cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phosphinyliminodithiolane insecticides: Novel addition reactions of phosfolan and mephosfolan sulfoxides and sulfones

Abstract The sulfoxides and sulfones of phosfolan [2-(diethoxyphosphinylimino)-1,3-dithiolane] and mephosfolan (its 4-methyl analog) react by nucleophilic attack of water, methanol, and thiols at the imino carbon rather than at the phosphorus. Some of the addition products are in turn reactive. Thiolcarbamates formed on hydrolysis of the sulfoxides and sulfones further react with water at physiological pH giving diethyl phosphoramidate via a carbamic acid and with methanol yielding a methyl carbamate. Sulfenic acids from sulfoxide addition reactions readily condense with thiols, e.g., phosfolan sulfoxide readily forms a bis conjugate from addition of two molecules of glutathione. These addition reactions may serve as models for inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, detoxification, and tissue binding.
Social functioning in community residents with depression and other psychiatric disorders: results of the New Haven Epidemiologic catchment area study

Social functioning was compared among 4913 community participants with current depression, past depression, other psychiatric disorders and no psychiatric history, from the New Haven Epidemiologic Catchment Area Wave I survey. Respondents with current major depressive disorder (1.5%) (based on the Diagnostic Interview Schedule) reported significantly poorer intimate relationships and less satisfying social interactions than respondents with past depression or other current disorders. Respondents with no psychiatric history (77%) reported significantly more active and satisfying social interactions than persons with any psychiatric disorder. These social functioning and depression associations were similar among males and females, and corroborated results from patient samples.
Performance-driven global placement via adaptive network characterization

Delay minimization continues to be an important objective in the design of high-performance computing system. In this paper, we present an effective methodology to guide the delay optimization process of the mincut-based global placement via adaptive sequential network characterization. The contribution of this work is the development of a fully automated approach to determine critical parameters related to performance-driven multi-level partitioning-based global placement with retiming. We validate our approach by incorporating this adaptive method into a state-of-the-art global placer GEO. Our A-GEO, the adaptive version of GEO, achieves 67% maximum and 22% average delay improvement over GEO.
α-Methoxythioanisole. Further Uses as an Umpolung Reagent

Abstract The facile lithiation of thioacetals has led to their extensive development as Umpolung reagents of great utility in general organic synthesis.1 In contrast, the corresponding monothioacetals, such as α-alkoxysulfides, have received little attention for similar synthetic purposes. The most investigated reagent of this class has been the α-lithio derivative (2) of α-methoxy-thioanisole (methoxymethylphenylthioether, 1), which we will henceforth refer to as LMT. The first reported use of LMT was in 1975 by Trost, who showed that it added cleanly to the carbonyl of several bicyclic lactones.2 Subsequent studies of LMT have been limited to one example of its addition to a lithiated tosylhydrazone to give eventually an enol ether,3 and several cases of its addition to ketone carbonyls as the first step of an unsaturated aldehyde synthesis.4,5 We now report a new, convenient and non-hazardous synthesis of α-methoxythioanisole (1), as well as a broad overview of the reactions of its lithio derivative LM...
Simultaneous Administration of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 and Darbepoetin Alfa Protects the Rat Myocardium Against Myocardial Infarction and Enhances Angiogenesis

Recent studies have shown that insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and either erythropoietin (EPO) or the long-acting EPO analog Darbepoetin alfa (DA) protect the heart against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and myocardial infarction (MI). The present study examined the cardioprotective effect of simultaneous treatments with IGF-1 and DA in these models of cardiac injury. Rats were subjected to I/R or MI and were treated with IGF-1, DA, and a combination of IGF-1 and DA, or vehicle treatment. IGF-1 and DA treatments imparted similar protective effect by reducing infarct size. Moreover, these treatments led to improvement of cardiac function after I/R or MI compared to vehicle. In the reperfused heart, apoptosis was reduced with either or both IGF-1 and DA treatments as measured by reduced TUNEL staining and caspase-3 activity. In addition, after MI, treatment with IGF-1 or DA significantly induced angiogenesis. This angiogenic effect was enhanced significantly when IGF-1 and DA were given simultaneously compared to vehicle or either agents alone. These data indicate simultaneous pharmacological treatments with IGF-1 and DA protect the heart against I/R and MI injuries. This protection results in reduced infarct size and improved cardiac function. Moreover, this treatment reduces apoptosis and enhances angiogenesis in the ischemic heart.
Context-based detection of clone-related bugs

Studies show that programs contain much similar code, commonly known as clones. One of the main reasons for introducing clones is programmers' tendency to copy and paste code to quickly duplicate functionality. We commonly believe that clones can make programs difficult to maintain and introduce subtle bugs. Although much research has proposed techniques for detecting and removing clones to improve software maintainability, little has considered how to detect latent bugs introduced by clones. In this paper, we introduce a general notion of context-based inconsistencies among clones and develop an efficient algorithm to detect such inconsistencies for locating bugs. We have implemented our algorithm and evaluated it on large open source projects including the latest versions of the Linux kernel and Eclipse. We have discovered many previously unknown bugs and programming style issues in both projects (with 57 for the Linux kernel and 38 for Eclipse). We have also categorized the bugs and style issues and noticed that they exhibit diverse characteristics and are difficult to detect with any single existing bug detection technique. We believe that our approach complements well these existing techniques.
Predicting Daily Insolation with Hourly Cloud Height and Coverage

Abstract Solar radiation information is used in crop growth, boundary layer, entomological and plant pathological models, and in determining the potential use of active and passive solar energy systems. Yet solar radiation is among the least measured meteorological variables. A semi-physical model based on standard meteorological data was developed to estimate solar radiation received at the earth's surface. The radiation model includes the effects of Rayleigh scattering, absorption by water vapor and permanent gases, and absorption and scattering by aerosols and clouds. Cloud attenuation is accounted for by assigning transmission coefficients based on cloud height and amount. The cloud transmission coefficients for various heights and coverages were derived empirically from hourly observations of solar radiation in conjunction with corresponding cloud observations at West Lafayette, Indiana. The model was tested with independent data from West Lafayette and Indianapolis, Madison, WI, Omaha, NE, Columbia,...
Atomistic simulations of the phase stability and elastic properties of nickel-zirconium alloys

Abstract We study the phase stability and the elastic properties of amorphous and crystalline nickel–zirconium alloys using the modified embedded-atom method (MEAM). This binary system was chosen because it has been extensively characterized both in the crystalline and amorphous phases. The MEAM potentials developed here predict the melting temperatures of pure Ni and Zr, and those of the known NiZr intermetallic compounds to better than 13%. For all known intermetallic crystalline structures, the enthalpies of formation predicted by the MEAM model compare favorably to experimental data. The calculated atomic volumes show a slight negative deviation from Vegard’s law. Calculated values of the shear modulus of the amorphous phase also show good agreement with experiment.
Couple Relationships over the Transition to Parenthood: Methodological Issues in Testing for an Intervention Effect:

A conceptual framework using transition in meaning/identity, roles, and relationship/interaction was used to develop and test a three-class, prenatal couple relationship intervention. A nonrandomized convenience sample (treatment group [TG] = 43, control group [CG] = 62 prenatal class couples) was compared preclass and postclass and at mean 10.5 months postbirth. Couples with lower relationship quality self-selected into TG. Both TG and CG showed a rise in relationship satisfaction from preclass to postclass and a pattern of returning to baseline postbirth. ANCOVA (Time 1 children and parenting as covariate) found no treatment effect; TG declined in conflict resolution from Times 1 to 3. Methodological issues in intervention research that may have impeded a teamwork effect are discussed in this article, including randomization, intervention length, unintended intervention and control group effects, content “fit” and need for piloting, attrition, sample size, recruitment, tool length, and participant fatigue.
Urbanization and international trade in developing countries

Abstract This study examines the role of the international economic environment on developing countries' urbanization process. The two-sector open economy model proposed suggests that deteriorating terms of trade, increasing capital prices, and increasing protectionism are factors dictating the pace of urbanization in developing countries.
Relationship between sociability and personal space preference at two different times of day.

Measurements of sociability and emotional adjustment were determined for 100 undergraduate college students by the Heron Two-part Personality Inventory. Three measurements of personal space preference—maximum, optimum and minimum distance for comfortable standing conversation—were obtained for each S between the hours of 8:30–9:30 A.M. and 2:30–3:30 P.M. Contrary to earlier studies, in this sample there was no relationship between the degree of sociability and preference for personal space. However, the amount of personal space preferred in the morning was significantly greater than the amount preferred in the afternoon for all Ss. Low sociability Ss did demonstrate a significantly greater variability in the amount of personal space preferred than did high sociability Ss in 4 of the 6 trials.
Random lasing in bone tissue

Owing to the low-loss and high refractive index variations derived from the basic building block of bone structure, we, for the first time to our knowledge, demonstrate coherent random lasing action originated from the bone structure infiltrated with laser dye, revealing that bone tissue is an ideal biological material for random lasing. Our numerical simulation shows that random lasers are extremely sensitive to subtle structural changes even at nanoscales and can potentially be an excellent tool for probing nanoscale structural alterations in real time as a novel spectroscopic modality.
Upstart Talents: Rhetoric and the Career of Reason in English Romantic Discourse, 1790–1820

JAMES MULVIHILL, 2004, Newark: University of Delaware Press, 261 pp., 0 874 13848 5, hb ., $52.50 Much scholarship on eighteenth-century British rhetorical history has focused on selected theoretic...
Risk effects in elk: sex-specific responses in grazing and browsing due to predation risk from wolves

Risk effects in ungulates are poorly understood but have recently been implicated as an important driver of elk (Cervus elaphus) population dynamics since wolves were reintroduced into the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) of Montana and Wyoming, USA. From December to May in 2004, 2005, and 2006, we recorded the daily presence of wolves on 3 sites occupied by the Upper Gallatin elk population in the northwest corner of the GYE. We estimated the proportion of grasses, conifers, evergreen shrubs, and woody stems in 980 elk fecal samples collected from those 3 sites and tested whether wolf presence affected elk diets. The winter of 2005 was extremely mild allowing us the opportunity to investigate how elk‐wolf interactions might change if winter snowpack continues to decline in western North America due to global warming. Snow accumulation consistently favored browsing, and diets during the mild winter were dominated by grass, very similar to the spring diet. In normal winters, adult males grazed less than adult females except when wolves were near because females decreased grazing in response to wolves. Adult males decreased browsing on conifers by half whereas adult females doubled conifer browsing on days when wolves were near. Overall, the sexes had different diets when wolves were absent but showed strong overlap when wolves were present. Diet shifts due to wolves may be causing trophic cascades that have gone unrecognized and probably carry nutritional consequences for wintering elk. Key words: behaviorally mediate trophic cascade, browsing, diet, elk, grazing, predation, risk effects, sexual segregation, wolves. [Behav Ecol]
Near-field scanning optical microscopy and spectroscopy for semiconductor characterization

The applicability of near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) for optical characterization of semiconductors is discussed. The NSOM technique and some of its properties relevant to real-time in-situ measurements are reviewed. Several optical characterization methods widely used in the far-field, including reflectance, reflectance-difference spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, ellipsometry, and carrier lifetime, are evaluated for their use with NSOM. Experimental data are included for some of these methods. It is concluded that several, but not all, of the standard optical characterization methods can be coupled with NSOM to provide higher spatial resolution. The applicability of NSOM as a real-time in-situ probe shares some of the problems of other proximal probe methods, but offers enough new capabilities to warrant its application.
An evaluation of deviation from the lognormal distribution among species as a pollution indicator in marine benthic communities

Abstract A graphical probability-plot method for detection of pollution in marine communities based on deviations from the lognormal distribution of abundance among species has been proposed (Gray & Mirza, 1979). An extensive group of marine benthic studies was used to empirically define the conditions under which the probability-plot methodology may apply by determining inherent levels of deviation from the lognormal distribution in marine benthic systems. Levels of deviation from the lognormal in unpolluted marine-benthic communities determined with the probability-plot method were on the order of 6% for replicate samples within a station, 29% based on temporal variation at a single station, and 23% based on spatial differences in location of stations, suggesting that a high inherent level of variability may make application of the probability-plot method generally difficult. The probability-plot method appears inappropriate for use in intertidal situations or with field or laboratory experimental manipulations of benthic communities. Physical disturbance failed to generate the predicted deviations from the lognormal in some cases. Four proposed indices of disturbance or pollution were not suitable as such. No association of either the log series or lognormal distributions with pollution or disturbance status of samples was seen. Extreme caution in the use and interpretation of results based on the probability-plot method is strongly recommended.
Inactivation of Erythrocyte Acetylcholinesterase by Penicillin

ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE (ACHE) activity appears to be located at the outer surface of the human erythrocyte1. We have previously shown that ACHE activity is reduced in newborn children affected with ABO haemolytic disease2. A similar defect has been detected in erythrocytes of patients with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH)3. Watson4 has reported that in contrast to normal erythrocytes, those from patients with PNH do not bind penicillin G. In an attempt to establish further similarities between the erythrocytes of infants with ABO disease and the cells of patients with PNH we tested penicillin-binding capacity. Using the technique described by Watson et al.5 with a highly sensitive strain of β-haemolytic streptococci as indicator, we could confirm the inability of PNH erythrocytes to bind penicillin but could not detect decreased binding by red cells from infants with ABO haemolytic anaemia compared with normal adult erythrocytes. Unexpectedly, when membranes from penicillin-treated red cells were tested for ACHE activity, significant inactivation was noted. This observation prompted an investigation of the effects of this antibiotic on erythrocyte ACHE activity. Additional indications for conducting these studies were the recent demonstrations of antipenicillin antibodies6,7 and of in vivo coating of erythrocytes by penicillin8 in cases of haemolytic anaemia caused by administration of penicillin.
Co-Morbidities of Emergency Department Patients Admitted with Essential Hypertension in Florida

Purpose Although essential hypertension (EHT) has been associated with other chronic conditions, few studies have focused on co-morbidities and symptoms among patients admitted in hospital emergency departments (ED). The purpose is to compare the characteristics, co-morbidities and symptoms between ED admitted patients with three types (unspecified, benign, malignant) of EHT in Florida. Methods A public use ED data from the Florida Agency for Health Care Administration (ACHA) in 2005 was used. Records included those with primary diagnosis of three types of EHT based on the International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition (ICD 9) code. Group comparisons were made using chi square tests and linear regression models. Results Of 34,625 records, 96.3%, 2.0%, and 1.7% of them had unspecified, benign and malignant EHT, respectively. Types of EHT varied significantly by race and ethnicity, age group, principal payer, and discharge status. The most common secondary diagnoses included diabetes, abnormal lipid metabolism and hypercholesterolemia, disorder of urethra and urinary tract, hypokalemia, and anemia. While diabetes without complications was the most common co-morbidity of unspecified (10.7%) and malignant (12.3%) hypertensive patients, abnormal lipid metabolism was the most common co-morbidity of benign (20.0%) hypertensive patients. About 15.7% of benign patients had diabetes without complications. The most frequent symptom in all three groups was headache. About 60% (malignant), 34.7% (unspecified), and 4.1% (benign) of patients’ chief reasons for admission were not related to their primary diagnosis. Conclusion While co-morbidities were present in all three types of EHT, the frequencies of co-morbidities and the chief reason for ED visit differed by types. Variation in factors contributing to co-morbidities between three types of EHT should be further explored.
Moderate pressure metamorphism and anatexis due to anorthosite intrusion, western Adirondack Highlands, New York

Garnet-sillimanite-biotite gneiss near Port Leyden, in the western Adirondack Highlands, New York, contains mineral assemblages and textures that formed during high temperature metamorphism and anatexis at mid-crustal pressures. Evidence for melting includes thin, plagioclase-rich veins, sieve textures in biotite, and the presence of small, euhedral garnet neoblasts. Hercynite-silicate equilibria in combination with the solidus for biotite dehydration melting indicate metamorphic pressure was between 4 and 6.4 kbar at the temperature of melting (ca. 735° C). The gneiss is intruded by a small, discordant Fe-Ti oxide-apatite (nelsonite) dike. Reported field occurrences of nelsonite demonstrate its common association with anorthosite plutons. Although no anorthosite bodies are exposed in the Port Leyden region, the presence of nelsonite is evidence of anorthositic magmatism in the western Adirondacks. Post-intrusion metamorphism has caused partial apatite recrystallization and produced a weak foliated texture in the dike. U-Pb ages from zircon and monazite from both the gneiss and the nelsonite dike indicate that these rocks experienced a complex, polymetamorphic history that we interpret to reflect two thermal episodes. An older event is recorded by discordant zircons in the gneiss, which indicate a minimum age of 1129±6 Ma. A linear best fit to the data yields an upper intercept at 1166±53 Ma. This range of ages coincides with anorthosite-suite magmatism in the Adirondacks. A minimum zircon age of 1104±3 Ma was obtained from the nelsonite dike. Lead-loss or late zircon crystallization at about 1020 Ma affected the U-Pb systematics of zircon in the dike. Monazite ages from both rocks also indicate high temperature metamorphism (>700° C) between 1040 and 960 Ma. The older zircon ages and textural relations in the metapelite are viewed as evidence for anatexis at ca. 1150 Ma, and the presence of nelsonite suggests that the intrusion of anorthosite was coincident with partial melting in the gneiss. P-T estimates of metamorphism, therefore, imply that anorthosite was emplaced to about 15 km depth in the western Adirondack Highlands.
Psychoneuroendocrine processes in human pregnancy influence fetal development and health

Individual differences in psychoneuroendocrine function play an important role in health and disease. Developmental models postulate that these individual differences evolve through a progressive series of dynamic time-, place- and context-dependent interactions between genes and environments in fetal, infant and adult life. The effects of early experience have longer-lasting and more permanent consequences than those later in life. Experimental studies in animals have provided convincing evidence to support a causal role for stress-related psychoneuroendocrine processes in negatively influencing critical developmental and health outcomes over the life span, and have also offered valuable insights into putative physiological mechanisms. However, the generalizability of these findings from animals to humans may be limited by the existence of large inter-species differences in physiology and the developmental time-line. We have initiated a program of research in behavioral perinatology and conducted studies over the past several years to examine the effects of stress-related psychoneuroendocrine processes in human pregnancy on fetal developmental and health outcomes. Our findings support a significant and independent role for maternal prenatal stress in the etiology of prematurity-related outcomes, and suggest that these effects are mediated, in part, by the maternal-placental-fetal neuroendocrine axis, and specifically by placental corticotropin-releasing hormone. Our findings also suggest that the use of a fetal challenge paradigm offers a novel way to quantify fetal neurobehavioral maturity in utero, and that the maternal environment exerts a significant influence on the fetal neurodevelopmental processes related to recognition, memory and habituation. Finally, our findings provide preliminary evidence to support the notion that the influence of prenatal stress and maternal-placental hormones on the developing fetus may persist after birth, as assessed by measures of temperament and behavioral reactivity in the first few years of postnatal life. A description of this body of work is followed by the elucidation of questions for further research and a discussion of implications for life-span development and health.
Use of botulinum toxin in musculoskeletal pain

Chronic musculoskeletal pain is a common cause of chronic pain, which is associated with a total cost of $635 billion per year in the U.S. Emerging evidence suggests an anti-nociceptive action of botulinum toxin, independent of its muscle paralyzing action. This review provides a summary of data from both non-randomized and randomized clinical studies of botulinum toxin in back pain and various osteoarticular conditions, including osteoarthritis, tennis elbow, low back pain and hand pain. Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of small sizes provide evidence of short-term efficacy of a single intra-articular injection of 100 units of botulinum toxin A (BoNT/A) for the relief of pain and the improvement of both function and quality of life in patients with chronic joint pain due to arthritis. Three RCTs studied intramuscular BoNT/A for tennis elbow with one showing a significant improvement in pain relief compared with placebo, another one showing no difference from placebo, and the third finding that pain and function improvement with BoNT/A injection were similar to those obtained with surgical release. One RCT of intramuscular BoNT/A for low back pain found improvement in pain and function compared to placebo. Single RCTs using local injections of BoNT in patients with either temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain or plantar fasciitis found superior efficacy compared to placebo. One RCT of intramuscular BoNT/B in patients with hand pain and carpal tunnel syndrome found improvement in pain in both BoNT/B and placebo groups, but no significant difference between groups. Most evidence is based on small studies, but the use of BoNT is supported by a single, and sometimes up to three, RCTs for several chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions. This indicates that botulinum toxin may be a promising potential new treatment for chronic refractory musculoskeletal pain. Well-designed large clinical trials are needed.
Activity and phylogenetic diversity of bacterial cells with high and low nucleic acid content and electron transport system activity in an upwelling ecosystem

We evaluated whether bacteria with higher cell-specific nucleic acid content (HNA) or an active electron transport system, i.e., positive for reduction of 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC), were responsible for the bulk of bacterioplankton metabolic activity. We also examined whether the phylogenetic diversity of HNA and CTC-positive cells differed from the diversity of Bacteria with low nucleic acid content (LNA). Bacterial assemblages were sampled both in eutrophic shelf waters and in mesotrophic offshore waters in the Oregon coastal upwelling region. Cytometrically sorted HNA, LNA, and CTC-positive cells were assayed for their cell-specific [3H]leucine incorporation rates. Phylogenetic diversity in sorted non-radioactively labeled samples was assayed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes. Cell-specific rates of leucine incorporation of HNA and CTC-positive cells were on average only slightly greater than the cell-specific rates of LNA cells. HNA cells accounted for most bacterioplankton substrate incorporation due to high abundances, while the low abundances of CTC-positive cells resulted in only a small contribution by these cells to total bacterial activity. The proportion of the total bacterial leucine incorporation attributable to LNA cells was higher in offshore regions than in shelf waters. Sequence data obtained from DGGE bands showed broadly similar phylogenetic diversity across HNA, LNA, and CTC-positive cells, with between-sample and between-region variability in the distribution of phylotypes. Our results suggest that LNA bacteria are not substantially different from HNA bacteria in either cell-specific rates of substrate incorporation or phylogenetic composition and that they can be significant contributors to bacterial metabolism in the sea.
Electromigration mechanisms in Cu nano-wires

In this article, we propose a new drift velocity technique to measure electromigration at temperatures of 125°C to directly assess electromigration transport at use conditions. We present measurements of the temperature of the drift velocity of Cu conductors with small and large polycrystalline grain size. A significant grain size dependence of drift velocity was found, indicating a large flux of atoms through grain boundaries when the fraction of polycrystalline segments is a significant fraction of the conductor length. A physical model is proposed to explain the drift velocity behavior in Cu nano-wires and we determine the diffusion parameters from grain boundary diffusion and interface diffusion.
On the structure of the Li-napthalenide anion

Abstract Several features of the ESR spectrum of Li-naphthalenide are rationalized of the Atherton-Weisman model with the INDo molecular orbital method.
Bulk crystal growth, and high-resolution x-ray diffraction results of LiZnP semiconductor material

Abstract Nowotny–Juza compounds continue to be explored as a candidate for solid-state neutron detectors. Such a device would have greater efficiency, in a compact form, than present day gas-filled 3 He and 10 BF 3 detectors. The 6 Li( n , t ) 4 He reaction yields a total Q -value of 4.78 MeV, larger than 10 B, an energy easily identified above background radiations. Hence, devices fabricated from semiconducting compounds containing either natural Li (nominally 7.5% 6 Li) or enriched 6 Li (usually 95% 6 Li) may provide a semiconductor material for compact high efficiency neutron detectors. Starting material was synthesized by preparing equimolar portions of Li, Zn, and P sealed under vacuum (10 −6 Torr) in quartz ampoules lined with boron nitride and subsequently reacted in a compounding furnace [1] . The synthesized material showed signs of high impurity levels from material and electrical property characterizations. A static vacuum sublimation in quartz was performed to help purify the synthesized material [2] . Bulk crystalline samples were grown from the purified material. An ingot 9.6 mm in diameter and 4.0 mm in length was harvested. Individual samples were characterized for crystallinity on a Bruker AXS Inc. D2 CRYSO, energy dispersive x-ray diffractometer, and a Bruker AXS D8 DISCOVER, high-resolution x-ray diffractometer with a 0.004° beam divergence. The (220) orientation was characterized as the main orientation with the D2 CRYSO, and confirmed with the D8 DISCOVER. An out-of-plane high-resolution rocking curve yielded a 0.417° full width at half maximum (FWHM) for the (220) LiZnP. In-plane ordering was confirmed by observation of the (311) orientation, where a rocking curve was collected with a FWHM of 0.294°.
Improving Parental Involvement: Training Special Education Advocates

Given that most parents of students with disabilities have difficulty navigating the special education system, advocacy training offers one way to aid parents in securing appropriate educational se...
The Heart of the Matter: An Essay about the Effects of Managed Care on Family Therapy with Children*

This essay is based on a pilot study that examined the effects of managed care on the treatment of children and families, with special attention to community mental health. We embarked on the pilot study to test the accuracy and generalizability of our impression that family therapy and other systemic practices have been marginalized in ordinary clinics and agencies, and to understand the reasons why. We interviewed managed care providers, researchers, family therapy trainers, and clinicians in the Northeast. Our findings led to seven themes that support our impression that, even though there is a consensus about the need for coordinated family-based services, there is a disconnection between state policies, contractual requirements and what is actually occurring at the implementation level. This study suggests that our knowledge of human systems may be in danger of being disqualified and lost, with damaging consequences for the care of children. Yet, as systemic thinkers and practitioners, it is our belief that ethical and effective treatment need not be at odds with care that is cost-efficient. The direction of our future research will be to study whether the involvement of all stakeholders at all levels of planning and training leads to systemic family-based practices that consistently save costs and provide high-quality care.
InAs/InP quantum dot laser devices around 1550 nm for fiber communications

We report on our most recent results on quantum dot (QD) laser devices around 1550 nm based on InAs/InP QD gain materials. These devices include monolithic QD multi-wavelength lasers (MWLs), mode-locked lasers (MLLs) and distributed feedback (DFB) lasers. The performance and potential applications of fiber communications will be discussed.
Homeless But Connected: The Role of Heterogeneous Social Network Ties and Social Networking Technology in the Mental Health Outcomes of Street-Living Adolescents

Although social integration tends to have positive effects on the mental health of housed adolescents, the role of homeless adolescents’ social networks is more ambiguous. Social network data were collected from 136 homeless adolescents in Hollywood, California to examine how network ties are associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression. Face-to-face relationships with street-based peers were a risk factor for both anxiety and depression, while contacting home-based friends through social networking technology was found to be protective for depression. Community-based and public agencies serving homeless adolescents should consider facilitating the maintenance of these protective relationships by providing internet access.
Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, an inhibitor of neutrophil activation, is elevated in serum in human sepsis and experimental endotoxemia

OBJECTIVES To document changes in serum secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) in human sepsis and in experimental endotoxemia in vivo. To compare changes in serum SLPI in human sepsis with changes in interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. To determine whether or not changes in SLPI correlate with the severity of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome as measured by the maximal multiple organ dysfunction score. Finally, because neutrophils have been implicated in tissue injury associated with organ dysfunction, to determine whether recombinant human SLPI blocks activation of isolated human neutrophils. DESIGN Case-control study and ex-vivo cellular assay. SETTING Surgical intensive care unit and clinical research center of university hospitals; laboratory of a medical school. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS There was a significant dose-dependent elevation (50.2+/-4.0 ng/mL, p = .01) in plasma SLPI 12 hrs after administration of lipopolysaccharide to seven healthy adults (36.4+/-2.3 ng/mL). Further, serum concentrations of SLPI (132+/-15 ng/mL) were elevated in septic surgical patients compared with healthy controls (43+/-2 ng/mL, p < .01) and nonseptic surgical controls (69+/-10 ng/mL, p = .01). Serum SLPI concentrations correlated (r2 = .71, p < .01) better with organ dysfunction as measured by maximal multiple organ dysfunction score than did serum IL-6 (r2 = .49, p < .01), IL-10 (r2 = .05, p = .22), or TNF-alpha (r2 = .02, p = .44). We found that recombinant human SLPI in vitro inhibits TNF-alpha-induced hydrogen peroxide production by human neutrophils (ID50 = 1-2 microg/mL). CONCLUSIONS Serum SLPI is elevated in human sepsis and experimental endotoxemia. Maximal concentrations of serum SLPI correlate significantly with maximal multiple organ dysfunction scores in patients with sepsis. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor may function to limit ongoing neutrophil-mediated tissue injury associated with organ dysfunction.
776-2 Constitutive Expression of an Intracellular Form of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Triggers Myogenic Differentiation

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) have been demonstrated to regulate myogenic differentiation. Recently, forms of FGF have been generated that reside in the cytoplasm and appear to be biologically active. suggesting that an intracellular form of FGF may be able to transduce its signal through signaling pathways independent of its interaction with cell surface (transmembrane) FGF receptors (FGFR). We report in this study a potential mechanism by which such signaling can be modulated by an intracellular form of the receptor (I-FGFR). To generate this form of the receptor, the cDNA encoding the 2 IgG-like domain form of the murine transmembrane FGFR was mutated to remove its signal sequence and acidic box by PCR mutagenesis. This construct was then epitope-tagged to allow it to be distinguished from the endogenous surface FGF receptor. When the I-FGFR was transientlytransfected into COS cells, a diffuse and reticular pattern was observed by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, indicating cytoplasmic localization with association to organized intracellular structures, such as cytoskeleton or organellar membrane. To test for the biologic effect of the I-FGFR, stable cell lines containing the I-FGFR were generated in Sol 8 cells. Quadruplicate samples of four cell lines expressing high levels of the I-FGFR, and four control cell lines transfected with vector alone, were grown in mitogen poor medium (5% horse serum). Their ability to differentiate was assessed by their levels of creatine kinase activity normalized to total soluble protein (nmol NADPH/min/mg protein): Days 0 1 2 3 4 Control 53 ± 71 55 ± 30 236 ± 60 759 ± 143 1295 ± 205 I-FGFR 47 ± 12 104 ± 32 391 ± 30 * 1338± 312 * 2143 ± 677 * * p l 0.05 for I-FGFR versus control The results demonstrate that the intracellular form of the FGF receptor localizes to the cytoplasm of myocytes, and the increased expression of this receptor isoform triggers myogenic differentiation. We propose that this receptor promotes differentiation by binding endogenous FGF, and thus inhibiting the activity of FGF that normally preserves the undifferentiated state. The ability to generate and express the intracellular FGF receptor, therefore, may be a generally useful method of modulating FGF dependent regulation of proliferation and differentiation of other cell types such as smooth muscle and transformed cells.
Generation of the Wigner distribution function of two-dimensional signals by a parallel optical processor

An optical system employing a reflective multipath scheme is implemented to generate a sectioned array of slices of the Wigner distribution function of a two-dimensional (2-D) signal. The optical system exhibits a parallel architecture, permitting the simultaneous generation and display of the N slices. Only a single transparency is needed, and no moving parts are required in the system. Experimental results on a few 2-D signals are presented.
Primary afferent and propriospinal fibers in the rat dorsal and dorsolateral funiculi

The purpose of this study is to determine the numbers of primary afferent and propriospinal fibers in the dorsal and dorsolateral funiculi of the rat. The reason for concentrating on these areas is that they contain large numbers of unmyelinated axons. Our data are axonal numbers from the S2 segment of spinal cord in animals that had unilateral dorsal rhizotomies or spinal cord isolations. The major conclusions are 1) that 23% of the primary afferent fibers in the dorsal funiculus are unmyelinated; 2) that there are approximately 12,500 unmyelinated primary afferent fibers in the dorsolateral funiculus, which is more than the number of primary afferent fibers in the dorsal funiculus and tract of Lissauer combined, and 3) that approximately 25% of the axons in the dorsal funiculus and 44% of the axons in the dorsolateral funiculus are propriospinal. These data modify and extend previous ideas of the organization of spinal white matter.
International market response to announcements of US macroeconomic data

Abstract This paper presents empirical evidence relating the announcement effects of US money supply and inflation (CPI and PPI) to Eurocurrency interest rates and the foreign currency markets (both spot and forward) for seven industrial countries over the period 1977–1982. The results indicate that unanticipated components of announced changes in money supply have a significant positive effect on Eurocurrency interest rates and a negative effect (implying dollar appreciation) on the spot exchange rates. Unanticipated changes in PPI have a positive significant effect on interest rates, a small surprisingly negative impact on spot exchange rates, and a positive effect on gold prices. The CPI has no effect on either market.
Electron‐impact excitation of the singlet states of N2. I. The Birge–Hopfield system (b1πu–X1Σ+g)

Results of a study of the electron-impact excitation of the b 1 pi u state of N2, one of the singlet states thought to be excited by precipitating electrons in the auroral zones, and of its predissociation and radiative relaxation through the emission of the Birge-Hopfield band system (b 1 pi u - X 1 Sigma g +) are presented. A collimated electron beam was passed through N2 gas producing a variety of atomic states through dissociative excitation, and the radiation resulting from relaxation of these states was observed by VUV and visible-IR monochromators. Absolute emission cross sections for 11 Birge-Hopfield bands are obtained for energies from threshold to 500 eV, and used to calculate the absolute transition probabilities for BH(1, v-prime) bands and the variation of the electric dipole moment with internuclear distance. With the exception of the v-prime equals 1, 5 and 6 vibrational levels, all b 1 pi u levels are found to predissociate with a specific predissociation branching ratio greater than 0.99, representing a major source of nitrogen atoms.
Epideictic Rhetoric in the Service of War: George W. Bush on Iraq and the 60th Anniversary of the Victory over Japan

This essay explores the relationship between epideictic discourse and war through the analysis of George W. Bush's August 20, 2005, address at the Naval Air Station near San Diego, ostensibly to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the Allied victory over Japan. The case also serves as an exemplar for how Bush routinely interwove epideictic appeals with collective memories of World War II in order to promote the Iraq war and deflect criticism of his policies there. Bush praised the greatest generation and linked it to the current generation; blamed and dehumanized enemies of the past and present; advocated for war based on “lessons” from the past; and reinforced a shared identity to instill both obligation and confidence.
Germination characteristics of Alexandrium catenella cysts from surface sediments in Quartermaster Harbor, Puget Sound, Washington, USA

Abstract The dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella causes frequent outbreaks of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in Puget Sound, Washington; however, little is known about its basic biology and ecology. Most of what is known is inferred mainly from shellfish toxin records and recent work on cyst distribution and germination potential. We report on a year-long study of cyst dormancy and germination potential based on experiments using surface sediment collected from a shallow embayment, Quartermaster Harbor, in Puget Sound. Cyst abundance in Quartermaster Harbor was 1550–1750 cysts cm −3 when sediment was collected in mid-October 2006. Germination experiments set up monthly had germination occur in all months when cysts were provided with adequate growth supporting conditions. Germination rates were highest in May and June when 100% germination occurred within 2 days. Longer incubation periods observed for the first two months of the study (November and December) may indicate a mandatory dormancy period of up to 5 months if the majority of cysts were deposited in the sediments following a late summer bloom that apparently occurred in Quartermaster Harbor in 2006 as indicated by Washington State Department of Health's toxin records. The data provide no evidence of an endogenous clock restricting germination to a specific annual timeframe for these shallow water cysts. This contrasts with the presence of a circannual endogenous clock, for deep water cysts of A. fundyense in the Gulf of Maine. The significance of these results is that germination of the A. catenella Puget Sound population appears to be primarily regulated by physiological requirements. However, once physiological requirements are met cysts can germinate rapidly, often within 24 h, when provided with adequate environmental conditions.
Disposal-Well Dimensions, Injection Rates, and Cost Responses: ABSTRACT

Deep-well injection as a means of liquid waste disposal is, at best, a costly and tricky operation. Nevertheless, despite the inevitable difficulties which occur, it has proven itself to be reliable, environmentally sound, and economically feasible for disposing of certain wastes in certain areas. A mathematical simulation model has been developed for predicting the operational response of a disposal-well system. From the initial design parameters and the physical operating characteristics it is possible to estimate the cost of such an operation. Additionally, sensitivity analysis experiments can be performed to assess which design parameters, operational characteristics, or formation properties have the most significant impact on the overall system response. Application of the model to date indicates that for favorable geologic conditions the cost of injection may range upward from $0.25-$0.40 per 1,000 gal; this figure includes OM hopefully it can be extended to include such things as probabilistic aspects of component failure, statistical reservoir analysis, etc. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2088------------
An Enterprise Risk Management Model for Supply Chains

The design of an optimal supply chain rarely considers uncertainty within the modeling framework. This omission is due to several factors, including tradition, model size, and the difficulty in measuring the stochastic parameters. We show that a stochastic program provides an ideal framework for optimizing a large supply chain in the face of an uncertain future. The goal is to reduce disruptions and to minimize expected costs under a set of plausible scenarios. We illustrate the methodology with a global production problem possessing currency movements.
Exxon and the Control of Oil

American history texts often portray the large international oil companies as one-dimensional and unchanging agents of the dark side, exercising monopoly power here, corrupting politics there, and despoiling the environment everywhere. These companies have another important, though often-neglected dimension: they supply energy that fuels our econ omy and shapes our lives. They are hardly unchanging, having survived from the days of kerosene lamps to the days of jet airplanes by adapting their internal operations to vast changes in markets and governments. The pace of change accelerated in the last forty years, when the major oil-producing nations asserted control over their domestic reserves and created national oil companies to manage their development. A good place to start in the quest for a fuller understanding of Big Oil is the biggest of them all, Standard Oil, the predecessor of ExxonMobil. For almost 130 years, John D. Rockefeller’s company has ranked among the largest and most profitable of the major oil companies. Rockefeller left a dual legacy, making Standard Oil both the best run and the most hated oil company. Stressing the core operating principles of financial discipline, organizational innovation, and technical leadership, he created a model of efficiency that remains embedded in the corporate dna of ExxonMobil more than a century later. The behavior and the tone of his company, however, also made it an enduring symbol of cor porate excess and power. During the century since Rockefeller’s departure, the company has sought to remain true to his basic approach to internal operations while adapting to external, societal demands he did not face. 1