cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors Affecting the Respiratory Control Ratio of Rabbit Heart Mitochondria

Abstract Factors affecting the respiratory control ratio of isolated rabbit heart mitochondria have been studied. The magnitude of the control ratio was shown to be affected by the presence of endogenous substrates, the nature of exogenous substrate, and the concentrations of mitochondria and of adenosine triphosphate. Higher control ratios were obtained in the presence of endogenous substrates and at a high mitochondrial concentration while lower control ratios usually resulted from an increase in ATP concentration. The endogenous substrates appear to act by maintaining a high capacity for activated respiration. An increase in mitochondrial concentration tended to increase the State 3, and to decrease the State 4 Qoo2. An increase in ATP concentration tended to increase the State 4 rate. The respiratory control ratio of a single preparation may vary as a result of alterations in any one or several of these factors. The occurrence of "anomalous" State 3 to 4 transitions has been noted and possible origins of the effect are discussed.
Free vibration analysis of cantilever open-hole composite plates

The free vibration behavior of quasi-isotropic carbon fiber laminated composite plates containing circular holes with free-clamped boundary conditions are numerically, analytically, and experimentally investigated. Finite element models based on classical plate theory (Kirchhoff) and the shear deformable theory (Mindlin) within the framework of equivalent single-layer and layer-wise concepts as well as the three-dimensional theory of elasticity are developed. These models are created using the finite element software, Abaqus, to determine the natural frequencies and the corresponding mode shapes. In addition, an analytical model based on Kirchhoff plate theory is developed. Using this approach, an equivalent bending-torsion beam model for cantilever laminated plates is extracted taking into account the reduction in local stiffness and mass induced by the center hole. Experimental vibration analyses are carried out using an optically-based vibration measurement tool to extract the frequency response functions and to measure the natural frequencies. Numerical and analytical natural frequency values are then compared with those obtained through experimental vibrational tests, and the accuracy of each finite element (FE) and analytical model type is assessed. It is shown that the natural frequencies obtained using the analytical and FE models are within 8% of the experimentally determined values.
Two-Dimensional Convolution

Convolution derives its importance for time-dependent signal processing in a fundamental way. Input and output signals need not be related through convolution, but they are if (and only if) the processor is linear and time invariant. Now these two conditions are just those that are met very commonly indeed in analogue systems. Therefore, convolution is exactly what we want for the neat expression of the cause-effect relationship in a large fraction of all signal transmission systems, both natural and artificial.
Effect of nonlocal metal-dielectric environments on concentration quenching of HITC dye

We have experimentally demonstrated the inhibition of luminescence self-quenching in heavily doped HITC:PMMA polymeric films in vicinity of lamellar metal-dielectric metamaterials with hyperbolic dispersion and metallic surfaces.
Risk Stratification in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Highly Effective, But Could It Be Better?

Since its clinical inception over 50 years ago, the most visible complication of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) has been the risk for sudden arrhythmic death, particularly in young asymptomatic people.1 The introduction and penetration of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator into clinical practice for HCM has, over the last 15 years, resulted in a precipitous decrease in sudden death events.2 This alteration in the clinical course of HCM for many patients has been possible because of the evolution and maturation of the risk stratification algorithm used in this disease in accord with the 2011 US/Canada American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association management guidelines to identify and target at-risk patients who would most likely benefit from implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for primary prevention of sudden death.3 See Article by Hiemstra et al Nevertheless, HCM is a particularly heterogeneous genetic heart disease, and a minority of patients who experience cardiac arrest are not prospectively identified by either the conventional risk markers used in the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association recommendations or the statistical/mathematical risk model proposed by the European Society of Cardiology.3,4 Therefore, there is ample justification to develop new clinical markers that can recognize additional at-risk HCM patients, such as has occurred recently with the introduction of extensive late gadolinium enhancement by contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance.5 In this issue of the Journal, Hiemstra …
Evaluating safety of thrombolysis in chronic kidney disease patients presenting with pulmonary embolism using propensity score matching.

To assess the safety of thrombolytic therapy in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients who present with pulmonary embolism (PE). We used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database to identify patients who underwent thrombolysis for PE between 2010 and 2014. The patients were divided into two groups: (1) No CKD and (2) CKD. Patients with and without CKD were matched using 1:1 propensity score matching and a caliper width of 0.01. The primary outcomes were in-hospital mortality and hemorrhagic events. The secondary outcomes were blood transfusions, length of stay and total hospitalization charge. Two separate, multivariate analyses were also performed to determine the predictors for primary outcomes. The No CKD group had 16,238 and CKD group had 1341 patients prior to matching. Patients with CKD were older (Median age 67 vs. 57 years; p < 0.01), male (60.6 vs. 51.8%) and had a higher prevalence of coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and prior stroke among other comorbidities. They also had significantly higher rate of in-hospital mortality (OR 1.66) and hemorrhagic events (OR 1.47) prior to matching. Post-matching, there was no difference in hospital mortality (22.9 vs. 21.8%; p = 0.51) or hemorrhagic events (3.8 vs. 3.0%; p = 0.27) between CKD and No CKD groups. Patients with CKD had a longer length of stay, but no difference in proportion of patients receiving a blood transfusion and total hospitalization charges post-matching. Multivariate analysis showed that CKD did not predict mortality (OR 0.88, 0.75–1.02; p = 0.09) or hemorrhagic events (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.76–1.04; 0.13). There was no increase in rate of hospital mortality or hemorrhagic events among CKD patients who underwent thrombolysis for PE.
SAFETY OF THORACIC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN PATIENTS WITH PACEMAKERS AND DEFIBRILLATORS

During magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), pacemaker and defibrillator leads can focus energy onto the myocardium causing heating and arrhythmias in animal models. Direct exposure of the devices to the magnetic field in thoracic MRI could potentially augment this risk. However no data is currently
What Don’t We Know About Group Work?

As editor of The Journal for Specialists in Group Work (JSGW), I’m constantly in awe and amazed by the interesting and novel manuscripts that are submitted to our journal each month. The manuscript...
Temporal Bone and Skull Base

The external auditory canal is comprised of an outer cartilaginous and an inner bony part and is covered entirely by skin. The tympanic membrane is located in an osseous groove (tympanic annulus) and forms a complex angle, roughly about 55° with the sagittal plane. The normal tympanic membrane may not be visible on CT scans. The anterosuperior portion of the tympanic membrane is comprised of the pars flaccida, and the remainder is the pars tensa. The pars flaccida is the most common site of cholesteatoma formation. The handle of the malleus is attached to the pars tensa (Fig. 8.1).
Emerging trends and technologies in the computer industry: keynote address Friday, April 3, 2009

In his keynote address, Mr. Jackson will deliver a dynamic and forward-looking talk linking together emerging/current trends/usages (ultra mobility, social networking, visualization) and emerging technologies (low power-high perf, wi-max, GPUs).
Beta adrenergic antagonists and antianginal drugs

Abstract Beta adrenergic antagonists and antianginal drugs are used with the aim to decrease negative outcomes such as cardiovascular related mortality as well as alleviate symptoms such as angina. Each class has a variety of actual or potential side effects associated with their use. These medications are discussed in the following chapter with a focus on side effects as described in current literature. Evidence presented should be used in context and may aid clinical decision making through identification of appropriate monitoring for actual or potential side effects. Search included selected results published from January 2017 to December 2017 written in English in this review.
Overcoming the Memory Bottleneck in Auxiliary Field Quantum Monte Carlo Simulations with Interpolative Separable Density Fitting

We investigate the use of interpolative separable density fitting (ISDF) as a means to reduce the memory bottleneck in auxiliary field quantum Monte Carlo (AFQMC) simulations of real materials in Gaussian basis sets. We find that ISDF can reduce the memory scaling of AFQMC simulations from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text]. We test these developments by computing the structural properties of carbon in the diamond phase, comparing to results from existing computational methods and experiment.
Experimental and numerical investigation of nonlinear dynamics and snap-through boundaries of post-buckled laminated composite plates

Abstract Thermally-buckled composite panels of high-speed aircraft may experience dynamic snap-through due to aerodynamic loading, which can accelerate damage growth. Therefore, understanding post-buckled dynamic responses can be an important step in developing reliable simulation tools to predict consequent damage growth. To address this issue, this work experimentally and numerically investigates nonlinear dynamics and snap-through boundaries of post-buckled laminated composite plates under various harmonic loading scenarios. Full-field and single-point sensing methods are used to explore the spatio-temporally complex behavior and parameter sensitivity of post-buckled plates. Based on the full-field data of the specimen's static buckled shape, a numerical model was generated using an in-house finite element code, which was written in MATLAB based on the classical laminated plate theory along with nonconforming (semi-C1 continuity) cubic Hermite elements and Rayleigh damping. The simulation results including numerical snap-through boundaries showed an excellent agreement with the experimental observations, thereby providing robust validation of the model. The experimental and numerical data obtained through this work provide a benchmark for the development of an efficient dynamic model for simulation of damage growth in composite structures subjected to high-frequency dynamic loading.
Abstract TP572: Electrocardiogram T Wave Abnormalities are Associated With the Total Burden of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack

Introduction: Electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities are commonly seen in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We aimed to determine the influence of the underlying brain state as measured by ...
Removal of estrogenic compounds via iron electrocoagulation: impact of water quality and assessment of removal mechanisms

Estrogenic compounds pose a range of ecological and public health risks. They are not readily removed via conventional drinking water treatment and are thus listed on the EPA Contaminant Candidate List. Electrocoagulation is an alternative drinking water treatment process that generates coagulations in situ and offers potential for removal of organic micropollutants via redox reactions and anodic oxidation. An iron electrocoagulation bench-scale batch reactor was used to investigate the influence of water quality parameters and removal mechanism of four estrogenic compounds, estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2). High pH (pH 9.5) yielded greater removal than neutral and low pH (pH = 5.5). Turbidity and dissolved organic carbon had minimal impact on removal of estrogenic compounds. Removal mechanisms were elucidated via a series of experiments to identify the role of adsorption and oxidation; direct anodic oxidation at the anode surface was likely the primary removal mechanism. Oxidation, including at the anode surface and from reactive oxygen species, accounted for an estimated 55% to 68% of removal. Using the oxidant scavenger's tert-butyl alcohol and methanol it was determined that reactive oxygen species, possibly hydroxyl radicals and ferryl iron, likely contributed to ≤22% of estrogen removal. Examination of transformation products confirmed E1 was a transformation product of EE2, and E3 was a transformation product of E2. Removal due to adsorption to electrocoagulation iron flocs was ≤5% for E1, E2, and E3, and accounted for 22% of EE2 removal. Conventional jar tests revealed that estrogen removal due to enmeshment in flocs accounted for <9% removal of E1, E2, and E3 and approximately 30% for EE2 with ferric sulfate and <24% for E1, E2, and E3 and approximately 42% for EE2 with ferrous sulfate. Electric energy per order was much larger for EC compared to other oxidation technologies reported in the literature.
Bacterial arginine kinases have a highly skewed distribution within the proteobacteria.

Abstract Phosphagen kinases (PKs) are known to be distributed throughout the animal kingdom, but have recently been discovered in some protozoan and bacterial species. A recent search of the available bacterial genomes revealed 49 unique sequences that appear to code for an arginine kinase (AK). The distribution of sequences was highly skewed with thirty nine out the forty nine sequences being found in six Proteobacteria classes (α, β, δ, γ, e, and ζ) which represented 46.6% of the 61,335 bacterial genomes available at JGI-IMG/M website. Moreover, twenty one of the unique and metagenome bAK sequences identified were from δ-Proteobacteria despite these representing only 0.88% of the total genomes available. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the bacterial AK sequences were interpersed between basal species such as cnidarians, sponges and protozoa, displaying an unstable clustering that was dependent upon the parameters chosen for phylogenetic analysis. Three of these putative bacterial AK genes were cloned into the pET45 expression vector, expressed, and biochemically confirmed to be capable of phosphorylating arginine using ATP. Results of the kinetic analyses of the putative bAKs from Ahrensia, D. autotrophicum, and O. profundus show that the catalytic efficiencies with respect to arginine for each enzyme, measured at 104–105 M−1 s−1, fall within the range expected for competent arginine kinases.
Antioxidant-upregulated mesenchymal stem cells reduce inflammation and improve fatty liver disease in diet-induced obesity

The incidence of obesity and diabetes is increasing rapidly. Optimal management is still elusive. Obesity associated with type 2 diabetes is known to cause adipose tissue inflammation, increase oxidative stress, and cause white fat hyperplasia and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this study, we investigated whether mitochondrial and cytosolic antioxidant-upregulated mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) delivery reduces oxidative stress and subsequently improves glucose tolerance, reduce systemic inflammation, and improves fatty liver disease in diet-induced obese (DIO) mouse models. Antioxidant genes Sod2 (mitochondrial) and catalase (cytosolic) or null (control) were upregulated in human adipose tissue-derived MSCs using adenoviral constructs. Modified MSCs were then delivered intraperitoneally into mice that were fed a 45% or 60% high-fat diet (HFD), and animals were followed for 4 weeks. Over 4 weeks, body weight remained stable; however, we noted a significant reduction in liver fat content by histological analysis and liver triglyceride assay. Triglyceride assay (p < 0.01) confirmed reduced liver fat accumulation in animals that received either Sod2- or Cat-MSCs. There was a lower plasma level of inflammatory marker TNFα, measured in mice that were fed either 45% or 60% HFD and received Sod2- or Cat-MSCs, indicating reduced systemic inflammation. Ucp1 mRNA was upregulated approximately 100–1000-fold for omental fat and 10–100-fold for pericardial fat compared to the Null-MSC-receiving group. Pcgc1a and Prdm16 mRNA upregulation was also noted particularly for pericardial fat. Glucose tolerance showed a positive improvement trend with a lower area under the curve (AUC) values for both Sod2- and Cat-MSCs groups in comparison to control. For mice fed with 60% HFD and that received Sod2-MSCs, glucose levels were significantly lower than control (*p < 0.05) at a time point of 60 min in the glycemic curve during glucose tolerance test. Reduction of oxidative stress post-antioxidant-upregulated MSC delivery, intraperitoneally, reduces systemic inflammation and fat accumulation in the liver. There is evidence of an increase in browning of white adipose tissue depots with concomitant improvement of glucose tolerance in a weight-independent fashion. Antioxidant-upregulated MSC delivery may be a safe yet effective therapy for obesity and prediabetes and improves related complication such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN SOCIAL JUDGEMENTS RELATE TO SOCIAL EXPERIENCE ON THE JOB FOR OLDER ADULTS

Older adults (OA) are worse than young adults (YA) at recognizing emotional facial expressions (Ruffman, Henry, Livingstone, & Phillips, 2008). In particular, age differences in anger recognition remain even when other emotions improve via additional context (e.g., Richter, Dietzel, & Kunzmann, 2011; Stanley & Isaacowitz, 2015). We investigated whether job experiences with greater social components would relate to better anger recognition and interpersonal perception in OA. We expected OA who held jobs with more social requirements would be better at anger recognition and interpersonal perception, but that this would differ by gender. OA (N=194) reported their present job and completed an emotion perception task and the Interpersonal Perception Task-15 (IPT-15; Costanzo & Archer, 1989). Ratings from the O*Net database were used to determine the degree of social requirements (0-100) for reported jobs. For older females, more social experience in their present job was related to better anger recognition (r =.45,p=.014). More face-to-face experience in the job held the longest was related to better overall emotion perception in older females (r=.20,p=.047). For older males, more social experience in their present job was related to worse anger recognition (r=-.45, p=.029). More coordination and leadership experience in the job held the longest was related to better interpersonal perception in older males (r =.28, p=.010). These results suggest gender is important when examining the degree to which social experience in the workplace relates to social judgments. Future work should investigate whether gender differences in subordinate vs leadership roles can account for these findings.
Current Trends in Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Applications and Match Rates.

Author(s): Trikha, Rishi; Keswani, Aakash; Ishmael, Chad R; Greig, Danielle; Kelley, Benjamin V; Bernthal, Nicholas M | Abstract: BACKGROUND:The current U.S. orthopaedic residency application process is becoming increasingly impersonal in the wake of an increasing number of applications. Through an analysis of orthopaedic surgery residency application statistics, we have highlighted the effect that the number of orthopaedic applications has on match rate, and we have suggested methods for a more personalized application process. METHODS:Data from the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) and the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) for United States orthopaedic residency applicants from 2008 to 2018 were collected. These data included the average number of applications submitted per applicant, the average number of applications received per program, the total number of residency positions offered in the U.S., the total number of U.S. applicants, and the total number of U.S. applicants who matched to a U.S. orthopaedic surgery residency program. U.S. applicant match rates and the average number of applications received per residency position offered were calculated. Linear regression models were used to determine the rate at which these variables changed over time. RESULTS:The average number of applications submitted by an applicant increased from 46.5 in 2008 to 74.9 in 2018. The average number of applications received per residency position offered increased from 54.1 in 2008 to 85.7 in 2018. The number of U.S. applicants was 740 in 2008 and 849 in 2018. The number of U.S. orthopaedic residency programs only slightly increased from 160 in 2008 to 171 in 2018. The match rate for U.S. medical school applicants has remained stable from 2008 to 2018 at a mean of 76.9% and a standard deviation of 2.3%. CONCLUSIONS:The match rate has remained stable from 2008 to 2018 despite an increase in the number of applications per position. This discrepancy suggests that increasing the number of submitted applications may not correlate with applicant success. We address this discrepancy and suggest methods that can potentially allow for a more targeted orthopaedic application experience.
CORP: Assessing author compliance with data presentation guidelines for manuscript figures

The present study was undertaken to address the concern that author compliance with American Physiological Society (APS) journal instructions to authors for data presentation in manuscript figures is inadequate. Common instances of noncompliance are omitted molecular weight markers for immunoblots and bar graphs lacking individual data points. The American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology (AJP-Heart and Circ) editorial team designed a program to assess figure data presentation in submitted manuscripts. The intended outcome was to improve author compliance with APS data presentation guidelines and to improve overall rigor and reproducibility in articles published in AJP-Heart and Circ. The AJP-Heart and Circ team invited 37 peer reviewers to participate in a figure reviewer project (FRp). Over a period of five months, 32 first-revision manuscripts were enrolled in the FRp. Each manuscript was reviewed by the original peer reviewers and an additional figure reviewer (FR). Post-peer review, corresponding authors and FRs were surveyed for insight into their experiences. Of the 32 corresponding authors invited, 20 (63%) responded to the survey. In response to the survey, 100% of respondents stated that peer review was performed in a timely fashion despite the additional FR. When asked whether the FR experience had any effect on how one would present data in manuscript figures in future submissions, 65% of authors and 83% of FRs said yes. In addition, 63% of authors responding agreed that the overall quality of their figures was improved after revising based on FR comments. This exercise resulted in improved compliance with APS data presentation guidelines and changed attitudes among both authors and reviewers as to the need for consistent and clear data presentation in manuscript figures.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The goal of the American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology figure reviewer program was to improve author compliance with existing APS data presentation instructions for manuscript figures. The result was an improvement in compliance with these guidelines. Time from submission to final decision did not significantly increase for papers with the additional figure reviewer, and both figure reviewers and corresponding authors reported positive feedback in post-program surveys.
77 Identifying victims of firearm assault in Indianapolis through police and clinical data

Statement of Purpose The largest obstacle to advancing the scientific understanding of firearm assault is the lack of integrated and reliable data. This study links police and clinical data to fill this gap. Methods/Approach A descriptive study of firearm assault victims; Indianapolis, Indiana between 2014 – 2016 (N=1469). Clinical data were accessed from Indiana Network for Patient Care (INPC) that captures ER visit data from all hospital systems within Indianapolis. Police data were obtained from the Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department (IMPD) and linked to INPC using individual identifiers and deterministic and probabilistic linkage. Assault victims were identified based on ICD 9/10 diagnoses and police report title (Aggravated Assault-Gun, Armed Robbery). Keywords (gunshot, person shot, etc.) were searched in both INPC and IMPD text fields. Descriptive statistics of sociodemographic characteristics were calculated for all firearm assault victims. The overlap and non-overlap within the clinical and police data systems are described and multivariable analyses conducted. Results The majority of firearm victims in both police and clinical systems were of minority race (84%) and male (89%). Results indicate that of the 1,469 firearm assaults identified in police data, 1,250 (85%) had an ED encounter within 24 hours. Of those 1,250 encounters, 1,076 (86%) included a diagnosis code indicating a gunshot wound mechanism, however, only 417 (33%) of these were coded as an assault-related diagnosis code. Conclusions These findings indicate the need to use and link both police and clinical data to better identify firearm assault victims. These linked data allow us to measure a broader set of correlates among firearm assault victims. Significance and Contributions to Injury and Violence Prevention Science This study links police and clinical data at the individual level and gives us an unprecedented ability to identify and describe characteristics of firearm assault victims in the police and clinical systems.
Democratic and Autocratic Nation Building

There are two main trends in the field of nation-building studies. One subset of the field focuses on democratic nation building, seeking to answer questions of how people can live together in divided societies and presenting institutional recommendations. The other subset examines autocratic nation building, or how those in power utilize nation building to maintain their position of dominance. Scholars examine both types of nation building from above, examining government policies and elite action, and from below, analyzing the practices and emotions of non-elites. While there has been much progress in the field of nation-building studies, I suggest that we focus more on the conceptual differences between democratic and autocratic nation building, address the interactions of elites and non-elites in nation-building practices, and disaggregate analyses to take into account in-country variation in nation building.
Quarantine Reflections: Virtual Clerkships, Real Patients

During my first year of medical school, an encounter involving something as simple as measuring a patient’s BMI left me blindsided. But it taught me, in a very visceral way, about the complexity of the profession into which we have entered. As we progress through our “virtual clerkships” for the time being, let us not forget about the very real patients who have shaped our journeys thus far.
A Near-Peer Educational Model for Online, Interactive Learning in Emergency Medicine

Author(s): Rosenthal, Hailey B.; Sikka, Neha; Lieber, Adam C.; Sanky, Charles; Cayon, Christian; Newman, Daniel; Marquez, Denisse R.; Ziff, Jacob; Blum, James R.; Dai, Jennifer B.; Groden, Phillip; Pasik, Sara; Pour, Trevor | Abstract: Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic led to a large disruption in the clinical education of medical students, particularly in-person clinical activities. To address the resulting challenges faced by students interested in emergency medicine (EM), we proposed and held a peer-led, online learning course for rising fourth-year medical students.Methods: A total of 61 medical students participated in an eight-lecture EM course. Students were evaluated through pre- and post-course assessments designed to ascertain perceived comfort with learning objectives and overall course feedback. Pre- and post-lecture assignments were also used to increase student learning.Results: Mean confidence improved in every learning objective after the course. Favored participation methods were three-person call-outs, polling, and using the “chat” function. Resident participation was valued for “real-life” examples and clinical pearls.Conclusion: This interactive model for online EM education can be an effective format for dissemination when in-person education may not be available.
Prenatal exposure to metals and autism spectrum disorder: Current status and future directions

Abstract Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder with genetic and environmental contributors to etiology. Many metals have the potential to be neurotoxic, and their exposures are widespread. The field of metals exposure and ASD research is emerging, and in this review article, we assess the current state of the literature, with emphasis on the previous 2 years. Epidemiology studies are discussed with respect to exposure timing, exposure matrix, and outcome assessment. Toxicology studies are described for exposure dosing and timing, as well as behavioral and molecular outcomes. Further epidemiological and toxicological investigations can identify the timing and importance of metals as ASD risk factors and uncover biological mechanisms for risk mitigation and therapeutic strategies.
An Unusual Conversation about Dying during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Neurosurgery Resident's Experience.

As a neurosurgery resident physician, I am tasked with assisting patients and families in making life changing decisions. During the coronavirus pandemic, these decisions have become increasingly c...
Intermodulation Radar with Dynamic Fundamental Tone Cancellation for Linearity Improvement

Intermodulation radar takes advantage of device nonlinear behavior for enhanced target detection. By selectively down-converting intermodulation tones at the radar receiver, it can distinguish nonlinear targets from linear background. One challenge of designing intermodulation radars is the linearity of the transceiver. The linearity of the receiver is critical for effectively suppressing the potentially stronger fundamental tones received by the receiver. In this paper, an intermodulation radar receiver with dynamic fundamental tone cancellation is proposed to relax the linearity requirement for the receiver. The impact of the phase and amplitude mismatch between the cancellation tones and the received tones is studied to understand specifications and performance limits of the proposed architecture.
The effect of salinity fluctuation in freshwater streams on the fecundity of post-diapause Chironomus dilutus.

Much scientific research dedicated to understanding the effects of freshwater salinization caused by road de-icing salts has utilized static exposures, with many tests conducted at winter or spring temperatures. While relevant for lentic ecosystems, pulsed patterns of salinity occur in lotic environments, particularly in summer months where precipitation can decrease elevated salinity levels caused by retention of residual salts. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of pulsed patterns of salinity on the emergence, sex ratio, and fecundity of Chironomus dilutus over two generations of laboratory exposure. Three road de-icing salt treatments, including a control, modeled after environmental monitoring data of two local streams, were used to determine the ecological effects of periodic declines in salinity on C. dilutus at summer temperatures. No significant effects were observed on emergence success or sex ratios within or across generations, but fecundity of C. dilutus in the high salt treatment was reduced regardless of generation (P < 2e−16), possibly due to increased osmoregulatory stress caused by increased salinities. The intermediate and decreasing salinities may account for the lack of negative effects on emergence success and sex ratios by protecting sensitive life stages. More research is needed on long-term effects of reduced fecundity on population viability. The current study suggests more research using a similar experimental design is needed to fully evaluate the influence of road de-icing salts in lotic environments, as static laboratory exposures may not accurately reflect environmental changes in salinity.
The indiscriminate vector: Human distribution ofDlchondra micrantha (Convolvulaceae)

The complex movements of humans, the variety of organisms they purposefully and accidentally carry with them, and taxonomic confusion have partly obscured the transport of this cultivated ornamental and medicinal plant. Several lines of evidence indicate an American origin for this species. The data include: (1) greatest species richness in the Americas; (2) phylogenetic placement of D. micrantha with North American taxa D. recurvata and D. donelliana; (3) D. micrantha being the only species present in Cuba; (4) Chinese names and medicinal uses for the plants that suggest a recent adoption of D. micrantha, perhaps because of morphological similarity with Centella asiatica. Dichondra micrantha was present in several parts of Asia and the Americas by the 1800s. Most of these places were on sailing trade routes. Therefore, it appears that D. micrantha has been moved around the world by humans for 200–500 years. Humans continue spreading the species, and for the past few decades thousands of pounds of 2 × 1 mm seeds have been shipped around the world annually by American companies.
Chapter 15: Immunoelectron Microscopy of Endosomal Trafficking in Macrophages Infected with Microbial Pathogens

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses immunoelectron microscopy of endosomal trafficking in macrophages infected with microbial pathogens. Immunoelectron microscopy provides a powerful tool for the elucidation of intracellular trafficking pathways that can either deliver or remove material from the microbe-containing vacuole. The results provide information about the relative position of the compartment within the endosomal network and the extent to which the pathogen has induced “aberrant” behavior in its host vacuole. This chapter outlines some approaches that have been used for the analysis of murine bone marrow macrophages infected with either Leishmania or Mycobacterium . The relative pathogenicity of the microbe to its host cell must be considered in the design of these experiments. Both Leishmania and Mycobacterium form extremely stable interactions with the host cell, and it is feasible to establish longer-term experiments examining infections from the point of initial infection up to two weeks later. The biotin–streptavidin interaction is examined to detect the trafficking of a range of different ligands or fluid phase markers in infected macrophages.
Cloning and expression of cyclosporin A- and FK506-sensitive nuclear factor of activated T-cells : NF45 and NF90

Nuclear Factor of Activated T-cells (NF-AT) is a crucial transcription factor required for T-cell expression of interleukin 2. Purified NF-AT contains 45-kDa and 90-kDa subunits (Corthesy, B., and Kao, P. N. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 20682-20690). Partial internal amino acid sequences derived from each subunit indicate that these proteins are novel. The amino acid sequences were used to clone the cDNAs encoding each subunit. The cDNAs predict proteins of novel structures: NF45 has limited similarity to prokaryotic transcription factor sigma-54 and to human DNA topoisomerase II; NF90 has limited similarity to Drosophila Staufen in a domain predicted to bind double-stranded RNA. RNA encoding NF45 and NF90 exists in nonstimulated Jurkat T-cells and in all other cell types examined (HeLa, HepG2, K562). Immunofluorescence microscopy was used to demonstrate that both proteins are located in the nucleus of Jurkat T-cells. Clones NF45 and NF90 with a polyhistidine fusion tag were transiently expressed and processed in the native environment of Jurkat T-cells. Histidine-tagged NF45 and NF90 proteins, affinity-purified on nickel chelate columns, encode a NF-AT DNA-binding activity that is enhanced following T-cell stimulation, and this enhancement is blocked when T-cells are stimulated in the presence of cyclosporin A or FK506.
An Airway Management Device: The Laryngeal Mask Airway—A Review

The laryngeal mask airway (LMA) is an airway management device that has become an accepted part of anesthetic practice in both pediatric and adults surgical patients. It is inserted without the use of a laryngoscope or muscle relaxants into the hypopharynx forming a low pressure seal around the glottis. The LMA provides a better airway than a face mask with or without an oral airway. Insertion techniques are quickly learned and are described in this review. Since the LMA forms a less secure seal than an endotracheal tube (ETT), several important limitations and contraindications exist. This includes patients at high risk for regurgitation of gastric contents into the lungs causing pulmonary aspiration and patients requiring high ventilatory pressures or prolonged ventilation. These contraindications have limited its introduction and utilization in the intensive care unit (ICU). The LMA is a helpful tool in the management of both the expected and unexpected difficult airway, where it may serve both as an e...
Purification of proteins using foam fractionation

Purification is an important step in the production of pharmaceuticals from recombinant proteins. The characteristics of industrial-scale purification schemes, such as conventional chromatography, have a significant impact on the cost of production. Foam fractionation, a novel separation technique based upon the differences in affinities of components for the gas/aqueous interface of a foam, has the potential to be a cost-effective component in a purification scheme. This review covers some of the more recent studies in understanding the process and applications of foam fractionation in protein-containing systems with special attention to the requirements of pharmaceutical products.
Neutron study of the magnetic-moment distribution in Co-Mn alloys

Magnetization and polarized-neutron diffuse-scattering measurements were made on Co-Mn alloys to determine the effects of local environment on their magnetic moment distributions. Results show that the average ferromagnetic moment of Mn is small (approx.0.3..mu../sub B/) and antiparallel to the Co moments, which are large but decrease rapidly with increasing Mn content. Local environment effects are mainly confined to the Co moments with no indication of spatially correlated Mn moment fluctuations. It is concluded that the small Mn moment, relative to that usually observed for Mn in fcc alloys, is not due to a static distribution of parallel and antiparallel Mn moments. A dynamic fluctuation, as suggested by Jo and Miwa, may account for this low Mn moment.
Defining Requirements for ad hoc Coalition Systems during Disasters

The advent of terrorist threats has heightened local, regional, and national governments' interest in emergency response and disaster preparedness. The threat of natural disasters also challenges emergency responders to act swiftly and in a coordinated fashion. When a disaster occurs, an ad hoc coalition of pre-planned groups usually forms to respond to the incident. History has shown that these "system of systems" do not interoperate very well. Communications between fire, police and rescue components either do not work or are inefficient. Recent disasters, such as Hurricane Katrina and the tsunami in Indonesia, have illuminated the weaknesses in emergency response. This paper will discuss the need for defining requirements for components of ad hoc coalitions which are formed to respond to disasters.
Finite temperature QCD

Abstract Recent results for finite temperature lattice QCD are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the question of whether current lattice results for the QCD phase transition are significantly distorted by the relatively coarse lattice spacings employed to date.
Putting FrameNet Data into the ISO Linguistic Annotation Framework

This paper describes FrameNet (Lowe et al., 1997; Baker et al., 1998; Fillmore et al., 2002), an online lexical resource for English based on the principles of frame semantics (Fillmore, 1977a; Fillmore, 1982; Fillmore and Atkins, 1992), and considers the FrameNet database in reference to the proposed ISO model for linguistic annotation of language resources (ISO TC37 SC4 )(ISO, 2002; Ide and Romary, 2001b). We provide a data category specification for frame semantics and FrameNet annotations in an RDF-based language. More specifically, we provide a DAML+OIL markup for lexical units, defined as a relation between a lemma and a semantic frame, and frame-to-frame relations, namely Inheritance and Subframes. The paper includes simple examples of FrameNet annotated sentences in an XML/RDF format that references the project-specific data category specification.
Transformation and animation of mobility traces

A method for transforming mobility traces of a mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) into a virtual network topology and for graphically animating and editing them is described in this paper. Examples of heterogeneous mobility traces used in this study were generally time-stamped positions of each participating node in a MANET, but they were structured differently in diverse file formats and came from different sources. The files storing the traces presented in this paper consisted of ldquotickrdquo files created by Sparta, Inc.; Qualnet/Glomosim files generated from the Web-based generic mobility simulation framework (GMSF); ldquoAHASrdquo files taken from field exercises; and internally produced topology-definition files storing specifications for creating a virtual network topology. The presented method enables the use of externally generated mobility traces to serve three major research purposes: (1) providing a graphical aid in the study of movement patterns, (2) animating a dynamic network topology, and (3) creating derivatives to fit a particular need using a topology-definition tool that was developed by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) called the ARL Topodef Tool. Detailed data structures of the transformed mobility traces and screenshots of their network topologies are also included in this paper. The method was recently implemented and added to the ARL Topodef tool to provide its users a way to leverage existing resources and re-use mobility traces, and thus it reduced internal development effort and enabled the try-out of mobility scenarios developed by others more conveniently.
Selective CdTe Nanoheteroepitaxial Growth on Si(100) Substrates Using the Close-Spaced Sublimation Technique Without the Use of a Mask

The development of HgCdTe detectors requires high sensitivity, small pixel size, low defect density, long-term thermal-cycling reliability, and large-area substrates. CdTe bulk substrates were initially used for epitaxial growth of HgCdTe films. However, CdTe has a lattice mismatch with long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) and middle-wavelength infrared (MWIR) HgCdTe that results in detrimental dislocation densities above mid-106 cm−2. This work explores the use of CdTe/Si as a possible substrate for HgCdTe detectors. Although there is a 19% lattice mismatch between CdTe and Si, the nanoheteroepitaxy (NHE) technique makes it possible to grow CdTe on Si substrates with fewer defects at the CdTe/Si interface. In this work, Si(100) was patterned using photolithography and dry etching to create 500-nm to 1-μm pillars. CdTe was selectively deposited on the pillar surfaces using the close-spaced sublimation (CSS) technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the CdTe selective growth and grain morphology, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to analyze the structure and quality of the grains. CdTe selectivity was achieved for most of the substrate and source temperatures used in this study. The ability to selectively deposit CdTe on patterned Si(100) substrates without the use of a mask or seed layer has not been observed before using the CSS technique. The results from this study confirm that CSS has the potential to be an effective and low-cost technique for selective nanoheteroepitaxial growth of CdTe films on Si(100) substrates for infrared detector applications.
Controllable and Switchable Drug Delivery of Ibuprofen from Temperature Responsive Composite Nanofibers

Composited electrospun nanofibers made of temperature-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) and biodegradable poly (e-caprolactone) (PCL) can be utilized for ‘on-demand’ and controlled drug release of ibuprofen without burst effect for potential pharmaceutical applications. Three types of nanofibers, PCL, pNIPAM and pNIPAM/PCL composite NFs containing ibuprofen were fabricated using electrospinning techniques. Ibuprofen release rates from PCL NFs are not affected by the temperature in the range of 22–34°C (less than 10%). In contrast, the ibuprofen release rates from pNIPAM NFs are very sensitive to the change in temperature, which is five times higher at 22°C compared to 34°C. However, there is a serious burst effect at 22°C. Compared to other two types of NFs, pNIPAM/PCL composite NFs prepared demonstrated a variable and controlled release at both room and higher temperature, due to the extra protection from the hydrophobic poly (e-caprolactone). The rate at 22°C is 75% faster compared to that at 34°C. This kind of composite design can provide a novel approach to suppress the burst effect in drug delivery systems for potential pharmaceutical applications.
A multidimensional model of cigarette smoking.

Abstract This paper outlines a multidimensional model for conceptualizing and treating cigarette smoking and for integrating a variety of research findings. Three main components are included in the model. The first is the cognitive component which includes personal and social attitudes related to smoking and beliefs about the effects of smoking. Next, the behavioral aspects of the smoking act are considered in terms of its respondent, operant, and modeling components. Third the affective properties of cigarette smoking are separated into physiological and subjective emotional experiences. A treatment program derived from this multidimensional model is presented along with suggestions for future research.
Superconducting Beam Handling Equipment

The conventional quadrupole and dipole magnets, used to focus and bend the beams of charged particles produced by accelerators, consume very large amounts of power. Superconducting magnets are an attractive method of reducing this power requirement while offering the advantage of higher fields and field gradients. A number of model superconducting beam handling magnets have been built and tested and a full-size quadrupole doublet is under construction. The use of high current density Nb3Sn conductors allows compact design, reducing the cryogenic requirements and capital cost of the magnets.