cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study on Thermodynamics of MgO Based Desulphurizer

For the lacks of magnesium-based desulfurizer in iron and steel industry, this paper investigated thermodynamics calculation of a new desulfurizer, MgO based desulphurizer. The results indicate that the beginning reaction temperature of light-burned dolomite and Al is 1314°C, the beginning reaction temperature of light-burned dolomite and Si is 1565°C, the beginning reaction temperature of MgO and Al is 1475°C, and the beginning reaction temperature of MgO and C is 1846°C. The reaction temperature between MgO and C is too high, so the carbon-thermal reduction can’t occur easier. When the hot iron temperature is 1400°C and the addition of alumnium and iron oxide is 12.77%, the reaction between MgO and C will be induced.
Phenotypic profiles of cultured glomerular cells following repeated cycles of hydrocarbon injury

Phenotypic profiles of cultured glomerular cells following repeated cycles of hydrocarbon injury. Background The glomerulus has been implicated as a target of hydrocarbon injury in vitro and in vivo. In the present studies, the phenotypic profiles of cultured rat glomerular cells (GCs) following repeated cycles of hydrocarbon injury were evaluated. Cultured GCs were incubated for 24 hours with benzo[a]pyrene (BaP; 3 μmol/L), a prototypical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and were allowed to recover overnight before two additional cycles of chemical challenge during serial propagation in vitro. At the end of this regimen, control cultures were characterized by predominance of fusiform cells that grew in "hills and valleys," while GCs subjected to hydrocarbon injury displayed an epithelial morphology characterized by a rounded, polygonal shape clearly distinct from that normally exhibited by glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) in culture. Methods Indirect immunofluorescent detection of cell markers was conducted to identify cells of mesenchymal or epithelial origin. Measurements of DNA synthesis and cell number were performed to determine proliferative capacities of the different cell types in response to hydrocarbon challenge. Results Immunofluorescence studies revealed that control GC cultures contained mostly α-smooth muscle (SM) actin-positive cells, with a few (5.1%± 2.6) E-cadherin–positive cells occasionally identified. In contrast, BaP-treated cultures exhibited a mixed cell population in which E-cadherin–positive cells were predominant (66.6%± 4.1). Single-cell cloning of naive cultures of GCs yielded four clones, three of which exhibited a fusiform morphology and were α-SM actin positive (SCC 1 through SCC 3) and one (SCC 4E) that exhibited epithelial characteristics similar to those found in hydrocarbon-treated cultures. Immunofluorescence studies showed that epithelial cells in hydrocarbon-treated cultures, as well as SCC 4E-derived clones, were vimentin positive and cytokeratin negative, characteristics similar to glomerular visceral epithelial cells (GVECs). DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in clone SCC 1 were decreased following acute BaP challenge, while growth rates in SCC 4E-derived clones were unaffected by hydrocarbon injury. Repeated cycles of hydrocarbon challenge in clonal populations yielded different profiles of DNA synthesis, with significant decreases in SCC 1 and no changes in SCC 4E. Conclusions These observations suggest that hydrocarbon injury induces differential responses in cells of the glomerulus, resulting in inhibition of GMCs and selective growth advantage of GVECs. These alterations are reminiscent of critical events described in the pathogenesis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and raise important questions about the pathogenesis of hydrocarbon-induced nephropathies.
Identifying blood–brain-barrier selective single-chain antibody fragments

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents an obstacle in targeting and delivering therapeutics to the central nervous system. In order to discover new BBB-targeting molecules, we panned a phage-displayed nonimmune human single-chain antibody fragment (scFv) library against a representative BBB model comprised of hydrocortisone-treated primary rat brain endothelial cells. Parallel screens were performed with or without pre-subtraction against primary rat heart and lung endothelial cells in an effort to identify antibodies that may have binding selectivity toward brain endothelial cells. After three rounds of screening, three unique scFvs, scFv15, scFv38, and scFv29, were identified that maintained binding to primary rat brain endothelial cells, both in phage and soluble scFv format. While scFv29 and to a lesser extent, scFv15, exhibited some brain endothelial cell specificity in tissue culture, scFv29 did not appear to bind a BBB antigen in vivo. In contrast, both scFv15 and scFv38 were capable of immunolabeling rat brain vessels in vivo and displayed brain vascular selectivity with respect to all peripheral organs tested other than heart. Taken together, scFv15 and scFv38 represent two new antibodies that are capable of binding antigens that are expressed at the BBB in vivo.
Hydrogeologic aspects of contamination by high chloride wastes in Ohio

Local contamination caused by the disposal of oil-field brines and other industrial wastes can result in serious economic hardships where domestic, municipal, or indutrial wells are affected. In many areas streams also may be affected by the discharge of contaminated ground water or by discharge of wastes directly into the water course. In those areas where precipitation is high, and the strata are relatively permeable and near a drain, whether it be a well, spring or stream, the contaminated water may be rapidly discharged, as is evidently true at Delaware. On the other hand, where localized deposits of sand or gravel comprise one or several aquifers within an area of otherwise low permeability, and under low hydraulic gradients, the natural cleansing of the aquifer may require decades, hundreds, or even thousands of years. Considerations such as these are of profound significance in legal actions and will have important ramifications in the awarding of damages in ground-water contamination suits. In some cases, high concentrations of chloride in surface- or ground- water supplies may not reflect contamination by oil-field brines. Cases such as these may reflect natural conditions or disposal of other industrial wastes.
Electron impact ionization of Fe 1 5 + by resonant excitation double Auger ionization

An electron-impact-ionization mechanism for ions is considered in which the projectile is first captured by the target to form a doubly excited resonant intermediate state. Subsequently, this state decays in two steps by double Auger emission. The effect upon the ionization cross section is large near the excitation threshold and effectively extends the apparent threshold for scattering excitation single Auger ionization to lower energies. A detailed calculation of the ionization cross section and rate coefficient is presented for ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{15+}$ targets.
Separation of a blue fluorescence protein from bacterial luciferase

Abstract Luciferase preparations from two species of marine bioluminescent bacteria, Photobacterium phosphoreum and Photobacterium fischeri , are shown to contain a low molecular weight protein, containing a blue fluorescence chromophore having an emission maximum in the 470 nm region. A procedure for separating the luciferase and purifying this protein is described. On disc gel electrophoresis the bulk of the protein is observed to migrate along with the blue fluorescence.
Detecting derivative discontinuity locations in piecewise continuous functions from Fourier spectral data

We present a method that uses Fourier spectral data to locate jump discontinuities in the first derivatives of functions that are continuous with piecewise smooth derivatives. Since Fourier spectral methods yield strong oscillations near jump discontinuities, it is often difficult to distinguish true discontinuities from artificial oscillations. In this paper we show that by incorporating a local difference method into the global derivative jump function approximation, we can reduce oscillations near the derivative jump discontinuities without losing the ability to locate them. We also present an algorithm that successfully locates both simple and derivative jump discontinuities.
On the Fourier analysis of square-wave FM

A sideband phase error in the Fourier analysis of square-wave FM, found in several well-known textbooks, is corrected.
Discussion of Violence: the malignancy of our times! Is there hope?'

In his discussion of Benedek's paper, John Oldham draws attention to the complex relationship between violence and mental illness, concerned that this frequent pairing too often turns into stigmatization of the mentally ill. He also reminds us not to overlook the crippling impact of nonviolent emotional abuse.
Transmission grating filtering of 52-140-nm radiation.

Filtering extreme UV radiation by gold freestanding transmission gratings was studied experimentally in the 52–140-nm wavelength range. Computer simulations are in good agreement with experimental results.
Comorbidity and KPS are independent prognostic factors in stage I non-small-cell lung cancer.

Abstract Purpose : To determine the prognostic role of comorbidity in Stage I non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with surgery or radiotherapy (RT). Methods and Materials : One hundred sixty-three patients with clinical Stage I NSCLC were analyzed for overall survival (OS) and comorbidity. One hundred thirteen patients underwent surgery (surgical group) and 50 patients received definitive radiotherapy (RT group). Ninety-six percent of the surgical group had lobectomy or pneumonectomy, and negative margins were achieved in 96% of the patients. The median dose to the tumor for the RT group was 61.2 Gy (range 30.8–77.4). The Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics (CIRS-G) and the Charlson scale were used to rate comorbidity. Karnofsky performance scores (KPS) were available in 42 patients; the rest of the scores were determined retrospectively by two physicians independently, with 97% agreement. Results : The OS was 44% for the surgical group and 5% for the RT group at 5 years. Noncancer-related mortality was observed in 31% and 62% of the surgical and RT patients, respectively. On univariate analysis, performed on all patients (n = 163), squamous cell histologic type (p 4 cm (p = 0.065), >40 pack-year tobacco use (p 2 (p 2 (p = 0.004), KPS 40 pack-year tobacco use, KPS Conclusion : The presence of significant comorbidity and KPS of
THE ILLINOIS TEST OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC ABILITIES

The psycholinguistic model of learning disabilities and with it the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA), are in widespread use in the fields of special education and speech pathology...
Early and Sustained Enrichment of Serum n-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Dogs Fed a Flaxseed Supplemented Diet

A study was conducted in dogs to assess n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid incorporation after feeding an α-linolenic (ALA)-rich flaxseed supplemented diet (FLX) for 84 days. Serum total phospholipids (PL), triacylglycerol (TG), and cholesteryl esters (CE) were isolated at selected times and fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed. Increased LA was seen in the FLX-PL fraction after 28 days and an expected decrease in PL–AA. Enrichment of ALA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosapentaenoic acid n-3 (DPAn-3) in the FLX-group occurred early on (day 4) in both PL and TG fractions but no docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was found, consistent with data from other species including humans. In contrast, no accumulation of DPAn-3 was seen in serum-CE, suggesting that this fatty acid does not participate in reverse-cholesterol transport. The accumulation of DPAn-3 in fasting PL and TG fractions is likely due to post-absorptive secretion after tissue synthesis. Because conversion of DPAn-3 to DHA occurs in canine neurologic tissues, this DPAn-3 may provide a circulating reservoir for DHA synthesis in such tissues. The absence of DPAn-3 in serum-CE suggests that such transport may be unidirectional. Although conversion of DPAn-3 to DHA is slow in most species, one-way transport of DPAn-3 in the circulation may help conserve this fatty acid as a substrate for DHA synthesis in brain and retinal tissues especially when dietary intakes of DHA are low.
Current knowledge of microbial community structures in landfills and its cover soils

Landfills are a vital component of our waste handling processes. Our lack of knowledge on the microbial processes in these systems, however, hampers our ability to design the next generation of landfills that: (1) enhance the rate and extent of waste decomposition, (2) produce byproducts of some value (e.g., methane that can be used for energy generation), and, (3) minimize their overall impact on driving climate change through the emission of greenhouse gases. In this review, the current state of knowledge the microbial community structure and activity in both the refuse and overlying cover soils is discussed, and suggestions provided for future research in this critical aspect of our infrastructure.
EFFECT OF ADRENALECTOMY AND ADRENAL CORTICAL HORMONE UPON THE FORMATION OF ANTIBODIES

One of the striking characteristics of the adrenalectomized animal and of the Addisonian patient is a well-known susceptibility to infection. Numerous attempts to study the effect of adrenal insufficiency upon the development of immunity has resulted in conflicting data. Interest in the relation of the adrenal cortical hormones to the development and release of antibody globulin in experimental animals has been revived in recent years by the work of Dougherty, White and associates (1945, 1946) These authors have noted an enhancement of immune titers in animals treated with cortical hormones or adrenotrophic fractions of the hypophysis during the period of immunization Furthermore, animals previously treated with antigens, and in whom maximum titers had been attained, exhibited a remarkable augmentation of such titers following single injections of adrenal cortical extract or adrenotrophic hypophyseal extracts. This augmentation persisted for a period of 12 hours before returning to preinjection levels. Th...
Temporal trends in area socioeconomic disparities in breast-cancer incidence and mortality, 1988-2005.

Since an overarching goal of Healthy People 2010 was to eliminate health disparities, we determined temporal trends in socioeconomic disparities in five breast-cancer indicators (in situ, stage I, lymph-node positive, and locally advanced breast-cancer incidence, and breast-cancer mortality) by county socioeconomic deprivation using 1988–2005 population-based breast-cancer data. Using 1988–2005 data from women aged 40 and older from 200 counties in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program, we examined trends in temporal disparities in the five breast-cancer indicators across quartiles of county socioeconomic deprivation. County-level trends were summarized using the estimated annual percentage change. Observed county rates were smoothed using Bayesian hierarchical spatiotemporal methods to calculate measures of absolute and relative disparity (using absolute and relative concentration indices) and their changes over time. Large increases in in situ breast cancer rates since 1988 were observed for each of the deprivation quartiles. Absolute and relative disparity both increased over time, suggesting increasing disparities across levels of county deprivation. Absolute and relative concentration indices were near zero for the other four breast-cancer indicators, suggesting no disparities among the four quartiles of county deprivation during 1988–2005. Efforts to target counties aimed at increasing breast-cancer screening based on their level of deprivation will not likely be beneficial.
Modeling of Ballistic Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistors for Efficient Circuit Simulation

Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors (CNFETs) are being extensively studied as possible successors to CMOS. Novel device structures have been fabricated and device simulators have been developed to estimate their performance in a sub 10 nm transistor era. This paper presents a novel method of circuit-compatible modeling of CNFETs in their ultimate performance limit. The model so developed has been used to simulate arithmetic and logic blocks using HSPICE.
Familial translocation involving chromosomes 6, 14 and 20, identified by quinacrine fluorescence.

A 4 year old girl with physical and mental retardation but few other abnormalities was found to have an unbalanced karyotype, 47,XX,6-,t(6q,20p?)+,t(14q,6q)+, resulting in partial trisomy-14. This arose by aberrant segregation of chromosomes during meiosis in her mother, who has a complex translocation involving chromosomes 6, 14 and 20.
Fluoxetine Modulates the Circadian Biological Clock via Phase Advances of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neuronal Firing

Background The documented ability of serotonin (5-HT) to directly modulate circadian rhythms prompted interest in a similar role for therapeutic agents that readily enhance 5-HT neurotransmission, namely the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Methods Extracellular recordings of unit firing of suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) neurons maintained in slice culture enabled determinations of circadian rhythmicity. Shifts in the peak of activity were determined during the next circadian cycle following drug exposure. Results Fluoxetine (10 μm, 60 minutes incubation) produced robust phase advances only in the presence of L-tryptophan (.5 μm), added to maintain serotonergic tone. Conclusions Actions of SSRIs at the level of the circadian biological clock add to the list of pharmacological effects for this drug class and encourage speculation as to their importance clinically.
Method for evaluating bow tie filter angle-dependent attenuation in CT: Theory and simulation results

Purpose: Dosimetry in computed tomography(CT) is increasingly based on Monte Carlo studies that define the dose in the patient (in mGy) as a function of air kerma (free in air) at isocenter (mGy). The accuracy of Monte Carlo studies depends in part on the accuracy of the characterization of the bow tie filter for a given CTscanner model. A simple method for characterizing the bow tie filter attenuation profile in CTscanners would therefore be very useful. The theory behind such a method is proposed. Methods: A measurement protocol is discussed mathematically and demonstrated using computer simulation. The proposed method requires the placement of a radiation monitor at the periphery of the CT field, and the time domain signal (kerma rate versus time) is measured with good temporal resolution ( ∼ 200 Hz or better) and with all other objects (e.g., patient couch) retracted from the field of view. Knowledge of the source to isocenter distance (or alternately, the isocenter to probe distance) is required. The stationary detector records the kerma rate versus time signal as the gantry rotates through several revolutions. From this temporal data, signal processing techniques are used to extract in-phase peaks, as well as out-of-phase kerma rate levels. From these data, the distance from isocenter to the probe can be determined (or, alternatively, the source to isocenter distance), and the angle-dependent bow tie filter attenuation can be computed. By measuring the angle-dependent bow tie filter attenuation at several kVp settings, the bow tie composition versus fan angle can be computed using basis decomposition techniques. Results: The simulations illustrated that with 2% added noise in the kerma rate versus time signal, the attenuation properties of a hypothetical two component (aluminum and polymethyl methacrylate) bow tie filter could be determined ( r 2 > 0.99 ) . Although the computed basis material thicknesses were not exactly equal to the actual thicknesses, their combined attenuation factors matched that of the actual filter across kVp’s to within an average of 0.057%. Conclusions: It is concluded that the proposed method may provide a simple noninvasive approach to characterizing the performance of bow tie filters in CT systems; however, experimental validation is necessary.
Elution of proteins from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, removal of sodium dodecyl sulfate, and renaturation of enzymatic activity: Results with sigma subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase, wheat germ DNA topoisomerase, and other enzymes

An improved method is described for the renaturation of microgram amounts of proteins from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. The protein band is visualized in the gel by KCl staining, the band cut out and crushed, and the protein eluted by diffusion in a buffer containing 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Protein is concentrated and sodium dodecyl sulfate is removed by acetone precipitation of the sample. Renaturation of the protein occurs after the precipitate is dissolved in 6 m guanidine hydrochloride and then diluted. The activity of the sigma subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase can be recovered with 98–100% efficiency after electrophoresis in an SDS-gel and renaturation by this technique. To assess whether the method is generally applicable we tested some or all of the steps involved in the procedure using E. coli transcription termination factor rho, β-galactosidase, alkaline phosphatase, wheat α-amylase, and DNA topoisomerase. We show how the method can be used to determine the approximate molecular weight of the DNA topoisomerase polypeptide by sectioning a gel on which a partially pure sample has been fractionated by electrophoresis.
Modeling Second–Order Expectations

Theory-building is a continual, collective enterprise in which success is judged by logical consistency and successful explanation and prediction of specified empirical facts from a minimal set of assumptions. We describe some new attempts to develop Interactionist ideas on how communicated opinions from others can affect face-to-face interaction patterns and definitions of a social situation, including identities of the interactants. Our attempts take the form of developing theoretical models of how others' evaluative opinions are incorporated into existing performance expectations. We show how model-building depends on existing theoretical ideas and empirical evidence. The description illustrates some ways in which contemporary sociological theory develops.
Opposite effects of pH on open-state probability and single channel conductance of Kir4.1 channels

The inward rectifier K+ (Kir) channels are responsible for the maintenance of membrane potential and cellular excitability (Nichols & Lopatin, 1997). These channels are modulated by several membrane and cytosolic factors including G proteins, membrane potentials, second messengers and hydrogen ions (Coulter et al. 1995; Tsai et al. 1995; Cohen et al. 1996a, b; Fakler et al. 1996; Henry et al. 1996; Chuang et al. 1997; Huang et al. 1998; Zhu et al. 1999). The modulation of Kir channels by protons is significant, because changes in intra- and extracellular pH occur in a number of pathophysiological conditions during which a corresponding alteration in membrane excitability can be produced via these Kir channels. Indeed, there is experimental evidence indicating certain Kir channels are inhibited during hypercapnia and other types of acidosis (Wang et al. 1990; Ito et al. 1992; Schlatter et al. 1994; Zhou & Wingo 1994; Pineda & Aghajanian, 1997). Inhibition of cloned Kir currents by pH has recently been demonstrated in several members of Kir1, Kir2 and Kir4 families (Coulter et al. 1995; Tsai et al. 1995; Fakler et al. 1996; Shuck et al. 1997; Qu et al. 1999; Pearson et al. 1999). Kir1.1 (ROMK1) and Kir1.2 (ROMK2) channels are inhibited by a decrease in intracellular pH (Tsai et al. 1995; Fakler et al. 1996; Choe et al. 1997; McNicholas et al. 1998). This inhibition is mediated by a suppression of channel open-state probability (Popen) without affecting the single channel conductance (Choe et al. 1997; McNicholas et al. 1998). A member of the Kir2 subfamily, i.e. Kir2.3 or HIR, is pH sensitive. An inhibition of single channel conductance by extracellular pH and suppression of both Popen and conductance by intracellular pH account for the inhibition of whole-cell Kir2.3 currents (Coulter et al. 1995; Zhu et al. 1999). Low pH has also been shown to inhibit Kir4.1 channels, which have a high sequence similarity to ROMK channels including a lysine residue involved in proton sensing (Fakler et al. 1996; Shuck et al. 1997; Pearson et al. 1999). In contrast to ROMK and Kir2.3 channels, the biophysical mechanisms underlying Kir4.1 inhibition are not known (Shuck et al. 1997; Pearson et al. 1999). Moreover, there is a lack of information regarding whether the pH-dependent inhibition of Kir4.1 is an inherent property of the channel protein or a result of the involvement of other intermediate molecules. We therefore performed these experiments to study the effects of intracellular protons on single-channel Kir4.1 activity using cell-free excised patches.
Error Rates in Forensic Child Sexual Abuse Evaluations

When mental health, medical, and social work professionals and paraprofessionals make false positive or false negative errors in their judgments about the validity of allegations of child sexual abuse, the consequences can be catastrophic for the affected children and adults. Because of the high stakes, practitioners, legal decision makers, and policy makers should have some idea of the magnitude and variability of error rates in this domain. A novel approach was used to estimate individual error rates for 110 professionals (psychologists, physicians, social workers, and others) who conduct or participate in forensic child sexual abuse evaluations. The median estimated false positive and false negative error rates were 0.18 and 0.36, respectively. Estimated error rates varied markedly from one participant to the next. For example, the false positive error rate estimates ranged from 0.00 to 0.83. These estimates are based on participants’ self-reported substantiation rates and on their subjective frequency distributions for the probability of truth for the abuse allegations they evaluate.
Scale biogenesis in the green alga, Mesostigma viride

The unicellular green algal flagellate,Mesostigma viride, is characterized by an extracellular matrix of multiple layers of scales. These scales are processed within the Golgi apparatus (GA). The GA consists of 11–13 closely stacked cisternae. The cis cisternae are highly fenestrated and grow via vesicles from adjacent transition ER. Medial-trans cisternae are plate-like with swollen peripheries. The calcified basket scales are produced in the peripheries of GA cisternae, usually first observable in the medial zone of the cisternal stack. Cisternal membrane closely conforms to the precise architecture of the developing scale. Antimonate labeling reveals that a population of smooth cytoplasmic vacuoles situated near the GA contains a store of calcium, perhaps used for scale processing. Vesicles carry calcium from these vacuoles to the cisternal loci where basket scale ontogenesis is occurring. The smaller scale types are produced within the central areas of the GA. A discussion concerning membrane flow through the GA is provided.
The phase behavior of ternary blends containing polycarbonate, phenoxy, and polycaprolactone

Ternary blends comprising bisphenol-A polycarbonate (PC), the polyhydroxyether of bisphenol-A (Phenoxy), and poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) were found to be generally miscible at PCL levels greater than 60% by weight and to show multiple amorphous phases at lower PCL levels. The melting point depression of PCL in the miscible region of the ternary and in the miscible binary blends with PC and Phenoxy was examined to obtain the enthalpic interaction parameters, Bij, for each of the three binary interactions. The parameters associated with the miscible binary blends were negative, as expected, and indicated that PCL interacts more exothermically with Phenoxy than with PC. The parameter associated with Phenoxy/PC interaction was strongly positive as expected from the complete immiscibility shown by these materials. The interaction parameters were used to calculate the locus of compositions for which the heat of mixing is zero. The locus was found to agree well with the observed boundary between miscible and multiphase behavior in the ternary. This suggests that the phase behavior of ternary blends is largely determined by the same enthalpic considerations known to govern the phase behavior of binary blends.
Synthesis and structure–activity relationship of N -alkyl Gly-boro-Pro inhibitors of DPP4, FAP, and DPP7

The structure-activity relationship of various N-alkyl Gly-boro-Pro derivatives against three dipeptidyl peptidases (DPPs) was studied. In a series of N-cycloalkyl analogs, DPP4 and fibroblast activation protein-alpha (FAP) optimally preferred N-cycloheptyl whereas DPP7 tolerated even larger cycloalkyl rings. Gly alpha-carbon derivatization of N-cyclohexyl or N-(2-adamantyl) Gly-boro-Pro resulted in a significant decrease in potency against all the three DPPs.
Change Over a 12-Month Period in the Psychological Adjustment of Children and Adolescents with Cystic Fibrosis

Found that group rates of mother-reported and child-reported adjustment problems remained relatively constant over initial and 12-month follow-up assessment points. However, there was less stability in the classification of the adjustment of individuals, in specific behavior problem patterns and diagnoses, and in child-reported adjustment than in mother-reported adjustment. With initial level of child adjustment controlled, children's perceptions of self-worth accounted for a significant increment in child-reported symptoms and mother-reported adjustment at follow-up. Maternal distress also accounted for a significant increment in child-reported symptoms. These findings add support for the role of maternal adjustment and child self-worth in the adjustment of children with cystic fibrosis.
19 – The Relationship Between Alcohol Misuse and Homelessness

This chapter explores key aspects of homelessness, relevant dynamics of alcohol abuse, and the nature of their relationship. It also examines the interaction within subpopulations and the influence of comorbid factors—such as psychiatric, illegal drug use, and related medical conditions. While much of the research reviewed is from the United States, structural, socio-economic, and cultural forces are elucidated by comparison to other countries and cultural systems. The research on individual, social and cultural issues is analyzed to develop a conceptual model of the transactional relationship between alcohol misuse and homelessness. The implications of this model are explored for service systems and policies in the prevention and treatment of: alcohol misuse and homelessness. Most descriptions of homeless populations include large numbers of people with Alcohol Use Disorders (AUDs). The prevalence of current or lifetime histories of AUDs are usually reported in the 50–70% range in most samples of homeless individuals. More complex is the nature of the relationship between AUDs and becoming or staying homeless.
DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION OF MAXIMUM-EFFORT HUMAN SPRINTING

Maximum speed is an important parameter for sprinting humans, particularly in athletic competitions. While the biomechanics of sprinting have been well-studied [1–3], our understanding of biomechanical limits to maximum speed is still in its infancy. Previous studies have suggested a speed-limiting role for the force-velocity relationship of skeletal muscle [2], but these theories are difficult to verify experimentally due to the difficulty in observing and manipulating human muscle dynamics in vivo.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Bottom loss modeling for sonar performance prediction

Characterizing sediment type can aid in assessing sonar performance in littoral areas. One method for sediment characterization is inverting bottom loss measurements, specifically normal incidence bottom loss from echo sounder data. In this study, bottom loss data at a range of grazing angles and frequencies were compared with different models to assess the validity of the physical models of the sediment and the effects of interface scattering. The data were taken at the Experimental Validation of Acoustic modeling techniques (EVA) sea test, conducted off the coast of Isola d'Elba, Italy in 2006. Interface roughness was concurrently measured to a high degree of accuracy with a laser profiler system mounted on a remotely operated vehicle. The data were compared with three models: a flat interface, elastic model based on geo-acoustic measurements; a flat interface, poro-elastic model based on the Biot/Stoll model; and a rough interface model based on the measured interface roughness power spectrum. The measurements were most consistent with the poro-elastic model. Scattering was found to be a significant mechanism for data taken at frequencies of 20 kHz and higher. Comparisons were also made with the APL-UW reflection and backscattering models. It was found that the APL-UW models accurately described the reflection loss at low frequencies through an unphysically low value of the sediment density which acted as proxy for poro-elastic effects. At higher frequencies, the model did not completely account for the roughness scattering. This may lead to incorrect sediment characterization for echo sounder data.1
Bayes and likelihood calculations from confidence intervals

Recently there has been considerable progress on setting good approximate confidence intervals for a single parameter θ in a multi-parameter family. Here we use these frequentist results as a convenient device for making Bayes, empirical Bayes and likelihood inferences about θ. A simple formula is given that produces an approximate likelihood function L x ( θ) for θ, with all nuisance parameters eliminated, based on any system of approximate confidence intervals. The statistician can then modify L x ( θ) with Bayes or empirical Bayes information for θ, without worrying about nuisance parameters
Real Time 3D Face Pose Tracking From an Uncalibrated Camera

We propose a new near-real time technique for 3D face pose tracking from a monocular image sequence obtained from a n uncalibrated camera. The basic idea behind our approach is that instead of treating 2D face detection and 3D face pose estimation separately, we perform simultaneous 2D face detection and 3D face pose tracking. Specifically, 3D face pose at a time instant is constrained by the face dynamics using Kalman Filtering and by the face appearance in the image. The use of Kalman Filtering limits possible 3D face poses to a small range while the best matching between the actual face image and the projected face image allows to pinpoint the exact 3D face pose. Face matching is formulatd as an optimization problem so that the exact face location and 3D face pose can be estimated efficiently. Another major feature of our approach lies in the use of active IR illumination, which allows to robustly detect eyes. The detected eyes can in turn constrain the face in the image and regularize the 3D face pose, therefore the tracking drift issue can be avoided and the processing can speedup. Finally, the face model is dynamically updated to account for variations in face appearances caused by face pose, face expression, illumination and the combination of them. Compared with the existing 3D face pose tracking techniques, our technique has the following benefits. First, our technique can track face and face pose simultaneously in real time, which as been implemented as a real time working system. Second, only one uncalibrated camera is needed for our technique, which will make our system very easy to set up. Third, our technique can handle facial expression change, face occlusion and illumination change, which will make our system work under real life conditions.
The Social Organization of Armed Robbery

Career robbery is examined with reference to Sutherland's previously postulated model of systematic or professional criminal collectivities; little resemblance is found. The social organization of career robbery is described as representing a distinct criminal group form, the content and characteristics of which reflect the unique stance of robbery as a form of criminal behavior.
A new perspective on hooking up among college students: Sexual behavior as a function of distinct groups

Hooking up is a common behavior among young adults. Studies examining predictors of hooking up have yielded mixed results. This prospective study (N = 339) used latent class regression analysis to identify two distinct groups for which hooking up was predicted differently. In all, 30% of participants accounted for 74% of those reporting hooking up across the entire sample. They reported significantly higher levels of alcohol use and depressive symptoms and lower levels of religiosity compared to participants in the other group. The patterns of predictive variables suggest that some young adults may pursue hooking up as a means of coping with distress, while others may do so as a way to meet attachment needs. These results illustrate that motivational factors for hooking up vary and may manifest in group-defined patterns. Using new methods to analyze hooking up may improve research accuracy and enhance understanding of young adult sexual behavior.
Growth and characterization of diamond-like carbon films by pulsed laser deposition and hydrogen beam treatment

Amorphous diamond-like carbon films have been grown by pulsed laser deposition using a graphite target both with and without an atomic hydrogen beam incident on the growing film. Films grown with the hydrogen beam showed resistivity nearly two orders of magnitude higher than the films grown without hydrogen. Raman scattering confirmed a higher degree of sp3 bonding in films exposed to hydrogen atoms during growth. Films grown without hydrogen but exposed to the hydrogen beam after growth showed a significant increase in resistivity after exposure.
Biological impacts and context of network theory

Many complex systems can be represented and analyzed as networks, and examples that have benefited from this approach span the natural sciences. For instance, we now know that systems as disparate as the World Wide Web, the Internet, scientific collaborations, food webs, protein interactions and metabolism all have common features in their organization, the most salient of which are their scale-free connectivity distributions and their small-world behavior. The recent availability of large-scale datasets that span the proteome or metabolome of an organism have made it possible to elucidate some of the organizational principles and rules that govern their function, robustness and evolution. We expect that combining the currently separate layers of information from gene regulatory networks, signal transduction networks, protein interaction networks and metabolic networks will dramatically enhance our understanding of cellular function and dynamics.
Ending Copyright Claims in State Primary Legal Materials: Towards an Open Source Legal Operating System

An informed democratic society needs open access to the law, but states' attempts to protect copyright interests in their laws are a major roadblock. This article urges broader access, analyzes the implications and legal arguments for and against copyright in state primary legal materials, and considers strategies for access advocacy.
Role of Dopants in Long-Range Charge Carrier Transport for p-Type and n-Type Graphene Transparent Conducting Thin Films

Monolayer to few-layer graphene thin films have several attractive properties such as high transparency, exceptional electronic transport, mechanical durability, and environmental stability, which are required in transparent conducting electrodes (TCs). The successful incorporation of graphene TCs into demanding applications such as thin film photovoltaics requires a detailed understanding of the factors controlling long-range charge transport. In this study, we use spectroscopic and electrical transport measurements to provide a self-consistent understanding of the macroscopic (centimeter, many-grain scale) transport properties of chemically doped p-type and n-type graphene TCs. We demonstrate the first large-area n-type graphene TCs through the use of hydrazine or polyethyleneimine as dopants. The n-type graphene TCs utilizing PEI, either as the sole dopant or as an overcoat, have good stability in air compared to TCs only doped with hydrazine. We demonstrate a shift in Fermi energy of well over 1 V between the n- and p-type graphene TCs and a sheet resistance of ~50 Ω/sq at 89% visible transmittance. The carrier density is increased by 2 orders of magnitude in heavily doped graphene TCs, while the mobility is reduced by a factor of ~7 due to charged impurity scattering. Temperature-dependent measurements demonstrate that the molecular dopants also help to suppress processes associated with carrier localization that may limit the potential of intrinsic graphene TCs. These results suggest that properly doped graphene TCs may be well-suited as anodes or cathodes for a variety of opto-electronic applications.
Study of Chemical Compatibility and Interfacial Resistance Between Oxide Cathode Materials and a LaGao3–Based Electrolyte for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

The chemical compatibility of (La0.6Sr0.4)MnO3 (LSM), (La0.6Sr0.4)CoO3 (LSC), (La0.6Sr0.4)(Co0.2Fe0.8)O3 (LSCF), and (La1.7Sr0.3)CuO4 (LSU) as cathode materials with the oxygen conductor (La0.9Sr0.1)(Ga0.8Mg0.2)O3-δ (LSGM) was studied. The interfacial resistance between the cathode materials and LSGM was measured using AC impedance spectroscopy. The same studies were done with yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte. The results showed that no new compounds formed between LSGM and the cathode materials LSM, LSC, and LSCF up to at least 1200°C; however, a solid solution formed between the materials. With YSZ, only LSM did not form new compounds, and no solid solutions formed. The interfacial resistance was much lower between all the cathode materials and LSGM than YSZ. The lowest interfacial resistances were for LSC/LSGM and LSCF/LSGM, which are suggested for medium temperature solid oxide fuel cells.
Critical language and discourse study: their transformative relevance for critical nursing inquiry.

A pragmatic view of language and a critical study of discourse can advance nursing inquiry toward the study of racism, heteorsexism, classism, and health.In critical language inquiry notions about humans, health and illness are seen as constructed in societal discourses. Critical language inquiry challenges nurses researchers to theorize not which research questions to ask, but how to ask research that broaden knowledge about the interconnections among language, discourse, health, and society. Critical discourse analysis, as a methodology, can be of significant utility in exploring the relationships among health, discourse, power, and society.
Comparative analysis of the results between HIV screening test and HIV confirmatory test in the voluntary blood donors in Foshan,China

Objective To understand the infection of HIV in Foshan voluntary blood donors,so as to provide the basis for making blood safety policy and donor recruitment program. Methods The results of HIV screening test( ELISA) and confirmatory test(western blot) in Foshan voluntary donors who had given blood from 2001 to 2013 were compared and analyzed. Results The confirmed positive rate of HIV in blood donors showed an increasing trend from 2001 to 2013(7. 02 /100 000 in 2001 and 21. 74 /100 000 in 2013). The screening test positive rate was 0. 25%(1 346 /538 107);the confirmed test positive rate was 0. 13‰(70 /538 107);the coincidence positive rate was 5. 20%(70 /1346);the rate of uncertain results was 1. 04%(14 /1 346). In the samples of having been confirmed positive,more than 80% of them had high values of S /CO,less than 10% had low values and the same as middle values. The rate of positive proteins belts were,gp160:100%(70 /70); gp120:100%(70 /70); gp41:98. 57%(69 /70); p66:100%(70 /70); p51:97. 14%(68 /70); p31:91. 43%(64 /70); p55:68. 57%(48 /70); p24:98. 57%(69 /70); p17:85. 71%(60 /70); p39:14. 29%(10 /70). Conclusion The positive rate of HIV in Foshan blood donors gradually increased in recent 10 years. The samples which confirmed positive had high S /CO values and more than 8 WB belts. The main factors which threaten blood safety includes high-risk blood donors and the limitation of detection techniques.
Exploring factors related to young children’s word-meaning derivations during read-alouds

This study explores how child and text clues were related to 31 kindergarteners’ word-meaning derivation outcomes for 372 words presented in books read aloud to children. Data were analyzed using a multilevel, cross-classification, ordered logit model. Children showed no word-meaning derivation 40% of the time, indicating a need for instruction. Better word-meaning outcomes were related to text factors (written text clues in close proximity to the word) and child factors (literal comprehension and metacognition). Thus, using text with written clues in close proximity to the word and building children's literal comprehension and metacognition may improve word-meaning derivation.
Poincaré and Einstein

Henri Poincare and Albert Einstein are exemplars of the fundamental investigator referred to in the grand manner as philosopher-scientist. Their philosophical and scientific thoughts were linked and their interest in fundamental issues led them to probe the process of thinking itself. The quotations in the epigraphs to this chapter and to the Introduction bespeak their commitment to this connection as a guiding theme in their scientific research. This Ariadne’s thread is best thrown into perspective through the realization that their individual philosophies of science are composed of an epistemology of the origin of knowledge and an epistemology of scientific theories. In fact, the case of Poincare and Einstein indicates that it is necessary—and, in my opinion, revealing of the structure of scientific theories—to separate the broad discipline of epistemology into two parts: (1) the construction of prescientific knowledge, that is, the origins of knowledge, which may be referred to as theory of knowledge; and (2) the relations of the scientist’s knowledge of the world of perceptions to the structure of a scientific theory and the study of what a scientific theory is, hereinafter to be referred to as epistemology or scientific epistemology.1 Both aspects of epistemology include an analysis of concept formation.