cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical Consciousness: A Developmental Approach to Addressing Marginalization and Oppression

Grounded in the theory and pedagogy of Brazilian educator Paulo Freire, critical consciousness (CC) comprises components of critical reflection, critical motivation, and critical action. CC represents marginalized or oppressed people's analysis of societal inequities and their motivation and actions to redress such inequities. In this article, we introduce the theoretical underpinnings of CC, then look at the conceptualization and measurement of CC, and outline traditional and contemporary approaches to fostering CC. We also summarize individual and collective outcomes associated with CC and offer suggestions for researchers and practitioners. Collectively, these insights suggest that CC is an important developmental asset for marginalized youth and communities.
The science of Prometheus

For roughly the last half century, chemistry has perhaps been the most disparaged of the sciences. Among members of the public, the very word "chemical" has come to have opprobrious connotations, and some physicists (and even chemists) have argued that chemistry is reducible to physics, and thus not truly an independent science.
Effects of Ventral Striatum Lesions on Stimulus-Based versus Action-Based Reinforcement Learning

Learning the values of actions versus stimuli may depend on separable neural circuits. In the current study, we evaluated the performance of rhesus macaques with ventral striatum (VS) lesions on a two-arm bandit task that had randomly interleaved blocks of stimulus-based and action-based reinforcement learning (RL). Compared with controls, monkeys with VS lesions had deficits in learning to select rewarding images but not rewarding actions. We used a RL model to quantify learning and choice consistency and found that, in stimulus-based RL, the VS lesion monkeys were more influenced by negative feedback and had lower choice consistency than controls. Using a Bayesian model to parse the groups' learning strategies, we also found that VS lesion monkeys defaulted to an action-based choice strategy. Therefore, the VS is involved specifically in learning the value of stimuli, not actions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Reinforcement learning models of the ventral striatum (VS) often assume that it maintains an estimate of state value. This suggests that it plays a general role in learning whether rewards are assigned based on a chosen action or stimulus. In the present experiment, we examined the effects of VS lesions on monkeys' ability to learn that choosing a particular action or stimulus was more likely to lead to reward. We found that VS lesions caused a specific deficit in the monkeys' ability to discriminate between images with different values, whereas their ability to discriminate between actions with different values remained intact. Our results therefore suggest that the VS plays a specific role in learning to select rewarded stimuli.
A conceptual basis for coalition formation in doctoral education: Core concepts and theoretical frameworks

This proposal is a theoretical exploration to better understand and support particular aspects of doctoral education. Specifically, the application of social network analysis, exchange theory, and game theory to study doctoral education enriches our understanding of how students approach the complex and underexplored balance of collaborating and competing with peers.
Clinical Management of Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome: Part I—Psychiatric and Behavioral Interventions

Abstract Objective: This article outlines the consensus guidelines for symptomatic treatment for children with Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS) and Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Syndrome Associated with Streptococcal Infection (PANDAS). Methods: Extant literature on behavioral, psychotherapeutic, and psychopharmacologic treatments for PANS and PANDAS was reviewed. Members of the PANS Research Consortium pooled their clinical experiences to find agreement on treatment of PANS and PANDAS symptoms. Results: Current guidelines result from consensus among the Consortium members. Conclusion: While underlying infectious and inflammatory processes in PANS and PANDAS patients are treated, psychiatric and behavioral symptoms need simultaneous treatment to decrease suffering and improve adherence to therapeutic intervention. Psychological, behavioral, and psychopharmacologic interventions tailored to each child's presentation can provide symptom improvement and improve functioning durin...
Rolled versus plain fingerprints: Matching with cryptographic one-way hashes

In password based authentication system, passwords are only stored and matched using cryptographic one-way hashes. Various biometrics have been utilized as an alternative authentication mechanism due to their permanent physical connections to a person. However, people have yet to see their usages in the formats of cryptographic one-way hashes for the reason that biometric templates cannot be reproduced with perfect accuracy and a tiny change in a template would significantly change its cryptographic hash value. In this paper we propose a novel approach of storing and matching fingerprint data with cryptographic one-way hashes. To our knowledge, it is the first proposal of matching biometric data using cryptographic one-way hashes. Experimental results with the NIST fingerprint database sd14v2 show the feasibility of our proposal.
Equilibrium Studies of Negative Ion-Molecule Reactions

There exists in the literature an extensive body of thermochemical data for positive ions in the gas phase.1 These data have been derived primarily from ionization potentials and appearance potentials measured by electron impact and photoionization mass spectrometry. In contrast to this, very little is known about the thermochemistry of negative ions. Negative ions can be detected by electron impact and photoionization mass spectrometry, but the cross section for their production is typically more than a hundred times less than for production of positive ions. Furthermore, negative ions produced by electron impact often have excess translational energy which hinders their collection in sector-type instruments. For these reasons, measurements of thresholds for production of negative ions has not been nearly as fruitful as for positive ions.
Oral Sex and Condom Use in a U.S. National Sample of Adolescents and Young Adults.

Abstract Purpose The objective of this study was to examine correlates associated with condom use at the last oral sex, as well as oral sex behavior, among adolescents and young adults (AYAs) aged 15–24 years in the U.S. Methods Descriptive statistics, logistic regression, and multinomial logistic regression were conducted using data collected from 3,816 females and 3,520 males in the 2011–2015 National Survey of Family Growth. Results More than half of AYAs had engaged in oral sex with an opposite-sex partner. Most youth reported having at least one oral sex partner in the last 12 months, with 16% of females and 24% of males reporting two or more partners. Condom use at the last oral sex was quite low (8% for females and 9% for males). Black males (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.46), black females (AOR = 2.65), and females of other race/ethnicities (AOR = 2.40) were more likely to use a condom at the last oral sex. Females aged 20–24 years (AOR = .31), females whose mothers had a college education or more (AOR = .43), and males and females who reported no intercourse experience were less likely to use a condom at the last oral sex (AORs = .46 and .20, respectively). Conclusions Our study suggests that oral sex with an opposite-sex partner is a normative behavior for AYAs; however, condom use during this sexual activity is uncommon. Interactive workshops and physician-patient discussions focused on the health risk risks associated with oral sex, as well as appropriate methods of protection, may help to increase condom uptake.
On The Number of Customers Lost in a Finite State-Dependent Queue

This paper concerns the transient behaviour of a finite state-dependent queue. Explicit expressions for several important distribution functions as obtained by using a simple but efficient method. They are distribution of the number of customers blocked (lost), the distribution of the number of times in which the system is blocked during an arbitrary time interval (0, t), and the distribution for the number of customers served during a busy period.
A 69-Year-Old Woman with Markedly Decreased Cholesterol.

A 69-year-old woman with hypothyroidism, sarcoidosis, and recently diagnosed serous ovarian cancer presented to the emergency department with generalized weakness, dyspnea, and poor oral intake during the prior week. The patient was admitted to the intensive care unit with presumed sepsis. Imaging revealed liver and omental metastases with large-volume ascites. Work-up showed pancytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, and increased liver enzymes. A lipid panel from …
King Alfred’s Candles and Anglo-Saxon Time-reckoning

Bishop Asser’s biography of King Alfred describes him as creating a candle “clock” to know the time on cloudy days and at night. This candle “clock” has often been seen as an early example of uniform timekeeping and equinoctial hours, and consequently in conflict with the seasonally variable canonical hours. The approach taken here challenges this interpretation. It views King Alfred’s candles as complementary to rather than in conflict with sidereal timekeeping, clepsydrae, cockcrow, and canonical hours. This leads to an interpretation of the candles as a means of interweaving of liturgical and secular timekeeping. It is argued, moreover, that pluralism in ways of reckoning time is a feature of Anglo-Saxon time consciousness; Alfred should not be viewed as an horological innovator, but as a monarch whose interests in time reflect those of his society.
The trade margins of Chinese agricultural exports to ASEAN and their determinants

Abstract How do Chinese agricultural exports to ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) evolve? And what factors affected the evolution pattern? This study measures the trade margins of Chinese agricultural exports to ASEAN by utilizing the 2000–2015 Harmonized System's six-digit agricultural trade data, and further analyzes their determinants by developing an augmented gravity model of international trade. The results indicate that, the main growth source of Chinese agricultural exports to ASEAN has shifted from the extensive margin before the formal establishment of CAFTA (China–ASEAN Free Trade Area) in 2010 to the intensive margin since the formal establishment of CAFTA, but changes in Chinese agricultural exports to ASEAN have always mainly depended on the intensive margin. Since the formal establishment of CAFTA, the evolution pattern of Chinese agricultural exports to ASEAN has shifted from “more varieties, low price, and small quantity” to “less varieties, high price, and large quantity”. Relative economic scale, relative population scale, capacity of agricultural export, trade integration, global financial crisis, and common border significantly affect the trade margins of Chinese agricultural exports to ASEAN.
IBM z14: Processor Characterization and Power Management for High-Reliability Mainframe Systems

The IBM z14 is the latest update in the storied history of IBM mainframes. Reliability, availability, security, and scalability are the foundation of the IBM mainframe line. System reliability and availability targets are in excess of 10 years, requiring rigorous chip characterization processes. In this paper, we discuss some of the many processes used to ensure that lifetime. An additional part of this reliability is power management (PM). The 5.2-GHz high-power design of the central processor chip requires advanced on-die PM capabilities to adapt to power intensive instruction streams. We also discuss a number of improvements to the critical path monitoring design used to manage power supply voltage droops, reducing response time and the impact on system performance. Finally, we compare a set of simulations and hardware results to validate our power fluctuation models.
Severe Pulmonary Infection in a 20-Month-Old Female.

Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) is a common reason for hospitalization of a pediatric patient. We report a 20-month-old female admitted for suspected CAP. History included a week-long cough, fever, dyspnea, single occurrence of seizure-like activity, and a sick contact. Initial chest X-ray (CXR) showed left lower lobe pneumonia and parapneumonic effusion with a complex left pleural effusion. Ultrasound findings prompted the need for contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) of the chest. Contrast-enhanced CT of the chest confirmed a large pleural effusion with major atelectasis and mediastinal shift. The patient was treated with empiric antibiotics, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgical (VATS) decortication of empyema, and chest tube placement. Due to intraoperative complications, the VATS decortication was aborted and patient was transferred to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). A thoracentesis with culture failed to isolate a bacterial organism. Dexamethasone was started after repeat CXR showed persistent infiltrate. Subsequent contrast-enhanced CT of the chest showed a large collection of air and persistent consolidation. The patient received repeat VATS decortication and reinsertion of a chest tube. Repeat pleural fluid cultures failed to isolate a bacterial organism. Infectious disease (ID) consult recommended linezolid 140 mg Q8H for 4 weeks. Seven days after second VATS, a respiratory pathogen panel was positive for rhinovirus/enterovirus. With resolution of leukocytosis and clinical improvement, the patient was discharged with the chest tube in place and pediatric surgery outpatient follow-up. After three months, sequalae from both the infection and interventions presented .
Quality Improvement Intervention to Promote Tobacco Cessation by Identifying and Assisting Mothers in the Mother-Infant Unit with Standardized Clinical Intake and Referral to a Tobacco Cessation Program

Background: Infant mortality is defined as the death of a live-born baby before his or her first birthday. Ohio’s target is to achieve fewer than 6.0 infant deaths per 1,000 live births in every racial and ethnic group by 2020. Ohio’s infant mortality rate in 2016 in all races was 7.4%. Maternal tobacco cessation has been repeatedly shown to decrease infant mortality rate. Aim: The mother infant unit nurses did not screen, educate post partum women on tobacco cessation prior to January of 2018. Goal of this project is …
Evaluating the impact of Syrian refugees on fear of crime in Turkey

The forced migration of individuals and groups in the world has increased substantially amid extensive regional and international conflicts. A prime example is the continuing civil war in Syria, du...
The Effect of Anxiety and Anti-Social Content on Social Media Use: An Abstract

Even though social media content is as varied as the viewing selection in a movie theater, current research has provided attention to prosocial positive content and its effects. However, negative antisocial content also exists in the Internet. We propose a model of social media use based on different sources of anxiety, including face-to-face social interaction, social media anxiety, and exposure to aggressive and non-aggressive cyber content. An interesting aspect of this study is that the sample is not limited to young students or young adults. Our results indicate that socially anxious individuals participate more actively in social media, possibly to alleviate anxiety. In addition, aggressive and non-aggressive antisocial content have a significant negative effect on social media use.
Photobiomodulation Therapy for Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Diabetic Retinopathy: A Review

Purpose Photobiomodulation therapy (PBT) has emerged as a possible treatment for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR). This review seeks to summarize the application of PBT in AMD and DR. Methods The National Clinical Trial (NCT) database and PubMed were queried using a literature search strategy and reviewed by the authors. Results Fourteen studies examining the application of PBT for AMD and nine studies examining the application of PBT for diabetic macular edema (DME) were extracted from 60 candidate publications. Discussion Despite notable methodological differences between studies, PBT has been reported to treat certain DR and AMD patients. DR patients with center involving DME and VA ≥ 20/25 have demonstrated response to treatment. AMD patients at Age-Related Eye Disease Study Stages 2-4 with VA ≥20/200 have also shown response to treatment. Results of major clinical trials are pending. Conclusion PBT remains an emergent therapy with possible applications in DR and AMD. Further, high powered studies monitored by a neutral party with standard devices, treatment delivery and treatment timing are needed.
Barriers and facilitators for implementation of a complex health services intervention in long-term care homes: a qualitative study using focus groups.

With rising numbers of elderly people living in nursing homes in Germany, the need for on-site primary care is increasing. A lack of primary care in nursing homes can lead to unnecessary hospitalization, higher mortality, and morbidity in the elderly. The project CoCare (“coordinated medical care”) has therefore implemented a complex health intervention in nursing homes, using inter alia, regular medical rounds, a shared patient medical record and medication checks, with the aim of improving the coordination of medical care. This study reports upon the results of a qualitative study assessing the perceived barriers and facilitators of the implementation of CoCare by stakeholders. Focus group interviews were held between October 2018 and November 2019 with nurses, general practitioners and GP’s assistants working or consulting in a participating nursing home. A semi-structured modular guideline was used to ask participants for their opinion on different aspects of CoCare and which barriers and facilitators they perceived. Focus groups were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. In total, N = 11 focus group interviews with N = 74 participants were conducted. We found six themes describing barriers and facilitators in respect of the implementation of CoCare: understaffing, bureaucracy, complexity, structural barriers, financial compensation, communication and collaboration. Furthermore, participants described the incorporation of the intervention into standard care. Barriers perceived by stakeholders are well known in the literature (e.g. understaffing and complexity). However, CoCare provides a good structure to overcome barriers and some barriers will dissolve after implementation into routine care (e.g. bureaucracy). In contrast, especially communication and collaboration were perceived as facilitators in CoCare, with the project being received as a team building intervention itself. WHO UTN: U1111–1196-6611; DRKS-ID: DRKS00012703 (Date of Registration in DRKS: 2017 Aug 23).
Detection of MR Imaging Differences of Metastatic Intracranial Lesions in Patients Treated With or Without Immunotherapy Following Stereotactic Radiosurgery Using Radiomics and Machine Learning.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), targeting programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) receptor, are now routinely used for treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Brain MRI changes in response to ICI and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) can sometimes be challenging to interpret. Using radiomic analysis, we sought to objectively characterize the differences between NSCLC brain metastases treated with and without immunotherapy, before and after SRS. A machine learning model was applied on post-SRS treatment radiomic features to distinguish between ICI treated versus non-treated patients. MATERIALS/METHODS Patients with NSCLC brain metastases treated with SRS were retrospectively identified. Patients were stratified based on immunotherapy treatment at time of SRS and at 3 month follow up MRI imaging. Using open-source software, 120 different radiomic features were extracted from metastases from T1-weighted post contrast axial MRIs before SRS and 3 months post SRS treatment. Differences between cohorts were compared by univariate and multivariate analysis. Post SRS radiomic features were further analyzed with a machine learning model using extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) algorithms to predict presence of post-SRS immunotherapy treatment from MR imaging features. RESULTS A total of 40 patients with NSCLC with a total of 89 brain metastases were identified. 24 patients with 57 individual lesions were treated with SRS alone without ICI. 16 patients with 32 individual lesions were treated with SRS and ICI. No significant differences were noted in the two groups prior to SRS treatment. Analysis of follow up imaging in patients on ICI after SRS versus those not on ICI revealed 30 radiomic metrics that were significantly different on univariate analysis (P < 0.05 for all). Following multivariate analysis, three radiomic metrics, flatness, sphericity, and kurtosis were significantly predictive of ICI status (P < 0.05). Machine learning analysis yielded a receiver operator curve AUC of 0.84 ± 0.12. Using this model, we observed that the same three radiomic features (flatness, sphericity, and kurtosis) were the top 3 prominent radiomic differences. CONCLUSION In this observational study, we identified a set of MRI-based radiomic metrics that accurately distinguished NSCLC brain metastases treated with or without ICI after SRS. This was validated using a machine learning model that identified the same 3 radiomic features most predictive of ICI status. Future studies will investigate whether this signature can help in classifying tumor recurrence from treatment effect and predict outcomes in this patient population. AUTHOR DISCLOSURE B.A. Morris: Employee; Epic Systems. H. Premkumar: None. T. Enright: None. P. Yadav: None. A. Burr: None. A. McMillan: None. A.M. Baschnagel: Consultant; HealthMyne, Inc.
Paying attention to acetylcholine: the key to wisdom and quality of life?

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on attention and its important role in cognition. The chapter discusses the relationship between attentional mechanisms and higher order cognitive processes such as frontal lobe functions in health and disease, and speculates about the relationship between attention and wisdom. The higher order cognitive abilities depend on attention. In particular intimately related to arousal and attention are executive functions, also called frontal lobe functions, although their biological substrates involve many brain regions. The chapter reviews the cholinergic hypothesis particularly as it relates to the role of nicotine in attention. The effects of cholinergic drugs in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias are also discussed. The chapter presents data on the effects of cholinergic drugs in normal individuals and discusses the implications for cholinergic cognitive enhancement. Several cholinesterase inhibitors are available around the world, and are of relatively comparable efficacy although they vary somewhat in their side effects. Clearly, these drugs are only the first efforts to improve the cognitive function in dementias and represent some modest success for rational drug development.
Cast Molybdenum of High Purity

A study was made of the effect of impurities on the bend ductility of cast molybdenum. High purity molybdenum was prepared by re-melting under high vacuum. The ductility of “transverse-grain” specimens indicated that intergranular brittleness decreased with an increase in purity of the metal.
Can We Build an Automatic Program Verifier? Invariant Proofs and Other Challenges

This paper reviews some common knowledge about establishing correctness of programs and the current status of program specification and verification. While doing so, it identifies several challenges related to the grand challenge of building a verifying compiler. The paper argues that invariants are central to establishing correctness of programs and that thus, a major part of an automatic program verifier must be automated support for verifying invariants, a significant problem in itself. The paper discusses where the invariants come from, what can be involved in establishing that they hold, and the extent to which the process of finding and proving invariants can be automated. The paper also discusses several of the related challenges identified, argues that addressing them would make the significance to global program behavior of feedback from a verifying compiler clearer, and recommends that many of them should be included within the scope of the grand challenge.
Marriage and Religious Liberty: Comparative Law Problems and Conflict of Laws Solutions

The purpose of this paper is to consider how the legal regulation of marriage impacts upon religious liberty, and vice versa, and how to reconcile conflicts between religious liberty and state marriage regulations. It is an area of increasing conflicts in a growing number of nations. Using comparative law, this article presents the range and complexity of state-versus-religion conflicts and of systemic legal approaches concerning the regulation of marriage that exist in the world today, focusing specifically on two issues: the formation/celebration of marriage generally, and the legalization of same-sex marriage. Having shown the scope of the conflicts between religious and political communities regarding the regulation of marriage, this article argues that the body of law known as “conflict of laws” provides a valuable model for the resolution of church-state disputes regarding the regulation of marriage. This paper focuses on two communities that claim sovereignty over individuals: the State and religion. Conflicts between religions and states concerning their respective regulatory policies may create internal cognitive dissonance for religious communities and for states. Thus, there would seem to be internal harmony incentives to find a solution to avoid disputes. However, these incentives may be offset, neutralized, or overcome if there are communities within the state that wish to harm or reduce the influence of the religious community.
A multiple perspective spectral approach to object detection

Many applications for detection of objects such as video analysis require that candidate objects be observed over a range of perspectives in 3 dimensional space. As a result we must have a robust model and detection process for these objects in order to accurately detect them through a range of geometric transformations. In order to keep our detection process computationally efficient, we use a compact multiresolution model to represent the range of geometric transformations possible in the object to be detected. Additionally, we form an integrated likelihood ratio detection statistic to optimize the detection performance over the entire space of targets being examined. To demonstrate the performance of this algorithm we apply our results to a compressed video sequence and show the improvement of our integrated three dimensional model as a function of model order.
A Brief History of Recurrent Solar Modulation of the Galactic Cosmic Rays (1937-1990)

This brief review of the pre-Ulysses era begins with the first measurements by ionization chambers in 1937 of a cosmic ray 27-day intensity variation that was believed to have its origin in recurrent variations of the geomagnetic field. However, with the introduction of neutron monitor analysis of the nucleonic component, it was shown in the 1940s and 1950s that this cosmic ray intensity variation arose from interplanetary dynamical phenomena. Beginning in the 1960s direct spacecraft investigations in the heliosphere with Pioneer-l0, Pioneer-11, Voyager-1 and Voyager-2 proved that Corotating Interaction Regions were not only the source of the cosmic ray recurrent intensity modulation, but also the source of charged particles accelerated in corotating forward and reverse shocks associated with the corotating interaction regions.
Improving Communication Skills of Hospitality Students through Faculty Development

(1994). Improving Communication Skills of Hospitality Students through Faculty Development. Hospitality & Tourism Educator: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 35-37.
Topographic vorticity generation, submesoscale instability and vortex street formation in the Gulf Stream

Meanders and eddies are routinely observed in the Gulf Stream along the South Atlantic Bight. We analyze here the instability processes that lead to the formation of submesoscale eddies on the cyclonic side of the Gulf Stream at the exit of the Florida Straits using very high resolution realistic simulations. The positive relative vorticity and potential vorticity on the cyclonic side of the Gulf Stream are strongly intensified in the Straits due to topographic drag along the continental slope. The bottom drag amplifies the cyclonic shear by generating large positive vertical vorticity values within the sloped turbulent bottom boundary layer. Downstream from the Straits the current becomes unstable to horizontal shear instability, rolls up, and forms a street of submesoscale vortices. The vortices expand as they propagate northward along the shelf, where they can generate large vertical displacements and enhance cross-shelf exchanges.
Microfabricated Multiphase Reactors for the Direct Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide from Hydrogen and Oxygen

Hydrogen peroxide synthesis is demonstrated by direct combination of hydrogen and oxygen over supported palladium catalysts in a microchemical reactor. The direct combination process is chemically simple and environmentally benign for producing hydrogen peroxide, but the risk of handling the explosive gas mixture of hydrogen and oxygen over an active palladium catalyst limits implementation. By using a multichannel microchemical reactor with packed-bed catalyst, we realize the direct reaction of hydrogen and oxygen at hydrogen/oxygen ratios in the explosive regime at pressures of 2−3 MPa. As long as millimeter-sized void spaces are avoided, the microchannel structure and catalyst packaging effectively promote the heterogeneous reaction over the homogeneous free radical branching reactions that otherwise would lead to an explosion. Among the Pd/Al2O3, Pd/SiO2, and Pd/C catalysts investigated, Pd/C selectively yields hydrogen peroxide. The decomposition of peroxide is shown to be suppressed by the addition ...
Catalysis of proline isomerization during protein-folding reactions.

Abstract The enzyme peptidylprolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPI) is known to catalyze proline isomerization in short proline-containing peptides. If PPI can be shown to generally catalyze isomerization of proline residues in proteins, then it would be a valuable diagnostic reagent for recognition of isomerization, which has proven to be extremely difficult to characterize by other methods. In this study, the catalytic effect of PPI on the slow refolding reactions of seven different proteins has been studied, and in only two cases (RNAase T1 and cytochrome c) could significant catalysis be seen. PPI also caused no enhancement in the rate for the ‘subtle’ conformational changes of native concanavalin A or native Fragment I of prothrombin, which have been suggested to be rate-limited by proline isomerization. There was a small effect of PPI observed for the generation of native RNAase A from the fully-reduced form when the glutathione concentration was low. The conclusion from these studies is that PPI can weakly catalyze some protein processes which are rate-limited by proline isomerization, but probably exhibits no measureable catalysis toward others. This somewhat limits the usefulness of PPI as a diagnostic reagent for proline isomerization.
Cretaceous Sedimentation and Regional Thrusting, Northeastern Diablo Range, California

Stratigraphic and structural details in the juxtaposed Franciscan and Great Valley Sequences of the northeastern Diablo Range, California, allow restriction of the age of regional thrusting or gravity sliding. The Cretaceous section in the area consists of three sandstone-shale units: the Albian-Turonian Adobe Flat Shale, the Coniacian-Campanian Panoche Formation, and the Campanian-Maestrichtian Moreno Formation. Both the upper and lower parts of this section are absent locally, having been removed by erosion or faulting, or both. The middle unit, the Panoche Formation, varies in thickness. About 18,500 ft of Coniacian-Campanian Panoche section are exposed in Del Puerto Creek on the south, and a similar thickness of equivalent rocks is present in the Byron-Tesla area on the north. Between these areas, near Hospital and Ingram Creeks, the Panoche section, deposited over the same time range (Coniacian to late Campanian), has a maximum thickness of only 9000 to 10,000 ft. Although some of the section has been removed by faulting, much thinning has apparently resulted from differential deposition over a topographic high. This topographic high corresponds geographically with the location of the present Mount Oso Anticlinorium located in Franciscan rocks to the southwest. These relations imply that the Mount Oso Anticlinorium occupied the same relative geographic position during deposition of the Panoche beds. If so, no large-scale tectonic transport between Great Valley and Franciscan rocks, by regional overthrusting, underthrusting, or gravity sliding, has occurred since Coniacian time in the northeastern Diablo Range.
Interleukin-4 Receptor α Chain and STAT6 Signaling Inhibit Gamma Interferon but Not Th2 Cytokine Expression within Schistosome Granulomas

Compared to wild-type (WT) mice, schistosome granulomas in Stat6 knockout (KO) mice lacked eosinophils and had Th1 features. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) acts through Stat6 in assisting Th2 cell development. The importance of Stat6 for Th2-cell development within schistosome granulomas had not been explored. Therefore we studied gamma interferon (IFN-γ), IL-4, and IL-5 production in granulomas from Stat6 KO and WT mice. Dispersed granuloma cells from Stat6 KO and WT mice made similar amounts of IL-4 and IL-5. Only Stat6 KO granuloma cells released IFN-γ. Granuloma T cells contained most of the IL-4, IL-5, and IFN-γ mRNA and secreted these cytokines. In Stat6 KO mice, 16.6% of the granuloma cells were CD4+. Of these, 10.7% stained for IFN-γ and/or IL-4 by intracytoplasmic flow analysis. Few CD4− T cells stained positively. The IL-4-producing T cells did not stain for DX5 or with labeled α-GalCer CD1d tetramer, suggesting an absence of NK T cells. Thus, conventional Th cells in Stat6 KO granulomas produce IFN-γ and Th2 cytokines. Stat6 limits IFN-γ production but is unnecessary for Th2-cell development or localization within the granuloma.
Specific immune recognition of autologous tumor by lymphocytes infiltrating colon carcinomas: Analysis by cytokine secretion

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were grown in the presence of interleukin-2 from 19 colon carcinoma specimens, including 1 primary lesion and 18 metastatic lesions. These cultures showed a median proliferation of 606-fold (range 13-fold to 28 000-fold) over 49 culture days (range 26–76 days). By phenotype, mature cultures were 69%–99% CD3+ (mean 93%) and contained mixed populations of CD4+ and CD8+ cells (CD4>CD8 in 10 of 19 cultures). Fresh cryopreserved colon tumors were not lysed by autologous TIL in short-term51Cr-release assays, and were poorly lysed by lymphokine-activated killer cells. Ten TIL cultures were assayed for cytokine secretion in response to autologous and allogeneic tumors during a 6- to 24-h coincubation. Culture supernatants were tested by ELISA for the presence of granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor, interferon γ, and tumor necrosis factor α. Of 10 TIL, 4 secreted at least two of these cytokines specifically in response to autologous and/or HLA-matched fresh allogeneic colon carcinomas, but not to melanomas or HLA-unmatched colon carcinomas. Cytokine secretion was mediated by both CD4+ and CD8+ TIL, and could be inhibited by mAb directed against the appropriate class of MHC antigen. These data provide evidence for specific, MHC-restricted immune recognition of human colon carcinomas by T lymphocytes.
Mechanical response of PHB- and cellulose acetate natural fiber-reinforced composites for construction applications

Abstract Biobased composites are being evaluated for construction applications where wood or petroleum-based composites are currently used. The biobased composites studied are made from biopolymers and plant-based fibers and have been demonstrated to rapidly biodegrade in anaerobic conditions to methane thereby reducing construction-related landfill waste and producing a useful end product, namely fuel for energy or feedstock to grow more biopolymer. Mechanical properties are evaluated for hemp fabric/cellulose acetate and hemp fabric/poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) composites. The composites have comparable strength to structural lumber and engineered wood products, with stiffness comparable to most engineered wood products. Classical laminate plate theory sufficiently predicts initial laminate behavior from ply-level experimental data. Simple nonlinear models using laminate plate theory and uncoupled ply-level experimental constitutive response are evaluated.
The Quaker, the Primitivist, and the Progressive: Three Cultural Brokers in New Mexico's Quest for Multicultural Harmony

New Mexicans pride themselves on their ability to bridge multicultural divides. Part of what we are urged to understand as “enchanting” about the Land of Enchantment is its diverse cultural background. Native American, Hispano, and Anglo have existed side by side, at times with remarkable harmony and good will, for nearly two centuries. The Land of Enchantment is not altogether a fantasy. Many New Mexicans have shown an uncanny ability to bridge ethnic divides and find common ground in the interstices between cultures. The soil of New Mexico seems to be fertile ground indeed for producing cultural brokers. Margaret Connell Szasz admits that living in New Mexico makes her particularly attuned to the role of the cultural broker.
Operator spaces with prescribed sets of completely bounded maps

Abstract Suppose A is a dual Banach algebra, and a representation π : A → B ( l 2 ) is unital, weak * continuous, and contractive. We use a “Hilbert–Schmidt version” of Arveson distance formula to construct an operator space X, isometric to l 2 ⊗ l 2 , such that the space of completely bounded maps on X consists of Hilbert–Schmidt perturbations of π ( A ) ⊗ I l 2 . This allows us to establish the existence of operator spaces with various interesting properties. For instance, we construct an operator space X for which the group K 1 ( CB ( X ) ) contains Z 2 as a subgroup, and a completely indecomposable operator space containing an infinite dimensional homogeneous Hilbertian subspace.
W-exchange dominance in neutral B-meson decay

Tests of W-exchange dominance in neutral B-meson decay are developed from the isospin and SU(3) properties of the final state. For B0 (d), it is shown that the decay rates into (D+ plus anything) and into (F+ plus anything) are always equal to one another and never more than 32 times the rate for (D0 plus anything). A similar analysis is applied to B0(s), and it is suggested that any of the four possibilities {;ψ, ηc}+(φ, η′) would make a good signal for this meson.
Tissue nickel levels and nickel dermatitis

SUMMARY The determination of nickel by instrumental neutron activation analysis is presented. The 58Ni (n, p) 58Co reaction and high-resolution gamma spectroscopy were employed in these measurements. The nickel content of human hair was found to be more dependent upon the sex of the donor than upon other parameters. Mean values for males (1·01±0·23 ppm) and females (4·21±0·54 ppm) agreed with values for the nickel content of hair obtained by other methods in most cases. Nickel sensitivity was not reflected in the nickel contents of hair in the female.
Calorimetric studies of the heat of melting of milk fat by differential thermal analysis

A differential thermal analysis calorimeter was used in determining the heat of melting of milk fat. The heat of melting values for milk fat, studied on samples conditioned at different temperatures, varied from 20.4 cal/g (average value) to 25.1 cal/g (average value).
MR imaging of the uterus: Low-signal-intensity abnormalities of the endometrium and endometrial cavity

T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images showing focal areas of low signal intensity involving the endometrium or endometrial cavity were analyzed retrospectively in 28 women. The causes of the hypointense foci were disclosed histologically in 25 patients and by follow-up MR examinations in the other 3. The low signal intensity foci were due to submucosal leiomyoma (11 patients), blood clot (7 patients), endometrial carcinoma (4 patients), early intrauterine pregnancy (3 patients), retained products of conception (2 patients), and endometrial hamartoma (1 patient). The correct diagnosis was made on the basis of MR findings alone in 9 of the 11 submucosal leiomyomas. MR findings were nonspecific in the remainder of the cases. The results indicate that, on MR images, hypointense foci within the endometrium or endometrial cavity can arise from a variety of causes. Often, a specific diagnosis is not possible, and correlation with clinical history is essential.
Thermal Cycling Effects on Dynamic Mechanical Properties and Crystallographic Structures of Silicon Nitride-Based Structural Ceramics

Thermal cycling effects on dynamic mechanical properties of hot pressed silicon nitride (HPSN) based structural ceramics were investigated in a simulated thermal cycling environment from room temperature up to 1100°C. Two monolithic silicon nitrides and two silicon nitride composites reinforced with silicon carbide whiskers were studied in such an environment. Experiments show that the dynamic mechanical properties of the tested materials are influenced by thermal cycle. The materials stiffened slightly while damping capacity decreased slightly during each thermal cycle. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was subsequently used to examine the corresponding crystallographic alterations. The XRD patterns show that the amorphous glass phases in the silicon nitride matrix were partially crystallized during thermal cycling.
Individual memory change after anterior temporal lobectomy: a base rate analysis using regression-based outcome methodology.

Summary: Purpose: To characterize patterns of base rate change on measures of verbal and visual memory after anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) using a newly developed regression-based outcome methodology that accounts for effects of practice and regression towards the mean, and to comment on the predictive utility of baseline memory measures on postoperative memory outcome. Methods: Memory change was operationalized using regression-based change norms in a group of left (n = 53) and right (n = 48) ATL patients. All patients were administered tests of episodic verbal (prose recall, list learning) and visual (figure reproduction) memory, and semantic memory before and after ATL. Results: ATL patients displayed a wide range of memory outcome across verbal and visual memory domains. Significant performance declines were noted for 25-50% of left ATL patients on verbal semantic and episodic memory tasks, while one-third of right ATL patients displayed significant declines in immediate and delayed episodic prose recall. Significant performance improvement was noted in an additional one-third of right ATL patients on delayed prose recall. Base rate change was similar between the two ATL groups across immediate and delayed visual memory. Approximately one-fourth of all patients displayed clinically meaningful losses on the visual memory task following surgery. Robust relationships between preoperative memory measures and nonstandardized change scores were attenuated or reversed using standardized memory outcome techniques. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated substantial group variability in memory outcome for ATL patients. These results extend previous research by incorporating known effects of practice and regression to the mean when addressing meaningful neuropscyhological change following epilepsy surgery. Our findings also suggest that future neuropsychological outcome studies should take steps towards controlling for regression-tothe-mean before drawing predictive conclusions. Key Words: Epilepsy-Memory-Temporal Iobectomy-Postoperative outcome-Neuropsychology .
The radiographic spectrum in neurofibromatosis.

N EUROFIBROMATOSIS (von Recklinghausen disease) is a hereditary condition resulting from dysplasia of neuroectodermal and mesoderma1 tissues. Any organ or system of the body may be primarily or secondarily involved in this disease. It is estimated that the incidence of neurofibromatosis is one in 3000 births.g It is transmitted as an autosomal dominant, but 50% of cases arise as spontaneous mutants. There is no known sex or racial predominance. von Recklinghausen gave the first organized description of the disease in 1882,57 although other authors had previously described some of its manifestations. From that time forward, knowledge of the entity has been broadened by hundreds of reports and studies. The etiology is not known. There is marked variation of the histologic pattern of lesions in neurofibromatosis and considerable disagreement as to the cell or cells of origin. It is known that the serum of a high percentage of these patients contains increased nerve growth stimulating activitypg which may account for the apparent multiple cell origin. l6 Primary neuroectodermal and mesodermal dysplasia apparently are responsible for most of the manifestations of neurofibromatosis. Lesions may arise from the neuroectodermal sheath cells of Schwann and mesodermal connective tissue elements.47 The classical clinical signs include cutaneous pigmentation (cafe au lait spots), multiple soft cutaneous tumors, and palpable neurofibromas of peripheral nerves. To this can be added manifestations of dysfunction of every organ system. Some of us were taught early in our medical careers that syphilis is the great imitator of other diseases. This statement is also true of neurofibromatosis. The purpose of this paper is to describe and
Topological influences on polymer adsorption and desorption dynamics.

The desorption of polymer chains through an overlayer of strongly adsorbed chains was studied to determine the influence of topological constraints on the polymer desorption process. The desorption time of linear chains fits a power law, ${\mathit{M}}^{\mathit{a}}$, where M is a molecular weight and a=2.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2. A comparison of linear and star-branched chains shows that desorption of star-branched chains was greatly suppressed. These findings are reminiscent of entanglement effects in bulk systems. They suggest a unifying perspective from which to analyze polymer mobility at surfaces.