cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A positive mass theorem for Lipschitz metrics with small singular sets

We prove that the positive mass theorem applies to Lipschitz metrics as long as the singular set is low-dimensional, with no other conditions on the singular set. More precisely, let $g$ be an asymptotically flat Lipschitz metric on a smooth manifold $M^n$, such that $n<8$ or $M$ is spin. As long as $g$ has bounded $C^2$ norm and nonnegative scalar curvature on the complement of some singular set $S$ of Minkowski dimension less than $n/2$, the mass of $g$ must be nonnegative. We conjecture that the dimension of $S$ need only be less than $n-1$ for the result to hold. These results complement and contrast with earlier results of H. Bray, P. Miao, and Y. Shi and L.-F. Tam, where $S$ is a hypersurface.
FOLD LENS FLUX ANOMALIES: A GEOMETRIC APPROACH

We develop a new approach for studying flux anomalies in quadruply imaged fold lens systems. We show that in the absence of substructure, microlensing, or differential absorption, the expected flux ratios of a fold pair can be tightly constrained using only geometric arguments. We apply this technique to 11 known quadruple lens systems in the radio and infrared and compare our estimates to the Monte Carlo based results of Keeton et al. We show that a robust estimate for a flux ratio from a smoothly varying potential can be found, and at long wavelengths those lenses deviating from this ratio almost certainly contain significant substructure.
Practical free-space quantum key distribution over 10 km in daylight and at night

We have demonstrated quantum key distribution (QKD) (Bennett C H and Brassard G 1984 Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Computers, Systems, and Signal Processing (Bangalore, India) p 175) over a 10 km, 1-airmass atmospheric range during daylight and at night. Secret random bit sequences of the quality required for the cryptographic keys used to initialize secure communications devices were transferred at practical rates with realistic security. By identifying the physical parameters that determine the system's secrecy efficiency, we infer that free-space QKD will be practical over much longer ranges under these and other atmospheric and instrumental conditions.
Catalytic fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass

Increasing energy demand, especially in the transportation sector, and soaring CO2 emissions necessitate the exploitation of renewable sources of energy. Despite the large variety of new energy carriers, liquid hydrocarbon still appears to be the most attractive and feasible form of transportation fuel taking into account the energy density, stability and existing infrastructure. Biomass is an abundant, renewable source of energy; however, utilizing it in a cost-effective way is still a substantial challenge. Lignocellulose is composed of three major biopolymers, namely cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Fast pyrolysis of biomass is recognized as an efficient and feasible process to selectively convert lignocellulose into a liquid fuel—bio-oil. However bio-oil from fast pyrolysis contains a large amount of oxygen, distributed in hundreds of oxygenates. These oxygenates are the cause of many negative properties, such as low heating value, high corrosiveness, high viscosity, and instability; they also greatly limit the application of bio-oil particularly as transportation fuel. Hydrocarbons derived from biomass are most attractive because of their high energy density and compatibility with the existing infrastructure. Thus, converting lignocellulose into transportation fuels via catalytic fast pyrolysis has attracted much attention. Many studies related to catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass have been published. The main challenge of this process is the development of active and stable catalysts that can deal with a large variety of decomposition intermediates from lignocellulose. This review starts with the current understanding of the chemistry in fast pyrolysis of lignocellulose and focuses on the development of catalysts in catalytic fast pyrolysis. Recent progress in the experimental studies on catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass is also summarized with the emphasis on bio-oil yields and quality.
Atomic oxygen resistant protective coatings for the hubble space telescope solar array in low earth orbit

Summary The Hubble Space Telescope back-up solar array (BSFR-ATOX) was designed with atomic oxygen resistant materials to replace the original high efficiency cell (HEC) array. Pending qualification of the BSFR-ATOX array, protective coatings for application to the existing HEC array were evaluated. Protective coatings would extend the material life, thereby extending the solar array useful life. Three polysiloxane-type coating materials were evaluated, SWS V-10, DC-100 and CV-1144. Coatings were evaluated with respect to atomic oxygen resistance, outgassing, contamination potential, stability under ultraviolet irradiation, electron-proton irradiation, thermal cycling and long-term storage after application. Atomic oxygen testing included characterization of the atomic oxygen plasma using comparison of Kapton reaction to existing flight data, residual gas analysis and temperature measurements. Results from these tests show DC-100 as a greater contamination concern if used in the vicinity of sensitive optical surfaces, i.e. solar cell cover glasses. The SWS V-10 and CV-1144 coatings met all acceptance criteria.
The Positive Electron

Out of a group of 1300 photographs of cosmic-ray tracks in a vertical Wilson chamber 15 tracks were of positive particles which could not have a mass as great as that of the proton. From an examination of the energy-loss and ionization produced it is concluded that the charge is less than twice, and is probably exactly equal to, that of the proton. If these particles carry unit positive charge the curvatures and ionizations produced require the mass to be less than twenty times the electron mass. These particles will be called positrons. Because they occur in groups associated with other tracks it is concluded that they must be secondary particles ejected from atomic nuclei.
On existence of Budaghyan-Carlet APN hexanomials

Budaghyan and Carlet (2008) 4 constructed a family of almost perfect nonlinear (APN) hexanomials over a field with r 2 elements, and with terms of degrees r + 1 , s + 1 , r s + 1 , r s + r , r s + s , and r + s , where r = 2 m and s = 2 n with GCD ( m , n ) = 1 . The construction requires a certain technical condition, which was verified empirically in a finite number of examples. Bracken, Tan, and Tan (2011) 1 proved that the condition holds when m ? 2 or 4 ( mod 6 ) . In this article, we prove that the construction of Budaghyan and Carlet produces APN polynomials for all relatively prime values of m and n.More generally, if GCD ( m , n ) = k ? 1 , Budaghyan and Carlet showed that the nonzero derivatives of the hexanomials are 2 k -to-one maps from F r 2 to F r 2 , provided the same technical condition holds. We prove that their construction produces polynomials with this property for all m and n.
3-Manifolds as viewed from the curve complex ☆

Abstract A Heegaard diagram for a 3-manifold is regarded as a pair of simplexes in the complex of curves on a surface and a Heegaard splitting as a pair of subcomplexes generated by the equivalent diagrams. We relate geometric and combinatorial properties of these subcomplexes with topological properties of the manifold and/or the associated splitting. For example we show that for any splitting of a 3-manifold which is Seifert fibered or which contains an essential torus the subcomplexes are at a distance at most two apart in the simplicial distance on the curve complex; whereas there are splittings in which the subcomplexes are arbitrarily far apart. We also give obstructions, computable from a given diagram, to being Seifert fibered or to containing an essential torus.
Superstabilizing mutual exclusion

A superstabilizing protocol is a protocol that (i) is self-stabilizing, meaning that it can recover from an arbitrarily severe transient fault; and (ii) can recover from a local transient fault while satisfying a passage predicate during recovery. This paper investigates the possibility of superstabilizing protocols for mutual exclusion in a ring of processors, where a local fault consists of any transient fault at a single processor; the passage predicate specifies that there be at most one token in the ring, with the single exception of a spurious token colocated with the transient fault. The first result of the paper is an impossibility theorem for a class of superstabilizing mutual exclusion protocols. Two unidirectional protocols are then presented to show that conditions for impossibility can independently be relaxed so that superstabilization is possible using either additional time or communication registers. A bidirectional protocol subsequently demonstrates that superstabilization in O(1) time is possible. All three superstabilizing protocols are optimal with respect to the number of communication registers used.
Greener routes to organics and nanomaterials: Sustainable applications of nanocatalysts

Sustainable synthetic activity involving alternate energy input and greener reaction medium under aqueous or solvent-free conditions is summarized. This includes the syn thesis of heterocyclic compounds, coupling reactions, and a variety of reactions catalyzed by basic water or recyclable and reusable magnetic nanocatalysts in aqueous media using microwave (MW) irradiation. Micropine-structured catalysts and magnetic nanoferrites and their postsynthetic modification with ligands and other nanometals serve as sustainable nanocatalysts in benign media. The strategic approach attempts to fulfill most of the green chemistry principles in a comprehensive manner and aims to create sustainable functional chemicals that may find large-scale use with significant waste minimization.
Solar power and climate change policy in developing countries

Solar energy is one option for reducing future greenhouse gas emissions. Offsetting 50% of all future growth in thermal electricity generation by photovoltaics (PVs) would reduce annual global carbon dioxide emission from projected increased levels by 10% in 20 years and 32% in 50 years. Several projects are under way worldwide to demonstrate the feasibility of PV systems. This paper examines the economic competitiveness of PV systems and concludes that even after including externality costs, without significant technological breakthroughs, the economics of PV applications are unlikely to allow for an unsubsidized, widespread adoption of this technology in the near future. Further, if the goal of PV transfer programmes is to limit future greenhouse gas emissions, there are larger and cheaper opportunities available in industrialized countries to achieve reductions. Alternative measures for ensuring a market for photovoltaics, hence providing manufacturers with opportunities to improve the current technology, include mandating that utilities install a certain quantity of solar technologies by a certain date. Finally, moving towards a renewable energy future that includes PV systems requires a sustained R&D programme that will lead to improvements in panel and other system efficiencies.
Chiral gauge theories with domain wall fermions

Abstract We have investigated a proposal to construct chiral gauge theories on the lattice using domain wall fermions. The model contains two opposite chirality zeromodes, which live on two domain walls. We couple only one of them to a gauge field, but find that mirror fermions which also couple to the gauge field always seem to exist.
Inter-Temporal Purchasing Power Parity

We adapt the Casselian version of purchasing power parity to a two-period framework. In this framework, we show that inter-temporal trade plays a role and can drive a wedge between the nominal exchange rate and relative prices. The size of trade flows, the real interest rate, and the constraint on trade balance over two periods establish the conditions under which Casselian and inter-temporal purchasing power parity hold. We test our model using consumer price indices and bilateral trade flows between the United States and the United Kingdom. We find evidence favorable to inter-temporal purchasing power parity.
Nonnegative Curvature, Symmetry and Fundamental Group

We prove a result on equivariant deformations of flat bundles, and as a corollary, we obtain two ‘splitting in a finite cover’ theorems for isometric group actions on Riemannian manifolds with infinite fundamental groups, where the manifolds are either compact of Ric ≥ 0, or complete of sec ≥ 0. The result is used to construct Lie group actions that are isometric in some metric of scal > 0 and that are not isometric in any metric of Ric ≥ 0.
Panchromatic Spectral Energy Distributions of Dusty Galaxies with RADISHE. I. Predictions for Herschel: Correlating Colors with Galactic Energy Sources

We present three-dimensional, self-consistent radiative transfer solutions with a new Monte Carlo radiative equilibrium code. The code RADISHE can be applied to calculate the emergent spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and broadband images from optical to millimeter wavelengths of arbitrary density geometries with distributed sources of radiation. One of the primary uses of this code has been to interface with hydrodynamical codes to calculate emergent SEDs along a simulation time sequence. We focus the applications of this code in this paper on infrared bright dusty galaxies, but RADISHE is also ideal for calculating emission from star clusters or protostellar environments. The primary methodological focus of this paper is on the radiative equilibrium temperature calculation. We find that an iterative calculation of the temperature, which takes the sum of photon flight paths as the Monte Carlo estimator for the mean free intensity, is significantly faster than relaxation temperature calculation methods, particularly when large numbers of grid cells are required (i.e., in modeling three-dimensional geometries such as the dust envelopes of turbulent massive protostellar cores or infrared-bright galaxies). An accurate long-wavelength SED and corresponding temperature calculation will be essential for analyzing upcoming Herschel Space Observatory observations. We present simulated color-color plots for infrared-bright galaxies at a range of redshifts, and unfold these plots as color versus the fractional active galactic nucleus (AGN) luminosity, to demonstrate that Herschel will be able to effectively discriminate between submillimeter galaxies, where the energy source is dominated by AGN, and those where star formation dominates. We demarcate in particular the Class II or energetically active AGN evolutionary phase in Herschel color-color plots.
Better lower bounds on detecting affine and spherical degeneracies

We show that in the worst case, Ω(nd) sidedness queries are required to determine whether a set ofn points in ?d is affinely degenerate, i.e., whether it containsd+1 points on a common hyperplane. This matches known upper bounds. We give a straightforward adversary argument, based on the explicit construction of a point set containing Ω(nd) "collapsible" simplices, any one of which can be made degenerate without changing the orientation of any other simplex. As an immediate corollary, we have an Ω(nd) lower bound on the number of sidedness queries required to determine the order type of a set ofn points in ?d. Using similar techniques, we also show that Ω(nd+1) in-sphere queries are required to decide the existence of spherical degeneracies in a set ofn points in ?d.
VENTCF2: an algorithm and associated FORTRAN 77 subroutine for calculating flow through a horizontal ceiling/floor vent in a zone-type compartment fire model

An algorithm and associated FORTRAN 77 subroutine, called VENTCF2, for calculating the effects on two-layer compartment fire environments of the quasi-steady flow through a circular, shallow (i.e. small ratio of depth-to-diameter), horizontal vent connecting two spaces is presented. The two spaces can be either two inside rooms of a multi-room facility or one inside room and the outside ambient environment local to the vent. The flow is determined by consideration of standard orifice-type flows driven by cross-vent pressure differences and, when appropriate, the combined pressure- and buoyancy-driven flows which occur when the density configuration across the vent is unstable, i.e. a relatively cool, dense gas in the upper space overlays a less dense gas in the lower space. The algorithm calculates rates of flow exchange between the two spaces based on previously reported model equations. Characteristics of geometry and the instantaneous environments of the two spaces are assumed to be known and specified as inputs. Outputs calculated are the rates and properties of the vent flow at the elevation of the vent as it enters the top space from the bottom space and/or as it enters the bottom space from the top space. Rates of mass, enthalpy and products of combustion extracted by the vent flows from upper and lower layers of inside room environments and from outside ambient spaces are determined explicitly. VENTCF2 is an advanced version of the algorithm /subroutine VENTCF in that it includes an improved theoretical and experimental basis. The subroutine is completely modular and it is suitable for general use in two-layer, multi-room, zone-type fire model computer codes. It has been tested numerically over a wide range of input variables and the results of some of these tests are described.
Digital Art Making as a Representational Process.

In this article I bring artistic production into the learning sciences conversation by using the production of representations as a bridging concept between art making and the new literacies. Through case studies with 4 youth media arts organizations across the United States I ask how organizations structure the process of producing autobiographical digital art through a focus on representational tasks and how learning can be traced by examining youth artists' representations over time. Using a distributed cognition framework I analyze data on the process of making digital art in terms of the macro and micro tasks performed in order to identify occasions for external representation construction and use across organizations. I then examine how individual youth engage in these macro and micro tasks by producing representations that demonstrate their understanding. These analyses show that youth media arts organization production processes engage young artists in a representational trajectory that begins wit...
Finite Larmor radius flute mode theory with end loss

The theory of flute mode stability is developed for a two-energy- component plasma partially terminated by a conducting limiter. The formalism is developed as a preliminary study of the effect of end-loss in open-ended mirror machines where large Larmor radius effects are important.
Control and Size Energy Storage Systems for Managing Energy Imbalance of Variable Generation Resources

This paper presents control algorithms and sizing strategies for using energy storage to manage energy imbalance for variable generation resources. The control objective is to minimize the hourly generation imbalance between the actual and the scheduled generation of wind farms. Three control algorithms are compared: 1)tracking minute-by-minute power imbalance; 2)postcompensation; and 3)precompensation. Measured data from a wind farm are used in the study. The results show that tracking minute-by-minute power imbalance achieves the best performance by keeping hourly energy imbalance zero. However, the energy storage system (ESS) will be significantly oversized. Postcompensation reduces the power rating of the ESS but the hourly energy imbalance may not be reduced to zero when a large and long-lasting power imbalance occurs. A linear regression forecasting algorithm is developed for a two-stage precompensation algorithm to precharge or predischarge the ESS based on the predicted energy imbalance. An equivalent charge cycle estimation method is proposed to evaluate the effect of providing the energy balancing service on battery life. The performance comparison shows that the precompensation method reduces the size of the ESS by 30% with satisfactory performance.
Contingency-Risk Informed Power System Design

We consider the problem of designing (or augmenting) an electric power system at a minimum cost such that it satisfies the N-k-e survivability criterion. This survivability criterion is a generalization of the well-known N-k criterion, and it requires that at least (1-e j ) fraction of the steady-state demand be met after failures of j components, for j=0,1,...,k. The network design problem adds another level of complexity to the notoriously hard contingency analysis problem, since the contingency analysis is only one of the requirements for the design optimization problem. We present a mixed-integer programming formulation of this problem that takes into account both transmission and generation expansion. We propose an algorithm that can avoid combinatorial explosion in the number of contingencies, by seeking vulnerabilities in intermediary solutions and constraining the design space accordingly. Our approach is built on our ability to identify such system vulnerabilities quickly. Our empirical studies on modified instances of the IEEE 30-bus and IEEE 57-bus systems show the effectiveness of our methods. We were able to solve the transmission and generation expansion problems for k=4 in approximately 30 min, while other approaches failed to provide a solution at the end of 2 h.
Public Accountability and Political Participation: Effects of a Face-to-Face Feedback Intervention on Voter Turnout of Public Housing Residents

Low turnout among the urban poor has implications for democratic representation. The fact that turnout among the economically disadvantaged is especially low in municipal elections means that citizens most in need of services provided at the local level may not be represented in policy decisions that affect their daily lives. This paper reports the results of an experiment that compares the effects of two voter mobilization interventions: traditional canvassing appeals and face-to-face exchanges in which canvassers distribute a feedback intervention consisting of printed records of individual voter histories. In contrast to previous studies, this experiment measures the effectiveness of using social pressure to mobilize turnout among relatively infrequent voters in a low salience election. The campaign was implemented by a credible tenant advocacy organization within the context of a municipal election; the sample consisted of registered voters in two Boston public housing developments. I find that the feedback intervention dramatically increased voter turnout. Turnout among those reached by canvassers with voter histories was approximately 15–18 percentage points higher than turnout in the control group, an effect that is approximately 10 percentage points larger in magnitude than that of standard face-to-face mobilization.
A New Synthetic Route to (±)-Perhydrohistrionicotoxin

Starting from ethyl 2-cyclohexen-1-carboxylate (3) the total synthesis of the perhydrohistrionicotoxin intermediate 23 was achieved in 25% overall-yield. The two key steps involve a positionally specific addition of HOBr to the oxime-olefin 7 and the alkylation of bromooxime 17 with 1-lithio-1-butyne. The latter represents a novel method for stereospecific and position-specific introduction of a nucleophilic butyl equivalent in α-position to a ketonic carbonyl group.
Nonlinear regression models in biology

Biological processes can be considered in the abstract as a response to a set of input quantities where input and output are measured in analogy with the real numbers.
The bow wave of comet Giacobini‐Zinner: Ice magnetic field observations

Fitting of a Mach 2 shock surface to the ICE magnetic field data obtained near Comet Giacobini-Zinner has provided subsolar bow wave distances that infer neutral gas outflow rates comparable to previous measurements, and orientations of the bow wave symmetry axis that are consistent with the plasma measurements and motion of the comet relative to the solar wind. Mach values of 1.5-2 and transition thicknesses of the order of 10,000 km are inferred when the field magnitude and variance data are compared. Cross spectra of the transverse field components in and near the bow wave exhibit a peak near 0.01 Hz, or near the cyclotron frequency of ions from the water group. However, the level of turbulence is not consistent with that observed for similar configurations at planetary bow shocks.
Synthesis of Nickel Sulfide Powders by Thioacetamide in the Presence of Urea

Additions of urea were found to increase the yield of nickel sulfide formation from acidic solutions of thioacetamide. Two precipitation mechanisms were identified : hydrolysis and direct reaction between nickel and thioacetamide. Hydrolysis-controlled precipitation is evident with low initial pH. The direct reaction is dominant at high initial pH. Nucleation proceeds by a direct reaction between nickel and thioacetamide. The role of urea in precipitation of nickel was found to be twofold. Urea increases the rate of thioacetamide decomposition, thus increasing the concentration of H 2 S form. Secondly, decomposition increases the pH of the solution, which in turn increases the relative concentration of S = ions. Agglomeration of particles was more evident in the powders obtained in the presence of urea.
de Haas-van Alphen Effect in Antiferromagnetic Chromium

de Haas-van Alphen torque oscillations have been studied in single-domain crystals of Cr in magnetic fields to 33 kG and have been analyzed by computer calculation of their Fourier transform. Extensive data in all major symmetry planes and several nonsymmetry planes confirm the tetragonal symmetry of the Fermi surface in the antiferromagnetic state. The frequency resolution is sufficient to isolate several families of data, a number of which can be represented well by simple geometrical Fermi-surface models. Band calculations for paramagnetic Cr indicate a Fermi surface which contains a closed hole sheet at the point $N$ of the Brillouin zone and a closed electron sheet located along $\ensuremath{\Gamma}H$. For simplicity, it is assumed that the electron and hole octahedra at $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ and $H$, respectively, are destroyed by the interaction which stabilizes the antiferromagnetic state. The surviving Fermi-surface sheets at $N$ and along $\ensuremath{\Gamma}H$ are truncated by energy gaps due to the antiferromagnetic Q vector, as proposed by Lomer. Several of the resulting surfaces resemble those obtained from the geometrical analysis of the data. By adjusting the dimensions and shape of the hole surfaces at $N$, it is possible to interpret three families of data with an accuracy of \ensuremath{\sim}10% in area. Applying a similar procedure to the electron surface along $\ensuremath{\Gamma}H$ yields \ensuremath{\sim}20% agreement with a fourth family of data. The many remaining frequencies receive either a tentative assignment or none at all.
Reverse lexicographic and lexicographic shifting

A short new proof of the fact that all shifted complexes are fixed by reverse lexicographic shifting is given. A notion of lexicographic shifting, ?lex--an operation that transforms a monomial ideal of S = K[xi: i ? ?] that is finitely generated in each degree into a squarefree strongly stable ideal--is defined and studied. It is proved that (in contrast to the reverse lexicographic case) a squarefree strongly stable ideal I ? S is fixed by lexicographic shifting if and only if I is a universal squarefree lexsegment ideal (abbreviated USLI) of S. Moreover, in the case when I is finitely generated and is not a USLI, it is verified that all the ideals in the sequence $$\{ \Delta_{\rm lex}^{i} (I) \}_{i=0}^{\infty}$$ } are distinct. The limit ideal $$\bar{\Delta}(I) = {\rm lim}_{i \rightarrow \infty} \Delta_{\rm lex}^{i} (I)$$ is well defined and is a USLI that depends only on a certain analog of the Hilbert function of I.
A Concise, High Yield Synthesis of the Selective ECE‐Inhibitor, CGS 35066

Abstract A highly efficient synthesis of the selective endothelin‐converting enzyme, CGS 35066 is described. The key steps involved a Pd‐catalyzed coupling of the phenyl rings of a diphenyl ether, and the use of the Schollkopf reagent, (2R)‐2‐isopropyl‐3,6‐dimethoxy‐2,5‐dihydropyrazine as a chiral auxiliary furnishing a dibenzofuranylmethyl substituted amino ester in high (>98%) enantiomeric purity, which was then carried forward to complete the synthesis of the ECE inhibitor CGS 35066.
Effects of functional groups and ionization on the structure of alkanethiol-coated gold nanoparticles.

We report classical atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of alkanethiol-coated gold nanoparticles solvated in water and decane, as well as at water/vapor interfaces. The structure of the coatin...
Vortex pinning in Nb films patterned with nano-scale hole-arrays

Abstract Nb films containing extended arrays of holes with 45-nm diameter and 100-nm spacing have been fabricated using anodized aluminum oxide as substrate. Pronounced matching effects in the magnetization are seen in fields up to 9 kOe . Flux pinning in the patterned samples is enhanced by two orders of magnitude as compared to unpatterned reference samples in applied fields exceeding 5 kOe . The matching effects are a dominant contribution to vortex pinning at temperatures as low as 4.2 K due to the nano-scale spacing of the holes.
Standard enthalpies of formation of some transition metal indium compounds by high temperature direct synthesis calorimetry

Abstract The standard enthalpies of formation of some transition metal indium compounds have been measured by high temperature direct synthesis calorimetry at 1273±2 K. The following results (in kJ/mol of atoms) are reported: Sc 2 In (−42.6±2.7); Mn 3 In (1.3±1.9); NiIn (−29.5±1.8); Y 5 In 3 (−52.7±1.9); ZrIn 2 (−38.3±2.3); RuIn 3 (−18.4±1.9); RhIn 3 (−32.6±2.0); PdIn (−62.8±1.7); LaIn 3 (−53.7±2.6); IrIn 3 (−23.8±2.4); Pt 2 In 3 (−51.3±2.0). The results are compared with some earlier values obtained by solution calorimetry and by the EMF technique. They are also compared with the predicted values based on the semi-empirical model of Miedema and coworkers. We also compare the heats of formation of the transition metal indium compounds with compounds of transition metals with other elements in the IIIB column of the Periodic Table.
An Oxidation of Benzyl Methyl Ethers with NBS that Selectively Affords Either Aromatic Aldehydes or Aromatic Methyl Esters

Either mono- or dibromination of benzyl methyl ethers can be achieved by controlling the amount of NBS and the temperature. Elimination of methyl bromide from the monobrominated intermediates produces aromatic aldehydes, whereas hydrolysis of the dibrominated intermediates affords aromatic methyl esters in good yields.
Testing of optical diagnostics for ion-beam-driven WDM experiments at NDCX-1

We report on the testing of optical diagnostics developed for warm-dense-matter (WDM) experiments on the neutralized drift compression experiments (NDCX-1) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). The diagnostics consists of a fast optical pyrometer, a streak camera spectrometer, and a Doppler-shift laser interferometer (VISAR). While the NDCX is in the last stage of commissioning for the target experiments, the diagnostics were tested elsewhere in an experiment where an intense laser pulse was used to generate the WDM state in metallic and carbon samples.
Polarization of the atmosphere as a foreground for cosmic microwave background polarization experiments

Abstract We quantify the level of polarization of the atmosphere due to Zeeman splitting of oxygen in the Earth’s magnetic field and compare it to the level of polarization expected from the polarization of the cosmic microwave background radiation. The analysis focuses on the effect at mid-latitudes and at large angular scales. We find that from stratospheric balloon borne platforms and for observations near 100 GHz the atmospheric linear and circular polarized intensities are about 10−12 and 100 × 10−9 K, respectively, making the atmosphere a negligible source of foreground. From the ground the linear and circular polarized intensities are about 10−9 and 100 × 10−6 K, making the atmosphere a potential source of foreground for the CMB E (B) mode signal if there is even a 1% (0.01%) conversion of circular to linear polarization in the instrument.
Determinants of increased risk for recurrence in patients undergoing radical hysterectomy for stage IB and IIA carcinoma of the cervix.

Abstract From 1939 to 1977, 431 patients underwent radical hysterectomy as primary therapy for Stage IB or IIA carcinoma of the cervix at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Only 11 patients were lost to follow-up at intervals of from 1 to 94 months. Assessment of gross and histologic extent of disease was correlated with the prevalence of nodal metastases and survival. Increasing tumor size, depth of invasion, and histologic grade were covarible and predictive of both lymph node metastases and recurrence. After stratifying for nodal metastases, adenocarcinoma cell type, the size of the primary tumor, depth of invasion into the cervix, and histologic grade were associated with decreased survival. For the 85 patients with documented recurrence of their carcinoma, the time to recurrence varied inversely with primary tumor size. Of 56 patients with documented recurrence and negative nodes at the time of their initial therapy, 10 patients (18%) were ultimately salvaged. None of the 29 patients with recurrent carcinoma and positive nodes at the time of their initial lymphadenectomy was successfully treated. Analysis of prognostic factors identifies a group of patients at high risk for recurrence and decreased survival for whom prospective trials of adjunctive treatment should be Considered.
Selective N-chelation-directed C-H activation reactions catalyzed by Pd(II) nanoparticles supported on multiwalled carbon nanotubes.

N-Chelation-directed C–H activation reactions that utilize the Pd(II)/Pd(IV) catalytic cycle have been previously reported. To date, these reactions employ only homogeneous palladium catalysts. The first use of a solid-supported Pd(II) catalyst [Pd(II) nanoparticles on multiwalled carbon nanotubes, Pd(II)/MWCNT] to carry out N-chelation-directed C–H to C–O, C–Cl, and C–Br transformations is reported. The results presented demonstrate that the solid-supported Pd(II)/MWCNT catalyst can effectively catalyze C–H activation reactions using the Pd(II)/Pd(IV) catalytic cycle.
Sensor Networks and Cooperative Control

This paper provides a tutorial-style overview of sensor networks from a systems and control theory perspective. We identify key sensor network design and operational control problems and present solution approaches that have been proposed to date. These include deployment, routing, scheduling and power control. In the case of mobile nodes, a sensor network is called upon to perform a “mission”. We present solution approaches to two types of missions both involving stochastic mission spaces and cooperative control: reward maximization missions and coverage control missions. We conclude by outlining some fundamental research questions related to sensor networks and the convergence of communication, computing and control.
Analysis of the Spin Lattice Model for the Spin-Gapped Layered Compounds Na3Cu2SbO6 and Na2Cu2TeO6 on the Basis of Electronic Structure Calculations

The spin lattice model for the spin-gapped layered magnetic solids Na3Cu2SbO6 and Na2Cu2TeO6 was examined by evaluating the three spin exchange interactions of their Cu2MO6 (M = Sb, Te) layers in terms of spin dimer analysis based on extended Huckel tight binding calculations and mapping analysis based on first principles density functional theory electronic band structure calculations. For both compounds, our calculations show that the two strongest spin exchange interactions, that is, the Cu-O...O-Cu super-superexchange (J2) and the Cu-O-Cu superexchange (J1) interactions, form alternating chains that interact weakly through the Cu-O-Cu superexchange (J3) interactions. The dominant one of the three spin exchange interactions is J2, and it is antiferromagnetic in agreement with the fact that both of the compounds are spin gapped. For Na3Cu2SbO6 and Na2Cu2TeO6, the superexchange J1 is calculated to be ferromagnetic, hence, leading to the alternating chain model in which antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic spin exchange interactions alternate. This picture does not agree with the recent experimental analysis, which showed that the temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibilities of both compounds should be described by the alternating chain model in which two antiferromagnetic spin exchange interactions of different strengths alternate.
Synthesis and Structure of the Zintl-Phase K4Pb9 Containing Isolated Pb94- Clusters of Two Different Geometries

The first nine-atom deltahedral clusters of lead in the solid state are found in the Zintl-phase K4Pb9. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/m, Z = 4, with a = 9.648(3) A, b = 13.243(5) A, c = 15.909(8) A, and β = 103.24(4)°. The isolated Pb94- clusters are of two different geometries, a monocapped square antiprism and an elongated tricapped trigonal prism.
A Comparison of Prices Brought by English Auctions and Private Negotiations

A comparison of house prices brought by English auctions and private negotiations produced evidence that the pricing mechanism matters. In an active market for middle- to high-priced houses, auctions extracted higher prices than private negotiations.
Genetic Regulation of Caenorhabditis Elegans Lysosome Related Organelle Function

Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that contain acid hydrolases that degrade cellular proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and oligosaccharides, and are important for cellular maintenance and protection against age-related decline. Lysosome related organelles (LROs) are specialized lysosomes found in organisms from humans to worms, and share many of the features of classic lysosomes. Defective LROs are associated with human immune disorders and neurological disease. Caenorhabditis elegans LROs are the site of concentration of vital dyes such as Nile red as well as age-associated autofluorescence. Even though certain short-lived mutants have high LRO Nile red and high autofluorescence, and other long-lived mutants have low LRO Nile red and low autofluorescence, these two biologies are distinct. We identified a genetic pathway that modulates aging-related LRO phenotypes via serotonin signaling and the gene kat-1, which encodes a mitochondrial ketothiolase. Regulation of LRO phenotypes by serotonin and kat-1 in turn depend on the proton-coupled, transmembrane transporter SKAT-1. skat-1 loss of function mutations strongly suppress the high LRO Nile red accumulation phenotype of kat-1 mutation. Using a systems approach, we further analyzed the role of 571 genes in LRO biology. These results highlight a gene network that modulates LRO biology in a manner dependent upon the conserved protein kinase TOR complex 2. The results implicate new genetic pathways involved in LRO biology, aging related physiology, and potentially human diseases of the LRO.
The ACS Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. II. Stellar Evolution Tracks, Isochrones, Luminosity Functions, and Synthetic Horizontal-Branch Models*

The ACS Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters, an HST Treasury Project, will deliver high-quality, homogeneous photometry of 65 globular clusters. This paper introduces a new collection of stellar evolution tracks and isochrones suitable for analyzing the ACS survey data. Stellar evolution models were computed at [Fe/H] = -2.5, -2.0, -1.5, -1.0, -0.5, and 0; [α/Fe] = -0.2, 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8; and three initial He abundances for masses from 0.1 to 1.8 M⊙ and ages from 2 to 15 Gyr. Each isochrone spans a wide range in luminosity, from MV ~ 14 up to the tip of the red giant branch. These are complemented by a set of He-burning tracks that extend from the zero-age horizontal branch to the onset of thermal pulsations on the asymptotic giant branch. In addition, a set of computer programs are provided that make it possible to interpolate the isochrones in [Fe/H], generate luminosity functions from the isochrones, and create synthetic horizontal-branch models. The tracks and isochrones have been converted to the observational plane with two different color-Teff transformations, one synthetic and one semiempirical, in ground-based B, V, and I, and F606W and F814W for both ACS WFC and WFPC2 systems. All models and programs presented in this paper are available at the Dartmouth Stellar Evolution Database and the Multimission Archive at the Space Telescope Science Institute.
Rapid, Acid‐Mediated Deprotection of Silyl Ethers Using Microwave Heating

Abstract Microwave heating of triethylsilyl (TES)‐ and tert‐butyldimethylsilyl (TBS)‐protected 1° and 2° alcohols in a mixture of equal parts acetic acid, tetrahydrofuran (THF), and water allows deprotection in as little as 5 min. tert‐butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS)‐ and triisopropylsilyl (TIPS)‐protected alcohols and silyl‐protected phenols are stable in these conditions. Thus, selective deprotection of TES‐ and TBS‐protected alcohols in the presence of TIPS or TBDPS ethers is possible. Similarly, alkyl silyl ethers can be deprotected in the presence of aryl silyl ethers.
Microramps Upstream of an Oblique-Shock/Boundary-Layer Interaction

To examine the potential of micro vortex generators for shock/boundary-layer interaction control, a detailed experimental and computational study in a supersonic boundary layer at M = 3.0 was undertaken. The experiments employed a flat-plate boundary layer with an impinging oblique shock with downstream total-pressure measurements. The moderate Reynolds number of 3800 allowed the computations to use monotone-integrated large eddy simulations. The monotone-integrated large eddy simulations predictions indicated that the shock changes the structure of the turbulent eddies and the primary vortices generated from the microramp. Furthermore, they generally reproduced the experimentally obtained mean velocity profiles, unlike similarly resolved Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes computations. The experiments and monotone-integrated large eddy simulations results indicate that the microramps, for which the height is h ≈ 0.5δ, can significantly reduce boundary-layer thickness and improve downstream boundary-layer health as measured by the incompressible shape function H. Regions directly behind the ramp centerline tended to have increased boundary-layer thickness, indicating the significant three-dimensionality of the flowfield. Compared with baseline sizes, smaller microramps yielded improved total-pressure recovery. Moving the smaller ramps closer to the shock interaction also reduced the displacement thickness and the separated area. This effect is attributed to decreased wave drag and the closer proximity of the vortex pairs to the wall.
Antibiotic desensitization for the allergic patient: 5 years of experience and practice.

Background Antibiotic desensitization is an option for patients with suspected IgE-mediated antibiotic allergy when no other alternative exists for treating life-threatening bacterial infections. However, there are limited data describing the outcomes of this procedure with newer, commonly used antibiotics. Objective To evaluate the safety and utility of antibiotic desensitization. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients undergoing antibiotic desensitization in our institution between November 1996 and November 2001. Results There were a total of 57 desensitizations performed in 21 patients. The mean age of the patients was 22.8 years (range, 1.9-44.5 years) and 15 (71%) were female. Nineteen (90%) of the 21 patients had been diagnosed as having cystic fibrosis. In 33 (100%) of 33 desensitizations to unique antibiotics that occurred during the study period, the indication for desensitization was a history suggestive of an IgE-mediated reaction to the antibiotic and/or a positive skin test result to the antibiotic or a known cross-reactive antibiotic. Desensitizations were performed to 12 different antibiotics. Successful outcomes were achieved in 43 desensitizations (75%). Of the 11 cases (19%) that were terminated due to an allergic reaction, there were no fatalities, intubations, or other aggressive interventions besides the use of epinephrine, antihistamines, and corticosteroids. In 7 of 11 unsuccessful desensitizations, a non-IgE mechanism appeared to be responsible for the allergic reaction. Conclusions Antibiotic desensitization is a useful option when treating patients with life-threatening infections who must receive antibiotics to which they have an IgE-mediated allergy. These data indicate that in most cases, patients with presumed IgE-mediated antibiotic allergy may safely receive antibiotics after desensitization.
Sensitivity of multichannel room equalization to listener position

Traditionally, room response equalization is performed to improve sound quality at a given listener in applications ranging from automobile, home-theater, movie theater, multimedia education in classrooms. However, room responses vary with source and listener positions. Hence, in a multiple listener environment, equalization may be performed through spatial averaging of magnitude responses at locations of interest (e.g., in movie theater equalization). However, the performance of averaging based equalization, at the listeners, may be affected when listener positions change, or due to mismatch between microphone and listener positions (i.e., displacement effects). In this paper, we present a statistical approach to map displacement effects to a magnitude response averaging equalization performance metric. The results indicate that, for the analyzed listener configurations, the zone of equalization depends on, (i) distance of microphones/listeners from a source, (ii) the listener arrangement, and (iii) the source signal spectral composition.
Collective hamiltonians with Kac-Moody algebraic conditions

Abstract We describe the general framework for constructing collective-theory hamiltonians whose hermiticity requirements imply a Kac-Moody algebra of constraints on the associated jacobian. We give explicit examples for the algebras sl(2)k and sl(3)k. The reduction to Wn-constraints, relevant to n-matrix models, is described for the jacobians.
Allylic 1,3-rearrangement of thiophenyl substituted sulfones

Abstract Substituted thiophenyl allyl sulfones undergo a 1,3-allylic sulfonyl shift and this rearrangement has been utilized within a metallation-alkylation sequence.
On the feasibility and efficacy of protection routing in IP networks

With network components increasingly reliable, routing is playing an ever greater role in determining network reliability. This has spurred much activity in improving routing stability and reaction to failures and rekindled interest in centralized routing solutions, at least within a single routing domain. Centralizing decisions eliminates uncertainty and many inconsistencies and offers added flexibility in computing routes that meet different criteria. However, it also introduces new challenges, especially in reacting to failures where centralization can increase latency. This paper leverages the flexibility afforded by centralized routing to address these challenges. Specifically, we explore when and how standby backup forwarding options can be activated while waiting for an update from the centralized server after the failure of an individual component (link or node). We provide analytical insight into the feasibility of such backups as a function of network structure and quantify their computational complexity. We also develop an efficient heuristic reconciling protectability and performance, and demonstrate its effectiveness in a broad range of scenarios. The results should facilitate deployments of centralized routing solutions.