cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Syntactic Reasoners Can Develop Understanding, Evaluate Conjectures, and Generate Counterexamples in Advanced Mathematics.

Abstract This paper presents a case study of a highly successful student whose exploration of an advanced mathematical concept relies predominantly on syntactic reasoning, such as developing formal representations of mathematical ideas and making logical deductions. This student is observed as he learns a new mathematical concept and then completes exercises about it. The paper focuses on how Isaac developed an understanding of this concept, how he evaluated whether a mathematical assertion is true or false, how he generated counterexamples to disprove a statement, and the general role examples play for him in concept development and understanding.
Analysis of thickness-tapered unidirectional composite compression specimens

Four different thickness-tapered compression specimen geometries were modeled using a three-dimensional finite element analysis. Shear-, end-, and combined-loading conditions were used to simulate specimen testing in the Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute (IITRI) and the Wyoming End-Loaded, Side-Supported (ELSS) compression test fixtures. Both carbon/epoxy and glass/epoxy unidirectional composite materials were simulated. From the results of twelve finite element analysis models, predictions were made concerning optimum thickness-tapered compression specimen geometry and the influence of loading conditions. These predictions were then correlated with experimental results for axial compressive strength, modulus, and failure modes in thickness-tapered Hercules AS4/3501-6 carbon/epoxy and CYTEC S2/5216 glass/epoxy unidirectional composite specimens
Study of the transport mechanism in molecular self-assembling devices

This paper focuses on the intrinsic charge transport in self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and on the nature of transport in organic systems, in which surface and bulk properties are undistinguishable due to scale of consistent materials. Developed SAM-OFETs and photovoltaic (SAM-PVC) devices are characterized independently to study a role of charge delocalization both in electrical and optical manifold. The dynamics of charge transport are determined and used to clarify a transport mechanism. Taken together, these SAM devices provide a unique tool to study the fundamentals of polaronic transport on organic surfaces and to discuss the SAM-OFET and SAM PVC performance. Vapor phase molecular self-assembly of 1, 4, 5, 8-naphthalene-tetracarboxylic diphenylimide (NTCDI) having a rich π-stacking charge delivery system is used to enhance the performance of SAM-OFET and SAM PVC devices. Charge mobility in SAM-OFET could achieve values of more than 30 cm2 V−1 s−1. The dynamics of charge transport in NTCDI-derived SAM-OFETs were probed using time-resolved measurements in an NTCDI-derived photovoltaic cell device. Time-resolved photovoltaic studies allow us to separate the charge annihilation kinetics in the conductive NTCDI channel from the overall charge kinetic in a SAM-OFET device. It has been demonstrated that tuning of the type of conductivity in NTCDI SAM-OFET devices is possible by changing Si substrate doping. In addition, the possibility of measuring transport in highly ordered SAM structures shines light on the polaron charge transfer in organic materials. Our study proposes that a cation-radical exchange (redox) mechanism is the major transport mechanism in SAM nanodevices. The role and contribution of the transport through delocalized states of redox active surface molecular aggregates of NTCDI are exposed and investigated in this report.
Hydroxo-cobalamine and acute cyanide poisoning in dogs.

Abstract Intravenous injection of hydroxo-cobalamine tends to delay the onset of toxic signs, prolong the survival time, and occasionally save the life of the non-anesthetized dog following a lethal dose of sodium cyanide administered subcutaneously. It does not seem practical of possible for this antianemic vitamin to detoxify multiple lethal doses of the poison in the dog.
Vladimir K. Zworykin — Edison medalist for 1952: The Edison medal

The Edison Medal for 1952 has been awarded to Vladimir K. Zworykin of the RCA Laboratories Division, Radio Corporation of America, “for outstanding contributions to the concept and design of electronic components and systems.” The Medal, awarded annually by the AIEE Edison Medal Committee, is for meritorious achievement in electrical science or electrical engineering or the electrical arts.
High confinement micron-scale silicon nitride high Q ring resonator

We demonstrate high confinement, low-loss silicon nitride ring resonators with intrinsic quality factor (Q) of 3∗106 operating in the telecommunication C-band. We measure the scattering and absorption losses to be below 0.065dB/cm and 0.055dB/cm, respectively.
Prenatal exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) affects reproductive outcomes in female mice

This study tested the hypothesis that prenatal DEHP exposure affects female reproduction. To test this hypothesis, pregnant female CD-1 mice were orally dosed daily with tocopherol-stripped corn oil (vehicle control) or DEHP (20 μg/kg/day-750 mg/kg/day) from gestation day 11-birth. Pups were counted, weighed, and sexed at birth, ovaries were subjected to evaluations of follicle numbers on postnatal days (PNDs) 8 and 21, and fertility was evaluated at 3-9 months. The results indicate that prenatal DEHP exposure increased male-to-female ratio compared to controls. Prenatal DEHP exposure also increased preantral follicle numbers at PND 21 compared to controls. Further, 22.2% of the 20 μg/kg/day treated animals took longer than 5 days to get pregnant at 3 months and 28.6% of the 750 mg/kg/day treated animals lost some of their pups at 6 months. Thus, prenatal DEHP exposure alters F1 sex ratio, increases preantral follicle numbers, and causes some breeding abnormalities.
Conversion of mixtures of methane and acetylene or ethylene into higher molecular weight hydrocarbons over metal-loaded and unloaded HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts

Abstract A mixture of acetylene and hydrogen was reacted over HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst at 200 °C to produce ethylene. A stream containing ethylene and methane was then reacted over gallium-loaded and copper-loaded ZSM-5 to produce higher molecular weight hydrocarbons. The effect of co-feeding methanol or chloroform on the product distribution was also investigated. On the other hand, a mixture of acetylene and methane was reacted over metal-loaded ZSM-5 catalysts to produce higher molecular weight hydrocarbons with a carbon number of five and more. Palladium, platinum, and nickel were among the transition metals tested.
Characterizing a digital library's users: Steps towards a nuanced view of the user

The importance of understanding the wants and needs of an information source's users is a key belief of user-centered design. In digital libraries, we find two approaches to including users as factors in system design. User studies tend to provide a more abstract view and can be associated with information science research. Usability assessment tends to be associated with the practical assessment of the ease, efficiency, learnability, and flexibility of the digital library. However, usability assessment seldom deals with differences in user communities. This study of the information needs and information seeking values of three groups of digital library users illustrates how important it is to understand differences between user communities, to have a “nuanced view of the user”, to support informed decisions assessing the need for digital library content and organization.
Vibriosis Vaccination of Chum Salmon by Hyperosmotic Infiltration

Abstract When fry of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) started to feed, they were vaccinated with Vibrio anguillarum bacterin by hyperosmotic infiltration. Mortalities of vaccinated and unvaccinated fish were compared in ambient and controlled challenge experiments. In the controlled challenge experiment, cumulative mortalities after 10 days were 6% in the vaccinated group and 63% in the unvaccinated group; in the ambient challenge experiment the respective cumulative mortalities after 70 days were 6% and 96%. The differences were statistically significant (P < 0.005), indicating that survival was highly contingent on vaccination under the conditions observed.
Role of Arthroscopic Debridement in the Arthritic Knee

Arthroscopic debridement of the arthritic knee remains a source of controversy in the surgical management of osteoarthritic knees. Lack of a clear consensus on patient indications and surgical technique as well as unpredictable clinical success continues to generate this controversy. A conservative arthroscopic debridement technique appears to have a more limited role today than in the past.
Analytical solution for a first‐order reaction in a packed bed with diffusion

The second Bromwich path of integration was chosen for the work described herein in order to derive the transient solution for a gas sample flowing through a packed bed where a first-order reaction takes place in the solid phase. The solution for a radioactive gas can be generalized from the solution presented here, and the solution for a nonradioactive gas is a simplification of the solution described here.
Chewing rates among domestic dog breeds.

SUMMARY The mammalian masticatory rhythm is produced by a brainstem timing network. The rhythm is relatively fixed within individual animals but scales allometrically with body mass (Mb) across species. It has been hypothesized that sensory feedback and feed-forward adjust the rhythm to match the jaw9s natural resonance frequency, with allometric scaling being an observable consequence. However, studies performed with adult animals show that the rhythm is not affected by jaw mass manipulations, indicating that either developmental or evolutionary mechanisms are required for allometry to become manifest. The present study was performed to tease out the relative effects of development versus natural selection on chewing rate allometry. Thirty-one dog breeds and 31 mass-matched non-domestic mammalian species with a range in Mb from ∼2 kg to 50 kg were studied. Results demonstrated that the chewing rhythm did not scale with Mb among dog breeds (R=0.299, P>0.10) or with jaw length (Lj) (R=0.328, P>0.05). However, there was a significant relationship between the chewing rhythm and Mb among the non-domestic mammals (R=0.634, P
Consensus on scale-free network

In this paper, we study the consensus on scale-free network, which is known as more robust and immune to the random mutation and perturbation than (binomial) random network. The underlying dynamics of system is derived from a discrete random process by averaging the state of agents weighted by agent degree. In such framework, we address the consensus on different categories, on fixed/switching topology, on undirected/directed graph based on martingale convergence theorem.
INCREASED ABILITY OF ERYTHROCYTES TO AGGREGATE IN SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RATS

The development of hypertension is accompanied by changes in the rheological properties of blood, particularly by increased red blood cell (RBC) aggregation leading to further pathological complications. However, it is not clear whether these changes in aggregation are caused only by increased concentrations of plasma adhesion proteins or if alterations in RBC membranes are also involved. The aim of the present study was to determine if RBC aggregability is altered during hypertension and if these changes correlate with alterations in RBC membrane protein concentrations. Aggregability changes were evaluated by comparing fibrinogen (Fb)-induced aggregation of RBCs from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with RBCs from age matched normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. ANOVA showed a significant increase in dose-dependent Fb-induced aggregation of RBCs in the SHR group. Analysis of Coomassie-stained gels of RBC membrane proteins using SDS-PAGE showed a significant increase in the amount of a protein at 110 kD in the SHR group. These results show that increased RBC aggregability is accompanied by alterations in RBC membrane protein composition during hypertension development.
61 An Association of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number in Chronic Dialysis Patients

AN ASSOCIATION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS BIOMARKERS AND MITOCHONDRIAL DNA COPY NUMBER IN CHRONIC DIALYSIS PATIENTS Jin-Bor Chen, Wen-Chin Lee, Chien-Chun Kuo, Ben-Chung Cheng, Shang-Chih Liao Division of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial HospitalKaohsiung Medical Center, Taiwan The purpose of study is to investigate the association of mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative stress in chronic dialysis patients. A total of 199 chronic dialysis patients (hemodialysis: 111, peritoneal dialysis: 88) (mean age 48.9 year-old, male/female, 80/119) and 213 healthy control (mean age 49.4 year-old, male/female, 83/130) were enrolled as investigated subjects. Demographic, hematological, biochemical data, oxidative stress biomarkers, mitochondrial (mt) DNA copy number were compared between two groups. Plasma thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and plasma free thiols were measured as indicators of oxidative damage to plasma lipids and antioxidant defense, respectively. mt DNA copy number in peripheral blood leukocytes was determined by calculating the relative mtDNA amount to the nuclear DNA by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The mt DNA copy number were expressed by transforming to log values. The results showed dialysis patients had higher serum BUN, Cr, P, K, triglyceride levels, and lower Hb, albumin, cholesterol levels than control. TBARS levels (1.09 vs 0.77 uM/L, p=0.00) and mt DNA copy number (2.92 vs 2.54, p=0.00) were higher in dialysis patients than control. Free thiols levels were lower in dialysis patients (1.5 vs 2.12 uM/L, p=0.00) compared to control. The mt DNA copy number in dialysis patients were correlated with age, free thiols levels, body height (Pearson correlation). However, diabetes, cardiac disease, hypertension, stroke did not show positive impact on mt DNA copy number. In conclusion, chronic dialysis patients showed an increased oxidative stress status and thus leading to compensatory increased mt DNA copy number.
Development and evaluation of a scalable and deformable geometric model of the human torso

A model is developed to provide a geometric representation of the human spine including thoracic and lumbar motion segments, lumbar muscles, ribs, sternum, sacrum, and pelvis. An existing model was modified in order to allow for scaling using standard anthropometric measures, deformation to specific 3-dimensional postures using surface markers, and incorporation of muscle length-tension and motion segment passive bending properties. Experiments were performed to evaluate the accuracy of model postural predictions. Analysis of surface marker displacements demonstrated that the thoracic spine deforms only minimally over a range of flexion, extension, and lateral bending torso postures, suggesting that it can be treated as essentially rigid during low-weight lifting over the range of passive flexibility. Locations of bony landmarks were accurately reproduced (mean errors 2.9-6.8 mm) as were several body dimensions (mean differences 2.6-15.4 mm). It is concluded that linear scaling to subject-specific anthropometry and the use of specific surface markers provides an accurate and direct technique for describing spinal geometry. Predicted passive spinal moments were found to be comparable to those required to support body weight in different extreme postures. It is recommended that data obtained from this type of model be incorporated in future investigations of spinal loading.
Comparison of Infant Feeding Patterns Reported for Nonindustrial Populations with Current Recommendations

The observation that young child-feeding practices rarely conform to current global recommendations is of major public health nutrition policy concern and raises questions about whether near-universal compliance with recommendations is feasible in any population. This analysis uses indicators of age at introduction of complementary foods and termination of breastfeeding available from ethnographic and demographic reports published between 1873 and 1998 to test the hypothesis that recent and contemporary nonindustrial societies practice patterns of infant feeding concordant with current global recommendations. Results suggest that ethnographically reported average ages at introduction of nonbreast milk liquids (4.5 +/- 6.0 mo) and solids (5.0 +/- 4.0 mo) and the duration of breastfeeding (29.0 +/- 10.0 mo) among a sample of 113 such populations concord with those at which key weaning transitions are biologically optimal for most normal healthy children. However, wide variation in estimates across populations remains unexplained and serious limitations in the available data preclude proper assessment of the underlying distribution of the timing of weaning transitions within populations.
Age and mortality after injury: is the association linear?

Multiple studies have demonstrated a linear association between advancing age and mortality after injury. An inflection point, or an age at which outcomes begin to differ, has not been previously described. We hypothesized that the relationship between age and mortality after injury is non-linear and an inflection point exists. We performed a retrospective cohort analysis at our urban level I center from 2007 through 2009. All patients aged 65 years and older with the admission diagnosis of injury were included. Non-parametric logistic regression was used to identify the functional form between mortality and age. Multivariate logistic regression was utilized to explore the association between age and mortality. Age 65 years was used as the reference. Significance was defined as p < 0.05. A total of 1,107 patients were included in the analysis. One-third required intensive care unit (ICU) admission and 48 % had traumatic brain injury. 229 patients (20.6 %) were 84 years of age or older. The overall mortality was 7.2 %. Our model indicates that mortality is a quadratic function of age. After controlling for confounders, age is associated with mortality with a regression coefficient of 1.08 for the linear term (p = 0.02) and a regression coefficient of −0.006 for the quadratic term (p = 0.03). The model identified 84.4 years of age as the inflection point at which mortality rates begin to decline. The risk of death after injury varies linearly with age until 84 years. After 84 years of age, the mortality rates decline. These findings may reflect the varying severity of comorbidities and differences in baseline functional status in elderly trauma patients. Specifically, a proportion of our injured patient population less than 84 years old may be more frail, contributing to increased mortality after trauma, whereas a larger proportion of our injured patients over 84 years old, by virtue of reaching this advanced age, may, in fact, be less frail, contributing to less risk of death.
Study of transient dynamics in Cr:LiSrGaF 6 system with intrinsic optical bistability

The transient dynamics and the kinetics of switching between two stable states in Cr:LiSrGaF6 laser crystal, a material with thermally induced intrinsic optical bistability, have been studied. It has been shown that the characteristic switching time τswitch can be shorter than that determined by the heat transfer in a linear regime. In the quasi-steady-state regime, the rate of switching (τswitch-1) in the system studied is proportional to the square root of the area of the steady-state hysteresis loop. The switching time τswitch can be controlled by changing system parameters, such as the temperature of the heat sink, the heat sinking efficiency, the rate of the pumping power increase, etc. When the pumping power is continuously changed at the rate R, the increment in the switching rate Δτswitch-1 is proportional to R2/3.
Modeling execution time of multi-stage N-version fault-tolerant software

The timing performance of N-version multi-stage software is analyzed for a strategy called expedient voting. In expedient voting the voting takes place as soon as an adequate number of components have finished the stage. The concept of a 'runahead' is introduced: the faster versions are allowed to run ahead of the rest of the slower versions by one or more stages, with synchronized re-start in the event of a failure. If the versions are highly reliable, inter-version failure dependence is small, and the difference between the fastest and the slowest successful components in each stage is large, then the execution speed-up through expedient voting may be substantial. Runaheads exceeding three stages offer diminishing returns. Speed-up deteriorates with reduction in the version reliability and independence. >
Stage I-II low-grade lymphomas: a prospective trial of combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Between 1984–1989, 44 patients with stage I–II low grade lymphoma were treated prospectively with sequential chemotherapy and involved-field radiotherapy. The chemotherapy was cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone, and bleomycin (COP-Bleo); doxorubicin was included (CHOP-Bleo) for patients with adverse prognostic features (high LDH; extranodal sites; bulky nodes). Of the 44 patients, 37 had measurable disease and all have responded. With a median follow-up of 32 months, the 5-year survival and failure-free survival were 89% and 74%, respectively. Compared to past experience with involved-field radiotherapy alone, the failure-free survival is significantly better with COP-Bleo plus radiotherapy. The potentially cured fraction has risen from 40% to 74%.
A Programmed Variable-Rate Counter for Generating the Sine Function

The sine curve is approximated by a set of straight line segments whose slopes are chosen to be integral multiples of a binary fraction. A programmed counter counts up or down at a rate proportional to the slope, thus generating an approximate sine function. Using (360/256)?1.4 degree intervals and four integral slopes, ±0(1/128), ±1(1/128), ±2(1/128), ±3(1/128), the maximum difference between the true and the generated value is 0.014 and occurs at 36.6 degrees. The extension of this method to higher accuracy and to other functions is indicated.
An analysis of GaAs LPE growth methods by a diffusion limited growth model

Abstract Experimental data from three types of liquid phase epitaxial growth systems are compared with a diffusion limited growth model, valid for temperature intervals of 50°C or less. Observed layer thicknesses are analyzed and are used to calculate growth efficiencies. The influence of initial saturation errors, convection, growth competition, solution volume and cooling rate were inferred from the experimental data.
Campaign Finance Laws, Policy Outcomes, and Political Equality in the American States

Laws that regulate the financing of campaigns are one attempt to attenuate the role of money in politics and promote more egalitarian policy outcomes. Do states with stricter campaign finance regulations represent citizens’ interests more equally? Using data on state spending priorities from 1977 to 2008, this article finds that states with stricter campaign finance laws devote a larger proportion of their annual budget to public welfare spending in general and to cash assistance programs in particular. In contrast, there is no relationship between the strictness of campaign finance laws and spending decisions for non-redistributive policy areas. I also investigate possible causal mechanisms and uncover evidence that stricter campaign finance laws alter incentives for candidates to respond to wealthy constituents by lessening the proportion of contributions that originate from business interests. These results suggest that laws that regulate the financing of political campaigns can play an important role ...
Effects of dietary protein restriction on regional amino acid metabolism in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

We studied subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and controls by administering primed continuous infusions of L-[1-13C,15N)]leucine and L-[2,3-13C2]alanine to measure whole body ...
History of the Role of Nuclear Medicine in the Thyroid Gland and its Diseases

No organ of the body has been more important in the development of nuclear medicine than the thyroid gland. The use of nuclear medicine in the care of patients with thyroid disease illustrates most of the general principles upon which the field is based. After I finished my internal medicine residency at Johns Hopkins and two subsequent years as a Clinical Associate at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), I had 1 yr before I had to return to Johns Hopkins as Chief Resident on the Osler Medical Service. Because endocrinology was the most exciting area of medicine at that time (the late 1950s), I decided to spend a year as a postdoctoral fellow at Hammersmith Hospital in London, working in the department of Dr. Russell Fraser. That year opened my eyes to the use of radioactive tracers in medicine.
Grosvenor Mountains 95 howardite pairing group: Insights into the surface regolith of asteroid 4 Vesta

Regolithic howardites are analogs for the surface materials of asteroid 4 Vesta, recently mapped by the Dawn spacecraft. Rigorously evaluating pairing of howardites recovered in 1995 in the Grosvenor Mountains (GRO 95), Antarctica, enables an examination of a larger, more representative regolith sample. Previous work on two of the howardites studied here concluded that GRO 95602 and GRO 95535 are solar wind-rich surface regolith samples and that they are not paired with each other, leading to uncertainty regarding pairing relationships between the other GRO 95 howardites. Based on petrology, cosmic-ray exposure history, and terrestrial age, four GRO 95 howardites are paired. The paired howardites (GRO 95534, 95535, 95574, 95581) were from a meteoroid with radius of 10–15 cm, a preatmospheric size comparable to that of Kapoeta, the largest known regolithic howardite. The paired GRO 95 howardites contain clasts of at least 18 separate HED lithologies, providing evidence they were assembled from diverse source materials. The total eucrite:diogenite mixing ratio (ratio of all eucrite lithologies to all diogenite lithologies) in the paired GRO 95 howardites is ~2:1. Petrographically determined basaltic eucrite:cumulate eucrite ratios in regolithic howardites, studied here and previously, vary more widely than total eucrite:diogenite ratios. Relative to eucritic pyroxene, plagioclase is depleted in these howardites, which provides evidence that plagioclase is preferentially comminuted in the vestan regolith. The extent of plagioclase depletion could be an indicator of regolith maturity.
Does Time of Delivery Influence the Risk of Neonatal Morbidity

Objective To examine whether time of delivery influences the risk of neonatal morbidity among women with singleton pregnancies. Study Design Secondary analysis of data from the Maternal Fetal Medicine Units Network Factor V Leiden Mutation study. We categorized time of delivery as day (07:00–16:59), evening (17:00–23:59), and overnight (midnight-06:59). Severe neonatal morbidity was defined by at least one of the following: respiratory distress syndrome, transient tachypnea of the newborn, sepsis, seizures, neonatal intensive care admission, or a 5-minute APGAR ≤3. We calculated frequencies of severe neonatal morbidity by time of delivery. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine whether time of delivery was independently associated with severe neonatal morbidity. Results Among 4,087 women, 1,917 (46.9%) delivered during the day, 1,140 (27.9%) delivered in the evening, and 1,030 (25.2%) delivered overnight. We observed no significant differences in the rates of neonatal morbidity between delivery time periods (day: 12.3%; evening: 12.8%; overnight: 12.6%; p = 0.9). No significant association was observed between time of delivery and neonatal morbidity after adjustment for maternal, obstetric, and peripartum factors. Conclusion Our findings suggest that time of delivery is not associated with severe neonatal morbidity.
Use of a bisphosphonate (etidronate) to improve metastatic bone pain in three hospice patients.

Objective : This report investigates the association among the bisphosphonate etidronate and relief of metastatic bone pain. Maintaining cognitive function while providing adequate relief from metastatic bone pain can be particularly difficult in elderly patients. Design : Case Series. Setting : Rural community dwellings (Carroll County, Maryland) and an urban nursing home (Baltimore, MD). Patients : One patient residing in a skilled nursing facility and two patients from a home hospice program (Carroll Hospice). Interventions : Administration of 400 mg of etidronate in cases of refractory metastatic bone pain. Main outcome measures : Reduction in analgesic dosing, improvement in cognitive function, and subjective pain improvement. Results : Three cases are presented in which the use of the bisphosphonate etidronate allowed for a reduction in opiate use with improvement in pain control and preservation of cognitive function. Conclusion : Etidronate and perhaps bisphosphonates, in general, should be considered in the management of refractory metastatic bone pain, particularly in the hospice population.
Proton transfer in nucleobases is mediated by water

Water plays a central role in chemistry and biology by mediating the interactions between molecules, altering energy levels of solvated species, modifying potential energy profiles along reaction coordinates, and facilitating efficient proton transport through ion channels and interfaces. This study investigates proton transfer in a model system comprising dry and microhydrated clusters of nucleobases. With mass spectrometry and tunable vacuum ultraviolet synchrotron radiation, we show that water shuts down ionization-induced proton transfer between nucleobases, which is very efficient in dry clusters. Instead, a new pathway opens up in which protonated nucleobases are generated by proton transfer from the ionized water molecule and elimination of a hydroxyl radical. Electronic structure calculations reveal that the shape of the potential energy profile along the proton transfer coordinate depends strongly on the character of the molecular orbital from which the electron is removed; i.e., the proton transfer from water to nucleobases is barrierless when an ionized state localized on water is accessed. The computed energetics of proton transfer is in excellent agreement with the experimental appearance energies. Possible adiabatic passage on the ground electronic state of the ionized system, though energetically accessible at lower energies, is not efficient. Thus, proton transfer is controlled electronically, by the character of the ionized state, rather than statistically, by simple energy considerations.
Research on Improvement of the Stochastic Medium Theory for Ore Drawing

Based on the experiments,the relationship among draw-point size,released volume,and granular flow parameters are analyzed.Then,the improved stochastic medium theory of drawing(ISMTD) considering the effect of draw-point size is put forward.ISMTD shows the relationship between granular flow rules and size of stoping drift in sublevel caving and indicates the influence scope of draw-point size.Then two methods,namely the stochastic medium theory of drawing(SMTD) and ISMTD,are compared by three experiments in three different mines.The experimental results show that ISMTD can well reflect flow characteristics of caved ore and rock.Moreover,new methods for determining the stope structure parameters are proposed.As the draw body is not a normal ellipsoid,the optimized stope structure parameters can be obtained by tangency of three draw bodies in diamond sublevels in three points.ISMTD not only enlarges the application field but also develops the stochastic medium theory of ore drawing.
Biomass decay rates and tissue nutrient loss in bloom and non-bloom-forming macroalgal species

Abstract Macroalgal blooms occur in shallow, low-wave energy environments and are generally dominated by fast-growing ephemeral macroalgae. When macroalgal mats undergo senescence and decompose they can cause oxygen depletion and release nutrients into the surrounding water. There are relatively few studies that examine macroalgal decomposition rates in areas impacted by macroalgal blooms. Understanding the rate of macroalgal bloom decomposition is essential to understanding the impacts of macroalgal blooms following senescence. Here, we examined the biomass, organic content, nitrogen decay rates and δ15N values for five macroalgal species (the bloom-forming Agardhiella subulata, Gracilaria vermiculophylla, Ulva compressa, and Ulva rigida and the non-bloom-forming Fucus vesiculosus) in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, U.S.A. using a litterbag design. Bloom-forming macroalgae had similar biomass decay rates (0.34–0.51 k d−1) and decayed significantly faster than non-bloom-forming macroalgae (0.09 k d−1). Biomass decay rates also varied temporally, with a significant positive correlation between biomass decay rate and water temperature for U. rigida. Tissue organic content decreased over time in all species, although A. subulata and G. vermiculophylla displayed significantly higher rates of organic content decay than U. compressa, U. rigida, and F. vesiculosus. Agardhiella subulata had a significantly higher rate of tissue nitrogen decay (0.35 k d−1) than all other species. By contrast, only the δ15N of F. vesiculosus changed significantly over the decay period. Overall, our results indicate that bloom-forming macroalgal species decay more rapidly than non-bloom-forming species.
Group I mGluR Activation Causes Voltage-Dependent and -Independent Ca2+ Rises in Hippocampal Pyramidal Cells

Group I mGluR activation causes voltage-dependent and -independent Ca2+ rises in hippocampal pyramidal cells. Application of the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist (1S,3R)-1-aminocyclo...
Examining the ecosystem health and sustainability of the world's largest mangrove forest using multi-temporal MODIS products

Sweeping across Bangladesh and India, the Sundarbans forest is the world's largest contiguous mangrove forest. Although the human population density is high at the edge, Sundarbans has not encountered significant areal transformation in the last four decades. However, we argue that forest degradation can occur discontinuously within the forest without alteration of the entire forest area. In this paper, we used MODIS land products to compare the spatiotemporal ecological dynamics of the Bangladesh and Indian part of this mangrove forest between 2000 and 2010. We used the following 5 ecological parameters for our analysis: the Percent Tree Cover (PTC), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Net Primary Productivity (NPP), Leaf Area Index (LAI), and Evapotranspiration (ET). Our pixel-based time-series trend analysis for each MODIS image stack, using an ordinary least square (OLS) regression method, showed that forest degradation is happening in fragmented parcels within the forest. The degradation rate is comparatively higher in the Bangladesh part than in the Indian part of Sundarbans. Compartments 8, 10, 12, and 15 in the Bangladesh part, in particular, show high degradation, while compartment 48 and the southern edge of 45 show slight increases in PTC or EVI. Forest degradation in the Indian part of the forest is evident in the National Park and Reserve Forest blocks; however, no substantial degradation is evident in the western section. We have identified certain anthropogenic stressors (i.e., oil pollution, shrimp farming) and natural stressors (i.e., increased salinity, cyclones, forest fire) which might be responsible for the observed degradation. We have provided sustainable planning options and policy transformation alternatives for those areas under pressure from these stressors. We anticipate that our analysis of forest degradation will help management agencies, conservators, and policy makers achieve better management of this world's largest mangrove forest for a sustainable future.
The Ethical Logic of Economics

The discipline of economics uses a particular utilitarian logic that has become the dominant language of policy in the worlds of economics, business, public policy, and often in law. Economic methods allow us to make difficult comparisons of costs and benefits. This allows economic theory to speak in a unified, accessible manner about the many options that a businessperson or policymaker have before them in any situation. In the areas of life where pragmatic arguments rule, economists provide the logic and the language.
Experimental and kinetic modeling study of butene isomer pyrolysis: Part I. 1- and 2-Butene

Abstract The pyrolysis of isobutene was investigated using a tubular flow reactor at an absolute pressure of ∼0.82 atm over a temperature range of 610–860 °C with residence times ranging from ∼0.5 to ∼2.4 s. The initial concentration of the fuel ranged from 5 to 50 mol%. These data were compared to the predictions of a fundamentally based detailed kinetic model. The model accurately predicted the observed fuel conversion, production of light products, and the formation of several important molecular weight growth species. The primary pathways that lead to the fuel decay and the formation of major products are discussed. In particular, H-atom abstraction from isobutene results in the formation of the 2-methyl allyl radical, which undergoes a β-scission reaction to form allene plus methyl. The subsequent addition reaction of 2-methyl allyl to allene is energetically favored and provides a route to the formation of stable molecular weight growth products that are readily converted to benzene and toluene. The potential energy surface for this reaction was derived from CBS-QB3 calculations and the corresponding temperature and pressure dependent rate constants are obtained. The model predictions were also compared and generally are in good agreement with multiple published isobutene pyrolysis data sets that were measured under significantly different conditions.
Video Game Therapy: Application of the Couple and Family Technology Framework

The couple and family technology framework outlines how technology affects couple and family relationships. This framework has been applied to understanding the impact of technology on infidelity, contributed to our understanding of online gaming issues in couple relationships, and sexting. The purpose of this paper is to outline how to implement video gaming as a disciplinary tool for youth congruent with the couple and family technology framework. Specifically, we identify the elements of video games that can be applied as an intervention in family treatment with youth in a token economy. This proposed technique focuses on utilizing technology (and specifically video games) as a strategy to improve youth’s behavior. Consistent with the couple and family technology framework, this paper outlines how accessibility, affordability, accommodation, and approximation can be used to improve behavior as well as improve parent–child relationships. Implications are included.
The aggressive peripheral T-cell lymphomas: 2015

Background: T-cell lymphomas make up approximately 10%–15% of lymphoid malignancies. The frequency of these lymphomas varies geographically, with the highest incidence in parts of Asia. Diagnosis: The diagnosis of aggressive peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) is usually made using the World Health Organization classification. The ability of hematopathologists to reproducibly diagnosis aggressive PTCL is lower than that for aggressive B-cell lymphomas, with a range of 72%–97% for the aggressive PTCLs. Risk Stratification: Patients with aggressive PTCL are staged using the Ann Arbor Classification. Although somewhat controversial, positron emission tomography scans seem to be useful as they are in aggressive B-cell lymphomas. The most commonly used prognostic index is the International Prognostic Index. The specific subtype of aggressive PTCL is an important risk factor, with the best survival seen in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma—particularly young patients with the anaplastic lymphoma kinase positive subtype. Risk-Adapted Therapy: Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma is the only subgroup to have a good response to a CHOP-like regimen. Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma has a prolonged disease-free survival in only ∼20% of patients, but younger patients who have an autotransplant in remission seem to do better. PTCL-not otherwise specified is not one disease. Anthracycline-containing regimens have disappointing results, and a new approach is needed. Natural killer/T-cell lymphoma localized to the nose and nasal sinuses seems to be best treated with radiotherapy-containing regimens. Enteropathy-associated PTCL and hepatosplenic PTCL are rare disorders with a generally poor response to therapy, although selected patients with enteropathy-associated PTCL seem to benefit from intensive therapy. Am. J. Hematol. 90:666–673, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Placement of Subclavian Central Venous Catheter

Subclavian central venous catheters are commonly used for administration of medications, sampling of blood for labs, and measurement of central venous pressure. Risks of placing a subclavian line include hemothorax, pneumothorax, as well as difficulty controlling bleeding since the vein and artery run beneath the clavicle, thus prohibiting the application of direct pressure. This chapter describes indications, essential steps, variations, and complications of this procedure. It provides a detailed template operative note for the procedure.
Improving the Querying Efficiency of the PLWAH Bitmap Algorithm

Bitmap indices are commonly used for accessing large, read-only data. A bitmap is a simplified model of the underlying data in secondary storage. Its coarse representation enables the use of fast CPU operations to answer common database queries. Additionally, bitmaps are very compressible. Several known compression algorithms allow the compressed form of the bitmap to be queried directly, and one of which is Position List Word-Aligned Hybrid (PLWAH). PLWAH is modified hybrid run-length encoding scheme that can achieve better compression than traditional schemes such as Word-Aligned Hybrid (WAH). This improved compression introduces an increased query processing cost, of which we address in this paper. We present a technique that uses metadata to allow PLWAH's query algorithm to exploit logical short-circuiting opportunities, reducing the cost of certain queries. In our empirical study, we found that our approach achieved an average speedup of 1.41x over PLWAH for real scientific data sets. For specific queries, our approach realized speedups as high as 8000x.
Abstract LB-185: A PSMA-directed natural killer cell approach for prostate cancer immunotherapy

Prostate Cancer (PCa) is the third leading cause of cancer mortality in men in the United States. Locally advanced or metastatic PCa is clinically managed with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), androgen receptor antagonists, and/or taxane chemotherapy. While initially effective, patients eventually develop resistance, leading to onset of a lethal castration-resistant disease state for which no curative interventions currently exist. Cell-based immunotherapy—which is centered on infusion of modified, tumor-directed immune cells intended to drive a more potent anti-tumor response—could potentially provide a new approach to treating advanced PCa. In this study, we describe the modification of an allogeneic, immortalized human natural killer cell line, NK-92, with a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) directed against prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), a cell-surface antigen expressed by most prostate tumors. We observed that both unmodified and CAR-bearing NK-92 cells display potent cytolytic activity against the majority of PCa cell lines tested in vitro . Expression of PSMA on PCa cell lines affected the activity of CAR-modified, but not unmodified, NK-92. Combination of NK-92 immunotherapy with ADT and taxanes is also discussed, as well as ongoing in vivo preclinical modeling. Overall, CAR-modified NK-92 cells show promise as a novel immunotherapeutic agent for the treatment of PCa. Citation Format: Lucas J. Brand, Alexander B. Zaslavsky, Ganesh S. Palapattu, Karen E. Knudsen. A PSMA-directed natural killer cell approach for prostate cancer immunotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-185. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-LB-185
The Role of Imagination in Narrative Construction

This chapter attempts to clarify the role of imagination in narrative construction and interpretation. No framework for analyzing narratives can be complete without including the psychological processes usually subsumed under the generic term “imagination.”
PANCREATITIS DUE TO CLOMIPHENE CITRATE-INDUCED HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA: A CASE REPORT AND LITERATURE REVIEW

Objective: Clomiphene citrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia causing acute pancreatitis is rare. The aim of this case report is to alert physicians to the possibility of clomiphene citrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia that can lead to acute, and even chronic, pancreatitis. Methods: We describe a patient with known mild hypertriglyceridemia who presented with acute pancreatitis and severe hypertriglyceridemia after initiation of clomiphene citrate. Results: The patient had mid-epigastric tenderness with radiation around her bilateral flanks in a band-like distribution. Lab studies showed a triglyceride level greater than 4,425 mg/dL, a lipase level greater than 3,000 U/L, and computed tomography of the abdomen showed acute interstitial edematous pancreatitis. The patient's Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction score was calculated to be a 7, and was therefore probable as clomiphene being the causative agent. The patient's triglyceride levels improved after initiation of fibrate therapy and discontinuation of clomiph...
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Bariatric Surgery for Morbid Obesity.

In the USA, three types of bariatric surgeries are widely performed, including laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB), and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB). However, few economic evaluations of bariatric surgery are published. There is also scarcity of studies focusing on the LSG alone. Therefore, this study is evaluating the cost-effectiveness of bariatric surgery using LRYGB, LAGB, and LSG as treatment for morbid obesity. A microsimulation model was developed over a lifetime horizon to simulate weight change, health consequences, and costs of bariatric surgery for morbid obesity. US health care prospective was used. A model was propagated based on a report from the first report of the American College of Surgeons. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) in terms of cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained were used in the model. Model parameters were estimated from publicly available databases and published literature. LRYGB was cost-effective with higher QALYs (17.07) and cost ($138,632) than LSG (16.56 QALYs; $138,925), LAGB (16.10 QALYs; $135,923), and no surgery (15.17 QALYs; $128,284). Sensitivity analysis showed initial cost of surgery and weight regain assumption were very sensitive to the variation in overall model parameters. Across patient groups, LRYGB remained the optimal bariatric technique, except that with morbid obesity 1 (BMI 35–39.9 kg/m2) patients, LSG was the optimal choice. LRYGB is the optimal bariatric technique, being the most cost-effective compared to LSG, LAGB, and no surgery options for most subgroups. However, LSG was the most cost-effective choice when initial BMI ranged between 35 and 39.9 kg/m2.