cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compulsory Licensing Under TRIPS and the Supreme Court of the United States’ Decision in eBay v. MercExchange

The compulsory licensing of patents is a contentious issue in international patent law. The dispute over whether and when a government may issue a compulsory license has focused, in part, on the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Recently, the question of allowed unauthorized use of a patented invention has also arisen under United States patent law in a unique context. In its 2006 decision in eBay Inc. v. MercExchange L.L.C., the Supreme Court of the United States decided that courts must use a four-factor equitable test to decide whether an injunction should be awarded in patent cases. As a result of this opinion, injunctions have been denied by United States district courts in at least seven cases, allowing the infringer to continuing practicing the patented technology without the patentee's consent. The reason the eBay decision and its application are mentioned in the same context as TRIPS and compulsory licensing is that one of the arguments before the Supreme Court, advanced by the United States and others, is that a move away from automatic permanent injunctions potentially puts the United States in noncompliance. The Supreme Court did not address this question. But with the denial of injunctions and resulting unauthorized use due to eBay, the question is ripe for answering. This Chapter does just that, first placing the eBay decision in the context of compulsory licensing and then evaluating the decision under TRIPS. The Chapter evaluates the effect of an injunction denial pursuant to eBay both under the exceptions in TRIPS Articles 30 and 31 and the remedial provision - Article 44. While this discussion is important on a micro-level, the discussion also has macro-ramifications, potentially prompting a shift in the overall discourse concerning compulsory licensing and TRIPS. Furthermore, eBay may identify an optimal method for Member States to address social objectives by giving their judiciaries the flexibility to allow unauthorized uses on a case-by-case basis. This approach may protect the public's interest while doing minimal violence to the patentee's rights and ability to recoup research and development costs.
Analysis of Mixing Efficiency in a Multi-Cut Transfermix

Abstract Three-dimensional flow patterns of a power-law model fluid in a Multi-Cut Transfermix were calculated. A particle tracking algorithm was used to study the dynamics of mixing. Distributive mixing efficiency was quantified in terms of length stretch distributions and average values. The influence of rotational speed and axial pressure difference on mixing efficiency, under constant output was analyzed. The mixing performances in the MCT was also compared with that in a single screw extruder with the same dimensions as the entrance region of MCT and operating at the same flow rate.
Interaction of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and protein IA with HEp-2 cells

We investigated the interaction of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain 7122 and isolated protein IA with an epithelial cell monolayer (HEp-2). With radiolabeled protein IA a time dependent interaction with tissue culture cells was observed. Immune electron microscopy revealed the association of gonococci with epithelial cells and the insertion of protein IA in the mammalian cell membrane. The findings of these investigations as well as enzyme cleavage experimetns with 1 2 5I-labeled protein IA associated with the epithelial membrane and subsequent SDS-PAGE followed by autoradiography indicated that protein IA is partially inserted in the mammalian cell identically to its orientation in the gonococcal membrane.
Modified Invasion Percolation Models for Multiphase Processes

This project extends current understanding and modeling capabilities of pore-scale multiphase flow physics in porous media. High-resolution X-ray computed tomography imaging experiments are used to investigate structural and surface properties of the medium that influence immiscible displacement. Using experimental and computational tools, we investigate the impact of wetting characteristics, as well as radial and axial loading conditions, on the development of percolation pathways, residual phase trapping and fluid-fluid interfacial areas.
Culture, Imagined Audience, and Language Choices of Multilingual Chinese and Korean Students on Facebook

Multilingual users of social networking sites (SNSs) write in different languages for various reasons. In this paper, we explore the language choice of multilingual Chinese and Korean students studying in the United States on Facebook. We survey the effects of collectivist culture, imagined audience, and language proficiency on their language choice. Results show that multilingual users use language for dividing and filtering their imagined audience. Culture played two contrasting roles; users wanted to share their culture in English but share their emotions in their native language. Through this work, we hope to portray language choice not as a tool for exclusion but of consideration for the potential audience and adherence to one’s culture.
Lattice Instabilities, Anharmonicity and Phase Transitions in PbTiO3 and PbZrO3

Most perovskite structure oxides exhibit structural phase transitions from a high- temperature cubic phase to a distorted low-temperature phase which can be described by the freezing-in of one or more phonon modes of the cubic structure [1], The first-order cubic-tetragonal ferroelectric transition in PbTiO3 at Tc = 763 K involves the freezing-in of a single Γ15 polar mode. In PbZrO3, the structure of the antiferroelectric low-temperature orthorhombic phase is far more complicated, with forty atoms per unit cell and the freezing-in of R25 and Σ3 modes, perhaps accompanied by other modes as well [2][3].
My Perestroika and Russian Politics

Through discussions with five Muscovites, the film My Perestroika shows the effects of social class on Russian politics and attitudes toward the West.
Report of the Salzburg Seminar Session, “Involuntary Migration,” Held in Salzburg Austria, July 8–15, 1995:

Involuntary migration, perhaps better referred to as forced migration, includes refugees of various kinds, asylum seekers, and migrants who escape starvation and natural disasters. Today, involuntary migrants far outnumber economic migrants who migrate on their own free will in order to improve their future economic conditions, although the distinction between them is not always clear. The phenomenon has been referred to in terms of a global crisis, expressing the fears and perceived threats of national security and political stability in particular in the Western societies. The phenomenon has also become a human rights issue, as more and more often involuntary migrants result from human rights violations and ethnic strife and are victims who need help from the international community. Herein lies the conflict. While receiving countries have begun to impose stricter controls on immigration, the need to resolve the refugee problem has become the most urgent human rights issue in the past decade, calling for ever greater participation of the U.N. and other international organizations in order to prevent the problems that cause ethnic conflict and refugee movements and to help in managing the refugee crises. These and some other topics were on the agenda at the Salzburg Seminar.
Active Road Rumble Energy Harvesting Panels

Vehicles traveling through busy roads and highways waste a huge portion of their kinetic energy. Up to five percent of the car’s energy is lost due to braking. In an effort to save energy it is possible to harvest some of this lost energy through a mechanical device built into the road. With over 1 billion cars, there is a huge potential for a man made untapped energy to be collected and harvested. This presentation focuses on designing a mechanical system that collects the energy of cars passing over a depressible flapping road rumble panel. As the car passes over the flap, the panel depresses and turns a directional shaft. The energy of many panels is collected and is summed up in a continuously turning flywheel. The collected mechanical energy can then be converted into electrical energy. The panels would be located where car drivers encounter deceleration ramps, when approaching a stop sign or entering a toll plaza. The analysis of this active road rumbles concept involved 1) designing a prototype using a computer drawing software such as SolidWorks, then 2) modeling the system mathematically to figure out all the important and intervening parameters factoring in the expression of the equation of motion of such systems, and then finally 3) building a physical prototype to analyzes the performances of such systems. The SolidWorks drawings for the model have been created. The dynamical model used free body diagrams and Newton’s second laws to determine the different loads and the equation of motion of the road rumble system. The mathematical model took into consideration the parameters of a shock absorber with a spring/mass/damper system. The kinematic equations of the shaft and flywheels were used to determine the speed and acceleration of the power train. A physical prototype was tested manually for time and frequency responses. It has been found that the energy collecting flywheel is lightly damped and loses a small part of its energy to friction. A feasibility study was conducted to evaluate the economic viability of such system. The harvested energy was estimated by measuring the RPM of the flywheel, and it was found that such system have an acceptable return on the investment. It is envisioned that such harvesting energy systems can be used in many ways one of them is to empty a huge offshore silo tank filled with sea water and producing peak electrical energy by allowing the sea water back into the silo through a hydraulic turbine.© 2013 ASME
Cultural Background Knowledge Introduction in College English Teaching

Language reflects culture,and culture is expressed through language.The aim of college English is to train the college students' listening,speaking,reading,writing and translating skills.Meanwhile,it is necessary to introduce the related cultural background knowledge into the college English teaching.It can help the college students better understand the western culture and improve their ability to use English and communicative competence.
Xerostomia: a prevalent condition in the elderly.

Although xerostomia is associated with aging, studies have determined that salivary gland function is well preserved in the healthy geriatric population. Therefore, dry mouth is probably not a condition of aging, but most likely one of systemic or extrinsic origin. Saliva seems to undergo chemical changes with aging. As the amount of ptyalin decreases and mucin increases, saliva can become thick and viscous and present problems for the elderly. One of the most prevalent causes of xerostomia is medication. Anticholinergics, such as psychotropic agents and antihistamines, and diuretics can dry the oral mucosa. Chronic mouth breathing, radiation therapy, dehydration, and autoimmune diseases, such as Sjogren's, can also diminish salivation, as can systemic illness such as diabetes mellitus, nephritis, and thyroid dysfunction. Xerostomia can lead to dysgeusia, glossodynia, sialadenitis, cracking and fissuring of the oral mucosa, and halitosis. Oral dryness can affect denture retention, mastication, and swallowing. Dry mouth symptom can be treated with hydration and sialagogues or with artificial saliva substitutes. Because patients are at risk for dental caries, they should be referred to a dentist for preventive care. In patients with Sjogren's syndrome and in those who have undergone radiation therapy, pilocarpine has been used recently with good results.
Anatomy & Botulinum Toxin Injections

Gisella Criollo Lamilla, Fabio M. Ingallina, Bernard Poulain, Patrick Trevidic. Anatomy & Botulinum Toxin Injections . Paris, France: Expert2Expert, 2015. ISBN: 978-2953617993, €250.00. ![Graphic][1] As the rapid rise of non-surgical facial rejuvenation procedures continues, it becomes all the more important to have quality references to guide practitioners in the area of facial injectables. In Anatomy & Botulinum Toxin Injections by Lamiila et al, its simplistic name very directly states the goal of the book: to familiarize practitioners with pertinent facial anatomy with regards to neuromodulators and to illustrate the authors' techniques for botulinum toxin injections. The authors expertly accomplish this by dividing the 300-page book into three chapters on high-quality print. For those who need a refresher or never quite grasped the differences between the formulations of botulinum toxin currently on the market, the first chapter does not only this, but also provides a brief history behind the toxin, as well as an in-depth discussion of its mechanism … Corresponding Author : Dr Jeffrey M. Kenkel, Professor and Chairman, Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 1801 Inwood Road, Dallas, TX 75390-9132, USA. E-mail: jeffrey.kenkel{at}utsouthwestern.edu [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Modular time division multiplexer: Efficient simultaneous characterization of fast and slow transients in multiple samples

A modular time division multiplexer (MTDM) device is introduced to enable parallel measurement of multiple samples with both fast and slow decay transients spanning from millisecond to month-long time scales. This is achieved by dedicating a single high-speed measurement instrument for rapid data collection at the start of a transient, and by multiplexing a second low-speed measurement instrument for slow data collection of several samples in parallel for the later transients. The MTDM is a high-level design concept that can in principle measure an arbitrary number of samples, and the low cost implementation here allows up to 16 samples to be measured in parallel over several months, reducing the total ensemble measurement duration and equipment usage by as much as an order of magnitude without sacrificing fidelity. The MTDM was successfully demonstrated by simultaneously measuring the photoconductivity of three amorphous indium-gallium-zinc-oxide thin films with 20 ms data resolution for fast transients and an uninterrupted parallel run time of over 20 days. The MTDM has potential applications in many areas of research that manifest response times spanning many orders of magnitude, such as photovoltaics, rechargeable batteries, amorphous semiconductors such as silicon and amorphous indium-gallium-zinc-oxide.
A Role for Autoimmunity in the Immune Response Against Malaria

Malaria, like other infectious diseases, leads to the development of autoimmunity. Multiple studies have reported various features of autoimmunity during malaria, such as polyclonal activation and autoantibody production. Autoimmunity during malaria has been hypothesized to play a role in parasite control and clearance. Conversely, autoimmunity has also been implied in contributing to most of the pathologies observed during complicated malaria. Autoimmune diseases shared many clinical and pathology features associated with clinical malaria. Genetic evidence has even suggested evolutionary links between the development of autoimmune disease and protections against clinical malaria. Although the presence of autoimmunity during malaria and other infections has been extensively reported, mechanistic insights and efforts to understand its role have proven to be challenging. The recent advancements achieved in understanding other autoimmune disorders can aid in understanding the presence and role of autoimmunity during infection. In this chapter, we aim to discuss the role that autoimmunity may play in both malaria protection and pathology. We also discuss various genetic and mechanistic evidences supporting the link between malaria and autoimmune diseases. Lastly, we conclude summarizing the evidence of autoimmunity during infection.
Diagnosing Multicollinearity in Exponential Random Graph Models

Exponential random graph models (ERGM) have been widely applied in the social sciences in the past 10 years. However, diagnostics for ERGM have lagged behind their use. Collinearity-type problems c...
An 84-Year-Old Man With Progressive Dyspnea and an Abnormal Chest CT Scan

Case Presentation An 84-year-old man without a history of smoking presented with progressive dyspnea of 6 months' duration accompanied by fatigue and unintentional weight loss. He denied fever, chills, chest pain, hemoptysis, rash, joint pains, or muscle aches. He had multiple hospitalizations for similar presentations that were diagnosed as pneumonia. History was significant for diastolic heart failure, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
The Principles-and-Parameters Model and the Verb Phrase

Linguistic theory, as defined in the generative framework, is concerned with the following questions: what is knowledge of language, how is this knowledge acquired, and how is it used? The first question is logically prior, since it is impossible to study how a state of knowledge is acquired or used without establishing independently the relevant sense of ‘knowledge’. Current research in linguistic theory investigates precisely this question. It is a theory of knowledge about language, whose goal is to account for the judgments of a speaker/hearer with respect to sentences in the language. In recent work, Chomsky (1986a) distinguishes between I(internal)-language and E(external)-language. I-language (a mental system of knowledge) assigns a status to expressions or, in other words, forms judgments about them. In (1), for example, each sentence is assigned a particular status (well-formed, ill-formed but interpretable, uninterpretable) with respect to conditions or principles of the I-language: (1) a. Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. b. She will leave yesterday. c. Who did John see Bill? d. The gave Ellen book to Bill.
Dynamic relationships between social norms and pro-environmental behavior: evidence from household recycling

Social norms are strongly associated with pro-environmental behaviors, but the evolution and dynamic effects of norms are less well understood. This article builds on the distinction of norms being descriptive, characterizing what people actually do, or injunctive, characterizing what people should do. It identifies four categories of norms with the further distinction of whether the norms arise from the personal beliefs and actions or from the behaviors and judgments of others. The analysis uses five years of longitudinal US data that track household recycling and controls for household characteristics as well as differences in state recycling laws. The results extend previous research by showing that personal norms exhibit cascading dynamics in which norms encourage later changes in recycling, while recycling encourages later changes in personal norms. This mutual reinforcement implies that societal actions encouraging change in either personal norms or recycling will support growth in the other. Recognizing this interdependence can assist in the effective utilization of social norms as a behavioral policy instrument.
East Lancashire Hospital Trust creates an open culture paving the way for service improvement ‘Below ten thousand’:

Reacting to a never event is difficult and often embarrassing for staff involved. East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust has demonstrated that treating staff with respect after a never event, creates an open culture that encourages problem solving and service improvement. The approach has allowed learning to be shared and paved the way for the trust to be the first in the UK to launch the patient centric behavioural noise reduction strategy 'Below ten thousand'.
Characterization of real-time microarrays for simultaneous detection of HIV-1, HIV-2, and hepatitis viruses.

Abstract Real-time PCR assays for nucleic acid testing (NAT) of hepatitis viruses A–E and for HIV-1 and HIV-2 have been developed; however, a multiplex assay that can simultaneously detect all of these agents is not yet available. Standardized TaqMan assays for detection of hepatitis viruses A–E have been described and applied to TaqMan Array Cards (TAC) which are capable of multiple pathogen detection using a single set of optimized PCR conditions. Assays for three gene regions of HIV-1 (long-terminal repeat (LTR), gag, and polymerase) and HIV-2 (overlap of LTR and gag, protease and integrase) were designed using the hepatitis assay conditions. Nucleic acid extracts of HIV-1-infected samples (44 plasma, 41 whole blood, 20 HIV-1 viral stocks) were tested on the TAC cards; 98 were reactive (92%) with 70 in multiple gene regions. Twenty-four of the 27 (89%) HIV-2 specimens (10 plasma, 1 PBMC lysate, 6 whole blood and 10 plasmids containing HIV-2 polymerase) were detected on TAC. No HIV or hepatitis virus sequences were detected in 30 HIV-negative samples (specificity 100%). Three HBV and 18 HCV co-infections were identified in the HIV-1-infected specimens. Multi-pathogen detection using TAC could provide a rapid, sensitive and more efficient method of surveying for a variety of infectious disease nucleic acids.
The Role of the Nuclear Factor-κB Transcriptional Complex in Cortical Immune Activation in Schizophrenia

Abstract Background Transcript levels for cytokines and the viral restriction factor interferon-induced transmembrane protein are markedly higher in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. These gene products are regulated by the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcriptional complex. NF-κB activity, which requires the formation of NF-κB family member heterodimers, is regulated by activation receptors, kinases, and inhibitors. Whether any of these factors are altered in schizophrenia is not known. It is also unclear whether NF-κB-related disturbances reflect ongoing cortical immune activation or a long-lasting response to a prenatal immune-related insult. Methods Transcript levels for NF-κB pathway markers were assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the prefrontal cortex from 1) 62 matched pairs of schizophrenia and unaffected comparison subjects, 2) antipsychotic-exposed monkeys, and 3) adult mice exposed prenatally to maternal immune activation or in adulthood to the immune stimulant polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. Results In schizophrenia subjects, but not antipsychotic-exposed monkeys, we found higher messenger RNA levels for 1) most NF-κB family members, 2) all NF-κB activation receptors, 3) several kinases, and 4) one inhibitor (IκBα) whose transcript level is itself regulated by NF-κB activity. A similar pattern of elevated NF-κB-related messenger RNA levels was seen in adult mice that received daily polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid injections, but not in adult mice subjected to maternal immune activation in utero. Conclusions Higher NF-κB activity, evidenced by elevated transcript levels for NF-κB family members, activation receptors, and kinases, may contribute to increased markers of cortical immune activation in schizophrenia.
Eosinophilic Esophagitis: an Emerging Clinicopathologic Disease of Children and Adults

Eosinophililc esophagitis is a clinicopathologic disease characterized clinically by dysphagia and food impaction in adults and nonspecific symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children, and histologically by large numbers of eosinophils in the proximal and distal esophageal epithelium. Importantly, these symptoms and histologic abnormalities appear to be unresponsive to proton pump inhibition. Recent clinical and basic studies suggest an allergic etiology but the precise allergen remains unknown and is likely unique for each patient. Endoscopic features suggest ongoing inflammation and range from linear furrowing with whitish exudation to long-segment stricture formation, to a fragile, crepe paper-like mucosa that is easily split open. Treatments include nutritional restrictions, medical management with topical steroids, and, in stenotic circumstances, esophageal dilation. The long-term outcome is still not certain.
Group Transfer Polymerization: A Critical Review of Its Mechanism and Comparison with Other Methods for Controlled Polymerization of Acrylic Monomers

Group transfer polymerization (GTP) was announced 20 years ago by DuPont as a method for synthesis of acrylic block polymers. It operates at high enough temperatures to allow reactor cooling by water-cooled reflux condensers, rather than more costly refrigeration units. GTP uses 1-methoxy-1-(trimethylsiloxy)-2-methylprop-1-ene (MTS) as initiator and a carboxylic acid salt as catalyst. The number of growing polymer chains corresponds to the amount of MTS used. Chain growth stops when the monomer is depleted. Addition of a new monomer at this point starts chain growth again to produce a block polymer. DuPont sells pigmented inks containing GTP block polymer dispersing agents.
A Selective and Annotated Bibliography of English and French Language Sources on Cape Verdean Literature

There is a remarkably small amount of translated works from Lusophone Africa. Among the Lusophone texts that are available in translation, those from Cape Verde are few and far between. This lack can be attributed to multiple factors. First, creative publications from Cape Verde do not have wide circulation. Many Cape Verdean works are published in the islands and do not have a large international market, even among other Portuguese-speaking countries. Even within the islands, there is limited access to published creative works, as there is typically a small number of first edition prints, and it is rare for a book to make it to a second edition. This small-scale production affects external and internal access, which is directly correlative to the small amount of critical work that is produced about the creative literature in Cape Verde. Beyond and often because of these limitations, Cape Verdean works are rarely translated from the Crioulo or Portuguese languages, further limiting accessibility. This bibliography intends to create general access to Cape Verdean Literature for an audience that does not have command of the Portuguese or Crioulo languages, but has an interest in the little known literature from this West African country. Scholars of West Africa, who are largely trained in French and English, can use this bibliography to expand their understanding of West African literature without needing to acquire the Portuguese language. For an in-depth study of Cape Verde, a grasp of the Portuguese (and Crioulo) languages would be necessary; the majority of creative literature is in Crioulo or Portuguese and the sources listed in the two most widely recognized bibliographies on Cape Verde1 are largely in Portuguese. Though the introductions and annotations in both of these bibliographies are in English, few of their cited resources are available in French or English. While these references are invaluable to a scholar of Lusophone literature, they are inaccessible to non-Portuguese-speaking scholars. While applicable sections of these references are noted both in the body of this bibliography and in the section entitled "Resources for Further Research," these sources have a limited audience. The aim of this bibliography is to create levels of access that these other bibliographies do not avail.
Physiology of the Pancreas

The pancreas is a retroperitoneal organ containing both exocrine and endocrine function. The key functional unit of the exocrine pancreas is composed of an acinus and its drainage ductule. The pancreas has been the major model used to demonstrate the mechanisms of synthesis and transport for exportable proteins. The fundamental function of exocrine pancreas is to synthesize and secrete digestive enzymes for the processing and assimilation of a meal and transport the digestive enzymes in a ductal system secreting large volumes of a bicarbonate-rich solution. Pancreatic enzyme secretion is primarily coordinately regulated through the neurohormonal pathways. Chronic inflammatory diseases of the pancreas can lead to loss of normal tissue and the inability of the pancreas to secrete sufficient amounts of enzymes for normal digestion and absorption. Also, loss of exocrine pancreatic tissue from surgical procedures can result in pancreatic insufficiency and nutrient malabsorption. This chapter will present a concise illustration of the current understanding of pancreatic physiology and the clinical implications resulting from disease of the pancreas and pancreatic surgery.
Neuronal Responses of Antennal Olfactory Sensilla to Insect Chemical Repellents in the Yellow Fever Mosquito, Aedes aegypti

The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, is a vector of many human diseases such as yellow fever, dengue fever, and Zika. As insecticide resistance has been widely reported, chemical repellents have been adopted as alternative options for mosquito and mosquito-borne disease control. This study characterized the responses of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in different types of antennal olfactory sensilla in Ae. aegypti to 48 chemicals that exhibited repellent activity in various insect species. Both excitatory and inhibitory responses were observed from ORNs in response to these chemicals and differential tuning properties were also observed among ORNs. Remarkable excitatory responses were recorded from the ORNs in sensilla SST1, SST2, SBTI, SBTII, and LST2, while inhibitory activities were detected from a neuron in sensillum SST2 in response to several terpene/terpenoid compounds. Moreover, the temporal dynamics of neuronal responses were found to be compound-specific and concentration-dependent. Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis of the response to each compound across ORNs in seven types of olfactory sensilla in Ae. aegypti revealed that odor reception depended not only on chemical class but also specific chemical structure. Results of this study give new insights into the sensory physiology of Aedes mosquitoes to the chemical repellents and should contribute to the development of new repellent reagents for human protection.
TURKEY’S NEW FOREIGN POLICY: THE QUEST FOR REGIONAL HEGEMONY IN THE MIDDLE EAST?

The last decades saw Turkey evolving from its Cold War era model of foreign relations, when it was the bastion of the West in the region, which involved alliance with the US and Israel. Following the doctrine of Ahmed Davutoĝlu, a theoretician of the Islamic Justice and Development Party (AKP), which rose to power in 2002, Turkey opened to the neighbouring states, striving to become a regional power by diplomatic rather than military means and through cultural and economic incentives. Both the internal and international actions of AKP governments were initially successful, and Turkey with its version of Islamic democracy was considered a model during the Arab Spring and a sound counterbalance to such countries as Iran. However, Turkey’s bid to join the EU was stalled, and its approach to the civil war in Syria as well as other issues has been heavily criticized both in the West and in the region. The internal tensions are growing too, as the government has failed to recognize the rights of large minority groups, particularly the Kurds and the Alevi, which may threaten the integrity of the country.
A Multi-Pass Coding Mode Search Framework For AV1 Encoder Optimization

The AV1 codec recently released by the Alliance of Open Media provides nearly 30% BDrate reduction over its predecessor VP9. It substantially extends the available coding block sizes and supports a wide range of prediction modes. There are also a large variety of transform kernel types and sizes. The combination provides an extremely wide range of flexible coding options. To translate such flexibility into compression efficiency, the encoder needs to conduct an extensive search over the space of coding modes. Optimization of the encoder complexity and compression efficiency trade-off is critical to productionizing AV1. Many research efforts have been devoted to devising feature space based pruning methods ranging from decision rules based on some simple observations to more complex neural network models. A multi-pass coding mode search framework is proposed in this work to provide a structural approach to reduce the search volume. It decomposes the original high dimensional space search into cascaded stages of lower dimensional space searches. To retain a near optimal search result, the scheme departs from conventional dimension reduction approach in which one retains a single winner at each stage, and uses that winner for the next stage (dimension). Instead, this framework retains a subset of the states that are the most likely winners at each stage, which are then fed into the next stage to find the next subset of winners. The subset size at each stage is determined by the likelihood that the optimal route will be captured in the current stage. Changing this likelihood parameter tunes the encoder for speed and compression performance trade-off. This framework can integrate with most existing feature based methods at its various stages. The framework provides 60% encoding time reduction at the expense of 0.6% compression loss in libaom AV1 encoder.
Inpatient outcome of solid tumor associated tumor lysis syndrome.

e18185Background: Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a constellation of metabolic disturbances that can occur in virtually any malignancy, though it is more common in hematological malignancies given th...
Casting More Light on Pediatric Fractures

* Abbreviation: BMD — : bone mineral density By 16 years of age, up to 40% of otherwise healthy girls and 64% of boys will have experienced ≥1 broken bone, with a peak incidence in the peri-pubertal years.1 Is this just because youth are active or risk takers? An alternative explanation is that the fastest rate of bone mineralization occurs several months after the most rapid gains in bone size during adolescence.2 The incidence of childhood fractures appears to be on the rise in both the United States and Scandinavia, raising concerns about unhealthy lifestyle trends.1 Addressing this public health problem requires an understanding of which children are fracturing bones and why. In the population-based retrospective study of emergency department visits from Ontario, Canada, in this issue of Pediatrics , Escott et al3 suggest the risk of a broken bone is not equal for all. The study compared the fracture incidence for those with or without a baseline fracture over a 7-year follow-up period. To focus on healthy youth (<16 years of age), children with osteogenesis imperfecta, low bone density, juvenile arthropathy, pathologic fracture, or a history of child abuse or neglect were excluded from … Address correspondence to Laura K. Bachrach, MD, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5208. E-mail: lkbach{at}stanford.edu
What Motivates Legislators to Act: Problem Definition & the Opioid Epidemic, a Case Study

This article explores why federal legislators may have been motivated to treat the current opioid crisis as a health issue, when past drug problems have been treated as a criminal justice issue. Using theories from political science, policy studies and sociology, this article summarizes leading theories of legislative behavior and applies them to the current opioid crisis, in an effort to better understand what motivates legislators to enact legislation to solve pressing social problems in a way that reframes the problem. Part II of this article provides an overview of the Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act, its significance, and how it evidences a congressional redefinition of the problem of drug overdose deaths. Part III reviews general theories of legislative behavior and combines the theories to suggest a model for what motivates legislators to act. Part IV analyzes each factor identified in the theoretical model in depth and provides evidence of each factor’s influence on the redefinition of overdose deaths as a health problem. Lastly, Part V discusses how this instance of reframing informs our understanding of what motivates legislators to reframe a policy issue in order to arrive at different types of policy solutions and how such an understanding can assist other fields in reframing issues that have become stagnated in the legislative process or have resulted in ineffective policy solutions.
Accounting for factors affecting cost and technical inefficiency

Abstract This paper addresses heterogeneity in the deterministic portion of a cost frontier and in the parameterisation of technical inefficiency using an unbalanced panel of bus transit systems. It conceptualises six groups of variables which affect heterogeneity in cost and technical inefficiency: organisational size, ownership, service delivery methods, regulations, external factors and trend. Then, it specifies and estimates a translog cost frontier and from its results identifies those variables that affect technical inefficiency. It finds that purchasing some passenger services and providing others directly and bus useful-life regulation increase technical inefficiency. It also finds that MPO-owned single mode bus systems have less technical inefficiency and while network size increases technical inefficiency it reduces cost. From this result it cautions making inferences about how a variable impacts cost from its effect on technical inefficiency. It examines the managerial implications of the results and suggests using variables in the parameterisation of technical inefficiency whose effects on costs have been established empirically or through conceptualisation.
Deep Goal-Oriented Clustering

Clustering and prediction are two primary tasks in the fields of unsupervised and supervised learning, respectively. Although much of the recent advances in machine learning have been centered around those two tasks, the interdependent, mutually beneficial relationship between them is rarely explored. One could reasonably expect appropriately clustering the data would aid the downstream prediction task and, conversely, a better prediction performance for the downstream task could potentially inform a more appropriate clustering strategy. In this work, we focus on the latter part of this mutually beneficial relationship. To this end, we introduce Deep Goal-Oriented Clustering (DGC), a probabilistic framework that clusters the data by jointly using supervision via side-information and unsupervised modeling of the inherent data structure in an end-to-end fashion. We show the effectiveness of our model on a range of datasets by achieving prediction accuracies comparable to the state-of-the-art, while, more importantly in our setting, simultaneously learning congruent clustering strategies.
Laser Induced Shock Waves and Dynamic Damage

A high irradiance short pulsed Nd: glass laser was used to generate shock waves in alminum (Al) and copper (Cu). Dynamic fracture at hypervelocity impact conditions was observed as a result of reflected shock waves as tensile waves from the back surface of the samples. Damage development from incipient spallation to complete sample perforration were obtained in planar shock wave conditions. Maximun elongation at fracture at ultra high strain rate was measured for several metals. Shock wave attenuation and dynamic strength were evaluated for Al and Cu. The experimental results of threshold for spall and spall width at this energy were compared with numerical simulations.
Musical, bond ordered superconductors-does a common phenomenological model hold for all high Tc materials [cuprates, C60, MgB2, C-S composites etc.]?

The presence of high Tc (e.g., 117 K) in doped C60 poses the question for the ultimate condition of superconductivity in this and related systems, which are devoid of complex ingredients such as magnetic transition metals. To answer this question, essential aspects of cuprate phenomenology are generalized. A quantitative and universal Tc formalism is developed from empirical rules for the cuprates. Accordingly, Tc increases linearly on doping up to a “sharp” peak, corresponding to an optimal charge order filling, and decreases thereafter. The hole filling degree of an optimal bond order depends on lattice pressure. Shape of the Tc-hole dependence and magnitude of Tc on the bond order model are born out by transistor doping of CaCuO2, which is here used as a calibration. Inferences are drawn concerning the optimal bond order. Accordingly, linear local pair kernels are based on a newly postulated “trijugate” bond system that is mobile, while electronically frozen orders are based on tetrajugate bonding. In the superconductor, linear pair patterns are correlated into a two-dimensional bond order pattern by energies such as elasticities. This concept is here extended to materials based on other electronegative materials. Accordingly, arguments are presented that a common basis for their superconductivity lies in a novel chemical bonding state (e.g., trijugate) in a doped covalent lattice. The hallmarks of the bond order model are also born out by the curve shape of transistor doping of C60. A disproportionation of pairs per molecule is proposed for optimal doping. Complex redox equilibria within laminated layers in the structure can lead to self-doping and can relieve lattice pressure in complex cuprates, MgB2, C60, or C–S composites.
Combining Microbial Culturing With Mathematical Modeling in an Introductory Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience

Quantitative techniques are a critical part of contemporary biology research, but students interested in biology enter college with widely varying quantitative skills and attitudes toward mathematics. Course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) may be an early way to build student competency and positive attitudes. Here we describe the design, implementation, and assessment of an introductory quantitative CURE focused on halophilic microbes. In this CURE, students culture and isolate halophilic microbes from environmental and food samples, perform growth assays, then use mathematical modeling to quantify the growth rate of strains in different salinities. To assess how the course may impact students' future academic plans and attitudes toward the use of math in biology, we used pre- and post-quarter surveys. Students who completed the course showed more positive attitudes toward science learning and an increased interest in pursuing additional quantitative biology experiences. We argue that the classroom application of microbiology methods, combined with mathematical modeling using student-generated data, provides a degree of student ownership, collaboration, iteration, and discovery that makes quantitative learning both relevant and exciting to students.
Survival Following Trimodality Therapy in Patients With Locally Advanced Esophagogastric Adenocarcinoma: Does Only a Complete Pathologic Response Matter?

OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether pCR exclusively defines major pathologic response to treatment with improved survival. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA pCR after trimodality therapy for EAC is infrequent but associated with improved prognosis. Yet most clinical trials and correlative studies designate pCR as the primary endpoint. METHODS We analyzed our prospectively maintained database for patients who underwent trimodality therapy for locally advanced esophageal adenocarcinoma between 1995 and 2017. Overall survival (OS) was examined by percentage TR in the primary tumor bed and pathologic nodal stage (ypN0) using Kaplan-Meier plots. Optimal thresholds of TR for differentiating patients in terms of OS were investigated with descriptive plots using restricted cubic spline functions; associations were quantified using Cox multivariable analysis. RESULTS Among 788 patients, median follow-up was 37.5 months (range, 0.4-210.6); median OS was 48.3 months (95% CI, 42.2-58.8). Absence of residual nodal disease was independently associated with improved survival (P < 0.001). Survival curves for 90% to 99% TR and 100% TR were similar, and a change in probability of improved OS was observed at 90% TR. On multivariable analysis, combining 90% to 99% and 100% TR was independently associated with improved OS, compared with 50% to 89% and <50% TR. CONCLUSIONS ypN0 status is the strongest indicator of major pathologic response to trimodality therapy, in addition to ≥90% TR in the primary tumor bed. These findings may allow the definition of major pathologic response to be expanded, from pCR to ≥90% TR and ypN0. This has meaningful implications for future clinical trials and correlative studies.
Demonstration of sweat-based circadian diagnostic capability of SLOCK using electrochemical detection modalities

SLOCK is a sweat-based circadian diagnostic platform used for mapping the user's chronobiology via cortisol and DHEA. In this work, we have demonstrated the detection capabilities of this sweat-based sensing platform using two electrochemical sensing modalities: Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and chronoamperometry. Wicking simulations for vertical versus horizontal flow patterns under potential bias were evaluated using COMSOL Multiphysics®. This work also highlights the biorecognition element characterization using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) and FTIR. Sensor platform was evaluated for biomarker concentrations using doses spanning physiological ranges of 8–141 ng ml−1 and 2–131 ng ml−1 for cortisol and DHEA, respectively. Detailed analysis of impedance data is supported with electrochemical fitting of circuit components related to the biosensing process. Finally, human subject-based studies have been performed to understand the effect of sweating rate with respect to gland density on biosensing. Also, on-body mechanical resiliency studies have been performed to highlight the flexibility of this serpentine electrode-based sensing platform. The platform responds sensitively to the amount of circadian relevant biomarkers in the system with a limit of detection of 0.1 ng ml−1 for both cortisol and DHEA. Thus, the SLOCK platform offers to be an attractive vessel for facilitating the electrochemical detection of circadian relevant biomarkers and for self-monitoring of user's chronobiology.