cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control de los mosquitos vectores del dengue y del chikunguña: ¿es necesario reexaminar las estrategias actuales?

Las enfermedades causadas por arbovirus transmitidos por Aedes aegypti, como el dengue (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus; DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4), el chikunguna (Togaviridae: Alphavirus, CHIKV) y la fiebre por zika (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus; ZIKV), estan aumentando tanto en incidencia como en distribucion geografica. La incidencia del dengue ha aumentado 30 veces en los ultimos 50 anos, con cientos de millones de casos anuales (1,2). A partir del 2004, el chikunguna se ha esparcido mas activamente desde Africa hasta el oceano Indico, Asia, el sudeste asiatico, Oceania y Europa, donde este virus ha causado millones de casos (3). El chikunguna llego a la region americana en 2013, y se esparcio hasta alcanzar 1,4 millones de casos reportados hasta mayo de 2015 (4). El virus del zika se disemino a partir de Africa hacia el sudeste asiatico y las islas del Pacifico y, recientemente, se constato su circulacion en varios estados de Brasil (5). Debido a que el principal vector urbano de estos arbovirus es Ae. aegypti, se puede anticipar que en un futuro cercano el virus del zika podria diseminarse como lo han hecho el del chikunguna y los cuatro serotipos del dengue, lo que plantea una posibilidad cierta de tener hasta seis virus distintos circulando simultaneamente en Ae. aegypti y en humanos, en los grandes centros urbanos de America tropical.
FET statistical modeling using parameter orthogonalization

A new method for representing the statistical variation of FET equivalent circuit parameters (ECPs) is presented. This method utilizes a statistical technique known as principal components and provides an efficient method for statistically representing the means, standard deviations, and correlations of the FET ECPs. The technique can easily be implemented into commercial CAD simulators resulting in FET variation simulations that are more accurate than existing methods. Appropriate statistical tests for determination of equivalence between simulated and measured FET parameter distributions is also discussed. Both the modeling methodology and statistical testing were demonstrated using both scattering and noise parameters for 300 /spl mu/m low-noise GaAs FETs.
Fat Stigmatization in Television Shows and Movies: A Content Analysis

Objective: To examine the phenomenon of fat stigmatization messages presented in television shows and movies, a content analysis was used to quantify and categorize fat-specific commentary and humor. Research Methods and Procedures: Fat stigmatization vignettes were identified using a targeted sampling procedure, and 135 scenes were excised from movies and television shows. The material was coded by trained raters. Reliability indices were uniformly high for the seven categories (percentage agreement ranged from 0.90 to 0.98; kappas ranged from 0.66 to 0.94). Results: Results indicated that fat stigmatization commentary and fat humor were often verbal, directed toward another person, and often presented directly in the presence of the overweight target. Results also indicated that male characters were three times more likely to engage in fat stigmatization commentary or fat humor than female characters. Discussion: To our knowledge, these findings provide the first information regarding the specific gender, age, and types of fat stigmatization that occur frequently in movies and television shows. The stimuli should prove useful in future research examining the role of individual difference factors (e.g., BMI) in the reaction to viewing such vignettes.
Children's behavior and physiology and how it affects exposure to environmental contaminants

Infant, child, and adolescent exposures to environmental toxicants are different from those of adults because of differences in behavior and physiology. Because of these differences, there is the potential for quantitatively different exposures at various stages of development. Pediatricians are well aware of these behavioral and physiologic differences from a clinical standpoint--namely, food and water intake, soil ingestion, mouthing behavior, inhalation physiology, and activity level--as they relate to the ratio of these parameters between the adult and the child when considering weight and surface area. Pediatricians recognized the importance of pica as a cause of lead poisoning, the noxious effect of second-hand smoke, and the greater propensity for addiction during the adolescent years. For determining the differences in impact of many environmental toxicants between adults and children, research is needed to document where and whether these differences result in deleterious effects.
Local fidelity, constrained codes, and the Meru Prastara

Information theory provides fundamental bounds on the tradeoff between achievable distortion in communication and the amount of resources that are allocated to the communication system. For optimal point-to-point communication, this is a condition on rate matching. Most theoretical computation work has focused on single-letter fidelity and resource criteria due to tractability. However, these may not reflect true system objectives and constraints. So, it is desirable to extend analysis to non-single-letter fidelity and resource criteria. In certain cases, the problem can be reduced to combinatorics and becomes tractable.
The Limitations of Federal Special Education Policy: The Role of Classroom Teachers in Determining Who Is Handicapped

A major principle of federal special education policy is assuring fairness in the identification and placement process. In a study of local implementation, such protections failed to occur consistently since the pivotal decision in the process continued to be the teacher's personal decision to initiate a referral. The limitations of federal special education policy are discussed in relation to both the difficulty of protecting students from inaccurate identification and those system-wide problems in current special education delivery patterns that may contribute to such difficulties.
Analysis of conserved non-rRNA genes of Tropheryma whipplei

Summary The causative agent of Whipple’s disease, Tropheryma whipplei, is a slow-growing bacterium that remains poorly-understood. Genetic characterization of this organism has relied heavily upon rRNA sequence analysis. Pending completion of a complete genome sequencing effort, we have characterized several conserved non-rRNA genes from T. whipplei directly from infected tissue using broad-range PCR and a genome-walking strategy. Our goals were to evaluate its phylogenetic relationships, and to find ways to expand the strain typing scheme, based on rDNA sequence comparisons. The genes coding for the ATP synthase beta subunit (atpD), elongation factor Tu (tuf), heat shock protein GroEL (groEL), beta subunit of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (rpoB), and RNase P RNA (rnpB) were analyzed, as well as the regions upstream and downstream of the rRNA operon. Phylogenetic analyses with all nonrRNA marker molecules consistently placed T. whipplei within the class, Actinobacteria. The arrangement of genes in the atpD and rpoB chromosomal regions was also consistent with other actinomycete genomes. Tandem sequence repeats were found upstream and downstream of the rRNA operon, and downstream of the groEL gene. These chromosomal sites and the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer regions were examined in the specimens of 11 patients, and a unique combination of tandem repeat numbers and spacer polymorphisms was found in each patient. These data provide the basis for a more discriminatory typing method for T. whipplei.
The Didactic Trial: Filtering History and Memory into the Courtroom

The principle that perpetrators of atrocity should be brought to justice before courts of criminal law enjoys near total acceptance. However, because of the nature of the transgressions adjudicated, the major trials of perpetrators have also served a didactic and moral function in redefining and re-imposing rule-based legality. As a consequence, these trials address history and memory in the course of trying the accused. This essay examines three particular filters that affect the way the memory and history of the events concerned enter the trial process: first, the nature of the evidence admitted; second, the substantive incriminations directed at the accused; and third, the principle of criminal accountability deployed by the prosecution. The essay also considers how the timing and place of the trial influence its didactic value. Ultimately, the didactic and moral effectiveness of such trials is beyond the control of the courts and can only be evaluated over the longer term.
Language and visualization support for large-scale concurrency

SDL (Shared Dataspace Language) is a language for writing and visualizing programs consisting of thousands of processes executing on a highly-parallel multiprocessor. SDL is based on a model in which processes use powerful transactions to manipulate abstract views of a virtual, content-addressable data structure called the dataspace. The process society is dynamic and supports varying degrees of process anonymity. The transactions are executed over abstract views of the dataspace. This facilitates elegant conceptualization of dataspace transformations and compact program representation. Processes and transactions enable SDL to combine elements of both large and fine grained concurrency. The view is a novel abstraction mechanism whose significance is derived from the fact that it allows processes to interrogate the dataspace at a level of abstraction convenient for the task they are pursuing. The view also plays a role in the definition of continuously updated, programmer-defined visual abstractions which enable exploration of the program's functionality and performance.
Thermal stability of elastomeric networks at high temperatures

Stress relaxation experiments were carried out in a dry nitrogen atmosphere on polydimethylsiloxane and an ethylene-propylene terpolymer. Relaxation times much longer than expected were observed, and plots of In f(t)/f(0) versus time were linear in all cases.
Blunt atrial transseptal puncture using excimer laser in swine

Objectives—We describe a new approach that may enhance safety of atrial transseptal puncture, using a commercially available laser catheter that is capable of perforation only when energized. We test this approach in swine. Background—Despite wide application, conventional needle transseptal puncture continues to risk inadvertent non-target perforation and its consequences. Methods—We used a commercial excimer laser catheter (0.9mm Clirpath, Spectranetics). Perforation force was compared in vitro with a conventional Brockenbrough needle. Eight swine underwent laser transseptal puncture under X-ray fluoroscopy steered using a variety of delivery catheters. Results—The 0.9mm laser catheter traversed in vitro targets with reduced force compared with a Brockenbrough needle. In vitro, the laser catheter created holes that were 25–30% larger than the Brockenbrough needle. Laser puncture of the atrial septum was successful and accurate in all animals, evidenced by oximetry, pressure, angiography, and necropsy. The laser catheter was steered effectively using a modified Mullins introducer sheath and using two different deflectable guiding catheters. The mean procedure time was 15 ± 6 minutes, with an average 3.0 ± 0.8 seconds of laser activation. There were no adverse sequelae after prolonged observation. Necropsy revealed discrete 0.9mm holes in all septae. Conclusion—Laser puncture of the interatrial septum is feasible and safe in swine, using a blunt laser catheter that perforates tissues in a controlled fashion.
A model checking approach to evaluating system level dynamic power management policies for embedded systems

System Level Power Management policies are typically based on moving the system to various power management states, in order to achieve minimum wastage of power The major challenge in devising such strategies is that the input task arrival rates to a system is usually unpredictable, and hence the power management strategies have to be designed as on-line algorithms. These algorithms are aimed at optimizing wasted power in the face of nondeterministic task arrivals. Previous works on evaluating power management strategies for optimality, have used trace driven simulations, and competitive analysis. In this work we build upon the competitive analysis based paradigm. Our work views a power management strategy as a winning strategy in a two player game, between the power management algorithm, and a non-deterministic adversary. With the power of non-determinism, we can generate the worst possible scenarios in terms of possible traces of tasks. Such scenarios not only disprove conjectured bounds on the optimality of a power management strategy, but also guides the designer towards a better policy. One could also prove such bounds automatically. To achieve these, we exploit model checkers used in formal verification. However, specific tools which are focused mainly on this kind of power management strategies are under development, which would alleviate some of the state explosion problems inherent in model checking techniques.
Design and Synthesis of a Three Input Flagged Prefix Adder

For multi-operand addition, several techniques, such as carry-save adders, Wallace, and Dadda structures based on counters and compressors have been proposed. This paper proposes a technique to accomplish three-operand addition utilizing regular adder structures such as parallel-prefix adders. One of the advantages of this technique is the elimination of dedicated adder units to perform three-input addition. Conventional prefix adders are modified to generate intermediate outputs called flag bits to allow the addition of a third arbitrary number, thereby accomplishing multi-operand addition. This adder can find its use in applications such as multiplication or multi-media units. An evaluation has been performed for 16-bit three-input flagged prefix adder architectures (TIFPA) in terms of area, delay and power. The performance of this adder design has been compared to that of carry save adders to understand the performance gain of the proposed technique.
Identification, management, and prevention of adverse effects associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy.

PURPOSE: The adverse effects associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), as well as potential options available for management of these complications, are summarized. SUMMARY: Effective treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection requires three or four drug regimens that are complicated and commonly associated with adverse effects. This makes compliance difficult and can result in treatment failures, development of resistance, and loss of future treatment options. In addition, some adverse effects may lead to an increase in morbidity and represent additional risk factors for future complications. Serious adverse events after the initiation of HAART are related to both patient and treatment characteristics. Most organ systems can be affected, depending on the drug or class of drugs being used; therefore, proper identification of adverse effects can be difficult. The most common adverse effects are gastrointestinal, neurologic, metabolic, and cardiovascular, although renal, dermatological, and hematologic events may also be encountered. Adverse-effect management has included treatment interruptions and therapeutic drug monitoring but most commonly involves switching to another drug or class of drugs. This requires a complete understanding of HAART regimens and their associated complications. HIV clinics that have employed clinical pharmacists have been able to successfully prevent or identify adverse effects through suggestions for effective treatment alternatives, medication counseling, and compliance education. CONCLUSION: The identification, management, and prevention of adverse events associated with HAART can be difficult but are integral components of effective treatment. Proper interventions are cost-effective and have resulted in improved quality of life for patients infected with HIV.
Influence of Ventilation Strategies and Anesthetic Techniques on Regional Cerebral Oximetry in the Beach Chair Position: A Prospective Interventional Study with a Randomized Comparison of Two Anesthetics.

Background Beach chair positioning during general anesthesia is associated with cerebral oxygen desaturation. Changes in cerebral oxygenation resulting from the interaction of inspired oxygen fraction, end-tidal carbon dioxide and anesthetic choice have not been fully evaluated in anesthetized patients in the beach chair position.
177-P: ONE IS NOT ENOUGH: POTENTIAL IMPACT OF DISCONNECTS BETWEEN SOLID-PHASE ASSAYS

Aim Single antigen beads (SABs) are becoming the preferred, and in some instances the sole, methodology to identify HLA antibodies. The aim of this study was to investigate cases in which SABs did not agree with the FlowPRA® screening assay. Methods Sera from three patients awaiting renal transplant were tested for Class I and II HLA antibodies using the FlowPRA® Screening beads, LabScreen® SABs, and FlowPRA® Specific phenotype beads (One Lambda). Results In the first case, the Class I FlowPRA was negative but the SABs revealed an A∗36 specificity at low levels, which was confirmed by FlowPRA Specific beads. This explains the negative FlowPRA screen since A∗36 is not represented in this bead set. In case #2, the Class I FlowPRA was positive (∼10% of the beads); however, SAB testing was negative as were FlowPRA Specific beads. Further testing revealed an A∗02:07 antibody: an allele that is only represented on the FlowPRA platform. In case #3, the Class II FlowPRA was positive (∼10%); however, SAB testing was negative. Testing by FlowPRA Specific beads revealed the presence of an antibody to DRB1∗01:03. This result is consistent with the positive screening assay, which has two representations of DRB1∗01:03 on the bead set but fails to explain why the DRB1∗01:03 SAB was negative. Conclusions Ideally, all solid phase assays (Flow or Luminex based) should uniformly detect HLA antibodies. However, as clearly shown here, assay results can be discordant. In 2 of the 3 cases, discrepancies were due to differences in antigen representation between products. In the third case, we speculate that the failure to identify antibodies on the SAB platform was either due to a dilutional (spreading) effect wherein a weak antibody produced an insufficient signal or due to loss of an epitope on the SAB target as the result of denaturation during the manufacturing process. Until the limitations of each assay are addressed, the strategy of a single methodology for detection of HLA antibodies is flawed.
Ascomycete spore killers: chromosomal elements that distort genetic ratios among the products of meiosis.

Spore killers (Sk), studied most extensively in Neurospora, are also known in Podospora, Gibberella and Cochliobolus. Spore killers are no doubt present in natural populations of other fungi. Crite...
Social Robots as Interactive Technology Agents: Supporting Design with Exploratory Assessment

How people respond to social robots as new interactive media is an important consideration for their design and implementation. A series of experimental studies uses exploratory assessment to evaluate three applications of social robots: pedagogical social robots that help deliver online content; conversational social robots that speak with people; and robotic furniture that move around the room. My overall goal is to explore how a robot's social status influences participant response and the limits of that response. This research provides concrete suggestions for robot design and technology assessment.
Resistance of Blattella germanica to common used insecticides in Yancheng city

Objective To determine resistance of Blattella germanica to deltamethrin,dichlorvos,propoxur,acephate,high effect cypermethrin in Yancheng city,and develop scientifical and reasonable work of killing cockroaches.Methods Using the method of medicine membrane-touching in 500 ml flask to find out the KT50 of Blattella germanica.Results The resistance index of field collected strains of Blattella germanica to above mentioned insecticides were 0.16,5.43.0.0013,1.13 and 11.03.Blattella germanica in Yancheng city showed high resistance to high effect cypermethrin,middle resistance to dichlorvos,low resistance to acephate and sensitive to deltamethrin and propoxur.Conclusion It is necessary to select appropriate insecticides according to the situation of resistance so as to improve cockroach control effect.
Examination of Parent Insurance Ratings, Child Expenditures, and Financial Burden Among Children With Autism: A Mismatch Suggests New Hypotheses to Test.

OBJECTIVE: Families raising children with autism contribute significant amounts to the cost of care. In this era of health care reform, families have more insurance choices, but people are unfamiliar with health insurance terms. This study uses 2 national data sets to examine health insurance ratings from parents raising children with autism and child expenditures to explore how these measures align. METHODS: Children with autism who met criteria for special health care needs and were continuously insured were examined. Data from the National Survey of Children With Special Health Care Needs 2009–2010 were used to examine parent report of adequate insurance ( n = 3702). Pooled data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey 2002–2011 were used to examine expenditures ( n = 346). Types of health insurance included private alone, Medicaid alone, and combined private and wrap-around Medicaid. RESULTS: Having Medicaid doubled the odds of reporting adequate insurance compared with private insurance alone ( P P P P CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight a mismatch between parent ratings of insurance adequacy, child expenditures, and relative financial burden. Findings generate a number of questions to address within single sources of data. By elaborating the frameworks families use to judge the adequacy of their insurance, future research can develop policy strategies to improve both their satisfaction with their insurance coverage and the service use of children with autism.
Hematopoietic cell transplantation in MDS: undervalued and underutilized.

Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is broadly underutilized,1, 2, 3 particularly in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), for which it is the only curative option. Surveys show that HCT is considered in <4% of patients with MDS in the United States.4 Older patient age, comorbidities and lack of appropriate donors are often cited as factors contributing to the limited application of HCT in MDS. However, favorable results achieved with non-myeloablative or reduced-intensity regimens and alternative donors in both younger and older patients with MDS5, 6 negate this logic.
Anticoagulation for Cardioversion of Acute Onset Atrial Fibrillation: Time to Revise Guidelines?

ΩΦEΛEEΙΝ H ΜΗ ΒΛΑΠTEΙΝ (First do no harm) —Hippocrates [(1)][1] The need of proper anticoagulation for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (AF) episodes with duration ≥48 h is well established. Nonanticoagulated patients carry a risk for thromboembolism of up to 10% [(2)][2
Particulate Processes in Porous Media

Frequently, formation damage in geologic porous formations is triggered by the salinity, temperature, and velocity shock phenomena as a result of the alteration of concentration, temperature, and velocity relative to their critical values required for particle detachment. Physico-chemical, chemical, hydrodynamic, biologic, and mechanical processes often lead to the mobilization, generation, migration, and deposition of fine particles, which, in turn, cause formation damage in petroleum-bearing formations. This chapter is devoted to the review of the various types of internal particulate processes that occur in porous media, the factors and forces affecting these processes, and the associated rate equations.
Tetherin Antagonism by HIV-1 Group M Nef Proteins

Although Nef is the viral gene product used by most simian immunodeficiency viruses to overcome restriction by tetherin, this activity was acquired by the Vpu protein of HIV-1 group M due to the absence of sequences in human tetherin that confer susceptibility to Nef. Thus, it is widely accepted that HIV-1 group M uses Vpu instead of Nef to counteract tetherin. Challenging this paradigm, we identified Nef alleles of HIV-1 group M isolates with significant activity against human tetherin. These Nef proteins promoted virus release and tetherin downmodulation from the cell surface and, in the context of vpu-deleted HIV-1 recombinants, enhanced virus replication and resistance to antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Further analysis revealed that the Vpu proteins from several of these viruses lack antitetherin activity, suggesting that under certain circumstances, HIV-1 group M Nef may acquire the ability to counteract tetherin to compensate for the loss of this function by Vpu. These observations illustrate the remarkable plasticity of HIV-1 in overcoming restriction by tetherin and challenge the prevailing view that all HIV-1 group M isolates use Vpu to counteract tetherin. IMPORTANCE Most viruses of HIV-1 group M, the main group of HIV-1 responsible for the global AIDS pandemic, use their Vpu proteins to overcome restriction by tetherin (BST-2 or CD317), which is a transmembrane protein that inhibits virus release from infected cells. Here we show that the Nef proteins of certain HIV-1 group M isolates can acquire the ability to counteract tetherin. These results challenge the current paradigm that HIV-1 group M exclusively uses Vpu to counteract tetherin and underscore the importance of tetherin antagonism for efficient viral replication.
Corporate Misbehavior by Elite Decision-Makers Symposium - Perspectives from Law and Social Psychology: Introduction

Securing employee adherence to work-place rules and company policies is one key antecedent of successful coordination and functioning within organizations. It is important for companies to be able to motivate effectively rulefollowing behavior among employees. This analysis highlights the value of identifying optimal approaches to securing such behavior. In this paper, two strategies for achieving policy adherence and rule following are compared. Those strategies are: (1) the sanction-based command-and-control model and (2) self-regulatory approaches that are linked to activating employees’ ethical judgments. Research findings suggest that, while command-and-control strategies influence employee * © 2005 Tom R. Tyler. All Rights Reserved. † Department of Psychology, New York University. Earlier versions of this paper benefited from feedback during presentations at the Conference on The Role of the Corporation in Modern Society, sponsored by the Sloan Program for the Study of Business in Society (The George Washington University Law School, October, 1999); a conference at the Jurisprudence and Social Policy program (Law School, University of California, Berkeley, April, 2000); a presentation at the Research School of the Social Sciences (Australian National University, December, 2000); a presentation at the Georgetown University Law Center (January, 2001); New York Law School (February, 2001); a presentation at the University of Pennsylvania Law School (March, 2001); a presentation at the Ethics program of the Kellogg Graduate School of Management (May, 2001); the conference on the social and psychological foundations of economic life (Steyr, Austria, July, 2001); and the conference on research methods in corporate law, Sloan Program for the Study of Business in Society (November, 2001).
50. Blake’s the Marriage of Heaven and Hell, Plate 9

(1974). 50. Blake’s the Marriage of Heaven and Hell, Plate 9. The Explicator: Vol. 32, No. 7, pp. 101-103.
The Rise of Family Theory

In 1957, Hill, Katz, and Simpson published a prospectus for an inventory of marriage and family research from 1900 to 1956. A goal of this inventory was “the theoretical organization, where possible, of research findings into a set of interrelated hypotheses and propositions” (p. 89). This article also continued Hill’s earlier work (1951a,b, 1955) of organizing previous research projects by “major conceptual apparatus” (1957, p. 89). Two years later, William J. Goode (1959) published an article on family theory with the subtitle “Horizons in Family Theory.” The content and format of these two articles were dramatically predictive of what was to happen during the 1960s and 1970s in family theory.
Can the actions of child welfare case managers predict case outcomes

Abstract This study examined the effect of efforts made by child welfare case managers to involve parents in case processes on two divergent case outcomes: reunification and the termination of parental rights (TPR). The sample was comprised of a cohort of children who received child protection services while in out-of-home care during fiscal year 2009–2010 and were randomly selected by the Florida Department of Children and Families (DCF) for their case management quality of practice reviews. Findings revealed that when child welfare case managers made efforts to encourage and support parents in participating in child-related decisions and activities, there were increased chances for timely reunification. However, these same efforts were only associated with a lower risk of TPR for mothers and not for fathers. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Kinetic and spectroscopic evidence for reaction pathways and intermediates for olefin epoxidation on Nb in *BEA

The selective epoxidation of olefins with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) over transition metal substituted zeolites is less environmentally impactful than epoxidation schemes that use chlorinated or organic oxidants. The structure and reactivity of reactive intermediates derived from H2O2 and the mechanism for olefin epoxidation on such materials are debated. Here, cyclohexene oxide formation and H2O2 decomposition rates (measured as functions of reactant and product concentrations) and in situ infrared (IR) and UV-vis spectroscopy are used to probe the intervening elementary steps for cyclohexene (C6H10) epoxidation and the identity of the reactive intermediates on a Nb-β catalyst. IR and UV-vis spectra acquired in situ show that the reactive intermediates are predominantly superoxide species (NbIV-(O2)−, observed also by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), which form by the irreversible activation of H2O2 over Nb centers. Similar M-(O2)∗ (M = Ti or Ta) intermediates were previously assumed to form via reversible processes; however, in situ IR and UV-vis measurements directly show that NbIV-(O2)− forms irreversibly in both H2O and acetonitrile. Activation enthalpies (ΔH‡) for C6H10 epoxidation are 27 kJ mol−1 higher than for H2O2 decomposition, while activation entropies (ΔS‡) for epoxidation are 56 J mol−1 K−1 lower than for H2O2. These comparisons show that the selectivities for epoxidation, via primary reaction pathways, increase with increasing reaction temperatures. Collectively, these results provide a self-consistent mechanism for C6H10 epoxidation that is also in agreement with previously published data. These findings will aid the rational design and study of alternative metal oxide catalysts for olefin oxidation reactions.
The association of androgen deprivation therapy and anxiety among 78,000 patients with localized prostate cancer patients.

19Background: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been associated with cognitive and psychological effects, including depression. ADT may also cause an increased incidence of anxiety; however, m...
Abstract 77: CXCR7 Induction, Signaling and Phagocytic Function in Macrophages Linked with Atherosclerosis

The discovery of CXCR7 as a new receptor for SDF-1 places many previously described SDF-1 functions attributed to CXCR4 in question, though whether CXCR7 acts as a signaling or non-signaling “decoy” receptor has been in debate. A recent study demonstrated that CXCR7 is not expressed in normal human or mouse blood leukocytes; however, the potential role of leukocyte CXCR7 in disease states has not been addressed. Here, we show that CXCR7 was detected in macrophage-positive area of aortic atheroma of ApoE-null mice, but not in healthy arteries. Consistent with this, we found that during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation, CXCR7 was dramatically upregulated at both mRNA and protein levels. In addition, CXCR7 induction was associated with a SDF-1 signaling switch from pro-survival to pro-inflammatory pathways including p38 and JNK, which was mimicked by a CXCR7-selective agonist and inhibited by CXCR7-blocking antibodies, but not by CXCR4-selective antagonist. Furthermore, we found that CXCR7 activation by SDF-1 or its selective agonist TC14012 significantly increased macrophage phagocytosis, which was suppressed by inhibiting either the p38 or JNK pathways. We conclude that CXCR7 is induced during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation, which mediates signaling to p38 and JNK pathways, leading to enhanced cellular phagocytic function, thus possibly contributing to atherogenesis.
Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia: A Report of Response to Rituximab

Large granular lymphocytic (LGL) leukemia is a rare form of low grade leukemia characterized by large cytotoxic T cells or natural killer cells on morphological examination. Immunosuppressive therapy is employed as first-line therapy. Treatment options in refractory cases include the anti-CD52 antibody alemtuzumab and purine analogues. We report a rare case that responded to the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab. A 77-year-old female presented with complaints of fatigue, fever, and chills of 3 months' duration. A CBC showed that pancytopenia with an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) was 0. Peripheral blood flow cytometry detected increased number of T cell large granular lymphocytes and T cell receptor rearrangement study detected a clonal T cell population. Bone marrow biopsy showed peripheral T cell lymphoma, most consistent with T-large granulocytic leukemia. The patient was treated with prednisone and oral cyclophosphamide for four months with no response. Thereafter, she received four weekly infusions of rituximab with improvement in her blood counts. A response to rituximab in refractory cases such as ours has been reported and may guide us towards exploring other immune-based therapeutics in this rare disease.
Intraoperative Pathologic Consultation on Hysterectomy Specimens for Endometrial Cancer: An Assessment of the Accuracy of Frozen Sections, "Gross-Only" Evaluations, and Obtaining Random Sections of a Grossly "Normal" Endometrium.

Objectives Pathologic intraoperative consultation (IOC) is a common approach for segregating the subset of patients with endometrial cancer who likely require a lymphadenectomy. Methods We evaluate factors related to the performance and value of IOC, including the accuracy of frozen sections, "gross-only examinations," and obtaining random sections when a gross lesion is not apparent. Results IOC was performed by gross examination only in 17 (8%) of 250 cases, the specificity and negative predictive value of which in diagnosing cancer were 100% and 85%, respectively. Among the 64 cases wherein a gross lesion was not apparent and random sections were examined, a final diagnosis of carcinoma was rendered in 20, of which only three (15%) had a diagnosable malignancy on the random section. The frozen-section/final diagnosis concordance was 80% for tumor grade. Determining the depth of myometrial invasion was problematic, with 36% underestimation and 2.6% overestimation. Conclusions Obtaining random sections in the absence of a gross lesion has no significant benefit, and a negative result is likely to provide inaccurate data to the surgeon. Frozen-section analyses are a generally reliable tool to determine "low-risk" pathologic parameters that were evaluated herein when a gross lesion is present.
Kinesthetic Learning Modalities’ Approach in Understanding Concepts of Hypersensitivities Immunological Reactions.

It is now generally accepted that there are four learning modalities. Auditory learners learn best by listening so lecturing would be the way they would prefer to learn. Visual learners are those who prefer the printed word. They would learn best by reading or responding to the use of an overhead projector type of teaching. Tactile learners learn best by manipulating objects so they would prefer laboratory exercises. Kinesthetic (also known as whole body learners) prefer to learn through physical activities. This is the group of learners who would benefit most by this type of role-playing workshop. There are three basic modalities to process information to memory: visual (learning by seeing), auditory (learning by hearing), and kinesthetic (learning by doing). We tested role-playing modality at College of Pharmacy Chicago State University. This was done during spring semester where pharmacy year 1 students were taking Immunology as a didactic course. The students were divided into different small learning groups of 7–10 students in a class of 90 students and were made to role-play different types of hypersensitivity reactions. The role-playing acts were acted up in front of the whole class and also recorded. Asking Likert-type ordinary scale data analysis questions assessed the effectiveness of this modality and student learning. A statistically significant number of students found this immunology role-playing exercise as a fun and very beneficial activity. Students strongly agreed that this group-base role-playing approach was very powerful in conceptual understanding of hypersensitivity reactions, which is a clinically important and significant immunology topic.
Randomized, Placebo-controlled Crossover Study of Dalfampridine Extended-release in Transverse Myelitis.

BackgroundDalfampridine has the potential to be effective in patients with transverse myelitis (TM) as this rare disorder shares some clinical and pathogenic similarities with multiple sclerosis.Me...
Infectious endocarditis: An update for emergency clinicians

Abstract Introduction Infectious endocarditis (IE) is a potentially deadly disease without therapy and can cause a wide number of findings and symptoms, often resembling a flu-like illness, which makes diagnosis difficult. Objective This narrative review evaluates the presentation, evaluation, and management of infective endocarditis in the emergency department, based on the most current literature. Discussion IE is due to infection of the endocardial surface, most commonly cardiac valves. Major risk factors include prior endocarditis (the most common risk factor), structural heart damage, IV drug use (IVDU), poor immune function (vasculitis, HIV, diabetes, malignancy), nosocomial (surgical hardware placement, poor surgical technique, hematoma development), and poor oral hygiene, and a wide variety of organisms can cause IE. Patients typically present with flu-like illness. Though fever and murmur occur in the majority of cases, they may not be present at the time of initial presentation. Other findings such as Roth spots, Janeway lesions, Osler nodes, etc. are not common. An important component is consideration of risk factors. A patient with IVDU (past or current use) and fever should trigger consideration of IE. Other keys are multiple sites of infection, poor dentition, and abnormal culture results with atypical organisms. If endocarditis is likely based on history and examination, admission for further evaluation is recommended. Blood cultures and echocardiogram are key diagnostic tests. Conclusions Emergency physicians should consider IE in the patient with flu-like symptoms and risk factors. Appropriate evaluation and management can significantly reduce disease morbidity and mortality.
AI and the Ethics of Automating Consent

AI systems collect, process, and generate data in ways that further exacerbate many long-documented problems with online consent, most notably issues of providing adequate notice, choice, and withdrawal to users. The unpredictable and even unimaginable use of data by AI systems is considered a feature, not a bug. Yet this feature creates problems for notifying users as well as assessing when consent might be required based on potential uses, harms, and consequences. This article investigates whether these problems impact morally transformative consent in AI systems. We argue that while supplementing consent with further mechanization, digitization, and intelligence—either through proffering notification on behalf of the consentee or choosing and communicating consent by the consenter—may improve take-it-or-leave-it notice and choice consent regimes, the goal for AI consent should be one of partnership development between parties, built on responsive design and continual consent.
How I treat primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma

The World Health Organization now recognizes primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL) as a unique clinical and biologic entity. PMBCL is distinct from other B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes and has features that overlap with classical Hodgkin lymphoma, including a peak incidence in the adolescent and young adult population, mediastinal presentation of disease, and molecular alterations in JAK2 and programmed death ligands. Because PMBCL is rare, there are few prospective clinical trials to guide therapy, resulting in no single standard of care. Given the long life expectancy of survivors of PMBCL, treatment approaches must balance maximizing cure while minimizing long-term toxicity. In this article, I review my approach to the treatment of PMBCL, incorporating data from adult and pediatric studies, as well as recent advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of PMBCL.
Stem Cells and Lung Cancer

Lung cancer with its more than 1 million deaths per year is the leading cause of cancer mortality for both men and women worldwide. Despite recent advances in current treatment modalities, overall survival rates have hardly improved. Overall 5-year lung cancer survival rate is approximately 15% in the USA and these numbers are much lower in the developing world. The intrinsic resistance shown by stem/progenitor cells following traditional chemotherapy leads to disease recurrence and decreased patient survival and is a major clinical challenge to overcome. Populations of cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been found and characterized in multiple malignancies such as many hematological, breast, colorectal, brain, pancreatic, and maxillofacial cancers; however, this has not fully happened yet in human lung cancer, making such a task a paramount necessity. In this chapter we explore the roles of the main developmental signaling pathways in lung organogenesis and maintenance, together with the issue of homeostatic pulmonary stem cells within specific ‘niches’ in the bronchopulmonary tree. We explain how aberrations inflicted in many of the components of this complex homeostatic machine can lead to the formation of lung cancer stem cells with accumulated permanent mutations that allow them to repopulate their tumors rendering these lesions resistant to traditional cytotoxic treatments, resulting in dismal prognosis and poor survival rates. The aim, of course is to ultimately integrate the knowledge of these mechanisms into tangible tools that can be eventually translated into novel therapies for lung cancer.
A 1 week IGF-1 infusion decreases arterial insulin concentrations but increases pancreatic insulin content and islet vascularity in fetal sheep.

Fetal insulin is critical for regulation of growth. Insulin concentrations are partly determined by the amount of β-cells present and their insulin content. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a fetal anabolic growth factor which also impacts β-cell mass in models of β-cell injury and diabetes. The extent to which circulating concentrations of IGF-1 impact fetal β-cell mass and pancreatic insulin content is unknown. We hypothesized that an infusion of an IGF-1 analog for 1 week into the late gestation fetal sheep circulation would increase β-cell mass, pancreatic islet size, and pancreatic insulin content. After the 1-week infusion, pancreatic insulin concentrations were 80% higher than control fetuses (P < 0.05), but there were no differences in β-cell area, β-cell mass, or pancreatic vascularity. However, pancreatic islet vascularity was 15% higher in IGF-1 fetuses and pancreatic VEGFA, HGF, IGF1, and IGF2 mRNA expressions were 70-90% higher in IGF-1 fetuses compared to control fetuses (P < 0.05). Plasma oxygen, glucose, and insulin concentrations were 25%, 22%, and 84% lower in IGF-1 fetuses, respectively (P < 0.05). The previously described role for IGF-1 as a β-cell growth factor may be more relevant for local paracrine signaling in the pancreas compared to circulating endocrine signaling.
Utilization of a Wide Array of Nonvalidated Outcome Scales in Pediatric Orthopaedic Publications: Can't We All Measure the Same Thing?

Purpose Clinical changes are best evaluated with standardized, validated outcomes, including both patient-reported outcome measures and surgeon-reported outcome measures (PROMs and SROMs). The purpose of this study was to describe the spectrum of outcome measures used in pediatric orthopaedic publications over the past 10 years and to determine the proportion that are in fact age-appropriate, validated, and appropriately applied in terms of condition and population. Methods The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, The Bone and Joint Journal, Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics A and B, and Journal of Children's Orthopaedics were systematically searched for studies including children aged 18 and below, over a 10-year period from January 2005 to December 2014. Economic evaluations, letters, editorials, review articles, and clinical guidelines were excluded. SROMs and PROMs used were extracted, as were details on subject age and condition for which they were used. Each outcome scale was assessed for validity, and the proportion of scales used appropriately was calculated. Cochrane-Armitage test of trend was used to determine changes in PROM and SROM utilization over the study period. Results A total of 4614 articles were identified, of which 2251 met inclusion and exclusion criteria. In total, 259 (11.5%) of studies used a PROM, whereas 326 (14.5%) used a SROM. A total of 230 different outcome scales were identified; 115 were patient reported and 115 were surgeon reported. However, only 18.7% of SROMs and 38.3% of PROMs were applied to an age and disease-appropriate demographic. Overall, there was a significant increase in the overall utilization of PROMs during the study period (P=0.004), but no corresponding increase in pediatric-validated PROMs (P=0.164). SROM utilization did not significantly change over the study period (P=0.337). Conclusions Within the field of pediatric orthopaedics, an expansive variety of outcome scales are used, many of which have not been validated in children. Improved uniformity in reporting of outcomes and use of disease and age-validated outcomes scales is essential to improve multicenter research collaboration and data quality to generate appropriate evidence-based conclusions and treatment strategies in pediatric orthopaedics. Level of evidence Level IV-systematic review.
When the library roars: Tinnitus and the tortured patron

Most university libraries are dedicated to aiding people with disabilities or special needs, including the deaf or hearing impaired. However, there are people who suffer from tinnitus – a malady th...