cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent literature on lichens—218

] Bielczyk, U., M. Jedrzejczyk-Korycinska & J. Kiszka. 2009. Lichens of abandoned zinc-lead mines. Acta Mycologica 44(2): 139–149. [Many species (76) reported from this mining area in south-central Poland (Silesian-Krakow Upland). Most common genera are Cladonia (18 species) and Verrucaria (8 species). A few rare or endangered taxa were also found. In English with a Polish summary.] Bjork, C. R. 2010. Additions to the lichen flora of Washington State, United States. I. Evansia 27(1): 18–20. [Report of 13 taxa new to the state.] ———, T. Goward & T. Spribille. 2009. New records and range extensions of rare lichens from waterfalls and sprayzones in inland British Columbia, Canada. Evansia 26(4): 219–224. [Notes on several species, including Psoroglaena stigonemoides reported new to North America.] Boonpragob, K. 2010. A tribute to Natsurang Homchantara. Lichenologist 42(2): 129–130. [Brief note on the life and work of Thailand’s ‘‘... first trained lichen taxonomist.’’] Bowker, M. A., J. Belnap & D. W. Davidson. 2010. Microclimate and propagule availability are equally important for rehabilitation of dryland N-fixing lichens. Restoration Ecology 18(1): 30–33. [‘‘It is possible that attempts to improve N cycling via re-establishment of Collema might be best served by developing economical means of simulating moister, cooler microhabitats, e.g., sloping soil or creating partial shade, which would favor the establishment of naturally dispersed propagules, rather than introducing propagules.’’] ———, F. T. Maestre & C. Escolar. 2010. Biological crusts as a model system for examining the biodiversity-ecosystem function relationship in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 42(3): 405–417. [Study of data from the USA and Spain. ‘‘Functional group richness did not seem to adequately capture biodiversity-function relationships, suggesting that bryophyte and lichen components of BSC [biological soil crusts] may exhibit low redundancy.’’] Brodo, I. M. & J. P. Bennett. 2009. John Walter Thomson, 1913–2009. The Bryologist 112(4): 860–868. [Tribute to John Thomson including a list of his publications and new lichens species he named.] Buckley, L. G. & R. T. McCrea. 2009. The sodium hypochlorite solution for the removal of lichen from vertebrate track surfaces. Ichnos: An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces 16(3): 230–234. [‘‘This paper describes a technique using a sodium hypochlorite solution (bleach) to remove lichen from a track surface containing numerous avian prints and small theropod prints with skin impressions.’’] Egan: Recent literature on lichens 691
Tests to completely measure the photon and Z0-boson couplings of the tau lepton.

Ongoing experiments with unpolarized ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}{e}^{+}$ collisions contain many events for the production-decay sequence ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}{e}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{Z}^{0}$, ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{*}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{1}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{2}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}({h}_{1}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\nu})({h}_{2}^{+}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}})$, where $h=\ensuremath{\pi}, \ensuremath{\rho}$. In principle, from the beam-referenced spin-correlation function for this sequence the photon and ${Z}^{0}$-boson couplings of the $\ensuremath{\tau}$ lepton can be completely measured. From ${10}^{7}$ ${Z}^{0}$ events the moduli of the ${Z}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{+}$ helicity-conserving neutral-current amplitudes $|T(\ensuremath{-}+)|$ and $|T(+\ensuremath{-})|$ can be measured to the 1% level (ideal statistical error), and their relative phase ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{+\ensuremath{-}}$ to the 3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} level. Unless experimental suprises occur, the helicity-changing neutral-current amplitudes $T(++)$ and $T(\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{-})$ will not be measured by this technique [$\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}|T(\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{-})|}{|T(\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{-})|}=6$]. From ${10}^{7}{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{+}$ events at $\sqrt{s}=10$ GeV, the modulus $|t(\ensuremath{-}+)|=|t(+\ensuremath{-})|$ for ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{*}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{+}$ can be measured to the 0.5% level and their relative phase ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{+\ensuremath{-}}$ to 0.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, the modulus $|t(++)|=|t(\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{-})|$ to 1% and their relative phase ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{++}$ to 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and the remaining relative phase ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{0}$ to 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Similar ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{*}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{+}$ ideal statistical error levels are found for a $\ensuremath{\tau}$-charm factory ($\sqrt{s}\ensuremath{\sim}4$ GeV).
Stem Rust Resistance in A-Genome Diploid Relatives of Wheat.

Rouse, M. N., and Jin, Y. 2011. Stem rust resistance in A-genome diploid relatives of wheat. Plant Dis. 95:941-944. Wheat stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, has been effectively controlled through the use of genetic resistance. P. graminis f. sp. tritici race TTKSK (Ug99) possesses virulence to many resistance genes that have been used in wheat breeding worldwide. One strategy to aid breeders in developing resistant cultivars is to utilize resistance genes transferred from wild relatives to wheat. Stem rust resistance genes have previously been introgressed from Triticum monococcum to wheat. In order to identify additional resistance genes, we screened 1,061 accessions of T. monococcum and 205 accessions of T. urartu against race TTKSK and four additional P. graminis f. sp. tritici races: TTTTF, TRTTF, QFCSC, and MCCFC. A high frequency of the accessions (78.7% of T. monococcum and 93.0% of T. urartu) were resistant to P. graminis f. sp. tritici race TTKSK, with infection types ranging from 0 to 2+. Among these resistant accessions, 55 T. monococcum accessions (6.4% of the total) were also resistant to the other four races. Associations of resistance in T. monococcum germplasm to different races indicated the presence of genes conferring resistance to multiple races. Comparing the observed infection type patterns to the expected patterns of known genes indicated that previously uncharacterized genes for resistance to race TTKSK exist in both T. monococcum and T. urartu.
Physician Reactions to Malpractice Suits and Cost Containment in Massachusetts

Three medical specialties are examined in this study: obstetrics, thoracic surgery, and general pediatrics. The findings reveal three features of medical practice. First, physicians distinguish technical from clinical autonomy. Second, cost containment reduces the clinical autonomy of physicians by pressuring them to utilize fewer resources. Third, the threat of being sued reduces clinical autonomy since physicians feel the need to run more diagnostic procedures and manage care differently. Malpractice suits and cost containment are discussed as potential forces for change away from the dominant medical model of health care.
Influence of Anticoccidial Drugs on Losses of Broiler Chickens from Heat Stress and Coccidiosis

A floor-pen experiment conducted to study the anticoccidial efficacy of a number of drugs coincided with prolonged periods of hot weather and provided a good opportunity to study the interactions of anticoccidial drugs and environmental temperature. Six replicates of 60 day-old male chicks were fed one of the experimental diets for 48 days followed by a 5-day withdrawal period. The treatments consisted of unmedicated, salinomycin (60 ppm), monensin (100 ppm), arprinocid (60 ppm), halofuginone (3 ppm), amprolium/ethopabate (125/4 ppm), nicarbazin (125 ppm), and clopidol (125 ppm). Coccidiosis exposure was produced by mixing the suspensions of oocysts with the feed. Eleven heat related mortality episodes were recorded in the period of the experiment. All the mortality peaks were recorded at environmental temperatures at or above 37.8 C and relative humidity of 80 to 98%. Heat stress caused an excessive mortality in nicarbazin treated birds at an early age (18 to 29 days of age), while heat related mortality was low at this age with other drug treatments. Total heat related mortality with nicarbazin treated birds was significantly higher (59.2%) than the other treatments (8 to 18.6%). In order to investigate further the interaction of environmental temperature and nicarbazin, two battery trials were conducted in controlled environmental rooms. No heat stress mortality was recorded in the period of the first trial when nicarbazin treated birds were exposed to a constant environmental temperature of 32.2 C; however, their performance was affected. The results of the second trail showed that when nicarbazin treated birds were exposed to a constant environmental temperature of 37.8 C they suffered more severely from the heat stress than the unmedicated group in a short period of time. The results of these experiments confirmed that an interaction exists between high environmental temperatures and the anticoccidial drug nicarbazin.
Electrodialysis Treatment of Flow-Back Water for Environmental Protection in Shale Gas Development

In the domain of shale gas extraction, water is used during the process of fracturing the shale in order to retrieve the gas trapped in the formation. A portion of the injected water is recovered during the initial extraction of the gas, which is known as flow-back water. Electrodialysis is an alternative for onsite treatment (or pre-treatment) and recycling of the flow-back water, which has gained more attention in recent years. The method is based on an electrically assisted membrane process for separation of salts from the water. Flow-back water has very high concentrations of dissolved solids (e.g. calcium, barium, magnesium, and iron) and electrodialysis is highly susceptible to these cations and has great potential to be used as a desalination process in such aggressive environment. In this study, the efficiency of the electrodialysis as a desalination process for flow-back water was investigated using samples of flow-back from Marcellus shale wells in the laboratory scale. The preliminary findings in the experimental evaluation of the method indicated a removal of total dissolved solids of more than 90%.
Liquid damping isolation on quartz crystal microbalance for effective preservation of high quality factor and sensitivity in liquid

This paper reports a novel design of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) for effective preservation of high quality factor and sensitivity in liquid. Many previous attempts have not achieved effective solutions to improve the QCM's performance in liquid. It is challenging to create a device without serious liquid damping effect. Our new design removes this dependence through an acoustic loss isolation layer (vacuum) and a sensing diaphragm, which reduce direct contact area at the interface between the QCM and liquid. The sensing diaphragm plays another important role of keeping the liquid damping effect at a much lower frequency than the operating frequency of the QCM. By successful isolation of the liquid damping effect from the QCM's resonance, we have successfully been able to preserve high Q in liquid. Q of 1603 in air and 1600 in water (less than 1% reduction) have been clearly observed.
Why is There No Tragedy in These Commons? An Analysis of Forest User Groups and Forest Policy in Bhutan

Governments around the world are increasingly devolving authority for forest management to the local level in an attempt to strengthen the management of national forests. Community forestry programs are recognized as providing a range of economic and social benefits and having a positive impact on increasing forest cover. However, concerns have been raised about the capability of user groups to manage community forests in a sustainable and equitable manner. This study analyzed the initial experience with community forestry in Bhutan and assessed the degree to which national policies have enhanced the likelihood of successful management by forestry user groups. The study found that the studied communities possess many attributes of successful forest user groups due to historical and socio-cultural reasons. National policies, including the unusual provision of handing over well-stocked forests to user groups, have further enhanced the likelihood of sustainable management by forest user groups. The initial experience of forest management by user groups in Bhutan is promising, and merits further study now that that a much larger number of community forests (CFs) have experience with harvesting.
Measurement ratio testing for improved quality and outlier detection

Measurement Ratio tests of analog test values are used to improve product quality using existing ATE test data. The use of measurement ratio tests is shown to have no impact on overall lot test time, while improving product quality through the detection of fabrication and test outliers. The definition of a data driven method to select test pairs for Measurement Ratio testing based on production test data improves fabrication outlier elimination in production.
Selective control of SNARE recycling by Golgi retention

Two distinct sets of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNARE) catalyze membrane fusion in the cis-Golgi and trans-Golgi. The mechanism that controls Golgi localization of SNAREs remains largely unknown. Here we tested three potential mechanisms, including vesicle recycling between the Golgi and the endoplasmic reticulum, partitioning in Golgi lipid microdomains, and selective intra-Golgi retention. Recycling rates showed a linear relationship with intra-Golgi mobility of SNAREs. The cis-Golgi SNAREs had higher mobility than intra-Golgi SNAREs, whereas vesicle SNAREs had higher mobility than target membrane SNAREs. The differences in SNARE mobility were not due to preferential partitioning into detergent-resistant membrane microdomains. We propose that intra-Golgi retention precludes entropy-driven redistribution of SNAREs to the endoplasmic reticulum and endocytic compartments.
Estimating the likelihood of success in departure management strategies during convective weather

The presence of convective weather (thunderstorms) in terminal and nearby en route airspace of major metroplex areas can have significant impacts on departure operations. Traffic on departure routes impacted by convective weather may be constrained by miles-in-trail (MIT) restrictions, to allow controllers the time needed to maneuver individual flights around thunderstorms that pilots wish to avoid. When the workload required to manage traffic flows becomes too great, departure routes may be closed. Departures still on the ground that are filed on closed or restricted routes may face significant delays as they wait for clearance on their filed route, or for a viable reroute to be implemented. The solution proposed in concepts such as the Integrated Departure Route Planning tool (IDRP) [1] is the use of weather and departure demand forecasts to plan and implement reroutes to avoid weather and volume congestion proactively, well in advance of route restrictions or closures. As traffic management concepts propose longer forecast horizons for proactive planning, they must account for the considerable uncertainty inherent in air traffic management during convective weather. The Route Availability Planning Tool (RAPT) [2], a departure management decision support tool that forecasts convective weather impacts on departure routes, has been used in both New York and Chicago to proactively plan reroutes of pending departures to avoid weather impacts. However, even with RAPT, there is uncertainty in predicting convective weather impacts, wheels-off times for pending departures, and demand for different departure resources, particularly when schedules are disrupted by weather impacts. These uncertainties can limit the planning horizon and reduce the effectiveness of proactive rerouting. Air traffic managers with the primary responsibility for departure route management at current RAPT prototype sites (the traffic management units (TMU) in ZNY in New York and ZAU in Chicago) employ many tactics (including, but not restricted to, proactive rerouting) to mitigate convective weather impacts while accounting for the limits of forecast certainty. This paper presents convective weather impact mitigation tactics observed in departure management during RAPT field evaluations in New York [3, 4] and Chicago [5], proposes objective characteristics that may be used to define success and failure in reroute decisions, examines the probabilities of different outcomes based on weather-avoiding reroute strategies, and explores the factors that affect the choice of departure management tactics and outcomes.
Multipole magnetic field trapping by superconductors

Multipole magnetic fields up to 17,600 Oe were trapped transversely to the axes of solid, hollow, and split hollow superconducting cylinders. Dipole, quadrupole, and sextupole magnetic fields were permanently stored with high fidelity to the original fields using Pb, Nb, and Nb 3 Sn. The advantages of this technique are mahifold: 1. Only one pattern magnet has to be made, whose field, regardless of configuration, may then be inexpensively replicated ad infinitum. 2. There is a saving of space, weight, and material. 3. There is a saving of electrical power, as the only power loss is due to heat conduction. 4. The stored magnetic field can remain extremely stable over long periods of time. 5. The magnetic field can persist for long durations even during power curtailments or shutdowns. This paper will explore the advantages and limitations of this technique, experimental results, geometry effects, and possible applications.
Electrocardiogram Abnormalities and Cardiovascular Mortality in Elderly Patients with CKD

Summary Background and objectives Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in CKD. This study evaluated whether electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities are predictors of cardiovascular death in CKD. Design, setting, participants, & measurements The Cardiovascular Health Study limited database (1989–2005) was used to identify a cohort with CKD at baseline (estimated GFR ,60 mL/min per 1.73 m2). The patients were categorized as having major, minor, or no ECG abnormalities. Rates of adjudicated cardiovascular events and mortality were compared among the groups using proportional hazards regression models. Results A total of 1192 participants had CKD at baseline; mean age 6 SD was 74.766.2 years. Of these patients, 452 (38.8%) had major, 346 (29.7%) had minor, and 367 (31.5%) had no ECG abnormalities. Participants with estimated GFR , 60 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 were more likely to have ECG abnormalities at baseline (adjusted prevalenceoddsratio,1.23[95%confidenceinterval(CI),1.06–1.43])thanthosewithGFR$60mL/minper1.73m 2 . During mean follow-up of 10.363.8 years, 814 (68.3%) participants died. Compared with participants without ECG abnormalities, participants with major abnormalities had the highest risk for cardiovascular events and death; adjusted hazard ratios were 2.15 (95% CI, 1.56–2.98) and 2.27 (95% CI, 1.56–3.30), respectively. For minor ECG abnormalities, hazard ratios were 1.24 (95% CI, 0.91–1.70) and 1.48 (95% CI, 1.00–2.18), respectively. Conclusions In patients with CKD, major ECG abnormalities are frequently present and predict a significantly higher risk for death and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 7: ccc–ccc, 2012. doi: 10.2215/CJN.07440711
The Effect of Oilseeds in Diets of Lactating Cows on Milk Production and Methane Emissions

Thirty-six lactating multiparous Holstein cows were assigned to diets that contained 2.3, 4.0, and 5.6% fat for an entire lactation to determine the effect of oilseeds on milk composition, production, and methane emissions. The diets were formulated so that whole cottonseeds and canola oilseeds provided equal amounts of added fat. Methane emissions were measured every 3 mo from two replicates of four cows per treatment using a room tracer approach. Dry matter intakes and yields of milk and FCM were greater for cows fed the diets containing oilseeds. Although the concentration of protein in milk was reduced, yields of both protein and fat tended to be increased by the addition of fat. Within the milk fat, the concentrations of C10, C12, C14:0, and C16:0 were reduced and concentrations of C18, C18:1, and trans-C18:1 were increased in response to dietary oilseeds. In serum, urea-N was increased by the dietary oilseeds. Supplementation of diets with oilseeds did not affect methane emissions but tended to increase the efficiency of milk produced per unit of methane emitted. A 1.7% addition of fat to the control diet from a combination of oilseed types increased yields of milk without reducing methane emission rates. The strategy of using unsaturated fats from oilseeds to substantially reduce methane emissions was ineffective, although yield of milk was increased.
Medical Expulsive Therapy is Underused for the Management of Renal Colic in the Emergency Setting.

Purpose: Although the 2007 AUA (American Urological Association) guidelines established it as first line therapy for ureteral stones less than 10 mm, widespread adoption of medical expulsive therapy has been low. We determined the current penetrance of medical expulsive therapy guideline recommendations and the efficacy of medical expulsive therapy in reducing the requirement for urological procedures after emergency department visits for ureteral stones.Materials and Methods: In a retrospective analysis of patients seen in the emergency department we included 2,105 emergency department visits associated with an ICD-9 diagnosis of urolithiasis in which computerized tomography abdomen/pelvis scan was performed. Outcomes were reviewed for spontaneous passage or required urological procedure.Results: Ureteral stones were found in 48.8% of patients, including 50.0% in whom medical expulsive therapy was prescribed. There was no significant difference between patients who did and did not receive medical expulsi...
Large-Scale Functional Brain Organization

Human brain function depends on efficient integration of distributed neural activity across a complex patchwork of interconnected areas. Network approaches are providing new insights into the functional architecture of the human brain. This article summarizes recent progress in our understanding of functional brain networks, highlights six major principles of large-scale brain organization, and describes how the brain's intrinsic functional architecture influences and constrains information processing.
The law of letters of credit

The Law of Letters of Credit - Commercial and Standby Credits is the fourth edition of a traditional treatise on a rather narrow legal subject. Letters of credit fall into two categories: (1) commercials, which find use in international sales; and (2) standbys that are a common device in many domestic transactions. As international trade becomes more and more rationalized, the use of commercials has diminished; but the use of the standby has enjoyed something of a boom, for it accomplishes much that security interests, suretyship arrangements, and other credit enhancing devices accomplish and does it with significantly lower transaction costs. Regrettably, the parties using letters of credit often are unaware of the credit's legal significance. This treatise covers the legal features of the commercial and the standby, all in a global context. While it is codified to some extent in the Uniform Commercial Code, the law of letters of credit is largely the law merchant, the ius gentium; and the UCC defers in many respects to international rules. Thus, the treatise deals with those international rules and cites cases from virtually all of the common-law jurisdictions in an effort to provide complete coverage of the field.
Regulation of atrial muscarinic K+ channel activity by a cytosolic protein via G protein-independent pathway

Rapid desensitization of the muscarinic K+ current (KACh current) is observed in cell-attached patches with 10 microM acetylcholine in the pipette. When inside-out patches were formed within approximately 1 s after formation of cell-attached patches and GTP was applied to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, desensitization was not observed, indicating that a cytosolic factor mediated the desensitization. Applying the atrial cytosolic extract directly to the cytoplasmic side of such inside-out patches elicited a rapid desensitization of the KACh current. ATP (1-4 mM) reversed this effect of the cytosol and reverted the KACh channel to the undesensitized state. These effects of ATP and cytosol on the KACh channel could occur in the absence of GTP or in the presence of 100 microM guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate), indicating that G protein was not involved. Treatment of the cytosol with proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin, bacterial protease) or heat denaturation abolished the effect of the cytosol on the KACh channel kinetics, indicating that the cytosolic factor was a protein. Functional assay of the fractions collected from gel filtration column indicated that the molecular mass of the native protein was 95-130 kDa. We conclude that a large cytosolic protein mediates the rapid desensitization of the KACh channel current via a G protein-independent pathway.
Kinetic and equilibrium sorption of organic liquids and vapors in Matrimid

Abstract This work examines the kinetic and equilibrium sorption characteristics of a variety of chemical penetrants in the polyimide polymer Matrimid. Liquid equilibrium sorption for dense films with thicknesses of 50 µm for a large variety of organic species including alkanes, alcohols, acetates, furans, and ionic liquids is presented. Vapor equilibrium sorption isotherms and kinetic sorption behavior for water and C1-C6 alcohols as a function of chemical activity from 0 to 0.9 were measured using a quartz crystal microbalance with films ranging in thickness from 0.07 to 2.0 µm. Diffusion coefficients and relaxation parameters were calculated according to the diffusion-relaxation model for penetrants in glassy polymers. Diffusion coefficients at infinite dilution for water and C1-C6 alcohols are given as a function of van der Waals molar volume and a clear dependency is shown ranging from 2E-11 to 6.5E-13 cm2/s for water and hexanol, respectively, for 0.26 µm thick films. Diffusion coefficients for all studied vapor penetrants displayed a marked dependence on thickness spanning approximately two orders of magnitude for each respective vapor penetrant over the range 0.1–1.0 µm. Penetrant-induced relaxation behavior accounts for the majority of mass sorption at chemical activities of 0.2 and above for the C1-C6 alcohol vapors.
Values and Context: Taiwan Principal Preparation and Practice from an American Perspective.

This qualitative study explores the preparation and practice of school leaders in Taiwan based on in-depth interviews and observations with six Taiwan school directors serving geographically diverse student populations. The journey leading to school leadership and the challenges that this representative group of educational leaders face are discussed and also compared to the preparation of American school leaders and the challenges that U.S. counterparts experience. As educational systems around the globe work toward educating more students to higher standards of achievement in order to increase national productivity, the insights gained through this study can be used to inform conversation regarding the restructuring of school leader preparation programs to answer the persistent question of “How are great school leaders developed?” within specific cultural contexts. Key words: Principal preparation, school leadership, Taiwan.
Application of the Order Sentence by the High Ranking Career Women in China

Taking the courteous principle of philology as the basis,extracting linguistic material from modern television drama,and synthesizing the theory and measures of social linguistics,the paper analyses the order sentences applied by seven female governers at business occasions,and then proceed to discuss the order sentences and their implemented pattern which the high ranking career women adopt during daily business communication.As a result,the governers in China have not changed the traditional communication pattern,and with the help of traditional communication pattern,they successful realize their puepose.
Research on model unified description language based on XML

Aimed at the development of Decision Support Platform for BDAR in Airborne Missile Camp (DSP-BDAR),the paper puts forward Model Unified Description Language(MUDL) to unify communication languages in the model life circle and reduce the communication noise.The paper puts forward a development method of MUDL based on BNF and XML,and studies the systematic structure and meta-language of MUDL.As demonstrations of the development method,the paper gives out mode structures of model representation language and model compound language in the end.
Delirium in the elderly hospitalized patient.

(1990). Delirium in the Elderly Hospitalized Patient. Hospital Practice: Vol. 25, No. 8, pp. 135-157.
Circulation: The Beat Goes On.

The American Heart Association (AHA) was founded in 1924 to promote the research and education of physicians in the emerging specialty of cardiology. Within months of its founding, the AHA took its first major step to support this core mission by publishing the first American journal in the field, the American Heart Journal . The editor-in-chief, Lewis B. Conner, was a founder and the first president of the AHA. The editorial board included such historic figures as Paul D. White, James B. Herrick, Henry A. Christian, and Carl J. Wiggers. In his opening editorial, Conner wrote of “the truly revolutionary advances made in our knowledge of the normal and pathological physiology of the heart and its beat, along with the advances in understanding of its diseases and their management” and of “the conviction on the part of the AHA that such a journal might be a potent factor in the furtherance of its purposes - the better education of the medical profession in matters relating to the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of heart diseases.”1 In 1948, the AHA was transformed from what then-president of the association H.M. Marvin described as a relatively “small organization of doctors interested in the purely scientific aspects of cardiovascular disease into a large, national voluntary health agency with wide interests and broad responsibilities.”2 This “new” AHA needed a new journal, and in 1950, Circulation was born. Marvin went on to write: > This first issue of Circulation, the official journal of the AHA, represents a major step toward the realization of an ambition long cherished by the Editorial Board and by many of our members; namely, the creation of a scientific journal that shall be acknowledged as foremost in the world among those devoted to a special field of medicine….It is the firm purpose …
Safe Operating Area Design

The ruggedness of the insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is one of its important attributes from the application stand point. Models for the forward-, reverse-, and short circuit safe operating area are provided in this chapter. Latchup of the parasitic thyristor in the IGBT can lead to destructive failure. Cell design for suppressing the latchup of the parasitic thyristor in the IGBT is described including adding a deep P-region, reducing the gate oxide thickness, adding a diverter region, and improving the polysilicon gate layout topology. The performance of silicon carbide devices is contrasted with that of silicon devices.
Sensitivity and specificity of normality tests and consequences on reference interval accuracy at small sample size: a computer-simulation study.

BACKGROUND According to international guidelines, parametric methods must be chosen for RI construction when the sample size is small and the distribution is Gaussian. However, normality tests may not be accurate at small sample size. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study was to evaluate normality test performance to properly identify samples extracted from a Gaussian population at small sample sizes, and assess the consequences on RI accuracy of applying parametric methods to samples that falsely identified the parent population as Gaussian. METHODS Samples of n = 60 and n = 30 values were randomly selected 100 times from simulated Gaussian, lognormal, and asymmetric populations of 10,000 values. The sensitivity and specificity of 4 normality tests were compared. Reference intervals were calculated using 6 different statistical methods from samples that falsely identified the parent population as Gaussian, and their accuracy was compared. RESULTS Shapiro-Wilk and D'Agostino-Pearson tests were the best performing normality tests. However, their specificity was poor at sample size n = 30 (specificity for P < .05: .51 and .50, respectively). The best significance levels identified when n = 30 were 0.19 for Shapiro-Wilk test and 0.18 for D'Agostino-Pearson test. Using parametric methods on samples extracted from a lognormal population but falsely identified as Gaussian led to clinically relevant inaccuracies. CONCLUSIONS At small sample size, normality tests may lead to erroneous use of parametric methods to build RI. Using nonparametric methods (or alternatively Box-Cox transformation) on all samples regardless of their distribution or adjusting, the significance level of normality tests depending on sample size would limit the risk of constructing inaccurate RI.
What a Scientist Looks Like: How Community Colleges Can Utilize and Enhance Science Identity Development as a Means to Improve Success for Women of Color.

ABSTRACTThis article explores the application of science identity development theory for women of color interested in the science disciplines; and it advocates for taking an intersectional approach to understanding how women of color form science identities. The article also challenges community college administrators and scholars to focus on redefining science identity development theory within the community college setting as a means to enhance success for women of color pursuing academic work in scientific disciplines.
Steep Switching Hybrid Phase Transition FETs (Hyper-FET) for Low Power Applications: A Device-Circuit Co-design Perspective—Part II

Hybrid-phase-transition FETs (Hyper-FETs) are recently proposed steep switching devices that utilize the phase transition materials (PTM) to achieve a boost in the ratio of ON ( ${I}_{{{\mathrm {ON}}}})$ and OFF currents ( ${I}_{{{\mathrm {OFF}}}})$ . Prototypical demonstrations of the Hyper-FET have shown performance improvement in comparison with conventional transistors, which motivates the evaluation of its device-circuit design space. In part I, we analyze the device aspects establishing the effects of the resistivity and phase transition thresholds of the PTM on the characteristics of Hyper-FETs. Our analysis shows that the ratio of insulating and metallic state resistivity ( $\rho _{\mathrm {INS}}$ and $\rho _{\mathrm {MET},}$ respectively) of the PTM needs to be higher than the ${I}_{{{\mathrm {ON}}}} /I_{{{\mathrm {OFF}}}}$ of its host transistor to achieve performance improvement in Hyper-FET. For a host transistor with $I_{{{\mathrm {OFF}}}} = 0.051\mu \text{A}/\mu \text{m}$ and ${I}_{{{\mathrm {ON}}}} = 191.5\mu \text{A}/\mu \text{m}$ , $\rho _{\mathrm {MET}} .cm and $\sim 7.5~\Omega $ .cm $ .cm is required to achieve proper device functionality with a boost in ${I}_{{{\mathrm {ON}}}}/{I}_{{{\mathrm {OFF}}}}$ . Additionally, we establish the ranges of phase transition thresholds that yield proper functionality of the Hyper-FETs considering different ${I}_{{{\mathrm {OFF}}}}$ targets. The methodology of choosing appropriate PTM geometry to achieve the target device characteristics is also described. We show that with proper design, Hyper-FETs achieve 94% larger ${I}_{{{\mathrm {ON}}}}$ at iso- ${I}_{{{\mathrm {OFF}}}}$ compared with a FinFET. We examine the circuit design aspects of Hyper-FET in part II.
Towards automated cyber decision support: A case study on network segmentation for security

Network segmentation is a security measure that partitions a network into sections or segments to restrict the movement of a cyber attacker and make it difficult for her to gain access to valuable network resources. This threat-mitigating practice has been recommended by several information security agencies. While it is clear that segmentation is a critical defensive mitigation against cyber threats, it is not clear how to properly apply it. Current standards only offer vague guidance on how to apply segmentation and, thus, practitioners must rely on judgment. This paper examines the problem from a decision support perspective: that is, how can an appropriate segmentation for a given network environment be selected? We propose a novel method for supporting such a decision that utilizes an approach based on heuristic search and agent-based simulation. We have implemented a first prototype of our method and illustrate its use via a case study on a representative network environment.
Comparison of three cognitive exams in cardiac arrest survivors.

Abstract Background Cognitive deficits may detract from quality of life after cardiac arrest. Their pattern and prevalence are not well documented. We used the Computer Assessment of Mild Cognitive Impairment (CAMCI), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) and the 41 Cent Test (41CT) to assess cognitive impairment in cardiac arrest survivors and examine the exams’ diagnostic accuracy. We hypothesized that the scores of these exams would indicate the presence of cognitive impairment in arrest survivors, that the overall scores on the three study assessments would correlate with one another, and that the 41CT, MOCA, and executive function element of the CAMCI would vary independently from other non-executive CAMCI components, reflecting executive function impairment after cardiac arrest. Methods Four researchers administered the CAMCI, MOCA, and/or the 41CT to cardiac arrest survivors after discharge from the intensive care unit between 2010 and 2015. Physicians screened patients with the Mini-Mental State Exam to determine when this cognitive testing was feasible, generally when the patient was able to score 20–25 points on the MMSE. We performed pairwise correlations between the different subscales' and tests’ scores. Results One hundred and fourteen participants completed the CAMCI, of which 38 (33.3%) participants additionally completed the MOCA and 41CT. The median (IQR) percentile score for CAMCI for all 114 participants was 33.5 (18.3, 49.8), which corresponds to moderately low risk of impairment. The median (IQR) for the MOCA was 22.0 (19, 24.8) out of a possible 30, which is considered indicative of abnormal cognitive function, and for the 41CT was 6 (5, 7) out of a possible 7 points when all 38 participants were included. MOCA correlated strongly with the overall CAMCI score (r = 0.71); the CAMCI correlated moderately strongly with the 41CT (r = 0.62) and the MOCA and 41CT were moderately strongly correlated with each other (r = 0.56). When all 114 CAMCI scores were considered, the Executive Accuracy subscale was strongly correlated with the overall CAMCI score (r = 0.81). Conclusion The CAMCI detects cognitive impairment after cardiac arrest. The MOCA correlates strongly with the overall CAMCI and the executive function subscale of the CAMCI. The 41CT as appears less effective than the MOCA in detecting cognitive deficits.
Simulation of fluoroscopic-guided lumbar puncture with a novel spine task trainer

Lumbar puncture is a frequently performed procedure for a variety of indications including withdrawal of cerebrospinal fluid for laboratory analysis, intracranial pressure assessment, administration of intrathecal therapeutic agents and myelography. Typically, this procedure is first attempted at bedside, and if unsuccessful, radiologists are requested to perform it under fluoroscopic guidance. As fluoroscopic-guided lumbar puncture (FGLP) requests are common, proficiency is required for general radiology and neuroradiology trainees. Pain physicians from speciality backgrounds including anesthesiology, neurology and physical medicine and rehabilitation also receive training in similar fluoroscopic-guided spinal procedures. The use of fluoroscopy in guiding spinal procedures can be challenging to a new learner as it requires integration of anatomy and procedural technique while attempting to minimise fluoroscopy times and radiation dosage; the importance of the latter is indicated by data revealing medical radiation’s contribution of almost half of the American population’s average annual radiation exposure.1 The procedure is traditionally taught on actual patients who are awake, aware and without sedation. Unfamiliarity of a new learner with the procedure can lead to undue patient anxiety, pain and increased radiation dose, as well as increased stress on the learner.2,3 The ability to train for this procedure …
Surgeons' Perceptions Toward Providing Care for Diverse Patients: The Need for Cultural Dexterity Training.

OBJECTIVE We sought to understand the experiences of surgical residents and faculty with treating culturally diverse patients, and identify recommendations for establishing and implementing structured cultural competency training. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Cultural competency training for medical professionals could reduce healthcare disparities, yet is currently not a standard part of surgical residency training. Few studies have explored the perspectives of surgical residents and faculty on the skills needed to provide cross-cultural care. STUDY DESIGN A purposeful sample of surgical residents and faculty from 4 academic institutions was recruited for semistructured qualitative interviews. We developed an in-depth interview guide and performed interviews to thematic saturation. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using grounded theory methodology. RESULTS We interviewed 16 attending surgeons and 15 surgical residents. Participant demographics were: male (51.6%), White (58.1%), Black (9.7%), Asian (22.5%), and Hispanic (9.7%). Four main themes emerged from the data: 1) aspects of culture that can inform patient care; 2) specific cultural challenges related to surgical care, including informed consent, pain management, difficult diagnoses and refusal of treatment, emergency situations, and end-of-life issues; 3) need for culturally competent care in surgery to navigate cultural differences; 4) perceived challenges and facilitators to incorporating cultural competency into the current training paradigm. CONCLUSIONS Surgeons identified the need to provide better cross-cultural care and proposed tenets for training. Based on these findings, we suggest the development and dissemination of a cultural dexterity training program that will provide surgeons with specific knowledge and skills to care for patients from diverse sociocultural backgrounds.
Toward a general theory of pursuit and evasion

This is a brief introduction to several open problems in the following topics of differential games: role determinacy, singular surfaces, feedback strategies, games on manifolds, a new type of problem.
The Role of Nephrectomy in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma

Radical nephrectomy is well established as the standard treatment for localized renal cell carcinoma. Nephrectomy is the only known curative therapy for this tumor. The role of radical nephrectomy in the management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma is controversial and has come under increased scrutiny in the past several years with the development of immunotherapy, which has the potential to cure systemic renal cell carcinoma. Thus, immunotherapy combined with radical nephrectomy has the potential to cure patients with metastatic disease.
Sildenafil Use in the Treatment of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia-Associated Pulmonary Hypertension: A Case Series.

Objective This article studies the role of sildenafil in reducing myocardial stress (measured by serial N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide [NTproBNP] levels) secondary to bronchopulmonary dysplasia-associated pulmonary hypertension (BPD-PH). Study Design This is a case series of three extremely low birth weight infants with severe BPD at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age. All infants had very elevated NTproBNP (> 2,000 ng/dL) levels and echocardiographic evidence of BPD-PH. Sildenafil was started and infants were followed up every 2 weeks clinically along with NTproBNP levels and echocardiograms. Results After 4 weeks of sildenafil treatment, NTproBNP levels decreased significantly in all infants, echocardiograms showed significant improvement in one infant, and respiratory severity score improved significantly in one infant. All infants tolerated sildenafil. Conclusion Sildenafil reduced NTproBNP levels in all infants with BPD-PH but the echocardiographic findings and respiratory scores did not improve consistently. We speculate that this may be due to a delay in diagnosis and initiation of therapy after irreversible pulmonary changes have set in.
Social phobia: relevance and perspectives

Background. Epidemiological studies indicate that social anxiety disorder is one of the most common mental health disorders. However, despite the prevalence of social anxiety disorder, a large amount of information, the possibilities of psychotherapy and medical treatment, many patients for various reasons do not receive or do not seek help. Aim. Generalization of actual knowledge and research on the aetiology and pathogenetic mechanisms of social phobias and coverage of the actual issues of low referral of people suffering from social phobia. Methods. For review, the following databases, such as ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, PubMed and Google Scholar, were used. The search was performed using the keywords: social anxiety disorder, sociophobia, social anxiety, cognitive-behavioral model, neurobiology, mental health. Results. The general information about social anxiety disorder, its prevalence and its consequences were covered. The main etiological mechanisms, modern views on the neurobiological and psychological basis of the disorder are considered. In addition, the peculiarities of the clinical picture and its influence on the social functioning of the individual, including the referral of help, were analyzed. The aspects that are useful to consider during the development of recommendations for specialists in general medical practice and centers of public mental health were suggested. Conclusions. A social anxiety disorder should be considered as a complex mental health disorder. Recognition of signs of social anxiety disorder in their component often leads to a false interpretation of clinical signs as manifestations of depression or other neurotic disorders among primary care professionals. Informing general practitioners and specialists of public mental health centers about the traits of the clinical picture and the social functioning of patients with this disorder can help to overcome the stigma and improve the referral of qualified assistance.
“Early impact” of the lung cancer screening in United States population in the SEER Registries.

1569Background: The Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST) demonstrated improved overall survival (OS) and lung cancer specific survival (LCSS), likely due to finding early-stage NSCLC. Our study inves...