cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization and antibody-binding capacity of streptococcal group A carbohydrate haptens.

Tritium-labeled group A streptococcal carbohydrate haptens have been prepared by incubation of acid hydrolysates of group A carbohydrate with 3 H-borohydride. Isolation of hapten was achieved by column and thin layer chromatography. These procedures yielded an antigenically univalent hapten, “α hapten,” with an estimated molecular weight of 1100 daltons and a rhamnose: glucosamine molar ratio of 6:1. The α hapten inhibited the binding of A-carbohydrate with homologous antiserum. Comparative antibody-binding studies were performed with group A streptococcal rabbit antibody preparations by using the α hapten and a synthetic 3 H-p-nitrophenyl-β-N-acetylglucosamine ( 3 H-pNoNAG) hapten. These studies demonstrate that average association constants (K 0 ) obtained with the α hapten are one to two orders of magnitude higher than the K 0 determined with 3 H-pNoNAG. Significantly less nonspecific binding was observed with the α hapten. Binding studies with the α hapten enabled the determination of K 0 for a number of antibody preparations which failed to evidence specific binding with 3 H-pNoNAG. The availability of the α hapten makes more feasible the reliable determination of K 0 for antibody prepared under various conditions.
Microprocessor Features a la Carte

Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. This is the biologist’s observation that the fetal development of an individual of a species mimics the evolutionary development of the species itself. In his book The Selfish Gene, Dawkins [Da76] makes the intriguing proposition that human ideas share many of the characteristics of genes, and that ideas themselves might be considered a life form. The two notions together suggest that we listen for an echo of the development of the whole field of computer science in the recent rapid development of the youngest individual in that field: the microcomputer.
Airborne Radar Observations of the Flight Behavior of Small Insects in the Atmospheric Convective Boundary Layer

The vertical flight behavior of insects in the convective boundary layer (CBL) is examined by means of profiling airborne Doppler radar data collected in the central Great Plains in late spring. On fair-weather days, the CBL grows from the ground up in morning hours and matures at a depth of 1,000–1,500 m shortly after midday. It is well mixed by thermals bubbling up from near the surface. Nevertheless the CBL is dominated, over its entire depth, by well-defined regions of high insect concentrations, here referred to as insect plumes. This is inferred from radar, whose echoes in the CBL are largely caused by microinsects (<10 mm diameter). This study focuses on the vertical motion of the radar scatterers relative to the vertical air motion, in natural conditions. It is shown that insect plumes tend to be collocated with updrafts in the CBL and that microinsects tend to fall or fly down against the updrafts at an average speed of 0.5 ± 0.2 m/s. This estimate is based on a comparison of the close-range radar velocities, some 100 m above and below the aircraft, with the vertical air velocity measured at flight level. We hypothesize that the gregarious behavior of small insects in the CBL is explained by their tendency to oppose updrafts at a rate that is surprisingly proportional to the updraft strength. This finding is also strong evidence for the biotic nature of the echo plumes. This hypothesis is tested elsewhere by means of a simple numerical simulation.
In vivo release of lymphokines in different strains of mice

Abstract Attempts were made to induce the two lymphokines, migration inhibitory factor and interferon II, in vivo with antigens from the tubercle bacillus. Of 11 strains of mice assayed, marked variations occurred in the capacity to release these lymphokines. This capacity to respond, however, was altered by the mode of presentation of the antigen. The migration inhibitory factor and interferon II appeared together in the responding strains, and both were absent in the nonresponding strains.
Functional connectivity mapping in hospitalized infants using diffuse optical tomography

Resting-state functional connectivity is an attractive tool for studying brain function in neonates. Here, we present fcDOT maps of multiple networks detected in premature infants at the bedside.
Cyclic Preference Scheduling for Nurses Using Branch and Price

This paper presents a new methodology to solve the cyclic preference scheduling problem for hourly workers. The focus is on nurse rostering but is applicable to any organization in which the midterm scheduling decision must take into account a complex of legal, institutional, and preferential constraints. The objective is to strike a balance between satisfying individual preferences and minimizing personnel costs. The common practice is to consider each planning period independently and to generate new rosters at the beginning of each. To reduce some of the instability in the process, there is a growing trend toward cyclic schedules, which are easier to manage and are generally perceived to be more equitable. To address this problem, a new integer programming model is presented that combines the elements of both cyclic and preference scheduling. To find solutions, a branch-and-price algorithm is developed that makes use of several branching rules and an extremely effective rounding heuristic. A unique feature of the formulation is that the master problem contains integer rather than binary variables. Computational results are reported for problem instances with up to 200 nurses. Most were solved within 10 minutes and many within 3 minutes when a double aggregation approach was applicable. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 54: 000 - 000, 2007.
A Mindful Approach to Mental Retardation

Langer's (1989) concept of mindfulness is analyzed in terms of Reiss's (in press a) 16 desires and then is applied to mental retardation. Mindfulness is motivated by desires for high curiosity, low order, and high independence. High curiosity is satisfied when we mindfully focus attention on individuality, as opposed to when we mindlessly use diagnostic labels to tell us who people are. A desire for low order is satisfied when we apply diagnostic IQ cutoff scores flexibly. A desire for high independence is satisfied when we reject conventional stereotypes. Examples of mindful thinking include the American Association on Mental Retardation's 9th definition of mental retardation, Zigler's approach to personality research, and the recongition of possible co-occurrence of mental illness and mental retardation.
Influence of π-Stacking on the Redox Properties of Oligothiophenes: (α-Alkyloligo-thienyl)para[2.2]cyclophanes

Oligothienyl-substituted paracyclophanes bearing α-thienyl substituents, which block polymerization at these sites, undergo oxidation to form stable radical cations and dications. Splitting of the first voltammetric oxidation wave of stacked dimers into two single-electron processes corresponding to formation of the stacked mono(radical cation) and the stacked bis(radical cation) illustrates the influence of π-stacking on the behavior of conjugated chains, which serve as models for stacked polarons in conjugated polymers.
Mineralogical characterization of acid weathered phyllosilicates with implications for secondary martian deposits

Abstract The detection of phyllosilicates and sulfates on Mars has revealed a complex aqueous history which suggests distinct geochemical environments separated temporally and spatially. Recent observations by MRO CRISM in Mawrth Vallis have shown that phyllosilicate deposits exhibit a specific stratigraphy, which remains incompletely understood. Moreover, MER Spirit has evidenced association between phyllosilicates, amorphous silica and sulfates. We investigated the hypothesis that these parageneses resulted from the acidic weathering of older phyllosilicate deposits. We exposed nontronite (Fe-rich smectite), montmorillonite (Al-rich smectite) and kaolinite to H 2 SO 4 solutions at pH 0, 2 and 4, and at a temperature of 60 °C. After the acid treatment, a combination of mineralogical techniques was used to assess the degree of alteration of the three phyllosilicate minerals. XRF, XRD and ESEM measurements show that nontronite was the most unstable when acid leached, followed by montmorillonite and then kaolinite. Progressive acidic leaching of nontronite leads to alteration of the phyllosilicate to amorphous silica, along with Fe-sulfate and anatase, and the formation of an acidic Al,Fe-rich solution. Alteration of montmorillonite resulted in the formation of Fe-, Al-, Ca- and Mg-sulfates, and a Al-rich leaching solution. Comparatively, leaching of kaolinite resulted in the formation of Al-sulfates and a Al-rich solution as well, with only slight alteration of the primary mineralogical features. The effects of acid leaching of the phyllosilicates were also observed in NIR reflectance spectra, allowing a comparison with CRISM spectra from Mawrth Vallis. Based on our results, we propose a new model where acid leaching of mixed phyllosilicate deposits leads to kaolinite overlaying montmorillonite, which in turn caps Fe,Mg-smectites. Leaching of cations and subsequent evaporation leads to sulfate deposits, as supported by geochemical modeling, while amorphous silica remains as a residue. Depending on the intensity (pH) and length of exposure of acidic leaching, our model can explain the stratigraphic distribution of phyllosilicates, and the association of sulfates, silica and smectites.
On the spatial scales of a river plume

[1] We report observations of the structure of the front that surrounds the plume of the Connecticut River in Long Island Sound (LIS). Salinity, temperature, and velocity in the near-surface waters were measured by both towed and ship-mounted sensors and an autonomous underwater vehicle. We find that the plume front extends south from the mouth of the river, normal to the direction of the tidal flow in LIS and then curves to the east to parallel the tidal current. The layer depth at the front and the cross-front jumps in salinity and near-surface velocity all tend to decrease as distance from the source increases. This is qualitatively consistent with the prediction of layer models. In the across-front direction, the plume layer depth increases from zero to the asymptotic value within a few times the plume depth (∼5 m). Vertical motion is generated in this zone, and there is evidence of overturning. Farther from the front, the high-frequency salinity standard deviation decays exponentially with a length scale of 30 m. Assuming that the salinity fluctuations are a consequence of turbulence, we find that the rate of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation decreases exponentially in the across-front direction with a decay scale LG ≈ 15 m. Estimates based on AUV-mounted shear probes are consistent with this estimate. We present an explanation of the physics that determines LG and provide a simple formula to guide the choice of resolution in models that are designed to resolve the frontal structure.
A study of the astrometric motion of Barnard's star

The Astrometric technique is unique in that it allows us to do a systematic search of each nearby star to determine whether or not it is the primary star of a planetary system. Both positive and negative results may be expressed with a well defined statistical certainty. Perhaps the best known astrometric study is that of Barnard's star by van de Kamp (1963). That “detection” was later discounted by Gatewood and Eichhorn (1973) but neither study attempted to specify what types (in mass and orbital period) of planets do not orbit Barnard's star. In the following pages we will relate the results of an ongoing study of that object, qualifying what types of bodies are unlikely to orbit Barnard's star, and showing what we believe to be the first step by step illustration of the various astrometric motions that must be analyzed in this study.
Heart Rate Variability Measures During Sinus Rhythm Predict Cycle Length Entropy During Atrial Fibrillation

Introduction: Several noninvasive measures of cardiac risk such as heart rate variability (HRV) cannot be used in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). One promising exception is the measure of ventricular cycle length entropy (VCLE) where initial data suggest that a reduction in VCLE portends an increased risk of cardiac death in patients with chronic AF. In this study, we hypothesized that measures of short-term HRV during sinus rhythm would correlate with measures of cycle length entropy during paroxysms of AF. Methods: We tested 25 Holter recordings of paroxysmal AF from the Physionet AF Prediction Database. We calculated HRV parameters including standard deviation of all NN intervals (SDNN), the root mean square root of the differences between adjacent NN intervals (RMSSD), standard deviation of 5-minute averages of NN intervals (SDANN), percentage of adjacent NN interval differences >50 ms (pNN50), and interbeat correlation coefficient (ICC) from 30 minutes of normal sinus rhythm, and entropy measures (the Shannon Informational Entropy [ShEn] and Average of Approximate Entropy [ApEn]) from 5 minutes of AF that occurred during the same 24-hour monitor. Pairwise correlations were used to assess associations, as regression residuals were normally distributed. Results: The mean entropy measures during AF were: ShEn: 4.78 ± 0.82, ApEn: 0.198 ± 0.21. When assessed during the 30 minutes immediately preceding AF onset, ICC showed a significant negative correlation with both ShEn (r =–0.65, P < 0.001) and ApEn (r =–0.60, P < 0.01). RMSSD also correlated with both ShEn (r = 0.41, P = 0.04) and ApEn (r = 0.39, P = 0.05), but other HRV measures showed no correlation with VCLE during AF. Conclusion: Reductions in RMSSD or increases in ICC, two short-term HRV measures that are known to reflect parasympathetic function in sinus rhythm, are correlated with reductions in the entropy of ventricular response intervals during AF. Our findings suggest that entropy during AF may be modulated, in part, by vagal innervation.
Communication and Associated Relationship Issues in Female Anorgasmia

Communication problems are among the most common complaints brought to couples' counseling and are believed to play a central role in the development and maintenance of many sexual dysfunctions. The present study examined self-reported communication patterns within heterosexual couples where the wife is experiencing anorgasmia and within two groups of control couples. As hypothesized, couples with an anorgasmic female partner reported more problematic communication regarding issues of sexuality than did control couples. In particular, the anorgasmic women and their male partners reported significantly more discomfort than did controls in discussing sexual activities associated with direct clitoral stimulation. The etiologic and treatment implications of these differences are discussed.
The impact of day-old dilute smog on fresh smog systems: An outdoor chamber study

Abstract The effect of dilute day-old smog on fresh smog systems was studied in the UNC dual outdoor chamber. Smog systems which contained fresh smog precursors plus dilute residuals from the day before (0.04 ppm O3, 0.1–0.3 ppm NMHC and 0.1 ppmC aldehydes) produced almost twice the ozone as fresh systems which had the same initial NMHC and NOx injections. It is hypothesized that as much as 15–25% of this O3 increase is due to residual first day aldehydes and that the remaining increase results from an increased morning percentage of NO2 and the extra residual paraffinic hydrocarbons. The combined interactive effect of changes in initial aldehydes to NO2 and aged paraffins appears to be greater than if each of these are considered separately.
Isolation and characterization of the Drosophila melanogaster eIF-2α gene encoding the alpha subunit of translation initiation factor eIF-2

Abstract Genomic and cDNA clones encoding the Drosophila melanogaster α-subunit of translational initiation factor 2 (eIF-2α) were isolated. The D. melanogaster eIF-2α gene encodes a 341 amino-acid (aa) protein that shares 57 and 44% identity to its human and yeast homologues, respectively. The regulatory phosphorylation site at Ser50 is embedded in a segment of 19 conserved aa residues. Analysis of the genomic DNA and cDNA clones indicated that eIF-2α is a single-copy gene and its coding region is interrupted by a 260-bp intron. The D. melanogaster eIF-2α mRNA is 1350 nt in length and is expressed throughout development.
Subvoxel segmentation and representation of brain cortex using fuzzy clustering and gradient vector diffusion

Segmentation and representation of human brain cortex from Magnetic Resonance (MR) images is an important step for visualization and analysis in many neuro imaging applications. In this paper, we propose an automatic and fast algorithm to segment the brain cortex and to represent it as a geometric surface on which analysis can be carried out. The algorithm works on T1 weighted MR brain images with extracranial tissue removed. A fuzzy clustering algorithm with a parametric bias field model is applied to assign membership values of gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to each voxel. The cortical boundaries, namely the WM-GM and GM-CSF boundary surfaces, are extracted as iso-surfaces of functions derived from these membership functions. The central surface (CS), which traces the peak values (or ridges) of the GM membership function, is then extracted using gradient vector diffusion. Our main contribution is to provide a generic, accurate, fast, yet fully-automatic approach to (i) produce a soft segmentation of the MR brain image with intensity field correction, (ii) extract both the boundary and the center of the cortex in a surface form, where the topology and geometry can be explicitly examined, and (iii) use the extracted surfaces to model the curvy, folding cortical volume, which allows an intuitive measurement of the thickness. As a demonstration, we compute cortical thickness from the surfaces and compare the results with what has been reported in the literature. The entire process from raw MR image to cortical surface reconstruction takes on average between five to ten minutes.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in flames, in diesel fuels, and in diesel emissions

Abstract Numerous chemical analyses of gaseous and particulate samples from laboratory flames provide a library of data on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) species found in diverse flame types burning fuels consisting of pure gaseous hydrocarbons. The diesel fuels utilized by the more complex combustion in compression ignition engines are composed of thousands of hydrocarbon species. Mass spectrometry by the laser microprobe and gas chromatography were used in a complementary manner to distinguish the PAHs originating in the fuel from those produced by engine combustion. The CxHy PAH products of premixed and diffusion flame processes, which also occur in the unsteady diesel combustion, range in mass from 128 u (two rings, x = 10 , y = 8 ) to beyond 350 u (eight rings, x = 28 , y = 14 ). Graphs of the number of hydrogen atoms y vs the number of carbon atoms x for the species found by many investigators of laboratory flames show these pyrogenic PAHs to lie on or near the staircase curve that describes the most stable, pericondensed, benzenoid PAHs. In contrast, samples of diesel fuels from the United Kingdom and the United States contain petrogenic alkyl-PAHs with high hydrogen contents. Samples of diesel particulate emissions typical of the 1990s from two different sources display the full mass range of PAHs from 128 to 350 u, including both the benzenoid PAHs and the alkyl-PAHs. Thus diesel emissions, in general, may contain petrogenic fuel components ranging up to 206 u and also the combustion-generated four- to seven-ring species in the 228 to 302 u mass range that have greater carcinogenic potency. The absence of petrogenic components larger than 206 u facilitates their detection and delineation from pyrogenic PAHs by methods of chemical analysis.
The Library of the College of Agriculture

A brief history of the College of Agriculture, the Experiement Station and the Library of the College of Agriculture is presented here.
Management as a Liberal Art: The Legacy of the Hartwick Humanities in Management Institute

“My father would turn over in his grave if he knew I was President of a college with a business department.”11 John Clemens (personal communication, December 5, 2013), attributed to Philip S. Wilde...
Children's Age Moderates the Effect of Practice Variability: A Quantitative Review

(1998). Children's Age Moderates the Effect of Practice Variability: A Quantitative Review. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 69, No. 2, pp. 210-215.
Ventricular fibrillation and the Brattleboro rat.

Despite considerable evidence from both clinical and animal experiments, the role of β-adrenergic stimulation in the development of life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias is nor well understood. Recent studies indicate that the posterior pituitary hormone, arginine vasopressin, may have a modulatory effect on cardiovascular sympathetic tone, especially with respect to blood pressure and heart rate [1, 13]. Employing the homozygous Brattleboro rat, an animal genetically deficient in the synthesis of arginine vasopressin, the following report offers evidence that the neuropeptide may also act on central pathways to suppress arrhythmogenic activity elicited by β-adrenoceptor stimulation.
1,3-Thiaborolide: A New Heteroaromatic Surrogate for Cyclopentadienide

The heteroaromatic anion lithium N,N-diisopropyl-3-amino-1,3-thiaborolide (5) has been prepared by a multistep synthesis and has been converted to Cp*Ru complex 7 and Cp*ZrCl2 complex 8. On activation by excess methylaluminoxane (MAO), a solution of 8 is an active catalyst toward the polymerization of ethylene.
Biological Activity of N-Methylnicotinamide and Nipecotic Acid.*:

Summary1. Nipecotic acid was found to be only 0.01% as active as nicotinic acid for L. arabinosus. 2. N-methylnicotinamide chloride was found to be ineffective in curing blacktongue in dogs. 3. The theory of Najjar et al. as to the relation of chemical structure to antiblacktongue activity is discussed.
The chemical form of vanadium (IV) in kaolinite

A combined application of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies with thermal methods was used to determine the chemical form of V(IV) in a Georgia kaolinite (KGa-I). Precise values of the EPR spectroscopic g-values and hyperfine coupling constants were obtained for an untreated sample (glt = 1.940, A~ = 18.71 mT; g = 1.966, A = 7.63 mT). Heating the sample to 1000~ in steps while monitoring phase changes with EPR and FTIR spectra led to the following structural interpretations: 1) Vanadium (IV) occurs almost entirely as an isomorphically substituted species in the octahedral sheet of KGa-1 kaolinite; 2) during the dehydroxylation of kaolinite at about 500~ and the subsequent formation of metakaolinite, V(IV)-substituted octahedral sites are readily converted into truncated octahedra exhibiting fourfold coordination; and 3) in these highly dis- torted four-coordinated sites, V(IV) is metastable, being completely oxidized at about 800~
Are left atrial appendage flow velocities adequate surrogates of global left atrial function? A population-based transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic study

Abstract Background: Left atrial appendage (LAA) contraction velocities are used frequently as surrogates of global left atrial (LA) function, but the validity of this approach has not been confirmed. Objective: The objective of our study was to assess the relationship between LAA flow velocities and multiple global LA variables. Methods: The correlations between LAA contraction velocities and global LA variables (difference between maximal and minimal LA volumes, mitral inflow A velocity, atrial ejection force, mitral annulus late diastolic [a′] velocity, pulmonary vein atrial reversal velocity) were assessed in 349 subjects participating in the Stroke Prevention: Assessment of Risk in a Community study (age, 67 ± 11 years; 53% men; all subjects in sinus rhythm), who were examined with transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. Results: The correlations between LAA contraction velocities and multiple global LA variables were poor or nonsignificant. The best correlations, albeit weak, were between LAA velocities and mitral annulus a′ velocities ( r = 0.32 and r = 0.35 for correlations with septal and lateral annulus a′ velocities, respectively, P r = −0.29, P =.002). The correlations between LAA velocities and global LA variables remained poor after correcting for LAA orifice size. Conclusion: LAA contraction velocities correlate poorly with multiple LA variables. Therefore, LAA flow velocities should not be used as surrogates of global LA function. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002;15:433-40.)
Synthesis of a model bicyclic core related to Microscleroderma spirophora steroids

An approach to the strained B,C-bicyclic nucleus of a heterocyclic class of steroids is described. The approach relies on a sigmatropic shift for installation of the strained bridge.
Simultaneous diagonalization of an algebraic family of matrices

Abstract Let k be an algebraically closed field, and let X be a projective variety over k . Let A be an n × n matrix with entries in the function field k ( X ) of X . We give a criterion for the existence of an invertible n × n matrix T with entries in k such that the matrix T −1 AT is diagonal. This result generalizes a recent theorem of Adkins and earlier theorems of Friedland and of Motzkin and Taussky.
Maternal responsiveness and children's achievement of language milestones.

This prospective longitudinal study examined the contribution of dimensions of maternal responsiveness (descriptions, play, imitations) to the timing of five milestones in children's (N = 40) early expressive language: first imitations, first words, 50 words in expressive language, combinatorial speech, and the use of language to talk about the past. Events-History Analysis, a statistical technique that estimates the extent to which predictors influence the timing of events, was used. At 9 and 13 months, maternal responsiveness and children's activities (e.g., vocalizations, play) were coded from videotaped interactions of mother-child free play; information about children's language acquisition was obtained through biweekly interviews with mothers from 9 through 21 months. Maternal responsiveness at both ages predicted the timing of children's achieving language milestones over and above children's observed behaviors. Responsiveness at 13 months was a stronger predictor of the timing of language milestones than was responsiveness at 9 months, and certain dimensions of responsiveness were more predictive than others. The multidimensional nature of maternal responsiveness and specificity in mother-child language relations are discussed.
Ocular myasthenia gravis secondary to thymoma

Abstract Thymoma is a neoplasm that originates from the epithelial cells of the thymus gland. Approximately 15% of patients with thymoma will present with symptoms of myasthenia gravis (MG),an autoimmune disorder involving the neuromuscular junction. Approximately 50% of patients with symptoms of myasthenia gravis will have thymoma. This paper presents a case report of thymoma and discusses the ocular and systemic manifestations of this uncommon neoplasm. Special emphasis is placed on the association between thymoma and myasthenia gravis.
Cynicism and Conformity as Correlates of Trust in Product Information Sources

Abstract The authors examine patterns of correlation among personality variables that may be related to trust in advertising and to trust in other sources of product information. Trust in sources of product information is positively related to consumer conformity and not related to general cynicism. In addition, trust in advertising decreases as education level increases, while trust in more objective sources such as Consumer Reports increases. This pattern of relationships suggests that mistrust in advertising reflects a skeptical, discerning attitude rather than a generally cynical one. The authors argue that consumer skepticism may actually benefit advertisers who can adapt to it.
Impact of dysphagia on quality of life after treatment of head-and-neck cancer.

Purpose To evaluate the quality of life (QOL) associated with dysphagia after head-and-neck cancer treatment. Methods and materials Of a total population of 104, a retrospective analysis of 73 patients who complained of dysphagia after primary radiotherapy (RT), chemoradiotherapy, and postoperative RT for head-and-neck malignancies were evaluated. All patients underwent a modified barium swallow examination to assess the severity of dysphagia, graded on a scale of 1–7. QOL was evaluated by the University of Washington (UW) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression questionnaires. The QOL scores obtained were compared with those from the 31 patients who were free of dysphagia after treatment. The QOL scores were also graded according to the dysphagia severity. Results The UW and Hospital Anxiety and Depression scores were reduced and elevated, respectively, in the dysphagia group compared with the no dysphagia group ( p = 0.0005). The UW scores were also substantially lower among patients with moderate-to-severe (Grade 4–7) compared with no or mild (Grade 2–3) dysphagia ( p = 0.0005). The corresponding Hospital Anxiety ( p = 0.005) and Depression ( p = 0.0001) scores were also greater for the moderate-to-severe group. The UW QOL subscale scores showed a statistically significant decrease for swallowing ( p = 0.00005), speech ( p = 0.0005), recreation/entertainment ( p = 0.0005), disfigurement ( p = 0.0006), activity ( p = 0.005), eating ( p = 0.002), shoulder disability ( p = 0.006), and pain ( p = 0.004). Conclusion Dysphagia is a significant morbidity of head-and-neck cancer treatment, and the severity of dysphagia correlated with a compromised QOL, anxiety, and depression. Patients with moderate-to-severe dysphagia require a team approach involving nutritional support, physical therapy, speech rehabilitation, pain management, and psychological counseling.
D∅ prospects for run II physics

Abstract Run II at the Tevatron will begin in the spring of 2001. With p p collisions at s =2.0 TeV and an expected instantaneous luminosity of 2×10 32 cm −2 s −1 , D∅ is expecting to collect an integrated luminosity of 2 fb −1 in the first 2 years of running. The ongoing upgrade of the detector will allow the experiment not only to take full advantage of the high luminosity but will also allow for a rich B physics program at D O . In this paper the prospects for some important B physics measurements will be reviewed. These measurements include CP violation, B s mixing, rare B decays, and lifetimes and mass measurements of bottom particles such as the Λ b and B c .
How American women's philanthropy helped build economic growth and a democratic society

Women's philanthropic efforts throughout American history have created a transforming asset in the economic growth of the country, particularly in the arenas of upward mobility and human capital.
Effects of acute and chronic alcohol consumption on postprandial lipemia in healthy normotriglyceridemic men.

Abstract The contribution of alcohol to the atherosclerotic process is controversial. Epidemiologic studies suggest that it has a beneficial effect on the incidence of coronary events and moderate drinkers have less coronary heart disease then nondrinkers.1 The amount consumed, and the manner in which it is consumed, may be a factor. Autopsy studies indicate that alcoholics have less atherosclerosis than moderate or nondrinkers.2 Alcohol is typically consumed in 2 settings, without food or with meals. During a typical 24-hour day, 80% of the time is spent in a postprandial state that involves elevations in postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins that may contribute to atherosclerosis.3 To clarify the effect of alcohol ingestion on postprandial lipids, we investigated the effect of consuming alcohol on fasting and postprandial triglyceride and lipoprotein cholesterol when the alcohol was consumed with food and without food during conditions of chronic alcohol ingestion or abstinence. The interaction of chronic and acute alcohol consumption on postprandial lipemia may shed light on the manner in which alcohol affects lipids and lipoprotein cholesterol, and consequently atherosclerosis.
In Memory of Albert W. Overhauser (1925-2011)

Albert W. Overhauser, one of the best known and beloved pioneers in the development of magnetic resonance, passed away peacefully on 10 December 2011. Born 17 August 1925 in San Diego, California, he attended high school in San Francisco. In 1942, he entered the University of California in Berkeley as a physics and mathematics major. He left college from 1942 to 1944 to serve in the United States Naval Reserve, training to be a radar repair specialist. Returning to college after the war, Overhauser graduated in 1948 and promptly entered Berkeley graduate school, also in physics. His thesis advisor, Charles Kittel, who was in the process of moving from Bell Labs to Berkeley, proposed as a thesis topic developing the theory of the spin–lattice relaxation time of the conduction electrons in metals. When Kittel finally arrived permanently at Berkeley in 1951, Overhauser
“REPATRIATING” LOW-WAGE WORK: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF PRISON LABOR REPRIVATIZATION IN THE POSTINDUSTRIAL UNITED STATES*

Applying Rusche and Kirchheimer's theory regarding labor markets and penal change, this paper examines recent initiatives to expand the labor force participation of federal and state prisoners. Globalization and labor market transformation have increased the potential value of prison labor as a subcontracting component of post-Fordist production systems. We examine privatization's ideological rationale (economic “cost benefits”) and its political strategy of foreign job repatriation. Based on cultural and economic factors, the South is identified as the probable locale for “repatriation.” A case study of Escod Industries reveals the emerging elements of a post-Fordist penology, involving a fundamental transformation in prison discourse, techniques, and management objectives.
Otolithic Membranes of the Saccule and Utricle in Man

The otolithic membranes of the human saccule and utricle can be prepared as whole mounts or surface specimens for microscopic examination. They are not simple, homogeneous, gelatinous structures as heretofore described. Instead, each shows a definite and characteristic fibrillar design, which appears to be correlated with the known cytoarchitectural pattern of the underlying neuroepithelium.
The determination of progressive deformation histories from antitaxial syntectonic crystal fibres

Abstract Antitaxial, syntectonic crystal fibres are modelled here as ‘mechanically-passive’ features, the fibres representing displacement paths, forming within a homogeneously deforming material. Evidence that many fibres develop in this way is widespread: asymptotic curvature, thinning of fibres, and strained old fibres. A measuring technique is proposed by which the complete deformation history (excluding translation) may be determined. The method involves the iterative unstraining of two complete fibres whose development began and ended simultaneously. A source of error is introduced by assuming that each of the two fibres developed at constant proportional rates, although synthetic examples suggest this error to be minimal. It is suggested that the kinematics of non-passive fibres are unobtainable since the rheologies and boundary conditions of the material involved are relatively unknown, and cannot be determined from geometry alone. Analysis of natural fibres found within the Ordovician slates in New Jersey, U.S.A. indicates that volume losses of up to 50% may occur during the formation of some slates. General constraints concerning the geometrical analysis of syntectonic crystal fibres are briefly discussed, and it is concluded that deformation histories must be interpreted with some modicum of caution.
Feasibility of heavy-boson superconductivity

Abstract Deuterons are bosons and as such, under proper conditions, will Bose condense. A configuration which permits this phenomenon is described in which deuterons are weakly bound at interstitial sites of the metal palladium. It is argued that at a moderate value of the deuterium-to-palladium concentration ratio, a magnetically driven current in a single-crystal loop of this material will become “class B” superconducting at the critical temperature, T c , where “class B” denotes heavy-boson charge flow. Two distinct regimes are examined in which the deuteron kinetic energy, E , is large or small compared to the activation energy, E a . In the domain E E a , stemming from the London criterion for Bose-condensation and the tunneling matrix element, an expression for T c is obtained which, for deuteron propagation in palladium, is noted to be infinitesimally small, rendering the proposed phenomenon unfeasible. In the domain E > E a , first-order estimates of the nearly-free-particle model, together with the London criterion, give the critical value T c ≈9.1 K. It is shown that the condition E > E a may be established for sufficiently short rise time of an imposed magnetic field. A calculation is included which indicates that at these low temperatures, phonon effects in the present model are minimal. Metallurgical limitations on obtaining a single-crystal loop of palladium, with the fcc structure continuously maintained, imply the condition ϱ≳1.75 × 10 3 b , where ϱ is the radius of curvature of the palladium current loop and b is its diameter.
GABA binding and bicuculline in spinal cord and cortical membranes from adult rat and from mouse neurons in cell culture.

Abstract Sodium-independent [3H]GABA and [3H]muscimol binding was determined in adult rat cerebral cortical and spinal cord membranes and in membranes from fetal mouse cortical and spinal cord neurons in primary dissociated cell culture. In adult rat cerebral cortical membranes, [3H]GABA bound to two sites (Kd=8nM,Bmax=0.62pmol/mg protein; Kd=390nM,Bmax=3.9pmol/mg protein) whereas the GABA agonist, [3H]muscimol, bound only to a high affinity site (Kd=5.6nM,Bmax=1.9pmol/mg protein). In adult rat spinal cord, only a low affinity site was seen with [3H]GABA (Kd=340nM,Bmax=9.8pmol/mg protein) and only a high affinity site was seen with [3H]muscimol (Kd=5.6nM,Bmax=0.25pmol/mg protein). The inability to measure a high affinity [3H]GABA binding site in spinal cord probably reflects the high ratio of low to high affinity sites in spinal cord (39:1). In membranes from mouse neurons in cel; culture, [3H]GABA bound to two sites on cortical neurons (Kd=9nM,Bmax=0.24pmol/mg protein; Kd=510nM,Bmax=1.3pmol/mg protein) and spinal cord neurons (Kd=13nM,Bmax=0.12pmol/mg protein; Kd=640nM,Bmax=3.2pmol/mg protein). Again, the ratio of low to high affinity sites in cultured mouse spinal cord neurons was high (27:1). The effects of the potent GABA antagonist, (+)bicuculline, on both low and high affinity [3H]GABA binding was determined. Bicuculline appeared to inhibit binding to both sites competitively but theKi for inhibiting the high affinity site was 5 μM and for inhibiting the low affinity site was 115 μM. Bicuculline inhibited [3H]muscimol binding in both brain and spinal cord competitively withKis of 4μM and 10 μM respectively. Bicuculline inhibition of [3H]muscimol binding in cultured neuronal membranes was similar to that in adult rat membranes. The binding of the potent GABA agonist, muscimol, only to the high affinity site in both adult rat and cultured mouse neuronal membranes suggests that the high affinity site is the physiologically relevant postsynaptic GABA receptor. The fact that bicuculline inhibits the high affinity site (but not the low affinity site) in concentrations similar to those needed to block GABA-responses in physiological experiments28 supports this hypothesis.
Experience, Utility and Situational Appropriateness: How does Organizational Context Influence Usability of Electronic Communications Media?

This research investigates the relationship between user attitudes, organizational characteristics and the acceptance of a new electronic communication system in a university research group. The study also addressed users” perceived appropriateness of the new communication system and alternative media in specific organizational situations. The results of this study support previous research regarding the situational appropriateness of different communication media but did not support the hypotheses regarding user attitudes, support for innovation and the acceptance of the new electronic mail system. This study emphasizes the distinction between the usability of a technology and that technology's utility in the organization. While a system may be very easy to use, the usefulness of the implemented system will be the main determinant in how much the system is used.
Denial of service vulnerabilities in the 802.16 protocol

This paper examines the denial of service attacks that an 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access network is susceptible to at the physical and medium access control layers. In our threat model, we assume that the attacker is external to the network i.e. the attacker cannot associate with the network and send packets as a participant; nor can the attacker decrypt encrypted data. However, the attacker is able to analyze the unencrypted parts of the management traffic and observe the timing, size and source of traffic. Further, the attacker can send jamming signals that disrupt a specific packet and cause its contents to be discarded. In this scenario we analyze the vulnerabilities. We find that the attacker can prevent or hinder communication with little effort by disrupting certain important control packets. We detail these attacks and their effects. This analysis also suggests the mitigation techniques to be employed to reduce or eliminate such attacks.
Prostate Cancer: assessing the effects of androgen-deprivation therapy using quantitative diffusion-weighted and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI.

To investigate the effects of androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) on MRI parameters and evaluate their associations with treatment response measures. The study included 30 men with histopathologically confirmed prostate cancer who underwent MRI before and after initiation of ADT. Thirty-four tumours were volumetrically assessed on DW-MRI (n = 32) and DCE-MRI (n = 18), along with regions of interest in benign prostatic tissue, to calculate apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and transfer constant (Ktrans) values. Changes in MRI parameters and correlations with clinical parameters (change in prostate-specific antigen [PSA], treatment duration, PSA nadir) were assessed. Prostate volume and PSA values decreased significantly with therapy (p < 0.001). ADC values increased significantly in tumours and decreased in benign prostatic tissue (p < 0.05). Relative changes in ADC and absolute post-therapeutic ADC values differed significantly between tumour and benign tissue (p < 0.001). Ktrans decreased significantly only in tumours (p < 0.001); relative Ktrans changes and post-therapeutic values were not significantly different between tumour and benign tissue. The relative change in tumour ADC correlated significantly with PSA decrease. No changes were associated with treatment duration or PSA nadir. Multi-parametric MRI shows significant measurable changes in tumour and benign prostate caused by ADT and may help in monitoring treatment response. • Androgen-deprivation therapy caused changes of ADC, K trans in tumour and benign prostate. • Prostate volume and PSA values decreased significantly with therapy. • ADC values may be helpful for monitoring treatment response.
The Significance of Electromechanical and Osmotic Forces in the Nonequilibrium Swelling Behavior of Articular Cartilage in Tension

Studies were conducted of some of the nonequilibrium, electrolyte-activated, electromechanical and osmotic processes that can affect the tensile properties of articular cartilage. We measured changes in tensile force that were induced by altering the ionic environment of strips of cartilage held at fixed length. We compared the kinetics of changes in these macroscopically measured isometric tensile forces to theoretical estimates of the time constants that characterize the underlying physical and chemical mechanisms occurring within the cartilage specimens during the experiment. Changes in the tensile force induced by changing the bath neutral salt concentration surrounding the specimen appear to be rate-limited by the diffusion of the salt into the specimen. That is, the mechanical stress relaxation process resulting from changes in salt concentration seems to be occurring at least as rapidly as the diffusion of salt into the matrix. When the bath concentration of CaCl2 or HCl is varied, the rate of change in the resulting isometric stresses indicates that Ca++ and H+ ions are binding to the cartilage matrix macromolecules.
Nonequilibrium effects in an atmospheric argon arc plasma

Thermal conditions in asymptotic region of atmospheric pressure Ar arc plasma, considering nonequilibrium ionization due to ambipolar diffusion
Patriotism, Art, and “The Star-Spangled Banner” in World War I: A New Look at the Karl Muck Episode

While scholars have tended to position overtly patriotic works firmly on the lower registers of American cultural hierarchies, the debates surrounding German conductor Karl Muck’s reluctance to conduct “The Star-Spangled Banner” with the Boston Symphony Orchestra during World War I serve as a lens into the complex, shifting cultural position that patriotic music actually occupies. Competing opinions on whether Muck should conduct “The Star-Spangled Banner” placed patriotism alternately below, above, and on the same hierarchical plane as art. Moreover, these debates activated a preexisting discourse on the song’s difficulty level, allowing “The Star-Spangled Banner” to operate simultaneously as a popular work to be sung by all Americans and a sophisticated composition to be studied by skilled performers.
Innate control of the early course of infection in mice inoculated with Trypanosoma musculi.

Abstract Infections of mice withTrypanosoma musculiresult in marked suppression of acquired humoral immunity but rapid activation of splenic NK cell cytotoxicity. We show that both NK cells and activated peritoneal space (PS) macrophages (MP) participate in the innate immune control ofT. musculiinfections preceding escape of curative antibody production from suppression. Splenic NK cytotoxicity reaches a peak on Days 3–4 of infection and then rapidly declines. Rising cytotoxicity is paralleled by a rising number of NK cells. The decline in cytotoxicity occurs even though the number of splenic NK cells continues to rise. The critical role of NK cells in the control of the early course ofT. musculiinfection was demonstrated by the effects of either depleting NK cells (antiasialo GM1 treatment) or maintaining them in an activated state (poly(I:C) injections). The importance of MP in controlling the infection was suggested by studies involving proteose peptone elicited MP bothin vivoand in culture. The results presented here strongly suggest that innate immunity involving NK cells and MP can control, but not cure,T. musculiinfections. Whether this early innate response influences the subsequent acquired, curative response remains to be studied. Detailed analyses of innate immunity in this experimental infection should suggest new approaches to intervention in early pathogenic infections.