cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trace detection and competitive ionization of erythritol tetranitrate in mixtures using direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry

Direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry (MS) was used for trace detection of the nitrate ester explosive erythritol tetranitrate (ETN) and its sugar alcohol precursor erythritol. The present investigation revealed the impact of competitive ionization between ETN, erythritol, and nitric acid for the detection of sugar alcohol-based homemade explosives. DART-MS facilitated the direct investigation of matrix effects related to the desorption process and compound volatility, as well as the ionization process, neutralization, and affinity for nitrate adduct formation. ETN and erythritol were directly detected at nanogram to sub-nanogram levels by DART-MS.
Studying the placement of students in the entry-level college mathematics courses

ABSTRACT Placing undergraduate students in appropriate entry-level mathematics courses is a problem that all colleges and universities face. This article is a summary of findings from a study of students enrolled in college algebra. The predicted success of students is related to explanatory variables using a linear model. Advising cut-off scores are discussed in terms of student-success rates as well as the mission statement and philosophy of the university.
Optimization of MCSCF excited states using directions of negative curvature

A line search method that uses directions of negative curvature for the optimization of ground and excited state multiconfigurational self-consistent field (MCSCF) wavefunctions is suggested. The method is applicable to general MCSCF wavefunctions and not restricted to specific classes of model spaces, such as CASSCF functions. It is shown that the approach can be implemented with Newton or quasi-Newton methods for determination of descent directions. Thus, the method is particularly promising for cases in which it is inconvenient or costly to calculate exact curvature matrices. We demonstrate the viability of the approach by numerical example on the difficult BeO problem.
Individualized exercises for self-assessment of programming knowledge: An evaluation of QuizPACK

Individualized exercises are a promising feature in promoting modern e-learning. The focus of this article is on the QuizPACK system, which is able to generate parameterized exercises for the C language and automatically evaluate the correctness of student answers. We introduce QuizPACK and present the results of its comprehensive classroom evaluation during four consecutive semesters. Our studies demonstrate that when QuizPACK is used for out-of-class self-assessment, it is an exceptional learning tool. The students' work with QuizPACK significantly improved their knowledge of semantics and positively affected higher-level knowledge and skills. The students themselves praised the system highly as a learning tool. We also demonstrated that the use of the system in self-assessment mode can be significantly increased by basing later classroom paper-and-pencil quizzes on QuizPACK questions, motivating students to practice them more.
Programming of recreational land acquisition

Abstract Population growth and increased use of facilities are placing heavy demands on available recreational lands. Since much of the funding for additional purchases comes from the state and federal level of government, it is necessary to plan for effective expenditures of funds over wide geographic areas. Supply, demand, availability of funds, recreational value, and other factors must be considered in developing a balanced program of recreational land acquisition. Linear programming models can be constructed which bring together into a rigorous mathematical framework many of the factors relevant to the planning of expenditures. The use of such models permits rapid computation of optimum acquisition programs, guarantees consistent and equitable treatment of possible acquisitions, and permits examination of the consequences of alternative assumptions.
Electric Field Effects on Water and Water-Vacuum Interfaces in Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Understanding the behavior of water in atomic-scale detail is essential to explaining the microscopic dynamics of such phenomena as electroporation, electrospinning, electrospraying, and electric-field-driven evaporation. In this study we employ molecular dynamics simulations to investigate water-vacuum systems under the influence of an externally imposed electric field. SPC and SPC/E water models are used to describe nanodroplets and interlaced water-vacuum slab configurations. The dynamics of these systems is studied in detail with respect to the strength of the applied electric field, and we note the importance of a proper representation of long-range electrostatics in the simulations. Water behavior is analyzed from both structural and energetic points of view. We discuss how such characteristics as the system geometry, local water density, and water molecular dipole orientation change as the electric field is increased. These changes are described in the context of interplay between pressure, surface tension, and electrodynamic dipole-field and dipole-dipole interactions. For example, we find that for nanodroplets containing ∼900 water molecules there is a critical electric field strength above which there is a jump in the alignment between the water dipole and the field. Concomitant with the dipole alignment is a distortion of the droplet shape from a sphere to a prolate ellipsoid oriented along the electric field. We also study formation of small-scale structures at the water-vacuum interface in both droplet and slabs configurations and investigate the relationship between these structures and a subsequent creation of pore-like bridges between the water slabs in the water-vacuum-water systems.
A comparison of the effects of spatial separation on apparent motion in the auditory and visual modalities

In the present investigation, the effects of spatial separation on the interstimulus onset intervals (ISOIs) that produce auditory and visual apparent motion were compared. In Experiment 1, subjects were tested on auditory apparent motion. They listened to 50-msec broadband noise pulses that were presented through two speakers separated by one of six different values between 0° and 160°. On each trial, the sounds were temporally separated by 1 of 12 ISOIs from 0 to 500 msec. The subjects were instructed to categorize their perception of the sounds as “single,” “simultaneous,” “continuous motion,” “broken motion,” or “succession.” They also indicated the proper temporal sequence of each sound pair. In Experiments 2 and 3, subjects were tested on visual apparent motion. Experiment 2 included a range of spatial separations from 6° to 80°; Experiment 3 included separations from 5° to 10°. The same ISOIs were used as in Experiment 1. When the separations were equal, the ISOIs at which auditory apparent motion was perceived were smaller than the values that produced the same experience in vision. Spatial separation affected only visual apparent motion. For separations less than 2°, the ISOIs that produced visual continuous motion were nearly equal to those which produced auditory continuous motion. For larger separations, the ISOIs that produced visual apparent motion increased.
Phase separation of a binary liquid mixture in a porous medium

The phase separation of a binary liquid mixture contained in a rigid porous medium has been investigated by study of the light scattered at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} from a porous glass rod containing a critical mixture of n-${\mathrm{C}}_{6}$${\mathrm{H}}_{14}$+n-${\mathrm{O}}_{6}$${\mathrm{F}}_{14}$. Evidence is found for phase separation at a temperature markedly below the critical temperature of the bulk mixture. Temporal concentration fluctuations in the rod are not observed. The separated phases remain metastable at temperatures well above the bulk critical temperature. These phenomena are in part consistent with a description in terms of a random field.
Making Law for the Spirits: Angakkuit, Revelation and Rulemaking in the Canadian Arctic

Processes of revelation and rulemaking are examined in the context of the indigenous religion of the Inuit of arctic Canada. Instances of misfortune, conventionally understood to be the manner in which spirit intentions concerning human conduct are revealed, instigate social mechanisms through which normative rules are created and maintained. The performances of Inuit religious specialists, the Angakkuit , play a key role in this process. The Inuit case invites comparative assessments of means of rule construction and the discernment of intentions in the context of both other religious traditions and secular normative systems.
Hypercontractivity for the heat semigroup for ultraspherical polynomials and on the n-sphere

A logarithmic Sobolev inequality with respect to the probability measure Aλ(1 − x2)λ − (12) dx on [−1, 1] is proved for all λ > −12. From this inequality sharp hypercontractive estimates are derived for the heat semigroups for ultraspherical polynomials and on the n-sphere.
Multi-wafer virtual probe: minimum-cost variation characterization by exploring wafer-to-wafer correlation

In this paper, we propose a new technique, referred to as Multi-Wafer Virtual Probe (MVP) to efficiently model wafer-level spatial variations for nanoscale integrated circuits. Towards this goal, a novel Bayesian inference is derived to extract a shared model template to explore the wafer-to-wafer correlation information within the same lot. In addition, a robust regression algorithm is proposed to automatically detect and remove outliers (i.e., abnormal measurement data with large error) so that they do not bias the modeling results. The proposed MVP method is extensively tested for silicon measurement data collected from 200 wafers at an advanced technology node. Our experimental results demonstrate that MVP offers superior accuracy over other traditional approaches such as VP [7] and EM [8], if a limited number of measurement data are available.
Renal, cardiac, and systemic hemodynamic effects of the dopamine receptor agonist SK&F 85174 in anesthetized dogs

SK&F 85174 is a mixed DA-1/DA-2 receptor agonist which is shown to inhibit sympathetic neurotransmission and cause hypotension in anesthetized animals. In this study, we have determined the regional and systemic hemodynamic effects of an intravenous infusion of SK&F 85174 (5 μg/kg/min for 5 min) in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs and attempted to identify the dopamine receptor subtype(s) involved in the cardiac as well as vascular effects of this compound. SK&F 85174 produced significant decreases in mean blood pressure (MBP), left ventricular pressure (LVP), left ventricular dp/dt, total peripheral resistance (TPR) and renal vascular resistance (RVR), and a significant increase in renal blood flow (RBF). There were no significant changes in heart rate, cardiac output, coronary blood flow, or coronary vascular resistance. Prior treatment with SCH 23390 (DA-1 receptor antagonist) significantly attenuated the effects of SK&F 85174 on MBP, LVP, TPR, RBF, and RVR. In a second group of dogs S-sulpiride (DA-2 receptor antagonist) significantly antagonized the effects of SK&F 85174 on MBP, LVP, and dp/dt, but did not influence its effects on RBF, TPR, and RVR. These results show that (a) a decrease in total peripheral resistance and not the cardiac output accounts for the hypotensive action of SK&F 85174, (b) the renal hemodynamic effects of SK&F 85174 are mediated primarily via the activation of DA-1 receptors, and (c) whereas DA-1 receptors are involved primarily with the hypotensive action of this compound, it appears that activation of DA-2 receptors also contributes to the hypotension.
Synthetic Herbivore-induced Plant Volatiles Increase Field Captures of Parasitic Wasps

Field evidence for attraction of parasitic wasps from the families Encyrtidae and Mymaridae to grapevines baited with synthetic versions of three herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPV) is presented. In a replicated experiment conducted in a juice grape vineyard, sticky cards in blocks baited with controlled-release dispensers of methyl salicylate (MeSA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (HA), trapped significantly greater numbers of Metaphycus sp. (Encyrtidae) than cards in unbaited blocks during May–September. Significantly greater numbers of Anagrus spp. (Mymaridae) were trapped in MeSA and MeJA-baited blocks than in unbaited blocks, during August–September. Greater numbers were recorded in HA-baited blocks in September only. Previous studies showed Encyrtidae and Anagrus spp. were not attracted to sticky cards baited with vials of MeSA, MeJA or HA. Possible reasons for attraction in this study are discussed including the possibility that synthetic, gaseous HIPV from controlled-release dispensers may stimulate plants to produce natural blends of parasitoid-attracting volatiles.
Current Concerns and Disengagement from Incentives

We animals have our drastic differences, but almost all of us — from amoe-bas to humans — have at least one behavioral imperative in common: We almost all have to go out and get the things we need in order to survive and procreate. We have to identify them, reach out or ambulate towards them, and bring them to those of our organs that can make use of them. Our morphology, our physiology, and our behavioral organization are all arranged so as to satisfy this imperative. This means that, from the beginning, animals have necessarily been constructed to pursue necessary goals, which means in turn that they have been shaped by the requirements of goal pursuit. Goal-striving, and therefore motivation in the larger sense, are integral facets of life as an animal.
Spectrum of carbonaceous-chondrite fission xenon

Estimations of the fission spectrum in xenon isotopes from the progenitor of the strange carbonaceous-chondrite xenon must take account of p-process nucleosynthesis if the latter is the source of anomalous Xe-124, 126. Sample calculations of the p-process yields illustrate the magnitude of the effect, which can greatly increase the estimated Xe-132 fission yield.
Actin detected in Mouse Neuroblastoma Cells by Binding of Heavy Meromyosin

HEAVY meromyosin (HMM) fragments of myosin from striated muscle specifically bind with actin filaments to form complexes that are readily observed by electron microscopy1 in both negatively-stained preparations and sectioned material. The composite or “decorated filaments” appear like a line of arrowheads. The existence of such decorated filaments in cells or some cell fraction after treatment with HMM indicates that actin is present. Ishikawa et al.2 used this to demonstrate actin in a number of cultured cell types. More recently, other workers have similarly demonstrated actin filaments in slime mould3, amoebae4,5, blood platelets6, microvilli7, macrophages8 and, less convincingly, in sperm tails9 and the mitotic spindle10. We prove here that filaments from the cortical region of mouse neuroblastoma cells bind HMM, and therefore contain actin.
Hardy framework influence 1969 1983 on yield tree size and yield efficiency of wellspur and goldspur apple

Abstract Cumulative yield, trunk cross-sectional area, and yield efficiency were measured between 1969 and 1983 in an experimental planting (established in 1964 and top-worked in 1965) of ‘Wellspur’ and ‘Goldspur’ apple top-worked on frameworks of 19 cold-hardy cultivars (‘Alnarp 2’, ‘Antonovka’, ‘Beacon’, ‘Canada Baldwin’, ‘Delcon’, ‘Dr. Bill’, ‘Duchess’, ‘Haralson’, ‘Hawkeye Greening’, ‘Heyer 12’, ‘Heyer 20’, ‘J. Luke Seedling’, ‘McIntosh’, ‘Minnesota 447’, ‘Ottawa 271’, ‘Ottawa 292’, ‘Red Astrachan’, ‘Robusta 5’, ‘Yellow Transparent’) that were grafted on domestic seedling roots. There were significant differences in yield, trunk diameter and yield efficiency related to the interstock. ‘Duchess’ and ‘Heyer 12’ ranked highest in yield efficiency and lowest in tree size. ‘Red Astrachan’ ranked lowest in efficiency and largest in tree size. ‘McIntosh’ also tended to be low in efficiency. No severe winter temperatures occurred to test differential cold hardiness.
Invariant recognition of 2-D objects using Alopex neural networks

We describe a neural network based recognition scheme for 2-D objects. The Fourier Descriptors of the object boundary are taken as the features and they form the input to the neural network. A multilayered perceptron architecture is used for the classification, and a stochastic algorithm called Alopex is used for the network learning. The scheme is invariant to translation, rotation, and scale changes to the object. Taking isolated handwritten digits as the input data set, we show that the presented scheme gives very high recognition accuracy. The recognition scheme, learning algorithm, and simulation results are discussed in detail.
Effects of carcinogens on hormonal regulation of gene expression in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes

The report utilizes knowledge of the regulation of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) activity in rat liver as the basis for the development of a model system for investigating the effects of carcinogens on gene expression. A protocol utilizing primary monolayer cultures of adult rat hepatocytes was employed. The addition of dexamethasone resulted in a 5-fold induction of TAT activity; adding glucagon along with dexamethasone gave a 12-fold induction. The chemicals tested for possible effects on TAT induction were aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, 2-acetylaminofluorene, 2-aminofluorene, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, 3-methylcholanthrene, and benzo[a]pyrene. Carcinogens inhibited the induction of TAT activity by dexamethasone alone or with glucagon in a dose dependent manner, and in general there was a correlation between inhibition of TAT induction and in vivo carcinogenic potency. In addition to the inhibition of TAT induction, the carcinogens similarly inhibited RNA synthesis and to a lesser extent, protein synthesis. The inhibition of these biochemical activities did not appear to be due to cell death.
Expression, Truth, Predication, and Context: Two Perspectives

Abstract In this article I contrast in two ways those conceptions of semantic theory deriving from Richard Montague’s Intensional Logic (IL) and later developments with conceptions that stick pretty closely to a far weaker semantic apparatus for human first languages. IL is a higher‐order language incorporating the simple theory of types. As such, it endows predicates with a reference. Its intensional features yield a conception of propositional identity (namely necessary equivalence) that has seemed to many to be too coarse to be acceptable. In the most usual expositions, it takes the object of linguistic explication to be the sentence in a context, as in Kaplan, 1977. This last has led to recent speculations about ‘shifted’ contexts. IL may be contrasted with a more linguistically (representationally) bound conception of propositions and interpretation of their predicational and functional parts, and with the explication, not of sentences in contexts, but of potential utterances, relative to the anteced...
Migration and Spatial Assimilation Among U.S. Latinos: Classical Versus Segmented Trajectories

We used merged data from the Latino National Political Survey, the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, and the U.S. census to examine patterns and determinants of interneighborhood residential mobility between 1990 and 1995 for 2,074 U.S. residents of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban ethnicity. In several respects, our findings confirm the central tenets of spatial assimilation theory: Latino residential mobility into neighborhoods that are inhabited by greater percentages of non-Hispanic whites (i.e., Anglos) increases with human and financial capital and English-language use. However, these results also point to variations in the residential mobility process among Latinos that are broadly consistent with the segmented assimilation perspective on ethnic and immigrant incorporation. Net of controls, Puerto Ricans are less likely than Mexicans to move to neighborhoods with relatively large Anglo populations, and the generational and socioeconomic differences that are anticipated by the classical assimilation model emerge more strongly for Mexicans than for Puerto Ricans or Cubans. Among Puerto Ricans and Cubans, darker skin color inhibits mobility into Anglo neighborhoods.
Use of computer generated holograms for alignment of complex null correctors

Large diameter, non-axisymmetric aspheric mirrors can be measured interferometrically using null correctors that employ computer generated holograms (CGHs). The testing of off axis segments for the new class of giant telescopes pose requirements that beyond the state of the art for CGHs alone. The long radius of curvature and the magnitude of the aspheric departure require other lenses and mirrors to be used along with the CGH. The alignment of these systems is very sensitive and the absolute accuracy of the alignment is critical to the system performance. We have developed techniques that use diffracted light from patterns on the CGH to accurately define the alignment of multi-element null correctors. We will present results from the null test of the 1.7-m New Solar Telescope primary mirror. The optical shape of this mirrors is an off-axis paraboloid from an f/0.7 parent.
Prior shape models for boundary finding

Prior shape information has proven to be a key component of modeling for boundary finding when the target objects belong to a class of similar shapes. Prior shape provides specific constraining information needed in order to overcome noise, missing boundaries and confusing image information. While a number of different methods have been proposed for incorporating prior information, the most natural approaches use a Bayesian formulation where prior information and image derived information are combined by optimizing a posterior probability. Shape parameters derived from the statistical variation of the boundary in a training set can be used to model the object. Generic information such as from a smoothness constraint can be incorporated into the framework when additional flexibility is needed due to a small available training set.
TupleQ: Fully-asynchronous and zero-copy MPI over InfiniBand

The Message Passing Interface (MPI) is the defacto standard for parallel programming. As system scales increase, application writers often try to increase the overlap of communication and computation. Unfortunately, even on offloaded hardware such as InfiniBand, performance is not improved since the underlying protocols within MPI implementation require control messages that prevent overlap without expensive threads. In this work we propose a fully-asynchronous and zerocopy design to allow full overlap of communication and computation. We design TupleQ with novel use of InfiniBand eXtended Reliable Connection (XRC) receive queues to allow zero-copy and asynchronous transfers for all message sizes. Our evaluation on 64 tasks reveals significant performance gains. By leveraging the network hardware we are able to provide fully-asynchronous progress. We show overlap of nearly 100% for all message sizes, compared to 0% for the traditional RPUT and RGET protocols. We also show a 27% improvement for NAS SP using our design over the existing designs.
Executive Pay, Hidden Compensation, and Managerial Entrenchment

We consider a \managerial optimal" framework for top executive compensation, where top management sets their own compensation subject to limited entrenchment, instead of the conventional setting where such compensation is set by a board that maximizes rm value. Top management would like to pay themselves as much as possible, but are constrained by the need to ensure sucien t eciency to avoid a replacement. Shareholders can remove a manager, but only at a cost, and will therefore only do so if the anticipated future value of the manager (given by anticipated future performance net future compensation) falls short of that of a replacement by this replacement cost. In this setting, observable compensation (salary) and hidden compensation (perks, pet projects, pensions, etc.) serve different roles for management and have dieren t costs, and both are used in equilibrium. We examine the relationship between observable and hidden compensation and other variable in a dynamic model, and derive a number of unique predictions regarding these two types of pay. We then test these implications and nd results that generally support the predictions of our model.
Air-sea CO2 transfer and the carbon budget of the North Atlantic

A model simulation of the global carbon cycle demonstrates that the biological and solubility pumps are of comparable importance in determining the spatial distribution of annual mean air-sea fluxes in the Atlantic. The model also confirms that the impact of the (steady state) biological pump on the magnitude and spatial distribution of anthropogenic CO $_{2}$ uptake is minimal. An Atlantic Ocean carbon budget developed from analysis of the model combined with observations suggests that the air-sea flux of carbon is inadequate to supply the postulated large dissolved inorganic carbon export from the Atlantic. Other sources of carbon are required, such as an input from the Pacific via the Bering Strait and Arctic, river inflow, or an import of dissolved organic carbon.
Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Women Exposed to Community and Partner Violence

Prior research documents increased trauma symptoms associated with exposure to violence, primarily by examining types of violence separately. This study extends prior research by examining traumatic stress symptoms associated with two types of violence exposure, community violence and partner violence. A sample of 90 low-income African American women from an urban area completed measures assessing exposure to community violence, partner violence, and trauma symptoms. Exposure to community violence and partner violence were associated with increased reporting of trauma symptoms. Participants who experienced high levels of exposure to both types of violence reported more trauma symptoms than women who were exposed to only one type of violence or neither type of violence. The results suggest that the accumulation of exposures to violence is linked with greater distress. Thus, interventions with women exposed to violence should assess violence exposure in multiple domains and attend to the implications of multiple exposures to violence.
Comparison of Short-Term and Long-Term Radiative Feedbacks and Variability in Twentieth-Century Global Climate Model Simulations

The climate sensitivity uncertainty of global climate models (GCMs) is partly due to the spread of individual feedbacks. One approach to constrain long-term climate sensitivity is to use the relatively short observational record, assuming there exists some relationship in feedbacks between short and long records. The present work tests this assumption by regressing short-term feedback metrics, characterized by the 20-yr feedback as well as interannual and intra-annual metrics, against long-term longwave water vapor, longwave atmospheric temperature, and shortwave surface albedo feedbacks calculated from 13 twentieth-century GCM simulations. Estimates of long-term feedbacks derived from reanalysis observations and statistically significant regressions are consistent with but no more constrained than earlier estimates. For the interannual metric, natural variability contributes to the feedback uncertainty, reducing the ability to estimate the interannual behavior from one 20-yr time slice. For both the interannual and intra-annual metrics, uncertainty in the intermodel relationships between 20-yr metrics and 100-yr feedbacks also contributestothefeedbackuncertainty. Becauseofdifferencesin timescales offeedbackprocesses,relationships between the 20-yr interannual metric and 100-yr water vapor and atmospheric temperature feedbacks are significant for only one feedback calculation method. The intra-annual and surface albedo relationships show more complex behavior, though positive correspondence between Northern Hemisphere surface albedo intra-annual metrics and 100-yr feedbacks is consistent with previous studies. Many relationships between 20-yr metrics and 100-yr feedbacks are sensitive to the specific GCMs included, highlighting that care should be taken when inferring long-term feedbacks from short-term observations.
Spectral and Broadband Longwave Downwelling Radiative Fluxes, Cloud Radiative Forcing, and Fractional Cloud Cover over the South Pole

Annual cycles of downwelling broadband infrared radiative flux and spectral downwelling infrared flux were determined using data collected at the South Pole during 2001. Clear-sky conditions are identified by comparing radiance ratios of observed and simulated spectra. Clear-sky fluxes are in the range of 110–125 Wm 2 during summer (December–January) and 60–80 W m 2 during winter (April–September). The variability is due to day-to-day variations in temperature, strength of the surface-based temperature inversion, atmospheric humidity, and the presence of “diamond dust” (near-surface ice crystals). The persistent presence of diamond dust under clear skies during the winter is evident in monthly averages of clear-sky radiance. About two-thirds of the clear-sky flux is due to water vapor, and one-third is due to CO2, both in summer and winter. The seasonal constancy of this approximately 2:1 ratio is investigated through radiative transfer modeling. Precipitable water vapor (PWV) amounts were calculated to investigate the H2O/CO2 flux ratio. Monthly mean PWV during 2001 varied from 1.6 mm during summer to 0.4 mm during winter. Earlier published estimates of PWV at the South Pole are similar for winter, but are 50% lower for summer. Possible reasons for low earlier estimates of summertime PWV are that they are based either on inaccurate hygristor technology or on an invalid assumption that the humidity was limited by saturation with respect to ice. The average fractional cloud cover derived from the spectral infrared data is consistent with visual observations in summer. However, the wintertime average is 0.3–0.5 greater than that obtained from visual observations. The annual mean of longwave downwelling cloud radiative forcing (LDCRF) for 2001 is about 23 Wm 2 with no apparent seasonal cycle. This is about half that of the global mean LDCRF; the low value is attributed to the small optical depths and low temperatures of Antarctic clouds.
Healing Images Viewing the Client's World Through Drawings

This article discusses the therapeutic use of drawings, outlines a specific drawing technique, and describes two case illustrations. Emphasis is placed on the healing quality of the drawing experience, a creative process in and of itself. These case illustrations were derived from an interpretive study in which life history and drawing methods were used to gather a holistic description about the experiences of women living with HIV disease. By making drawings depicting their illness, the ten women were offered another way to express and communicate their experiences, revealing rich descriptions that may not have been obtained by interviews alone. The drawings allowed the women to explore feelings that are often difficult to verbalize, offering additional insights about their worldview. For the practitioner, the use of drawings can therefore be a valuable tool to further understand a client, assess needs, and formulate a more inclusive approach to care.
A Digital Pathway to Financial Inclusion

Payments are the connective tissue of an economic system. They enable people to buy goods, purchase water and electricity, and send money to friends, family, and business partners. They enable governments to collect taxes and disburse social payments. And they enable suppliers to collect payments from buyers. When these transactions are costly and inconvenient, economic activity is impeded. Wealthy households live their financial lives embedded in a digital financial system which “greases the wheels” of their economic activity by making it cheap and easy for them send and receive payments. Their money sits in a virtual account as ones and zeroes on a server where it can be transferred with the click of a button. In contrast, 2.5 billion people – most of them poor – are cut off from that system. They store and transfer value through physical assets, such as cash, jewelry, or livestock. We describe how the cash-digital divide creates stark inequities in the financial lives of poor households. We depict what digital financial inclusion would look like and present a growing body of evidence which suggests that connecting poor people to an integrated digital financial system will generate sizable welfare benefits. We argue that countries will not bridge the cash-digital divide in one giant leap. Instead, they will likely pass through four stages of market development along the pathway to an inclusive digital economy. The commercial assets required to navigate this pathway vary across the four stages. Financial regulations and business models must therefore be calibrated to harness those assets at each stage.
INITIATION OF ANTIBODY RESPONSES BY DIFFERENT CLASSES OF LYMPHOCYTES V. FUNDAMENTAL CHANGES IN THE PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRGIN THYMUS-INDEPENDENT ("B") LYMPHOCYTES AND "B" MEMORY CELLS

Thymus-dependent, helper cells ("T" lymphocytes) 1 and thymus-independent, antibody-forming precursor cells ("B" lymphocytes) cooperate in the initiation of the primary antibody response of rodents to a variety of antigens (1-3). Both cell lines also cooperate in the initiation of the secondary antibody response, and both carry immunological memory (4, 5). Recent cell transfer studies indicate that B memory cells determine the changes in the proportion of immunoglobulin classes and affinity of antibodies produced in the secondary response (6-8). These changes suggest that B memory cells are not derived by a simple expansion of unprimed B lymphocytes, but rather by heterogeneous expansion of subpopulations of unprimed B lym
A Network Perspective on the Processes of Empowered Organizations

Organizational empowerment is a multi-faceted concept that involves processes occurring both within and between organizations that facilitate achievement of their goals. This paper takes a closer look at three interorganizational processes that lead to empowered organizations: building alliances, getting the word out, and capturing others' attention. These processes are located within the broader nomological network of empowerment and organizational empowerment, and are linked to particular patterns of interorganizational relationships that facilitate organizations' ability to engage in them. A new network-based measure, γ-centrality, is introduced to capture the particular network structure associated with each process to be assessed. It is demonstrated first in a hypothetical organizational network, then applied to take a closer look at organizational empowerment in the context of a coordinating council composed of human service agencies. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of relationships between these processes, and the potential for unintended consequences in the empowerment of organizations.
Analyzing High Dimensional Data

Problems encountered in analyzing high dimensional data are discussed and possible solutions are proposed. The increased importance of second-order statistics in analyzing high dimensional data and the shortcoming of the minimum distance classifier in high dimensional data are recognized. By investigating characteristics of high dimensional data, it is shown that second-order statistics must be taken into account in high dimensional data. There is a need to represent second order statistics effectively. As the data dimensionality increases, it becomes more difficult to perceive and compare information present in statistics derived from data. In order to overcome this problem, a method to visualize statistics using color code is proposed. By representing statistics using a color code, the first and the second statistics can be more readily compared.
Vertical Variability of Cloud Hydrometeors in the Stratiform Region of Mesoscale Convective Systems and Bow Echoes

Abstract During the Bow Echo and Mesoscale Convective Vortex Experiment, the NOAA P-3 research aircraft executed 17 spiral descents to the rear of convective lines to document the vertical variability of hydrometeors above, within, and below the stratiform melting layer. Ten spirals were behind lines that exhibited bowing at some stage in their evolution. Although quick descents on some spirals forced sampling of different particle zones, clear trends with respect to temperature were seen. For 16 spirals, the ambient relative humidity with respect to ice was in the range of 100% ± 4% at temperatures between −10°C and the melting layer, but exhibited steady decreases below the melting layer to an average relative humidity with respect to water of 77% ± 15% at 9°C. In contrast, one spiral conducted on 29 June 2003 directly behind a developing bow echo had a relative humidity with respect to ice averaging 85% at heights above the 0°C level and relative humidity with respect to ice further decreased below the...
Hierarchies and Bureaucracies: On the Role of Collusion in Organizations

This research derives its motivation (and borrows unrestrainedly) from sociological studies of collusive behavior in organizations. Like the sociology literature, it emphasizes that behavior is often best predicted by the analysis of group as well as individual incentives; and it gropes toward a precise definition of concepts such as "power," "cliques," "corporate politics," and "bureaucracy" (Crozier, 1963; Cyert and March; Dalton; Scott). It differs from this literature in that it tries to incorporate the acquired knowledge of modern information economics into the analysis. The research also borrows a considerable amount from the principal/agent paradigm of information economics. This paradigm, mainly developed for two-tier organizations, emphasizes the productive inefficiency associated with asymmetric information and insurance motives (or limited liability constraints).' Formally, organizations can be seen as networks of overlapping or nested principal/agent relationships. A theme of the paper, however, is that the analysis of hierarchical structures does not boil down to a compounding of the basic inefficiency, due to the fact that going from the simple two-tier principal/agent structure to more complex ones introduces the possibility of
The influence of canal curvature on the mechanical efficacy of root canal irrigation in vitro using real-time imaging of bioluminescent bacteria.

There are no quantitative data on the mechanical efficacy of irrigation in the removal of bacteria from curved canals. This study quantitatively analyzed the effects of root canal curvature and preparation size on the mechanical efficacy of irrigation using 33 mandibular single-rooted bicuspids allocated to groups according to root canal curvatures, group 1 (straight) 4 to 8 degrees, group 2 (intermediate curvature) 15 to 19 degrees, and group 3 (greatest curvature) 24 to 28 degrees. Teeth were sequentially instrumented to sizes 27/.04, 36/.04, and 46/.04 using a crown-down technique. Suspensions of the bioluminescent reporter strain Pseudomonas fluorescens 5RL (1.5 10 6 cells) were inoculated into canals of sterilized teeth after each sequential instrumentation. Canals were irrigated with 6 ml of irrigant delivered 1 mm from working length using a 30-gauge needle. Remaining bacteria were quantified using realtime bioluminescent imaging. Irrigation was significantly less effective in 24 to 28 degrees curvature canals prepared to size 27/.04 compared to 46/.04 (p 0.007, repeated-measures ANOVA). (J Endod 2006;32: 1077–1080)
Revised Irradiation Doses to Control Melon Fly, Mediterranean Fruit Fly, and Oriental Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) and a Generic Dose for Tephritid Fruit Flies

Currently approved irradiation quarantine treatment doses for Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillet), melon fly; Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), Mediterranean fruit fly; and Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), oriental fruit fly, infesting fruits and vegetables for export from Hawaii to the continental United States are 210, 225, and 250 Gy, respectively. Irradiation studies were initiated to determine whether these doses could be reduced to lower treatment costs, minimize any adverse effects on quality, and support a proposed generic irradiation dose of 150 Gy for fruit flies. Dose-response tests were conducted with late third instars of wild and laboratory strains of the three fruit fly species, both in diet and in fruit. After x-ray irradiation treatment, data were taken on adult emergence, and adult female fecundity and fertility. Melon fly was the most tolerant of the three species to irradiation, and oriental fruit fly was more tolerant than Mediterranean fruit fly. Laboratory and wild strains of each species were equally tolerant of irradiation, and larvae were more tolerant when irradiated in fruit compared with artificial diet. An irradiation dose of 150 Gy applied to 93,666 melon fly late third instars in papayas resulted in no survival to the adult stage, indicating that this dose is sufficient to provide quarantine security. Irradiation doses of 100 and 125 Gy applied to 31,920 Mediterranean fruit fly and 55,743 oriental fruit fly late third instars, respectively, also resulted in no survival to the adult stage. Results support a proposed generic irradiation quarantine treatment dose of 150 Gy for all tephritid fruit flies.
Les gangs et la violence dans leur quartier tels que perçus par les jeunes

La violence des gangs est un probleme de societe en pleine croissance. La presente etude a pour but de se pencher sur la perception qu’ont les adolescents, non membres de gangs, a propos des gangs, de la violence qui y est associee et de l’influence qu’elle exerce, selon eux, sur leur quartier. Vingt adolescents ont participe a des groupes de discussion sous forme d’entretiens semi-diriges, ce qui a permis de degager quatre themes principaux : 1) un sentiment d’appartenance ; 2) un prix a payer ; 3) l’incomprehension ; et 4) l’evitement actif. Les perceptions a propos des gangs et de la violence different d’un adolescent a l’autre. Comprendre leurs points de vue pourrait aider a la conception de programmes de sante publique visant a eduquer les jeunes sur les gangs et sur les consequences d’une implication dans de tels groupes.
Drought and saltwater incursion synergistically reduce dissolved organic carbon export from coastal freshwater wetlands

The hydrologic transport of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) represents both a primary energetic loss from and a critical energetic link between ecosystems. Coastal freshwater wetlands serve as a primary source of DOC to estuaries; historically the magnitude and timing of DOC transfers has been driven by water movement. Extensive agricultural development throughout the coastal plain of the southeastern US has hydrologically connected much of the landscape via canals to facilitate drainage. The resulting large-scale loss of topographic relief and reduced mean elevation is interacting with increasingly frequent and severe droughts to facilitate the landward movement of seawater through the highly connected artificial drainage networks. The resulting changes in hydrologic regime and salinity are each expected to reduce DOC export from coastal freshwater wetlands, yet their individual and combined impacts are not well understood. Here we show that repeated saltwater incursion during late summer droughts substantially decreased DOC concentrations in surface water (from ~40 to ~18 mg/L) from a mature and a restored forested wetland in the coastal plain of North Carolina, USA. These declines in DOC concentration reduced annual export of DOC to the estuary by 70 % and dampened storm fluxes by 76 %. We used a long-term experiment with intact soil columns to measure the independent and combined effects of drought, salinity, and sulfate loading as potential drivers of the large changes in DOC concentration. We found that soil drying and salinization each reduced DOC similarly (20 % reduction by drought alone, 29 % by salinization) and their combined effect was additive (49 % reduction in salinization + drought treatments). Our results demonstrate that, well in advance of significant sea-level rise, drought and relatively low levels of saltwater incursion (<6 ppt) are already significantly altering the timing and magnitude of dissolved organic carbon flux between coastal forested wetlands and downstream estuaries.
The Potential of Digital Simulation in Industrial Ergonomics

This paper describes various ways in which digital computer simulation can be used by ergonomists in the design of industrial systems. Also shown are recent advances in this methodology which make the technique even more effective and features of the technique which require particular concern. A variety of past simulation studies with human factors considerations are cited for detailed use by practitioners.
Diabetes Education and Support A Must for Students With Diabetes

Ongoing diabetes self-management education and support is critical to helping youth with diabetes and their families learn about the disease, make and sustain behavioral changes, and cope with the reality of a chronic illness. Diabetes self-management education and support is best provided by a multidisciplinary team. School nurses are an important part of the student's diabetes health care team. This article highlights information and resources that school nurses can use to help support students with diabetes, their families, and other school personnel.
Detection of expressions of angiopoietin-2,VEGF and MVD in osteosarcoma tissue

Aim:To detect the expressions of angiopoietin-2(Ang-2),VEGF and microvessel density(MVD)in osteosarcoma(OS)tissue.Methods:RT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the expressions of Ang-2 mRNA and protein in bone marrow samples from 69 patients with OS and 12 normal control.The expressions of VEGF and CD34 proteins in OS tissue were detected using immunohistochemistry,and MVD was counted.Results:The mRNA expression level of Ang-2,the positive expression rate of Ang-2,VEGF,and MVD in OS group were significantly higher than those in control(t= 8.253,χ2 adj =11.960 and 11.470,P0.01).The expression of Ang-2 was significantly higher in high-VEGF expression group than in low-VEGF expression group(P0.01),and higher in high-MVD group than in low-MVD group(P 0.01).Conclusion:Ang-2 may be involved in the regulation of angiogenesis in OS,and play an important role in the occurrence of OS.
Determinations of sciatic nerve tension.

Several trunk and leg signs are described which will assist in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of conditions associated with sciatic nerve tension. Use of these tests to distinguish between the genuine sufferer and the imitator is explained. The signs of an active lesion of an intervertebral disk are typical and constant, and simulated motions inconsistent with tension of the sciatic nerve may be discerned readily.
Pulmonary function screening.

Patients who suffer from neuromuscular diseases often have complications from respiratory insufficiencies. Some neuromuscular diseases, for example Landry Guillain-Barre syndrome, may only require temporary tracheal intubation; patients with other neuromuscular diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, may decide with the assistance of their doctor and family to opt for lifelong noninvasive ventilatory support. Other patients may only opt for noninvasive positive pressure ventilation. Respiratory dysfunction is caused by weakness of the upper airway muscles, which can lead to sleep apnea, abnormal swallow, and decreased respiratory muscle strength, as well as a decrease in total lung volume. Early respiratory changes in patients with neuromuscular disease are often best detected during sleep. During rapid eye movement sleep, there is a reduction in respiratory drive predisposing to hypopneas and apneas. The majority of neuromuscular patients with respiratory insufficiency may be monitored and treated in the outpatient setting, thus allowing them to remain in their homes.