cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maximum Likelihood Localization of Radioactive Sources Against a Highly Fluctuating Background

This paper considers the use of maximum likelihood estimation to localize a stationary source from total gamma ray counts, in an open area setting with a highly fluctuating background. As this turns out to be a highly nonconcave maximization, convergence rates of global convergent algorithms, such as simulated annealing, can be very slow and iterative algorithms such an Newton’s method for maximization can be captured by local maxima while fast. Thus, the selection of the initial estimate is critical to how well they perform. This paper proposes a way to generate such an initial estimate using an averaging process that is shown to be asymptotically convergent to the maximum likelihood source estimate. This ensures that with a sufficiently large number of samples, the initial estimate is indeed within of the basin of attraction of such iterative algorithms. Analytical results are supported by numerical simulations based on a measured background data and synthetically injected source data.
Clearinghouse Governance: Moving Beyond Cosmetic Reform

The procedures that boards adopt in their decision- making processes raise uniquely interesting questions. In one of the most thoughtful modern critiques of the functional role of corporate boards, theorists Colin Carter and Jay Lorsche argue that three critical issues influence the effectiveness of boards’ decision-making processes — time, knowledge, and information. While each of the three elements merits careful consideration, conventional wisdom suggests that it is difficult, if not impossible, for boards to make rational business decisions if they do not allocate sufficient time to decision-making processes. Recent popular accounts contradict the prevailing presumption that dedicating more time to the decision-making process improves the quality of the ultimate decision. In his New York Times best-selling account of the power of thinking, Malcolm Gladwell explains the countervailing view, arguing that decisions made in the blink of an eye may be as valuable as decisions characterized by months of rational analysis. Notwithstanding the accolades bestowed on Gladwell’s contribution to the literature, not everyone finds his account persuasive. Dissecting Gladwell’s arguments that extol the virtues of “snap” decision making, Frank Partnoy’s recent article — “Don’t Blink: Snap Decisions and Securities Regulation” — offers an insightful analysis of the significance of timing and careful reflection in decision-making processes. Evaluating the convergence of increasingly complicated securities-trading technologies and complex financial products, Partnoy contends that boards may benefit from introducing a measured pace in their decision-making processes. Examining precipitating decisions at financial institutions in the period preceding the recent financial crisis and the events of the flash crash that threatened financial markets in May 2010, Partnoy concludes that boards should introduce procedural reforms that deter “snap” decision making and introduce safeguards that institute a delay or “pause” in financial institutions’ decision-making processes and financial intermediaries’ operational processes. In addition to agreeing with Partnoy’s suggestion that decision makers may benefit from deliberation and delay in their decision-making processes, this article argues that further procedural safeguards are necessary to protect the stability of financial institutions and financial intermediaries. Evaluation of the board’s timeframe for making decisions forms part of a broader set of concerns regarding director accountability and institutional safeguards for risk-management oversight in the wake of the recent global financial crisis.
The Detection of Mutations in Drosophila melanogaster

In the chapter we will take up the principal tests for detecting newly arising mutations in the germ cells of Drosophila melanogaster. Our approach will be to outline the basic methodology for each type of mutation test presented and to indicate what we believe to be the major pitfalls in each case. We shall take up only those tests which seem to be particularly practical and informative for those interested in screening chemicals for their possible mutagenic action on higher organisms. A number of mutational tests of a more complex nature than those which we will describe here have been devised by Muller and his collaborators and presented in detail by Muller and Oster (1963)—for example, tests designed to detect (1) the accumulation of mutants after many generations of chronic treatment with a mutagen, (2) mutants with relatively slight deleterious effects, (3) diverse categories of mutations in the same experiment, and (4) mutants in small specified regions of the genome.
Absorption Spectroscopy in the Ultraviolet and Visible Regions

Experimentally, the fUV (λ < 200 nm) is more demanding than the nUV/VIS-region to be discussed in the next sections, since the beam has to be conducted in vacuum and since the laboratory radiation sources are weak. Only very few solvents are transparent in the fUV. Polymers therefore have to be measured in the form of thin films and mostly show intense, structureless absorption bands (1–4) which become narrower and partly structured at low temperature. Qualitatively, these spectra resemble in the long-wavelength region of the fUV (about 100 to 200 nm) to absorption edges in insulators which are due to transitions from the energetically highest VB to the lowest CB. Unfortunately, the interpretation of the spectra is not always straightforward because of the pseudo-ID-band nature of polymers, i.e. their intermediate position with regard to electronic structure between true (3D) solids and molecules (see also Figs. 2.9., 2.10, and 2.12).
Clinical and Molecular Features of Decreased Chlorhexidine Susceptibility among Nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus Isolates at Texas Children's Hospital

One of the strategies utilized to decrease infections in the hospital setting relies on topical antimicrobials and antiseptics. While their use is beneficial, concerns arise over the potential to develop resistance or tolerance to these agents. We examined nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus isolates from 2007 to 2013 for the presence of genes associated with tolerance to chlorhexidine. Isolates and patients were identified from an S. aureus surveillance study at Texas Children's Hospital. Nosocomial S. aureus isolates (those causing infection at ≥72 h of hospitalization) were identified and underwent PCR for the qacA or qacB (qacA/B) and smr genes associated with elevated minimum bactericidal concentrations of chlorhexidine. Molecular typing with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and agr typing and a review of the medical record were performed. Two hundred forty-seven nosocomial S. aureus infections were identified. Overall, 111 isolates carried one or both genes (44.9%); 33.1% were positive for smr, 22.7% were positive for qacA/B, and 10.9% of the isolates possessed both genes. The smr-positive isolates were more often resistant to methicillin, ciprofloxacin, and/or clindamycin. The isolates positive for qacA/B were more often associated with indwelling central venous catheters and a vancomycin MIC of ≥2 μg/ml. Isolates carrying either smr or qacA/B were associated with a diagnosis of bacteremia. The smr-positive isolates more often belonged to sequence type 8 (ST8) than the isolates that were positive for qacA/B. Mupirocin resistance was detected in 2.8% of the isolates. Antiseptic-tolerant S. aureus strains are common in our children's hospital and are associated with decreased susceptibility to other systemic antimicrobials and with bloodstream infections. Further work is needed to understand the implications that these organisms have on the hospital environment and antiseptic use in the future.
Effect of Sex Hormones on Conversion of Folic Acid to Citrovorum Factor by Rat

SummaryAdministration of estradiol di-propionate alone or together with PGA enhances the urinary excretion of CF by male rats. Testosterone alone gives a 50% decrease in the CF excretion but is without significant effect when given in combination with PGA. The stimulatory effect of estradiol dipropionate can not be reversed by testoster-one in the amounts tested.
A Cross-Enclave Composition Mechanism for Exascale System Software

As supercomputers move to exascale, the number of cores per node continues to increase, but the I/O bandwidth between nodes is increasing more slowly. This leads to computational power outstripping I/O bandwidth. This growth, in turn, encourages moving as much of an HPC workflow as possible onto the node in order to minimize data movement. One particular method of application composition, enclaves, co-locates different operating systems and runtimes on the same node where they communicate by in situ communication mechanisms.In this work, we describe a mechanism for communicating between composed applications. We implement a mechanism using Copy on Write cooperating with XEMEM shared memory to provide consistent, implicitly unsynchronized communication across enclaves. We then evaluate this mechanism using a composed application and analytics between the Kitten Lightweight Kernel and Linux on top of the Hobbes Operating System and Runtime. These results show a 3% overhead compared to an application running in isolation, demonstrating the viability of this approach.
Prognosis of children with solitary kidney after unilateral nephrectomy.

AbstractThe clinical course of 138 children who underwent unilateral nephrectomy and had a normal contralateral kidney at the time of nephrectomy was reviewed. The diagnosis leading to nephrectomy included obstructive uropathy in 46% of the cases, reflux or pyelonephritis in 30%, Wilms tumor in 15%, hypertension in 4%, dysplastic kidney in 2% and trauma in 2%. Mean age at nephrectomy was 7.3 years and median followup was 24.7 years. Of the 138 patients 121 (88%) are well and 17 died, including 14 secondary to metastatic Wilms tumor and 1 of renal failure. Survival of nonWilms tumor patients was similar to that of an age-matched control group. In 30 patients 24-hour creatinine clearance and 24-hour urinary protein excretion were measured. Proteinuria (greater than 150 mg./24 hours) was found in 8 of the 30 patients (27%) (p 0.10). Children with an acquired solitary kidney are at increased risk for proteinuria...
Extravesical subtrigonal injection of 50 per cent ethanol for detrusor instability.

Abstract: Urinary incontinence with detrusor instability often is refractory to pharmacological therapy as well as other conservative modalities. We report the results obtained from 10 patients with detrusor incontinence who underwent extravesical subtrigonal injection of 50 per cent ethanol. Postoperatively, 9 of the 10 patients had conversion to detrusor stability and 6 had an acontractile bladder. Of the 10 patients 9 had an excellent result for at least 10 months postoperatively with 1 patient requiring. 2 additional treatments to convert to detrusor stability. Complications included fistula formation in 3 patients, requiring primary closure in 2 and ileal diversion in 1. Of the 10 patients 7 remain dry or vastly improved at a mean of 24 months of followup.
Primary sigmoidectomy and appendicostomy for chronic idiopathic constipation.

To present our experience in patients with chronic idiopathic constipation complicated by megarectosigmoid and fecal incontinence who underwent a primary sigmoidectomy and appendicostomy. We reviewed eight patients referred to the Colorectal Center from 2014 to 2016 with chronic idiopathic constipation and undergoing a sigmoidectomy and appendicostomy. We analyzed the previous medical treatment, indications for the surgical procedure, and outcomes. Age at operation was 5–19 years. Time with constipation was 4–15 years. All patients received multiple laxatives, mainly polyethylene glycol, and all had severe social problems. Four patients have autism. The indication for surgery was an unsuccessful laxative trial, refusal to continue with rectal enemas or both, and social fear of continued fecal incontinence. Post-operatively, all patients were having daily bowel movements without fecal accidents. Selected patients with chronic idiopathic constipation complicated by megarectosigmoid and fecal incontinence can obtain great benefit from primary sigmoidectomy and appendicostomy.
From Pop Culture to Sophisticated Art: Helping K-12 Students Bridge the Gap

Igniting interest and creating connections for K‐12 students is at times a lofty task. Pop culture might offer one means by which students can make meaning in the dance classroom; for “the issue of...
Cybersecurity in the U.S.

This chapter recognizes the greater attention CS issues are receiving from all stakeholders in the U.S. and details how these issues are emerging as a major force to drive the development and implementation of national cyber-defense strategies. It covers the executive order issued by President Obama, which is aimed at increasing CS for critical infrastructure vital to the U.S. economy, security, and daily life such as financial, transportation, power, and communication systems. This chapter also explains the visions and priorities that are driving the U.S. CS strategy. It presents a general overview on the CS-related regulations in specific sectors of the U.S. economy such as healthcare, finance and banking. Finally, this chapter summarizes the effects of CS strategy on the private sector and consumers.
Nanometer patterning of water by tetraanionic ferrocyanide stabilized in aqueous nanodrops.

Formation of the small, highly charged tetraanion ferrocyanide, Fe(CN)64-, stabilized in aqueous nanodrops is reported. Ion-water interactions inside these nanodrops are probed using blackbody infrared radiative dissociation, infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy, and molecular modeling in order to determine how water molecules stabilize this highly charged anion and the extent to which the tetraanion patterns the hydrogen-bonding network of water at long distance. Fe(CN)64-(H2O)38 is the smallest cluster formed directly by nanoelectrospray ionization. Ejection of an electron from this ion to form Fe(CN)63-(H2O)38 occurs with low-energy activation, but loss of a water molecule is favored at higher energy indicating that water molecule loss is entropically favored over loss of an electron. The second solvation shell is almost complete at this cluster size indicating that nearly two solvent shells are required to stabilize this highly charged anion. The extent of solvation necessary to stabilize these clusters with respect to electron loss is substantially lower through ion pairing with either H+ or K+ (n = 17 and 18, respectively). IRPD spectra of Fe(CN)64-(H2O) n show the emergence of a free O-H water molecule stretch between n = 142 and 162 indicating that this ion patterns the structure of water molecules within these nanodrops to a distance of at least ∼1.05 nm from the ion. These results provide new insights into how water stabilizes highly charged ions and demonstrate that highly charged anions can have a significant effect on the hydrogen-bonding network of water molecules well beyond the second and even third solvation shells.
Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells: Implications for Cancer Prevention.

PL03-02 Cancer chemoprevention has focused for many years on directly inhibiting the growth of epithelial cells that are believed to give rise to cancer. Carcinogenesis is a multi-step process, and recent work strongly suggests that the target cells for transformation are pluripotent stem cells or early progenitors. The cancer stem cell theory has important implications with respect to both chemotherapy approaches as well as for chemoprevention, since efforts at inhibiting the promotion of initiated stem cells in selected individuals could in theory reduce cancer rates. The epithelial model of cancer has raised for consideration the epithelial stem cell as a primary candidate for the precursor of cancer stem cells. Stem cells have generally been thought to possess unique properties of longevity, self-renewal and pluripotentiality. However, we now recognize that many aspects of stem cell behavior are governed not by the stem cell itself but by surrounding stromal cells, known as the stem cell niche. In addition, several studies now suggest that in some model systems, solid tumors may arise not from epithelial stem cells but from bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMDCs) that are recruited to the site by chronic inflammation and tissue injury. The discovery that BMDCs can give rise to epithelial tumors was made using a Helicobacter-dependent mouse model of gastric cancer [Houghton J 2004]. Work from several laboratories had shown that chronic inflammation leads to mobilization of BMDCs, which can then be recruited and engrafted to the sites of chronic injury. When recruited to the stomach, for example, BMDCs take on the appearance of epithelial cells, losing hematopoietic markers and in their place expressing epithelial genes. In this context, the BMDCs serve as a second line of defense to aid the healing process, but in the setting of a "wound that will not heal", the BMDC may end up replacing the tissue stem cell and can then progress to malignancy. The recognition that circulating BMDCs can engraft in epithelial tissues, take on many of the characteristics of epithelial cells and then give rise to solid tumors, offers a new and different perspective on the process of carcinogenesis. In the BMDC model, cancer initiation is not due simply to a genetic mutation but to the initial process of engraftment of BMDCs in the damaged epithelium. Chemopreventive agents could be targeted to reducing BMDC mobilization and engraftment, and toward restoring the proper stem cell niche and preventing conversion to cancer stem cells.
Cardiovascular Ion Channel Inhibitor Drug-Drug Interactions with P-glycoprotein.

P-glycoprotein (Pgp) is an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter that plays a major role in cardiovascular drug disposition by effluxing a chemically and structurally diverse range of cardiovascular therapeutics. Unfortunately, drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with the transporter have become a major roadblock to effective cardiovascular drug administration because they can cause adverse drug reactions (ADRs) or reduce the efficacy of drugs. Cardiovascular ion channel inhibitors are particularly susceptible to DDIs and ADRs with Pgp because they often have low therapeutic indexes and are commonly coadministered with other drugs that are also Pgp substrates. DDIs from cardiovascular ion channel inhibitors with the transporter occur because of inhibition or induction of the transporter and the transporter’s tissue and cellular localization. Inhibiting Pgp can increase absorption and reduce excretion of drugs, leading to elevated drug plasma concentrations and drug toxicity. In contrast, inducing Pgp can have the opposite effect by reducing the drug plasma concentration and its efficacy. A number of in vitro and in vivo studies have already demonstrated DDIs from several cardiovascular ion channel inhibitors with human Pgp and its animal analogs, including verapamil, digoxin, and amiodarone. In this review, Pgp-mediated DDIs and their effects on pharmacokinetics for different categories of cardiovascular ion channel inhibitors are discussed. This information is essential for improving pharmacokinetic predictions of cardiovascular therapeutics, for safer cardiovascular drug administration and for mitigating ADRs emanating from Pgp.
Synthesis and Characterization of YB66 Nanowires

The objective of the current research is to synthesize yttrium boride (YB 66 ) nanowires. Catalyst assisted growth of the nanowires under the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) synthesis method was performed in a quartz tube furnace. The pyrolysis of diborane (B 2 H 6 ) gas over yttrium oxide (Y 2 O 3 ) powders with a thermally coated layer of nickel catalyst was carried out. The reaction conditions were at 925 o C and a pressure of 390 mTorr with varying reaction times. SEM analysis has shown the growth of nanowires with diameters around 400 nm. A catalyst particle was also seen at the tip of the nanowires, confirming growth by the VLS mechanism. Other analysis techniques that were used include Raman spectroscopy and TEM analysis. The Raman spectra of the nanowires were in good agreement with a Raman spectrum obtained on a YB 66 single crystal. However, no other evidence was obtained that the nanowires contained yttrium or that the nanowires consisted of YB 66 .
Teacher Noticing in Various Grade Bands and Contexts: Commentary

The chapters in this section explore professional noticing in contexts that include both middle and high school pre- and in-service teachers. The authors employ different theoretical and conceptual frameworks, and examine the professional noticing activities of their participants using different research methodologies. To try to tie together these different intellectual contributions, we present and provide initial considerations of six overarching questions related to this important field of scholarship. The hope is that readers will also consider these questions, and will reflect on the way the authors within this section address them as we work as a field to deepen our understanding of professional noticing.
Rape Aggression Defense: Unique Self-Efficacy Benefits for Survivors of Sexual Trauma:

Self-defense training is consistently linked to psychological benefits for survivors of sexual trauma, yet little is known about how training may uniquely benefit survivors compared with their nonsurvivor peers enrolled in the same course. Path analysis was used to examine how history of sexual trauma impacts pre- and post-training scores on three domains of self-efficacy using a national sample of Rape Aggression Defense (RAD) participants. All participants reported significant increases in self-efficacy domains, and sexual trauma history significantly predicted pre-training interpersonal self-efficacy and post-training self-defense self-efficacy, suggesting that self-defense training confers benefits for survivors above and beyond benefits for other participants.
Fruit fly impact on an aerodynamic surface: Types of outcomes and residue components

Abstract Leading edge contamination on aircraft wings and wind turbine blades can occur through the accumulation of insect residues, which can then increase drag by causing an earlier transition of the boundary layer from laminar to turbulence. To investigate the mechanisms of residue adherence and composition, this study focuses on the impact dynamics of insects striking an airfoil with a circular leading edge placed in a wind tunnel at a wind speed of about 100 mph. To mimic in-flight conditions, live flightless fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) were injected into the wind tunnel sufficiently upstream such that they reached the test section air-flow speed prior to impact on the airfoil. The aerodynamic surface had a leading edge radius of 3.8 cm and was tested with coatings of various surface wettability, ranging from hydrophilic to superhydrophobic. Based on previous studies and present high-speed imaging and surface imaging, five types of insect outcomes were defined (roughly in order of increasing impact speed): 1) insect bounce without rupture and no residue, 2) insect burst with release of internal fluid with adherence of full exoskeleton, 3) insect burst with release of internal fluid with little or no exoskeleton adherence, 4) disintegration of insect yielding residue of many pieces of exoskeleton, and 5) insect burst with neither fluid nor exoskeleton residue. The fifth outcome generally occurred for a superhydrophobic surface developed in this study. When insect residue did occur on a surface, it included up to three distinct components (in order of decreasing residue heights): exoskeleton pieces, yellow hemolymph from the insect abdomen and thorax, and red fluid from the insect head. Surfaces with lower surface wettability generally yielded reduced insect hemolymph residue area per insect release. In particular, a superhydrophobic coating yielded the lowest residue area and no exoskeleton residue, while the aluminum surface resulted in the highest residue area and several exoskeletons.
Giant juvenile fibroadenoma in a 9-year-old: A case presentation and review of the current literature.

Juvenile fibroadenoma is the most common breast mass in adolescents accounting for 0.5-4% of all cases of fibroadenomas. Giant fibroadenomas are well-circumscribed, firm breast masses characterized by proliferation of epithelial and connective tissue. They are defined as being larger than 5 cm or weighing more than 500 g. The peak age has been reported between the ages of 17 and 20, with less than 5% of these in patients less than 18-years-old.We present a 9-year-old, pre-menstrual, Nigerian female with no known family history of breast masses or cancers who developed spontaneous giant fibroadenoma measuring approximately 13 cm × 13 cm. Rapid growth of a breast mass can be of great concern to such young patients whose breasts are in the early formative stages. It is important to promptly rule out malignant processes or phyllodes tumor, and educate young patients and their families on treatment options that fit their unique concerns and circumstances.
Molecular Dynamical Calculations of the Thermal Diffusivity of a Perfect Lattice

We have used the method of molecular dynamics to make a detailed study of thermal diffusivity in a perfect monatomic lattice. The interatomic potential is that appropriate for iron. We limit the atomic motions to two dimensions in order to shorten the computation. We maintain one end of the lattice at a given kinetic temperature and obtain the temperature profile in the lattice as a function of time. The total energy added to the system is recorded. We fit diffusive curves to the temperature profiles and thus obtain the thermal diffusivity of the lattice. Its value is 4×10−6 m2sec−1 at a mean lattice temperature of 75K.
Comparing physical activity in individuals with overweight/obesity with and without binge eating disorder.

Objective Differential participation in physical activity (PA) may partially explain the health discrepancies between individuals with or without binge-eating disorder (BED). Yet, little is known about the PA habits of individuals with overweight/obesity and how those patterns may differ based on BED status. PA patterns and exercise self-efficacy were examined in individuals with overweight/obesity, with and without BED. Design Ninety-seven participants with overweight/obesity self-reported their PA via the Godin Leisure-Time Questionnaire and the Paffenbarger PA Questionnaire. Exercise self-efficacy was assessed with the Marcus 5-item Exercise Self-Efficacy scale. Based on the Eating Disorder Examination, 27.8% (n = 27) of the participants met BED criteria. Participants were primarily female (n = 75, 77.3%), on average 47.5 years old (standard deviation = 10.4), and predominantly White/Not Hispanic (n = 67, 69.1%) or African-American/Not Hispanic (n = 18, 18.6%). Results Hierarchical regressions, accounting for significant differences in body mass index between those with and without BED, showed that the Marcus 5-item Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (but not BED status) was significantly related to PA. BED status also was unrelated to likelihood of reaching Centres for Disease Control PA guidelines, and 44.3% of all participants reported no participation in weekly sports/recreation activities. Conclusions Both groups participated in relatively little purposeful and moderate/strenuous PA. Exercise self-efficacy may be important to assess and address among treatment seeking individuals with and without BED who struggle with excess weight.
Autoregressive Generalized Linear Mixed Effect Models with Crossed Random Effects: An Application to Intensive Binary Time Series Eye-Tracking Data

As a method to ascertain person and item effects in psycholinguistics, a generalized linear mixed effect model (GLMM) with crossed random effects has met limitations in handing serial dependence across persons and items. This paper presents an autoregressive GLMM with crossed random effects that accounts for variability in lag effects across persons and items. The model is shown to be applicable to intensive binary time series eye-tracking data when researchers are interested in detecting experimental condition effects while controlling for previous responses. In addition, a simulation study shows that ignoring lag effects can lead to biased estimates and underestimated standard errors for the experimental condition effects.
Religious, Secular, and Spiritual Identities Convergence: Introduction to the Special Issue

AbstractThe purpose of this special issue is to share the best research, theory, practice, and perspectives from presenters at the 2017 Religious, Secular, and Spiritual Identities Convergence conference, alongside the new writing of scholars and practitioners who were inspired by the themes of the conference. Readers will have access both to the best of what they might have missed from this unique conference experience and to ongoing work in the area of college students’ religious, secular, and spiritual identities. In this special issue of Journal of College & Character, we offer a curated collection of articles in the categories of research and theory, opinions and perspectives, and best practices.
Heteroaggregation of an enveloped bacteriophage with colloidal sediments and effect on virus viability.

Abstract Four sediments in the colloidal size range: goethite, montmorillonite, illite, and kaolinite, were suspended with the bacteriophage φ6, a model enveloped virus, to determine relative rates of heteroaggregation and the effect of aggregation on virus viability. Turbidity was measured on combinations of virus and each sediment type at low concentration to determine aggregation rates. Aggregation of sediment with virus occurred regardless of mineral type, and larger fraction of virus is expected to aggregate with increasing sediment concentration leading to higher deposition rates. The negatively charged sediments, aggregated with φ6 (also negatively charged at neutral pH) at a faster rate than the positively charged sediments, yielding turbidity slopes of 4.94 × 10−3 s−1 and 7.50 × 10−4 s−1 for φ6-montmorillonite and φ6-illite aggregates, respectively, and 2.98 × 10−5 s−1 and 2.84 × 10−5 s−1, for φ6-goethite and φ6-kaolinite, respectively. This indicates that the interaction between sediments and virus is hydrophobic, rather than electrostatic. Large numbers of virions remained viable post-aggregation, despite the fragility of the viral envelope, indicating that small-sized aggregates, which may travel more readily through porous media, may pose an infection risk. The fraction of φ6 that remained viable varied with sediment type, with montmorillonite-φ6 aggregates experiencing the greatest reduction in infectivity at 35%. TEM analyses reveal that in all sediment-φ6 combinations, infectivity loss was likely due to disassembly of the viral envelope as a result of aggregation.
High frequency EMI sensing for estimating depleted uranium radiation levels in soil

This paper studies high (100 kHz up to 15 MHz) frequency electromagnetic responses (HFEMI) for DU metallic pieces and DU contaminated soils and derives a simple empirical expression from the measured HFEMI data for estimating DU contamination levels in soil. Depleted uranium (DU) is the byproduct of uranium enrichment and contains 33% less radioactive isotopes than natural uranium. There are at least thirty facilities at fourteen separate locations in the US, where munitions containing DU have been evaluated or used for training. At these sites, which vary in size, evaluation studies have been conducted with and without catch boxes. In addition, the DoD used DU at open firing ranges as large as thousands of acres (hundreds of hectares), for both artillery and aircraft training. These activities have left a legacy of DU contamination. Currently at military sites where DU munitions have been or are being used, cleanup activities mainly are done by excavating and shipping large volumes of site soil and berm materials to a hazardous material radiation disposal site. This approach is very time consuming, costly, and associated with the potential for exposure of personnel performing excavation and transportation. It also limits range use during the operation. So, there is an urgent need for technologies for rapid surveying of large areas to detect, locate, and removal of DU contaminants at test sites. Additionally, the technologies are needed to detect material at a depth of at least 30 cm as well as discriminate between DU metals and oxides from natural uranium and from other conductive metals such as natural and man-made range clutter. One of the potential technologies for estimating DU radiation levels in soils is HFEMI sensing. In this paper, HFEMI signals are collected for DU metal pieces, sodium diunarate (Na2U2 O3) and tri-uranium octoxide (U3O8). The EMI signal’s sensitivity with respect to DU material composition and conditions are illustrated and analyzed. A new scheme for extracting near-surface soil’s EM parameters is formulated.
B-1a cells protect mice from sepsis-induced acute lung injury

Sepsis morbidity and mortality are aggravated by acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Mouse B-1a cells are a phenotypically and functionally unique sub-population of B cells, providing immediate protection against infection by releasing natural antibodies and immunomodulatory molecules. We hypothesize that B-1a cells ameliorate sepsis-induced ALI. Sepsis was induced in C57BL/6 mice by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). PBS or B-1a cells were adoptively transferred into the septic mice intraperitoneally. After 20 h of CLP, lungs were harvested and assessed by PCR and ELISA for pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β) and chemokine (MIP-2) expression, by histology for injury, by TUNEL and cleaved caspase-3 for apoptosis, and by myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay for neutrophil infiltration. We found that septic mice adoptively transferred with B-1a cells significantly decreased the mRNA and protein levels of IL-6, IL-1β and MIP-2 in the lungs compared to PBS-treated mice. Mice treated with B-1a cells showed dramatic improvement in lung injury compared to PBS-treated mice after sepsis. We found apoptosis in the lungs was significantly inhibited in B-1a cell injected mice compared to PBS-treated mice after sepsis. B-1a cell treatment significantly down-regulated MPO levels in the lungs compared to PBS-treated mice in sepsis. The protective outcomes of B-1a cells in ALI was further confirmed by using B-1a cell deficient CD19−/− mice, which showed significant increase in the lung injury scores following sepsis as compared to WT mice. Our results demonstrate a novel therapeutic potential of B-1a cells to treat sepsis-induced ALI.
Post-Obstructive Diuresis

AbstractMassive diuresis after relief of urinary tract obstruction has been divided into 3 categories: 1) salt, 2) urea and 3) water. Measurements of the urinary electrolytes and urine osmolality establish the character of the diuresis and facilitate in the fluid management of these patients. A clinical example of the 2 most common varieties, salt and urea, is presented in conjunction with the method of fluid replacement.
Biomechanics - Part I

Biomechanics is the science of the action of forces, internal or external, on the living body. It includes the fields of statics, dynamics, and kinetics. This section will discuss some basic terminology used in biomechanics and also discuss the mechanical properties of some tissues and biomaterials that are important in orthopedic practice.
The Nature and Operation of Structural Sin: Additional Insights from Theology and Moral Psychology:

Recent work has improved the understanding of social structures in theological discourse, but ambiguity persists with respect to structures of sin. Here, a revised definition of structural sin reco...
Gut microbial profile in biliary atresia: a case-control study.

Background and aim Biliary atresia (BA) is a progressive fibro-inflammatory cholangiopathy with an unclear etiology. Various liver disorders are associated with an altered microbiome. However, gut microbiome in BA remains unknown. Here, we performed a case-control study to investigate the gut microbiota in BA. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was first conducted for 34 BA patients and 34 healthy controls. Then we investigated the shift in gut microbiota 2 weeks after the Kasai procedure in 16 BA patients. Gut microbiome was initially analyzed using 16S ribosome RNA gene sequencing and further validated by metagenomic sequencing. Fecal bile acids were determined using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. Results Compared with healthy controls, BA showed lower diversity and significant structural segregation in the microbiome. At phylum level, Proteobacteria numbers increased, whereas those of Bacteroidetes decreased in BA. At genus level, several potential pathogens such as Streptococcus and Klebsiella thrived in BA, while numbers for Bifidobacterium and several butyrate-producing bacteria declined. The microbiome was also disturbed after the Kasai procedure. Operational taxonomic units responding to BA showed significant correlation with liver function. Furthermore, the abundance ratio of Streptococcus/Bacteroides showed great promise in distinguishing BA from healthy controls. Intestinal bile acids were dramatically decreased in BA, and Clostridium XIVa positively correlated with the ratio of primary/secondary bile acids. Conclusions Gut microbial dysbiosis, may be caused by decreased bile acids, was associated with liver function and had a good diagnostic potential for BA. Therefore, further exploration of gut microbiota may provide important insights into their potential diagnostic and therapeutic benefits.
Towards Learning Efficient Maneuver Sets for Kinodynamic Motion Planning.

Planning for systems with dynamics is challenging as often there is no local planner available and the only primitive to explore the state space is forward propagation of controls. In this context, tree sampling-based planners have been developed, some of which achieve asymptotic optimality by propagating random controls during each iteration. While desirable for the analysis, random controls result in slow convergence to high quality trajectories in practice. This short position statement first argues that if a kinodynamic planner has access to local maneuvers that appropriately balance an exploitation-exploration trade-off, the planner's per iteration performance is significantly improved. Generating such maneuvers during planning can be achieved by curating a large sample of random controls. This is, however, computationally very expensive. If such maneuvers can be generated fast, the planner's performance will also improve as a function of computation time. Towards objective, this short position statement argues for the integration of modern machine learning frameworks with state-of-the-art, informed and asymptotically optimal kinodynamic planners. The proposed approach involves using using neural networks to infer local maneuvers for a robotic system with dynamics, which properly balance the above exploitation-exploration trade-off. In particular, a neural network architecture is proposed, which is trained to reflect the choices of an online curation process, given local obstacle and heuristic information. The planner uses these maneuvers to efficiently explore the underlying state space, while still maintaining desirable properties. Preliminary indications in simulated environments and systems are promising but also point to certain challenges that motivate further research in this direction.
Assessment of Unintentional Duplicate Orders by Emergency Department Clinicians Before and After Implementation of a Visual Aid in the Electronic Health Record Ordering System

Importance Electronic health records allow teams of clinicians to simultaneously care for patients, but an unintended consequence is the potential for duplicate orders of tests and medications. Objective To determine whether a simple visual aid is associated with a reduction in duplicate ordering of tests and medications. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study used an interrupted time series model to analyze 184 694 consecutive patients who visited the emergency department (ED) of an academic hospital with 55 000 ED visits annually. Patient visits occurred 1 year before and after each intervention, as follows: for laboratory orders, from August 13, 2012, to August 13, 2014; for medication orders, from February 3, 2013, to February 3, 2015; and for radiology orders, from December 12, 2013, to December 12, 2015. Data were analyzed from April to September 2019. Exposure If an order had previously been placed during the ED visit, a red highlight appeared around the checkbox of that order in the computerized provider order entry system. Main Outcomes and Measures Number of unintentional duplicate laboratory, medication, and radiology orders. Results A total of 184 694 patients (mean [SD] age, 51.6 [20.8] years; age range, 0-113.0 years; 99 735 [54.0%] women) who visited the ED were analyzed over the 3 overlapping study periods. After deployment of a noninterruptive nudge in electronic health records, there was an associated 49% decrease in the rate of unintentional duplicate orders for laboratory tests (incidence rate ratio, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.45-0.59), from 4485 to 2731 orders, and an associated 40% decrease in unintentional duplicate orders of radiology tests (incidence rate ratio, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.44-0.82), from 956 to 782 orders. There was not a statistically significant change in unintentional duplicate orders of medications (incidence rate ratio, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.52-2.61), which increased from 225 to 287 orders. The nudge eliminated an estimated 17 936 clicks in our electronic health record. Conclusions and Relevance In this interrupted time series cohort study, passive visual cues that provided just-in-time decision support were associated with reductions in unintentional duplicate orders for laboratory and radiology tests but not in unintentional duplicate medication orders.
Trends in Employment by Dual Sensory Impairment Status.

This study compares employment rates by vision impairment, hearing impairment, and dual sensory impairment using data from the National Health Interview Survey from the 2008 to 2017 cycles.
Supplementing Access to Social Capital Over Time: Computer-Mediated Communication Competence for Social-Resource Development:

Social capital has been declining in America for the better part of a century, as citizens now find themselves connected to fewer people and resources. But computer-based modes of social contact ha...
Work motivation perceptions of students with intellectual disabilities before and after participation in a short‐term vocational rehabilitation summer programme: An exploratory study

BACKGROUND A small group of transition-aged students with intellectual disabilities participated in a short-term summer work experience programme under the mentorship of a job coach. METHODS Dyadic interview technique was used to identify student and mentor participants' perceptions of student participant work motivation pre- and post-programme. Themes were identified and interpreted. RESULTS Student participants reported becoming more intrinsically motivated and future-focused by programme completion. They noted a broader outlook about the meaning of employment; moving from a narrow, financial-focused, short-term perception to a longer-term, more holistic view of work. Although student participants reported high confidence levels for obtaining and keeping employment by programme completion, mentors voiced concerns about realism of their goals due to employment barriers for people with disabilities. CONCLUSIONS Work motivation has been previously associated with positive employment participation. Findings provide some support for assessment of work motivation in school-to-work transition planning.
Foundations of American Political Thought: Readings and Commentary

American political thought was shaped by a unique combination of theoretical influences: republicanism, liberalism, and covenant theology. This reader shows how these influences came together. Organized chronologically from the Puritans' arrival in the New World to the Civil War, each chapter includes carefully selected primary sources and substantial commentary to explain the historical context and significance of the excerpts. A coherent interpretative framework is offered by focusing the analysis on the different assumptions of the people - the republican understanding as a corporate whole and the liberal understanding as a multitude of individuals - that were intertwined during the founding. The book features, for the first time, two chapters on non-American authors, who capture the main tenets of republicanism and liberalism and were widely quoted in the era, as well as excerpts from lesser-known sources, including Puritan covenants, the first state constitutions, and Native American speeches.
The hydrodynamics of an active squirming particle inside of a porous container

A microswimmer placed inside of a passive lamellar vesicle can hydrodynamically induce directed motion of the vesicle so long as fluid is permitted to pass through the vesicle's surface. With an interest in understanding the underlying theoretical mechanism responsible for this directed motion, we study the low Reynolds number fluid mechanics of a reduced system in which a spherical squirming particle is encapsulated inside of a rigid porous spherical container (membrane). We create a theoretical model for this system and obtain two exact analytical solutions to the Stokes equations which describe the motion of the squirmer and container under porous and non-porous container descriptions. Fluid flow through the container's surface is described using a model similar to Darcy's law where proportionality constants, , parameterize the container's resistance to permeable flow parallel and normal to the container's surface. We numerically simulate trajectories of the squirmer–container system by reformulating the fluid mechanics problem as a coupled set of second kind boundary integral equations (BIEs). This system of BIEs is solved numerically using a Galerkin boundary element discretization on graphics processing units enabled with NVIDIA's Compute Unified Device Architecture. We obtain excellent agreement between the analytical and numerical solutions for the concentric geometry. Trajectories of pusher squirmers show earlier radial spread towards the container's surface, whereas puller squirmers tend to move radially inwards, towards the container's centre. Both the squirmer type (pusher, puller, neutral) and container resistance parameters heavily influence net container motion and early squirmer dynamics.