cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuropsychological Test Selection with Clients Who Are Asian

This chapter discusses the various issues that need to be considered when selecting measures to be used in the neuropsychological assessment of Asian Americans. The standards in the field as related to cultural considerations and testing are highlighted. The major issue in considering test selection for this group, is the heterogeneity of what constitutes ‘Asian American’ and the differing languages and cultures of the Asian population as a whole. The second major issue in test selection is that the normative samples for tests, in Asian languages or in English, are not specific to Asian Americans. As a result of these concerns, issues of language, culture, and acculturation are then highlighted. Some examples of measures that can be used to assess language proficiency are provided. In some cases, where English is not proficient, it may be appropriate to use nonverbal measures or interpreters. The potential constraints and concerns with these options are discussed. Some measures that can be used, depending on the first language of the client, that may be part of a neuropsychological battery, are also identified. The need for careful consideration of language proficiency and level of acculturation, regardless of whether the norms reflect English speakers or Asian-language speakers, is highlighted.
Frequency-Specific Microcurrent for Treatment of Longstanding Congenital Muscular Torticollis

Purpose:This case describes the first episode of care, using conservative treatment, massage, and frequency-specific microcurrent (FSM), for a 19-month-old boy with grade 8 left congenital muscular torticollis with fibrotic nodules.Methods:Ten weeks of physical therapy provided stretching, strengthe
Threshold Contrast for Various Acoustic Imaging Systems

The ability of an imaging system to produce a good picture can be evaluated in terms of resolution and contrast. Because of noise, there exists a threshold in the contrast between adjacent resolution elements below which the diffraction-limited resolution cannot be achieved. Threshold contrast, being a function of input quantities and system characteristics, provides a cogent measure of the system sensitivity. This paper presents an analysis of the ultimate ideal performance of some acoustical imaging systems in terms of the above threshold contrast as limited by thermal noise or quantum noise.
Electrocatalytic Production of Hydrogen Gas by a Cobalt Formamidinate Complex

ABSTRACT. A molecular cobalt complex, Co(DippF)2 (where DippF is the anion of N,N’-bis[2,6-diisopropylphenyl]-formamidine), (1),is able to electrochemically produce hydrogen gas from the reduction of organic acids in homogeneous solutions. Compound 1 has a distorted square planar structure as evidenced through X-ray crystallography studies, and an effective magnetic moment of 4.13, obtained by the Evans method, that corresponds to three unpaired electrons. Compound 1 shows an irreversible cathodic peak at –1.59 V vs Fc/Fc+ which is assigned to the reduction of CoII to CoI. In the presence of organic acids the onset of catalytic current is observed at –1.2 V, –1.45 V and –1.89 V vs. Fc/Fc+ with p-toluenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid and phenol as the proton source, respectively, in MeCN as the solvent. Detection of hydrogen gas was obtained by GC-MS with Faradaic efficiencies ranging from 85% to 100%. Kinetic studies using foot-of-the-wave analysis (FOWA) reveal a linear dependence of the observed rate constant, kobs, against acid concentration in the range of 0.065 to 10.02 s-1.
Enhanced hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate to ethylene glycol over indium promoted Cu/SiO2

Abstract Hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate (DMO) on Cu/SiO2 catalysts is the final reaction step in a growing industrial syngas to ethylene glycol (StEG) process. In the present work, indium species are found to dramatically enhance the performance of a Cu/SiO2 catalyst prepared by urea-assisted gelation for the conversion of DMO to EG. Characterization reveals that indium species have negligible effect on the content of Cu+ species on the surface. Rather, the promotional effect likely originates from interactions between reduced indium species and Cu0 species though enhanced ability of the latter to activate H2.
Internationalization and geographically representative scholarship in journals devoted to behavior analysis: an assessment of 10 journals across 15 years

There are many reasons to consider behavior analysis an international field. For example, the primary membership organization for the field has affiliated chapters in 33 countries, and individuals from 100 countries around the world are certified by the Behavior Analyst Certification Board. However, some have questioned the extent to which scholarship in behavior analytic journals is internationally representative. This study provides the most extensive analysis to date regarding internationally representative scholarship in behavioral journals. Article characteristics (e.g., authors’ and participants’ geographic affiliation) of 2341 articles—across 15 years and 10 journals—were analyzed. Findings indicated that these articles were predominantly written by authors working within North America and Western Europe, and similar patterns were observed when considering the country of study participants. Implications and recommendations for improving the geographic representativeness of scholarship in behavior analysis are discussed, particularly in the context of internationalization.
The Efficacy of BurstDR Spinal Cord Stimulation for Chronic Abdominal Pain: A Clinical Series.

Background Chronic abdominal pain is a debilitating condition known for its multifactorial nature. Outcomes with spinal cord stimulation (SCS) for abdominal pain syndromes are noticeably absent in the literature. To date, there have been no published reports of novel waveforms of SCS for management of chronic abdominal pain. We assessed the efficacy and durability of BurstDR SCS in reducing abdominal pain and analgesic consumption. Case Description We performed a retrospective review of medical records from 3 patients with different etiologies of abdominal pain (postherniorrhaphy pain syndrome, Crohn disease, abdominal neuropathy). All patients underwent thoracic laminectomy for BurstDR SCS paddle lead and pulse generator placement after a successful trial stimulation period. Data were collected with a telephone survey after a minimum duration of >24 months following implantation. Pain scores were measured using a numeric rating scale. Two of 3 patients were entirely pain-free and reported Patient Global Impression of Change scores of 7 after a minimum follow-up of >24 months. While the third patient continued to have chronic as well as episodic abdominal pain, he was able to discontinue all narcotic pain medications and experienced a 33% decrease in frequency and 60% decrease in severity of monthly pain exacerbations. He reported satisfaction and a Patient Global Impression of Change of 6. Conclusions BurstDR SCS is a new programming modality, and long-term follow-up is necessary to determine its durability. Despite varying etiologies of abdominal pain, this series suggests BurstDR SCS sustained for >2 years might be effective as a treatment for abdominal pain syndromes. Future studies of SCS would benefit from standardized abdominal pain scores and high-powered studies using global patient registries.
The roles of study setting, response bias, and personality in subjective memory complaints of cognitively normal older adults.

Objectives: This study investigated subjective memory complaints in older adults and the roles of setting, response bias, and personality. Design: Cognitively normal older adults from two settings completed questionnaires measuring memory complaints, response bias, and personality. Settings: (A) Neuroimaging study with community-based recruitment and (B) academic memory clinic. Participants: Cognitively normal older adults who (A) volunteer for research (N = 92) or (B) self-referred to a memory clinic (N = 20). Measurements: Neuropsychological evaluation and adjudication of normal cognitive status were done by the neuroimaging study or memory clinic. This study administered self-reports of subjective memory complaints, response bias, five-factor personality, and depressive symptoms. Primary group differences were examined with secondary sensitivity analyses to control for sex, age, and education differences. Results: There was no significant difference in over-reporting response bias between study settings. Under-reporting response bias was higher in volunteers. Cognitive complaints were associated with response bias for two cognitive complaint measures. Neuroticism was positively associated with over-reporting in evaluation-seekers and negatively associated with under-reporting in volunteers. The relationship was reversed for Extraversion. Under-reporting bias was positively correlated with Agreeableness and Conscientiousness in volunteers. Conclusion: Evaluation-seekers do not show bias toward over-reporting symptoms compared to volunteers. Under-reporting response bias may be important to consider when screening for memory impairment in non-help-seeking settings. The Memory Functioning Questionnaire was less sensitive to reporting biases. Over-reporting may be a facet of higher Neuroticism. Findings help elucidate psychological influences on self-perceived cognitive decline and help seeking in aging and may inform different strategies for assessment by setting.
Safety Moments in Chemical Safety Education

Chemical safety education is a critical aspect of an integrated culture of safety in academic research settings. Showcasing best practices and sharing practical solutions for recognizing hazards an...
Impact of Atmospheric Turbulence on Frequency Comb Optical Timing Jitter

We characterize the impact of turbulence on optical pulse timing jitter over a uniform, near-ground path and compare the results with theory. Use of frequency combs enabled phase-continuous measurements down to 200-fs over multiple hours.
Discovery, Arbitration, and 28 U.S.C. §1782: Rules or Standards?

This paper is a draft for one of the chapters for Professor Silberman’s book on private international law: “The Counter-Revolution in Private International Law in the United States: From Standards to Rules? The book will be based on her Hague Academy General Course Lectures to be given remotely in summer 2021. This particular paper explores the tensions between standards and rule as it relates to U.S. judicial assistance for use in a “foreign or international tribunal”, as provided for in 28 U.S.C. § 1782. Professor Silberman traces the history of § 1782 and discusses the first and only Supreme Court decision, Intel Corpo. v. Advanced Micro Devices. Inc., interpreting the statute. She then focuses on the question of whether a “foreign or international tribunal” under § 1782 includes private commercial arbitration, an issue before the Court in Servotronics, Inc. v. Rolls-Royce PLC to be argued next term. Professor Silberman highlights the Circuit split on this issue and surveys the competing arguments on both sides. Referencing arbitration specific statutes in other jurisdiction, Professor Silberman observes a distinction between judicial assistance for discovery purposes and for use in a plenary proceeding. Professor Silberman suggests that “rules” rather than “standards” would be preferable in the arbitration context and suggests a legislative solution to create such rules.
Cellular crosstalk regulates the aqueous humor outflow pathway and provides new targets for glaucoma therapies

Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) is a severe disease characterized by developmental defects in the trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm's canal (SC), comprising the conventional aqueous humor outflow pathway of the eye. Recently, heterozygous loss of function variants in TEK and ANGPT1 or compound variants in TEK/SVEP1 were identified in children with PCG. Moreover, common variants in ANGPT1and SVEP1 have been identified as risk alleles for primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) in GWAS studies. Here, we show tissue-specific deletion of Angpt1 or Svep1 from the TM causes PCG in mice with severe defects in the adjacent SC. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of normal and glaucomatous Angpt1 deficient eyes allowed us to identify distinct TM and SC cell populations and discover additional TM-SC signaling pathways. Furthermore, confirming the importance of angiopoietin signaling in SC, delivery of a recombinant ANGPT1-mimetic promotes developmental SC expansion in healthy and Angpt1 deficient eyes, blunts intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation and RGC loss in a mouse model of PCG and lowers IOP in healthy adult mice. Our data highlight the central role of ANGPT1-TEK signaling and TM-SC crosstalk in IOP homeostasis and provide new candidates for SC-targeted glaucoma therapy.
The politics of small things : the power of the powerless in dark times

Political change doesn't always begin with a bang; it often starts with just a whisper. From the discussions around kitchen tables that led to the dismantling of the Soviet bloc to the more recent emergence of Internet initiatives like MoveOn.org and Redeem the Vote that are revolutionizing the American political landscape, consequential political life develops in small spaces where dialogue generates political power. In "The Politics of Small Things", Jeffrey C. Goldfarb provides an innovative way for understanding politics, a way of appreciating the significance of politics at the micro level by comparatively analyzing key turning points and institutions in recent history. He presents a sociology of human interactions that lead from small to large: dissent around the old Soviet bloc; life on the streets in Warsaw, Prague, and Bucharest in 1989; the network of terror that spawned 9/11; and the religious and Internet mobilizations that transformed the 2004 presidential election, to name a few. In such pivotal moments, he masterfully shows, political autonomy can be generated, presenting alternatives to the big politics of the global stage and the dominant narratives of terrorism, antiterrorism, and globalization.
Introduction to Vector Analysis

This chapter provides an overview of vector analysis. The notion of a vector field is central to the subject of vector analysis. The chapter presents a definition of vector field in R 2 that states, “Let Ω be a region in R 2 , then f is a vector field in R 2 if f assigns to every x in Ω a unique vector f ( x ) in R 2 .” This definition can be extended to R 3 . A vector field in R 3 is a function of which domain and range are subsets of R 3 . Vector fields arise in a great number of physical applications. There are, for example, mechanical force fields, magnetic fields, electric fields, velocity fields, and direction fields. The chapter presents a general definition of the line integral in the plane and discusses a result that gives an important relationship between line integrals and double integrals. It discusses Green's theorem in the plane, which provides a relationship between a line integral over a closed curve and a double integral over a region enclosed by that curve. As in the plane, the computation of a line integral in space is very easy if the integral is independent of the path. The chapter discusses the notion of a surface integral. This will enable to extend Green's theorem to integrals over regions in space. It discusses the divergence and curl of a vector field in R 3 and discusses how these are used in the statement of two very important theorems about surface integrals—Stokes' theorem and the divergence theorem. The chapter discusses how, under certain conditions, it is possible to convert from one set of coordinates to another in double and triple integrals.
Introduction: Modeling Crystal Interfaces

Interfaces represent an integral part of the understanding, design, and processing of modern materials [1, 4, 5, 6]. Many phenomena and properties, ranging from electronic and optical to thermal and mechanical in nature, are known to be dominated by the presence of interfaces. The basic paradigm for understanding and controlling interfacial phenomena is the concept of structure-property correlation, well known in materials science. In the remaining sections of this chapter, we will discuss the application of this concept to grain boundaries. The reader should keep in mind that while the modeling of grain boundaries is a significant problem in and of itself, the modeling concepts and simulation methods developed and applied in this context, apply equally well to other types of interfacial materials.
Terrorist Threat Analysis

This article will summarize methods that can be used for threat analysis with applications for modeling threats generated by non-state adversaries. Traditionally, threat models focused on an adversary's capability to mount a specific attack and that adversary's intent to carry out such an attack. However, as explicated in this article, threat is best understood as the product of an adversary's capability, intent, and authority to engage a specific target by a particular attack mode. Furthermore, threat does not emerge from a clean room; rather, threat is strongly influenced by an adversary's culture and constituencies. Thus, any robust model of threat requires a cultural awareness of an adversary, and its intended audience. Examples of capability, intent, and authority will be provided in an effort to portray a robust threat profile. Specifically, this article will employ an al-Qaeda WMD threat as an example of the application of the threat assessment suggested. Keywords: threat; capability; intent; authority; fatwa; cultural effect on threat
Construction of Numerical Energy Functions for Lossy Transient Stability Models

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction A Two-Step Procedure First Integral-Based Procedure Ill-Conditioned Numerical Problems Numerical Evaluations of Approximation Schemes Multistep Trapezoidal Scheme On the Corrected Numerical Energy Functions Concluding Remarks
Bacterial and extracellular polysaccharide content of brine‐wetted snow over Arctic winter first‐year sea ice

[1] During freeze-up and consolidation, sea ice rejects to its surface brine of marine origin that is incorporated into overlying snow. To evaluate the transport of biological components in brines from ice to snow, vertical profiles of temperature, salinity, bacterial abundance, and extracellular polysaccharide substances (EPS) were obtained through snow and first-year sea ice (Barrow, AK) in consecutive winters (2010, 2011). Snow profiles showed strong interannual variation, with 2010 presenting higher values and wider ranges in salinity (0.3–30.9, practical salinity), bacterial abundance (2.8 × 102–1.5 × 104 cells mL− 1), and particulate EPS (pEPS, 0.04–0.23 glucose equivalents (glu-eq) mg L− 1) than 2011 (0–11.9, 2.7 × 103–4.2 × 103 cells mL− 1 and 0.04–0.09 glu-eq mg L− 1, respectively). Surface ice also differed interannually, with 2010 presenting again higher salinity (19.4, n = 1), bacterial abundance (5.4 × 104–9.6 × 104 cells mL− 1) and pEPS (0.13–0.51 glu-eq mg L− 1) than 2011 (7.7–11.9, 1.7 × 104–2.2 × 104 cells mL− 1, and 0.01–0.09 glu-eq mg L− 1, respectively). Transport of bacteria and pEPS from sea-ice brines into snow was evident in 2010 but not 2011, a year with more extreme winter conditions of colder temperature, thinner snow, and stronger wind. By size fraction, the smallest EPS ( 80%) total EPS in both ice and snow; the > 3 µm fraction of EPS in snow appeared to have an atmospheric source. Evaluation of membrane integrity by Live/Dead stain revealed a high percentage (85%) of live bacteria in saline snow, identifying this vast environment as a previously unrecognized microbial habitat.
Pubertal-related changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity and cytokine secretion in response to an immunological stressor.

Pubertal development is marked by profound changes in stress reactivity. For example, following a brief stressor, such as foot shock, ether inhalation or restraint, prepubertal rats display a prolonged adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone response that takes twice as long to return to baseline compared to adults. Pubertal-related differences in the recovery of the hormonal stress response following a more protracted systemic stressor, such as an immunological challenge, have not yet been investigated. Moreover, it is unclear whether an immunological stressor leads to a differential cytokine response in animals before and after pubertal maturation. To examine these issues, we used a single injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0.1 mg/kg) to induce a hormonal stress and innate immune response and measured plasma ACTH, corticosterone, and the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in prepubertal and adult male rats 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 24 h after LPS exposure. In a follow-up experiment, we assessed neural activation, as indexed by FOS immunohistochemistry, in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) in prepubertal and adult males 0, 4, 8, or 24 h after a 0.1 mg/kg injection of LPS. By contrast to the prolonged response observed in prepubertal animals following a variety of acute stressors, we found that corticosterone and IL-6 responses induced by LPS recover toward baseline faster in prepubertal compared to adult rats. Along with these different peripheral responses, we also found that LPS-induced neural activation in the PVN of prepubertal animals showed a faster return to baseline compared to adults. Together, these data indicate that prepubertal and adult animals react in distinct ways, both peripherally and centrally, to an immunological stressor.
Transferability of the two‐parameter fracture criterion for 2219 aluminium alloy cracked configurations

Two-dimensional elastic–plastic finite-element fracture simulations with the critical crack-tip-opening-angle fracture criterion were used to evaluate the two-parameter fracture criterion (TPFC). Three different crack configurations under tension and bending loads made of thin-sheet 2219-T87 aluminium alloy were analysed. A very wide range of widths (w = 76 to 2440 mm) and initial crack-length-to-width ratios (ci/w = 0.05 to 0.95) were considered. A relation from the original TPFC was shown to fit the simulated fracture behaviour fairly well for the three different specimen types for net-section stresses less than the yield stress (σy) of the material. Comparisons were also made on measured and simulated fracture tests on middle-crack-tension specimens. A relation between the elastic stress-intensity factor, KIe, and net-section stress, Sn, at failure was found to be linear for Sn σy.
Dipole‐like backscatter stimulated Raman scattering for in vivo imaging

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) scanning microscopy has the potential to enable label-free in vivo imaging for research and clinical medicine. Volume SRS from focus occurs in the forward scattered direction. Therefore, multiple scattering events are required to direct the light out of the tissue, reducing imaging depth and resolution. Here, a method called Stokes interference SRS (SISRS) is introduced that operates by the addition to the standard pump and stimulated emission probe beams a third beam called the donut beam. The donut is close in wavelength to the probe beam and, after passage through a π phase plate, forms an annular beam in the focal plane with bright nodes above and below focus. The donut beats with the probe beam, and when they destructively interfere with each other, the microscope's 3-D stimulated emission focal spot is reduced to subwavelength dimensions. A subwavelength focal volume emits a dipole pattern of SRS with forward and backscatter lobes, enabling high-resolution single-backscatter imaging from deep within tissues. The reduction of the focal volume also increases the resolution of the scanning image creating imaging beyond the diffraction limit. SISRS imaging may provide in vivo label-free Raman images comparable with that achieved in stained in vitro tissues in all planes of section. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial filtering of unipolar electrograms

In order to be able to derive some quantitative criteria to assist in making decisions about the presence of local activations, zones of canine myocardium incapable of undergoing electrical activation (EA) were created. The criteria are based on the comparison of electrograms recorded in those inexcitable zones with electrograms recorded in normal myocardium. Two criteria for making decisions about local EA in unipolar electrograms are compared. The first is based on the first time derivative (time filtering) of the electrogram and the second is based on th first spatial derivative (spatial filtering) between two electrograms recorded in neighboring electrodes. It is shown that the spatial derivative performs much better than the time derivative in both supraventricular rhythm and ventricular fibrillation. >
Instability and subsequent evolution of electroweak bubbles.

Bubbles in a first-order electroweak phase transition are nucleated with radii R0 and expand with velocity v. If v is subsonic, a bubble becomes unstable to nonspherical perturbations when its radius is roughly 10^4R0. These perturbations acclerate the transition, and the effective velocity of bubble growth rapidly becomes supersonic. The transition should subsequently proceed spherically via detonation. If for some reason the onset of detonation is postponed, the surface area of the bubbles may be enhanced by 10^5. We discuss consequences for electroweak baryogenesis.
Dynamic tracking control of uncertain nonholonomic mobile robots

We consider the tracking control of a nonholonomic mobile robot with parameter uncertainty and unknown dynamics. A new robust adaptive controller is proposed with the aid of adaptive backstepping and robust control techniques. The proposed controller guarantees that the tracking error converges to a small ball containing the origin. The ball's radius can be adjusted by control parameters. Uncertainties in both of kinematics and dynamics of mobile robots are considered of the first time in the frame of robust and adaptive control in this paper. Simulation results show effectiveness of the proposed controller.
Duplication of the Rdl GABA receptor subunit gene in an insecticide-resistant aphid, Myzus persicae.

Resistance to cyclodiene insecticides is associated with replacements of a single amino acid (alanine 302) in a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor subunit encoded by the single-copy gene Resistance to dieldrin (Rdl). Alanine 302 is predicted to reside within the second membrane-spanning region of the Rdl receptor, a region that is thought to line the integral chloride ion channel pore. In all cyclodiene-resistant insects studied to date, this same alanine residue is replaced either by a serine, or, in some resistant strains of Drosophila simulans, a glycine residue. Therefore, individuals can carry only two different Rdl alleles. In contrast, here we report the presence of up to four different Rdl-like alleles in individual clones of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae. In addition to the wild-type copy of Rdl gene (encoding A302 or allele A), M. persicae carries three other alleles with the following amino acid replacements: A302 → Glycine (allele G), A302 → SerineTCG (allele S) and A302 → SerineAGT (allele S′). Evidence from direct nucleotide sequencing and Single Stranded Conformational Polymorphism (SSCP) analysis shows that at least three of these different Rdl alleles (i.e. A, G and S) are commonly present in individual aphids or aphid clones. Southern analysis using allele-specific probes and analysis of sequences downstream of the exon containing the resistance-associated mutation confirm the presence of two independent Rdl-like loci in M. persicae. One locus carries the susceptible alanine (A) and/or resistant glycine (G) allele while the other carries the two serine alleles (S or S′). Whereas resistance levels are correlated with the glycine replacement, the S allele was present in all aphid clones, regardless of their resistance status. These results suggest that target site insensitivity is associated with replacements at the first (A/G) but not the second (S/S′) locus. Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences indicates that both putative aphid Rdl loci are monophyletic with respect to other insect Rdl genes and may have arisen through a recent gene duplication event. The implications of this duplication with respect to insecticide resistance and insect GABA receptor subunit diversity are discussed.
Managing Containers in a Marine Terminal: Assessing Information Needs:

The research addresses questions about how intelligent transportation systems technologies that are being used to track and manage containers in transit can also be used to manage the stacked storage of containers in marine terminals. The research focuses on import container storage. The objective is to assess whether and how more accurate and timely information about the departure times of containers can be used to more efficiently and effectively manage import containers in stacked storage. An "informed" import storage strategy along with performance analyses of this strategy in relation to typical storage strategies used by ports is presented. The strategy for organizing import stacked storage is described. The study methodology used and subsequent analysis of these options regarding performance and economics follow. Results indicate that using a reservation system similar to the crescent system used by the port of New Orleans would significantly reduce import container-handling efforts. The system wou...
A Cerenkov Gas Laser

A Cerenkov gas laser would consist of a suitable gas at near atmospheric pressure, a highly relativistic electron beam, and an optical cavity. The electron beam emits spontaneous Cerenkov radiation which is reflected on the beam at the Cerenkov angle by the cavity. This, in turn, stimulates further emission. In an idealized situation the predicted gain of such a system, when operated in the visible region of the spectrum, could be quite high (many percent/pass). Results of an idealized calculation and departures therefrom caused by finite beam emittance and energy spread, velocity space diffusion of the beam in the resonator, and constraints imposed by beam and cavity characteristics will be discussed.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of Education on Assessment of Age-Associated Memory Impairment

This study investigated the relation of education to results of the tests used in determining age-associated memory impairment (AAMI) and whether adjustment for years of education affects classification of AAMI. Ninety women, age 75 or older, who were living independently in the community, participated in the study. Assessment of AAMI was conducted, using the Logical Memory and Associate-Learning tasks from the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) and the Benton Visual Retention Test, Administration A. Seventy-four of the 90 women were classified as having AAMI, according to the criteria outlined by the NIMH Work Group. After the effects of education were statistically removed, 54 women were classified as having AAMI. The difference between AAMI categorization before and after controlling for education was statistically significant.
Assessing the Risks of Sampling Rates for Surveilling a Population

Surveillance of a population, such as a weapon stockpile, is needed to discover manufacturing defects as well as deterioration as the population ages. This article considers the risks of sampling rates for surveillance from three perspectives.
Age-Related Changes in the Epithelial and Stromal Compartments of the Mammary Gland in Normocalcemic Mice Lacking the Vitamin D3 Receptor

The vitamin D3 receptor (VDR) serves as a negative growth regulator during mammary gland development via suppression of branching morphogenesis during puberty and modulation of differentiation and apoptosis during pregnancy, lactation and involution. To assess the role of the VDR in the aging mammary gland, we utilized 12, 14, and 16 month old VDR knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) mice for assessment of integrity of the epithelial and stromal compartments, steroid hormone levels and signaling pathways. Our data indicate that VDR ablation is associated with ductal ectasia of the primary mammary ducts, loss of secondary and tertiary ductal branches and atrophy of the mammary fat pad. In association with loss of the white adipose tissue compartment, smooth muscle actin staining is increased in glands from VDR KO mice, suggesting a change in the stromal microenviroment. Activation of caspase-3 and increased Bax expression in mammary tissue of VDR KO mice suggests that enhanced apoptosis may contribute to loss of ductal branching. These morphological changes in the glands of VDR KO mice are associated with ovarian failure and reduced serum 17β-estradiol. VDR KO mice also exhibit progressive loss of adipose tissue stores, hypoleptinemia and increased metabolic rate with age. These developmental studies indicate that, under normocalcemic conditions, loss of VDR signaling is associated with age-related estrogen deficiency, disruption of epithelial ductal branching, abnormal energy expenditure and atrophy of the mammary adipose compartment.
Application of smart structure concepts to vibration suppression of a cryocooler coldfinger

A flight experiment demonstrating vibration suppression using smart structure technology is being flown on a small British satellite in late 1993. Piezo actuators are used to suppress motion of the tip of a cryocooler coldfinger in three dimensions. Two actuation methods are being demonstrated: low voltage piezo translators and applique ceramics. The applique ceramics stretch the coldfinger to cancel the tip motion and are discussed in detail in a companion paper. Commercially available piezo translators displace the entire cryocooler to cancel the motion of the tip of the coldfinger as measured by three eddy current transducers. Two types of control systems are being demonstrated: a real time analog control system using position feedback, and a digital feed forward controller that updates its waveform every second or so.
Patient-level estimates of the cost of complications in diabetes in a managed-care population.

Objective: To develop incidence-based estimates of the cost of several diabetes-related complications. Design and setting: This was a retrospective cohort study in a large health maintenance organisation. A total of 8905 patients with type 1 (insulin-dependent) and type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and 36 520 age- and gender-matched controls without diabetes were observed from 1992 to 1995. Incidence rates of 6 major diabetes-related complications were computed for both populations. Annual health expenditures in the first and second year following diagnosis were computed for each complication. For comparison, annual costswere derived for individuals without diabetes or the complication of interest. Main outcome measures and results: Over 3 years of observation, incidence rates for the groups with and without diabetes were as follows: myocardial infarction 9.0 versus 3.2%; stroke 8.7 versus 3.8%; hypertension 26.2 versus 16.9%; end-stage renal disease 5.9 versus 1.4%; foot ulcer 7.9 versus 1.1%; and eye disease 44.3 versus 2.8%. Expressed as a multiple of the average annual cost of care for those without diabetes [$US3400/year (1995 dollars) for those over 65 years of age] and the related complication of interest, excess expenditures for those with diabetes were as follows for the first year following diagnosis: no complications 1.59; myocardial infarction 4.1; stroke 3.5; hypertension 2.56; end-stage renal disease 4.32; foot ulcer 4.0; and eye disease 2.46. For younger cohorts (less prevalent in the sample), incremental costs for each complication were generally greater than in the older group. Conclusions: The high incidences and costs may support the value of aggressive early intervention for patients with diabetes. These data will be useful for pharmacoeconomic modelling of the cost effectiveness of new and existing therapies for this condition.
Mantle Melting and Basalt Extraction by Equilibrium Porous Flow

The chemical composition of mid-ocean ridge basalt, the most prevalent magma type on the planet, reflects the melt9s continuous reequilibration with the surrounding mantle during porous flow. Models of basalt extraction that account for the observed uranium-series disequilibria on the Juan de Fuca ridge constrain both the abundance of melt beneath ridges (0.1 to 0.2 percent) and the style of mantle melting. Unlike models that incorporate near-fractional melts (dynamic melting), mixing of equilibrium porous flow melts derived from heterogeneous source materials quantitatively explains the uranium-series observations.
Natural variation of equine infectious anemia virus Gag protein cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes.

Abstract Two defined cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes from equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV)-infected horses, equine leukocyte alloantigen (ELA)-A5.1-restricted epitope 18a, and ELA-A9-restricted epitope 28b-1 were evaluated for conservation among three wild-type EIAV strains. Epitope 18a variation occurred in all three wild-type EIAV strains, while epitope 28b-1 varied in one strain. Further, 12% amino acid changes occurred in the Gag proteins of a recently isolated wild-type strain, documenting a much greater Gag protein variation than previously reported. Evaluation of epitope 18a among two virus isolates from sequential disease episodes in a single horse, H513 (ELA-A5.1/A8), demonstrated that no variation that affected CTL recognition occurred. H513 PBMC had CTLm to epitope 18a before the occurrence of disease episodes caused by viruses expressing epitope 18a; however, the frequencies were low (5–15/10 6 PBMC). Later in infection there was an absence of disease episodes associated with an increase in CTLm frequency to EIAV WSU5 -infected targets, but not epitope 18a-pulsed targets. Therefore, if CTLm to EIAV epitopes were involved in maintaining the carrier state in H513, they recognized epitopes other than 18a.
Infrared Spectroscopy of Interstellar and Solar System Ice Analogs: Measurement of Optical Constants

Laboratory spectra through the mid-infrared have been used to calculate the optical constants (n and k) for a variety of pure and mixed molecular ices. The ices studied were H2O, CH3OH, CO2, OCS, CH4, CO2+CH4, CO2+OCS, CO+CH4, CO+OCS, O2+CH4, O2+OCS, N2+CR4, N2+OCS, H2O+CH4, H2O+OCS, and H2O+CH3OH +CO+NH3.
Improvements in health-related quality of life following a group intervention for coping with AIDS-bereavement among HIV-infected men and women.

Background: AIDS-related bereavement is a severe life stressor that may be particularly distressing to persons themselves infected with HIV. Increasing evidence suggests that psychological health is associated with disease progression, HIV-related symptoms, and mortality. Purpose: This study assessed change in health-related quality of life among HIV+ persons following a group intervention for coping with AIDS-related loss. Methods: The sample included 235 HIV+ men and women of diverse ethnicities and sexual orientations who had experienced an AIDS-related loss within the previous 2 years. Participants were randomly assigned to a 12-week cognitive-behavioral bereavement coping group intervention or offered individual psychotherapy upon request. Quality of life was assessed at baseline and 2 weeks after the intervention. Results: Participants in the group intervention demonstrated improvements in general health-related and HIV-specific quality of life, while those in the comparison remained the same or deteriorated. Effect sizes indicated that the majority of change occurred in women. Conclusion: This bereavement group aimed at improving coping with grief also had a positive impact on health-related quality of life among HIV+ men and women, and suggests that cognitive-behavioral interventions may have a broad impact on both emotional and physical health.
Adeno-associated virus-mediated gene transfer to the brain: duration and modulation of expression

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a promising vector for central nervous system (CNS) gene transfer, but a number of issues must be addressed if AAV is to be used for widespread delivery throughout the CNS. Our aim was to test the effect of dose, route of delivery, and hydroxyurea treatment on brain expression of beta-galactosidase activity after cerebral inoculation with an rAAV-lacZ vector (rAAV-beta-gal). We also wished to test whether an immune response appeared against the vector and the transgene product. We found in BALB/c mice that beta-Gal expression increased during the first 2 months after inoculation, then decreased slightly by 4 months, and continued out to 6, 12, and 15 months in single animals. Cerebral injection produced localized beta-Gal expression that did not diffuse to other regions despite a fivefold increase in injection volume. Intraventricular injection resulted in negligible transduction. Antibodies to AAV capsid protein and beta-Gal appeared at low levels at 2 and 4 months, but correlated poorly with beta-Gal expression and did not prevent readministration of rAAV-beta-gal. Hydroxyurea treatment did not result in increased transduction in vivo. We conclude that our study confirms rAAV vectors as having considerable potential for CNS gene transfer; however, several important problems must be addressed if this vector system is to be used for long-term transduction of the entire brain. Sustained, regulatable expression will be needed if rAAV is to be used in the treatment of chronic CNS disease. The difficulty in delivering AAV to diverse regions of the brain is an important problem that must be overcome if these vectors are to be used for anything beyond localized transduction.
FORMATION OF 2N MEGAGAMETOPHYTES IN DIPLOID TUBER‐BEARING SOLANUMS

Development of megaspores and megagametophytes was analyzed for several diploid potato clones (Solanum spp.) that exhibit either high (HI) or low (LO) seed set when crossed as female with the tetraploid cultivated potato S. tuberosum Group Tuberosa. The objectives were to determine the relationship between ploidy and diam of nuclei and nucleoli, and to determine the mechanism(s) and frequencies of 2 n megagametophyte formation. Sizes of nuclei and nucleoli were found to depend on ploidy. For HI clones, the distributions of sizes indicated that doubling occurred during meiosis, and that 30 to 50% of the megaspores and megagametophytes were 2n rather than haploid. Omission of the second meiotic division led to formation of second division restitution (SDR) 2n megagametophytes. Only one HI clone had abnormal meiosis I, in addition to omission of meiosis II in some meiocytes; this clone seemed to produce not only 1 n and 2n, but also 4n megagametophytes. The results indicated that high crossability of the HI clones as female with tetraploids largely was due to formation of SDR 2n megagametophytes, a finding strongly supporting the hypothesis that sexual polyploidization is the driving force behind polyploidization of Solanums. The results contribute to increasing evidence that meiotic mutants and abnormalities play an important role in angiosperm evolution.
Echinocandins for candidemia in adults without neutropenia.

A 62-year-old man has a bloodstream infection with a candida species other than Candida albicans. Caspofungin, an echinocandin antifungal agent, is recommended. The echinocandins are effective in treating candidemia in patients who do not have neutropenia. Their efficacy in the treatment of deep-tissue infections or in the setting of neutropenia has not been established.
Age‐related Resistance in Bell Pepper to Cucumber mosaic virus

Summary We demonstrated the occurrence of mature plant resistance in Capsicum annuum‘Early Calwonder’ to Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) under greenhouse conditions. When Early Calwonder plants were sown at 10 day intervals and transplanted to 10-cm square pots, three distinct plant sizes were identified that were designated small, medium and large. Trials conducted during each season showed that CMV accumulated in inoculated leaves of all plants of each size category. All small plants (with the exception of the winter trial) developed a systemic infection that included accumulation of CMV in uninoculated leaves and severe systemic symptoms. Medium plants had a range of responses that included no systemic infection to detection of CMV in uninoculated leaves with the systemically infected plants being either symptomless or expressing only mild symptoms. None of the large plants contained detectable amounts of CMV in uninoculated leaves or developed symptoms. When plants were challenged by inoculation of leaves positioned at different locations along the stem or different numbers of leaves were inoculated, large plants continued to accumulate CMV in inoculated leaves but no systemic infection was observed. When systemic infection of large plants did occur, e.g. when CMV-infected pepper was used as a source of inoculum, virus accumulation in uninoculated leaves was relatively low and plants remained symptomless. A time-course study of CMV accumulation in inoculated leaves revealed no difference between small and large plants. Analyses to examine movement of CMV into the petiole of inoculated leaves and throughout the stem showed a range in the extent of infection. While all large plants contained CMV in inoculated leaves, some had no detectable amounts of virus beyond the leaf blade, whereas others contained virus throughout the length of the stem but with limited accumulation relative to controls.
Visual perception of moving parts

There are countless three-dimensional interpretations of a set of points moving in a two-dimensional image. A unique visual interpretation of motion thus requires assumptions about the types of structure likely to be found in the three-dimensional world. We propose that the human visual system favors articulated structures in its interpretations. An articulated structure is a rigid body with moving parts that themselves are rigid and rotate in fixed planes with respect to the body. (A bicycle is an example.) We claim that an image consisting of just two moving points is seen as an articulated structure (when their motion is consistent with one), even though countless other interpretations are possible, including a rigid one of a rod moving in space. An experiment is presented in support of our claim, and a well-known display from an old experiment is reinterpreted as a special case of an articulated structure.
Preparation and properties of the Pb3(VO4)2Pb3(PO4)2 system

Abstract Single crystals of the pseudobinary system Pb3(V1−xPxO4)2 were grown via the Czochralski technique and were studied over wide ranges of x, particularly with regard to the influence of substitution on the 3 mF 2 m transition as a function of temperature.