cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wireless charger deployment for an electric bus network: A multi-objective life cycle optimization

Abstract Deploying large-scale wireless charging infrastructure at bus stops to charge electric transit buses when loading and unloading passengers requires significant capital investment and brings environmental and energy burdens due to charger production and deployment. Optimal siting of wireless charging bus stops is key to reducing these burdens and enhancing the sustainability performance of a wireless charging bus fleet. This paper presents a novel multi-objective optimization model framework based on life cycle assessment (LCA) for siting wireless chargers in a multi-route electric bus system. Compared to previous studies, this multi-objective optimization framework evaluates not only the minimization of system-level costs, but also newly incorporates the objectives of minimizing life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy consumption during the entire lifetime of a wireless charging bus system. The LCA-based optimization framework is more comprehensive than previous studies in that it encompasses not only the burdens associated with wireless charging infrastructure deployment, but also the benefits of electric bus battery downsizing and use-phase vehicle energy consumption reduction due to vehicle lightweighting, which are directly related to charger siting. The impact of charger siting at bus stops with different route utility and bus dwell time on battery life is also considered. To demonstrate the model application, the route information of the University of Michigan bus routes is used as a case study. Results from the baseline scenario show that the optimal siting strategies can help reduce life cycle costs, GHG, and energy by up to 13%, 8%, and 8%, respectively, compared to extreme cases of “no charger at any bus stop” and “chargers at every stop”. Further sensitivity analyses indicate that the optimization results are sensitive to the initial battery unit price ($/kWh), charging power rate (kW), charging infrastructure costs, and battery life estimation methods.
Carotenoids in Photosynthetic Bacterial Reaction Centers: Structure, Spectroscopy, and Photochemistry

This chapter discusses the structure, spectroscopy, and photochemistry of carotenoids bound to photosynthetic bacterial reaction centers (RCs). All RCs isolated from wild-type strains of purple photosynthetic bacterial species contain one specifically bound carotenoid molecule per RC pigment–protein complex. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction investigations of the carotenoid-containing RC pigment-protein complexes of Rhodopseudomonas viridis and Rhodobacter sphaeroides have elucidated the structure and location of the carotenoid relative to the other bound cofactors. These and previous spectroscopic studies have led to various suggestions concerning the mechanism of photoprotection by the carotenoid. The location and approximate stereochemistry of the carotenoid are highly suggestive of various mechanisms by which the molecule can protect the photosynthetic apparatus. The chapter further discusses the photochemistry of carotenoids bound to RC proteins. Although all the pieces of the photoprotection puzzle have yet to be put into place, the RC carotenoid clearly is properly placed and energetically tuned to eliminate triplet states of the primary donor as quickly as they are formed.
The Incorporation of Amino Acids into Polymers ADMET

Amino acid based polymers are of interest for a variety of biomaterial applications including drug delivery, proteomics, and tissue engineering. A new class of polymers bearing amino acids has been prepared using acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) to create copolymers of polyethylene with linear amino alcohol, branched amino acid, or branched dipeptide substituents. The synthesis of the monomers and the polymerization using the second generation Grubbs’ ruthenium catalyst is discussed. The resulting highly functionalized polymers are strong, film-forming materials (moduli up to 220 mPa with up to 260 % elongation) with molecular weights typical of polycondensation polymers, i.e. Nylon and PET.
Heroin: Applikation, Wirkung, Antagonisten und Substituenten

Die Heroiiisucht umfast, wie viele andere Suchtformen, verschiedene Prozesse, die auf unterschiedlichen funktionellen Ebenen wirksam werden. So konnen folgende Ebenen fur eine partielle Erklarung des Heroinkonsums und seiner Auswirkungen herangezogen werden; die physiologische, die individuell psychologische, die soziale und die sozietare Ebene. Die physiologische Ebene, die Gegenstand dieses Kapitels ist, ist fur eine Erklarung der Heroinsucht von besonderer Relevanz, da hierbei die Gewohnung (Toleranz) und die physiologische Abhangigkeit eine wesentliche Rolle spielen. Der erste Teil dieses Kapitels behandelt Aufnahme, Dosierung und Wirkungsmechanismen von Heroin.
Responsive curriculum change: going beyond occupation demands

This experience report highlights one program's approach to curriculum revision as the program moved from being an emphasis within a literature degree to a B.A. degree in technical communication. The major curriculum was designed by researching state and regional needs for technical communication education in addition to using research already conducted and published in the field. Through an examination of the skills technical communicators needed to be successful in the workplace and how those skills transfer to other related occupations, we were able to build a successful major. The revised curriculum used an interdisciplinary approach to include courses in technical communication, visual design, and public relations. Further, this report discusses the iterative programmatic changes necessary to keep the major current. From alumni interviews and secondary research on changes in technical communication, we continue to reassess the skills students need. As a result our program continues to evolve to equip students with technical communication skills that apply to various, related occupations.
Learning and Association of Features for Action Recognition in Streaming Video

We propose a novel framework which learns and associates local motion pattern manifolds in streaming videos using generalized regression neural networks (GRNN) to facilitate real time human action recognition. The motivation is to determine an individual’s action even when the action cycle has not yet been completed. The GRNNs are trained to model the regression function of patterns in latent action space on the input local motion-shape patterns. This manifold learning makes the framework invariant to different sequence length and varying action states. Computation of latent action basis is done using EOF analysis and association of local temporal patterns to an action class at runtime follows a probabilistic formulation. This corresponds to finding the closest estimate the GRNN obtains to the corresponding action basis. Experimental results on two datasets, KTH and the UCF Sports, show accuracy of above 90% obtained from 15 to 25 frames.
Response and Recovery of Horn and Petit Bois Islands, Mississippi, USA to Tropical Cyclone Impacts: 2004-2016

Abstract Horn and Petit Bois islands are two of five Mississippi (MS) barrier islands that provide physical protection from tropical cyclones threatening the MS Gulf Coast, in addition to critical habitat for the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM). In September 2004, Hurricane Ivan removed a large volume of sediment from the eastern ends of Horn and Petit Bois islands with its 1 to 2 m storm surge and ~194 kph wind speeds. Then, in August 2005 Hurricane Katrina severely impacted the two islands again with its 3.5 to 5.5 m storm surge on Horn and Petit Bois islands, and estimated maximum sustained wind speeds of 204 kph at landfall in southeast Louisiana. Using topographic light detection and ranging (LIDAR) datasets from 2004 to 2016, spatial and temporal changes of the islands' area, sediment volumes, and shorelines were measured to ascertain their geomorphic responses and recovery rates following the impacts of these devastating tropical cyclones. During the 2004–05 hurricane seasons, Horn Island lost ~13.3% of its pre-hurricane Ivan land area, lost ~35.9% sediment volume, and had a total average shoreline change rate of −10 m/yr. Petit Bois Island also lost ~13.3% of its pre-Ivan land area, lost ~27% sediment volume, and had a shoreline change rate of −33 m/yr. Between 2005 (post-Katrina) and 2016, Horn Island recouped ~6.6% of its pre-Ivan land area and ~4.3% sediment volume, whereas Petit Bois Island recovered ~4% of its pre-Ivan land area and ~22.9% sediment volume. The overall averaged shoreline change rates between 2004 and 2016 were −2 m/yr for Horn Island and −3 m/yr for Petit Bois Island. These changes reflect that Horn Island is no longer stable, as its sediment supply cannot keep pace with the current rate of sediment loss, and that because Petit Bois Island's narrow central shoreline is retreating at a rate of 10 m/yr, the island is at risk of breaching during the next storm. Highlighting complex island response, the relationship between area and shoreline changes to that of volume changes was inconsistent.
Protection of Distribution System Islands Fed by Inverter-Interfaced Sources

As the penetration of renewable energy resources increases, and standards evolve to accommodate it, it has become a distinct possibility that at least for some periods of times, islands sustained entirely by renewable resources may exist. Most common renewable resources connecting at distribution level may be photovoltaic solar and sometimes wind. These resources connect through inverters and their response to changes in system conditions, including faults, is completely governed by the inverter design and controls. Though many papers are written on microgrid protection, the scenario of 100% renewable fed islands has not been properly addressed from a protection viewpoint. This paper examines the operation of such islands at distribution voltage level, brings out design considerations of such islands, and analyzes protection principles in light of this unique configuration.
Early spring warming may hasten leaf emergence in Erythronium americanum.

PREMISE Climate change is making spring arrive earlier than in the past, causing some species to alter the timing of their spring activities. This study addressed whether Erythronium americanum Ker Gawl. (trout lily), a common spring ephemeral, can emerge earlier if exposed to early spring warming. METHODS I collected corms of Erythronium americanum in the fall, overwintered them in soil, and exposed them to warming in either mid (early treatment) or late (late treatment) February. The timing of leaf emergence was monitored and compared between treatments. RESULTS Leaves exposed to early warming emerged earlier than those in the late treatment. Bud break happened closer to date of exposure to warming in the late treatment than in the early treatment. CONCLUSIONS Spring ephemerals may be able to produce leaves early in response to early spring warming induced by climate change. Risk of late frost and eventual shading by the canopy may limit the duration of a potentially extended growing season.
Kinetic study of hydrogen transport in graphite under molten fluoride salt environment

Abstract In this work, a kinetic model, which describes the reactions occurring during the hydrogen charging process on a graphite surface, was optimized on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopic (EIS) to study the entry of hydrogen into graphite in high temperature molten FLiNaK salt. The results show that the rate constants of k1 increases with decreasing applied potential (becoming more negative), and k2 and k3 are independent of the applied potential. At the same charging potential, all the three rate constants are independent of the water concentration in the FLiNaK salt. The surface coverage of absorbed hydrogen increases with decreasing the charging potential and increasing the moisture content in the salt. The adsorption efficiency of hydrogen increases with increasingly charging potential and decreases with increasing moisture content of the FLiNaK salt. These results demonstrate that EIS is a promising technique for measuring the kinetic parameters for hydrogen transport in graphite under molten fluoride salt environment.
Male preference for conspecific females depends on male size in the splendid darter, Etheostoma barrenense

Mating preferences vary among individuals in response to a number of factors, such as the age and phenotype of the choosing individual. However, studies addressing variation in mating preferences generally focus on female preferences and usually are limited to choice within a species. Variation in preferences likely also exists at the species boundary, affecting an individual’s propensity to mate with heterospecific individuals. In darters (Percidae: Etheostoma), male mating preferences are thought to prevent interbreeding between species, with male preferences for conspecifics sometimes as strong as, or stronger than, females’. In the current study, we tested whether male size and coloration predicts preference for conspecific females in Etheostoma barrenense. Previous studies have shown that males of this species strongly prefer conspecific females relative to females of the sympatric congener, the banded darter, Etheostoma zonale; however, those studies did not consider whether variation in male size or coloration affected preferences. Comparing large and small males of E. barrenense in dichotomous choice assays, we found that larger males exhibited stronger preferences for conspecific females and had proportionally more red coloration than smaller males. The proportion of red coloration did not significantly predict male preferences, suggesting that male size rather than male coloration predicts variation in male mating preferences for conspecific females in E. barrenense. Male size is often considered an indicator of individual quality. Alternatively, size might better reflect age in the focal species, suggesting that experience and learning may shape male preferences for conspecific females.
Tiered Governance and Demonetization: The Shifting Terms of Labor and Compensation in the Platform Economy:

Social media platforms have profoundly transformed cultural production, in part by restructuring the terms by which culture is distributed and paid for. In this article, we examine the YouTube Part...
Tegument Assembly, Secondary Envelopment and Exocytosis

Alphaherpesvirus tegument assembly, secondary envelopment, and exocytosis processes are understood in broad strokes, but many of the individual steps in this pathway, and their molecular and cell biological details, remain unclear. Viral tegument and membrane proteins form an extensive and robust protein interaction network, such that essentially any structural protein can be deleted, yet particles are still assembled, enveloped, and released from infected cells. We conceptually divide the tegument proteins into three groups: conserved inner and outer teguments that participate in nucleocapsid and membrane contacts, respectively; and 'middle' tegument proteins, consisting of some of the most abundant tegument proteins that serve as central hubs in the protein interaction network, yet which are unique to the alphaherpesviruses. We then discuss secondary envelopment, reviewing the tegument-membrane contacts and cellular factors that drive this process. We place this viral process in the context of cell biological processes, including the endocytic pathway, ESCRT machinery, autophagy, secretory pathway, intracellular transport, and exocytosis mechanisms. Finally, we speculate about potential relationships between cellular defenses against oligomerizing or aggregating membrane proteins and the envelopment and egress of viruses.
Common and distinct neural substrates of sentence production and comprehension

Functional neuroimaging and lesion-symptom mapping investigations implicate a left frontal-temporal-parietal network for sentence processing. The majority of studies have focused on sentence comprehension, with fewer in the domain of sentence production, which have not fully elucidated overlapping and/or unique brain structures associated with the two domains, particularly for sentences with noncanonical word order. Using voxel-based lesion symptom mapping (VLSM) we examined the relationship between lesions within the left hemisphere language network and both sentence comprehension and production of simple and complex syntactic structures in 76 participants with chronic stroke-induced aphasia. Results revealed shared regions across domains in the anterior and posterior superior temporal gyri (aSTG, pSTG), and the temporal pole (adjusted for verb production/comprehension). Additionally, comprehension was associated with lesions in the anterior and posterior middle temporal gyri (aMTG, pMTG), the MTG temporooccipital regions, SMG/AG, central and parietal operculum, and the insula. Subsequent VLSM analyses (production versus comprehension) revealed critical regions associated with each domain: anterior temporal lesions were associated with production; posterior temporo-parietal lesions were associated with comprehension, implicating important roles for regions within the ventral and dorsal stream processing routes, respectively. Processing of syntactically complex, noncanonical (adjusted for canonical), sentences was associated with damage to the pSTG across domains, with additional damage to the pMTG and IPL associated with impaired sentence comprehension, suggesting that the pSTG is crucial for computing noncanonical sentences across domains and that the pMTG, and IPL are necessary for re-analysis of thematic roles as required for resolution of long-distance dependencies. These findings converge with previous studies and extend our knowledge of the neural mechanisms of sentence comprehension to production, highlighting critical regions associated with both domains, and further address the mechanism engaged for syntactic computation, controlled for the contribution of verb processing.
Role of MicroRNAs in Bone Pathology during Chikungunya Virus Infection

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus, transmitted by mosquitoes, which causes Chikungunya fever with symptoms of fever, rash, headache, and joint pain. In about 30%–40% of cases, the infection leads to polyarthritis and polyarthralgia. Presently, there are no treatment strategies or vaccine for Chikungunya fever. Moreover, the mechanism of CHIKV induced bone pathology is not fully understood. The modulation of host machinery is known to be essential in establishing viral pathogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate major cellular functions by modulating gene expression. Fascinatingly, recent reports have indicated the role of miRNAs in regulating bone homeostasis and altered expression of miRNAs in bone-related pathological diseases. In this review, we summarize the altered expression of miRNAs during CHIKV pathogenesis and the possible role of miRNAs during bone homeostasis in the context of CHIKV infection. A holistic understanding of the different signaling pathways targeted by miRNAs during bone remodeling and during CHIKV-induced bone pathology may lead to identification of useful biomarkers or therapeutics.
Image Processing and Edge Detection Techniques to Quantify Shock Wave Dynamics Experiments

Experimental studies of multiple shock wave interaction to study transition from regular to irregular reflection rely on the processing of a large amount of schlieren photographs. Here we present an automated algorithm to track individual shock fronts and triple points. First, correction to any optical distortions is applied to the photographs. Next, noise removal and edge detection algorithms are implemented to extract the pixel locations of the shocks. The edge detection algorithm takes advantage of the light intensity feature of the shock waves to distinguish shock fronts from background noise. This algorithm is also capable of separating entangled shock fronts through pattern recognition, which utilizes a discretization method to reduce complex shock geometries to localized linear patterns. Collectively, the algorithms can track shock wave characteristics to sub-pixel precision. This algorithm has been deployed for post processing of shock wave experiments to extract shock wave characteristics including positions and propagation velocities of shock fronts, vertical and horizontal velocities of Mach stems, and triple point trajectories during shock-shock interactions. Results show that the algorithm can process large volumes of data with minimal manual operations, making image processing more precise, efficient and productive while allowing for tracking of Mach stems and triple points.
Neighborhood-Aware Neural Architecture Search

Existing neural architecture search (NAS) methods often return an architecture with good search performance but generalizes poorly to the test setting. To achieve better generalization, we propose a novel neighborhood-aware NAS formulation to identify flat-minima architectures in the search space, with the assumption that flat minima generalize better than sharp minima. The phrase ``flat-minima architecture'' refers to architectures whose performance is stable under small perturbations in the architecture (\emph{e.g.}, replacing a convolution with a skip connection). Our formulation takes the ``flatness'' of an architecture into account by aggregating the performance over the neighborhood of this architecture. We demonstrate a principled way to apply our formulation to existing search algorithms, including sampling-based algorithms and gradient-based algorithms. To facilitate the application to gradient-based algorithms, we also propose a differentiable representation for the neighborhood of architectures. Based on our formulation, we propose neighborhood-aware random search (NA-RS) and neighborhood-aware differentiable architecture search (NA-DARTS). Notably, by simply augmenting DARTS~\cite{liu2018darts} with our formulation, NA-DARTS finds architectures that perform better or on par with those found by state-of-the-art NAS methods on established benchmarks, including CIFAR-10, CIAFR-100 and ImageNet.
Generation of Drosophila attP containing cell lines using CRISPR-Cas9

Abstract The generation of Drosophila stable cell lines have become invaluable for complementing in vivo experiments and as tools for genetic screens. Recent advances utilizing attP/PhiC31 integrase system has permitted the creation of Drosophila cells in which recombination mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) can be utilized to generate stably integrated transgenic cell lines that contain a single copy of the transgene at the desired locus. Current techniques, besides being laborious and introducing extraneous elements, are limited to a handful of cell lines of embryonic origin. Nonetheless, with well over 100 Drosophila cell lines available, including an ever-increasing number CRISPR/Cas9 modified cell lines, a more universal methodology is needed to generate a stably integrated transgenic line from any one of the available Drosophila melanogaster cell lines. Here we describe a toolkit and procedure that combines CRISPR/Cas9 and the PhiC31 integrase system. We have generated and isolated single cell clones containing an Actin5C::dsRed cassette flanked by attP sites into the genome of Kc167 and S2R+ cell lines that mimic the in vivo attP sites located at 25C6 and 99F8 of the Drosophila genome. Furthermore, we tested the functionality of the attP docking sites utilizing two independent GFP expressing constructs flanked by attB sites that permit RMCE and therefore the insertion of any DNA of interest. Lastly, to demonstrate the universality of our methodology and existing constructs, we have successfully integrated the Actin5C::dsRed cassette flanked by attP sites into two different CNS cell lines, ML-DmBG2-c2 and ML-DmBG3-c2. Overall, the reagents and methodology reported here permit the efficient generation of stable transgenic cassettes with minimal change in the cellular genomes in existing D. melanogaster cell lines.
Unmaking: Enabling and Celebrating the Creative Material of Failure, Destruction, Decay, and Deformation

The access and growing ubiquity of digital fabrication has ushered in a celebration of creativity and “making.” However, the focus is often on the resulting static artifact or the creative process and tools to design it. We envision a post-making process that extends past these final static objects — not just in their making but in their “unmaking.” By drawing from artistic movements such as Auto-Destructive Art, intentionally inverting well-established engineering principles of structurally sound designs, and safely misusing unstable materials, we demonstrate an important extension to making — unmaking. In this paper, we provide designers with a new vocabulary of unmaking operations within standard 3D modeling tools. We demonstrate how such designs can be realized using a novel multi-material 3D printing process. Finally, we detail how unmaking allows designs to change over time, is an ally to sustainability and re-usability, and captures themes of “aura,” emotionality, and personalization.
Food Additives: Are There Behavioral Risks?

Food additives are substances deliberately added to food for such purposes as extending shelf life, protecting nutritional value, enhancing flavor, and improving color. It is estimated that from 2,500 to 3,000 agents are presently being used as food additives.
The Road to Hawikuh: Trade and Trade Routes to Cibola-Zuni During Late Prehistoric and Early Historic Times

ABSTRACTThe “province” of Cibola and specifically the important center of Hawikuh was by the 16th century the focal point of both east-west and north-south trade routes and had a major role in linking the American Southwest with Mesoamerica. Southern influences into Cibola-Zuni can be traced for several hundred years before Spanish contact times. It is possible that in the late 15th and 16th centuries, pochteca-like groups, originally operating in the central Pueblo area, shifted their base of operations to the east and west peripheries of the region. However, the geographic position of Cibola-Zuni (like Pecos in the east) may have been the important factor in making Hawikuh and other Zuni towns important trade centers.
The Design Study Library: Compiling, Analyzing and Using Biologically Inspired Design Case Studies

We describe an interactive tool called the Design Study Library (DSL) that provides access to a digital library of case studies of biologically inspired design. Each case study in DSL describes a project in biologically inspired design from the inception of a design problem to the completion of a conceptual design. The approximately 70 case studies in DSL come from several years of collaborative design projects in an interdisciplinary class on biologically inspired design. Compilation of these case studies enables deeper analysis of biologically inspired design projects. An analysis of some 40 case studies indicates that environmental sustainability was a major factor in about two thirds of the projects. DSL also appears to support learning about biologically inspired design. Preliminary results from a small, formative pilot study indicate that DSL supports learning about the processes of biologically inspired design.
Multiscale tensor anisotropic filtering of fluorescence microscopy for denoising microvasculature

Fluorescence microscopy images are contaminated by noise and improving image quality without blurring vascular structures by filtering is an important step in automatic image analysis. The application of interest here is to automatically extract the structural components of the microvascular system with accuracy from images acquired by fluorescence microscopy. A robust denoising process is necessary in order to extract accurate vascular morphology information. For this purpose, we propose a multiscale tensor with anisotropic diffusion model which progressively and adaptively updates the amount of smoothing while preserving vessel boundaries accurately. Based on a coherency enhancing flow with planar confidence measure and fused 3D structure information, our method integrates multiple scales for microvasculature preservation and noise removal membrane structures. Experimental results on simulated synthetic images and epifluorescence images show the advantage of our improvement over other related diffusion filters. We further show that the proposed multiscale integration approach improves de-noising accuracy of different tensor diffusion methods to obtain better microvasculature segmentation.
Rationalizing Antitrust Cluster Markets

t I would like to thank Peter Ezersky, Al Klevorick and Richard Schmalensee for helpful comments. Special thanks go to Thomas Welch for piquing my interest in this subject and to Walter Vandaele for encouraging my research. 1. The courts' objective in defining the relevant line of commerce for antitrust purposes has been "to recognize competition where, in fact, competition exists." Brown Shoe Co. v. United States, 370 U.S. 294, 326 (1962). Because substitutes compete, substitutability in demand or supply has been the prime criterion for setting the boundaries of a market. United States v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 351 U.S. 377, 395 (1956) (goods that are "reasonably interchangeable by consumers" should be placed in the same market); Brown Shoe Co., 370 U.S. at 325 n.42 ("cross-elasticity of production facilities may also be an important factor in defining a product market"). By this substitutability criterion, if an antitrust defendant produced several goods (that is, was a multiproduct firm), a separate market would be defined for each of the defendant's products, consisting of each product's respective substitutes. See U.S. Dep't of Justice, Merger Guidelines, 49 Fed. Reg. 26,823, 26,828 (1984) [hereinafter cited as "Guidelines"] ("The Department will first determine the relevant product market with respect to each of the products of each of the merging firms."). For a general discussion of antitrust market definition, see R. POSNER & F. EASTERBROOK, ANTITRUST 347-85 (2d ed. 1981). 2. "Tied products" are those which sellers require to be purchased together. In cluster cases, defendant firms offer to sell a number of "untied products," but do not require that they be purchased together. See R. POSNER & F. EASTERBROOK, supra note 1, at 802 (discussing tying arrangements). 3. This point was explicitly made by the court in JBL Enter. v. Jhirmack Enter., 509 F. Supp. 357, 368-69 (N.D. Cal. 1981), affd, 698 F.2d 1011 (9th Cir. 1983) (full-line cluster of beauty products held to be relevant market even though individual products were "not interchangeable for the end user" and there was no production flexibility). See also United States v. A.T.&T., 524 F. Supp. 1336, 1375 (D.D.C. 1981) ("[uIn United States v. Grinnell [384 U.S. 563 (1966)] the Supreme Court aggregated central fire alarm and burglar alarm systems without suggesting that these services are economic substitutes to any extent."). Some courts, however, seem to have clustered products on the basis of supply substitutability. For example, in United States v. Hughes Tool Co., 415 F. Supp. 637 (C.D. Cal. 1976) (clustering specialized surface rotary drilling products), while the court did not explicitly define the market on the basis of supply substitutability, it found that "any large heavy machinery manufacturer would have plant facilities, personnel and at least basic equipment to go into production on any of these products . . .within a relatively short period of time." Id. at 642. This description fits the classic definition of supply substitutability. See R. POSNER & F. EASTERBROOK, supra note 1, at 352. See also FTC v.
Keeping Qualified Special Educators under the Big Sky.

The Montana Office of Public Instruction Special Education Endorsement Project is an alternative certification program for special educators. Begun in 1988 by the Montana Comprehensive System of Pe...
Integrin-Linked Kinase: A Multi-functional Regulator Modulating Extracellular Pressure-Stimulated Cancer Cell Adhesion through Focal Adhesion Kinase and AKT

Cell adhesion is important in cancer metastasis. Malignant cells in cancer patients may be exposed to physical forces such as extracellular pressure and shear, that stimulate their adhesion to matrix proteins, endothelium and surgical wounds. Pressure induces phosphorylation of AKT and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which are required for pressure-stimulated cancer cell adhesion, but what mediates this effect is unknown. ILK may influence cell adhesion and FAK and AKT phosphorylation in other settings. We therefore hypothesized that ILK might also regulate pressure-stimulated cancer cell adhesion through AKT and FAK phosphorylation. Silencing ILK by siRNA reduced basal cancer cell adhesion and prevented the stimulation of adhesion by pressure. ILK mediated pressure-stimulated adhesion through specifically regulating phosphorylation of AKT at Ser473 and FAK at Tyr397 and 576 as well as ILK association with FAK and AKT. The siRNA-mediated loss of function of ILK in regulating increase in adhesion by pressure was not rescued by overexpression of alpha-parvin, an important ILK binding partner, although pressure promoted ILK-alpha-parvin association and translocated both ILK and alpha-parvin from cytosol to membrane/cytoskeleton. ILK may be a key mediator of mechanotransduced signals in cancer cells and an important therapeutic target to inhibit metastatic cancer cell adhesion.
Tyrosine residue 719 of the c-kit receptor is essential for binding of the P85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase and for c-kit-associated PI 3-kinase activity in COS-1 cells

The receptor tyrosine kinase c-kit is thought to mediate its diverse effects on different cell lineages by association and activation of distinct second messenger systems. One of the immediate events after binding of the kit ligand to the receptor is its association with the 85-kDa subunit (p85) of the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase and the activation of the enzyme. In the present study, we examined the association and activation of PI 3-kinase with mutant forms of the c-kit receptor transiently expressed in COS-1 cells. To define the binding site of p85 we substituted the putative tyrosine phosphorylation sites in the kinase insert region of the c-kit receptor by phenylalanine (YF702, YF719, YF728, and YF745, respectively). The results indicate that, upon stimulation of cells with kit ligand, 1) the wild-type c-kit protein was readily autophosphorylated and autophosphorylation was not diminished significantly with any of the mutant proteins; 2) p85 and PI 3-kinase activity associated with wild-type c-Kit protein as well as with the mutant proteins YF702, YF728, and YF745. Ligand-induced association of p85 and PI 3-kinase activity were abolished with the YF719 c-Kit protein, and this was not due to different levels of expression of p85 or c-kit; and 3) c-kit receptor-bound p85 was not phosphorylated on tyrosine residues. These results indicate that tyrosine 719 within the 719YMDM motif in the kinase insert plays an important role in binding of p85 and that its phosphorylation is a prerequisite for binding of p85 and the subsequent activation of PI 3-kinase.
Why BSP computers? (bulk-synchronous parallel computers)

The author gives a summary of some of the arguments favoring the adoption of the bulk-synchronous parallel (BSP) model as a standard for parallel computing. First, he argues that for parallel computing to become a major industry, agreement has to be reached on a standard model at a level intermediate between the language and architecture levels. He goes on to list the factors that make the BSP model attractive as a standard at this intermediate or bridging level. Finally, he provides some reasons for favoring it over the shared memory or PRAM model which is an alternative candidate for this role. >
HEALTH SERVICES FOR CHILDREN IN SOME WESTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES: THEIR SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE UNITED STATES

A personal survey was made during the fall of 1967 of child health services in selected western European countries. Particular attention was given to the different roles of government and private practice in the delivery of health services to children, the amount and kinds of preventive health services provided in public health clinics and school health services, availability of health personnel, and the training of physicians and nurses involved in health services for children. There appears to be widespread acceptance of the point of view that good health is a right of all children. Implementation of this point of view has gone forward in all countries while maintaining the concept of private practice and free choice of physician.
Nonlinear scattering theory at low energy: Sequel☆

Abstract We extend the nonlinear scattering theory and apply it to Schrodinger and Klein-Gordon equations with various kinds of nonlinear terms, including some nonlocal ones.
Surgeon as educator: bedside ultrasound in hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.

Objective Our institution has demonstrated the diagnostic accuracy of surgeon-performed ultrasound (US) in the diagnosis of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS). Moreover, we have also shown this modality to be accurate and reproducible through surgeon-to-surgeon instruction. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a surgical resident with experience in diagnosing HPS can teach pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) fellows, with little experience in sonography, to accurately measure the pyloric channel with bedside US. Methods A surgical resident with experience in diagnosing HPS with US-proctored 4 emergency medicine fellows for 5 bedside US examinations each. A PEM fellow, who was blinded to the results from the radiology department US, then performed bedside US and measured the pyloric channel in patients presenting to the emergency department with HPS. Results between the radiology department and the fellows were compared using the Student t test. Results In total, 18 USs were performed on 17 patients. There were no false-negative or false-positive results. There was no statistical difference between the radiology department and fellow measurement when evaluating muscle width (p = 0.21, mean deviation = 0.2 mm) or channel length (p = 0.47, mean deviation = 0.6 mm). Conclusion Bedside-performed US technique for measuring the pylorus length and width in patients with HPS is reproducible and accurate when taught to PEM providers. The learning curve for this technique is short.
Surgical treatment of cryptorchidism

In the last 12 years, 916 cryptorchid testes have been treated sequentially with therapeutic and surgical procedures. Although the age of the boys varied considerably at the time that corrective procedures commenced, the best results were obtained when they were in the first year of life. The testes of the boys at this age who had been treated had a normal histology; this was not the case of those who were treated at an age older than one year.
The magnetoresistivity anisotropy measurements in NiFe and NiPd single-crystal thin films

Abstract It is demonstrated that the magnetoresistivity anisotropy coefficients of ferromagnetic crystals can be directly measured in single-crystal thin films. The results measured in NiFe and NiPd crystal systems indicate that the various anisotropy coefficients have different compositional dependences.
A 72mW 0.03mm2 Inductorless 40Gb/s CDR in 65nm SOI CMOS

A quarter-rate CDR circuit is based on a dual-loop approach where sampling phases are generated by a phase-programmable PLL that is controlled by a digital DLL. Implemented in 65nm SOI CMOS, the chip occupies 0.03mm2 and consumes 1.8mW/Gb/s. Measurements confirm 40Gb/s operation with a BER <10-12 at a maximum frequency-offset of 400ppm. The phase relation between data and edge samples can be programmed within plusmn0.1 UI.
On the additive structure of a class of ordered semirings

In this paper we shall determine the additive structure of totally ordered semirings if its multiplicative structure is a right naturally ordered o-Archimedean semigroup.
A model for lignin alteration - Part II: Numerical model of natural gas generation and application to the Piceance Basin, Western Colorado

The model presented here simulates a network of parallel and sequential reactions that describe the structural and chemical transformation of lignin-derived sedimentary organic matter (SOM) and the resulting generation of mobile species from shallow burial to approximately low-volatile bituminous rank. The model is calibrated to the Upper Cretaceous Williams Fork Formation coal of the Piceance Basin at the Multi-Well Experiment (MWX) Site, assuming this coal is largely derived from lignin. The model calculates the content of functional groups on the residual molecular species, C, H, and O elemental weight percents of the residual species, and moles of residual molecular species and mobile species (including components of natural gas) through time. The model is generally more sensitive to initial molecular structure of the lignin-derived molecule and the H2O content of the system than to initial temperature, as the former affect the fundamental reaction paths. The model is used to estimate that a total of 314 trillion cubic feet (tcf) of methane is generated by the Williams Fork coal over the basin history.
Tracts of Adenosine and Cytidine Residues in the Genomes of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Large segments of the S. cerevisiae, C. elegans, D. mela-nogaster, mouse, and human genomes, as well as the genomes of four bacterial species, have been analyzed for the occurrence of tracts of separated, alternating, and mixed adenosine and cytidine residues. Several surprising features have been observed. Although both yeast and nematode DNA are rich in AT base pairs, the genomes of these organisms have widely different biases for long homonucleotide tracts. Yeast has many long tracts of oligoadenosine, while C. elegans has an extraordinary abundance of oligocytidine tracts. Tracts of alternating A-C residues are overrep-resented in most eukaryotic organisms examined. Tracts of mixed adenosine and cytidine residues, however, are especially frequent in the human genome.
Interleukin-10 Expression in Macrophages during Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells Is Mediated by Homeodomain Proteins Pbx1 and Prep-1

Production of interleukin (IL)-10, a major immunoregulatory cytokine, by phagocytes during clearance of apoptotic cells is critical to ensuring cellular homeostasis and suppression of autoimmunity. Little is known about the regulatory mechanisms in this fundamental process. We report that IL-10 production stimulated by apoptotic cells was regulated at the point of transcription in a manner dependent on p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, partially on the scavenger receptor CD36, and required cell-cell contact but not phagocytosis. By using a reporter assay, we mapped the apoptotic-cell-response element (ACRE) in the human IL10 promoter and provide biochemical and physiological evidence that ACRE mediates the transcriptional activation of IL10 by pre-B cell leukemia transcription factor-1b and another Hox cofactor Pbx-regulating protein 1 in response to apoptotic cells. This study establishes a role of two developmentally critical factors (Pbx1 and Prep-1) in the regulation of homeostasis in the immune system.
Bms1p, a novel GTP-binding protein, and the related Tsr1p are required for distinct steps of 40S ribosome biogenesis in yeast.

Bms1p and Tsr1p define a novel family of proteins required for synthesis of 40S ribosomal subunits in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Both are essential and localize to the nucleolus. Tsr1p shares two extended regions of similarity with Bms1p, but the two proteins function at different steps in 40S ribosome maturation. Inactivation of Bms1p blocks at an early step, leading to disappearance of 20S and 18S rRNA precursors. Also, slight accumulation of an aberrant 23S product and significant 35S accumulation are observed, indicating that pre-rRNA processing at sites A0 ,A 1, and A2 is inhibited. In contrast, depletion of Tsr1p results in accumulation of 20S rRNA. Because processing of 20S to 18S rRNA occurs in the cytoplasm, this suggests that Tsr1p is required for assembly of a transport- or maturationcompetent particle or is specifically required for transport of 43S pre-ribosomal particles, but not 60S ribosome precursors, from the nucleus to the cytosol. Finally, Bms1p is a GTP-binding protein, the first found to function in ribosome assembly or rRNA processing.
Total ankle arthroplasty: deja vu

Surgeons have a unique love–hate relationship with joint-replacement surgery. It has a mystical and elusive quality that always draws us back into its lure. Over the past 30 years, the quest for the ‘‘perfect’’ hip and knee replacement have yielded many changes. Some have stood the test of time, but many have been miserable failures. Through it all, there has been a steady increase in our knowledge and understanding of joint-replacement surgery, and we currently can recommend replacement surgery to our patients with at least some certainty. At present, surgeons are comfortable with the procedures and even with the long-term outcomes of hip and knee replacements. We can relate to the sincere and absolute gratitude of a patient who, after suffering from a debilitating joint problem, comes walking into the office 6 months after surgery. A good hip or knee replacement gives patients a new lease on life and places surgeons in the enviable position of ‘‘noble saviors.’’ Once again, our quest for perfection has expanded to include the ankle joint. The first-generation ankle replacements of the ’70s and ’80s, however, resulted in dissatisfaction and poor results—so poor that virtually no one wanted to mention the forbidden subject. With time, though, the wounds healed somewhat, and curiosity resurfaced, leading to a new wave of ankle replacements. It is a new and exciting frontier again, with many surgeons hoping to be on the wagon that arrives in the land of grateful patients and long-lasting ankle replacements. This, however, is where we must stop for a reality check. Most surgeons can remember quite vividly the lean times when our first failed joint-replacement patient walked into the office—especially if it occurred in the first year or two after implantation—setting us on the winding and treacherous road of revision. These failures reinforced the knowledge that once you perform a joint replace-
Stress Intensity Factor of Thermal Fatigue Crack in High Temperature

Stress intensity factor of thermal fatigue crack was calculated within one cycle by using finite element method in consideration of the multi-linear kinematic hardening characteristic of a material. The affection of loading sequence to stress intensity factor was studied under circularly variational temperature by comparing to that in one cycle. The low temperature cycle can not affect the stress intensity factor of latter cycles with high temperature; but high temperature cycle can affect the stress intensity factor of latter cycles with low temperature, and make it be equal to that of the high temperature cycle.
The Synergistic Combination of Research, Education, and International Robot Competitions Through the Development of a Humanoid Robot

This paper presents our experience of how a graduate research project on humanoid robots was successfully fused together with undergraduate design projects, which also resulted in successful spin-off teams for international robot competitions. The research portion of the project and some of the technical details of the development of the humanoid robot is presented, followed by discussions of the motivation, operation, results, and lessons learned for the organization of the undergraduate senior capstone design projects and the competition, including the roles of the graduate students as mentors. Our approach resulted in not only a successful sponsored research program, but also a number of awards in design competitions, international robot competitions, and best paper awards.Copyright © 2008 by ASME