cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proton conduction in inkjet-printed reflectin films

Biomolecular proton conducting materials have been touted as promising for seamlessly and directly interfacing natural biological systems with traditional artificial electronics. As such, proton conduction has been explored for a variety of protein- and polypeptide-based materials. Within this context, cephalopod structural proteins called reflectins have demonstrated several favorable properties, including outstanding electrical figures of merit as proton conductors and intrinsic biocompatibility with cellular systems. However, the processing of reflectins into films has typically used low-throughput material-intensive strategies and has often required organic solvents. Herein, we report the preparation of devices from active layers fabricated via inkjet printing of reflectin solubilized in water and the systematic evaluation of their electrical performance. Taken together, our findings represent a step forward in the manufacturing and development of unconventional bioelectronic platforms from the reflectin family of proteins.
Acoustic propagation in a seagrass meadow over diurnal and seasonal time scales

Acoustic propagation in seagrass meadows is highly sensitive to oxygen production through photosynthesis. In addition to gas volumes encapsulated within the seagrass, free bubbles are released into the water column as oxygen diffuses through the plant tissue, affecting acoustic dispersion, absorption, and scattering. Because the oxygen production cycle is largely driven by sunlight, these effects exhibit a diurnal dependence. Previous work explored using acoustics to monitor seagrass photosynthetic activity, but this study presents new results that span both diurnal and seasonal time scales. Acoustic propagation experiments were conducted in a seagrass meadow in a shallow bay on the Texas Gulf Coast. A piezoelectric sound source transmitted frequency-modulated chirps (0.1–100 kHz) over several diurnal cycles, and the received acoustic signals were match-filtered to obtain band-limited impulse responses. Water temperature, salinity, depth, dissolved oxygen, and solar irradiance were concurrently measured with oceanographic probes. Measurements were taken both in winter and summer to examine the seasonal dependence of seagrass photosynthesis and its effect on the acoustic propagation environment. Dependence of the received acoustic signal on various environmental parameters will be discussed with the goal of using acoustics to study seagrass photosynthesis and productivity. [Work supported by ARL:UT IR&D and ONR.]
The New Censorship: Anti-sexuality Groups and Library Freedom

Reviewing every issue of “Censorship Dateline” in the Newsletter on Intellectual Freedom and Journal of Intellectual Freedom and Privacy alongside ALA Office for Intellectual Freedom’s annual reports on censorship and the EBSCO ban in Utah, this article considers reasons for the significant rise in the targeting of libraries by individual anti-sexuality activists. Then the author considers what can be applied from the history of anti-sexuality censorship campaigns and offers possible plans for librarians.
La técnica del fluir de la conciencia joyceana como característica integral del canon literario argentino del siglo XX

The experimentation with the stream of consciousness technique within the Argentine literary production throughout the 20th century is a focus of study that needs deeper exploration. The present article proposes a look at this field through an investigation of the impact of Ulysses, by James Joyce, in the works of Borges, Marechal, Cortazar and Saer, with particular attention toward an assembly of specific characteristics: the use of fragmented sentences, parataxis, free association, unexpected grammatical use, the extension of the present moment, and wordplay. This analysis hopes to contribute to the study of the evolution of Joycean techniques in Argentine and Latin American literature.
Non-destructive quantification of anaerobic gut fungi and methanogens in co-culture reveals increased fungal growth rate and changes in metabolic flux relative to mono-culture

BACKGROUND Quantification of individual species in microbial co-cultures and consortia is critical to understanding and designing communities with prescribed functions. However, it is difficult to physically separate species or measure species-specific attributes in most multi-species systems. Anaerobic gut fungi (AGF) (Neocallimastigomycetes) are native to the rumen of large herbivores, where they exist as minority members among a wealth of prokaryotes. AGF have significant biotechnological potential owing to their diverse repertoire of potent lignocellulose-degrading carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), which indirectly bolsters activity of other rumen microbes through metabolic exchange. While decades of literature suggest that polysaccharide degradation and AGF growth are accelerated in co-culture with prokaryotes, particularly methanogens, methods have not been available to measure concentrations of individual species in co-culture. New methods to disentangle the contributions of AGF and rumen prokaryotes are sorely needed to calculate AGF growth rates and metabolic fluxes to prove this hypothesis and understand its causality for predictable co-culture design. RESULTS We present a simple, microplate-based method to measure AGF and methanogen concentrations in co-culture based on fluorescence and absorbance spectroscopies. Using samples of < 2% of the co-culture volume, we demonstrate significant increases in AGF growth rate and xylan and glucose degradation rates in co-culture with methanogens relative to mono-culture. Further, we calculate significant differences in AGF metabolic fluxes in co-culture relative to mono-culture, namely increased flux through the energy-generating hydrogenosome organelle. While calculated fluxes highlight uncertainties in AGF primary metabolism that preclude definitive explanations for this shift, our method will enable steady-state fluxomic experiments to probe AGF metabolism in greater detail. CONCLUSIONS The method we present to measure AGF and methanogen concentrations enables direct growth measurements and calculation of metabolic fluxes in co-culture. These metrics are critical to develop a quantitative understanding of interwoven rumen metabolism, as well as the impact of co-culture on polysaccharide degradation and metabolite production. The framework presented here can inspire new methods to probe systems beyond AGF and methanogens. Simple modifications to the method will likely extend its utility to co-cultures with more than two organisms or those grown on solid substrates to facilitate the design and deployment of microbial communities for bioproduction and beyond.
Between Nuance and Rigor: Contextualizing and Measuring SNS Desired Privacy Level

Privacy concern is difficult to measure without adequate context. We describe our approach to developing a contextualized measure for Social Network Site privacy that we have used to explore the relationship between desired privacy and actual behavior.
Information Content of the SEASAT SMMR Brightness Temperatures for Sea Surface Temperature Retrieval

One of the missions of the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) on board both SEASAT and Nimbus 7 (Gloersen and Barath, 1977) is to allow estimation of global sea surface temperatures in almost all weather conditions. This is based on the assumption that measurements made at five different frequencies (6.6, 10.7, 18, 21 and 37 GHz) in two polarizations, provide enough information about surface and atmospheric properties to derive sea surface temperature from combinations of these measurements. Since the 6.6 GHz frequency, which is the most heavily weighted for sea surface temperature (SST) retrievals, 1) is very sensitive to various error sources and 2) has a very large field of view, it was expected that evaluations of SMMR derived SST through comparisons with buoy or ship measurements would provide only fair results. In fact, recent results (JASIN workshop, 1980) show that when some editing of results is performed, comparisons with AXBT measurements in the western Pacific provide an rms accuracy of about 1.5°K. An alternative approach to evaluate the quality of the SMMR measurements for sea surface temperature retrievals is to study fields of brightness temperature and/or derived SST and compare them with SST fields made from in situ measurements. However this also has some limitations because most of the time the available SST fields have been obtained from measurements made by ship of opportunity, and therefore gaps exist in the data which must be filled by climatological data.
Neurobiological correlates of defensive behaviors.

In an attempt to understand the basic neural mechanisms underlying psychiatric conditions involving fear and anxiety, this chapter is focused on identifying the ontogeny and neural substrates of defensive behaviors. Defensive behaviors are exhibited by a wide array of species, including rats, non-human primates, and humans in response to perceived threats from the environment, and are essential components of an organism's behavioral repertoire that ensure its protection and survival. Although the specific behavioral responses that comprise “defensive behaviors” are dependent on the environmental context and vary from species to species, a common element that unites this cross-species phenomenon is that defensive behaviors represent an organism's behavioral response to fear. For example, vertebrates have evolved defensive behavioral responses that facilitate survival from threatening stimuli, such as predators. Because defensive behaviors are expressed in response to an immediate threat, they characteristically supercede and interrupt the expression of other normal homeostatic behaviors, such as feeding and reproduction that the organism may be engaging in at the time of the perceived threat. One defensive response pattern expressed by many species is to inhibit all body movements and assume an immobile or freezing posture. This phenomenon of behavioral inhibition is effective in preventing detection and attack by predators, may have special relevance for understanding psychopathology, and is discussed in detail in this chapter.
Imagery neurons in the human brain

Vivid visual images can be voluntarily generated in our minds in the absence of simultaneous visual input. While trying to count the number of flowers in Van Gogh's Sunflowers, understanding a description or recalling a path, subjects report forming an image in their "mind's eye". Whether this process is accomplished by the same neuronal mechanisms as visual perception has long been a matter of debate. Evidence from functional imaging, psychophysics, neurological studies and monkey electrophysiology suggests a common process, yet there are patients with deficits in one but not the other. Here we directly investigated the neuronal substrates of visual recall by recording from single neurons in the human medial temporal lobe while the subjects were asked to imagine previously viewed images. We found single neurons in the hippocampus, amygdala, entorhinal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus that selectively altered their firing rates depending on the stimulus the subjects were imagining. Of the neurons that fired selectively during both vision and imagery, the majority (88%) had identical selectivity. Our study reveals single neuron correlates of volitional visual imagery in humans and suggests a common substrate for the processing of incoming visual information and visual recall.
The Body as Commodity: The Use of Markets to Cure the Organ Deficit

Debate has long swirled around the question of what rights, if any, persons have to dispose of their bodies and body parts. The recognition or creation of such rights could lead to ethical dilemmas. For example, if disposal rights are created or recognized, bodies and their parts may become commercialized, thereby resulting in human rights violations. A gross manifestation of this problem arose in early nineteenth-century England. There the use of cadavers for teaching anatomy in medical schools led to the infamous "body-snatching" scandals to supply the trade with human corpses.2 The market created resulted not only in the theft of dead bodies, but also served as a catalyst for murders; the infamous William Burke, who lived in a lodging house in Edinburgh, murdered sixteen of his guests over a period of one year and sold their bodies to the local medical school.3
A Law & Economics Perspective on a 'Traditional' Torts Case: Insights for Classroom and Courtroom

This article is from a symposium, "Five Approaches to Legal Reasoning in the Classroom: Contrasting Perspectives on O'Brien v. Cunard S.S. Co. Ltd.," 57 Missouri L. Rev. 345 (1992). The symposium contains five articles that analyze this case from, respectively, traditionalist, Law & Economics, Critical Legal Studies, Feminist, and Critical Race Theories perspectives. This article analyzes the O'Brien case from a Law & Economics perspective. It does so in a manner suitable for presentation in a Torts class or a Law & Economics class. It explains the basic terminology and approach. It analyzes the economics underlying the vaccination requirement, whether Cunard should be liable for its physician's negligence, and the informed consent/battery issues. Its analysis includes the possible effects of various Tort decision rules on behavior modification, and it also analyzes the distributive effects of these rules on all parties involved. It does this for both the short term and the long term. It undertakes this analysis with the goal of introducing the Law & Economics approach to legal reasoning to law students.
Complexity analysis of a transfer center

Patient throughput and the reduction of wait times for care are critical to improve patient outcomes in life-threatening emergencies. The concept of patient throughput underpins many wait time improvement techniques currently being implemented by healthcare providers across the industry as well as at Indiana University (IU) Health. Without the ability to implement effective patient throughput process improvement solutions, healthcare providers will struggle to reduce wait times and meet strategic goals of improved patient outcomes. IU Health launched its first patient transfer program between intensive care units. A level 1 vascular emergency program in August 2009; the initiative was soon complemented by other patients transfer programs. The success of the program showed a significant drop in median emergency department-to-operating room time, reductions in time spent at referring hospitals and in transit. Despite the successes, the program is left with increasing demand (volume & acuity) and a need for interactive care pathway or delivery of care solutions to streamline the patient throughput and to adequately measure impacts on patient outcomes and capacity management. The paper will present a preliminary analysis of (1) observations of current workflows and their complexity, and (2) based on the observations suggest patient throughput simulation in order to identify bottlenecks and test potential solutions and protocols before actually implementing them in practice.
Identification and characterization of SRS1, a Toxoplasma gondii surface antigen upstream of and related to SAG1

Previous investigations of the major surface antigen (SAG1) promoter of Toxoplasma gondii indicated an ability to function bi-directionally in transient transformation assays at least. This suggests there might be another tachyzoite-specific gene being divergently transcribed from the SAG1 promoter in its normal chromosomal location. To investigate this possibility we have characterized the region upstream of SAG1 and report here a co-directional transcription unit coding for a probable GPI-anchored surface protein with homology to SAG1 and SAG3. This antigen, which had not previously been identified in surface iodination experiments is given the acronym SRS1, for SAG1-related sequence 1. Genomic organization and sequence of a full-length cDNA of SRS1 are presented. Antisera against a recombinant SRS1 protein produced in Escherichia coli, recognize a specific band of 46 kDa in parasite lysates which corresponds to the largest of the GPI-anchored proteins by Western blot. The possible role of this previously unidentified surface antigen is discussed.
Phylogeography of Coptotermes gestroi and Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Taiwan

ABSTRACT The Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), is primarily reported from subtropical and warm temperate regions, whereas Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) is reported from many areas of the tropics. Taiwan is one of a few areas where the distributions of the two species overlap. By analyzing partial mitochondrial sequences of COII, 12S rRNA, and 16S rRNA, we found that most Taiwanese C. formosanus populations were closely related to Japanese and some Chinese populations and that Taiwanese C. gestroi populations were most closely related to those from the Philippines and Hawaii rather than populations from Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. The intraspecific variation of C. formosanus was 0.7–0.8% for three genes among seven Taiwanese populations, whereas all Taiwanese C. gestroi populations had identical sequences. The results support that Taiwan may be a center of origin for C. formosanus, but a recent introduction site for C. gestroi.
Real-time modeling of multi-level megawatt class power converters for Hardware-In-the-Loop testing

Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) testing using real-time simulation allows system designers to lower risks associated with system integration of new technology. Controller HIL (CHIL) is used here to verify the controller platform of a 15 MW amplifier that will be used as a grid simulator in Power HIL (PHIL) configuration. This allows elements of a smart electrical distribution system to be tested in an anticipated power system in a controlled laboratory environment. Details include a description of CHIL testing with simulation results and experimental results of the hardware implementation with open circuit measurements at the 24 kV experimental bus.
Some Aspects of Radiation Safety at the Holifield Heavy Ion Facility

A new 25-MV tandem accelerator will be combined with the existing Oak Ridge Isochronous Cyclotron (ORIC). This facility will be capable of providing useful beams of heavy ions with masses up to A = 160 for nuclear physics research. A discussion of past radiation exposure problems at ORIC as well as a projection of exposures that will occur when the new accelerator comes on line are given. The radiation safety system for the new facility is described and a brief safety analysis of the new insulation gas system for the tandem will be given.
Crack-tip behaviors of stationary and growing cracks in Al-Fe-X alloys: Part II. Crack opening profile

The crack opening behaviors of monotonically loaded stationary and growing cracks in Al-Fe-X alloys have been examined using the stereoimaging technique. Crack opening displacements (COD’s) have been measured as a function of distance behind the crack tip at different load levels. By comparing with existing asymptotic solutions, the experimental COD results confirm the dominance of the HRR (Hutchinson,[4,6] and Rice and Rosengren[5]) singularity in a stationary crack, the logarithmic singularity in a growing crack, and the transition from the HRR to the logarithmic singularity when a stationary crack extends by a small increment. In addition to the In (r) singularity, experimental evidence suggests the presence of a In2 (r) singularity in plane stress cracks growing into intense shear bands.
Addition of metallo enolates to 1-acylpyridinium salts. A short synthesis of (±)-epi-lupinine

Abstract A synthesis of (±)- epi -lupinine was accomplished via the addition of the zinc enolate of ethyl 5-chlorovalerate to 1-(methoxycarbonyl)-4-trimethylstannylpyridinium chloride.
Polymer–polymer interactions via analog calorimetry. 2. Blends of polystyrene with bisphenol‐A polycarbonate and tetramethyl bisphenol‐A polycarbonate

Analog calorimetry is used as a tool to study the interaction of polystyrene, PS, with bisphenol-A polycarbonate, PC, and with tetramethyl bisphenol-A polycarbonate, TMPC. Electrostatic charge calculations were used as a guide to divide polymer repeat units and analogs into groups. A mean-field binary interaction model was used to evaluate group interaction energies. The enthalpic interaction energy obtained from this study for the PS-PC pair is 0.41 ± 0.13 cal/cm3 while that for the PS-TMPC pair is 0.19 ± 0.34 cal/cm3. The result for PS-PC blends is in good agreement with values obtained from studies using the critical molecular weight approach and the phase behavior of copolymer blends. The value for PS-TMPC does not correctly predict the phase behavior of this blend; however, its standard deviation (on both an absolute and relative basis) is large and the range of possible interaction energies includes the negative values obtained from neutron scattering. The results of this study indicate that the presence of methyl groups on the aromatic ring of TMPC repeat unit is the main factor favoring the miscibility of PS-TMPC blends. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nonstationary, band-like spatial patterns of phase conjugate emission generated by a self-pumped BaTiO3 phase conjugator

Abstract Spatio-temporal dynamical behaviors in a self-pumped BaTiO 3 phase conjugator are studied at 632.8 nm. “Band-like” phase conjugate patterns are observed for self-pulsating states. Possible mechanism responsible for the phenomena is discussed.
Commercial testing and optimization studies of the surface pasteurization process of chicken

The performance of the surface pasteurization process to reduce the bacteria levels on the surface of chicken was tested on carcasses received from federally inspected commercial processing plants. These tests were made with carcasses that had been chilled and shipped overnight with ice packs. The tests and follow-up experiments showed the visceral cavity was not treated as effectively as the outside. A second series of tests with chicken halves which eliminated the difficulty with the cavity, produced significant kills in E. coli, coliform, and total aerobic plate counts. Further research with chicken purchased at the supermarket established optimum process conditions as initial vacuum of 0.1 s, steam at 138C for 0.1 s, and final vacuum of 0.5 s. At these conditions, for half carcasses, bacteria kills for E. coli, coliforms, and APC generally ranged from approximately 0.5 to 1.0 log cfu/mL. The process is being modified to assure adequate treatment of the cavity.
The transformation of European social democracy

This book explains the contrasting strategies and their electoral fortunes of social democratic parties in the major European democracies in the 1970s and 1980s. Going beyond approaches that focus on the influence of class structure and political economic institutions, The Transformation of European Social Democracy analyses the party's competitive situation in the electoral arena, the constraints and opportunities of party organisation, and the role of ideological legacies to explain the strategic choices social democratic parties have made and the electoral results they have achieved. Far from being doomed to decline, social democracy's success depends on its ability to transform its political message and to construct new electoral coalitions.
Solubilization and partial characterization of fatty acyl-CoA:sphingosine acyltransferase (ceramide synthetase) from rat liver and brain.

Abstract Lignoceroyl-CoA:sphingosine lignoceroyltransferase, which catalyzes synthesis of lignoceroylsphingosine, the ceramide that is a major component of sphingolipids in mammalian tissues, has been solubilized from microsomes of rat brain and liver and partially purified. The microsomes were treated with 1 M sodium thiocyanate in N , N -bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine (Bicine) buffer containing 20% glycerol. The supernatant fraction obtained after centrifugation was fractionated by Sepharose CL −4 B gel filtration. The ceramide synthetase activity was recovered in a small fraction containing high molecular weight proteins. Analysis of proteins and lipids indicated that the fraction was not simply a fragment of microsomes. The activity for synthesis of lignoceroylsphingosine, which is abundant in nervous system, was compared with that for the synthesis of stearoylsphingosine, which is more enriched in extraneural sphingolipids, in brain and liver microsomes. Despite the difference in relative abundance of molecular species of ceramides in these tissues, the activity for lignoceroylsphingosine synthesis was not more enriched in brain than in liver.
The role of platelet-activating factor in asthma.

There is a large body of in vitro, animal, and now human data that provide strong support for PAF as being an important mediator of asthma and airway hyperreactivity. Unfortunately, there is little direct, unequivocal evidence that this is so. Direct evidence will come from studies that test the effectiveness of potent, nontoxic, PAF receptor antagonists in patients with asthma. Another issue that needs to be addressed is the mechanism by which PAF produces bronchoconstriction and, in particular, airway hyperreactivity. Studies exploring the effect of PAF on inflammatory cell populations and functions in the lung, on other mediators (i.e., leukotrienes), and on the nonadrenergic, noncholinergic nervous system in human subjects are needed. Finally, identification of the basis for the variable response to PAF in normal subjects and in patients with asthma should provide further insight into PAF's mechanism of action and the pathogenesis of asthma and airway hyperreactivity.
Two Traditions, One Space: Orthodox Christians and Muslims in Dialogue

The Eastern Orthodox Church has encountered Islam from the first decades of its appearance and they interacted in a variety of ways. Most frequently the meeting took the form of polemical clash and confrontation. However, in the many centuries of silent coexistence, it was often expressed in a concrete form of dialogue that sought to define the differences and the positions of the two religious forms and experiences. The present study focuses on the contemporary academic dialogues between Orthodox Christianity and Islam which began in the spring of 1985 at Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology in Brookline, MA. These dialogues were initiated by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and further meetings were held under its auspices in Chambesy, Constantinople (Istanbul), Athens, and Amman. This article presents the issues discussed, pointing to the fact that peaceful coexistence and justice may only prevail on a basis of mutual knowledge and understanding of the other.
Electrically isolated nanostructures fabricated using self-assembled multilayers and a novel negative-tone bi-layer resist stack

We create metal nanoelectrode structures with precise proximal placement by blending traditional top-down and bottom-up lithography. Multiple levels of conventional lithography are used in combination with self-assembled multilayer resists (molecular rulers) to generate metallic electrode structures with nanoscale spacings. These multilayers are deposited on initial lithographic gold electrode structures forming a type of lift-off resist used to fabricate proximally placed secondary metal structures with nanometer-scale resolution. By controlling the thicknesses of these multilayers, selective self-assembly is exploited to generate molecular ruler resists, enabling the creation of tailored nanogaps in the 10-50nm regime. The ability to fabricate electrically isolated nanoelectrodes would enable reliable measurement of the conducting properties of single molecules, nanoparticles and other low-dimensional materials. This paper outlines a new process using a lift-off resist (LOR)/SU-8 negative-tone bi-layer stack to improve the yield of nanoelectrodes. SU-8 finds application in a variety of fabrication techniques, but is difficult to release from the substrate. The LOR/SU-8 process that we have developed possesses the following additional advantages: easy chemical removal of the resist stack with the LOR acting as a release layer, creation of metal lift-off patterns with near-vertical sidewalls, and the ability to withstand chemical processing.
Renal Metabolism of β2-Microglobulin

beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2M) is a protein of 11,800 daltons which occurs in the plasma of normal individuals at concentrations of approximately 2 microgram/ml. It is presumed to be relatively freely filterable. More than 99% of the filtered beta 2M is taken up by an active reabsorptive mechanism and catabolized by the renal tubule. The data presented here demonstrate that renal extraction is only slightly diminished by complete ureteral obstruction. The renal extraction of beta 2M is greater than can be accounted for by filtration alone. These data indicate that some uptake of beta 2M occurs from the peritubular capillary circulation. The loading of animals with beta 2M is associated with a marked tubular proteinuria suggesting that this protein may play a part in inducing tubular injury.
Binding performance at language design time

An important research goal in software engineering and programming languages is the development of principles underlying the specification of computable problems, the translation of these problems into efficient and correct programs, and the performance analysis of these programs. This paper uncovers some of these principles, which are used to design a problem specification language L1 restricted to problems that can be compiled automatically into programs whose worst case asymptotic time and space complexities are linear in the input/output space. Any problem expressible in L1 can be compiled into a linear cost program. A compiler for L1 has been implemented in the RAPTS transformational programming system.
A method to evaluate tracer kinetics in small laboratory animals using a series of thermoluminescent dosimeters.

Miniature detector probes have previously been used in large animal models to investigate myocardial 201Tl clearance kinetics. The results of these studies helped develop clinical imaging protocols that greatly improved the accuracy of thallium scintigraphy. However, miniature detector probes are too large to be used in small animals. Thus, if a method could be developed to measure regional time activity curves in small animals, it would provide a cost‐effective alternative to both experiments in large animals and/or multiple experiments at varying time points that can produce results only by postmortem analysis of several animals. Accordingly, we developed a method to measure a regional time activity curve of a tracer in rabbits by using a series of thin thermoluminescent dosimeters [CaF2(dopant)TLDs, 1 mm thick] placed on the surface of the myocardium. Background contributions associated with high blood pool activity are modeled and then subtracted from the initial TLD response. To validate and illustrate this method, thallium kinetics were determined for nonischemic rabbit myocardium (n=6). Myocardial thallium concentration decreased monoexponentially with a mean half‐time equal to 396±141 min. Arterial blood activity decreased triexponentially with a final half‐time of 243±73 min. No significant difference was found when the myocardial half‐time was compared to the final arterial half‐time. These findings are consistent with previous work using a cadmium telluride probe in a canine model. Therefore, TLD analysis can provide a cost‐effective, reliable, and reproducible method to measure regional myocardial clearance kinetics.
FACULTY ATTRITION AMONG THREE SPECIALTIES

Study objectives: To survey faculty attrition in emergency medicine and compare it with faculty attrition in the specialties of orthopedic surgery and cardiology. Design: Chairmen of the three departments were surveyed regarding faculty attrition, work hours, and motivation for leaving. Those emergency physicians having left also were surveyed. Main results: Responses were obtained from 67 of 68 emergency medicine programs, 53 of 58 orthopedic programs, and 47 of 54 cardiology programs. Overall, there were 670 total faculty in emergency medicine, of which 67 (10%) left their positions during 1988 — 38 to enter private practice, 18 to take another academic position, and 11 to do something unidentified. There was no difference in faculty attrition among the three specialties or in what the physicians left to do ( P = .75). Both the orthopedists and the cardiologists worked more total hours each week ( P = .001) but fewer night hours ( P = .03) than the emergency physicians. Among the 67 emergency medicine programs, 28 reported no attrition; 39 reported one or more physicians leaving the program. These two groups of programs did not differ in terms of faculty size, hours worked, or night hours worked.
Interaction between paraoxon and tri-o-tolyl phosphate in rats.

Abstract Pretreatment of rats with tri- o -tolyl phosphate (TOTP) inhibited the binding of low concentrations of O,O -diethyl O-p -nitrophenyl phosphate (paraoxon) by their livers and plasma in vitro . TOTP pretreatment did not inhibit the enzymatic hydrolysis of paraoxon by the same tissues. TOTP was, therefore, used as a tool for evaluating the importance of tissue-binding as a mechanism for paraoxon detoxication in vivo . Sixteen hours after rats were given 125 mg/kg of TOTP, intraperitoneally, the capacities of their livers and plasma to bind paraoxon in vitro were completely abolished, and they were about twice as susceptible to acute poisoning by paraoxon administered intraperitoneally, orally, or subcutaneously. Oral administration of TOTP (250 mg/kg) reduced the paraoxon binding capacities of rat liver and plasma by 75% and slightly increased susceptibility to the acute intraperitoneal (but not oral) toxicity of paraoxon. The results of this investigation suggest that binding of paraoxon by relatively nonvital tissue constituents is an important protective mechanism against paraoxon poisoning, and that interference with this mechanism potentiates paraoxon's anticholinesterase action and toxicity.
Binding of the Golgi Sorting Receptor Muclin to Pancreatic Zymogens through Sulfated O-linked Oligosaccharides

Sorting and packaging of regulated secretory proteins involves protein aggregation in the trans-Golgi network and secretory granules. In this work, we characterized the pH-dependent interactions of pancreatic acinar cell-regulated secretory proteins (zymogens) with Muclin, a putative Golgi cargo receptor. In solution, purified Muclin co-aggregated with isolated zymogens at mildly acidic pH. In an overlay assay, [35S]sulfate biosynthetically labeled Muclin bound directly at mildly acidic pH to the zymogen granule content proteins amylase, prolipase, pro-carboxypeptidase A1, pro-elastase II, chymotrypsinogen B, and Reg1. Denaturation of Muclin with reducing agents to break the numerous intrachain disulfide bonds in Muclin's scavenger receptor cysteine-rich and CUB domains did not interfere with binding. Non-sulfated [35S]Met/Cys-labeled Muclin showed decreased binding in the overlay assay. Extensive Pronase E digestion of unlabeled Muclin was used to produce glycopeptides, which competed for binding of [35S]sulfate-labeled Muclin to zymogens. The results demonstrate that the sulfated, O-glycosylated groups are responsible for the pH-dependent interactions of Muclin with the zymogens. The behavior of Muclin fulfils the requirement of a Golgi cargo receptor to bind to regulated secretory proteins under the mildly acidic pH conditions that exist in the trans-Golgi network.
Mercury concentrations in the fur of Steller sea lions and northern fur seals from Alaska

Abstract We compared total mercury (THg) concentrations in the fur of northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) from the depleted Pribilof Islands population with those of both declining and thriving populations of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) from Prince William Sound (PWS) and Southeast Alaska (SEA), respectively. Relatively low wet weight concentrations (ranges) of THg were detected in the fur of Steller sea lion (SSL) pups (0.90–3.14 μg/g) and juveniles (0.56–6.75 μg/g) from both areas in 1998 and 2000 compared to northern fur seal (NFS) pups (3.15–8.14 μg/g) in 2000. The mean concentration ± SD for SSLs sampled were 1.46±0.64 μg/g for pups (n=22) and 2.74±2.89 μg/g for juveniles (n=6). Analyses indicated higher THg concentrations from SSL pups from PWS compared to the SEA. Mean ± SD. THg in the NFS pups was 4.90±1.42 μg/g (n=34) and for post-partum dams was 7.84±1.78 μg/g (n=12).
Characterizing analgesic use during air medical transport of injured children.

AbstractBackground. Pain management is an important aspect of emergency care for children suffering traumatic injuries. Objectives. The objectives of this study were to characterize analgesic administration to injured children during air medical transport, to describe factors associated with analgesic use, and to examine the effects of patient race on analgesia. Methods. We used electronic records for patients transported by a regional air medical transport agency. We retrospectively examined data from 2003–2012 for patients ≤15 years old suffering traumatic injuries. We used bivariable analyses to identify associations for multivariable logistic regression models to determine factors associated with our outcomes –documentation of pain score and analgesic administration. Results. Of 5,057 patients, the median age was 8 (IQR 3–12) years. The majority of patients were male (66%, 95% CI 64–66%), were white non-Hispanic (83%, 95% CI 82–84%), and had no pain score documented (61%, 95% CI 60–62%). While only 15...
MENAS' CONJECTURE AND GENERIC ULTRAPOWERS*

Abstract We apply the technique of generic ultrapowers to study the splitting problem of stationary subsets of P K λ . We present some conditions which guarantee the splitting of stationary subsets of P K λ .
THE CULTIVATION OF CHLORELLA SP

The writer became interested in the growth of algae in culture (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25) while engaged in attempts to isolate a few of the common species. In particular the relation of these plants to the element calcium was considered. Molisch (15) was the first to report that certain algae can grow normally when calcium is excluded from the media in which they are cultured, while others soon die without this element. Benecke (1) also grew a few species in calcium-free culture solutions, and confirmed the conclusion of Molisch that calcium is not essential for the growth of some algae. In spite of many inoculations with fresh material of Chlamydom?nos ting ens A. Braun, however, Frank (9) did not succeed in growing this alga in calcium-deficient cultures. Richter (22) found that two diatoms, Nitzschia palea (Kuetz.) W. Sm. and Nav?cula min?scula Grun. also could not grow without calcium. Likewise, Maertens (12) proved that this element was indispensable for the bluegreens, Oscillatoria brevis Kuetz. (Oscillarla brevis Kuetz.), 0. tennis Ag.> and Nostoc sp., and that strontium could not be completely substituted for it in cultures of the last two algae (the first was not investigated). Waren (28) reported that, in general, cell divisions were not possible in the desmid Micrasterias rotata (Grev.) Ralfs when there was a deficiency of calcium. That a relationship might exist between the calcium requirements of a plant and its systematic position was suggested by Pringsheim (21). Algae which could grow without calcium were classed with the lower plants such as the fungi, while those which could not grow without it were grouped with the higher plants. He investigated a large number of algae, some of them producing no growth without calcium and others as Chlorella sp. 1 and 2 developing with or without this element. These latter species continued to develop after several transfers from one calcium-deficient solution to another, but notwithstanding the precautions which were taken his results were not always clear. Among other investigators who have cultivated different strains of Chlorella in solutions with a deficiency of calcium are Hopkins and Wann (10), Trelease and Selsam (26), Pratt (16, 17), and Pratt and Fong (18, 19). Their works will be referred to later.
Heterodimetallic Alkaline Earth Metal Amides: Synthesis. Structure, and Solvent-Induced Charge Separation of Homoleptic Calcium-Magnesium Hexamethyldisilazide

The heterodimetallic compound [(Me3Si)2NMg{μ-N(SiMe3)2}2CaN(SiMe3)2], 3, can be prepared as single-component crystals through manipulation of the equilibrium established on mixing the homometallic derivatives Mg[N(SiMe3)2]2, 1, and Ca[N(SiMe3)2]2, 2, in toluene/hexane solution. Specifically, doping solutions with a 30% molar excess of 1 is required in order to avoid cocrystallization with 2. Complex 3 has been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and is found to adopt a heterodimetallic Mg(μ2-N)2Ca ring structure in the solid state and in arene solutions. DFT computational studies confirm the experimentally observed variations in the metrical parameters between the homo- and heterodimetallic complexes. The calculations also indicate that the reaction to form 3 is close to being thermoneutral. Addition of pyridine to 3 results in asymmetric cleavage of the mixed-metal ring structure, in turn forming a kinetically stable, charge-separated “ate” species of the t...
Low-temperature irradiation creep of fusion reactor structural materials

Abstract Irradiation creep has been investigated in the Oak Ridge Research Reactor in an assembly spectrally tailored to achieve a He : dpa ratio of 12–14:1 appm/dpa in austenitic stainless steels. Temperatures of 60–400°C were investigated to address the requirements of near term fusion devices. It was found that austenitic alloys, especially PCA, have higher creep rates at 60°C than at 330 and 400°C. Since this phenomenon could not be explained by existing theoretical models, a new mechanism was proposed and a corresponding theoretical model was developed. Since vacancy migration times can be a few orders of magnitude longer than the irradiation times in this temperature regime, the immobile vacancies do not cancel climb produced by mobile interstitials absorbed at dislocations. The result is a high climb rate independent of stress-induced preferred absorption (SIPA) mechanisms. Preliminary calculations indicate that this mechanism coupled with preferred-absorption-driven glide at higher temperatures predicts a high creep rate at low temperatures and a weak temperature dependence of irradiation creep over the entire temperature range investigated.
Using VoiceThread to Create Meaningful Receptive and Expressive Learning Activities for Young Children

Development of receptive and expressive language skills is an important foundational skill in early childhood education. Recently, early childhood education professionals have begun using Web-based technology to assist in developing these skills. One Web-based technology that holds potential to support children’s learning is VoiceThread which has unique features that support Universal Design for Learning. This paper provides practical recommendations for use of VoiceThread in meaningful learning activities that can easily be implemented. A step-by-step guide is presented to create and use VoiceThread.
Cyclization of N-Terminal S-Carbamoylmethylcysteine Causing Loss of 17 Da from Peptides and Extra Peaks in Peptide Maps

Enzymatic digests of proteins S-alkylated with iodoacetamide may contain peptides with N-terminal S-carbamoylmethylcysteine. These can be partly converted to a form with 17 Da lower mass and increased HPLC retention. Proof by synthesis supported by MS/MS and NMR spectroscopy was used to show that N-terminal S-carbamoylmethyl-l-cysteine can cyclize, losing NH3 to form an N-terminal residue of (R)-5-oxoperhydro-1,4-thiazine-3-carboxylic acid. The abbreviation Otc is proposed for the (R)-5-oxoperhydro-1,4-thiazine-3-carbonyl residue. The rate of cyclization is significant in 0.1 M NH4HCO3 at 37 °C, with the half-life of the acyclic form being 10−12 h for several peptides tested. This is similar to the rate at which N-terminal pyroglutamate forms from N-terminal glutamine. Keywords: iodoacetamide • peptide mapping • cyclization • mass spectrometry • S-carbamoylmethylcysteine
Does the 1-hour glucose screen predict macrosomia and fetal weight?

Objective: To determine whether the 1-hour postglucola (PG) is a predictor of macrosomia and absolute weight. Methods: A 12-month retrospective cohort study was conducted on all patients delivered at a tertiary hospital. Prenatal charts were reviewed for inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected on patient demographics, 1-hour PG, mode of delivery, estimated gestation age (EGA) at delivery, infant weight, and Apgar scores. Statistical analyses were performed where appropriate. Results: Of 1,175 mother/infant pairs, 924 met inclusion criteria. Seventy-five infants (8%) were macrosomic. Student t tests performed on macrosomics versus nonmacrosomics in relation to 1-hour PG, maternal age at delivery, and EGA were statistically significant (P = 0.005, 0.017, and 0.001, respectively). Multiple logistic regression performed on the dependent-variable macrosomics showed that it could be predicted from a combination of the independent variables: maternal age, EGA, and 1-hour PG (P = 0.0153, 0.001, and 0.0099, with odds ratios of 1.052, 1.552, and 1.012, respectively). Multiple linear regression performed on the dependent-variable absolute birth weight showed that it could be predicted from independent variables: maternal age, EGA, and 1-hour PG (P <0.001; coefficients of 10.3, 188.3, and 2.7, respectively). Conclusion: Variables of EGA, maternal age, and 1-hour PG are statistically significant in their prediction value of macrosomia. However, the 1-hour PG appears to be the least predictive in regard to this neonatal outcome.
Patient and surgeon evaluation of outcome in hypospadias repair

Purpose Despite increased emphasis on cosmetic outcomes of hypospadias surgery, few reports objectively determine appearance. Furthermore, prior studies demonstrate patient and surgeon assessments may vary significantly. We used a standardized questionnaire to survey parent and surgeon perception after TIP repair. Material and methods A Likert scale questionnaire (responses from 1, very abnormal, to 5, normal) was developed concerning 6 items: overall penile appearance, cosmesis of meatus and skin, penile size, straightness, and voided stream. Parents and surgeon independently completed surveys 6 weeks after primary TIP repair; similar surveys after circumcision provided normal controls. Maximum score was 30. Results Hypospadias patients comprised 50 distal and 15 midshaft to scrotal TIP repairs. There were 22 circumcision controls. Mean score by parents for hypospadias repair was 28 +/- 3, compared to 27.7 +/- 3 after circumcision. Questions regarding straight erection and voided stream were not answered by the surgeon in all patients, so comparison between parents and surgeon were based on the other 4 parameters with a maximum score of 20. Parents of patients and controls scored 18.3 +/-2 and 17.6 +/- 3, respectively, versus surgeon scores of 18.9 +/- 2 and 18.6 +/-2. Pearson's test showed statistically significant agreement and the correlation coefficient between parents and surgeon was 0.6 and 0.5 for controls and hypospadias repairs, respectively. There were no differences in evaluations for distal versus proximal hypospadias surgery. Conclusions Parents and surgeon agree TIP results in penile appearance are indistinguishable from normal circumcised penis. Similar surveys should be performed after alternative repairs.