cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A computational study of the energetics of a limited region of the atmosphere

Utilizing Smith's (1969) equations, which describe the contribution of a limited region to the global energy budget, numerical estimates were computed for the various terms of his equations for North America, March, 1962. It is shown that realistic results, reflecting the importance of the region in the general circulation, can be obtained using this concept. Important differences between the energetics of the limited region and the entire atmosphere are shown to exist in the available potential energy, generation, boundary flux, and conversion terms. The estimates of the boundary flux and pressure work terms indicate significant interaction between the region and its external environment. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1969.tb00431.x
Repositioning of Verrucosidin, a Purported Inhibitor of Chaperone Protein GRP78, as an Inhibitor of Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain Complex I

Verrucosidin (VCD) belongs to a group of fungal metabolites that were identified in screening programs to detect molecules that preferentially kill cancer cells under glucose-deprived conditions. Its mode of action was proposed to involve inhibition of increased GRP78 (glucose regulated protein 78) expression during hypoglycemia. Because GRP78 plays an important role in tumorigenesis, inhibitors such as VCD might harbor cancer therapeutic potential. We therefore sought to characterize VCD’s anticancer activity in vitro. Triple-negative breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 were treated with VCD under different conditions known to trigger increased expression of GRP78, and a variety of cellular processes were analyzed. We show that VCD was highly cytotoxic only under hypoglycemic conditions, but not in the presence of normal glucose levels, and VCD blocked GRP78 expression only when glycolysis was impaired (due to hypoglycemia or the presence of the glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose), but not when GRP78 was induced by other means (hypoxia, thapsigargin, tunicamycin). However, VCD’s strictly hypoglycemia-specific toxicity was not due to the inhibition of GRP78. Rather, VCD blocked mitochondrial energy production via inhibition of complex I of the electron transport chain. As a result, cellular ATP levels were quickly depleted under hypoglycemic conditions, and common cellular functions, including general protein synthesis, deteriorated and resulted in cell death. Altogether, our study identifies mitochondria as the primary target of VCD. The possibility that other purported GRP78 inhibitors (arctigenin, biguanides, deoxyverrucosidin, efrapeptin, JBIR, piericidin, prunustatin, pyrvinium, rottlerin, valinomycin, versipelostatin) might act in a similar GRP78-independent fashion will be discussed.
Dystroglycan: an extracellular matrix receptor linked to the cytoskeleton

Dystroglycan provides a crucial linkage between the cytoskeleton and the basement membrane for skeletal muscle cells. Disruption of this linkage leads to various forms of muscular dystrophy. Significant recent advances in understanding the structure and function of dystroglycan include detailed in vitro and in vivo analyses of its binding partners in muscle, an examination of its function at the neuromuscular junction, and emerging evidence of its roles in nonmuscle tissues.
Information matrix for a mixture of two normal distributions

This paper presents a numerical method for computation of the Fisher information matrix about the five parameters of a mixture of two normal distributions. It is shown, by using a simple transformation which reduces the number of parameters from five to three, that the computation of the whole information matrix leads to the numerical evaluation of a particular integral. The Hermite-Gauss quadrature formula, Romberg's algorithm, a power series, and Taylor's expansion are applied for the evaluation of this integral and the results are compared with each other. A short table has been provided from which the approximate information matrix can be obtained in practice.
Lymphoma and leukemia of the central nervous system

HE CYTOGENESIS of primary malignant lymphoma of the brain remains controversial, accounting for the plethora of synonyms for the disease, such as reticulum cell sarcoma, microgliomatosis, lymphosarcoma, leptomeningeal sarcoma, and perivascular sarcoma. The reticulum cell is the presumed precursor of the microglia, which are the reticuloendothelial cells of the brain. For the most part, lymphoma is made up of the primitive reticulum cells and the more differentiated microglia in varying proportions. This has generated the often used name, reticulum cell sarcoma-microglioma (RCSM).4.9.‘4-‘7 Primary RCSM accounts for approximately l%-2.5% of intracranial tumors.‘3.‘4,‘6.‘7 Clinically significant secondary involvement of the brain associated with systemic lymphoma is even more rare. On the other hand, Janisch et al. found microscopic brain involvement in nearly 20% of their generalized lymphoma cases.* Burstein et al. autopsied 22 patients with brain lymphoma and only found 2 with diffuse systemic involvement by the disease.’ Immunosuppressed individuals (especially renal transplant patients) are at a much higher risk for developing this neoplasm.4 The clinical course of primary lymphoma of the brain mimics that of many other rapidly expanding cerebral tumors. Untreated patients tend to have a progressive course over a period of months with fatal termination. An important feature of these tumors is their favorable response to radiation therapy, some patients showing dramatic improvement and prolonged
Teaching the fundamentals of experimental design

Abstract The success of chemometric techniques that operate on data obtained from experiments is often considerably improved if the data have been acquired by a systematic design. The intimate relationships among good chemometric results and good models, good measurement processes, and good experimental designs are shown. A bibliography of the applications of sequential simplex optimization in chemometrics is presented.
Rupture Testing as a Tool for Developing Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Seals

One of the critical issues in designing and fabricating high-performance planar solid oxide fuel cell (pSOFC) stacks is the ability to hermetically seal adjacent metal and ceramic components. In our pSOFC development program, we have designed a testing technique that allows us to screen through the numerous variables involved in developing glass seals. Using this test for example, we have found that the composition of the metal component plays an important role in the strength of the seal. Microstructural analysis of as-sealed specimens revealed that an interfacial reaction zone forms during joining, and it appears that the thickness and composition of this layer are the dominant parameters that control joint strength. In this paper the details of the seal test are reported. The results have proven particularly significant in the development of the next-generation stack design. Supporting microstructural and chemical analyses collected on the test specimens are also presented and used to interpret the seal test results in an effort to identify the necessary steps toward improving glass pSOFC seals.
Rickettsial Infections Around the World, Part 1: Pathophysiology and the Spotted Fever Group

The rickettsial diseases are an important group of infectious agents that have dermatological manifestations. These diseases are important to consider in endemic areas, but in certain suspicious cases, possible acts of bioterrorism should warrant prompt notification of the appropriate authorities. In this two part review article, we review these diverse diseases by examining established and up-to-date information about the pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment of the ricksettsiae. Using PubMed to search for relevant articles, we browsed over 500 articles to compose a clinically based review article. Part one focuses on pathophysiology of the rickettsial diseases and the clinical aspects of the spotted fever group. At the completion of part one of this learning activity, participants should be able to discuss all of the clinical manifestations and treatments of the sported fever group. Participants should also be familiar with the pathophysiology of the rickettsial diseases. Les rickettsies represented un important groupe d’agents infectieux causant des manifestations dermatologiques. Il faut tenir compte des maladies a rickettsies dans les regions endemiques, mais dans des cas suspects, il peut s’agir d’un acte de bioterrorisme et les autorites adequates doivent etre avisees sur-le-champ. Dans ce rapport de synthese en deux parties, nous passons en revue ces diverses maladies en examinant les donnees etablies et a jour concernant la pathophysiologie, I’epidemiologie, les manifestations cliniques et le traitement des rickettsies. Nous avons utilise PubMed pour rechercher les articles pertinents et avons decortique plus de 500 articles afin de rediger un rapport de synthese ayant des fondements cliniques. La premiere partie est centree sur la pathophysiologie des maladies a rickettsies et sur les aspects cliniques du groupe des fievres pourprees. Avec la fin de la premiere partie de cette activite d’apprentissage, les participants devront etre en mesure de discuter de toutes les manifestations cliniques et des traitements du groupe des fievres pourprees. Egalement, les participants devraient se familiariser avec la pathophysiologie des maladies a rickettsies.
Epigamic selection by males as evidenced by courtship partner preferences in the checkered white butterfly (Pieris protodice)

Free-flying males of the checkered white butterfly, Pieris protodice, were presented with tethered females that varied with respect to both size (as measured by forewing length) and age (as measured by wing wear). Because males make a substantial investment in their offspring through nutrients passed to the female during copulation, they were expected to court young and large females for longer times than older and smaller females, and they did so. Additional experiments further suggest that size discriminations are made on the basis of apparent wing area and age discriminations are made on the basis of an age-related increase in ultraviolet reflectance that occurs in females. The discussion examines the adaptive value of these discriminations.
Germ cell tumors of the ovary

Ovarian germ cell malignancies are rare tumors primarily affecting young women of reproductive age. Advances in modern therapy have allowed patients with primitive germ cell tumors (dysgerminoma, y...
LIGAND EXCHANGE AND LIGAND TRADING IN TRANS-[PtX2(OLEFIN) (PYRIDINE)] COMPLEXES

Abstract The 1H nmr spectra of freshly prepared CDCl3 solutions of the complexes trans-[PtCl2(olefin)(L)], where L is pyridine or a substituted pyridine, show no coupling between 1 9 5Pt and the α protons of pyridine (3Jpt–NCH) owing to rapid exchange of complexed L with free L. On standing, the adventitious free L is gradually consumed by formation of trans-[PtCl2(L)2] and the spectra of the aged solutions show the coupling. When CDCl, solutions of [PtBr2(Olb)(Lb)] and [PtCl2(Ola)(La)], where Ola =C2H4, are mixed, a total of 6 ethylene complexes can be identified in solution. Accordingly halogen trading, Ol trading or/and L trading occurs and the solution probably contains a total of 12 complexes.
Dexamethasone treatment reduces sensory neuropeptides and nerve sprouting reactions in injured teeth.

Abstract Dental injuries have been shown to generate extensive structural and cytochemical changes in sensory fibers that contain neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or substance P (SP). The present study was designed to test whether the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone (DEX) can alter neural responses to dental injuries. DEX (20 μg/100 g body weight) was given to adult rats (n = 10) prior to dental surgery and daily thereafter for 4 days. Control animals received sterile saline vehicle (n = 6) or no injection (n = 1). Each rat was then anesthetized for dental surgery and a cavity was drilled partway through dentin on the anterior side of the right maxillary first molar. Pulp exposure injuries were also made on two right mandibular molars in 14 of 17 rats. After 4 days of daily drug treatment, the rats were anesthetized and fixed by perfusion with formaldehyde-picric acid, and their jaws were prepared for immunocytochemistry. Neural CGRP immunoreactivity near the maxillary cavity injury site of DEX-treated rats was reduced more than 50% compared to controls, as determined both qualitatively and by digital analysis. The SP immunoreactive (IR) fibers in molar pulp also had extensive inhibition of neural reactions to cavity injury. DEX also reduced the immunoreactivity for CGRP and SP in normal contralateral rat molars of all treated rats, and it caused a postoperative loss of weight. Pretreatment for 1–5 days prior to the 4 day injury gave the same results as pretreatment for 1 h. The mandibular pulp exposure injuries induced a chronic abscess and advancing pulpal necrosis but did not show differences in nerve reactions between DEX-treated rats and the controls. In conclusion, the synthetic steroid dexamethasone suppressed the CGRP and SP neuropeptide immunoreactivity in normal dental nerves and it reduced nerve-sprouting responses to dentin cavity injuries; however, sensory nerve reactions to pulpal exposure injuries were not affected by DEX in these experiments.
GLYCOGEN, AN IMMUNOLOGICALLY SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDE

Glycogens from various animal and vegetable sources precipitate antipneumococcal horse sera of Types II, VII, IX, XII, XX, and XXII. Fractionated glycogen and glycogen recovered after reprecipitation, acetylation, and deacetylation precipitate the antisera, but glycogen degraded by saliva does not. A fraction of the antibody is precipitated in the antisera by glycogen. Possible chemical relationships accounting for these instances of cross-precipitation are discussed in terms of the structures of glycogen and the type-specific polysaccharides of pneumococcus and the quantitative theory of specific precipitation. Amylopectin also gives cross-reactions of smaller magnitude. Quantitative data on these are withheld until irregularities have been eliminated.
Non-serotonergic depression of spinal monosynaptic reflex transmission by 5-hydroxytryptophan.

Abstract Administration of a 50 mg/kg (i.v.) dose of either 1−, or the racemic D,L -mixture of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in acute unanesthetized spinal (C-1) cats produced a depression of the lumbar monosynaptic response (MSR) amplitude when the reflex was evoked by supramaximal triceps surae (TS) nerve stimulation. Neither pretreatment with the serotonin receptor antagonists cincanserin or cyproheptadine, nor the L -aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor methyldopa antagonized the depressant effect of 5-HTP on the MSR in TS-stimulated animals. Administration of amitriptyline, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, reversed the depression in the MSR amplitude produced by 5-HTP and produced an increase in the MSR above the original pre-5-HTP control level. These data suggest that 5-HTP has a depressant action upon spinal monosynaptic reflex transmission that is unrelated to an increase in spinal serotonergic activity. The site of the depressant effect of 5-HTP within the MSR pathway is postulated to be the la afferent terminal. This non-serotonergic 5-HTP action should be considered when interpreting the results of neuropharmacologic studies employing 5-HTP as a serotonin precursor.
Exploiting structured human interactions to enhance estimation accuracy in cyber-physical systems

In this paper, we describe a general methodology for enhancing measurement accuracy in cyber-physical systems that involve structured human interactions with a noisy physical environment. We define structured human interactions as those that follow a domain-specific workflow. The idea of the paper is simple: we exploit knowledge of the workflow to correct unreliable sensor data. The intellectual contribution lies in an algorithm for joint estimation of the current state of the workflow together with correction of noisy sensor measurements, given only the noisy measurements and an overall workflow description. We demonstrate through simulations and a physical implementation the degree to which knowledge of workflow can increase sensing accuracy. As a specific instantiation of this idea, we present a novel situation-awareness tool called the Emergency Transcriber designed to automatically document operational procedures followed by teams of first responders in emergency-response scenarios. Evaluation shows that our system provides a significant fidelity enhancement over the state of the art, effectively coping with the noisy environment of emergency teams.
Structures of an MHC class II molecule with covalently bound single peptides.

The high-resolution x-ray crystal structures of the murine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule, I-E k , occupied by either of two antigenic peptides were determined. They reveal the structural basis for the I-E k peptide binding motif and suggest general principles for additional alleles. A buried cluster of acidic amino acids in the binding groove predicted to be conserved among all murine I-E and human DR MHC class II molecules suggests how pH may influence MHC binding or exchange of peptides. These structures also complement mutational studies on the importance of individual peptide residues to T cell receptor recognition.
Predicting the Cost per Flying Hour for the F-16 Using Programmatic and Operational Variables

Abstract We analyzed economic, operational, and programmatic data from Air National Guard and active duty F-16C/D fighter wings in search of explanatory variables that influence a wing's cost per flying hour (CPFH). Using data from the Air Force Total Ownership Cost database and from the Air Force Knowledge Systems database, we evaluated the predictive ability of various operational and programmatic variables, such as aircraft age, average sortie duration, base location, utilization rate, percent engine type, percent block, and previous year's CPFH. Although separate models were required for active duty and Air National Guard units, both regression models incorporated utilization rate, base location, percent block, and percent engine type and appeared to accurately predict an F-16 C/D fighter wing's CPFH.
Calculations of neutral transport in the PDX divertor

Abstract Neutral particle transport during a typical beam-heated PDX diverted discharge was modeled using the multidimensional code DEGAS. Plasma parameters were taken from probe measurements, and were assumed not to change during the calculations. A realistic plasma/divertor geometry was included in the model, along with a simple particle recycling scheme. Calculated results were compared with the experimentally measured neutral pressures. Without any pumping in the device, the computed pressures were found to be higher than those measured by a factor of approximately two. Introducing a simple pumping model for wall absorption, wherein 10% of the absorbed neutral particles were assumed not to desorb, reduced the calculated pressures to about the measured values. However the pressure was observed to monotonically increase during the discharge, whereas the model results peaked in mid-discharge. One possible explanation of the disagreement is that the saturation of the device walls increases during the discharge, so that the fraction of particles pumped decreases with time. Reduction of the permanently absorbed fraction from 10 to 4% during the course of the discharge caused the calculated pressure to monotonically increase.
The effects of including the coriolis force on Joule dissipation in the upper atmosphere

Abstract Including the coriolis term in the equations of motion affects the velocity-dependent Joule dissipation. The effect is most apparent in the night-time ionosphere where Joule dissipation, after an initial decrease, returns to approximately its initial value.
The biosynthesis of mucopolysaccharides and collagen by the sex skin of estrogen-treated monkeys

Swelling of the sex-skin was induced in five immature female rhesus monkeys by the administration of estrogen. The mucopolysaccharide content of this skin was compared with that of unswollen chest skin from the same animals and with untreated controls. The major difference was a 5-fold increase in the hyaluronic acid content of the sex skin. The biosynthetic rates of hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulfate, collagen, and non-collagen protein were studied by measuring the rate of incorporation of radioactively labeled precursors into these substances either in vivo or in vitro. A differential effect of the hormone was seen in that much more [14C]glucose was incorporated into hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfate by sex skin than by non-sex skin. The incorporation of [3H]proline into collagen was also greater in the sex skin than in the non-sex skin. The rate of transfer of label from extractable toinsoluble collagen was, however, unaffected. Relatively little differential effect was seen in the incorporation of [3H]proline into non-collagen protein.
Parfit on Direct Self-Defeat

In the first part of Reasons and Persons, Derek Parfit argues that common-sense morality, or M, is self-defeating, so that it must be rejected or revised. I defend M. We can rebut Parfit’s argument if we make an assumption about the moral importance of doing what is morally right. We need to assume that this end has sufficient weight in M.
Sensing the Heat Stress by Mammalian Cells

Background The heat-shock response network controls the adaptation and survival of the cell against environmental stress. This network is highly conserved and is connected with many other signaling pathways. A key element of the heat-shock network is the heat-shock transcription factor-1 (HSF), which is transiently activated by elevated temperatures. HSF translocates to the nucleus upon elevated temperatures, forming homotrimeric complexes. The HSF homotrimers bind to the heat shock element on the DNA and control the expression of the hsp70 gene. The Hsp70 proteins protect cells from thermal stress. Thermal stress causes the unfolding of proteins, perturbing thus the pathways under their control. By binding to these proteins, Hsp70 allows them to refold and prevents their aggregation. The modulation of the activity of the hsp70-promoter by the intensity of the input stress is thus critical for cell's survival. The promoter activity starts from a basal level and rapidly increases once the stress is applied, reaches a maximum level and attenuates slowely back to the basal level. This phenomenon is the hallmark of many experimental studies and of all computational network analysis.
Coregulator Function: A Key to Understanding Tissue Specificity of Selective Receptor Modulators

Ligands for the nuclear receptor superfamily control many aspects of biology, including development, reproduction, and homeostasis, through regulation of the transcriptional activity of their cognate receptors. Selective receptor modulators (SRMs) are receptor ligands that exhibit agonistic or antagonistic biocharacter in a cell- and tissue context-dependent manner. The prototypical SRM is tamoxifen, which as a selective estrogen receptor modulator, can activate or inhibit estrogen receptor action. SRM-induced alterations in the conformation of the ligand-binding domains of nuclear receptors influence their abilities to interact with other proteins, such as coactivators and corepressors. It has been postulated, therefore, that the relative balance of coactivator and corepressor expression within a given target cell determines the relative agonist vs. antagonist activity of SRMs. However, recent evidence reveals that the cellular environment also plays a critical role in determining SRM biocharacter. Cellu...
Computational noise effects on adaptive filter algorithms

Abstract Finite word length arithmetic roundoff noise in adaptive filter algorithms results in statistical variations in the filter weight vector about the infinite precision arithmetic weight vector. These roundoff errors may be modeled as a statistically non stationary driving noise affecting weight mean and covariance convergence. Mean and covariance expressions and bounds are desired for word lengths in fixed-point arithmetic by making use of multiplication roundoff error models. The adaptive filter algorithms consist of the LMS algorithm, the Widrow-Hoff LMS algorithm, pilot-vector algorithm and clipped vector algorithm. All of these algorithms can be implemented on-line and real-time. However, only the behavior of the LMS algorithm is reported here. The implementation of the adaptive filter algorithms in finite word length arithmetic is most evident in minicomputer, microprocessor, and dedicated digital signal processors for on-line real-time signal identification and parameter estimation in many disciplines. Radar signal processing, adaptive beam forming, acoustic signal identification, communication channel enhancement have a definite need for advanced filtering concepts. Our adaptive algorithms are typically employed in these filter configurations. These filters can also be employed in phase distortion equalizers. A particular advantage of these filters is that they can be trained to equalize a variety of distortions. Should a particular distortion scenario change in time, the filters can be made to easily adapt to the new problem.
Probabilistic modeling of aquifer heterogeneity using reliability methods

A probabilistic model of groundwater contaminant transport is presented. The model is based on coupling first- and second-order reliability methods (FORM and SORM) with a two-dimensional finite element solution of groundwater transport equations. Uncertainty in aquifer media is considered by modeling hydraulic conductivity as a spatial random field with a prescribed correlation structure. FORM and SORM provide the probability that a contaminant exceeds a target level at a well, termed the probability of failure. Sensitivity of the probability of failure to basic variabilities in grid block conductivity is also obtained, at no additional computational effort. The effect of the choice of the predetermined target level at the observation well is provided, along with its effect on the relevant sensitivity information. Considerable saving in computational time was achieved by superimposing a coarse random variables mesh on a finer numerical mesh. The presence of regions of lower conductivity on the probabilistic event is analyzed, and the regions in which conductivity most affects the results are identified.
You Get What You Need: An Examination of Purpose‐Based Inheritance Reasoning in Undergraduates, Preschoolers, and Biological Experts

This set of seven experiments examines reasoning about the inheritance and acquisition of physical properties in preschoolers, undergraduates, and biology experts. Participants (N = 390) received adoption vignettes in which a baby animal was born to one parent but raised by a biologically unrelated parent, and they judged whether the offspring would have the same property as the birth or rearing parent. For each vignette, the animal parents had contrasting values on a physical property dimension (e.g., the birth parent had a short tail; the rearing parent had a long tail). Depending on the condition, the distinct properties had distinct functions (“function-predictive”) were associated with distinct habitats (“habitat-predictive”), or had no implications (“non-predictive”). Undergraduates' bias to view properties as inherited from the birth parent was reduced in the function- and habitat-predictive conditions. This result indicates a purpose-based view of inheritance, whereby animals can acquire properties that serve a purpose in their environment. This stance was not found in experts or preschoolers. We discuss the results in terms of how undergraduates' purpose-based inheritance reasoning develops and relates to larger-scale misconceptions about Darwinian evolutionary processes, and implications for biology education.
Biogeography and dispersal of coastal marine organisms: experimental studies on a replica of a 16th-century sailing vessel

Observational and experimental studies were conducted on the dispersal of fouling organisms on a replica of a 16th-century sailing vessel along an 800 km transect from Yaquina Bay, Oregon to San Francisco Bay, California. The vessel sailed between four bays at slow speeds (3.5 to 4 knots), resided in each bay for approximately 30 d, and spent 1 to 3 d in the open ocean travelling between ports. Natural hull fouling and experimental fouling panels placed on the vessel were sampled upon departure and arrival at each port. All common fouling species survived the open sea voyages between the harbors, with largely no ecologically significant changes in abundance nor significant losses in overall diversity detected. In one port the vessel settled upon the harbor floor periodically; several entrained benthic organisms were then transported 390 km to the next port. Slow-moving, fouled sailing vessels of relatively long port residencies may have significantly altered the distributions of marine and estuarine organisms not only globally (leading to the invasions of non-native species) but also along continental margins (leading to the alteration of aboriginal patterns of distribution). Shipping traffic may further play an important role in gene flow between isolated populations of obligate estuarine organisms, particularly those with non-planktonic larvae.
Speech production: Evidence for syntactically and phonologically determined units

The durational accuracy with which subjects can speak syntactically structured strings of words was compared with their accuracy in speaking word lists. These measurements underscored the great temporal precision of the human articulatory mechanism which appears to be the most precisely controlled movement system of the human body. Evidence is presented that when a syntactically structured message is being spoken, the centrally programmed innervational units involved in its articulatory implementation are greater in size and complexity than when a word list is being spoken.
Shelf space schemas: Myth or reality? ☆

Abstract A series of studies identifies that consumers hold beliefs about how retailers organize product displays in stores. These beliefs do not reflect reality, but consumers pervasively use them even when discredited. Study 1 finds that consumers believe popular products are placed on middle shelves, expensive products on top shelves and promoted products on the extremes of a display. However, a field study encompassing two different geographical areas, eight stores and four product categories shows that retailer layouts contradict consumers' beliefs about middle and horizontal positions, but they follow consumers' intuitions about verticality, albeit, inconsistently. Based on these findings about the mismatch between consumers' beliefs and retailers' actual assortments, a laboratory experiment examines whether position effects are robust. The study finds that position effects are only partially attenuated when consumers are explicitly informed that store layouts are not informative. A discussion of implications for retailers and product managers follows.
Photoaffinity labeling of functionally different lysine-binding sites in human plasminogen and plasmin

Photoaffinity labeling of human plasmin using 4-azidobenzoylglycyl-L-lysine inhibits clot lysis activity, while the activity toward the active-site titrant, p-nitrophenyl-p'-guanidinobenzoate, or alpha-casein are maintained. Photoaffinity labeling of native Glu-plasminogen with the same reagent causes incorporation of approximately 1.5 mol label per mol plasminogen. This labeled plasminogen can be activated to plasmin by either urokinase or streptokinase. The resulting plasmin has full clot lysis activity and can be subsequently photoaffinity labeled with a loss of clot lysis activity. The rate of activation of labeled plasminogen by urokinase is increased relative to that of native plasminogen. epsilon-Aminocaproic acid blocks incorporation of photoaffinity label into both plasminogen and plasmin, indicating that the labeling is specific to the lysine-binding sites. The labels are located in the kringle 1+2+3 fragment in either photoaffinity-labeled plasminogen or plasmin. These results indicate that the specific lysine-binding site blocked in plasmin acts in concert with the active-site in binding and using fibrin as a substrate. This clot lysis regulating site is not available for labeling in plasminogen, but is exposed or changed upon activation to plasmin. The different lysine-binding sites labeled in plasminogen may regulate the conformation of the molecule as evidence by an enhanced rate of activation to plasmin.
A GPSS/H model for a hypothetical flexible manufacturing system

A GPSS/H model is presented for a hypothetical flexible manufacturing system. The FMS consists of six machines composed of three machine types, manufactures three types of parts, and uses automatic guided vehicles (AGVs) to transport inprocess parts between appropriate machines and wait spaces in the system. Three logical modules have been designed for the model, with copies of these modules then being appropriately distributed and interfaced throughout the model and tailored to achieve overall representation of the specific FMS. The same technique can be used by others to build analogous or extended GPSS/H models for other specific FMSs in which AGVs are used as transporters. Simulations can then be performed with such models to research FMS design and control alternatives.
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: etiology, diagnosis, and optimal management

Abstract: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, also known as stress-induced cardiomyopathy or apical ballooning syndrome, is a condition of stress-induced apical hypokinesis in the setting of a preserved basal segment. It has become increasingly recognized and described. While it can mimic the presentation of an acute myocardial infarction, it is a transient phenomenon, and ventricular systolic function typically recovers completely. We review the relevant literature over the past 2 decades regarding the pathophysiology, diagnosis, epidemiology, management, and prognosis of this condition. Keywords: apical ballooning syndrome, takotsubo cardiomyopathy, stress-induced cardio-myopathy, myocardial infarction, heart failure Introduction Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC), also known as stress-induced cardiomyopathy or apical ballooning syndrome (ABS), is a condition most frequently characterized by dysfunction of the apical and mid-portions of the myocardium, with a relatively preserved or hyperkinetic base.
Scaled profile analysis of fear survey schedule factors

The purpose of this study was to develop a profile analysis in T score form for the five factors derived from the 122-item Fear Survey Schedule reported in a previous factor analytic study by Rubin, Lawlis, Tasto, and Namenek (1969) . The FSS was given to 131 male and 108 female undergraduate students. Separate norms for men and women were developed by a z score transformation for each item with a constant of 3 added to eliminate negative scaled scores (i.e., in scaled score form for each item,=3 and s =1). This transformation has the effect of differentially weighting the ratings on each item as a function of mean ratings. The mean sum of scaled score ratings for each factor was converted to a T score of 50 with a standard deviation of 10. The sum of the scaled scores for the items within each factor is plotted under its respective column on the profile sheet and the T score for each factor read at the far right or left of the profile. The factor points can then be connected to yield the profile. This method of profile analysis is discussed in terms of its practical and experimental utility with respect to such issues as pre- and posttherapeutic assessment on empirically distinct factors, the possibilities for identifying the most important clusters of stimuli for hierarchy building in systematic desentization, and the measurement of the generalization of counterconditioning (within vs between factors).
Sources of acoustic variation in rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) vocalizations

All species in the genus Macaca produce a set of harmonically rich vocalizations known as “coos”. Extensive acoustic variation occurs within this call type, a large proportion of which is thought to be associated with different social contexts such as mother-infant separation and the discovery of food. Prior studies of these calls have not taken into account the potential contributions of individual differences and changes in emotional or motivational state. To understand the function of a call and the perceptual salience of different acoustic features, however, it is important to determine the different sources of acoustic variation. I present data on the rhesus macaques' (M. mulatta) coo vocalization and attempt to establish some of the causes of acoustic variation. A large proportion of the variation observed was due to differences between individuals and to putative changes in arousal, not to differences in social context. Specifically, results from a discriminant-function analysis indicated that coo exemplars were accurately assigned to the appropriate individual, but vocal “signatures” were more variable in some contexts than in others. Moreover, vocal signatures may not always be reliable cues to caller identity because closely related individuals sound alike. Rhesus macaque coos evidently provide sufficient acoustic information for individual recognition and possibly kin recognition, but are unlikely to provide sufficient information about an external referent.
Influence of Subliminal Visual Images on the Experience of Anxiety

Can affect-generating cues be processed outside awareness? A study is reported that examined the effect on subjective affect caused by stimuli presented subliminally. Threatening images, neutral images, and humorous images were embedded in three (separate) videotapes, which were shown to subjects at exposure times that precluded recognition of the images. Self-rated state anxiety assessed immediately afterward (via two separate measures) was highest among subjects exposed to the threatening images, lower in the group exposed to the neutral images, and lowest in the group exposed to the humorous images. In contrast, but consistent with expectations, the subliminal stimuli had no effect on a measure of trait anxiety.
STYLES, READING STRATEGIES AND TEST PERFORMANCE: A FOLLOW‐UP STUDY OF BEGINNING READERS

Follow-up data consisting of teacher ratings and reading achievement scores (CAT) were collected for twenty children whose early reading progress had been extensively documented in previous observational research. The children in the Follow-up sample represented two contrasting stylistic groups with distinctive strategies for reading. The data indicated no difference between the groups in general reading ability by the end of the primary grades. There was evidence, however, of stylistic influences on children's responses to measures (subtests) of reading comprehension. Children who broadly relied upon anticipation of meanings, as their entry into text, exhibited reading strategies that were not well suited to constraints of comprehension items, whereas the children whose styles of learning were more linear and more narrowly focused exhibited strategies that were better matched to the task.
Particle-in-cell simulation study of the impact of ion cyclotron waves on auroral kilometric radiation

[1] We will present results of 2 1/2-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations where the impact of ion cyclotron waves on auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) has been studied. A horseshoe electron distribution function in a strong magnetic field is unstable to modes with frequencies slightly below the electron cyclotron frequency and can generate AKR. In the presence of an electron beam superimposed on the horseshoe distribution, the system is unstable to ion cyclotron waves with phase velocity parallel to the magnetic field equal to the electron beam velocity. Ion cyclotron waves are often observed near the source region of AKR and have been predicted to have an influence on AKR. We have found that the parallel electric field in the ion cyclotron wave modulates the energy density of the electrons at the ion cyclotron frequency. Forced oscillation of the parallel electric field with the ion cyclotron frequency has been added in the simulations to see the influence on AKR. The growth rate of AKR decreases significantly when the ion cyclotron wave has the parallel phase velocity in the same direction as the electron beam. We have found that the intensity of the AKR as well as the electron energy density is also modulated by the ion cyclotron wave. We will discuss how the modulation of the electron energy affects the growth of AKR and how this modulation may generate negative frequency drifting fine structure of AKR.
Religious Free Riders: The Impact of Market Share

Free riders can be a problem in large congregations. Many studies have shown that large congregations attract members who are less active and who contribute smaller sums of money. We extend this literature by studying the impact of denominational market share on free-riding behavior. We hypothesize that people who want the benefit of a church affiliation without contributing to its mission may be drawn to the more popular denominations in their region. For example, in an area dominated by Lutherans, membership in a Lutheran congregation may offer potential free riders more social acceptance and connections. However, where Lutherans are in a distinct minority, free riders may perceive less benefit in being Lutheran. If so, only those who are serious about being a Lutheran are likely to join and free-riding behavior should be less evident. Tests using data for the Evangelical Lutheran Church of America (ELCA) congregations are consistent with our hypothesis.
N2, CO2, and 1,2-dichloroethane as molecular probes of soil microstructure

Abstract The lysimeters of the San Dimas Experimental Forest were filled with fine sandy loam in 1937 and then planted with vegetation native to California. Extensive investigation of soils collected from the site in the last several years has revealed an array of soil development processes occurring there. The decomposition of plant litter, the flow of carbonaceous substances in the soil profiles, and the activity of earthworms have all contributed to significant differentiation of soils at the site as a function of depth and vegetation type. The impact of these processes on the microstructural character of soil particles is examined here. Soil samples collected from lysimeters planted with oak, pine, and chamise are included in this study. These samples are characterized with regard to their porosity using both N2 and CO2 as probe molecules. Porosity distributions are derived using density functional theory (DFT) that allows a uniform conceptual basis to be applied over the entire range of gaseous porosimetry. A third probe molecule, 1,2-dichloroethane (DCA), is used to determine whether the dynamics of transport for organic chemicals within soil particles can be related to differences in microstructural properties as defined by porosimetry. Time-resolved sorption/desorption processes for DCA on the various soil sorbents are characterized using in situ diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy (DRIFT). With all the sorbents investigated, the spectral sequences indicate the presence of three sorbed species: a sorbed liquid, a labile vapor, and a persistent vapor-phase species that increases in concentration even after prolonged desorption. N2 porosity distributions for these samples indicate that the accumulation of organic matter has significantly diminished the mesoporosity of the surface soils relative to the soils at further depths. The greatest reduction was observed for the soil sample with the highest measured organic C. Band areas resulting from curve-fitting the spectral data showed that levels of DCA sorbed as a liquid are similarly reduced. Microporosity as defined by the CO2-derived distributions exhibit the reverse trend with the highest levels for the surface mineral horizons. Differences in microporosity with depth reflect the activity of earthworms. No correlation was found between the CO2-measured microporosity of the soil samples and band areas for the persistently sorbed species. The presence and time-dependent behavior of this band is interpreted in the context of microstructural porosity and capillary flow. For both the sorbed liquid and persistent vapor, the major effect of C accumulation early in the soil development process appears to be the retardation of molecular transport into and out of soil particles.
Come a little bit closer: A high-resolution climate study of the early Paleogene Laramide foreland

The early Paleogene greenhouse climate has long captured the attention of researchers. However, due to limited data and the coarse spatial resolution of general circulation model (GCM) results, it has proven difficult to investigate early Paleogene climate at the level of detail characteristic of the actual climate system. We present a high-resolution regional climate modeling study of the North American Laramide foreland. Our simulation depicts early Paleogene climate dynamics in western North America with unprecedented detail. Increased horizontal resolution improves matches between modeled temperatures and data in some basins; however, large-scale cold biases found in prior GCM simulations persist. Our study provides insight into the existence of snow and perennial ice in the Laramide highlands and northwestern Cordillera and describes the summer monsoon along the Rocky Mountain front in great detail. Monsoonal precipitation initiates in the southeastern Rockies in May, penetrates north and west as temperatures warm, and peaks at 1 cm/day along the southern and central mountain front; basins farther to the north and west are drier.
The History of the Academic Study of Religion in Universities, Centers, and Institutes in India

India is home to more than 800 million Hindus and has a massive higher education system that is overseen by the University Grants Commission (ugc). Despite this, there are hardly any departments of religion or Hinduism in India, but the ugc, even though it has a secular mission, funds universities with explicit religious affiliations. This article traces the reasons for these paradoxes and discusses the apparent lacuna of religious studies departments by looking at the genealogy of the study of religion in India. It initially looks at the contested terrain of nineteenth-century educational institutions. The work of British missionaries, Orientalists, and government officials form the imperial context to understand Charles Wood’s momentous Despatch (1854), which, on the one hand, argues for secular institutions but, on the other, tries to accommodate the work of the Orientalists and the missionaries. Wood recommends a system in which government subsidies, secular education, and universities with overt religious profiles become interlocked, but the formal study of religion is bypassed. Finally, I reconsider what the “dearth” of religious studies and the “absence” of Hinduism departments reveal about the construction of religion in India itself. The lack of conceptual correspondence between “religion” and “Hinduism” as taught in Western academic contexts does not preclude the formal study of religion in India. Instead, the study of religion is conducted within particularized frameworks germane to the Indic context, using a network of unique institutes. Reflection on these distinctively Indian epistemological frameworks push new ways of thinking about religious education and the construction of religion as an object of study in South Asia.