cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Video Modeling to Teach Children Diagnosed with ASD to Avoid Poison Hazards

Accidental poisonings are one of the leading safety threats for young children, so it is important to teach children to avoid ingesting poisonous substances. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of video modeling to teach three children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder to avoid poison hazards. Results showed that video modeling was not effective for any of the participants, but that in situ training was effective for two participants, while the third participant required an additional incentive. Two out of three of the participants maintained the safety skills for 1, 3, and 5-week follow-up assessments.
Intermediate-Stage Densification in Vacuum Hot-Pressing of Alumina

Abstract : An analysis was made of the densification kinetics preceding the final stage densification of alumina hot pressed in vacuum between 1150 and 1350C and between 2000 and 6000 psi. The analysis suggests a diffusional creep mechanism, possibly consistent with a Narbarro-Herring vacancy model. The measured activation energy, 116 kcal/mole, agrees with the activation energy for the final stage of densification and for the self-diffusion of aluminum ions in alumina. It is conjectured that the pore structure (i.e., open or closed) determines the stage of densification and further that pore structure has a profound effect on the apparent diffusion coefficients. (Author)
Predictors of Externalizing Behavior Problems in Early Elementary-Aged Children: The Role of Family and Home Environments

As children enter elementary school they display behavioral orientations that reveal potential developmental trajectories. Developmental transitions offer unique opportunities for examining developmental pathways and the factors that influence emerging pathways. The primary goal of this investigation was to examine characteristics of family and home contexts in predicting externalizing behavior problems among children transitioning into elementary school. Dimensions of the family and home environments of maltreated and nonmaltreated children (N = 177) were examined and used to predict externalizing behavior problems. Maltreatment was assessed using case file information, characteristics of the family and home environment were rated by interviewers, and externalizing behavior was assessed by mother's ratings on the Child Behavior Checklist. Relative to nonmaltreated children, the family environments of physically abused children were characterized by higher levels of negative social interactions. Also, in comparison to nonmaltreated children, the home environments of children who experienced neglect were characterized as less organized and clean. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that physical abuse was the strongest predictor of externalizing behavior. After controlling for the contribution of physical abuse, mother's negative behavior toward the focal child, aggression between siblings, and the lack of an organized and clean home were each predictive of externalizing behavior. Language: en
Ultrastructure of glycogen‐rich clear cell carcinoma of the palate

Tissues from four local recurrences of a palatal tumor and regional lymph node metastases were studied by light microscopy while ultrastructural observations were made on the most recent tumor. The tumor was composed of solid sheets, clumps, and small nests of polyhedral epithelial cells with well-defined cell boundaries, clear cytoplasm, and cellular pleomorphism. Histochemical stains indicated the presence of abundant intracellular glycogen deposits in all tumor specimens examined. Ultrastructural observations revealed solid sheets of epithelial cells which lacked both surrounding basement lamina and ductal arrangements. The cytoplasm of the tumor cells was filled with beta glycogen deposits and contained scattered bundles of tonofilaments and scant organelles. The transition between the glycogen-rich tumor cells and surface epithelium showed intervening cells which contained diffusely dispersed ribosomes and small amounts of glycogen. The tumor probably originated from surface epithelium.
Immigration, Civil Rights, and the Formation of the People

In considering what it means to treat immigration as a “civil rights” matter, I identify two frameworks for analysis. The first, universalistic in nature, emanates from personhood and promises non-citizens the protection of generally applicable laws and an important set of constitutional rights. The second seeks full incorporation for non-citizens into “the people,” a composite that evolves over time through social contestation – a process that can entail enforcement of legal norms but that revolves primarily around political argument. This pursuit of full membership for non-citizens implicates a reciprocal relationship between them and the body politic, and the interests of the polity help determine the contours of non-citizens’ membership. Each of these frameworks has been shaped by the legal and political legacies of the civil rights movement itself, but the second formulation reveals how the pursuit of immigrant incorporation cannot be fully explained as a modern-day version of the civil rights struggle. Full article is available on the MIT Press Journals website.
Aligning IS Research & Practice: A Research Agenda for Virtual Work

Recent advances in information technologies have led organizations to diversify their organizational structures. One of the most prominent trends in this diversification is to conduct work in distributed or virtual environments. Distributed work alternatives are numerous, but the common characteristic that defines these alternatives is the physical separation of employees from each other and/or their organization's workplace. Several corporations have reported their efforts, successes, and failures at implementing some form of distributed work. Practitioners face a number of issues when considering virtual work alternatives. However, research does not seem to successfully help in understanding and solving some of these key issues. This paper attempts to develop a new and broader research agenda that takes into account emerging issues and concerns of practitioners, existing published work, and interdisciplinary perspectives on the topic. In doing so, emerging trends in virtual work and supporting technologies are explored.
The Role of EBV in the Pathogenesis of Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is a common feature of B cell lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs), including diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Approximately 10 % of DLBCLs are EBV-positive, with the highest incidence in immunocompromised and elderly patients. Here, we review the clinical, genetic, and pathologic characteristics of DLBCL and discuss the molecular role of EBV in lymphoma tumorigenesis. Using EBV-positive DLBCL of the elderly as a model, we describe the key features of EBV-positive DLBCL. Studies of EBV-positive DLBCL of the elderly demonstrate that EBV-positive DLBCL has a distinct biology, related to both viral and host factors. The pathogenic mechanisms noted in EBV-positive DLBCL of the elderly, including enhanced NFκB activity, are likely to be a generalizable feature of EBV-positive DLBCL. Therefore, we review how this information might be used to target the EBV or its host response for the development of novel treatment strategies.
Longitudinal evaluation of the importance of homework assignment completion for the academic performance of middle school students with ADHD

The primary goal of this study was to longitudinally evaluate the homework assignment completion patterns of middle school age adolescents with ADHD, their associations with academic performance, and malleable predictors of homework assignment completion. Analyses were conducted on a sample of 104 middle school students comprehensively diagnosed with ADHD and followed for 18 months. Multiple teachers for each student provided information about the percentage of homework assignments turned in at five separate time points and school grades were collected quarterly. Results showed that agreement between teachers with respect to students assignment completion was high, with an intraclass correlation of .879 at baseline. Students with ADHD were turning in an average of 12% fewer assignments each academic quarter in comparison to teacher-reported classroom averages. Regression analyses revealed a robust association between the percentage of assignments turned in at baseline and school grades 18 months later, even after controlling for baseline grades, achievement (reading and math), intelligence, family income, and race. Cross-lag analyses demonstrated that the association between assignment completion and grades was reciprocal, with assignment completion negatively impacting grades and low grades in turn being associated with decreased future homework completion. Parent ratings of homework materials management abilities at baseline significantly predicted the percentage of assignments turned in as reported by teachers 18 months later. These findings demonstrate that homework assignment completion problems are persistent across time and an important intervention target for adolescents with ADHD.
How Does Supply Network Evolution and Its Topological Structure Impact Supply Chain Performance

The idea of this research is to explore the evolution of a supply chain using an empirical approach. This can be achieved by harnessing the power of Bloomberg data with network visualization software. Such an investigation will help identify supply chain archetypes as well as lead to an understanding of how these supply chains might change over time. Coupled with additional secondary data sources, we could learn more about how these changes might be impacted by, and impact, firm performance. In this paper, we explore a number of supply networks and develop their associated supply chain maps. We use key metrics from social network analysis to quantify the nature of these networks and understand how they evolve. This empirical data is then used to create a paradigm which explains the structure of these supply networks. We use the maps and the metrics developed to describe them to draw preliminary conclusions about how supply network topology impacts its performance.
Serum proteins, lipoproteins and glycoproteins: in muscular dystrophy of vit. E-deficiency.

Summary1. During development of muscular dystrophy of Vit. E-deficiency in rabbits the electrophoretic pattern of serum proteins revealed a decrease of albumin and an increase of β-globulin. These changes were observed earlier than were the usual clinical symptoms and were reversed only gradually during recovery. 2. Concentrations of both cholesterol and phospholipids decreased in α-lipoprotein, but increased greatly in β-lipoprotein so that they rose considerably in whole serum. The magnitude of these changes and the slow return to normal values during recovery indicate severe disturbances of lipid metabolism. 3. In contrast to the lipids, total protein nitrogen did not vary during progress of the disease and the protein-bound carbohydrates increased only moderately and, on treatment, soon returned to their normal levels.
Comparison of Three Methods of Extracting the Flower Thrips from Rose Flowers13

According to Southwood (1966), the different methods used to estimate the number of thrips on plants fall into 3 basic categories: (1) washing methods whereby thrips are removed from the plants with a liquid, (2) mechanical methods that knock thrips off the plants, and (3) irritation methods that rely upon the vapors of chemicals or on heat to drive the thrips off the plant unit.
Effects of Age on Brain Development in Autism

Total brain volumes were measured by MRI in 67 non-mentally retarded children with autism and 83 healthy controls, aged 8 to 46 years, in a study at University of Washington, Seattle: Johns Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore: and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA.
Synthesis of Core-Shell Biopolymer Particles Using Coaxial Electrospray

Core-shell PLLA microparticles were successfully fabricated using a novel coaxial nozzle design. These particles were synthesized with different components in the core/shell layers representing three classes of systems of interest for drug delivery applications: PVA/PLLA, PLLA/PEG, and oleic acid/PLLA. The components were characterized for their physical properties and interfacial energies, and optimal conditions for the operation were determined. To facilitate the particle characterization, each phase was doped with a different fluorescent dye to aid in the confirmation of a core/shell structure via fluorescence microscopy.
Mathematicians’ Example-Related Activity when Exploring and Proving Conjectures

Examples can play a critical role in the exploration of conjectures and in the subsequent development of proofs. Although proof has been an object of extensive study, there is more to learn about the precise ways in which mathematicians leverage examples as they formulate proofs. In this paper, we present results from surveys and interviews with mathematicians that targets the role of examples in mathematicians’ proof-related activity. Their responses shed light on specific example-related activity (including strategic example selection and use) and on the overarching ways in which they engage in such activity (including a focus on generalization and metacognition). We share illustrative excerpts from the surveys and interviews and discuss educational implications of the results.
How American and Chinese Journalism Students Prioritize Values A Comparative Approach

This study found that Chinese journalism students and American journalism students are more different than similar in their value systems. Overall, American students give greater weight to social-interaction values and self-improvement values, and Chinese students give greater importance to morality-oriented values and competency-oriented values. Both groups prioritize “honest” and “responsible” as among the top five values. American students, however, give priority to the values of “courageous,” “ambitious,” and “broadminded,” whereas Chinese students give priority to the values of “civic-minded,” “justice,” and “aboveboard.” Furthermore, Chinese students rank “justice” higher than American students do. Although their similar rankings on honesty and responsibility may suggest that the Chinese and U.S. students share some common understanding of journalism practice, their differing rankings of the values may reflect the social and media realities in which the students study and practice journalism.
Experimental oral infections of pregnant heifers with Salmonella dublin.

SUMMARY Nine pregnant heifers were dosed orally with 10 10 or 10 11 S. dublin to study experimental salmonellosis in pregnant cattle. There was a variable response; two animals became severely ill, three developed mild illness and four were not ill. One of the mildly ill animals aborted. The severity of the clinical signs varied from pyrexia and anorexia to mild diarrhoea and eventually dysentery. The animals given 10 10 S. dublin did not appear to be infected at calving, but those given 10 11 S. dublin and which survived to calving, were infected and one calf was born infected or became infected shortly after birth.
Isolation of Mouse Periocular Tissue for Histological and Immunostaining Analyses of the Extraocular Muscles and Their Satellite Cells

The extraocular muscles (EOMs) comprise a group of highly specialized skeletal muscles controlling eye movements. Although a number of unique features of EOMs including their sparing in Duchenne muscular dystrophy have drawn a continuous interest, knowledge about these hard to reach muscles is still limited. The goal of this chapter is to provide detailed methods for the isolation and histological analysis of mouse EOMs. We first introduce in brief the basic anatomy and established nomenclature of the extraocular primary and accessory muscles. We then provide a detailed description with step-by-step images of our procedure for isolating (and subsequently cryosectioning) EOMs while preserving the integrity of their original structural organization. Next, we present several useful histological protocols frequently used by us, including: (1) a method for highlighting the general organization of periocular tissue, using the MyoD(Cre) × R26(mTmG) reporter mouse that elegantly distinguishes muscle (MyoD(Cre)-driven GFP(+)) from the non-myogenic constituents (Tomato(+)); (2) analysis by HE (3) detection of the myogenic progenitors (i.e., satellite cells) in their native position underneath the myofiber basal lamina using Pax7/laminin double immunostaining. The EOM tissue harvesting procedure described here can also be adapted for isolating and studying satellite cells and other cell types. Overall, the methods described in this chapter should provide investigators the necessary tools for entering the EOM research field and contribute to a better understanding of this highly specialized muscle group and its complex micro-anatomy.
Gynecologic Brachytherapy: Vaginal Cancer

Primary vaginal cancer is the rarest of gynecologic malignancies by anatomic site. Despite the rarity, vaginal cancer requires special consideration in treatment and frequently requires brachytherapy for local control and cure.
Comparing Sequencing of Abiraterone and Enzalutamide in Men With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: A Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND There are no validated clinical decision tools to aid optimal treatment selection in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Frequently, abiraterone and enzalutamide are used prior to chemotherapy in mCRPC, given the more favorable safety profiles. However, there is no published data on clinical outcomes regarding best sequencing of these two agents. METHODS A retrospective analysis of consecutive mCRPC patients treated with enzalutamide and abiraterone at Johns Hopkins was conducted. Patients were treated with sequential enzalutamide and abiraterone, in either order. The combined progression-free survival (PFS: PFS1 + PFS2) of abiraterone-to-enzalutamide was compared to the reverse sequence, where PFS1 and PFS2 represented clinical/radiographic progression-free survival on the first and second agents, respectively. Overall survival (OS) from the start of the first therapy to death and PSA response rates (defined as ≥50% PSA declines at any time) were also compared between groups. Outcomes were adjusted using propensity score-weighted multivariable Cox analyses. RESULTS Eighty-one patients who satisfied our entry criteria were identified: 65 in the abiraterone-to-enzalutamide group and 16 in the enzalutamide-to-abiraterone group. There were no significant baseline differences between groups. Multivariable analysis suggested a difference between groups favoring the abiraterone-to-enzalutamide sequence with respect to combined PFS (HR 0.37, 95%CI 0.22–0.64, P < 0.001). There was no statistical difference in OS between the groups after multivariable adjustment (HR 0.57, 95%CI 0.29–1.11, P = 0.098), although OS was numerically superior in the abiraterone-to-enzalutamide group. CONCLUSIONS We observed differences suggesting improved outcomes favoring the abiraterone-to-enzalutamide sequence in men with mCRPC, with statistical confirmation in terms of PFS but not OS. Prospective studies are required to verify these hypothesis-generating findings. Further evaluation of biomarkers to inform optimal treatment sequencing in men with mCRPC is urgently needed. Prostate 77:33–40, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Critical-Illness Polyneuropathy

A review of the neurological complications of sepsis from the University of Western Ontario, London, and Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, draws attention to “critical-illness polyneuropathy” as a cause of difficulty in weaning from the ventilator.
Impacts of the Particle Sizes and Levels of Inclusions of Cherry Pomace on the Physical and Structural Properties of Direct Expanded Corn Starch

An effort was made to understand the impacts of dried cherry pomace (by-product of cherry juice processing) inclusion into corn starch extrudates on their direct expansion characteristics. The effect of pomace particle sizes (whole unfractionated ( 500 μm), 500 μm) and levels of pomace inclusion (0, 5. and 15% (w/w)) were specifically investigated. Feed moisture content of 15.5 ± 0.5% (w.b.) and the extruder barrel temperature of 140 °C were kept constant with varying extruder screw speed (150, 200, and 250 rpm). The radial expansion ratio (ER) increased with 5% pomace level of inclusion compared with control but decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 15% inclusion. Particle sizes significantly affected ER (p < 0.05) with smaller particle sizes resulting in increased ER at all levels of pomace. Adding cherry pomace significantly decreased water absorption index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI) with smaller particles leading to higher WSI. Extrusion process did not reduce the total phenolic content (gallic acid equivalents). Inclusion of the smallest particle size (<125 μm) cherry pomace at 5% level of inclusion yielded extrudates with the highest expansion ratio among all treatments, including the control. The scanning electron images suggested improvements in the extrudate surface and the internal cell structures. The results indicated the presence of active interactions between the cherry pomace and starch during the expansion process which is not present as an inert material.
Paediatric First-Time Patella Dislocators: An Approach to Conservative Management

Abstract Background First-time lateral patella dislocations are generally treated nonoperatively. However, the ideal form of conservative management and immobilization remains unknown. We compare the clinical outcomes after different immobilization methods. Methods Paediatric-age patients that met our inclusion criteria, and presenting with a first episode of lateral patella dislocation to our hospital from 2006 to 2013, were enrolled. Different immobilization methods included brace, backslab, or cylinder cast. A retrospective review was performed to compare bracing against other immobilization methods, using a primary outcome measure of redislocation rate, and secondary outcome measures like progression to surgery, range-of-motion, pain, and weight-bearing status. Results A total of 142 patients (with 147 affected knees) with minimum 1-year follow-up were included in the study. Bracing was found to be superior to other immobilization methods in preventing repeat dislocations, and need for subsequent surgery. At 6 weeks, patients treated with the backslab had the highest incidence of pain. There were no differences with regards to range-of-motion or weight-bearing status. Conclusion We recommend the use of a brace, with a progressive rehabilitation protocol in the management of first-time lateral patella dislocators. This study is also unique, in that it specifically addresses nonoperative management of first time patella dislocators in a paediatric-age population group.
Molecular Determinants of Lymph Node Microenvironment Induced Host Immune Tolerance In CLL: Role for CAV1, PTPN6, and PKCβ In the Process

Abstract 1367 Previously, we have shown that gene expression profiles (GEP) of CLL cells from lymph nodes (LN), bone marrow (BM), and peripheral blood (PB) are significantly different from each other. Among the major pathways associated with differential gene expression, a “tolerogenic signature” involved in host immune tolerance is significant in regulating CLL progression. The genes associated with the tolerogenic signature are significantly differentially expressed in patient LN-CLL compared to BM-CLL and PB-CLL, suggesting that LN-CLL cells induce this immune tolerance. From 83 differentially expressed genes identified by GEP that are associated with immune dysregulation, we selected eleven genes (CAV1, PTPN6, PKCb, ZWINT, IL2Ra, CBLC, CDC42, ZNF175, ZNF264, IL10, and HLA-G) for validation studies to determine whether these genes are also dysregulated in the Emu-TCL1 mouse model of CLL. The results demonstrate a trend of upregulation of these genes as determined by qRT-PCR in the LN-tumor microenvironment. To further evaluate the kinetics of selected gene expression during tumor progression, we determined the expression levels of Cav1, Ptpn6, and Pkcb at 12, 24, and 36 weeks of CLL development in the Em-TCL1 mouse model. We found that the expression of all three genes increased as a function of age, indicating a correlation of gene expression with disease progression. In addition, as CLL progressed in these mice there was a marked decrease in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The murine data were further validated using CLL cells from the same patients with indolent versus aggressive disease indicating a similar trend in expression as CLL progressed (n=4). Furthermore, patient data analyzed by Kaplan Meier analyses of the expression levels of the selected genes indicated a significant association between down-regulation of PTPN6 (p=0.031) and up-regulation of ZWINT (p Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Polymer conjugates with anticancer activity

Polymer conjugates may possess anticancer activity through a variety of mechanisms. The macro-molecules themselves may have anticancer activities, or, more typically, inert biocompatible polymers serve as carriers for low molecular weight anticancer agents. Polymer conjugates may also be targeted to increase the concentration of conjugate in the vicinity of a specific subset of cells. This article reviews the recent literature that pertains to polymer conjugates with anticancer activity. The types of polymers chosen as drug carriers and the biodistribution of polymers in the body are discussed. Also, the synthesis, biological properties, and the means used to evaluate the anticancer activities of polymer conjugates are detailed.
Analyzing and Improving the Performance of Dynamic Message Sign Reporting Work Zone–Related Congestion

Dynamic message sign (DMS) systems aim to provide realistic, reliable, and real-time traffic information to roadway users. This study investigated the performance of a DMS present at a work zone that warns drivers of any imminent congestion. A work zone in Davenport, Iowa, was used as the test site to evaluate the performance and the proposed algorithm improvements. A typical automated DMS uses a dedicated sensor measuring speed or occupancy and simple thresholds to post messages warning drivers of the congestion by using a set of predefined messages such as “Traffic Delays Possible,” “Slow Traffic Ahead,” and “Stopped Traffic Ahead.” On the basis of field observation, it was found that these simplistic algorithms lead to a significant number of very short messages, erroneous messages during nighttime, and groups of messages that continuously alternate between different displays. This study first developed performance metrics to report the issues with the existing DMS automated programming logic and then ...
First demonstration of broadband W-band and D-band GaN MMICs for next generation communication systems

High-performing GaN MMICs that can cover broadband applications at W and D-Band have been fabricated and tested. A five stage 60–105 GHz LNA has >23 dB of gain across the band and a six stage D-Band LNA has 25 dB of gain from 110–170 GHz. A double balanced resistive FET mixer has −11 to −15 dB of conversion loss from 74–94 GHz. To our knowledge, these are the first reported GaN MMICs with high broadband gain at these frequencies.
Alpheus luiszapatai, a new species of rare and colorful deep water alpheid shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae) from Arusí, Chocó Department, Pacific Coast of Colombia.

A new species of deep water alpheid shrimp, Alpheus luiszapatai sp. nov., from Arusi, Choco, Pacific coast of Colombia is described. The single female known was collected between the discarded bycatch of deep water shrimp trawls dedicated to the commercial fisheries of the “coliflor” shrimp Solenocera spp. This new species is placed putatively in the Alpheus brevirostris (Olivier, 1811) species group, and share some external morphological characters with Alpheus hephaestus Bracken-Grissom & Felder, 2014. It can be differentiated by the shape and ornamentation of major and minor chelipeds, the propodi and dactyli of third to fifth pereopods, the diaresis of uropodal exopod, the length of the rostral carina, color in life and bathymetric distribution. Additional comparison with another congeners pertaining to this species group complex from the eastern Pacific, western Atlantic and other oceanographic regions is discussed. A key for Alpheus brevirostris species group from the eastern Pacific is presented.
An adaptive control of the batch reactor—III: Simplified parameter estimation

Abstract A scheme for parameter estimation using data taken from the isothermal operation of the batch reactor is here given. It is shown that with suitable design it can handle realistic errors of measurement and give median times only 5–10 per cent in excess of the absolute minimum. The whole scheme is tested using Monte-Carlo type computations to establish confidence limits on the estimates of performance. A general design procedure for such an adaptive controller is given and further work discussed.
Extracranial-Intracranial Bypass for Treatment of Blister Aneurysms: Efficacy and Analysis of Complications Compared with Alternative Treatment Strategies.

Objective Blister aneurysms (BAs) represent a clinical challenge without a consensus treatment strategy. We report our institution's experience with BAs with an emphasis on the use of extracranial-to-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass. Methods Seventeen patients with BAs (88% [15/17] ruptured) were treated with microsurgical techniques (5 clip wrappings, 4 clip ligations, 4 EC-IC bypasses and clip trappings, 2 internal carotid artery ligations [1 combined with clip wrapping], and 2 clip trappings). Results Six of 17 patients experienced intraoperative ruptures. There were no intraoperative ruptures among the bypass cases and 75% (3/4) of patients achieved a good neurologic outcome. Further, a literature review was performed to identify all previously reported cases of BAs undergoing clip ligation, clip wrapping, EC-IC bypass/clip trapping, and endovascular therapies, encompassing 246 BA cases across 33 studies. Intraoperative ruptures occurred in 29% of clip ligations (23/79), 27.2% of clip wrappings (6/35), 16.1% of EC-IC bypasses (5/31), and 0% of endovascular treatments. Aneurysm recurrence occurred in 2.97% (3/101) with endovascular therapies to 0% with EC-IC bypass. Mortality was 8.8% for clip ligation/wrapping (10/114), 6.5% for EC-IC bypass (2/31), and 4.0% for endovascular treatments (4/101). Conclusions Endovascular interventions have a favorable procedural safety profile but high rates of retreatment for persistent filling or posttreatment aneurysmal growth. Clip ligation and clip wrapping techniques have lower retreatment rates but slightly higher intraoperative risk. EC-IC bypass can safely provide definitive aneurysm securement and should be considered as a first-line therapy for BAs at high-volume bypass centers.
Basic Considerations in Establishing Evaluation Contracts and Agreements

There are at least two major reasons why it seems useful to discuss how to negotiate and draw up evaluation contracts.
Owen Fennema: Food Chemist Extraordinaire

Periodically someone comes into a field and forces a change in direction, a paradigm shift. Owen Fennema was such a person in food science and technology. When he started his academic career, curri...
Open Chromatin Profiling Identifies Functional Noncoding Risk Variants In Human Ipsc Model of Psychiatric Disorders

Abstract Most disease variants lie within poorly-annotated noncoding parts of the genome, and their functional interpretation is challenging. To functionally assess the relevance of noncoding sequences in neuropsychiatric disorders, we hypothesized that disease-relevant noncoding sequences likely overlap with cell-specific open chromatin regions (OCRs). Neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia (SZ), afflict a significant fraction of the population. Because SZ GWAS suggests a possible pathogenic role of impaired excitatory neurotransmission, we carried out a genome-wide OCR profiling of excitatory neuronal differentiation from human iPSCs using an Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin by sequencing (ATAC-seq). We found that OCRs were highly dynamic, affecting both core cellular and neuronal-specific genomic locus during iPSC differentiation. Importantly, we identified a genome-wide enrichment of SZ risk variants in neural OCRs and their flanking transcriptional factor binding sites (TFBS), and prioritized putatively functional SZ risk variants that may impact OCRs and consequently, cellular development. At a leading SZ-risk locus flanking MIR137, we narrowed down putatively functional risk variants to a common SNP rs1198588 in neuronal OCR. Excitatory neurons of isogenic iPSCs with CRISPR/Cas9-edited rs1198588 showed altered MIR137 expression, OCR dynamics and dendrite arborization/synapse maturation, which is consistent with the effects of a known functional rare SZ-risk variant at the same MIR137 locus. Our study suggests that OCR profiling in a human iPSC model of neuron differentiation can predict functional noncoding sequences that regulate neurodevelopment, creating a useful resource that can help prioritize functional risk variants of SZ and other mental disorders.
The great almond debate: A subtle double movement in California water

Abstract In 2014 journalists accused almonds of “sucking California dry” for using roughly one gallon (3.79 L) of water per nut during the state’s record drought. Eye catching statistics set off a cascade of articles elaborating the almond problem interspersed with retorts defending almond production from becoming the scapegoat of Californian’s accumulated water griefs. How and why did almonds become a water problem? This article charts the rise and fall of the almond debate through a media analysis of 87 journalistic articles spanning two years. While stunning statistics triggered alarm and policy changes buoyed interest in almond production, I argue almonds captured the attention of news writers and readers because they embodied a pervasive concern over the appropriate role of profit in water use. Almond anxieties centered on four disquieting market dynamics: the speed and scale of landscape transformation wrought by a new food fashion, the indifference of global trade to local troubles, the concentration of power in the food system, and a trend towards high-value permanent crops. Almonds remained in the public eye despite recharacterizations of their efficiency because they are a boom crop; exemplary of how neoliberal logics fail to address water as a public good. This paper rearticulates Polanyi’s theory of the ‘double movement’ as an ideologically diverse and relational process. A Polanyian analysis of the almond debate demonstrates the utility of this approach for synthesizing, validating and furthering meaningful dialogue on water politics.
The inhibition of f2 RNA directed E. coli protein synthesis by poly rI-rC in vitro.

Poly rI·rC inhibits both f2 RNA and T4 mRNA directed in vitro3H-lysine incorporation by an E. coli S-30 extract. The inhibition of f2 RNA directed cell-free protein synthesis is highly concentration dependent in that the inhibition is maximal at both high (10 μg/ml) and low (0.01 μg/ml) concentrations but minimal at intermediate concentrations (about 1 μg/ml). The inhibition is found to be due to an interaction between poly rI·rC and f2 RNA. Our results suggest that the conformation of f2 RNA might play a role in poly rI·rC inhibition.
Motivations to set up and manage low-fee private schools in India

Low-fee private schools (LFPS) educate some of India’s poorest children. They have grown dramatically over the last decade in India and have changed the country’s educational landscape (Srivastava, 2016), yet there is little conclusive evidence that the schools significantly help their students. Our study aims to better understand why and how the schools have grown, and we use a social entrepreneurship theory – the push and pull theory – to guide our research questions. We interviewed eight owners and asked: “what are the motivations of individual actors in setting up low fee private schools?” and “how do these actors justify continuing their work when presented with empirical research on these schools’ mixed impact on the quality of education they provide? There were more pull than push factors. Owners’ distrust of government schools, and the characteristically low-income nature of the communities drove them to choose the low-fee private school model. They justified their work despite evidence of these schools’ mixed impact, arguing that their schools were different from the regular LFPS and that there is high parental support for their schools. We recommend policies to better support such individuals and provide them with an awareness of alternative paths to contribute to improving education.
Analog Mappings for Non-Linear Channels With Applications to Underwater Channels

This paper discuses the application of Analog Joint Source Channel Coding (JSCC) to Non-Linear Channels, including underwater acoustic channels. Different from traditional digital communication systems, which utilize a source code followed by a channel code, Analog JSCC systems perform coding via a single mapping. We will focus on a particular class of analog codes called space filling curves. The underwater acoustic channel is typically non-linear with Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI). We will first study a simplified version assuming no ISI, developing a scheme to adapt space filling curves to this environment, and studying the theoretical limits. Then, we will extend the analysis to the end-to-end acoustic channel (including ISI), discussing the proposed system in this case. Finally, we will present simulation results of the proposed communication system for the simplified (no ISI) and end-to-end channels.
An empirical analysis of search engines’ response to web search queries associated with the classroom setting

The purpose of this paper is to examine strengths and limitations that search engines (SEs) exhibit when responding to web search queries associated with the grade school curriculum,The authors employed a simulation-based experimental approach to conduct an in-depth empirical examination of SEs and used web search queries that capture information needs in different search scenarios.,Outcomes from this study highlight that child-oriented SEs are more effective than traditional ones when filtering inappropriate resources, but often fail to retrieve educational materials. All SEs examined offered resources at reading levels higher than that of the target audience and often prioritized resources with popular top-level domain (e.g. “.com”).,Findings have implications for human intervention, search literacy in schools, and the enhancement of existing SEs. Results shed light on the impact on children’s education that result from introducing misconception about SEs when these tools either retrieve no results or offer irrelevant resources, in response to web search queries pertinent to the grade school curriculum.,The authors examined child-oriented and popular SEs retrieval of resources aligning with task objectives and user capabilities–resources that match user reading skills, do not contain hate-speech and sexually-explicit content, are non-opinionated, and are curriculum-relevant. Findings identified limitations of existing SEs (both directly or indirectly supporting young users) and demonstrate the need to improve SE filtering and ranking algorithms.
SOME EFFECTS OF SOCIAL DEPRIVATION ON BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT OF LAMBS

Zito, C.A., Wilson, L.L. and Graves, H.B., 1977. Some effects of social deprivation on behavioral development of lambs. Appl. Anim. Ethol., 3: 367–377. The effects of artificial rearing of lambs on the development of social behavior and growth were determined by rearing lambs (1) in a flock, (2) individually with a ewe, (3) artificially with other lambs, and (4) artificially as individuals. Selected aspects of the lambs' behavioral development were determined by placing the lambs individually in a series of social and nonsocial test conditions each week from 1 to 8 weeks of age. Behavior during testing was strongly dependent on rearing environment.
On the natural spatio-temporal heterogeneity of South Pacific nitrous oxide.

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a powerful greenhouse gas and ozone depleting substance, but its natural sources, especially marine emissions, are poorly constrained. Localized high concentrations have been observed in the oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) of the tropical Pacific but the impacts of El Nino cycles on this key source region are unknown. Here we show atmospheric monitoring station measurements in Samoa combined with atmospheric back-trajectories provide novel information on N2O variability across the South Pacific. Remarkable elevations in Samoan concentrations are obtained in air parcels that pass over the OMZ. The data further reveal that average concentrations of these OMZ air parcels are augmented during La Nina and decrease sharply during El Nino. The observed natural spatial heterogeneities and temporal dynamics in marine N2O emissions can confound attempts to develop future projections of this climatically active gas as low oxygen zones are predicted to expand and El Nino cycles change.
Pharmacologic profiling of patient-derived xenograft models of primary treatment-naïve triple-negative breast cancer.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 15-20% of breast cancer cases in the United States, lacks targeted therapeutic options, and is associated with a 40-80% risk of recurrence. Thus, identifying actionable targets in treatment-naive and chemoresistant TNBC is a critical unmet medical need. To address this need, we performed high-throughput drug viability screens on human tumor cells isolated from 16 patient-derived xenograft models of treatment-naive primary TNBC. The models span a range of TNBC subtypes and exhibit a diverse set of putative driver mutations, thus providing a unique patient-derived, molecularly annotated pharmacologic resource that is reflective of TNBC. We identified therapeutically actionable targets including kinesin spindle protein (KSP). The KSP inhibitor targets the mitotic spindle through mechanisms independent of microtubule stability and showed efficacy in models that were resistant to microtubule inhibitors used as part of the current standard of care for TNBC. We also observed subtype selectivity of Prima-1Met, which showed higher levels of efficacy in the mesenchymal subtype. Coupling pharmacologic data with genomic and transcriptomic information, we showed that Prima-1Met activity was independent of its canonical target, mutant p53, and was better associated with glutathione metabolism, providing an alternate molecularly defined biomarker for this drug.
Dopaminergic Regulation of Reward System Connectivity Underpins Pain and Emotional Suffering in Migraine.

Purpose It has been suggested that reward system dysfunction may account for emotion and pain suffering in migraine. However, there is a lack of evidence whether the altered reward system connectivity is directly associated with clinical manifestations, including negative affect and ictal pain severity and, at the molecular level, the dopamine (DA) D2/D3 receptors (D2/3Rs) signaling implicated in encoding motivational and emotional cues. Patients and Methods We acquired resting-state functional MRI from interictal episodic migraine (EM) patients and age-matched healthy controls, as well as positron emission tomography (PET) with [11C]raclopride, a selective radiotracer for DA D2/3Rs, from a subset of these participants. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) was seeded to measure functional connectivity (FC) and DA D2/3Rs availability based on its essential involvement in pain-related aversive/reward functions. Associations of the brain measures with positive/negative affect and ictal pain severity were also assessed. Results Compared with controls, the EM group showed weaker right NAc connectivity with areas implicated in pain and emotional regulation, such as the amygdala, rostral anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus; but showed stronger left NAc connectivity with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and lingual gyrus. Moreover, among the altered NAc connectivities, only right NAc-amygdala connectivity was inversely correlated with DA D2/3Rs availability in migraine patients (diagnostic group-by-D2/3Rs interaction p < 0.007). At a clinical level, such weaker NAc-amygdala connectivity was associated with lower interictal positive affect and greater ictal pain severity over the head and facial extension area (pain area and intensity number summation, PAINS). Conclusion Together, our findings suggest that altered reward system connectivity, specifically between the NAc and amygdala, might be affected by endogenous DA D2/3Rs signaling, and such process might be a neural mechanism that underlies emotional and pain suffering in episodic migraineurs.
Perioperative Complications in Endoscopic Endonasal versus Transcranial Resections of Adult Craniopharyngiomas.

Background Adult craniopharyngiomas are low-grade tumors of the pituitary infundibulum that can be locally aggressive and frequently present with profound visual deficits and endocrinopathies. Surgical resection remains the preferred initial treatment for these lesions, and recently endoscopic endonasal approaches (EEAs) have become increasingly used. However, minimal data exist comparing these techniques with traditional transcranial (TC) methods. The purpose of this study was to evaluate perioperative differences in EEA and TC approaches for adult craniopharyngiomas over the past several decades. Methods Craniopharyngioma surgeries in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 1998 to 2014 were identified. Complication rates, mortality rates, and annual treatment trends were stratified by procedure. Annual caseload was assessed with linear regression, and multivariate logistic regression models were created to determine predictors of inpatient mortality and perioperative complications. Results From 1998−2014, a significant increase in EEAs for craniopharyngiomas (+4.36/year, r2 = 0.80, P Conclusions Over the past several decades, utilization of EEAs to resect adult craniopharyngiomas has increased. EEAs appear to be associated with lower rates of perioperative mortality and complications. However, long-term, prospective studies controlling for tumor size, location, and preoperative symptomatology are needed to determine when one approach should be used preferentially over the other.