cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding building occupant activities at scale: An integrated knowledge-based and data-driven approach

Abstract Buildings are our homes and our workplaces. They directly affect our well-being, and they impact the natural global environment primarily through the energy they consume. Understanding the behavior of occupants in buildings has vital implications for improving the energy efficiency of building systems and for providing knowledge to designers about how occupants will utilize the spaces they create. However, current methods for inferring building occupant activity patterns are limited in two primary areas: First, they lack adaptability to new spaces and scalability to larger spaces due to the time and cost intensity of collecting ground truth data for training the embedded algorithms. Second, they do not incorporate explicit knowledge about occupant dynamics in their implementation, limiting their ability to uncover deep insights about activity patterns in the data. In this paper, we develop a methodology for classifying occupant activity patterns from plug load sensor data at the desk level. Our method makes us of a common unsupervised learning algorithm—the Gaussian mixture model—and, in addition, it incorporates explicit knowledge about occupant presence and absence in order to preserve adaptability and effectiveness. We validate our method using a pilot study in an academic office building and demonstrate its potential for scalability through a case study of an open-office building in San Francisco, CA. Our method offers key insights into spatially and temporally granular occupancy states and space utilization that could not otherwise be obtained.
Social Science and Policy Analysis

It always seemed that social scientists could contribute a great deal to policymakers. Since policymakers needed information about the likely consequences of policy choices and social scientists were trained to reason and collect information about social processes in careful, rigorous ways, social scientists could reduce the uncertainty about the outcomes of policy choices. This simple syllogism stimulated the development of a large social science establishment and thickened the bonds between policymakers and social scientists. In fact, policy-making processes now routinely incorporate social scientists and social science findings as part of the appartus that determines (and legitimates) policy choices.1
Chapter II : 6 – MEASURED HUGONIOT STATES OF A TWO-ELEMENT FLUID, O2 + N2, NEAR 2 Mg/m3

Measured single-shock Hugoniot quantities are reported for a 1:1 atomic mixture of the elements oxygen and nitrogen in each of two liquid initial states. One of these is the inert equimolar solution O2 + N2, at T ≃ 85K, v ≅ 1.06 m3/Mg; the other is the pure explosive compound nitric oxide, NO, at T ≃ 122K, v ≅ 0.79 m3/Mg. First-shock pressures are in the range 10-30 GPa. The two Hugoniots have common values of specific volumes and energies near 20 GPa; that is, they intersect. This permits a novel test of attainment of steady waves with equilibrium composition, such that a single equation of state may describe the shocked reactive fluid.
“Could They Be Made to See?”: The Educational Legacy of Xiamen to the Philippines

In 1834, Rev. Dr. David Abeel III (1804–1846) wrote a book entitled Journal of a Residence in China and the Neighboring Countries, from 1829 to 1933 (Abeel 1834). In it, he used extracts of another work by C. W. King that was published in 1828. King had resided in Manila, thus the title of his work was Remarks on the Philippines, and on their Capital Manila. King’s book was full of positive outlook regarding the land and its wealth, the description of the people (including the Chinese residents), were however far less positive. Noting that the people were subject to the Roman Catholic priests, Abeel stated: “The city of Manilla [sic]… would be a most advantageous post for missions.
Worldwide Frequencies of APOL1 Renal Risk Variants

Ancestry and Genetic Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease The prevalence of APOL1 variants that confer a risk of chronic kidney disease in numerous American populations who share Western African genetic ...
Chemistry and biology of manganese carbon-releasing molecules containing thiosemicarbazone ligands

Abstract A series of manganese complexes bearing 6-nitropiperonal thiosemicarbazone ligands have been synthesized and characterized. The ligands differ by the alkyl substituent on the amine nitrogen. These complexes, formulated as Mn(CO)3(TSC)Br, where TSC represents the thiosemicarbazone ligand, show very rapid release of carbon monoxide upon exposure to light, establishing them as photoCORMs (light activated carbon monoxide-releasing molecules). The photo-reactivity profile of the complexes have been studied in detail using the myoglobin assay as a detection system for carbon monoxide. Three different wavelengths of light were used: 365 nm (UV), 405 nm (purple) and 435 nm (blue). It was observed that the half-life for the CO release was dependent on the wavelength of light. These half-lives were on the order of 10 to 100 seconds which is very fast for this type of complex. Typically, the half-lives increased with a decrease in the energy of the incident radiation. For the compound bearing the phenyl-substituted amine group, t½ (in seconds) was 44.54, 59.59 and 65.90 for the UV, purple and blue light respectively. The amount of CO released was also wavelength dependent, with higher energy wavelength generally releasing more CO. UV light caused 2 equivalents of CO to be released while roughly 1.5 and 1.0 equivalents were released for the purple and blue light respectively. The biological profile of the complexes were also studied using antibacterial and anticancer assays. Against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, the complexes showed good growth inhibitory effects with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values no higher than 50 μM and as low as 3.13 μM. More importantly, these estimated MIC values were noticeably reduced when the bacteria, incubated with the complexes, were irradiated. All four compounds displayed intrinsic cytotoxicity against HEK293T (kidney) and A549 (lung carcinoma) cell lines, as indicated by relatively efficient cell killing for CORMs without irradiation. Irradiation of treated cultures with short wavelength visible spectrum light augmented these cytotoxic effects.
Pd-Catalyzed Alkene Difunctionalization Reactions of Malonate Nucleophiles: Synthesis of Substituted Cyclopentanes via Alkene Aryl-Alkylation and Akenyl-Alkylation.

The Pd-catalyzed coupling of malonate nucleophiles with alkenes bearing tethered aryl or alkenyl triflates is described. These alkene difunctionalization reactions afford malonate-substituted cyclopentanes that contain fused aryl or cycloalkenyl rings. The transformations generate a five-membered ring, two C–C bonds, and provide products bearing up to three stereocenters with good chemical yield and generally high diastereoselectivity.
Ovarian Mucinous, Brenner Tumors, and Other Epithelial Tumors

In this chapter we cover a wide variety of ovarian lesions. While the majority of the chapter focuses on mucinous neoplasms of the ovary, we also discuss Brenner tumors and cover a wide range of rare ovarian neoplasms that every pathologist should be familiar with. This chapter emphasizes the differential diagnosis of these entities and keys to case workup and diagnosis.
ϒ Measurements by the PHENIX Collaboration

Abstract PHENIX has measured ϒ production in p+p, d+Au and Au+Au collisions at s N N = 200 GeV . A baseline cross-section measurement has been made in p+p collisions. Preliminary studies of d+Au collisions found no suppression in the backward direction, but suppression was observed in the forward direction indicating the presence of cold nuclear matter effects. In Au+Au collisions preliminary studies of ϒ production at mid-rapidity found hints of suppression.
Safety of Transesophageal Echocardiography Performed by Intensivists and Emergency Physicians in Critically Ill Patients With Coagulopathy and Thrombocytopenia: A Single-Center Experience:

Introduction:The use of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) by intensivist physicians (IPs) and emergency physicians (EPs) in critically ill patients is increasing in the intensive care unit, em...
Genotype and host microbiome alter competitive interactions between Microcystis aeruginosa and Chlorella sorokiniana.

Abstract Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs) continue to increase in frequency and magnitude, threatening global freshwater ecosystems and services. In north-temperate lakes cyanobacteria appear in early summer, succeeding green algae as the dominant phytoplankton group, a pattern thought to be mediated by changes in temperature and bioavailable nutrients. To understand additional drivers of this successional pattern our study used reciprocal invasion experiments to examine the competitive interaction between Microcystis aeruginosa, a dominant contributor to cyanoHABs, and the green alga Chlorella sorokiniana. We considered two factors that may impact these interactions: (1) strain variation, with a specific emphasis on the presence or absence of the gene for the hepatotoxin microcystin, and (2) host-associated bacteria. We used toxic M. aeruginosa PCC 7806 (microcystin producing strain), a non-toxic mutant of PCC 7806, non-toxic M. aeruginosa PCC 9701 (non-microcystin producing strain), and C. sorokiniana. Each organism was available free of all bacteria (i.e., axenic) and with a re-introduced defined bacterial community to generate their xenic counterparts. Competitive interactions were assessed with reciprocal invasion experiments between paired xenic and paired axenic populations of C. sorokiniana and one of the two Microcystis strains, each assessed separately. Flow cytometry and random forest models were used to rapidly discriminate and quantify phytoplankton population densities with 99% accuracy. We found that M. aeruginosa PCC 7806, but not strain PCC 9701, could proliferate from low abundance in a steady-state population of C. sorokiniana. Further, the presence of bacteria allowed M. aeruginosa PCC 7806 to grow to a higher population density into an established C. sorokiniana population than when grown axenic. Conversely, when M. aeruginosa was dominant, C. sorokiniana was only able to proliferate from low density into the PCC 9701 strain, and only when axenic. The mutant of PCC 7806 lacking the ability to produce microcystin behaved similarly to the toxic wild-type, implying microcystin is not responsible for the difference in competitive abilities observed between the two wild-type strains. Quantification of microcystins (MCs) when PCC 7806 M. aeruginosa was introduced into the C. sorokiniana culture showed two-fold more MCs per cell when host-associated bacteria were absent compared to present in both species cultures. Our results show that the ability of M. aeruginosa to compete with C. sorokiniana is determined by genomic differences beyond genes involved in microcystin toxin generation and indicate an important role of host-associated bacteria in mediating phytoplankton interspecies interactions. These results expand our understanding of the key drivers of phytoplankton succession and the establishment and persistence of freshwater harmful cyanobacterial blooms.
Abstract 15080: Chronic Mild Sleep Curtailment Increases Markers of Adiposity While Maintained Healthy Sleep Reduces These Measures in Women

Introduction: Over one-third of US adults do not achieve adequate sleep duration of 7 or more h per night. Short sleep is linked to higher odds of cardiometabolic diseases, including obesity. Howev...
Association of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs with Kidney Health in Ambulatory Older Adults.

Background/objectives Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can cause kidney injury, especially in older adults. However, previously reported associations between NSAID use and kidney health outcomes are inconsistent and limited by reliance on serum creatinine-based GFR estimates. This analysis investigated the association of NSAID use with kidney damage in older adults using multiple kidney health measures. Design Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Setting Multicenter, community-based cohort. Participants Two thousand nine hundred and ninty nine older adults in the Health ABC Study. A subcohort (n = 500) was randomly selected for additional biomarker measurements. Exposure Prescription and over-the-counter NSAID use ascertained by self-report. Measurements Baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by cystatin C (cysC), urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and interleukin-18 (IL-18) were measured in 2,999 participants; alpha-1 microglobulin (α1m), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), propeptide type III procollagen (PIIINP), and uromodulin (UMOD) were measured in 500 participants. GFR was estimated three times over 10 years and expressed as percent change per year. Results Participants had a mean age of 74 years, 51% were female, and 41% African-American. No eGFR differences were detected between NSAID users (n = 655) and non-users (n = 2,344) at baseline (72 ml/min/1.73 m2 in both groups). Compared to non-users, NSAID users had lower adjusted odds of having ACR greater than 30 mg/g (0.67; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.51-0.89) and lower mean urine IL-18 concentration at baseline (-11%; 95% CI = -4% to -18%), but similar mean KIM-1 (5%; 95% CI = -5% to 14%). No significant differences in baseline concentrations of the remaining urine biomarkers were detected. NSAID users and non-users did not differ significantly in the rate of eGFR decline (-2.2% vs -2.3% per year). Conclusion Self-reported NSAID use was not associated with kidney dysfunction or injury based on multiple measures, raising the possibility of NSAID use without kidney harm in ambulatory older adults. More research is needed to define safe patterns of NSAID consumption.
Current challenges in microbiome metadata collection

While the biomedical community has embraced data sharing (e.g. results, raw data) and supported establishment of large research consortia (e.g. the Human Microbiome Project) aimed to standardize the quality of important sets of microbiome sequencing data, the reusability of most microbiome data is still limited by the quality of its associated metadata. To ensure that microbiome data is indeed FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable), it is necessary to consider tools and approaches that make it easier to provide high-quality metadata that is fit for purpose moving forward. Such tools and approaches could be informed by current efforts to harmonize and improve the quality of extant microbiome metadata.
The Trauma of Colonialism, European Supremacy, Truth, and Reconciliation

This chapter explores the pervasive and prolonged traumatization of colonialism, European supremacy, and subjugation, specifically in Angola, Kenya, and South Africa; resistance to colonialism and struggle for independence; and truth and reconciliation and reparations as one way to jump-start the healing process from historical trauma.
An Investigation of Memory for Daily Computing Events

In pursuit of computational tools for augmenting computer users’ abilities to interleave multiple tasks, we examined computer users’ ability to identify and recall computing events deemed to be important, both with and without supportive reminder tools. Memory for events occurring during computer sessions was studied both 24 hours after an initial taped session and again after a one-month period of time. Results show that memory for important computing events is fragile and that software tools could be used to augment users’ memories of how they have spent their time while computing. In addition, we observed that approximately half of the events that users identified as important could be identified automatically with available computational methods, and an attempt was made to characterise the nature of the remaining events. Finally, in a probe of alternate designs for reminding systems, we found that users typically preferred to see snapshots of their computing events in a prototype reminder system, without audio, as opposed to a full video version of an event reminder system.
Chartism, Bronterre O'Brien and the ‘Luminous Political Example of America’: CHARTISM, BRONTERRE O'BRIEN AND AMERICA

This article explores the connections between Chartism, the most important popular reform mobilization in nineteenth-century Britain, and the United States of America, a source of hope and inspiration for many British radicals of the period, by focusing on the ideas and publications of James Bronterre O'Brien. The article explains why Chartists admired America's political system and social condition, why Britain seemed to them to be so flawed and corrupt in comparison, and how O'Brien – Chartism's ‘schoolmaster’– used America in his political activities. Despite his key role in Chartism, especially in its early stages, O'Brien's reputation suffered thereafter, and among historians he has attracted only limited interest. His career merits another look. This article highlights in particular the ways in which he endorsed and increased the relevance of America to British radicals.
The Changing Form of the International Law Commission’s Work

Two elements of the International Law Commission’s (ILC) procedure receive relatively little attention: its decision on the final form of its work and its recommendation to the UN General Assembly (GA) on what action the Assembly should take on its completed text. Though infrequently considered (at least in comparison to the substantive drafts it produces), this packaging is significant, as it frames how the Commission’s work will be conceptualized and evaluated upon completion. While the ILC Statute provides the Commission with flexibility in choosing the form and the action that it recommends to the GA, the Commission does not work in a vacuum. Because the impact of the Commission’s work depends on how that work is received (and because the ILC wants its work to be well-received), its decision to produce a certain type of text reflects its assessment of who its clients are and what legal products they desire. In other words, the Commission’s supply is a function of what it perceives as the demand. As this chapter will explain, the form of the ILC’s work is changing, reflecting larger trends in international lawmaking.
Extruded and spheronized beads containing Carbopol 974P to deliver nonelectrolytes and salts of weakly basic drugs.

The purpose of the study was to explore the utilization of Carbopol® 974P, NF, resin in a bead dosage form manufactured by extrusion and spheronization. It was possible to prepare beads in this study by using calcium chloride to overcome the tack problem associated with wetted Carbopol® 974P. The actives included both salts of weakly basic drugs (chlorpheniramine maleate and diphenhydramine hydrochloride) and nonelectrolytes (caffeine and dyphylline) which have a broad range of solubilities. Nonelectrolytes were released faster than the salts of weakly basic drugs. This is contrary to the behavior typically seen with a matrix system where the more soluble drug is released faster than a poorly soluble one. In the results of the present study, the solubility does not determine the drug release rate. Ionic interactions between the protonated amines of the salts and the carboxylates of the Carbopol resin are suggested to be the reason for the slower release of the salts of weakly basic drugs. Data from tack measurements confirm that this ionic interaction affects the behavior of the wetted Carbopol. In addition to the drug release profiles, bead average diameter, roundness, friability, and density were also determined.
SU-E-T-707: Evaluation of the Quality of Organs-At-Risk Dose Sparing in Anorectal and Prostate IMRT Plans

Purpose: To evaluate the quality of organs‐at‐risk (OARs) dose sparing in IMRT plans for anorectal and prostate cancer cases utilizing organ‐based knowledge models to predict OAR DVHs.MethodsThe quality of OAR dose sparing in IMRT plans are evaluated by organ specific knowledge models. The knowledge models are built upon prior expert plans and accounts for patient specific anatomy. The knowledge models predict the optimal OAR sparing for bladder, small bowel and femoral heads in anorectal cases and bladder, rectum and femoral heads in prostate cases. We tested 20 anorectal plans and 20 prostate plans using the knowledge models for quality assurance. The reference dosimetric parameters for each test plan generated by knowledge models are compared with the corresponding actual plan values. The inter‐quartile range of their differences is used as an indication of the quality variation of the dose sparing quality for a specific OAR for each site. Results: The inter‐quartile‐ranges of the deviations between reference dosimetric parameters and actual plan values in anorectal plans are (in percent of prescription dose): bladder D50%: 14.6%, D5%: 7.6%, small bowel D50%: 2.4%, D5%: 5.9%, femoral heads D50%: 11.6%, D5%: 9.6%. The inter‐quartile ranges in prostate plans are: bladder D50%: 2.5%, D5%: 6.3%, rectum D50%: 9.6%, D5%: 3.9%, femoral heads: D50%: 10.9%, D5%: 13.9%. The significant smaller inter‐quartile‐range for small bowel indicates highly consistent dose sparing quality for this organ. The larger inter‐quartile‐range for bladder D50% in anorectal plans compared with that in prostate plans indicates the larger quality variation of bladder dose sparing in anorectal plans and should warrant improvement. Conclusion: Based on the patient specific OAR dose sparing references generated by knowledge models, we found the dose sparing quality for small bowel is highly consistent while there is larger variation in the quality of bladder dose sparing in anorectal plans. Partly supported by NIH/NCI and a Varian master research grant.
Examining small molecule: HIV RNA interactions using arrayed imaging reflectometry

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has been the subject of intense research for more than three decades as it causes an uncurable disease: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, AIDS. In the pursuit of a medical treatment, RNAtargeted small molecules are emerging as promising targets. In order to understand the binding kinetics of small molecules and HIV RNA, association ( k a ) and dissociation ( k d ) kinetic constants must be obtained, ideally for a large number of sequences to assess selectivity. We have developed Aqueous Array Imaged Reflectometry (Aq-AIR) to address this challenge. Using a simple light interference phenomenon, Aq-AIR provides real-time high-throughput multiplex capabilities to detect binding of targets to surface-immobilized probes in a label-free microarray format. The second generation of Aq-AIR consisting of high-sensitivity CCD camera and 12-μL flow cell was fabricated. The system performance was assessed by real-time detection of MBNL1-(CUG) 10 and neomycin B - HIV RNA bindings. The results establish this second-generation Aq-AIR to be able to examine small molecules binding to RNA sequences specific to HIV.
Findlay–Grubert versus Rybczynski: Testing growth hypotheses in classic trade theories using Singapore's industries

In the classic literature of multi-sector small open economy, there are two, competing hypotheses on growth. Findlay and Grubert (1959) showed that productivity growth in one sector affects the factor intensity of all sectors. Rybczynski (1955) presents the long run growth effects of endowment accumulations. Focusing on the most open small economy, this paper tests the two hypotheses directly by estimating the relative contributions at the industry level for Singapore. Results suggest that productivity contributes more in the electronics industry, but domestic endowments matter more in other industries. This paper is also the first to present evidence on the Findlay–Grubert effect by showing that the productivity growth of the electronics industry pushes up the capital-labor ratios of all industries.
Disorder effects in angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy

The effects of compositional, vibrational, long-range positional, and topographical disorders upon the angle-resolved photoemission spectra of tightly bound valence electrons are investigated. In order to take into account the strong potential sensed by the electron in the vicinity of the atomic core, an augmented-planewave final state is employed. With this final state, the interference between atoms in the optical ionization step is identical to that obtained with a plane-wave final state, but the atomic cross sections are those calculated from spherical, not plane waves. The angle-energy dependence of the photoemission spectra of crystalline alloys depends upon the degree of chemical ordering, the concentration, and the atomic photoionization cross sections of each element present. The primary effect of spatial disorder is to weaken $k$ conservation in the optical ionization step, particularly as the momentum of the final state increases. It is found that phonon disorder is not important in the ultraviolet-photoemission (UPS) regime, but it is sufficient to destroy almost totally $k$ conservation in the x-ray-photoemission (XPS) regime in most materials at room temperature. In this limit, the observed angle-resolved spectra ought to reveal the total density of states modulated by atomic-like photoionization cross sections. High-order phonon induced optical transitions might limit the energy resolution obtainable in the XPS regime to a few tenths of an electron volt. Surface roughness is shown to weaken the conservation of the component of the momentum parallel to the surface, possibly even in the XPS regime. Topographical disorder is important as long as refraction of the photoelectron at the surface remains large. It is argued that if the final electron states are very heavily mixed plane waves, then surface roughness and refraction are much more important than when the states are free-electron-like. Photoemission spectra of electrons directed along a crystallographic axis are shown to provide an important test for determining the validity of several recent models for the final electron state.
Effects of a cell phone radiofrequency (860 MHz) on the latency of brain tumors in rats

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if an 860-MHz pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) shortened the latency of ethylnitrosourea (ENU)-induced brain tumors in rats. A total of 1080 Sprague–Dawley rats born of mothers given 6.3 or 10.0 mg/kg ENU intravenously on day 15 of gestation was randomized by ENU dose group into 18 groups of 60 rats (30 males and 30 females). Six groups were exposed to the PRF, 6 groups were sham exposed and 6 were cage controls. The PRF was delivered 6 h per day, 5 days per week beginning at 52±3 days of age. The specific absorption rate was 1±0.2 W/kg average to the brain. An equal number of rats from each exposure group was randomly selected for euthanasia and necropsy every 30 days from 828 rats between 172 and 322 days of age. A total of 252 rats were sacrificed because of the development of nervous disorders or they died spontaneously. There was no statistically significant difference between the incidence rates of brain tumors among PRF, sham or cage control groups in either the serial sacrifice or morbid groups. These results revealed no evidence that the PRF affects the incidence rate (or latency) of ENU-induced brain tumors in rats.
Association of selenium, tocopherols, carotenoids, retinol, and 15-isoprostane F2t in serum or urine with prostate cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort

We examine the association of antioxidants and 15-isoprostane F2t with risk of prostate cancer. We conducted a nested case–control study of serum antioxidant biomarkers (selenium, tocopherols, carotenoids, and retinol) and a urinary oxidation biomarker (15-isoprostane F2t) with risk of prostate cancer within the Multiethnic Cohort. Demographic, dietary, and other exposure information was collected by self-administered questionnaire in 1993–1996. We compared prediagnostic biomarker levels from 467 prostate cancer cases and 936 cancer free controls that were matched on several variables. Multivariate conditional logistic regression models were used to compute adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We observed that there was no overall association of serum concentrations of antioxidants and urinary concentrations of 15-isoprostane F2t with risk of prostate cancer or risk of advanced prostate cancer. However, we did observe an inverse association for serum selenium only among African-American men (p trend = 0.02); men in the third tertile of selenium concentrations had a 41% lower risk (95% CI: 0.38–0.93) of prostate cancer when compared to men in the first tertile. Overall, our study found no association of serum antioxidants or 15-isoprostane F2t with the risk of prostate cancer. The observed inverse association of selenium with prostate cancer in African-Americans needs to be validated in other studies.
A Study of the “Optimum” Hybridization Ratio for SUVs and Heavy Trucks

In conventional vehicles the entire power is derived from the IC engine, so it is obligatory to size the engine larger than necessary for its cruising speed. The engine must be designed to account for peak power requirements like acceleration. This oversizing of the engine shifts the operating point from its efficient zone and this adversely affects the fuel economy and emissions. The idea of hybridization is that a part of the total power required can be replaced by an auxiliary power source, generally a motor powered by batteries. Hence, the IC engine can be designed for average load and can be operated with better fuel efficiency. A simulation tool called ADVISOR (Advanced Vehicular Simulator) is used for this study. The software takes the vehicle input and the drive cycle from the user, simulates the vehicle drive and gives fuel economy, acceleration performance and emissions. In this study, each of the three vehicle platforms (average SUV, full size SUV and heavy truck) is selected and a reasonable power level for that vehicle platform is taken from the data of the current conventional vehicle type. The powertrain is then hybridized by replacing part of the total power by an equivalent motor power and a set of simulations are run in ADVISOR at three different battery charge capacities to understand the effect of on-board charge. A weighted combination of performance and fuel economy results is recorded for each run, and the simulations are then repeated at a higher level of hybridization. The results for a range of “percent hybridization” levels are then evaluated to determine the optimum level. A cost optimization is also done by adding weighted factors based on cost effect of the motor, batteries, and the projected lifetime fuel costs. The penalty due to the weight of the batteries is reflected in the simulated performance and fuel economy of the vehicle, and the space effect of the batteries is also considered. The results of this thesis support the conclusion that parallel hybridization of the drive train could help SUVs and heavy trucks to improve fuel efficiency. Depending on the assumptions made for replacement battery costs and total mileage over the lifetime of the vehicle, the increased initial cost of a hybrid SUV can be justified by the operating cost savings; the benefits of hybridization are even more pronounced for heavy trucks. The “optimum” hybridization percentages are reported for each platform, with and without cost considerations.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Triglyceride biosynthesis in the intestinal mucosa.

The biosynthesis of triglycerides in most tissues is generally considered to occur primarily via the sn-glycerol-3-phosphate pathway. In tissues known to carry out the synthesis of triglycerides, the activity of the glycerol-3-phosphate pathway is relatively constant (Schultz and Johnston, 1971). The second pathway for the synthesis of triglycerides employing monoglycerides as the acyl acceptor was described by Clark and Hubscher (1960) as occurring in the intestinal mucosa of the rabbit. The presence of the monoglyceride pathway in the intestinal mucosa in various species including man has been confirmed by numerous laboratories. The monoglyceride pathway has also been shown to be present in adipose tissue (Schultz and Johnston, 1971). The dihydroxyacetone phosphate pathway for the biosynthesis of glycerides in the intestinal mucosa has recently been demonstrated (Rao et al., 1970). The quantitative importance of this pathway in the synthesis of triglycerides has not been established. For a recent review on the intracellular phase of fat absorption see Brindley (1974).
Abstract A253: Acquired Bcr‐Abl kinase domain mutations are not responsible for persistence of dasatinib‐refractory disease in murine Ph+ ALL

Despite the dramatic efficacies of imatinib and second‐generation BCR‐ABL kinase inhibitors (dasatinib and nilotinib) in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), these drugs fail to provide durable therapeutic benefit in patients with Philadelphia‐chromosome positive (Ph+) BCR‐ABL‐induced acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALLs). In contrast to chronic‐phase CML, deletion of the CDKN2A ( INK4A‐ARF ) tumor suppressor locus occurs in 65% of Ph+ ALL cases. Accordingly, introduction of cultured Arf −/− p185 BCR‐ABL ‐expressing (p185+) pre‐B cells, but not their Arf +/+ counterparts, into healthy syngeneic recipient mice induces fulminant B cell leukemia; virtually every p185+, Arf −/− cell is a leukemia‐initiating cell (LIC). We have now monitored disease progression and dasatinib‐responsiveness in vivo by following the fate of p185+ Arf −/− luciferase‐expressing LICs. In animals bearing high leukemic burdens (simulating the human clinical condition at diagnosis), two weeks of dasatinib therapy induced dramatic reductions in luminescent signals, but all animals harbored persistent, measurable deposits of drug‐refractory cells. The vast majority of BCR‐ABL alleles from these residual cells were free of kinase domain (KD) mutations, but rare leukemic clones harboring the T315I KD mutation, known to confer near‐complete drug resistance to imatinib, dasatinib and nilotinib, were detectable in a subset of recipients. Following several weeks of continued dasatinib therapy, all mice developed clinical relapse preceded by dramatic increases in luminescent signals, both in the hematopoietic compartment and central nervous system. Many of these drug‐resistant leukemic cells now harbored the T315I KD mutation. Animals that had been maintained in remission with 4 weeks of continuous dasatinib therapy quickly relapsed upon therapy discontinuation, almost always without evidence of KD mutations. In this clinically‐relevant Ph+ ALL model, several factors including Arf loss‐of‐function, disease burden, intensity of therapy, and length of drug exposure interact to determine therapeutic outcome and to trigger confluent mechanisms of drug resistance. Critically, while continuous dasatinib therapy efficiently selects for and maintains cells harboring drug‐resistant KD mutations that mediate eventual clinical relapse, most drug‐refractory leukemic cells survive in hematopoietic tissues in the absence of KD mutations during maintenance therapy, implying that mutation‐independent factors sustain LIC survival. We propose that Arf inactivation in Ph+ ALL (but not in CML) enhances the biological ‘fitness’ of leukemic cells and diminishes the efficiency with which targeted therapy can successfully eradicate drug‐refractory disease. This facilitates the subsequent emergence of cell‐intrinsic drug resistance , most frequently manifested as BCR‐ABL KD mutations. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):A253.
Dopamine D1 and D2 effects on fetal mouthing responses to milk

Rat fetuses exhibit prompt responses to an intraoral infusion of milk, including mouthing movements and an increase in motor activity. Two experiments examined the involvement of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in mediating these fetal responses to milk. The D1 agonist SKF-38393 and the D2 antagonist sulpiride diminished fetal mouthing responses. Mouthing responses appeared normal in fetuses treated with the D2 agonist quinpirole or the D1 antagonist SCH-23390. These findings suggest that activity in the dopamine system may inhibit mouthing within 30 s of milk infusion.
Avulsion fractures of the pelvis

Avulsion fractures of the pelvic apophyses are seen infrequently but they show a consistent pattern in mechanism, patient's age, symptoms, physical findings, and roentgenographic appearance. Some disagree ment exists in the literature concerning the treatment of these fractures. This study indicates that early diag nosis and a carefully directed nonoperative treatment program will produce positive results for avulsion frac tures of the pelvis. Twenty-seven cases of acute avul sion fracture of the pelvis were successfully treated in a directed nonoperative program.
Evidence for a new surface state of hydrogen on Ni(111)

Abstract Hydrogen and deuterium were ion implanted into Ni(111) and characterized by thermal desorption spectroscopy. In addition to the thermally populated β 1 and β 2 features and a peak at 250 K from bulk implantation, we have observed the existence of another peak below the β 1 peak (at 306 K for heating rate of 5 K/s), This feature can, under particular conditions, be weakly populated using standard adsorption of H 2 , but is considerably enhanced by implantation. Using sequential implantation and adsorption of isotopically labelled di-hydrogen, we show that the new state is associated with the surface and not the bulk. Furthermore, its intensity is correlated with the presence of a subsurface hydrogenic species that desorbs with the high temperature part of the β 2 state.
Picosecond strain waves in PTV

Abstract We studied the propagation of thermo-optically excited transient strain waves in thin films of PTV by means of the ps time-resolved pump-probe technique. We find that ultrasound at high frequencies (above 10GHz) does not properly propagate through the polymer film. Since ultrasound damping is frequency-Independent in the time interval of up to 3ns, we speculate that disorder-induced localization may be responsible for the high frequency cut-off.
Organization of the gene encoding human prostacyclin synthase.

Abstract Prostacyclin is a potent vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation. Prostacyclin synthase (PGIS), which converts prostaglandin H2to prostacyclin, is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily. We report here the characterization of the human PGIS gene. The gene is about 60 kb long and contains 10 exons. The PGIS gene was assigned to chromosome 20 by analysis of a human-hamster somatic hybrid DNA panel. The transcription start site was identified by primer extension, and approximately 3 kb of DNA upstream of this site was sequenced. The region surrounding the transcription start site presents features characteristic of a house-keeping gene promoter. It lacks a TATA box but is very rich in GC content. Several putative potential binding sites for transcription factors were identified.
The Ursa Major Cluster of Galaxies. V. H I Rotation Curve Shapes and the Tully-Fisher Relations

This paper investigates the statistical properties of the Tully-Fisher (TF) relations for a volume-limited complete sample of spiral galaxies in the nearby Ursa Major Cluster. The merits of B, R, I, and K' surface photometry and the availability of detailed kinematic information from H I synthesis imaging have been exploited. In addition to the corrected H I global profile widths W, the available H I rotation curves allow direct measurements of the observed maximum rotational velocities Vmax and the amplitudes Vflat of the outer flat parts. The dynamical state of the gas disks could also be determined in detail from the radio observations. The four luminosity and three kinematic measures allowed the construction of 12 correlations for various subsamples. For large galaxy samples, the M-log W correlation in conjunction with strict selection criteria is preferred for distance determinations with a 7% accuracy. Galaxies with rotation curves that are still rising at the last measured point lie systematically on the low-velocity side of the TF relation. Galaxies with a partly declining rotation curve (Vmax > Vflat) tend to lie systematically on the high-velocity side of the relation when using W or Vmax. However, systematic offsets are eliminated when Vflat is used. Residuals of the M-log(2Vflat) relation correlate consistently with global galaxy properties along the Hubble sequence like morphological type, color, surface brightness, and gas mass fraction. These correlations are absent for the near-infrared M-log(2Vflat) residuals. The tightest correlation (? = 1.1) is found for the M-log(2Vflat) relation, which has a slope of -11.3 ? 0.5 and a total observed scatter of 0.26 mag with a most likely intrinsic scatter of zero. The tightness of the near-infrared correlation is preserved when converting it into a baryonic TF relation that has a slope of -10.0 in the case (gas/L) = 1.6 while a zero intrinsic scatter remains most likely. Based on the tightness of the near-infrared and baryonic correlations, it is concluded that the TF relation reflects a fundamental correlation between the mass of the dark matter halo, measured through its induced maximum rotational velocity Vflat, and the total baryonic mass bar of a galaxy where bar V. Although the actual distribution of the baryonic matter inside halos of similar mass can vary significantly, it does not affect this relation.
The effect of ramipril on left ventricular mass, myocardial fibrosis, diastolic function, and plasma neurohormones in Maine Coon cats with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy without heart failure.

Background: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common heart disease of cats, resulting in left ventricular(LV) hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction.Hypothesis: Ramipril will reduce LV mass, improve diastolic function, and reduce myocardial fibrosis in cats with HCMwithout congestive heart failure (CHF).Animals: This prospective, blinded, placebo-controlled study included 26 Maine Coon and Maine Coon cross-bred cats withfamilial HCM but without CHF.Methods: Cats were matched for LV mass index (LVMI) and were randomized to receive ramipril (0.5 mg/kg) or placeboq24h for 1 year, with investigators blinded. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) concentration, plasma aldosteroneconcentration, Doppler tissue imaging (DTI), and systolic blood pressure were measured at baseline and every 3 months for1 year. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) was performed to quantify LV mass and myocardial fibrosis by delayedenhancement (DE) cMRI at baseline and 6 and 12 months. Plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity wasmeasured on 16 cats 1 hour after PO administration.Results: Plasma ACE activity was adequately suppressed (97%) in cats treated with ramipril. LV mass, LVMI, DTI, DE,blood pressure, plasma BNP, and plasma aldosterone were not different in cats treated with ramipril compared with placebo(P 5 .85, P 5 .94, P 5 .91, P 5 .89, P 5 .28, P 5 .18, and P 5 .25, respectively).Conclusion: Treatment of Maine Coon cats with HCM without CHF with ramipril did not change LV mass, improvediastolic function, alter DE, or alter plasma BNP or aldosterone concentrations in a relevant manner.Key words: Aldosterone; Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; Brain natriuretic peptide; Cardiac MRI; Delayed en-hancement; Doppler tissue imaging; Hypertrophy.
Control of the blood glucose in diabetes mellitus is it valuable? Is it feasible.

The controversy over whether strict blood glucose control prevents or attenuates the complications of diabetes is still unresolved, but the available data support the value of good blood glucose control. The resolution of the controversy is not feasible at present because of the complexity and financial cost of a definitive prospective study and because we may not presently possess pharmacological agents which can accomplish the goal of long term strict control of the blood glucose. Finally, whereas we regard retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy as valid pathological endpoints, we are not secure in assuming that blood glucose represents the critical measurement for longitudinal assessment of metabolic control. Studies evaluating control based on blood and urine glucose assessments are complicated by the failure of the data to reflect changes in minute to minute regulation. Thus, the relative insensitivity of some of these parameters of control could account for failures to demonstrate a correlation between adequacy of therapy and diabetic complications.
Jewish Women in Fin de Siècle Vienna

by Alison Rose, Austin, University of Texas Press, 2008, xi + 314 pp., US$60.00, ISBN 978‐0292718616 Alison Rose has revised and expanded her 1997 Hebrew University dissertation to produce this 200...
Optical potential calculations for molecular collisions

Abstract The Feshbach optical formalism is applied to elastic, nonreactive atom-diatom scattering on a single potential energy surface. The optical potential depends on GQ, the resolvent of E-QHQ, where Q projects onto open as well as closed channels. A method for generating GQ is developed which goes beyond the free-space approximation by partitioning the radial part of the intermolecular separation into a set of intervals, on each of which the projected interaction QVQ is represented by a constant diagonal form. The resulting GQ is used in calculations on a model collinear system. The calculations are carried out with various approximations on the full nonlocal optical potential equation for Pψ Emphasis is placed on two of these, one of which is characterized by a local homogeneous equation for Pψ, and the other by a local inhomogeneous equation for Pψ.
Adsorption and enzymic activity of chymotrypsin at an n-octadecane--water interface.

Chymotrypsin readily adsorbs on emulsion particles of n-octadecane in 0.01 M phosphate buffer to yield an isoelectric point of the particles of 6.15. Not only is the adsorbed enzyme completely inactivated at low adsorption, but the specific activity of the enzyme in solution is decreased presumably due to autolysis of the adsorbed enzyme followed by desorption of the split products. As the adsorption of the enzyme is increased by increasing the enzyme concentration, the extent of inactivation of the enzyme in solution decreases, and further the adsorbed enzyme itself retains about 20% of its specific activity.
Theories, models, and human-machine systems

Theories and models play important roles in the development and refinement of knowledge. This paper distinguishes between the two terms and illustrates them. A theory of the operator in human-machine systems, posed in the predicate calculus, is developed. Six axioms address multitask behavior and the response to events. A model of the theory is defined set-theoretically. Issues and implications are briefly explored.