cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A gender‐based categorization for conflict resolution

Purpose – As the workforce becomes increasingly diversified, it becomes increasingly important for managers to understand the conflict resolution attitudes brought to information systems (IS) by both men and women. This research was designed to investigate assumptions that may exist regarding the relationship between gender and conflict resolution. Specifically, the intent of this study was to compare the conflict resolution strategies of males and females majoring in IS in order to determine if gender‐based differences exist.Design/methodology/approach – The Thomas‐Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument was utilized to assess the conflict resolution styles of 163 traditional‐age (18‐22) students enrolled in undergraduate IS courses at a large Midwestern university. Both ANOVA and t‐test analyses were utilized to investigate the relationship between gender and conflict resolution style.Findings – Results of this study indicate that, when compared with their male counterparts, women are more likely to utilize a ...
MK591, a Second Generation Leukotriene Biosynthesis Inhibitor, Prevents Invasion and Induces Apoptosis in the Bone-Invading C4-2B Human Prostate Cancer Cells: Implications for the Treatment of Castration-Resistant, Bone-Metastatic Prostate Cancer

Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a major clinical challenge for which no cure is currently available primarily because of the lack of proper understanding about appropriate molecular target(s). Previously we observed that inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-Lox) activity induces apoptosis in some types of prostate cancer cells, suggesting an important role of 5-Lox in the viability of prostate cancer cells. However, nothing is known about the role of 5-Lox in the survival of castration-resistant, metastatic prostate cancer cells. Thus, we tested the effects of MK591, a second-generation, specific inhibitor of 5-Lox activity, on the viability and metastatic characteristics of CRPC cells. We observed that MK591 effectively kills the bone-invading C4-2B human prostate cancer cells (which bear characteristics of CRPC), but does not affect normal, non-cancer fibroblasts (which do not express 5-Lox) in the same experimental conditions. We also observed that MK591 dramatically inhibits the in vitro invasion and soft-agar colony formation of C4-2B cells. Interestingly, we found that treatment with MK591 dramatically down-regulates the expression of c-Myc and its targets at sub-lethal doses. In light of frequent over-activation of c-Myc in a spectrum of aggressive cancers (including CRPC), and the challenges associated with inhibition of c-Myc (because of its non-enzymatic nature), our novel findings of selective killing, and blockade of invasive and soft-agar colony-forming abilities of the castration-resistant, bone-metastatic C4-2B prostate cancer cells by MK591, open up a new avenue to attack CRPC cells for better management of advanced prostate cancer while sparing normal, non-cancer body cells.
Antibodies to Mycobacteria in Human Tuberculosis. I. Development of Antibodies Before and After Antimicrobial Therapy

Circulating antibodies were detected before treatment in the serum of 18 of 40 patients with newly acquired tuberculosis and of eight of 12 patients with reactivated tuberculosis by microimmunodiffusion tests with unheated mycobacterial culture filtrate, arabinogalactan, arabinomannan, and a specific culture filtrate fraction. Some patients responded to a single antigen, while others responded to two and at times four or more. Some of these antibodies reacted with polysaccharides, but many reacted with protein. Antibiotic treatment increased the percentage of responders from 46% to 60%0 in new cases and from 66% to 75% in relapse cases and increased the concentration of antibodies. In evaluation of serologic tests in tuberculosis, the effect of prior chemotherapy must be weighed. These microimmunodiffusion tests appear to be specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The significance of antibodies to mycobacteria in human tuberculosis (TB) has long been debated. In this report we present a study of the initial development of antibody in human TB and of changes in the antibody response throughout the course of antibiotic treatment. Fifty-two patients with mycobacterial infection were followed; TB was found in 50, while in two others, organisms falling within the Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare-Mycobacterium scrofulaceum complex were isolated. Antibody was detected by a modified Ouchterlony technique of double diffusion, using patients' sera and native culture filtrate from Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv, special subfractions, and certain purified carbohydrates. In another paper we describe the specific antigens that induce antibody in these patients [1]. Historically, antibodies to mycobacteria have been detected by various techniques. Tuberculocarbohydrates (from undiluted tuberculin) were found to bind to sheep erythrocytes, which could be agglutinated by serum from some tuberculous individuals. In the presence of antibody these same cells could be lysed on addition of complement [2]. Boyden [3, 4] and Boyden and Andersen [5] used tanned red blood cells to bind protein antigens and extended the number of detectable antibodies. Other techniques include using latex particles coated with culture filtrate of the avirulent strain H37Ra or acid-precipitable proteins prepared from the filtrate [6, 7], using bentonite particles sensitized directly with old tuberculin or with chromatographed fractions of whole
A Modular Nitrification Filter Design Based on a Study of the Kinetics of Nitrification of Marine Bacteria

The scope and significance of the problem of maintaining the quality of the water in recirculating mariculture systems is discussed. A quantitative study of the kinetics of important nutrient cycles is proposed as a means of establishing minimum system volumes, optimization of design, and the requisite environmental controls. Significant results in a study of inorganic nutrient nitrogen cycling and toxicity in recirculating systems is reported. A modular filter design suggested by a study of the kinetics of nitrification in marine systems demonstrates how a knowledge of kinetic and chemical factors can lead to more efficient water treatment hardware.
Performance of an aerobic/anaerobic hybrid bioreactor under the nitrogen deficient and low F/M conditions

Abstract A bioreactor system without a biomass-liquid separation unit is evaluated for its chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and biomass retention capabilities under the nitrogen deficient and low F/M conditions that are known to produce bulking biomass. A fully oxygenated stream recycled from an external oxygenator delivers the oxygen to an upflow bioreactor in which a biomass zone is formed and maintained in the absence of gas effervescence. COD is removed with up to 90% efficiency by means of aerobic and anaerobic bacterial activities occurring in the biomass zone. The biomass is bulking which is brought about by the extensive filamentous growth caused by the nitrogen deficient and low F/M conditions adopted. However, the biomass zone is undisturbed at superficial upflow velocities as high as 0.66 cm/min, because it has a porous, mat-like matrix that is augmented by the entanglement of filamentous bacteria with the cell clusters. A low-VSS effluent ( i.e .,
PHOTOADDITION OF ALCOHOLS TO PURINE

— A new photoreaction is described, in which alcohols add to purine. The adducts of methanol, ethanol (two isomers), and isopropanol have been isolated and characterized by chemical analysis, and their u.v., i.r., NMR and mass spectra. Mainly on the basis of the NMR data and using deuterated-purine adducts, it is shown that the addition involves bonding between the α-carbon of the alcohol and the 6-carbon of the purine ring. The quantum yield of the reaction, at 254 ran, is about 0·2 in dry, deoxygenated methanol, ethanol or isopropanol. The reaction appears to be rather general, as shown by experiments on pyrimidine and several other simple nitrogen heteroaromatic molecules. RESUMEN Se describe una fotorreaccion de adicion de alcoholes a purinas. Los productos obtenidos por la adicion de metanol, dos isomeros del etanol e isopropanol se han aislado y caracterizado mediante analisis quimico, ademas de sus espectros de masa, UV, 1R y NMR. Fundamentalmente sobre la base de datos de NMR y usando purinas deuteradas, se ha demostrado que la adicion involucra union entre el carbono α del alcohol y el carbono-6 del anillo de la base. El rendimiento cuantico de la reaccion, a 254 nm es aproximadamente 0·2 en metanol, etanol o isopropanol deoxigenados y secos. La reaccion parece ser algo general, como lo demuestran los experimentos realizados en pirimidina y algunas otras moleculas heteroaromaticas.
Large-Scale Purification, Characterization, and Spore Outgrowth Inhibitory Effect of Thurincin H, a Bacteriocin Produced by Bacillus thuringiensis SF361

Large-scale purification of the highly hydrophobic bacteriocin thurincin H was accomplished via a novel and simple two-step method: ammonia sulfate precipitation and C18 solid-phase extraction. The inhibition spectrum and stability of thurincin H as well as its antagonistic activity against Bacillus cereus F4552 spores were further characterized. In the purification method, secreted proteins contained in the supernatant of a 40 h incubated culture of B. thuringiensis SF361 were precipitated by 68 % ammonia sulfate and purified by reverse-phase chromatography, with a yield of 18.53 mg/l of pure thurincin H. Silver-stained SDS–PAGE, high-performance liquid chromatography, and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry confirmed the high purity of the prepared sample. Thurincin H exhibited a broad antimicrobial activity against 22 tested bacterial strains among six different genera including Bacillus, Carnobacterium, Geobacillus, Enterococcus, Listeria, and Staphylococcus. There was no detectable activity against any of the selected yeast or fungi. The bacteriocin activity was stable for 30 min at 50 °C and decreased to undetectable levels within 10 min at temperatures above 80 °C. Thurincin H is also stable from pH 2–7 for at least 24 h at room temperature. Thurincin H is germicidal against B. cereus spores in brain heart infusion broth, but not in Tris–NaCl buffer. The efficient purification method enables the large-scale production of pure thurincin H. The broad inhibitory spectrum of this bacteriocin may be of interest as a potential natural biopreservative in the food industry, particularly in post-processed and ready-to-eat food.
The relationship between P 700 and NADP reduction in chloroplasts.

Almost all schemes proposed for the electron transport sequence of photosynthesis include P 700 as the primary quantum converter of photosystem I. In the currently popular series-scheme [I] , this pigment is thought to donate, upon photoexcitation, an electron which eventually reduces nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), a cofactor required for the assimilation of CO*. The resulting oxidized P 700 is thought to be reduced by electrons originating in photosystem II. This scheme predicts that electron flux through P 700 will be equal to or greater than the rate of NADP reduction. Attempts to show this relationship yielded exact [2] or approximate [3] correspondence. We recently reported observations on the relaxation of P 700 in intact cells and concluded that the pigment functions in a cyclic photosystem which is only indirectly involved in oxygen evolution and which can be separated from photosynthesis with dichlorophenyl dimethyl urea (DCMU). The results below indicate that P 700, instead of participating directly in NADP reduction, competes with the NADP reducing reaction for quanta entering photosystem II and that magnesium ion affects this competition. We shall conclude that P 700 and the site of NADP reduction are located in different light reactions and that magnesium iorl controls the distribution of excitation to the systems.
Review of the in vitro activity and potential clinical efficacy of levofloxacin in the treatment of anaerobic infections.

Abstract The activity of levofloxacin against aerobic bacteria has been well documented both in vitro and clinically, but its anaerobic activity has been infrequently studied. This new fluoroquinolone exhibits good in vitro activity (MICS ⩽2.0 μg/mL) against many anaerobic pathogens associated with acute sinusitis, bite wounds, and other soft-tissue infections. It is less active against Bacteroides fragilis ( MIC 90 =2–4 μg/mL ) and has poor inhibitory activity against non-fragilis B. fragilis group species that are associated with gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract infections. Levofloxacin does not antagonize the in vitro activity of clindamycin and metronidazole and often provides additive or synergistic activity against anaerobic bacteria with these agents. In pharmacodynamic models, levofloxacin exhibits rapid bactericidal activity at 2–4 times the MIC of anaerobic bacteria. Prolonged killing is observed when the area-under-the concentration-time-curve to MIC ratio is greater than 40. In clinical efficacy trials, levofloxacin has been effective in the treatment of patients with gynecologic, skin and skin-structure, and bone infections involving anaerobic pathogens. Both micro-biologic and pharmacodynamic studies support further evaluations of levofloxacin in the treatment of selective mixed aerobic/anaerobic infections.
Compliance, Knowledge, and Health Beliefs of Children With Phenylketonuria and their Parents

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To examine the association of dietary knowledge and health beliefs of clients with Phenylketonuria (PKU) and their parents with indicators of compliance in PKU management. Previous studies have found knowledge of PKU to be associated with compliance, but no other studies have researched health beliefs and PKU. Individuals with PKU must limit their intake of phenylalanine, maintain an adequate intake of protein, and kilocalories for life. Because the prescribed regimen of an individual with PKU is complex, it is difficult to maintain. The Health Belief Model has been used to predict behavior according to beliefs about health. Fifteen clients, with PKU, 9-18 years of age, and their parents participated in the retrospective study. The clients had a history of poor compliance. Indicators of compliance were compiled from three years of client records. Indicators included: collection of blood levels at specified intervals, blood level being in the appropriate range, regular clinic attendance at clinic appointments, consistent formula intake, and provision of a dietary record. Demographic variables were also measured. A picture page knowledge of foods test and a questionnaire on health beliefs were completed by each client and parent. Results indicated that several of the health belief model questions were correlated to clinical indicators of compliance such as clinic attendance and frequency of blood checks. Knowledge of appropriate foods was very high among subjects. Phenylalanine blood level control was influenced by the distance clients had to travel to clinic. The significant decrease in clinic attendance and blood level control over time indicates a need for more client contact with health professionals. Distance traveled to clinic may be outweighing the benefits to health care perceived in the clinic visit. The possibility of further home health care and incorporating local health care providers is evident in the care of this population.
Toward a research-informed, evidence-based psychoanalytic supervision

Although establishing an evidence base for psychoanalytic practice has become a matter of increasing practical and accountability concern, the establishment of an evidence base for psychoanalytic supervision has yet to be given any consideration. In establishing a more comprehensive evidence-informed approach to treatment and training, the corollary need to build an evidence base for psychoanalytic treatment supervision would accordingly seem an important next step to address. What research supports the use of psychoanalytically informed constructs in supervision? With that research base considered, is there any sort of an evidence base for psychoanalytic supervision practice itself? In this paper, I would like to examine those two questions, giving particular attention to two psychoanalytically derived variables of supervision import: the supervisory alliance and parallel process. Based on research review, data thus far provide a high degree of empirical support for the supervisory alliance as perhaps be...
Finite Element Contact/Impact Modeling Capability of Complex Surface Effect Ship Dynamics: Preliminary Assessment

Experimental tests were conducted on a large scale captive Surface Effect Ship (SES) specimen at the US Navy’s Large Cavitation Channel (LCC) to primarily determine the mechanics of bow finger seal motions. In this paper, preliminary qualitative comparisons between the experimental and numerical simulations comprised of test dependent variables such as spatially distributed channel water elevation, channel water speed and air-cushion pressure are presented.A surface effect ship is an air-cushion supported vessel with two side hulls and fore and aft flexible seals. The side hulls of the SES along with the wet deck, seals and the fluid-water surface constitute the boundary of the air-cushion. An evaluation of the predictive capabilities of the existing technology of a state-of-the-art nonlinear multi-physics finite element code (LS-DYNA) with its arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) technique in modeling the coupled fluid-structure interaction (FSI) behavior of the boundary of a SES with the water surface is studied.The predictive capability of the code to model a single stern seal deployment, a single seal impacting a rigid flat surface, multiple seals impacting a water free surface and the centerline profile of multiple stern seal deployment between two rigid surfaces were verified. Simple numerical models for a five-finger bow seal with partial submergence in uniform current have been developed. Additional features including the mechanism to pressurize the air cushion chamber were included. Preliminary finite element (FE) simulation results show that the robust contact and impact algorithm is shown to capture the physics of the complex flexible body FSI problem well. In view of the good qualitative comparison between the experimental and numerical simulations, the ALE feature is being employed for studying the complex flexible structural mechanics including bow and stern seal motions interacting with air cushion and free-surface hydrodynamics.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
BlinkDB: queries with bounded errors and bounded response times on very large data

In this paper, we present BlinkDB, a massively parallel, approximate query engine for running interactive SQL queries on large volumes of data. BlinkDB allows users to trade-off query accuracy for response time, enabling interactive queries over massive data by running queries on data samples and presenting results annotated with meaningful error bars. To achieve this, BlinkDB uses two key ideas: (1) an adaptive optimization framework that builds and maintains a set of multi-dimensional stratified samples from original data over time, and (2) a dynamic sample selection strategy that selects an appropriately sized sample based on a query's accuracy or response time requirements. We evaluate BlinkDB against the well-known TPC-H benchmarks and a real-world analytic workload derived from Conviva Inc., a company that manages video distribution over the Internet. Our experiments on a 100 node cluster show that BlinkDB can answer queries on up to 17 TBs of data in less than 2 seconds (over 200 x faster than Hive), within an error of 2-10%.
Dkk-1-derived synthetic peptides and lithium chloride for the control and recovery of adult stem cells from bone marrow

It is established that human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) from bone marrow are a source of osteoblast progenitors in vivo and under appropriate conditions, differentiate into osteoblasts ex vivo. Because hMSCs are recovered by iliac crest aspirate and enriched by virtue of their adherence to tissue culture plastic, the cells provide a convenient ex vivo model for the study of osteogenic tissue repair in an experimentally accessible system. Recent advances in the field of skeletal development and osteogenesis have demonstrated that signaling through the canonical wingless (Wnt) pathway is critical for the differentiation of progenitor cell lines into osteoblasts. Inhibition of such signals can predispose MSCs to cell cycle entry and inhibit osteogenesis. Here, we report that synthetic peptides derived from the second cysteine-rich domain of the canonical Wnt inhibitor Dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1) have utility in controlling the growth and recovery of hMSCs from bone marrow stroma. Three peptides corresponding to residues 217–269 in Dkk-1 were each found to enhance the proliferation of hMSCs in culture over 2 days. The most active peptide exhibited agonistic characteristics in that it ablated the proliferation lag observed when cultures of hMSCs receive fresh medium. It also reduced the expression of endogenous Dkk-1 (Gregory, C. A., Singh, H., and Prockop, D. J. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 28067–28078). When the cytosolic level of β-catenin was elevated by addition of LiCl to cultures of hMSCs, the peptide also accelerated degradation of β-catenin on withdrawal of lithium. A second peptide, corresponding to residues 184–204 had preferential and high affinity for hMSCs in the log phase of proliferation. Peptide overlay assays on hMSC lysates confirmed that the peptide bound to a 184-kDa protein corresponding to the molecular mass of LRP6. Cells recovered by this peptide had enhanced osteogenic potential but less chondrogenic potential compared with controls. Because Wnt antagonists increase the number of non-committed hMSCs in culture, they may be of use in increasing the rate of osseous wound healing in vivo by increasing the level of systemically migrating hMSCs. Therefore, such molecules could contribute to the development of a novel family of pharmaceutical agents for the improvement of the healing process in humans.
Effects of sodium sesquicarbonate on dry matter intake and production of milk and milk components by Holstein cows

Forty-six multiparous Holstein cows were used to investigate the effects of sodium sesquicarbonate on dry matter intake, body weight, and production and composition of milk during a 308-d lactation. Diets contained alfalfa silage, corn silage, and concentrate. Composition of diets was changed twice during the 308-d lactation experiment. Diets fed during d 1 to 175 and d 176 to 245 were formulated to contain more rumen-undegradable protein and fat, and less forage than that fed during d 246 to 308. Sodium sesquicarbonate did not affect yields of milk, 4% fat-corrected milk, and components in milk, or percentages of components in milk during the complete 308-d lactation or during d 1 to 175 or d 176 to 245. However, from d 246 to 308, cows fed sodium sesquicarbonate produced more milk, 4% fat-corrected milk, fat, protein, and solids-not-fat than did control cows. Milk composition was not altered. These data suggest that composition of the diet has a significant effect on the response to dietary buffers by lactating dairy cows.
Evaluation of MYC and chromosome 8 copy number in breast carcinoma by interphase cytogenetics.

We used fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to determine MYC and chromosome 8 copy number on whole nuclear imprint preparations of 24 breast carcinomas, seven benign breast samples, and two phyllodes tumors. None of the benign tissues and neither of the phyllodes tumors demonstrated an increased copy number for MYC or chromosome 8, which was defined as greater than two signals in > 10% of nuclei. In contrast, 22 of 24 carcinomas demonstrated an increased MYC copy number. The modal numbers of MYC copies/nucleus were 0–2 in seven cases (29%), 3–5 in seven cases (29%), 6–9 in five cases (21%), and >9 in five cases (21%). An increased chromosome 8 copy number was observed in 21 of 22 carcinomas with MYC gain, and the modal number of signals/nucleus was either identical to (n = 14; 64%) or less than (n = 8; 36%) the number of MYC copies. The number of MYC copies correlated with cellular DNA content, as determined by using flow cytometry. In peridiploid tumors (DNA index 0.9–1.2; n = 7), the MYC copy numbers/nucleus were 0–2 in five cases and 3–5 in two cases. In contrast, the modal MYC copy numbers/nucleus among the 11 hyperdiploid tumors (DNA index 1.3–1.9) were 0–2 in one case, 3–5 in four cases, 6–9 in five cases, and >9 in one case. All three tetraploid/hypertetraploid carcinomas exhibited >9 MYC copies/nucleus. We conclude that an increased MYC copy number, as detected by using interphase cytogenetics, is extremely frequent in human breast carcinomas. However, in most cases, MYC gene duplication is probably secondary to polysomy of chromosome 8 and/or genomic endoreduplication (i.e., DNA aneuploidy). Genes Chromosom. Cancer 18:1–7, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Poor relief and welfare in Germany from the Reformation to World War I

1. Discipline, community, and the 16th-century origins of modern poor relief 2. The rise and fall of the workhouse: poor relief and social policy in the age of absolutism 3. Pauperism, moral reform, and visions of civil society, 1800-1870 4. The state, the market, and the regulation of poor relief, 1830-1870 5. The assistantial double helix: poor relief, social insurance, and the political economy of poor relief, 1830-1870 6. New voices: citizenship, social reform, and the origins of modern social work in Imperial Germany 7. The social perspective on need and the origins of modern social welfare 8. From fault to risk: changing strategies of assistance to the jobless in Imperial Germany 9. Youth welfare and the political alchemy of juvenile justice 10. The social evolution of poor relief, the crisis of voluntarism, and the limits of progressive social reform 11. Family, gender, and (dis)order on the home front in World War I 12. Wartime youth welfare and the progressive refiguring of the social contract.
Investigation of domain wall structure in Gd2(MoO4)3 by Raman scattering

Abstract Raman scattering from a single ferroelectric-ferroelastic domain wall in Gd2(MoO4)3 has provided direct experimental evidence for a thick domain wall (thickness > 0.8μ). Direct observation in a polarizing microscope yields a maximum value of 3μ, thus bracketing the thickness between 0.8μ and 3μ. The scattering from the wall is observed to be typical of the high-temperature tetragonal phase.
Hypoosmotic volume regulation of astrocytes in elevated extracellular potassium

Cellular volume and potassium contents were determined in rat astrocytes from primary culture following suspension in isoosmotic (269 mOsm) and hypoosmotic (136 mOsm) phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing various potassium concentrations. Within 1 min of suspension in hypoosmotic PBS, cells swelled to 135% of their volume in isoosmotic PBS. This initial swelling was not altered by varying the potassium concentration of the hypoosmotic PBS. After suspension in hypoosmotic PBS containing 3.2 mM potassium, a regulatory volume decrease (RVD) was observed. Higher concentrations of potassium in hypoosmotic PBS inhibited RVD following osmotic swelling. Cells swollen in hypoosmotic PBS containing 50 mM potassium continued to swell for 7 min, reaching a volume of 141 % of their initial isoosmotic volume. After 7 min, these cells demonstrated a subsequent decrease in volume. The swelling observed between 1–7 min after suspension in hypoosmotic PBS containing 50 mM potassium was not affected by 10 μM gadolinium, 1 mM quinine, 1mM DIDS (4,4′-diisothiocyanato-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonic acid), 1 mM SITS (4-acetamido-4′-isothiocyanato-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonic acid), 1 mM furosemide, or 100 μM bumetanide. Normal RVD was obtained in hypoosmotic PBS containing 50 mM potassium, if chloride was replaced with gluconate (but not nitrate) to reduce the extracellular K-C1 product to that of hypoosmotic PBS containing 3.2 mM potassium. The volume decrease seen between 7–30 min after exposure to hypoosmotic PBS containing 50 mM potassium was blocked by 1 mM DIDS, 1 mM SITS, or 1 mM furosemide. Cellular potassium content was elevated by approximately 60% after 7 min exposure to isoosmotic or hypoosmotic PBS containing 50 mM potassium. In hypoosmotic PBS, this increase in cellular potassium was reduced with replacement of chloride by gluconate, but not by nitrate. The results indicate that astrocytes swollen in PBS containing elevated potassium concentrations continue to swell, in part, by accumulation of potassium plus chloride mediated by an approach to Donnan equilibrium. Cotransport carriers or stretch-activated channels do not play a role in the enhanced swelling observed in hypoosmotic PBS containing 50 mM potassium. We suggest that a voltage-sensitive chloride channel mediates this continuation of cell swelling. This mechanism may be important in the persistent swelling of astrocytes observed in pathologic conditions such as trauma and seizures where extracellular potassium is elevated, or when other factors are present which may cause astroglial depolarization. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
MapReduce for Data Intensive Scientific Analyses

Most scientific data analyses comprise analyzing voluminous data collected from various instruments. Efficient parallel/concurrent algorithms and frameworks are the key to meeting the scalability and performance requirements entailed in such scientific data analyses. The recently introduced MapReduce technique has gained a lot of attention from the scientific community for its applicability in large parallel data analyses. Although there are many evaluations of the MapReduce technique using large textual data collections, there have been only a few evaluations for scientific data analyses. The goals of this paper are twofold. First, we present our experience in applying the MapReduce technique for two scientific data analyses: (i) high energy physics data analyses; (ii) K-means clustering. Second, we present CGL-MapReduce, a streaming-based MapReduce implementation and compare its performance with Hadoop.
Management of a Potentially Harmful Health Behavior by Clinical Trial

A parent had been giving mega-doses of vitamin E to an 8-year-old child with 21-D trisomy for five years in the firmly rooted belief that this therapy was responsible for the child9s freedom from constant symptoms of systemic and respiratory infection. The design of an unbiased double-blind clinical trial permitted the parent to reach, on her own, the face-saving conclusion that continuation of this therapy was no longer necessary. Applications of this approach and the underlying nonjudgmental attitude to other potentially harmful health behaviors and practices are discussed.
Counterdependence at Work: Relationships With Social Support, Control Beliefs, and Self-Monitoring

Although styles of self-reliance theoretically arise from early attachments, other research suggests the influence of attachment operates indirectly through internalized but modifiable beliefs about the self and others. The present study examined the relative contribution of parental attachment, social support perceptions, control beliefs, and self-monitoring in understanding workplace counterdependence, a problematic style of self-reliance reflective of avoidant attachments. Participants were 184 undergraduate students (mean age = 23.2 years) who worked an average of 29.2 hours per week. As expected, the regression analysis identified perceptions about support, explanatory beliefs, and self-monitoring skills as significant predictors of counterdependence, whereas parental attachment factors were not; collectively these significant predictors explained 41.5% of the variance. The results suggest that difficulties with workplace counterdependence may be ameliorated by interventions that target workers' perc...
Special Section Guest Editorial: Ocean Optics

The subdiscipline of ocean optics is an exciting and equally challenging field, as the scattering and absorption agents in the water, and the water itself, severely limit the range of optical reach when compared to in-air systems. A typical range reduction factor of 1000:1 is often used as a crude estimation of optical range in water. Extending beyond this range often requires dedicated design and postprocessing systems. The same can be said of the preservation of spatial resolution under these conditions.
Multiple routes of pesticide exposure and the risk of pesticides to biological controls : A study of neem and the sevenspotted lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Microcosms were used to illuminate community-level interactions among the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Homoptera: Aphididae), and the sevenspotted lady beetle, Coccinella septempunctata L., after a spray exposure to a commercial neem pesticide. The instantaneous rate of increase (r1) of pea aphid populations was used as a response variable in a 2 × 3 factorial experiment. Microcosms were treated with 100 ppm (mg/liter) or 600 ppm azadirachtin, the active ingredient in the commercial neem insecticide, or with water in the presence or absence of adult or 4th instar lady beetles. We compared our results with those of a previous study where C. septempunctata was exposed to only 1 route of exposure, direct application. Results from the previous study indicated that 100 ppm of the neem insecticide was sublethal ( 0.05) interaction between the predator and the pesticide was detected indicating that the chemical and biological control agents are not working synergistically. Furthermore, exposure to the pesticide in micrososms significantly reduced or completely eliminated oviposition in adult C. septempunctata, and all of the larval lady beetles exposed to 100 or 600 ppm died within 10 d of treatment. Based on these results, we question the value of toxicity tests where only 1 route of pesticide exposure is considered.
Mesozooplankton Responses to Climate Change and Variability in a Southeastern U.S. Estuary (1981–2003)

Abstract Long-term trends and relationships between large mesozooplankton (1.5–20 mm) and the physical environment were used to investigate impacts of climate change and variability in the North Inlet estuary, South Carolina. Biweekly collections (365 μm) from 1981 to 2003 demonstrated distinct seasonal patterns and large interannual fluctuations in abundances. Significant long-term decreases in abundances were observed for total zooplankton and 12 taxa (e.g., Gobiosoma larvae, chaetognaths, and adult shrimps), whereas 14 others, including some of the most abundant constituents, did not change (e.g., mysids, amphipods, crab megalopae, and Palaemonetes larvae). The composition of the fauna was similar at the beginning and end of the 23-year period. A significant long-term increase in winter water temperature (2.6°C) and a decrease in summer salinity (3.2) were determined. Relationships between physical conditions and taxa varied in strength and direction, and most did not agree with their long-term trends....
The Density of Peptides Displayed by Dendritic Cells Affects Immune Responses to Human Tyrosinase and gp100 in HLA-A2 Transgenic Mice

Several HLA-A*0201-restricted peptide epitopes that can be used as targets for active immunotherapy have been identified within melanocyte differentiation proteins. However, uncertainty exists as to the most effective way to elicit CD8+ T cells with these epitopes in vivo. We report the use of transgenic mice expressing a derivative of HLA-A*0201, and dendritic cells, to enhance the activation of CD8+ T cells that recognize peptide epitopes derived from human tyrosinase and glycoprotein 100. We find that by altering the cell surface density of the immunizing peptide on the dendritic cells, either by pulsing with higher concentrations of peptide, or by changing the MHC-peptide-binding affinity by generating variants of the parent peptides, the size of the activated CD8+ T cell populations can be modulated in vivo. Significantly, the density of peptide that produced the largest response was less than the maximum density achievable through short-term peptide pulsing. We have also found, however, that while some variant peptides are effective at eliciting both primary and recall CD8+ T cell responses that can recognize the parental epitope, other variant epitopes lead to the outgrowth of CD8+ T cells that only recognize the variant. HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice provide an important model to define which peptide variants are most likely to stimulate CD8+ T cell populations that recognize the parental, melanoma-specific peptide.
Comparison of language impairment, functional communication, and discourse measures in African-American aphasic and normal adults

We compared performance on language impairment, functional communication, and discourse measures between 33 African-American aphasic patients and 30 African-American normal subjects. The aphasic group performed significantly lower than the normal group on the Western Aphasia Battery Aphasia and Cortical Quotients, Token Test, and ASHA Functional Assessment of Communication Skills for Adults. Moreover, the aphasic group performed significantly lower than the normal group in their quality of language on a discourse task that required telling a frightening experience. Significant relationships between performance on the measures were confined to those that index language impairment. Use of a normal ethnic cohort for comparison with African-American aphasic performance may control for potential ethnic bias in the measures. In addition, use of a discourse task permits observation of grammatical and stylistic features in African-American English that may not be captured or are ignored by traditional language im...
In a cup of tea: Commodities and history among Samburu pastoralists in northern Kenya

In this article, I explore the 20th-century history of Samburu pastoralists through the lens of a particular beverage, tea. In classic anthropological analyses, "drug foods" such as tea have been taken as emblematic of the spread of global capitalism. Tea, however, is a rare example of a commodity that Samburu have adopted as a central component of a self-defined "traditional" culture specifically counterposed to change. Tracing historical transformations in practices and meanings associated with tea use, I consider both the processes underlying its acceptance and their import in explicating broader processes through which Samburu agents have negotiated contexts of change. [Kenya, consumption, pastoralism, food, tea, history]
Optimization-based Full Body Control for the DARPA Robotics Challenge

We describe our full body humanoid control approach developed for the simulation phase of the DARPA Robotics Challenge DRC, as well as the modifications made for the DARPA Robotics Challenge Trials. We worked with the Boston Dynamics Atlas robot. Our approach was initially targeted at walking, and it consisted of two levels of optimization: a high-level trajectory optimizer that reasons about center of mass and swing foot trajectories, and a low-level controller that tracks those trajectories by solving floating base full body inverse dynamics using quadratic programming. This controller is capable of walking on rough terrain, and it also achieves long footsteps, fast walking speeds, and heel-strike and toe-off in simulation. During development of these and other whole body tasks on the physical robot, we introduced an additional optimization component in the low-level controller, namely an inverse kinematics controller. Modeling and torque measurement errors and hardware features of the Atlas robot led us to this three-part approach, which was applied to three tasks in the DRC Trials in December 2013.
THOUGHT GOING TO SCHOOL WITH LIFE? FACKENHEIM'S LAST PHILOSOPHICAL TESTAMENT

Fackenheim declares, for philosophy after the Holocaust "the going-to-school of thought with this life is not a temporary necessity but permanent". The author addresses the questions through an interpretation of the note card Fackenheim clipped into his personal copy of To Mend the World . He suggests that a concern with the question of the relationship between thought and life pervades Fackenheim's thought from his earliest work on Hegel up through what we might designate, with a touch of drama, as this his last philosophical testament. Fackenheim's own philosophical preoccupation with the question of relationship between thought and life can be traced back to his early work. Fackenheim here defines what he means by resisting thinking quite precisely: it is that thinking which ignores neither the reality of Holocaust, the fact that what was inconceivable really happened, nor the truth that what happened in the Holocaust was radically evil. Keywords: Fackenheim's thought; Holocaust; philosophical testament; To Mend the World
Computational study of copper(II) complexation and hydrolysis in aqueous solutions using mixed cluster/continuum models.

We use density functional theory (B3LYP) and the COSMO continuum solvent model to characterize the structure and stability of the hydrated Cu(II) complexes [Cu(MeNH_2)(H_2O)_(n−1)]^(2+) and [Cu(OH)_x(H_2O)_(n−x)]^(2−x) (x = 1−3) as a function of metal coordination number (4−6) and cluster size (n = 4−8, 18). The small clusters with n = 4−8 are found to be the most stable in the nearly square-planar four-coordinate configuration, except for [Cu(OH)_3(H_2O)]^−, which is three-coordinate. In the presence of the two full hydration shells (n = 18), however, the five-coordinate square-pyramidal geometry is the most favorable for Cu(MeNH_2)^(2+) (5, 6) and Cu(OH)^+ (5, 4, 6), and the four-coordinate geometry is the most stable for Cu(OH)_2 (4, 5) and Cu(OH)_3^− (4). (Other possible coordination numbers for these complexes in the aqueous phase are shown in parentheses.) A small energetic difference between these structures (0.23−2.65 kcal/mol) suggests that complexes with different coordination numbers may coexist in solution. Using two full hydration shells around the Cu^(2+) ion (18 ligands) gives Gibbs free energies of aqueous reactions that are in excellent agreement with experiment. The mean unsigned error is 0.7 kcal/mol for the three consecutive hydrolysis steps of Cu^(2+) and the complexation of Cu^(2+) with methylamine. Conversely, calculations for the complexes with only one coordination shell (four equatorial ligands) lead to a mean unsigned error that is >6.0 kcal/mol. Thus, the explicit treatment of the first and the second shells is critical for the accurate prediction of structural and thermodynamic properties of Cu(II) species in aqueous solution.
THE DYNAMICS OF COLONIZING ARTHROPOD COMMUNITIES AT THE INTERFACE OF ABANDONED, ORGANIC AND COMMERCIAL APPLE ORCHARDS AND ADJACENT WOODLAND HABITATS

Abstract Considerable numbers of arthropods were intercepted by Malaise traps at the interface of abandoned, organic and sprayed apple orchards with adjacent woodlands. Low exchange of arthropods was registered between the abandoned orchard and its margins. The data suggest that arthropods invaded the orchards from the surrounding woodlands and subsequent colonization of trees was influenced by orchard management intensity, vegetational diversity and distance of trees from borders. More natural enemies established and remained in the organic orchards than in the sprayed orchard, whereas more rosy apple aphids and several species of leafhoppers invaded the sprayed orchard. A declining gradient in predator abundance on the apple trees was observed from abandoned to sprayed orchards, paralleling a decrease in vegetational diversity and an increase in management intensity. Predators were more abundant on trees close to the woodlands than in the centers of the managed orchards. Herbivores exhibited an opposite trend. The rates at which predators removed prey that were placed on cards in the trees and on the ground were higher in the field margins than in the centers of the organic and sprayed orchards. Predation was highest in the abandoned orchard and in the organic orchard with cover crop.
The PCP Pathway Instructs the Planar Orientation of Ciliated Cells in the Xenopus Larval Skin

Planar cell polarity (PCP) is a property of epithelial tissues where cellular structures coordinately orient along a two-dimensional plane lying orthogonal to the axis of apical-basal polarity [1]. PCP is particularly striking in tissues where multiciliate cells generate a directed fluid flow, as seen, for example, in the ciliated epithelia lining the respiratory airways or the ventricles of the brain. To produce directed flow, ciliated cells orient along a common planar axis in a direction set by tissue patterning, but how this is achieved in any ciliated epithelium is unknown [2]. Here, we show that the planar orientation of Xenopus multiciliate cells is disrupted when components in the PCP-signaling pathway are altered non-cell-autonomously. We also show that wild-type ciliated cells located at a mutant clone border reorient toward cells with low Vangl2 or high Frizzled activity and away from those with high Vangl2 activity. These results indicate that the PCP pathway provides directional non-cell-autonomous cues to orient ciliated cells as they differentiate, thus playing a critical role in establishing directed ciliary flow.
Evolution or Extinction: A Strategy for Nonprofits in the Marketplace

Cet article examine l'evolution des relations existant entre le secteur non lucratif et les entreprises, en particulier aux Etats-Unis. A la faveur de la loi Welfare Reform Act de 1996, l'economie de marche est de plus en plus implantee dans des secteurs traditionnellement devolus au secteur non lucratif, comme la sante, l'education, les services a la personne. L'A. souligne l'echec actuel de l'economie de marche en matiere de couverture de sante (45 millions d'Americains sans assurance sante), mais plutot que d'en tirer des conclusions definitives, il prefere explorer differentes voies possibles de partenariats. S'attachant, sur ce point, aux services a la personne, il decrit differents modeles : fusions, co-entreprises, ou entreprises gestionnaires de prestataires multiples, prives ou du secteur non lucratif. Il evoque ensuite quatre defis poses par ces partenariats : acces au capital, utilisation des technologies de l'information, economies d'echelle, qualite du recrutement. Il souligne enfin la compatibilite de ces orientations strategiques avec la defense des causes initiales