cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Probing Vesicle Dynamics in Single Hippocampal Synapses

We use fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching to study vesicle dynamics inside the synapses of cultured hippocampal neurons labeled with the fluorescent vesicle marker FM 1–43. These studies show that when the cell is electrically at rest, only a small population of vesicles is mobile, taking seconds to traverse the synapse. Applying the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid causes vesicles to diffuse freely, moving 30 times faster than vesicles in control synapses. These results suggest that vesicles move sluggishly due to binding to elements of the synaptic cytomatrix and that this binding is altered by phosphorylation. Motivated by these results, a model is constructed consisting of diffusing vesicles that bind reversibly to the cytomatrix. This stick-and-diffuse model accounts for the fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching data, and also predicts the well-known exponential refilling of the readily releasable pool. Our measurements suggest that the movement of vesicles to the active zone is the rate-limiting step in this process.
Cognitive Dysfunction and Disability in Geriatric Veterans with Self-Reported Intolerance to Environmental Chemicals

AbstractThe symptom of sensitivity or intolerance to low ley-els of environmental chemicals (CI) is a characteristic of several clinical conditions, such as multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS), chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), fibromyalgia (FM), and the “Persian Gulf Syndrome.” Lesser degrees of CI also occur in 15-30% of non-clinical populations. The present study examined the prevalence and concomitant health patterns of CI in elderly veterans in a VA primary care medical clinic (N = 160, primarily men). Thirty-seven percent of the sample endorsed the screening question asking whether or not they considered themselves “especially sensitive to certain chemicals.” The group with CI reported a significantly higher rate of physical disability and increased susceptibility to becoming sick. The CI group reported significantly decreased rates of current cigarette smoking and alcohol use. Those with and those without CI did not differ in level of depression or in past occupational chemical exposures. However, th...
Relaxation-induced polarized luminescence from InxGa1-xAs films grown on GaAs(001).

We have investigated local variations in the optical properties of ${\mathrm{In}}_{0.06}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.94}$As/GaAs using linearly polarized cathodoluminescence imaging and spectroscopy. The influence of substrate misorientation on the polarization anisotropy of excitonic luminescence in the ${\mathrm{In}}_{0.06}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.94}$As films was examined. Local variations in excitonic polarization anisotropy and emission energy are found to correlate spatially with dark line defects which result from the formation of interfacial misfit dislocations.
Random vibration of hinged elastic shallow arch

Abstract The response to Gaussian white noise excitation of a hinged elastic shallow arch is studied. The steady state solutions are obtained by means of the Fokker-Planck equation. A class of transient solutions, viz. the first-passage time probability for snap-through of a sinusoidal shallow arch, is studied numerically by the generalized cell mapping method and direct Monte Carlo simulation. In obtaining the global information of first-passage time probability of the system, there are large computational advantages of the generalized cell mapping method over direct Monte Carlo simulation.
Statistical method to evaluate the critical Reynolds number for pseudoplastic fluids in tubes

Abstract An experimental, non-intrusive tube system with appropriate instrumentation for measuring pressure drop and mass flow rate was developed to investigate the departure from laminar flow of pseudoplastic fluids (aqueous solutions of sodium carboxymethylcellulose). A critical Reynolds number was selected to correspond to the intersection of the two lines joining the laminar and turbulent flow data on the pressure drop versus Reynolds number plots. The standard deviation of pressure drop increased at these critical points. Results also indicated large spikes at these points in the plots of variance ratio of pressure drop versus the critical Reynolds number. This phenomenon could form the statistical basis for establishing the departure from laminar flow. In the laminar region, standard deviations were low, suggesting calm, stable flow of the fluids, a well known characteristic of laminar flow.
The genetic control of the antibody response in inbred rats.

The antibody response of genetically inbred rats to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) is controlled by a complex polygenic system which includes at least two autosomal genes and a sex influence, which may also be genetically determined. The genetic control of the quantity, binding constants, and specificity of the antibody formed is linked to the major histocompatibility locus. Factors other than the major genetic ones and the sex influence also affect the quantity of antibody formed, since animals of the same genotype can make significantly different amounts of antibody, depending upon the crosses by which they acquire the major histocompatibility alleles.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antigenemia in children.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) core antigen was assayed in the plasma of children at risk for infection with HIV to determine its usefulness in the diagnosis of infection and to correlate it with the clinical stage of disease. Antigen was detected in the plasma of all children less than 15 months of age with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Two thirds of children with AIDS-related illinesses and half of children with asymptomatic infection had antigen. Although 53% of plasma specimens originating from HIV-infected children younger than 6 months of age contained antigen, only 25% of plasma specimens from children younger than 6 months who had no symptoms and none of the 10 specimens from HIV-infected newborn infants contained antigen. Half of the specimens containing core antigen also contained anticore antibody. Quantitative mean antigen levels were more likely to be elevated in children with AIDS (516 pg/ml) than in children with AIDS-related illnesses (295 pg/ml) or in those who had no symptoms (70 pg/ml). Antigen levels tended to increase over time in children with advancing clinical illness, but they tended to decrease over time after a diagnosis of AIDS was made. Antigen was detected in the plasma of 4 of 14 children without symptoms who subsequently reverted to an HIV seronegative state. We conclude that the detection of core antigen occurs with high frequency in children, even young infants, with symptomatic HIV infection. Plasma core antigen was less frequent in children without symptoms and was not detected in 10 infected children when they were tested at birth.
A Conceptual Framework Evaluating Ecological Footprints and Monitoring Renewable Energy: Wind, Solar, Hydro, and Geothermal

With worldwide increases in energy consumption, and the need to increase reliance on renewable energy, we must examine ecological footprints of each energy source, as well as its carbon emissions. Renewable energy sources (wind, solar, hydro, geothermal) are given as the best examples of “green” energy sources with low carbon emissions. We provide a conceptual model for examining the ecological footprint of energy sources, and suggest that each resource needs continued monitoring to protect the environment, and ultimately human health. The effects and consequences of ecological footprint need to be considered in terms of four-compartments: underground (here defined as geoshed), surface, airshed, and atmosphere. We propose a set of measurement endpoints (metrics may vary), in addition to CO2 footprint, that are essential to evaluate the ecological and human health consequences of different energy types. These include traditional media monitoring (air, water, soil), as well as ecological footprints. Monitoring human perceptions of energy sources is also important for energy policy, which evolves with changes in population density, technologies, and economic consequences. While some assessment endpoints are specific to some energy sectors, others can provide crosscutting information allowing the public, communities and governments to make decisions about energy policy and sustainability.
Myeloperoxidase deficiency attenuates nitrogen mustard-induced skin injuries

The pathologic mechanisms of skin injuries, following the acute inflammatory response induced by vesicating agents sulfur mustard (SM) and nitrogen mustard (NM) exposure, are poorly understood. Neutrophils which accumulate at the site of injury, abundantly express myeloperoxidase (MPO), a heme protein that is implicated in oxidant-related antimicrobial and cytotoxic responses. Our previous studies have shown that exposure to SM analog 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) or NM results in an inflammatory response including increased neutrophilic infiltration and MPO activity. To further define the role of neutrophil-derived MPO in NM-induced skin injury, here we used a genetic approach and examined the effect of NM exposure (12h and 24h) on previously established injury endpoints in C57BL/6J wild type (WT) and B6.129X1-MPOtm1Lus/J mice (MPO KO), homozygous null for MPO gene. NM exposure caused a significant increase in skin bi-fold thickness, epidermal thickness, microvesication, DNA damage and apoptosis in WT mice compared to MPO KO mice. MPO KO mice showed relatively insignificant effect. Similarly, NM induced increases in the expression of inflammatory and proteolytic mediators, including COX-2, iNOS and MMP-9 in WT mice, while having a significantly lower effect in MPO KO mice. Collectively, these results show that MPO, which generates microbicidal oxidants, plays an important role in NM-induced skin injuries. This suggests the development of mechanism-based treatments against NM- and SM-induced skin injuries that inhibit MPO activity and attenuate MPO-derived oxidants.
Synthesis of α-Hydroxy Phosphonates Using a Solid Supported Base

Abstract A mild, efficient synthesis of α-hydroxy phosphonates is described where a quaternary ammonium hydroxide ion exchange resin is used as a base to promote the addition of diethyl phosphite to aryl aldehydes for a Pudikov type reaction.
Organizational resistance to performance‐enhancing technological innovations: a motivation‐threat‐ability framework

Purpose – Organizational resistance to technological innovations creates hurdles to diffusion of innovations in industrial technology markets. This study aims to examine the causes of this problematic phenomenon and develop useful strategies to overcome innovation resistance of organizational customers.Design/methodology/approach – The paper's conceptual framework is adapted from the motivation‐opportunity‐ability (MOA) paradigm of consumer and organizational information processing. The analysis draws on a body of multidisciplinary literature, empirical observations, and case studies.Findings – The determinants of organizational innovation resistance encompass the psychological, economic, technological, political, strategic, and organizational structural aspects of a technological innovation. Information flow is the key to breaking through the resistance barrier and promoting diffusion of innovations among industrial customers.Research limitations/implications – An empirical study is needed in the future ...
An evaluation of the stress-negative affect model in explaining alcohol use: the role of components of negative affect and coping style.

The stress-negative affect model for alcohol use was examined. The mediating roles of different components of negative affect were tested in the context of coping style. Data from 1,057 drinking adults (Mage = 44.45) and 352 drinking college students (Mage = 19.07) collected during 2001–2005 and in 2010, respectively, were examined separately. Participants completed self-administered measures of alcohol use, coping strategies, negative life events, and negative affect. A structural equation modeling framework detected stress-related drinking only in the adult sample. Sadness, anger, and guilt were significant mediators and the significant pathways differed based on coping style. The implications and limitations of the study are discussed.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Modified with a Single-Chain Antibody against EGFRvIII Successfully Inhibit the Growth of Human Xenograft Malignant Glioma

Background Glioblastoma multiforme is the most lethal brain tumor with limited therapeutic options. Antigens expressed on the surface of malignant cells are potential targets for antibody-mediated gene/drug delivery. Principal Findings In this study, we investigated the ability of genetically modified human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) expressing a single-chain antibody (scFv) on their surface against a tumor specific antigen, EGFRvIII, to enhance the therapy of EGFRvIII expressing glioma cells in vivo. The growth of U87-EGFRvIII was specifically delayed in co-culture with hMSC-scFvEGFRvIII. A significant down-regulation was observed in the expression of pAkt in EGFRvIII expressing glioma cells upon culture with hMSC-scFvEGFRvIII vs. controls as well as in EGFRvIII expressing glioma cells from brain tumors co-injected with hMSC-scFvEGFRvIII in vivo. hMSC expressing scFvEGFRvIII also demonstrated several fold enhanced retention in EGFRvIII expressing flank and intracranial glioma xenografts vs. control hMSCs. The growth of U87-EGFRvIII flank xenografts was inhibited by 50% in the presence of hMSC-scFvEGFRvIII (p<0.05). Moreover, animals co-injected with U87-EGFRvIII and hMSC-scFvEGFRvIII intracranially showed significantly improved survival compared to animals injected with U87-EGFRvIII glioma cells alone or with control hMSCs. This survival was further improved when the same animals received an additional dosage of hMSC-scFvEGFRvIII two weeks after initial tumor implantation. Of note, EGFRvIII expressing brain tumors co-injected with hMSCs had a lower density of CD31 expressing blood vessels in comparison with control tumors, suggesting a possible role in tumor angiogenesis. Conclusions/Significance The results presented in this study illustrate that genetically modified MSCs may function as a novel therapeutic vehicle for malignant brain tumors.
Future of the emergency physician: Subject or citizen?

Seventy-seven percent of emergency physicians (EPs) work as either employees or independent contractors (ICs). In contrast, other hospital-based physicians such as radiologists and anesthesiologists have a much higher percentage of ownership in their medical practices. The development of a high percentage of nonownership arrangements among EPs finds a useful historical comparison in the industrialization of nonhealth care workers over the past 100 years. Unless significant changes occur in emergency medicine (EM) organization and practice structures, EPs will have less self-determination over their practice compared with other specialties. This will inevitably result in less self-determination for their future. Combined with the great strides EM has achieved as a specialty, EPs' brightest future lies in being citizens of a broader, more expansive, all encompassing EM practice.
Irradiation behavior of metallic fast reactor fuels

Abstract Metallic fuels were the first fuels chosen for liquid metal cooled fast reactors (LMRs). In the late 1960s worldwide interest turned toward ceramic LMR fuels before the full potential of metallic fuel was realized. However, during the 1970s the performance limitations of metallic fuel were resolved in order to achieve a high plant factor at the Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor II. The 1980s spawned renewed interest in metallic fuel when the Integral Fast Reactor (IFR) concept emerged at Argonne National Laboratory. A fuel performance demonstration program was put into place to obtain the data needed for the eventual licensing of metallic fuel. This paper will summarize the results of the irradiation program carried out since 1985.
Anxiogenic-like effect of serotonin1B receptor stimulation in the rat elevated plus-maze

Perturbations in serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] neurotransmission have been implicated in several psychiatric illnesses including depression and anxiety disorders. It is not yet clear, however, which of the 14 currently identified 5-HT receptor subtypes in the brain participate in the regulation of emotional states. This study investigates a role for the 5-HT(1B) receptor subtype in anxiety-related behaviors using the elevated plus-maze paradigm in rats. The selective 5-HT(1B) receptor agonist 3-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridyl)-5-propoxypyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine (CP 94,253; 1--5.6 mg/kg) dose-dependently decreased the amount of exploration on the open arms of the plus-maze without altering overall locomotor activity. This 5-HT(1B) agonist-induced increase in anxiety-like behavior was dose-dependently reversed by coadministration of the selective 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor antagonist 2'-methyl-4'-(5-methyl[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-biphenyl]-amide (GR 127,935). There was no significant effect of GR 127,935 administration alone on plus-maze behavior. These results indicate that 5-HT(1B) receptor activation increases anxiety-like behavioral responses as measured by the elevated plus-maze. Since 5-HT(1B) receptors modulate the activity of multiple neurotransmitter systems that have been implicated in anxiety disorders, these findings suggest that this receptor subtype may represent an important therapeutic target for the treatment of anxiety.
Podochytrium cornutum n.sp., the cause of an epidemic on the planktonic diatom Stephanodiscus*

A new species of the chytrids, Podochytrium cornutum , has been found to be the cause of a serious epidemic among populations of the planktonic diatom Stephanodiscus niagarae from Lake Mendota, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. A description of the causal agent and a discussion of the differences between it and the other two species of the genus, Podochytrium clavatum and P. lanceolatum , are included.
Quadrature rules for numerical integration over triangles and tetrahedra

Many computational methods in electromagnetics, including the method of moments (MoM) and the finite-element method (FEM), require integrating a function over a given domain. In many cases, analytical solutions for the integrals are not available, and some type of numerical integration must be used. One-dimensional numerical-integration techniques are widespread throughout popular mathematical and engineering texts. However, two-dimensional and three-dimensional numerical-integration methods are discussed only in specialized reports and journal articles, and almost never in the electrical engineering literature. This synopsis reviews the available literature on numerical integration over triangular and tetrahedral domains.
Dissociation of Olfactory Neural Response and Mucosal Potential.

The olfactory mucosal slow potential decreased remarkably or disappeared when part of the mucus on the olfactory epithelium was removed with absorbent paper. In contrast, the neural response was not changed much, while unitary spikes in response to odor also appeared in the epithelium. The paper reduced the thickness of the mucus by about half, but olfactory cilia were still present. This evidence suggests that the slow potential is not the generator potential.
Involvement of the epidermal growth factor receptor in the invasion of cultured mammalian cells by Salmonella typhimurium.

SALMONELLA infection continues to be a major world-wide health problem1. One essential pathogenic feature common to all Salmonella is their ability to penetrate the cells of the intestinal epithelium which are normally non-phagocytic2. The internalization of Salmonella into mammalian cells is thought to be a receptor-mediated phenomenon and the invasion of cultured epithelial cells depends on several Salmonella genes, but nothing is known about the host determinants participating in this interaction3–6. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation follows stimulation of many cell-surface receptors to initiate signal transduction path-ways that stimulate cellular responses7. We report here that invasion of cultured Henle-407 cells by Salmonella typhimurium induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. In contrast, an isogenic strain of S. typhimurium that is defective in invasion owing to a mutation in the invA gene is unable to induce such phosphorylation. Addition of EGF to cultured Henle-407 cells allowed the internalization of the invasion-defective S. typhimurium invA mutant although it did not cause the internalization of an adherent, but non-invasive, strain of Escherichia coli. This result indicates that stimulation of the EGF receptor is involved in the invasion of cultured Henle-407 cells by S. typhimurium.
Isochoric p -ϱ- T measurements on Difluoromethane (R32) from 142 to 396 K and pentafluoroethane (R125) from 178 to 398 K at pressures to 35 MPa

Thep-ϱ-T-relationships were measured for difluoromethane (R32) and pentafluoroethane (R125) by an isochoric method with gravimetric determinations of the amount of substance. Temperatures ranged from 142 to 396 K for R32 and from 178 to 398 K for R125, while pressures were up to 35 MPa. Measurements were conducted on compressed liquid samples. Determinations of vapor pressures were made for each substance. I have used vapor pressure data and thep-ϱ-T data to estimate saturated liquid densities by extrapolating each isochore to the vapor pressure, and determining the temperature and density at the intersection. Publishedp-ϱ-T data are in good agreement with this study. For thep ϱ T apparatus. the uncertainty of the temperature is ±0.03 K. and for pressure it is ±0.01%, atp > 3 MPa and ±0.05% atp < 3 MPa. The principal source of uncertainty is the cell volume (28.5193 cm3 at 0 K and 0 M Pa), which has a standard uncertainty of ±0.003 cm3. When all components of experimental uncertainty are considered. the expanded uncertainty (at the two-sigma level) of the density measurements is estimated to be 0.05%.
On using the ad-hoc network model in cellular packet data networks

While several approaches have been proposed in literature for improving the performance of wireless packet data networks, a recent class of approaches has focused on improving the underlying wireless network model itself. Several of such approaches have shown that using peer-to-peer communication, a mode of communication used typically in ad-hoc wireless networks, can result in performance improvement in terms of both throughput and energy consumption. However, the true impact of using the ad-hoc network model in wireless packet data networks has neither been comprehensively studied, nor characterized. In this paper, we investigate the benefits of using an ad-hoc network model in cellular wireless packet data networks. We find that while the ad-hoc network model has significantly better spatial reuse characteristics, the improved spatial reuse does not translate into better throughput performance. Furthermore, although considerable improvement is seen in energy consumption performance, we observe that using the ad-hoc network model as-is might actually degrade the throughput performance of the network. We identify and discuss the reasons behind these observations. Finally, using the insights gained through our performance evaluations, we discuss strawman versions of three techniques which when used in tandem with the ad-hoc network model result in better throughput, energy consumption, fairness, and mobility-resilience characteristics. Through our simulation results, we motivate that using the ad-hoc network model in conventional wireless packet data networks is a promising approach when the network model is complemented with appropriate mechanisms.
Postdiscrimination generalization as a function of testing procedure: Steep inhibitory gradients

Three pigeons received interdimensional discrimination training to criterion. With responses to other test stimuli always reinforced during testing, gradients around S+ were inverted v-shaped (exictatory) when S+ responding was reinforced, steep and v-shaped (inhibitory) when S+ responding was nonreinforced, and very steep and v-shaped when S+ responding was both nonreinforced, and punished with a 7-sec S- presentation.
Structural, Spectroscopic, and Electrochemical Studies of Edge-Bridged Open Ferrocenes

The edge-bridged open ferrocenes, Fe(dmch)2 (1), Fe(c-C7H9)2 (2), and Fe(c-C8H11)2 (3, dmch = dimethylcyclohexadienyl; c-C7H9 = cycloheptadienyl; c-C8H11 = cyclooctadienyl) are more readily oxidize...
Natural Expression of the Best-Match Search Godard Clock-Tone Algorithm for Blind Chromatic Dispersion Estimation in Digital Coherent Receivers

We reveal the natural expression of the "best-match search" Godard clock-tone algorithm for blind chromatic dispersion estimation. The complexity is reduced by more than 2 orders of magnitude compare to the conventional method.
THE EXISTENCE OF GOD AND THE CREATION OF THE UNIVERSE

Abstract. Kant argues that any argument for a transcendent God presupposes the logically flawed ontological argument. The teleological argument cannot satisfy the demands of reason for a complete explanation of the meaning and purpose of our universe without support from the cosmological argument. I avoid the assumption of a perfect being, and hence the ontological argument, in my version of the cosmological argument. The necessary being can be identified with the creator of the universe by adding analogical mental relations. The creation of the universe is then shown to reflect modern scientific cosmology as well as stories and metaphors in the Eastern and Western religious traditions and to resolve the problem of evil.
Compatibilization of Polymer Blends by Complexation. 2. Kinetics of Interfacial Mixing

The interfacial composition and kinetics of interfacial mixing of two polymers that exhibit strong exothermic interactions, poly(N,N‘-dimethylethylenesebacamide) (mPA) and the lithium salt of a lightly sulfonated polystyrene ionomer containing 7.4 mol % sulfonate groups (Li−SPS), were characterized by neutron reflectivity measurements. Blends of Li−SPS and mPA are miscible below ca. 150 °C as a result of the formation of an ion−dipole complex between the Li+−sulfonate and amide groups. Neutron reflectivity measurements were carried out on spun-coated bilayer films of the polyamide and a deuterated sample of the ionomer. The films were annealed at 96 °C, which is above the melting temperature of the mPA (Tm = 75 °C) but below the glass transition temperature of the ionomer (Tg = 120 °C). The interface between the two films exhibited an asymmetric concentration profile due to the large viscosity mismatch between the two polymer, and the interfacial mixing followed neither Fickian nor Case II diffusion. A ki...
The mechanisms and molecules involved in cytoadherence and pathogenesis of Trichomonas vaginalis

Abstract All urogenital mucosal pathogens must overcome host factors and responses in order to colonize the mucosa and establish infection. These include the extensive mucus layer, nutrient-limiting conditions antibody responses and the constant fluid flow of the vagina. In this article, John Alderete, Michael Lehker and Rossana Arroyo review the recent work describing the specificity by which the protozoan. Trichomonas vaginalis , adheres to the vaginal epithelial cells via four surface proteins. They discuss three distinct signals that may be received by the parasite upon recognition and binding to these cells, illustrating the type of adaptive responses evolved in the establishment and maintenance of infection.
Fostering political understanding using The West Wing: Analyzing the pedagogical benefits of film in high school civics classrooms

This study describes one high school civics teacher's use of film as a way to improve his students' understanding of politics. Using episodes of The West Wing, an award-winning political drama, over the course of a semester, the teacher was able to create an authentic context for political instruction that allowed his students to practice thinking politically, better understand real-life political events, and make connections across the formal curriculum. The findings from this study offer several implications for both the teaching of politics in secondary education as well as the use of film in secondary social studies courses.
Subsurface Stratigraphy of Coastal Georgia and South Carolina: ABSTRACT

Sediments ranging in age from Pleistocene to Early Cretaceous (?) overlie metamorphosed basement rocks in most of coastal Georgia, but in southeastern Charlton County there are Paleozoic strata between the Lower Cretaceous (?) and the basement complex. The thickness of sediments ranges from 2,674 feet in Screven County, in the north, to 4,700 feet in Glynn County at the coast; the section thins somewhat toward Florida. The Quaternary unit includes the surficial clastics of Recent to Pleistocene age. The Tertiary units include the predominantly clastic section of Miocene age; the Oligocene sandstones and their limestone equivalent, the Ocala Limestone; the Lisbon and Tallahatta clastics and their Avon Park-Lake City Limestone equivalents, the Wilcox clastics and their Oldsmar Limestone equivalent, all of Eocene age; and the Clayton and Tamesi Formations and their Cedar Keys Limestone equivalent of Paleocene age. The Upper Cretaceous units include the Lawson Limestone and the equivalent clastics of Navarro age; beds of Taylor and Austin age, both in clastic and limestone facies; and the clastic Tuscaloosa Formation. The oldest unit consists of clastics of Early Cretaceous(?) age; these sediments overl e metamorphosed basement rocks in the north and Paleozoics in the south. Two sections, one coastal and the other inland, show lithologic and faunal relationships which reflect changing depositional environments. Regionally, facies change from clastics in the north to limestones in the south with corresponding changes in microfossil suites. Tentative correlations of the clastic sections with their limestone equivalents are based on lithologic and fossil evidence. There are no local geologic structures, but the sedimentary rocks of the area show the collective effects of the Carolina arch, the Southeast Georgia embayment, and the Ocala uplift. End_of_Article - Last_Page 344------------
Whitmore, Henschke, and Hilaris: The reorientation of prostate brachytherapy (1970–1987)

Abstract Purpose Urologists had performed prostate brachytherapy for decades before New York’s Memorial Hospital retropubic program. This paper explores the contribution of Willet Whitmore, Ulrich Henschke, Basil Hilaris, and Memorial’s physicists to the evolution of the procedure. Methods and Materials Literature review and interviews with program participants. Results More than 1000 retropubic implants were performed at Memorial between 1970 and 1987. Unlike previous efforts, Memorial’s program benefited from the participation of three disciplines in its conception and execution. Conclusions Memorial’s retropubic program was a collaboration of urologists, radiation therapists, and physicists. Their approach focused greater attention on dosimetry and radiation safety, and served as a template for subsequent prostate brachytherapy programs.
The theory of supernova shocks: An analytical approach

Abstract We present an analytical study of the relations between the softness of the nuclear equation of state (EOS) which describes the dense matter in the core of a supernova, the structure of such a core under hydrostatic conditions and the initial strength of the shock wave which forms after bounce and eventually, if not stalled by energy losses, disrupts the whole star. We start by developing a first-order perturbation theory for Newtonian polytropes around the n = 1 exact solution, and obtain explicit expressions for the various physical parameters of the polytrope. We then point out that a dense pack of cold nuclear matter obeying a BCK-like EOS plus pressure from degenerate relativistic electrons and neutrinos can be described as an effective polytrope with index close to unity. Thence we can deduce analytical expressions for the structure of the dense pack as a function of the softness of the nuclear EOS. Finally, we outline a phenomenological Newtonian model to describe the formation of the shock wave and its early propagation before it reaches the neutrinosphere; we are thus able to calculate the pressure and temperature profiles in the region behind the shock, corresponding to different nuclear EOS. Although very schematic, the model still retains the main physical features of the actual problem; indeed it reproduces within a satisfactory approximation the magnitudes of pressure and temperature obtained in Newtonian computer simulations as the softness of the nuclear EOS is changed. In particular, it shows explicitly that a softer EOS gives an initially stronger shock, and that this follows directly from the larger central density reached by the core at “maximum scrunch”. Such behaviour, which is crucial in helping the subsequent propagation of the shock after the neutrinosphere, is well known from numerical calculations, but so far it had not been reproduced analytically in terms of a simple dynamical model.
Fyn is required for oxidative- and hyperosmotic-stress-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of caveolin-1

Caveolin-1 is phosphorylated on Tyr(14) in response to both oxidative and hyperosmotic stress. In the present paper, we show that this phosphorylation requires activation of the Src family kinase Fyn. Stress-induced caveolin phosphorylation was abolished by three Src kinase inhibitors, SU6656, PP2 and PD180970, and was not observed in fibroblasts derived from a Src, Yes and Fyn triple-knockout mouse (SYF-/-). Using cell lines derived from single-kinase-knockout mice (Src-/-, Yes-/- and Fyn-/-), we show that expression of Fyn, but not Src or Yes, is required for stress-induced caveolin phosphorylation. Heterologous expression of Fyn in the SYF-/- and Fyn-/- cells was sufficient to reconstitute stress-induced caveolin phosphorylation, and overexpression of Fyn in wild-type cells induced hyperphosphorylation of caveolin. Fyn was autophosphorylated following oxidative stress, verifying activation of this kinase. Interestingly, there was a concomitant increase in the phosphorylation of Fyn on its Csk (C-terminal Src kinase) site, indicating feedback inhibition. Csk binds to phosphocaveolin [Cao, Courchesne and Mastick (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 8771-8774] and should phosphorylate any co-localized Src-family kinases. Oxidative-stress-induced phosphorylation of caveolin-1 also requires expression of Abl [Sanguinetti and Mastick (2003) Cell Signal. 15, 289-298]. Using inhibitors and cells derived from knockout mice, we verified a requirement for both Abl and Fyn in stress-induced caveolin phosphorylation in a single cell type. Our data suggest a novel mechanism for attenuation of Src-kinase activity by Abl: stable tyrosine phosphorylation of a scaffolding protein, caveolin, and recruitment of Csk. Paxillin, a substrate of both Abl and Src, organizes a similar regulatory complex.
Efficacy of Partnering on the Woodrow Wilson Bridge Project: Empirical Evidence of Collaborative Problem-Solving Benefits

This paper examines the large body of partnering rating data collected during more than 8 years of partnered construction contracts on the Woodrow Wilson Bridge replacement project. The writers report that partnering efficacy, as measured by “collaboration,” was not predetermined by bid results or regional/national distinctions between construction contractors. The data show that good partnering is strongly associated with team satisfaction with budget and schedule results. The correlation among these indicators is not “proof” of the effectiveness of partnering. However, had the analysis shown negative correlations where positive correlations were expected, enthusiasm for construction partnering would certainly have suffered a blow.
An electroencephalographic study of sleep in young caimans in a colony

Abstract 1. 1. In appropriate surroundings young caimans (Caiman sclerops) exhibited behavioral sleep and shifted from alertness to sleep and vice versa within minutes. 2. 2. In all behavioral states there was beta-range EEG activity (20–22 c/sec; 5–10 μV). 3. 3. Alert animals showed dominant activity in alpha range (10–16 c/sec; 20–70 μV). 4. 4. In behavioral sleep dominant activity was in delta range (0.8–2.2 c/sec; 50–130 μV). 5. 5. In behavioral sleep, heart and respiratory rates and EMG activity were usually reduced. 6. 6. Active sleep was not seen, but designating periods of EEG high voltage, slow waves as “slow-wave sleep” seemed justified.
Nest construction by the paper wasp, Polistes: a test of stigmergy theory

Abstract The paper wasp, Polistes fuscatus , begins building its nest by a linear series of construction steps. Once the first cell is initiated, the building becomes more complex in that any one of several construction acts may be done at any given time. The cues controlling construction during the initial linear series of steps were investigated. The building programme of this wasp was then compared to stigmergy theory, a model of linear construction behaviour which holds that ongoing construction is regulated by previous construction. As predicted by stigmery theory, P. fuscatus uses certain features of already completed construction to provide the cues for subsequent construction. Contrary to predictions from the theory, however, this wasp uses other additional types of cues and evaluates some of the same nest features at each step of construction. Thus, this wasp is able to analyse many different aspects of its nest at one time to determine the correct building sequence and methods, a process more complex than that proposed by stigmergy theory.
The LIM-only factor LMO4 regulates expression of the BMP7 gene through an HDAC2-dependent mechanism, and controls cell proliferation and apoptosis of mammary epithelial cells

The nuclear LIM-only protein 4 (LMO4) is upregulated in breast cancer, especially estrogen receptor-negative tumors, and its overexpression in mice leads to hyperplasia and tumor formation. Here, we show that deletion of LMO4 in the mammary glands of mice leads to impaired lobuloalveolar development due to decreased epithelial cell proliferation. With the goal of discovering potential LMO4-target genes, we also developed a conditional expression system in MCF-7 cells for both LMO4 and a dominant negative (DN) form of its co-regulator, cofactor of LIM domains (Clim/Ldb/Nli). We then used DNA microarrays to identify genes responsive to LMO4 and DN-Clim upregulation. One of the genes common to both data sets was bone morphogenic protein 7 (BMP7), whose expression is also significantly correlated with LMO4 transcript levels in a large dataset of human breast cancers, suggesting that BMP7 is a bona fide target gene of LMO4 in breast cancer. Inhibition of BMP7 partially blocks the effects of LMO4 on apoptosis, indicating that BMP7 mediates at least some functions of LMO4. Gene transfer studies show that LMO4 regulates the BMP7 promoter, and chromatin immunoprecipitation studies show that LMO4 and its cofactor Clim2 are recruited to the BMP7 promoter. Furthermore, we demonstrate that HDAC2 recruitment to the BMP7 promoter is inhibited by upregulation of LMO4 and that HDAC2 knockdown upregulates the promoter. These studies suggest a novel mechanism of action for LMO4: LMO4, Clim2 and HDAC2 are part of a transcriptional complex, and increased LMO4 levels can disrupt the complex, leading to decreased HDAC2 recruitment and increased promoter activity.
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and evaluation of the osteoporosis self-assessment tool in men with rheumatoid arthritis.

Abstract Males with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are at risk for osteoporosis but infrequently undergo dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). We examined the frequency of DXA in males enrolled in the Veterans Affairs Rheumatoid Arthritis Registry. The Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool (OST) index, a formula using age and weight, was calculated for all subjects. DXA was performed on 282 (35.5%) of the males who were younger ( p p p p r =0.17, p
Existence and design of observers for nonlinear systems: Relation to distance to unobservability

This paper presents a systematic design methodology and some fundamental insights into observer design for the class of Lipschitz nonlinear systems. The existence of an asymptotically stable observer is shown to be guaranteed when the distance to unobservability is larger than the Lipschitz constant of the nonlinear system. An analytical solution for the observer is provided in this case. A methodology for the use of a coordinate transformation is then developed so as to reduce the Lipschitz constant and increase the distance to unobservability in the new coordinates. The methodology is directly applicable to the important class of feedback linearizable systems. The developed theory is used successfully in the design of an observer for a flexible joint robotic system.
Simulated Experiments: Methodology for a Virtual World

Abstract This paper examines the relationship between simulation and experiment. Many discussions of simulation, and indeed the term “numerical experiments,” invoke a strong metaphor of experimentation. On the other hand, many simulations begin as attempts to apply scientific theories. This has lead many to characterize simulation as lying between theory and experiment. The aim of the paper is to try to reconcile these two points of view—to understand what methodological and epistemological features simulation has in common with experimentation, while at the same time keeping a keen eye on simulation’s ancestry as a form of scientific theorizing. In so doing, it seeks to apply some of the insights of recent work on the philosophy of experiment to an aspect of theorizing that is of growing philosophical interest: the construction of local models.
The effect of individual variation on the structure and function of interaction networks in harvester ants

Social insects exhibit coordinated behaviour without central control. Local interactions among individuals determine their behaviour and regulate the activity of the colony. Harvester ants are recruited for outside work, using networks of brief antennal contacts, in the nest chamber closest to the nest exit: the entrance chamber. Here, we combine empirical observations, image analysis and computer simulations to investigate the structure and function of the interaction network in the entrance chamber. Ant interactions were distributed heterogeneously in the chamber, with an interaction hot-spot at the entrance leading further into the nest. The distribution of the total interactions per ant followed a right-skewed distribution, indicating the presence of highly connected individuals. Numbers of ant encounters observed positively correlated with the duration of observation. Individuals varied in interaction frequency, even after accounting for the duration of observation. An ant's interaction frequency was explained by its path shape and location within the entrance chamber. Computer simulations demonstrate that variation among individuals in connectivity accelerates information flow to an extent equivalent to an increase in the total number of interactions. Individual variation in connectivity, arising from variation among ants in location and spatial behaviour, creates interaction centres, which may expedite information flow.
Self-control observed

Complex cases of self-control involve processes such as guilt-avoidance, inhibition, self-punishment, conscious thought, free will, and imagination. Such processes, conceived as internal mediating mechanisms, serve the function in psychological theory of avoiding teleological causation. Acceptance of the scientific legitimacy of teleological behaviorism would obviate the need for internal mediation, redefine the above processes in terms of temporally extended patterns of overt behavior, and clarify their relation to selfcontrol.
Charge Densities Come of Age

Debyes statement preceded the devel-opment of quantum mechanics andBorns definition of electron probabilitydistribution, but correctly assumed thatthe electron distribution was an observ-able that had become accessible. Inter-estingly, it took the better part of acenturyforthisvisiontoberealizedandfor X-ray charge-density analysis tobecome a true analytical technique thatwas capable of providing quantitativeinsight into controversial issues andsufficiently rapid to be applicable to aseries of related problems. In 1990 wewrote, “At present, charge-densityanalysisisfarfromaroutinetechnique”,pointing out the need for time-consum-ing collection of large data sets and thelimitations in accuracy of the experi-mental measurements.
The citizen of empire

In this paper, the authors imagine a Citizen of Empire. This is a conceptualization of global citizenship as it might appear in Hardt and Negri's global social order of Empire. The article draws on Hardt and Negri's Empire as the model of global society to imagine what citizenship might look like on a global scale. Hardt and Negri's conceptualization of Empire offers a palette of new and emerging social relationships from which a vibrant conceptualization of citizen and citizenship can be imagined and new democratic politics practiced. First, the authors examine the concept of Empire to unearth foundational concepts upon which a notion of Citizen of Empire can be built. Second, the authors imagine a citizen who ‘calls Empire into being' rather than participating in the ready-made political, cultural, and economic institutions of the nation-state. Without institutional support, citizenship in Empire must be highly generative and creative, and it will operate on a virtual and poetic terrain by enacting mech...
Divergent politico-legal responses to past presidential corruption in Zambia and Kenya: catching the ‘big fish’, or letting him off the hook?

Abstract The prosecution of past elected presidents for corruption in office is an option that has recently entered the public discourse in several of Africa's nascent democracies, progressing farthest in Zambia, followed by Kenya. That such moves could be contemplated, let alone initiated, responds to frequent policy demands to ‘do something about corruption’. Moreover, prosecution poses a challenge to the scholarly literature on neo-patrimonialism, which suggests that presidential corruption is endemic—indeed, expected—in Africa because it is culturally embedded; in this view, societal clients habitually defer to their ‘big men’ patrons, a culture of impunity prevails, and prosecution is therefore inconceivable. This research suggests that new norms and mechanisms of accountability emerge from targeting ‘the big fish’ through presidential prosecution. Nonetheless, the constraints on such bold action in fragile African democracies remain severe. This article seeks to explain why prosecution was pursued i...