cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Vacuum Cooling on Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infiltration in Fresh Leafy Greens via a Multiphoton-Imaging Approach.

Microbial pathogen infiltration in fresh leafy greens is a significant food safety risk factor. In various postharvest operations, vacuum cooling is a critical process for maintaining the quality of fresh produce. The overall goal of this study was to evaluate the risk of vacuum cooling-induced infiltration of Escherichia coli O157:H7 into lettuce using multiphoton microscopy. Multiphoton imaging was chosen as the method to locate E. coli O157:H7 within an intact lettuce leaf due to its high spatial resolution, low background fluorescence, and near-infrared (NIR) excitation source compared to those of conventional confocal microscopy. The variables vacuum cooling, surface moisture, and leaf side were evaluated in a three-way factorial study with E. coli O157:H7 on lettuce. A total of 188 image stacks were collected. The images were analyzed for E. coli O157:H7 association with stomata and E. coli O157:H7 infiltration. The quantitative imaging data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results indicate that the low-moisture condition led to an increased risk of microbial association with stomata (P < 0.05). Additionally, the interaction between vacuum cooling levels and moisture levels led to an increased risk of infiltration (P < 0.05). This study also demonstrates the potential of multiphoton imaging for improving sensitivity and resolution of imaging-based measurements of microbial interactions with intact leaf structures, including infiltration.
Accurate Computing of Higher Vibration Modes of Thin Flexible Structures

Motivated by the need for high-fidelity modeling and accurate control of future hypersonic vehicles subjected to complex aerothermomechanical loads and many other such applications, a novel scheme is proposed to accurately compute higher modes of vibration for one-dimensional structures by coupling the classic Ritz method as a predictor and the linear two-point boundary value problem solver SUPORE as a corrector. The Ritz method is used to compute a preliminary estimate of the natural frequencies for the desired modes. These estimates are then used as initial guesses by SUPORE, which employs superposition and reorthonormalization to accurately solve the governing boundary value problem. Compared to a high-fidelity Ritz approximation or a highly refined finite element modeling procedure, this is a simple, computationally less expensive, and yet highly accurate method to compute mode shapes for applications that require higher modes. This scheme is used to compute mode shapes within an absolute and relative...
Regioselective and stereoselective oxidation of metoprolol and bufuralol catalyzed by microsomes containing cDNA-expressed human P4502D6

Regioselective and stereoselective oxidations of pseudoracemic metoprolol, (R)-bufuralol, and (S)-bufuralol by microsomes of h2D6v2 cells--a human lymphoblastoma cell line transfected with a cytochrome P4502D6 expression system--were examined. The formation kinetics of O-demethylmetoprolol and alpha-hydroxymetoprolol were characterized in five different lots of the cDNA-expressed P4502D6. Comparison of the Vmax/KM values indicated that formation of the products from (R)-metoprolol was preferred. Although the favored regiomer overall was O-demethylmetoprolol, the regioselectivity for O-demethylation of metoprolol by the cDNA-expressed enzyme was several-fold less than that observed for the P4502D6 enzyme in human liver microsomes at 20 microM pseudoracematic metoprolol concentration. Oxidation of (R)-metoprolol produced more O-demethylmetoprolol than alpha-hydroxymetoprolol; however, for (S)-metoprolol-d2, a slight preference for alpha-hydroxylation was observed. The O-demethylation and alpha-hydroxylation of metoprolol were inhibited at low microM concentrations of (+/-)-verapamil, a known inhibitor of metoprolol oxidation. (R)- and (S)-Bufuralol were oxidized to their respective diastereomeric 1"-hydroxybufuralols by all 4 lots of h2D6v2 microsomal preparations. Diastereomeric (1'R)-hydroxybufuralols were formed in twice the amount as the hydroxylated diastereomers of (1'S)-products. Product stereoselectivity was observed for the (1'R,1"S)- and (1'S,1"R)-isomers. Although the observed enantioselectivity and diastereoselectivity of the bufuralol oxidation seem to be consistent with those previously reported for human liver microsomes, the regioselectivity of the metoprolol oxidations is unexpectedly low.
Human gait extraction from short and sparse radar dwells

This paper describes a novel approach to estimate two fundamental gait frequencies from a dismount observed by a radar that collects short dwells widely separated in time while it maintains wide area surveillance. For each dwell, range-Doppler images or chips are generated, and range versus range-rate maps are formed from few coherent processing intervals (CPIs) to obtain a spectrogram snapshot. The time duration of each spectrogram snapshot is about a quarter of the gait frequency cycle induced by the side to side movement of the body of the walking dismount, i.e., 0.25 s. At an instant of time, two spectrogram snapshots are fed to the algorithm; first, a limb mitigation filter is carried out on each spectrogram snapshot to extract the torso motion from which a Hankel matrix is computed. Next, the two Hankel matrices are concatenated into an augmented Hankel matrix to compute a set of state space matrices that give rise to the parameters associated with the dynamics of the dismount and the two fundamental gait frequencies. As time evolves, more spectrogram snapshots are generated and the gait frequencies are estimated to identify the observed dismount. Effectiveness of the gait extraction technique from sparse data is confirmed using simulated radar data from a six foot tall man that is generated using the Thalmann human motion model at six different aspect angles.
Lecture 5: Negro Achievement in the United States

This lecture is the third and final installment of Locke’s comprehensive presentation of an accurate demographic depiction of African Americans in the United States. Locke, not only describes the type and scope of achievements made in various fields by African Americans in the United States, he also clarifies the general trends of social advancement they are pursuing. Locke provides an exhaustive list of various accomplishments by African American artists, writers, musicians, business owners, and civic and religious leaders, and he also takes care to explain the significance in the larger national culture of these achievements, their effect on the conditions he earlier described, and the future prospects of the Afrodescendant people in the United States.
Physics-inspired image analytics(Conference Presentation)

We describe a new computational approach to image analytics and its application to feature enhancement. The algorithm reveals latent features in the image by a transformation known as the Phase Stretch Transform. This computationally efficient transform emulates the propagation of light through a physical medium followed by detection of light’s complex amplitude. We show that the phase of the transform reveals transitions in image intensity and can be used for edge detection with excellent low light level sensitivity. When the diffractive medium has a warped frequency response, the transform engineers the space-bandwidth product of the image with potential application in data compression. Image processing inspired by optical physics has emerged from the research on Photonic Time Stretch, a time-domain signal processing technique that employs temporal dispersion to slow down, capture, and digitally process fast waveforms in real time. This talk will focus on the Phase Stretch Transform (PST), its extension to machine learning and applications in radiology, astronomy and security image analytics.
Homogeneity in donkey sentences

Donkey sentences have existential and universal readings, but they are not often perceived as ambiguous. I extend the pragmatic theory of homogeneity in plural definites by Kriz ( 2016 ) to explain how context disambiguates donkey sentences. I propose that a semantic theory produces truth value gaps in certain scenarios, and a pragmatic theory fills these gaps in context-dependent ways. By locating the parallel between donkey pronouns and definite plurals is located in the pragmatics rather than in the semantics, I avoid problems known to arise for some previous accounts according to which donkey pronouns and definite plurals both have plural referents ( Krifka 1996 ; Yoon 1996 ). I sketch an extension of plural compositional DRT ( Brasoveanu 2008 ) that delivers the required truth value gaps by building on concepts from error-state semantics and supervaluation quantifiers.
Understanding Asian American women's pathways to school leadership

Little is known about Asian American women administrators in the public schools. The study sought to understand the pathways of Asian American women to school leadership. In-depth interviews and re...
Initial Steps to inform selection of continuation cognitive therapy or fluoxetine for higher risk responders to cognitive therapy for recurrent major depressive disorder

Responders to acute-phase cognitive therapy (A-CT) for major depressive disorder (MDD) often relapse or recur, but continuation-phase cognitive therapy (C-CT) or fluoxetine reduces risks for some patients. We tested composite moderators of C-CT versus fluoxetine's preventive effects to inform continuation treatment selection. Responders to A-CT for MDD judged to be at higher risk for relapse due to unstable or partial remission (N=172) were randomized to 8 months of C-CT or fluoxetine with clinical management and assessed, free from protocol treatment, for 24 additional months. Pre-continuation-treatment characteristics that in survival analyses moderated treatments' effects on relapse over 8 months of continuation-phase treatment (residual symptoms and negative temperament) and on relapse/recurrence over the full observation period's 32 months (residual symptoms and age) were combined to estimate the potential advantage of C-CT versus fluoxetine for individual patients. Assigning patients to optimal continuation treatment (i.e., to C-CT or fluoxetine, depending on patients' pre-continuation-treatment characteristics) resulted in absolute reduction of relapse or recurrence risk by 16-21% compared to the other non-optimal treatment. Although these novel results require replication before clinical application, selecting optimal continuation treatment (i.e., personalizing treatment) for higher risk A-CT responders may decrease risks of MDD relapse and recurrence substantively.
National Oil Sentiment Index: Predictive Strength on Returns of Oil Futures

This paper aims to create a composite national oil sentiment index and examine the sentiment effects on oil futures. The intent is to extrapolate this index for the US market and assess its viability and applicability to other countries in future research. Oil sentiment is measured through certain market behaviors that have conventionally signaled the attitude of buyers and sellers of oil products. In the commodities market, price and its drivers are key components in gauging market sentiment. This research will expand beyond market price and its drivers, and incorporate a holistic approach that encompasses economic uncertainty, military capability, and national energy consumption as proxy inputs.
Young Researchers and Young Clinicians Should Not Pay Much Attention to the Journal Impact Factor When Selecting a Journal for Publishing Articles: Comment on the Editorial "The Impact Non-Factor" by Greenblatt and Shader.

To the EditorsYoung researchers and young clinicians in general and young psychopharmacologists, young psychiatric researchers, and young psychiatrists, in particular, should read Greenblatt and Shader's1 recent editorial titled, “The Impact Non-factor” before selecting a journal for publication
Brief communication: Rapid assessment of damaged residential buildings in the Florida Keys after Hurricane Irma

Abstract. On 10 September 2017, Hurricane Irma made landfall in the Florida Keys and caused significant damage. Informed by hydrodynamic storm surge and wave modeling and post-storm satellite imagery, a rapid damage survey was soon conducted for 1600 + residential buildings in Big Pine Key and Marathon. Damage categorizations and statistical analysis reveal distinct factors governing damage at these two locations. The distance from the coast is significant for the damage in Big Pine Key, as severely damaged buildings were located near narrow waterways connected to the ocean. Building type and size are critical in Marathon, highlighted by the near-complete destruction of trailer communities there. These observations raise issues of affordability and equity that need consideration in damage recovery and rebuilding for resilience.
A polarization sensitive hyperspectral imaging system for detection of differences in tissue properties

Polarized light imaging and optical spectroscopy can be used to distinguish between healthy and diseased tissue. In this study, the design and testing of a single-pixel hyperspectral imaging system that uses differences in the polarization of light reflected from tissue to differentiate between healthy and thermally damaged tissue is discussed. Thermal lesions were created in porcine skin (n = 8) samples using an IR laser. The damaged regions were clearly visible in the polarized light hyperspectral images. Reflectance hyperspectral and white light imaging was also obtained for all tissue samples. Sizes of the thermally damaged regions as measured via polarized light hyperspectral imaging are compared to sizes of these regions as measured in the reflectance hyperspectral images and white light images. Good agreement between the sizes measured by all three imaging modalities was found. Hyperspectral polarized light imaging can differentiate between healthy and damaged tissue. Possible applications of this imaging system include determination of tumor margins during cancer surgery or pre-surgical biopsy.
Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging analysis of the cross-sectional areas of the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle, cubital tunnel, and ulnar nerve with the elbow in extension in patients with and without ulnar neuropathy.

Background The purpose of this study was to assess the cross-sectional area of the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle (AEM), cubital tunnel, and ulnar nerve with the elbow in extension in patients with and without ulnar neuropathy. Methods We performed a retrospective, level IV review of elbow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. Elbow MRI studies of 32 patients with an AEM (26 men and 6 women, aged 18-60 years), 32 randomly selected patients without an AEM (aged 16-71 years), and 32 patients with clinical ulnar neuritis (22 men and 10 women, aged 24-76 years) were reviewed. We evaluated the ulnar nerve cross-sectional area proximal to, within, and distal to the cubital tunnel; AEM cross-sectional area; and cubital tunnel cross-sectional area. Results We found no significant difference in the nerve caliber between patients with and without an AEM. No correlation was found between the AEM cross-sectional area and ulnar nerve cross-sectional area within the cubital tunnel (r = 0.14). The mean cubital tunnel cross-sectional area was larger in patients with an AEM. Only 4 of the 32 patients with an AEM had findings of ulnar neuritis on MRI. Of the 32 patients with a clinical diagnosis of ulnar neuritis, only 2 had an AEM. Conclusions With the elbow in extension, the presence or cross-sectional area of an AEM does not correlate with the area of the ulnar nerve or cubital tunnel. Only a small number of individuals with MRI evidence of an AEM had clinical evidence of ulnar neuropathy. Likewise, MRI evidence of an AEM was found in only a small number of individuals with clinical evidence of ulnar neuropathy.
Tarsal–Conjunctival–Müller’s Muscle Resection (Fasanella–Servat Operation)

The Fasanella–Servat operation is one of the simplest operations for ptosis and is used mainly in mild to moderate blepharoptosis with good levator function. It can correct up to 2 mm of congenital ptosis and 2.5–4 mm of acquired ptosis. Since its creation in 1961, the operation has become more refined. Many of its modifications have been oriented at increasing the amount of correction of ptosis, secure a proper contour, and preventing ocular surface abrasions. Proper patient selection is fundamental for its effectiveness.
Neural Dynamics, Oscillatory Synchronisation, and Odour Codes

Years of productive research examining insect olfaction have revealed numerous important functional and organisational features of the antennal lobe (AL), as described throughout this volume. Recent advances in techniques for simultaneously monitoring the activities of multiple neurons have revealed another important fact about the AL, that its dynamics act to coordinate large numbers of olfactory interneurons so that, when processing odorants, many of them oscillate in synchrony. The effect of this coherent neural activity is surprisingly powerful: it enables the AL to encode odour information in time. We will summarise here experimental results suggesting that, in insects, essential information about odour quality is indeed conveyed not only by the identity of activated neurons (a spatial pattern), but also by the temporal patterns of their odour responses relative to a common time base, the oscillatory ensemble activity.
Polyamines inhibit DNA methylation invitro

Abstract DNA methylase from rat liver differs from RNA methylase in response to polyamines, being inhibited rather than stimulated. With methyl-deficient DNA from rat liver as substrate, the DNA methylase is inhibited 97%, 59% and 42% respectively, by spermine, spermidine and putrescine at 1 mM concentration.
Variation from guidelines-based cancer treatment and disparity in patient outcomes throughout the United States.

e18077Background: Antiangiogenic cancer therapy was first FDA approved in 2004 and is now an integral part of cancer treatment guidelines. We sought to quantify whether guideline-based usage of ant...
TraffickCam: Crowdsourced and Computer Vision Based Approaches to Fighting Sex Trafficking

According to a 2016 study by researchers at the University of New Hampshire, over sixty percent of child sex trafficking survivors were at one point advertised online [13]. These advertisements often include photos of the victim posed provocatively in a hotel room. It is imperative that law enforcement be able to quickly identify where these photos were taken to determine where a trafficker moves their victims. In previous work, we proposed a system to crowdsource the collection of hotel room photos that could be searched using different local feature and image descriptors. In this work, we present the fully realized crowd-sourcing platform, called TraffickCam, report on its usage by the public, and present a production system for fast national search by image, based on features extracted from a neural network trained explicitly for this purpose.
Comparison of Four Population-Based Meta-Heuristic Algorithms on Pick-and-Place Optimization

Abstract This paper applies four population-based classical meta-heuristic algorithms to solve a pick-and-place optimization problem for a surface mounter in a PCB assembly environment. A mathematical model of this optimization problem is formulated as an integrated problem of the capacitated vehicle routing problem and the quadratic assignment problem, which are well-known NP-hard problems. A brief description of each method is presented and special operators for the integer encoded solutions are developed. Ten real-world PCB samples are tested and optimized using all the four algorithms. The experiment results show that the genetic algorithm has better performance than the others in terms of solution quality, especially the deviation of results from multiple trials, and computation time.
Visible Charity: The Archaeology, Material Culture, and Landscape Design of New York City's Municipal Almshouse Complex, 1736-1797

How did New York City's eighteenth century almshouse (1736–1797) handle homelessness and poverty? Historians have been debating whether the conditions were familial and supportive, or mean-spirited and intolerable. An analysis of the archaeology, artifacts, architecture, landscape design, primary sources, and secondary sources associated with the New York City almshouse complex suggest some answers.
Retrospective, single-center case series of neonatal lupus.

Background Neonatal lupus erythematosus (NLE) results from cross-placental transfer of maternal autoantibodies. Neonates can present with cardiac, cutaneous, hepatobiliary, hematologic, and neurologic complications from antibody-mediated organ toxicity. Scant evidence exists on long-term clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with neonatal lupus. Objectives To characterize the autoantibody profile, laboratory, and clinical features of patients with NLE. Materials/methods This was a single-site retrospective cohort study of patients at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia with NLE. Data were collected on clinical, laboratory, and autoantibody profile at time of presentation, as well as long-term complications. Results Thirteen patients were included. Congenital cardiac findings were reported in 3 patients, with 1 having persistent cardiac sequelae. Cardiac manifestations were correlated with anti-Ro/SSA positivity in our cohort. Two patients had neurologic findings, with good long-term outcomes. Cutaneous findings were present in all patients, and many resolved without topical steroid treatment. Hematologic and hepatobiliary findings were common, but uncomplicated, with complete resolution by 6 months after initial presentation in all. Maternal rheumatologic disease, treatment, and race were not associated with systemic manifestations. Conclusions Patients born to mothers with positive anti-Ro/SSA titers may benefit from routine cardiac monitoring in utero and at birth. Routine EEG or head ultrasound monitoring in patients who are autoantibody positive for NLE may be unnecessary. Information regarding long-term outcomes in NLE can be used to guide familial counseling and the use of serial laboratory testing.
Design and Analysis of Distributed Potential Measurement System

This paper focuses on the measurement principle, design ideas and test verification of distributed potential measurement systems. The system detects the potential change under the carbonization channel during the discharge process by detecting the voltage signal of the series capacitor on the distributed potential measuring circuit, and judges the length of the carbonization channel from the distribution of the power frequency electric field and the transient electric field distribution generated by the partial discharge. And the amount of discharge charge is measured.
How Early is Early Enough: Correlating Student Performance with Final Grades.

Student retention is one of the greatest challenges facing computer science programs. Difficulties in an introductory programming class often snowball, resulting in poor student performance. Far too often, the challenges faced by such students enrolled in a first-year programming class result in dropping the major completely. In this paper, we present an analysis of 197 students over 6 semesters from 11 sections of an introductory freshman-level programming class at a private four-year liberal arts university in the southeastern United States. The goal of this research was to find the earliest point in the course assessment sequence it might be possible to predict final grade outcomes. If such points exist, targeted intervention may potentially lead to increased degree retention. Accordingly, we measured the degree of correlation between student performance on quizzes, labs, programs, and tests compared to final course grade. Overall, the results show a strong positive correlation for all four assessment modalities. These results hold significance for educators and researchers insofar as the body of computing education research is extended by evaluating the relative effectiveness of early semester subsets of each of the four categories of student data to model class outcomes. Further, early prediction of poor performers using these assessment modalities may serve as a case example in future research aimed at improving student retention rates.
Adult Immigrant Journeys: Occupational Downgrading and Continuously Evolving Selves:

This qualitative phenomenological study examined the occupational downgrading experiences of six adult immigrants. Occupational downgrading happens when an individual’s occupation post immigration ...
Fecal microbiome composition in pancreatic cancer cachexia and response to nutrition support.

4129Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) carries a poor prognosis with a 5-year survival rate of 10.0%. Previous studies in stool microbiome indicate that microbiome composition has ...
Policing the Pandemic

Although there were those who foretold the risks of a pandemic, it is fair to say most of the world was caught unprepared. All of the sudden there was a scramble—for protective clothing, for tests, for antivirals and a vaccine. Even under the best of circumstances, the measures necessary to combat a worldwide rapid-spreading disease of this sort would have been challenging. Caught flat-footed, it has been a disaster. As the world searched for ways to combat the spread of COVID-19, a puzzle presented itself. The key to counter-spreading is surveillance and enforcement: the traditional tools of the state. But entrusting the state with the vast surveillance and enforcement authority necessary to control the pandemic gives rise to threats of its own. Perhaps a more effective and less threatening alternative was to leave enforcement in private hands, and particularly to rely on emerging technology, to help stop the spread. Although it was not always stated explicitly, watching what happened in the United States, the private option seemed preferred in many states. Stateless solutions to the pandemic, we argue here, were and are a pipe dream. Emerging technology has its value, to be sure. And committed private parties can accomplish much. But in dealing with a public health emergency, government is essential to solve coordination problems, to monitor what is happening, and to enforce with the lawful machinery of the state what needs enforcement. Still, we agree: government surveillance and enforcement does pose a threat. For that reason, the how of government action is as important as the what. To ensure the tools to fight the pandemic are used wisely—and effectively—government power should be granted by democratic means, preferably legislative ones. And it must be constrained properly. Part I briefly sets the stage—we all know too well, unfortunately, the circumstances that have brought us here. Part II identifies the competing costs and benefits of public and private approaches. Part III explains the necessity of state power, but also stresses what the state must commit to doing, and do, to gain the trust of the public, be effective in fighting the virus, and ensure the lawfulness of state action.
Strategies to identify candidate repurposable drugs: COVID-19 treatment as a case example

Drug repurposing is an invaluable strategy to identify new uses for existing drug therapies that overcome many of the time and financial costs associated with novel drug development. The COVID-19 pandemic has driven an unprecedented surge in the development and use of bioinformatic tools to identify candidate repurposable drugs. Using COVID-19 as a case study, we discuss examples of machine-learning and signature-based approaches that have been adapted to rapidly identify candidate drugs. The Library of Integrated Network-based Signatures (LINCS) and Connectivity Map (CMap) are commonly used repositories and have the advantage of being amenable to use by scientists with limited bioinformatic training. Next, we discuss how these recent advances in bioinformatic drug repurposing approaches might be adapted to identify repurposable drugs for CNS disorders. As the development of novel therapies that successfully target the cause of neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders has stalled, there is a pressing need for innovative strategies to treat these complex brain disorders. Bioinformatic approaches to identify repurposable drugs provide an exciting avenue of research that offer promise for improved treatments for CNS disorders.
Concepts of Ischemic Injury Associated with Brain Edema

During investigations of the complex pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia, several concepts determining some patterns of ischemic injury have been increasingly recognized. These are: (a) selective vulnerability with patterns of selective damage to various neuronal units following an ischemic insult; (b) thresholds with regard to various parameters of ischemic injury; (c) the maturation phenomenon, i.e., progressive development of the lesions following an ischemic insult, and related to it; and (d) peripheral expansion of the necrotic core of an infarction into the adjacent areas of penumbra. This last may lead to (e) a vicious circle — a synergistic, reciprocal relationship between regional increase in tissue pressure due to necrosis and edema and reduction of the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) to below critical levels for survival of the tissue in the adjacent areas.
Effective Technology Integration: A Plan for Professional Development.

Dunlap, Craig G. M. Ed., Education Department, Cedarville University, 2002. Effective Technology Integration: A Plan for Professional Development. Is educational technology effective in increasing student learning? If technology is an effective tool in the classroom, how can teachers best be trained to use it appropriately? An experiment was conducted to determine the effectiveness of a constructivist math class utilizing computer technology as well as other tools. The study occurred in a Christian school in Northern Kentucky using fifty-one sixth grade students. One class comprised the control group, with math instruction that differed little from the traditional background of the school. The other class was the experimental group, which used the Internet, spread sheets, word processors, and measuring devices to learn in a hands-on environment. Two math units were used in the six-week study. A one-way ANOVA test showed no significant difference in the first unit scores. The one-way ANOVA test of the second unit showed a significant difference in favor of the control group. Despite these results, the researcher was not discouraged, primarily because chi-square tests of a survey given to students in the experimental group overwhelmingly showed positive motivation in math during the study.
Optimizing Techniques for Practical Multivariable Controls Applied to Distillation

An example industrial control system design problem is solved using classical optimization techniques. The method utilizes nonlinear dynamic models incorporating deterministic and stochastic load disturbances. This approach addresses three important steps in control system design: structure determination, optimal tuning and evaluation of overall system robustness.
The Form of the Aldehyde Susceptible to Enzymic Oxidation

Abstract Pursuant to the observation that milk xanthine oxidase utilizes the carbonyl but not the gem diol form of acetaldehyde, other aldehyde-utilizing enzymes have been similarly investigated. The aldehyde dehydrogenase of yeast and the xanthine dehydrogenase of chicken liver have also been shown to act upon the carbonyl rather than the hydrated form of aldehydes. The similar preference of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase has been confirmed. The reported ability of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase to act upon acetaldehyde and butyraldehyde is questioned on the basis of observations that these freshly distilled aldehydes are not substrates but become active as substrates when incubated in aqueous solutions. Aldol is active as a substrate of this enzyme, and the data suggest that aldol condensation products of acetaldehyde and of butyraldehyde are the substrates generated in aqueous solutions of these aldehydes.
Evolutionary psychology’s moral implications: John Cartwright, Evolution and Human Behavior: Darwinian Perspectives on Human Nature. 2nd ed. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2008

In this paper, I critically summarize John Cartwrtight’s Evolution and Human Behavior and evaluate what he says about certain moral implications of Darwinian views of human behavior. He takes a Darwinism-doesn’t-rock-the-boat approach and argues that Darwinism, even if it is allied with evolutionary psychology, does not give us reason to be worried about the alterability of our behavior, nor does it give us reason to think that we may have to change our ordinary practices and views concerning free-will and moral responsibility. In response, I contend that Darwinism, when it is allied with evolutionary psychology, makes for a more potent cocktail than Cartwright suspects.
Phosphorylation of acid-soluble proteins in isolated nucleoli of Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells. Effects of divalent cations.

Abstract Isolated nucleoli from rat Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells incorporated 32P of [γ-32P]ATP into acid-soluble nucleolar proteins in vitro in systems containing 0.25 m sucrose, 5 mm MgCl2, 12.5 mm NaCl, and 0.05 m Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.3) at 37°. Although the total uptake of 32P reached a maximum after 15 min of incubation, the uptake into some protein bands increased with longer incubation times. As shown by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and autoradiography, all the proteins labeled in vitro, including the high molecular weight proteins designated as C23-24, B27, and B13 were shown previously to be labeled in vivo (Olson, M. O. J., Orrick, L. R., Jones, C., and Busch, H. J. Biol. Chem. 249, 2823–2827). Divalent cations were necessary for phosphorylation in vitro but different profiles of phosphorylation were observed when Mg2+ was replaced with Co2+, Zn2+, or Mn2+. The presence of Zn2+ produced the highest 32P uptake associated with a marked increase in phosphorylation in proteins A17-19 and B23-25 compared to Mg2+ which produced high labeling in spots B13, and C23-24. These data indicate that the nucleolus contains phosphoprotein kinase(s) which exhibit different specificities in the presence of different divalent cations.
Process excellence and capability determination

BT is faced with a constant challenge to deliver quality software against increasing customer demands. It is important to understand the processes in use and to be able to continually improve them. The first step was the adoption of ISO9001 and then ISO9000-3 (TickIT)) within BT. These standards were, however, while useful, considered too prescriptive to fully meet our needs. A new standard, ISO 15504 also known as SPICE, moves us forward from the prescriptive audit method towards a flexible assessment approach. SPICE provides a measure of the maturity of a process against a defined model of best practice, rather than a pass/fail result as with ISO9001. This paper presents an overview of the emerging SPICE standard, together with a discussion on its potential benefits for BT.
Multi-Ethnic Comparison of Risk and Protective Factors for Adolescent Pregnancy

Data from a longitudinal cohort study, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, are used to examine the differences in risk and protective factors for adolescent pregnancy among four ethnic groups—non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, Hispanics, and American Indians. The objective is the identification of differential predictors for adolescent pregnancy among each ethnic group included in the analyses, as well as better comprehension of the differences among women who experienced a teen pregnancy compared to those who did not. The model for this sample of 5,053 women indicates that higher self-esteem and a higher level of maternal education are protective factors; living in poverty as a young teen, substance use, and adolescent marriage are factors associated with an increased risk for teen pregnancy. Further, the results indicate that unique sets of predictors exist for each ethnic group. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Control of nonlinear piezoelectric stack using adaptive dither

In this paper, an adaptive dither control is applied to neutralize the multiloop hysteresis commonly found in piezoelectric ceramic based devices. The device being compensated is a lead zirconate, lead-titanate (PZT) stack whereas the hysteresis nonlinearity is described by Dahl's augmented solid friction model, that accounts for both the major, on-axis and the minor, off-axis loops. The notion of "weak scalability" is introduced to facilitate the use of spectral analysis to determine the level of nonlinearity which, in turn, is regulated by the adaptive dither mechanism. Extensive numerical simulation data confirm the effectiveness of the adaptive dither scheme.
A gridded multisite weather generator and synchronization to observed weather data.

[1] Procedures are described for constructing a daily multisite weather generator at a collection of arbitrary (e.g., gridded) locations and for synchronizing the gridded generator to observed weather series at a set of reference stations. The gridded generator is constructed by interpolating conventional single-station weather generator parameters using locally weighted regressions and producing coherent simulations of daily weather from them using spatial correlation functions. When implemented, the synchronization algorithm results in simulated spatial weather fields at the grid points that are consistent with daily weather observations at nearby locations for particular years. The synchronization is achieved by exploiting the latent multivariate Gaussian structure of the spatially distributed weather generator and making use of well-known statistical results that define conditional multivariate Gaussian distributions given known values for a subset of variables from the larger joint distribution. The primary focus is on precipitation, but the nonprecipitation variables in the weather generator are also amenable to gridding and to synchronization with nearby observed weather series. The motivating idea is to allow calibration of spatially distributed hydrological models consistent with the climate of the spatial weather generator, potentially allowing more realistic hydrological simulation, but the procedure may also be useful for interpolation of missing daily weather data.
Improving the Efficiency of Free Energy Calculations in the Amber Molecular Dynamics Package

Alchemical transformations are widely used methods to calculate free energies. Amber has traditionally included support for alchemical transformations as part of the sander molecular dynamics (MD) engine. Here, we describe the implementation of a more efficient approach to alchemical transformations in the Amber MD package. Specifically, we have implemented this new approach within the more computationally efficient and scalable pmemd MD engine that is included with the Amber MD package. The majority of the gain in efficiency comes from the improved design of the calculation, which includes better parallel scaling and reduction in the calculation of redundant terms. This new implementation is able to reproduce results from equivalent simulations run with the existing functionality but at 2.5 times greater computational efficiency. This new implementation is also able to run softcore simulations at the λ end states making direct calculation of free energies more accurate, compared to the extrapolation requ...
A new procedure for determination of electron temperatures and electron concentrations by Thomson scattering from analytical plasmas

Abstract A new data-treatment procedure allows for more accurate determination of electron temperatures and electron concentrations in analytical plasmas. A Thomson-scattering spectrum, useful for these determinations, is often not purely Gaussian in shape, even when the probed electrons possess a Maxwellian velocity distribution. Nonetheless, an unambiguous relationship exists between electron temperatures and concentrations that truly exist in a plasma and those calculated from a distorted Thomson-scattering spectrum. Understanding this relationship permits a look-up table to be constructed, from which observed values can be corrected. Theory concerning this procedure is described and details for using it with both a ruby laser and frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser are discussed. Examples of electron temperature and electron concentration determined with this procedure in an ICP are given. The possibility of using the new procedure to study electron-energy distributions is also assessed.
Effects of NMDA Antagonists on Ethanol-Withdrawal Induced “Anxiety” in the Elevated Plus Maze

The anxiolytic effects of NMDA antagonists during ethanol withdrawal were assessed in Long-Evans rats. Anxiety was measured by the elevated plus maze. Male rats were exposed to ethanol (6.5%) in a liquid diet for 10 days. Behavioral testing took place 12 h after withdrawal of ethanol. The competitive NMDA antagonists, AP-7 (0.02-0.32 mg/kg) and CGP-37849 (0.64-10 mg/kg), at least partially reversed the anxiety-like effects induced by withdrawal from ethanol. Both drugs produced a small increase in total arm entries, and a much larger increase in the percentage of open arm entries. AP-7, but not CGP-37849, also increased the percentage of open arm time. In contrast, the NMDA channel blocker, dizocilpine (MK-801; 0.08-0.32 mg/kg), produced only a small increase in the percentage of open arm entries and of open arm time. HA-966, a glycine-site antagonist, also failed to produce changes in ethanol withdrawal induced changes in anxiety at the doses tested. These results suggest that competitive NMDA antagonists may be useful for reduction of signs of anxiety during ethanol withdrawal.
Meta‐Analyses of the Relationship of Creative Achievement to Both IQ and Divergent Thinking Test Scores

There is disagreement among researchers about whether IQ tests or divergent thinking (DT) tests are better predictors of creative achievement. Resolving this dispute is complicated by the fact that some research has shown a relationship between IQ and DT test scores (e.g., Runco & Albert, 1986; Wallach, 1970). The present study conducted meta-analyses of the relationships between creative achievement and both IQ and DT test scores. The analyses included 17 studies (with 5,544 participants) that established the correlation coefficients between IQ and creative achievement and 27 studies (with 47,197 participants) that established the correlation coefficients between DT test scores and creative achievement. Marginal, but statistically significant, Fisher's Z-transformed correlation coefficients were revealed. The analysis found a significantly higher relationship between DT test scores and creative achievement (r = .216) than between IQ test scores and creative achievement (r = .167). The differences in the correlation coefficients were explained by differences in DT tests, creative achievement types, predicted time periods, and creativity subscales. The significant independent moderator effect for different DT tests indicates that the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT) predict creative achievement better than any other DT test included in this study. Among the creative achievement types, music is predicted the best by IQ and all others are predicted best by DT tests. Among the time periods evaluated, the relationship between DT test scores and creative achievement had the highest correlation at the period of 11–15 years.
Rocket Observations of the Structure of the Mesosphere

Pressure, density, temperature and wind measurements in mesosphere resulted from rocket soundings to determine structure
EVIDENCE FOR A LETHAL ENDOTOXEMIA AS THE FUNDAMENTAL FEATURE OF IRREVERSIBILITY IN THREE TYPES OF TRAUMATIC SHOCK

The data here reported (Table I) show that a toxin is present in the blood of animals with two types of irreversible hypovolemic shock. These data also show that although blood volume therapy does not correct the hypovolemia because of continuing loss of plasma at the site of injury, the major factor in the progressive decline and death is the endotoxemia rather than the hypovolemia. This is also true of severe and prolonged hemorrhagic shock that is irreversible to transfusion. The data also show that even when there is bacterial activity at the site of injury, the pool of endotoxin in the intestine is the chief source of the circulating endotoxin. In all three types of shock, the endotoxemia develops because persisting hypovolemic shock renders the RE system unable to destroy the endotoxin. The demonstration of an endotoxemia as the cause of irreversibility and death in three types of traumatic shock caused by three different agents suggests that a single pathophysiological mechanism accounts for the phenomenon of irreversibility in all types of traumatic shock.
Age‐related reductions in appendicular skeletal muscle mass: association with habitual aerobic exercise status

Appendicular skeletal muscle mass decreases with advancing age, and this is thought to be a key factor for reductions in functional independence in the elderly. We determined the potential modulatory influence of regular aerobic exercise on the age-related reductions in appendicular muscle mass. In the present cross-sectional study, we studied a total of 131 healthy men aged 20-79 years. For at least the previous 2 years subjects were either sedentary or endurance-trained. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. There were no significant group differences in height. Body mass and body surface area were lower in endurance-trained compared with sedentary men (P<0.05). In general, body fat increased with age in both groups, but was lower in endurance-trained compared with sedentary men at any age group (P<0.05). Lean body mass and maximal oxygen consumption decreased with age (P<0.05). Irrespective of expression (absolute, relative to body surface area, or relative to body mass), arm, leg, and total limb muscle mass generally decreased with age. Absolute appendicular muscle mass was not different between the two activity groups. When expressed relative to body mass or body surface area, appendicular muscle mass in the endurance-trained middle-aged and older men was significantly higher than their sedentary peers. The rate of decline in appendicular muscle mass with age was similar between the two activity groups. The results of the present cross-sectional study indicate that endurance-trained men had significantly higher appendicular skeletal muscle mass relative to body mass or body size compared with their sedentary peers. This may contribute, at least in part, to the lower incidence of functional disability observed in middle-aged and older men who exercise regularly.