cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A multizone model of the combustion chamber dynamics in a controlled trajectory rapid compression and expansion machine (CT-RCEM)

Abstract A novel, controlled trajectory rapid compression and expansion machine (CT-RCEM) with the unique capability of precise motion control of the piston has been developed. The compression and expansion profile can be varied, in the CT-RCEM, by digitally changing the piston reference trajectory assigned to the active motion controller. Besides the ease of operation, and wider selection of operating parameters with higher resolution, this capability lowers the turnaround time between experiments by eliminating the need for any hardware intervention. More importantly, this capability allows us to tailor the thermodynamic path of compression (and expansion) – essentially the pressure and temperature profile – by appropriate selection of the piston trajectory. However, to effectively leverage these features of the CT-RCEM, a numerical model is essential – for selection of appropriate thermodynamic path for chemical-kinetic investigations, as well as for the interpretation of the corresponding experimental results. In this work, we present a computationally efficient, physics based multi-zone model of the combustion dynamics of the CT-RCEM, which accounts for the heat loss and piston crevice flows. We show that the concurrent use of the proposed model with the CT-RCEM allows, for the first time, a systematic investigation of the effect of changing piston trajectory – and consequently – the thermodynamic path of compression on the auto-ignition characteristics of fuels. The effect of changing piston trajectory on autoignition characteristics of dimethyl-ether (DME) observed in CT-RCEM experiments has been explained using the proposed model. The study clearly shows that changing the piston trajectory can significantly affect the measured ignition delay due to the resulting change in the thermodynamic path. Also, a shorter compression time for a given compression ratio does not necessarily guarantee smaller reaction progress during compression. The paper concludes by summarizing the unique insight obtained from this study —the use of CT-RCEM for auto-ignition investigation involving thermodynamic paths with similar pressure and temperature conditions at the end of compression but different intermediate species buildup can potentially provide additional information vital for further understanding of the chemical kinetics.
A Two-Axis Water-Immersible Micro Scanning Mirror Driven by Single Inductor Coil through Dynamic Structural Filtering

Abstract In this paper, we report a new electromagnetic two-axis water-immersible scanning mirrors driven by a single inductor coil and its application in 3D scanning ultrasound microscopic imaging. The intrinsic dynamic structural filtering due to significantly different resonance frequencies of the two scanning axes was used to suppress their mechanical coupling and therefore allow independent control of the two scanning motions. For verification, a prototype micro scanning mirror was designed, fabricated and tested. The resonance frequencies of the fast and slow axes in air and water were 720/72 Hz and 690/55 Hz, respectively. The optical tilting angles of both fast and slow axes at the resonance frequencies were characterized, showing good linearity with the amplitude of the driving current. With both axes driven simultaneously, stable and repeatable 2D raster scanning was achieved in both air and water. By tuning the phase differences between the fast- and slow-axis driving currents to shift the raster scanning paths, 2D B-mode and 3D ultrasound microscopic imaging with increased density of image ‘pixels’ were also demonstrated.
Rescripting Trauma: Trans/Gender Detention Politics and Desire in the United States

“President Obama! I am a transgender, undocumented immigrant. Release all transgender people from detention,” yelled Jennicet Gutierrez, cofounder of Familia: Trans Queer Liberation Movement and a ...
Mediastinal Mucormycosis: Case report, review of literature and treatment with continuous liposomal amphotericin B irrigation.

Mediastinal mucormycosis is an uncommon but lethal infection associated with an 83% mortality. We describe a case of fatal Rhizopus microsporus mediastinitis despite three exploratory mediastinal surgeries and complementary systemic and mediastinal irrigation with liposomal amphotericin B. We further review the literature on surgical and antifungal management of mediastinal mucormycosis.
Exploring the Relationship Between Lasting, Quality Social Bonds and Intermittency in Offending

The current study expands the existing understanding of intermittency in offending by applying the age-graded theory of informal social control to further conceptualize and theorize intermittency. Using the Pathways to Desistance data, random effects models are used to determine whether within-individual changes and between-individual differences in the duration and quality of school, employment, and marriage/engagement are related to the time between arrests. Bonds of greater duration to school, employment, and marriage are related to longer average gaps between arrests. Transitioning into low wage employment is related to shorter periods of intermittency in the later years. On average, lower quality employment and marriages during this time period are also tied to shorter time between arrests as opposed to high quality employment and marriages.
η decay into three pions and the on-mass-shell current algebra

We use the on-mass-shell current algebra based on the $\mathrm{SU}(3)\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\mathrm{SU}(3)$ $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ model for calculating the $G$-parity-violating decay $\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3\ensuremath{\pi}$. The model we use consists of the triplet of quarks coupled to the SU(3) scalar and pseudoscalar fields, $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ and $\ensuremath{\varphi}$, and the chiral-symmetry-breaking operators ${u}_{8}$ and ${u}_{3}$ (tadpole terms). Owing to the terms ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{i}{\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{j}$ with $i \ensuremath{\ne} j = 0,3,\mathrm{and} 8$ in the Lagrangian, the axial-vector current sources and fields associated with the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$, $\ensuremath{\eta}$, and ${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ particles are formed by mixtures of terms with opposite $G$ parity; the mixing coefficient $\ensuremath{\epsilon} = \frac{{u}_{3}}{(4{u}_{8})}$. Using these current operators, and having all particles on the mass shell, we evaluate the decay amplitude by the reduction formalism from the $〈3\ensuremath{\pi}|\ensuremath{\eta}〉$ matrix element, making use of pole dominance. The result is proportional to the coefficient $r = 4\ensuremath{\epsilon}$, which is determined by the tadpole parts of the masses and decay constants of the mesons through a set of relations which are derived from our Lagrangian. However, since these masses are not known satisfactorily, we first choose $r$ so as to obtain the observed $\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ decay rate (which is proportional to ${r}^{2}$), and then we verify that such an $r$ value is consistent with the above set of relations. We find that $r = 2.12\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, and in turn the tadpole part of the ${K}^{0}\ensuremath{-}{K}^{+}$ mass difference ${{m}_{{k}^{0}}}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{{m}_{{k}^{+}}}^{2} = 0.0005$ ${\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$. We also find the branching ratio and the ratio of the rates of the $\ensuremath{\eta}$ and ${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ decays in agreement with experiment. Comparing the decay amplitude obtained here with the one derived by the tree-graph method based on the $\mathrm{U}(3)\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\mathrm{U}(3)$ symmetry scheme, we realize the important role of the mixing of the ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{0}$, ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{8}$ and ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{3}$ field components, and the advantage of using the on-mass-shell current algebra for this process.
Heart broken twice: a case of recurrent Takatsubo cardiomyopathy.

A 53-year-old woman with a past medical history of diabetes, hypertension, persistent atrial fibrillation on anticoagulation and resolved takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) 2 years ago presented with 2 days of dyspnoea, fever and dysuria. Her vitals were blood pressure—90/60 mm Hg, pulse rate—
Get the Most from Your Survey: An Application of Rasch Analysis for Education Leaders.

High-quality measurement tools are critical to school improvement efforts. Education researchers frequently employ surveys in order to assess a host of variables associated with school improvement. This article asserts that Rasch modeling techniques enhance the quality of a measurement tool because they comprise elements of both qualitative and quantitative research approaches, and because Rasch modeling corrects the erroneous conclusions that result from the errors associated with ordinal response scale data. This article illustrates, with specific attention to the needs of education leaders and researchers, how the Rasch measurement model gauges the usefulness of survey instruments. This study illustrates the benefits of Rasch modeling using the scale that measures teacher external political efficacy (TEPE). Findings show that a set of four items captures this domain well.
Characterizing hippocampal replay using hybrid point process state space models

In the hippocampus, replay sequences are temporally compressed patterns of neural spiking that resemble patterns that occur when the animal is moving through the environment. Because replay sequences typically occur when the animal is at rest, replay is hypothesized to be part of an internal cognitive process that enables the retrieval of past spatial memories and the planning of future movement. Traditionally, replay sequences have been discovered by identifying sharp wave ripples (SWRs)—high frequency oscillations that occur in association with replay—and then looking within SWRs for spatially continuous patterns of neural spiking. This does not fully account for the content or timing of replay sequences, however. Replay sequences do not always co-occur with sharp wave ripples, have more complex dynamics than spatially continuous movement, have different temporal ordering than during movement, and change based on task. In this work, we introduce a hybrid state space framework to describe the richness of replay sequences. We show how defining discrete latent states associated with continuous latent dynamics and point process observations allows us to identify when non-local replay sequences occur, categorize the type of sequence based on their inferred continuous dynamics, and decode the spatial trajectory corresponding to the replay sequence.
Toward collaborative partnerships: Lessons from parents and teachers of emergent bi/multilingual students

There is widespread consensus that parental involvement in their children’s education contributes to the children’s success at school. However, it is also recognized that non-dominant populations, ...
Evaluation of flunixin meglumine and suture selection on post-operative pain following abdominal surgery in cattle

There is very little published literature objectively measuring analgesics and influence of suture selection on pain in bovine surgery. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of intravenous flunixin meglumine and suture material selection on pain measures following ventral midline celiotomy.
Synchronous resection of colorectal cancer primary and liver metastases: an outcomes analysis.

Abstract Background Concurrent resection of the primary cancer and synchronous colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRCLM) was evaluated for differences in outcomes following stratification of both the liver and colorectal resection. Methods Consecutive cases of synchronous resection of both the CRC primary and CRCLM were reviewed retrospectively at a single, high-volume institution over a 17-year period (2000–2017). Results 273 patients underwent simultaneous resection of CRCLM. The distribution of the primary lesion was similar between the colon (52.4%) and rectum (47.6%), while 46.9% of patients had bilobar liver disease. Major liver/major colorectal resection (n = 24) were significantly more likely to experience colorectal specific morbidity (OR 3.98, 95% CI 1.56–10.15, p = 0.004), liver specific morbidity (OR 7.4, 95% CI 2.22–24.71, p = 0.001), total morbidity (OR 2.91, 95% CI 1.18–7.18, p = 0.020) and 90-day mortality (OR 5.50, 95% CI 1.27–23.81, p = 0.023). Failure to receive adjuvant chemotherapy secondary to postoperative morbidity was associated with significantly worsened survival (HR for death 5.91, 95% CI 1.59–22.01, p = 0.008). Conclusions Postoperative morbidity precluding the administration of adjuvant chemotherapy is associated with an increase in mortality. Combining a major liver with major colorectal resection is associated with a significant increase in major morbidity and 90-day mortality, and should be avoided.
Fast Beam Tracking for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Assisted Mobile mmWave Networks

Millimeter wave (mmWave) communications are vulnerable to blockages and node mobility due to the highly directional signal beams. The emerging Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) technique can effectively mitigate the blockage problem by exploring the non-line-of-sight (NLOS) path, where the beam switching is realized by digitally configuring the phases of RIS elements. To date, most efforts have been made in the stationary scenario. However, when considering node mobility, beam tracking algorithms designed specifically for RIS are needed in order to maintain the NLOS link. In this paper, a fast RIS-based beam tracking algorithm is developed by partly transforming the large amount of signaling time into the calculation happens at base station in a mmWave system with mobile users. Specifically, the differential form of optimal RIS configuration is exploited as the updating beam tracking parameter to avoid complex channel estimation procedure. The RIS-based beam tracking problem is then transformed into an optimization problem whose solution is found by a calculation-based search. Finally, by training on a small set candidate, RIS-based beam tracking is realized. The effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed RIS-based beam tracking algorithm is evaluated by simulations. It shows that the proposed algorithm has near-optimal performance with dramatic savings in terms of signaling time.
Transformative Learning within an International Teaching Experience: Developing as Emerging Culturally Responsive Teachers

Within the teacher education literature, international teaching experiences are lauded as opportunities for teacher candidates to develop multiple perspectives and cultural awareness. The purpose o...
Stress in paradise: effects of elevated corticosterone on immunity and avian malaria resilience in a Hawaiian passerine

Vertebrates confronted with challenging environments often experience an increase in circulating glucocorticoids, which result in morphological, physiological and behavioral changes that promote survival. However, chronically elevated glucocorticoids can suppress immunity, which may increase susceptibility to disease. Since the introduction of avian malaria to Hawaii a century ago, low-elevation populations of Hawaii Amakihi (Chlorodrepanis virens) have undergone strong selection by avian malaria and evolved increased resilience (the ability to recover from infection), while populations at high elevation with few vectors have not undergone selection and remain susceptible. We investigated how experimentally elevated corticosterone affects the ability of high- and low-elevation male Amakihi to cope with avian malaria by measuring innate immunity, hematocrit and malaria parasitemia. Corticosterone implants resulted in a decrease in hematocrit in high- and low-elevation birds but no changes to circulating natural antibodies or leukocytes. Overall, leukocyte count was higher in low- than in high-elevation birds. Malaria infections were detected in a subset of low-elevation birds. Infected individuals with corticosterone implants experienced a significant increase in circulating malaria parasites while untreated infected birds did not. Our results suggest that Amakihi innate immunity measured by natural antibodies and leukocytes is not sensitive to changes in corticosterone, and that high circulating corticosterone may reduce the ability of Amakihi to cope with infection via its effects on hematocrit and malaria parasite load. Understanding how glucocorticoids influence a host's ability to cope with introduced diseases provides new insight into the conservation of animals threatened by novel pathogens.
Presenting Your Research During the Oral Defense

Just as the border agents have the important responsibility of ensuring that a traveler comply with all governmental requirements before passing through their checkpoint, likewise the members of your committee are expected to verify that your research and resulting thesis or dissertation fully meet procedural requirements of your institution as well as scholarly expectations of your discipline.
The Voices of Interracial and Interethnic Couples Raising Biracial, Multiracial, and Bi-ethnic Children Under 10 Years Old.

This study explored the experiences of parents in an interracial or interethnic marriage who were raising children under 10 years old. Nineteen parents married to someone of a different race or ethnicity and with at least one child under 10 years old were surveyed and interviewed between September 2020 and April 2021 as part of a larger study of interracial and interethnic families. A majority of the parents identified four themes that emerged from their parenting practices. These were: (1) racism/discrimination, which they saw or were concerned about in reference to their child(ren); (2) the child(ren)’s ethnic-racial identity development; (3) the child(ren)’s skin color; and (4) the benefits to the child(ren) of being multiracial, biracial, or bi-ethnic. In addition, some of the parents expressed heightened concern for their child(ren) due to the political climate as reflected by recent racial protests and anti-Asian and anti-Latinx hate crimes. Social workers should practice with cultural humility when helping families deal with racism, microaggressions, and the identity development of children. In addition, they should explore the strengths of interracial and interethnic families.
Geographic Boundary Definitions and the Robustness of Common Food Retail Environment Measures

Understanding the relationship between the retail food environment and individual and community health is important for addressing questions about diet-related disease and food security. A wide ran...
Determining feasibility of a set of nonlinear inequality constraints

We show that a particular penalty function algorithm, using an exponential-type penalty function which was introduced by Kort and Bertsekas and by Hartman, is well suited to the problem of finding whether a set of nonlinear inequality constraints has a feasible point. In particular, our algorithm has the property that on virtually all problems, once the penalty parameter reaches or exceeds some finite value, either a feasible point is produced or infeasibility of the set of constraints is demonstrated. Thus it shares an advantage of augmented Lagrangian algorithms even though no multiplier estimates are used. We also demonstrate that with certain choices of the penalty function, our algorithm will produce points which are as feasible as possible, on feasible problems. Some computational results are also presented.
Ten-color immunophenotyping of hematopoietic cells.

Multicolor flow cytometry offers the unique ability to simultaneously assess and correlate multiple cellular properties at the single-cell level in a timely and efficient manner. Principles necessary for the development and evaluation of 10-color flow cytometry panels are discussed. The Basic Protocol outlines a simple and efficient method for the labeling of white blood cells with monoclonal antibodies directed against cell surface antigens. Alternate Protocol 1 incorporates the removal of plasma to allow the simultaneous assessment of surface light-chain expression on B cell populations. Alternate Protocol 2 describes a general method for the simultaneous assessment of surface and cytoplasmic antigens using a combination of fixation followed by membrane permeabilization. The methods were developed in a clinical laboratory setting for the description of normal pathways of hematopoietic maturation and the efficient identification of neoplastic hematopoietic cell populations, but the general principles should also be suitable for other applications. Keywords: immunophenotyping; multicolor; hematopoietic cells; flow cytometry; antibody panel design
The Habeas Corpus Suspension Clause and the Right of Natural Liberty

Important recent scholarship shows that the Habeas Corpus Suspension Clause is aimed mainly at substantive legislation that authorizes confinement by the executive that otherwise would be unlawful. Thus a grant of detention authority that leaves the judicial habeas corpus remedy intact can constitute a suspension subject to the clause. This article emphasizes that at the time of the framing the central example of a suspension of the writ was a grant of extremely broad discretion to the executive to confine people the executive believed to be dangerous. It maintains that broad executive discretion to confine is a necessary condition for a grant of detention authority to qualify as a suspension. Therefore legislative authorization of executive detention for reasons of national security is not a suspension as long as the executive’s discretion is substantially bounded; for example, the confinement of enemy aliens during war does not require suspension of the writ. That is true whether the persons to be detained are citizens or aliens. Congressional grants of legally determinate national security detention authority are thus not limited to cases of rebellion and invasion by the Suspension Clause, because they are not suspensions, and may be applied to citizens and aliens alike.
Constructivism/constructionism: methodology

Despite their diversity, constructivist and social constructionist methods share a common concern with revealing the personal or ‘local’ meanings that characterize an individual or group, and strive for pragmatic utility rather than objective veracity in the usual sense. To exemplify this approach, this article reviews representative constructivist methods, including repertory grid technique, the coding of narrative processes, discourse analysis of public rhetoric, and focus group methodology. Each is shown to have broad applicability and special relevance for research and practice in psychotherapy.
Herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, human herpesvirus 6, and human herpesvirus 7.

The four viruses herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), and human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7), discussed in this chapter, are all members of the family Herpesviridae. Each organism is discussed separately in order to better describe the specific details of the pathogenesis, epidemiology, and diagnostic testing. The majority of cases of HSV reactivation occur in the initial few weeks after transplantation, at the time of maximum pharmacologic immunosuppression. As the majority of immunocompromised patients have recurrent infections with HSV, the role of serology in these patients is of limited diagnostic value. Detection of HSV DNA does not require live virus; therefore, specimen quality is not jeopardized by delays in transport time or fluctuations in transport temperature like it would be for viral culture. Tyrosine kinase-negative VZV strains have been identified, and infections caused by the strains should be treated with foscarnet. The immunocompromised states covered in the chapter include patients who have undergone bone marrow and solid organ transplantation. The majority of the literature surrounding the role of HHV-6 in the transplant population regards patients with bone marrow transplantation. A study compared staining for HHV-6 by using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of tonsillar epithelia of nonimmunosuppressed individuals undergoing tonsillectomy in an attempt to determine if lymphoid tissue was a site of latency in the immunocompetent population. Molecular methods of detection for each of these viruses are sensitive, specific, and available with a relatively short turnaround time.
An analysis of chemical reactor stability and control—Vb: Two-phase gas—liquid and concentrated liquid—liquid reacting systems in physical equilibrium—2

Abstract Pertinent to the design of any chemical reactor is a knowledge of its transient characteristics, in particular the stability of a steady state both to small and large disturbances. The dynamic behaviour of the well-agitated continuous reactor both with and without control devices has been extensively studied for homogeneous reacting media. It is the purpose of this work to consider the natural behaviour of reacting systgems involving two fluid phases in the well-agitated continuous reactor operating under constant conditions. To this end models of the physical rate processes of interfacial heat and mass transfer are constructed for perfectly mixed systems and analysed for multiplicity and stability of steady state solutions. Some methods of non-linear mechanics are applied, and phase plots resulting from digital computer solutions of the non-linear transient equations are constructed for some chosen numerical examples. The study includes systems in which phases are in physical equilibrium, the reaction rate being controlled by the transfer of mass. It is found that the number of possible steady state solutions to the non-isothermal equations depends on the rates of exchange of heat and material between the phases. Phase plots are shown for systems which have no stable state, but exhibit continued oscillations in temperature and concentration. Other examples are shown of systems which possess more than one steady state. In some cases a majority of these states are unstable. In this paper, which is a continuation of (Va), the cases of dilute gas—liquid systems and concentrated liquid—liquid systems in physical equilibrium are analysed.
Single photons and entangled photons from a quantum dot

We present an efficient source of indistinguishable single photons based on a pulsed excitation of a self-assembled InAs/GaAs quantum dot embedded in a three-dimensional micropost microcavity. The probability of generating two photons for the same pulse is reduced to 2%, compared to a Poisson-distributed source of the same intensity. An extension of this technique can be used to generate entangled photons. This photon source is crucial for practical implementations of quantum key distribution, as well as for quantum computation and networking based on photonic qubits.
An example of an Arakelian glove which is a weak Arakelian set

In 1976 at the London Mathematical Symposium on Potential Theory at Durham, England, L. A. Rubel posed the problem of characterising weak Arakelian sets or at least showing whether or not there exists an Arakelian glove which is weak Arakelian. We shall give an example of an Arakelian glove which is weak Arakelian and we shall give a necessary condition for a closed set $F$ in the plane to be weak Arakelian. It seems likely that this necessary condition is also sufficient for $F$ to be weak Arakelian but at the present time we are not able to prove the sufficiency.
DETECTING ENERGY-BALANCE MODIFICATIONS AT THE ONSET OF SPRING

The nature of energy-flux transitions during the onset of midlatitude spring has not been widely examined, despite their critical implications for global-scale biospheric measures and climate change. Further conventional assessment of these phenomena across multiple locations is restricted by satellite-derived data limitations, and the paucity of surface measurement sites. In this paper, we explore a new phenology-based strategy for evaluating the spring surface energy-balance shift that can address these concerns. Our technique can reflect native-species responses and atmospheric surface layer change at a variety of sites, using synoptic-scale first leaf and first bloom phenology models. We test the approach at three locations with diverse climates, and within a group of stations in the state of Oklahoma, which has moderate climate variations across an east-to-west gradient. The results show that the onset of spring in midlatitudes is a modally abrupt (rather than gradual) seasonal transition in terms of...
Factors Associated With Civilian Employment, Work Satisfaction, and Performance Among National Guard Members.

Objective:Employment is a vital part of the postdeployment return to civilian life. This study investigated factors associated with employment-related outcomes (employment status, self-reported work performance, and self-reported work satisfaction) among National Guard members returning from Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, or Operation New Dawn deployments.Methods:The sample consisted of 1,151 National Guard service members who had returned from overseas deployments approximately six months earlier. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed to examine associations between predictors and employment-related outcome variables.Results:Higher-risk alcohol use was associated with reduced odds of being employed as well as with lower ratings of work satisfaction, whereas psychiatric symptom load was associated with lower self-reported work performance and work satisfaction ratings. Perceived social resources were associated with higher self-reported work performance and work satisfa...
Seahorse Xfe24 Extracellular Flux Analyzer-Based Analysis of Cellular Respiration in Caenorhabditis elegans

Mitochondria are critical for their role in ATP production as well as multiple nonenergetic functions, and mitochondrial dysfunction is causal in myriad human diseases. Less well appreciated is the fact that mitochondria integrate environmental and intercellular as well as intracellular signals to modulate function. Because mitochondria function in an organismal milieu, there is need for assays capable of rapidly assessing mitochondrial health in vivo. Here, using the Seahorse XF(e) 24 Extracellular Flux Analyzer and the pharmacological inhibitors dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD, ATP synthase inhibitor), carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP, mitochondrial uncoupler), and sodium azide (cytochrome c oxidase inhibitor), we describe how to obtain in vivo measurements of the fundamental parameters [basal oxygen consumption rate (OCR), ATP-linked respiration, maximal OCR, spare respiratory capacity, and proton leak] of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans.
Reliability and validity of expected outcomes and barriers for habitual physical activity.

We conducted two studies to examine the reliability and validity of self-report scales for assessing outcome-expectancy values and perceived barriers for participating in regular physical activity. In study one with college students (N = 243), independent and reliable psychometric factors were identified as outcome-expectancy values (psychologic, body image, and health) and perceived barriers (time, effort, and obstacles). alpha internal consistency coefficients ranged from .47 to .78, and test-retest stability correlations were .66 to .89. In prospective analyses, subscales significantly predicted supervised running (R2 = .27) and free-living physical activity estimated by seven-day recall at two-, five-, and nine-week intervals (R2 ranged from .13 to .24). In study two with employees at CONOCO World Headquarters (N = 968), similar independent scales were derived for outcome-expectancy values (psychologic, body image/health, competition, fun, and social) and perceived barriers (time, effort, obstacles, and limiting health). alpha internal consistencies ranged from .66 to .85. In cross-sectional analyses the scales combined with sociodemographic factors were significantly correlated with membership (R2 = .18) and participation (R2 = .17) in the on-site health and fitness program. In each instance outcome-expectancy values and perceived barriers explained variance in physical activity not accounted for by sociodemographics (R2 values increased .12). Membership in health and fitness programs outside the work site was also predicted (R2 = .07) by the scales. The scales provide a reliable and valid measurement technology that can be implemented with college or work site populations. Existing social psychology theories of behavior that include outcome-expectancy values or perceived barriers can now be examined as explanations for the adoption and maintenance of a physical activity program.
The Effect of ESL Students' Perceptions of Their Cognitive Strategies on Reading Achievement

U Although a few studies have investigated the cognitive reading strategies used by Hispanic ESL students (Block, 1986; Knight, Padron, & Waxman, 1985), the effect of these students' use of strategies on reading achievement has not been specifically examined. Furthermore, most of these studies have used think-aloud procedures and verbal reports to identify reading strategies, a methodology that has been questioned because students sometimes have difficulty assessing metacognitive processes (Afflerbach & Johnston, 1984; Ericsson & Simon, 1984). On the other hand, a few studies have successfully used self-report instruments to identify the cognitive reading strategies used by students (Hahn, 1984; Paris & Myers, 1981). These instruments, however, have not been used with Hispanic ESL students, nor have they specifically examined the relationship between students' reported use of cognitive reading strategies and performance on measures of reading comprehension.
Pulsed Cs beam development for the BNL polarized H− source

Abstract A pulsed Cs+ beam has been developed for use on a polarized H− source. Caesium ion production is by surface ionization using a porous tungsten ionizer. While satisfactory current pulses (5–10 mA≳0.5 ms) can be obtained, the pulse shapes are a sensitive function of the ionizer temperature and Cs surface coverage. The beam optical requirements are stringent, and the optics have been studied experimentally for both Cs+ and Cs° beams. Computer calculations are in good agreement with the observed results. The present source has delivered 2.6 mA of Cs+ through the interaction region of the polarized ion source, and as much as 2.0 particles mA of Cs°. A new source is being built which is designed to give 15 mA through the interaction region.
Formation of singularities in three-dimensional compressible fluids

Presented are several results on the formation of singularities in solutions to the three-dimensional Euler equations for a polytropic, ideal fluid under various assumptions on the initial data. In particular, it is shown that a localized fluid which is initially compressed and outgoing, on average, will develop singularities regardless of the size of the initial disturbance.
The influence of organizational socialization on police officers' acceptance of community policing

Purpose – The study aims to examine the effect of organizational socialization into police culture on officers' attitudes toward community policing in South Korea.Design/methodology/approach – The study sampled 694 Korean police officers. Policy implication and direction for future research is discussed.Findings – The results indicate a positive relationship between the degree of organizational socialization and police officers' attitudes toward community policing, contrary to hypothesized directions. Police officers who report higher levels of socialization into police culture are more likely to support the philosophy of community policing and line officers' autonomy/participation, and to perceive a positive relationship with citizens. The findings may indicate that police culture in Korea is fundamentally different from those of other countries, even though the Korean police share some common characteristics of police culture (i.e. machismo, isolation, or conflict with citizens) with its counterparts.Or...
EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes protect against human EBV-associated lymphoma in scid mice

Scid mice develop human EBV-positive B cell tumors after injection with EBV-transformed human B cells or peripheral blood lymphocytes from EBV-seropositive donors. Injection of cytotoxic T cell (CTL) lines, selectively expanded in vitro to recognize autologous EBV-transformed B cells, protected mice against developing human lymphoproliferative disease. CTL protection required a single dose of polyethylene-glycol-conjugated IL2. Mice were not protected by CTL that did not specifically recognize EBV-transformed B cells or by mitogen-activated lymphocytes.
Unweathered and weathered aviation kerosine: chemical characterization and effects on hatching success of duck eggs.

The results of a study of the effects of unweathered and weathered aviation kerosine on the hatchability of mallard duck eggs are reported. Egg hatching succes of the control group was not significantly different from that of any of the groups treated with unweathered or weathered aviation kerosine. These results mean that the eggs of waterfowl are probably not endangered by plumage transfer of small amounts of partially weathered kerosine to the eggs. (JMT)
Journalistic Uses of Collective Memory

It has become cliched to assert that journalists write the first draft of history. Far less attention heas been paid to who does the rewrites. Frequently, second drafts of history are also written by journalists. The typology developed here describes the ways journalists use our public past and offers some insights about the process of collective memory development in the news media. Commemorative journalism seems to offer the best chance to reexamine our past, but may offer little incentive to do so. Historical analogies may not encourage us to contest the meaning of the past due to the simple, dramatic narratives of news reporting. Historical contexts may not encourage us to look closely at the meaning we ascribe to the past either, because they are presented as facts rather than interpretations.
Parental Perceptions of a Preschool Gifted Program in a Public School System.

A public preschool gifted program for three and four‐year olds was developed in response to a legislative mandate. An extensive evaluation of a pilot program was performed to examine its strengths and weaknesses. This article describes one aspect of an extensive evaluation of the program: parental perceptions. Conclusions reveal that although preschool parents express concerns about the identification processes used, they are knowledgeable about the needs of gifted preschoolers and the quality of services provided to their children.
COMPARISON OF A BAYESIAN AND A LEAST SQUARES METHOD OF EDUCATIONAL PREDICTION1

The prediction systems under discussion apply where the following conditions obtain: Predictor data are given on the same scale, criterion scores may be given on different scales, and it is necessary to pool data even though criterion scale differences exist. Such a system may be needed for minority group or graduate student prediction where the group sizes are small. Least squares and Bayes methods are used in a cross-validation study conducted for comparison purposes. Data for the study were taken from the files of the Validity Study Service of the College Entrance Examination Board. A very limited amount of data were supplied by a few American graduate schools. The Bayes method was better, but it was found that both methods yield negative regression weights; when the absolute values of the weights were used, the methods were both improved and yielded results which were very similar in terms of evaluative statistics computed in the cross sample.
Do We Practice What We Preach?: An Exploratory Study About How Business Schools Manage Their Human Resources

Using Pfeffer's typology of high-performance human resource management practices, this study examined faculty perceptions of how U.S. schools of business utilize such practices. Results show that faculty believe that most high-performance human resource management practices are used by their schools, particularly employment security, empowerment/self-management, and information sharing. Faculty perceive less attention being devoted to the use of training and development practices, competitive pay, and reward systems. Implications for business school management are presented, which include ensuring that deans and department chairs are trained in effectively managing faculty for achievement of business school missions and goals.
From program evaluation to intstructional information system

Abstract This article describes the emergence of a new and exciting possibility for upgrading teaching and learning in American schools. We call this new phenomenon, instructional information systems (IIS). Instructional information systems are computerized data banks that allow a variety of users to ask important evaluative questions about student learning, classroom function, school management, and district policies. They built on current practice in testing and program evaluation but go way beyond it.
Implementing random scan Gibbs samplers

The Gibbs sampler, being a popular routine amongst Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling methodologies, has revolutionized the application of Monte Carlo methods in statistical computing practice. The performance of the Gibbs sampler relies heavily on the choice of sweep strategy, that is, the means by which the components or blocks of the random vector X of interest are visited and updated. We develop an automated, adaptive algorithm for implementing the optimal sweep strategy as the Gibbs sampler traverses the sample space. The decision rules through which this strategy is chosen are based on convergence properties of the induced chain and precision of statistical inferences drawn from the generated Monte Carlo samples. As part of the development, we analytically derive closed form expressions for the decision criteria of interest and present computationally feasible implementations of the adaptive random scan Gibbs sampler via a Gaussian approximation to the target distribution. We illustrate the results and algorithms presented by using the adaptive random scan Gibbs sampler developed to sample multivariate Gaussian target distributions, and screening test and image data.
Primary amyloidosis associated with a novel heavy-chain fragment (AH amyloidosis)

Primary or AL amyloidosis occurs in patients with monoclonal plasma cell-related disorders and is typically associated with the systemic deposition as amyloid fibrils of the light-chain portion of the immunoglobulin molecule. Recently, the discovery that heavy chains could be involved in amyloid formation led to the designation of this type of disease process as AH amyloidosis. We have now identified a second example of heavy chain-associated amyloidosis in a patient (MAD) who had a serum IgG monoclonal gammopathy and Bence Jones proteinuria. In this case, the renal and splenic amylold deposits consisted solely of the VH-D-encoded portion of the heavy polypeptide chain, in contrast to the first case, where the amyloid contained an immunoglobulin component composed of the entire heavy-chain variable and third constant domains. In this respect, the chemical composition of the amyloid protein MAD differed not only from that of the first reported case of AH amyloidosis but from all other structurally abnormal components found in patients with heavy chain-associated disease. The discovery that certain forms of heavy chains, as well as light chains, can form amyloid provides further information on the chemical basis of amyloidogenicity and the diverse nature of this disease. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effect of a commercially available burn-cooling blanket on core body temperatures in volunteers.

Background: Cooling of burns is one of the oldest therapies, yet there are concerns that excessive cooling may result in hypothermia. Objectives: To determine the effects of surface cooling with a commercially available cooling blanket on the core temperatures of volunteers and to test the ability of the cooling blanket to reduce water evaporation from plastic containers. The null hypothesis was that rectal temperatures would not be reduced by surface cooling and that the cooling blanket would reduce evaporative water loss. Methods: This was a prospective, noncomparative, interventional study. Ten healthy adult volunteers were recruited. Subjects were completely unclothed, and their entire body (excluding the head) was circumferentially wrapped with a commercially available gel-soaked cooling blanket at room temperature. A rectal temperature probe was inserted, and continuous monitoring of vital signs was performed during a 30-minute period. In addition, six plastic containers were filled with 50 mL of room-temperature water, half of which were covered with the cooling blanket. The amount of water remaining within the containers was measured at hourly intervals over four hours. Results: The subjects’ mean age was 38 years; 50% were female. There were no significant changes in core body temperatures over time in any of the study subjects. Mean (95% confidence intervals [CI]) core temperatures at the beginning and at the end of the study period were 37.2oC (95% CI = 37.0oC to 37.4oC) and 37.3oC (95% CI = 37.1oC to 37.5oC), respectively. Water evaporation in the blanket-covered containers was less than in the uncovered containers. Conclusions: The authors conclude that covering healthy volunteers with a room temperature burn-cooling blanket for 30 minutes does not result in hypothermia and that the cooling blanket reduces evaporative water loss. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2006; 13:686‐690 a 2006 by the Society for Academic Emergency
Initial results from coupled-cluster theory

I discuss an interesting method for approaching the quantum many-body problem that will be useful for investigating neutron-rich nuclei that will be produced at next-generation nuclear facilities such as the Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA).
The role of inflammatory cytokines in endothelial dysfunction

Clinical and experimental data support a link between endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. Inflammatory cytokines are important protagonists in formation of atherosclerotic plaque, eliciting effects throughout the atherosclerotic vessel. Importantly, the development of atherosclerotic lesions, regardless of the risk factor, e.g., diabetes, hypertension, obesity, is characterized by disruption in normal function of the endothelial cells. Endothelial cells, which line the internal lumen of the vasculature, are part of a complex system that regulates vasodilation and vasoconstriction, growth of vascular smooth muscle cells, inflammation, and hemostasis, maintaining a proper blood supply to tissues and regulating inflammation and coagulation. Current concepts suggest that the earliest event in atherogenesis is endothelial dysfunction, manifested by deficiencies in the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin. The focus of this review is to summarize recent evidence showing the effects of inflammation on vascular dysfunction in ischemic-heart disease, which may prompt new directions for targeting inflammation in future therapies.