cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improvement of GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well laser diodes by rapid thermal annealing

Post-growth annealing is shown to improve the laser diode quality of GaAs/AlGaAs graded-index separate confinement heterostructure quantum well laser diode structures grown at a nonoptimal substrate temperature lower than 680°C by molecular beam epitaxy. Reduction by a factor of up to three in the threshold current was accompanied by a reduction in the interface trap density. The reduced threshold current is still higher than that of laser diodes grown at the optimal temperatures which are between 680 and 695°C. The improvement in laser diode performance is ascribed to the reduction of interface nonradiative recombination centers.
Flint and the Patination of Flint Artifacts.

The alteration of black or dark-coloured flint artifacts to produce a white surface is familiar to archaeologists. This patination is attributed to weathering, and was first explained by Judd in 1887. Judd suggested that flint is composed of a felted aggregate of euhedral quartz needles with colloidal (opaline) silica occupying the interstices between the crystalline grains. He postulated that carbonate-bearing ground-water leached the more soluble amorphous silica, leaving minute interstitial cavities in the altered margin of the flint. The multitudes of surfaces thus produced reflect and refract light falling upon or passing through the flint, and the resulting scattering causes the white appearance of the altered portion. Judd cited the white aspect of powdered black obsidian as an example of such scattering effects.
Exercise Physiology in the Catheterization Laboratory Still Alive and Well

Writing on the topic of pectoris dolor: With respect to the treatment of this complaint, I have little or nothing to advance: nor indeed is it to be expected we should have made much progress in the cure of a disease, which has hitherto hardly had a place, or a name in medical books… Opium taken at bed-time will prevent the attacks at night. I know one who set himself a task of sawing wood for half an hour every day, and was nearly cured. —William Heberden1 The salient observation defining the clinical syndrome of warm-up angina, namely that anginal symptoms may be reduced with repeated episodes of work, was initially made >200 years ago by the London physician William Heberden. Consistent with his original description, contemporary demonstrations of warm-up angina either involves greater time to ischemic signs or symptoms (ie, ST-segment depression or chest pain) or a reduction in ischemic manifestations at equivalent workload in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing repeated bouts of exercise. Multiple theories have been proposed to explain this physiological phenomenon, ranging from changes in myocardial signaling to increased collateral recruitment and ischemic preconditioning.2–4 Greater appreciation of physiological adaptations occurring with exercise vis-a-vis ventricular vascular coupling combined with novel methodologic approaches has provided a fresh mechanistic insights and advanced our understanding of this clinical entity.5–7 Article see p 2565 At its most basic level, warm-up angina implies a favorable modulation of the myocardial supply–demand equation whereby the oxygen supply is enhanced or demand is reduced after an initial bout of exercise. To address this complex question, Lockie …
High resolution localization of recombination hot spots using sperm typing

We have applied sperm DNA typing to determine the distribution of crossover events within a one megabase region of the short arm of human chromosome 4 near the locus for Huntington disease. A total of 29 recombinants were detected among 602 sperm typed after whole genome amplification. These recombinants were typed for seven polymorphic markers. The 280 kilobase D4S10–D4S126 interval was found to undergo recombination at a 6–9–fold greater rate per unit of physical distance than the adjacent 720 kb D4S126–D4S127 interval. Sperm typing has the potential to dissect mammalian recombination hot spots to the point where DNA sequence analysis may reveal the molecular basis for hyperrecombination.
Building a Conceptual Framework within a Diverse Graduate School Environment

The School of Education of a mid-Atlantic region, graduate-only Christian institution sought to build a cohesive, indigenous conceptual framework to assure that school instruction and scholarship were aligned with university and school foundational documents, especially the mission and vision statements. A visiting professor was engaged to initiate and guide the process. Over the course of three years, school foundational documents were studied and revised, instructional documents and practices were analyzed and critiqued, and a cohesive conceptual framework was generated which is indigenous to, and reflective of, both the school and the university. Sharing of the conceptual framework with other schools within the university, and final revisions of the framework and foundational documents, is ongoing.
The effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis.

There is a substantial body of literature related to the effects of a single session of exercise on cognitive performance. The premise underlying this research is that physiological changes in response to exercise have implications for cognitive function. This literature has been reviewed both narratively and meta-analytically and, although the research findings are mixed, researchers have generally concluded that there is a small positive effect. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to provide an updated comprehensive analysis of the extant literature on acute exercise and cognitive performance and to explore the effects of moderators that have implications for mechanisms of the effects. Searches of electronic databases and examinations of reference lists from relevant studies resulted in 79 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Consistent with past findings, analyses indicated that the overall effect was positive and small (g = 0.097 n = 1034). Positive and small effects were also found in all three acute exercise paradigms: during exercise (g = 0.101; 95% confidence interval [CI]; 0.041–0.160), immediately following exercise (g = 0.108; 95% CI; 0.069–0.147), and after a delay (g = 0.103; 95% CI; 0.035–0.170). Examination of potential moderators indicated that exercise duration, exercise intensity, type of cognitive performance assessed, and participant fitness were significant moderators. In conclusion, the effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance are generally small; however, larger effects are possible for particular cognitive outcomes and when specific exercise parameters are used.
Evalution of spline and weighted average interpolation algorithms

Abstract Bivariate polynomial and weighted average interpolations were tested on two data sets. One data set consisted of irregularly spaced Bouguer gravity values. Maps derived from automated interpolation were compared to a manually created map to determine the best computer-generated diagram. For this data set, bivariate polynomial interpolation was inadequate, showing many spurious circular anomalies with extrema greatly exceeding the input values. The greatest distortion occurred near roughly colinear observations and steep field gradients. The computerized map from weighted average interpolation matched the manual map when the number of grid points was roughly nine times the number of input points. Groundwater recharge and discharge rates were used for the second example. The discharge zones are two narrow irrigation ditches, and measurements were along linear traverses. Again, polynomial interpolation produced unreasonably large interpolated values near high field gradients. The weighted average method required a higher ratio of grid points to input data (about 64 to 1) because of the long narrow shape of the discharge zones. The weighted average interpolation method was more reliable than the polynomial method because it was less sensitive to the nature of the data distribution and to the field gradients.
On hypergeometric and related distributions of order k

Let Nn.k.g.d be the hypergeometric random variable of order k≥1, equal to the number of success runs of length k contained in an ordered without replacement sample of size n drawn from a dichotomous urn with g good items and d defectives. We give an alternative formula for that is computationally simpler than the one in Panaretos and Xekalaki (1986). Distributions of the longest success run and of waiting times for r≥1 runs of length k are also derived. We call the latter the waiting time hypergeometric r.v. of order.
Toward a general model for web-based information systems

Web-based information systems (WIS) are new generation information systems and have recently received considerable attention in systems development. As yet little research has been reported on the general model for analysis and design of WIS. This paper describes an object-oriented model for WIS. Five components that support WIS are discussed. They are: the Web site, business processes, knowledge, the information infrastructure, and software agents. These elements are harmonised into a unified object-oriented paradigm. The proposed WIS model extends traditional information systems analysis into the context of WIS. It could be useful for the development of WIS by organisations in pursuing electronic commerce.
Photopatternable Carbon Electrodes for Chip‐Based Electrochemical Detection

Presented is the preparation and initial characterization of carbonaceous electrodes prepared using photolithographic techniques. The electrodes were created using a graphite doped photoresist mixture which allowed for direct electrode patterning. The electrodes were tested using cyclic voltammetry with a Fe(CN) test solution and were found to exhibit a linear response as per the Randles–Sevick relation. The feasibility of using these electrodes to conduct biological assays was demonstrated with p-aminophenol, a common analyte in electrochemical ELISAs, using differential pulse voltammetry.
Effects of Feeding Gibberella zeae-lnfected Corn on Feed Intake, Body Weight Gain, and Milk Production of Dairy Cows

Abstract Normal (2% infected kernels) and Gibberella zeae -infected (44%) corn were incorporated into complete mixed feeds and group-fed ad libitum to 54 lactating dairy cows in a three-period Latin square design. Daily intakes of feed dry matter were 2.90, 2.79, and 2.85% of body weight for rations containing normal, G. zeae -infected, and a 50:50 mixture of normal and infected corn. Cows fed rations containing infected corn gained less weight than cows fed normal corn. Fat tests and milk production did not differ. No feed refusal by the cows indicated that they are not as sensitive to the toxins in G. zeae -infected corn as swine.
“Enchantment” in San Francisco

During the past decade, Nancy Van Norman Baer, a curator of the M.H. de Young Memorial Museum in San Francisco, has organized a succession of brilliant dance exhibitions. Beginning with "Pavlova!," the series continued with "Dance in Art," and later included "Bronislava Nijinska: A Dancer's Legacy," which New Yorkers like myself had the good fortune to view at the Cooper Hewitt Museum. Recently, Ms. Baer did it again and when curiosity impelled me to fly west to see the show, the effort was well rewarded. This time Ms. Baer had assembled a bewitching collection of materials relating to the career of Serge Pavlovitch Diaghilev, calling it "The Art of Enchantment: Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, 1909-1929." Considering how rare and beautiful the materials are, how loath their owners must have been to part with them even for a short time, and also considering how difficult it is these days to obtain the wherewithal for such events, Ms. Baer's accomplishment was truly magical. The exhibition, originally scheduled for display in San Francisco from December 3, 1988, to February 26, 1989, was briefly extended and may yet travel to Monte Carloand the exhibition catalog is an essential acquisition for ballet lovers.
Validation of stochastic difference equation models for empirical time series

Let the given covariance stationary process y(.) obey a linear stochastic difference equation made up of y(k) and its n1 lagged values, the observable input u(k) and Its n3 lagged values, the unobservable input w(k) derived from a zero mean white noise sequence, and n2 deterministic sinusoidal trend terms ?j(k), J=1,...,n2, the coefficients of all the terms being unknown. Our intention is to identify those terms in the difference equation whose coefficients are identically equal to zero on the basis of the observations y(k), u(k), k=1,...,N. This problem is equivalent to the following multiple hypothesis testing problem, i.e., determine the correct model among a finite number, say n4, of linear difference equation models, all the coefficients in each model being non-zero, but otherwise unknown. With the help of the given observations, we will construct a statistic Di for the ith model which denotes the predictive capabilities of the model, having the following property for all i = 1,..., n4: E(Di) ? E(Dj) if ith model is true. Consequently, we prefer the ith model if the statistic Di has the smallest value among {D1,..,Dn 4}.
LReO3 Epoxidizes, cis-Dihydroxylates, and Cleaves Alkenes as Well as Alkenylates Aldehydes: Toward an Understanding of Why†

The relative reaction thermodynamics for the probable pathways leading to alkene epoxidation, cis-dihydroxylation, and C−C cleavage as well as alkenylation of aldehydes have been investigated for the reaction of ethylene with LReO3, L = CH3, Cl, OH, OCH3, O-, C5H5(Cp), and C5(CH3)5 (Cp*). We find the reaction pathway exothermicities to be quite sensitive to the ligand. For ClReO3, CH3ReO3, HOReO3, CH3OReO3, and O-ReO3, reaction with ethylene is endothermic with metallaoxetane preferred over dioxylate formation. For CpReO3 and Cp*ReO3, the reaction with ethylene is exothermic but nearly thermoneutral with dioxylate formation preferred. The π-binding attributes of the ligand are found to correlate with thermodyanmic preference.
Comparison of response evaluation criteria in solid tumors with volumetric measurements for estimation of tumor burden in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma

Abstract Background Response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST) is the accepted method for determining tumor progression. However, RECIST may not estimate disease burden accurately because the axial plane often does not produce the actual longest diameter. Volumetric measurements may be an alternative to better determine tumor size. Our aim was to compare volumetric measurements with RECIST in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDA) and hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). Methods RECIST and volumetric measurements were determined in 9 patients with metastatic PDA and 17 patients with HCC who subsequently underwent liver transplantation. Gross pathologic measurements after hepatectomy also were analyzed for volumes. Results Three-dimensional diameter in volumetric analysis was 38% and 36% higher than RECIST diameter in PDA and HCC, respectively ( P P r = .95; P r = .96; P P P = .56). In categorizing treatment response in PDA, RECIST and volumetric analysis were in moderate agreement (κ = .49). Conclusions RECIST significantly may overestimate tumor burden compared with volumetric measurements in both PDA and HCC. Volumetric analysis may be the preferred method to detect tumor progression.
Calculation of absolute ligand binding free energy to a ribosome-targeting protein as a function of solvent model.

A comparative analysis is provided of the effect of different solvent models on the calculation of a potential of mean force (PMF) for determining the absolute binding affinity of the small molecule inhibitor pteroic acid bound to ricin toxin A-chain (RTA). Solvent models include the distance-dependent dielectric constant, several different generalized Born (GB) approximations, and a hybrid explicit/GB-based implicit solvent model. We found that the simpler approximation of dielectric screening and a GB model, with Born radii fitted to a switching-window dielectric-boundary surface Poisson solvent model, severely overpredicted the binding affinity as compared to the experimental value, estimated to range from −4.4 to −6.0 kcal/mol. In contrast, GB models that are parametrized to fit the Lee-Richards molecular surface performed much better, predicting binding free energy within 1−3 kcal/mol of experimental estimates. However, the predicted free-energy profiles of these GB models displayed alternative bindi...
Measurement of γ' precipitates in a nickel-based superalloy using energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy coupled with automated segmenting techniques

Abstract Precipitates of the ordered L12 γ′ phase (dispersed in the face-centered cubic or FCC γ matrix) were imaged in Rene 88 DT, a commercial multicomponent Ni-based superalloy, using energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM). Imaging was performed using the Cr, Co, Ni, Ti and Al elemental L-absorption edges in the energy loss spectrum. Manual and automated segmentation procedures were utilized for identification of precipitate boundaries and measurement of precipitate sizes. The automated region growing technique for precipitate identification in images was determined to measure accurately precipitate diameters. In addition, the region growing technique provided a repeatable method for optimizing segmentation techniques for varying EFTEM conditions.
Collaborative Filtering for Multi-class Data Using Belief Nets Algorithms

As one of the most successful recommender systems, collaborative filtering (CF) algorithms can deal with high sparsity and high requirement of scalability amongst other challenges. Bayesian belief nets (BNs), one of the most frequently used classifiers, can be used for CF tasks. Previous works of applying BNs to CF tasks were mainly focused on binary-class data, and used simple or basic Bayesian classifiers (Miyahara and Pazzani, 2002; Breese et al., 1998). In this work, we apply advanced BNs models to CF tasks instead of simple ones, and work on real-world multi-class CF data instead of synthetic binary-class data. Empirical results show that with their ability to deal with incomplete data, extended logistic regression on naive Bayes and tree augmented naive Bayes (NB-ELR and TAN-ELR) models (Greiner et al., 2005) consistently perform better than the state-of-the-art Pearson correlation-based CF algorithm. In addition, the ELR-optimized BNs CF models are robust in terms of the ability to make predictions, while the robustness of the Pearson correlation-based CF algorithm degrades as the sparseness of the data increases
Economic perceptions of gambling behavior

This article outlines the structure of orthodox consumer theory in economics, and reviews the major applications to gambling behavior. Gambling as a means to achieve higher desired levels of wealth is discussed, as is gambling as a consumption activity, as an end in itself. The question of rationality and gambling is discussed, and implications for public policy toward gambling, as it relates to economic models of gambling behavior, are presented.
Identification of a transforming retrovirus from cultured equine dermal fibrosarcoma

Abstract A retrovirus released by cultured cells of an equine dermal fibrosarcoma (sarcoid) is described. The virus exhibits C-type morphology, possesses constitutive Mn 2+ -dependent reverse transcriptase, bands at 1.15 g/cm 3 in isopycnic centrifugation, contains 60-70 S genomic RNA, and elicits rapid morphological transformation of primary equine dermal fibroblasts.
Evaluation of the automated leukocyte differential count in emergency department patients.

Abstract This study compares the results of the leukocyte three-part differential count as determined by the Coulter S-Plus IV in 104 consecutive patient samples from the emergency department with results obtained by conventional visual differential. A high rate (40%) of instrument rejection was found, reflecting the high prevalence of disease and hematologic abnormalities in the patient population. No clinically significant abnormality went undetected, demonstrating that the automatedleukocyte three-part differential is effective as a screening test in the emergency department patient population.
Electronic properties of Mn acceptors in (In,Mn)As grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy

Abstract In this study, the nature of the Mn electronic level in (In,Mn)As was investigated. (In,Mn)As thin films were epitaxially deposited on GaAs (0 0 1) substrates using metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. Electronic transport properties were determined from Hall effect measurements over a temperature range of 78–300 K and all films were found to be p-type. Mn was found to act as a shallow acceptor with an activation energy ranging from 22 to 16 meV as the hole concentration increased from 8.5×1017 to 1.7×1018 cm−3. In heavily doped films, a large percentage of Mn is found to be electronically inactive and the hole concentrations are up to a factor of 103 times smaller than the Mn concentration.
A town called Dakajalan: the Sunjata tradition and the question of ancient Mali's capital

When combined, evidence from oral tradition, Arabic texts and archaeological sites indicates that ancient Mali's seat of government changed more than once during its imperial period from the twelfth to the sixteenth century. According to oral tradition, the town in which Sunjata spent his early years, and to which he returned from exile, was Dakajalan. This mansadugu or ‘king's town’ served as Sunjata's base of operations for his campaign against Sumanguru and may have continued for a time as both spiritual and military headquarters during the struggle for unification following the defeat of Soso. As Mande's core territory expanded into the beginnings of empire, the mansadugu was probably moved north-eastward, down the River Niger to take advantage of widening commercial opportunities and to govern an expanded population of imperial subjects who included large numbers of Muslims from the former Soninke territories. Niani was one of the oldest and most important cities of Mali, especially notable for its iron industry. If it served also as a political capital this would most likely have been in the sixteenth century under Niani Mansa Mamadu, a descendant of Sunjata's royal lineage.
Planning the Educational Component of a Hypertension Control Program: A Case Study

The failure to plan the health education component of a health service program together with the total planning effort has severely limited the contribution education could make to program goals. This case study illustrates the use of the systematic observation of behavior to identify factors which facilitated or hindered the development of a hyper tension control program in ambulatory facilities and boards of health. The relationship of these factors to the planning process is discussed. Al though this project deals with hypertension, the factors identified as facili tating or hindering change are applicable to any public health program.
Specification and Verification using Message Sequence Charts

Abstract Message sequence charts is a notation used in practice by protocol designers and system engineers. In this survey, some of the recent results related to this notation, in the context of specification and automatic verification of communication protocols, are presented.
Flow and pattern formation in a binary mixture of rotating granular materials

In a horizontally rotating cylinder, size segregation, pattern formation, and its time development are studied for a binary mixture of rodlike and disklike materials at various rotational frequencies. The rodlike particles formed a network that influenced their mobility and the shape of the avalanching surface. Windows installed on the cylinder enabled us to examine and control the distribution of the components of the mixture throughout the bulk. This has allowed us to study the evolution of naturally occurring and artificially created patterns. All observed patterns had a degree of asymmetry and were unstable. The stability of a band pattern is shown to depend on its symmetry. Qualitatively, the time for the transition from one set of bands to another was inversely related to the degree of asymmetry of the pattern. In addition, we propose that the parameter $D/d$ (diameter of the cylinder over the diameter of the grains) plays a significant role in the functional dependence of the avalanching surface current on the dynamical angle of repose, and in the segregation process itself.
Simplicity in Protective Relaying

SIMPLICITY is of paramount importance when designing and laying out protective relay circuits. These circuits are called upon to operate so infrequently that they should be more reliable than the apparatus or lines they protect. Certain limiting conditions and requirements requested by circuit designers generally cause false tripping and make the circuits less reliable. A simple protective system with all the extra devices left out operates so satisfactorily that the reasons for its good operation are often forgotten. The simple rules concerning protective systems in use on the Southern California Edison System that have made it possible to attain such a high standard service to its customers are reviewed in this paper.
Building an incentive-compatible safety net

Abstract Bank safety nets, originally proposed as a means of stabilizing financial systems, have become an important destabilizing influence. Government protection of bank debts encourages banks to undertake excessive risk, particularly in response to adverse shocks to asset values. Reforms that would remove the destabilizing moral hazard consequences of government protection are considered, both from the perspective of economic desirability and political feasibility. Requiring banks to maintain a minimal proportion of subordinated debt finance, and restricting the means by which government recapitalization of insolvent banks occurs are the central features of promising reforms to the safety net.
Herpes simplex virus type 1 induces anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) in mouse strains resistant to intraocular infection.

Inoculation of herpes simplex virus Type 1 into the anterior chamber of BALB/c mice induces a characteristic ocular infection involving primarily the anterior segment of virus-injected eyes and the retina of contralateral uninjected eyes. In the BALB/c strain, which is susceptible to herpetic retinitis, anti-HSV delayed hypersensitivity responses are actively suppressed, although anti-HSV antibody responses remain intact. We previously demonstrated that C57B1/6 mice, as well as (BALB/c × C57B1/6) F1 are highly resistant to HSV-1 retinitis. Studies have now been performed to determine the relationship between systemic immune responses to HSV and the resistance of C57B1/6 and the (BALB/c × 05761/6)F1 to develop retinitis after inoculation of HSV into one anterior chamber. Despite the resistance to herpetic retinitis by B6 and F1 mice, both strains developed a pattern of systemic immune responses to HSV similar to those observed in the susceptible BALB/c mice. Therefore, resistance to retinal infection with ...
Quaternary structure of botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins as probed by chemical cross-linking and native gel electrophoresis

Botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins are water-soluble proteins (mol. wt 150,000) produced by Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani, respectively. It is believed that these neurotoxins, once internalized via receptor-mediated endocytosis, form membrane channels in order to traverse the endosomal membrane and enter the cytoplasm of the nerve terminal. Investigation of the associative properties between neurotoxin molecules could yield an understanding of this channel formation. That is, an association between neurotoxin monomers could result in an oligomeric form of the neurotoxin necessary for assembly of a channel through the hydrophobic interior of the endosomal membrane, thereby allowing passage of the neurotoxin or its active fragment through the resulting pore. Based on the native gel electrophoresis and chemical cross-linking experiments, tetanus neurotoxin exists as a dimer and a trimer, type A botulinum neurotoxin exists as a dimer, trimer, and a larger species, type E botulinum neurotoxin exists as a monomer and dimer, and type B botulinum neurotoxin appears to exist as a dimer in aqueous solution. The results imply that quaternary structures of these neurotoxins may play an important role in their mode of action during neuronal poisoning.
Glomus tympanicum: a review of 115 cases over 4 decades.

ObjectiveTo characterize the clinical presentation, surgical management, and outcomes of a large consecutive cohort of patients with glomus tympanicum (GT) tumors managed at a single tertiary refer...
Improved lime, phosphorus, and potassium recommendations based on double equilibration soil test methods for assessing buffering or fixation tendencies of individual soils

Abstract This paper gives a perspective of papers published which led to the recommended two‐step methodologies of double equilibration soil test methods, identifies those persons contributing to development of the procedures, lists general conclusions reached regarding techniques, and gives details of steps involved in each of the double equilibration methods.
Depth of origin of solar active regions

Observations show that the individual bipolar magnetic regions on the sun remain confined during their decay phase, with much of the magnetic field pulling back under the surface, in reverse of the earlier emergence. This suggests that the magnetic field is held on a short rein by subsurface forces, for otherwise the region would decay entirely by dispersing across the face of the sun. With the simple assumption that the fields at the surface are controlled from well-defined anchor points at a depth h, it is possible to relate the length l of the bipolar region at the surface to the depth h, with h about equal to l. The observed dimensions l about equal to 100,000 km for normal active regions, and l about equal to 10,000 km for the ephemeral active regions, indicate comparable depths of origin. More detailed observational studies of the active regions may be expected to shed further light on the problem.
Characterization of cytosolic glutathione S-transferases in juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha).

Abstract Four cytosolic glutathione S -transferase (GST) classes were isolated and characterized from juvenile winter run Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) liver. Two techniques were used: (1) gel electrophoresis/immunoblotting against a polyclonal striped bass GST antibody and (2) high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Nanospray liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) was used to elucidate peptide sequences and the proteins were identified as π, θ, μ and α, by searching against the NCBI non-redundant database (nrDB). Catalytic activity of the cytosolic GSTs towards 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and ethacrynic acid (ETHA) were determined to be 0.3 ± 0.05 U/mg cytosolic protein and 0.06 ± 0.02 U/mg cytosolic protein, respectively.
Studies of adrenocortical function of women with idiopathic hirsutism: response to 25 units of ACTH.

Eight normal women and 18 women with hirsutism but without ovarian enlargement were infused for 6 hr with 25 units of ACTH. Urines were collected in divided portions before, during and after infusions. There was no significant difference between the rates of excretion of 17-ketosteroids or 17-hydroxycorticosteroids by the hirsute or normal women before infusion, but the women with hirsutism excreted more 17-ketosteroids than did the control subjects during and after the time of the infusion; they excreted more 17-hydroxycorticosteroids during the first 3 hr of the infusion, but not afterward. There was no difference in the excretion of pregnanetriol by the 2 groups before administration of ACTH or in the rise produced by ACTH. Plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroids were not different in the 2 groups before ACTH was given, and the response to ACTH was the same in both groups. Certain of these patients had histories of development of hirsutism after a severe emotional stress. The possible contribution of emotiona...
Communication, leadership, and organizational commitment

This research coded 40 leaders’ communication and used 172 subordinates’ questionnaires to analyze the relationship of leader communication behavior to commitment. A hierarchical multiple regression was performed for two types of organizations. At hospitals, leaders’ consideration style and reinforcement related positively to subordinate commitment, while interruption and humor related negatively. At a city government, initiating structure style and professionalism related positively to commitment; reinforcement and interruption related negatively.
Control of Entamoeba histolytica Adherence Involves Metallosurface Protease 1, an M8 Family Surface Metalloprotease with Homology to Leishmanolysin

Invasive amebiasis due to Entamoeba histolytica infection is an important cause of morbidity in developing countries. The E. histolytica genome contains two homologues to the metalloprotease leishmanolysin gene, Entamoeba histolytica MSP-1 (EhMSP-1) and EhMSP-2, while the commensal ameba Entamoeba dispar has lost EhMSP-1. In this study, we sought to characterize E. histolytica metallosurface protease 1 (EhMSP-1). Using immunoprecipitation and a model substrate, we found that EhMSP-1 was a functional metalloprotease. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry revealed that EhMSP-1 localized to the cell surface and revealed the existence of distinct, nonclonal trophozoite populations with high and low EhMSP-1 surface abundance that became synchronized following serum starvation. Phenotypic assays were performed after silencing EhMSP-1. Adherence of EhMSP-1-deficient trophozoites to tissue culture cell monolayers was more than five times greater than that of control amebas, but surface staining of several antigens, including the galactose adherence lectin, was unchanged. EhMSP-1 silencing similarly increased adherence to both viable and apoptotic Jurkat lymphocytes. Tissue culture cell monolayer destruction was reduced by EhMSP-1 silencing, although it was blocked almost completely by inhibiting cysteine proteases. Consistent with a primary defect in regulation of amebic adherence, EhMSP-1 silencing also resulted in reduced mobility on tissue culture cell monolayers and in increased phagocytosis. In conclusion, EhMSP-1 was shown to be a surface metalloprotease involved in regulation of amebic adherence, with additional effects on cell motility, cell monolayer destruction, and phagocytosis.
Interaction of human plasma apolipoproteins and phospholipids. Semi-quantitative studies using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Abstract The lipid-binding capacities of three human serum apolipoproteins (apoA-I, apoA-II and apoC-III 2 ) have been compared by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Using 125 1-labeled apolipoproteins and 14 C-labeled lysophosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylcholine, the order of binding for both of these lipids was apoA-II > apoC-III 2 > apoA-I.
Use of ultrasound to demonstrate gallstones in symptomatic patients with normal oral cholecystograms

Seven patients who had typical and persistent symptoms of gallbladder disease but repeatedly normal oral cholecystograms were seen in an 18 month period. Ultrasound examination of the gallbladder was diagnostic of cholelithiasis in all seven patients. Six patients were found to have gallstones at operation, and the seventh had histologically proved chronic cholecystitis. Although oral cholecystrography is a highly accurate examination, false-negative results do occur. Gray scale ultrasonography is a safe and also highly accurate means of providing objective evidence of cholelithiasis in patients clinically thought to have gallstones despite normal oral cholecystograms.
On the minimum spectral radius of matrices of zeros and ones

Abstract We consider the minimum spectral radius for an n × n matrix of 0's and 1's having a specified number τ of 0's. We determine this minimum spectral radius when τ⩽⌊ n /2⌋⌈ n /2⌉, and bound it between two consecutive integers for all other values of τ.
Tango with cows.

Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 15, No. 3, March 2009 513 F animals engaged in a sophisticated dance is how poet Vasily Kamensky represented the incongruous entanglement between Russia’s rural past and sweeping modernism. In his daring book Tango with Cows, he abandoned syntax for a spatial arrangement of words on old wallpaper to explore visual poetry. Political oppression, industrial development, and rapid urbanization between the revolutions of 1905 and 1917 shook the foundation of society and promoted experimentation in literature, music, and art. Part of sprouting radical movements known as Russian avantgarde, Liubov Popova made her mark as a leading artist of the 20th century. Popova was born near Moscow into an affl uent family approving of her talent. She traveled widely, within Russia for the architecture and hagiography and abroad to Italy and France. She studied Cubism at the Academie de la Palette under Henri Le Fauconnier and Jean Metzinger. While she admired Giotto and other masters of the Renaissance, her work moved steadily away from naturalism toward a personal style drawn from the fl at linearity of Russian icons, the principles of Cubism, and revolutionary ideas. “Representation of reality―without artistic deformation and transformation―cannot be the subject of painting,” she wrote. In its origins with Picasso and Braque, Cubism was a formal style applied to traditional subjects to depict space and volume through multiple viewpoints and shifting planes. With time, others saw in its geometric precision the potential to capture modern life and its increasing reliance on machines. In Italy, a group called the Futurists used it to express in art what Albert Einstein defi ned in 1905 in his theory of relativity, a new sense of time, space, and energy. “We wish to exalt aggressive movement,” read the Futurist manifesto, “feverish insomnia, running, the perilous leap, the cuff, and the blow.” From her travels, Popova brought home these infl uences, which she integrated with folk and decorative elements in shaping the development of combined Cubism and Futurism in Russia. Liubov Popova (1889–1924) The Traveler (1915). Oil on canvas (142.2 cm × 105.4 cm) Courtesy of Norton Simon Art Foundation, Pasadena, CA, USA
EBSD Study of Delamination Fracture in Al–Li Alloy 2090

Aluminum–lithium (Al–Li) alloys offer attractive combinations of high strength and low density for aerospace structural applications. However, a tendency for delamination fracture has limited their use. Identification of the metallurgical mechanisms controlling delamination may suggest processing modifications to minimize the occurrence of this mode of fracture. In the current study of Al–Li alloy 2090 plate, high quality electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) information has been used to evaluate grain boundary types exhibiting delamination fracture and characterize microtexture variations between surrounding grains. Delamination was frequently observed to occur between variants of the brass texture component, along near-Σ3, incoherent twin boundaries. EBSD analyses indicated a tendency for intense deformation along one side of the fractured boundary. A through-thickness plot of grain-specific Taylor factors showed that delaminations occurred along boundaries with the greatest difference in Taylor factors. Together, these suggest a lack of slip accommodation across the boundary, which promotes significantly higher deformation in one grain, and stress concentrations that result in delamination fracture.
Microtubule Associated Proteins in Plants and the Processes They Manage

Microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) are proteins that physically bind to microtubules in eukaryotes. MAPs play important roles in regulating the polymerization and organization of microtubules and in using the ensuing microtubule arrays to carry out a variety of cellular functions. In plants, MAPs manage the construction, repositioning, and dismantling of four distinct microtubule arrays throughout the cell cycle. Three of these arrays, the cortical array, the preprophase band, and the phragmoplast, are prominent to plants and are responsible for facilitating cell wall deposition and modification, transducing signals, demarcating the plane of cell division, and forming the new cell plate during cytokinesis. This review highlights important aspects of how MAPs in plants establish and maintain microtubule arrays as well as regulate cell growth, cell division, and cellular responses to the environment.
Redox potential and C-H bond cleaving properties of a nonheme Fe(IV)=O complex in aqueous solution.

High-valent iron−oxo intermediates have been identified as the key oxidants in the catalytic cycles of many nonheme enzymes. Among the large number of synthetic FeIV═O complexes characterized to date, [FeIV(O)(N4Py)]2+ (1) exhibits the unique combination of thermodynamic stability, allowing its structural characterization by X-ray crystallography, and oxidative reactivity sufficient to cleave C−H bonds as strong as those in cyclohexane (DC−H = 99.3 kcal mol−1). However, its redox properties are not yet well understood. In this work, the effect of protons on the redox properties of 1 has been investigated electrochemically in nonaqueous and aqueous solutions. While the cyclic voltammetry of 1 in CH3CN is complicated by coupling of several chemical and redox processes, the FeIV/III couple is reversible in aqueous solution with E1/2 = +0.41 V versus SCE at pH 4 and involves the transfer of one electron and one proton to give the FeIII−OH species. This is in fact the first example of reversible electrochemist...
Nutritional exchange in a tropical tripartite symbiosis: direct evidence for the transfer of nutrients from anemonefish to host anemone and zooxanthellae

The relationship between anemones and anemonefishes is an oft-cited and endearing example of a mutualistic symbiosis. Current research on mutualistic symbioses suggests these relationships are more commonplace and have greater importance at the ecosystem level on nutrient dynamics and evolutionary processes than previously thought. Using stable isotopes 15N and 13C, both field and laboratory experiments were designed to investigate whether nutrient transfer from two species of resident anemonefishes (Amphiprion perideraion and A. clarkii) to host anemones (Heteractis crispa) occurs. Mass spectroscopy indicated that both 15N and 13C were significantly elevated in the tissues of anemonefishes and in both host anemone and zooxanthellae fractions. These experiments provide the first direct empirical evidence of nitrogen and carbon transfer from resident anemonefishes to host anemones and endosymbiotic zooxanthellae. Such transfer of elements within this intriguing tripartite association underscores the central role that nutrient dynamics contributes to the evolutionary processes of these marine symbioses.
Fear of Rape Among Urban Women

Sample survey data from Seattle are used to examine fear of rape among urban women. The magnitude and prevalence of such fear are striking, particularly among younger women, who fear rape more than any other crime. The high fear attached to rape stems from the fact that it is perceived to be both extremely serious and relatively likely; and from the fact that it is closely associated with other serious offenses such as homicide and robbery. Fear of rape also lies behind fear of other offenses among women in our sample, and is strongly associated with certain social or lifestyle precautions.
A new chromosome race of Calycadenia pauciflora (Asteraceae: Heliantheae–Madiinae) from Butte County, California

We initiated a biosystematic study of a recently discovered population of Calycadenia pauciflora in order to evaluate its cytogenetic relationship to previously characterized chromosome races of that species. Cytogenetic analyses of six or more artificially produced individuals of each of the five possible interracial hybrid combinations indicated that the new race (designated Wurlitzer) is differentiated from the other races (Elegans, Healdsburg, Pauciflora, Ramulosa, and Tehama) by the equivalent of 2-4 reciprocal chromosome translocations and in one instance apparently a pericentric inversion. Mean pollen stainability in the hybrids ranged from 13 to 26%. The floral and vegetative features of the new race are very similar to those of races Pauciflora, Ramulosa, and Tehama of C. pauciflora. We ascribe the apparent lack of single-step cytogenetic events in the evolution of the races of C. pauciflora to one or more of the following: (1) (in some cases) the occurrence of saltational chromosome reorganization; (2) extinction of or failure to detect intermediate populations in C. pauciflora; and (3) an insufficient consideration of the possibility of the existence of intermediate races in the closely related species, C. fremontii. We conclude that the C. fremontii-C. pauciflora alliance is one of the most complex and potentially instructive examples of diploid chromosome evolution in plants.
Surgical robotics: impact of motion scaling on task performance.

Background Robotic systems have been shown to enhance surgical dexterity, and the advantage has been hypothesized to result from the removal of tremor and addition of motion scaling. But these purported gains over traditional laparoscopic instrumentation have not been quantified. This study was designed to compare the surgical accuracy between conventional laparoscopic instruments and a robotic surgical system and evaluate the importance of tremor filtration (TF) and motion scaling (MS) in these robotic systems. Study design Fifteen participants with no previous surgical experience were enrolled. To simulate microsurgical techniques, a 29-gauge needle was used to puncture the center of 6 microscopic archery targets (circle diameters 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 mm). The robotic system was configured to three different degrees of MS and compared with the unassisted laparoscopic platforms in accuracy. Results Accuracy with robotic assistance with TF alone (1:1 MS) was not significantly different from unassisted laparoscopic control. Both moderate (2.5:1) and fine (7:1) MS significantly improved accuracy over traditional laparoscopic control (p Conclusions Motion scaling, rather than tremor filtration, plays the major role in the enhanced accuracy seen in robotic surgical systems. Robotic assistance with MS significantly improved accuracy above laparoscopic instruments alone and robotic assistance with tremor filtration alone. MS also creates ambidexterity in an otherwise unidextrous population, optimizing the surgeon's ability to undertake tasks requiring microsurgical accuracy.