cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Key to a successful cell library development: design methodology

It is argued that cell library development will not be successful unless a solid design methodology is established. The design methodology directs the development of a library that meets the needs of both the ASIC customer and the library developer. A discussion is presented of a method of devising a design methodology flow that results in a library with three essential attributes: productivity, reliability, and maintainability. The approach described consists of three steps: conducting preliminary environmental studies, considering design tradeoffs, and implementing a strategy. The concept of simultaneous engineering is the underlying philosophy throughout the entire process. >
A timing-driven synthesis approach of a fast four-stage hybrid adder in Sum-of-Products

In state-of-the-art integrated circuits, the arithmetic sum-of-products (SOP) is an important and computationally intensive unit, which tend to be in the timing-critical path of the design. Several arithmetic blocks like multipliers, multiply-accumulators (MAC), squarers etc. are special cases of the generalized sum-of-product block. The final carry propagate adder inside a sum-of-product block consumes about 30%-40% of the total delay of the SOP block and hence plays an important role in determining the performance of the overall design. In this paper, we present a novel approach to develop a fast implementation for the final adder block in a sum-of-product module. In our approach, we design a hybrid adder, which consists of four different sub-adders. The width of each of the sub-adders are computed based on the arrival times of the input signals to the hybrid adder. We have tested our approach using a variety of SOP blocks implemented under varying timing constraints and technology libraries. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed solution is 14.31% faster than the corresponding block generated by a commercially available best-in-class datapath synthesis tool.
miR-223 Deficiency Protects against Fas-Induced Hepatocyte Apoptosis and Liver Injury through Targeting Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor

The biological functions and molecular mechanisms of miR-223 action in liver cells and liver diseases remain unclear. We therefore determined the effect and mechanism of action of miR-233 in Fas-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury. Wild-type (WT) and miR-223 knockout (KO) mice were treated i.p. with 0.5 μg/g body weight anti-Fas antibody Jo2, and the animals were monitored for survival and the extent of liver injury. Although WT mice died 4 to 6 hours after Jo2 injection ( n = 6), all of the miR-223 KO mice ( n = 6) survived. In comparison to WT mice, the miR-223 KO mice showed resistance to Fas-induced liver injury, as indicated by less tissue damage under histopathological examination, fewer apoptotic hepatocytes under caspase-3 immunostaining, and less elevation of serum transaminases. miR-223 KO livers showed less caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 activation and less poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage compared with WT livers ( P in vitro and in vivo data indicate that miR-223 regulates Fas-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury by targeting the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor.
Field-Testing a Standard Metabolic Rate Estimation Technique for Eastern Red-Backed Salamanders

Abstract Plethodontid salamanders are often monitored as indicator species for mature forest ecosystem health. In addition to relative abundance, differences in standard metabolic rate (SMR) between harvest treatments have been used to explain physiological stress in response to timber harvest. Nearly ubiquitous in forested stands throughout the northeastern United States, the Eastern Red-Backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus) is often the focal species of such studies. In 2010, a predictive multiple regression equation was developed to calculate SMR of P. cinereus to 95% accuracy using salamander body mass and temperature. This method of SMR estimation has been implemented in field studies as a measure of salamander health. In these studies, temperature regime is the only variable measured, and SMR is calculated by standardizing on a 1-g salamander. In this study, we measured both body mass and temperature of each salamander encountered in harvested and unharvested stands and compared the published SMR c...
Angiogenesis in the Ovary

Angiogenesis associated with follicle and corpus luteum cyclicity and ovulation is an important example of recurrent capillary development in an adult physiological system. Angiogenesis is ordinarily stimulated in response to trauma, infection, inflammation or neoplasia. Such pathological conditions have offered the most common experimental models with which to study the control of capillary growth (1). Progress in our understanding of angiogenesis in general has stimulated a fresh look at this process in the ovary (2).
Comparison of Antagonist Muscle Activity During Walking Between Total Knee Replacement and Control Subjects Using Unnormalized Electromyography

Abstract Background Although satisfactory outcomes have been reported after total knee replacement (TKR), full recovery of muscle strength and physical function is rare. We developed a relative activation index (RAI) to compare leg muscle activity from unnormalized surface electromyography (sEMG) between TKR and control subjects. Methods Nineteen TKR and 19 control subjects underwent gait analysis and sEMG. RAIs were calculated by dividing the average sEMG for 2 consecutive subphases of stance defined by the direction of the external sagittal plane moment (flexion or extension). Results RAIs and external moments indicate TKR subjects have less initial stance antagonist rectus femoris activity (P = .004), greater middle stance antagonist biceps femoris activity (P Conclusion The RAI helps detail whether decreased external moments correspond to less agonist or more antagonist muscle activity to determine true muscle activity differences between subject groups. Identifying the mechanisms underlying altered muscle function both before and after TKR is critical for developing rehabilitation strategies to address functional deficits and disability found in this patient population.
Characterization of Lipoyl Synthase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The prevalence of multiple and extensively drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis, is on the rise, necessitating the identification of new targets to combat an organism that has infected one-third of the world’s population, according to the World Health Organization. The biosynthesis of the lipoyl cofactor is one possible target, given its critical importance in cellular metabolism and the apparent lack of functional salvage pathways in Mtb that are found in humans and many other organisms. The lipoyl cofactor is synthesized de novo in two committed steps, involving the LipB-catalyzed transfer of an octanoyl chain derived from fatty acid biosynthesis to a lipoyl carrier protein and the LipA-catalyzed insertion of sulfur atoms at C6 and C8 of the octanoyl chain. A number of in vitro studies of lipoyl synthases from Escherichia coli, Sulfolobus solfataricus, and Thermosynechococcus elongatus have been conducted, but the enzyme from Mtb has not been ch...
Characterization of bone acid phosphatase activity.

SummaryThe characteristics of the bone acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) activity have been studied using both β-glycerophosphate and phenylphosphate as substrates. The acid β-glycerophosphatase activity was strongly inhibited by tartrate, fluoride, and molybdate and moderately inhibited by mercury. These properties are consistent with the presence of an enzyme similar to the major nonspecific acid phosphatase of the liver lysosomes.The major characteristics of the acid phenylphosphatase activity were strong inhibition by fluoride and molybdate, but not by tartrate; strong activation by cysteine, dithio-threitol, and ascorbate and a moderate activation by malonate. The activation by cysteine was enhanced by the addition of Fe2+, Ni2+ or Cu2+. The properties and high activity demonstrated with the acid phenylphosphatase assay indicate the presence of a second enzyme in bone with properties similar to phosphoprotein phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.16).
Particulate component of the plasma of fowls with avian lymphomatosis.

SummaryA particulate material has been obtained from the plasma of chickens affected with the RPL 12 lymphoid tumor strain. Electron micrographs of the particles sedi-mented directly from plasma and of those in ultracentrifugal concentrates reveal spherical or spheroidal particles of sizes varying from 70 to 160 mμ in diameter and an average diameter of about 117 mμ. Particle counts on the individual plasmas of birds with advanced disease gave values of 1 × 107 to 160 × 107 particles per ml in contrast with the normal plasmas in which only occasional or no particles of this size range were observed. The findings with this form of the leukosis complex are remarkably similar to the results of analogous studies on erythromyeloblastic leucosis. The particles seen in the present work are interpreted, tentatively, as representing the virus of one form of avian lymphomatiosis.
“Woodfree” Papers : Value Relevance and Meaning of the Term

Considering the question with me, “Woodfree” does the term have any real meaning and value today and does it communicate any useful information to paper buyer ?Pulp, paper and Printing technologies continues to develop, with the qualities and the requirements of paper ever changing. In addition, there is a new generation of paper users who have no idea what some of the pulp and paper industry terminology means. And, let's face it, there are many other people who have been associated with the industry for many years, who also do not know what “woodfree” means ! In these circumstances, over the past few years there have been developments in various North America and European paper specifications, recognizing the fast developing technology that is available to us.The most of those Paper Standards Committee revised its standards and omitted the traditional composition clause, stating that furnish content was “between buyer and seller”. Then, Aspen BCTMP is not any more caught under the current “groundwood” furnish limitations. There has been a growing momentum of change in attitudes to give maximum freedom to paper producer and user. This is also reflected in user acceptance of new paper grades and materials. What users want is quality and performance at a competitive price. The charges mentioned are helping paper makers looking to improve projectability and earnings.Pulp and Paper Industry is truly a global industry. We need to develop new specifications, terms and descriptions in order to free-up the paper maker to optimize quality, performance and cost, to enable production of cost-effective products for new and emerging market and to improve user understanding of paper grade.
Seismic attribute-assisted reservoir property modeling using sequential Gaussian simulation: A case study from the Persian Gulf

Summary Reservoir modeling plays an important role in the development of oil and gas fields. Using 3D seismic data we are able to delineate 3D structures of the subsurface and model reservoir properties, such as porosity and permeability. In this study, we build a static reservoir model of the South Pars gas-condensate field in the Persian Gulf by gridding a late Permian reservoir in a NW-trending strike-slip fault system . Since the number of the wells is not enough for anisotropy detection, we use the acoustic impedance attribute for data analysis and anisotropy detections. Additionally, we use acoustic impedance as secondary driver for sequential Gaussian simulation to model the porosity in the upper part of the reservoir. This enables us to utilize the modeled porosity as an auxiliary constraint for water saturation modeling. High porosity zones coincide with low water saturation zones that are in the vicinity of major strike-slip faults. This is particularly significant in between closely spaced faults and around their intersections, suggesting the presence of high porosity zones associated with enhanced fracture intensity.
Normal Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzymes Examined by Acrylamide and Starch Gel Electrophoresis and by Isoenzyme Analysis Using Organ-specific Inhibitors

The serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes of 56 normal individuals have been studied from three points of view: the partition of intestinal type alkaline phosphatase from nonintestinal by L-phenylalanine inhibition and their respective heat sensitivities; the performance of starch gel electrophoresis; and acrylamide gel electrophoresis of all sera. The improved acrylamide gel electrophoresis technic did separate bone and liver isoenzymes more effectively than starch gel electrophoresis. The liver position of every subject was seen as the fastest moving compact band and had relatively low heat inactivation, whereas the bone band was slower, less compact, and had a high heat inactivation. The intestinal position was easily observed on starch gel electrophoresis, and was visualized on acrylamide gel by the subsequent use of the liver and bone inhibitor, L-homoarginine, in the substrate medium. These results show the heterogeneity of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in the serum of the normal individual.
Study on Gene Mutation of 21-hydroxylase Deficiency in Congenital Adrenal Hyperp lasia

The examine gene mutation of 21_hydroxylase deficiency in congen ital adrenal hyperplasia. Methods:By using the methods of PCR_ACRS,three mutatio ns in 32 patients with 21_OHD and their family trees were detected.Results:Intro n 2 of CYP21 mutated at nucleotide 656 in 3 patients,exon 4 of CYP21 at codon 17 2 in 2 patients,and exon 8 of CYP21 at codon 356 in 3 patients.Conclusion:The an alysis of CYP21 mutation by using PCR_ACRS in relatively simple,accurate,and fea sible.
Feasibility study of a hybrid plants (photovoltaic–LPG generator) system for rural electrification

The present study investigates the possibility of using a stand-alone photovoltaic/LPG (liquid petroleum gas) generator hybrid power system for low-cost electricity production which can satisfy the energy load requirements of a typical remote and isolated rural area. In this context, the optimal dimensions to improve the technical and economical performances of the hybrid system are determined according to the load energy requirements. The proposed system's installation and operating costs are simulated using the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER), the solar radiation and the system components costs as inputs; and then compared with those of other supply options such as diesel generation.
Late Onset Ictal Asystole in Refractory Epilepsy

Researchers at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY report a 17-year-old boy with chronic intractable epilepsy and vagus nerve stimulator who developed ictal asystole many years after the onset of epilepsy.
Reading Imaginative Futures across Historical Moments; Or Speaking Surreptitiously in Imperial Centres

Abstract Abstract: Leopold Sedar Senghor’s 1961 Speech at Oxford University is a provocative and critical intervention during what is generally considered to be a decolonisation period. It is a speech that engages across eras, and one from which we can glean insights on how to nourish ideas and modes of thinking that may be needed in this historical moment. With it, Senghor illustrates the importance of humanism for interlocutory dialogue, which is necessary to transcend delimiting and violent kinds of relations. This article deploys the idea of surreptitious speech to examine how Senghor makes these arguments in a crevice moment. I present a homologous reading of Senghor’s speech using the lecture itself as a base with its three sections: ‘Negritude as a Form of Humanism’, ‘The African Mode of Socialism’, and ‘Conclusion’. Atop the speech, this essay develops in five sections that mirror the re-imagining and the future imagining that Senghor accomplishes with his words. I suggest that this speech represents a vision of a humanistic, decolonial future that keeps alive the idea and the hope of a more universal universalism.
Drainage with Unfavorable Viscosity Ratios: a pore-level model study

The applications of carbon dioxide sequestration in brine-saturated reservoirs, as well as recovery of oil from oil-wet reservoirs, involve the injection of a less- viscous, non-wetting fluid into a porous medium occupied by a more-viscous, wetting fluid: i.e., drainage with an unfavorable viscosity ratio. In these cases, there is a competition between capillary fingering and viscous fingering. In standard treatments of two-phase flow in porous media, the flow is assumed to be compact, with a uniform residual saturation behind a front, which advances linearly with time. This view of two phase flow is inconsistent with the cases of fractal capillary fingering at zero capillary numbers, and fractal viscous fingering resulting from injection of an inviscid fluid. Earlier work has shown that when the flow characteristics are not precisely at their fractal limit, the fractal fingering behavior crosses over to standard behavior at a characteristic time which is inversely related to the distance of the flow characteristics from their fractal limit. This earlier work was limited to crossover from one type of fractal fingering to standard flow. We present results from pore-level modeling for a range of capillary numbers and unfavorable viscosity ratios. The results are analyzed to determine how the competing capillary and viscous fingerings cross over to compact flow. These results are compared with predictions of a scaling hypothesis based upon experience with the aforementioned, simpler fractal-to-compact crossovers from one type of fractal fingering to standard/compact flow.
Investigation on Ti6Al4V-V-Cr-Fe-SS316 Multi-layers Metallic Structure Fabricated by Laser 3D Printing.

Joining titanium alloy and stainless steel is becoming an urgent need since their outstanding mechanical properties can be utilized integratedly. However, direct fusion joining of Ti6Al4V to SS316 can cause brittle Ti-Fe intermetallics which compromise join bonds’ mechanical properties. In this research, Laser 3D Printing was applied to explore a new Ti6Al4V to SS316 multi-metallic structure. A novel filler transition route was introduced (Ti6Al4V → V → Cr → Fe → SS316) to avoid the Ti-Fe intermetallics. Two experimental cases were performed for comparison to evaluate this novel route’s effect. In the first case, SS316 layer was directly deposited on Ti6Al4V substrate by laser 3D printing, but the sample cracked in the printing process. Then fracture morphology, phase identification, and micro-hardness were analyzed. In the second case, a multi-metallic structure was fabricated via laser 3D printing following the transition route. Microstructure characterization and composition distribution were analyzed via scanning electron microscope(SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry(EDS). x-ray diffraction(XRD) tests demonstrated the intermetallics were effectively avoided following the transition route. Vickers hardness number(VHN) showed no significant hard brittle phases in the sample. Comparing with directly depositing SS316 on Ti6Al4V, the usage of the novel transition route can eliminate the intermetallics effectively. These research results are good contributions in joining titanium alloy and stainless steel.
Changes, Everything Changes ( Cambia, todo cambia )

When I was asked to contribute something of my perspective on change related to the fields of theatre and performance, I thought about the song by Mercedes Sosa, the Argentine folk singer, that speaks about the changes I witnessed from the time I was the grandson of an immigrant factory worker to becoming a professional playwright and tenured professor.
Biomechanical Characterization of Onion Epidermal Cell Walls

Here we describe two experimental protocols to measure the biomechanical properties of primary (growing) plant cell walls, with a focus on analyzing cell wall epidermal strips of onion scales. The first protocol measures cell wall creep (time-dependent irreversible extension) under constant force. Such creep is often mediated by the wall-loosening action of expansin or selective endoglucanases. The second protocol is based on two consecutive stretches of the wall and measures the wall's elastic and plastic compliances, which depend on cell wall structure. These two assays provide complementary information that may be linked to cell wall structure and expansive growth of cells.
Aromatically functionalized pseudo-crown ethers with unusual solvent response and enhanced binding properties

Conformational flexibility in the host's structure is often considered detrimental to its binding. Flexible pseudo-crown ethers with aromatic donor/acceptor groups at the chain ends, however, displayed enhanced binding affinity and selectivity, particularly when the direct binding interactions were compromised by unfavorable solvents.
Parametric resonance of a magnetically coupled harvester

Parametric excitation has been investigated for several years as an effective way to drive a structure parametrically into large distinctive responses. However, parametric resonance requires a minimum threshold of excitation to be triggered. To reduce the threshold, we propose a two-degree-of-freedom vibration system. This system consists of two perpendicular beams each with a tip magnet placed so the same poles face each other. The repulsive magnetic force couples the motion of the two beams. By decreasing the distance between the magnets, the threshold value for parametric excitation decreases. In addition, the repulsive magnetic force decreases the first resonance frequency of the vertical beam and thus its principal parametric resonance. Lowering the threshold excitation and parametric resonance frequency are two unique properties that make the device ideal for energy harvesting at low frequencies.
Low densities in white pine stands reduce risk of drought-incited decline

Abstract White pine (Pinus strobus) is commonly found in naturally regenerated even-aged stands on former agricultural lands throughout its range. These stands can be managed for rapid production of high-quality sawtimber, and are thus a valuable timber resource. Yet, periodic growth decline and mortality events have occurred, such as that observed in the late 1990s in southern Maine, USA. The present study uses increment measurements from white pine tree cores collected in the early 2000s to compare increment chronologies in high- and low-mortality stands in southern Maine. Periods and severity of decline were quantified, revealing a growth decline and mortality event that began in 1996 following a late-summer drought in 1995. Further, the sites on which mortality was most pronounced were observed to have soil restrictions resulting in shallow rooting depth, ranging from 19 cm to 32 cm deep. Restrictions included bedrock, lithological discontinuity (loamy cap overlaying sand), and plow pans. Stand stocking was also a predisposing factor; on average, stands that experienced greater mortality during the decline event had higher stocking than those that experienced less mortality. As a consequence, stand densities in declining stands were reduced through mortality to levels more common in nearby non-decline stands; those densities correspond to recommendations for low-density management of white pine (i.e., 330–540 trees ha−1 and 17–25 m2 ha−1 of basal area at 20–30 cm DBH). The smaller diameters of the affected trees indicate the need to give priority to retention of large-diameter trees when thinning pole- and small sawtimber-sized (20–30 cm DBH) white pine stands. This and other studies demonstrate the need for low-density management of pole-size white pine stands to not only maximize growth and value but also reduce the risk of drought-incited decline and mortality on sites with rooting restrictions.
Efficiency and Specificity of Targeted Integration Mediated by the Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 2 Rep 78 Protein

The adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2) Rep 78 protein, a strand-specific endonuclease (nickase) promotes site-specific integration of transgene sequences bearing homology arms corresponding to the AAVS1 safe harbor locus. To investigate the efficiency and specificity of this approach, plasmid-based donor vectors were tested in concert with nuclease encoding vectors, including an engineered version of the AAV2 Rep 78 protein, an AAVS1-specific zinc finger nuclease (ZFN), and the CRISPR-Cas9 components in HEK 293 cells. The Rep 78 and ZFN-based approaches were also compared in HEK 293 cells and in human induced pluripotent stem cells using integrase deficient lentiviral vectors. The targeting efficiencies involving the Rep 78 protein were similar to those involving the AAVS1-specific ZFN, while the targeting specificity for the Rep 78 protein was lower compared to that of the ZFN. It is anticipated that the Rep 78 nickase-based targeting approach may ultimately contribute to the reduction of risks associated with other genome editing approaches involving DNA double-strand breaks.
White Dwarf Stars in the Sloan Digital SKY Survey: Photometry

The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) is now well underway and some data have already been released to the public. The Survey’s main goal is to scan approximately 10,000 sq. degrees in the Northern Galactic Cap and to measure the redshifts of roughly a million galaxies and 100,000 quasars. The Survey consists of two parts: a photometric imaging survey which images the sky in 5 passbands (u’, g’, r’, i’, and z’) whose main goal is to separate the contaminating stars from the interesting galaxies, and a followup spectroscopic survey of the interesting objects found in the photometric survey.
I Just Want to Help People and See the World

In this chapter, we will explore a case involving a medical student planning to embark on a short-term medical mission trip after completing the first year of preclinical training. At the conclusion of the case discussion, learners will be able to discuss benefits and risks to all stakeholders involved in a short-term experience in global health while planning to incorporate plans for global health work into a framework that is appropriate and sustainable.
E2E: embracing user heterogeneity to improve quality of experience on the web

Conventional wisdom states that to improve quality of experience (QoE), web service providers should reduce the median or other percentiles of server-side delays. This work shows that doing so can be inefficient due to user heterogeneity in how the delays impact QoE. From the perspective of QoE, the sensitivity of a request to delays can vary greatly even among identical requests arriving at the service, because they differ in the wide-area network latency experienced prior to arriving at the service. In other words, saving 50ms of server-side delay affects different users differently. This paper presents E2E, the first resource allocation system that embraces user heterogeneity to allocate server-side resources in a QoE-aware manner. Exploiting this heterogeneity faces a unique challenge: unlike other application-level properties of a web request (e.g., a user's subscription type), the QoE sensitivity of a request to server-side delays cannot be pre-determined, as it depends on the delays themselves, which are determined by the resource allocation decisions and the incoming requests. This circular dependence makes the problem computationally difficult. We make three contributions: (1) a case for exploiting user heterogeneity to improve QoE, based on end-to-end traces from Microsoft's cloud-scale production web framework, as well as a user study on Amazon MTurk; (2) a novel resource allocation policy that addresses the circular dependence mentioned above; and (3) an efficient system implementation with almost negligible overhead. We applied E2E to two open-source systems: replica selection in Cassandra and message scheduling in RabbitMQ. Using traces and our testbed deployments, we show that E2E can increase QoE (e.g., duration of user engagement) by 28%, or serve 40% more concurrent requests without any drop in QoE.
Chronic Pancreatitis and Nutrition Therapy

Chronic pancreatitis is a complex and irreversible disease of the pancreas and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Nutrition deficiencies in chronic pancreatitis are common and can be atypical in nature. As such, the management of these deficiencies can be individualized for patients. The aim of this review is to discuss the components of nutrition deficiencies in chronic pancreatitis, their management, and the current areas of research that are being explored. The clinical guidelines of major national and international societies were analyzed for recommendations on the nutrition management of chronic pancreatitis. The etiology of nutrition deficiencies in chronic pancreatitis is multifactorial and includes aspects of exocrine and/or endocrine dysfunction, significant abdominal pain, often persistent alcohol consumption, and increased metabolic activity. A large number of patients with nutrition deficiencies are underrecognized and undertreated. Although the majority of these patients can be managed by oral and pancreatic enzyme supplementation, some patients may require enteral tube feeding and, in rare cases, parenteral feeding. Current areas of research include the accurate identification of patients at risk for nutrition deficiencies, optimization of feeding regimens, and research into islet cell autotransplantation.
Holocaust Drama Imagined and Re-imagined: The Case of Charlotte Delbo’s Who Will Carry the Word?

Although she had already written extensively about her Holocaust experience through poetry and prose, Charlotte Delbo’s 1966 Qui Rapportera Ces Paroles? (Who Will Carry the Word? 1982) was her first published Holocaust drama. First performed in 1974, the play provides a powerful example of a landscape overrun with images of bodily waste and human remains—consequences emerging from sites of violence, putrefaction, and death. The drama revolves around the need to bear witness in a debilitating universe that is eroding the bodies of witnesses. The imagery of decomposition is transgressive by its very nature, displaying the unabridged realities of the Holocaust within an aesthetics of atrocity. This chapter examines how several productions of the play, over time, have been challenged by the playwright’s requirement to represent a complex layering of Holocaust memory against a background of eroding figures.
Analytic I-Love-C relations for realistic neutron stars

Recent observations of neutron stars with radio, x rays, and gravitational waves have begun to constrain the equation of state for nuclear matter beyond the nuclear saturation density. To one's surprise, there exist approximate universal relations connecting certain bulk properties of neutron stars that are insensitive to the underlying equation of state and having important applications on probing fundamental physics including nuclear and gravitational physics. To date, analytic works on universal relations for realistic neutron stars are lacking, which may lead to a better understanding of the origin of the universality. Here, we focus on the universal relations between the compactness ($\mathcal{C}$), the moment of inertia ($I$), and the tidal deformability (related to the Love number) and derive analytic, approximate I-Love-C relations. To achieve this, we construct slowly rotating and tidally deformed neutron star solutions analytically starting from an extended Tolman VII model that accurately describes nonrotating realistic neutron stars, which allows us to extract the moment of inertia and the tidal deformability on top of the compactness. We solve the field equations analytically by expanding them about the Newtonian limit and keeping up to sixth order in the stellar compactness. Based on these analytic solutions, we can mathematically demonstrate the $\mathcal{O}(10%)$ equation-of-state variation in the I-C and Love-C relations and the $\mathcal{O}(1%)$ variation in the I-Love relation that have previously been found numerically. Our new analytic relations agree more accurately with numerical results for realistic neutron stars (especially the I-C and Love-C ones) than the analytic relations for constant-density stars derived in previous work. Based on these analytic findings, we attribute a possible origin of the universality for the I-C and Love-C relations to the fact that the energy density of realistic neutron stars can be approximated as a quadratic function, as is the case for the Tolman VII solution.
Unusual Troponin Level in Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia Despite Normal Coronary Arteries

BACKGROUND Elevation of troponin in atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia may occur but it is usually mild. Although there are often no identifiable etiologies, stimulants and excessive activities have been implicated. CASE REPORT We present the case of a 36-year-old female with palpitations. Her laboratory investigation was positive for a very high level of troponin despite insignificant illicit drug use, unremarkable inflammatory markers, unremarkable coronary arteries after a coronary angiogram, and normal biventricular function without gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. The only attributable culprit was atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia during electrophysiology studies but radiofrequency ablation was unsuccessful. We believe it is important that physicians should be aware that a very high troponin does not always reflect an infarction or structural damage to the heart. CONCLUSIONS It has been documented that tachyarrhythmias cause a mild increase of troponin levels and severe elevations of troponin are often attributed to myocardial infarction. Physicians should be aware that troponin may increase to over 200 times above the normal limit in a patient with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, normal coronary arteries, and no structural heart disease.
Long-term retention of zirconia crowns cemented with current automixed cements

Abstract Statement of problem Automixing and dispensing cements is a straightforward approach with consistent dosing. Previous studies have demonstrated clinically significant differences in crown retention between power-liquid and paste-paste forms of the same cement, as the composition between the 2 differs. A self-adhesive modified-resin (SAMR) and a resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI) cement, originally offered as a powder-liquid, are now in common use as paste-paste automixed cements. With the increased use of zirconia restorations, the long-term retention of zirconia crowns for these 2 automixed cements should be evaluated. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine whether zirconia crowns cemented with 2 automixed cements provided clinically acceptable retention after 6 months of aging with monthly thermocycling. Material and methods Extracted molars were mounted in resin and prepared with a flat occlusal surface, 20-degree taper, approximately 4-mm axial length, and with the axio-occlusal line angle slightly rounded. Prepared teeth were equally distributed into 3 cementation groups (n=12) to achieve nearly equal mean preparation surface areas for each group. Zirconia crowns (IPS ZirCAD LT) were fabricated with an added occlusal bar to facilitate removal of the cemented crowns. Cement space was set at 45 μm axially and 55 μm occlusally. After sintering and before delivery, the intaglio surfaces were airborne-particle abraded with 50-μm alumina at 275-kPa pressure for 3 seconds and then steam cleaned. Cements were the original powder-liquid RelyX Luting (RMGI; RXL) as the control, paste-paste, automixed systems RelyX Luting Plus Automix (RMGI; RXLA), and RelyX Unicem 2 Automix (SAMR; RXUA). Crowns were cemented under 196 N force, placed in an oven at 37 °C and 100% humidity during setting and then thermocycled (5 °C-55 °C) for 5000 cycles monthly for 6 months. The crowns were removed axially with a universal testing machine at 0.5 mm/min. Removal forces were recorded and dislodgement stress calculated by using the surface area of each preparation. One-way ANOVA was used for dislodgement stress and force. Chi-square test was used for cement location after testing (α=.05). Results RXLA demonstrated considerably lower crown retention (1.3 MPa) and differed significantly (P Conclusions After long-term aging with monthly thermocycling, high-strength zirconia crowns were strongly retained by 2 (RXL, RXUA) of the 3 cements. Crown retention for RelyX Luting Plus Automix was less than half in comparison and with cement found only on the intaglio surface after separation.
Deregulation and the Adaptation of Governance Structures: The Case of the U.S. Airline Industry

Deregulation provides a natural experiment for examining how governance adapts to structural change in the business environment. We investigate the evolution of governance structure--ownership concentration, compensation policy, and board composition--in the U.S. airline industry during a 22- year period surrounding the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978. Consistent with theory, we find that after deregulation 1) equity ownership is more concentrated; 2) CEO pay increases; 3) stock option grants to CEOs increase; and 4) board size decreases. Airlines governance structures gravitate toward the system of governance mechanisms used by unregulated firms. The adaptation process is gradual, however, suggesting that it is costly to alter organizational capital. We also present evidence on the relation between governance structure and firm survival.
Arthur Ashe and the South African Sports Boycott

As part of a larger project into the history of the sports boycott of apartheid South Africa, this paper will explore the tensions, contradictions and debates around the 1973 visit by U.S. tennis player, Arthur Ashe, to South Africa to play in the SA Tennis Open. Ashe, who was a controversial figure in antiapartheid campaigns, claimed to use the visit to challenge some of the precepts of apartheid, and his visit included debating National Party intellectuals. The paper revisits the events of 1973 and how they were remembered and re-inscribed with meaning, locally and internationally, after Ashe's passing and the event of legal apartheid.
Area-Based Geocoding: An Approach to Exposure Assessment Incorporating Positional Uncertainty

While the spatial resolution of exposure surfaces has greatly improved, our ability to locate people in space remains a limiting factor in accurate exposure assessment. In this case-control study, two approaches to geocoding participant locations were used to study the impact of geocoding uncertainty on the estimation of ambient pesticide exposure and breast cancer risk among women living in California's Central Valley. Residential and occupational histories were collected and geocoded using a traditional point-based method along with a novel area-based method. The standard approach to geocoding uses centroid points to represent all geocoded locations, and is unable to adapt exposure areas based on geocode quality, except through the exclusion of low-certainty locations. In contrast, area-based geocoding retains the complete area to which an address matched (the same area from which the centroid is returned), and therefore maintains the appropriate level of precision when it comes to assessing exposure by geography. Incorporating the total potential exposure area for each geocoded location resulted in different exposure classifications and resulting odds ratio estimates than estimates derived from the centroids of those same areas (using a traditional point-based geocoder). The direction and magnitude of these differences varied by pesticide, but in all cases odds ratios differed by at least 6% and up to 35%. These findings demonstrate the importance of geocoding in exposure estimation and suggest it is important to consider geocode certainty and quality throughout exposure assessment, rather than simply using the best available point geocodes.
Xanthones of the Gentianaceae—III : The crystal and molecular structure of 2-hydroxy-1,3,4,7-tetramethoxyxanthone

Abstract One of the xanthones isolated from Frasera albicaulis Dougl. ex Griesb. is shown to have the structure 2-hydroxy-1,3,4,7-tetramethoxyxanthone (1) by X-ray crystallographic analysis using the symbolic addition method.
Abstract P413: Chocolate Consumption is Associated with a Lower Risk of Heart Failure in Lean US Male Physicians

Background: Previous studies have suggested that dark chocolate consumption may lower blood pressure, a major risk factor for heart failure. However, limited and inconsistent data are available on the association of chocolate consumption with the incidence rate of heart failure. Objective: To test the hypothesis that chocolate consumption is associated with a lower risk of heart failure. Methods: We prospectively studied 20,278 men from the Physicians’ Health Study. Chocolate consumption was assessed between 1999 and 2002 via a food frequency questionnaire and heart failure was ascertained through annual follow-up questionnaires with validation in a subsample. We used Cox regression to estimate multivariable adjusted relative risk of heart failure. Results: During a median follow-up of 9.3 years, there were 876 new cases of heart failure. The mean age at baseline was 66.4 ± 9.2 years. Median chocolate consumption was 1-3 times per month. Hazard ratios (95% CI) for heart failure were 1.0 (ref), 0.87 (0.73-...
Craig R. Nethercott & David M. Eisenberg (eds): Islamic finance: law and practice

With the phenomenal growth in Sharī‘ah compliant products across the world, the application of Islamic law in commercial transactions has now transcended the natural borders of the Muslim world. Islamic finance has continued to grow in an amazing manner with the latest data on Sharī‘ah compliant assets put at $USD 1.3 trillion by the end of 2011. As a consequence of the tremendous growth witnessed in the Islamic finance industry within the past two decades, scholars have continued to provide the conceptual framework to guide current practices in the industry. Therefore, this book is one of the most detailed analyses of different aspects of Islamic finance from the legal and regulatory perspectives. More often than not, the legal dynamics of Islamic finance products have been a neglected field in Islamic finance. Though scholarship on Islamic finance has mushroomed within the past decade, there is a subtle neglect of this area of research, which in the final analysis has far-reaching implications on the future of the entire industry. Craig R. Nethercott and David M. Eisenberg, two prominent Islamic finance legal practitioners, edited this book—a first of its kind on the law and practice of Islamic finance in the past decade. The work is presented in twelve chapters written by leading scholars in the field who represent a diverse array of Islamic finance experts, legal practitioners, and scholars from the academia. In order to pre-empt the critical review of the volume, the editors observe in the Preface to the book, “that certain areas of current learning, practice, and debate are either missed entirely or oversimplified” (p. viii). Despite this humble acknowledgement on the part of the editors, the book touches on significant areas, which are often neglected, downplayed, or understated in books, and academic and professional conferences on Islamic finance. For instance, the chapter on Dispute Resolution and Specialized ADR for Islamic Finance (chapter 12) adds significant value to the book, as it is presented as a preliminary overview of current trends and the enumeration of future directions in such a specialized field in Islamic finance. More often than not, this indispensable aspect of the continuum of transactions in a typical Islamic finance contract has been inadvertently left out in related works. Essentially, the idea of emphasising the relevance of law and practice of Islamic finance is worth acknowledging in an industry that is dominated by Islamic economists who set the tone for the conceptual foundations of the modern practice of Islamic finance.
Influence of the olfactory placode on the development of the brain in Xenopus laevis (Daudin): I. Axonal growth and connections of the transplanted olfactory placode

Abstract The olfactory placode of Xenopus laevis larvae at different stages of development has been removed and transplanted onto the head of host larvae to determine the effect of the donor/host age on the viability of the transplant. Viability of the transplant (defined as penetration of the nerve of the transplanted placode in the host's CNS) has been found to be maximal when both donor and host were at about stage29/30. Using stage 29/30 larvae, three distinct zones have been mapped on the host's head from which the transplanted olfactory placode consistently sent its nerve to three different regions of the brain, namely to the telencephalon, the diencephalon and to the myelencephalon, respectively. The additional olfactory input induced a hypertrophy where it penetrated the telencephalon. When the olfactory input penetrated the diencephalon a marked hyperplasia of the neuronal elements and formation of glomeruli was observed in the dorsal thalamus. There was no overall change in the organization of the myelencephalon when the input reached this region. Donors up to and including stage 41 remade the placode. Removal of the placode after this stage resulted in permanent loss of the organ and hypoplasia of the olfactory bulb and telencephalon. The results illustrate the unique property of the olfactory sensory neurons to induce hyperplasia in anomalous regions of the host's CNS and to determine, in these regions, the characteristic terminal structures which are commonly described as glomeruli.
An IκB Kinase-Regulated Feedforward Circuit Prolongs Inflammation

Loss of NF-κB signaling causes immunodeficiency, whereas inhibition of NF-κB can be efficacious in treating chronic inflammatory disease. Inflammatory NF-κB signaling must therefore be tightly regulated, and although many mechanisms to downregulate NF-κB have been elucidated, there have only been limited studies demonstrating positive feedforward regulation of NF-κB signaling. In this work, we use a bioinformatic and proteomic approach to discover that the IKK family of proteins can phosphorylate the E3 ubiquitin ligase ITCH, a critical downregulator of TNF-mediated NF-κB activation. Phosphorylation of ITCH by IKKs leads to impaired ITCH E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and prolongs NF-κB signaling and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Since genetic loss of ITCH mirrors IKK-induced ITCH phosphorylation, we further show that the ITCH(-/-) mouse's spontaneous lung inflammation and subsequent death can be delayed when TNF signaling is genetically deleted. This work identifies a new positive feedforward regulation of NF-κB activation that drives inflammatory disease.
Reconsidering the Role of Capital Accumulation for International Specialization across Industries

The Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek (HOV) model allows us to analyze whether countries specialize in particular subsets of industries as they accumulate production factors. Davis and Weinstein (2001) provided evidence that global data supports the HOV model when production techniques are modified to reflect countries’ capital abundances. However, once factor trades are measured bilaterally from the producer countries’ techniques, the HOV prediction can be supported without specialization. This paper examines the relative importance of specialization and technical differences. While I find that developed and developing countries employ different techniques, capital accumulation does not cause a shift in the domestic production mix towards more capital-intensive one. The international mobility in capital appears to be crucial to understand why it is difficult to provide evidence for capital-driven specialization.