cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using line correspondence stereo to measure surface orientation

Accuracy of geometric measurement of object environments for robotic vision tasks is of increasing importance as these tasks become more sophisticated. This paper is concerned with the accurate measurement of orientations of lines and planar surfaces from two camera stereo. Most existing stereo algorithms build up geometric descriptions from absolute position information about points. We emphasize in this paper the accuracy advantages of determining orientation of lines and planar surfaces using the correspondence of linear features instead of point features. Intuitively, the determination of only orientation from absolute position measurement of points uses too much information which requires the unnecessary accurate calibration of certain camera parameters. Orientation information is invariant to knowledge about absolute positional information. If the orientation of lines are computed from the intersection of planar sheets of projection from a stereo pair of cameras, in the absence of all camera errors, the result is independent of baseline. Orientation of planar surfaces can be determined from the cross product of the orientations of at least two coplanar linear features. It is shown that even in the presence of typical camera errors that measurement of the orientations of lines and surfaces using line correspondence stereo is relatively insensitive to base-line errors. Even more, the measurement of orientation from line correspondence stereo is relatively insensitive to typical localization error on the image plane. As a result orientations of lines and planar surfaces far from the baseline can be measured much better using line correspondence stereo rather than point correspondence stereo.
Privacy-aware collaboration among untrusted resource constrained devices

Individuals are increasingly encouraged to share private information with service providers. Privacy is relaxed to increase the utility of the data for the provider. This dissertation offers an alternative approach in which raw data stay with individuals and only coarse aggregates are sent to analysts. A challenge is the reliance on constrained devices for data collection. This dissertation demonstrates the practicality of this approach by designing and implementing privacy-aware systems that collect information using low-cost or ultra-low-power microcontrollers. Smart meters can generate certified readings suitable for use in a privacy-preserving system every 10s using a Texas Instruments MSP430 microcontroller. CRFIDs—batteryless devices that operate on harvested energy from RF—can generate encrypted sub-aggregates in 17s to contribute to a privacy-preserving aggregation system that does not rely on a trusted aggregator. A secure communication channel for CRFID tags via untrusted relays achieves a throughput of 18Kbps.
Carcass water, fat, and chloride in the fetal growth-retarded rat☆

Abstract In utero growth retardation was produced in 18 rats by unilateral uterine artery ligation. Fetuses in the untouched horn served as controls in each case. Carcass water, fat, fat-free dry solid, and chloride were determined in 54 growth-retarded and 93 normally grown control rat fetuses. In contrast to a previous study which demonstrated increased body water and diminished body fat in a similar preparation (viscera intact in carcass), the present study failed to reveal any significant differences in body composition of the two groups (totally eviscerated). The potential importance of compositional changes primarily in abdominal viscera during malnutrition is suggested by these results.
Dietary Supplementation with S-Adenosyl Methionine Delayed Amyloid-β and Tau Pathology in 3xTg-AD Mice

S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) contributes to multiple pathways in neuronal homeostasis, several of which are compromised in age-related neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease. Dietary supplementation of transgenic mice with SAM maintained acetylcholine levels, cognitive performance, oxidative buffering capacity, and phosphatase activity, and reduced aggression, calcium influx, endogenous PS-1 expression, γ-secretase activity, and levels of amyloid-β (Aβ) and phospho-tau. Herein, we examined whether or not SAM could delay neuropathology in 3xTg-AD mice, which harbor mutant genes for human AβPP, PS-1 and tau. Mice received a standard AIN-76 diet with or without SAM (100 mg/kg diet) for 1 month commencing at 10 months of age or for 3 months commencing at 12.5 months of age; mice were sacrificed and examined for Aβ and tau neuropathology at 11 and 15.5 months of age, respectively. SAM supplementation reduced hippocampal intracellular AβPP/Aβ and phospho-tau immunoreactivity to a similar extent at both sampling intervals. Supplementation reduced the number of extracellular Aβ deposits by 80% (p < 0.01) at 11 months of age after 1 month of treatment but only by 24% (p < 0.34) at 15.5 months of age after 3 months of treatment. As anticipated, neurofibrillary tangles were not observed in mice at these young ages; however, supplementation reduced levels of phospho-tau and caspase-cleaved tau within Sarkosyl-insoluble preparations in mice at 15.5 months of age. These limited analyses indicate that SAM can modulate the time course of AD neuropathology, and support further long-term analyses.
Receptive Fields and Maps in the Visual Cortex: Models of Ocular Dominance and Orientation Columns*

The formation of ocular dominance and orientation columns in the mammalian visual cortex is briefly reviewed. Correlation-based models for their development are then discussed, beginning with the models of Von der Malsburg. For the case of semilinear models, model behavior is well understood: correlations determine receptive field structure, intracortical interactions determine projective field structure, and the “knitting together” of the two determines the cortical map. This provides a basis for simple but powerful models of ocular dominance and orientation column formation: ocular dominance columns form through a correlation-based competition between left-eye and right-eye inputs, while orientation columns can form through a competition between ON-center and OFF-center inputs. These models account well for receptive field structure but are not completely adequate to account for the details of cortical map structure. Alternative approaches to map structure, including the self-organizing feature map of Kohonen, are discussed. Finally, theories of the computational function of correlation-based and self-organizing rules are discussed.
Visualizing data streams

We introduce two dynamic visualization techniques using multi-dimensional scaling to analyze transient data streams such as newswires and remote sens- ing imagery. While the time-sensitive nature of these data streams requires immediate attention in many applications, the unpredictable and unbounded characteristics of this information can potentially overwhelm many scaling al- gorithms that require a full re-computation for every update. We present an adaptive visualization technique based on data stratification to ingest stream information adaptively when influx rate exceeds processing rate. We also de- scribe an incremental visualization technique based on data fusion to project new information directly onto a visualization subspace spanned by the singular vectors of the previously processed neighboring data. The ultimate goal is to leverage the value of legacy and new information and minimize re-processing of the entire dataset in full resolution. We demonstrate these dynamic visuali- zation results using a newswire corpus, a remote sensing imagery sequence, and a hydroclimate dataset.
A distinctive characteristic of pictorial perception: the zoom effect.

To investigate the role of flat surface information for the plane of projection in pictorial perception, three studies were designed in which varying amounts of such information were made available to adult subjects. The first study tested preferences for true or modified linear perspective under conditions of presence or absence of surface texture cues for the plane of projection. In the second and third studies, the absence of texture cues for the plane was coupled with the addition of motion parallax and binocular information respectively. It was found that adults showed a consistent preference for parallel perspective in pictures when the flat-surface information was provided either by visible texture or by motion parallax; but no consistent preference for either true or modified perspective in the absence of all three sources of flatness information or when the flat surface information was given only by binocular cues in the absence of visible surface texture or head motion.
The receiver-dependent cost of soft song: a signal of aggressive intent in songbirds

Social costs are one mechanism whereby reliability in signalling systems can be maintained. We measured the strength of aggressive response to territorial playback to ask whether the reliability of ‘soft song’, a strongly aggressive signal in the song sparrow, Melospiza melodia, is enforced by a social cost in the form of the receiver's aggressive response. We also asked whether this cost is imposed by all receivers, or whether a differential response is found primarily or exclusively among the most aggressive subjects. We first measured the strength of each male's aggressive response to playback on his territory, and then tested his responses to ‘warbled’ soft song and to broadcast song playbacks. While we found substantial variation in individual aggressiveness, nearly all males responded more strongly to warbled soft songs. Thus we provide evidence that warbled soft song imposes a social cost in the form of receiver retaliation, and provide a possible explanation for how the signal's reliability is maintained. Questions about soft song remain, notably why selection should favour low amplitude in vocal signals of aggression in songbirds.
Tug-of-War: Political Mobilization and Access to Schooling in the Southern Racial State.

Drawing on the resource mobilization framework and James's concept of the southern racial state, this article examines the mechanisms that influenced access to federal vocational programs in the predesegregation South. It explores how local political conditions in 311 counties in three southern states affected training opportunities in federal vocational programs by race, independently of economic factors. It shows that access to these programs was shaped by racially segregated labor markets and that African Americans' access was shaped by the political dimension of the southern racial state. Moreover vocational programs for African Americans did not just depend on the political mobilization of elites (polity members), as classic resource mobilization arguments suggest. Rather, black indigenous organizations provided the institutional basis that increased African Americans' access to these programs
High Constitutive Activity of the Human Formyl Peptide Receptor

The formyl peptide receptor (FPR) couples to pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive Gi-proteins to activate chemotaxis and exocytosis in neutrophils. PTX reduces not only formyl peptide-stimulated but also agonist-independent ("basal") Gi-protein activity, suggesting that the FPR is constitutively active. We aimed at identifying an inverse FPR agonist, i.e. a compound that suppresses constitutive FPR activity. In Sf9 insect cell membranes, the G-protein heterotrimer Gialpha2beta1gamma2 reconstituted N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (FMLP)-stimulated guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTPgammaS) binding and GTPgammaS-sensitive high affinity [3H]FMLP binding. The FPR "antagonist" cyclosporin H (CsH) potently and efficiently reduced basal GTPgammaS binding in Sf9 membranes. Another FPR antagonist, N-t-butoxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-leucyl-L- phenylalanine did not inhibit basal GTPgammaS binding but blocked the inhibitory effect of CsH on GTPgammaS binding. Na+ reduced basal GTPgammaS binding and eliminated the inhibitory effect of CsH. Similar effects of FMLP, CsH, and Na+ as in Sf9 membranes were observed with FPR expressed in the mammalian cell line HEK293. Our data show that the human FPR possesses high constitutive activity. CsH is an inverse FPR agonist and stabilizes the FPR in an inactive state. Na+ also stabilizes the FPR in an inactive state and, thereby, diminishes inverse agonist efficacy.
Thomas-Kuhn sum rule for quantum mechanical systems with a spatially varying effective mass

Abstract A simple closed form expression for a sum rule is derived for quantum mechanical systems where the effective mass varies across the structure. It is a generalization of the Thomas-Kuhn sum rule for an effective mass which is independent of position.
Surface immobilization methods for aptamer diagnostic applications

In this review we examine various methods for the immobilization of aptamers onto different substrates that can be utilized in a diverse array of analytical formats. In most cases, covalent linking to surfaces is preferred over physisorption, which is reflected in the bulk of the reports covered within this review. Conjugation of aptamers with appropriate linkers directly to gold films or particles is discussed first, followed by methods for conjugating aptamers to functionally modified surfaces. In many aptamer-based applications, silicates and silicon oxide surfaces provide an advantage over metallic substrates, and generally require surface modification prior to covalent attachment of the aptamers. Chemical protocols for covalent attachment of aptamers to functionalized surfaces are summarized in the review, showing common pathways employed for aptamer immobilization on different surfaces. Biocoatings, such as avidin or one of its derivatives, have been shown to be highly successful for immobilizing biotin-tethered aptamers on various surfaces (e.g., gold, silicates, polymers). There are also a few examples reported of aptamer immobilization on other novel substrates, such as quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, and carbohydrates. This review covers the literature on aptamer immobilization up to March 2007, including comparison of different linkers of varying size and chemical structure, 3' versus 5' attachment, and regeneration methods of aptamers on surfaces.
High Titer Production of Tetracenomycins by Heterologous Expression of the Pathway in a Streptomyces cinnamonensis Industrial Monensin Producer Strain

Streptomyces cinnamonensis C730.1 and C730.7, are industrially mutagenized strains that produce moderate and high levels of the polyketide polyether antibiotic monensin A, respectively, in an oil-based fermentation medium. The possibility that these strains could be used for high titer production of a heterologous polyketide product was investigated by expression of the entire tetracenomycin (TCM) biosynthetic pathway using an integrative plasmid, pSET154. Expression in C730.1 led to stable production of approximately 0.44 g/l TCM C (the final biosynthetic product) and approximately 2.69 g/l TCM A2 (the penultimate biosynthetic product), and resulted in a 40% decrease in monensin production. Expression in the C730.7 led to higher levels of TCMs, approximately 0.6 g/l TCM C and approximately 4.35 g/l TCM A2, without any detectable decrease in the higher titer monensin production. Abrogation of monensin production in this strain through deletion of the corresponding biosynthetic genes did not lead to higher levels of TCM products. In the case of the C730.7 host, 85% of the TCM C and virtually all of the TCM A2 were intracellular, suggesting feedback inhibition leads to the accumulation of the final pathway intermediate. These observations contrast those made for the native producer Streptomyces glaucescens where the predominant product is TCM C and TCM titers are significantly lower levels (approximately 0.3 g/l), and demonstrate the potential utility of S. cinnamonensis strains as heterologous hosts for high level expression of a variety of polyketide synthase derived products.
The ζ-Determinant and the Additivity of the η-Invariant on the Smooth, Self-Adjoint Grassmannian

In this paper we discuss the existence of the ζ-determinant of a Dirac operator \(\) on a compact manifold with boundary. We show that the determinant is well defined in the case of the operator \(\) with a domain determined by a boundary condition from the smooth, self-adjoint Grassmannian \(\) discussed in the papers [5, 13, 29]. We prove a generalization of a pasting formula for the η-invariant (see [34]). The results of the paper are used in the recent proof of the projective equality of the ζ-determinant and Quillen determinant on \(\) (see [30, 31]).
Does the road to serfdom lead to the Servile State

Abstract Hilaire Belloc's The Servile State is often seen as an antisocialist tract arguing that “socialism is slavery.” It is typically assumed that an appreciation and defense of free market capitalism, as well as a general dislike of government intervention must motivate the its thesis. Nevertheless The Servile State is an argument against what Belloc saw as unbridled capitalism not collectivism. Belloc defines capitalism to mean a state in which there is a skewed distribution of wealth in society where the majority of people are dispossessed, proletariat, and a minority makes up the capitalist, property owning class. For Belloc capitalism is an inherently unstable system and servile measures arise to ameliorate insecurity and instability.
Egg freezing: a breakthrough for reproductive autonomy?

This article describes the relatively new technology of freezing human eggs and examines whether egg freezing, specifically when it is used by healthy women as ‘insurance’ against age-related infertility, is a legitimate exercise of reproductive autonomy. Although egg freezing has the potential to expand women's reproductive options and thus may represent a breakthrough for reproductive autonomy, I argue that without adequate information about likely outcomes and risks, women may be choosing to freeze their eggs in a commercially exploitative context, thus undermining rather than expanding reproductive autonomy.
The Essential Elements of Interactive Multimedia Distance Learning Systems

In recent years, we have seen the introduction and use of many distance learning systems. Some of these systems are characterized as interactive, which means the dominant mode of instruction is live or synchronous using networked multimedia technology such as audio, video and shared workspaces. In this paper, we present the common features and essential elements that should be implemented in such systems. Throughout this paper, we will use as a model and case study the IRI-h system (for Interactive Remote Instruction-heterogeneous) that we have developed and implemented in Java and have used to support distance learning at Old Dominion University.
Ubiquity of hydrocarbons in nature: Aliphatic hydrocarbons in weathered limestone

Abstract The aliphatic hydrocarbons in two specimens of limestone (one from Texas and the other from Italy) which were weathered in place as parts of building structures have been investigated using gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The hydrocarbons in 1. (i) the limestone from Texas and 2. (ii) algae cultured from this limestone have similar distributions, i.e. the predominating hydrocarbon in both cases is n-C17, thus indicating that most of the aliphatic hydrocarbons in the limestone may be derived from recent algal growth. The hydrocarbons in the limestone from Italy, in which n-C17 is a maximum but which also include relatively large amounts of pristane, phytane and other aliphatic hydrocarbons, appear to be a mixture of in situ biogenically derived hydrocarbons and extraneously derived fossil hydrocarbons.
Effects of boundary films on the frictional behaviour of rough-surface contacts in incipient sliding

AbstractResearch has shown that the interfacial shear strength in an asperity contact is generally a linear function of the asperity pressure with a maximum value below the shear strength of the substrate material. Research further suggests that the properties of the surface-film materials in the micro-contact largely govern the shear-strength-pressure relation and the maximum attainable interfacial shear strength. This paper studies the effect of boundary films on the frictional behaviour of rough-surface contacts in incipient sliding. Two parameters are used to describe the shearing properties of the boundary film. One is the shear-strength-pressure proportionality constant and the other, the ratio of the maximum interfacial shear strength to the substrate shear strength. The study develops and uses an asperity-based mathematical model for frictional sliding-contact of nominally flat elastic-plastic rough surfaces incorporating these interfacial shearing properties in the asperity contacts. A sequence o...
Evaluation of the South Carolina Seniors Farmers' Market Nutrition Education Program

Abstract The Seniors Farmers' Market Nutrition Program (SFMNP) provides vouchers to low-income seniors for use at local farmers' markets. This study was conducted to determine if SFMNP participants increased fruit and vegetable consumption. A total of 15,000 people from 13 counties received vouchers. A random sample of 1,500 received a follow-up survey, of which 658 (44%) were returned. Of the 98% of respondents who used the vouchers, 531 respondents (83%) did not purchase foods that they had never tried before, but 89% reported the intention to eat more fruits and vegetables year round because of the program. Farmers reported benefits from the program, have a positive attitude about it, and are willing to make certain accommodations to participate in it again. The SFMNP is an effective method for increasing consumption of agricultural commodities from farmers' markets by low-income seniors and is worthy of continued funding. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:880-883.
Integration of health care information systems.

Information is at the core of an effective response to virtually all of the new demands that health care institutions will face in the 1990s. New information that is differently organized, more timely, and more conveniently available will facilitate new interactions within the institution. The consistent theme of the new systems requirements introduced by CQI is tighter connection to the processes of patient care and integration of systems and data as those processes cross traditional organizational boundaries. Even the billing requirements are pushing in the same direction. Ironically, the dinosaurs descended from billing systems do not even perform very well as billing systems today, because payers want more clinical detail, in addition to information at very specific points during the patient-care process. This new management model changes our view of our systems. Instead of systems designed to create an after-the-fact record of patient care, we need to think in terms of systems that are part of the pa...
On the harmonic measure of slit domains

Let al, [tdot] an be distinct real numbers mod 2φ and let K be a closed subset of [0, 1]. Define Ω to be the unit disk D from which the slits e ia K, j = 1 …n have been removed, and let u be the harmonic measure of ∂D relative to Ωet let r be the corresponding harmonic measure when the a, are changed to In case Ω is simply connected Dubinin has proved that In case Baernstein has proved the stronger result that lor every increasing convex function and every we have the integral mean inequality For n>3 it is an open question whether the integral mean inequality holds, and it is also open whether the inequality at the origin holds in case Ω is multiply connected. In this paper, we give some evidence these inequalities are true, some in the form of numerical experiments. We also discuss the question of whether a certain monotonicity property discovered by Baernstein in the case is true for general n.To more conveniently do the computations, we state an equivalent formulation of the problem for a slit annulus....
The muscle fiber composition of skeletal muscle as a predictor of athletic success: An overview

Human skeletal muscle is composed of varying percentages of fiber types. This percent composition varies widely between muscles and among individuals. The fiber composition of some skeletal muscle could be construed as being advantageous to successful performance in selected athletic event. However, this relationship is not sufficiently close to warrant the conclusion that the fiber composition of the muscle per se is the determinant of the superior performance of elite athletes. Reasonably good evidence exists to support the position that the fiber composition of a muscle is the result of a genetic endowment. Although muscle fibers are mutable, present evidence is equivocal as to whether habitual participation in given type of physical activity is responsible for high percentages of a given fiber type being present in the muscles of some athletes. Although considerable knowledge has come from the study of muscle samples obtained from sedentary individuals, athletes of a wide range of performance capacity, and individuals before and after training, a considerable gap remains for a full understanding of how the characteristics of muscle are related to performance capacity. The observation that considerable variation exists in the percent distribution of the fibers within a muscle and that athletes with a wide range of fiber populations in their muscles can be successful in the same athletic event cautions against the routine application of the biopsy technique to estimate the fiber distribution of muscles and also to use such data as a routine screening procedure for predicting athletic success. The point, as was made in an earlier paper, that the biopsy technique for studying muscle is a research tool, will probably continue to be true for the near future.
Molecular mechanisms of ethylene-auxin interaction.

During the century-long history of plant hormone research, the focus in this area has shifted from the original physiological experiments to molecular, genetic, biochemical, and, more recently, genomic approaches. During this journey, we have learned about the many effects these natural compounds have on plant growth and development at the morphological and molecular levels. We have also uncovered how these molecules are sensed by the plant cell and how they trigger signaling cascades that relay information to the nucleus, ultimately culminating in a transcriptional cascade.
Structure-activity relationships for enhancement of paracellular permeability by 2-alkoxy-3-alkylamidopropylphosphocholines across Caco-2 cell monolayers.

The oral route is the preferred route of delivery for a large number of drug molecules. However, the intestinal epithelium presents a formidable barrier for delivery of drugs into systemic circulation. Phospholipids are among compounds that enhance the absorption of drugs across the intestinal epithelium. In this paper, we describe structure–activity relationships for phospholipid derivatives as enhancers of paracellular permeability across Caco-2 cell monolayers. In a series of 2-alkoxy-3-alkylamidopropylphosphocholine derivatives, compounds with a long chain at C-3 (R3) and short chain at C-2 (R2) were potent in causing a decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and an increase in mannitol transport, but also showed significant cytotoxicity. Compounds with 9–11 carbons at C-3 and 6–10 carbons at C-2 provided good separation (up to 2.7-fold) between activity and cytotoxicity. Notably, a good correlation (r2 ) 0.93) was observed between EC50 (TEER) [concentration that caused a drop in TEER to 50% of its control (untreated) value] and EC10x(mannitol) [concentration that caused 10-fold increase in mannitol transport over the control (untreated) value], confirming that a decrease in TEER is associated with enhanced permeability of the hydrophilic compounds across Caco-2 cell monolayers. Compounds with medium to long carbon chains at C-2 and C-3, and the total carbons in the alkyl chains > 20, showed poor activity and no cytotoxicity.
An improved method for primary culture of ovarian androgen-producing cells in serum-free medium: effect of lipoproteins, insulin, and insulinlike growth factor-I.

Although luteinizing hormone (LH) alone stimulates ovarian interstitial cells cultured in serum-free medium to synthesize large amounts of androgens, there seem to be additional factors in vivo that modulate the time course and magnitude of the cellular responses to LH. In an attempt to develop a more nearly physiologic cell culture model, lipoproteins, insulin, and insulinlike growth factor-I (IGF-I) were added to the serum-free medium. The effects of these modifications on androgen biosynthesis by dispersed cells from ovaries of hypophysectomized immature rats cultured in 96-well tissue culture plates were examined. A saturating dose of LH stimulated a 25-fold increase in androsterone synthesis at 2 d, which decreased at 4 and 6 d. Addition of human high density (hHDL) or human low density lipoprotein (hLDL) caused a 2.5-fold increase in LH-stimulated androsterone synthesis. Cells were approximately twice as sensitive to hHDL (ED50=5.5±0.5 μg cholesterol/ml) compared to hLDL (ED50=9.1±1.1 μg cholesterol/ml). Surprisingly, rat HDL caused only a 40% increase in LH-stimulated androsterone synthesis. When insulin alone was added to cells cultured with a saturating dose of LH, there was a 2.8-fold increase in androsterone synthesis. Addition of hHDL and insulin together caused a synergistic increase in LH-stimulated androsterone synthesis. In contrast to hHDL, which did not change the time course of LH-stimulated androsterone production, insulin prolonged maximal LH-stimulated androsterone synthesis at 4 and 6 d. Inasmuch as the ED50 for insulin action (1.3±0.1 μg/ml) was supraphysiologic, the effects of IGF-I on LH-stimulated androgen synthesis were examined. IGF-I mimicked all of the effects of insulin, but at a physiologic concentration (ED50=2.5±0.3 ng/ml). Ovarian cells cultured in serum-free medium supplemented with hHDL and insulin or IGF-I exhibit responses that closely approximate the physiologic responses observed in vivo. These results suggest that lipoproteins and IGF-I are important physiologic stimulators of ovarian theca-interstitial cell androgen biosynthesis which, when added to the serum-free medium, make the cellular responses in this in vitro model more nearly approximate the responses in vivo.
Supporting Mothering Through Breastfeeding for Incarcerated Women

Newborn Care Poster Presentation Background More than 1 million women are under the control of the criminal justice system, representing the fastest growing group of prisoners. Women serving prison sentences most commonly have been convicted of drug‐related offenses followed by nonviolent crimes. It is estimated that 8% to 10% of women entering prison are pregnant. A disproportionally large number of women in prison have a history of physical or sexual abuse, substance abuse, and are mothers of minor children. Statistics indicate the average prison time for women is 12 months; therefore, on average, pregnant prisoners spend 6 to 12 months in prison after the birth of a child, a critical time period in the mothering experience. Breastfeeding offers immunological, developmental, and psychosocial benefits to mother and infant. Additionally, breastfeeding contributes to positive maternal self‐image and development of maternal–infant relationship. Currently, little is known about the experience of mothering while incarcerated or the benefits of breastfeeding in this population. Case A mother from a local jail delivered a term newborn at an urban medical center. Collaboratively the healthcare team, mother, father, and guards created a breastfeeding and pumping plan supporting the mother's desire to breastfeed. The newborn was discharged with the father who would pick up breast milk daily from the jail to feed the newborn. The jail agreed to allow the mother to pump in her cell and store milk in the medical unit refrigerator. At 10 days of age, the newborn's nutritional needs were met with expressed breast milk. Conclusion For incarcerated women, pumping and storing breast milk is a simple and uncomplicated way to promote maternal–infant attachment and improve health for mother and infant. Nurses working with mothers who are incarcerated have the opportunity to change the mothering experience for incarcerated mothers and their newborns.
SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION AND HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH PHOTODIODE ARRAY DETECTION OF CHEMICAL INDICATORS OF HUMAN FECAL CONTAMINATION IN WATER

Faster and more sensitive analysis of water that is contaminated by human fecal matter is very important for public health. The current microbiological methods to assess water quality do not meet this need. Alternate non-microbial human fecal indicators have been proposed by various researchers. The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with photodiode array detection (PDA) of three human fecal indicators, caffeine, urobilin, and coprostanol was developed. Both caffeine and urobilin were analyzed simultaneously using a linear gradient protocol and monitored at 270 nm and 480 nm. The analysis gave linearity and limit of detection down to hundredths of μg/mL. A solid phase extraction (SPE) protocol was also developed for caffeine and urobilin. Coprostanol was analyzed using HPLC with PDA detection with post-column derivatization. The derivatization was achieved by acylation of coprostanol with p-nitrobenzoyl chloride.
Uncovering the origins of the universe: signal processing and the large hadron collider [In the Spotlight]

We will take a look at the LHC'S impact on signal processing technologies by focusing on the design challenges surrounding one of the particle detectors in the ATLAS experiment.
Interpretations of the total energy and rotational energy norms applied to determination of singular vectors

The interpretation of the commonly-used energy norm is examined in the context of a simple vertically-discrete model. The norm is shown to include expressions for kinetic and available potential energy in addition to an expression for a portion of unavailable potential energy. Another norm is then introduced that only includes the rotational-mode contribution to these. The characterization of the two norms in terms of corresponding covariance functions is shown to be quite different, with that for the latter norm looking more like prior error statistics used in synoptic-scale data assimilation. The leading singular vectors are determined for both norms. Those computed for the new norm have slower associated growth. Their corresponding structures are similar at the initial time, however, with some notable differences, but after 24 hours their shapes are almost identical. The new norm has advantages over the old norm for some applications; e.g. for effectively filtering ageostrophic, convectively-driven singular vectors and for being more consistent with a spatially and dynamically correlated error norm.
Processes for Advanced Treatment of Water

A case-oriented approach is used to illustrate developments and applications of biological and physicochemical technologies, either alone or in sequenced arrays, for advanced treatment to facilitate reuse of water in a range of environmental scenarios. Examples cited include chemical oxidation processes for removal of color and oxygen demand from textile mill effluents, sequential anaerobic/aerobic biological treatment of recalcitrant and inhibitory organic compounds in ammunition plant wastewaters, separation and recovery of organic solvents from mixed industrial waste streams, remediation of contaminated subsurface waters, membrane treatment of effluents from secondary biological wastewater treatment plants, and integrated bio-membrane treatment of industrial and municipal wastewaters. The paper provides an overview of methods and applications for source waters of various qualities. It concludes with a generalized guide to technology selection based upon specific water characteristics.
GATA3 expression in small cell carcinoma of bladder and prostate and its potential role in determining primary tumor origin

GATA3 is a sensitive marker for urothelial carcinoma. We here evaluate, for the first time, GATA3 expression in small cell carcinoma of bladder and prostate and assess its utility in the differential diagnosis with small cell carcinoma of lung primary. Archival tissues from 60 small cell carcinomas (12 bladder, 15 lung, and 33 prostate primary cases) were used to build 2 tissue microarrays. We also assessed whole slide sections from 10 additional primary small cell carcinomas of bladder. GATA3 nuclear expression was evaluated using standard immunohistochemistry. Intensity (weak, moderate, and strong) and extent of expression were assessed in each tissue microarray spot. Extent positivity was categorized as focal (1%-25%), multifocal (>25%), and diffuse (>75%). Nuclear GATA3 expression was encountered in 7 bladder (7/22, 32%) and 2 lung (2/15, 13%) small cell carcinomas. All 33 primary prostate small cell carcinomas were negative. Among bladder tumors, strong and diffuse (>75%) GATA3 labeling was seen in 3 cases (3/22, 14%); focal positivity was observed in the 4 remaining cases (4/22, 18%). Both positive lung cases had only focal positivity. Our study is the first to reveal GATA3 expression in the small subset of lung small cell carcinoma that should be taken into consideration in assigning site of origin in advanced small cell carcinoma cases. Our novel finding of GATA3 positivity in one-third of bladder small cell carcinoma is of potential value in differentiating small cell carcinomas of prostate origin from those of bladder origin.
Characterization of YBa2Cu4O8 high temperature electrical properties and thermodynamic stability

Via {ital in} {ital situ} electrical property measurements (conductivity, Seebeck coefficient) over the temperature range 500--800 {degree}C and oxygen partial pressure range 10{sup {minus}4}--1 atm, the equilibrium transport properties and stability range of YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 4}O{sub 8} were determined. YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 4}O{sub 8} behaves like the intrinsically mixed-valent compound, magnetite (Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}), with small variations in electrical properties with changes in oxygen partial pressure. The decomposition boundary to YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 6+{ital y}} (or YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3.5}O{sub 7.5{plus minus}{ital z}}) and CuO occurs at log({ital p}{sub O{sub 2}},atm) ={minus}1.24{times}10{sup 4}/{ital T}(K)+11.01(773{le}{ital T}(K){le}1073).
An improved flow counter for detecting beta-emitting radioisotopes.

Abstract A simple flow-type detector for β-emitting radioisotopes is described which gives a linear response over a wide range of activity (2000-500,000 cpm) and a rapid washout of radioactivity (approximately 3 cell volumes). 32P was counted with an efficiency 50% and 131I was counted with an efficiency of 14%. The flow cell will detect 32P and 131I activity in whole blood and it can also be used with nonaqueous solutions and solutions of high color or extreme pH.
The role of patient-centered outcomes in the course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: how long-term studies contribute to our understanding

In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the rate of decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and progression to disability and death are accelerated. COPD management goals include preventing or slowing the progressive loss of lung function, relieving symptoms, improving exercise tolerance and the patient's health status, preventing and treating exacerbations and complications, minimizing side effects of treatment, and reducing mortality. Although lung function is important for diagnosis of COPD and classification of its severity, clinicians and patients are also very interested in symptoms, ability to function, and general well-being (health status). Consequently, increasing attention is being given to these patient-centered outcomes. It is possible to modify patient-centered outcomes; however, it remains to be seen whether doing so can also alter the natural course of the disease and reduce mortality. Two long-term clinical trials--Towards a Revolution in COPD Health (TORCH) and Understanding the Potential Long-Term Impacts on Function with Tiotropium (UPLIFT)--will help to answer the question of whether pharmacologic interventions are effective in changing the clinical course of COPD. The TORCH study examines the long-term effects of combination therapy with an inhaled long-acting beta-agonist (salmeterol) and a corticosteroid (fluticasone) on reduction of all-cause mortality over 3 years. The 4-year UPLIFT study examines the effects of maintenance treatment with the once-daily anticholinergic bronchodilator tiotropium on the yearly rate of decline in trough FEV1 and the yearly rate of decline in FEV1 90 minutes after maximal or near-maximal bronchodilator administration. This article examines the rationale for each of these studies and provides an overview of study methodology as well as preliminary demographic data.
Rule-Based Design of a Material Processing Component

The main thrust of this research is in developing aknowledge-based system for the design of components for a material processing system. In particular, this paper concentrates on developing methodologies forinitial design andredesign in a quantitative and qualitative format. A die for plastic extrusion has been selected as the subject material processing component. A design algorithm using best first heuristic search and expert knowledge, both in procedural and declarative form, is the core of the scheme. Apart from this expert, the suggestedselection procedure for candidate design is also seen to accelerate the design scheme. The methodologies presented enableefficient design of the component. Some generality has been accomplished by the implementation of the techniques to dies of different cross-sectional shapes. The software is written inLisp within an object-oriented software package using analysis modules written in C.
Effects of stem anatomical and structural traits on responses to stem damage: an experimental study in the Bolivian Amazon

Persistence of tree species in a habitat depends on their ability to avoid and respond to disturbance-related damage. Responses to stem damage vary among species but typically include bark wound closure and prevention of xylem decay spread. These responses are associated with anatomical, structural, and physiological traits. This study explores how xylem (vessel size and (or) abundance, parenchyma abundance, ray width, and wood density) and phloem (bark thickness, proportion of live inner bark, ray width and (or) dilation, inter-ray distance, and tissue density) traits relate to responses to stem damage in seven species from the Bolivian Amazon. Rates of bark wound closure and radial xylem decay penetration were compared 2 years after experimental damage. A species that closed bark wounds rapidly (100% in Chorisia speciosa A. St.-Hil.) was not efficient at constraining xylem radial decay spread (1.7 mm). The opposite was true for Pseudolmedia laevis (Ruiz & Pav.) J.F. Macbr., a species that closed wounds ...
Do epistatic modules exist in the genetic control of blood pressure in Dahl rats? A critical perspective

in the initial dissections of blood pressure (BP) into its genetic components using hypertensive inbred Dahl salt-sensitive rats (SS/Jr, referred to hereafter as S rats), gene-gene interactions and genetic background effects were evident. The effects of alleles at different genetic loci on a quantitative trait such as BP can be additive (plus or minus), or the combined effects can be higher or lower than the sum of the individual alleles alone (genetic interaction known as epistasis). As the techniques for the analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTL) became available, followed by the use of congenic strains, the importance of powerful genetic interactions was recognized in the Dahl S rat model, as early as 1998 and 2002 (5, 7). More recently Moreno et al. (6) showed, using a series of overlapping contiguous congenic strains involving S and Brown Norway rats, that chromosome 13 contains four highly interacting regions influencing BP.
Theoretical Prediction of the Heats of Formation of C2H5O• Radicals Derived from Ethanol and of the Kinetics of β-C−C Scission in the Ethoxy Radical

Thermochemical parameters of three C2H5O• radicals derived from ethanol were reevaluated using coupled-cluster theory CCSD(T) calculations, with the aug-cc-pVnZ (n = D, T, Q) basis sets, that allow the CC energies to be extrapolated at the CBS limit. Theoretical results obtained for methanol and two CH3O• radicals were found to agree within ±0.5 kcal/mol with the experiment values. A set of consistent values was determined for ethanol and its radicals: (a) heats of formation (298 K) ΔHf(C2H5OH) = −56.4 ± 0.8 kcal/mol (exptl: −56.21 ± 0.12 kcal/mol), ΔHf(CH3C•HOH) = −13.1 ± 0.8 kcal/mol, ΔHf(C•H2CH2OH) = −6.2 ± 0.8 kcal/mol, and ΔHf(CH3CH2O•) = −2.7 ± 0.8 kcal/mol; (b) bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of ethanol (0 K) BDE(CH3CHOH−H) = 93.9 ± 0.8 kcal/mol, BDE(CH2CH2OH−H) = 100.6 ± 0.8 kcal/mol, and BDE(CH3CH2O−H) = 104.5 ± 0.8 kcal/mol. The present results support the experimental ionization energies and electron affinities of the radicals, and appearance energy of (CH3CHOH+) cation. β-C−C bond scission...
Compartmental intrathecal radioimmunotherapy: results for treatment for metastatic CNS neuroblastoma.

Innovation in the management of brain metastases is needed. We evaluated the addition of compartmental intrathecal antibody-based radioimmunotherapy (cRIT) in patients with recurrent metastatic central nervous system (CNS) neuroblastoma following surgery, craniospinal irradiation, and chemotherapy. Twenty one patients treated for recurrent neuroblastoma metastatic to the CNS, received a cRIT-containing salvage regimen incorporating intrathecal 131I-monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) targeting GD2 or B7H3 following surgery and radiation. Most patients also received outpatient craniospinal irradiation, 3F8/GMCSF immunotherapy, 13-cis-retinoic acid and oral temozolomide for systemic control. Seventeen of 21 cRIT-salvage patients are alive 7–74 months (median 33 months) since CNS relapse, with all 17 remaining free of CNS neuroblastoma. One patient died of infection at 22 months with no evidence of disease at autopsy, and one of lung and bone marrow metastases at 15 months, and one of progressive bone marrow disease at 30 months. The cRIT-salvage regimen was well tolerated, notable for myelosuppression minimized by stem cell support (n = 5), and biochemical hypothyroidism (n = 5). One patient with a 7-year history of metastatic neuroblastoma is in remission from MLL-associated secondary leukemia. This is significantly improved to published results with non-cRIT based where relapsed CNS NB has a median time to death of approximately 6 months. The cRIT-salvage regimen for CNS metastases was well tolerated by young patients, despite their prior history of intensive cytotoxic therapies. It has the potential to increase survival with better than expected quality of life.
An empirical comparison of alternative methods for principal component extraction

Abstract A major problem confronting users of principal component analysis is the determination of how many components to extract from an empirical correlation matrix. Using 30 such matrices obtained from marketing and psychology sources, the authors provide a comparative assessment of the extraction capabilities exhibited by five principal component decision rules. These are the Kaiser-Guttman, scree, Bartlett, Horn, and random intercepts procedures. Application of these rules produces highly discrepant results. The random intercepts and Bartlett formulations yield unacceptable component solutions by grossly under- and overfactoring respectively. The Kaiser-Guttman and scree rules performed equivalently, yet revealed tendencies to overfactor. In comparison Horn's test acquitted itself with distinction, and warrants greater attention from applied researchers.