cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Whose Knowledge Counts? Developing Fair Trade Skills in South Africa

AbstractFair trade scholars and professionals have recognized the importance of capacity building to producers, but few studies have examined the provision of services. This article asks whether support networks provide certified producers with the capacity needed to thrive in markets. Drawing from ethnographic action research conducted with South African rooibos tea farmers, I highlight the power dimensions involved in producer support and discuss strategies to improve outcomes. I begin by theorizing a political economy of knowledge and skills within the context of neoliberal globalization and post-apartheid development. Next, I provide an overview of fair trade, clarifying differing approaches to governance and practice. I then share case-study findings, including coverage of a farmer leadership training program that sought to build a more collaborative foundation for learning and engagement. I conclude by arguing that training represents a primary site for the reproduction of inequality as well as a pi...
Determination of selenium in milk powder by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Objective The inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) direct extraction method was developed for determination of selenium in bulk samples of milk powder.Methods Without traditional acid digestion method,milk powder samples were treated using tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide alkali hydrolysis for direct ultrasonic extraction,then filtered through the microporous membrane,and measured with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer.Results Through the actual detection of various types of formula milk powder and standard substance of milk powder,the detection limit of the method was proven to be 0.05 μg/L.When taking 0.5 g milk powder samples to calculate the limit of detection,it was 0.10 μg/kg,and the linear range was 0 μg/L ~ 500 μg/L,the linear coefficient(r) was better than 0.999,the standard addition recovery was between 98.4% ~ 111.6%,the relative standard deviation RSD(%) were less than 5.0%,each index of the method was satisfactory.Conclusion This method has advantages of easy operation,wide linear range,high sensitivity,accuracy and reliability,superior to the traditional detection method,it is suitable for determination of selenium content in bulk powder samples.
The Role of Residential Homes in the Care of Orphans Affected by HIV

There is a general recognition in the international development community that children in situations of vulnerability — particularly if orphaned — should remain in their extended families or communities. Placing children in residential care should be a ‘last resort’ solution (UNICEF 1989, 2007; OAU 1999). This is to protect them from the negative outcomes observed in residential care, including abandonment of the child, reliance on access to food and education and restricted emotional development (Morantz and Heymann 2010; Van Vilsteren et al. 2011). The 1989 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child ‘recognises the critical role of the family in the development, care and support of the child’ (UNICEF 2006). The 2003 Stockholm Declaration on Children and Residential Care advises ‘institutional care only as a last resort and as a temporary response’ (Knorth et al. 2007 citing Anglin and Knorth 2004, 141, emphasis in the original). While this policy is sensible and is used to guide many community support development programs, there are circumstances where a child can face abuse and rejection from exactly those from whom love, nurturing and support is expected.
Fiber, Cable, and Coupling

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the fundamental aspects of light coupling into MM and SM fiber and fiber characteristics. The sections on cable design, and especially connector design issues, are new in that they are written mostly from the perspective of unique data communications environmental requirements. It is the intent of the chapter to describe the basic ideas regarding the way in which light propagates in an optical fiber and to familiarize the reader with some of the more important concepts in optical fiber wave propagation. Under the topic “electromagnetic mode theory”, the chapter presents the basic equations that govern the propagation of light in optical fibers. It also discusses coupling of light into an optical fiber and optical fiber manufacturing.
Foot and Ankle Surgery

Background: The restoration of function and contour to the Achilles region is a complex problem. This is reflected in the variety of reconstructive options described in the literature. The aim however remains to normalise the range of movement at the ankle joint and restore the power of plantar flexion. Few techniques have demonstrated this. Methods: Six patients underwent soft tissue reconstruction over the Achilles tendon with a free scapular flap. Two ruptured Achilles tendons were reconstructed with FHL transfers. Results: All six flaps remained viable and achieved stable coverage over the Achilles tendon. Five of the six required thinning for use of normal foot wear. Those that had FHL transfer normalised their range of movement. Conclusions: It has previously been shown that FHL transfer provides optimum results in terms of functional outcome while here the scapular flap has fulfilled the requirement to restore the contour of this region.
“After the Chinese taste”: Chinese export porcelain and chinoiserie design in eighteen-century Charleston

Chinese export porcelain is one of the most commonly found ceramics in the Charleston area, constituting as much as 24% of the overall ceramic assemblage at many archaeological sites. Chinese porcelain was but one part, however, of a broader stylistic language known as Chinoiserie in the 18th century. As international trade expanded, the complete range of Asian export luxury goods—Chinese silks, Indian cotton textiles, Chinese lacquer and hardwood furniture, Chinese wallpaper, and reverse paintings on glass—became popular throughout the European world. The European enthusiasm for Asian export goods inspired western designers both technologically—with the invention of porcelain—and stylistically, as they combined Asian and European motifs in whimsical, Chinese-inspired designs for architecture and interior decoration. The more ephemeral objects, such as textiles and wallpaper, rarely survive in the archaeological record, although their presence can be established in period newspaper advertisements and probate inventories. As one of the wealthiest cities and most active trading centers in 18th-century North America, Charleston, South Carolina, provides rich documentation for the presence of Asian export luxury goods and Chinese-inspired designs in the American colonies. By importing these goods and ordering locally crafted objects in the Chinese taste, Charleston’s colonial gentry demonstrated their ability to emulate their European counterparts and adapt the latest European fashion to their own domestic interiors.
Aberration and Dispersion Cancelation

In the following sections, we look at the use of correlated-photon methods for the cancelation of distortive effects in optical systems. These effects usually appear in the form of unwanted phase-shifts that arise as the light passes through the system. These phase shifts come in several varieties. (i) If they are functions of frequency, then the resulting distortion occurs in the form of dispersion ; dispersion cancelation is discussed in Sect. 3.2. (ii) If the phases are time-independent functions of position, then the distortion is aberration or spatial dispersion . Aberrations commonly occur, as a result of the properties of the optical system itself, such as imperfections in a lens. Aberration is discussed in detail in Sect. 3.4. (iii) Finally, the unwanted phases may also occur as random functions of both position and time, as a result of turbulence. Discussion of turbulence is postponed until Sect. 6.4
ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DISCHARGE OF TREATED WASTEWATERS INTO COASTAL WATERS

The Southern California Coastal Water Research Project (SCCWRP) is attempting to attain a substantial understanding of the ecology of the coastal waters of Southern California. The results are expected to provide insight into the past, present, and predicted effects of man on the ecology, particularly those caused by wastewater discharges. The findings should be useful in efforts to limit harmful effects and to promote enhancement of the coastal environment. The major effort thus far has been an information search in 17 task areas of physical and chemical oceanography, marine biology, and environmental engineering. In addition, several new research projects have been started under SCCWRP direction. This paper discusses some of the technical problems associated with such an effort such as quantifying the natural fluctuations of physical, chemical, and biological parameters; establishing environmental criteria; and correlating observed effects with pollutant distributions.
Predictors of Co-occurring Neurodevelopmental Disabilities in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders.

Abstract Purpose Co-occurring neurodevelopmental disabilities (including cognitive and language delays and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) affect over half of children with ASD and may affect later behavioral, language, and cognitive outcomes beyond the ASD diagnosis. However, no studies have examined predictors of co-occurring neurodevelopmental disabilities in children with ASD. This study investigated whether maternal sociodemographic, perinatal and neonatal factors are associated with co-occurring disabilities. Design and Methods This study involved a retrospective analysis of medical records for children diagnosed with ASD between 2009 and 2010 at an Autism Center in the southeast United States. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of co-occurring neurodevelopmental disabilities. Results Of the 385 children in the sample, 61% had a co-occurring neurodevelopmental disability. Children whose mothers had less education (OR: 0.905), had never been married (OR: 1.803), or had bleeding during pregnancy (OR: 2.233) were more likely to have a co-occurring neurodevelopmental disability. Both preterm birth and African American race were associated with bleeding during pregnancy. Conclusions Several maternal and perinatal risk factors for ASD were found to put children at risk for further diagnoses of co-occurring neurodevelopmental disabilities. While prematurity, a well-established risk factor for ASD, as well as maternal ethnicity was not found to increase the risk of a co-occurring disability, this study suggests that bleeding during pregnancy may moderate these relationships. Practice Implications Understanding maternal, perinatal, and neonatal risk factors may inform healthcare provider screening for ASD and co-occurring neurodevelopmental disabilities by helping providers recognize infants who present with multiple risk factors.
Game-Based Learning in an OpenSim-Supported Virtual Environment on Perceived Motivational Quality of Learning

AbstractThis experimental study was intended to examine whether game-based learning (GBL) that encompasses four particular game characteristics (challenges, a storyline, immediate rewards and the integration of game-play with learning content) in an OpenSimulator-supported virtual reality learning environment can improve perceived motivational quality of the learning activity (P-MQLA) for elementary school students. In this pre- and post-test experimental comparison study, data were collected from 132 fourth-graders through a Short Instructional Materials Motivation Survey. The same tasks were provided for the experimental and control groups, except that the control group’s tasks did not include the four aforementioned gaming characteristics. The non-GBL for the control group involved mainly web-based word problems such as selecting the correct answer by clicking on the potential responses. P-MQLA was improved after the intervention in both groups. There is a trend that the experimental group improved the...
Associations between food habits and pharyngeal morphology in the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus)

Several studies have shown that round gobies (Neogobius melanostomus) undergo a dietary shift from arthropods to dreissenid mussels as they grow, and this shift is accompanied by changes in pharyngeal morphology associated with durophagy. In contrast, some populations of round gobies prey heavily on various arthropods, but it is unknown whether those populations develop pharyngeal morphology associated with durophagy or if they develop less robust and molarized structures. To test if there is a relationship between food habits and pharyngeal morphology, we compared those characters in round gobies from two sites in Erie Co., Pennsylvania: a dreissenid-present site (Presque Isle Bay, PIB, of Lake Erie) and a dreissenid-absent site (Fairview Gravel Pit, GP). Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) revealed consistent ontogenetic changes at both sites in which lower pharyngeals of larger fish were more robust, possessed wider teeth, and had a greater area taken up by large diameter teeth. Pharyngeal morphology also differed between sites, with gobies from PIB having wider and more robust lower pharyngeals. Food habits differed markedly between round gobies from the two sites, with dreissenid mussels being the most important prey item for all length classes in PIB, and crustaceans being the most important prey item for all length classes at the GP. Canonical correlation analysis on all round gobies revealed a correlation between consumption of dreissenid prey and pharyngeal characters associated with durophagy. Although food habits and pharyngeal morphology of round gobies appear to be associated, the mechanism responsible for the association (i.e. phenotypic plasticity versus local adaptation) is not clear.
Bipolar Bone Loss in Patients With Anterior Shoulder Dislocation: A Comparison of Adolescents Versus Adult Patients.

Purpose To compare bipolar bone loss by evaluating the degree of glenoid bone loss, Hill-Sachs lesion size, and glenoid track in adolescents and adults with shoulder dislocations. Methods We performed a retrospective review between 2012 and 2016 of surgical and nonsurgical patients with a history of anterior shoulder dislocations (primary or recurrent) who underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the affected shoulder. The exclusion criteria included multidirectional instability, prior surgery, and posterior dislocation. Patients were grouped into 2 groups: adolescents (aged 10-19 years) and adults (aged ≥20 years). The groups were compared regarding measures of glenoid bone loss (best-fit circle technique) and Hill-Sachs lesion size (medial margin of rotator cuff footprint to medial margin of Hill-Sachs lesion). If the medial margin of a Hill-Sachs lesion was within the glenoid track, it was defined as on track; if it was more medial than the glenoid track, it was defined as off track. Results We identified 45 adolescents (mean age, 16.1 years) and 30 adults (mean age, 28.9 years) with anterior shoulder dislocations. There was no significant difference in percentage of bone loss between adolescents (mean, 8.4%) and adults (mean, 9.9%; P = .23). There was no significant difference in Hill-Sachs lesion size between adolescents (mean, 12.7 mm) and adults (mean, 9.9 mm; P = .12). There were 12 patients with off-track lesions. Off-track lesions were present in 11 of 45 adolescents (24.4%) and 1 of 30 adults (3.3%). Adolescents had an increased risk of having an off-track lesion (odds ratio, 9.38; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-77.1). A subgroup analysis identified multiple dislocations as an independent risk factor for an off-track lesion (odds ratio, 4.15; 95% confidence interval, 0.85-20.23). Conclusions This study shows that adolescence and a history of multiple dislocations are independent risk factors for a greater likelihood of glenoid off-track lesions. The findings support the use of bipolar assessment of shoulder dislocators, especially in adolescents and multiple dislocators. Level of Evidence Level III, retrospective comparative study.
Optimal parameters for determining the LH surge in natural cycle frozen-thawed embryo transfers

There is no consensus on the exact parameters that define the LH surge for natural cycle frozen-thawed embryo transfers (NC-FET). Accurately determining the LH surge would affect the timing, and subsequently the success rates, of embryo transfer. Therefore, the aim of this study was to delineate the optimal levels and relationship for luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol in an effort to optimally identify the LH surge in NC-FET. It is a retrospective study that was performed in an academic medical center. Patients who underwent blastocyst NC-FET who either had preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) or were <35 years old but did not undergo PGS (non-PGS) were included in separate analyses. They were divided into two groups: Group A included patients whose LH surge was defined as the first attainment of LH ≥ 17 IU/L during the follicular phase with a ≥30% drop in estradiol levels the following day; group B encompassed patients whose LH level continued to rise and the surge was defined as the highest serum LH level occurring a day after LH ≥ 17 IU/L despite a ≥ 30% drop in estradiol levels. The main outcomes measures were implantation and live birth rates. Four hundred-seven non-PGS and 284 PGS NC-FET were included. Among non-PGS cycles, group A was associated with significantly higher implantation rates (48.7% vs. 38.1%) and live birth rates (52.9% vs. 40.1%) compared to group B. In contrast, group A and B had comparable live birth rates among PGS cycles. Among non-PGS cycles, measuring LH and estradiol levels the day after an LH ≥ 17 IU/L and defining the surge as the first day of LH ≥ 17 IU/L in the context of a ≥ 30% drop in estradiol the following day was associated with better NC-FET outcomes than defining the surge as the day representing the highest serum LH level despite a ≥30% drop in estradiol levels.
Short-Term, Goal-Oriented Family Therapy:

Short-term, goal-oriented family therapy is an innovative, time-limited, contract model that structures intervention around observable, measurable, and mutually acceptable goals. The author describ...
Melting Kinetics of Prolate Spheroidal Crystals

The melting kinetics of a pivalic acid (PVA) dendritic mushy zone was observed for the first time under convection-free conditions. Video data show that PVA dendrites melt into fragments that shrink at accelerating rates to extinction. Individual fragments follow a characteristic time-dependence derived here for the diminishing length scales within a melting mushy zone. The melting kinetics against which the experimental observations are compared is based on the conduction-limited quasi-static process of melting under shape-preserving conditions. Agreement between analytic theory and experiment was found for the melting of a prolate spheroidal crystal fragment with an aspect ratio of C/A = 12.
Topography of Vertebral Artery Origin Plaques: Characteristics and Determinants.

BACKGROUND Atherosclerotic plaques located at the vertebral artery ostium (VAo) are a mechanism for posterior circulation stroke, but little is known about VAo plaque topography and formation. In this study, we describe the topography of atherosclerotic plaques involving the origin of the vertebral artery (VA). METHODS Cross-sectional analyses of extracranial duplex studies were performed, and VAo plaques were classified based on their topography in 3 groups: (1) exclusively at the VA ostium; (2) predominantly subclavian, with extension into the vertebral ostium; and (3) predominantly ostial, with extension into the subclavian artery). Chi-square and analysis of variance tests were performed to investigate the association between VAo plaque topography and continuous and categorical variables, respectively. RESULTS A total of 99 of 481 (21%) ultrasound duplex studies showed VAo plaques. The majority of the plaques (60%) were found to extend from the subclavian to the ostium. Plaques occurred more frequently at the medial wall of the VAo. No vascular risk factors were associated with plaque formation; however, women were more likely to have plaques involving predominantly or exclusively the VAo (P = .004). CONCLUSIONS We describe 3 different patterns of VAo involvement in patients with ostial atherosclerotic VA disease. VAo plaques occurred almost exclusively at the medial wall of the vessel. Women had more plaques involving predominantly the origin. Prospective studies are needed to investigate the clinical significance of these findings.
FTIR Investigation of EVA Chemical Bonding Environment and Its Impact on Debond Energy

The chemical makeup of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) interfaces in photovoltaic (PV) modules is probed via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to determine the impact of the EVA formulation on the adhesion degradation. EVA samples laminated with glass particles are used to demonstrate the effect of damp heat exposure on the glass-EVA interface, showing that increasing silane content increases chemical stability. Delamination interfaces created in one cell modules demonstrate a high correlation between the siloxane bonding at the silicon cell-EVA interface and the debond energy. A significant decrease in debond energy after UV exposure is also shown to be due in part to decreasing siloxane bond density at the interface. However, FTIR results indicated contributions to the adhesion beyond the chemical interface, and a basic tensile test indicates increasing bulk mechanical properties with increasing silane. These results demonstrate the importance of the EVA formulation on its adhesion performance and long-term reliability. Furthermore, it is shown that FTIR is a capable technique for assessing and quantifying chemical mechanisms within PV modules. These results can then be used to more effectively model module lifetimes and to better design polymer systems for PV modules.
Permissible Content Discrimination and the First Amendment: The Strange Case of the Public Employee

The speech of public employees poses special problems under the First Amendment. As Justice O'Connor once explained, a rule that forbids employees who deal with the public from being rude to customers should be permissible in the public sector, even though a statute containing the very same prohibition would be considered impermissibly vague when applied to private-sector employees. Recognizing that a special rule for public employees is necessary, the Supreme Court has held that only when public employees speak on a matter of public concern does their speech qualify for constitutional protection, and even then, the employee's interest must be balanced against that of the employer. This approach, however, is deeply problematic. The public concern test highly subjective and manipulable, it calls for a kind of content and even viewpoint discrimination normally thought impermissible, and the difficulty of applying the public concern and balancing tests create problems of vagueness that themselves pose serious constitutional difficulties. In this article, the author proposes a reformulation of doctrine along the lines that the Supreme Court was cautiously pursuing before it adopted the public concern test - a regulation of public employee speech should be permissible if it is directed at achieving a legitimate managerial prerogative - treating any asserted managerial interest in pursuing ideological conformity with respect to all but the highest-ranking employees as illegtimate - and is not substantially broader than necessary to achieve that interest. This approach would bring public employee speech into harmony with general first amendment doctrine, while recognizing that the swath that should be afforded to public employers to regulate employees' speech is based on the scope of legitimate managerial prerogatives, subject to the First Amendment limitations on compelling ideological conformity in the public workforce.
Interactions with presynaptic photoreceptors mediated by the Dpr11 and DIP-γ cell surface proteins control selection and survival of Drosophila amacrine neurons

Drosophila R7 UV photoreceptors (PRs) are divided into yellow (y) and pale (p) subtypes with different wavelength sensitivities. yR7 PRs express the Dpr11 cell surface protein and are presynaptic to Dm8 amacrine neurons (yDm8) that express the Dpr11 binding partner DIP-[gamma], while pR7 PRs synapse onto DIP-[gamma]-negative pDm8 neurons. Dpr11 and DIP-[gamma] expression patterns define yellow and pale medulla color vision circuits that project to higher-order areas. DIP-[gamma] and dpr11 mutations affect the morphology of yDm8 arbors in the yellow circuit. yDm8 neurons are generated in excess during development and compete for presynaptic yR7 partners. Transsynaptic interactions between Dpr11 and DIP-[gamma] are required for generation of neurotrophic signals that allow yDm8 neurons to survive. yDm8 and pDm8 neurons do not normally compete for neurotrophic support, but can be forced to do so by manipulating R7 subtype fates. DIP-[gamma]-Dpr11 interactions allow yDm8 neurons to select yR7 PRs as their home column partners.
Intense exercise may not be so benign: chest pain in a young athletic woman may be spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD).

We present a 26-year-old woman who came to the emergency department with chest pain of 1 hour duration that started while she was exercising on the treadmill. At presentation, ECG showed sinus bradycardia. Initial troponin level was 0.05 ng/mL and her chest pain resolved within 3 hours of onset. Troponins were trended serially, which continued to rise and peaked at 28.77 ng/mL and so heparin drip was started. On the second day of admission, a coronary angiogram was performed along with intravascular ultrasound, which revealed type 3 spontaneous coronary artery dissection. No obstructive atherosclerotic disease was noted in any of the coronary vessels. No coronary intervention was performed. Patient was started on aspirin and clopidogrel. Patient was discharged home in stable condition and was followed outpatient, where she remained in excellent health condition at her first clinic visit.
Kalman Filter-Based Microbubble Tracking for Robust Super-Resolution Ultrasound Microvessel Imaging

Contrast microbubble (MB)-based super-resolution ultrasound microvessel imaging (SR-UMI) overcomes the compromise in conventional ultrasound imaging between spatial resolution and penetration depth and has been successfully applied to a wide range of clinical applications. However, clinical translation of SR-UMI remains challenging due to the limited number of MBs detected within a given accumulation time. Here, we propose a Kalman filter-based method for robust MB tracking and improved blood flow speed measurement with reduced numbers of MBs. An acceleration constraint and a direction constraint for MB movement were developed to control the quality of the estimated MB trajectory. An adaptive interpolation approach was developed to inpaint the missing microvessel signal based on the estimated local blood flow speed, facilitating more robust depiction of microvasculature with a limited amount of MBs. The proposed method was validated on an ex ovo chorioallantoic membrane and an in vivo rabbit kidney. Results demonstrated improved imaging performance on both microvessel density maps and blood flow speed maps. With the proposed method, the percentage of microvessel filling in a selected blood vessel at a given accumulation period was increased from 28.17% to 74.45%. A similar SR-UMI performance was achieved with MB numbers reduced by 85.96%, compared to that with the original MB number. The results indicate that the proposed method substantially improves the robustness of SR-UMI under a clinically relevant imaging scenario where SR-UMI is challenged by a limited MB accumulation time, reduced number of MBs, lowered imaging frame rate, and degraded signal-to-noise ratio.
Chapter 5 – Partition Coefficients

This chapter provides an overview of the concept of partition coefficients. The need for drug molecules to cross lipid bilayers in passing from one body compartment to another requires that the structure has properties that impart solubility in both a hydrophobic medium and water. Each part of a drug molecule contributes hydrophobic or hydrophilic properties to the molecule as a whole and that contribution is known as the Hansch partition coefficient of the group. The discussion then focuses on several specific structural features and how electronic effects play a role in determining how they affect the partition coefficient.
The Future Liver Remnant: Definition, Evaluation, and Management

When considering patients for a major hepatectomy, one must carefully consider the volume of liver to be left behind and if additional procedures are necessary to augment its volume. This review considers the optimal volume of the future liver remnant (FLR) and analyzes the techniques of augmenting this volume, the various growth parameters to assess adequate growth of the FLR, as well as further management when there has been inadequate growth of the FLR.
Understanding the Interplay between the Nonvalence and Valence States of the Uracil Anion upon Monohydration.

In this work we present an ab initio investigation into the effect of monohydration on the interaction of uracil with low energy electrons. Electron attachment and photodetachment experimental stud...
Controlling Institutions: A model of informal governance

The argument is that international organizations are best understood as equilibrium outcomes that balance the power and interests of the leading state and the member countries. Institutional design is endogenous to this interaction, and includes membership, formal voting rights and informal governance procedures. The model that follows gives specific content to this claim by specifying how three particular forms of power interact. Structural power represents the outside options of the leading state and the externalities that its participation generates for other members. Formal voting rights set the policy of the organization and create the parameters within which informal influence is exercised. Informal influence consists of participation in decision making and special access to information, and it allows the leading state to override the common policy when its vital interests are affected. Hybrid institutional forms involving both formal and informal governance mechanisms are the norm because they make it possible to accommodate the interests of both strong and weak powers. Informal governance can be legitimate because the degree of conflict of interest between the leading state and the membership varies within the range of issues or cases that fall under an organization's competence, so the member countries tolerate a degree of informal influence in cases of special concern to the leading power in return for a larger share of decision-making authority in ordinary times. This tacit contract depends upon the restraint of the leading state, however, and the legitimacy and credibility of the organization can be eroded if informal influence is used too frequently.
Transfer As a Component of the Transition of Adolescents with Sickle Cell Disease to Adult Care: Adolescent, Adult and Parent Perspectives

Purpose: There are no empirical studies which assess the transfer needs/concerns of adolescents and young adults with sickle cell disease (SCD) and their primary caretakers. The overall purpose of this research was to determine the issues, concerns, and expectations of adolescents, young adults and primary caretakers with regard to transfer to adult care. Methods: Participants were recruited from clinics and programs participating in the Duke/UNC Comprehensive Sickle Cell Program. Using a cross-sectional survey design, young adults (n = 60), adolescents (n = 36) and primary caretakers (n = 25) were administered the Sickle Cell Transfer Questionnaire (SCTQ). Results: Adolescents and young adults with SCD were primarily concerned about how they would pay for medical care and how they would be treated by adult providers. Caretakers were concerned about their teens leaving pediatric care and assuming responsibility for medical care. All three groups reported mixed emotions about leaving pediatric care. There was consensus among the respondents regarding the need for transfer programs and what they should offer. Bivariate analysis revealed that age, education level, and disease severity were statistically significant co-factors influencing the feelings, concerns and opinions of the study participants. Conclusion: Future longitudinal experimental research is needed to corroborate the results of this study and to assess the effectiveness of transition-related intervention programs for adolescents with SCD and their families.
Determining the thresholds for abnormal left ventricular strains in healthy subjects by echocardiography: a meta-analysis

Background Left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LVGLS), circumferential strain (LVGCS) and radial strain (LVGRS) are echocardiographic parameters with wide clinical applicability. However, the thresholds for abnormal left ventricular (LV) strains, particularly the lower limits of normal (LLN), are not well established. This meta-analysis determined the mean and LLN of two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) LV strain in healthy subjects and factors that influence strain measurements. Methods We searched PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases until 31 December 2019 for studies reporting left ventricular (LV) global strain in at least 50 healthy subjects. We pooled means and LLNs of 2D and 3D LV strain using random-effects models, and performed subgroup and meta-regression analysis for LVGLS. Results Forty-four studies were eligible totaling 8,910 subjects. The pooled means and LLNs (95% confidence intervals) were -20.1% (-20.7%, -19.6%) and -15.4% (-16.0%, -14.7%) respectively for 2D-LVGLS; -21.9% (-23.4%, -20.3%) and -15.3% (-16.9%, -13.8%) respectively for 2D-LVGCS; and 48.4% (43.8%, 53.0%) and 25.5% (17.8%, 33.1%) respectively for 2D-LVGRS. All pooled analyses demonstrated significant heterogeneity, and means and LLNs of and 3D-LV strains differed marginally from 2D. Only vendor software was associated with differences in pooled means and LLN of 2D-LVGLS. Conclusions In conclusion, pooled means and LLNs of 2D- and 3D-LV global strain parameters in healthy subjects were reported. Based on the pooled LLNs, thresholds for abnormal, borderline and normal strains can be defined, such as less negative than -14.7%, between -14.7% and -16.0% and more negative than -16.0% respectively for 2D-LVGLS, and 2D-LVGLS values are only affected by vendor software.
Initial steps to measurement and improvement of family-centered communication during the pediatric patient journey of bone marrow transplantation

Often, pediatric patients' caregivers feel like they are not being heard or consulted by the healthcare system they have entrusted for their loved ones’ care. These difficulties are well known to the healthcare system, and significant research has been conducted to understand how to provide what’s come to be known as patient- and family-centered care (PFCC). PFCC is grounded in mutually beneficial partnerships among health care providers, patients, and families. In 2019 we started a quality improvement initiative, partnering with families to increase our family-centeredness, initially focusing on communication. We report our quality improvement initiative's initial steps to understand communication between patients and caregivers in the inpatient setting. We report variables identified as barriers to PFCC, and our initial interventions, including small tests of change, to implement and improve PFCC in the inpatient setting. We hope that our experience will inspire others to undertake similar initiatives at their institutions. https://doi.org/10.34105/j.kmel.2020.12.027
Prenatal Programming in the Fetus and Placenta

Individual differences in risk for neuropsychiatric disorders are shaped before the individual is born. In this chapter, we summarize existing evidence from animal and human studies describing prenatal programming in the fetus and placenta in response to prenatal maternal stress, and associated outcomes seen in offspring neurobehavioral development and risk for psychopathology. First, we review fetal neurobehavioral development and assessment, including fetal physiological monitoring and fetal neuroimaging. We then highlight extant research on associations between fetal neurobehavior and later outcomes. Emerging research also points to the involvement of the placenta, which regulates the prenatal environment. We continue by describing how maternal stress can disrupt the placenta’s fundamental functions, highlighting the role of nutrient transfer, placental barrier permeability, serotonin signaling, and epigenetic changes to placental genes. We close by discussing the importance of sex differences in fetal and placental programming as well as developmental timing of exposures, and future directions for research.
PFC mTOR signaling as a biological signature for cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder without psychosis

Vanderplow et al.1 report decreased PFC Akt-mTOR signaling in males with bipolar disorder (BD) without psychosis compared with those with psychosis, possibly related to cognitive deficits. Understanding how cognition differs between these BD subtypes clinically and biologically remains a challenge.
Good Names but Better Symbols: The Establishment of Chemical Notation as a Nomenclatural Corrective at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century.

Although the Methode de nomenclature chimique (1787) is best known for its reform of chemical names, it also proposed to reform chemical symbols. However, historians have generally concluded that, unlike its nomenclatural counterpart, the Methode's new system of symbols had very little impact. This article argues otherwise. First, drawing on printed and, to a lesser extent, manuscript evidence, it demonstrates that the Methode's new symbols circulated more widely than previously assumed. Second, and more importantly, it demonstrates that advocates of the new symbols used them to redress problems in chemical nomenclature. Despite the Methode's thoroughness, the new nomenclature harboured certain shortcomings, raising the possibility of an obligation to revise names that were only recently "revolutionary." Furthermore, not all chemical practitioners were eager to dispose of all the older names completely. Advocates of the new symbols addressed such problems by establishing symbols as modifiable designations for substances that could be readily updated, thereby alleviating the seeming need to do so in names as well. Subsequently adapted for Daltonian and Berzelian symbols, this practice of designing chemical symbols to compensate for the use of infelicitous or familiar chemical names soon became commonplace, and, indeed, it underwrites aspects of chemical communication still today.
A Postmodern Riddle? Gaps, Inferences and Mark’s Abrupt Ending

It is widely acknowledged that Mark’s abrupt ending (16.8) is best understood as a deliberate narrative device. Despite this ‘new consensus’, a number of scholars continue to assert that this appro...
Advances in velocity imaging

Summary form only given, as follows. The careful measurement of the velocity of reactions products, both from unimolecular and bimolecular reactions, has produced large amounts of insight into the dynamics and energetics of chemical reactions. Time-of-flight measurement of the products of unimolecular reaction products give a measure of bond energies and the angular distributions speak to the spectroscopy of the parent molecule and the time scale of the dissociation. The measurement of the velocity of products of a bimolecular reactions, the so called "Newton Sphere" of the reaction, gives insight into the energetics and dynamics of the reaction. Recently, new techniques have developed that allow the combination of laser selective ionization to be combined with spatially resolved ion detectors to measure the velocity of a quantum stale selected reaction product. These techniques are generally called "Ion Imaging" and the newest variation of these techniques uses electrostatic lenses to perform a transform of the image into velocity space. The use of the lenses improves the velocity resolution of the images significantly but at the loss of absolute size determination. There is magnification associated with the use of the new apparatus and therefore standards must be used to quantify the images. This technique is also useful for the moderate resolution measurement of the velocity of photoelectrons.
Molar heat capacities and thermodynamic functions of CaHf Ti2O7( cr ) and CaZr0.26Hf0.74Ti2O7( cr)

Abstract As part of an ongoing study of titanate-based ceramic materials for the disposal of surplus weapons plutonium, we report the molar heat capacities and thermodynamic functions for the zirconolite (CaZrTi2O7) analogue Hf-zirconolite (CaHfTi2O7) and a solid solution of the two: CaZr0.26Hf0.74Ti2O7. Measurements have been made on the solid solution to probe the extent (zirconolite + Hf-zirconolite) form ideal solutions. The molar heat capacity for both samples was measured from T = 13 K to T = 400 K in an adiabatic calorimeter and extrapolated to T = 1500 K with an equation fitted to the low-temperature results. The results at T = 298.15 K areΔ0298.15KSmo = (196.98 ± 0.39)J ·K − 1· mol − 1for CaHfTi2O7andΔ0298.15KSmo = (199.76 ± 0.39)J · K − 1· mol − 1for CaZr0.26Hf0.74Ti2O7.Recent crystallographic measurements on zirconolite established the existence of disorder at the Ti(2) site which results in a zero-point entropy contribution of (1 / 2) ·R· ln 2 not previously included in the thermodynamic tabulation for zirconolite. The molar entropies of CaHfTi2O7and CaZr0.26Hf0.74Ti2O7reported here include this zero-point entropy, and the solid solution includes an additional zero-point entropy contribution of 4.765J · K − 1· mol − 1to account for the random mixing of Zr4 + and Hf4 + on the zirconium crystallographic site. The large zero-point entropy associated with the solid solution implies a substantial entropy stabilization contribution for other nuclear waste disposition mixtures.
Relapse Prevention: An Overview of Marlatt’s Cognitive-Behavioral Model

Relapse prevention (RP) is an important component of alcoholism treatment. The RP model proposed by Marlatt and Gordon suggests that both immediate determinants (e.g., high-risk situations, coping skills, outcome expectancies, and the abstinence violation effect) and covert antecedents (e.g., lifestyle factors and urges and cravings) can contribute to relapse. The RP model also incorporates numerous specific and global intervention strategies that allow therapist and client to address each step of the relapse process. Specific interventions include identifying specific high-risk situations for each client and enhancing the client's skills for coping with those situations, increasing the client's self-efficacy, eliminating myths regarding alcohol's effects, managing lapses, and restructuring the client's perceptions of the relapse process. Global strategies comprise balancing the client's lifestyle and helping him or her develop positive addictions, employing stimulus control techniques and urge-management techniques, and developing relapse road maps. Several studies have provided theoretical and practical support for the RP model.
An anti-CD19 antibody inhibits the interaction between P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and CD19, causes P-gp to translocate out of lipid rafts, and chemosensitizes a multidrug-resistant (MDR) lymphoma cell line

We have previously demonstrated that an anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody (MAb; HD37) inhibits the function of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) pump in a multidrug-resistant (MDR) B-lymphoma cell line, Namalwa/MDR1, and that this effect is not due to the recognition of a cross-reactive epitope on P-gp. In this study, we have used the same cell line to define the mechanisms responsible for the effect of HD37 on the P-gp pump. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), we show that CD19 and P-gp are constitutively associated in cells. In the absence of treatment with anti-CD19, 40% of P-gp molecules expressed by Namalwa/MDR1 cells reside in the low-density lipid (ie, cholesterol-rich) microdomains (lipid rafts). Following treatment of the cells with HD37 and disruption of the interactions between P-gp and CD19, P-gp translocated out of lipid rafts and CD19 translocated into lipid rafts. The effect of chemosensitization on Namalwa/MDR1 cells was specific for CD19; an anti-CD22 MAb had no such effect, although the cells express CD22. These results suggest that anti-CD19 might chemosensitize P-gp+ cells by interfering with interactions between CD19 and P-gp, rapidly resulting in the translocation of P-gp into a compartment on the plasma membrane where it is no longer active.
Single cell transcript analysis of human immunodeficiency virus gene expression in the transition from latent to productive infection

Abstract In the lymph nodes of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), there is evidence that points to threekinds of virus-cell relationships. Virions may be associated with CD4 + lymphocytes that are actively producing virus or may be bound at the surfaces of follicular dendritic cells like other antigens. HIV is also harbored in CD4 + lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages in a latent form as transcriptionally silenced provirus. To ultimately investigate in vivo these and other HIV-cell interactions that play such critical roles in the persistence of virus, immune dysregulation, and depletion, we have developed an in situ hybridization method that discriminates multiply spliced from singly or unspliced viral tran scripts. In this report we describe the method and the results obtained with it in an analysis of the switch from latent to productive infection of chronically infected T lymphocytes in culture. We found with this single-cell technique that there are two subpopulations in the culture, a minor one of productively infected cells and a major one of latently infected cells in which only low levels of viral transcripts terminated close to the 5′ end of the viral genome were detected. Shortly after activation of viral gene expression with phorbol ester, transcripts encoding Tat and Rev increase in abundancy in individual latently infected cells and this is followed by increases in and cytoplasmic export of singly or unspliced mRNAs encoding structural proteins. These studies provide insights into the regulation of HIV gene expression from a single-cell perspective and, from that perspective, transcript profiles of productively infected cells as a frame of reference for defining HIV-cell relationships in individual cells in tissue sections.
Mechanistic pathways in phosphate ester photochemistry

Abstract Initial bond breaking processes (homolysis vs heterolysis) of phosphate ester photosolvolysis were probed by chemically trapping the reactive intermediates with a tethered 5-hexenyl group. The resulting mechanistic picture is a blend of homolytic and heterolytic pathways, where the heterolytic cleavage is dominant.