cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Distribution of the Benefits of Public Expenditure in Panama

In this study of the regional and sectoral distribution of public expenditure benefits in Panama, current expenditures of the ordinary budget and investment outlays of development plans are analyzed separately. Implicit measures of public expenditure distribution are also included. The study is based on agricultural and demographic census reports, government budgets, and other data sources. The results indicate that Panama's income is rather poorly distributed among both regions and families. The Gini coefficient varies from .51 to .69 between provinces and sectors. Public expenditures tend to reduce income inequalities, investment outlays more so than ordinary expenditures.
Climate Change and Tax Policy

Scientific evidence suggests that man-made greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially carbon dioxide emissions, are a contributing factor to global climate change. This global climate change negatively impacts our Earth and policymakers must implement climate change policies in an effort to decrease carbon emission and mitigate its negative impacts. This Article will analyze three options for regulating GHG emissions: traditional command-and-control regulation, tradable permit markets, and taxes. Following a detailed analysis of both the theoretical and practical arguments regarding carbon taxation and alternative emissions permit trading schemes, this Article concludes that carbon taxation is the superior method of reducing carbon emissions.
The Active Center of Aspartate Transaminase A FLUORINE-19 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDY OF THE ANION BINDING SITE

Abstract The binding of trifluoroacetate anion to aspartate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.1) has been measured by the changes of the chemical shift in the 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum. The dissociation constants for the enzyme-trifluoroacetate complex are pH dependent with values ranging from 15 to 36 mm at pH values between 5 and 8. Stoichiometry shows that there is only one anion binding site. The pH-dependence of trifluoroacetate binding indicates that a group in the enzyme with a pKa of 6.2 ± 0.2 is responsible for anion binding. Apoenzyme and holoenzyme after reduction of the pyridoxyl-lysine aldimine with NaBH4 (reduced enzyme), show the same pH dependence pattern and the same pKa value for trifluoroacetate binding as native enzyme. Controlled photooxidation of the active site histidine residue results in the elimination of the anion binding site. Chloride and succinate compete with trifluoroacetate for the same site in the native, apoenzyme, and reduced enzymes. On the other hand, the pseudosubstrate α-methylaspartate, which binds covalently to the enzyme to form the initial aldimine enzyme-substrate complex, competes with trifluoroacetate for the binding site only in the native enzyme, but this does not occur after the removal or reduction of the active site Schiff's base, i.e. in the apoenzyme and reduced enzyme. The positively charged anion binding site in the protein is postulated to be the active site histidine. A model is proposed for mutual exclusion between anion and substrate from the active center without a sharing of common subsites. The model is consistent with the stoichiometry, competition effects and pH dependence of ligand binding, as well as with the elimination of anion binding after photooxidation of the active center histidine without a subsequent effect on substrate affinity.
Chemical Dependency and the Physician

Although the nature and scope of addictive disease are commonly reported in the lay press, the problem of physician addiction has largely escaped the public's attention. This is not due to physician immunity from the problem, because physicians have been shown to have addiction at a rate similar to or higher than that of the general population. Additionally, physicians' addictive disease (when compared with the general public) is typically advanced before identification and intervention. This delay in diagnosis relates to physicians' tendency to protect their workplace performance and image well beyond the time when their life outside of work has deteriorated and become chaotic. We provide an overview of the scope and risks of physician addiction, the challenges of recognition and intervention, the treatment of the addicted physician, the ethical and legal implications of an addicted physician returning to the workplace, and their monitored aftercare. It is critical that written policies for dealing with workplace addiction are in place at every employment venue and that they are followed to minimize risk of an adverse medical or legal outcome and to provide appropriate care to the addicted physician.
Incidence of Epilepsy and Unprovoked Seizures in Rochester, Minnesota: 1935–1984

The incidence of epilepsy and of all unprovoked seizures was determined for residents of Rochester, Minnesota U.S.A. from 1935 through 1984. Age-adjusted incidence of epilepsy was 44 per 100,000 person-years. Incidence in males was significantly higher than in females and was high in the first year of life but highest in persons aged > or = 75 years. Sixty percent of new cases had epilepsy manifested by partial seizures, and two thirds had no clearly identified antecedent. Cerebrovascular disease was the most commonly identified antecedent, accounting for 11% of cases. Neurologic deficits from birth, mental retardation and/or cerebral palsy, observed in 8% of cases, was the next most frequently identified preexisting condition. The cumulative incidence of epilepsy through age 74 years was 3.1%. The age-adjusted incidence of all unprovoked seizures was 61 per 100,000 person-years. Age- and gender-specific incidence trends were similar to those of epilepsy, but a higher proportion of cases was of unknown etiology and was characterized by generalized onset seizures. The cumulative incidence of all unprovoked seizures was 4.1% through age 74 years. With time, the incidence of epilepsy and of unprovoked seizures decreased in children and increased in the elderly.
The value and allocation of time in rural Botswana

Abstract Time use data indicate that there is substantial surplus labor in rural areas of Botswana, with the incidence of underutilization varying by age, sex, and asset position. Time allocations are influenced by economic incentives, i.e., income and productivity effects. The more productive capital the household has, the more productive work its members perform, particularly its children. The positive productivity effect of capital on economic work somewhat outweighs its negative income effect. Time allocations also are constrained by a culturally determined division of labor by age and sex, which however shows some flexibility at the margin.
Conditions for the construction of multi-point total variation diminishing difference schemes

Conditions are derived for the construction of total variation diminishing difference schemes with multi-point support. These conditions, which are proved for explicit, implicit, and semi-discrete schemes, correspond in a general sense to the introduction of upwind biasing.
Attempts to Increase Resistance of Mice to Bacterial Infection by Prolonged Low Dose Irradiation.

CF-1 female mice, which were 4 weeks old were exposed 6 days a week to 0.5, 1, or 2 r gamma radiation/day. After 4 to 39 weeks exposure they were intraperitoneally inoculated with graded doses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. No detectable effect on host resistance to this experimental bacterial infection was demonstrated.
A CLASS OF EXACT SOLUTIONS OF THE MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS

A class of similarity solutions of the hydromagnetic Navier-Stokes equations and Maxwell's field equations were found in spherical coordinates. The solutions may be considered as generalized Landau-Squire's jet solutions when magnetohydrodynamic interaction is present. In an attempt to solve the reduced ordinary differential system a perturbation expansion of the small parameter alpha was employed, where alpha is the ratio of kinematic viscosity to the magnetic viscosity. The physical meaning of the solutions is discussed and results of numerical calculation are also presented in tabular fonm. (auth)
Generational views of information privacy

This article investigates whether there are different attitudes about information and communication technologies and information privacy among members of different generations. Specifically we consider: do different generations experience information and communication technology-mediated environments in the same way or not? Are there disjunctures or continuities in the experience of privacy across one generation? Do different generations have dissimilar attitudes about what constitutes a privacy invasion and different levels of concern about such invasions? Or is privacy a concern that develops as one ages through her life cycle and becomes more invested in the social and economic world? In other words, is information privacy, instead, something of a middle-age concern? To answer these questions, we first review the literature on generational differences, as well as the literature on privacy attitudes and introduce a number of hypotheses. We then analyze responses to two survey questions that have been as...
Salivary Gland Tumors in Survivors of Childhood Cancer

BACKGROUND: There is an increased incidence of second malignant neoplasms in survivors of childhood cancers. The most common second malignancies are acute leukemia, bone and soft tissue tumors, and carcinoma of the skin, breast, and thyroid. Although, ionizing radiation has been demonstrated to increase the risk of developing a salivary gland neoplasm, there are few reports of salivary gland neoplasms occurring in patients treated for cancer in childhood.METHODS: A retrospective review of the patient registry of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital from 1963-2003.RESULTS: Twelve survivors of childhood cancer developed a salivary gland neoplasm after completion of treatment. These patients were initially treated for a variety of childhood cancers with a combination of radiation and chemotherapy. The pathology of the salivary gland tumors were mucoepidermoid carcinoma (10), adenoid cystic carcinoma (1), and pleomorphic adenoma (1). All patients were treated with surgical excision of the primary tumor, and ...
Simulations of the SLAC plasma lens experiment

A plasma lens experiment is planned at SLAC with high energy electron beams and high plasma density. We have developed a PIC code, SPLASH (Simulation of Plasma Lens and Synchrotron-radiation in Hybrid), for computer simulations of this experiment. The plasma lens focusing effects are simulated for the beam energy at 30 and 50 GeV and the plasma density between np/nb=0.1 and 100. The original bunch size is 3 and 5 μm in radius. Due to plasma focusing, the beam size is reduced, which is progressively more effective when the relative plasma density increases from the “underdense” regime to the “overdense” one. However, field compensation due to the plasma return current renders the plasma focusing effect suppressed when the plasma density further increases to the “superdense” regime. The beam waist is located between ±20 mm around the original focal point. In the most effective case, the beam is focused from 5 μm to 2 μm and from 3 μm to 1 μm.
Saturday, November 2, 2001 2:14–2:57 pm Concurrent Session 6B: Lumbar Fusion Instrumentation/Monitoring

Abstract Purpose of study: The biomechanical advantage of pedicle screw fixation has improved fusion rates and diminished the number of levels required for stability. Despite the widespread clinical use of pedicle screw fixation, there is relatively little literature concerning accuracy. This study was designed to evaluate the accuracy of plain radiographs and/or computed tomography (CT) in determining the proper position of pedicle screws. Methods used: Eighteen fresh human cadaveric specimens had the lumbar spine exposed by a standard posterior approach. Titanium pedicle screws (6.5 mm) were inserted in the standard fashion. The lumbar spines were then dissected out en bloc. Anteroposterior and lateral plain films and CT scans were obtained. The posterior spinal elements and dura were then removed to examine screw location. A different examiner then reviewed the radiographs and CT to determine pedicle screw position. Screws were considered out if there was evidence of cortical perforation or if the screw was extrapedicular. of findings: The sensitivity and specificity of plain radiographs was 84.3% and 28.6%, respectively, and 89.3% and 61.9%, respectively, for CT. The combination of CT and plain radiographs increased the sensitivity and specificity to 99.3% and 100%, respectively. A nonparametric chi squared analysis failed to demonstrate any statistical difference between plain radiographs and CT (p Relationship between findings and existing knowledge: There is relatively little literature concerning accuracy of pedicle screw placement. Our study is the first to define, by means of anatomical dissection, sensitivity and specificity of plain radiograph and CT scan. Overall significance of findings: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the ability of either plain radiographs or CT to determine accurately whether a pedicle screw was properly positioned. Our findings indicate that there was no statistical difference between CT and plain radiographs. However, there was a statistically significant difference when both modalities were used together. Disclosures: No disclosures. Conflict of interest: No conflicts.
Perturbed complex eigenproperties of classically damped primary structure and equipment systems

In the dynamic analysis of light equipment supported on structures, it sometimes becomes essential to consider the effect of the non-classicality of damping on the dynamic characteristics and the equipment response, even if the supporting structure is classically damped. This non-classical damping effect can be included in dynamic analysis through a state vector approach wherein damped and complex-valued eigenproperties are used. Herein a perturbation approach is developed to obtain such damped eigenproperties of the combined structure-equipment system in terms of the undamped eigenproperties of the supporting structure and the equipment. The closed form expressions are obtained for the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of both the detuned and tuned equipment. These can be used to obtain the dynamic response of equipment, such as seismic floor response spectra, which incorporate the non-classical damping effects and dynamic interaction between the two systems. The numerical results demonstrating the applicability of the proposed approach are presented.
Evolution in closely adjacent plant populations

The evolution of reproductive isolation along a cline was investigated using a computer simulation of 10 linearly arranged populations connected by gene flow and subjected to selection which varied either linearly or in a stepwise manner. For nearly all combinations of parameter values a monotonic cline was rapidly established in frequency of alleles at the selected locus. Only at high levels of selection (> 0.1) and high levels of assortative mating (> 0.4) was there divergence in frequency of the gene determining reproductive isolation. Under these conditions divergence was slow and the cline for the isolating gene was often inverse for many generations, although at equilibrium the cline was always monotonic. Linkage between the selected gene and the isolating gene promoted divergence. Both genetic divergence and reproductive isolation may therefore occur between populations connected by gene flow. Conditions leading to isolation are more stringent than those permitting genetic divergence suggesting that the “cohesion of the biological species” is neither maintained by gene flow nor by the uniformity of selection but by the weakness of forces leading to selection for reproductive isolation. The existence of inverse clines in isolating mechanisms strongly suggests the evolution of isolation in sympatry (following divergence either in sympatry or allopatry,) but it is invalid to conclude that a monotonic cline for reproductive isolation gives a priori evidence of its evolution in allopatry.
Analog mappings for flexible rate transmission of Gaussian sources with side information

This paper considers the problem of designing bandwidth expansion zero-delay analog joint source-channel coding (JSCC) schemes for the transmission of memoryless Gaussian samples over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels when side information is present at the receiver (Wyner-Ziv scenario). We first propose a 1 ∶ 1 scheme and a 1 ∶ M scheme based on the use of Shannon-Kotel'nikov mappings in a periodic fashion. Then, we combine the two proposed mappings to construct a flexible rate bandwidth expansion mapping whose rate can be anywhere from 1 ∶ 1 to 1 ∶ M. Different from digital systems, the proposed scheme offers low delay, low complexity and high robustness. Simulation results show that the performance of the proposed 1 ∶ 2 scheme is better than that of existing zero-delay systems for a wide range of signal to noise ratios, but especially for high signal to noise ratios and highly correlated side information. The proposed flexible rate bandwidth expansion system also offers satisfactory performance, specially when considering its great flexibleness in terms of rate.
Detection of multivessel disease post myocardial infarction using an exercise-induced QRS score.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of Athens QRS score values to detect stenoses in other coronary arteries than the obstructed ones (which caused the myocardial infarction [MI]) in patients with a history of MI. Methods: We studied 125 patients (93 males and 32 females, mean age 54 ± 7 years [range 45–68 years]) with a history of MI (46 patients with anterior MI, 54 patients with inferior MI, 25 patients with lateral MI). All patients underwent treadmill exercise testing and coronary arteriography. Results: Athens QRS score values were inversely related to the extent of CAD: −0.5 ± 0.3 mm for patients with 1-VD (obstructed vessel), −3.4 ± 2.2 mm for patients with 2-VD (obstructed vessel and stenosis in another vessel), and −5 ± 1.8 mm for patients with 3-VD (obstructed vessel and stenoses in two more vessels). The ROC curves for the detection of multivessel disease showed that the area under the curve for QRS score values < −3 mm is significantly higher than the curve for ST-segment depression ≥1 mm (0.948 vs 0.792, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Values of the Athens QRS score less than −3 may distinguish single- from multivessel coronary artery disease in patients with a history of MI.
Structural Synaptic Modifications Associated with Hippocampal LTP and Behavioral Learning

An important problem in the neurobiology of memory is whether cellular mechanisms of learning and memory include the formation of new synapses or the remodeling of existing ones. To elucidate this problem, numerous studies have examined alterations in the number and structure of synapses following behavioral learning and hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), which is viewed as a synaptic model of memory. The data reported in the literature and obtained in this laboratory are analyzed here to evaluate what kind of structural modification is likely to account for synaptic plasticity associated with learning and memory. It has been demonstrated that LTP induction elicits the formation of additional synapses between activated axon terminals and newly emerging dendritic spines. Similarly, some forms of learning have been shown to increase the number of synapses. Although many ultrastructural studies examining the effect of LTP or learning failed to find a change in total synapse number, this population measure might not detect an increase in a small proportion of synapses established by activated terminals. LTP and learning have also been shown to induce a remodeling of synapses. This process is proposed to involve the transformation of certain synaptic subtypes into more efficacious ones, including the conversion of 'silent' synapses into functional synapses. It appears, therefore, that cellular mechanisms of learning and memory are likely to include both synaptogenesis and synapse remodeling.
Extra-list errors in paired associate learning by retarded and normal children.

This study compared the proportions of extra-list intrusions in errors by retarded and normal Ss on a paired-associate task. Associative strength of the paired items was varied. Results indicated that retardates imported a significantly greater proportion of responses than normals under both levels of associative strength. Ss did not import differential proportions of responses as a function of associative strength.
Sublethal responses of Mytilus edulis to increased dissolved copper

Abstract Changes in the composition of copper-binding proteins and in the latency of lysosomal enzymes were detected in digestive gland cells of Mytilus edulis exposed to metals. Chronic exposure to copper resulted in concentrations of copper in low-molecular weight metallothionein-like proteins that were dependent on exposure concentration and time, and in a dose-dependent reduction in the latency of lysosomal hexosaminidase activity. A direct relationship between the copper concentration associated with the high molecular weight proteins and the mortality of mussels was observed.
Integral Scales for the Nocturnal Boundary Layer. Part II: Heat Budget, Transport and Energy Implications

Abstract In Part I, external forcings such as pressure gradient, terrain roughness and imposed cooling were used to forecast the thickness and strength of an exponentially-shaped (ES) nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) temperature profile. In Part II, it is suggested that the evolution of the ES temperature profile can be explained by simple models for background radiative, surface-induced radiative, and turbulence contributions to the total cooling. One partitioning model sets the ratio of turbulent to surface-induced radiative components to be a constant (∼3.35). The exponentially-shaped heat-flux profile implied by that ratio agrees favorably with the Minnesota field experiment profile of Caughey et al. Differences between an ES and a mixed-layer (ML) model for the NBL am presented using potential energy (PE) arguments, where a thinner ML yields the same PE change as a thicker ES. Differences are also apparent using eddy diffusivity (K) theory, where the bulging K-profile for a ML is dissimilar to the line...
Service-Learning in Engineering: A Valuable Pedagogy for Meeting Learning Objectives.

Service-learning is an educational practice that has been used successfully in many disciplines, and is defined as ‘a credit-bearing, educational experience in which students participate in an organized service activity that meets identified community needs and reflect on the service activity in such a way as to gain further understanding of course content, a broader appreciation of the discipline, and an enhanced sense of civic responsibility’ (Bringle, R. and Hatcher, J., A service-learning curriculum for faculty. Michigan J. Community Service-Learning, 1995, 2, 112–122). This research examines a first-year biological engineering design course that incorporated a service-learning project. Students participated in a survey and in focus groups to explore how well the service-learning project helped them to meet EC 2000 a–k objectives. Results showed that the service-learning project was a useful teaching method for accomplishing the learning objectives set forth by the instructor and by the Accreditation ...
The Spatial Structure of the Annual Cycle in Surface Temperature: Amplitude, Phase, and Lagrangian History

The climatological annual cycle in surface air temperature, defined by its amplitude and phase lag with respect to solar insolation, is one of the most familiar aspects of the climate system. Here, the authors identify three first-order features of the spatial structure of amplitude and phase lag and explain them using simple physical models. Amplitude and phase lag 1) are broadly consistent with a land and ocean end-member mixing model but 2) exhibit overlap between land and ocean and, despite this overlap, 3) show a systematically greater lag over ocean than land for a given amplitude. Based on previous work diagnosing relative ocean or land influence as an important control on the extratropical annual cycle, the authors use a Lagrangian trajectory model to quantify this influence as the weighted amount of time that an ensemble of air parcels has spent over ocean or land. This quantity explains 84% of the space‐time variance in the extratropical annual cycle, as well as features 1 and 2. All three features can be explained using a simple energy balance model with land and ocean surfaces and an advecting atmosphere. This model explains 94% of the space‐time variance of the annual cycle in an illustrative midlatitude zonal band when incorporating the results of the trajectory model. The aforementioned features of annual variability in surface air temperature thus appear to be explained by the coupling of land and ocean through mean atmospheric circulation.
Direct and vicarious conspicuous consumption: Identification with low-status groups increases the desire for high-status goods

Abstract The current research examines whether direct and vicarious identification with a low-status group affects consumers' desire for objects associated with status. Experiment 1 found that individuals who belonged to and identified with a status social category associated with relatively lower status (Blacks) exhibited an enhanced desire for high-status products compared to Blacks who did not identify with their race or individuals who belonged to a social category associated with higher status (Whites). In Experiments 2 and 3, White participants led to vicariously identify through perspective taking with Blacks (Experiment 2), or a low-status occupational group (Experiment 3) exhibited an increased desire for high-status products. Experiment 4 provided meditational evidence for a status based explanation for the relationship between identification with a low-status group and a desire for high-status products. The present work makes new inroads into understanding one factor that might lead minorities to engage in greater conspicuous consumption and provides evidence that conspicuous consumption can be elicited vicariously.
INTEGRAL SCIENCE AND INTELLIGENCE IN ORGANIZATIONS

Integral Science's most distinctive effect is to shift the context of human interactions from competition against one another to seeking what is good for both one's self and the larger whole. The partnership environment it suggests creates a foundation of relationship that powerfully increases organizational intelligence. This simple switch creates the potential for both more humanistic and more effective organizations that are better able to meet the needs of the populations they serve.
Analysis of ground-state and transition-state effects in enzyme catalysis.

"The entire and sole source of catalytic power is the stabilization of the transition state; reactant-state interactions are by nature inhibitory and only waste catalytic power". So reads a literature quote expressing the current view on enzyme catalysis proposed by Pauling over 40 years ago. Its validity is now examined by means of a "split-site" model in which an active site is subdivided into a region of binding and a region of reaction. Analysis of the resulting free energy levels clarifies several points of confusion regarding the nature of enzyme catalysis, including why enzyme/substrate complexes form if, indeed, they only "waste catalytic power". Circumstances are defined in which an evolving enzyme can both lower Km (i.e., enhance substrate binding) and improve the forward catalytic rate while never meddling with the transition structure at the reactive site. It is argued that this process is most advantageously viewed as a substrate destabilization embodying "conserved" interactions at the binding region. Classical transition-state stabilization and an "anti-Pauling" effect are both capable of inducing rate accelerations. In certain circumstances, the latter can predominate as it does with many enzyme-like intramolecular reactions. Behavioral modes discussed herein are applicable to the chemistry of catalytic host/guest and enzyme systems.
Differential effects of d-amphetamine, β-phenylethylamine, cocaine and methylphenidate on the rate of dopamine synthesis in terminals of nigrostriatal and mesolimbic neurons and on the efflux of dopamine metabolites into cerebroventricular perfusates of rats☆

Abstract The in vivo of four psychomotor stimulants (d-amphetamine, β-phenylethylamine, cocaine and methylphenidate) were determined on: 1) the rate of dopamine (DA) synthesis, as measured by the accumulation of dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) after aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibition, in the striatum (terminals of nigrostriatal neurons) and in the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle (terminals of mesolimbic neurons) and 2) the efflux of the DA metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) into cerebroventricular perfusates of conscious, freely-moving rats. d-Amphetamine and β-phenylethylamine produced biphasic responses with lower doses of each drug increasing both the efflux of DOPAC and the rate of DA synthesis in the striatum. Higher doses of each drug either had no effect or actually decreased the efflux of DOPAC and also decreased the rate of DA synthesis in the striatum. Higher doses of each drug either had no effect only decreased the efflux of DOPAC and the rate of DA synthesis in the striatum. The effects of the drugs on the rate of DA synthesis in the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle were similar to, but less pronounced than those seen in the striatum. These results are consistent with the following suggestions: 1) low doses of d-amphetamine and β-phenylethylamine facilitate the neuronal release of DA while higher doses of both drugs facilitate release and inhibit neuronal reuptake of the amine, and 2) cocaine and methylphenidate preferentially block the neuronal reuptake of DA.
Effect of anthracite properties and formulation on properties of bench scale cathode blocks for aluminum smelting

Bench scale cathode blocks for aluminum smelting having an aggregate of 70 pct anthracite calcined at 1135°C—30 pct ball milled graphite and a coal tar pitch binder were fabricated, baked at 1135°C, and tested for electrical resistivity and expansion during electrolysis in a test cell. Twelve anthracite samples, for which a number of chemical and physical properties were determined, were used in cathode fabrication so that relationships among anthracite properties and cathode properties could be determined. Cathode expansion during electrolysis increased with increasing sulfur content of the anthracite but appeared to decrease with increasing silicon content. Electrical resistivity decreased with an increase in the fraction of green anthracite exhibiting a conchoidal rather than laminar fracture. With the finer of two anthracite aggregate sizings used, both cathode expansion during electrolysis and electrical resistivity decreased sharply as binder content was increased from 16 to 22 pct. Baked apparent density also increased at the same time but was not,per se, a valid indicator of either electrical resistivity or expansion during electrolysis; cathodes produced using a coarser anthracite sizing, which resulted in higher baked apparent densities, had higher electrical resistivities and expansions during electrolysis. Electrical resistance of all cathodes increased during electrolysis in the test cell by an amount proportional to the amount of expansion.
Thermal regeneration of a spent activated carbon previously used as hydrogen sulfide adsorbent

The feasibility of thermal regeneration of spent coconut shell-based activated carbon previously used as hydrogen sulfide adsorbent was studied in three successive adsorption/thermal regeneration cycles. The regeneration of exhausted carbon was done by heating the samples at 300°C. The observed changes in the capacity were linked to changes in surface chemistry and porosity. Heating in air atmosphere resulted in the removal of sulfur dioxide and oxidation of elemental sulfur to sulfur oxides. All sulfur from small pores was removed and the pore structure was 100% regenerated. Good agreement in the balance of sulfur species removed from the carbon surface shows that during the treatment all desorbed gases can be collected minimizing the environmental hazard. The results show that the capacity of the carbons to adsorb hydrogen sulfide can be regenerated to at least 30% of its initial value.
Reverse-Time Tracking to Enhance Passive Sonar

Passive sonar depends on signals of opportunity to detect, track and localize targets. These signals are typically detected and then tracked using Kalman filter-type signal followers. Target motion analysis (TMA) is then used to estimate the target's range and, from this, its position, course and speed. The accuracy of TMA is strongly dependent on the duration of the available track. Initiating a second tracker in reverse time at the time of detection can reduce or eliminate the delay between target detection and localization. A detection and tracking system for a passive sonar using a towed array receiver is described and an example of reverse-time tracking using real data is provided. Reverse-time tracking is able to significantly increase the amount of track data that can be extracted from already available data, highlighting the need for improved data fusion. Potential improvements to this enhanced system through track association are discussed.
High Temperature Storage of Spray-Dried Egg White 1. Whipping Time and Quality of Angel Cake

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE effects of pH and of storage at elevated temperature on the functional properties of spray-dried egg white solids have not been delineated fully. Since on a commercial basis, it is practically impossible to collect yolk-free egg white, an understanding of the influence of the yolk content, as well as pH and storage temperature, on the functional properties of egg white solids is essential so that adequate recommendations for processing and holding can be made. Bergquist (1961) was granted a patent for a low temperature pasteurization of the liquid followed by a heat treatment of the egg white solids after spray-drying. The initial pasteurizing treatment makes the dried product particularly susceptible to the second heat treatment and, according to Bergquist, the functional properties are not affected. Smith (1964) obtained a patent for a procedure involving storage for eight hours at 71°C. and one hour at 99°C. The reduction of . . .
Bone mineral density and body composition in male children with hypogonadism

Estrogen deficiency in females and androgen deficiency in males may harm periosteal and endosteal apposition, reduce bone size and both cortical and trabecular thickness, modifying in this way the bone structure later in life. To date, few systematic studies on bone mineral density (BMD) and hypogonadism in adolescents are available. Therefore we aimed to determine if sexual hormone deficiency during pubertal age might have an impact on peak bone mass and body composition. We compared areal BMD (L-aBMD), volumetric lumbar spine BMD (L-vBMD), lumbar spine Z-score (L-Z-score), lumbar spine bone mineral content (L-BMC), whole body (wbBMD), normalized whole body (n-wbBMD) BMD, and whole body BMC (wb-BMC) of 25 male children with hypogonadism (HYPO) with 37 sex-, age-, and body mass indexmatched healthy subjects (CNT) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Furthermore we analyzed whether a difference in lean (lean%) and fat (fat%) mass as percentage of body weight and as a lean/fat ratio is present in the two groups of children. HYPO demonstrated a statistically lower L-aBMD, L-vBMD, L-BMC, Z score, wbBMD, n-wbBMD, and wb-BMC compared to CNT. CNT showed a higher lean% and lower fat% and a higher lean/fat ratio when compared with HYPO group. Lean mass correlated positively with L-aBMD, L-BMC, and wb-BMC. Our study seems to confirm previous observations that sex hormone deficiency during puberty reduces bone mass accrual. Body composition alterations may play a role in bone parameters during development in healthy as such as in hypogonadal children during developmental age.
Alzheimer's Disease Victims: The “Unbecoming” of Self and the Normalization of Competence:

This study examines the importance of routinized practices for the self Alzheimer's disease victims are observed in their daily lives. The deterioration of self is discussed, followed by a discussi...
Computerized Rapid Analysis of Complex Mixtures by Gas Chromatography

A computerized rapid analysis system and its application to two research problems are described. The system uses one central minicomputer to gather analog and digital data from several instruments. Various programs calibrate and convert the data into formatted reports. If desired, this computer sends the report to a more powerful mainframe computer for comparison of different reports and establishment of a data base. Data interpretation begins when a calibration program accesses an external standard file, identifies peaks, calculates response factors for each peak, and stores the results on disk. A master program produces a quantitative report based on retention times and two relative retention time index systems. This report is transferred by modem to a mainframe computer. Statistical programs on the mainframe computer compare runs and/or reprint the data in another format. Additional programming allows for the addition and correction of peak names. The entire procedure produces reports rapidly, allows for variable formats, and compares data from multiple runs. The applicability of the system in studying fluid degradation and solvent extraction efficiency is demonstrated. 13 references, 10 figures, 1 table.
Managing Quality: The Strategic and Competitive Edge

The article presents a review of the book “Managing Quality: The Strategic and Competitive Edge,” by David A. Garvin.
Sabbaticals and Employee Motivation: Benefits, Concerns, and Implications

The use of sabbaticals as a means to improve employee motivation and morale is growing rapidly as companies seek ways to retain their star performers and fight the effects of job burnout. In this article, the authors examine the various forms of sabbaticals in diverse industries, the reasons for their use, and the relevant benefits and concerns for organizations and employees. The authors' review of current literature suggests that the adoption of sabbaticals can have positive effects on both business organizations and employees. They conclude with implementation strategies for making sabbaticals work effectively and suggestions for possible future research on the issue.
Taste sensitivity to phenylthiourea (PTC) in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)

The hypothesis that the distribution of thresholds of taste sensitivity to phenylthiourea (PTC) is unimodal was tested in a group of 367 rhesus monkeys. The distribution was found to be unimodal and highly skewed. The regression of taste thresholds of offspring on that of their father was 0.840±0.34. This estimate is consistent with an hypothesis of essentially no environmental influence. It was concluded that phenotypic variability at the PTC tasting locus in rhesus monkeys is almost totally determined by the non-additive influences of several genes on taste sensitivity.
Role of Fat in Flavor of Cheddar Cheese

Abstract The flavor of Cheddar cheese made from various kinds of fats homogenized into skim milk was compared with cheese made from natural milk emulsion. Milk fat homogenized into skim milk gave better flavors than other fats but was inferior to the natural milk emulsion. Commercial fats with composition and physical properties similar to milk fat seemed to give off-flavors during cheese ripening and performed less well than an inert mineral oil. Deodorized milk fat was not significantly different from milk fat in flavor production. Adding dimethyl sulfide and milk-fat-globule membrane material did not significantly improve cheese flavor. The addition of gum acacia as an emulsifying agent made the flavor more Cheddar-like, indicating that the water-fat interface is important in development of Cheddar flavor.
Global trends: U.S. IPO market declines

What happened to the global initial public offering (IPO) market after the Sarbanes-Oxley Act was passed in 2002? Press reports suggest that Sarbanes-Oxley made U.S. markets less competitive compared to the rest of the world-causing a drop in IPOs. The authors argue that past heavy U.S. IPO activity created thousands of jobs-and those days are gone. But who is to blame? Is increased regulation the cause? © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease.

Abstract Background and aim Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. Patients and methods We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. Results The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p = 0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p = 0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. Conclusions Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.
Dual wavelength/split beam spectrophotometry: Computer acquisition of absorbance spectra

Abstract The adaptation of a commercially available dual wavelength/split beam spectrophotometer for the real time acquisition by a minicomputer of absorbance spectra is described. The computer software and interface are designed so that: a) The normal operation of the spectrophotometer is unaltered; b) the adaptation of the spectrophotometer for computer acquisition of spectra is relatively simple and only a rudimentary knowledge of electronics and computer programming is required. The utility of this adaptation of a dual wavelength/split beam spectrophotometer for baseline correction, enhancement of the sensitivity of the spectrophotometer and subsequent analysis of recorded absorbance spectra is described.
Electrophoretic Plasma Protein Patterns in Families with Hemophilia.

Summary1. An electrophoretic anomaly, called αx-globulin, has been found in the plasma of 14 hemophiliacs, i.e., in all of the active bleeders studied. 2. The same anomaly also has been observed in 8 members of hemophilic families who are not active bleeders (over 50% of this category), and who are not afflicted with any of the other diseases in which this anomaly has been found. 3. The electrophoretic anomaly is seen in female as well as in male subjects unlike the bleeding manifestation of hemophilia, found only in males. 4. There is a definite relationship between the prothrombin utilization and the appearance of the αx-globulin anomaly in the plasma of members of hemophilic families.
Statistical characterization of remotely sensed soil moisture images

Abstract Using ESTAR (Electronically Scanned Thinned Array Radiometer) passive microwave remotely sensed soil moisture data from the Washita 92 experiment, we examine the appropriateness of several probability density functions as a candidate for soil moisture distribution. Although the normal distribution is found to approximate the data well, it is shown that such a distribution cannot capture the inherent spatial structure of soil moisture. We confirm the recent finding that the variance of soil moisture images follows a power law decay and show that such a scaling is valid over a wider range of scales than previously reported. We also relate the scaling exponent of the variance to highly correlated cluster structure: in soil moisture images. Our analysis of scaling for higher-order moments suggests that soil moisture images may not be simple scaling.
Predatory feeding behavior of an Antarctic marine copepod, Euchaeta antarctica

During the austral summer, fall and winter, feeding rates of Euchaeta antarctica were measured in the laboratory. Measurements were taken over 24 hours in the dark on a mixing device at the ambient temperature using lively prey and predators in good condition with intact first antennae. Under these conditions, I found that no feeding occurred during winter so the following characterizes summertime feeding behavior. Adult females of Euchaeta antarctica are exclusive carnivores, exhibiting highest feeding rates on prey having a prosome length of 1200 ?m. The size of these preferred prey was 65% the length of the second basipodal segment of the maxilliped, the main appendage used in prey capture by E. antarctica. These prey, juvenile stages of Metridia gerlachei, also were the most abundant prey available in the plankton. The mean saturation ingestion rate of the adult female on their preferred prey of 18.7 Melridia/female/d is 8.8% its body weight, of which 17.3% is respired. A three-week starvation period caused less than a 1.5 fold increase in the feeding rate. Maximum volume effectively searched by this predatory copepod was 2.4 liters/day. Fecal pellets were produced at a constant rate of 0.697 pellets/hour; this rate was not influenced by the level of gut fullness. In order to produce one fecal pellet, E. antarctica must ingest 1.63 prey of the preferred size. Assuming that the rate of egestion is equal to the rate of ingestion, prey were ingested at a rate of 1.14/h. Many of the field-caught copepods evacuated 3-5 pellets which converts to 5-8 copepod prey ingested. This in situ meal more than adequately covers their daily respiratory costs. Smaller predators. CIV and CV E. antarctica, exhibited higher rates on smaller prey while males did not feed at all. The younger and potentially faster growing stage CIV consumed a higher proportion of their body weight per day than did the older mature predators; they were able to meet their metabolic costs on large and small prey. Older stages may not be able to obtain enough food to meet their metabolic needs during the late summer when prey availability is limited; they cease feeding and go into the overwintering state.
The Tastiest Dish in Edo: Print, Performance and Culinary Entertainment in Early-Modern Japan*

Abstract Japanese television has turned cooking into a competition, as exemplified by the show Iron Chef and its imitators. Readers in the early modern period could enjoy similar contests between famous restaurants and popular dishes as presented on one-page broadsheets called ‘topical fight cards’ (mitate banzuke). Tracing the history of mitate banzuke as they developed from kabuki and sumo banzuke, this article offers a close reading of one culinary banzuke published in the 1830s, examining how it borrowed the format and graphic presentation of sumo banzuke to turn a listing of ordinary seafood and vegetable side dishes into an entertaining culinary contest. Sushi, sashimi, and tempura, which are the modern hallmarks of traditional Japanese cuisine, scarcely appear on the culinary banzuke examined here, which spotlights the more frugal fare and dietary preferences of urban commoners and illuminates the ways that popular print culture made fun with food.