cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prediction of wireless network connectivity using a Taylor Kriging approach

The research aim of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of a new Kriging model which uses Taylor expansion to predict wireless network connectivity. Wireless network connectivity is measured by the strength of emitted signal power from the tower to the point in question. The prediction results are compared with those from the literature where an Ordinary Kriging model and a neural network are used to conduct the same prediction. Root mean squared error (RMSE) and maximum absolute relative error (MARE) show that the prediction results of the new Kriging model are much better than those obtained before with average differences from 51.56% to 85%. This study shows the promise of the new Kriging model to accurately estimate wireless signal strength.
Seeing and Being Seen The Moral Order of Celebrity Sightings

This article examines the intersection of the ordinary and the extraordinary in everyday life by focusing on a particular type of public-place encounter: the celebrity sighting. Data from celebrity sighting narratives reveal a distinctive set of micropolitical troubles for interactants that centers on the question of how to treat the interaction. Is it an ordinary public-place encounter between strangers? Or an extraordinary encounter with a uniquely known other of special status? Through the interactional strategies of “recognition work” and “response work,” seers construct an emergent set of norms for these interactions that form the basis for a moral order of celebrity sightings.
The Suggestive Interview and the Taint Hearing: How Much Is too Much?

ABSTRACT Although conducting an interview as part of a sexual abuse investigation is not identical to interviews conducted in other settings, the basic principals of interviewing apply here as they would anywhere else. For example, prior to conducting an evaluation it is important that the interviewer obtain as much background as possible, understand the circumstances of the case, and prepare in advance for the interview. The use of open ended, non-leading questions is of paramount importance, as is the absence of other coercive techniques such as bribery, repeated questioning, and use of threatening statements. A critical component to any investigation is the ability of the investigator to remain neutral, and to evaluate critically information coming from multiple sources. The atmosphere and emotional tone of the interview are highly dependent on the interviewer and as such, interview biases can be introduced via non-verbal and verbal meta-communication. When these basic concepts are applied to the inter...
Comparison of the lipid composition ofCulex quinquefasciatus andCulex tritaeniorhynchus cells obtained from the logarithmic and stationary phases of growth

Culex quinquefasciatus andCulex tritaeniorhynchus cells were grown in spinner culture medium. The cells were harvested at late logarithmic and stationary phases of growth. The total lipid, total neutral lipid, and total phospholipid contents of the cells were analyzed to determine changes that occurred in the fatty acid profiles of the lipids with aging and between species. There was an increase in the amount of total neutral lipids with a corresponding decrease in amount of total phospholipid from logarithmic to stationary phases of growth of theCulex quinquefasciatus cells. Chain elongation and/or desaturation of acids occurred with aging of cells. The fatty acids of the phospholipids had a longer average chain length than the neutral lipids.
Localization of tissue transglutaminase in human carotid and coronary artery atherosclerosis: implications for plaque stability and progression.

Localization of Tissue Transglutaminase in Human Carotid and Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis: Implications for Plaque Stability and Progression
Development of dynamic stability in children's rhythmic movement

This study examined the hypothesis that the stability of rhythmic motor patterns increases with developmental age in children. Children aged 6 and 10 years and adults (18- to 23-year-olds) rocked back and forth at their preferred amplitude and frequency while seated on a wooden box placed atop a force platform. Participants performed the seated rocking task with their feet supported and unsupported. There was an age-related decrease in rocking frequency and variability of the rocking cycle period, while the stability of the rocking dynamics increased, as indexed by the standard deviation of the phase angle of center of pressure motion. The presence of foot support decreased the stability of the rocking dynamics and reduced cycle period variability in the children, but not the adults. The results revealed that increments of age are associated with an increase in the stability of rhythmic motor patterns even when environmental conditions are altered. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 51: 465–473, 2009
Retinoic acid-mediated gene expression in transgenic reporter zebrafish.

Retinoic acid-mediated gene activation is important for normal vertebrate development. The size and nature of retinoic acid make it difficult to identify the precise cellular location of this signaling molecule throughout an embryo. Additionally, retinoic acid (RA) signaling is regulated by a complex combination of receptors, coactivators, and antagonizing proteins. Thus, in order to integrate these signals and identify regions within a whole developing embryo where cells can respond transcriptionally to retinoic acid, we have used a reporter transgenic approach. We have generated several stable lines of transgenic zebrafish which use retinoic acid response elements to drive fluorescent protein expression. In these zebrafish lines, transgene expression is localized to regions of the neural tube, retina, notochord, somites, heart, pronephric ducts, branchial arches, and jaw muscles in embryos and larvae. Transgene expression can be induced in additional regions of the neural tube and retina as well as the immature notochord, hatching gland, enveloping cell layer, and fin by exposing embryos to retinoic acid. Treatment with retinoic acid synthase inhibitors, citral and diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB), during neurulation, greatly reduces transgene expression. DEAB treatment of embryos at gastrulation phenocopies the embryonic effects of vitamin A deprivation or targeted disruption of the RA synthase retinaldehyde dehydrogenase-2 in other vertebrates. Together these data suggest that the reporter expression we see in zebrafish is dependent upon conserved vertebrate pathways of RA synthesis.
Direct Comparison of the Response of Voltammetry and Microdialysis to Electrically Evoked Release of Striatal Dopamine

Carbon fiber microelectrodes either were implanted directly into striatal tissue or were mounted into the outlet of microdialysis probes that were implanted into striatal tissue. This allowed voltammetry and microdialysis to be used under identical in vivo experimental conditions to monitor extracellular dopamine levels during electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle both before and after uptake inhibition with nomifensine. The marked differences between the results obtained with each technique cannot be explained on the basis of their inherent analytical attributes (sensitivity, temporal response, etc.). The results demonstrate that the microdialysis recovery factor for endogenous dopamine increases after uptake inhibition, an observation that stands in contradiction to the existing theory and practice of the microdialysis technique. The observations led to the development of a numerical model that rationalizes the observations reported herein and that allows in vivo voltammetry and in vivo microdialysis results to be interpreted within a single theoretical framework.
UMAST: A Web-Based Architecture for Modeling Future Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles:

The area of uninhabited aerial vehicles is receiving increasing attention with the associated technologi cal advances in communication, computing and elec tronic infrastructure. Uninhabited aerial vehicles are defined as aircraft without the on-board presence of pilot or aircrew. The role of humans is primarily one of supervisory control from remote locations. Issues such as systematic approaches to allocating functions between humans and automation, and coordination between remote operators and intelligent controls in the uninhabited vehicles under realistic scenarios are important problems. There is a need for an interactive modeling and simulator environment to support analy sis of human/system issues in uninhabited air vehicles. This article describes Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles Modeling and Analysis Simulator Testbed (UMAST), a Web-based modeling and simulation architecture, useful to emulate characteristics of uninhabited aerial vehicles for studying human/system interaction. The architecture, imple...
Same-sex marriage: A construct in a quest for ecological validity

The Kitzinger and Wilkinson 's ASAP paper serves as the foundation for this discussion of the same-sex marriage construct. The major focus of this discussion is, "What needs to occur in order for ecological validity to beachieved?" First, there needs to be some concerted attention paid to the entire spectrum of close relationships (at both the positive and the negative end of the continuum) before the same-sex marriage construct is fully embraced. Next, some attention needs to be paid to the diversity of viewpoints/beliefs/attitudes that exists concerning same-sex marriage with in the ethnically and culturally diverse LGBT communities.
Improving homology estimates with random walks

This experimental paper makes the case for a new approach to the use of persistent homology in the study of shape and feature in datasets. By introducing ideas from diffusion geometry and random walks, we discover that homological features can be enhanced and more effectively extracted from spaces that are sampled densely and evenly, and with a small amount of noise. This study paves the way for a more theoretical analysis of how random walk metrics affect persistence diagrams, and provides evidence that combining topological data analysis with techniques inspired by diffusion geometry holds great promise for new analyses of a wide variety of datasets.
Characterization of the Dimer Interface of Transcription Factor NFκB p50 Homodimer

Dimers of the Rel/NFkappaB transcription factor family form with differential stabilities through the combinatorial association of five polypeptides: p50, p52, p65, cRel, and RelB. Here, we have characterized the nature of the monomer-dimer equilibrium of the p50 homodimer. Sedimentation equilibrium studies show that the equilibrium constant for p50 dimer dissociation is in the low micromolar range. Using the X-ray crystal structure of the p50 homodimer as a guide, we have created site-directed alanine mutations at ten dimer-forming residues in p50 and measured their effects on p50 homodimerization. Characterization of these alanine mutants by a series of chemical crosslinking, size-exclusion chromatography, and sedimentation equilibrium experiments shows that the most critical residue in stabilizing the p50 dimer interface is Y267. Sedimentation equilibrium experiments show that an alanine substitution at position 267 destabilizes the dimer interface by 2.0 kcal/mol. Alanine substitutions at two other positions, L269 and V310, significantly destabilize the p50 dimer interface. These two residues are observed to mediate critical interactions in the crystal structure. Together, these three residues constitute the "hot-spot" of protein-protein interaction in p50 dimerization. Of the four charged residues in the dimer interface, R252, D254, E265, and D302, only D302 contributes significantly to p50 dimer stability. D254 appears to slightly destabilize the subunit interface. Although residues H304, R305, and F307 occupy positions at the hydrophobic core of the interface and appear to be involved in multiple interactions in the X-ray crystal structure, alanine substitutions at these positions do not significantly reduce the affinity for p50 dimerization. Upon evaluating the roles of these amino acid residues at the p50 dimer interface, we propose that differential contributions of a few key residues dictate the selectivity of dimer formation within the Rel/NFkappaB family.
Optical characterization of bovine retinal tissues

An in-depth characterization of the optical properties of bovine retinal and retinal pigment epithelium-choroidal tissues has been performed. The indices of refraction of these ocular tissues were determined by applying Brewster's law. The inverse adding doubling method based on the diffusion approximation and radiative transport theory is applied to the measured values of the total diffuse transmission, total diffuse reflection, and collimated transmission to calculate the optical absorption, scattering, and scattering anisotropy coefficients of the bovine retinal and retinal pigment epithelium-choroidal tissues. The values of the optical properties obtained from the inverse adding doubling method are compared with those generated by the Monte Carlo simulation technique. Optical polarization measurements are also performed on bovine retinal tissues. Our studies show that both retina and retinal pigment epithelium-choroid possess strong polarization characteristics.
Organ Donor Issues for the Intensive Care Physician

The opportunity for organ donation most often arises in the intensive care unit following the declaration of brain death. Thus a comprehensive discussion of the topic of organ donation is of special importance to the intensive care physician. The essential criteria of brain death are provided in this review; however, a unitarian concept is emphasized, that all death is occasioned by an irreversible loss of brain function. Recovery of organs from a non-heart-beating organ donor is presented in this context. The characteristics of the suitable cadaver organ donor are reviewed, detailing donor age considerations and the exclusion criteria of HIV infection and a history of donor malignancy. An analysis of death caused by specific poisons is presented that is amenable to cadaver organ donation. The shortage of cadaver organs for transplantation persists. The major obstacle to donation is family consent. A paradigm of procedure from organ donor referral to organ recovery in the operating room is outlined, with ...
β-lactam enhancement of aminoglycoside activity under conditions of reduced pH and oxygen tension that may exist in infected tissues

Aminoglycoside activity is suppressed under conditions of low pH and oxygen tension that are likely to occur in infected tissues; the suppressive effects of these conditions are additive. Under aerobic conditions, the MIC of amikacin for 10 isolates of Escherichia coli was 4.8 +/- 0.7 micrograms/ml at pH 7.2 and increased to 40.0 +/- 8.2 micrograms/ml at pH 6.0. Under anaerobic conditions, the MIC of amikacin for E. coli was 30.0 +/- 1.5 micrograms/ml at pH 7.2 and greater than 50.0 micrograms/ml at pH 6.0. In vitro and in vivo studies of amikacin activity in an acidic and hypoxic milieu containing beta-lactamase demonstrated substantially enhanced bactericidal activity when amikacin and beta-lactams were used together. Under conditions of reduced pH and oxygen tension, cefotaxime enhanced [3H]-tobramycin uptake by E. coli 14-fold and [3H]amikacin uptake 7-fold and appeared to overcome the suppressive effect of those conditions on uptake of aminoglycosides by bacteria.
DEUTERATED MOLECULES IN TRANSLUCENT AND DARK CLOUDS

We present observations of 10 deuterated molecular species in the dark clouds TMC-1, L183, and the translucent object CB 17, as well as a subset of species in and other objects. With sensitive TMCNH 3 observations of the J \ 1¨0 and 2¨1 transitions of DCN, and DNC, we have been able to derive N 2 D‘, molecular constants that include the complex nuclear quadrupole hyper—ne splitting in these species, which is essential to determine accurate abundances. The spectroscopic results have required, in turn, new radiative transport techniques to handle the hyper—ne eUects. Our abundance determinations also utilize sensitive observations of secondary isotopomers involving 13C, 18O, and 15N. Compared with earlier molecular D/H ratios in the literature, these innovations have resulted in radically diUerent values in some cases in TMC-1 and in TMC-1; DCN/HCN in CB 17), (N 2 D‘/N 2 H‘ TMCNH 3 ;N H 2 D/NH 3 and important modi—cations in others in TMC-1). The new techniques usually produce (C 3 HD/C 3 H 2 deuteration ratios lower than those obtained earlier by simpler methods. Thus, in addition to the special cases noted above, our results are generally lower than previous ones by factors of typically 2. We also —nd that deuteration occurs only in regions of high density, while nondeuterated species generally reside at lower densities. A recently proposed model of translucent clouds as low-density objects containing embedded small, high-density fragments explains the observations. To study the chemistry of deuterated species, we have used the New Standard Model, modi—ed to include all monodeuterated species, and now containing 9930 reactions and 610 species. Our models explore the dependence of the molecular D/H ratios upon temperature, density, ionization rate, extinction, epoch, and elemental abundances. Within the uncertainties, we —nd agreement between observed and modeled ratios for nearly all species in nearly all sources. Our results generally agree with those of Roberts & Millar in a recent, similar study. We —nd signi—cantly higher ratios in L183 than in TMC, and intermediate values in CB 17. With our lower values in general, however, we believe that L183 is ii normal ˇˇ for a cold dark cloud, CB 17 is typical of a slightly warmer translucent object, and the TMC region is perhaps underdeuterated in general, certainly strongly so in the case of and These N 2 H‘ NH 3 . ii anomalous ˇˇ cases have no plausible single explanation in terms of gas-phase chemistry at this time. Grain processes are implicated. . .. . .. . ..
Chiral Separation of Fluoxetine and Its Analogs with Charged Cyclodextrins by Capillary Electrophoresis

Chiral separation of fluoxetine was performed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) using 11 different cyclodextrins (CDs) including neutral and charged derivatives as chiral selectors. The separation conditions were optimized in terms of the type of the CDs and their concentration, as well as pH of the background electrolyte. The optimized conditions offered usefulness in determination of a trace amount of chiral impurity with a limit of quantitation (LOD) of 0.2% and a limit of detection (LOD) of less than 0.1%. Four fluoxetine analogs that have different substituents on the amine moiety were also analyzed by CE to study the structural effects on chiral recognition. Three of them that have simple alkyl substituents showed similar separation behavior to that of fluoxetine, while addition of a carboxyl group on the amine moiety caused a significant change in chiral separation. The charge on both the analytes and the CDs was found to be one of the important factors, which affected chiral separation.
Stockpile Stewardship and the Reliable Replacement Warhead: Socio-Technical Repair in the U.S. Nuclear Weapons Complex

The end of the Cold War created great uncertainty about the future of U.S. nuclear weapons design laboratories. But the laboratories emerged from this crises with new work to do and budgets largely intact. We use the metaphor of socio-technical "repair" to describe how institutions alter technologies and social practices in order to adapt to change. An initial repair strategy, the Stockpile Stewardship Program, sought to transform weapons knowledge with a focus on modeling and simulation, but took a conservative approach to maintaining weapons in the stockpile. A more recent approach, built around the proposed Reliable Replacement Warhead (RRW), places less emphasis on the development of new knowledge, but seeks to transform the stockpile by redesigning weapon components with long-term stockpile storage in mind. The emergence of RRW as a credible repair strategy reflects significant change in the knowledge and culture of the nuclear weapons community and in the political relevance of nuclear weapons in the era of Stockpile Stewardship.
Inspira™ — an enabling battery technology for high voltage automotive electrical systems

Abstract Vehicle manufacturers worldwide are recognizing the need to elevate the electrical system voltage on their product from the present standard of 12 V to a significantly higher, yet safe, voltage. One of the major challenges emerging from the move to higher voltages is the size, weight, volume, cost and complexity of the battery required to support such a system. Inspira™, a valve-regulated, lead–acid, spiral-wound Thin Metal Foil™ battery, provides a small, lightweight, flexible solution to the challenge.
Downsides of social capital.

In their article, Levine et al. (1) test the hypothesis that ethnic homogeneity leads to greater errors in the pricing of stocks because of overreliance in the activities and decisions of coethnics. Excessive trust in others, created by ethnic homogeneity, can thus eventuate in price bubbles negatively affecting not only the traders, but the entire economy. The authors test this theory on the basis of two realistic, tightly controlled experiments comparing ethnically homogenous and heterogeneous trading networks. One experiment was conducted in North America, where the relevant ethnics groups were Whites, Latinos, and African Americans; the second was in Southeast Asia, with subjects of Chinese, Indian, and Malaysian origin. The distinctness of the ethnic groups compared in both settings adds to the generalizability of the findings.
Responsibilities and rights in the promotion of health: Differing positions of the individual and the state

Medicine is the practice of humanitarianism. Its purpose should be to help others with benevolence and love. One must not think of one's own interest but should save and help the people who were created by Heaven and Earth (Veatch R. M. A. Theory of Medical Ethics, New York: Basic Books, 1981) [1].
Observation of dipole-bound states of negative ions

High-resolution threshold photodetachment of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$C-CH${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ has resulted in the observation of \ensuremath{\sim}50 narrow resonances (some 20 MHz full width at half maximum). These resonances are due to autodetachment from a diffuse negative-ion complex consisting of an electron weakly bound (\ensuremath{\sim}5 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$) by the dipolar electric field of the neutral. Electric fields of 70 V/cm are adequate to detach the electron from the lower (bound) levels where autodetachment is not possible. Such states should exist for all neutrals with dipole moments greater than about 2 D.
Supravalvular stenosing ring of left atrium in association with endocardial sclerosis (endocardial fibroelastosis) and mitral insufficiency.

Abstract Reported is the case of an infant dying of heart failure at the age of 8 months with evidence of mitral valvular disease. Necropsy revealed a stenosing membrane above the mitral valve. This is interpreted as being an acquired "jet lesion" which resulted from mitral insufficiency accompanying congenital endocardial sclerosis of the left ventricle.
Therapy of Neonatal Onset Urea Cycle Enzymopathies (UCE)

We treated 18 children with neonatal onset UCE: CPS 2, OTC 3, AS 6, AL 6. CPS and OTC were treated with protein restriction (PR) 0.5–0.75 g/kg/d + essential amino acids (EAA) 1 g/kg/d + arginine 1 mmol/kg/d + benzoate (B) 1.75 mmol/kg/d. AS was treated with PR + EAA + Arg (3–4 mmol/kg/d) + B. AL was treated with PR + Arg (3–4 mmol/kg/d).
Readout Mechanisms For Infrared Focal Plane Arrays

Recently published advances in readout mechanisms for IR focal plane arrays are reviewed. Hybrid CCD multiplexer approaches, IRCCD, XY readout and SPRITE are compared. Techniques which incorporate gain reduction and DC suppression are analyzed for their potential to provide adequate dynamic range.
Microstructure/Oxidation/Microhardness Correlations in γ-Based And ツ-Based Ai-Ti-Cr Alloys

The relationships between alloy microstructure and air oxidation kinetics and alloy microstructure and microhardness in the Al-Ti-Cr system for exposures at 800 C and 1000 C were investigated. The relevant phases were identified as tau (Ll2), gamma (LIO), r-Al2Ti, TiCrAl (laves), and Cr2AI. Protective alumina formation was associated with tau, Al-rich TiCrAl, and gamma/TiCrAl mixtures. Brittleness was associated with the TiCrAl phase and tau decomposition to A12Ti + Cr2AI. It was concluded that two-phase gamma + TiCrAl alloys offer the greatest potential for oxidation resistance and room temperature ductility in the Al-Ti-Cr system.
Quantitative measurements of polymer chain-end edge dislocation strain fields by high resolution electron microscopy

The strain fields around chain-end edge dislocations in poly(diacetylene) crystals were analyzed by high resolution electron microscopy (HREM). Experimental measurements of the tilt of the polymer chain axis as a function of azimuthal angle ? at a constant radius r from the dislocation core were compared to theoretical predictions. The shear deformation was localized in parabolic regions parallel to the Burger's vector b near the chain end. For an edge dislocation in the poly(diacetylene) 1,6-di(N-carbazolyl)-2,4-hexadiyne (DCHD) with a Burger's vector of b = 3a/2 [100] (2.4 nm), we found a tilt distortion of ±6° at 12 nm from the core. A parameter W was introduced to describe the anisotropy of the compliance matrix with respect to the chain direction. A parameter of W = 3.5 was needed to fit the measured tilt deformation with anisotropic linear elastic dislocation theory. We also found that the theory of distortions near dislocations in columnar liquid crystals could closely predict our experimental observations. A value of 0.8 nm (the interchain spacing) for the characteristic length, λ 3 , was the best fit for the columnar liquid crystal solution. This analysis reveals similarities between the elasticity of anisotropic crystals and liquid crystals.
Top Down Proteomics of Human Membrane Proteins from Enriched Mitochondrial Fractions

The interrogation of intact integral membrane proteins has long been a challenge for biological mass spectrometry. Here, we demonstrate the application of top down mass spectrometry to whole membrane proteins below 60 kDa with up to 8 transmembrane helices. Analysis of enriched mitochondrial membrane preparations from human cells yielded identification of 83 integral membrane proteins, along with 163 membrane-associated or soluble proteins, with a median q value of 3 × 10–10. An analysis of matching fragment ions demonstrated that significantly more fragment ions were found within transmembrane domains than would be expected based upon the observed protein sequence. In total, 46 proteins from the complexes of oxidative phosphorylation were identified which exemplifies the increasing ability of top down proteomics to provide extensive coverage in a biological network.
A correlation inequality for bipartite graphs

We conjecture an integral inequality for a product of functionsh(x i ,y j ) where the diagram of the product is a bipartite graphG. In particular, this inequality states that the random graph with fixed numbers of vertices and edges contains the asymptotically minimal number of copies ofG.
Global Small RNA Chaperone Hfq and Regulatory Small RNAs Are Important Virulence Regulators in Erwinia amylovora

Hfq is a global small RNA (sRNA) chaperone that interacts with Hfq-regulated sRNAs and functions in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. In this work, we identified Hfq to be a virulence regulator in the Gram-negative fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora. Deletion of hfq in E. amylovora Ea1189 significantly reduced bacterial virulence in both immature pear fruits and apple shoots. Analysis of virulence determinants in strain Ea1189Δhfq showed that Hfq exerts pleiotropic regulation of amylovoran exopolysaccharide production, biofilm formation, motility, and the type III secretion system (T3SS). Further characterization of biofilm regulation by Hfq demonstrated that Hfq limits bacterial attachment to solid surfaces while promoting biofilm maturation. Characterization of T3SS regulation by Hfq revealed that Hfq positively regulates the translocation and secretion of the major type III effector DspE and negatively controls the secretion of the putative translocator HrpK and the type III effector Eop1. Lastly, 10 Hfq-regulated sRNAs were identified using a computational method, and two of these sRNAs, RprA and RyhA, were found to be required for the full virulence of E. amylovora.
The oxidation state of Hadean magmas and implications for early Earth/'s atmosphere

Magmatic outgassing of volatiles from Earth's interior probably played a critical part in determining the composition of the earliest atmosphere, more than 4,000 million years (Myr) ago. Given an elemental inventory of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur, the identity of molecular species in gaseous volcanic emanations depends critically on the pressure (fugacity) of oxygen. Reduced melts having oxygen fugacities close to that defined by the iron-wustite buffer would yield volatile species such as CH(4), H(2), H(2)S, NH(3) and CO, whereas melts close to the fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffer would be similar to present-day conditions and would be dominated by H(2)O, CO(2), SO(2) and N(2) (refs 1-4). Direct constraints on the oxidation state of terrestrial magmas before 3,850 Myr before present (that is, the Hadean eon) are tenuous because the rock record is sparse or absent. Samples from this earliest period of Earth's history are limited to igneous detrital zircons that pre-date the known rock record, with ages approaching ∼4,400 Myr (refs 5-8). Here we report a redox-sensitive calibration to determine the oxidation state of Hadean magmatic melts that is based on the incorporation of cerium into zircon crystals. We find that the melts have average oxygen fugacities that are consistent with an oxidation state defined by the fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffer, similar to present-day conditions. Moreover, selected Hadean zircons (having chemical characteristics consistent with crystallization specifically from mantle-derived melts) suggest oxygen fugacities similar to those of Archaean and present-day mantle-derived lavas as early as ∼4,350 Myr before present. These results suggest that outgassing of Earth's interior later than ∼200 Myr into the history of Solar System formation would not have resulted in a reducing atmosphere.
Understanding Financial Literacy and Competence: Considerations for Training, Collaboration, and Referral for MFTs

Bryce L. Jorgensen, Ph.D. and Damon L. Rappleyea, Ph.D. (*shared first-authorship), and Alan C. Taylor,Ph.D., Department of Child Development & Family Relations, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC.Correspondence concerning this manuscript should be directed to Bryce L. Jorgensen or Damon L.Rappleyea, East Carolina University, 108 Rivers Building, Greenville, NC 27858. E-mail:jorgensenb@ecu.edu or rappleyead@ecu.edu.
A Statewide Teleradiology System Reduces Radiation Exposure and Charges in Trauma Patients

METHODS: The University Health Consortium Clinical Database (UHC) was queried for patients >18 years of age undergoing elective proctectomy with IPAA between 2009-2012. Hospital volumes were stratified into quartiles (high, medium, low, and lowest-volume) based on the number of cases performed per year. A summary measure of socioeconomic status (SES) using US Census American Community Survey 5-year estimates from 2011 for each US ZIP code was constructed. Patient travel characteristics were calculated using patient and hospital zip codes and Maptitude Geographic Information System software.
The World of Regulatory Influence

Models of firms’ influence over the regulatory agencies that oversee them have traditionally been constrained by several factors, including a lack of direct measures of “influence,” an inability to account for variations in the institutional environment within which firms operate, and a nearly singular focus on industry-level measures of interest group strengths. In this paper, we employ a global database and novel measures to provide a fresh look at the determinants of firms’ influence over regulatory agencies. We find that in addition to traditional industry-level determinants, important country-level institutional and firm-level determinants affect firms’ regulatory agency influence. We also find that regulatory process variations affect firms’ influence over regulators. With these empirical estimates in hand, we generate a Regulatory Influence Index that ranks influence levels of typical firms that operate in each sample country in the dataset, and then discuss the substantial country-level variation in regulatory agency influence that obtains.
Local electromechanical response at a single ferroelectric domain wall in lithium niobate

We report the presence of an unexpected asymmetry in the local electromechanical response across a single ferroelectric domain wall in congruent lithium niobate at room temperature. We provide evidence that this is related to the presence of nonstoichiometric defects in the crystal, which interact with the domain wall.
A Yeast Genetic Screen Reveals a Critical Role for the Pore Helix Domain in TRP Channel Gating

TRP cation channels function as cellular sensors in uni- and multicellular eukaryotes. Despite intensive study, the mechanisms of TRP channel activation by chemical or physical stimuli remain poorly understood. To identify amino acid residues crucial for TRP channel gating, we developed an unbiased, high-throughput genetic screen in yeast that uncovered rare, constitutively active mutants of the capsaicin receptor, TRPV1. We show that mutations within the pore helix domain dramatically increase basal channel activity and responsiveness to chemical and thermal stimuli. Mutation of corresponding residues within two related TRPV channels leads to comparable effects on their activation properties. Our data suggest that conformational changes in the outer pore region are critical for determining the balance between open and closed states, providing evidence for a general role for this domain in TRP channel activation.
The Perifused Ley dig Cell: System Characterization and Rapid Gonadotropin-Induced Desensitization

To determine the kinetic characteristics of gonadotropin-induced steroidogenesis and secretion, acute preparations of collagenase-dispersed 55- to 60-day-old rat Leydig cells were suspended in a 2-ml column of Bio-Gel P2 and perifused at a constant rate of 0.5 ml/min with medium 199-0.1% bovine serum albumin at 35 C. Suspended Leydig cells (3-10 × 106) had a limited functional timespan when assessed on the basis of gonadotropin-stimulated testosterone (T) output. Cells were resistant to gonadotropin during both the initial 40 min and after 240 min of perifusion. The basal T output started high, became steady between 40–180 min, and thereafter declined to undetectable levels. Ninety percent of the cells remained trypan blue negative after 240 min of column suspension. During the functional period, rapid and large increases in T release could be induced by a variety of gonadotropins with interstitial cell-stimulating activity in addition to 8-bromo-cAMP. The time delay between gonadotropin contact with the ...
Amplitude fluctuations in a masker influence lexical segmentation in cochlear implant usersa)

Normal-hearing listeners show masking release, or better speech understanding in a fluctuating-amplitude masker than in a steady-amplitude masker, but most cochlear implant (CI) users consistently show little or no masking release even in artificial conditions where masking release is highly anticipated. The current study examined the hypothesis that the reduced or absent masking release in CI users is due to disruption of linguistic segmentation cues. Eleven CI subjects completed a sentence keyword identification task in a steady masker and a fluctuating masker with dips timed to increase speech availability. Lexical boundary errors in their responses were categorized as consistent or inconsistent with the use of the metrical segmentation strategy (MSS). Subjects who demonstrated masking release showed greater adherence to the MSS in the fluctuating masker compared to subjects who showed little or no masking release, while both groups used metrical segmentation cues similarly in the steady masker. Based on the characteristics of the segmentation cues, the results are interpreted as evidence that CI listeners showing little or no masking release are not reliably segregating speech from competing sounds, further suggesting that one challenge faced by CI users listening in noisy environments is a reduction of reliable segmentation cues.
Hermeneutic phenomenology: A critique of Leonard Hawes' conception

A critique of the conception of hermeneutic phenomenology put forth by Leonard C. Hawes in a recent article in Communication Quarterly is made. Using Martin Heidegger's definition, it is argued that Hawes has misunderstood the enterprise of hermeneutic phenomenology. An addendum is included which suggests a beginning way to think of the role of hermeneutic phenomenology in the study of communication phenomena.
Self-consistent relation in polycrystalline plasticity with a non-uniform matrix

Abstract Self-consistent relations have been traditionally formulated with a uniform matrix. To represent the additional effect of plastic heterogeneity actually taking place in a polycrystal, a non-uniform distribution of body force is introduced into the matrix to calculate the inclusion-matrix interaction. This consideration allows us to extend the traditional relations to a new form which, when correlated with the characteristic length or grain size of the polycrystal, is capable of describing the grain- and/or specimen-size dependency. A geometrical interpretation on the implication of plastic constraint factor is offered; following this, the newly established self-consistent relation is seen to suggest that among others, a larger specimen will have a harder plastic response. Such a prediction, as illustrated in an application, was confirmed with experimental observations on the behavior of a low carbon steel.
Early Screening of Risk Factors For Disordered Eating in Athletes

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To identify and develop a consistent reliable method to screen athletes who may be at risk for disordered eating behaviors. The use of diet manipulation as a potential ergogenic aid continues to be a factor in college athletes. Consequently, many athletes experiment with their diet. By combining the talents of the athletic training staff, registered dietitians, the campus health educator and/or nursing staff, a unique opportunity exists for the identification and prevention of disordered eating patterns among athletes. A potential screening tool was developed from a modified version of Gutheries' Survey of Eating Disorders Among Athletes (SEDA) and Johnson's Diagnostic Survey for Eating Disorders (DSED). Questions include: how the athlete perceives that eating behaviors interfere with their work, daily activities, thoughts, feelings about themselves, personal relationships, and extracurricular activities. Athletes are also asked how often their weigh themselves and/or measure their body size. In turn, the athletes should be asked to comment on the extent that each of the following factors have contributed to their eating patterns and weight loss regarding: athletic performance, competition, body image, team membership; being weighed in front of teammates, knowledge of other teammates' weights, reduction of body fat, and weight loss to retain a position on a team. Scores were calculated and set. Based on the scoring mechanism, athletes are classified as high, moderate or low risk. In addition to the easy one page risk index, a spectrum of disordered eating behaviors was developed. The combination of educational programs, screening mechanisms for early identification, and appropriate referral and follow-up will help reduce the risk factors for disordered eating behaviors among athletes.
MORE ABOUT THE LEAKY AQUIFER FUNCTION

The leaky aquifer function W(x, y) is an incomplete Bessel function which has had application in hydrology and more recently in electronic-structure calculations. This article presents an expansion which improves the efficiency of the calculation of W in the only part of its range not treated adequately by previously published methods, namely, the regime where x and y are both larger than unity but one is much larger than the other. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 70: 623–626, 1998
Clinical epidemiology of pneumonia in hemodialysis patients: the USRDS waves 1, 3, and 4 study.

The clinical epidemiology of pneumonia in hemodialysis patients has received little attention. We linked the retrospective Waves 1, 3, and 4 Dialysis Morbidity and Mortality Study data sets ( n =10635) to Medicare claims to identify hospitalizations with pneumonia. Mean patient age was 60.3 years and duration of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) 3.8 years; 41.1% of patients had diabetes mellitus. Only 31.6% had received influenza vaccination in the 4 months preceding the study start date (January 1, 1994). The cumulative probability of pneumonia hospitalization was 0.09 at 1 year and 0.36 at 5 years. The main associations of hospitalization with pneumonia were age 45–64 years and ≥65 years (adjusted hazards ratio (AHR) 1.26 and 1.48 vs 2 ), serum albumin (AHR 0.74 for ≥4.06 vs ≤3.42), and transplantation as a time-dependent covariate (AHR 0.68). One- and 5-year post-pneumonia survival probabilities were 0.55 and 0.17 (vs 0.76 and 0.29 in the overall study population). Adjusted mortality hazards ratios were 4.08 (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.41–4.89) for the 0- to 6-month interval after pneumonia, 3.04 (95% CI 2.58–3.66) for 6- to 12-months, and 2.31 (95% CI 1.97–2.71) for 12–18 months, and remained approximately twofold thereafter. Hospitalization with pneumonia is common in hemodialysis patients and carries a poor prognosis.
Diffusivity of Ni in an amorphous Ni-Zr alloy.

The Ni diffusivity and composition profile were measured in an amorphous Ni-Zr alloy formed in a Ni/a-NiZr/Zr binary diffusion couple. The Ni diffusion coefficient at 250 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C was found to be 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}16}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec. The concentration profile within this amorphous phase is linear and the compositions at the interfaces between the amorphous alloy and the pure Ni and pure Zr tend to the constant values of 68% Ni and 47% Ni, respectively.
Synthesis in the future of polymer science

This presentation asserts the importance of synthesis in the creation of new materials, the discovery of new phenomena, and the development of new or improved materials for high-technology industries. It points to the neglect of synthesis and processing in American universities, and the response of the National Science Foundation to overcome this shortcoming in the future.
The zebrafish pronephros: A model to study nephron segmentation

Nephrons possess a segmental organization where each segment is specialized for the secretion and reabsorption of particular solutes. The developmental control of nephron segment patterning remains one of the enigmas within the field of renal biology. Achieving an understanding of the mechanisms that direct nephron segmentation has the potential to shed light on the causes of kidney birth defects and renal diseases in humans. Researchers studying embryonic kidney development in zebrafish and Xenopus have recently demonstrated that the pronephric nephrons in these vertebrates are segmented in a similar fashion as their mammalian counterparts. Further, it has been shown that retinoic acid signaling establishes proximodistal segment identities in the zebrafish pronephros by modulating the expression of renal transcription factors and components of signaling pathways that are known to direct segment fates during mammalian nephrogenesis. These findings present the zebrafish model as an excellent genetic system in which to interrogate the conserved developmental pathways that control nephron segmentation in both lower vertebrates and mammals.
Secondary Productivity in Terrestrial Communities

Synopsis. Secondary productivity is one portion of energy flow in a community, which includes the ingestion and assimilation of energy, and the expenditure of energy in metabolism by consumer organisms. The purpose of this paper is to describe the ecological significance of energy flow in consumers and to discuss methods of measuring its components. Data pertaining to 20 terrestrial animal populations are presented. About 20% of the energy assimilated by invertebrates is manifested as net production, while only about 2% of the assimilated energy is represented by net production in populations of birds and mammals. The relationship between pro? duction and metabolism appears to depend on the capacity for homeothermy. For a given amount of assimilated energy, homeotherms produce less than heterotherms. The ecologist defines secondary produc? tivity as the net quantity of food or energy ingested that is transferred to the tissue of heterotrophs over a period of time. It is one component of the energy flow process diagramed in Figure 1. Secondary produc? tivity is expressed as an increase in biomass, e.g., as growth, deposition of fat, or birth of young. The ecologist is interested in this parameter because it is an index to the significance of a population in terms of food resources made available to other predatory populations in the food-chain. Applied fields, such as animal husbandry and wildlife management, seek to increase the total output and the extent of utilization of secondary productivity by man. The concepts of food-chain and food-web are central to the study of secondary pro? duction. The energy flow diagram in Fig? ure 1 need only be expanded to illustrate
Political dialog evolution in a social network

User comments posted on the Facebook walls of the two major 2010 California gubernatorial candidates were analyzed for their trends over a 22-month time period leading up to the election. Changes in content reflected an early emphasis on community building, establishment of common identity, and enthusiasm building with considerable dialog directed toward the candidates themselves. Later comments reflected a more outward turn toward other participants. The two communities of interest did not behave in exactly the same ways through time. Designers seeking to create socio-technical environments for political and civic engagement must face the fact that users' goals and activities change dynamically in response to the evolving characteristics of the group and external events affecting the group members. Implications for the design of "social affect" and "social intention" browsers are discussed.