cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A phase I open‐label study to investigate the potential drug–drug interaction between single‐dose dacomitinib and steady‐state paroxetine in healthy volunteers

Dacomitinib is currently in development for the treatment of non‐small cell lung cancer. Formation of the major circulating metabolite (PF‐05199265) is mediated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 and CYP2C9. This phase I, single fixed‐sequence, two‐period study evaluated the effect of paroxetine, a CYP2D6 inactivator, on dacomitinib pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers who were extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers. Subjects received a single 45‐mg dacomitinib dose alone and in combination with paroxetine (30mg/day for 10 consecutive days, with dacomitinib administered on day 4) at steady‐state levels. Blood samples were collected through 240hours post‐dacomitinib dosing. Dacomitinib exposure (area under the concentration– time curve from 0 to infinity; AUCinf) increased 37%; however a reduction in PF‐05199265 AUCinf of approximately 90% was observed during the paroxetine treatment period. The maximum concentration of dacomitinib changed minimally. Adverse events reported with single‐dose dacomitinib administered alone or in the presence of steady‐state levels of paroxetine were mostly mild, and no serious adverse events were reported. While paroxetine significantly inhibited CYP2D6‐mediated metabolism of a single dose of dacomitinib, the modest effect on dacomitinib exposure is unlikely to be clinically relevant when dacomitinib is given daily. Dose adjustment of dacomitinib may therefore not be required upon coadministration with a CYP2D6 inhibitor.
Association of Predialysis Calculated Plasma Osmolarity With Intradialytic Blood Pressure Decline.

Background The rapid reduction in plasma osmolality during hemodialysis (HD) may induce temporary gradients that promote the movement of water from the extracellular to the intracellular compartment, predisposing to the development of intradialytic hypotension (IDH). Study Design Observational cohort study. Setting & Participants 3,142 prevalent patients receiving thrice-weekly HD from a single dialysis provider organization. Predictor Predialysis calculated plasma osmolarity (calculated after the 2-day interval as 2 × serum sodium + serum urea nitrogen/2.8 + serum glucose/18). Outcome Magnitude of systolic blood pressure (SBP) decline (predialysis SBP − nadir intradialytic SBP) and risk of IDH (SBP decline > 35 or nadir SBP Measurements Unadjusted and multivariable-adjusted generalized linear models were fit to estimate the association of calculated osmolarity with intradialytic SBP decline and the odds of developing IDH. Results Mean age of participants was 62.6±15.2 (SD) years, 57.1% were men, and 61.0% had diabetes. Mean predialysis calculated osmolarity during follow-up was 306.4 ± 9.5mOsm/L. After case-mix adjustment, each 10-mOsm/L increase in predialysis calculated osmolarity was associated with 1.48 (95% CI, 0.86-2.09) mm Hg ( P Limitations Measured serum osmolality, timing of changes in intradialytic osmolality, dialysate osmolality, and dialysate temperature were not available. Conclusions Higher predialysis calculated osmolarity is associated with greater decline in intradialytic SBP and greater risk of IDH in maintenance HD patients. Strategies to minimize rapid shifts in osmolality should be tested prospectively to minimize excess SBP decline in susceptible patients.
Stemless wine-glass-mode disk micromechanical resonators

Polysilicon wine-glass mode micromechanical disk resonators using a stemless, non-intrusive suspension structure have been demonstrated in both vacuum and atmospheric pressure at frequencies around 73.4 MHz with Q's as high as 98,000 in vacuum, and 8,600 in atmosphere-the highest ever reported Q's at this frequency range and in these environments for any on-chip micro-scale resonator. The Q of 98,000 in vacuum for this wine-glass mode resonator is more than 10X higher than measured on radial contour mode counterparts, and more than 8X higher than exhibited by published free-free beams at 70 MHz.
Testing for Wind Forces on Mobile Homes

This paper reports on a series of wind tunnel tests conducted in 1961 at The University of Michigan using models of mobile homes. The objective of the research was to develop an understanding of the magnitude of wind forces on mobile homes and to make recommendations for securing these units against high winds. The paper reviews these tests and recommendations and suggests further full-scale evaluations which could lead to increased economy in anchoring mobile home units, increased reliability of the anchoring system, and greater safety assurance. The research resulted in sets of manometer readings which were reduced by computer to obtain characteristic lift and drag coefficients caused by winds acting on the unit from eight directions. Anchorage requirements were computed and a recommended wind velocity-anchorage curve was developed. Nomographs were prepared relating anchorage requirements and soil conditions. Subsequent analysis of the data in 1975 showed that the 1961 results may be applied to current mobile home units without serious error. The paper concludes with a discussion of major considerations for a full-scale testing program to verify the results and recommendations from the wind tunnel tests.
Construction of an objective function for optimization-based smoothing

An objective function for optimization-based smoothing is proposed for both linear and quadratic triangular and quadrilateral elements. Unlike currently published objective functions that are used to perform smoothing or untangling separately, this objective function can be used to untangle and smooth a mesh in a single process. The objective function is designed in such a way that it is easy and straightforward to be extended to higher order elements. The objective function has higher order continuous derivatives that make it suitable for optimization techniques. It has been shown empirically that the proposed function only has one minimum. With the integration of the proposed new objective function into our optimization-based smoothing algorithm, our combined Laplacian/optimization smoothing scheme provides us with satisfactory high quality meshes.
Assessing the relationship between the WNSSP and therapeutic participation in adolescents in low response states following severe traumatic brain injury

Primary objective: This study examines the relationship between scores on the Western Neuro Sensory Stimulation Profile (WNSSP) and therapeutic participation as it relates to rehabilitation readiness (RR) in adolescents with low response following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).Research design: This is a serial observational design using multiple measures of clinical status and participation.Methods and procedures: Ten children, mean age 16.7 years, who remained in a low response state (30 days or more) were assessed with the WNSSP and videotaped during physical and occupational therapy sessions. Associations were evaluated between WNSSP scores and participation scores related to arousal, awareness and communication.Main outcomes and results: The WNSSP was only associated with the communication score (p < 0.0001). The arousal and awareness scores had no significant impact on the WNSSP score.Conclusions: These results suggest that scores on the WNSSP may be related to the return of communication skill...
Open modular architecture controls at GM Powertrain: technology and implementation

General Motors Powertrain Group (GMPTG) has been the leader in implementing open, modular architecture controller (OMAC) technologies in its manufacturing applications since 1986. The interest in OMAC has been greatly expanded for the past two years because of the advancement of personal computer technologies and the publishing of the OMAC whitepaper by the US automotive companies stating the requirements of OMAC technologies in automotive applications. The purpose of this paper is to describe the current OMAC projects and the future direction of implementation at GMPTG. An overview of the OMAC project and the definition of the OMAC concept are described first. The rationale of pursuing open technologies is explained from the perspective of GMPTG in lieu of its agile manufacturing strategy. Examples of existing PC-based control applications are listed to demonstrate the extensive commitment to PC-based technologies that has already been put in place. A migration plan form PC-based to OMAC-based systems with the thorough approach of validation are presented next to convey the direction that GMPTG is taking in implementing OMAC technologies. Leveraged technology development projects are described to illustrate the philosophy and approaches toward the development of OMAC technologies at GMPTG. Finally, certain implementation issues are discussed to emphasize efforts that are still required to have successful implementations of OMAC systems.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Microtubule dysfunction by posttranslational nitrotyrosination of α-tubulin: A nitric oxide-dependent mechanism of cellular injury

NO2Tyr (3-Nitrotyrosine) is a modified amino acid that is formed by nitric oxide-derived species and has been implicated in the pathology of diverse human diseases. Nitration of active-site tyrosine residues is known to compromise protein structure and function. Although free NO2Tyr is produced in abundant concentrations under pathological conditions, its capacity to alter protein structure and function at the translational or posttranslational level is unknown. Here, we report that free NO2Tyr is transported into mammalian cells and selectively incorporated into the extreme carboxyl terminus of α-tubulin via a posttranslational mechanism catalyzed by the enzyme tubulin–tyrosine ligase. In contrast to the enzymatically regulated carboxyl-terminal tyrosination/detyrosination cycle of α-tubulin, incorporation of NO2Tyr shows apparent irreversibility. Nitrotyrosination of α-tubulin induces alterations in cell morphology, changes in microtubule organization, loss of epithelial-barrier function, and intracellular redistribution of the motor protein cytoplasmic dynein. These observations imply that posttranslational nitrotyrosination of α-tubulin invokes conformational changes, either directly or via allosteric interactions, in the surface-exposed carboxyl terminus of α-tubulin that compromises the function of this critical domain in regulating microtubule organization and binding of motor- and microtubule-associated proteins. Collectively, these observations illustrate a mechanism whereby free NO2Tyr can impact deleteriously on cell function under pathological conditions encompassing reactive nitrogen species production. The data also yield further insight into the role that the α-tubulin tyrosination/detyrosination cycle plays in microtubule function.
Preliminary reliability and validity of an instrument measuring separation-individuation outcomes

The developmental sequence through which an infant moves from early neonatal life to an awareness of social reality and the achievement of separate identity was labeled in 1975 by Mahler, Pine, and Bergman the separation-individuation process. They have identified six developmental subphases-Autism, Symbiosis, Differentiation, Practicing, Rapprochement, and Libidinal Object Constancy-which are estimated by the Separation-Individuation Inventory recently developed and evaluated by Taylor and Bartolomucci. In the current study we have further evaluated the validity of the inventory, noting expected patterns of intercorrelations among subphases: correlations between adjacent phases were higher than correlations between more distant phases.
Monensin inhibits ligand dissociation only transiently and partially and distinguishes two galactosyl receptor pathways in isolated rat hepatocytes.

Monensin has been shown to inhibit the dissociation of internalized asialoorosomucoid (ASOR) from galactosyl (Gal) receptors in hepatocytes (Harford et al., J. Cell. Biol., 96: 1824, 1983). Examination of the long-term kinetics of dissociation of a single round of surface-bound 125I-ASOR in the presence of monensin revealed, however, that dissociation resumed after a lag of 30–40 min. Dissociation proceeded slowly with apparent first order kinetics (k = 0.006–0.022 min−1) and reached a plateau after 4 h, both in freshly isolated cells in suspension and in cells cultured for 24 h. Only a portion of the ligand bound to surface Gal receptors was capable of dissociating. The degree of dissociation was correlated with the expression of a subpopulation of receptors we have recently designated as state 1 Gal receptors (Weigel et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 140: 43, 1986). The recovery and dissociation of a portion of 125I-ASOR-receptor complexes after the lag period is not due to a depletion of monensin, since a second addition of the drug has no affect once dissociation resumes. Furthermore, as assessed by the accumulation of the fluorescent dye acridine orange, cells have not recovered the ability to acidify intracellular compartments during the time that dissociation occurs. The results support a model for the hepatic Gal receptor system, in which there are two functionally different receptor populations, recycling pathways, and ligand processing pathways. Monensin blocks dissociation of 125I-ASOR from receptors in the major pathway completely. In the minor pathway dissociation proceeds to completion only after a lag. In this minor pathway monensin appears to temporarily delay a maturation or translocation process that must occur prior to dissociation. We conclude that the observed dissociation in the presence of monensin cannot be mediated by low pH, or by pH or pNa gradients.
Wavelength-independent bent-fiber coupler to an ultra-high Q cavity demonstrated over 850 nm span

A bent tapered-fiber coupler is experimentally demonstrated to allow wavelength independent fiber-to-cavity coupling over an 850 nm span; opening current technology of ultrahigh Q cavities for applications spanning the UV to the IR band.
Personal concerns and manifest anxiety in black students

The areas and magnitude of personal problems and their relationships with manifest anxiety were investigated in 154 male and 202 female black undergraduate students in a predominantly black state university in the South. Both males and females were highly concerned over problems in college work, finance, living conditions, and employment, social and recreational activities, and curriculum and teaching procedure. A significant sex difference at the .05 level was evidenced by the Mann-Whitney U test. Significant positive correlations were found between the number of problems and anxiety scores in 9 areas for males and in all 11 areas for females. Two problem areas that did not correlate significantly with anxiety scores for males were social and recreational activities and home and family.
On the specificity of trypsin (EC 3.4.4.4) of nerve ending particles to inhibit norepinephrine transport.

— The Na+ and energy dependent uptake of norepinephrine into cortical rat brain homogenates or purified nerve ending particles (NEP) is reduced by prior trypsin treatment. In contrast, the uptake of dopamine, serotonin, choline and γ-aminobutyric acid is markedly less sensitive to the effect of trypsin. Kinetic analyses indicate that the trypsin-induced decrease of norepinephrine uptake is non-competitive. In the dose range studied, trypsin did not appreciably alter the protein content or morphology of NEP. However, in a dose related fashion, trypsin decreased the glycoprotein content of NEP measured as the loss of protein bound N-acetylneuraminic acid.
An analytical expression for the van der Waals interaction in oriented-attachment growth: a spherical nanoparticle and a growing cylindrical nanorod

A mathematical derivation of an analytical expression is presented to evaluate the van der Waals interaction between a sphere and a cylindrical rod. This expression then is applied to study the growth of one-dimensional nanostructures, such as nanorods, using a common growth mechanism in colloidal chemistry, the oriented attachment growth mechanism. Parameters associated with the dimensions and the separation of nanoparticles and nanorods are varied in calculations to assess their influence on the magnitude of the van der Waals interaction.
Comparison of Programmatic Approaches for Efficient Accessing to mzML Files

The Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) Proteomics Standard Initiative has been tasked with developing file formats for storing raw data (mzML) and the results of spectral processing (protein identification and quantification) from proteomics experiments (mzIndentML). In order to fully characterize complex experiments, special data types have been designed. Standardized file formats will promote visualization, validation and dissemination of data independent of the vendor-specific binary data storage files. Innovative programmatic solutions for robust and efficient data access to standardized file formats will contribute to more rapid wide-scale acceptance of these file formats by the proteomics community. In this work, we compare algorithms for accessing spectral data in the mzML file format. As an XML file, mzML files allow efficient parsing of data structures when using XML-specific class types. These classes provide only sequential access to files. However, random access to spectral data is needed in many algorithmic applications for processing proteomics datasets. Here, we demonstrate implementation of memory streams to convert a sequential access into random access. Our application preserves the elegant XML parsing capabilities. Benchmarking file access times in sequential and random access modes show that while for small number of spectra the random access is more time efficient, when retrieving large number of spectra sequential access becomes more efficient. We also provide comparisons to other file accessing methods from academia and industry.
Indigenous microflora: Paving the way for pathogens?

Indigenous intestinal microflora are known to afford protection against colonization by pathogenic microorganisms. However, the metabolic activity of at least one species of the indigenous microflora can induce expression of surface glycoconjugates, which may in turn confer susceptibility to infection.
Growth Depth Effects of Bacteria in Ground Turkey Meat Patties Subjected to High Carbon Dioxide or High Oxygen Atmospheres

Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) is used to extend the shelf life of ground meats by altering the gas atmosphere surrounding the meat. This study evaluated how deep MAP bactericidal effects penetrate into a ground meat patty. Patties made from freshly ground turkey breasts were subjected to 2 MAP treatments of high CO(2) (97%) or high O(2) (80% O(2), 20% CO(2)). Total plate and lactic acid bacterial counts were determined for 3 patty depths (top, middle, bottom). Meat surface color and the package gas headspace composition were also measured. All analyses were performed on 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 d. Changes in gas headspace and meat surface color were also measured at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 d. High CO(2) atmosphere maintained a better meat surface color than high O(2) atmosphere over the whole storage period. Overall counts were lower (P or = 0.05) in layers for patties pack-aged in a high-O(2) atmosphere Lactic acid bacterial counts increased in the high-O(2) modified atmosphere by d 9 and 12 of storage; no increase was observed in CO(2)-packaged patties. Thus, high-CO(2) MAP slowed the growth of total bacteria as well as lactic acid bacteria. Also, there was slower growth in the top meat layer exposed to CO(2) compared with interior layers.
Responses of plant and bird communities to prescribed burning in tallgrass prairies

Historic losses and fragmentation of tallgrass prairie habitat to agriculture and urban development have led to declines in diversity and abundance of plants and birds associated with such habitat. Prescribed burning is a management strategy that has potential for restoring and rejuvenating prairies in fragmented landscapes, and through such restoration, might create habitat for birds dependent upon prairies. To provide improved data for management decision-making regarding the use of prescribed fire in tallgrass prairies, we compared responses of plant and bird communities on five burned and five unburned tallgrass prairie fragments at the DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge, Iowa, USA, from 1995 to 1997. Overall species richness and diversity were unaffected by burning, but individual species of plants and birds were affected by year-treatment interactions, including northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) and ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), which showed time-delayed increases in density on burned sites. Analyses of species/area relationships indicated that, collectively, many small sites did make significant contributions to plant biodiversity at landscape levels, supporting the overall conservation value of prairie fragments. In contrast, most birds species were present on larger sites. Thus, higher biodiversity in bird communities which contain area-sensitive species might require larger sites able to support larger, more stable populations, greater habitat heterogeneity, and greater opportunity for niche separation.
Towards developing surface eroding poly(α-hydroxy acids)

We have prepared a library of biodegradable polyesters derived from poly(alpha-hydroxy acids) (PHAs) that appear to primarily exhibit surface erosion behavior. This was achieved by increasing the hydrophobicity of the polymers in two distinct steps, namely: macromer formation and a coupling step. In the first step, macromerdiols (MDs) with varying lipophilicities were prepared by polymerization of L-lactide or mixture of L-lactide and glycolide (3/1 by mole) to various lengths (n = 10, 20, 30, and 40) using alkanediols of increasing C-chain length (C6, C8, and C12) as initiators in the presence of Tin(II) catalyst. In the second step, the macromer diols were linked together with diacid dichlorides of varying C-chain lengths (C6, C8, C10, and C12) to yield polyesters ranging in molecular weight (Mw) from 20 to 130 KDa and polydispersity of 1.5-6. These polyesters exhibited different thermal behavior from pure PHAs that can be tuned by changing the initiator core, the lactide/glycolide chain length, and diacid dichloride type. In addition, all these polymers showed solubility in tetrahydrofuran unlike poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA). In contrast to PLLA and PLGA, the degradation behavior of these novel polyesters exhibited linear profiles consistent with a surface erosion behavior. Release studies using Congo red as a model drug from microspheres prepared from these polyesters showed linear release profiles with correlation constants of least-square fits approaching a value of unity. Degradable polyesters with tunable thermal and degradation behavior may find applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering, where control over these parameters is critical to ensure predictable outcomes.
Shear attenuation and dispersion in MgO

Abstract An understanding of anelastic effects on seismic wave propagation is crucial for developing accurate seismic models of the mantle. The lower mantle is thought to contain a significant volume fraction, approximately 20%, of magnesiowustite, (Mg,Fe)O, in addition to the dominant silicate perovskite. Weaker magnesiowustite may dominate the rheological response of the lower mantle. It may also account for the shear attenuation observed in the lower mantle. We have measured the complex torsional modulus of a single crystal of the magnesiowustite end member periclase, MgO, at small strains, seismic frequencies, and high temperature. The attenuation is approximately 0.030 ( Q approximately 33) at 0.003 Hz and 1500 K with a dislocation density of approximately 5 × 109 m−2. The corresponding dispersion reduces the shear velocity of MgO at 0.001 Hz and 1500 K by approximately 4% relative to ultrasonic values. To the extent that magnesiowustite behaves similarly to MgO, it appears to be a good candidate to account for a major portion of lower-mantle attenuation.
Shock duration and adhesion in the planaria, Phagocata gracilis

Planaria, Phagocata gracilis, were assigned to five shock duration conditions. Shocks were continued every 18 sec. until Ss no longer responded by moving freely but adhered firmly to the trough. Trials to adhesion was found to be an inverse function of shock duration; total shock required for adhesion was a direct function of shock duration. The results are discussed in terms of morphological characteristics of planaria.
Radiometric calorimetry: A review (1970 supplement)

Abstract Calorimetric applications and instrumentation in nuclear science and technology are reviewed, primarily for the period 1964–1969, as a supplement to an earlier review. Applications are categorized as measurement of radionuclides, gamma or particle beams, local absorbed dose, and reactor radiations.
The efficacy of Gore-Tex vs. hydroxyapatite and bone graft in reconstruction of orbital floor defects

Fractures of the orbital floor often need to be reconstructed with rigid materials that provide a stable orbital floor and reestablish the correct orbital volume. In addition to autologous bone grafts, many alloplastic materials are available such as hydroxyapatite and, recently, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene reinforced with fluorinated ethylene propylene also known as reinforced SAM Gore-Tex. This study compared the efficacy and biocompatibility of reinforced and nonreinforced SAM Gore-Tex to those of hydroxyapatite and autogenous bone graft for reconstructing the orbital floor. A defect measuring 1.5×1.0 cm was created in the left orbital floor in 24 short-hair cats while the right side served as the control. The cats were divided into four groups, the defect being reconstructed with an autogenous iliac crest corticocancellous bone graft (group A), hydroxyapatite (group B), nonreinforced Gore-Tex (group C), or reinforced Gore-Tex (group D). Computed tomography was performed postoperatively at 1 and 8 weeks, and at the conclusion of the study specimens from the left orbit were harvested to evaluate the histological biocompatibility of each material. Reinforced SAM Gore-Tex possessed excellent physical properties. It was malleable yet firm enough and therefore easily contoured during repair of the defect while strong enough to support the orbital contents. It could even be sutured to the orbital rim or a fixating plate to ensure further stabilization, if necessary. Additionally, the material demonstrated exemplary biocompatibility as it initiated a minimal inflammatory response. As healing progressed, a growth of host tissue into the material was noted in all histological specimens, thereby augmenting the stability of the implant and reducing the incidence of extrusion.
Should Owners of Nasdaq Stocks Fear Short-Selling?

It is interesting to look at the daily association between market-adjusted returns of Nasdaq stocks and the percentages of trading volume attributable to dealers and to their speculator customers. An unusually detailed and informative set of Nasdaq trading records reveals significantly negative average market-adjusted returns when speculative short-selling exceeds 10%. At the more common (lower) levels of speculative short-selling, average market-adjusted returns tend to be near zero. Even when there is considerable speculative short-selling, the associated negative market-adjusted return is, on average, only 4 to 6 basis points for each percentage point of short-selling. For many stocks, days of high speculative short-selling are not typically days of unusually low market-adjusted returns. Finally, high levels of short-selling by Nasdaq dealers are more common for stocks earning relatively higher market-adjusted returns.
3-epi-20-hydroxyecdysone from meconium of the tobacco hornworm

Abstract A new ecdysteroid, 3-epi-20-hydroxyecdysone, with biological activity 1 10 to 1 15 that of α-ecdysone has been isolated and identified from the meconium of the tobacco hornworm. The possible role or function of this steroid as an inactivation product and/or regulator of molting hormone titer is discussed.
Alcohol Use Severity and HIV Sexual Risk Among Juvenile Offenders

Guided by the Information Motivation Behavioral Skills (IMB) model, we examine the alcohol severity/sexual risk relationship for juvenile offenders who are at extreme risk for HIV/AIDS due to situational vulnerabilities, substance abuse,1 and personality factors. Sexual risk behavior was analyzed by levels of alcohol use among 634 ethnically diverse adolescents in Miami between 1998 and 2002. Adolescents with the highest levels of alcohol use reported significantly higher levels of total and unprotected sexual activity and sex acts proximate to drinking. Alcohol use related problems require more attention by HIV interventionists. Alcohol severity may reduce the effectiveness of HIV interventions that do not address concurrent substance use.
Earthquake swarm along the San Andreas fault near Palmdale, Southern California, 1976 to 1977

Between November 1976 and November 1977 a swarm of small earthquakes (local magnitude ≤ 3) occurred on or near the San Andreas fault near Palmdale, California. This swarm was the first observed along this section of the San Andreas since cataloging of instrumental data began in 1932. The activity followed partial subsidence of the 35-centimeter vertical crustal uplift known as the Palmdale bulge along this "locked" section of the San Andreas, which last broke in the great (surface-wave magnitude = 8¼+) 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake. The swarm events exhibit characteristics previously observed for some foreshock sequences, such as tight clustering of hypocenters and time-dependent rotations of stress axes inferred from focal mechanisms. However, because of our present lack of understanding of the processes that precede earthquake faulting, the implications of the swarm for future large earthquakes on the San Andreas fault are unknown.
Faster voltage-dependent activation of Na+ channels in growth cones versus somata of neuroblastoma N1E-115 cells

Kinetics of voltage-gated ionic channels fundamentally reflect the response of the channels to local electric fields. In this report cell-attached patch-clamp studies reveal that the voltage-dependent activation rate of sodium channels residing in the growth cone membrane differs from that of soma sodium channels in differentiating N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells. Because other electrophysiological properties of these channels do not differ, this finding may be a reflection of the difference in intramembrane electric field in these two regions of the cell. This represents a new mechanism for channels to attain a range of activities both within and between cells.
Current Distributions on Transmitting and Receiving Antennas

A method for the direct measurement of the amplitude and phase of current and charge distribution along cylindrical antennas is presented for both transmission and reception. This method is applicable not only to the cylindrical antenna treated here but to many other antennas which may be used over a ground screen. The measured distribution on the transmitting antenna is continued into the coaxial line so that a complete picture of the system as a whole is obtained. The measured distribution on the receiving antenna is then shown to vary as a function of the terminating load as predicted by theory.
Effects of a Broad Spectrum and Biorational Insecticides on Parasitoids of the Nantucket Pine Tip Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

We examined effects of aerial application of acephate (Orthene), Bacillus thuringiensis variety kurstaki Berliner (Foray), and tebufenozide (Mimic) on larval/pupal parasitoids of the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), in the southwestern Georgia coastal plain. Parasitism of tip moths in acephate-treated plots was significantly lower than in untreated plots. Bacillus thuringiensis and tebufenozide showed no significant effects on parasitism. A tachinid, Lixophaga mediocris Aldrich, comprised a significantly greater proportion of emerging parasitoids in acephate-treated than in untreated control plots, whereas a chalcidid, Haltichella rhyacioniae Gahan, was less abundant in the acephate-treated plots. Acephate has a negative, but somewhat species-specific, impact on tip moth parasitism.
Heterochrony and sexual dimorphism in the skull of the Liberian chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus)

Allometric methods and theory derived from principles of relative growth provide new and powerful approaches to an understanding of the nature and development of sexual dimorphism among living primates. The Frankfurt collection of Liberian chimpanzee skulls and mandibles provides a large skeletal sample from a single natural population of wild shot animals, including individuals of all ages and both sexes, and allows investigation of allometric and heterochronic patterns of sexual dimorphism. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses are utilized in this study in order to ascertain the ontogenetic nature of male-female differences in the skull of the Liberian chimpanzee. The results of univariate and multivariate analyses indicate that, while overall levels of sexual dimorphism in the chimpanzee skull are small, the greatest differences are in dimensions of the viscerocranium, while neurocranial dimensions and orbital size tend to be less dimorphic. Bivariate regressions of 21 cranial variables against basicranial length document positive allometry in many facial and mandibular dimensions, and isometry or negative allometry for most neurocranial dimensions. The data confirm previous work in chimpanzees and other anthropoid primates suggesting that males and females are “ontogenetically scaled” in most cranial traits. That is, males and females share the same cranial growth trajectories, although ending up at different points. Both rate and time hypermorphosis are suggested as underlying causes of ontogenetic scaling in the Liberian chimpanzee.
Does democracy inevitably imply hierarchy

A democratic polity is modelled in terms of the two processes of interest growth and the interaction of each interest with every other interest in the community. The stability properties of the system's equilibrium are used to make inferences about the characteristics of a minimal democratic state. A number of observations are also made which reflect upon the role and impact of environmental variability in maintaining democratic stability. The paper concludes with the observation that the dynamic stability of democratic practice is at best tenuously maintained.
Some Personal Recollections about Howard Davis's Impact on Program Evaluation

These remarks are made to honor Howard R. Davis and his pervasive influence on the field of evaluation of mental health services. I hope that they will suggest something of the influence of this creative man upon someone who has worked for many years in this area, and that sharing these thoughts with the reader again honor Howie and the worthy goals to which Howie had dedicated his career.
A general method of α-aminoaldehyde synthesis using alcohol dehydrogenase

Abstract α-Aminoalcohols were tested as substrates for alcohol dehydrogenase from horse liver in hopes of obtaining a new route to antiproteolytic aldehydes. α-Aminoalcohols with nonpolar side chains, such as l -leucinol, l -phenylalaninol, and l -valinol, were found to be good substrates. l -Argininol and l -lysinol did not serve as substrates, but the enzyme was found to catalyze dehydrogenation of N -δ-carbobenzyloxy- l -ornithinol. A reasonably general method for preparation of large amounts of α-aminoaldehydes has been devised using l -phenylalaninol as a substrate for alcohol dehydrogenase. To favor complete oxidation of the alcohol, the reaction was carried out in the presence of semicarbazide to trap the aldehyde product and flavine mononucleotide was used to regenerate oxidized coenzyme. The resulting α-aminoaldehyde semicarbazone was subsequently hydrolyzed at pH 1 in the presence of formaldehyde, regenerating the aldehyde function in good yield.
Braiding under glass

Water under glaciers and ice streams often flows under pressure over an erodible substrate. Do the channel patterns produced by such flows resemble those of their free-surface counterparts? We studied pressure-driven water flow over an erodible, noncohesive bed using a physical model with a transparent, rigid lid. The dominant channel pattern produced in the model is a widely distributed, braided network of broad, shallow channels. Relative to braided networks formed under equivalent free-surface conditions, those formed under pressure show higher braiding intensity, greater channel curvature and variability of flow direction, and more sharply defined channel margins. Increasing discharge increases braiding intensity, maximum channel size, and variability of flow direction. Downstream pressure gradients are insensitive to changes in discharge, which may in part reflect a tendency to maintain constant shear stress in the channels, as observed in rivers. Lateral pressure gradients measured in the pressurized model indicate that pressure surfaces are highly variable in both magnitude and direction over time and space. When converted to equivalent topographic slope, these pressure gradients represent much larger lateral slopes than are typically produced in rivers, accounting for the wider range of channel directions in the pressurized-flow experiments.
New Avenues of Exploration for Erythropoietin

Discovery that the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) and its receptor play a significant biological role in tissues outside of the hematopoietic system has fueled significant interest in EPO as a novel cytoprotective agent in both neuronal and vascular systems. Erythropoietin is now considered to have applicability in a variety of disorders that include cerebral ischemia, myocardial infarction, and chronic congestive heart failure. Erythropoietin modulates a broad array of cellular processes that include progenitor stem cell development, cellular integrity, and angiogenesis. As a result, cellular protection by EPO is robust and EPO inhibits the apoptotic mechanisms of injury, including the preservation of cellular membrane asymmetry to prevent inflammation. As the investigation into clinical applications for EPO that maximize efficacy and minimize toxicity progresses, a deeper appreciation for the novel roles that EPO plays in the brain and heart and throughout the entire body should be acquired.
A Deficiency of Both Subunits of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase which is Not Expressed in Fibroblasts

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) deficiency usually has been detected by decreased activity in cultured skin fibroblasts. We investigated two brothers in whom PDC activity was less than 10% of controls in lymphocytes but normal in skin fibroblasts. They both had abnormal neuromuscular development and lactic acidosis which was aggravated by ingestion of carbohydrate. One brother died at age 3 yr and tissues were obtained at autopsy soon after death. The brain was swollen with diffuse acute hemorrhages but without the lesions characteristic of Leigh's disease. PDC activity was virtually undetectable in mitochondria or homogenates of liver, skeletal muscle, and heart, but was about 30% of controls in kidney. The activity of the first component E1 was not detectable in mitochondria from liver, whereas the activities of the second and third components were normal; the activities of all components were normal in fibroblasts. Western immunoblot analysis showed absent to trace amounts of both the E1 alpha and E1 beta subunits in liver, skeletal muscle, and heart, with normal amounts of the second and third components. About one-fourth of control amounts of E1 alpha and E1 beta were present in kidney and normal levels were present in fibroblasts. PDC activity in lymphocytes from the mother was 35% of controls; she had normal PDC activity in her fibroblasts. PDC activity was normal in lymphocytes from the brothers' sister, father, and maternal grandparents and great-grandmother. The mode of inheritance was not established. In conclusion, PDC deficiency may not be detected in skin fibroblasts in some cases; the mechanism of variable tissue expression of E1 remains to be delineated.
Occurrence and family impact of elopement in children with autism spectrum disorders

OBJECTIVES: Anecdotal reports suggest that elopement behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) increases risk of injury or death and places a major burden on families. This study assessed parent-reported elopement occurrence and associated factors among children with ASDs. METHODS: Information on elopement frequency, associated characteristics, and consequences was collected via an online questionnaire. The study sample included 1218 children with ASD and 1076 of their siblings without ASD. The association among family sociodemographic and child clinical characteristics and time to first elopement was estimated by using a Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: Forty-nine percent ( n = 598) of survey respondents reported their child with an ASD had attempted to elope at least once after age 4 years; 26% ( n = 316) were missing long enough to cause concern. Of those who went missing, 24% were in danger of drowning and 65% were in danger of traffic injury. Elopement risk was associated with autism severity, increasing, on average, 9% for every 10-point increase in Social Responsiveness Scale T score (relative risk 1.09, 95% confidence interval: 1.02, 1.16). Unaffected siblings had significantly lower rates of elopement across all ages compared with children with ASD. CONCLUSIONS: Nearly half of children with ASD were reported to engage in elopement behavior, with a substantial number at risk for bodily harm. These results highlight the urgent need to develop interventions to reduce the risk of elopement, to support families coping with this issue, and to train child care professionals, educators, and first responders who are often involved when elopements occur. * Abbreviations: AD — : autistic disorder ASD — : autism spectrum disorder IAN — : Interactive Autism Network PDD — : pervasive developmental disorder SCQ — : Social Communication Questionnaire SRS — : Social Responsiveness Scale
The Chemistry of chromium pentafluoride II. Reaction with inorganic systems

Abstract Reactions of chromium pentafluoride, CrF5, with some Lewis acids and bases have been studied and the reaction products have been characterized by infrared and Raman spectroscopy. CrF5reacts with the bases CsF and NO2F to give CsCrF6 and NO2CrF6, respectively. The Lewis acid, SbF5, reacts with CrF5 to give the adduct CrF5·2SbF5, which should be formulated as CrF4Sb2F11 on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. This compound is a strong oxidizing agent, reacting with O2, Xe and C6F6 to form, respectively, O2(CrF4Sb2F11), Xe(CrF4Sb2F11)2 and C6F6(CrF4Sb2F11). It was observed that O2(CrF4Sb2F11) reacts with C6F6 and IF5 to form C6F6(CrF4Sb2F11) and IF4(CrF4Sb2F11), respectively.
Boltzmann Brains--I'd Rather See Than Be One

A perceived problem with the standard flat-lambda model is that in the far future spacetime becomes an exponentially expanding de Sitter space, filled with Gibbons-Hawking thermal radiation, and given infinite time there will appear an infinite number of Boltzmann Brains (BB's) per finite co-moving volume today. If BB's outnumber ordinary observers by an infinite factor, why am I not one? This Gibbons-Hawking thermal radiation is observer dependent--due to observer dependent event horizons. Different observers moving relative to each other will see different photons, and different BB's. I will argue that the only particles that are real are the particles dredged out of the quantum vacuum state by particular real material detectors. (In much the same way, accelerated detectors dredge thermal Unruh radiation out of the Minkowski vacuum due to their observer dependent event horizons.) Thus, I may see a thermal BB, but cannot be one. Observer independent BB's can be created by quantum tunneling events, but the rate at which ordinary observers are being added to the universe by tunneling events to inflating regions exceeds the rate for producing BB's by tunneling by an infinite factor. I also argue that BB's do not really pass the Turing test for intelligent observers. Thus, the standard flat-lambda model is safe.
Treatment and Displacement Affect the Reoperation Rate for Femoral Neck Fracture

Background Femoral neck fractures (FNFs) comprise 50% of geriatric hip fractures. Appropriate management requires surgeons to balance potential risks and associated healthcare costs with surgical treatment. Treatment complications can lead to reoperation resulting in increased patient risks and costs. Understanding etiologies of treatment failure and the population at risk may decrease reoperation rates.
Hopping conduction in quasi-one-dimensional disordered compounds

Using a percolation construction we evaluate the temperature dependence of the phonon-assisted dc hopping conductivity of a model appropriate to a class of anisotropic quasi-one-dimensional conductors in which the electronic states in the vicinity of the Fermi level are localized because of intrinsic and or extrinsic static disorder. We find temperature dependences of the general form $\mathrm{ln}[\frac{\ensuremath{\sigma} (T)}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0}}]=\ensuremath{-}{[\frac{{T}_{0}(m)}{T}]}^{\frac{1}{m}}$ where $m$ is weakly temperature dependent and has the value 4 for asymptotically low temperatures, $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ K. With increasing temperature the interchain hopping distances become smaller and $m$ decreases gradually. In a model in which the two transverse directions are equivalent, $m$ decreases to 2.91 when all allowed interchain hops are to the nearest chain only. The percolation channel is three-dimensional. For a model in which the two transverse directions are inequivalent, the percolation channel becomes two-dimensional at high temperatures when all interchain hops along the more difficult direction become more difficult than the critical percolation hop. In this case $m$ decreases to 2.70. With further increase in temperature the percolation construction breaks down in both cases. The observed conductivity of NMP-TCNQ (N-methylphenazinium tetracyanoquinodimethane) is found to be in good agreement with our results.
Context, observing behavior, and conditioned reinforcement.

Pigeons made observing responses for stimuli signalling either a fixed-interval 30-sec schedule or a fixed-ratio x schedule, where x was either 20, 30, 100, 140, or 200 and the schedules alternated at random after reinforcement. If observing responses did not occur, food-producing responses occurred to a stimulus common to both reinforcement schedules. When the fixed-interval schedule was paired with a low-value fixed ratio, i.e., 20 or 30, the presentation of the stimulus reliably signalling the fixed-ratio schedule reinforced observing behavior, but the presentation of the stimulus reliably signalling the fixed-interval schedule did not. The converse was the case when the fixed-interval schedule was paired with a large-valued fixed ratio, i.e., 100, 140, or 200. The results demonstrated that the occasional presentation of the stimulus signalling the shorter interreinforcement interval was necessary for the maintenance of observing behavior. The reinforcement relationship was a function of the schedule context and was reversed by changing the context. Taken together, the results show that the establishment and measurement of conditioned reinforcement is dependent upon the context or environment in which stimuli reliably correlated with differential events occur.