cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cancer and the tumor microenvironment: a review of an essential relationship.

Purpose The role of the microenvironment during the initiation and progression of carcinogenesis is now realized to be of critical importance, both for enhanced understanding of fundamental cancer biology, as well as exploiting this source of relatively new knowledge for improved molecular diagnostics and therapeutics.
Tetrabromothiophene from 2-Bromothiophene by means of Sodium Acetylide in Liquid Ammonia

IN the course of our investigations on acetylenic compounds in the thiophene series1, it was desired to synthesize 2-thienylacetylene directly from 2-bromothiophene and 2-chlorothiophene by means of sodium acetylide in liquid ammonia. Although it is known that arylations via this method are unsuccessful when applied to halides in the benzene series2a,b, no experiments are recorded in the literature with heterocyclic compounds. In view of the greater reactivity of the thiophene nucleus, it appeared worth while to attempt this reaction.
Current MINOS neutrino oscillation results

The MINOS experiment is now making precise measurements of the νμ disappearance oscillations seen in atmospheric neutrinos, tests possible disappearance to sterile ν by measuring the neutral current flux, and has extended our reach towards the so far unseen θ13 by looking for νe appearance in the νμ beam. It does so by using the intense, well-understood NuMI neutrino beam created at Fermilab and observing it 735km away at the Soudan Mine in Northeast Minnesota. High-statistics studies of the neutrino interactions themselves and the cosmic rays seen by the MINOS detectors have also been made. Results from MINOS' first three years of operations will be presented.
Ultrastructural study of mitochondria and their cristae in embryonic rats and primate (N. nemistrina)

Information on the morphology of mitochondria during embryogenesis is scattered in the literature but there appears to be a developmental pattern characterized by vesiculation of the mitochondrial cristae. During early organogenesis, the embryo is in a relative state of hypoxia and this is associated with decrease of terminal electron transport system activity and a marked increase in glycolysis. Ultrastructural studies of a 14 somite monkey embryo, and day 10 and 12 rat embryos, along with a review of the literature led us to determine that this hypoxic stage is characterized by vesiculation of the mitochondrial cristae. Starting in the late morula stage and continuing during early postimplantation embryogenesis the cristae increase and appear tubular or vesicular. After the end of neurulation, and with onset of vascular perfusion, the cristae gradually become lamellated and by the limb bud stage appear more mature. We suggest that new cristae form from blebs of the inner mitochondrial membrane and that subsequently with maturation these blebs collapse giving them a lamelliform appearance. The delamellated state of the cristae may protect the embryo from toxic respiratory end-products of oxidative respiration which could accumulate in an embryo lacking vascular perfusion. In the heart of monkey and rat embryos, the mitochondria had diameters which were approximately twice those found in skin and neural tube.
Concentrations of DDTs and dieldrin in Long Island Sound sediment

The concentrations of three frequently detected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and one degradation product, p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, dieldrin, and p,p'-DDE were determined in recently collected (2005-2006) and archived (1986-1989) surficial sediments and sediment cores from Long Island Sound (LIS). The concentration of dieldrin ranged from 0.05 to 5.27 ng g(-1) dry weight in the surficial sediments, and from 0.05 to 11.7 ng g(-1) dry weight in the sediment cores. Total DDXs (the sum of p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDT) concentrations ranged from 1.31 to 33.2 ng g(-1) in surficial sediments and 1.11 to 66.4 ng g(-1) in sediment cores. The results indicate that the three OCPs and DDE were still widely present in LIS surficial sediments two decades after the use of these pesticides in the United States was banned. In addition, the surficial concentrations did not decrease significantly when compared to the concentrations in archived samples collected two decades ago. Sediments in the western part of LIS were more contaminated (with concentrations in some western sites being still above probable effect levels) than those in the eastern part, probably as a result of the net westward sediment transport in LIS. The three OCPs and DDE were detected at all depths (down to ~50 cm) in the sediment cores, and concentration profiles indicated a depositional sedimentary environment with significant sediment mixing. Such mixing may redistribute OCPs deposited earlier (deeper in sediment bed) to the sediment surface and lead to enhanced persistence of OCP concentrations in surficial sediments.
Load and resistance factor design (LRFD) approach for bolted joints in pultruded composites

The application of glass fiber-reinforced polymeric matrix composites in civil engineering structures has been increasing rapidly in recent years. Pultruded composites are attractive for structural applications because of their continuous production and excellent mechanical properties. The present study is intended to be a step in understanding bolted joints in pultruded composites. Specifically, bolted connections in pultruded plates are investigated for their block shear and net tension failure modes. Configurations and dimensions have been selected to highlight the block shear and net tension failure phenomena and to compare the behavior of composites to the standard practice in the case of steel connections. Specimens with single and multiple holes have been tested in tension under bolt-loading conditions. Some of the specimens were instrumented with strain gages and the load-strain responses were monitored. The failed specimens were examined for the cracks and fracture patterns. The results have been analyzed using the strength calculations similar to those used in the load and resistance factor design (LRFD) procedures for steel structures. Two LRFD-type formulae for block shear and net tension failure for pultruded composites are proposed in the present paper. It was found that the failures in the bolt-loaded pultruded specimens could be predicted reasonably well with the proposed formulae. The use of these formulae is also demonstrated by means of examples. The proposed resistance factors are checked with additional test results.
Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy and Muscle Myostatin Reduction After Resistive Training in Stroke Survivors

Background and Purpose—Stroke survivors experience disproportionate muscle atrophy and other detrimental tissue composition changes on the paretic side. The purpose was to determine whether myostatin levels are higher in paretic vs nonparetic muscle and the effects of resistive training (RT) on paretic and nonparetic mid-thigh muscle composition and myostatin mRNA expression in stroke survivors. Methods—Fifteen stroke survivors (50–76 years) underwent bilateral multi-slice thigh CT scanning from the knee to the hip, bilateral vastus lateralis skeletal muscle tissue biopsies, a total body scan by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and 1-repetition maximum strength test before and after a 12-week, (3 times/week) RT intervention. Results—Total body fat mass and fat-free mass did not change. Bilateral leg press and leg extension 1-repetition maximum strength increased 31% to 56% with RT (P<0.001). Paretic and nonparetic muscle area of the mid-thigh increased 13% (P<0.01) and 9% (P<0.05), respectively, after RT...
On Comparative Analysis, Interdisciplinarity and Internationalization in Sociology

In this article some links between comparative methods, interdisciplinary studies and the internationalization of sociological knowledge are explored. The most fruitful comparative approach, it is argued, is neither positivistic nor relativistic, but should involve systematic incorporation of contextual analysis in selecting indices and explanatory variables. It is demonstrated that in order to carry out such contextual analysis effectively, the researcher is impelled toward both an interdisciplinary approach and international collaboration.
A contentious issue finds some clarity: on the independent and complementary roles of aggrecanase activity and MMP activity in human joint aggrecanolysis

Our understanding of aggrecanolysis in the human joint has recently been clarified by detailed analysis of naturally occurring intermediates in cartilage and synovial fluids. The most studied aspect has been the proteolysis of the interglobular domain (IGD) of aggrecan with release of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-attachment regions, because this appears to be most destructive to tissue function. In this Editorial review, a working model is presented which supports the view that one or more aggrecanases (ADAMTS 1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 15) are responsible for cleavage of the IGD with destructive loss of tissue GAG. In contrast, one or more metalloproteinases (MMPs) (MMP 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 19, 20) are responsible for cleavage of the IGD (at Asn360-Phe361) within a separate pool of aggrecan, which does not bear GAG, because it has previously been C-terminally truncated in a separate slow turnover process. These findings, along with recent gene deletion studies in mice, suggest that ADAMTS-mediated aggrecanolysis is destructive to cartilage function whereas MMP-mediated aggrecanolysis may actually be beneficial.
Encoding Predicted Outcome and Acquired Value in Orbitofrontal Cortex during Cue Sampling Depends upon Input from Basolateral Amygdala

Certain goal-directed behaviors depend critically upon interactions between orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and basolateral amygdala (ABL). Here we describe direct neurophysiological evidence of this cooperative function. We recorded from OFC in intact and ABL-lesioned rats learning odor discrimination problems. As rats learned these problems, we found that lesioned rats exhibited marked changes in the information represented in OFC during odor cue sampling. Lesioned rats had fewer cue-selective neurons in OFC after learning; the cue-selective population in lesioned rats did not include neurons that were also responsive in anticipation of the predicted outcome; and the cue-activated representations that remained in lesioned rats were less associative and more often bound to cue identity. The results provide a neural substrate for representing acquired value and features of the predicted outcome during cue sampling, disruption of which could account for deficits in goal-directed behavior after damage to this system.
Differences between lesbians and heterosexual women in disordered eating and related attitudes.

ABSTRACT This study examined differences between lesbians and heterosexual women on disordered eating, awareness and internalization of cultural attitudes concerning thinness, and body esteem concerning weight, physical condition, and sexual attractiveness. In this community sample, lesbians exhibited higher levels of body esteem concerning sexual attractiveness and lower levels of internalization of cultural standards. No differences were found on awareness of cultural standards, disordered eating, or body esteem concerning either weight or physical condition. Implications are discussed.
Stat3 is essential for neuronal differentiation through direct transcriptional regulation of the Sox6 gene

The transcription factor Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (Stat3) functions in various cellular processes including neuronal differentiation. We show that the SRY-box containing gene 6 (Sox6) gene, important for neuronal differentiation, is a direct target gene of Stat3. We demonstrate that in response to ligand stimulation, Stat3 binds to the Sox6 promoter and induces its expression. Furthermore, Stat3 is activated and Sox6 is induced during neuronal differentiation of P19 cells in the absence of exogenous ligand treatment. Moreover, using an RNA interference approach, we show that Stat3 is required for Sox6 expression during neuronal differentiation.
Harvest, Survival, Growth, and Movement of Five Strains of Hatchery-Reared Rainbow Trout in Virginia Streams

Abstract Catchable-size (minimum length 17.8 cm) rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) of five genetically distinct strains were harvested by anglers at significantly different rates when the fish were stocked into four put-and-take trout streams in southwestern Virginia. Fish from Standard Winter (SW) and Ennis (EN) strains were caught easily; 85.7 and 93.2% of their respective total harvests occurred during the first 2 d of the fishing season. Sand Creek (SC), Fish Lake (FL), and McConaughy (MC) strains were harvested more uniformly over the first 3 weeks of fishing; 64.6, 58.4, and 43.4% of their respective total harvests occurred during the first 2 d. The average total harvests of SC (47.7%) and SW (46.7%) strains were similar and ranked highest among the five strains; however, no strain showed statistical superiority in all four streams. Harvest of the MC strain was consistently and significantly lower than the other four strains within each stream and averaged 25.6%. Average harvests of FL (42.8%) and EN ...
Model Reduction for Linear and Nonlinear Control Systems

As the world grows more complicated so do control systems. In can be very hard to simulate and/or to develop intuition for a complex system described by a high dimensional model so tools have been developed to approximate a high dimensional model by a lower dimensional one. One goal of such an approximation could be that the input to output map of the lower dimensional model should be a good approximation to that of higher dimensional one. Another goal could be that a controller designed for the lower dimensional model should perform satisfactorily for the higher dimensional one.
The role of learning in the mating biology of a sweat bee Lasioglossum zephyrum (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Results from experiments on the role of learning in the mating biology of a sweat bee, Lasioglossum zephyrum (Hymenoptera: Halictidae), are described in this paper. Male learning of individual female odors is important in natural populations (Table 1), as has been shown in the laboratory. Four other hypotheses are unlikely to account for the observed behavior: (1) Female odors dissipate rapidly; (2) Males learn and then avoid the study area; (3) Males or females produce repellents which are effective against other males; or (4) males recognize their own odor on previously-contacted females, which they subsequently avoid. Regarding questions of “male preference” and “optimal outbreeding,” Tables 2 and 3 show there are no consistent preferences for more novel or less novel female odors.
SU-GG-T-283: Tool for Automated Monthly Quality Assurance on Tomotherapy Using Film

Purpose: To efficiently and accurately perform routine monthly quality assurance (QA) tests on a Helical Tomotherapy unit using an in‐house developed phantom and softwareMethod and Materials: Helical Tomotherapy is an image guided intensity modulated radiation therapydelivery system. The system uses a dynamic delivery in which the gantry, treatment couch and multileaf collimator leaves are all in motion during treatment. The dynamic nature of helical tomotherapy requires QA that is different from a conventional linear accelerator. According to the AAPM Task Group report 148 (QA for Helical Tomotherapy) and previous guidelines, one needs to check longitudinal and transverse profiles along with field widths as part of the monthly QA. To perform this task we had to set up the tomotherapy water tank and use the tomotherapy electrometer measurement system (TEMS) for data collection and analysis. To simplify and expedite this process a film phantom was designed and MATLAB developed software was used for analyzing the irradiated film. One could simultaneously obtain several parameters like the longitudinal and transverse profiles, field widths, couch linearity and relative output factors for all the field widths from the film. A Kodak EDR2 film is placed in the phantom and exposed on the tomotherapy system to obtain all the field widths along with a step wedge for calibration on the same film. The irradiated film is then analyzed using the in‐house developed software and a report is printed out. Results and Conclusion: Using the phantom we could check the longitudinal and transverse profiles, field widths, couch linearity and relative output factors for all the field widths on the system. When compared to the couple of hours it would take for beam scanning, the film phantom and software have enabled us to cut down and quicken part of our monthly QA process to <30 min.
Brain abnormality segmentation based on l1-norm minimization

We present a method that uses sparse representations to model the inter-individual variability of healthy anatomy from a limited number of normal medical images. Abnormalities in MR images are then defined as deviations from the normal variation. More precisely, we model an abnormal (pathological) signal y as the superposition of a normal part ~y that can be sparsely represented under an example-based dictionary, and an abnormal part r. Motivated by a dense error correction scheme recently proposed for sparse signal recovery, we use l 1 - norm minimization to separate ~y and r. We extend the existing framework, which was mainly used on robust face recognition in a discriminative setting, to address challenges of brain image analysis, particularly the high dimensionality and low sample size problem. The dictionary is constructed from local image patches extracted from training images aligned using smooth transformations, together with minor perturbations of those patches. A multi-scale sliding-window scheme is applied to capture anatomical variations ranging from fine and localized to coarser and more global. The statistical significance of the abnormality term r is obtained by comparison to its empirical distribution through cross-validation, and is used to assign an abnormality score to each voxel. In our validation experiments the method is applied for segmenting abnormalities on 2-D slices of FLAIR images, and we obtain segmentation results consistent with the expert-defined masks.
Competition and the distribution of spring peeper larvae

Studies of tadpole distributions have shown that despite overlapping affinities for semipermanent and permanent ponds, distributions of the spring peeper (Pseudacris crucifer) and the green frog (Rana clamitans) tend to be nonoverlapping. Because spring peepers are believed to be poor competitors, I hypothesized that competition from green frog larvae limits the distribution of spring peeper larvae. I stocked field enclosures with a constant density of spring peeper larvae, and one of four densities of green frog larvae (a “target-neighbor” design). Increased green frog density had a small effect on metamorphic size and no effects on survivorship, larval period or growth rates of spring peepers. In contrast to these small interspecific effects, green frogs had a large effect on their own performance. Intraspecific competition resulted in a 50% decline in growth rate and an 11% decline in metamorphic size. These results suggest that the species are segregated in resource use, or that compared with green frogs, spring peepers are better able to cope with depressed resource densities. In either case, this field experiment provides no evidence that interspecific competition from green frogs limits distributions of spring peepers. Other factors such as predation and breeding site choice by adults may contribute to the absence of spring peeper larvae from many semipermanent and permanent ponds.
Efficient vasoactive intestinal polypeptide hydrolyzing autoantibody light chains selected by phage display.

Abstract An immunoglobulin light chain (L chain) library derived from the peripheral blood lymphocytes of a patient with asthma was cloned into a phagemid vector. Phage particles displaying L chains capable of binding vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were isolated by affinity chromatography. Two VIP binding L chains were expressed in Escherichia coli in soluble form and purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by metal chelating and protein L affinity chromatography. Both L chains catalyzed the hydrolysis of [tyr 10−125 I]VIP substrate. The catalytic activity eluted at the molecular mass of the monomer form of the L chain (28 kDa) from a gel filtration column. The activity was bound by immobilized anti-κ-chain antibody. A control recombinant L chain displayed no catalytic activity. Hydrolysis of VIP by the catalytic L chains was saturable and consistent with Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The turnover of the L chains was moderate (0.22 and 2.21/min) and their K m values indicated comparatively high affinity recognition of VIP[111 and 202 nM), producing catalytic efficiencies comparable to or greater than trypsin. Unlike trypsin, the L chains did not display detectable cleavage of casein, suggesting a catalytic activity specialized for VIP. Comparisons of the nucleotide sequences of the L chain cDNA with their putative germ-line counterparts suggested the presence of several replacement mutations in the complementarity determining regions (CDRs). These observations suggest: (a) Retention or acquisition of catalytic activity by the L chains is compatible with affinity maturation of antibodies; and (b) The autoimmune L chain repertoire can serve as a source of substrate-specific and efficient catalysts.
The relative efficacy of covert modeling procedures and guided participant modeling on the reduction of avoidance behavior

Abstract The present study compared the effectiveness of two covert modeling procedures with guided participant modeling (GPM) and a delayed treatment control. Avoidance behavior was assessed using a behavior test, fear reports, and Fear Survey Schedule ratings. Results indicated greater improvements for the GPM condition than for all other conditions. The difference in approach behavior between covert modeling groups and the control group was of borderline significance. Subsequent reassignment of unsuccessful subjects to GPM treatment produced gains comparable to the original GPM group. The theoretical significance and clinical application of these findings are discussed.
Boundary-condition independence of catalysis of proton decay by monopoles

Owing to a remarkable property of the standard model, a derivation of proton-decay catalysis by monopoles can be given which is independent of the structure of the monopole core. The result is valid for one generation of fermions interacting with an eg = (1/2) monopole in the limit of unbroken weak interactions. It is a consequence of the fact that unification-induced and anomaly-induced proton decay are indistinguishable in this limit. An argument is given why this should still be true for broken weak interactions. An example with baryon-number violation due to the anomaly alone is discussed in detail and is compared with the SU(5) case. In the bosonized versions of these models the B-violating process appears in a different way, but leads to the same final states.
Effects of ion implantation on intermediate range order: IR spectra of silica

Abstract The reflectance spectra of ion implanted SiO2 glasses has been measured from 5000 cm−1 to 400 cm−1. The silica was implanted with Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu and Bi to nominal doses ranging from 1×1015 ions/cm2 to 1.2×1017 ions/cm2 at an energy of 160 keV and currents of approximately 2.6 μA/cm2. Changes in the intensity of the 1232 cm−1 and 1015 cm−1 vibrational modes are attributed to changes in the intermediate range order (IRO) and to changes in the concentration of non-bridging oxygen (NBO) defects in the implanted layer. These changes are ion and dose dependent. The differing effects on IRO and NBO are attributed to the chemical interaction of the implanted ions with the substrate.
Intestinal production of IL-6 initiates systemic inflammation in a murine model of intestinal ischemia reperfusion1

Abstract Purpose: Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury disrupts the gut barrier and activates systemic inflammation and multisystem organ failure (MOF). Our reported murine model of intestinal I/R demonstrated dose-dependent local injury and mortality [Gastroenterology (1998) 114:A-1587]. We hypothesized that the release of proinflammatory cytokines from the gut modulates systemic inflammation. Methods: Balb/c mice underwent 50 minutes of superior mesenteric artery occlusion with reperfusion. All survived long-term (>16 hours). Controls were sham operated. Serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were measured at 0, 1, 4, and 16 hours by ELISA. Small bowel and liver mRNA were evaluated for production of IL-6 and TNF-α by semiquantitative RT-PCR, with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) standard and a Student t-test for data analysis (p Results: Serum levels of IL-6 were significantly elevated at 4 and 16 hours versus controls ( Fig. 1 , left). The serum level of TNFα was not elevated. There was a significant elevation of IL-6 mRNA at 1 and 4 hours in the jejunum ( Fig. 1 , center) Download : Download high-res image (129KB) Download : Download full-size image FIGURE 1 . and TNFα mRNA at 4 hours. No significant increase in liver IL-6 ( Fig. 1 , right) or TNF-α mRNA was seen. Conclusions: In this model of ischemia reperfusion injury, the intestine is a major source of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 but not of TNF-α. The rapid appearance of IL-6 mRNA in the jejunum suggests that the intestine, not the liver, initiates systemic inflammation and MOF by a distinct cytokine pattern.
Spectroscopic detection of the blanch response at the heel of the foot: a possible diagnostic for stage I pressure ulcers

Pressure ulcers (sores) can occur when there is constant pressure being applied to tissue for extended periods of time. Immobile people are particularly prone to this problem. Ideally, pressure damage is detected at an early stage, pressure relief is applied and the pressure ulcer is averted. One of the hallmarks of pressure damaged skin is an obliterated blanch response due to compromised microcirculation near the surface of the skin. Visible reflectance spectroscopy can noninvasively probe the blood circulation of the upper layers of skin by measuring the electronic transitions arising from hemoglobin, the primary oxygen carrying protein in blood. A spectroscopic test was developed on a mixed population of 30 subjects to determine if the blanch response could be detected in healthy skin with high sensitivity and specificity regardless of the pigmentation of the skin. Our results suggest that a spectroscopic based blanch response test can accurately detect the blanching of healthy tissue and has the potential to be developed into a screening test for early stage I pressure ulcers.
Delocalized bonding at the metal-polymer interface

Nature de la liaison etudiee par calculs chimiques de quantum, liaison delocalisee resultant de la formation d'un complexe de transfert de charges entre le metal et le polyimide
In vitro suppressor T lymphocyte dysfunction in autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura associated with a complement-fixing antibody.

Summary Ig secretion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was measured in Epstein Barr virus (EBV) seropositive autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (ATP) patients and controls following in vitro infection with EBV. EBV infected PBMC from patients with ATP secreted Ig for a longer period of time than EBV infected control cells and had higher peak Ig production. Removal of T cells or CD8 cells from control PBMC increased the duration and level of Ig production to that achieved by ATP PBMC. Total T or CDS cell depletion of ATP PBMC had no effect on the enhanced level or duration of Ig secretion. Depletion of control CD4 lymphocytes decreased Ig production. Treatment of EBV infected control PBMC with either ATP sera or purified IgG (plus complement) increased the duration and level of production of Ig to that observed in ATP PBMC, control PBMC depleted of all T cells or control PBMC depleted of CD8 cells. This antibody effect could be reversed by reconstitution with control T cells. Thus, patients with ATP produce an antibody which leads to suppressor cell dysfunction. Defective function of these cells may lead to a disorder of immune regulation in which autoantibodies are produced against platelets.
Mission Creep and Teaching at the Master's University

Abstract The accusation of mission creep at master's institutions is not erroneous. It has been occurring for decades. The imitation of the research universities by other institutions is not good for the institutions, for their faculty members, or for the cause of college teaching. Research and scholarship need to be differentiated so that scholarliness, not research activity, is seen as the foundation for good teaching. The model master's institution professor will engage in modest amounts of disciplinary research, as a complement to, not as a support or replacement for, scholarly teaching and scholarly engagement with the community.
Nips, notches, and the solution of coastal limestone: an overview of the problem with examples from Greece

The origins of intertidal indentations and undercuts (nips and notches) in calcareous shores has long been disputed. In recent years this dispute has centered on the efficacy of solution by seawater vs the erosional effects of marine organisms. Little attention has been given to solution by fresh groundwater even though it is a proven solvent of calcareous rocks whereas seawater is not. The solutional effects of groundwater—either floating as a surface layer on seawater or seeping through porous rocks at the shoreline—would be strictly confined to the intertidal zone and most intense at midtide level. Just such a distribution of erosional effect is required for the formation of nips and notches, yet such a distribution of effect has yet to be demonstrated either for seawater or for most erosional marine organisms. On purely theoretical grounds, then, solution by groundwater deserves consideration as a major factor in the origin of coastal undercuts. In Greece, notches in calcareous rocks occur only in proximity to coastalsprings, where surface seawaters are locally diluted by freshwater. Per cent saturation of these waters with respect to calcium carbonate is not known, but the one-to-one correspondence of notches with springs is by itself persuasive circumstantial evidence that solution by groundwater is the chief factor in the origin of the notches.
Single-pass flow-through test elucidation of weathering behavior and evaluation of contaminant release models for Hanford tank residual radioactive waste

Contaminant release models are required to evaluate and predict long-term environmental impacts of even residual amounts of high-level radioactive waste after cleanup and closure of radioactively contaminated sites such as the DOE’s Hanford Site. More realistic and representative models have been developed for release of uranium, technetium, and chromium from Hanford Site tanks C-202, C-203, and C-103 residual wastes using data collected with a single-pass flow-through test (SPFT) method. These revised models indicate that contaminant release concentrations from these residual wastes will be considerably lower than previous estimates based on batch experiments. For uranium, a thermodynamic solubility model provides an effective description of uranium release, which can account for differences in pore fluid chemistry contacting the waste that could occur through time and as a result of different closure scenarios. Under certain circumstances in the SPFT experiments various calcium rich precipitates (calcium phosphates and calcite) form on the surfaces of the waste particles, inhibiting dissolution of the underlying uranium phases in the waste. This behavior was not observed in previous batch experiments. For both technetium and chromium, empirical release models were developed. In the case of technetium, release from all three wastes was modeled using an equilibrium Kd model. Formore » chromium release, a constant concentration model was applied for all three wastes.« less
Long-Term Stability of Membership in a Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Third Edition (WISC-III) Subtest Core Profile Taxonomy:

Although often applied in practice, clinically based cognitive subtest profile analysis has failed to achieve empirical support. Nonlinear multivariate subtest profile analysis may have benefits over clinically based techniques, but the psychometric properties of these methods must be studied prior to their implementation and interpretation. The current study posed the following question: Is Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Third Edition (WISC-III) cluster membership based on nonlinear multivariate subtest profile analysis stable over a 3-year period? Membership stability to a subtest taxonomy, including constancy of displaying an unusual profile, was based on data from 585 students. General (.39) and partial (.26 to .51) kappa coefficients either failed to reach statistical significance or indicated poor classification stability, with the exception of two profile types. It was concluded that, with these two possible exceptions, profile-type membership to an empirically derived WISC-III subtest ta...
Sustainable Building Materials for the Prevention of Corrosion

Billions of dollars are spent each year in the construction, operation, and maintenance of military facilities. Directives have come from the highest Commands to make our military installations more “sustainable.” Sustainable facilities can equate to reduced wastes (use of products with a recycled content), extended service life (more durable, reduced degradation), operational cost savings (more efficient energy usage), reduced costs for initial installation, reduced lifecycle costs, and increased quality of life. Many sustainable building products and systems are now available that can be used in place of the more traditional material systems but which are more resistant to corrosion and materials degradation than the traditional materials for the same applications. Yet the use of these sustainable alternative materials is limited typically because to the lack of awareness of their availability and/or knowledge of the potential benefits that they might offer. This paper describes some of these available sustainable materials and material systems and the potential cost savings and increased operational reliability they can offer in applications ranging from barracks and office space for the soldier in garrison to bridges and lines of communication in theater.
Nonlinear Pricing: Applications to Concave Programming

This paper introduces approximation theorems for using nonlinear pricing techniques to solve concave programs, and then proposes an algorithm that is essentially a sequential unconstrained procedure with exponential prices. Then it derives upper bounding estimates and solves several specific problems.
Positive effects of brown adipose tissue on femoral bone structure

Purpose Recent studies suggest a link between brown adipose tissue (BAT) and bone. The purpose of our study was to investigate the effects of BAT on femoral bone structure.
Semisimplicity and von Neumann's regularity

The purpose of this paper is to link semigroup theory and category theory by using Green's relations to study regular morphisms and semisimple objects in a category which is filtering in the sense that every morphism admits an epic-monic factorization. For example, the following results are shown for a filtering category C ∶ (1)C is regular if and only if every monic inC is left invertible and every epic inC is right invertible: (2) the monoid of endomorphisms of any semisimple object ofC is regular.
A Validity Generalization Procedure to Test Relations between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation and Influence Tactics

The relations of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation with use of consultative, legitimating, and pressure influence tactics were examined using validity generalization procedures. 5 to 7 field studies with cumulative samples exceeding 800 were used to test each relationship. Significance was found for relation between agents' intrinsic motivation and their use of consultative influence tactics and agents' extrinsic motivation and their use of legitimating influence tactics.
MALIGNANT FIBROUS XANTHOMA OF RETROPERITONEUM

Abstract Fibrous xanthomas of the retroperitoneum are rare. A case is reported. The most valuable diagnostic procedure is tissue-culture technique where the neoplastic histiocytic origins of these tumors can be confirmed.
Expression of a full-length nonstructural protein NS1 of bluetongue virus serotype 17 in Escherichia coli.

Summary The relative abundance of the nonstructural protein NS1 in bluetongue virus (BTV)-infected cells, the existence of NS1 in the BTV particles and the highly conserved NS1 gene among BTV serotypes indicate the diagnostic potential of using NS1 in detecting BTV infections. In this study a NS1 gene was expressed with the T7 RNA polymerase expression system to produce a full-length NS1 protein. Sheep anti-NS1 antibodies were raised with the E. coli -produced NS1 and used to show that the NS1 proteins of the five BTV serotypes in the United States were immunologically indistinguishable.
Energy transfer between open-shell species and metal surfaces

Abstract It is shown that the electronic friction between a metallic surface and an open-shell atom or molecule moving perpendicularly to it can be substantially enhanced under experimentally interesting conditions due to the involvement of the Kondo or correlated mixed-valent state. The region of large friction is shifted from the point where the adsorbate resonance crosses the Fermi level to the point where the position-dependent Kondo temperature is of the order of the physical electron temperature. In addition, there is strong temperature and velocity dependence, along with the breakdown of the local friction approximation. Nevertheless, the strong frictions persist for reasonable experimental velocities.
Investigation of Laccase/N-Hydroxybenzotriazole Delignification of Kraft Pulp

Abstract N-hydroxybenzotriazole, a mediator for laccase delignification of kraft pulps, was shown to be unstable under the biobleaching conditions. The treatment of N-hydroxybenzotriazole either with laccase alone or in the presence of kraft pulp yielded benzotriazole. The reductive conversion of N-hydroxybenzotriazole to benzotriazole was found to occur rapidly in the presence of pulp. Furthermore, benzotriazole was found to be inactive as a mediator for laccase catalyzed delignification of kraft pulps. Hence, the overall conversion of N-hydroxybenzotriazole to benzotriazole is detrimental towards the bio-delignification process.
UV-induced mitotic co-segregation of genetic markers in Candida albicans: Evidence for linkage.

Parasexual genetic studies of the medically important yeast Candida albicans were performed using the method of UV-induced mitotic segregation. UV-ir-radiation of the Hoffmann-La Roche type culture of C. albicans yielded a limited spectrum of mutants at a relatively high frequency. This observation suggested natural heterozygosity. Canavanine-sensitive (CanS) segregants were induced at a frequency of 7.6 × 10−3. Double mutants that were both CanS and methionine (Met−) auxotrophs were induced at a frequency of 7.4 × 10−3. The single Met− segregant class was missing indicating linkage. UV-induced CanS or Met−CanS segregants occurred occasionally in twin-sectored colonies. Analyses of the sectors as well as the observed and missing classes of segregants indicated that gens met and can are linked in the cis configuration. The proposed gene order is: centromere —met — can. Thus, it is concluded that the Hoffmann-La Roche strain of C. albicans is naturally heterozygous at two linked loci. These findings are consistent with diploidy.
ON BEING HEARD BUT NOT SEEN: MILBANK AND LASH ON AQUINAS, ANALOGY AND AGNOSTICISM

The article investigates an important recent dispute within systematic theology over the interpretation of Thomas Aquinas. John Milbank has defended the view that the doctrine of analogy in Aquinas is peculiarly implicated with his entire ontology, that it cannot be understood in merely semantic terms, and that it involves a less “agnostic” position on knowledge of God than is often assumed. The article critically engages this position in two ways. It offers an archaeology of the prior polemical context out of which the claim arose, for the meaning and purpose of Milbank's claim are illuminated once it is seen as the vigorous repudiation of a “grammatical” or “linguistic” interpretation of Thomas on analogy which had been proffered earlier by Nicholas Lash. It will also provide a close investigation of the citations and interpretations of Aquinas texts that Milbank uses to ground his position, in order to adjudicate the dispute with Lash. The result will be to call strongly into question the plausibility of Milbank's readings of Aquinas. The article also indicates at several points the way in which those readings are shaped by an overriding anti-Kantian thrust in Milbank's entire approach to the discussion. In conclusion, it adumbrates the larger and older question which subtends the entire dispute: to what degree is some kind of vision or intuitive grasp of being as such, or of God's being, granted human beings in this life?
Effects of the wave passage and the embedment depth for in-plane building-soil interaction

Abstract Building foundation-soil interaction is studied in the frequency domain using a two-dimensional analytical model. The building is represented by an infinitely long shear wall resting on a circular foundation, embedded into an elastic homogeneous half-space. Deep and shallow foundations are considered (with depth-to-half-width ratios of 1 and 0·5). Both the dynamic interaction and the wave passage effects are included. The excitation is a plane P- or SV-wave,or a surface Rayleigh wave. The results show that for incident waves which are long relative to the width of the foundation, the foundation driving forces are larger when the embedment is deeper. For shorter incident waves, the input base rotation is larger for shallow foundations and, therefore, the relative building response may then be larger. It is also shown that the input base rotation may contribute significantly to the building excitation and that neglecting it may cause nonconservative estimates for the forces in the building.
More than meets the eye: the effect of planned fixations on scene representation.

Scene memory frequently includes a swath of unseen layout beyond a photograph’s boundaries (boundary extension [BE]; Intraub & Richardson, 1989). Might it be affected by the viewer’s plan to shift fixation near a view boundary? When photographs were centrally fixated (500 msec), BE occurred following a 2-sec masked interval (Experiment 1). In Experiments 2–4, a cue during the first fixation signaled viewers to fixate an object near the left or right boundary. The picture was masked before the eyes landed. BE occurred on the cued side and on the top and bottom, but not on the uncued side. This relatively accurate performance on the uncued side suggests that inhibition of a movement to one side (in a competitive task) may also inhibit extrapolation of layout. BE on the to-be-fixated side, however, supports the idea that anticipatory representation of layout is an adaptive error that may aid the spatial integration of successive views.
OFDM with Pilot Aided Channel Estimation for Time-Varying Shallow Water Acoustic Channels

How to achieve high speed, large capacity and bandwidth-efficient digital communication in shallow water conditions is challenging work. Recently, Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has received considerable attention for UWA communication. In this paper, the authors investigate time-varying channel impulse responses with different transceiver moving speeds. For this channel model, the performance of MMSE and LS channel estimation methods are evaluated for an OFDM UWA system, based on block-type pilot and comb-type pilot (combined with the linear interpolation method) separately. The results are based on considering three different modulation schemes: BPSK, QPSK and 16QAM. The work is fundamental to the design of an adaptive modulation and bit loading OFDM UWA communication system in a changing channel environment, aiming for achieving optimal performance.
Stability of Thin Free Liquid Films and the Onset Conditions for Film Rupture: A MD Simulation Study

Free liquid films bounded on two sides by vapor are of particular interest in nucleate boiling process because the merging of bubbles is ultimately associated with the rupture of a liquid film separating the vapor inside the bubbles. The stability and conditions for the free film rupture are therefore of central importance to the merging process because they dictate whether coalescence is likely to occur. Most previous studies of free film stability have focused on a continuum model of wave phenomena at the interfaces of the film. In the investigation summarized here, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was used to explore the stability of free films of liquid argon surrounded by saturated argon vapor. The MD simulations predict that the wave perturbation or density fluctuation induced by the thermodynamic intrinsic instability can lead to rupture of the liquid film, as its thickness decreases below a critical value. It further predicts that the critical film thickness derived from density fluctuation increases with system temperature. These predictions were also compared with those of conventional interface wave perturbation analysis. The result of this investigation suggests that during bubble merging, thermodynamic instability of the liquid phase may play a role in the onset of film rupture as the liquid film separating the bubbles gets progressively thinner.
Upregulation of cytosolic branched chain aminotransferase in substantia nigra following developmental striatal target injury

We have previously shown that apoptotic cell death can be induced in substantia nigra (SN) by developmental striatal target lesion. In this model, only a portion of nigral neurons dies, so it provides a paradigm to examine not only the molecular basis of cell death, but also the cellular responses of adjacent neurons which survive. Using a differential display approach, we have found that cytosolic branched chain aminotransferase (BCATc) mRNA is upregulated in SN in this model. This upregulation is associated with an increased number of BCATc-positive neuronal profiles, demonstrated by immunostaining. BCATc-positive neurons show normal morphology and rarely contain apoptotic chromatin. We conclude that BCATc is upregulated in neurons, which are likely to survive, and plays a role in either maintenance of viability or restoration of normal function.
Surface states passivation for and regrowth around nanoposts formed for the fabrication of InP-based intersubband quantum box lasers

Passivation of interfaces corresponding to the nanoposts' sidewalls in InP-based intersubband quantum-box (IQB) lasers has resulted in interfacial-state densities ≪ 1011/cm2. High-quality regrowths of semi-insulating InP around dry-etched, passivated, 40nm-diameter nanoposts were realized.
Throughput Anonymity Trade-off in Wireless Networks under Latency Constraints

Providing anonymity to routes in a wireless ad hoc network from passive eavesdroppers is considered. Using Shannon's equivocation as an information theoretic measure of anonymity, scheduling strategies are designed for wireless nodes using receiver directed signaling. The achievable rate region for multiaccess relays are characterized under constraints on average packet latency. The relationship between overall network throughput and the route anonymity is obtained by drawing a connection to the rate-distortion tradeoff in information theory. A decentralized implementation of the relaying strategy is proposed, and the corresponding performance analyzed.