cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Why the Navajo Nation was hit so hard by coronavirus: Understanding the disproportionate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract The COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic of 2019–2020 has incurred astonishing social and economic costs in the United States (US) and worldwide. Native American reservations, representing a unique geography, have been hit much harder than other parts of the country. This study seeks to understand the reasons for the disproportionate impact of the pandemic on Native American communities by focusing on the Navajo Nation – the largest Native American reservation in the US. I first reviewed the historical pandemics experienced by Native Americans. Guided by the literature review, an institutional analysis focusing on the Navajo Nation suggests a lack of both institutional resilience and healthcare preparation. The analysis further identified four factors that could help explain the Navajo's slow response to the COVID-19 pandemic: prevalence of underlying chronic health conditions, lack of institutional resilience, the relationship between the federal government and tribal governments, and lack of social trust. Relevant policy implications are discussed. For instance, to better prepare Native American communities for shocking events like the COVID-19 pandemic in the future, policymaking should integrate informal institutions to build efficient formal institutions for self-governance. Promoting public health education and establishing collaborations between Native and non-Native communities are also necessary long-run strategies.
Neural network assisted multi-parameter global sensitivity analysis for nanostructure scatterometry

Abstract Optical scatterometry has been widely used for measuring periodic thin-film structures in a fast and non-invasive way. However, shrinking structure dimensions, along with increasing structural complexity, give rise to challenging such nanoscale scatterometry. For in-line nano-fabrication process control, it is critical to enhance the measurability of small feature change. Accordingly, there is a strong need to evaluate the global sensitivity performance of different measurement strategies for identifying the best scheme that exhibits a remarkable change of optical responses under small dimension fluctuation. Such analysis requires not only an appropriate sensitivity indicator but also time-intensive computation. This paper presents an efficient approach to multi-parameter global sensitivity analysis (GSA) for scatterometry. A neural network (NN) assisted, moment-independent, and adaptive GSA method is proposed. A computationally cost-effective deep neural network is developed as a surrogate model for circumventing the simulation-based forward modeling. A scatterometry configuration problem for typical grating nanostructures is studied to demonstrate the effectiveness and the generalization potential of our approach. Our results show that the proposed approach is a powerful tool for not only examining sensitivity performance but also expediting the GSA optimization process for fast scatterometry.
Contact-inhibited revertant cell lines isolated from SV40-transformed cells. V. Contact inhibition of sugar transport.

Abstract The transport of 2-deoxyglucose in BALB/c 3T3 cells, Simian virus 40-transformed BALB/c 3T3 (SVT2) cells, and concanavalin A-selected revertant cells of SVT2 has been measured. Sparsely-seeded BALB/c 3T3 cells transport the sugar at about one-fourth, and sparsely-seeded revertant cells at three-fourths, the rate of SVT2 cells. BALB/c 3T3 cells undergo a dramatic drop in sugar uptake at confluency, transporting sugar at about one-tenth the rate of subconfluent cells. Revertant cells (contact-inhibited variants of transformed cells) are similar in this respect, but the drop is only 5-fold. SVT2 cells show no such change in uptake over wide cell densities. Subconfluent BALB/c 3T3, SVT2, and revertant cells have similar K m and V max values for 2-deoxyglucose transport; however, confluent 3T3 and confluent revertant cells show a large increase in K m and a 5-fold decrease in V max as compared to their subconfluent counterparts or SVT2 cells—indications of a decreased number of transport sites and a decreased affinity of these sites for sugar when these cells make intimate contacts with each other. These data indicate that extensive changes in the architecture of the cell surface occur when contactinhibited cells are in close apposition with each other, regardless of the persistence of partially expressed SV40 genetic information, and are discussed with regard to the membrane compositions of these cell lines.
Testing edges by truncations

We consider the problem of testing whether two variables should be adjacent (either due to a direct effect between them, or due to a hidden common cause) given an observational distribution, and a set of causal assumptions encoded as a causal diagram. In other words, given a set of edges in the diagram known to be true, we are interested in testing whether another edge ought to be in the diagram. In fully observable faithful models this problem can be easily solved with conditional independence tests. Latent variables make the problem significantly harder since they can imply certain non-adjacent variable pairs, namely those connected by so called inducing paths, are not independent conditioned on any set of variables. We characterize which variable pairs can be determined to be non-adjacent by a class of constraints due to dormant independence, that is conditional independence in identifiable interventional distributions. Furthermore, we show that particular operations on joint distributions, which we call truncations are sufficient for exhibiting these non-adjacencies.This suggests a causal discovery procedure taking advantage of these constraints in the latent variable case can restrict itself to truncations.
‘Everything works’: The need to address confirmation bias in evaluations of drug misuse prevention interventions for adolescents.

Keywords: analytic flexibility; comfirmation bias; conflicts of interest; Drug prevention; study protocols; trial registration
Secondary insomnia: A heuristic model and behavioral approaches to assessment, treatment, and prevention

Abstract Secondary insomnia (SI), the most common form of insomnia, affects millions of individuals. Unfortunately, SI has rarely been the focus of research, treatment, or preventive efforts because the diagnosis is difficult, and because of the erroneous belief that it is unresponsive to direct treatment. To clarify diagnosis, specific diagnostic guidelines are recommended, and a new heuristic model of SI is presented. To dispel the idea that SI is untreatable, evidence supporting the efficacy of direct psychological treatment is reviewed, and the theoretical basis for behavioral intervention is explained. Common behavioral interventions for sleep are described, and suggestions for prevention are made.
Association of vitamin D level, leg extensor power, and neuromuscular function in mobility-limited older adults (863.7)

Purpose: Low vitamin D level is associated with poor muscle strength in older adults, but little is known about its relationship with muscle power and neuromuscular function in a mobility-limited p...
Classifiers in Yurok, Wiyot, and Algonquian

0. Introduction and the Typology of Nominal Classification Wiyot and Yurok, Algic languages of northwestern California, have a complex system of classifiers in which a classificatory morpheme delimits the properties (primarily shape) of arguments of numerals and verbs. These morphemes also show up in nominal morphology, on nouns with verbal roots. The classificatory system of Yurok has been described in Robins’ (1958) grammar and in Haas’ (1967) article “Language and taxonomy in northwestern California.” Wiyot classifiers are described in Reichard’s (1925) grammar, and to a lesser extent in Teeter’s (1964) grammar. Teeter worked with the last native speaker of Wiyot, who did not use many of the classifiers. In this paper I expand on these descriptions and compare the classifiers of Wiyot and Yurok to each other and to those of Algonquian languages. Classifiers in Wiyot and Yurok are clearly comparable to Algonquian classificatory medials. I also discuss how the Algic classifiers fit into the typology of classifiers proposed by Aikhenvald (2000). I hope to clarify and correct some statements that have been made about Yurok and Wiyot in the literature on classifiers by showing that these classifiers occur on verbs other than numerals, that is, they are not only numeral classifiers, and that Wiyot has as extensive a system of classifiers as Yurok does. In (1) I give some basic data that illustrate the phenomenon of classifiers. The data show the verb roots ‘to be big’ in Wiyot and ‘to be black’ Yurok, with different classificatory suffixes that indicate the shape or animacy of the subject of the verb. As is usual with classificatory morphemes, they classify the subject of intransitive verbs, and the object of transitive verbs.
Three-dimensional dose accumulation in pseudo-split-field IMRT and brachytherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer.

Abstract Purpose Dose accumulation of split-field external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and brachytherapy (BT) is challenging because of significant EBRT and BT dose gradients in the central pelvic region. We developed a method to determine biologically effective dose parameters for combined split-field intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and image-guided BT in locally advanced cervical cancer. Methods and Materials Thirty-three patients treated with split-field-IMRT to 45.0–51.2 Gy in 1.6–1.8 Gy per fraction to the elective pelvic lymph nodes and to 20 Gy to the central pelvis region were included in this study. Patients received six weekly fractions of high-dose rate BT to 6.5–7.3 Gy per fraction. A dose tracker software was developed to compute the equivalent dose in 2-Gy fractions (EQD 2 ) to gross tumor volume (GTV), organs-at-risk and point A. Total dose–volume histogram parameters were computed on the 3D combined EQD 2 dose based on rigid image registration. The dose accumulation uncertainty introduced by organ deformations between IMRT and BT was evaluated. Results According to International Commission on Radiation Unit and Measurement and GEC European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology recommendations, D 98 , D 90 , D 50 , and D 2cm 3 EQD 2 dose–volume histogram parameters were computed. GTV D 98 was 84.0 ± 26.5 Gy and D 2cc was 99.6 ± 13.9 Gy, 67.4 ± 12.2 Gy, 75.0 ± 10.1 Gy, for bladder, rectum, and sigmoid, respectively. The uncertainties induced by organ deformation were estimated to be −1 ± 4 Gy, −3 ± 5 Gy, 2 ± 3 Gy, and −3 ± 5 Gy for bladder, rectum, sigmoid, and GTV, respectively. Conclusions It is feasible to perform 3D EQD 2 dose accumulation to assess high and intermediate dose regions for combined split-field IMRT and BT.
A generalized e-p interaction at small distances from a new approach to electrodynamics

This paper continues the author’s research program on elementary-particle physics from general relativity. The generalized electrodynamic spinor interaction in this theory is studied in detail in regard to the e-p interaction at small mutual separation, the order of nucleon dimensions. The mediating pairs, according to this theory, modify the interaction in a way that leads to its increased strength of coupling, ase2/[1−(v/c)2]1/2, asv→c, and a reversal from an attractive to a repulsive force, when the electron de Broglie wave-length becomes smaller that its Compton wave-length. The latter corresponds tov exceeding the order of 0.7c. The generalized electrodynamic interaction is found to depend on the factor exp [−b/r−μr]. Theb-term hints at unification of electrodynamics with the weak force and the μ-term hints at unification with the strong (nuclear) force. The detailed interaction is generally velocity dependent and it is expressed in terms of a power series in (b/μ) , where is the order of the proton radius,b∼-0.158 fm (from previous studies), and μ plays the role of a «screening» constant in the e-p interaction, depending on the polarizability of the background mediating pairs.
Clinical excellence in nephrology: Examples from the published literature

Background Provision of exceptional medical care is a goal for the medical profession because this is what the public needs and deserves. Academic medical centers that value excellent clinicians may have the best chance to recruit and retain these faculty members. When our institution hoped to launch the Miller Coulson Academy of Clinical Excellence to measure and reward master clinicians, a critical first step was to use rigorous methods to develop a definition of clinical excellence. Published papers have illustrated that this general definition of clinical excellence is applicable to fields of psychiatry, cardiology, and pediatrics.
Digital filter analysis toolbox for MATLAB

A MATLAB toolbox has been developed that analyzes digital filter structures. After describing the digital filter structure in a SPICE-like format, the programs of this toolbox can map a digital filter structure into a state-space description, convert a state-space description to a z-domain transfer function, compute the maximum signal magnitude when input is bounded by unity, compute noise power at the filter's output due to round-off errors, round all multiplier coefficients to B bits relative to the largest nontrivial multiplier, generate a table of magnitude and phase sensitivities as a function of the frequency, and estimate the minimum wordlength required to meet filter specifications.
Microbial Glycosyltransferases for Carbohydrate Synthesis: α-2,3-Sialyltransferase from Neisseria gonorrheae

The α-2,3-sialyltransferase from Neisseria gonorrheae was overproduced in E. coli for exploitation of its substrate specificity and synthetic utility. Several potential acceptor substrates were synthesized in this study, including mono- and oligosaccharides, glycolipids, and glycopeptides and their sulfate derivatives. Some CMP-sialic acid derivatives with modification at the C-5 position were also prepared for evaluation as donor substrates. It was found that the enzyme exhibits a broader acceptor substrate specificity when compared to other sialyltransferases, though the donor specificity is quite limited. Application of the enzyme to the preparative synthesis of representative sialyl glycoconjugates has been demonstrated. On the basis of this work and the work of others, this enzyme is the most versatile and synthetically useful among all sialyltransferases known to date, especially for the synthesis of sulfate-containing glycoconjugates.
The Physiology of Willpower: Linking Blood Glucose to Self-Control:

Past research indicates that self-control relies on some sort of limited energy source. This review suggests that blood glucose is one important part of the energy source of self-control. Acts of self-control deplete relatively large amounts of glucose. Self-control failures are more likely when glucose is low or cannot be mobilized effectively to the brain (i.e., when insulin is low or insensitive). Restoring glucose to a sufficient level typically improves self-control. Numerous self-control behaviors fit this pattern, including controlling attention, regulating emotions, quitting smoking, coping with stress, resisting impulsivity, and refraining from criminal and aggressive behavior. Alcohol reduces glucose throughout the brain and body and likewise impairs many forms of self-control. Furthermore, self-control failure is most likely during times of the day when glucose is used least effectively. Self-control thus appears highly susceptible to glucose. Self-control benefits numerous social and interpersonal processes. Glucose might therefore be related to a broad range of social behavior.
Influence of microstructure on the optical properties of particulate materials: Gold black

A model is developed for the optical properties of particulate media within the realm of effective-medium theory, and is applied to gold black. This model assumes that the experimentally observed chains-of-spheres structure of the gold strands composing gold black can be approximated by spheroids (ellipsoid of revolution) for which the depolarization factor is well known from electrostatic theory. It is shown that the spheroid model is a generalization of the capacitor model of the optical properties of gold black. The spheroid model is applied to several gold blacks produced by inert-gas evaporation. It is found that excellent agreement between experimental and theoretical transmittance can be achieved in the solar spectrum by using a distribution of spheroids (gold-black strands) that is closely approximated by a log-normal function of the spheroid semimajor to semiminor axis ratio. An interpretation of the physical significance of this distribution is proposed. Experimental results for parameters such as packing factor and sample thickness are used without modification. Experimental data for the optical properties of bulk gold are used with a modification to account for an increase in the electron collision frequency due to scattering from the surfaces of the small gold crystallites.
Federal District Courts, Religious Speech, and the Public Forum: An Analysis of Litigation Patterns and Outcomes

The Supreme Court's recent decision in Good News Club v. Milford Central School continued a two-decade trend of cases address ing the merger of two First Amendment freedoms: freedom of speech and freedom of religion.1 In Good News, the Court focused on a New York school district's refusal to let a private Christian organization hold after-school Bible classes in a public school cafeteria for elementary school children. Although the school district allowed other community groups to use its facilities after hours, its policy excluded religious us age. Thus, it denied use of its facilities to the Good News Club because the club's meetings were "the equivalent of religious worship."2 By a 6-3 majority, the Court ruled in favor of the Good News Club. Since the school created a limited public forum by allowing access to its facilities by community groups, it had to open its facilities to all groups regardless of their viewpoint or message. While the school is not required to allow every type of speech in the forum, as the Court noted, its power to limit speech is constrained by the constitutional requirements of the Free Speech Clause, which prohibit discrimination against a speaker because of the speaker's specific viewpoint. Writing for the Court, Justice Clarence Thomas argued that
A tissue retrieval and postharvest processing regimen for rodent reproductive tissues compatible with long-term storage on the international space station and postflight biospecimen sharing program.

Collection and processing of tissues to preserve space flight effects from animals after return to Earth is challenging. Specimens must be harvested with minimal time after landing to minimize postflight readaptation alterations in protein expression/translation, posttranslational modifications, and expression, as well as changes in gene expression and tissue histological degradation after euthanasia. We report the development of a widely applicable strategy for determining the window of optimal species-specific and tissue-specific posteuthanasia harvest that can be utilized to integrate into multi-investigator Biospecimen Sharing Programs. We also determined methods for ISS-compatible long-term tissue storage (10 months at −80°C) that yield recovery of high quality mRNA and protein for western analysis after sample return. Our focus was reproductive tissues. The time following euthanasia where tissues could be collected and histological integrity was maintained varied with tissue and species ranging between 1 and 3 hours. RNA quality was preserved in key reproductive tissues fixed in RNAlater up to 40 min after euthanasia. Postfixation processing was also standardized for safe shipment back to our laboratory. Our strategy can be adapted for other tissues under NASA’s Biospecimen Sharing Program or similar multi-investigator tissue sharing opportunities.
The fluid dynamic approach to equidistribution methods for grid adaptation

Abstract The equidistribution methods based on L p Monge–Kantorovich optimization and on the deformation method are analyzed primarily in the context of grid adaptation. The first class of methods can be obtained from a variational principle leading to a fluid dynamic formulation based on time-dependent equations for the mass density and the momentum density. In this context, deformation methods arise from a similar fluid formulation by making a specific assumption on the time evolution of the density (but with some degree of freedom for the momentum density). In general, deformation methods do not arise from a variational principle. However, it is possible to prescribe an optimal deformation method, related to L 1 Monge–Kantorovich optimization, by making a further assumption on the momentum density. Thus, the fluid dynamic formulation provides a unified description of equidistribution methods. Some numerical examples using the L p fluid dynamic formulation are also explored.
Baryon production by primordial black holes

Abstract The evaporation of primordial black holes (PBH's) by the Hawking process can produce an excess of baryons over anti-baryons. Assuming a power-law form of the initial mass spectrum of PBH's and taking into account the observational constraints on that spectrum we calculate the baryon excess produced. We find that if the spectrum is steep ( α⪆3.5 ) or cut off for masses above ∼ 109 g, the observed baryon/photon ratio of ∼ 10−9 can be produced by PBH evaporations.
AIDS residential care

Abstract AIDS, a chronic fatal disease of epidemic proportion, presents many challenges for care to its victims and care providers. These include decreased access to health care, lack of adequate financial resources, and the current American health care system's inability to meet the complex needs of people with AIDS, especially the poor and homeless population. The need for alternative methods that offer care and services for this population is evident. This article describes a residential care facility that provides comprehensive unfragmented care as a method to meet some of these challenges. Because of its emphasis on healing as opposed to curing, the concepts of caring and spiritual support offer a tangible framework for delivery of health care in such a facility. The investigation into establishing a facility revealed the need for licensure, a tedious and challenging process that involves three mandatory meetings before submission for licensure. Another important consideration is that of finding consistent funding to support the continuation of the facility.
Personality: A Predictor of Theoretical Orientation of Students Enrolled in a Counseling Theories Course

Selecting a single psychotherapeutic orientation can be a challenge for counselor education students. The authors examined the relationship between counseling theory selection and personality variables of students enrolled in a counseling theories course. A discriminant function analysis was used to identify the personality traits that would determine theoretical orientation choice. No statistically significant results were found. Results indicated that students showed no personality-based preference of theory. Additionally, no significant differences were found on selected subscales of the Myers—Briggs Type Indicator (I. B. Myers, M. H. McCaulley, N. L. Quenk, & A. L. Hammer, 1998) and the Self-Directed Search (J. L. Holland, B. A. Fritzsche, & A. B. Powell, 1996; J. L. Holland, A. B. Powell, & B. A. Fritzsche, 1994).
Ethnic differences in the treatment of dual mental and substance disorders : A preliminary analysis

Differences between white and ethnic client psychosocial functioning, psychiatric and substance abuse symptomatology, and service utilization costs from a longitudinal clinical trial examining the relative cost effectiveness of three specialized interventions for dual disorders are compared within the study sample and to the existing literature. Ethnic clients comprised 30% of the treated sample, had lower psychosocial functioning scores (rated and self-reported), and received less supportive treatment services during the first 6 months of the intervention program; however, their overall outcomes were equivalent to those of white clients at 6 months. There were no functioning or symptom outcome differences across the three treatment groups, but the 12-step group had the highest intensive and supportive service costs over time, and also the greatest reductions in intensive service costs after 6 months. Clinical issues are described and the clinical implications for more effectively serving dually diagnosed ethnic clients are outlined.
Oxidative DNA Strand Scission Induced by Peptides

Cellular oxidative stress promotes chemical reactions causing damage to DNA, proteins, and membranes. Here, we describe experiments indicating that reactive oxygen species, in addition to degrading polypeptides and polynucleotides through direct reactions, can also promote damaging biomolecular cross reactivity by converting protein residues into peroxides that cleave the DNA backbone. The studies reported show that a variety of residues induce strand scission upon oxidation, and hydrogen abstraction occurring at the DNA backbone is responsible for the damage. The observation of peptide-promoted DNA damage suggests that crossreactions within protein/DNA complexes should be considered as a significant cause of the toxicity of reactive oxygen species.
Light cone formulation of N = 2 Yang-Mills

Abstract We write N = 2 Yang-Mills in Mandelstam's form of superspace. All the one-loop counter terms are computed and the result is proportional to the lagrangian. Some subtleties associated with power counting for light cone integrals are noted.
Improving University Executive Programmes

How to make university‐based executive programmes more effective by making certain design and delivery changes is discussed. It is argued that the programmes can be made more effective by being more practical, learner centred and developmental. Three areas are focused on: programme design, the training, development and role of the faculty, and the role of the sponsoring companies. These changes are governed by principles and practices of adult learning that are used as core strategies in the programmes to develop general managers who will be able to lead the modern information‐based organisation.
Efficient optimal pagination of scrolls

Diehr and Faaland developed an algorithm that finds the minimum sum of key length pagination of a scroll of n items, and which uses O(n log n) time, solving a problem posed by McCreight. An improved algorithm is given which uses O(n) time.
“Once I Would Have Gone Back … But Not Any Longer”: Nostalgia and Narrative Ethics in Wide Sargasso Sea

Abstract [Bertha is] necessary to the plot, but always she shrieks, howls, laughs horribly, attacks all and sundry—offstage. For me (and for you I hope) she must be right on stage. (Jean Rhys, Letters 156) We need, therefore, a kind of parallel history of, let us say, victimisation, which would counter the history of success and victory. To memorize the victims of history—the sufferers, the humiliated, the forgotten—should be a task for all of us at the end of this century. (Paul Ricoeur, “Memory and Forgetting” 10-11)
Gravimetric measurements of materials outgassing applied to graphite-epoxy laminates

The outgassing rates of two graphite-epoxy laminates, American Cyanamide 985B-626 and HST-7B-112, were obtained using a gravimetric method. The rates as a function of time and temperature were derived from the measurements of their mass losses at temperatures varying from 25 to 150 C and for a time span of up to 400 hours in a vacuum. The data from those measurements were reduced to obtain the outgassing activation energies, the mass losses per unit mass or area, and the corresponding outgassing rates. The rates are expressed in closed-form equations and are directly usable for modeling computations. The procedures to obtain these parameters are shown and may be used for the evaluation of other materials. The results of the tests show that the activation energies of the two materials are: 4630 cal/mole for the 985B-626 materials and 4791 cal/mole for the HST-7B-112 sample no. 10 Graphite Epoxy. The outgassing rates of these materials are in the 1OE-5 g sq cm/hr range and they decay according to a power of time of 0.60 at 25 C, indicating that the outgassing process is mainly a diffusion at that temperature. The normalized mass losses versus time obtained from these tests were compared to the discrete results obtained from the ASTM-E595 tests. The comparison provides general indications on the effects of temperature and time in relation to the ASTM test values obtained at 125 C for a 24-hour test duration.
Infrared spectrum of gaseous carbonyl fluoride-18O

Abstract From the infrared spectra of gaseous carbonyl fluoride- 18 O(F 12 2 C 18 O) the six fundamental vibrational frequencies (in cm −1 ) are: (a 1 ) 1895.2 (average of Fermi resonance doublet), 947.3, 576.5; (b 1 ) 1242.3, 604.9; (b 2 ) 770.0. These unambiguous assignments are consistent with the less certain assignments for this isotopic species that Mallinson, McKean, Holloway and Oxton, Spectrochim. Acta 31A, 143 (1975) derived from an argon-matrix spectrum of 4% F 12 2 C 18 O in a mixture of four isotopomers.
The Los Alamos Neutron Science Center

The Los Alamos Neutron Science Center, or LANSCE, uses the first truly high-current medium-energy proton linear accelerator, which operated originally at a beam power of 1 MW for medium-energy nuclear physics. Today LANSCE continues operation as one of the most versatile accelerator-based user facilities in the world. During eight months of annual operation, scientists from around the world work at LANSCE to execute an extraordinarily broad program of defense and civilian research. Several areas operate simultaneously. The Lujan Neutron Scattering Center (Lujan Center) is a moderated spallation source (meV to keV), the Weapons Neutron Research Facility (WNR) is a bare spallation neutron source (keV to 800 MeV), and a new ultra-cold neutron source will be operational in 2005. These sources give LANSCE the ability to produce and use neutrons with energies that range over 14 orders of magnitude. LANSCE also supplies beam to WNR and two other areas for applications requiring protons. In a proton radiography (pRad) area, a sequence of narrow proton pulses is transmitted through shocked materials and imaged to study dynamic properties. In 2005, LANSCE began operating a facility that uses 100-MeV protons to produce medical radioisotopes. To sustain a vigorous program beyond this decade, LANSCE has embarked on a project to refurbish key elements of the facility and to plan capabilities beyond those that presently exist.
Cardiovascular Adaptations to Prolonged Physical Effort

Studies of the cardiovascular system were made among 26-mile marathon runners after at least five years of physical training. Studies made with the subjects at rest showed an electrocardiogram characterized by a vertical or semivertical electrocardiographic position of the heart in the chest, bradycardia, high voltage of the QRS complexes and high T and U waves. T waves which were low with respect to the height of the R waves were not encountered. Etiologically the heart was enlarged. Immediately after running 26 miles the transverse diameter of the heart was decreased considerably.
Interference of sodium azide with the quantitation of serum cholesterol: a comparative study.

Abstract Interference of sodium azide (employed widely as a preservative for serum) with six different cholesterol methods and two modified procedures is analyzed and compared. Sodium azide is shown to lower the serum cholesterol values of the iron-cholesterol methods from 5 to 50% at 0.1 g% azide, and from 60 to 95% at 1.0 g% azide concentration, depending on the method employed. This inhibition is independent of serum cholesterol concentration. Increased serum to reagent (v/v) ratio, i.e., increased azide concentration, caused increased depression of serum cholesterol values. Appropriate choice of low serum-to-reagent (v/v) ratio thus decreases the magnitude of the azide interference in the iron-cholesterol reaction to 3–10% for the precipitation procedures, and to 25% for the non-precipitation procedure at 0.1 g% azide concentration in serum. The non-iron methods, based on the Liebermann-Burchard reaction and the p -toluenesulfonic acid reaction, show no azide interference. The interference with iron-cholesterol reactions is shown to operate at the color-producing step of the reaction. Alternate mechanisms proposed to explain this interference are discussed in light of the experimental data.
Reduction of SiC surface oxides by a Ga molecular beam: LEED and electron spectroscopy studies☆

Abstract SiC surface composition and structure appear to be sensitive to the method of surface preparation used in ultra-high vacuum. New diffraction and electron spectroscopy results have been obtained after removal of native oxide by specimen heating in a Ga molecular beam. This process, unlike oxide removal by heating alone, apparently does not deplete the surface of Si. For cubic β-SiC, the results suggest a mosaic gross surface structure with Si oxide residing in grain boundaries. Results are also presented for the hexagonal 6H-SiC polytype.
Regressed lymphatic vessels develop during corneal repair

The fate of newly synthesized lymphatic vessels induced by inflammation is poorly understood. To address this question, we designed experiments to determine the morphologic, phenotypic, and functional differences in regressing lymphatic vessels in the context of corneal recovery after an inflammatory response. A suture removal modification was used to induce corneal recovery after suture induced inflammation. We identified an increase in markers of corneal inflammation in sutured cornea that resolved in 14 days after suture removal. Sprouting newly synthesized lymphatic vessels trafficking MHC-II-positive leukocytes were visualized in sutured cornea. Following suture removal and recovery, the visualized lymphatic vessels were thin and fragmented, had bulbous termini, discontinuous expression of CD31 and VE-cadherin, and excluded MHC-II-positive leukocytes. VEGF-A, VEGF-C, and TGF-β mRNA levels were increased during corneal recovery, suggesting a complex interaction between lymphangiogenic factors and the mechanisms that regulate corneal recovery. The balance of lymphatic vessel growth and regression is likely to have a central role in the pathogenesis of corneal inflammatory diseases.
Gravitationally Unstable Flames: Rayleigh-Taylor Stretching versus Turbulent Wrinkling

In this paper, we provide support for the Rayleigh-Taylor-(RT)-based subgrid model used in full-star simulations of deflagrations in Type Ia supernovae explosions. We use the results of a parameter study of two-dimensional direct numerical simulations of an RT unstable model flame to distinguish between the two main types of subgrid models (RT or turbulence dominated) in the flamelet regime. First, we give scalings for the turbulent flame speed, the Reynolds number, the viscous scale, and the size of the burning region as the non-dimensional gravity (G) is varied. The flame speed is well predicted by an RT-based flame speed model. Next, the above scalings are used to calculate the Karlovitz number (Ka) and to discuss appropriate combustion regimes. No transition to thin reaction zones is seen at Ka = 1, although such a transition is expected by turbulence-dominated subgrid models. Finally, we confirm a basic physical premise of the RT subgrid model, namely, that the flame is fractal, and thus self-similar. By modeling the turbulent flame speed, we demonstrate that it is affected more by large-scale RT stretching than by small-scale turbulent wrinkling. In this way, the RT instability controls the flame directly from the large scales. Overall, these results support the RT subgrid model.
Letter to the Editor: A cohort study and not a case control study.

Dear Editor: Upon reading the recently published article entitled "Adverse pregnancy outcomes with assisted reproductive technology in non-obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a case control study" [1], we were compelled to point out that the study design does not conform to the principles of a case-control study. The authors state that the aim of the study was to compare the prevalence of adverse pregnancy outcomes between non-obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome compared to a control group. However, the study participants were selected on the basis of the specific exposure groups; for case control studies participants are selected on the basis of an outcome of interest. Thus, the authors have conducted a cohort study.
Supercritical Fluid Processing of Nanoscale Particles from Biodegradable and Biocompatible Polymers

The supercritical solution rapid expansion technique, rapid expansion of a supercritical solution into a liquid solvent (RESOLV), was applied to the processing of poly(l-lactic acid) and poly(methyl methacrylate) into nanoscale particles (100 nm or less). Neat supercritical carbon dioxide or with ethanol as a cosolvent was used as solvent, and an aqueous medium was used at the receiving end of the rapid expansion. The as-produced polymeric nanoparticles were suspended, and various strategies for the stabilization of the suspension to protect the nanoparticles from agglomeration were evaluated. It was found that, in the presence of a water-soluble polymer or surfactant, aqueous suspensions of the well-dispersed polymeric nanoparticles could remain stable for an extended period of time to allow potentially further processing into the desired products.
Evidence of continuous evolutionary change in structures mediating adherence of lymphocytes to specialised venules

MANY cell–cell interactions are similar in a wide variety of species; for instance, penetration of ova by spermatozoa, morphogenetic cell movements during embryogenesis, and specific cellular cooperation during the immune response in vertebrates. The operation of apparently identical functional interactions in diverse species, however, does not exclude the possibility that the cell surface receptors and ligands involved may have changed considerably during evolution. In fact, studies of the molecular evolution of certain enzymes and proteins present in numerous species have demonstrated that structural evolutionary change (that is, amino acid substitutions) may proceed even in the absence of observed functional modification1. For this reason, we suggest that the investigation of the degree of evolutionary change in structures mediating conserved cell–cell interactions requires determination of the degree to which the interaction is possible between cells from different species. The present study was designed to examine quantitatively the effect of progressive evolutionary divergence on interspecies cellular cooperation in a simple, highly conserved cell–cell interaction: the specific adherence of lymphocytes to specialised lymphocyte-binding high endothelial venules (HEV) in lymph nodes. Based on results of quantitative in vivo and in vitro assays, we report that the ability of lymphocytes from different vertebrate species to recognise specifically and bind to HEV in the mouse declines exponentially with increasing evolutionary separation of the lymphocyte donor from the mouse host. This suggests that, in spite of conservation of the functional interaction in all mammalian species examined2, the cell-surface structures mediating lymphocyte adherence to HEV have been continuously and randomly altered during evolution.
3H-Thymidine Incorporation into Nuclear DNA of Leaf Cells

The incorporation of (3)H-thymidine into nuclear DNA of leaf cells of Nanthium pennsylvanicum was studied as a function of concentration and specific activity of the radioisotope. From the assessment of the average number of grains per nucleus and the percent of labeled nuclei, it was concluded that the incorporation was a linear function of concentration of the exogenous radioisotopic solution and a logarithmic function of the incubation time. Ten microcuries per milliliter on the average yielded 20% of labeled nuclei with 18 grains per nucleus. Seven-fold increase in concentration only doubled the amount of (3)H-thymidine incorporated. The lamina regions near the vein incorporated a significantly greater amount of the radioisotope than the lamina region at some distance from the vein. The specific activities of 2, 3.35, 6.7 and 15.3 c/mmole had no effect upon the amount of (3)H-thymidine incorporated, if the amount of microcuries of the incubation solution was the same in each activity. Considering the total number of molecules, the estimated rates of incorporation indicated that at the activity of 2 c/mmole, the system operated with about 7 times higher rates as compared with the activity of 15.3 c/mmole.
End-User Privacy in Human-Computer Interaction

The purpose of this article is twofold. First, we summarize research on the topic of privacy in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), outlining current approaches, results, and trends. Practitioners and researchers can draw upon this review when working on topics related to privacy in the context of HCI and CSCW. The second purpose is that of charting future research trends and of pointing out areas of research that are timely but lagging. This work is based on a comprehensive analysis of published academic and industrial literature spanning three decades, and on the experience of both ourselves and of many of our colleagues.
Retrospective analysis of silastic implant arthroplasty of the first metatarsophalangeal joint

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of implant arthroplasty according to subjective, biomechanic, and radiographic parameters over a long period of time. Implants in 40 feet (27 patients) were analyzed at an average follow-up time of 8.25 years and a mean patient age of 63. The results were consistent with the subjective findings of previous studies that demonstrated that most patients were satisfied with the procedure. Ninety-six percent of the patients in this study confirmed they would undergo the procedure a second time. The radiographic results did not demonstrate a high incidence of implant fracture as previously reported. This review suggests that implants can be effective when used with patients who are carefully selected according to age, activity level, and diagnosis.
Implantation of neuronal suspensions into contusive injury sites in the adult rat spinal cord

Implants of various types of neuronal and nonneuronal tissue have shown promise for the amelioration of certain disorders of the adult mammalian brain. Implants may also have therapeutic potential for some lesions of the spinal cord. To examine the feasibility of implantation for clinically relevant spinal cord injuries, we have implanted cells into injury sites produced by a well-characterized and standardized rat model of contusive injury. To reduce the possibility of the implantation procedure itself causing damage to the spinal cord, the tissue was dissociated and a suspension of cells introduced into the cord via a small bore needle. To test the implantation procedure, dissociated adult rat dorsal root ganglia were used because of the ease with which these neurons could be distinguished after implantation. The extent to which functional deficits were produced or exacerbated by the implantation procedure was assessed by behavioral tests of groups of rats that had been implanted (implant controls), contused (injury only) or contused and implanted (injury-implant). Survival of the implanted neurons was assessed by quantitative morphological analysis of histological sections taken through the injury/implant sites at different times following injury. In addition, the histopathology of the contusive injury sites was compared for rats that had or had not received immediate or delayed implants. Results indicated that cell suspensions could be implanted into the spinal cord without causing a functional deficit in an otherwise uninjured animal or exacerbating a standardized incomplete contusive injury. Implanted neurons survived for at least 4 weeks in all contusion sites whether implantation was performed immediately following injury or after a delay or 1 week. There was no significant difference in neuron survival among the groups at 2 h, 18 h or 1 week after implantation. The average number of surviving neurons expressed as a percentage of those counted immediately after implantation was about 90% at 2 h, 50% at 18 h and 30% at 1 week. However, at 4 weeks after implantation, significantly more neurons survived in the delayed group as compared to the immediate group. The results demonstrate the feasibility of implanting dissociated nervous tissue into the sites of clinically relevant experimental contusive injuries and lay the groundwork for investigating possible beneficial effects of implants of different types of neural or glial cell suspensions in the treatment of contusive spinal cord injuries.
Pediatric athletic asthmatics.

The main goals of this review are to help the reader to recognize the common symptoms and signs of exercise-induced asthma and the common objective tests used to confirm or rule out the diagnosis and to understand that different forms and intensities of exercise have different asthmagenicity. The review also aims to help the reader to recognize some of the theories of exercise-induced asthma’s pathogenesis, to recognize management strategies (including medications), and to be able to identify medications placed on the 2008 prohibited list by the World Anti-Doping Agency and their therapeutic exemptions. It is also important to understand that respiratory symptoms associated with exercise are not necessarily asthma and that through safe participation in physical exercise, athletic asthmatics can excel in competitive sports.
Microstructure and reactivity of supported bimetallic platinum-gold catalysts

Abstract In this paper an attempt is made to correlate the microstructure of a supported bimetallic catalyst system with its activity and selectivity. A series of bimetallic platinum-gold catalysts supported on high-surface-area nonporous Aerosil was prepared by the incipient wetness technique. The platinum-gold system is known to be partially miscible in the bulk with the possibility of alloy formation at high and low Pt Au atomic ratios. The reducibility of the various metal components in these catalysts was determined by temperature-programmed reduction. Microstructural characterization of the catalysts was performed by using analytical and high-resolution electron microscopic techniques. The combination of elemental analysis by EDX and lattice fringe imaging by HREM of individual metal particles was used to determine the presence and location of the various components of this bimetallic system. The kinetic behavior for the n-hexane conversion reaction and the product selectivities toward dehydrocyclization, isomerization, and hydrogenolytic cracking were measured. The product selectivity trends in n-hexane conversion can be attributed mainly to geometric effects related to the relative distribution and interdispersion of the platinum and gold atoms in the Catalysts.
On the non-round points of the boundary of the numerical range

Let A be a bounded linear operator acting on a Hilbert space. It is well known (Donoghue, 1957) that comer points of the numerical range W(A) are eigenvalues of A. Recently (1995), this result was generalized by Hiibner who showed that points of infinite curvature on the boundary of W(A) lie in the spectrum of A. Hubner also conjectured that all such points are either corner points or lie in the essential spectrum of A. In this paper, we give a short proof of this conjecture.