cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A novel approach to radiographic image resolution gauge fabrication

Abstract A resolution gauge was fabricated for measuring the spatial resolution of radiographic imaging systems. Silicon wafers, 100 mm 〈1 0 0〉, were patterned using standard contact lithography and the patterned features were etched using deep reactive ion etching (DRIE). The smallest features were 5 μm wide line pairs. The resulting etched trenches included aspect ratios of up to 10:1 and were 40.6±0.2 μm deep. The etch rate was 2.7 μm/min for the reported etch depth. A Gd 2 O 3 nanopowder was dispersed into a slurry using Darvan C and water as the dispersant and solvent, respectively. A rapid infiltration method was used to fill the etched trenches with the slurry. Neutron and X-ray radiographs of the resolution gauge and the results demonstrate that the prototype gauge would be a suitable standard for measuring the spatial resolution of both X-ray and neutron radiography systems.
Optical depth profiling by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy using an incident beam with arbitrary degree of polarization

Abstract A depth profiling analysis via multiple angle attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy using an incident beam with arbitrary degree of polarization has been developed. A guessed complex refractive index profile is not required for the analysis. The analysis consists of three steps: estimation of the complex refractive index profile by the estimated mean square electric field, linear least square fitting of absorptances, and nonlinear fitting of reflectances. The applicability of this approach with various types of profile and degrees of polarization has been shown by simulated spectra with added white noise. The effect of amplitudes of noise on the accuracy of this approach has been investigated.
Growth inhibition of an orthotopic glioblastoma in immunocompetent mice by cationic lipid-DNA complexes

The effect of a cationic liposome non-coding plasmid DNA complex on the growth of an intracerebral glioblastoma in an immunocompetent syngeneic mouse strain was evaluated. Previous studies of extraneural tumors in mice have demonstrated that such complexes containing plasmid DNA are capable of stimulating a potent Th-1 cytokine immune-mediated response with a dramatic inhibition of tumor growth. A DOTIM-cholesterol cationic liposome complexed to non-coding plasmid DNA (EV-CLDC) was administered intravenously (i.v.) at weekly intervals to 6-week-old male mice of the B6D2F1 strain at either 3, 10 or 17 days post-inoculation (DPI) of 4C8 glioblastoma cells. Tumor growth was monitored by volumetric image analysis obtained from sequential weekly magnetic resonance imaging studies of the brain. Experiments were terminated between 30 to 38 DPI. Terminal tumor volumes calculated from histological sections directly correlated with tumor volumes from corresponding MR images. The EV-CLDC administered at 3 DPI resulted in a statistically significant (P<0.0001) sustained inhibition of tumor growth compared with tumors in mice administered only individual components of the EV-CLDC. The EV-CLDC similarly inhibited growth of longer established glioblastomas. Histopathologic evaluation of terminal tumors did not find any hemorrhage, edema or necrosis in either the EV-CLDC-treated or control tumors. The results indicate that an i.v.-administered EV-CLDC can significantly inhibit the growth of a brain tumor in immunocompetent syngeneic mice.
Processing of single nanocrystals

Abstract Nanocrystal processing (NXP) is introduced as a rational approach, based on solid-state thermodynamics and surface chemistry, toward the preparation of perfect and stable nanometer-scale single crystals. Selected facts from the descent of fullerenes are first recalled. The terminology and motivation of nanocrystals and NXP are defined and outlined. The elements of NXP are then delineated in generic terms, with reference to known surface chemistry. Illustrations of etching and passivation processes from the chemistry of ionic nanocrystals and aerosols are given. Prospects for the implementation of NXP are then discussed.
Gene expression profiling differentiates germ cell tumors from other cancers and defines subtype-specific signatures

Germ cell tumors (GCTs) of the testis are the predominant cancer among young men. We analyzed gene expression profiles of 50 GCTs of various subtypes, and we compared them with 443 other common malignant tumors of epithelial, mesenchymal, and lymphoid origins. Significant differences in gene expression were found among major histological subtypes of GCTs, and between them and other malignancies. We identified 511 genes, belonging to several critical functional groups such as cell cycle progression, cell proliferation, and apoptosis, to be significantly differentially expressed in GCTs compared with other tumor types. Sixty-five genes were sufficient for the construction of a GCT class predictor of high predictive accuracy (100% training set, 96% test set), which might be useful in the diagnosis of tumors of unknown primary origin. Previously described diagnostic and prognostic markers were found to be expressed by the appropriate GCT subtype (AFP, POU5F1, POV1, CCND2, and KIT). Several additional differentially expressed genes were identified in teratomas (EGR1 and MMP7), yolk sac tumors (PTPN13 and FN1), and seminomas (NR6A1, DPPA4, and IRX1). Dynamic computation of interaction networks and mapping to existing pathways knowledge databases revealed a potential role of EGR1 in p21-induced cell cycle arrest and intrinsic chemotherapy resistance of mature teratomas.
Concentration distribution in two‐phase pipe flow

Concentration distribution of solid particles in two-phase turbulent pipe flow was studied. Due to the inertia of solid particles, transport of solid particles across the velocity field of the turbulent stream by turbulent diffusion results in deceleration of particles in the region near the wall by the stream and acceleration of particles transported toward the high velocity core. In the core, the particles have lower mean velocity than the stream while near the wall the mean particle velocity is higher. This gives rise to a non-uniform distribution of solid particles in fully developed turbulent pipe flow. Experimental determination of concentration distribution was made with an impact disk particle counter system.
Light Generation, Modulation, And Amplification By N-I-P-I Doping Superlattices

The n-i-p-i doping superlattices, periodic structures composed of n- and p-doped layers, possibly with undoped (i-) regions of the same semi-conductor material in between, form a new class of semiconductors. Apart from their two-dimensional and highly anisotropic electronic structure, a property they share with their compositional superlattice counterparts, they exhibit widely tunable electrical and optical properties that make them very appealing for various applications. Carrier concentration, lumines-cence spectra, absorption coefficient, and refractive index can be modulated by unusually large amounts by weak light signals, injection currents, or external fields. We briefly review the basic theoretical concept and some of the experiments that have confirmed the theory. Then we describe a number of optoelectronic and purely optical device applications. These include wavelength-tunable incoherent and coherent light-emitting devices with high modulation frequency, fast optical modulators, and nonlinear optical devices, possibly exhibiting optical multistability. Although the concept is applicable to any semiconductor that can be doped appropriately, a combination of periodic doping and composition ("hetero n-i-p-i") exhibits particularly appealing potential for devices in the 0.8 to 1.55 µm wavelength range.
Modified fluid wax impression for a severely resorbed edentulous mandibular ridge.

This article describes a technique for making a definitive impression for highly displaceable residual ridges. The technique is especially applicable for mandibular edentulous ridges. The choice of the impression materials, as well as the design of the impression tray, focuses on preventing distortion of the displaceable residual ridges during impression making. Using an impression tray with an opening, modeling plastic impression compound and impression wax are used to accurately capture the shape of the residual ridge and place pressure onto denture load-bearing areas. Low-viscosity vinyl polysiloxane impression material is then used over the window opening to capture the surface details of the residual ridge without distorting the displaceable tissues. The use of this technique helps in maintaining the contour and capturing the detail of the tissues, as well as in accurately determining the extent of the muccobuccal denture extensions. (J Prosthet Dent 2009;101:279-282)
The Effect of Phacoemulsification on Aqueous Outflow Facility

Objective: Although control of intraocular pressure (10P) after cataract extraction may be of critical importance, little is known regarding changes in facility of outflow in the early postoperative period. The effect of phacoemulsification and conjunctival peritomy size on the coefficient of aqueous outflow facility (C) and IOP was studied. Design: Participants were assigned randomly to one of two treatment groups. Participants: Seventy-four patients with cataract and without evidence of glaucoma were studied. Intervention: Patients were randomized to receive either single- or two-quadrant conjunctival peritomy and phacoemulsification. Main Outcome Measures: Tonometry and tonography were assessed before surgery and at 1 day, 1 week, 6 weeks, and 1 year after surgery by a masked observer. Results: Fifty patients with a mean of 11.4 months' (range, 10-13 months) followup were analyzed. Patients with reduced preoperative facility of outflow (as defined by C ≤ 0.28 μlmin/mmHg) showed a significant improvement from a mean preoperative value of 0.24 ± 0.04 μl/min/mmHg to 0.41 ± 0.22 μl/min/mmHg at 1 year ( P = 0.002, N=19). Among all patients, there was no significant change between mean preoperative C and last follow-up (0.39 ± 0.23 vs. 0.46 ± 0.38 μl/min/mmHg, not significant [ns], N=50). Furthermore, there was no significant change between mean preoperative and final IOP (23.7 ± 4.1 vs. 23.3 ± 3.9 mmHg, ns, N=50). There was a significant elevation of mean IOP on postoperative day 1 to 27 ± 6.2 mmHg ( P = 0.001, N=50). Patients with IOP elevations greater than 8 mmHg on postoperative day 1 had significantly elevated IOP at 1 year compared to preoperative values ( P = 0.02, N=12). There were no significant differences detected regarding C or IOP between single- or twoquadrant peritomy groups. Conclusions: Outflow facility improves after phacoemulsification in patients with a reduced preoperative coefficient of aqueous outflow. Postoperative day 1 IOP is significantly elevated after phacoemulsification. Conjunctival peritomy size does not appear to play a role in aqueous outflow facility or IOP after surgery.
The analysis of a single base in an airlift operation

Abstract In this paper, some performance measures of a single base in an airlift operation are evaluated, assuming that the inter-arrival times of the aircraft at the base are exponentially distributed. The crews arriving with the aircraft rest at the base for a constant amount of time before being ready to fly from the base. A certain number of crews are placed at the base initially in order to reduce the waiting times of the aircraft at the base. Closed form expressions for the probability distribution functions of the waiting times of the aircraft and crews at the base and the number of aircraft and crews waiting are derived as functions of the mean inter-arrival times, the number of crews placed initially at the base and the duration of the rest period.
Cities in the International Marketplace: The Political Economy of Urban Development in North America and Western Europe – By H.V. Savitch and Paul Kantor

Reviews the book "Cities in the International Marketplace: The Political Economy of Urban Development in North America and Western Europe," by H.V. Savitch and Paul Kantor.
Recent developments in the understanding of benzene toxicity and leukemogenesis.

During the first half of the 20th century the study of benzene toxicity was largely restricted to describing the effects of benzene, whereas more recently the emphasis has shifted to studies of the...
The relative importance of selected behavioral characteristics of group members in an extreme environment.

(1970). The Relative Importance of Selected Behavioral Characteristics of Group Members in an Extreme Environment. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 75, No. 2, pp. 231-237.
Evolution of the Medical Director concept.

: To illustrate the evolution of the Medical Director concept, phases I, II and III of “The Maryland Story” are presented. The Medical Director should be an integral part of the nursing home staff if the quality of care is to be upgraded. The public, the government, nursing homes and the medical profession should recognize this need. The role of the Medical Director should be clearly defined so that there will be no overlapping with the primary responsibility of the Administrator. Organized medicine and regulatory agencies should develop training programs for Medical Directors, to help nursing homes become a significant part of our health care system. There is great need for specialists in geriatrics.
The carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of carbonates from a mica peridotite dike near Dixonville, Pennsylvania

Abstract The mica peridotite dike at Dixonville, Pennsylvania, belongs to a belt of ultramafic intrusions in eastern North America. Samples in a cross section through the dike, approximately 14 cm wide at the point of study, have been investigated. The carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of carbonate inclusions, of a 1 to 2 mm thick dolomite vein and of the carbonate contained in the fine-grained matrix of the peridotite were measured. The carbonate inclusions contain the heaviest terrestrial carbon discovered so far, their δC13 values with respect to the PDB standard range from 12%. to 24.8%.. The carbon and oxygen isotopic composition varies systematically through the cross section of the dike and extremely steep δC13 gradients exist.
Progress in thin wire back-end of-line development

Substantial improvements have been achieved in interconnects with 90nm pitch. Solutions for an optimized patterning and metallization will be presented (e.g. ULK treatments during etch, complete metal hard-mask removal by wet-clean, ultra-thin PVD liner). A particular challenge for a semiconductor foundry is the band-width of customer specific designs and requirements. Novel design dependent process strategies have been developed. Transferring this learning will be crucial for a successful ramp of subsequent technologies.
NVG adjustment methods, eyepiece focus settings, and vision

ABSTRACT Several studies and many anecdotal reports indicate that aircrew members focus night vision goggle (NVG) eyepiece lenses to more negative powers than would be expected based on refractive error, presumably due to instrument myopia, dark focus myopia, and other factors. Excessive negati ve power stimulates accommodatio n, introducing risks from discomfort, fatigue, and blurred vision. Aircrew members are trained to employ specific adjustment techniques to minimize over-minusing of eyep iece lens powers, but those techniques are prone to error. The currently fielded AN/AVS-9 NVG (F4949) has a focus range of (+2.0) to (-6.0) diopters, and meets the needs of most aircrew. However, the new AN/AVS-10 NVG panoramic night vision goggle (PNVG) has a fixed focus of (-1.0) diopters due to engineering design constr aints. Accessory snap-on lenses are ava ilable, but data are needed to optimize the distribution of lens powers to be acquired and maintained. This study involved the characterization of vision (visual acuity, perceived quality, and comfort) as a function of: 1) eyepiece focus setting using trial lenses; 2) F4949 eyepiece focus adjustments using a poi nt source vs. a Hoffman 20/20 box; and 3) PNVG eyepiece lens selections using a lens bar vs. snap-on lens selections. Eight subjects with normal (20/20 corrected) vision ranging in age from 23 years to 49 participated in this study. The experiments were conducted in the Aerospace Vision Experimental Laboratory and the Dynamic Vision Assessment Facility at Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio using F4949 and PNVG devices with a custom-designed NVG-compatible computer-based visual acuity acquisition system. Key Words : Night Vision, Night Vision Goggles, Eyepiece lenses, Focusing techniques, PNVG
Effect of Increased Pressure During Pulsatile Pump Perfusion of Deceased Donor Kidneys in Transplantation

Abstract Introduction Pulsatile pump perfusion of potential kidneys for transplantation is known to decrease the rate of delayed graft function (DGF) and improve their 1-year survival. Flow and resistance parameters are often used to determine the suitability of kidneys for transplantation. Kidneys with low flow rates are often subjected to higher pressures to improve flow. This study evaluated the effect of higher pump pressures on posttransplant renal function. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of 73 deceased donor kidneys preserved using pump perfusion (LifePort) at our center between May 2006 and September 2009. We calculated the mean pump pressure (MP) for the duration of perfusion of each kidney, using systolic pressure (SP) and diastolic pressure (DP) readings with the following formula: (MP = DP + 1/3 (SP − DP). The kidneys were divided into a low (LP; n = 49) and a high-pressure group (HP; n = 24) based on a MP cutoff value of 23 mm Hg. The two groups were then compared for differences in perfusion dynamics and primary endpoints including DGF and 1-year graft survival. Statistical analysis was performed using paired Student t test and chi-square analysis. Results The two groups were comparable for donor age, extended criteria, sensitization, and cold ischemic times. They differed significantly in higher initial (0.65 ± 0.4 versus 0.4 ± 0.2, P = .01), average (0.25 ± 0.08 versus 0.18 ± 0.06, P = .0006), and terminal resistance (0.21 ± 0.07 versus 0.17 ± 0.06, P = .008) of HP versus LP kidneys. Flow rates were comparable between the two groups. DGF was higher in HP kidneys (75% versus 40%, P = .006) with similar 1-year graft survival (87.5% versus 89%, P = .7). Conclusions Perfusate flow through a kidney can be improved by increasing pressure settings to overcome elevated resistance. This maneuver was not associated with a lower rate of DGF after transplantation. One-year graft survival remained unaffected.
Plasma luteinizing hormone dynamics in pregnant mare serum-induced ovulators as measured by radioimmunoassay: influence of testosterone.

Pregnant mare serum (PMS) has been used to induce ovulation in immature female rats. After the subcutaneous administration of 25 IU of PMS, 60-87 % of the animals ovulated (5-44 ova/animal), and “pre-ovulatory” plasma LH levels in 2 separate experiments were found to be 422±76 and 497±72 (mean + SE) ng/ml (NIAMD-Rat LH-RP1) compared to “post-ovulatory” levels of 168±11 and 154 ±11 ng/ml, respectively. No correlation existed between the “pre-ovulatory” rise in plasma LH (ΔLH) and the number of ova shed by individual rats. In rats given 12.5 vs. 25 IU of PMS, a dose response relationship was found both in the mean ΔLH and number of ova shed by ovulating rats. Testosterone propionate (500 μg/day for 4 days) completely suppressed the release of LH and the induction of ovulation. These data indicate that there is a consistent though variable or asynchronous rise in plasma LH in the pre-ovulatory period in PMS-induced ovulators and that testosterone blocks ovulation by suppressing this “pre-ovulatory” rise. Thi...
Using data envelopment analysis to evaluate efficiency in the economic performance of Chinese cities

Abstract This paper studies the use of DEA (data envelopment analysis) as a tool for possible use in evaluating and planning the economic performance of China's cities (28 in all) which play a critical role in the government's program of economic development. DEA promises advantages which include the absence of any need for the assignment of weights on an a priori basis (to reflect the supposed relative importance of various outputs or inputs) when evaluating technical efficiency. It is also unnecessary to explicitly specify underlying functions that are intended to prescribe the analytical form of the relations between inputs and outputs. Finally, as is illustrated in the paper, DEA can be used to identify sources, and estimate amounts of inefficiencies in each city's performance as well as to identify returns-to-scale possibilities in ways that seem well-suited to the mixture of centralized and decentralized planning and performance that China is currently trying to use.
Ignoring Nina: Avoidance and Denial in Pope, Poliakoff, Parker, Boynes, and Hudson (2009)

H. G. Pope, M. B. Poliakoff, M. P. Parker, M. Boynes, and J. I. Hudson's (this issue) response neglects the research and literary evidence supporting the existence of dissociative amnesia in response to trauma. After the authors acknowledged that the example of Nina fulfilled their criteria for a literary representation of this phenomenon before the year 1800 (A. Pettus, 2008), they did not publish an addendum or retraction of their 2007 article and its conclusions and have disregarded the example in their present response. Pope et al. exhibit additional weaknesses in their failure to address the contest's methodological flaws, in their absence of an explanation as to why their criteria for dissociative amnesia differ from those of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.), and in their illogical reasoning and conclusions concerning research studies on dissociative amnesia. Pope et al.'s response indicates that the authors do not comprehend the importance of attending to the ways...
"Patent Litigation as Real Option Exercise in a Highly Competitive, Dynamic Market"

What explains the alarming uptick in the number of patent infringement suits filed by corporate actors? While there may be numerous determinants of patent litigation activity, we propose one possible explanation using two theoretical lenses: real options and competitive dynamics. According to these theoretical frameworks, incumbent firms acquire patents as real options for their potential strategic value under uncertainty, which is the market competitive dynamics. The timing of the option strike depends on the resolution of uncertainty, defined as a competitor's increase in market share. As a reaction to this competitive action, incumbent firms may choose to exercise their options by filing patent infringement suits against their competitors. This phenomenon is observed especially in industry settings with strong appropriability and weak complementary asset value, where firms are more prone to engage in a competitive, rather than cooperative behavior. We empirically test the hypotheses with data from the ...
The kinetic energy contribution to fracture propagation in a linearly viscoelastic material.

Elaborating upon the use of the spherical or cylindrical flaw as a model for fracture, the kinetic contribution for a uniformly loaded, incompressible elastic material has been extended to include linear viscoelasflcity. For the special case of a constant displacement rate far from the inclusion, the initial flaw velocity at instability is zero instead of infinite as predicted without kinetic energy considerations.
A new species of Eoginkgoites from the Upper Triassic of North Carolina, USA

Abstract The foliage genus Eoginkgoites represents a superficially ginkgoalean bennettitalean leaf restricted to the Late Triassic of North America. A new species, Eoginkgoites sydneyi is described from the Pekin Formation in North Carolina. The number of lateral pinna pairs is typically four, but varies from three to five. Previously described species have a maximum of three lateral pairs. The new form is most similar in morphology to E. gigantea from the upper Stockton Formation of Pennsylvania. Eoginkgoites sydneyi and the Chinle Formation species E. davidsonii share several cuticular features unusual to the Bennettitales including straight anticlinal epidermal cell walls and radiating striations on the stomata guard cell thickenings. The additional pinna pairs of the new species suggests support for the hypothesis that the Eoginkgoites leaf morphology was derived from a typical pinnate form by loss of lower pinnae and shortening of the rachis. Recognition of this unusual leaf morphology in the Triassic provides further evidence for an emerging picture of greater morphological diversity in the early Bennettitales.
Vac1p coordinates Rab and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling in Vps45p-dependent vesicle docking/fusion at the endosome

The vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mediates transport of vacuolar protein precursors from the late Golgi to the lysosome-like vacuole. Sorting of some vacuolar proteins occurs via a prevacuolar endosomal compartment and mutations in a subset of VPS genes (the class D VPS genes) interfere with the Golgi-to-endosome transport step. Several of the encoded proteins, including Pep12p/Vps6p (an endosomal target (t) SNARE) and Vps45p (a Sec1p homologue), bind each other directly [1]. Another of these proteins, Vac1p/Pep7p/Vps19p, associates with Pep12p and binds phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI(3)P), the product of the Vps34 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) [1] [2]. Here, we demonstrate that Vac1p genetically and physically interacts with the activated, GTP-bound form of Vps21p, a Rab GTPase that functions in Golgi-to-endosome transport, and with Vps45p. These results implicate Vac1p as an effector of Vps21p and as a novel Sec1p-family-binding protein. We suggest that Vac1p functions as a multivalent adaptor protein that ensures the high fidelity of vesicle docking and fusion by integrating both phosphoinositide (Vps34p) and GTPase (Vps21p) signals, which are essential for Pep12p- and Vps45p-dependent targeting of Golgi-derived vesicles to the prevacuolar endosome.
A Smoking Intervention for Substance Abusing Adolescents: Outcomes, Predictors of Cessation Attempts, and Post-Treatment Substance Use

SUMMARY Tobacco use is prevalent among youth with alcohol and other drug problems, yet this issue has been afforded limited research or clinical attention. The present study reports on findings for a cigarette smoking intervention for youth treated for substance abuse. Thirty-five adolescents, ages 13 to 18 (40% female), completed a cigarette-focused intervention and were followed-up at three months post-treatment. Six of the adolescents were abstinent from smoking at follow-up, while 17 had attempted cessation during the post-treatment period. Of baseline predictors examined, duration of smoking and intentions to quit predicted cessation attempts. Smoking cessation efforts had no negative impact on substance use outcomes. Findings were interpreted to provide support for the feasibility and utility of tobacco intervention in the context of adolescent substance abuse treatment.
South Atlantic anomaly filter for satellite UV observation

A South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) filter has been developed to filter out large amounts of noise caused by high energy protons hitting onto the optical instrument focal plane when the satellite passes through the SAA region. The filter is based on the Principal Component Analysis (PCA)/Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis. The EOF vectors derived from an orbit outside of the SAA region were used to represent the observations coming from the noisy SAA region. Then using the clear EOF vectors, the observations within SAA region are rebuilt with the most important principle components. The filter works well in UV region. Tests on L1B data from Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME2) and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) have been conducted. It is expected that this filter can help to improve the measurements and retrievals for the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) nadir profiler in the SAA region.
Thermal transport in the Falicov-Kimball model on a Bethe lattice

We calculate thermal transport in the Falicov-Kimball model on an infinite-coordination-number Bethe lattice. We perform numerical calculations of the thermoelectric characteristics and concentrate on finding materials parameters for which the electronic thermoelectric figure-of-merit $\mathrm{ZT}$ is large, suggesting potential cooling and power generation applications. Surprisingly, the Bethe lattice has significant qualitative and quantitative differences with the previously studied hypercubic lattice (which we expect to hold for many correlated models). At low temperature it is unlikely that these systems can be employed in thermoelectric devices due to the low conductivities and due to a larger lattice contribution to the thermal conductivity ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{L},$ but at high temperature, the thermoelectric parameters appear more promising for devices due to a significant enhancement of $\mathrm{ZT}$ and a smaller relative contribution by the lattice thermal conductivity.
Emission of visible radiation from extended plasmas in silicon diodes during second breakdown

Thin film silicon-on-sapphire diodes have been reverse biased into second breakdown and the formation of a filament has been observed between the anode and cathode. This filamentary conduction was accompanied by emission of visible radiation, the light being much more intense than that associated with avalanche or microplasma emission. The filamentary emission appeared to be associated with both thermal heating of the diode to temperatures as hot as 600-800°C and the formation of a plasma. Quantum efficiencies as high as 0.04 percent have been observed and plasmas extending over anode-cathode spacings of up to 100 µm have been observed.
Making claims on echoes: Dranem, Cole Porter and the biguine between the Antilles, France and the US

This paper considers the ways in which the biguine (or ‘beguine’) circulated as a French West Indian musical genre and as a signifier for colonial and island exoticism in non-biguine musical genres during the early to mid-20th century. I begin by suggesting the ways in which the colonial and transnational conditions of its performance have left a history of ideological tensions within popular and academic discussions about the biguine. I then suggest some of the specific ways in which the biguine's circulation functioned in the context of the interwar years and resonated with the discourse and dynamics of ‘Jazz Age Paris’, negrophilia and le tumulte noir. Finally, I offer a close reading of the ways in which French comedian-singer Dranem's ‘La Biguine’ and Cole Porter's ‘Begin the Beguine’ playfully represent the genre in French chanson coloniale and popular song. Rather than viewing the biguine's conditions of performance, or the re-appropriation of the biguine in name only, as the equivalent of the complete musical colonisation and erasure of the genre, I propose that we extend biguine discussion beyond its empirical musicological elements, and lay claim on the echoes of biguine discourse as they resonate through other genres.
The Impact of Student Employment on Teachers' Attitudes and Behaviors Toward Working Students:

Part-time and full-time work is increasingly common among many American high school students. There is a substantial body of research on the relationship of youth work with individual academic and socioeconomic outcomes, but we know little about how schools and teachers themselves have responded to the shift among their students toward intensified work involvement. Our research analyzes teachers' views of working students and the impact of student work upon classroom organization and performance. We find considerable concern on the part of teachers toward student employment but little evidence that they adjust their classroom behavior to accommodate working students. Years of teaching experience and experience as a parent of a working teenager have contradictory effects of teachers' perceptions of working students. We discuss the implications of these findings for the classroom performance of teachers and the social organization of schools.
Crack Stability and Its Effect on Fracture Toughness of Hot‐Pressed Silicon Nitride Beam Specimens

The effect of stable crack extension on fracture toughness test results was determined using single-edge precracked beam specimens. Crack growth stability was examined theoretically for bars loaded in three-point bending under displacement control. The calculations took into account the stiffness of both the specimen and the loading system. The results indicated that the stiffness of the testing system played a major role in crack growth stability. Accordingly, a test system and specimen dimensions were selected which would result in unstable or stable crack extension during the fracture toughness test, depending on the exact test conditions. Hot-pressed silicon nitride bend bars (NC132) were prepared with precracks of different lengths, resulting in specimens with different stiffnesses. The specimens with the shorter precracks and thus higher stiffness broke without stable crack extension, while those with longer cracks, and lower stiffness, broke after some stable crack extension. The fracture toughness values from the unstable tests were 10% higher than those from the stable tests. This difference, albeit small, is systematic and is not considered to be due to material or specimen-to-specimen variation. It is concluded that instability due to the stiffness of test system and specimen must be minimized to ensure some stable crack extension in a fracture toughness test of brittle materials in order to avoid inflated fracture toughness values.
A Bayesian approach to clustering and classification

The author describes a classification approach and associated algorithms designed for use with continuous but non-Gaussian data. The probability density function for each class is modeled as a mixture of Gaussian distributions. The clustering algorithm estimates the means the covariances of the component Gaussian distributions for each class. A classification rule based on the mixture model is presented. >
Computerized three‐dimensional segmented human anatomy

Manual segmentation of 129 x-ray CT transverse slices of a living male human has been done and a computerized 3-dimensional volume array modeling all major internal structures of the body has been created. Each voxel of the volume contains a index number designating it as belonging to a given organ or internal structure. The original x-ray CT images were reconstructed in a 512×512 matrix with a resolution of 1 mm in the x,y plane. The z-axis resolution is 1 cm from neck to midthigh and 0.5 cm from neck to crown of the head. This volume array represents a high resolution model of the human anatomy and can serve as a voxel-based anthropomorphic phantom suitable for many computer-based modeling and simulation calculations.
The mode of corporate diversification: Internal ventures versus acquisitions

This study investigates empirically the underlying motives for selecting the mode of corporate diversification and attempts to match the form of capital investments with a corresponding theoretical rationale for diversification. The empirical results seem to support both the transaction-costs rationale for diversification and the motive that arises from a firm's prior experience with each form of capital investment. However, the empirical findings are inconsistent with the explanation that is based on the owner-manager conflict of interest.
Commentary: unroofing for hidradenitis suppurativa, why and how.

T raditional surgery for hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) consists of en bloc wide excision followed by primary closure or healing by secondary intent. A simpler technique consists of careful unroofing, exploration, and debridement of the scars, abscesses, cysts, and complex sinuses that characterize HS. Elsewhere in the Journal, van der Zee et al show us how. The following comments are directed at why this technique (which van der Zee et al refer to as ‘‘deroofing’’) succeeds when simple ‘‘incision and drainage’’ fails. The material caught beneath the epidermis in HS is not simple purulent inflammatory debris. HS is the product of genetic, mechanical, hormonal, and dietary influences. Failure of terminal differentiation of infundibular keratinocytes leads to accumulations of adherent keratinocytes plugging the duct, microcomedo development in the upper follicle, and tight occlusion of the acroinfundibulum. A genetic weakness of the glycoprotein glassy membrane support of the infrainfundibular wall is postulated as the physical defect that predisposes the pilosebaceous follicle, under the pressure of centrifugal expansion within the infundibular canal, to lose its structural integrity. Follicular contents leak out, stimulating the innate immune system. Inflammatory mediators multiply, the reaction is further inflamed, the
Molecular characterization of epithelioid haemangioendotheliomas identifies novel WWTR1-CAMTA1 fusion variants.

Aims Epithelioid haemangioendothelioma (EHE) is a malignant vascular neoplasm. Subsets have been characterized previously by translocations resulting in either WWTR1–CAMTA1 or YAP1–TFE3 fusion. We sought to develop molecular and immunohistochemical (IHC) assays to aid in the diagnosis and characterization of EHE. Methods and results Fifty-two formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) cases diagnosed between 2002 and 2014 were retrieved from the pathology files of our institutions. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) assays were optimized to detect WWTR1–CAMTA1 and YAP1–TFE3 fusion transcripts in FFPE tissue and transcription factor E3 (TFE3) protein accumulation was examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). RNA was extracted from 33 adequate samples, with more recent cases providing a greater yield of high quality RNA. Fourteen of 18 informative cases were positive for WWTR1–CAMTA1 fusion transcripts, four of which showed higher-grade cytological features termed by some as ‘malignant EHE’. Novel in-frame fusion transcripts were identified in four cases by direct sequencing. IHC revealed variable nuclear TFE3 staining in six of 17 cases; three with patchy staining showed WWTR1–CAMTA1 fusion. One of 18 informative cases was positive for YAP1–TFE3 fusion and showed strong nuclear TFE3 staining by IHC. Conclusions This study confirms the high incidence of WWTR1–CAMTA1 and YAP1–TFE3 rearrangements in EHE and indicates that the staining pattern for TFE3 IHC is critical for specificity.
Early programmable valve malfunctions in pediatric hydrocephalus.

Object The use of adjustable differential pressure valves has been recommended to improve ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt performance in selected patients; however, published data are scarce regarding their clinical reliability. Recently, the identification of a number of malfunctioning programmable valves during shunt revision surgery in children prompted a retrospective review of valve performance in this patient cohort. Methods The authors performed a retrospective chart analysis of 100 patients with programmable valve shunts and 89 patients with nonprogrammable valve shunts implanted at the St. Louis Children's Hospital between April 2002 and June 2004. They noted the cause of hydrocephalus, the type of shunt malfunction, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein levels. Regular clinical follow up ranged from 1 to 26 months, with a mean follow-up time of 9.75 months for patients with programmable valves and 10.4 months for patients with nonprogrammable valves. Patient ages ranged from 2 weeks to 18 years....
Heroic-Idyllic Philosophizing: Nietzsche and the Epicurean Tradition

This essay looks at Nietzsche in relation to the Epicurean tradition. It focuses on his middle period writings of 1878–82 – texts such as Human, all too Human, Dawn, and The Gay Science – and seeks to show that an ethos of Epicurean enlightenment pervades these texts, with Epicurus celebrated for his teaching of modest pleasures and cultivation of philosophical serenity. For Nietzsche, Epicurus is one of the greatest human beings to have ever graced the earth and the inventor of ‘heroic-idyllic philosophizing’. At the same time, Nietzsche claims to understand Epicurus differently to everybody else. The essay explores the main figurations of Epicurus we find in his middle period and concludes by taking a critical look at his later and more ambivalent reception of Epicurus.
Solving a meiotic LEGO puzzle: transverse filaments and the assembly of the synaptonemal complex in Caenorhabditis elegans.

The structure of the meiosis-specific synaptonemal complex, which is perhaps the central visible characteristic of meiotic prophase, has been a matter of intense interest for decades. Although a general picture of the interactions between the transverse filament proteins that create this structure has emerged from studies in a variety of organisms, a recent analysis of synaptonemal complex structure in Caenorhabditis elegans by Schild-Prufert et al. (2011) has provided the clearest picture of the structure of the architecture of a synaptonemal complex to date. Although the transverse filaments of the worm synaptonemal complex are assembled differently then those observed in yeast, mammalian, and Drosophila synaptonemal complexes, a comparison of the four assemblies shows that achieving the overall basic structure of the synaptonemal complex is far more crucial than conserving the structures of the individual transverse filaments.
Geomorphic and hydrologic implications of the rapid incision of Afton Canyon, Mojave Desert, California

Afton Canyon is a >150-m-deep canyon that formed as a result of overflow and drainage of Lake Manix, an ∼215 km2 late Wisconsin pluvial lake in the central Mojave Desert. Because the canyon age is within the range of conventional radiocarbon dating, it is possible to provide a time-based chronology of events and resultant landscape changes due to a >120 m base-level drop. Analysis of erosion volumes upstream of Afton Canyon and a review of public and private well logs downstream of the canyon mouth indicate that late Wisconsin surfaces are deeply buried downstream of Afton Canyon. Burial depths are ∼55 m at the mouth of Afton Canyon, 27 m in the Cronese basin, and 18 m at Crucero. The well logs also indicate that Soda Lake was far more areally extensive prior to late Wisconsin time. Stratigraphic and geomorphic evidence suggests that Afton Canyon was cut rapidly sometime after 14,230 ±1325 yr B.P. The rapid draining of Lake Manix and subsequent basin dissection have important implications for late Quaternary lake fluctuations in Death Valley, base-level changes and resultant alluvial-fan adjustments in the Cronese basin, the sand source for the Kelso Dunes, and the absence of old artifacts in the Cronese basin and the Mojave River wash region.
An Evaluation of the Use of Tests of Significance in Organizational Behavior Research

This paper examines the use of parametric and nonparametric tests of significance reported in selected organizational behavior journals from 1976 to 1961. Parametric tests dominated their nonparametric counterparts. The tests used more frequently, the most popular nonparametric tests, and the differences and similarities among studies published in various journals are reported. An evaluation of the appropriateness of the use of tests of significance in organizational behavior during the period is made.
Crystal Structure of L-Quebrachitol

L-Quebrachitol (1) isolated from the root of Elaeagnus formosana Nakai (Elaeagnaceae) has not been reported before for any species of the genus of Elaeasnus. Its structure was established from spectral data and was completely characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis. L-Quebrachitol crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21, with cell parameters are a = 6.702(4), b = 7.207(4), c = 8.758(5) A, β = 90.24(5)° and Z = 2.
Asymmetric crosstalk-resistant adaptive noise canceller and its application in beamforming

A novel adaptive beamforming structure utilizing a two-input adaptive noise canceler with cross feedback is proposed for reducing ambient noise in applications such as the hearing aid. In comparison with other simple, thus inexpensive, beamforming techniques, the technique proposed here extracts the target signal component from the reference input adaptively instead of via nonadaptive subtraction of the primary and reference inputs. Simulation results with speech signals recorded in a living room environment show satisfactory performance and promise a better applicability to real-life situations. >
P2E-8 Ex Vivo Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Imaging of an Ovine Heart Model

Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging with an intra-cardiac probe has been demonstrated to be a suitable modality to monitor the progress of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) procedures. In order to continue studies while allowing increased control and repeatability in the procedure, an ovine heart model was used to artificially simulate a beating heart. The interior of the heart remained accessible via the connecting vessels. An intra-cardiac probe was inserted via the superior vena cava and ARFI images of all four chambers were formed. RFAs were also performed to create stiffer lesions within the right ventricle. Upon completion of the ablation and removal of the ablation catheter, ARFI imaging was used to visualize the lesion. The results show the ovine heart model is a suitable apparatus to simulate cardiac motion and a valuable tool to develop and refine procedures for intra-cardiac ARFI imaging based guidance and assessment of radiofrequency ablations within the heart
Axial irradiance distribution throughout the whole space behind an annular aperture

In many photonics and fiber-optics applications, the irradiance distribution in the very near field (z/ D < 0.25) behind a circular or annular aperture is of interest. We present the results of detailed calculations of the irradiance distribution throughout the entire space behind an annular aperture. Included as a special case of the annular aperture is the circular aperture and the opaque circular disk. A log–log plot over many orders of magnitude in axial distance provides particular insight. The behavior throughout the Fresnel and Fraunhofer region is well known; however, we pay particular attention to the behavior in the near field. A variety of subtle effects in the near field are presented and discussed.
DTI and fMRI: Review of Complementary Techniques

This chapter discusses how the combination of blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can be used for presurgical mapping of brain lesions such as brain tumors. The need to map both eloquent cortex and eloquent white matter in a complementary manner will be stressed. Both the underlying physical principles and the clinical applications of BOLD fMRI and DTI will be explained in detail with inclusion of several clinical examples that illustrate how the integration of these techniques is practically utilized.
Development of elasticity sensors for instrumented socks and wearable devices

Accumulation of fluid in the lower legs occurs due to acute decompensated heart failure, venous deficiency, lymphedema, and a number of other medical conditions. An instrumented sock using an elasticity sensor is developed for the purpose of monitoring lower leg fluid status. The design and sensing principles of the sock are introduced. Two generations of prototype elasticity sensors have been constructed to verify the sensing principles. Their performances are analyzed and compared. Both in vivo and in vitro tests using the fabricated sensor prototypes show promising results.