cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fundamental Concepts in the Pathobiology of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is among the most common causes of drug-related immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. It is a unique syndrome, in that despite the fact that thrombocyto-penia is the major laboratory manifestation of HIT, its major complication is a highly morbid (and commonly fatal) thrombotic diathesis, known as the HIT with thrombosis syndrome (HITTS). The pathogenesis of HIT and HITTS has been recently elucidated, and involves an immune response against epitopes within circulating heparin-platelet factor-4 (PF4) complexes. This leads to cross-linking and activation of platelets, increasing the risk for thromboses. Furthermore, significant immunological cross-reactivity occurs between endothelial-cell bound PF4 and the HIT antibody, which may lead to endothelial damage, activation, and hyperplasia. This complex process leads to a hypercoagulable state, which may lead to overt thromboses.
The Iraq Coalition of the Willing and (Politically) Able: Party Systems, the Press, and Public Influence on Foreign Policy

Media outlets in multiparty electoral systems tend to report on a wider range of policy issues than media in two-party systems. They thus make more competing policy frames available to citizens. This suggests that a “free press” is insufficient to hold governments accountable. Rather, we should observe more challenges to the governments’ preferred frames and more politically aware citizens in multiparty democracies. Such citizens should thus be better equipped to hold their leaders accountable, relative to their counterparts in two-party democracies. I propose a mechanism through which democratic publics can sometimes constrain their leaders in foreign policy. I test hypotheses derived from my theory with cross-national data on the content of news coverage of Iraq, on public support for the war, and on decisions to contribute troops to the Iraq “Coalition of the Willing.” I find that citizens in countries with larger numbers of parties confronted more critical and diverse coverage of Iraq, while those with more widespread access to mass media were more likely to oppose the war and their nations likely to contribute fewer troops to the Coalition.
Full‐Wave Solutions in Terms of Coupled Vacuum Modes

Full wave solutions for coupled modes corresponding to ionospheric propagation in vacuum, stressing numerical swamping problem
Host response to mycobacterial infection in the alcoholic rat

Abstract Animals, chronically treated with alcohol, were inoculated with mycobacteria (bacillus Calmette-Guerin, 10.2 × 106 organisms) into the spleen to produce a granulomatous hepatitis. Before infection, chronic alcohol ingestion was associated with a depressed skin test response to phytohemagglutinin, 71.7% of baseline (P = 0.009). Mycobacterial (bacillus Calmette-Guerin) infection stimulated phytohemagglutinin skin test response to 417% of baseline in controls and 299% in alcoholics (P
Perspectives on optimistically replicated, peer-to-peer filing

This research proposes and tests an approach to engineering distributed file systems that are aimed at wide-scale, Internet-based use. The premise is that replication is essential to deliver performance and availability, yet the traditional conservative replica consistency algorithms do not scale to this environment. Our Ficus replicated file system uses a single-copy availability, optimistic update policy with reconciliation algorithms that reliably detect concurrent updates and automatically restore the consistency of directory replicas. The system uses the peer-to-peer model in which all machines are architectural equals but still permits configuration in a client-server arrangement where appropriate. Ficus has been used for six years at several geographically scattered installations. This paper details and evaluates the use of optimistic replica consistency, automatic update conflict detection and repair, the peer-to-peer (as opposed to client-server) interaction model, and the stackable file system architecture in the design and construction of Ficus. The paper concludes with a number of lessons learned from the experience of designing, building, measuring, and living with an optimistically replicated file system. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Full mouth rehabilitation of a young patient with partial expressions of ectodermal dysplasia: A clinical report

Ectodermal dysplasia (ED) is a hereditary disorder characterized by the abnormal development of specific tissues and structures of ectodermal origin. This clinical report describes the multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and treatment of a 24-year-old patient with partial expression of ED. The treatment plan used dental implants to support fixed prostheses and ceramic restorations to establish acceptable esthetics and provide function.
Magnetic Resonance Cholangiography: Applications in Patients with Calculus Disease of the Biliary Tract

Magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) is a non-invasive imaging modality that has become widely available. In the short time since its introduction, MRC has been shown to possess excellent accuracy for the diagnosis of various biliary pathologies, including choledocholithiasis. Investigations of the clinical applications of MRC are ongoing. This review summarizes the diagnostic capabilities of MRC and discusses its application in the management of patients with gallstone diseases.
Cultivation of Mammalian Cells in Bioreactors

The use of bioreactors for the cultivation of mammalian cells in vitro has the potential for systematic scale up to meet future demand. The complexity of mammalian cells in culture and their characteristics is described here as is a number of cultivation methods including simple suspension, microcarrier, hollow fiber, ceramic matrix and microencapsulation.
Demonstration of Zeno switching through inverse Raman scattering in an optical fiber.

We report the observation of Zeno switching through an inverse Raman scattering (IRS) process in an optical fiber. In IRS, light at the anti-Stokes frequency is strongly attenuated in the presence of a pump field, allowing it to be used for all-optical switching and modulation. Our observed level of induced absorption via IRS in the optical fiber is > 20dB in a time scale of less than 5 ps. The full Raman response spectrum was extracted experimentally and excellent agreement was found between the experimental data and theoretical modeling of IRS.
The human checkpoint sensor Rad9–Rad1–Hus1 interacts with and stimulates DNA repair enzyme TDG glycosylase

Human (h) DNA repair enzyme thymine DNA glycosylase (hTDG) is a key DNA glycosylase in the base excision repair (BER) pathway that repairs deaminated cytosines and 5-methyl-cytosines. The cell cycle checkpoint protein Rad9–Rad1–Hus1 (the 9-1-1 complex) is the surveillance machinery involved in the preservation of genome stability. In this study, we show that hTDG interacts with hRad9, hRad1 and hHus1 as individual proteins and as a complex. The hHus1 interacting domain is mapped to residues 67–110 of hTDG, and Val74 of hTDG plays an important role in the TDG–Hus1 interaction. In contrast to the core domain of hTDG (residues 110–308), hTDG(67–308) removes U and T from U/G and T/G mispairs, respectively, with similar rates as native hTDG. Human TDG activity is significantly stimulated by hHus1, hRad1, hRad9 separately, and by the 9-1-1 complex. Interestingly, the interaction between hRad9 and hTDG, as detected by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), is enhanced following N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) treatment. A significant fraction of the hTDG nuclear foci co-localize with hRad9 foci in cells treated with methylating agents. Thus, the 9-1-1 complex at the lesion sites serves as both a damage sensor to activate checkpoint control and a component of the BER.
Adenocarcinoma of the lung: A comparative diagnostic study using light and electron microscopy

Several techniques for diagnosing adenocarcinoma of the lung are commonly available, but the frequency of their use and diagnostic sensitivity may vary. Twenty cases of primary lung adenocarcinoma obtained at surgery were studied by the following four routine techniques: light microscopy (LM) using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) stain, mucicarmine stain, and PAS-diastase stain, and electron microscopy (EM). Three observers independently determined the positivity (0 [none],±[equivocal], 1+ [slight], 2+ [moderate], 3+ [marked]) of each of these cases for lumen formation in H&E-stained sections (LM lumens), intracytoplasmic (cytoplasmic mucicarmine) or intraluminal (luminal mucicarmine) mucicarmine, intracytoplasmic (cytoplasmic PAS) or intraluminal *luminal PAS) PAS-diastase, and lumen formation (EM lumens) or microvilli (EM microvilli) on electron microscopy. Comparative matching of these seven microscopic determinants (using Wilcoxon signed-rank test) demonstrated significant ( P P P
TRACE RELATIONS FOR TENSORS RELATING ELECTRIC FIELDS AND ELASTIC STRAINS TO NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLE EFFECTS

The effects of electric field and elastic strain on the nuclear quadrupole interactions in crystals have been described by means of third- and fourth-rank tensors relating the change of the electric field gradient tensor components ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{\mathrm{ij}}$ to the components ${E}_{k}$ of the applied electric field and to the components ${e}_{\mathrm{lm}}$ of the strain tensor. Usual symmetry relations reduce the number of independent components of the coupling tensors. In addition to the relations due to symmetry, other relations among the components of the coupling tensor have been usually obtained from the assumption that the change in the trace $\ensuremath{\Sigma}{i}^{}{\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{\mathrm{ii}}$ due to applied electric field or strain is equal to zero. We show that the number, but not the interpretation, of the independent tensor coefficients is independent of the assumption about the trace.
The Structure and Morphology of a Kaolin Clay from Les Eyzies (France)1

It is shown by x-ray analysis and electron micrographs that the clay from Les Eyzies is composed of about equal amounts of platy material (kaolinite), and rolled or tubular material (halioysite). Detailed examination of the electron micrographs shows oriented tubes or rolled sheets which may have originated from well-aligned platy material which has fractured and subsequently curled into rolled forms. Hexagonal features on the surfaces of the rolled forms are described. The laboratory results are correlated with geological data on the formation of the clay.
PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF THYMINE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

— Uracil, 5-hydroxymethyluracil, and 5-formyluracil have been identified by paper chromatography as the photo-oxidation products from an aqueous solution of thymine which was irradiated with germicidal lamps. These findings are parallel to the photochemical changes of 1,3-dimethylthyniine as reported in the preceding paper.
Does Children's Oncology Group hospital membership improve survival for patients with neuroblastoma or Wilms tumor?

Purpose To determine prognostic significance of hospital surgical volume and Children's Oncology Group (COG) membership on neuroblastoma (NBL) and Wilms tumor (WT) survival. Methods The Florida Cancer Data System was queried from 1981 to 2004. Results Of 869 NBL patients, 463 were treated at COG/HVC, 246 at COG/LVC, and 160 at non-COG/LVC. COG hospitals treated a larger proportion of patients <1 year of age (P = 0.002) and relatively more patients with adrenal and mediastinal tumors (P = 0.005). COG centers more frequently administered chemotherapy (72% vs. 51%, P < 0.001). Five- and 10-year survival rates were higher at COG/HVC (70.6%, 67.7%) and COG/LVC (75.8%, 72.6%) than non-COG/LVC (59.5%, 54.4%, P < 0.05). Of 790 WT patients, 395 were treated at COG/HVC, 210 at COG/LVC, and 185 at non-COG/LVC. COG hospitals treated younger patients and lower staged tumors (P < 0.05). COG centers more frequently administered chemotherapy (88% vs. 59%, P < 0.001). Five- and 10-year survival rates were higher at COG/HVC (91.3%, 89.9%) and COG/LVC (96.7%, 94.7%) than non-COG/LVC (82.4%, 81.7%, P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis demonstrated WT patients treated at non-COG hospitals, but not NBL patients, had worse survival (HR 3.107, P = 0.01). Conclusion Children treated at COG hospitals had higher overall use of chemotherapy. This translated into a significantly improved survival benefit for WT. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55:621–628. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Determinants of triad junction reformation: identification and isolation of an endogenous promotor for junction reformation in skeletal muscle.

The junction of isolated triads can be mechanically broken by passage through a French press and subsequently reformed by incubation of the isolated organelles with certain salts of weak acids (e.g., K cacodylate. K propionate, and K butyrate). In contrast, other salts (e.g., KCl, K phosphate, and K benzoate) are ineffective in promoting triad formation. An endogenous factor obtained from a muscle homogenate acts in the same manner as these artificial compounds. When rabbit skeletal muscle is homogenized in a KCl solution and centrifuged to remove large cellular components and membrane fractions, an endogenous factor is extracted into the high speed supernatant which promotes the reformation of mechanically broken triads. A three-stage purification of this factor has been achieved using: (1) ammonium sulfate fractionation, (2) adsorption chromatography, and (3) molecular sieve chromatography. SDS-PAGE showed that the protein was purified to homogeneity and had a subunitM r of 34,000 daltons. This protein has the following characteristics: (1) it exists in 0.1m KCl as a polymeric substance with an estimatedM r =123,000 on molecular sieve chromatography and aM r =155,000 on sedimentation equilibrium; (2) it promotes the formation of triadic vesicles from isolated organelles in a low ionic strength medium; (3) Both this protein and cacodylate share the property of specifically catalyzing the association and aggregation of junctional proteins which had previously been dissolved by neutral detergent and salt; (4) it appears to be identical to an extrinsic constituent of terminal cisternae, which has been described as a protein ofM r =34K. It is not clear, however, whether this protein is a necessary and integral component of the junctional feet or whether it exerts predominantly a catalytic role in the formation of the triad junction.
A transmissible dicentric chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster

A transmissible dicentric chromosome was recovered in Drosophila melanogaster. The radiation-induced secondary chromosome rearrangement consists essentially of the entire Y and fourth chromosomes joined by 2R heterochromatin. The YS · YL2Rh4 · chromosome pairs with the X and the free fourth chromosome to form a trivalent in meiosis that is unusual because it forms few chromosome bridges in primary spermatocytes and is transmitted at high frequency. We suggest that the orientation of the weaker fourth chromosome kinetochore eventually fails when opposing the stronger Y kinetochore so that the YS · YL2Rh4 · moves to the pole to which the Y kinetochore is oriented. There is however an increased frequency of sex chromosome nondisjunction (14%) and of chromosome laggards (6%) in primary spermatocytes; the frequency of exceptional progeny of males containing the YS · YL2Rh4 · was 7.44% compared with 0.25% in the controls. Disruption of normal sex chromosome disjunction also occurs in females containing the YS· YL2Rh4 · and a compound X chromosome; the frequency of exceptional progeny was 2.55% versus 0.91% in the controls. Chromosome nondisjunction appears to occur when orientation of the X and Y kinetochores to the same pole is stabilized through tension by the orientation of one or both fourth chromosome kinetochores to the opposite pole. During anaphase, the orientation of the fourth chromosome kinetochore of the YS· YL2Rh4 · appears to fail and the X and YS · YL2Rh4 · chromosomes move to the same pole. YS· YL2Rh4 · chromosome laggards occur with both the Y and fourth chromosome kinetochores amphitelically oriented. This orientation appears to be stable as a result of equal opposing forces toward opposite poles.
Selective blockade of non-NMDA receptors does not block rapidly triggered glutamate-induced neuronal death.

Abstract The quinoxalinedione, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), has been introduced as a relatively selective antagonist of non-N-methyl- d -aspartate (non-NMDA) glutamate receptors. We studied the ability of CNQX to block excitatory amino acid-induced neurotoxicity in murine cortical cell cultures. 100 μM CNQX blocked the acute neuronal swelling induced by 500 μM kainate, but it also attenuated the swelling and degeneration induced by 500 μM NMDA. Addition of 1 mM glycine to the CNQX eliminated antagonism of NMDA toxicity while preserving antagonism of the neuronal degeneration induced by kainate or AMPA. This selective non-NMDA antagonist combination of CNQX plus glycine substantially attenuated the acute neuronal swelling induced by brief exposure to 500 μM glutamate, but had little effect on subsequent late degeneration, supporting the conclusion that rapidly triggered glutamate-induced cortical neuronal death is predominantly mediated by NMDA receptors.
Optimum Allocation in Stratified Random Network Sampling for Estimating the Prevalence of Attributes in Rare Populations

Abstract This work considers estimation of dichotomous characteristics of rare populations by sample survey. In particular, we investigate optimum allocation when a network sampling rule (also called multiplicity rule) is used to link members of the rare population to enumeration units and when the enumeration units are chosen by stratified random sampling. For this situation, formulas are derived for optimum allocation under the restriction that an enumeration unit is linked to at most one member of the rare population, and the cost efficiency of network sampling rules is compared to that of conventional enumeration rules.
Off-Chip Rough-Metal-Surface Propagation Loss Modeling and Correlation with Measurements

We discuss a small-perturbation method (SPM) for the prediction of the surface-roughness augmented propagation loss encountered on interconnects on high-speed packages and boards. In this methodology, rough surfaces are characterized by their power spectral density (PSD) that can be obtained from surface height profiles by the application of Fourier methods and averaging. Piecewise uniformly rough interconnect structures can be treated by localization of the SPM and assigning corresponding effective conductivities in an electromagnetic field solver. Quantitative surface imaging techniques for acquiring surface height maps include optical interferometry, scanning probe microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Reactive ion etching is used to expose copper surfaces on post-lamination samples with organic dielectrics. For demonstration of the SPM through correlation with measurements, de-embedding of the transmission line loss is performed using a two-line method. Atomic force microscopy is employed to image the rough ground plane of the micro-strip interconnect and obtain its PSD. Good agreement between measured and predicted loss is shown.
Management of scalp dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.

Background. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is a relatively rare, locally aggressive soft tissue tumor. Less than 5% of these tumors are located on the scalp; however, the recurrence rates for this region are high compared with those of more common locations, such as the trunk and proximal extremities. Standards for the management of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans in general have been established in the literature, including wide local excision and Mohs micrographic surgery. Objective. To describe optimum treatment options for primary and recurrent dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans of the scalp based on cases from Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI) and from the literature. Methods. Five cases from RPCI and 23 cases from the literature were reviewed. Age, sex, history, tumor size and level of invasion, treatment, reconstruction method, and follow-up were compiled from each case. Results. Twenty-eight cases of scalp dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans were found; 13 were primary, 8 were recurrent, and 3 had persistent positive margins. Fifty-eight percent had classic histologic findings; seven tumors invaded beyond the periosteum. Twenty tumors were treated by surgical excision, whereas eight tumors were treated with Mohs micrographic surgery, requiring between two and four layers. Advanced surgical reconstruction was used in most cases to close the defects. Four patients experienced one tumor recurrence, whereas three other patients had several local recurrences. One patient died of his disease, and one died during surgical treatment of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Conclusions. Mohs micrographic surgery or a modified version may be the best treatment option for scalp dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans to ensure complete removal of tumor and minimize recurrence. Surgeons should be prepared for advanced reconstruction following tumor removal. LESLIE LOSS AND NATHALIE C. ZEITOUNI, MDCM, FRCPC, HAVE INDICATED NO SIGNIFICANT INTEREST WITH COMMERCIAL SUPPORTERS.
Cellular telephone networks and random maps in hypergraphs

Keywords: random maps ; limit probability distribution ; hypergeometric function ; hypergraph ; matchings in the bipartite graph ; telephone networks Note: Professor Pach's number: [141] Reference DCG-ARTICLE-2000-002doi:10.1016/S0166-218X(99)00240-1 Record created on 2008-11-14, modified on 2017-05-12
Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy: A Critical Analysis of Surgical Quality

Objective: To review the literature and answer the question of whether the laparoscopic approach meets the quality standards. Methods: We conducted an extensive Medline literature search. The articles obtained and the experience at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center were used for interpretation and critical analysis of results. Long-term quality indicators are oncologic efficacy, potency rate, and continence rate. Short-term quality indicators are blood loss and transfusion rate, hospital stay, postoperative recovery, and rate and severity of complications. Results: Long-term quality indicators. Oncologic efficacy. Despite recent evidence that pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) at radical prostatectomy may be necessary to detect occult positive lymph nodes, and that extended node dissection may also have a positive impact on disease-free survival, PLND is rarely performed during laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP), which may have a negative impact on the long-term recurrence-free probability. Positive margins rates range from 11% to 26%, ranging from 6% to 8% for organ-confined disease and from 35% to 60% in those with extraprostatic extension. Most of these data include the first patients operated on when the technique of LRP was in early development. These rates seem high as compared to the contemporary data achieved in retropubic radical prostatectomy. Short-term biochemical recurrence rate have been published by only two centers and generalization to the whole laparoscopic patients and to long-term results are at present time hazardous. Functional outcome. Given the complexity of measuring, interpreting, and reporting continence and erectile dysfunction, the available results after LRP do not allow drawing any conclusion. Furthermore, the number of patients on whom results are reported is disproportionately low in relation to the large LRP experience accumulated so far. Short-term quality indicators. Assessment of LRP equanimity includes factors such as blood loss, transfusion rates, hospital stay, duration of catheterization, and complication profile. All the reports are concordant and demonstrate a benefit for the laparoscopic approach. However, no prospective and parallel studies compare the respective advantages of LRP and radical retropubic prostatectomy in reference centers. Conclusions: In a review of the published literature results of LRP, there is not enough evidence to answer the question of whether the laparoscopic approach meets the quality standards. The available biochemical recurrence information is promising but limited to the short-term and the experience of two centers only. The question of omitting the PLND or performing a limited one in high-risk patients needs to be answered. The functional results analyses suffer from a lack of uniformity in methodology, a limited follow-up, and a disproportionately small number of patients in relation to the accumulated experience. Future reports of the post-learning phase era are dramatically needed.
Feeding, digestion, glycogen, and the environmental conditions of the digestive system in Oniscus asellus

Abstract 1. (1) Fasted specimens filled their tracts with natural foods in 30–240 min while digestive juices from the hepatopancreas were mixed with the food immediately upon ingestion. The food, naturally decayed sugar maple leaves, was retained in the tract for 4–17 hr, and 84 per cent of it was eliminated in the succeeding 4 hr. One per cent of the body weight of the isopod is consumed daily in terms of the leaf material. Data are presented concerning the rapidity, extent, and variability of ingestion of natural foods. 2. (2) Most of the hydrolytic enzymic activities reside in the hepatopancreas. Cellulase activity, presumably elaborated through the tissues of the isopod, was demonstrated. 3. (3) Glycogen is present in the digestive tract, hepatopancreas, and body wall; its histochemical revelation in the digestive system requires certain precautions but its presence as such is unequivocal as demonstrated enzymically and chromatographically. 4. (4) Differences in redox potential exist throughout the digestive system with a maximum and minimum characterizing the hepatopancreas and median midgut respectively. The epithelial cells of the digestive tract undergo no mitotic activity in the mature isopod despite up to 2 or more years of adult life. An acid mucopolysaccharide covers, and is part of, the intestinal intima. Presumably it, in contrast to a peritrophic membrane in many other arthropods, provides protection agains abrasive foods.
Ensemble synthesis of distributed control and communication strategies

We present an ensemble framework for the design of distributed control and communication strategies for the dynamic allocation of a team of robots to a set of tasks. In this work, we assume individual robot controllers are sequentially composed of individual task controllers. This assumption enables the representation of the robot ensemble dynamics as a class of stochastic hybrid systems that can be modeled as continuous-time Markov jump processes where feedback strategies can be derived to control the team's distribution across the tasks. Since the distributed implementation of these feedback strategy requires the estimation of certain population variables, we show how the ensemble model can be expanded to incorporate the dynamics of the information exchange. This then enables us to optimize the individual robot control policies to ensure overall system robustness given some likelihood of resource failures. We consider the assignment of a team of homogeneous robots to a collection of spatially distributed tasks and validate our approach via high-fidelity simulations.
Steroid production and metabolism in metastatic arrhenoblastoma.

ABSTRACT Steroid production was studied in a patient with metastatic arrhenoblastoma. The administration of adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulated androgen production; 6 α methylprednisolone failed to suppress androgen secretion; large doses of diethylstilbestrol diminished androgen excretion and caused an alteration in the route of biotransformation. It is implied that the metastases were responsive to gonadotropin. The fate of a tracer amount of testosterone-4-C14 led to an estimate of 700 mg of androgen secretion per day.
Lipoprotein Movement through Canine Aortic Wail

Low-density (1.019 to 1.063) lipoprotein labeled with radioiodine enters the inner layer of the canine aortic wall directly from the aortic lumen. Its rate of entry is greatest in the proximal aorta and decreases progressively down the length of the aorta. A similar gradient was observed previously for the accumulation of cholesterol early in experimental atherosclerosis.
How climate change organizations utilize websites for public relations

Abstract This study is designed to examine climate change organizations (CCO)’s online public relations. It analyzes CCOs’ communicative efforts to build and maintain relationships with key stakeholders including media, donors, volunteers, and communities by using their websites and social networks. To accomplish this, a content analysis of 60 CCO websites was conducted. The result indicates that CCOs utilize websites primarily for media relations and fund raising purposes. The function of building and maintaining relationships with communities, current donors/volunteers was not actively utilized on CCOs’ websites. The interactivity of communication with stakeholders was somewhat limited in CCO's online communication activities.
New Multiple Antigenic Peptide-Based Enzyme Immunoassay for Detection of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Nonhuman Primates and Humans

Infections with human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2, respectively) are zoonotic infections. In Africa, the potential exists for additional cross-species transmissions from at least 33 different species of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected nonhuman primates (NHPs) through hunting and butchering of these animals for food. Here we describe a highly sensitive and specific enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with chemically modified, multiple antigenic peptides (MAPs) developed for the detection and discrimination of antibodies to SIV genetic lineages. The SIV EIA was developed by using a comprehensive array of MAPs covering two envelope gene regions from all of the SIV lineages for which env sequences were available. Assay sensitivity was evaluated by using 63 plasma or serum samples obtained from primates naturally or experimentally infected with SIVs from 10 genetic lineages. Assay specificity was determined by using 97 known SIV-negative plasma specimens from these same species. Also used in the evaluations were 369 human samples: 198 HIV seronegative, 170 HIV-1 and/or HIV-2 seropositive, and 1 from a human SIVsm infection. Overall assay sensitivity and specificity were 100% with both immunodominant region (IDR) and V3 region MAPs. Although SIV env sequences from talapoin monkeys were not available for specific MAP inclusion, 5 (100%) of 5 SIVtal-infected samples were detected through cross-reactivity with other SIV IDR MAPs used in the assay. The one human SIVsm infection was identified. In conclusion, our SIV MAP EIA proved to be highly sensitive and specific for detecting SIV infections in NHPs and humans. As shown with SIV-infected talapoin monkeys, this assay has the potential to detect previously unidentified SIV strains and should be suitable for sentinel surveillance for potential new cross-species transmissions of SIVs to humans.
Escape from the Hall of Mirrors: Commentary on Paper by Jody Messler Davies

The author suggests some ways in which this important paper contributes to the relational perspective on clinical work. In particular, the analyst's role in owning participation in the struggle for the position of the doer, the “bad one” is seen as crucial to shifting out of the negative symmetry in which each person feels done-to by the other. Davies's crucial identification of the dynamic whereby the child must own all of the badness for the parent helps to clarify how repetition works in the analytic dyad. Whereas the repetition may be understood in terms of the complementary relation of doer and done-to, the owning of responsibility for participation is associated with the space of thirdness, the alternative. This author sees the Davies paper as a seminal contribution to the effort to unpack the mystification that projective processes foster, that are concretized in relationship rather than merely in the individual psyche by forcing the other to bear the toxic identity while denying it in the self. Da...
Infectious Disease in Cervids of North America

Over the past two decades there has been a steady increase in the study and management of wildlife diseases. This trend has been driven by the perception of an increase in emerging zoonotic diseases and the recognition that wildlife can be a critical factor for controlling infectious diseases in domestic animals. Cervids are of recent concern because, as a group, they present a number of unique challenges. Their close ecological and phylogenetic relationship to livestock species places them at risk for receiving infections from, and reinfecting livestock. In addition, cervids are an important resource; revenue from hunting and viewing contribute substantially to agency budgets and local economies. A comprehensive coverage of infectious diseases in cervids is well beyond the scope of this chapter. In North America alone there are a number of infectious diseases that can potentially impact cervid populations, but for most of these, management is not feasible or the diseases are only a potential or future concern. We focus this chapter on three diseases that are of major management concern and the center of most disease research for cervids in North America: bovine tuberculosis, chronic wasting disease, and brucellosis. We discuss the available data and recent advances in modeling and management of these diseases.
Ratio-metric readout technique for MEMS gyroscopes with force feedback

This paper presents a ratio-metric readout technique for force-feedback gyroscopes that achieves a precise scale factor. The drive mode self-oscillation loop is modified to continuously estimate the scale factor to track and reject changes of the drive mode velocity and proof mass voltage. Experiments demonstrate a twenty-fold reduction of scale factor variations and the suppression of the turn-on transient. The device achieves an angle random walk of 5.3 mdeg/rt-s and a bias stability of 3 deg/hr.
Ultra High Sensitivity Detection of NO Photo-fragments by Radar REMPI

A new standoff diagnostic technique, Radar REMPI, is used to measure trace concentrations of NO for the detection of explosive material vapors by photo-fragmentation. Avalanche enhancement can increase the signal by orders of magnitude.
Perioperative risk factors for development of protein-losing enteropathy following a Fontan procedure.

(20%), and rheumatic valve nodules in 9 (60%) patients. ••• In the present study, serum sFas was significantly higher in patients with rheumatic carditis than in normal subjects, a finding similar to that reported in viral myocarditis and other collagen vascular diseases. 6,7 It is possible that steroids result in improvement of the clinical status of patients with acute rheumatic myocarditis through alteration of apoptosis. 8 The findings of this study may provide a background for future therapeutic interventions in acute rheumatic carditis. It may be possible to alter the apoptotic threshold by inhibiting the action of cell surface death effectors. 9 For example, treatment with sFas receptor or tumor necrosis factor antibodies may limit cell death in vivo by preventing deaths induced by Fas ligand and tumor necrosis factor, respectively. 9 Thompson 10 suggested that the genes involved in central cell death control, such as members of the BCL2 and ICE families, could provide ideal targets for therapeutic intervention. Low molecular weight inhibitors of caspases and mitogenactivated protein kinases have been evaluated, with promising results in a variety of cardiovascular apoptotic models. 9
Direct-Inverse Transonic Wing-Design Method in Curvilinear Coordinates Including Viscous Interaction

Progress in the direct-inverse wing design method in curvilinear coordinates has been made. A spanwise oscillation problem and proposed remedies are discussed. Test cases are presented which reveal the approximate limits on the wing's aspect ratio and leading edge wing sweep angle for a successful design, and which show the significance of spanwise grid skewness, grid refinement, viscous interaction, the initial airfoil section and Mach number-pressure distribution compatibility on the final design. Furthermore, preliminary results are shown which indicate that it is feasible to successfully design a region of the wing which begins aft of the leading edge and terminates prior to the trailing edge.
Characterization of pp64, a nuclear phosphoprotein induced by platelet-derived growth factor

Abstract We report the initial characterization of pp64, a nuclear protein recognized by anti-PDGF antisera and uniquely phosphorylated when intact NRK fibroblasts were exposed to PDGF. Neither DNase nor RNase released pp64 from nuclei and pp64 was only partially extracted from nuclei of NRK cells with NaCl; detergents were required for complete extraction. The estimated half-life of pp64 from normal and transformed NRK cells was ∼ 6 hrs. The rapid and unique PDGF stimulated phosphorylation of pp64 identifies a previously uncharacterized nuclear phosphoprotein, and a potentially novel signal transduction pathway from the cell surface to the nucleus which may be important in initiating nuclear events associated with DNA synthesis and cell division.
The influence of the amount of stationary phase and nature of solid support on retention indices

It is shown that the retention indices of polar solutes are affected by the amount of stationary phase in the column. The retention indices increase with decreasing stationary phase loadings. The reasons for this behavior are most likely due to the existence of mixed retention mechanisms. At low amounts of stationary phases, adsorption on the support or column walls can take place. Studies were made using four supports, two of which were Chromosorb W and the other two Chromosorb P. The effects of changing the liquid phase loadings are more pronounced when using Chromosorb P.
Importance of specific purine amino and hydroxyl groups for efficient cleavage by a hammerhead ribozyme.

Abstract Eight modified ribozymes of 19 residues have been prepared with individual purine amino or hydroxyl groups excised. The modified ribozymes were chemically synthesized with the substitution of a single 2'-deoxyadenosine, 2'-deoxyguanosine, inosine, or purine riboside for residues G10, A11, G13, or A14. Five of the modified ribozymes cleaved the 24-mer substrate with little change in rate as monitored by simple first-order kinetics. However, deletion of the 2-amino group at G10 (replacement with inosine) or deletion of either of the 2'-hydroxyls at G10 or G13 (replacement with 2'-deoxyguanosine) resulted in ribozymes with a drastic decrease in cleavage efficiency. Increasing the concentration of the Mg2+ cofactor from 10 mM to 50 mM significantly enhanced cleavage efficiency by these three derivatives. Steady-state kinetic assays for these three ribozymes indicated that the modifications result in both an increase in Km and a decrease in kcat. These results suggest that the exocyclic amino group at-G10 and the hydroxyls at G10 and G13 are important both for ribozyme-substrate binding and for the Mg(2+)-catalyzed cleavage reaction.
Preoperative dobutamine stress echocardiography versus cardiac arteriography for risk assessment prior to renal transplantation

Because coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death in patients with end-stage renal disease, we prospectively studied the prognostic value of dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) compared to coronary angiography (CA) as an evaluative tool. Thirty-three patients at high risk for coronary artery disease were selected from a cohort of 133 renal transplant candidates and underwent both DSE and CA. In this study, the value of DSE was found to exist in its strong negative predictive value (92 %). A negative DSE coupled with a negative clinical cardiac evaluation was found to practicably exclude the necessity for CA. DSE can thus serve as a non-invasive, low cost screening test.
Economic sustainability of a biomass energy project located at a dairy in California, USA

Abstract Previous experience has demonstrated the tenuous nature of biomass energy projects located at livestock facilities in the U.S. In response, the economic sustainability of a 710 kW combined heat and power biomass energy system located on a dairy farm in California was evaluated. This biomass energy facility is unique in that a complete-mix anaerobic digester was used for treatment of manure collected in a flush-water system, co-digestates were used as additional digester feedstocks (whey, waste feed, and plant biomass), and the power plant is operating under strict regulatory requirements for stack gas emissions. Electricity was produced and sold wholesale, and cost savings resulted from the use of waste heat to offset propane demand. The impact of various operational factors was considered in the economic analysis, indicating that the system is economically viable as constructed but could benefit from introduction of additional substrates to increase methane and electricity production, additional utilization of waste heat, sale of digested solids, and possibly pursuing greenhouse gas credits. Use of technology for nitrogen oxide (NO x ) removal had a minimal effect on economic sustainability.
Vein Wall and Circulating P-selectin Promote Venous Thrombogenesis During Aging in a Rodent Model.

Background: The incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) significantly increases 45 years of age. Our objective was to identify the direct relationship between aging and adhesion molecule activation during venous thrombosis in mice of varying ages. A mixed patient population was also evaluated for age-related effects during DVT. Methods: DVT was induced in 4 and 18 month old C57BL/6 mice using the electrolytic inferior vena cava model (EIM). Mice were euthanized at baseline (non-thrombosed, TC), 6 hours (6H), and 2 days (2D) postthrombosis. Blood and tissue samples were collected for the following analysis: thrombus weight (TW), soluble P (sP) and soluble E-selectin (sE) by ELISA, vein wall Pand E-selectin protein by ELISA, vein wall Pand E-selectin gene expression, vein wall inflammatory cell analysis by light microscopy, and hematology. In a patient population (n335), the relationship between patients with and without DVT, sP levels, and age (above and below 45 years) was evaluated. Results: Older mice had significantly larger venous thrombi versus younger mice at the 6H and 2D (x10-3 grams, P < .01; Fig 1). These same mice had significantly higher sP-selectin levels versus younger mice at 6 hours and 2 days (ng/mg, P < .01). Older mouse sE levels were significantly lower versus younger animals at baseline (pg/mg, P < .05). Older animals had significantly elevated vein wall P-selectin versus younger mice at 6H and 2D post-thrombosis (P < .01). Post-thrombosis, significantly increased vein wall E-selectin in younger mice versus older animals at 6H (P < .05). All mice showed active vein wall inflammatory cell extravasation post thrombosis. Older animals had significantly more circulating platelets versus younger mice at baseline, 6H, and 2D post-thrombosis (K/mL, P < .01). DVT-positive patients greater than 45 years (n 1⁄4 135) of age had significantly higher levels of soluble P-selectin versus patients positive for DVT less than 45 years (n 1⁄4 51) of age (ng/mL sP, P < .05; Fig 2). Conclusions: Aging significantly increased vein wall P-selectin, sP, and circulating platelets that amplified venous thrombosis in mice. For the first time, we have documented the translational role of soluble P-selectin as a biomarker for thrombosis in aged rodents and DVT-positive patients. These important findings will provide supporting evidence for the use of selectin targeted therapeutics in future clinical trials for the prophylaxis and treatment of DVT in the aged population.
Periodontal inflammation and bone loss in aged mice

Background and objective—Young mice do not develop measurable periodontal bone loss, unless heavily infected with human periodontal pathogens. However, mice with genetically altered immune system are unable to control their own oral flora and develop periodontitis early in life. Based on the potential of the indigenous oral microbiota to cause periodontitis, we hypothesized that normal mice may ultimately develop inflammatory periodontal bone loss, i.e., as a function of age. If confirmed, this could serve as an aging model of chronic periodontitis. Materials and methods—Periodontal bone levels were measured as the distance from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar bone crest (ABC), in young (8-10 weeks of age), old (≥ 18 months of age), and mice of intermediate ages. Differential expression of inflammatory mediators in the gingivae of young and old mice was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Results—In comparison to young mice, old mice displayed significantly (p < 0.05) increased periodontal bone loss, accompanied by elevated expression of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-17A) and innate immune receptors involved in the induction or amplification of inflammation (Toll-like receptor 2, CD14, CD11b, CD18, complement C5a receptor, and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-3).
Chylothorax After Childbirth

We report a case of chylothorax which appeared in a mother after childbirth. Disruption of the thoracic duct occurred with the high intrathoracic pressures generated by the Valsalva maneuver used by the patient during labor to "push." No evidence of other trauma or malignancy were found and the patient did well after use of total parenteral nutrition, thoracotomy with thoracic duct ligation, and pleurodesis.
Side Reactions in Peptide Synthesis

In two reviews the author, with J. Martinez, attempted a systematic discussion of side reactions encountered in peptide synthesis. The first of these articles [1] was organized according to the amino acids which cause or suffer changes, because the individuality of amino acids leads to side reactions which are characteristic for a particular residue. Of the twenty amino acid constituents of proteins only alanine and leucine are immune from characteristic side reactions, although not from racemization. The second, more comprehensive article [2] contains also a treatment of side reactions related to methods for protection and coupling. In this volume, in which an attempt is being made to discern the principles that govern peptide synthesis, side reactions proceeding through similar mechanisms are grouped together. Racemization will be treated among other undesired reactions.
CHARLES F. BROOKS, 1891–1958

(1959). CHARLES F. BROOKS, 1891–1958. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 461-465.
Insights into the pathogenesis of Paget's disease

Paget's disease (PD) affects approximately 1.5 million persons in the United States and is characterized by grossly distorted bone remodeling, with increases in bone resorption and formation. Both environmental and genetic factors may contribute to the pathogenesis of PD. Mutations in sequestosome-1 (p62) occur in 25-30% of patients with familial PD, and in approximately 10% of patients with sporadic PD. Preclinical studies suggest that the p62(P392L) mutation predisposes patients to developing PD rather than causing it. Other studies have suggested that PD results from a chronic paramyxoviral infection. Transgenic mice expressing the measles virus nucleocapsid gene (MVNP) in osteoclasts (OCLs) develop pagetic bone lesions. Further, approximately 70% of patients harboring the p62(P392L) mutation we studied have detectable MVNP transcripts, and inhibiting MVNP expression in bone marrow cultures from those patients blocked pagetic OCL formation. These studies suggest that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to PD.