cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment of ESBL producers

Infections with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Gram negative bacilli can be serious and life-threatening. Examples include bloodstream infection, meningitis, peritonitis and hospital-acquired pneumonia. Bloodstream infection with ESBL-producing Gram negative bacilli is typically associated with a portal of entry such as a central venous catheter, urinary tract infection, pneumonia or an intra-abdominal infection. Meningitis due to ESBL-producing organisms usually follows neurosurgical procedures. Documented cases of pneumonia due to ESBL-producing organisms are typically ventilator-associated, and may have an associated mortality rate of greater than 20%. At the other extreme, ESBL-producing organisms may be associated with colonization rather than true infection. A common example is urinary tract colonization, especially associated with indwelling urinary catheters. Gram negative organisms may colonize the upper airways of hospitalized patients – the finding of an ESBL-producer in a sample such as an endotracheal aspirate may therefore be of dubious clinical significance if not associated with clinical and radiological signs of pneumonia. ESBL-producing organisms may colonize the skin of hospitalized patients and residents of nursing home facilities. Of course, colonization of any site does not require specific antimicrobial therapy.
Diagnostic and clinical implications of the different genotypes of hepatitis C virus.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) samples in 155 sera, from patients with chronic non-A, non-B liver disease and blood donors, were grouped into four genotypes (I, II, III, and IV) by amplification of core-gene sequences by polymerase chain reaction with type-specific primers. HCV genotypes were compared with various HCV-associated antibodies detectable by the first-generation ELISA (ELISA-1) with C100-3 protein and a second-generation immunoblot assay with four recombinant HCV proteins. Antibodies to C100-3 protein and those to its subsequence (5–1–1) were detected in 13 (93%) and 12 (86%), respectively, of 14 sera with genotype I HCV; 56 (79%) and 58 (82%) of 71 sera with genotype II; 13 (34%) and 6 (16%) of 38 sera with genotype III; and 11 (34%) and 4 (13%) of 32 sera with genotype IV. Amino acid sequences of C100-3 of genotype I HCV are conserved by ∼90% in genotype II, but only by ∼75% in genotypes III and IV. The sensitivity of ELSA-1, therefore, would be influenced by heterogeneity in C100-3 sequences of different genotypes.
A Checklist of Species-Group Names of Cenozoic Campanile (Gastropoda: Campanilidae)

Abstract. A checklist of Cenozoic species-group names of Campanile Bayle in Fischer, 1884 is presented. It includes 101 species-group names. Among them, 98 species-group names were found to be available, four were nomina nuda, one was an incorrect original spelling, and two were incorrect subsequent spellings. Two new replacement names, Campanile douvillei nom. nov. and Campanile martini nom. nov., are proposed herein.
Customer Level Profitability Implications of Satisfaction Programs: A Retailer Satisfaction Field Study

This paper reports the results of a longitudinal study of a beverage distributor who initiated a customer satisfaction program with its entire customer base of different types of retailers. We use a broad-based measure of customer satisfaction tailored to the company's operations, and we compute customer profitability through activity-based Cost measures. We investigate the economic outcome of a satisfaction program in distributor-retailer context focusing on individual retailer level satisfaction and profitability measures. After carefully accounting for costs of launching the satisfaction program and allocating them equally carefully to individual retailers using Activity Based Costing (ABC) principles, we analyze the link between changes in satisfaction and changes in profitability. The net profit measure of CP, derived after careful allocation of costs based on activities, shows a complex and non-linear pattern of relationship with customer satisfaction.
Responsible Opioid Prescribing: A Physician's Guide

Responsible Opioid Prescribing: A Physician's Guide Waterford Life Sciences, Washington, DC, USA, 2007 Scott Fishman (ed.) Pages: 137 Price: $12.95 Commissioned by the Federation and State Medical Boards, this book is written by Scott Fishman with an expert advisory board including Aaron Gisbon, co-director for U.S. Policy Research, Pain & Policy Studies Group/WHO Collaborating Center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison; James Thompson, president/CEO, Federation of State Medical Boards; and David Thornton, immediate past executive director of the Medical Board of California and many other excellent contributors. In 1997, the Federation of State Medical Boards introduced the first Model Guidelines for the Use of Controlled Substances for the Treatment of Pain. These guidelines were subsequently updated to a Model Policy in 2004, and have been adopted verbatim by 28 states with 10 states using similar language. The purpose of Responsible Opioid Prescribing is to extract the information presented in the Model Policy such that busy practitioners can understand the information and apply it to clinical situations seen in a daily practice. Scott Fishman has admirably accomplished this task. The book …
Functional emergence of the hippocampus in context fear learning in infant rats

The hippocampus is a part of the limbic system and is important for the formation of associative memories, such as acquiring information about the context (e.g., the place where an experience occurred) during emotional learning (e.g., fear conditioning). Here, we assess whether the hippocampus is responsible for pups' newly emerging context learning. In all experiments, postnatal day (PN) 21 and PN24 rat pups received 10 pairings of odor-0.5 mA shock or control unpaired odor-shock, odor only, or shock only. Some pups were used for context, cue or odor avoidance tests, while the remaining pups were used for c-Fos immunohistochemistry to assess hippocampal activity during acquisition. Our results show that cue and odor avoidance learning were similar at both ages, while contextual fear learning and learning-associated hippocampal (CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus) activity (c-Fos) only occurred in PN24 paired pups. To assess a causal relationship between the hippocampus and context conditioning, we infused muscimol into the hippocampus, which blocked acquisition of context fear learning in the PN24 pups. Muscimol or vehicle infusions did not affect cue learning or aversion to the odor at PN21 or PN24. The results suggest that the newly emerging contextual learning exhibited by PN24 pups is supported by the hippocampus.
The Yeast Nuclear Pore Complex and Transport Through It

Exchange of macromolecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm is a key regulatory event in the expression of a cell’s genome. This exchange requires a dedicated transport system: (1) nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), embedded in the nuclear envelope and composed of proteins termed nucleoporins (or “Nups”), and (2) nuclear transport factors that recognize the cargoes to be transported and ferry them across the NPCs. This transport is regulated at multiple levels, and the NPC itself also plays a key regulatory role in gene expression by influencing nuclear architecture and acting as a point of control for various nuclear processes. Here we summarize how the yeast Saccharomyces has been used extensively as a model system to understand the fundamental and highly conserved features of this transport system, revealing the structure and function of the NPC; the NPC’s role in the regulation of gene expression; and the interactions of transport factors with their cargoes, regulatory factors, and specific nucleoporins.
Rewarding Regulation in Latin America

This article introduces the special issue on “Rewarding Regulation in Latin America” by explaining the origins and potential value of the concept. It pays particularly careful attention to the limits of both regulation, as traditionally practiced, and deregulation in developing democracies today. And it briefly describes the individual contributions to the issue and summarizes their broader lessons.
Progress towards Scalable Quantum Information Processing with Trapped Ions

I will discuss progress at NIST towards scaling up ion-trap quantum information processing. This will include developments in segmented trap microfabrication, sympathetic cooling, and new methods for reducing the complexity of control fields.
Studies on cell adhesion in tissue culture: XV. Some effects of cycloheximide on cell detachment☆

Abstract Prior treatment with cycloheximide facilitates the detachment of Ehrlich ascites tumour cells from protein-coated glass. The detachment of cells not previously exposed to cycloheximide is facilitated by ribonuclease, neuraminidase, hyaluronidase, trypsin and EDTA, but not EGTA; electrokinetic studies show that all of these reagents except EDTA and EGTA demonstrably act at the cell periphery. After 24 h exposure to cycloheximide, the detachment of cells is not facilitated by ribonuclease and neuraminidase, but is facilitated by hyaluronidase, trypsin, EDTA and, in contrast to the controls, EGTA. These observations show that the presence and/or accessibility to enzymes of the different bonds contributing to the mechanical strength of the cell periphery, varies in a complex manner after cycloheximide treatment.
Expression of Annexin I, II and VII Proteins in Androgen Stimulated and Recurrent Prostate Cancer

ABSTRACTPurpose: We performed a comprehensive survey of annexin I, II and VII protein expression in patient matched benign prostatic epithelium (BPE), androgen stimulated prostate cancer (AS-CaP) and recurrent prostate cancer (R-CaP).Materials and Methods: Annexin I, II and VII was immunostained in 23 matched pairs of BPE and AS-CaP specimens, and in 25 R-CaP specimens. Protein expression was assessed visually and using color digital video image analysis.Results: The expression levels of annexins I and II was decreased from BPE to AS-CaP in all patients examined using visual assessment (22 of 22) or digital image analysis (18 of 18 for annexin I and 22 of 22 for annexin II). Annexin I mean optical density (MOD) decreased by 69% (0.718 to 0.222, p <0.0001) and annexin II MOD decreased by 71% (0.820 to 0.238, p <0.0001). Annexin I MOD further decreased almost 50% in R-CaP compared with AS-CaP (0.117 vs 0.222, p <0.0065) and annexin II MOD further declined by 37% (AS-CaP 0.238 vs R-CaP 0.150, p <0.0001). Ann...
Assessment of body composition by air-displacement plethysmography: influence of body temperature and moisture

To investigate the effect of body temperature and moisture on body fat (%fat), volume and density by air-displacement plethysmography (BOD POD). %fat, body volume and density by the BOD POD before (BOD PODBH) and immediately following hydrostatic weighing (BOD PODFH) were performed in 32 healthy females (age (yr) 33 ± 11, weight (kg) 64 ± 14, height (cm) 167 ± 7). Body temperature and moisture were measured prior to BOD PODBH and prior to BOD PODFH with body moisture defined as the difference in body weight (kg) between the BOD PODBH and BOD PODFH measurements. BOD PODFH %fat (27.1%) and body volume (61.5 L) were significantly lower (P ≤ 0.001) and body density (1.0379 g/cm3) significantly higher (P ≤ 0.001) than BOD PODBH %fat (28.9%), body volume (61.7 L), and body density (1.0341 g/cm3). A significant increase in body temperature (~0.6°C; P ≤ 0.001) and body moisture (0.08 kg; P ≤ 0.01) were observed between BOD PODBH and BOD PODFH. Body surface area was positively associated with the difference in %fat independent of changes in body temperature and moisture, r = 0.30, P < 0.05. These data demonstrate for the first time that increases in body heat and moisture result in an underestimation of body fat when using the BOD POD, however, the precise mechanism remains unidentified.
Induction of both reaginic and blocking antibodies with a low molecular weight fraction of timothy pollen extract

Abstract In preliminary studies to evaluate the potential of the nonprecipitating antigen D for treatment of timothy-sensitive patients, a group of 8 nonallergic individuals was given a series of intracutaneous injections of antigen D at weekly intervals for 4 weeks. Each of the persons had no clinical history of allergy and gave negative skin reactions to antigen D, crude pollen extract (WST), and allergens A and B of timothy pollen. Four weeks after the last injection of antigen D, 6 of the 8 volunteers gave positive skin reactions when skin tested with various timothy allergens. Passive transfer studies with sera obtained from these volunteers not only showed significant blocking antibody titers but also varying amounts of reaginic antibody titers up to 1/25. The successful induction of homocytotropic antibodies in rhesus monkeys by repeated intracutaneous injections with antigen D was demonstrated by both direct skin reactions and histamine release from passively sensitized monkey lung fragments. The homocytotropic antibodies produced in both man and rhesus monkeys are heat labile, persist at sensitized sites for at least 48 hours, and can be passively transferred by sera.
Crystal Growth and Ion Exchange in Titanium Silicates

In situ experiments, whether carried out in-house or at synchrotron sources, can provide valuable information on the nucleation and subsequent growth of crystals and on the mechanism of growth as well as mechanisms of phase changes and ion-exchange phenomena. This chapter describes the types of x-ray detectors, in situ cells, and detectors used in such studies. The procedures are illustrated by a study of the preparation of a tunnel-structured sodium titanium silicate, the partially niobium framework phase, and the mechanism of ion exchange as revealed by time-resolved x-ray data.
Utility and the Principle of Medical Futility: Safeguarding Autonomy and the Prohibition Against Cruel and Unusual Punishment

Administering futile medical treatment is tantamount to inflicting cruel and unusual punishment on a patient and an abridgement of his rights of self-determination. It is incumbent upon physicians to recognize that they should accept the imposition of an affirmative legal, professional, moral and ethical duty not to prescribe a modality of treatment that falls clearly within the scope of being considered futile, freakish, or tortious under the provisions of Eighth Amendment to the Constitution. When medical treatment is classified as "futile," it frees the physician from any duty to provide treatment. While most reasonable persons agree with this proposition, much disagreement exists as to the definition of futile treatment and who decides whether a given treatment is futile. This article begins with a discussion of various definitions of futility and distinguishes futility from other grounds for denying medical treatment. Next, this article examines the issue of who decides whether a given treatment is futile and what operational guidelines may be employed to reach this conclusion. A three-tiered decisional structure is then proposed for testing whether a given treatment falls within the scope of these guidelines. Under the first tier, the treating physician would have the primary responsibility of determining whether a particular treatment should be withheld on the grounds of futility. While the physician would be under a duty not to prescribe treatment deemed futile, he would be obliged to inform the patient and his family of this decision?including the reasons for the decision. This would allow, under the second tier, for the patient or his family to appeal the decision to the hospital ethics committee. The third tier recognizes a right of limited appeal to the courts. The article concludes by suggesting that the management of death can be more humane when the principle of medical futility is refined and sharpened as proposed herein and thus seen as an efficacious construct for medico-legal decision making.
Abstract TMP68: A Pro-inflammatory Monocyte Subset (ccr2+/ly6chi) Is Dominantly Recruited Into Acute Ischemic Brain.

Post-ischemic inflammation has been associated with ischemic brain injury. Infiltrated peripheral immune cells including monocytes/macrophages (MMs) contribute to the stroke-induced inflammation. MM mobilization from the periphery to the brain (MM trafficking) involves spleen, as an immediate storage of monocytes and the circulatory system as a conduit for their transport; however, there has been no systematic analysis of MM trafficking in stroke. There are two monocyte subsets, a pro-inflammatory (CCR2+/Ly6C hi ) and an anti-inflammatory (CCR2-/Ly6C lo ). These are sequentially recruited to the injury site in a controlled manner to elicit inflammation and repair/healing respectively. Current study determines the extent of trafficking of the monocyte subsets upon stroke and the role of the subsets on stroke-induced brain injury. Eleven week-old C57BL mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and then leukocytes were isolated from blood, spleen, and brain prior to, 1d-, and 3d-post ischemia. The cells were incubated with antibodies (lineage marker or CD45 and CD11b to detect MMs, and Ly6C) and then analyzed using flow cytometry/FACS. We observed decreased spleen size following ischemia (>40% reduction in spleen weight at 1d- and 3d-post). Both Ly6C hi and Ly6C lo MM number in the spleen and blood were significantly decreased in 1d-post ischemic mice, and these levels were sustained until 3d-post ischemia. On the other hand, brain MM numbers were increased at 1d-post and further increased at 3d-post ischemia (Fig. 1). Importantly, the Ly6C hi subset was dominantly increased in the ischemic brain compared to Ly6C lo subset (Fig. 2). The findings of MM trafficking and predominant increase in Ly6C hi MMs in the ischemic brain indicate that the pro-inflammatory monocyte subset might have a critical role in acute ischemic brain injury. Selective targeting of pro-inflammatory subset is suggested to reduce acute stroke-induced brain injury.
A. V. Hill sticks his neck out.

![Figure][1] Rodger Kram and Thomas Roberts discuss the impact of A. V. Hill's classic paper ‘The dimensions of animals and their muscular dynamics’, published in Science Progress in 1950. It is probably unprecedented that an after-dinner speech for the general public is converted
“The Damnable Dilemma”: African-American Accommodation and Protest during World War I

In the summer of 1918, a controversial editorial appeared in the Crisis, the monthly journal of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). "Close Ranks" by W. E. B. Du Bois, the journal's editor and the nation's leading spokesman for equal rights, advised blacks to stop agitating for equality for the duration of World War I. "Let us, while this war lasts, forget our special grievances and close our ranks shoulder to shoulder with our white fellow citizens and the allied nations that are fighting for democracy," Du Bois wrote.' The editorial dismayed many blacks who had come to see Du Bois as the nation's leading black militant. When they learned that the army had offered him a captaincy, some believed he had, in effect, accepted a bribe. Only recently have historians challenged Du Bois's explanation that the editorial was written before he knew of the army's offer and that the two were unrelated.2 David Levering Lewis's 1993 biography asserts that Du Bois "struck a deal" with the army to write "Close Ranks" in exchange for the captaincy. This interpretation was first and most thoroughly presented by Mark Ellis, who based his conclusions on two arguments. First, using previously classified government records, Ellis showed that Du Bois probably drafted "Close Ranks" after he was offered the captaincy. Second, he asserted that the editorial "did not square" with Du Bois's "known rejection of accommodationism."3
Locus of Control and Assertion

Two separate replications were conducted to (a) examine the relationship among three popular assertions and (b) to test the hypothesis that subjects classified as internal subjects on Rotter's I-E ...
Intelligent Online Hydropower Dispatching Based on Knowledge Reasoning

Because hydropower dispatching operation is constrained easily by uncertainty of water forecast and load demand, complexity of dispatching relationship,and variety of restraint conditions etc,a technical solution method for hydropower dispatching based on knowledge reasoning is introduced.In this method,an incremental knowledge database is created,and a rule-matching and intelligent model based on knowledge reasoning are adopted to formulate the online hydropower scheduling. Take the Gezhouba Hydropower Plant as an example,the simulation results show that the method has many characteristics such as transparency,practicability,intelligence and fastness.
Sources of Transportation Accident Information

Accident investigation reports and related documents provide a wealth of information for rail professionals, even across different modes of transportation. This information can be used to improve operations, maintenance, safety, training, and emergency response. It can also guide the procurement and design of new equipment and infrastructure. At the same time, the historical nature of the information as well as the volume available and variety of sources can be a barrier to effective use. This paper will provide an introduction to some of the sources of transportation accident data and reports, including the variety of topic-specific information and special reports that are available. The discussion will include less-considered sources of accident information including foreign transportation safety boards as well as specialized federal and state agencies. Accidents that were investigated and reported on by more than one organization are also discussed.© 2016 ASME
Conservation of protein abundance patterns reveals the regulatory architecture of the EGFR-MAPK pathway.

Various genetic mutations associated with cancer are known to alter cell signaling, but it is not clear whether they dysregulate signaling pathways by altering the abundance of pathway proteins. Using a combination of RNA sequencing and ultrasensitive targeted proteomics, we defined the primary components—16 core proteins and 10 feedback regulators—of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)–mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in normal human mammary epithelial cells and then quantified their absolute abundance across a panel of normal and breast cancer cell lines as well as fibroblasts. We found that core pathway proteins were present at very similar concentrations across all cell types, with a variance similar to that of proteins previously shown to display conserved abundances across species. In contrast, EGFR and transcriptionally controlled feedback regulators were present at highly variable concentrations. The absolute abundance of most core proteins was between 50,000 and 70,000 copies per cell, but the adaptors SOS1, SOS2, and GAB1 were found at far lower amounts (2000 to 5000 copies per cell). MAPK signaling showed saturation in all cells between 3000 and 10,000 occupied EGFRs, consistent with the idea that adaptors limit signaling. Our results suggest that the relative stoichiometry of core MAPK pathway proteins is very similar across different cell types, with cell-specific differences mostly restricted to variable amounts of feedback regulators and receptors. The low abundance of adaptors relative to EGFR could be responsible for previous observations that only a fraction of total cell surface EGFR is capable of rapid endocytosis, high-affinity binding, and mitogenic signaling.
Biomolecular Approaches to Neurotoxic Hazard Assessment

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces some biomolecular approaches to neurotoxic hazard assessment. It is well known that focal populations exposed to unusual environmental chemicals or to high levels of neurotoxicants in the workplace may manifest overt symptoms of neurological disease. Behavior constitutes a measure of the highest level of organizational complexity, requiring the proper functioning and integration of a number of neuronal subsystems. The second organizational level at which neurotoxicity can be assessed is that of the individual neurons and nuclei, which form the basic functional units of the nervous system. The measurement or detection of biochemical changes within tissue and cells of the nervous system represents a third level at which damage from potential neurotoxicants may be detected and characterized. The measurement or histologic visualization of phenotypic specific neuronal markers has been one of the more productive and widely used biochemical approaches to identifying and characterizing the effects of potential neurotoxins. This chapter examines in detail several approaches that deserve consideration as potentially useful neurotoxicologic end points, including the localization and measurement of calcium uptake, altered neuronal and glial gene expression, and markers of protein and DNA breakdown.
Catholic schools and the future of the Church

This is a book for a variety of audiences. It is substantial, with full references at the end of each chapter for those wishing to extend their reading further. The questions at the end of each cha...
A longitudinal study of hair cortisol concentrations in Macaca nemestrina mothers and infants.

Cortisol is a well-known glucocorticoid that can be used as a biomarker of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical activity. To explore basal cortisol physiology during pregnancy and infancy in Macaca nemestrina monkeys, hair was collected from a convenience sample of 22 healthy mother–infant dyads. Adult females were housed in pairs as part of a small breeding colony at the Washington National Primate Research Center and infants were reared in a specialized nursery. Maternal samples were collected from females during a pregnancy-detection ultrasound and immediately following labor and delivery. Infant samples were collected at birth, 20 days, 4, 6, 8, and 10 months of age. Hair cortisol concentrations (HCCs) were determined using an enzyme immunoassay in washed and ground hair samples. Like human mothers, macaque HCCs rose during pregnancy (paired t = 5.8, df = 16, P < 0.001). Maternal HCCs at pregnancy-detection (114.2 ± 12.07 picogram/milligram [pg/mg]) were highly predictive of maternal HCCs at delivery (144.8 ± 13.60 pg/mg), suggesting a trait-like quality (r = 0.90, P < 0.001). When maternal HCCs were viewed on a continuum, the absolute rise in cortisol over the course of pregnancy was significantly related to newborn HCCs (r = 0.55, P = 0.02). Infant birth HCCs (1,027.43 ± 97.95 pg/mg) were seven times higher than maternal HCCs at delivery (paired t = 19.1, df = 16, P < 0.001). Higher birth HCCs were strongly associated with larger decreases in infant hair cortisol until 6 months of postnatal age when infant HCCs converged on values indistinguishable from adults. Overall, study results demonstrate a marked degree of fetal cortisol exposure during the latter part of gestation and suggest that the rise in maternal cortisol over pregnancy may play an influential role on HCCs in the newborn.
Driver behavior modeling near intersections using Hidden Markov Model based on genetic algorithm

Driver behavior modeling plays a significant role in the development of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) for assisting drivers in different driving scenarios. One of the scenarios where high numbers of traffic accidents occur is road intersection. It is vital to develop driver behavior models near intersections in order for the ADAS to plan a proper action in avoiding accidents. In this paper, Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) for driver behavior near intersections are trained using Genetic Algorithm combined with Baum-Welch Algorithm based on the hybrid-state system (HSS) framework. HMM is usually trained using Baum-Welch which is easily trapped at local maxima. GA solves this problem by searching the entire solution space. Consequently, the best driver behavior model is trained. In the HSS framework, the vehicle dynamics are represented as a continuous-state system (CSS) and the decisions of the driver are represented as a discrete-state system (DSS). The continuous observations from the vehicle, such as acceleration, velocity and yaw-rate, are used by the proposed technique to estimate the driver's intention at each time step. The models are trained and tested using naturalistic driving data obtained from the Ohio State University, in an experiment with a sensor-equipped vehicle that was driven in the streets of Columbus, OH. The proposed framework improves the HMM accuracy in estimating the driver's intention when approaching an intersection with over 10% higher accuracy.
MacCREADY THEORY WITH UNCERTAIN LIFT AND LIMITED ALTITUDE

Given a MacCready ring setting, every textbook tells you how to fly. Take thermals greater than this setting, leave thermals when they get below the MacCready setting, and adapt to lift and sink via the usual MacCready rules. Much of the mystery, challenge and art of cross-country thermal flying comes down to a judgement what that setting should be. Of course, if we knew the strength of the next thermal, that would be the MacCready setting. But what setting should you use, given the fact that the strength and position of thermals is uncertain, and you may not have enough altitude to reach them before running into the ground? This paper presents a mathematical solution to this long-outstanding problem. Unsurprisingly, the results describe philosophies already advocated by noted contest pilots, as pilots already had figured out to fly faster on strong days and in sink before MacCready.
Comparative preimplantation genetic diagnosis policy in Europe and the USA and its implications for reproductive tourism

Unlike many European nations, the USA has no regulations concerning the use of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), a technique employed during some fertility treatments to select embryos based on their genes. As such, PGD can and is used for a variety of controversial purposes, including sex selection, selection for children with disabilities such as deafness, and selection for ‘saviour siblings’ who can serve as tissue donors for sick relatives. The lack of regulation, which is due to particular features of the US political and economic landscape, has ethical and practical implications for patients seeking PGD around the world. This paper contrasts the absence of PGD oversight in the USA with existing PGD policies in Switzerland, Italy, France and the UK. The primary reasons why PGD is not regulated in the USA are addressed, with consideration of factors such as funding for assisted reproductive technology treatmemt and the proximity of PGD to the contentious abortion debate. The obstacles that would need to be overcome in the USA for PGD to be regulated in the future are outlined. Then, the significance of the current divergence in PGD policy for patients around the world are discussed. Regulatory differences create opportunities for reproductive tourism, which result in legal, health and moral challenges. The paper concludes with comments on the need for policymakers around the world to balance respect for the characters and constitutions of their individual countries with appreciation of the needs of infertile patients across the globe.
Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease

The cyanotic congenital heart diseases are a rare and heterogeneous group of disorders, often requiring urgent neonatal management. Although echocardiography is the mainstay for imaging, continued technological advances have expanded the role for computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, helping to limit invasive cardiac catheterization. In this article, the authors review the broad spectrum of cyanotic congenital heart disease, focusing on the utility of advanced noninvasive imaging modalities while highlighting key clinical features and management considerations.
Investigation of spray cooling schemes for dynamic thermal management

Two-phase spray cooling is considered as one of the most promising thermal management techniques characterized by high heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and critical heat flux (CHF), as well as near-uniform surface temperatures. Normally, spray cooling systems feature steady flow, continuous spray, and are designed to satisfy the maximum expected heat load. However, if the target heat load varies due to operation conditions, such as cold starts and pulsing power cycles, a spray cooling system uses excessive coolant most of the time, and causes low cooling efficiencies because of lower utilization of phase-change heat transfer and higher pumping power. This study aimed to investigate variable and intermittent flow spray cooling characteristics for dynamic thermal management. Variable flow spray cooling scheme requires control of pump input voltage (or speed), and intermittent flow spray cooling scheme requires control of solenoid valve duty cycle and frequency. Tests were conducted on a closed loop system with HFE-7100 at atmospheric pressure and 30°C subcooling, using smooth and enhanced heat transfer surfaces. Results, compared to a baseline performance from steady flow case, indicated that the variable flow spray cooling conditions achieve similar cooling performance at low and moderate heat fluxes, while the intermittent flow spray conditions result in high temperature penalty and much lower CHF.
THE STIFF KNEE: CAUSES AND CURES

Abstract Stiffness after total knee arthroplasty one of the most common postoperative challenges. Stiffness is currently defined as mild, moderate or severe and is based on loss of flexion or terminal extension. The causes of postoperative stiffness are multifactorial and include poor preoperative range of motion, overly tight flexion or extension gaps, component malrotation, infection, or arthrofibrosis. Treatment can be separated into early or chronic stiffness and is treated with appropriate physical therapy, followed by manipulation under anesthesia which is best performed within 3 months of surgery. For chronic stiffness, arthroscopic lysis of adhesions and MUA is an option, particularly for flexion deficits, or open lysis of adhesions with polyethylene downsizing. Component revision is usually performed after one year from surgery for the severely stiff knee and those with malrotated/malaligned components. For MUA, around 85% of patients will return to normal function and ROM. For the remaining 15%, further surgical intervention can improve ROM by around 15 to 30 degrees. For component revision in the correct patient, ROM can improve significantly but complication, reoperation rates are higher than for aseptic revision surgery. This article reviews the causes and potential cures for stiffness after total knee arthroplasty.
Clemastine fumarate as a remyelinating therapy for multiple sclerosis (ReBUILD): a randomised, controlled, double-blind, crossover trial

Summary Background Multiple sclerosis is a degenerative inflammatory disease of the CNS characterised by immune-mediated destruction of myelin and progressive neuroaxonal loss. Myelin in the CNS is a specialised extension of the oligodendrocyte plasma membrane and clemastine fumarate can stimulate differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in vitro, in animal models, and in human cells. We aimed to analyse the efficacy and safety of clemastine fumarate as a treatment for patients with multiple sclerosis. Methods We did this single-centre, 150-day, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover trial (ReBUILD) in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis with chronic demyelinating optic neuropathy on stable immunomodulatory therapy. Patients who fulfilled international panel criteria for diagnosis with disease duration of less than 15 years were eligible. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) via block randomisation using a random number generator to receive either clemastine fumarate (5·36 mg orally twice daily) for 90 days followed by placebo for 60 days (group 1), or placebo for 90 days followed by clemastine fumarate (5·36 mg orally twice daily) for 60 days (group 2). The primary outcome was shortening of P100 latency delay on full-field, pattern-reversal, visual-evoked potentials. We analysed by intention to treat. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02040298. Findings Between Jan 1, 2014, and April 11, 2015, we randomly assigned 50 patients to group 1 (n=25) or group 2 (n=25). All patients completed the study. The primary efficacy endpoint was met with clemastine fumarate treatment, which reduced the latency delay by 1·7 ms/eye (95% CI 0·5–2·9; p=0·0048) when analysing the trial as a crossover. Clemastine fumarate treatment was associated with fatigue, but no serious adverse events were reported. Interpretation To our knowledge, this is the first randomised controlled trial to document efficacy of a remyelinating drug for the treatment of chronic demyelinating injury in multiple sclerosis. Our findings suggest that myelin repair can be achieved even following prolonged damage. Funding University of California, San Francisco and the Rachleff Family.
The ‘Evo-Demo’ Implications of Condition-Dependent Mortality

Animals in the wild die from a variety of different mortality sources, including predation, disease, and starvation. Different mortality sources selectively remove individuals with different body condition in different ways, and this variation in the condition dependence of mortality has evolutionary and demographic implications. Subsequent population dynamics are influenced by the strength of condition-dependent mortality during specific periods, with population growth impacted in different ways in short- versus long-lived species. The evolution of lifespan is strongly influenced by condition-dependent mortality, with strikingly different outcomes expected in senescence rates when the relationship between condition and mortality is altered. A coupling of field and laboratory studies is now required to further reveal the evolutionary implications of condition-dependent mortality.
Impact of transfer time on pregnancy outcomes in frozen-embryo transfer cycles.

Objective To identify the impact of embryo transfer time (total seconds from the loading of the transfer catheter to the expulsion of the embryo(s) into the uterine cavity) on clinical pregnancy (CPR), implantation (IR), and live birth (LBR) rates. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Academic hospital practice. Patient(s) A total of 465 women undergoing 571 frozen-embryo transfers with the use of cryopreserved blastocysts in a single academic institution from 2007 through 2014. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) CPR, IR, and LBR. Result(s) The cohort was divided into tertiles according to transfer time in seconds (T1: 33–55; T2: 57–81; T3: 82–582) with mean (SD) transfer times of 47.4 (5.7), 67.1 (7.3), and 121.9 (55.1) seconds, respectively. Crude CPRs were 43.9%, 48.7%, and 48.7% among the respective tertiles, crude IRs were 36.9%, 39.9%, and 38.6%, and crude LBRs were 34.8%, 39.6%, and 36.0%. In univariate analysis, inferior cohort score, blood inside catheter, difficult mock transfer, and use of an outer sheath were negatively associated with CPR. No association was seen between physician performing the transfer (including fellows) and CPR. In multivariate regression, longer transfer time was not associated with CPR. With T1 as reference, adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) were 1.28 (0.77–2.11) and 1.52 (0.85–2.71) for transfer time groups T2 and T3, respectively. Conclusion(s) After adjusting for potential confounders, this analysis found that contrary to commonly held belief, longer embryo transfer times do not negatively affect CPR, IR, or LBR.
The Application of Modern Portfolio Theory to Real Estate: A Brief Survey

Unlike their colleagues in the stock and bond markets, institutional real estate investors have been slow to use Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) in their decisionmaking processes. Surveys by Wiley, (1976), Webb (1984), Louargand (1992), and Worzala and Bajelsmit (1997) have shown that diversification has slowly entered into the lexicon and decision-making processes of institutional real estate investors, but those that used the quantitative methods espoused by MPT were in the minority. To be sure, not all stock and bond managers use MPT to construct or analyze their portfolios, but the real estate practitioners’ unwillingness to use these quantitative tools was due to their discomfort with MPTs reliance on data they saw as unrepresentative and MPTs abstraction from the traditional real estate decision-making process, which has been concernedwith the details and specifics of “doing the deal.”
ISCS - a tool kit for constructing knowledge-based system configurators

This paper describes an integrated programming environment which is specially tailored to the development of knowledge-based system configurators. It is designed with three major objectives: to provide an integrated representational framework for the various knowledge sources relevant to the configuration task, to assist a knowledge engineer in the development and administration of the knowledge base, and to aid a knowledge engineer in the actual construction of a system configurator. Particular attention is placed on the engineering aspects of the system construction process. Specifically, we describe how knowledge acquisition is eased through the use of a configuration language which is specially designed to represent the various knowledge sources for configuration, how knowledge encoding and modification may be aided by the knowledge engineer assistant module, and how the development of user interface may be aided by a generic user interface generator. A prototype of the special purpose environment is implemented on a XEROX 1108 workstation and is being used to develop configuration expert systems at Honeywell.
Dry bean water use/yield production function to estimate dryland yields in the U.S. Central High Plains

Abstract Dry edible bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) could be used to diversify dryland rotational cropping systems in the U.S. Central High Plains. Dryland production potential of dry bean is undocumented in this region. The objectives of this study were to determine dry bean yield and water use under a range of water availability conditions in order to produce a water use-yield production function and to use that production function in conjunction with long-term precipitation records to estimate average yields and probabilities of attaining given yields. Dry bean was grown over a six-yr period at Akron, CO under a line-source gradient irrigation system to impose a range of water availability conditions. Seed yield was linearly correlated with water use resulting in a production function defined as seed yield (kg ha−1) = 8.24 X (water use [mm] - 104). The slope was similar to another seed legume, field pea (Pisum sativum L.). This production function was used with the long-term precipitation record to determine an average dry bean yield of 1192 kg ha−1 (range 359–2514 kg ha−1). These yield estimates were used to create a cumulative probability exceedance graph of yield that can be used to assess production risk as farmers consider the possibility of including dry bean as a component of a dryland crop rotation.
Ineffective erythropoiesis of TET2 deficiency.

Studies by Qu et al in this issue of Blood provide new mechanistic insight into the ineffective erythropoiesis of TET2 deficiency including selective colony-forming unit–erythroid (CFU-E) hyperproliferation, heightened expression of KIT and AXL, and the rescue by KIT and AXL inhibitors of faltered late stage erythropoiesis.
Structure of the genome of equine herpesvirus type 3

Abstract Restriction endonuclease mapping studies were performed to determine the molecular structure of the genome of equine herpesvirus type 3 (EHV-3). Purified EHV-3 DNA, either unlabeled or 32P-labeled, was analyzed using the restriction enzymes BamHI, BclI, BglII, EcoRI, and HindIII. The findings that four 0.5 M (molar) fragments were present, that two of these were terminal fragments, and that all 0.5 M fragments contained homologous DNA sequences as judged by DNA hybridization analyses indicated that DNA sequences located at one terminus are repeated within the molecule and that two populations of molecules exist with regard to the arrangement of this pair of shared sequences. Mapping of BamHI, BclII, BglII, EcoRI, and HindIII fragments by double digestion of intact EHV-3 DNA, reciprocal digestion of isolated restriction enzyme fragments, and blot hybridization experiments revealed that the EHV-3 genome is a linear, double-stranded DNA molecule with a molecular size of 96.2 ± 0.48 MDa and is comprised of two covalently linked segments, designated L (long) and S (short). The S region is approximately 22.9 MDa in size and consists of a unique segment (Us) of approximately 5.8 MDa bracketed by 8.5 MDa inverted repeat sequences that allow the S region to invert relative to the fixed L region which is approximately 73.3 MDa in size and consists only of unique sequences. Thus, these data confirm that EHV-3 DNA exists in two isomeric forms and has a molecular structure similar to that of the genomes of EHV-1 ( B. E. Henry, S. A. Robinson, S. A. Dauenhauer, S. S. Atherton, G. S. Hayward, and D. J. O'Callaghan, 1981 ; D. J. O'Callaghan, G. A. Gentry, and C. C. Randall, 1983 ; D. J. O'Callaghan, B. E. Henry, J. H. Wharton, S. A. Dauenhauer, R. B. Vance, J. Staczek, and R. A. Robinson, 1981 ; W. T. Ruyechan, S. A. Dauenhauer, and D. J. O'Callaghan, 1982 ), pseudorabies virus ( W. Stevely, 1977 ; T. Ben-Porat, F. J. Rixon, and M. L. Blankenship, 1979 ), varicella-zoster virus ( A. M. Dumas, J. L. Geelen, M. W. Weststrate, P. Wertheim, and J. Van Der Noordaa, 1981 ; S. E. Straus, H. S. Aulakh, W. T. Ruyechan, J. Hay, T. A. Casey, G. F. Vande Woude, J. Owens, and H. A. Smith, 1981 ; S. E. Straus, J. Owens, W. T. Ruyechan, H. E. Takiff, T. A. Casey, G. F. Vande Woude, and J. Hay, 1982 ) and bovine herpesvirus type 1( J. E. Mayfield, P. J. Good, H. J. Van Oort, A. R. Campbell, and D. E. Reed, 1983 ).
Clinical Differences Exist Between Patients Fulfilling the 1988 and 1994 Case Definitions of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Despite the existence of 2 different case definitions for chronic fatigue syndrome, little data exist to evaluate how each performs. We evaluated the symptom patterns of patients fulfilling either the more demanding 1988 or the less demanding 1994 case definitions of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome over an 11-year period from 1991 to 2001. Factor analysis identified 3 factors: muscular–skeletal, viral, and sleep:memory symptom factors accounting for significant variation in the data. Further discriminant analysis showed that the first 2 factors and a self-reported measure of decrease in activity alone gave 91% accuracy in the placement of patients into their respective case definitions. This analysis did indicate that both case definitions were capturing the same broad group of patients. However, the patients in the 1994 group do not endorse infectious-type symptoms as often or to the same degree of severity as those in the 1988 group. This may mean that infection as a cause of CFS is more likely in patients fulfilling the earlier, more demanding case definition.