cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic Thought of Islam: Ibn Khaldūn

This essay has to do mainly with the economics of Ibn Khaldūn (1332–1406), historian and statesman of prominent Arab descent and medieval Islam's greatest economist, who spent most of his stormy life in northwest Africa and Egypt, engaged either in scholarly undertakings or in judicial and other governmental activities. His economic opinions, apparently the most advanced of those expressed in medieval Islam, are to be found principally in The Muqaddimah, originally intended as an introduction to his history (Kitāb al-‘Ibar) of the Arab and Muslim world and its pre-Islamic antecedents, though finally transformed into an exposition of the sources of historical change at work in that world. The Muqaddimah, initially completed in 1377, continued to be corrected or added to until shortly before the author's death; though manuscript copies were numerous, it was not issued in printed form until in the 1850's.
The kinetics of the gas phase reaction of nitrous acid with ozone

Abstract The kinetics of the gas phase reaction between O 3 (0.4–15 torr) and HNO 2 (0.002 0.005 torr) have been investigated at total pressures of 20–30 torr using a mass spectrometer detector. No evidence of a homogeneous-bimolecular reaction was obtained, and upper limits to the rate constant at 226 and 300 K were 5 × 10 −19 and 1 × 10 −19 cm 3 /molecule s respectively.
Wavelength division demultiplexer on a GaAs substrate

Abstract Due to the material property restrictions of LiNbO3 and III-V compound material systems, a sizable portion of the research work on guided wave devices has been shifted to polymer-based materials. Low material dispersion, flexible material preparation process, unlimited device size, and cost effectiveness are the major factors that cannot be provided using conventional inorganic materials. By definition, a polymer matrix is formed by linking an array of monomers. Therefore, an infinite number of polymeric materials can be generated. The polymeric materials suitable for guided wave device research are those with desired optical and electro-optic properties. In this paper, a graded index (GRIN) polymer-waveguide-based twelve-channel single-mode wavelength division demultiplexer operating at 830, 840, 850, 860, 870, 880, 890, 900, 910, 920, 930, and 940 nm with diffraction angle varying from 20° to 65° is reported for the first time on a semi-insulating GaAs substrate. The GRIN characteristic of the ...
Reaction of thionitrobenzoate‐modified yeast cytochrome c with monomeric and dimeric forms of beef heart cytochrome c oxidase

Thionitrobenzoate-modified yeast cytochrome c was shown to react with both monomeric and dimeric forms of beef heart cytochrome c oxidase through subunit III. This cytochrome c derivative was found to inhibit electron transfer in the dimer but not in the monomer. These results are interpreted to show that the high affinity binding site for cytochrome c is a cleft at the interface between monomers in the cytochrome c oxidase dimer.
Feeding Habits of Age-0 Striped Bass, Morone saxatilis, in the Mid-Hudson River Estuary: Temporal, Spatial, and Ontogenetic Variation

We quantified temporal and spatial variability in diets of 950 juvenile (age-0) striped bass in the Hudson River estuary. We used canonical correspondence analysis to assess the roles of temporal and spatial habitat variability in juvenile diet variation. We found that juvenile striped bass diets in the Hudson River were only modestly comparable to diets in other east coast estuaries. Among-year differences (51.4%) and spatial differences (41.9%) were substantially associated with juvenile striped bass diet. We found ontogeny (2.8%) and within-season variation (9.5%) to only weakly associate with diet variation. Our results indicate that an understanding of the temporal and spatial variation within the Hudson River estuary is vital in understanding variation in feeding by resident juvenile fish.
Amplification of quantum states and noiseless photon amplifiers

Abstract It is shown that in principle a device exists which would duplicate a quantum system within a class of quantum states if and only if those quantum states are mutually orthogonal. The possible existence of a related noiseless photon amplifier is also established.
Biodiesel blend estimation based on fuel consumption and engine power

Biodiesel as a renewable alternative fuel for petroleum based diesel fuel produces lower emissions of all types (CO, HC …) except Nitrogen Oxides (NO x ) when compared to the petroleum diesel fuel. Reducing Nitrogen Oxides produced from engines running on biodiesel is a challenging task to be able to meet the emission requirements. Knowledge of fuel blend could be very helpful for control and adaptation purposes to tune the engine control system parameters leading to lower NO x emission and improved engine performance. Biodiesel can be used in different blends with conventional diesel and estimating the percentage of the biodiesel fuel has become a new area of research in the past few years. Biomass content estimation based on fuel injection rate per engine cycle and the produced power from the engine is presented in this paper to fulfill this goal. The proposed method employs information about the produced power from a brake torque estimation algorithm and injected fuel from engine control unit (ECU). The designed estimator is tuned using the data collected from a developed engine model. Orthogonal Least Squares and Neural Network are the two system identification techniques used in this paper. The estimation results from the two identification methods are compared and illustrate that the designed estimator is accurate in both cases.
High strain rate superplasticity in a commercial 2024 Al alloy via friction stir processing

Abstract A novel technique for producing high-strain-rate-superplastic (HSRS) microstructure via friction stir processing (FSP) in a commercial 2024 Al has been demonstrated. A maximum ductility of ∼525% has been achieved at a strain rate of 10 −2 s −1 and 430 °C. Current results suggest that friction stir processing can be developed as a simple yet effective technique for producing microstructure amenable for superplasticity at high strain rates and/or lower temperatures and at lower flow stresses.
Estimation of total albedo from spectral hemispheric reflectance for steppe grassland

Satellite remote sensing provides the only practical means of measuring and monitoring the total albedo of the earth's surface at regional and global scales. However, satellite sensors measure the spectral bidirectional reflectance of the earth's surface (plus atmospheric effects). Thus algorithms must be developed to compute, first, the spectral hemispherical reflectance from the bidirectional reflectance for discrete wavebands and, second, to estimate the total albedo (0.3–4.0 μm) from these spectral hemispheric reflectances. In this paper we present results of a field experiment in which the nearly complete bidirectional reflectance distribution function is measured by the PARABOLA instrument for Russian steppe grassland sites. The spectral hemispheric reflectances were computed by angular integration of these measurements for three wavebands: red (650–670 nm), near infrared (810–840 nm), and shortwave infrared (1620–1690nm). Estimates of total albedo were then made by weighting the spectral hemispheri...
Level sets and the extension principle for interval valued fuzzy sets and its application to uncertainty measures

We describe the representation of a fuzzy subset in terms of its crisp level sets. We then generalize these level sets to the case of interval valued fuzzy sets and provide for a representation of an interval valued fuzzy set in terms of crisp level sets. We note that in this representation while the level sets are crisp the memberships are still intervals. Once having this representation we turn to its role in the extension principle and particularly to the extension of measures of uncertainty of interval valued fuzzy sets. Two types of extension of uncertainty measures are investigated. The first, based on the level set representation, leads to extensions whose values for the measure of uncertainty are themselves fuzzy sets. The second, based on the use of integrals, results in extensions whose value for the uncertainty of an interval valued fuzzy sets is an interval.
Assessing the Relationship Between Pfiesteria and Estuarine Fishkills

A recently identified dinoflagellate, Pfiesteria piscicida, has been implicated as a cause of fishkills in mid-Atlantic estuaries. To date, field evidence supporting this argument has consisted of samples, analyzed for the presence of the toxic Pfiesteria forms, gathered during a fishkill. I present a probabilistic approach to examine the use of this kind of a posteriori information as an indication of cause and effect relationships. The analysis shows that the conditional probability of the presence of Pfiesteria after a fishkill has begun provides little support for Pfiesteria as a cause of fishkills, without also knowing the probability of Pfiesteria's presence under all conditions. Documenting the relative presence of toxic life stages during fishkills and under non-fishkill conditions will provide supporting evidence to assess Pfiesteria's role in fishkills. However, proving that Pfiesteria causes estuarine fishkills using only ‘after the fact‘ information is essentially impossible.
First-principle path integral study of DNA under hydrodynamic flows

We use the worm-like chain as a first-principles model to study single molecule experiments of double stranded DNA subject to constant plug, elongational, and shear flows. The steady-state configurations of the polymer correspond to a locally defined potential and result in a path integral description of the canonical partition function. The parameters of this model are consistent with previous theory and experimental measurements. The time averaged mean extension reproduces experimental results and compares well with computationally more expensive Brownian dynamics simulations of reduced models.
Population dynamics constrain the cooperative evolution of cross-feeding.

Cross-feeding is the exchange of nutrients among species of microbes. It has two potential evolutionary origins, one as an exchange of metabolic wastes or byproducts among species, the other as a form of cooperation known as reciprocal altruism. This paper explores the conditions favoring the origin of cooperative cross-feeding between two species. There is an extensive literature on the evolution of cooperation, and some of the requirements for the evolution of cooperative cross-feeding follow from this prior work–specifically the requirement that interactions be limited to small groups of individuals, such as colonies in a spatially structured environment. Evolution of cooperative cross-feeding by a species also requires that cross-feeding from the partner species already exists, so that the cooperating mutant will automatically be reciprocated for its actions. Beyond these considerations, some unintuitive dynamical constraints apply. In particular, the benefit of cooperative cross-feeding applies only in the range of intermediate cell densities. At low density, resource concentrations are too low to offset the cost of cooperation. At high density, resources shared by both species become limiting, and the two species become competitors. These considerations suggest that the evolution of cooperative cross-feeding in nature may be more challenging than for other types of cooperation. However, the principles identified here may enable the experimental evolution of cross-feeding, as born out by a recent study.
National Certification Exam for Clinical Laboratory Scientists A Construct Validity Study

The validity of a national certification examination for clinical laboratory scientists was examined usingfive of Cronbach 's eight suggested procedures for construct validity. The 199-item examination was completed by (111) clinical laboratory practitioners from 40 laboratories throughout the United States. Their scores were compared to their competence level (most, average, minimal) as determined by their laboratory managers. A correlation coefficient of .406 indicated a fairly strong relationship between competence level and examination score. Four otherfactorsshowed correlation with practitioners' performance: education level, age, size of laboratory staff, and workload.
Traitor or patriot? Andrey Vlasov and the Russian liberation movement 1942–45

Catherine Andreyev, Vlasov and the Russian Liberation Movement: Soviet Reality and Emigre Theories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Pp.251; $34.50. Sergej Froehlich, General Wlassow: Russen und Deutsche zwischen Hitler und Stalin (revised and edited by Edel von Freier). Koeln: Markus Verlag, 1987. Pp.403; DM.39.80. Joachim Hoffmann, Die Geschichte der Wlassow‐Armes. Freiburg: Verlag Rombach, 1986. Pp.468; DM32.
The Synthesis of Thermally Stable Polymeric Azomethines by Polycondensation Reactions

Monograph on thermally stable polymeric azomethines synthesis by polycondensation reactions
Double Holliday junctions are intermediates of DNA break repair

Repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by homologous recombination is crucial for cell proliferation and tumour suppression. However, despite its importance, the molecular intermediates of mitotic DSB repair remain undefined. The double Holliday junction (DHJ), presupposed to be the central intermediate for more than 25 years, has only been identified during meiotic recombination. Moreover, evidence has accumulated for alternative, DHJ-independent mechanisms, raising the possibility that DHJs are not formed during DSB repair in mitotically cycling cells. Here we identify intermediates of DSB repair by using a budding-yeast assay system designed to mimic physiological DSB repair. This system uses diploid cells and provides the possibility for allelic recombination either between sister chromatids or between homologues, as well as direct comparison with meiotic recombination at the same locus. In mitotically cycling cells, we detect inter-homologue joint molecule (JM) intermediates whose strand composition and size are identical to those of the canonical DHJ structures observed in meiosis. However, in contrast to meiosis, JMs between sister chromatids form in preference to those between homologues. Moreover, JMs seem to represent a minor pathway of DSB repair in mitotic cells, being detected at about tenfold lower levels (per DSB) than during meiotic recombination. Thus, although DHJs are identified as intermediates of DSB-promoted recombination in both mitotic and meiotic cells, their formation is distinctly regulated according to the specific dictates of the two cellular programs.
Service reliability of offshore wind turbines

A probabilistic formulation is proposed to assess the performance of the support structure of offshore wind turbines based on their probability and expected time of exceeding specified drift thresholds. To this end, novel probabilistic models are developed to predict the mean and standard deviation of the drift ratio response of wind turbine support structures operating under day-to-day loads as a function of the wind turbine geometry and material properties, and loading conditions. The proposed models are assessed using a database of virtual experiments generated using detailed three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear finite element (FE) models of a set of representative wind turbine configurations. The developed models are then used in a random vibration formulation to estimate the probability and expected time of exceeding specified drift thresholds. As an example, the probability and expected time of exceeding specified drift thresholds are estimated for a typical offshore wind turbine at different wind speed...
The Effect of Various Filters on Microembolic Cerebrovascular Blockade Following Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Abstract The state of the cerebral vascular bed of dogs following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was revealed through intracarotid injection of lampblack. Regions of the brain supplied by an artery that had become obstructed by a microembolus failed to take the dark stain and remained white. Extensive areas of nonfilling, particularly in the boundary zones between the major cerebral arteries, were found in the brains of dogs that had undergone CPB without a blood filter. The effectiveness of three different filters in protecting the brain was tested. Of the three, a new filter with pores of 25 × 36 μ was the most effective, a Dacron wool filter was second in effectiveness, and a filter with pores of 36 × 36 μ was the least effective. The microembolic vascular blockade demonstrated in these short-term experiments correlates well with metabolic changes occurring after CPB as demonstrated in earlier work. The possibility exists that the changes are reversible and not associated with permanent neuronal damage.
Information theory and information science

Abstract The empirical import of Shannon's Information Theory and its impact on information science are discussed. It is argued that extension of the scope of Information Theory as well as development of new theories of information science presupposes better understanding of relevant empirical regularities and laws. Possibilities of broadening the empirical foundation of Information Theory by introduction of appropriate least effort criteria are discussed.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-amino-3-(3',4',5'-trimethoxybenzoyl)-5-aryl thiophenes as a new class of potent antitubulin agents.

A new series of compounds in which the 2-amino-5-chlorophenyl ring of phenstatin analogue 7 was replaced with a 2-amino-5-aryl thiophene was synthesized and evaluated for antiproliferative activity and for inhibition of tubulin polymerization and colchicine binding to tubulin. 2-Amino-3-(3‘,4‘,5‘-trimethoxybenzoyl)-5-phenyl thiophene (9f) as well as the p-fluoro-, p-methyl-, and p-methoxyphenyl substituted analogues (9i, j, and l, respectively) displayed high antiproliferative activities with IC50 values from 2.5 to 6.5 nM against the L1210 and K562 cell lines. Compounds 9i and j were more active than combretastatin A-4 as inhibitors of tubulin polymerization. Molecular docking simulations to the colchicine site of tubulin were performed to determine the possible binding mode of 9i. The results obtained demonstrated that antiproliferative activity correlated well with the inhibition of tubulin polymerization and the lengthening of the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Moreover, a good correlation was found be...
BLOOD CHARACTERISTICS OF WHITE-TAILED DEER FROM NORTHEASTERN KANSAS

Blood samples were collected from 118 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) shot on the Fort Riley Military Installation in northeastern Kansas. Values for these deer for hematocrit, glucose, alkaline phosphatase, uric acid, total protein, albumin, and calcium were within the ranges reported in previous studies for undrugged white-tailed deer. Abnormally high concentrations of serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were attributed to general trauma and tissue damage caused by shooting the deer. Fawns had higher concentrations of alkaline phosphatase than adults and had lower concentrations in winter than at other times of the year. Serum urea nitrogen (SUN) concentrations fluctuated seasonally. Elevated concentrations of SUN in adult males killed in December were attributed to an increased catabolism of muscle protein caused by low dietary intake and high energy requirements during the rut. Cholesterol concentrations varied seasonally without regard to age or sex.
Studies on lectin activity during myogenesis.

Abstract The molecular properties of two hemagglutinating proteins, one a lectin called electrolectin and a second protein called myonectin, are described in the L 6 cells, a myogenic cell line. The activities of these two proteins change during myogenesis. Electrolectin is found in two forms: (1) s -electrolectin is in the supernatant fraction of a 100000 g centrifugation; (2) p -electrolectin is in the pellet. Myonectin is found almost exclusively in the supernatant fraction. Also present in the supernatant fraction is a protein which blocks s -electrolectin activity. The blocking effects of this protein can be removed by a variety of techniques including gel filtration, heating, trypsinization and extensive dialysis. All of these procedures result in the inactivation of myonectin. Since the blocking protein also chromatographs with myonectin, these observations suggest that myonectin and the blocking protein may be the same. Based on gel chromatography, s -electrolectin and p -electrolectin have similar filtration properties whereas myonectin is very different, and can be easily separated from electrolectin. Since trypsinization of intact cells leads to the loss of myonectin, it is concluded that myonectin is largely limited to the surface of the cells. Several procedures were used to alter the rate and extent of the differentiation of the cells in order to determine the relationship between the agglutinating proteins and cellular differentiation. Plating cells at different densities or blocking fusion did not alter the activity of p -electrolectin. Changes in s -electrolectin and myonectin activities were observed, but the decrease in their activities which normally accompanies fusion occurred even when fusion was blocked. It is concluded, therefore, that fusion alone is not responsible for the decrease in the activities of these proteins.
Population genetic structure and ancestry of Oncorhynchus mykiss populations above and below dams in south-central California

Genetic analyses of coastal Oncorhynchus mykiss, commonly known as steelhead/rainbow trout, at the southern extreme of their geographic range in California are used to evaluate ancestry and genetic relationships of populations both above and below large dams. Juvenile fish from 20 locations and strains of rainbow trout commonly planted in reservoirs in the five study basins were evaluated at 24 microsatellite loci. Phylogeographic trees and analysis of molecular variance demonstrated that populations within a basin, both above and below dams, were generally each other’s closest relatives. Absence of hatchery fish or their progeny in the tributaries above dams indicates that they are not commonly spawning and that above-barrier fish are descended from coastal steelhead trapped at dam construction. Finally, no genetic basis was found for the division of populations from this region into two distinct biological groups, contrary to current classification under the US and California Endangered Species Acts.
tetra-O-Methylnordihydroguaiaretic acid inhibits melanoma in vivo

tetra-O-methylnordihydroguaiaretic acid is a derivative of a naturally-occurring lignan, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, that has previously been shown to inhibit various cancer types in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, nordihydroguaiaretic acid has been shown to have nephrotoxic effects in the rat. Here we show that tetra-O-methylnordihydroguaiaretic acid inhibits the growth of a number of tumor cell lines in vitro by inducing apoptosis in a non-schedule-dependent manner. Further, this compound inhibits the synthesis of DNA by melanoma cells and causes cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 and G2/M phases of the cell cycle. tetra-O-Methylnordihydroguaiaretic acid also inhibits the growth of both murine and human melanomas and human colon cancer in vivo without apparent hepatic or renal toxicity.
Improving denoising filters by optimal diffusion

Kernel based methods have recently been used widely in image denoising. Tuning the parameters of these algorithms directly affects their performance. In this paper, an iterative method is proposed which optimizes the performance of any kernel based denoising algorithm in the mean-squared error (MSE) sense, even with arbitrary parameters. In this work we estimate the MSE in each image patch, and use this estimate to guide the iterative application to a stop, hence leading to improve performance. We propose a new estimator for the risk (i.e. MSE) which is different than the often-employed SURE method. We illustrate that the proposed risk estimate can outperform SURE in many instances.
Rhipicephalus sanguineus: Sequential histopathology at the host-arthropod interface

Abstract The reaction beneath the mouth parts of an adult, female Rhipicephalus sanguineus attached to a dog develops progressively over 4–5 days. The cement substance is confined to the external surface of the epidermis and does not form any organized structure in the dermis. The hypostome is imbedded in the cement substance and does not penetrate the epidermis. The cheliceral shafts are at the epidermal-dermal junction and do not extend into the dermis to any degree. Thus, it is the adhesive quality of the cement for the dog's skin that holds this tick firmly attached to its host. Edema of the epidermis appears 24 hr after attachment of the tick; the dermal infiltrate becomes prominent from 24 hr after attachment onward and initially consists of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. This cell type predominates until the tick has detached. Rupture of lymphatics occurs and infiltrated cells can be found entering these open channels. Degranulation of mast cells is associated with polymorphonuclear leukocytic infiltration. A cavity develops in the dermis progressively over the period of tick attachment and feeding. This cavity appears during the first 24 hr and its full development depends upon leukocyte infiltration and the feeding activity of the tick. During the healing phase, macrophages, lymphocytes and fibroblasts gradually replace the polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The dermis is still hypercellular in the area of former attachment 2 wk after a female tick has detached fully engorged. The dog does not appear to develop resistance to the tick's engorgment even after 2 yr of intermittent exposure, nor does the host's reaction hinder the tick's engorgment. A dog never before exposed to arthropods of any kind reacted, histologically, to tick exposure with a very similar infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes as seen in dogs repeatedly exposed. It is suggested that the inflammatory response by the host to the feeding tick may play an important role in the development and spread of infectious agents transmitted by this pool feeding arthropod.
The Association between Magnesium Intake and Fasting Insulin Concentration in Healthy Middle-Aged Women

Objective: We assessed the association between magnesium intake and fasting insulin levels in a large cohort of women.Methods: Female nurses free of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer from the Nurses Health Study provided blood samples between 1989–1990. We selected a sub-sample of 219 women for this analysis. Magnesium intake was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire in 1990 and categorized into quartiles. Cross-sectional geometric means of fasting insulin concentrations by quartiles of magnesium intake were obtained with Generalized Linear Model and adjusted for several risk factors and lifestyle characteristics.Results: After adjustment for age, body mass index (BMI), total energy, physical activity, hours per week spent sitting outside work, alcohol intake, smoking, and family history of diabetes, magnesium intake was inversely associated with fasting insulin concentration. The multivariate adjusted geometric mean for women in the lowest quartile of magnesium intake was 11.0 μU/mL and 9...
Respiratory complications and mortality risk associated with thoracic spine injury.

Background: Cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) has a well-established association with a high risk of respiratory complications. We sought to determine whether high-thoracic (HT) SCI was associated with a similar increased risk of respiratory complications and death. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of all adult patients with thoracolumbar injuries entered into the Pennsylvania Trauma System Foundation registry between January 1993 and December 2002. Records were reviewed for the documentation of respiratory complications (intubation, tracheostomy, bronchoscopy, pneumonia) and mortality. The data were then evaluated controlling for age, sex, Glasgow Coma Scale, and Injury Severity Score. Results: In all, 11,080 patients met inclusion criteria: 4,258 patients had thoracic spine fractures and 6,226 patients had lumbar spine fractures, all without SCI; and 596 patients had thoracic SCI (T1 to T6, 231; T7 to T12, 365). Respiratory complications occurred in 51.1% of patients with Tl to T6 SCI (versus 34.5% in T7 to T12 SCI and 27.5% in thoracic fractures). The need for intubation, the risk of pneumonia, and risk of death were significantly greater for patients with T1-to T6-level spinal cord injuries. Among patients with an Injury Severity Score less than 17 (n = 6427), the relative mortality risk was 26.7 times higher among those who developed respiratory complications (9.9% versus 0.4%). Conclusion: Compared with patients with low thoracic SCI or thoracolumbar fractures, patients with HT-SCI have an increased risk of pneumonia and death. Respiratory complications significantly increase the mortality risk in less severely injured patients. The current findings suggest that HT-SCI patients warrant intensive monitoring and aggressive pulmonary care and attention, similar to that given for patients with cervical SCI.
Incorporation of Three Endocytosed Varicella-Zoster Virus Glycoproteins, gE, gH, and gB, into the Virion Envelope

The cytoplasmic tails of all three major varicella-zoster virus (VZV) glycoproteins, gE, gH, and gB, harbor functional tyrosine-based endocytosis motifs that mediate internalization. The aim of the present study was to examine whether endocytosis from the plasma membrane is a cellular route by which VZV glycoproteins are delivered to the final envelopment compartment. In this study, we demonstrated that internalization of the glycoproteins occurred in the first 24 h postinfection but was reduced later in infection. Using surface biotinylation of VZV-infected cells followed by a glutathione cleavage assay, we showed that endocytosis was independent of antibody binding to gE, gH, and gB. Subsequently, with this assay, we demonstrated that biotinylated gE, gH, and gB retrieved from the cell surface were incorporated into nascent virus particles isolated after density gradient sedimentation. To confirm and extend this finding, we repeated the above sedimentation step and specifically detected envelopes decorated with Streptavidin-conjugated gold beads on a majority of complete virions through examination by transmission electron microscopy. In addition, a gE-gI complex and a gE-gH complex were found on the virions. Therefore, the above studies established that VZV subsumed a postendocytosis trafficking pathway as one mechanism by which to deliver viral glycoproteins to the site of virion assembly in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, since a recombinant VZV genome lacking only endocytosis-competent gE cannot replicate, these results supported the conclusion that the endocytosis-envelopment pathway is an essential component of the VZV life cycle.
Elliptical Nanowire Polarization Gratings

We demonstrate elliptical cross-section nanowires acting as half-wave retarders. Due to their small dimensions, arrays of these nanowires can be used to form high resolution polarization gratings for applications in structured light imaging.
Superconducting and magnetic properties of Y1−xUxRh4B4

Abstract The heat capacity, magnetic susceptibility and magnetization of Y 1− x U x Rh 4 B 4 were determined within the range from x = 0 to x = 0.65. The influence of the local magnetic moments of the U atoms (d U-U = 5.27 A ) in the CeCo 4 B 4 structure of the tetragonal RERh 4 B 4 was studied. A.c. susceptibility measurements showed a rather large value for the T c depression of d T c /d x = −1.88 K per at. % U in the lower concentration range x = 0.0 to x = 0.06. In comparison with the (Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer) BCS theory and the Abrikosov-Gorkov model for dilute magnetic impurities, the decrease in the jump in specific heat at T c vs. the depression of T c is rather strong in these samples, so the existence of a demagnetizing Kondo cloud around the U moments seems likely. In the samples containing more U, the magnetization and d.c. susceptibility showed a tendency towards magnetic behaviour, but no evidence for long-range magnetic order was found.
Assessment of perceived orthodontic appliance attractiveness.

Introduction To date, no studies have been published in the literature evaluating the esthetics of orthodontic appliances. The purpose of this study was to assess appliance variables, including appliance type, brand, wire, and ligature tie, for their relative attractiveness. Demographic factors were also evaluated. Methods Appliances were placed in an adult, and digital images were captured, standardized, and incorporated into a computer-based survey. Subjects (n = 200) rated each image for attractiveness on a visual analog scale. The attractiveness ratings were analyzed by using factorial analysis of variance with repeated measures. Post-hoc testing was done with the Tukey-Kramer test (overall a Results For all demographic factors, attractiveness ratings were significantly different between alternative (clear trays and simulated lingual appliances), ceramic, and all self-ligating/stainless steel appliances. No differences between brands in each appliance type were found. Ratings of some ceramic appliances were significantly affected by archwire and ligature tie, depending on several demographic interactions. Conclusions Orthodontic appliance attractiveness varies by the following hierarchy of appliance types: alternative > ceramic > all stainless steel/self-ligating. Wire and tie selection can affect the appearance of ceramic appliances but have no impact on stainless steel or self-ligating appliances. Certain demographic factors have variable effects on attractiveness ratings.
Symmetry Reduction and Control of the Dynamics of a 2D Rigid Circular Cylinder and a Point Vortex: Vortex Capture and Scattering

Symmetry reduction and control of the Hamiltonian system of a 2D rigid circular cylinder dynamically interacting with a point vortex external to it is presented. This dynamic model is an idealized example in an inviscid framework of fully coupled solid–fluid systems interacting in the presence of vorticity and has potential applications to problems in engineering and in nature involving the interaction of coherent vortices with bodies moving (primarily) under their influence. The dynamics of the system generically gives rise to two types of vortex orbits relative to the moving cylinder: bound and scattering orbits. The control input of a bounded external force acting through the center of mass of the cylinder is then added. Exploiting the S 1 -symmetry in the system, symplectic reduction is employed to formulate an S 1 -invariant control system, that preserves the momentum map, on the 2D symplectic reduced space. On this reduced space, both nonoptimal and optimal controllers, the latter using Pontryagin's maximum principle, are investigated with the control objective of changing the vortex orbit from a bound to a scattering type and vice versa.
Making a difference through research.

ABSTRACT PRACTICING NURSES are in the best position to identify nursing practice problems and to ask the important questions that will change practice and improve patient outcomes. Nurses can compensate for insufficient knowledge about a practice problem by conducting their own research. CONDUCTING AN EFFECTIVE research study involves identifying a significant nursing problem, conducting a thorough review of the literature, selecting a research design, determining the sample size, developing a research proposal, and performing the research. AORN J 88 (November 2008) 716–729. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
Sinter forging of rapidly quenched eutectic Al2O3–ZrO2(Y2O3)-glass powders

Abstract Spray dried agglomerates of Al2O3–ZrO2 (1% Y2O3) with 4 wt.% borosilicate glass were arc plasma sprayed and rapidly quenched into water. Because of the rapid quenching the particles
Genetic structure of the HL-A system in a Nahua Indian population in Mexico.

HL–A phenotype and gene frequencies are presented for a population sample of Nahua Indians from Mexico. These Indians showed restricted variability in the first and second segregant HL–A series as compared to Caucasian, Black and Mongoloid populations, thus resembling other American Indian populations. Determinants for HL–A2, HL–A9, W28 and W31 accounted for 95% of first series alleles. For the second series W16, W5 and W10 comprised 75% of all genetic determinants. This population sample is the only American Indian group so far studied with W16 as the most frequently occuring second series antigen. Disturbances in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the second series may reflect racial admisture and an antigen which cross reacts with W5 and W15. When adjustments were made for sample size and selection of the extreme deviate delta value, no evidence of linkage disequilibrium was noted in this population. Thus far, all American Indian groups studied show restricted variability of the HL–A system; this may reflect the effects of natural selection.
When is enough enough? We are only beginning.

Sheridan (1995) presents the problem of the psychologist consulting to a medical residency program as an example of the difficulty one experiences in attempting to challenge, even from a data-based perspective, the calcification inherent in health systems and medical education in particular. This paper responds to her challenging questions, “How much should we get involved in changing health care and medical education, and at what level (local, national) should psychology intervene (if at all)?” It is suggested that psychologists pick up the challenge to bring about change, whenever possible, with the admonition—we are only beginning.
Differential cross sections from classical perturbation scattering theory. I. ion—dipole scattering

Abstract The formalism for calculating differential cross sections for atom—molecule scattering using classical perturbation scattering theory (CPST) is developed. The results are applied to the scattering of an ion by a dipolar molecule. The interaction potential used in the calculation consists of the ion—dipole and ion—induced dipole terms in the long-range expansion of the potential. Various approximate methods for calculating differential cross sections are also considered.
Delay-based early congestion detection and adaptation in TCP: impact on web performance

Concerns over the scalability of TCP's end-to-end approach to congestion control and its AIMD congestion adaptation have led to proposals for router-based congestion control, specifically, active queue management (AQM). In this paper we present an end-to-end alternative to AQM-a new congestion detection and reaction mechanism for TCP based on measurements of one-way transit times of TCP segments within a TCP connection. Our design, called Sync-TCP, places timestamps in TCP headers, measures variation in one-way transit times, and uses these measurements as a form of early congestion notification. We demonstrate empirically that: (1) Sync-TCP provides better throughput and HTTP response-time performance than TCP Reno, (2) Sync-TCP provides better early congestion detection and reaction than the Adaptive Random Early Detection with Explicit Congestion Notification AQM mechanism, (3) Sync-TCP's congestion detection and adaptation mechanisms are robust against clock drift, (4) Sync-TCP is an incrementally deployable protocol-Sync-TCP connections can co-exist with TCP Reno connections in a network, and (5) the performance of TCP Reno connections are improved with the addition of even a small percentage of Sync-TCP connections.
Electron microscopy of phase transformations in spinodal and ordered alloys

Abstract Examples illustrating the application of electron microscopy to phase transformations in spinodally decomposed and ordered alloys, the limitations of the methods, and potentially useful new techniques are reviewed. Conventional imaging and diffraction methods, lattice imaging and analytical electron microscopy techniques, as applied to aligned and isotropic modulated structures, are discussed. Stress relaxation near the foil surfaces is important in determining lattice image and conventional strain contrast of aligned modulated structures. The characterization by electron microscopy of ordered alloys in terms of long-period superstructures, ordered domains, anti-phase boundaries, the determination of long-range-order parameters and sublattice occupancy determination by the ALCHEMI technique are described.
The Oenocytes of Tenebrio

While studying the odoriferous glands of the adult Tenebrio molitor L. and those of T. obscurus Fab., interesting groups of cells were found (in both sexes) in close association with the fat bodies and tracheal system. From their structure and position they are undoubtedly oenocytes. The author feels that, because of their unusual size and number, they should be brought to the attention of other workers.
Modeling gravity variations caused by dilatancies

Abstract One postulated earthquake mechanism is the dilatancy model. The dilatations due to deformation, microfracture (fracture), and stress relaxation, either accompanied by fluid invasion or not, change the density, the geometrical configuration in space, and the porosity and the contents of the stressed volume of a tectonically active region. Observed gravity therefore is expected to respond to the sequence of events in the deformation cycle of dilatation. In this paper, a formulation of the gravity variations associated with the dilatation processes based on a combined dilatancy model is given. The combined dilatancy model consists of the dilatancy-diffusion, the dilatancy-instability, and the fault-zone dilatancy models. For numerical calculations, the total tectonically active region involved is represented by a vertical finite, right circular cylinder, within which the fault-zone volume of the potential hypocentral region represented by a disk is embedded. The cylinder has a radius of 40 km and thickness of 15 km with the bottom of the cylinder coinciding with the depth of a tectonically detached zone. The disk is 2 km thick and 11 km in radius with the bottom of the disk at a depth of 15 km. This representation is compatible with that of earthquakes of magnitude 4–5 that frequently occurred through the last decade or so in the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan-Zhangjiakou (BTTZ) region in China. The results of the calculations show that the variation forms of gravity changes are a function of space and time, depending upon the size and shape of both the total tectonically active region and the fault-zone volume. Therefore, the calculation of theoretical gravity variations for a specific region comparable to that of the BTTZ region, may be made on the basis of a thorough prior knowledge of the geological setting and the tectonic stress distribution of that region.
Synthesis of crosslinkable acrylic latexes by emulsion polymerization in the presence of etherified melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resins

The feasibility of making crosslinkable latexes by emulsion polymerization in the presence of etherified melamine-formaldhyde (MF) resins was demonstrated. In favorable cases the resulting latexes crosslinked at ambient temperatures to give tough, solvent-resistant films. High levels of acid catalyst are required. A monomeric, hydrophobic MF resin etherified with about five moles of methanol and one mole of isooctanol gave better overall results than monomeric MF resins etherified entirely with methanol, which are more hydrophilic, or with polymeric MF resins etherified with butanol, which are less miscible in acrylic copolymers with compositions similar to the crosslinkable latex.
Adaption of the areas of change questionnaire for parent-child relationship assessment

Abstract In reviewing the family assessment literature, there appears to be a need for behaviorally based report procedures capable of describing important aspects of family functioning. Thus far, most activity in this direction has involved the development of methods of evaluating marital relationships with relatively little attention to parent-adolescent assessment. This article introduces an adaptation of the Areas of Change Questionnaire (originally developed for work with marital pairs) for the assessment of parent-adolescent relationships. The potential utility of this instrument in clinical and research efforts is described, and initial psychometric evaluations are presented.
Leadership Practices, Cultural Values, and Organizational Performance

I investigated the relationship between transformational leadership practices, culture, and organizational effectiveness in 12 small manufacturing and service companies. Companies were separated into high-and mixed-performance groups based upon sales revenue, manpower levels, and above-industry-average profit margins. Only management completed the Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI). All respondents completed the Organizational Culture Profile (OCP). I expected to find high-performance companies differed from mixed-performance companies on leadership and culture. I expected to find a relationship between leadership and culture that explained performance. I expected to find high performance affected by multiple leaders and multiple cultures. Findings concluded no significant differences in leadership practices, although a pattern of responses suggested multiple levels of leadership only in high-performance companies. On the OCP, high-performance companies differed significantly on the value Emphasis on Rewards. Mixed-performance companies differed significantly on Attention to Detail, Outcome Orientation, and Team Orientation. A relationship between Challenging the Process, Aggressiveness, and Team Orientation accounted for only 14% of the variance in effectiveness.
A web-accessible framework for the automated storage and texture analysis of biomedical images

We present a framework for automated image texture analysis that utilizes vector quantization (VQ), an image compression technique, to perform common data mining operations, such as classification, clustering, and similarity searches, on 2D and 3D image datasets. We additionally demonstrate the effectiveness of this framework in a medical imaging context through MIDMS (Medical Image Data Mining System), a web-based system written in Perl and Matlab. MIDMS is capable of automating submission, normalization, compression, and real-time querying of general user-submitted medical image data. Our framework processes submissions by generating a locally optimal codebook for submitted datasets using the Generalized Lloyd Algorithm (GLA). After generating the codebook, our framework uses the codeword usage frequency of each image as the image's feature vector. Users of the framework may then perform highly accurate classification and similarity search experiments on these vectors using either the histogram model (HM) or summed Euclidean distance (SED) metrics, as confirmed by previous experiments utilizing these techniques. Our framework has the potential to assist researchers and clinicians in the sharing, mining, and analysis of large quantities of medical imaging data.