cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recombination Between Cauliflower Mosaic Virus and Transgenic Plants that Contain CaMV Transgenes : Influence of Selection Pressure on Isolation of Recombinants

We have shown that some cauliflower mosaic caulimovirus (CaMV) strains are able to recombine with Nicotiana bigelovii plants that contain a CaMV transgene that determines systemic infection of solanaceous species. The transgenic N. bigelovii expressed gene VI of CaMV strain D4, a gene known to determine systemic infection in solanaceous species including N. bigelovii. Recombinants between CaMV and the transgene can be readily isolated under conditions of strong selection pressure, but surprisingly can also be isolated from transgenic plants under moderate selection pressure. To simulate conditions of strong selection pressure, we inoculated the transgenic N. bigelovii with CaMV strain CM1841, a strain that is unable to infect N. bigelovii systemically. Recombinants between CM1841 and the transgene were isolated from 30% of the plants after mechanical inoculation. When CM1841 was agroinoculated, a recombinant virus was isolated from 100% of the transgenic plants. To simulate conditions of moderate selection pressure, we inoculated transgenic plants with CaMV strain W260, a virus that is able to infect nontransformed N. bigelovii systemically. We hypothesized that a recombinant virus formed between W260 and the transgene would have little or no selective advantage over the wild-type W260 virus. However, we found evidence that W260 had recombined with the transgene in three of 23 transgenic N. bigelovii infected with W260. The observation that a recombinant virus could predominate over the wild-type W260 virus was unforeseen, but might reflect differences in the aggressiveness of the recombinant relative to the initial inoculum. To determine whether the W260 recombinant virus, designated W260R, was more competitive than the wild-type W260, the two viruses were inoculated separately and in varying ratios onto non-transformed N. bigelovii. An analysis of the viruses responsible for the infections revealed that W260R could predominate in mixed infections, even when it was only a minor component of the initial virus population.
An introduction to the special volume on the biology of hypogean fishes.

Hypogean fishes have always been a source of amazement and amusement throughout the history of ichthyology (Romero 2001). Controversies have ranged from evolutionary issues to behavioral adaptations, from taxonomy to ecology. The fundamental reason behind those controversies is that a number of adaptations usually referred to as ‘troglomorphisms’, especially blindness and depigmentation, have already been found in nearly 90 species that are largely taxonomically unrelated (Romero & Paulson 2001). Although reduction and/or loss of eyes and pigmentation seem to be common, the degree to which they occur varies and, to make matters more complicated, not all hypogean fishes have those adaptations. In some cases these species/populations freely come in and out of caves; in others, our access to them has been limited to occasional collections from wells. In some cases these species are known from a single specimen; in others they are represented by several populations.
CYGNSS Observations of Ocean Winds and Waves

The cyclone global navigation satellite system (CYGNSS), launched on December 15, 2016, represents the first dedicated GNSS-R satellite mission specifically designed to retrieve ocean surface wind speeds in the Tropical Cyclone (TC) environment [1]. CYGNSS uses a constellation of eight microsatellite observatories that can receive both the direct and reflected signals from GNSS. The CYGNSS observatories are capable of collecting up to four simultaneous reflections each, thus providing high temporal-resolution of ocean surface observations. Thus far, most CYGNSS studies have utilized simulated data from the E2ES [2]–[9]. The current setup of the E2ES assumes the surface slope variances and correlation are completely locally wind-driven, and they are calculated solely based on the local wind speed and wind direction. Analysis of the actual CYGNSS measurements during the course of the calibration and validation process indicates that this assumption is not valid over a large portion of the measurements. While the primary objective of the CYGNSS mission is measuring ocean winds in tropical cyclones, examination of collected GNSS-R signal has shown that the measured signal is a function of both winds and waves. This paper discusses CYGNSS capability in measuring both winds and waves over the ocean, and evaluates its capability in tropical cyclones.
Does Self-Reported or Behavioral Impulsivity Predict Subjective Response to Low-Dose Alcohol?

AIMS Subjective response to alcohol and impulsivity are both independent predictors of alcohol use and may be related risk factors for alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Recent findings suggest that more impulsive individuals may experience higher risk subjective response patterns at moderate-to-high doses of alcohol. However, whether these relationships are observable early in a drinking occasion remains an open question. This study examined multiple measures of impulsivity in relation to subjective response following low-dose alcohol. METHOD Eighty-seven non-treatment-seeking heavy drinkers were enrolled in a placebo-controlled alcohol administration study testing the effects of NMDA receptor antagonist, Memantine. Baseline impulsivity assessments included the Cued Go/No-Go Task, Experiential Discounting Task, and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Version 11 (BIS-11). Following consumption of low-dose alcohol aimed to increase blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.03%, subjective stimulation and sedation were measured using the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale. Models were tested to relate impulsivity measures to subjective response with a post hoc exploratory model exploring boredom as an alternate predictor. RESULTS Increases in stimulation and sedation were observed following low-dose alcohol, but were not predicted significantly by impulsivity measures. Although greater impulsivity on the BIS-11 was a trend-level predictor of increased sedation, post hoc analyses suggested these results were an artifact of boredom. CONCLUSION Although impulsivity did not predict subjective response to low-dose alcohol, the results suggest that small amounts of alcohol can produce a range of subjective effects, even among heavy drinkers. Future studies would benefit by examining subjective response across a range of BACs among both light and heavy drinkers.
Flexural performance of steel-reinforced engineered cementitious composites with different reinforcing ratios and steel types

Abstract Reinforced engineered cementitious composites (ECC) flexural members fail either after a dominant crack forms (i.e., crack localization) or after gradual strain hardening of reinforcing steel. These two failure paths represent distinct ductility ranges and load reduction mechanisms that have not been fully characterized. This study experimentally investigates the two failure paths of flexural members with different reinforcing ratios (0.53%–2.10%), two types of reinforcing steel (A615 Grade 60 and A1035 Grade 100), and under monotonic and cyclic loading conditions. A total of twelve simply-supported beams are tested including two conventional concrete beams for baseline comparisons. Based on the experimental results, a recently-developed flexural strength prediction method is validated. Results show that (1) the two failure paths are affected by the reinforcing ratio and steel type, (2) ECC sustains a maximum compressive strain that is larger than 1.0% before crushing, (3) ECC effectively restrains crack width opening for flexural members using high strength (Grade 100) steel reinforcement, and (4) a recently proposed flexural strength prediction method is able to predict the experimentally observed flexural strength of the beams with an error less than 5%.
When Is It Safe to Start Pharmacologic Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis After Pelvic Fractures? A Prospective Study From a Level I Trauma Center

Abstract Background The ideal time for pharmacologic venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis initiation after pelvic fracture is controversial. This prospective study evaluated the safety and efficacy of early VTE prophylaxis after blunt pelvic trauma. Methods Patients presenting to our American College of Surgeons–verified level I trauma center (between December 1, 2016 and November 30, 2017) with blunt pelvic fracture were prospectively screened. Exclusion criteria were emergency department death, immediate operative intervention, transfers, home anticoagulation, pregnancy, and patients receiving no pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis during hospitalization. Patients were dichotomized into study groups based on VTE prophylaxis initiation time ≤48 h (early prophylaxis [EP]) versus >48 h (late prophylaxis [LP]) after emergency department arrival. Demographics, injury data, clinical data, VTE prophylaxis agent and initiation time, and outcomes were compared. Results After exclusions, 146 patients were identified: 74 (51%) patients in EP group and 72 (49%) patients in LP group. Pelvic fracture severity was comparable between groups (Abbreviated Injury Scale extremity score 2 [2-3] versus 2 [2-3]; P = 0.610). On univariate analysis, deep vein thrombosis rates were higher after LP (n = 5, 7% versus 0, 0%; P = 0.027). Pulmonary embolism rates were similar (n = 2, 3% versus n = 3, 4%; P = 1.000). No patient required delayed intervention for bleeding, and postprophylaxis blood transfusion was comparable between groups (P > 0.05). On multivariate analysis, timing of pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis initiation was not associated with VTE development (odds ratio, 0.647; P = 0.999). Pelvic angioembolization was independently associated with VTE (odds ratio, 1.296; P = 0.044). Conclusions Early initiation of pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis after blunt pelvic fracture is safe. Although EP initiation did not reduce the rate of VTE, these data identify angioembolization as an independent risk factor for VTE. Patients with blunt pelvic fracture who undergo angioembolization may therefore represent a high-risk population who may especially benefit from EP.
Online Review Antecedents of Trust, Purchase, and Recommendation Intention: A Simulation-Based Experiment for Hotels and AirBnBs

Although the influence of trust on purchase intention is well studied in e-commerce, the emergence and rapid growth of the sharing economy has renewed the relevance of this relationship. Though the...
The State Action Doctrine and the Principle of Democratic Choice

The Supreme Court has badly misread the purpose of the state action doctrine. The Supreme Court has failed to recognize that the fundamental value that is served by the state action doctrine is not "individual freedom" but rather "democratic choice." As a result the Court has narrowly construed the concept of state action, and has underestimated the necessity of applying constitutional norms to the exercise of combined private and state power. The Supreme Court has also misconstrued the distinction between state action and state inaction. Once protective laws have been enacted through the democratic process state action exists, and constitutional norms govern the execution of those laws. The principle of democratic choice means that the American people have the discretion to determine whether and to what extent individuals and private organizations have the duty to observe constitutional norms such as fairness, tolerance, and equality. Progressive legal scholars also fail to appreciate the true meaning of state action doctrine. The state action doctrine stands for the proposition that the people alone have the final say in determining the nature and the degree of governmental services that they will support with their tax dollars. Once it is understood that the state action doctrine serves and is controlled by the principle of democratic choice, the errors of both the Supreme Court and its progressive critics become obvious, and the doctrine emerges as a rational and coherent building block of our democracy.
A scientific visualization workbench

A system for visualization of data from supercomputer simulations has been developed. The scientific visualization workbench, as it is called, is based on an industry standard workstation (a Sun 3/160C), the NeWS window system, and a video/graphics add-in card, which is supported by NeWS. Also involved is a frame buffer attached to a 48-Mb/s Cray channel and a video link from the frame buffer to the Sun workstation. Computation and graphics preparation are performed on the Cray under the control of a NeWS client program. Images are rasterized and sent to the workstation at the rate of 25 frame/s. The workbench permits the scientist to converse with applications running on a Cray but still retain the convenience and flexibility of a personal workstation environment. The video link allows animated graphics images to be displayed on the workstation at a much higher rate than would be possible with a conventional network connection, i.e. Ethernet. Also, NeWS affords the convenience of a modern window system. Live video can be displayed in a window anywhere on the screen, while other windows may contain conventional text or graphics.
L-type channel inactivation balances the increased peak calcium current due to absence of Rad in cardiomyocytes

The L-type Ca2+ channel (LTCC) provides trigger calcium to initiate cardiac contraction in a graded fashion that is regulated by L-type calcium current (ICa,L) amplitude and kinetics. Inactivation of LTCC is controlled to fine-tune calcium flux and is governed by voltage-dependent inactivation (VDI) and calcium-dependent inactivation (CDI). Rad is a monomeric G protein that regulates ICa,L and has recently been shown to be critical to β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) modulation of ICa,L. Our previous work showed that cardiomyocyte-specific Rad knockout (cRadKO) resulted in elevated systolic function, underpinned by an increase in peak ICa,L, but without pathological remodeling. Here, we sought to test whether Rad-depleted LTCC contributes to the fight-or-flight response independently of β-AR function, resulting in ICa,L kinetic modifications to homeostatically balance cardiomyocyte function. We recorded whole-cell ICa,L from ventricular cardiomyocytes from inducible cRadKO and control (CTRL) mice. The kinetics of ICa,L stimulated with isoproterenol in CTRL cardiomyocytes were indistinguishable from those of unstimulated cRadKO cardiomyocytes. CDI and VDI are both enhanced in cRadKO cardiomyocytes without differences in action potential duration or QT interval. To confirm that Rad loss modulates LTCC independently of β-AR stimulation, we crossed a β1,β2-AR double-knockout mouse with cRadKO, resulting in a Rad-inducible triple-knockout mouse. Deletion of Rad in cardiomyocytes that do not express β1,β2-AR still yielded modulated ICa,L and elevated basal heart function. Thus, in the absence of Rad, increased Ca2+ influx is homeostatically balanced by accelerated CDI and VDI. Our results indicate that the absence of Rad can modulate the LTCC without contribution of β1,β2-AR signaling and that Rad deletion supersedes β-AR signaling to the LTCC to enhance in vivo heart function.
Causes and consequences of coalitional cognition

Abstract What is a group? How do we know to which groups we belong? How do we assign others to groups? A great deal of theorizing across the social sciences, has conceptualized “groups” as synonymous with “categories.” There are significant limitations to this approach, however, particularly for making predictions about novel intergroup contexts and about how intergroup dynamics will change over time. Here I systematize the conditions under which a generalized coalitional psychology gets activated—the recognition of another's capacity for and likelihood of coordination not only with oneself but with others. First, I synthesize recent developments in research on the cognitive processes that give rise to the inference of coalitions and group-biased preferences (even in the absence of category labels). Then I review downstream consequences of inferences about capacity and likelihood of coordination for valuation, emotions, attribution, and inter-coalitional harm. Finally, I discuss ways to use these psychological levers to attenuate intergroup hostility.
Chronic rhinosinusitis as a risk factor for intracranial and extracranial complications after endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery.

Abstract Purpose To elucidate whether chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), usually an inflammatory-mediated rather than infectious process, is a risk factor for extracranial and intracranial complications after elective endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery (ETSS). Materials and methods A single-center retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients who underwent ETSS between January 2015 and July 2019 was performed, which included chart review and computed tomography assessment. CRS was defined by symptomatology and concurrent endoscopic or radiographic findings. Results Of 292 subjects, 11% (n = 33) met criteria for CRS. Median difference in Lund-Mackay scores between the CRS and non-CRS groups was 3.0 (95% CI 2.0–4.0). Complications included acute rhinosinusitis requiring antibiotics (23%, 68/292), epistaxis (10%, 28/292), meningitis (1%, 3/292), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak (7%, 20/292), revision sinonasal procedures (10%, 28/292), and frequent in-office debridement (13%, 39/292). CRS was strongly associated with postoperative acute rhinosinusitis (aRR 1.85, 95% CI 1.18–2.90) and frequent debridement (aRR 1.96, 95% CI 1.00–3.83). Conversely, CRS was not associated with epistaxis (aRR 1.52, 95% CI 0.62–3.72), postoperative CSF leak (aRR 0.91, 95% CI 0.24–3.44), or additional sinonasal procedures (aRR 0.70, 95% CI 0.21–2.29). The rate of meningitis was not significantly higher in the CRS cohort (difference 2.2%, 95% CI -1.0% to 14.5%). Conclusions CRS was a strong risk factor for acute rhinosinusitis and need for frequent in-office debridement after ETSS. It was not associated with other postoperative complications including epistaxis, CSF leak, or revision sinonasal procedures. CRS patients had a slightly higher rate of meningitis, which is likely not clinically meaningful.
The SAGA core module is critical during Drosophila oogenesis and is broadly recruited to promoters

The Spt/Ada-Gcn5 Acetyltransferase (SAGA) coactivator complex has multiple modules with different enzymatic and non-enzymatic functions. How each module contributes to gene expression is not well understood. During Drosophila oogenesis, the enzymatic functions are not equally required, which may indicate that different genes require different enzymatic functions. An analogy for this phenomenon is the handyman principle: while a handyman has many tools, which tool he uses depends on what requires maintenance. Here we analyzed the role of the non-enzymatic core module during Drosophila oogenesis, which interacts with TBP. We show that depletion of SAGA-specific core subunits blocked egg chamber development at earlier stages than depletion of enzymatic subunits. These results, as well as additional genetic analyses, point to an interaction with TBP and suggest a differential role of SAGA modules at different promoter types. However, SAGA subunits co-occupied all promoter types of active genes in ChIP-seq and ChIP-nexus experiments, and the complex was not specifically associated with distinct promoter types in the ovary. The high-resolution genomic binding profiles were congruent with SAGA recruitment by activators upstream of the start site, and retention on chromatin by interactions with modified histones downstream of the start site. Our data illustrate that a distinct genetic requirement for specific components may conceal the fact that the entire complex is physically present and suggests that the biological context defines which module functions are critical.
Proteolytic degradation of myosin and the meromyosins by a water-insoluble polyanionic derivative of trypsin: properties of a helical subunit isolated from heavy meromyosin.

The hydrolysis of myosin by a water-insoluble polyanionic derivative of trypsin (IMET) has been studied with the pH-stat and by sedimentation velocity experiments. As with soluble trypsin, the kinetic data can be interpreted in terms of two first-order reaction classes. However, in the case of IMET, the fast reaction no longer parallels the formation of the meromyosins, and the total number of peptide bonds available for enzymic hydrolysis is markedly reduced. The implication of these findings for the conformation of the linkage between the meromyosins is discussed. Meromyosins formed by IMET have distinctive properties: Heavy meromyosin shows a 3 s component even when isolated from partially digested myosin. Light meromyosin can form lattice structures instead of fibrous aggregates. The 3 s component, heavy meromyosin subfragment 2, has been isolated by alcohol fractionation, followed by isoelectric precipitation. This water-soluble protein has a molecular weight of 61,000 and a helix content of 80%. These values, together with the sedimentation velocity and viscosity data, suggest a length of about 400for the molecule. Heavy meromyosin subfragment 2 forms paracrystals with a 145periodicity.
Classical Common Law Jurisprudence (Part 1)

The classical conception of law, articulated by seventeenth century common law jurists like Sir Edward Coke and Sir Matthew Hale, drew inspiration from earlier natural law sources, but also reflected dominant features of native common law practice and the special political pressures to which it was subjected in that turbulent period of English history. Common law jurisprudence, even in its heyday, had not matured into a full-fledged philosophical theory of law, but a number of important notions to which common law jurist gave complex and conflicting expression influenced orthodox understanding of English (and later American) legal practice for centuries thereafter. This essay offers a partial philosophical reconstruction of the classical common law conception. It is meant not as a contribution to legal history, but rather as a systematic articulation of the conception worthy of careful attention of latter-day legal theorists. The essay is in two parts. Part I opens with a sketch of the historical roots of the common law, and then isolates in broad strokes the main themes or issues debated by common law jurists. Common law jurists agreed that law was to be understood as "reasonable usage." For many common lawyers this involved both common custom and common reason, but these notions were as contested as they were central to the common law mind. They were also thought to be interdependent: custom was always subject to the test of reason, but reason was embodied in the common practices of law. The relations and conflicts between these two notions are explored as well as the connection between the common law notion of common "artificial" reason or and traditional notions of natural law and natural reason.
Trust evaluation within a type-2 fuzzy logic framework

A model for reasoning about trust and risk is developed as a result of investigating the representation and processing of beliefs within a type-2 fuzzy logic framework. This model is shown to be more realistic than the Dempster-Shaffer theory and subjective logic because of its lack of restriction to binary propositions. The model also gives an indication of the quality of its implications by allowing best case and worst case analyses. This model is tested using the game theoretic prisoners dilemma problem as well as the hypothetical operation of an Internet store. In both cases the model is shown to give a more realistic modeling environment and deliver more useful information than when using crisp values or type-1 sets in situations where input values and pay-offs are uncertain.
Inseparable extensions of algebras over the Steenrod algebra with applications to modular invariant theory of finite groups

We consider purely inseparable extensions H → P* √H of unstable Noetherian integral domains over the Steenrod algebra. It turns out that there exists a finite group G ≤ GL(V) and a vector space decomposition V = W 0 ⊕ W 1 ⊕ ··· ⊕ W e such that H = (F[W 0 ] ⊗ F[W 1 ] p ⊗ ··· ⊗ F[We]p e ) G and P* √H = F[V] G , where (-) denotes the integral closure. Moreover, H is Cohen-Macaulay if and only if P* √H is Cohen-Macaulay. Furthermore, H is polynomial if and only if P* √H is polynomial, and P* √H = F[h 1 ,... h n ] if and only if .H=F[h 1 ,...,h n0 ,h p n1 ,h p2 n1+1 ,...,h pe ne ], where n e = n and n i = dim F (W 0 ⊕···⊕ W i ).
A Constraint-Based Approach to Diagnosing Software Problems in Computer Networks

Distributed software problems can be particularly mystifying to diagnose, for both system users and system administrators. Modelbased diagnosis methods that have been more commonly applied to physical systems can be brought to bear on such software systems. A prototype system has been developed for diagnosing problems in software that controls computer networks. Our approach divides this software into its natural hierarchy of layers, subdividing each layer into three separately modeled components: the interface to the layer above on the same machine, the protocol to the same layer on a remote machine, and the configuration. For each component knowledge is naturally represented in the form of constraints. User interaction modeling is accomplished through the introduction of constraints representing user assumptions, the finite-state machine specification of a protocol is translated to a standard CSP representation and configuration tasks are modeled as dynamic CSPs. Diagnosis is viewed as a partial constraint satisfaction problem (PCSP). A PCSP algorithm has been adapted for use as a diagnostic engine. This paper presents a case study illustrating the diagnosis of some problems involving the widely used FTP and DNS network software.
Provably delay efficient data retrieving in storage clouds

One key requirement for storage clouds is to be able to retrieve data quickly. Recent system measurements have shown that the data retrieving delay in storage clouds is highly variable, which may result in a long latency tail. One crucial idea to improve the delay performance is to retrieve multiple data copies by using parallel downloading threads. However, how to optimally schedule these downloading threads to minimize the data retrieving delay remains to be an important open problem. In this paper, we develop low-complexity thread scheduling policies for several important classes of data downloading time distributions, and prove that these policies are either delay-optimal or within a constant gap from the optimum delay performance. These theoretical results hold for an arbitrary arrival process of read requests that may contain finite or infinite read requests, and for heterogeneous MDS storage codes that can support diverse storage redundancy and reliability requirements for different data files. Our numerical results show that the delay performance of the proposed policies is significantly better than that of First-Come-First-Served (FCFS) policies considered in prior work.
Concomitant loss of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta receptor types I and II in TGF-beta-resistant cell mutants implicates both receptor types in signal transduction.

A panel of 71 chemically mutagenized Mv1Lu mink lung epithelial cell clones were selected based on their resistance to the growth inhibitory action of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) and TGF-beta 2. Characterization of TGF-beta receptors in these mutants indicates that the TGF-beta-binding membrane proteoglycan, betaglycan, is apparently normal in all of them. However, 14 of the mutant clones are defective in TGF-beta receptor type I, and 22 clones are simultaneously defective in receptor types I and II. The clones with type I receptor defects fall into two distinct phenotypes, called R and LR. The R phenotype is characterized by the lack of detectable type I receptors, and has been previously described (Boyd, F. T., and Massague, J. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 2272-2278). LR mutants are characterized by expression of low levels of type I receptor and are, like the R mutants, completely resistant to growth inhibition by TGF-beta 1 or -beta 2. Mutant clones that are simultaneously defective in receptor types I and II fall into three distinct phenotypes. These included DRa mutants which are characterized by lack of detectable receptor types I and II, DRb mutants which are characterized by low expression of both receptor types and an anomalously fast electrophoretic mobility of the type II receptor protein. All mutants that have a low level of type II receptor are also defective in type I receptor. In addition to the loss of growth inhibitory response, the receptor-defective mutants described here have lost all other responses to TGF-beta 1 and -beta 2 known to occur in parental Mv1Lu cells. The defects present in these mutant clones are not encountered in clones isolated from nonmutagenized parental Mv1Lu cells or in mutagenized cells that had not been exposed to selection with TGF-beta. The results implicate TGF-beta receptor types I and II in the mediation of a common set of cellular responses to TGF-beta. Furthermore, the high relative frequency of isolation of DR mutants raises the possibility that receptor types I and II interact as part of a common signaling TGF-beta receptor complex.
Many-body mobility edge due to symmetry-constrained dynamics and strong interactions

We provide numerical evidence combined with an analytical understanding of the many-body mobility edge for the strongly anisotropic spin-$1/2 \mathit{XXZ}$ model in a random magnetic field. The system dynamics can be understood in terms of symmetry-constrained excitations about parent states with ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic short range order. These two regimes yield vastly different dynamics producing an observable, tunable many-body mobility edge. We compute a set of diagnostic quantities that verify the presence of the mobility edge and discuss how weakly correlated disorder can tune the mobility edge further.
The association between lipid levels and the risks of incident myocardial infarction, stroke, and total mortality: The Cardiovascular Health Study.

confidence interval 50.76‐0.96). For the outcome of ischemic stroke, high levels of HDL-C were associated with a decreased risk in men but not women. Lipid measures were generally only weakly associated with the risks of hemorrhagic stroke or total mortality. CONCLUSION: In this population-based study of older adults, most lipid measures were weakly associated with cardiovascular events. The association between low HDLC and increased MI risk was nonetheless strong and consistent. J Am Geriatr Soc 52:1639–1647, 2004.
Testimony, Justification and Coherence

Are we justified in accepting what others tell us? How important is the answer to this question in epistemology? Thomas Reid provided us with a positive answer to the first question backed by a theory to defend the answer.1 We are justified in accepting what others tell us because we are naturally disposed to do so by our faculties and because we are naturally disposed to speak the truth. Since we are all naturally disposed to speak the truth, accepting what others tell us is a good strategy for accepting what is true. These contentions are explicit in Reid. There is a only slightly concealed premise that the objective of justification is to accept something if and only if it is true. It is clear that Reid held that the justification that we have for believing what others tell us is usually immediate, that is, is usually not the result of reasoning about their testimony. We must allow for the possibility that others, though speaking the truth as they see it, are in error and for the possibility that they might dissemble. When, however, we have no reason to think that they err or that they dissemble, we are justified in accepting what they say without any reasoning to support so doing. Acceptance of what others say is, in contemporary formulation, the default mode of mental operation.
The New Christian Right and the Death of Secularism as Neutrality in the United States

Over recent years religious conservatives in the United States have fervently contested the idea of a liberal, secular public sphere. This article urges scholars to consider that contest in light of the history of the New Christian Right (NCR) of the late 1970s and 1980s. NCR activists, intellectuals, lawyers, and government officials advanced a critique of Rawlsian political liberalism, one charging that public institutions were not the bastions of neutrality supposed by American liberals. Contrary to the U.S. Constitution’s ban on an establishment of religion, this critique alleged, cultural elites and judges had lifted the “religion” of secular humanism up to a preferred status while attempting to purge the public sphere of Christianity. Focusing on a pair of federal court cases from the 1980s, this article considers one of the NCR‘s most fascinating strategies––defining as a “religion” the very secularism meant to contain religion to private life.
The Alcohol Dependence Syndrome, 30 years later: a commentary

Aims Major classification systems for alcohol use disorders (DSM-IV and ICD-10) contain elements of the 1976 Edwards and Gross formulation of the Alcohol Dependence Syndrome (ADS). However, issues remain about the criteria that identify Alcohol Dependence (AD) as distinct from Alcohol Abuse (AA) in DSM-IV and Harmful Use in ICD-10. These issues, in part, have their roots in changing historical perceptions of alcohol use and its problems. We discuss current diagnostic criteria for AA and AD, collectively called Alcohol Use Disorders (AUDs), in the context of their historical evolution; research progress in understanding alcohol problems, including alcohol dependence; new findings on the severity of AUDs as classified by DSM-IV; and the role of alcohol consumption patterns in future classifications of AUDs. Methods This paper is based largely on the 2006 H. David Archibald Lecture. Parts of the original lecture have been modified to reflect more recent findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) of the US National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Results The original Edwards and Gross ADS construct is supported by advances in biological and behavioral science over the past 30 years. New findings indicate that DSM-IV AA and AD are not diagnostically distinct entities, but represent a continuum of severity of AUDs. The ADS criteria may best represent one quantifiable dimension of alcohol use problems and this scale can be related to that of the frequency of harmful patterns of drinking. Conclusion The Edwards and Gross ADS criteria can be used as the basis for beginning the development of scalable multi-dimensional criteria for diagnosing AUDs in new initiatives to revise DSM-IV and ICD-10.
Chemically-etched ultra-high-Q micro-cavities on a silicon chip

Optical resonators with quality factor as high as 875 million are demonstrated. These silicon-chip-based devices are fabricated using only lithography and chemical etching, thereby expanding integration opportunities and possible applications.
Structural Characterization of Representative d(7), d(8), and d(9) Transition Metal Complexes of Bis(o-carborane).

This paper presents the first crystallographically characterized, contiguous series of 4-coordinate transition metal compounds having a common organometallic ligand set and differing only in the identity and oxidation state of the metal. This series spans from d7 to d9 with overlapping examples for d8. M = Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(III), and Cu(II).
[18F]fluoro-β-fluoromethylene-m-tyrosine derivatives show stereo, geometrical, and regio specificities as in vivo central dopaminergic probes in monkeys

Abstract Stereo (d and l), geometrical ( E and Z ), and regiospecific (2-, 4-, and 6-[ 18 F]fluoro) analogs of β-fluoromethylene- m -tyrosine (FMMT) have been investigated in adult vervet monkeys ( Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus , n =12) in vivo with positron emission tomography (PET). Brain transport through the blood–brain barrier and central aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD)-mediated decarboxylation rates were established. Results show strict structural dependency of the kinetic behavior of radiofluorinated FMMT analogs, with the E -isomer exhibiting a higher specificity over the ( Z ) geometrical counterpart for central dopaminergic structures. The 6-[ 18 F]fluoro substituted l-( E )-FMMT was also favored over the 2- and 4-[ 18 F]fluorosubstituted isomers in terms of their ability to localize in the same brain areas. The role of PET in drug development is also exemplified in this work.
Recontextualizing the Racial Present: Intertextuality and the Politics of Online Remembering

Remembering is never an end in its own right, but a means of asserting power and legitimizing social hierarchies. Thus, voices that seek to interpret the past in contradictory ways are often silenced (Zelizer, 1995). No part of the U.S. past is more called upon to legitimize contemporary racial relations than the Civil Rights Movement, which is constructed as the end of the nation's systemic racism. Institutionalized racism is thereby relegated to history. Troubling aspects of the past that might lead citizens to interpret the contemporary U.S. as anything other than an egalitarian meritocracy are erased or rendered ideologically safe. This article examines how the Malcolm X Grassroots Movement (MXGM), one of the largest contemporary Black Nationalist organizations in the U.S., uses its website to challenge the notion of a “post-racial” U.S. by undermining the history upon which this conception is built. The MXGM's website recontextualizes contemporary events within marginalized accounts of the past to de...
The metabolism of nonane, a JP-8 jet fuel component, by human liver microsomes, P450 isoforms and alcohol dehydrogenase and inhibition of human P450 isoforms by JP-8.

Nonane, a component of jet-propulsion fuel 8 (JP-8), is metabolized to 2-nonanol and 2-nonanone by pooled human liver microsomes (pHLM). Cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms 1A2, 2B6 and 2E1 metabolize nonane to 2-nonanol, whereas alcohol dehydrogenase, CYPs 2B6 and 2E1 metabolize 2-nonanol to 2-nonanone. Nonane and 2-nonanol showed no significant effect on the metabolism of testosterone, estradiol or N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), but did inhibit carbaryl metabolism. JP-8 showed modest inhibition of testosterone, estradiol and carbaryl metabolism, but had a more significant effect on the metabolism of DEET. JP-8 was shown to inhibit CYPs 1A2 and 2B6 mediated metabolism of DEET, suggesting that at least some of the components of JP-8 might be metabolized by CYPs 1A2 and/or 2B6.
Solution properties of copolyamides

Abstract Mark-Houwink-Sakurada relations for random copolymers from para -aminobenzoic acid and 6-aminohexanoic acid were determined in N , N -dimethylacetamide, dichloroacetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid. Unperturbed chain dimensions, solvent-polymer interaction parameters and conformational parameter, δ, were obtained by using the Stockmayer-Fixman equation. The unperturbed dimensions were also calculated by using a semi-empirical relation of Krigbaum; they compare favourably with values calculated through the use of (S-F) equation. The results show that the unperturbed dimensions are dependent on the solvent nature.
The number of n-cycles in a graph

Abstract Recently, Chang and Fu [Y.C. Chang, H.L. Fu, The number of 6-cycles in a graph, Bull. Inst. Combin. Appl. 39 (2003) 27–30] derived an exact expression, based on powers of the adjacency matrix, for the number of 6-cycles in a graph. Here, I demonstrate a method for obtaining the number of n-cycles in a graph from the immanants of the adjacency matrix. The method is applicable to cycles of all sizes and to sets of disjoint cycles of any sizes, and the cycles in the set need not be the same size.
Early Proterozoic Geology of the Great Lakes Region

Interest in the Precambrian geology of the Great Lakes Region has been growing as documented by a new generation of multi-authored books. Two have been published recently: the volume under review and a companion volume, Geology and Tectonics of the Lake Superior Basin, Mem. 156. The Minnesota Geological Survey has published a regional Precambrian geological map at a scale of 1:1,000,000, and in 2 years' time newer data will appear in a DNAG (Decade of North American Geology) volume on the Precambrian of the conterminous United States. Thus, the papers in the volume under review provide a comprehensive view of the status of geological knowledge as it existed in the spring of 1981.
Income taxation, labor supply and the theory of income-based cost-of-living indices

Abstract This paper derives theoretically exact formulas for income- and expenditure-based cost-of-living indices that are implied by a model of utility maximization in the presence of taxation and a goods-leisure decision. The derived income-based cost-of-living indices not only allow for substitutions among goods and leisure as the incentives to consume them change - as do the expenditure-based indices - but also explicitly incorporate the effects of ‘bracket creep’ and the tax deductibility of leisure into the value of the indices. Numerical estimates of three income-based measures of the cost-of-living suggest that ‘bracket creep’ eroded substantially the purchasing power of U.S. households during the 1970s.
The Rituals of Renaissance: Liturgy and Mythic History in The Marvels of Rome

The Mirabilia urbis romae offers us insight into the symbolic meaning of the streetscape of Rome from the perspective of a canon of St. Peter’s. It should be read alongside the contemporary Roman Ordo with which it was certainly associated in the twelfth century. When read in that context, the Mirabilia serves as a kind of direct and indirect commentary on the papal liturgy. The papal liturgies at Easter and Christmas moved through an environment that was “re-written” by the Mirabilia as a narrative of Christian Roman renewal and of triumph throughout the Mediterranean world. The Mirabilia celebrates both Roman renewal and hegemony in the eastern Mediterranean, giving heightened significance to the liturgical life of the twelfth-century papacy. The papal liturgy, at these most triumphant processional moments, celebrated that historic and, ultimately, eschatological triumph.
Metformin as secondary therapy in a defined population with type 2 diabetes.

Abstract This study was undertaken to assess the effect of metformin as a second-line oral antihyperglycemic agent in a defined population with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We measured the extent and circumstances of metformin use in the 15,000-person diabetes registry of a large, group-model health maintenance organization (HMO). Among subsets of patients in whom adequate glycemic control could not be maintained with sulfonylurea (SU) therapy, we compared glycemic control before and after metformin use to glycemic control during a similar interval before metformin was introduced. Metformin users were significantly more likely than nonusers to have had poor glycemic control at baseline. Nearly two thirds (63.8%) of patients with a glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb A 1c )) level >10% switched to metformin, as did 46.3% of those with an Hb A 1c level of 8% to 10%. In all patients (metformin users and nonusers) in whom SU therapy failed to maintain glycemic control, Hb A 1c levels decreased 0.9% after metformin was introduced, compared with a decrease of 0.4% during the control period. In a group-model HMO that promoted the use of metformin as second-line therapy in patients unable to maintain glycemic control with SU therapy, metformin reduced hyperglycemic levels.
TH-D-201C-07: A Quantitative Approach to Extracting Magnetic Susceptibilities of Small Cylindrical Objects from Clinical MRI Sequences

Purpose: Changes of venous blood oxygenation level lead to direct changes in the magnetic susceptibility of veins. The oxygenation level reflects the physiological state of a given vein. Therefore susceptibility quantification of veins has been a strong interest in MRI [1]. Here we will demonstrate a general approach to extracting magnetic susceptibilities of narrow cylindrical objects and veins at arbitrary orientations from only two or three echoes of a standard 3D gradient echo sequence. Method and Materials: Our previous work [2] has accurately quantified effective magnetic moments of given cylindrical objects. If an object has no MR signal its volume and susceptibility can be further determined [2]. When an object of interest (e.g. vein) has an MR signal the susceptibility of the object and its volume may be uniquely quantified from our CISSCO method applied on images acquired with three different echo times. Simulations and phantoms of Gd‐DTPA dopedgel cylinders with diameters less than 5 pixels at arbitrary orientations were imaged at 1.5T. Several small isolated human cerebral veins were also measured from MRimages. The uncertainties of magnetic susceptibilities were quantified by the error propagation method.Results: Differences of measuredsusceptibilities in simulations at echo time (TE) 14ms are within 15% of the input susceptibility (1 ppm). These differences agree very well with the uncertainties estimated from the error propagation method. The measuredsusceptibilities of diluted Gadolinium cylinders from echo time 14 ms images have uncertainties less than 15% estimated from the error propagation method. The measuredsusceptibilities of veins agree with the textbook value [3] within 16%. Conclusion: Simulations phantom studies and in‐vivomeasurements demonstrate our approach can be used to accurately quantify the magnetic susceptibility of a given narrow and long cylindrical object.
WSN Localization Algorithm Based on Fast SVM

Localization of sensor nodes is essential for wireless sensor network when it is applied to the special applications.This paper proposed a rang-free localization algorithm based on SVM. In this algorithm, multi-class SVMs are applied. So to improve the performance, a fast SVM algorithm is proposed in this paper.Finally, the experimental results demonstrate the algorithm proposed has small localization error, and it is robust and stable.
Erythrophagocytosis in cancer-bearing and lymphoma-bearing mice.

IN addition to the phenomena of agglutination and haemolysis1 of red cells in saline extracts of the spontaneous tumours of C3H mice, there is a third phenomenon, perhaps related to the first two because it also is evidence of red cell injury, which is observed in AKR and C58 strains of mice (both are usually referred to as leukaemic strains, but the AKR strain is better classified as a variety of lymphoma). This third phenomenon is erythrophagocytosis in the enlarged spleens.
Stereoselective acylation of 20-(S)-camptothecin with amino acid derivatives using scandium triflate/DMAP

Abstract Facile esterification of the hindered 3° alcohol 20-( S )-camptothecin with Boc protected chiral amino acids or derivatives under mild conditions has been achieved in high yield using the combination of Sc(OTf) 3 and DMAP. The isomeric purity of the product was maintained under these conditions.
COMPARISON OF UPTAKE OF PALMITIC, STEARIC, OLEIC AND LINOLEIC ACID BY POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.

Abstract 1. 1. A comparison was made of the incorporation in vitro of albumin-bound [I-14C]palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acid by polumorphonuclear leukocytes obtained from rabbit peritoneal exudates. 2. 2. The distribution of radioactivity between phospholipid and non-phospholipid was different for each acid and ramained constant during incubation for 1 h. 3. 3. The amount of each acid incorporated is dependent upon its concentration in the medium. At equimolar concentrations in an artificial incubation mixture equal amounts of the four fatty acids were taken up. 4. 4. The possibility is discussed that fatty acid metabolism by the leukocyte meet an important part of the energy requirements of the cell, particularly during phagocytosis.