cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theorizing Precedent in International Law

Precedent presents a puzzle for international law. As a matter of doctrine, judicial decisions construing international law are not-in-and-of themselves law. They are not binding on future parties in future cases, even before the same tribunal. And yet, international precedent is everywhere. From international investment to international criminal law to international human rights to international trade, prior decisions are invoked, argued over, and applied as precedents by practitioners and by tribunals. How and why do certain interpretations of international law take on the weight of precedent, reshaping international law arguments around them, while others do not? This chapter develops a framework for explaining the emergence of precedent in international law that can begin to solve this puzzle. It focuses on three sets of factors relevant to a prior interpretation’s precedential weight, (1) the varied potential sources of precedent, (2) the factors that might imbue a source with authority, (3) and the actors and audiences who might invoke a precedent or respond it, before weaving them into three overlapping accounts of how these factors interact, (1) a rationalist account, (2) a jurisprudential account, (3) and a sociological account. The chapter ends with a couple of case-studies that demonstrate how these factors and accounts can help explain the actual patterns of precedent we observe in international law today.
Contour interaction in visual space

Virtually all the extensive research on inhibitory interactions among adjacent visual stimuli seen in such phenomena as simultaneous contrast and visual masking have employed situations in which the interacting stimulus elements occupy the same depth plane, i.e., the z-axis values are the same, in deference to the implicit assumption that processing of depth information occurs only after the visual processing of contour information is completed. But there are theoretical reasons and some data suggesting that the interactions among contours depend critically upon their relative positions in depth--interactions may not occur if the stimulus elements occupy different depth positions. The extent to which the metacontrast form of visual masking is dependent upon depth position was investigated in a series of experiments that used stereoscopic contours formed from random-element stereograms as test and mask stimuli. The random-element stereogram generation system permitted large variations in depth to be made without introducing confounding changes in proximal stimulation. The main results are 1) separation of test and mask stimuli in depth substantially reduces masking, and 2) when more than one stimulus is in visual space the stimulus that either appears first or appears closer to the observer receives preferential processing by the visual system. Language: en
Information and Logrolling

The main purpose of this chapter is to examine the problems of information in a democracy and their effect on logrolling and particular logrolling transfers. It is necessary first, however, to look a little more carefully into the welfare implications of logrolling. I should say here, for the benefit of those interested in income transfers who are not accustomed to economic reasoning and to particular economic applications in political problems, that we always use examples with a very small number of people simply because such examples are easier to deal with. These examples are intended to be small scale models of real world situations. In our very small models of only a few people, however, negotiations between the parties would probably eliminate the problems that lead to the outcomes we predict. Thus, the small scale model is in this respect unrealistic. In essence, we assume that no negotiations or bargaining take place among the very small number of people that could not take place within a group of 100,000. All of this makes the reasoning easier to follow and does not affect the conclusion, but it does give a certain aura of unreality to the discussion.
Aircraft soot indirect effect on large‐scale cirrus clouds: Is the indirect forcing by aircraft soot positive or negative?

The indirect effect of aircraft soot on cirrus clouds is subject to large uncertainties due to uncertainty in the effectiveness of aircraft soot acting as heterogeneous ice nuclei (IN) and the complexity caused by background ice nucleation, which introduces two major competing ice nucleation mechanisms: homogeneous freezing that generally produces more abundant ice particles and heterogeneous nucleation that generally produces fewer ice particles. In this paper, we used the coupled Community Atmosphere Model version 5.2 (CAM5)/IMPACT model to estimate the climate impacts of aircraft soot acting as IN in large-scale cirrus clouds. We assume that only the aircraft soot particles that are preactivated in persistent contrail cirrus clouds are efficient IN. Further, we assume that these particles lose their ability to act as efficient IN when they become coated with three monolayers of sulfate. We varied the background number concentration of sulfate aerosols allowed to act as homogeneous ice nucleation sites as well as the dust concentrations that act as heterogeneous ice nuclei to examine the sensitivity of the forcing by aircraft soot to the background atmosphere. The global average effect can range from a high negative (cooling) rate, −0.35 W m−2, for the high sulfate/low dust case to a positive (warming) rate, +0.09 W m−2, for the low sulfate/low dust case (default CAM5 setup) when approximately 0.6% of total aviation soot acts as IN. The net negative forcing is caused by the addition of IN to a background atmosphere that is dominated by homogeneous nucleation (mainly in the tropic Indian Ocean, Central America, and North Atlantic Ocean). The forcings can be all positive, about +0.11 to +0.21 W m−2, when the background atmosphere is dominated by pure heterogeneous ice nucleation.
Thin Lehman Matrices and Their Graphs

Two square $0,1$ matrices $A,B$ are a pair of Lehman matrices if $AB^T = J+dI$, where $J$ is the matrix of all $1$s and $d$ is a positive integer. It is known that there are infinitely many such matrices when $d=1$, and these matrices are called thin Lehman matrices. An induced subgraph of the Johnson graph may be defined given any Lehman matrix, where the vertices of the graph correspond to rows of the matrix. These graphs are used to study thin Lehman matrices. We show that any connected component of such a graph determines the corresponding rows of the matrix up to permutations of the columns. We also provide a sharp bound on the maximum clique size of such graphs and give a complete classification of Lehman matrices whose graphs have at most two connected components. Some constraints on when a circulant matrix can be Lehman are also provided. Many general classes of thin Lehman matrices are constructed in the paper.
Shareholder Wealth Effects of the 1986 Ohio Antitakeover Law Revisited: Its Real Effects

In an earlier published paper (Ryngaert and Netter), we argue that the November 1986 Ohio antitakeover legislation provided a unique opportunity to test competing hypotheses about the shareholder wealth effects of antitakeover legislation. 1 The Ohio law provided an excellent setting for this test since the bill's introduction was a surprise to the market and its passage was accomplished in a short period of time.2 We found that the Ohio firms that would be expected to be most affected by the legislation suffered significant stock price declines in the period when news about the legislation became public. Our paper has been criticized by Margotta, McWilliams, and McWilliams (hereafter MMM), who conclude that their analysis of the stock price reaction to the 1986 Ohio legislation finds no significant shareholder wealth effects. In this paper, we argue that our original results concerning the shareholder wealth effects of the Ohio legislation are correct and that the MMM results, if anything, support our original conclusions.
On certain varieties attached to a Weyl group element

Let w be an elliptic element of the Weyl group of a connected reductive group G. Let X be the set of pairs (g,B) where g is an element of G, B is a Borel subgroup of G and B,gBg^{-1} are in relative position w. Then G acts naturally on X. Assume that w has minimal length in its conjugacy class. We show that the set of G-orbits in X has a well defined structure of an affine algebraic variety V. When G is a classical group we show that this variety is an affine space modulo the action of a finite diagonalizable group. In this case we also construct some nontrivial automorphisms of X.
Bayesian reliability modeling with a new loss function and numerical simulation

The aim the present study is to develop a Bayesian reliability model using a new loss function that has been introduced by Higgins and Tsokos. The underlyng failure model is the exponential and four priors are being used: the inverted gamma , the general uniform, the exponential and the lognormal. The concept of efficienncy along with the notion of integrated mean square are being used as a criterion to analytically and numerically compare our findings with respect to the natural conjugate prior. It is shown that the Bayesian reliability estimates are in general sensitive to the choice of the prior probability distribution.
Use of Radioactive Antibodies for Characterizing Antigens and Application to the Study of Flagella Synthesis

A simple rapid immunochemical procedure has been developed which provides information about the qualitative and quantitative nature of antigens. It involves the use of purified radioactive (^(125)I-labeled) antibodies. The amount of antibody bound to the antigen is determined by filtering the mixture through diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose paper. All of the antigen, as well as the antibody complexed with it, is trapped on the paper, whereas free antibody is removed by repeated washing. This technique has been applied to the study of three immune systems, bovine serum albumin, Escherichia coli tryptophan synthetase B protein, and Bacillus subtilis flagella. The results obtained by the DEAE-antibody binding technique were comparable, in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, to data obtained by microcomplement fixation and precipitin methods. The assay was used to measure the kinetics of flagella regeneration in B. subtilis.
Design and testing of an interpolating mixing architecture for electrowetting-based droplet-on-chip chemical dilution

An on-chip dilution scheme for an electrowetting based microfluidic system is presented in this paper. The dilution scheme uses the mixing and splitting of two droplets of different concentrations to result in an intermediate concentration, as the fundamental operation. A range of dilution factors can be obtained repeating the simple two-droplet mixing and splitting cycles, in various combinations. The accuracy of the dilution scheme primarily depends on two factors-variation in droplet volume during dispensing and splitting, and homogenous mixing. The proposed on-chip dilution architecture was tested for the dilution factors of 2, 4 and 8, using a red food dye as the sample solution and 0.1M KCl solution as the buffer. The concentrations were measured using an optical absorbance measurement system, consisting of an LED and photodiode. The error in the dilution factor was found to be /spl sim/15% for a dilution factor of 4 and /spl sim/25% for a dilution factor of 8. Droplet volume variations in dispensing and splitting contribute to /spl sim/80% of this error.
5—THE TESTING OF STAPLE-FIBRE BUNDLES TO DETERMINE VARIABILITY IN FIBRE-BREAKING ELONGATION

Blend irregularities can be determined by several methods if there are two or more discrete blend components that are chemically different. The present paper deals with a method of measuring blend inhomogeneities where only a single type of fibre is involved. A fibre bundle with a very short gauge length under a constant rate of tensile extension does not break suddenly. As each individual fibre reaches its breaking elongation, the total load is reduced by one decrement as it breaks. In a perfect bundle of parallel fibres, the others are unaffected by the event. Thus it is possible to find the statistical distribution of breaking elongation within the bundle in a single pull with a testing machine. Practical bundles exhibit similar characteristics. Tests have shown that coefficients of variation, determined by such bundle tests, vary along the length of the textile strands in a periodic manner, and this applies to several sorts, of fibre.
The absolute behavioral taste threshold for sodium saccharin in the rat

The absolute taste threshold for sodium saccharin was determined in four rats using a behavioral taste discrimination shock-avoidance technique. The threshold concentrations which were obtained varied from 4 × 10−5 M to 1.2 × 10−4 M, withan average value of 8 × 10−5 M. As might be expected, these absolute threshold concentrations were lower than the sodium saccharin preference thresholds reported for rats and were similar to the absolute threshold reported for humans.
Ethyl acrylate-induced gastric toxicity. III. Development and recovery of lesions

Rats receiving 14 daily gavage doses of 100 or 200 mg/kg ethyl acrylate (EtAc) and killed at varying times following the end of dosing exhibited dose-dependent lesions and recovery from lesions in the forestomach. The glandular stomach which was previously shown to be affected by acute exposure to EtAc appeared to have adapted to resist EtAc toxicity with repeat exposure and appeared normal in all animals. Adaptation of the forestomach was characterized by increased papillomatous thickening with dose. Lesions observed in acute exposure to EtAc were still present with repeat dosing and were more pronounced at the high dose. Forestomachs of rats which received 100 mg/kg EtAc for 14 days were recovered to normal within 2 weeks following the last dose. Forestomachs of rats receiving 200 mg/kg EtAc still exhibited numerous lesions 2 weeks following the last dose, and mucosal hyperplasia was present in the forestomachs at 4 weeks postexposure. Two lesions, submucosal fibrosis and foreign body reaction, became more prevalent in high-dose animals with time. Foreign body reaction, which was present in all animals 4 weeks postexposure, appeared to have resulted from entrapment of hair and/or feed particles in forestomach lesions in the course of healing. It is speculated that the increased cell proliferation and the induced foreign body reactions may contribute to the previously demonstrated carcinogenic effect of EtAc on the rat forestomach.
Simulating the effects of surface diffusion on electron beam induced deposition via a three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation

The effects that adsorbed precursor surface diffusion has on electron beam induced deposition are explored via a three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation. Initially the growth rate and resolution are compared for a common set of deposition conditions with a variable surface diffusion coefficient ranging from 0 to 1 × 10(-8) cm(2) s(-1). The growth rate and resolution are shown to both be enhanced as the growth changes from a mass transport limited regime to a reaction rate limited regime. The complex interplay between the vertical growth rate, the lateral growth rate, the interaction volume and the adsorbed and diffused precursor species are discussed. A second scenario is also simulated in which only gas diffused from a constant source at the perimeter of the simulation boundary is assumed (no gas phase adsorption). At low diffusion coefficients, the diffusing gas is consumed by secondary and backscattered electrons and experimentally observed ring-like structures are generated. At higher diffusion coefficients, the diffusion length is sufficient for the precursor atoms to diffuse to the center (and up the pillar sidewalls) to generate nanowires.
Ontogenetic effects of EEDQ on amphetamine-induced behaviors of rats: role of presynaptic processes

Previous research has shown that the alkylating agentN-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1, 2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) affects dopamine (DA) synthesis and metabolism in both preweanling and adult rats. In the present study, we attempted to determine the behavioral relevance of EEDQ's presynaptic actions. To that end, 17- and 90-day-old rats were injected with either EEDQ (7.5 mg/kg, IP) or its vehicle 30 min after half the rats were pretreated with the selective DA antagonists SCH 23390 and sulpiride. (SCH 23390/sulpiride pretreatment was used to protect D1 and D2 receptors from EEDQ-induced inactivation.) The behavioral effects of amphetamine (0, 0.1, 0.3, or 1.0 mg/kg, IP) were then assessed 1, 2, 4, and 8 days after EEDQ treatment. Amphetamine-induced behaviors were used to assess EEDQ's presynaptic actions, because amphetamine does not directly bind to the DA receptor, but rather releases DA from the presynaptic terminal. Further, since half of the EEDQ-treated rats had a full complement of DA receptors (i.e., those rats pretreated with SCH 23390/sulpiride), EEDQ's actions in the presynaptic terminal could be dissociated from actions at pre- and postsynaptic receptors. In general, the results showed that EEDQ blocked most of the amphetamine-induced behaviors of both 17- and 90-day-old rats. Surprisingly, pretreatment with SCH 23390 and sulpiride only protected the amphetamine-induced behaviors of adult rats, but not the behaviors of 17-day-old rat pups. When considered together, these results suggest that EEDQ's presynaptic effects are not behaviorally relevant to the adult rat, but may be responsible for eliminating amphetamine-induced behaviors in the 17-day-old rat pup.
Pressure Control Inverse Ratio Ventilation as a Method to Reduce Peak Inspiratory Pressure and Provide Adequate Ventilation and Oxygenation

Nineteen patients with ARDS or pneumonia who were ventilated with PcIRV on the Siemens-Elema Servo 900 C were retrospectively reviewed. The PcIRV reduced peak airway pressure, PEEP, increased Paw, and improved ventilation and oxygenation in these patients. When these patients were compared with themselves on prior conventional IPPV, all had a decrease in PIP, an increase in Paw and most had a decrease in VE, with no change in PaCO2 and an increase in PaO2. The increase in Paw may have contributed to this improved arterial oxygenation. High levels of PIP and PEEP during IPPV have been identified as risk factors in the development of barotrauma and residual parenchymal pulmonary damage. We propose that PcIRV allows for adequate ventilation and oxygenation with decreases in PIP, extrinsically added PEEP and inspired O2 concentration. This mode of ventilation may decrease the morbidity associated with IPPV utilizing high PIP and PEEP.
CONTROLLED SEMI-MARKOV MODELS UNDER LONG-RUN AVERAGE REWARDS

Abstract Let the state space S be a Borel subset of a complete separable metric space, the action space A compact metric. Existence of stationary optimal policies is proved and a dynamic programming equation derived for general semi-Markov models under the long-run average reward criterion, focusing on it as a limiting case of optimization under discounting as the discount factor goes to one. This extends many earlier results. An example of Reed (1974) on harvesting a natural resource provides an application not covered by earlier results.
An Indirect Test of Efficient City Sizes

Abstract This paper develops a model which demonstrates necessary conditions for efficient distribution of labor across areas given the presence of agglomeration economies and congestion externalities. An indirect empirical test for efficient allocation is formulated based on a comparison of estimated agglomeration economies with the compensating variation in occupation-specific wages needed to attract workers to larger cities. The results of this test suggest that there are specific city size ranges where necessary conditions for efficient allocation of resources are not met, particularly for cities in the 1.5 to 2.5 million population range. Current claims that continued growth of the largest U. S. cities is inefficient are not confirmed by the empirical results.
Effect of x-radiation on uptake of P32 into individual nucleotides of HeLa cells.

Separation of 24 acid soluble phosphorus compounds from irradiated and nonirradiated HeLa cells is described. Relative specific activities of 19 of these compounds are given. lrradiation of the cells produced an increase of relative specific activity and in amount of uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine and a decrease in amount and specific activity of adenosine triphosphate.
Notes from the classroom of Gertrude Johnson

Gertrude Johnson was one of the most influential teachers of oral interpretation in America during the first half of the twentieth century. As a pioneer in the field, she taught concepts which are, in most instances, still viable today. This article, based upon excerpts from the notebooks of one of her students, presents some of her insights concerning such matters as the history, theory, tools, and teachers of interpretation.
Effects of a Limited Food Supply on Growth Rates of Coho Salmon and Steelhead Trout

Abstract Competition between coho salmon and steelhead trout was studied by comparing specific growth rates of the two species in a laboratory raceway. The raceway was partitioned into six test compartments, each 1.5 m long by 35.5 cm wide; each compartment had flowing water of about 200 liters per minute with temperature averaging 13.9 C and dissolved oxygen 6.5 ppm. Fingerling salmon and trout of similar size were compared, and tests were run on fingerlings 58 to 76 mm in length and also on fingerlings 91 to 105 mm long. The fish were fed the Oregon moist pellet from 5 October to 20 December 1967. Daily feeding rates were kept below optimum and ranged from 1.8% to 3.6% of body weight. When trout and salmon below 84 mm were held together in the same raceway, the trout grew at a significantly faster rate; in other words steelhead trout were dominant over coho salmon in utilizing food from a limited supply. Above 84 mm, the growth rate of the experimental trout was also greater than that of the salmon, alt...
Fc receptors on monocytes cause OKT3-treated lymphocytes to internalize T3 and to secrete IL-2.

Abstract Monocytes cause OKT3-treated T cells to secrete IL-2 and to lose cell surface T3. We have studied the fate of the “lost” T3. Immunofluorescence microscopy on permeabilized cells showed that monocytes induce T cells to internalize T3. Furthermore, experiments with radioiodinated T cells showed that the internalized T3 was not degraded and exhibited an unaltered polypeptide composition for at least 16 hr. The role of Fc receptors in inducing internalization was also investigated. Fc receptors were depleted from monocytes by allowing the phagocytes to spread on immune complexes. Such depleted monocytes exhibit a fourfold reduction in their ability to promote both internalization of T3 and production of IL-2. A comparable reduction is seen if F(ab′) 2 fragments of OKT3 were employed in place of intact IgG. Furthermore, monocyte Fc receptors that have been blocked by heat-aggregated human IgG also show much reduced capability for induction of OKT3-mediated T-cell proliferation. We therefore conclude that Fc receptors bind to the Fc domain of OKT3 and thereby cause OKT3-treated T cells to internalize T3 and become activated.
Increased Hippocampal Plaques and Tangles in Patients With Alzheimer Disease With a Lifetime History of Major Depression

Context The hallmark pathological changes in Alzheimer disease (AD) are abundant plaque and tangle formation, especially in the temporal lobes and hippocampus. Although there is increasing evidence that major depression may interact with neuropathological processes in AD, there have been no studies of neuropathological changes in AD as a function of history of major depression. Objective To test the hypothesis that neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are more pronounced in the hippocampus of patients with AD with a lifetime history of major depressive disorder, as compared with patients with AD without depression history. Design Postmortem study. Setting Nursing home. Participants The brains of 52 patients with AD without a lifetime history of major depression were compared with the brains of 50 patients with AD with a lifetime history of major depression. Main Outcome Measures Neuropathological ratings from the Consortium to Establish a Registry in Alzheimer Disease battery. Results Brains of patients with AD with a lifetime history of depression showed higher levels of both plaque (P Conclusions In AD, the presence of a lifetime history of depression corresponds to increases in AD-related neuropathological changes within the hippocampus. These changes go along with more rapid cognitive decline in patients with AD with a history of depression, and are more pronounced in patients with AD suffering from depression early on in the disease process, suggesting an interaction between major depression and AD neuropathology.
New Moves: a school-based obesity prevention program for adolescent girls.

Abstract Background This study tests the feasibility of an innovative school-based program for obesity prevention among adolescent girls. New Moves was implemented as a multicomponent, girls-only, high-school physical education class. Methods Six schools were equally randomized into intervention and control conditions. Data were collected at baseline, postintervention, and 8-month follow-up to assess program impact on physical activity, eating patterns, self-perceptions, and body mass index (BMI) among 89 girls in the intervention and 112 girls in the control conditions. Program evaluation also included interviews with school staff, parent surveys, and participant interviews and process evaluation surveys. Results The feasibility of implementing New Moves was high, as indicated by strong satisfaction among participants, parents, and school staff, and by program sustainability. Participants perceived a positive program impact on their physical activity, eating patterns, and self-image. Girls in the intervention significantly progressed in their stage of behavioral change for physical activity from baseline to follow-up. However, for the majority of outcome variables, differences between intervention and control schools at postintervention and follow-up were not statistically significant. Conclusions New Moves was well received and fills a needed niche within school physical education programs. An expanded intervention and evaluation is needed to enhance and assess long-term program effectiveness.
Marketing myopia revisited: lessons for logistics

Refers to the historic article by Theodore Levitt, entitled “Marketing myopia”, that appeared in 1960 in the Harvard Business Review which has had significant impact on business thought and practice. The philosophy or orientation presented by Levitt still has profound implications for the discipline of logistics, even 40 years after the writing of his article. This article argues that persons in logistics have sometimes taken a myopic view of the discipline and that if the area is ever to achieve the level of importance prophesied for it, academicians and practitioners alike will have to take a much broader and pervasive view of what logistics is and what it could become. Some provocative questions are posed to those involved in the theoretical and applied areas of logistics.
Watching the Monitors: “PAID” Prescriptions, Fiscal Intermediaries and Drug-Utilization Review

Abstract Prescription monitoring evolved from the need of drug firms to obtain marketing information. Today, extensive monitoring is also done by fiscal intermediaries who administer prepaid drug b...
Framework for power and activity factor allocation in a multiclass CDMA system

We consider a multimedia CDMA uplink where there are multiple classes of users with different Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirements. Each user is modeled as an ON-OFF source, where in the ON state, the user transmits a fixed number of bits in each time slot and in the OFF state, the user is silent. The probability of being in the ON state, known as the activity factor, could be different for different users. Assuming a constant channel gain, we first characterize the set of transmit power levels, activity factors and number of users in each class that can be supported by a system with a given spreading gain under the constraint that each user's QoS requirement must be met. Using this characterization, we then present a utility function-based algorithm for choosing the activity factors of elastic users in the network.
Competition Between Ant Species: Outcome Controlled by Parasitic Flies

Experimental evidence demonstrates that the parasitic phorid fly Apocephalus shifts the competitive balance between the ant species Pheidole dentata and Solenopsis texana by interfering with the defensive behavior of Pheidole dentata major workers (soldiers). This represents one of the first examples of a parasite affecting competitive interactions anmong terrestrial animals in natural communities. Similar complex interactions are probably common in many ant communities.
Female mouse fetal loss mediated by maternal autoantibody

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a disease of women during childbearing years, is characterized by the production of double-stranded DNA antibodies. A subset of these antibodies, present in 40% of patients, cross-reacts with the NR2A and NR2B subunits of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). In this study, we show that, in mouse models, these antibodies cause a loss of female fetus viability by inducing apoptosis of NR2A-expressing neurons within the brainstem late in fetal development; gender specificity derives from a time-dependent increased expression of NR2A in female brainstem or increased vulnerability of female fetal neurons to signaling through NR2A-containing NMDARs. This paradigm is consistent with available data on the sex ratio of live births of women with SLE. It represents a novel mechanism by which maternal autoantibodies can severely affect fetal health in a gender-specific fashion and raises the question of how many maternal antibodies affect brain development or exhibit gender-specific fetal effects.
Long-term prognosis for children with epilepsy

In discussions of prognosis that are based primarily on epidemiologic data, it is important to emphasize two issues: first, statistical rates of recurrence or remission apply to groups, not individuals. Whereas important and useful information is obtained from examining the epidemiology of epilepsy, it is the individual child who is the concern of the physician, family, and community. That individual child may do well despite indicators that suggest a risk of poor outcome, or may do poorly, experiencing recurrent seizures or adverse effects of treatment, despite apparent "low risk." It is unimportant to a parent that "90% of children with this type of epilepsy do well" if his or her child is doing poorly. All treatment decisions, including the decision to withdraw anticonvulsants after prolonged seizure-free periods, must be made individually. An adolescent or young adult, seizure-free on treatment, may be unwilling to risk even a 10% to 25% risk of recurrence if it means giving up driving privileges or risking a seizure in school or on the job. In addition, although it is appropriate to reassure most parents of children with newly-diagnosed epilepsy that seizures do not cause cognitive or behavioral deficits, problems do occur frequently and must be addressed. Comprehensive treatment programs for children with epilepsy must include evaluation and treatment of coexisting learning, cognitive, and behavior problems, as well as family education to prevent excessive parental anxiety and overprotection.
Collisions between Light-quanta

THE equations which have been applied so successfully by A. H. Compton1 and P. Debye2 to encounters between electrons and light-quanta may be applied in a slightly modified form to an encounter between two light-quanta. It seems better, however, to consider first the result of supposing that the encounter results primarily in the production of a localisation of energy which can be represented by a moving particle of stationary mass m.
Preparation of primary monolayer cultures of adult rat hepatocytes

We describe in detail the technique of hepatocyte isolation and establishment of primary cell cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. These cultures contain hormonally responsive hepatocytes that retain many adult characteristics under completely serum-free conditions. The cells retain a normal morphology and do not exhibit fetal characteristics during a 4 d culture period.
A scanning electron microscopic study of the inorganic and organic matrices comprising the mature shell of Amblema, a fresh-water mollusc

Abstract The scanning electron microscope has been used to describe the morphology of the mature shell in a fresh-water bivalve. The structure of the organic and inorganic components within the nacre, the myostracum, and the prismatic layer is described. A transitional or intermediate zone, interposed between the prismatic layer and the nacre, was identified. In demineralized samples, the organic component of the nacre was found to consist of parallel matricial sheets interconnected by irregular transverse bridges. The structure of the mineral component of the nacre was found to vary with the method of specimen preparation. With polished-etched samples, brick-like units were seen. When shells were simply broken and fixed in osmium, the layers of nacreous material consisted of fusing rhomboidal crystals of aragonite which demonstrated subconchoidal fractures. On the inner surface of the shell, the rhomboidal crystals showed an apparent spiral growth pattern. The myostracum was characterized by regions of modified nacreous structure consisting of enlarged aragonite crystals with a pyramidal morphology. The peripheral aspect of the muscle scars was characterized by rhomboidal crystals, the latter fusing to form the typical nacreous laminae. The uniqueness of the anterior adductor scar is exemplified by the presence of pores, each pore walled by pyramidal units, for the insertion of adductor fibres. In most regions of the shell, the prismatic layer consisted of one prism unit thickness with a height of approximately 225–250 μm. However, in two specialized regions of the shell, this layer was seen to consist of multiple layers of stacked prisms. The organic matrices of the prismatic layer are arranged in a honeycomb-like arrangement and packed with mineralized spherical subunits.
Effect of sericea lespedeza leaf meal pellets on adult female Haemonchus contortus in goats

Abstract Sericea lespedeza (SL; Lespedeza cuneata ) is a perennial warm-season forage rich in condensed tannins (CT) that has been reported to have anthelmintic activity against small ruminant gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN), particularly Haemonchus contortus , a highly pathogenic blood-feeder, but the mechanism of action of CT against H. contortus is not clearly understood. An experiment with young goats was designed to study the effect of SL leaf meal pellets on (1) a mature H. contortus infection, and (2) the surface appearance of adult H. contortus female worms. Thirty-six female and castrated male Boer crossbred goats artificially infected with H. contortus larvae were fed 75% SL leaf meal pellets or alfalfa pellets (18 goats/treatment group) in a 28-day confinement feeding trial. Fecal and blood samples were collected weekly for fecal egg count (FEC) and packed cell volume (PCV) determination, respectively, and all goats were slaughtered at the end of the trial for adult GIN recovery and counting. Five adult female H. contortus were recovered from the abomasum of two goats from each treatment group and from a prior study in which 75% and 95% SL leaf meal pellets or a commercial feed pellet were group-fed to grazing goats (270 days old, Spanish males, 10/treatment group) at 0.91 kg/head/d for 11 weeks. Adult GIN collected were fixed and examined for evidence of surface damage using scanning electron microscopy. Feeding 75% SL pellets to young goats in confinement reduced ( P H. contortus recovered from SL treatment goats in the confinement feeding trial had cuticular surface damage, while no damage was observed on worms from the control group. All five worms observed from both SL treatments in the grazing study showed a shrunken, disheveled cuticular surface, whereas this was not observed on worms from control animals. Overall, this work suggests that a possible mechanism of action of SL against female H. contortus in the animal's abomasum is a direct action of CT on the cuticle of the worm.
Direct access photomemory: part I. prototype machine system

In recent years, the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) research laboratory at San Jose, California, has sustained a group effort directed toward the investigation of a very-large capacity direct-access digital storage system using a unique self-developing photographic medium.
Regional blood flows in unanaesthetized rhesus monkeys during myocardial infarction

After acute myocardial infarction in rhesus monkeys, the decreased cardiac output was redistributed so that the brain, heart, liver, and adrenals received a relative increase in the fractional distribution at the expense of a decrease to the remaining parts of the body.
Radiation therapy as part of local control of metastatic neuroblastoma: the St Jude Children's Research Hospital experience.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study was to compare outcomes of pediatric patients with high-risk metastatic neuroblastoma who received radiotherapy (RT) with those of patients who did not. Patients and methods We reviewed the records of 63 patients with newly diagnosed metastatic neuroblastoma treated at our institution (1989-2001) to investigate their characteristics at presentation, dose and field of RT, treatment response, and failure patterns. Results Seventeen patients received RT, and 46 did not. In the RT group, a greater percentage of patients had residual disease before consolidation than did those in the no-RT group (88.2% vs 69.6%, P = .008). Gross total resection was achieved less often in the RT group (65% vs 89%, P = .055), but the 5-year cumulative incidences of local failure were similar (35.3% ± 12.4% vs 32.6% ± 7.1%). Although there was no difference in 5-year event-free survival, overall survival was better in the no-RT group (47.8% ± 7.2% vs 23.5% ± 9.2%, P = .026). Conclusion The addition of RT to the therapy of a group of patients with more residual locoregional disease appeared to improve the local failure rate to approximately that of patients with less residual disease. Radiotherapy may provide even greater benefit to those with less residual disease before consolidation.
Observations on the rare-earths—LXXVIII[1] tetrakis(pyramidone) chelates of selected tripositive ions

Abstract Tetrakis(pyramidone) chelates, [Ln(pd) 4 ][B(C 6 H 5 H 5 ) 4 ] 3 (pd = pyramidone; Ln = Sc, Y, La, Nd, Gd, Er, Yb, Lu), have been prepared. The infra-red spectra indicate that one point of co-ordination is through the carbonyl oxygen atom of the pyramidone molecule. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance data suggest strongly that the second point of coordination is through the exocyclic tertiary nitrogen atom of the ligand molecule. The absence of strong covalent interactions between ligand molecules and Ln 3+ ions is indicated.
The rise and fall of American naval intelligence, 1882–1917

(1993). The rise and fall of American naval intelligence, 1882–1917. Intelligence and National Security: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 214-226.
Creep crack growth in high temperature ductile materials

Abstract In the past 15 years, considerable advancements have occurred in the area of time-dependent fracture mechanics (TDFM) for predicting crack growth in the presence of creep strains. These concepts and the supporting experimental data are reviewed in this paper with particular emphasis on ductile high temperature steels such as Cr-Mo and Cr-Mo-V ferritic steels and the stainless steels. Three crack tip parameters, C ∗ (t) , C ( t ) and C t , are identified and discussed in detail for characterizing the creep crack growth rate at elevated temperatures in ductile materials. In the extensive creep regime all three parameters are identical. In the small-scale and the transition creep region, C ∗ is not valid and C ( t ) ≠ C t . In this paper, these parameters, their mechanics basis and their abilities to correlate creep crack growth rates in high temperature steels are discussed in detail. The areas which need further work are also outlined.
Infrared image construction with computer-generated reflection holograms.

Computer-generated reflection holograms hold substantial promise as a means of carrying out complex machining, marking, scribing, welding, soldering, heat treating, and similar processing operations simultaneously and without moving the work piece or laser beam. In the study described, a photographically reduced transparency of a 64 x 64 element Lohmann hologram was used to make a mask which, in turn, was used (with conventional photoresist techniques) to produce a holographic reflector. Images from a commercial CO2 laser (150W TEM(00)) and the holographic reflector are illustrated and discussed.
Chondrocalcinosis, osteophytes and osteoarthritis

Crystals, spurs, and osteoarthritis An association between osteoarthritis (OA) and radiographic evidence of chondrocalcinosis (CC) has been recognised for years. Crystals of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) may be found in synovial fluid from patients with OA who are relatively asymptomatic as well as from those who are experiencing an acute flare up of joint pain due to an attack of pseudogout. Whether CC is the cause of OA in such people or develops as a result of changes in metabolism of the chondrocyte or in the extracellular matrix of the articular cartilage is unclear. In any event, conditions associated with CC, such as hyperparathyroidism, Wilson’s disease, and haemochromatosis, are well recognised causes of “secondary” OA.1 Chondrocytes from patients with OA who do not exhibit CC produce as much pyrophosphate as those from the cartilage of patients with CPPD disease.2 Furthermore, chondrocytes from human OA cartilage exhibit increased sensitivity to transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), which has been shown to induce osteophyte formation in murine knee joints, an effect not seen with insulin-like growth factor 1.3 TGFβ also stimulates the secretion of pyrophosphate by chondrocytes, predisposing to formation of pericellular CPPD crystals; the phagocytosis of which results in the synthesis of matrix metalloproteinases by chondrocytes.4 These enzymes participate directly in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix of the cartilage and activate latent proenzymes and growth factors that cause further structural damage. Calcium crystals also decrease the synthesis of proteinase inhibitors, such as tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, exacerbating tissue damage.4 In addition to the effects of CPPD crystals on cartilage cited above, calcium crystals may produce direct mechanical damage to articular cartilage. Addition of CPPD crystals to the solution bathing cartilage plugs that were subjected to mechanical wear in vitro increased proteoglycan loss from the cartilage matrix, …
Sediment aggregation in a salt-marsh complex, Great Sound, New Jersey

Abstract Suspended sediments in a major tidal channel in southern New Jersey consist dominantly of three inorganic particle types: single grains, organic-mineral aggregates and fecal pellets. Single mineral grains range from clays ( μ m) to fine sands (200 μm), but are dominant only in size fractions above 88 μm. Organic-mineral aggregates are characterized by low settling velocities ( −2 cm/s) and densities ( 3 ), and comprise approximately 70% of the suspensate under fair-weather conditions. Fecal pellets are somewhat more dense (1.7–1.8 mg/m 3 ) and settle more rapidly (4.7 × 10 −2 –5×10 −1 cm/s) than organic-mineral aggregates. Because of the contrasting settling velocities, organic-mineral aggregates constitute an ever present background suspensate population, whereas single grains and fecal pellets are dominant only on maximum tidal flow or under storm conditions. Organic-mineral aggregates are composed almost exclusively of grains smaller than 6 μm, so that they are the dominant vehicle by which fine-grained particles are transported and deposited. Fecal pellets are most commonly comprised of a wide range of particle sizes, although occasionally their constituent grains exhibit a well-defined mode of particles ≈6- μ m in size. Given their relatively rapid settling velocities, fecal pellets are probably an important mechanism by which silt- and clay-size particles are introduced to the coarse-grained deposits (sands) which characterize the major tidal channels.
Regulation of Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase activity in adrenocortical cell cultures by adrenocorticotropin

Abstract Δ 5 -3 β -Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase activity was found to decay in primary cultures of normal rat adrenocortical cells maintained in the absence of adrenocorticotropin for more than 7 days. Physiological concentrations of adrenocorticotropin induced the enzyme complex with a lag period of about 4 hours. Studies with actinomycin D and cycloheximide suggested that both RNA and protein synthesis are required for the induction of steroid dehydrogenase-isomerase activity.
Serotonergic modulation of astrocytic activity in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus

The present study was undertaken to explore the effects of central serotonin receptor activation on the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of Syrian hamsters. Immunoblot and immunohistochemical procedures were used to examine the effects of systemic application of the serotonin-1A and serotonin-7 receptor agonist, (+/-)-2-dipropyl-amino-8-hydroxyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene hydrobromide (8-OH-DPAT; 3.75 mg/kg) on the contents and distribution of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Administration of 8-OH-DPAT at midday caused a significant reduction in immunoreactive glial fibrillary acidic protein content within 1 h of injection, compared to vehicle controls. This effect was not evident 3 h after drug injection. Treatment with 8-OH-DPAT during the late dark phase had little effect on glial fibrillary acidic protein content. The 8-OH-DPAT-induced reduction in glial fibrillary acidic protein content seen at midday was blocked partially by pretreatment with the serotonin-2 and serotonin-7 receptor antagonist, ritanserin, and more substantially by pretreatment with the serotonin-1A receptor antagonist, NAN-190. Treatment with 8-OH-DPAT also caused a significant redistribution of immunoreactive glial fibrillary acidic protein, such that the dense mesh-like appearance seen in vehicle controls was significantly reduced. The 8-OH-DPAT treatment also significantly decreased expression of polysialic acid, a cell-surface molecule associated with neural plasticity. Immunoblot assessments of glial fibrillary acidic protein contents 2 h before and 1 h after lights off revealed a significant time-of-day difference in glial fibrillary acidic protein expression, with lowest levels occurring at the latter time-point, associated with maximal endogenous serotonin release in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Collectively, these results indicate that acute plastic changes in glial fibrillary acidic protein-related astrocytic activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus can be induced in response to serotonin-7 or serotonin-1A receptor activation in a phase-dependent manner. It is interesting to speculate that circadian reorganizations in astrocytic activity could be regulated by the daily rhythm in serotonin release in the suprachiasmatic nucleus.