cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Probing hydrogen bonding environments: solvatochromic effects on the CN vibration of benzonitrile.

The energy of the nitrile stretching mode in benzonitrile is known to be solvent-dependent. Kamlet−Taft solvatochromic parameters π* and α are used to model this dependence in both protic and aprotic solvents using multivariable linear regressions. Aprotic solvents induce red shifts that are shown to be proportional to π*. In protic solvents, the positions of the two bands attributed to distinct solvation states, F and H, are both fit to the Kamlet−Taft solvatochromic equation. The inclusion of an α term yields excellent correlations with the H band, indicative of the strong influence of hydrogen bonding interactions occurring at the nitrile nitrogen in this solvation state. The F band also is best fit by inclusion of the α term, albeit with a weaker overall dependence and a much poorer fit than that for the H band. DFT calculations on simple single-molecule complexes with benzonitrile are consistent with the presence of π-H bonds to the nitrile group as a possible source of the F band dependence on α.
Progress of a CVD-based photoresist 193-nm lithography process

ABSTRACT Plasma polymerized organosilane resist films have been shown to exhibit high sensitivity to DUV radiation 15 We havepreviously demonstrated a 193nm CVD photoresist process in which plasma polymerized methylsilane (PPMS) is patternedvia photo-oxidation, dry-developed, converted into silicon dioxide, and then transferred into an underlying Si layer with highselectivity. The PPMS resist exhibits linearity down to a resolution of l3Onm US for a 1 : 1 pitch. We have demonstrated 100nm Iso-lines at 28 mi/cm2 dose with 1 1 % dose latitude and 600nm focus latitude. Depths of focus (DOF) greater than 500nmhave been demonstrated for l6Onm nested US.However, there is a general tradeoff between photospeed, line-edge-roughness (LER), and x-wafer CD uniformity. Therefore,it is difficult to achieve optimized performance for all lithographic parameters simultaneously in the PPMS process. Wepresent experimental results to support that the tradeoff is in part due to: (a) a high content of weak Si-H bonds which causesthe surface of a PPMS film to non-selectively oxidize in ambient air (b) a rigid inhomogeneous Si-Si bond structure in thePPMS film which influences the minimum level of LER observed for all printed featuresand (c) the impact of the dry developselectivity upon the develop contrast.As a result of our studies, we have turned to studying alternative CVD dry-resist precursor materials with chemical micro-structural properties appropriate for reducing the photospeed-LER-uniformity tradeoff. We show results for a CVD dry-resistprocess which utilizes an alternative precursor that still contains a high (50% atomic concentration, excluding H) Si content tomaintain good etch resistance during pattern transfer. We also tune the develop etch process to yield improved performance.The new process is shown to print lOOnm Iso features with the following simultaneous lithographic performances using a0.6ONA 193nm stepper: 20 mJ/cm2 dose, 550nm DOF, 18% dose latitude, 6nm 3-sigma LER, and a x-wafer CD uniformitysignificantly improved compared to an equivalent PPMS process. The new process also prints l6Onm nested US with 22mJ/cm2 dose, 560nm DOF, 15% dose latitude, and 7nm 3-sigma LER.Keywords: Top surface imaging, top layer imaging, thin layer imaging, 193nm, dry-resist, photoresist, lithography
Changes in neurotransmitter turnover in locus coeruleus produced by changes in arterial blood pressure.

Abstract The effect of drug-induced hypertension and hypotension on neurotransmitter metabolism in the locus coeruleus (LC) of urathen anesthetized rats ws studied using in vivo electrochemical methods. Peaks were seen at +0.15 V and +0.28 V. Studies with alpha-methylparatyrosine, fusaric acid and pargyline showed the first peak was produced by extracellular fluid dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) while the second peak was 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Phenylephrine was infused intravenously to raise the blood pressure by 50 mmHg, nitroprusside IV was used to reduce the blood pressure by 20 mmHg. During phenylephrine hypertension, the electrochemical signal for DOPAC showed an initial small reduction followed by a later significant increase which persisted even after the infusion was stopped. The signal for 5-HIAA rose with the onset of hypertension and remained elevated. Nitroprusside hypotension did not change the DOPAC peak but did lead to an immediate and persistent increase in the electrochemical 5-HIAA peak. To confirm the electrochemical findings, other groups of rats were decapitated during and after hypertensive and hypotensive drug infusions and the LC was assayed for norepinephrine, dopamine, DOPAC, serotonin, and 5-HIAA using HPLC with electrochemical detection. Changes in tissue DOPAC and 5-HIAA concentrations supported the electrochemical electrode observations. The effect of clonidine on the electrochemical recordings from LC was also studied. Clonidine reduced the catechol peak. No change was observed in the 5-HIAA peak during the infusion, but the 5-HIAA peak went up after the infusion was stopped. These experiments show that hypertension, hypotension, and alpha-2 agonists lead to changes in catecholamine and indoleamine metabolism in LC.
An offshore study in the California current system preface

L'etude d'un tourbillon de mesoechelle, quasi-permanent et quasi-stationnaire, dans le systeme du courant de Californie, comprend quatre parties: dynamique au sein du systeme, manifestations a la surface, structure chimique et distribution du plancton
Practical hints on the construction of magneto-optic apparatus for cryogenic applications

Abstract The practical problems of cryogenic magneto-optic apparatus involving vertical rather than horizontal light paths through the cryostat are discussed. These include obtaining bright, stationary illumination of the specimen; depolarization and stray reflections; condensation; bubble glare; and remote control of specimen alignment. Polarizer settings for television viewing are discussed, and a systematic setting-up procedure is suggested.
Troglitazone suppresses tumor cell growth and glutamine metabolism through a PPAR-independent mechanism.

Background In tumor cells, enhanced glutamine metabolism provides anaplerotic carbon for the TCA and fatty acid synthesis as well as precursors for the production of nucleotides and glutathione. This metabolic alteration is primarily driven by disruptions in oncogenic or tumor suppressor function and ultimately results in glutamine dependency for tumor cell growth and survival. Accordingly, identification of small-molecule inhibitors targeting glutaminolysis3 may have utility as an anti-cancer therapeutic strategy. Troglitazone, a PPARg agonist previously FDAapproved in treating Type II diabetes, has been reported to suppress glutamine metabolism. Therefore, we examined whether troglitazone treatment could disrupt glutamine metabolism and proliferation in glutaminedependent tumor cells. Materials and methods Using glutamine-dependent HeLa cervical cancer, H460 lung cancer, and RB-triple knock-out MEF cells, we characterized the effects of troglitazone treatment on: 1) cell viability, 2) glutamine metabolism by examining 14 C-glutamine uptake, 13 C-glutamine metabolomics, and ATP determination, and 3) expression of ASCT2, GLS, and c-Myc. To determine a PPAR requirement on these processes, siRNA and pharmacological inhibition of PPAR a or g was performed. Rescue experiments were done through simultaneous add-back of di-methyl alpha-ketoglutarate (a-KG) or expression of a c-Myc phosphorylation mutant. Results
The MCA Dot Sign.

The punctate hyperattenuation of the MCA dot sign (Figs 1 and 2) represents a thromboembolus within a segmental branch of the MCA located within the sylvian fissure (M2 or M3 segment). The sign appears when this high-attenuation structure is viewed in cross section, since the occluded vessel courses in a plane perpendicular to the transverse plane of imaging. While normal vessels on a noncontrast study are expected to display soft-tissue attenuation, thromboembolus and the occluded vessel will have increased attenuation. This hyperattenuation along the course of the MCA has been correlated microscopically with blood clots that demonstrate accumulation of erythrocytes, fibrin, and cellular debris (2).
Linear and nonlinear optical properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes

Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT) have stimulated extensive attention due to their extraordinary electronic properties. Unlike past studies of SWCNT where the tubes were agglomerated in bundles, or, suspended in a solution only recently, we were able to grow well-separated individual SWCNT in a controlled fashion. Moreover, unlike their counterparts, these SWCNT are strongly chiral and semiconductive. Ordered arrays of nano-size spheres (photonic crystals) attracted the attention of many researchers for their linear and nonlinear properties. For example, one is able to design and realize imaging elements thinner than the propagating wavelength or, use these highly dispersive structures to compress or, broaden ultra-short pulses. The optically confining environment of these three-dimensional, periodic structures is particularly attractive when it is imbedded with nonlinear material such as, SWCNT. In this talk I will review experimental results obtained for SWCNT. These tubes were encapsulated in polymers, suspended in solutions or, grown within the voids of photonic crystals. The experiments were conducted at the visible, near IR and THz frequency range using CW, nanosecond and femptosecond pulsed lasers. Overall, SWCNT exhibited a large nonlinear characteristic, which is associated with very short-lived photo-induced carriers.
Atomic arrangement and impurity bonding at a κ-Al 2 O 3 (001)/Al(771) interface: First-principles calculations

First-principles optimization of a $\ensuremath{\kappa}$-alumina--Al(771) superlattice shows that the incompliant oxide causes substantial disorder in the adjacent, soft metal layers. A H ``probe atom'' is found to bind best in the disrupted metal region, suggesting that this is the locus of initial failure of a protective oxide layer.
The location of the continuous-time stationary Kalman filter poles

It is shown that the closed-loop poles of the continuous-time Kalman filter reside in a region in the left half of the complex plane that is confined by two concentric circles whose radii depend on the system matrices and the signal-to-noise ratio. This region includes the system open-loop poles and excludes the imaginary axis. In the case where the system dynamic matrix has a simple eigenstructure, this region possesses an additional boundary, that is parallel to the imaginary axis at a distance that varies with the signal-to-noise ratio.
Renal Function Recover With Left Ventricular Assist Device Support

Purpose: In heart failure patients with renal insufficiency (RI), we hypothesize that mechanical circulatory support with the left ventricular assist device (LVAD) will promote renal function recovery (RR). We sought to quantify RR with LVAD support over six months of follow-up. Methods: RR data at 30, 90 and 180 days were analyzed for all LVAD patients with RI at the time of surgery. RI was defined as either the use of hemodialysis (HD) or a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) less than 60 ml/min/ 1.73m2. Mean GFR calculations exclude those patients on HD. Results: Between January, 2008 and December, 2013, 47 of 127 (37%) LVAD recipients (age 57±12yrs, 72% men) had RI at the time of surgery. Of these 47 patients, 8.5% of LVAD implantations were elective, 91% were urgent, 1.5% were emergent and 21% were redo operations. The mean preoperative creatinine level was 1.84± 0.6 mg/dL with a MELD score of 16.5± 6. Most patients (74.5%) were on inotrope support at the time of implantation. Among the study group, the overall 30-day mortality was 15%. The mean pre-operative GFR was 48± 7. We observed renal function recovery at each follow-up, with 30, 90 and 180-day mean GFRs of 79±33, 71± 31 and 63± 21, respectively (Fig). Mean improvement in GFR for 30, 90 and 180 days was 34± 31, 26± 29 and 19± 20, respectively (All with p < 0.001). Four of the 47 patients (8.5%) with RI required HD pre-operatively. Of these, 3 recovered renal function; 2 by 30 days and 1 by 90 days. An additional four patients (8.5%) that were previously non-HD-dependent required HD post-operatively. Two of these 4 patients recovered renal function during the study period. Conclusion: Renal insufficiency improves significantly with LVAD support. While improvements in GFR are marked in the first 30 days, they remain above pre-operative levels during 6-month follow-up. Additionally, among those patients requiring either preor post-operative HD, a majority (62.5%) recovered renal function.
Inability of Preoperative Computed Tomography Scans to Accurately Predict the Extent of Myometrial Invasion and Extracorporal Spread in Endometrial Cancer

Abstract Objective. The purpose of this study was to assess the value of computed tomography (CT) scans in predicting preoperatively the depth of invasion and extrauterine spread in patients with endometrial cancer. Methods. The records of 54 patients with endometrial cancer who underwent a preoperative CT scan and surgical treatment (36 of whom had complete surgical staging) were reviewed. Final pathological findings were compared with those of the CT scan. The ability of the CT scan to detect the depth of invasion of the tumor into the myometrium and extrauterine spread was assessed. Results. The sensitivity of CT scans at predicting the depth of myometrial invasion (none, inner half, outer half) and cervical and parametrial spread was 10, 9, and 17%, respectively, and sensitivity in predicting any degree of myometrial invasion, lymph node metastasis, adnexal involvement, and the presence of malignant cells in peritoneal cytology was 61, 50, 60 and 57%, respectively. Conclusion. CT scan has limited usefulness in determining the depth of myometrial invasion or extent of tumor spread in patients with endometrial cancer. Its routine preoperative use is difficult to justify.
A Multilevel Pipelined Processor For The Singular Value Decomposition

An evaluation of alternatives for the implementation of a processor for the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) is presented. Cost and performance of implementations with replication (which includes linear systolic arrays) and pipelining are evaluated. The algorithm used is the parallel method proposed by Brent and Luk, which was adapted for fewer processors. It is shown that the most efficient implementation depends on the throughput required. For low throughput, the optimal architecture is replication (i.e. linear array) of a processor with one pipelined arithmetic unit (AU). However, a single pipelined processor is more efficient for higher throughput than what is achievable with such an array. The architecture devised is a multilevel pipelined system, which uses the local parallelism existing in subcomputations of the algorithm. The realization complexity of this scheme is similar to the linear systolic array, and computes the decomposition of matrices of any size without hardware modifications. The design is based on a systematic methodology which is applicable to multi-instance algorithms implemented with only one type of operation unit, where instances are divided into groups and dependences exist between corresponding instances in those groups. This methodology gives the most efficient solutions for different hardware costs.
Evaluation of octadecyl-bonded alumina for separations of proteins and peptides by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

A recently-developed octadecyl-bonded alumina (ODA) stationary phase was evaluated for the separation of peptides and proteins by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. Using standard water-acetonitrile mobile phase gradients containing 0.1 % trifluoroacetic acid, the average peak capacity obtained for the separation of a mixture of ribonuclease a, cytochrome c, lysozyme and carbonic anhydrase on an ODA column are similar to that obtained on a widely used octadecylsilane (ODS) column. However, overall chromatographic resolution of the components of this mixture on ODA is inferior to that obtained on ODS. Cytochrome c peak areas were found to be ∼50% smaller on the ODA column than on ODS. On the other hand, both peak capacities and resolutions of octapeptide mixtures were found to be generally superior on the ODA column, and peak areas for a representative octapeptide were found to be virtually identical for both ODA and ODS columns. The differences in the results obtained on the ODA and ODS columns for these separations are attributed to the smaller pore size and unique fused-microplatelet shape of the ODA particles. Comparisons of the separations of the tryptic digest of cytochrome c on the ODS and ODA columns demonstrate that the ODA phase is potentially as useful as ODS for peptide mapping applications.
N2O and NOy observations in the 1999/2000 Arctic polar vortex: Implications for transport processes in a CTM

[1] We compare the evolution of simulated NOy and N2O with observations made during the 1999/2000 NASA Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment/Third European Stratospheric Experiment on Ozone-2000 to understand the different effects of transport on these two species and evaluate model transport processes in the Arctic lower stratosphere during mid to late winter. The simulations were made with the Goddard Space Flight Center chemistry and transport model, driven by meteorological analyses from the Goddard Data Assimilation Office. In January, model NOy and N2O distributions agree well with observations, provided a substantial loss of NOy due to polar stratospheric cloud sedimentation is included in the model simulation. In late winter, model NOy is ∼2–3 times larger than observed, despite the continued reasonable agreement of N2O. Anomalously large vertical transport of NOy due to overly vigorous descent in the CTM is primarily responsible for the large late winter NOy mixing ratios. However, the rapid descent is not apparent in the evolution of modeled N2O and presumably other similar species due to compensating horizontal transport of N2O across the vortex edge, which results in the reasonable agreement between modeled and measured N2O at ER-2 altitudes throughout the winter. The need to properly represent the seasonal evolution of NOy when studying lower stratospheric polar wintertime photochemistry places strong constraints on the meteorological data used to drive global chemistry and transport models.
Polymyxin B is a more selective inhibitor for phospholipid-sensitive Ca2+-dependent protein kinase than for calmodulin-sensitive Ca2+-dependent protein kinase

Polymyxin B inhibited phospholipid-sensitive Ca2+-dependent protein kinase competitively with respect to phosphatidylserine (a phospholipid cofactor), with a Ki of 1.8 μM. It also inhibited myosin light chain kinase (a calmodulin-sensitive species of Ca2+-dependent protein kinase) competitively with respect to calmodulin, but with a higher Ki of 17.0 μM. Bacitracin, another polypeptide antibiotic, was much less active in inhibiting both enzymes. Polymyxin B and bacitracin were without effect on cyclic AMP-dependent and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinases. The findings indicate that polymyxin B, a surface active agent, effectively inhibited the phospholipid-sensitive enzyme presumably by interacting with phosphatidylserine.
Resources for the study of transcendentalist rhetoric: Emerson and Thoreau

(1978). Resources for the study of transcendentalist rhetoric: Emerson and Thoreau. Rhetoric Society Quarterly: Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 165-175.
Correlation of Haplotypes of a Fungal Plant Pathogen with their Respective Host Species of Origin.

ABSTRACT The anther smut fungus, Microbotryum violaceum, infects over 200 species of Caryophyllaceae (Pinks). However, limited published studies, as well as anecdotal evidence, suggest that each isolate of the fungus is restricted to one or a few species that it can productively infect. In the absence of physical differences, it would be useful to have molecular markers to identify individuals with specific host ranges prior to genetic analyses of host preference. With this purpose in mind, 17 isolates from eight different host species were characterized for differences in their respective γ-tubulin genes. The region of the gene including the sixth and seventh introns and some surrounding coding regions was amplified and sequenced and the results were analyzed phylogenetically. Despite the small sample size and the geographical distribution of their respective host plants, isolates from the same host species showed no differences in the DNA regions examined; isolates of closely related pathovars also grou...
Role of leukocyte depletion during cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegic arrest

Background. Leukocyte depletion (LD) has been shown to be beneficial during the reperfusion of acutely ischemic myocardium; however, its role during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in hearts protected with blood cardioplegia (BCP) is unknwon. This experimental study sought to determine whether LD filters inserted in the CPB circuit before cardioplegic arrest and in the BCP circuit during arrest would decrease ischemic myocardial damage. Methods. In 20 pigs, the second and third diagonal vessels were occluded for 90 minutes, followed by 45 minutes of BCP arrest and 180 minutes of reperfusion on CPB. In 5 pigs, LD filters were inserted in both the CPB and BCP circuits (LD-CPB+BCP). Five pigs had LD during BCP (LD-BCP), 5 pigs had LD during CPB (LD-CPB), and 5 pigs had no LD. Ischemic damage was assessed by wall motion scores using two-dimensional echocardiography and the area of necrosis/area of risk. Results. The LD-CPB and LD-CPB+BCP groups had the highest wall motion scores and the lowest area of necrosis/area of risk. The addition of LD to BCP alone did not significantly alter wall motion scores or the area of necrosis/area of risk. Conclusions. Leukocyte depletion filters significantly reduce ischemic damage during acute surgical revascularization and appear to be most effective when placed in the CPB circuit before cardoplegic arrest.
Contrasting instruction-fetch time and instruction-decode time branch prediction mechanisms: Achieving synergy through their cooperative operation

Abstract We present a new design in which two branch prediction mechanisms are used in conjunction. We show that the combination of these mechanisms will reduce branch penalty, while also reducing chip area.
Oral Tolerance in Myasthenia Gravisa

Because of the antibody-mediated pathogenesis of MG, it is of particular interest to understand the effects of oral administration of the autoantigen AChR on the disease process. It is now clear that feeding AChR prior to immunization can prevent clinical manifestation of EAMG. It initially primed, then inhibited, antibody responses to foreign (Torpedo) AChR and self (rat) AChR, with a delayed onset. Cellular responses to AChR, evaluated by lymphocyte proliferation and IL-2 production, were markedly inhibited. The effects were dependent on the dose and purity of the fed antigen. Tolerance to an orally administered unrelated antigen, OVA, was more prompt in development and more profound, illustrating the influence of the nature of the antigen on tolerance. The tolerance induced was antigen specific. Oral administration of AChR after immunization resulted in inhibition of the clinical manifestation of EAMG, concomitant with a paradoxical enhancement of the AChR-antibody responses. Both the clinical benefit and the antibody response appear to be dependent on the feeding protocol. These findings suggest that a molecule with less immunogenic potential than native AChR may be required for safe and effective oral treatment of ongoing disease.
In defense of danger: Sex, schools and the politics of discourse

In 2004, Ashbourne High School1 staged the first school-sponsored student performance of The Vagina Monologues, sparking a community controversy covered in the local and national media about the sexuality of minors. Through a content analysis of archival documents and media coverage, this study examines the discursive politics of this community debate over sex, youth, and schools. The author finds that underlying this community’s abundant and atypical support for sexual speech in school was a pervasive gendered discourse of sexual risk, one that transposed teen talk about sex into culturally defensible, protective social action.
Assessment and Use of NGR Instrumentation on the JOIDES Resolution to Quantify U, Th, and K Concentrations in Marine Sediment

Concentrations of uranium (U), thorium (Th), and potassium (K) in geological materials provide insight into many important lithological characteristics and geologic processes. In marine sediment, they can aid in identifying clay compositions, depositional environments, and diagenetic processes. They can also yield information about the alteration and heat production of rocks (Ketcham 1996; Barr et al., 2002; Revillon et al., 2002; Brady et al., 2006; Bartetzko, 2008). Measurements of the concentrations of these elements in geological materials are relatively straightforward in shore-based laboratories. Rapidly determining their abundance within cores of sedimentary and igneous rock sequences onboard a research vessel is a more challenging but potentially very useful method to non-destructively and quickly provide important geochemical information about the concentrations of U, Th, and K within the sequences being cored.
Prospective Acute Ischemic Stroke Outcomes After Endovascular Therapy: A Real-World Experience

Objective To report results of endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in patients who were not candidates for intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) or in whom IVT failed. Methods Prospectively collected data for patients treated between January 2006 and June 2009 were analyzed retrospectively. After careful patient and therapy selection, 213 AIS patients with a mean NIHSS score of 14.2 at presentation underwent intervention. End points analyzed were Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 2/3 reperfusion, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (SICH) rates, and 90-day outcomes (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] and mortality). Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was used to assess independent predictors of end points. Results Of 189 patients with anterior circulation occlusions, 135 were treated within 0–8 hours, 33 were treated after 8 or more hours, and 21 were treated after wake-up stroke (WUS). Among 24 patients treated with posterior circulation occlusions, 4 had WUS. After treatment, 72.3% patients had TIMI 2/3 reperfusion; SICH rate was 8.7%; at 90 days, 36.6% recovered to mRS 2 or less. SICH rate was higher in patients with anterior circulation strokes who received treatment 8 or more hours after symptom onset (odds ratio [OR] = 3.8) and patients with WUS (OR = 4.9). In patients treated within 8 hours of onset of symptoms of anterior circulation stroke, SICH rate was only 6.7%. There was no difference in outcomes in patients with WUS compared with patients treated less than 8 hours after stroke onset. Conclusions This is the first and largest prospective study to the authors' knowledge that shows endovascular therapy for AIS patients in a real-world setting. High recanalization rates with low SICH rates were achieved using careful patient and therapy selection.
Preparative elution of proteins blotted to Immobilon membranes.

Abstract Conditions for the preparative elution of proteins from Immobilon membranes after transfer of proteins to this matrix from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels have been established. Proteins were completely eluted from the membran at room temperature by short incubation in 50 m m Tris-HCl, pH 9.0, containing 2% SDS and 1% Triton X-100. Good protein recoveries were also obtained in the same buffer containing 1% Triton X-100 only. The efficiency of elution was practically independent of the molecular weight of proteins, the method allowed for the precise excision of protein bands, and the proteins eluted from the matrix were not degraded. In some cases it was possible to recover enzymatic activity of the eluted proteins.
Analysis of gamma rhythms in the rat hippocampus in vitro and in vivo.

1. We have shown previously, with experimental and computer models, how a ‘40 Hz’ (gamma) oscillation can arise in networks of hippocampal interneurones, involving mutual GABAA-mediated synaptic inhibition and a source of tonic excitatory input. Here, we explore implications of this model for some hippocampal network phenomena in the rat in vitro and in vivo. 2. A model network was constructed of 1024 CA3 pyramidal cells and 256 interneurones. AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid), NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate), GABAA and GABAB receptors were simulated on pyramidal cells and on interneurones. 3. In both model and experiment, the frequency of network oscillations, in the gamma range, depended upon three parameters: GABAA conductance and decay time constant in interneurone-->interneurone connections, and the driving current to the interneurones. 4. The model of gamma rhythm predicts an average zero phase lag between firing of pyramidal cells and interneurones, as observed in the rat hippocampus in vivo. The model also reproduces a gamma rhythm whose frequency changes with time, at theta frequency (about 5 Hz). This occurs when there is 5 Hz modulation of a tonic signal to chandelier and basket cells. 5. Synchronized bursts can be produced in the model by several means, including partial blockade of GABAA receptors or of AMPA receptors on interneurones, or by augmenting AMPA-mediated EPSCs. In all of these cases, the burst can be followed by a ‘tail’ of transiently occurring gamma waves, a phenomenon observed in the hippocampus in vivo following sharp waves. This tail occurs in the model because of delayed excitation of the interneurones by the synchronized burst. A tail of gamma activity was found after synchronized epileptiform bursts both in the hippocampal slice (CA3 region) and in vivo. 6. Our data suggest that gamma-frequency EEG activity arises in the hippocampus when pools of interneurones receive a tonic or slowly varying excitation. The frequency of the oscillation depends upon the strength of this excitation and on the parameters regulating the inhibitory coupling between the interneurones. The interneurone network output is then imposed upon pyramidal neurones in the form of rhythmic synchronized IPSPs.
Video tape recording: A provocative tool for the school psychologist

Abstract The video-tape recorder (VTR) is one of the newest and most versatile instruments available for collection of assessment and research data. It has been used by a psychological consultant to the schools (a) to collect observational data in order to complete referral information and formal test data, (b) to facilitate multiple consultation, and (c) to provide models for test administration for teachers or paraprofessionals. Innovative and imaginative use of the VTR is encouraged.
Ring closures from enecarbamoyl thiocyanates. Syntheses of 5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐4‐thio‐2,4(lH,3H)‐quinazolinediones and related compounds

Alkyl (1-cyclohexen-1-yl)carbamoyl chlorides (1) react with thiocyanate ion to form enecarbamoyl thiocyanates (2). In pyridine solution 2 readily isomerizes to the isothiocyanate 4, which however is not isolated, but immediately transformed in good yields to tetrahydro-4-thio-2,4(lH,3H)quinazolinediones (3). Various transformations of 3, including conversion to tetra-hydro-2,4(2H,4H)quinazolinedione (5), dithione (6), alkylation products (8 and 9), sodium salts 11 and Raney nickel degradation to 4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-l-methyl-2(1H)quinazolinone (7), were carried out to investigate their chemistry and substantiate structural assignments.
Abstracts in Relation to Larger and Smaller Discourse Structures

Students usually compose adequate descriptive abstracts, but many confuse summary abstracts with short paraphrases or descriptive abstracts. Textbooks define a summary abstract ambiguously, as a “mini-paper” and/or as a mere statement of an article's topic and conclusions; most textbooks maintain the conceptual distinction between summary and descriptive abstracts even though differences between the two types are blurred in practice. These irregularities are accounted for by a hypothesis: in all levels of discourse, from sentences to extended texts, general and specific components conserve the “shape” of information. Intermediate discourse components (e.g., sentential tense, the syllogistic middle term, or the body of a text) may be deleted to create a smaller equivalent discourse structure. The two polar abstract types represent polar (general vs. specific) text components. Common abstracting errors arise from two sources: failure to distinguish between an abstract as “mini-paper” and a short paraphrase ...
New Approaches to Managing Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

A number of new techniques have been studied for managing newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia and respiratory insufficiency. Among these have been the techniques of delayed approach to the repair of the diaphragmatic hernia; permissive hypercapnia; nitric oxide and surfactant administration; intratracheal pulmonary ventilation; liquid ventilation; perfluorocarbon-induced lung growth; and lung transplantation. These interventions are at various stages of development and evaluation of effectiveness. All, however, are being explored in the hopes of improving outcome in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia who continue to have significant morbidity and mortality in the newborn period.
Nation-Building, Collective Identity, and Language Choices: Between Instrumental and Value Rationalities

The discussion of the place of language in politics has generally revolved around its relationship to nation-building and ethnic conflict. Yet, these are not always causally connected nor is language easily given up for the sake of a greater national or individual good. Attitudes regarding language can be influenced by anticolonialist resentments, memories of past injustice, status paranoia, xenophobia, collective megalomania, religion, ideology, and the desire on the part of a group to base its collective identity on a demarcation from a real or imagined enemy. This applies to many dimensions of language policies, including officialization, alphabetization, gentrification, and glossonym changes. We argue that governments choose language policies for strategic reasons. Whether it is to legitimize or subordinate a language or whether or not the policy is itself the objective, these choices may have unintended consequences.
Dexamethasone suppression test, schizophrenia and movement disorder

The dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was administered to 20 patients with schizophrenic illness. Ten of these patients also had tardive dyskinesia (TD). The scores on TD and parkinsonism scales were significantly higher in DST nonsuppressors. There was also a significant positive correlation between the post-dexamethasone cortisol level and the movement disorder scales.
Scientific Methodology and Elementary School Mathematics

Investigations provide an exciting and relevant background for the study of mathematics. In this article children's conceptions of the laws of motion, introduced by Eckstein and Shemesh (1993), are extended with an emphasis placed upon the benefits to mathematics education. The focus is on the principle that the faster an object is moving when it is dropped, the greater the distance it will travel away from the drop point. The problems faced by a class of elementary school children who focus upon this experiment are described, and the impact of these problems upon the decisions made by the class are discussed. The use of mathematics in support of this experiment, particularly concepts of probability and statistics, are discussed, as well as suggestions for alternative methods of evaluating children's performance.
Pressure limited sustained off-resonance irradiation for collision-activated dissociation in Fourier transform mass spectrometry

A theoretical evaluation of the sustained off-resonance irradiation of ions (SORI) in the presence of a collisional buffer gas in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer is presented. It is shown that there is an optimal pressure for a given set of irradiation parameters corresponding to the most effective dissociation. Theoretical predictions are compared with experimental results for the dissociation of electrosprayed biopolymer ions and with previously accepted view of the SORI process.
A conservative method for selecting the best simulated system

Multinomial data are often produced in simulation experiments designed for comparing alternative system configurations. Since some simulation models are very complex and expensive to run, statistical methods are needed that work well for small sample sizes. The purpose of this article is to provide a conservative lower bound for the simultaneous confidence coefficient for confidence intervals for multinomial proportions of the form [email protected]^"i +/- s/@/n, i = 1, ... , k. This lower bound is conservative in the sense that it does not depend upon the asymptotic distribution of [email protected]^"i.
Analysis and Isolation of Living Motoneurons from Mammalian Spinal Cords by Flow Cytometry

Abstract Fluorescence-activated cell sorting, or flow cytometry, has been invaluable in analyzing heterogeneity and isolating cellular subsets of the immune system and other tissues. Flow cytometry can be very useful in studies of neurons and the nervous system, as well. This article describes a method for analyzing and isolating one class of neurons from the central nervous systems of embryonic rats and mice, namely, the motoneurons of the spinal cord. The method uses retrograde labeling with a fluorescent tracer to identify motoneurons in situ, and cell sorting to Isolate the labeled motoneurons after the labeled spinal cords have been dissociated. With this method, millions of living motoneurons can be Isolated with greater than 98% purity.
The Detection of Circulating Immune Complexes and IgG and IgM Rheumatoid Factors in Normal Human Pregnancy

The development of immune complexes (IC) and rheumatoid factors (RF) during normal, uncomplicated pregnancy is a controversial issue. Discrepancies in previous reports are due most likely to the different methods used to detect both IC and RF. Using four sensitive radioimmunoassays for immune complexes employing both Clq and mRF and employing sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays for the detection of IgM-RF and IgG-RF, we examined the sera of 35 normal subjects in their third trimester of pregnancy. Immune complex concentrations as measured by four assays were not increased during gestation. However, both IgM-RF and IgG-RF were significantly elevated even though the concentrations of immunoglobulins M and G were virtually identical to the controls. These observations provide further insight into the immunological changes associated with pregnancy. (Am J Reprod Immunol. 2:208-211.)
Operator algebras and the conjugacy of transformations

Abstract A family of algebras is associated with each continuous map on a compact Hausdorff space. These algebras are called conjugacy algebras. It is shown that two continuous maps are conjugate if and only if some conjugacy algebra of one is isomorphic to some conjugacy for the other. Numerous examples of conjugacy algebras are provided.
On the scaling of heat transfer using thermal flux gradients for fully developed turbulent channel and Couette flows

Abstract Wei et al. [T. Wei, P. Fife, J. Klewicki, P. McMurtry, Scaling heat transfer in fully developed turbulent channel flow, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 48 (2005) 5284–5296; T. Wei, P. Fife, J. Klewicki, P. McMurtry, Properties of the mean momentum balance in turbulent boundary layer, pipe and channel flows, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 522 (2005) 303–327; P. Fife, T. Wei, J. Klewicki, P. McMurtry, Stress gradient balance layers and scale hierarchies in wall-bounded turbulent flows, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 532 (2005) 165–189] proposed a new scaling for fully developed turbulent channel flow with constant heat flux at the walls. Their analysis was based on the description of the physical layer structure of the thermal energy field in wall turbulence using the unintegrated form of the mean energy equation. The present communication examines the applicability of this analysis for different turbulent velocity fields (plane Couette and plane Poiseuille flow). The data, obtained using a Lagrangian computational method, show good agreement with the Wei et al. approach and extend the range of Peclet numbers that Wei and coauthors have investigated.
Experimental evidence of host specificity of Bartonella infection in rodents

A large number of Bartonella species and genetic variants were compared for their ability to cause bacteremia in different rodent species: the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus), white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus), BALB/c mouse and Wistar rat. Experimental data supported field observations that host specificity can occur among certain Bartonella species and rodent species. Bacteremia could only be readily produced in cotton rats or white-footed mice if the strains used for inoculation were originally obtained from the same species or from a phylogenetically close species. A few Bartonella colonies could be observed in the blood of some BALB/c mice by 7 days after inoculation, but no evidence of the persistence of the infection was found. Host specificity suggests the possibility of a long co-speciation of Bartonella species with their rodent hosts. Host-parasite relationships measured by the duration and level of bacteremia and the minimal infectious dose may serve as additional criteria for classification of Bartonella isolates obtained from natural environments.
Adaptation of an Automated Assay for Determination of β‐Hydroxybutyrate in Dogs Using a Random Access Analyzer

An automated method for measuring beta-hydroxybutyrate was adapted to the Ciba-Corning 550 Express trade mark random access analyzer. The assay was based on a kinetic reaction utilizing hydroxybutyrate-dehydrogenase. Beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration (mmol/L) was calculated ratiometrically using a 1.0 mmol/l standard. Canine serum, plasma, and urine were used without prior deproteinization and only a 30-microliter sample was required. The method demonstrated good linearity between 0 to 2 mmol/l of beta-hydroxybutyrate. Analytical recovery (accuracy) within these concentrations ranged from 85.8 to 113.3%. Both within-run and day-to-day precision were determined, as was specificity of the assay in the presence of a variety of interfering substances. The automated assay was rapid and economical, with reagent stability maintained for at least 2 weeks at 4 degrees C. This assay can readily be applied toward the assessment of ketoacidosis in dogs, and with further validation, other species.
The enhancement of the ability of mouse sperm to survive freezing and thawing by the use of high concentrations of glycerol and the presence of an Escherichia coli membrane preparation (Oxyrase) to lower the oxygen concentration.

The cryobiological preservation of mouse spermatozoa has presented difficulties in the form of poor motilities or irreproducibility. We have hypothesized several underlying problems. One is that published studies have used concentrations of the cryoprotectant glycerol that are substantially lower (<0.3 M) than the ∼1 M concentrations that are optimal for most mammalian cells. Another may arise from the known high susceptibility of mouse sperm to free radical damage. We have been able to obtain high motilities in 0.8 M glycerol provided that the exposure time is held to ∼5 min to minimize toxicity and provided that the glycerol is added and removed stepwise to minimize osmotic shock. Since free radical damage in mouse sperm is proportional to the oxygen concentrations, we have determined the consequences of reducing the oxygen to <3% of atmospheric by maintaining the sperm in contact with an Escherichia coli membrane preparation, Oxyrase, from the moment of collection throughout the assessment of motility. Prior studies have shown that the procedure significantly reduces damage from centrifugation and osmotic shock. In the experiments reported here we obtained ∼50% motility relative to untreated controls when suspensions containing 3.8% Oxyrase were exposed ∼5 min to a solution of 0.8 M glycerol and 0.17 M (10%) raffinose in a supplemented PBS and then frozen at ∼25°C/min to −75°C. In the absence of Oxyrase, the normalized motility dropped to 31%. The protection by Oxyrase was in part a consequence of minimizing centrifugation damage, but in part it reflected a reduction in freeze–thaw damage. Preliminary experiments indicate that the number of motile sperm after cryopreservation in Oxyrase is higher when the sperm are collected without swim-up than when they are collected by swim-up. This is in part due to the fact that more cells are collected in the absence of swim-up and in part due to a greater protective effect of Oxyrase on those cells. The minimum temperature in these initial experiments was limited to −75°C to avoid the potential contribution of other injurious factors between −75 and −196°C.
Solid testicular mass in a 63-year-old man.

THE CASE 63-year-old man presented to our clinic with complaints of a right testicular mass. This mass Awas noted 3 weeks earlier while the patient was performing self-examination in the shower. He reported some aching but denied frank pain. He also denied voiding symptoms, gross hematuria, penile discharge, or weight loss; however, he reported rare night sweats. His urologic history was significant only for a right inguinal hydrocele repair, at age 13, and a vasectomy. His medical and surgical history was significant for coronary artery bypass, hypothyroidism, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. He had a remote 38 pack-year smoking history. On physical examination, the patient had a large fixed right testicular mass. Complete blood cell count and blood biochemistry results were within normal limits. Serum alpha-fetoprotein, b-human chorionic gonadotropin, and lactate dehydrogenase levels were not elevated. Scrotal ultrasound revealed small bilateral epididymal cysts, small bilateral hydroceles, and a normal-appearing left testicle. A heterogeneous. 6-cm well-circumcised solid mass was present on the inferior pole of the right testicle (Fig. 1). The mass appeared to have a capsule, although this finding could not be definitively determined from the ultrasound alone. Chest x-ray imaging did not show any pulmonary nodules. Computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis with contrast revealed small lymph nodes in the periaortic, internal and external iliac chain, and in the mesentery. The largest node was in the periaortic region, measuring 8 mm, while the other nodes were in a 5to 7-mm range.
On the angle and wavelength dependencies of the radar backscatter from the icy Galilean moons of Jupiter

This paper reports new developments in the buried crater model that has proved successful in explaining the anomalous strengths and polarizations of the radar echoes from the icy Galilean moons of Jupiter (Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto). The theory is extended to make predictions of the radar cross sections at all points on the surface of the moon, to compute the shape and strength of the power spectra, and to model a wavelength dependence that has been observed.