cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Children's Responses to Group-Based Inequalities: Perpetuation and Rectification.

The current studies investigate whether, and under what conditions, children engage in system-perpetuating and system-attenuating behaviors when allocating resources to different social groups. In three studies, we presented young children with evidence of social group inequalities and assessed whether they chose to perpetuate or rectify these inequalities. Children (aged 3.5–11.5 years) heard about two social groups (i.e., racial or novel groups) whose members received resources unequally (two cookies versus one). Participants were then given the opportunity to distribute additional resources to new members of the same groups. In Experiment 1, when children were presented with inequalities involving groups of Blacks and Whites, older children (aged 7.5–11.5 years) rejected the status quo, providing more resources to members of groups with fewer resources (White or Black), whereas younger children (aged 3.5–7.5 years) perpetuated the status quo. In Experiments 2 and 3, the inequalities involved Asians and...
Distribution of Estrogen Receptor-β Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in the Male Sheep Hypothalamus

As a first step in determining possible influences of the newly discovered estrogen receptor (ER)-beta on reproduction, we have localized mRNA for ER-beta within the male sheep hypothalamus using in situ hybridization and a rat ER-beta cRNA probe. Highest amounts of hybridization signal were observed in the preoptic area (POA), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, paraventricular nucleus, and supraoptic nucleus. Relatively moderate amounts of hybridization signal were observed in the retrochiasmatic area (RCH), anterior hypothalamic area, dorsomedial hypothalamus, and lateral hypothalamus. Only a low level of hybridization signal was observed in the ventromedial hypothalamus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, and arcuate nucleus. The presence of ER-beta mRNA in several areas of the male sheep hypothalamus suggests multiple functions for this receptor. The distribution of ER-beta in the ovine hypothalamus was similar to that described for the rat, suggesting a high degree of functional conservation across species. A role for ER-beta in influencing reproduction is suggested by its presence in the POA and RCH, regions of the hypothalamus that control reproduction.
Use of Structural Models as an Alternative to Full-Scale Testing

A brief review is given of the requirements to be met by small-scale direct models in duplicating the behavior of actual structures up to ultimate failure. It is found that the requirements on similitude, model materials,fabrication, and testing techniques are more restrictive in model studies where nonlinear structural behavior is the primary goal. The paper discusses current methods of structural modeling for the most common structural forms, materials of construction and loading. Examples of model studies of a variety of structures, drawn mainly from practical applications of the modeling technique are given. In all the examples chosen, the main objective has been the duplication of the inelastic structural behavior of the anticipated prototype structure under both static or dynamic loads.
CXCL12/SDF-1α Activates NF-κB and Promotes Oral Cancer Invasion through the Carma3/Bcl10/Malt1 Complex

CXCL12/SDF‐1α Activates NF‐κB and Promotes Oral Cancer Invasion through the Carma3/Bcl10/Malt1 Complex
Use of molecular hybridization to purify and analyze albumin messenger RNA from rat liver.

Abstract A new procedure is described for purification of rat liver albumin mRNA. First a population of RNA molecules is enriched for albumin mRNA by immunoprecipitation of polysomes containing albumin nascent chains. Polyadenylylated RNA is prepared from immunoprecipitates, transcribed into complementary DNA, and shown to be enriched severalfold for a particular RNA frequency component. This enriched RNA component is then purified by molecular hybridization to a limited R0t value (product of RNA concentration and incubation time), under conditions in which only the most abundant sequence component is annealed. Potentially, this procedure can be employed for the purification of a wide variety of mRNAs present in lesser amounts in the cell. The isolated RNA appears to be a single frequency component by hybridization to complementary DNA transcribed from itself. This RNA is a 17S species and represents 5-8% of total cytoplasmic polyadenylylated RNA. In vitro translation of the purified RNA has shown that it codes for a single polypeptide that can be identified immunologically as albumin and migrates with rat serum albumin on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels. This albumin mRNA was determined to be essentially pure by comparing its kinetics of hybridization to those obtained with rabbit α + β globin mRNA and its DNA complement. The sequence complexity of purified rat albumin mRNA corresponds to 5.9 × 105 daltons.
Whey Protein Coating Effect on The Oxygen Uptake of Dry Roasted Peanuts

A procedure was developed to coat peanuts with aqueous whey protein isolate (WPI) solutions based on increasing coating-solution viscosity. Oxygen uptake of WPI-coated nuts and uncoated nuts were compared. WPI coatings delayed oxygen uptake of dry roasted peanuts at intermediate (53%) and low (21%) storage relative humidity. They had similar results at 29°C and 37°C. The effects of coating thickness and storage relative humidity indicate that the mechanism of protection of the coatings was through their oxygen barrier properties.
An Algorithm to Derive Precipitation Profiles From A Downward Viewing Radar And A Multifrequency Passive Radiometer

Forthcoming satellite missions are being planned to measure rainfall from space. Precipitation profiles will be sought from multifrequency, dual polarization passive radiometers operating in combination with a radar that operates under conditions that produce significant extinction. algorithm is developed that yields a robust solution of the radar equation subjected to constraints imposed by measurements of dual polarized, multifrequency microwave radiances. Using simulated data, it is shown that this algorithm generates retrieved hydrometeor profiles that overcome limitations of the radar retrievals introduced by noise and ambiguities in the phase of the hydrometeors.
New trajectory generation methods for nonholonomic mobile robots

We consider the problem of trajectory generation of nonholonomic mobile robots. We propose two trajectory generation algorithms, one uses a differential flatness based method and the other uses a polynomial input based method. Simulation results are shown for the proposed trajectory generation algorithms
Sex Determination: Genetic Models for Oysters

In oysters, sex is determined partly by environment, but previous studies employing controlled crosses suggest that genetic factors are also important. Sex ratios in both full- and half-sib families of the Pacific oyster show paternal control of sex ratio and suggest that a single major gene with 2 genotypes controls sex in the Pacific oyster, with FM oysters being male and FF oysters maturing as male or female. Here, we show that such a model does indeed produce a stable polymorphism for either single or multiple age-class populations, though under limited ranges of f, the probability that an FF individual matures as a female. However, this 2-genotype model cannot explain observed heterogeneity of sex ratios among progeny from different dams within half-sib families. We propose an alternative 3-genotype model that also produces a stable polymorphism, for either single or multiple age-class populations, but over all values of f between zero and one. This model accounts for sex ratio heterogeneity among male half-sib families because it features 2 types of females, a protandric FM and a fixed female FF. Furthermore, the 3-genotype model, accounts for the frequencies of mating types inferred from the observed sex ratios of families more closely than the 2-genotype model. Although the mechanism of sex determination may ultimately prove more complex, simple genetic mechanisms can account for the broad features of sexual maturation in oyster families and the stability of sex ratios in populations.
Resistivity plateau and extreme magnetoresistance in LaSb

A series of transport experiments on lanthanum antimonide reveal a plateau in its resistivity and an extremely large magnetoresistance that are consistent with topologically protected electronic states.
Classical system identification in a deterministic setting

To reconcile identification with robust control, researchers have focused their attention on worst case identification. However, with assumptions such as unknown but bounded noise, worst case identification, leads to conservative bounds. Furthermore, these bounds are obtained at exponential cost. On the other hand in traditional identification, one obtains confidence bounds at polynomial cost. To overcome these shortcomings we explore several relaxations and restrictions on the worst case identification problem. In particular, we develop deterministic equivalent of stochastic identification.
Relationship of selected acoustic variables to judgments of esophageal speech

Abstract The relationship between selected acoustic attributes of esophageal speech and listener judgments of laryngectomized speakers was investigated. The twenty-two laryngectomes in the study were filmed and recorded reading the first paragraph of the Rainbow Passage and these films were judged by sixty judges. Frequency, intensity and rate analyses were performed. Relationships between the acoustic variables and listener judgments were investigated. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) Mean vocal fundamental frequency, fundamental frequency variation and degree of wave-to-wave consistency are not significantly related to speech proficiency. (2) Vocal sound pressure level and sound pressure variation are not related to esophageal speech proficiency and (3) Speaking rate is related to speech proficiency. Better speakers speak at a significantly faster rate.
Relationship between inhibition of aortic histamine formation, aortic albumin permeability and atherosclerosis

Abstract Effects of partial inhibition of aortic histamine formation on aortic albumin uptake and lipid deposition were examined in male, New Zealand white rabbits maintained on Purina Rabbit Chow containing 0.5% cholesterol for a 2-week period. Aortic histamine synthesis was inhibited by partial inhibition of aortic histidine decarboxylase (HD) through administration of α-hydrazinohistidine (α-HH, MK785, Regis Chemical Co., 25 mg/kg, i.p. at 12-h intervals). Additional rabbits were maintained on either the cholesterol diet or on Purina Rabbit Chow without cholesterol. Results indicate that administration of α-HH for the 2-week period produced a 31% reduction ( P P r = 0.71, P
Identification of the orbital pairing symmetry in UPt 3

This paper summarizes the results of a comprehensive analysis of the thermodynamic and transport data for the superconducting phases of UPt3. Calculations of the transverse sound attenuation as a function of temperature, frequency, polarization, and disorder are presented for the leading models of the superconducting order parameter. Measurements of the specific heat, thermal conductivity, and transverse sound attenuation place strong constraints on the orbital symmetry of the superconducting order parameter. We show that the superconducting A and B phases are in excellent agreement with pairing states belonging to the odd-parity E2u orbital representation.
Metasomatism in a subduction complex: Constraints from microanalysis of trace elements in minerals from garnet amphibolite from the Catalina Schist

Trace element abundances and zoning were measured in minerals from a metasomatized garnet-amphibolite block from the Catalina Schist, using both ion and proton microprobes. Zoisite strongly concentrates light rare earth elements (REEs), Sr, Y, and Pb; amphibole concentrates Ni and Zn; garnet concentrates Y and heavy REEs; and titanite concentrates Nb. Major and trace elements in the garnets are zoned. Garnets in the core of the block display an overgrowth enriched in Mn, Y, and heavy REE, on a Y- and heavy-REE-poor core. Zirconium values remain relatively constant. The element enrichments in the garnet overgrowth suggest mobility of REEs at either a hand-sample or regional scale at subduction-zone pressure-temperature conditions. Metamorphic fluids may selectively transport heavy REEs relative to some high field strength elements in some convergent-margin settings. The distribution of Sr and Pb within subduction zones may reflect the dehydration and melting behavior of epidote-group minerals.
Shortened gestational age following multifetal pregnancy reduction: can chronic placental inflammation be the explanation?

Objective : This study tests the hypothesis that chronic inflammatory foci in the placentas of siblings that undergo multifetal pregnancy reduction are associated with shortened gestational length. Methods : Among 446 patients who underwent multifetal pregnancy reduction (MPR), 56 delivered at Mount Sinai Hospital, 37 (66%) had their placentas referred to surgical pathology and 29 (78%) of the 37 patients had tissue sampled from the placenta of the reduced sibling. Slides were reviewed (by C.M.S.) blinded to clinical data. Lesions were diagnosed using previously published criteria. Specifically, inflammatory lesions were correlated with the various perinatal parameters. Non-parametric testing considered p < 0.05 to be significant. Results : Ten (35%) of 29 patients had chronic inflammation in the reduced placenta. Their gestational age at delivery was 33.1 &#45 3.2 weeks, compared to 35.8 &#45 2.3 weeks in those without chronic inflammation ( Z = &#109 2.53, p = 0.01). There was no difference between the ...
Comparison of polyetheretherketone cages with femoral cortical bone allograft as a single-piece interbody spacer in transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion.

Object Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) is an accepted alternative to circumferential fusion of the lumbar spine in the treatment of degenerative disc disease, spondylolisthesis, and recurrent disc herniation. To maintain disc height while arthrodesis takes place, the technique requires the use of an interbody spacer. Although titanium cages are used in this capacity, the two most common spacers are polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cages and femoral cortical allografts (FCAs). The authors compared the clinical and radiographic outcomes of patients who underwent TLIF with pedicle screw fixation, in whom either a PEEK cage or an FCA was placed as an interbody spacer. Methods The charts and x-ray films obtained in 39 patients (age range 33–68 years, mean 44.7 years) who underwent single-level TLIF between October 2001 and April 2004 and in whom either a PEEK cage (18 patients) or FCA (21 patients) was placed as an interbody spacer were evaluated in a retrospective study. Radiological outcome was base...
Evolution of Surgical Approaches in the Management of Congenital Tracheal Stenosis: Single-Center Experience.

Background:Congenital tracheal stenosis (CTS) is a serious and rare condition that often presents a complex surgical challenge. We reviewed the evolution of surgical approaches to the management of...
Systematic reassessment of an agriochoerid oreodont from the Hancock Mammal Quarry, Clarno (Eocene, Duchesnean), Oregon

ABSTRACTThe 31 crania of the agriochoerid oreodont from the Hancock Mammal Quarry (HMQ) possess character states unique among described agriochoerid species. Characters unique to the HMQ agriochoerid include a triangular P2; a P3 with a posterolingual cone and heart-shaped occlusal outline; a P4 with separate anterolabial and posterolabial cones, but without a posterolingual conule; upper molars with large styles and lacking paraconules; lower molars without lingual cingulids, but possessing small metastylids and parastylids; and a mandibular symphysis that is perpendicular to the tooth row without ventral displacement of the p1. We subjected previous size comparisons to an F-test and Welch's t-test and found that the tooth row lengths of the HMQ agriochoerid have significantly different variance and means from Agriochoeus matthewi crassus (P = .005), a taxon to which this population has previously been assigned. Taken together, these characters are diagnostic of a new species, which we describe here as D...
Do temporal trends in Christmas Bird Counts reflect the spatial trends of urbanization in southwest Ohio

We compared the temporal and spatial effects of urbanization on birds by examining the greater Cincinnati region Christmas Bird Count (CBC) data from 1960–1998, and contrasting it to the current winter distribution and abundance of birds across an urban gradient in Butler County, OH. As urban zones expand, the changes in the regional bird community through time should reflect changes similar to those seen along a gradient of urban land-use. Along the gradient, the pre-development bird species (assumed to be those found at the most undisturbed site) drop out gradually as the land-use becomes more urban. This local extinction is accompanied by the invasion of other species that exploit the changes brought about by urbanization. Consequently, we expected the CBC data to reflect a shift, over time, from predominantly native species to invasive species, as urbanization spread in the region. However, results from the CBC data did not reflect the patterns observed along the spatial urban gradient. CBC circles, because of their size (approx. 384 km2) may contain enough fragmented habitat to support small populations of some native species, even near rapidly expanding urban centers such as the greater Cincinnati region. The nature of CBCs encourages coverage of as many habitat types as possible in order to observe the greatest number of species. Together, these factors produce data that do not accurately represent spatial population trends. Thus single CBC circles may be at a scale inappropriate for assessing the impacts of expanding human populations on native bird communities.
European Union Member States in Cross-National Analyses: The Dangers of Neglecting Supranational Policymaking

Many empirical models make assumptions about the primacy of domestic politics that fail to accommodate new trends in supranational policy making. Scholars now acknowledge that national political decisions often depend on other countries, international institutions, or global economic conditions. More interestingly, many sovereign countries have either lost or purposely delegated away policy autonomy to supranational institutions. For example, fixed exchange rates, regional trade agreements, and transnational regulations create the distinct possibility that domestic politics no longer provide a sufficient explanation for many policy outcomes. In some respects, two types of countries now exist: those that retain decision-making authority over a given policy space and those that do not. Combining both types of countries into a larger cross-national sample may generate flawed substantive results and fails to adequately test hypotheses. I use the example of European Union (EU) governance over trade policy to demonstrate the empirical dangers of disregarding differences in policy autonomy among countries.
Nonequilibrium flow with condensation

Diabatic processes dominate compressible flows with phase change where the heat of condensation or vaporization causes changes of enthalpy in the flow. The equations of motion for condensing flows are given in analogy to those of reacting flows and discontinuities are discussed. The nonequilibrium process of condensation by homogeneous nucleation in the supersaturated state is singled out by examples for steady and unsteady nozzle flows, Prandtl-Meyer flow, unsteady expansions and shock waves. A selective guide to the widely dispersed literature is provided and the early history of the discovery of condensation in supersonic wind tunnels is recounted.
A Preliminary Study on Pheromone Trap Density for the Rice Stem Borer in Northeastern Area in China

Experiment on pheromone trap density for mass-trapping of the rice stem borer,Chilo suppressalis(Walker) was conducted in Wuchang of Heilongjiang Province in 2011.The results showed that the mean numbers of male moth captured per tray in treatments with 45,45,and 30 trays per hectare were 76.50,68.00 and 76.80,respectively.The total numbers of male moths captured increased by 49.22% and 32.81% when trap density increased by 50%.The numbers of white head and semi dry spike were 0.67,1.50,2.00,7.33 in the treatments with 45,45,30,0 trays per ha.The control efficiency was 90.91%,79.55 and 72.73%,respectively,and it slightly increased as trap density increased.The authors believe that the density of 45 traps/ha is suitable for most areas in Northeast China at present,and the density should be reduced to some extent where the pest population density is low.
Access and Quality of Care by Insurance Type for Low-Income Adults Before the Affordable Care Act

Objectives. To compare access to care and perceived health care quality by insurance type among low-income adults in 3 southern US states, before Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act.Methods. We conducted a telephone survey in 2013 of 2765 low-income US citizens, aged 19 to 64 years, in Arkansas, Kentucky, and Texas. We compared 11 measures of access and quality of care for respondents with Medicaid, private insurance, Medicare, and no insurance with adjustment for sociodemographics and health status.Results. Low-income adults with Medicaid, private insurance, and Medicare reported significantly better health care access and quality than uninsured individuals. Medicaid beneficiaries reported greater difficulty accessing specialists but less risk of high out-of-pocket spending than those with private insurance. For other outcomes, Medicaid and private coverage performed similarly.Conclusions. Low-income adults with insurance report significantly greater access and quality of care than uninsured...
Factors Influencing the Absorption of a Medium Chain Triglyceride: II. The role of pancreatic juice in the intraluminal phase of absorption

Summary 1.The absorption of glyceryl trioctanoate labeled with C 14 in the carboxyl position (RATO) was estimated by continuously monitoring the expired radioactive carbon dioxide in 3 groups of rats. 2.In 8 normal rats an average of 32.6 per cent of the administered dose of radioactivity was recovered as C 14 O 2 in 120 min. 3.Six animals were subjected to a choledochojejunostomy and maintained for 35 days. The expired C 14 O 2 levels in 3 of these rats fell within the previously established normal range, while those of the other 3 rats were subnormal. At autopsy these latter 3 animals demonstrated varying degrees of pancreatic atrophy. 4.In 6 animals, who had undergone a choledochojejunostomy and distal common bile duct ligation at least 35 days before, significantly decreased expired C 14 O 2 levels, averaging 7.0% (P 14 O 2 levels. The addition of viokase in sodium bicarbonate, but not bicarbonate alone, to the infused lipids resulted in a significant increase (P 14 O 2 levels in all animals. 5.These experiments suggest that in the absence of adequate amounts of pancreatic lipase the intraluminal hydrolysis of this medium chain triglyceride is impaired, resulting in a retardation of its absorption.
Duality of the Utility Maximum

Abstract Sufficiency of the fundamental properties of the indirect utility function is formally proven, thereby establishing that no additional properties of indirect utility are implied by the price-taking utility maximization behavioral postulate. There is always a complete, transitive, continuous, weakly monotone, and convex preference relation underlying any function possessing the properties of indirect utility. Direct and indirect revealed preference are defined and used to state a duality theorem for Marshallian demand correspondences. The integrability concept is introduced and used to prove a duality theorem for differentiable Marshallian demand functions. Under these extra assumptions, there is always a complete, transitive, continuous, weakly monotone, and convex preference relation underlying any relationship with the properties of Marshallian demand.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PREDICTED RISK OF RECURRENT ISCHEMIC EVENTS AND ACHIEVEMENT OF SECONDARY PREVENTION GOALS AFTER PCI

Background: Optimal medical therapy (OMT) and low density lipoprotein-C (LDL-C) management are cornerstones of secondary prevention of myocardial infarction. How current guideline recommendations for medical therapy and LDL-C management are implemented across patients with varying long term risks
Proposed Flux-Reversal DC-Field Machine for Wind Power Generation

Energy crisis and environmental pollution have become the worrying problems since the last few decades, while the renewable wind power generation has confirmed to be one of the most probable solutions to relieve the situations (Barton and Infield in IEEE Trans Energy Convers 19(2):431–438, 2004, Hughes et al. in IEEE Trans Power Syst 20(4):1958–1966, 2005).
Evaluating the social-learning environment of a regional men in nursing conference

Barriers and challenges such as the lack of role models exist for men in nursing. Efforts are needed to provide opportunities for men in nursing to discuss, engage, and network with other men about issues of importance to them. To address this need, a regional conference for men in nursing was held. The utility of this conference specific for men in nursing was evaluated for its ability to provide a space and forum dedicated to men in nursing for socializing and learning with other men in nursing. An exploratory qualitative design was used to examine the experiences of conference attendees. Respondents (n = 62) anonymously completed a program evaluation tool. The qualitative data were analyzed using a constant comparative analysis method. Five themes were derived from the qualitative data: Conference Logistics, Effectiveness of Presenters, Key Messages from the Presentations, Men in Nursing, and Challenges Men in Nursing Face. Future conferences need to incorporate more clinically-oriented topics with speakers specifically discussing the importance of their content for men in nursing.
Temporal Decomposition for Improved Unit Commitment in Power System Production Cost Modeling

Long-term planning in power systems requires simulations of unit commitment (UC) for long time periods up to 20 years. Such simulations are conducted with production cost models (PCMs), which involve solving large-scale mixed-integer programming (MIP) problems with a large number of variables and constraints, because of the long planning horizon. We have developed new optimization modeling and solution techniques based on a decomposition scheme to reduce the solution time and improve the accuracy in PCMs. We propose a temporal decomposition that solves the UC problem by systematically decoupling the long-horizon MIP problem into several subhorizon models. The decomposition is obtained by the Lagrangian relaxation of the time-coupling constraints such as ramping constraints and minimum uptime/downtime constraints. The key challenge is to solve several sub-MIP problems while effectively searching for dual variables to accelerate the convergence of the algorithm. We implement the temporal decomposition in an open-source parallel decomposition framework, which can solve the multiple subproblems in parallel on high-performance computing clusters. We also implement the branch-and-bound method on top of the decomposition in order to find a primal optimal solution. Numerical results of the decomposition method are reported for the IEEE 118-bus and PEGASE 1354-bus test systems with up to an 168-hour time horizon.
Reconstruction of Stochastic 3D Signals With Symmetric Statistics From 2D Projection Images Motivated by Cryo-Electron Microscopy

Cryo-electron microscopy provides 2D projection images of the 3D electron scattering intensity of many instances of the particle under study (e.g., a virus). Both symmetry (rotational point groups) and heterogeneity are important aspects of biological particles and both aspects can be combined by describing the electron scattering intensity of the particle as a stochastic process with a symmetric probability law and, therefore, symmetric moments. A maximum likelihood estimator implemented by an expectation–maximization algorithm is described, which estimates the unknown statistics of the electron scattering intensity stochastic process from the images of instances of the particle. The algorithm is demonstrated on the bacteriophage HK97 and the virus $\text{N}\omega \text{V}$ . The results are contrasted with the existing algorithms, which assume that each instance of the particle has the symmetry rather than the less restrictive assumption that the probability law has the symmetry.
The Heat Shock Response and Transplantation Immunology

All cells respond to stress through the activation of primitive, evolutionarily conserved genetic programs that maintain homeostasis and ensure cell survival. Ferruccio Ritossal serendipitously observed a novel hyperthermia-dependent puffing pattern in the giant chromosomes from the salivary glands ofDrosophila melanogasterin 1962. By a chance occurrence, a colleague accidentally increased the temperature of one of the incubators in which he kept his specimens, and the following morning Ritossa discovered a new puffing pattern that had not been there the previous day. Realizing the mistake, Ritossa subsequently conducted further, properly controlled experiments and subsequently linked this chromosomal puffing pattern with the expression of a specific group of proteins that he fittingly called “heat shock proteins (HSP)”h2. Notably, the editors of one of the more reputable scientific journals at the time rejected his manuscript, describing the findings as irrelevant and unimportant. Fortunately, investigations into this new area continued and since that time, there has been growing interest in what is now called the heat shock response (HSR). Today, the HSR is an important and active area of investigation that crosses the disciplines of immunology, cell biology, biochemistry, and molecular biology and includes all types of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms3.
Regionalism and Cooperation in Development

Over the last two decades, politics has undergone tremendous theoretical redefinition, since financial and economic factors in a global market economy have entered into the driving seat of political power. These are factors which determine how governments make decisions and where their priorities lie. These financial and economic factors, coupled with technology, have relativized national borders to such an extent that many individual national issues can no longer be addressed in isolation from the larger and widening international context.
Presence of Interleukin-1 in the Central Nervous System

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the presence of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the central nervous system. IL-1 has been shown to play a prominent role in hormonal responses. IL-1 has two structurally distinct forms. The IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta proteins have a molecular weight of 17,500 daltons and share approximately 25% sequence homology. These molecules, in spite of their distinct structures, appear to act through the same receptor. These molecules are encoded for by two distinct genes and upon transcription yield two separate mRNA species. IL-1 alpha is encoded by a 2.2 kb mRNA, while the IL-1 beta mRNA is 1.7 kb. IL-1 has been identified in numerous tissues including, monocytes macrophages Kupfer cells and other highly mobile phagocytic cells of the body. The presence of IL-1 beta has been demonstrated in the cat cerebrospinal fluid after the administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a treatment known to induce production of IL-1 in peripheral monocytes. Although the origin of this material is unknown, it is suggested that either neuronal or nonneuronal brain elements could produce cytokines.
Sensory neuron diversity in the inner ear is shaped by activity

In the auditory system, type I spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) convey complex acoustic information from inner hair cells (IHCs) to the brainstem. Although SGNs exhibit variation in physiological and anatomical properties, it is unclear which features are endogenous and which reflect input from synaptic partners. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we derived a molecular classification of mouse type I SGNs comprising three subtypes that express unique combinations of Ca2+ binding proteins, ion channel regulators, guidance molecules, and transcription factors. Based on connectivity and susceptibility to age-related loss, these subtypes correspond to those defined physiologically. Additional intrinsic differences among subtypes and across the tonotopic axis highlight an unexpectedly active role for SGNs in auditory processing. SGN identities emerge postnatally and are disrupted in a mouse model of deafness that lacks IHC-driven activity. These results elucidate the range, nature, and origins of SGN diversity, with implications for treatment of congenital deafness.
Your Compliance Will Not Protect You: Agency and Accountability in Urban Teacher Preparation:

This article presents the results of a mixed-methods study that examined how state policy requiring the use of high-stakes teacher performance assessments (TPAs) affected candidates enrolled in urban teacher preparation programs in the Midwest. The data reveal that despite institutional pass rates above the national average, the edTPA process negatively affected candidates’ sense of self-efficacy, agency, and readiness to engage in culturally and contextually responsive teaching. The article concludes with an analysis of how TPA policies socialize preservice teachers to prioritize compliance over agency, with troubling implications for urban teachers, students, and school communities.
Indirect reciprocity with optional games and monitoring of interactions between defectors.

Abstract We study evolution of cooperation by indirect reciprocity with optional interactions. There are repeated interactions between two types of players, cooperators and defectors, in a population of finite size. Previously, we considered the scenario where an encounter between a cooperator and a defector results in the defector’s identity being revealed with some probability, while an encounter between two defectors does not reveal their identities. Here, we study a generalization of this model: an encounter between a cooperator and a defector results in the defector’s identity being revealed with probability QC; an encounter between two defectors results in each of those defectors’ identities being revealed independently with probability QD. We find that larger values of QD can significantly increase both the average payoffs for cooperators and, in a dynamical setting, the basin of attraction for cooperation. Moreover, if QC is sufficiently small and QD is sufficiently large, then we find a new behavior over the previous model in which cooperators and defectors can stably coexist. We also study hesitation to cooperate with unknown individuals and defectors refusing interactions with known defectors to preserve their own unknown status.
Iron supplementation by blood donors: demographics, patterns of use, and motivation.

Background Iron supplements reduce the risk of iron depletion in blood donors. Recent initiatives have sought to increase use of donor iron supplementation (IS), but a baseline description of blood donor supplement practices is needed. Study design and methods Presenting blood donors received a questionnaire inquiring about IS beginning in December 2015. Responses were linked to operational donor information and analyzed by multivariable statistics. Results During the first 6 months, 53,989 evaluable responses were obtained from 80% of presenting donors. Overall, donors of 21.4% of units reported taking iron as a multivitamin (14.6%), in a separate iron supplement (4.1%), or both (2.6%). IS use was associated with female sex (27% vs. 16% in males), increasing age (30% of donors 60+ vs. 8% in 17- to 25-year-olds), and more frequent previous donations (33% in those with 6+ units donated vs. 7% in first-time donors). Multivariable logistic regression models stratified by sex indicated that donation frequency was most strongly associated with IS in females, and age most strongly associated with IS in males. Motivation for IS varied by type, with more than 75% of donors taking multivitamins with iron naming "General health and wellness," while donors taking a separate iron supplement predominantly listed motivations related to blood donation. Conclusions A strong majority of blood donors report not using supplemental iron. Most donors with IS used multivitamins with iron and listed support of general health rather than blood donation as their motivation for taking iron. Effective communication of the importance of iron for blood donation is needed.
Evaluation of the Equilibrium, Dynamic, and Hybrid Aerosol Modeling Approaches in a One-Dimensional Lagrangian Trajectory Model

Recently developed dynamic and hybrid methods are compared with the equilibrium approach in a one-dimensional Lagrangian trajectory model. The three aerosol modules are incorporated into a trajectory model which includes descriptions of gas-phase chemistry, secondary organic aerosol formation, vertical dispersion, dry deposition, and emissions. The three approaches are evaluated against results from the 1987 August Southern California Air Quality Study (SCAQS). All three models predict the PM2.5 (particulate matter with diameter equal to or less than 2.5 microns) and PM10 (particulate matter with diameter equal to or less than 10 microns) mass concentrations of the major aerosol species with errors less than 30%. For the aerosol size/composition distribution, however, the dynamic and hybrid models show better agreement with measurements than the equilibrium model. The hybrid model aerosol size distribution predictions are similar quite closely to the dynamic model results, which are regarded as the most accurate. The hybrid approach in this case combines accuracy with computational efficiency. The equilibrium approach remains a viable alternative for PM2.5 and PM10 simulations. The dynamic approach is the most accurate, but at a high computational cost.
In a word, I’ve been there

In his article, A. Zholkovsky discusses the contemporary detective mini-series Otlichnitsa [A Straight-A Student], which mentions O. Mandelstam’s poem for children A Galosh [Kalosha]: more than a fleeting mention, this poem prompts the characters and viewers alike to solve the mystery of its authorship. According to the show’s plot, the fact that Mandelstam penned the poem surfaces when one of the female characters confesses her involvement in his arrest. Examining this episode, Zholkovsky seeks structural parallels with the show in V. Aksyonov’s Overstocked Packaging Barrels [Zatovarennaya bochkotara] and even in B. Pasternak’s Doctor Zhivago [Doktor Zhivago]: in each of those, a member of the Soviet intelligentsia who has developed a real fascination with some unique but unattainable object is shocked to realize that the establishment have long enjoyed this exotic object without restrictions. We observe, therefore, a typical solution to the core problem of the Soviet, and more broadly, Russian cultural-political situation: the relationship between the intelligentsia and the state, and the resolution is not a confrontation, but reconciliation.
Fault Localization Using Dynamic Optical-beam Induced Current Variation Mapping

In this paper, we report a new dynamic laser stimulation technique based on optical beam-induced current (OBIC) variation mapping for global fault localization. A production tester exercised the chip dynamically whilst a 1064 nm wavelength laser rasters the region of interest through the silicon substrate. The OBIC variation with test cycles is recorded for every scanned pixel and translated into a current profile for pattern matching to determine the suspected defect location. Unlike laser-assisted device-alteration (LADA) which uses the same laser, this technique applies to hard defects. Four case studies successfully demonstrated the feasibility of this technique.
Finding the “Right” Robot Competition: Targeting Non-Engineering Undergraduates

Robot competitions run the gamut from research-oriented challenges to K-12 contests aimed at basic problem-solving skills. For faculty and students at small colleges, with limited resources, finding the right level of competition can be a difficult proposition. At Macalester College we have hosted a series of robot competitions, inviting nearby colleges to participate. Our goals are to engage students with robots and artificial intelligence, to raise the profile of AI on campus, and to create ties among the different colleges. The contests succeeded in forging ties among the faculty who participated, and succeeded as extracurricular activities to interest students in computer science. The contests failed, however, to teach students much about AI and robotics techniques, and to engage students closely with sponsoring faculty members. I propose a model of local-area competitions that focus on AI and robotics concepts, rather than physical robot design, and that are respectful of the limited time and resources faculty and students have to contribute.
Cardiac Excitation–Contraction Coupling

Contraction of the heart, required to pump the blood out of the left ventricle, is a complex process that involves electrical excitation of the cardiac muscle, finely tuned changes in the intracellular concentration of the ubiquitous second-messenger calcium (Ca), and activation of the contractile apparatus of cardiac myocytes. This process is called ‘excitation–contraction (E–C) coupling’. The electrical impulse generated by the cardiac pacemaker cells propagates to the ventricle where it triggers cardiac myocyte depolarization. Depolarization opens voltage-dependent Ca channels, allowing Ca to enter cardiac myocytes and trigger Ca release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The combination of Ca entry and Ca release raises the intracellular Ca concentration, allowing Ca to bind to the myofilaments and activate contraction. Relaxation occurs when Ca is extruded from the cytosol. Defective E–C coupling leads to heart failure (HF), a syndrome that develops when the amount of blood pumped from the heart is inadequate to meet the metabolic demands of the body. HF is characterized by both contractile dysfunction and increased propensity for fatal arrhythmias. In this article, we review the E–C coupling process in healthy hearts and the main alterations that lead to reduced contractions and arrhythmias in HF.
Normal Families of the Disc in Pn Minus Hyperplanes

After the work of Nevanlinna, Bloch wrote a fundamental paper where, as he says (my translation): There was no doubt a priori that to Borel’s theorem there should corre-spond theorems in finite terms, just as the Landau theorem corresponds to Picard’s theorem. This results from a principle which can be stated as fol-lows: Nihil est in infinito quod non prius fuerit in finito. But what were these theorems? This was not at all clear at first sight.
THE ECONOMIC PAMPHLETEER: A Fair Deal for rural America

First paragraph: A “fair deal” was the phrase used by Harry Truman in his 1949 State of the Union address to Congress. He said that “Every seg­ment of our population and every individual has a right to expect from his government a fair deal” (Truman, n.d.). In a 1947 address to the NAACP, Truman had said, “Every man should have the right to a decent home, the right to an education, the right to adequate medical care, the right to a worthwhile job, the right to an equal share in the making of public decisions. . . . We must ensure that these rights—on equal terms—are enjoyed by every citizen” (Glass, 2018, para. 6). . . .
Ready-to-drink protein beverages: Effects of milk protein concentration and type on flavor.

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the role of protein concentration and milk protein ingredient [serum protein isolate (SPI), micellar casein concentrate (MCC), or milk protein concentrate (MPC)] on sensory properties of vanilla ready-to-drink (RTD) protein beverages. The RTD beverages were manufactured from 5 different liquid milk protein blends: 100% MCC, 100% MPC, 18:82 SPI:MCC, 50:50 SPI:MCC, and 50:50 SPI:MPC, at 2 different protein concentrations: 6.3% and 10.5% (wt/wt) protein (15 or 25 g of protein per 237 mL) with 0.5% (wt/wt) fat and 0.7% (wt/wt) lactose. Dipotassium phosphate, carrageenan, cellulose gum, sucralose, and vanilla flavor were included. Blended beverages were preheated to 60°C, homogenized (20.7 MPa), and cooled to 8°C. The beverages were then preheated to 90°C and ultrapasteurized (141°C, 3 s) by direct steam injection followed by vacuum cooling to 86°C and homogenized again (17.2 MPa first stage, 3.5 MPa second stage). Beverages were cooled to 8°C, filled into sanitized bottles, and stored at 4°C. Initial testing of RTD beverages included proximate analyses and aerobic plate count and coliform count. Volatile sulfur compounds and sensory properties were evaluated through 8-wk storage at 4°C. Astringency and sensory viscosity were higher and vanillin flavor was lower in beverages containing 10.5% protein compared with 6.3% protein, and sulfur/eggy flavor, astringency, and viscosity were higher, and sweet aromatic/vanillin flavor was lower in beverages with higher serum protein as a percentage of true protein within each protein content. Volatile compound analysis of headspace vanillin and sulfur compounds was consistent with sensory results: beverages with 50% serum protein as a percentage of true protein and 10.5% protein had the highest concentrations of sulfur volatiles and lower vanillin compared with other beverages. Sulfur volatiles and vanillin, as well as sulfur/eggy and sweet aromatic/vanillin flavors, decreased in all beverages with storage time. These results will enable manufacturers to select or optimize protein blends to better formulate RTD beverages to provide consumers with a protein beverage with high protein content and desired flavor and functional properties.
The Nuclear Factor-κB Signaling Network: Insights from Systems Approaches

This chapter reviews the nature of bipartite nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) regulatory pathways activated in response to monokines produced as a consequence of viral infection, and those involved in mediating RNA viral infection. The chapter discusses work using mRNA profiling studies to determine the genetic networks downstream of NF-κB in response to monokines and RNA virus replication. Inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation blocks Ser-276 phosphorylation and NF-κB-dependent gene expression without affecting NF-κB translocation. It was also found that RelA Ser-276 phosphorylation allows complex formation with the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK)-9/Ccn T1, known as positive transcription elongation factor-b (PTEF-b). Reovirus is a segmented double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus that induces cellular apoptosis in an NF-κB-dependent manner. In a study, the tTA-IκB-α Mut cell system was exposed to reovirus for various times from 0 to 10 h in the presence or absence of functional NF-κB signaling. The major pathways are now understood to be composed of bipartite signaling modules whose actions affect nuclear translocation and, separately, transcription factor activation. The chapter also reviews systematic approaches to understanding the signaling pathway, including proteomics, mathematical modeling, real-time imaging, and gene network analyses.