cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solution-Collapse and Cavity Filling in the Windsor Group, Nova Scotia, Canada

Limestone breccia, estimated to be as much as 100 feet thick, which disconformably overlies the basal limestone of the Mississippian Windsor Group in central Nova Scotia, has heretofore been considered sedimentary breccia. It is absent in deep borings; at depth, the basal limestone is apparently conformably overlain by interbedded limestone and anhydrite. The breccia typically is a jumbled mass of unsorted angular limestone fragments in a matrix of muddy massive limestone. Most of the fragments are similar to the basal laminated limestone of the Windsor Group although some are of massive limestone and red marl apparently derived from beds higher in the section. In a few exposures, the breccia contains relict beds; in others, thin, graded calcarenite beds appear to fill pockets in the breccia. Numerous pipes, channels, and large masses of cavity fill containing sand and scattered quartzose pebbles occur within the breccia. The breccia postdates the Late Paleozoic regional deformation that extensively folded the Windsor Group. Stratification in floored cavities is virtually horizontal and independent of the attitude of the adjacent Windsor strata. The deformation produced veins normal to bedding in limestone of the Windsor Group; many rotated fragments within the breccia contain similar veins normal to their bedding. Metamorphic fabric, absent in the breccia matrix, varies in nature and orientation from fragment to fragment. Sand grains, pebbles, and heavy minerals within the cavity fill appear to have been derived from Triassic rocks, suggesting that the breccia originated in either Triassic or post-Triassic time. The compositional dissimilarity between these pebbles and those of Pleistocene gravel indicates a pre-Pleistocene origin. It is here proposed that the breccia formed only near an erosion surface by collapse and disintegration following solution of anhydrite interbeds and part of the limestone. The cavity fill appears to be composed of surficial debris which filled solution channels within the breccia. The breccia formed long after the deposition of the Windsor Group and should not be regarded as part of the depositional sequence of the group. The name “Pembroke Formation” proposed for the breccia and cavity fill by Weeks (1948) is preempted and should be regarded as abandoned.
Synthetic capabilities of plasmolyzed cells and spheroplasts of Escherichia coli

Effects of plasmolysis and spheroplast formation on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), protein, and phospholipid synthesis by Escherichia coli strain THU were studied. RNA and protein synthesis were severely diminished. DNA and phospholipid synthesis were inhibited, but less so; they could be partly restored. DNA synthesis could be restored by replacing thymine in the medium with thymidine, and phospholipid synthesis, by adding back small quantities of soluble cell extract. Plasmolysis effected marked reductions in rates of growth and macro-molecule synthesis, and temporarily reduced culture viability. Plasmolysis also caused an anomalous stimulation of phospholipid synthesis. Spheroplasts and plasmolyzed cells synthesized small amounts of ribosomal RNA that sedimented normally. However, this ribosomal RNA was very inefficiently packaged to ribosome subunits. Spheroplasts were unable to carry out induced synthesis of beta-galactosidase, and plasmolyzed cells were delayed in this function. Radioautographs examined in an electron microscope showed that DNA synthesis in plasmolyzed cells and spheroplasts was performed by a substantial fraction of the culture populations. That DNA and membrane were associated in the spheroplasts used in this study was suggested by formation of M-bands containing membrane and most of the cell's DNA. The results are discussed in terms of alterations of membrane structure and conformation attending plasmolysis and spheroplasting.
Algal switching among lichen symbioses

Lichens are intimate and long-term symbioses of algae and fungi. Such intimate associations are often hypothesized to have undergone long periods of symbiotic interdependence and coevolution. However, coevolution has not been rigorously tested for lichen associations. In the present study we compared the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) phylogenies of algal and fungal partners from 33 natural lichen associations to test two aspects of coevolution, cospeciation and parallel cladogenesis. Since statistically significant incongruence between symbiont phylogenies rejected parallel cladogenesis and minimized cospeciation events, we conclude that switching of highly selected algal genotypes occurs repeatedly among these symbiotic lichen associations.
The Drama of Dysfunction: Value Conflict in US Managed Care

The transformation of the American health care environment from retrospective fee-for-service to managed care has been both rapid and chaotic. This period of change has been infected by value conflict, evoking unconscious processes in system participants as they have attempted to cope with personally threatening situations. This article attempts to elucidate this process by presenting an account of events and accompanying value conflict as it occurred over time. It also includes a systems analysis of the rapidly changing mosaic of unconscious processes that resulted from the divergent values held by the public and health care professionals, using various organization behavior theories. Examples of the types of theory used are Jungian archetypes, scapegoating and mutual negative stereotyping, the Karpman Drama Triangle, and Wells' `group-as-mother' analogue.
Viral restoration of dopamine signaling to the dorsal striatum restores instrumental conditioning to dopamine-deficient mice.

Introduction Instrumental responding was evaluated to determine whether mice lacking dopamine [dopamine-deficient mice (DD mice)] could learn to preferentially press a visually cued, active lever for food reward over an inactive lever.
Theoretical study of the fluid transport and the Hydration of the cornea

Abstract The cornea consists of three important layers, from the point of view of barrier properties. Two outer layers are cellular membranes which have characteristic high perm-selectivity. Under normal conditions, over 85% of the thickness is occupied by the corneal stroma. The corneal stroma seems to be a simpler barrier material than cellular membranes; however, because of its structure the stroma has a strong tendency to imbibe water and swells in the direction of the thickness. A theory based on the thermodynamic consideration of surface activity is developed in this paper to explain the imbibing property of the stroma, and the transport of water across the cornea is examined by the principles of irreversible thermodynamics. A bulk flow of water occurs in the cornea if a pressure gradient, both hydrostatic and osmotic, exists across the cornea. Because of this bulk flow and the selective permeability of the two cellular membranes, neither the flow conductivity measured under pressure; gradient nor the diffusion constant observed under the concentration gradient of solutes alone can account for the transport phenomena across the cornea. Normal corneal thickness and hydration seems to be maintained by the steady state flow of water from aqueous to tears. Any changes in either internal or external conditions which may alter the balance between the inflow and the outflow will shift the steady state flow accompanying the swelling or deswelling of the corneal stroma.
Mental Retardation and Delinquency

This paper has examined the literature dealing with the relationship between mental retardation and delinquency. Various aspects of the problem were examined and a number of suggestions proposed; however, many questions remain unanswered and many problems unsolved. It is evident that a sustained attack on the problem is needed.Chandler, et al. (1959) have made several proposals that would be helpful in ameliorating some of these problems. Among them, they proposed that the AAMD establish a committee to explore, with correctional authorities, problems related to the rehabilitation of the defective delinquent. This committee would develop a model code that could be used to identify and define the defective delinquent, and which would also serve as a framework in which trained personnel could work with the problem. They also called for case studies in several states, within this model code, to determine the needs of defective delinquents in order to determine the types of facilities and training that would b...
An Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

A double-beam, single-detector, time-sharing spectrophotometer has been designed with optimum parameters for the atomic absorption technique. The monochromator is a dual-grating, high-dispersion, Ebert–Fastie type. The major requirements of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer are stability, a wide range of slit-widths, and minimum sensitivity to emission from the flame. Many of the traditional requirements of an ultraviolet spectrophotometer can be relaxed. Ordinate scale expansion makes it possible to achieve lower detectability limits. With the present design, it has been possible to measure concentrations of less than 0.1 ppm of copper, cadmium, and chromium with coefficients of variation of less than 10%.
Filipinos in Unamuno's California Expedition of 1587

(1995). Filipinos in Unamuno's California Expedition of 1587. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 175-184.
ADHD in college: A qualitative analysis

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects many adults and is particularly impairing for emerging adults enrolled in college. Research has shown substantial academic impairment for these individuals. However, research on ADHD impairment has largely been quantitative and focused on children. Therefore, the current study employed Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis to explore the lived experience of college students with ADHD with the following two research questions: (1) What is it like to be a college student with ADHD? and (2) What resources are utilized by college students with ADHD? Thirty-six college students with ADHD were interviewed in focus group settings. Our participants reported a complex and mixed experience living with ADHD in college and varied use of treatments and other accommodations. Specifically, three Constructs emerged in the current study: Consequences of Diagnosis, Impairment, and Treatment Management. Implications for professionals working with these students and future directions for researchers are discussed.
The Story of the Separate Corporate Income Tax: A Vehicle for Regulating Corporate Managers

This chapter examines the origins of the current corporate tax in the Corporate Excise Tax Act of 1909. It argues that unlike the 1894 version of the corporate tax, which was aimed primarily at taxing wealthy shareholders, the 1909 tax had a regulatory aim: It was intended to regulate and potentially limit the power of the great trusts, following the great merger and acquisition wave of 1890-1906. This regulatory function of the tax was achieved through both its publicity features (corporate tax returns were to be made public) and through the imposition of the tax itself, since proponents envisaged the possibility of differential taxation of desirable and undesirable forms of business enterprise. This paper will be published as a chapter in a book entitled Business Tax Stories, to be published by Foundation Press later this year.
Review of Abby Kinchy's "Seeds, science and struggle: the global politics of transgenic crops": Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012.

At a time when the politicization of science is increasingly becoming a concern around environmental issues like climate change or hydraulic fracturing, Science and Technology Studies scholar Abby Kinchy centers her thoughtful analysis of transgenic crops, “Seeds, Science, and Struggle,” around the somewhat antithetical concept of scientization. We often hear about how science is not being communicated or “believed in” by policy makers, but taking genetically engineered (GE) crops as a fascinating case study, Kinchy demonstrates an alternative picture of science and regulation. Scientism is when we treat decision making on a new technology as objective, value free, and best based on scientific evidence of quantifiable risks, while avoiding relevant ethical, cultural, and social dimensions. Because of scientization, we tend not to ask ourselves “What is the purpose or end goal of this technology?” or “What kind of world or type of agriculture do we want?” Instead, we want to know, “Is there sufficient evidence of biological or ecological harm from this particular agricultural technology?” Kinchy’s book, based in the fields of science and technology studies, sociology and anthropology, draws on ethnographic, multi-sited and historical methods to focus on two cases. She uses these cases, canola in Canada and maize in Mexico, to illuminate how scientization influences this public debate on GE crops in the global food system.
A Staging System for Revision Rhinoplasty: A Review.

Importance Rhinoplasty is known to be one of the more technically challenging cosmetic procedures, with a revision rate of 5% to 15%. Reasons for revisions may range from minor deformities that can be treated in the office to major cosmetic and functional defects that require multiple surgical procedures to correct. The literature lacks a uniform scale that systematically evaluates the patient presenting for revision rhinoplasty. The TNM staging system for classifying malignant tumors was developed to aid the physician in planning treatment, providing some information about prognosis, assisting in evaluating the results of treatment, and facilitating the exchange of information. Although the patient presenting for a revision rhinoplasty does not have a potentially lethal disease, a classification system for such patients resembling that used for malignant tumors may provide similar benefits. Observations As in TNM staging, we describe 3 major components that determine the overall difficulty of surgery for revision rhinoplasty. In our PGS system, “P” represents “problem,” consisting of the specific anatomic anomaly with which the patient presents. The second component in our system is “G” for “graft,” based on the number of grafts required. The third component of this system is “S,” for “number of previous surgical procedures.” In addition, we have included a category “E,” for “patient expectations,” which is added after the stage of the patient’s condition has been determined through the PGS classification. Conclusions and Relevance Rather than being measured in terms of survival, as with the TNM system for malignant tumors, the prognosis in revision rhinoplasty is measured in terms of what can be achieved with surgery as opposed to what cannot. This preoperative staging system may help the patient understand the complexity of the repair required and help manage expectations. The PGS system will facilitate exchange of information between surgeons who perform revision rhinoplasty. A standardized evaluation system will allow meaningful comparisons of surgical techniques and evaluations of outcomes of rhinoplasty procedures.
Surgical management of multiple ventricular septal defects.

Between Jan. 1, 1973, and June 1, 1979, 29 patients underwent surgical closure of multiple ventricular septal defects (VSDs). Included are 19 patients with VSDs only (one death), five with tetralogy of Fallot (TF) (0 deaths), two with transposition of the great arteries and VSD (TGA/VSD) (one death), two with complete atrioventicular (AV) canal (one death), and one with common atrium (one death). The overall hospital mortality rate was 14% (4/29) and was significantly related to the complexity of the underlying malformation (p = 0.01) and the presence of major associated cardiac lesions (p = 0.005). The incidence of reoperation for overlooked VSDs was 28% (8/29) and was significantly related to the presence of muscular VSDs (all overlooked defects were muscular) and the failure preoperatively to diagnose multiple VSDs (p = 0.05). Of patients with shunt data available after the final operation, 85% (17/20) had a QP/QS ≤ 1.5, and no patient had a final QP/QS > 2.0. This experience indicates that satisfactory results usually can be achieved after operation for multiple VSDs and emphasizes the value of early assessment for residual shunting and reoperation when indicated.
34 Decreased dilation of hippocampal arterioles in a rat model of preeclampsia

Introduction Women with preeclampsia (PE) and eclampsia have increased incidence of white matter lesions in the brain and self-report cognitive impairment later in life, suggesting seizures during PE may lead to long-lasting brain injury. The hippocampus, a brain region central to cognition, is more susceptible to seizure-induced injury due to less effective functional hyperemia. How PE affects the function and structure of the hippocampal vasculature remains unknown, but could further limit functional hyperemia and potentiate seizure-induced injury. Objective We tested the hypothesis that hippocampal arterioles (HpAs) in PE have impaired responses to mediators of dilation generated during seizure including extracellular potassium (K+) and nitric oxide (NO) and undergo inward remodeling that limits blood flow to the hippocampus during seizure. Methods Sprague Dawley rats were nonpregnant (NP; n = 6), pregnant (P; d20; n = 6) or with PE (induced by a high cholesterol diet gestational days 7–20; n = 6). HpAs were isolated and pressurized to 60 mmHg in an arteriograph chamber. The function of HpAs was investigated by measuring changes in lumen diameter in response to the small- and intermediate-conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK/IK) channel agonist NS309, and in response to increasing K+ concentration from 3–15 mM to activate inward rectifier potassium (KIR) channels. Basal production of NO and the sensitivity of vascular smooth muscle to NO were investigated using the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10-3M) and the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 10-5M), respectively. HpA structure and distensibility were determined by measuring lumen diameter and wall thickness of fully relaxed arterioles. Data are mean ± SEM and comparisons made using a one-way ANOVA with a post-hoc Bonferroni test. Results HpAs from PE rats dilated less when SK/IK channels were activated with NS309 compared to P and NP rats (55 ± 18% vs. 88 ± 2% and 90 ± 4%; p = 0.053). Activation of KIR with 15 mM K+ caused less dilation in HpAs from PE rats compared to P and NP rats, although this did not reach statistical significance (9 ± 8% vs. 61 ± 27% and 20 ± 11%; p = 0.13). NOS inhibition with L-NAME did not constrict any HpAs, suggesting there was no basal NO production. HpAs from PE rats were less sensitive to NO, with less reactivity to SNP compared to P and NP rats (22 ± 10% vs. 30 ± 10% and 38 ± 8%; p > 0.05). Structurally, lumen diameters were smaller in fully relaxed HpAs from PE rats than NP rats (Fig. 1), and vessel walls were thinner in PE and P rats compared to NP rats (7.7 ± 0.6 μm and 8.3 ± 0.7 μm vs. 11.5 ± 0.7 μm at 60 mmHg; p p Conclusion HpAs from PE rats had impaired dilatory responses, were less distensible, and underwent inward, hypotrophic remodeling making them structurally smaller than the NP and P states. This combination of impaired vasodilation and structural remodeling of HAs in PE could limit blood flow to the hippocampus during seizure, resulting in ischemic neuronal injury.
Adaptation of Multimedia Data for Cross-Disability Access

Multimedia transmission over wide-area networks currently only considers the server and network resource constraints and client device capabilities. It is also essential that the accessibility of the multimedia content for different users with diverse capabilities and disabilities be considered. As a first step in building an adaptation framework we need to automatically predict the accessibility requirements of a user, given the abilities the user possesses to access the multimedia information. In this paper we develop an adaptation technique to present the multimedia content to suit diverse disabled user groups by using an ability based classification approach. Using ability-based prioritization, appropriate alternate modalities and quality levels are chosen, to replace the inaccessible modalities. The adaptation process allows for refinements to cater to specific types and degrees of impairments. Our performance results illustrate the benefits of the ability-based adaptation approach.
StoryJam: Supporting Collective Storytelling with Game Mechanics

Collective storytelling is a narrative form that has cultural, cognitive, and organizational applications. Built on existing research in group collaboration, this short paper examines how certain game mechanics can be used to encourage and structure collaboration in StoryJam, a multi-player online game for collective storytelling.
Robot Assisted Laparoscopic Diverticulectomy

Diverticulum is usually congenital, or associated with bladder outlet obstruction. Laparoscopic diverticulectomy is an established procedure for bladder diverticulum. Better vision, precise dissection and easier suturing with robot assisted approach will make the procedure ‘easier’ for the surgeons.
S1P Receptor 1-Mediatd Elevated IL-6 Signaling Underlies Chronic Inflammation and Multiple Tissue Damage in Sickle Cell Disease

Objective-Sphingosine 1 phosphate (S1P) is a biolipid involved in chronic inflammation in multiple inflammatory disorders. Recent studies revealed that elevated S1P contributes to sickling in sickle cell disease (SCD), a devastating hemolytic genetic disorder associated with severe chronic inflammation. Here we evaluated the impact of S1P in chronic inflammation and underlying mechanisms in SCD. Approach and Results-First, we demonstrated that interfering with S1P receptor signaling by FTY720, a FDA approved drug, significantly reduced systemic and local inflammation without anti-sickling effects. These findings led us to discover that IL-6 was highly elevated in the circulation and that increased S1P signaling via S1P receptors contributed to the induction of IL-6 in SCD mice. Genetic deletion of IL-6 in SCD significantly reduced local and systemic inflammation and multiple tissue damage and kidney dysfunction. Moreover, we determined that elevated IL-6 led to increased macrophage infiltration and elevated S1P1 gene expression in the macrophages of multiple tissues in SCD mice. Mechanistically, we reveled that S1P-S1P1 signaling reciprocally upregulated IL-6 gene expression in primary mouse macrophages in a JAK2-dependent manner. Conclusion-Altogether, we revealed that elevated S1P signaling via S1P1-induced IL-6 is a key signaling network functioning as a malicious positive feed forward loop sustaining inflammation and promoting tissue damage in SCD. Our findings immediately highlight novel therapeutic possibilities. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The Desire to Thrive: Families Overcoming Economic Hardships Through Educational Aspirations

The immigrant Latino community is faced with political challenges unmatched in the United States. Many of these individuals came to the United States to find a more successful place to raise a family due to increased work opportunities. After the Great Recession, many of these opportunities were terminated with the closure of industrialized manufacturing corporations. With the loss of jobs, increased economic pressure mounted and hardships, especially in the educational system, increased. The current study addresses how immigrant Latinos view the education environment in North Central Indiana. A 3 year ethnographic research project presents a greater understanding of the complex economic and educational ecology. For this study, 40 families consisting of 63 parents were identified, along with seven school liaisons. Fifty-six percent of the participating Latinos received less than a high school diploma, adding additional economic strain to families. Qualitative reports are framed around in-vivo coding factors resulting in two themes, Policy, Educational Practices, and Sociological Perceptions and Cultural Desire to Better One’s Family. Evidence from this study calls for policy change to create unity and a place free from fear for Latinos to learn about programs available to aid their children’s academic attainment.
Primary high-grade myxofibrosarcoma/pleomorphic malignant fibrous histiocytoma: Percent myxoid component to improve outcome prediction.

10556 Background: Myxofibrosarcoma and pleomorphic malignant fibrous histiocytoma (PMFH) are aggressive genetically complex sarcomas. We investigated the association of percent myxoid component (MC...
Chapter I, Introduction, Compassionate Migration and Regional Policy in the Americas

Published in 2017 by Palgrave Macmillan, this edited volume explores the contested notion of compassionate migration in its discourse and practice. In the context of today's migration patterns within the Americas, compassionate migration can play a fundamental role in responding to the hardships that many migrants suffer before, during, and after their journeys. As surveyed in this Introduction, the edited volume explores the boundaries of compassion from legal, political, philosophical, and interdisciplinary perspectives, and supplies examples where state and non-state actors engage in practices of compassion and humanity through formal and informal regimes. Despite the Introduction's acknowledgment of a lack of a concise and precise definition of the concept and practice of compassionate migration, all authors in this volume agree on the pressing need for more humane and compassionate treatment for those leaving their home country behind in search of a better life. Overall, as previewed in the Introduction, this collection strives to offer carefully balanced analyses, forward-looking strategies, and pragmatic proposals for compassionate immigration reform at domestic and regional levels.
A conceptual framework of autonomous and automated agents

ABSTRACTRecent human-automation interaction research has confused concepts of automation and autonomy and has critiqued theories of automation in human-systems in terms of aspects of autonomy. This situation has led to inappropriate expectation for design and misdirected criticism of design methods. The situation is not new and has origins in historical human factors research. I differentiate the concepts of automation and autonomy with a new framework of agents. The framework is complemented by observations on characteristics of automated vs. autonomous systems, identification of error and failure modes, and formulation of a matrix of design constraints dictating possible applications of each type of agent. Discussion is provided on levels of automation, which have also been criticized in the literature, along with coverage of types of autonomy. A definition of autonomy is mutated throughout the paper to a form with utility for engineering. In general, demands of automated agents on the human-task-enviro...
Open Access Journal Policies: A Systematic Analysis of Radiology Journals

Abstract Objective The open access movement has pushed for greater access to scientific knowledge by expanding access to scientific journal articles. There is limited information about the extent to which open access policies have been adopted by radiology journals. We performed a systematic analysis to ascertain the proportion of radiology journals with open access options. Materials and Methods A search was performed with the assistance of a clinical informationist. Full and mixed English-language diagnostic and interventional radiology Web of Science journals (impact factors > 1.0) were included. Nuclear medicine, radiation oncology, physics, and solicitation-only journals were excluded. Primary outcome was open access option (yes or no) with additional outcomes including presence or absence of embargo, complete or partial copyright transfer, publication fees, and self-archiving policies. Secondary outcomes included journal citations, journal impact factors, immediacy, Eigenfactor, and article influence scores. Independent double readings were performed with differences resolved by consensus, supplemented by contacting editorial staff at each journal. Results In all, 125 journals were identified; review yielded 49 journals (39%, mean impact factor of 2.61). Thirty-six of the journals had open access options (73.4%), and four journals were exclusively open access (8.2%). Twelve-month embargoes were most commonly cited (90.6%) with 28.6% of journals stating that they did not require a complete transfer of copyright. Prices for open access options ranged from $750 to $4,000 (median $3,000). No statistically significant differences were found in journal impact measures comparing journals with open access options to journals without open access options. Conclusions Diagnostic and interventional radiology journals have widely adopted open access options with a few radiology journals being exclusively open access.
Understanding Parental Preferences for Participants in Medical Decision-making for Their Hospitalized Children

OBJECTIVES: Family-centered care promotes parental engagement in medical decision-making for hospitalized children. Little is understood about parental preferences and factors influencing the desire to involve extended family in decision-making. We explored parent and family member interest in participation in medical decision-making. METHODS: Parents of hospitalized children ≤7 years old admitted to the inpatient service were interviewed regarding preferences for self-, other parent, and extended family involvement in decision-making. Scores were calculated for each potential participant on a scale of 1 to 5 (5 indicating that parents strongly agreed with participation). Associations of decision-making preferences with parental age, education, language, and health; the involvement of a child with chronic illness; and the level of clinical acuity were assessed with χ 2 tests, Wilcoxon rank tests, and the Spearman correlation. RESULTS: There were 116 participants. Parents’ median level of interest in participation in decision-making was as follows: self (4.3; interquartile range [IQR]: 4–4.6); other parent (3.6; IQR: 2.7–4), and family (2.0; IQR: 1.7–2.7). Parents with better physical health ( P P P P = .03) were more likely to desire participation of extended family members. CONCLUSIONS: Parents of hospitalized children want to participate in medical decision-making. Desire for the involvement of other family members is complex; therefore, discussions regarding parental preferences are necessary.
DIFFERENTIATION OF FUNCTIONS OF TWO AND THREE VARIABLES

In a great variety of applications, it is necessary to write the quantity of interest in terms of two or more variables. Very few physical, biological, or economic quantities can be properly expressed in terms of one variable alone. Often, these quantities are written in terms of one variable simply because functions of only one variable are the easiest functions to handle. This chapter discusses how many of the operations of the one-variable calculus can be extended to functions of several variables and illustrates functions of two and three variables. It discusses the fundamental concepts of limits and continuity for functions of two and three variables. The chapter discusses one of the ways a function of several variables can be differentiated and the calculation of partial derivatives and higher-order partial derivatives. It discusses the notion of the differentiability of a function of several variables. The chapter discusses how to derive the chain rule for functions of two and three variables. It further reviews maxima and minima for a function of two variables.
Introduction: On-label and off-label drug use in reproductive medicine

This Views and Reviews article examines FDA-approved uses of prescription drugs, as well as common off-label uses of drugs for several disorders that are frequently seen in reproductive medicine. Off-label drug use is ubiquitous in reproductive medicine, a fact that may be related to the disincentives to formally study these drugs in a potentially vulnerable population (i.e., pregnant women). It behooves clinicians to discuss with patients the risk-benefit ratio of treatment, and whether a treatment is FDA-approved for that condition. Researchers, seeking better data on effects of these drugs, may find fodder for future clinical studies in these articles.
Thermoelectric Cooling Device Based on Holey Silicon

While thermal management of advanced electronics is becoming more challenging, recent advances in thermoelectric materials are renewing interest in developing solid-state cooling devices based on the Peltier effects. In particular, a silicon nanostructure with vertically-etched holes, known as holey silicon, has attracted much attention by showing thermal conductivity anisotropy beyond the prediction of classical models without losing the excellent electrical properties or other practical attributes of silicon. Despite the potential of holey silicon as a thermoelectric material as demonstrated in the studies of fundamental properties, its impact on thermoelectric cooling or the connection of fundamental properties to device-level performance has not been studied in detail. Here, we evaluate the use of holey silicon as a thermoelectric cooling structure by combining spectral scaling models that predict the size dependent thermal transport properties with a 3D finite-element thermoelectric cooling model. Our numerical simulations demonstrate the thermoelectric cooling performance of holey silicon with a wide range of high hot spot heat flux (700 ~ 500 W/cm2). The thermoelectric cooling limits of the surface-cooler design are investigated in detail and a new embedded-cooler design with 50% more hot spot temperature reduction is proposed and discussed in detail.
Coherent laser ranging for precision imaging through flames

Measuring the deformation of building elements engulfed by flames is essential in fire research to improve safety in the event of a fire. Ideally, the measurement system should be non-contact, able to range at the millimeter to meter scale with sub-mm precision, and have sufficient speed to capture temperature-induced deformations of the target object. To date, no ranging technology has been demonstrated that meets those requirements while imaging through flames. Here, we show that coherent laser detection and ranging (LADAR) can provide three-dimensional images of objects hidden behind methane or acetylene flames with sufficiently high precision to track their deformation. The heterodyne detection of coherent frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) LADAR allows the ranging signal to be detected in the presence of strong radiation of the flames. We measure three-dimensional point clouds of diffusely scattering complex surfaces with a precision of less than 30 μm at 2-meter stand-off distance, despite soot-induced signal loss and steering (refraction) of the ranging laser by the flames. Movies of the heat-induced surface deformation of objects illustrate the temporal performance. These data show that FMCW LADAR can quantify the deformation and movement of objects in fires, when non-contact shape measurements at stand-off distances of multiple meters are crucial.
Why Detroit matters: Decline, renewal, and hope in a divided city, edited by Brian Doucet

From the early to middle decades of the 20th century, Detroit stood at the center of wealth creation in the United States; it drew the concerted attention of observers from around the world seeking...
A conforming DG method for the biharmonic equation on polytopal meshes

A conforming discontinuous Galerkin finite element method is introduced for solving the biharmonic equation. This method, by its name, uses discontinuous approximations and keeps simple formulation of the conforming finite element method at the same time. The ultra simple formulation of the method will reduce programming complexity in practice. Optimal order error estimates in a discrete $H^2$ norm is established for the corresponding finite element solutions. Error estimates in the $L^2$ norm are also derived with a sub-optimal order of convergence for the lowest order element and an optimal order of convergence for all high order of elements. Numerical results are presented to confirm the theory of convergence.
A weed compaction roller system for use with mechanical herbicide application

We designed, constructed, and field-tested a versatile and unique weed compaction roller system that can be used with mechanical herbicide application for invasive weed control in tree plantations, agronomic settings, and areas where localized flora and fauna are in danger of elimination from the landscape. The weed compaction roller system combined with herbicide application generally had greater vegetation control compared with using only herbicide treatments or the unsprayed control. The roller system-herbicide treatment combination showed substantial total vegetation control two growing seasons after application without impacting diameter growth of the crop trees, which supports the need for less frequent entries into the field. The cost of the roller system was approximately $300.00.
Negotiating Tensions on the Front Line: Circuits of Accountability and Self-governance in Institutional Care of Adults with Intellectual Disability:

This article explores how circuits of accountability impact front-line service work in an intermediate care facility for individuals with intellectual disability (ICF/IID). Institutional ethnograph...
Nucleoporin Condensates Drive Nuclear Pore Complex Assembly in Oocytes

Oocytes stockpile nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) in cytoplasmic membrane sheets called annulate lamellae (AL) in preparation for rapid cell cycles during embryogenesis. Recently, Hampoelz et al. reported that AL-NPC assembly depends on the coordinated formation, transport, and interaction of biomolecular condensates containing distinct sets of nucleoporins.
Storytelling Through Music: A Multidimensional Expressive Arts Intervention to Improve Emotional Well-Being of Oncology Nurses.

PURPOSE:Rates of burnout among health care professionals are rising. Oncology nurses are at the forefront of cancer care, and maintenance of their well-being is crucial to delivering high-quality c...
Choose Your Own "Labventure": A Click-Through Story Approach to Online Laboratories during a Global Pandemic

The suspension of in-person classes brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic necessitated adjustments to all manner of instruction. Laboratory instruction was particularly challenged since the primary response was to deliver content remotely, i.e., online. In an effort to reinforce laboratory topics and engage students, five click-through organic chemistry lab stories modeled after the Choose your Own Adventure book series were created. These “labventures” were (1) use of FT-IR; (2) identification by mixed melting point; (3) liquid–liquid extraction; (4) recrystallization; and (5) chemical reaction. To facilitate assessment, each story was deployed on the Learning Management System so the number of times students visit each page of the story could be counted. These assignments were generally well received by students and revealed varied levels of understanding of the laboratory material.
Cascade Cyclizations of α,β-Unsaturated Thioesters: Additional Examples.

Several additional examples of cascade cyclizations of α,β-unsaturated thioesters proceeding are reported, which proceed via two distinct mechanistic pathways: enantioselective acyl transfer promot...
Cruel & Unusual Non-Capital Punishments

The Supreme Court has rendered the Eighth Amendment a dead letter with respect to non-capital, non-juvenile life-without-parole sentences. Its cases have erected a gross disproportionality standard that seems insurmountable in most cases, even for draconian and excessive sentences. State courts have adopted a similar approach in interpreting state constitutional Eighth Amendment analogues, often finding that they are no broader than the Court’s narrow interpretation of the Eighth Amendment, despite linguistic variations in many cases. Nonetheless, in a handful of state cases, state courts have found that state punishments violate the Eighth Amendment or its state constitutional analogue. This article examines those cases to identify what non-capital punishments have caused courts to limit state punishment practices even in the shadow of an overwhelming, albeit unfortunate, trend of according constitutional deference to state punishment practices. In light of these decisions, this Article advances a series of possible arguments by which to attack state and federal punishment practices in an effort to create more exceptions to the draconian status quo constitutional rule. In Part I, the Article begins by providing an overview of Eighth Amendment gross disproportionality doctrine and its use in state constitutional analogues to the Eighth Amendment. Part II examines the handful of state court cases that have found punishments unconstitutionally disproportionate. In Part III, the Article advances one set of arguments — both systemic and case-based—for use in attacking non-capital state punishments under state constitutions. Part IV, the Article advances a second set of arguments — both systemic and case-based — for use in attacking non-capital state punishments under the Eighth Amendment.
Management of Non-Colorectal Digestive Cancers with Microsatellite Instability

Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a hallmark of genetic predisposition to DNA damage. It arises from either germline or somatic events leading to impaired function of the mismatch repair system. It can be detected via genetic sequencing or immunohistochemistry with relatively high concordance rates. The presence of MSI in a tumor reflects a high neoantigen load and predicts favorable treatment response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). In gastrointestinal cancers, MSI is a predictive biomarker for ICIs with potential prognostic impact but its clinical utility varies widely depending on tumor type. This may be explained by the complexity of tumor microenvironment as highlighted by recent translational studies. In this review, we will discuss the predictive and prognostic value of MSI status in non-colorectal cancers of the digestive system, important clinical trials involving ICIs and potential strategies to overcome resistance to immunotherapy.
Current Corporate Tax Rates: A Ranking of 223 Countries

This study ranks 223 countries based on their top corporate tax rate. Rates vary from 0-50 percent.
COMPACTEST-II: a method to generate compact two-pattern test sets for combinational logic circuits

The problem of generating small (compact) test sets for single transition and CMOS stuck-open faults in combinational logic circuits is considered. In addition, it is proposed that to generate test sets that cover a wide range of physical defects, a test set to detect faults of different models should be derived. Specifically, the problem of generating small and comprehensive test sets is addressed by considering the CMOS stuck-open and the single transition fault models together. A dynamic test compaction technique for two-pattern tests is proposed. The technique exploits the test compaction strategies developed for stuck-at faults, and performs dynamic test vector overlap to derive small test sets. Experimental results for ISCAS-85 combinational circuits and fully scanned versions of ISCAS-89 sequential circuits are presented to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed test compaction technique. >
The Effect of Different Types of Feedback Statements on Educators’ Use of Naturalistic Instruction:

We used an adapted alternating treatment single-case design to compare the effect of affirmative feedback to affirmative plus suggestive feedback on educators’ use of naturalistic instruction. Thre...
Automatic triangulated mesh generation of pulmonary airways from segmented lung 3DCTs for computational fluid dynamics.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) of lung airflow during normal and pathophysiological breathing provides insight into regional pulmonary ventilation. By integrating CFD methods with 4D lung imaging workflows, regions of normal pulmonary function can be spared during treatment planning. To facilitate the use of CFD simulations in a clinical setup, a robust, automated, and CFD-compliant airway mesh generation technique is necessary. We define a CFD-compliant airway mesh to be devoid of blockages of airflow and leaks in the airway path, both of which are caused by airway meshing errors that occur when using conventional meshing techniques. We present an algorithm to create a CFD-compliant airway mesh in an automated manner. Beginning with a medial skeleton of the airway segmentation, the branches were tracked, and 3D points at which bifurcations occur were identified. Airway branches and bifurcation features were isolated to allow for automated and careful meshing that considered their anatomical nature. We present the meshing results from three state-of-the-art tools and compare them with the meshes generated by our algorithm. The results show that fully CFD-compliant meshes were automatically generated for an ideal geometry and patient-specific CT scans. Using an open-source smoothed-particle hydrodynamics CFD implementation, we compared the airflow using our approach and conventionally generated airway meshes. Our meshing algorithm was able to successfully generate a CFD-compliant mesh from pre-segmented lung CT scans, providing an automatic meshing approach that enables interventional CFD simulations to guide lung procedures such as radiotherapy or lung volume reduction surgery.
Logistic regression analysis of two-phase studies using generalized method of moments.

Two-phase designs can reduce the cost of epidemiological studies by limiting the ascertainment of expensive covariates or/and exposures to an efficiently selected subset (phase-II) of a larger (phase-I) study. Efficient analysis of the resulting data set combining disparate information from phase-I and phase-II, however, can be complex. Most of the existing methods, including semiparametric maximum-likelihood estimator, require the information in phase-I to be summarized into a fixed number of strata. In this paper, we describe a novel method for the analysis of two-phase studies where information from phase-I is summarized by parameters associated with a reduced logistic regression model of the disease outcome on available covariates. We then setup estimating equations for parameters associated with the desired extended logistic regression model, based on information on the reduced model parameters from phase-I and complete data available at phase-II after accounting for nonrandom sampling design. We use generalized method of moments to solve overly identified estimating equations and develop the resulting asymptotic theory for the proposed estimator. Simulation studies show that the use of reduced parametric models, as opposed to summarizing data into strata, can lead to more efficient utilization of phase-I data. An application of the proposed method is illustrated using the data from the U.S. National Wilms Tumor Study.
Glycogen in human blood platelets. Isolation by ultracentrifugation and characteristics of the isolated particles.

Platelet glycogen was studied under various conditions of ultracentrifugation and an isolation procedure devised. Glycogen could be separated from the majority of soluble protein and cellular particulates by centrifugation into dense sucrose solutions. Minor contaminants were removed by differential centrifugation and detergent treatment. Characteristics of the isolated particles were consistent with the presumed "native" particle (glycosome) as measured by spectrophotometry, analytical ultracentrifugation, and protein: glycogen ratios.