cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finite element studies for correlation with block shear tests

Tests of angles in tension have produced block shear failures for certain connection geometries. Finite element investigations have previously shown that the mode of failure can be exhibited analytically and have also helped to design future testing. This study attempts to give credence to trends previously predicted from actual block shear tests by comparing nondimensionalized finite element results with the results of the full scale testing. The effect of the outstanding leg, shear length and stagger are compared in this study.
Corrosion Behavior of the Tin-Containing Silver-Mercury Phase of Dental Amalgam

Through the use of anodic polarization studies in Ringer's solution, the electrochemical behavior of γ 1 phase of dental amalgam (Ag2Hg3) and γ 1 containing dissolved tin is compared with that for the γ 2 phase in dental amalgam (Sn7-8Hg). The results indicate that when tin is dissolved in γ1 it does not affect the electrochemical behavior of that phase.
Yang's model of charged particle scattering with energy loss.

Yang's model [Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 599 (1951)] for the scattering of charged particles assumes a constant energy for the penetrating particles. This constraint has been removed in this work by allowing the loss of particle energy to be proportional to the depth of penetration. Exact solutions are found in the form of convergent series for cases I and II defined by Yang. The consistency of these solutions with Yang's solutions for constant energy is verified.
A serial study on occlusion from birth to three years

Abstract 1. 1. The gum pads at birth are not in contact when the jaws are at rest. 2. 2. The mandibular gum pads at birth are distal to the maxillary gum pads. 3. 3. The anterior space between the gum pads bears no relationship to the future open-bite; to the degree of overbite; to the occlusion of the molars. 4. 4. The mandible “grows” forward at a greater rate than the maxilla, varying in magnitude and in time. 5. 5. The interrelationship of the gum pads at birth has no bearing on the future interrelationship of the jaws. 6. 6. The type of delivery is not an etiologic factor in malocclusion. 7. 7. The occlusion is not influenced by the method of feeding. 8. 8. Thumb-sucking or finger-sucking does not appear to be an etiologic factor in irregularity or malocclusion, except possibly in two cases. 9. 9. Prominent physiologic biting urges occur between the ages of 4 to 8 months and 10 to 18 months. 10. 10. In 60 per cent of the babies irregularities of the teeth are present from the time of eruption, and remain so throughout the first three years. 11. 11. In 13 per cent of the babies malocclusions are present as soon as the teeth occlude. 12. 12. We would be able to treat cases more intelligently and give a more accurate prognosis if we could observe them from birth. 13. 13. Long-range serial studies will answer some of the important questions regarding the etiology of irregularities and malocclusions of the teeth.
Predicting the Effects of Clinically Observed Kinase Mutations using Molecular Modeling and Machine Learning Algorithms

Many cellular processes are impacted by signaling through receptor and non-receptor kinase proteins. These include such diverse cellular actions as proliferation, differentiation, and motility, as well as tissue level phenomena such as angiogenesis and development. This important role in the cell is reflected also in the relative overrepresentation of kinases among known cancer mutations to proteins. In order to better understand the functional effects of these mutations, we have developed computational methods that seek to predict the effect of point mutations on kinase activation. By predicting whether a given mutation causes a kinase to be more active, we can gain insight into the overall impact of the mutation on cell phenotype and give insight to clinicians on patient cohorting for efficacious treatment with targeted kinase inhibitors. We have developed two separate but complementary methods to predict kinase activation status. The first uses molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and scoring criteria to predict if a mutation preferentially stabilizes the protein's active state. As a complimentary approach to MD, we have developed machine learning techniques that utilize the method known as support vector machines to predict whether mutations in a large number of kinases (>450) are activating. This method has proven to be almost as effective at predicting activation mutations as the mechanistic picture gained from MD simulations. We think these methods are both broadly applicable and have the potential to greatly impact both our understanding of mechanisms of kinase activation as well as to guide best practices in the clinical setting of targeted therapy in cancer treatment.
Examining the latent class structure of CO2 hypersensitivity using time course trajectories of panic response systems.

Abstract Background and objectives Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) hypersensitivity is hypothesized to be a robust endophenotypic marker of panic spectrum vulnerability. The goal of the current study was to explore the latent class trajectories of three primary response systems theoretically associated with CO 2 hypersensitivity: subjective anxiety, panic symptoms, and respiratory rate ( f R). Methods Participants ( n = 376; 56% female) underwent a maintained 7.5% CO 2 breathing task that included three phases: baseline, CO 2 air breathing, and recovery. Growth mixture modeling was used to compare response classes (1…n) to identify the best-fit model for each marker. Panic correlates also were examined to determine class differences in panic vulnerability. Results For subjective anxiety ratings, a three-class model was selected, with individuals in one class reporting an acute increase in anxiety during 7.5% CO 2 breathing and a return to pre-CO 2 levels during recovery. A second, smaller latent class was distinguished by elevated anxiety across all three phases. The third class reported low anxiety reported during room air, a mild increase in anxiety during 7.5% CO 2 breathing, and a return to baseline during recovery. Latent class trajectories for f R yielded one class whereas panic symptom response yielded two classes. Limitations This study examined CO 2 hypersensitivity in one of the largest samples to date, but did not ascertain a general population sample thereby limiting generalizability. Moreover, a true resting baseline measure of f R was not measured. Conclusions Two classes potentially representing different risk pathways were observed. Implications of results will be discussed in the context of panic risk research.
A pilot study of OCLC CJK plus as OPAC

This article reports the responses of 32 Chinese, Taiwanese, Japanese, and Korean participants to the possible extension to an OPAC of OCLC CJK Plus. Korean and Taiwanese participants are less satisfied with the system than are Japanese and Chinese. Unfamiliarity with the CJK word division, diacritics, romanization, and lack of local standard keyboard support were the major reasons for this dissatisfaction. More comprehensive studies of each CJK language, and more user interface studies, are needed if a better system is to emerge.
Designing patient-centric information displays for hospitals

Electronic medical records are increasingly comprehensive, and this vast repository of information has already contri-buted to medical efficiency and hospital procedure. However, this information is not typically accessible to patients, who are frequently under-informed and unclear about their own hospital courses. In this paper, we propose a design for in-room, patient-centric information displays, based on iterative design with physicians. We use this as the basis for a Wizard-of-Oz study in an emergency department, to assess patient and provider responses to in-room information displays. 18 patients were presented with real-time information displays based on their medical records. Semi-structured interviews with patients, family members, and hospital staff reveal that subjective response to in-room displays was overwhelmingly positive, and through these interviews we elicited guidelines regarding specific information types, privacy, use cases, and information presentation techniques. We describe these findings, and we discuss the feasibility of a fully-automatic implementation of our design.
Effect of nonreacting gases on the desorption of reaction-created CO from graphite

Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) was used to determine whether inert gases influence the desorption step in the oxidation of carbon by CO2. Surface oxides were formed on a graphite by reacting it at 1200 K with CO2, and then quenching the reaction. The oxides then were removed by TPD to 1373 K, using He, Ar and Kr as carrier gases in separate desorptions. The oxides appeared as CO2 and CO in the desorption carrier gases; some CO2 was observed between 800 and 1050 K, but above 1050 K the product was almost entirely CO. The CO2 desorption showed no effect from changing the carrier gas, but temperature of CO desorption peak and amount of CO desorbed by 1373 K both depended on which gas was used as a carrier. This shows that nonreactive gases affect the desorption step of the C-CO2 reaction. Involved in the desorption step is movement of some surface oxide species to desorption sites; the nonreactive-gas influence occurs because the nonreactive gases affect this surface transport. In the presence of Ar and Kr, transport rates of surface oxides to desorption sites were higher than they were in the presence of He. Under reaction conditions this can result in greater CO desorption rates and faster overall reaction rates in the presence of Ar and Kr than occur in the presence of He.
Recent eruptions at Bezymianny volcano—A seismological comparison

Abstract For the past few decades, Bezymianny volcano has erupted once to twice per year. Here, I examine eight eruptive events between 2006 and 2010. This is the first time period for which proximal or broadband seismic data have been recorded at Bezymianny. Several recurring patterns are demonstrated in advance of eruptions. Eruptions are generally preceded by 12–36 h of tremor energy elevated by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude. Locatable earthquake activity is quite erratic in the days before eruptions. For eruptions of juvenile magma, however, the cumulative moment magnitude increases with the repose time since the previous eruption. Though tenuous, this relationship is statistically significant and could improve forecasts of Bezymianny eruptions. The most energetic eruptions demonstrate increasing multiplet activity in the run-up, followed by a rapid cessation at the time of eruption. When present, this behavior marks increasing pressure in the conduit system as degassing eclipses the capacity for venting. Very long period seismicity (> 20 s periods) accompanies some eruptions. These tend to be the same short-lived high-energy eruptions that exhibit multiplet precursors. Four eruptions are examined in detail to illustrate the variety in eruption mechanisms. Lava dome collapses, sustained eruptions, singular paroxysmal explosions and post-explosion lava flows occur in different combinations demonstrating that more than one eruption trigger is regulating Bezymianny. Compared to Bezymianny's fifty-year modern history, recent eruptions have been shorter-lived and separated by longer repose times. Some evidence suggests that these eruptions may be increasingly explosive—a speculation that carries significant hazard implications. If true, however, this threat is tempered by solid evidence that the most explosive eruptions are preceded by the clearest precursors, suggesting an ability to improve the already excellent eruption forecasts available for Bezymianny.
Predicting mobile application usage using contextual information

As the mobile applications become increasing popular, people are installing more and more Apps on their smart phones. In this paper, we answer the question whether it is feasible to predict which App the user will open. The ability for such prediction can help pre-loading the right Apps to the memory for faster execution or help floating the desired Apps to the home screen for quicker launch. We explored a variety of contextual information, such as last used App, time, location, and the user profile, to predict the user's App usage using the MDC dataset. We present three findings from our studies. First, the contextual information can be used to learn the pattern of user's App usage and to predict App usage effectively. Second, for the MDC dataset, the correlation between sequentially used Apps has a strong contribution to the prediction accuracy. Lastly, the linear model is more effective than the Bayesian model to combine all contextual information and for such predictions.
Subjective expected utility and career preferences

Abstract Undergraduate psychology majors rated the relative preferability of eight psychological occupations, the probabilities that each occupation would lead to satisfactory levels of each of 18 kinds of outcomes, and the utilities of the outcomes. The probabilities and utilities were used to compute subjective expected utilities (SEUs) for each of the occupations. Then, for each subject, the relative magnitudes of the SEU's were correlated with the relative preferability of the psychological occupations; the mean correlation was .83. Differences in utilities for subjects who preferred different psychological occupations also were examined.
Single- and multiple-shot laser-damage properties of commercial grade PMMA

In this paper, we describe a facility to study laser damage in plastics and present single- and multiple-shot bulk damage results obtained in commercial polymethylmethacrylate with 1.06-μm wavelength, 8-nsec FWHM, 45-μm spot diameter pulses. The measured single-shot peak fluence damage threshold is 41 J/cm2. Multiple-shot damage was studied at fluence levels as low as 6% of the single-shot damage threshold. Scattered collinear He–Ne laser light was found to be a very reliable indicator of damage, especially at the lower fluence levels. Histograms of damage statistics and 100× microscopy of the material after illumination with fewer than the critical numbers of pulses required for damage illustrate the cumulative nature of the damage process.
Empirical Diversity, Interdependence, and the Problem of Rhetorical Invention and Judgment: The Case of Wife Abuse Facts

For nearly 20 years, Dr. Murray Straus and his associates at the University of New Hampshire's Family Research Laboratory have debated critics about the facts of wife abuse and how best to attain them. This debate occurs under circumstances of “empirical diversity” that involve researchers who investigate wife abuse with different methods and adduce a range of often seemingly incompatible facts. Consequently, disputants confront a special pluralistic version of the ancient rhetorical problem of invention and judgment: How can one establish common grounds for creation and evaluation of arguments about facts in the presence of empirical diversity? This essay conducts a topical analysis of Straus's arguments, which reveals two distinct approaches to this problem. One approach locates adjudicating standards in values and assumptions rooted deeply within Straus's preferred orientation toward the issues. Arguments premised on that kind of standard polarize rhetorical judgment under empirically diverse circumstances. The other approach locates standards in practical points of interdependence among disputants. Arguments premised on the interdependence topos open possibilities for more constructive deliberation among those who argue for seemingly incompatible facts. The essay shows that topical analysis of the “ksrats” of invention and judgment affords opportunities for practical intervention in controversies about science.
Applied Hydrology, McGraw-Hill Series in Water Resources and Environmental Engineering

Applied Hydrology is a valuable contribution to the literature. It is clearly written and meets all goals described by the authors. The book is intended as an upper level undergraduate or graduate level text but will also serve well as a reference handbook for applied hydrologists. The book is divided into three parts. The first, on hydrological processes, comprises six chapters which examine different elements of the hydrologic system. For the most part, these chapters are descriptive, providing background information and outlining basic principles pertinent to hydrology. Topics range from atmospheric processes to surface and subsurface flows. Finally, hydrologic measurement is discussed in chapter six.
Implementing child mistreatment risk assessment systems: lessons from theory.

Over the past ten years, public child protective services (CPS) agencies have adopted risk assessment systems in an effort to improve the quality of service delivery to children and their families. Various reviews of the impact of these models suggest that they have not lived up to their expectations and have had little or no impact on broad system indicators of service delivery. Foremost among the findings of existing studies is that these models have not been implemented and used as intended. The risk assessment field has not taken advantage of theoretical principles suggested by the organizational change literature. The researcher applies Lewin's Force Field Analysis to identify the forces for and against effective implementation of risk assessment systems in public agencies. The author suggests that lessons from theory could improve the effectiveness of the implementation of change in CPS agencies. Language: en
Periodic standing-wave approximation: Overview and three-dimensional scalar models

The periodic standing-wave method for binary inspiral computes the exact numerical solution for periodic binary motion with standing gravitational waves, and uses it as an approximation to slow binary inspiral with outgoing waves. Important features of this method presented here are: (i) the mathematical nature of the "mixed" partial differential equations to be solved, (ii) the meaning of standing waves in the method, (iii) computational difficulties, and (iv) the "effective linearity" that ultimately justifies the approximation. The method is applied to three-dimensional nonlinear scalar model problems, and the numerical results are used to demonstrate extraction of the outgoing solution from the standing-wave solution, and the role of effective linearity.
Targeting MET transcription as a therapeutic strategy in multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable indolent malignancy with an average lifespan of 3 years, underscoring the need for new therapies. Studies have shown that the receptor MET and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor play an important role in proliferation, migration, adhesion, and survival of MM cells. Hence, an effective way to decrease MET receptor may act as a viable therapeutic option. Since MET mRNA and protein have short half-lives, we hypothesized that transcription inhibitor will reduce MET transcript and protein levels and this will lead to cell death. Pharmacological (flavopiridol) and molecular (shRNA) transcription inhibitor were used to impede formation of MET transcripts. The diminution of global RNA synthesis with flavopiridol was related to phosphorylation status of Ser residues (r 2 = 0.90 and 0.92 for Ser2 and Ser5) on the C-terminal-domain of RNA polymerase II. This was accompanied with a time-dependent decrease in MET transcript, which reached to less than 30% (1 μM) and 10% (3 μM) by 24 h. This decline in transcript level was directly associated with a reduction in MET protein level (r 2 = 0.82) and resulted in cell death. Assessment of MET in MM survival was done by using shRNA targeted towards MET. When cells were infected with shRNA viral construct, there was increased cell death with a decline in MET transcript and protein. Taken together, our study demonstrates that MET plays a critical role in the survival and removal or lowering of MET by flavopiridol or shRNA results in the demise of MM cells.
A Validation of Self-Concept Measures of the Leary Interpersonal Checklist

(1967). A Validation of Self-Concept Measures of the Leary Interpersonal Checklist. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 77, No. 2, pp. 237-242.
260 STUDIES ON A NEW COAGULATION PARAMETER: DECREASED URINARY X CARBOXYGLUTAMIC ACID EXCRETION WITH WARFARIN THERAPY

Warfarin anticoagulation has been previously shown to result from inhibition of post-translational synthesis of γ carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) from glutamic acid residues in the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. This recently discovered amino acid (Gla) is synthesized in the liver and is known to be excreted in urine largely as the free amino acid. Furthermore, previous work indicates that urinary Gla excretion is chiefly derived from prothrombin breakdown and turnover. The purpose of the present study was to monitor urinary Gla excretion in order to detect any significant differences between normal and anticoagulated patients. Fourteen patients were studied. Seven were on stable Warfarin anticoagulation therapy and 6 were controls. One patient was studied postoperatively during initial anticoagulant treatment. Free urinary Gla was measured in 24 hour collections using 2N KOH hydrolysis and automated amino acid analysis. Normal subjects excreted 18-27 micromoles (μM of Gla)/24 hours (hrs) while anticoagulated patients (Prothrombin time range 20-30 sec. control = 12.0) excreted only 2.7-13 μM/24 hrs. Gla excretion in the patient begun on Warfarin dropped progressively during the first 10 days of therapy (128 μM/24 Hrs. to 22 μM/24 hrs.) while Prothrombin time stablized by day 6 (range 19.0 sec. to 22.9 sec) We conclude that urinary Gla excretion is reduced by Warfarin, and that monitoring urinary Gla may prove useful in regulating anticoagulation.
On the coattails of climate? Opportunities and threats of a warming Earth for biodiversity conservation

The relationship between climate change and biodiversity was a central issue at the 10th Conference of the Parties (COP 10) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). In this paper we draw from participant observation data collected at COP 10, and related policy documentation, to examine how concerns about climate change are shaping the conservation policy landscape – in terms of the knowledge and rationales used as inputs, networks of actors involved, objectives sought, and actions proposed. We find that debates at the intersection of climate and biodiversity were overwhelmingly framed in relation to, or through the lens of carbon. Through a discussion of four core Climate-Motivated Responses, we illustrate how “carbon-logic”, and the initiatives that it generates, simultaneously creates threats to the objectives sought by some actors, and opportunities for the objectives sought by others. We situate our observations in the context of some of the historical dilemmas that have faced conservation, and discuss this current moment in the dynamic trajectory of conservation governance: a moment when decisions about conserving biodiversity are becoming entangled with carbon-logic and the market. In this case, while some actors seek opportunities for biodiversity ends by riding the coattails of the climate agenda, the threats of doing so may undermine the biological and social objectives of the CBD convention itself.
Linking Perceptions of Role Stress and Incivility to Workplace Aggression: The Moderating Role of Personality

Although research on workplace aggression has long recognized job stressors as antecedents, little is known about the process through which employee responses to stressful workplace demands escalate from relatively mild interactions into more intense behaviors. This study investigates the influence that employees' perceptions of role stress (ambiguity, conflict, overload) have on their aggressive behavior by affecting their perceptions of incivility, and whether these downstream effects depend on personality traits (neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness). Results supported moderated mediation, such that the indirect effects of perceived role ambiguity and role conflict on enacted aggression through experienced incivility varied according to individual differences in personality.
Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection increases the carbohydrate binding activity and the secretion of cellular galectin-3

Galectin-3 binds β-galactoside-containing sugars and is a chemoattractant for monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. Galectin-3 was identified by mass spectrometry from an anti-gI affinity column; however, we determined that galectin-3 did not bind gI, but rather that HSV-1 infection increased galectin-3 binding to carbohydrate residues on IgG. Our conclusions are based on the following observations: (1) galectin-3 from cells infected with a gI-deleted HSV-1 mutant virus bound anti-gI IgG; (2) galectin-3 from wild-type HSV-1 infected cells bound nonimmune IgG; (3) more galectin-3 from infected than uninfected cells bound IgG; and (4) binding to IgG was blocked by lactose, a competitive inhibitor of galectin-3 carbohydrate binding. HSV-1 infection did not increase galectin-3 expression, but did increase its secretion. We propose that increased carbohydrate binding and secretion of galectin-3 contribute to an early pro-inflammatory innate immune response to HSV-1 infection.
Assessment of malingering with simulation designs: Threats to external validity.

Comprehensive forensic evaluations are predicated on the accurate appraisal of response styles that may affect evaluatees' clinical presentation and experts' conclusions associated with psycholegal issues. In the assessment of malingering, forensic experts often rely heavily on standardized measures that have been validated exclusively via analogue research. While such research augments internal validity, the threats to external validity are readily apparent. As the first study of these threats, type of incentive (positive versus negative), context (a familiar versus unfamiliar scenario), and relevance to the participants was investigated systematically with a between-subjects factorial design. A sample of 231 undergraduates was asked to either (a) feign major depression and given an easily understood description of this disorder or (b) serve as controls responding honestly. They were administered a brief measure of psychopathology (Hopkins Symptom Checklist; Derogatis, Lipman, Rickels, Uhlenhuth, & Covi, 1974) and a recent screen for malingering (Screening Inventory of Malingered Symptoms or SIMS; Smith, 1992) in 1 of 18 experimental conditions. Results suggested that incentive had a main effect on the SIMS. More specifically, simulators under negative incentives appeared more focused in their feigning; they produced more bogus depressed symptoms, but fewer symptoms unrelated to depression. Interactions were also observed between context and incentive, and context and relevance. Implications of these results are explored for both analogue research on malingering and current forensic practice.
GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-D-mannose 3-dehydratase, accommodating a sugar substrate in the active site.

Abstract Colitose is a dideoxysugar found in the O-antigen of the lipopolysaccharide that coats the outer membrane of some Gram-negative bacteria. Four enzymes are required for its production starting from d-mannose-1-phosphate and GTP. The focus of this investigation is GDP-4-keto-6-deoxy-d-mannose 3-dehydratase or ColD, which catalyzes the removal of the C3′-hydroxyl group from GDP-4-keto-6-deoxymannose. The enzyme is pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-dependent, but unlike most of these proteins, the conserved lysine residue that covalently holds the cofactor in the active site is replaced with a histidine residue. Here we describe the three-dimensional structure of ColD, determined to 1.7A resolution, whereby the active site histidine has been replaced with an asparagine residue. For this investigation, crystals of the site-directed mutant protein were grown in the presence of GDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-d-mannose (GDP-perosamine). The electron density map clearly reveals the presence of the sugar analog trapped in the active site as an external aldimine. The active site is positioned between the two subunits of the dimer. Whereas the pyrophosphoryl groups of the ligand are anchored to the protein via Arg-219 and Arg-331, the hydroxyl groups of the hexose only lie within hydrogen bonding distance to ordered water molecules. Interestingly, the hexose moiety of the ligand adopts a boat rather than the typically observed chair conformation. Activity assays demonstrate that this mutant protein cannot catalyze the dehydration step. Additionally, we report data revealing that wild-type ColD is able to catalyze the production of GDP-4-keto-3,6-dideoxymannose using GDP-perosamine instead of GDP-4-keto-6-deoxymannose as a substrate.
Interferon-gamma and cytotoxic agents studied in combination using a soft agarose human tumor clonogenic assay.

The in vitro antiproliferative activity of human recombinant interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was tested against human tumor cells in vitro in combination with doxorubicin, cisplatin, or vinblastine. Using a human tumor clonogenic assay (HTCA), IFN-gamma alone showed dose-dependent inhibition of colony growth in six or seven human tumor cell lines as well as in each of nine fresh ovarian tumor specimens. The combination of IFN-gamma and either doxorubicin or cisplatin showed additive antiproliferative effects against all the cell lines with the exception of an IFN-gamma-resistant endometrial cancer cell line (HEC-1A). In combination with vinblastine, IFN-gamma rarely had an additive effect.
Serpentine and Nonserpentine Achillea millefolium Accessions Differ in Serpentine Substrate Tolerance and Response to Organic and Inorganic Amendments

Subgrade serpentine substrates are exceptionally difficult to revegetate due to multiple limitations including low N, P, and K, low Ca:Mg molar ratios, high levels of heavy metals including Ni, Cr, and Co, low organic matter, low CEC, and low water holding capacity. To examine the influence of plant origin on the success of the revegetation of serpentine substrates, granite and serpentine accessions of Achillea millefolium were grown on subgrade serpentine substrate amended with yard waste compost, slow-release NPK fertilizer, and/or CaSO4 · 2H2O (gypsum). The goals of this study were to: (1) identify the substrate amendment combination that maximized establishment of A. millefolium on serpentine substrate, (2) compare seedling establishment, survival, and growth of the serpentine and granite A. millefolium accessions in order to determine if a serpentine edaphic ecotype of A. millefolium exists and if this ecotype is superior to the granite accession for the establishment of vegetation on serpentine substrate and (3) if a serpentine edaphic ecotype of A. millefolium does exist, what physiological features with respect to mineral nutrition convey a higher tolerance of serpentine for this ecotype than the nonserpentine ecotype. Seedling establishment, survival, and growth were greatest for A. millefolium when the subgrade serpentine substrate was amended with 30% (v/v) compost and 220 mg kg substrate−1 each of N, P, and K. The serpentine A. millefolium accession displayed a greater tolerance of the subgrade serpentine substrate, serpentine topsoil, and the amended subgrade serpentine substrate than the granite accession. Higher capacity of the serpentine A. millefolium accession for selective Ca translocation from roots to the shoot resulted in a significantly higher shoot Ca:Mg molar ratio than the granite accession and appeared to be the most important physiological feature conveying greater tolerance of the serpentine accession for serpentine substrates.
Materials Science Wetting Effects of Surface Treatments on Inlay Wax-investment Combinations

Wax pattern surface treatments were compared to determine their effectiveness in reducing contact angles incident at wax pattern-investment interfaces.. Gypsum-bonded and phosphate-bonded investments were examined. A coordinate system was used to obtain a polynomial expression from which the contact angles could be determined.
Establishing Validity for Performance-Based Assessments: An Illustration for Collections of Student Writing.

Abstract Techniques for establishing the reliability and validity of assessments of student writing are presented. Raters scored collections of elementary students' narrative writing with the holistic scales of two rubrics—a new rubric designed for classroom use and known to enhance teacher practice, and an established rubric for large-scale writing assessment. Comparisons of score reliabilities were based on three methods: percentage agreement, correlations between rater pairs, and generalizability studies. Comparisons of the evidence for validity of scores were based on (a) correlations of scores with results from two other methods of writing assessment, (b) developmental patterns across grade levels, and (c) consistency of decisions made across methods of assessment. Results were mixed; good evidence was provided for the reliability and developmental validity of the new rubric, but correlational patterns were not clear. The importance of establishing performance-based assessments of writing that are bo...
The maximal range problem for a quasidisk

Let G⊂C and D⊂C be simply connected domains such that 0∈G∩D. Denote by Pn, n∈N = {1,2, ... }, the set of all complex polynomials of degree at most n. Let Pn(G,D) = {p∈Pn: p(0) = 0,p(G)⊂D}. Our main purpose is to find how large, i.e., how close to D, the "maximal polynomial range" Dn(G) = ∪p∈Pn (G,D) p(G) can be. We consider G to be a quasidisk and D to be an arbitrary domain whose boundary consists of more than two points.
The dispositional approach to job satisfaction: more than a mirage, but not yet an oasis

This paper readdresses the person–situation debate in organizational research. The well-known arguments of Davis-Blake and Pfeffer (1989) are evaluated in light of research and theory that has transpired since the publication of their original critique. A new dispositional model of job satisfaction is then proposed. The model is based on several informational and action steps including exposure to work events and condition, as well as the evaluation, memory, retrieval, and expression of affect in the organizational context. Using this model, we discuss how dispositional affect can influence what is experienced in the workplace, how one evaluates it, and how it is expressed to others, including organizational researchers. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brain Tissue Segmentation Based On Corrected Gray-Scale Analysis

Image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and signal intensity (SI) inhomogeneities are factors that strongly affect the accuracy and precision of brain tissue segmentations in magnetic resonance image (MRI). In this work, SNR and contrast of brain images are optimized by TR and inversion recovery time TI in multi-spectrum MRI data sets. SI inhomogeneities are measured in vivo using a recently developed method allowing improved correction. The three-Gaussian distribution model is used to fit histograms of the images to find the initialization parameters for an expectation-maximization (EM) segmentation algorithm. Compared with other methods, the field map method provides better correction of SI inhomogeneities and excellent segmentation results
Local computation of PageRank contributions

Motivated by the problem of detecting link-spam, we consider the following graph-theoretic primitive: Given a webgraph G, a vertex v in G, and a parameter δ ∈ (0, 1), compute the set of all vertices that contribute to v at least a δ fraction of v's PageRank. We call this set the δ-contributing set of v. To this end, we define the contribution vector of v to be the vector whose entries measure the contributions of every vertex to the PageRank of v. A local algorithm is one that produces a solution by adaptively examining only a small portion of the input graph near a specified vertex. We give an efficient local algorithm that computes an Ɛ-approximation of the contribution vector for a given vertex by adaptively examining O(1/Ɛ) vertices. Using this algorithm, we give a local approximation algorithm for the primitive defined above. Specifically, we give an algorithm that returns a set containing the δ-contributing set of v and at most O(1/δ) vertices from the δ/2-contributing set of v, and which does so by examining at most O(1/δ) vertices. We also give a local algorithm for solving the following problem: If there exist k vertices that contribute a ρ-fraction to the PageRank of v, find a set of k vertices that contribute at least a (ρ-Ɛ)-fraction to the PageRank of v. In this case, we prove that our algorithm examines at most O(k/Ɛ) vertices.
From Specific Information Extraction to Inferences: A Hierarchical Framework of Graph Comprehension

We examined how graph readers extracted specific information, integrated information and made inferences from choropleth graphs. We present a hierarchical framework of graph comprehension suggesting how graph readers extract these different types of information. Our framework suggests the cognitive operations required to extract these different types of information build in a hierarchical fashion as the complexity of the type of extraction increases. Empirical data gathered in our laboratory is reviewed in support of our hierarchical framework and implications are discussed.
Justification and improvement of Kienzler and Herrmann's estimate of stress intensity factors of cracked beam

Abstract Kienzler and Herman recently showed that good and remarkably simple approximations of the stress intensity factors of cracks in beams can be obtained by bending theory estimations of the strain energy release as the crack is widened into a band of finite width. Their method has been based on equating this energy release to the energy release rate due to crack length extension, which has been postulated as a hypothesis. This note presents a justification of this hypothesis and further shows a possibility of improvement by introduction of an additional factor. The improvement is demonstrated by numerical comparison with the exact solution of a cracked beam. The aforementioned factor, however, can be determined only by optimum fitting of the exact solution.
Contribution of Specific Amino Acid Changes in Penicillin Binding Protein 1 to Amoxicillin Resistance in Clinical Helicobacter pylori isolates

Amoxicillin is commonly used to treat Helicobacter pylori, a major cause of peptic ulcers, stomach cancer, and B-cell mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Amoxicillin resistance in H. pylori is increasing steadily, especially in developing countries, leading to treatment failures. In this study, we characterize the mechanism of amoxicillin resistance in the U.S. clinical isolate B258. Transformation of amoxicillin-susceptible strain 26695 with the penicillin binding protein 1 gene (pbp1) from B258 increased the amoxicillin resistance of 26695 to equal that of B258, while studies using biotinylated amoxicillin showed a decrease in the binding of amoxicillin to the PBP1 of B258. Transformation with 4 pbp1 fragments, each encompassing several amino acid substitutions, combined with site-directed mutagenesis studies, identified 3 amino acid substitutions in PBP1 of B258 which affected amoxicillin susceptibility (Val 469 Met, Phe 473 Leu, and Ser 543 Arg). Homology modeling showed the spatial orientation of these specific amino acid changes in PBP1 from 26695 and B258. The results of these studies demonstrate that amoxicillin resistance in the clinical U.S. isolate B258 is due solely to an altered PBP1 protein with a lower binding affinity for amoxicillin. Homology modeling analyses using previously identified amino acid substitutions of amoxicillin-resistant PBP1s demonstrate the importance of specific amino acid substitutions in PBP1 that affect the binding of amoxicillin in the putative binding cleft, defining those substitutions deemed most important in amoxicillin resistance.
Teacher expectations of student reading in middle and high schools A Chinese perspective

Cette etude analyse ce que les enseignants des etablissements d'enseignement secondaire (inferieur et superieur) en Chine attendent des eleves en matiere d'utilisation de livres comme aspect des environnements d'apprentissage. Un questionnaire a ainsi ete utilise pour mieux connaitre les attentes des enseignants en termes d'accessibilite physique des ouvrages, de travail a la maison, de connaissance approfondie des textes et de types de documents lus en dehors du programme. Les resultats ont montre que les enseignants des etablissements concernes par cette etude accordent de l'importance a la connaissance approfondie des textes de reference et a la valeur morale des documents de lecture. Le travail a la maison est quant a lui considere comme un moyen permettant d'ameliorer l'apprentissage des eleves. Les resultats de cette etude peuvent aider les professionnels de l'education d mieux comprendre les environnements d'apprentissage des eleves chinois et apporter un element de comparaison pour etudier les environnements d'apprentissage de differentes cultures.
Three Metacontingencies in the Pre-Perestroika Soviet Union

Three metacontingencies in the Soviet Union and some of their attendant problems are described. The metacontingencies are: (1) centralized control of the economy; (2) increased production as the primary goal, (3) maintenance of power and privilege by the nomenklature.
Impact of Phase Shifted Coil Currents on Plasma Uniformity

Plasma etching at sub-3x-nm nodes requires inductively coupled plasma (ICP) reactors to work within tight uniformity constraints. The characteristic donut shape of the ICPs is, however, visible on the wafer in a 20-60 mTorr range due to reduced plasma diffusion. Phase shifting of the coil currents in an ICP source has been used to improve plasma uniformity. Images of plasma properties with and without phase shift of coil currents are presented.
Burn resuscitation: the results of the ISBI/ABA survey.

Abstract Introduction There are valid concerns that burn shock resuscitation is inadequate; a tendency to over-resuscitate the patient seems to exist which may increase complications such as compartment syndrome. The purpose of this study was to survey members of the ISBI and ABA to determine current practices of burn resuscitation. Methods A survey asking for practices of burn shock resuscitation was provided to all participants of a recent ABA meeting. Around the same time, the survey was sent to all members of the ISBI through the internet. The results of the 101 respondents (ABA – 59, ISBI – 42, approximately a 15% response rate) are described. Results Surveys were returned from all the continents except Africa. Respondents included directors (48%), staff physicians (19%), nurses (23%) and others. Most programs admitted adults (87%) and children (75%) with a mean of 289 admissions per year. The cut off to initiate resuscitation was 15% TBSA and most preferred peripheral IVs (70%) and central lines (47.5%). The Parkland formula was preferred (69.3%) while others were used: Brooke – 6.9%, Galveston – 8.9%, Warden – 5.9%, and colloid 11.9%. Lactated Ringer's (LR) was the preferred solution (91.9%), followed by normal saline – 5%, hypertonic saline – 4%, albumin – 20.8%. FFP – 13.9%, and LR/NaHCO 3 – 12.9%. Approximately half (49.5%) added colloid before 24h. Urine output is the major indicator of success (94.9%) while 22.7% use other monitors. Most (88.8%) feel their protocols work well with 69.8% feel that it provides the right amount of fluid (24% – too much, 7% – too little). Despite this feeling, they still feel that they give more fluid than the formula in 55.1%, less than formula in 12.4% and the right amount in 32.6%. Approximately 1/3 use an oral resuscitation formula and 81.8% feel that an oral formula works for burns Conclusion Large variations exist in resuscitation protocols but the Parkland formula using LR is still the dominant method. Most feel that their resuscitation protocol works well.
Active coupled-resonator optical waveguides. I. Gain enhancement and noise

We use a tight-binding formalism in the time domain to analyze the effect of resonant gain enhancement and spontaneous emission noise in amplifying coupled-resonator optical waveguides (CROWs). We find the net amplification of a wave propagating in a CROW does not always vary with the group velocity, and depends strongly on the termination and excitation of these structures. The signal-to-noise ratio and noise figure of CROW amplifiers are derived in the tight-binding formalism as well. The physical interpretations and practical consequences of the theoretical results are discussed.
DNA demethylation reactivates a subset of imprinted genes in uniparental mouse embryonic fibroblasts.

Although most imprinted genes show allelic differences in DNA methylation, it is not clear whether methylation regulates the expression of some or all imprinted genes in somatic cells. To examine the mechanisms of silencing of imprinted alleles, we generated novel uniparental mouse embryonic fibroblasts exclusively containing either the paternal or the maternal genome. These fibroblasts retain parent-of-origin allele-specific expression of 12 imprinted genes examined for more than 30 cell generations. We show that p57Kip2 (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein 2) and Igf2 (insulin-like growth factor 2) are induced by inhibiting histone deacetylases; however, their activated state is reversed quickly by withdrawal of trichostatin A. In contrast, DNA demethylation results in the heritable expression of a subset of imprinted genes including H19(H19 fetal liver mRNA), p57Kip2,Peg3/Pw1 (paternally expressed gene 3), andZac1 (zinc finger-binding protein regulating apoptosis and cell cycle arrest). Other imprinted genes such as Grb10(growth factor receptor-bound protein 10), Peg1/Mest(paternally expressed gene 1/mesoderm-specific transcript),Sgce (epsilon-sarcoglycan), Snrpn (small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide N), and U2af1 (U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein auxiliary factor), remain inactive, despite their exposure to inhibitors of histone deacetylases and DNA methylation. These results demonstrate that changes in DNA methylation but not histone acetylation create a heritable epigenetic state at some imprinted loci in somatic cells.
Collaborative Intelligence - Definition and Measured Impacts on Internetworked e-Work

Received: 27 October 2014 Abstract Accepted: 23 December 2014 Internetworked e-Work is enabling new channels in cyber space for collaboration among physical and cyber agents, e.g., humans, robots, software agents. Research on Collaborative Control Theory (CCT) indicates that building and augmenting the Collaborative Intelligence (CI) of participants in cyber-physical networks can provide better support for achieving their individual and common goals. In spite of its rising significance and popularity, however, no clear and precise definition and universal quantitative measure has been proposed for the CI. In this article, we first formalize the CI by suggesting a formal definition, based on the definitions of its elements – collaboration and intelligence. We then propose a quantitative measure for the CI, adapted from the universal intelligence measure. For illustration, we analyze three recent collaborative e-Work studies at three different scales: (1) Telerobotenabled computer supported collaborative design; (2) Collaborative product line control in supply networks; (3) Demand and capacity sharing in multi-enterprise collaboration. From these case studies, common advantages such as work efficiency, network robustness and stability, service level, resource utilization, and collaboration cost are observed, analyzed, and translated into formal CI measures. Results indicate significant impacts of CI on the efficiency, effectiveness, and quality of collaborative activities in emerging e-Work networks.