cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Nonlinear Phase Retrieval

We optimize the performance of phase retrieval using spatial nonlinearity. We find an experimentally measurable convergence criterion, given by a nonlinear strength in which the correlation between linear and nonlinear output amplitude is zero.
Religious Authority in African American Churches: A Study of Six Churches

A sociological study of religious authority and gender in the context of a rural, impoverished community was conducted in African American churches in one county of the Arkansas Lower Mississippi Delta region to understand relationships between religious leadership, gender, race, and social justice. Three female and three male African American pastors were interviewed as key-informants of their churches to investigate views of female religious authority, and to compare and contrast the congregational culture of female-headed vs. male-headed churches. Among male-headed congregations, views of gender and leadership were complex, with beliefs ranging from no support to full support for female-headed congregations. Two congregational cultures emerged from the data: Congregations with a Social Activist orientation focused on meeting the social needs of the community through Christ, whereas congregations with a Teach the Word orientation stressed the importance of meeting the spiritual needs of the community through knowing the Word of God. Although aspects of both congregational cultures were present to some extentin all six congregations studied, the Social Activist culture played a more dominant narrative in female-headed congregations, whereas the Teach the Word culture was more evident in male-headed congregations. This study reports preliminary information about gender and religious authority in rural African American churches by revealing the different clergy training requirements and church placements of female and male clergy, a myriad of views about female religious authority in the African American faith community, and through uncovering two distinct congregational cultures. This study also enhances understanding on the role of gender in Black churches’ perceptions and interactions with rural, socioeconomically challenged communities.
Foxl1 promotes liver repair following cholestatic injury in mice

Cholangiocyte proliferation is one of the hallmarks of the response to cholestatic injury. We previously reported that the winged helix transcription factor Foxl1 is dramatically induced in cholangiocytes following bile duct ligation. In this study, we investigated the function of Foxl1 in the bile duct ligation model of cholestatic liver injury in Foxl1−/− and control mice. We found that Foxl1−/− livers exhibit an increase in parenchymal necrosis, significantly impaired cholangiocyte and hepatocyte proliferation, and failure to expand bile ductular mass. Wnt3a and Wnt7b expression was decreased in the livers of Foxl1−/− mice along with reduced expression of the β-catenin target gene Cyclin D1 in Foxl1−/− cholangiocytes. These results show that Foxl1 promotes liver repair after bile-duct-ligation-induced liver injury through activation of the canonical wnt/β-catenin pathway.
Business & Society/Business Ethics Courses: Twenty Years at the Crossroads

This article uses a historical perspective for reviewing the evolution of Business & Society/Business Ethics courses at business schools and programs in the United States. The study carefully reviews the findings of 11 major studies relating to the role and number of Business & Society/Business Ethics courses in business school/program curricula. Included in these 11 studies are the results of the 1990 survey on curricula and faculty conducted by the Curriculum Development Committee of the Academy of Management's Social Issues in Management Division. The study reveals that business schools/programs experienced a period of growth in Business & Society course offerings between 1973 and 1986 but a decline between 1986 and 1990 at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. A brief look at alternative futures for Business & Society teaching and research is offered at the end of the article.
GRK5 deficiency leads to early Alzheimer-like pathology and working memory impairment

Abstract G-protein coupled receptor kinase-5 (GRK5) deficiency has been linked to early Alzheimer's disease in humans and mouse models of the disease. To determine potential roles of GRK5 in the disease pathogenesis, the GRK5 knockout mouse was evaluated at pathological and behavioral levels. We found that these mice displayed an age-dependent increase in hippocampal axonal defects characterized by clusters of axonal swellings that accumulated abnormal amounts of molecular motor proteins, microtubule-associated proteins, intracellular β-amyloid, and subcellular organelles. In severe cases, extracellular β-amyloid fibrillar deposits were occasionally observed, along with degenerating axonal components, and were tightly surrounded by reactive astrocytes. Moreover, significant loss of synaptic proteins and early signs of cholinoceptive neurodegeneration were evident in the hippocampus as well. Consistent with the moderate level of pathologic change, aged GRK5 knockout mice displayed selective working memory impairment, with other cognitive domains unaffected. Taken together, these findings not only strongly support an important role of GRK5 deficiency in early Alzheimer's pathogenesis, but also promote the GRK5 knockout mouse as an additional model for early Alzheimer-related studies.
Satellite observations of aerosol and CO over Mexico City

Abstract The development of remote sensing satellite technology potentially will lead to the technical means to monitor air pollution emitted from large cities on a global basis. This paper presents observations by the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) and measurements of pollution in the troposphere (MOPITT) experiments of aerosol optical depths and CO mixing ratios, respectively, in the vicinity of Mexico City to illustrate current satellite capabilities. MOPITT CO mixing ratios over Mexico City, averaged between January–March 2002–2005, are 19% above regional values and the CO plume extends over 10° 2 in the free troposphere at 500 hPa. Time series of Red Automatica de Monitoreo Ambiental (RAMA) PM10, and (Aerosol Robotic Network) AERONET and MODIS aerosol optical depths, and RAMA and MOPITT CO time series are inter-compared to illustrate the different perspectives of ground based and satellite instrumentation. Finally, we demonstrate, by examining MODIS and MOPITT data in April 2003, that satellite data can be used to identify episodes in which pollution form fires influences the time series of ground based and satellite observations of urban pollution.
Variability of vesicular stomatitis virus autointerference with different host cells and virus serotypes.

Abstract Homologous autointerference in VSV varies greatly with different host cell cultures. “High-interference” hosts show extensive inhibition of infectious virus replication in the presence of defective interfering particles (DI), while “low interference” hosts do not. The absence of interference in the latter is not due to an inability to produce DI but to a lack of susceptibility to interference by DI. Our working stock of New Jersey VSV exhibits a single size class of DI particles on sucrose gradients. Although the RNA of the standard infectious particle appears to be homogeneous in size, DI RNA is clearly heterogeneous. Single plaque isolates were found to generate several distinct size classes of DI which also contain heterogeneous RNA. The DI produced from a working stock of Indiana VSV on the other hand appear to contain homogeneous size RNA, as other investigators have reported.
Toward An Ultrasonic Sensor for Pressure Vessels

The focus of this paper is an ultrasonic position indication system that is capable of determining one-dimensional target location in a high-temperature steel container with gaseous medium. The combination of the very high acoustical impedance of steel (45.4 MRayl) and the very low impedance of a gas, for example, ambient air (0.0004 MRayl), causes significant reflections at the interfaces. The strategy of this investigation was to develop an ultrasonic transducer capable of replacing a small portion of pressure vessel wall. In building such a transducer, acoustic matching layers for the steel-gas interface, a mechanically and acoustically competent housing, an efficient piezoelectric element, and appropriate backing materials are developed and tested. The results include a successful housing design, high- temperature acoustic matching layers, and subsequent successful wave forms with good signal-to-noise ratio. Target location through 9.6 in. (24.5 cm) of ambient air was possible, with a steel pressure boundary 0.456 in. (1.160 cm) thick, and the use of one matching layer. Our transducer was tested repeatedly to 340 °C without apparent degradation. In addition to the experimental results, this investigation includes numerical simulations. Sample wave forms were predicted one dimensionally with the coupled acoustic piezoelectric analysis, a finite element program that predicts wave forms based on Navier's equation for elastic wave propagation.
On‐scene victim assistance units within law enforcement agencies

Purpose – The major purpose of this paper is the review of the administration and operation of four on‐scene victim assistance units within law enforcement agencies in one Canadian and three US cities. The primary purpose is to learn how these units operate and the extent to which there are accepted by the officers involved. An additional purpose is learn how many departments nationally had such units.Design/methodology/approach – The basic methodology includes telephone interviews with key personnel in each unit, an on‐site examination of the Denver, Colorado unit, and a brief survey of large city police departments to learn the extent of on‐scene units in major US cities.Findings – A review of the administration and operation of each unit reveals that each unit is well managed, integrated into the department's structure, and staffed with paid staff who are members of the department and volunteers. Key to the success of each unit is extensive training of victim specialists and a clear understanding betwe...
A hypothesis to explain why translation inhibitors stabilize mRNAs in mammalian cells: mRNA Stability and mitosis

Protein synthesis inhibitors prolong the half-lives of most mRNAs at least fourfold in the somatic cells of higher eukaryotes and in yeast cells. Some mRNAs are stabilized because the inhibitors affect mRNA-specific regulatory factors; however, hundreds or thousands of other mRNAs are probably stabilized by a common mechanism. We propose that mRNA stabilization in cells treated with a translation inhibitor reflects a physiological process that occurs during each mitosis and is important for cell survival. Transcription and translation rates decline drastically during a 1-2 hour interval of mitosis. We hypothesize that translational repression during this interval somehow inactivates a critical component of the mRNA degradation machinery. As a result, mRNA half-lives are prolonged during the interval when transcription is repressed. If labile mRNAs were not stabilized during mitosis they, and perhaps also the labile proteins they encode, would be depleted as the cell entered G1 phase, with deleterious consequences. Stabilization during mitosis, or in response to translation inhibitors, thus preserves the capacity of the cell to synthesize essential proteins as it enters G1 or recovers from inhibitor treatment. mRNA stabilization might serve a similar purpose during starvation or any stress negatively affecting translation.
Taking Research Experiences for Undergraduates Online

To today's budding scientists, the notion of sharing experiences and working collaboratively with distant peers is not a novelty. Instead, this is what most young scientists expect to achieve through the Internet portals they carry in their pockets and backpacks. They have never known a world without information and communication technologies (ICT) such as laptops, mobile phones, text messaging, and the Internet. As a result, they have grown to rely on uninterrupted access to the Internet for a range of information-gathering and communication activities. Further, this generation of students has fully embraced structured online learning opportunities. For example, in 2011 more than 6.7 million U.S. students in higher education took at least one online course [Allen and Seaman, 2013].
The Americanisation of European Law? Adversarial Legalism à La Européenne

Adversarial legalism, an approach to law and regulation long considered distinctive to the US, is spreading across the European Union (EU). The EU's institutional structure and its ongoing project of market integration generate political incentives and functional pressures that encourage EU policy-makers to rely on adversarial legalism as an approach to governance.
Integrated energy conversion systems: A mathematical model of extraction steam turbine

Abstract In some integrated energy conversion systems, automatic extraction steam turbines are used to provide low quality steam from the turbine for process use or district heating and cooling purposes. This paper presents a generalized mathematical model for steam turbine/generator based on the Rankine cycle. Also, simplified linear models are presented for pure condensing, single extraction and double extraction turbine/generators which could be adapted to optimization of integrated energy conversion systems.
The effect of esomeprazole 20 mg twice daily on acoustic and perception parameters of the voice in laryngopharyngeal reflux.

Background Randomized, placebo-controlled studies have failed to demonstrate a significant treatment effect for laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) using traditional clinical endpoints. We compared the effect of esomeprazole 20 mg twice daily (b.i.d.) vs placebo on voice and acoustic-related measures in patients with LPR. Methods Patients with LPR underwent endoscopy and pH testing. Subsequently, patients underwent videostroboscopic recordings of the larynx, acoustic voice and speech analysis. A voice use and quality diary and oesophageal symptom diary were completed at baseline. Thereafter, patients were randomized to esomeprazole 20 mg twice daily vs placebo for 3 months. The voice use and quality diary and oesophageal symptom dairy were repeated during the last week of treatment. Videostroboscopy and acoustic voice and speech analysis were also performed at the end of treatment. Key Results Twenty-four patients were randomized to the esomeprazole group and 17 to the placebo group. There was no significant difference in videostroboscopic reflux finding scores from baseline to post-treatment. Acoustic measures also failed to demonstrate significant differences within the same or between groups, even when a sub-group analysis of patients with endoscopically documented oesophageal inflammation at baseline was performed. Additionally, no significant differences were found between groups when using voice use and quality diary. Conclusions & Inferences Use of more specific laryngeal functional parameters such as voice-related acoustic measures of pitch range, fundamental frequency and intensity also failed to demonstrate a significant response to proton pump inhibitor treatment as compared to placebo in patients with suspected LPR.
Swarm Intelligence Based File Replication and Consistency Maintenance in Structured P2P File Sharing Systems

In peer-to-peer file sharing systems, file replication helps to avoid overloading file owners and improve file query efficiency. There exists a tradeoff between minimizing the number of replicas (i.e., replication overhead) and maximizing the replica hit rate (which reduces file querying latency). More replicas lead to increased replication overhead and higher replica hit rates and vice versa. An ideal replication method should generate a low overhead burden to the system while providing low query latency to the users. However, previous replication methods either achieve high hit rates at the cost of many replicas or produce low hit rates. To reduce replicas while guaranteeing high hit rate, this paper presents SWARM, a file replication mechanism based on swarm intelligence. Recognizing the power of collective behaviors, SWARM identifies node swarms with common node interests and close proximity. Unlike most earlier methods, SWARM determines the placement of a file replica based on the accumulated query rates of nodes in a swarm rather than a single node. Replicas are shared by the nodes in a swarm, leading to fewer replicas and high querying efficiency. In addition, SWARM has a novel consistency maintenance algorithm that propagates an update message between proximity-close nodes in a tree fashion from the top to the bottom. Experimental results from the real-world PlanetLab testbed and the PeerSim simulator demonstrate the effectiveness of the SWARM mechanism in comparison with other file replication and consistency maintenance methods. SWARM can reduce querying latency by 40-58 percent, reduce the number of replicas by 39-76 percent, and achieves more than 84 percent higher hit rates compared to previous methods. It also can reduce the consistency maintenance overhead by 49-99 percent compared to previous consistency maintenance methods.
Threshold Size for Ambient Metastability of Rocksalt CdSe Nanocrystals

We show that metastable rocksalt CdSe nanocrystals can persist at ambient pressure depending on the physical size of the particle. The size-dependence of the hysteresis loop was measured for the solid−solid transition in CdSe nanocrystals, between four- and six-coordinate structures. A systematic shift of the entire hysteresis loop to lower pressure results in a threshold size of ∼11 nm for ambient metastability of the six-coordinate rocksalt structure. Smaller nanocrystals transform back to the four-coordinate structure as occurs in the CdSe bulk solid. Surface energy contributions are used to explain the shift. The results have important implications for the optimum synthesis of metastable nanocrystal solids under ambient conditions.
Differences in Perceptions of the Ideal Child among American and Filipino Parents

This study examined American and Filipino parents’ perceptions of the ideal child. One hundred seventy‐five Americans and 142 Filipino parents were administered the Torrance's Ideal Child Checklist. Results showed significant differences in their responses to factors related to achievement and sociability among girls and negativistic‐critical and creative‐intuitive behaviors among boys and girls. There were no significant differences between American and Filipino parents in their responses to factors related to achievement and sociability among boys. The cultural implications of these findings are discussed.
Materials education at the pre-college level

Abstract The importance of the pre-college level materials science and technology education in the United States is discussed. A description of materials science based educational curricula program under development at Northwestern University is given. Preliminary results show that materials science is of considerable interest to both the high school science teachers and students. Such a program will not only provide an interdisciplinary approach to the study of science and mathematics, but it will also enhance the awareness of students of the contributions of science and technology to society and their surrounding environment.
Cutting medicare hospital prices leads to a spillover reduction in hospital discharges for the nonelderly.

Congress has on several occasions cut the prices paid to medical providers to rein in the growth in spending on Medicare, the federal health care program for the elderly and disabled. However, there is little consensus on the effects of such price cuts. Some argue that medical providers respond to price cuts by increasing volume or raising private prices (“cost shifting”), thereby negating Medicare savings and increasing private costs (House Budget Committee 2012, p. 48). Others argue that concerns about cost shifting are overblown, and that payment reforms that reduce spending in Medicare will result in spillover savings in the private sector (Cutler, Davis, and Stremikis 2010). Medicare is by far the single most important payer in the hospital sector, accounting for about 30 percent of total revenues. It is reasonable to expect, therefore, that changes in Medicare prices will affect hospitals’ operations and overall financial condition. But the effects of Medicare price cuts on the utilization among the nonelderly could go in different directions. Hospitals might increase the volume of services they provide to the nonelderly to recoup lost revenues, or they might scale back overall operations and reduce services provided both to the elderly and nonelderly. This article uses historical data from 1995 through 2009 to examine the effects of Medicare price cuts on inpatient hospital utilization among the nonelderly. Our study period includes the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (BBA97), which made substantial cuts to Medicare prices for hospital care. The period following the BBA97 provides a preview, albeit imperfect, of the possible effects of the Medicare price cuts in the Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010. The ACA permanently trims the rate of growth in the prices that Medicare pays to hospitals and most other medical providers. As a result, Medicare prices in 2021 will be about 11 percent lower than they would have been had the ACA not been enacted—this provision accounts for most of the $716 billion in Medicare cuts that garnered so much attention during the presidential campaign.
Analysis of the worst case space complexity of a PR quadtree

Abstract We domonstrate that a resolution-r PR quadtree containing n points has, in the worst case, at most 8n(r− [log 4 ( n 2 ]) + 8n 3 − 1 3 nodes. This captures the fact that as n tends towards 4r, the number of nodes in a PR quadtree quickly approaches O(n). This is a more precise estimation of the worst case space requirement of a PR quadtree then has been attempted before.
Acute and Chronic Lung Allograft Rejection During Pregnancy

Young women who undergo lung transplantation may regain normal fertility and become pregnant. Currently, little is known about the outcome of pregnancy after lung transplantation. We present a case of pregnancy after bilateral lung transplantation complicated by acute and chronic allograft rejection, resulting in irreversible loss of lung function.
Prolongation of post-tetanic facilitation in infant botulism

The electrophysiologic studies in a case of infant botulism show a variety of abnormalities including tetanic and post-tetanic facilitation (PTF) of the small single evoked muscle action potential. The enlarged amplitude of the single evoked muscle action potential following a 10-second tetanic nerve stimulation persisted up to 21 minutes. The prolongation of PTF is a unique feature of botulism.
Quantitative Real-Time PCR Compared with pp65 Antigen Detection for Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in 1122 Blood Specimens from 77 Patients after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation: Which Test Better Predicts CMV Disease Development?

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) can compromise the life of patients who are immunosuppressed after organ transplantation or who have acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. CMV infections or reactivations can be successfully treated, provided treatment is instituted early in the course of developing disease. Current assays to detect the CMV pp65 antigen in peripheral blood leukocytes or CMV DNA by qualitative PCR of leukocytes or plasma can be slow and tedious (1)(2)(3). Antigen detection is limited by the availability of sufficient white blood cell numbers and is impossible to perform on leukopenic patients. In addition, blood for antigen detection cannot be stored for long periods because white blood cells need to be intact for staining procedures (4)(5). PCR techniques detect relatively stable double-stranded DNA present in the plasma or whole blood regardless of storage conditions or cell integrity, but qualitative PCR assays are not useful for follow-up studies of patients, and they do not allow the determination of viral load, which is useful for prognosis. In this study we compared quantitative real-time PCR (6)(7) with conventional pp65 antigen staining among 77 patients (1122 blood samples) surviving more than 30 days after stem cell transplantation (see Table 1 in the Data Supplement that accompanies the online version of this Technical Brief at http://www.clinchem.org/content/vol49/issue10/). In a retrospective study, results of the two assays were compared, and their sensitivity and specificity for predicting CMV disease were calculated. All patients were transplanted in the Virchow Klinikum (Berlin, Germany) between January 1998 and March 2001 (see Table 1 in the online Data supplement). Five patients developed CMV organ disease, which included pneumonitis and hepatitis (n = 1), hepatitis (n = 1), enteritis (n = 2), and retinitis (n = 1). Seven additional patients developed thrombo- and leukopenia not explained by other conditions. …
Association of Gallbladder Mucocele Histologic Diagnosis with Selected Drug Use in Dogs: A Matched Case-Control Study.

Background The cause of gallbladder mucocele (GBM) formation in dogs currently is unknown. Many available drugs represent a newer generation of xenobiotics that may predispose dogs to GBM formation. Objective To determine if there is an association between the histologic diagnosis of GBM in dogs and administration of selected drugs. Animals Eighty-one dogs with a histologic diagnosis of GBM and 162 breed, age, and admission date-matched control dogs from a single referral institution. Methods Medical records of dogs with GBM and control dogs from 2001 to 2011 were reviewed. Owner verification of drug history was sought by a standard questionnaire. Reported use of heartworm, flea, and tick preventatives as well as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesics, corticosteroids, or medications for treatment of osteoarthritis was recorded. Results Dogs with GBM were 2.2 times as likely to have had reported use of thyroxine (as a proxy for the diagnosis of hypothyroidism) as control dogs (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.949–5.051), 3.6 times as likely to have had reported treatment for Cushing's disease (95% CI, 1.228–10.612), and 2.3 times as likely to have had reported use of products containing imidacloprid (95% CI, 1.094–4.723). Analysis of a data subset containing only Shetland sheepdogs (23 GBM and 46 control) indicated that Shetland sheepdogs with GBM formation were 9.3 times as likely to have had reported use of imidacloprid as were control Shetland sheepdogs (95% CI, 1.103–78.239). Conclusions and Clinical Importance This study provides evidence for an association between selected drug use and GBM formation in dogs. A larger epidemiologic study of Shetland sheepdogs with GBM formation and exposure to imidacloprid is warranted.
A Differential MicroRNA Profile Distinguishes Cholangiocarcinoma from Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Background Cancers of the bile duct and the pancreas are virtually indistinguishable using conventional histopathological and clinical characteristics. We sought to use microRNA (miR) profiling to differentiate these two cancers.
Calcium-sensing receptor-mediated TNF production in medullary thick ascending limb cells.

Medullary thick ascending limb (mTAL) cells in primary culture express the Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaR), a G protein-coupled receptor that senses changes in extracellular Ca2+ (Ca o 2 + ) concentrat...
Development of a comprehensive model for RIE-lag-based three-dimensional microchannel fabrication

This paper presents an etch technique capable of three-dimensional (3D) design control for microfluidic channels via reactive ion etching (RIE) lag effects. Predictable results are achieved by the development of a complex Langmuir model relating the exposed surface geometry to the depth and width of microfabricated channels that result after isotropic etching of silicon. The model captures the increase in isotropic etch rate as the amount of the exposed surface area increases. The technique is based on the most complex surface pattern to date, composed of five independent geometric variables. Data from over 350 different patterns and four different etch times were collected to examine the influence of each parameter on the result. This technique provides the capability for vast networks of microcapillary channels and large, low aspect ratio cavities to be created on the same wafer requiring a single SF6 etch step. Designs utilizing this technique can be realized with 10% accuracy to the models; the main source of inaccuracy arises from wafer-to-wafer process differences. Several microfluidic devices were fabricated, proving the possibility of accurate design, and providing insight into structures achievable from 3D control of microfluidic structures.
Waterborne cues from crabs induce thicker skeletons, smaller gonads and size-specific changes in growth rate in sea urchins

Indirect predator-induced effects on growth, morphology and reproduction have been extensively studied in marine invertebrates but usually without consideration of size-specific effects and not at all in post-metamorphic echinoids. Urchins are an unusually good system, in which, to study size effects because individuals of various ages within one species span four orders of magnitude in weight while retaining a nearly isometric morphology. We tracked growth of urchins, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (0.013–161.385 g), in the presence or absence of waterborne cues from predatory Jonah crabs, Cancer borealis. We ran experiments at ambient temperatures, once for 4 weeks during summer and again, with a second set of urchins, for 22 weeks over winter. We used a scaled, cube-root transformation of weight for measuring size more precisely and for equalizing variance across sizes. Growth rate of the smallest urchins (summer: <17 mm diameter; winter: <7 mm diameter) decreased by 40–42% in response to crab cues. In contrast, growth rate of larger urchins was unaffected in the summer and increased in response to crab scent by 7% in the winter. At the end of the 22-week experiment, additional gonadal and skeletal variables were measured. Cue-exposed urchins developed heavier, thicker skeletons and smaller gonads, but no differences in spine length or jaw size. The differences depended on urchin size, suggesting that there are size-specific shifts in gonadal and somatic investment in urchins.
Bone parameters in relation to attitudes and feelings associated with disordered eating in oligo-amenorrheic athletes, eumenorrheic athletes, and nonathletes.

Objectives Disordered eating may negatively impact bone in athletes. However, it is not known whether this effect is independent of the associated amenorrhea and relative hypercortisolemia. We aimed to compare attitudes, feelings, and cognitions associated with disordered eating using the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) and Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2) in normal-weight oligomenorrheic athletes (OA), eumenorrheic athletes (EA), and nonathletes, and determine the associations with bone independent of confounders.
Life History of the Invasive Species Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Northeastern United States

ABSTRACT Host plant use by nymphs and adults of the nonnative species Halyomorpha halys (Stal) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) was investigated proximal to the location of its introduction, Allentown, PA. The seasonality of H. halys in the United States had not been thoroughly studied before this work. It is reported to have ≈300 host plants in its native range that could make control and identification of small populations difficult. Weekly beat samples were conducted beginning at petal fall (mid-April) in Pyrus spp. until the first frost (mid-October) from 2005 to 2007 on a variety of ornamental trees, shrubs, and agricultural crops. Egg masses were first observed on Paulownia tomentosa Thunb. the first week of June. In 2006 and 2007, Fraxinus americana L. was an important mid- and late season host for adults. Nymphal abundance differed seasonally. P. tomentosa supported high densities during the early season, whereas Viburnum opulus variety americanum Aiton was the preferred mid-season host, and Viburnum pru...
Basin and Range Structure: A System of Horsts and Grabens Produced by Deep-Seated Extension

Basin and Range structure can be interpreted as a system of horsts and grabens produced by the fragmentation of a crustal slab above a plastically extending substratum. According to this view, the extension of the substratum causes the basal part of the slab to be pulled apart along narrow, systematically spaced zones which in turn cause the downdropping of complex horizontal prisms (grabens) in the brittle upper crust. The grabens form valleys at the surface; the intervening areas are horsts, or tilted horsts. Not all geologists have agreed, however, that Basin and Range structure consists of a system of horsts and grabens. Instead, the structure is commonly considered to consist of tilted blocks in which the upslope part of an individual block forms a mountain and the downslope part a valley. Recent detailed studies, including geophysical work, suggest that the horst and graben model may be more generally applicable. Many of the valleys in the Great Basin are bounded on both sides by faults that drop the valley block down; these faults are exposed at the surface or can be inferred from steep gravity gradients indicative of steep faulted subsurface bedrock slopes. Some areas that were thought to represent a typical series of tilted blocks may be a series of highly asymmetrical grabens in which one side of a valley is marked by a master fault and the other side by valleyward tilt. With present knowledge, most, or perhaps all, of the major valleys in the Great Basin can plausibly be considered to be grabens, and most or all of the mountains can be considered to be horsts or tilted horsts. The grabens, and the underlying inferred deep zones of extension that cause them, are systematically distributed in the Great Basin. They are generally north-trending features spaced 15 to 20 mi apart. Locally, the pattern is more complex, and individual grabens divide and trend away from each other at acute or high angles. In a few places, the pattern may even be roughly polygonal. The distribution pattern of the grabens and the related deep zones of extension resemble crack patterns in small-scale tensional systems, and both patterns may be mechanically related. By analogy with the small-scale systems, the areas of generally north-trending and parallel grabens require east-west extension, whereas the areas with a possible polygonal pattern of grabens must extend radially. The geometry of block faulting related to Basin and Range structure requires sizable east-west extension, estimated at about 1.5 mi on the average for each major valley and at about 30 to 60 mi across the entire Great Basin. Most of this extension has taken place in the last 17 m.y., or perhaps even in the last 7 to 11 m.y., indicating a rate of extension in the range of 0.3 to 1.5 cm/yr.
Jungloid mining: helping to navigate the API jungle

Reuse of existing code from class libraries and frameworks is often difficult because APIs are complex and the client code required to use the APIs can be hard to write. We observed that a common scenario is that the programmer knows what type of object he needs, but does not know how to write the code to get the object.In order to help programmers write API client code more easily, we developed techniques for synthesizing jungloid code fragments automatically given a simple query that describes that desired code in terms of input and output types. A jungloid is simply a unary expression; jungloids are simple, enabling synthesis, but are also versatile, covering many coding problems, and composable, combining to form more complex code fragments. We synthesize jungloids using both API method signatures and jungloids mined from a corpus of sample client programs.We implemented a tool, prospector, based on these techniques. prospector is integrated with the Eclipse IDE code assistance feature, and it infers queries from context so there is no need for the programmer to write queries. We tested prospector on a set of real programming problems involving APIs; prospector found the desired solution for 18 of 20 problems. We also evaluated prospector in a user study, finding that programmers solved programming problems more quickly and with more reuse when using prospector than without prospector.
Locomotive micro-implant with active electromagnetic propulsion

An active locomotive technique requiring only an external power source and a static magnetic field is presented, and its operation is analyzed and simulated. For a modest static MRI magnetic field of 1 T, the results show that a 1-mm cube achieves roughly 3 cm/sec of lateral motion using less than 20.4 µW of power. Current-carrying wires generate the forces, resulting in highly controllable motion. Existing solutions trade off size and power: passive solutions are small but impractical, and mechanical solutions are inefficient and large. The presented solution captures the advantages of both systems, and has much better scalability.
Critical heat flux in thin, uniform particle coatings

Pool boiling on thin, uniform porous coatings is examined experimentally using different copper particle diameters (between 40 and 80 lm), fabrications (loosely packed, shaken, or pressed), and particle characteristics (solid or porous particle) with coating thickness varying between 3 and 5 particle diameters. The results show that the critical heat flux (CHF) is about 1.8 times for all the coatings, while the pre-CHF regime shows variations. We suggest that the presence of the thin, uniform porous coating influences the hydrodynamic (macroscale) stabilities such that statistically the critical Rayleigh–Taylor wavelength decreases and/or the vapor area fraction increases in a manner to statistically cause a decrease in the dominant interfacial wavelength. By the CHF experimental results, it is postulated that for a 2-fold increase in CHF, the wavelength in the Zuber CHF model is nearly one-fourth of that for plain surface, or the area of the vapor channels increases by 2 2/3 (compared to plain surface).
Persistence of gadolinium contrast enhancement in CSF: a possible harbinger of gadolinium neurotoxicity?

Gadolinium chelates are relatively safe agents, with occasional hypersensitivity reactions and systemic toxicity with predominantly extracellular distribution and primarily glomerular clearance. Neurotoxicity has been estimated at approximately 1% on initial studies regarding the pharmacokinetics of
Convenient Method for On-Site Check of Single Steel I-Girder Stability during Erection:

The behavior of a single steel I-girder during erection is quite different from that of a girder under service: the girder during erection usually has limited or no lateral bracing along the span. Elastic lateral torsional buckling of the steel girder may occur if the girder span becomes too large. Rules of thumb have been used to check girder stability during erection by using the ratio of unbraced length L to compression flange width b; this is based on experience. For any longitudinally unstiffened girder section, formulas were developed on the basis of the current AASHTO load and resistance factor design code for the unique maximum L/b ratio. Parametric studies were then conducted to calculate Lmax and the (L/b)max ratio for a variety of girder sections that cover the range of practical design in order to identify dominant section parameters on the (L/b)max ratio as well as girder stability during erection and to develop simplified formulas for the upper and lower bounds of the (L/b)max ratio for all ...
Multiscale connection-level analysis of network traffic

Network traffic exhibits drastically different statistics, ranging from nearly Gaussian marginals and long range dependence at very large time scales to highly non-Gaussian marginals and multifractal scaling on small scales. This behavior can be explained by decomposing traffic into two components according to the connection bandwidth: the small bandwidth component absorbs most traffic and is Gaussian, while large bandwidth component constitutes virtually all of the small scale bursts. Based on this understanding, a novel traffic model is proposed that parsimoniously accounts for user behavior, network topology, and the heterogeneous distribution of network bandwidths.
Intracortical pathway involving dysgranular cortex conveys hindlimb inputs to S-I forelimb-stump representation of neonatally amputated rats.

Reorganization of the primary somatosensory cortex (S-I) forelimb-stump representation of rats that sustained neonatal forelimb removal is characterized by the expression of hindlimb inputs that ar...
Size Variables in Audit Fee Models: An Examination of the Effects of Alternative Mathematical Transformations

SUMMARY: We consider the mathematical transformations used for assets of different valuation complexity in audit fee models. These mathematical transformations (such as logs and square roots) relate to the non-linear relationship between client size and audit fees. We use closed-end mutual fund audits to examine this question because virtually all fund assets are reported at fair value. We find that more complexly valued assets are less likely to follow the traditional log transformation because the presence of these assets has a stronger relationship with audit fees that is not fully captured by the coefficient on the logged variable alone. The significance of non-size variables was also found to differ in audit fee models of both closed-end funds and a broad-based sample of public companies when the mathematical transformation of size variables was permitted to vary. These results suggest that the non-linear relationship between client size and audit fees may not always be sufficiently captured by a log...
Corrections to “On the EM Degrees of Freedom in Scattering Environments”

In the above-named work [ibid., vol. 59, no. 10, pp. 3872–3881, Oct. 2011], a factor is missing from the numerator of (27). The correct expressions should read as given here. This omission has no impact on other equations or the results shown in the paper.
The Railroads: Pioneers in Modern Corporate Management

In coping with large-scale problems of management, the railroads had to devise new methods for mobilizing, controlling, and apportioning capital, for operating a widely dispersed plant, and for supervising thousands of specialized workers. In these activities, Professor Chandler argues, were created basic plans for the structural form of the modern American corporation.
Research on affecting factors of catching-up vaccination among new primary students in Futian district of Shenzhen city

Objective To explore the affecting factors of catching-up vaccination certification checking among new primary students,and to provide suggestions to further improve vaccination catching-up work. Method 650 new primary students and their guardians were selected to be surveyed by questionnaires in November 2012. Results Among 650 students,the catching-up coverage rate and vaccine doses rate after vaccination certification checking were respectively 84.62% (550/650) and 80.92% (988/1 221). The catching-up rate of students that needed one dose was higher than that of who needed more than one dose (χ2=9.637,P0.01).Both the catching-up coverage rate and the vaccine doses rate of the students in the private schools were lower than those of who were in the public schools (χ2=7.073,P 0.01;χ2=7.795,P 0.01). Multi-regression analysis showed that the catching-up coverage rates were higher when guardians had steady job and the dose of catching-up vaccination was one (OR was 0.126,0.232, respectively). Conclusions Currently the difficulty in vaccination certificate inspection work is to raise catching-up coverage rate of students in the private schools. Improving the mode of catching-up vaccination during the school entry and strengthening propaganda are recommended to improve the catching-up coverage rate.
Moving beyond Idealistically Narrow Discourses in Citizenship Education

The main goal of this article is to provide conceptual guidelines to move the pedagogical debate in the field of citizenship education beyond idealistically narrow models. We begin by providing an overview of key shortcomings presented in most citizenship education programs, specifically in the United States of America. The second section presents the conceptual perspective of embodied cognition to discuss the prevalent metaphors and prototypes related to the notion of ‘the nation as a family’ commonly used in understanding citizenship education. The third and final section concludes with a set of suggestions for reconceptualizing the field of citizenship education using the tools of embodied cognition.
Clinical Usefulness of Quantitative ECG Methods for Evaluating Ischemic and Infarcted Myocardium

The complete Selvester QRS scoring system is a validated quantitative method of estimating the size of single myocardial infarcts. It remains to be validated in patients with multiple infarcts and in those with confounding factors such as ventricular hypertrophy or fascicular or bundle branch blocks. Discrepancies in its correlation with other sizing methods might give insight into the amount of infarct reperfusion (versus enzymatic methods) or the amount of residual ischemic myocardium (versus mechanical methods). Several strategies have now been presented for quantitative use of the initial ST segment deviation to indicate important clinical parameters such as the precise location of the coronary occlusion, the amount of myocardium in jeopardy, and the potential for salvage by reperfusion. Comparison of the initial ST deviation with final QRS score and with non-ECG methods of estimating the per cent of LV that is scarred and/or dysfunctional might indicate the effect of therapeutic reperfusion on MI healing. These methods remain to be validated and, as yet, no comprehensive ST segment scoring system has been developed. Use of both QRS and ST methods will be facilitated by the development of new ECG recording systems and by automated application of the various criteria. It is likely that acute coronary care in 1990 will include sophisticated methods for continuous monitoring of QRS and ST and T changes. There will be continuous trending of scores indicating the amount of ischemic and infarcted myocardium. Base-line measurements can be obtained before interventions have begun in order to indicate the potential benefit of altering the natural course for the individual patient.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Pharmacy internship: patient care experience through nursing service.

A pharmacy internship that offers graduated levels of hospital experience, with an emphasis on nursing assistant and medication administration programs, is described. Students work full time in the summer and part time during the academic year in the three-year program. The progression of duties is as follows: nursing assistant; inpatient durg distribution and control; sterile and nonsterile product production; patient education, monitoring and medication history-taking activities; drug information services; and medication administration. Interns are selected by the pharmacy department and trained and supervised by the nursing staff in nursing assistant and medication aide roles. The program provides the pharmacy department with a highly trained corps of interns who understand and appreciate the full range of systems required to deliver patient care and provides interns with patient-oriented work experiences valuable in their future roles as pharmacists.