cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stress-induced epigenetic regulation of transcription in neocortical excitatory neurons drives depression-like behavior

ABSTRACT Prolonged stress exposure is a major risk factor for the development of depression and comorbid anxiety. Efforts to understand how recurrent stress induces behavioral maladaptation have largely concentrated on the neuronal synapse with limited understanding of the underlying epigenetic mechanisms. Here, we performed complementary bulk nuclei- and single-nucleus transcriptome profiling and mapped fine-scale chromatin architecture in mice subjected to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) to identify the cell type-specific epigenetic alterations that drive complex behavior. We find that neocortical excitatory neurons are particularly vulnerable to chronic stress and acquire signatures of transcription and chromatin configuration that denote reduced neuronal activity and expression of Yin Yang 1 (YY1). Selective ablation of YY1 in excitatory neurons of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) enhances stress sensitivity in mice, inducing depressive- and anxiety-related behaviors and deregulating the expression of stress-associated genes following an abbreviated stress exposure. Notably, we find that loss of YY1 in PFC excitatory neurons provokes more maladaptive behaviors in stressed females than males. These findings demonstrate how chronic stress provokes maladaptive behavior by epigenetically shaping excitatory neurons in the PFC, identifying a novel molecular target for therapeutic treatment of stress-related mood and anxiety disorders.
An Analysis of the Major Error Committed in Evaluating J. M. Keynes's General Theory from 1936-2018: The Claim, that Keynes was a Marshallian, Partial Equilibrium Theorist, Which Keynes, Himself, Completely Rejected in Chapter 21 of the General Theory in 1936

The major error made in the history of economic thought concerning Keynes’s General Theory is the false belief that he was a Marshallian who would only use partial equilibrium analysis and would NEVER use systems of simultaneous, mathematical equations .Of course, Keynes was very critical in the General Theory of precisely this Marshallian, partial equilibrium, approach to macroeconomics as used by Pigou in 1933 in The Theory of Unemployment. Keynes’s critique of Pigou was that Pigou had failed to specify equations that would account for and show the interdependences between all the variables that Pigou was analyzing. Keynes, in the A Treatise on Probability, used an interval valued approach to probability that required the solution of large systems of simultaneous, mathematical, linear and non linear equations. Economists, who have analyzed Keynes’s theoretical and technical approach in the General Theory, have erred in accepting the claims of the mathematically and economically illiterate economist, Joan Robinson, as regards Keynes’s approach. Keynes completely rejected the Marshallian, partial equilibrium approach to macroeconomics in his critique of Pigou’s The Theory of Unemployment in the appendix to chapter 19 and in chapter 21 of the General Theory. Keynes’s main point is that Pigou had no IS-LP(LM) model that was needed to consider some of the interdependences operating at the macro level.
Ethnic Differences in Survival Among Lung Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review.

Background Despite a substantially worse risk factor profile, Hispanics in the United States experience lower incidence of many diseases and longer survival than non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs), an epidemiological phenomenon known as the Hispanic Health Paradox (HHP). This systematic review evaluated the published longitudinal literature to address whether this pattern extends to lung cancer survival. Methods Searches of Medline, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were conducted for publications dated from January 1, 2000, to July 18, 2018. Records were restricted to articles written in English, employing a longitudinal design, and reporting a direct survival comparison (overall survival [OS], cancer-specific survival [CSS]) between NHW and Hispanic lung cancer patients. Results A final sample of 29 full-text articles were included, with 28 fully adjusted models of OS and 21 of CSS included. Overall, 26 (92.9%) OS models and 20 (95.2%) CSS models documented either no difference (OS = 16, CSS = 11) or a Hispanic survival advantage (OS = 10, CSS = 9). Both larger studies and those including foreign-born Hispanics were more likely to show a Hispanic survival advantage, and 2 studies of exclusively no-smokers showed a survival disadvantage. A number of reporting gaps were identified including Hispanic background and sociodemographic characteristics. Conclusions Hispanics exhibit similar or better survival in the context of lung cancer relative to NHWs despite a considerably worse risk factor profile. These findings support the HHP in the context of lung cancer. Further research is needed to understand the potential mechanisms of the HHP as it relates to lung cancer.
Cough-Induced Hyperventilation Does Not Elicit Prolonged Apnea During The Cough-to-Eupnea Transition Period

Repetitive cough induces profound hyperventilation with no loss of motor drive to the respiratory muscles. However, this hyperventilation routinely results in PC02 values of 7.5. This cough-induced derangement presents a challenge for the respiratory control system especially during the cough-eupnea transition. We hypothesized that during this transition: a) there would be limited apnea, and b) the eupneic cycles would be significantly affected by the previous level of hyperventilation. Repetitive cough was elicited by mechanical stimulation of the intra-thoracic trachea in anesthetized, spontaneously breathing cats (N = 6). Electromyograms were recorded from the diaphragm, parasternal, and internal oblique. During repetitive coughing, C02 levels dropped from a mean of 33.05 + 2.16 mmHg to 11.67 + 3.61 mmHg. The cough-to-eupnea transition was marked by hypopnea durations of 17.59 + 7.7 s. CO2 levels during cough trials had a small negative correlation with cough-to-eupnoea ...
Assessment of quantitative apex cardiography: A noninvasive index of left ventricular function

Abstract Quantitative apex cardiography, a noninvasive method for assessment of left ventricular function, is based upon the close relation observed between the interval from the onset of ventricular depolarization to the preejection peak of the first derivative of the apex cardiogram (R todAdt) and the interval from onset of ventricular depolarization to the peak of the first derivative of the left ventricular pressure pulse (R to LVdPdt). In 12 normal subjects R todAdt varied directly with the R-R interval with a mean of 66 msec. A rate-corrected index, R todAdt√RR, separated normal subjects (72 ± 12) from those with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (57 ± 15) or left ventricular failure (122 ± 23). When R todAdt was compared with hemodynamic and angiographic indexes of left ventricular function in 23 patients studied at diagnostic cardiac catheterization, the following statistically significant correlations were obtained: Ejection fraction (r = −0.81), R to left ventricular dPdt (r = +0.79), Vmax(r = −0.62), peak left ventricular dPdt (r = −0.66), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (r = +0.49), and left ventricular end-diastolic volume (r = +0.64). These data support the use of quantitative apex cardiography for screening or serial clinical studies of left ventricular function.
ACQUISITION OF DISCRIMINATED OPERANT RESPONDING: THE EFFECTS OF BRIEF REINFORCEMENT DELAYS

In a first series of experiments, 9 groups of rats were exposed to 30 20-minute sessions of successive visual discrimination training (“go/no-go,” or mult FR-1 ext), where components (SD and SA) were equal (1 min) in length. Responses during SD were reinforced with a nonresetting delay (Experiment 1a) or a resetting delay (DRO, Experiment 1b) of 1 s, 2 s, 3 s, or 5 s (a “no delay” control group was also run). The terminal level and rate at which stimulus control developed was inversely related to the obtained delay, irrespective of cumulative reinforcers or reinforcement rate. A second series of experiments explored the role of reinforcer delivery as a discriminative stimulus, and the temporal regularity of the component changes. In Experiment 2a, 4 groups of rats were exposed to a mixed schedule where a delay factor (no delay and 5 s) was crossed with component type factor (fixed and variable lengths), yielding a 2 × 2 design. A 5th group was exposed to a 2-s delay with fixed components in Experiment 2b. Discriminative responding was not observed for any of the delay groups, and only a small effect of reinforcers was seen in the no-delay groups; no effect of component type was found. The results from these experiments demonstrate that delays to reinforcement retard the acquisition of a visual discrimination and may decrease the degree of stimulus control independent of the effects of delays on rate of responding, rate of reinforcement, and reinforcer delivery, per se. In addition, functions relating rate of responding in SD to rate of reinforcement were differentiated on the basis of the type of delay contingency (nonresetting vs. resetting) in contrast to an apparently undifferentiated function relating rate of responding to obtained delay.
Filtering Multimedia Data in Reservation-Based Internetworks

Multimedia applications with a large number of recipients of a single multimedia stream require support of different quality-of-service levels for different receivers. For hierarchically encoded streams, the filtering of substreams in routers has been proposed as a mechanism to achieve this goal. This paper discusses the effects and mechanisms of filtering in the context of Internet reservation protocols such as ST-II and RSVP. It introduces a new flow specification for hierarchically encoded streams and describes its processing in endsystems and routers.
The Search for Ethical Competency: Do Ethics Codes Matter?

Ethical competency is a matter of great importance in the public sector. The search for and promotion of ethical competence has most recently focused on professional organizations and their constituencies. Efforts to ascertain techniques for building and maintaining ethical competence are of particular interest. Not surprisingly, formal codes of ethics have become the centerpiece of discussion, but there is no consensus as to their effectiveness. Codes that include both aspirational goals and operational guidelines seem to better support the search for ethical competency, especially when they provide enforcement mechanisms.
Steady-state and transient operation of a heat-pipe radiator system

Data obtained on a VCHP heat-pipe radiator system tested in a vacuum environment were studied. Analyses and interpretation of the steady-state results are presented along with an initial analysis of some of the transient data. Particular emphasis was placed on quantitative comparisons of the experimental data with computer model simulations. The results of the study provide a better understanding of the system but do not provide a complete explanation for the observed low VCHP performance and the relatively flat radiator panel temperature distribution. The results of the study also suggest hardware, software, and testing improvements.
Post-Bulbar Duodenal Ulceration

Summary 1.Only 10 cases of ulcer of the second portion of the duodenum were found in approximately 75,000 hospital admissions covering a period of 7 years. 2.The most frequent symptom was upper abdominal pain which failed to respond to ulcer therapy after having previously responded. 3.Gastrointestinal bleeding was the most common and serious complication observed in this series; 7 of 10 patients had hemorrhage of major proportions. 4.A niche was found on x-ray examination in one-half of the cases. The second sign of importance, narrowing and constriction of the lumen, was present in all cases in this series.
Quality-cost relationship in congenital heart surgery

Background There is an increasing focus on optimizing health care quality and reducing costs. The care of children undergoing heart surgery requires significant investment of resources, and it remains unclear how costs of care relate to quality. We evaluated this relationship across a multicenter cohort. Methods Clinical data from The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Database were merged with cost data from the Pediatric Health Information Systems Database for children undergoing heart surgery (2006 to 2010). Hospital-level costs were modeled using Bayesian hierarchical methods adjusting for case-mix, and hospitals were categorized into cost tertiles. The primary quality metric evaluated was in-hospital mortality. Results Overall, 27 hospitals (30,670 patients) were included. Median adjusted cost per case was $82,360 and varied fivefold across hospitals, while median adjusted mortality was 3.4% and ranged from 2.4% to 5.0% across hospitals. Overall, hospitals in the lowest cost tertile had significantly lower adjusted mortality rates compared with the middle and high cost tertiles (2.5% vs 3.8% and 3.5%, respectively, both p Conclusions Lowest cost hospitals generally deliver the highest quality care for children undergoing heart surgery, although there is some variation in this relationship. This information is important in the design of initiatives aiming to optimize health care value in this population.
Colibactin: understanding an elusive gut bacterial genotoxin

Covering: 2006 to August 2015 This highlight provides an overview of recent progress towards elucidating the structure, biosynthesis, and mode of action of colibactin, a genotoxic secondary metabolite synthesized by human gut bacteria. While isolating colibactin has been problematic, efforts to characterize its biosynthesis have provided critical information that has led to a rapid increase in our knowledge of this metabolite's structure and function. Major questions and gaps remain however, and the broader lessons learned from studying colibactin underscore central challenges to be faced in the genomics era of natural product research and in efforts to understand the human microbiome.
Artificial neural development for pulsed neural network design-a simulation experiment on animat's cognitive map genesis

We propose the artificial neural development method that generates the three-dimensional multi-regional pulsed neural network arranged in three layers of the nerve area layer, the nerve sub-area layer, and the cell layer. In this method, the neural development process consists of the first genome-controlled spatiotemporal generation of a neural network structure and the latter spiking activity-dependent regulation of it. For design of genomes, the steady state genetic algorithm is used and it is applied to genomes partially designed manually. Simulation experiments are conducted to generate pulsed neural networks of an animat that moves in an environment. We evolve and develop an animat's cognitive map as a multi-regional place recognition circuit that focuses on the place cell area. Through these experiments, we confirm that our method is useful for designing a multi-regional pulsed neural network of the animat that shows biologically realistic features.
Hall Effect and Resistivity of Ni-Pd Alloys

The two Hall coefficients and the resistivity of Ni-Pd alloys have been measured from 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to room temperature using fields up to 3.1 webers/${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$. The ordinary Hall coefficient is found to decrease in magnitude for small additions of Pd in Ni, but to increase as more Pd is added. It is also found that the ordinary Hall coefficient varies more slowly with composition for these alloys than it does for the Ni-Cu alloys. It is shown that a simple treatment successfully correlates the ordinary Hall coefficient, the resistivity, and the saturation magnetization of these alloys. The results indicate that the parallel half of the $d$ band in pure Ni is not quite full at the absolute zero of temperature, and that the relaxation time is not a function only of the energy for the thermal scattering in these alloys. The extraordinary Hall coefficient is found to obey none of the variously proposed theoretical relations.
Calcium-dependent Stabilization of Type I Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor within Plateletα-Granules

Abstract Type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) is known to be synthesized in an active conformation but it is rapidly converted into an inactive conformation (t1/2 1 h) upon incubation at 37°C. This study was initiated to investigate the mechanism that account for the presence of active PAI-1 in anucleated platelets that have a mean life span of 9-12 days in the circulation. Stabilization experiments with a functional immunoassay indicated that the activity of PAI-1 in both platelets and in isolated α-granules was prolonged in comparison to the rapid inactivation of this molecule in their lysates (t1/2 1 h). Although combined ligand blot/immunoblot analysis revealed that vitronectin was the major PAI-1 binding protein in platelets, vitronectin/PAI-1 complexes were not detected in α-granules using a two-site immunoassay. Co-incubation of α-granules with a number of agents that disrupt pH gradients (e.g. ionophores) had no effect on the stability of PAI-1 activity, whereas incubation of α-granules with the calcium ionophore A23187 reduced the half-life of PAI-1 to the levels observed for PAI-1 in solution. Addition of calcium ions to intact α-granules was an effective means of neutralizing the ionophore's effect on PAI-1 activity. Fractionation of α-granule proteins on molecular sieving columns using conditions known to be present within storage granules (e.g. a high calcium concentration) revealed the presence of PAI-1 in fractions with a molecular mass of >106 daltons. Immunoabsorption of PAI-1 from these column fractions followed by negative staining revealed 25-nm diameter complexes of α-granule proteins under the electron microscope. PAI-1 activity associated with these complexes was prolonged in the presence of calcium ions and these high Mr complexes were shown to be composed of a defined set of proteins that can be dissociated from PAI-1 by chelation of calcium ions. These data indicate that PAI-1 is stabilized by its packaging with other α-granule proteins in a calcium-dependent manner.
Analysis of Video-Based Microscopic Particle Trajectories Using Kalman Filtering

The fidelity of the trajectories obtained from video-based particle tracking determines the success of a variety of biophysical techniques, including in situ single cell particle tracking and in vitro motility assays. However, the image acquisition process is complicated by system noise, which causes positioning error in the trajectories derived from image analysis. Here, we explore the possibility of reducing the positioning error by the application of a Kalman filter, a powerful algorithm to estimate the state of a linear dynamic system from noisy measurements. We show that the optimal Kalman filter parameters can be determined in an appropriate experimental setting, and that the Kalman filter can markedly reduce the positioning error while retaining the intrinsic fluctuations of the dynamic process. We believe the Kalman filter can potentially serve as a powerful tool to infer a trajectory of ultra-high fidelity from noisy images, revealing the details of dynamic cellular processes.
Vibrational and electronic spectra of the O3− anion isolated in an argon matrix

Abstract The O 3 − anion has been stabilized in an argon matrix at 14°K in concentration sufficient for the detection of the antisymmetric stretching fundamental, ν 3 , and of a band system between 5100 and 3700 A. Both the reaction of O − (produced by the interaction of photoelectrons with N 2 O) with O 2 and the charge-transfer interaction between O 3 and K atoms have served as sources of O 3 − in these studies. Although the ν 3 absorption is slightly dependent upon the alkali metal used as the photoelectron source, the experiments suggest that the ν 3 absorption of O 3 − isolated in an argon lattice should lie very close to 800 cm −1 . Detailed isotopic studies support the proposed vibrational assignment and demonstrate that the valence angle of ground-state O 3 − is 110° ± 5° and that the oxygen-oxygen bonds are considerably weaker than those of O 3 . The nature of the observed electronic transition of O 3 − is discussed, and evidence is considered for the presence of a low-lying dissociative state.
Prolactin and autoimmune disease

A number of reports have shown that PRL is an immune-stimulating hormone that is capable of stimulating organ-specific inflammatory disease in humans. More recently, hyperprolactinemia has been associated with the active phase of the immune-complex-mediated autoimmune disease, systemic lupus erythematosus. The theory that PRL contributes substantially to disease activity was upheld in the NZB/W mouse model of spontaneous, hormone-sensitive lupus. Implanted pituitary glands resulted in hyperprolactinemia, accelerated proteinuria, high levels of circulating IgG, and premature death. Therapeutic studies with NZB/W mice, as well as anecdotal evidence from a small number of patients, have provided evidence that PRL suppressive therapy may be beneficial in selected cases of autoimmune disease.
Focal akinetic seizures as the only clinical manifestation of partial epilepsy

Episodic hemipareis is usually thought to have a vascular etiology. Ictal paresis during seizures usually occurs with other clinical signs. The exact mechanism by which weakness occurs during seizures is difficult to determine as positive and negative motor phenomenona occur in rapid succession. This case describes a girl with episodic ictal hemiparesis since infancy as the only clinical seizure manifestation with VEEG suggesting mesial frontal ictal onset.
A causal model of the etiology of war-related PTSD

Structural equation modeling is used to evaluate a network of causal hypotheses concerning the relationships of premilitary vulnerabilities, military entry conditions, war zone experiences, and dissociative reactions with current symptoms of PTSD and general psychiatric distress. The analyses are directed toward resolving three general issues: (1) the relative contributions of premilitary vulnerabilities and exposure to traumatic events to the development of PTSD, (2) the features of the causal network that are distinctive to the development of PTSD as compared to general psychiatric symptoms, and (3) the major pathways mediating causation among the variables in the model. 381 Vietnam theater veterans who sought treatment from VA's new PTSD Clinical Teams Program and who provided complete data constituted the sample for the study. War zone experiences were the variables that contributed most strongly to the development of both PTSD and general psychiatric symptoms. Combat exposure, however, contributed directly to PTSD symptoms but not to general psychiatric symptoms. The overall fit of the model to the data proved to be quite satisfactory for both PTSD and general psychiatric symptoms, accounting for 59% and 60% of the variance, respectively.
Coupled Transverse and Axial Vibrations of Cracked Cantilever Beams With Roving Mass and Rotary Inertia

The vibration behavior of a cracked cantilever beam with a stationary roving mass and rotary inertia is investigated. The beam is modeled as an Euler-Bernoulli beam with rectangular cross section. The transverse deformation and axial deformation of the cracked beam are coupled through a stiffness matrix which is determined based on fracture mechanics principles. The analytical solutions are obtained for the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a cracked cantilever beam with a roving mass and rotary inertia. The effects of the location and depth of the crack, the location and the weight of the roving mass and rotary inertia on the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the beam are investigated. The numerical results show that the coupling between the transverse and axial vibrations for moderate values of crack depth and/or roving mass and rotary inertia is weak. Increasing the crack depth and the mass and rotary inertia will increase the coupling effect. Detection of the crack location using natural frequencies and mode shapes as parameters is also discussed.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Computing the irreducible real factors and components of an algebraicf curve

We present algorithms that decompose an algebraic curve with rational coefficients in its defining bivariate equation into its irreducible real factors and its non-empty irreducible real components. We show that our algorithms are of polynomial bit complexity in the degree of the equation and the size of its coefficients. Our construction is based on computing the irreducible complex factors and then investigating high precision complex floating point coefficients of these factors and the complex norms.
Spectroscopic and Theoretical Studies of Oxygenated Dicopper(I) Complexes Containing Hydrocarbon-Linked Bis[2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl]amine Units: Investigation of a Butterfly [Cu2(μ-η2:η2)(O2)]2+ Core

A series of side-on peroxide-bridged binuclear copper complexes [Cu2(NnPY2)(O2)]2+ (where n = 3−5), which have been proposed to adopt a butterfly Cu2O2 geometry due to the constraints placed on the Cu−Cu distance by the alkyl chain linker of length −(CH2)n−, have been studied using absorption and resonance Raman spectroscopy and theoretical techniques. The four components of the peroxide to copper(II) charge-transfer transitions have been identified for the first time in the [Cu2(NnPY2)(O2)]2+ (where n = 3−5) complexes. The observed shift of the peroxide O−O stretch by 25 cm-1 to higher energy and the changes observed in the energy and intensity of absorption bands including the presence of an additional band at 23 800−20 400 cm-1 (420−490 nm) (not seen in planar side-on peroxide-bridged dicopper cores) are correlated to the butterfly structure using transition dipole vector coupling and valence bond configuration interaction models. The identification of an absorption band at 23 800−20 400 cm-1 (420−490 ...
The role of air pollution in asthma

Laboratory studies have clearly shown that inhalation of SO2 by asthmatics can cause a significant degree of wheezing at concentrations considerably lower than those which affect non-asthmatics. Concentrations as low as 0.2 p.p.m. have a significant effect, especially in subjects who are mouth breathing or undergoing heavy exercise. The effects of SO2 appear to be short-lived and not increased by more prolonged exposure (10 min versus 1 hr). WHO air quality guidelines on levels of SO2 have been based to a large extent on these studies and are set at or just below the reported threshold for effects on at risk groups. Thus the 1 hr recommended maximum is 0.16 p.p.m. (350 micrograms/m3). These guidelines have been exceeded in the U.K. on many occasions in the recent past [2] suggesting that asthmatics are at risk in high pollution areas from SO2 induced exacerbations of their asthma. This is particularly true considering that virtually all the laboratory studies have been performed on mild asthmatics. The effects on moderate and severe asthmatics, or those with marked lability of their asthma, could conceivably be seen at much lower concentrations of SO2. Similarly O3 can cause impairment in lung function at concentrations frequently detected in ambient air in the U.K. in both asthmatics and non-asthmatics with no evidence of an increased effect on asthmatics. This appears to be a restrictive rather than an obstructive defect. Ozone can also cause an increase in airways responsiveness to both non-specific bronchoconstrictors such as histamine and specific allergen. Both these effects are likely to be due to the pro-inflammatory effects of ozone and as such could be implicated both in exacerbating asthma through increased airway responsiveness and causing asthma through triggering an inflammatory reaction in the airways. No study has addressed the important question as to whether the incidence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness is increased in areas of high ozone pollution. The results with NO2 in the laboratory are equivocal. On balance the evidence suggests that any effect on asthmatics is likely to be small. Similarly while inhalation studies with acid aerosols have demonstrated some impairment in lung function in asthmatics the changes have been small and of brief duration. Laboratory studies while raising the level of suspicion and allowing dose response curves to be calculated cannot accurately mimic the effects of real air pollution with its combination of interacting circumstances and effects of prolonged exposure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Diabetes mellitus associated with cystic fibrosis.

The prevalence of overt diabetes mellitus and carbohydrate intolerance was studied in 448 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) developed in 7.6% of patients (13 male and 21 female). Survival was significantly lower (P 1 ) was significantly (P 1 after 12 years of age than their male counterparts did (P 1 did not predict the development of IDDM, but there was a weak inverse relationship between HbA 1 and both NIH clinical score (r=−0.41, P
Lipids of six cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties.

The lipids of representative varieties of 2-row spring, 6-row spring, and 6-row winter-type barleys were studied. Total barley lipids were classified by silicic acid gel column chromatography and separated by thin layer chromatography, and the fatty acid composition was determined by gas liquid chromatography. Total lipid content of the 6 barley varieties ranged from 3.12%–3.56% (dry wt basis). The average values for neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids were 71, 9, and 20%, respectively. The fatty acid composition of barley was rather typical of plant tissue. The neutral lipids and glycolipids from all the varieties contained a higher percent of linoleic and linolenic (C 18∶2 and C 18∶3) acids than the phospholipid fraction.
Exercise-induced asthma

Bronchoconstriction associated with exercise can occur in nearly all individuals with asthma and in 35-40% of those with allergic rhinitis/hay fever symptoms. This represents approximately 12-15% of the population. Exercise-induced asthma (EIA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by transient airflow obstruction typically 5-15 min after cessation of physical exertion. Symptoms may include chest tightness, breathlessness, coughing, and/or wheezing. Some individuals may experience delayed bronchoconstriction (late phase response) 6-10 h after completing exercise. Approximately 40-50% of those with asthma exhibit a "refractory period", i.e., diminished bronchoconstriction to exercise performed within 2 h. The pathophysiology of EIA is related to thermal events within the intrathoracic airways. Alterations in the temperature of the airways and/or osmolarity in the epithelial lining fluid cause release of mediators in the airways and the development of bronchoconstriction. Although EIA can be strongly suspected by an appropriate history, pulmonary function testing is necessary to make a specific diagnosis. Measurement of lung function is an important first diagnostic test. If there is no evidence of airflow obstruction at rest, then either bronchoprovocation testing or exercise challenge testing is indicated. Nonpharmacologic therapy includes "warm-up" exercise prior to training or competition to induce a "refractory period" and to prevent/reduce bronchoconstriction. An inhaled beta 2-adrenergic agonist, e.g., albuterol, is usually effective for preventing/treating EIA. Cromolyn sodium is an alternative class of medication that inhibits both the early and late phase responses. Other bronchodilator agents are available if combination therapy with an inhaled beta 2-adrenergic agonist and cromolyn sodium is not effective.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effect of random seed placement error in permanent transperineal prostate seed implant.

Abstract Background and purpose Random seed placement error may adversely effect dose distribution in transperineal prostate seed implants. In this study, we investigated the extent to which individual seed activity influences dose-distribution degradation due to random seed placement error. Patients and methods Separate initial treatment plans were prepared for three prostate sizes, 27.3, 43.2 and 48.9 cc, using 0.35, 0.55 and 0.75 mCi iodine-125 seeds. All stated activities are understood to be apparent activities. The combinations produced a total of nine treatment plans. Each initial treatment plan was subjected to 1000 stochastic three-dimensional Gaussian perturbations of seed location, with a standard deviation of 4 mm for a total of 9000 treatment plans. The resulting plans were evaluated for target coverage and urethra involvement. Results Satisfactory initial treatment plans were prepared for all prostate sizes and seed activities. All 9000 perturbed treatment plans showed acceptable target coverage under the D90/90 criterion. Some of the perturbed plans for the 27.3 and 43.2 cc prostates with 0.55 and 0.75 mCi seeds failed the V100/90 criterion. Some of the randomly perturbed seed distributions showed significantly increased doses to the urethra relative to the unperturbed treatment plan. This effect was more pronounced with greater seed activity. Conclusions There may be a higher probability of unfavorable target coverage due to random seed placement error when performing transperineal iodine-125 prostate seed implants using seeds with activity greater than 0.35 mCi. There may also be a higher probability of unfavorable urethra involvement when using higher activity seeds.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Intradural Spinal Lipoma

Intradural lipomas are rare tumors of the spinal canal. We report the occurrence of this neoplasm in a 19-year-old girl. Magnetic resonance accurately depicted both the exact location within the spinal canal and the precise tumor histology and was more informative than myelography. This case illustrates the value of magnetic resonance imaging in patients presenting with myelopathy. In many instances, this modality may be all that is needed in preoperative planning.
The most‐cited scholars in criminology and criminal justice textbooks, 1989 to 1993

Recent citation analysis studies of criminology and criminal justice journals have shifted from identifying the most‐cited scholars in criminology or criminal justice to combining data sets to report the most‐cited scholars in criminology and criminal justice periodicals. So far, however, a companion group of citation analyses of criminology and criminal justice textbooks have not combined data sets, instead listing the most‐cited scholars in either criminology textbooks or criminal justice textbooks. Here the data sets from two citation analyses of textbooks are combined and reanalyzed to identify the 16 most‐cited scholars in 39 criminology and criminal justice textbooks published from 1989 to 1993. The 16 most‐cited scholars in the textbooks are an elite group which has made important contributions to the study of the etiology of crime and to applied research on the institutions of justice.
TQM implementation: Does the legal system matter?

Abstract In this paper, we examine the influence of the legal system of a country on the degree to which Total Quality Management (TQM) is comprehensively applied. Our analysis finds higher adoption of Total Quality Management in countries with English, German and Scandinavian legal origins than in countries with French and socialist legal origins. The per capita GDP of a country and relations with trade unions are also found to be positively associated with the adoption of TQM.
Latest Quaternary foraminifers and sediment transport in Pervenets Canyon, Bering Sea

A combination of microfossil and sediment analysis has been used in an attempt to understand oceanographic processes and the late Quaternary history of the Pervenets Canyon region. The primary sedimentation process in Pervenets Canyon is downslope transport. Near the shelfbreak, there is evidence of turbidite and debris-flow activity, but at the distal end of the upper canyon and on the continental slope there is no macroscopic evidence for these processes. Analysis of the foraminiferal assemblages shows that the fauna is 97.6% from the Suborder Rotaliina and about 2.0% from the Suborder Textulariina. The Suborder Miliolina accounts for approximately 0.4% of the fauna. The Pervenets Canyon fauna is most similar to other faunas from the Bering Sea, indicating a North Pacific Ocean influence on the fauna. Foraminiferal abundance and species diversity vary widely in the samples studied. The major factors controlling these values are downslope transport of sediment, disintegration of arenaceous taxa, dissolution of calcareous taxa, and diversity limited by low-oxygen bottom waters. Downslope transport of shelf species is indicated by the presence of Elphidium clavatum and E. excavatum. Shallow-shelf and low-oxygen foraminiferal faunas are often intermixed in the samples. The distribution of these low-oxygen faunas in Core 81-65 suggests that the oxygen-minimum zone fluctuated with sea level.
Formation and structural refinements of tunneled intergrowth phases in the Ga2O3–In2O3–SnO2–TiO2 system

Abstract Over 100 samples were prepared as (Ga,In) 4 (Sn,Ti) n −4 O 2 n −2 , n =6, 7, and 9 by solid-state reaction at 1400 °C and characterized by X-ray diffraction. Nominally phase-pure beta-gallia–rutile intergrowths were observed in samples prepared with n =9 (0.17⩽ x ⩽0.35 and 0⩽ y ⩽0.4) as well as in a few samples prepared with n =6 and 7. Rietveld analysis of neutron time-of-flight powder diffraction data were conducted for three phase-pure samples. The n =6 phase Ga 3.24 In 0.76 Sn 1.6 Ti 0.4 O 10 is monoclinic, P 2/ m , with Z =2 and a =11.5934(3) A, b =3.12529(9) A, c =10.6549(3) A, β =99.146(1)°. The n =7 phase Ga 3.24 In 0.76 Sn 2.4 Ti 0.6 O 12 is monoclinic, C 2/ m , with Z =2 and a =14.2644(1) A, b =3.12751(2) A, c =10.6251(8) A, β =108.405(1)°. The n =9 phase Ga 3.16 In 0.84 Sn 4 TiO 16 is monoclinic, C 2/ m , with Z =2 a =18.1754(2) A, b =3.13388(3) A, c =10.60671(9) A, β =102.657(1)°. All of the structures are similar in that they possess distorted hexagonal tunnels parallel to the [010] vector.
Stress-driven morphological instability of axi-symmetrical surface coatings

The morphological evolution of an axi-symmetrical surface coating subjected to a uniform residual stress and a longitudinal surface-perturbation was analyzed when surface diffusion is the dominant mechanism for atomic migration. The surface stability of the surface coating was controlled by the gradient of chemical potential associated with surface energy and the elastic energy introduced by the residual stress and surface-perturbation. An explicit formula of the dispersion relation was obtained for determining the evolution of the surface-perturbation and critical frequency. The stability of several special geometries was discussed. It was observed that the critical frequency is a linear function of the film thickness for thin film coatings.
Learning classifier systems: then and now

Broadly conceived as computational models of cognition and tools for modeling complex adaptive systems, later extended for use in adaptive robotics, and today also applied to effective classification and data-mining–what has happened to learning classifier systems in the last decade? This paper addresses this question by examining the current state of learning classifier system research.
Fracture detection by airborne microwave radiometry in parts of the Mississippi embayment, Missouri and Tennessee

Abstract Airborne microwave radiometry is a promising remote sensing technique for detecting buried fractures in areas of low relief and uniform soil cover. The technique was applied to two areas in the alluvial part of the Mississippi embayment, near Blytheville, Missouri, and Ridgely, Tennessee, where faults and fractures have been reported. Microwave and infrared soil brightness temperatures were obtained from an aircraft flying along parallel lines. These data were digitized and the values mathematically converted to microwave emissivities. The complements of emissivity (absorptivity) along the flight lines were cross-correlated. Lines of high correlation represent lineaments on the ground defined by anomalously high moisture contents. In the Blytheville area, the orientation and positions of these lines correspond well to reported fracture patterns; in the Ridgely area, the major anomaly corresponds generally to the known trend of the Ridgely and Cottonwood Grove faults. Discrepancies in correspondence are, as yet, poorly understood.
Blood-spinal cord barrier disruption proximal to a spinal cord transection in the rat: Time course and pathways associated with protein leakage

The effects of spinal cord transection on the blood-spinal cord barrier of the rat were examined at the ultrastructural level at sites 0.5 and 1.0 cm proximal to the injury. Using the vascular tracer horseradish peroxidase (HRP), the time course and pathways of barrier disruption were evaluated. At 0.5 cm, barrier disruption was noted from as early as 15 min and continued to 12 h after injury, whereas at 1.0 cm, evidence for vascular permeability was confined to between 15 min and 3 h. The presence of barrier breakdown to exogenous protein at a distance from the transection emphasizes that injury promotes a more generalized vascular response which likely contributes to subsequent edematous changes. The mechanism(s) involved in increased permeability appears to be primarily related to transendothelial vesicular transport of the tracer. There was no evidence for interendothelial leakage of the tracer across compromised tight junctions. In comparing these findings with those reported on sites distal to a transection, it is clear that there is an asymmetry in the vascular response to HRP. The pinocytotic index, an indicator of endothelial uptake of HRP, was significantly elevated (compared with control) distal to a transection from 3 h through 3 days after injury, attaining a maximum at 12 h. In contrast, the pinocytotic index proximal to a transection was significantly elevated compared to control values at only 1 h after injury. Furthermore, at 3 h after injury, when barrier disruption was most prominent, there was a smaller percentage of vessels exhibiting leakage to HRP proximal as opposed to distal to a transection.
HYDROCARBONS IN SEDIMENTS FROM THE EDGE OF THE BERMUDA PLATFORM

Surficial and subsurface (10-13 cm) sediment samples were taken at seven stations (17 cores) on the northern margin of the Bermuda seamount, remote from ship traffic, beaches, and atmospheric fallout from aircraft. Their aliphatic (pentane-extractable) hydrocarbon content was very low, comparable with samples from the North Atlantic Abyssal plain, and two orders of magnitude lower than for typical coastal samples. About half of the aliphatic hydrocarbons are clearly biogenic, and the remainder are characteristic of petroleum residues. Petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations are lower in subsurface (e.g., 0.11 jg/g dry weight) than surface samples (0.47 jg/g), and are lower outside the reef (0.25 jg/g) than inside (0.47 jg/g). These results are qualitatively consistent with a diffusion model. Extremely rapid bioturbation or totally quiescent deposition on a stable sedimentary facies can pobably be eliminated as hypotheses for the deposition and transport mechanism within the sediment. Further studies are needed to determine whether degradation is important.
Ethics and intentional climate change

In recent years the idea of geoengineering climate has begun to attract increasing attention. Although there was some discussion of manipulating regional climates throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the discussion was largely dormant. What has reawakened the conversation is the possibility that Earth may be undergoing a greenhouse-induced global warming, and the paucity of serious measures that have been taken to prevent it. In this paper I assess the ethical acceptability of ICC, based on my impressions of the conversation that is now taking place. Rather than offering a dispassionate analysis, I argue for a point of view. I propose a set of conditions that must be satisfied for an ICC project to be morally permissible and conclude that these conditions are not now satisfied. However, research on ICC should go forward so long as certain other conditions are met. I do not intend this to be the last word on the subject, but rather the first word. My hope is that others will be stimulated to think through the ethics of ICC.
Assessment of the Health IT Usability Evaluation Model (Health-ITUEM) for evaluating mobile health (mHealth) technology

There are few evaluation frameworks for assessing the usability of mobile health technology.Our two exemplars demonstrated the usefulness of the Health-ITUEM in evaluating mobile health technology.Performance speed, Information needs and Other outcomes were the most frequently used codes across both exemplars.Further assessment should consider whether memorability and error prevention should be included. BackgroundOver two decades of research has been conducted using mobile devices for health related behaviors yet many of these studies lack rigor. There are few evaluation frameworks for assessing the usability of mHealth, which is critical as the use of this technology proliferates. As the development of interventions using mobile technology increase, future work in this domain necessitates the use of a rigorous usability evaluation framework. MethodsWe used two exemplars to assess the appropriateness of the Health IT Usability Evaluation Model (Health-ITUEM) for evaluating the usability of mHealth technology. In the first exemplar, we conducted 6 focus group sessions to explore adolescents' use of mobile technology for meeting their health Information needs. In the second exemplar, we conducted 4 focus group sessions following an Ecological Momentary Assessment study in which 60 adolescents were given a smartphone with pre-installed health-related applications (apps). Data analysisWe coded the focus group data using the 9 concepts of the Health-ITUEM: Error prevention, Completeness, Memorability, Information needs, Flexibility/Customizability, Learnability, Performance speed, Competency, Other outcomes. To develop a finer granularity of analysis, the nine concepts were broken into positive, negative, and neutral codes. A total of 27 codes were created. Two raters (R1 and R2) initially coded all text and a third rater (R3) reconciled coding discordance between raters R1 and R2. ResultsA total of 133 codes were applied to Exemplar 1. In Exemplar 2 there were a total of 286 codes applied to 195 excerpts. Performance speed, Other outcomes, and Information needs were among the most frequently occurring codes. ConclusionOur two exemplars demonstrated the appropriateness and usefulness of the Health-ITUEM in evaluating mobile health technology. Further assessment of this framework with other study populations should consider whether Memorability and Error prevention are necessary to include when evaluating mHealth technology.
Bis[2-(benzyl-amino)pyridine-κN](2-formyl-6-methoxy-phenolato-κO,O)(nitrato-κO,O')nickel(II).

In the title compound, [Ni(C8H7O3)(NO3)(C12H12N2)2], the asymmetric unit contains a NiII atom, two mol­ecules of 2-(benzyl­amino)pyridine, a mol­ecule of deprotonated o-vanillin (3-methoxy­salicylaldehydate) and a bidentate nitrate anion. The NiII center is six-coordinated by two pyridine N atoms from 2-(benzyl­amino)pyridine, two O atoms from o-vanillin and two O atoms from the nitrate anion. The crystal packing shows two hydrogen bonds from the amine N—H group to the deprotonated phenol O atom of the o-vanillin moieties, as well as weak C—H⋯O secondary inter­actions. These inter­actions link the mol­ecules into ribbons in the c direction. The steric requirement of the bidentate nitrate and its small bite angle [61.01 (3)°] cause some orientation of the two 2-(benzyl­amino)pyridine groups. As a result, this coordination environment of the NiII center is distorted octa­hedral, as the trans angles range from 158.65 (3) to 175.76 (3)° and the cis angles range from 61.01 (3) (for the bidentate nitrate O atoms) to 102.30 (4)°.