cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating sampling variance from the current population survey: A synthetic design approach to correcting standard errors

Essentially all empirical questions that are addressed with sample data require estimates of sampling variance. The econometrics and statistics literatures show that these estimates depend critically on the design of the sample. The sample for the U.S. Current Population Survey (CPS), which serves as the basis for official poverty, unemployment, and earnings estimates, results from a stratified and clustered design. Unfortunately, analysts are frequently unable to estimate sampling variance for many CPS statistics because the variables marking the strata and clusters are censored from the public-use data files. To compensate for this, the Bureau of Census provides a method to approximate the sampling variance for several, specific point estimates, but no general method exists for estimates that differ from these cases. Similarly there are no corrections at all for regression estimates. This paper proposes a general approximation method that creates synthetic design variables for the estimation of sampling variance. The results from this method compare well with officially reported standard errors. This methodology allows the analyst to estimate sampling variance for a significantly wider class of estimates than previously possible, and therefore increases the usefulness of research resulting from the CPS data files.
Stable optimizationless recovery from phaseless linear measurements

We address the problem of recovering an n-vector from m linear measurements lacking sign or phase information. We show that lifting and semidefinite relaxation suffice by themselves for stable recovery in the setting of m=O(nlogn) random sensing vectors, with high probability. The recovery method is optimizationless in the sense that trace minimization in the PhaseLift procedure is unnecessary. That is, PhaseLift reduces to a feasibility problem. The optimizationless perspective allows for a Douglas-Rachford numerical algorithm that is unavailable for PhaseLift. This method exhibits linear convergence with a favorable convergence rate and without any parameter tuning.
Halo Profiles and the Nonlinear Two- and Three-Point Correlation Functions of Cosmological Mass Density

We investigate the nonlinear two- and three-point correlation functions of the cosmological density field in Fourier space and test the popular hierarchical clustering model that assumes a scale-independent three-point amplitude Q. In high-resolution N-body simulations of both the n = -2 scale-free model and the cold dark matter model, we find that Q at late times is not constant but increases with wavenumber far into the nonlinear regime. Self-similar scaling also does not hold as rigorously for the three-point function as for the two-point function in the n = -2 simulation; this is perhaps a manifestation of the finite simulation volume. We suggest that a better understanding of the behavior of the two- and three-point correlation functions in the nonlinear regime lies in the link to the density profiles of dark matter halos. We demonstrate and quantify how the slopes of the correlation functions are affected by the slope of the halo profiles using simple halo shapes and analytic clustering models.
New Real-Time Simulations of Multihead Tape Units

Single-head tapes are used to simulate multihead Turing machine tape units without loss. For one-dimensional tapes, the new simulations are simpler and use far fewer tapes than prevj known simulations. For multidimensional tapes, the results are entirely new.
Layered class diagrams: supporting the design process

Class diagrams model a system's classes, their inter-relationships, operations, and attributes and are used for a variety of purposes including exploratory design, communication, and evaluation. However, traditional diagrams, and the tools used to create them, focus on capturing a single configuration – the product of the design process – rather than supporting the explorative design process itself that is used to create and evolve a design over time. This process involves iteration over multiple alternatives and evaluation of those alternatives. We present a layered approach and environment that encourages this process by capturing a design and its alternatives using layers. Layers may be combined with other layers to compose and explore new design alternatives for evaluation. Our tool provides mechanisms for creating, composing, and visualizing layers as well as detecting dependencies and conflicts among layers and managing semantic relationships among layers.
Evidence for Strain-Induced Local Conductance Modulations in Single-Layer Graphene on SiO2

Graphene has emerged as an electronic material that is promising for device applications and for studying two-dimensional electron gases with relativistic dispersion near two Dirac points. Nonetheless, deviations from Dirac-like spectroscopy have been widely reported with varying interpretations. Here we show evidence for strain-induced spatial modulations in the local conductance of single-layer graphene on SiO2 substrates from scanning tunneling microscopic (STM) studies. We find that strained graphene exhibits parabolic, U-shaped conductance vs bias voltage spectra rather than the V-shaped spectra expected for Dirac fermions, whereas V-shaped spectra are recovered in regions of relaxed graphene. Strain maps derived from the STM studies further reveal direct correlation with the local tunneling conductance. These results are attributed to a strain-induced frequency increase in the out-of-plane phonon mode that mediates the low-energy inelastic charge tunneling into graphene.
Hydroxyl-directed C–H carbonylation enabled by mono-N-protected amino acid ligands: An expedient route to 1-isochromanones

A Pd(II)-catalyzed C–H carbonylation protocol of phenethyl alcohols has been developed using amino acid ligands to promote the reaction. This transformation provides an expedient route to 1-isochromanone motifs, which are common structural elements in natural products and other biologically active compounds. A concise synthesis of a histamine release inhibitor showcases the utility of this transformation.
Experiments Suggesting That the Distribution of the Hyperbolic Length of Closed Geodesics Sampling by Word Length Is Gaussian

Each free homotopy class of directed closed curves on a surface with boundary can be described by a cyclic reduced word in the generators of the fundamental group and their inverses. The word length is the number of letters of the cyclic word. If the surface has a hyperbolic metric with geodesic boundary, the geometric length of the class is the length of the unique geodesic in that class. By computer experiments, we investigate the distribution of the geometric length among all classes with a given word length on the pair of pants surface. Our experiments strongly suggest that the distribution is normal.
Money market rates and implied CCAPM rates: some international evidence

Abstract This paper examines the transmission mechanism of monetary policy in New Neoclassical Synthesis (NNS) models, using data from six of the G7 countries. NNS models equate the instrument of monetary policy to the interest rate implied by the consumption Euler equation. The key result is that an increase in the nominal interest rate leads to a fall in the implied Euler equation rate. Incorporating habit still yields the same result. The findings have a serious implication for the transmission mechanism of monetary policy since movements of money market rates, consumption and inflation cannot be reconciled through the consumption Euler equation, irrespective of how the rest of the NNS model is specified.
Monotone schemes for fully nonlinear parabolic path dependent PDEs

In this paper, we extend the results of the seminal work Barles and Souganidis (1991) to path dependent case. Based on the viscosity theory of path dependent PDEs, developed by Ekren et al. (2012a, 2012b, 2014a and 2014b), we show that a monotone scheme converges to the unique viscosity solution of the (fully nonlinear) parabolic path dependent PDE. An example of such monotone scheme is proposed. Moreover, in the case that the solution is smooth enough, we obtain the rate of convergence of our scheme.
Role of group and phase velocity in high-energy neutrino observatories

Abstract Kuzmichev recently showed that use of phase velocity rather than group velocity for Cherenkov light signals and pulses from calibration lasers in high-energy neutrino telescopes leads to errors in track reconstruction and distance measurement. We amplify on his remarks and show that errors for four cases of interest to AMANDA, IceCube, and radio Cherenkov detector are negligibly small.
Asymptotics of the Empirical Cross-over Function

We consider a combination of heavily trimmed sums and sample quantiles which arises when examining properties of clustering criteria and prove limit theorems. The object of interest, which we call the Empirical Cross-over Function, is an L-statistic whose weights do not comply with the requisite regularity conditions for usage of existing limit results. The law of large numbers, CLT and a functional CLT are proven.
Approximating interval coloring and max-coloring in chordal graphs

We consider two coloring problems: interval coloring and max-coloring for chordal graphs. Given a graph G = (V, E) and positive-integral vertex weights w:V → N, the interval-coloring problem seeks to find an assignment of a real interval I(u) to each vertex u∈ V, such that two constraints are satisfied: (i) for every vertex u ∈ V, vI(u)v = w(u) and (ii) for every pair of adjacent vertices u and v, I(u)∩I(v) = ∅. The goal is to minimize the span v∪v∈VI(v)v. The max-coloring problem seeks to find a proper vertex coloring of G whose color classes C1C2, …, Ck, minimize the sum of the weights of the heaviest vertices in the color classes, that is, ∑ki = 1maxveCiw(v). Both problems arise in efficient memory allocation for programs. The interval-coloring problem models the compile-time memory allocation problem and has a rich history dating back at least to the 1970s. The max-coloring problem arises in minimizing the total buffer size needed by a dedicated memory manager for programs. In another application, this problem models scheduling of conflicting jobs in batches to minimize the makespan. Both problems are NP-complete even for interval graphs, although there are constant-factor approximation algorithms for both problems on interval graphs. In this paper, we consider these problems for chordal graphs, a subclass of perfect graphs. These graphs naturally generalize interval graphs and can be defined as the class of graphs that have no induced cycle of length >3. Recently, a 4-approximation algorithm (which we call GeomFit) has been presented for the max-coloring problem on perfect graphs (Pemmaraju and Raman 2005). This algorithm can be used to obtain an interval coloring as well, but without the constant-factor approximation guarantee. In fact, there is no known constant-factor approximation algorithm for the interval-coloring problem on perfect graphs. We study the performance of GeomFit and several simple O(log(n))-factor approximation algorithms for both problems. We experimentally evaluate and compare four simple heuristics: first-fit, best-fit, GeomFit, and a heuristic based on partitioning the graph into vertex sets of similar weight. Both for max-coloring and for interval coloring, GeomFit deviates from OPT by about 1.5p, on average. The performance of first-fit comes close second, deviating from OPT by less than 6p, on average, for both problems. Best-fit comes third and graph-partitioning heuristic comes a distant last. Our basic data comes from about 10,000 runs of each of the heuristics for each of the two problems on randomly generated chordal graphs of various sizes, sparsity, and structure.
A More Powerful Two-Sample Test in High Dimensions using Random Projection

We consider the hypothesis testing problem of detecting a shift between the means of two multivariate normal distributions in the high-dimensional setting, allowing for the data dimension p to exceed the sample size n. Our contribution is a new test statistic for the two-sample test of means that integrates a random projection with the classical Hotelling T2 statistic. Working within a high-dimensional framework that allows (p, n) → ∞, we first derive an asymptotic power function for our test, and then provide sufficient conditions for it to achieve greater power than other state-of-the-art tests. Using ROC curves generated from simulated data, we demonstrate superior performance against competing tests in the parameter regimes anticipated by our theoretical results. Lastly, we illustrate an advantage of our procedure with comparisons on a high-dimensional gene expression dataset involving the discrimination of different types of cancer.
Matched Pairs with Categorical Data

Matched pairs with categorical data arise when two measurements of the same categorical variable are obtained from each experimental unit. Such data are generally displayed in a two-way contingency table. When the variable of interest is binary (dichotomous), marginal homogeneity can be tested using McNemar's test or the exact binomial one-sample test. For a polytomous variable, marginal homogeneity can be tested using Stuart's test, and by tests proposed by Bhapkar and Madansky. The likelihood ratio test of marginal homogeneity conditional on the assumption of quasi-symmetry can also be used. The hypothesis of symmetry for a polytomous variable can be tested using Bowker's test and the likelihood ratio test. For ordered categorical variables, one degree of freedom tests of marginal homogeneity can be carried out using tests analogous to those of Stuart and Bhapkar. Another approach to testing marginal homogeneity for ordered classifications is based on the conditional symmetry loglinear model. Keywords: marginal homogeneity; symmetry; quasi-symmetry; quasi-independence; conditional symmetry loglinear model; Mantel–Haenszel methods; Mc Nemar's test
Memristive systems analysis of 3-terminal devices

Memristive systems were proposed in 1976 by Leon Chua and Sung Mo Kang as a model for 2-terminal passive nonlinear dynamical systems which exhibit memory effects. Such systems were originally shown to be relevant to the modeling of action potentials in neurons in regards to the Hodgkin-Huxley model and, more recently, to the modeling of thin film materials such as TiO 2−x proposed for non-volatile resistive memory. However, over the past 50 years a variety of 3-terminal non-passive dynamical devices have also been shown to exhibit memory effects similar to that predicted by the memristive system model. This article extends the original memristive systems framework to incorporate 3-terminal, non-passive devices and explains the applicability of such dynamic systems models to 1) the Widrow-Hoff memistor, 2) floating gate memory cells, and 3) nano-ionic FETs.
SOME PROPERTIES OF FAMILIES OF EXCITONIC QUASIPARTICLES

Three closely related types of excitonic quasiparticles have been recently studied: polaritons, phonoritons and photoritons. We show that the well known polariton displays frequency‐tunable intrinsic squeezing. Related to this is a new Quantum Optics Extinction Theorem. The phonoriton is associated with a ‘‘reconstruction’’ of the dispersion equation for the parent‐polariton: tests have so far proven elusive. Two new experiments are proposed and analyzed for identifying the phonoriton: Non‐Linear Resonance Brillouin Scattering, and Non‐Linear Reflectivity. Some remarks are made about the photoriton.
Well-Separated Pair Decomposition for the Unit-Disk Graph Metric and Its Applications

We extend the classic notion of well-separated pair decomposition [P. B. Callahan and S. R. Kosaraju, J. ACM, 42 (1975), pp. 67--90] to the unit-disk graph metric: the shortest path distance metric induced by the intersection graph of unit disks. We show that for the unit-disk graph metric of n points in the plane and for any constant $c\geq 1$, there exists a c-well-separated pair decomposition with O(n log n) pairs, and the decomposition can be computed in O(n log n) time. We also show that for the unit-ball graph metric in k dimensions where $k\geq 3$, there exists a c-well-separated pair decomposition with O(n2-2/k) pairs, and the bound is tight in the worst case. We present the application of the well-separated pair decomposition in obtaining efficient algorithms for approximating the diameter, closest pair, nearest neighbor, center, median, and stretch factor, all under the unit-disk graph metric.
A quantitative comparison of sRNA-based and protein-based gene regulation

Small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) have important functions as genetic regulators in prokaryotes. sRNAs act post-transcriptionally through complementary pairing with target mRNAs to regulate protein expression. We use a quantitative approach to compare and contrast sRNAs with conventional transcription factors (TFs) to better understand the advantages of each form of regulation. In particular, we calculate the steady-state behavior, noise properties, frequency-dependent gain (amplification), and dynamical response to large input signals of both forms of regulation. Although the mean steady-state behavior of sRNA-regulated proteins exhibits a distinctive tunable threshold linear behavior, our analysis shows that transcriptional bursting leads to significantly higher intrinsic noise in sRNA-based regulation than in TF-based regulation in a large range of expression levels and limits the ability of sRNAs to perform quantitative signaling. Nonetheless, we find that sRNAs are better than TFs at filtering noise in input signals. Additionally, we find that sRNAs allow cells to respond rapidly to large changes in input signals. These features suggest a ‘niche' for sRNAs in allowing cells to transition quickly yet reliably between distinct states. This functional niche is consistent with the widespread appearance of sRNAs in stress response and quasi-developmental networks in prokaryotes.
Student privacy in learning analytics: An information ethics perspective

Higher education institutions have started using big data analytics tools. By gathering information about students as they navigate information systems, learning analytics employs techniques to understand student behaviors and to improve instructional, curricular, and support resources and learning environments. However, learning analytics presents important moral and policy issues surrounding student privacy. We argue that there are five crucial questions about student privacy that we must address in order to ensure that whatever the laudable goals and gains of learning analytics, they are commensurate with respecting students' privacy and associated rights, including but not limited to autonomy interests. We address information access concerns, the intrusive nature of information-gathering practices, whether or not learning analytics is justified given the potential distribution of consequences and benefits, and issues related to student autonomy. Finally, we question whether learning analytics advances the aims of higher education or runs counter to those goals.
Monte Carlo Methods for Rough Free Energy Landscapes: Population Annealing and Parallel Tempering

Parallel tempering and population annealing are both effective methods for simulating equilibrium systems with rough free energy landscapes. Parallel tempering, also known as replica exchange Monte Carlo, is a Markov chain Monte Carlo method while population annealing is a sequential Monte Carlo method. Both methods overcome the exponential slowing associated with high free energy barriers. The convergence properties and efficiencies of the two methods are compared. For large systems, population annealing is closer to equilibrium than parallel tempering for short simulations. However, with respect to the amount of computation, parallel tempering converges exponentially while population annealing converges only inversely. As a result, for sufficiently long simulations parallel tempering approaches equilibrium more quickly than population annealing.
glucagon is essential for alpha cell transdifferentiation and beta cell neogenesis

The interconversion of cell lineages via transdifferentiation is an adaptive mode of tissue regeneration and an appealing therapeutic target. However, its clinical exploitation is contingent upon the discovery of contextual regulators of cell fate acquisition and maintenance. In murine models of diabetes, glucagon-secreting alpha cells transdifferentiate into insulin-secreting beta cells following targeted beta cell depletion, regenerating the form and function of the pancreatic islet. However, the molecular triggers of this mode of regeneration are unknown. Here, using lineage-tracing assays in a transgenic zebrafish model of beta cell ablation, we demonstrate conserved plasticity of alpha cells during islet regeneration. In addition, we show that glucagon expression is upregulated after injury. Through gene knockdown and rescue approaches, we also find that peptides derived from the glucagon gene are necessary for alpha-to-beta cell fate switching. Importantly, whereas beta cell neogenesis was stimulated by glucose, alpha-to-beta cell conversion was not, suggesting that transdifferentiation is not mediated by glucagon/GLP-1 control of hepatic glucose production. Overall, this study supports the hypothesis that alpha cells are an endogenous reservoir of potential new beta cells. It further reveals that glucagon plays an important role in maintaining endocrine cell homeostasis through feedback mechanisms that govern cell fate stability.
Morita equivalence of multidimensional noncommutative tori

One can describe an n-dimensional noncommutative torus by means of an antisymmetric n×n matrix θ. We construct an action of the group SO(n,n|Z) on the space of n×n antisymmetric matrices and show that, generically, matrices belonging to the same orbit of this group give Morita equivalent tori. Some applications to physics are sketched.
Novel solutions of finite-density D3/D5 probe brane system and their implications for stability

In this article we present a novel set of solutions of the probe brane system consisting of Nf-D5 probe branes embedded in the near-horizon geometry generated by Nc-D3 branes, with the D5 worldvolume U(1) gauge fields turned on. Our system is holographically dual to a supersymmetric defect field theory at finite density in non-trivial vacua. We find that a large class of vacua turns out to satisfy a no-force condition, even with supersymmetry explicitly broken by the finite density; our solutions include configuration in which charge separates from the horizon and is instead carried by probe branes outside the horizon. The free energy is lowered in this process. Whether this corresponds to a genuine instability of the finite-density probe brane system remains to be seen.
Economists, Value Judgments, and Climate Change: A View From Feminist Economics

Abstract A number of recent discussions about ethical issues in climate change, as engaged in by economists, have focused on the value of the parameter representing the rate of time preference within models of optimal growth. This essay examines many economists' antipathy to serious discussion of ethical matters, and suggests that the avoidance of questions of intergenerational equity is related to another set of value judgments concerning the quality and objectivity of economic practice. Using insights from feminist philosophy of science and research on high reliability organizations, this essay argues that a more ethically transparent, real-world-oriented, and flexible economic practice would lead to more reliable and useful knowledge.
Graph estimation from multi-attribute data

Undirected graphical models are important in a number of modern applications that involve exploring or exploiting dependency structures underlying the data. For example, they are often used to explore complex systems where connections between entities are not well understood, such as in functional brain networks or genetic networks. Existing methods for estimating structure of undirected graphical models focus on scenarios where each node represents a scalar random variable, such as a binary neural activation state or a continuous mRNA abundance measurement, even though in many real world problems, nodes can represent multivariate variables with much richer meanings, such as whole images, text documents, or multi-view feature vectors. In this paper, we propose a new principled framework for estimating the structure of undirected graphical models from such multivariate (or multi-attribute) nodal data. The structure of a graph is inferred through estimation of non-zero partial canonical correlation between nodes. Under a Gaussian model, this strategy is equivalent to estimating conditional independencies between random vectors represented by the nodes and it generalizes the classical problem of covariance selection (Dempster, 1972). We relate the problem of estimating non-zero partial canonical correlations to maximizing a penalized Gaussian likelihood objective and develop a method that efficiently maximizes this objective. Extensive simulation studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the method under various conditions. We provide illustrative applications to uncovering gene regulatory networks from gene and protein profiles, and uncovering brain connectivity graph from positron emission tomography data. Finally, we provide sufficient conditions under which the true graphical structure can be recovered correctly.
Classical limit of (1+1)-dimensional string theory

Abstract We find the general classical solution of the Das-Jevicki collective field theory, corresponding to a tachyon background in (1 + 1)-dimensional string theory. The solution has a simple interpretation in the equivalent free Fermi theory, as a state with a dynamical Fermi surface. In terms of the variables corresponding to the upper and lower Fermi momenta, the collective field hamiltonian separates into right- and left-moving pieces. As one application, we discuss the tree-level S- matrix . We also describe briefly a number of interesting particular solutions.
Graph-grammar assistance for automated generation of influence diagrams

One of the most difficult aspects of modeling complex dilemmas in decision-analytic terms is composing a diagram of relevance relations from a set of domain concepts. Decision models in many domains, however, exhibit certain prototypical patterns that can guide the modeling process. Concepts can be classified according to semantic types that have characteristic positions and typical roles in an influence-diagram model. The authors have developed a graph-grammar production system that uses such inherent interrelationships among terms to facilitate the modeling of medical decisions. The authors' system also can examine a set of graph-grammar rules to establish whether the grammar satisfies a number of properties that they have determined to be important in the derivation of influence-diagram models. The authors' findings suggest that syntactic patterns can lead to automated construction of decision models in domains other than medicine. >
Deconstructing correctional officer deviance: Toward typologies of actions and controls

This article reviews the scholarly research that has been conducted on the problem of correctional officer (CO) deviance. It then outlines the most dominant kinds of CO deviance and the solutions that have been proposed and, in part, implemented. In so doing, the author provides a typology of the categories of deviance and the variety of controls. The researcher concludes with several recommendations on how these findings might be utilized to further the research on this subject. Language: en
Bootstrapped oblivious transfer and secure two-party function computation

We propose an information theoretic framework for the secure two-party function computation (SFC) problem and introduce the notion of SFC capacity. We study and extend string oblivious transfer (OT) to sample-wise OT. We propose an efficient, perfectly private OT protocol utilizing the binary erasure channel or source. We also propose the bootstrap string OT protocol which provides disjoint (weakened) privacy while achieving a multiplicative increase in rate, thus trading off security for rate. Finally, leveraging our OT protocol, we construct a protocol for SFC and establish a general lower bound on SFC capacity of the binary erasure channel and source.
Highly efficient synthesis of enantiomerically enriched 2-hydroxymethylaziridines by enzymatic desymmetrization

Both enantiomers of protected and unprotected 2-hydroxymethylaziridines are efficiently and enantiospecifically synthesized by using a combination of enzymatic and synthetic methods. PPL was used for lipase-catalyzed desymmetrization of N-protected serinol. [reaction: see text].
Passive cascaded-lattice structures for low-sensitivity FIR filter design, with applications to filter banks

A class of nonrecursive cascaded-lattice structures is derived, for the implementation of finite-impulse response (FIR) digital filters. The building blocks are lossless and the transfer function can be implemented as a sequence of planar rotations. The structures can be used for the synthesis of any scalar FIR transfer function H(z) with no restriction on the location of zeros; at the same time, all the lattice coefficients have magnitude bounded above by unity. The structures have excellent passband sensitivity because of inherent passivity, and are automatically internally scaled, in an L_2 sense. The ideas are also extended for the realization of a bank of M FIR transfer functions as a cascaded lattice. Applications of these structures in subband coding and in multirate signal processing are outlined. Numerical design examples are included.
A note on the motion of surfaces

Abstract We study the motion of surfaces in an intrinsic formulation in which the surface is described by its metric and curvature tensors. The evolution equations for the six quantities contained in these tensors are reduced in number in two cases: (i) for arbitrary surfaces, we use principal coordinates to obtain two equations for the two principal curvatures, highlighting the similarity with the equations of motion of a plane curve; and (ii) for surfaces with spatially constant negative curvature, we use parameterization by Tchebyshev nets to reduce to a single evolution Equation. We also obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for a surface to maintain spatially constant negative curvature as it moves. One choice for the surface's normal motion leads to the modified Korteweg-de Vries equation, the appearance of which is explained by connections to the AKNS hierarchy and the motion of space curves.
Hierarchical structure of the intervertebral disc.

Optical microscope techniques are used to characterize the hierarchical structure of the collagenous components of the human intervertebral disc. In the anterior annulus fibrosus, the thickness of lamellae increases abruptly 2 mm inward from the edge of the disc, dividing the annulus into peripheral and transitional regions. Lamellae in the lateral and posterior aspects of the disc have a broad distribution of lamellar thicknesses throughout the annulus. In alternating lamellae, fibers are inclined with respect to the vertical axis of the spine in a layup structure. From the edge of the disc inward to the nucleus, this interlamellar angle decreases from + 62 to + 45 degrees. Within lamellae, the collagen fibers exhibit a planar crimped morphology. The plane of the waveform is inclined with respect to the vertical axis by the interlamellar angle. From the edge of the disc inward, the crimp angle increases from 20 to 45 degrees and the crimp period decreases from 26 to 20 um. A hierarchical model of the int...
Minimal signatures of naturalness

We study the naturalness problem using a model independent bottom up approach by considering models where only the interaction terms needed to cancel the Higgs quadratic divergences are present. If quadratic divergences are canceled by terms linear in the Higgs field, then the collider phenomenology is well covered by current electroweakino and fourth generation searches. If quadratic divergences are canceled by terms bilinear in the Higgs field, then the signatures are highly dependent on the quantum numbers of the new particles. Precision Higgs measurements can reveal the presence of new particles with either vevs or Standard Model charges. If the new particles are scalar dark matter candidates, their direct and indirect detection signatures will be highly correlated and within the reach of XENON100 and Fermi. Observation at one of these experiments would imply observation at the other one. Observable LHC decay channels can also arise if the new particles mix with lighter states. This decay channel involves only the Higgs boson and not the gauge bosons. Observation of such decays would give evidence that the new particle is tied to the naturalness problem.
Theoretical Study of Chlorine Nitrates: Implications for Stratospheric Chlorine Chemistry

Reported here is a theoretical study of possible stratospheric chlorine reservoir species including isomers of chemical formula ClNO(4) and ClNO(5), in addition to the well-known ClONO(2) reservoir species. Density functional theory (DFT) in conjunction with large one-particle basis sets has been used to determine equilibrium structures, dipole moments, rotational constants, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and infrared intensities. The B3LYP functional was used since it has previously been shown to perform well for similar compounds. The equilibrium geometry and vibrational spectra of ClONO(2) are shown to be in good agreement with the experimental data and also with high-level coupled-cluster calculations reported previously. Three stable isomers have been identified for each ClNO(4) and ClNO(5). The vibrational spectrum of O(2)ClONO(2) has been compared with the available experimental data and found to be in good agreement. The relative energetics of the ClNO(4) and ClNO(5) isomers have been determined using large atomic natural orbital (ANO) basis sets in conjunction with the singles and doubles coupled-cluster method that includes a perturbational correction for triple excitations, denoted CCSD(T). Accurate heats of formation have been evaluated by computing energies for isodesmic reactions involving the ClNO(4) and ClNO(5) isomers. The stability of these molecules with respect to thermal dissociation is examined. The present study suggests that isomers of ClNO(4) and ClNO(5) may have no atmospheric chemical relevance because the atmospheric concentrations of the necessary reactants are insufficient, but it is also found that under laboratory conditions the formation of O(2)ClONO(2) cannot be ignored.
Chelation and non-chelation directed cleavage of acetals

Abstract Regioselectivity in the cleavage of chiral 2-substituted-3-methoxymethyl-1,3-dioxanes can be controlled to a high degree by choice of an appropriate activating Lewis acid. However, the diastereoselectivity of the cleavage reactions is uniformly poor.
Gradient of mutual information in linear vector Gaussian channels

This paper considers a general linear vector Gaussian channel with arbitrary signaling and pursues two closely related goals: i) closed-form expressions for the gradient of the mutual information with respect to arbitrary parameters of the system, and ii) fundamental connections between information theory and estimation theory. Generalizing the fundamental relationship recently unveiled by Guo, Shamai, and Verdu/spl acute/, we show that the gradient of the mutual information with respect to the channel matrix is equal to the product of the channel matrix and the error covariance matrix of the best estimate of the input given the output. Gradients and derivatives with respect to other parameters are then found via the differentiation chain rule.
Solid-State Voltammetry — Analytical Prospects

The present review discusses some current issues related to the principles and analytical aspects of electrochemical studies (typically done at room temperature) of solid, rigid or semirigid (nonfluid) systems in the absence of a liquid solution phase. Representative examples include redox and conducting organic polymers, melts and solid solutions of redox centers in solid ionic conductors, mixed-valence polynuclear inorganic materials, transition metal salts, oxides, and zeolites. The emphasis is on the elements of dynamics for the efficient delivery of charge and on reactivity of the ‘redox conducting’ materials. The effective (apparent) diffusional mechanism is critical to the success of most analytical measurements in solid-state. Also described are typical electrochemical cells and experimental tactics to overcome the relatively slow dynamics of transport in solid (nonfluid) systems. Application of microdimensional electrodes leads to an improvement in the quality of solid-state electrochemical data and provides new diagnostic and analytical possibilities. Results of mechanistic studies, which are relevant to the development of novel analytical methods, together with trends towards possible future applications also are discussed.
Influences of Organizational Goal Structures Upon Participant Evaluations

A field study tested the relationship between attributes of organizational goals and outputs and the nature of the criteria used in participant evaluations. The results of the study imply that simi...
Systematic design of automata

The subject of this paper is a system of programs to aid in the logical design of automata. Figure 1 depicts the experimental system as it presently exists within IBM. There are essentially two internal formats for the system, one called the injective word as shown in Fig. 3. which in essence specifies all the logic blocks in a circuit and how they are linked together. The other is termed a cubical cover (or ON-OFF-ARRAYS) which is a means of describing the behavior of the circuit as if it were a two-level circuit consisting of ANDs followed by ORs (or vice versa). See references 1 and 2 for a more detailed description of these notations.
K-user fading interference channels: The ergodic very strong case

Sufficient conditions required to achieve the interference-free capacity region of ergodic fading K-user interference channels (IFCs) are obtained. In particular, this capacity region is shown to be achieved when every receiver decodes all K transmitted messages such that the channel statistics and the waterfilling power policies for all K (interference-free) links satisfy a set of K(K − 1) ergodic very strong conditions. The result is also of independent interest in combinatorics.
Global F-theory models: instantons and gauge dynamics

We present and analyze in detail a compact F-theory GUT model in which D-brane instantons generate the top Yukawa coupling non-perturbatively. We elucidate certain aspects of F-theory gauge dynamics which are absent in the Type IIB limit, due to quantum splitting of certain brane stacks. Finally, we provide a working implementation of an algorithm for computing cohomology of line bundles on arbitrary toric varieties. This should be of general use for studying the physics of global Type IIB and F-theory models, in particular for the explicit counting of zero modes for rigid F-theory instantons which contribute to charged matter couplings.
Structure and Morphology of Pd Overlayers on Epitaxial SnO2 Films Studies with the Atomic Force Microscope

Abstract : The structure and morphology of clean and Pd-doped epitaxial SnO2 films were studied with the atomic force microscope (AFM). The SnO2 films were grown by reactive sputter deposition on three different substrates yielding epitaxial orientations: (101) SnO2/r-cut sapphire, (100) SnO2/basal sapphire, and (110) SnO2/TiO2 (110). AFM imaging of monolayer amounts of Pd deposited onto the epitaxial SnO2 films shows that the Pd is dispersed at 300 K and forms clusters after annealing to 500 K in vacuum.
BEHAVIOR IN A DYNAMIC DECISION PROBLEM: AN ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE USING A BAYESIAN TYPE CLASSIFICATION ALGORITHM

Different people may use different strategies, or decision rules, when solving complex decision problems. We provide a new Bayesian procedure for drawing inferences about the nature and number of decision rules present in a population, and use it to analyze the behaviors of laboratory subjects confronted with a difficult dynamic stochastic decision problem. Subjects practiced before playing for money. Based on money round decisions, our procedure classifies subjects into three types, which we label “Near Rational,”“Fatalist,” and “Confused.” There is clear evidence of continuity in subjects' behaviors between the practice and money rounds: types who performed best in practice also tended to perform best when playing for money. However, the agreement between practice and money play is far from perfect. The divergences appear to be well explained by a combination of type switching (due to learning and/or increased effort in money play) and errors in our probabilistic type assignments.
Naked slotting fees for vertical control of multi-product retail markets

Abstract Slotting fees are fixed charges paid by food manufacturers to retailers for access to the retail market. This note considers this practice in the context of multi-product markets with imperfectly competitive retailers, a monopoly supplier of one good, and competitive suppliers of other goods. We show how the monopolist and the retailers can use “naked” slotting fees–charges imposed on the suppliers of other goods–to obtain vertically integrated monopoly profits.
On fault-tolerant structure, distributed fault-diagnosis, reconfiguration, and recovery of the array processors

A study is made of the design of fault-tolerant array processors. It is shown how hardware redundancy can be used in the existing structures in order to make them capable of withstanding the failure of some of the array links and processors. Distributed fault-tolerance schemes are introduced for the diagnosis of the faulty elements, reconfiguration, and recovery of the array. Fault tolerance is maintained by the cooperation of processors in a decentralized form of control without the participation of any type of hardcore or fault-free central controller such as a host computer. Time redundancy is utilized by assigning the functions of the failed processors to fault-free processors. >
The 'Corrected Average Speed' approach in ENEA's TEE model : an innovative solution for the evaluation of the energetic and environmental impacts of urban transport policies

A new approach aimed at modeling traffic emissions by taking into account the vehicle speed variability along the road is described, with its first validation and application cases.
Minimizing Computational Data Requirements for Multi-Element Airfoils Using Neural Networks

Artie cial neural networks were used to e ll in a design space of computational data to optimize the e ap position for maximum lift for a multi-element airfoil. Multiple-input, single-output networks were trained using NASA Ames Research Center’ s variation of the Levenberg ‐Marquardt algorithm. The computational data set was generated using an incompressible Navier ‐Stokes algorithm with the Spalart ‐Allmaras turbulence model. An empirically-based criteria, designated the “ pressure difference rule,” was applied to the training set because numerical inaccuracies for the computational method were identie ed near maximum lift. The neural networks were trained with only three values of the inputs: e ap dee ection, gap, and overlap at various angles of attack. The entire computational data set was thus sparse, and yet by using only 52 ‐70% of the computed data, the trained neural networks predicted the aerodynamic coefe cients within 1.7% of the maximum lift coefe cient. In addition, a genetic algorithm and a gradient-based optimizer were integrated with the neural networks to optimize the high-lift rigging. This new optimization process had a higher e delity and a reduction in CPU time when compared with an optimization procedure that excluded the genetic algorithm.
An Extension Problem Related to the Fractional Laplacian

The operator square root of the Laplacian (−△) 1/2 can be obtained from the harmonic extension problem to the upper half space as the operator that maps the Dirichlet boundary condition to the Neumann condition. In this paper we obtain similar characterizations for general fractional powers of the Laplacian and other integro-differential operators. From those characterizations we derive some properties of these integro-differential equations from purely local arguments in the extension problems.
Syntheses of β,β-Difluorotryptamines

Tryptamines disubstituted at the β-position with fluorine have been synthesized as part of our research program to study the effects of fluorine substitution on the biological activities of neuroactive amines. Treatment of N-Boc-3-azidoacetyl indoles, prepared from readily available 2-chloracetylindoles, with dimethoxyethylamino sulfurtrifluoride produced the corresponding 3-(2-azido-1,1-difluoroethyl)indoles. Reduction of the azide to amine with hydrogen over Pd−C and careful removal of the N-Boc protecting group produced β,β-difluorotryptamines.
THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE CASSINI DIVISION

The Cassini Division in Saturn’s rings contains a series of eight named gaps, three of which contain dense ringlets. Observations of stellar occultations by the Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer onboard the Cassini spacecraft have yielded ∼40 accurate and precise measurements of the radial position of the edges of all of these gaps and ringlets. These data reveal suggestive patterns in the shapes of many of the gap edges: the outer edges of the five gaps without ringlets are circular to within 1 km, while the inner edges of six of the gaps are eccentric, with apsidal precession rates consistent with those expected for eccentric orbits near each edge. Intriguingly, the pattern speeds of these eccentric inner gap edges, together with that of the eccentric Huygens Ringlet, form a series with a characteristic spacing of 0. ◦ 06 day −1 . The two gaps with non-eccentric inner edges lie near first-order inner Lindblad resonances (ILRs) with moons. One such edge is close to the 5:4 ILR with Prometheus, and the radial excursions of this edge do appear to have an m = 5 component aligned with that moon. The other resonantly confined edge is the outer edge of the B ring, which lies near the 2:1 Mimas ILR. Detailed investigation of the B-ring-edge data confirm the presence of an m = 2 perturbation on the B-ring edge, but also show that during the course of the Cassini Mission, this pattern has drifted backward relative to Mimas. Comparisons with earlier occultation measurements going back to Voyager suggest the possibility that the m = 2 pattern is actually librating relative to Mimas with a libration frequency L ∼ 0. 06 day −1 (or possibly 0. 12 day −1 ). In addition to the m = 2 pattern, the B-ring edge also has an m = 1 component that rotates around the planet at a rate close to the expected apsidal precession rate ( ˙ � B ∼ 5. ◦ 06 day −1 ). Thus, the pattern speeds of the eccentric edges in the Cassini Division can be generated from various combinations of the pattern speeds of structures observed on the edge of the B ring: Ωp =˙ � B − jL for j = 1, 2, 3 ,..., 7.We therefore suggest that most of the gaps in the Cassini Division are produced by resonances involving perturbations from the massive edge of the B ring. We find that a combination of gravitational perturbations generated by the radial excursions in the B-ring edge and the gravitational perturbations from the Mimas 2:1 ILR yields terms in the equations of motion that should act to constrain the pericenter location of particle orbits in the vicinity of each of the eccentric inner gap edges in the Cassini Division. This alignment of pericenters could be responsible for forming the Cassini-Division Gaps and thus explain why these gaps are located where they are.