cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mapping the Position of Translational Elongation Factor EF-G in the Ribosome by Directed Hydroxyl Radical Probing

The interaction of translational elongation factor EF-G with the ribosome in the posttranslocational state has been mapped by directed hydroxyl radical probing. Localized hydroxyl radicals were generated from Fe(II) tethered to 18 different sites on the surface of EF-G bound to the ribosome. Cleavages in ribosomal RNA were mapped, providing proximity relationships between specific sites of EF-G and rRNA elements of the ribosome. Collectively, these data provide a set of constraints by which EF-G can be positioned unambiguously in the ribosome at low resolution. The proximities of different domains of EF-G to well-characterized elements of rRNA have additional implications for the mechanism of protein synthesis.
Abstract B36: Understanding the mechanisms underlying recurrence of malignant gliomas after antiangiogenesis treatment

Anti-angiogenesis therapies, in particular bevacizumab, are currently offered to patients with malignant gliomas given strong preclinical and clinical data supporting its effectiveness. However, evidence gathered in the literature shows that upon bevacizumab treatment patients will invariably recur with highly invasive tumors resistant to all available therapies. The purpose of the study we have undertaken is to understand the underlying mechanisms involved in this enhanced malignancy with the aim to uncover new combined therapeutic strategies for these patients. Using tissue obtained from glioma bearing mice treated with bevacizumab or control treatment, we have obtained evidence that upon anti-VEGF treatment, a population of Tie2-expressing cells is recruited to the tumor particularly around areas of invasion. Further characterization of this population demonstrated that a significant proportion of these cells are of myeloid origin, Tie2-expressing monocytes or TEMs. Through the use of an M2 polarized culture as well as TEMs obtained from blood of healthy donors we have gathered data supporting that this myeloid cell population has high expression of several transcripts of molecules associated with invasion as well as a much higher secretion of MMP2 and MMP9 than their Tie2 negative counterparts. In an attempt to understand the changes within the tumor microenvironment after anti-VEGF therapy, immunohistochemical analysis for expression of several molecules associated with angiogenesis was performed. Results obtained identified angiopoietin 2 (Ang2), a Tie2 ligand, as being dramatically increased after therapy. Interestingly, our in vitro and in vivo data show that Ang2 serves as a chemo-attractant molecule to TEMs and therefore could be the main molecule responsible for their recruitment into the tumors following anti-VEGF treatment. We gathered preliminary data on the enhanced presence of TEMs as well as higher levels of MMP9 in human surgical samples after bevacizumab treatment. Our data strongly supports a strong influence of TEMs and Ang2 in the recurrent phenotype of gliomas after anti-VEGF therapy. Further studies aim to understand the extent to which targeting Ang2 specifically and the Ang/Tie2 pathway in general, in combination with anti-VEGF therapy, will lead to improved outcomes. Citation Format: Nahir Cortes Santiago, Konrad Gabrusiewicz, Dan Liu, Mohammed B. Hossain, Charles Conrad, Juan Fueyo, Candelaria Gomez-Manzano. Understanding the mechanisms underlying recurrence of malignant gliomas after antiangiogenesis treatment. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr B36.
An approximate method for partitioning daily streamflow data

An approximate method was developed for partitioning daily total streamflow volumes into storm runoff and subsurface flow components. The procedure was tested with streamflow data from ten research watersheds, 2.6–1494.43 km2 in size, in the Coastal Plain of Georgia, U.S.A. Estimated volumes obtained on these watersheds were representative of observed stormflow and subsurface flow volumes from the small upland drainage area, 0.34 ha in size. Measured subsurface flow from this upland area was ∼ 80% of the total flow for the 10-yr. period. Results indicate that the approximate method of streamflow partitioning gives reasonable estimates and may be useful where available data are limited to daily values.
The Games Children Play

The games that children play are not just for fun-they often lead to important skill development. Likewise, word games are fun opportunities for parents and children to spend time together and for children to learn a lot about sounds and words. In this Family Involvement column, the authors describe 12 easy-to-implement word games that parents and their children can play. The descriptions are ready for you to duplicate and share with parents. The column concludes with a brief discussion of the research-based benefits of word games. إن الألعاب التي يلعبها الأولاد ليست لتسلية فحسب بل تؤدي عادة إلى تنمية مهارات مهمة. وكذلك الألعاب الكلامية التي توفر فرصا مثيرة للوالدين والأولاد للقضاء وقتا سويا وليتعلم الأولاد الكثير بشأن الأصوات والكلمات. في عمود مشاركة العائلة هذا يصف المؤلفون اثنتي عشرة لعبة سهلة التنفيذ يستطيع أن يلعبها الوالدان وأولادهما معا والصفات قابلة لك أن تقلدها وتشرحها للوالدين. إذ ينتهي العمود بنقاش موجز بصدد فوائد الألعاب الكلامية المبنية على الأبحاث العلمية. 小孩子所玩的游戏并不只是为了作乐而已游戏往往可以促进小孩子在重要技巧方面的发展。同样地，单字游戏不但是父母与子女一起作乐的机会，更可以让小孩子学习许多有关单字的语音。 在这个《家庭参与》的专栏中，作者描述十二个既容易进行又适合父母与子女一起玩的单字游戏。每个游戏都有现成的说明书，让教师复印和派发给家长使用。本专栏最后简略讨论有关单字游戏研究所得的好处以作总结。 Les jeux auxquels jouent les enfants ne sont pas seulement pour le plaisir — ils permettent souvent un important developpement d'habiletes. De la meme facon, les jeux avec des mots sont d'agreables occasions pour les parents et les enfants de passer du temps ensemble, et pour les enfants d'apprendre beaucoup de choses sur les sons et les mots. Dans cette rubrique sur l'Implication familiale, les auteurs decrivent 12 jeux avec des mots auxquels les parents et les enfants peuvent jouer. Ces descriptions peuvent etre reproduites pour etre partagees avec des parents. La rubrique se termine par une rapide discussion des benefices qu'apportent, selon la recherche, les jeux avec les mots. Дети играют в игры не только для забавы: одновременно идет становление многих важных навыков. Точно так же, любые игры в слова – замечательная возможность для родителей и детей весело и с толком провести вместе время. Одновременно дети узнают много нового о звуках и словах. В этом выпуске колонки Семья помогает школе авторы описывают 12 простых игр в слова, интересных для детей и родителей. Описания игр легко размножить, чтобы их можно было раздать родителям. В конце публикации приводятся научно обоснованные доводы в пользу подобных игр. Los juegos de los ninos no solo entretienen sino que muchas veces ayudan a desarrollar destrezas importantes. De la misma manera, juegos de palabras crean la oportunidad para que los padres y sus hijos esten juntos y para que los ninos aprendan mucho sobre los sonidos y las palabras. En esta columna de Participacion de la Familia, los autores describen 12 juegos de palabras que son faciles de implementar y que los padres y sus hijos pueden jugar. Las descripciones estan hechas para ser duplicadas y compartidas con los padres. La columna termina con una discusion breve de los beneficios de los juegos de palabras descubiertos por la investigacion.
A review of the synthesis, chemistry and analysis of nitrocellulose

Abstract Recent avenues of research have improved our understanding of the chemistry of nitrocellulose. With this in mind, a brief review of the chemistry of nitrocellulose is presented. While not comprehensive in nature, this review does point out some of the underlying characteristics of nitrocellulose which are of interest to the propellant community.
Long-term trends and variability in the larvae of Pacific sardine and associated fish species of the California Current region

Abstract Fifty-year ichthyoplankton and oceanographic time series of the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations were used to describe changes in larval fish abundance and associated habitat features in the Southern California Bight region, extending seaward to the limits of the California Current. The ichthyoplankton data set for this analysis was based on single tows taken at all CalCOFI survey stations occupied within the current sampling pattern from 1951 to 2000 and consisted of a total of 11,917 samples from which 1,365,988 fish larvae were identified. The analysis included data on habitat temperature, macrozooplankton volumes, and 14 taxa of larval fishes, some of commercial interest (Pacific sardine, Pacific hake, Pacific and jack mackerel, and rockfishes), and a group of important mesopelagic species that represent specific habitats in the California Current region. Data are presented in a series of graphs showing changes in average abundance, triennial abundance ratios, and normalized quarterly abundance (1988–2000 only). Larval data clearly track the decline and recovery of the Pacific sardine population. Mesopelagic larvae of southern offshore species had the greatest response to the regime shift of 1976–77, increasing markedly in the Southern California Bight region after 1977. Likewise, this group of species showed the greatest response to the 1957–59 El Nino. There was no consistent response in larval abundance of Subarctic-Transitional mesopelagic species and nearshore taxa to the 1976–77 regime shift. Most of the species showed a negative shift in triennial larval abundance ratios in relation to hypothesized 1989–90 and 1998–99 regime shifts. These changes are discussed in relation to changes in temperature and macrozooplankton volumes.
Designing a process evaluation for a comprehensive breast cancer screening intervention: Challenges and opportunities

Abstract Process evaluation is increasingly viewed as a vital adjunct to outcome evaluation. In this paper, we discuss the steps taken to develop a process evaluation plan for an ongoing eight-year, community-based breast cancer screening program (NC-BCSP) for African American women in five rural North Carolina counties. NC-BCSP builds on community networks, enhances the delivery of local screening services, and reduces health system barriers in the widely dispersed and resource-poor communities that comprise NC-BCSP's 2500-square mile region. This article includes a discussion of: the process evaluation 's aims and scope; how and why we selected various methods and approaches; the challenges involved in launching the data collection process; early lessons learned about the resources needed for developing an effective process evaluation; and some of the advantages of gathering process data.
Analysis of the Immunologic Response Generated by Ad.IFN-β During Successful Intraperitoneal Tumor Gene Therapy

One promising therapeutic approach to intracavitary tumors, such as malignant mesothelioma and ovarian cancer, is immuno-gene therapy. In a previous study, intraperitoneal (i.p.) instillation of an adenoviral vector encoding the mouse interferon-β gene (Ad.muIFN-β) was shown to eradicate established mesothelioma tumors in the peritoneal cavity of immune competent, but not immunodeficient mice. The goal of this study was to understand more completely the kinetics and mechanisms of this immune-mediated response. Two days after a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of Ad.muIFN-β into BALB/c mice with established tumors, the response in the peritoneum was characterized by an influx of activated natural killer (NK) cells, polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells, and macrophages with minimal infiltration into the tumor nodules. However, depletion of PMN or NK cells after Ad.IFN-β treatment had only minimal effects. At later time points (up to 10 days after Ad.IFN-β i.p.), a large influx of CD4 + and activated CD8 + T cells was present in the peritoneal fluid and within the tumor nodules. The CD8 + T cells had cytolytic activity, and adoptive transfer of peritoneal exudate cells (obtained by peritoneal lavage) resulted in effective tumor cell killing. Antitumor effects of Ad.IFN-β may be different in different tumor types or in different anatomic locations. However, these results demonstrate that tumor-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cells are the key effector cells for tumor eradication in this model.
Parental Depression Confers Greater Prospective Depression Risk to Females than Males in Emerging Adulthood

Females are at greater risk of depression than males, a pattern arising in adolescence and continuing in adulthood. One hypothesis is that major risk factors operate more robustly for females. We tested whether parental depression history imposes greater prospective depression risk for female emerging adults in a large community sample (ages 18–19, N = 637). Utilizing linear mixed regressions to model symptom changes over 2 years, we found the predictive utility of parental depression varied by gender. Females had higher depression symptoms overall, and those with parental depression remained at high levels throughout the adulthood transition, compared to at-risk males whose elevated symptoms decreased. This effect was specific to offspring depression (versus anxiety) and was found only for parental depression (versus other disorders). Female emerging adults with a parental depression history are at increased risk for future depression symptom elevations, which may partially explain their increased risk for depressive disorders in adulthood.
Effect of selective destruction of serotonergic neurons in nucleus raphe magnus on morphine-induced antinociception

Abstract Microinjection of the serotonergic neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) into the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) of the rat brain stem significantly attenuated morphine-induced antinociception as measured by the hot plate but not tail-flick test. The selective destruction of the serotonin-containing neurons in NRM also significantly reduced the spinal cord content of serotonin without altering the content of norepinephrine. Nociceptive thresholds in both analgesiometric tests were altered following 5,7-DHT injection into NRM. These results indicate that a spinopetal serotonergic system localized in NRM is involved in opiate analgesia but appears not to exert a tonic inhibitory effect on nociceptive transmission.
Alterations in epidermal biochemistry as a consequence of stage-specific genetic changes in skin carcinogenesis.

The induction of cancer on mouse skin by initiation-promotion protocols occurs through stages in which a benign squamous papilloma is an obligate precursor of squamous cell carcinoma. Activation of...
Ground and Flight Test Structural Excitation Using Piezoelectric Actuators

A flight flutter experiment at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards, California, used an 18-inch half-span composite model called the Aerostructures Test Wing (ATW). The ATW was mounted on a centerline flight test fixture on the NASA F-15B and used distributed piezoelectric strain actuators for in-flight structural excitation. The main focus of this paper is to investigate the performance of the piezoelectric actuators and test their ability to excite the first-bending and first-torsion modes of the ATW on the ground and in-flight. On the ground, wing response resulting from piezoelectric and impact excitation was recorded and compared. The comparison shows less than a 1-percent difference in modal frequency and a 3-percent increase in damping. A comparison of in-flight response resulting from piezoelectric excitation and atmospheric turbulence shows that the piezoelectric excitation consistently created an increased response in the wing throughout the flight envelope tested. The data also showed that to obtain a good correlation between the piezoelectric input and the wing accelerometer response, the input had to be nearly 3.5 times greater than the turbulence excitation on the wing.
Maternal Nutrition and Traditional Food Behavior in Haiti

Rural Haitian nutrition has long been a matter of concern to health workers. The diet is seriously restricted and there is widespread malnutrition. This is especially striking among lactating women. The Haitian government, under Francois Duvalier, began comprehensive programs designed to alleviate some of the economic and technologic factors which limit the diet. An equally serious restricting influence on the diet, however, and an influence which has gone largely unnoticed, is the hot/cold classification of life-states and foods stemming from an adherence to humoral medicine.Even though belief in humoral medicine is widely and consistently held in rural Haiti, there is no apparent recognition of its impact on nutrition by those working in this field. There is no mention of this belief system in the available literature on Haiti. This study examines and delineates the impact of humoral medicine upon the diet of the lactating Haitian woman. The data indicate that practices stemming from this belief system ...
An analysis of the clinical relevance of type 1 and type 2 alcoholics.

Predictions inherent in the proposed Type 1/Type 2 continuum of alcoholic subtypes were indirectly explored in 31 sons of primary alcoholic fathers. The fathers' alcoholism was rated on a 0-5 scale utilizing characteristics typical of the Type 2 extreme of the continuum. If a predisposition to Type 2 alcoholism is genetically transmitted, then we would have predicted that the sons of Type 2 alcoholics would be more likely than the sons of Type 1 men to show an earlier onset of drinking, as well as more alcohol and substance intake and associated problems. The results did not support any consistent trend in the correlation between the FHP fathers' alcoholic characteristics and the sons' problem picture. Potential explanations for this finding are discussed including the possibility that the Type 2 extreme might represent a separate diagnostic entity, the antisocial personality disorder, and not alcoholism itself. Language: en
Polishing blemishes: issues in data correction

Data quality is crucial to any data analysis task. Many imperfection-handling techniques avoid overfitting or simply remove offending portions of the data. Polishing identifies blemishes in the data and makes corrections to retain and recover as much information as possible. When using information collected from channels susceptible to disturbances, data quality is a concern-especially when the primary objective is to assimilate and understand the data. Imperfections can arise from many sources, including transmission and bandwidth constraints, faults in sensor devices, irregularities in sampling, and transcription errors. An intuitive application that exemplifies handling data imperfections is the spell-checker. Developing such a spell-checker would require novel techniques for repairing data imperfections. We are exploring such techniques using a data correction method called polishing. Here, we compare polishing to two alternative approaches to handling data imperfections, focusing on how to evaluate and validate data correction mechanisms.
Radio science measurements of atmospheric refractivity with Mars Global Surveyor

Received 9 November 20U5; revised 10 January 2006; accepted 27 January 20U6; published 19 May 2006. [1] Radio occultation experiments with Mars Global Surveyor measure the refractive index of the Martian atmosphere from the surface to ∼250 km in geopotential height. Refractivity is proportional to neutral density at low altitudes and electron density at high altitudes, with a transition at ∼75 km. We use weighted least squares to decompose zonal refractivity variations into amplitudes and phases for observed wave numbers k = 1-4 over the entire altitude range and use the results to analyze atmospheric structure and dynamics. The data set consists of 147 refractivity profiles acquired in December 2000 at summer solstice in the Martian northern hemisphere. The measurements are at an essentially fixed local time (sunrise) and at latitudes from 67° to 70°N. Thermal tides appear to be responsible for much of the observed ionospheric structure from 80 to 220 km. Tides modulate the neutral density, which in turn, controls the height at which the ionosphere forms. The resulting longitude-dependent vertical displacement of the ionosphere generates distinctive structure in the fitted amplitudes, particularly at k = 3, within ±50 km of the electron density peak height. Our k = 3 observations are consistent with an eastward propagating semidiurnal tide with zonal wave number 1. Relative to previous results, our analysis extends the characterization of tides to altitudes well above and below the electron density peak. In the neutral atmosphere, refractivity variations from the surface to 50 km appear to arise from stationary Rossby waves. Upon examining the full vertical range, stationary waves appear to dominate altitudes below ∼75 km, and thermal tides dominate altitudes above this transition region.
Nanomechanical, nanotribological and macrotribological characterization of hard coatings and surface treatment of H-13 steel

Abstract Commercial coatings of diamond-like-carbon (DLC), titanium nitride (TiN), and titanium aluminum nitride (TiAlN), and nitriding treatment on H-13 steel have been carried out to improve the wear and friction of base H-13 steel. Nanomechanical and nanotribological studies were carried using scanning nanoindenter. Macrowear and macrofriction characterizations were also carried out using pin-on-disk apparatus. The results of coated and surface treated H-13 steel samples were compared with base H-13 steel. Friction, wear, and scratch mechanisms of various samples are discussed. Improved nanomechanical, nanotribological, and macrotribological properties of some coated samples make them attractive for various applications.
The Generation of Quinones from Lignin and Lignin-Related Compounds

Abstract Lignin and lignin-related compounds were oxidized with potassium nitrosodisulfonate, hydrogen peroxide, and peracetic acid, with the aim of producing o- and p-benzoquinones. Depending on the substrate and oxidant, yields of p-benzoquinones from lignin model compounds were as high as 80–95%. The best yield of p-benzoquinones from lignin (16%) was with the use of potassium nitrosodisulfonate and an aspen hardwood lignin; corresponding yields obtained with hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid were 0–2%. Electrochemical oxidation was examined briefly and found to be inferior to the chemical oxidants with regard to yields of benzoquinones from lignin models (max. 40%) and from lignin (1%). The nitrobenzene oxidation of several lignin samples revealed that the highest syringaldehyde and combined aldehyde yields (for subsequent oxidation to quinones) were obtained from an organosolv lignin obtained through the acid-catalyzed pulping of aspen with ethanol.
Lateral Response of Older Flat Slab Frames and the Economic Effect on Retrofit

Abstract Seismic retrofit schemes for older flat slab frames are commonly designed to carry the full design lateral loads, based on the assumption that the existing slab‐column frame has low lateral stiffness and may fail in a brittle manner during earthquake loading. An experimental study was conducted to probe the actual response of a two story by two bay frame, and two isolated connection specimens, under cyclic lateral load reversals. The behavior observed indicated that for reasonable gravity loads, the lateral load response of these older slab‐column frames is more ductile than anticipated. Therefore, structural engineers should be encouraged to utilize the strength and stiffness of the existing slab‐column frame when designing a seismic retrofit system for the frame. Such a design will be less conservative, and thus less expensive, than is common in current design practice.
Assessing Performance Consequences Of Changes in Educational Policy: Toward Systematic Experimentation

Abstract This paper argues that schools of social work should determine the empirical consequences of risk-taking changes in educational policy. A commitment to systematic experimentation rather than random innovation is urged in order to promote effective curriculum designs, establish an empirical basis for educational policy decisions, and provide quasi-theories about educational policy change. CSWE is seen as a potential coordinator and repository of data about the effects of changes in educational policy. Furthermore, most schools have the resources to carry out significant studies. With these commitments, we can make policy changes that are predictive of desired outcomes.
Modeling the Effect of Finite-Rate Hydrogen Diffusion on Porosity Formation in Aluminum Alloys

A volume-averaged model for finite-rate diffusion of hydrogen in the melt is developed to predict pore formation during the solidification of aluminum alloys. The calculation of the micro-/macro-scale gas species transport in the melt is coupled with a model for the feeding flow and pressure field. The rate of pore growth is shown to be proportional to the local level of gas supersaturation in the melt, as well as various microstructural parameters. Parametric studies of one-dimensional solidification under an imposed temperature gradient and cooling rate illustrate that the model captures important phenomena observed in porosity formation in aluminum alloys. The transition from gas to shrinkage dominated porosity and the effects of different solubilities of hydrogen in the eutectic solid, capillary pressures at pore nucleation, and pore number densities are investigated in detail. Comparisons between predicted porosity percentages and previous experimental measurements show good correspondence, although some uncertainties remain regarding the extent of impingement of solid on the pores.
Bidisperse Aggregation and Gel Formation via Simultaneous Convection and Diffusion

Stochastic simulations are performed for two-component transport-limited aggregation processes with Brownian motion and shear contributing to the collision frequency. To study the effects of both mechanisms, the radius ratio of the initially pure particles is 1:8 on average, with the larger particles having sizes on the order of microns (μm). For a mixed orthokinetic−perikinetic kernel, the kinetics of the aggregation process and gel point are shown to have a cooperative dependence on shear and the relative concentration of large particles to small ones. This was found to be a result of the shear sensitivity of the aggregation process to the addition of large particles. Ultimately, it is shown that accurate prediction of the kinetics and gel points of complex aggregation phenomena requires the use of the stochastic approach to the aggregation kinetics upon which the simulations are based.
Squantum "Tillite", Massachusetts—Evidence of Glaciation or Subaqueous Mass Movements?

The writer interprets the Boston Bay group as partially intertongued lithofacies of coarse conglomerate and associated volcanic rocks (Roxbury conglomerate) and finely laminated siltstone and mudstone (Cambridge “slate”). He regards the Squantum “tillite” as multiple discontinuous lenses of unsorted pebbly to bouldery mudstone of various ages interstratified within this complex. Although fossil evidence is inconclusive, stratigraphic relationships and clastic compositions suggest that these deposits were formed during middle Paleozoic diastrophism. The writer does not consider the Squantum as a temporal equivalent to southern hemisphere Permo-Carboniferous glaciation, as advocates of a glacial origin had supposed. Lack of glacial pavement and comparison of composition, graded bedding, gross stratigraphy, and tectonic setting with known submarine slide and mass-flow deposits render the glacial interpretation suspect. Origin by gravity movement of rapidly deposited, volcanic-rich sediments and periodic resedimentation by turbidity currents in a Paleozoic eugeosynclinal belt is a more plausible alternative. Very poor sorting, striated clasts, faceting, and even some rafted erratic fragments in fine, laminated mudstones can arise from mechanisms other than glaciation. A preserved, extensive, grooved and polished pavement overlain by poorly sorted, till-like material—particularly if nonmarine—is the most compelling glacial evidence. Very large erratic boulders are suggestive of ice movement, as are abundant rafted erratic fragments in fine muds, as in the Gowganda formation of Ontario. Independent biologic or isotopic cold-temperature indicators are sorely needed to strengthen glacial interpretations. General stratigraphic relationships and tectonic setting serve as important factors in judging probability of alternate interpretations, particularly in geosynclinal sequences. From these criteria, the writer judges that only the Permo-Carboniferous glaciation in certain parts of the southern hemisphere is firmly established. The Gowganda and some other Precambrian deposits are very likely glacial, but most postulated examples must be re-evaluated.
Can yu rid guat ay rot? A developmental investigation of cross-linguistic spelling errors among Spanish-English bilingual students.

This study contributes to the literature on cross-linguistic literacy relationships for English language learners, and in particular, the Spanish-influenced spelling patterns of Spanish–English bilinguals. English spelling, reading, and vocabulary assessments were administered to 220 students in four TWI programs over a three-year period, from second grade to fourth grade. Data analysis consisted of t-tests and multiple regression. The incidence of cross-linguistic spelling errors was found to be low at all grade levels and to virtually disappear by fourth grade, indicating that this is a developmental issue that is common among bilingual students and that typically resolves itself without remediation.
Dating violence victimization, dispositional aggression, and nonsuicidal self-injury among psychiatrically hospitalized male and female adolescents

The objective of the current study was to characterize the association between dating violence victimization and dispositional aggression in predicting nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) among psychiatrically hospitalized male and female adolescents. One hundred fifty-five adolescents (ages 13-17) and their parents completed the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children clinical interview to assess NSSI and child abuse; adolescents completed self-report measures of aggression and dating violence victimization (verbal, physical, and sexual). Dating violence victimization and NSSI were found to be highly prevalent among both males and females in this psychiatric inpatient sample. Two moderational models were supported, wherein dating violence was associated with NSSI in the context of elevated trait anger in males and indirect aggression in females. Findings suggest that helping victims of dating violence acquire skills to address certain forms of dispositional aggression may attenuate NSSI.
Political Economy: Policymaking and Industrial Policy in Japan *

The Importance of Japan's Political Economy: The importance of Japan's political economy probably will be more obvious than any other subject concerning Japanese politics. Being the world's second largest economy and the United States' greatest overseas trading partner, and with increasing Japanese investment in America, the politics and policy-making that affect Japan's industry and economy probably have a more direct impact on the lives of more Americans than any other subject concerning a foreign country that American students can study.With increasing friction over trade and investment beginning to undermine the United States-Japan relationship, one that former Ambassador to Japan Mike Mansfield liked to call the most important bilateral relationship in the world, Japan's political economy has become the stuff of daily newspaper headlines for many Americans. How much, how, and how well the Japanese state intervenes in the economy to promote economic growth has probably received more attention in the United States in recent years than any other topic concerning Japan. Words previously unfamiliar to American ears, such as “industrial policy,” “targeting,” “MITI,” keiretsu, and so forth, are now common in the American media and in policy debates in Washington about the origins of Japan's massive trade deficit with the United States and what the United States can and should do about it. No college graduate, indeed no American citizen, can claim to be politically literate today without some knowledge of this subject.
A fully distributed framework for cost-sensitive data mining

We propose a fully distributed system (as compared to centralized and partially distributed systems) for cost-sensitive data mining. Experimental results have shown that this approach achieves higher accuracy than both the centralized and partially distributed learning methods, however, it incurs much less training time, neither communication nor computation overhead.
Frontiers of the marketing paradigm in the third millennium

The domain and theories of marketing have been expanding since the origins of the discipline. Since the 1970s marketing science has been organized around the exchange paradigm. Marketing concepts apply to all forms of exchange, whether it is goods, services, personages, places or ideas, and whether it is between individuals, for-profit and nonprofit firms, governments and NGOs. Marketing theories evolved from a firm oriented view to encompass the exchanging dyad. More recently the paradigm expanded to a network level of explanation, and relational theories have come to the fore. But even as the field struggles to grasp its new fields of explanation, there is a Kuhnian shift happening at its boundaries. The shift significantly bends the marketing worldview as well as the theoretical tools and methodologies we use to study it. In this paper we develop a three-tiered explanation of the emerging field of marketing—its subphenomena (consumer experiences and sensory systems), its phenomena (marketing networks), and its superphenomena (sustainability and development).
Field validation of avoidance of elevated metals by fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) following in situ acclimation

Avoidance of a blend of four metals (relative proportions: 1.00 copper, 0.54 chromium, 1.85 arsenic, 0.38 selenium) was determined in schools of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) in an artificial stream supplied with raw river water and in a natural stream. Control (unexposed) fish were tested in spring in the artificial stream and during summer in the artificial stream and a natural stream. Fish exposed continuously for 3 months to the blend of the four metals (98 μg/L total metals) in river water were tested during summer in the artificial and natural streams. Control fish avoided 71.1 and 34.3 μg/L total metals in the artificial stream in spring and summer, respectively, and 73.5 μg/L in the natural stream. Exposed fish did not respond to metals blends as high as 1,470 or 2,940 μg/L in the artificial and natural streams, respectively. Water hardness, turbidity and physical setting are implicated as possible causative factors in differences among control fish. Results are compared with those of previously reported laboratory studies and the effects of pollution observed in the New River, Virginia.
Fundamental health care reform for the United States

President Obama's health care reforms are the most controversial that the United States has ever seen. Proponents and opponents portray them in radically different terms. Here, Jonathan Gruber explains why statistics from previous experience are of only partial use; and on page 124, Jasjeet Singh Sekhon looks at the uncertainties and false inferences that have been ignored by commentators on both sides.
Harvesting the low-hanging fruit: kinase inhibitors for therapy of advanced medullary and nonmedullary thyroid cancer.

A pproximately 37,000 new cases of thyroid cancer are diagnosed annually in the United States, and of these, about 10–20% present with or ultimately develop distant metastases (1). The prognosis of patients with distant metastases from non-medullary thyroid cancer (non-MTC) remains favorable when these are responsive to radioactive iodine (RAI). By contrast, the 10-yr survival after discovery of distant metastases is only 10% if these have lost the ability to trap or retain iodine. Patients with metastatic RAI-refractory lesions that are also positive on fluoro-deoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) have a particularly poor prognosis. In addition to patients with distant metastatic disease, those with unresectable local recurrences also have a higher mortality. Palliative external beam irradiation plays an important role in local disease control; however, conventional chemotherapeutic agents are relatively ineffective in thyroid cancer (2). Recent clinical trials with several kinase inhibitors have shown promising evidence of activity in thyroid cancer of follicular origin (3,4,5,6) as well as in MTC (7,8).
Breast tumor metastasis: analysis via proteomic profiling.

The ability to predict the metastatic behavior of a patient’s cancer, as well as to detect and eradicate such recurrences, remain major clinical challenges in oncology. While many potential molecular biomarkers have been identified and tested previously, none have greatly improved the accuracy of specimen evaluation over routine histopathological criteria and, to date, they predict individual outcomes poorly. The ongoing development of high-throughput proteomic profiling technologies is opening new avenues for the investigation of cancer and, through application in tissue-based studies and animal models, will facilitate the identification of molecular signatures that are associated with breast tumor cell phenotype. The appropriate use of these approaches has the potential to provide efficient biomarkers, and to improve our knowledge of tumor biology. This, in turn, will enable the development of targeted therapeutics aimed at ameliorating the lethal dissemination of breast cancer. In this review, we focus on the accumulating proteomic signatures of breast tumor progression, particularly those that correlate with the occurrence of distant metastases, and discuss some of the expected future developments in the field.
A comparison of uni-dimensional and bi-dimensional generalization testing in pigeons

Three groups of pigeons were trained to peck at a white vertical line on a yellowish-green surround for variable-interval reinforcement and were then tested for generalization, in extinction, along the wavelength dimension (Group B, N=10), the angularity dimension (Group C, N=10), or along both dimensions presented separately and in alternating sequence (Group A, N = 20). Group A produced both absolute and relative gradients comparable to those obtained from Groups B and C. Several prior studies have similarly failed to find successive contextual effects in generalization testing in pigeons.
A laboratory course in behavior-based robotics

Robotics has received a great deal of attention as a vehicle for motivating students to learn artificial intelligence, computer science, and even general science and engineering. Many courses involve the construction and programming of simple robots. Although these courses are excellent vehicles for teaching general engineering concepts, especially electrical and mechanical engineering, they tend to be dominated by hardware concerns. They cannot address what AI researchers think are the core concerns in designing autonomous robots-representation, planning, sensor fusion, and so on. This is because the robots lack the sensor suites needed to make these problems practical. At Northwestern University, we have taught a laboratory course that uses research-grade mobile robots to explore concepts of autonomy, such as sensor interpretation, planning, and action selection. The course uses low-cost, state-of-the-art hardware that provides not only sonar and odometric sensing but also several real-time vision systems. The author describes the course's impact on the students' learning experience and their ability to creatively select goals and approaches.
One billion transistors, one uniprocessor, one chip

Billion-transistor processors will be much as they are today, just bigger, faster and wider (issuing more instructions at once). The authors describe the key problems (instruction supply, data memory supply and an implementable execution core) that prevent current superscalar computers from scaling up to 16- or 32-instructions per issue. They propose using out-of-order fetching, multi-hybrid branch predictors and trace caches to improve the instruction supply. They predict that replicated first-level caches, huge on-chip caches and data value speculation will enhance the data supply. To provide a high-speed, implementable execution core that is capable of sustaining the necessary instruction throughput, they advocate a large, out-of-order-issue instruction window (2,000 instructions), clustered (separated) banks of functional units and hierarchical scheduling of ready instructions. They contend that the current uniprocessor model can provide sufficient performance and use a billion transistors effectively without changing the programming model or discarding software compatibility.
Bisque: a platform for bioimage analysis and management

Motivation: Advances in the field of microscopy have brought about the need for better image management and analysis solutions. Novel imaging techniques have created vast stores of images and metadata that are difficult to organize, search, process and analyze. These tasks are further complicated by conflicting and proprietary image and metadata formats, that impede analyzing and sharing of images and any associated data. These obstacles have resulted in research resources being locked away in digital media and file cabinets. Current image management systems do not address the pressing needs of researchers who must quantify image data on a regular basis.
COMPLIANCE IN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE OF PUBLICLY-HELD COMPANIES AND THEIR IMPACT ON PROFITABILITY, RISK, SIZE, GROWTH AND VALUE, AND PERFORMANCE VARIABLES

The current rules in the legislation, mandatory for the largest companies in the capital market in Chile, require compliance of at least 19 best practices on corporate governance. The study determines a number of financial variables covering mainly the risk, profitability, valuation, size, growth and projections for those companies belonging to the selective shares of the Santiago stock exchange price index. It aims to measure the variables previously mentioned for analysis, and to determine the differences between companies that meet to a higher extent the standards of best practices of corporate governance and the ones that comply partially. The companies that largely comply with current legislation show better returns compared to those that comply to a lesser extent the standards and the benchmark index. Under this same distinction, those companies that show better compliance carry a total and systematic risk, risk-adjusted, with better performance, size and valuations, as well as factors of growth and projection of the share prices.
The Louvain Library and US Ambition in Interwar Belgium

This article analyzes the ordeal that became the ‘Louvain Library Controversy' in order to demonstrate competing visions of postwar memory and reconstruction that emerged in the 1920s. As a country trying to mediate between the claims of its larger neighbors (Germany, France, and Britain), Belgium provides an excellent window into the climate of postwar Europe and US intervention. I argue that the controversies that surrounded the Louvain Library reconstruction reflect three main themes that plagued European–US relations in the 1920s: first, US pretensions as Europe’s cultural protector; second, US economic power over debt and reparation questions; and last, the question of reconciliation in the wake of war. For Belgium and other European nations, the experience of being the object of aid for the United States of America led to a reassertion of sovereignty and autonomy in the face of external interference, exposing the gaps between Americans’ assumptions about their roles and responsibilities in Europe an...
Justice Work In and Out of Justice Itself

This is my origin story. It is interwoven with three stories of justice untold, even disavowed. In an attempt to decenter the central narrative of justice as political action, I shine light on the everyday, often unnoticed moments in which justice appears. Both ordinarily mundane and extraordinary in their own right, these stories may seem familiar, even common, but to the high school youth who tell them, they are fierce acts of their own. They are about justice work that occurs, in a literal sense, in and out of schools, but also about justice work on existential and subjective levels of intimate experience. They ask us to consider the fragility of moral universals and how justice may require one to completely ignore justice in order to do justice, to step out of justice and just work.
A secure mobile agent system model based on extended elementary object system

Mobile agent technology has received a large amount of attention throughout recent years because of its salient merits and promising future. But it also brings significant new security problems. Little work has been done to solve these problems through intuitive formal methods. In this paper, we proposed a new formal model of a secure mobile agent system based on an extended elementary object system (EEOS) which combines object oriented technology with Petri nets. This model has three hierarchical levels: mobile agent platform level, mobile agent level and security mechanism level. We also proposed a security mechanism - synchronous firing security mechanism to detect malicious host attacks on mobile agent code or execution flow. This paper also discusses how to translate our EEOS model to a coloured Petri Net model supported by Design/CPN and presents the simulation-based analysis of our EEOS model
Presence of infection influences the epithelial lining fluid penetration of oral levofloxacin in adult patients

Although epithelial lining fluid (ELF) is the presumed site for pulmonary infections, most antibiotic penetration studies are conducted in uninfected patients or healthy volunteers. Levofloxacin concentrations in plasma and ELF were collected from two previous studies involving 18 infected patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and 15 uninfected elderly patients undergoing diagnostic bronchoscopy. Concentration data were population modelled using the BigNPAG algorithm, and a 5000-patient Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to simulate ELF exposure for a dosing regimen 750mg every 24h for five doses in plasma and ELF of infected versus uninfected patients. Mean±S.D. model parameters for plasma in infected patients were similar to uninfected patients (volume of central compartment, 68.4±36.3 vs. 50.2±17.3L; clearance, 6.0±2.5 vs. 6.8±3.3L/h; and absorption rate, 5.4±2.5 vs. 4.7±2.7h(-1)), resulting in similar simulated AUC in plasma (infected, 140.5±54.8 vs. uninfected, 133.7±61.6μgh/mL). The volume of ELF was 57.2±25.0 and 14.8±9.0L in infected and uninfected patients, respectively, resulting in a lower simulated AUCELF exposure for infected patients (189.1±210.5 vs. 461.0±558.7μgh/mL). Penetration ratios for infected and uninfected patients were, respectively, 1.4±1.8 and 3.5±3.7, with median values of 0.9 and 2.4. ELF penetration in infected patients was approximately one-half that of uninfected adults. These data highlight the importance of confirming exposure in infected patients to further support dosage regimen selection.
Ad Hoc M2M communications and security based on 4G cellular system

In this paper, we introduce an M2M(machine-to-machine) communications model based on 4G cellular system which is capable to establish Ad Hoc networks wherever the terminals are close enough. The M2M terminal structure is proposed accordingly. In Ad Hoc mode, the security issue becomes more critical. We consider a simplified protocol stack while introducing key components to provide secure communication between M2M and the network and also among M2M terminals.