cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Item-Level Psychometric Analysis of the Personality Assessment Inventory Clinical Scales in a Psychiatric Inpatient Unit

Multi-item multiscale self-report measures are increasingly used in inpatient assessments. When considering a measure for this setting, it is important to evaluate the psychometric properties of the clinical scales and items to ensure that they are functioning as intended in a highly distressed clinical population. The present study examines scale properties for a self-report measure frequently employed in inpatient assessments, the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). In addition to examining internal consistency statistics, this study extends prior PAI research by considering key issues related to inpatient assessment (e.g., scale distinctiveness, ceiling effects). Coefficient alphas, interitem correlations, and item- scale relationships suggest that the PAI clinical scales and subscales are internally consistent. Items for respective clinical scales generally showed significantly higher item-scale correlations with their intended scale (as compared with their item-scale correlation with scales they were not intended to measure). In addition, scales' coefficient alpha scores were higher than their interscale correlations. Taken as a whole, these results support the hypothesis that PAI scales were measuring relatively distinct constructs in this inpatient sample. Findings are discussed with regard to the implications for scale interpretation in inpatient assessment, functioning of individual scales and subscales, and functioning of specific items. Limitations of the present study and directions for future research are discussed.
Trust-based social capital, institutions, and development

We estimate fixed-effects and Arellano–Bond GMM equations using panel data from a large group of developing countries and test whether trust-based social capital, proxied by contract-intensive money, complements the role of institutions in promoting development. The results we obtain provide robust evidence that social capital enhances the contribution of institutions when we focus on political institutions and weaker evidence when we use civil liberties. Both social capital and institutions have positive effects on income but the relationships these variables have with income tend to be non-monotonic. Moreover, social capital has a positive influence on the effectiveness of human capital.
The stability of β-carotene under different laboratory conditions

The stability of β-carotene, the carotenoid with the highest vitamin A activity, has been investigated under laboratory conditions, other than food processing or food storage, β-Carotene appears to be fairly stable over 24 h (loss< 4%) and 48 h (loss < 15%) when micellar solutions in aqueous medium of this pigment were incubated at 37° C, in the dark, in a 5% CO2 in air atmosphere to simulate incubation conditions (used for cell culture systems). The effect of both UV light and fluorescent light on solutions of β-carotene in toluene was highly damaging (50% loss occurred after 8 h under UV light and after 24 h under daylight). Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and alpha-tocopherol, two common antioxidants, were able to reduce significantly the degradation of β-carotene under light exposure. At the same concentration of BHT (1 mM), alpha-tocopherol had a much stronger relative potency to prevent the loss of the pigment (50% loss occurred after 48 h in fluorescent and 40 h in UV light in presence of alpha-tocopherol and after 23 h and 17 h, respectively, in fluorescent and UV light in presence of BHT). Increasing the rate of air-solution exchange by increasing the surface of β-carotene solution exposed to air caused an increase of the loss of the pigment of more than 3 times. Under storage conditions (−20° C, in the dark, under N2), the rate of loss of β-carotene was 1.5%/month and 1.1%/month, respectively, in absence or in presence of 0.025% BHT.
Revivals and entanglement from initially entangled mixed states of a damped Jaynes-Cummings model

An exact density matrix of a phase-damped Jaynes-Cummings model (JCM) with entangled Bell-like initial states formed from a model two-state atom and sets of adjacent photon number states of a single-mode radiation field is presented. The entanglement of the initial states and the subsequent time evolution is assured by finding a positive lower bound on the concurrence of local $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2$ projections of the full $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\ensuremath{\infty}$ JCM density matrix. It is found that the time evolution of the lower bound of the concurrence systematically captures the corresponding collapse and revival features in atomic inversion, relative entropies of atomic and radiation, mutual entropy, and quantum deficit. The atom and radiation subsystems exhibit alternating sets of collapses and revivals in a complementary fashion due to the initially mixed states of the atom and radiation employed here. This is in contrast with the result obtained when the initial state of the dissipationless system is a factored pure state of the atom and radiation, where the atomic and radiation entropies are necessarily the same. The magnitudes of the entanglement lower bound and the atomic and radiation revivals become larger as both the magnitude and phase of the Bell-like initial state contribution increase. The time evolution of the entropy difference of the total system and that of the radiation subsystem exhibit negative regions called ``supercorrelated'' states which do not appear in the atomic subsystem. Entangled initial states are found to enhance this supercorrelated feature. Finally, the effect of phase damping is to randomize both the subsystems for asymptotically long times. It may be feasible to experimentally investigate the results presented here using the Rabi oscillation methods of microwave and optical cavity quantum electrodynamics since pure photon number states have recently been produced and observed.
Pseudopotential theory of covalent bonding

The electronic structure of tetrahedral semiconductors is formulated on the basis of a four-orthogonalizedplane-wave (OPW) expansion of the wave functions at the center of each Jones-zone face. The band gap is found to be approximately equal to twice the magnitude of the [111] matrix element of the pseudopotential rather than the [220] matrix element or the Heine-Jones perturbation form. This confirms the dependence of the gap upon even and odd parts of the pseudopotential assumed by Phillips and Van Vechten in formulating their ionicity theory. Fitting of this gap to the optical-absorption peak ${E}_{2}$ gives values in semiquantitative agreement with the corresponding values from the empirical-pseudopotential matrix elements of Cohen and Bergstresser. Neglecting other matrix elements allows a Penn-like calculation of the dielectric constant for polar as well as homopolar semiconductors, but one which in both cases is found to vary as the inverse cube rather than the inverse square of the gap. The form for homopolar semiconductors is only consistent with the Penn formula if, as is approximately true, the gap scales inversely with the square of the bond length; in that case it is also consistent with the bond-orbital formula with the covalent energy ${V}_{2}$ equal to the [111] pseudopotential matrix element. The form for heteropolar semiconductors is inconsistent with the direct extension of the Penn formula, but is consistent with the bond-orbital model. The change in total energy under lattice shear is computed, again retaining only the [111] matrix elements. The elastic constant is found to be proportional to the derivative of the pseudopotential matrix element with respect to wave number. Use of corresponding values from pseudopotential theory gives good estimates of the elastic constants for diamond, silicon, and germanium, and suggests the correct trend for polar semiconductors. These terms which are found adequate for understanding the dielectric constant and lattice rigidity lead to a saddle point rather than a maximum in charge density at the bond center, suggesting that the bond charge should not be thought of as the origin of structural stability of tetrahedral structures. Extending the theory beyond the four-OPW model does lead to charge accumulation in the bonds and retains the structural stability, principally through the kinetic energy of the electrons confined to the Jones zone. The fundamental difference between the pseudopotential theory of covalent solids and of metals is not the inclusion of higher-order terms in the pseudopotential, but the different treatment of zero- and first-order terms analogous to degenerate perturbation theory.
The origin and fate of secretion in the follicle cells of tunicates

The vacuolization of the outer follicle cells which accompanies maturation of the oocytes of the tunicates Ciona intestinalis and Molgula manhattensis is associated with the dissolution of heterogeneous secretion granules in these cells. The secretion granules, in turn, have a dual origin with one component derived from the endoplasmic reticulum while the other component arises in association with the Golgi complexes. Stages in the morphogenesis of secretion are described.
Novel FVIII model: breakthrough and perspectives

Stoilova-McPhie and colleagues (page [1215][1]) present here an advanced study of the 3dimensional structure of coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) bound to phospholipid membrane. Previously, the crystal structure had been obtained only for the C2 domain of FVIII, and structures of its A domains had
Urodynamic findings in children with isolated epispadias.

AbstractPurpose: The exstrophy-epispadias complex represents a spectrum of anomalies with variable implications for upper and lower urinary tract function. Successful treatment of incontinence in this population is challenging and often elusive. To date few studies have focused on urodynamic findings specific to primary epispadias.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients presenting with primary epispadias in the absence of bladder exstrophy. We identified 18 boys and 12 girls, of whom 16 underwent formal urodynamic evaluation before (5), after (6) or before and after (5) surgical narrowing of the bladder neck. Bladder capacity was recorded as percent of expected capacity for age. Bladders were considered hypertonic when end filling pressure was greater than 20 cm. water. End filling pressure was defined as the pressure at which urinary leakage was noted or the patient had discomfort. Uninhibited contractions were considered significant when the amplitude was greater than ...
Effect of six decades of selective breeding on soybean protein composition and quality: a biochemical and molecular analysis.

To evaluate the extent of the genetic change and its effects on the seed protein composition of soybean cultivars released during the past 60 years, representative ancestral cultivars and those derived from selective breeding were grown in a side-by-side comparison. Total seed protein content, determined by combustion analysis of nitrogen, revealed a decline in the protein content after decades of selection and breeding. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis comparison of protein profiles of the soybean cultivars indicated that relative expression of most of the seed storage proteins had not varied substantially from the ancestral lines to the present commercial cultivars. There was noticeably less ‚-subunit of ‚-conglycinin, a protein devoid of sulfur amino acids, in the modern cultivars represented by Mustang, Pioneer 93B09, and Asgrow 3602. Comparison of the amino acid profiles of soybean seed, a benchmark of the protein’s nutritional quality, revealed that the ancestral progenitor, G. soja, was significantly higher in cysteine, glutamic acid, histidine, and arginine than either the ancestral or the modern cultivars. Selective breeding over the past 60 years minimally affected the overall amino acid composition. The degree of divergence in the DNA sequence of the genes encoding glycinin and ‚-conglycinin in the ancestral and modern cultivars was investigated using Southern hybridization and the polymerase chain reaction. Even though some restriction fragment polymorphisms could be detected, overall, the banding patterns were remarkably similar among the ancestral cultivars and those derived from them, suggesting a high degree of conservation of seed-storage protein genes. The results of our study suggest that selection and breeding for yield during the past 60 years had no major influence on the protein composition, ostensibly because of limited genetic diversity among the parental lines.
Another Note on Survey Return Rates

Highlights the importance of ensuring the highest possible return rates when using mail surveys. Describes a study investigating the difference in return rates between a parent company and a fictitious consulting firm. Reports that there was no difference between response rates for two different return addresses, and that response bias was not a problem. Concludes therefore that great cost savings can be made as a result of developing and mailing the materials in‐house. Summarizes research literature on response rate surveys.
Self‐directed teams at Xel: Changes in communication practices during a program of cultural transformation

Abstract We developed this article from an on‐going ethnographic research project at XEL Communications, a telecommunications manufacturing company that has recently changed its manufacturing operations from a traditionally structured hierarchy to self‐directed teams. We analyzed the impact of this change in manufacturing structure on communication practices and culture through a case study of a confrontational meeting between the vice president of manufacturing and one of the new teams. Specifically, our case study illuminates the changes in roles and communication practices engendered by this transformation in the organization's manufacturing structure. We explore the consequences that XEL's experience holds for achieving substantive cultural change in organizations converting to teams.
An efficient algorithm to compute the Euclidean distance spectrum of a general intersymbol interference channel and its applications

We present an efficient algorithm to compute the distance spectrum of a general finite intersymbol interference (ISI) channel, whose complexity is lower than those of existing methods. Closed-form expressions are derived for both input-output Euclidean distance enumerators and asymptotic distance spectrum shapes for 2-tap and 3-tap ISI channels. Coded and/or precoded ISI channels are also discussed.
An antiresonant ring interferometer for coupled laser cavities, laser output coupling, mode locking, and cavity dumping

An antiresonant ring-mirror configuration, the optical analog of a microwave reentrant hybrid tee, is suggested for several potential laser applications including coupled laser cavities, variable laser output coupling, intracavity harmonic output coupling, mode locking, cavity dumping, and pulse code modulation.
Encapsualtion and reuse as viewed by java students

Through audio-taped student interviews, this study examined beginning Java students' conceptions of object-oriented programming. Students rated programs on stylistic criteria including ease of comprehension, ease of debugging, ease of modification, ease of reuse, and overall quality of design. They also explained the reasons for their ratings. The results will be discussed and interpreted in light of previous research. Implications for instruction will also be examined.
Reliability and relay selection in peer-to-peer communication systems

The presence of restrictive network address translators (NATs) and firewalls prevent nodes from directly exchanging packets and thereby pose a problem for peer-to-peer (p2p) communication systems. Skype, a popular p2p VoIP application, addresses this problem by using another Skype client (relay) with unrestricted connectivity to relay the signaling and media traffic between session endpoints. This distributed technique for addressing connectivity issues raises challenging questions about the reliability and latency of relayed calls, relay selection techniques, and the interference of relayed calls with the applications running on relays -- a phenomena we refer to as user annoyance.We devise a framework to analyze reliability in peer-to-peer communication systems and present a simple model to estimate the number of relays needed for maintaining the desired reliability for the media sessions. We then analyze two techniques for improving the reliability of relayed calls. We present a distributed relay selection technique that leverages a two level hierarchical p2p network to find a relay in O(1) hop. We augment our distributed relay selection technique to find a relay that minimizes call latency and user annoyance. Our results indicate that for Skype node lifetimes, at least three relays are needed to achieve a 99.9% success rate for call duration of 60 mins (95th percentile of Skype call durations).
From Bullied to Deviant: The Victim–Offender Overlap Among Bullying Victims

Although much research has explored bullies and bullying victims, little has been done to explore the long-term effects on those who have been bullied. Separately, a growing body of evidence suggests that there is a victim-offender overlap, in which many victims are or become offenders themselves. Taken together, this suggests that bullying victims may themselves be at elevated risk of involvement in deviance or crime. The present study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to explore this issue, utilizing propensity score matching to control for the shared predictors of offending and victimization. Given that bullying experiences can vary dramatically by gender, gender-specific analyses are performed. RESULTS indicate that controlling for the propensity to be bullied reduces, but does not eliminate, the effect on later criminality. Language: en
Discrete subcellular partitioning of human retrotransposon RNAs despite a common mechanism of genome insertion

Despite the immense significance retrotransposons have had for genome evolution much about their biology is unknown, including the processes of forming their ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles and transporting them about the cell. Suppression of retrotransposon expression, together with the presence of retrotransposon sequence within numerous mRNAs, makes tracking endogenous L1 RNP particles in cells problematic. We overcame these difficulties by assaying in living and fixed cells tagged-RNPs generated from constructs expressing retrotransposition-competent L1s. In this way, we demonstrate for the first time the subcellular colocalization of L1 RNA and proteins ORF1p and ORF2p, and show their targeting together to cytoplasmic foci. Foci are often associated with markers of cytoplasmic stress granules. Furthermore, mutation analyses reveal that ORF1p can direct L1 RNP distribution within the cell. We also assayed RNA localization of the non-autonomous retrotransposons Alu and SVA. Despite a requirement for the L1 integration machinery, each manifests unique features of subcellular RNA distribution. In nuclei Alu RNA forms small round foci partially associated with marker proteins for coiled bodies, suborganelles involved in the processing of non-coding RNAs. SVA RNA patterning is distinctive, being cytoplasmic but without prominent foci and concentrated in large nuclear aggregates that often ring nucleoli. Such variability predicts significant differences in the life cycles of these elements.
Optimal Excitation of Interannual Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Variability

The optimal excitation of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) anomalies is investigated in an ocean general circulation model with an idealized configuration. The optimal three-dimensional spatial structure of temperature and salinity perturbations, defined as the leading singular vector and generating the maximum amplification of MOC anomalies, is evaluated by solving a generalized eigenvalue problem using tangent linear and adjoint models. Despite the stable linearized dynamics, a large amplification of MOC anomalies, mostly due to the interference of nonnormal modes, is initiated by the optimal perturbations. The largest amplification of MOC anomalies, found to be excited by high-latitude deep density perturbations in the northern part of the basin, is achieved after about 7.5 years. The anomalies grow as a result of a conversion of mean available potential energy into potential and kinetic energy of the perturbations, reminiscent of baroclinic instability. The time scale of growth of MOC anomalies can be understood by examining the time evolution of deep zonal density gradients, which are related to the MOC via the thermal wind relation. The velocity of propagation of the density anomalies, found to depend on the horizontal component of the mean flow velocity and the mean density gradient, determines the growth time scale of the MOC anomalies and therefore provides an upper bound on the MOC predictability time. The results suggest that the nonnormal linearized ocean dynamics can give rise to enhanced MOC variability if, for instance, overflows, eddies, and/or deep convection can excite high-latitude density anomalies in the ocean interior with a structure resembling that of the optimal perturbations found in this study. The findings also indicate that errors in ocean initial conditions or in model parameterizations or processes, particularly at depth, may significantly reduce the Atlantic MOC predictability time to less than a decade.
An FPGA architecture for DRAM-based systolic computations

We propose an FPGA chip architecture based on a conventional FPGA logic array core, in which I/O pins are clocked at a much higher rate than that of the logic array that they serve. Wide data paths within the chip are time multiplexed at the edge of the chip into much faster and narrower data paths that run off-chip. This kind of arrangement makes it possible to interface a relatively slow FPGA core with high speed memories and data streams, and is useful for many pin-limited FPGA applications. For efficient use of the highest bandwidth DRAMs, our proposed chip includes a RAMBUS DRAM interface, a burst-transfer controller, and burst buffers. This proposal is motivated by our work with virtual processor cellular automata (CA) machines-a kind of SIMD computer. Our next generation of CA machines requires reconfigurable FPGA-like processors coupled to the highest speed DRAMs and SRAMs available. Unfortunately, no current FPGA chips have appropriate DRAM I/O support or the speed needed to easily interface with pipelined SRAMs. The chips proposed would make a wide range of large-scale CA simulations of 3D physical systems practical and economical-simulations that are currently well beyond the reach of any existing computer. These chips would also be well suited to a broad range of other simulation, graphics and DSP-like applications.
Enhanced characterization of singly protonated phosphopeptide ions by femtosecond laser-induced ionization/dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (fs-LID-MS/MS)

To develop an improved understanding of the regulatory role that post-translational modifications (PTMs) involving phosphorylation play in the maintenance of normal cellular function, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) strategies coupled with ion activation techniques such as collision-induced dissociation (CID) and electron-transfer dissociation (ETD) are typically employed to identify the presence and site-specific locations of the phosphate moieties within a given phosphoprotein of interest. However, the ability of these techniques to obtain sufficient structural information for unambiguous phosphopeptide identification and characterization is highly dependent on the ion activation method employed and the properties of the precursor ion that is subjected to dissociation. Herein, we describe the application of a recently developed alternative ion activation technique for phosphopeptide analysis, termed femtosecond laser-induced ionization/dissociation (fs-LID). In contrast to CID and ETD, fs-LID is shown to be particularly suited to the analysis of singly protonated phosphopeptide ions, yielding a wide range of product ions including a, b, c, x, y, and z sequence ions, as well as ions that are potentially diagnostic of the positions of phosphorylation (e.g., ‘an1-98’). Importantly, the lack of phosphate moiety losses or phosphate group ‘scrambling’ provides unambiguous information for sequence identification and phosphorylation site characterization. Therefore, fs-LID-MS/MS can serve as a complementary technique to established methodologies for phosphoproteomic analysis. (J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2010, 21, 2031–2040) © 2010 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Society for Mass Spectrometry
Phylogenetic diversity in cadmium : phosphorus ratio regulation by marine phytoplankton

We examined the effect of irradiance and growth rate on cadmium : phosphorus ratio in five species of phytoplankton representing four different phylogenetic groups to determine the relative importance of growth rate, irradiance, and taxonomic differences on Cd : P ratios. Irradiance and growth rate are responsible for .2 orders of magnitude variation in the Cd : P of phytoplankton. Diatoms exhibit an increase; cyanobacteria, a decrease; and prasinophyte and dinoflagellate species, no functional response in Cd : P with increasing growth rate because of changes in irradiance. These results are consistent with a metabolic demand for Cd in diatoms and a metabolic sensitivity to Cd by cyanobacteria.
Short-Term Outcomes of the C3 Excluder for Patients With Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms and Unfavorable Proximal Aortic Seal Zones

Background Endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) in patients with unfavorable proximal seal zones remains challenging. The purpose of this study was to identify the incidence of proximal extension cuff usage for type I endoleaks in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms and unfavorable necks treated with the C3 Excluder repositionable endoprosthesis compared with the traditional Excluder stent-graft. Methods This is a retrospective review of patients undergoing EVAR with unfavorable neck anatomy from January 2010 to October 2011 using the Excluder endoprosthesis on the traditional deployment system or the C3 repositionable system. Seventy-seven patients were treated with the Excluder device, with 44 (57%) having unfavorable neck anatomy defined as proximal aortic neck length of 28 mm, neck angulation of >60°, circumferential thrombus of >50% or calcification at the proximal seal zone, or a “reverse taper” on computed tomographic angiography. Of the 44 patients with unfavorable neck anatomy, 24 patients received the C3 Excluder and 20 received the traditional Excluder. Results The groups’ comorbidities, aneurysm characteristics, and high-risk neck criteria were comparable. Initial success was 100% in both groups. Sixteen of the 44 patients (36%) with high-risk neck criteria required proximal extension cuffs for type I endoleaks, with 3 of the 24 patients (13%) in the C3 group compared with 13 of the 20 patients (65%) in the traditional Excluder group requiring proximal extension ( P = 0.0005). Operative variables between the two groups were similar. At mean follow-up of 2 months (range: 1–6 months), there were no type I endoleaks or renal artery occlusion, and sac size regression was similar. Conclusions The C3 Excluder endoprosthesis significantly reduces the need for proximal extension cuffs in patients with unfavorable aortic neck anatomy compared with the traditional Excluder with identical short-term clinical outcomes. Repositionable grafts could increase the number of patients who can effectively be treated with EVAR.
Mid-infrared reflectivity of experimental atheromas

We report that the pathologic components present within the atheromatous plaques of ApoE knock- out mice can reflect significant amounts of mid-infrared mid-IR light. Furthermore, the reflected light spectra con- tained the unique signatures of a variety of biologic fea- tures including those found in unstable or "vulnerable" plaque. This discovery may represent a unique opportu- nity to develop a new intravascular diagnostic modality that can detect and characterize sites of atherosclerosis.
Classification-based inferences in retrieving information from a database of scientific facts

The authors explain how complex chains of inferences can be accomplished by representing existentially qualified sentences and concepts denoted by restrictive relative clauses as classification hierarchies. They first describe the representation structures which make possible the inferences, and then they explain the algorithms which draw the inferences from the knowledge structures. All the ideas explained have been implemented and are part of the information retrieval component of SNOWY, a program which understands scientific paragraphs. >
Parallel algorithms for chains and anti-chains of points on a plane

In this paper we describe efficient parallel algorithms for computing canonical chains and canonical anti-chains partition of a set of points on a plane. The problem to compute chain and anti-chain partition is of interest in VLSI design, computational geometry and in computational molecular biology. A new affine transformation on the set of points is defined which transforms chains in the original point set into anti-chains in the transformed point set.
Single network relational transductive learning

Relational classification on a single connected network has been of particular interest in the machine learning and data mining communities in the last decade or so. This is mainly due to the explosion in popularity of social networking sites such as Facebook, LinkedIn and Google+ amongst others. In statistical relational learning, many techniques have been developed to address this problem, where we have a connected unweighted homogeneous/ heterogeneous graph that is partially labeled and the goal is to propagate the labels to the unlabeled nodes. In this paper, we provide a different perspective by enabling the effective use of graph transduction techniques for this problem. We thus exploit the strengths of this class of methods for relational learning problems. We accomplish this by providing a simple procedure for constructing a weight matrix that serves as input to a rich class of graph transduction techniques. Our procedure has multiple desirable properties. For example, the weights it assigns to edges between unlabeled nodes naturally relate to a measure of association commonly used in statistics, namely the Gamma test statistic. We further portray the efficacy of our approach on synthetic as well as real data, by comparing it with state-of-the-art relational learning algorithms, and graph transduction techniques with an adjacency matrix or a real valued weight matrix computed using available attributes as input. In these experiments we see that our approach consistently outperforms other approaches when the graph is sparsely labeled, and remains competitive with the best when the proportion of known labels increases.
Synthesis of polyoma proteins in vitro

Abstract Polyoma virus DNA can be transcribed and translated in an extract of Escherichia coli . Proteolytic digests of the product contain peptides that correspond to peptides from the virion. One of the in vitro synthesized polypeptides corresponds in size to the major virion protein but most of the product is smaller in size than this protein. Although most of the tryptic peptides corresponding to the major virion protein can be detected in the in vitro synthesized polypeptides, all of them also gave rise to other, non-matching, peptides. Much of the in vitro product therefore appears to correspond to incomplete molecules of the major virion protein.
The Effect of Parental Divorce and Remarriage on Parental Support for Adult Children

This article uses the NSFH data set to examine the consequences of parental divorce and remarriage for parental support for adult children. Using three dimensions of parental support (social, instrumental, and financial), the findings show a significant and substantial support deficit when comparing divorced to first-married parents. Remarriage does not substantially enlarge nor decrease this support deficit. Although there are gender interactions, support deficits are generally significant for both mothers and fathers. With the exception of financial support, support deficits from ever-divorced parents appear to be due largely to lower parent-child solidarity rather than to decreased parental resources.
Oregon v. Ashcroft: the battle over the soul of medicine.

When one considers the protracted and continuing struggle of the citizens of Oregon to include physician-assisted suicide (also known as “physician aid in dying”) among the panoply of measures available to dying patients and the physicians who care for them, the depth and breadth of the issue becomes inescapable. The potential intractability of the dispute is illustrated by the very fact, noted in the preceding parenthetical phrase, that consensus eludes us on even the most basic of semantic points—how we are to most aptly characterize the conduct in question? The case featured in this issue's The Caduceus in Court must be examined as the latest battle in a long war of attrition waged by opponents of physician-assisted suicide against the Oregon Death with Dignity Act (“the Oregon Act”). After briefly reviewing that history, I will then consider the details of Oregon v. Ashcroft and the implications of the litigation not only for the care of dying patients but also for the regulation of medical practice in the United States and, more broadly still, the search for resolution of serious medical disputes in a democratic society.
The clinical specialist--link between theory and practice.

The Clinical Specialist is often asked what she does and how her activities differ from those of the staff nurse or supervisor. In addition to a practitioner and role model, she is a teacher, researcher, counselor, and change agent. The differences in how or why she does things arise from her education and experience.
When a minute seemslike a millennium

Surgery is a stressful experience for patients and their families. The increased use of ambulatory surgical services, coupled with changes in health care economics, requires nurses to design innovative ways of addressing the emotional needs of patients and families, while not compromising standards of care or becoming frustrated with the fast-paced world of ambulatory surgery. This article presents ways to help patients and their families throughout the preoperative experience.
A Radiosynthesis of Fluorine-18 Fluoromisonidazole

A new preparation of [18F]fluoromisonidazole [1H-1-(3-[18F] fluoro-2-hydroxypropyl)-2-nitroimidazole] is presented as a two-step, two-pot reaction sequence. The method is useful for the production of 20-30 mCi quantities of this compound from [18F]fluoride, available in 40% radiochemical yield at end of bombardment (EOB) with a specific activity (nca) of greater than 650 Ci/mmol (EOB) and a synthesis time of approximately 140 min. The key feature of the reaction scheme is the preparation of a new fluoroalkylating agent, [18F]epifluorohydrin.
Caspase-mediated cleavage of p21 is associated with apoptosis in prostate and bladder cancer cells treated with TRAIL plus bortezomib in vitro

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 5316 Bortezomib (PS-341, Velcade™) is a dipeptidyl boronic acid derivative that is a selective and potent inhibitor of the proteasome. Recently, Bortezomib was FDA-approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma, and it is currently under investigation for the treatment of solid tumors. We show that combined treatment with bortezomib plus TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis in human LNCaP-Pro5 prostate and 253J B-V bladder cancer cells in vitro, two cell lines that are completely resistant to TRAIL alone. Analysis of the biochemical mechanisms involved revealed that bortezomib synergized with TRAIL to promote proteolytic processing and activation of caspases 8 and 3. The effects of bortezomib were associated with increased expression of p21, and a siRNA construct specific for p21 partially prevented bortezomib’s enhancement of TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, immunoblotting studies revealed that cells exposed to bortezomib plus TRAIL displayed a 15 kD p21 cleavage product, the formation of which was blocked by z-VAD-fmk, a pan peptide-based caspase inhibitor. Results of mutagenesis studies to identify the site(s) of p21 cleavage and their functional significance will be discussed. Together, our data demonstrate that bortezomib-induced accumulation and possibly caspase-mediated cleavage of p21 is required for TRAIL sensitization in human genitourinary cancer cells. The Bortezomib and TRAIL combination appears promising in terms of its ability to overcome apoptosis resistance, and it therefore warrants further investigation for the treatment of solid tumors.
Efficient Preconditioning in Joint Total Variation Regularized Parallel MRI Reconstruction

Parallel magnetic resonance imaging (pMRI) is a useful technique to aid clinical diagnosis. In this paper, we develop an accelerated algorithm for joint total variation (JTV) regularized calibrationless Parallel MR image reconstruction. The algorithm minimizes a linear combination of least squares data fitting term and the joint total variation regularization. This model has been demonstrated as a very powerful tool for parallel MRI reconstruction. The proposed algorithm is based on the iteratively reweighted least squares (IRLS) framework, which converges exponentially fast. It is further accelerated by preconditioned conjugate gradient method with a well-designed preconditioner. Numerous experiments demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed algorithm for parallel MRI reconstruction in terms of both accuracy and efficiency.
On the Karuk Directional Suffixes

0. Introduction This paper takes a look at the complex set of directional suffixes in Karuk, a Hokan language of northern California. My goal is to provide a first pass at characterizing the rather diverse syntax and semantics of these suffixes. To this end, I begin by providing a taxonomy of the suffixes according first to whether they are applicative or not, and second, according to certain characteristics of the argument added. I then turn to the issue of accounting for the syntax of sentences containing these suffixes, appealing to the separationist aspect of Distributed Morphology (DM; see, e.g., Halle and Marantz 1993, Harley and Noyer 1999) to suggest a way to account for the fact that the suffixes combine lexical and functional information in single monomorphemic forms. The kinds of arguments which have been made in favor of separationism are based on various types of mismatch between form and function in morphology, and the combination of lexical and functional meanings found in the Karuk suffixes provides a new kind of mismatch to add to that set of arguments.
Unusual magnetism of Er 0.75 Dy 0.25 Al 2

dc magnetization, ac magnetic susceptibility, magnetic relaxation, electrical resistivity and x-ray powder-diffraction studies of ${\mathrm{Er}}_{0.75}{\mathrm{Dy}}_{0.25}{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$ compound have been carried out in the temperature range of $5--300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. The compound orders ferromagnetically at $\ensuremath{\sim}25\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, followed by another transition at $\ensuremath{\sim}10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. This transition at $10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ is marked by a significant hysteresis in low applied fields in zero-field-cooled and field-cooled magnetization data. The saturation magnetic moment is $8.24{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}∕{\mathrm{R}}^{3+}$ at $2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ in a $70\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kOe}$ field, indicating the presence of strong crystalline electric fields. A signature of weak glassy behavior is observed below $25\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ in frequency dependent ac magnetic susceptibility measurements. This observation is attributed to competing single-ion anisotropies of ${\mathrm{Dy}}^{3+}$ and ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ ions that are statistically distributed in the lattice, thus creating large positional entropy. The paramagnetic phase of this compound includes a narrow region of Griffiths-phase-like behavior, signified by the presence of short-range ferromagnetic correlations. A long-time logarithmic relaxation of magnetization has been observed in the ferromagnetically ordered state. The electrical resistivity shows a slope change near $25\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ and also a drop at $10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. The electrical resistivity in the ferromagnetic state follows ${T}^{2}$ law, indicating the dominant role of magnon scattering. The magnetoresistance is $\ensuremath{\sim}13%$ at $25\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ in a $30\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kOe}$ field. The role of quadrupolar interactions and magnetoelastic coupling in producing a possible structural distortion at $10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ has been considered and x-ray-diffraction studies were carried out down to $5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. No structural change has been detected at $10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, and hence the quadrupolar coupling between the rare-earth ions via the lattice should be weak, whereas direct higher-order Coulombic interactions may prevail.
Prospective Observational Study of Patient-Controlled Intrathecal Analgesia: Impact on Cancer-Associated Symptoms, Breakthrough Pain Control, and Patient Satisfaction.

Background and Objectives Although data exist for the efficacy of intrathecal therapy (ITT), there are no prospective data on patient-controlled intrathecal analgesia (PCIA) in refractory cancer pain. This study examines the effect of PCIA on cancer symptom scores, patient satisfaction, and analgesic efficacy with an emphasis on breakthrough pain (BTP). Methods Ninety-eight patients with refractory cancer pain prospectively completed questionnaires including the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory and a BTP survey before and after the implantation of an intrathecal pump. Results Fifty-eight patients were included in the study group. Average “worst” pain scores decreased from 8.32 (SD, 1.73) pre-ITT to 4.98 (SD, 2.92) post-ITT, P Conclusions In patients with poorly controlled cancer pain, PCIA is associated with improved pain control, improved cancer-related symptoms, and high satisfaction. Compared with conventional BTP regimens, PCIA provides superior analgesia and a 3-fold faster onset of action.
The Origins and Persistence of Ethnic Identity Among the "New Immigrant" Groups*

Will expanding cultural diversity lead to ethnic balkanization and centrifugal tendencies in the society as a whole? We report on a six-wave panel study of the ethnic identities of Asians and Latinos, the new immigrant groups, attending a highly selective public university. These students are mainly the products of quite recent immigration; their ethnic identities still are often focused more on their country of origin than on their American ethnicity. Stronger ethnic identities at college entry stem most often from factors associated with recent immigration, not from the experience of discrimination in America. The students' ethnic identities are quite stable through college, and are not strengthened by the college experience. Variations in ethnic identities at the end of college continue to reflect recency of immigration, as well as the ethnic homogeneity of social environments. This pattern is consistent with a black exceptionalism theory of race and ethnicity, in which the color line remains narrowly focused on African ancestry. Earlier immigrants from Europe may be the more appropriate model for the future ethnic politics of the new immigrant groups.
Contribution to the pharmacology of apoatropine and its methyl bromide.

Summary and Conclusions1. Apoatropine is about 20 times more acutely toxic than atropine. 2. On the isolated rat's intestine atropine and apoatropine elicit about the same degree of antispasmodic a...
Survey of health knowledge level and Health behavior for residents in Fangshan District,Beijing

Objective To understand the health knowledge level of residents in Fangshan District,Beijing,and explore the weakness and its influencing factors, therefore to provide evidence for health policy making and intervention strategy developed by government. Methods The cluster random sampling method was enrolled in the study. Data collected by a survey from residents with the age of 18 to 79 years old in 10 communities or countries of 4 towns in Fangshan District. Results The total awareness rate of health knowledge among residents was 75. 15% . The rates of safety and first aid,healthy lifestyle,basic health care,prevention of infectious and endemic diseases,control and prevention of chronic diseases and development of health behavior were respectively 79. 4% ,77. 0% ,76. 7% , 75. 3% ,67. 3% ,and 69. 55% . Conclusion Compared with the targets of "Healthy Pekingese -National Health Ten-Year Plan"and"12th Five-Year Development Construction Plan for Health Beijing",there were still gaps in health knowledge awareness of residents in Fangshan District. In order to promote people 's health awareness and knowledge,health education and health promotion should be strengthened and emphasized.
Air pollution and low birth weight

There have been a large amount of researches on relationship between air pollution and low birth weight in abroad, and by reviewing those literatures, we found that low birth weight was related to maternal exposure to carbon monoxide (CO), particular matter less than 10 (PM_ 10 ), sulfur dioxide (SO_2), nitrogen dioxide (NO_2), polycyclic organic matter (POM) and total suspending particicles (TSP) in the air in pregnancy, but their detailed mechanisms not clear till now.
The Relationship between Magnetic Gradient and Magnetic Shear in Five Super Active Regions Producing Great Flares

We study the magnetic structure of five well-known active regions that produced great flares (X5 or larger). The six flares under investigation are the X12 flare on 1991 June 9 in AR 6659, the X5.7 flare on 2000 July 14 in AR 9077, the X5.6 flare on 2001 April 6 in AR 9415, the X5.3 flare on 2001 August 25 in AR 9591, the X17 flare on 2003 October 28 and the X10 flare on 2003 October 29, both in AR 10486. The last five events had corresponding LASCO observations and were all associated with Halo CMEs. We analyzed vector magne-tograms from Big Bear Solar Observatory, Huairou Solar Observing Station, Marshall Space Right Center and Mees Solar Observatory. In particular, we studied the magnetic gradient derived from line-of-sight magnetograms and magnetic shear derived from vector magne-tograms, and found an apparent correlation between these two parameters at a level of about 90%. We found that the magnetic gradient could be a better proxy than the shear for predicting where a major flare might occur: all six flares occurred in neutral lines with maximum gradient. The mean gradient of the flaring neutral lines ranges from 0.14 to 0.50 G km-1, 2.3 to 8 times the average value for all the neutral lines in the active regions. If we use magnetic shear as the proxy, the flaring neutral line in at least one, possibly two, of the six events would be mis-identified.