cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Receptors, subcellular compartments and the regulation of peripheral B cell responses: the illuminating state of anergy

Signals through the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) are necessary but not sufficient for cellular activation. Co-stimulatory signals must be provided through other immune recognition receptor systems, such as MHC class II/CD40 and the toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 that can only productively acquire their ligands in the processive environment of specialized late endosomes (MHC class II containing compartment or MIIC). It has long been appreciated that the BCR, by effectively capturing complex antigens and delivering them to late endosomes, is the link between activation events on the cell surface and those dependent on late endosomes. However, it has become increasingly apparent that the BCR also directs the translocation of MHC class II and TLR9 into the MIIC and that the endocytic flow of these receptors coincides with that of the BCR. This likely ensures close apposition of receptor complexes within the MIIC and the efficient transfer of ligands from the BCR to MHC class II and TLR9. This complex orchestration of receptor endocytic movement is dependent upon the quality of signals elicited through the BCR. Failure to activate specific signaling pathways, such as occurs in anergic B cells, prevents the entry of the BCR and TLR9 into the MIIC and abrogates TLR9 activation. Like anergy, this block in endocytic trafficking is rapidly reversible. These findings indicate that cellular responsiveness can be determined by mechanisms that control the subcellular location of important immune recognition receptors.
Functional asymmetry between the cerebral hemispheres of the cat.

Abstract Each hemisphere of eight split-brain cats was tested for retention of a series of pre-operatively learned visual discrimination problems which differed in terms of their perceptual and/or response requirements. The paw preference of the subjects was also assessed during the pre- and postoperative testing. The postoperative performance of the hemisphere contra-lateral paw and the significant hemispheric differences observed on certain problems were interpreted as evidence of lateral specialization in the cat brain. The asymmetry was highly correlated with paw preference, and while the demonstration of the asymmetry was problem specific, it was independent of there being a unimanual response requirement. It was suggested that the asymmetry is related, in part, to spatial aspects of behavior.
Performing the Nation: Unauthorized Mexican Migration and the Politics of Language Use and the Body along the US–Mexico Border

ABSTRACTGiven the harsh environment for Mexican migrants in the US state of Arizona, migrants must think carefully about instantiating their identities in White public space through clothing, bodily movements, and language. This article explores the ways some unauthorized Mexican migrants in Arizona perform belonging to the USA by performing Chicano. Performing Chicano means passing as a US citizen, and migrants’ well-being can depend upon the recognition of those performances. Other unauthorized migrants perform the Supermexicana, to pass as Mexicans who are shopping in the USA, and need to hide the fact that they clandestinely live there. This article examines how some migrants perform a commitment to the USA in public while privately disavowing it, and how others perform a commitment to Mexico that they simply cannot have. This analysis argues that the experiences of unauthorized migrants in the USA can be productively seen through the lens of national performativity.
Evaluation of methods for detecting nonfluorescent colored flakes and flake persistence in coyote scats

Abstract Effective markers are needed to investigate coyote behavior, especially in areas of feeding and bait acceptance. We evaluated three methods for detecting nonfluorescent colored flakes in coyote scats and the persistence of flakes in stored scats. Captive coyotes were offered tallow baits with 100 mg each of red, green, blue and a mixture of red and green flakes. Scats deposited daily for 5 days after bait consumption were examined for flakes on the surface, after crushing and after washing in nylon bags. Post-baiting, correct-colored flakes were detected for an average of about 2 1 2 days in both surface and crushed-scat examinations and for nearly 4 days in washed scats, which was significantly longer. Preparing bags and washing must be done carefully. The flakes were persistent in scats — no color fading or color separation from the silver-colored bases was observed during 8 months of weathering and storage. The flakes made durable coyote-scat markets that were reliably detected with simple, inexpensive materials. The scat-washing technique described would probably be useful in detecting most inert particles delivered in baits.
Minority carrier lifetimes in ideal InGaSb/InAs superlattices

Calculations of band‐to‐band Auger and radiative recombination lifetimes of the recently proposed InxGa1−xSb/InAs superlattices (SL) show them to be promising infrared detectors. Several superlattices with energy gaps in the 5–11 μm range exhibit suppressed p‐type Auger recombination rates due to a large light hole–heavy hole splitting. The p‐type Auger lifetime at 77 K of an 11 μm InxGa1−xSb/InAs SL is found to be, respectively, three and five orders of magnitude longer than those of bulk and superlattice HgCdTe with the same energy gap. The n‐type lifetimes are comparable.
Invertebrate predators of zooplankton on Georges Bank, 1977–1987

Abstract Chaetognaths, primarily Sagitta elegans , were the most abundant and widespread invertebrate predator on Georges Bank during 1977–1987 MARMAP surveys. They were present in 79% of samples collected, and their average abundance was nearly an order of magnitude greater than that of any other predator taxon. hydrozoan and scyphozoan medusae, euphausiid shrimp, and gammarid and hyperiid amphipods were also abundant. Diversity and abundance of predators was highest in the central, well-mixed region of the bank. In this region numbers of chaetognaths and cnidaria increased following increased abundances of Calanus finmarchicus . However, on a larger scale the density of C. finmarchicus populations was inversely correlated with number of predators because this herbivore was most abundant in deeper waters surrounding Georges Bank where predators were least numerous. Chaetognaths and cnidaria were more abundant in 1978–1979 than in other years, and there was a statistically significant decline in the abundance of chaetognaths over the 10 year period. Abundance of both these groups was inversely correlated with temperature. Average numbers of chaetognaths in summer were low following a warm winter. Abundance of cnidaria in summer decreased with increasing summer temperatures.
Fourier transform emission spectroscopy of the A′3Π-X3Σ− transition of PtO

Abstract A new 3 Π electronic state of PtO has been observed between 7100 and 8015 cm −1 above the ground state. Three independent electronic systems connecting Ω ′ = 0 + , 1, and 2 in the upper state to Ω ″ = 1 in the ground state have been recorded in emission from a Pt hollow cathode with the Fourier transform spectrometer associated with the McMath solar telescope at Kitt Peak. We interpret these three transitions as arising from the spin components of a new A ′ 3 Π- X 3 Σ − transition in Hund's case (a) notation. Molecular constants (including Ω-doubling parameters) for the new electronic state have been determined from the analysis of the data.
Protein structure selection based on consensus

In protein tertiary structure prediction, a crucial step is to select near-native structures from a large number of predicted structural models. Over the years, extensive research has been conducted for the protein structure selection problem with most approaches focusing on developing more accurate energy or scoring functions. Despite significant advances in this area, the discerning power of current approaches is still unsatisfactory. In this paper, we propose a novel consensus-based method that outperforms state-of-the-art scoring functions. Given a set of predicted models, the method first removes redundant models to derive a subset of reference models. Then a model is ranked based on its average pairwise similarity score to the set of reference models. Using the CASP8 data set containing a large collections of predicted models for 122 targets, we compared our method with an extensive collection of state-of-the-art scoring functions and showed its superior performance. The top models selected by our method are on average more than 8% better than the ones selected by the best competing method.
Three-dimensional melt flows in Czochralski oxide growth: high-resolution, massively parallel, finite element computations

Three-dimensional, time-dependent features of melt flows which occur during the Czochralski growth of oxide crystals are analyzed using a theoretical bulk-flow model. The transition from a steady, axisymmetric flow to a time-dependent, three-dimensional state characterized by an annular wave structure is found to strongly affect the temperature distribution and heat transfer through the melt. The results are obtained using a novel, massively parallel implementation of the Galerkin finite element method which affords high spatial resolution of the computed flows.
Relative Timing Of Inspiration And Expiration Affects Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia

SUMMARY 1. The effect of a variation in inspiration and expiration times on heart rate variability was studied in 12 healthy subjects (mean age 30±6 years; five females). 2. Two 2 min trials of controlled breathing, with either short inspiration followed by long expiration or long inspiration followed by short expiration, were compared. Average expiration/inspiration time ratios were 1.0 and 3.4, respectively. The respiration rate in both trials was approximately 10 cycles/min. 3. In trials with short inspiration followed by long expiration, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA; as measured by mean absolute differences and by the high frequency band) was significantly larger than in trials with long inspiration followed by short expiration. This effect could not be accounted for by differences in respiration rate or respiratory amplitude. The higher RSA during fast/slow respiration is primarily due to a more pronounced phasic heart rate increase during inspiration, indicating that inspiratory vagal blockade is sensitive to the steepness of inspiration. 4. Respiration rate and tidal volume are respiratory variables known to modulate RSA. The results of the present study indicate that RSA can also be modulated by a third respiratory variable, the expiratory/inspiratory time ratio.
Fractionation of rat liver nuclei into diploid and tetraploid DNA classes by continuous density gradient sedimentation.

Abstract 1. 1. Rat liver nuclei isolated in 0.04 M citric acid can be separated into two discrete fractions by virtue of different sedimentation velocities through continuous sucrose density gradients. 2. 2. The slowly sedimenting fraction has a mean DNA per nucleus value of 7.32 μμg and contains diploid nuclei of mainly stromal, partly hepatic, origin. 3. 3. The rapidly sedimenting fraction consists of tetraploid hepatic nuclei and has a mean DNA per nucleus value of 14.3 μμg.
Consumer Perceptions of Nonnutritive Sweetened Coffee in the Quick Service Restaurant Industry

This study aims to explore consumer perceptions of sugar-free specialty coffee in the quick-service restaurant (QSR) segment. Sugar-free specialty coffee products are made using nonnutritive sweeteners (NNS). Participants from a nationwide panel were surveyed about purchase intent of two categories of specialty coffee: syrup-sweetened with sugar or NNS in four popular flavors. Consumer demographics were used in a multistep multiple regression. The study found that, overall, females and younger consumers are most likely to purchase specialty coffee beverages. Additionally, an interaction revealed that younger consumers are most likely to purchase sugar-sweetened coffee beverages, whereas little variation in purchase intent was found between NNS and sugar-sweetened coffee beverages in older consumers.
A Strategy for Achieving High-performance with SOFC Ceramic Anodes

A proposal that high solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anode performance can be achieved by using a very thin, catalytically active functional layer, with a noncatalytic conduction layer, has been tested. An anode impedance of 0.26 Ω cm 2 was obtained at 973 K in humidified H 2 using a Ag-paste conduction layer and a 12 μm thick functional layer made from 1 wt % Pd and 40 wt % ceria in yttria-stabilized zirconia. Replacing the Ag paste with a 100 μm layer of porous La 0.3 Sr 0.7 TiO 3 (LST) had minimal effect on cell performance. The anode concept is flexible and should allow various materials to be used in the functional and the current-collector layers.
Stuck in the moment: cognitive inflexibility in preschoolers following an extended time period.

Preschoolers display surprising inflexibility in problem solving, but seem to approach new challenges with a fresh slate. We provide evidence that while the former is true the latter is not. Here, we examined whether brief exposure to stimuli can influence children’s problem solving following several weeks after first exposure to the stimuli. We administered a common executive function task, the Dimensional Change Card Sort, which requires children to sort picture cards by one dimension (e.g., color) and then switch to sort the same cards by a conflicting dimension (e.g., shape). After a week or after a month delay, we administered the second rule again. We found that 70% of preschoolers continued to sort by the initial sorting rule, even after a month delay, and even though they are explicitly told what to do. We discuss implications for theories of executive function development, and for classroom learning.
Near surface modification of silica structure induced by chemical/mechanical polishing

Planarization of dielectric materials in multilevel devices has become an important topic in recent years. Planarization achieved through chemical/mechanical polishing (CMP) is the foremost of the techniques available to provide an appropriate low-topography surface for accurate lithography. In this study the effects of the planarization process on deposited SiO2 films, a material to which CMP is frequently applied, have been examined. The analysis, completed using transmission electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, revealed evidence of chemical/structural modification of the SiO2 to 100–200 nm from the polished surface and more heavily altered or deformed regions extending to a few tens of nm in depth.
The Effect of Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injury and Reconstruction on Meniscal Strain

BackgroundThe relationship between posterior cruciate ligament insufficiency and meniscal injury is unclear.HypothesisPosterior cruciate ligament insufficiency results in increased medial and later...
Transplantation of human striatal tissue into a rodent model of Huntington's disease: Phenotypic expression of transplanted neurons and host-to-graft innervation

The present study was undertaken to investigate the phenotypic expression and integration of human striatal neurons transplanted into an animal model of Huntington's disease. Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and subjected to quinolinic acid lesions of the left striatum. Three human fetal cadavers were utilized for transplantation in this study (7, 8, and 10 weeks in gestation). The striatal primordia was dissected from each fetus and subsequently dissociated into cell suspensions. Following the initial lesion surgeries (3-4 months), the rats were reanesthetized and transplanted with human striatal cells (400,000 cells per rat). The animals were processed for histochemical analysis 9-17 weeks posttransplantation. Histochemistry was performed utilizing thionin (Nissl staining), acetylcholinesterase, NADPH-diaphorase, and antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Examination of stained brain sections demonstrate that human striatal transplants grow to fill a substantial portion of the remaining striatum, and contain clusters of immature and mature cells. Acetylcholinesterase activity is present in the transplant neuropil, varying in intensity, and distributed in a heterogeneous fashion. In addition, host afferent dopaminergic fibers penetrate into the transplant, and are occasionally found in patches. NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry revealed medium sized aspiny striatal neurons of donor origin in the transplants. The results of this study are similar to those obtained with rodent fetal striatal transplants, and suggest that human striatal tissue is capable of surviving, expressing normal striatal cell phenotypes, and receiving host dopaminergic innervation.
Statistical Control for Performance Shaping Using Cost Cumulants

The cost cumulant statistical control method optimizes the system performance by shaping the probability density function of the random cost function. For a stochastic system, a typical optimal control method minimizes the mean (first cumulant) of the cost function. However, there are other statistical properties of the cost function such as variance (second cumulant), skewness (third cumulant) and kurtosis (fourth cumulant), which affect system performance. In this technical note, we extend the theory of traditional stochastic control by deriving the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation as the necessary conditions for optimality. Furthermore, we derived the verification theorem, which is the sufficient condition, for higher order statistical control, and construct the optimal controller. In addition, we utilize neural networks to numerically solve HJB partial differential equations. Finally, we provide simulation results for an oscillator system to demonstrate our method.
Boundary variational formulation of a frictionless contact problem for composite finite bodies

In this paper the frictionless contact problem for bonded, dissimilar homogeneous elastic three-dimensional bodies is addressed. A new method, based on a rigorous variational formulation and application of a direct multiregional boundary element procedure for the approximation of the related Green's function, has been developed. The method is applicable to any kind of geometry of the contacting bodies and for arbitrary loading. The examples presented illustrate a distinct ability of the method to capture the influence of the composite structure of a body on the contact area and the pressure acting in it. Nomenclature A = operator from a space V into its dual V ' a(u, v) = continuous bilinear form on V x V representing the virtual work in an elastic body Q Eijkm = components of Hooke's tensor; the elasticities of the material f(v) = continuous linear functional on V representing the work done by applied body forces / and surface tractions t on the virtual displacement v; the generalized forces Yf , Tf = internal boundaries between regions a and b Gfj(x> i/) = Green's matrix g = gap function between the bodies in contact as measured along the normal n before
A Dynamic Data Driven Application System for Vehicle Tracking

Abstract Tracking the movement of vehicles in urban environments using fixed position sensors, mobile sensors, and crowd-sourced data is a challenging but important problem in applications such as law enforcement and defense. A dynamic data driven application system (DDDAS) is described to track a vehicle's movements by repeatedly identifying the vehicle under investigation from live image and video data, predicting probable future locations, and repositioning sensors or retargeting requests for information in order to reacquire the vehicle. An overview of the envisioned system is described that includes image processing algorithms to detect and recapture the vehicle from live image data, a computational framework to predict probable vehicle locations at future points in time, and a power aware data distribution management system to disseminate data and requests for information over ad hoc wireless communication networks. A testbed under development in the midtown area of Atlanta, Georgia in the United States is briefly described.
Actinic cheilitis. A prospective study comparing four treatment methods.

• Forty patients with actinic cheilitis were treated with one of four modalities: topical fluorouracil, chemical peel with trichloroacetic acid, lip shave, or carbon dioxide laser ablation of the vermilion. Patients treated with lip shave or carbon dioxide laser ablation had no recurrence of the problem during a 4-year period. While the lip shave procedure offers the advantage of histologic examination of the specimen, the patients treated with the laser ablation had fewer postoperative complications. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1989;115:848-852)
Determination of cimetidine in pharmaceutical preparations by capillary zone electrophoresis

Abstract A method was developed for the determination of cimetidine (the active ingredient in the ulcer medication Tagamet) in the commercial preparations in which it is sold. Samples were dissolved, diluted and extracted with petroleum ether before capillary zone electrophoresis in 20 m M phosphate buffere at pH 7. Analysis of over 60 samples from commercially available formulations gave relative standard deviations of 1.9 to 6.4%.
EFFECT OF SURFACE TENSION ON THE KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ INSTABILITY OF TWO ROTATING FLUIDS.

2 Williams, R. J., R. B. Pelton, H. M. Hakkinen, and L. L. Rogers, "Identification of Blood Characteristics Common to Alcoholic Males," these PROCEEDINGS, 44, 216-222 (1958). 3 Williams, R. J., Biochemical Individuality (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1956). 4Cronbach, L. J., and G. C. Gleser, "Assessing Similarity Between Profiles," Psych. Bulletin, 50, 456-473 (1953). 5 Williams, R. J., "Etiological Research in the Light of the Facts of Individuality," Texas Rpts. Biol. and Med., 18, 168-185 (1960).
Production of squeezed states by combination of parametric down-conversion and harmonic generation☆

Abstract It is shown that a hybrid of degenerate parametric down-conversion and harmonic generation leads to squeezing free from sub-poissonian photon statistics, but with the advantage that a coherent reference light beam is available for homodyning.
The redox-sensitive, colored N-3-(3′,6′-dioxo-2′,4′,5′-trimethylcyclobexa-1′,4′-diene)-3,3-dimethylpropionyl (Q) amino-protecting group

Abstract Amino acids bearing the title (Q) protecting group undergo coupling without racemization via the mixed anhydride technique. Selective deblocking occurs via Na2S2O4.
Fe3+-substituted tobermorites: Synthesis and characterization by Mössbauer spectroscopy and other techniques

Abstract The isomorphous substitution of Fe3+ for Si4+ in the tobermorite (Ca5Si6H2O18·4H2O) structure and its effects on the cation exchange properties of tobermorites were investigated. Fe3+- substituted 11A tobermorites were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. The cation exchange capacities of these Fe3+-substituted tobermorites ranged between 82–122 meq/100g while specific Cs sorption ranged from 420–800 Kd. 57Fe Mossbauer Spectroscopy, in addition to other techniques, was used to investigate the Fe-substitution in the tobermorite structure. None of the Mossbauer spectra revealed any absorption line due to Fe2+. The observed spectra were fitted to one or more closely overlapping quadrupole doublets. The assignment of Fe3+ among the available tetrahedral and octahedral sites was made based on the distinct differences in the observed isomer shifts. The extent of Fe3+IV vs. Fe3+VI site occupancies was determined from the corrected intensities of the respective quadrupole doublets.
Soberanía del consumidor vs. Soberanía de los ciudadanos: algunos errores en la economía clásica del bienestar

En este trabajo se plantea que la soberania del consumidor descansa sobre un conjunto de confusiones conceptuales, de presupuestos empiricamente falsos y de afirmaciones normativamente dudosas. La seccion 1 muestra como estas confusiones conceptuales enmascaran una ambiguedad fundamental en el principio de la soberania del consumidor, entre la promocion del bienestar y la autonomia. Sostengo que los mejores argumentos a favor de la soberania del consumidor favorecen la interpretacion de la autonomia. La seccion 2 muestra como la concepcion individualista de la autonomia favorecida por los economistas no puede dar cuenta de los problemas de accion colectiva generados por la conformidad externa a las normas sociales. La seccion 3 muestra como el intento de un economista por desarrollar una concepcion de la autonomia adecuada a esta tarea nos lleva mas alla del marco individualista de la economia neoclasica a una concepcion colectiva de la autonomia. La seccion 4 demuestra que el concepto de autonomia colectiva es coherente y que el proyecto institucional de los Estados democraticos puede ser considerado como un intento para lograrlo. La seccion 5 plantea que cuando los individuos expresan preferencias autonomas diferentes en y para diferentes escenarios, el principio de la soberania del consumidor es inherentemente ineficiente. La seccion 6 sostiene que el principio de soberania del consumidor esta en conflicto con la autonomia de los ciudadanos y, por lo tanto, no puede servir como una base coherente para guiar la politica del Estado
Comparative study of Hilbert–Huang transform, Fourier transform and wavelet transform in pavement profile analysis

This study employs the Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT), the wavelet transform and the Fourier transform to analyse the road surface profiles of three pavement profiles. The wavelet and Fourier transforms have been the traditional spectral analysis methods, but they are predicated on a priori selection of basis functions that are either of infinite length or have fixed finite widths. The central idea of HHT is the empirical mode decomposition, which decomposes a signal into basis functions called the intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). The Hilbert transform can then be applied to the IMFs to generate an energy–time–frequency spectrum called the Hilbert spectrum. The strength of HHT is the ability to process non-stationary and non-linear data. Unlike the Fourier transform, which transforms information from the time domain into the frequency domain, the HHT does not lose temporal information after transformation, i.e. energy–frequency information is maintained in the time domain. This paper attempts to reveal the...
Influences of monomer and oligomer structures on their adsorption on metal oxide surfaces

Abstract The adsorption from alkaline solutions of a series of monomeric organic acids on metal oxide treated TiO 2 aqueous dispersions is examined. Substituents containing a combination of carboxylic acid and hydroxyl groups were observed to adsorb significantly, whereas those containing only acid or hydroxyl groups did not adsorb significantly. Based on these results, two types of oligomeric dispersants were synthesized to provide stability to aqueous TiO 2 dispersions. In the first series, the adsorption sites were in the terminal positions of poly(oxyethylene) oligomers of variable lengths. Based on the monomeric acid studies, the terminal adsorption units in these “claw” stabilizers were malic acid groups. To provide greater adsorptive strength, oligomers with repeating adsorption units along the mainchain also were synthesized. Oligomers of this type included poly(aspartic acid) and maleic acid alternating co-oligomers with oxyethylene branches extending from the mainchain. The adsorption of these materials on metal oxide surface treated TiO 2 and their influence on the rheology of TiO 2 dispersions at a high volume fraction are discussed.
Problems faced by women while pursuing career in the fields of engineering

This research paper introduces and analyses the issues faced by females while pursuing and progressing careers in the fields of engineering, followed by why they themselves or the society around them is reluctant to let them play an active role in this field. General mind set of the people of South Asian countries is discussed and the hindrances that a female engineer, belonging to a male-dominated society, may experience from a pre-university stage till the transition to a professional career are pointed out. A survey and its results are mentioned to elaborate on the real life issues faced by female engineers in the South Asian countries including Pakistan, Sri Lanka, India and Bangladesh.
Thermal mapping and trends of Mars analog materials in sample acquisition operations using experimentation and models

Abstract The effects of atmosphere, ambient temperature, and geologic material were studied experimentally and using a computer model to predict the heating undergone by Mars rocks during rover sampling operations. Tests were performed on five well-characterized and/or Mars analog materials: Indiana limestone, Saddleback basalt, kaolinite, travertine, and water ice. Eighteen tests were conducted to 55 mm depth using a Mars Sample Return prototype coring drill, with each sample containing six thermal sensors. A thermal simulation was written to predict the complete thermal profile within each sample during coring and this model was shown to be capable of predicting temperature increases with an average error of about 7%. This model may be used to schedule power levels and periods of rest during actual sample acquisition processes to avoid damaging samples or freezing the bit into icy formations. Maximum rock temperature increase is found to be modeled by a power law incorporating rock and operational parameters. Energy transmission efficiency in coring is found to increase linearly with rock hardness and decrease by 31% at Mars pressure.
Evolution of subsequent yield surfaces and elastic constants with finite plastic deformation. Part II: A very high work hardening aluminum alloy (annealed 1100 Al)

Abstract Results are presented on the evolution of subsequent yield surfaces with finite deformation in a very high work hardening annealed 1100 aluminum alloy. In Part I [Khan, A.S., Kazmi, R., Stoughton, T., Pandey, A., 2009a. Evolution of subsequent yield surfaces and elastic constants with finite plastic deformation. Part 1: a very low work hardening aluminum alloy (Al-6061–T6511) 25, 1611–1625.] of this paper, similar results are presented for a very low work hardening aluminum alloy. Those results were very different from the present ones, and all the results were for proportional loading paths. The subsequent yield surfaces are determined in tension, free end torsion and combined tension–torsion proportional and non-proportional loading paths, using 10 μe deviation from linearity definition of yield. Yield surfaces are also determined after linear, bi-linear, and non-linear unloading paths after finite deformation under tension, free end torsion, and combined tension–torsion loading. The initial yield surface is closer to the von-Mises surface and the subsequent yield surfaces show distortion, expansion, positive cross-effect, and “nose” in the loading direction. Additionally, the subsequent yield surfaces after non-proportional loading paths show shrinkage and compounded distortion. The yield surfaces after unloading depict strong anisotropy, positive cross-effect and exhibits different proportion of distortion in each loading conditions. The Young’s and shear modulus decrease with plastic deformation and this decrease is much less than those reported in the published literature.
Anterior cingulate volumetric alterations in treatment-naïve adults with ADHD: a pilot study.

Objective: We sought to examine preliminary results of brain alterations in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in treatment-naive adults with ADHD. The ACC is a central brain node for the integration of cognitive control and allocation of attention, affect and drive. Thus its anatomical alteration may give rise to impulsivity, hyperactivity and inattention, which are cardinal behavioral manifestations of ADHD. Method: Segmentation and parcellation of the ACC was performed on controls (n = 22), treated (n = 13) and treatment-naive adults with ADHD (n = 13). Results: There was a 21% volume reduction in the left ACC of the treatment-naive group relative to the control group. Also, there was a 23% volume reduction in the right ACC of the treated group relative to the control group. Conclusion: These results raise the possibility that in ADHD there are volumetric deficits persistent into adulthood, that are independent of medical treatment. (J. of Att. Dis. 2010; 13(4) 407-413)
The Human Papillomavirus Type 8 E2 Gene Encodes a Transforming Activity Sufficient for Skin Tumor Formation in Transgenic Mice

Infections with β-genus human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been associated with nonmelanoma skin cancers, particularly in immunocompromised patients and individuals with a rare genetic disease, epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV). Using a transgenic mouse model, Herbert Pfister's group determined that expression of the HPV8 E2 gene results in skin cancer development and that this process is greatly accelerated by UV irradiation (Pfefferle et al., 2008, this issue).
Natural Wastewater Treatment: An Unfulfilled Potential

Natural wastewater treatment methods may, in some cases, represent a potentially viable economic and environmental alternative to traditional, highly capital intensive mechanical-chemical methods. However, the market failures of imperfect information and incomplete markets coupled with a collective risk aversion on the part of decision makers may be making it more difficult for natural wastewater treatment methods to fully realize their market potential. This is unfortunate, because local communities throughout the United States are facing a significant, multi-billion-dollar funding gap between their available capital and the capital requirements of needed wastewater treatment expansion. A course of policy action is examined.
Cultural influences on pain management in the elderly

Cultural influences are often more important in the elderly and help explain the influence of nonbiological factors underlying pain appraisal, expression, and folk treatments. Five main psychological theories that underlie these cultural influences help direct supportive interventions.
High-frequency low-power ICs in a scaled submicrometer HBT technology

Fast, dense, and low-power integrated circuits (ICs) have been developed using a new scaled heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) IC process. HBTs have been fabricated with emitter dimensions of 0.3 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ and a circuit metallization pitch of 4 /spl mu/m to reduce power and compact the chip size. Submicrometer HBTs exhibited f/sub T/ of over 160 GHz. A number of circuits using this new technology have been demonstrated, including a low-power comparator test chip clocked at 40 GHz and an ultra-low-power phase-locked-loop-based (PLL) clock and data-recovery circuit consuming 22-mW dc power at 4 GHz.
High Directivity CTL-Couplers and a New Technique for the Measurement of CTLl-Coupler Parameters

A very powerful method to measure the parameters of a one-section Coupled Transmission Line (CTL) coupler is presented. Three transmission measurements at the frequency of maximum coupling is sufficient to give the even- and odd-mode impedances (Z/sub e/,Z/sub 0/) and the even- and odd-mode lengths (Theta/sub e/,Theta/sub 0). Explicit equations are presented for the necessary calculations. Data for some stripline couplers measured with the new method are presented. The data show a very significant length difference between the even and odd modes, although boards with the same dielectric constant (measured according to the MIL standard) were used. Improved dielectric-constant measurement techniques for thin boards have been developed. The presented methods give more relevant information of dielectric constant and Q value of the thin boards. A new method for wide-band improvement of CTL-coupler directivity when Theta/sub e/ /spl ne/ Theta/sub 0/ has been developed. The theory is presented with all necessary equations and it covers both Theta/sub e/ > Theta/sub 0/ (microstrip) and Theta/sub e/ < Theta/sub 0/. The new method makes use of short compensating sections in the coupler to achieve a directivity pole at an arbitrary frequency. The wanted bandwidth determines the optimum location of the pole. Several examples with design data are given.
Probing the Potential of Neutron Imaging for Biomedical and Biological Applications

Neutron imaging of biological specimens began soon after the discovery of the neutron by Chadwick in 1932. The first samples included tumors in tissues, internal organs in rats, and bones. These studies mainly employed thermal neutrons and were often compared with X-ray images of the same or equivalent samples. Although neutron scattering is widely used in biological studies, neutron imaging has yet to be exploited to its full capability in this area. This chapter summarizes past and current research efforts to apply neutron radiography to the study of biological specimens, in the expectation that clinical and medical research, as well as forensic science, may benefit from it.
Analytical solutions for asymmetric periodic motions to chaos in a hardening Duffing oscillator

In this paper, the analytical dynamics of asymmetric periodic motions in the periodically forced, hardening Duffing oscillator is investigated via the generalized harmonic balance method. For the hardening Duffing oscillator, the symmetric periodic motions were extensively investigated with the aim of a good understanding of solutions with jumping phenomena. However, the asymmetric periodic motions for the hardening Duffing oscillators have not been obtained yet, and such asymmetric periodic motions are very important to find routes of periodic motions to chaos in the hardening Duffing oscillator analytically. Thus, the bifurcation trees from asymmetric period-1 motions to chaos are presented. The corresponding unstable periodic motions in the hardening Duffing oscillator are presented, and numerical illustrations of stable and unstable periodic motions are carried out as well. This investigation provides a comprehensive understanding of chaos mechanism in the hardening Duffing oscillator.
Spatio-temporal Linear Discrimination for Inferring Task Difficulty from EEG

We present a spatio-temporal linear discrimination method for single-trial classification of multi-channel electroencephalography (EEG). No prior information about the characteristics of the neural activity is required i.e. the algorithm requires no knowledge about the timing and/or spatial distribution of the evoked responses. The algorithm finds a temporal delay/window onset time for each EEG channel and then spatially integrates the channels for each channel-specific onset time. The algorithm can be seen as learning discrimination trajectories defined within the space of EEG channels. We demonstrate the method for detecting auditory evoked neural activity and discrimination of task difficulty in a complex visual-auditory environment
Substance P Increases Sympathetic Activity During Combined Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibition

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors prevent the degradation of incretin hormones and reduce postprandial hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 degrades other peptides with a penultimate proline or alanine, including bradykinin and substance P, which are also substrates of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). During ACE inhibition, substance P is inactivated primarily by dipeptidyl peptidase-4, whereas bradykinin is first inactivated by aminopeptidase P. This study tested the hypothesis that dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition potentiates vasodilator and fibrinolytic responses to substance P when ACE is inhibited. Twelve healthy subjects participated in this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover study. On each study day, subjects received sitagliptin 200 mg by mouth or placebo. Substance P and bradykinin were infused via brachial artery before and during intra-arterial enalaprilat. Sitagliptin and enalaprilat each reduced forearm vascular resistance and increased forearm blood flow without affecting mean arterial pressure, but there was no interactive effect of the inhibitors. Enalaprilat increased bradykinin-stimulated vasodilation and tissue plasminogen activator release; sitagliptin did not affect these responses to bradykinin. The vasodilator response to substance P was unaffected by sitagliptin and enalaprilat; however, substance P increased heart rate and vascular release of norepinephrine during combined ACE and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition. In women, sitagliptin diminished tissue plasminogen activator release in response to substance P both alone and during enalaprilat. Substance P increases sympathetic activity during combined ACE and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition. Clinical Trial Registration:— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01413542.
The use of public education in practice.

1. Miriam E. Bar-on, MD* 1. 2. *Professor of Pediatrics, Ronald McDonald Children’s Hospital, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL Dr Bar-on also is Chair, Committee on Public Education, American Academy of Pediatrics. Objectives After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the primary goals of patient handouts. 2. Describe the primary goals of group education for patients who have specific disease processes. 3. Delineate the advantages of pediatrician involvement in the community. 4. Describe quality issues related to patient education on the Internet. 5. List the advantages of developing media contacts and providing information to them. Public or patient education is one means of attaining the optimal physical, mental, and social health and well-being for infants, children, adolescents, and young adults, as stated in the American Academy of Pediatrics’ (AAP) mission statement. By definition, patient education is the process of influencing patient behavior and producing changes in knowledge, attitudes, and skills required to maintain or improve health. This usually is addressed on an individual basis and includes teaching and counseling to enable patients to stay healthy and manage illness better when it occurs. Public education, on the other hand, is a broader term that includes the pediatrician’s role in influencing the health status of the public through involvement with community groups and the media. Both types of education are important and merit pediatrician involvement. Questions arise as to the best and most effective ways to provide this education within the constraints of busy practices or other commitments. Public education can be incorporated into pediatricians’ daily activities in a variety of ways both inside and outside the office. Studies in the medical literature have reviewed the outcomes of public/patient education programs and their effectiveness in practice. This article examines various methods of public/patient education that may enhance pediatricians’ promotion of health and well-being for their patients. Although many of the methods discussed will be familiar, there is evidence in the literature that public/patient education is not adequately provided to patients. The office is the primary …
Use of organic reagents in inorganic analysis

Eighteen anilic acids have been prepared from maleic anhydride and various aromatic amines and their properties and analytical reactions with various metal ions have been studied. The acid prepared from benzidine was insoluble in all common solvents and, hence, its application could not be studied. Most of these reagents, except those obtained from aniline, o- and p-chloroanilines, nitranilines, p-amino-acetanilide and o-phenylenediamine, produced more or less quantitative precipitations with both thorium and zirconium. Their actions towards thorium and zirconium were very much alike. They also gave precipitations with mercury(I), lead and cerium(IV), but such precipitations were not complete. Ferrous iron showed greyish turbidity with most of the reagents, but ferric iron produced colourations varying from brown to violet, such colours were, however, found to be unstable either on standing for a while or on heating. Gold and platinum underwent reduction in presence of these reagents.
Making History and Making the United States

In the Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson became the first American to put history to work to create a nation. He blazed a path that historians have been following ever since. Consider the difficulty Jefferson faced. Different events were happening in thirteen intensely local and isolated colonies among people with different traditions, languages, religions, and circumstances. Jefferson turned these scattered events into a national narrative. Behind these individual acts by agents of the British Crown aimed at different colonies was a single menace, Jefferson insisted, that should inspire these isolated individuals to discover and act upon what they shared as bearers of the traditional liberties of Englishmen. To introduce his stunning attempt to fit isolated events into a single narrative, Jefferson began by boldly declaring that it was “necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds that have connected them with another.” The colonists, Jefferson proclaimed, were “one people.” Jefferson knew that the colonists were not “one people.” But in order to invent one nation, Jefferson had to invent one people, and in order to invent one people Jefferson had to invent one history that might unite that “one people.” It has been hard work ever since. From 1776 until sometime in the 1960s or 1970s, it was possible to believe – indeed, it was hard to question – that nations were, or even should be, the embodiment of people's destinies – that nations could express their identities, solve their problems, and be entrusted with their dreams and fates. The modern practice of history was born a couple of centuries ago to serve this process, to invent narratives and persuade peoples to interpret their personal experiences within national terms and narratives.
A new interpretation of force/servo control of robot arms

A new easy-to-understand physical interpretation of complicated robot control system is given in this paper. Theorems are provided to derive the new physical interpretation of the robot arms as passive dynamical system and the controller as hyperstable system. Utilizing the fact that the multilayer feedforward networks are universal approximators to any continuous function, this new view expands its range of application to neural net type controller and possibly, other AI based controller like fuzzy logic controller. >