cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Survey of AIDS knowledge and behavior and HIV and syphilis infection in drug users in Dongguan City

Objective To understand the situation of AIDS knowledge and behaviors and prevalence of HIV infection among drug users and offer scientific evidence for further comprehensive prevention of AIDS among drug users. Methods Totally 1 035 drug users randomly selected from detoxification center of DongGuan were interviewed using the uniform questionnaire, and five milliliters vein blood were drawn and tested for HIV and syphilis antibody. Results Most of 1 035 drug users were mobile young males undereducated . Their awareness of transmission viasex and blood and mother-child-transmission ranged from 60.97% to 86.47%. There 68.41% of drug users were injection drug users, 35.03% shared syringes with others ,31.50% had casual sex partners, 73.01% had multiple sex partners, and 23.29% were paid sex for money . The lowest and highest rates in using condoms during regular and commercial sex partners were 10.32 % and highest 50.00%, respectively. Most (66.38%)of drug users acquired AIDS knowledge by TV. There 4.54%(47/1035) of the drug users were positive for anti-HIV, and 7.63%(79/1035) were positive for anti-syphilis. Conclusion The AIDS knowledge level of drug users is low and there are high-risk behaviors among drug users are common. Thus it is very necessary to make integrated intervention measures interventions among drug users.
The (Un)equal Tangents Problem

AbstractThere are two tangent segments to a strictly convex closed plane curve from every point in its exterior. We discuss the following problem: does there exist a curve such that one can walk around it so that, at all moments, the two tangent segments to the curve have unequal lengths?
Low intensity vibration mitigates tumor progression and protects bone quantity and quality in a murine model of myeloma

Myeloma facilitates destruction of bone and marrow. Since physical activity encourages musculoskeletal preservation we evaluated whether low-intensity vibration (LIV), a means to deliver mechanical signals, could protect bone and marrow during myeloma progression. Immunocompromised-mice (n=25) were injected with human-myeloma cells, while 8 (AC) were saline-injected. Myeloma-injected mice (LIV; n=13) were subjected to daily-mechanical loading (15min/d; 0.3g @ 90Hz) while 12 (MM) were sham-handled. At 8w, femurs had 86% less trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV) in MM than in AC, yet only a 21% decrease in LIV was observed in comparison to AC, reflecting a 76% increase versus MM. Cortical BV was 21% and 15% lower in MM and LIV, respectively, than in AC; LIV showing 30% improvement over MM. Similar outcomes were observed in the axial skeleton, showing a 35% loss in MM with a 27% improved retention of bone in the L5 of LIV-treated mice as compared to MM. Transcortical-perforations in the femur from myeloma-induced osteolysis were 9× higher in MM versus AC, reduced by 57% in LIV. Serum-TRACP5b, 61% greater in MM versus AC, rose by 33% in LIV compared to AC, a 45% reduction in activity when compared to MM. Histomorphometric analyses of femoral trabecular bone demonstrated a 70% elevation in eroded surfaces of MM versus AC, while measures in LIV were 58% below those in MM. 72% of marrow in the femur of MM mice contained tumor, contrasted by a 31% lower burden in LIV. MM mice (42%) presented advanced-stage necrosis of tibial marrow while present in just 8% of LIV. Myeloma infiltration inversely correlated to measures of bone quality, while LIV slowed the systemic, myeloma-associated decline in bone quality and inhibited tumor progression through the hindlimbs.
Energetics of Pedestrian Arthropods

Study of the energetics of locomotion has existed for over 50 years (e.g., Hill, 1927; Fenn, 1930). Understandably, most of the interest has been focused on human and mammalian modes of travel. Little attention has been paid to the study of energetics of invertebrates except for the fine work on insect flight beginning with Chadwick and Gilmour (1940) on fruit flies, followed by investigations on locusts (Krogh and Weis-Fogh, 1951) and leading to the more recent publications (e.g., Vogel, 1966; Weis-Fogh, 1967; Bartholomew and Casey, 1977; Kokshaysky, 1977). The general absence of information on terrestrial and aquatic locomotion in arthropods is unfortunate since most phyla use these methods of travel. Moreover, arthropods should be especially interesting to compare with vertebrates, for they have radically different modes of respiration (varying from tracheae to gill-breathing to book lungs), circulation (open circulatory systems with or without respiratory pigments such as hemocyanin), and leg numbers (ranging from the legless larvae, the 6-legged pattern of insects, 8-legged pattern of arachnids and crabs to the multilegged centipedes and millipedes).
Robust identification of molecularly targeted drug effect coefficient using H ∞ filter

In recent years, targeted therapy to treat cancer is gaining popularity. However, how to quantitatively and dynamically analyze the drug effect for molecularly targeted agents is quite different from traditional cytotoxic drugs. A novel preclinical model combining experimental methods and theoretical analysis is proposed to investigate the mechanisms of action and identify pharmacodynamic characteristic of a targeted drug. A robust estimator, namely the H∞ filter, is applied to time-course data of tumor cells' responses to drugs. The results show strong correlation between dosage and drug effect coefficient. The proposed method will help us gain more comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms of action of drugs and design better dosing regimens for targeted therapy.
How strong is the "fake ID effect?" an examination using propensity score matching in two samples

Background Underage college students who obtain and use false identification (fake ID) are at risk for negative outcomes. However, it is currently unclear how uniquely the fake ID itself serves as a vehicle to subsequent harm (i.e., the “fake ID effect”) over and above general and trait-related risk factors (e.g., deviant peers, low self-control). Methods To investigate whether the “fake ID effect” would hold after accounting for phenotypic risk, we utilized propensity score matching (PSM) in a cross-sectional sample of 1,454 students, and a longitudinal replication sample of 3,720 undergraduates. Individuals with a fake ID were matched with individuals without a fake ID, in terms of a number of trait-based and social risk factors. These matched groups were then compared on 5 problematic outcomes (i.e., frequent binge drinking, alcohol-related problems, arrests, marijuana use, and hard drug use). Results Findings showed that “fake ID effects” were substantially—although not fully—diminished following PSM. The “fake ID effect” remained strongest for alcohol-related arrests. This may relate to issues of enforcement and students’ willingness to engage in deviant behavior with a fake ID, or it may be a function of combined processes. Conclusions Overall, the findings suggest that interventions should not only be aimed at reducing the fake ID-related alcohol access specifically, but should also be aimed more generally toward at-risk youths’ access to alcohol. Future research might examine whether fake IDs have their strongest potency as moderators of the effects of risky traits—such as impulsiveness—on drinking outcomes.
Prevention of mouse colon and lung tumors and modulation of mRNA expression of genes by isoliquiritigenin.

B109 Licorice, the dried roots and stolons (or rhizomes) of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Fabaceae; "Glycyrrhiza Radix"), and other varieties of this species are used commercially as an herbal medicine. Flavonoids comprise about 1-1.5% of licorice root, that include isoliquiritigenin (4,2N,4N-trihydroxychalcone) and its9 major glycosidic form, isoliquiritin. Isoliquiritigenin is a potent antioxidant with anti-inflammatory activity that has been reported to prevent aberrant crypt foci in rats. We therefore evaluated isoliquiritigenin for the ability to prevent colon as well as lung tumors in mice. For greater efficiency and to minimize costs of preclinical studies for efficacy of chemopreventive agents, we evaluate agents for prevention of cancer in both organs using a "Combined Mouse Colon and Lung Cancer Chemoprevention Model". In addition, we also determined in the colon and lung tumors the ability of isoliquiritigenin to increase mRNA expression of down-regulated tumor suppressor genes, as a preliminary screen for the ability to modulate genes that are hypermethylated. Female Swiss-Webster mice received 10 mg/kg of 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) twice a week for eight weeks. Seven days after the last dose of DMH, the mice were administered in their diet 50, 100 or 300 mg/kg isoliquiritigenin or 100 mg/kg piroxicam, as a positive control. The mice continued to receive the two agents until they were sacrificed 36 weeks after the first dose of DMH. Both isoliquiritigenin (300 mg/kg dose) and piroxicam prevented colon and lung tumors. The ability of isoliquiritigenin to prevent lung tumors is being confirmed in a second study. Female Swiss-Webster mice were administered 16 mg/kg vinyl carbamate once a week for two weeks to induce lung tumors. Six weeks after the last dose of carcinogen the mice started to receive 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 gm/kg of isoliquiritigenin in their diet. The mRNA expression of the transcription factor, CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) gene was decreased in colon tumors, but increased in lung tumors induced by DMH. The increased expression of the C/EBPα gene in lung tumors may have resulted from Type-2 epithelial cells being the origin of the lung tumors, which normally have high expression of the gene. Both piroxicam and isoliquiritigenin increased C/EBPα expression in colon tumors. The mRNA expression of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3) gene was decreased in colon and lung tumors and was increased in both organs by piroxicam and isoliquiritigenin. It is possible that the decreased expression of the two genes in tumors resulted from hypermethylation, so that isoliquiritigenin and piroxicam could have increased their expression by preventing the hypermethylation. The ability of isoliquiritigenin to prevent colon and lung tumors and to modulate mRNA expression of genes indicates that this botanical warrants further evaluation as a chemopreventive agent for both organs.
Alpha-Adrenergic Blockers (Peripherally Acting Antihypertensive Agents)

The alpha-receptor blockers were the first adrenergic receptor antagonists to be developed for cardiovascular therapy. This occurred shortly after Alquist suggested the alpha/beta classification scheme to explain differences between the pharmacologic actions of adrenergic agonists. The alpha blockers, phenoxybenzamine and phentolamine (now recognized as antagonists for both alpha1 and alpha2 receptors), have been in use since the 1960s, primarily for management of massive catecholamine excess in pheochromocytoma. Subsequently, the quinazolines were found to have antagonism For a set of alpha receptors, primarily found on postsynaptic sites, thus characterized as alpha 1. In the cardiovascular system, alpha1 receptors are found in vascular smooth muscle. These receptors mediate the action of nor-epinephrine released from presynaptic adrenergic nerve terminals, thus causing vasoconstriction, as shown in Figure 1.1. There may be two subtypes of the alpha1 teceptors—alphala and alpha 1b. The former regulates transmembrane calcium entry channels, whereas the latter, through its intracellular action on phospholipase-C and the phosphoinositol system, controls intracellular sequestration of free calcium.
Membrane potentials and sugar transport by ATP-depleted intestinal cells: effect of anion gradients.

Rotenone or dinitrophenol treatment was used to decrease cellular ATP levels in isolated chicken intestinal epithelial cells by over 90% and to produce a cell population in which no steady-state ac...
Using soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy to characterize electrode/electrolyte interfaces in-situ and operando

The interfaces between electrode and electrolyte play a vital role in various electrochemical systems. However, the understanding of such embedded interfaces and interfacial processes is still limited partly because of the short of proper characterizations tools, especially in-situ/operando techniques. In the past decade, substantial effort has been devoted in the development of in-situ/operando techniques to investigate the solid/liquid interfaces. One successful approach is the combination of in-situ liquid cells and soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy (sXAS). In this review, we showcased several recent examples using such liquid-cell-based in-situ/operando sXAS method to study different aspects of the electrode/electrolyte interface under reaction conditions, including the adsorption and deposition of solute species on electrode surface, morphological and chemical changes of electrode surface, and potential-dependent orientations of interfacial solvent molecules. These examples demonstrated capability of such in-situ/operando sXAS techniques in providing element- and chemical-sensitive interfacial information. This in-situ/operando sXAS technique also opens the way to the investigation of various solid/liquid interfaces in other important heterogeneous reactions.
Investigation of contact resistance of TiN-TiN contacts for nanoswitches

Nano-electromechanical (NEM) are of interest to address the static and/or dynamic power loss challenges [1]-[4] in digital logic applications. Such mechanical switches prevent any leakage current from forming an air gap that separates the electrical contacts when the device is in the OFF state. The subthreshold swing can also be effectively reduced to less than 1 mV/decade [5], which can further reduce the power consumption. NEM switches can potentially operate at ∼1 mV and will consume up to ∼106 times less power than MOSFETs. Therefore, a fundamental understanding of NEM switches in terms of operation, reliability, and integration in IC applications is necessary for achieving ultra-low power computing.
Methods in Geoscience Field Instruction: University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Eight in-service teachers, one pre-service education student, three observers from other universities, and two instructors from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln engaged in an inquiry-based geology field course from June 13 to 28, 2015 through Wyoming, South Dakota, and Nebraska. This commnity of learners spent three days working in the Grand Teton National Park area. Geological features and history present in Grand Teton National Park are an important part of the course curriculum. Large-scale extensional features of the Teton Range and Jackson Hole, and the glacial geomorphology and related climate changes of this area are some of the unique features examined here.
Solid-State NMR Identification of Intermolecular Interactions in Amelogenin Bound to Hydroxyapatite

Biomineralization processes govern the formation of hierarchical hard tissues such as bone and teeth in living organisms, and mimicking these processes could lead to the design of new materials with specialized properties. However, such advances require structural characterization of the proteins guiding biomineral formation to understand and mimic their impact. In their "active" form, biomineralization proteins are bound to a solid surface, severely limiting our ability to use many conventional structure characterization techniques. Here, solid-state NMR spectroscopy was applied to study the intermolecular interactions of amelogenin, the most abundant protein present during the early stages of enamel formation, in self-assembled oligomers bound to hydroxyapatite. Intermolecular dipolar couplings were identified that support amelogenin dimer formation stabilized by residues toward the C-termini. These dipolar interactions were corroborated by molecular dynamics simulations. A β-sheet structure was identified in multiple regions of the protein, which is otherwise intrinsically disordered in the absence of hydroxyapatite. To our knowledge, this is the first intermolecular protein-protein interaction reported for a biomineralization protein, representing an advancement in understanding enamel development and a new general strategy toward investigating biomineralization proteins.
Case 10-2019: A 69-Year-Old Man With Progressive Dyspnea

A Man with Progressive Dyspnea A 69-year-old man was evaluated at this hospital because of progressively worsening dyspnea. Results of chest imaging were consistent with fibrotic lung disease, and ...
The Second Circuit’s Blaszczak Decision: Dirks Besieged

A major issue in United States v. Blaszczak, 2019 WL 7289753 (2d Cir.), was whether the government needed to prove the elements of a Rule 10b-5 tipping violation from Dirks v. SEC, 463 U.S. 646 (1983), when charging a tipper and tippees with the crimes of wire fraud and securities fraud in Title 18. The Second Circuit’s answer was no. The elements for an insider trading violation based on tipping were not the same for Title 18 fraud and Rule 10b-5. In particular, the government did not need to prove that an insider received a personal benefit in exchange for disclosing material, non-public information to an outsider (*8-9). The majority in Blasczcak committed serious legal errors in concluding that the Dirks test for tipping does not apply to the Title 18 frauds. This paper addresses two of them. First, the majority spurned the Dirks test but failed to define the elements necessary as a matter of law to hold a tipper and tippee liable in a securities trading case for a Title 18 fraud. Second, a critical part of the majority’s reasoning was an inappropriate and unpersuasive distinction between the statutory purpose behind a Rule 10b-5 tipping violation and a tipping violation caught by Title 18 fraud. The decision is another example of the misunderstanding of and hostility to the personal benefit element of Dirks evident in Salman v. United States, 137 S. Ct. 420 (2016), and United States v. Martoma, 894 F.3d 64 (2d Cir. 2018). Dirks is besieged.
The Beatles: by Ian Inglis, Sheffield, South Yorkshire; Bristol, CT, Equinox Publishing, 2017, 204 pp., $24.95 (paperback), ISBN: 978-1-84553-865-1

It feels like every new book about the Beatles is obliged to open with an admission of how much has already been written about the Beatles. The market of Fab and Fab-adjacent prose is so flooded th...
How should molecular findings be integrated in the classification for lung cancer

The use of molecular diagnostics in the diagnosis and management of patients with advanced lung cancer has become widespread. Although molecular classification has increasingly been incorporated in the pathologic classification of certain types of human tumors (particularly within the hematologic, glial, and bone/soft tissue malignancies), genetic findings have not been formally incorporated into the pathologic classification of lung cancer, which presently relies solely on the assessment of histologic and immunophenotypic characteristics. Whether molecular classification should be adopted in lung cancer would depend on the diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive impacts of such classification-and whether these impacts confer significant values additive to those derived from the routine histologic and immunophenotypic assessment. We provide a brief overview on the genetics of lung cancer, including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and neuroendocrine tumors (small cell carcinoma, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, and carcinoid tumors). We consider the values of molecular information with some examples, in terms of the current diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive impacts. Finally, we discuss the conceptual and technical challenges of adopting a molecular classification for lung cancer in clinical management for patients. While there are conceptual and technical hurdles to tackle in implementing molecular classification in the pathologic classification of lung cancer, such integrated histologic-molecular diagnosis may allow one to personalize and optimize therapy for patients with advanced lung cancer.
Management of multiple adjacent asymmetric intruded teeth by differential curve of Spee mechanics: a case report

Introduction: Of the types of dental trauma, intrusive luxation is considered to have the worst prognosis. When forceful intrusion affects multiple adjacent teeth, orthodontic repositioning may be required; however, orthodontic treatment can be complicated by the development of a cant in the occlusal plane, especially when the affected teeth are not symmetrically located from the midline and corrective forces and anchorage are unbalanced. Designing an appropriate mechanism to overcome this problem is essential. Case presentation: The present case report describes a 28- year-old male who suffered the traumatic intrusion of multiple teeth, with accompanying alveolar bone fractures, following a road traffic accident. The intruded teeth were repositioned using orthodontic traction, following which, endodontic treatment was performed. After initial alignment, differential curve of Spee mechanics were applied to correct the occlusal plane and an acceptable result was achieved. The overall outcome was maintained at a 24-months review. Conclusion: This report demonstrates the importance of the early repositioning of intruded teeth to avoid dento-alveolar ankylosis, as well as the use of differential curve of Spee mechanics which provides effective force application in the management of a canted occlusal plane.
Optimizing cell-aware ATPG pattern volume to keep test cost competitive

The benefits of Cell-Aw are Test Methodology in today’s SOC for better quality of ATPG testing is well known. It overcomes the limitations of traditional fault models by targeting specific shorts, open defects internal to standard cells resulting in a significant reduction in DPPM level. However, the side-effects of Cell-Aware ATPG is its pattern volume being 4- 6x times compared to traditional ATPG, increasing total test-time and test-volume. In this paper, a new methodology is proposed to optimize Cell-Aware ATPG pattern volume by considering only relevant complex library cells for cell-aware internal defects out of total library cells without compromising much on Test-quality. Our Experimental results in 2 actual gateway designs show improvement from 4x to 1.5x ATPG pattern volume reduction compared to the default Cell-Aware ATPG method, keeping the overall test-cost competitive. ATPG Tool compute time reduction by 20%.
Geographies of death and memory: shrines dedicated to African saints and spectral deities in India

African presence in the western Indian states of Gujarat and Kerala is remembered and revived by different subaltern communities through the palimpsestic spatial layering of sacred landscapes and g...
Material tailoring in three-dimensional flexural deformations of functionally graded material beams

Abstract Soft materials such as rubberlike and biological tissues are usually modeled as incompressible. Mechanical properties of polymeric materials can be controlled either by exposing them to ultraviolet light for different time durations or by changing their molecular structure. A challenge is to find the spatial variation of the moduli to fully utilize the material. One way to achieve this is to have a uniform distribution of the stress component likely to cause their failure. To achieve this, we analytically analyze 3-dimensional infinitesimal flexural deformations of a functionally graded (FG) and linearly elastic beam of rectangular cross-section with Young’s modulus a continuous function of the thickness coordinate. The problem is first studied for an incompressible material and then for a compressible material for which Poisson’s ratio is assumed to be a constant. It is found that when Young’s modulus at a point is inversely proportional to its distance from the neutral axis, then the magnitude of the bending stress is uniform over beam’s cross-section, the beam is the lightest possible and its deflections are 2/3rd of that of the corresponding beam of a homogeneous material that has the same maximum bending stress as the FG beam. Noting that Young’s modulus cannot be infinity at the neutral axis, we avoid this by assuming that it is a constant over a small region around the neutral axis. For a transversely isotropic incompressible material beam, it is shown that (2μ1 + μ2) determines beam’s flexural stiffness where μ1 and μ2 are, respectively, the shear moduli along and perpendicular to the axis of transverse isotropy. Beams of homogeneous materials having the same geometry as the FG beam have different shear moduli depending upon whether the FG and the homogeneous material beams have the same maximum deflection, the same maximum bending stress or the same total strain energy of deformation.
AVERAGES OF TWISTED -FUNCTIONS

We use a relative trace formula on GL(2) to compute a sum of twisted modular L-functions anywhere in the critical strip, weighted by a Fourier coefficient and a Hecke eigenvalue. When the weight k or level N is sufficiently large, the sum is nonzero. Specializing to the central point, we show in some cases that the resulting bound for the average is as good as that predicted by the Lindelof hypothesis in the k and N aspects. 2010 Mathematics subject classification: primary 11F41; secondary 11F70, 11F72.
The influence of sensitive health disclosure on liking and likelihood of response in a non-health-related context, Facebook

Abstract An online experiment examined the relational outcomes of disclosing sensitive health information in a non-health-related context, Facebook. Facebook users were asked to read a status update that contained a sensitive health disclosure or no disclosure and to imagine that this disclosure was posted by a close friend or an acquaintance. Participants then answered questions about their attributions for their friends' sensitive health disclosure, liking towards their friend, and their likely response to their friends' sensitive health disclosure. Results revealed the more intimate receivers perceived the health disclosure to be, the more liking they reported for disclosers. Liking and dispositional attributions were mechanisms for the disclosure-response process. The more intimate receivers perceived the health disclosure to be, the more they liked disclosers, and the more they reported that they would respond to disclosers. Furthermore, the more intimate receivers perceived the health disclosure to be, the more receivers made dispositional attributions for disclosers, and the more receivers reciprocated and complimented disclosers. Results suggest that liking is associated with receivers’ likelihood of response to sensitive health disclosure, and dispositional attributions are related to confirming responses to sensitive health disclosure. This study emphasizes the importance of liking and attribution for supportive responses to sensitive health disclosure on Facebook.
Clinical Approach to Pediatric Demyelinating Disease

Demyelinating events in pediatric patients encompass a broad and heterogeneous group of disorders with variable pathophysiology. Differentiating disorders can be complex but has sizeable implications with regard to treatment and prognosis.
Federal Opioid Grant Funding Favors Least Populous States, Not States With Greatest Need.

The federal government provides grants to states to assist with their efforts to ameliorate the opioid epidemic. However, it is not currently understood how well these funds are targeted toward the...
Abstract 2880: CD36, a fatty acid translocase, promotes metastasis in CRC

Altered fatty acid metabolism, a hallmark of cancer, is an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Fatty acid translocase (CD36), a multifunctional glycoprotein, has an important role in fatty acid metabolism: it serves as a fatty acid transporter. We have previously shown the importance of CD36 in promotion of colorectal cancer (CRC) cell proliferation and tumorigenesis and its role in compensation of de novo fatty acid synthesis inhibition. CD36 also plays important roles in migration, invasion and metastasis in gastric, ovarian and oral carcinomas. Cell lines with higher metastatic potential express higher levels of CD36; however, the role of CD36 in CRC metastasis has not been previously studied. The purpose of our study is (i) to determine the functional effect of CD36 on CRC metastasis, and (ii) to delineate the mechanistic pathways in which CD36 may regulate CRC metastasis. Methods: In this study we utilized HCT116 and HT29 CRC cell lines. The HT29 LuM3-GFP-Luc cell line was established from HT29 cells and has an increased propensity to metastasize to mouse lungs. The increase in metastatic capacity of HT29 LuM3 is associated with an increase in the expression of CD36. We utilized parental HT29-GFP-Luc and HT29 LuM3-GFP-Luc to overexpress and knockdown CD36, respectively, and we used a CD36 neutralizing antibody to block the activity of CD36 in HCT116 and HT29 LuM3 cells. To measure colonization, migration and invasion in vitro, we used soft agar colony formation assays, a wound healing assay, and spheroid and trans-well invasion assays. In vivo, we utilized the tail-vein injection model to study tumor cell colonization in mouse lungs, and the cecum injection model to study liver metastasis from the primary tumor. We analyzed samples with qRT-PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. Results: Knockdown of CD36 significantly reduced CRC cell invasion and colony formation in HCT116 and HT29 LuM3 in vitro. CRC cell invasion and colony formation increased with overexpression of CD36 in HCT116 cells. Overexpression of CD36 in established CRC cell lines increased markers of survival and invasion, such as phospho-Akt, P-Met, and MMP28. Most importantly, knockdown of CD36 in HT29 LuM3-GFP-Luc cells significantly reduced lung metastasis in vivo. Conclusions: CRC cells that have a higher propensity to initiate metastasis in vivo express higher levels of CD36. We showed that this upregulation of CD36 represents a unique advantage for CRC cells to initiate tumor colonies, migrate and invade both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, our study highlights the potential of CD36 as a viable target for metastatic disease in CRC patients. Citation Format: James Michael Drury, Piotr Rychahou, Heidi L. Weiss, Yekaterina Y. Zaytseva. CD36, a fatty acid translocase, promotes metastasis in CRC [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 2880.
The Effect of Conceptual Embodiment on Human-Robot Trust During a Youth Emotion Classification Task

Interactive robots are increasingly being used in social environments to provide humans with information, guidance and even recommendation. User trust plays an important role in the human decision-making process for whether to accept or reject a robot's recommendation. Prior work in HRI has investigated various robot-related, task-related, and user-related factors that influence human-robot trust. This work further examines task and user-related factors influencing user trust during a robot-assisted emotion classification task when the embodiment of the robot is left for the user to conceptualize. The chosen task-related factors manipulate the level of certainty in the images to be labeled and the gender alignment between the individual in the image stimuli and the participant. We further consider participant gender, parental status, level of interaction with children, level of comfortability with robots and conceptual robot embodiment. An online between-subjects experiment was conducted with 241 participants. Experimental results show that task certainty and gender alignment along with level of comfortability with robots, level of interaction with children and conceptual embodiment all had significant effects on human-robot trust. Notably, participants who described their conceptual embodiment of the robot with human-like characteristics reported higher levels of trust than those who did not. These findings provide insights that contribute to a greater understanding of factors influencing human-robot trust during a situated scenario involving robot recommendation.
Games, Dollars, Splits: A Game-Theoretic Analysis of Split Manufacturing

Split manufacturing has been proposed as a defense to prevent threats like intellectual property (IP) piracy and illegal overproduction of integrated circuits (ICs). Over the last few years, researchers have developed a plethora of attack and defense techniques, creating a cat-and-mouse game between defending designers and attacking foundries. In this paper, we take an orthogonal approach to this ongoing research in split manufacturing; rather than developing an attack or a defense technique, we propose a means to analyze different attack and defense techniques. To that end, we develop a game-theoretic framework that helps researchers evaluate their new and existing attack and defense techniques. We model two attack scenarios using two different types of games and obtain the optimal defense strategies. We perform extensive simulations with our proposed framework, using nine different attacks and a class of placement and routing-based defense techniques on various benchmarks to gain deeper insights into split manufacturing. For instance, our framework indicates that the optimal defense techniques in the two attack scenarios are the same. Moreover, larger benchmarks are secure by naive split manufacturing and do not require any additional defense technique under our cost model and considered attacks. We also uncover a counter-intuitive finding—an attacker using the network-flow attack should not use all the hints; instead, she should use only a subset.
Optical Interferometry of Giants and Supergiants

Over the last several decades optical interferometers have made substantial gains in ability, evolving from simple two-telescope arrays with 10-m baselines that primarily measured the angular diameters of stars, to four- to six-telescope arrays with 300-m baselines that are capable of imaging objects at high spatial resolution (0.3 milli-arcseconds) and high spectral resolution (R ∼ 30, 000). This chapter highlights how optical interferometers have been used during the last three decades to study single and binary systems containing giant and supergiant stars. It reviews diameter measurements and astrometry for single and binary stars, discusses the asymmetric mass-loss processes seen in asymptotic giant-branch stars, shows how resolving stellar disks is helping to solve long-standing problems related to carbon stars, and summarizes some of the state-of-the-art techniques that are now being used to image spots and convective cells on supergiants.
CELL MEMBRANE PORE CREATION VIA MAGNETIC PARTICLES: BIOMAGNETIC STIMULATION AND TRANSIENT MAGNETIC FIELDS

Controversy over possible health hazards from environmental electric and magnetic fields (EMF) is partly due to the lack of an established biophysical mechanism. Such a mechanism is required to explain how physical fields are coupled to the biology, in order to produce a biochemical change. In other words, the mechanism must specifically and quantitatively account for a causal molecular change caused by EMF.
Holographic lens spectrum splitting photovoltaic system for increased diffuse collection and annual energy yield

Concentrating and spectrum splitting photovoltaic (PV) modules have a limited acceptance angle and thus suffer from optical loss under off-axis illumination. This loss manifests itself as a substantial reduction in energy yield in locations where a significant portion of insulation is diffuse. In this work, a spectrum splitting PV system is designed to efficiently collect and convert light in a range of illumination conditions. The system uses a holographic lens to concentrate shortwavelength light onto a smaller, more expensive indium gallium phosphide (InGaP) PV cell. The high efficiency PV cell near the axis is surrounded with silicon (Si), a less expensive material that collects a broader portion of the solar spectrum. Under direct illumination, the device achieves increased conversion efficiency from spectrum splitting. Under diffuse illumination, the device collects light with efficiency comparable to a flat-panel Si module. Design of the holographic lens is discussed. Optical efficiency and power output of the module under a range of illumination conditions from direct to diffuse are simulated with non-sequential raytracing software. Using direct and diffuse Typical Metrological Year (TMY3) irradiance measurements, annual energy yield of the module is calculated for several installation sites. Energy yield of the spectrum splitting module is compared to that of a full flat-panel Si reference module.
Pretty in Pink: The Susan G. Komen Network and the Branding of the Breast Cancer Cause

The pink ribbon is a ubiquitous fixture on the consumer landscape of contemporary America. Emerging over the last two decades as the symbol for the fight being waged against breast cancer, the color and image now adorn packaging for everything from trash bags to cosmetics, cereal to cleaning products, postage stamps to guacamole. The already pink Energizer bunny now dons a pink ribbon as he keeps going and going to fight breast cancer as well as power the nation‘s electronic devices. The National Football League donned pink during October 2009 in support of October‘s National Breast Cancer Awareness Month and Muslim women veiled themselves in pink hijabs for the annual Global Pink Hijab Day at the end of October. 1
On the Semantics of Rule-Based Expert Systems with Uncertainty

We present a formal semantics for rule-based systems with uncertainty (this field has also become known as “quantitative logic programming”). Unlike previous works, our framework is general enough to accommodate most of the known schemes of reasoning with uncertainty found in the existing expert systems. We provide a rigorous treatment of the issue of evidential independence, and study its impact on the semantics. To the best of our knowledge, this issue has not been addressed before in the literature on quantitative logic programming. In expert systems evidential independence received only an ad hoc treatment, while the approaches found in the theory of evidential reasoning are feasible only in small scale systems. We discuss the problem of query optimization and, as a first step, present a quantitative semi-nave query evaluation algorithm — generalization of a method well-known in deductive databases. Treatment of negation and conflicting evidence based on, so called, support logic is given in the last part of the paper, where we extend the semantics of stratified programs to deal with uncertainty.
Types and Programming Languages

A type system is a syntactic method for automatically checking the absence of certain erroneous behaviors by classifying program phrases according to the kinds of values they compute. The study of type systems -- and of programming languages from a type-theoretic perspective -- has important applications in software engineering, language design, high-performance compilers, and security.This text provides a comprehensive introduction both to type systems in computer science and to the basic theory of programming languages. The approach is pragmatic and operational; each new concept is motivated by programming examples and the more theoretical sections are driven by the needs of implementations. Each chapter is accompanied by numerous exercises and solutions, as well as a running implementation, available via the Web. Dependencies between chapters are explicitly identified, allowing readers to choose a variety of paths through the material.The core topics include the untyped lambda-calculus, simple type systems, type reconstruction, universal and existential polymorphism, subtyping, bounded quantification, recursive types, kinds, and type operators. Extended case studies develop a variety of approaches to modeling the features of object-oriented languages.
A numeric parser and evaluator for algebraic inorder expressions

The authors present the design of an arithmetic parsing and evaluation subroutine for the evaluation of multivariable inorder algebraic expressions. The method used is based on the parsing of an inorder algebraic expression into its equivalent postorder-reverse Polish form, through the use of a modified push down automaton. The evaluation subroutine is used to evaluate the resulting postorder expression, substituting given values for variables in the equation. Supporting algorithms are provided for the access and updating of a specified variable's value. >
Anomalous M-1 Strengths and Doorway States in Neutron Capture

Recent experiments concerning the anomalous ratio of M-1 and E-1 strengths in 36C1 and 57Fe are interpreted as strong evidence for doorway state reaction mechanisms in neutron capture.
Differential Expression of Fas Ligand in Th1 and Th2 Cells Is Regulated by Early Growth Response Gene and NF-AT Family Members

Inducible expression of Fas ligand (CD95 ligand) by activated T cells and the resulting apoptosis of CD95-bearing cells is a critical component of peripheral T cell homeostasis and cytotoxic effector mechanisms. Transcriptional control of the expression of Fas ligand has been attributed to a number of factors, including early growth response gene 2 (Egr2), Egr3, Sp1, and NF-AT, although a direct contribution of NF-AT is controversial. The present study confirms a role for Egr factors and indicates that NF-AT is essential for optimal expression of murine Fas ligand through a direct interaction with an NF-AT consensus element. The role of these factors was further defined by studying the differential expression of Fas ligand in Th1 and Th2 lines derived from DO11.10 TCR transgenic mice. EMSA analyses of a composite Egr/NF-AT site showed recruitment of Sp1 to this site in Th2 cells, but not in Th1 cells. Furthermore, gel-shift analyses demonstrated the binding of Egr1, 2, and 3 in Th2 cells and Egr1 and 2, but not Egr3 in Th1 cells at a known Egr site. Northern analysis corroborated the lack of Egr3 in Th1 cells. Differential usage of these transcription factors by Th1 and Th2 cells suggests a potential mechanism underlying the differential expression of Fas ligand by distinct T cell lineages.
Effect of isocaloric infusion of glucose in the rumen or propionate in the duodenum.

Abstract This study was undertaken to understand better the mechanisms causing increased milk protein. Cows fed steam-flaked sorghum have increased milk protein compared with that of cows fed dry-rolled sorghum because of a large shift of starch digestion from the intestine to the rumen. Five cannulated lactating cows were infused with glucose in the rumen or with propionate in the duodenum in two trials. The experimental design was a 2 × 2 Latin square with 7 d of adjustment and 7 d of infusion. During the experiment, cows received a TMR containing 19.3% CP and 1.56 Mcal/kg of NE L (on a DM basis); alfalfa hay and dry-rolled sorghum grain were the principal ingredients. Similar concentrations in feces of cows among propionate treatments suggested complete absorption of infused propionate. Milk yield did not differ, but protein percentage of milk was higher (2.88 versus 2.72%) for cows infused ruminally with glucose than for those infused in the duodenum with propionate. For the respective treatments, duodenal flows were 2.11 and 1.76 kg/d for microbial protein and 3.44 and 2.73 kg/d for total CP (or 85 and 74% of CP intake). These data demonstrate that increased propionate availability for gluconeogenesis and a possible sparing of essential AA did not result in increased milk protein content, but ruminal infusion of glucose, which tended to increase microbial protein synthesis, did increase the protein percentage of milk.
Caffeyl esters of glucaric acid in Lycopersicon esculentum leaves

Abstract Caffeic acid esters of a mixture of glucaric acid and lactone forms occur in tomato leaves ( Lycopersicon esculentum ). Hydrolysis of these materials yields only caffeic acid and glucaric acid. The esters described are inhibitory to the growth development of the tomato fruitworm ( Heliothis zea and represent one of the several resistance factors of the plant.
Kinetic characterization of chiral biocatalysis of cycloarenes by the camphor 5-monooxygenase enzyme system

Abstract Redox enzyme mediated biocatalysis has the potential to regio- and stereo-specifically oxidize hydrocarbons producing valuable products with minimal by-product formation. In vitro reactions of the camphor (cytochrome P -450) 5-monooxygenase enzyme system with naphthalene-like substrates yield stereospecifically hydroxylated products from nonactivated hydrocarbons. Specifically, the enzyme system catalyzes the essentially stereospecific conversion of the cycloarene, tetralin (1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene) to ( R )-1-tetralol (( R )-(−)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthol). It is shown that this reaction obeys Michaelis–Menten kinetics and that interactions between the enzyme subunits are not affected by the identity of the substrate. This subunit independence extends to the efficiency of NADH usage by the enzyme system—subunit ratios do not effect efficiency, but substrate identity does. Tetralin is converted at an efficiency of 13±3%, whereas ( R )-1-tetralol is converted at 7.8±0.7%. A model of this system based on Michaelis–Menten parameters for one subunit (Pdx: K M =10.2±2 μM) and both substrates (tetralin: K M =66±26 μM, ν max =0.11±0.04 s −1 , and ( R )-1-tetralol: K M =2800±1300 μM, ν max =0.83±0.22 s −1 ) is presented and used to predict the consumption and production of all substrates, products and cofactors.
Manipulation of apoptosis and necroptosis signaling by herpesviruses

Like apoptosis, necroptosis is an innate immune mechanism that eliminates pathogen-infected cells. Receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIP)3 (also called RIPK3) mediates necrotic death by phosphorylating an executioner protein, MLKL, leading to plasma membrane leakage. The pathway is triggered against viruses that block caspase 8. In murine CMV, the viral inhibitor of caspase 8 activation prevents extrinsic apoptosis but also has the potential to unleash necroptosis. This virus encodes the viral inhibitor of RIP activation to prevent RIP homotypic interaction motif (RHIM)-dependent signal transduction and necroptosis. Recent investigations reveal a similar mechanism at play in the human alpha-herpesviruses, herpes simplex virus (HSV)1 and HSV2, where RHIM competitor function and caspase 8 suppression are carried out by the virus-encoded large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (R1). In human cells, R1 inhibition of caspase 8 prevents TNF-induced apoptosis, but sensitizes to TNF-induced necroptosis. The RHIM and caspase 8 interaction domains of R1 collaborate to prevent RIP3-dependent steps and enable both herpesviruses to deflect host cell death machinery that would cut short infection. In mouse cells, HSV1 infection by itself triggers necroptosis by driving RIP3 protein kinase activity. HSV1 R1 contributes to the activation of RIP3 adaptor function in mice, a popular host animal for experimental infection. Based on these studies, infection of RIP3-kinase inactive mice should be explored in models of pathogenesis and latency. The necrotic death pathway that is suppressed during infection in the natural host becomes a cross-species barrier to infection in a non-natural host.
Effect of immune syngeneic lymphoid cells on plating efficiency of a polyoma virus-induced neoplasm.

SummaryAn in vitro technique for plating tumor cells with a high efficiency is described. BN rats were immunized to a syngeneic, cloned, tissue culture-adapted, polyoma-induced fibrosarcoma (BN SE3049) by amputation of a tumor-bearing extremity. Lymphoid cells from spleen and draining lymph nodes, but not serum, from these rats were effective in reducing the plating efficiency of the tumor. This finding is consistent with the necessary role of cellular immunity in resistance to polyoma oncogenesis.