cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface dipole moments of close-packed un-ionized monolayers at the air-water interface

Abstract Surface potentials (ΔV) of insoluble monolayers spread at the air-water interface have usually been interpreted in terms of the equation ΔV = 4Πnμ⊥. Here n is the number of film molecules/cm2 and μ⊥ is defined as the surface dipole moment. It may be assumed that μ⊥ is a composite quantity and that μ ⊥ = μ 1 D 1 + μ 2 D 2 + μ 3 D 3 Here μ1, μ2 and μ3 are the contributions to μ⊥ from substrate molecules, spread film terminal (in the water) dipoles and spread film terminal (out of the water) dipoles, respectively, and D1, D2 and D3 are local effective dielectric constants. This paper shows how all these quantities may be estimated from bulk dipole moment data and experimental measurements of surface potentials. The calculated quantities are then used to predict the surface conformations of other insoluble monolayer films and to explain observed differences in surface potentials for aliphatic and aromatic film forming molecules with similar terminal polar groups.
Hole doping in La2−xBaxCuO4−y using oxygen stoichiometry

Abstract The effects of the oxygen stoichiometry on the superconducting transition temperature T c in La 2− x Ba x CuO 4− y are investigated. The oxygen content was controlled (formula 0 ≤ y ≤ 0.03) by annealing in 0.123% oxygen at temperatures up to 1040°C. As shown previously the dip in T c tends to disappear with oxygen reduction. Neutron-diffraction studies confirm that samples remain in the low-temperature tetragonal phase. We find that the minimum in T c moves to higher x as oxygen is removed. We interpret this to be evidence that the minimum in T c is associated with a critical hole density h c ~ x − 2 y . We suggest that the gradual disappearance of the dip with reduction is related to the introduction of disorder into the structure.
AN ENGINEERED TETRAHYMENA TRNAGLN FOR IN VIVO INCORPORATION OF UNNATURAL AMINO ACIDS INTO PROTEINS BY NONSENSE SUPPRESSION

A new tRNA, THG73, has been designed and evaluated as a vehicle for incorporating unnatural amino acids site-specifically into proteins expressed in vivo using the stop codon suppression technique. The construct is a modification of tRNAGln(CUA) from Tetrahymena thermophila, which naturally recognizes the stop codon UAG. Using electrophysiological studies of mutations at several sites of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, it is established that THG73 represents a major improvement over previous nonsense suppressors both in terms of efficiency and fidelity of unnatural amino acid incorporation. Compared with a previous tRNA used for in vivo suppression, THG73 is as much as 100-fold less likely to be acylated by endogenous synthetases of the Xenopus oocyte. This effectively eliminates a major concern of the in vivo suppression methodology, the undesirable incorporation of natural amino acids at the suppression site. In addition, THG73 is 4-10-fold more efficient at incorporating unnatural amino acids in the oocyte system. Taken together, these two advances should greatly expand the range of applicability of the in vivo nonsense suppression methodology.
Vibrational spectra and rotational isomerism of fluoroacetone

Abstract Infrared spectra have been redetermined for fluoroacetone in the vapor, liquid, and solid states, and Raman spectra have been obtained for the liquid. There are two rotational isomers present in the liquid, but only the more polar form is present in the crystalline solid and only the less polar form is present in the vapor. Vibrational assignments were made for the two rotamers with the aid of normal coordinate calculations that utilized a twenty-five parameter valence force field.
Relationship between Decreased Temperature Range and Precipitation Trends in the United States and Canada, 1941–80

Abstract Previous work has shown significant decreases of the diurnal temperature range (1941–80) across a network of 130 stations in the United States and Canada. In the present study, changes in monthly total precipitation at these same stations were related to the decrease in temperature range using various Monte Carlo. These tests indicate that factors other than those related to precipitation contributed to the decrease of daily temperature range. Further study of the mechanisms responsible for the decreased temperature range is warranted, based on these results. The decreased range may be one of the few pieces of evidence available in North America that is consistent with potential impacts of increased greenhouse gases and/or anthropogenic aerosols.
Spatial and temporal changes in compliance following implantation of bioresorbable vascular grafts

Compliance matching between the host vessel and vascular grafts used for small-diameter arterial replacements is thought to be important for long-term patency. However, currently available grafts elicit fibroplastic reactions, resulting in decreasing compliance with time after implantation. Bioresorbable prostheses elicit ingrowth of myofibroblasts containing abundant contractile elements. This led us to investigate whether compliance of implanted bioresorbable prostheses decreased as a function of time and if the kinetics of change correlated with the progression of tissue ingrowth. Woven polyglactin 910 prostheses (10 mm x 4 mm i.d.) were implanted into adult NZW rabbit infrarenal aortas and replicates were harvested serially through 8 months. Control grafts were implanted, and immediately resected. Dynamic compliance was measured at 1-mm axial increments along each explant using a pulse duplicator apparatus which exposed the harvested samples to realistic pulsatile hemodynamics. Compliance was calculated for proximal, mid, and distal segments of each graft and averaged at each time point by grouping into control (zero time, n = 3), early (1-4 weeks, n = 13), and late (6-36 weeks, n = 9) explant periods. At late explant periods both proximal and distal compliance were significantly greater than mid graft compliance (p < .02 and p < .03, respectively). There was a significant increase in proximal compliance between early and late explant times (p < .01). Measured increases in mid and distal segment compliance over time did not reach statistical significance. Myofibroblast laden tissue ingrowth into the inner capsule followed macrophage phagocytosis and was nearly complete prior to the time that an increase in compliance was demonstrated. Thus since the major histologic episodes precede the change in compliance, these are not likely initiated by this biomechanical change. We hypothesize the graft resorption coupled with the ingrowth of more compliant tissue likely leads to the increased compliance of the graft material.
Adsorption of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate at THF Hydrate/Liquid Interface

Understanding the interaction between sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and gas hydrates provides insight into the role of SDS in promoting gas hydrate formation. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between tetrahydrofuran (THF) hydrate induction and SDS adsorption at the hydrate/liquid interface. The adsorption behavior was studied by ζ-potential and pyrene fluorescence measurements. The negative charge of the hydrate particles remains constant at SDS concentrations of 0 to 0.17 mM. The ζ-potential becomes more negative as the SDS concentration increases from 0.17 to 3.4 mM. The micropolarity of the THF hydrate/liquid interface decreases with increasing SDS concentrations, and then it remains almost unchanged at SDS concentrations above 0.17 mM. A monolayer of DS− is completed at a SDS concentration of 0.17 mM. The reduction of induction time in the presence of SDS levels off at a SDS concentration of 0.17 mM. This provides strong evidence that the short induction is due to the adsorptio...
STIMULUS GENERALIZATION ALONG A LIGHT FLICKER RATE CONTINUUM AFTER DISCRIMINATION TRAINING WITH SEVERAL S-'S.

Abstract Four pigeons were trained with VI reinforcement to peck a key which was briefly illuminated by a flickering light. Generalization gradients were then obtained with nine different rates of flicker, four faster than S+ and four slower. Two birds were then trained to discriminate between S+ and the fastest stimulus (S−). These birds were then trained to discriminate between S+ and the two fastest stimuli, alternated as S−'s. This procedure was continued, adding one new S− at a time, until all four stimuli faster than S+ were S−'s. The remaining two birds were trained on this latter discrimination without intervening training. In a final stage, using the first two birds, the slowest stimulus was added as a fifth S−. Generalization gradients in extinction were obtained from each bird after each stage of training. As more stimuli from one end of the continuum served as S−'s, responding increased in the presence of stimuli from the other end of the continuum, and the gradient tended to become flattened at this end.
Evidence of hypothalamic involvement in the mechanism of transplacental carinogenesis by diethylstilbestrol

Disruption of hypothalamic sex differentiation in the fetus is one hypothesis to explain female reproductive system anomalies and cancer arising from prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES). To further test this hypothesis, breeding performance and behavior were monitored in a colony of mice exposed prenatally to DES, using a schedule previously shown to produce anomalies and cancer of the female reproductive system. Fertility decreased with age more rapidly in DES-exposed females than in control females. DES-exposed females were less accepting of the male than control females. These observations support the hypothesis of abnormal hypothalamic sex differentiation as a basic mechanism in DES transplacental carcinogenesis.
Spectroscopic investigation of Cr to Tm energy transfer in yttrium aluminum garnet crystals

Abstract We have conducted a series of experiments in order to examine the nature of the energy transfer process between the Cr 3+ and Tm 3+ ions in YAG. We have obtained data on various samples doped with Cr 3+ and Tm 3+ alone and co-doped with these two ions. These data include absorption, luminescence, excitation spectra and time-resolved response to pulsed excitation. The measurements were carried out over a range of temperatures from 78 to 350 K. We have found that the rate of nonradiative energy transfer from Cr 3+ to Tm 3+ depends on temperature and we have shown that in the region from 200 to 350 K this dependence is due primarily to the thermal variation in the radiative decay probability of the Cr ion.
Fixed-Point Signal Processing

This book is intended to fill the gap between the "ideal precision" digital signal processing (DSP) that is widely taught, and the limited precision implementation skills that are commonly required in fixed-point processors and field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). These skills are often neglected at the university level, particularly for undergraduates. We have attempted to create a resource both for a DSP elective course and for the practicing engineer with a need to understand fixed-point implementation. Although we assume a background in DSP, Chapter 2 contains a review of basic theory and Chapter 3 reviews random processes to support the noise model of quantization error. Chapter 4 details the binary arithmetic that underlies fixed-point processors and then introduces fractional format for binary numbers. Chapter 5 covers the noise model for quantization error and the effects of coefficient quantization in filters. Because of the numerical sensitivity of IIR filters, they are used extensively as an example system in both Chapters 5 and 6. Fortunately, the principles of dealing with limited precision can be applied to a wide variety of numerically sensitive systems, not just IIR filters. Chapter 6 discusses the problems of product roundoff error and various methods of scaling to avoid overflow. Chapter 7 discusses limit cycle effects and a few common methods for minimizing them. There are a number of simple exercises integrated into the text to allow you to test your understanding. Answers to the exercises are included in the footnotes.
Mitral atresia with a large left ventricle and an underdeveloped or absent right ventricular sinus: Clinical profile, anatomic data and surgical considerations

Abstract In mitral atresia with a large left ventricle, the tricuspid valve is either straddling and biventricular or entirely left ventricular. To learn how to assess the identity of the tricuspid valve in such cases 15 heart specimens were examined as well as the echocardiograms of 10 living patients. When the right ventricular sinus was underdeveloped (11 cases), a straddling tricuspid valve was present; when it was absent (14 cases), the tricuspid valve was entirely left ventricular. Regardless of biventricular or exclusively left ventricular attachments, the tricuspid valve was tricommissural (at postmortem examination or on echocardiography) in 22 cases (88%). Its chordal attachments showed considerable variations but were usually paraseptal or on the ventricular septal crest or conal septum. When biventricular, the tricuspid valve straddled through an inlet ventricular septal defect. Clinical or anatomic evidence, or both, of tricuspid regurgitation was present in 14 cases (56%). It is concluded that 1) the identity of the atrioventricular valves is reflected in their chordal attachments more accurately than in their leaflet morphology and depends primarily on the type of ventricular loop present; 2) as a rule, the tricuspid valve is right-sided in D-looped and left-sided in L-looped ventricles; 3) valve identity expressed as the number and position of the papillary muscle attachments is generally recognizable echocardiographically and can be used to diagnose the type of ventricular loop that is present; and 4) the presence and degree of tricuspid regurgitation deserve attention when choosing optimal palliative surgery.
Preparation and Properties of a Monomeric MnIV−Oxo Complex

Manganese−oxo complexes have long been investigated because of their proposed roles in biological and chemical catalysis. However, there are few examples of monomeric complexes with terminal oxo ligands, especially those with oxomanganese(IV) units. A oxomanganese(IV) complex has been prepared from [MnIIIH3buea(O)]2- ([H3buea]3-, tris[(N‘-tert-butylureaylato)-N-ethylene]aminato), a monomeric MnIII−O complex in which the oxo ligand arises from cleavage of dioxygen. Treating [MnIIIH3buea(O)]2- with [Cp2Fe]BF4 in either DMF at −45 °C or DMSO at room temperature produces [MnIVH3buea(O)]-: λmax = 635 nm; ν(Mn−16O) = 737 cm-1; ν(Mn−18O) = 709 cm-1; g = 5.15, 2.44, 1.63, D = 3.0 cm-1, E/D = 0.26, aMn = 66 G (A = 190 MHz). These spectroscopic properties support the assignment of a mononuclear MnIV−oxo complex with an S = 3/2 ground state. Density functional theory supports this assignment and the Jahn−Teller distortion around the high-spin MnIV center that would alter the molecular structure of [MnIVH3buea(O)]- ...
A semiempirical study of 2,2′-dichlorodiethyl sulfide SN2 and neighboring group hydrolysis reaction mechanisms in the gas phase and in aqueous solution

Abstract A PM3 and SM3-PM3 semiempirical molecular orbital study of the 2,2′-dichlorodiethyl sulfide conventional S N 2 and neighboring group hydrolysis reaction mechanisms in the gas phase and in aqueous solution is described. The calculations predict substantially faster reactions in aqueous solution, with the neighboring group mechanism always being preferred. Detailed consideration is given to the geometries, relative energies, and partial atomic charges of all species involved in the reaction mechanisms considered and the extent to which aqueous solvation impacts these quantities. The results are consistent with expectation and with reported calculations concerning the intramolecular S N 2 reaction of 2-chloroethyl methyl sulfide. We also present the lowest energy mustard chlorohydrin structures according to PM3 and AM1 conformational analysis.
Phosphorothioate oligonucleotides: Largely reduced (N-1)-mer and phosphodiester content through the use of dimeric phosphoramidite synthons

Abstract Phosphorothioate oligonucleotides synthesized through an assembly of dimeric phosphoramidite synthons on controlled pore glass solid support show a significantly improved impurity profile compared to oligomers synthesized through a coupling of standard monomer phosphoramidites. A greater than 70% reduction of the (n-1)-mer population and a ca 50% reduction of phosphodiester linkages has been achieved.
Mechanical properties of nanotubule fibers and composites determined from theoretical calculations and simulations

Theoretical Young's moduli have been estimated for carbon fibers composed of single-walled fullerene nanotubules aligned in the direction of the tubule axis. In the limit of infinitely long tubules, the fibers can have a Young's modulus comparable to that of diamond. Exploiting this property of nanotubule fibers, we investigate a new carbon composite composed of layered nanotubule fibers and diamond. Such a composite is found to be a high-modulus, low-density material that is quite stable to shear and other distortions.
Adjustment of digestion enzyme composition improves islet isolation outcome from marginal grade human donor pancreata

Despite improvements and recent attempts to standardize techniques to isolate islets from human donor pancreata, there still exists the problem of consistently recovering sufficient quantities of high quality islets. Moreover, achieving consistent recoveries of high numbers of good quality islets becomes even more challenging from marginal grade human donor pancreata with prolonged cold ischemic times. In this study, we investigate whether addition of Pefabloc SC, a serine protease inhibitor, in combination with Pulmozyme, a recombinant human DNase I, to Liberase HI improves islet isolation outcome from marginal grade human donor pancreata (cold ischemic time > 12 h). Twenty-three marginal grade human donor pancreata were randomly digested using four different enzyme preparations: (1) Liberase alone (n = 6), (2) +Pefabloc (n = 7), (3) +Pefabloc/Pulmozyme (n = 5), and (4) +Pulmozyme (n = 5). Overall, there were no significant differences in donor age, body mass index (BMI), pancreas weight, and cold ischemic time. After purification, significantly higher islet yields (3,281 ± 590 IE/g) were obtained with the Pefabloc/Pulmozyme group as compared to the Liberase alone (1,615 ± 305 IE/g) or the Pefabloc group (1,255 ± 261 IE/g) (P < 0.05). Significant improvements in islet viability were also noted from the Pefabloc/Pulmozyme group (87.3 ± 4.4%) as opposed to islets isolated from the Pefabloc group (75.2 ± 3.9%) (P < 0.05). No significant differences in insulin secretory response to glucose stimulation among the four groups were observed, which indicates that the addition of Pefabloc and/or Pulmozyme does not have a detrimental effect on the functionality of islets. It is concluded that the addition of Pefabloc in combination with Pulmozyme to the Liberse HI significantly improves islet isolation outcome and potentially impacts the viability and morphology of the islets obtained from marginal grade human donor pancreata with prolonged cold ischemic times.
Double-layer word straps as a diagnostic technique for use in plated wire studies

A test technique for plated wire memories, which uses two layers of word straps in the read-write operations, is described. Thus a rather wide bit may be established using two 10-mil word straps spaced 5 mils apart. This can then be read using the smaller 5-mil interrogate straps with a 5-mil spacing giving the magnetization distribution at 10-mil increments along the plated wire. Theoretical relationships are developed between the voltages sensed on the digit line upon applying word currents through either of the word straps. Such a configuration is used to estimate the width of material switched by each strap while in a memory mode of operation. Families of curves are given showing how different digit currents, write-word currents, read-word currents, and a number of disturb repeats affect the domain magnetization and readout voltage.
To dream or not to dream? Relevant data from new neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies

The study of sleep and dreams has enjoyed a major breakthrough with recent findings from brain imaging studies in humans. Several independent groups have shown global deactivation of the brain during non rapid eye movement sleep and a regionally selective reactivation during rapid eye movement sleep. These results are complemented by new brain lesion and electrophysiological recording data to give a detailed picture of the brain dynamics of changes in conscious state.
Two-site equilibrium model for ion exchange between monovalent cations and zeolite-a in a molten salt.

A two-site model has been derived and tested against experimental data for monovalent species ion exchange in molten chloride salt/zeolite A. This system is of interest for the application of spent nuclear fuel treatment. Fission products and transuranics that accumulate in a molten salt electrorefining process can be preferentially removed and eventually stabilized in a waste form, using zeolite A. An excellent fit of Cs-Rb-Na-Li-K data to the model was found with different selectivity sequences for the two sites. Cesium was found to be the preferred cation in the ?-cage sites, while lithium was preferred in the framework sites.
Intraoperative Radiation Therapy in the Treatment of Pelvic Gynecologic Malignancies: A Review of Fifteen Cases

Abstract Objective. The aim of this study was to review the experience with intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) in the treatment of gynecologic pelvic malignancies at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Methods. From July 3, 1996, through July 28, 1999, 15 patients were treated with IORT for gynecologic malignancies in a dedicated IORT operating room suite at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Hospital medical records, radiation oncology records, and office charts were reviewed on all patients treated with IORT. IORT was given in the presence of positive surgical margins and where the doses needed for adjuvant postoperative external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) would exceed those tolerated by normal structures. One patient presented with primary disease and 14 with local or regional recurrence. Follow-up time ranged from 3 to 36 months. Results. Treatment in conjunction with IORT included surgery only (7 patients); preoperative EBRT, preoperative brachytherapy, and surgery (1 patient); preoperative chemotherapy and surgery (2 patients); and surgery and postoperative chemotherapy (5 patients). IORT doses ranged from 10 to 22.5 Gy. At the completion of this review, 4 patients (26.6%) have died, 6 (40%) are alive and free of disease, and 5 (33%) are alive with disease persistence or relapse. Of the 10 patients with gross total resection, 5 are alive and free of disease. Of the 5 women with gross residual disease at the time of IORT, only 1 is alive and free of disease. Conclusions. The volume of residual disease prior to IORT may be an important prognostic indicator for disease relapse. Both local recurrence and distant metastasis were more common among patients with gross residual disease at the time of IORT. Our institutional experience with IORT further supports the importance of optimal surgical resection.
Chiral-at-metal osmium(VI) phosphine complexes

The chiral-at-metal osmium complex [N(n-Bu)4][cis-Os(N)(CH2SiMe3)PhCl2] results from series of alkylation and protonation reactions from [N(n-Bu)4][Os(N)Cl4]. (S,S)-Chiraphos displaces a chloride from this complex to produce two isomers of Os(N)(CH2SiMe3)PhCl((S,S)-chiraphos) with different configurations at osmium. 31P NMR spectroscopy indicates that one isomer has a phosphorus donor from the chiraphos ligand trans to the nitride, while the other has chloride in this position. Molecular mechanics calculations suggest that the axial phosphine isomer has an S configuration at osmium. This isomer reversibly loses an additional chloride ion and can be separated from the isomer with the opposite configuration by the careful addition of AgSbF6. The diastereomers [SbF6][(S)-Os(N)(CH2SiMe3)Ph((S,S)-chiraphos)] and [SbF6][(R)-Os(N)(CH2SiMe3)Ph((S,S)-chiraphos)] can be isolated separately. The two isomers of [SbF6][Os(N)(CH2SiMe3)Ph((R,R)-chiraphos)] are enantiomers to those of [SbF6][Os(N)(CH2SiMe3)Ph((S,S)-chira...
The association between night or weekend admission and hospitalization-relevant patient outcomes†

Introduction: Nights and weekends represent a potentially high-risk time for hospitalized patients. Data regarding night or weekend admission and its impact on outcomes is limited. We studied the association between night or weekend admission and outcomes. Methods: We reviewed 857 admissions to the general medicine services from the emergency department (ED) at our tertiary care hospital for demographic information, time and day of admission, and hospitalization-relevant outcomes (length of stay [LOS], hospital charges, intensive care unit [ICU] transfer during hospitalization, repeat ED visit within 30 days, readmission within 30 days, and poor outcome [ICU transfer, cardiac arrest, or death] within the first 24 hours of admission). Outcomes were compared between groups using univariate and multivariate modeling. Results: Complete data for analysis were available for 824 patients. A total of 58% of patients were admitted at night and 22% were admitted during the weekend. Patients admitted at night as compared to those admitted during the day had similar a LOS (4.1 vs. 4.3, P = 0.38), hospital charges (25,200 vs. 27,500, P = 0.17), ICU transfer during hospitalization (3% vs. 6%, P = 0.06), 30 day repeat ED visit (22% vs. 20%, P = 0.42), 30 day readmission (20% vs. 17%, P = 0.23), and poor outcomes within 24 hours of admission (1% vs. 2%, P = 0.15). Patients admitted during the weekend as compared to those admitted during the week had lower hospital charges and lower likelihood of an ICU transfer but were otherwise similar. Conclusion: Night or weekend admission was not associated with worse hospitalization-relevant outcomes at our tertiary care hospital. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Flow cytometric detection of lymphocyte alterations in huntington's disease

Abstract Several recent reports indicate that patients with Huntington's Disease (HD) may manifest membrane abnormalities in a wide variety of cells including peripheral blood lymphocytes. In this study, flow cytometry is used in conjuction with the fluorescent membrane probe, 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS), to examine peripheral blood lymphocytes from 16 HD patients and 14 age- and diet-matched control subjects. Increased ANS fluorescence intensity of lymphocytes (p
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy—Recognition and management in gynecologic oncology

Abstract Reflex sympathetic dystrophy is a syndrome comprising pain, sympathetic nervous system disturbances, and trophic alterations which may be encountered in gynecologic oncology. Unlike the somatic pain of progressive pelvic malignancy, reflex sympathetic dystrophy may be noncancerous in origin. Sympathetic block represents both the definitive diagnostic and specific therapeutic modality. Representative cases are presented along with the discussion of the course, pathophysiology, and treatment of this disorder.
A rapid procedure for estimating nitrogen mineralization in manured soil.

A routine soil testing procedure for soil N mineralization is needed that is rapid and precise. Not accounting for N mineralization can result in the over-application of N, especially in soils with a history of manure application. Our objectives were to compare results from a recently proposed rapid laboratory procedure with: (1) long-term N mineralization under standard laboratory conditions, and (2) actual forage N uptake from soil receiving dairy cattle (Bos taurus) manure in a 2-year field study. The rapid procedure is based on the quantity of CO2-C evolved during 24 h under optimum laboratory conditions following the rewetting of dried soil. Dairy cattle manure was surface applied beginning in 1992 at annual rates of 0, 112, 224, or 448 kg N ha–1 to field plots on a Windthorst fine sandy loam soil (fine, mixed, thermic Udic Paleustalf) near Stephenville, Texas (32°N, 98°W). Results of the one-day CO2 procedure were highly correlated with soil N mineralized from samples collected in March of 1995 (P=0.004) and 1996 (P<0.001) and with forage N uptake (P<0.001) both years of the study. Residual inorganic N in the same soil samples was poorly correlated with soil N mineralization and forage N uptake.
Fusarium verticillioides dissemination among maize ears of field-grown plants

Abstract Consequences of the fungus Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg (synonym F. moniliforme Sheldon) (teleomorph, Gibberella moniliformis), colonizing kernels of maize, Zea mays L., may be plant disease and/or mycotoxin production. Plant disease may reduce crop production and mycotoxins may cause harmful, and often fatal, effects on humans and animals. The objective of the current experiments was to track migration of a F. verticillioides isolate transformed with foreign genes from inoculated to non-inoculated maize ears to determine the population flow of this fungus among maize plants under field conditions. Distribution patterns of F. verticillioides following artificial infections have been described within growing maize plants, but not among maize plants. Maize ears were inoculated through either the shuck or the silk channel at one of two stages of silk development, green or brown. The inoculum was a genetically transformed isolate, designated F. verticillioides PATg, carrying two foreign genes, one coding for hygromycin resistance (hygr) and the other for β-glucuronidase (GUS). The average expression of hygr was 66% and of GUS was 96% for mycelia emerging from kernels of ears inoculated with F. verticillioides. Mycelia resistant to hygromycin appeared in cultures of kernels from non-inoculated and water-inoculated ears, but only at ⩽3%. However, none of the mycelia stained positive for GUS in kernels originating from non-inoculated ears and only 7% of those from water-inoculated ears. Thus, dissemination of F. verticillioides PATg was minimal from plant to plant under field conditions existing in Georgia during the growing seasons of 2001, 2002, and 2003. Negligible F. verticillioides PATg was detected in a few ears inoculated with water through the silk during the green silk stage of development. Perhaps the mechanical injury during inoculation provided an entry site for the spores of F. verticillioides PATg dispersed by abiotic factors such as rain or wind.
A combined chemical and enzymatic procedure for the synthesis of 1-deoxynojirimycin and 1-deoxymannojirimycin

Abstract 1-Deoxynojirimycin and 1-deoxymannojirimycin have been prepared via fructose diphosphate aldolase catalyzed condensation followed by catalytic intramolecular reductive amination.
Stimulatory effect of glycine betaine on l -lysine fermentation

The growth rate, sugar consumption rate, and production rate of an l-lysine producing Brevibacterium lactofermentum mutant were stimulated by addition of exogenous glycine betaine. Glycine betaine stimulated the growth rate especially in media of inhibitory osmotic stress, and the stimulation was independent of any specific solute. Therefore growth stimulation by glycine betaine was considered to be an osmoprotective effect. A strong enhancement of the sugar consumption rate and the l-lysine production rate was observed even with resting cells under osmotic stress as well as in a fermentation with growing cells. These data indicated that the osmoprotective effects of glycine betaine on l-lysine production can be independent of protein synthesis.
The War on Terror and the Ethics of Exceptionalism

Abstract The war on terror is commonly characterized as a fundamentally different kind of war from more traditional armed conflict. Furthermore, it has been argued that, in this new kind of war, different rules, both moral and legal, must apply. In the first part of this paper, three practices endemic to the war on terror – torture, assassination, and enemy combatancy status – are identified as exceptions to traditional norms. The second part of the paper uses these examples to motivate a generalized account of exceptionalism; a taxonomy of different exceptionalisms is derived, including temporal, spatial, and group-based exceptionalisms. The third part of the paper considers the ethical status of exceptionalism, paying particular attention to the group-based exceptionalisms that are argued to be prevalent in the war on terror. It is concluded that there is nothing inherently wrong with group-based exceptionalism and, furthermore, that the proper locus of ethical evaluation lies not with the norms that ar...
The design and growth of GaAs planar doped barriers by MBE

A novel semiconductor structure known as the planar doped barrier (PDB) has recently been invented and demonstrated in GaAs grown by MBE. This new device structure provides, for the first time, the following unique features: 1. (1) the degree of symmetry/asymmetry in the rectifying I-V characteristics is completely designable, and 2. (2) the zero-bias barrier height can be varied from approximately zero to the bandgap of the semiconductor. The PDB concept has already been used to construct very-high-frequency devices, including mixer diodes, photodetectors, switches, and hot electron transistors. This paper describes the design and required growth parameters of GaAs planar doped barriers formed by MBE.
Exploring mechanisms of human disease through structurally resolved protein interactome networks

The study of the molecular basis of human disease has gained increasing attention over the past decade. With significant improvements in sequencing efficiency and throughput, a wealth of genotypic data has become available. However the translation of this information into concrete advances in diagnostic and clinical setups has proved far more challenging. Two major reasons for this are the lack of functional annotation for genomic variants and the complex nature of genotype-to-phenotype relationships. One fundamental approach to bypass these issues is to examine the effects of genetic variation at the level of proteins as they are directly involved in carrying out biological functions. Within the cell, proteins function by interacting with other proteins as a part of an underlying interactome network. This network can be determined using interactome mapping – a combination of high-throughput experimental toolkits and curation from small-scale studies. Integrating structural information from co-crystals with the network allows generation of a structurally resolved network. Within the context of this network, the structural principles of disease mutations can be examined and used to generate reliable mechanistic hypotheses regarding disease pathogenesis.
Piperacillin: In Vitro Evaluation

The in vitro activity of a new semisynthetic penicillin, piperacillin, was determined against 577 clinical isolates of gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli. A concentration of 12.5 μg/ml inhibited 92% of isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa , 82% of Serratia marcescens , 73% of Escherichia coli , 61% of Klebsiella spp., and 42% of Enterobacter spp. Most Proteus spp. were extremely susceptible; over 85% were inhibited by 0.10 μg/ml. Piperacillin failed to inhibit the growth of gram-negative bacilli when large inocula were used. The type of media and pH had variable effects on the activity of piperacillin, depending upon the organism. Piperacillin was generally less active than PC-904 against gram-negative bacilli, but was consistently more active than carbenicillin and ticarcillin.
Kinetics of Haloacetic Acid Reactions with Fe(0)

Detailed kinetic studies of the reactions of haloacetic acids (HAAs) with Fe(0) were performed in longitudinally mixed batch reactors. The reactions of tribromoacetic acid (TBAA), bromodichloroacetic acid, and chlorodibromoacetic acid were mass transfer limited, with corrected mass transfer coefficients of 3.7−3.9 × 10-4 m/s. The reactions of trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), chloroacetic acid (CAA), and bromoacetic acid (BAA) were reaction limited. Bromochloroacetic acid (BCAA) and dibromoacetic acid (DBAA) were partially reaction limited. For the reaction limited species and partially reaction limited species, intra- and interspecies competition effects were observed. A Langmuir−Hinshelwood−Hougen−Watson kinetic model incorporating a mass transfer term was adopted to account for these effects. The lumped kinetic parameters for the HAAs ranged from 0.04 to 248 μM min-1 for an iron loading of 0.3 g of Fe/125 mL and followed the trend DBAA > BCAA > TCAA > BAA > DCAA. The adsorption p...
Slowly but Surely: Adverbs Support Verb Learning in 2-Year-Olds

To acquire the meanings of verbs, toddlers make use of the surrounding linguistic information. For example, two-year-olds successfully acquire novel transitive verbs that appear in semantically rich frames containing content nouns ("The boy is gonna pilk a balloon"). But, they have difficulty with pronominal frames ("He is gonna pilk it") (Arunachalam & Waxman, 2010). We hypothesized that adverbs might facilitate toddlers' verb learning in these sparse pronominal frames, if their semantic content directed toddlers' attention to aspects of the event that are relevant to the verb's meaning (e.g., the manner of motion). As predicted, the semantic information from a specific manner-of-motion adverb (slowly) supported verb learning, but other adverbs lacking this semantic content (nicely, right now) did not. These results provide the first evidence that adverbs can facilitate verb learning in toddlers, and highlight the interaction of syntactic and semantic information in word learning.
Emerging roles for the non-canonical IKKs in cancer

The IκB Kinase (IKK)-related kinases TBK1 and IKKɛ have essential roles as regulators of innate immunity by modulating interferon and NF-κB signaling. Recent work has also implicated these non-canonical IKKs in malignant transformation. IKKɛ is amplified in ∼30% of breast cancers and transforms cells through the activation of NF-κB. TBK1 participates in RalB-mediated inflammatory responses and cell survival, and is essential for the survival of non-small cell lung cancers driven by oncogenic KRAS. The delineation of target substrates and downstream activities for TBK1 and IKKɛ has begun to define their role(s) in promoting tumorigenesis. In this review, we will highlight the mechanisms by which IKKɛ and TBK1 orchestrate pathways involved in inflammation and cancer.
A Primer on the Methods and Applications for Contrast Echocardiography in Clinical Imaging

Contrast echocardiography is broadly described as a variety of techniques whereby the blood pool on cardiac ultrasound is enhanced with encapsulated gas-filled microbubbles or other acoustically active nano- or microparticles. The development of this technology has occurred primarily in response to the need improve current diagnostic applications of echocardiography such as the need to better define left ventricular cavity volumes, regional wall motion, or the presence or absence of masses and thrombi. A secondary reason for the development of contrast echocardiography has been to expand the capabilities of echocardiography. These new applications include myocardial perfusion imaging for detection of ischemia and viability, perfusion imaging of masses/tumors, and molecular imaging. The ability to fill all of these current and future clinical roles has been predicated on the ability to produce robust contrast signal which, in turn, has relied on technical innovation with regards to the microbubble contrast agents and the ultrasound imaging paradigms. In this review, we will discuss the basics of contrast echocardiography including the composition of microbubble contrast agents, the unique imaging methods used to optimize contrast signal-to-noise ratio, and the clinical applications of contrast echocardiography that have made a clinical impact.
The depoliticization of Karl Lashley: A response to Dewsbury.

In this response to Donald Dewsbury's article, I address Dewsbury's criticisms of my interpretation of Karl Lashley by, first, disputing Dewsbury's characterization of my historiographic stance. I then go on to address Dewsbury's specific points, particularly regarding Lashley's racism and hereditarianism, which I argue are central to an understanding of the context of his science. I conclude by criticizing Dewsbury's proposed personality theory of Lashley on the grounds that it depoliticizes Lashley by psychologizing him. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanism of Cadmium-mediated Inhibition of Msh2-Msh6 in DNA Mismatch Repair

The observation that Cadmium (Cd2+) inhibits DNA mismatch repair and suppresses the function of mismatch binding protein, Msh2-Msh6, has led to the proposal that this DNA repair system is a specific target of Cd2+ toxicity, which increases risk of carcinogenesis. Cd2+ effectively blocks both the DNA binding and ATP hydrolysis activities of Msh2-Msh6. The data support a mechanism whereby multiple Cd2+ ions bind to Msh2-Msh6 with high affinity, promoting changes in protein conformation and corresponding loss of function. The inhibitory effect involves cysteine sulfhydryl groups on Msh2-Msh6, and the high Cd2+:Msh2-Msh6 ratio at which it occurs suggests that chelating groups from other residues such as histidine, aspartate, and glutamate on the protein, and perhaps anions in solution, participate in the interaction. If Cd2+-mediated inhibition of Msh2-Msh6 activity occurs via such a generic mechanism, it follows that other proteins should be affected similarly by this metal ion; indeed, a survey of unrelated ATPases reveals that Cd2+ suppresses the activities of enzymes containing multiple cysteines in similar fashion. These findings raise the question whether Msh2-Msh6 and the mismatch repair system are specific targets of Cd2+ toxicity. It is more likely that Cd2+ interacts in this manner with numerous proteins in vivo, which is consistent with its marked broad-spectrum toxicity. Based on these findings, we propose that the presence of Cd2+ ligands on proteins, particularly thiols, and the propensity of proteins to unfold on Cd2+ binding to such nonspecific sites, are critical determinants of the susceptibility of biological systems to Cadmium toxicity.
Mutagenicity of bottom sediment from a water reservoir

The bottom sediment of an earthen water reservoir was found to cause elevated somatic mutation frequencies in the stamen hair system of Tradescantia and a decrease in the transient chlorophyll fluorescence yield in leaves of Tradescantia and Zea mays. The mutation frequencies varied only slightly over time, and remained elevated for 91 d of chronic treatment when compared with controls. Chemodynamic modeling indicates that chemicals, including mutagens, can be transferred effectively from reservoir bottom sediment to water.
Determination of risk for atrial fibrillation utilizing precise P wave duration-measuring methodology.

Increased duration of the P wave has been shown to be an indicator of increased risk for atrial fibrillation. This paper describes a method of obtaining the “true P wave duration” from previously recorded six-channel electrocardiograms, using readily available personal computers and software instead of more expensive P wave signal averaging devices. P wave duration in the atrial fibrillation group was significantly greater than in the nonfibrillation group. Measuring true P wave duration has greater sensitivity and specificity than measuring “conventional P wave duration.” Precise measurement of P wave duration may prove to be an important factor in determining the risk of atrial arrhythmias.
Increasing Trends in Hospitalization for Atrial Fibrillation in the United States, 1985 Through 1999 Implications for Primary Prevention

Background— Atrial fibrillation, the most common sustained disturbance of heart rhythm, is associated with a 5-fold increase in the incidence of ischemic stroke. Methods and Results— The National Hospital Discharge Survey was used to estimate the annual number and prevalence of hospitalizations with atrial fibrillation among men and women 35 years of age or older. From 1985 through 1999, hospitalizations increased from 154 086 to 376 487 for a first-listed diagnosis and from 787 750 to 2 283 673 for any diagnosis. Prevalence was higher among successive age groups. Age-standardized prevalence was consistently higher among men than women. In 1999, essential hypertension, ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, and diabetes were prominent coexisting conditions. The number of male patients discharged home decreased from 77% to 63%, whereas the number of discharges to long-term care increased from 9% to 15%; the corresponding values for women were 72% to 56% and 15% to 23%. A slight increase in disch...
Meropenem: evidence of lack of proconvulsive tendency in mice

The proconvulsive tendency of the novel carbapenem, meropenem was compared to that of imipenem, alone and in combination with cilastatin. The potentiation of metrazole-induced convulsions in mice was measured. Both imipenem and imipenem/cilastatin caused significant potentiation of metrazole-induced convulsions at a dose of 200 mg/kg, i.v. In contrast, meropenem (50-400 mg/kg, iv) failed to exhibit any significant potentiation of metrazole-induced seizures.
Does AACSB accreditation provide quality assurance and foster quality improvement for limited resource business schools whose missions are primarily teaching

Abstract This study used content analysis to examine whether AACSB accreditation provides quality assurance and leads to quality improvement for business schools whose missions are primarily teaching. The findings do not indicate that graduates of AACSB accredited schools experience greater career success than graduates from non-accredited schools or that the learning outcomes of students enrolled at AACSB accredited schools exceed those of non-accredited schools. Because of the lack of generally accepted metrics for evaluating quality improvement for institutions whose missions are primarily teaching, there is no empirical evidence to determine whether AACSB accreditation enhances or retards quality improvement for institutions whose missions are primarily teaching. The implications of the findings for the subject institutions and for AACSB are discussed.
A social perspective of sports-based entrepreneurship

In this paper I develop the concept of sport-based entrepreneurship and argue that it provides a potential social orientated strategy for the development of sports-related businesses. I maintain that this emerging form of entrepreneurship is usually inherent in the management of sports, which transforms sport-based organisations into an entrepreneur and enterprise. This paper draws on interdisciplinary approaches from the entrepreneurship and sport management literature to discuss the social entrepreneurship inherent within sports-based organisations. The sport sector provides an exploration of the contextual boundaries of social entrepreneurship and provides a useful discussion on the innovation, risk taking and proactive activity. The implications for sport organisations involved in social entrepreneurship are stated and the importance of governments around the world to promote social entrepreneurship in sport are highlighted. In addition, suggestions for future research are stated that highlight the role of sport-based entrepreneurship theory for examining social change.