cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Ka-band printed twin dipole antenna fed by a microstrip-to-coplanar stripline tee junction

A new printed twin dipole antenna fed by a microstrip-to-coplanar stripline (CPS) tee junction is developed at 30 GHz. The design method of the twin dipole antenna is presented. Measured E and H-plane radiation patterns of the antenna are similar to each other. The measured gains achieved are 7.6 and 7.7 dBi for E and H-plane, respectively.
Emerging applications for ferumoxytol as a contrast agent in MRI

Ferumoxytol is an ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) agent initially approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an iron replacement therapy for patients with anemia due to chronic renal failure. Recently, ferumoxytol has been investigated extensively as an intravenous contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Since it causes regional T1 and T2 * shortening in vivo, conventional pulse sequences can be used following ferumoxytol administration to demonstrate signal enhancement or loss. Ferumoxytol can be administered as a rapid bolus and has a long intravascular half-life on the order of 14-15 hours, making it a potentially useful agent for vascular and perfusion-weighted MRI. In comparison to other USPIOs, ferumoxytol is less limited by allergic and idiosyncratic reactions. Furthermore, since ferumoxytol is an iron-based agent with no potential for causing nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, it may be useful as an alternative to gadolinium-based contrast agents in patients with compromised renal function. Ferumoxytol is ultimately taken up by macrophages/the reticuloendothelial system in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes, and this uptake mechanism is being explored as a novel imaging technique for vascular lesions, tumors, and lymph nodes. This article reviews the properties of ferumoxytol relevant to MRI as well as many of the uses for the agent currently under investigation.
THEORETICAL STUDIES OF PHASE TRANSITIONS IN THE MIXED CRYSTALS CSXRB1-XLISO4

A first-principles study of phase transitions in the mixed crystals ${\mathrm{Cs}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Rb}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{LiSO}}_{4}$ was performed by lattice-dynamics and molecular-dynamics simulations. A fractional substitution of x=0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 of Rb by Cs results in an increase of the stability range of the high-temperature disordered phase and in a reduction of the number of intermediate phases involving transient polar states. Conversely, this is true for the substitution of Cs by Rb. The transition temperature from disordered orthorhombic, Pnam, to the monoclinic ferroelastic phase, P${112}_{1}$/n (${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$=202 K), increases as the percentage of impurity Rb in the ${\mathrm{CsLiSO}}_{4}$ is increased.
Ecological correlates to social structure in two lemur species in Madagascar

In this study, I tested two hypotheses regarding the relationship of ecological variables (size, density, and distribution of patches) and infant developmental patterns to lemur social structure using two prosimian primates in Ranomafana, Madagascar: the rufous lemur (Eulemur fulvus rufus) and the red-bellied lemur (Eulemur rubriventer). Three predictions regarding the general effects of patch size and subgroup size on lemur feeding rates were supported: (1) Rufous lemurs used large patches; red-bellied lemurs used smaller patches; (2) larger subgroups of rufous lemurs used larger patches; and (3) rufous lemur feeding rates decreased significantly with increases in subgroup size and patch size, whereas size and patch size had no significant effect on red-bellied lemur feeding rates. However, food item size (fruit) had a more significant effect on rufous and red-bellied lemur feeding rates than either patch size or subgroup size. When similar-sized fruits were compared, rufous lemur feeding rates on small fruit were most affected by patch size, yet feeding rates on medium-sized fruit were most affected by subgroup size. Neither lemur species used patches in consistent ways seasonally. During periods of food abundance, rufous lemurs used many small, common, and clumped patches. In food scarcity periods, they used fewer, larger, rarer, and less clumped patches; groups migrated when food became most scarce. Red-bellied lemurs also used patches in variable ways, but these patterns were not linked with food availability. Finally, infant development patterns differed between lemur species; red-bellied lemur males cared for offspring and infants reached developmental landmarks faster than rufous lemur infants. Therefore, red-bellied lemur group size may be constrained by the need for additional infant care by other group members. In contrast, rufous lemur group size may be constrained by patch availability during the most critical period of food scarcity.
How does state ownership affect pollution control? Evidence from the Chinese iron and steel industry

Little is known about how state ownership affects firms' environmental activities. Building on corporate governance literature, we examine the two strategies that Chinese state–owned iron and steel companies may adopt: they can invest in environmental projects, but can also pay an environmental fee and keep polluting. With longitudinal data collected from public Chinese steel firms from 2001–2008, we found that in any given year, the percentage of state ownership does not significantly affect environmental investment; however, a higher percentage of state ownership can decrease environmental fees. As time goes by, firms with a higher state ownership can pay even fewer environmental fees than they used to.
Tricriticality of Interacting Hard Squares: Some Exact Results.

Baxter has solved a restricted class of square lattice gas models with nearest-neighbor exclusion (thus "hard squares") and next-nearest-neighbor interactions. Arguments are presented which demonstrate that the subspace spanned by his exact solution contains the line of tricritical points and the associated surface of first-order transitions of hard squares with attractive next-nearest-neighbor interactions. The tricritical exponents so identified confirm those obtained by Nienhuis for a dilute Ising model.
Design of antineoplastic agents based on the '2-phenylnaphthalene-type' structural pattern. 4. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-chloro-3- (substituted phenoxy)-1,4-naphthoquinones and related 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4- naphthoquinones

The intermediate in the preparation of 1,3,7, 10-tetrahydroxybenzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]furan-6,11-dione (2), 2-chloro-5,8-dimethoxy-3-(3,5-dimethoxyphenoxy)-1,4-naphthoquinone (8h), and corresponding hydroxyl, methoxyl, and acetoxyl analogues was found to possess interesting inhibitory activities in a number of cytotoxic test systems. Activities were also noticed in some 5, 8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives. A structure-activity discussion of compounds of this series is presented. The newly uncovered biological activity of 2-chloro-3-(substituted phenoxyl)-1, 4-naphthoquinones and 2,3-bis(substituted phenoxy)-1, 4-naphthoquinones may suggest an approach for the development of new classes of antineoplastic agents.
Dietary urea for dairy cattle III. Effect on ovarian activity

Abstract Holstein heifers were divided into three groups of 27 at least 60 days before any were inseminated to evaluate gross effects on ovarian activity when urea was fed continuously for more than 2 years. Groups were reduced to 21 heifers each before calving. In Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively, urea nitrogen replaced 0, 22 and 45% of plant nitrogen in heifer rations from insemination to mid pregnancy, 0, 8 and 16% there-after until 2 weeks before calving, and 0, 18 and 36% precalving and during lactation. The rations were blended and fed free-choice. Dry matter in the lactation ration was 44% corn silage, 10% alfalfa bromegrass silage and 46% concentrate. Body weight increases were similar on each ration through second calving. Likewise, estrous cycles and intervals between inseminations were similar. After the second calving, groups were not different for time to first ovulation or for intervals between ovulations. In general, urea did not affect gross measures of ovarian activity. Effects of urea on abortion, retained fetal membranes, and conception efficiency were reviewed.
Advancing research and applications with lightning detection and mapping systems

Southern Thunder 2011 Workshop; Norman, Oklahoma, 11–14 July 2011 The Southern Thunder 2011 (ST11) Workshop was the fourth in a series intended to accelerate research and operational applications made possible by the expanding availability of ground-based and satellite systems that detect and map all types of lightning (in-cloud and cloud-to-ground). This community workshop, first held in 2004, brings together lightning data providers, algorithm developers, and operational users in government, academia, and industry.
The flexure and torsion of bones viewed as anisotropic poroelastic bodies

Abstract Two-phase poroelastic material is taken as a model of the bone, in the sense that the osseous tissue is considered as a perfectly elastic solid and the fluid substances filling the cavities as a viscous compressible fluid. Biot's theory of consolidation is adopted, assuming interconnections between the cavities. For a transversely isotropic body the theory leads to seven linear constitutive equations, connecting seven stress components with seven deformation components, by means of eight material coefficients. The theory is applied to beam-like structural elements by using the procedure of Michell, consisting of representation of stress and deformation components as rational integral functions of the axial coordinate z . General equations are derived for two particular cases; (a) when the stress and strain components do not depend on z, (b) when the latter are linear functions of z . The first case corresponds to the action of terminal couples (both flexural and torsional); the second case is associated with the action of terminal forces. Illustrative examples are solved, involving (a) cylindrical bending of poroelastic plates by terminal couples, (b) pure bending of poroelastic beams of arbitrary cross section having one axis of symmetry, (c) pure torsion of poroelastic beams of arbitrary cross section. The explicit solution of the case (b) shows that the behavior of the poroelastic material is analogous to that of a three-element visco-elastic model. This agrees qualitatively with the experimental findings of Sedlin for bones.
STRUCTURAL UNIT/GRAIN BOUNDARY DISLOCATION MODEL FOR TWIST BOUNDARIES IN CUBIC CRYSTALS

The systematics of (001) twist boundary structure is presented formally in terms of a structural unit/grain boundary dislocation hierarchical model and the earlier model of Sutton is generalized. By comparison with experimental observation and atomistic calculation using pair-potential models the physical significance of the individual members of the hierarchy is determined. Comparison which experiment indicates a strong type primary relaxation for theta less than or equal to 36.9/sup 0/ and a significant secondary relaxation near ..sigma..5 which must result from oblique perturbations in the array of primary GBD's. On the other hand, comparison with available calculated results indicates a strong type primary relaxation at low angles but a progressively weaker relaxation at higher angles. Also, no evidence is found for any significant secondary relaxations when at least one pair potential is employed. However, very recent studies indicate stronger secondary relaxations with other potentials, and this, in future work, should lead to better agreement between calculations and experiment.
WETTING OF 3HE-4HE MIXTURES ON CESIUM AND OTHER ALKALI METALS

From available information concerning the wetting behavior of pure $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ and pure $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ on alkali-metal substrates, as well as the known properties of bulk $^{3}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}^{4}$He mixtures, we derive the complete wetting phase diagrams for such mixtures, showing prewetting, isotropic separation, and lambda transitions for the film phases. Mixture films form a rich system because the chemical potentials of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ and $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ can be varied independently. We predict phenomena such as a triple-point-induced dewetting transition, and the absence of a superfluid-film wetting Cs, Rb, and K walls under concentrated $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ solutions. Experimental methods for testing the predictions are suggested.
Static Bifurcation Characteristics of an Autothermal Circulating Fluidized Bed Hydrogen Generator for Fuel Cells

Professor Milorad P. Dudukovic is the Chairman of the Chemical Engineering Department at Washington University in St. Louis, MO, and a leading figure in multiphase reactors. He has authored several highly cited papers on chemical reaction engineering involving kinetic−transport interactions in multiphase systems. He has a commitment to the development of reaction engineering theory and practice for solving a variety of practical and fundamental problems. He is the director of the Chemical Reaction Engineering Laboratory (CREL) at Washington University, which is supported by over a dozen major chemical and petroleum companies. Some of his recent research accomplishments include the development of computer-assisted radioactive particle tracking for studies of multiphase flows for improving computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models for multiphase systems and for selecting environmentally friendly reactors for the conversion of natural and synthesis gas to fuels and chemicals and novel coupling of exothermic ...
FMS and FMSE encryption/decryption algorithms using flipping, mapping, and shifting operations

Cryptography is one of the most important areas in the computer industry. Encryption allows an application to secure its data from being accessed by hackers. Currently there are many industry-standard encryption/decryption algorithms including RSA, Rijndael, Blowfish [1,2], and so forth. However, they are fairly complex and require that one spend a lot of time to comprehend and implement them. This paper introduces two simple encryption/decryption algorithms that are fast and fairly secure. The algorithms manipulate a 64-bit input using flipping, mapping, and shifting to achieve its encryption/decryption.
Vanadate stimulation of 2-deoxyglucose transport is not mediated by PI3-kinase in human skeletal muscle

Glucose transport in mammalian skeletal muscle is stimulated by insulin, hypoxia and tyrosine protein phosphatase inhibitors such as vanadate. However, it is unknown whether the vanadate signaling mechanism shares a common or separate pathway with insulin or hypoxia. Therefore, experiments were conducted on incubated human muscle strips to compare the effects of vanadate with insulin and hypoxia stimulated 2-deoxyglucose transport (2-DOG). We also used the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) inhibitor wortmannin to examine whether PI 3-kinase is a common step by which each stimulate glucose transport. Results demonstrate that whereas the effects of vanadate and hypoxia were additive with insulin stimulated glucose transport, the effect of vanadate plus hypoxia was not. In addition, wortmannin significantly (P<0.05) reduced insulin but not vanadate or hypoxia stimulated 2-DOG transport. Moreover, PI 3-kinase activity was significantly elevated (P<0.05) in the presence of insulin but not vanadate. In conclusion, these data suggest that vanadate and hypoxia stimulate glucose transport via a similar signaling pathway which is distinct from insulin and that the vanadate signaling pathway is not mediated by PI3-kinase in human skeletal muscle.
Pharmacokinetics of single‐dose intravenous levetiracetam administration in normal dogs

Objective: To determine plasma pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam after a single intravenous dose (60 mg/kg) in normal dogs using a high-performance liquid chromatography assay validated for canine plasma. Design: Pharmacokinetic study. Setting: A university-based canine research facility. Animals: Six healthy adult dogs. Interventions: Intravenous drug administration, multiple blood sample procurement. Measurements and main results: There were no obvious adverse effects associated with the intravenous (IV) bolus administration of levetiracetam in any of the dogs. Plasma levetiracetam concentrations remained above or within the reported therapeutic range for humans (5–45 μg/mL) for all dogs, for all time periods evaluated. Mean and median (in parentheses) values for pharmacokinetic parameters included the following: maximum plasma concentration, 254 μg/mL (254 μg/mL); half-life, 4.0 hours (4.0 hours); volume of distribution at steady state, 0.48 L/kg (0.48 L/kg); clearance, 1.4 mL/kg/min (1.5 mL/kg/min); and median residence time, 6.0 hours (6.0 hours). Conclusions: In normal dogs, a 60 mg/kg IV bolus dose of levetiracetam is well tolerated and achieves plasma drug concentrations within or above the therapeutic range reported for humans for at least 8 hours after administration. Based on the favorable pharmacokinetics and tolerability demonstrated for IV levetiracetam in this study, in addition to previously demonstrated efficacy of oral levetiracetam, IV levetiracetam may be a useful treatment option for emergency management of canine seizure activity.
Modifying the Harvey-Shack surface scatter theory

The Rayleigh-Rice (R-R) vector perturbation theory agrees well with experimental wide-angle scatter measurements from 'smooth' surfaces for arbitrary incident angles. However, not all applications of interest satisfy the smooth surface approximation. The Beckmann-Kirchoff (B-K) scalar diffraction theory of surface scatter phenomena is valid for rougher surfaces; but contains a paraxial (small-angle) assumption that limits its ability to accurately handle wide-angle scattering and large angles of incidence. In 1979 Harvey and Shack formulated a scattering theory in a linear systems format. Harvey later generalized this Harvey-Shack (H-S) theory to include the effects of small-angle scatter caused by 'mid' spatial frequency surface irregularities, and the extremely large incident angles inherent to grazing incidence Wolter Type I x-ray telescopes. In this paper we extend the H- S theory to include large incidence angles and scatter angles. We demonstrate that the customary paraxial limitation imposed in most scalar diffraction treatments is completely unnecessary and the resulting calculations for diffracted radiance (not irradiance or radiant intensity) are shift- invariant in direction cosine space
Inverse-Geometry Dependence of MOS Transistor Electrical Parameters

Precise determination of transistor electrical parameters is essential for accurate circuit simulation. The strong geometric dependences of MOS transistor electrical parameters can be modeled by the inverse-geometry formula. However, special care is needed in using the inverse-geometry formula. To prevent the short-channel and narrow-width effects being adversely mirrored to the drain-current evaluation of large transistors, we propose to clamp the dependences of transistor electrical parameters on small-geometry effects at a boundary (L /sub CLP/, W /sub CLP/). In principle three transistors with two different channel lengths and two different channel widths are required to extract the geometric dependence of various electric parameters. Our analysis shows that a set of five test transistors can increase the extraction accuracy by a factor of two, and thus is a better choice when both the modeling accuracy and test clip complexity are considered.
Tetraplodon paradoxus and T. pallidus (Musci: Splachnaceae) in northern North America

Tetraplodon paradoxus (R.Br.) Hagen was originally described from arctic Canada in 1823 andT. pallidus Hagen, described from arctic Scandinavia in 1893, was reported from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago in 1907. Although the two species are distinct, clear-cut and easily distinguished from other members of the genus, they were almost hopelessly confused both conceptually and nomenclaturally with each other and withT. mnioides (Hedwig) Bruch, Schimper & Gumbel by Hagen in 1910, and his erroneous treatment has been perpetuated by subsequent bryological authors, especially in Scandinavia. Moreover, these two species have been omitted from all comprehensive North American manuals and checklists; the purpose of this paper is to clarify the long-standing confusion and to establish a firm basis for their recognition in the North American bryoflora, from which they have been excluded for far too long. The distinctions between these two species are made clear by means of photographs made from living material, as well as by maps of their geographical distribution in North America.
Impulsivity and voucher versus money preference in polydrug-dependent participants enrolled in a contingency-management-based substance abuse treatment program

Thirty-four polydrug-dependent participants enrolled in a voucher-based substance abuse treatment program were given choices between hypothetical amounts of money and hypothetical amounts of vouchers, which are traded for goods and services, to determine their preferences for the two payment modalities. It was hypothesized that the majority of participants would prefer money to voucher because under the circumstances of the treatment program, the delay associated with money exchange is shorter than the delay associated with voucher exchange. It was further hypothesized that those participants who selected money over voucher also would have greater levels of impulsivity as assessed by the Barratt Impulsiveness Rating Scale (BIS) (Barratt, 1965). The results show large individual differences in money/voucher preference with approximately half of the participants preferring money to voucher when the two amounts are equivalent. In addition, as the magnitude of the money/voucher comparisons increased from $0.50 to $32.00, the percentage of participants that preferred money increased. No correlations were found between money/voucher preference and impulsivity scores.
Dabigatran, ROCKET Atrial Fibrillation, and Beyond Basic Science, Mechanisms of Agents, Monitoring, and Reversal

For >50 years, vitamin K antagonists (eg, warfarin) were the only available oral anticoagulants. Warfarin, however, is associated with >10-fold interindividual variation in dose to achieve therapeutic anticoagulation. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin are influenced by genetic polymorphisms (CYP 2C9 and VKORC1), dietary vitamin K intake, concomitant medications, alcohol use, patient age, body weight, and various disease states, necessitating regular coagulation monitoring to ensure that each patient’s international normalized ratio (INR) remains within the target range. New oral anticoagulants that selectively inhibit either thrombin or factor Xa, via reversible binding to their active enzymatic sites, have been developed. Thrombin plays a central role as a procoagulant by converting fibrinogen to fibrin as well as by activating its other substrates, including factor V, factor VIII, factor XI, factor XIII, and the platelet protease-activated receptors (PAR-1 and PAR-4). The substrate specificity of thrombin derives from specific surface binding sites (eg, exosite 1 for fibrin) for its substrates. Factor Xa is also an attractive target for the design of new anticoagulants because factor Xa is positioned at the start of the common pathway of coagulation. Dabigatran etexilate is an oral prodrug that is converted to dabigatran, a competitive direct thrombin inhibitor (Ki 4.5 nmol/L), by hydrolytic cleavage mediated by plasma esterases in vivo.1 It is not metabolized by the cytochrome P450 enzymes or oxidoreductases. Dabigatran etexilate has relatively low oral bioavailability and is encapsulated with tartaric acid to facilitate absorption in the gastrointestinal tract; consistent absorption of dabigatran etexilate, however, is not dependent on overall gastrointestinal acidity, and dose modifications are not required with the use of proton pump inhibitors. There is no specific antidote to reverse the anticoagulant effect of dabigatran; approaches for managing serious bleeding and monitoring the anticoagulant activity of the drug in such situations have been …
A channelization protocol for multi-hop wireless sensor networks using frequency division multiplexing

We present a channelization protocol based on frequency division multiplexing to enable fast, reliable, multi-hop data transmission with minimal protocol overhead in wireless sensor networks. The protocol enables data transmission to occur at a high rate by eliminating intra-path collisions along a multi-hop routing path. This is achieved by staggering communication frequencies such that no two adjacent nodes transmit data at the same radio frequency. We describe the design and implementation of the protocol and present extensive experimental results to validate its efficacy.
Structure-based design of novel groups for use in the P1 position of thrombin inhibitor scaffolds. Part 1: Weakly basic azoles

Despite their relatively weak basicity, simple azoles, specifically imidazoles and aminothiazoles, can function as potent surrogates for the more basic amines (e.g., alkyl amines, amidines, guanidines, etc.) which are most often employed as the P1 ligand in the design of noncovalent small molecule inhibitors of thrombin.
The Non-transmembrane Form of Delta1, but Not of Jagged1, Induces Normal Migratory Behavior Accompanied by Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1-dependent Transformation

The interactions between Notch (N) receptors and their transmembrane ligands, Jagged1 (JI) and Delta1 (Dl1), mediate signaling events between neighboring cells that are crucial during embryonal development and in adults. Since the non-transmembrane extracellular form of J1 acts as an antagonist of N activation in NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells and induces fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1)-dependent transformation (Small, D., Kovalenko, D., Soldi, R., Mandinova, A., Kolev, V., Trifonova, R., Bagala, C., Kacer, D., Battelli, C., Liaw, L., Prudovsky, I., and Maciag, T. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 16405–16413), we examined the potential redundant functions of the two subfamilies of Notch ligands and report that while the soluble (s) forms of both Dl1 and J1 act as N signaling antagonists in NIH 3T3 cells, they do display disparate functions. While sJ1 induced an attenuation of cell motility which is accompanied by a decrease in actin stress fibers and an increase in adherence junctions, sDl1 does not. However, sJ1, like sDl1, induces a NIH 3T3 cell tranformed phenotype mediated by FGF signaling. Because the inhibition of N signaling by sJ1 and sDl1 is rescued by dominant-negative Src expression, we suggest that there may be cooperation between the Notch and Src signaling pathways.
Ductile phase toughening and R-curve behaviour in a B4C-Al cermet

The R-curve behaviour of a B4C-Al cermet was studied experimentally using the indentation/strength technique. Microstructural observations clearly indicate that the dominant mechanism contributing towards increasing toughness with crack length is due to bridging of ductile Al phases. It is inferred that ductile toughening, along with toughening due to residual stresses generated upon cooling of the cermet, contribute to this toughening behaviour. Close agreement between experimental results and a simple model is also established.
The United States Peace Corps Volunteers in the Republic of Guinea

Abstract This study examines the origins and performance of American Peace Corps volunteers in Guinea. Based on archival, published primary and secondary sources, this study begins by examining the motives behind John F Kennedy's decision to establish the Peace Corps agency and his administration's determination to convince President Sekou Toure of Guinea to accept the volunteers in his country. Later, it proceeds to evaluate the performance of the volunteers in Guinea. This manuscript is significant for several reasons. As the first work to examine Peace Corps services in Guinea, it adds to our understanding of the contours of US‐Guinean relationship. The study has broader implications. It traces for its audience the development of United States foreign policy towards sub‐Saharan African nations. Also, this study helps us to understand the contribution of government sponsored volunteer agencies such as the Peace Corps to the economic development of post‐colonial Africa. The conclusion of this study is fo...
Particle-shape control and formation mechanisms of hydrothermally derived lead titanate

Phase-pure perovskite lead titanate with various morphologies has been synthesized by a hydrothermal method at 150 °C. Particle shapes include cubic, tabular, and aggregated platelike shapes. The feedstock concentration greatly influences particle morphology of the hydrothermally derived PbTiO3. At a concentration of 0.05 M, the tabular particles form while cubic particles are produced at 0.1 M. Aggregated plateletlike particles are synthesized at 0.125 M. It was observed that both tabular and cubic particles directly precipitate from the coprecipitated precursor gel. In contrast, the plateletlike shaped intermediate phase appears during the initial stage of reaction at 0.125 M and in situ transforms into perovskite PbTiO3 during further hydrothermal treatment. The intermediate phase preserves its particle shape during transformation and, acting as a template, gives rise to the final tabular PbTiO3 particles. It is demonstrated that only base reagents such KOH and NaOH, which provide a highly basic condition (i.e., pH > 14), promote transformation of the coprecipitated gel into the perovskite PbTiO3. A Hancock and Sharp kinetic analysis in conjunction with microstructural evidence suggests that the formation mechanism is dissolution and recrystallization in which the degree of supersaturation plays an important role in dictating the crystallographic particle phase and morphology of the particles. An experimentally constructed solubility diagram indicates that an excess lead condition is necessary to compensate for loss of lead species and to increase supersaturation to expedite precipitation of PbTiO3 at highly alkaline conditions.
Excess Demand, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Wages

I. A neoclassical macro theory for money wage changes, 2. — II. Neoclassical wage theory with spontaneous wage change and additional wage determinants, 3 — III. Vacancies and unemployment and excess demand, 5. — IV. The derivation of the Phillips relation, 8. — V. The form of the Phillips relation, 11. — VI. The cyclical characteristics of unemployment and vacancies, 17. — VII. Vacancies, unemployment, and equilibrium, 21.
A novel boundary-domain element method of initial stress, finite deformation and discrete cracks in multilayered anisotropic elastic solids

We introduce a novel boundary-domain element method of initial stress, finite deformation (due to large rotation) and discrete cracks in multilayered anisotropic elastic solids. Because the special Green’s function that satisfies the interfacial continuity and surface boundary conditions is employed, the numerical discretization is reduced to be along one side of the cracks and over the subdomains of finite deformation. Two examples are presented. First, the process of interfacial delamination is simulated around a growing through-thickness crack in a pre-stretched film bonded to a flexible substrate. It is shown that the progression of delamination damage is stable but the initiation of delamination crack can be a snap-back instability. This simultaneous damage and fracture process is approached by the cohesive zone model. Second, the postbuckling of a circular delaminated and pre-compressed film is simulated on a flexible substrate. It is shown that the compliance of substrate can play a significant role on the critical behavior of buckling. If the substrate is more compliant or stiffer than the film, the instability initiates as a subcritical hard or a supercritical soft bifurcation. The critical magnitude of pre-strain for the initiation of buckling increases with substrate stiffness. Also, the transition of buckling from the first to the second mode is captured in the simulation.
On Gorenstein orders

Abstract Let R be a local Dedekind domain with quotient field K and let Λ be a R-order in a separable K-algebra A. This paper considers those orders Λ that are Gorenstein and that can be written as pullback of R-torsionfree Λ-modules. If the algebra A has nontrivial central idempotents, then we give a characterization for Gorenstein orders. Further, if R is complete and Λ is a local order with finite representation type such that every uniform R-torsionfree Λ-module is tame, then the pullback structure of a Gorenstein order can also be explicitly described.
Reconsideration of the Shed: Garage + Workshop

Abstract Garage + Workshop explores issues of tectonics and transparency through the inventive juxtaposition of common building materials. Translucent polycarbonate panels reveal the physicality of light, construction, and imagery in what appears to be an otherwise straightforward utilitarian structure.
Behavioral responses of juvenile walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma Pallas to light, thermoclines and food : possible role in vertical distribution

Abstract Two major causes of mortality in early life stages of marine fish are starvation and predation, both of which may be influenced by vertical position in the water column. This study examined under controlled laboratory conditions the behavioral response of juvenile walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma Pallas (60–90 mm) to light, thermoclines and food, factors which have been correlated with their vertical distribution in the sea. Juveniles generally showed a preference for low light intensities and low reflectance. However, when given a choice between two very low intensities equal to full moonlight and quarter moonlight, preference shifted towards higher intensity. When cold water (3 ° C) was introduced into the bottom of the experimental tank to form a thermocline, the fish avoided it by swimming upward and remaining in the warmer upper water column (9 ° C). When food was introduced below the thermocline, the motivation to feed caused the fish to descend transiently into cold water thereby altering their vertical distribution. The results are consistent with findings from previous field studies and suggest how behavioral responses to light, temperature and food availability may determine vertical distribution.
Comparative study of phagocytosis in normal and diseased hemocytes of the bivalve mollusc Mya arenaria

Abstract Large numbers of the soft-shelled clam Mya arenaria from New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts, exhibit a blood cell disease referred to as hematopoietic neoplasia (HN). Diseased hemocytes differ morphologically from normal hemocytes by their high nucleocytoplasmic ratio. The phagocytic activity, one of the internal defense mechanisms, was compared in the two populations. Surface receptors, essential for recognition during phagocytosis, were demonstrated for both populations using Con A staining. Adherence and uptake were measured after in vitro incubation with yeast. Examination of hemocytes with scanning electron microscopy showed that yeast cells adhered only to the surface of normal hemocytes, and not to diseased hemocytes. Quantitative analysis of adherence and uptake of yeast by hemocytes showed that diseased hemocytes were unable to adhere and ingest yeast. This is thought to be caused by differences in cytoskeletal organization. Finally, the activity of four lysosomal enzymes was used to evaluate intracellular degradation in normal and diseased hemocytes. Histochemical analyses showed diseased hemocytes to have higher than normal acid phosphatase, nonspecific esterases and β-glucuronidase activity. These results indicate that enzyme activity cannot be directly correlated to intracellular degradation. However, it is possible that stress on the lysosomal system may activate certain enzymes.
Preparation and electrochemistry of biimidazolate complexes of ruthenium(II)

The ruthenium(III) complex, Ru(NH3)4(bimH2)3+ (bimH2 = 2,2′-biimidazole) has been prepared and characterized. The complex displays a ligand-to- metal charge-transfer (LMCT) transition at 640 nm. Reduction of the complex at a pH < 6, results in the formation of Ru(NH3)4(bimH2)2+. This Ru(Il) complex has a metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) transition at 407 nm. At pH= 6, the Ru(III) to Ru(II) reduction is accompanied by loss of a proton from the coordinated bimH2 ligand.
Micellar Delivery of Bicalutamide and Embelin for Treating Prostate Cancer

To examine the effect of bicalutamide and embelin on the growth of prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Micelles were fabricated with polyethylene glycol-b-polylactic acid (PEG-PLA) copolymer and characterized in terms of particle size, micellar solubilization and drug loading, followed by evaluation in nude mice bearing LNCaP xenografts. Embelin induced caspase 3 and 9 activation in LNCaP and C4–2 cells by decreasing XIAP expression and was more potent than bicalutamide in killing prostate tumor cells irrespective of their androgen status. As analyzed by isobologram analysis the combination of bicalutamide and embelin was synergistic for C4–2 but additive and slightly antagonistic for LNCaP cells. Micellar formulation resulted in at least 60-fold increase in the aqueous solubility of bicalutamide and embelin. Tumor growth was effectively regressed upon treatment with bicalutamide, but the extent of tumor regression was significantly higher when bicalutamide was formulated in micelles. However, tumor response to bicalutamide stopped after prolonged treatment and began to grow. Sequential treatment with XIAP inhibitor embelin resulted in regression of these hormone refractory tumors. Combined treatment with bicalutamide and embelin may be an effective strategy for treating hormone refractory prostate cancer.
Arthroscopic synovectomy in sarcoid synovitis

Summary Chronic synovitis is an unusual manifestation of sarcoidosis but may be significantly disabling. Arthroscopic synovectomy can provide an excellent result, relieving discomfort and arresting the disease process, and should be considered in any patient whose synovitis has not responded to medical management.
ORCHARD MICROCLIMATIC OBSERVATIONS IN USING SOIL-APPLIED COAL DUST FOR FROST PROTECTION

Abstract This study was conducted at the Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, West Virginia, to determine the effectiveness of using soil-applied coal dust in modifying the orchard microclimate. Coal dust was applied on 5 April 1985 at a rate of 18.1 Mg ha −1 to the bare soil surface of a 1.4-ha peach ( Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) planting. An adjoining 1.4-ha planting served as a control to which nocturnal net radiation ( RN ), soil heat flux ( G ), orchard canopy energy storage ( St ), sensible heat flux ( H ) and orchard temperature measurements were compared both before and after the coal application. Both plantings consisted of alternating 3-m wide soil—3-m wide grass strips with trees planted in the soil strip. Under typical radiative frost conditions ( RN of −60 W m −2 ), the coal dust enhanced the radiative loss by 5 W m −2 . This loss, assumed to result from a uniform temperature change of the orchard, was equivalent to a 1°C increase in orchard temperature. The increased radiative loss was due to higher air, canopy and soil temperatures. No effect was found in G or St due to the coal dust treatment. However, a greater downward transfer of sensible heat (5–8 W m −2 depending on method used to estimate H ) to the orchard was found by using the coal dust. This increased flux was in response to larger air temperature gradients established near the canopy top following the coal application. The direct effect of using coal dust was measured in an increase in bud temperature. Under radiative frost conditions, an increase of 0.5°C in bud temperature was found.
Aeolian regime of the surface of Venus

Recent probes of the planet Venus reveal a probable surface temperature exceeding 700K and a pressure exceeding 100 atm. A very dusty lower atmosphere may exist which is composed of micron-sized particles kept airborne by mild turbulence and a gentle circulation of deep adiabatic currents. A study of surface conditions responsible for generation and persistence of surface dust clouds is of fundamental importance in the radiative and dynamic properties of the atmosphere. Also spurious radar echoes may be caused by suspended particulate matter, thus explaining the high relief reported by radar altimeters.
Inflammatory Biomarker C-Reactive Protein and Radiotherapy-Induced Early Adverse Skin Reactions in Patients with Breast Cancer

Background: Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in American women. Postsurgery adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) significantly reduced the local recurrence rate. However, many patients develop early adverse skin reactions (EASR) that impact quality of life and treatment outcomes. Methods: We evaluated an inflammatory biomarker, C-reactive protein (CRP), in predicting RT-induced EASRs in 159 patients with breast cancer undergoing RT. In each patient, we measured pre- and post-RT plasma CRP levels using a highly sensitive ELISA CRP assay. RT-induced EASRs were assessed at weeks 3 and 6 using the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (v3.0). Associations between EASRs and CRP levels were assessed using logistic regression models after adjusting for potential confounders. Results: RT-induced grade 2+ EASRs were observed in 8 (5%) and 80 (50%) patients at weeks 3 and 6 (end of RT), respectively. At the end of RT, a significantly higher proportion of African Americans developed grade 3 EASRs (13.8% vs. 2.3% in others); grade 2+ EASRs were significantly associated with: change of CRP > 1 mg/L [odds ratio (OR), 2.51; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.06–5.95; P = 0.04], obesity (OR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.03–4.21; P = 0.04), or combined both factors (OR, 5.21; 95% CI, 1.77–15.38; P = 0.003). Conclusion: This is the first study to demonstrate that an inflammatory biomarker CRP is associated with RT-induced EASRs, particularly combined with obesity. Impact: Future larger studies are warranted to validate our findings and facilitate the discovery and development of anti-inflammatory agents to protect normal tissue from RT-induced adverse effects and improve quality of life in patients with breast cancer undergoing RT. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(9); 1873–83. ©2014 AACR .
Properties of monoamine oxidase in nerve endings from two bovine brain areas

Abstract Monoamine oxidase activity was localized in various subcellular fractions of bovine thalamus and hypothalamus. The recovery of MAO activity was found to parallel two mitochondrial enzymes and was separable from two marker enzymes for the plasma membrane. The MAO activity was found to be higher in the synaptosomes prepared from the hypothalamus compared to the thalamus. These differences in activities were not found for the two other mitochondrial enzymes. Michaelis constants were determined for serotonin and norepinephrine by several methods, both in whole and sonically disrupted mitochondria. Experiments monitoring the deamination of one substrate for MAO, in the presence of a second substrate, and heat denaturation studies demonstrated the presence of two interacting sites for the metabolism of serotonin and norepinephrine in intact mitochondria. The characteristics of these sites were found to depend on the integrity of the mitochondrial membrane.
Piecewise-rigid 2D-3D registration for pose estimation of snake-like manipulator using an intraoperative x-ray projection

Background: Snake-like dexterous manipulators may offer significant advantages in minimally-invasive surgery in areas not reachable with conventional tools. Precise control of a wire-driven manipulator is challenging due to factors such as cable deformation, unknown internal (cable friction) and external forces, thus requiring correcting the calibration intraoperatively by determining the actual pose of the manipulator. Method: A method for simultaneously estimating pose and kinematic configuration of a piecewise-rigid object such as a snake-like manipulator from a single x-ray projection is presented. The method parameterizes kinematics using a small number of variables (e.g., 5), and optimizes them simultaneously with the 6 degree-of-freedom pose parameter of the base link using an image similarity between digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) of the manipulator’s attenuation model and the real x-ray projection. Result: Simulation studies assumed various geometric magnifications (1.2–2.6) and out-of-plane angulations (0°–90°) in a scenario of hip osteolysis treatment, which demonstrated the median joint angle error was 0.04° (for 2.0 magnification, ±10° out-of-plane rotation). Average computation time was 57.6 sec with 82,953 function evaluations on a mid-range GPU. The joint angle error remained lower than 0.07° while out-of-plane rotation was 0°–60°. An experiment using video images of a real manipulator demonstrated a similar trend as the simulation study except for slightly larger error around the tip attributed to accumulation of errors induced by deformation around each joint not modeled with a simple pin joint. Conclusions: The proposed approach enables high precision tracking of a piecewise-rigid object (i.e., a series of connected rigid structures) using a single projection image by incorporating prior knowledge about the shape and kinematic behavior of the object (e.g., each rigid structure connected by a pin joint parameterized by a low degree polynomial basis). Potential applications of the proposed approach include pose estimation of vertebrae in spine and a series of electrodes in coronary sinus catheter. Improvement of GPU performance is expected to further augment computational speed.
Interpreting weathering acceleration factors for automotive coatings using exposure models

A number of exposure models have been developed to account for the variation in photo-oxidation rate with light intensity, wavelength distribution, temperature and humidity. These models have proven useful in accounting for the different observed rates of photo-oxidation and other weathering phenomena in different outdoor locations. In this paper, the same models are applied to calculate acceleration factors of various accelerated weathering tests relative to standard outdoor Florida weathering. The predicted acceleration factors are in reasonable agreement with the ranges commonly observed for various accelerated tests. The models also can be used to assess the sensitivity of the acceleration factors to material differences and to variations in environmental conditions within a given chamber and from chamber-to-chamber. The critical importance of variability to the reproducibility and reliability of accelerated test results are discussed. Difficulties of comparing measurements made outdoors with values for accelerated tests are also discussed. Of particular note is the need for all exposures to measure and report actual sample temperatures rather than air or black panel temperatures.
False Aneurysm of Aorta Secondary to Partial Occlusion Clamp Injury: Diagnosis by Nuclear Flow Study

A 72-year-old woman presented 12 months postaortic valve replacement with a false aneurysm near the aortic cannulation site. The diagnosis was suspected from clinical findings and confirmed by a nuclear flow study. The patient refused surgery and died shortly afterward. At autopsy, a smooth-walled 1 cm defect adjacent to the cannulation site (presumably related to injury from a partial occlusion clamp) was found; this would have been easily reparable with surgery.