cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathology of the Auditory System that Can Cause Tinnitus

1. Symptoms such as tinnitus can be caused by ­damage and diseases that affect the conductive apparatus of the ear, its receptor organs, the auditory nerve, and nerve cells in the nuclei of the auditory system, including the cerebral auditory cortex. 2. Tinnitus can also be caused by activation of neural plasticity (causing plasticity diseases), which can cause altered function at the cellular level in the brain and re-routing of information. 3. The brain is not a fixed system but it is continuously shaped and re-shaped by signals it receives from the outside world. 4. Neural plasticity is a property of the nervous ­system that becomes apparent only when turned on. Activation of neural plasticity can be beneficial or harmful. 5. Activation of beneficial neural plasticity facilitates recovery from damage to the nervous system (such as from strokes). In sensory systems, it may serve to compensate for loss of function or to adapt the nervous system to change in demand. Expression of neural plasticity can make the nervous system adapt to changing demands (prostheses such as cochlear and cochlear nucleus implants). 6. Activation of harmful neural plasticity is involved in creation of symptoms of disease (plasticity ­disorders) such as some forms of tinnitus, central neuropathic pain, and some forms of muscle spasm. 7. Activation of neural plasticity can change processing of information and cause: (a) Reorganization and re-routing of information in the central nervous system. (b) Change in the balance between inhibition and excitation. (c) Increased synchrony of activity of single nerve cells. (d) Increased temporal coherence of activity in populations of nerve cells. 8. Deprivation of input, overstimulation, injuries, and unknown intrinsic factors can promote expression of neural plasticity. 9. Many forms of tinnitus are phantom sensations caused by activation of neural plasticity and similar to phantom sensations in other sensory systems causing central neuropathic pain, paresthesia, and spasm in motor systems. 10. Many forms of tinnitus are associated with changes in processing of information that may involve hyperacusis and distortion of sounds. 11. Abnormal (pathologic) changes in connectivity may occur because of activation of neural plasticity that opens (unmask) dormant synapses or close (mask) synapses that are conducting normally. 12. Activation of non-classical pathways is an example of change in connectivity. 13. Tinnitus is often accompanied by cross-modal interaction, which may be explained by an abnormal activation of non-classical sensory pathways through re-routing of information. 14. Involvement of the non-classical pathways may explain symptoms of mood disorders, phantom sensations, improved perceptual capabilities, or atypical sensory experiences that often accompany severe tinnitus.
Policing Hot Pursuits: The Discovery of Aleatory Elements

The police pursuit technique has only recently come under scrutiny. Recent concern and publicity have forced the law enforcement community to respond with appropriate guidelines for officers to follow.' As with any police technique about which little is known, solutions are often suggested without proper analysis or information. Armchair philosophy and conventional wisdom can aid in deciding which of several responses to a problem is the best one, but solving the problem of police pursuit requires decision-making rather than problem-solving skills. Thus, appropriate knowledge must be obtained and processed before proper decisions can be made. Moreover, after the appropriate data are analyzed, any interpretation is subject to judgments that must be balanced before policy makers consider the alternatives.2 It is therefore important to
Language Behavior of Apes

Man’s interest in the origins of human attributes has been strong from the time his intelligence first allowed him to reflect upon the nature of things and the relationships between events in his environment. Increasingly, sheer conjecture on the topic has been supplanted by biological and archaeological findings, by formal theory, and by the intrusion of research programs into the study of human attributes and skills once held to be unique, immutable, and/or god-given.
Strength of Anisotropic Rocks

We have discussed in the previous chapter, how deformability varies with direction. Laboratory and in situ testing have shown that the strength of anisotropic rocks also varies with spatial orientation. Intuitively, both deformability and strength must be affected by the anisotropic character especially if there is symmetry of any kind. The presentation of this chapter follows along the lines of the previous one in focussing on two points: (i) the strength behavior of anisotropic rocks in the laboratory and in situ, (ii) the modeling of this behavior for the different types of rock anisotropy mentioned in Chapter 1.
Morphological Processing for Turkish

This chapter presents an overview of Turkish morphology followed by the architecture of a state-of-the-art wide coverage morphological analyzer for Turkish implemented using the Xerox Finite State Tools. It covers the morphophonological and morphographemic phenomena in Turkish such as vowel harmony, the morphotactics of words, and issues that one encounters when processing real text with myriads of phenomena: numbers, foreign words with Turkish inflections, unknown words, and multi-word constructs. The chapter presents ample illustrations of phenomena and provides many examples for sometimes ambiguous morphological interpretations.
Trust but verify: Patterns of obtaining health information and the role of physician trust in decision-making amongst patients with metastatic breast cancer.

218Background: Increasing emphasis on patient-centered care has led to shared decision making, which better aligns medical decisions with patient preferences for care. In its 2004 report, Health Li...
Ten Reasons to Prefer Tax Partnerships Over S-Corporations

A fundamental choice for every business owner is the type of legal and tax entity the owner will use for the business. Because C-corporations are subject to an entity-level tax, owners of small businesses often face the choice of operating as an S-corporation or a tax partnership. To the uninitiated, the choice may appear to be trivial because both tax partnerships and S-corporations provide passthrough tax treatment (i.e., no entity-level tax). In fact, however, despite the passthrough nature of both tax partnerships and S-corporations, tax law treats them differently in many respects. This article identifies ten ways in which tax law treats the two types of tax entities differently, showing that in many situations, business owners will be better served by forming as tax partnerships. The article also identifies situations under which S-corporations provide the better tax alternative. The article includes a discussion of how changes to tax law in the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act can affect the choice between a tax partnership and an S-corporation. In short, the article shows that not all passthrough tax regimes treat businesses equally.
Gas chromatography with tandem cold electron ionization mass spectrometric detection and vacuum ultraviolet detection for the comprehensive analysis of fentanyl analogues

Abstract Fentanyl and its derivatives are amongst the ever-growing list of emerging drugs which are impinging on current traditional analytical techniques employed in forensic laboratories. To avoid current regulations, fentanyl analogues are being illicitly synthesized by slight alterations of functional groups to the fentanyl skeleton leading to inaccurate identifications, thus posing the greatest challenge to laboratories. In this study, a novel analytical technique is presented in which gas chromatography (GC) is interfaced with both cold electron ionization mass spectrometric (cold EI MS) and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) detection by the means of a flow splitter for the simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of twenty-four fentanyl analogues, including seven sets of positional isomers. For most of the twenty-four analogues, enhanced molecular ions were obtained with at least 1% intensity relative to base peak. In addition to enhanced molecular ions, the GC-cold EI MS maintained fragmentation pathways observed by GC MS with classical electron ionization. For the most part, VUV detection resulted in unique VUV spectra for fentanyl analogues including positional isomers. The combination of these two complementary detectors in tandem with the high resolving power of the gas chromatograph, allows for higher confidence in analyte identification by the combination of retention times, cold EI mass spectra and VUV spectra. The preferred method for quantitation was based on VUV detection and offered excellent determination coefficients (R2≥0.999) for most analytes over two orders of magnitude dynamic range, without the need for deuterated internal standards. For both run-to-run and day-to-day repeatability studies, at moderate solute concentrations, the correct fentanyl related compound was identified in almost every instance from a library containing all the fentanyl analogues plus hundreds of other analytes.
On the Mass of the Kuiper Belt

Evidence for the Kuiper Belt (of cometary material just past Neptune) and the processes that shape it are briefly reviewed. A summary of selected estimates of its mass is given. A two-sector model for the belt is summarized. A limit is placed on the amount of mass that could be present in the Kuiper Belt in the form of objects with sizes around a centimeter, from survival of the Pioneer 10 spacecraft’s propellant tank during a dozen years in the belt. Work in progress on the belt’s IR signal is reviewed: A useful formula is given for the IR signal from dust particles as a function of albedo, radius and heliocentric distance. Preliminary results are given for limits on the sector masses, in the two-sector model, as a function of time since last passage of the Sun through a giant molecular cloud. Possible indication for the time since such passage and possible support for the existence of a more massive outer sector are found in preliminary results for the ratios of the IR signal in the four different COBE DIRBE bands.
Australia, US torture and the power of international law

Australia cooperated extensively with the George W. Bush administration during the ‘war on terror.’ However, in doing so, Australia failed to condemn, and in some instances, condoned US torture and...
AutoTutor: Incorporating Back-Channel Feedback and Other Human-Like Conversational Behaviors into an Intelligent Tutoring System

This paper describes our recent attempts to incorporate human-like conversational behaviors into the dialog moves delivered by an animated pedagogical agent that simulates human tutors. We first present a brief overview of the modules comprising AutoTutor, an intelligent tutoring system. The second section describes a set of conversational behaviors that are being incorporated into AutoTutor. The behaviors of interest involve variations in intonation, head movements, arm and hand movements, facial expressions, eye blinking, gaze direction, and back-channel feedback. The final section presents a recent empirical study concerned with back-channel feedback events during human-to-human tutoring sessions. The back-channel feedback events emitted by tutors are mostly positive (63%), mostly verbal (77%), and immediately follow speech-act boundaries or noun-phrase boundaries (83%). Tutors also deliver back-channelevents at a very high rate when students are emitting dialog, about 13 events per minute. Conversely, 88% of students' back-channel feedback events are head nods, and they occur at unbounded locations (63%).
PRIMA-1 induces apoptosis in p53 mutant breast cancer cell lines by inhibiting the JNK cell survival pathway and promoting the activation of proapoptotic p53 targets Bax and PUMA

3051 The p53 protein plays a major role in the maintenance of genome stability in mammalian cells. Mutations of p53 occur in over 40% of breast cancers and are indicative of tumor resistant to chemotherapeutic agents. Recently, there has been a high degree of interest in pharmacological approaches to restore the normal function to mutant p53. The compound p53-dependent reactivation and induction of massive apoptosis (PRIMA-1) has been shown to induce cytotoxic effects and apoptosis in human tumor cells. We reported (Breast Cancer Res. 7: R765-774, 2005) that PRIMA-1 restores the p53-hsp90α interaction, enhances the translocation of this complex to the nucleus and reactivates p53 transcriptional activity in breast cancer cells. Here we studied the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis in breast cancer cells (MDA-231 and GI-101A) with various types of p53 mutations as compared to MCF-7 with wild-type p53 after treatment with PRIMA-1. We show that PRIMA-1 selectively induces apoptosis in MDA-231 and GI-101A compared to MCF-7 breast cancer cells as measured by the Annexin V assays. This effect was paralleled by an increase in the total levels of p53 and the induction of its phosphorylation at Ser15 as detected by Western blot analysis with the Odyssey™Infrared Imaging System. Using a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, we show that PRIMA-1 restored the p53 DNA binding activity to the promoters of proapoptotic genes such as PUMA and Bax, but inhibited the binding activity to the promoters of the anti-apoptotic MAP4K4 gene. Hence, our data indicate that PRIMA-1 induces apoptosis in p53 mutant breast cancer cells by promoting the activation of proapoptotic signaling pathways and inhibiting the JNK cell survival pathway. (Supported by Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation grant BCTR0402398)
Differences in eating disorder symptoms and affect regulation for residential eating disorder patients with problematic substance use

The aim of the current study was to investigate differences in treatment outcomes for residential eating disorder (ED) treatment patients diagnosed with comorbid substance use disorders (SUDs), particularly differences in ED pathology and affect dysregulation. Secondary data analysis was conducted on data from a previous study of 140 patients at a residential ED facility. SUD was diagnosed by a staff psychiatrist upon admission, and SUD diagnosis was extracted from electronic health records for the current study. Self-report measures of eating pathology and affect dysregulation from pre-treatment and post-treatment assessments were analyzed. 20.1% of the sample (n = 29) were diagnosed with a substance use disorder at the start of treatment. Contrary to hypotheses, those with comorbid SUD did not significantly differ in eating pathology severity, depression symptoms, emotion dysregulation, or psychological acceptance at baseline. Also contrary to hypotheses, individuals with comorbid SUD and ED evidenced slightly larger improvements in certain areas of eating pathology and affect dysregulation throughout treatment than those with ED diagnosis only. These findings suggest that residential ED treatment is an appropriate treatment choice for individuals with comorbid SUD. The observed improvements in affect dysregulation combined with a period of forced abstinence from maladaptive affect regulation behaviors may explain these positive results, though more research is needed to test the mechanisms of action of residential treatment for this population. IV, multiple time series analysis.
Experimental characterization of an ultrafast Thomson scattering x-ray source with three-dimensional time and frequency-domain analysis

We present a detailed comparison of the measured characteristics of Thomson backscattered x-rays produced at the PLEIADES (Picosecond Laser-Electron Interaction for the Dynamic Evaluation of Structures) facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory to predicted results from a newly developed, fully three-dimensional time and frequency-domain code. Based on the relativistic differential cross section, this code has the capability to calculate time and space dependent spectra of the x-ray photons produced from linear Thomson scattering for both bandwidth-limited and chirped incident laser pulses. Spectral broadening of the scattered x-ray pulse resulting from the incident laser bandwidth, perpendicular wave vector components in the laser focus, and the transverse and longitudinal phase space of the electron beam are included. Electron beam energy, energy spread, and transverse phase space measurements of the electron beam at the interaction point are presented, and the corresponding predicted x-ray characteristics are determined. In addition, time-integrated measurements of the x-rays produced from the interaction are presented, and shown to agree well with the simulations.
Sagittal orientation of coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction affects the stability of surgical repair.

BACKGROUND The variation in the anatomic relationship between the coracoid and the clavicle affects the biomechanical stability of coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction (CCLR). METHODS Three-dimensional computed tomography reconstruction of 85 patients was analyzed. Anatomic landmarks were used to derive the coracoclavicular sagittal reconstruction angle (sRA). The lateral concave angle, which indicated the shape of the distal clavicle, and the offsets between the clavicle and coracoid were also measured. To investigate the biomechanical effects of the sRA on CCLR, 7 computed tomography scans with different sRAs were 3D printed. Two reconstructions, a single trans-coracoclavicular tunnel and a looped reconstruction technique, were performed sequentially. Models were cyclically loaded at 70 N in the anterior, posterior, and superior directions. RESULTS The mean sRA was 68° ± 9.3° (range, 47°-85°). The superoinferior offset between the clavicle and the coracoid and the lateral concave angle positively correlated with the sRA (r = 0.359 and 0.837, respectively; P ≤ .001), whereas the anteroposterior offset had a negative correlation (r = -0.925; P < .001). The sRA had a negative correlation with the anterior displacement of the clavicle (rho = -0.96; P < .001) and a positive correlation with the posterior displacement for both surgical techniques (rho = 1.0; P < .001). CONCLUSION The anatomic orientation of the native coracoclavicular ligaments is highly variable in the sagittal plane. Low sagittal angles can reduce anterior stability, whereas high sagittal angles can reduce posterior stability of CCLR.
Generation of kidney ureteric bud and collecting duct organoids that recapitulate kidney branching morphogenesis

Abstract Kidney organoids model development and diseases of the nephron but not the contiguous epithelial network of the kidney’s collecting duct (CD) system. Here, we report the generation of an expandable, 3D branching ureteric bud (UB) organoid culture model that can be derived from primary UB progenitors from mouse and human fetal kidneys, or generated de novo from pluripotent human stem cells. UB organoids differentiate into CD organoids in vitro, with differentiated cell types adopting spatial assemblies reflective of the adult kidney collecting system. Aggregating 3D-cultured nephron progenitor cells with UB organoids in vitro results in a reiterative process of branching morphogenesis and nephron induction, similar to kidney development. Combining efficient gene editing with the UB organoid model will facilitate an enhanced understanding of development, regeneration and diseases of the mammalian collecting system. One sentence summary Collecting duct organoids derived from primary mouse and human ureteric bud progenitor cells and human pluripotent stem cells provide an in vitro platform for genetic dissection of development, regeneration and diseases of the mammalian collecting system.
EQUIVARIANT CALCULUS OF FUNCTORS AND -ANALYTICITY OF REAL ALGEBRAIC -THEORY

We define a theory of Goodwillie calculus for enriched functors from finite pointed simplicial G-sets to symmetric G-spectra, where G is a finite group. We extend a notion of G-linearity suggested by Blumberg to define stably excisive and rho-analytic homotopy functors, as well as a G-differential, in this equivariant context. A main result of the paper is that analytic functors with trivial derivatives send highly connected G-maps to G-equivalences. It is analogous to the classical result of Goodwillie that "functors with zero derivative are locally constant". As main example we show that Hesselholt and Madsen's Real algebraic K-theory of a split square zero extension of Wall antistructures defines an analytic functor in the Z/2-equivariant setting. We further show that the equivariant derivative of this Real K-theory functor is Z/2-equivalent to Real MacLane homology.
The Consequences Are Black and White: Race and Poor Health Following Incarceration:

Incarceration is a health damaging experience that disproportionately impacts Black Americans. Although existing research has explored broader racial disparities in the health consequences of impri...
Luke Whitmore, Mountain, Water, Rock, God: Understanding Kedarnath in the Twenty-first Century

Luke Whitmore, Mountain, Water, Rock, God: Understanding Kedarnath in the Twenty-first Century (Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2018), 258 pp., $34.95 (pbk), ISBN: 978-0520298026.
Effects of feeder space on broiler feeding behaviors.

Providing adequate feeder space in broiler production is important to ensure bird performance and well-being; however, the effect of feeder space on behavior responses of broilers remains unclear. The objective of this research was to investigate feeding behaviors of broilers provided with 4 feeder spaces, that are 2.3 cm/bird with one feeder (2.3FSO); and 2.3, 4.6, and 6.9 cm/bird with 3 feeders (2.3FST, 4.6FST, and 6.9FST, respectively). Number of feeder slots per feeder was 14 at 2.3FSO, 5 at 2.3FST, 9 at 4.6FST, and 14 at 6.9FST. Sixteen identical pens, each with 45 broilers (Ross 708, mixed sex), were used to accommodate the 4 feeder space treatments. Feeding behaviors were continuously monitored from weeks 4 to 8 using an ultra-high-frequency radio frequency identification system. The results show that the daily feeding time and number of feeder visits for broilers at 2.3FST were similar to those at 4.6FST and 6.9FST but higher than those at 2.3FSO (P < 0.01). The feeder utilization ratio was the highest at 2.3FST, indicating the feeder being used most efficiently among the 4 treatments (P < 0.01). Coefficient of variations (33.0-65.1%) of the feeding behavior responses was similar among the treatments (P ≥ 0.06), suggesting similar group uniformity of feeding behaviors of individual broilers. Feeders among all treatments may not be fully used because for most of the time, less than 6 birds chose to eat simultaneously at a more-than-five-slot feeder in all treatments. Given the same feeder space, increasing feeder number can accommodate more birds to eat simultaneously. The outcomes of this study provide insights into improvement of feeder design and management for broiler production.
Downstaging Outcomes for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Results From the Multicenter Evaluation of Reduction in Tumor Size before Liver Transplantation (MERITS-LT) Consortium.

Background & Aims United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS) has adopted uniform criteria for downstaging (UNOS-DS) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) before liver transplantation (LT), but the downstaging success rate and intention-to-treat outcomes across broad geographic regions are unknown. Methods In this first multiregional study (7 centers, 4 UNOS regions), 209 consecutive patients with HCC undergoing downstaging based on UNOS-DS criteria were prospectively evaluated from 2016 to 2019. Results Probability of successful downstaging to Milan criteria and dropout at 2 years from the initial downstaging procedure was 87.7% and 37.3%, respectively. Pretreatment with lectin-reactive α-fetoprotein ≥10% (hazard ratio, 3.7; P = .02) was associated with increased dropout risk. When chemoembolization (n = 132) and yttrium-90 radioembolization (n = 62) were compared as the initial downstaging treatment, there were no differences in Modified Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors response, probability of or time to successful downstaging, waiting list dropout, or LT. Probability of LT at 3 years was 46.6% after a median of 17.2 months. In the explant, 17.5% had vascular invasion, and 42.8% exceeded Milan criteria (understaging). The only factor associated with understaging was the sum of the number of lesions plus largest tumor diameter on the last pre-LT imaging, and the odds of understaging increased by 35% per 1-unit increase in this sum. Post-LT survival at 2 years was 95%, and HCC recurrence occurred in 7.9%. Conclusion In this first prospective multiregional study based on UNOS-DS criteria, we observed a successful downstaging rate of >80% and similar efficacy of chemoembolization and yttrium-90 radioembolization as the initial downstaging treatment. A high rate of tumor understaging was observed despite excellent 2-year post-LT survival of 95%. Additional LRT to reduce viable tumor burden may reduce tumor understaging.
Napoleonic Cotton Cultivation: A Case Study in Scientific Expertise and Agricultural Innovation in France and Italy, 1806–1814

Between 1807 and 1814, the government of Napoleon Bonaparte supervised an ambitious project to encourage the introduction of cotton cultivation to the south of France and to the areas of northern and central Italy that had recently fallen under French control, with the goal of creating a secure source of cotton for French textile mills and ensure French ascendency in the most dynamic sector of the European economy. I analyze the Napoleonic experiments with cotton cultivation to enhance our understanding of the links between scientific expertise and agricultural innovation in modern Europe. Napoleon’s acclimatization project was made possible by the expansion of French familiarity with the cotton plant since the sixteenth century, which reflected the growing specialization of European botanical science during the early modern era. While small-scale experiments with cotton cultivation in France began in the mid-eighteenth century, a concerted effort to achieve large-scale acclimatization was made possible only by the support of the centralized state apparatus created by the Napoleonic regime. In its effort to promote cotton cultivation, the Napoleonic state accomplished an extensive mobilization of intellectual resources, turning to leading botanical experts for advice on the cotton plant while using semiofficial agricultural societies to publicize the undertaking. While several participants achieved notable success, the project ultimately failed to achieve the incorporation of cotton into French and Italian agricultural systems. Significantly, this outcome was a result not simply of unfavorable environmental conditions, but also of the inherent difficulties involved in translating botanical expertise into concrete agricultural innovation.
The Future of Work in a Sustainable Society

The rapid pace of change in our society has been well documented, and models predict that it will continue at an increasing rate. We need to make plans and take actions based on realistic future states to ensure that our actions result in a sustainable planet despite limited resources, not one currently overshooting the earth’s capacity. The technical conditions for overshoot are growth, a resource limit and faulty actions by a controller. All are present in the world and in aspects of work. Humans, however, do not perceive accelerating changes particularly well, with a tendency to predict linear future states. This disparity between perception and reality may help explain the lack of action by many governments and organizations faced with choices they would rather put off for short-term political/economic gain. As ergonomists we have a major role to play adapting our actions to the future of work, which in turn depends on the future of the enterprises where we work, and ultimately on the future of society. This paper looks at the future of work from a sustainability perspective and suggests actions ergonomics can take to be ready for an accelerating future.
Tension-induced tunable corrugation in two-phase soft composites: Mechanisms and implications

Abstract We numerically investigate the elastic deformation response of a two-phase soft composite under externally applied concentric tension. We show that by carefully designing the inclusion pattern, it is possible to induce corrugations normal to the direction of stretch. By stacking 1D composite fibers to form 2D membranes, these corrugations collectively lead to the formation of membrane channels with shapes and sizes tunable by the level of stretch. Furthermore, we show that by using specific inclusion patterns in laminated plates, it is possible to create pop-ups and troughs enabling the development of complex 3D geometries from planar construction. We have found that the corrugation amplitude increases with the stiffness of inclusion and its eccentricity from the tension axis. We discuss the mechanisms leading to the development of corrugations as well as their different implications. We hypothesize that the techniques discussed in this paper provide greater flexibility and controllability in pattern design and have potential applications in a variety of fields including tunable band gap formation and water treatment.
Comprehending noun phrase arguments and adjuncts

Two experiments investigated how readers comprehend noun phrase (NP) arguments and adjuncts. Previous research suggested that argument phrases are processed more quickly than adjunct phrases (Clifton, Speer, & Abney, 1991; Kennison, 1999; Schutze & Gibson, 1999; Speer & Clifton, 1998). The present experiments investigated whether the type of verb in the sentence context could influence how NP arguments and adjuncts were processed. Reading time was measured on sentences containing NP arguments and adjuncts preceded either by verbs occurring most frequently with NP arguments (biased transitive verbs) or by verbs occurring most frequently without NP arguments (biased intransitive verbs) (e.g., “Meredith read/performed every play/week.”). In Experiment 1, reading time was measured using a self-paced phrase-by-phrase moving window. In Experiment 2, reading time was measured using eye tracking. The results of both experiments indicated that, following biased transitive verbs, NP arguments were processed more quickly than NP adjuncts. When NPs followed biased intransitive verbs, there was no significant difference between the processing time of NP arguments and adjuncts.
Effect of dietary concentration of metabolizable lysine on finishing cattle performance

A finishing trial and a metabolism trial were conducted to determine the effect of supplemental metabolizable Lys level on finishing calf performance and to estimate the metabolizable Lys requirement of finishing calves. The finishing trial included 60 individually fed crossbred beef steer calves (237 kg; SD = 20 kg) supplemented with either incremental amounts of rumen-protected Lys and Met, or Met alone. Addition of Lys and Met improved gains and efficiencies (quadratic; P < .02) during the first 56 d. There was no response to supplemental Met alone, suggesting that supplemental Lys rather than Met was responsible for the improvement in performance. Using nonlinear analyses to compare gain relative to supplemental Lys intake, maximum gain was determined to be 2.10 kg/d, or .27 kg/d above the zero Lys control, at a supplemental Lys intake of 2.56 g/d. Steers supplemented with 3 and 4 g of Lys had a weight advantage over the control steers of 16 kg at 56 d and 32 kg at the end of the 161-d trial. However, there were no statistical responses to Lys or Met during any periods after 56 d. During a separate metabolism trial, four steers fed the control finishing diet were slaughtered, and abomasal contents were collected for amino acid analyses. The predicted (Level 1 NRC, 1996) metabolizable protein flow to the abomasum for the control diet was 715 g/d, and the predicted Lys flow was 37.9 g/d. A supplemental Lys intake of 2.56 g/d would increase the Lys flow to 40.5 g/d. Feedlot diets low in ruminal escape protein may be deficient in metabolizable Lys, especially early in the feeding period. The metabolizable Lys requirement of steer calves gaining 2.10 kg/d is estimated to be 40.5 g/d.
Once-Weekly Fluoxetine

Fluoxetine has become a cultural icon. It has been both praised and vilified; however, regardless of viewpoint, it has had an impact on psychiatry and medicine that few other drugs ever will. Therefore, it is remarkable that this compound has been reborn in a new weekly formulation that is absolutely unique and which has the potential to change the way we think about long-term treatment of depression. The development of this agent came from the recognition that the half-life of norfluoxetine, the main metabolite of fluoxetine and a drug that has equal antidepressant activity, ranged from 7 to 15 days. As our focus in psychiatry has shifted from the short-term treatment of depression to the needs of the many patients who require long-term therapy, the advantages of having a drug that could be taken on less than a daily basis became obvious. The data indicate that patients who are maintained on 20mg a day of fluoxetine do equally well when switched to 90 mg/week and, if symptoms do recur, bi-weekly administration is usually effective. Adverse effects are minimal and comparable to those seen with daily administration, with few exceptions. Adherence to the dosage schedule appears to be better with weekly administration. This echoes our clinical experience that patients are enthusiastic about the idea of only needing to take their antidepressant weekly. It can serve as a nice psychological boost to a patient who is doing well to suggest that their progress now allows them to advance to a weekly maintenance dose. The drug should also be a boon for patients in institutional settings where weekly administration may reduce the cost of drug preparation, packaging and delivery. It is perhaps important to emphasize that no other antidepressant has a half-life that would allow administration on a weekly basis. Thus, for patients who are intolerant of fluoxetine and for nonresponders, there are no comparable options. GUEST COMMENTARIES Drugs 2001; 61 (15): 2229-2230 0012-6667/01/0015-2229/$27.50/0
A multitechnology test chip for university integrated circuit fabrication projects

At Rochester Institute of Technology, a multitechnology test chip has been designed that has been in use for one year. The test chip has been incorporated in most of the fabrication runs, providing a large number of chips for probing. Each wafer processed has 40 test chips and 120 device chips. Each 4000*4000 mu m test chip has seventeen 12 pad cells that contain a variety of test structures. In addition, there are eight cells for optical resolution and overlay structures for the various levels. The test chip has alignment marks for the GCA 4800 wafer stepper, Perkin Elmer scanners, and Kasper 2001 contact aligners. The authors describe the test chip, the structures on it, and the test system, and provide examples of the types of output that have been obtained. >
Vascular endothelial growth factor binds to fibrinogen and fibrin and stimulates endothelial cell proliferation

Vascular development and response to injury are regulated by several cytokines and growth factors including the members of the fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) families. Fibrinogen and fibrin are also important in these processes and affect many endothelial cell properties. Possible specific interactions between VEGF and fibrinogen that could play a role in coordinating vascular responses to injury are investigated. Binding studies using the 165 amino acid form of VEGF immobilized on Sepharose beads and soluble iodine 125 ((125)I)-labeled fibrinogen demonstrated saturable and specific binding. Scatchard analysis indicated 2 classes of binding sites with dissociation constants (K(d)s) of 5.9 and 462 nmol/L. The maximum molar binding ratio of VEGF:fibrinogen was 3.8:1. Further studies characterized binding to fibrin using (125)I-labeled VEGF- and Sepharose-immobilized fibrin monomer. These also demonstrated specific and saturable binding with 2 classes of sites having K(d)s of 0.13 and 97 nmol/L and a molar binding ratio of 3.6:1. Binding to polymerized fibrin demonstrated one binding site with a K(d) of 9.3 nmol/L. Binding of VEGF to fibrin(ogen) was independent of FGF-2, indicating that there are distinct binding sites for each angiogenic peptide. VEGF bound to soluble fibrinogen in medium and to surface immobilized fibrinogen or fibrin retained its capacity to support endothelial cell proliferation. VEGF binds specifically and saturably to fibrinogen and fibrin with high affinity, and this may affect the localization and activity of VEGF at sites of tissue injury. (Blood. 2000;96:3772-3778)
The Whole Earth Telescope: International Adventures in Asteroseisomology

Today, we are beginning to probe the interiors of stars through the new science of stellar seismology. Certain stars, ranging from our own Sun to white dwarfs, undergo natural vibrations that can be detected with sensitive time-series photometry and/or spectroscopy. Since the signal we seek is an unbroken time-series to allow determination of the vibration frequencies, data from a single-site is usually incapable of uniquely identifying the pulsation modes, no matter how large the telescope being used. In many cases, the observational goals can be achieved using smallish telescopes in well-coordinated global networks. Here, I briefly describe the work of one such international network of observatories and scientists known as the Whole Earth Telescope (WET). With the WET, we have sounded out the interiors of a large number of nonradially pulsating stars. Over the past 14 years, WET has observed dozens of stars in 21 separate observing campaigns. Our team has wide span of interests, and has observed several other classes of objects such as ∞ Scuti stars, cataclysmic variables, pulsating sdB stars, and rapidly oscillating Ap stars.
Approximate analysis of the average delay in parallel program execution

An approximate analysis of the average delay executing a parallel program is presented. The parallel processing system under consideration is modeled as an acyclic fork-join queuing network. The system model consists of a set of N parallel paths, where individual paths model the delay incurred by each of the tasks spawned by the parent job. Each path may consist of several servers and associated queues. Each server can model either the communication or processing requirement of a task. The delay incurred by a task is the sum of the communication and processing delays along its path. An approximation for the mean value of the job execution delay is presented. The results from the analytical expression are validated against simulation. This analysis may be used to obtain the speedup factor for different communication and processing configurations. The effect of subtask granularity and effects of relative communication and processing times and associated tradeoffs can be studied. >
Adaptive Boosting for Spatial Functions with Unstable Driving Attributes

Combining multiple global models (e.g. back-propagation based neural networks) is an effective technique for improving classification accuracy by reducing a variance through manipulating training data distributions. Standard combining methods do not improve local classifiers (e.g. k-nearest neighbors) due to their low sensitivity to data perturbation. Here, we propose an adaptive attribute boosting technique to coalesce multiple local classifiers each using different relevant attribute information. In addition, a modification of boosting method is developed for heterogeneous spatial databases with unstable driving attributes by drawing spatial blocks of data at each boosting round. To reduce the computational costs of k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) classifiers, a novel fast k-NN algorithm is designed. The adaptive attribute boosting applied to real life spatial data and artificial spatial data show observable improvements in prediction accuracy for both local and global classifiers when unstable driving attributes are present in the data. The "spatial" variant of boosting applied to the same data sets resulted in highly significant improvements for the k-NN classifier, making it competitive to boosted neural networks.
Observations on variational and projector Monte Carlo methods

Variational Monte Carlo and various projector Monte Carlo (PMC) methods are presented in a unified manner. Similarities and differences between the methods and choices made in designing the methods are discussed. Both methods where the Monte Carlo walk is performed in a discrete space and methods where it is performed in a continuous space are considered. It is pointed out that the usual prescription for importance sampling may not be advantageous depending on the particular quantum Monte Carlo method used and the observables of interest, so alternate prescriptions are presented. The nature of the sign problem is discussed for various versions of PMC methods. A prescription for an exact PMC method in real space, i.e., a method that does not make a fixed-node or similar approximation and does not have a finite basis error, is presented. This method is likely to be practical for systems with a small number of electrons. Approximate PMC methods that are applicable to larger systems and go beyond the fixed-node approximation are also discussed.
Phosphatidylcholine is a quantitatively more important source of increased 1,2-diacylglycerol than is phosphatidylinositol in mast cells.

The widely accepted hypothesis that the increased 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) in stimulated cells is derived from phosphoinositides was tested by comparing the pattern of molecular species of phosphatidylinositol (PI) to that of DAG in mast cells. For any glycerol-based lipid, molecular species are defined by unique combinations of the two fatty acids esterified to glycerol. The quantitative frequency distribution of these molecular species represent a "fingerprint" that provides a sensitive approach to assessing precursor/product relationships. Based on mass, the molecular species fingerprints PI, phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine were determined in unstimulated mast cells and compared to that of the DAG found after stimulation by IgE R bridging, compound 48/80 and the Ca+2 ionophore A23187. The molecular species fingerprint of DAG before stimulation was quite different from that of PI.IgE R cross-linking caused a 1.5 to 2-fold increase in DAG mass 1 to 3 min after stimulation with a concomitant shift in the pattern of DAG molecular species to one that bore only a partial resemblance to that of PI suggesting that considerably less than half of the incremental DAG is likely derived from PI. Ten to 20 min after Ag challenge, DAG levels became maximal (3.2- and 2.9-fold, respectively), but its molecular species pattern returned toward that seen in unstimulated cells suggesting that only perhaps 25% of the incremental DAG might be derived from PI. The molecular species fingerprint of DAG much more closely resembled that PC suggesting that as much as 75% of the incremental DAG might be derived from PC. Similar observations were made when 48/80 and A23187 were used as secretory agonists. These experiments indicate that the DAG participating in the "phosphoinositide cycle" represents a quantitatively modest fraction of the DAG accumulating in stimulated mast cells and suggest that mechanisms other than PI hydrolysis, including perhaps a "PC cycle," are more important than previously assumed in causing the rise in DAG during activation.
The Impact of Mobile Point Defect Clusters in a Kinetic Model of Pressure Vessel Embrittlement

The results of recent molecular dynamics simulations of displacement cascades in iron indicate that small interstitial clusters may have a very low activation energy for migration, and that their migration is 1-dimensional, rather than 3-dimensional. The mobility of these clusters can have a significant impact on the predictions of radiation damage models, particularly at the relatively low temperatures typical of commercial, light water reactor pressure vessels (RPV) and other out-of-core components. A previously-developed kinetic model used to investigate RPV embrittlement has been modified to permit an evaluation of the mobile interstitial clusters. Sink strengths appropriate to both 1- and 3-dimensional motion of the clusters were evaluated. High cluster mobility leads to a reduction in the amount of predicted embrittlement due to interstitial clusters since they are lost to sinks rather than building up in the microstructure. The sensitivity of the predictions to displacement rate also increases. The magnitude of this effect is somewhat reduced if the migration is 1-dimensional since the corresponding sink strengths are lower than those for 3-dimensional diffusion. The cluster mobility can also affect the evolution of copper-rich precipitates in the model since the radiation-enhanced diffusion coefficient increases due to the lower interstitial cluster sink strength. The overall impact of the modifications to the model is discussed in terms of the major irradiation variables and material parameter uncertainties.
Finite-temperature pseudospin torque effect in graphene bilayers

We use self-consistent quantum transport theory to investigate the influence of layer Fermi energy and temperature on the interlayer transport properties of bilayer graphene in the regime of excitonic superfluidity. We conclude that at low temperature the critical tunneling currents and quasiparticle penetration depths are well explained by the existing zero-temperature pseudospin torque model. However, when the thermal broadening associated with finite-temperature transport is included, we find that modes injected above the gap lead to increased critical interlayer currents and quasiparticle penetration in to the gapped regime beyond what current analytical models predict. We find that the increases in the critical tunneling current are due to thermal smearing smoothing out the quantum interference effects present at low temperature leading to a slower pseudospin precession about the pseudospin Bloch sphere.
A herbicide-induced abnormality in sugar-beet.

SUMMARY Twisting of roots of sugar beet has been associated with the application to the soil of certain herbicides. Severe twisting resulted in root constrictions which in some respects resembled ‘strangles’. Symptoms were most severe when the herbicide was intimately mixed with the soil either after or immediately before sowing.