cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shiitake mushrooms and molecular clocks: historical biogeography of Lentinula

Aim Fungi make up a large, ecologically important group of eukaryotes that has been neglected in historical biogeography. In this study, molecular phylogenies and molecular clock dating were used to infer historical biogeography of the shiitake genus, Lentinula Earle, which occurs in both the Old World and New World. The major goals of this study were to determine if the Old World and New World groups are monophyletic, and whether the Old World/New World disjunction is the result of vicariance or long distance dispersal. Location Collections studied are from Asia, Australasia, the Gulf Coast region of North America, the Caribbean, Central America, and northern South America. Methods Phylogenetic trees were inferred with nuclear large subunit (nuc-Isu) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Molecular clock dating was performed using trees derived from nuc-Isu rDNA and mitochondrial small-subunit (mt-ssu) rDNA sequences. Rate constancy was tested with maximum likelihood, and clocks were calibrated using evidence from fossils or other molecular clock studies, or according to expected ages under different historical biogeographic scenarios. Results Analyses of ITS and nuc-Isu rDNA sequences suggest that there are seven species of Lentinula worldwide, which occur in two main clades, one in the New World the other in the Old World. Rate constancy cannot be rejected in nuc-Isu rDNA, but can be rejected in mt-ssu rDNA. Both genes suggest that the Old World/New World disjunction could be due to fragmentation of an ancient Laurasian range. An alternative Gondwanan hypothesis is not supported by the molecular clock age estimates. Main conclusions Only one long distance dispersal event must be invoked in Lentinula, that being between Australia and New Zealand. Despite having airborne spores, it appears that long distance dispersal is rare in Lentinula. This may also be true in other fungi, which are therefore excellent candidates for historical biogeographic studies using molecular characters.
La paradoja de la independencia de México

A partir de la constatacion del rapido desarrollo de Estados Unidos despues de su independencia y de los problemas de las naciones latinoamericanas para superar la herencia colonial, elabora un estudio comparativo de las independencias mexicana y norteamericana. Concluye que mientras la elite norteamericana conservo el poder y no lo compartia con otros grupos sociales, las elites mexicanas se encontraban divididas y fueron incapaces de establecer un liderazgo fuerte. La economia mexicana quedo en ruinas y hubo falta de confianza en las instituciones
Intestinal absorption of L-methionine and glucose in chickens with aflatoxicosis

Abstract Graded doses of dietary aflatoxin (1.25, 2.5 and 5 μg/g) fed to broiler chicks for 3 weeks did not affect subsequent in vitro absorption of methionine and glucose by the intestine, compared with contol birds receiving no aflatoxin. A dietary level of 10 μg/g produced a significant increase in the absorption rate of both nutrients. Inhibition studies showed that both the mediated and diffusion components of absorption were increased with 10 μg/g. A prolonged exposure to aflatoxin was necessary for the effect since birds fed toxin for 1 week only (2 to 3 weeks of age) absorbed methionine and glucose at the same rate as controls receiving no aflatoxin.
Interactivity and prioritizing the human: A code of blogging ethics

The increasing popularity of blogs and blogging, as well as their integration into the mainstream media mix, has sparked an ongoing discussion of whether a code of blog ethics is necessary or even feasible. In this article, I draw upon new communication technology ethics scholarship and an exploratory survey of bloggers to propose such a code. This code, unlike previous proposals, recognizes interactivity and the importance of prioritizing the human element in computer-mediated communication as the core values in blogging ethics.
Off shell πK amplitudes consistent with chiral symmetry breaking and the Bjorken limit

Abstract We present a two-parameter family of πK → πK amplitudes with two π or a π and a K off the mass shell. They describe scattering with arbitrary daughter states and reduce to a finite series of Veneziano-like terms (satisfying the Adler-zero condition) when at least one momentum is on a particle or daughter pole. They possess Bjorken limit behaviour in a finite region of the s t u plane. With one π or one K soft, they are consistent with uo + c u8 symmetry breaking. The exact Bjorken limit behaviour determines one of the parameters. A modified KSFR relation, and calculations of c and ƒ k /ƒ + (0)ƒ π make possible a comparison with experiment.
Strong long-range forces between C 60 and Na atoms and microclusters

We describe a measurement of the long-range van der Waals interaction $V=\ensuremath{-}{C}_{6}{/r}^{6}$ between free neutral sodium atoms and clusters $({\mathrm{Na}}_{n},1l~nl~20)$ and ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ fullerenes. The ${C}_{6}$ coefficients were derived from absolute integral cross sections for low-energy scattering of a supersonic beam of metal particles by ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ vapor. Their values are extremely high, ranging from $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{4}\mathrm{a}.\mathrm{u}.$ up to more than ${10}^{5}\mathrm{a}.\mathrm{u}.,$ corresponding to center-of-mass scattering cross sections of up to $\ensuremath{\sim}6000{\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{2}$ (which exceeds the hard-sphere dimensions of the particles by a factor of 20). These experimental values of ${C}_{6}$ are in excellent quantitative agreement with the predictions of the London theory of dispersion forces based on atom and cluster spectral properties. The strength of the long-range potential is due to high cluster polarizabilities.
OSIRIS—Gamma-ray spectroscopy software for on-site inspections under the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty

Abstract We have designed and tested software for the acquisition and analysis of high-resolution gamma-ray spectra during on-site inspections under the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). The On-Site Inspection RadioIsotopic Spectroscopy—OSIRIS—software filters the spectral data to display only radioisotopic information relevant to CTBT on-site inspections, e.g., 131 I. A set of over 100 fission-product spectra was employed for OSIRIS testing. These spectra were measured where possible, or generated by modeling. The test spectral compositions include non-nuclear-explosion scenarios, e.g., a severe nuclear reactor accident, and nuclear-explosion scenarios such as a vented underground nuclear test. Comparing its computer-based analyses to expert visual analyses of the test spectra, O SIRIS correctly identifies CTBT-relevant fission product isotopes at the 95% level or better.
9th International Meeting on Early Vertebrates/Lower Vertebrates

The international meeting on Early Vertebrates/Lower Vertebrates held in Flagstaff, Arizona, from the 15th to the 19th of May, 2000 was the ninth in a series of such meetings that started in 1972. The initial meeting was convened by the Linnean Society in London to provide a forum for discussion on the relationships of the major fish groups and methods of studying vertebrate relationships. This was followed by a meeting in Paris in 1973 and subsequently by meetings in Tallinn, Estonia (1976, 1989), Sydney and Canberra, Australia (1983), Beijing, China (1987), Miguasha, Quebec (1991), and Paris again in 1995. These started as fairly modest meetings with a small group of participants but have increased dramatically in size in the last few years with over 80 individuals taking part in the most recent one. This steady increase in participation has paralleled an increase in interest in the origin and development of early vertebrates and their phylogenetic history, and the meetings have been important forums for discussion of current views and presentation of new methods. In each case the meetings have been held in areas where recent finds have attracted attention or where there were important collections or field sites to be visited. The Flagstaff meeting was designed to provide an opportunity to visit classic localities in the Devonian of the western USA which was the focus of a field trip that took place after the meeting. This series of meetings has also been important in providing
Characterization of Normal and Abnormal Pulmonary Surface by Reflected Ultrasound

The use of reflected ultrasound in the diagnosis of pulmonary disease has been limited due to the strong reflection and high absorption of acoustic energy by alveoli containing air. Our study reports the ultrasonic characteristics of normal and diseased pulmonary surface. Two measurements, the coefficient of pulmonary reflection and the tissue frequency signature, were studied with specially calibrated instruments. The coefficient of pulmonary reflection in 23 normal subjects was −19.6 ± 0.1 dB at 5.5 MHz. In ten patients with documented pulmonary emboli, the coefficient of pulmonary reflection was −47.4 ± 0.1 dB, significantly less than normal (P
Time-resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy and the measurement of vibrational spectra in shock-compressed molecular materials

We present the use of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) in conjunctiOn with a two-stage light-gas gun to obtain vibrational spectra of shock-compressed liquid N2, 02, CO. and their mixtures. The experimental spectra are compared to spectra calculated using a semiclassical model for CARS intensities to obtain vibrational frequencies, peak Raman susceptibilities, and linewidths. The derived spectroscopic parameters suggest thermal equilibrium of the vibrational populations is established in less than a few nanoseconds after shock passage. Vibrational temperatures obtained are compared to those derived from equation-of-state calculations. Shifts in the vibrational frequencies reflect the influence of increased density and temperature on the intramolecular motion.
Evidence for exciton-exciton binding in a molecular aggregate

We present evidence for a biexciton state in a molecular aggregate. Femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy of the $H$ aggregate of an epitaxially grown trivalent metal-halogen-phthalocyanine gives distinct photoinduced absorptions to a continuum of two-exciton states and to a bound biexciton state. No signature of the biexciton is found in the $J$ aggregate of a very similar trivalent metal-halogen-phthalocyanine. The strong exciton-exciton interaction in the $H$-aggregate system has its origin in the unique cofacial stacking of the molecular components in this material.
Trichomonas vaginalis: Dominant G2 Period and G2 Phase Arrest in a Representative of an Early Branching Eukaryotic Lineage

Abstract Eukaryotic mitotic cell cycles have been extensively studied in yeasts and vertebrate cells but little is known about cell cycle mechanisms in early branches of the eukaryotic lineage. Trichomonas vaginalis represents one of the earliest branching eukaryotic lineages available for study. In contrast with most yeasts and vertebrate cells, the T. vaginalis G2 period was prolonged, comprising 50 to 58% of the cell population. Hydroxyurea, aphidicolin, and excess thymidine, all of which arrest yeasts and vertebrate cells at the G1/S phase boundary, had no effect on the T. vaginalis cell cycle, probably due to the known absence of synthetic pathways. The anti-microtubule mitotic inhibitors, colchicine and nocodazole, induced G2 phase synchrony. Metronidazole, a therapeutic reagent, also caused G2 phase arrest. These observations suggest that T. vaginalis is similar to yeasts and vertebrate cells in G2 and M phases, but the parasite's G1/S phase transition is distinctive. The results also suggest potentially therapeutic, anti-trichomonad activity of microtubule inhibitors such as nocodazole. The cultured parasite may prove useful as a model for the mitotic cell cycle in the absence of G1/S phase transitional activities universal in yeasts and vertebrate cells.
High-pressure X-ray near-edge absorption study of thallium rhenium oxide up to 10.86 GPa

High-pressure X-ray near-edge absorption measurements have been performed on thallium rhenium oxide (TlReO4) up to 10.86 GPa at room temperature and in a diamond-anvil cell. At ∼10 GPa, TlReO4 undergoes a large volume collapse and a striking optical transition, changing from transparent to opaque. A model has been proposed by Jayaraman et al. that the high-pressure phase transition is associated with a charge transfer from the thallium to rhenium atom; Tl1+(Re7+O4)−1 → Tl3+(Re5+O4)−3 and an accompanying truly octahedral coordination of the rhenium atom with respect to the surrounding oxygen cage. In this article, we find a significant broadening of ∼1.5 eV of the white-line feature at the rhenium L3(2p3/2 → 5d) absorption-edge above this transition, and no evidence for the proposed valence change.
Risk management for infrastructure corridors vulnerable to adjacent land development

Communities worldwide face diminished infrastructure performance and increased operating and capital costs resulting from unmanaged industrial, commercial, and residential development that impinges on their infrastructure corridors. It is important that planners anticipate and proactively manage land development along the corridors to avoid surprise, regret, and belated action. This paper demonstrates an approach utilizing expert elicitation and geographic data (i) to assess the relative risk of land development adjacent to infrastructure corridors, and (ii) to focus and prioritize corridor sections for risk management. The approach uses several factors to score adjacent properties according to their relative likelihoods of development in a 10‐ to 20‐year horizon. The scores are compared to land values and existing road‐access points in order to illuminate the relative costs of risk management along corridor centerlines. The risk‐management options, including land acquisition, negotiation with developers,...
The effects of surface roughness on the scattering properties of hexagonal columns with sizes from the Rayleigh to the geometric optics regimes

Abstract Effects of surface roughness on the optical scattering properties of ice crystals are investigated using a random wave superposition model of roughness that is a simplification of models used in studies of scattering by surface water waves. Unlike previous work with models of rough surfaces applicable only in limited size ranges, such as surface perturbation methods in the small particle regime or the tilted-facet (TF) method in the large particle regime, ours uses a single roughness model to cover a range in sizes extending from the Rayleigh to the geometric optics regimes. The basic crystal shape we examine is the hexagonal column but our roughening model can be used for a wide variety of particle geometries. To compute scattering properties over the range of sizes we use the pseudo-spectral time domain method (PSTD) for small to moderate sized particles and the improved geometric optics method (IGOM) for large ones. Use of the PSTD with our roughness model is straightforward. By discretizing the roughened surface with triangular sub-elements, we adapt the IGOM to give full consideration of shadow effects, multiple reflections/refractions at the surface, and possible reentrance of the scattered beams. We measure the degree of roughness of a surface by the variance ( σ 2 ) of surface slopes occurring on the surfaces. For moderately roughened surfaces ( σ 2 ≤ 0.1 ) in the large particle regime, the scattering properties given by the TF and IGOM agree well, but differences in results obtained with the two methods become noticeable as the surface becomes increasingly roughened. Having a definite, albeit idealized, roughness model we are able to use the combination of the PSTD and IGOM to examine how a fixed degree of surface roughness affects the scattering properties of a particle as the size parameter of the particle changes. We find that for moderately rough surfaces in our model, as particle size parameter increases beyond about 20 the influence of surface roughness on the scattering properties of randomly oriented hexagonal particles starts to become evident. Somewhat surprisingly, in calculations using the IGOM certain qualitatively clear differences in patterns of roughness that have the same σ 2 result in negligible difference in scattering effects. The phase matrix elements given by the IGOM for smooth and roughened hexagonal columns with the “large” size parameter 100 agree very well with the PSTD results, and the integral scattering properties given by the PSTD for small-to-moderate sized particles are shown to merge smoothly with those given by the IGOM for moderate-to-large sizes.
Experienced, vicarious, and anticipated strain: An exploratory study on physical victimization and delinquency

Most research on strain theory has focused on the effect of personally experienced strain on delinquency. This study focused on vicarious and anticipated strain; vicarious strain refers to the real-life strains experienced by others around the individual, while anticipated strain refers to the individual's expectation that current strains will continue into the future or that new strains will be experienced. Data from a national sample of adolescent boys were used to examine that type of strain involving physical victimization. A multiple regression analysis indicated that delinquency is related not only to experienced victimization, but also to certain types of anticipated and vicarious physical victimization.
A pilot telerehabilitation program: delivering early intervention services to rural families.

The enTECH Telerehabilitation Program explored the use of telerehabilitation as an alternative service delivery model for early intervention therapy services. Utilizing the Kentucky Telehealth Network, two families living in rural Kentucky received occupational therapy services over a 12-week period. Following program implementation, qualitative data was collected using participant journals and interviews. Data analysis identified three thematic categories related to the program: benefits/strengths, challenges/weaknesses, and recommendations for program improvement. Results of the program evaluation indicated that telerehabilitation has the potential to cost-effectively meet the therapeutic needs of children living in rural areas where provider shortages exist. The enTECH Telerehabilitation Program serves as a model for how telerehabilitation can be used to deliver early intervention services to ameliorate health disparities and improve access to rehabilitation services. Keywords: Telerehabilitation, Occupational Therapy, Rural, Early Intervention, Children, Program Evaluation, Cost Analysis
Measurement of individual rate constants of irreversible inhibition of a cysteine proteinase by an epoxysuccinyl inhibitor

Abstract The apparent binding constant (K i ) and the first order rate constant of inactivation (k 3 ) have been obtained for EP-475 inhibition of papain at partially saturating concentrations of inhibitor and various substrate concentrations by global analysis of the data. The value of k 3 (k 3 = 0.71 ± 0.25 s −1 ) is larger whereas K i (2.4 ± 0.91 μM) is comparable to or higher than those values for most nucleofuge methylketone inhibitors.
Impact of HIV risk and infection on delivery of psychosocial treatment services in outpatient programs

HIV risk and HIV infection have profoundly affected the delivery of psychosocial treatment services in outpatient drug treatment settings. First, HIV has changed the programmatic emphasis of outpatient treatment, from the intake process through the goals of care, and treatment program staff are being altered significantly. Second, HIV brings with it a pull to extend the reach of drug abuse treatment to the sexual partners and families of patients. Finally, for community and statewide planners, a debate is emerging between the idea that programs should provide high-quality services to a few targeted "high risk" or "vital category" patients versus providing minimal services to as many drug abusers as possible. There is a vital need for research studies that will add data to the decision-making process, at both the policy and programmatic levels.
Lymphocyte plasma membranes II. Cytochemical localization of 5′-nucleotidase in rat lymphocytes

Abstract Cytochemical studies of thymic and splenic lymphocytes from rats showed that 5′-nucleotidase was restricted to the plasma membranes. Isolated plasma membranes contained the highest specific activity of 5′-nucleotidase of any cellular fractions. The results indicate that this enzyme can be used as a plasma membrane marker for lymphocytes.
Solid-support sample loading for DNA sequencing.

We present a new method for simplified low-quantity DNA loading onto microelectrophoresis devices. The method is based on combined solid-phase extraction, purification, and transport of DNA reversibly bound on paramagnetic microspheres. DNA is adsorbed onto the microspheres, captured with a magnetized permalloy wire, and then directly injected as a highly focused sample plug into the separation channel. This method circumvents both the minimum volume requirement of pipettors (since only solid beads are transported) and the timing complications of double-T microfluidic injection. Injections from Sanger samples of 10-times the starting DNA sample. Sequencing traces show a resolution that matches or exceeds double-T injections. A kinetic model reproduces the time-dependence of the injection signals and proves that total nonidealities in the method produce injection-broadened plugs of ∼1-s duration. The method...
Outcome of infrainguinal arterial reconstruction in women

Abstract Purpose: The outcome of leg bypass in women is unknown. To date, most series of lower extremity bypass have included few women, and the results in women compared with those in men have not been reported. The experience with infrainguinal arterial reconstruction in women treated at the Oregon Health Sciences University has been greater than previously reported. We have reviewed our recent experience with lower extremity bypass to determine whether results in women differ significantly from those in men. Methods: In the past 11 years we have performed 823 infrainguinal arterial reconstructions for lower extremity ischemia in 585 patients, of which 357 procedures were performed in women and 466 procedures were performed in men. The mean ages were 65 years for men and 68 years for women. Diabetes was present in 59% of the men and 48% of the women. Among men, 84% had a history of tobacco use compared with 66% of the women. Bypasses in men were performed for limb salvage in 73%, claudication in 22%, and a failing bypass graft in 5% of cases. Bypasses in women were performed for limb salvage in 79%, claudication in 15%, and a failing graft in 6% of cases. Previous revascularizations had been performed in 63% of the men and 71% of the women. Autogenous vein was used in 97% of the bypasses in men and 96% of bypasses in women. Graft distribution among infrainguinal arterial target sites was similar between the groups. Bypasses in men were femoral to above-knee popliteal in 11%, femoral to below-knee popliteal in 40%, femoral to tibial in 38%, popliteal to tibial in 10%, and tibial to tibial in 1% of cases. Bypasses in women were femoral to above-knee popliteal in 14%, femoral to below-knee popliteal in 43%, femoral to tibial in 33%, popliteal to tibial in 9%, and tibial to tibial in 1% of cases. Results: Perioperative 30-day mortality rates were 3.7% overall, 4.3% in men, and 2.9% in women. Long-term survival at 1, 3, and 5 years in men was 80%, 59%, and 44%, respectively. Long-term survival at 1, 3, and 5 years in women was 83%, 69%, and 44%, respectively. Life-table primary patency rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 86%, 77%, and 71% for men and 87%, 74%, and 67% for women. Limb-salvage results at 1 and 5 years were 93% and 91% for men and 96% and 96% for women. Conclusions: These results indicate that long-term graft patency and limb salvage results in women are identical to those obtained in men in this experience with autogenous vein. Infrainguinal arterial reconstruction can be performed in women with mortality rates similar to those of men. In this series long-term survival was similar for both men and women. (J VASC SURG 1993;18:627-36.)
Public attitudes toward the treatment of sex offenders

Purpose. To investigate public attitudes towards the treatment of sex offenders, and more specifically to investigate attitudes and anticipated behaviour towards a sex offender treatment centre being located in the local community and the acceptance, into the community, of known, convicted, sex offenders who have completed their sentences. Methods. A postal questionnaire sent to a sample (selected randomly from the electoral register) of 500 individuals in a British city, in May/June 1995. Results. Responses were received from 312 members of the original sample (response rate of 65%). Attitudes toward the treatment of sex offenders were often positive, although generally only if this takes place alongside some form of punishment. However, respondents were much less supportive of treatment taking place within their own communities and of accepting known sex offenders back into the community. Conclusions. Respondents tended to endorse the idea of treatment in custodial settings but if treatment is only provided in prison, large numbers of offenders would not be able to receive treatment and the process begun, for some, in prison would not be able to be continued after release. More work is needed to see why some groups (younger respondents and those in the Registrar General's socio-economic groups I and II) are more favourable to treatment in the community, which may then be used to gain the support of a larger section of the community.
Methodology for use of isotopic climate forcings in ice sheet models

In ice sheet models, an internally consistent calculation of climatic temperature forcing from ice-core isotopic records (δ) requires that corrections be made for an ice core site's elevation changes. Such corrections can be important for two reasons. First, elevation change at an ice divide can be large compared to elevation change at the migrating ice margin, resulting in erroneous estimates of marginal melt rate. Second, the δ of precipitation at an ice divide responds less to regional climatic temperature changes than to local temperature changes of the same magnitude that are caused by elevation changes. Significant elevation-change corrections may also be necessary for inferring the relationships used to calculate climatic temperature from δ. A simple methodology incorporating both of these elevational effects is presented here. Further, I recommend that the δ to temperature conversion relations used in ice sheet models should derive from independently reconstructed temperature and δ time-series rather than from spatial correlations, and justify this recommendation based on current understanding of the atmospheric isotopic distillation system.
THE ROLE OF PENICILLIN-INDUCED BACTERIAL VARIANTS IN EXPERIMENTAL PYELONEPHRITIS

1. After injection into the renal medulla of rats Escherichia coli 06 variants reverted rapidly in vivo in the absence of penicillin. These variants had previously been shown to be stable in vitro. 2. Variants failed to survive following intramedullary injection when animals were receiving penicillin. 3. Late reversion of variants also failed to occur in animals treated with penicillin for only 1 or 2 days. 4. Variants survived and reverted more readily when injected in the renal medulla, compared with liver and spleen. Classical bacteria injected into the kidney, liver, and spleen were recovered in approximately equal numbers. 5. The histologic response to nonreverting variants, medium not containing variants, and killed variants was similar and was characterized by a fibrotic reaction with moderate round cell infiltration. 6. In contrast, the histologic response to reverting variants and to classical E. coli was characterized by an intense, acute, polymorphonuclear leukocytosis typical of acute pyelonephritis.
Gender, risk and access to tax-favored fringe benefits: A split labor market approach

This paper examines sex differences in access to tax-favored pension plans and group insurance. Since women cost more to insure than men, a split labor market is created. The hypothesis tested here is whether or not gender differences in fringe benefit costs are substantial enough to affect employers' decisions to provide them. If so, this would help explain the relative undercoverage of women. Multiple regression analysis of data from the 1977 Quality of Employment Survey is used to examine this. The results show little evidence of direct sex discrimination by employers. However, lower-status, female-dominated occupations are less likely to be insured. Policy implications are discussed.
Volumetric MRI changes in basal ganglia of children with Tourette's syndrome

To define the site of pathology in Tourette's syndrome (TS), we performed a volumetric MRI study of basal ganglia structures and lateral ventricles on 37 children with this disorder and 18 controls. There were no statistically significant differences in the size of the right or left caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, or ventricles in these populations. In contrast, there were significant differences for measures of symmetry in the putamen and the lenticular region. Virtually all controls (17 right- and one left-handed) had a left-sided predominance of the putamen, whereas in 13 of 37 TS subjects, a right predominance exceeded that of any control. Statistical comparisons among TS patients, with (n = 18) or without (n = 19) attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and controls showed significant differences for the volume of the left globus pallidus and for lenticular asymmetry. Post hoc evaluations showed that in the TS + ADHD group, the volume of the left globus pallidus was significantly smaller than the volume of the right and that lenticular asymmetry was due to a greater right-sided predominance in the TS+ADHD group. This study lends further support to proposals that claim the basal ganglia is involved in the pathogenesis of TS and also suggests that the comorbid problem of ADHD is related to regional changes that differ from those primarily associated with tics.
Cyberethics: Envisioning Character Education in Cyberspace

This article presents theory and research forming the framework of a graduate course in cyberethics education. The course content includes theory and research on the psychology of the Internet, moral development, and character education. Discussion includes application of these constructs to issues such as empathy, privacy, and other issues as they appear in cyberspace. Core virtues and analyses through ethical theories provide the moral framework for the course and ground it in character education as it has emerged from the physical world. I also briefly present the course curriculum prompting teacher's lesson plans for teaching cyberethics.
Gene hunting in the genomic era: Approaches to diagnostic dilemmas in patients with primary immunodeficiencies

There are more than 180 different genetic causes of primary immunodeficiencies identified to date. Approaches for identifying causative mutations can be broadly classified into 3 strategies: (1) educated guesses based on known signaling pathways essential for immune cell development and function, (2) similarity of clinical phenotypes to mouse models, and (3) unbiased genetic approaches. Next-generation DNA sequencing permits efficient sequencing of whole genomes or exomes but also requires strategies for filtering vast amounts of data. Recent studies have identified ways to solve difficult cases, such as diseases with autosomal dominant inheritance, incomplete penetrance, or mutations in noncoding regions. This review focuses on recently identified primary immunodeficiencies to illustrate the strategies, technologies, and potential pitfalls in finding novel causes of these diseases.
An ion-exchange technique for concentrating ammonia from small volumes of seawater☆

Abstract An ion-exchange technique was used to concentrate ammonia from seawater. Precipitation of bivalent cations, prior to concentration, reduced the variability of ammonia recovery from the ion-exchange column and lengthened column life. Analysis of the eluate was by the phenolhypochlorite reaction. The method was designed for use with small seawater samples (>10ml) and has the advantage that it can be adapted for use with small volumes of seawater with no loss in sensitivity. In a 10 ml seawater example NH 3 -N concentrations of 10–150 μg l −1 were accurately determined.
Adrenocortical Lipid Depletion Gene (ald) in AKR Mice Is Associated with an Acyl-CoA:Cholesterol Acyltransferase (ACAT) Mutation

ald, a recessive allele in AKR inbred mice, is responsible for complete adrenocortical lipid depletion in postpubertal males, which appears to be androgen dependent. Two recent observations (adrenocortical lipid depletion in acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase-deficient (Acact−/−) mice and the mapping of Acact to a region of chromosome 1 containing theald locus) prompted us to ask whether adrenocortical lipid depletion in AKR mice results from an Acact mutation. Refined genetic mapping of Acact and ald was consistent with colocalization of these loci. CrossingAcact−/− with AKR (ald/ald) mice yielded postpubertal male offspring characterized by adrenocortical lipid depletion, indicating that these loci are not complementational and are therefore allelic. Immunoblotting of preputial gland homogenates demonstrated that AKR mice had an ACAT protein with a lower molecular mass than other mouse strains. Analysis of Acact cDNA from AKR mice revealed a deletion of the first coding exon and two missense mutations. Despite these coding sequence differences, the ACAT protein from the ald allele catalyzed cholesterol esterification activity at levels similar to that of wild-type protein. We speculate that the adrenocortical lipid depletion resulting from theald mutation is caused by an altered susceptibility of the mutant protein to modifying factors, such as androgen production at puberty, in an as yet undetermined manner.
Characterizations of normal distributions supporting goodness-of-fit tests based on sample skewness and sample kurtosis

Two characterizations of normal distributions based on the third conditional moment and the fourth conditional moment, respectively, are given. These results theoretically support the goodness-of-fit tests for normal distributions using the sample skewness and the sample kurtosis.
A computerised planning method for risky investments

In general, investment decisions are more risky than decisions concerning annual production. Until now no method appears to have been available to assist farmers in evaluating investment risk. While pragmatic methods must be refuted for theoretical reasons, methods based on programming or optimising simulation are too costly. To bridge this gap, COMPRI(= COMputerised Planning of Risky Investments) has been developed. The method aims at evaluating a limited number of investments considered by the farmer. It is a combination of risk analysis and multiperiod farm development planning. COMPRI allows for the treatment of the consumption pattern of the entrepreneur as well as for his specific tax and financial situation. Important decision criteria are parameters of the distribution functions for the present value of the investments and for owner's equity at the end of the planning period. A standardised method, COMPRI can be applied to a variety of investment problems.
de Haas-van Alphen effect in Sc metal

The first de Haas--van Alphen measurements on Sc are reported. A modified band structure is proposed to account for the very unexpected results.
Strain differences of the mouse's free-running circadian rhythm in continuous darkness.

Abstract The circadian rhythms for 80 days of continuous darkness (DD) were examined after they were released from a LD 12:12 photoperiod. Two inbred strains of mice, DDK and C57BL/10Sn, were selected on the basis of the results of the preliminary study. The rhythms of DDK strain were unstable, while those of C57BL/10Sn were stable over 80 days of DD. In DDK strain, two patterns of rhythm were observed during the experimental period. One was characterized by larger amount of activity, clear onsets of activity, and distinct difference between activity and rest time. The other exhibited the opposite characteristics that included smaller amount of activity, blurred onsets and ends of activity, and expanded activity time. Moreover, the circadian period of the rhythm which showed clear onsets of activity was undoubtedly shorter than the other one within the same individual. In the rhythms of C57BL/10Sn, on the other hand, the features of clear onsets, larger amount of activity, distinct difference between activity and rest time were observed throughout the experimental period. These results suggest that one basic factor which affects the circadian rhythm is genetic.
On a minimax parameter estimation problem with a compact parameter space

A minimax estimate for the mean of an arbitrary random vector with known covariance is derived, using a standard quadratic loss function, subject to the restriction that the decision rule be linear and that the unknown mean lie in a known hyperellipsoidal subset of En. This linear minimax estimate is derived using the method of least favorable prior distributions. It is shown that there is a least favorable prior distribution which is defined by a discrete probability measure with support which lies entirely on the boundary of the hyperellipsoidal parameter space. This discrete distribution is supported by 2k points, which receive equal probability, and which are determined by the solution to a certain nonlinear algebraic matrix equation. The exponent k is equal to the rank of the covariance matrix of this least favorable prior distribution.
Shear-selected Cluster Cosmology: Tomography and Optimal Filtering

We study the potential of weak-lensing surveys to detect clusters of galaxies, using a fast particle-mesh cosmological N-body simulation algorithm specifically tailored to investigate the statistics of these shear-selected clusters. In particular, we explore the degree to which the radial positions of galaxy clusters can be determined tomographically, by using photometric redshifts of background source galaxies. We quantify the errors in the tomographic redshifts, Δz ≡ ztomography - zreal, and study their dependence on mass, redshift, detection significance, and filtering scheme. For clusters detected with signal-to-noise ratio S/N 4.5, the fraction of clusters with tomographic redshift errors |Δz| ≤ 0.2 is 45% and the rms deviation from the real redshifts is (Δz)21/2 = 0.41, with smaller errors for higher S/N. A tomographic matched filtering (TMF) scheme, which combines tomography and matched filtering, is introduced that optimally detects clusters of galaxies in weak-lensing surveys. The TMF exploits the extra information provided by photometric redshifts of background source galaxies, neglected in previous studies, to optimally weight the sources. The efficacy and reliability of the TMF are investigated using a large ensemble of mock observations from our simulations, and detailed comparisons are made to other filters. Using photometric redshift information with the TMF enhances the number of clusters detected with S/N 4.5 by as much as 76%, and it increases the dynamic range of weak-lensing searches for clusters, detecting more high-redshift clusters and extending the mass sensitivity down to the scale of large groups. Furthermore, we find that coarse redshift binning of source galaxies with as few as three bins is sufficient to realize the gains of the TMF. Thus, the tomographic filtering techniques presented here can be applied to current ground-based weak-lensing data in as few as three bands, since two colors and magnitude prior are sufficient to bin source galaxies this coarsely. Cosmological applications of shear-selected cluster samples are also discussed.
The 186W(n, γ)187W reaction at 24 keV, hexadecapole deformations, and fragmentation of Nilsson model strength

Abstract The (n, γ) reaction at 24 keV and thermal neutron energies was performed on enriched samples of 186 W to determine specific spin-parity limitations on states in the 700–1600 keV energy region in 187 W. A number of these states are populated by some of the strongest transitions previously observed in the 186 W(d, p) 187 W reaction. Comparison of the results of the two reactions yields information on the distribution and fragmentation of Nilsson single quasiparticle strengths. As in the odd Hf nuclei and in 183, 184 w, significant fragmentation of strength was observed in 187 W. The systematics of the fragmentation is presented and it is shown that a substantial loss of strength occurs in 183, 184 W but not in 179 Hf or 187 W. The fragmentation, and its unexpected systematics, are not explained by previously available calculations. It is proposed that large hexadecapole deformations may be important in understanding the fragmentation. Such shape components lead to single particle energy shifts, enhanced ΔN = 2 and Coriolis mixing as well as other j -dependent effects that tend in the direction of the experimental results. Calculations are performed to illustrate these effects.
Probing Quantum and Dynamic Effects in Concerted Proton–Electron Transfer Reactions of Phenol–Base Compounds

The oxidation of three phenols, which contain an intramolecular hydrogen bond to a pendent pyridine or amine group, has been shown, in a previous experimental study, to undergo concerted proton−electron transfer (CPET). In this reaction, the electron is transferred to an outer-sphere oxidant, and the proton is transferred from the oxygen to nitrogen atom. In the present study, this reaction is studied computationally using a version of Hammes-Schiffer’s multistate continuum theory where CPET is formulated as a transmission frequency between neutral and cation vibrational-electronic states. The neutral and cation proton vibrational wave functions are computed from one-dimensional potential energy surfaces (PESs) for the transferring proton in a fixed heavy atom framework. The overlap integrals for these neutral/cation wave functions, considering several initial (i.e., neutral) and final (i.e., cation) vibrational states, are used to evaluate the relative rates of oxidation. The analysis is extended to heav...
The XH-map algorithm: A method to process stereo video to produce a real-time obstacle map

This paper presents a novel, simple and fast algorithm to produce a "floor plan" obstacle map in real time using video. The XH-map algorithm is a transformation of stereo vision data in disparity map space into a two dimensional obstacle map space using a method that can be likened to a histogram reduction of image information. The classic floor-ground background noise problem is addressed with a simple one-time semi-automatic calibration method incorporated into the algorithm. This implementation of this algorithm utilizes the Intel Performance Primitives library and OpenCV libraries for extremely fast and efficient execution, creating a scaled obstacle map from a 480x640x256 stereo pair in 1.4 milliseconds. This algorithm has many applications in robotics and computer vision including enabling an "Intelligent Robot" robot to "see" for path planning and obstacle avoidance.
FUTURE DIRECTION OF RESEARCH IN TOURETTE SYNDROME

Scientific thinking about Tourette syndrome (TS) has undergone a dramatic evolution in the past decade. Traditionally, TS was viewed as a rare, severe, and disabling condition with bizarre symptoms and an unknown etiology. Recent studies, however, have provided evidence that the disorder is actually very common, has symptoms that are typically mild, and is caused by an inherited genetic defect. 15,23,45,47 Despite clarifying several aspects of TS, these new research findings have also raised important questions regarding the very nature of the condition and its etiology. These questions will serve to guide future directions of TS research.
Self-Reported Outcomes After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: An Internal Health Locus of Control Score Comparison

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of high or low internal health locus of control (HLOC) scores on knee function and sports activity self-reports. Methods: The Multidimensional HLOC Scale, the Knee Outcome Survey (KOS) Activities of Daily Living Scale (ADLS) and Sports Activity Scale (SAS), and the 2000 International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective Knee Evaluation and Current Health Assessment surveys were mailed to 335 subjects at a minimum of 2 years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Results: Of the subjects, 198 returned completed surveys at 5.1 ± 2.9 years after surgery. Compared with the group with low internal HLOC scores, the group with high internal HLOC scores had better KOS-ADLS scores (89.6 ± 13.7 v 77.4 ± 23.9, P v 70 ± 29, P v 77.4 ± 23.9, P v 70 ± 29.4, P v 68.3 ± 25.2, P v 80.5 ± 24.6, P = .001), social function (92.6 ± 14.8 v 85.8 ± 21.1, P = .014), bodily pain (80.7 ± 17.7 v 68.7 ± 24.6, P v 70.6 ± 19.2, P = .005), and vitality (65.1 ± 19 v 58.8 ± 21, P = .04). Current knee function scores (8.7 ± 1.8 v 7.1 ± 2.9, P 2 = 11.2, P = .01) were also higher in the group with high internal HLOC scores compared with the group with low scores. Conclusions: Patients with high internal HLOC scores were more satisfied with knee function. Level of Evidence: Level IV, prognostic case series.
Effect of Ca2+ binding on the profile structure of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane using time-resolved x-ray diffraction.

A number of studies have indicated that Ca(2+)-ATPase, the integral membrane protein of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane, undergoes some structural change upon Ca2+ binding to its high affinity binding sites (i.e., upon conversion of the E1 to the CaxE1 form of the enzyme). We have used x-ray diffraction to study the changes in the electron density profile of the SR membrane upon high-affinity Ca2+ binding to the enzyme in the absence of enzyme phosphorylation. The photolabile Ca2+ chelator DM-nitrophen was used to rapidly release Ca2+ into the extravesicular spaces throughout an oriented SR membrane multilayer and thereby synchronously in the vicinity of the high affinity binding sites of each enzyme molecule in the multilayer. A critical control was developed to exclude possible artifacts arising from heating and non-Ca2+ photolysis products in the membrane multilayer specimens upon photolysis of the DM-nitrophen. Upon photolysis, changes in the membrane electron density profile arising from high-affinity Ca2+ binding to the enzyme are found to be localized to three different regions within the profile. These changes can be attributed to the added electron density of the Ca2+ bound at three discrete sites centered at 5, approximately 30, and approximately 67 A in the membrane profile, but they also require decreased electron density within the cylindrically averaged profile structure of the Ca(2+)-ATPase immediately adjacent (