cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on the pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile-inducible form of rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase

Abstract Treatment of rats with pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile (PCN) markedly induces rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450p and UDP-GT-dt1, a glucuronosyltransferase active towards the digitoxin metabolite, digitoxigenin monodigitoxoside. The present study characterizes the regulation of these two enzymes in rats treated with different xenobiotics. Like PCN, treatment of rats with dexamethasone, spironolactone, troleandomycin or erythromycin estolate markedly induced both UDP-GT-dt1 and cytochrome P-450p (measured as erythromycin demethylase and testosterone 2β-, 6β-, 15β-, and 18-hydroxylase activities). However, compared to PCN and dexamethasone, both troleandomycin and erythromycin estolate preferentially induced cytochrome P-450p, whereas spironolactone preferentially induced UDP-GT-dt1. Treatment of rats with the polychlorinated biphenyl mixture, Aroclor 1254, increased both cytochrome P-450p and UDP-GT-dt1 activity to about 40% of that in liver microsomes from rats induced with PCN or dexamethasone. Treatment of rats with phenobarbital or chlordane caused a relatively small increase in cytochrome P-450p and UDP-GT-dt1 activity. Neither enzyme was induced by treatment of rats with 3-methylcholanthrene, rifampin or digitoxin. The induction of cytochrome P-450p and UDP-GT-dt1 by PCN followed similar dose-response curves. Although cytochrome P-450p and UDP-GT-dt1 are differentially affected by the age and the sex of rats, the enzymes responded similarly, but not identically, to xenobiotic treatment. This suggests that cytochrome P-450p and UDP-GT-dt1 are co-inducible but not coordinately regulated.
THE EFFECTS OF LY-201116 4-AMINO-N-(2,6-DIMETHYLPHENYL)BENZAMIDE ON THE AMYGDALA-KINDLED RAT

Abstract The effects of LY-201116, a 4-aminobenzamide, were examined in rats using the amygdala kindling model, both during acquisition of the kindled response and in fully kindled animals. Dose-response and timeresponse studies for efficacy and rotorod toxicity were completed following intraperitoneal injection of the drug. Afterdischarge duration, behavioral seizure response, kindled seizure threshold and EEG recordings were used to assess efficacy and toxicity of the drug. In the acquisition trial, the drug (7.5 mg/Kg) did not significantly alter the number of stimulations required to produce the first stage 5 kindled response nor did it modify afterdischarge durations. Doses of 11.25 and 15 mg/Kg suppressed afterdischarge and diminished behavioral responses significantly in fully kindled rats, but these doses were also neurotoxic as judged by rotorod performance. The non-selective anticonvulsant effect of 11.25 mg/Kg lasted at least 90 min. A dose of 15 mg/Kg raised kindled seizure threshold and diminished afterdischarge duration. Doses of 20, 30 and 40 mg/Kg produced spontaneous EEG spikes and seizures accompanied by behavioral convulsions. The drug thus exhibited non-selective anticonvulsant effects in fully kindled rats following doses of 11.25 or 15 mg/Kg, but exhibited proconvulsant activity following doses in the range of 20–40 mg/Kg.
Introduction to session 4: new biofuels and biomass chemicals.

This session will specialize in discussions of new fuels and chemicals emerging in the research community. Approaches include development of bio-gasoline, mixed alcohols, merging of thermochemical processes with biological conversion, as well as new targets for biomass-derived chemicals. While ethanol and biodiesel receive the most attention in the media, researchers continue to make progress in developing new fuels and chemicals from renewable sources and via some very interesting approaches. The presentations in session 4 reflected some of the large body of work that is ongoing. Greg Keenan (Virent Energy Systems) presented an overview of the aqueous-phase reforming process for the conversion of sugars to hydrocarbons. This chemical catalytic process is an alternative to bio-based approaches for conversion. The extent to which the catalytic process can be applied to sugar mixtures derived from biomass will determine the versatility of this process for the generation of liquid fuels such as gasoline and other hydrocarbon-based liquid fuels. Selection of different catalysts and conditions allows conversion of sugars to different hydrocarbons and fuels. This process is currently being scaled up by Virent. Andy Aden of National Renewable Energy Laboratory presented a paper titled “Comparison of Rigorous Process and Economic Data for Biochemical and Thermochemical Ethanol Production Technologies.” A comparison of the biochemical approach (sugar platform) with the thermochemical approach for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels was made. Such a comparison will allow for a determination of the advantages/disadvantages of each approach. Capital and operating costs of each approach (thermochemical and biochemical) were compared. The results of this comparison suggested that the technology option of choice will be determined by the feedstock availability. There does not appear to be a clear technology winner when comparing these two options. Appl Biochem Biotechnol (2009) 154:180–181 DOI 10.1007/s12010-009-8611-2
Integrating Neuroscience in the Training of Psychiatrists: A Patient-Centered Didactic Curriculum Based on Adult Learning Principles

The authors describe the development and implementation of a new adult psychiatry residency didactic curriculum based on adult learning principles and an integrative, patient-centered approach that includes a progressive 4-year neuroscience curriculum. The authors describe the process of conducting a needs assessment, engaging stakeholders and developing guiding principles for the new curriculum. The curriculum was evaluated using qualitative measures, a resident survey, course evaluations, and a pilot version of a specialized assessment tool. Feedback from the resident survey and from course evaluations was positive, and residents indicated interest in receiving additional training in neuroscience. Residents self-reported not incorporating neuroscience into formulation and treatment planning as often as other perspectives. They also reported that neuroscience was reinforced less by clinical faculty than other perspectives. Performance on the curriculum assessment corroborated that clinical application of neuroscience may benefit from additional reinforcement. Residents responded well to the design and content of the new didactic curriculum. The neuroscience component appears to have achieved its primary objective of enhancing attitudes to the field. Continued work including enhancing the culture of neuroscience at the clinical sites may be required to achieve broader behavioral goals.
Results of Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty in Unstable Angina and Non–Q-Wave Myocardial Infarction Observations from the TIMI IIIB Trial

Background This report describes the results of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Ischemia (TIMI) IIIB Investigation. Methods and Results PTCA was performed before hospital discharge in 444 of 1473 patients with either unstable angina pectoris or non–Q-wave myocardial infarction (NQWMI) enrolled in TIMI IIIB. Angiographic success was observed in 96.1% of patients. For the entire cohort, the cumulative incidences of death and infarction at 1 year were 2.0% and 8.2%, respectively. The periprocedural incidence of myocardial infarction was 2.7%; emergency coronary bypass surgery, 1.4%; and death, 0.5%. By 1 year of follow-up, 122 patients (28.0%, Kaplan-Meier) had an additional revascularization procedure, 75 (61.5%) had PTCA only, 30 (24.6%) had coronary bypass surgery only, and 17 (13.9%) had both procedures. The results of PTCA were not improved by routine pretreatment with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (TPA). Periprocedural myocardial infarc...
Carbon‐14 labeling of K777•HCl, a therapeutic agent for Chagas disease

The antitrypanosomal agent K777•HCl was labeled with carbon-14 to support absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion studies of this potential new drug for the treatment of Chagas disease. The radiolabeled compound was prepared in eight steps from [(14) C(U)]-(l)-phenylalanine with a specific activity of 54.4 mCi/mmol and an overall radiochemical yield of 4.1%.
Six Characteristics of Nutrition Education Videos That Support Learning and Motivation to Learn

Abstract Objective To identify characteristics in nutrition education video vignettes that support learning and motivation to learn about feeding children. Methods Nine focus group interviews were conducted with child care providers in child care settings from 4 states in the western United States: California, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. At each focus group interview, 3-8 participants (n = 37) viewed video vignettes and participated in a facilitated focus group discussion that was audiorecorded, transcribed, and analyzed. Results Primary characteristics of video vignettes child care providers perceived as supporting learning and motivation to learn about feeding young children were identified: (1) use real scenarios; (2) provide short segments; (3) present simple, single messages; (4) convey a skill-in-action; (5) develop the videos so participants can relate to the settings; and (6) support participants' ability to conceptualize the information. Conclusions and Implications These 6 characteristics can be used by nutrition educators in selecting and developing videos in nutrition education.
Measures of interobserver agreement: Calculation formulas and distribution effects

Seventeen measures of association for observer reliability (interobserver agreement) are reviewed and computational formulas are given in a common notational system. An empirical comparison of 10 of these measures is made over a range of potential reliability check results. The effects on percentage and correlational measures of occurrence frequency, error frequency, and error distribution are examined. The question of which is the “best” measure of interobserver agreement is discussed in terms of critical issues to be considered
Two-photon spectroscopy of polysilanes

Abstract We report the first two-photon excited fluorescence excitation spectra for polysilanes in solution, film, and low temperature glass. We discuss band-to-band and exciton models for the optical excitations, in order to explain a strong two-photon resonance 0.9 eV above the first absorption band.
Comparison of the antidiarrheal effects of wood creosote and loperamide in the rat jejunum and colon in vitro.

Wood creosote, a mixture of guaiacol, creosol and related compounds, has long been used as an antidiarrheal agent. The goal of our study was to investigate the antisecretory effect of wood creosote and to compare it to the effect of loperamide, a synthetic opioid widely used in the treatment of diarrhea. Experiments were performed in rat jejunal and colonic mucosal sheets, mounted in modified Ussing chambers. Active electrogenic transport was monitored electrically as short circuit current (Isc) and hypersecretory responses were induced by acetylcholine (ACh). Neither loperamide nor wood creosote had any significant effect on basal Isc, when added to the serosal bathing solutoin at concentrations of 0.1-50 μg/ml. In contrast, under hypersecretory conditions, both agents showed concentration-dependent (0.1-100 μg/ml) antisecretory effects inhibiting ACh-induced responses in the jejunum and colon. However, the effects suggest regional differences, with loperamide being most potent in the jejunum, while wood creosote showed equal potency in both jejunum and colon. Based upon these in vitro findings, we conclude that like loperamide, the antidiarrheal action of wood creosote is due, at least in part, to its antisecretory activity.
Adhesion of kevlar aramid cords to rubber

Adhesion development to Kevlar aramid yarn is discussed in relation to polymer characteristics and parameters of molecular structure that determine specific or entropic interactions with adhesives. The effects of rubber compounding variables on adhesion of Kevlar tire cords treated with epoxy/RFL adhesives were determined using the single-cord pull-out and 2-ply peel adhesion tests, which differ in sensitivity to physical properties (stiffness) of the rubber compound. Kevlar adhesion was unaffected by changes in the curing system (e.g., sulfur level, type of sulfenamide accelerator) used in a high-modulus tire belt compound. Methylene donor/acceptor-type bonding agents in the compound improved the adhesion initially and after exposure of dipped cords to ozone. RFL modifications (e.g., use of preformed versus in situ RF resins) improved adhesion. Effects of rubber compounds and adhesive on adhesion are discussed in relation to their chemical and physical characteristics. Lastly, two types of adhesive systems were developed for bonding Kevlar to high-modulus nitrile and neoprene compounds used in hoses. The simple system involves curing an aqueous epoxy dip and then applying an air-drying, solvent-based cement (polyisocyanate). The other consists of curing two aqueous dips (epoxy/RFL with latex modification).
Stress in a suspension near rigid boundaries

The stress system near a rigid boundary in a suspension of neutrally buoyant spheres is considered under the assumption of small Reynolds number. The suspending fluid is assumed to be Newtonian and incompressible. An ergodic principle is formulated for parallel mean flows, and the bulk stress is expressed as a surface average. Only dilute suspensions are considered and particle interactions are neglected. A uniform shear flow past a plane wall with a single spherical particle is studied first. A series solution is developed and the mean velocity and stress fields are computed for a force-free and couple-free sphere and also for spheres with couples applied by external means. The translational and angular velocities of the particle and the stress distribution on the surface of the particle are calculated. Properties of dilute suspensions of spheres are found by appropriate surface averages over the solutions for a single particle. The mean stress on a plane parallel to the wall is shown to reduce to the Einstein value when the distance from the boundary is sufficiently large. Mean velocity profiles of the suspension for Couette flow and Poiseuille flow are developed. It is shown that in an average sense particles rotate more slowly than the ambient fluid in a region approximately three sphere radii thick adjacent to the plane wall. But for the suspension as a whole, an apparent slip velocity always develops in this region. This results in an apparent viscosity which is less than the infinite-suspension value of Einstein.
The corporeality of expertise

Abstract In this essay, I write about the relationship between corporeality and expert knowledge while simultaneously, and only partly successfully, trying to avoid writing about ‘theintellectual's body.’ The first half of the essay enlists Marxian social theory to model how the division and specialization of intellectual labors generates a certain experiential relationship between expert and objects of expert knowledge that I have termed elsewhere the ‘phenomenology of expertise.’ I argue that the focus of intellectual labor upon rationality decorporealizes intellectual self-aware-ness while lending ‘objects’ of rational attention a peculiarly material character. The second half of the essay complicates the theoretical arguments of the first half with an ethnographic engagement of the corporeality of eastern German journalism in the 1990s. Here, I focus on the norm of professional corporeal ‘calm’ and on how gesture and reflex can be interpreted to exhibit a mode of critical expertise that is otherwise a...
Bifurcation Subsystem Method Based Classification for Power System Stability Problems

A bifurcation subsystem method based classification of types and classes of bifurcation is presented in this article. The study of the types of stability problems in power systems and the identification of different classes of each type of bifurcation are required in order to prescribe cures for stabilizing a specific bifurcation. With the help of the bifurcation subsystem method, this article is trying to address the following questions which have been raised: (a) what is the relation between network and dynamic bifurcation?; (b) how and why are interarea and local modes produced?; (c) what are the classes and types of bifurcation for different load models?; and (d) how do we find the bifurcation subsystem and the behaviors when singularity induced bifurcation occurs? The bifurcation subsystem method is applied to a two-area example power system and the classification of bifurcations that occur to this example system is studied thoroughly. The complete numerical examples are shown and analyzed to verify ...
A methodology for evaluating the reliability and risk of structures under complex service environments

The theoretical basis and numerical implementation of NESSUS (Numerical Evaluation of Stochastic Structures Under Stress; Cruse et al., 1988), a computer code for probabilistic structural analyses of aerospace components, are described, with an emphasis on the use of NESSUS for reliability and risk assessment. Topics addressed include the structure of NESSUS, the material-properties model, computational procedures, probabilistic models of fatigue-crack initiation, risk/cost evaluation, fatigue-fracture analyses, and fatigue-crack propagation. Numerical results from typical applications are presented in extensive graphs and briefly characterized; the usefulness of NESSUS predictions for establishing inspection and retirement schedules and for component certification is indicated.
The Nuclear Receptor Nr4a1 Controls CD8 T Cell Development Through Transcriptional Suppression of Runx3

The NR4A nuclear receptor family member Nr4a1 is strongly induced in thymocytes undergoing selection, and has been shown to control the development of Treg cells; however the role of Nr4a1 in CD8(+) T cells remains undefined. Here we report a novel role for Nr4a1 in regulating the development and frequency of CD8(+) T cells through direct transcriptional control of Runx3. We discovered that Nr4a1 recruits the corepressor, CoREST to suppress Runx3 expression in CD8(+) T cells. Loss of Nr4a1 results in increased Runx3 expression in thymocytes which consequently causes a 2-fold increase in the frequency and total number of intrathymic and peripheral CD8(+) T cells. Our findings establish Nr4a1 as a novel and critical player in the regulation of CD8 T cell development through the direct suppression of Runx3.
Sunday, August 22, 2010—White County, IN

Bobby Brown stopped the car on a dark road in rural Indiana, a good five miles across the county line. He wasn’t lost. His GPS on the dashboard informed him as to his exact coordinates; he knew how to get back to the freeway.
Seasonal Changes in Shoot and Root Nitrogen Distribution in Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum)

Switchgrass is a promising bioenergy source that is perennial, productive, native to a broad geographic region, and can grow on marginal, nitrogen (N)-poor soils. Understanding N dynamics in switchgrass is critical to predicting productivity, conserving N, and optimizing the timing of harvest. We examined seasonal changes in N distribution in above- and belowground tissues in switchgrass to quantify N retranslocation rates. Above- and belowground biomass from three sites (two in PA and one in NE) were collected and analyzed for biomass growth and N concentrations at 30-day intervals from June through October. Total living plant mass ranged from 10.3 ± 2.4 standard error (SE) to 14.9 ± 2.5 SE Mg ha−1. Belowground mass comprised 52–57 % of total mass. Blades had the highest N concentration during summer, ranging from 6 to 22 g kg−1 N. Aboveground N concentrations decreased from September until autumn senescence, whereas belowground N concentration increased from August until senescence. Across the sites, total N retranslocated from aboveground to belowground components between September and October averaged 16.5 ± 7.1 (SE) kg ha−1 N representing 26.7 % of the average maximum N content of aboveground biomass. Based on N fertilizer costs, delayed harvest would conserve some N and provide financial savings on fertilizer ($9 ha−1) if harvest occurs after senescence but before overwinter biomass loss. However, biomass losses of even 10 % will negate potential economic savings accrued from N retention. To maximize environmental and economic savings from N retranslocation and to simultaneously minimize harvest losses, it would be optimal to harvest switchgrass as soon as possible after complete senescence.
Recombination Sites within the I Region of the Mouse H-2 Complex

Recombinant mouse strains have been important in the development of the genetic map of the H-2 complex and have been used to subdivide the H-2 complex into the K, D, Qa, Tla regions containing genes for class I MHC molecules; I region containing genes for class II MHC molecules; and S region containing genes for class III MHC molecules. A molecular map of the H-2 complex has also been developed with about 1,600 Kb of DNA having been cosmid cloned. The I region has been shown to consist of a 270 Kb segment of DNA that contains six class I genes: Aβ2, Aβ, Aα, Eβ, Eβ2 and Eα (Steinmetz et al. 1982). Over the last few years recombinant mouse strains with crossovers in the I region have been analyzed by DNA restriction fragment analysis and DNA sequencing (Steinmetz et al. 1982, 1986, Kobori et al. 1984, 1986, Lafuse et al. 1986, Lafuse and David, 1986, Begovich et al. 1985, Saha and Cullen 1986, Zimmerer et al. 1987). These studies have shown that recombination within the I region is not random but is limited to two specific locations. These sites which have been termed recombination hot spots are located within the Eβ and Eα genes. In this report we will review these studies and discuss the implication that there are haplotype specific sequences that promote recombination at these two sites. We will also report studies on additional recombinants mapping within the I region.
INSM1: A Novel Immunohistochemical and Molecular Marker for Neuroendocrine and Neuroepithelial Neoplasms

Objectives Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are heterogeneous neoplasms, which are sometimes malignant, although predicting metastasis is difficult. INSM1 is a transcription factor expressed transiently in embryonic neuroendocrine (NE) tissue, thought to coordinate termination of cell division with differentiation of NE and neuroepithelial cells. In adult tissues, INSM1 has been identified in multiple tumors of NE or neuroepithelial origin but has not been thoroughly investigated as a potential neoplastic marker. Methods We evaluated INSM1 as a semiquantitative immunohistochemical (IHC) marker for NE and neuroepithelial neoplasms and as a quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) marker for gastrointestinal NENs (GI-NENs). Results Using IHC, we found in normal adult tissue that INSM1 expression was highly restricted to nuclei of NE cells and tissues. INSM1 was not detected in any adult nonneoplastic, non-NE tissue. In neoplastic tissue, INSM1 was detectable by IHC in 88.3% of 129 NEN specimens. In contrast, INSM1 was detected by IHC in only one of 27 neoplasms without a neuroepithelial or NE component. Using qRT-PCR, we evaluated INSM1 gene expression in 113 GI-NEN specimens. Conclusions INSM1 expression was significantly increased in neoplastic vs nonneoplastic tissue. Furthermore, among midgut GI-NENs, neoplasms with known metastases showed significantly higher expression than those that had not yet metastasized.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, THERMOTOLERANCE AND STEP DOWN HEATING

Abstract The heat sensitivity of mammalian cells is modified by the cells' previous thermal history. If CHO cells are exposed to 42°C or lower, they show resistance to subsequent heating at higher temperatures (“thermotolerance,” TT); if the sequence is reversed, then an increased sesnsitivity is seen (“step-down heating,” SDH). There is considerable evidence that protein synthesis is required for the development of tolerance, but nothing is known about the molecular events leading to SDH. We now show that for HA1 cells, the rate of protein synthesis (rPS) is related to both TT and SDH. The rPS of TT cells is 30% higher than of unheated cells. There is only a transient reduction of rPS during the exposure of TT cells to temperatures up to 43°C with recovery occurring during heating. At higher temperatures, the effect is more severe and no recovery is observed. No recovery is seen during heating at 43°C in previously unheated cells. On the other hand, SDH sensitization occurs in unheated cells and only when there is a severe and prolonged inhibition of the rPS (
Through-Oxide-Via-Induced Back-Gate Effect in 3-D Integrated FDSOI Devices

This letter studies the interaction of the potential of through-oxide-via (TOV) and the electrical behavior of neighboring transistors in a 3-D stack of fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (FDSOI) devices. Using device simulation, we show that the back-gate electric field of FDSOI devices can be significantly modulated by the potential of TOVs placed in close proximity. Consequently, the change in the TOV potential results in appreciable variation in the threshold voltage and the leakage current of neighboring FDSOI devices.
Dynamic modulus of asphalt concrete with a hollow cylinder tensile tester

A hollow cylinder tensile tester (HCT) has recently been shown to be a suitable surrogate test device for the Superpave® indirect tension test. The feasibility of using the HCT to obtain the dynamic modulus of asphalt concrete was explored. Previous studies have shown the dynamic modulus of asphalt concrete in tension and compression to be similar at low temperatures and high loading frequencies and that minor differences can be expected at higher temperatures and lower loading frequencies. Here, the HCT device compared favorably with dynamic modulus measurements obtained with uniaxial compression testing apparatus at 0°C and 20°C. In addition, test results were found to be in reasonable agreement with the Witczak dynamic modulus predictive equation. The ability to simply and rapidly measure the creep compliance, tensile strength, and dynamic modulus of bituminous paving mixtures over a range of temperatures and loading conditions makes the HCT device a useful general-purpose mixture analysis tool. It app...
Statistical Analysis of Half-Tetrads

Half-tetrads, where two meiotic products from a single meiosis are recovered together, arise in different forms in a variety of organisms. Closely related to ordered tetrads, half-tetrads yield information on chromatid interference, chiasma interference, and centromere positions. In this article, for different half-tetrad types and different marker configurations, we derive the relations between multilocus half-tetrad probabilities and multilocus ordered tetrad probabilities. These relations are used to obtain equality and inequality constraints among multilocus half-tetrad probabilities that are imposed by the assumption of no chromatid interference. We illustrate how to apply these results to study chiasma interference and to map centromeres using multilocus half-tetrad data.
Remotely sensing the cooling effects of city scale efforts to reduce urban heat island

While recent years have seen many analyses of techniques to reduce urban heat island, nearly all of these studies have either been evaluations of real small scale applications or attempts to model the effects of large scale applications. This study is an attempt to analyze a real large scale application by observing recent vegetated and reflective surfaces in LANDSAT images of Chicago, a city which has deployed a variety of heat island combative methods over the last 15 years. Results show that Chicago’s new reflective surfaces since 1995 produced a noticeable impact on the citywide albedo, raising it by about 0.016, while citywide NDVI increase is around 0.007. This finding along with counts of pixels with increased albedo and NDVI suggest that the reflective strategies influenced a larger area of the city than the vegetative methods. Additionally, plots between albedo increase and corresponding LANDSAT temperature change over the test period have linear regressions with steeper slopes (� 15.7) and stronger linear correlations (� 0.33) than plots between NDVI increase and temperature change (� 8.9 slope, � 0.17 correlation). This indicates that the albedo increases produced greater LANDSAT cooling than the NDVI increases. Observation of aerial images confirmed that typical instances of efforts to increase albedo, such as reflective roofs, produced stronger LANDSAT cooling than common instances of NDVI efforts, such as green roofs, street trees and green spaces. Accordingly, the reflective strategies were likely much more effective at cooling Chicago’s LANDSAT heat island and may signify a generally more effective strategy for similar cities.
Laboratory study of the fine structure of breaking waves for scatterometry applications

Laboratory measurements of the fine space-time structure of short gravity-capillary waves, as well as Ku-band scattering at grazing and moderate incidence from spilling and plunging breaking waves in a wave channel are presented. Unsteady breaking waves are generated by focusing the waves in space and time. A scanning laser slope gauge was used for measuring short waves of wavelength 0.2-20 cm, and frequencies up to 150 Hz. A dual polarized (VV,HH) coherent pulsed Ku-band scatterometer with good temporal resolution (3 ns) was used to simultaneously obtain Doppler spectra of the scattered signals from the breaking area. It was found that the breaking splash is the main source of small-scale surface-wave generation. The short surface wave slope field produced by the breaking could be separated into regular short (5-10 mm wavelength), fast, bound waves, and free gravity-capillary waves. Both types of waves were found to co- and counter-propagate relative to the direction of the dominant wave propagation. Measurements of the Doppler frequency of the scattered signal are consistent with this description of the slope gauge measurements.
GLIDER: gradient landmark-based distributed routing for sensor networks

We present gradient landmark-based distributed routing (GLIDER), a novel naming/addressing scheme and associated routing algorithm, for a network of wireless communicating nodes. We assume that the nodes are fixed (though their geographic locations are not necessarily known), and that each node can communicate wirelessly with some of its geographic neighbors - a common scenario in sensor networks. We develop a protocol which in a preprocessing phase discovers the global topology of the sensor field and, as a byproduct, partitions the nodes into routable tiles - regions where the node placement is sufficiently dense and regular that local greedy methods can work well. Such global topology includes not just connectivity but also higher order topological features, such as the presence of holes. We address each node by the name of the tile containing it and a set of local coordinates derived from connectivity graph distances between the node and certain landmark nodes associated with its own and neighboring tiles. We use the tile adjacency graph for global route planning and the local coordinates for realizing actual inter- and intra-tile routes. We show that efficient load-balanced global routing can be implemented quite simply using such a scheme.
Cerebral white matter hyperintensity in African Americans and European Americans with type 2 diabetes.

Previous studies involving inner city populations detected higher cerebral white matter hyperintensity (WMH) scores in African Americans (AAs) compared with European Americans (EAs). This finding might be attributable to the higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and poorer access to healthcare in AAs. Despite racial differences in CVD risk factor profiles, AAs have paradoxically lower levels of subclinical CVD. We hypothesized that AAs with diabetes and good access to healthcare would have comparable or lower levels of WMH as EAs. Racial differences in the distribution of WMH were analyzed in 46 AAs and 156 EAs with type 2 diabetes enrolled in the Diabetes Heart Study (DHS)-Mind, and replicated in a sample of 113 AAs and 61 EAs patients who had clinically indicated cerebral magnetic resonance imaging. Wilcoxon 2-sample tests and linear models were used to compare the distribution of WMH in AAs and EAs and to test for association between WMH and race. The unadjusted mean WMH score from the Diabetes Heart Study–Mind was 1.9 in AAs and 2.3 in EAs ( P = .3244). Among those with clinically indicated magnetic resonance imaging, the mean WMH score was 2.9 in AAs and 3.9 in EAs ( P = .0503). Adjustment for age and sex produced no statistically significant differences in WMH score between AAs and EAs. These independent datasets reveal comparable WMH scores in AAs and EAs, suggesting that disparities in access to healthcare and environmental exposures likely underlie the previously reported excess burden of WMH in AAs.
Production-induced fault compartmentalization at Elk Hills field, California

Mature and aging clastic-dominated hydrocarbon fields commonly become increasingly difficult to produce, causing lower economic return than initially forecast. A major cause of this reduced economic viability is compartmentalization, defined as limitation on the ability to produce hydrocarbons resulting from permeability barriers within a field. Three primary causes of compartmentalization are structural variations in permeability, stratigraphic variations in permeability, and permeability reduction resulting from compaction adjacent to producing wellbores. Recognition and delineation of compartmentalization permit formulation of development and depletion plans to maximize recovery and economic value. Here, we examine one of 52 reservoir-scale faults that compartmentalize the eastern shallow oil zone (ESOZ), Elk Hills field, California. Using well-log, stratigraphic, structural, and pressure data, we apply standard fault seal analyses to the selected fault. Results are compared with known pressure conditions across the fault and show the fault capable of supporting pressure differentials two to three times those expected from standard static fault seal measures. Although this observation could be used as a basis for local calibration of standard fault seal measures for a dynamic seal, such an approach assumes that these fault seal mechanisms are in fact the cause of sealing behavior. Alternatively, one of the most significant changes in ESOZ reservoir conditions over the production lifetime of the field is the reduction of fluid pressure from approximately 1500 to approximately 200 psi (from ∼10.27 to ∼1.37 MPa). Decreasing fluid pressure would have driven stress states acting on faults in the reservoir from critical (near or at slip) to stable (nonslipping) conditions. Critically stressed faults and fractures are more transmissive than those that are noncritically stressed. We propose that decreasing fluid pressure can cause faults to become less leaky, causing production-induced reservoir compartmentalization.
Low-power microwave plasma source based on a microstrip split-ring resonator

Microplasma sources can be integrated into portable devices for applications such as bio-microelectromechanical system sterilization, small-scale materials processing, and microchemical analysis systems. Portable operation, however, limits the amount of power and vacuum levels that can be employed in the plasma source. This paper describes the design and initial characterization of a low-power microwave plasma source based on a microstrip split-ring resonator that is capable of operating at pressures from 0.05 torr (6.7 Pa) up to one atmosphere. The plasma source's microstrip resonator operates at 900 MHz and presents a quality factor of Q=335. Argon and air discharges can be self-started with less than 3 W in a relatively wide pressure range. An ion density of 1.3/spl times/10/sup 11/ cm/sup -3/ in argon at 400 mtorr (53.3 Pa) can be created using only 0.5 W. Atmospheric discharges can be sustained with 0.5 W in argon. This low power allows for portable air-cooled operation. Continuous operation at atmospheric pressure for 24 h in argon at 1 W shows no measurable damage to the source.
Investigating How to Group Students based on their Learning Styles

This study involved 21 students who constructed individual and group concept maps on the central concept of "Computer Storage Units". The purpose of the study was to investigate how learning styles and knowledge influence group collaboration.
High Photocurrent in Silicon Photoanodes Catalyzed by Iron Oxide Thin Films for Water Oxidation

Silicon splits: The application of silicon to water oxidation is limited due to unfavorable interface properties. However, these can be circumvented by using a high-performance silicon photoanode with a catalytically active iron oxide thin film (see picture). This approach results in photocurrents as high as 17 mA cm(-2) under 1 sun and zero overpotential conditions.
Pulmonary vascular remodeling in isolated mouse lungs: Effects on pulsatile pressure–flow relationships

Chronic hypoxia causes pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary hypertension, which lead to pulmonary vascular remodeling and right ventricular hypertrophy. To determine the effects of hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling on pulmonary vascular impedance, which is the right ventricular afterload, we exposed C57BL6 mice to 0 (control), 10 and 15 days of hypobaric hypoxia (n=6, each) and measured pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and impedance ex vivo. Chronic hypoxia led to increased pulmonary artery pressures for flow rates between 1 and 5ml/min (P<0.01), and increased PVR, 0-Hz pulmonary vascular impedance and the index of wave reflection (P<0.05) as well as a more negative impedance phase angle for low frequencies (P<0.05). The increases in resistance and 0-Hz impedance correlated with increased muscularization of small arterioles measured with quantitative immunohistochemistry (P<0.01). The increases in wave reflection and decreases in phase angle are likely due to increased proximal artery stiffness. These results confirm that chronic hypoxia causes significant changes in steady and pulsatile pressure-flow relationships in mouse lungs and does so via structural remodeling. They also provide important baseline data for experiments with genetically engineered mice, with which molecular mechanisms of pulmonary vascular remodeling can be investigated.
Antarctic Automatic Weather Station Program: 30 Years of Polar Observation

Antarctica boasts one of the world's harshest environments. Since the earliest expeditions, a major challenge has been to characterize the surface meteorology around the continent. In 1980, the University of Wisconsin—Madison (UW-Madison) took over the U.S. Antarctic Program (USAP) Automatic Weather Station (AWS) program. Since then, the UW-Madison AWS network has aided in the understanding of unique Antarctic weather and climate. This paper summarizes the development of the UW-Madison AWS network, issues related to instrumentation and data quality, and some of the ways these observations have and continue to benefit scientific investigations and operational meteorology.
Supply Chain Management: Technology, Globalization, and Policy at a Crossroads

Supply chain management is an important application area for INFORMS, with many opportunities for our community to contribute models and insight. The seemingly relentless forces of globalization and technology continually present us with new supply chain challenges and opportunities for further progress. Over the past decade, researchers and practitioners have developed many models and methods that have influenced supply chain practices. However, as managers and management scientists have embraced these new approaches for improving supply chain competitiveness, these initiatives have slipped into the middle of many important corporate and public debates.
Dys-synchronous regulation of XPC and XPA in trigeminal ganglion neurons following cisplatin treatment cycles.

Background: Cancer cells may survive cis- diamminedichloroplatinum-II (cisplatin) DNA damage through synchronous mobilization of DNA repair proteins such as xeroderma pigmentosum C and A (XPC and XPA). However, non-cancerous neuronal cells exhibit hyper- vulnerability to cisplatin which is manifest as peripheral neurotoxicity. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of cisplatin on the immunolocalization of XPC and XPA in the trigeminal ganglion. Materials and Methods: Fischer344 rats were treated with two cycles of cisplatin (2 mg/kg/day, i.p.) and tissues were harvested for immunohistochemistry after each treatment cycle. Result: XPA immunoreactivity was evident after each treatment cycle, however, XPC immunoreactivity was suppressed following the second treatment cycle. Conclusion: The hyper-vulnerability of peripheral neurons to cisplatin chemotherapy may relate to the dys-synchronous regulation of XPC and XPA. Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum-II (cisplatin) is one of the three most widely used anticancer agents in the world and commands annual sales of $500 million (U.S.) (1, 2). It has become a primary agent in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, testicular cancer, small cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer and a variety of childhood carcinomas (3). T he anticancer activity of ciplatin increases with increasing treatment cycles, unfortunately peripheral
Role of Antibodies in Cancer Treatment (An Overview)

Drugs that target cancer cells more selectively than chemotherapeutics have spawned a revolution in cancer treatment (Nathan 2007). These so-called smart drugs are more effective and less toxic because they discriminate better between normal and malignant cells. A naturally occurring smart drug is an antibody that has an exquisite specificity for its target antigen. The foundations for passive immunotherapy were laid at the end of the nineteenth century, when Von Behring and Kitasato injected small doses of the diphteria toxin into animals, to produce serum that on administration to other animals provided passive immunity to diptheria. In 1908, Ehrlich grasped the potential of therapeutic antibodies when he formulated the magic bullet concept.
Bcl-2 and Bax expression in adult rat hearts after coronary occlusion : age-associated differences

It has been reported that programmed cell death (apoptosis) occurs during myocardial infarction. The influence of age on programmed cell death or DNA fragmentation after coronary occlusion has not ...
Boundary-Value Thermal-Hydraulic Analysis of a Reactor Fuel Rod Bundle

A new computational model for steady-state, single-phase, thermal- hydraulic, multichannel analysis of fluid flow through nuclear reactor fuel elements is presented. The model accounts for the conservation of mass, energy, and momentum subject to pressure-drop boundary conditions and leads to a nonlinear multipoint boundary-value problem. The turbulent interchange, radial thermal conduction, and forced flow due to the wire-wrap or grid between the channels are explicitly taken into account. The temperature distribution of the coolant, cladding, and fuel, and the size of the central void of the oxide fuel after thermal restructuring are computed in the model. Three different thermal- hydraulic channel arrangements, i.e., square, hexagonal, and triangular, can be treated by the method presented here. Multipin analysis with transverse interactions or multiassembly calculations without transverse interactions between the channels can be performed. The most important features of this new computational model are: (a) that the effect of axial flow area variation has been incorporated into the derivation of governing equations, (b) that the cross- flow approximation has been improved so that the assumption of constant transverse momentum flux in the direction under consideration is removed, and (c) that partial flow blockage occurring anywhere along the flow path can be analyzed,more » and the effect on the inlet mass velocity redistribution can be taken into account. (auth)« less
2D Tin Monoxide—An Unexplored p-Type van der Waals Semiconductor: Material Characteristics and Field Effect Transistors

2D materials are considered promising candidates for developing next-generation high-performance energy efficient electronic, optoelectronic, and valley-tronic devices. Though metal oxides are widely used in the fabrication of many advanced devices, very little work has been reported on their properties in 2D limit. This article reports the discovery of a new 2D materials system, 2D tin monoxide (SnO). Layer by layer growth of SnO on sapphire and SiO2 substrates is demonstrated using a pulsed laser deposition method. The number of SnO layers is controlled by controlling the number of laser shots during the deposition process. Raman spectroscopic and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis confirms the formation of phase pure SnO layers. Field effect transistors (FETs) using few layer SnO channels grown on SiO2 substrates are successfully fabricated. These FETs show typical p-channel conduction with field effect mobility ranging from 0.05 to 1.9 cm2 V−1 s−1. Field effect mobility varies with the number of SnO layers and decreases on either sides of the optimum layer numbers (12), which is explained based on charge screening and interlayer coupling in layered materials.
Apo-metallothionein emerging as a major player in the cellular activities of metallothionein.

Observations of apo-metallothlonein (apo-MT) have been made under a variety of physiologic circumstances, including zinc deficiency in cell culture and in rodents, cellular induction of MT by dexamethasone with concurrent Zn deficiency, a variety of tumors under normal Zn conditions, MT induction by Zn and Bi citrate, induction of hepatic MT after tumor cell Injection into nude mice, and overexpression of cardiac MT in MT transgenic mice. Experiments demonstrating both the lability of Zn and Cu bound to MT and the cellular stability of apo-MT are described to help rationalize the widespread presence of this metal-depleted species. Finally, comparative in vitro and cellular experiments examined the relative reactivity of Zn- and apo-MT with nitric oxide species, showing that apo-MT is much more reactive chemically and that in cells it may be a principal reactive species within the MT pool.
An Uncommon Finding The Intratesticular Varicocele

Varicoceles are a frequently identified pathology noted within the scrotum. Sonographically, they present as dilated vascular structures within the spermatic cord. Real-time pulsed-wave Doppler imaging reveals these structures as venous in nature. Male infertility is often related to varicoceles. Intratesticular varicoceles are uncommon, with dilated vascular structures located within the testis itself.
Histories of Exchange

During World War II, interest in indigenous South African architecture deepened, leading to studies that challenged modernism and influenced architectural design. Histories of Exchange: Indigenous South Africa in the South African Architectural Record and the Architectural Review remaps the tension between modern and indigenous cultures during the 1940s and 1950s, examining the diaspora of ideas between South Africa and Britain and revealing a new genealogy of postwar architecture. Elisa Dainese addresses indigenous South African architecture as it was seen in the postwar years from the perspectives of two architectural magazines. In doing so, she provides a new theoretical framework that probes the role of architectural journals, considering them as alternative spaces where contact took place among European and African cultures.