cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Permeability of proteins at the blood-brain barrier in the normal adult mouse and double transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

The permeability of albumin, insulin, and human A beta 1--40 at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was determined in the normal adult mouse (B6/SJL) and in the double transgenic Alzheimer mouse (APP, PS1) by using an I.V. bolus injection technique to quantify the permeability coefficient-surface area (PS) product for each protein after correction for the residual plasma volume (V(p)) occupied by the protein in the blood vessels of different brain regions using a second aliquot of the same protein radiolabeled with a different isotope of iodine ((125)I vs (131)I) as a vascular space marker. This technology for quantifying BBB permeability of proteins was adapted from the rat to the mouse and involved catheterizing the femoral artery and vein of the mouse instead of the brachial artery and vein as for the rat. Because of the smaller blood volume in the mouse, serial sampling (20 microl) of blood from the femoral artery of the mouse was performed and directly TCA precipitated to generate a whole blood washout curve for the intact protein. When similar blood sampling techniques were used in the rat, the PS values for albumin and insulin at the BBB were similar in these two species. In the double transgenic mouse, the V(p) values for albumin were significantly increased 1.4- to 1.6-fold in five of six brain regions compared to the normal adult mouse, which indicated increased adherence of albumin to vessel walls. As a result, the PS values were significantly decreased, from 1.4- to 3.2-fold, which likely reflected decreased transport of albumin by passive diffusion. In contrast, insulin, which is taken up into the brain by a receptor-mediated transport mechanism at the BBB, showed no significant difference in the V(p) values but a significant increase in the PS values in four of six brain regions. This suggests a compensatory mechanism in the Alzheimer's transgenic brain whereby there is an increased permeability to insulin at the BBB. Surprisingly, there was no significant difference in the V(p) or PS values for human A beta 1--40 at the BBB in the double transgenic Alzheimer mouse at 24, 32, or 52 weeks of age, when there is both significant A beta levels in the plasma and amyloid burden in the brains of these animals. These data suggest that there is not an alteration in permeability to human A beta 1--40 at the BBB with increasing amyloid burden in the double transgenic Alzheimer mouse. Although these observations suggest structural alterations at the BBB, they do not support the concept of extensive BBB damage with substantial increases in BBB permeability in Alzheimer's disease.
Spin-Orbit Effects, VSEPR Theory, and the Electronic Structures of Heavy and Superheavy Group IVA Hydrides and Group VIIIA Tetrafluorides. A Partial Role Reversal for Elements 114 and 118.

Relativistic effective core potentials and spin-orbit operators are used in relativistic configuration interaction calculations to explore the effects of spin-orbit coupling on the electronic structures of atoms and molecules of elements 114 and 118. The monohydrides of group IVA and the tetrafluorides of group VIIIA are examined in order to provide examples of trends within families among the various periods. The spin-orbit effect is found to play a dominant role in the determination of atomic and molecular properties. Several nonintuitive consequences of spin-orbit coupling are presented, including the depiction of element 114 as a closed-shell "noble" atom and the suggestion that the VSEPR theory is inadequate to describe the geometry of the rare gas tetrafluoride, (118)F4.
Sex-role orientation and fear of success: Clarifying an unclear relationship

Inconsistencies in research concerning the relationship between fear of success (FOS) and sex-role orientation may be due to the use of sex-role inventories considering masculinity and femininity as endpoints of a bipolar continuum. The Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974), which treats masculinity and femininity as separate dimensions, was administered to 218 female undergraduates in addition to measures of FOS, achievement motivation, and performance. It was predicted that women who were androgynous (high feminine and high masculine) would evidence less FOS than women who were high masculine or high feminine. It was also predicted that women who embraced masculine characteristics (androgynous or sex-reversed) would be higher in both achievement motivation and performance than low masculine women. Both predictions were confirmed. Sex-reversed women were highest in FOS.
On the computation of total strain energy release rate in surface cracks under cyclic loading

Abstract Computation of strain energy release rate in surface cracks plays an important role in determining the preferred propagation pattern (PPP). Semi-elliptical cracks, growing due to cyclic loading of plates, undergo significant shape change during the propagation process. These growing cracks change their shapes such that they follow preferred propagation patterns. It is shown that for a given cyclic-loading field, the PPP represents an upper limit on the aspect ratio of any surface crack growing due to this cyclic loading. Numerical integration techniques have been employed to compute total strain energy (TSE) release rate. The variation of TSE with crack depth ( a / t ) for different bending ratios ( R b ) is presented and discussed. Some initial analyses have already been presented in a prior paper [D. Gera and M. A. Mahmoud, Engng Fracture Mech . 41 , 515–528 (1992)], which discussed the energy variation trends in the fatigue growth of surface cracks under tension and bending.
Territoriality, defensible space and residential burglary : an environmental analysis

Previous research on territoriality suggests that territorial intrusion is associated with particular territorial demarcations. In the present study the use of territorial displays involving symbolic barriers, actual barriers, detectability, traces and social climate is related to the territorial intrusion of residential burglary. The five classes of territorial displays were assessed for a total of 306 burglarized houses on burglarized blocks, non-burglarized houses on burglarized blocks, and non-burglarized houses on non-burglarized blocks. After the data were reduced through factor analysis, multiple regression analysis revealed that burglarized houses differed from non-burglarized houses on non-burglarized blocks on four of the five classes of territorial displays. In general, burglarized houses had salient public territorial qualities: cues of openness and unoccupied appearance. In contrast, the non-burglarized houses had salient secondary or primary territorial qualities: territorial markers communicating privacy and individuality. In addition, non-burglarized houses had greater visual contact with neighboring houses.
On mechanism of dropwise condensation

Abstract The effect of surface thermal properties on dropwise condensation is considered. The physical explanation for this effect is given by considering constriction phenomena in metalic surfaces caused by a non-uniform heat flux distribution over the condensing surfaces. From available experimental data it is shown that surface thermal properties are one of the controlling factors in the dropwise condensation. It is found that for stainless steel as the condensing surface about 84 per cent of the total resistance was the contribution of the resistance occurring in the plate itself due to heat flux non-uniformity over the surface: for copper this contribution was 20 per cent.
Development of a novel adaptive lead-free solder containing reinforcements displaying the shape-memory effect

Microelectronic solder joints are typically exposed to aggressive thermomechanical cycling (TMC) conditions during service. During TMC, strain localization occurs near solder/bond pad interfaces, where large, inelastic-shear strains accumulate, eventually causing low-cycle fatigue (LCF) failure of the joint. In this study, a novel methodology to mitigate the effects of strain localization within the joint is discussed, wherein the solder alloy is reinforced with a martensitic NiTi-based, shape-memory alloy (SMA). In this scheme, the SMA reinforcement deforms in shear concurrently with the solder during TMC and, subsequently, undergoes martensite-to-austenite (M → A) transformation, placing the solder matrix next to the reinforcements in reverse shear. This is purported to reduce inelastic-strain localization within the solder and, thus, enhance joint life. In this paper, we present results of thermal-mechanical loading experiments conducted on a monolithic 95.5Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu solder, a Cu/Cu6Sn5 particle-reinforced solder, and NiTi-solder, single-fiber composites (SFCs) to elucidate the impact of the shape-memory effect on the overall joint behavior. It is demonstrated that during TMC, the phase transformations occurring in NiTi can significantly reduce the inelastic-strain range to which a joint is subjected (by ∼25% in the present experiments). Finally, we report on the successful fabrication of a composite solder paste from which adaptive solders with a uniform distribution of about 5 vol.% of NiTi particulates may be produced.
Keeping Bats in Captivity

All in all there can be no doubt as to the advantages of crossbreeding between Iberian, South French, and Corsican cattle for the purpose of eventually breeding back to the auerochs. In color, shape, position of the horns, even in trend of intelligence, the Spanish fighting bulls are entirely of the auerochs type. The South France fighting bull is in shape, horns, and in many other characteristics like the auerochs; but the color, almost universally black, does not agree. The Corsican race has retained the auerochs color and many of its traits of character, but the horns are too short. All of these types live in herds and have gregarious instincts. The goal to be attained must combine the bodily shape of the Spanish fighting bull, the horns of the French, the wildness and activity of both, the color of the Corsican, the coat of hair and the manner of hair-shedding of all three.
Alfred Pancoast Boller

AbstractBoller was one of the post-Civil War giants in the bridge-building field. Along with men like Jacob Hays Linville, Charles Macdonald, T. C. Clarke, C. Shaler Smith, Charles Kellogg, Octave Chanute, George Morison, C. C. Schneider, Theodore Cooper, and Gustav Lindenthal, he created the modern steel bridge. He specialized in swing bridges, designing the longest of the type at the time. He also designed the longest cantilever bridge and the longest simple span bridge. In 1909, he had plans accepted for building the second longest steel arch in the world across the Harlem River in honor of the 300th anniversary of Henry Hudson’s voyage up the Hudson River. He was one of the few bridge builders who urged his colleagues to pay more attention to the beauty of their bridges.
Wave-packet dynamics in the one-dimensional extended Hubbard model

Using the time-dependent density-matrix renormalization group, we study the time evolution of electronic wave packets in the one-dimensional extended Hubbard model with on-site and nearest-neighbor repulsion, $U$ and $V$, respectively. As expected, the wave packets separate into spin-only and charge-only excitations (spin-charge separation). Charge and spin velocities exhibit nonmonotonic dependence on $V$. For small and intermediate values of $V$, both velocities increase with $V$. However, the charge velocity exhibits a stronger dependence than that of the spin, leading to a more pronounced spin-charge separation. Charge fractionalization, on the other hand, is weakly affected by $V$. The results are explained in terms of Luttinger liquid theory in the weak-coupling limit and an effective model in the strong-coupling regime.
Role of strong ion exchange resins in nitrosamine formation in water

Abstract N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was formed when tap water was passed through a column containing only the anion exchange resin, thereby indicating that nitrosamine (NA) formation by the conventional acid catalyzed nitrosation reaction, as would be expected in the case of a mixed strong anion and cation resin system, was not the primary mechanism. The quaternary ammonium ion of the strong anion resin may be the amine precursor for NA formation. Strong anion and strong cation resins (Amberlite and Dowex brands ‡ ) were ineffective in concentrationg low levels of NDMA that were added to the influent. Accumulation of extremely low levels of NA already present in the water, therefore, also did not contribute importantly to the concentration of NA found in deionized water. In addition, the normal levels of cations and anions in water, and heavy metal ions were also not primarily responsible for this occurrence. There was, however, an unknown substance(s) in tap water that promoted NA formation. This unknown soluble substance(s) can be removed by activated carbon treatment or degassing techniques.
Developmental biology: Skeletal muscle comes of age.

A regulatory protein thought to be crucial for maintaining the muscle stem-cell pool throughout life is shown to be dispensable in the adult. Muscle biologists are left wondering what fundamental things apply as time goes by.
Challenges to manufacturing submicron, ultra-large scale integrated circuits

It is argued that the cost of manufacturing submicron, ultra-large-scale integration (ULSI) integrated circuits (ICs) (which is scaling upward at least in inverse proportion to the downward scaling of device feature sizes) is driven by a parameter budget crisis associated with the technological and complexity limits of IC design and fabrication. This budget crisis is defined for technologies associated with patterning, mechanical control, thermal treatments, particulates and contamination, defects, electrical parameters, and manufacturing, R&D priorities for silicon ULSI are identified and quantified, and the potential impact of some recent research results is discussed. It is pointed out that the R&D agenda to deal with the ULSI manufacturing budget crisis is enormous, and the semiconductor industry cannot perform all of it. Since the time for transferring new developments into production tools and technologies is five to seven years, it is concluded that critical funding decisions need to be made now for ULSI manufacturing science breakthroughs by the turn of the century. >
Helicon plasma source for ionized physical vapor deposition

Abstract A helicon antenna that sits remotely outside the vacuum system is attached to a magnetron sputtering system. This increases the electron temperature, which increases the ionization of the sputter flux for achieving ionized physical vapor deposition (IPVD). There are no shadowing and contamination problems, unlike other IPVD devices with immersed coils, since the helicon antenna is outside the vacuum system. Furthermore, the target to substrate distance can be kept small. At 2 kW magnetron power, 4 kW helicon power, 45 mTorr argon gas, and with a copper target, ionization fractions to the substrate of 51±10% and a deposition rate of 847±42 A/min are measured using a quartz crystal oscillator (QCO) and a multi-grid filter. Without the antenna, the ionization fraction to the QCO is 30±6% and the deposition rate is 815±41 A/min. Multiple remote sources are envisioned to be positioned radially around a sputtering chamber, controlling uniformity while increasing the ionization further. Since 21% additional ionization is achieved using only one source, with no threat of contamination inside the vacuum chamber, the helicon source has good potential for a secondary plasma source in IPVD applications.
Acute scrotal lesion secondary to barium peritonitis in an infant

We report on an acute scrotal lesion occurring secondary to barium peritonitis in an infant with a patent processus vaginalis. To our knowledge, this has not been described previously. Treatment of the peritonitis may be sufficient for the scrotal lesion.
Robust L/sub 1/ norm factorization in the presence of outliers and missing data by alternative convex programming

Matrix factorization has many applications in computer vision. Singular value decomposition (SVD) is the standard algorithm for factorization. When there are outliers and missing data, which often happen in real measurements, SVD is no longer applicable. For robustness iteratively re-weighted least squares (IRLS) is often used for factorization by assigning a weight to each element in the measurements. Because it uses L/sub 2/ norm, good initialization in IRLS is critical for success, but is nontrivial. In this paper, we formulate matrix factorization as a L/sub 1/ norm minimization problem that is solved efficiently by alternative convex programming. Our formulation 1) is robust without requiring initial weighting, 2) handles missing data straightforwardly, and 3) provides a framework in which constraints and prior knowledge (if available) can be conveniently incorporated. In the experiments we apply our approach to factorization-based structure from motion. It is shown that our approach achieves better results than other approaches (including IRLS) on both synthetic and real data.
Whither Chinese Law

Current Chinese debates about “modernity” focus on what Chinese law was and is, and where it should go from here; this article argues that the answer should be sought in historical processes involved in the pursuit of modern ideals—such as scientific knowledge, industrial development, and citizen rights—and not in any one theory or ideology. The essay attempts to excavate from the past century's history of Chinese legal practice components of what might be considered Chinese modernity, with examples from such major areas of civil law as inheritance-old age support, property rights, torts, and divorce. In addition, it emphasizes the court mediation system created by the Chinese Communist Party and the “practical moralism” mode of thinking evident in both imperial and modern Chinese lawmaking, pointing out the many commonalities they share with the current “alternative dispute resolution” movement of the West and with the legal pragmatism tradition of modern American law. The proper direction of development...
Bayesian analysis of binary and polychotomous response data

Abstract A vast literature in statistics, biometrics, and econometrics is concerned with the analysis of binary and polychotomous response data. The classical approach fits a categorical response regression model using maximum likelihood, and inferences about the model are based on the associated asymptotic theory. The accuracy of classical confidence statements is questionable for small sample sizes. In this article, exact Bayesian methods for modeling categorical response data are developed using the idea of data augmentation. The general approach can be summarized as follows. The probit regression model for binary outcomes is seen to have an underlying normal regression structure on latent continuous data. Values of the latent data can be simulated from suitable truncated normal distributions. If the latent data are known, then the posterior distribution of the parameters can be computed using standard results for normal linear models. Draws from this posterior are used to sample new latent data, and t...
The use of intravenous buprenorphine for the treatment of opioid withdrawal in medically ill hospitalized patients

The aim of this study was to assess the safety of buprenorphine administered intravenously for the treatment of opioid withdrawal in medically ill hospitalized patients. Data regarding demographic information, number of doses of buprenorphine, and measures of buprenorphine's effects were collected via chart reviews for 30 heroin-dependent patients who received buprenorphine intravenously during their hospitalization for an acute medical problem. No respiratory depression was observed, and no patients reported feeling "high." All patients reported that buprenorphine decreased withdrawal symptoms. Thus, intravenous administration of buprenorphine appears to be safe for the treatment of opioid withdrawal.
Inhibition of alkaline phosphatase by several diuretics

Abstract : Acetazolamide, furosemide, ethacrynic acid and chlorothiazide, diuretics of considerable structural diversity, inhibit alkaline phosphatase. The inhibition is reversible and the mechanism is of the mixed type, having both competitive and non-competitive characteristics. K sub i is calculated to be 8.4, 7.0, 2.8 and 0.1 mmol/l for acetazolamide, furosemide, ethacrynic acid and chlorothiazide, respectively. Chlorothiazide is a much more potent inhibitor of alkaline phosphatase than the other three diuretics. The combination of ethacrynic acid and cysteine, itself an alkaline phosphatase inhibitor, is less inhibitory than ethacrynic acid alone. Rat and human kidney alkaline phosphatase are equally sensitive to chlorothiazide, ethacrynic acid and furosemide.
Effect of copper deficiency on the concentrations of catecholamines and related enzyme activities in the rat brain.

— Immature rats were made copper deficient by feeding them a low (< 1 p. p. m.) copper diet. During the gestation and lactation periods their dams consumed the same diet. Controls received a dietary supplement of 10 p. p. m. copper. At approx 7 weeks of age, the deficient animals exhibited signs of neurological dysfunction and gross lesions of the brain. Cytochrome oxidase activity and copper content of the liver and brain were used as criteria of copper status and confirmed the existence of severe deficiency. The whole brains minus cerebella of the deficient animals contained approx 30% less dopamine and norepinephrine than those of the controls. The tyrosine hydroxylase activity was depressed more than 25% in the copper deficient brains while the superoxide dismutase activity was lowered more than 35%. There was a high correlation between the chief criterion of copper status, liver cytochrome oxidase activity, and the brain concentrations of dopamine, norepinephrine and tyrosine hydroxylase activity. The decrease in activity of tyrosine hydroxylase was sufficient to account for the lowered concentrations of the catecholamines.
Trench-gate base-resistance-controlled thyristors (UMOS-BRTs)

Two base-resistance-controlled thyristor (BRT) structures with trench (UMOS) gate regions are described. A model for the maximum controllable current density for these devices is proposed and demonstrated to agree well with experimental results obtained on devices with 600-V forward-blocking capability. >
Vector quantization with model selection

We propose an iterative algorithm that incorporates model selection into entropy-constrained vector quantization. Two model selection steps are added to the classic Lloyd algorithm as additional necessary conditions for optimality. Codewords are pruned by using a Lagrangian with entropy and codebook size constraints. Relevant features are found by using a partitioned vector quantization. Relevant and irrelevant features are modelled independently. Moreover, we model irrelevant features by a global probability density function to make them independent of partition cells. This enables us to avoid a problem in comparing the performances of vector quantizers in different dimensional spaces. As a Lagrangian decreases, we not only obtain a locally optimal codebook, but also reduce codebook size and identify relevant features.
Ceritinib A New Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Objective: To review ceritinib for the treatment of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive metastatic non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Data Sources: Literature searches were conducted in PubMed, EMBASE (1974 to July week 5, 2014), and Google Scholar using the terms ceritinib, LDK378, and non–small-cell lung cancer. Study Selection and Data Extraction: One phase 1 trial and 2 abstracts were identified. Data Synthesis: Ceritinib is approved for the treatment of ALK-positive metastatic NSCLC in patients who are intolerant to or have progressed despite therapy with crizotinib. In the phase 1 clinical trial, the maximum tolerated dose was determined to be 750 mg once daily. The overall response rate (ORR) was 58% (95% CI = 48-67) in patients who received ≥400 mg daily (n = 114). In this group, the ORR was 56% (95% CI = 41-67) and 62% (95% CI = 44-78) among crizotinib-exposed and -naive patients, respectively. The ORR was 59% (95% CI = 47-70) in patients who received 750 mg daily (n = 78). The ORR was 56%...
Simulations of silver-doped germanium-selenide glasses and their response to radiation

Chalcogenide glasses doped with silver have many applications including their use as a novel radiation sensor. In this paper, we undertake the first atomistic simulation of radiation damage and healing in silver-doped Germanium-selenide glass. We jointly employ empirical potentials and ab initio methods to create and characterize new structural models and to show that they are in accord with many experimental observations. Next, we simulate a thermal spike and track the evolution of the radiation damage and its eventual healing by application of a simulated annealing process. The silver network is strongly affected by the rearrangements, and its connectivity (and thus contribution to the electrical conductivity) change rapidly in time. The electronic structure of the material after annealing is essentially identical to that of the initial structure.
Melasma in Latina patients: cross-cultural adaptation and validation of a quality-of-life questionnaire in Spanish language.

Background Melasma has been shown to have a significant emotional and psychologic effect on affected patients. Although this pigmentary disorder is thought to be more prevalent among Latinos, the effect of melasma on quality of life (QOL) in this population is unknown. Objectives The goals of this study were to translate and culturally adapt the previously validated Melasma QOL (MELASQOL) scale into Spanish language, to confirm the new scale's reliability and validity, and to administer the scale to characterize melasma's effect on the health-related QOL of Spanish language—speaking Latino patients. Methods Cross-cultural adaptation of the original questionnaire was performed using previously established guidelines. After pretesting the questionnaire in a group of 30 patients, it was tested in a group of 112 patients recruited from a community outpatient clinic. A Spanish-language health-related QOL assessment battery was also administered for validation purposes. The degree of melasma was determined on clinical examination by the investigator using the Melasma Area and Severity Index. Results Cross-cultural adaptation of the questionnaire was successful in producing a working and understandable Spanish-language version of the MELASQOL. The Spanish-language MELASQOL scale was internally reliable and demonstrated construct and content validity. The Spanish-language MELASQOL scores of patients with little to no formal education were significantly higher than those with at least a seventh-grade education. Scores were proportional to the length of time a patient had lived with melasma and were higher in patients who had previously sought treatment. Spanish-language MELASQOL score and Melasma Area and Severity Index were shown to be moderately correlated, but no differences were seen according to patient age, marital status, employment, or coexisting medical or psychiatric conditions. Limitations Limitations are a lack of data regarding socioeconomic status and limitation to Mexican and Central American female patients. Conclusions We have developed a semantically equivalent translation of MELASQOL in the Spanish language and have begun to characterize the effects of melasma on the QOL in a population that has not been previously studied. Further studies in larger populations of Spanish language–speaking patients from various geographic and socioeconomic groups are warranted.
Tensor-Tensor Products with Invertible Linear Transforms

Abstract Research in tensor representation and analysis has been rising in popularity in direct response to a) the increased ability of data collection systems to store huge volumes of multidimensional data and b) the recognition of potential modeling accuracy that can be provided by leaving the data and/or the operator in its natural, multidimensional form. In recent work [1] , the authors introduced the notion of the t-product, a generalization of matrix multiplication for tensors of order three, which can be extended to multiply tensors of arbitrary order [2] . The multiplication is based on a convolution-like operation, which can be implemented efficiently using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The corresponding linear algebraic framework from the original work was further developed in [3] , and it allows one to elegantly generalize all classical algorithms from numerical linear algebra. In this paper, we extend this development so that tensor–tensor products can be defined in a so-called transform domain for any invertible linear transform. In order to properly motivate this transform-based approach, we begin by defining a new tensor–tensor product alternative to the t-product. We then show that it can be implemented efficiently using DCTs, and that subsequent definitions and factorizations can be formulated by appealing to the transform domain. Using this new product as our guide, we then generalize the transform-based approach to any invertible linear transform. We introduce the algebraic structures induced by each new multiplication in the family, which is that of C⁎-algebras and modules. Finally, in the spirit of [4] , we give a matrix–algebra based interpretation of the new family of tensor–tensor products, and from an applied perspective, we briefly discuss how to choose a transform. We demonstrate the convenience of our new framework within the context of an image deblurring problem and we show the potential for using one of these new tensor–tensor products and resulting tensor-SVD for hyperspectral image compression.
Analysis and characterization of green compound material for high voltage application

Anhydride hardener molding compound has been widely accepted as an encapsulation technology for high voltage application products. The roles of encapsulation materials extend beyond just encapsulating the device; these materials also provide heat dissipation and insulation between the device and the package that essentially affects the performance of the device while operating in the field. The recent more stringent electrical test requirement for high voltage application package raises a great challenge to the molding encapsulation technology especially those without using anhydride hardener in the formulation. Anhydride hardener is particularly attractive because of its known intrinsic superior electrical properties and high degree of cross-linking. In this paper, material properties analysis, moldability studies, electrical performance and reliability testing for several types of molding compounds such as anhydride hardener, crystalline filler, low stress Ortho Cresol Novolac (OCN), and Biphenyl/Phenolic molding encapsulations will be presented. The low stress OCN green molding compound was found to work exceptionally well with no significant degradation of electrical performance when compared to anhydride hardener molding compound. More importantly, the low stress OCN molding encapsulation is more cost-effective, provides excellent moldability, good delamination performance and possibly a more reliable package.
Client-side rendering of collaborative idea networks

When distributed teams brainstorm and discuss ideas toward solving a non-trivial problem, it is essential to maintain the temporal and content connections of the discussion, identify to ideas for response, and track conversations to determine emerging problem solutions in order to achieve greater benefit from the collaboration. Our Web 2.0 technology visualizes these connections, identifications, and emerging solutions in the form of a network graph display of connected idea nodes representing posts whose internal content can be viewed by hovering over the node of interest. A user can respond to a post by clicking on it and using the provided post template. Current methods of server-side graph rendering consume too much time when the graph reaches a certain size, limiting user interaction because of refresh delays of the user and other team member posts. Since the objective of the forum is to be nearly as efficient as a chat, we devised a novel method of client-side graph rendering that integrated seamlessly with the existing technology and provided extraordinary timing improvements independent of the depth and breadth of the graphs.
Orbital Operations for Phobos and Deimos Exploration

One of the deep-space human exploration activities proposed for the post-Shuttle era is a mission to one of the moons of Mars, Phobos or Deimos. There are several options available to the mission architect for operations around these bodies. These options include distant retrograde orbits (DROs), Lagrange-point orbits such as halos and Lyapunov orbits, and fixed-point stationkeeping or "hovering." These three orbit options are discussed in the context of the idealized circular restricted three body problem, full-dynamics propagations, and a concept of operations. The discussion is focused on Phobos, but all results hold for Deimos
THE ALLOGENEIC EFFECT IN INBRED MICE : III. UNIQUE ANTIGENIC STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS IN THE EXPRESSION OF THE PHENOMENON ON UNPRIMED CELL POPULATIONS IN VIVO

The allogeneic effect has been shown to replace the requirement for carrier-specific helper thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes in secondary antihapten antibody responses in guinea pigs or mice. Attempts to enhance primary antibody responses to either 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or DNP-ovalbumin (OVA) by the allogeneic effect have failed, and frequently result in suppression. However, the present studies have demonstrated a clear allogeneic effect on primary anti-DNP responses to a DNP-conjugate of the copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine, DNP-D-GL. This compound, for which no carrier-specific helper T cells exist, normally induces a state of DNP-specific tolerance in the doses employed. However, normal (BALB/c x A/J)F(1) recipients developed primary anti-DNP antibody responses, and of the IgG class, when DNP-D-GL was administered shortly after the transfer of allogeneic parental A strain lymphoid cells. To test the possibility that the presence of KLH-specific T lymphocytes might inhibit the expression of the allogeneic effect on the primary response to DNP-KLH, studies were undertaken using T cell-depleted spleen cells. In this model, the allogeneic effect again enhanced the primary response to DNP-D-GL, but still failed to enhance the primary response to DNP-KLH. These studies indicate that the structure of the molecule employed and its specific interaction with the bone marrow-derived (B) cell membrane may be critical in the capacity of primed and unprimed B cells to be influenced by the allogeneic effect.
Patterns of Hypophysiotropic Signals and Gonadotropin Secretion in the Rhesus Monkey

In the course of validating a radioimmunoassay for LH in the rhesus monkey more than a decade ago, we attempted to measure this hormone in the plasma of ovariectomized females with very erratic results. We initially assumed that imperfections in the assay were responsible for our unpredictable measurements, but, after much additional work, were eventually persuaded that our assay was not at fault and that the surprising variations in hormone levels were real and, somehow, a function of our animals (Atkinson et al., 1970). We then proceeded to take blood samples every 10 to 20 mm and found to our astonishment
Ready or Not? Criteria for Marriage Readiness Among Emerging Adults

This study examined emerging adults' criteria for marriage readiness and explored how these criteria are associated with their current attitudes and behaviors. This article establishes the psychome...
Expression of complete metabolic pathways in transgenic plants.

Abstract Plant genetic engineering emerged as a methodology to introduce only few transgenes into the plant genome. Following fast-paced developments of the past few decades, engineering of much larger numbers of transgenes became a reality, allowing to introduce full metabolic pathways from other organisms into plants and generate transgenics with startling new traits. From the advent of the classical plant genetic engineering, the transgenes were introduced into the nuclear genome of the plant cell, and this strategy still is quite successful when applied to few transgenes. However, for introducing large number of transgenes, we advocate that the chloroplast genome is a superior choice, especially for engineering of new complete metabolic pathways into plants. The ability to genetically engineer plants with complex and fully functional metabolic pathways from other organisms bears a substantial promise in generation of pharmaceuticals, i.e., biopharming, and new agricultural crops with that traits never...
Effects of Temperature and Carbon Dioxide on Albumen Characteristics, Weight Loss, and Early Embryonic Mortality of Long Stored Hatching Eggs

Abstract Eggs from a 37-wk-old broiler breeder flock were stored in plastic bags in the presence or absence of CO2 for 7 or 14 d at 12.8 or 23.9 C. Eggs were incubated at 37.5 C dry bulb temperature and 30.0 C wet bulb temperature. Albumen height was measured prior to incubation on a sample of eggs and early embryonic mortality was determined macroscopically after candling at 17 d. A second experiment using eggs from a 44-wk-old flock replicated Experiment 1 without incubation. Albumen height, albumen pH, and stored weight loss were determined. Early embryonic mortality and stored weight loss increased with temperature and length of storage. Eggs stored for 7 d in the presence of CO2 exhibited increased albumen height and numerically higher embryonic mortality than eggs stored in the absence of CO2 whereas eggs stored for 14 d in the presence of CO2 had decreased early embryonic mortality and numerically increased albumen height compared to their controls. The eggs stored at 23.9 C for 14 d exhibited the greatest weight loss and the highest early embryonic mortality. Neither temperature nor day of storage influenced albumen pH. Storage in CO2, however, resulted in a lower albumen pH. Temperature and CO2 appeared to have independent modes of action. The presence of CO2 may be beneficial in maintaining albumen quality and acid-base balance appropriate for embryo survival during storage periods of about 14 d but may be detrimental for shorter storage periods due to increased albumen quality, which may result in reduced vital gas exchange. Excessive weight loss associated with storage of eggs for 14 d at 23.9 C was detrimental to embryo survival.
Towards an engineering approach for groupware development: learning from the AulaNet LMS development

This paper presents the AulaNet learning management system, its architecture and the collaboration model that guided its development and that was refined during this process. A case study of an online course indicates the necessity to have an architectural support for collaboration aspects and a collaboration-based engineering approach to groupware development. This approach, groupware engineering, is based on software engineering and on concepts originated in the field of CSCW.
The Aspectual System of English

English offers a consistent, obligatory choice of viewpoints in all tenses. The perfective viewpoint is available for all situation types and is therefore the dominant viewpoint in the language. The value of the perfective varies with situation type. The perfective presents events as closed and states as open, accordanted with each. The progressive is the main imperfective viewpoint; it is available neutrally only for nonstative sentences. There is also a limited resultative imperfective, which appears with verb constellations of the position and location classes.1
Caprini venous thromboembolism risk assessment permits selection for postdischarge prophylactic anticoagulation in patients with resectable lung cancer.

Abstract Objective Postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) creates an 8-fold increase in mortality after lung resection. About one third of postoperative VTEs occur after discharge. The Caprini risk assessment model has been used by other specialties to calculate the risk of a VTE. Patients deemed high risk by the model are candidates for prophylactic anticoagulation after discharge, reducing the VTE risk by 60%. Our primary aims were to determine the frequency of VTE events and evaluate whether the Caprini model could risk-stratify patients. Methods Patients undergoing lung cancer resections during 2005 to 2013 were evaluated. Exclusion criteria were preoperative filter and therapeutic anticoagulation. A total of 232 patients were reviewed and Caprini scores calculated. Subjects were risk stratified into groups of low risk (0-4), moderate risk (5-8), and high risk (≥9). Occurrence of VTE events (deep vein thrombosis; pulmonary embolism) were identified by imaging. Results The 60-day VTE incidence was 5.2% (12 of 232); 33.3% occurred postdischarge (n = 4). Half (6 of 12) were pulmonary emboli, 1 of which caused a death, in an inpatient with a score of 16. The VTE incidence increased with Caprini score. Scores in the low, moderate, and high risk groups were associated with a VTE incidence of 0%, 1.7%, and 10.3%, respectively. With a high risk score cutoff of 9, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy are 83.3%, 60.5%, and 61.6%, respectively. Conclusions One third of VTE events occurred after discharge. Postoperative VTE incidence was correlated with increasing Caprini scores. Patients in the high risk group had an incidence of 10.3%. Elevated scores may warrant extended chemoprophylaxis for patients after discharge.
A Concise History of Russia: Consolidation and Revolt

The end of the Time of Troubles brought peace to Russia and a new dynasty of tsars, one that would remain on the throne until 1917. The decades that followed the Troubles saw the restoration of the social and political order that had existed before, so that Russia looked very much the same as it had on the day that the Assembly of the Land elected Boris Godunov tsar. Yet under the surface of restored customs and institutions, earlier trends gathered speed and new developments appeared. Serfdom provided a rigid framework that determined the life of most Russians and slowed, but did not preclude, economic changes and growth. At the other end of Russian society, at the court and among the higher clergy, shifts in religious sentiment and cultural changes were taking place that would have far-reaching effects. Rapid population growth meant greater prosperity and also made it possible for Russia to absorb and preserve the new acquisitions in Siberia and on the southern steppes. Growing integration into the burgeoning European markets meant wealth for merchants and townsmen. The rebuilding of the government was not limited to the restoration of the old system and old institutions. The creaky apparatus of the Moscow offices of state managed more or less to maintain control over a huge area and an unruly population. Control, in the Russian context, was always a relative matter, for this was also the “rebellious” century of Russian history: with not just the Troubles but urban riots in Moscow and elsewhere, the first great Cossack and peasant revolt of the legendary Stenka Razin, and the politically crucial revolts of the musketeers at the end of the century. Each time, however, the authorities eventually restored order and, after 1613, the state did not collapse.
Economic Effects of Taking Parts of Farms for Flood-Control Reservoirs

N RECENT years increasing attention has focused on external effects of resource-development programs. The aggregate effects of reservoir development on nearby communities has been reported but the effects of these developments on individual farms has escaped attention.1 Flood-control reservoirs are often developed in agricultural areas. When this occurs, some farms are completely inundated while other farms are only partially flooded. After development, farms in this latter category are smaller and, most often, less efficient than they were prior to development. Some loss in efficiency undoubtedly stems from the ordinary reduction in size. In many parts of the nation, reservoir development requires that superior farm land be flooded. The reduction in efficiency may then be compounded because of a simultaneous reduction in the quantity and the quality of the land resources available to an individual operator. This paper reports some results of a study which attempted to evaluate the economic effects that reservoir development may have on farms which are partially inundated. The objectives of the study were (1) to measure how reservoir development affects unit production costs and net farm income, and (2) to determine the intrafarm marginal significance of relinquished land resources. The Corps of Engineers has investigated many potential reservoir sites in eastern Kansas in connection with extensive flood-control plans for the Kansas River. Two potential sites in Pottawatomie County were chosen for this study. Individual farms in the area include high-quality cropland near streams and lands of lower quality (suitable only for grazing) in surrounding hills. The major agricultural product is livestock. Feeds and forage for these livestock are produced on high-quality valley land adjoining the streams. If reservoirs were developed, the feed-producing lands would be flooded. Since feed-producing land and grassland are complementary factors in livestock production, development at the reservoir would also
The Role of the Telegraph in the Consolidation and Expansion of the Argentine Republic

From 1810, when the cabildo of Buenos Aires declared itself free from Spain, through the civil and parochial wars of the post independence period Argentina struggled for constitutional order and political unity. The tyranny of Rosas, the promulgation of the Federal Constitution in 1853, and its ultimate acceptance by the Province of Buenos Aires in 1862 highlighted the drama. Hampered by vast distances, primitive transportation facilities, and the presence of nomadic hostile Indians, the drive for national unity seemed to have reached a significant milestone in 1880. That year saw the creation of the Federal District on the heels of the suppression of a serious revolt against the national government by the Province of Buenos Aires. When the port city of Buenos Aires became the capital of the Republic, and the government of the province moved to the new city of La Plata, it must have appeared to casual observers that Argentina had arrived as a modern nation-state.