cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Algorithm to Determine the Optimized Data Range in Transient Hotwire Thermal Property Measurement

There exists a limited amount of data for thermal properties of supercritical fluids. Accurate measurement of these properties is needed to supply benchmark data to the scientific community and to establish promising candidates for supercritical fluids applications such as energy storage systems [1]. The transient hotwire method has been widely used to measure the thermal conductivity of fluids. The ideal working equation is based on the transient solution of Fourier’s law for an infinite linear heat source assuming no natural convection or thermal end effects. In practice, the assumptions inherent in the model are only valid for a portion of the measurement time. In this study, an algorithm was developed to automatically select the proper data range from a transient hotwire experiment. Numerical simulations of the experiment were used in order to validate the algorithm. The experimental results show that the developed algorithm can be used to improve the accuracy of thermal conductivity measurements.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Two-dimensional nanostructures on optical glass via nanosphere lithography and vapor HF etching

It is desired to have artificial optical materials with controllable optical properties. One approach is to create composite materials with nanomachining and nanostructures. In this research, two-dimensional (2D) nanostructures were created on the surface of optical glass using nanosphere lithography. The effective refractive index of the artificial layer is smaller than the refractive index of the substrate and can be varied by changing the size of the nanoparticles and depth of etching. In comparison with conventional techniques, this approach is more efficient and cost-effective for the creation of large areas of thin surface layers as an artificial material. A uniform monolayer of 200 nm polystyrene nanospheres was deposited on soda-lime glass slides. Deposition was performed via a slide-coating technique to take advantage of capillary forces. The slides were etched with vapor-phase hydrofluoric acid (HF) to create 2D structures. Vapor-phase etching was selected in order to etch the substrate without disturbing the monolayer nanoparticle mask. The etching rate of nanostructures was studied. An atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to monitor the nanosphere monolayers and etching analysis. It was shown that the nanoparticle pattern was successfully transferred to the surface of the substrate. The resultant thin-layer of modified substrate serves as an artificial material with a desired refractive index which modifies the surface reflection and transmission properties. The substrate with the created artificial material layer demonstrated reduced reflectivity in optical wavelengths.
IDENTIFICATION OF TWO NOVEL MUTATIONS IN THE HYPOGLYCEMIC PHENOTYPE OF VERY LONG CHAIN ACYL-COA DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY

Very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) catalyzes the initial step of long chain fatty acid oxidation in the mitochondria. Patients with VLCAD deficiency have recently been observed with two clinical phenotypes. The cardiac form presents with an early onset cardiomyopathy and a high incidence of infant death, while the hypoglycemic form resembles medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) manifesting with hypoketotic hypoglycemia. In our investigation on the molecular basis for these phenotypes, we identified two novel mutations in one VLCAD patient with the hypoglycemic form, a C953T (Pro318Leu) mutation in exon 10 resulting in a substitution of proline 318 by leucine on one allele, and a C1194A (Tyr398Stop) mutation in exon 12 which created a premature stop codon TAA on another allele. The Tyr398Stop mutation may result in a truncated protein or instable messenger RNA.
Full vectorial analysis of Brillouin gain in random acoustically microstructured photonic crystal fibers

We report on the fully vectorial numerical investigation of Brillouin gain in large-mode-area random acoustically microstructured photonic crystal fibers. We treated the fiber core as a linear isotropic elastic medium, resulting in an energy functional that we minimized to obtain the heterogeneous, anisotropic, and Stokes-frequency-dependent vector acoustic displacement field used to calculate the Brillouin gain spectra with a finite element method. We found that the peak Brillouin gain is dependent on the size of the acoustic domains and that a 4% spread in acoustic velocities results in peak Brillouin gain values suppressed by 8 dB relative to that of homogeneous fused silica fibers.
Respiratory movement patterns during vocalizations at 7 and 11 months of age.

Purpose The present investigation was designed to study the modulation of abdomen and rib cage movements during vocalization over a period of development associated with rapid decreases in the comp...
Nuclear envelope protein Lem2 is required for mouse development and regulates MAP and AKT kinases

The nuclear lamina, along with associated nuclear membrane proteins, is a nexus for regulating signaling in the nucleus. Numerous human diseases arise from mutations in lamina proteins, and experimental models for these disorders have revealed aberrant regulation of various signaling pathways. Previously, we reported that the inner nuclear membrane protein Lem2, which is expressed at high levels in muscle, promotes the differentiation of cultured myoblasts by attenuating ERK signaling. Here, we have analyzed mice harboring a disrupted allele for the Lem2 gene (Lemd2). No gross phenotypic defects were seen in heterozygotes, although muscle regeneration induced by cardiotoxin was delayed. By contrast, homozygous Lemd2 knockout mice died by E11.5. Although many normal morphogenetic hallmarks were observed in E10.5 knockout embryos, most tissues were substantially reduced in size. This was accompanied by activation of multiple MAP kinases (ERK1/2, JNK, p38) and AKT. Knockdown of Lem2 expression in C2C12 myoblasts also led to activation of MAP kinases and AKT. These findings indicate that Lemd2 plays an essential role in mouse embryonic development and that it is involved in regulating several signaling pathways. Since increased MAP kinase and AKT/mTORC signaling is found in other animal models for diseases linked to nuclear lamina proteins, LEMD2 should be considered to be another candidate gene for human disease.
Histone Synthesis in vitro by Cytoplasmic Microsomes from HeLa Cells

HeLa cell microsomes incorporate labeled amino acids in vitro into acid-soluble proteins which have the same electrophoretic mobility as histones isolated from tile purified HeLa cell nuclei. The capacity to Svnthesize histones in vitro is dependent on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the cells from which the microsonal fraction is prepared.
Design techniques for improved noise performance of superconducting transition edge sensor bolometers

We have investigated the noise performance of MoAu-bilayer TES bolometers designed for infrared detectors. A set of devices with variations in geometry were fabricated at the NASA/GSFC detector development facility. These detectors have different bilayer aspect ratios and have varieties of normal metal regions deposited on top of the bilayer to study the effects of geometry on noise. These normal metal regions are oriented either parallel or transverse to the direction of current flow, or both. The lowest noise detectors are found to have normal metal regions oriented transversely. Our detectors with the most favorable design feature negligible excess noise in the in-band region, only slight excess noise in the out-of-band region, and low 1/f noise. The detectors are successfully used in the Submillimeter Broadband Spectrometer FIBRE which is used for astronomical observations at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory.
Direct involvement of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate in secretion in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The SEC14 gene encodes an essential phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) transfer protein required for formation of Golgi-derived secretory vesicles in yeast. Suppressor mutations that rescue temperature-sensitive sec14 mutants provide an approach for determining the role of Sec14p in secretion. One suppressor, sac1-22, causes accumulation of PtdIns(4)P.SAC1 encodes a phosphatase that can hydrolyze PtdIns(4)P and certain other phosphoinositides. These findings suggest that PtdIns(4)P is limiting in sec14 cells and that elevation of PtdIns(4)P production can suppress the secretory defect. Correspondingly, we found that PtdIns(4)P levels were decreased significantly in sec14-3 mutants shifted to 37 °C and that sec14-3 cells could grow at an otherwise nonpermissive temperature (34 °C) when carrying a plasmid overexpressingPIK1, encoding one of two essential PtdIns 4-kinases. This effect is specific because overexpression of the other PtdIns 4-kinase gene (STT4) or a PtdIns 3-kinase gene (VPS34) did not rescue sec14-3 cells. To further address Pik1p function in secretion, two differentpik1 ts mutants were examined. Upon shift to restrictive temperature (37 °C), the PtdIns(4)P levels dropped by about 60% in both pik1 ts strains within 1 h. During the same period, cells displayed a reduction (40–50%) in release of a secreted enzyme (invertase). However, similar treatment did not effect maturation of a vacuolar enzyme (carboxypeptidase Y). These findings indicate that, first, PtdIns(4)P limitation is a major contributing factor to the secretory defect in sec14 cells; second, Sec14p function is coupled to the action of Pik1p, and; third, PtdIns(4)P has an important role in the Golgi-to-plasma membrane stage of secretion.
Protein Adsorption Isotherms through Colloidal Energetics

A new method is proposed for calculating adsorption isotherms for small, globular proteins in aqueous solution, based on colloidal descriptions of protein−protein and protein−surface interaction energies. The influence of the structure of the adsorbed protein layer on the energetics is obtained through Brownian dynamics simulations, and an algebraic expression has been developed to correlate the simulation calculations with the relevant colloidal parameters of the adsorption system. The resulting analytic isotherm equation can be used either as a predictive tool or as a means to correlate adsorption data. The qualitative influence of experimental variables such as solution pH, ionic strength, and protein size on the predicted adsorption of proteins is explored.
Comparing the pelvis kinematics of able-bodied children during normal gait and when riding a therapeutic horse.

The movement of the pelvis is important in many human activities including normal walking. Pelvic posture directly affects spine, head, and limb alignment, which are critical for proper musculoskeletal function and health [1]. The study of how the pelvis moves during normal human walking has been analyzed for more than 100 years. For individuals with neuromotor disabilities, exercises that increase the pelvic range of motion can improve posture and limb alignment and increase functional abilities [1].Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Temporal expression of ornithine decarboxylase in developing embryos of Musca domestica

The objective of this study was to partially characterize and follow the temporal expression of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) throughout embryonic and early larval development of Musca domestica. Enzymatically active ODC was shown to be present at detectable levels in the embryos only during the latter stages of embryogenesis. This temporally expressed enzyme displayed maximum activity at the time of hatching, and the activity rapidly declined in the newly hatched larvae. The half-life of ODC activity in extracts at the time of hatching and 30 min after hatching was 57 min and 12 min, respectively. The subunit molecular weight of the embryonic ODC was determined to be 46,000, and the apparent native molecular weight was determined to be 276,000. The concentrations of the polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine also were determined throughout embryogenesis. Spermidine was found to be present in the embryos at about 10-fold higher concentrations than spermine and at about 100-fold higher concentrations than putrescine. These polyamines did not undergo major changes in concentration throughout development of the embryos.
Epignathus: large obstructive teratoma arising from the palate.

Abstract Objective: This report describes an interesting case providing a brief review of the literature and highlighting the complexity in management and definitive treatment of a premature neonate with an obstructive epignathus teratoma and polydactyly bilaterally. Additionally, this case is unique because of the extremely large size of the oral tumor in relation to the neonate's total body size.
Orthogonal and Biorthogonal FIR Hexagonal Filter Banks With Sixfold Symmetry

Recently, hexagonal image processing has attracted attention. The hexagonal lattice has several advantages in comparison with the rectangular lattice, the conventionally used lattice for image sampling and processing. For example, a hexagonal lattice needs less sampling points; it has better consistent connectivity; it has higher symmetry; and its structure is plausible to human vision systems. The multiresolution analysis method has been used for hexagonal image processing. Since the hexagonal lattice has high degree of symmetry, it is desirable that the hexagonal filter banks designed for multiresolution hexagonal image processing also have high order of symmetry, which is pertinent to the symmetry structure of the hexagonal lattice. The orthogonal or prefect reconstruction (PR) hexagonal filter banks that are available in the literature have only threefold symmetry. In this paper, we investigate the construction of orthogonal and PR finite impulse response (FIR) hexagonal filter banks with sixfold symmetry. We obtain block structures of 7-size refinement (seven-channel two-dimensional) orthogonal and PR FIR hexagonal filter banks with sixfold rotational symmetry. radic7-refinement orthogonal and biorthogonal wavelets based on these block structures are constructed. In this paper, we also consider FIR hexagonal filter banks with axial (line) symmetry, and we present a block structure of FIR hexagonal filter banks with pseudo-sixfold axial symmetry.
Hydrogeological parameter estimation using geophysical data: a review of selected techniques

Abstract Subsurface environmental, engineering, and agricultural investigations often require characterization of hydraulic parameters. For example, groundwater flow modeling is often performed through an aquifer whose hydrological properties have been created using stochastic simulation techniques; these techniques use as input both hydraulic parameter point values and spatial correlation structure information. Conventional sampling or borehole techniques for measuring these parameters are costly, time-consuming, and invasive. Geophysical data can compliment direct characterization data by providing multi-dimensional and high resolution subsurface measurements in a minimally invasive manner. Several techniques have been developed in the preceding decade for using joint geophysical–hydrological data to characterize the subsurface; the purpose of this study is to review three methodologies that we have recently developed for use with geophysical–hydrological data to estimate hydrological parameters and their spatial correlation structures. The first two methodologies presented focus on producing high-resolution estimates of hydrological properties using densely sampled geophysical data and limited borehole data. Although we find that high-resolution geophysical data are useful for obtaining these estimates, in practice, geophysical profiles often sample only a small portion of the aquifer under investigation, and thus, the estimates obtained from geophysical data may not be sufficient to completely describe the hydraulic properties of the aquifer volume. The third and last section focuses on using high-resolution tomographic data together with limited borehole data to infer the spatial correlation structure of log-permeability, which can be used within stochastic simulation techniques to generate parameter estimates at unsampled locations. Our synthetic case studies suggest that collection of a few tomographic profiles and interpretation of these profiles together with limited wellbore data can yield hydrological point values and spatial correlation structure information that can be used to aid numerical aquifer model construction, calibration, and flow simulation. As this information is typically only obtainable from extensive hydrological sampling, use of geophysical methods may offer a more efficient and less invasive approach than traditional characterization campaigns.
Post-reproductive changes in female crab spiders (Misumena vatia) exposed to a rich prey source

Life history theory predicts that the intensity of selection will decline as individuals age; thus, adaptive traits should decrease during post-reproductive stages. To test this prediction, I measured several potential fitness variables in adult female crab spiders (Misumena vatia (Clerck 1757): Thomisidae): maximum mass before laying, mass after laying, mass at release into hunting site, carapace width, and days since egg-laying upon A) daily rate of loss in mass after egg- laying while guarding a brood and B) daily rate of gain in mass after release into a rich hunting site. These individuals were members of a normally semelparous population guarding their nests without feeding for 1-26 days past egg-laying. Rate of decline in mass of the spiders slowed significantly over time (P , 0.01), and large individuals lost mass relatively faster than smaller ones (P , 0.05), but no other tested variables affected their rate of loss in mass. However, none of the above-noted variables significantly affected their rate of gain in mass after release into the hunting site. None of these individuals likely produced a second brood. The scarcity of relationships among variables measured, especially those following release into the rich hunting site, is consistent with these individuals experiencing little or no direct selection for fitness-enhancing traits subsequent to egg-laying. The exceptions noted for the guarding period probably resulted directly from success at an earlier life stage.
Linear inversion of body wave data-Part I: Velocity structure from traveltimes and ranges

In a laterally homogeneous medium, the traveltime (T) and distance (X) for a ray with horizontal slowness p are linearly related to the depth Z(v) at which the velocity v = 1/p occurs. In order to exploit this linearity, we must infer the inverse velocity p from the observations of X, T pairs. Uncertainty in the determination of p causes correlation between the X and T observations. This correlation can be eliminated by rotation of the data into a coordinate system in which the covariance matrix is diagonal. These independent coordinates are, except for a scaling factor, the well‐known intercept time τ(p)=T-pX and a new variable ζ(p)=T+pX. The derivatives of T and X with respect to a depth‐velocity model contain singularities and so do those for ζ. These singularities can be quelled by representing the model as a stack of layers, each of which has a constant velocity gradient. Depth is then obtained by integration of the gradients. The sharpness of the partial derivatives of ζ w.r.t. the layer gradients i...
An Operational Analysis of the Clinical Goals of Psychoanalytic Technique

An operational description is presented of the clinical goals of analytic technique shared by various analytic orientations. This operational schema of their similarities is then used to organize their differences. In this schema, analytic schools differ from one another in three areas: the kind of unconscious content looked for in uncovering; aspects of the process considered subject to direct intervention; and the most effective stance and interventions with which to pursue their shared analytic goals. Organizing the differences between approaches in the context of shared analytic process goals makes it possible to clarify implicit clinical assumptions and to develop empirical rather than theoretical clinical discussions between analytic orientations. Understanding the intent or purpose of an intervention is useful in comparing approaches, exploring clinical controversies, clarifying implicit clinical assumptions, and understanding approaches more deeply in their own terms.
HBP1 Repression of the p47phox Gene: Cell Cycle Regulation via the NADPH Oxidase

Several studies have linked the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the NADPH oxidase to cellular growth control. In many cases, activation of the NADPH oxidase and subsequent ROS generation is required for growth factor signaling and mitogenesis in nonimmune cells. In this study, we demonstrate that the transcriptional repressor HBP1 (HMG box-containing protein 1) regulates the gene for the p47phox regulatory subunit of the NADPH oxidase. HBP1 represses growth regulatory genes (e.g., N-Myc, c-Myc, and cyclin D1) and is an inhibitor of G1 progression. The promoter of the p47phox gene contains six tandem high-affinity HBP1 DNA-binding elements at positions −1243 to −1318 bp from the transcriptional start site which were required for repression. Furthermore, HBP1 repressed the expression of the endogenous p47phox gene through sequence-specific binding. With HBP1 expression and the subsequent reduction in p47phox gene expression, intracellular superoxide production was correspondingly reduced. Using both the wild type and a dominant-negative mutant of HBP1, we demonstrated that the repression of superoxide production through the NADPH oxidase contributed to the observed cell cycle inhibition by HBP1. Together, these results indicate that HBP1 may contribute to the regulation of NADPH oxidase-dependent superoxide production through transcriptional repression of the p47phox gene. This study defines a transcriptional mechanism for regulating intracellular ROS levels and has implications in cell cycle regulation.
Mechanical work for step-to-step transitions is a major determinant of the metabolic cost of human walking

In the single stance phase of walking, center of mass motion resembles that of an inverted pendulum. Theoretically, mechanical work is not necessary for producing the pendular motion, but work is needed to redirect the center of mass velocity from one pendular arc to the next during the transition between steps. A collision model predicts a rate of negative work proportional to the fourth power of step length. Positive work is required to restore the energy lost, potentially exacting a proportional metabolic cost. We tested these predictions with humans (N=9) walking over a range of step lengths (0.4-1.1 m) while keeping step frequency fixed at 1.8 Hz. We measured individual limb external mechanical work using force plates, and metabolic rate using indirect calorimetry. As predicted, average negative and positive external mechanical work rates increased with the fourth power of step length (from 1 W to 38 W; r(2)=0.96). Metabolic rate also increased with the fourth power of step length (from 7 W to 379 W; r(2)=0.95), and linearly with mechanical work rate. Mechanical work for step-to-step transitions, rather than pendular motion itself, appears to be a major determinant of the metabolic cost of walking.
Temporal Masking Reveals Properties of Sound-Evoked Inhibition in Duration-Tuned Neurons of the Inferior Colliculus

The inferior colliculus (IC) is the first place in the central auditory pathway where duration-selective neurons are found. Previous neuropharmacological and electrophysiological studies have shown that they are created there and have led to a conceptual model in which excitatory and inhibitory inputs are offset in time so that the cell fires only when sound duration is such that onset- and offset-evoked excitation coincide; the response is suppressed by inhibition at other durations. We tested predictions from the model using paired tone stimulation and extracellular recording in the IC of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus. Responses to a best duration (BD) tone were used as a probe to examine the strength and time course of inhibition activated by a nonexcitatory (NE) tone of the same frequency but differing in duration. As the relative time between the BD and NE tones was varied, the activity evoked by the BD tone was affected in ways comparable with backward, simultaneous, and forward masking. Responses to the BD tone were completely suppressed at short interstimulus intervals when the BD tone preceded the NE tone. Suppression was also seen when the stimuli temporally overlapped and summed and at intervals when the BD tone followed the NE tone. The results show that duration-selective neurons receive an onset-evoked, inhibitory input that precedes their excitatory input. The period of leading inhibition was correlated with BD and first spike latency. The results suggest how inhibition in the CNS could explain temporal masking phenomena, including backward masking.
Evaluating multiple criteria for species delimitation: an empirical example using Hawaiian palms (Arecaceae: Pritchardia )

Robust species delimitations are fundamental for conservation, evolutionary, and systematic studies, but they can be difficult to estimate, particularly in rapid and recent radiations. The consensus that species concepts aim to identify evolutionarily distinct lineages is clear, but the criteria used to distinguish evolutionary lineages differ based on the perceived importance of the various characteristics of evolving populations. We examined three different species-delimitation criteria (monophyly, absence of genetic intermediates, and diagnosability) to determine whether currently recognized species of Hawaiian Pritchardia are distinct lineages. Data from plastid and nuclear genes, microsatellite loci, and morphological characters resulted in various levels of lineage subdivision that were likely caused by differing evolutionary rates between data sources. Additionally, taxonomic entities may be confounded because of the effects of incomplete lineage sorting and/or gene flow. A coalescent species tree was largely congruent with the simultaneous analysis, consistent with the idea that incomplete lineage sorting did not mislead our results. Furthermore, gene flow among populations of sympatric lineages likely explains the admixture and lack of resolution between those groups. Delimiting Hawaiian Pritchardia species remains difficult but the ability to understand the influence of the evolutionary processes of incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization allow for mechanisms driving species diversity to be inferred. These processes likely extend to speciation in other Hawaiian angiosperm groups and the biota in general and must be explicitly accounted for in species delimitation.
Self-potential monitoring for hydrologic investigations in urban covered-karst terrain

ABSTRACTIn the covered karst of west-central Florida, USA, sinkholes (sandy collapse conduits) provide locally concentrated recharge to underlying aquifers. For water management, it would be beneficial to understand the rates at which collapse conduits recharge an underlying aquifer. Self-potential (SP) monitoring has promise as a noninvasive, relatively low-cost method for assessing temporal variability in flow. Previous studies suggested that negative SP anomalies over collapse conduits correspond to downward-flowing groundwater; however, before SP surveys can be reliable indicators of conduit flow, SP from ET, soil conductivity changes, redox, electrode effects, and cultural noise must be better understood. A year of continuous SP monitoring with two grids of approximately 15 Pb/PbCl/KCl nonpolarizing electrodes each was combined with high-resolution ground-penetrating radar surveys and intermittent water table monitoring over two small covered-karst conduits in Tampa, Florida, USA. Although variations...
Campbell's and Rubin's Perspectives on Causal Inference

Donald Campbell’s approach to causal inference (D. T. Campbell, 1957; W. R. Shadish, T. D. Cook, & D. T. Campbell, 2002) is widely used in psychology and education, whereas Donald Rubin’s causal model (P. W. Holland, 1986; D. B. Rubin, 1974, 2005) is widely used in economics, statistics, medicine, and public health. Campbell’s approach focuses on the identification of threats to validity and the inclusion of design features that may prevent those threats from occurring or render them implausible. Rubin’s approach focuses on the precise specification of both the possible outcomes for each participant and assumptions that are mathematically sufficient to estimate the causal effect. In this article, the authors compare the perspectives provided by the 2 approaches on randomized experiments, broken randomized experiments in which treatment nonadherence or attrition occurs, and observational studies in which participants are assigned to treatments on an unknown basis. The authors highlight dimensions on which the 2 approaches have different emphases, including the roles of constructs versus operations, threats to validity versus assumptions, methods of addressing threats to internal validity and violations of assumptions, direction versus magnitude of causal effects, role of measurement, and causal generalization. The authors conclude that investigators can benefit from drawing on the strengths of both approaches in designing research.
Identification of actively translated mRNA transcripts in a rat model of early-stage colon carcinogenesis.

With respect to functional mapping of gene expression signatures, the steady-state mRNA expression level does not always accurately reflect the status of critical signaling proteins. In these cases, control is exerted at the epigenetic level of recruitment of mRNAs to polysomes, the factories of ribosomes that mediate efficient translation of many cellular messages. However, to date, a genome-wide perspective of the effect of carcinogen and chemoprotective bioactive diets on actively translated (polysomal) mRNA populations has not been done. Therefore, we used an established colon cancer model, i.e., the azoxymethane (AOM)-treated rat, in combination with a chemoprotective diet extensively studied in our laboratory, i.e., n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, to characterize the molecular processes underlying the transformation of normal colonic epithelium. The number of genes affected by AOM treatment 10 weeks after carcinogen injection was significantly greater in the polysome RNA fraction compared with the total RNA fraction as determined using a high-density microarray platform. In particular, polysomal loading patterns of mRNAs associated with the Wnt-β catenin, phospholipase A2-eicosanoid and the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling axes were significantly upregulated at a very early period of tumor development in the colon. These data indicate that translational alterations are far more extensive relative to transcriptional alterations in mediating malignant transformation. In contrast, transcriptional alterations were found to be more extensive relative to translational alterations in mediating the effects of diet. Therefore, during early stage colonic neoplasia, diet and carcinogen seem to predominantly regulate gene expression at multiple levels via unique mechanisms.
A rear-end collision warning system for drivers with support vector machines

The paper proposes a rear-end collision warning system for drivers, where how to evaluate the risk of collision is critical. In the proposed system, the time-to-collision assuming a constant relative acceleration is employed as a subjective index of risk based on the collected data in an unconstrained drive and the discussion from a theory of visual control. The system produces an alert when it detects anomaly of the index using the one-class support vector machine, which is trained with the aforementioned data. Some cross-validation experiments show the effectiveness of the system.
Formation of BaTiO3 from BaCO3 and TiO2 in Air and in CO2

The formation of BaTiO3 from equimolar BaCO3 and TiO2 (rutile) mixtures was studied in air and in CO2. A small amount of BaTiO3 is formed first directly from BaCO3 and TiO2 at the surface of contact. From then on it is a diffusion-controlled reaction, and both BaTiO3 and Ba2TiO4 are produced, with Ba2TiO4 being formed in much larger amounts. In 1 atmosphere of CO2, the intermediate Ba2TiO4 was suppressed up to a temperature of about 1100°C. in agreement with thermodynamic calculations. Ba2TiO4 reacts fast with 1 atmosphere of CO2 below about 1100°C. to produce BaTiO3and BaCO3
Lattice Boltzmann simulations of bubble formation in a microfluidic T-junction

A lattice Boltzmann equation method based on the CahnHilliard diffuse interface theory is developed to investigate the bubble formation process in a microchannel with T-junction mixing geometry. Th...
Power and Accuracy of the Schmidt and Hunter Meta-Analytic Procedures:

Many Monte Carlo studies have evaluated the Schmidt and Hunter (SH thus, the S&H procedures do not find variance among rhos when it exists (Type II error) and also have a high Type I error rate under all conditions simulated. These re...
Direct and Organizational Discrimination in the Sentencing of Drug Offenders

This study examines direct and organizational discrimination in the sentencing of 313 convicted male drug offenders in Miami, Florida. Direct discrimination occurs if the defendant's race/ethnicity and/or economic status influences the judge's sentencing decision, after controlling for the effects of the seriousness of the defendant's prior record and present drug offense, the type of lawyer retained by the defendant, and the outcome of the bail proceedings. Organizational discrimination occurs if the economically disadvantaged and/or minority defendant cannot retain private attorneys or obtain pretrial release and these failures result in more severe sentences. I found both racial/ethnic discrimination and economic organizational discrimination in the sample.
MRI Profile of the Perihematomal Region in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose—The pathophysiology of the presumed perihematomal edema immediately surrounding an acute intracerebral hemorrhage is poorly understood, and its composition may influence clinical outcome. Method—Twenty-three patients from the Diagnostic Accuracy of MRI in Spontaneous intracerebral Hemorrhage (DASH) study were prospectively enrolled and studied with MRI. Perfusion-weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequences were coregistered. TMax (the time when the residue function reaches its maximum) and apparent diffusion coefficient values in the presumed perihematomal edema regions of interest were compared with contralateral mirror and remote ipsilateral hemispheric regions of interest. Results—Compared with mirror and ipsilateral hemispheric regions of interest, TMax (the time when the residue function reaches its maximum) and apparent diffusion coefficient were consistently increased in the presumed perihematomal edema. Two thirds of the pa...
Optimization of a Phase Change Thermal Storage Unit

When collecting the energy of the sun for domestic use, several options exist, one being the use of evacuated tube collectors with internal heat pipes. This study proposes a system integrating these collectors with a storage unit using the phase change of paraffin wax to store energy. The storage unit makes use of a finned heat exchanger, with paraffin wax on the shell side and glycol on the tube side as the heat transfer fluid. The heat exchanger is embedded within the storage paraffin wax with a volume of 2 ft3 . The heat exchanger also includes a separate loop for water to flow through and receive thermal energy from the melted wax. Although the wax has the benefit of being inexpensive and nontoxic, it has the problem of low thermal conductivity. Therefore, the heat exchanger has large copper fins brazed to it to extend areas of high thermal conductivity into the wax reservoir. The unit used in this study contains 14 fins. The use of fins will help to speed up the melting of the wax while solar energy is collected, since there is more heat transfer area. When most of the wax is melted, heat can be exchanged to water for domestic use. To determine the benefit of the fins, wax and working fluid temperature data will be taken from a constructed thermal energy storage unit, and then it is used to verify a finite-difference analytical model of the thermal operating characteristics. The maximum operating temperature of the glycol/water mix heat transfer fluid was approximately 65° C when the fluid flowed at 1 gallon per minute. The storage unit was able to store melted wax overnight with a 2–3°C temperature drop with the ambient temperature approximately at 30°C. City water at approximately 3 gpm was used to test the freezing side. The one dimensional model proved useful in predicting the heat storage mode of the system but had some error in predicting the heat release mode of the unit. The model also points to the fact that there are several considerations to be taken when simulating phase change energy storage processes.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Generalized View‐Dependent Simplification

We propose a technique for performing view-dependent geometry and topology simplifications for level-of-detailbased renderings of large models. The algorithm proceeds by preprocessing the input dataset into a binary tree, the view-dependence tree of general vertex-pair collapses. A subset of the Delaunay edges is used to limit the number of vertex pairs considered for topology simplification. Dependencies to avoid mesh foldovers in manifold regions of the input object are stored in the view-dependence tree in an implicit fashion. We have observed that this not only reduces the space requirements by a factor of two, it also highly localizes the memory accesses at run time. The view-dependence tree is used at run time to generate the triangles for display. We also propose a cubic-spline-based distance metric that can be used to unify the geometry and topology simplifications by considering the vertex pos itions and normals in an integrated manner.
Optimizing MACD Parameters via Genetic Algorithms for Soybean Futures

Abstract To create profits, traders must time the market correctly and enter and exit positions at ideal times. Finding the optimal time to enter the market can be quite daunting. The soybean market can be volatile and complex. Weather, sentiment, supply, and demand can all affect the price of soybeans. Traders typically use either fundamental analysis or technical analysis to predict the market for soybean futures’ contracts. Every agricultural future's contract or security contract is different in its nature, volatility, and structure. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to optimize the moving average convergence divergence parameter values from traditionally used integers, to values that optimize the profit of the soybean market.
Israel and the Trouble with International Law

This Wall Street Journal Op-Ed piece argues that international law is insensitive to both justice and effective deterrence in its formulation of use-of-force rules by victims of unlawful aggression, and that this undermines its moral credibility and, ultimately, justice, security, and stability in the world.
An Integrated Approach for the Characterization of Shales and Other Unconventional Resource Materials

Production of oil and gas from unconventional source rocks (shales) has increased significantly in recent years, reflecting a shift in the focus of the oil and gas industry from conventional to unconventional oil/gas resources. An improved insight into the pore structure characteristics of these important porous materials will enable a better understanding and further optimization of the production behavior from such vast hydrocarbon resources. In particular, characterization of porosity and permeability of shales is the key to accurately estimating the initial oil and gas in place and fluid flow through these rocks. However, evaluating the pore structure of shales presents technical challenges due to the presence of a range of pores, from the nanometer to the micrometer size. Characterization of the entire range of pore sizes requires an all-inclusive study employing a variety of techniques. Such an integrated approach is followed in this work to understand the pore structure of Monterey shale samples as...
Aortic valve replacement: options, improvements, and costs.

How aortic valve disease is managed continues to evolve. Issues include outcomes and costs.
Mating Activity of Cadra cautella During Exposure to Synthetic Sex Pheromone and Related Compounds in the Laboratory

In laboratory studies on Cadra cautella (Walker) we found that a component of the female sex pheromone (S.P.) complex, cis -9, trans -12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate ( c 9, t 12-14C-Ac) was slightly more effective than its isomers as a mating inhibitor. Relatively large amounts of a mixture of c 9, t 12-14C-Ac and an additional component of the S.P., c 9-14C-Ac, on filter paper or topically applied to males reduced mating. However, the extent of mating inhibition was never greater than 29% of control mating. Inhibition of the stimulatory response of male C. cautella is readily attained by previous exposure to synthetic S.P. but this inhibition is not a reliable index of its effectiveness as a mating inhibitor.
Research at Work: Understanding Regression Tables in Research Studies

Understanding and interpreting regression tables is not the exclusive purview of academics. Social workers and allied professionals in micro and macro practice, regardless of whether they are under...
Interest Differentiation and Integration in the Process of Standardization of Institution of China′s Transfer Payments

Since the 1994 Tax Reform,tax return has been totally determined by formal regulations,general transferring payment has had clear regulations but comparatively vague implementation institution,and special transferring system has suffered from unsystematic regulations and loose monitoring.This paper argues that whether allocating regulations and implementation mechanism is well-developed or not is the result of interest game between central and local governments,different ministries and related leaders.Their various interests′ need and power is fundamental driven force underlying transfer payment reform of China,and the basic logic of this reform in the past 16 years is gradual institutionalization.
On Verbal Indirect Communication Again

Kierkegaard(1850、or Hong,1991) and Brown Levinson(1987) defined indirect communication(IC) as a serious and effective communication.What IC conveys is beyond the literal meaning of utterance.What has been newly explored and tentatively discussed in this paper is IC's nature,pragmatic features and communication effects by the application of Kierkegaard's indirect communication theory,Searle's illocutionary forces in indirect speech acts and Levinson's three-level meanings of utterance.The authors hold that employment of pragmatic strategy and reliance on hearer's interpretation successfully are sufficient conditions of successful IC under which communicative goals can be fully achieved.IC's pragmatic features are vividly displayed by messages loaded with too much information,double-voiced utterance,ironies and the realization of the utterer's communicative goals via hearer(s),and by interactions between cognitive environments,communicator's roles' shifts and dynamic generation of utterance meanings.
Multiconfiguration Pair-Density Functional Theory Spectral Calculations Are Stable to Adding Diffuse Basis Functions

Time-dependent Kohn-Sham density functional theory (TD-KS-DFT) is useful for calculating electronic excitation spectra of large systems, but the low-energy spectra are often complicated by artificially lowered higher-energy states. This affects even the lowest energy excited states. Here, by calculating the lowest energy spin-conserving excited state for atoms from H to K and for formaldehyde, we show that this problem does not occur in multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory (MC-PDFT). We use the tPBE on-top density functional, which is a translation of the PBE exchange-correlation functional. We compare to a robust multireference method, namely, complete active space second-order perturbation theory (CASPT2), and to TD-KS-DFT with two popular exchange-correlation functionals, PBE and PBE0. We find for atoms that the mean unsigned error (MUE) of MC-PDFT with the tPBE functional improves from 0.42 to 0.40 eV with a double set of diffuse functions, whereas the MUEs for PBE and PBE0 drastically increase from 0.74 to 2.49 eV and from 0.45 to 1.47 eV, respectively.
Portraits of White Racism: Toward a sociology of white racism

INTRODUCTION: THE CONTRADICTION “T he American society is faced not just with the necessity of JL actualizing those Negro aspirations to which it is officially committed,” writes Earl Raab, “but of substantially reconciling the contrary and frustrated aspirations of the white community” (1962: 16). White Americans confront quite a problem when they try to reconcile their aspirations with the ones held by black Americans. In crucial respects there is a conflict of interest involved; gains for black people can mean losses for whites. Somehow white Americans must simultaneously attend to black demands and avoid the institutional reorganization that might cause them to lose ground. The problem is not easily solved. To complicate matters considerably, white people have relatively few publicly acceptable ways to defend their interests. Defenses that vulgarly refer to biological differences are currently unacceptable in public arenas. Arguments that explain the situation in terms of racial subordination, on the other hand, are also unacceptable to many white Americans. Reasoning of this sort implies that blacks are not responsible for racial subordination; it directly implicates white people in the system of racial injustice. Most people are unwilling to accept this harsh judgment of themselves. This, then, is the contradiction confronting white Americans. The racial advantages they have traditionally enjoyed are threatened and they have few acceptable or legitimate options for defending them. What are people in this situation to do; how are they to respond? The people in this study reflect five different ways in which white Americans come to grips with the contradiction.
The Ansett Case

This chapter discusses the case of an application by Ansett Airlines of Australia for a long-term credit for the purchase of 25 Boeing commercial jet aircraft, valued at $832 million, as an alternative to the purchase of aircraft from Airbus Industrie. Although, the Bank authorized only a $290 million credit to Ansett, the magnitude of the subsidy provided and a concern about possible political motivations for the credit resulted in hearings by the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs on May 12, 1980 and May 13, 1980. The resulting public record is unique in that it includes a written statement of the Airbus financing offer, a record of Eximbank's analysis of that offer, and information on Ansett's and Boeing's strategic behavior pertaining to the two aircraft alternatives. The hearings also provide an indication of the standards used by the Bank in evaluating the foreign credit offer and in determining its response to Ansett's request for credit.