cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Reconstitution of Multiple CMV-Specific CD8+ T-Cell Populations with Divergent Functionality in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients.

Recent studies using direct stimulation of PBMC from CMV-positive individuals with optimal CTL epitope peptides have identified new antigens that are targets of the host immune response. The growing number of targets of the cellular immune response has prompted an evaluation of which antigens are potentially associated with protective immunity. A panel of seven human cytomegalovirus (CMV) epitope peptides and the corresponding MHC-I tetramers was used to evaluate cellular immunity in six healthy seropositive donors and in six hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients (HSCT). Broad CMV-specific responses were found to epitopes within several CMV polypeptides that were restricted by multiple HLA alleles in several individuals. The results document the simultaneous expansion of several of these CD8 + T-lymphocyte populations following allogeneic HSCT. The combined levels of CMV epitope-specific T-cells exceeded 20% of CD8 + T-lymphocytes in some individuals. The cytotoxic functionality of 26 different populations of CMV-specific T-lymphocytes detected within this group of 12 individuals was addressed by utilizing a recently described assay that measures transient surface levels of the lysosomal membrane proteins LAMP-1 (CD107a) and LAMP 2 (CD107b) after peptide stimulation. This degranulation/mobilization assay can be combined with tetramer staining of antigen-specific CD8 + T-lymphocytes, and has potential as a surrogate marker for cytotoxic function. We found that a significant proportion of CD8 + T-lymphocytes specific for epitopes within the CMV pp65 and pp50 gene products had functional potential as measured by this assay (median percentage of cells within 14 T-cell populations staining with pp65 or pp50 tetramers that degranulated on stimulation with cognate peptide = 26.0% and 19.8%). By contrast, CD8 + T-lymphocytes specific for epitopes within the CMV IE-1 gene product had markedly reduced functionality (median percentage of cells within 12 T-cell populations staining with IE-1 tetramers that degranulated on stimulation with cognate peptide = 5.6%). This difference was significant ( p = 0.003 by an F-test after adjusting for HLA and using interaction of subjects and epitopes as the error). This reduced degranulation efficiency of IE-1-specific T cells is consistent with their inefficient cytotoxic recognition of CMV-infected autologous fibroblasts. Further characterization of this functional dichotomy includes comparison of cell surface marker phenotype and cytokine release in response to antigenic presentation. These functional differences between T-lymphocyte populations within the same individual have implications for choosing antigens that are both protective and necessary to include in a CMV vaccine for transplant patients at risk for infectious complications after viral reactivation.
Photon transport transistor

A novel optoelectronic device is presented which consists of a light-emitting diode (LED) on top of a photodiode, with very tight optical coupling. The device is similar to a bipolar transistor except that photons rather than minority carriers are transported through the base. Devices fabricated with the GaAs-AlGaAs material system yield a current gain of up to four and the modest transit frequency of 70 MHz. The potential of the device lies in its use as an optoelectronic device for monolithic optoelectronic building blocks since the same structure can be used as a laser/LED, photodiode, phototransistor, and photon transport transistor. The same structure also allows lower laser thresholds to be achieved owing to photon recycling. >
“Good enough” parental responsiveness to Children's sadness: Links to psychosocial functioning

Abstract This study used parent-child sadness discussions to understand individual and interactive influences of maternal and paternal emotion socialization strategies on children's psychosocial functioning. Participants included 82 two-parent families (56.2% boys; M age = 9.62 years; 80.5% Caucasian). Analyses examined the interactive influence of mothers' and fathers' positive and negative emotional responsiveness. Results indicated that the individual effect of one positively responsive parent was associated with better psychosocial functioning for girls, with no significant interactive parental effects. Parents' interactive socialization efforts were associated with boys' psychosocial functioning, but these effects were not simply additive (i.e., more support = better outcomes). That is, boys with one highly responsive parent and one parent low in responsiveness (disengaged) had higher social competency. Instead of receiving uniformly positive responses, findings support a “divergence model” whereby the most optimal outcomes for boys are fostered by a mixture of parental responsiveness. Future directions and implications are discussed.
Effects of Gd, Co, and Ni doping in La 2 / 3 Ca 1 / 3 MnO 3 : Resistivity, thermopower, and paramagnetic resonance

The effect of elemental substitutions on the properties of the ferromagnetic, conducting, highly magnetoresistive compound ${\mathrm{La}}_{2/3}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{1/3}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ has been studied. The results of Co doping and Ni doping on the Mn site and Gd doping on the La site are reported. These compounds were investigated by x-ray diffraction, magnetization measurements, resistivity measurements, thermopower measurements, and by paramagnetic resonance. The result of replacing La by Gd atoms is to lower the ferromagnetic (or metal-insulator) transition temperature, an effect which is shown to be due to bond bending caused by the lattice adjusting to the size differential between the La and Gd ions. On the other hand, the reduction of the magnetic transition temperature when Mn ions are replaced with Co or Ni ions is not attributed to changes in the size of the ions. Instead, we ascribe the lowering of the ferromagnetic transition temperature to a weakening of the double-exchange interaction between two unlike ions. The resistivity and Seebeck coefficient in these materials have been investigated as a function of elemental substitution. The magnetic polaron theory of Zhang is used, phenomenologically, to provide a quantitative explanation of these transport properties. In addition, the effect of these elemental substitutions on the linewidths of the paramagnetic resonances is studied and is discussed in terms of exchange narrowing and spin-lattice relaxation.
The Importance of Storytelling in Business Intelligence

This paper examines the relevance and importance of storytelling to business intelligence. Business intelligence provides analytics to inform a decision-making process. However, there are often times issues with understanding the analytics presented and contextualizing the analytics to the overall decision-making process. This paper examines these issues and then assesses the value of storytelling in conveying BI findings. The SOAP protocol used for physician/patient clinical encounters is presented to illustrate the benefit of providing structure to a decision-making process. The importance of structure to storytelling is then further examined and shown to help facilitate the communication of data insights. Media richness is also examined to reveal the impact that it has on BI storytelling, helping to explain why visualizations have become so important to BI. An example of BI storytelling with a high level of media richness is then presented. The paper concludes that storytelling is inextricably linked to BI success.
Ancient Chinese drug targets the migration of human neuroblastoma cells

2993 Tumor metastasis is the major cause of death in cancer patients. One key step in the metastatic process is cell migration/ motility, which allows disseminated tumor cells to move from its primary to distal site. Patients with metastatic neuroblastoma have a very low survival rate, only 5-15%. The nm 23-H1 gene encodes nucleoside diphosphate kinase A (NDPK-A), and its overexpression and the S120G mutation frequently occur in patients with metastatic neuroblastoma. We have previously shown that these alterations of NDPK-A increase cell migration in vitro and promote metastasis in vivo . Furthermore, these NDPK-A alterations inhibit neuronal differentiation induced by retinoic acid, suggesting other therapeutic agents are needed for treating these neuroblastoma patients. After screening ancient Chinese anti-cancer drugs, we found that a pure compound, termed DSNC, inhibited not only the proliferation but also the migration of human neuroblastoma cells. With a modified chemotaxis chamber system, 2.5-10 μg/ml of DSNC inhibited 2-5 folds cell migration after 15-hour treatment in a dose dependent manner. This anti-migration effect of DSNC was additional to its anti-proliferation effect. To our surprise, DSNC similarly inhibited the migration of neuroblastoma cells that overexpress the wild type and S120G mutant NDPK-A. This suggests that DSNC may be a potential therapeutic agent for treating patient with metastatic neuroblastoma especially those with altered NDPK-A genetics.
The FDA Oncology Center of Excellence and precision medicine

In January 2017, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) formally established the Oncology Center of Excellence (OCE) to streamline the development of cancer therapies by uniting experts from FDA product centers to conduct expedited review of drugs, biologics, and devices. In May 2017, the FDA approved a cancer treatment based on a biomarker, without regard to the tumor's site, by granting accelerated approval to pembrolizumab for patients with solid tumors that have the microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair deficient biomarker. We describe here the OCE's role in this first site-agnostic approval and OCE programs for further advancement of oncology-related regulatory science and policy. In addition, the FDA's four expedited review programs that enable transformative therapies to reach patients with life-threatening malignancies earlier in the development process are key to the continued rapid development of safe and effective therapies for patients with few or no other treatment options. These changes at FDA are taking place in the context of recent progress in the understanding of the genetic and immunologic foundations of cancer, resulting in the development of targeted therapies and immunotherapies. The traditional system of phased clinical trials has evolved as early trials of breakthrough therapies use expansion cohorts in a process known as seamless drug development. Increasingly, FDA approvals of targeted therapies are likely to have contemporaneous approvals of companion diagnostics to identify patients whose cancers harbor actionable abnormalities. Impact statement This publication describes the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) first site-agnostic oncology drug approval, a landmark event in the history of cancer drug development. The role of the FDA's newly established Oncology Center of Excellence (OCE) in this approval is described, as are several OCE programs to advance excellence in regulatory science in the era of precision medicine. Also provided is an overview of FDA's expedited drug review programs, which are important to the continued acceleration of therapeutics development for patients with life-threatening diseases and few or no other treatment options.
A Geometric Framework for Statistical Analysis of Trajectories with Distinct Temporal Spans

Analyzing data representing multifarious trajectories is central to the many fields in Science and Engineering; for example, trajectories representing a tennis serve, a gymnast’s parallel bar routine, progression/remission of disease and so on. We present a novel geometric algorithm for performing statistical analysis of trajectories with distinct number of samples representing longitudinal (or temporal) data. A key feature of our proposal is that unlike existing schemes, our model is deployable in regimes where each participant provides a different number of acquisitions (trajectories have different number of sample points or temporal span). To achieve this, we develop a novel method involving the parallel transport of the tangent vectors along each given trajectory to the starting point of the respective trajectories and then use the span of the matrix whose columns consist of these vectors, to construct a linear subspace in Rm. We then map these linear subspaces (possibly of distinct dimensions) of Rm on to a single high dimensional hypersphere. This enables computing group statistics over trajectories by instead performing statistics on the hypersphere (equipped with a simpler geometry). Given a point on the hypersphere representing a trajectory, we also provide a “reverse mapping” algorithm to uniquely (under certain assumptions) reconstruct the subspace that corresponds to this point. Finally, by using existing algorithms for recursive Fr´echet mean and exact principal geodesic analysis on the hypersphere, we present several experiments on synthetic and real (vision and medical) data sets showing how group testing on such diversely sampled longitudinal data is possible by analyzing the reconstructed data in the subspace spanned by the first few principal components.
Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonists: Characteristics, Adverse Effects, and Indications

While the most commonly utilized first-line therapeutics for the treatment of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) target the peripheral destruction of platelets, a preponderant second-line therapeutic agent targeting increased megakaryopoiesis and/or platelet production has now emerged, in the form of thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO-RAs). These TPO-RAs, eltrombopag and romiplostim, have been proven safe and effective in treating ITP in both children and adults and have also been approved for use in severe aplastic anemia and chronic hepatitis, with ongoing investigation in the treatment of other clinical entities as well, including myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myelogenous leukemia, chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia, congenital thrombocytopenia, and other diseases. This chapter will detail TPO-RA use in all of these different clinical settings.
A Proactive Environmental Strategy: Analyzing the Effect of SCM Experience, Age, and Female Representation in TMTs

As the importance of maintaining a proactive environmental agenda gains significance, an understanding of the impact of the characteristics of the top management team (TMT) on environmental strategy is of critical importance. Given the impact of environmental initiatives on the supply chain, experience in this area can benefit decision‐making in TMTs for a proactive environmental or green strategy. Drawing on upper echelon theory (UET), the theory of generativity, and prior work leveraging the knowledge‐based view (KBV), we analyze the impact of supply chain management (SCM) experience in TMTs for a proactive environmental strategy. To further contextualize the characteristics of the TMT in the SCM context, we include age and female representation in our analysis as important factors in setting the green agenda of a firm. The theory is tested with an original panel dataset of 2,703 firm‐year records. Measure of a proactive environmental strategy is drawn from Kinder, Lydenberg, and Domini (KLD) database, while TMT characteristics are derived from executive profiles recorded in Bloomberg. Our findings support the positive impact of executives with SCM experience in TMTs, aging TMTs, and TMTs with higher female representation on a proactive environmental agenda. Furthermore, the results reveal that the desire for a proactive environmental agenda in aging and in TMTs with increasing female representation can benefit from the additional presence of SCM experience. In sum, this study highlights the significance of female representation and age, and makes a strong case for the importance of SCM experience in TMTs for a proactive environmental strategy.
The Ecological Effects of Salt Water Intrusion on the Agriculture Industry After Hurricane Katrina

Hurricane Katrina made landfall August 29, 2005 becoming the costliest hurricanes in U.S. history. The economic and ecological consequences were considerable. This research will (1) provide updates of the ecological impact of hurricane Katrina (2) review the literature relating to salt water intrusion, and (3) analyze the ecological impact on the agriculture industry attributed to salt water intrusion after hurricane Katrina.
Data Reduction Methods Applied to Understanding Complex Learning Hypotheses.

Modern learning science researchers are facing a flood of data as it becomes easier and easier to collect multiple streams of information from students before, during, and after learning experiments. While oftentimes these experiments do experimentally manipulate specific variables to improve responses on a posttest, these experiments are also interested in how the many related student factors explain who responds to the treatment and why. This poster introduces a recent experiment and explains how the data were analyzed using a combination of exploratory factor analysis (using SPSS) and exploratory structural equation modeling (using Tetrad) to partially refute a theoretical hypothesis and reveal a new explanation for further testing.
Psychosocial Subgroups, Coping, and Chronic Low-Back Pain

The purpose of this study was to compare psychosocial subgroups in terms of pain coping strategies, pain severity, physical impairment, pain behavior, affective distress, and response to pain management treatment. The Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI) was used to classify 67 chronic low-back pain (CLBP) patients into the following psychosocial subgroups: Dysfunctional, Interpersonally Distressed, Adaptive Coping, and Anomalous. These MPI subgroups were compared on the Pain Behavior Checklist, Behavioral Observation Measure of Pain Behavior, Revised Coping Strategies Questionnaire, and Chronic Disease Index. The Dysfunctional subgroup reported significantly more pain behavior, disability, affective distress, and catastrophizing than either the Interpersonally Distressed subgroup or Adaptive Copers, but were not significantly different on measures of adaptive coping strategies. The percentage of dropouts from treatment was significantly less among Adaptive Copers (11%) than among the Dysfunctional (33%) or Interpersonally Distressed (47%) subgroups. Differences in affective distress found among the MPI subgroups at baseline were not evident at the posttreatment assessment. The present findings support the use of MPI psychosocial subgroup analysis to enhance our understanding of differential response to chronic pain and pain management intervention.
Tinnitus perception in patients after vagal nerve stimulator implantation for epilepsy.

Abstract Purpose Vagal nerve stimulation in conjunction with sound therapy has been proposed as a treatment for subjective tinnitus. The purpose of this study is to retrospectively review the effect of VNS on perception of tinnitus in epilepsy patients. We explore the incidence of tinnitus and its perceived reduction in patients requiring implantation of VNS for medically refractory seizures. Materials and methods A phone survey was conducted in adult patients with prior VNS implantation. A questionnaire including the visual analog scale (VAS) of tinnitus loudness was used to determine the presence and severity of tinnitus. Results Out of the 56 patients who had completed the phone survey, 20 (35%) reported the presence of pre-operative tinnitus. The tinnitus positive group was significantly older (p = 0.019). Of the 20 pre-operative tinnitus positive patients, all patients continued to have tinnitus post-operatively. Four (20%) noted no changes in VAS of tinnitus loudness while 16 (80%) had at least a one-point decrease. The mean difference between pre- and post-operative VAS of loudness was 2.05, with a standard deviation of 1.84 and this was statistically significant (p Conclusions In this study, we evaluate the potential of vagal nerve stimulation to alter the perception of tinnitus in patients with refractory epilepsy. Eighty percent of patients noted some level of subjective tinnitus improvement after VNS implantation. Given this finding, there may be a potential additional benefit to the use of VNS in patients with epilepsy.
Short-term and long-term effects of pathogen reduction interventions on salmonellosis from whole chickens.

The current study was undertaken to evaluate short-term and long-term effects of pathogen reduction interventions on food safety. This was accomplished using a model that predicts risk of salmonellosis from whole chickens produced by different scenarios. Interventions investigated were a 50% pathogen reduction before retail (PR), a 50% pathogen reduction at serving by consumer education (CE), and a 75% pathogen reduction by PR + CE. Long-term effects were simulated by reducing consumer resistance by an amount equal to reductions in pathogen exposure caused by interventions in the short-term. In the short-term, risk of salmonellosis was reduced (p < 0.05) from 0.42 to 0.21, 0.23, and 0.13 cases per 100,000 consumers by PR, CE, and PR + CE, respectively. However, in the long-term, risk of salmonellosis was increased (p < 0.05) from 0.42 to 1.03, 1.08, and 2.20 cases per 100,000 consumers by PR, CE, and PR + CE, respectively. These results indicated that food safety benefits of pathogen reduction interventions reversed with time because of a decrease in consumer resistance to salmonellosis.
Base resistance of drilled shafts in soft rock using in situ load tests: A limit state approach

Abstract This paper presents a probabilistic limit state framework for the evaluation of the base resistance of drilled shafts in soft rock. In situ load tests and the Griffith fracture theory are used to evaluate the mode of failure for the rock mass under the drilled shaft base. The base resistance or the limit state in the context of this paper is defined by the contact pressure at which load induced vertical to subvertical cracks form and the contact pressure-displacement relationship passes into a steep and fairly straight tangent. The parameters affecting the base resistance are evaluated using an in situ load test database. A statistical approach using the maximum likelihood method is utilized for the development of the design model for the base resistance. Reliability analysis is used to calibrate the corresponding resistance factors. The in situ load tests and the Griffith fracture theory suggest that the soft rock mass underlying the drilled shaft base primarily fails by the formation of vertical to subvertical cracks. Field observations indicate that the displacements in the underlying rock mass are largely in the vertical direction and that the base displacements required to mobilize the proposed base resistance are generally less than 30 mm. Load test data show that the base resistance is chiefly related to the unconfined compressive strength of soft rock. The calculated resistance factors are found to slightly decrease with increase in the span length of the structure and increase with the increase in the foundation redundancy.
News Hole: The Demise of Local Journalism and Political Engagement

In recent decades, turnout in US presidential elections has soared, education levels have hit historic highs, and the internet has made information more accessible than ever. Yet over that same period, Americans have grown less engaged with local politics and elections. Drawing on detailed analysis of fifteen years of reporting in over 200 local newspapers, along with election returns, surveys, and interviews with journalists, this study shows that the demise of local journalism has played a key role in the decline of civic engagement. As struggling newspapers have slashed staff, they have dramatically cut their coverage of mayors, city halls, school boards, county commissions, and virtually every aspect of local government. In turn, fewer Americans now know who their local elected officials are, and turnout in local elections has plummeted. To reverse this trend and preserve democratic accountability in our communities, the local news industry must be reinvigorated – and soon.
Measuring communication quality in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

High quality communication between providers and parents of seriously ill neonatal patients is vital and yet poorly understood. Feudtner summarized five challenges and seven priorities to the study and advancement of pediatric palliative care. Improvement of communication is a priority, while lack of specification and measurement of outcomes relevant to the pediatric population remains a challenge. Specifically, measurement of communication quality in pediatrics, and especially neonatology, is problematic. We conducted a focused review of this topic which we hope will serve to support further research. We reviewed the current literature in Pubmed and searched the Palliative Care Research Cooperative (PCRC) instrument library. We found five validated instruments which met our criteria, relied on patient or surrogate report, and were developed to measure quality of communication and/or satisfaction with communication with adult patients or their surrogates. Our Pubmed search yielded 249 unique results, only two of which met our inclusion criteria. We conclude that development and exhaustive testing of a validated, comprehensive measure of communication quality for the neonatal population is needed. Without such a measure, it will be difficult to advance the field and achieve high quality prognostic communication for the parents of seriously ill babies.
Technological Advances to Address Current Issues in Entomology: 2020 Student Debates.

The 2020 Student Debates of the Entomological Society of America (ESA) were live-streamed during the Virtual Annual Meeting to debate current, prominent entomological issues of interest to members. The Student Debates Subcommittee of the National ESA Student Affairs Committee coordinated the student efforts throughout the year and hosted the live event. This year, four unbiased introductory speakers provided background for each debate topic while four multi-university teams were each assigned a debate topic under the theme ‘Technological Advances to Address Current Issues in Entomology’. The two debate topics selected were as follows: 1) What is the best taxonomic approach to identify and classify insects? and 2) What is the best current technology to address the locust swarms worldwide? Unbiased introduction speakers and debate teams began preparing approximately six months before the live event. During the live event, teams shared their critical thinking and practiced communication skills by defending their positions on either taxonomical identification and classification of insects or managing the damaging outbreaks of locusts in crops.
Remaining Service Life Prediction of Aging Concrete Bridges Based on Multiple Relevant Explanatory Variables

AbstractConcrete highway bridge remaining service life has been at the forefront of bridge owners’ concerns for several years in terms of growing bridge maintenance needs. Distresses in concrete br...
Intraneural injection: volume and pressure.

To the Editor We read with great interest the brief technical report ‘Opening injection pressure monitoring using an in-line device does not prevent intraneural injection in an isolate nerve model’ by Mejia et al .[1][1] We do concur with their findings but believe that a clarification should
Principles of Management of the Persistent Cloaca in the Female Newborn

The persistent cloaca in the female newborn is one of the most complex and challenging developmental malformations that the pediatric urologist will encounter. A review of 5 patients seen at this center and 34 completely documented cases was undertaken to characterize the defects and devise a logical diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Diagnostic steps include the search for associated anomalies, which were present in the upper urinary tract (33 per cent), gastrointestinal tract (13 per cent), cardiovascular system (13 per cent), central nervous system (10 per cent) and respiratory tract (5 per cent). Delineation of the cloaca and its anatomic relationships is determined by abdominal x-rays, injection of contrast material into the cloacal channel, excretory urography and endoscopy with selective catheterization. Surgical treatment begins with a diverting right transverse colostomy in the newborn period followed by rectal pull-through when the patient weighs 25 pounds. Vaginal pull-through should be performed at the same time as the rectal pull-through if the vagina enters the cloaca high. If the cloacovaginal communication is low a vaginoplasty by a posterior flap procedure can be done when the child is 10 to 12 years old. Even is anatomy is reconstructed in an ideal manner urinary and fecal continence cannot be assured since congenital neurologic dysfunction is not uncommon.
Concurrent programming: the Java programming language

Preface List of Figures List of Tables 1. Introduction 1.1 Hardware and Software Concepts 1.1.1 Processes 1.1 2 Threads 1.1.4 CPU Scheduling and Context Switching 1.1.5 Hardware Protection 2. The Java Programming Language 2.1 Sequential Features 2.1.1 Single-Class Static Programs 2.1.2 Multi-Class Static Programs 2.2 Objects 2.3 Command Line Argument Parsing 2.4 Inheritance 2.4.1 Interfaces 2.4.2 User-Defined Exceptions 2.5 Packages 2.5.1 Mathematical Functions 2.6 Genetic Algorithms 2.7 Animating Programs with Java's AWT 2.8 Exercises 3. Concurrent Programming 3.1 Java Threads 3.1.1 Thread States and Scheduling 3.2.1 Other Thread Methods 3.2 Why Use Threads? 3.3 Debugging Techniques 3.4 Race Conditions and Thread Synchronization 3.4.1 Memory System Behavior 3.4.2 Thread Priorities and Starvation 3.5 The Mutual Exclusion Problem 3.5.1 Software Solutions for Two Threads 3.5.2 Software Solutions for More Than Two Threads 3.5.3 Hardware Solutions 3.5.4 Blocking Solutions 3.6 Exercises 4. Semaphores 4.1 Definitions and Implementation 4.2 Java Semaphores 4.2.1 Binary Semaphores 4.2.2 Counting Semaphores 4.3 Classical Operating Systems Problems 4.4 Semaphore Solutions 4.4.1 The Bounded Buffer Producer and Consumer 4.4.2 Using Bounded Buffers 4.4.3 The Sleeping Barber 4.4.4 The Dining Philosophers 4.4.5 The Readers and Writers 4.5 Deadlock 4.6 Counting Semaphores From Binary 4.7 Animating Operating Systems Algorithms 4.8 Exercises 5. Monitors 5.1 Definitions 5.2 Signal and Exit 5.2.1 The Bounded Buffer Producer and Consumer 5.2.2 The Dining Philosphers 5.2.3 The Readers and Writers 5.3 Signal and Continue 5.3.1 Java Monitors 5.3.2 The Bounded Buffer Producer and Consumer 5.3.3 The Dining Philosophers 5.3.4 The Readers and Writers 5.4 Deadlock 5.5 Binary and Counting Semaphore Monitors 5.6 Locks 5.7 Notification Objects 5.8 Implementing Monitors with Semaphores 5.8.1 Named Condition Variables for Java 5.9 Algorithm Animation 5.10 Exercises 6. Message Passing and the Rendezvous 6.1 Message Passing Definitions 6.2 Message Passing in Java 6.2.1 Synchronization Using Message Passing 6.2.2 Distributed Mutual Exclusion 6.2.3 Conditional Message Passing 6.2.4 The Distributed Dining Philosophers 6.3 Rendezvous 6.3.1 Conditional Rendezvous 6.4 Remote Method Invocation 6.5 More Animation with Java 6.6 Exercises 7. Parallel Computing 7.1 Definitions 7.2 Data Parallel Message Passing 7.3 Worker Crew Message Passing 7.4 Shared Memory Parallelism 7.5 Patterns of Communication 7.6 Exercises Bibliography Index List of Programs/Classes List of Library Classes Program and Library Class Source Code
THE OVERTONE VIOLIN: A NEW COMPUTER MUSIC INSTRUMENT

This paper describes the concept, design, realization and evaluation of a radically augmented musical instrument named the Overtone Violin. The rationale behind the development of the instrument is to preserve the expressive elements of the expert violinist, while incorporating the added benefits of gestural controllers via embedded sensors. There have been many examples of idiosyncratic alternate controllers in electronic music, as well as quite a few hybrid controllers that typically use sensors to capture the motions of playing a traditional instrument. However the Overtone Violin crosses these boundaries by retaining the original violin techniques and sounds as well as extending/enhancing the instrument with new methods of expression that are not inherent to the conventional technique.
Imaging metabolite dynamics in living cells using a Spinach-based riboswitch

Riboswitches are natural ligand-sensing RNAs typically that are found in the 5′ UTRs of mRNA. Numerous classes of riboswitches have been discovered, enabling mRNA to be regulated by diverse and physiologically important cellular metabolites and small molecules. Here we describe Spinach riboswitches, a new class of genetically encoded metabolite sensor derived from naturally occurring riboswitches. Drawing upon the structural switching mechanism of natural riboswitches, we show that Spinach can be swapped for the expression platform of various riboswitches, allowing metabolite binding to induce Spinach fluorescence directly. In the case of the thiamine 5′-pyrophosphate (TPP) riboswitch from the Escherichia coli thiM gene encoding hydroxyethylthiazole kinase, we show that insertion of Spinach results in an RNA sensor that exhibits fluorescence upon binding TPP. This TPP Spinach riboswitch binds TPP with affinity and selectivity similar to that of the endogenous riboswitch and enables the discovery of agonists and antagonists of the TPP riboswitch using simple fluorescence readouts. Furthermore, expression of the TPP Spinach riboswitch in Escherichia coli enables live imaging of dynamic changes in intracellular TPP concentrations in individual cells. Additionally, we show that other riboswitches that use a structural mechanism similar to that of the TPP riboswitch, including the guanine and adenine riboswitches from the Bacillus subtilis xpt gene encoding xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase, and the S-adenosyl-methionine-I riboswitch from the B . subtilis yitJ gene encoding methionine synthase, can be converted into Spinach riboswitches. Thus, Spinach riboswitches constitute a novel class of RNA-based fluorescent metabolite sensors that exploit the diversity of naturally occurring ligand-binding riboswitches.
A note on Lambda-operations in orthogonal K-theory

In Comment. Math. Helv. 55 (1980), 233–254, Kratzer defined Lambda operations on classical algebraic K-theory by using exterior powers of representations and a splitting principle (R. G. Swan, Proc. Sympos. in Pure Math. 21 (1971), 155–159). Because hyperbolic forms are not stable under exterior powers, we instead use a larger class of symmetric bilinear forms to define the operation of exterior powers on the classifying space of the orthogonal K-theory.
Making Samba: A New History of Race and Music in Brazil

A Note about Brazilian Terminology, Currency, and Orthography ix Abbreviations xi Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 1. Between Fascination and Fear: Musicians' Worlds in Nineteenth-Century Rio de Janeiro 17 2. Beyond the Punishment Paradigm: Popular Entertainment and Social Control after Abolition 31 3. Musicians Outside the Circle: Race, Wealth, and Property in Fred Figner's Music Market 66 4. "Our Music": "Pelo telefone," the Oito Batutas, and the Rise of "Samba" 94 5. Mediators and Competitors: Musicians, Journalists, and the Roda do Samba 116 6. Bodies and Minds: Mapping Africa and Brazil during the Golden Age 146 7. Alliances and Limits: The SBAT and the Rise of the Entertainment Class 169 8. Everywhere and Nowhere: The UBC and the Consolidation of Racial and Gendered Difference 194 9. After the Golden Age: Reinvention and Political Change 227 Conclusion 244 Notes 253 Bibliography 299 Index 335 A photo gallery
A Soothing Invisible Hand: Moderation Potentials in Optimal Control

A moderation incentive is a continuously differentiable control-dependent cost term that is identically zero on the boundary of the admissible control region, and is subtracted from the ‘do or die’ cost function to reward sub-maximal control utilization in optimal control systems. A moderation potential is a function on the cotangent bundle of the state space determining Hamiltonian boundary value problems with solutions satisfying the control-parametrized Hamiltonian dynamics determined by an associated moderation incentive in accordance with Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle. A multi-parameter family of moderation incentives for control-affine systems with quadratic control constraints possesses simple, readily calculated moderation potentials. An elementary planar projectile problem with controlled velocity illustrates the influence of the moderation incentive on the optimal trajectory.
Chirality in Biology

An object, structure, or molecule for which the image in a plane mirror cannot be superposed on the original is chiral; for example, the two human hands. Chiral structures or growth forms are common in nature and in manufactured objects. A typical chiral molecule contains a carbon atom linked to four different groups, Cabcd. Such molecules exist in two forms of opposite handedness that are termed enantiomers. Most metabolites are chiral, and enzymes usually exhibit a high degree of specificity toward enantiomers. A molecule containing two chemically like “a” groups, Caabc, is described as prochiral; replacement of one “a” group by “d” leads to a chiral molecule, Cabcd. Enzymes usually discriminate between the two chemically like groups in a prochiral molecule. Enantiomers can have very different physiological actions, for example, taste or odor. With chiral pharmaceutical agents, the enantiomers may also have different physiological actions. Physiological differences arise from the phenomenon of chiral recognition—the ability of biological receptors, enzymes, and some catalysts and reagents to discriminate between the enantiomers of a given compound. Although many hypotheses account for the homochirality observed on planet Earth, the original process or processes leading to this situation remain unclear. Keywords: Chiral; Chiral Drug; Chiral Methyl; Chiral Phosphorous Atom; Chiral Recognition; Configuration; Diastereoisomer; d/l Notation; Enantiomer; Homochiral; Isomer; Optical Activity; Prochiral (Prostereoisomerism); Racemic; R/S Notation; Stereoisomer
Triple colocalization of tyrosine hydroxylase, calretinin, and calbindin D-28k in the periventricular-hypophyseal dopaminergic neuronal system.

Publisher Summary Studies have shown that the dopaminergic neurons terminating in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary (ILP) originate in the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. A recent observation revealed that tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) colocalized with calretinin (CR), a calcium- binding protein, in the rat ILP. In addition, TH also colocalized with calbindin-D28k (CB), another calcium-binding protein (CaBP). The purpose of this chapter is to determine, using an immunohistochernical colocalization procedure, whether a triple colocalization of TH, CR, and CB existed in the DA fibers of the ILP. As it is already demonstrated that such a triple colocalization exists, the chapter sets out to map the dopaminergic cells in the rat hypothalamus in a search for the origin of these pituitary fibers. In immunocytochemical preparations of rat pituitary glands, varicose dopaminergic nerve fibers formed a plexus enveloping the endocrine cells of the intermediate lobe, and the lack of anti-DBH staining confirmed the DA nature of these fibers. Triple colocalization of TH, CR, and CB revealed that all three neurochemicals were present in these fibers in what appeared to be a 1:1 relationship between the CaBPs (CR, CB) and the TH-containing fibers. No immunoreactive cell bodies were observed in the ILP. Anatomical, neurochemical, and neuroendocrinological evidence indicates that dopamine terminals in the ILP originate from A14 cells in the hypothalamic periventricular nucleus. It has been observed that a triple colocalization of TH, CR, and CB was contained in about 3.3% of the A14 DA cell bodies, and it is suggested that these are the cells that innervate the ILP. Because of the triple colocalization within approximately 3.1% of the A11 cells, this system may also project to the ILP.
Using Mystery Tubes to Teach the Nature of Nonscience

I modified the classic Mystery Tube activity to teach not only the nature of science but also the nature of what is not science. In order for evidence and logic to be effective tools for teaching evolution, instructors may first benefit from giving students a tangible reason to set aside any prior nonscientific ideas they bring to the classroom. This activity helps instructors intentionally delineate scientific from nonscientific hypotheses, providing a clear and logical reason for teaching evolutionary theory, but not metaphysical ideas, in the science classroom.
Determination of the epidemiology and transmission of nontypable Haemophilus influenzae in children with otitis media by comparison of total genomic DNA restriction fingerprints.

Abstract It is assumed that the causative bacteria in children suffering from otitis media reach the middle ear via the eustachian tube. The purpose of this investigation was to use endonuclease restriction of bacterial chromosomal DNA to compare isolates of nontypable (NT) Haemophilus influenzae obtained from the nasopharynx and from middle ear (ME) effusions of patients with otitis media. Strains of NT H. influenzae were isolated from the nasopharynx (NP) and affected ME from a group of 13 unrelated children with otitis media with effusion (OME). For 12 of these children, identical strains were isolated from the NP and ME in a first episode of OME. Each of these 12 sets differed from the other 11. Six of these children suffered from a second episode of OME with NT H. influenzae. Five of these children with recurrence again had identical NP and ME strains. These results suggest that at the time of an episode of OME, there is one predominant strain of NT H. influenzae that colonizes both the NP and ME. The strains of NT H. influenzae isolated from all six of the second episodes were different from strains from the first episode, indicating turnover of the predominant strain in the NT H. influenzae population between episodes. When we investigated three siblings with concurrent episodes of OME, we found that they shared several similar strains of NT H. influenzae, thereby demonstrating that within a family, transmission of NT H. influenzae from child to child is possible. These results from DNA fingerprinting were essentially identical when compared with results from outer membrane protein subtyping performed on the same set of strains. The analysis of endonuclease restriction patterns of total genomic DNA provides a sensitive measure of genetic dissimilarity between strains and represents an easily applicable method for epidemiological and transmission studies of bacterial infections associated with NT H. influenzae.
Information Transfers from Management Earnings Forecasts: Irrational Underreaction and Subsequent Correction

Prior literature has documented intra-industry information transfers from earnings announcements and management forecasts. The underlying cause of these observations is that a firm’s earnings announcements or forecasts contain information about earnings prospects of other firms in the same industry. While a majority of papers in this line of literature focuses on peer firms’ stock movements in response to the earnings reports or forecasts of the announcing or forecasting firms, respectively, we examine specifically whether investors’ reaction to information transfers from management earnings forecasts is rational. For nonforecasting firms, we find that investors consistently underreact to information transfers from peer firms’ management forecasts. Further, the underreaction is corrected when nonforecasting firms subsequently make earnings announcements. For late forecasting firms, the underreaction is only partly corrected when they release earnings forecasts subsequent to early forecasters, presumably due to the credibility concerns of management forecasts. The underreaction is further corrected when late forecasting firms later announce earnings. Finally, we partition forecast news based on whether the news implies industry commonalities or competitive shifts. We find evidence of underreaction to both the news containing industry commonalities and that containing competitive shifts.
Gedanken Experiment for Degree of Flatness, or Lack of, in Early Universe Conditions

This document will from first principles delineate the degree of flatness, or deviations from, in early universe models. We will, afterwards, make comparison with recent results we have looked at concerning metric tensor fluctuations and comment upon the role of what early universe gravitational energy may play a role in the presumed deviation from flat space results. Note that N~Sinitial(graviton)~1037 will be tied into the presumed results for initial state density, in ways we will comment upon, leading to observations which are supporting the physics given by Equation (26) of this document as with regards to Gravitational waves, from relic conditions. The deviations from flat space may help confirm the conclusions given by Buchert, Carfora, Kolb, and Wiltshire allegedly refuting the claim by Green and Wald that “the standard FLRW model approximates our Universe extremely well on all scales, except close to strong field astrophysical objects”, as well as give additional analysis appropriate for adding detail to expanding experimental procedures for investigating non FLRW models such as the Polynomial Inflation models as given by Kobayashi, and Seto, as well as other nonstandard cosmologies, as brought up by Corda, and other researchers. As well as improve upon post Bicep 2 measurements which will avoid GW signatures from interstellar dust, as opposed to relic GW. We hope that our approach may help in the differentiation between different cosmology models. Most importantly, our procedure may help, with refinement of admissible frequency range, avoid the problem of BICEP 2, which had its presumed GW signals from presumed relic conditions identical to dust induced frequencies, as so identified by the Planck collaboration in reference [25] which we comment upon in the conclusion.
Gadamer’s Assessment of the Controversy between Husserl and Heidegger

Toward the end of situating the results of the present study in terms of the most prevalent tendency cited above, I will single out Gadamer’s eloquent and challenging treatment of the problem. As Mohanty has pointed out, Gadamer is “appreciative of the goal, the inner potentiality, and even the universality of the transcendental-phenomenological research.”I Indeed, Gadamer clearly, and in my view quite correctly, recognizes something which many who are partial to the Heideggerian prerogative of the phenomenological priority of the Seinsfrage do not see, namely, that for Husserl “not all consciousness is consciousness of an object, or better, objectifying consciousness.”2 Gadamer is also careful not to fall into the trap of interpreting Husserl’s methodological preoccupations as somehow symptomatic of uncritical adherence to the Cartesian epistemology and its attendant “dogmatism of an immanent consciousness, which must ask: How can we transcend ourselves and make contact with the external world?”3 Again, in my view he rightly sees that “Husserl overcame this by demonstrating that consciousness is exactly intentionality, which means that we are in the matter and not simply enclosed in ourselves.”4 And finally, Gadamer is aware that, for Husserl, phenomenologically methodical reflection is not to be confused with traditionally understood “inner-perception,” since it “is not exploring the ‘inner perception’ of a real ‘l’.”5