cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide splitting enzyme: a plasma membrane protein of murine macrophages.

Abstract The subcellular distribution of NADase in splenic and peritoneal macrophages of the mouse has been studied. Conventional procedures for fractionation and isolation of subcellular components demonstrated that the NADase of murine macrophages was localized in the microsomal fraction. By using the diazonium salt of sulfanilic acid, a nonpenetrating reagent known to inactivate ecto-enzymes in intact cells, purified plasma membrane preparations, and marker enzymes, 5′-nucleotidase for plasma membrane and glucose 6-phosphatase for the microsomal fraction, we have shown that: (i) NADase of murine macrophages is a plasma membrane ecto-enzyme and (ii) the microsomal fraction is a mixture of endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane elements. At 5 × 10 −4 M concentration, the diazonium salt of sulfanilic acid drastically decreased NADase in intact splenic and peritoneal macrophages of the mouse. 5′-Nucleotidase was similarly inhibited by this reagent, whereas the activity of glucose 6-phosphatase remained unaffected. There was a good recovery of NADase of high specific activity in plasma membrane preparations that were characterized by high 5′-nucleotidase and low glucose 6-phosphatase activity.
Changes in relative abundance of adult walleye and egg density following the addition of walleye spawning habitat in a midwest irrigation reservoir

Cobble substrate for walleye (Sander vitreus) spawning was added at Sherman Reservoir, Nebraska, in January 2008. We evaluated changes in relative adult walleye abundance and egg density in response to the cobble substrate and estimated site fidelity of adult walleye during the spawning seasons of 2007, 2008, and 2009. A 15% increase in electrofishing catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) of adult walleye was observed on the cobble substrate the first season it was available (2008), but a 5% decrease in electrofishing CPUE was observed the second season (2009) compared to the 2007 season. While gill nets were not run during the first season the cobble was available, a 113% increase in gill net CPUE was observed the second season. During the first season the cobble was available, a 215% increase in egg density was observed, but no increase in egg density was found in the second season. Site fidelity of adult walleye within a spawning season was 94% and was 81% between seasons. These results indicate that the additi...
A Comparison of Thematic Apperceptions of Sibling Affiliation, Conflict, and Separation at Two Periods of Adulthood:

The quality and stability of sibling relationships during adulthood were assessed by comparing TAT themes of sibling affiliation, conflict, and separation at the period of active child-rearing (CR) and the empty nest (EN). Thirty men and thirty women, divided equally between the two life stages, were randomly selected from a pool of individuals who had a same-sex, closely-spaced sibling. The Sibling Thematic Apperception Test (S-TAT) was developed to elicit underlying feelings about the relationship, because traditional methods of assessment have failed to tap its negative qualities. Contrary to previous findings, results showed no differences in affiliation or conflict theme frequencies between the CR and EN periods. Separation themes, however, were more frequent during the CR than the EN period, suggesting that concerns over separation from siblings reflect a developmental process which might be related to bonding with the family of procreation. Although there were no sex differences within life periods...
The relationship between body dysmorphic disorder and depression, self-esteem, somatization, and obsessive–compulsive disorder

The present study investigated the relationship of depression, self-esteem, somatization, and obsessive-compulsive disorder to the incidence of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). Female (n=83) and male (n=25) undergraduates completed measures of body esteem, self-esteem, obsessive-compulsive behavior, and somatization. Subjects were also screened for eating disorders utilizing the DSM-IV criteria for such in an effort to control for anorexia and bulimia. Upon excluding those subjects who met the criteria for eating disorders, the final sample included 78 females and 24 males. The results indicated that lower body esteem scores were linked with lower levels of self-esteem but with higher levels of obsessive-compulsive tendencies, depressive tendencies, and somatization tendencies. The findings are discussed with regard to the need for more accurate measures of body dysmorphic disorder, as well as etiology and future treatment implications.
Two conformational states of Glu242 and pKas in bovine cytochrome c oxidase

Cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) is the terminal enzyme in the respiratory electron transport chain of aerobic organisms. It catalyses the reduction of atmospheric oxygen to water, and couples this reaction to proton pumping across the membrane; this process generates the electrochemical gradient that subsequently drives the synthesis of ATP. The molecular details of the mechanism by which electron transfer is coupled to proton pumping in CcO is poorly understood. Recent calculations from our group indicate that His291, a ligand of the CuB center of the enzyme, may play the role of the pumping element. In this paper we describe calculations in which a DFT/continuum electrostatic method is used to explore the coupling of the conformational changes of Glu242 residue, the main proton donor of both chemical and pump protons, to its pKa, and the pKa of His291, a putative proton loading site of our pumping model. The computations are done for several redox states of metal centers, different protonation states of Glu242 and His291, and two well-defined conformations of the Glu242 side chain. Thus, in addition to equilibrium redox/protonation states of the catalytic cycle, we also examine the transient and intermediate states. Different dielectric models are employed to investigate the robustness of the results, and their viability in the light of the proposed proton pumping mechanism of CcO. The main results are in agreement with the experimental measurements and support the proposed pumping mechanism. Additionally, the present calculations indicate a possibility of gating through conformational changes of Glu242; namely, in the pumping step, we find that Glu242 needs to be reprotonated before His291 can eject a proton to the P-site of membrane. As a result, the reprotonation of Glu can control proton release from the proton loading site.
The Roles of School Psychology Associations in Promoting the Profession, Professionals, and Student Success

Professions are strong only to the extent they are represented by active and effective professional associations. Professional associations are strong only to the extent that they are composed of active and effective professionals. This article highlights the belief that the contributions of capable, creative, and committed colleagues who provide leadership and contribute their time, energy, and other resources toward the greater good of the profession constitute the most important components of professional associations. This article also discusses numerous roles school psychology associations play in promoting the specialty of school psychology, including its professional foundations, professionals, and students. The article also describes benefits of professional membership and encourages school psychologists to become involved in their professional associations. Contemporary topics warranting further attention include the globalization of school psychology and the importance of multicultural considera...
Platform evaluation of an offshore field

A numerical study of an offshore field was performed to evaluate the relative performance of horizontal versus conventional wells, and various well completion/placement/production scenarios for a six-well platform. The results presented in this paper are found to be counterintuitive. While horizontal/high slant wells showed delayed gas and/or water breakthroughs, the overall platform performance remained largely insensitive to well configuration (horizontal versus conventional). Well placement, completion interval, and production strategy after breakthrough were identified to be the critical parameters in determining the performance of the platform. The study results favor conventional completions for this particular six-well platform.
Visual disappearances produced by intensity changes in luminous targets

Electroluminescent lamps were presented as simple stimuli in para-foveal vision. Both increases and decreases in voltage supplied to the lamps effect perceptual disappearances of the stimuli Selective fragmentation of multi-unit targets reveals evidence of inhibitory interaction in the visual system.
(Invited) Atomic-Layer-Deposited High-k Dielectric Integration on Epitaxial Graphene

The scaling of silicon-based MOSFET technology beyond the 22 nm node is challenging. Further progress requires new channel materials such as Ge, III-V semiconductors, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene. Perfect top-gate dielectric stacks are needed in order to sustain their potential device performance for carbon nanoelectronics. Due to the inert nature of carbon surfaces of CNTs and graphene, the challenges and current work on ALD high-k/CNTs and graphene integration are reviewed. The research work performed at Purdue University on ALD high-k integration on epitaxial graphene on SiC is summarized.
Energetics of cancrinite: Effect of salt inclusion

Abstract With its large 12-membered ring channel structure and the periodic arrangement of its e-cage, cancrinite can host molecular water and a variety of guest anions such as nitrate, carbonate, chloride, and hydroxide. A series of cancrinite samples containing varying amounts of nitrate, carbonate, and water were investigated using high temperature oxide melt drop solution calorimetry. The enthalpies of formation from constituent oxides and from elements at room temperature were obtained. The enthalpy of formation from oxides becomes less exothermic and the water content decreases with increasing salt inclusion (NaNO3 and Na2CO3). This indicates a destabilizing effect of salt hosting on the cancrinite structure. The negative correlation between the amounts of salt and water inclusion suggests competition between water molecules, guest anions and possibly Na cations for the occupancy of the cancrinite channel and cage sites.
The Reasons Participants Drop Out of the Food Stamp Program: A Case Study and Its Implications

In 1967–69 about one‐fourth of all potentially eligible households participated in the St. Louis food stamp program. The annual turnover rate approximated 100 percent. The bulk of households receiving public assistance payments dropped from the food stamp program because of inability to purchase coupons. Most nonrecipients of public assistance left the program because income lifted them from eligibility. The large majority of low‐income households usually spent more for food than food stamps would have cost, but most households could not meet the program's regular participation requirement. Methods of increasing program participation are presented.
Image watermarking scheme to resist generalized geometrical transformations

Most of the watermarking schemes are based on the additive spread-spectrum method since the embedded watermark can resist more serious content distortion and noises. However, they usually fail to be detected when the image undergoes geometrical modifications, such as cropping, rotation, scaling, or even change of the aspect ratio. In this research, we propose a spatial-frequency composite digital image watermarking scheme to make the embedded watermark survive the generalized geometrical transformations. Two watermarks will be embedded, one in the spatial-domain and the other in the frequency-domain of the image. Both embedding processes are based on the spread-spectrum approach. The frequency-domain watermark contains the desired information that will be carried with the host image. The watermark is embedded in the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) magnitude so that it is not affected by image translation. The spatial-domain watermarking is used to help recover the image to its original orientation and scale so that the hidden information can then be successfully determined. Experimental results show that the embedded watermark survives generalized geometrical or affine transformations.
Periodic longitudinal structure of field-aligned currents in the dawn sector: Large-scale meandering of an auroral electrojet

The azimuthal structure of field-aligned current (FAC) systems is one of the target subjects of the Freja satellite's magnetometer observation. In the event of May 28, 1993, the satellite observed large-amplitude fluctuations of the latitudinal, as well as the longitudinal, magnetic field components along a postmidnight-to-morning orbit. By combining radar and ground magnetometer data, we inferred that the associated FAC system has a periodic structure consisting of multiple FAC sheets inclined significantly from the azimuthal (east-west) direction and moving westward and possibly poleward. Such a structure may be interpreted in terms of the meandering of an auroral electrojet, and perhaps as the ionospheric projection of boundary waves.
High affinity binding of the Entamoeba histolytica lectin to polyvalent N-acetylgalactosaminides.

Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites initiate pathogenic colonization by adherence to host glycoconjugates via an amebic surface lectin which binds to galactose (Gal) and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) residues. Monovalent and multivalent carbohydrate ligands were screened for inhibition of E. histolytica lectin-mediated human red cell hemagglutination, revealing that: (i) the synthetic multivalent neoglycoprotein GalNAc39BSA (having an average of 39 GalNAc residues linked to bovine serum albumin) was 140,000-fold more potent an inhibitor than monovalent GalNAc and 500,000-fold more potent than monovalent Gal; and (ii) small synthetic multivalent ligands which bind with high affinity to the mammalian hepatic Gal/GalNAc lectin do not bind with high affinity to the E. histolytica lectin. Radioligand binding studies revealed saturable binding of 125I-GalNAc39BSA to E. histolytica membranes (KD = 10 ± 3 nM, Bmax = 0.9 ± 0.08 pmol/mg membrane protein). Maximal binding required the presence of calcium chloride (300 μM) or sodium chloride (50 mM), and had a broad pH maximum (pH 6-9). GalNAc39BSA was 200,000-fold more potent than monovalent GalNAc in blocking radioligand binding. Among synthetic saccharide-derivatized linear polymers, the GalNAcβ and GalNAcα3Galβ derivatives were the most potent, with GalNAcα and GalNAcα3(Fucα2)Galβ derivatives much weaker. The data support a model in which a unique pattern of spaced multiple GalNAc residues are the highest affinity targets for the E. histolytica lectin.
War expectancy and the evaluation of a specific war

Introduction Several writers have pointed to the impact on behavior of reality as it is conceived psychologically (Thomas and Znaniecki, 1918; Allport, 1950; Merton, 1957; Rosenthal, 1964). Though writing on a wide variety of topics, these men have developed the theme that expectations which people have operate as internal factors which influence evaluations, behavior, and the course of events. Most closely associated with the topic of this paper, Allport (1950) contended that the expectancies which men have in regard to war are critical factors in determining whether or not wars will occur. It also seemed quite reasonable to anticipate that a person's attitudes toward war in general would be related to his evaluation of a particular war. Along this line, Putney and Middleton (1962) found students believing war to be more likely were more accepting of war in general. The present research unit dealt with two attitudinal levels. The more abstract level concerned the inevitability of war and the commonly associated idea of the roots of war being in man's basic nature. The second
Isolation of UV-sensitive variants of CHO-K1 by nylon cloth replica plating.

Techniques are described which permit the identification and isolation of UV-sensitive variants from mutagenized populations of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Identification is based on the observation that within two days after receiving a dose of approximately 240 ergs/mm2 of UV irradiation most of the cells in a colony of CHO detach from the surface of a plastic tissue culture dish. At a lower dose of UV, which does not kill or detach a significant number of parental cells, UV-sensitive colonies are killed and become detached. Thus a clear plaque is produced in a lawn of unirradiated parental cells, marking the site occupied by a sensitive colony. Live cells from such sensitive colonies have been recovered from a nylon cloth replica prepared prior to irradiation and characterized. One UV-sensitive variant (CHO-UV-1) is indistinguishable from parental cells in X-ray resistance, chromosome number, generation time, and duration of the phases of the cell cycle. For UV irradiation the hit number (¯n), shoulder width (Dq), and mean lethal dose (D0) for the variant are 2.8, 21 ergs/mm2, and 21 ergs/mm2, respectively, as compared to 2.6, 36 ergs/mm2, and 45 ergs/mm2 for CHO-K1 cells. These values have not changed for a period of eight months in culture.
Inhibition of extracellular ATP‐mediated lysis of human macrophages by calmodulin antagonists

Lysis of human culture-derived macrophages by extracellular ATP has recently been described, and treatment of macrophages with interferon-γ rendered those cells significantly more sensitive to lysis. In addition, cell death occurred more rapidly in interferon (IFN)-treated cells than in untreated macrophages. In an attempt to identify the mechanism by which extracellular ATP affects macrophages, as well as to explore the differences between interferon-γ-treated and untreated macrophages, selected metabolic inhibitors were included in the lytic assays. Of the compounds tested, three antagonists of calmodulin-linked pathways (trifluoperazine, KN-62, and calmidazolium) blocked the ATP-mediated lysis of both interferon-γ-treated and colony-stimulating factor-treated macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Early signals of the ATP ligation of the P2Z purinoceptors of human macrophages included increases in cytosolic [Ca2+] and depolarization of the plasma membrane. However, the inclusion of calmodulin antagonists in these assays did not abrogate either effect. These results suggest that the mechanism which mediates the efflux of 51Cr-labeled proteins from ATP-lysed macrophages is distinct from calcium mobilization and membrane depolarization, and may involve the generation of secondary pores channels in the plasma membrane via a calmodulin-linked pathway.
A test of the path‐goal leadership theory in Taiwan

The path‐goal theory of leadership states that the leader helps subordinates to achieve their goals by providing a clear path for them to follow. This research project used data collected in Taiwan to test the applicability of this theory in a non‐western culture. The three groups of subjects studied (peers, managers and subordinates), perceived the level of task structure to be equivalent. Three aspects of leadership were measured: instrumental, supportive and participative leadership. Leaders reported that they used each style of leadership at a statistical significantly higher level than their peers believed. Two dimensions of motivation were also considered: efforts that lead to performance and efforts that lead to rewards. Overall, the results provide some support for the path‐goal theory of leadership. The theory was supported for the relationship between managers and subordinates but not supported for the relationship between managers and peers.
Effect of flue gas components on succinate production and CO2 fixation by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli pfl ldhA ptsG (AFP111) was studied for succinate production in defined medium using trace gases typically found in flue gas; i.e. oxygen (O2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO). Following aerobic cell growth, cells were exposed to 50% CO2 and 3–10% O2, or 50–300 ppm NO2, SO2 or CO during the succinate production phase. Although 3% O2 did not significantly affect succinate formation, 10% O2 reduced the final succinate concentration from 33 to 17 g/L, specific productivity from 1.90 to 1.13 mmol/g h and yield from 1.15 to 0.81 mol/mol glucose. The effect of O2 correlated with the culture redox potential (ORP) with more reducing conditions favoring succinate production. The trace gases NO2 and SO2 also reduced the rate of succinate formation by as much as 50%, and led to a greater than twofold increase in pyruvate formation. Similar concentrations of CO showed no effect on succinate production rate or yield. Using synthetic flue gas AFP111 generated 12 g/L succinate with a specific productivity of 0.73 mmol/g h and a yield of 0.65 mol/mol.
Seroprevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus in blacks from a selected central Brooklyn population.

Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) has been causally linked to adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. Few seroprevalence studies have been carried out in the United States. Because of the number of reports of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-I-associated myelopathy in blacks from central Brooklyn, New York, we decided to initiate a seroprevalence study in this community. Intravenous drug users and male homosexuals were excluded. A total of 480 individuals from medical clinics and health fairs were surveyed via questionnaire, and their sera were assayed for HTLV-I/II antibody by two laboratories. An overall seroprevalence rate was 21/480 (4.4%). This is almost 200 times greater than a study of a national sample of U.S. blood donors. Rates were similar for individuals originating from the United States and the Caribbean. Nine of the 21 seropositive individuals returned for further testing. Polymerase chain re...
Using electrets to design concurrent magnetoelectricity and piezoelectricity in soft materials

Piezoelectricity and magnetoelectricity are contradictory properties with a rather limited set of natural (often hard) materials that exhibit both. Composite materials–almost always restricted to hard ones–provide a limited recourse with the attendant limitations of small strains, fabrication challenges among others. In this article, using the concept of electrets, we propose a simple scheme to design soft, highly deformable materials that simultaneously exhibit piezoelectricity and magnetoelectricity. We demonstrate that merely by embedding charges and ensuring elastic heterogeneity, the geometrically nonlinear behavior of soft materials leads to an emergent piezoelectric and magnetoelectric behavior. We find that an electret configuration made of sufficiently soft (nonpiezoelectric and nonmagnetic) polymer foams can exhibit simultaneous magnetoelectricity and piezoelectricity with large coupling constants that exceed the best-known ceramic composites. Moreover, we show that these properties can be tuned with the action of an external field.
Judgments of vertically as a function of exposure duration, luminance, frame tilt, and frame-rod interval

College Ss were selected as field dependent or independent and then given a “signal-detection” version of the rod-and-frame test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated for each S’s performance under three exposure durations, two luminance levels, and two frame tilts. Like children in a previous study, some Ss responded independently when the frame was tilted 28 deg but dependency at 8 deg. Analysis resulted in significance for all main effects and for interactions of dependency classification with duration, with tilt, and with tilt and luminance. Experiment 2 checked the possibility that Ss who were classified differently were differentially sensitive to the perception of vertically, quite apart from the field. Experiment 3 manipulated the interval between frame offset and rod onset. Results show that dependents were profoundly influenced by the frame, even 2,500 msec after its termination.
A New QoS Renegotiation Mechanism for Multimedia Applications

While there are a lot of advances in the area of QoS deployment and management over IP networks, there is still a need for a robust QoS renegotiation framework. A QoS renegotiation framework has three concurrent modules need to be integrated with the least amount of overhead. These modules include a feedback mechanism, a load control mechanism, and a service-response mechanism. This paper proposes a new feedback approach based on call rejection notification for QoS renegotiation. The proposed approach provides better QoS parameters, improves the system performance, and maximizes the service revenue.
A tale of two ligands: angiopoietins, the endothelium, and outcomes

Angiopoietins signal via the Tie-2 receptor and are essential molecules for vasculogenesis during development and in the adult state play roles in vascular stability as well as inflammation and appear to be involved in the dysregulation of the endothelium in illness. Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) are, respectively, agonists and competitive partial agonists, which have been found to undergo alterations in individuals with sepsis. In sepsis, Ang-2 levels are elevated and Ang-1 is decreased. In the previous issue of Critical Care, Fiusa and colleagues measure circulating Ang-1 and Ang-2 along with other growth factors in humans with febrile neutropenia. The authors found that an increased Ang-2/Ang-1 ratio, or an elevated Ang-2 level, at the time of an initial fever, is associated with subsequent development of septic shock and death. These findings validate that the Ang-2/Ang-1 balance, which is thought to reflect overall signaling via the Tie-2 receptor, is relevant to outcomes in patients with sepsis. Importantly, the specimens were obtained far in advance of the development of septic shock, suggesting that detectable alterations in this pathway may provide early clues regarding outcomes. This study adds to the evidence that angiopoietins are early markers of endothelial dysfunction in sepsis and provide prognostic information regarding outcomes.
Urban Neighborhoods and Depressive Symptoms in Late Middle Age

This study examines associations between multiple urban neighborhood characteristics (socioeconomic disadvantage, affluence, and racial/ethnic composition) and depressive symptoms among late middle aged persons and compares findings to those previously obtained for persons age 70 years and older. Survey data are from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a U.S. national probability sample of noninstitutionalized persons aged 51 to 61 years in 1992. Neighborhoods are 1990 U.S. census tracts. Hierarchical linear regression is used to estimate multilevel models. Depressive symptoms vary significantly across urban neighborhoods among late middle age persons. Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage is significantly associated with depressive symptoms, net of both individual-level sociodemographic and health variables. However, this association is contingent upon individual-level wealth in that persons with low wealth in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods report the most depressive symptoms. Unlike findings for older adults for whom neighborhood effects appear to be entirely compositional in nature, neighborhood context matters to subgroups of late middle age adults.
Hydroxyl radical formation by sickle erythrocyte membranes: role of pathologic iron deposits and cytoplasmic reducing agents.

Sickle erythrocyte (RBC) membranes were previously shown to manifest increased Fenton activity (iron-dependent, peroxide-driven formation of hydroxyl radical [.OH]) compared with normal RBC membranes, but the nature of the catalytic iron was not defined. We now find that sickle membranes exposed to superoxide (.O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) have three distinct iron compartments able to act as Fenton catalysts: preexisting free iron, free iron released during oxidant stress, and a component that cannot be chelated with deferoxamine (DF). In a model system, addition of iron compounds to normal ghosts showed that free heme, hemoglobin, Fe/adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and ferritin all catalyze .OH production; concurrent inhibition studies using DF documented that the unchelatable Fenton component is free heme or hemoglobin. During exposure to peroxide only, the iron in sickle membranes was unable to act as a Fenton catalyst without addition of a reducing agent. At physiologic concentrations, both ascorbate and glutathione restored Fenton activity. Lipid peroxidation studies showed that at physiologic levels ascorbate acts primarily as an antioxidant; however, as pharmacologic levels are reached, its pro-oxidant effects predominate. This study elucidates the catalytic ability of the iron compartments in the sickle cell membrane, the importance of which relates to the potential role of .OH in membrane damage. It also illustrates the potential participation of cytoplasmic reducing agents in this process, which may be especially relevant in the context of administration of supraphysiologic doses of ascorbate to sickle cell patients.
Comparison of nitrogen solute concentrations within alder (Alnus incana ssp. rugosa) and non‐alder dominated wetlands

This study examined differences in nitrogen solutes and groundwater flow patterns between a riparian wetland dominated by the N2-fixing shrub, Alnus incana ssp. rugosa, and an upstream coniferous forested riparian wetland along a stream of the Adirondack Mountains, where some surface waters are susceptible to nitrogen excess. Channel water NO3 � was up to 16µmol l � 1 greater in the alder reach, with peaks following maxima in groundwater dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). NO3 � at 25 cm depth was 30 µmol greater in the alder than in the conifer reach in April, and 24 µmol l � 1 greater than channel water and 30 µmol l � 1 greater than that of 125 cm groundwater in June. Dissolved organic nitrogen and NH4 C concentrations increased between 25 and 75 cm depths in both wetlands during the growing season. Inorganic nitrogen increased between the hillslope and stream in both wetlands, with the greatest increases in the alder reach during the dormant season. Greatest subsurface DIN (120 µmol l � 1 ) occurred at 75 cm in the alder reach, within 1 m of the stream, between November (120 µmol l � 1 NH4 C ) and a January thaw (60 µmol l � 1 each of NH4 C and NO3 � ). Concentrations of deeper groundwater at 125 cm during this period were lower (10–30 µmol l � 1 ). Lateral flow from the stream channel occurred in the alder reach during the dormant season, and channel water contribution to groundwater was correlated strongly to NO3 � at 25 cm. These results indicate that nitrification is stimulated in the presence of alders and oxidized exchange flow, producing NO3 � that may contribute to elevated channel water NO3 � during periods of peak flow. Copyright  2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nurse Activism in the newborn intensive care unit Actions in response to an ethical dilemma

Nurses working in a newborn intensive care unit report that treatment decision disagreements for infants in their care may lead to ethical dilemmas involving all health-care providers. Applying Rest's Four-Component Model of Moral Action as the theoretical framework, this study examined the responses of 224 newborn intensive care unit nurses to the Nurses Ethical Involvement Survey. The three most frequent actions selected were as follows: talking with other nurses, talking with doctors, and requesting a team meeting. The multiple regression analysis indicates that newborn intensive care unit nurses with greater concern for the ethical aspects of clinical practice (p = .001) and an increased perception of their ability to influence ethical decision making (p = .018) were more likely to display Nurse Activism. Future research is necessary to identify other factors leading to and inhibiting Nurse Activism as these findings explained just 8.5% of the variance.
Encouraging Gerontological Research Among Entry-Level Graduate Students in Clinical Health Care Disciplines

Abstract Students in the clinical health care disciplines interested in working with older adults also need skills in qualitative and quantitative research. Because most students are drawn to the health professions by a desire to provide direct care, they often must be convinced of the inextricable link between excellence in clinical practice and research. This paper describes the way one entry-level master's degree program in occupational therapy promotes research skills. An example of one line of gerontological research, specifically with family caregivers of persons with dementia, involving faculty-supervised student involvement is presented. Its emphasis has been on the relationship between clinical and research excellence, positive and practical implications of findings for the target population, and enthusiastic faculty mentoring and role modeling. One program's approach to motivating students to participate in research involving older adults is described with the intent of stimulating ideas across ...
The Bispectrum and Bicoherence for Quadratically Nonlinear Systems Subject to Non-Gaussian Inputs

In the analysis of data from nonlinear systems both the bispectrum and the bicoherence have emerged as useful tools. Both are frequently used to detect the influence of a nonlinear system on the joint probability distribution of the system input. Previous work has provided an analytical expression for the bispectrum of a quadratically nonlinear system output if the input is stationary, jointly Gaussian distributed. This work significantly generalizes the previous analysis by providing an analytical expression for the bispectrum of the response of quadratically nonlinear systems subject to stationary, jointly non-Gaussian inputs possessing arbitrary auto-correlation function. The expression is then used to determine the optimal input probability density function for detecting a quadratic nonlinearity in a second-order system. It is also shown how the expression can be used to design an optimal nonlinear filter for detecting deviations from normality in the probability density of a signal.
Predicting the lightness of chromatic object colors using CIELAB

A metric of perceive lightness of object colors, L**, is derived and evaluated. This metric, based on CIELAB parameters, is designed to predict the Helmhltz-Kohlrausch effect whereby chromatic object colors appear lighter than achromatic object of the some luminance factor. Models were fitted to published data and then tested with results from a new lightness-matching experiment that is described in this article. The L** metric predicts perceived lightness to within the interobserver variability and provides a simple, practical measure of this appearance attribute.
Self-Injection Locking of a Microwave Oscillator by Use of Four-Wave Mixing in an Atomic Vapor

We demonstrate self-injection locking of a low-power, compact microwave oscillator by use of feedback generated from four-wave mixing in an atomic vapor. The four-wave mixing process creates an effective microwave filter with extremely high off-resonant signal suppression. This type of locking results in a shorter locking time, increased short-term stability, improved close-in phase noise, and reduced spurious signals as compared to current techniques used in miniature atomic clocks. Other possible benefits and drawbacks are mentioned.
Post-optimization of Delta-Sigma modulators considering circuit non-idealities

Traditional system-level design of delta-sigma modulators follows a method based on linear modeling of the modulators without considering circuit-level non-idealities. In this paper, we propose to post-optimize system-level delta-sigma modulators considering circuit-level non-idealities after the traditional design. In addition, due to stochastic modeling of circuit-level non-idealities, performance evaluation of the system-level modulators is noisy. Therefore, stochastic post-optimization of modulators is needed so that noisy performance evaluation is not misleading the search for an optimal design solution.
Hunting, social status and biological fitness.

Abstract Hunting performance may be one of the most important routes to high prestige or social status among men in hunter‐gatherer societies. Higher social status based on hunting performance has been linked to higher biological fitness outcomes almost everywhere this relationship has been investigated. This paper explores the proximate pathways underlying the positive correlation between hunting success and fitness, and discusses these in light of recent debates concerning the role of men in hunter‐gatherer societies. Meat obtained from hunting directly provisions families and is also distributed to other group members, who may directly or indirectly pay back good hunters with meat, other food, services or favors. The display of hunting abilities may also increase men's fitness through extra‐marital reproductive gains. We discuss prior results and provide a novel additional example using data collected among Tsimane horticultural‐foragers of Bolivia. Despite the impression that most of the benefits that...
Development of a Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale

Background and Purpose—Clinical stroke trials are increasingly measuring patient-centered outcomes such as functional status and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). No stroke-specific HRQOL measure is currently available. This study presents the initial development of a valid, reliable, and responsive stroke-specific quality of life (SS-QOL) measure, for use in stroke trials. Methods—Domains and items for the SS-QOL were developed from patient interviews. The SS-QOL, Short Form 36, Beck Depression Inventory, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, and Barthel Index were administered to patients 1 and 3 months after ischemic stroke. Items were eliminated with the use of standard psychometric criteria. Construct validity was assessed by comparing domain scores with similar domains of established measures. Domain responsiveness was assessed with standardized effect sizes . Results—All 12 domains of the SS-QOL were unidimensional. In the final 49-item scale, all domains demonstrated excellent internal...
A systematic procedure for determining the chiral indices of multi-walled carbon nanotubes using electron diffraction—each and every shell

Electron diffraction technique has been developed and refined to establish a systematic procedure to determine the chirality (chiral indices) of each and every shell in a carbon nanotube. We have introduced a zoning scheme to sort the reflection layer lines from the multiple shells of a carbon nanotube. An application of the procedure is demonstrated as an example for an eleven-shell carbon nanotube whose chiral indices of each and every shell were determined unambiguously. The revealed structure of the carbon nanotube suggests that there is no strong correlation among the shells as the nanotube was formed. The limitations of the current method are also discussed.
Catecholamine and cortisol levels during sleep in women with irritable bowel syndrome

Evidence suggests that patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are hyper-responsive to environmental, physical and visceral stimuli. IBS patients also frequently report poor sleep quality. This study compared serum cortisol and plasma catecholamine levels during sleep between women with IBS (n = 30) and healthy controls (n = 31), and among subgroups within the IBS sample based on predominant stool patterns, IBS-diarrhoea (n = 14), IBS-constipation (n = 7) and IBS-alternators (n = 9). Cortisol was measured from serial blood samples drawn every 20 min, and catecholamines every hour, in a sleep laboratory from 8 pm until awakening. Because of the varied sleep schedules of the individual participants, each subject's hormone series time base was referenced with respect to their onset of Stage 2 sleep. Overall, there were no significant differences in cortisol or catecholamine patterns between women with IBS and controls, nor were there any group by time interactions. However, women with constipation-predominant IBS demonstrated significantly increased noradrenaline, adrenaline and cortisol levels throughout the sleep interval, and women with diarrhoea-predominant IBS were significantly lower on noradrenaline and cortisol. These results suggest that differences in neuroendocrine levels during sleep among IBS predominant bowel pattern subgroups may be greater than differences between IBS women and controls. Neuroendocrine profiles during sleep may contribute to our understanding of symptom expression in IBS.
Ligand binding to proteins: The binding landscape model

Models of ligand binding are often based on four assumptions: (1) steric fit: that binding is determined mainly by shape complementarity; (2) native binding: that ligands mainly bind to native states; (3) locality: that ligands perturb protein structures mainly at the binding site; and (4) continuity: that small changes in ligand or protein structure lead to small changes in binding affinity. Using a generalization of the 2D HP lattice model, we study ligand binding and explore these assumptions. We first validate the model by showing that it reproduces typical binding behaviors. We observe ligand-induced denaturation, ANS and heme-like binding, and "lock-and-key" and "induced-fit" specific binding behaviors characterized by Michaelis-Menten or more cooperative types of binding isotherms. We then explore cases where the model predicts violations of the standard assumptions. For example, very different binding modes can result from two ligands of identical shape. Ligands can sometimes bind highly denatured states more tightly than native states and yet have Michaelis-Menten isotherms. Even low-population binding to denatured states can cause changes in global stability, hydrogen-exchange rates, and thermal B-factors, contrary to expectations, but in agreement with experiments. We conclude that ligand binding, similar to protein folding, may be better described in terms of energy landscapes than in terms of simpler mass-action models.
Characterization of RACK1 function in Drosophila development.

Receptor for Activated CKinase 1 (RACK1) is a cytoplasmic molecular scaffolding protein. Many diverse protein-binding partners involved in key signaling pathways are reported to bind to RACK1, suggesting a role for RACK1 in signal integration. However, because loss-of-function phenotypes for RACK1 in an intact organism have not yet been reported, our current understanding of RACK1 is limited. Using Drosophila melanogaster, we show that RACK1 is expressed at all developmental stages and in many tissues, with specific enrichment in the ovary. By characterizing an allelic series of RACK1 mutants, we demonstrate that RACK1 is essential at multiple steps of Drosophila development, particularly in oogenesis, where somatic RACK1 is required for proper germ-line function. Developmental Dynamics 236:2207–2215, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A 0.3-/spl mu/m CMOS 8-Gb/s 4-PAM serial link transceiver

An 8-Gb/s 0.3-/spl mu/m CMOS transceiver uses multilevel signaling (4-PAM) and transmit pre-shaping in combination with receive equalization to reduce ISI due to channel low-pass effects. High on-chip frequencies are avoided by multiplexing and demultiplexing the data directly at the pads. Timing recovery takes advantage of a novel frequency acquisition scheme and a linear PLL with a loop bandwidth >30 MHz, phase margin >48/spl deg/ and capture range of 20 MHz without a frequency acquisition aid. The transmitted 8-Gbps data is successfully detected by the receiver after a 10-m coaxial cable. The 2 mm/spl times/2 mm chip consumes 1.1 W at 8 Gbps with a 3-V supply.
Overlooked encounters: young tourists' experiences at dark sites

This research note reviews the existing literature comprised of dark tourism articles and chapters mentioning children. Publications meeting the search criteria were few. Accordingly, we offer possible reasons for the scarcity of research on children in dark tourism, including the legal constraints when researching with minors, the academic risk in undertaking a new field of research, and the substantial expertise needed to engage children in studies. We conclude with the compelling reasons to undertake such research: to inform interpretation of emotionally provocative sites for children, to understand and mitigate children's psychological distress at dark sites, and to advance theoretical work on children as tourists.
Translational profiling identifies a cascade of damage initiated in motor neurons and spreading to glia in mutant SOD1-mediated ALS

Ubiquitous expression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-causing mutations in superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) provokes noncell autonomous paralytic disease. By combining ribosome affinity purification and high-throughput sequencing, a cascade of mutant SOD1-dependent, cell type-specific changes are now identified. Initial mutant-dependent damage is restricted to motor neurons and includes synapse and metabolic abnormalities, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and selective activation of the PRKR-like ER kinase (PERK) arm of the unfolded protein response. PERK activation correlates with what we identify as a naturally low level of ER chaperones in motor neurons. Early changes in astrocytes occur in genes that are involved in inflammation and metabolism and are targets of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and liver X receptor transcription factors. Dysregulation of myelination and lipid signaling pathways and activation of ETS transcription factors occur in oligodendrocytes only after disease initiation. Thus, pathogenesis involves a temporal cascade of cell type-selective damage initiating in motor neurons, with subsequent damage within glia driving disease propagation.
Electromagnetic Simulation of T Violation in Beta Decay

$\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay correlation terms of the form $\mathrm{J}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\mathrm{p}}_{e}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathrm{p}}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ can arise, insofar as time-reversal invariance is valid, only from the influence of final-state electromagnetic interactions. For allowed transitions governed by $V$, $A$ couplings, the effects are recoil-dependent. They are computed here, to lowest relevant recoil and electro-magnetic orders, for the special class of spin-\textonehalf{} mirror transitions, of which the decay process ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{19}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{F}}^{19}+{e}^{+}+\ensuremath{\nu}$ is an example. On the conserved-vector-current hypothesis, the correlation effect in question is seen to be dominated by the phenomenon of weak magnetism.
Scattering of Spin 1/2 Particles from Spinless Target: Partial Wave Decomposition

To study the low-energy scattering of particles with spin, we shall use a partial wave decomposition.
Bolstered by Booms and Tempered by Busts: American Individualism Rises and Falls with the Economy

This paper examines whether American individualism rises during economic booms and wanes during economic recessions. Moreover, it examines whether declining self-focus during economic downturns is ...
Femtosecond Pulse Shaping Enables Nonlinear Imaging in Highly Scattering Materials

Spectral re-shaping of pulses from a mode-locked femtosecond laser allows detection of two photon absorption and self phase modulation in highly scattering materials, which permits nonlinear tissue imaging with this intrinsic contrast.