cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From bumps in the road to the edge of chaos: The nature of change in adults

• Summary: This article explores the question of how human beings change, how change is constrained, and how change emerges out of and subsequently creates new forms of stability with adults. The emergence of Dynamic Systems Theories (DST) from developmental biology and neuroscience provide the tools to engage in such an understanding by attending to the issues of time, balance, influencing parameters (within person and sociocultural and material environments), and multiple adaptive and maladaptive pathways. DST provides the framework to understand the dynamic processes of bio-psychosocial factors that provide human beings with the stability and the flexibility to navigate the challenges and stressors of living. Complexity, the ability to experience inner continuity as one is changing, is a fluid balance that supports effective functioning.• Findings: Key principles and concepts of DST describe multiple pathways of stability and change. A case example illustrates how DST helps social workers understand cl...
Statistical thermodynamics of networks at large deformations

A general theory of non-Gaussian elasticity is presented for real polymeric chains having fixed bond angles and restricted internal rotations. The theory contains the displacement-vector distribution given by Nagai, and the Flory-Wall-Hermans procedure is used for the calculation of network properties. Whereas the treatment is valid for all types of polymer chains, it is not totally satisfactory from a practical standpoint because of a slow series convergence if the chains are stiff. It is best utilized for flexible polymers under conditions of light crosslinking. Detailed network behavior is investigated only for polyethylene type chains having uncorrelated internal rotations. In this instance the fractional contribution fe/f of the internal energy of the total force f is found to be a function of elongation at high degress of stretching. It may decrease, or increase, depending upon the sign of fe/f at low elongations. Furthermore, the variation of fe/f with elongation is independent of the fixed bond angle of the chain backbone. Stress–strain behavior and energy–strain behavior are in opposition, i.e., when the non-Gaussian contribution to the stress is greatest, it is the least for the ratio fe/f, and vice versa. The presence of correlated internal rotations would not be expected to greatly alter these general conclusions.
Older Voters and the 1992 Presidential Election

At the core of the so-called "generational equity" construct is the notion that older persons exercise self-interested political power. This article examines what we know about one element of the politics of aging--the voting behavior of older persons in recent presidential elections--and suggests areas of research on the 1992 election that may tell us something about how far, and how soon, proponents of generational equity will be able to move toward dismantling policies that benefit older people.
An Efficient Pruning Method to Guide the Search of Precision Tests in Statistical Timing Space

As feature sizes continue to decrease, sensitivities of design to process variations have become harder to analyze. Traditional worst-case and nominal timing analyses are not sufficient to accurately characterize these sensitivities. Timing sensitivities can be classified into timing variability, a direct result of process variations, and timing uncertainty, caused by the interaction between some timing-dependent effects and timing variability. Statistical timing analysis is an emerging approach that promises to better quantify timing variability. However, there has been little work focusing on timing uncertainty. Searching for precision tests that bound this uncertainty in design and test is inherently a statistical problem. Using cross-coupling as an example, this work describes a non-statistical framework that utilizes a Boolean Satisfiability solver (SAT), Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams (OBDD), and timing window based filtering to efficiently prune the search space. Experimental results are presented to explain that such a non-statistical solution is desired and can be effective for practical use.
Modeling and simulation of a digitally controlled active rectifier for power conditioning

The authors describe a single-phase active rectifier that provides an input AC current with unity displacement power factor and 3% total harmonic distortion (THD). The goal is to devise a rectifier to compensate for current harmonics and to improve the power factor of the line current. A closed-loop current control is proposed which will force the AC line current to be nearly sinusoidal and in phase with the input source voltage. Thus average DC output voltage is controlled to the desired value. Two topologies for the rectifier are investigated-a standard boost topology and a modified boost topology with the inductor moved to the AC side of the rectifier. Computer simulations that implement closed-loop control of the models are presented. Simulation programs and results are discussed. >
Siblings of adults with schizophrenia: Expectations about future caregiving roles.

Sibling expectations to provide future instrumental or emotional support for a brother or sister with schizophrenia when parents became disabled or died were examined. Data came from a sample of 137 siblings participating in a longitudinal study of aging families of adults with schizophrenia. Early socialization experiences, the quality of the sibling relationship, and personal caregiver gains propel siblings toward a future caregiving role, whereas geographic distance and beliefs about the controllability of psychiatric symptoms reduce expectations of future involvement.
Identification of novel CR1 subfamilies in an avian order with recently active elements.

Abstract Chicken repeat 1 (CR1) is a taxonomically widespread non-LTR retrotransposon. Recent CR1 retrotranspositions in waterfowl suggested that, unlike chicken at least one subfamily remains active. Based on sequence information from 143 CR1 loci, six distinct groups of CR1 within the waterfowl coscoroba each with unique 3′ untranslated regions and distinct open reading frames are described. Through comparison to other previously described avian CR1 subfamilies, it is shown that five of the six coscoroba groups represent new subfamilies. At least one of these subfamilies is likely active and provides a target for future isolation of the first active member of this taxonomically widespread non-LTR family.
Can network characteristics detect spam effectively in a stand-alone enterprise?

Previous work has shown that the network dynamics experienced by both the initial packet and an entire connection carrying an email can be leveraged to classify the email as spam or ham. In the case of packet properties, the prior work has investigated their efficacy based on models of traffic collected from around the world. In this paper, we first revisit the techniques when only using information from a single enterprise's vantage point and find packet properties to be less useful. We also show that adding flow characteristics to a model of packet features adds modest discriminating power, and some flow features' information is captured by packet features.
Anticipatory real-time scheduling in manufacturing cell design

Flexible manufacturing systems are characterized by versatility and flexibility, but they pose a challenging scheduling problem. Finding optimal fixed schedules is an NP-hard problem, particularly when material movement is automated by shared mechanisms. Alternatively, shared resources can be scheduled in real time by demand, using priority or random selection when choices arise. In a refinement of this type of scheduling, system elements, such as machines, generate requests for shared resources in advance of actually needing them. We call this anticipatory scheduling. This technique is applied to two examples of flexible manufacturing cells: 1) a flow shop with a single product type, and 2) a flexible manufacturing cell with several possible paths for the multiple job types. Performance was assessed using timed Petri net system models. Results with anticipatory scheduling are promising.
Leadership and knowledge: Symbolic, connectionist, and embodied perspectives

Abstract Although organizational practices and leadership processes are contingent upon knowledge acquisition and use, the changing conceptualizations of knowledge in cognitive science are often overlooked in research. Nevertheless, leadership research has inherently reflected shifting views of knowledge, transitioning from an emphasis on the classical symbolic view to connectionism and most recently to an embodied, embedded view of cognition. We argue that different leadership processes uniquely draw on these three types of knowledge and that excluding a connectionist or embodied, embedded view of knowledge creates an impoverished understanding of leadership. To illustrate this problem, we provide two follower-centric and two leader-centric examples of leadership processes which rely on the multiple forms of knowledge described herein: followers' attributional reasoning regarding leadership, followers' perceptions and memories of leaders, processes that generate leaders' behavioral choices, and finally, leaders' sensemaking/decision-making. We also discuss how these three perspectives could be integrated in future research to provide a richer understanding of leadership processes, particularly those based on collective, interactive leadership processes that emerge in groups of individuals.
On the origin of the high resistance to coarsening of Ω plates in Al-Cu-Mg-(Ag) alloys using Z-contrast microscopy

Conventional transmission electron microscopy (CTEM) has been used to measure the thickening kinetics of Ω plates in Al-4Cu-0.3Mg-0.4Ag (wt. %) at 200 °C, 250 °C and 300 °C. At 200 °C the plates thickened at a slow rate, remaining less than 10nm in thickness after 1000h exposure. At 250 °C the thickening kinetics exhibited two clearly discernible regimes. The first is characterized by a relatively slow rate of plate coarsening and the second by a much enhanced rate. The transition between the two regimes occurs after ∼300h and at a plate thickness close to 13nm. At 300 °C, the Ω plates thicken rapidly and thicknesses in excess of 30nm are reached within 50h. Atomic resolution Z-contrast microscopy was used to examine the Ω plate/matrix interface as a function of time and temperature to attempt to explain the observed thickening kinetics. At all times and temperatures, two atomic layers of Ag (and possibly Mg) are present at the broad faces of the Q plates. The ends of the plates and the risers of the growth ledges appear free of segregation. At plate thicknesses less than 13nm, the density of thickening ledges is very low and for plate thickness in excess of 13nm, the density increases dramatically. The change in ledge density is thought to be associated with the transition from full coherency to semi-coherency of the Q plate. The critical plate thickness for this transition has been experimentally determined to be close to 13nm. The high resistance of Ω plates to thickening at temperatures up to 200 °C may be due to the high activation energy for ledge nucleation at plate thicknesses less than 13nm. The role of Ag (and Mg) seems to be in their contribution (structural and chemical) to the interfacial energy of the Q phase and in determining the critical plate thickness for the loss of coherency. The necessary Ag (and Mg) redistribution accompanying a migrating growth ledge is probably of secondary concern in accounting for the observed thickening kinetics.
Analyzing the secure overlay services architecture under intelligent DDoS attacks

Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks are currently major threats to communication in the Internet. A secure overlay services (SOS) architecture has been proposed to provide reliable communication between clients and a target under DDoS attacks. The SOS architecture employs a set of overlay nodes arranged in three hierarchical layers that controls access to the target. Although the architecture is novel and works well under simple congestion based attacks, we observe that it is vulnerable under more intelligent attacks. We generalize the SOS architecture by introducing more flexibility in layering to the original architecture. We define two intelligent DDoS attack models and develop an analytical approach to study the impacts of the number of layers, number of neighbors per node and the node distribution per layer on the system performance under these two attack models. Our data clearly demonstrate that performance is indeed sensitive to the design features and the different design features interact with each other to impact overall system performance.
Computational studies of carbodiimide rings.

Computational studies of alicyclic carbodiimides (RN═C═NR) (rings five through twelve) at the MP2/6-31G(d,p)//MP2/6-31G(d,p) level of theory were conducted to locate the transition states between carbodiimides isomers. Transition states for rings six through twelve were found. The RNCNR dihedral angle is ∼0° for even-numbered rings, but deviates from 0° for rings seven, nine, eleven, and twelve. The even- and odd-numbered ring transition states have different symmetry point groups. Cs transition states (even rings) have an imaginary frequency mode that transforms as the asymmetric irreducible representation of the group. C2 transition states (odd rings) have a corresponding mode that transforms as the totally symmetric representation. Intrinsic reaction coordinate analyses followed by energy minimization along the antisymmetric pathways led to enantiomeric pairs. The symmetric pathways give diastereomeric isomers. The five-membered ring carbodiimide is a stable structure, possibly isolable. A twelve-membe...
Mechanism of the Rhodium-Catalyzed Silylation of Arene C–H Bonds

Mechanistic studies on the rhodium-catalyzed silylation of arene C–H bonds are reported. The resting state of the catalyst was fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction and was determined to be a phosphine-ligated Rh(III) silyl dihydride complex (I). Results from kinetic analysis, stoichiometric reactions of isolated complexes, deuterium labeling, and kinetic isotope effects are consistent with a catalytic cycle comprising hydrogenation of the hydrogen acceptor (cyclohexene) to generate a Rh(I)–silyl species, followed by C–H activation of the arene by this Rh(I)–silyl species. After oxidative addition of the C–H bond in this mechanism, reductive elimination of the C–Si bond occurs to generate the silylarene product. The rate-limiting step (RLS) in the catalytic cycle is not the oxidative addition of an arene C–H bond; rather, it appears to be the reductive elimination of cyclohexane during the hydrogenation process. The influence of the electronic properties of the arene substituents o...
Germicidal Efficiency of Coconut Oil and Linseed Oil Soaps and of Their Mixtures with Cresol

While investigating soap-cresol solutions made with different kinds of soap, we found that preparations made with coconut oil soap exhibited much greater germicidal activity against B. typhosus than preparations made with linseed oil soap, which is the soap usually employed at the present time. This led us to make a more extended study of the germicidal value of these soaps and of their mixtures with cresol, some of the results of which are presented in this paper. Our work consisted in part of an investigation of the germicidal value of the soaps of the pure fatty acids of the saturated series from butyric to palmitic, inclusive. As the results obtained were similar to those of Reichenbach 1 and of Walker,2 we shall not discuss them in detail, but state only that they show that the germicidal value of the soaps of the saturated fatty acids increases regularly with increasing molecular weight. The results which we shall present here are mainly those which seem to us to have practical value in demonstrating the value of coconut oil soap and preparations containing coconut oil soap.
Reinforcement Effect of Geogrid Reinforced Soft-Soil Foundation Assessed by Elastic-Plastic Finite Element

The article attempts to evaluate the effects of different geogrid installation.Based on the soil parameters determined by triaxial compressional shear tests,a finite element analytical model of geogrid reinforced soft-soil foundation is established.Using the model,the force applied on the geogrid reinforced soft-soil foundation,the displacement and the yield situation of the soft-soil foundation are studied.In addition,different effects of reinforced soft-soil foundation under graded load applications in different geogrid designs are analyzed.It turns out that reinforced soft-soil foundation using geogrid can reduce the vertical displacement effectively and increase the load bearing capacity of soft-soil foundation because of the increase in lateral stress.Compared with the data measured on the spot,the calculation result and the measured result show perfect goodness of fit.The calculation result shows that better effect can be obtained by putting geogrid under the drainage blanket rather than on the top of the draining bed.The article provides a reliable basis for the design of using geogrid to reinforce soft-soil foundation in future.
Topical cardiac hypothermia for myocardial preservation.

We compared moderate (29° C.) and profound (5° C.) (ice chips) cardiac hypothermia for myocardial preservation during aortic cross-clamping for 30 or 60 minutes in a canine right heart bypass preparation. Ventricular function deteriorated significantly at 29° C. but not at 5° C. Maximum dp/dt declined only after 60 minutes of ischemia at 29° C, and Vmax decreased after one hour at either temperature. Lactate and pyruvate washout were greater after 29° C., and pyruvate production persisted after 60 minutes of ischemia at 29° C. Reactive hyperemia was greater after 30 minutes of ischemia at 29° C. Reactive hyperemia was greater after 30 minutes of ischemia at 29° C., and total coronary flow remained elevated after 60 minutes of ischemia at 29° C. Coronary flow distribution was not altered by hypothermia. Ultrastructural changes were primarily time dependent and not temperature dependent. Ice-induced subepicardial injury was not evident in the ultrastructure or by flow distribution. Sixty minutes of profound topical cardiac hypothermia is moderately well tolerated by the canine heart, but functional and structural alterations are evident.
Quantum molecular dynamics study of the reaction of O2 with HOCO.

The reaction of O 2 with HOCO has been studied by using an ab initio direct dynamics method based on the UB3PW91 density functional theory. Results show that the reaction can occur via two mechanisms: direct hydrogen abstraction and an addition reaction through a short-lived HOC(O)O 2 intermediate. The lifetime of the intermediate is predicted to be 660 ± 30 fs. Although it is an activated reaction, the activation energy is only 0.71 kcal/mol. At room temperature, the obtained thermal rate coefficient is 2.1 x 10 -12 cm 3 molecule -1 s -1 , which is in good agreement with the experimental results.
Women in Twentieth-Century Africa

During a turbulent colonial and postcolonial century, African women struggled to control their own marital, sexual and economic lives and to gain a significant voice in local and national politics. This book introduces many remarkable women, who organized religious and political movements, fought in anti-colonial wars, ran away to escape arranged marriages, and during the 1990s began successful campaigns for gender parity in national legislatures. The book also explores the apparent paradox in the conflicting images of African women - as singularly oppressed and dominated by men, but also as strong, resourceful, and willing to challenge governments and local traditions to protect themselves and their families. Understanding the tension between women's power and their oppression, between their strength and their vulnerability, offers a new lens for understanding the relationship between the state and society in the twentieth century.
Intimate experiences in virtual worlds: the interplay among hyperpersonal communication, avatar-based systems, and experiential drives

This paper investigates the intersection of traditional social science understandings of intimacy, established Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) theories developed in the days of text-based Internet communications, and studies of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)-mediated intimacy. Using mixed methods, this paper offers an empirical analysis of how users (re)define, interpret, experience, and evaluate “intimacy” in a hyperpersonal sociotechnical system—Second Life (SL). Findings show that SL intimacy closely related to emotional fulfillment, the need to be touched, and interpersonal communication, but that SL intimacy also emphasized new forms of physical proximity. Especially, a subjectively meaningful intimate experience usually emerged in the interplay among selfselection, experiential drives, and technological affordance. This paper contributes to the study of social impacts of ICTs by shedding light on potential changes in how people define and experience interpersonal relationships in hyperpersonal sociotechnical environments.
Superstitious conditioning: a replication and extension of Neuringer (1970)

After immediate, response-dependent reinforcers were delivered for the first three key pecks made by experimentally naive pigeons, a variable-time schedule of response-independent reinforcement maintained key pecking. This result also was reported by Neuringer (1970). A stimulus change did not follow any key peck, and as a result the experiment demonstrated that response maintenance was not due to conditioned reinforcing effects of a light flash that was produced by each key peck in Neuringer’s experiment. An analysis of the temporal relation between responses and response-independent reinforcers showed that absolute temporal contiguity rarely, if ever, occurred. The data further suggest that any appeal to adventitious temporal contiguity in accounts of superstitious conditioning must be refined to include specification of actual temporal response-reinforcer relations and a modified definition of “contiguous.”
Edgar H. Hemminghaus, Mark Twain in Germany: “Columbia University Germanic Studies,” New Series, No. 9. New York City: Columbia University Press, 1939.

(1942). Edgar H. Hemminghaus, Mark Twain in Germany. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 75-75.
Learning spatial preconditions of manipulation skills using random forests

Robots working in everyday and unstructured environments will need to perform manipulation skills using different sets of objects. To determine if a manipulation skill can be executed in a given situation, a robot will need to learn the preconditions of the skill. The robot will need to check both that the required objects are present in the scene and that they are arranged in a suitable manner for the skill to be executed. We propose a random forest approach to learn the set of spatial configurations of objects that fulfill a skill's preconditions. We also explore how parts of objects and interactions between parts can be incorporated into the scene models to improve the generalization performance. The proposed approach was evaluated on the preconditions of six manipulation skills. The experiments show that using the ensemble approach, and including the parts and interactions, results in an increase in accuracy of 16.4%.
Yeast dynamin interaction with ESCRT proteins at the endosome

The dynamin-like protein, Vps1, is a GTPase involved in cargo sorting and membrane remodeling in multiple cellular trafficking pathways. Recently, Vps1 has been shown to genetically interact with ESCRT subunits. We tested the hypothesis that the functional connection of Vps1 with some of these subunits of ESCRT complexes occurs via a physical interaction. By utilizing the yeast two-hybrid system, we revealed that Vps1 physically interacts with the ESCRT-II subunits, Vps22 and Vps36, and the ESCRT-III subunit Vps24. We found that Vps1 and ESCRT-II components colocalize with Pep12, an endosomal marker. Additionally, loss of Vps1 or depletion of the GTPase activity of Vps1 results in a moderate defect in Cps1 targeting to the vacuole. Here, we discussed the potential implications of Vps1 and ESCRT interaction and their roles in the endosome-to-vacuole traffic. In summary, yeast dynamin interacts with ESCRT II and III complexes, and it functions in Cps1 trafficking toward the vacuole.
Correspondence of D. melanogaster and C. elegans developmental stages revealed by alternative splicing characteristics of conserved exons

We report a statistical study to find correspondence of D. melanogaster and C. elegans developmental stages based on alternative splicing (AS) characteristics of conserved cassette exons using modENCODE RNA-seq data. We identify “stage-associated exons” to capture the AS characteristics of each stage and use these exons to map pairwise stages within and between the two species by an overlap test. Within fly and worm, adjacent developmental stages are mapped to each other, i.e., a strong diagonal pattern is observed as expected, supporting the validity of our approach. Between fly and worm, two parallel mapping patterns are observed between fly early embryos to early larvae and worm life cycle, and between fly late larvae to adults and worm late embryos to adults. We also apply this approach to compare tissues and cells from fly and worm. Findings include the high similarity between fly/worm adults and fly/worm embryos, groupings of fly cell lines, and strong mappings of fly head tissues to worm late embryos and male adults. Gene ontology and KEGG enrichment analyses provide a detailed functional annotation of the identified stage-associated exons, as well as a functional explanation of the observed correspondence map between fly and worm developmental stages. Our results suggest that AS dynamics of the exon pairs that share similar DNA sequences are informative for finding transcriptomic similarity of biological samples. Our study is innovative in two aspects. First, to our knowledge, our study is the first comprehensive study of AS events in fly and worm developmental stages, tissues, and cells. AS events provide an alternative perspective of transcriptome dynamics, compared to gene expression events. Second, our results do not entirely rely on the information of orthologous genes. Interesting results are also observed for fly and worm cassette exon pairs with DNA sequence similarity but not in orthologous gene pairs.
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) inhibition as treatment of myeloid malignancies: Progress and future directions

Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is an essential metabolic enzyme. Over the last two decades, there has been a growing focus on the metabolic derangements that occur with IDH1 and IDH2 mutations. The altered IDH protein leads to accumulation of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), a metabolite with oncogenic activity via epigenetic mechanisms. The advent of IDH inhibitors has engendered hope in novel and targeted therapies in IDH1/2 mutant myeloid malignancies. We here summarize the basic physiology of IDH, the metabolic and oncogenic consequences of mutant IDH1/2, and the clinical significance of IDH inhibition in hematologic malignancies. We also discuss completed and ongoing clinical trials focusing on the inhibition of IDH proteins, which have demonstrated preliminary indications of efficacy. The promise of IDH inhibition is now being further investigated as a novel therapeutic approach for AML and other myeloid malignancies.
Does Breaking Gender Stereotypes Contribute to Victimization at School

AbstractVictimization is a serious problem facing youth in American public schools. Prior research demonstrates that victimization is stratified by sex/gender; however, few studies consider factors that may moderate this relationship. This research investigates if victimization occurs when students break sex/gender stereotypes at school among female and male youth. The broad research question for this study is – are breaking sex/gender stereotypes regarding academic activities, math, and sports associated with victimization for female and male students at school? To address this research question, this study employs nationally representative data from the Education Longitudinal Study (ELS) of 2002 to investigate if breaking sex/gender stereotypes contributes to the likelihood of victimization for female and male students at school. The study finds that females who have favorable attitudes toward math and participate in math-related activities are less likely to be victimized, while students of both sexes ...
The impact of the boxed warning on the duration of use for depot medroxprogesterone acetate

Objective The objective of this study was to examine the impact of the Food and Drug Administration's boxed warning on the utilization of depot medroxyprogesterone (DMPA). Methods From the IMS Lifelink data (2001–2009), we identified DMPA and oral combined hormonal contraceptive (CHC) users without a prescription claim 6 months before and after the first and last claim. Episodes were defined as all contiguous claims with no more than 90-day DMPA or 30-day CHC between claims. Days' supply (CHC) and 90-day duration (DMPA) was used to determine episodes. We used interrupted time series to evaluate changes in the mean episode length and proportion of episodes >2 years before and after the Food and Drug Administration's November 2004 boxed warning. Stratified analyses by birth cohort were conducted. Results From 2001 to 2009, 126 528 DMPA and 651 356 CHC episodes were used for segmented regression. For the DMPA cohort, there was an immediate decline in the mean duration (−34.7 days [confidence interval: −45.4 to −24.1]) and episodes >2 years (−1.9% [confidence interval: −2.9% to −1.1%]) after the boxed warning. We did not observe any change in mean duration or episodes >2 years for the CHC cohort. The largest declines in mean duration and proportion >2 years were seen with the oldest women. Conclusion We observed a modest decline in the mean duration and episodes >2 years for DMPA use immediately after the boxed warning not observed among CHC users. In the stratified analysis, we saw declines in the duration of use >2 years in all age groups, except adolescents who continue to use DMPA for longer than 2 years. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Design Tradeoffs in Concave Cost-Sharing Games

This note focuses on the design of cost-sharing rules to optimize the efficiency of the resulting equilibria in cost-sharing games with concave cost functions. Our analysis focuses on two well-studied measures of efficiency, termed the price of anarchy and price of stability , which provide worst-case guarantees on the performance of the (worst or best) equilibria. Our first result characterizes the cost-sharing design that optimizes the price of anarchy, followed by the price of stability. This optimal cost-sharing rule is precisely the Shapley value cost-sharing rule. Our second result characterizes the cost-sharing design that optimizes the price of stability, followed by the price of anarchy. This optimal cost-sharing rule is precisely the marginal contribution cost-sharing rule. This analysis highlights a fundamental tradeoff between the price of anarchy and price of stability in the considered class of games. That is, given the optimality of both the Shapley value and marginal cost distribution rules in each of their respective domains, it is impossible to improve either the price of anarchy or price of stability without degrading its counterpart.
Bulk Properties of Amorphous Lithium Dendrites

The formation of dendrites is a critical drawback for the utilization of lithium in secondary batteries. These amorphous crystals can pierce into the polymer electrolyte and short the cell. Therefore the design/selection criterion requires the mechanical compatibility of the grown dendrites from electrode and the solid polymer electrolyte. Hereby we grow the morphology of lithium. We compute the porosity and consequently, we perform force field calculations to extract its effective bulk modulus. We show that despite a significant porosity, the lithium bulk modulus remains significant.
Utility of 3-Month Surveillance F-18 FDG PET/CT in Surgically Resected Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the performance of surveillance F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) 1 year after imaging in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients treated with definitive surgery and adjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy (RT). METHODS AND MATERIALS Surveillance PET/CT accuracy was retrospectively evaluated in OSCC patients receiving surgical resection and (chemo)RT. Pathologic risk factors were assessed for influence on accuracy of the post-RT PET/CT. RESULTS Fifty-four patients with median follow-up of 3.8 years met inclusion criteria. A PET/CT obtained a median of 3.4 months after RT revealed 11 (20.4%) instances of true disease recurrence: 4 locoregional alone, 6 distant alone, and 1 patient with locoregional and distant disease. Locoregional detection sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were 55.6%, 75.0%, 33.3%, and 88.2%, respectively. For distant recurrence, the respective values were 100%, 95.2%, 77.8%, and 100%. Absence of bone invasion, absence of pT4 disease, and disease within the tongue were independently associated with higher sensitivity ( P = .048). Perineural invasion was associated with increased specificity ( P = .027), and tumor location in the tongue was associated with a higher PPV ( P = .007) on surveillance PET/CT. CONCLUSIONS Post-RT PET/CT accuracy information for surgically managed OSCC patients demonstrates significant associations with pathologic factors.
Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCS): Emerging Trends in Assessment and Accreditation

In 2014, Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) are expected to witness a phenomenal growth in student registration compared to the previous years (Lee, Stewart, & Claugar-Pop, 2014) . As MOOCs continue to grow in number, there has been an increasing focus on assessment and evaluation. Because of the huge enrollments in a MOOC, it is impossible for the instructor to grade homework and evaluate each student. The enormous data generated by learners in a MOOC can be used for developing and refining automated assessment techniques. As a result, “ Smart Systems ” are being designed to track and predict learner behavior while completing MOOC assessments. These automated assessments for MOOCs can automatically score and provide feedback to students multiple choice questions, mathematical problems and essays. Automated assessments help teachers with grading and also support students in the learning processes. Theseassessments are prompt, consistent, and support objectivity in assessment and evaluation (Ala-Mutka, 2005). This paper reviews the emerging trends in MOOC assessments and their application in supporting student learning and achievement. The paper concludes by describing how assessment techniques in MOOCs can help to maximize learning outcomes.
Current Management of the Patient with Autonomously Functioning Nodular Goiter

Autonomously functioning thyroid nodules (AFTNs) are presumably independent of TSH for growth and function and appear "hot" on scintiscan because they selectively concentrate radionuclide to a greater extent than the remaining thyroid gland, which is controlled by the normal TH-TSH feedback mechanism. Such autonomously functioning tissue may occur in "patchy" areas, as a solitary nodule, or as multiple nodules (classic Plummer's disease), with the mass of hyperfunctioning tissue and the related secretion of thyroid hormones determining whether the patient is euthyroid or hyperthyroid. Important diagnostic tests include a 99mTc thyroid scan, T4 RIA, T3 uptake, FTI, TSH RIA, and occasionally T3 RIA ("T3 thyrotoxicosis"). Solitary autonomous nodules in adult patients characteristically progress slowly over many years, with toxicity rarely developing in nodules less than 2.5 cm in diameter and occurring primarily in nodules 3 cm or larger and in older patients. The decision to treat a solitary nodule depends upon the size and degree of function of the nodule and the patient's age. Surgery and radioactive iodine are effective therapies. Hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules in children and adolescents (under age 18) have a more rapidly progressive course than those in adults and should be treated by thyroid lobectomy at the time of diagnosis. Subtotal thyroidectomy is the preferred treatment for most patients with toxic multinodular goiter, because it achieves prompt control of the hyperthyroidism and removes the goiter. Radioiodine therapy and long-term antithyroid drug therapy are alternative forms of treatment for patients who are poor surgical risks or who develop recurrent hyperthyroidism following thyroid surgery.
Effect of Suction on the Stability of Flow on a Rotating Disk

The effect of distributed suction on the cross-flow instability of the boundary layer on a rotating disk is considered. A vorticity-velocity formulation is used to obtain exact linear equations governing the development of infinitesimal disturbances to the steady flow on a rotating disk. A parallel flow approximation is made as a first step in determining the effect of suction on the instability. It is shown that suction has a stabilizing effect on the flow while blowing is destabilizing. Small values of the suction parameter are found to significantly increase the critical Reynolds number associated with stationary modes of disturbances. The wave-angle of the spiral vortices which precede turbulent flow is estimated from critical conditions and is shown to decrease with increase in suction rate. This is shown to be consistent with prediction based on an inviscid analysis (cf Stuart in Gregory et. al 1955). The corresponding estimate of the expected number of vortices is shown to increase with suction. Suction appears to make the second minimum on the neutral curve (Malik 1986) more pronounced suggesting possible increase in the relative importance of the associated low wavenumber mode of disturbance.
Comparative study of Hot Box Test Method using laboratory evaluation of thermal properties of a given building envelope system type

Abstract This research mainly focuses on the experimental setup of the Hot Box Test Method and comparison of different models for measurement of thermal properties of building envelope systems. Hot Box Test Method has long been used to determine the thermal properties of building envelope systems, however, the steady-state assumption for calculation is not always desired, especially when the environmental conditions cannot be controlled. To utilize models considering the dynamic behavior of buildings for in-situ measurement, it is desired to first validate such models and compare the performances with hot box test. Therefore, the performances of several dynamic models, including Anderlind's Regression Model and R-C Network Model, have been studied. Hot box tests were performed in the Building Enclosure Testing Laboratory (BETL) at Penn State University and the results show the 3R2C model turns out to be the most accurate one among the dynamic models explored in this study. With a temperature difference larger than 20 °C, all dynamic models are validated with a percentage difference lower than 7% compared with the steady-state analysis, giving us alternatives for R-value measurement when in-situ measurement condition are applied.
Relevance of kinetochore size and microtubule-binding capacity for stable chromosome attachment during mitosis in PtK1 cells

Chromosomes attach to the mitotic spindle via their kinetochores. The average number of spindle microtubules binding to each kinetochore varies with species, the stage of mitosis, and the length of time that the kinetochore has been attached to the spindle. In this report, we investigate how kinetochore microtubule number varies with kinetochore size and chromosome size in PtK1 cells. From an analysis of serial-section electron micrographs, we determined that the average surface area of metaphase, taxol-treated metaphase, and anaphase kinetochores is 0.16 ± 0.05 μm2 (N = 181). Surprisingly, kinetochore microtubules are packed more densely on the smaller kinetochores, as seen by a reduction in the average spacing between kinetochore microtubules from 89 nm to 59 nm. Our interpretation of this result is that PtK1 cells require a minimum kinetochore microtubule-binding capacity for survival during repeated rounds of mitotic division. We estimate the lower limit to be 23 kinetochore microtubules and suggest that this capacity is required to ensure stable attachment during the dynamic and highly stochastic process of kinetochore fiber formation. There is a modest but statistically significant increase in kinetochore microtubule number with chromosome size, indicating that chromosome size is a minor determinant of kinetochore microtubule number.
Wavering About Economics

In April 1972, the year after I lost my wife, I returned to Kyoto University via London. At the University, the students had gone on a lengthy strike to protest the dismissal by the Faculty of Economics of a radical instructor named Nobuhiro Takemoto, who had gone underground and hadn’t appeared on campus. As I was at the Institute of Economic Research, I didn’t have lecture duties, but acceding to the wishes of students, I volunteered to give an unofficial seminar (Fig. 20.1). One of the attendees was Mitsuhiro Fukao, an engineering student, who later became a noted economist.
Economic Optimal Control for Minimizing Fuel Consumption of Heavy-Duty Trucks in a Highway Environment

This paper provides a comparative assessment of three economic optimal control strategies, aimed at minimizing the fuel consumption of heavy-duty trucks in a highway environment, under a representative lead vehicle model informed by traffic data. These strategies fuse a global, off-line dynamic programming (DP) optimization with online model predictive control (MPC). We then show how two of the three strategies can be adapted to accommodate the presence of traffic and optimally navigate signalized intersections using infrastructure-to-vehicular (I2V) communication. The MPC optimization, which is local in nature, makes refinements to a coarsely (but globally, subject to grid resolution) optimized target velocity profile from the DP optimization. The three candidate economic MPC formulations that are evaluated include a nonlinear time-based formulation that directly penalizes the predicted fuel consumption, a nonlinear time-based formulation that penalizes the braking effort as a surrogate for fuel consumption, and a linear distance-based convex formulation that maintains a tradeoff between energy expenditure and tracking of the coarsely optimized velocity profile obtained from DP. Using a medium-fidelity Simulink model, based on a Volvo truck’s longitudinal and engine dynamics, we analyze the optimization’s performance on four highway routes under various traffic scenarios. Results demonstrate 3.7%–8.3% fuel economy improvement on highway routes without traffic and 6.5%–10% on the same routes with traffic included. Furthermore, we present a detailed analysis of energy usage by “type” (aerodynamic losses, braking losses, and comparison of brake-specific fuel consumption), under each candidate control strategy.
Influence of a bovine respiratory disease vaccine with a temperature-sensitive modified live or killed infectious bovine rhinotracheitis component on oestrous cycle parameters and anti-Müllerian hormone concentration in nulliparous heifers.

The objective of this study was to examine the impact of a bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) vaccine with a temperature-sensitive modified live vaccine (MLV) infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) component on oestrous cycle parameters and the follicular pool. Twenty-four Holstein heifers (12.4 ± 0.5 months) previously calfhood vaccinated with an IBR MLV component were enrolled in two replicates (Spring; n = 10 and Fall; n = 14) and were blocked by pre-vaccination bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) serum neutralizing (SN) titres. Upon enrolment, heifers were oestrous synchronized with sampling beginning at detected oestrus. At their second heat, heifers were vaccinated with a BRDC calfhood vaccine with a MLV (MLV; n = 12) or killed (K; n = 12) IBR component and sampled for two additional cycles. Serum samples for oestrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) as well as ultrasound data of ovarian structures were collected every other day. Serum samples for anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) were collected at oestrus and mid-cycle for each cycle, and serum for titres was collected prior to and following vaccination. Data were analysed with the PROC MIXED and GLM procedures of SAS. There was no difference in pre- or post-vaccination titres between MLV and K heifers (p > .5). Vaccination had no impact on P4 concentrations, P4 area under the curve, luteal tissue area, peak E2 production or oestrous cycle length (p > .05). Cycle number did impact AMH concentration (p .05). This was also true for the K heifers in the Fall replicate (p .05). Although no differences were seen in overall cycle parameters, differences in AMH concentrations may indicate a reduction of the follicular pool following vaccination and requires further investigation.
Faculty Beliefs Concerning the Preparation of Physical Education Teacher Education Students for Appropriate Practices

Teachers are expected to follow appropriate practices within their content areas. For physical education (PE) teachers, many of these practices are outlined in the Society of Health and Physical Educators’ (SHAPE America, 2009) Appropriate Instructional Practice Guidelines, K–12. This study examined the extent to which undergraduate physical education teacher education (PETE) programs are preparing their preservice PE teachers for implementing appropriate practices. PETE faculty (N = 124) across the United States responded to an electronic survey assessing their institutions’ current practices in the five constructs of Learning Environment, Instructional Strategies, Curriculum, Assessment, and Professionalism adapted from SHAPE America’s (2009) Appropriate Instructional Practice Guidelines, K–12. PETE faculty generally agree that their programs are preparing students to implement appropriate practices, particularly in the area of Instructional Strategies. PETE programs may wish to examine what they are doing to prepare their majors to implement appropriate practices and develop strategies to improve any areas of weakness, as these practices are indicators of high-quality physical education.Subscribe to TPE
A Reduced-Domain Layered-Medium Integral-Equation Method for Electronic Packages

A reduced-domain layered-medium integral-equation method that models the finite thickness, finite conductivity, and surface roughness of large metallizations via layered-medium Green’s functions is presented. Using a package-scale benchmark interconnect structure, the method is shown to lower the computational cost and complexity of network parameter extraction when an FFT-accelerated iterative solver is used (as it improves matrix conditioning and reduces number of unknowns) without compromising accuracy.
Prophylactic Antibiotics Prior to Hand Surgery in Patients with Prosthetic Joints.

Background: To determine the prevalence of prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) after elective clean hand surgery in order to determine whether prophylactic antibiotics are warranted in patients who ...