cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Helminth-induced immune regulation: implications for immune responses to tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis (TB) caused by the bacteriaMycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains a global cause of considerable morbidity and mortality [1]. One of the biggest current challenges of TB control is our incomplete understanding of what constitutes protective immunity in TBendemic areas of the world. Although close to 2,200 million people maintain the infection in a state of latency and act as a reservoir of infection, the risk factors for reactivation to active disease and subsequent transmission in these populations are poorly understood. These areas also report some of the lowest rates of efficacy of the Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) vaccine [2]. Helminth infections (soil transmitted and vector-borne) exhibit broad geographic overlap with areas of TB endemicity [3]. These complex eukaryotes have the ability to establish chronic, often asymptomatic infections and have evolved highly effective methods for subverting the immune system for their survival. Their immunomodulatory effects (as we discuss below) have been shown to extend to nonparasitic infections and vaccine responses [4, 5]. Our knowledge of how helminth-coinfection-induced immune regulation can affect TB-specific immunity and disease in an endemic area comes from three broad areas of study, with specific animal models providing supplemental evidence for particular immunologic phenomena at various stages of helminth infection. First, the effects of chronic maternal helminth infection can lead to in utero sensitization to helminth antigens [6, 7] and have the potential to affect neonatal responses to BCG vaccination [8] as well as TB-specific immunity. This has important implications, as children less than 3 years of age represent the major pediatric disease burden in endemic areas [9]. Secondly, repeated exposure to vectorand soil-transmitted helminths occurs with increasing age, leading to an age-related increase both in helminth prevalence and in the rate of acquiring TB [10, 11]. Lastly, adult subjects in endemic areas with chronic helminth infection show impaired cellular responses that may alter the responses toMtb antigens and possibly contribute to a higher incidence of active TB disease [12]. In this context, it is important to keep in mind some of the challenges to addressing these questions in a clinical setting. The proper diagnosis of active helminth infection can be challenging and is dependent on various factors such as the species being tested, intensity of infection [13] in a given area, and type of diagnostic test used. Also, polyparasitism is not uncommon, especially for intestinal helminth infections, and newer molecular diagnostic tests might provide higher sensitivity and specificity [14] compared to traditional stool-based techniques. Coinfection with HIV can also be an important confounder, especially for immunologic assessments in these populations. Finally, immunomodulation
Quantum chemical calculations of cadmium chemical shifts in inorganic complexes

This study reports a systematic approach of ab initio calculations of 113Cd chemical shifts to understand the coordination chemistry of cadmium complexes. Cadmium-113 chemical shifts were calculated using Hartree−Fock (HF) and density functional theoretical (DFT) methods for cadmium complexes, dimethylcadmium (CdMe2), diethylcadmium (CdEt2), methylethylcadmium (CdMeEt), cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate [Cd(NO3)2·4H2O], and cadmium acetate dihydrate [Cd(OAc)2·2H2O]. Theoretical and experimental chemical shift values are compared in order to determine the effectiveness of theoretical calculations in determining cadmium chemical shifts. We also determined the magnitude of the principal elements of the 113Cd CSA tensor values for hydrated cadmium nitrate and cadmium acetate. The effect of different cadmium basis sets such as polarized double-ζ split valence, 3-21G, and uncontracted Sadlej on chemical shift values was also evaluated. The density functional calculations were found to match the experimental chemical...
Friction and Wear of Low-Phosphorus Engine Oils with Additional Molybdenum and Boron Compounds, Measured on a Reciprocating Lubricant Tester

Previous research has already extensively characterized the effects of a variety of engine oils on engine performance. However, low-phosphorus engine oils, which are of growing importance due to the reduction of automotive emissions, have not been studied much. This paper sets forth the results of an initial investigation involving the effects of low-phosphorus engine oils on the friction and wear characteristics of typical engine cylinder kit components from a 3.8-liter, four-cylinder engine. For these tests, sections of molybdenum-coated piston rings were oscillated against segments of production cast iron cylinder bores. The oils were evaluated under two sets of conditions; i.e., the frequency of 20 Hz and a load of 60 N and a frequency of 40 Hz and a load of 120 N. The friction coefficients were continuously recorded, and the wear depths on the cylinder bore segments were measured at the conclusion of each experiment. The oils consisted of low-phosphorus prototype oil (LPPO) containing 0.05 wt% phosph...
Free jet expansions of binary atomic mixtures: A method of moments solution of the Boltzmann equation

The method of moments is used to obtain solutions to the Boltzmann equation describing flow and thermal relaxation of binary atomic mixtures undergoing adiabatic free jet expansion. Differential moment equations are solved within the framework of an anisotropic Maxwellian distribution function. Numerical integration of these equations yields the temporal dependence of the four moments of the distribution function for each flow component; density, hydrodynamic velocity, parallel temperature, and perpendicular temperature. Results are presented for mixtures of the rare gases which yield new insight into the driving forces behind the phenomena of velocity and temperature slip. The model can easily be extended to ternary and higher atomic mixtures.
Generation and Observation of the Cyclopentadienyl Anion: A Negatively Charged Aromatic Molecule

The study of charged aromatic species greatly enhances discussions of the theory of aromaticity. The conveniently low acidity of cyclopentadiene (pKa = 15) affords the opportunity to generate the aromatic cyclopentadienyl anion in an organic laboratory class. This experiment describes the preparation of a solution of deuterated dimethylsulfinyl anion in an NMR tube, followed by the addition of freshly prepared cyclopentadiene. The 1H NMR spectrum of the resulting aromatic anion is compared with that of the isoelectronic (but uncharged) benzene, and contrasted with the spectra of several nonaromatic and antiaromatic compounds. Treatment of the anion with an equivalent of trifluoroacetic acid quantitatively affords cyclopentadiene.
Socio-cultural dimensions of renal transplants in Japan.

One of the most vigorous developments in the recent years in the social sciences is seen in the domain of illness, health and health care systems. It has provided a meaningful interface between the health sciences and the social sciences. While the field is represented by a variety of approaches epistemologically, methodologically and theoretically, we have become increasingly aware of the socio-cultural dimensions of our health-related concepts and behavior. We no longer assume that even biomedicine is an objective ‘science’. Not only is its theoretical foundations not free of the structure of consciousness of the Western intellectual tradition, in which it has been developed, but its delivery is strongly influenced by a culture in which it is practiced [l]. The paper by Ohi et al. [2], entitled “Why are cadaveric renal transplants so hard to find in Japan? An analysis of economic and attitudinal aspects” is one such attempt. The paper provides us with a dramatic example of how the rational economic model has little room in Japan. While the information presented in the paper is fascinating, the causal factors chosen by the authors the decision making pattern in Japanese society and a residual effect of a dubious heart transplantation case in 1%8 seem misdirected and overly simplified. I also find objectionable the value judgement about the Japanese attitude (“Cadaveric kidneys may not be available in substantial numbers until this negativistic hypersensitivity is brought under control”, p. 270). In this brief commentary, I first offer a critique of these two causal factors proposed by the authors, and then suggest alternative ways for understanding the phenomenon of the Japanese reluctance for cadaveric renal transplants. The authors point to the “custom of the Japanese making decisions by consensus” (p. 269), in contrast to the “ ‘divided’ majority” underlying the decision mak-
Viral Infections of the Central Nervous System: Pathogenesis to Therapeutics

Viral infections of the CNS have been implicated in many debilitating illnesses including chronic neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders, neuropsychiatric conditions, acute encephalitis, and CNS malignancies. Although the effects of these manifold diseases are devastating, leading to death in some instances, the armamentarium of effective vaccines and therapeutics at our disposal to prevent and treat virus-mediated disorders of the CNS is astoundingly limited. It is, therefore, critical that we achieve a better understanding of the common mechanisms of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration involved in these disorders so that more effective therapeutics can be developed. In this special issue of the Journal of Neuro-immune Pharmacology, we have assembled an extraordinary collection of contributions, including both comprehensive reviews and primary research articles, from leaders in the field of neurovirology. The manuscripts contained herein focus on a variety of CNS diseases caused by or associated with viruses from disparate families and highlight virus-induced mechanisms of neuropathogenesis supported by both clinical and basic research findings. Ultimately, the elucidation of pathways of virus-mediated neurotoxicity and the neuroinflammatory processes underlying these various conditions will lead to the development of treatment strategies for heterogenous disorders of the CNS associated with viral infection.
The Coordinated Program Dietetic Students Evaluate Geriatric Component of the Curriculum

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME : to evaluate students' perception of competency achievement in geriatric nutrition as part of the Coordinated Program in Dietetics A survey questionnaire consisting of 61 competency statements related to geriatric nutrition, divided into 6 categories: cognitive, affective, clinical, professional practice, food service administration and public policy, was administered to the students (n=17) just prior to graduation. The dietetic educators and practitioners working in the field had identified these competencies as being important for a dietetic professional to work effectively with older adults. The students were asked to rate each competency as to its importance in the training of dietetic students (via a 1 to 5 scale, 1=not important to 5=essential) and also to evaluate the extent to which each competency is currently being included in the curriculum. One hundred percent of students completed and returned the survey. The students rated competencies related to cognitive (437 ±0.4) and affective domains (4.28 ± 0.29) higher than others for importance. A similar trend in rating was seen with regard to their presence in the curriculum. Importance of clinical and public policy domains in the curriculum received the lowest mean scores. When all the statements were considered, a positive correlation was discerned between importance of the competency and inclusion in the curriculum (p
A cross-sectional study of fitness levels in a movement education program (Bischoff & Lewis, 1987).

(1989). A Cross-Sectional Study of Fitness Levels in a Movement Education Program (Bischoff & Lewis, 1987) Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 93-96.
Local suppression of the hidden-order phase by impurities in URu2Si2

We consider the effects of impurities on the enigmatic hidden order (HO) state of the heavy-fermion material ${\mathrm{URu}}_{2}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$. In particular, we focus on local effects of Rh impurities as a tool to probe the suppression of the HO state. To study local properties, we introduce a lattice free energy, where the time invariant HO order parameter $\ensuremath{\Psi}$ and local antiferromagnetic (AFM) order parameter $M$ are competing orders. Near each Rh atom, the HO order parameter is suppressed, creating a hole in which local AFM order emerges as a result of competition. These local holes are created in the fabric of the HO state like in a Swiss cheese and ``filled'' with droplets of AFM order. We compare our analysis with recent NMR results on U(Rh${}_{x}$Ru${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$)${}_{2}$Si${}_{2}$ and find good agreement with the data.
Phosphorylation of an actin.tropomyosin.troponin complex from human skeletal muscle.

Abstract A human skeletal actin · tropomyosin · troponin complex was phosphorylated in the presence of [γ- 32 P]ATP, Mg 2+ , adenosine 3′:5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase). Phosphorylation was not observed when the actin complex was incubated in the absence of protein kinase or 1 μM cyclic AMP. In the presence of 10 −7 M Ca 2+ and protein kinase 0.1 mole of [ 32 P]phosphate per 196 000 g of protein was incorporated. This was two-fold higher than the [ 32 P]phosphate content of a rabbit skeletal actin complex but two-fold lower than that of a bovine cardiac actin complex. At high Ca 2+ , 5 · 10 −5 M, little change in the phosphorylation of a human skeletal actin complex occurred. Phosphoserine and phosphothreonine were identified in the [ 32 P]phosphorylated actin complex. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate showed that 60% of the label was associated with the tropomyosin binding component of troponin. The inhibitory component of troponin contained 16% of the bound [ 32 P]phosphate. Increasing the Ca 2+ concentration did not significantly decrease the [ 32 P]phosphate content of the phosphorylated proteins in the actin complex. No change in the distribution of phosphoserine or phosphothreonine was observed. Half maximal calcium activation of the ATPase activity of reconstituted human skeletal actomyosin made with the [ 32 P]phosphorylated human skeletal actin complex was the same as a reconstituted actomyosin made with an actin complex incubated in the absence of protein kinase at low or high Ca 2+ .
Temporary cementation in fixed partial prosthesis

Summary 1. Temporarily cemented restorations will serve satisfactorily over long periods of time. 2. Temporarily cemented restorations should be examined roentgenographically three or four times during the first year of service, then twice yearly. 3. Great emphasis must be placed on the necessity for periodic clinical examination and inspection. 4. Patients must be thoroughly instructed in mouth hygiene. 5. The dentist and the patient must share equally the responsibility for the health and maintenance of all restorations. Failure on the part of either to cooperate may lead to difficulty and failure.
Alternative measures of economic success among TANF participants: Avoiding poverty, hardship, and dependence on public assistance

Current debates about the success of TANF reforms have been obscured by the use of inconsistent indicators of success, as well as by measurement difficulties associated with alternative indicators. This paper considers conceptual and measurement issues associated with three different indicators of economic well-being: independence from public assistance, having income above the poverty threshold, and freedom from material hardship. Survey and administrative data from a sample of TANF participants illustrate the sensitivity of conclusions to alternative ways of measuring each indicator. Also considered is the extent to which dependence, poverty, and hardship coincide, or capture important differences in outcomes. The principles underlying TANF reforms have implications for appropriate measures of economic well-being, as the empirical importance of these implications demonstrates. © 2004 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Implementing a coordinated research program in the hydrologic sciences

The Committee on Hydrologic Science (COHS), jointly organized by the National Research Council's (NRC) Water Science and Technology Board and Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, is aiming to engage the Earth science community to provide hydrologic science input to U.S. and international programs. The timing is opportune in that there are emergent new demands for applications and scientific partnerships, and enhancements in technical capability that can rapidly transform the discipline. There have been similar decision points in the past, most notably as recently as just a decade ago. The 1991 NRC report,“Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences,” marked a major shift in the discipline toward framing its role as an Earth science. Expanded horizons in hydrologic science led to intensive cultivation of new research ideas dealing with couplings across the Earth sciences, with the application of new mathematical frameworks for dealing with wide-scale disparities characteristic of hydrologic processes, and with the use of new data types,such as those resulting from remote sensing.
Placebo effect of saline on locomotor activity in several strains of mice

The effect of intraperitoneal injection of 0.9 per cent saline solution upon locomotor activity of six strains of mice was observed in actometer cages. Whether tested singly or in groups of four, a depressant effect of saline upon activity was seen. The strains differed significantly in activity levels, but not in degree of effect of saline on activity. Group testing had differing degrees of effect on activity counts compared to single-mouse tests in the several strains.
Electron stimulated desorption of O2+ from gadolinia-doped ceria surfaces

Abstract The interactions of gas phase oxygen with gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC) surfaces are investigated by electron stimulated desorption (ESD). The primary desorbed cationic species related to molecular oxygen adsorption is O 2 + . The threshold energy for ESD of O 2 + is 13–14 eV, indicating electron impact ionization of molecular oxygen bound at oxygen vacancies. Dependence of O 2 + velocities upon incident electron energy and substrate temperature reveals the dominant influence of the effective charge of the adsorption complex. The O 2 + velocity distribution is bimodal, and the onset of the faster components at room temperature is related to the balance between fluxes of incident electrons and secondary electron emission, causing effective hole production and neutralization of trapped electrons at surface states.
Managing design information in enterprise-wide CAD using `smart drawings'

Abstract Information sharing is critical to any design team. The availability of design information, such as component databases, memos and correspondence, CAD models and simulation results, all accessible through a computer network, drives the design process. However, accessibility does not necessarily connote useability. To bring information sharing into the service of supporting design requires integration. We describe a framework for managing CAD-based design information in enterprise-wide networked design environments. By merging the processes of design documentation and design data management through the concept of `smart drawings', we characterize the development of a shared knowledge base for exchanging product information among multi-disciplinary design teams. The combination of relational database and document management technology enables the use of the CAD-based information as a single front-end to the design tools and for manipulating design data. The knowledge base is formed by associating CAD models to related documents and embedding significant semantic content in the domain model rather than in the application programs that use the database. The availability of design information is then accessed through an information repository in a client/server environment. The system was deployed and tested in an industrial, multi-disciplinary facilities design and management project.
Anisotropy of the Conductivity of n -Type Germanium at High Electric Fields

Current density vs electric field has been measured up to 10 000 V/cm in $n$-type germanium at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 297\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for the field in the [100], [110], and [111] crystallographic directions. At 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for 100 V/cm the drift velocity in the [100] direction is 60% greater than in the [111] direction. By 10 000 V/cm, this difference (the longitudinal anisotropy) has decreased from its maximum value at 1000 V/cm to 15%. The [110] curve lies between the other two. This anisotropy can be explained in terms of the effective mass anisotropy and population changes of the conduction band valleys oriented differently with respect to the field. The drift velocity of a single valley and the change of intervalley scattering rate as a function of field are deduced. The latter increases by a factor of 30 over the range of applied field. At 297\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K negligible anisotropy is found.
Political Awareness and Electoral Campaigns: Maximum Effects for Minimum Citizens?

Revisionists demonstrate campaigns mobilize, educate, activate predispositions, and change minds. Attention has turned from the “minimum effects” thesis to questions about the conditions under which campaigns matter and questions about which types of people are susceptible to campaign effects. Focusing on whether campaign effects are mediated by chronic political awareness, I find that current scholarship on this question is mixed. Some find that campaigns affect the politically unaware most, some find bigger effects among more aware citizens, and some find similar effects across the awareness distribution. Noting the possibility that awareness mediates different types of campaign effects differently (e.g. priming, persuasion, or learning), Zaller’s Receive–Accept-Sample framework is consulted to develop expectations. I test the RAS generated predictions using the 2004 National Annenberg Election Survey pre/post panel. The results support the theory that awareness mediates different campaign effects differently.
Separation and indirect detection of amino acids as acetylated derivatives

Abstract Iron(II)—1,10-phenanthroline salts are used as mobile phase additives for the separation and indirect photometric detection (IPD) of N-acetylated amino acid (N-Ac-AA) derivatives on a reversed stationary phase. Mobile phase concentration, pH, organic modifier concentration and counter anion affect retention and IPD. Disodium-1,5-naphthalene disulfonate and sodium benzoate as counter anions and buffer anion, respectively, are optimum because of their contribution to eluent strength, pH and location of their system peaks. The retention order of N-Ac-AA derivatives is influenced by AA side-chain structure. Mixtures of AA can also be separated, detected by IPD and determined after conversion of the AA to the N-Ac-AA derivatives via acetylation. The detection limit depends on the AA side-chain. For N-Ac-Val and derivatives of similar types of AA the detection limit was 0.5 nmol for a 10-μl injection. A similar detection limit was found for Val when the acetylation step was included in the procedure.
Validation of the Pittsburgh Cardiac Arrest Category illness severity score

Background The purpose of this study was to validate the ability of an early post-cardiac arrest illness severity classification to predict patient outcomes. Methods The Pittsburgh Cardiac Arrest Category (PCAC) is a 4-level illness severity score that was found to be strongly predictive of outcomes in the initial derivation study. We assigned PCAC scores to consecutive in and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest subjects treated at two tertiary care centers between January 2011 and September 2013. We made assignments prospectively at Site 1 and retrospectively at Site 2. Our primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge. Inter-rater reliability of retrospective PCAC assessments was assessed. Secondary outcomes were favorable discharge disposition (home or acute rehabilitation), Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at hospital discharge. We tested the association of PCAC with each outcome using unadjusted and multivariable logistic regression. Results We included 607 cardiac arrest patients during the study (393 at Site 1 and 214 at Site 2). Site populations differed in age, arrest location, rhythm, use of hypothermia and distribution of PCAC. Inter-rater reliability of retrospective PCAC assignments was excellent (κ=0.81). PCAC was associated with survival (unadjusted odds ratio (OR) for Site 1: 0.33 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.27-0.41)) Site 2: 0.32 (95% CI 0.24-0.43) even after adjustment for other clinical variables (adjusted OR Site 1: 0.32 (95% CI 0.25-0.41) Site 2: 0.31 (95% CI 0.22-0.44)). PCAC was predictive of secondary outcomes. Conclusions Our results confirm that PCAC is strongly predictive of survival and good functional outcome after cardiac arrest.
Differential games with open-loop saddle point conditions

Zero-sum differential games are considered in which one or both of the players are restricted to use open-loop control. It is shown that the first-order necessary conditions for such problems are identical to the first-order necessary conditions for the usual form of a differential game, where both players use closed-loop control laws. An investigation of the conjugate point condition for a special class of games shows that this condition is not the same but depends on the type of solution sought. For games where one or both of the players use open-loop control, there are two conjugate point conditions that must be satisfied. This differs from games in which both players use closed-loop control, where there is only one conjugate point necessary condition.
Statistical models for images: compression, restoration and synthesis

We present a parametric statistical model for visual images in the wavelet transform domain. We characterize the joint densities of coefficient magnitudes at adjacent spatial locations, adjacent orientations, and adjacent spatial scales. The model accounts for the statistics of a wide variety of visual images. As a demonstration of this, we used the model to design a progressive image encoder with state-of-the-art rate-distortion performance. We also show promising examples of image restoration and texture synthesis.
A dynamic landslide hazard assessment system for Central America and Hispaniola

Abstract. Landslides pose a serious threat to life and property in Central America and the Caribbean Islands. In order to allow regionally coordinated situational awareness and disaster response, an online decision support system was created. At its core is a new flexible framework for evaluating potential landslide activity in near real time: Landslide Hazard Assessment for Situational Awareness. This framework was implemented in Central America and the Caribbean by integrating a regional susceptibility map and satellite-based rainfall estimates into a binary decision tree, considering both daily and antecedent rainfall. Using a regionally distributed, percentile-based threshold approach, the model outputs a pixel-by-pixel nowcast in near real time at a resolution of 30 arcsec to identify areas of moderate and high landslide hazard. The daily and antecedent rainfall thresholds in the model are calibrated using a subset of the Global Landslide Catalog in Central America available for 2007–2013. The model was then evaluated with data for 2014. Results suggest reasonable model skill over Central America and poorer performance over Hispaniola due primarily to the limited availability of calibration and validation data. The landslide model framework presented here demonstrates the capability to utilize globally available satellite products for regional landslide hazard assessment. It also provides a flexible framework to interchange the individual model components and adjust or calibrate thresholds based on access to new data and calibration sources. The availability of free satellite-based near real-time rainfall data allows the creation of similar models for any study area with a spatiotemporal record of landslide events. This method may also incorporate other hydrological or atmospheric variables such as numerical weather forecasts or satellite-based soil moisture estimates within this decision tree approach for improved hazard analysis.
Unified control for the permanent magnet generator and rectifier system

This paper presents a unified control method for the combined permanent magnet generator (PMG) and three-phase boost rectifier that can be used in autonomous power systems such as more-electric aircraft requiring high power density. With the unified control, the paper shows the system can function well without additional boost inductors. The design procedure for the control is presented, including current loops, voltage loop, reactive power loop and rotor position estimator loop. Simulation and experimental results show that both the DC link voltage and reactive power could be controlled effectively. In addition, the paper proposes a method to optimize the overall system efficiency by appropriate reactive power distribution. The power density and efficiency of the PMG and rectifier system is improved with the unified control.
The effect of acetabular rim recession on anterior acetabular coverage: a cadaveric study using the false-profile radiograph.

Background:The majority of rim recession for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is performed anteriorly and has traditionally been assessed by the lateral center-edge (CE) angle, which correlates most closely with lateral coverage. The radiographic false-profile view permits measurement of anterior coverage via the anterior CE angle and more closely correlates with anterior coverage.Purpose:To answer the following questions: (1) How does incremental anterior rim recession change lateral and anterior CE angles? and (2) Can these changes be predicted by a formula?Study Design:Descriptive laboratory study.Methods:Twelve cadaveric hips were dissected free of soft tissue to expose the anterior acetabular rim. Incremental resections of 2.5 mm (range, 0-10 mm) were performed from the 12- to 3-o’clock position using a Dremel rotary tool. Anteroposterior hip and false-profile radiographs were obtained at each interval using a fluoroscopic C-arm. The lateral and anterior CE angles were measured by 3 orthopaedic sur...
mOS: an architecture for extreme-scale operating systems

Linux®, or more specifically, the Linux API, plays a key role in HPC computing. Even for extreme-scale computing, a known and familiar API is required for production machines. However, an off-the-shelf Linux distribution faces challenges at extreme scale. To date, two approaches have been used to address the challenges of providing an operating system (OS) at extreme scale. In the Full-Weight Kernel (FWK) approach, an OS, typically Linux, forms the starting point, and work is undertaken to remove features from the environment so that it will scale up across more cores and out across a large cluster. A Light-Weight Kernel (LWK) approach often starts with a new kernel and work is undertaken to add functionality to provide a familiar API, typically Linux. Either approach however, results in an execution environment that is not fully Linux compatible.mOS (multi Operating System) runs both an FWK (Linux), and an LWK, simultaneously as kernels on the same compute node. mOS thereby achieves the scalability and reliability of LWKs, while providing the full Linux functionality of an FWK. Further, mOS works in concert with Operating System Nodes (OSNs) to offload system calls, e.g., I/O, that are too invasive to run on the compute nodes at extreme-scale. Beyond providing full Linux capability with LWK performance, other advantages of mOS include the ability to effectively manage different types of compute and memory resources, interface easily with proposed asynchronous and fine-grained runtimes, and nimbly manage new technologies.This paper is an architectural description of mOS. As a prototype is not yet finished, the contributions of this work are a description of mOS's architecture, an exploration of the tradeoffs and value of this approach for the purposes listed above, and a detailed architecture description of each of the six components of mOS, including the tradeoffs we considered. The uptick of OS research work indicates that many view this as an important area for getting to extreme scale. Thus, most importantly, the goal of the paper is to generate discussion in this area at the workshop.
Evaluation of an auditory masked threshold noise suppression algorithm in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners

While there have been numerous studies in the field of speech enhancement, the majority of these studies have focused on noise reduction for normal-hearing (NH) individuals. In addition, no speech enhancement algorithms reported in the signal processing community have reported an improvement in intelligibility, with the exception of a recent study by Tsoukalas et al. [IEEE Transactions of Speech and Audio Processing 5 (6) (1997) 497]. This study addresses the problem of speech enhancement for both NH and hearing-impaired (HI) subjects. A noise suppression algorithm based on auditory masked thresholds was implemented and evaluated for NH and HI subjects. Two different tests for intelligibility were used in the evaluation including the nonsense syllable test and the diagnostic rhyme test. Speech quality was evaluated using sentences from the hearing-in-noise test. Tests were performed using two types of noise (voice communications channel and automobile highway noise) at two different signal-to-noise ratios. Ten NH and 11 HI listeners were used to evaluate the enhancement algorithm. Results indicate that the enhancement algorithm yielded significantly better quality ratings and significantly better intelligibility scores in both NH and HI listeners in some but not all of the test conditions. The algorithm resulted in the greatest intelligibility improvements in the communications channels noise and for the nonsense syllable stimuli.
Interdam Movements and Passage Attraction of American Shad in the Lower Merrimack River Main Stem

Abstract In May and June of 2002, 72 adult American shad Alosa sapidissima were internally radio-tagged on four dates and were monitored in the Merrimack River, Massachusetts, between Essex Dam (first main-stem dam above the Atlantic Ocean) and Pawtucket Dam (second main-stem dam), a distance of 22 kilometers. From 1989 to 2001, the number of American shad that passed Pawtucket Dam via the Boott Station fish lift and fish ladder averaged 17% of the number that passed Essex Dam. The objectives of the study were to (1) determine the number of tagged American shad that pass Essex Dam and reach the Boott Station tailrace and (2) monitor American shad movements between Essex and Pawtucket dams. Three stationary receivers and one mobile receiver were used to track fish over a 2-month period. Sixty-five tagged fish were deemed healthy after release from the Essex Dam fish lift. From this group, 43 fish (66%) reached the pool immediately downstream of the Boott Station tailrace and 36 fish (55%) entered the tailr...
Analysis and design of PEM fuel cells

This paper presents a detailed numerical investigation of the transport and electrochemical phenomena involved during the operation of a single proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell on reformate feed with a view to developing optimal design and operating conditions. A one-dimensional non-isothermal model, validated with experimental data, is utilized to evaluate the fuel cell performance over a wide range of design and operating parameters that affect the thermal response and water management. Based on a systematic parametric analysis on the various physical and electrochemical phenomena, feasible operating regimes and optimal design conditions are identified with the objective of maximizing the power density subject to constraints. Overall, this paper illustrates a methodology for using physics-based models for cell design and optimization.
Outlook for the US PV research program and implications for terrestrial systems and applications

The US PV program has proposed a strong research agenda for Fiscal Year (PI) 2001. The program has established milestones to achieve a 14% efficient stable prototype thin-film module, and achieve further advances in laboratory cell efficiencies that will have implications for the PV products deployed in terrestrial systems and applications. Key efforts include basic research to investigate innovative, nonconventional PV materials, devices and processes; high-performance PV research into thin-films and Ill-V materials; new PVMaT work on in-situ monitoring and process diagnostics; and continued research into PV building integration. Congress' response to the FY2001 budget request may significantly influence our plans. This paper provides an update on the appropriations process and highlights new elements of the US PV program in FY 2001.
Novel technologies for soy products, processing, and applications

The effects of pressure (400, 500 and 600 MPa), dwell time (1 and 5 min) and temperature (25 and 75°C) on microbial quality and protein stability of soymilk during 28 days of storage (4°C) were evaluated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. After processing and during storage, there were significant differences in total bacterial count (TBC), numbers of psychrotrophs (PSY) and Enterobacteriaceae (ENT), and protein stability between untreated (control) and pressurized samples (P 0.05). Pressure at 400 MPa (5 min), 500 and 600 MPa (1 and 5 min) produced 100%
MAUVE: miniaturized and reconfigurable instrumentation for multipurpose survey with a Mini Autonomous Underwater VEhicle

The overall objective of the MAUVE project is to develop and validate at sea a miniaturized, reconfigurable, mobile and autonomous instrumented vehicle, dedicated to multipurpose survey, in particular in coastal waters. It will be characterized by coherent integration of a compact automatic multiparameter measurement module with a very small autonomous underwater vehicle, enabling sensor-driven navigation. Such a demonstrator, derived from an existing "torpedo-shaped" AUV (CALAS), is being developed and will be validated at sea in Mediterranean coastal waters, within "plume survey" and "bottom mapping" configurations. However, the potentialities of the "MAUVE" project open a much wider spectrum of potential applications, ranging from the monitoring of sub-ice conditions to the surveillance of various dumping sites, through the inspection of the quality of bathing waters.
Autonomy and the Purposes of Schooling

(1986). Autonomy and the Purposes of Schooling. Educational Philosophy and Theory: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 34-41.
Examining The Relationship Between The National Survey Of Student Engagement And The ETS Business Major Field Test

In this study, the authors examined the relationship between the various NSSE (National Survey of Student Engagement) survey items or classifications and the ETS Major Field Test (MFT) in Business. The sample consisted of 87 business students at a small liberal arts college. Many of the survey items were linked positively to the ETS Major Field Test. The results suggest that MFT is a better measurement than GPA for NSSE. As a noteworthy finding from the analysis, we need to mention that MFT is a better measurement of student engagement described in the NSSE rather than GPA. Therefore, it seems that the MFT is a valid external measurement of student engagement. In particular, the MFT shows a relative strength in assessing “Integration of Diversity into Coursework.”
Predictors of Failure and Complications of Catheter-Directed Interventions for Pulmonary Embolism

Abstract Objective Catheter-directed interventions (CDIs) are increasingly performed for acute pulmonary embolism (PE) as they are presumed to provide similar therapeutic benefits to systemic thrombolysis while decreasing the dose of thrombolytic required and the associated risks. This study aimed to identify factors associated with CDI failure and to describe anticipated complications. Methods Consecutive patients who underwent CDI for massive or submassive PE between 2009 and 2015 were identified; outcomes and complications were retrospectively collected. CDI clinical failure was defined as major bleeding, perioperative stroke or other major adverse procedure-related event, decompensation for submassive or persistent shock for massive PE, need for surgical thromboembolectomy, or in-hospital death. Univariate analysis was used to study the factors associated with CDI failure. Results There were 102 patients who received a CDI during the study period (36 standard catheter thrombolysis, 60 ultrasound assisted, 6 other; age, 59.2 ± 15.9 years; male, 50 [49.0%]; massive PE, 14 [13.7%]). Five patients (4.9%) had a major contraindication and 15 patients (14.7%) had a minor contraindication to systemic thrombolysis. The mean alteplase dose was 28.2 ± 18.8 mg (range, 0-123 mg; three patients had already received systemic lysis). CDI failure occurred in 15 patients (14.7%; 7 in massive PE, 8 in submassive PE). Of these patients, seven had major bleeding events, whereas eight patients decompensated. Ten (9.8%) patients had minor bleeding events (four access related). Factors associated with CDI failure and major bleeding included massive PE, age ≥70 years, and major contraindication to thrombolytics. Both failures and bleeding events were independent of lysis dose and CDI technique. Conclusions CDIs for acute PE are not risk-free procedures, and their use should be individualized on the basis of a risk-benefit ratio. Particularly for patients with major contraindications to systemic thrombolytics, CDIs should be used selectively. Lytic dose, within the low-volume range administered in CDI, and type of CDI seem to have no impact on adverse events.
Abnormal Organogenesis in the Reproductive System

The fertilized egg of the human utilizes a program of embryonic differentiation estimated to contain 100,000,000,000 bits of information (yes or no decisions) to attain the chemical constitution of the adult (Dancoff and Quastler, 1953). The information content of a single printed page is about 10,000 bits. Thus, the complexity of the program of human differentiation is equivalent to 10,000,000 printed pages, or the content of a library of considerable size. Yet, it is amazing that errors in readout of this program resulting in teratologic organogenesis are so few. The highest incidence of all malformations reported to occur in man is at most 2 percent of live births.
Predicting Statistical Characteristics of Jitter Due to Simultaneous Switching Noise

Switching of logic gates is often responsible for significant power supply noise. Predicting the jitter resulting from the power supply noise can be critical to analyze the proper operation of high-speed devices. The statistical characteristics of jitter, such as the mean standard deviation of jitter, can be used to place a meaningful bound on the worst-case timing margin and to estimate the bit error rate. While the statistical characteristics of the noise can be found through simulations of many input logic vectors, such simulations require significant computational effort and require methods for choosing suitable data vectors. Vectorless methods allow rapid analysis of switching without using predefined input data and can be used to understand which portions of the logic circuit contribute most to the noise. In this paper, methods using vectorless techniques are presented to predict the mean and standard deviation of the power supply noise on the printed circuit board (PCB), and the mean and standard deviation of the resulting peak-to-peak jitter in a driver on the same PCB. In experiments, the techniques were able to predict the average and standard deviation of the peak power supply noise on the PCB with 2% and 8% error, respectively, and of the peak-to-peak jitter with 21% error, which is sufficient for predicting how a specific logic design might impact jitter, and for proposing means to minimize that impact.
Factors Affecting Growth and Differentiation in Simple Slime Molds

(1956). Factors Affecting Growth and Differentiation in Simple Slime Molds. Mycologia: Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 169-205.
Gray matter integrity within regions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortical-subcortical network predicts executive function and fine motor dexterity in spina bifida

Objectives This study examined microstructural properties of cortical and subcortical gray matter components of the dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) cortical-subcortical circuit in relation to parent-rated executive function and fine motor dexterity performance in youth with spina bifida myelomeningocele (SBM). Aberrant gray matter integrity of the DLPFC, basal ganglia nuclei, and thalamus were hypothesized to differentially relate to neurobehavioral outcomes. Methods Forty-nine youth between 8 and 18 years (M = 12.34) old with SBM underwent a 3T MRI including diffusion tensor imaging. Neurobehavioral measures of parent-rated executive function and fine motor dexterity were obtained from a standardized neuropsychological evaluation. Relations among indices of gray matter microstructural integrity (mean diffusivity [MD], fractional anisotropy [FA], cortical thickness) and neurobehavior were examined using 3 correlational methods to enhance reliability of brain-behavior relations. Results In SBM, higher FA values in the caudate were associated with poorer behavioral regulation. Higher FA values in the putamen and greater DLPFC thickness were both associated with poorer fine motor dexterity. Conclusion Behavioral regulation and FA in the caudate related to behavioral inhibition in SBM. Similarly, associations between fine motor dexterity and indices of gray matter integrity in the putamen and DLPFC support fronto-striatal involvement in motor control in SBM. Examination of these neurobehavioral correlates revealed a pattern of attenuated behavioral impairments when gray matter structure was more similar to that of typically developing youth. (PsycINFO Database Record
A new family of eighth-order Steffensen type methods for solving nonlinear equations

A family of three-step eighth-order Steffensen type methods for solving nonlinear equations is presented. The new methods are free from any derivatives. Per iteration the new methods require four evaluations of the function,which implies that the efficiency index of the developed methods is 1. 682,which is optimal according to Kung and Traub's conjecture. Numerical comparisons are made to show the performance of the presented methods,as shown in the illustration examples.
Epidemic Analysis of Measles in Yantian District of Shenzhen City During the Period of 1995～2006

Objective To analyze the epidemiology of measles,and to revise the strategy for measles control as well as its vaccination.Methods The surveillance data of measles during the period of 1995～2006 in Yantian District of Shenzhen City were analyzed by descriptive epidemiology method.Results The average measles incidence rate was 9.60 per 100,000 from 1995 to 2006 in Yantian District of Shenzhen City.The measles incidence for floating people of above 20-year-old age group accounted for 61.84% of the reported cases,which was higher than the natives,followed by the 1～4-year-old age group,accounted for 17.11%.Only 1.97% of the measles cases were immunized.Conclusions The age distribution of measles cases reminds that the routine immunization service should be strengthened,and the measles campaign should be implemented to adult population.In addition,perfecting the measles surveillance system is urgent.