cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Given Time and the gift of life

“Given Time and the Gift of Life” explores the following nexus in Derrida's thought: the gift, the mother, and life. The first section examines life within the trajectory of the gift, the excess of gift over return in the gift of life, and the rewriting of Aristotelian generation in “differantial species-being.” The second section shows the “quasi-transcendental” nature of Derrida's thought. The conclusion sketches some of the political consequences of the gift of life thought as the quasi-transcendental gift of differantial species-being.
Incremental forest: a DSL for efficiently managing filestores

File systems are often used to store persistent application data, but manipulating file systems using standard APIs can be difficult for programmers. Forest is a domain-specific language that bridges the gap between the on-disk and in-memory representations of file system data. Given a high-level specification of the structure, contents, and properties of a collection of directories, files, and symbolic links, the Forest compiler generates tools for loading, storing, and validating that data. Unfortunately, the initial implementation of Forest offered few mechanisms for controlling cost-e.g., the run-time system could load gigabytes of data, even if only a few bytes were needed. This paper introduces Incremental Forest (iForest), an extension to Forest with an explicit delay construct that programmers can use to precisely control costs. We describe the design of iForest using a series of running examples, present a formal semantics in a core calculus, and define a simple cost model that accurately characterizes the resources needed to use a given specification. We propose skins, which allow programmers to modify the delay structure of a specification in a compositional way, and develop a static type system for ensuring compatibility between specifications and skins. We prove the soundness and completeness of the type system and a variety of algebraic properties of skins. We describe an OCaml implementation and evaluate its performance on applications developed in collaboration with watershed hydrologists.
Neutralization–Reionization in Mass Spectrometry

The special technique of neutralization–reionization mass spectrometry is discussed and reviewed. With this method, a tandem mass spectrometer with two intermediate reaction/collision cells is used. The first cell neutralizes a selected ion, whereas the second cell reionizes the produced neutral. The neutralization–reionization approach is uniquely suited for the study of highly reactive and normally unstable neutral molecules.
Predicting Membrane Protein Expression in Yeast from Sequence-Derived Features

Despite comprising one-quarter of most organisms’ proteome and serving as the target of over half of all drugs, integral membrane proteins remain difficult to characterize. Poor expression in heterologous systems often hinders IMP study, and large-scale efforts to express IMPs have proven time-consuming, costly, and capricious. As such, we recently used quantitative experimental expression studies to train a machine learning model capable of predicting membrane protein expression in Escherichia coli solely from sequence-derived features. Though our linear bacterial model generalizes well to eukaryotic membrane proteins expressed in E. coli, we observe poor prediction for IMPs heterologously expressed in yeast, a host frequently chosen for its greater similarity to higher eukaryotes. Thus, we report a new model capable of predicting IMP expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To avoid overfitting resulting from the limited size of our training dataset, the number of sequence-derived features used to predict expression is reduced from the 89 used for the E. coli model to just eight. Strikingly, in agreement with recent findings in the wet laboratory, the disorder of the C-terminus is identified as the most predictive feature. We additionally incorporate new features, including predicted N- and O-glycosylation and disulfide bond formation, into our algorithm. We are working to verify the model across a wide variety of small- and large-scale expression datasets from the literature. We will share our predictor with the broader community to help accelerate membrane protein biochemical and biophysical study.
GIS-based visualization of integrated highway maintenance and construction planning: a case study of Fort Worth, Texas

This paper reports on a case study of the use of visualization of geospatial data that is distributed across data sets and requires integration over time and space to aid decision makers. Like many State Highway Agencies (SHAs) in the United States, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) is organized along the traditional functional lines of planning, design, construction, maintenance, and operations. It has historically relied on experience and longevity of its staff to efficiently and effectively plan its construction and maintenance projects. Although functional boundaries of maintenance and construction are fairly clearly defined, there tends to be some overlap in projects that can be executed by either of the functional groups. The department currently does not have a robust integrated information system for identifying potential planning conflicts between its construction and maintenance projects. This has led to suboptimal use of resources, including overlapping plans for maintenance and mobility enhancement projects. With over 650 highway projects assigned across two functional groups within the district’s (TxDOT Fort Worth district) boundary, it is a challenging task to assemble a coherent plan for managing these projects over a multi-year planning period that is subject to external stakeholder input as well as shifting funding constraints. Temporal and spatial data needed for integrated planning resides in specialized information systems developed for the needs of individual functional groups. To address this challenge, this district decided to integrate and visualize data from individual information systems in a Geographic Information System (GIS). A GIS-based tool was developed to integrate, visualize, and analyze projects data from multiple information systems. This paper documents the benefits associated with visualization and integration of projects data in a GIS to address planning challenges facing a typical highway agency. Among the lessons learned are the potential uses of GIS, which include detecting spatially and temporally overlapping projects, supporting integrated planning, and improving communication among functional groups within a state highway agency. The study demonstrates that such spatial-temporal representations of project data can lead to early identification of potential overlaps during the planning phase. In a broader context, such geospatial visualization efforts can also form the basis for eliciting practitioners’ perspectives and knowledge input in the development of spatial decision support systems.
Evaluation of oral cancer screening

Abstract Background. Oral cancer screening procedures are designed to collectively allow early detection of cancers in a body area accessible to visual and physical examination, as well as to facilitate timely treatment, awareness, and the ongoing education of the public. Methods. A state fair was selected for this activity because of the availability of a random population compatible with meeting these goals. A total of 1,151 individuals participated in this free elective activity. Results. Of this number, 4.17% were deemed to have oral pathologic states necessitating professional intervention, and 1.82% were clinically diagnosed as having potential dysplastic or pre‐cancerous lesions. No clinical oral cancer was detected in this population. Nevertheless, by virtue of screening and detecting clinically premalignant lesions, the screening test advanced the diagnosis of potential oral cancers. Conclusions. The outcome adds support to oral cancer screening as a procedure applicable in reducing morbidity and...
The New Face of Korea

This chapter maps out the discursive practice of imagining contemporary Korea as it shifts from a monoracial society and insular economy to a multiethnic global neoliberal state. It describes how race and nation are articulated together in the media to provide a sociohistorical context for the formation of neoliberal multiculturalism. In particular, the chapter describes the social production of mixed-race subjectivities such as Amerasian and the children of multicultural families as changes in these subjectivities indicate a broader shift in how the Korean state governs racial others and determines who is included and excluded in the nation. The chapter strategically reads governmental policy on the mixed-race population alongside media/cultural policy in a historical context to underscore how mass media and popular culture shaped particular images of Korea.
Role of the sodium‐hydrogen exchanger in mediating the renal effects of drugs commonly used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes

Diabetes is characterized by increased activity of the sodium-hydrogen exchanger (NHE) in the glomerulus and renal tubules, which contributes importantly to the development of nephropathy. Despite the established role played by the exchanger in experimental studies, it has not been specifically targeted by those seeking to develop novel pharmacological treatments for diabetes. This review demonstrates that many existing drugs that are commonly prescribed to patients with diabetes act on the NHE1 and NHE3 isoforms in the kidney. This action may explain their effects on sodium excretion, albuminuria and the progressive decline of glomerular function in clinical trials; these responses cannot be readily explained by the influence of these drugs on blood glucose. Agents that may affect the kidney in diabetes by virtue of an action on NHE include: (1) insulin and insulin sensitizers; (2) incretin-based agents; (3) sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors; (4) antagonists of the renin-angiotensin system (angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors); and (5) inhibitors of aldosterone action and cholesterol synthesis (spironolactone, amiloride and statins). The renal effects of each of these drug classes in patients with type 2 diabetes may be related to a single shared biological mechanism.
Composition properties of Bayesian differential privacy

Differential privacy is a rigorous privacy standard that has been applied to a range of data analysis tasks. To broaden the application scenarios of differential privacy when data records have dependencies, the notion of Bayesian differential privacy has been recently proposed. However, it is unknown whether Bayesian differential privacy preserves three nice properties of differential privacy: sequential composability, parallel composability, and post-processing. In this paper, we provide an affirmative answer to this question; i.e., Bayesian differential privacy still have these properties. The idea behind sequential composability is that if we have m algorithms Y 1 , Y 2 ,…, Y m , where Y l is independently e l -Bayesian differential private for l = 1,2,…, m, then by feeding the result of Y 1 into Y 2 , the result of Y 2 into Y 3 , and so on, we will finally have an Σm l=;1 e l -Bayesian differential private algorithm. For parallel composability, we consider the situation where a database is partitioned into m disjoint subsets. The l-th subset is input to a Bayesian differential private algorithm Y l , for l= 1, 2,…, m. Then the parallel composition of Y 1 , Y 2 ,…, Y m will be maxm l=;1 = 1 e l -Bayesian differential private. The postprocessing property means that a data analyst, without additional knowledge about the private database, cannot compute a function of the output of a Bayesian differential private algorithm and reduce its privacy guarantee.
Iron in yeast: Mechanisms involved in homeostasis

Iron homeostasis results from matching iron uptake to cell growth and division in the context of the overall cell requirement for iron. Fungi achieve this balance by transcriptional regulation of the genes that encode iron uptake activities; posttranscriptional regulation of the synthesis of proteins that use iron; and storage and recycling of iron to meet short-term needs in times of iron deprivation. In the Fungal Kingdom, both repression and activation mechanisms of transcriptional regulation have been elucidated; both mechanisms rely on transcription factors that directly or indirectly are regulated by cell iron status. Among fungi, however, one or the other transcriptional regulatory mechanism is used by a given organism but not both. In contrast, of those fungi examined in detail, all employ at least two of the four iron uptake mechanisms characterized in fungi in general: siderophore iron uptake; direct ferrous iron permeation; coupled ferroxidase/permease uptake; and heme/hemin uptake. All of these pathways rely on the activity of a metalloreductase enzyme at some point. The yeast vacuole serves as iron store while the mitochondrion, as the site of heme and Fe-S cluster biosynthesis, is the primary enduser of cell iron. The recycling of iron from both organelles plays a role in the maintenance of homeostasis both in terms of iron utilization and regulation of iron
Society & the Internet: how networks of information and communication are changing our lives

Internet's value for the society has far exceeded its utility as a technical innovation that facilitates information exchange. It constitutes another dimension of the human society, sometimes refer...
Laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy for gastric neoplasms.

Background For cancers of the distal gastroesophageal junction or the proximal stomach, proximal gastrectomy can be performed. It is associated with several perioperative benefits compared with total gastrectomy. The use of laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy (LPG) has become an increasingly popular approach for select tumors. Methods We describe our method of LPG, including the preoperative work-up, illustrated depictions of the key steps of the surgery, and our postoperative pathway. Results A total of 6 patients underwent LPG between July, 2013 to June, 2017. Five patients had early-stage adenocarcinoma, and 1 patient had a gastrointestinal stromal tumor. The median age of the cohort was 70, and each patient had significant comorbidities. Conversion to open was required for 1 patient. All patients had negative final margins and an adequate lymph node dissection (median number of nodes examined was 15, range 12-22). The median postoperative length of stay was 7 days (range 4-7). Two patients developed anastomotic strictures requiring intervention, and 1 patient experienced significant reflux. At a median follow-up of 11 months, there was 1 recurrence. Three patients were alive without evidence of disease, and 2 patients died from other causes. Conclusions For carefully selected patients, LPG is a safe and reasonable alternative to total gastrectomy, which is associated with similar oncologic outcomes and low morbidity.
Carcinoma of the Stomach

Carcinoma of the stomach was the leading cause of cancer death at the beginning of the century, but presently in the United States, ranks sixth among cancer deaths and third among malignant tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. The yearly death toll is approximately 14,000 (i. e., half the mortality of 1948).1 The incidence of the disease has declined steadily over the last decades as reflected by the change in the age-adjusted death rates. The death rate in the United States was 10 men and 5 women per 100,000 population in 1965 as opposed to 6.8 and 3.2 in 1976.2 For 1984, however, the comparable figures are higher as 8 per 100,000 men and 4 per 100,000 women died of gastric cancer.3 The estimated number of new cases has also increased slightly, and was reported as 23,000 in 1979, 23,900 in 1981, 24,000 in 1982, and 24,600 in 1987.3
The Study of Culture and Psychopathology: Fundamental Concepts and Historic Forces

This chapter provides an overview of the relationship between culture and psychopathology with special emphasis upon core concepts and historical forces within the study of culture and psychopathology. The chapter concludes with a discussion of future directions for inclusion of culture as essential to a full understanding of psychopathology.
Insights in public health: the Hawai'i Home Visiting Network: evidence-based home visiting services in Hawai'i

Home visiting services are cost-effective and improve the health of children and families among those at increased risk. From 1985-2008, home visiting services in Hawai'i were provided primarily through state funding of the Hawai'i Healthy Start Program, but the program was severely reduced due to the economy and state budget changes over the past decade. The Maternal and Child Health Branch (MCHB) in the Family Health Services Division responded to these changes by seeking out competitive grant opportunities and collaborations in order to continue to promote home visiting services to those children and families in need. In 2010, the MCHB was awarded a federally funded Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting (MIECHV) grant for home visiting services to promote maternal, infant, and early childhood health, safety and development, strong parent-child relationships, and responsible parenting. In 2011, the MCHB was also awarded a competitive MIECHV development grant that funded the re-establishment of the hospital Early Identification program. Families in need of additional support identified through this program are referred for family strengthening services to a network of existing home visiting programs called the Hawai'i Home Visiting Network (HHVN). The HHVN is supported by MIECHV and a small amount of state funds to assist programs with capacity building, training, professional development, quality assurance, and accreditation/certification support. The MIECHV grant requires that programs are evidence-based and address specific outcome measures and benchmarks. The HHVN provides home visiting services to families prenatally through 5 years of age that reside in specific at-risk communities, and is aimed at fostering positive parenting and reducing child maltreatment using a strength-based approach by targeting six protective factors: (1) social connections, (2) nurturing and attachment, (3) knowledge of parenting and child development, (4) parental resilience, (5) social and emotional competence of children, and (6) concrete supports for parents. This article provides an introduction to the HHVN as a diverse network of evidence-based home visiting programs with services currently available on all islands, and highlights aspects of home visiting programs that support the Family-Centered Medical Home (FCMH) model. The HHVN provides important services to families at risk and uses evidence-based practices to yield positive results. Health care professionals can support this network to promote the health of children and families by being aware that these home visiting services exist and encouraging families at-risk to participate. Continued collaboration and expanded partnerships with health providers can help strengthen the home visiting network and improve outcomes for children and families in Hawai'i.
Affective radicalization and white masculinity

On October 26 2018, Caesar Sayoc Jr. was charged with sending pipe bombs to perceived enemies of President Trump, including Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, CNN, and George Soros. The following day, ...
Blood biomarkers as surrogate endpoints of treatment responses to aerobic exercise and cognitive training (ACT) in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: the blood biomarkers study protocol of a randomized controlled trial (the ACT Trial).

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an epidemic with tremendous public health impacts because there are currently no disease-modifying therapeutics. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for prevention of AD dementia often use clinical endpoints that take years to manifest (e.g., cognition) or surrogate endpoints that are costly or invasive (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]). Blood biomarkers represent a clinically applicable alternative surrogate endpoint for RCTs that would be both cost-effective and minimally invasive, but little is known about their value as surrogate endpoints for treatment responses in the prevention of AD dementia. The objective of this study is to investigate blood neuropathological, neurodegenerative, and neurotrophic biomarkers as surrogate endpoints for treatment responses to three interventions in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI, a prodromal stage of AD): aerobic exercise, cognitive training, and combined aerobic exercise and cognitive training (ACT). We chose these three sets of biomarkers for their unique mechanistic associations with AD pathology, neurodegeneration and neurogenesis. This study is built on the ACT Trial (1R01AG055469), a single-blinded, multi-site, 2 × 2 factorial phase II RCT that examines the synergistic effects of a 6-month ACT intervention on cognition and MRI biomarkers (AD-signature cortical thickness and hippocampal volume) (n = 128). In this ACT Trial blood biomarkers study, we will enroll 120 ACT Trial participants with aMCI and measure blood biomarkers at baseline and at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months. The goals are to (1) determine the effect of interventions on blood biomarkers over 6 months, (2) evaluate blood biomarkers as surrogate endpoints for predicting cognitive responses to interventions over 18 months, and (3, exploratory) examine blood biomarkers as surrogate endpoints for predicting brain MRI biomarker responses to interventions over 18 months. This study aims to identify new blood biomarkers that can track cognitive decline or AD-related brain atrophy among patients with aMCI subjected to a regimen of aerobic exercise and cognitive training. Findings from this study will drive the further use of blood biomarkers in developing effective prevention and treatment strategies for AD dementia. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03313895. Registered on 18 October 2017.
Women’s Cortisol Stress Responsivity, Sexual Arousability, and Sexual History

Life history theory and the adaptive calibration model state that characteristics of one's early environment influence individual differences in both neuroendocrine reactivity to stress and sexual risk-taking behavior. However, few studies have directly examined the relationship between neuroendocrine reactivity to stress and risky sexual behavior. This study used multilevel modeling to test whether cortisol reactivity and recovery in response to laboratory stress were associated with women's history of sexual behavior and their sexual arousability in response to laboratory sexual stimuli. Participants were 65 women (35% heterosexual, 44% bisexual, and 21% lesbian) who completed two laboratory sessions, two weeks apart. Women's self-reported sexual arousability to sexual stimuli interacted with their sexual abuse history to predict their trajectories of cortisol stress reactivity and recovery. Cortisol reactivity and recovery were not associated with women's sexual risk taking, such as the age of sexual debut, sociosexuality, or lifetime number of sexual partners.
Traditional indicators inflate some countries’ scientific impact over 10 times

At the center of this research lies the issue of properly counting international collaborations when assessing countries’ scientific productivity. Much of country-level scientometric research still uses the traditional “total counting” approach, wherein a country receives full credit for its international collaborations, as if it had produced every publication alone. For over a decade, various researchers have been showing how total counting distorts country outputs. However, the alternative, fractional counting methods, designed to eliminate the problem still have not prevailed. Hence more discussion and quantitative evidence is needed. In this article I study 40 average-productivity countries and find that total counting can result in even bigger distortion than the previous studies have shown. Namely, I show that total counting inflates some countries’ scientific impact as much as 12–13 times, rather than about 2 times, as observed with higher productivity countries. I also show that the degree of overcounting varies sharply across countries, often even resulting in a more productive country appearing behind a less productive one or vice versa. Based on the accumulated evidence, I suggest that total counting should be replaced with fractional counting more decisively, in most if not all of the research concerned with scientific productivity of countries.
Just-in-Time Training Improves Accuracy of Citizen Scientist Wildlife Identifications from Camera Trap Photos

Citizen scientists can help professional scientists amass much larger datasets than would be possible without their input, but the quality of these data may impact their utility. Therefore, it is imperative to develop standard practices that maximize the accuracy of data produced by citizen scientists. One method increasingly used to improve data accuracy in citizen science-based projects is just-in-time training (JITT), in which volunteers are given on-demand resources to train them on the spot or in conjunction with the research they are performing. In this article, we examine whether JITT improves citizen scientist accuracy of subject identification, specifically wildlife identification from camera trap photos. Ninety-four participants with varying degrees of experience in biology were asked to identify photos from camera traps in Los Angeles, California set to capture photos of wildlife in an urban habitat. Without access to JITT, citizen scientists with no background in biology had lower accuracy than professional biologists (no background: mean = 51.8%, standard error [SE] = 6.0%; professional biologist: mean = 77.6%, SE = 2.1%). However, when participants with no background in biology received JITT, they were able to identify wildlife with a similar level of accuracy as professional biologists (no background: mean = 81.9%, SE = 3.6%; professional biologist: mean = 85.1%, SE = 2.5%). There was a significant interaction between biology background and training treatment (F-ratio = 7.61, p = 0.0009). The increase in accuracy of novice citizen scientists who received JITT was due primarily to fewer misidentifications of species overall but also to increased confidence in classification of species (participants selected the “Don’t Know” option less frequently). From these results, we conclude that the use of JITT can significantly improve subject identification accuracy for citizen scientists with no background in biology.
3.19 – Visceral Afferents

The afferent innervation of the viscera is unique among all tissues in the body. All viscera are innervated by two nerves, typically the vagus nerve and a spinal nerve. Importantly, the different innervations subserve distinct functions. This extrinsic innervation of the viscera is associated anatomically with the autonomic (efferent) nervous system. In addition, the viscera possess an intrinsic (enteric) nervous innervation. Consequences of this organization range from regulation of organ function to changes in behavior. Most information about the function of visceral (sensory) afferents is derived from studies in mammalian vertebrates, which have established that virtually all are slowly conducting and polymodal in character, suggesting an ancient lineage. However, there has been gradual adaptation of sensory mechanisms during evolution and increases in speed and precision of information transfer have enabled more rapid and targeted regulation of visceral function and/or animal behavior.
Women count: Perceptions of forecasting in sales

Abstract This study identifies sales managers’ perceptions of sales forecasting. We surveyed close to 400 business-to-business sales managers, split about equally by gender, and concluded forecasting-related preferences, beliefs, and desires. Herein, we evaluate gender differences and identify some critical perceptions of women that differ from the perceptions of their male counterparts. We also compare attitudes, behaviors, and demographics of women and men. We conclude with organizational recommendations and implications for firms concerning hiring practices, forecasting tool selection, training and development, and the use of an employee resource group.
Cognition, symptom perception, and medication non-adherence in older adults with asthma.

Cognitive impairment (CI) is highly prevalent in elderly asthmatics and is associated with worse asthma self-management (SM) and outcomes. CI may also explain why older adults may under-perceive as...
Microstructural Evolution of Ultra-Fine Grained (UFGs) Aluminum in Tribological Contacts

Grain refinement is a promising strategy for improving wear resistance of metals, but in Al, previous studies have often shown undesirable wear-induced grain growth. Here, we investigated tribological properties and microstructural evolution during sliding of ultra-fine grain (UFG) aluminum prepared by accumulative rolling bonding and by physical vapor deposition (PVD). The wear-induced grain refinement was observed for the first time in UFG Al and we have identified a transition from grain growth to grain refinement as a function of the mean contact stress. According to the observations from transmission electron microscopy, the mechanism underlying the microstructural evolution is dynamic recrystallization. We have also found that the PVD-grown UFG Al was the most wear-resistant among all the samples, even though it was not the hardest one. This finding means that hardness and grain size alone are not sufficient to predict trends in wear resistance.
Biomechanical Effects of Combined Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction and Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis:

Background:Combined anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) and anterolateral ligament reconstruction (ALLR) are performed with the intention to restore native knee kinematics after ...
Authenticity vs. Accuracy vs. Legitimacy: Pagano on the Vatican Documents

This essay is a critical appreciation of the scholarly work on Galileo’s trial by Mons. Sergio Pagano (Prefect of the Vatican Secret Archives since 2007). Pagano has argued convincingly that the 1616 precept to Galileo by Inquisition commissary Seghizzi is authentic and not a forgery. This is an important accomplishment because it settles a controversy that has raged since the 1860’s, with wide-ranging cultural repercussions. However, the precept’s documentary authenticity does not prove its factual accuracy, nor its juridical legitimacy. Indeed, it can be shown that the precept was illegitimate, because it contradicts Pope Paul V’s orders and cardinal-inquisitor Robert Bellarmine’s testimony. Pagano apparently conflates, and equivocates among, these three concepts, as well as among the contents of four distinct orders to Galileo regarding Copernicanism: Pope Paul’s orders not to believe and not to discuss, Bellarmine’s warning not to hold or defend as true or as biblically compatible, and Seghizzi’s precept not to hold or teach in any way.
The Forensic Stage: Remedies for enslavement, kidnapping, and slave stealing in Athens and Rome

ATHENS Two Athenian procedures call for our attention first: aphairesis eis eleutherian and the dike exaireseōs. In aphairesis, a third party removes an alleged slave into freedom. This is an extra-judicial, self-help remedy. In the few references to aphairesis in the orators, the remedy (or alleged intention to use it) almost always occurs in response to the action of a self-proclaimed owner who attempts to seize ( agein ) his alleged slave; the usual sequence is therefore: seizure ( agein ) into slavery followed by removal into freedom ( aphairesis eis eleutherian ). With the exception of two problematic instances of aphaireseis (which might represent abuses of the remedy), the individual who is seized appears to have been living in freedom before seizure; nevertheless, it is likely that one could also be “removed into freedom” while living as a slave. If the alleged owner does not dispute the claim to freedom, then the aphairesis is successful and no further action need be taken. There is no instance of such an undisputed aphairesis in the orators. Instead, the alleged owner usually disputes the claim to freedom and initiates a dike against the third party rescuer which is called, apparently interchangeably, either a dike exaireseōs or dike aphaireseōs (an action for unlawful removal into freedom).
Political-Economic Transitions from Pre-Modern to Modern States in the Meiji Restoration and Xinhai Revolution: A Strategic Approach

Economists often identify a reduction in the share of agricultural employment as a quantitative indication of the economic growth of nations. But this process did not occur in earnest in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) until the 1980s and to some extent in Japan until well into the mid-20th century. Were extractive political regimes, commonly regarded as the primary drivers of economic performance, solely responsible for the lateness of these developments? This article deals with this question from a strategic perspective by examining the interactions between the polity and the economy in both countries. It begins by characterizing the complementary nature of the peasant-based economy and the agrarian-tax state in premodern China and Japan. It then describes how endogenous strategic forces evolved from among the intermediate organizations in each country to challenge the incumbent dynastic ruler in response to the commercialization of the peasant-based economy on one hand and the fiscal and military weakening of the agrarian-tax state on the other. The article then introduces a three-person game model between a ruler and two challenging organizations, derive conditions for multiple equilbria and their comparative static. The analytical results help to identify the endogenous strategic forces that led the Meiji Restoration and the Xinhai Revolution to move from a premodern state of play to nation-state building and modern economic regimes in each country.
The SCS/ARS/CES pesticide properties database for environmental decision-making.

A principal goal of pesticide science is to be able to predict the environmental impact of a pesticide before it is released into the environment. To save expense and time, we would like to be able to make such a prediction for each pesticide with as few laboratory experiments on the pesticide as possible, and even fewer field experiments. Environmental processes, however, are enormously complex and sometimes (apparently) random. The sites of most interest—agricultural fields, forests, lakes, streams, etc.—are subtle living ecosystems which are incompletely understood and subject to great variability in space and time. The very diversity and intricacy which are indicators of the health of such ecosystems makes even the definition of what constitutes a significant impact on such systems a difficult task.
Comparative reproductive anatomy in the South African giant land snails (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Achatinidae)

The history and current taxonomic status of 62 nominal taxa are revised that have been associated in the literature with the subgenus Tholachatina Bequaert, 1950, of genus Archachatina Albers, 1850, and the genus Cochlitoma Ferussac, 1821, in the land snail family Achatinidae Swainson, 1840. Tangible, reliable characters have been found in the detailed features of the reproductive anatomy in this family. The results of comparative anatomical study convincingly reflect phylogeny in contrast to the comparative study of only the shell characters. This latter more strongly reflects the effects of the intrinsically variable environment over time. In the present study, both sets of characters are needed to refine identification. Change, and therefore speciation, is shown in the reproductive system through anatomical differences that may develop in the functional interrelationships of the two integral reproductive systems of hermaphroditism. Limited adjustment to anatomical change over time has established for each genus a typical, characteristic reproductive anatomical pattern or configuration. Because this pattern has a basically high degree of physical stability within a population, it becomes an identifying character for the genus, and more restrictedly so for the species. Two new genera (Bruggenina and Brownisca) and two new species (Cochlitoma kilburni and C. wigleyi) are described on the basis of distinctive anatomical characters. The genus Cochlitoma sensu Pilsbry (1904) is resurrected and redescribed. It contains most of the southern African achatinid species. Bequaert’s subgenus Tholachatina (1950) of West African genus Archachatina is invalid. The genus Archachatina Albers, 1850, has no endemic species in southern Africa.
Compression without a common prior: An information-theoretic justification for ambiguity in language

Compression is a fundamental goal of both human language and digital communication, yet natural language is very difierent from compression schemes employed by modern computers. We partly explain this difierence using the fact that information theory generally assumes a common prior probability distribution shared by the encoder and decoder, whereas human communication has to be robust to the fact that a speaker and listener may have difierent prior beliefs about what a speaker may say. We model this information-theoretically using the following question: what type of compression scheme would be efiective when the encoder and decoder have (boundedly) difierent prior probability distributions. The resulting compression scheme resembles natural language to a far greater extent than existing digital communication protocols. We also use information theory to justify why ambiguity is necessary for the purpose of compression.
Homework Emotion Management at the Secondary School Level: Antecedents and Homework Completion

Background/ContextFor many children, doing homework becomes an emotionally charged event and one of the most disappointing aspects of school life. It is surprising to note, however, that homework e...
Role of active site residues Ser237 and Arg276 in CTX-M-14 β-lactamase substrate binding and catalysis (774.6)

Extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) pose a significant threat to public health because of their ability to confer resistance to third generation cephalosporins such as cefotaxime. CTX-M-14 β-lactamase is one of the most widespread ESBL enzymes among antibiotic resistant bacteria and was used in this study to identify residues that facilitate resistance to cephalosporins. We investigated the roles of Ser237 and Arg276 in CTX-M-14 β-lactamase using site-directed mutagenesis, kinetic analysis and X-ray crystallography. We show that, together, Ser237 and Arg276 residues are key determinants of cefotaxime hydrolysis by the CTX-M-14 β-lactamase. X-ray structures of S70G:S237A:R276A and S70G:S237A variants of CTX-M-14 alone and in complex with cefotaxime revealed changes in the orientation of the aminothiazole ring on the cefotaxime side chain suggesting that these residues form a cooperative network which allows cefotaxime to assume a more buried position in the active site thereby facilitating catalysis. Fi...
The social dimensions of a symptom: A socio-medical study of enuresis

Abstract The studies described in this paper were designed to explore the social relations of a symptom. Our intention was to trace detailed connections between disorders of individual function and the social setting. We argued that if we would unravel the association of a complex variable such as social class with one symptom, we might hope to reduce broad relationships to more specific ones. By so doing, we wished to devise socio-medical methods (on the sociological side still somewhat primitive) for the study of the social relations of disease and aberrant development. We selected enuresis as a convenient epidemiological index. It was a condition apparently sensitive to social and psychological influence; at the same time it could be defined and reported with little ambiguity. In this paper we shall draw together our findings and conclusions from a number of studies. The first step was to map the distribution of enuresis by social class. Hypotheses were then formulated to interpret the age and sex pattern that emerged. Some of these formulations were put to test in settings which offered oppurtunities to do so [1–5].
Can companies initiate positive word of mouth? a field experiment examining the effects of incentive magnitude and equity, and eReferral mechanisms

This research examines strategies for generating electronic referrals (eReferrals). Acquiring customers through Word of Mouth (WOM) appeals to companies because of the perceived transmitter credibility as well as low customer acquisition cost. Company-initiated eReferrals, a form of online WOM, offer marketers a way to influence customers through encouraging WOM. This research utilized a field experiment focusing on company-initiated eReferrals. Several independent variables were manipulated including incentive magnitudes for the referring party and the party being referred. The dependent variables were the number of referrals made and the number of referrals that led to sales. As expected, larger incentives increased referral rates. In addition, we found that offering the same magnitude incentive to both the referrer and referee led to a greater number of referrals. However when offer incentive magnitudes were not equitable, those with higher offers for the referrer performed better than those with a higher offer for the referee.
Methods for Interfacing Common Utility Services in Simulink Models Used for Production Code Generation

Traditionally, code generated from Simulink models has been incorporated into production applications in a manner similar to hand-written code. As the size of the content created in Simulink has grown, so has the desire to do more integration in Simulink. Integrating content from C/C++ calling environments directly into Simulink blocks rather than just calling external legacy code prevents errors and preserves signal flow visibility in the Simulink models. Although much of the application content has transitioned to Simulink models, most of the Common Utility Services (e.g., communications, diagnostics, and nonvolatile memory) still exist in C/C++ libraries. While application content changes frequently, Common Utility Service content changes infrequently and is heavily leveraged across many applications. Therefore, it is often desirable to call these Common Utility Services from their existing C/C++ libraries rather than porting them to be generated directly from Simulink models. Many common services do not fit easily into a constant parameter and dynamic signal flow approach that is typical of Simulink models. This paper examines methods used for creating custom blocks and nongraphically represented code to create a Simulink interface to these Common Utility Services.
Assessing student proficiency in a reading tutor that listens

This paper reports results on using data mining to extract useful variables from a database that contains interactions between the student and Project LISTEN's Reading Tutor. Our approach is to find variables we believe to be useful in the information logged by the tutor, and then to derive models that relate those variables to student's scores on external, paper-based tests of reading proficiency. Once the relationship between the recorded variables and the paper tests is discovered, it is possible to use information recorded by the tutor to assess the student's current level of proficiency. The major results of this work were the discovery of useful features available to the Reading Tutor that describe students, and a strong predictive model of external tests that correlates with actual test scores at 0.88.
A Finite Element and Multi-body Model of the Pregnant Female Occupant for the Analysis of Restraint Effectiveness

A finite element model of a 7-month pregnant uterus was created and integrated into a multi-body human model. The uterine model contains 11,632 elements and 16,335 nodes. The pregnant occupant model was validated using known abdominal response corridors. Unrestrained, 3-pt belt, and 3-pt belt plus airbag tests were simulated at speeds ranging from 13 kph to 55 kph. Peak uterine strain was found to be a good predictor of fetal outcome (R 2 = 0.85). The strain in the uterine wall exceeded 60%, sufficient to cause placental abruption, in simulations of no restraint at 35 kph and 3pt belt tests at 45 kph and 55kph. These tests represent a greater than 75% risk of adverse fetal outcome. For matched tests at 35 kph, strains of 60.8% for the unrestrained occupant, 52.6% strain for the 3-pt seatbelt and only 33.0% strain for the 3-pt seatbelt and airbag combination were recorded. The model proved successful at predicting risk of fetal demise and verified experimental findings noting the importance of proper restraint use for the pregnant occupant.
Techniques to dissect cellular and subcellular function in the Drosophila nervous system.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the various techniques used to move from mutant to gene to gene product function by using Drosophila as a genetic model system for cellular neurobiology. It also outlines the various resources and experimental approaches available to the Drosophila neurobiologist. Selected methods of particular interest are discussed in detail and protocols are provided. Among the forward genetic systems, methods for the analysis of neurons in situ are the most advanced in Drosophila. Immunocytochemical methods are present for all stages of the life cycle and various antibodies are available. Drosophila neurons have been studied by electron microscopy methods when higher resolution is beneficial. Fly NMJs have been analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), HRP-enhanced immuno-EM, immuno-EM using gold particles, and immuno-SEM. TEM is used to study the effects of mutations on the steady-state distribution and size of synaptic vesicles in many neuronal mutants. It is useful tool for understanding the role of a protein in the vesicle cycle in conjunction with other assays used to study the presynaptic terminal. Immuno-EM can also be invaluable for determining the subcellular location of a protein. However, one problem is that conditions that preserve tissue morphology the best are frequently too harsh for maintaining optimal antigenicity. Immuno-SEM using anti-HRP has been used successfully to outline neurons. This method allows one to observe at high resolution the structure and position of dendrites and axons.
A multimedia computer supported cooperative work environment for requirements engineering

The authors describe the architecture and the main features of a multimedia computer supported cooperative work environment (MCSCWE) and its application in requirements engineering. The MCSCWE has been utilized in several requirements engineering activities, and the use of the MCSCWE in a case study conducted for the Sacramento Area Council of Governments (SACOG) is presented. For the SACOG case study, 85 participants were convened by SACOG and divided into seven spatially distributed groups working on the same problem sets, i.e., the problem of coming up with a strategic plan to reduce congestion and meet clean air requirements as required by Federal law. The results of the case study demonstrate that the MCSCWE was effective and efficient in assisting this group to come to consensus on the issues and strategies necessary to achieve these goals. >