute less to free energy of binding in functionally diverged interfaces than in functionally preserved interfaces. Therefore, we propose that protein binding is a delicate balance between binding affinity that primarily occurs at the interface hub and binding specificity that primarily occurs at the interface rim.
Role of soluble guanylate cyclase in progressive renal fibrosis

Pathological expansion of extracellular matrix proteins is a hallmark of acute and chronic kidney diseases. In both, matrix accumulation results from an orchestrated overexpression of the key profibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor(TGF)-β and subsequent increases in matrix protein production and decreases in matrix protein degradation. A critical role of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) and nitric oxide(NO)-dependent cGMP production for glomerular matrix expansion has recently been documented in acute anti-thy1 glomerulonephritis, a rat model of short-term acute, reversible glomerular TGF-β overexpression and matrix protein accumulation [1]. Subsequently, we have analyzed the renal activity of the NOcGMP signaling cascade in and the effect of the specific sGC stimulator Bay 41-2272 on anti-thy1-induced chronic glomerulosclerosis (cGS), a long-term rat model with progressive fibrosis of the whole organ and progressive renal insufficiency [2].
Severe allergic contact dermatitis resulting from occupational exposure to tincture of benzoin aerosol spray in an anesthesiologist

We describe the clinical presentation and management of an anesthesiologist who developed a severe allergic contact dermatitis resulting from occupational exposure to tincture of benzoin aerosol spray. A previously healthy male anesthesiologist with a small laceration between his right thumb and forefinger used a tincture of benzoin aerosol spray to improve adhesion of a small bandage immediately before performing a spinal anesthetic. He had previously used benzoin for skin reinforcement on several occasions during weight-lifting. The anesthesiologist experienced severe pruritus in the affected hand 48 h after benzoin exposure. A well-demarcated, bright red erythematous confluent vesicular dermatitis with and without painful hemorrhagic bullae erupted on the palmar and dorsal surfaces, respectively, of his hand, accompanied by pronounced edema. The palmar bullae were drained with several small incisions and the anesthesiologist was treated with intravenous methylprednisolone. He was unable to work for 10 days while the dermatitis gradually resolved. The case emphasizes that occupational exposure to benzoin represents a potential risk for operating room personnel who may be susceptible to cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity-mediated allergic reactions as a result of previous exposure to benzoin or chemically related cross-reacting substances.
PTSD symptoms, hazardous drinking, and health functioning among U.S.OEF and OIF veterans presenting to primary care

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol abuse both are negatively associated with health, and alcohol misuse may mediate the relationship between PTSD and functional health outcomes. The present study tested for such mediation using self-report measures of PTSD symptoms, hazardous alcohol use, and health functioning in 151 U.S. veterans (136 men and 15 women) of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan recruited from a Veterans Affairs primary care clinic. Based on established cut scores, 39.1% screened positive for PTSD and 26.5% screened positive for hazardous drinking. PTSD symptoms and hazardous drinking were significantly correlated with each other and with health functioning. Hazardous drinking was found to partially mediate the relationship between PTSD and functional mental health, but not physical health.
A novel synthesis of β-lactone precursors of pyramidalized alkenes

Abstract β-Lactone precursors 11 and 12 of pyramidalized alkenes 3,n = 1and 2, have been synthesized by a two-step route involving transannular Paterno-Buchi reaction of methyleneketones 7 and 8, followed by RuO4 oxidation of the resulting oxetanes 9 and 10. Evidence for the formation of alkene 3,n = 2, by pyrolysis of 12 is presented.
On a problem inspired by determinacy

In this paper, we construct a modelN in which ℵ1, the only regular uncountable cardinal, is measurable via the club filter. Thus,N is a model for the theory “ZF+κ is regular iffκ is measurable”.
Systematic techniques for determining modelling requirements for SISO and MIMO feedback control

Abstract This paper presents a fundamental methodology for assessing modelling requirements of SISO and MIMO linear control problems. The main result is the formulation of a control-relevant parameter estimation problem (CRPEP), which suitably captures the interplay that occurs between controller sophistication, speed and shape of the closed-loop response, and set-point/disturbance directions affecting the closed-loop system. The CRPEP is used to explain the apparent dilemma between emphasis on low-frequency, steady-state behaviour versus high-frequency, initial time behaviour in modelling for SISO feedback control. For multivariable systems, solutions to the CRPEP are presented using prefiltered estimation of MIMO ARX models (model reduction case) and a state-space frequency-weighted estimation method (system identification case). The superior performance of reduced order and model predictive controllers obtained from control-relevant models is demonstrated on a subset of the Shell heavy oil fractionator problem.
Addressing the needs of underserved populations in community health nursing education.

Community health nursing that focuses on populations rather than individuals as clients is a concept that is challenging to teach. Nursing students at two centers of Texas Woman's University have been working with two diverse groups of populations that are considered underserved. One group is made up of Cambodian refugees who have been located in urban settings in Dallas, Texas. The second group, in a rural setting, is composed of migrant children who have moved with their parents to the area for agricultural work. They are mostly Mexican families. This article reports the means to use clinical sites to expose students to community-level nursing of populations at risk while maintaining uniformity with the curriculum for the College of Nursing.
Impedance control of industrial robots

Abstract Manipulation fundamentally requires the manipulator to be mechanically coupled to the object being manipulated. A consideration of the physical constraints imposed by dynamic interaction shows that control of a vector quantity such as position or force is inadequate and that control of the manipulator impedance is necessary. Techniques for planning and control of manipulator behavior are presented which result in a unified approach to target acquisition, obstable avoidance, kinematically constrained motion, and dynamic interaction. A feedback control algorithm for implementing a cartesian end-point impedance on a nonlinear manipulator is presented. The modulation of end-point impedance independent of feedback is also considered. A method for choosing the impedance appropriate to a task using optimization theory is discussed.
Manipulating Coupling between a Single Semiconductor Quantum Dot and Single Gold Nanoparticle

Using atomic force microscopy nanomanipulation, we position a single Au nanoparticle near a CdSe/ZnS quantum dot to construct a hybrid nanostructure with variable geometry. The coupling between the two particles is varied in a systematic and reversible manner. The photoluminescence lifetime and blinking of the same quantum dot are measured before and after assembly of the structure. In some hybrid structures, the total lifetime is reduced from about 30 ns to well below 1 ns. This dramatic change in lifetime is accompanied by the disappearance of blinking as the nonradiative energy transfer from the CdSe/ZnS quantum dot to the Au nanoparticle becomes the dominant decay channel. Both total lifetime and photoluminescence intensity changes are well described by simple analytical calculations.
“[R]eaching into the lumber room” and Finding Julia Peterkin: Faulkner's Lena Grove and Peterkin's “Over the River”

When asked in 1957 about the origin of the “idea” or “theme” for Light in August—whether there had been an image that served as impetus for the text in the way that the image of Caddy had served as...
Remote sensing of tropical ecosystems: Atmospheric correction and cloud masking matter

Tropical rainforests are significant contributors to the global cycles of energy, water and carbon. As a result, monitoring of the vegetation status over regions such as Amazonia has been a long standing interest of Earth scientists trying to determine the effect of climate change and anthropogenic disturbance on the tropical ecosystems and its feedback on the Earth's climate. Satellite-based remote sensing is the only practical approach for observing the vegetation dynamics of regions like the Amazon over useful spatial and temporal scales, but recent years have seen much controversy over satellite-derived vegetation states in Amazonia, with studies predicting opposite feedbacks depending on data processing technique and interpretation. Recent results suggest that some of this uncertainty could stem from a lack of quality in atmospheric correction and cloud screening. In this paper, we assess these uncertainties by comparing the current standard surface reflectance products (MYD09, MYD09GA) and derived composites (MYD09A1, MCD43A4 and MYD13A2 — Vegetation Index) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the Aqua satellite to results obtained from the Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) algorithm. MAIAC uses a new cloud screening technique, and novel aerosol retrieval and atmospheric correction procedures which are based on time-series and spatial analyses. Our results show considerable improvements of MAIAC processed surface reflectance compared to MYD09/MYD13 with noise levels reduced by a factor of up to 10. Uncertainties in the current MODIS surface reflectance product were mainly due to residual cloud and aerosol contamination which affected the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI): During the wet season, with cloud cover ranging between 90% and 99%, conventionally processed NDVI was significantly depressed due to undetected clouds. A smaller reduction in NDVI due to increased aerosol levels was observed during the dry season, with an inverse dependence of NDVI on aerosol optical thickness (AOT). NDVI observations processed with MAIAC showed highly reproducible and stable inter-annual patterns with little or no dependence on cloud cover, and no significant dependence on AOT (p < 0.05). In addition to a better detection of cloudy pixels, MAIAC obtained about 20–80% more cloud free pixels, depending on season, a considerable amount for land analysis given the very high cloud cover (75–99%) observed at any given time in the area. We conclude that a new generation of atmospheric correction algorithms, such as MAIAC, can help to dramatically improve vegetation estimates over tropical rain forest, ultimately leading to reduced uncertainties in satellite-derived vegetation products globally.
THERMOMECHANICAL STRESS ANALYSIS OF VEHICLES GRAY CAST BRAKE

The vehicle braking system is considered to be one of the most fundamental safety- critical systems in modern vehicles, as its main purpose is to stop or decelerate the vehicle. The frictional heat generated during braking application can cause numerous negative effects on the brake assembly, such as brake fade, premature wear, thermal cracks and disc thickness variation. In the past, surface roughness and wear at the pad interface have rarely been considered in studies of the thermal analysis of a disc brake assembly using the finite element method. The ventilated pad-disc brake assembly is built by a three-dimensional model with a thermomechanical coupling boundary condition and multi-body model technique. The numerical simulation for the coupled transient thermal field and stress field is carried out sequentially with the thermal-structural coupled method, based on ANSYS software, to evaluate the stress fields of deformations that are established in the disc with the pressure of the pads and in the conditions of tightening of the disc; thus, the contact pressure distributions field in the pads is obtained, which is another significant aspect in this research. The results obtained by the simulation are satisfactorily compared with those of the specialized literature.
Towards mutation-independent silencing of genes involved in retinal degeneration by RNA interference

More than one hundred different mutations in the gene encoding rhodopsin are associated with a group of retinal degenerations including retinitis pigmentosa, congenital stationary night blindness and retinitis punctata albescens. Given this large heterogeneity of mutations, it would be ideal to develop mutation-independent therapies for these diseases. We describe use of RNA interference (RNAi) and specifically short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) expressed from DNA templates to silence both normal and mutant (P23H) human rhodopsin alleles by 94.3472.17 and 94.971.9%, respectively, in human embryonic retinoblasts. Degeneracy of the genetic code was used to engineer a codonexchanged mRNA (cmRNA) that demonstrated complete resistance to silencing by the shRNA. Simulation of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa in cell culture through triple transfection of DNAs expressing a cmRNA, a P23H mRNA and an shRNA revealed shRNA-mediated silencing, specifically of P23H rhodopsin by 90.6475.19% and no loss of rhodopsin translation from the cmRNA in those cells. In addition, we present data on two alternative shRNA sequences targeting human rhodopsin. Our results have implications for the treatment of a very large variety of retinal degenerations in a mutation-independent manner. Gene Therapy (2005) 12, 1223–1228. doi:10.1038/ sj.gt.3302512; published online 5 May 2005
Imaging gold nanorods in excised human breast carcinoma by spectroscopic optical coherence tomography

Plasmon-resonant gold nanorods (GNRs) can serve as imaging agents for spectroscopic optical coherence tomography (SOCT). The aspect ratio of the GNRs is adjusted for maximum absorption in the far red to create a partial spectral overlap with the short-wavelength edge of the near-infrared SOCT imaging band. The spectroscopic absorption profile of the GNRs is incorporated into a depth-resolved algorithm for mapping the relative GNR density within OCT images. This technique enables us to image GNR distributions in excised human breast carcinomas, demonstrating their potential as OCT contrast agents in heterogeneous, highly scattering tissues.
Determination of the modal reflection coefficients in air-core photonic-bandgap fiber terminations

The backreflection of air-core photonic-bandgap fiber modes is computed for the first time. For the fundamental mode, the reflection is approximately 10-6 in air and 3.3% in silica.
Multiplicity-adjusted inferences in risk assessment: benchmark analysis with quantal response data.

We develop and study multiplicity adjustments for low-dose inferences in environmental risk assessment. Application is intended for risk analysis studies where human, animal, or ecological data are used to set safe levels of a hazardous environmental agent. A modern method for making inferences in this setting is known as benchmark analysis, where attention centers on the dose at which a fixed benchmark level of risk is achieved. Both upper confidence limits on the risk and lower confidence limits on the “benchmark dose” are of interest. In practice, a number of possible benchmark risks may be under study; if so, corrections must be applied to adjust the limits for multiplicity. In this note, we discuss approaches for doing so with continuous, nonquantal response data.