cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution of impaired access to the phonological lexicon

Abstract The production of neologisms in fluent aphasia has been linked to both anomia and impaired phonological processing, but the supportive data are minimal. The current study uses longitudinal data to explore these explanations in an aphasic with acute neologistic jargon and severe word-finding difficulty (VN). Picture naming, conversation, and complex picture description were evaluated at 3 days, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 5 months post onset. Results were interpreted with respect to predictions based on a word-production model that associates anomia with breakdown in locating entries in the phonological lexicon and neologisms with impaired activation of these entries. VN's picture naming indicated disruption of both locating and activating stored phonological representations. Longitudinal changes helped to specify the source of his anomia, and to rule out this deficit as the source of his neologisms.
Trinuclear Ruthenium Clusters as Bivalent Electrochemical Probes for Ligand-Receptor Binding Interactions

Despite their popularity, electrochemical biosensors often suffer from low sensitivity. One possible approach to overcome low sensitivity in protein biosensors is to utilize multivalent ligand–receptor interactions. Controlling the spatial arrangement of ligands on surfaces is another crucial aspect of electrochemical biosensor design. We have synthesized and characterized five biotinylated trinuclear ruthenium clusters as potential new biosensor platforms: [Ru3O(OAc)6CO(4-BMP)(py)]0 (3), [Ru3O(OAc)6CO(4-BMP)2]0 (4), [Ru3O(OAc)6L(4-BMP)(py)]+ (8), [Ru3O(OAc)6L(4-BMP)2]+ (9), and [Ru3O(OAc)6L(py)2]+ (10) (OAc = acetate, 4-BMP = biotin aminomethylpyridine, py = pyridine, L = pyC16SH). HABA/avidin assays and isothermal titration calorimetry were used to evaluate the avidin binding properties of 3 and 4. The binding constants were found to range from (6.5–8.0) × 106 M–1. Intermolecular protein binding of 4 in solution was determined by native gel electrophoresis. QM, MM, and MD calculations show the capabilit...
Electricity used by office equipment and network equipment in the US

Abstract In spite of the recent explosive growth in the use of office and network equipment, there has been no recent study (until this one) that estimates in detail how much electricity is consumed by that equipment in the United States. In this study, we examined energy use by office equipment and network equipment at the end of 1999. We classified office equipment into 11 types; for each type we estimated annual energy consumption for residential, commercial, and industrial use by combining estimates of stock, power requirements, usage, and saturation of power management. We also classified network equipment into six types and estimated the annual energy consumption for each type. We found that total direct power use by office and network equipment is about 74 TWh per year, which is about 2% of total electricity use in the US. When electricity used by telecommunications equipment and electronics manufacturing is included, that figure rises to 3% of all electricity use. More than 70% of the 74 TWh/year is dedicated to office equipment for commercial use. We also found that power management currently saves 23 TWh/year, and complete saturation and proper functioning of power management would achieve additional savings of 17 TWh/year. Furthermore, complete saturation of night shutdown for equipment not required to operate at night would reduce power use by an additional 7 TWh/year. Finally, we compared our current estimate with our 1995 forecast for 1999. We found that the total difference between our current estimate and the previous forecast is less than 15% and identified the factors that led to inaccuracies in the previous forecast. We also conducted a sensitivity analysis of the uncertainties in our current forecast and identified the data sets that have the largest impact on our current estimate of energy use.
Dynamics of Segregation and Earnings in Brown-collar Occupations

Panel analyses of occupation-level data derived from Los Angeles census data elucidate both the limited labor market success of recent-immigrant Latinos and their potential impact on natives. The a...
Demonstrating Sound with Music Production Software.

Readily available software designed for the production of music can be adapted easily to the physics classroom. Programs such as Apple's GarageBand access large libraries of recorded sound waves that can be heard and displayed both before and after alterations. Tools such as real-time spectral analysers, digital effects, and audio file editors enable a wide variety of sound demonstrations. This article is intended to serve two purposes. First, it will distil from the many capabilities of music production software those capabilities that are most essential to the physics instructor. Secondly, this article will suggest some of the many possible classroom applications of this software.
Abdominal migraine and treatment with intravenous valproic Acid.

Received May 19, 2005; revised October 5, 2005; accepted October 17, 2005. From the Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the Dept. of Pediatrics, Stanford Univ. School of Medicine; Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, CA. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Shaw, Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford Univ. School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Palo Alto, CA 94305-5719. e-mail: rjshaw@stanford.edu Copyright 2006 The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine Abdominal migraine is a syndrome characterized by episodes of recurrent severe abdominal pain, nausea, and/or vomiting, that interferes with normal daily activities but with periods of wellness between episodes. Although there is widespread acceptance of the syndrome among practitioners, there is limited information regarding its treatment. Valproic acid (VPA), which is used for migraine prophylaxis has, on occasion, been used with apparent success in cases of abdominal migraine. This case report describes two patients with suspected acute abdominal migraine whose symptoms resolved with administration of intravenous (IV) valproic acid.
Acceleration of anuran amphibian metamorphosis by corticotropin-releasing hormone-like peptides

Despite substantial information on the role of the pituitary-thyroid and pituitary-interrenal axes in controlling amphibian metamorphosis, the hypothalamic hormones responsible for controlling the activity of these axes have not been identified. The mammalian thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) does not regulate the thyroid axis of tadpoles; however, corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) stimulates the release of thyrotropin from bullfrog tadpole pituitary glands in vitro and may thus function as a central regulator of the thyroid axis during metamorphosis. I tested the possibility that a CRH-like peptide is involved in controlling amphibian development by treating tadpoles of two anuran species, the western spadefoot toad Scaphiopus hammondii, and the North American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, with neuropeptides and monitoring their effects on metamorphosis. Injection of spadefoot toad tadpoles with ovine (o) CRH (2 micrograms/animal every other day for 3 weeks) or the amphibian CRH-like peptide sauvagine (SV) significantly decreased their time from hatching to metamorphic climax (Gosner stage 42; frontlimb emergence) and their body weight and body length at climax compared with vehicle-injected controls; whereas, TRH had no effect and arginine vasotocin produced a small but significant lengthening of the larval period but did not alter body size at climax. In an acute response experiment, S. hammondii tadpoles (in Gosner stages 36-38--late prometamorphosis) treated with oCRH or SV (2 micrograms/animal) exhibited significantly elevated whole-body thyroxine (T4) content at 2 and 6 hr after injection; whereas, treatment with TRH (2 micrograms/animal) did not significantly alter whole-body T4. R. catesbeiana tadpoles treated with oCRH or SV (surgical implantation of ELVAX pellets impregnated with 100 micrograms peptide and injections of peptides at 5 micrograms/animal once every 3 days) exhibited accelerated spontaneous and triiodothyronine (T3)-induced metamorphosis as assessed by changes in tail height, hind limb development, and body weight; TRH had no effect. Injections of a pool of antisera generated against CRH-like peptides (rat/human CRH, oCRH, SV) slowed T3-induced metamorphosis when compared with normal serum-injected controls. These results support the hypothesis that a CRH-like peptide(s) is involved in the central control of metamorphosis of anuran amphibians, and may act, at least in part, through stimulation of the thyroid axis.
Incorporation of nitrogen into GaAsN grown by MOCVD using different precursors

Abstract The incorporation of nitrogen into GaAsN grown by metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition is reported as a function of growth conditions and various combinations of nitrogen and gallium precursors. For all of the precursors, the incorporation of nitrogen is increased by decreasing growth temperature and arsine flow and increasing growth rate. NF3 is shown to incorporate nitrogen very much like hydrazine, both of which are more efficient nitrogen sources than u-dimethylhydrazine. The choice of gallium precursor (triethylgallium or trimethylgallium) also affects the nitrogen incorporation. The growth rate of the GaAsN is decreased at low temperatures when trimethylgallium is used and at high temperatures when NF3 is used.
Comments on the dispersion relations for the complex refractive index of circularly and elliptically polarized light

The generalization to circularly polarized modes of the Kramers-Kronig relations for the complex refractive index is discussed in terms of the analyticity of the index to clarify the physical basis of the generalized dispersion relations. A compact form for the circular-mode dispersion relations is obtained that is particularly useful in treating dichroic effects and for deriving optical sum rules. The procedure is generalized to elliptically polarized modes. It is shown that the generalized dispersion relations must be used for the optical constants of elliptic modes that retain their ellipticity to arbitrarily small frequencies, while dispersion relations of the Kramers-Kronig form apply to elliptic modes that are linearly polarized in the limit of small frequencies.
Cued visual attention does not distinguish between occluded and occluding objects

Does visual attention spread from the cued end of an occluded object to locations occupied by inferred portions of that object? We investigated this question by using a probe detection paradigm with two-dimensional (2-D) displays of occluded objects. Probes could appear in occluded or nonoccluded locations on either a cued or noncued object. Participants responded faster to probes appearing within the region of space occupied by the cued object. This was true not only when the probe appeared in positions separated from the cued location by an occluder (as demonstrated by Moore, Yantis, & Vaughan, 1998), but also when it appeared in positions on the occluder itself. Thus, results suggest that cued facilitation spreads to regions of noncued occluding objects that overlap cued occluded objects in 2-D space.
Morphine modulates proliferation of kidney fibroblasts

Morphine modulates proliferation of kidney fibroblasts. Renal interstitial scarring is an important component of heroin-associated nephropathy. Kidney fibroblasts have been demonstrated to play a role in the development of renal scarring in a variety of renal diseases. We studied the effect of morphine, an active metabolite of heroin, on the proliferation of kidney fibroblasts. Morphine at a concentration of 10 −12 M enhanced ( P 4 cells/well). [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation studies further confirmed these results. Morphine at concentrations of 10 −12 M to 10 −10 M also modulated mRNA expression of early growth related genes (c- fos , c- jun and c- myc ). Morphine at concentrations of 10 −8 to 10 −4 M promoted apoptosis of kidney fibroblasts and also enhanced the synthesis of p53 by kidney fibroblasts. We speculate that morphine-induced kidney fibroblast proliferation may be mediated through the activation of early growth related genes, whereas morphine induced kidney fibroblast apoptosis may be mediated through the generation of p53. The present in vitro study provides a hypothetical basis for the role of morphine in the development of renal interstitial scarring in patients with heroin-associated nephropathy.
Prognostic factors for local recurrence, metastasis, and survival rates in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, ear, and lip : implications for treatment modality selection

We reviewed all studies since 1940 on the prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin and lip. The following variables are correlated with local recurrence and metastatic rates: (1) treatment modality, (2) prior treatment, (3) location, (4) size, (5) depth, (6) histologic differentiation, (7) histologic evidence of perineural involvement, (8) precipitating factors other than ultraviolet light, and (9) host immunosuppression. Local recurrences occur less frequently when SCC is treated by Mohs micrographic surgery. This local recurrence rate differential in favor of Mohs micrographic surgery holds true for primary SCC of the skin and lip (3.1% vs 10.9%), for ear SCC (5.3% vs 18.7%), for locally recurrent (previously treated) SCC (10% vs 23.3%), for SCC with perineural involvement (0% Ys 47%), for SCC of size greater than 2 cm (25.2% vs 41.7%), and for SCC that is poorly differentiated (32.6% vs 53.6%).
TRAINING FOR READING: TECHNIQUE*

Author's summary.— Justification of the Reading Method and an account of an experiment in the development of a direct-reading technique adapted to students of high school age.
Sharpening the Focus: Emotion Regulation, Arousal, and Social Competence

(1998). Sharpening the Focus: Emotion Regulation, Arousal, and Social Competence. Psychological Inquiry: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 287-290.
Comprehension disorders in aphasia: a historical review.

Abstract This paper reviews the clinical reports and theoretical inferences made by early scientists in regard to the impairment of auditory comprehension so often found in aphasics. It first presents an analysis of the literature on and the interpretation of comprehension disorders in aphasia up to the time of Pierre Marie and Arnold Pick. It then reviews early attempts to assess and quantify receptive impairment. Finally, it discusses the historical origin of some of the questions on comprehension currently under investigation by contemporary researchers.
Mission, Staffing, and Budget Data of Flight Programs in the United States.

Abstract Introduction: Managed care and other health care reform initiatives have forced all hospitals to evaluate their work processes. In this era of cost containment, many flight programs are examining the structure of their programs to determine whether they are functioning in an efficient, cost-effective fashion. Methods: A survey was sent to the chief flight nurse of 240 flight programs in the United States. Results: Eighty-five programs (35.4%) responded. Data were collected on demographics, management structure, mission information, staffing issues, and budgets. Results in each program varied widely. Conclusion: Benchmark data are available against which programs can compare themselves. Such comparisons may allow the discovery of opportunities to enhance program efficiency and cost-effectiveness.
Should Endodontists Place Implants? A Survey of U.S. Endodontists

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this national study was to assess endodontists' opinions regarding whether endodontists should place dental implants. Methods A written survey was developed and mailed to 1505 randomly selected practicing endodontists within the United States. Results The response rate was 46%. Univariate, bivariate, and logistic regression analyses were performed. Fifty-seven percent of respondents supported endodontists placing implants. Currently 5.7% of respondents place implants. Regression analyses identified the following variables as being positively associated with endodontists placing implants: graduation from an endodontic training program ≥10 years ago (p = .002); interest in placing implants in the future (p = .0001); the belief that implant placement should be incorporated into the endodontic residency curriculum (p Conclusions The majority of responding endodontists believed that dental implant placement is within the scope of endodontic practice. Governing bodies of the specialty of endodontics might consider discussing whether formal implant training should be incorporated into future curricula.
Incomplete Reconstitution of T Cell Subsets on Combination Antiretroviral Therapy in the AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 384

Background Initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) results in higher total CD4 cell counts, a surrogate for immune reconstitution. Whether the baseline CD4 cell count affects reconstitution of immune cell subsets has not been well characterized.
Optimized multiple quantum MAS lineshape simulations in solid state NMR

The majority of nuclei available for study in solid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance have half-integer spin I > 1/2, with corresponding electric quadrupole moment. As such, they may couple with a surrounding electric field gradient. This effect introduces anisotropic line broadening to spectra, arising from distinct chemical species within polycrystalline solids. In Multiple Quantum Magic Angle Spinning (MQMAS) experiments, a second frequency dimension is created, devoid of quadrupolar anisotropy. As a result, the center of gravity of peaks in the high resolution dimension is a function of isotropic second order quadrupole and chemical shift alone. However, for complex materials, these parameters take on a stochastic nature due in turn to structural and chemical disorder. Lineshapes may still overlap in the isotropic dimension, complicating the task of assignment and interpretation. A distributed computational approach is presented here which permits simulation of the two-dimensional MQMAS spectrum, generated by random variates from model distributions of isotropic chemical and quadrupole shifts. Owing to the non-convex nature of the residual sum of squares (RSS) function between experimental and simulated spectra, simulated annealing is used to optimize the simulation parameters. In this manner, local chemical environments for disordered materials may be characterized, and via a re-sampling approach, error estimates for parameters produced.
Activation of Wnt Signaling in Hematopoietic Regeneration

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) respond to injury by rapidly proliferating and regenerating the hematopoietic system. Little is known about the intracellular programs that are activated within HSCs during this regenerative process and how this response may be influenced by alterations in signals from the injured microenvironment. Here we have examined the regenerating microenvironment and find that following injury it has an enhanced ability to support HSCs. During this regenerative phase, both hematopoietic and stromal cell elements within the bone marrow microenvironment show increased expression of Wnt10b, which can function to enhance growth of hematopoietic precursors. In addition, regenerating HSCs show increased activation of Wnt signaling, suggesting that microenvironmental changes in Wnt expression after injury may be integrated with the responses of the hematopoietic progenitors. Cumulatively, our data reveal that growth signals in the hematopoietic system are re-activated during injury, and provide novel insight into the influence of the microenvironment during regeneration.
Oscillator applications of double dielectric resonator

Oscillator configurations are presented that are based on a double dielectric resonator structure. A major advantage of this approach is wide, linear tuning of the oscillators. Q-factor degradation associated with metal tuning arrangements is prevented and additional temperature compensation and linearization is possible. The principle of operation and experimental results are shown. Tuning ranges on the order of 20% are theoretically possible. However, careful selection of the oscillator circuit and the active device is required to take full advantage of the double dielectric resonator. >
Epidemiological characteristics of children with autoimmune thyroid disease.

OBSECTIVE: Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (AT) is the most common cause of thyroid disease in children. The aim of the study was to define the epidemiological clinical and laboratory characteristics of children and adolescents with AT. DESIGN: Various parameters including thyroid ultrasonography of 228 children and adolescents aged 10.2±2.5yrs (mean±SD) with AT, who attended our Pediatric Endocrine Unit during a 5-year period were retrospectively analysed. RESULTS: 191 (83.8%) were female and 142 (62.3%) were pubertal. At AT diagnosis, 130 children (57.0%) were euthyroid, 75 (32.9%) had subclinical hypothyroidism, 19 (8.3%) had hypothyroidism and 4 (1.8%) had hyperthyroidism. There was a positive correlation between thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and thyroid volume SDS (r=0.15, p=0.02). Sixty-three children (28%) had a goiter and 32 (14%) had thyroid nodules. Three children (1.3%) had papillary thyroid carcinoma. Compared to euthyroid children, children with hypothyroidism were younger (9.2±1.8 vs 10.6±2.4yrs, p<0.05) and had higher thyroid volume SDS (3.1±1.9 vs 1.2±1.2, p<0.05) and higher prevalence of goiter [11(57.9%) vs 29(22.3%), p<0.05]. CONCLUSIONS: Children and adolescents with AT are mostly asymptomatic; the majority are female, pubertal and euthyroid. Hypothyroid children with AT have higher thyroid volume, higher prevalence of goiter and higher antithyroid antibodies titers compared to euthyroid children. Diagnosing AT at an early stage offers the opportunity for a timely intervention. The potential association of AT with papillary thyroid carcinoma is an additional reason for a careful follow-up of the patients with AT.
Single-Vesicle Patterning of Uniform, Giant Polymersomes into Microarrays

Giant, cell-sized polymersomes are functionalized and patterned at the single vesicle level. Microfluidic methods are employed to generate uniform diameter vesicles with high loading efficiencies and microcontact printing is used to generate patterns of adhesive ligand. A simple sensory capability is demonstrated with the immobilized array of vesicles.
Density-functional theory and hybrid density-functional theory continuum solvation models for aqueous and organic solvents: universal SM5.43 and SM5.43R solvation models for any fraction of Hartree-Fock exchange

Hybrid density functional theory, which is a combined Hartree–Fock and density functional method, provides a simple but effective way to incorporate nonlocal exchange effects and static and dynamical correlation energy into an orbital-based theory with affordable computational cost for many important problems of gas-phase chemistry. The inclusion of a reaction field representing an implicit solvent in a self-consistent hybrid density functional calculation provides an effective and efficient way to extend this approach to problems of liquid-phase chemistry. In previous work, we have parameterized several models based on this approach, and in the present article, we present several new parameterizations based on implicit solvation models SM5.43 and SM5.43R. In particular, we extend the applicability of these solvation models to several combinations of the MPWX hybrid-density functional with various one-electron basis sets, where MPWX denotes a combination of Barone and Adamo’s modified version of Perdew and Wang’s exchange functional, Perdew and Wang’s correlation functional, and a percentage X of exact Hartree–Fock exchange. SM5.43R parameter optimizations are presented for the MPWX/MIDI!, MPWX/MIDI!6D, and MPWX/6-31+G(d,p) combinations with X=0 (i.e., pure density functional theory), 25, 42.8, and 60.6, and for MPWX/6-31G(d) and MPWX/6-31+G(d), with X=0, 42.8, and 60.6; this constitutes a total of 18 new parameter sets. [Note that parameter optimizations using MPW25/6-31G(d) and MPW25/6-31+G(d) were carried out in a previous SM5.43R parameterization.] For each of the five basis sets, we found no significant loss in the accuracy of the model when parameters averaged over the four values of X are used instead of the parameters optimized for a specific value of X. Therefore for each of the five basis sets used here, the SM5.43R and SM5.43 models are defined to have a single parameter set that can be used for any value of X between 0 and 60.6. The new models yield accurate free energies of solvation for a broad range of solutes in both water and organic solvents. On the average, the mean-unsigned errors, as compared with those from experiment, of the free energies of solvation of neutral solutes range from 0.50 to 0.55 kcal/mol and those for ions range from 4.5 to 4.9 kcal/mol. Since the SM5.43R model computes the free energy of solvation as a sum of bulk-electrostatic and non-bulk-electrostatic contributions, it may be used for detailed analysis of the physical effects underlying a calculation of the free energy of solvation. Several calculations illustrating the partitioning of these contributions for a variety of solutes in n-hexadecane, 1-octanol, and water are presented.
Editorial Commentary: Imminent Challenges: Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Transplant Recipients and Patients With Hematologic Malignancy

In this issue of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Satlin and colleagues review the timely and important topic of carbapenemresistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients and patients with hematologic malignancies. They review epidemiology of CRE infections, resistance mechanisms, potential treatments, and their limitations as well as avenues to reduce the impact of CRE in these patient populations [1]. New York was the initial epicenter of CRE in the United States, but this review demonstrates that the problem is now truly global with 3%–10% of SOT recipients infected in endemic areas. This is concerning as CRE species are sources of outbreaks and highly lethal, with mortality rates of 40% in SOT recipients and 65% in patients with hematologic malignancy. This report emphasizes the importance of infection prevention, antimicrobial stewardship, and development of new antibiotic therapy but leaves a few important questions. CRE infection is common in transplant recipients and, in fact, SOT independently predicts risk for CRE infection. In some centers, nearly the entire burden of CRE infections resides in SOT recipients [2 ]. Perhaps just as concerning, CRE infections in transplant recipients have served as index cases of hospitalwide carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae outbreaks. It is worth noting that available data are based on retrospective small case series, some with missing duration of illness and mortality data; the impact of these infections may well extend beyond what we glean from these
Transformational and Transformative Leadership in a Research-Informed Leadership Preparation Program:

This article describes IMPACT V, a grant-funded preparation partnership among a community of institutions, and then considers whether such a partnership is a viable way to cultivate transformational and transformative sensibilities in building leaders. Methods included content analysis of baseline and summative student artifacts. Findings suggest that the program promoted elements of transformational leadership, as well as transformative leadership focused on liberation, democracy, equity, and justice. The program promoted school change and cultivated leadership and personal growth but suffered from unevenness in the program partnerships. Implications for leadership preparation are considered.
Predicting outflow induced by moraine failure in glacial lakes: the Lake Palcacocha case from an uncertainty perspective

Abstract. Moraine dam collapse is one of the causes of glacial lake outburst floods. Available models seek to predict both moraine breach formation and lake outflow. The models depend on hydraulic, erosion, and geotechnical parameters that are mostly unknown or uncertain. This paper estimates the outflow hydrograph caused by a potential erosive collapse of the moraine dam of Lake Palcacocha in Peru and quantifies the uncertainty of the results. The overall aim is to provide a simple yet hydraulically robust approach for calculating the expected outflow hydrographs that is useful for risk assessment studies. To estimate the peak outflow and failure time of the hydrograph, we assessed several available empirical equations based on lake and moraine geometries; each equation has defined confidence intervals for peak flow predictions. Complete outflow hydrographs for each peak flow condition were modeled using a hydraulic simulation model calibrated to match the peak flows estimated with the empirical equations. Failure time and peak flow differences between the simulations, and the corresponding empirical equations were used as error parameters. Along with an expected hydrograph, lower and upper bound hydrographs were calculated for Lake Palcacocha, representing the confidence interval of the results. The approach has several advantages: first, it is simple and robust. Second, it evaluates the capability of empirical equations to reproduce the conditions of the lake and moraine dam. Third, this approach accounts for uncertainty in the hydrographs estimations, which makes it appropriate for risk management studies.
NFL: A perversion of values

The author examines the National Forensic League's overemphasis on “winning”;, and points out how, in four respects, this “winning’ philosophy is educationally unsound. He concludes by suggesting several ways to remedy these weaknesses of the NFL.
Comparative models and biological stress

comparative studies have been integral to biology and medicine from their earliest beginnings. However, the formal beginning of comparative physiology may well date to 1865 and Claude Bernard's often quoted admonition that “There are also experiments in which it is proper to choose certain animals
Condition of larval and juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus ) from estuarine nursery habitats

RNA:DNA ratios of larval and juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) collected from nursery habitats in the Aransas Estuary, Texas, in 1994 were quantified using a highly sensitive ethidium-bromide fluorometric technique. RNA:DNA ratios of wild red drum were evaluated by comparing individual values to a linear regression model derived for starved laboratory-reared red drum. Wild red drum were in relatively good condition with <5% of the RNA:DNA ratios within or below the 95% prediction interval of 4 to 5 d starved red drum. A multiple-regression model explained 54% of the variability in the RNA:DNA ratio of wild red drum, and identified length and water temperature (midday) as significant factors. RNA:DNA ratios increased with fish length [≃1.1 mm−1, over the size range investigated (5␣to 20 mm)]. The effect of temperature on the RNA: DNA ratio was assessed on different sampling trips, and ratios increased with increasing temperature. Abundance of larval and juvenile red drum in the Aransas Estuary varied as a function of both habitat (shoal grass Halodule wrightii, turtle grass Thalassia testudinum) and site (Aransas Bay, Redfish Bay); however, no differences in RNA:DNA ratios were detected between habitats or between sites. It is postulated that the nutritional condition of newly settled red drum from the Aransas Estuary in 1994 was relatively high, and that starvation was of minor importance.
The Gift Revisited: Marcel Mauss on War, Debt, and the Politics of Reparations*

This article offers a new interpretation of Marcel Mauss's The Gift. It situates Mauss's argument within his broader thinking on the politics of sovereign debt cancellation and the question of German reparations paid to the Allies after World War I. Mauss applauded the policies of reparation and debt cancellation proposed by the French “solidarist” activists who were responsible for inclusion of reparations provisions in the Versailles Treaty. But Mauss was also aware that their legal mobilization could not by itself restore a sense of solidarity among European peoples. Broader systems of political alliance and anthropological norms of gift-making were also necessary. In Mauss's writings on war reparations, as in The Gift, he described the legal, political, and macrostructural dynamics at work in the settlement of reparations and sovereign debts, which he differentiated from the dynamics at work in the speculative logics of financial capitalism. In doing so, Mauss provided insights into the settlement of ...
Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectra and Stereochemistry of Some 5,6-Disubstituted Bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-enes

The four adducts obtained from the Diels-Alder condensation between 1,3-cyclohexadiene and cis - and trans - p -chloro-β-cyanostyrene have been characterized from the NMR spectrum of the cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid obtained from chromic acid oxidation of the major trans adduct and from long-range shielding effects of the double bond of the bicyclo[2.2.2]octene system on endo and exo protons. The major adduct of the trans styrene has the cyano group exo to the double bond, whereas the major adduct of the cis styrene has both substituents endo to the double bond. Hydrogenation of the two trans adducts yielded one product, as did the hydrogenation of the two cis adducts, the NMR spectrum being consistent with the expected product in each case. Deuterium exchange on the cyano-bearing carbon was used for identification of the signals. The major cis and trans adducts and their hydrogenation products were converted to the corresponding amines by lithium aluminum hydride reduction. The NMR spectra of these amines are discussed. The usefulness of solvent effects in the separation of overlapping NMR signals is demonstrated by the downfield shift of the signal of the hydrogen attached to the cyano-bearing carbon in pyridine versus deuterochloroform in the six cyano-bicyclic compounds prepared.
Definition of t cell idiotypes using anti-idiotypic antisera produced by immunization with t cell clones.

Alloreactive T cell clones with distinct specificities were used to raise anti-idiotypic antisera via an F1 anti-(parent anti-F1) protocol. Antisera were raised that could stimulate the proliferation of the appropriate T cell clone, but not other clones. The active fraction of the antisera for T cell proliferation was immunoglobulin. In addition to proliferation, an anti-idiotypic antiserum could induce the appropriate T cell clone to secrete substantial amounts of interleukin 2 (IL-2). Production of IL-2 appeared independent of the involvement of accessory cells. These accessory cells may be unnecessary for IL-2 production in our assay, or their effect may be produced by anti-idiotype. Thus, anti-idiotype may provide two or more specific T cell signals.
The digital curriculum vitae

The curriculum vitae (CV) has been the traditional method for radiologists to illustrate their accomplishments in the field of medicine. Despite its presence in medicine as a standard, widely accepted means to describe one's professional career and its use for decades as an accomplice to most applications and interviews, there is relatively little written in the medical literature regarding the CV. Misrepresentation on medical students', residents', and fellows' applications has been reported. Using digital technology, CVs have the potential to be much more than printed words on paper and offers a solution to misrepresentation. Digital CVs may incorporate full-length articles, graphics, presentations, clinical images, and video. Common formats for digital CVs include CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs containing articles (in Adobe Portable Document Format) and presentations (in Microsoft PowerPoint format) accompanying printed CVs, word processing documents with hyperlinks to articles and presentations either locally (on CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs) or remotely (via the Internet), or hypertext markup language documents. Digital CVs afford the ability to provide more information that is readily accessible to those receiving and reviewing them. Articles, presentations, videos, images, and Internet links can be illustrated using standard file formats commonly available to all radiologists. They can be easily updated and distributed on an inexpensive media, such as a CD-ROM or DVD-ROM. With the availability of electronic articles, presentations, and information via the Internet, traditional paper CVs may soon be superseded by their electronic successors.
School Absenteeism in Pediatric Chronic Pain: Identifying Lessons Learned From the General School Absenteeism Literature

Although the high rates of school absenteeism among children and adolescents with chronic pain have been well-documented, school absenteeism among these youths remains a poorly understood phenomenon. Literature focusing on school avoidance or refusal in the general (non-pain) population holds potential for contributing to a better understanding of problematic school absenteeism in the pediatric chronic pain population. This article presents a focused review of what is known about school absenteeism in pediatric chronic pain and how the literature on problematic absenteeism in the general population can inform an understanding of this phenomenon.
Adverse selection, loan choice and default in the Chilean consumer debt market

Using household survey data I estimate a model of consumer loan choice and default behavior. I show that households are sorted into dierent lenders, with higher income and education being positively associated with choosing Bank loans and negatively associated with other lenders. Debt amounts increase with income, unemployment risk and wage volatility, providing evidence that consumer debt is used to smooth income shocks. Also, debt amounts increase with household size and are quadratic in age, resembling the life-cycle consumption pro…le. Default behavior decreases with income and increases with higher indebtedness, unemployment and wage risk, con…rming the role of adverse selection. JEL Classi…cation: E21; E24; E32; E51; G01; G21.
TIMING OF LARVAL PRODUCTION AND FLUX OF INVERTEBRATE LARVAE IN A WELL-MIXED ESTUARY

Flux of invertebrate larvae between an estuary and coastal waters and the effect of the timing of larval production by estuarine crabs on larval transport were studied in North Inlet estuary, South Carolina. Invertebrate larvae were sampled from three transects across the entrances to this well-mixed estuary during spring and neap tidal periods in each season in 1979. Crab zoeae also were sampled nightly throughout the summer at a single station in the upper reaches of the estuary. The net flux of most larval groups corresponded to the net flux of water and was not different from zero. Six of the 20 larval groups sampled (e.g. echinoderm plutei, barnacle cyprids) showed significant imports to the estuary during one or more sampling periods. Only crab zoeae were exported significantly from the estuary. Such exports occurred during spring tidal periods in the summer when the densities of stage I zoeae of the seven dominant estuarine species were 6 to 57 times greater in the lower estuary and 100 to 10,000 times greater in the upper estuary than during neap tidal periods. Maximum zoeal densities occurred when female crabs released larvae. The timing of larval release may result in rapid seaward transport of newly hatched zoeae on nocturnal ebb tides of greatest amplitude during the semilunar cycle, leading to significant net export from the estuary.
GaAs $_{0.75}$ P $_{0.25}$ /Si Dual-Junction Solar Cells Grown by MBE and MOCVD

Monolithic, epitaxial, series-connected GaAs0.75P0.25/Si dual-junction solar cells, grown via both molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), are reported for the first time. Fabricated test devices for both cases show working tandem behavior, with clear voltage addition and spectral partitioning. However, due to thermal budget limitations in the MBE growth needed to prevent tunnel junction failure, the MBE-grown GaAs0.75P0.25 top cell was found to be lower quality than the equivalent MOCVD-grown device. Additionally, despite the reduced thermal budget, the MBE-grown tunnel junction exhibited degraded behavior, further reducing the overall performance of the MBE/MOCVD combination cell. The all-MOCVD-grown structure displayed no such issues and yielded significantly higher overall performance. These initial prototype cells show promising performance and indicate several important pathways for further device refinement.
Der kontinuierliche Entscheidungsprozeß zur Lösung des sequentiellen Erneuerungsproblems

Im Kapitel II wurden Instandhaltungsprozesse betrachtet, die, aufgrund ihrer sehr langen Dauer, bei Anwendung einer optimalen, stationaren Politik die den Prozes begleitende Bewertungsfunktion gegenuber einer optimalen, sequentiellen Politik nicht verschlechtern. Je kurzer die Prozesdauer T zwischen zwei Investitionsaktionen aber wird, um so starker ist die Abweichung von dem mit einer sequentiellen Politik erzielbaren Optimum.
Rapid healing of chronic ulcerations and improvement in range of motion after fractional carbon dioxide (CO2) treatment after CO2 excision of hidradenitis suppurativa axillary lesions: A case report

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a debilitating condition characterized by recurrent abscess formation, fistulas, and scarring that frequently involve the axillae, gluteal folds, groin, and the inframammary region. The disease process and subsequent surgical interventions can lead to significant scarring and functional impairment. HS and scarring are both associated with damaging psychological effects.1 Traditional surgical excision and carbon dioxide (CO2) laser excision with healing by secondary intention are reported to be effective methods of treatment for advanced HS but can lead to scar formation.2, 3 In a study in which 61 consecutive patients underwent treatment for HS using CO2 excision in 185 sites, there were 2 episodes of recurrence with follow-up between 1 and 19 years postoperatively.4 Here we report the first case of a patient whose scars, restricted mobility, and chronic ulceration secondary to CO2 laser excision were treated successfully with fractional CO2 laser.
Characterization of posterior acoustic features of breast masses on ultrasound images using artificial neural network

Posterior acoustic enhancement and shadowing on ultrasound (US) images are important features used by radiologists for characterization of breast masses. We are developing new feature extraction and classification methods for computerized characterization of posterior acoustic patterns of breast masses into shadowing, no pattern, or enhancement categories. The sonographic mass was segmented using an automated active contour segmentation method. Three adjacent rectangular regions of interest (ROIs) of identical sizes were automatically defined at the same depth immediately behind the mass. Three features related to enhancement, shadowing, and no posterior pattern were designed by comparing the image intensities within these ROIs. Artificial neural network (ANN) classifiers were trained using a leave-one-case-out resampling method. Two radiologists provided posterior acoustic descriptors for each mass. Posterior acoustic patterns of masses for which both radiologists were in agreement were used as the ground truth, and the agreement of the ANN scores with the radiologists' assessment was used as the performance measure. On a data set of 339 US images containing masses, the overall agreement between the computer and the radiologists was between 86% and 87% depending on the ANN architecture. The output score of the designed ANN classifiers may be useful in computer-aided breast mass characterization and content-based image retrieval systems.
Adaptive Power Control for Maximizing Channel Capacity over Full-Duplex D2D Q-OFDMA Ad Hoc Networks

To support the emerging next generation wireless networks, researchers have made a great deal of efforts in investigating various promising techniques, such as full-duplex (FD) multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) technique and device-to-device (D2D) communications. FD MIMO technique can practically achieve the theoretical doubling of throughput if the self-interference can be efficiently cancelled. And D2D communication is designed and implemented to significantly enhance the FD communication performance by effectively reducing the overall interference and lowering transmit power over ad hoc networks. However, how to efficiently cancel the selfinterference induced by the FD MIMO transmissions under D2D communications has imposed many new challenges. To overcome the above-mentioned problems, we propose the adaptive power control policy for maximizing channel capacity over FD D2D QOFDMA ad hoc networks. In particular, under the Nakagami-m channel model, we establish the system model for the spatial multiplexing oriented Q-OFDMA system, and apply the selfinterference suppression techniques for FD model. We derive and analyze the energy efficiency for FD system over ad hoc networks. Then, we develop the adaptive power control policy for maximizing the MIMO channel capacity under our proposed spatial multiplexing based Q-OFDMA system over ad hoc networks. Also conducted is a set of simulations which show that our proposed scheme outperform the other existing schemes in terms of energy efficiency and self-interference cancellation over ad hoc networks.
Unilateral Floor Stiffness Perturbations Systematically Evoke Contralateral Leg Muscle Responses: A New Approach to Robot-Assisted Gait Therapy

A variety of robotic rehabilitation devices have been proposed for gait rehabilitation after stoke, but have only produced moderate results when compared to conventional physiotherapy. We suggest a novel approach to robotic interventions which takes advantage of mechanisms of inter-limb coordination. In order to test the viability of this approach, we apply unilateral floor stiffness perturbations via a unique robotic device and observe evoked contralateral leg responses in kinematics, as well as muscle activations, in healthy subjects. The real-time control of floor stiffness is utilized to uniquely differentiate force and kinematic feedback, creating novel sensory perturbations. We present results of repeatable and scalable evoked kinematic and muscular response of the unperturbed leg in healthy subjects. Moreover, we provide insight into the fundamental sensorimotor mechanisms of inter-leg coordination. We also lay the foundation for model-based rehabilitation strategies for impaired walkers by presenting a mathematical model that accurately describes the relationship between the magnitude of the stiffness perturbation and the evoked muscle activity. One of the most significant advantages of this approach over current practices is the safety of the patient, since this does not require any direct manipulation of the impaired leg. The novel methods and results presented in this paper set the foundation for a paradigm shift in robotic interventions for gait rehabilitation.