cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetic simulations of collision-less plasmas in open magnetic geometries

Laboratory plasmas in open magnetic geometries can be found in many different applications such as (1) Scrape-Of-Layer (SOL) and divertor regions in toroidal confinement fusion devices (\approx1-10^2\hspace{1mm}\mathrm{eV}), (2) linear divertor simulators (\approx1-10\hspace{1mm}\mathrm{eV}), (3) plasma-based thrusters (\approx10\hspace{1mm}\mathrm{eV}) and (4) magnetic mirrors (\approx10^2-10^3\hspace{1mm}\mathrm{eV}). A common feature of these plasma systems is the need to resolve, in addition to velocity space, at least one physical dimension (e.g. along flux lines) to capture the relevant physics. In general, this requires a kinetic treatment. Fully kinetic Particle-In-Cell (PIC) simulations can be applied but at the expense of large computational effort. A common way to resolve this is to use a hybrid approach: kinetic ions and fluid electrons. In the present work, the development of a hybrid PIC computational tool suitable for open magnetic geometries is described which includes (1) the effect of non-uniform magnetic fields, (2) finite fully-absorbing boundaries for the particles and (3) volumetric particle sources. Analytical expressions for the momentum transport in the paraxial limit are presented with their underlying assumptions and are used to validate the results from the PIC simulations. The self-consistent electric field is calculated and is shown to modify the ion velocity distribution function in manner consistent with analytic theory. Based on this analysis, the ion distribution function is understood in terms of a loss-cone distribution and an isotropic Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution driven by a volumetric plasma source. Finally, inclusion of a Monte-Carlo based Fokker-Planck collision operator is discussed in the context of future work.
Regulation of mitogen regulated protein/proliferin gene expression in 3T3 cells by basic fibroblast growth factor

13 Introduction 14 Materials and Methods 16 Results 23 Discussion 43 References 49 THE BASIC FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RESPONSE ELEMENT IN THE MRP/PLF3 GENE PROMOTER IS A GENERAL MITOGEN RESPONSE ELEMENT 54 Summary 54 Introduction 55 Results 58 Discussion 81 Experimental Procedures 87 References 92 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 97
Deep Structures of Information Systems Security

Companies tend to adopt security approaches that align with some subset of the four categories of IS security techniques checklists, risk analysis, formal methods and soft modeling. To develop a structure of secure IS that upholds confidentiality, integrity and availability of information there remains a need for an integral security model that incorporates the benefits of other security designs outside the chosen ones. Organizations demand security models that cater to their unique operational characteristics. The paper uses the deep-structure model of Wand and Weber (1990) to help reveal the deep structure characteristics of IS security using three models representational model identifies subsystems within an organization; statetracking model ensures security changes trace real world security system changes; and decomposition model defines specific external events that are stimuli to changes on internal events. A conceptual security model is presented that manifests the meaning of dynamic, custom-fit and flexible IS security structure which also incorporates features from checklists, risk analysis, soft modeling and formal methods.
Generative modeling of pseudo-target domain adaptation samples for whispered speech recognition

The lack of available large corpora of transcribed whispered speech is one of the major roadblocks for development of successful whisper recognition engines. Our recent study has introduced a Vector Taylor Series (VTS) approach to pseudo-whisper sample generation which requires availability of only a small number of real whispered utterances to produce large amounts of whisper-like samples from easily accessible transcribed neutral recordings. The pseudo-whisper samples were found particularly effective in adapting a neutral-trained recognizer to whisper. Our current study explores the use of denoising autoencoders (DAE) for pseudo-whisper sample generation. Two types of generative models are investigated - one which produces pseudo-whispered cepstral vectors on a frame basis and another which generates pseudo-whisper statistics of whole phone segments. It is shown that the DAE approach considerably reduces word error rates of the baseline system as well as the system adapted on real whisper samples. The DAE approach provides competitive results to the VTS-based method while cutting its computational overhead nearly in half.
Video-Based Response & Revision: Dialogic Instruction Using Video and Web 2.0 Technologies.

This article documents the curricular decisions made by a teacher educator research team whose guiding theoretical focus for intern practice is dialogic instruction. Over a 2-year sequence, teaching interns used video and Web 2.0 technologies to respond critically to and revise their teaching practices in collaboration with peers and instructors. This article describes how a focus on dialogic instruction and an adoption of a multiliteracies pedagogy guided the implementation and use of technologies within the project. Through multiple examples of curriculum, including excerpts from course materials, screencasts of the adopted networking platform, Voicethread, and video of class sessions, the authors describe how a focus on the dialogic creates spaces for interactions that allow responsive and revisionary attitudes toward not only teaching practices, but the potential and place of technologies in teacher education.
The Vicious Cycle: The Exclusion of Low Socioeconomic Status Voters from Mobilization Efforts

In theory, democratic political systems are created to insure equality amongst their citizenry through universal suffrage. In reality, there is very little equality between those who vote and those who do not. From the study of mass behavior, we know that the affluent and educated vote. From the literature, we also know that campaigns intentionally mobilize these particular voters because they vote. Poor and uneducated voters are disregarded by campaigns and for this reason they do not participate. In this paper I ask, will low socioeconomic status voters participate, if they are mobilized? I explore the effects of a non-partisan “Get-Out-the-Vote” personal canvassing campaign on individual, poor and uneducated, low propensity voters. Using a randomized field experiment, I find that individual, low propensity and low socioeconomic status voters who are personally contacted and encouraged to vote participate at significantly higher rates than those who are not.
On the Duality of Dynamic Algebras and Kripke Models

We introduce a natural topology on Kripke models of propositional dynamic logic (PDL) and exhibit a useful duality between certain topological Kripke models and separable dynamic algebras analogous to the duality between Boolean algebras and their Stone spaces. We prove several results which clarify the role of the * operator of PDL and characterize the discrepancy between the standard and nonstandard models in terms of well-understood topological concepts.
Quantitative shotgun proteomics with data-independent acquisition and traveling wave ion mobility spectrometry: a versatile tool in the life sciences.

Data-independent acquisition (DIA) implemented in a method called MSE can be performed in a massively parallel, time-based schedule rather than by sampling masses sequentially in shotgun proteomics. In MSE alternating low and high energy spectra are collected across the full mass range. This approach has been very successful and stimulated the development of variants modeled after the MSE protocol, but over narrower mass ranges. The massively parallel MSE and other DIA methodologies have enabled effective label-free quantitation methods that have been applied to a wide variety of samples including affinity pulldowns and studies of cells, tissues, and clinical samples. Another complementary technology matches accurate mass and retention times of precursor ions across multiple chromatographic runs. This further enhances the impact of MSE in counteracting the stochastic nature of mass spectrometry as applied in proteomics. Otherwise significant amounts of data in typical large-scale protein profiling experiments are missing. A variety of software packages perform this function similar in concept to matching of accurate mass tags. Another enhancement of this method involves a variation of MSE coupled with traveling wave ion mobility spectrometry to provide separations of peptides based on cross-sectional area and shape in addition to mass/charge (m/z) ratio. Such a two-dimensional separation in the gas phase considerably increases protein coverage as well as typically a doubling of the number of proteins detected. These developments along with advances in ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography have resulted in the evolution of a robust and versatile platform for label-free protein profiling.
Correlation of factor IXa subsite modulations with effects on substrate discrimination

Summary. Background: A key feature of factor IXa is its allosteric transformation from an enzymatically latent form into a potent procoagulant. Although several small molecules have been found to be capable of partially affecting FIXa function (i.e. ethylene glycol, Ca2+, and low molecular weight heparin [LMWH]), the resulting modest changes in peptidolytic activity have made the study of their mechanisms of action challenging. As these effects provide hints about potential regulatory forces that may be operational in the full expression of FIXa coagulant activity, their description remains of great interest. Studies of crystal structures have yielded insights into the structural changes induced by these effectors, but there remains a paucity of information to correlate any given structural change with specific consequences for FIXa function.Objectives: To correlate structural changes induced by these modulators with defined consequences for FIXa substrate discrimination and function.Methods: A peptidomics-based mass spectrometry (MS) approach was used to examine the patterns of hydrolysis of four combinatorial chemistry-derived pentapeptide libraries by FIXa under various conditions in a soluble, active enzyme system.Results: Ethylene glycol specifically altered the S3 subsite of FIXa to render it more tolerant to side chains at the P3 substrate position, whereas Ca2+ enhanced tolerance at the S2 subsite. In contrast, LMWH altered both the S2 and S1′ subsites.Conclusions: These results demonstrate the role of plasticity in regulating FIXa function with respect to discrimination of extended substrate sequences, as well as providing crucial insights into active site modulations that may be capitalized on by various physiologic cofactors of FIXa and in future drug design.
Adaptive Cache Design to Enable Reliable Low-Voltage Operation

The performance/energy trade-off is widely acknowledged as a primary design consideration for modern processors. A less discussed, though equally important, trade-off is the reliability/energy trade-off. Many design features that increase reliability (e.g., redundancy, error detection, and correction) have the side effect of consuming more energy. Many energy-saving features (e.g., voltage scaling) have the side effect of making systems less reliable. In this paper, we propose an adaptive cache design that enables the operating system to optimize for performance or energy efficiency without sacrificing reliability. Our proposed mechanism enables a cache with a wide operating range, where the cache can use a variable part of its data array to store error-correcting codes. A reliable, energy-efficient cache can use up to half of its data array to store error-correcting codes so that it can reliably operate at a low voltage to reduce energy. A reliable high-performance cache uses its whole data array, but operates at a higher voltage to improve reliability while sacrificing energy. We propose a hardware mechanism that allows the operating system to choose different points within that operating range based on the desired levels of performance, energy, and reliability.
Efficacy of an internet-based learning module and small-group debriefing on trainees' attitudes and communication skills toward patients with substance use disorders: results of a cluster randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE To examine whether an Internet-based learning module and small-group debriefing can improve medical trainees' attitudes and communication skills toward patients with substance use disorders (SUDs). METHOD In 2011-2012, 129 internal and family medicine residents and 370 medical students at two medical schools participated in a cluster randomized controlled trial, which assessed the effect of adding a two-part intervention to the SUDs curricula. The intervention included a self-directed, media-rich Internet-based learning module and a small-group, faculty-led debriefing. Primary study outcomes were changes in self-assessed attitudes in the intervention group (I-group) compared with those in the control group (C-group) (i.e., a difference of differences). For residents, the authors used real-time, Web-based interviews of standardized patients to assess changes in communication skills. Statistical analyses, conducted separately for residents and students, included hierarchical linear modeling, adjusted for site, participant type, cluster, and individual scores at baseline. RESULTS The authors found no significant differences between the I- and C-groups in attitudes for residents or students at baseline. Compared with those in the C-group, residents, but not students, in the I-group had more positive attitudes toward treatment efficacy and self-efficacy at follow-up (P<.006). Likewise, compared with residents in the C-group, residents in the I-group received higher scores on screening and counseling skills during the standardized patient interview at follow-up (P=.0009). CONCLUSIONS This intervention produced improved attitudes and communication skills toward patients with SUDs among residents. Enhanced attitudes and skills may result in improved care for these patients.
An in-depth study of graph partitioning measures for perceptual organization

In recent years, one of the effective engines for perceptual organization of low-level image features is based on the partitioning of a graph representation that captures Gestalt inspired local structures, such as similarity, proximity, continuity, parallelism, and perpendicularity, over the low-level image features. Mainly motivated by computational efficiency considerations, this graph partitioning process is usually implemented as a recursive bipartitioning process, where, at each step, the graph is broken into two parts based on a partitioning measure. We focus on three such measures, namely, the minimum, average, and normalized cuts. The minimum cut partition seeks to minimize the total link weights cut. The average cut measure is proportional to the total link weight cut, normalized by the sizes of the partitions. The normalized cut measure is normalized by the product of the total connectivity (valencies) of the nodes in each partition. We provide theoretical and empirical insight into the nature of the three partitioning measures in terms of the underlying image statistics. In particular, we consider for what kinds of image statistics would optimizing a measure, irrespective of the particular algorithm used, result in correct partitioning. Are the quality of the groups significantly different for each cut measure? Are there classes of images for which grouping by partitioning does not work well? Also, can the recursive bipartitioning strategy separate out groups corresponding to K objects from each other? In the analysis, we draw from probability theory and the rich body of work on stochastic ordering of random variables. Our major conclusion is that optimization of none of the three measures is guaranteed to result in the correct partitioning of K objects, in the strict stochastic order sense, for all image statistics.
Restriction endonuclease B and f1 heteroduplex DNA.

In many strains of Escherichia coli, strain-specific restriction system recognises phage and bacterial DNA synthesised in a different strain and initiates its degradation. The recognition and initial hydrolysis can apparently occur at the same or different sites on the DNA molecule (resistance transfer factor R1 (refs 1–3) and E. coli B4 restriction, respectively) and are mediated by a strain-specific endonuclease. Protection is afforded by modification (glucosylation5–7 and methylation8,9) and mutation10 of the DNA, presumably at the recognition site(s). A DNA duplex, only one of whose strands is modified (by methylation), is resistant to restriction endonuclease K11. Similar conclusions about the sensitivity of hybrid molecules containing one modified DNA strand were made from in vivo observations with T212 and λ13 phage with regard to restriction in E. coli B and Pl lysogens, respectively.
Control of Olefination Stereochemistry Using Long-Chain Zirconium Alkylidene Analogues of the “Tebbe” Reagent

Utilisation de Cp 2 Zr (R-ethylidene) (L) (avec R=t-C 4 H 9 ou n-C 4 H 9 et L=P(C 6 H 5 ) 3 ou P(CH 3 ) 2 C 6 H 5 ) pour l'olefination d'aldehydes ou de cetone
The evolution of learning spaces

In January of 1996, Computing & Information Technology (CIT) at the State University of New York (SUNY) Geneseo implemented an instructional computer lab. This was used as a general access computer lab and doubled as teaching space for technology education but has seen many revisions.In the 12 years since the lab's construction, Geneseo has seen numerous changes in teaching styles and the expectations for the facilities that support them. Our classroom has served as a gauge for these changes and has evolved to meet differing expectations.We will discuss the various stages of changes in our physical space; the thoughts behind them; the impact on and integration with other classrooms on campus; and our vision for the future.We will talk about designing and implementing a classroom that allows for multiple teaching styles. The same space saves on physical space by utilizing desks with retractable iMacs that are set up for dual-booting into both Windows and Mac OS.Our vision for the future stretches beyond the geography of the room. Leveraging virtualization technology, students can access a computer lab configuration from their own computers inside the classroom. The same configuration can be accessed outside the classroom, enabling students to continue working on their own schedules.We think that by combining both a traditional classroom and cutting edge technologies we can maintain the flexibility necessary in modern education environments.
15N nuclear magnetic resonance studies of [1-15N]nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides

The synthesis of [1-15N]nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is described. Chemical shift data from 15N NMR studies are presented for the pyridine ring nitrogen of labeled NAD and related compounds. The results indicate a 15N label in the N-1 position to be highly sensitive to the redox-state of the pyridine moiety, with an upfield shift of over 100 ppm observed upon reduction of NAD+ to NADH. The feasibility of conducting 15N NMR studies of pyridine nucleotide binding to dehydrogenases is discussed.
Effects of Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting on Patient Outcome

Background Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is associated with postoperative myocardial stunning, hypothermia, formation of microemboli, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome, all of which may prolong recovery from coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. This study sought to compare outcomes in patients undergoing CABG off pump versus on pump. Methods Outcomes, including mortality and several morbidities, were reviewed in 1,623 on-pump patients and 683 off-pump patients. Morbidities assessed included postoperative bleeding, incidence of multiorgan dysfunction, and neurologic complications. Chi-square and t-test analysis were used to determine statistical significance. Results Mortality was 42% lower in the off-pump group than the on-pump group. Both critical care and total hospital length of stay were significantly shorter in the off-pump group. The incidence of postoperative bleeding requiring transfusion or a return to the operating room was reduced by 29% in the off-pump group and the incidence of multiorgan dysfunction was reduced by 31%. The off-pump patients also presented a significantly lower incidence of cerebral vascular accidents and seizures than on-pump patients. Conclusions We conclude that there is an association between improved patient outcome and off-pump CABG surgery. The outcomes of this study show a statistically significant decrease in mortality, critical care length of stay, total hospital stay, incidence of bleeding requiring transfusion or return to the operating room, amount of blood transfused, incidence of multiorgan dysfunction, cerebral vascular accidents, and seizures in off-pump patients when compared with on-pump patients. Such results support the use of myocardial revascularization off pump as an alternative to CABG surgery on pump. CABG surgery off pump may allow a better postoperative clinical course in patients who are candidates for the procedure.
Amino Acid Determinants of α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Surface Expression

Abstract Transient transfection has not been a successful method to express the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor such that these receptors are detected on the cell surface. This is not the case for all ligand-gated ion channels. Transient transfection with the 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 subunit cDNA results in detectable surface receptor expression. Cell lines stably expressing the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor produce detectable, albeit variable, levels of surface receptor expression. α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor surface expression is dependent, at least in part, on cell-specific factors. In addition to factors provided by the cells used for receptor expression, we hypothesize that the surface expression level in transfected cells is an intrinsic property of the receptor protein under study. Employing a set of α7–5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 chimeric receptor subunit cDNAs, we expressed these constructs in a transient transfection system and quantified surface receptor expression. We have identified amino acids that control receptor distribution between surface and intracellular pools; surface receptor expression can be manipulated without affecting the total number of receptors. These determinants function independently of the cell line used for expression and the transfection method employed. How these surface expression determinants in the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor might influence synaptic efficacy is discussed.
Transposition flaps in cutaneous surgery.

Background. Transposition flaps are powerful reconstructive tools that are frequently called on in cutaneous reconstruction. Transposition flaps tap into adjacent areas that may have relative laxity while redirecting the vectors of tension during closure. Objective. As with the closure of any surgical defect, the goal is to achieve the best possible functional and esthetic result. Materials and Methods. Manual manipulation is used to “feel” for areas of relative laxity and test the effects of various tension vectors on adjacent structures. Every effort should be made to avoid distortion of the free margins of structures such as the nose and eyelids. Consideration must be taken to best camouflage incision lines within existing lines or creases, at the junction of cosmetic units, or at least parallel to lines of relaxed skin tension. Conclusions. A complete knowledge of the possible variations and modifications of transposition flaps can help fine-tune the execution of the flap to provide the patient with the best possible result. Good surgical technique and proper wound eversion through meticulous suture placement also help tremendously in consistently attaining esthetically pleasing results. At the surgical bedside, an artistic eye should meet the science of cutaneous biomechanics.
Neurosurgery of the Peripheral Nervous System: The Posterior Interosseous Nerve Syndrome

Abstract Introduction The “posterior interosseous nerve syndrome” is caused by compression, in the upper third of the forearm, of the terminal motor branch of the radial nerve, called the deep radial nerve or posterior interosseous nerve (PIN). In most cases, this nerve is compressed at the arcade of Frohse. Proximally to this arcade, the main radial nerve and/or its branches, the sensory superficial radial nerve and the PIN, may be also compressed.
Enhancement of In Vitro Activity Against Neuroblastoma by Doxrubicin and Deferoxamine

A colorimetric assay was used to compare the in vitro effects on neuroblastoma cell viability of 3.75-60 microM deferoxamine or 0.125-2 microM doxorubicin alone with those of the two drugs in combination. For each of two human neuroblastoma cell lines (CHP 100 and CHP 126), exposure to each drug individually produced dose-related cytotoxic effects within 3 days. When these cells were simultaneously exposed to both drugs, even at concentrations achievable in vivo, cell death was greater than what could be accounted for by either drug alone. Cytotoxicity was further potentiated to a variable extent when the cells were sequentially exposed to deferoxamine and doxorubicin at 24-hour intervals. Thus, this combination of drugs warrants further study.
Syntheses of N‐[1‐2H]‐ and N‐[1‐3H]‐cyclopropylbenzylamine and [phenyl‐14C]‐N‐cyclopropylbenzylamine

N-[1-2H]- (5a) and N-[1-3H]-Cyclopropylbenzylamine (5b) were synthesized from cyclopropanecarbonitrile. The α-proton of cyclopropanecarbonitrile was exchanged in [O-2H]- and [O-3H]-methanol using sodium methoxide as the base. [α-2H]- and [α-3H]-Cyclopropanecarbonitrile were hydrolyzed in 4N HCl to the α-labeled cyclopropanecarboxylic acids which were converted to [1-2H]- and [1-3H]-cyclopropylamine. HCl by Curtius rearrangements. The labeled cyclopropylamines were benzylated by reaction with benzaldehyde followed by sodium cyanoborohydride reduction. [phenyl-14C]-Cyclopropylbenzylamine (2b) was prepared by the reaction of cyclopropylamine with [phenyl-14C] benzaldehyde followed by sodium cyanoborohydride reduction.
Signal Perturbation Theory Applied to Boundary Detection

This paper is concerned with accurate detection of the location of boundaries of images projected on a discrete array of photosensors or scanned by a television camera. A model is developed for the detection system and it is shown that proper application of a triangular perturbation signal can yield a linear transfer characteristic between the actual boundary location and the detector output.
Thermal Resistivity of Potassium between 1.5 and 15 K

The thermal resistivity of single-crystal and polycrystalline potassium specimens having residual-resistance ratios between 195 and 6500 has been measured between 1.5 and 15 K. It is found that theoretical calculations based on semiclassical ideas are in reasonably good agreement with the experimental data, particularly for the more impure specimens at low temperatures. The role of umklapp scattering is clearly evident. Although the umklapp processes can contribute as much as 50% to the total thermal resistivity, the simple expression $W=\frac{A}{T}+B{T}^{2}$, obtained by only considering normal scattering, describes the results remarkably well up to about 10 K. Depending upon the purity, the values of $B$ ranged from 2.38 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ cm/W to 1.53 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ cm/W, indicating a deviation from Matthiessen's rule of about 50%. The magnitude of the calculated thermal resistivity is very near the experimental result for impure specimens but the calculated values are too high for the purer specimens. It is shown that when impurity scattering is dominant, a variational calculation of the electron-phonon thermal resistance should be quite accurate. In pure specimens the calculations are not expected to be nearly as good; reasons for this are discussed. At high temperatures, above 6 to 8 K, the theoretical temperature dependence is in considerable disagreement with the experimental results. Deviations from Matthiessen's rule, as well as other possible reasons for this discrepancy, are discussed. Our data are in qualitative agreement with that of Mac-Donald, White, and Woods; however, contrary to the observations of Stauder and Mielczarek, we observe no anomalous behavior in the thermal conductivity of potassium. Reasons for the differences between our results and those of Stauder and Mielczarek are presented and discussed. We conclude that the thermal resistance of potassium can be understood very well within the framework of existing theoretical work. In specimens of low and intermediate purity the contribution of lattice thermal conduction can be appreciable and should be taken into account when making comparisons with theory.
Idiocy, Attention, and the Normal Scholastic Prototype.

Throughout the 19th century, the discourse on idiocy was among the most substantial and celebrated fields of knowledge about human nature; yet it is mostly forgotten or ignored by scholars today. Once science could identify the truly retarded individual from within the confused concept of idiocy, it is thought, these subjects could finally be treated separately and more humanely. But looking back at the early discourse on idiocy reveals a rational knowledge of the subject built on a very different intelligibility from our own. Indeed, until modern times, idiocy was actually considered a form of madness, and it was only through the emergence of a new intelligibility of the body—based on the idea of development—that the concept of retardation could emerge. Rather than through medical or humanistic advance, it was first through the emergence of the normalizing technologies of the hospitals and schools that society would find new reasons and means for dealing with these ‘recalcitrant’ figures who were unwilli...
KINEMATICAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF NEUTRINO-PRODUCED LEPTON TRIPLETS.

Differential distributions in lepton triplets ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$, ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{e}^{+}$, ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}{e}^{+}$ produced from neutrinos through the point four-fermion interaction and single-photon exchange with a nuclear target have been calculated using a Monte Carlo method. These are fundamental processes which can be calculated to arbitrary accuracy, and which test aspects of the leptonic weak interactions, in particular diagonal processes, which are not accessible to other tests. The calculations cover energies from 1.5 to 40 GeV, and targets of mass 1, 12, 56, and 208. Salient features of the results are that typically the negative lepton is energetic, the positive one much less energetic, and transverse momenta of the charged leptons are quite large (100-200 $\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c}$ at 15 GeV).
A continuum theory for the thermomechanics of solidification

Abstract A general theory for the phenomenon of solidification is presented in which the coupling between the thermal and kinematical fields is fully taken into account. The resulting model descsribes the liquid region as an ordinary Newtonian liquid and the solid phase as an elastic material. In the case of multi-component solidification it allows for the existence of a mixed region separating the pure phases whose behavior is modeled as a non-linear viscoelastic material. After a preliminary analysis of the jump conditions across the singular surface separating the two phases, the strong interdependence between the thermomechanical field, the geometry of the singular surface and the freezing temperature θf is examined in detail. A simple one-dimensional problem (Boussinesq problem) has been discussed to show how only a dynamical theory can predict with reasonable accuracy the final shape of the solid.
Implications of pre-eruptive magmatic histories of zircons for U–Pb geochronology of silicic extrusions

Abstract Zircons in silicic magmas begin to crystallize 10's to 100's of thousands of years (ka) prior to their eruption. U/Pb and U/Th dating for zircons from 32 young extrusions indicate a range of mean pre-eruption ages from ∼ 33 to 247 ka, with a median of 92 ka. Explosive large volume (widespread) eruptions show a narrower range and a younger median of 70 ka. These results indicate that the difference between initial zircon growth and eruption age measured by other (e.g., 40Ar/39Ar) techniques is in excess of the achievable analytical uncertainty for eruptions
Size-Dependent Recovery of Chinook Salmon in Carcass Surveys

Abstract Accurate estimation of the age and sex composition of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. is essential for understanding their population dynamics. Unfortunately, the data collected from spawning ground surveys are generally biased by the probability of recovery. Using 11 years of mark-recapture data for fall chinook salmon O. tshawytscha in the Salmon River, Oregon, I developed logistic models to examine the influences of stream flow and the sex and size of the fish on the probability of carcass recovery from spawning grounds. The results indicated no significant differences in recovery rates for males and females. The probability of recovery generally increased as fish size increased and as stream flow decreased. However, the relationships were nonlinear; the probability leveled off for very large fish and increased slightly at very high stream flow. Directly computed age and sex compositions from survey samples underestimated the ages of small fish and males while overestimating those of large fi...
2D:4D ratios in the first 2 years of life: Stability and relation to testosterone exposure and sensitivity

The relative lengths of the 2nd and 4th digits (2D:4D) may provide an easily measurable and stable anthropometric index of prenatal androgen exposure, but no study has examined the development of 2D:4D in infancy and the potential impact of neonatal testosterone levels. We collected 2D:4D ratios from 364 children between 0 and 2 years of age. Saliva samples were collected from 236 of these children 3 months after birth and analyzed for testosterone. In addition, 259 children provided DNA samples which were genotyped for the CAG repeat polymorphism in the androgen receptor. There was substantial variability across age in 2D:4D. Sex differences were small compared to adults and did not consistently reach statistical significance. This suggests that 2D:4D may not function well as a proxy measure of prenatal testosterone exposure in infancy. In addition, the interaction of salivary T and CAG repeats predicted right hand digit ratio at 12 months and left hand digit ratio at 12 months and 24 months in males. The interaction of salivary testosterone and CAG repeat length also predicted change in left hand 2D:4D from 2 weeks to 12 months in males. This suggests that 2D:4D in adults may reflect, in part, neonatal testosterone exposure. No significant relationships were observed within females. No significant relationships were observed when salivary testosterone and CAG repeats were examined independent of each other. Results have important implications for the design and interpretation of studies which use 2D:4D as a proxy measure of prenatal testosterone exposure.
Cholesterol supplementation enhances growth of phallus in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome

Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is an autosomal recessive inborn error of cholesterol biosynthesis due to a deficiency of the last enzyme of the cholesterol synthetic pathway, 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase. Affected patients have low concentrations of cholesterol and elevation of the cholesterol precursor, 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC). Multiple congenital anomalies, dysmorphic facies, and growth and developmental retardation are common. Severely affected males have ambiguous genitalia. We believe that the genital anomalies seen in affected males are due to deficiency of androgens, but this has never been proven. The infant was diagnosed prenatally with SLOS by sterol analysis of amniotic fluid at 30 weeks gestation. Physical examination on Day 1 of life revealed many of the physical features of SLOS. Biochemical studies confirmed the prenatal diagnosis. The penis measured 1 × 0.7 cm, and was hooded and ventrally bound. He had a third-degree hvpospadias and a bifid scrotum. There was hyperpigmentation of the nipples and scrotum. Treatment with exogenous cholesterol (150 mg/kg/day) resulted in an increase in the size of the phallus to 2.3 × 1.2 cm in six weeks. Biochemical studies before and after therapy revealed the following cholesterol of 21.8 and 26 mg/dl, 7-DHC of 7.25 and 12 mg/dl; ACTH of 150 and 77 pg/ml; cortisol of 9.6 and 14 mcg/dl; testosterone of 48 and 153 ng/dl; and dihydrotestosterone of less than 2 and 38 ng/dl. We conclude that in males with SLOS treatment with cholesterol improves biosynthesis of cortisol and androgens, and enhances phallic growth.
Nike: A Case Study of Identity Claims in a Complex Global World

This case study of Nike explored the relationship of an organization’s history and the recollection of critical organizational events in the evolution of its identity claims. Data collection involv...
Effects of Different Concentrations of Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) on the Solubility of Lamotrigine and Diazepam in Ethanol + Water Mixtures at 298.2 K

The effects of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) K30 (PVP) (1) on the solubility of lamotrigine (2) and diazepam (2) at 298.2 K are reported for ethanol (3) + water (4) mixtures at five different concentrations (0.0001, 0.0005, 0.001, 0.005 and 0.01) g·mL−1 of PVP. The general version of the Jouyban−Acree model was fitted to the solubility data of each drug in a given concentration of PVP. The largest mean relative deviation (MRD) was 14 %, that is, for diazepam in the presence of (0.0005 and 0.001) g·mL−1 of PVP, and the lowest MRD was 4 % for lamotrigine in the presence of 0.01 g·mL−1 of PVP. The overall MRD for lamotrigine and diazepam was 9 %. A modified version of the Jouyban−Acree model was used to model the simultaneous effects of the ethanol and PVP on the solubility employing experimental solubility of drugs in water and ethanol in the absence of PVP. The MRDs for diazepam and lamotrigine were 23 % and 10 %, respectively, with the overall value of 17 %.
The IFN‐γ‐induced transcriptional program of the CIITA gene is inhibited by statins

Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors that exert anti-inflammatory effects. IFN-gamma induction of class II MHC expression, which requires the class II transactivator (CIITA), is inhibited by statins; however, the molecular basis for suppression is undetermined. We describe that statins inhibit IFN-gamma-induced class II MHC expression by suppressing CIITA gene expression, which is dependent on the HMG-CoA reductase pathway. In addition, CIITA expression is inhibited by GGTI-298 or Clostridium difficile Toxin A, specific inhibitors of Rho family protein prenylation, indicating the involvement of small GTPases. Rac1 is involved in IFN-gamma inducible expression of CIITA, and statins inhibit IFN-gamma-induced Rac1 activation, contributing to the inhibitory effect of statins. IFN-gamma induction of the CIITA gene is regulated by the transcription factors STAT-1alpha, interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1 and upstream stimulatory factor (USF)-1. We previously reported that statins inhibit constitutive STAT-1alpha expression. IRF-1, a STAT-1 dependent gene, is also inhibited by statins. Therefore, statin treatment results in decreased recruitment of STAT-1alpha and IRF-1 to the endogenous CIITA promoter IV (pIV). The recruitment of USF-1 to CIITA pIV is also reduced by statins, as is the recruitment of RNA polymerase II (Pol II), p300 and Brg-1. These data indicate that statins inhibit the transcriptional program of the CIITA gene.
Helping Young Writers Working in Spanish: Informing Instruction Through Analysis of Writing in Spanish

Abstract Bilingual teachers can gain a wealth of information from their students who are writing in Spanish. The information gained from analysis of students' writing can be used effectively to inform instruction focused on helping students to improve their writing in Spanish. Writing process teachers who have students working in Spanish are realizing the importance of helping students in the United States improve the content and mechanics of their writing in Spanish as well as in English. Teachers can identify the strengths and needs of a student writer through analysis of their writing for content and mechanics. The writing of one native Spanish speaking third grader is analyzed here and instructional strategies are given for helping the writer to improve content and mechanics.
The organization of collagen in growing tensile tissues.

As a young animal grows, its organs, musculature and skeleton increase in size and the connective tissues must elongate commensurately. This requirement poses a problem: Tensile connective tissues are built from highly ordered collagen and proteoglycan molecules, and if they are to transmit forces over a distance, the components must be connected into polymers. How can the polymers be extended during growth without disrupting the structure or cutting the polymers? The conceptual problem of growth in a tendon, for example, may be compared to the situation of a dinghy anchored in a rising tide. Unless the anchor line is lenghtend, the bot will be dragged below the surface, but if the line is firmly spliced at the boat and the head of the anchor, how does the sailor lengthen the line? It is proposed that the growth process requires repeated stretching just beyond the elastic limit and that entails the strain-catalyzed hydrolysis of intermolecular bonds; however, the bonds can reform in a new location to prod...
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura in pregnancy: the ongoing debate surrounding obstetric management

Abstract Thrombocytopenia is a common hematologic complication of pregnancy. Most cases are the result of gestational thrombocytopenia, which poses no threat to mother or fetus. In contrast, other cases may be secondary to immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), which may cause significant hemorrhagic morbidity in both. For this reason, diagnosing and treating ITP in pregnancy is important. The medical management of the disease is well established and has changed little. Conversely, obstetric management protocols have changed a great deal as our perception of fetal risk has been altered. Throughout the 1990s, many authors have reviewed the literature and challenged the existing belief that ITP is frequently associated with significant fetal morbidity. This has forced a revision of previous obstetric management recommendations. Despite evidence provided by these recent reviews, obstetric management of ITP in pregnancy remains an area of considerable controversy.
Low risk of contrast media-induced acute renal failure in nonazotemic type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus afflicts about 10 million Americans and appears to be increasing at the rate of 6% per year. Bergman, Ellison, and Dunea [1] initially reported the occurrence of acute renal failure in a diabetic patient after infusion urography. Since that time, at least 122 insulin-dependent (type 1) and maturity onset (type 2) diabetic patients who developed deterioration of renal function after contrast media study have been reported [1–21]. Among these 122, 70 patients (57.3%) evidenced renal dysfunction following intravenous urography (IVU). Sixty-four (91%) of these 70 patients had a serum creatinine concentration equal to or more than 2 mg/dl, while six had a level below 2 mg/dl before receiving contrast media. Of the other 52 diabetic patients who developed renal failure following other contrast media studies [aortography, selective angiography, intravenous cholangiography, and CAT scanning] 12 (23%) had a serum creatinine concentration less than 2 mg/dl prior to the study. Thus, of 122 patients developing contrast media-induced renal failure, 18 (15%) had serum creatinine concentrations below 2 mg/dl. A serum creatinine concentration of 2 mg/dl was selected for analyzing prior reports to exclude minor creatinine elevations due to diuretics or transient dehydration. To ascertain whether or not diabetic patients with apparent good renal function face an increased risk of renal dysfunction from exposure to contrast media, a prospective study was performed in 49 type 2 diabetic patients with serum creatinine less than 2 mg/dl who were to undergo IVU.
Protein Kinase C Phosphorylates RGS2 and Modulates Its Capacity for Negative Regulation of Gα11 Signaling

RGS proteins (regulators of G protein signaling) attenuate heterotrimeric G protein signaling by functioning as both GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) and inhibitors of G protein/effector interaction. RGS2 has been shown to regulate Gαq-mediated inositol lipid signaling. Although purified RGS2 blocks PLC-β activation by the nonhydrolyzable GTP analog guanosine 5′-O-thiophosphate (GTPγS), its capacity to regulate inositol lipid signaling under conditions where GTPase-promoted hydrolysis of GTP is operative has not been fully explored. Utilizing the turkey erythrocyte membrane model of inositol lipid signaling, we investigated regulation by RGS2 of both GTP and GTPγS-stimulated Gα11 signaling. Different inhibitory potencies of RGS2 were observed under conditions assessing its activity as a GAPversus as an effector antagonist; i.e. RGS2 was a 10–20-fold more potent inhibitor of aluminum fluoride and GTP-stimulated PLC-βt activity than of GTPγS-promoted PLC-βt activity. We also examined whether RGS2 was regulated by downstream components of the inositol lipid signaling pathway. RGS2 was phosphorylated by PKC in vitro to a stoichiometry of approximately unity by both a mixture of PKC isozymes and individual calcium and phospholipid-dependent PKC isoforms. Moreover, RGS2 was phosphorylated in intact COS7 cells in response to PKC activation by 4β-phorbol 12β-myristate 13α-acetate and, to a lesser extent, by the P2Y2 receptor agonist UTP. In vitro phosphorylation of RGS2 by PKC decreased its capacity to attenuate both GTP and GTPγS-stimulated PLC-βt activation, with the extent of attenuation correlating with the level of RGS2 phosphorylation. A phosphorylation-dependent inhibition of RGS2 GAP activity was also observed in proteoliposomes reconstituted with purified P2Y1 receptor and Gαqβγ. These results identify for the first time a phosphorylation-induced change in the activity of an RGS protein and suggest a mechanism for potentiation of inositol lipid signaling by PKC.
Altered Arachidonic Acid Metabolism Contributes to the Failure of Dopamine to Inhibit Na+, K+-ATPase in Kidney of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Dopamine decreases tubular sodium reabsorption in part by inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase activity in renal proximal tubules. The signaling mechanism involved in dopamine-mediated inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase is known to be defective in spontaneously hypertensive animals. The present study was designed to evaluate the role of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and its metabolic pathway in dopamine-induced inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase in renal proximal tubules from Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Renal proximal tubular suspensions were prepared and Na+, K+-ATPase activity was measured as ouabain-sensitive adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis. Dopamine inhibited Na+,K+-ATPase activity in a concentration (1 nM - 10 μM)-dependent manner in WKY rats while it failed to inhibit the enzyme activity in SHR. Dopamine (10μM)-induced inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase activity in WKY rats was significantly blocked by mepacrine (10 μM), a PLA2 inhibitor, suggesting the involvement of PLA2 in dopamine-mediat...