cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Reflection on Furman

Much of the legal assault upon capital punishment that led to Furman v. Georgia pointed to the infrequent imposition of the death penalty in general. It also pointed to the death penalty’s disproportionate application to racial minorities and the poor. The opposition movement’s major thrust was that the capital punishment system was capricious. They urged that remedial responses should include a narrowing of jury discretion in sentencing. There has been much debate over the range of discretion allowed a Texas jury in the penalty phase of a capital case. This give and take has proved to be less an exercise in implementing Furman than a struggle between prosecutors and defense counsel for trial advantage. In this competition, prosecutors have been more effective. Therefore, the large difficulty is the quality of representation at trial. The trial of a capital case requires more than a skill set adequate to many other criminal cases. It requires a command of procedure and substance unique to capital cases. In Texas, the most active state in the carrying out of death sentences, we have often failed to live up to our ideal of justice. The failure of lawyers, judges, prosecutors, and defense counsel to perform as professionals is now well-documented. While this is a sad story, there is some good news. Progress is being made in training trial counsel and judges, and law-related member organizations are working hard to regain their footing. Much remains to be done, but the good news is that the shortcomings are documented and their treatment is underway.
Automated delineation and characterization of drumlins using a localized contour tree approach

Abstract Drumlins are ubiquitous landforms in previously glaciated regions, formed through a series of complex subglacial processes operating underneath the paleo-ice sheets. Accurate delineation and characterization of drumlins are essential for understanding the formation mechanism of drumlins as well as the flow behaviors and basal conditions of paleo-ice sheets. Automated mapping of drumlins is particularly important for examining the distribution patterns of drumlins across large spatial scales. This paper presents an automated vector-based approach to mapping drumlins from high-resolution light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data. The rationale is to extract a set of concentric contours by building localized contour trees and establishing topological relationships. This automated method can overcome the shortcomings of previously manual and automated methods for mapping drumlins, for instance, the azimuthal biases during the generation of shaded relief images. A case study was carried out over a portion of the New York Drumlin Field. Overall 1181 drumlins were identified from the LiDAR-derived DEM across the study region, which had been underestimated in previous literature. The delineation results were visually and statistically compared to the manual digitization results. The morphology of drumlins was characterized by quantifying the length, width, elongation ratio, height, area, and volume. Statistical and spatial analyses were conducted to examine the distribution pattern and spatial variability of drumlin size and form. The drumlins and the morphologic characteristics exhibit significant spatial clustering rather than randomly distributed patterns. The form of drumlins varies from ovoid to spindle shapes towards the downstream direction of paleo ice flows, along with the decrease in width, area, and volume. This observation is in line with previous studies, which may be explained by the variations in sediment thickness and/or the velocity increases of ice flows towards ice front.
Concurrent insomnia and habitual snoring are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Abstract Objectives Pregnant women report disturbed sleep, including habitual snoring and insomnia. The co-occurrence among non-pregnant cohorts is 30%–50% with increased risk for adverse health outcomes. To date, no study has examined the comorbid status or impact in pregnant women. Methods The prevalence of insomnia (INS) and habitual snoring (HS) were examined in 439 women in the third trimester (34.1 ± 3.7 weeks). Habitual snoring (snoring ≥3 times/week) was self-reported. Insomnia was determined using the Insomnia Symptom Questionnaire (ISQ). Results Four groups emerged: HS−/ISQ− (n = 161; 36.7%), HS−/ISQ+ (n = 146; 33.3%), HS+/ISQ− (n = 63; 14.4%), and HS+/ISQ+ (n = 69; 15.7%). Logistic regression models revealed both independent associations, as well as comorbid HS/INS status with excessive daytime sleepiness (aOR 3.8, 95%CI 2.3–6.5, p Conclusions Both insomnia alone and comorbid insomnia/habitual snoring were associated with adverse outcomes even after accounting for confounders. These findings are clinically relevant since adverse pregnancy outcomes may have severe consequences for both mother and baby. In order to mitigate these outcomes, identifying viable treatment(s) for women at risk should be considered a high priority.
Dynamic equilibrium of sandbar position and height along a low wave energy micro-tidal coast

Abstract Nearshore sandbars play an essential role in dissipating incident wave energy and protecting the beach landward. Thus, understanding the dynamic equilibrium of nearshore bars is valuable to beach management and shore protection. This study examines the sandbar equilibrium in terms of bar height and cross-shore bar location, in order to assess how the dynamic equilibrium is maintained and influenced by storms along a low wave energy micro-tidal coast. The bar height and bar position were extracted from 51 beach profiles surveyed every two months, spaced at 300 m along a 15-km stretch of beach from October 2010 to August 2014. For the studied coast, alongshore variation in equilibrium bar position measured from the shoreline ranges between 40 and 80 m and equilibrium bar height between 0.20 and 0.70 m. Greater equilibrium sandbar height tends to occur around a headland, where waves are higher. Alongshore variations of bar behavior were observed during storms, with both onshore and offshore bar migration observed during one storm. Water depth over the pre-storm sandbar crest is a major factor controlling the storm-induced onshore or offshore bar migration. On average, the depth over the onshore migrating sandbar is found to be 0.20 m deeper than that over the offshore migrating bar during both summer and winter storms. There is no significant correlation between incident wave angle and sandbar height changes, while significant correlation exists between wave angle and sandbar movement under certain wave conditions, with more oblique waves being associated with further offshore movement of the sandbar. Energetic storm conditions tend to make the bar higher than the equilibrium height, while post-storm adjustment would restore the equilibrium height within 4–6 months. Although the exact values may vary at different locations, the concept of dynamic equilibrium of bar height and distance to shoreline could apply at many locations.
Relationship between portopulmonary hypertension and splenectomy: Mayo Clinic experience and review of published works.

Background & Aims Portopulmonary hypertension is a serious complication of portal hypertension that can lead to right heart failure and death. To our knowledge, an association between portopulmonary hypertension and prior splenectomy has not been described previously. The goals of this study were to describe the frequency of splenectomy in portopulmonary hypertension and compare selected parameters between portopulmonary hypertension subgroups. Methods Retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with portopulmonary hypertension between 01/01/1988 – 06/30/2015 at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. Compared age, sex, right ventricle systolic pressure by echocardiography, and right heart catheterization measurements/calculations among subgroups of portopulmonary hypertension patients with splenectomy and/or autoimmune liver disease (autoimmune hepatitis/primary biliary cirrhosis/primary sclerosing cholangitis). Results Cohort of 141 patients. 8 (6%) with history of splenectomy prior to the development of portopulmonary hypertension. 27 (19%) portopulmonary hypertension patients had autoimmune liver disease; 5/8 (62.5%) of splenectomized portopulmonary hypertension patients had autoimmune liver disease. No significant difference was noted in right heart catheterization measurements/calculations between splenectomized and non splenectomized portopulmonary hypertension patients. Right ventricle systolic pressure by echocardiography was significantly higher in those splenectomized. Conclusions Prior history of splenectomy in portopulmonary hypertension was 6% in this cohort. The combination of autoimmune liver disease and splenectomy in portopulmonary hypertension was not uncommon. The history of splenectomy in patients with portal hypertension and/or autoimmune liver may have clinical implications.
Application of Eye Tracking Technology in Naturalistic Usability Assessment of an Academic Library Website

The current research assesses the usability of an academic library website. This approach is based on visualization of visual attention and learnability of the website. Ten freshmen students, as novice users, and three librarians, as expert users, participated in this research. Seventeen tasks were developed; these tasks were informational searches, some completed up to two or three times in order to assess the learning curves of participants. The librarians’ task times were treated as the benchmark “golden times” that a novice user would approach with experience. An eye tracker was used to assess usability. It was of particular interest to (1) identify the areas of the library website that are not clear to novice users and (2) to measure the learning curve of various informational searches. The results of this research indicated how quickly novice users learned tasks and which areas of the library webpages attract more attention.
CO(2→1) Emission from NGC 3256: An Interacting Pair of Galaxies

At optical wavelengths, characteristic “tails” and chaotic nuclear appearance clearly identify NGC 3256 as an interacting system (Toomre 1977; Schweizer 1986). The newly-constructed, 10.4 m diameter, Leighton telescope of the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO) has been used to acquire observations of this merger in the CO (2→1) transition at 230 GHz. The turbulent nature of NGC 3256 is immediately obvious in Figure 1, a high contrast photograph provided by F. Schweizer, where circles representing the beam (30″ FWHM) indicate the positions observed.
Procurement from Developing Countries

In 2008, world trade amounted to over $15.8 trillion, and developing countries were the origin of 38 % of worldwide exports. In every case, a sourcing (buying) decision had to be made, and as we shall show, global logistics is both a logical and essential component in these decisions. This chapter first reviews the motivation for global sourcing/procurement and the role of logistics in executing this strategy. Then we indicate how procurement managers and their logistics service providers can obtain the necessary information to evaluate logistics capabilities throughout the world. Finally, we illustrate the importance of global logistics to sourcing/procurement through an Appendix, a case study that spans the U.S./Mexico border.
The global risks of increasing reliance on bottled water

The rapid growth of bottled water use in low- and middle-income countries, and its normalization as a daily source of drinking water, does not provide a pathway to universal access. Generous and sustained investment in centralized and community utilities remains the most viable means for achieving safe water access for all.
Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene

Abstract This chapter introduces the concepts that define the mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene, such as elasticity, plasticity, linearity, instability and fracture behaviour. Also introduced are experimental, theoretical and computational approaches to revealing these mechanical properties. The chapter reviews frontier research on the use of experimental and computer modelling to find the mechanical properties of CNTs and graphene. Readers will find the concluding summary of the literature on major mechanical property data particularly useful for research, analysis and application.
Comprehensive optical characterization of atomically thin NbSe 2

Transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have offered experimental access to quantum confinement in one dimension. In recent years, metallic TMDCs like NbSe2 have taken center stage with many of them exhibiting interesting temperature-dependent properties such as charge density waves and superconductivity. In this paper, we perform a comprehensive optical analysis of NbSe2 by utilizing Raman spectroscopy, differential reflectance contrast, and spectroscopic ellipsometry. These analyses, when coupled with Kramers-Kronig analysis, allow us to extract the dielectric functions of bulk and atomically thin NbSe2 and relate them to the resonant behavior of the Raman spectra.
El aula presencial, semipresencial, virtual e invertida: Un estudio comparativo de métodos didácticos en la enseñanza de L2

The purpose of this study is to compare and contrast on-ground, hybrid, online, and flipped teaching techniques in the L2 classroom as to determine which delivery method best promotes student learning, target language use, and language spontaneity among students. Data was collected for three semesters at a college in the Midwestern region of the United States from different sections of the same introductory-level Spanish course. The differences between the class sections was the delivery method (one for each type of the aforementioned methods). A sample group of 53 participants were compared with the on-ground/traditional class section final and oral exams and compared with the on-ground/traditional section using unpaired t tests. Each of the class instructors maintained a journal to document qualitative classroom experiences. The study concludes that no one group performed statistically better than the other group on the oral exams. There were no statistically significant differences on the final exams, except with the online class group which performed worse. The delivery method selected should be based on student, community, and departmental needs. However, instructor journals noted greater target language use in the flipped and hybrid sections.
Emergency Hernia Surgery: What to Know When Evaluating a Patient with an Incarcerated Hernia

Incarcerated hernias are a common problem that requires surgical evaluation. As the incidence continues to rise in the United States, understanding options for management of this problem and outcomes is valuable for both surgeons and patients. For incarcerated hernias that are nonreducible, both open and laparoscopic approaches may be feasible. Decisions about when to operate on a patient that presents with an incarcerated hernia that is eventually able to be reduced can be challenging. This chapter will review the risk factors associated with needing emergency hernia surgery, operative approaches, mesh use, and postoperative complications.
Adherence to follow-up recommendations for babies at risk for pediatric hearing loss.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the families’ compliance with recommendations for continued monitoring of babies with high-risk factors for hearing loss. Methods Hearing screening and follow-up results from 604 babies were tracked across a five-year period. Bivariate analysis, including chi-square analysis, t-tests, and one-way analyses of variance were conducted to test whether various factors predicted likelihood of follow up. Results Although 86% of the babies returned for the initial follow-up appointment, few completed the protocol or were diagnosed with hearing loss (10.3%). Excluding the babies who never returned, the average age for initial assessment was near the recommended 3-month target (3.5 months). However, babies were last seen at 9.4 months on average, which is earlier than recommended. Some factors positively predicted follow-up: receipt of ototoxic medication, hyperbilirubinemia requiring transfusion, ECMO, syndromes associated with hearing loss, craniofacial anomalies, and passing the newborn hearing screening. Others were negatively predictive: NICU stay >5 days, younger maternal age, and failing the newborn screening. There was no relationship between the results of the last test and whether the families continued with monitoring. Babies with risks categorized as more likely to be associated with delayed onset hearing loss were more often late to the initial follow up, but also followed up for a longer period of time. Conclusions These results demonstrate the need to focus on the barriers unique to babies with risk factors for late onset/progressive hearing loss in addition to those barriers that generally affect loss to follow up. Tools for parental engagement are recommended.
Reproductive Labor in a Participataory Socialist Society

This article proposes concrete ways to organize and reward reproductive labor in a participatory socialist, feminist society. Feminist literature has convincingly documented myriad ways in which th...
Wavefront distortions in an oscillating resonant galvanometric optical scanner

Dynamic distortions of a resonant galvanometric scanner were measured using a Shack- Hartmann wavefront sensor and a 680 nm modulated light source. We found wavefront RMS errors that reduce the Strehl ratio below the diffraction limit.
Introducing New Editorial Leadership.

I am pleased to introduce this issue of the Journal of Gerontological Social Work; it is my first as Editor-in-Chief. It also represents the first issue with an Associate Editor. Megumi Inoue, an A...
Shock-wave distortion cancellation using numerical recalculated intensity propagation phase holography

Abstract Digital holography is a three-dimensional (3D) measurement technique that can be used to quantitatively determine the size and 3D location of the objects inside a field-of-view. However, in systems where refractive index gradients are present, variations in optical phase due to high-speed shock-waves or low-speed thermal gradients can cause distortions that obscure objects. While techniques like phase-conjugate digital in-line holography and iterative phase measurement techniques have been developed in the past for phase removal or phase measurement, they require either nonlinear four-wave-mixing or iterative algorithms to operate. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel recalculated intensity propagation phase holography (RIPPH) method that captures distorted holograms using low-power continuous lasers, refocuses the hologram to the plane of the distortion, and cancels the phase distortion numerically in a single post-processing step. The resulting hologram can be numerically refocused to provide distortion-free 3D information describing objects that absorb or scatter light. In RIPPH, only the approximate z -locations of the phase distortions are needed, making this method significantly faster to compute than phase retrieval methods. Theoretical simulations are first used to describe and assess the distortion removal process. Experiments are then conducted to demonstrate at least 3 × lower edge distortion for RIPPH compared to traditional digital in-line holography. We demonstrate, for the first time, how phase distortions from supersonic air jets, particle-laden spherically expanding shock-waves, and convectively-driven thermal gradients are numerically cancelled and show how objects of interest are accurately recovered.
Association Between Racial Disparities in Hospital Length of Stay and the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program.

Background:On average Black patients have longer LOS than comparable White patients. Longer hospital length of stay (LOS) may be associated with higher readmission risk. However, evidence suggests ...
Hematologic Diseases in the Elderly

Although hematopoietic and immunologic parameters undergo a myriad of changes with age, the majority of these changes are clinically insignificant. As this cell population is exquisitely sensitive to changes in general health, surveys attempting to establish “normal” values by screening large numbers of geriatric patients must stringently exclude intercurrent illness.
Constraining Cognitive Abstractions Through Bayesian Modeling

There are many ways to combine neural and behavioral measures to study cognition. Some ways are theoretical, and other ways are statistical. The predominant statistical approach treats both sources of data as independent and the relationship between the two measures is inferred by way of a (post hoc) regression analysis. In this chapter, we review an alternative approach that allows for flexible modeling of both measures simultaneously. We then explore and elaborate on several of the most important benefits of this modeling approach, and close with a model comparison of the Linear Ballistic Accumulator model and a drift diffusion model on neural and behavioral data.
Educational Testing: Measuring and Remedying Achievement Gaps

Achievement gaps, as measured by standardized tests, are inextricably related to educational goals, standards, norms, and benchmarks for student learning outcomes. I revisit conventional approaches to educational testing to measure achievement gaps—norm-referenced, criterion-referenced, and potential-referenced tests. I explore and discuss a paradigm shift from “passive” tests to “responsive” tests that promotes the diagnosis and remediation of achievement gaps. Particularly, I propose an environment-referenced approach to testing with the specification of desired learning opportunities and environment conditions that enable students to meet upgraded achievement norms, standards, and benchmarks. Keywords: testing; learning; achievement gap; norm-referenced test; criterion-referenced test; potential-referenced test; environment-referenced test
The Evolving Bankruptcy Bench: How are the "Units" Faring?

Life on the bankruptcy bench has evolved in recent years. This Article examines these changes from the perspective of bankruptcy judges themselves. Randomly selected bankruptcy judges were surveyed on a variety of topics including law clerks, job satisfaction, case management, bankruptcy appellate panel service, prior career, and publication of opinions. This Article compiles and analyzes the results of those surveys, and concludes that, overall, bankruptcy judges are satisfied and appear resilient to the changes and frustrations facing the bench.
A concise yet informative stroll through matrix metalloproteinases and TIMPs

Matrix Metalloproteinases and TIMPs by J. Frederick Woessner and Hideaki Nagase Oxford University Press (2000) pp. 223. ISBN 0–19-850268-0 35.00 Ever since Gross discovered that collagenase was responsible for resorption of the tadpole tail, there has been a small group of outstanding scientists that have dedicated their careers to the study of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The family of MMPs has now grown to over 20, and they have been implicated in multiple biological processes drawing the attention of scientists of many disciplines. Two leaders in the field who have ushered in the modern era of MMP biology are Fred Woessner and Hideake Nagase and they share their expertise in Matrix Metalloproteinases and TIMPs. In a concise, yet thorough manner, these authors provide the basic biochemical and biological basis for the study of MMPs. This information, laced with a strong sense of historical perspective, is conveyed in the same interesting manner in which they educated this reviewer and many others over late night scotch at MMP Gordon Conferences. For the interested novice, one will come away no longer needing a score card to keep track of MMP-1 through MMP-22 (perhaps more by now). One will understand which cells produce which MMPs and TIMPs in response to which stimuli. The reader will understand the multiple levels of regulation of MMP activity through gene transcription, proenzyme activation, and inhibition by TIMPs. The book is filled with readable tables depicting important concepts in classification, evolution, and substrate specificity. The authors provide extensive key references for further reading as only they can. The only area not extensively covered is the rapidly emerging in vivo function of MMPs that comes from transgenic and gene targeted mice and animal models. Perhaps this will be the sequel to this primer. As the biological role of these enzymes expands and it becomes more difficult for scientists to ignore MMPs, this book provides a meaningful and painless way to become fluent in the field. Upon completion of the text, readers will feel comfortable incorporating MMPs into their research endeavors. Hopefully this work will spark investigators to ask how these enzymes relate to one9s own research interests thus broadening our general biological knowledge.
An Automated Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology for Shotgun Proteomics

We describe an automated method for shotgun proteomics named multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT), which combines multidimensional liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The multidimensional liquid chromatography method integrates a strong cation-exchange (SCX) resin and reversed-phase resin in a biphasic column. We detail the improvements over a system described by Link et al. (Link, A. J.; Eng, J.; Schieltz, D. M.; Carmack, E.; Mize, G. J.; Morris, D. R.; Garvik, B. M.; Yates, J. R., III. Nat. Biotechnol. 1999, 17, 676−682) that separates and acquires tandem mass spectra for thousands of peptides. Peptides elute off the SCX phase by increasing pI, and elution off the SCX material is evenly distributed across an analysis. In addition, we describe the chromatographic benchmarks of MudPIT. MudPIT was reproducible within 0.5% between two analyses. Furthermore, a dynamic range of 10 000 to 1 between the most abundant and least abundant proteins/pep...
Reversed activities of cytokinin bases and ribonucleosides in callus tissues of Phaseolus lunatus L.

Summary Relative activities of the free base and ribonucleoside forms of three cytokinins were compared in promoting callus growth of Phaseolus lunatus . Zeatin and N 6 -isopentyladenine were more active than the corresponding ribonucleosides. However, N 6 -(Δ 2 -isopentenyl)adenine (i 6 Ade) was less active than N 6 -(Δ 2 -isopentenyl)adenosine (i 6 Ado) in most of the genotypes examined. In two genotypes, P.I. 256845 and P.I. 260415, the activity of i 6 Ade was higher than that of i 6 Ado. The reversed activities of the base and ribonucleoside forms between the two groups of genotypes were not associated with differences in either the uptake or the metabolism of 14 C-i 6 Ade or 14 C-i 6 Ado. The specificity in the structural requirements of cytokinins for growth may suggest that there could be differences between the two groups of genotypes in the utilisation of these compounds.
Amelioration of palmitate-induced metabolic dysfunction in L6 muscle cells expressing low levels of receptor-interacting protein 140

We have shown that reduced expression of receptor-interacting protein 140 (RIP140) alters the regulation of fatty-acid (FA) oxidation in muscle. To determine whether a high level of FA availability alters the effects of RIP140 on metabolic regulation, L6 myotubes were transfected with or without RNA interference oligonucleotide sequences to reduce RIP140 expression, and then incubated with high levels of palmitic acid, with or without insulin. High levels of palmitate reduced basal (53%-58%) and insulin-treated (24%-44%) FA uptake and oxidation, and increased basal glucose uptake (88%). In cells incubated with high levels of palmitate, low RIP140 increased basal FA uptake and insulin-treated FA oxidation and glucose uptake, and decreased basal glucose uptake and insulin-treated FA uptake. Under basal conditions, low RIP140 increased the mRNA content of FAT/CD36 (159%) and COX4 (61%), as well as the protein content of Nur77 (68%), whereas the mRNA expression of FGF21 (50%) was decreased, as was the protein content of CPT1b (35%) and FGF21 (44%). Under insulin-treated conditions, low RIP140 expression increased the mRNA content of MCAD (84%) and Nur77 (84%), as well as the protein content of Nur77 (23%). Thus, a low level of RIP140 restores the rates of FA uptake in the basal state, in part via a reduction in upstream insulin signaling. Our data also indicate that the protein expression of Nur77 may be modulated by RIP140 when muscle cells are metabolically challenged by high levels of palmitate.
IRS as loan shark tax compliance with borrowing constraints

Abstract This paper considers a simple dynamic model of tax compliance in which people may face binding borrowing constraints. The model leads to much different conclusions and policy recommendations than static models. In particular, the government cannot generate full compliance by setting the expected value of cheating to be negative. Also, it is possible for the government to set penalties in a way that will increase tax revenue over that of full compliance. The government can increase welfare by playing the role of ‘loan shark’ to people whose borrowing is constrained on the private market.
Controlled/“Living” Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate Using Various Initiation Systems

The homogeneous controlled/“living” free radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using a CuIX/4,4‘-di(5-nonyl)-2,2‘-bipyridine catalytic system (X = Cl, Br) with various initiators R−X was investigated. The rates of polymerization initiated by most of the systems exhibited first-order kinetics with respect to the monomer. A linear increase of number average molecular weight (Mn) versus monomer conversion was observed for most of these initiation systems. The benzhydryl chloride/CuICl system yielded the lowest rate of polymerization, which could be increased by slow addition of the initiator. The reduced rate of polymerization was due to an increase in the concentration of CuIICl, which results from the coupling of benzhydryl radicals during initiation. The slow addition of benzhydryl chloride prevented the formation of a large amount of benzhydryl radicals in the initiation step, thereby reducing radical−radical termination and CuII formation, and...
Lowest Triplet State of Indole: An ab Initio Study

Ab initio electronic structure calculations at the CIS/3-21G and CIS/6-31G(p,d) levels on the La state of indole confirm that its permanent dipole is much smaller than that of its singlet counterpart, Lasdespite having nearly the same configuration contentsand they predict that it is even smaller than that of the ground state because the electron density shift is opposite that for the La transition. This not only explains why the phosphorescence of indole derivatives, including tryptophan, has well-defined vibronic structure in polar media, whereas the fluorescence from La is broad and nearly featureless, but also suggests that the tryptophan phosphorescence spectrum maximum for proteins at low temperature may be anticorrelated with the fluorescence maximum. Reasons for the difference are traced to interference terms involving minor configurations that have considerable leverage on the permanent dipole because of large transition dipoles between the minor and major configurations. Fluorescence and phosphorescence vibronic band shapes were calculated using these wave functions and are in good qualitative agreement with experimental results.
Cuprous oxidase activity of yeast Fet3p and human ceruloplasmin: implication for function.

Abstract The Fet3 protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammalian ceruloplasmin are multicopper oxidases (MCO) that are required for iron homeostasis via their catalysis of the ferroxidase reaction, 4Fe2++O2+4H+→4Fe3++2H2O. The enzymes may play an essential role in copper homeostasis since they exhibit a strikingly similar kinetic activity towards Cu1+ as substrate. In contrast, laccase, an MCO that exhibits weak activity towards Fe2+, exhibits a similarly weak activity towards Cu1+. Kinetic analyses of the Fet3p reaction demonstrate that the ferroxidase and cuprous oxidase activities are due to the same electron transfer site on the enzyme. These two ferroxidases are fully competent kinetically to play a major role in maintaining the cuprous–cupric redox balance in aerobic organisms.
Kinetics of the nonisothermal pyrolysis of propane

A method was devised to yield chemical reaction kinetic parameters from nonisothermal, nonisobaric flow experiments. The system studied was the pyrolysis of propane at high temperatures (800° to 1,000°C.). At these temperatures the rates of the various reactions are so high that a batch or even an isothermal flow experiment is impossible. To keep the conversions low so that the initial stages of decomposition could be studied, the feed gas was diluted with varying amounts of nitrogen. Residence times in the reactor were in the millisecond range. The reactor exit gas was analyzed by mass spectrometry. The method developed in this work is not limited to simple kinetic studies, but can be useful in complicated series and parallel reactions which often require nonisothermal conditions.
One-dimensional Hubbard model at quarter filling on periodic potentials

Using the Hubbard chain at quarter filling as a model system, we study the ground state properties of highly doped antiferromagnets. In particular, the Hubbard chain at quarter filling is unstable against $2{k}_{F}$- and $4{k}_{F}$-periodic potentials, leading to a large variety of charge and spin ordered ground states. Employing the density matrix renormalization group method, we compare the energy gain of the ground state induced by different periodic potentials. For interacting systems the lowest energy is found for a $2{k}_{F}$-periodic magnetic field, resulting in a band insulator with spin gap. For strong interaction, the $4{k}_{F}$-periodic potential leads to a half-filled Heisenberg chain and thus to a Mott insulating state without spin gap. This ground state is more stable than the band insulating state caused by any non-magnetic $2{k}_{F}$-periodic potential. Adding more electrons, a cluster-like ordering is preferred.
Field monitoring of rebar debonding in concrete bridge decks under traffic-induced vibrations

Concrete deck resurfacing is conducted through staged construction under active traffic conditions in lanes adjacent to the newly poured concrete. Many engineers are concerned about the potential of cracking and rebar debonding and other factors, such as shrinkage, thermal expansion and contraction, and live loads. There is a need to evaluate these detrimental effects with techniques that are reliable under field conditions. In this paper, results are presented from a field study that measured peak rebar velocities during concrete pours. The peak velocities were then compared with experimentally established limits for the cracking potential of the concrete surrounding the rebar. However, it is often more feasible to process accelerometer measurements to obtain velocity indirectly from common processing techniques, such as direct integration. A numerical approach was developed to mitigate the various sources of error in the integration and produce accurate estimates of velocities and displacements from raw accelerometer data. The comprehensive field testing of a rehabilitated bridge span was conducted to capture the dynamic response of the bridge girders, stringers, and deck reinforcement. The bridge was monitored during the pour of a simple span and for several hours after the initial concrete placement. The response predicted by the numerical analysis compared well with the field results: the time histories of velocity and displacement were accurately reconstructed. A comparison with the established limits of peak particle velocity suggested that vibrations induced by typical truck traffic during the initial concrete setting period should not pose any significant risk of debonding.
THz thermal emission from a 1D photonic crystal

We are exploring the degree to which one can control the spectral emission of heated photonic crystals (or, more generally, electromagnetic crystal) structures in the THz frequency range. Because THz frequencies are well below the room temperature thermal emission maximum, this configuration may realize a low power but extremely low cost incoherent broadband THz source. Electromagnetic crystals are structures whose periodicity either enhances or reduces the associated photonic density of states over some frequency range. Consequently, they either enhance or reduce its thermal emission over the same frequency range. Thermal radiation from electromagnetic crystals has been studied theoretically and experimentally for higher frequency ranges, but usually for infinite lattices. We have experimentally and theoretically investigated a simple 1D, bi-layered electromagnetic crystal structure composed of air and silicon slabs. We have calculated the emissivity using Kirchhoff's thermal radiation law, as well as by calculating the density of states directly, and have compared successfully those results to the experimental values. Our ultimate goal is to be able to control the spectral emission of an electromagnetic crystal in the THz region (or other wavelength ranges, such as the infrared) by engineering its band structure. Controlled thermal emission, i.e., thermal management, could be used for applications as diverse as solar energy convertors, thermoelectric devices, and integrated circuits.
PENETRATION OF SUBSTANCES INTO MUSCLE

The rate and depth of penetration of two dye markers, hematoxylin and eosin, into beef muscle were compared. The effects of temperature, aging, meat texture, and type of muscle were investigated. Samples (1 cm3) were placed into dye markers, and then were sectioned at selected time intervals and examined microscopically. Hematoxylin penetrated into the meat slower than eosin; depth of hematoxylin penetration decreased with decreasing temperature, firmer meat texture and aging. Penetration rate was faster at the beginning than at the end of the test period. Penetration rate and depth of oxygen into beef, lamb, and pork were investigated also. The samples (8 cm3) were placed in a modified atmosphere package containing 80% oxygen and 20% carbon dioxide. The samples were cut at selected time intervals up to 26 h after addition of oxygen and oxygen penetration rate and depth were measured. Oxygen penetration was deeper in beef than in pork and deeper in pork than in lamb. Oxygen penetration rate was faster initially and then slowed as time progressed.
Spasticity: orthopedic perspective.

The orthopedic management of spasticity is based on the effects of this neurologic condition on the bones and tissues of the growing child. The goal of such intervention is to maximize function, reduce disability, and facilitate mobility. Goal-directed treatment plans are tailored for each patient and may include a combination of modalities such as physical and occupational therapy, casting, orthoses, and surgery. Physical and occupational therapy is emphasized up to 4 to 5 years of age, whereas surgery is best between 5 and 7 years of age. Education and psychosocial development should be emphasized beginning at age 7 years through adulthood, with surgery reserved for more involved cases of contracture or bony dysplasia. In adulthood, treatment should be focused on integration into society and maximizing functional independence. Although there are many undisputed benefits of therapy, no consensus exists regarding the most beneficial modality, the age group that would benefit most, or whether continued tre...
Spectral Dynamics in a Channel Flow With Microbubbles

Measurements were carried out near the upper wall of a turbulent water channel flow at Reynolds number equal to 10256 (considering total height of the channel and the bulk velocity). Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurement technique was used to record instantaneous velocity fields in the x-y plane. The evaluation of the one dimensional spectra for the fluctuating streamwise velocity was performed in the streamwise wavenumber direction (k1 ) with and without microbubbles in the boundary layer. A redistribution of the energy from larger wavenumber to lower wavenumber was observed for the spectra close to the wall. However, the opposite trend was obtained in the outer region. The energy content with microbubbles was less than the energy without microbubbles in the near wall region of the boundary layer.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Implicit solvation models in a multiresolution multiwavelet basis

Abstract We describe and present results of the implementation of the surface and volume polarization for electrostatics (SVPE) solvation model. Unlike most other implementations of the solvation model where the solute and the solvent are described with multiple numerical representations, our implementation uses a multiresolution, adaptive multiwavelet basis to describe both the solute and the solvent. This requires reformulation to use integral equations throughout as well as a conscious management of numerical properties of the basis.
Abdominal Compartment Syndrome in Children: Experience With Three Cases

Abstract Background/Purpose: Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) is defined as cardiopulmonary or renal dysfunction caused by an acute increase in intraabdominal pressure. Although the condition is well described in adults, particularly trauma patients, little is known about ACS in children. Methods: Three girls, ages 4, 5, and 5 years, were treated for ACS by silo decompression. Each child presented in profound shock, required massive fluid resuscitation, and had tremendous abdominal distension. The first child sustained a thoracoabdominal crush injury, underwent immediate celiotomy for splenic avulsion and a liver laceration, and required decompression 5 hours postoperatively. The second underwent ligation of her bluntly transected inferior vena cava; because of massive edema, her abdominal wall could not be closed, and prophylactic decompression had to be performed. The third presented with shock of unknown etiology, and ACS developed acutely with a bladder pressure of 26 mm Hg. Results: Respiratory, renal, and hemodynamic function improved immediately in all 3 patients after decompression. Subsequently, each child underwent abdominal wall reconstruction and recovered uneventfully. Conclusions: ACS is a potentially lethal complication of severe trauma and shock in children. To prevent the development of renal or cardiopulmonary failure in these patients, decompression should be considered for acute, tense abdominal distension. J Pediatr Surg 35:840-842. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
EFFECTS OF ANAL COMPARED TO VAGINAL INOCULATION SITE ON PRIMARY/RECURRENT GENITAL HSV-2 DISEASE IN GUINEA PIG MODEL. † 1023

EFFECTS OF ANAL COMPARED TO VAGINAL INOCULATION SITE ON PRIMARY/RECURRENT GENITAL HSV-2 DISEASE IN GUINEA PIG MODEL. † 1023
Nonlinear transient responses of structures by the spatial finite-element method.

Based upon the Principle of Virtual Work and D'Alembert's Principle, the assumed-displacement version of the spatial finite-element method is developed to predict the large deflection transient responses of structures including elastic-plastic, strain hardening, and strain-rate material behavior. The formulations are developed in detail for curved beamlike structures undergoing planar (1) Bernouilli-Euler-type or (2) Timoshenko-type deformation behavior. The resulting equations of motion are solved timewise by a finite-difference numerical procedure. The present predictions are evaluated via several beam and ring examples for which experimental measurements and independent finite-difference predictions in both space and time are available; very good agreement is noted. The consequences of employing several types of timewise finite-difference operators are examined. Also, some comparisons between finite-element predictions and finite-difference predictions are shown to illustrate 'typical comparisons' of efficiency for a given prediction accuracy.
An Evolutionary Typology of Women Police Officers

ABSTRACT Based on exploratory research, a conceptual scheme is presented which is useful for understanding and characterizing women police officers. Using observational techniques and semi-structured interviews, data were collected from 20 female officers over 18 months in 5 police departments in the United States. Categorical typologies are presented which were developed cognizant of various tensions facing female officers and the differential coping strategies that various groups (in part based on temporal differences) have employed. Officers are vertically categorized by years of service, motivation, and ambitions. A horizontal classification is presented based on their consciously selected clique group membership (amazon, hippolyte, group acceptance and lesbian/bisexual). The categorizations were influenced by the stresses facing female officers. The study suggests that despite facing unique stresses and obstacles, women officers (in part due to their perseverance and ability) are increasingly becomin...
A novel intensive induction therapy for high-risk neuroblastoma utilizing sequential peripheral blood stem cell collection and infusion as hematopoietic support.

Objective To determine the feasibility, toxicities, and the response rate (RR) of a dose intensive, submyeloablative, induction chemotherapy protocol termed EPiC (etoposide, carboplatin, and intensive cyclophosphamide) utilizing sequential peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) collection and infusion as hematopoietic support in children with newly diagnosed Stage 4 neuroblastoma. Patients and Methods Twenty-five children (age >1 year) with Stage 4 neuroblastoma were enrolled. First and third cycles consisted of cyclophosphamide (4 gm/m2) and carboplatin (400 mg/m2). Second and fourth cycles consisted of carboplatin (1 gm/m2), and etoposide (450 mg/m2). PBSC were collected following Cycles 1, 2, and 3 and reinfused in each subsequent cycle. Following EPiC and surgical resection of the primary tumor, patients proceeded to various consolidation therapies. RR was scored using the International Neuroblastoma Response Criteria. Results Using PBSC infusion following EPiC chemotherapy resulted in a dose intensity averaging 85% of intended dose intensity; and in early neutrophil but not platelet recovery. PBSC were adequately collected in all, but one patient. The protocol had minimal non-hematological toxicities. There was one toxic death. The overall RR was 78%, which included PR (partial response) and VGPR (very good partial response). The 5-year event-free survival and overall survival were 44% and 54%, respectively at a median follow-up of 58.6 months. Conclusion EPiC is a feasible, well-tolerated, sub-myeloablative, induction chemotherapy protocol for children with high-risk neuroblastoma. RR is equivalent to prior published studies, however, with minimal toxicities. Sequential PBSC collection and infusion is feasible even in very young children. Pediatr Blood Cancer © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.