cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A review of recent atmospheric infrared transmission measurements in maritime locations.

Several atmospheric infrared transmission measurement programs have been undertaken at various maritime locations throughout the world during recent years. Extended over-water measurement programs were begun around 1975 by Physical Laboratory TNO in Holland, more recently by the Electronics Research Laboratory, Defense Science and Technology Organization, South Australia, and by the U.S. Naval Weapons Center (NWC) and Pacific Missile Test Center (PMTC) at San Nicolas Island, California. Specific information about the programs and representative results obtained in each case are described. Of particular interest are comparisons of the measured data with current models for water vapor continuum absorption in the 3 μm to 5 μm and 8 μm to 12 μm wavelength regions. Very recently, an experiment was conducted jointly by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and the Pacific Missile Test Center at San Nicolas Island. In this exercise simultaneous high resolution Fourier transform spectroscopy and broadband filter transmissometer measurements were performed. Preliminary results from this work are discussed and compared with information obtained in the other marine transmission measurement programs.
A comparison of cohort genetic algorithms with canonical serial and island-model distributed GA's

This work considers the cohort genetic algorithm, a new type of genetic algorithm introduced by Holland. The cohort GA differs in several ways from the traditional canonical serial GA and island-model distributed GA. A key motivation for its development was to reduce "hitchhiking" – premature convergence of currently low-significance loci located near loci at which good building blocks are found early in the search process. This work compares one version of the cohort GA with canonical serial and island-model distributed GA's on the basis of their abilities to reduce hitchhiking. The comparison is done using two types of test functions: the "royal road with potholes" function and hyperplane-defined functions ("HDF's"). It is experimentally shown that even though theoretically the cohort GA can reduce hitchhiking, the particular version of the cohort GA tested is prone to another form of premature convergence, and it performed worse than the other GA's. It is also shown that a small change in the placement of offspring among cohorts in the cohort GA may dramatically improve its performance. This suggests that further work on the cohort GA may well be fruitful.
The “Scold of Black America”: Obama, Race, and the African American Audience

ABSTRACTIn this article, the author argues that Obama's speech after the Zimmerman verdict also signaled a change on how Obama addressed Black audiences. In short, although Obama generally eschewed race after the Gates incident, his messaging to African Americans about race led him to become, as Ta-Nehisi Coates called him, the “scold of Black America.” Therefore, first, the author examines Obama's rhetoric when talking to or about African Americans after the Gates incident. In short, although some may argue that Obama adopts a prophetic persona and engages in prophetic speech when addressing Black Americans, he suggests that Obama politically engages in a perpetual Sister Souljah moment. Second, he moves to Obama's rhetoric after the Zimmerman verdict and after a Missouri grand jury decided not to indict Darren Wilson for shooting to death Michael Brown. Specifically, by examining 2 speeches—the 50th anniversary of Selma and the eulogy for the Emanuel Nine as rhetoric of commemoration, the author argue t...
More Money, More Opportunities: The Impact of the Machen Florida Opportunities Scholars Program on the Post-Baccalaureate Enrollment Decisions of Low-Income / First-Generation College Students

Developing financial aid policies that increase access for first-generation and low-income student have long been a priority of the scholars and administrators. To counter the rising costs of higher education, institutions have increasingly turned to no-loan programs to provide financial assistance to their most needy applications. However, only recently, has the empirical literature begun to examine the role of these no-loan program on post-enrollment outcomes. This study examines the impact of no-loan program participation on post-baccalaureate enrollment decision through a regression discontinuity approach. Results from this study indicate a positive and statistically significant effect of no-loan program participation on graduate school enrollment for these historically underrepresented and disadvantaged students.
Detecting Stealthy Botnets in a Resource-Constrained Environment using Reinforcement Learning

Modern botnets can persist in networked systems for extended periods of time by operating in a stealthy manner. Despite the progress made in the area of botnet prevention, detection, and mitigation, stealthy botnets continue to pose a significant risk to enterprises. Furthermore, existing enterprise-scale solutions require significant resources to operate effectively, thus they are not practical. In order to address this important problem in a resource-constrained environment, we propose a reinforcement learning based approach to optimally and dynamically deploy a limited number of defensive mechanisms, namely honeypots and network-based detectors, within the target network. The ultimate goal of the proposed approach is to reduce the lifetime of stealthy botnets by maximizing the number of bots identified and taken down through a sequential decision-making process. We provide a proof-of-concept of the proposed approach, and study its performance in a simulated environment. The results show that the proposed approach is promising in protecting against stealthy botnets.
Comparison of chloride permeability methods for Alkali-Activated concrete

Abstract This paper presents the results of an experimental study of chloride permeability in alkali-activated fly ash, alkali-activated slag, and Portland cement concrete. Test methods include the rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT), AC and DC electrical resistivity, and the 90-day salt ponding test. We hypothesize that differences in pore solution chemistry between alkali-activated and Portland cement binders render electrical methods unable to accurately estimate chloride permeability in alkali-activated concrete. The present study seeks to evaluate this hypothesis by comparing results from electrical tests with diffusion coefficients from salt ponding tests. Contrary to previous claims, the RCPT provided a good estimate of chloride permeability in both alkali-activated slag and alkali-activated fly ash concrete. RCPT results showed excellent correlation with diffusion coefficients determined from salt ponding tests. Resistivity-measurements exhibited poor correlation to diffusion coefficients and overestimated the resistance to chloride ion penetration. Furthermore, AC and DC resistivity measurements showed significant disagreement for alkali-activated concrete. Finally, evidence form salt ponding tests suggests differences in chloride binding potential between alkali-activated and Portland cement concretes.
Intravenous infusion of xenon-containing liposomes generates rapid antidepressant-like effects.

Abstract Aim Similar to ketamine, xenon gas acts as a glutamatergic N-methyl- d -aspartate receptor antagonist, but devoid of propensity to cause untoward effects. Herein, we loaded xenon gas into a liposomal carrier called xenon-containing liposomes (Xe-liposome) for systemic delivery, and investigated its effect as an antidepressant and also analyzed synaptic biomarkers including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), protein kinase B (AKT), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), protein kinase C (PKC) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) in blood and brain. Methods Xe-liposomes (15 μl/mg) were prepared by a pressurized freeze-thaw method, and injected via the lateral tail vein (0.6 mL/rat) in male Wistar rats. The uncaging of xenon gas from circulating Xe-liposome was facilitated by continuous ultrasound application externally on the neck over the internal common carotid artery. One-hour after Xe-liposome infusion, animals were assessed for depression-like behaviors using a forced swimming test (FST), and spontaneous locomotor activity. Blood, as well as frontal cortex and hippocampal samples were obtained for immunoblotting and/or enzyme-linked immune sorbent assays. Results Acute intravenous infusion of Xe-liposome, at 6 mg/kg, showed an increase in swimming time in the FST (p Conclusion Xe-liposomes mediate a rapid antidepressant-like effect through activation of AKT/mTOR/BDNF signaling pathway.
RND transporters in the living world

Transporters of the RND superfamily are well-known as the major drug efflux pumps of Gram-negative bacteria. However, they are widespread in organisms ranging from Archaea to Eukaryotes, and perform diverse functions. This review gives a brief overview of these diverse members of the superfamily with emphasis on their structure and functions.
Efficacy and safety of the glucagon receptor antagonist PF-06291874: A 12-week, randomized, dose-response study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus on background metformin therapy.

AIMS To conduct a dose-response assessment of the efficacy and safety of the glucagon receptor antagonist PF-06291874 in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) using stable doses of metformin. MATERIALS AND METHODS This randomized, double-blind, statin-stratified, placebo-controlled, 4-arm, parallel-group study was conducted in patients with T2DM who were receiving background metformin. After an 8-week, non-metformin oral antidiabetic agent washout period, 206 patients were randomized to placebo or PF-06291874 (30, 60 or 100 mg once daily) for 12 weeks. Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and safety endpoints were assessed at baseline and post baseline. RESULTS Dose-dependent mean reductions from baseline in HbA1c for PF-06291874 ranged from -0.67% (-7.29 mmol/mol) to -0.93% (-10.13 mmol/mol), and for FPG from -16.6 to -33.3 mg/dL after 12 weeks of dosing. The incidence of hypoglycaemia was low and was similar between groups receiving PF-06291874 and placebo. Small, non-dose-dependent increases in LDL cholesterol ( 2 mm Hg; diastolic BP > 1 mm Hg) were observed with PF-06291874. Modest non-dose-dependent median increases were observed across PF-06291874 groups at 12 weeks for alanine aminotransferase (range, 37.6-48.7 U/L vs placebo) and aspartate aminotransferase (range, 33.3-36.6 U/L vs placebo); these were not associated with bilirubin changes. Small increases were observed in body weight (< 0.5 kg) in each PF-06291874 group vs placebo. CONCLUSIONS In patients with T2DM, PF-06291874 significantly lowered HbA1c and glucose, was well tolerated and carried a low risk of hypoglycaemia. Small, non-dose-related increases in BP, lipids and hepatic transaminases were observed.
Subsystem organization of axonal connections within and between the right and left cerebral cortex and cerebral nuclei (endbrain)

The endbrain (telencephalon) is at the rostral end of the central nervous system and is primarily responsible for supporting cognition and affect. Structurally, it consists of right and left cerebral hemispheres, each parceled into multiple cortical and nuclear gray matter regions. The global network organization of axonal macroconnections between the 244 regions forming the endbrain was analyzed with a multiresolution consensus clustering (MRCC) method that provides a hierarchical description of community clustering (modules or subsystems) within the network. Experimental evidence was collated from the neuroanatomical literature for the existence of 10,002 of a possible 59,292 connections within the network, and they cluster into four top-level subsystems and 60 bottom-level subsystems arranged in a 50-level hierarchy. Two top-level subsystems are bihemispheric: One deals with auditory and visual information, and the other corresponds broadly to the default mode network. The other two top-level subsystems are bilaterally symmetrical, and each deals broadly with somatic and visceral information. Because the entire endbrain connection matrix was assembled from multiple subconnectomes, it was easy to show that the status of a region as a connectivity hub is not absolute but, instead, depends on the size and coverage of its anatomical neighborhood. It was also shown numerically that creating an ultradense connection matrix by converting all "absent" connections to a "very weak" connection weight has virtually no effect on the clustering hierarchy. The next logical step in this project is to complete the forebrain connectome by adding the thalamus and hypothalamus (together, the interbrain) to the endbrain analysis.
Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Gliomas

Diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPG) are unique in pediatric neuro-oncology as they are inoperable and rarely being biopsied. They are a relatively clean tumor group to be studied with MR spectroscopy because lesions are always in the same region, generally large and homogeneous, and MR studies are technically not compromised by biopsies or surgery. These tumors are well suited for longitudinal studies to evaluate metabolic changes over the disease course. The absence of tissue samples, unfortunately, also means that definitive correlation between physiological features and tissue biology and histology is not possible. In this chapter, an overview of the MR spectroscopic features of DIPG at baseline and at follow-up is given.
Specialized, multi-component care for individuals with first-episode psychosis: Effects on autonomy, competence and relatedness.

AIM Self-determination theory (SDT) has demonstrated that human well-being is associated with the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs (ie, autonomy, competence and relatedness)-with more recent research highlighting the applicability of SDT to individuals with first-episode psychosis (FEP). These findings suggest that satisfaction of basic psychological need may be an important treatment target for specialized clinical programs for FEP. METHODS We examined the effects of participation in specialized, multi-component care for FEP on basic psychological need satisfaction. RESULTS After 6 months of treatment, individuals with FEP experienced gains in autonomy and relatedness and a near significant improvement in competence. CONCLUSIONS Although our results should be interpreted cautiously given the uncontrolled study design and small sample size, our data suggest that the benefits of participation in comprehensive, early intervention for psychotic disorders may include increased satisfaction of basic psychological needs.
General Educational Development (GED) and Educational Attainment Equivalency for Demographically Adjusted Norms

OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the General Educational Development (GED) certificate should be considered equivalent to a standard 12-year high school education when performing demographic corrections on neuropsychological performance levels. If the GED certificate and high school diploma reflect comparable levels of educational achievement, then performance on the Test of Premorbid Function (TOPF) and selected WAIS-IV indices should not differ between groups. METHOD Archival neuropsychology data were reviewed to identify patients who either (1) did not complete high school and did not subsequently obtain a GED, (2) did not complete high school but subsequently obtained a GED, or (3) completed high school and did not obtain any further formal education. Most patients were programmatic referrals for epilepsy surgery evaluation, although referrals from the general neurology clinic were also included. The primary dependent measures were the TOPF and WAIS-IV Full Scale IQ (FSIQ). RESULTS High school graduates obtained higher scores on the TOPF (p < .01, partial η2 = 0.16) and FSIQ (p < .01, partial η2 = 0.14) as compared to both GED subjects and subjects withdrawing from high school with no GED. The non-GED group and the GED group did not differ from each other. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that the GED is not equivalent to a standard 12-year high school education when characterizing educational background. Although these data do not address what the appropriate year equivalent should be for the GED when adjusting performance for educational background, using 12 years will likely identify more areas of neuropsychological weakness simply by suggesting higher levels of premorbid ability.
Aminocaproic Acid for the Reversal of Alteplase: A Case Series.

Introduction:The evidence to support the use of aminocaproic acid for reversal of alteplase is limited to case reports. Current guidelines recommend cryoprecipitate as first-line treatment, or an a...
Two Maya Tales from the Mérida Cereso

A translation with critical introduction of two stories set in Maya pueblos by the Yucatecan writers Zindy Abreu Baron and Yesli Dayanili Pech Pech. The stories, which both contain elements of Maya folklore, were written in the context of writing workshops conducted in the Merida Cereso (Center for Social Reinsertion).
FPGA Accelerated FPGA Placement

Placement is one of the runtime bottlenecks in an FPGA design implementation flow, in which global placement accounts for a major portion of the runtime. In this paper, we demonstrate FPGA acceleration of wirelength gradient computation, which is an important part of modern analytical placement tools. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work on acceleration of analytical placement on FPGAs. Our implementation uses OpenCL and leverages the FPGA's ability to support deep pipelines. We achieve an average speedup of 3.03x for wirelength gradient computation only and 2x for the entire global placement flow over a 28-threaded CPU implementation. Our placement quality is comparable to previously published works. Additionally, we can finish global placement for a design with 1 million cells and 1 million nets in less than 1 minute.
Color tuning of face-selective neurons in cells in macaque inferior temporal cortex

How are face-specific color signals encoded by the brain? We addressed this question by measuring color responses of face-selective cells in alert macaque monkey, using fMRI-guided microelectrode recording of the middle and anterior face patches. Many face-selective neurons showed broad color tuning when assessed using images that preserved the luminance contrast relationships of the original face photographs. A Fourier analysis of the color-tuning responses uncovered two components. The first harmonic showed a bias towards the L>M pole of the L-M cardinal axis of cone-opponent color space (appearing reddish), which suggests that face cells encode a prior about the color component of faces that is important for social signaling (blood perfusion). The second harmonic showed a bias for colors that modulate the S-cone cardinal axis, which may relate to the computation of animacy by IT cells. Taken together, these results uncover a putative physiological basis for the role of color in face perception and show that chromatic signatures corresponding to the cardinal chromatic mechanisms are evident not only in subcortical circuits, as previously known, but also far along the visual processing hierarchy, within inferior temporal cortex.
Translation-based steganography

This paper investigates systems that steganographically embed information in the “noise” created by automatic translation of natural language documents. The main thrust of the work focuses on two problems - generation of plausible steganographic texts and avoiding transmission of the original source for stego objects. Because the inherent redundancy of natural language creates plenty of room for variation in translation, machine translation is ideal for steganographic applications. We describe the design and implementation of a scheme for hiding information in translated natural language text and present experimental results using the implemented system. While the initial work in this vein required the presence of both the source and the translation, the system detailed in this paper requires only the translated text for recovering the hidden message, increasing security and improving resource usage. These improvements occur not only because the source text is no longer available to the adversary, but also because a broader repertoire of defenses (such as mixing human and machine translation) can now be used.
Immunological mechanism of peripheral neuropathy induced by Campylobacter jejuni-Incidences of experimental peripheral neuropathy induced by Pen19 and Pen43

Recent studies have suggested that Campylobacter jejuni (CJ) may be the most common pathogen causing Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). Fifteen to seventy-five percent of patients with GBS had had a recent CJ infection. The serotypes of CJ isolated from stool usually are Penner (Pen) 19, Pen4, Pen41, and so on. Although some serotypes of CJ have been proved to associate with GBS, the directly evidence from the animal model is needed. Objective To clarify the association of peripheral neuropathy with GBS by using the different serotypes of CJ to immunize Wistar rats respectively. Methods Sixty Wistar rats were divided into three groups: CJ-Pen 19 group, CJ-Pen43 group and normal saline control group. Each rat was immunized repeatedly with Freund′s adjuvant and inactivation antigen of CJ-Pen19, Pen43 and normal saline, respectively. The serum titers of specific anti-CJ antibodies were detected by ELISA. The pathologic examination of sciatic nerves was performed at different time points: 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 weeks, respectively after the immunization. Results (1) Compared with the normal saline group, the serum titer of anti-CJ IgG elevated after immunization and sustained at a higher level after the 3rd-4th week in the CJ-Pen19 and Pen43 groups of rats. (2) The incidences of pathologic nerves and fibers in CJ-Pen19 group (60.0% and 17.7%, respectively) were much higher than those of CJ-Pen43 group (10.0% and 0.5%, respectively) and of normal saline group (5.0% and 0.5%, respectively, P 0.05). (3) At the initial stage, the type of pathologic fibers was mostly axon degeneration. The ratio of axon degeneration to demyelination was 3.4% to 0.7%. But at advanced stage, the proportions of demyelination increased rapidly and the ratio of axon degeneration to demyelination was 5.3% to 24.1%. (4) There was a positive correlation between the antibody titer of specific anti-CJ IgG and the incidence of axon degeneration (r=0.801) compared with the demyelination. There was no correlation between the IgM level and the incidence of axon degeneration or demyelination (r=0.253 and 0.281, respectively). Conclusions (1) The incidence of experimental peripheral neuropathy might depend on CJ serotypes; (2) The majority of pathologic fibers showed axonal degeneration at the initial stage and remarkable demyelination at the later stage. (3) The specific anti-CJ IgG antibody might act as an important pathogenic factor in the process of axon degeneration. Key words: Campylobacter jejuni; Peripheral nervous system diseases
Sisters in Spirit: Christianity, Affect, and Community Building in East Africa, 1860–1970

Sisters in Spirit examines the history of affective bonds among female lay evangelists of the Universities’ Mission to Central Africa (UMCA). The setting is the UMCA’s main theological training cen...
Preparing your healthcare facility for the new fungus among us: An infection preventionist's guide to Candida auris

Candida auris is a multidrug-resistant yeast that has emerged in recent years as a serious global health threat. Unique challenges in identification, treatment, and cleaning and disinfection have contributed to its propensity to spread within healthcare settings. Familiarity with the organism and knowledge of appropriate methods for detection and management of infection and colonization is important for infection preventionists to prevent healthcare-associated transmission of this pathogen.
Loss of Endogenously Cycling Adult Cardiomyocytes Worsens Myocardial Function.

Rationale: Endogenously cycling adult cardiomyocytes increase after myocardial infarction (MI) but remain scarce and are generally thought not to contribute to myocardial function. However, this br...
Dynamics of flags over wide ranges of mass and bending stiffness

There have been many studies of the instability of a flexible plate or flag to flapping motions, and of large-amplitude flapping. Here we use inviscid simulations and a linearized model to study more generally how key quantities -- mode number (or wavenumber), frequency, and amplitude -- depend on the two dimensionless parameters, flag mass and bending stiffness. In the limit of small flag mass, flags perform traveling wave motions that move at nearly the speed of the oncoming flow. The flag mode number scales as the -1/4 power of bending stiffness. The flapping frequency has the same scaling, with an additional slight increase with flag mass in the small-mass regime. The flapping amplitude scales approximately as flag mass to the 1/2 power. For large flag mass, the dominant mode number is low (0 or 1), the flapping frequency tends to zero, and the amplitude saturates in the neighborhood of its upper limit (the flag length). In a linearized model, the fastest growing modes have somewhat different power law scalings for wavenumber and frequency. We discuss how the numerical scalings are consistent with a weakly nonlinear model.
Leveraging Population Outcomes to Improve the Generalization of Experimental Results

Generalizing causal estimates in randomized experiments to a broader target population is essential for guiding decisions by policymakers and practitioners in the social and biomedical sciences. While recent papers developed various weighting estimators for the population average treatment effect (PATE), many of these methods result in large variance because the experimental sample often differs substantially from the target population, and estimated sampling weights are extreme. To improve efficiency in practice, we propose post-residualized weighting in which we use the outcome measured in the observational population data to build a flexible predictive model (e.g., machine learning methods) and residualize the outcome in the experimental data before using conventional weighting methods. We show that the proposed PATE estimator is consistent under the same assumptions required for existing weighting methods, importantly without assuming the correct specification of the predictive model. We demonstrate the efficiency gains from this approach through simulations and our application based on a set of job training experiments.
Impedance-Based Feedforward Learning Control for Natural Interaction between a Prosthetic Hand and the Environment

Robotic prosthetic hands or arms often do not apply appropriate force and pressure and also do not have appropriate tactile and proprioceptive feedbacks as accurately and precisely as a human, which make the prosthetic arms less user-friendly and inconvenient. The lack of human-like tactile and proprioceptive feedbacks may also cause serious safety problems in the interaction between a prosthetic arm and the environment. This paper proposes a supervised learning-based solution to this problem associated with a support vector machine (SVM) classifier, which is to create a method that allows the synthetic hand or a prosthetic arm to apply forces to the environment (and react to the forces applied by the environment on the prosthetic arm in the form of tactile and proprioceptive forces or pressures) properly. As part of the entire goal, we create a glove instrumented with piezoelectric tactile sensors that fits over one of the hands, applies forces on the environment (an object grasped by a human subject wearing the glove) and records the applied forces/pressures along with proprioceptive and tactile feedbacks. In a simple user study, we subjectively evaluate the interaction between the environment and the human hand wearing the glove. Based on the user study results and the measured forces, we then outline a supervised learning algorithm to be applied with a support vector machine to classify the natural and unnatural interactions between the glove (potential prosthetic arm) and the object (environment). The learned (trained) algorithm is then proposed to be used to develop feedforward learning control for achieving human-like natural interactions between the prosthetic arm and the environment.
A Review of Historical and Future Changes of Extratropical Cyclones and Associated Impacts Along the US East Coast

This paper reviews the historical and potential future trends of extratropical cyclones (ECs) along the United States (US) East Coast and western Atlantic, as well as potential changes in coastal flooding, heavy precipitation, and damaging winds. Most models project a steady decrease in the number of ECs for the US East Coast and western Atlantic region by the middle to later twenty-first century, while there is an increase in more intense (<980 hPa) cyclones and heavy precipitation; however, there is also been large interdecadal and interannual variability. Potential biases may exist in the models because of difficulty capturing: (a) the Atlantic storm track sensitivity to the Gulf Stream SST gradient, (b) latent heating within these storms, and (c) dynamical interactions at jet level. More work is needed to determine future changes in hybrid storms (e.g., Sandy 2012) and diagnostics to better understand the future cyclone changes in the models.
Temporal partitioning for partially-reconfigurable-field-programmable gate

The recent introduction of partially-reconfigurable field-programmable gate arrays (PRFPGAs) has led to the need for new algorithms suited for use with these devices. Although algorithms developed for use with field-programmable gate arrays can be applied to PRFPGAs, these algorithms do not take advantage of features available in these new devices.
Upregulation of acidic fibroblast growth factor during development of experimental lung fibrosis

Fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix accumulation are crucial in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-1 participates in both processes, but its role in lung fibrogenesis has not been evaluated. We analyzed the expression of FGF-1 and of FGF receptor (FGFR) in a model of lung fibrosis induced in rats with paraquat plus hyperoxia. Experimental and control animals were killed at 48 h and 2, 4, and 8 wk, and the lungs were studied by in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and Northern blot. In normal lungs, scattered macrophages contained FGF-1. In contrast, at all times examined, the injured lungs exhibited FGF-1 transcript and the immunoreactive protein, mainly in alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages. In advanced fibrotic lesions, fibroblasts also appeared stained. Northern blot corroborated the upregulation of FGF-1 mRNA. FGFR was not observed in normal lungs, whereas it was strongly increased in the damaged lungs and was virtually immunolocalized in the same cell types as the corresponding ligand. These findings suggest that FGF-1 and FGFR are actively synthesized during the development of pulmonary fibrosis.
Intuitive control of dynamic simulation using improved implicit constraint enforcement

Geometric constraints are imperative components of many dynamic simulation systems to effectively control the behavior of simulated objects. In this paper we present an improved first-order implicit constraint enforcement scheme to achieve improved accuracy without significant computational burden. Our improved implicit constraint enforcement technique is seamlessly integrated into a dynamic simulation system to achieve desirable motions during the simulation using constraint forces and doesn't require parameter tweaking for numerical stabilization. Our experimental results show improved accuracy in maintaining constraints in comparison with our previous first-order implicit constraint method and the notable explicit Baumgarte method. The improved accuracy in constraint enforcement contributes to the effective and intuitive motion control in dynamic simulations. To demonstrate the wide applicability, the proposed constraint scheme is successfully applied to the prevention of excessive elongation of cloth springs, the realistic motion of cloth under arduous collision conditions, and the modeling of a joint for a rigid body robot arm.
Parallelization of a finite element code for 3D scattering

The authors present the implementation details of a FE-ABC (finite-element absorbing boundary condition) code and describe the numerical considerations involved in optimizing this code. The linear equation solver and the sparse matrix generation were parallelized on the KSR1 (Kendall Square Research) shared-address space distributed-cache architecture with substantial speedup. Benchmarking was also done on the CM-5 (Connection Machine) with encouraging results. The parallel version of the FE-ABC code was run for a 1.5/spl lambda/ /spl times/ 1/spl lambda/ /spl times/ 1/spl lambda/ pec inlet and the monostatic radar cross section compared with measured data for HH-polarization. >
What Jurors Want to Know: Motivating Juror Cognition to Increase Legal Knowledge & Improve Decisionmaking

What do jurors want to know? Jury research tells us that jurors want to understand the information they hear in a trial so they can reach the correct decision. But like all people, jurors who are asked to analyze information in a trial — even jurors who consciously want to reach a fair and accurate verdict — are unconsciously influenced by their internal goals and motivations. Some of these motives are specific to individual jurors; for instance, a potential juror with a financial interest in a case would be excluded from the jury pool. But other motivations, like the motive to understand the law and to reach an accurate verdict, are core social motives that influence the cognition of all jurors. Although those motives may be less obvious than those of the juror with a financial stake in the case, they still have a profound influence on how jurors learn the law and interpret evidence, and we can use them to better motivate jurors to efficiently learn the law and to think carefully about how the law will apply to the facts they will see in a trial. A significant body of legal literature has examined jurors’ use and understanding of the substantive law they receive in jury instructions, and many scholars have recommended methods to improve juror comprehension of instructions. This Article is the first law journal article to take that analysis a step further and consider all of the major scientific studies that examine motivated cognition and apply them to jury decisionmaking. Because much of juror cognition is motivated, we can harness the power of this motivated cognition to further increase juror comprehension of the law and improve juror decisionmaking.
Numerical Simulation of Sequential and Simultaneous Hydraulic Fracturing

Hydraulic fracturing of horizontal well hydraulic fracturing technology can help develop unconventional geothermal and petroleum resources. Today, industry uses simultaneous and sequential (also known as zipper) fracturing in horizontal petroleum well stimulations. To achieve successful and desired stimulated rock volumes and fracture networks, one must understand the effect of various rock and fluid properties on stimulation to minimize the risk of unwanted fracture geometries. This paper describes the development of a 2D coupled displacement discontinuity numerical model for simulating fracture propagation in simulta‐ neous and sequential hydraulic fracture operations. The sequential fracturing model consid‐ ers different boundary conditions for the previously created fractures (constant pressure restricting the flow back between stages and proppant-filled). A series of examples are pre‐ sented to study the effect of fracture spacing to show the importance of spacing optimiza‐ tion. The results show the fracture path is not only affected by fracture spacing but also by the boundary conditions on the previously created fractures.
Design and Performance of the ARIANNA HRA-3 Neutrino Detector Systems

We report on the development, installation, and operation of the first three of seven stations deployed at the ARIANNA site’s pilot Hexagonal Radio Array (HRA) in Antarctica. The primary goal of the ARIANNA project is to observe ultrahigh energy ( $ > 100~\hbox{PeV}$ ) cosmogenic neutrino signatures using a large array of autonomous stations, each 1 km apart on the surface of the Ross Ice Shelf. Sensing radio emissions of 100 MHz to 1 GHz, each station in the array contains RF antennas, amplifiers, 1.92 G-sample/s, 850 MHz bandwidth signal acquisition circuitry, pattern-matching trigger capabilities, an embedded CPU, 32 GB of solid-state data storage, and long-distance wireless and satellite communications. Power is provided by the sun and buffered in LiFePO ${}_4$ storage batteries, and each station consumes an average of 7 W of power. Operation on solar power has resulted in $ \geq$ 58% per calendar-year live-time. The station’s pattern-trigger capabilities reduce the trigger rates to a few milli-Hertz with 4-sigma voltage thresholds while retaining good stability and high efficiency for neutrino signals. The timing resolution of the station has been found to be 0.049 ns, RMS, and the angular precision of event reconstructions of signals bounced off of the sea–ice interface of the Ross Ice Shelf ranged from 0.14 to 0.17 $^\circ $ .
Recent Theoretical Results for Cepheid Pulsation

Detailed theoretical investigations of stellar pulsation need a mass and a composition before models can be constructed for study. Unfortunately, for the last ten years the masses of the Cepheids, which can be determined with reasonable accuracy by six different methods, have been in dispute. One possible way to resolve these various mass anomalies is to postulate an inhomogeneous composition envelope structure. Thus the principal problem in current theoretical studies is: What are both the masses and envelope compositions of Cepheids? Stellar evolution theory has indicated that main sequence B stars evolve to become red giants or supergiants and then loop blueward in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram to cross again the pulsation instability strip the second and third (or even more) times. The second and third crossings are the slowest for models of evolutionary masses between 4 and 13 M ⊙ . Both below and above this mass the stars become Cepheids (or δ Scuti variables at the lowest masses) on their sole crossing to the red. Massive stars do not become cool enough to become Cepheids if the main sequence mass is above 18 M ⊙ .
Ribosomal Gene Structure, Variation and Inheritance in Maize and Its Ancestors

We have examined the structure of nuclear genes coding for ribosomal RNAs in maize and its wild relatives, the teosintes and Tripsacum. Digestion of the rDNA (genes coding for 18S, 5.8S and 26S RNAs) with 15 restriction endonucleases (with six base pair recognition sites) yields essentially a single map for the approximately 10,000 repeat units within an individual plant or species. Both length and site variation were detected among species and were concentrated in the intergenic spacer region of the rDNA repeat unit. This result is in agreement with patterns of rDNA change observed among wheat and its relatives (Triticeae), and among vertebrate species. Digestion of these nuclear DNAs with BamHI and subsequent hybridization with a 5S RNA gene-specific probe allowed determination of the size of the 5S gene repeat unit in maize, teosintes, and Tripsacum. Groupings in the genus Zea were characterized by distinct repeat unit types five Tripsacum species examined shared a 260 base pair major repeat unit type. Additionally, several other restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns differentiated among the 5S DNAs within the genus Zea. The rDNA and 5S DNA restriction site variation among the species can be interpreted phylogenetically and agrees with biochemical, karyotypic, and morphological evidence that places maize closest to the Mexican teosintes. For both gene arrays, contributions from each parental genome can be detected by restriction enzyme analysis of progeny from crosses between maize and two distantly related teosintes, Zea luxurians or Zea diploperennis, but certain teosinte arrays were underrepresented in some of the hybrids.
Effective transitions for youth from pediatric to adult systems of care: the role of care coordination in integration

Background: Care coordination (CC) involves a critical, cross-cutting set of activities. In the United States (US), consensus about core functions and competencies is lacking; ambiguity exists regarding disciplines, outcomes, measures, and financing. Effectively transitioning care from pediatric to adult systems of care remains a significant challenge. Objective: Present a newly developed, multidisciplinary framework for CC, including definition, characteristics, competencies, levels, outcomes, as well as recommendations for future policy, research and education. Look at challenges currently facing youth with special health care needs attempting to transition to adult systems of care. Results: Developing a family-centered system of health care requires full engagement of patients, youth, and families in the planning and implementation process. The CC framework offers strategies including clarification of definition of CC, role descriptions, characteristics, core competencies, levels of service, and culturally-effective approaches. The framework also details anticipated outcomes resulting from the experience of receiving and providing highly effective coordination of care. The family-centered ‘medical home’ is highlighted as a hub for community-based CC. Functional relationships and communications are assumed at points of engagement along the health care continuum and across community partner organizations. The CC framework provides a structured approach to empower youth with chronic conditions and their families/caregivers to address and overcome some of the challenges of transitioning care from pediatrics to adult health systems. Conclusions: To achieve a high performance health care system, it is essential to create, sustain, and measure the performance of an integrated, consistent CC infrastructure. This is systematically lacking at the present time in the US. Driving this transformation will be the creation and implementation of multiple elements and promoting factors within the healthcare system and across multiple sectors of the broader community. These factors will enable effective transitions from pediatric to adult health care systems. Acknowledgements: Grateful acknowledgement is made to The Commonwealth Fund and to the US Maternal and Child Health Bureau for partial support of this work. The presenter wants to acknowledge the contributions of Jeanne McAllister, BSN, MS, MHA, Jill Popp, MA and to colleagues at the US Healthy and Ready to Work National Resource Center.
Smoking status and self-reported race affect the frequency of clinically relevant oncogenic alterations in non-small-cell lung cancers at a United States-based academic medical practice

Abstract Introduction The identification of somatic genomic aberrations in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is part of evidence-based practice guidelines for care of patients with NSCLC. We sought to establish the frequency and correlates with these changes in routine patient–tumor sample pairs. Methods Clinicopathologic data and tumor genotype were retrospectively compiled and analyzed from an overall cohort of 381 patient–tumor samples. Results Of these patients, 75.9% self-reported White race, 13.1% Asian, 6.5% Black, 27.8% were never-smokers, 54.9% former-smokers and 17.3% current-smokers. The frequency of EGFR mutations was 23.9% (86/359), KRAS mutations 34.2% (71/207) and ALK FISH positivity 9.1% (23/252) in tumor samples, and almost all had mutually exclusive results for these oncogenes. In tumors from White, Black and Asian patients, the frequencies of EGFR mutations were 18.4%, 18.2% and 62%, respectively; of ALK FISH positivity 7.81%, 0% and 14.8%, respectively; and of KRAS mutations 41.6%, 20% and 0%. These patterns changed significant with increasing pack-year history of smoking. In White patients, the frequencies of EGFR mutations and ALK FISH positivity decreased with increasing pack-year cohorts; while the frequencies of KRAS mutations increased. Interestingly, in Asian patients the frequencies of EGFR mutations were similar in never smokers and in the cohorts with less than 45pack-year histories of smoking and only decreased in the 45pack-year plus cohort. Conclusions The frequencies of somatic EGFR , KRAS , and ALK gene abnormalities using routine lung cancer tissue samples from our United States-based academic medical practice reflect the diverse ethnicity (with a higher frequency of EGFR mutations in Asian patients) and smoking patterns (with an inverse correlation between EGFR mutation and ALK rearrangement) of our tested population. These results may help other medical practices appreciate the expected results from introduction of routine tumor genotyping techniques into their day-to-day care of NSCLC.
MODELING DYNAMIC FRACTURE GROWTH WITH AN ELASTIC NETWORK

A conceptually simple model, consisting of a network of particles and springs, is used to model dynamic fracturing processes. In this model, the springs provide the resistance to compression and deformation, and particle masses provide the inertial effect. When such a network is subjected to a dynamic loading, Newton's equations of motion are solved to determine the evolution of the network. If a spring is stretched or compressed beyond prescribed threshold limits at any time-step, the spring breaks and initiates a fracture. The model results indicate that the fracture pattern depends on the inhomogeneities of the rock, the active crack-driving force, and the in-situ stresses.
Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Baeometra, Burchardia and Walleria

The pistils in Baeometra, Burchardia and Walleria ate tricarpellate, and their ovules are mostly bitegmic. Baeometra has free styles and deep septal invaginations between the carpels. Its pistil is innervated by three dorsal bundles, three compound septal bundles (each of which may divide into two simple septal bundles above), six placental bundles, and six adjoining auxiliary placental bundles. The pistil of Burchardia resembles that of Baeometra, except that there are six simple septal bundles throughout and no auxiliary placental bundles. In Walleria the wings of adjoining carpels are completely fused (except for rare septal glands); there is a single compound style; additional vascular tissue is present in the central axis of the pistil up to the lowermost ovules; the carpels are fused with the floral cup above the base of the locules; and raphide idioblasts are present. Walleria has six “ventral” bundles, each of which appears to be the fusion product of a placental bundle with a simple septal bundle. Tribal affinities of these genera are discussed.
A demonstration of the importance of RNA metabolism for the acquisition but not performance of learned behaviors

Abstract The disruption of RNA metabolism by the drug 8-azaguanine severely retards the acquisition of a learned two-choice brightness discrimination in rat. However, similar doses of the antimetabolite have absolutely no effect on the performance of a previously learned two-choice brightness discrimination. Apparently, RNA metabolism is important for learning and/or memory storage but not for the utilization of previously learned behaviors.