cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal trends in attention disengagement from social threat as a function of social anxiety.

Abstract Background and objectives Difficulty disengaging attention from threat has been observed in some anxious samples, but the evidence to date is mixed. The current study examines temporal trends in attention disengagement and compares this construct across multiple forms of social threat. Methods Participants (85 adults with a principal diagnosis of social anxiety disorder) completed a spatial cueing task with four image categories (angry faces, disapproving faces, neutral faces, neutral objects). Attention disengagement was assessed via reaction time (RT) over 256 trials. Results Participants with greater social anxiety exhibited an initial delay in attention disengagement from disapproving faces that habituated over the course of the task. RTs to angry and neutral stimuli did not differ as a function of social anxiety. Limitations The current task only allowed for examining speed of attention disengagement, and thus we were unable to compare our results to trajectories of speed at which participants orient towards threat. Additionally, disapproving facial images were created for this paradigm and may benefit from further validation. Conclusions Findings suggest that social anxiety is associated with an initial delay in attention disengagement from social threat that resolves over the course of repeated exposures to such stimuli. Treatment implications are discussed.
Reflections in a moving mirror

Euclid's law of reflection, r = i, rests on three assumptions: Fermat's principle of least time, constancy of speed of light, and that the mirror is stationary. For a moving mirror, the corresponding law is known as the relativistic reflection law; however, it was first inferred prior to relativity. While modern derivations rely on Lorentz transformations or Maxwell's equations, the original derivation was an elegant application of geometric optics. In this paper, we develop a new geometric approach which shows that the relativistic reflection from a plane mirror is equivalent to the ordinary reflection from a certain hyperbolic mirror, and that the incident and reflected rays are the focal rays of the hyperbola. We demonstrate that incident concentric spherical waves reflect as non-concentric spherical waves, and thereby derive the Doppler effect formula. We conclude with a class project for students to derive a generalization of Snell's law of refraction for a particular type of a moving interface.Euclid's law of reflection, r = i, rests on three assumptions: Fermat's principle of least time, constancy of speed of light, and that the mirror is stationary. For a moving mirror, the corresponding law is known as the relativistic reflection law; however, it was first inferred prior to relativity. While modern derivations rely on Lorentz transformations or Maxwell's equations, the original derivation was an elegant application of geometric optics. In this paper, we develop a new geometric approach which shows that the relativistic reflection from a plane mirror is equivalent to the ordinary reflection from a certain hyperbolic mirror, and that the incident and reflected rays are the focal rays of the hyperbola. We demonstrate that incident concentric spherical waves reflect as non-concentric spherical waves, and thereby derive the Doppler effect formula. We conclude with a class project for students to derive a generalization of Snell's law of refraction for a particular type of a moving interface.
Definition of ocular antigens in ciliary body and retinal ganglion cells by the marker antibody pANCA.

PURPOSE. A subset of patients with anterior uveitis express the marker, perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (pANCA). In this study, recombinantly isolated pANCA monoclonal antibodies were used to search for ocular cells expressing the pANCA antigen. METHODS. Paraffin sections of human ocular tissues obtained after death were analyzed by immunohistochemistry to identify cell types expressing pANCA antigen. Microdissected eye-bank ocular tissue was characterized by western blot analysis to confirm antigen expression and identify candidate protein species. RESULTS. Immunohistochemical analysis with pANCA monoclonal antibodies revealed cytoplasmic antigen expression in retinal ganglion cells and ciliary body epithelium. pANCA antigen expression was restricted to tissues bearing these cell types by western blot analysis. A common set of epitope-positive protein species was shared by the two tissues (28 kDa, 80 kDa, and 90 kDa). Comparison of ocular tissues from seven subjects revealed no heterogeneity in antigen expression. CONCLUSIONS. In this study, novel cytoplasmic antigens of the pANCA marker antibody expressed in ciliary body and retinal tissue were identified. Validation of these antigens as targets of inflammation in pANCA+ uveitis requires further biochemical and immunologic analysis.
Attomolar Detection of ssDNA Without Amplification and Capture of Long Target Sequences With Graphene Biosensors

Graphene-based biosensors can be produced in a scalable manner at reasonable cost, and they show significant promise for sensitive detection of small molecules and biomarkers such as proteins, single strand nucleic acids, and drug targets. Here, we describe an approach that enables a limit of detection of ~1 aM for a ssDNA target without amplification. We also show that a sensor based on a short (20mer) probe complementary to a portion of a longer (100mer) target provides enhanced sensitivity and saturation signal level. Finally, we show that graphene-based DNA biosensors can be repeatedly recycled with consistent sensor responses by melting off bound target strands. These results show the potential utility of this technology in nucleic acid detection for disease diagnostics.
Cyber Risks in Social Media

Social media is an internet tool often used by businesses to communicate with customers, clients, vendors and other businesses. It is used for financial transactions with customers and to pay employees and manage the company. But social media and the internet are fraught with risks that businesses should be aware of, risks that could impact their company, their employees and their clients. Companies need to be aware of what the social media risks are and mitigations that can be taken to reduce those risks. While social media threats cannot be removed, actions can be taken to reduce the probability that they will be successful and to reduce the impact if they succeed. The impact of a threat gaining internet access to a business could cripple a company financially, others could damage relationships, but all would impact the company’s ability to grow and thrive.
Sudden Onset Hemiplegia and Neglect: A Case Report of Type A Aortic Dissection Presenting as a Code Stroke

Stanford type A acute aortic dissection with ischemic stroke is a rare yet highly morbid presentation of sudden onset neurological symptoms. We present a case of a 57-year-old African American male brought to the emergency department with a witnessed syncopal episode, abdominal pain, right sided gaze preference, and left side weakness. Upon initiation of the hospital’s “Code Stroke” response protocol, a computed tomography angiogram of the neck incidentally identified Stanford type A aortic dissection with extension into and occlusion of the brachiocephalic artery, occlusion of the right common carotid artery and right internal carotid artery, and dissection flap propagation into the origin of the left common carotid artery. Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and the entire spine demonstrated multifocal cerebral infarcts, as well as T10 - L1 spinal infarct. Despite provision of multidisciplinary intensive care unit level of care, the patient failed to demonstrate clinically significant neurological recovery and was transitioned to comfort care after 3 weeks of hospitalization. This case highlights the importance of considering acute aortic dissection as a potential etiology of acute ischemic stroke through the use of computed tomography angiography, as this diagnosis carries profoundly different implications for the consideration of thrombolytic agents and other emergent treatment modalities. J Neurol Res. 2020;10(6):248-252 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jnr638
Climate variability and health in extremely vulnerable communities: investigating variations in surface water conditions and food security in the West African Sahel

In this project we consider the ways that different livelihood strategies impact the climate-health linkage. Specifically, we build on knowledge of livestock mobility in the Sahel and use remotely sensed-based measures of waterholes with health survey data to investigate the linkages between child health outcomes related to food security. We focus on the landscape characteristics relevant to limitedly studied, but highly climate-vulnerable populations, pastoralists and agro-pastoralists in the Sahel. We combine remotely sensed-based data on surface waterholes and spatially referenced health survey data and use flexible regression modeling techniques to uncover the quantitative relationship between waterhole depth and a child’s height-for-age z-score (HAZ). The results suggest that the water depth level of nearby waterholes does indeed impact a child’s HAZ, even after accounting for other environmental factors. This relationship is impacted, however, by the livelihood practices of the area as well as by the source of household drinking water.
Douglas H. Ginsburg Remarks on the Consumer Welfare Standard, On the Occasion of Receiving the John Sherman Award from the Antitrust Division Department of Justice

Remarks on the Consumer Welfare Standard On the occasion of receiving the John Sherman Award from the Antitrust Division Department of Justice
All-Three: Near-optimal and domain-independent algorithms for near-duplicate detection

Abstract In this paper, we propose a general domain-independent approach called Merge-Filter Representative-based Clustering (Merge−Filter−RC) for detecting near-duplicate records within a single and across multiple data sources. Subsequently, we develop three near-optimal classes of algorithms: constant threshold (CT) variable threshold (VT) and function threshold (FT), which we collectively call All−Three algorithms. Merge−Filter−RC and All−Three mold the basis of this work. Merge−Filter−RC works recursively in the spirit of divide-merge fashion for distilling locally and globally near-duplicates as hierarchical clusters along with their prototype representatives. Each cluster is characterized by one or more representatives which are in turn refined dynamically. Representatives are used for further similarity comparisons to reduce the number of pairwise comparisons and consequently the search space. In addition, we segregate the results of the comparisons by labels which we refer to as very similar, similar, or not similar. We complement All−Three algorithms by a more thorough reexamination of the original well-tuned features of the seminal work of Monge-Elkan's (ME) algorithm which we circumvented by an affine variant of the Smith-Waterman's (SW) similarity measure. Using both real-world benchmarks and synthetically generated data sets, we performed several experiments and extensive analysis to show that All−Three algorithms which are rooted in the Merge−Filter−RC approach significantly outperform Monge-Elkan's algorithm in terms of accuracy in detecting near-duplicates. In addition, All−Three algorithms are as efficient in terms of computations as Monge-Elkan's algorithm.
Active coating

Preventing the corrosion of metal substrates by applying an active coating was studied. The active coating was prepared by addition of metal powder and polyaniline in xylene solution. Trials were conducted by coating a blast-cleaned, mild steel round bar with a brush. The coating was dried in the air and the steel samples were immersed in water collected from the open sea. Open circuit potential of steel was measured with silver/silver chloride reference electrode. The potential in seawater was in the range of — 740mV to — 956mV, indicating complete protection of steel against corrosion. This potential meets the criteria for protection as per clause 5.4.1 of Det Norsk Veritas Recommended Practice RPB 401 (1993), page 8.1 The active coating system can be used for protecting the steel against corrosion in marine and any other highly corrosive environment. Accelerated tests in accordance with ASTM D5894 — 962 with freeze cycle developed by U.S. Federal Highway Administration are planned.
Delaying ACL reconstruction beyond 6 months from injury impacts likelihood for clinically significant outcome improvement.

Abstract Background The effect of surgical latency on outcomes of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is a topic that is heavily debated. Some studies report increased benefit when time from injury to surgery is decreased while other studies report no benefit. The purpose of our analysis was to compare achievement of clinically significant outcomes (CSOs) in patients with greater than six months of time from injury to ACLR to those with less than or equal to six months of time to surgery. Methods Patients undergoing primary ACLR between January 2017 and January 2018 with minimum one year follow-up were included. International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcomes Score (KOOS) were collected. Multivariate logistic regression was performed for outcome achievement and risk of revision ACLR and Weibull parametric survival analysis was performed for relative time to outcome achievement. The level of significance was set at α = 0.05. Results 379 patients were included of which, 140 patients sustained ACL injury greater than six months prior to surgery. This group of patients experienced reduced likelihood to achieve patient-acceptable symptomatic state (PASS) on the IKDC (p = 0.03), KOOS Pain (p = 0.01) and a greater likelihood to undergo revision ACLR (p = 0.001). There was no impact of surgical timing on minimal clinically important difference (MCID). Conclusion Patients with greater than 6 months from injury to ACLR reported reduced likelihood to achieve CSOs, delayed achievement of CSOs, and increased rates of revision surgery.
The Normative Threshold for Psychiatric Civil Commitment

There is an ethical debate about whether mental health professionals should predict dangerousness. One powerful objection involves considering the nature and scope of what is being predicted. Dangerousness is a bifurcated concept with a descriptive component, corresponding to risk factors and their relation to violence, and a normative component, corresponding to a moral and legal judgment that sufficient risk exists to justify involuntary confinement. The normative judgment is exclusively reserved for legal decision makers, although due process constitutionally constrains these decisions. This article uses decision theory to show the general effects of due process on setting a minimal threshold of risk necessary to justify involuntary civil commitment. It then demonstrates the corollary of applying these effects to the results of the foremost actuarial tool, under varying base rate assumptions. It concludes that the involuntary confinement of only the highest risk individuals is legally justified.
Developing a portable and persistent autonomous real-time marine mammal acoustic monitor

Current methods for acoustically monitoring marine mammal habitats to mitigate against potential disruptions are compromised in their effectiveness due to non-real-time analysis, such as with archival recorders, or high system noise, such as with towed hydrophone arrays used with seismic surveys. To realize the advantages of both archival and real-time analysis systems, we are developing a portable and autonomous system for acquiring and analyzing towed hydrophone array data in real-time, by combining archival recording hardware, signal detection firmware, and high-bandwidth satellite communication onto a solar- and wave-powered glider platform. Such a system would be capable of persistent, autonomous, real-time monitoring of marine mammals in areas that would otherwise not be surveyed, as it will not require a local ship for its deployment, its retrieval, or reception of data for human review. This paper describes the ongoing development work to demonstrate the feasibility of integrating a WaveGlider with the archival recording electronics and a towed four-element hydrophone array to capture and output acoustic data to an on-ship data collection system.
Must Theorising about Adaptive Preferences Deny Women's Agency?

Critics argue that adaptive preference (AP) theorists misrepresent oppressed people's reasons for perpetuating their oppression. According to critics, AP theorists assume that people who adapt their preferences to unjust conditions lack the psychic capacities that would allow them to develop their own normative perspectives and/or form appropriate values. The misrepresentation is morally problematic, because it promotes unjustified paternalism and perpetuates colonial stereotypes of third-world women. I argue that we can imagine a conception of AP that is consistent with acknowledging agency in people who perpetuate their oppression. I offer a weak perfectionist conception of AP that is consistent with recognising agentic capacities in the oppressed. On my conception, APs are preferences incompatible with an agent's basic wellbeing that formed under unjust conditions — and that an agent would reverse upon exposure to better conditions. My conception encourages respectful treatment of the oppressed without requiring us to abandon the feminist political goals the notion of AP is meant to serve. It helps us identify real-world preferences that are problematically adapted to oppressive conditions and offers an account of why they seem not to be women's ‘true preferences’.
An anion stimulated l-glutamic acid decarboxylase in non-neural tissues: Occurrence and subcellular localization in mouse kidney and developing chick embryo brain☆

Abstract The formation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a probable inhibitory transmitter in some areas of the vertebrate central nervous system, is catalyzed by an l -glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). This GAD is inhibited by anions and carbonyl-trapping agents and stimulated by the addition of pyridoxal phosphate. The α-decarboxylation of l -glutamic acid now has been shown to occur in kidney and several other non-neuronal tissues. However, the latter process requires high concentrations of anions for maximal activity. Chloride (Cl−) was the anion studied most thoroughly. In further contrast to brain, the kidney enzyme was activated by aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), a typical carbonyl trapping agent, and unaffected by the addition of pyridoxal phosphate. Developing chick embryo brain showed Cl− activation of GAD activity early in development, and Cl− inhibition at later stages. The Cl− and AOAA-stimulated GAD persisted in developing chick embryo brain mitochondria and nuclei through periods of development in which the GAD activity of the synaptosomal fraction already was greatly inhibited both by Cl− and AOAA. In mouse kidney there was observed a chiefly mitochondrial localization of the Cl−-activated GAD. Pyruvate was the most effective organic anion tested in stimulating the kidney enzyme and was more effective than isomolar concentrations of Cl−. Additive stimulatory effects were observed in the presence of both pyruvate and Cl− in some concentrations. All of the evidence favors the hypothesis that at least two forms of GAD exist in animal tissues.
An Examination of Coursera as an Information Environment: Does Coursera Fulfill its Mission to Provide Open Education to All?

In terms of international education, the concept of online education seems to be a growing trend. Edxonline.org, Minervaproject.com, and Udacity.com are all new massive online open courses (MOOCs)—education websites similar to Coursera offering students the ability to receive the best education from elite universities entirely online. The most tantalizing promise of a company like Coursera is the role it might play in improving education for the world's have-nots: high school dropouts, the global poor, and those less able to self-teach.
From Shades of Gray to Microbiologic Imaging: A Historical Review of Brain Abscess Imaging: RSNA Centennial Article.

The article traces the development of diagnostic imaging of brain abscess from radiography, angiography, and radionuclide brain scans to CT and state-of-the-art MR imaging.
Gene Expression and Stability of mRNA Affected by DNA-Arrested Synthesis in Gene 59, 46, and 47 Mutants of Bacteriophage T4

The effect of bacteriophage T4 gene 59 mutations (DNA-arrested synthesis) on kinetics of DNA synthesis, gene expression, and stability of mRNA has been studied. When Escherichia coli B was infected by a T4 gene 59 mutant, DNA synthesis proceeded to increase linearly after initiation, but started to decrease at 8 min and was completely arrested at 12 min at 37 degrees C. At various incubation temperatures (20 to 42 degrees C), the initial rates and times of arrest of DNA synthesis were different, but the total amount of DNA synthesized was constant. This result supports the hypothesis that function of gene 59 is required for the conversion of 63S DNA molecules to other replicative intermediates (39). The abnormality in protein synthesis caused by gene 59 mutation is manifested by (i) a delayed shutoff in the expression of early proteins (gene 43, 46, 39, 52, 63, 42-45, and some unidentified proteins), (ii) a reduced rate of late gene expression (gene 34, 37, 18, 20, 23, wac, 24, 22, 38, and 19), and (iii) an absence of cleavage of certain late proteins (23, 24, IPIII and 22 to 23(*), 24(*), IPIII(*), and small fragments). It appears that there was no effect on the expression of gene 33, 55, and 32 by a mutation in gene 59. Results obtained from an addition of rifampin at the prereplicative cycle after infection indicated that mRNA from genes 43, rIIA, 46, 39, 52, and 63 are more stable in T4amC5 (gene 59) than in wild-type-infected cells. mRNA remained functional longer in mutant-infected cells, and this may explain the prolonged synthesis of certain early proteins. The gene expression of other DNA arrested mutants-those in genes 46 and 47-showed a pattern of abnormal protein synthesis similar to that found in gene 59 mutant-infected cells, except more late proteins are synthesized. The gene expression in terms of phage DNA structure is discussed.
Origin in Tobacco Smoke of N′-Nitrosonornicotine, a Tobacco-Specific Carcinogen: Brief Communication

To evaluate risk factors and to approach methods of reduction of the carcinogenic potential of cigarette smoke, the transfer rate of N-nitrosonornicotine in a popular U.S. blended cigarette into mainstream smoke was quantitatively determined. The mean transfer rate was 11.3%; thus approximately 46% of the tobacco-specific carcinogen in the smoke came from the tobacco, and the remainder was synthesized during smoking.
Resolving the Paradox of Our Lynching Fixation: Reconsidering Racialized Violence in the American South after Slavery.

This essay illuminates a problem in the fields of lynching studies regarding scholarly and popular interpretations of visual and print records that document racialized violence in the United States. Reinterpreting this violence through a series of representative episodes in the late nineteenth century, the article looks beyond the fact that white‐on‐black lynching occurred, and considers a wider range of violence and African Americans’ subjective experiences of and reactions to it. Examining a longer historical process of specific incidents of violence provides us with windows onto everyday cross‐racial interactions in postbellum society that put the occurrence lynching and other forms of racialized violence into better context.
Postcolonial Freud: Psychoanalysis in the French Antilles

While Martinique and Guadeloupe were assimilated into the French state in 1946, traces of colonial power relations and economic structures persist despite the islands' current status as French departements equal to any other. This article examines the contributions of Freud's thought to the shift in critical perspective that has allowed the continued ‘colonial’ status of these islands, and the cultural alienation of its people, to be identified as a problem or phenomenon requiring analysis and rectification. Speaking of ‘postcolonial Freud’ in this context is tantamount to asking: which postcolony for the French Antillean future, and which Freud for the thought emerging from this space?
The Stigma of Mental Illness

Stigma surrounding major mental illness creates many barriers. People who experience mental illness face discrimination and prejudice when renting homes, applying for jobs, and accessing mental health services. The authors review the current literature regarding stigma and mental illness. They define stigma and review theories that explain its impact. Counselor training is a peak time to identify and begin to mitigate stigma related to people with mental illness. Implications for counselor training are addressed.
Computation of the Hessian for least-squares solutions of inverse problems of reflection seismology

The authors show that the Hessian of the least-squares cost functional arising in the data-fitting approach to inverse problems in reflection seismology may be computed by a minor extension of the adjoint state technique. They examine the implementation of such a calculation using finite differences for a model problem. They give numerical evidence which shows that the Hessian may be computed with considerable accuracy by this technique, and that it may differ considerably from the Gauss-Newton approximation, while costing approximately 50% more computational effort.
Uniqueness of optimal controls in L

We consider those functionsu∈L∞(a, b) which satisfyX′=Ax+Bu, whereX satisfies certain prescribed interpolatory constraints. We show that there is au with smallest sup norm and that suchu are uniquely determined on a certain subset of [a, b]; more restrictions allow us to conclude thatX is uniquely determined on this set. An extension is given to certain linear control systems on the real line.
Prescription for preparation of molecular ions in selected rotational states

Abstract Some factors which affect the production of rotationally selected ions by photoionization of molecules in high- n , low- l Rydberg states are discussed. Methods for attaining nearly pure rotational populations are described.
Experimental determination of bacterial aerosol spectral cross section

Our research is aimed at determining the optical characteristics of airborne bacteria, specifically polarization effects and the spectral behavior of the scatter and extinction cross sections. Additionally, we are using various optical techniques to characterize particle dynamics. Detection of airborne bacteria is a problem that has received international attention in recent months. The efforts described herein are intended to explore the various optical scatter features that may allow discrimination of biological pathogens from naturally occurring aerosol constituents such as pollen, dust, etc.
CW laser-induced fluorescence of toluene for time-resolved imaging of gaseous flows

A laser-induced fluorescence diagnostic is presented for high-speed measurements in gaseous flows. The technique employs a toluene tracer excited at 266 nm by a cavity-doubled 532 nm diode-pumped 5.5 W CW laser. The high power (600 mW) of UV light produced by cavity doubling, together with the high fluorescence yield of toluene, yields strong signal levels needed for high-speed recording. Fluctuation detection limits for tracer mole fraction were investigated by applying the diagnostic to an atmospheric temperature and pressure nitrogen jet. For single-point measurements with a photomultiplier tube, the detection limit for fluctuations in the toluene mole fraction was 0.028%, achieved with 430 mW of laser power and 8.5 kHz bandwidth for a 1×0.4×0.4 mm collection volume. Line (1-D) imaging with a kinetic-readout camera (512 pixels/row) achieved a detection limit of 0.23% with 440 mW of laser power, 9.7 kHz frame rate, and 0.3×0.2×0.4 mm collection volume per pixel, while planar (2-D) imaging with a 512×512 pixel intensified camera achieved a detection limit of 0.88% with 205 mW of laser power, 100 μs exposure time, and 0.4×0.4×0.4 mm volume per pixel. Line and planar imaging were applied to a turbulent jet with Re of about 10000.
Predicting fracture of the femoral neck.

Abstract A prediction of the probability of safe loading of the femoral neck, based on queueing theory, is presented. The following methods have been applied: (I) criterion of bone fracture was formulated, taking into consideration the complex state of stress–strain in the porosity zones of the bone; (II) tensile stresses around pores in the stretched zone of the bone were evaluated; (III) the influence of random events of the critical regimes of loading was modeled. The evaluation of the probability of safe loading of bones was obtained based on the levels of the tensile stresses, Young's moduli and ultimate tensile stresses which are affected by the increase in bone porosity and the distribution of the pores. Examples of analysis involving typical mechanical properties of bone in areas of vascular and lacunar–canalicular porosity are demonstrated. The ranges of initial average values of effective Young's moduli and ultimate tensile strengths were taken as 15.8–17.5 GPa and 83–95 MPa, respectively. The present analysis discovers the existence of three levels of safe loading: (1) a relatively safe level of the nominal tensile stresses (smaller than (2.8–3.2) MPa) where the probability of safe loading is of the order of 0.95 for the bone porosity which is less than 0.15; (2) an intermediate level of safety where the nominal tensile stresses are below (4.2–4.8) MPa and the probability of safe loading is 0.89 or higher, for the same level of bone porosity; (3) a critical level of safe loading where the nominal tensile stresses are about (8.3–9.5) MPa; they lead to sharp drop of probabilities of safe loading to 0.85–0.8 if the porosity is about 0.10 and to probabilities of 0.41–0.4 if the porosity is about 0.15.
Diabetic cervical radiculoplexus neuropathy: a distinct syndrome expanding the spectrum of diabetic radiculoplexus neuropathies

Diabetic lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy is a subacute painful, asymmetrical lower limb neuropathy due to ischaemic injury and microvasculitis. The occurrence of a cervical diabetic radiculoplexus neuropathy has been postulated. Our objective was to characterize the clinical features and pathological alterations of diabetic cervical radiculoplexus neuropathy, to see if they are similar to diabetic lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy and due to ischaemic injury and microvasculitis. We identified patients with diabetic cervical radiculoplexus neuropathy by review of the Mayo Clinic database from 1996 to 2008. We systematically reviewed the clinical features, laboratory studies, neurophysiological findings, neuroimaging and pathological features and compared the findings with a previously published diabetic lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy cohort. Eighty-five patients (56 males, 67 with Type 2 diabetes mellitus) were identified. The median age was 62 years (range 32-83). The main presenting symptom was pain (53/85). At evaluation, weakness was the most common symptom (84/85), followed by pain (69/85) and numbness (56/85). Neuropathic deficits were moderate (median motor neuropathy impairment score 10.0 points) and improved at follow-up. Upper, middle and lower brachial plexus segments were involved equally and pan-plexopathy was not unusual (25/85). Over half of patients (44/85) had at least one additional body region affected (30 contralateral cervical, 20 lumbosacral and 16 thoracic) as is found in diabetic lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy. Recurrent disease occurred in 18/85. Neurophysiology showed axonal neuropathy (80/80) with paraspinal denervation (21/65), and abnormal autonomic (23/24) and sensory testing (10/13). Cerebrospinal fluid protein was elevated (median 70 mg/dl). Magnetic resonance imaging showed brachial plexus abnormality in all (38/38). Nerve biopsies (11 upper and 11 lower limbs) showed ischaemic injury (axonal degeneration, multifocal fibre loss 15/22, focal perineurial thickening 16/22, injury neuroma 5/22) and increased inflammation (epineural perivascular inflammation 22/22, haemosiderin deposition 6/22, vessel wall inflammation 14/22 and microvasculitis 5/22). We therefore conclude that (i) diabetic cervical radiculoplexus neuropathy is a predominantly monophasic, upper limb diabetic neuropathy with pain followed by weakness and involves motor, sensory and autonomic fibres; (ii) the neuropathy begins focally and often evolves into a multifocal or bilateral condition; (iii) the pathology of diabetic cervical radiculoplexus neuropathy demonstrates ischaemic injury often from microvasculitis; and (iv) diabetic cervical radiculoplexus neuropathy shares many of the clinical and pathological features of diabetic lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy, providing evidence that these conditions are best categorized together within the spectrum of diabetic radiculoplexus neuropathies.
A Note on Groove Depth Changes Without Wear

Abstract Tread wear rates during first wear measured by groove depth and weight changes do not always agree. Sometimes, the groove depth method shows a high rate and the weight loss method a low rate. Reported here are experiments designed to determine if grooves show depth changes without wear. Four tires were measured before mounting on a wheel, after mounting and inflation, and after inflation and storage. The mounted and inflated tires showed shallower shoulder grooves and deeper center grooves than the unmounted tires. In a second experiment, tires were measured immediately after a tread wear test and then stored mounted for two weeks before remeasuring. Each groove became deeper, and there was no change in the crown radius of any tire.
Formaldehyde base catalysis by NaX zeolite

Reactions of formaldehyde to produce formose sugars at 95°C in aqueous solutions were studied over a trickle bed of NaX Zeolite spheres. When effluent pH was in the range of 5 to 7, a rapid irreversible catalyst deactivation from an initial 50% conversion occurred. The catalyst was destroyed in less than five hours by formic acid produced by the undesired Cannizzaro reaction. Incorporation of 0.86 mol NaOH/mol HCHO at 1.21 LHSV into the combined feed to the reactor maintained the effluent pH in the range of 10 to 12. Conversion of HCHO fell only from 95 to 92% in three hours, and selectively to Cannizzaro reaction was reduced to approximately 25%.
Space debris and a flash on the Moon

Abstract We propose that a reported flash photographed against the surface of the Moon on May 23, 1985 was actually caused by sunlight reflecting from an inoperative artificial Earth satellite. This conflicts with the suggestion of a natural origin for the flash and points out that space debris should be considered in the investigation of sky flash discoveries.
Development of Metal Embedded Microsensors by Diffusion Bonding and Testing in Milling Process

This paper presents a new method to embed microthin film sensors into metallic structures by diffusion bonding. The experiments were carried out using AISI 304 stainless steel substrates with a bonding temperature of 800°C and a pressure of 4 MPa, which the developed thin film system was able to sustain. The success of embedding was validated by sensor functionality tests and metallurgical characterization. This sensor embedding method can be extended to other engineering metallic materials. To demonstrate the applications of the embedded microsensors, a PdCr thin film strain gauge array that is suitable for in situ measuring of temperatures and strains in manufacturing processes was designed and fabricated for testing in the vertical end milling process. Time- and spatial-resolved signals were obtained during the milling process. The signals were decomposed to a static part, which apparently resulted from temperature changes, and the dynamic part, which resulted from dynamic strains induced by material removal during cutting. The milling tests demonstrated the ability of using this method to measure real-time temperatures and strains within the workpiece, which will be very valuable to the fundamental understanding of various manufacturing processes. It can also be used for bench marking numerical modeling and simulations.
The effects of toxoplasma infection on rodent behavior are dependent on dose of the stimulus

Parasite Toxoplasma gondii blocks the innate aversion of rats for cat urine, putatively increasing the likelihood of a cat predating a rat. This is thought to reflect an adaptive behavioral manipulation, because toxoplasma can reproduce only in cat intestines. While it will be adaptive for the parasite to cause an absolute behavioral change, fitness costs associated with the manipulation itself suggest that the change is optimized and not maximized. We investigate these conflicting suggestions in the present report. Furthermore, exposure to cat odor causes long-lasting acquisition of learnt fear in the rodents. If toxoplasma manipulates emotional valence of cat odor rather than just sensory response, infection should affect learning driven by the aversive properties of the odor. As a second aim of the present study, we investigate this assertion. We demonstrate that behavioral changes in rodents induced by toxoplasma infection do not represent absolute all-or-none effects. Rather, these effects follow a non-monotonous function dependent on strength of stimulus, roughly resembling an inverted-U curve. Furthermore, infection affects conditioning to cat odor in a manner dependent upon strength of unconditioned stimulus employed. Non-monotonous relationship between behavioral manipulation and strength of cat odor agrees with the suggestion that a dynamic balance exists between benefit obtained and costs incurred by the parasite during the manipulation. This report also demonstrates that toxoplasma affects emotional valence of the cat odor as indicated by altered learned fear induced by cat odor.
A Correlation Study of Small Potassium Cationic Clusters

Fourth-order many body perturbation theory is used to investigate the properties of small potassium cationic K (2 ≦ n ≦ 7) clusters. Detailed electronic structures of these clusters are studied. Stabilities from the points of view of binding and fragmentation energies are discussed and, wherever possible, results are compared with published data in the literature. Es wird Vielkorperstorungstheorie vierter Ordnung benutzt, um die Eigenschaften kleiner Kalium-K (2 ≦ n ≦ 7)-Kationencluster zu untersuchen. Die detaillierte Elektronenstruktur dieser Cluster wird untersucht. Aus der Sicht der Bindungs- und Zerfallsenergien werden Stabilitaten diskutiert, und wo immer moglich, die Ergebnisse mit publizierten Daten der Literatur verglichen.
Three‐Dimensional Nanoparticle Arrays Templated by Self‐Assembled Block‐Copolymer Gels

Water-soluble triblock copolymers (PEO-PPO-PEO) are utilized to provide thermoreversible micellar templates for three-dimensional nanoparticle arrays. The triblock forms a cubic micellar structure with typical dimensions of tens of nanometers. The temperature-dependent amphiphilic nature of the block copolymers provides increased structure control and allows the use of pre-made silica and gold nanoparticles as well as globular proteins. Using rheology and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), we characterize the influence of the nanoparticles on the local particle structure and on the macroscopic mechanical properties. We are able to incorporate significant quantities of nanoparticles into the block copolymer gel without destroying the ordered structure. Contrast matching SANS demonstrates that some level of the template structure is transferred to the nanoparticles. This study demonstrates the feasibility and potential of using this simple approach to generate novel nanoparticles-polymer composites.
Collaborative posttesting in an adult health nursing course

Abstract Developing innovative and creative learning experiences can contribute to academic success and retention of students. This article presents collaborative posttesting as one such pedagogical strategy and examines its impact on overall student examination performance. Comparisons of examination grades during a semester in which the intervention did occur with those of a semester in which it did not reveal that this intervention has a variety of benefits for students.
An Enhanced Computer Simulation Model of the IEEE Std C62.41.2-2002 Surge Generator for Simulated Surge Testing of Electrical Systems

Computer modeling may be used to accurately model an IEEE Std C62.41.2-2002 Combination Wave surge generator and apply the simulated surge waveform to a modeled system to determine the system's immunity to surge voltages. During the simulated surge tests, the designer can verify the suitability of the selected components, and, if necessary, judiciously perform a re-design at low cost and with little time expended. Furthermore, the designer can also observe the magnitude of the stresses imposed on the components by the simulated surge and thus determine the magnitude of the component voltages and currents, including dv/dt, di/dt, and the ringing frequency, thus allowing the designer to fully evaluate the adequacy, reliability and safety of the designed system. The authors evaluated a surge generator model published in an IEEE paper in 2005 and determined that the model was inaccurate. Consequently, a new surge generator model was proposed. The novel features of this enhanced surge generator model are demonstrated for four different simulation runs, using an electronic circuit with an L-C input line filter. The four runs include two operating conditions: a) with a surge suppressor in the circuit and b) with the surge suppressor open- circuited. The connected load includes: 1) a motor load and 2) a resistive load.
Clustering of colorectal cancer in families of probands under 40 years of age

Although sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) is relatively uncommon in the young, it may constitute an elevated genetic risk for CRC in these individuals. PURPOSE: This study was designed to determine extent of colorectal cancer in families of probands under 40 years of age. METHODS: Medical records of all consecutive patients, 40 years of age or younger at the time of CRC surgery, during the time period 1986 to 1994 were examined. Cases of familial adenomatous polyposis and ulcerative colitis were excluded.Viainterviews of surviving probands or nearest relatives, dates of birth and death, causes of death, and diagnosis of cancer were recorded on all first-degree relatives (parents, siblings, and offspring), second-degree relatives (grandparents, aunts, and uncles), and any other relatives. RESULTS: A total of 128 patients, 40 years of age or less at time of CRC resection, were identified. Of these, 45 probands/families were reached by phone, and 45 detailed family histories were obtained. Age range of these 45 probands was 19 to 40 (mean, 33.1) years. In 25 families there was no history of CRC in first-degree, second-degree, or third-degree relatives. Eight of 45 probands (17.8 percent) had at least one first-degree relative with CRC, and three of these eight families fulfilled the Amsterdam criteria for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). In all three families, inheritance of CRC appeared to segregate with the maternal side of the family. In addition, 5 of 43 non-HNPCC probands had at least one first-degree, second-degree, or third-degree relative less than 40 years of age, at time of CRC diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Ascertainment of a detailed family history in early age of onset CRC patients identifies frequent familial clustering of CRC and HNPCC in 17.8 percent of cases.
Influence of Ingested Food Particle Size on Body Weight of Rats

Changes in body weight were induced by varying particle size of the same food fed to old male rats with impaired masticatory function. Ingestion of coarse particles for ten weeks produced continuous gradual weight losses. Feeding of pulverized food resulted in significant weight recovery.
Asymmetric flow field flow fractionation of aqueous C60 nanoparticles with size determination by dynamic light scattering and quantification by liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure photo-ionization mass spectrometry.

Abstract A size separation method was developed for aqueous C 60 fullerene aggregates (aqu/C 60 ) using asymmetric flow field flow fractionation (AF4) coupled to a dynamic light scattering detector in flow through mode. Surfactants, which are commonly used in AF4, were avoided as they may alter suspension characteristics. Aqu/C 60 aggregates generated by sonication in deionized water ranged in size from 80 to 260 nm in hydrodynamic diameter ( D h ) as determined by DLS in flow through mode, which was corroborated by analysis of fractions by DLS in batch mode and by TEM. The mass of C 60 in each fraction was determined by LC–APPI–MS. Only 5.2 ± 6.7% of the total aqu/C 60 mass had D h less than 80 nm, while 58 ± 32% of the total aqu/C 60 mass had D h between 80 and 150 nm and 14 ± 9.2% of the total aqu/C 60 were between 150 and 260 nm in D h . With the optimal fractionation parameters, 77 ± 5.8% of the aqu/C 60 mass eluted from the AF4 channel, indicating deposition on the AF4 membrane had occurred during fractionation; use of alternative membranes did not reduce deposition. Channel flow splitting increased detector response although channel split ratios greater than 80% of the channel flow led to decreased detector response. This is the first report on the use of AF4 for fractionating a colloidal suspension of aqu/C 60 .
Reevaluation of the origin of a marker chromosome in a patient with 47,XX,r(13)(p11q34), + mar by molecular cytogenetics.

A chromosomal fragment in a patient with a ring chromosome 13 and clinical features of monosomy 13q3 syndrome was analyzed by in situ hybridization techniques and was found to be a marker chromosome with a functional centromere originating from chromosome 13.
Environmental disclosures, regulatory costs, and changes in firm value

Abstract Union Carbide's chemical leak in Bhopal, India during December 1984 resulted in approximately 4,000 deaths and 200,000 injuries. This study examines the market reaction of chemical firms other than Union Carbide to this catastrophe. Evidence indicates that a significant negative intra-industry reaction occurred. However, firms with more extensive environmental disclosures in their financial report prior to the chemical leak experienced a less negative reaction than firms with less extensive disclosures. This result suggests that investors interpreted such disclosures as a positive sign of the firm managing its exposure to future regulatory costs.
Two-electron coulomb integrals with minimal group theory. Direct analytic solution and computer program

A general closed-form analytic solution is developed for two-electron Coulomb integrals such as those that appear in perturbative treatments of multielectron atoms. In developing this solution, no recourse is necessary to group theory, Clebsch-Gordan coefficients, or specialized coordinate transformations: only familiar properties of hydrogenic wavefunctions and standard integrals are employed. One constraint from group theory is adopted for the purpose of establishing an upper limit on an index of summation for computational purposes. An accurate and efficient computer program for evaluating such integrals is made available.