cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensor fusion of EMI and GPR data for improved land mine detection

It is widely accepted that single sensors cannot simultaneously achieve both high detection rates and low false alarm rates for the landmine detection problem. Thus, in this paper we consider the fusion of two types of sensors, electromagnetic induction (EMI) and ground penetrating radar (GPR). In its most common instantiation, EMI essentially provides metal detection and thus detects mines with high metal content as well as metal debris in the environment. More advanced EMI systems have begun to show potential for discriminating such debris from landmines. GPR is also used for landmine detection since it can detect and identify low-metallic subsurface anomalies. In our previous work, we have shown that a Bayesian detection approach can be applied to EMI and GPR data and provide improvements in false alarm rates. In this paper, we present results that indicate that statistical signal processing techniques can be applied simultaneously to GPR and EMI data and that reductions in false alarm rates can be achieved. We present results for two landmine detection systems, both handheld, and when possible compare the results to those obtained by a human operator who essentially fuses the outputs of the single sensor systems.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Structure-to-property relationships in fuel cell catalyst supports: Correlation of surface chemistry and morphology with oxidation resistance of carbon blacks

Abstract Linking durability of carbon blacks, expressed as their oxidation resistance, used in PEMFCs as catalyst supports, with their chemistry and morphology is an important task towards designing carbon blacks with desired properties. Structure-to-property relationship between surface chemistry determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), morphological structure determined by digital image processing of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, physical properties, and electrochemical corrosion behavior determined in an air-breathing gas-diffusion electrode is studied for several un-altered and several modified carbon blacks. We are showing that surface chemistry, graphitic content and certain physical characteristics such as Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area and pore volume, determined by nitrogen adsorptions are not sufficient to explain high corrosion instability of types of carbon blacks. Inclusion of morphological characteristics, such as roughness, texture and shape parameters provide for more inclusive description and therefore more complete structure-to-property correlations of corrosion behavior of carbon blacks. This paper presents the first direct statistically-derived structure-to-property relationship, developed by multivariate analysis (MVA) that links chemical and physical structural properties of the carbon blacks to their critical properties as supports for PEMFC catalysts. We have found that balance between electrocatalytic activity and high resistance towards oxidation and corrosion is achieved by balance between amount of graphitic content and surface oxide coverage, smaller overall roughness and, finally, larger amount of big elongated and loose, and, hypothetically, more hydrophobic pores.
PShield: an exact three-dimensional numerical solution for determining optimal shielding designs for PET/CT facilities.

Purpose: Calculation of radiation shielding requirements for high-workload positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) installations using the methods proposed by Task Group 108 (TG 108) of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine can be a complex task. The principal challenge that makes PET shielding design more complex than other diagnostic imaging modalities, aside from the higher photon energy, is that it is a multisource problem for which no unique solution exists. Although many solutions may meet shielding design dose limits, each solution has a different cost for materials and construction according to the type, thickness, weight, and location of the specified shielding. Here, the authors describe PShield, an algorithm that incorporates three-dimensional (3D) numerical methods to optimize PET shielding and delivers a cost-optimized solution while making no approximations. Methods: The PShield algorithm uses a sequential quadratic programming routine to optimize PET shielding by minimizing a cost function in three-dimensions using extrapolations of the formulas published by TG 108. PShield makes no approximations and accounts for the contribution of every radiation source to the dose rate at every location in the problem using a discrete mesh. The authors used two simple examples of shielding problems to compare PShield with the TG 108 methods. Results: The benefit of applying an optimization routine to an indeterminate problem is the identification of the only solution to the problem that minimizes the desired cost function. Choosing a poorly optimized solution can result in a shielding design that requires more shielding than an optimized design to reach the same dose rate at a given control point. The increased accuracy afforded by PShield ensures that dose rates at every point in a control area never exceed the design dose, whereas approximations often used to evaluate TG 108 methods may result in hot spots where the dose rate exceeds the design dose. Conclusions: The PShield algorithm is an exact 3D numerical solution for optimal PET/CT shielding based on the methods proposed by TG 108. Selection of the optimum shielding design can minimize the total material cost and structural burden of installed shielding or achieve other goals desired by a specific site. This is especially important for modern PET/CT suites, where increases in scanner capabilities have resulted in more complex shielding problems and the potential for high occupational doses.
Effect of antipsychotic withdrawal on negative symptoms in schizophrenia.

Although it is generally accepted that antipsychotic treatment improves the negative symptoms of schizophrenia in the context of improvement of positive symptoms, exactly how and to what extent they effect "primary" negative symptoms remains controversial. Antipsychotic treatment may reduce only those negative symptoms secondary to positive or depressive symptoms, and may have minimal, if any effect, on negative symptoms that represent a primary psychopathological trait manifestation of schizophrenia. In an effort to further examine this issue, we prospectively assessed negative, positive, depressive, and extrapyramidal symptoms following the discontinuation of antipsychotic medication. Fifty-nine DSM III-R schizophrenic patients underwent a three-week drug wash as part of our neuroimaging protocols. We assessed psychopathological status and adverse effects utilizing various rating instruments (i.e., Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms [SAPS], Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms [SANS], Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, and Simpson-Angus Extrapyramidal) at baseline and weekly during this three-week period. Negative symptoms, as measured by the SANS, worsened significantly during the three-week drug wash. Positive symptoms showed a less consistent change with symptoms of disorganization worsening and with psychotic symptoms remaining the same. The changes in negative symptoms during the drug-free period were correlated with the changes in psychosis and disorganization, but not with changes in depression or extrapyramidal side effects. We were not able to substantiate if the worsening in negative symptoms was a direct result of the worsening of positive symptoms or if they were changing simultaneously, but independent of each other.
Use and Abuse of Sticky Web Sites

In today’s competitive environments, a growing number of firms are establishing their presence through the Web sites. Based on Steuer’s (1992) and Rheingold’s (1993) arguments on perceptual experience in the virtual space, this paper provides a theoretical framework that highlights the effects of interactivity, immersion, and association for customers. The paper argues that though interactivity, immersion, and association are critical for attracting customers on a Web site, these characteristics may also lead to social, ethical and privacy concerns among customers that many unscrupulous firms tend to exploit for their advantages. Interactivity has been measured through speed, range, and significance of interactivity. Immersion has been measured through breadth and depth of immersion. Association has been categorized into one‐to‐one or many‐to‐many relationships. Four Web sites, amazon.com, eBay.com, schwab.com, and victoriasecret.com, are analyzed with respect to interactivity, immersion, and association. The implications of the use and abuse of interactivity, immersion, and association are discussed.
Effect of the antidepressant drug-Stelazine on lymphocyte capping.

Abstract The antidepressant agent, Stelazine (trifluoroperazine dihydrochloride), is known to cause inactivation of the calcium-binding protein, calmodulin. We report here that this drug in the concentration range of 5 × 10 −5 M to 10 −6 M causes remarkable inhibitory effects on ligand-induced T-lymphocyte receptor capping. The possible involvement of calmodulin in the regulation of lymphocyte surface receptor movement is therefore implicated.
Microseismic event location for monitoring CO2 injection using double-difference tomography

Increases in pore pressure and volume caused by CO2 injection will perturb the ambient stress field and possibly trigger brittle failure on small fractures or faults, resulting in microearthquakes. Monitoring this induced seismicity can help understand the migration of the CO2 front, and the stress and strain changes in the reservoir (Miyazawa et al., 2008). As part of research efforts of the Southwest Regional Partnership on Carbon Sequestration supported by the U.S. Department of Energy and managed by the National Energy Technology Laboratory, a large number of microseismic events have been recorded since early 2008 using a geophone string cemented into a well for monitoring CO2 injection at the Aneth oil field in Utah. We use double-difference tomography to obtain high-precision locations of microseismic events and improve the spatial resolution of the velocity structure simultaneously. The double-difference seismic tomography method was developed for improving earthquake source locations and tomograph...
Airborne acoustic focusing system for land mine detection

A truncated ellipsoidal dish is used to translate a point source of acoustic energy, applied at the upper focal point, to a virtual source position at the lower focal pint, located within the truncated zone of the ellipsoid. The position of the lower focal point is, by definition, search depth. When this depth coincides with the depth of burial of a land mine, the height of the virtual source above the surface of the mine is, effectively, zero. Thus, questions relative to reflection efficiency that involve considerations of source wavelength and target size fall mute, since the Fresnel radius of the reflector essentially vanishes. Consequently, low frequencies can be used to detect small targets. Test results in sand, using plastic surrogate mines as targets, confirm realization of concept. The prototype enabled estimation of dish size and source characteristics required for a full-scale field system. The problem of anomalous nose associated with in-homogeneity of near-surface materials, undulations of the air-earth interface, and presence of surface objects was uncovered. 'False anomalies', as a result of these surface conditions, totally mask 'target anomalies'. For a field system to be viable, target discrimination, and/or noise suppression processing algorithms must be developed.
Material Characterization of NiTi Based Memory Alloys Fabricated by the Laser Direct Metal Deposition Process

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are used in a wide variety of applications including medical stents, couplings, actuators, jointless monolithic structures for actuation and manipulation, etc. Due to the SMA's poor machinability it is advantageous to use rapid prototyping (RP) techniques for the manufacturing of SMA structures. However, the influence of the RP process on the properties of the SMA is not fully explored yet. A laser based direct metal deposition (DMD) RP process was used in this work to manufacture NiTi SMA samples and to investigate their physical properties using optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), chemical analysis with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS) with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). DSC analysis has shown that the thermally treated parts possess smooth and pronounced reversible martensite-austenite transformation peaks that are the prerequisite for the shape memory effect (SME) in SMAs. DSC has also shown that quenching affects the peaks. The density of the produced parts was close to the theoretical density of the material as determined by porosity measurements. Finally, SIMS depth profile analysis has shown very low amounts of contamination in the material manufactured by DMD. The major conclusion is that the DMD RP process can be used to manufacture high-quality SMA structures from SMA powders.
Did Osama bin Laden Suffer from Sleep Disordered Breathing

On May 2, 2011, a covert US Navy SEALS operation assaulted Osama bin Laden's residential compound presumably while the terrorist leader was sleeping.1 Photographic evidence suggests that someone, possibly bin Laden himself may have been using a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device to treat sleep disordered breathing (SDB) (see photo).2 A Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) machine was found on the floor of Osama bin Laden's bedroom. This photo is used with written permission from ABCNEWS. ABC NEWS has reported that they acquired video footage from an external source that was inside the residential compound the day after the early morning raid. According to the network, a portion of the video includes the bedroom where bin Laden was killed from gunshot wounds to the head. At second 33 what appears to be tubing with a length and diameter similar to that seen on CPAP machines is visible on the floor at the edge of the bed. Subsequently, at second 47 the camera pans over to reveal that the tubing is attached to a black and gray CPAP machine.2 While other family members and couriers for the al-Qaeda leader allegedly lived in the residential compound, the leader was apparently found in the bedroom with two of his wives when US armed forces arrived.3 While details regarding bin Laden's health are unknown, he was reported to have possibly suffered from renal disease a condition that places him at higher risk for SDB.4 In particular a recent cross-sectional study demonstrates that nearly 65% of patients with chronic kidney disease had obstructive sleep apnea, the most common cause of SDB.5
Efficient private bidding and auctions with an oblivious third party

We describe a novel and efficient protocol for the following problem: A wants to buy some good from B if the price is less than a. B would like to sell, but only for more than b, and neither of them wants to reveal the secret bounds. Will the deal take place? Our solution uses an oblivious third party T who learns no information about a or b, not even whether a > b. The protocol needs only a single round of interaction, ensures fairness, and is not based on general circuit evaluation techniques. It uses a novel construction, which combines homomorphic encryption with the p-hiding assumption and which may be of independent interest. Applications include bargaining between two parties and secure and efficient auctions in the absence of a fully trusted auction service.
Hydrogen Transfer Reactions of Nitroxides in Free Radical Polymerizations

The kinetics of radical polymerization of styrene with nitroxide stable radicals and the corresponding hydroxylamines and secondary amine were investigated at 90 °C. The amine derivative was found to be inert. The hydroxylamine causes retardation of polymerization. The rate constant of termination of the styrene propagating radicals by hydroxylamines, Cx, was found to be 0.18−0.43, depending on the structure of the nitroxyl. Nitroxide caused an induction period and retarded the rate after the induction period ended. Both retardations are ascribed to hydrogen transfer. In the case of hydroxylamines it is the result of hydrogen abstraction from the hydroxyl group of the hydroxylamine by the polystyryl radical. In the case of nitroxides, it is suggested that retardation is caused by hydroxylamine formed as a byproduct during the induction period when the nitroxide reacts with the propagating radical. This is generally a minor side reaction of the propagating radical scavenging by nitroxyl radicals, but this ...
Land Use and Density in Cities with Congestion

Abstract It was well documented that monocentric spatial models with congestion require driving tolls to generate market efficiency. Because driving and location are equivalent, tolling congestion is the same as regulating density. This paper shows that internalizing the congestion externality always requires upward adjustments to market density—which are greatest at the urban center. This holds whether or not transportation capacity is optimally provided. Simulations suggest optimal cities should have central densities that are orders of magnitude greater than market cities.
Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates from sea otters (Enhydra lutris).

Bacterial infections are an important cause of sea otter (Enhydra lutris) mortality, and some of these infections may originate from terrestrial and anthropogenic sources. Antimicrobials are an important therapeutic tool for management of bacterial infections in stranded sea otters and for prevention of infection following invasive procedures in free-ranging otters. In this study, susceptibility to commonly used antimicrobials was determined for 126 isolates of 15 bacterial species or groups from necropsied, live-stranded injured or sick, and apparently healthy wild sea otters examined between 1998 and 2005. These isolates included both gram-positive and gram- negative strains of primary pathogens, opportunistic pathogens, and environmental flora, including bacterial species with proven zoonotic potential. Minimal evidence of antimicrobial resistance and no strains with unusual or clinically significant multiple-drug resistance patterns were identified. Collectively, these findings will help optimize selection of appropriate antimicrobials for treatment of bacterial diseases in sea otters and other marine species.
Feeble forces and gravity

We develop a scenario in which feeble intermediate range forces emerge as an effect resulting from the compactification (a la Kaluza-Klein) of multidimensional theories. These feeble forces compete with gravity and in general permit different bodies to fall to earth with different accelerations. We show that these feeble forces are mediated by vectors (V) and/or scalars (S), whose dimensionless coupling constants are typically of order gv ≈ gs ≈ 10−10 Under certain plausible assumptions the ranges of these feeble forces are expected to be of order 1 m to 1 km. It is conjectured that the general strategy will prove applicable to realistic multidimensional theories such as the 10-dimensional superstring theories. We speculate that deviations from the standard gravitational force-similar to the ones reported recently as a “fifth force”-may be interpreted as evidence for higher dimensions.
NMR studies of the exocyclic 1,N6-ethenodeoxyadenosine adduct (epsilon dA) opposite thymidine in a DNA duplex. Nonplanar alignment of epsilon dA(anti) and dT(anti) at the lesion site.

Two-dimensional proton NMR studies are reported on the complementary d(C-A-T-G-T-G-T-A-C).d(G-T-A-C-epsilon A-C-A-T-G) nonanucleotide duplex (designated epsilon dA.dT 9-mer duplex) containing 1,N6-ethenodeoxyadenosine (epsilon dA), a carcinogen-DNA adduct, positioned opposite thymidine in the center of the helix. Our NMR studies have focused on the conformation of the epsilon dA.dT 9-mer duplex at neutral pH with emphasis on defining the alignment at the dT5.epsilon dA14 lesion site. The through-space NOE distance connectivities establish that both dT5 and epsilon dA14 adopt anti glycosidic torsion angles, are directed into the interior of the helix, and stack with flanking Watson-Crick dG4.dC15 and dG6.dC13 pairs. Furthermore, the d(G4-T5-G6).d(C13-epsilon A14-C15) trinucleotide segment centered about the dT5.epsilon dA14 lesion site adopts a right-handed helical conformation in solution. Energy minimization computations were undertaken starting from six different alignments of dT5(anti) and epsilon dA14(anti) at the lesion site and were guided by distance constraints defined by lower and upper bounds estimated from NOESY data sets on the epsilon dA.dT 9-mer duplex. Two families of energy-minimized structures were identified with the dT5 displaced toward either the flanking dG4.dC15 or the dG6.dC13 base pair. These structures can be differentiated on the basis of the observed NOEs from the imino proton of dT5 to the imino proton of dG4 but not dG6 and to the amino protons of dC15 but not dC13 that were not included in the constraints data set used in energy minimization. Our NMR data are consistent with a nonplanar alignment of epsilon dA14(anti) and dT5(anti) with dT5 displaced toward the flanking dG4.dC15 base pair within the d(G4-T5-G6).d(C13-epsilon A14-C15) segment of the epsilon dA.dT 9-mer duplex.
Language in the American Courtroom

One of the most promising connections that linguistics can make to other fields is to the legal arena, primarily because much of the work in law is done in language and it is often largely about language, either spoken or written. For example, lawsuits, indictments, pleadings, briefs, legal opinions, and, of course, laws and statutes are all revealed and preserved in written language. Courtroom appearances and testimony, although presented orally, end up in written form and even oral evidence gets transformed into written transcripts. We beg in with the observation that language and law are close bedfellows. 1. The Beginnings The development of any new area of any discipline usually begins when practitioners of that field get involved with it in a noticeable way. In forensic linguistics, this development started when various linguists made appearances in the courtroom setting. But even ‘courtroom setting’ has different implications and meanings. For example, in Europe, it is often judges who call upon experts to analyze evidence. Expert reports are read by judges, who may, but usually do not, ask the experts to testify about their reports at trial. This contrasts with the common procedure in the United States, where experts are called by one side of the case and give testimony on behalf of that side. Whether the European or American system obtains, linguists appear to have begun getting involved in court cases in earnest sometime around the early 1980s. Hannes Kniffka wrote expert linguistic reports in Germany during that period (Kniffka 1996), as did Malcolm Coulthard in England. Roger Shuy has testified at US trials since 1979. Public records ar e not available about the use of forensic linguists in other parts of the world but it is likely that they came later than the early 1980s. History is unclear about exactly when linguists began to work with lawyers on specific law cases, but w e ha ve wr itten evidence that one of the first Western linguists to get involved was Jan Svartvik, who published an analysis of the altered police statements in the case of Timothy John Evans, who was hanged 15 years earlier (and posthumously pardoned) for murdering his wife and baby (Svartvik 1968). By the 1970s and 1980s many linguists had gotten involved in law cases in both Europe and the United States, and
Effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate and its metabolites on the lipid profiling in rat HRP-1 trophoblast cells

The highly directional maternal-to-fetal transfer of essential fatty acids (EFAs) across the placenta plays a critical role in guiding proper fetal development. Exposure to xenobiotics that may alter the fetal supply of EFAs/lipids could lead to fetal toxicity. Since the placenta is the first fetal arising organ that regulates fetal fatty acid homeostasis, the fatty acid/lipid composition in the placenta may serve as an indicator of fetal composition. In this study, we investigated the effects of the peroxisome proliferator chemical di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP), a widely used plasticizer and ubiquitous environmental contaminant, and its selective metabolites, mono-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (MEHP) and 2-ethylhexanoic acid (EHA) on the lipid metabolome in a rat HRP-1 trophoblast model. The concentrations of ten lipid classes (cholesterol esters, diacylglycerol, triacylglycerides, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, lysophosphatidylcholine, cardiolipin, and sphingomyelin) were determined, as well as the individual fatty acid compositions, especially the ω-3 and ω-6 family of EFAs. The level of each lipid class was significantly increased upon exposure to the agents, with MEHP and EHA generally showing higher increases than DEHP. The same trends were observed in comparing the fatty acid compositions. For example, the ω-3/ω-6 fatty acids ratio did not change, although the levels of ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids were significantly elevated upon exposure. These results suggest that DEHP and its metabolites can alter lipid metabolome in a rat placental cell line, implying that these compounds may contribute to aberrant placental EFA/lipid homeostasis caused by peroxisome proliferation, and potentially result in abnormal fetal development.
Adrenal Response of Young Chickens to Adrenocorticotropic Hormone as Influenced by Dosage and Frequency of Injection

Abstract ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC hormone (ACTH) has been reported to disappear rapidly from the plasma of mammals. The half-time for the disappearance of ACTH from the plasma of rat intravenously administered ACTH has been found by Greenspan et al. (1950) to be 51/2 minutes. In conjunction with other studies in this laboratory, it was necessary to determine how daily dosage and injection frequency influenced adrenal response of chickens to ACTH. As criteria of response, the following were observed: (a) body weight gains, and (b) the changes occurring in the weight and histology of the adrenal and the bursa of Fabricius. Changes in weight and histology of the bursa of Fabricius seem to be closely related to adrenal activity (Garren and Barber, 1955; Garren, 1957). MATERIALS AND METHODS All preparations of ACTH were given by intramuscular injection. The first injection was given in the right pectoral muscle and thereafter alternate sides of the breast …
Enhanced degradation of benzo[a]pyrene by Mycobacterium sp. in conjunction with green alga

Previous work in this laboratory has confirmed that the bacteria Mycobacterium sp. strain RJGII.135 and Sphingomonas yanoikuyae strain B1 and the green alga Selanastrum capricornutum strain UTEX 1648 degrade benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) to various BaP intermediates. S. capricornutum was first grown with BaP for 4 days. The organic extract of this media was then introduced into separate cultures of strain RJGII.135 and strain B1; separate cultures were grown with BaP for comparison. Cultures grown with BaP and those grown with the algal/BaP extract showed similar mineralization patterns. The quantity of total metabolites formed was greater in bacterial cultures grown with the algal/BaP extract than those grown with BaP alone. For strain RJGII.135, only 27% of the original BaP remained in cultures grown with the algal/BaP extract; 59% remained in cultures grown with BaP. For strain B1, only 6% of the original BaP remained in cultures grown with the algal/BaP extract; 38% remained in cultures grown with BaP. These results indicate that strategies utilizing organisms together may be necessary in being able to degrade large, recalcitrant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as BaP.
Clinical and Biochemical Effects of Verapamil Administration to Schizophrenic Patients

• We administered verapamil hydrochloride, a calcium channel antagonist, to seven chronically ill schizophrenic patients for five weeks under double-blind, placebo-controlled conditions. No therapeutic effect was noted. Worsening in hostile and uncooperative behaviors and a syndrome of heightened emotional tone was observed during verapamil treatment and during the postverapamil placebo period. Verapamil produced significant increases in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma levels of homovanillic acid and in plasma levels of prolactin, as well as significant decreases in plasma levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethyleneglycol. Verapamil and its active metabolite, norverapamil, were partitioned into CSF with CSF/plasma ratios of 0.06 and 0.04, respectively. The lack of therapeutic effects of verapamil in schizophrenic patients differs from earlier reports of its usefulness in treating manic patients. The biochemical and clinical data from our study suggest the possibility that verapamil exerts behaviorally relevant central nervous system activity in schizophrenic patients.
High Frequencies of Virus-Specific CD8+ T-Cell Precursors

A productive CD8(+) T-cell response to a viral infection requires rapid division and proliferation of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells. Tetramer-based enrichment assays have recently given estimates of the numbers of peptide-major histocompatibility complex-specific CD8(+) T cells in naive mice, but precursor frequencies for entire viruses have been examined only by using in vitro limiting-dilution assays (LDAs). To examine CD8(+) T-cell precursor frequencies for whole viruses, we developed an in vivo LDA and found frequencies of naive CD8(+) T-cell precursors of 1 in 1,444 for vaccinia virus (VV) ( approximately 13,850 VV-specific CD8(+) T cells per mouse) and 1 in 2,958 for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) ( approximately 6,761 LCMV-specific CD8(+) T cells per mouse) in C57BL/6J mice. In mice immune to VV, the number of VV-specific precursors, not surprisingly, dramatically increased to 1 in 13 ( approximately 1,538,462 VV-specific CD8(+) T cells per mouse), consistent with estimates of VV-specific memory T cells. In contrast, precursor numbers for LCMV did not increase in VV-immune mice (1 in 4,562, with approximately 4,384 LCMV-specific CD8(+) T cells per VV-immune mouse). Using H-2D(b)-restricted LCMV GP33-specific P14-transgenic T cells, we found that, after donor T-cell take was accounted for, approximately every T cell transferred underwent a full proliferative expansion in response to LCMV infection. This high efficiency was also seen with memory populations, suggesting that most antigen-specific T cells will proliferate extensively at a limiting dilution in response to infections. These results show that frequencies of naive and memory CD8(+) T cell precursors for whole viruses can be remarkably high.
Transmission electron microscope study of quartz microstructures produced by aeolian bombardment

The near-surface structure produced by laboratory aeolian bombardment of Brazilian quartz has been studied with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Thin specimens of the abraded surface were prepared by a one-sided ion etching technique, and control specimens of unabraded material were prepared by standard ion etching methods. The abraded sample exhibited a vastly larger number of defects than the unabraded specimen. The abraded sample contained areas with very little surface disruption, presumably where pieces of material up to several tens of microns in diameter had broken away. Other areas of the abraded surface were extremely disrupted, with open and closed microcracks spaced from a few tens of angstroms to a few microns apart. Electron diffraction indicated significant rotation among submicron blocks bounded by the fractures. These observations suggest that surface disruption occurs primarily by a mechanism involving brittle fracture, rather than plastic deformation. This study demonstrates the feasibility of studying the effects of abrasion on near-surface structure with TEM. The degree and scale of fracturing also suggest a mechanism for forming submicron particles in quantity during aeolian abrasion.
On the measurement of retroactive inhibition in the A-B, A-D paradigm by the multiple-choice method: Reply to merryman

Postman and Stark (Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1969 , 79 , 168–177) found no reliable evidence for associative unlearning under the A-B, A-D paradigm when retention was measured by the multiple-choice method. Merryman (Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1971 , 91 , 212–214) has advanced the hypothesis that the occurrence of associative unlearning was masked in the previous study because correct responses were mediated by backward associations which remained intact after interpolated learning. He presented experimental evidence purporting to demonstrate significant associative loss after bidirectional unlearning. The theoretical rationale and experimental method of Merryman's study are examined critically. A further investigation of the effects of bidirectional unlearning under the A-B, A-D paradigm is reported which failed to substantiate Merryman's hypothesis.
Future Arctic climate changes: Adaptation and mitigation time scales

The climate in the Arctic is changing faster than in midlatitudes. This is shown by increased temperatures, loss of summer sea ice, earlier snow melt, impacts on ecosystems, and increased economic access. Arctic sea ice volume has decreased by 75% since the 1980s. Long-lasting global anthropogenic forcing from carbon dioxide has increased over the previous decades and is anticipated to increase over the next decades. Temperature increases in response to greenhouse gases are amplified in the Arctic through feedback processes associated with shifts in albedo, ocean and land heat storage, and near-surface longwave radiation fluxes. Thus, for the next few decades out to 2040, continuing environmental changes in the Arctic are very likely, and the appropriate response is to plan for adaptation to these changes. For example, it is very likely that the Arctic Ocean will become seasonally nearly sea ice free before 2050 and possibly within a decade or two, which in turn will further increase Arctic temperatures, economic access, and ecological shifts. Mitigation becomes an important option to reduce potential Arctic impacts in the second half of the 21st century. Using the most recent set of climate model projections (CMIP5), multimodel mean temperature projections show an Arctic-wide end of century increase of +13°C in late fall and +5°C in late spring for a business-as-usual emission scenario (RCP8.5) in contrast to +7°C in late fall and +3°C in late spring if civilization follows a mitigation scenario (RCP4.5). Such temperature increases demonstrate the heightened sensitivity of the Arctic to greenhouse gas forcing.
SURFACE WATER SEEPAGE EFFECTS ON SHALLOW GROUND-WATER QUALITY ALONG THE RIO GRANDE IN NORTHERN NEW MEXICO

: Interactions between surface irrigation water, shallow ground water, and river water may have effects on water quality that are important for both drinking water supplies and the ecological function of rivers and floodplains. We investigated water quality in surface water and ground water, and how water quality is influenced by surface water inputs from an unlined irrigation system in the Alcalde Valley of the Rio Grande in northern New Mexico. From August 2005 to July 2006, we sampled ground water and surface water monthly and analyzed for concentrations of major cations and anions, specific conductance, pH, dissolved oxygen, and water levels. Results indicate that irrigation ditch seepage caused an increase in ground water levels and that the Rio Grande is a gaining stream in this region. Temporal and spatial differences were found in ion concentrations in shallow ground water as it flowed from under the ditch toward the river. Ground-water ion concentrations were higher when the ditch was not flowing compared with periods during peak irrigation season when the ditch was flowing. Ditch inputs diluted ion concentrations in shallow ground water at well positions near the ditch. Specifically, lower ion concentrations were detected in ground water at well positions located near the ditch and river compared with well positions located in the middle of an agricultural field. Results from this project showed that ditch inputs influenced ion concentrations and were associated with ground-water recharge. In arid region river valleys, careful consideration should be given to management scenarios that change seepage from irrigation systems, because in some situations reduced seepage could negatively affect ground-water recharge and water quality.
The Logarithmic Singularity of a Generally Accelerating Dislocation from the Dynamic Energy—Momentum Tensor

An accelerating dislocation exhibits a logarithmic singularity in the near field (associated with the acceleration), which had been earlier derived from the full solution. Here, the existence and evaluation of the logarithmic singularity are obtained solely from the leading terms (1/r) of the near-field expansions (which are the same as those of the steady-state motion with the instantaneous velocity of the accelerating motion as the uniform velocity) by means of a conservation law involving the dynamic energy—momentum tensor. It is also shown that logarithmic terms of the near-field expansions are independent of the angular coordinate, a question that was posed in the past by David Barnett, and which is critical in this analysis. The self-force and effective mass for an accelerating dislocation depends essentially on that logarithmic singularity as shown by Eshelby and more generally by Ni and Markenscoff.
Connections between projective geometry and superassociative algebra

This paper establishes a connection between projective geometry and the superassociative algebra of multiplace functions. In Part I a quaternary operation is defined for the points on a line j in a projective plane π relative to a fixed quadrangle and the result of operating on A,B,C,D is denoted by A(B,C,D). It is shown that π is a Pappus plane if and only if this operation is superassociative: (A(B,C,D))(E,F,G)=A(B(E,F,G),C(E,F,G),D(E,F,G)) for any points A,B,C,D,E,F,G on j. Desargues and certain special Desargues planes are also characterized by restrictions of the superassociative law. In Part II projective geometry is developed over superassociative systems.
Antinociceptive effect of morphine on rat spinothalamic tract and other dorsal horn neurons

Abstract The importace of the spinothalamic tract in pain transmission makes it an attractive candidate for study with respect to the effects of antinociceptive compounds. We have been interested in the analgesic actions of opioids and noradrenergic agents at the spinal level and have investigated the effects of these agents on extracellularly recorded nociceptive dorsal horn neurons in the rat. Spinothalamic tract cells were identified by antidromic activation from the somatosensory thalamus. Morphine was administered by bathing the spinal cord in an artificial cerebrospinal fluid solution which contained a known concentration of drug. We observed a dose-related inhibition, naloxone-reversible in some cases, of activity produced by spinally administered morphine in identified rat spinothalamic tract cells and dorsal horn nociceptive neurons. Morphine had no effect on stimulus-evoked responses of low threshold dorsal horn neurons.
Calculated Differential Elastic and Inelastic Neutron Scattering by 12C and 16O Between 30 and 60 MeV

Abstract Well-verified models for elastic and inelastic scattering of fast neutrons (and protons) from 12 C and 16 O are translated into a useful form for transport, dosimetry, and scintillator response calculations. The information presented here is complementary to published calculations (D. J. Brenner and R. E. Prael, Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables 41, 71, 1989) of secondary-particle production by incident neutrons in the energy region 15 ≤ E n ≤ 60 MeV. Tables are given of Legendre expansion coefficients derived from fits to experimental cross sections at incident neutron energies E n = 18-26 MeV and from fits to model predictions for 30- to 60-MeV neutrons.
Minority international research training program: Global collaboration in nursing research***

Abstract In the current century, nurses, along with other health professionals, require preparation for their roles in international health. For faculty and students to practice and learn in this global community, they also will want to have added knowledge of economics, business, and public policy. To gain an immersion experience in global health, nursing faculty and students will need to spend time abroad collaborating with nursing colleagues in other countries. This report describes an academic-research training program (Minority International Research Program [MIRT]) established 7 years ago to enhance the international health experience of minority nursing students. Qualified undergraduate and graduate nursing students are recruited and paired with faculty mentors to conduct short-term research abroad for a period of 10 to 14 weeks. The purpose of international research experiences for minority nursing students is to develop leaders in nursing science and to increase collaboration in the resolution of global health issues. To date, 26 undergraduate students, 22 graduate students, 6 postdoctoral trainees, and 11 faculty mentors have participated and completed the program through research immersion experiences in 9 countries. The program is described in terms of its strengths, challenges, and lessons learned, as well as opportunities for future activities. J Prof Nurs 19:22-31, 2003. Copyright 2003 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
Kathleen Eisenhardt: recipient of the 2012 Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research

This article reviews the academic contri- butions of the 2012 receiver of the Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research, Professor Kathleen Ei- senhardt, Stanford Warren Ascherman Professor of Management Science and Engineering at Stanford University. The Global Award consists of 100,000 euro and a statuette by the internationally renowned Swedish sculptor Carl Milles. Eisenhardt's work focuses on strategy, strategic decision making, and innovation in rapidly changing and highly competitive markets. Her work in the entrepreneurship field centers on strategy and organization, especially in technology-based companies, what she refers to as ''high-velocity industries''. Her main empirical con- tribution to the entrepreneurship field is her work on 'corporate entrepreneurship'—how existing organiza- tions can remain innovative, including through new venture creation. More generally, Kathleen Eisen- hardt's research has bridged the two fields of entre- preneurship research and organization science.
Partition coefficients of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid

Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite.
The Accuracy of Pitfall Trapping for the Sand-Beach Isopod Tylos Punctatus

A population of the isopod Tylos punctatus on a California beach was sampled by simultaneous coring and pitfall trapping. The traps showed a statistically significant bias against females, particularly gravid ones, and against juvenile isopods when compared to the cores. It is concluded that, for studying the population structure of this species, and perhaps others as well, pitfall traps produce samples that are too inaccurate to be useful. See full-text article at JSTOR
Women with peripheral arterial disease experience faster functional decline than men with peripheral arterial disease.

Objectives We hypothesized that women with lower extremity peripheral arterial disease (PAD) would have greater mobility loss and faster functional decline than men with PAD. Background Whether rates of mobility loss or functional decline differ between men and women with PAD is currently unknown. Methods Three hundred eighty men and women with PAD completed the 6-min walk, were assessed for mobility disability, and underwent measures of 4-m walking velocity at baseline and annually for up to 4 years. Computed tomography-assessed calf muscle characteristics were measured biannually. Outcomes included becoming unable to walk for 6 min continuously among participants who walked continuously for 6 min at baseline. Mobility loss was defined as becoming unable to walk for a quarter mile or to walk up and down 1 flight of stairs without assistance among those without baseline mobility disability. Results were adjusted for age, race, body mass index, physical activity, the ankle brachial index, comorbidities, and other confounders. Results At 4 years of follow-up, women were more likely to become unable to walk for 6 min continuously (hazard ratio: 2.30, 95% confidence interval: 1.30 to 4.06, p = 0.004), more likely to develop mobility disability (hazard ratio: 1.79, 95% confidence interval: 1.30 to 3.03, p = 0.030), and had faster declines in walking velocity (p = 0.022) and the distance achieved in the 6-min walk (p = 0.041) compared with men. Sex differences in functional decline were attenuated after additional adjustment for baseline sex differences in calf muscle area. Conclusions Women with PAD have faster functional decline and greater mobility loss than men with PAD. These sex differences may be attributable to smaller baseline calf muscle area among women with PAD.
Computing applicability conditions for plans with loops

The utility of including loops in plans has been long recognized by the planning community. Loops in a plan help increase both its applicability and the compactness of representation. However, progress in finding such plans has been limited largely due to lack of methods for reasoning about the correctness and safety properties of loops of actions. We present novel algorithms for determining the applicability and progress made by a general class of loops of actions. These methods can be used for directing the search for plans with loops towards greater applicability while guaranteeing termination, as well as in post-processing of computed plans to precisely characterize their applicability. Experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of these algorithms.