cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Restless Legs Syndrome: A Clinical Update

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common and often disabling sensorimotor disorder. Epidemiologic studies suggest that RLS is an underrecognized and undertreated disorder affecting both children and adults. The diagnosis is based primarily on the following four essential criteria: (1) an urge to move, usually associated with paresthesias, (2) onset or exacerbation of symptoms at rest, (3) relief of symptoms with movement, and (4) symptoms manifesting in a circadian pattern. Supplemental workup including polysomnography, iron profile, and/or neuropathy screen can provide support for the diagnosis and aid in the treatment strategy. Behavioral techniques, dopaminergic agents, opiates, benzodiazepines, and antiepileptics all have potential value in treating this disorder. Dopaminergic agents continue to be the most effective RLS treatment. However, due to their potential long-term side effects, these agents should not be considered the sole treatment of choice. In the end, the therapeutic plan should be individualized to suit each patient's presentation and needs.
Methods to produce and safely work with large numbers of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts and bradyzoite cysts

Two major obstacles to conducting studies with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts are the difficulty in reliably producing large numbers of this life stage and safety concerns because the oocyst is the most environmentally resistant stage of this zoonotic organism. Oocyst production requires oral infection of the definitive feline host with adequate numbers of T. gondii organisms to obtain unsporulated oocysts that are shed in the feces for 3-10 days after infection. Since the most successful and common mode of experimental infection of kittens with T. gondii is by ingestion of bradyzoite tissue cysts, the first step in successful oocyst production is to ensure a high bradyzoite tissue cyst burden in the brains of mice that can be used for the oral inoculum. We compared two methods for producing bradyzoite brain cysts in mice, by infecting them either orally or subcutaneously with oocysts. In both cases, oocysts derived from a low passage T. gondii Type II strain (M4) were used to infect eight-ten week-old Swiss Webster mice. First the number of bradyzoite cysts that were purified from infected mouse brains was compared. Then to evaluate the effect of the route of oocyst inoculation on tissue cyst distribution in mice, a second group of mice was infected with oocysts by one of each route and tissues were examined by histology. In separate experiments, brains from infected mice were used to infect kittens for oocyst production. Greater than 1.3 billion oocysts were isolated from the feces of two infected kittens in the first production and greater than 1.8 billion oocysts from three kittens in the second production. Our results demonstrate that oral delivery of oocysts to mice results in both higher cyst loads in the brain and greater cyst burdens in other tissues examined as compared to those of mice that received the same number of oocysts subcutaneously. The ultimate goal in producing large numbers of oocysts in kittens is to generate adequate amounts of starting material for oocyst studies. Given the potential risks of working with live oocysts in the laboratory, we also tested a method of oocyst inactivation by freeze-thaw treatment. This procedure proved to completely inactivate oocysts without evidence of significant alteration of the oocyst molecular integrity.
Joint modeling of censored longitudinal and event time data

Censoring of a longitudinal outcome often occurs when data are collected in a biomedical study and where the interest is in the survival and or longitudinal experiences of a study population. In the setting considered herein, we encountered upper and lower censored data as the result of restrictions imposed on measurements from a kinetic model producing “biologically implausible” kidney clearances. The goal of this paper is to outline the use of a joint model to determine the association between a censored longitudinal outcome and a time to event endpoint. This paper extends Guo and Carlin's [6] paper to accommodate censored longitudinal data, in a commercially available software platform, by linking a mixed effects Tobit model to a suitable parametric survival distribution. Our simulation results showed that our joint Tobit model outperforms a joint model made up of the more naive or “fill-in” method for the longitudinal component. In this case, the upper and/or lower limits of censoring are replaced by ...
Geostrophic Adjustment in an Axisymmetric Vortex

Abstract A linearized system of equations for the atmosphere's first internal mode in the vertical is derived. The system governs small-amplitude, forced, axisymmetric perturbations on a basic-state tangential flow which is independent of height. When the basic flow is at rest, solutions for the transient and final adjusted state are found by the method of Hankel transforms. Two examples are considered, one with an initial top hat potential vorticity and one with an initial Gaussian-type potential vorticity. These two examples, which extend the work of Fischer (1963) and Obukhov (1949), indicate that the energetical efficiency of cloud-cluster-scale heating in producing balanced vortex flow is very low, on the order of a few percent. The vast majority of the energy is simply partitioned to gravity-inertia waves. In contrast the efficiency of cloud-cluster-scale vorticity transport is very high. When the basic state possesses positive relative vorticity in an inner region, the energy partition can be subst...
Cognitive development and reading: The relation of reading-specific multiple classification skill to reading comprehension in elementary school children

Cognitive flexibility, the ability to consider multiple aspects of stimuli simultaneously, develops over the elementary school years and can be measured with a multiple classification task. Although prior research indicates a significant relation between domain-general multiple classification skill (e.g., classifying objects by shape and color simultaneously) and reading, a precise relation between these abilities has not been found. A reading-specific multiple classification task was designed that required children to classify printed words along phonological and semantic dimensions simultaneously. Reading-specific multiple classification skill made a unique contribution to children's reading comprehension over the contributions made by children's age, domain-general multiple classification skill, decoding skill, and verbal ability. Additionally, training in reading-specific multiple classification facilitated children's reading comprehension.
Prevalence of suicidal and self-injurious behavior among subjects with intermittent explosive disorder

The prevalence of suicidal attempts and self-injurious behavior among 376 subjects diagnosed with Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED) was assessed via structured interviews. Results showed 16% of IED subjects reported self-aggression, with 12.5% reporting suicide attempts and 7.4% reporting non-lethal self-injurious behaviors. Additional risk factors were identified.
Party composition and dynamics in Pan paniscus

The pygmy chimpanzee, or bonobo, Pan paniscus,diplays a fission-fusion social organization in which individuals associate in parties that vary in size and composition. Data from a 2-year field study of nonprovisioned P. paniscusshow that party composition varies with party size. Although females, on average, outnumber males, the proportion of males in the party increases in larger parties. This effect was not due to the greater number of known females. Both females and males will join and leave a party in the company of others, but only males appear frequently to join or leave as lone individuals. All-male parties were not observed, but all-female (nonnursery) parties were relatively common. These trends reflect greater cohesion among females than observed in P. troglodytes schweinfurthii.Cohesion between males and female P. paniscusmay increase with party size.
Defining Self-Assembling Linear Oligo(dioxaborole)s

A route to self-assembling linear oligo(dioxaborole)s and detailed characterization using Fourier transform infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopies compared to small molecule analogues is described. The oligomer formed through the reaction between benzene-1,4-diboronic acid and 1,2,4,5-tetrahydroxybenzene is linked via covalent yet reversible cyclic boronate esters. Comparison of the spectral data for this oligomer compared to bis(dioxaborole) (diester) and anhydride containing model compounds forms a basis on which to derive information about bonding outcomes for larger polymeric systems from small molecule analogues. From this analysis, it is clear that caution must be exercised when evaluating the spectroscopic signatures related to certain boronate containing species because they are not always obvious and are highly dependent on molecular structure and environmental factors such as solvent. X-ray diffraction data along with 11B NMR and molecular modeling confirmed the planarity of the bis(dioxaborole)s an...
HoNOS-secure: A reliable outcome measure for users of secure and forensic mental health services

Abstract The Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for users of secure and forensic services (HoNOS-secure) comprises amended versions of the original 12 HoNOS items, and an additional seven-item security scale. HoNOS-secure tracks clinical outcome, including ongoing security needs. To investigate the interrater reliability of HoNOS-secure, 60 inpatients were rated independently by two clinicians. There were 34 raters in total. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for six of the seven security items indicated at least moderate agreement; one item indicated fair reliability. ICCs for all 12 HoNOS items indicated fair to substantial consistency between raters. Cronbach's alphas were .73 for the security scale and .79 for the HoNOS scale, indicating acceptable internal reliability. The security scale and the HoNOS items were measured consistently by different raters, indicating that HoNOS-secure is a reliable outcome measure when used in routine clinical practice.
The time of day and the proportions of macronutrients eaten are related to total daily food intake

Intake in the morning is particularly satiating and associated with lower total amounts ingested for the day while intake at night is associated with greater overall daily intake. But, the influence of carbohydrates, fats or proteins ingested at various times of the day is unknown. The intakes of 375 male and 492 female free-living individuals that were acquired with 7 d diet-diary reports were reanalysed. The intakes of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, and the density of intake occurring during three 6 h periods (06.00 to 11.59 hours (morning), 12.00 to 17.59 hours (afternoon) and 18.00 to 23.59 hours (evening)) were identified and related to overall daily and meal intakes. Energy density of intake during all periods was found to be positively related to overall intake. When the proportion of daily carbohydrate ingested in the morning was high, less total food energy and carbohydrate were ingested over the entire day. When the proportion of daily fat ingested in the morning was high, less total food energy and carbohydrate and fat were ingested over the entire day. When the proportion of daily protein ingested in the morning was high, less protein was ingested over the entire day. Conversely, when intake was relatively high in the evening of either total food energy, carbohydrate or fat, then overall daily energy intakes tended to be higher. The results suggest that the morning intake association with reduced total intake is macronutrient specific, with morning carbohydrate, fat and protein intake associated with reduced daily carbohydrate, fat and protein intake, respectively.
A synthesis of δ-aminolevulinic acid analogous to its biosynthesis

Abstract δ-Aminolevulinic acid has been synthesized by a procedure in which C-1 to C-4 are derived from succinic acid and C-5 from the α-C of glycine, as in the biosynthetic pathway. β-Carbomethoxypropionyl chloride (from succinic anhydride) and 2-phenyl-5-oxazolone (from N -benzoylglycine) were condensed in β-picoline to give 2-phenyl-4-(1-hydroxy-3-carbomethoxypropylidene)-5-oxazolone. The condensation product, or the α-benzamido-β-ketoadipic acid derived from it by mild alkaline hydrolysis, was converted to δ-aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride by refluxing in 6 N HCl.
Stability of predictors of mortality after spinal cord injury

Cohort study. To identify the stability of socio-environmental, behavioral and health predictors of mortality over an 8-year time frame. Data were analyzed at a large medical university in the Southeast United States of America (USA). Adults with residual impairment from a spinal cord injury (SCI) who were at least 1-year post-injury at assessment were recruited through a large specialty hospital in the Southeast USA. A total of 1209 participants were included in the final analysis. A piecewise exponential model with two equal time intervals (8 years total) was used to assess the stability of the hazard and the predictors over time. The hazard did significantly change over time, where the hazard in the first time interval was significantly lower than the second. There were no interactions between the socio-environmental, behavior or health factors and time, although there was a significant interaction between age at injury (a demographic variable) and time. These results suggest there is stability in the association between the predictors and mortality, even over an 8-year time period. Results reinforce the use of historic variables for prediction of mortality in persons with SCI.
Non-perturbative study of QED in a strong Coulomb field☆

Abstract We present a study of lattice QED in the presence of an external Coulomb field. In the mean field and quenched approximations as well as using a complex Langevin technique we found three different regimes: the two previously known strong and weak coupling phases and a new one where there is a finite density of particles but chiral symmetry remains unbroken. Within the limitations of our techniques we found no evidence suggesting that the e − e + peaks that appear in heavy-ion collisions can be explained by a new chirally non-symmetric vacuum of QED.
Electrical Determination of Elastic Modulus of Individual PZT Nanofibers by In Situ SEM

We present an electrical measurement of elastic modulus of single electrospun lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanofibers under harmonic vibration using in situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with a nanomanipulator. The PZT nanofiber was fabricated using an electrospinning process and collected on a silicon substrate with 10 μm trenches. The individual PZT nanofibers were excited with an oscillating electric field applied by a network analyzer and the resonant frequency was observed through the SEM along with the transfer frequency spectra simultaneously. The elastic modulus was calculated as ∼70 GPa from this resonant frequency using Euler-Bernoulli equation.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Machine-paced work and the Type A behaviour pattern.

This article examines the moderating effects of the Type A behaviour pattern on the relationship between paced work and psychological (mood) disturbance. The study was part of a broader survey investigation seeking to characterize job stress and health relationships among postal workers engaged in machine-paced letter-sorting operations. Data from 2803 paced letter sorters and 2715 non-paced Postal Service employees were analysed in a behaviour pattern × pacing × sex (2 times 2 × 2) design. Paced work was found to have a significant effect on mood state. However, no evidence of a Type A moderating effect was found. Results of the study for males but not females were consistent with Sales' (1969) theory that the Type A person possesses personality traits that predispose self-selection into stressful jobs. It was suggested that future studies of the relationships between pacing and the Type A pattern include multiple measures of the behaviour predisposition.
Investigation of readily processable thermoplastic-toughened thermosets. III. Toughening BMIs and epoxy with a comb-shaped imide oligomer

This is the third in a five-part series describing the preparation of tough, high-performance thermosets from low viscosity, autoclave-processable prepolymers. The first 2 articles described toughening of bismaleimides (BMI) and epoxy with linear imide thermoplastics of ∼ 1000 g/mol. Highly processable prepolymers were obtained, which resulted in increases in fracture toughness for BMI of ∼ 75–100%, while the fracture toughness of epoxy was increased by up to 220%. This article describes the preparation of a low-molecular-weight comb-shaped imide oligomer (∼ 4100 g/mol) and the effect of the oligomer architecture and end-group on BMI and epoxy prepolymer viscosity and fracture toughness. When an unreactive comb-shaped oligomer was incorporated in a BMI prepolymer (10% thermoplastic loading in the thermoset), the fracture toughness increased by 67% over that of an untoughed control, while a reactive oligomer increased the fracture toughness by 150% over an untoughened control. At 55°C, the viscosity of the solution of the reactive comb-shaped imide in B was only 6.2 Pa · S. When the oligomer was dissolved in epoxy resin, the viscosity was less than 0.2 Pa · S at 90°C, and the fracture toughness increased by 110 and 133% (at ∼ 13% loading in the thermoset), relative to an untoughened control, depending on the reactivity of the end group. The Tg and high-temperature modulus of BMI and epoxy remained approximately the same relative to the untoughened controls. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 70: 943–951, 1998
Two types of neurotransmitter release patterns in isolectin B4-positive and negative trigeminal ganglion neurons

Mammalian nociceptors have been classified into subclasses based on differential neurotrophin sensitivity and binding of the plant isolectin B4 (IB4). Most of the nerve growth factor-responsive IB4-negative (IB4 (-)) nociceptors contain neuropeptides such as substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide, whereas the glial-derived neurotrophic factor-responsive IB4-positive (IB4 (+)) neurons predominantly lack such neuropeptides. We hypothesized that the differences in neuropeptide content between IB4 (+) and (-) neurons might be reflected in differences in stimulated exocytosis and/or endocytosis. To address this, we monitored the secretory activity of acutely dissociated neurons from adult rat trigeminal ganglia (TRG) using cell membrane capacitance (Cm) measurements and the fluorescent membrane-uptake marker N-(3-triethylammoniumpropyl)-4-(6-(4-(diethylamino)phenyl)hexatrienyl)pyridinium dibromide (FM4-64). Cm measurements were performed under whole-cell voltage clamp and neurons were depolarized from -75 mV to +10 mV to elicit exocytosis. Both types of TRG neurons showed similarly-sized, calcium-dependent increases in Cm, demonstrating that both IB4 (+) and (-) TRG neurons are capable of stimulated exocytosis. However, the peak Cm of IB4 (+) neurons decayed faster toward baseline than that of IB4 (-) neurons. Also, IB4 (+) neurons had stable Cm responses to repeated stimuli whereas IB4 (-) neurons loss their secretory response during repeated stimulation. These data suggested that the IB4 (+) neurons possess a faster rate of endocytosis and vesicle replenishment than IB4 (-) neurons. To test this, we measured vesicle trafficking with the fluorescent membrane dye FM4-64. FM4-64 staining showed that IB4 (-) neurons exhibit a larger pool of endocytosed vesicles than IB4 (+) neurons because the peak fluorescence increases in IB4 (-) neurons were larger but slower than in IB4 (+) neurons. However, the recycled vesicles were released faster in IB4 (+) compared with IB4 (-) neurons. Taken together these data suggest that the IB4 (+) TRG neurons have faster exocytosis and endocytosis than the IB4 (-) neurons.
A 66-Year-Old Woman With Ulcerative Colitis

DR PARKER: Mrs F is a 66-year-old woman troubled by loose, bloody bowel movements. A retired professor of psychology, widowed and with 1 son, she remains active professionally and socially. She has both Medicare and commercial indemnity insurance coverage. She first noticed blood on the toilet tissue in 1993. In 1994, a flexible sigmoidoscopy for hematochezia revealed a “friable appearance, edema, and a granular appearance in the rectum.” Biopsy results showed “chronic active colitis, severe without granulomas or dysplasia.” She was diagnosed with ulcerative proctitis. Subsequently, a flexible sigmoidoscopy showed extension of disease above the rectum. Initially,Cortenemaswerehelpful,butlosttheirefficacyover time. She finds the unpredictable urgency to defecate increasingly bothersome, and fears traveling to places without easily accessible bathrooms. She has not experienced fever, weight loss, or significant abdominal pain. She is not certain if prednisone taken for her severe asthma has improved her colitis. In 1996, she started taking warfarin sodium for chronic atrial fibrillation after unsuccessful cardioversion. She had an increase in loose stools with frank bleeding, at times up to 9 stools daily. Often, she wears pads to protect herself from fecal incontinence. Mrs F expresses some concern about the increased risk of colon cancer, but seems more troubled by the thought of a colostomy and how it might affect her sexual life and activities such as swimming. Her asthma remains severe with a peak flow between 150 to 200 L/m. In 1997, Mrs F suffered 2 bouts of pneumonia, and therefore felt less willing to entertain the idea of immunosuppressive drugs. Her medical history includes anaphylaxis to several food dyes, and an exacerbation of her asthma with aspirin, which has precluded the use of any aspirin-containing drugs for her colitis. Family history is notable for her sister being diagnosed with Crohn disease in her 60s. Her current medications include prednisone 10 mg daily, digoxin 0.25 mg daily, warfarin 5 mg daily, albuterol 2 puffs 4 times daily, zileuton 1200 mg twice daily, verapamil hydrochlorideasneeded,andepinephrine injection0.3mgasneeded. On physical examination, her vital signs are normal. Lungs reveal wheezing with prolonged expiration. Cardiac examination findings reveal an irregularly irregular rhythm with a grade I/VI systolic murmur. Her abdomen is slightly distended, with normal bowel sounds and without tenderness or masses. Hematocrit and sedimentation rate are normal. In summary, Mrs F has escalating symptoms of colitis and is intolerant or unable to take many of the usual medications such as mesalamine or 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) due to allergies or her concerns about immune suppression. Her rectal bleeding is complicated by her need for anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation. She feels that the quality of her daily life is impaired by the unpredictability of loose, bloody bowel movements. She and her physicians are weighing the risks and benefits of further medical therapy vs surgical intervention.
Vitamin D Status of Infants in Northeastern Rural Bangladesh: Preliminary Observations and a Review of Potential Determinants

Vitamin D deficiency is a global public-health concern, even in tropical regions where the risk of deficiency was previously assumed to be low due to cutaneous vitamin D synthesis stimulated by exposure to sun. Poor vitamin D status, indicated by low serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], has been observed in South Asian populations. However, limited information is available on the vitamin D status of young infants in this region. Therefore, to gain preliminary insights into the vitamin D status of infants in rural Bangladesh, 25(OH)D was assessed in a group of community-sampled control participants in a pneumonia case-control study in rural Sylhet, Bangladesh (25°N) during the winter dry season (January-February). Among 29 infants aged 1-6 months, the mean 25(OH)D was 36.7 nmol/L [95% confidence interval (CI) 30.2-43.2]. The proportion of infants with vitamin D deficiency defined by 25(OH)D <25 nmol/L was 28% (95% CI 10-45), 59% (95% CI 40-78) had 25(OH)D<40 nmol/L, and all were below 80 nmol/L. From one to six months, there was a positive correlation between age and 25(OH)D (Spearman=0.65; p=0.0001). Within a larger group of 74 infants and toddlers aged 1-17 months (cases and controls recruited for the pneumonia study), young age was the only significant risk factor for vitamin D deficiency [25(OH)D <25 nmol/L]. Since conservative maternal clothing practices (i.e. veiling) and low frequency of intake of foods from animal source (other than fish) were common among the mothers of the participants, determinants of low maternal-infant 25(OH)D in Bangladesh deserve more detailed consideration in future studies. In conclusion, the vitamin D status in young infants in rural Sylhet, Bangladesh, was poorer than might be expected based on geographic considerations. The causes and consequences of low 25(OH)D in infancy and early childhood in this setting remain to be established.
The Cinema of Satyajit Ray: Between Tradition and Modernity

Satyajit Ray is India's greatest filmmaker and his importance in the international world of cinema has long been recognised. Darius Cooper's study of Ray is the first to examine his rich and varied work from a social and historical perspective, and to situate it within Indian aesthetics. Providing analyses of selected films, including those that comprise The Apu Trilogy, Chess Players, and Jalsaghhar, among others, Cooper outlines Western influences on Ray's work, such as the plight of women functioning within a patriarchal society, Ray's political vision of the 'doubly colonised', and his attack and critique of the Bengali/Indian middle class of today. The most comprehensive treatment of Ray's work, The Cinema of Satyajit Ray makes accessible the oeuvre of one of the most prolific and creative filmmakers of the twentieth century.
The He(I) photoelectron spectra of gaseous alkali metaphosphates

Abstract The He(I) photoelectron spectra of the gaseous metaphosphates of Na, K, Rb, and Cs have been obtained using a modified high-temperature cylindrical-mirror electron spectrometer equipped with a resistance-heated sample oven. Attempts to acquire data for LiPO 3 have been unsuccessful because of the extremely high temperature required, of the order of 1400 K. The identities of the vapor-phase molecules were based on mass spectrometric data and the spectral lines were assigned molecular orbital origins through the use of MO calculations and analogies to other ionic compounds of similar types, particularly the alkali nitrates.
Cell polarization: Chemotaxis gets CRACking

An early stage in the establishment of cell polarity during chemotaxis of Dictyostelium dicoideum has been identified by a recent study; the new results also show that the development of cell polarity does not rely upon cytoskeletal rearrangement, and may use a spatial sensing mechanism.
Optical methods for study of sea surface roughness and microscale turbulence

The shape of the ocean surface on a millimeter scale controls the scattering of microwave radiation, hence the measurement of oceanic properties by remote sensing. In addition the micro-turbulence immediately adjacent to the sea surface brings about transfers of momentum, soluble gases such as CO2, and heat or water vapor through the lowermost layers of air and the water immediately below. Although these processes are of vital importance to our understanding of the oceans and climate, they have not been adequately studied at sea. Recent developments of optical techniques have greatly simplified measurements of small scale fluid motions and have made them accessible to measurement from a small raft in the open sea. A contributing factor in these developments is the availability of high power, high efficiency visible light diode lasers and high resolution CCD arrays. Optical methods have the advantage that they do not influence the delicate motions of capillary waves at the sea surface, nor are they intrusive in the motions of small turbulent eddies. Our light source for study of turbulence below the water surface is a diode bar laser array. Light generated by the laser array is refracted into a fan shaped light sheet of approximate dimensions 50 by 20 by 2 mm to illuminate particles in the water. Sea water is sufficient transparent to this deep red light that particle tracking and particle image velocimetry can be carried out. The laser and a CCD camera in their water proof containers are so compact that they do not materially interfere with the water flow despite being mounted below the sea surface.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hobbes's Iconoclasm

This essay shows that Hobbes's thought rests on biblical foundations, casting him in an unfamiliar role - that of an iconoclastic prophet, a Jeremiah. He resembles the later prophets, particularly Jeremiah, in three ways: first by warring against idolatry, reconceived as the attribution of sanctity to mental images, "Phantasmes of the Brain," as Hobbes calls them (Leviathan ch. 45, 449, E.W 3: 651)-as distinguished from limiting such attribution to "graven images" (Deuteronomy 4: 28, Jeremiah 1: 16); second, by viewing iconoclasm, followed by catastrophic intervention, as the path to political regeneration; and third, by being centrally preoccupied with the implications of the biblical idea of a created nature for material, cultural, and political artifice. The essay further shows that the biblical cosmology underlying Hobbes natural and civil philosophy is not, as might be supposed, in conflict with the premisses of his scientific writings, but is harmonious and coincident with it.
Thermodynamic modeling of the duality of linear 1-alcohols as cosurfactants and cosolvents in self-assembly of surfactant molecules.

The effect of adding an alcohol to surfactant systems depends much on the alcohol chain length. Investigations on the effect of alcohols in micellar systems point out that medium-chain alcohols are appreciably incorporated in the micellar phase whereas short-chain alcohols are localized mainly in the aqueous phase. Nonetheless, penetration of the hydrocarbon chain of alcohols in the micellar shell has been experimentally observed for the entire homologous series of linear 1-alcohols. We present a thermodynamic model in which the alcohol molecules play two roles: cosurfactant and cosolvent. The cosurfactant effect of the alcohols is included by assuming that the alcohol molecules are nonionic surfactants. The cosolvent effect is modeled by accounting for the changes in the free energy to relocate the surfactant tail from the solvent to the aggregate core. The effects of short-chain alcohols in the macroscopic interfacial tension and dielectric constant of the solvent medium are also taken into account. For...
Adaptive discontinuous Galerkin methods in multiwavelets bases

We use a multiwavelet basis with the Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method to produce a multi-scale DG method. We apply this Multiwavelet DG method to convection and convection-diffusion problems in multiple dimensions. Merging the DG method with multiwavelets allows the adaptivity in the DG method to be resolved through manipulation of multiwavelet coefficients rather than grid manipulation. Additionally, the Multiwavelet DG method is tested on non-linear equations in one dimension and on the cubed sphere.
Dominance and reproductive behavior of wild house mice in a seminatural environment correlated with T-locus genotype

Behavior of mice whose T-locus genotype was either +/+ or +/t was observed in a seminatural environment. Heterozygous females were less likely to be dominant, less likely to go into behavioral estrus, and less likely to become pregnant than were +/+ females. The relative fitness of +/t as compared with +/+ females was 0.32:1.00. In contrast, +/t males produced 35% more young than did +/+ males. The higher fitness of +/t males was primarily due to a greater production of young on the part of +/t as compared with +/+ subordinate males. Little evidence was found under these naturalistic conditions, of non-random mating with respect to T-locus genotype. The indication of overdominance for +/t males makes it unlikely that heterozygote disadvantage will be sufficient to account for the frequency of t-alleles in natural populations.
The relationship of Epstein-Barr virus to infection-related (sporadic) and familial hemophagocytic syndrome and secondary (lymphoma-related) hemophagocytosis: An in situ hybridization study

Many cases of hemophagocytic syndrome have been associated with viral infections, particularly Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), but the pathogenesis of the syndrome remains unclear. We have examined lymph node, spleen, liver, and bone marrow sections from 12 cases, including four cases of proven or probable infection-related hemophagocytic syndrome (IHPS), three cases of familial hemophagocytic syndrome (FHPS), and five cases of secondary hemophagocytosis associated with T-cell malignant lymphoma (SHPC), for EBV RNA using a sensitive and specific in situ hybridization technique. Epstein-Barr virus RNA was detected in seven of 12 cases (58%), including three cases of IHPS, one case of FHPS, and three cases of SHPC. Numerous EBV-positive cells were detected in two cases of IHPS (in multiple anatomic sites) and in one case of FHPS (in the spleen). Diffuse EBV positivity also was noted within the neoplastic cells of one case of SHPC. Rare to occasional EBV-positive cells were found in multiple sites in another case of IHPS and within admixed, reactive lymphoid cells in two cases of SHPC. The results indicate that numerous EBV-positive cells can be identified in some cases of IHPS, FHPS, and SHPC, suggesting a pathogenetic role for the virus. However, the absence of EBV from a proportion of cases of IHPS and FHPS in this study suggests that other infectious agents also play a role in the pathogenesis of this syndrome.
Extension of a Linear Diatomic-Chain Model for the Calculation of Local-Mode Frequencies in Real Crystals

Calculations by Mazur, Montroll, and Potts (MMP) have shown that local modes above the optical branch of the host crystal are predicted by a linear diatomic-chain model for all positive values of the mass-defect parameter $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$. Three-dimensional calculations show that local modes exist only for values of $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ greater than some critical value. However, these three-dimensional calculations require a knowledge of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of all the phonon states of the host lattice. We show that the simpler MMP model can be applied to three-dimensional crystals by inclusion of the LO-phonon frequency. In a given system of host crystal and impurity, the determinant parameters are the mass defect of the impurity and the width of the host-crystal reststrahlen band. Calculations on approximately 20 solid solution systems of the form $A{B}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{C}_{x}$ have successfully predicted the existence or nonexistence of a local mode when $x$ is large and the mass of $B$ is less than the mass of $C$. The modified one-dimensional model gives quantitative results for local-mode frequencies which agree with full three-dimensional calculations for local modes in NaI, CdS, and Si.
SENTENCING IN CONTEXT: A MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS

Criminal sentencing is, along with arresting and prosecuting, among the most important of formal social control decisions. In this study we use hierarchical modeling to test hypotheses about contextual level influences and cross level interaction effects on local court decisions. Most of the explanatory “action,” our analysis shows, is at the individual case level in criminal sentencing. We also find evidence that local contextual features–such as court organizational culture, court caseload pressure, and racial and ethnic composition–affect sentencing outcomes, either directly or in interaction with individual factors. We conclude by discussing theoretical implications of our findings, and how our study points out some dilemmas among civil rights, local autonomy and organizational realities of criminal courts.
Fast Mapping Skills in the Developing Lexicon

Purpose This preliminary investigation was a longitudinal study of fast mapping skills in normally developing children, 16–18 months of age. The purpose was to examine the effects of practice on th...
Improving Incident Reports Using a Schematic Recall Aid: The Critical Event Reporting Tool (CERT)

Incident reports are intended to help identify problems in safety critical systems and aid in preventing subsequent accidents, thus improving safety. Unfortunately, incident-reporting forms are generally unstructured, providing little guidance to the reporter on how to describe the critical events of an incident. As a result, most reports contain information on what happened, as opposed to why an incident happened, and hence make the identification of intervention and prevention strategies onerous. The purpose of the present study was to help remedy this situation by developing and testing a tool, coined the Critical Event Recall Tool (CERT) for improving the quality of information contained in narrative reports of incidents. Results of this study indicate that CERT improved the analytical content of general aviation pilots' reports of a critical incident that occurred during a simulated cross-country flight and that pilots who used CERT generally felt that the tool was easy to use and understand.
Nitric oxide activation by distal redox modulation in tetranuclear iron nitrosyl complexes.

A series of tetranuclear iron complexes displaying a site-differentiated metal center was synthesized. Three of the metal centers are coordinated to our previously reported ligand, based on a 1,3,5-triarylbenzene motif with nitrogen and oxygen donors. The fourth (apical) iron center is coordinatively unsaturated and appended to the trinuclear core through three bridging pyrazolates and an interstitial μ4-oxide moiety. Electrochemical studies of complex [LFe3(PhPz)3OFe][OTf]2 revealed three reversible redox events assigned to the FeII4/FeII3FeIII (−1.733 V), FeII3FeIII/FeII2FeIII2 (−0.727 V), and FeII2FeIII2/FeIIFeIII3 (0.018 V) redox couples. Combined Mossbauer and crystallographic studies indicate that the change in oxidation state is exclusively localized at the triiron core, without changing the oxidation state of the apical metal center. This phenomenon is assigned to differences in the coordination environment of the two metal sites and provides a strategy for storing electron and hole equivalents wi...
Long-term K+ channel-mediated dampening of dopamine neuron excitability by the antipsychotic drug haloperidol

Antipsychotic drugs require days of treatment to begin to produce therapeutic effects. We report that in vivo treatment with the antipsychotic drug haloperidol acts with a delay of days to slow spontaneous repetitive firing by isolated midbrain dopamine neurons. The decreased excitability is caused by an increased number of functional A-type K+ channels without any change in gating properties. Upregulation of dopamine neuron Kv4.3 mRNA accounts for this effect, demonstrating a role for channel gene expression in this delayed drug action. The resultant long-term dampening of dopamine neuron excitability may serve to tone down the dopamine system.
Epitaxial piezoelectric thin films on flexible substrates

It is well known that the piezoelectric properties of a thin film can be influenced by crystallographic texture. At the extreme case, epitaxial thin films can be deposited on single crystal substrates (with appropriate lattice matching) to effectively achieve a single crystal thin film. Here, the maximum advantage of orientation dependence is found. Typically this has required small, expensive single crystalline substrates. In the past 10 years however, the technique of Ion Beam Assisted Deposition (IBAD) has been developed for applying a biaxial textured template to an arbitrary smooth surface. That is, biaxially textured MgO (~10 nm thick) can be deposited on a flexible, polycrystalline or amorphous substrate. This has opened up a new realm of materials integration possibilities, with the prime example being high-temperature superconducting wires. Here, the same template is utilized for deposition of epitaxial piezoelectric thin films onto flexible substrates.
Risk-Consistent Design Approach for Designing Innovative Hazard-Resistant Structures

This paper first introduces an innovative Composites Structural Insulated Panels (CSIPs) for structural wall and floor applications against multiple hazards, and then presents an innovative risk consistent design approach for designing such system. The proposed composite panel is made of low cost thermoplastic orthotropic glass/polypropylene (glass-PP) laminate as a facesheet and Expanded Polystyrene Foam (EPS) as a core with very high facesheet/core moduli ratio. The proposed CSIPs are intended to overcome problems of traditional wood panels against multiple natural hazards including earthquake, flood and windstorm to poor penetration resistance against wind borne debris, termite attack and mold buildups… etc. On the other hand, despite most of recent structures have been designed according to the desired code requirements, failure of those structures due to recent natural hazards such as hurricanes and earthquakes have shown the weakness of the current design methods. It has also raised the need for a new methodology for structural design that accounts for the risk due to natural hazards. Therefore, a comprehensive design approach for developing hazard-resistant structures was developed. The approach considers the life cycle cost (LCC) of the structure and safety indices for strength and drift. It accounts also for the uncertainty in both loading and strength. The variability in the strength, drift and load is expressed by mean values with their coefficient of variance (C.O.V) which is referred to aleatory uncertainty. The LCC was calculated based on the concept of quantitative risk assessment (QRA) that incorporates the damage cost due to a certain hazards and the probability of occurrence of those hazards. Based on the importance and the type of the structure, the structural engineer and the decision maker can determine or optimize the most appropriate building model. The method was demonstrated with case studies on two structures: one for traditional wood and another for CSIP. Seismic and wind hazard were considered in the analysis. Two locations were considered; Los Angeles, CA and Charleston, SC. These locations are critical for seismic and wind load; respectively. The results showed that CSIP building is cost effective and provides higher safety indices than traditional wood structure.
Ensembles of membrane proteins as statistical mixed-signal computers

The paper presents a formalism that connects functional properties of neurons with the properties of membrane proteins treated as abstract probabilistic machines. The machines are referred to as probabilistic molecular machines (PMM). It is shown that ensembles of PMMs (EPMM) provide robust statistical implementation of mixed-signal computers combining the dynamical capabilities of analog computers with the sequencing capabilities of state machines. The classical Hodgkin and Huxley model is reformulated in terms of two EPMMs and is used as a detailed example illustrating the structure and the representational possibilities of the PMM/EPMM formalism.
Triangulated, connected sets for building detection from irregularly spaced LiDAR

A novel method for building detection from irregularly spaced Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data is presented. Using features from the triangulation of the LiDAR data, the proposed method identifies ground points, and differentiates those points from building and non building points. Furthermore, the method differentiates the buildings from one another, subsequently recognizing each building as a unique entity. The primary objective in the design of the proposed algorithm is to completely automate the building detection process such that no user intervention (window or parameter adjustment, selection of control points, apriori knowledge dependency, etc.) is necessary.
Simvastatin-Induced Decline in Cognition:

Objective:To describe a case of new-onset cognitive difficulties in an older patient after initiation of simvastatin therapy.Case Summary:A 64-year-old man developed cognitive difficulties within one week after starting simvastatin 40 mg/day. There was a 3 point decline from baseline in the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) score 2 weeks after simvastatin was initiated, as well as declines in the Activities of Daily Living and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scales. Simvastatin was discontinued, and the patient's cognition improved to baseline within 6 weeks. Rechallenge with simvastatin at half the original dose was attempted. His cognition deteriorated over a 2 week period. Simvastatin was stopped, and the patient's MMSE scores returned to baseline within 4 weeks.Discussion:This patient developed new-onset problems with short-term memory, long-term memory, and item misplacement in addition to the baseline problems with names and word-finding that had been present prior to beginning statin therapy. D...
Application of nonlinear techniques to the inverse problem

The inverse problem for the reduced wave equation Δu + k2n2(x)u = 0, where n is real and continuous and n2−1 has compact support in ℝ3, is examined for the case where the scattering data consists of a set of measurements of the near or far field produced by a prescribed incident wave. The inverse problem is formu lated in terms of a system of functional equations, a quadratic nonlinear integral equation, plus an additional inequality or constraint. The general nonlinear theory of the complete system is examined.
A generalized control-flow-aware pattern recognition algorithm for behavioral synthesis

Pattern recognition has many applications in design automation. A generalized pattern recognition algorithm is presented in this paper which can efficiently extract similar patterns in programs. Compared to previous pattern-based techniques, our approach overcomes their limitation in handling control-flow-aware patterns, and leads to more opportunities for optimization. Our algorithm uses a feature-based filtering approach for fast pruning, and an elegant graph similarity metric called the generalized edit distance for measuring variations in CDFGs. Furthermore, our pattern recognition algorithm is applied to solve the area optimization problem in behavioral synthesis. Our experimental results show up to a 40% area reduction on a set of real-world benchmarks with a moderate 9% latency overhead, compared to synthesis results without pattern extractions; and up to a 30% area reduction, compared to the results using only data-flow patterns.
Addressing Gaps in Mental Health Needs of Diverse, At-Risk, Underserved, and Disenfranchised Populations: A Call for Nursing Action

Psychiatric nurses have an essential role in meeting the mental health needs of diverse, at-risk, underserved, and disenfranchised populations across the lifespan. This paper summarizes the needs of individuals especially at-risk for mental health disorders, acknowledging that such vulnerability is contextual, age-specific, and influenced by biological, behavioral, socio-demographic and cultural factors. With its longstanding commitment to cultural sensitivity and social justice, its pivotal role in healthcare, and its broad educational base, psychiatric nursing is well-positioned for leadership in addressing the gaps in mental health prevention and treatment services for vulnerable and underserved populations. This paper describes these issues, presents psychiatric nursing exemplars that address the problems, and makes strong recommendations to psychiatric nurse leaders, policy makers and mental health advocates to help achieve change.