cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk/protective factors associated with substance use among runaway/homeless youth utilizing emergency shelter services nationwide.

Abstract Rates of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use among runaway/homeless youth are substantially higher than found among American high school students. To understand the risk and protective factors associated with substance use, this study (1) assessed cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use among a national sample of runaway/homeless youth, (2) identified risk/protective factors associated with lifetime substance use, and (3) examined risk/protective factors associated with six month frequency of substance use. Unduplicated cases (n = 11,841) from the 1997 Runaway/Homeless Youth Management Information System (RHY MIS) were analyzed. Results showed that substance use levels are greater than previously reported for this population. Predictors of cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use and frequency were predominately individual youth risk factors and demographics rather than family risk factors. Providers in emergency youth shelters are in a prime position to assess substance use behaviors, as well as the ...
Hyperbolic manifolds and degenerating handle additions

A 2-handle addition on the boundary of a hyperbolic 3-manifold M is called degenerating if the resulting manifold is not hyperbolic. There are examples that some manifolds admit infinitely many degenerating handle additions. But most of them are not ‘basic’. (See Section 1 for definitions). Our first main theorem shows that there are only finitely many basic degenerating handle additions. We also study the case that one of the handle additions produces a reducible manifold, and another produces a ∂-reducible manifold, showing that in this case either the two attaching curves are disjoint, or they can be isotoped into a once-punctured torus. A byproduct is a combinatorial proof of a similar known result about degenerating hyperbolic structures by Dehn filling.
Leading baryons at HERA

H1 and ZEUS results on leading baryon production in ep scattering are presented. The data are shown to be consistent with particle exchange models of baryon production, and the pion structure function is extracted.
Microampere flux pumps for superconducting NMR magnets Part 1: basic concept and microtesla flux measurement

Abstract This paper describes the basic concept of and two microtesla flux measurement techniques for microampere flux pumps to be used in superconducting NMR magnets. Under construction presently at FBML are a prototype flux pump and an LTS/HTS NMR magnet, which will be coupled to a full-scale flux pump to be built after completion of the prototype. The two measurement techniques, independent and complementary, permit quantification of flux increments pumped into a magnet coupled to a microampere flux pump.
Large interactions of compiled and causal reasoning in diagnosis

A medical diagnosis system that dynamically integrates two types of problem-solving agents to solve large problems is presented. It integrates a deep/model-based/fundamental type of system with a shallow/compiled/empirical type system. A functional-representation model serves as a deep reasoner, giving causal credence to diagnostic conclusions and finding interactions between partial conclusions that greatly reduce searches. >
Survival of hatchery Gulf sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi Mitchill, 1815) in the Suwannee River, Florida: A 19‐year evaluation

Summary An experimental release of 1192 hatchery-reared, individually PIT tagged, 220 days old (296–337 mm TL) Gulf sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi, was undertaken in 1992 in the Suwannee River, Florida. The original objectives of the 1992 release experiment were to: (1) evaluate survival rate of cultured Gulf sturgeon in the wild vs survival rate of their wild 1992 cohort counterparts, (2) determine the differential effect of release site within the river upon long-term survival, and (3) evaluate comparative growth rates of recaptured hatchery vs captured wild 1992 cohort Gulf sturgeon. The present investigation addressed those original objectives, plus an additional fourth objective: (4) evaluation of hatchery fish recapture rate change over the 19-year experiment. The primary objective was to determine efficacy of potential conservation aquaculture for this species in terms of long-term survival in the wild. Follow-up 1993–2011 gill net sampling in freshwater reaches (rkm 4–237) and the estuarine river mouth (rkm −6 to 4) yielded recaptures representing 13.0% of the total released. Mean annual hatchery fish mortality (including emigration) rate estimated for the 19-year period (1993–2011) was more than twice that for same cohort wild fish. Mark-recapture survival probability (phi) for hatchery fish, 1993–2011, was substantially lower (0.733) than for their wild counterparts (0.888). Mean annual hatchery fish recapture rate, as a percentage of all 1992 cohort fish recaptures, declined significantly after age-7, coinciding with age of onset of migration into the open Gulf of Mexico. Hypothesized causal factors may be differentially lower fitness in the marine habitat or permanent outmigration due to natal river imprinting failure. Hatchery fish recapture rates varied significantly for fish from the ten release sites, being highest near the river mouth, and lowest for the furthest upriver sites in the Suwannee River and its Santa Fe River tributary. Hatchery fish also displayed a significantly lower growth rate than their wild counterparts through age 3000 days. Cumulative hatchery fish mortality of 99.87% over 19 years predicts <3 individuals would have survived through 2011. From the results of the 1992 release experiment, hatchery supplementation as a Gulf sturgeon conservation measure does not appear to be an effective option.
PINK1- Phosphorylated Mitofusin 2 is a Parkin Receptor for Culling Damaged Mitochondria

Senescent and damaged mitochondria undergo selective mitophagic elimination through mechanisms requiring two Parkinson's disease factors, the mitochondrial kinase PINK1 (PTEN-induced putative kinase protein 1; PTEN is phosphatase and tensin homolog) and the cytosolic ubiquitin ligase Parkin. The nature of the PINK-Parkin interaction and the identity of key factors directing Parkin to damaged mitochondria are unknown. We show that the mitochondrial outer membrane guanosine triphosphatase mitofusin (Mfn) 2 mediates Parkin recruitment to damaged mitochondria. Parkin bound to Mfn2 in a PINK1-dependent manner; PINK1 phosphorylated Mfn2 and promoted its Parkin-mediated ubiqitination. Ablation of Mfn2 in mouse cardiac myocytes prevented depolarization-induced translocation of Parkin to the mitochondria and suppressed mitophagy. Accumulation of morphologically and functionally abnormal mitochondria induced respiratory dysfunction in Mfn2-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes and in Parkin-deficient Drosophila heart tubes, causing dilated cardiomyopathy. Thus, Mfn2 functions as a mitochondrial receptor for Parkin and is required for quality control of cardiac mitochondria.
Using platform-independent data locality analysis to predict cache performance on abstract hardware platforms

The context of the research is a co-design project that has the goals of designing hardware systems to match application requirements and mapping applications to the hardware efficiently. To determine application requirements, we characterize the application using platform-independent locality metrics. Next we use locality data to predict cache performance of sequential versions of the application codes for various cache configurations. After using an analytical model to select a candidate set of cache configurations, we use architectural simulation to refine the selection for the target multicore systems.
Measurement of dimensional changes in thin polymer films

Instrumentation is described to measure dimensional changes of polymer films in strip and disk form. Experimental results are presented for the time-dependent radial deformation of a rotating disk due to stress relaxation, creep and environmental changes such as temperature and humidity. In addition, measurement of longitudinal extension and lateral contraction of a narrow strip under uniaxial tension is discussed.
The large vestibular aqueduct: A new definition based on audiologic and computed tomography correlation:

Objective The study goal was to determine the prevalence and clinical significance of a large vestibular aqueduct (LVA) in children with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Study Design and Setting We conducted a retrospective review of a pediatric SNHL database. One hundred seven children with SNHL were selected and their radiographic and audiometric studies were evaluated. Radiographic comparisons were made to a group of children without SNHL. Results A vestibular aqueduct (VA) larger than the 95th percentile of controls was present in 32% of children with SNHL. Progressive SNHL was more likely to occur in ears with an LVA and the rate of progressive hearing loss was greater than in ears without an LVA. The risk of progressive SNHL increased with increasing VA size as determined by logistic regression analysis. Conclusions An LVA is defined as one that is ≥2 mm at the operculum and/or ≥1 mm at the midpoint in children with nonsyndromic SNHL. An LVA appears to be more common than previously reported in children with SNHL. A linear relationship is observed between VA width and progressive SNHL. Significance The finding of an LVA in children with SNHL provides diagnostic as well as prognostic information.
A New Strategy for the Preparation of Supramolecular Neutral Hydrogels

This paper demonstrates that miscible blends from water-insoluble polymers, such as poly(2,4,4-trimethylhexamethylene terephthalamide) (1), methylamine imidized poly(methyl methacrylate) (2), and a...
Trichinella spiralis: correlates in vitro of altered immune responsiveness in mice.

Abstract Mixed lymphocyte reactions and in vitro antibody responses to dinitrophenol (DNP) after immunization with DNP-Ficoll were measured in spleen cells from mice following infection with 200 Trichinella spiralis larvae. A depression of the mixed lymphocyte reaction was observed at 14 through 84 days after infection. A reduced response to concanavalin A stimulation was demonstrated over a similar time period, 7 through 63 days of infection. The addition of mitomycin C-treated spleen cells from mice infected with T. spiralis to cultures of normal splenocytes suppressed the mixed lymphocyte reaction by 28% to 65%. The antibody response to DNP-Ficoll immunization was enhanced 20 days after infection, a time when the T-dependent antibody response to sheep erythrocytes was depressed.
Toll-like receptor signaling in liver ischemia and reperfusion.

Liver ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injuries are significant clinical challenges implicated in various hepatic surgical procedures and transplantations. Associated with varying degrees of insult, the hallmark of I/R is the excessive inflammatory response potentiated by the host immune system. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), known to play an important role in pathogen-derived inflammation, are now thought to participate in I/R injury-derived inflammation signaling pathways. Endogenous particles (proteins, cytokines, nucleic acids) that are released from damaged host cells bind to TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9, resulting in even further injury by subsequent inflammatory reactions and activation of the innate immune system. This review aims to systematically examine the current literature about TLR signaling mechanisms, allowing for a greater understanding of the precise role of TLRs in hepatic I/R injuries.
The asymptotic solution of differential equations with a turning point and singularities

Asymptotic solutions of the differential equationfor large positive values of u, are examined; z is a complex variable in a domain Dz in which P1(z) and z2q(z) are regular and p1(z) does not vanish. In this paper it is shown that there exist Airy-type expansions of the solutions of this equation which are valid uniformly with respect to z in a domain in which z = 0 and z = z0 are interior points. If Dz is unbounded and the equation has a regular singularity at infinity, Airy-type expansions exist which are valid at z = 0, z = z0 and z = δ. If p(z) = constant + O (│z│-1) as │ z │ → ∞ in Dz, similar expansions also exist. The results given here are new.
Accelerated poly(A) loss and mRNA stabilization are independent effects of protein synthesis inhibition on α-tubulin mRNA in Chlamydomonas

In Chlamydomonas, the usual rapid degradation of tubulin mRNAs induced by flagellar amputation is prevented by inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide. Evidence is presented that the ability of cycloheximide to stabilize alpha-tubulin mRNA depends on the time of addition. Addition of cycloheximide to cells before induction strongly stabilizes the induced mRNAs, while addition after their synthesis stabilizes them only transiently. Moreover, cycloheximide inhibition does not stabilize the same alpha-tubulin mRNA species in uninduced cells. These results suggest that cycloheximide is not acting to stabilize the induced alpha-tubulin mRNAs simply by preventing ribosome translocation. The stabilized state of tubulin mRNA was found to correlate with its occurrence on smaller polysomes but larger EDTA-released mRNP particles than the unstable state. A second effect of cycloheximide on the metabolism of induced tubulin mRNAs is to accelerate complete poly(A) removal. This effect of cycloheximide inhibition, unlike stabilization, occurs whenever cycloheximide is added to cells, and appears unrelated to stabilization. The effect is shown to be mRNA-specific; poly(A)-shortening on the rbcS2 mRNA is not altered in the presence of cycloheximide, nor do completely deadenylated molecules accumulate. Experiments in which cells were released from cycloheximide inhibition suggest that deadenylated alpha-tubulin mRNAs may be less stable than their polyadenylated counterparts during active translation.
Enhancement of the evanescent coupling between deeply-etched IIIV-Si hybrid microring laser and its small Si bus waveguide by using a bending coupler

This paper presents the design of a bending coupler for a compact deeply-etched IIIV-Si hybrid microring laser. With the design, a relatively large gap (∼ 0.45 µm) is enough to result in sufficient evanescent coupling between the IIIV-Si hybrid microring and the Si bus waveguide.
Harmonics in multiplicative and additive noise: parameter estimation using cyclic statistics

The problem of concern here is parameter estimation of harmonics in the presence of multiplicative and additive noise. Cyclic statistics are employed to estimate the frequencies and phases, after which the time series is demodulated and cumulants of the noise processes are estimated. The latter are then supplied to linear or nonlinear cumulant-based algorithms to identify ARMA model parameters for the noises. Cyclic statistics and higher order spectra-based approaches are shown to yield the same frequency estimates. Simulation examples illustrate the algorithms. >
Effects of Event Valence on Long-Term Memory for Two Baseball Championship Games

We investigated how event valence affected accuracy and vividness of long-term memory for two comparable public events. In 2008, 1,563 fans answered questions about objective details concerning two decisive baseball championship games between the Yankees (2003 winners) and the Red Sox (2004 winners). Both between- and within-groups analyses indicated that fans remembered the game their team won significantly more accurately than the game their team lost. Fans also reported more vividness and more rehearsal for the game their team won. We conclude that individuals rehearse positive events more than comparable negative events, and that this additional rehearsal increases both vividness and accuracy of memories about positive events. Our results differ from those of prior studies involving memories for negative events that may have been unavoidably rehearsed; such rehearsal may have kept those memories from fading. Long-term memory for an event is determined not only by the valence of the event, but also by ...
Exchange transfusion for malaria and Babesia infection.

Malaria accounts for about 2 million deaths per year. Although most cases occur in children in sub-Saharian Africa, fatal infections are seen increasingly in industrialized countries. In 1992, over 900 malaria cases were reported in the United States and a third of these were caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Fatal infections are related to the magnitude of the parasitemia and the immune status of the host. P falciparum poses the greatest threat of death because it invades red cells of all ages, is often drug resistant, and is the only one of the plasmodia species that produces microvascular disease. The risk of death is correlated with the parasite load in immune naive individuals. Babesiosis is generally a subclinical infection in most normal hosts, but it can be life threatening in asplenic patients, older, or immunocompromised individuals. The role of exchange transfusion (ET) in the treatment of these infections is controversial. The Centers for Disease Control recommends that ET be performed in P falciparum infection when parasitemia is equal or greater than 10%. In patients with coma, renal failure, or adult respiratory distress syndrome, ET is recommended regardless of the level of parasitemia even if less than 10%. ET has been advocated to reduce the level of parasitized red blood cells (RBCs), to remove cytokines, and to improve the rheologic properties of the blood. Dramatic improvement has been reported, but there are conflicting reports that question the need for exchange transfusion. This review examines the pathophysiology of severe infection and its treatment, with an emphasis on the role of exchange transfusion.
Potential of plant proteins for medical applications

Various natural and synthetic polymers are being explored to develop biomaterials for tissue engineering and drug delivery. Although proteins are preferable over carbohydrates and synthetic polymers, biomaterials developed from proteins lack the mechanical properties and/or biocompatibilities required for medical applications. Plant proteins are widely available, have low potential to be immunogenic and can be made into fibers, films, hydrogels and micro- and nano-particles for medical applications. Studies, mostly with zein, have demonstrated the potential of using plant proteins for tissue engineering and drug delivery. Although other plant proteins such as wheat gluten and soyproteins have also shown biocompatibility using in vitro studies, fabricating biomaterials such as nano-fibers and nano-particles from soy and wheat proteins offers considerable challenges.
Morphology, swimming performance and propulsive mode of six co-occurring hydromedusae.

Jet propulsion, based on examples from the Hydrozoa, has served as a valuable model for swimming by medusae. However, cnidarian medusae span several taxonomic classes (collectively known as the Medusazoa) and represent a diverse array of morphologies and swimming styles. Does one mode of propulsion appropriately describe swimming by all medusae? This study examined a group of co-occurring hydromedusae collected from the waters of Friday Harbor, WA, USA, to investigate relationships between swimming performance and underlying mechanisms of thrust production. The six species examined encompassed a wide range of bell morphologies and swimming habits. Swimming performance (measured as swimming acceleration and velocity) varied widely among the species and was positively correlated with bell streamlining (measured as bell fineness ratio) and velar structure development (measured as velar aperture ratio). Calculated thrust production due to jet propulsion adequately explained acceleration patterns of prolate medusae (Aglantha digitale, Sarsia sp. and Proboscidactyla flavicirrata ) possessing well-developed velums. However, acceleration patterns of oblate medusae (Aequorea victoria, Mitrocoma cellularia and Phialidium gregarium) that have less developed velums were poorly described by jet thrust production. An examination of the wakes behind swimming medusae indicated that, in contrast to the clearly defined jet structures produced by prolate species, oblate medusae did not produce defined jets but instead produced prominent vortices at the bell margins. These vortices are consistent with a predominantly drag-based, rowing mode of propulsion by the oblate species. These patterns of propulsive mechanics and swimming performance relate to the role played by swimming in the foraging ecology of each medusa. These patterns appear to extend beyond hydromedusae and thus have important implications for other members of the Medusazoa. Summary
Fat Absorption by the Very Young Chick

Abstract Intestinal absorption of corn oil and beef tallow was studied in White Leghorn male chicks during the periods of 2 to 7 and 8 to 15 days of age. Absorption of both fats was less at the earlier age. The corrected absorbability of corn oil increased from 84 to 95%; that of beef tallow from 40 to 79%. With both dietary fats, the greatest amount of fat appeared in the excreta at 5 and 7 days of age and then decreased rapidly within a 2-day period. Absorbability values for corn oil and tallow during the 8 to 15 day period agreed with generally accepted values found in the literature, while those for the 2 to 7 day period were lower. These results show that the newly hatched chick does not have full physiological capacity for fat absorption. However, this appears to develop rapidly after the first few days of life.
Simple procedure for mono- and bis-end-functionalization of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene)s using chalcogens

The efficient synthesis of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl)s (rr-P3HTs) capped with chalcogens using a simple quenching method is reported. Thiol (SH) end groups are selectively installed at the terminating end (ω-end) or at both the initiating (α-) and ω-ends using sulphur powder or triisopropylsilanethiol (TIPS–SH), respectively.
Linkage to Gaucher mutations in the Ashkenazi population: effect of drift on decay of linkage disequilibrium and evidence for heterozygote selection.

The two most common Gaucher disease mutations in the Ashkenazi population, 1226A-->G and 84G-->GG in the glucocerebrosidase gene, are tightly linked to a marker in the nearby pyruvate kinase gene. This paper develops a simulation of the Ashkenazi population that considers the effects of selection and drift on the mutant allele frequency and the recombinant haplotype frequency over time. Although the fraction of mutants that are linked to the original marker decays exponentially on average, this expected value is not very likely to occur. Instead, due to random loss of the recombinant haplotype, a mutation has a significant probability of retaining complete linkage disequilibrium long after its origin, so there may be large errors in estimating the age of a mutation based on linkage data. The simulations show that the 1226G mutation probably originated between 40 and 1000 generations ago (1000 to 25,000 years ago), and the 84GG mutation probably originated between 50 and 4800 generations ago (1300 to 120,000 years ago). The recent origin of the 1226G mutation and its high current allele frequency provide strong evidence for heterozygote selection. New techniques and results developed in this paper have general applicability toward analyzing linkage disequilibrium near other mutations. For example, they potentially explain the unexpected pattern of linkage disequilibrium seen around the DeltaF508 mutation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene.
Toll-like receptor 2 signaling is a mediator of apoptosis in herpes simplex virus-infected microglia

Information regarding the response of brain cells to infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 is needed for a complete understanding of viral neuropathogenesis. We have recently demonstrated that microglial cells respond to HSV infection by producing a number of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines through a mechanism involving Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Following this cytokine burst, microglial cells rapidly undergo cell death by apoptosis. We hypothesized that TLR2 signaling might mediate the cell death process as well. To test this hypothesis, we investigated HSV-induced cell death of microglia obtained from both wild-type and TLR2-/- mice. Cell death was studied by oligonucleosomal ELISA and TUNEL staining, and the mechanisms of apoptosis were further analyzed using murine apoptosis-specific microarrays. The data obtained from microarray analysis were then validated using quantitative real-time PCR assays. HSV infection induced apoptotic cell death in microglial cells from wild-type as well as TLR2 cells. However, the cell death at 24 h p.i. was markedly lower in knockout cells. Furthermore, microarray analyses clearly showed that the expression of pro-apoptotic genes was down-regulated at the time when wild-type cells were actively undergoing apoptosis, indicating a differential response to HSV in cells with or without TLR2. We demonstrate here that HSV induces an apoptotic response in microglial cells which is mediated through TLR2 signaling.
Motion estimation optimization

Motion estimation is cast as a problem in energy minimization. This is achieved by modeling the displacement field as a Markov random field. The equivalence of a Markov random field and a Gibbs distribution is then used to convert the problem into one of defining an appropriate energy function that describes the motion and any constraints imposed on it. The energy function is then minimized using the mean field annealing algorithm, a technique which finds the global or near-global minima in nonconvex optimization problems. Analysis of the algorithm and experimental results are presented. >
A Survey Method for Determining Angler Preference for Catches of Various Fish Length and Number Combinations

Abstract To help predict what effect potential length- or bag-limit regulations might have on angler satisfaction, anglers at two Ohio lakes were asked to rate their preferences for hypothetical catches of crappies Pomoxis spp. consisting of various combinations of lengths and numbers. Anglers at Delaware and Paint Creek lakes rated catches by scoring them on a unitless semantic differentiation scale where 1 was the lowest and 5 was the highest satisfaction. Catch scenarios consisting of 5, 10, 15, or 20 fish of 127–279 mm total length in 25.4-mm increments were described to the anglers by interviewers using verbal and visual communication. Analysis of weighted leasts-quares estimates indicated lake, fish length, and number of fish all significantly affected variance in responses. Fish length was the most influential independent variable, Differences between lakes were most apparent for the 5-fish scenarios. The predominant effect of fish length on angler preference justifies management actions on these t...
Analysis of execution log files

Log analysis can be used to find problems, define operational profiles, and even pro-actively prevent issues. The goal of my dissertation research is to investigate log management and analysis techniques suited for very large and very complex logs, such as those we might expect in a computational cloud system.
Detracking America's schools: Equity at zero cost?

Schools across the country are ending the practice of grouping students based on ability, in part, because of research indicating that tracking hurts low-ability students without helping students of other ability levels. Using a nationally representative survey conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics, (NCES) we reexamine the impact of tracking on high school student achievement through the estimation of a standard education production function. This approach allows us to control for the possibility that track is correlated with factors such as class size and teacher education. In addition, we address the possibility that there are unobserved student or school characteristics that affect both achievement and track placement. Our results indicate that abolishing tracking in America's schools would have a large positive impact on achievement for students currently in the lower tracks, but that this increase in achievement would come at the expense of students in upper-track classes.
Acute Hemodynamic Effects of Ethanol in Conscious Spontaneously Hypertensive and Normotensive Rats

This study investigated the differential hemodynamic effects of small to high doses of ethanol in conscious age-matched spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKYs). Changes evoked by ethanol (0.25, 0.5, or 1 g/kg, i.v.) or equal volume of saline in mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were followed for 90 min in the two rat strains. The baseline MAP (163 +/- 4 vs. 113 +/- 2 mm Hg) of SHRs was significantly (p < 0.05) higher, compared with WKYs due mainly to the presence of an elevated TPR 13.82 +/- 0.12 vs. 2.51 +/- 0.09 mm Hg/ml/min/100 g, p < 0.05) in SHRs. In both rat strains, all doses of ethanol produced immediate increases in MAP at 1 min, after which the MAP responses varied and depended on the rat strain and dose of ethanol used. In WKYs, 0.25 g/kg ethanol had no effect on MAP, but caused significant decreases in CO and SV and increased HR. Ethanol (0.5 and 1 g/kg) produced a short-lived (10 min) and dose-related increase in MAP. The higher dose (1 g/kg) of ethanol elicited significant (p < 0.05) increases in TPR that were counterbalanced by concomitant decreases in CO and SV. In SHRs, the two higher doses (0.5 and 1 g/kg) of ethanol elicited significant (p < 0.05) decreases and increases in MAP, respectively, compared with control (saline-treated) values. The pressor response to the 1 g/kg dose of ethanol was associated with an increase in TPR that achieved a statistical significance (p < 0.05) at 50 and 80 min after ethanol administration. HR was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by the two higher doses of ethanol, whereas SV and CO were not changed. Blood ethanol concentrations measured 10, 30, and 60 min after ethanol administration were similar in SHRs and WKYs. These findings suggest that acute administration of ethanol to conscious rats elicits hemodynamic responses that are strain- and dose-dependent. In contrast to a short-lived and dose-related pressor response in WKYs, ethanol (0.5 and 1 g/kg) elicited opposite and longer lasting effects on MAP (decreases and increases, respectively) in SHRs. In both rat strains, the pressor response to the higher dose of ethanol was associated with an increase in TPR; an effect that was compromised by a concomitant decrease in CO in WKYs but not SHRs.
The Third Citizen: Shakespeare's Theater and the Early Modern House of Commons

OLIVER ARNOLD Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007 xiv + 308 pp., ISBN: 0-801-88504-3, $55.00 Oliver Arnold takes his title from the name of a bit character in Coriolanus, the Roman ...
Integrated modeling and analysis of computer-based embedded control systems

Embedded real-time systems are ubiquitous in modern society, many of which perform safety-critical functions, and therefore, it is imperative to have tools and techniques that can guarantee a high degree of system correctness. They typically perform information processing on a digital computer tightly coupled with the continuous physical environment. Even though hybrid systems is an active research area, most work has ignored the scheduling behavior of software processes due to contention for the shared CPU resource. We propose an integrated approach based on hybrid automata and model-checking for modeling and analysis of computer-based embedded control systems where real-time scheduling behavior of the controller software is explicitly represented at the model-level, together with the physical environment that it interacts with. An application example is used to demonstrate the benefits of the integrated approach in performing tradeoff analysis involving both the controller software and the controlled physical system.
A correlational study of alcohol consumption and kinship among rats

Two experiments involving three generations each of Long-Evans rats are reported. Correlation coefficients (Pearson rs) were calculated among animals having varying degrees of biological kinship, using indices of relative alcohol consumption as data points. No evidence of a relationship between similarity of relative alcohol consumption and closeness of biological kinship was observed.
GeoLife: Managing and Understanding Your Past Life over Maps

The increasing popularity of GPS device has boosted many applications where more and more GPS logs have been accumulating continuously. Managing and understanding the collected GPS data are two important issues for these applications. On one hand, by indexing the increasing GPS data, we can provide effective retrieval method for users to find the corresponding GPS data interests them. On the other hand, by understanding user's GPS data, we are more likely to enable novel services which would stimulate people's passion on contributing GPS data in turn. However, so far, GPS data are still used directly without much understanding. In our project, referred to as GeoLife, we focus on visualization, organization, fast retrieval, and effective understanding of GPS track logs for both personal and public use. It not only provides a powerful platform for people to effectively manage their GPS data but also help them well understand a person's past experience from GPS data.
Venom metering by juvenile prairie rattlesnakes, Crotalus v. viridis: effects of prey size and experience

Despite contradictory evidence, it is widely believed that venomous snakes carefully control, or 'meter', the quantities of venom expended when feeding upon rodent prey. The major purpose of this study was to clarify experimentally whether juvenile prairie rattlesnakes inject more venom into larger mice than smaller mice. The subjects (N=7) were videotaped as they struck at small, medium and large mice in each of two separate trials. The quantity of venom expended was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of whole-animal homogenate. In the first ('naive') trial, the snakes injected similar quantities of venom into all size classes of prey. But in the second ('experienced') trial, the snakes injected significantly more venom into larger prey. No other aspect of striking varied among prey sizes or changed in the two trials. Thus, venom expenditure was probably not a consequence of, or constrained by, some extrinsic aspect of striking, such as duration of fang contact. More likely, the rattlesnakes, with experience, attempted to inject (or meter) more venom into larger prey through intrinsic control of venom delivery. Both natural (snakebite) and artificial (syringe) envenomations indicated that mice injected with larger quantities of venom died more quickly. Because larger prey succumb less rapidly to venom, metering more venom into larger prey may be an adaptive strategy for immobilizing and killing large prey more quickly. ? 1995 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour
Normal Chest X-Ray, Terminology and Radiographic Anatomy

The chest X-Ray (CXR) usually consists of two views: the PA (Posterior to Anterior) and the lateral. Figures 3.1 and 3.2 are example PA and lateral views without pathology. Other figures in this chapter will show you the different elements of the normal anatomy as they appear in a normal CXR.
The REINS Act: Unbridled Impediment to Regulation

The Regulations from the Executive In Need of Scrutiny Act, or REINS Act, is a legislative proposal that would greatly increase congressional control over administrative agency rulemaking. Under the bill, no "major rule" (a rule with a large economic impact) could go into effect unless Congress affirmatively approved it by adopting a joint resolution. The resolution would have to be passed by both houses of Congress and signed by the President (or repassed by two-thirds votes in each chamber in the event of a presidential veto). The House of Representatives passed REINS Act bills in 2011 and 2013 on near-party-line votes, and the 114th Congress, under unified Republican control, is likely to take up the proposal again. This article criticizes the bill on the basis that it would create an unmanageable workload for Congress, as well as unacceptable risks of stalemate in the development of important regulations. The article also questions the constitutionality of the bill. Some authors contend that the REINS Act would be valid, because Congress does not have to grant rulemaking power in the first place. In contrast, this article argues that the bill's provisions would bear a fatal resemblance to a one-house legislative veto, which the Supreme Court held unconstitutional in INS v. Chadha (1983). In addition, the article draws on experiences with comparable legislation at the state level.
Efficiency of Refuse Collection Crews

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships, if any, between the efficiency of the collection and haul operations and various modes of operation, characteristics of the service area, and characteristics of the equipment used. Data used in the study were from three wards in the City of Chicago for the period of February 1968. The incremental increase in cost of service was $1.43 per ton for the first load and $3.56 per ton for the second load as the age of the trucks increased to the maximum of 8 yr. The cost also increased form $5.59 per ton for the first load to $8.32 per ton for the second load, using trucks of a given age. Cost of service measured in dollars per living unit per week was $0.364 for all age trucks on the first load of the day, while cost for the second load of the day ranged from $0.440 to $0.475 per living unit per week as the age of the truck increased. The average loading speed decreased from 1,200 to 1,120 lb per man-hr on the first load and from 1,120 to 1,000 lb per man-hr on the second load as truck age increased.
A Pluralist Approach to Proof in Mathematics

We further explore the pluralist’s conception of proof. In particular we contrast it to the so-called axiomatic conception of proof. The pluralist adopts an analytic conception of proof. Two claims are defended. One is that all proofs can be viewed as analytic. The second is that it is preferable to do so. The reason it is preferable is that proofs open our eyes to exploration not only towards further proofs in the same formal system, but analytic proofs also invite us to question the axioms and the contexts of proof. We exercise our sceptical caution, to lead us to much more fundamental types of exploration than we would have engaged in had we viewed proofs as axiomatic.
SOM Quality Measures: An Efficient Statistical Approach

We are interested in practical tools for the quantitative evaluation of self-organizing maps (SOMs). Recently it has been argued that any quality measure for SOMs needs to evaluate the embedding or coverage of a map as well as its topological quality. Over the years many different quality measures for self-organizing maps have been proposed. However, many of these only measure one aspect of a SOM or are computationally very expensive or both. Here we present a novel, computationally efficient statistical approach to the evaluation of SOMs. Our approach measures both the embedding and the topological quality of a SOM.
On The Gadfly Li Liangmin's Version of from the Angle of Medio-Translatology

Medio-translatology,as an emerging subject in comparative literature,is one of the most active subject in the study of comparative literature.Taking The Gadfly of Li Liangmin's version as an example,the thesis illustrates the employment of medio-translatology in translation and its significance and value from three respects: translation,reader and target circumstance.
Image analysis and machine learning in digital pathology: Challenges and opportunities

With the rise in whole slide scanner technology, large numbers of tissue slides are being scanned and represented and archived digitally. While digital pathology has substantial implications for telepathology, second opinions, and education there are also huge research opportunities in image computing with this new source of “big data”. It is well known that there is fundamental prognostic data embedded in pathology images. The ability to mine “sub-visual” image features from digital pathology slide images, features that may not be visually discernible by a pathologist, offers the opportunity for better quantitative modeling of disease appearance and hence possibly improved prediction of disease aggressiveness and patient outcome. However the compelling opportunities in precision medicine offered by big digital pathology data come with their own set of computational challenges. Image analysis and computer assisted detection and diagnosis tools previously developed in the context of radiographic images are woefully inadequate to deal with the data density in high resolution digitized whole slide images. Additionally there has been recent substantial interest in combining and fusing radiologic imaging and proteomics and genomics based measurements with features extracted from digital pathology images for better prognostic prediction of disease aggressiveness and patient outcome. Again there is a paucity of powerful tools for combining disease specific features that manifest across multiple different length scales. The purpose of this review is to discuss developments in computational image analysis tools for predictive modeling of digital pathology images from a detection, segmentation, feature extraction, and tissue classification perspective. We discuss the emergence of new handcrafted feature approaches for improved predictive modeling of tissue appearance and also review the emergence of deep learning schemes for both object detection and tissue classification. We also briefly review some of the state of the art in fusion of radiology and pathology images and also combining digital pathology derived image measurements with molecular “omics” features for better predictive modeling. The review ends with a brief discussion of some of the technical and computational challenges to be overcome and reflects on future opportunities for the quantitation of histopathology.
Novel Evidence That Neuroblastoma and Rhabdomyosarcoma, Two Types of Small Round Blue Cell Tumors, Frequently Infiltrate Bone Marrow and Express Functional Erythropoietin Receptor (EpoR)—therapeutic Implications

Background : The erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) is expressed by cells from the erythroid lineage; however, evidence has accumulated that it is also expressed by some solid tumors, and recently our group demonstrated the presence of functional EpoR on human and murine germline-derived cell lines, including teratocarcinomas and ovarian cancer cells ( J Ovarian Res. 2014 Jun 17;7:66 ). Neuroblastoma (NRB) and rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), the most common soft-tissue sarcomas of adolescents and children and described as “small round blue cell tumors”, frequently infiltrate the BM to such a degree that they mimic acute lymphoblastic leukemia. These tumors express several cancer testis antigens (CTAs), which are characteristic of germline-derived cells. This is intriguing because of the 150-year-old “embryonic rest hypothesis of cancer development” by Rudolf Virchow and Julius Conheim, in which malignancies may develop from dormant embryonic/germ cells residing in adult tissues. Small round blue cell tumors, including in NRB and RMS, are potential candidates for such malignancies. Hypothesis . Based on our observations that germline-derived tumors express functional EpoR and that NRB and RMS express CTAs, we asked whether these pediatric sarcomas express functional EpOR as well . Materials and Methods . In our studies we employed four human NRB, eight RMS cell lines (4 embryonal-type RMS cell lines and 4 alveolar-type RMS cell lines), and mRNA samples obtained from patients. Expression of EpoR was evaluated by RT-PCR and FACS. The functionality of EpoR in NRB and RMS cell lines was evaluated by chemotaxis, adhesion, and direct cell proliferation assays. In some of the experiments, RMS and NRB cells were exposed to vincristine (VCR) in the presence or absence of EpO to test whether EpO may impair the therapeutic effect of VCR. Results . We found expression of EpoR mRNA in all tested cell lines and patient samples. Importantly, EpoR has been found to be functional in all NRB and RMS cell lines tested, responding to stimulation by erythropoietin (EPO) by an increase in chemotaxis, adhesion, and phosphorylation of MAPKp42/44 and AKT. Moreover, we found that EPO stimulates proliferation of NRB and RMS cells and increases their resistance to VCR. Conclusions . Our data for the first time indicates that human pediatric sarcomas express functional EpoR. This finding has important clinical implications, as EPO is frequently employed to ameliorate chemotherapy-related anemia. The presence of functional EpoR on pediatric sarcoma cells indicates that EPO supplementation may have the unwanted side effect of tumor progression. Finally, the presence of functional EpoR on both NRB and RMS cells and germline-derived tumors as well as expression of CTA antigens by these cells supports the hypothesis that pediatric sarcomas may develop in developing tissues from embryonic remnants with germline potential. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Personality and its Relationship to Success in Professional Baseball

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether specific personality traits are associated with success in professional baseball. To determine this a “success” group of 49 major league players was compared to a “non-success” group of 64 minor league players. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and a biographical data sheet were employed. Results indicate that major league players are better able than minor league players to: 1. Apply their strong “drive” towards a definite objective by exercising self-discipline. 2. Adjust to occupations, as professional baseball, requiring social contact, or the ability to get along well with other people. 3. Exercise initiative.
What Lies Beneath: Determining the Necessity of International Groundwater Policy Along the United States - - Mexico Border and a Roadmap to an Agreement (Comment)

The United States and Mexico share water in many aquifers along the border. Although significant attention has been given to international surface water, little to no policy has been generated regarding shared groundwater. Groundwater is a resource of growing importance because surface water resources are quickly being depleted. While there are almost no international agreements for groundwater, guidance documents suggest what should be included. Increased dependence on groundwater by both sides of the border creates the potential for conflict because the only legal framework for water allocation involves surface water. The US and Mexico must shift from passive to active policy decision-making. Once this shift in thinking occurs, regional groundwater agreements can be created using a community-based approach to protect the survival of affected communities. Agreements must include cooperation, data sharing, equitable utilization, the interrelationship of groundwater and surface water, and enforcement mechanisms.