cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bit-stuffing algorithms and analysis for run-length constrained channels in two and three dimensions

A rigorous derivation is given of the coding rate of a variable-to-variable length bit-stuffing coder for a two-dimensional (1,/spl infin/)-constrained channel. The coder studied is "nearly" a fixed-to-fixed length algorithm. Then an analogous variable-to-variable length bit-stuffing algorithm for the three-dimensional (1,/spl infin/)-constrained channel is presented, and its coding rate is analyzed using the two-dimensional method. The three-dimensional coding rate is demonstrated to be at least 0.502, which is proven to be within 4% of the capacity.
Growth and application of [01·4] LiNbO3

Abstract We have successfully grown large, high quality LiNbO3 boules in the [0.1·4] direction which lies in the yz plane 38° to the z. Following annealing and poling the material is strain free, striation free and of high optical quality. It has been used to fabricate an electro-optic switch, for second harmonic generation and tunable parametric generation over the 1.4 μm to 4.4 μm spectral range.
The Right to Religion-Based Exemptions in Early America: The Case of Conscientious Objectors to Conscription

One of the more controversial decisions handed down by the Supreme Court in recent years was its decision in the case of Employment Division, Oregon v. Smith, which raised the basic issue of whether the free exercise clause of the First Amendment guarantees a right to religion-based exemptions, i.e., whether it gives persons and groups a prima facie right to be exempt from having to obey valid laws when they have religious reasons for noncompliance. More specifically, in Smith, two Native Americans claimed that their prosecution for using an illegal drug, peyote, was precluded by the free exercise clause because they had taken the drug as part of a religious ceremony of their church.To the surprise of many, the Supreme Court rejected both the Native Americans' claim (by a vote of six to three) and the general proposition that the free exercise clause gives persons a right to religion-based exemptions (by five to four). Writing for the Court, Justice Scalia said, “We have never held that an individual's religious beliefs excuse him from compliance with an otherwise valid law prohibiting conduct that the State is free to regulate.” Moreover, in order to preclude such a holding in the future, the Court discarded the “strict scrutiny” test, adopted in its 1963 Sherbert v. Verner decision according to which any burden on any religious practice imposed by any law, even one that is religion-neutral and generally applicable, is unconstitutional unless it can be justified by a “compelling” government interest and is the least restrictive means of protecting that interest.
BLOOD FLOW AND RELATIVE TISSUE OXYGENATION OF NORMAL AND PARTIALLY ISCHAEMIC MYOCARDIUM: EFFECT OF CO2

1. Ischaemia of a portion of the myocardium in the dog heart was produced by tying off a small branch of a coronary artery: flow in the occluded region was reduced from 5 to 82% of the initial value. 2. The effect of inhalation of 5% CO2 in air on relative tissue PO2 and perfusion in normal and partially ischaemic myocardium was determined. 3. After 10 min inhalation of 5% CO2, there was an increase in tissue perfusion as measured by hydrogen desaturation; the increase was inversely proportional to the degree of flow reduction. 4. Relative intramyocardial PO2 measured polarographically, decreased with occlusion and increased after CO2 inhalation; the changes were inversely proportional to the degree of reduction in PO2. 5. The increase in flow after CO2 inhalation suggests that partially ischaemic myocardial tissue is capable of further vasodilation.
Intromission Pattern and Species Vaginal Code in Relation to Induction of Pseudopregnancy

Mechanical stimulation was used to mimic normal vaginal stimuli during copulation in the mouse; the number and rate of intromissions were crucial influences on reproductive success. The best combinations for the mechanical induction of pseudopregnancy were comparable to those male behaviors normally seen during mating. The behavior of the male coincides with a species-related vaginal code, increasing chances for reproductive success between cospecifics.
A differential equation approach to interpolation at extremal points

Abstract : A differential equation method is used to derive results for interpolation at extremal points for polynomials, trigonometric polynomials, linear combinations of a Tchebycheff system, splines, and monosplines.
An ion microprobe study of corundum in the Murchison meteorite: Implications for 26A1 and 16O in the early solar system

Results are presented from measurements of O, Mg, and Ti isotopes and the abundances of Mg, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Sr, Y, Zr, La, and Ce in 26 individual corundum grains from the Murchison CM2 chondrite. The results provide further evidence for live Al-26 in the early solar system and set strict upper limits on the amounts of fossil Mg-26. The analyses suggest that corundum in this chondrite formed from two components with live Al-26 and a mass fraction of 43 percent dead Al.
Large Scale Purification of A‐Protein from Bacteriophage R17

A new method is described for maximizing the yield of A-protein per liter of crude lysate. It involves a modified growth procedure for bacteriophage R17 which allows titers in excess of 1013 plaque forming units per ml, and a new procedure for purifying the A-protein by acetic acid treatment of the whole phage.
A bacterial bioassay for assessment of wastewater toxicity

A bioassay using freeze-dried Nitrobacter as the test organism has been shown to successfully detect various toxicants in municipal and industrial wastewaters. The test is simple, sensitive, rapid and inexpensive; as a result, this test shows potential as a quantitative measurement technique for wastewater toxicity. The bioassay technique was applied in the analysis of a wastewater treatment system at a fiberboard plant near Portland, Oregon. The fiberboard is manufactured from a slurry of chipped wood, shavings and sawdust. Wastewater from the process is treated at an on-site facility consisting of settling ponds, activated sludge basin, clarifier and holding ponds. Treated water is recycled to the mill for reuse. Recently the removal of BOD by the activated sludge system dropped significantly and soluble and particulate organics began to accumulate. The influent and effluent flows for the treatment facility were tested with the Nitrobacter bioassay and both were determined to have significant toxicity. Further tests at points in the process showed that the toxicity was not associated with a single waste stream and was prevalent throughout the entire wastewater treatment system. In an effort to identify the toxicant, toxicity tests were conducted for known chemicals used in the process. The wastewater was treated with various physical and chemical unit processes to determine the most effective method for toxicity removal. Due to the complexity of the wastewater composition, no specific agents have been identified as solely responsible for the observed toxic response, however, several possible explanations for the apparent toxicity are discussed.
Clinical and therapeutic considerations in nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis.

Clinical manifestations and pathologic findings were correlated in 11 patients having nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE). Nine cases of adenocarcinoma were found, four of which were primary in the lung. Mucin production was found in only two tumors. The vegetations were on the mitral valve in ten, the aortic valve in four and the tricuspid valve in one. Arterial embolism was clinically manifest in ten patients and was the cause of death in five. Cerebral embolism occurred in seven patients and was diagnosed by angiography and brain scan three times. Myocardial infarction due to emboli occurred in two patients. Lower extremity ischemia due to emboli was seen in three patients and treated by embolectomy twice. Three patients had severe venous thrombosis: two requiring amputation, one of whom died suddenly from pulmonary embolism. We conclude that by awareness of NBTE and application of angiography or other diagnostic modalities, the diagnosis can be established antemortem when meaningful therapeutic intervention may be possible.
Mineral surface catalysis of reactions between FeII and oxime carbamate pesticides

Abstract This study examines the reduction of oxime carbamate pesticides (oxamyl, methomyl, and aldicarb) by FeII in aqueous suspensions containing twelve different (hydr)oxide and aluminosilicate minerals. In the absence of FeII, mineral surfaces have no apparent effect on the pathways or rates of oxime carbamate degradation. In anoxic suspensions containing FeII and mineral surfaces, rates of oxime carbamate reduction are significantly faster than in equivalent mineral-free homogeneous solutions. Rates increase with increasing surface area loading (mineral surface area per volume of suspension) and pH. Kinetic trends are interpreted in terms of changes in FeII speciation. Quantitative modeling indicates a first-order dependence on total adsorbed FeII concentration and no significant dependence on adsorbed oxime carbamate concentration. Bimolecular rate constants describing the reactivity of adsorbed FeII with dissolved oxamyl decrease in the following order: silicon dioxide #2 > silicon dioxide #1 ≫ hematite #2 > titanium dioxide #1 > hematite #1 > titanium dioxide #2 > silicon dioxide #3 > aluminum oxide > kaolinite #1 > kaolinite #2 > goethite ≫ titanium dioxide #3. Possible factors responsible for the increased reactivity of adsorbed FeII, as well as for the relative reactivity of FeII adsorbed on different surfaces, are discussed. Results from this study demonstrate that mineral surfaces present in subsurface environments can substantially catalyze the reduction of oxime carbamate pesticides by FeII. Overall rates of pesticide degradation may be under predicted by > 1 order of magnitude if the effects of mineral surfaces are not accounted for.
Image potential of a two-dimensional electron gas.

The image potential of a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in a heterojunction system such as AlGaAs/GaAs is calculated. It is shown that this potential has a substantially different dependence on the electron separation compared to the familiar image potential of a metal. For example, it remains finite as the distance from the surface goes to zero. This happens because of the finite spread of the wave function of two-dimensional electrons in the direction transverse to the surface. Therefore, the image-force lowering of the interface barrier is smaller than it would be near a metallic surface. It is shown that a quite accurate approximation of the image potential is ${V}_{\mathrm{im}}$(${z}_{0}$)=${e}^{2}$/4${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$(\ensuremath{\Vert}z *\ensuremath{\Vert}+${z}_{0}$), where e is the electron charge, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$ is the dielectric constant on the side of the test electron location, ${z}_{0}$ is the electron's distance from the surface, and ${z}_{\mathrm{*}}$ is the average distance of the 2DEG electrons from the surface.
Myasthenia gravis: in vitro immunoglobulin production with pokeweed mitogen challenge and B- and T-lymphocyte competence.

Abstract Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder associated with the production of antibodies to the acetlycholine receptor (AChR). To learn whether the autoimmune abnormalities involved the failure of suppressor cells to regulate excessive and aberrant immunoglobulin (Ig) production, we studied the numbers of T suppressor cells and their ability to regulate B-cell responses in MG patients. The percentage of T cells bearing receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (T G cells) from patients with MG and from healthy controls were compared. Lymphocytes from 7 of the 13 MG patients examined showed abnormal levels of T G cells; some values were higher and some lower than normal. Possible activation of suppressor cells in vivo was evaluated by comparing the abilities of irradiated and unirradiated T cells from MG patients to provide help for B cells producing Ig in a pokeweed mitogen (PWM) assay. In this respect, responses by the MG patient group equaled those of healthy controls. In contrast, PBLs from patients with multiple sclerosis undergoing acute exacerbation, and tested for comparison, contained activated suppressor cells.
Bidirectional metabolic regulation of neurocognitive function

The efficiency of somatic energy metabolism is correlated with cognitive change over the lifespan. This relationship is bidirectional, with improved overall fitness associated with enhanced synaptic function and neuroprotection, and synaptic endangerment occurring in the context of impaired energy metabolism. In this review, we discuss recent advancements in the fields of exercise, dietary energy intake and diabetes, as they relate to neuronal function in the hippocampus. Because hippocampal neurons have energy requirements that are relatively higher than those of other brain regions, they are uniquely poised to benefit from exercise, and to be harmed by diabetes. We view exercise and dietary energy restriction as being associated with enhanced hippocampal plasticity at one end of a continuum, with obesity and diabetes accompanied by cognitive impairment at the other end of the continuum. Understanding the mechanisms for this continuum may yield novel therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of cognitive decline following aging, disease, or injury.
Histone H2A and H2B Are Monoubiquitinated at AID-Targeted Loci

Background: Somatic hypermutation introduces base substitutions into the rearranged and expressed immunoglobulin (Ig) variable regions to promote immunity. This pathway requires and is initiated by the Activation Induced Deaminase (AID) protein, which deaminates cytidine to produce uracils and UG mismatches at the Ig genes. Subsequent processing of uracil by mismatch repair and base excision repair factors contributes to mutagenesis. While selective for certain genomic targets, the chromatin modifications which distinguish hypermutating from non-hypermutating loci are not defined. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here, we show that AID-targeted loci in mammalian B cells contain ubiquitinated chromatin. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis of a constitutively hypermutating Burkitt’s B cell line, Ramos, revealed the presence of monoubiquitinated forms of both histone H2A and H2B at two AID-associated loci, but not at control loci which are expressed but not hypermutated. Similar analysis using LPS activated primary murine splenocytes showed enrichment of the expressed VH and Sc3 switch regions upon ChIP with antibody specific to AID and to monoubiquitinated H2A and H2B. In the mechanism of mammalian hypermutation, AID may interact with ubiquitinated chromatin because confocal immunofluorescence microscopy visualized AID colocalized with monoubiquitinated H2B within discrete nuclear foci. Conclusions/Significance: Our results indicate that monoubiquitinated histones accompany active somatic hypermutation, revealing part of the histone code marking AID-targeted loci. This expands the current view of the chromatin state during hypermutation by identifying a specific nucleosome architecture associated with somatic hypermutation.
FASN and CD36 predict survival in rituximab-treated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common lymphoid malignancy, as it accounts for approximately one third of all patient cases of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma have markedly different treatment outcomes, suggesting a need for reliable prognostic factors and novel therapeutic approaches. De novo fatty acid synthesis is an important metabolic driver of tumor in multiple malignancies. In this retrospective study, we analyzed expression of fatty acid synthase (a key enzyme in de novo fatty acid synthesis), Spot 14 (thyroid hormone responsive Spot 14, a nuclear protein that promotes expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis), and CD36 (the cell surface channel for exogenous fatty acid uptake) in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and their clinical significance. We observed that overexpression of fatty acid synthase is negatively associated with overall survival (p = 0.001) and progression-free period (p = 0.004) in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Multivariate analysis showed that fatty acid synthase overexpression is an independent prognostic marker of aggressive clinical course. For the first time, we report CD36 as an independent protective factor in patients treated with rituximab. Thus, fatty acid synthase and CD36 expression may serve as prognostic markers to predict response to treatment and survival in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients. Fatty acid synthase may also be a potential therapeutic target in lymphoid malignancies.
Interface conditions for Stokes equations with a discontinuous viscosity and surface sources

The interface conditions, or jump conditions, for the pressure and the velocity of the solution to the incompressible Stokes equations with a discontinuous viscosity and a singular source along an interface are derived in this work. While parts of the results agree with those in the literature, some of the results are new. These theoretical results are useful for developing accurate numerical methods for the interface problem.
Intra-aortic Balloon Pumping in Refractory Heart Failure: Beneficial Effect in Presence of Hypotension and Aortic Stenosis

Intra-aortic balloon pumping was used successfully prior to cardiac catheterization and surgery to provide support to a 66-year-old man with critical calcific aortic stenosis without associated coronary artery disease who had left ventricular failure and hypotension refractory to medical treatment.
Stochastic modeling of the thermally induced atmospheric flow at mesoscale

This paper presents a three-dimensional stochastic linear model of the atmospheric flow induced by the variability of heat flux over land surface. The primitive equations relating perturbation terms of wind field, geopotential and buoyancy are formulated as a system of stochastic partial differential equations and solved analytically. The solution is based on spectral representations of the homogeneous random fields. The flow intensity is found to be proportional to the standard deviation of the heat flux into the atmosphere. The intensity of the vertical motion becomes more sensitive to the differential heating with a larger length scale as altitude goes higher. Stability and synoptic wind inhibit the development of the flow. The proposed theory improves the understanding of the role that heterogeneous land surface plays in atmospheric circulations at the mesoscale.
Kinetic Studies on the Direct Solid Phase Radioimmunoassay for Hepatitis B Antigen

. Kinetic studies have revealed the direct solid phase radioimmunoassay for hepatitis B antigen (Ausria, Abbott Laboratories) to be markedly sensitive to incubation temperature. The present 18-hour room temperature incubation can be reduced to 2 h at 50 °C without loss in test sensitivity. The rapid test is also considerably more specific than that carried out under standard conditions. If licensed, this modification would permit HB Ag screening by RIA to be carried out on labile blood products.
Differences in College Student Typical Drinking and Celebration Drinking

Abstract Objective: The purpose of the study was to determine whether students consume alcohol in greater quantities when drinking in celebration of an event or holiday versus typical drinking use. Celebratory occasions include tailgating during football games, holidays, and the beginning and ending of academic semesters. Participants: Traditional undergraduates, ages 18 to 24, who attended the university full time in the Fall 2007 and the Spring 2008. Methods: Eight hundred participants were randomly selected to participate in the study. A stratified random sample was drawn according to class rank and sex. A total of 287 survey responses were collected. Results: Alcohol consumption was greatest during typical weekend drinking, followed by celebration drinking and then by typical weekday drinking. Conclusions: Celebration drinking was expected to be greater than typical drinking; however, typical weekend drinking episodes were greates than celebratory drinking. Intervention efforts should focus on reducin...
Internalization of Mycobacterium shottsii and Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii by Acanthamoeba polyphaga

Amoebae serve as environmental hosts to a variety of mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium marinum. Mycobacterium shottsii and Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii are waterborne species isolated from the spleens and dermal lesions of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) from the Chesapeake Bay. The optimal growth temperature for these fish isolates is 25 °C. In the present study, amoebae were examined as a potential environmental reservoir for these fish pathogens. Several studies demonstrated that M. avium bacilli replicate within the trophozoite stage and reside in large numbers within the cytosol of the cyst of the free-living amoeba Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Results from the present study showed that M. shottsii, M. pseudoshottsii, and M. marinum bacilli were internalized by A. polyphaga trophozoites within 6 h but that intracellular viability decreased by 2 to 3 logs over 10 days. While an average of 25 M. marinum bacilli were identified by electron microscopy in the cytosol of the cyst, <5 M. pseudoshottsii and no M. shottsii bacilli were observed in this location. All Mycobacterium species examined remained viable but did not replicate after encystment and subsequent 48 h incubation in 4% HCl. This concentration of HCl will kill mycobacteria but will not enter amoebal cysts. Bacterial viability studies within stages of the amoeba life cycle indicate fewer M. shottsii and M. pseudoshottsii bacilli within the trophozoite and cyst stages relative to M. marinum.
The Calcium Requirements of Laying Hens and Effects of Dietary Oyster Shell Upon Egg Shell Quality

Abstract IN 1962 the Subcommittee on Poultry Nutrition of the National Research Council (N.A.S.-N.R.C, 1962) revised its recommended calcium requirement for laying hens. A level of 2.75% was adopted as the new recommendation, based on the many reports indicating the need for more calcium than the 2.25% previously recommended. The 2.75% level of calcium also was recommended in the fifth revised edition of The Nutrient Requirements of Poultry (N.A.S.-N.R.C, 1966). However, Peterson et al. (1960) reported that a level of at least 3.4% was necessary for maximum egg shell quality. They also noted that environmental temperature had an important influence upon the required calcium level. Numerous other reports have provided evidence for a dietary calcium requirement greater than 2.75% for maximum shell quality (Hurwitz and Griminger, 1962; Harms and Waldroup, 1961; Reddy and Sanford, 1963). A deficiency of calcium is generally recognized to cause a decline in egg production and a…
Sports tourism and niche markets: Identification and analysis of the growing lesbian and gay sports tourism industry

The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a lesbian and gay sports tourism industry. Results revealed evidence of an extensive and growing industry estimated to be worth $180m within the larger lesbian and gay sports industry that is estimated to be worth $15bn. Moreover, the market is gaining increased recognition by mainstream corporate America as an affluent and viable market. Some of the results include: there is a large lesbian and gay sports industry; there is a viable lesbian and gay sports travel industry; the demand for lesbian and gay sports products has led to the creation of companies that specialise in lesbian and gay sports travel products; lesbian and gay media give increasing attention to sports events and travel; there is proliferation of sports spectatorial products; and the Gay Games have had a significant impact on sports participant and spectatorial travel.
Phase Separation and Ordering in InGaN alloys

We investigated phase separation and long-range atomic ordering in InGaN alloys grown on (11–20) sapphire substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Compositional inhomogeneities were found in films grown at substrate temperatures ranging from 650 – 675°C when the indium content was larger than 20%. Upon annealing to 725°C, these films underwent phase separation, similar to films grown at 725° C.These InGaN films also showed the evidence of long-range atomic ordering, with the order parameter being a function of film composition and the growth parameters. A competition between ordering and phase separation has been observed, suggesting that the driving force for both phenomena is lattice strain in the alloy.
A Course in Multicultural Mathematics

Abstract The course described in this article, Multicultural Mathematics, aims to strengthen and expand students' understanding of fundamental mathematics—number systems, arithmetic, geometry, elementary number theory, and mathematical reasoning—through study of the mathematics of world cultures. In addition, the course is designed to explore the connections between mathematics and the arts, to engage students' imagination and creativity, and to increase the diversity of offerings in the mathematics classroom. This article details a course in multicultural mathematics for liberal arts and education majors I have been teaching for several years. The first three sections describe the rationale, structure, and main topics of the course. Sample projects and questions for class work and discussion are provided in the final two sections. An extensive source list is included.
Pedagogy for Developing Critical Thinking in Adolescents: Explicit Instruction Produces Greatest Gains.

Although the development and transfer of critical thinking skills are recognized as primary goals for education, there is little empirical evidence to help educators decide how to teach in ways that enhance critical thinking. In two studies, we compared explicit and imbedded instructional modes and assessed critical thinking with the Halpern Critical Thinking Assessment, which uses both constructed response and multiple-choice response formats with everyday situations. Participants were high school students in the United States attending low-performing high schools with large minority enrollment. In both studies, the students receiving explicit instruction showed much larger gains than those in the imbedded instruction group. Grade point average was significantly related to critical thinking scores, but as expected its relationship with critical thinking was much weaker than standardized test scores. These results provide robust evidence that explicit instruction is an effective method for teaching critical thinking skills to high school students.
Foundations of Exact Rounding

Exact rounding of numbers and functions is a fundamental computational problem. This paper introduces the mathematical and computational foundations for exact rounding. We show that all the elementary functions in ISO standard (ISO/IEC 10967) for Language Independent Arithmetic can be exactly rounded, in any format, and to any precision. Moreover, a priori complexity bounds can be given for these rounding problems. Our conclusions are derived from results in transcendental number theory.
Generating a Fuzzy Logic System from Optimized Numerical Models

This paper presents a novel approach to the optimization of a system using soft computing. In many instances optimum solutions to complex problems can be calculated using analytic or numeric approaches, but with significant barriers for practical use, such as computational complexity, sensitivity to parameter variations, and necessity to use many measured variables. In this study, a traditional optimization method is used to calculate off-line optimum solutions to an indoor environmental control problem at numerous operating points. These solutions are, in turn, used as exemplars to train an intelligent system such as a fuzzy logic system or a neural network, resulting in a control system whose behavior exhibits the desirable features of the family of optimum solutions. It has been shown that this methodology (named modeled optimized system -MOS) results in a controller for an indoor environmental system, which improves occupant satisfaction, saves energy, and can be implemented in a practical fashion.
Genetic, Physical, and Functional Interactions between the Triphosphatase and Guanylyltransferase Components of the Yeast mRNA Capping Apparatus

vitro to form a Cet1-Ceg1 heterodimer. The interaction of Cet1 with Ceg1 elicits >10-fold stimulation of the guanylyltransferase activity of Ceg1. This stimulation is the result of increased affinity for the GTP substrate. A truncated protein, Cet1(201-549), has RNA triphosphatase activity, heterodimerizes with and stimulates Ceg1 in vitro, and suffices when expressed in single copy for cell growth in vivo. The more extensively truncated derivative Cet1(246-549) also has RNA triphosphatase activity but fails to stimulate Ceg1 in vitro and is lethal when expressed in single copy in vivo. These data suggest that the Cet1-Ceg1 interaction is essential but do not resolve whether the triphosphatase activity is also necessary. The mammalian capping enzyme Mce1 (a bifunctional triphosphatase-guanylyltransferase) substitutes for Cet1 in vivo. A mutation of the triphosphatase active-site cysteine of Mce1 is lethal. Hence, an RNA triphosphatase activity is essential for eukaryotic cell growth. This work highlights the potential for regulating mRNA cap formation through protein-protein interactions.
Transverse current on strip dipole antenna

The distribution of the current flow transverse to the axis of a small strip dipole antenna is evaluated numerically.
Dynamic IP over mobile ATM

Deploying a static IP overlay of a mobile ATM network invariably results in poor routing of IP packets: mobile ATM isolates all aspects of mobility from the IP layer by maintaining IP adjacencies regardless of the mobile network's current location. This paper describes a novel technique based on PNNI augmented routing (PAR) that allows mobile routers to adapt and optimize their routing adjacencies dynamically in response to changes in the underlying physical ATM connectivity. The described solution uses characteristics of the mobile PNNI (private network-network interface) hierarchy, the appropriate scoping of PAR-distributed IP information together with simple abstractions of the underlying ATM topology to provide IP routers with sufficient information to react to such changes in an intelligent manner. The application of dynamic IP over mobile ATM is suitable for where mobile platforms reach back into a static fixed infrastructure and where completely ad hoc ATM networks are created in isolation. This paper is illustrated with a mobility scenario demonstrated by IBM at the Joint Warrior Interoperability Demonstration (JWID) 2000.
A critical role for phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate-dependent Rac exchanger 1 in endothelial junction disruption and vascular hyperpermeability.

Rationale: The small GTPase Rac is critical to vascular endothelial functions, yet its regulation in endothelial cells remains unclear. Understanding the upstream pathway may delineate Rac activation mechanisms and its role in maintaining vascular endothelial barrier integrity. Objective: By investigating P-Rex1, one of the Rac-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) previously known for G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling, we sought to determine whether Rac-GEF is a nodal for signal integration and potential target for drug intervention. Methods and Results: Using gene deletion and siRNA silencing approach, we investigated the role of P-Rex1 in lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVECs). TNF-α exposure led to disruption of endothelial junctions, and silencing P-Rex1 protected junction integrity. TNF-α stimulated Rac activation and ROS production in a P-Rex1-dependent manner. Removal of P-Rex1 significantly reduced ICAM-1 expression, PMN transendothelial migration and leukocyte sequestration in TNF-α challenged mouse lungs. The P-Rex1 knockout mice were also refractory to lung vascular hyper-permeability and edema in a LPS-induced sepsis model. Conclusions: These results demonstrate for the first time that P-Rex1 expressed in endothelial cells is activated downstream of TNF-α, which is not a GPCR agonist. Our data identify P-Rex1 as a critical mediator of vascular barrier disruption. Targeting P-Rex1 may effectively protect against TNF-α; and LPS-induced endothelial junction disruption and vascular hyper-permeability.
Selection and Orientation of Directional Sensors for Coverage Maximization

Sensor nodes may be equipped with a "directional" sensing device (such as a camera) which senses a physical phenomenon in a certain direction depending on the chosen orientation. In this article, we address the problem of selection and orientation of such directional sensors with the objective of maximizing coverage area. Prior works on sensor coverage have largely focused on coverage with sensors that are associated with a unique sensing region. In contrast, directional sensors have multiple sensing regions associated with them, and the orientation of the sensor determines the actual sensing region. Thus, the coverage problems in the context of directional sensors entails selection as well as orientation of sensors needed to activate in order to maximize/ensure coverage. In this article, we address the problem of selecting a minimum number of sensors and assigning orientations such that the given area (or set of target points) is k-covered (i.e., each point is covered k times). The above problem is NP-complete, and even NP-hard to approximate. Thus, we design a simple greedy algorithm that delivers a solution that k-covers at least half of the target points using at most M log(k|C|) sensors, where |C| is the maximum number of target points covered by a sensor and M is the minimum number of sensor required to k-cover all the given points. The above result holds for almost arbitrary sensing regions. We design a distributed implementation of the above algorithm, and study its performance through simulations. In addition to the above problem, we also look at other related coverage problems in the context of directional sensors, and design similar approximation algorithms for them.
Tilly and Bourdieu

The first part of this essay discusses the most important similarities between the sociological visions of Pierre Bourdieu and Charles Tilly; the second part surveys the key differences. The conclusion then offers a critical assessment of these two thinkers’ respective contributions to social science.
Computer Use in Independent Restaurants

This study investigated the extent of computer use in independent restaurants and com puter training received by restaurant owners/managers and employees. A survey of 144 Iowa independent restaurant owners/managers revealed that close to one third of the re spondents were using computers in their restaurants. Over half of the respondents who used computers at work reported that insufficient training was a main concern with com puters. Close to half of the respondents who used computers at work expressed interest to attend a computer training session. Variables such as age, education level, job position, and gender significantly influenced respondents'computer usage. Differences in computer use and computer support compared with operational characteristics also were examined.
Observations on mouse mastitis produced by inoculation of different strains of staphylococcus.

SUMMARY Different concentrations of each of 6 strains of staphylococcus isolated from field cases of bovine mastitis were inoculated into the mammary gland of lactating mice. The results show that the strains of staphylococcus differ in their pathogenicity.
Resistance Training Enhances Skeletal Muscle Innervation Without Modifying the Number of Satellite Cells or their Myofiber Association in Obese Older Adults

Studies in humans and animal models provide compelling evidence for age-related skeletal muscle denervation, which may contribute to muscle fiber atrophy and loss. Skeletal muscle denervation seems relentless; however, long-term, high-intensity physical activity appears to promote muscle reinnervation. Whether 5-month resistance training (RT) enhances skeletal muscle innervation in obese older adults is unknown. This study found that neural cell-adhesion molecule, NCAM+ muscle area decreased with RT and was inversely correlated with muscle strength. NCAM1 and RUNX1 gene transcripts significantly decreased with the intervention. Type I and type II fiber grouping in the vastus lateralis did not change significantly but increases in leg press and knee extensor strength inversely correlated with type I, but not with type II, fiber grouping. RT did not modify the total number of satellite cells, their number per area, or the number associated with specific fiber subtypes or innervated/denervated fibers. Our results suggest that RT has a beneficial impact on skeletal innervation, even when started late in life by sedentary obese older adults.
Applying Deweyan Principles to Global Citizenship Education in a Rural Context

Abstract Global citizenship education (GCE) helps students conceptualize citizenship beyond national boundaries so they are capable of action in dealing with global issues like human rights and environmental sustainability. However, very little literature exists to assist rural teachers in implementing GCE as they face specific challenges due to the context of their schools. This paper identifies challenges rural educators encounter, such as conservative communities and geographic isolation, and details a Deweyan approach to GCE as a means to overcome these challenges. Specifically, we apply Dewey’s democratic and social learning theories to reconceptualize GCE around student, family, and community life to foster a more relevant curriculum that utilizes students’ experiences (Dewey, 1897, 1902, 1938, 1916/2008). It emphasizes the utmost respect for local customs and culture by using them as sources of content for the curriculum while simultaneously extending citizenship thoughts and actions to the global arena.
English language learners' writing behaviours during literacy-enriched block play

Despite the rising number of linguistically diverse students in countries where English is the primary medium of instruction in schools, there is a relative lack of research on how these students l...
Prenatal alcohol exposure alters synaptic activity of adult hippocampal dentate granule cells under conditions of enriched environment

Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) results in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), which is characterized by a wide range of cognitive and behavioral deficits that may be linked to impaired hippocampal function and adult neurogenesis. Preclinical studies in mouse models of FASD indicate that PAE markedly attenuates enrichment-mediated increases in the number of adult-generated hippocampal dentate granule cells (aDGCs), but whether synaptic activity is also affected has not been studied. Here, we utilized retroviral birth-dating coupled with whole cell patch electrophysiological recordings to assess the effects of PAE on enrichment-mediated changes in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity as a function of DGC age. We found that exposure to an enriched environment (EE) had no effect on baseline synaptic activity of 4- or 8-week-old aDGCs from control mice, but significantly enhanced the excitatory/inhibitory ratio of synaptic activity in 8-week-old aDGCs from PAE mice. In contrast, exposure to EE significantly enhanced the excitatory/inhibitory ratio of synaptic activity in older pre-existing DGCs situated in the outer dentate granule cell layer (i.e., those generated during embryonic development; dDGCs) in control mice, an effect that was blunted in PAE mice. These findings indicate distinct electrophysiological responses of hippocampal DGCs to behavioral challenge based on cellular ontogenetic age, and suggest that PAE disrupts EE-mediated changes in overall hippocampal network activity. These findings may have implications for future therapeutic targeting of hippocampal dentate circuitry in clinical FASD. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Wet to Dry—Refractory Coating Control for Precision PUCB Sands

This research project was supported by the American Foundry Society (AFS) and the American Metalcasting Consortium (AMC). As the industry moves to tighter dimensional controls of castings, stricter coating controls are required. Baume as a singular refractory measure does not suffice. An out-of-spec Baume measure does not suggest the corrective wet chemistry adjustment. In addition, coating solids, surface tension, and viscosity must be monitored to determine the proper corrective action.
Structure Genome: Fill the Gap between Materials Genome and Structural Analysis

A new concept, Structure Genome (SG), is proposed to fill the gap between materials genome and structural analysis. SG acts as the basic building block of the structure connecting materials to structures and the mechanics of SG governs the necessary information to link materials genome and structural analysis. SG also enables a powerful approach to construct efficient yet high-fidelity constitutive models for composite structures over multiple length scales. No apriori assumptions will be used in the formulation and multiscale constitutive modeling is mathematically decoupled from the structural analysis. A general-purpose computer code called SwiftComp is developed to implement the mechanics of Structure Genome along with various examples to demonstrate its application and power. SwiftComp can be used as plug-in for commercial finite element codes to treat composites as “black aluminum” in structural design and analysis with negligible loss of accuracy.
Helical Sense and Twisting Power in Thermotropic Side—Chain Copolymers

Thermotropic chiral nematic copolymers containing (S)—(—)—1—phenylethyl alcohol and (R)—(—)—methyl mandelate with methacrylate backbone and those containing (S)—(—)—1—phenylethylamine and cholesterol with acrylate/methacrylate mixed backbone structures have been synthesized and characterized. It is found that the helical sense is dictated by chiral/nematic molecular interactions of a steric nature, and that the helical twisting power (HTP) is favored by the structural similarity between the chiral and nematic components. Furthermore, it is shown that HTP can be optimized with a suitable nematogenic comonomer by regulating the backbone flexibility within the acrylate/methacrylate series, which facilitates supramolecular arrangement without affecting the HTP.
Grey Correlation Analysis on Main Agronomic Characters of 21 Rice Varieties

In order to define the relationship between the agronomic characters and yield,21 rice varieties were studied with the analysis of Grey Correlation Degree. Grey correlation degree analysis showed that the importance of the agronomic characters was: Growth stage grain weight plant height first branch number panicle length effective panicle number grain density grains number per panicle lodging resistance index number of filled grain per panicle biomass. So we should select longer growth stage,grain weight and higher plant,more branch number and more panicle length.
Pharmacologic Therapies in Anticoagulation

Anticoagulants are beneficial for prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism and stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. The development of target-specific oral anticoagulants is changing the landscape of anticoagulation therapy and created growing interest on this subject. Understanding the pharmacology of different anticoagulants is the first step to adequately treat patients with best available therapy while avoiding serious bleeding complications. This article reviews the pharmacology of the main anticoagulant classes (vitamin K antagonists, direct oral anticoagulants, and heparins) and their clinical indications based on evidence-based data currently available in the literature.
A Quantitative Study of the Relationship between Project Performance and BIM Use on Commercial Construction Projects in the USA

ABSTRACTThis article reports the findings of a quantitative study on the relationship between various project performance outcomes and the use of Building Information Modeling (BIM), within the commercial construction industry. The literature review identified inconsistent results among prior qualitative and quantitative work concerning the relationships of key project performance measures and BIM use. Data on 13 variables from 93 completed construction projects were collected and examined through a causal comparative research design. Projects that used BIM (in design or construction) were not found to experience significant performance outcomes when controlling for the contribution of other independent variables and covariates at the 95% confidence level (CL). At the lower 90% CL, however, projects using BIM in construction experienced significantly higher levels of schedule growth than projects that did not use BIM in construction. Recommendations are made for training of construction management staff a...
Numerical Analysis of 2-D and 3-D Cavitating Hydrofoils Under a Free Surface

A method which models two- or three-dimensional cavitating hydrofoils moving with constant speed under a free surface is described. An integral equation is obtained by applying Green's theorem on all surfaces of the fluid domain. This integral equation is divided into two parts: (i) the cavitating hydrofoil problem, and (ii) the free-surface problem. These two problems are solved separately, with the effects of one on the other being accounted for in an iterative manner. The cavitating hydrofoil surface and the free surface are modeled with constant strength dipole and source panels. The source strengths on the free surface are expressed in terms of the second derivative of the potential with respect to the horizontal axis by applying the linearized free-surface conditions. The induced potential by the cavitating hydrofoil on the free surface and by the free surface on the hydrofoil are determined in an iterative sense. In order to prevent upstream waves the source strengths from some distance in front of the hydrofoil to the end of the truncated upstream boundary are enforced to be equal to zero. No radiation condition is enforced at the downstream boundary or at the transverse boundary. The method is applied to 2-D and 3-D hydrofoil geometries in fully wetted or cavitating flow conditions and the predictions are compared with those of other methods in the literature.