cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Essence for Ms. Venus

AFTER THE CORN was cut in Iowa, when the game was fat, I stopped at a provincial courthouse to get my hunting license. I signed the license Diana and shoved the form across the golden-oak casement to the clerk. "You'll have to put down both names, Miss," she said. "In some locales," I replied, "for some personages, a single name is sufficient. For poets." "What name?" "Homer, for example." She quickly inscribed an H in the blank space. "Wait," I said. "Not Homer. Hunter." "Even poets got last names here," she said. She lifted her eyes and nodded toward the open window at my back. Through the courthouse window, in the distance, I saw hordes of brightly dressed college students jostling each other on the sidewalks of the town. As though every student were a poet. The clerk frowned to see me take my traveller's check from a quiver instead of from a purse, but she lay out the stamps for the license anyway. There in the quiver was the reminder to take cousin Venus a bottle of perfume. (The impedimenta one is asked to cart home; it's enough to make one think twice about travelling.) While I signed the check, my eye was distracted by the beauty of the duck stamps?tinted Aegean blue and the green of olives?and my ear by a divorce proceedings down the hall. I heard certain words, thundered in a legal male voice: "And it is your firm belief, is it not, that, as stated in your joint petition for divorce, the marriage is irretrievably broken?" "Now your husband's not allowed to hunt on your license," the clerk chirped in my other ear. I stooped to tie my sandal. "I have no use for husbands."
Electrical analysis of a thin film multichip module substrate

Several related technologies are required to design and manufacture a successful multichip module product. Technology selection depends on how certain parameters are weighted. Decision parameters include module size, number of input/output signals, performance, power, ambient temperature environment, availability of semiconductors other than wirebond-compatible, and cost. The authors describe the electrical analysis performed on a 6-chip evaluation module designed and built within Motorola. Results of the module electrical analysis are compared with estimates of the same circuit function built with single chip packages on a printed circuit board. >
Sub-Doppler atomic vapor photon detection via electromagnetically induced transparency

High spectral resolution photon detection has been achieved by exploiting the narrow absorption features of gas phase atoms. Velocity-selective excitation and coherent optical effects have allowed for increased spectral discrimination and laser Doppler velocimetry.
Effects of short-term stimulation of serotoninergic pathways on the pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone in the absence and presence of acute opiate-receptor blockage

To investigate the role of the serotoninergic system in regulating pulsatile gonadotropin secretion in man, we tested the influences of a novel selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (fluoxetine HCl) on episodic LH release in men. Spontaneous LH pulsatility was assessed by computerized analysis of serial LH concentrations measured in blood samples withdrawn at 10 min intervals for 24 h. Possible alterations in pituitary responsiveness were tested by administering three consecutive two-hourly intravenous pulses of GnRH (10 micrograms, 10 micrograms, and 100 micrograms). The effects of fluoxetine (20 mg orally three times daily for one wk) were assessed in a double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Compared with the placebo, fluoxetine elicited no changes in 24 h mean serum LH concentrations, LH pulse characteristics (Cluster analysis), or LH secretion and clearance parameters assessed in response to exogenous GnRH administration (deconvolution analysis) in the presence of normal opiatergic tone (nine healthy young men), and during acute blockade of the opiatergic system (seven young men treated with the mu-opiate receptor antagonist, naltrexone). In summary, a selective enhancer of serotoninergic activity (fluoxetine HCl) does not affect pulsatile LH release basally or in the presence of acute inhibitory opiatergic tone. Since this probe does modify prolactin secretion in man, we conclude that stimulation of the serotoninergic system by this selective neuroendocrine probe shows no demonstrable coupling between the serotoninergic and the opiatergic pathways that modulate pulsatile LH release in man.
Pleiotropic Effects of Bitter Taste Receptors on [Ca2+]i Mobilization, Hyperpolarization, and Relaxation of Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cells

Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation and airflow obstruction from human airway smooth muscle (HASM) constriction due to increased local bronchoconstrictive substances. We have recently found bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) on HASM, which increase [Ca2+]i and relax the muscle. We report here that some, but not all, TAS2R agonists decrease [Ca2+]i and relax HASM contracted by G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that stimulate [Ca2+]i. This suggests both a second pathway by which TAS2Rs relax, and, a heterogeneity of the response phenotype. We utilized eight TAS2R agonists and five procontractile GPCR agonists in cultured HASM cells. We find that heterogeneity in the inhibitory response hinges on which procontractile GPCR is activated. For example, chloroquine inhibits [Ca2+]i increases from histamine, but failed to inhibit [Ca2+]i increases from endothelin-1. Conversely, aristolochic acid inhibited [Ca2+]i increases from endothelin-1 but not histamine. Other dichotomous responses were found when [Ca2+]i was stimulated by bradykinin, angiotensin, and acetylcholine. There was no association between [Ca2+]i inhibition and TAS2R subtype, nor whether [Ca2+]i was increased by Gq- or Gi-coupled GPCRs. Selected studies revealed a correlation between [Ca2+]i inhibition and HASM cell-membrane hyperpolarization. To demonstrate physiologic correlates, ferromagnetic beads were attached to HASM cells and cell stiffness measured by magnetic twisting cytometry. Consistent with the [Ca2+]i inhibition results, chloroquine abolished the cell stiffening response (contraction) evoked by histamine but not by endothelin-1, while aristolochic acid inhibited cell stiffening from endothelin-1, but not from histamine. In studies using intact human bronchi, these same differential responses were found. Those TAS2R agonists that decreased [Ca2+]i, promoted hyperpolarization, and decreased HASM stiffness, caused relaxation of human airways. Thus TAS2Rs relax HASM in two ways: a low-efficiency de novo [Ca2+]i stimulation, and, a high-efficiency inhibition of GPCR-stimulated [Ca2+]i. Furthermore, there is an interaction between TAS2Rs and some GPCRs that facilitates this [Ca2+]i inhibition limb.
Fundamental Theory:Specialized Stability and Boundedness Results on Metric Spaces

We present several important specialized stability and boundedness results for dynamical systems defined on metric spaces. It turns out that a number of the results that we will develop in the subsequent chapters concerning finite-dimensional and infinite-dimensional systems can be deduced as consequences of corresponding results of the present chapter.For autonomous and periodic dynamical systems we show that when an invariant set is stable (asymptotically stable) then it is also uniformly stable (uniformly asymptotically stable). For autonomous dynamical systems we also present necessary and sufficient conditions for the stability and the asymptotic stability of invariant sets.For dynamical systems determined by continuous-time and discrete-time semigroups defined on metric spaces we establish stability and boundedness results which comprise the LaSalle-Krasovskii invariance theory.We present for both continuous-time and discrete-time dynamical systems a comparison theory for the various Lyapunov and Lagrange stability types. This comparison theory enables us to deduce the qualitative properties of a complex dynamical system (the object of inquiry) from the qualitative properties of a simpler dynamical system (the comparison system).For general continuous-time dynamical systems we establish a Lyapunov-type result which ensures the uniqueness of motions of a dynamical system.
Helium transport and exhaust studies in DIII-D

A better understanding of helium transport in the plasma core and edge in enhanced confinement regimes is now emerging from recent experimental studies on DIII-D. Overall, the results are encouraging with significant helium exhaust obtained in a diverted, ELMing H-mode plasma, with {tau}*{sub He}/{tau}{sub E} {approximately} 10 and transport studies indicating that D{sub He}/{Chi}{sub eff} {approximately} 1 in all plasma conditions studied to date. However, measurements in the core and pumping plenum show a significant dilution of helium as it flows from the plasma core to the pumping plenum. Such dilution could be the limiting factor in the overall removal rate of helium in a reactor system.
Doctored: The Medicine of Photography in Nineteenth‐Century America Tanya Sheehan. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2011.

Doctored: The Medicine of Photography in Nineteenth-Century America Tanya Sheehan. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2011.In Doctored: The Medicine of Photography in Nineteenth-Century America, Tanya Sheehan argues that while physicians used photographs to help legitimize their profession during the nineteenth century, photographers used medical rhetoric and the authority of science to shape their own professional reputations. Centering on Philadelphia, not only the heart of the burgeoning medical profession but also the development of daguerreotype and later photography, Sheehan examines trade journals to explore how these "scientific" men both knowingly and unknowingly adopted medical metaphors and imagery to establish themselves as powerful agents of health promotion and social change. Using discourse analysis, such as the work of Michel Foucault, Sheehan's interdisciplinary approach demonstrates that photographers were contributing to a "cultural discourse on the diseased and disordered body in urban America," which ultimately addressed the anxieties of a nation torn apart by the Civil War and a white middle class who saw its city overwhelmed by the problems of overcrowding, racial conflict, disease, and poverty (11). By controlling and manipulating the body, photographers helped shape "social order" (12).While most historians of photography focus on the profession's attempts to legitimize its position as an art form, Sheehan's research suggests that photographers used just as much effort to establish themselves as men of science. According to Sheehan, photography mimicked medicine's path to professionalization. Daguerreotypist Marcus Aurelius Root, for example, expressed interest in establishing schools and requiring photographers to take part in an apprenticeship (33-36). It was the photographer's embrace of anatomy, however, that lent the profession scientific authority. Sheehan argues that this was because knowledge of anatomy allowed photographers to establish a medically-inspired language for their practice, giving photographers a powerful claim to their subject's bodies. Like physicians, photographers "diagnosed" the physical appearance of their subjects and used their knowledge to manipulate the body to make it appear healthy (59). In the manner of surgeons, photographers could perform "operations" on their photos, retouching them to give "the appearance of smoother, blemish-free skin with even pigmentation, fuller cheeks, a straighter mouth, and well-rested eyes, which contribute to our reading of the subject as youthful, racially white, feminine, and middle class" (69). For Sheehan, the rhetoric of science not only provided legitimacy, it also placed photography in the larger realm of social politics, giving photographers the power to define health, whiteness, and middle-class identity. …
The X-Ray Emission of Normal Elliptical Galaxies and Their Environment

While the total X-ray luminosities L X of early-type galaxies are strongly correlated with their optical (blue) luminosities \({L_B}({L_X}\alpha \,L_B^{1.7 - 2.2})\), the X-ray luminosities exhibit considerable dispersion for a given optical luminosity. We have searched for the cause of this scatter by correlating the residual X-ray luminosities of E/S0 galaxies with other properties of the galaxies. We can find no intrinsic property of the galaxies (color, metallicity, velocity dispersion, size, HI content, or far-infrared emission) which significantly reduces this scatter in the X-ray luminosity of early-type galaxies of a given optical luminosity. However, we do find that E/S0s with low X-ray luminosities (for a given optical luminosity) are more likely to be found in dense regions. We find that early-type galaxies with relatively low L X for a given L B have ~50% more neighboring galaxies than E/S0s with relatively high L X . We conclude that the large dispersion in X-ray luminosity (for a given L B ) may be related to the environment of the galaxy, and that X-ray faint E/S0s may have lost much of their hot gas due to ram-pressure stripping.
Organic Synthesis with Amino Acid Dehydrogenases, Transaminases, Amine Oxidases, and Amine Dehydrogenases

Abstract This chapter describes various enzyme-catalyzed reactions for production of amino acids and chiral amines. Enantiomerically pure amino acids can be produced from keto acids via amino acid dehydrogenase (AADH) and transaminase (TA). Enantiomerically pure amines are available from prochiral ketones via catalysis with TA, amine oxidase (AO), and amine dehydrogenase (AmDH) enzymes.
Using robotics to teach the scientific method

We present a series of lab exercises that teach non-science majors effective use of the scientific method. We have employed a robotics theme for these exercises, as robotics problems provide a compelling framework for the use of the scientific method in problem-solving. We identify four types of scientific experiments that are useful in this regard, and demonstrate how these types of experiments support the types of problem-solving essential to completing robotics tasks. Our approach is influenced by previous results in robotics education, computational use of the scientific method, and active learning techniques. Our exercises are available as a lab manual [12].
Thermal Amplification of Ion-Acoustic Waves

The ion-acoustic instability of a uniform current-free two-temperature plasma requires heat conduction by electrons in addition to electron-ion energy transfer.
Spatial separation and dimensionality of stimuli in children's discrimination learning.

Research has shown that increasing the distance between stimuli interferes with 2choice simultaneous discrimination learning in kindergartners (2, 3 ) . This effect has been demonstrated both for easv and difficult discriminations. where difficultv is m a n i ~ u lated by varying stimulus similarity ( 3 ) . Another variable influencing task difficulty is stimulus dimensionality. Studies of 3to 5-yr.-old children usually have found that 3dimensional (3-D) stimuli are discriminated more easily than two-dimensional (2-D) stimuli; see review ( 1 ) . The present study explored the effects of spatial separation and dimensionality of stimuli on 2-choice size-discrimination learning of 4-yr.-olds. Six girls and six boys each were assigned to one of four conditions: 2-D near, 3-D near, 2-D far or 3-D far. The 2-D and 3-D stimuli, respectively, were two black cardboard squares and two black wooden cubes. The sides of the squares and of the cubes were 5.08 or 6.35 cm. Stimuli were separated by 6.35 cm. in the near condition and by 25.40 cm. in the far condition. They were presented in a modified Wisconsin General Test Apparatus. The subjects were told, "I'm going to hide a marble under one of these squares. Your job is to lift the square you think the marble is under." Stimulus position was predetermined by a modified Gellermann order. The large stimulus was correct for half the subjects of each sex in each condition, and the small one was correct for the remaining half. The learning criterion was 10 consecutive correct responses. The subjects' projected responses on the remaining trials (up to number 60) were recorded as "correct." Training was terminated after 60 trials if criterion was not reached. A 2 (separation) x 2 (dimensionality) x 2 (sex) analysis of variance based on number of correct responses yielded a significant main effect of separation = 22.41, p < .001). Subjects performed more poorly in the far condition ( M = 42.20) than in the near condition ( M = 55.43). No other significant main effects or interactions were obtained. These results replicate earlier findings (2, 3 ) that increasing the distance between stimuli interferes with young children's learning. The present study found this effect to be equally strong for 2and 3-dimensional stimuli.
Craniosynostosis and maternal smoking

BACKGROUND: Several previous studies suggested increased risk of craniosynostosis among infants born to women who smoked. METHODS: This study used data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a multi-state, population-based case-control study of infants delivered from 1997–2003. Nonmalformed, liveborn controls were selected randomly from birth certificates or birth hospitals. Data from maternal telephone interviews were available for 531 cases and 5008 controls. RESULTS: Smoking during the first month of pregnancy was not associated with craniosynostosis. Smoking later in pregnancy was associated with increased risk, but only among mothers who smoked at least one pack/day. For example, during the second trimester, the odds ratio for smoking <5 cigarettes/day was 1.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.6, 1.8), but the odds ratio (OR) for smoking 15 or more cigarettes/day was 1.6 (95% CI 0.9, 2.8), after adjustment for maternal age, education, race-ethnicity, sub-fertility, parity, folic acid supplement intake, body mass index, and study center. Among women who did not smoke, adjusted odds ratios suggested that secondhand smoke exposure at home, but not at work/school, was associated with modestly increased risk; the OR for home exposure was 1.3 (95% CI 0.9, 1.9). Results followed a similar pattern for some, but not all, specific suture types, but numbers for some groupings were small. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest moderately increased risk of craniosynostosis among mothers who were the heaviest smokers and who continued to smoke after the first trimester. Results are somewhat equivocal, given that most confidence intervals included one. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On the fuzzy intersection rule

Abstract The paper provides a complete exposition of the fuzzy intersection rule in variational analysis and its applications to generalized differentiation theory. New forms of the rule and further applications are presented.
Will mercury impurities impact CO2 injectivity in deep sedimentary formations? I. Condensation and net porosity reduction

Mercury is a common contaminant in natural gas and partially follows carbon dioxide through amine separation during natural gas processing. In this study, we used simple volumetric analyses, the simulator TOUGH2/EOS7C, and dew-point calculations to investigate the potential impacts on injectivity of trace amounts of mercury in a carbon dioxide stream injected for geologic carbon dioxide sequestration. For mercury concentrations up to 190 ppbV (∼1.6 mg/stdm3 CO2), the total volumetric pore-space plugging that could occur around the wellbore due to complete condensation of mercury, or due to complete precipitation of mercury as cinnabar, results in a very small porosity change. Evaporative concentration of aqueous mercury by water evaporation into carbon dioxide is unlikely because the volatility of mercury into the carbon dioxide stream is higher than that of water. Dew-point calculations suggest that mercury concentrations of about 2000 ppbV are needed for mercury condensation to occur. Our analyses suggest that for mercury concentrations of a few hundred ppbV, the impacts on injectivity of mercury deposition by condensation or precipitation as cinnabar are negligible.
Inflammation, infection, and atherosclerosis.

Since the recent publication of 3 studies on the use of antibacterials in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), there has been a phenomenal interest in the role of infection in the genesis of CAD. It is now generally accepted that inflammation accompanies atherosclerosis from its initiation to the evolution of end-events. Inflammation may occur in response to traditional risk factors, such as hyperlipidaemia, smoking and diabetes mellitus. There is a recent resurgence of the concept that inflammation may have an infectious basis. This concept is based on the identification of microorganisms in the atherosclerotic plaque and seropositivity. The data on eradication of the offending organism with antibiotics and prevention of atherosclerosis-related events have, however, been inconsistent. This may reflect lack of precise understanding of steps leading to atherosclerosis and the evolution of acute ischaemic events. Further work in this area may help identify subsets of patient populations within which infection may play a causative role in the genesis of CAD. Targeted therapy then may be considered logical.
Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) design issues influenced by performance requirements

The design of an Earth remote sensing sensor, such as the multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer (MISR), begins with a set of science requirements that determine a set of instrument specifications. It is required that the sensor meet these specifications across the image field, over a range of sensor operating temperatures, and throughout mission life. In addition, data quality must be maintained irrespective of bright objects, such as clouds, within the scene, or out-of-field glint sources. During the design phase of MISR, many refinements to the conceptual design have been made to insure that these performance criteria are met. These design considerations are the focus of this paper. Spectral stability with field angle, scene polarization insensitivity, and UV exposure hardness have, for example, been enabled through a telecentric optical design, a Gaussian shaped filter spectral profile used in conjunction with a Lyot depolarizer, and contamination prevention through consideration of material choices and handling procedures. Spectral, radiometric, and MTF stability of the instrument assures the scientific community that MISR imagery can be used for highly accurate aerosol, bi-directional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), and cloud studies.
Quantitative assessment of multiple excitation events in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

A theoretical and experimental treatment of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) excitation profiles associated with multiple excitation events is conducted and the phase relationship between excitation events is evaluated to determine necessary conditions for quantitative measurement. Two complementary experimental approaches are described that improve the quantitative measurement of relative ion abundances both within a single spectrum and between related FT-ICR spectra. In the first technique, phase invariance is achieved by collisional randomization of the initially coherent ion packet at increased pressure and delay time. For example, it is shown that following a 100 ms collisional delay in the presence of 5 × 10−7 Torr argon, naphthalene molecular ions initially excited to a 1.3 cm radius achieve a random distribution of excitation phase angles prior to the second excitation event. This approach improves relative ion abundances within a particular spectrum but requires calibration of detection efficiency as a function of initial cyclotron radius for improved quantitative measurement between spectra. An alternative approach is to achieve phase synchrony between excitation events by employing precise delay times between execution of the two excitation events. Quantitative results are obtained by scaling the combination of the two synchronized excitation event magnitudes to match a predetermined final ion radius. Application of both collisional randomization and phase synchronization techniques for improved quantitative behavior in the FT-ICR collision induced dissociation (CID) experiments are discussed.
Enhancing Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Timing by Insurance

ABSTRACT The advantage of using insurance to help a farmer adopt a best nitrogen management plan (BNMP) that reduces the impact of agricultural production on the environment is analytically and empirically demonstrated. Using an expected value analysis, it is shown that an insurance program can be structured so as to reduce a farmer's cost of bearing the adoption risk associated with changing production practices and, thus, to improve the farmer's certainty equivalent net return thereby promoting the adoption of a BNMP. Using the adoption of growing-season only N fertilizer application in Iowa as a case study, it is illustrated how insurance may be used to promote the adoption of this practice to reduce N fertilizer use. It is shown that it is possible for a farmer and an insurance company both to have an incentive to develop an insurance adoption program that will benefit both the farmer and the insurance company, increasing net social welfare and improving environmental quality in Iowa.
The Komlós-Sós conjecture for graphs of girth 7

Abstract If a graph has girth at least seven and half its vertices have degree at least k, then it contains all trees of size k.
Stability of drift-wave eigenmodes with arbitrary radial wavelengths

A general theory for the stability of collision-less drift-wave eigenmodes in sheared slab magnetic fields is developed using the S-matrix technique. The eigenmodes are described with the integral formulation which fully takes into account the non-local effects of finite ion gyro-orbits. The universal eigenmode is then shown to be absolutely stable for arbitrary radial wavelengths.
Photodynamic therapy for dysplastic Barrett esophagus and early esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Objective To evaluate our results using photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of dysplasia or superficial cancer (T1 N0 M0) in patients with Barrett esophagus. Patients and Methods We retrospectively reviewed our clinical experience with 48 patients (34 patients with high-grade dysplasia and 14 patients with superficial cancer in Barrett esophagus) who had been referred for PDT. Initial evaluation included computed tomography and standard and high-frequency catheter endosonography. Follow-up endoscopy was performed 4 to 6 weeks after PDT with ablation of any residual glandular mucosa, using the argon plasma coagulator. Patients were then followed up indefinitely every 3 to 6 months with computed tomography, endosonography, and endoscopic surveillance. Results The median series follow-up was 18.5 months (range, 1-56 months). Apparent complete photoablation of Barrett mucosa and/or superficial neoplasm was documented in 47 of 48 cases. Complications included symptomatic strictures (11 patients), photosensitivity (7 patients), atrial fibrillation (1 patient) or recurrent congestive heart failure (1 patient), and self-limited esophageal perforation (1 patient). Failure to ablate T1 N0 M0 adenocarcinoma occurred in 1 patient. Conclusions Porfimer sodium PDT appears to eradicate dysplastic Barrett mucosa and neoplasia. These results are promising; however, long-term studies are needed to document the efficacy of PDT in reducing the morbidity and mortality in such patients.
Lack of thrombospondin-2 reduces fibrosis and increases vascularity around cardiac cell grafts.

Background Fibrosis around cardiac cell injections represents an obstacle to graft integration in cell-based cardiac repair. Thrombospondin-2 (TSP-2) is a pro-fibrotic, anti-angiogenic matricellular protein and an attractive target for therapeutic knockdown to improve cardiac graft integration and survival.
Serum Protein Electrophoresis in Acrylamide Gel: Patterns from Normal Human Subjects

Technical improvements in the method for vertical acrylamide gel electrophoresis (Raymond) have resulted in improved resolution and reproducibility. In a survey of approximately 200 normal human serums, ten lines were found to be common in all specimens. Interposed with these constant lines and in addition to known variations in the pattern reflecting haptoglobin and transferrin types, at least one line followed that of albumin and three followed that of transferrin; the presence or absence of these varied from individual to individual. Based on these variations, the electrophoretic patterns of normal humans may be divided into at least 12 discrete groups.
GPS, Earthquakes, the Ionosphere, and the Space Shuttle

Sources such as atmospheric or buried explosions and shallow earthquakes producing strong vertical ground displacements are known to produce infrasonic pressure waves in the atmosphere. Because of the coupling between neutral particles and electrons at ionospheric altitudes, these acoustic waves induce variations of the ionospheric electron density. The Global Positioning System provides a way of directly measuring the Total Electron Content in the ionosphere and, therefore. of detecting such perturbations in the upper atmosphere. In this work, we demonstrate the capabilities of the GPS technique to detect ionospheric perturbations caused by the January 17. 1994, M (sub w) =6.7, Northridge earthquake and the STS-58 Space Shuttle ascent. In both cases, we observe a perturbation of the ionospheric electron density lasting for about 30 m, with periods less than 10 m. The perturbation is complex and shows two sub-events separated by about 15 m. The phase velocities and waveform characteristics of the two sub-events lead us to interpret the first arrival as the direct propagation of 2 free wave, followed by oscillatory guided waves propagating along horizontal atmospheric interfaces at 120 km altitude and below.
The role of β-adrenergic receptors in heart failure: Differential regulation of cardiotoxicity and cardioprotection

β-adrenergic receptor blockers have demonstrated significant survival benefit and have become standard therapy for adults with dilated cardiomyopathy, although their efficacy in pediatric patients is still unproven. Recent data suggests that the two major cardiac β-adrenergic receptor subtypes (β1 and β2) couple differentially to intracellular signaling pathways regulating contractility and remodeling. This has led some to suggest that the β1 receptor is the “cardiotoxic subtype” whereas the β2 receptor is “cardioprotective.” Given this paradigm, there could be situations where subtype selective β-blockade or even subtype selective β-stimulation might be beneficial. However, since most of these studies have been performed in isolated cardiomyocytes, their application to clinical practice is unclear. To better understand the roles of β1- vs. β2-receptors in the pathogenesis of clinical cardiomyopathy, we and others have taken advantage of several well-characterized murine models of cardiovascular disease. These studies demonstrate that β-receptor regulation of the balance between cardioprotection and cardiotoxicity is even more complex than previously appreciated: the role of each β-receptor subtype may vary depending on the specific cardiac stressor involved (e.g. ischemia, pressure overload, genetic mutation, cardiotoxin). Furthermore, the remodeling effects of β-receptor signaling have a temporal component, depending on whether a cardiac stress is acute vs. chronic.
Intracerebral Venous Angioma: Case Report and Review

• Only a few cases of angiographically demonstrated and pathologically proved cases of venous angiomas have been published. In contrast to the scarcity of recorded cases of angiographically studied venous angiomas, they are the most common incidentally encountered angiomatous lesions at autopsy. Their angiographic characterization, though highly suggestive, is not pathognomonic. The angiographic characteristics include small radiating veins that drain into a larger transcerebral vein that in turn empties into a dural sinus; blush and early draining veins also may be seen. The differential diagnosis includes telangiectasia, infiltrating glioma, and probably a cavernous angioma. We report an angiographically demonstrated and pathologically proved case of a venous angioma and also review the literature.
Solution Wide-angle X-ray Scattering (waxs) and its Application to Envelope Based Phasing

Solution X-ray scattering from biological macromolecules is an increasingly important technique that yields low-resolution structural information on the molecules, and can be used to monitor their shape and conformational changes (1) ,(2), (3). In contrast to numerous successful applications of small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), e.g. ref. (4-6), practical use of wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) data has been limited due to the weak scattering despite of the higher-resolution structural information. Recently, we have succeeded in measuring accurate WAXS data on protein solutions at a standard macromolecular diffraction station (7). SAXS data were collected at a dedicated SAXS station, and combined with WAXS data to give a full scattering curve out to 2.5 A resolution. Both indirect and direct Fourier transforms of the full scattering pattern exhibit that some high resolution aspects of the structural hierarchy and function of a protein can be investigated in solution.To elucidate the importance of solution WAXS data, we have employed the high resolution scattering curve to solve the phase problem, which remains central to crystallographic structure determination. A 6-dimensional search method of molecular replacement (FSEARCH) was used to locate a low-resolution molecular envelope within the crystallographic unit cell. The most probable model selected from a dozen bead models constructed at 5 A resolution was employed to phase the single-crystal diffraction data. We find that inclusion of WAXS data is essential for correctly locating the molecular envelope in the crystal unit cell, as well as for locating heavy atom sites (8). The initial phases can be used as a starting point for a variety of phase-extension techniques; successful application of which will result in complete phasing of a crystallographic data set and determination of a macromolecule's internal structure to atomic resolution.
Separation and estimation of the principal human urinary 17-ketosteroids as trimethylsilyl ethers.

Abstract A method for the separation and estimation of androsterone, etiocholanolone, and dehydroisoandrosterone by gas chromatographic techniques is described. The separation is carried out through the use of trimethylsilyl ether derivatives. Phases which may be used include cyanoethyl methyl silicone and neopentyl glycol succinate. Pregnanediol may be estimated at the same time.
Extraction of Proteins from Switchgrass Using Aqueous Ammonia within an Integrated Biorefinery

Switchgrass (Panicum vergatum) is a potential feedstock for future cellulosic biorefineries. Such a feedstock may also provide protein, most likely for use as an animal feed. In this paper, we present a potential scheme for integrating fiber processing with extractions to obtain both sugar and protein products from switchgrass pretreated using Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX). Solutions of 3% aqueous ammonia at pH 10.5 provided optimal extraction of proteins. Addition of the nonionic surfactant Tween-80 improved protein recovery for AFEX-treated materials. It was determined that an extraction following AFEX solubilized approximately 40% of the protein, while a subsequent hydrolysis solubilized much of the remaining protein while producing 325 g sugar per kg biomass. The remaining insoluble residue contained very little protein or ash, making it ideal for heat and power production. In contrast, an extraction following hydrolysis solubilized only 68% of the original protein in the biomass, while obtaining slightly higher sugar yields.
Application of IR staring arrays to space surveillance

Focal plane arrays (FPA) design requirements and the progress made in the development of Schottky-barrier FPAs to provide very large focal planes of high performance are discussed. It is concluded that improvements were made in PtSi, IrSi, and GeSi heterojunction materials. Using material apportionment, the cutoff wavelength can be tailored up to 16 microns to optimize the relationship between satellite-signal and sensor-cooling requirements. At low exposures, sensor readout noise was reduced to 35 rms-electrons, and good charge-transfer efficiencies were demonstrated down to temperatures of 55 K.
Oleoylethanolamide inhibits food intake in free-feeding rats after oral administration

Oleoylethanolamide (OEA) is an endogenous lipid that contributes in important ways to the peripheral regulation of food intake. When administered intraperitoneally, OEA is a potent satiety-inducing anorexiant in rats and mice [Nature 414 (2001) 209; Neuropsycopharmacology 28 (2003) 1311; Nature 425 (2003) 90]. In the present study, we show that oral administration of OEA in pH-sensitive enteric-coated capsules produces a profound and long-lasting inhibition of food intake in free-feeding rats. This effect is accompanied by a marked elevation in OEA levels in the small intestine, but not in brain or muscle.
Causes and control of major floods

For the purposes of this paper, a major flood, is one that is so large and so infrequent that such a flood will occur on any given stream perhaps only once or twice in a lifetime. Many factors are involved in the production of a major flood, but they usually do not all operate with maximum force and effect. An excessive amount of precipitation is, of course, the most important cause of unusual floods, but an unusually heavy rain does not always cause an unusual flood. Some of the climatic factors are temperature, wind, direction of travel of the storm, duration and frequency of storms during the flood-season, time of the year, etc Physical conditions which produce variations in floods from different drainage-basins include variations in the geology and topography of the basins, as well as variations in different parts of a given basin. Such conditions, together with the size and shape of a drainage-area, are more or less fixed but may develop differing flood-conditions for storms of different type and direction of travel. Still another set of variables depends upon the condition of the surface upon which precipitation falls, whether it is rock or soil, bare or covered with vegetation, and the character and condition of the vegetation; the character and condition of the soil, whether hard or loose, dense or porous, its moisture-content or degree of saturation, elevation of the groundwater, presence or absence of snow, and whether or not the ground is frozen.
The changing geography of major causes of death among middle age white Americans, 1939-1981.

Abstract Urban areas, especially the Northeast, are assumed to have the highest death rates from chronic diseases in the United States. Based on analysis of age-adjusted death rates of the white population 35–64 from 1939–1941 through 1979–1981, it is shown that chronic disease rates in the urban Northeast and Midwest have declined compared to the rest of the United States. High rates of chronic as well as traumatic causes of death now characterize the South. Hypotheses are offered to explain these changes, including changes in lifestyle, differences in state government policies, the changing geography of industry and ethnic populations, and the spread of medical care.
Bibliographic Management Software: A Focus Group Study of the Preferences and Practices of Undergraduate Students

With the growing population of undergraduate students on our campus and an increased focus on their success, librarians at a large midwestern university were interested in the citation management styles of this university cohort. Our university library spends considerable resources each year to maintain and promote access to the robust bibliographic management tool RefWorks. A team of librarians wondered whether RefWorks might be used by undergraduate students with the same perceived enthusiasm that we have sensed in graduate students and faculty. More generally, we explored how undergraduate students were managing their citations, if and what kinds of tools they were using to ease the process of creating bibliographies, and their general workflow in incorporating citations into their academic work.
Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): Implications for school psychologists

Pediatric exposure to polychlorinated biphynels (PCBs) is a national health concern with significant implications for school psychologists. According to the healthcare collaboration model, the school psychologist plays a key role in the provision of services to children affected by environmental teratogens. To effectively function as healthcare collaborators, school psychologists must have an understanding of the nature of PCBs, the current state of PCB research, and implications for practice. This article provides a brief and critical update of empirical findings and posited developmental implications as well as an empirically guided overview of PCB-related school psychology practice. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 709–714, 2004.
Momentum transfer dependence of the (6σ)2 → (6σ, npπ) window resonances in N2O

Abstract Scattered electron spectra of N 2 O employing 200 eV electrons have been recorded in an energy loss regime of 17 to 21 eV corresponding to excitation out of the 6σ orbital. In this region, the shapes of the (6σ, np π) window resonance series exhibit a strong variation over a scattering angular range of 3 to 9°. For the n = 3 member, this is attributed to a change in the resonance profile index from ~ −0.2 to +0.9. Although profile index sign reversals have been measured in ejected electron spectra, their interpretation is difficult. The scattered electron aspect of our measurement lends itself to a more straightforward interpretation as a sign reversal in the transition amplitude for excitation to the modified discrete state, and our measurements provide one of the first clear-cut examples of this effect.
Nonequilibrium charge density wave ordering from anomalous velocity in itinerant helical magnets

Abstract The Karplus–Luttinger anomalous velocity is shown to lead to electric-field-induced charge accumulation in nearly ferromagnetic noncollinear magnets with itinerant electrons, like MnSi. For helical magnetic ordering, the balance between this accumulation and the Coulomb interaction leads to a nonequilibrium charge density wave state with the period of the helix, even when such accumulation is forbidden by an approximate gauge-like symmetry in the absence of electric field. We compute the strength of such charge accumulation as an example of how unexpected many-electron physics is induced by the inclusion of the one-electron Karplus–Luttinger term whenever the local exchange field felt by conduction electrons does not satisfy the current-free Maxwell equations.
2075 Papillary muscles and trabeculations significantly impact ventricular volume, ejection fraction, and regurgitation assessment by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Introduction Measurement of valvular regurgitation is important in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Using a cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) manual partition method that includes papillary muscles and trabeculations as part of the ventricular cavity volume combined with phase velocity methods, the regurgitant fraction correlates well with assessment by Doppler echocardiography in patients with normal wall thickness. However, inclusion of papillary muscles and trabeculations as components of left ventricular (LV) mass may provide more accurate results. The impact of papillary muscle and trabeculation partitioning may be particularly prominent among patients with HCM for whom inclusion of these structures in the ventricular cavity volume may result in an overestimation of ventricular volumes and quantified valvular regurgitation.
Material injection alleviation and plasma diagnostic measurements during the RAM C-III flight.

The results of a material injection RF blackout alleviation experiment and of plasma diagnostic measurements using electrostatic probes and an S-band reflectometer in a 25,000 ft/sec reentry flight are presented. Significant alleviation of RF blackout is observed at altitudes of from 270,000 feet to 120,000 feet due to injection of water and Freon E-3 on VHF, S-band, C-band, and X-band frequencies. Electrostatic probe data, attenuation data, and S-band diagnostic data show consistent plasma results. The relative effectiveness of water and Freon E-3 is discussed.
Chemical shift tensors for the aromatic carbons in polystyrene

Chemical shift tensors (CST) for the protonated aromatic carbons in polystyrene are presented. Experimental difficulties preclude the direct measurement of these tensors. The values reported are obtained from quantum chemical calculations on 2-phenyl propane using the 6-31G basis set, after testing other basis sets against similar compounds for which the chemical shift anisotropies are known. Corrections for narrowing of the chemical shift anisotropy due to the molecular motions at finite temperatures are also reported.
Second-order sexual conditioning in male Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)

Second-order conditioning of social approach to a female conspecific in male Japanese quail was investigated in four experiments. Subjects that received paired first- and second-order trials acquired second-order conditioning in both Experiments 1 and 2. In contrast, subjects that received paired first-order but unpaired second-order trials, and subjects that received unpaired first-order but paired second-order trials, did not acquire second-order conditioning. In Experiment 3, subjects for whom the first-order conditioned stimulus was presented in extinction showed second-order conditioning comparable to that shown by subjects in a control group that did not receive the extinction procedure. In Experiment 4, subjects approached a second-order stimulus less when sexually satiated than when sexually deprived. These findings suggest that second-order sexual conditioning in quail is mediated by an association of the second-order stimulus with a representation of the unconditioned stimulus.
Electric Field-Driven Water Dipoles: Nanoscale Architecture of Electroporation

Electroporation is the formation of permeabilizing structures in the cell membrane under the influence of an externally imposed electric field. The resulting increased permeability of the membrane enables a wide range of biological applications, including the delivery of normally excluded substances into cells. While electroporation is used extensively in biology, biotechnology, and medicine, its molecular mechanism is not well understood. This lack of knowledge limits the ability to control and fine-tune the process. In this article we propose a novel molecular mechanism for the electroporation of a lipid bilayer based on energetics analysis. Using molecular dynamics simulations we demonstrate that pore formation is driven by the reorganization of the interfacial water molecules. Our energetics analysis and comparisons of simulations with and without the lipid bilayer show that the process of poration is driven by field-induced reorganization of water dipoles at the water-lipid or water-vacuum interfaces into more energetically favorable configurations, with their molecular dipoles oriented in the external field. Although the contributing role of water in electroporation has been noted previously, here we propose that interfacial water molecules are the main players in the process, its initiators and drivers. The role of the lipid layer, to a first-order approximation, is then reduced to a relatively passive barrier. This new view of electroporation simplifies the study of the problem, and opens up new opportunities in both theoretical modeling of the process and experimental research to better control or to use it in new, innovative ways.