cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immigration and the U.S. labour market

Over the last several decades, two of the most significant developments in the U.S. labor market have been: (1) rising inequality, and (2) growth in both the size and the diversity of immigration flows. Because a large share of new immigrants arrive with very low levels of schooling, English proficiency, and other skills that have become increasingly important determinants of success in the U.S. labor market, an obvious concern is that such immigrants are a poor fit for the restructured American economy. In this chapter, we evaluate this concern by discussing evidence for the United States on two relevant topics: the labor market integration of immigrants, and the impact of immigration on the wages and employment opportunities of native workers. In these dimensions, the overall labor market performance of U.S. immigrants seems quite favorable. U.S. immigrants have little trouble finding jobs, and this is particularly true of unskilled immigrants. Most U.S. immigrants experience substantial earnings growth as they adapt to the American labor market. For most immigrant groups, the U.S.-born second generation has achieved socioeconomic parity with mainstream society; for some Hispanic groups, however, this is not the case. On the whole, immigration to the United States has not had large adverse consequences for the labor market opportunities of native workers. Therefore, with regard to the economic integration and labor market impacts of immigration, it is not obvious that the seemingly haphazard nature of U.S. immigration policy has led to unfavorable outcomes.
The self in Kierkegaard's pseudonyms

This is essentially what I take to be Kierkegaard's ontological foundation of human existence. It is the structure which both makes possible and unifies the different modes of existing which he so fully describes in his pseudonyms. The further task is one of demonstrating concretely the relation of these modes (stages) of existing to his ontology.
185 COMPARISON OF UMBILICAL GLUCOSE UPTAKE AND FETAL GLUCOSE TURNOVER RATES

Net fetal glucose uptake has been measured by us previously in fetal lambs using the Fick Principle. This study compares simultaneous measurements of net fetal glucose uptake with fetal glucose turnover rates, using primed-constant infusions of 14C-l-glucose and either 3H-2 or 3H-6-glucose carried out in chronic animal preparations. The glucose turnover rates of placenta plus fetus, expressed as mg min−1 Kg−1 were: 12.02±1.35 SEM (14C label) and 13.78±1.61 SEM (3H label). However, the placenta accounted for a large fraction of these turnover rates. Forty to seventy percent of the infused labeled glucose was taken up by the placenta. The glucose turnover rates of the fetal body (mg min Kg−1) were: 5.22±0.62 SEM (14C label) and 8.85±1.63 SEM (3H label). The simultaneously measured fetal glucose uptake via the umbilical circulation was 4.81±0.37 SEM (mg min−1 Kg−1). In 4 of 6 animals, fetal glucose uptake and the turnover rate of 14C-1-glucose by the fetal body were virtually equal. Of the infused radioactive glucose, ∼10% was converted to CO2 by the fetus and ∼ 7% to lactate by the placenta. Previous studies of fetal glucose turnover have not discriminated between placental uptake and turnover rate within the fetus. This study demonstrates such discrimination is feasible and should lead to a more meaningful comparison between fetal and neonatal metabolism.
Active control of composite panel flutter using piezoelectric materials

The use of smart materials to actively control flutter in anisotropic composite panels was examined. An analytical model of an anisotropic panel that can accommodate the effects of the induced strain actuators and supersonic aerodynamics and gust effects was developed. Control design was accomplished with a state-space model that incorporates linear quadratic optimal control. The piezoelectric material lead zirconate titinate was used for the actuators, while various composites and aluminum materials made up the different test panels. The distribution of actuators on the faces on the panel were studied. Actuators segmented in the direction of the airstream were found to be most effective in controlling flutter for square panels; however, actuators should be distributed in both the flow and cross-flow directions for panels with different aspect ratios. A relatively small number of actuators can provide excellent flutter suppression; increasing the number of actuators beyond this amount provides little improvement in flutter speed. The anisotropic characteristics of the composite panels cause some variations in the behavior of the panel as compared to isotropic panels. A design comparison revealed that actively controlled panels provide superior flutter performance to passively controlled panels.
Job burnout and job satisfaction among probation managers

Abstract Job burnout scores and attitudes concerning job satisfaction, role conflict, and role clarity for probation managerial personnel in several states in the United States are reported, with differences noted between administrators and first-level supervisors. Implications for the managers and for probation work are outlined.
Administration of Selective Endothelin Receptor Type a Antagonist Ro 61-1790 Does Not Improve Outcome in Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Cat

The authors examined the effect of selective endothelin (ET) receptor type A (ETA) antagonism on histological and functional recovery in cat at 24 hours after reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). A novel and specific ETA antagonist, Ro 61-1790 [5-methylpyridine-2-sulfonic acid-6-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-5-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-2-(2-1H-tetrazol-5-yl-pyridin-4-yl)-pyrimidin-4-ylamide sodium salt (1:2)] (Roche, Basel, Switzerland), was used at doses that produced steady-state plasma concentrations and abolished ET-induced pial arteriolar vasoconstriction. In a cranial window preparation, 8 nmol/L ET constricted pial arterioles by 33 ± 18% (mean ± SD), but this response was ablated by intravenous Ro 61-1790 treatment (10-mg/kg bolus, 4-mg/kg/h infusion). In additional animal cohorts, halothane-anesthetized cats were treated with 90 minutes of MCAO and 24 hours of reperfusion. Animals received Ro 61-1790 infusion beginning at the onset of reperfusion and continuing for 6 or 24 hours (n = 41). Control cats were treated with 0.9% saline by intravenous infusion throughout reperfusion. There was no difference in injury volume or neurologic evaluation score in saline-treated cats (n = 11; caudate 24 ± 28%, cortical injury 7.5 ± 5% of ipsilateral structure; score 52 ± 8) versus the results in cats treated with Ro 61-1790 for either 24 hours (n = 6; caudate 22 ± 23%, cortex 6 ± 5%, injury volume of ipsilateral structure; score 55 ± 3) or 6 hours (n = 11; caudate 33 ± 30%, cortex 12 ± 14%, injury volume of ipsilateral structure; score 50 ± 10). Mortality was greatest in the 24-hour drug treatment group. These data suggest that blockade of ETA receptor activity is not beneficial to tissue or functional outcomes from experimental stroke in cat.
EFFECT OF HALOTHANE ON ALTERED CONTRACTILITY OF ISOLATED HEART MUSCLE OBTAINED FROM CATS WITH EXPERIMENTALLY PRODUCED VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY AND FAILURE

SUMMARY Effects of halothane on contractility of papillary muscles isolated from normal cats (NH) and cats with experimentally produced right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) or congestive heart failure (CHF) were compared. Mean preanaesthetic values of maximal velocity of shortening (Vmax), maximal developed force (Fm), maximal rate of force development, maximal work and power were significantly lower in muscles with RVH and CHF. Halothane depressed mechanics of contraction in all three muscle groups to essentially the same degree, but the total depression in Vmax and Fm in muscles with RVH and CHF was very significant compared with control NH values. We concluded that halothane causes severe myocardial depression in muscle with previously impaired contractility due to RVH or CHF.
Urological cancer: walking the tightrope of survival and quality of life with ADT.

A recent study has highlighted the risks and benefits associated with the administration of intermittent androgen deprivation therapy in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Although there are improvements in many quality-of-life domains, these improvements must be carefully weighed against the potential harms of intermittent androgen deprivation therapy in this patient population.
Application of Vortex Flow Adsorption Technology to Intein‐Mediated Recovery of Recombinant Human α1‐Antitrypsin

Vortex flow is a secondary flow pattern that appears above a critical rotation rate in the annular gap between an inner rotating solid cylinder and an outer stationary cylindrical shell. By suspending adsorbent resin in the vortices, a novel unit operation, vortex flow adsorption (VFA), is created. In VFA, the rotation of the inner cylinder facilitates the fluidization of the adsorbent resin. Similar to expanded bed processes, VFA has high fluid voidage so that it can be used to recover biochemical products directly from fermentation broths or cell homogenates without removing cells or cell debris first. In this study, recombinant human alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1-AT) was expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion with a modified intein containing a chitin-binding domain. Therefore, the fusion protein can be recovered by chitin resin affinity adsorption. The intein can be induced to undergo in vitro peptide bond cleavage to specifically release alpha1-AT from the bound fusion protein. The capture efficiency of the fusion protein, 26.2%, was obtained in the VFA process. In addition, the specific activity of alpha1-AT was dramatically improved from 0.3 to 205.2 EIC/(mg total protein) after adsorption and cleavage. Therefore, vortex flow adsorption is an integrative technology to combine the primary clarification, concentration, and purification steps in conventional downstream processing into a single unit operation to efficiently recover and purify biochemical products.
The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus is not essential for orexigenic NPY or anorexigenic melanocortin action

Bilateral electrolytic lesions of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) produce hyperphagia with excess weight gain. The orexigenic neuropeptide Y (NPY) system and the anorexigenic melanocortin system act in the PVN to regulate food intake, and participate in mediating the anorexic effects of leptin. We hypothesized that changes in the responsiveness of these systems may contribute to the hyperphagia observed in PVN-lesioned rats. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats received either sham or electrolytic lesions in the PVN immediately followed by implantation of a guide cannula into the third cerebroventricle. Twenty-five days following surgery groups of sham and hyperphagic PVN-lesioned rats were injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) with either 118 pmole or 470 pmole of NPY and food intake was measured for 3 h. Food intake in response to NPY was nearly three-fold higher in PVN-lesioned rats as compared to sham rats. However, the response to 5 microg leptin i.c.v. was not different in lesioned versus sham rats. The effect of the melanocortin agonist MTII on food intake was tested in additional rats beginning either 7-14 days or 30-40 days following surgery. Doses of 0.1 nmole or 1.0 nmole of MTII were injected immediately before lights-off and food intake was measured at 2 h, 24 h and 48 h post-injection. Suppression of food intake in PVN-lesioned rats was not different from that in sham-lesioned rats. These data suggest that hyper-responsiveness to NPY may account in part for the hyperphagia observed in PVN-lesioned rats. Furthermore, based on the similarities of responses of PVN-lesioned and sham control rats to the anorexigenic agents MTII and leptin and the hypersensitivity of lesioned rats to NPY, we conclude that the PVN is not essential for NPY stimulation of food intake or for melanocortin suppression of food intake and that NPY and melanocortin receptors outside of the PVN are sufficient to produce these effects.
Use of multiple models and qualitative knowledge for on-line moving horizon disturbance estimation and fault diagnosis

Abstract An integrated fault detection, fault isolation, and parameter estimation technique is presented in this paper. Process model parameters are treated as disturbances that dynamically affect the process outputs. A moving horizon estimation technique minimizes the error between process and model measurements over a finite horizon by calculating model parameter values across the estimation horizon. To implement qualitative process knowledge, this minimization is constrained such that only a limited number of different faults (parameters) may change during a specific horizon window. Multiple linear models are used to capture nonlinear process characteristics such as asymmetric response, variable dynamics, and changing gains. Problems of solution multiplicity and computational time are addressed. Results from a nonlinear chemical reactor simulation are presented.
Multiaxial Channeling Study of Disorder Accumulation and Recovery in Gold-Irradiated 6H-SiC

Single crystal $6H\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{SiC}$ has been irradiated 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} off normal with 2 MeV ${\mathrm{Au}}^{2+}$ ions at 300 K to fluences of 0.029, 0.058, and 0.12 ${\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{s}/\mathrm{n}\mathrm{m}}^{2}$, which produced relatively low damage levels. The disorder profiles as a function of ion fluence on both the Si and C sublattices have been determined simultaneously in situ using Rutherford backscattering and nuclear reaction analysis with 0.94 MeV ${D}^{+}$ ions in channeling geometry along the 〈0001〉, $〈11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}02〉,$ and $〈101\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}1〉$ axes. Along the 〈0001〉 axis at these low doses, similar levels of Si and C disorder are observed, and the damage accumulation is linear with dose. However, along $〈11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}02〉$ and $〈101\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}1〉,$ the disorder accumulation is larger and increases sublinearly with dose. Furthermore, a higher level of C disorder than Si disorder is observed along the $〈11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}02〉$ and $〈101\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}1〉$ axes, which is consistent with a smaller threshold displacement energy on the C sublattice in SiC. The mean lattice displacement, perpendicular to each corresponding axis, ranges from 0.014 to 0.037 nm for this range of ion fluences. A steady accumulation of small displacements due to lattice stress is observed along the $〈101\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}1〉$ axis, and a detectable reduction of the lattice stress perpendicular to the 〈0001〉 axis occurs at 0.12 ${\mathrm{Au}}^{2+}{/\mathrm{n}\mathrm{m}}^{2}.$ There is only a moderate recovery of disorder, produced at and below 0.058 ${\mathrm{Au}}^{2+}{/\mathrm{n}\mathrm{m}}^{2},$ during thermal annealing at 570 K; more significant recovery is observed for 0.12 ${\mathrm{Au}}^{2+}{/\mathrm{n}\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ along both the 〈0001〉 and $〈11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}02〉$ axes.
A prospective study on downstaging of hepatocellular carcinoma prior to liver transplantation.

In patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) exceeding conventional (T2) criteria for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), the feasibility and outcome following loco-regional therapy intended for tumor downstaging to meet T2 criteria for OLT are unknown. In this first prospective study on downstaging of HCC prior to OLT, the eligibility criteria for enrollment into a downstaging protocol included 1 lesion >5 cm and 3 cm but < or =5 cm with total tumor diameter of < or =8 cm, or 4 or 5 nodules all < or =3 cm with total tumor diameter < or =8 cm. Patients were eligible for living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) if tumors were downstaged to within proposed University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) criteria.13 A minimum follow-up period of 3 months after downstaging was required before cadaveric OLT or LDLT, with imaging studies meeting criteria for successful downstaging. Among the 30 patients enrolled, 21 (70%) met criteria for successful downstaging, including 16 (53%) who had subsequently received OLT (2 with LDLT), and 9 patients (30%) were classified as treatment failures. In the explant of 16 patients who underwent OLT, 7 had complete tumor necrosis, 7 met T2 criteria, but 2 exceeded T2 criteria. No HCC recurrence was observed after a median follow-up of 16 months after OLT. The Kaplan-Meier intention-to-treat survival was 89.3 and 81.8% at 1 and 2 yr, respectively. In conclusion, successful tumor downstaging can be achieved in the majority of carefully selected patients, but longer follow-up is needed to further access the risk of HCC recurrence after OLT.
Electrical effects in woodcutting tool wear

Recent work [Klamecki 1977] has indicated that a useful way to investigate the wear of wood cutting tools is to try to separate wear phenomena which depend on the time of fool-work contact from those which seem to be related to a number of discrete events. Specifically, the work mentioned above con-> pares tool wear in turning tests wher~ thc cutting action is (a) continLiou.s mid (b} interrupted. In the interrupled cutting trials using relatively brittle tool materials (carbide and ccr~.inlic/ tee anloui l i of tool Flank wear is approximately linearly related to the number of impacts the tool is su/zjected to during cutting and no clear relationship is sho,.vn between the ~,,ear and the length of cutting path. i.e.. the time of tool work contact . ()n the other halld, the study of conlitluous cutting processcs me.,, lead to understanding tb.e \',ear mechanisms ,.\ hiclt depcnd on the time of tool-work contact. In the interrupled cutting tests the primary catlsc of tool wcaF seems to be the mechanical loading of thc tool and any related clTects, such as thermal cycling. During cont inuous cutting other v, car mechanisms appear to bc acting. Tool wear vxlnich depends on the time of contact between the tool and u o l k material can be explained by mechanical abrasion of the tool. by chemical or electrical action between the Iool and lhe work, or by various COlnbir~atior~s of these wear n~cchanisi-ns. f h e probable importance of wear mechanisms c~thelthan those associated v, ith mechanical loading oCthc tool b', the v, ork material is pointed out ill the work under discussion where \ \ear data are presented for the cutting of green and alE-dry incet~se cedar. Smaller cutting forces, it',wei tool temt-,eratures, and some lnbricalion :ire expected in the cutting of green v, ood when 9 " These considerations indicate contrasted to cultmg dry wood. that tool \\eat shotild be less when green x\ood is cut ~l coi1clusion which is not completel_\ snpported by experin!ental data. A po,,sible expluuation [or tile observed wear behavit~r is that \'~hen cutting green wood chemical and or eleclrical cfIects ha \e :.ul overriding elTcct in determining tile \\cur rate of the cutting tool. This paper describes work ~.thich \\as undertaken to clarily the role of electrical action bct\'~een the work and tool materials in tile cutting of wood and tile ilrq-Jorlance of this inle~ acl ion on I ool wear.
Determinants of Physical Activity in America: A First Characterization of Physical Activity Profile Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

Objectives To develop and implement methodologies for characterizing accelerometry-derived patterns of physical activity (PA) in the United States in relation to demographics, anthropometrics, behaviors, and comorbidities using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) dataset. Design Retrospective analysis of nationally representative database. Setting Computer-generated modeling in silico. Participants A total of 6329 adults in the United States from the NHANES 2003-2004 database. Methods To discover subtle multivariate signal in the dynamic and noisy accelerometry data, we developed a novel approach, termed discretized multiple adaptive regression and implemented the algorithm in SAS 9.2 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Main Outcome Measurements Demographic, anthropometric, comorbidity, and behavioral variables. Results The intensity of PA decreased with both increased age and increased body mass index. Both greater education and greater income correlate with increased activity over short durations and reduced activity intensity over long durations. Numerous predictors demonstrated effects within activity ranges that may be masked by use of the standard activity intensity intervals. These include age, one of the most robust variables, where we discovered decreasing activities inside the moderate activity range. It also includes gender, where women compared with men have increased proportions of active times up to the center of light activity range, and income greater than $45,000, where a complex effect is seen with little correspondence to existing cut-points. Conclusions The results presented in this study suggest that the method of multiple regression and heat map visualization can generate insights otherwise hidden in large datasets such as NHANES. A review of the provided heat maps reveals the trends discussed previously involving demographic, anthropometric, comorbidity, and behavioral variables. It also demonstrates the power of accelerometry to expose alterations in PA. Ultimately, this study provides a US population-based norm to use in future studies of PA.
In vitro and in vivo activity of frenolicin B against Plasmodium falciparum and P berghei

In vitro and in vivo activity of frenolicin B against Plasmodium falciparum and P berghei
Photoreceptor subtype specification: from flies to humans

Multiple cell types often differentiate from a pluripotent cell. These cells may then further diversify as distinct subtypes. The visual system provides an ideal model for studying subtype specification as various photoreceptors acquire different functions based on the type of opsin they express. Opsin expression is mostly controlled through transcriptional mechanisms that are evolutionary conserved from Drosophila to humans. In addition, it appears that, from a ‘default’ developmental state, distinct ‘acquired’ photoreceptor states develop upon receiving intrinsic or extrinsic signals. This review discusses factors involved in opsin gene regulation and how their integration may explain how subtype specificity is achieved.
Medication discontinuation after curative surgery for sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism

Background Although parathyroidectomy (Ptx) for sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism (PH) improves comorbidities and symptoms, routine Ptx for minimally symptomatic PH remains controversial. Whether successful Ptx translates into discontinuation or dose-reduction of prescribed medications is unknown. Methods Consecutive patients undergoing curative Ptx for sporadic PH from January 2007 to April 2009 were compared to patients undergoing thyroidectomy (Tx). We reviewed patient demographics, symptoms, comorbid conditions, and pre- and postoperative medications utilizing the Fisher exact test and t test for comparisons. Results Compared to 176 Tx patients, 260 Ptx patients were older (P < .001), more commonly men (P = .006), and had higher preoperative prevalences of every examined PH symptom and comorbid condition. Postoperatively, even minimal PH symptoms improved after Ptx. The mean number of preoperative medications was higher in Ptx patients (4 vs 2.8, P < .001). Discontinuation or dose-reduction of medication occurred in 28 (11%) Ptx patients vs 7 (4%) Tx patients (P = .01). After Ptx, symptom improvement was the predominant reason for beneficial medication changes, and the most common beneficial effect was discontinuation or dose-reduction of chronic analgesics (33%). Conclusion PH symptoms are numerous and improve after curative Ptx. Medication use for related symptoms can be beneficially reduced by surgery. Drug profiles should be routinely reviewed and adjusted after parathyroidectomy.
Angular Differential and Total Cross Sections for the Excitation of Atomic Hydrogen to Its n=2 Level by 25-150-kev Hydrogen Molecular Ions

Experimentally and theoretically determined differential and total cross sections are reported for excitation of atomic hydrogen to its n = 2 level by 25--150-keV hydrogen molecular ions. The differential cross sections decrease 3--4 orders of magnitude over the measured center-of-mass scattering-angular range from 0 to 4.5 mrad. The results of a first Born approximation and two other theoretical calculations based upon the Glauber approximation are presented and compared with the experimental results. Both calculations based on the Glauber approximation agree fairly well with the experimental results. The Born approximation agrees moderately well with the experimental results at the very small scattering angles but is well below the experimental results at the larger scattering angles. None of the theoretical calculations presented agree well with the total cross section. However, the results for the total cross section of the two calculations based on the Glauber approximation agree with the experimental results in curve shape better than the Born-approximation results.
Eye injuries in children: a new household risk.

Liquid detergent tablets pose a new household risk to children, state the authors of a Correspondence letter. Over a 6-month period, Noel Horgan and colleagues treated six children with alkali eye injury caused by a liquid detergent tablet. The children had squeezed a tablet causing it to burst and spray detergent over their eyes. They propose a more obvious warning label, and modifying the packaging to make it child proof.
African Food Imports and Food Production: an Erroneous Interpretation

Knowledge of what actually transpires in African economies is soft. This is particularly true of the vitally important agricultural sector, where statistics are especially weak. Given the paucity and unreliability of the data, analysts often make inferences on the basis of surrogate figures, a process which multiplies the probability of mistakes. This note shows that such an error has been made in the interpretation of African food-import data, and that its correction casts doubt on a widely accepted nation concering African food Production.
The contributions of respiration and glycolysis to extracellular acid production.

Abstract Background The rate at which cells acidify the extracellular medium is frequently used to report glycolytic rate, with the implicit assumption that conversion of uncharged glucose or glycogen to lactate − + H + is the only significant source of acidification. However, another potential source of extracellular protons is the production of CO 2 during substrate oxidation: CO 2 is hydrated to H 2 CO 3 , which then dissociates to HCO 3 − + H + . Methods O 2 consumption and pH were monitored in a popular platform for measuring extracellular acidification (the Seahorse XF Analyzer). Results We found that CO 2 produced during respiration caused almost stoichiometric release of H + into the medium. With C2C12 myoblasts given glucose, respiration-derived CO 2 contributed 34% of the total extracellular acidification. When glucose was omitted or replaced by palmitate or pyruvate, this value was 67–100%. Analysis of primary cells, cancer cell lines, stem cell lines, and isolated synaptosomes revealed contributions of CO 2 -produced acidification that were usually substantial, ranging from 3% to 100% of the total acidification rate. Conclusion Measurement of glycolytic rate using extracellular acidification requires differentiation between respiratory and glycolytic acid production. General significance The data presented here demonstrate the importance of this correction when extracellular acidification is used for quantitative measurement of glycolytic flux to lactate. We describe a simple way to correct the measured extracellular acidification rate for respiratory acid production, using simultaneous measurement of oxygen consumption rate. Summary statement Extracellular acidification is often assumed to result solely from glycolytic lactate production, but respiratory CO 2 also contributes. We demonstrate that extracellular acidification by myoblasts given glucose is 66% glycolytic and 34% respiratory and describe a method to differentiate these sources.
Cation specificity for sugar substrates of the melibiose carrier in Escherichia coli.

A study has been made of the sugar substrate specificities and the cation specificities of the melibiose transport system of Escherichia coli. The following β-galactosides were found to be transported: lactose, l-arabinose-β-d-galactoside, d-fructose-β-d-galactoside, o- and p-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactosides. These β-galactosides were cotransported with Na+ but not with H+. The α-galactosides raffinose, melibiose and p-nitrophenyl-α-galactoside were transported with either H+ or Na+. Of the monosaccharides tested d-galactose could use either Na+ or H+ for cotransport whereas d-fucose, l-arabinose and d-galactosamine could use only Na+. The sugar specificity requirements for H+ cotransport are therefore more exacting than those for Na+ cotransport.
M-stage scheduling problem—a critical appraisal

Abstract The deterministic M-stage scheduling problem is reviewed and critically appraised from the points of view of variety, contents, assumptions, recent solution procedures and criteria of optimality. The complications of practical problems are discussed to explore the true nature of the problem formulation. Several implications of the present formulation of scheduling problem are discussed and directions for future research in scheduling theory are suggested.
Administration of thyroxin once a week.

ABSTRACT L-Thyroxin was administered orally to 7 subjects (2 normal, 2 congenitally hypothyroid and 3 thyroidectomized subjects; all subjects were euthyroid at the time of the study and 1 was pregnant) in a single weekly dose; serum thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were measured throughout the week. A dose of 1.4 mg/m2 leads to elevated T4 concentrations during the greater part of the week in all subjects, whereas at a dose of 1.1 mg/m2 T4 levels were elevated for only 2 days and remained in the high normal range for the rest of the week. T3 concentrations rose nearly as rapidly as T4 concentrations and tended to remain in the high euthyroid range throughout the week despite elevated T4 concentrations. The absorption peak occurred 2–4 hr after ingestion.
AN INLAND OIL SPILL CONTROL COURSE: A NEED PERCEIVED AND MET

ABSTRACT Texas A&M University's Engineering Extension Service, in order to meet the need for well trained personnel equipped to evaluate and respond to hydrocarbon spills in inland areas, has implemented an Inland Oil Spill Control Course offered in College Station, Texas. The curriculum is based on a 40-hour training program, with course objectives and goals, using practiced training techniques and equipment. Problems containing inland spills are discussed with special emphasis on those encountered with inland waterways. Methods and equipment specifically designed for groundwater contamination detection, monitoring, and recovery are presented. Discussions of specialized techniques are enhanced by photographs and diagrams. The program is adjusted and modified to meet industry needs and to allow for future growth and expansion.
Ion, water and urea turnover rates in the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum.

Abstract 1. 1. Sodium, chloride, water and urea turnover rates were measured in nurse sharks (Ginglymostoma cirratum) with the aid of radioisotopes. Results show rates of turnover to be 0·46 per cent/hr for sodium, 1·52 per cent/hr for chloride, 81 per cent/hr for water and 0·14 per cent/hr for urea. 2. 2. Comparison with other published data shows that while the turnover of water is substantially higher than that found in marine teleosts, the turnover rates for sodium and chloride are about 5 per cent of the rates found in marine teleosts. 3. 3. The rate of urea turnover compares favorably with previously published rates of urea synthesis in other elasmobranch species.
Transcriptional Architecture and Chromatin Landscape of the Core Circadian Clock in Mammals

The mammalian circadian clock involves a transcriptional feed back loop in which CLOCK and BMAL1 activate the Period and Cryptochrome genes, which then feedback and repress their own transcription. We have interrogated the transcriptional architecture of the circadian transcriptional regulatory loop on a genome scale in mouse liver and find a stereotyped, time-dependent pattern of transcription factor binding, RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) recruitment, RNA expression, and chromatin states. We find that the circadian transcriptional cycle of the clock consists of three distinct phases: a poised state, a coordinated de novo transcriptional activation state, and a repressed state. Only 22% of messenger RNA (mRNA) cycling genes are driven by de novo transcription, suggesting that both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms underlie the mammalian circadian clock. We also find that circadian modulation of RNAPII recruitment and chromatin remodeling occurs on a genome-wide scale far greater than that seen previously by gene expression profiling.
Knowledge of colorectal cancer and use of screening tests in persons 40-74 years of age.

Abstract Telephone surveys were conducted in 1988 on random samples of persons ages 40–74 years in two populations with relatively high rates of colorectal cancer, i.e., in Long Island (NY) and in Connecticut. Correct responses to questions concerning warning signs for and the frequency of colorectal cancer relative to stomach cancer were not related to age but were positively associated with educational level and were greater among females than males. Awareness of the possible role of dietary factors in cancer (i.e., regarding both cured meat and fiber-rich foods) was high, while daily consumption of bran cereals was infrequent. Proportions of respondents who reported having colorectal screening tests increased with age and were higher among college graduates and among those having annual medical check-ups (especially for college graduates). In multivariate analyses age (i.e., 60–74 vs 40–59 years) and education (i.e., college graduates vs all others), along with frequency of medical check-ups, were significant independent predictors of use of colorectal screening tests (both fecal occult blood and proctoscopy), while gender (female) was negatively associated with proctoscopy. Implications for planning intervention programs are discussed.
Grating-coupled surface emitting quantum cascade semiconductor optical pre-amplifier

A grating-coupled surface-emitting mid-IR optical pre-amplifier was fabricated from a quantum cascade laser wafer and demonstrated >15-dB small signal gain with ASE power <-44 dBm. The Bragg grating served as output-coupler, ASE-filter, and wavelength division multiplexer.
Mathematical Induction And Explanation

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Sterilization of short-term capital inflows— through lower interest rates?

Reductions in international interest rates are a major cause of capital flows to emerging economies. Increases in domestic interest rates are a frequent policy response to the resulting price increases. This is often unsuccessful. The paper suggests a theoretical explanation based on distinctive features of emerging financial markets, including imperfect asset substitutability and imperfect capital mobility for some sectors of the economy. It concludes that the appropriate policy response to capital inflows may be lower interest rates.
Ultrastructure of the Reproductive System of the Black Swamp Snake (Seminatrix pygaea). VI. Anterior Testicular Ducts and Their Nomenclature

In this study, the anterior testicular ducts of the North American natricine snake Seminatrix pygaea are described using light and electron micros- copy. From the seminiferous tubules, the rete testis passes into the epididymal sheath, a structure along the medial border of the testis heavily invested with colla- gen fibers. The rete testis consists of simple, nonciliated cuboidal epithelium (principal cells). The intratesticular ducts of the rete testis are narrow (50-70 lm) at their junction with the seminiferous tubules, widen (80-100 lm) as they extend extratesticularly, and divide into smaller branches as they anastomose with the next tubules, the ductuli efferentes. The ductuli efferentes are lined by simple cuboidal epithelium but possess non- ciliated principal cells as well as ciliated cells. These are the only ducts in the male reproductive system with cili- ated cells. The ductuli efferentes are narrow (25-45 lm), divide into numerous branches, and are highly convo- luted. The ductus epididymis is the largest duct in diam- eter (240-330 lm), and the diameter widens and the epithelium thins posteriorly. The ductus epididymis is lined by nonciliated, columnar principal cells and basal cells. No regional differences in the ductus epididymis are apparent. Ultrastructural evidence suggests that all of the nonciliated principal cells in each of the anterior testicular ducts function in both absorption and secre- tion. Absorption occurs via small endocytic vesicles, some of which appear coated. Secretion is by a constitu- tive pathway in which small vesicles and a flocculent material are released via a merocrine process or through the formation of apocrine blebs. The secretory product is a glycoprotein. Overall, the characteristics of the ante- rior testicular ducts of this snake are concordant with those of other amniotes, and the traditional names used for snakes are changed to conform with those used for other sauropsids and mammals. J. Morphol. 271:104- 115, 2010. 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The influence of managed care on the M.S.W. social work student's development of the professional self

Abstract The impact of managed care, together with other changing educational practices and philosophies within schools of social work, converge to undermine the professional development of students as clinical practitioners. As profit, productivity and short‐term, directive, solution‐oriented treatments are emphasized, the basic psychodynamic‐psychosocial foundation for building the professional self is being eroded. This change in educational and field practice emphasis impedes the acquisition of the ability to listen and to hear, to relate professionally, to develop greater reflectiveness, and to accept the ambiguities inherent in the treatment situation. Without a psy‐chodynamically informed theoretical foundation on which to build these capacities, students’ professional development will be compromised.
Transmission of gamma camera signals over long coaxial cables

Transmission of gamma camera analog signals to computers over long coaxial cables is complicated, even if a cable is terminated with its characteristic impedance. Empirical sending-end compensation methods, tailored to cable length, have been developed. The author describes techniques to minimize random noise and common-mode interferences when using a linel-receiver design.
Angiogenesis inhibitors in clinical development for lung cancer

The use of tumor angiogenesis as a therapeutic target is based on extensive literature showing the dependence of tumors on the process of angiogenesis for growth, invasion, and metastasis. Seminal work performed by Folkman three decades ago determined that tumors beyond the size of approximately 2 mm require angiogenesis for subsequent growth and development. This basic hypothesis stimulated research in the field of angiogenesis and has resulted in the identification of factors that both enhance and inhibit this "angiogenic switch." The intent of this article is to present data on several angiogenesis inhibitors that are currently undergoing clinical evaluation in cancer patients. These agents may be particularly useful in the treatment of lung cancer, both as adjunctive therapy in early-stage or locally advanced disease, as well as in combination strategies with platinum-based therapy in metastatic disease. Although angiogenesis inhibitors have been in clinical trials for the past decade, there has been a shift in recent years towards the development of more mechanism-based and receptor-targeted agents. Interestingly, no antiangiogenic agent has been approved as such for use in cancer, perhaps because of the challenges involved in the clinical development of these novel agents. These include the potential requirement for long-term administration, difficulties in deriving biologically efficacious doses in early clinical trials, and the inability to use tumor regression as a primary endpoint in phase II trials.
Relation of concealed faults to water quality and the formation of solution features in the Floridan Aquifer, northeastern Florida, U.S.A

Abstract Geological and hydrological information on the Floridan aquifer in northeastern Florida indicates that isolated occurrences of water having relatively high chloride concentration in the upper part of the aquifer may be associated with buried faults. Water having chloride concentrations of more than 700 mg l −1 occurs in the deeper zone of the aquifer at depths below ∼ 600 m below sea level in the coastal and east-central part of the study area. This deep salty water is under higher artesian pressure than water in the shallower, generally freshwater zones, but it is restricted from moving upward by relatively impermeable dolomite beds. Two buried faults with vertical displacements of 30–45 m are in areas where relatively high concentrations of chloride have been detected in water in the upper part of the aquifer. Geochemical, artesian pressure, and water temperature data show that the source of the relatively high concentrations of chloride in water in the upper part of the aquifer is from the deeper zone. This indicates that the faults may have breached the dolomite confining beds and allowed the upward movement of salty water from the deeper zone. The upward movement of mineralized water along the faults may also have formed some of the solution features found in the aquifer near the faults. In this area, freshwater in the upper part of the aquifer is normally saturated with respect to calcite and dolomite. However, water from wells tapping the upper part of the aquifer near the faults is not fully saturated suggesting that the mixing of deep mineralized water with shallower freshwater produces a mixture that is not saturated with respect to these minerals and allows for the dissolution of limestone in the aquifer near the faults. Dissolution of limestone may also be occurring at the freshwater-saltwater interface in the deeper zones of the aquifer.
Double sided spray cooled bi-directional power conversion module

In this work, a power conversion module (PCM) was packaged and integrated with a double-sided spray cooling system developed to demonstrate vertical thermal management system integration. The parallel design of the power electronics and thermal management system provide the capability for high power density. The spray cooling system designed provides capability for relatively large areas with heat fluxes above 50 W/cm2 using a dielectric fluid like FC72™.
Unifying on-chip and inter-node switching within the Anton 2 network

The design of network architectures has become increasingly complex as the chips connected by inter-node networkshave emerged as distributed systems in their own right, complete with their own on-chip networks. In Anton 2, a massively parallel special-purpose supercomputer for molecular dynamics simulations, we managed this complexity by reusing the on-chip network as a switch for inter-node traffic. This unified network approach introduces several design challenges. Maintaining fairness within the inter-node network is difficult, as each hop becomes a sequence of many on-chip routing decisions. We addressed this problem with an inverse-weighted arbiter that ensures fairness with low implementation costs. Balancing the load of inter-node traffic across the on-chip network is also critical, and we adopted an optimization approach to design an appropriate routing algorithm. Finally, the on-chip routers carry inter-node traffic, so they must implement inter-node virtual channels to avoid deadlock. In order to keep the routers small and fast, we developed a deadlock-free routing algorithm that reduces the number of virtual channels by one-third relative to previous approaches. The resulting Anton 2 network implementation efficiently utilizes its inter-node channels and provides low messaging latency, while occupying a modest amount of silicon area
Mutant FLT3 signaling contributes to a block in myeloid differentiation.

FLT3 is a member of the class III receptor tyrosine kinase family and is primarily expressed on hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Somatic mutations of FLT3 involving internal tandem duplication (ITD) of the juxtamembrane domain or point mutations in the activation loop have been identified in ∼17 – 34% and 7 – 9% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, respectively. The ITD mutations appear to activate the tyrosine kinase domain through receptor dimerization in a FLT3 ligand-independent manner. Constitutively activated FLT3 provides cells with proliferative and anti-apoptotic advantages and portends an especially poor prognosis for patients with this mutation. FLT3/ITD mutations also contribute to a block of myeloid differentiation. FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors suppress the growth and induce apoptosis and differentiation of leukemia cells expressing FLT3/ITD mutants. Therefore, FLT3 is a therapeutic target and inhibition of FLT3 tyrosine kinase activity may provide a new approach in the treatment ...