cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aging after retirement: A social psychological process

Abstract The purpose of the study was to explore theoretical explanations of the process of aging of retired older adults going beyond activity and continuity theories. Fourteen older adults who live active and healthy lifestyles were interviewed. Interview transcriptions and field notes were analyzed using grounded theory method to derive theoretical explanations representing the aging social processes of older, retired adults lifestyles. The findings were shared with facility staff and an expert in the field of gerontology for their feedback. A basic social process of Health Transitioning and six core variables were compared with the current literature in social gerontology. Healthy retirement had two clearly defined stages: Early Wellness and Later Illness. Six core variables marked this transition: Having high activity, losing activity, losing personal health, losing the spouse's health, losing the spouse, and losing financial stability. Implications for care-giving of older adults and retirement plan...
Rate-dependent stress evolution in nanostructured Si anodes upon lithiation

The development of stress and fracture in Si-based anodes for lithium-ion batteries is strongly affected by lithiation-induced plasticity. Recent experiments indicate that the nature of plasticity of lithiated silicon is rate-dependent. We establish a theoretical model to capture the viscoplastic mechanical behavior of Si anodes during two-phase lithiation. It is demonstrated that the lithiation-induced stress field is determined by the migration speed of the Li- Li3.75Si interface and the characteristic size of the Si anodes. If experimentally measured interface velocity data in Si nanoparticle are available, the mechanistic model can directly predict the rate-sensitive spatiotemporal stress profile, which is hardly measured in experiments.
Stereo-particle image velocimetry uncertainty quantification

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements are subject to multiple elemental error sources and thus estimating overall measurement uncertainty is challenging. Recent advances have led to a posteriori uncertainty estimation methods for planar two-component PIV. However, no complete methodology exists for uncertainty quantification in stereo PIV. In the current work, a comprehensive framework is presented to quantify the uncertainty stemming from stereo registration error and combine it with the underlying planar velocity uncertainties. The disparity in particle locations of the dewarped images is used to estimate the positional uncertainty of the world coordinate system, which is then propagated to the uncertainty in the calibration mapping function coefficients. Next, the calibration uncertainty is combined with the planar uncertainty fields of the individual cameras through an uncertainty propagation equation and uncertainty estimates are obtained for all three velocity components. The methodology was tested with synthetic stereo PIV data for different light sheet thicknesses, with and without registration error, and also validated with an experimental vortex ring case from 2014 PIV challenge. Thorough sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the relative impact of the various parameters to the overall uncertainty. The results suggest that in absence of any disparity, the stereo PIV uncertainty prediction method is more sensitive to the planar uncertainty estimates than to the angle uncertainty, although the latter is not negligible for non-zero disparity. Overall the presented uncertainty quantification framework showed excellent agreement between the error and uncertainty RMS values for both the synthetic and the experimental data and demonstrated reliable uncertainty prediction coverage. This stereo PIV uncertainty quantification framework provides the first comprehensive treatment on the subject and potentially lays foundations applicable to volumetric PIV measurements.
Comprehensive Stability Design of Planar Steel Members and Framing Systems via Inelastic Buckling Analysis

This paper presents a comprehensive approach for the design of planar structural steel members and framing systems using a direct computational buckling analysis configured with appropriate column, beam and beam-column inelastic stiffness reduction factors. The stiffness reduction factors are derived from the ANSI/AISC 360-16 Specification column, beam and beam-column strength provisions. The resulting procedure provides a rigorous check of all member in-plane and out-of-plane design resistances accounting for continuity effects across braced points as well as lateral and/or rotational restraint from other framing. The method allows for the consideration of any type and configuration of stability bracing. With this approach, no member effective length (K) or moment gradient and/or load height (Cb) factors are required. The buckling analysis rigorously captures the stability behavior commonly approximated by these factors. A pre-buckling analysis is conducted using the AISC Direct Analysis Method (the DM) to account for second-order effects on the in-plane internal forces. The buckling analysis is combined with cross-section strength checks based on the AISC Specification resistance equations to fully capture all the member strength limit states. This approach provides a particularly powerful mechanism for the design of frames utilizing general stepped and/or tapered I-section members.
A Multiphase Flow Simulation for a Cells-on-a-Chip Device

Microfluidics-based microscale cell culture (cells-on-a-chip) provides a well-controlled system with physiological realistic parameters that emulates the organ-to-organ network of the human body. In the microenvironment, the in vivo situation can be resembled closely by controlling the chip geometry, medium flow behavior, medium-to-cell ratio, and other fluid dynamic parameters. This study is to develop a multiphase model to simulate the flow in such a device. The cell deposition rate influenced by the flow shear is discussed. The physics of fluid dynamics for each of the above mentioned parameters is investigated.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Underwater video reveals decreased activity of rocky intertidal snails during high tides and cooler days

Author(s): Taylor, AW; Morgan, SG; Gravem, SA | Abstract: Nearly all of our understanding of rocky inter-tidal ecology comes from studies conducted at low tide. To study inter-tidal organisms at high tide, we anchored waterproof digital GoPro® video cameras in wave-exposed tidepools and recorded the daytime movements of the black turban snail, Tegula funebralis, over the tidal cycle between May and August 2012 near Bodega Bay, California. Overall, snails moved more quickly and presumably foraged more during low tides and on days with warmer air and perhaps water temperatures. This is similar to other ectotherms that exhibit increased metabolic rates, movement and foraging in warmer conditions. Snails also moved less during flood and high tides, may have moved downward in tidepools at flood tides, and showed evidence of reduced activity on days with larger waves. This inactivity and refuge seeking may have been a strategy to avoid dislodgment by waves. Analysis of snail trajectories showed foraging bouts indicated by alternating zig-zagging and straight movement. There was no effect of temperature, wave height, or tidal phase on distribution of snail turning angles, suggesting that they may have foraged consistently but moved faster during warm conditions and low tides, thereby grazing a larger area. This is one of few direct recordings of inter-tidal organisms on wave-exposed rocky shores during high tide. The methods used here are easily transferable to other studies, which are needed to increase our understanding of behaviors that structure rocky shore communities during high tide.
Model Reference Control using Time Delay for Nonlinear Plants with Unknown Dynamics

Abstract Several methods have been developed for the control of plants with unknown dynamics. These include adaptive control, variable structure control and learning control. The control of systems with unknown dynamics is an important issue, particularly in applications where large parameter variations and unexpected disturbances are possible. This paper first defines this control problem and then proposes a method - Model Reference Control using Time Delay (MRC/TD) for nonlinear plants with unknown dynamics. This method will not require unnecessary discontinuous control or repetative actions. The main feature of the MRC/TD is the direct estimation of the unknown dynamics. This is accomplished using time delay. This estimation is then used by the controller to cancel the undesired dynamics and insert the desired dynamics into the plant. The MRC/TD control law for nonlinear plants is presented and the stability analysis and design procedure are given for SISO linear plants. Finally, the validity of MRC/TD is verified through both simulations and experiments.
The radio frequency environment at 240–270 MHz with application to signal-of-opportunity remote sensing

Low frequency observations are desired for soil moisture and biomass remote sensing. Long wavelengths are needed to penetrate vegetation and Earth's land surface. In addition to the technical challenges of developing Earth observing spaceflight instruments operating at low frequencies, the radio frequency spectrum allocated to remote sensing is limited. Signal-of-opportunity remote sensing offers the chance to use existing signals exploiting their allocated spectrum to make Earth science measurements. We have made observations of the radio frequency environment around 240–270 MHz and will discuss properties of desired and undesired signals.
SnapShot: Circadian Clock

Most creatures on this planet possess an ability to anticipate upcoming events in the environment, courtesy of their circadian clocks. This allows them to prepare for those changes instead of being caught by surprise, which could mean the difference between life and death. In this SnapShot, we describe the basics of how the clock ticks.
Whole-Genome Sequence of the Novel Temperate Enterobacter Bacteriophage Tyrion, Isolated from the Gut of the Formosan Subterranean Termite.

ABSTRACT We sequenced the genome of the novel Enterobacter bacteriophage Tyrion isolated from termite gut. The bacteriophage is temperate in nature and belongs to the Podoviridae family. Many predicted bacteriophage genes showed similarity to prophage regions of the genomes of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria. This is the second bacteriophage isolated from termite gut.
Writing from sources: Does audience matter?

Abstract Contextual factors influence the way we speak and write. An audience is central to the rhetorical context and helps to identify the parameters of a writing task. The purpose of this study was to examine whether and how the specification of an audience influenced the summary writing produced by adult English as a Second Language (ESL) writers in a large-scale writing assessment setting. The performance of 205 test takers who completed two writing tasks was compared with respect to audience awareness measured by three aspects of writing: context statements, content, and source attribution. Both tasks required test takers to summarize source information, but they were contrasted with respect to the specification of audience in our analysis. One task was presented without reference to an audience, whereas the other task explicitly instructed test takers to address a reader who was unfamiliar with the sources they would summarize. Of the three aspects of writing, the effect of audience specifications was observed on source attribution and context statements. This was not the case for content when responses between the two tasks were compared. However, all aspects were shown to vary across writing score levels when compared within the writing condition with audience specification.
Retirement and Health

Scholars are only beginning to unravel the health correlates of both the exit from one's ‘career’ job and the final exit from any paid employment, as well as life after retirement. Three processes link health and retirement: social selection, role loss, and reduction of role strain. A life course, role context approach to retirement emphasizes the complexity of this transition. Important factors affecting links between health and retirement include the timing of retirement, gender, the nature of jobs and conditions of work, and life after retirement.
The Vanguard Has Arrived in the Clinical Laboratory: Array-Based Karyotyping for Prognostic Markers in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

This Commentary provides a state of the art for array-based karyotyping in cancer diagnostics.
Large-scale impacts of the mesoscale environment on mixing from wind-driven internal waves

Oceanic mesoscale structures such as eddies and fronts can alter the propagation, breaking and subsequent turbulent mixing of wind-generated internal waves. However, it has been difficult to ascertain whether these processes affect the global-scale patterns, timing and magnitude of turbulent mixing, thereby powering the global oceanic overturning circulation and driving the transport of heat and dissolved gases. Here we present global evidence demonstrating that mesoscale features can significantly enhance turbulent mixing due to wind-generated internal waves. Using internal wave-driven mixing estimates calculated from Argo profiling floats between 30° and 45° N, we find that both the amplitude of the seasonal cycle of turbulent mixing and the response to increases in the wind energy flux are larger to a depth of at least 2,000 m in the presence of a strong and temporally uniform field of mesoscale eddy kinetic energy. Mixing is especially strong within energetic anticyclonic mesoscale features compared to cyclonic features, indicating that local modification of wind-driven internal waves is probably one mechanism contributing to the elevated mixing observed in energetic mesoscale environments. Mesoscale ocean features can alter the magnitude of turbulent mixing caused by wind-driven internal waves, an analysis of Argo float and model data suggests.
A Survey Assessing Privacy Concerns of Smart-Home Services Provided to Individuals with Disabilities

Privacy has been identified as a primary concern among stakeholders (i.e., service recipients, advocates, administrators, family) when using technology to provide residential services to individuals in need. This paper summarizes a study that distributed a survey to agencies that provide services (e.g., clinical, recreational) and resources (e.g., advocacy groups) to people with various types of disabilities (e.g., physical, sensory, intellectual, developmental) across the United States. The results led to several recommendations about how smart-home service providers can use technology in a way that promotes client privacy. In addition, we make several suggestions for how remote staff (i.e., individuals monitoring the information gathered by technology) can assist in the process of ensuring client privacy.
Neighborhood Disparities in the Availability, Advertising, Promotion, and Youth Appeal of Little Cigars and Cigarillos, United States, 2015.

INTRODUCTION Between 2012 and 2016, sales of cigars increased by 29% in the United States. In small local studies, greater little cigar and cigarillo (LCC) availability and marketing has been documented in neighborhoods with a greater proportion of Hispanic or Latino and black residents, and near schools. This national study of cigarette retailers assesses whether LCC availability and marketing at the point of sale is associated with neighborhood racial, ethnic, income, and percent youth demographics. METHODS In 2015, we collected LCC availability and marketing data through retailer audits of a nationally representative sample of 2128 cigarette retailers. Using 2011-2015 American Community Survey census tract estimates, we modeled associations of neighborhood demographics (in quartiles) with availability of LCC-flavored products, and presence of exterior advertisements, youth marketing, and promotions. RESULTS Nearly 90% of retailers sold LCCs, 83.0% sold flavored LCCs, and 30.9% had youth marketing. Controlling for retailer type and other neighborhood characteristics, neighborhoods with the highest proportion of black residents had significantly higher odds of flavored LCC availability (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.52, 3.30); exterior advertisements (AOR = 2.84, 95% CI = 1.94, 4.16); price promotions (AOR = 1.62; 95% CI = 1.07-2.45), and youth appeal (AOR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.08-2.08) compared to the lowest. Disparities in flavored LCC availability, exterior advertising, and youth appeal were also present for lower income neighborhoods. CONCLUSION Neighborhoods with a greater proportion of black or lower income residents have greater flavored LCCs availability and LCC marketing. Without stronger LCC regulation, residents of these neighborhoods may be at a greater risk of LCC use. IMPLICATIONS LCCs are harmful combustible tobacco products that are less regulated than cigarettes (eg, lower taxation, cheaper outlay due to small package sizes, availability of flavors), which makes them an affordable and appealing product to youth. This study documents greater availability, advertising, and marketing of LCCs in neighborhoods with a higher proportion of black or lower-income residents, potentially putting these populations at a greater risk of using or switching to these products in the face of increasing cigarette regulations. These findings underscore the need for local, state, and federal LCC regulatory action.
Outcomes of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation after Salvage Therapy with Blinatumomab in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

Abstract Historically, outcomes of adult patients with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who fail to enter remission with conventional chemotherapy are very poor. Blinatumomab, a bispecific CD3/CD19 antibody, has shown remarkable activity in relapsed/refractory (r/r) ALL. Although allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) is the recommended consolidation therapy for patients with r/r ALL who respond to salvage therapy, HCT and toxicity outcomes for those who received blinatumomab salvage and HCT remain largely unknown. We treated 89 patients with r/r ALL with blinatumomab, of whom 43 patients (48%) achieved remission. Here we describe our single-center experience in the subset of patients who responded to blinatumomab salvage therapy for eradication of either gross (n = 24) or minimal residual disease (n = 11) before HCT. Overall survival at 1 and 2 years after allogeneic HCT was 77% and 52%, respectively. Leukemia-free survival at 1 and 2 years were 65% and 40%, respectively. Additionally, with blinatumomab administration pre-HCT, no unusual toxicities such as delayed neutrophil/platelet engraftment or graft failure were observed. Acute grades II to IV graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) at day +100 post-HCT was at 43% and 2-year chronic GVHD was 36%, both comparable with historic control subjects. Finally, results of our subset analysis based on pre-HCT minimal residual disease (MRD) status indicated no significant difference in survival outcomes among patients undergoing transplant in MRD-negative status and the entire cohort. In conclusion, based on results of this study, blinatumomab may be considered as a safe and effective agent for r/r ALL patients before HCT.
Relationship between trait suggestibility and eating-related behaviors in overweight and obesity

Differences in trait suggestibility among those with obesity may help explain differential responses to weight-loss interventions. Ubiquitous advertising of unhealthy foods, weight-loss products that are not evidence-based, and myths regarding weight loss could be particularly sabotaging in individuals with high levels of suggestibility, with or at risk of developing obesity. This study explored relationships between suggestibility, body mass index (BMI), and self-reported eating-related behaviors that vary among those with obesity. A sample of ethnically diverse adults (N = 73) with a BMI ≥25 completed the Short Suggestibility Scale (SSS), Palatable Eating Motives Scale (PEMS), Binge Eating Scale (BES), Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire-Restraint (DEBQ-R), and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS). Impulsiveness was controlled in analyses due to its strong association with suggestibility. Analyses revealed that BMI was not related to SSS scores, consistent with studies using hypnotic-suggestibility scales. However, SSS scores were positively associated with eating caloric food more frequently for Reward, Social, and Conformity motives, and with greater actual dieting behavior, and binge eating. Suggestibility was not related to eating for Coping motives or effort to diet. If supported by future replications, knowledge of these associations could potentially help inform and tailor weight-loss interventions to protect those that may be most susceptible to adopting invalid messages and products.
Depoliticizing the political: cultural policy and musical diversity in a Provençal children’s choir

As musicians and arts administrators in France today engage with increasingly diverse music cultures, they also confront increasing xenophobia and racism. Politicians, however, are rarely intereste...
Prognostic Impact and Utility of Immunoprofiling in the Selection of Patients with Colorectal Peritoneal Carcinomatosis for Cytoreductive Surgery (CRS) and Heated Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC)

Recent studies have shown an association in non-metastatic colorectal cancer between patient survival and immunoprofiling (expression of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD45, and FOXP3 T cells at the invasive margin (IM) and the tumor center (TC)) regardless of stage. Patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis have a dismal prognosis, but survival can be significantly improved in selected patients who undergo cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS/HIPEC). However, current patient selection for CRS/HIPEC is suboptimal. The purpose of this study is to evaluate immune profiles of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis and their correlation with overall survival (OS). The study cohort included patients from a prospectively maintained database of adults with colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis who underwent CRS/HIPEC. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) using antibodies to CD3, CD4, CD8, CD45RO, and FOXP3 T cells was performed. IHC image density was calculated using ImageJ software, and an immunoscore was determined. Eighty tumors were evaluated from 66 patients. These included 14 primary sites and 66 metastatic sites. R0/R1 resection was achieved in 44 (66.7%) patients. Known prognostic factors including resection status (HR 1.99, p = 0.004) and lymph node status (HR 3.49, p = 0.002) were associated with overall survival. On multivariate analysis, increased CD3/CD4 IM (HR 0.54, p = 0.03) ratio positively was associated with improved OS. This is the first study to assess the utility of subtypes of T cells as prognostic markers in patients with colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis, which may play a role in patients with low-volume disease. Further studies into immune mechanisms may improve patient selection for cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC as well as provide novel pathways for effective immunotherapy.
Endogenous endophthalmitis in patients with intravenous opioid use: demographics and associated comorbidities.

To identify risk factors for endogenous endophthalmitis (EE) in hospitalized adults, under 65 years of age, with a history of intravenous opioid use and non-ocular infection. The National Inpatient Sample Database was used to identify cases of EE with a recent history of intravenous opioid use disorder with associated non-ocular infection. Systemic and ocular comorbidities were identified using codes from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9). Descriptive and regression analyses were performed to evaluate the risk factors for EE using IBM SPSS 23. Of the 605,859 inpatients, 21–65 years age, who had a history of recent opioid-IVDU and an associated IVDU-associated systemic infection, 363 (0.1%) had EE. Systemic comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, mitral valve disease, aortic valve disease, history of cardiac valve transplantation, chronic kidney disease/renal failure, cirrhosis, active or previous radiation therapy, and history of solid organ transplantation were significantly more prevalent in patients with EE. A significantly increased risk of EE in intravenous opioid users was noted if they were of male gender (OR = 1.84), Asian/Pacific Islander ethnicity (OR = 4.41), had history of cirrhosis (OR = 2.33), active or history of radiation therapy (OR = 14.74), history of solid organ transplantation (OR = 5.91), candidemia (OR = 15.22), and infectious endocarditis (OR = 4.83). Conversely, concurrent alcohol use disorder (OR = 0.35) decreased the risk of EE. Various demographic variables and systemic comorbidities increased the risk of developing EE in inpatients with a history of intravenous opioid use with associated non-ocular infection.
MS2Planner: improved fragmentation spectra coverage in untargeted mass spectrometry by iterative optimized data acquisition.

MOTIVATION Untargeted mass spectrometry experiments enable the profiling of metabolites in complex biological samples. The collected fragmentation spectra are the metabolite's fingerprints that are used for molecule identification and discovery. Two main mass spectrometry strategies exist for the collection of fragmentation spectra: data-dependent acquisition (DDA) and data-independent acquisition (DIA). In the DIA strategy, all the metabolites ions in predefined mass-to-charge ratio ranges are co-isolated and co-fragmented, resulting in multiplexed fragmentation spectra that are challenging to annotate. In contrast, in the DDA strategy, fragmentation spectra are dynamically and specifically collected for the most abundant ions observed, causing redundancy and sub-optimal fragmentation spectra collection. Yet, DDA results in less multiplexed fragmentation spectra that can be readily annotated. RESULTS We introduce the MS2Planner workflow, an Iterative Optimized Data Acquisition strategy that optimizes the number of high-quality fragmentation spectra over multiple experimental acquisitions using topological sorting. Our results showed that MS2Planner increases the annotation rate by 38.6% and is 62.5% more sensitive and 9.4% more specific compared to DDA. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION MS2Planner code is available at https://github.com/mohimanilab/MS2Planner. The generation of the inclusion list from MS2Planner was performed with python scripts available at https://github.com/lfnothias/IODA_MS. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Cyber-Security through Dynamic Watermarking for 2-rotor Aerial Vehicle Flight Control Systems

We consider the problem of security for unmanned aerial vehicle flight control systems. To provide a concrete setting, we consider the security problem in the context of a helicopter which is compromised by a malicious agent that distorts elevation measurements to the control loop. This is a particular example of the problem of the security of stochastic control systems under erroneous observation measurements caused by malicious sensors within the system. In order to secure the control system, we consider dynamic watermarking, where a private random excitation signal is superimposed onto the control input of the flight control system. An attack detector at the actuator can then check if the reported sensor measurements are appropriately correlated with the private random excitation signal. This is done via two specific statistical tests whose violation signifies an attack. We apply dynamic watermarking technique to a 2-rotor-based 3-DOF helicopter control system test-bed. We demonstrate through both simulation and experimental results the performance of the attack detector on two attack models: a stealth attack, and a random bias injection attack.
Maternal Smc3 Protects the Integrity of the Zygotic Genome Through DNA Replication and Mitosis

The integrity of the zygotic genome is critical for successful embryogenesis. SMC3 is a subunit of the evolutionarily conserved multisubunit cohesin complex that supports genome integrity, but its role in preserving the zygotic genome is unknown. Although depletion of Smc3 post S phase in oocytes did not impact meiosis, surprisingly, female mice were infertile. We find that maternal SMC3 is essential to protect the zygotic genome. In contrast to a previously reported role for cohesin in G1-stage zygotes, we provide evidence that DNA lesions accumulated following S phase in zygotes deficient in SMC3, followed by mitosis with lagging chromosomes, micronuclei, and arrest at the 2-cell stage. Remarkably, maternal youth was sufficient to restore successful embryogenesis in mutant females. Our findings demonstrate that maternal cohesin is essential for repair of spontaneous damage associated with DNA replication and subsequent chromosome segregation in zygotes, making cohesin a key protector of the zygotic genome.
Magnetically Controlled Growing Rods for the Management of Early-onset Scoliosis: A Preliminary Report.

Background:A new method for the management of early-onset scoliosis (EOS) has been recently introduced: it consists of a magnetically controlled growing rod (MCGR) that allows gradual outpatient distractions under control of an external remote device. The aim of the present study is to present a ser
Determination of Stability Derivatives by Impulse-Response Techniques

This paper presents a new method of experimentally determining the stability derivatives of a ship. Using a linearized set of the equations of motion which allows for the presence of a memory effect, the response of the ship to impulsive motions is examined. This new technique is compared with the traditional method of regular-motion tests and experimental results are presented for both methods.
Conclusion and Criticism

It will be appropriate to close this study by recapitulating the way which we have chosen to follow through the Platonic dialogues. At the same time two additional questions will be briefly considered. Specifically, Plato’s remarks about immortality in the Timaeus pose a problem, and the final form which the doctrine of the self might take offers another.
Hydromechanics of Swimming of Fishes and Cetaceans

Publisher Summary Discussion of the hydromechanics of swimming depends on the main methods of propulsion, in terms of the modes of movements employed by the body and appendages, as well as other important flow parameters. The hydromechanics of the swimming of fishes and cetaceans has so far been developed on the basis of small amplitude theory. The undulatory motions that most aquatic animals make to propel themselves through water may be divided into two components: one perpendicular and the other tangential to the animal's instantaneous longitudinal axis of centroid. Under natural conditions, the amplitude of the undulatory transverse waves of the body motion is usually moderate or large, even during the optimum performance at high hydromechanical efficiencies. While the simplified slender-body theory and the two-dimensional theory can provide useful information and preliminary physical insight that would be valuable for deeper understanding, it is nevertheless difficult to give an estimate of their degree of accuracy. Further developments in theoretical and experimental approaches are certainly important and desirable.
Maximizing efficiency of rumen microbial protein production

Rumen microbes produce cellular protein inefficiently partly because they do not direct all ATP toward growth. They direct some ATP toward maintenance functions, as long-recognized, but they also direct ATP toward reserve carbohydrate synthesis and energy spilling (futile cycles that dissipate heat). Rumen microbes expend ATP by vacillating between (1) accumulation of reserve carbohydrate after feeding (during carbohydrate excess) and (2) mobilization of that carbohydrate thereafter (during carbohydrate limitation). Protozoa account for most accumulation of reserve carbohydrate, and in competition experiments, protozoa accumulated nearly 35-fold more reserve carbohydrate than bacteria. Some pure cultures of bacteria spill energy, but only recently have mixed rumen communities been recognized as capable of the same. When these communities were dosed glucose in vitro, energy spilling could account for nearly 40% of heat production. We suspect that cycling of glycogen (a major reserve carbohydrate) is a major mechanism of spilling; such cycling has already been observed in single-species cultures of protozoa and bacteria. Interconversions of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) may also expend ATP and depress efficiency of microbial protein production. These interconversions may involve extensive cycling of intermediates, such as cycling of acetate during butyrate production in certain butyrivibrios. We speculate this cycling may expend ATP directly or indirectly. By further quantifying the impact of reserve carbohydrate accumulation, energy spilling, and SCFA interconversions on growth efficiency, we can improve prediction of microbial protein production and guide efforts to improve efficiency of microbial protein production in the rumen.
The WWW Based Data Mining Toolbox Architecture

This paper presents the Data Mining (DM) toolbox architecture based on cutting edge World Wide Web (WWW) technologies. The DM toolbox is used to discover new and useful knowledge by integrating results generated by multiple DM tools. The proposed architecture allows submission of data to the DM toolbox and generation of results that combine knowledge generated by several different DM tools. The DM toolbox dynamically finds DM tools that are relevant to a specific data mining task, submits the data to the tools, receives results of their analysis, and combines the results to generate a final report. The proposed architecture will increase the usability of DM tools, helping achieve a more consistent and better integrated Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery (DMKD) process.
A 100V reconfigurable synchronous gate driver with comparator-based dynamic dead-time control for high-voltage high-frequency DC-DC converters

This paper presents an integrated reconfigurable high-voltage (HV) synchronous gate driver for driving eGaN FET and Si-MOSFET power switches that have different turn-on-voltage requirements. The proposed gate driver has a comparator-based dynamic dead-time controller to enable zero-voltage-switching operation of both high- and low-side power FETs with minimal body diode conduction loss. Thanks to the proposed HV level shifter, large transient current can be generated under high dV/dt at the converter switching node for reliability enhancement. Implemented in a 0.5µm HV CMOS process, the proposed 100V synchronous gate driver can enable 2MHz and 1MHz ZVS operations for driving commercial eGaN FETs and MOSFETs, respectively. The dynamic dead-time controller enables ZVS operation of power switches for a wider input range from 40V to 100V. The proposed gate driver is capable of handling 100V/ns slew rate at the switching node.
An integrative review of information systems and terminologies used in local health departments.

Objective The purpose of this integrative review based on the published literature was to identify information systems currently being used by local health departments and to determine the extent to which standard terminology was used to communicate data, interventions, and outcomes to improve public health informatics at the local health department (LHD) level and better inform research, policy, and programs. Materials and methods Whittemore and Knafl's integrative review methodology was used. Data were obtained through key word searches of three publication databases and reference lists of retrieved articles and consulting with experts to identify landmark works. The final sample included 45 articles analyzed and synthesized using the matrix method. Results The results indicated a wide array of information systems were used by LHDs and supported diverse functions aligned with five categories: administration; surveillance; health records; registries; and consumer resources. Detail regarding specific programs being used, location or extent of use, or effectiveness was lacking. The synthesis indicated evidence of growing interest in health information exchange groups, yet few studies described use of data standards or standard terminology in LHDs. Discussion Research to address these gaps is needed to provide current, meaningful data that inform public health informatics research, policy, and initiatives at and across the LHD level. Conclusions Coordination at a state or national level is recommended to collect information efficiently about LHD information systems that will inform improvements while minimizing duplication of efforts and financial burden. Until this happens, efforts to strengthen LHD information systems and policies may be significantly challenged.
Fifth-Order Many-Body Perturbation Theory and Its Relationship to Various Coupled-Cluster Approaches*

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the fifth-order terms generated by several different coupled-cluster (CC) approaches and compares them with all fifth-order MBPT diagrams. This will enable to analyze the steps required to compute these terms. Several simplifications are identified. In particular, all the fifth-order diagrams arising from T 4 may be obtained with only an n 6 algorithm. To enumerate the fifth-order terms, a modified type of diagram is introduced that reduces the overall number of fifth-order diagrams. There are several different methods of calculating fifth-order diagrams. One of the most straightforward would be to collect all the different fifth-order diagrams, to factorize them if possible, and to compute them one by one, several of them requiring multiplication by two to account for their Hermitian conjugates demonstrated by comparing, for instance, groups of diagrams. Later, the results discussed in the chapter exhibit that the calculation of the fifth-order energy is feasible and when carefully implemented may be applied to moderate-sized systems. The number of terms that must be considered may be substantially reduced by taking into account the fact that many of the diagrams have identical values and many are amendable to factorization.
Activation of the parasympathomimetic alkaloid slaframine by microsomal and photochemical oxidation.

Slaframine (1-acetoxy-6-aminooctahydroindolizine) is photochemically converted to two major products. On the basis of chemical studies done on the NaBH4-reduced materials, structures have been assigned. The first compound arises from deamination and rearrangement to a cyclic imine. The second compound is apparently formed by direct electron transfer and hydrolysis to produce a ketoimine. The two compounds can be separated from each other and from slaframine by ion-exchange chromatography; the latter product is biologically active while the former is not. The same products are formed with rat or porcine liver microsomes in the presence and absence of pyridine nucleotides; the microsomal activation is also insensitive to carbon monoxide, 2-diethylaminoethyl 2,2-diphenylvalerate, cyanide, and prior treatment of the animals with phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene. Purified porcine hepatic microsomal flavoprotein oxidase was shown to oxidize slaframine to the active metabolite; either reduced or oxidized pyridine nucleotides enhanced product formation by stabilizing the enzyme. This enzyme appears to oxidize slaframine directly and is postulated to be primarily responsible for slaframine activation in vivo . ACKNOWLEDGMENT We are indebted to Dr. D. M. Ziegler for providing purified flavoprotein oxidase.
Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) Observations of M81

Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) images of M81 show three distinct morphological constituents: a smooth distribution of evolved stars with bulge, disk, and spiral arm components; a clumpy distribution of dust emission tracing the spiral arms; and a pointlike nuclear source. The bulge stellar colors are consistent with M-type giants, and the disk colors are consistent with a slightly younger population. The dust emission generally follows the blue and ultraviolet emission, but there are large areas that have dust emission without ultraviolet and smaller areas with ultraviolet but little dust emission. The former are presumably caused by extinction, and the latter may be due to cavities in the gas and dust created by supernova explosions. The nucleus appears fainter at 8 μm than expected from ground-based 10 μm observations made 4 years ago.
Experimental immobilization and remobilization of rat knee joints

This is a histological study of rat knee joints that were subjected to limitation of motion alone or were remobilized after varying periods of restricted movement. A progression of morphological changes consequent to restriction of motion was found, and it was possible to gain some indication of the degree of reversibility of these changes after varying periods of immobilization and remobilization either by a single forced manipulation, or by active movement alone, or by repeated gentle passive movement. On the basis of this study, we have arrived at the following conclusions in regard to experimental joint immobilization and remobilization in the rat: 1. Rigid immobilization is not essential to produce structural change, and the maintenance of a slight range of motion will not prevent structural changes; 2. After prolonged immobilization, contracture of both the muscles and the capsule is responsible for restriction of motion, with shortening of the muscles being primarily at fault; 3. Proliferation of intracapsular connective tissue and the formation of adhesions are primary responses to limitation of motion—to a limited degree these changes are reversible; 4. Major cartilage alterations, such as matrix fibrillation, cleft formation and ulceration, as well as their adjacent subchondral lesions, result from abnormal friction and pressure in a joint compromised by limitation of motion—these changes are not reversible; 5. In the rat, the joint changes that are caused by restriction of motion appear to be reversible if the period of immobilization does not exceed thirty days—after sixty days of immobilization all major joint alterations consequent to the restriction of motion have appeared, and further immobilization after this time only causes changes in the degree of these alterations; 6. With forced remobilization there is tearing of the connective tissue that has proliferated within the joint, often in a plane different from that of the original joint cleft; subsequently, associated with continued motion of the joint, a cellular layer with the characteristics of synovial membrane forms about the surfaces of the new cleft; 7. Three methods of remobilization—forced, active, and passive—were used in these experiments, which were equally effective in restoring of the range of motion; after thirty-five days of remobilization by any means the joints were histologically indistinguishable.
A Standardized Method for Measuring Intracranial Arterial Stenosis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Atherosclerosis of the major intracranial arteries is an important cause of ischemic stroke. We established measurement criteria to assess percent stenosis of a major intracranial artery (carotid, middle cerebral, vertebral, basilar) and determined the interobserver/intraobserver agreements and interclass/intraclass correlations of these measurements. METHODS: We defined percent stenosis of an intracranial artery as follows: percent stenosis = [(1 − (D stenosis /D normal ))] × 100, where D stenosis = the diameter of the artery at the site of the most severe stenosis and D normal = the diameter of the proximal normal artery. If the proximal segment was diseased, contingency sites were chosen to measure D normal : distal artery (second choice), feeding artery (third choice). Using a hand-held digital caliper, three neuroradiologists independently measured D stenosis and D normal of 24 stenotic intracranial arteries. Each observer repeated the readings 4 weeks later. We determined how frequently two observers9 measurements of percent stenosis of each of the 24 diseased arteries differed by 10% or less. RESULTS: Among the three pairs of observers, interobserver agreements were 88% (observer 1 versus observer 2), 79% (observer 1 versus observer 3), 75% (observer 2 versus observer 3) for the first reading and were 75% (observer 1 versus observer 2), 100% (observer 1 versus observer 3), and 71% (observer 2 versus observer 3) for the second reading. Intraobserver agreement for each of the observers was 88%, 83%, and 100%. Interclass correlation was 85% (first reading) and 87% (second reading). Intraclass correlation was 92% (first and second readings combined). CONCLUSION: This method shows good interobserver and intraobserver agreements for the measurement of intracranial stenosis of a major artery. If validated in subsequent studies, this method may serve as a standard for the measurement of percent stenosis of an intracranial artery.
Transient magnetic field of a strip line with a magnetic keeper

The transient magnetic field of a strip line in a memory device with a finite conductivity ground plane and a finite permeability magnetic keeper is studied. The driving source consists of a line current or a uniform current sheet. The waveform of the current is assumed to be piecewise linear. Laplace and Fourier transform methods are used to obtain the field.
Phenylketonuria: implications of initial serum phenylalanine levels on cognitive development.

This study investigated influences of diagnostic phenylalanines, age at initiation of diet, and dietary control, separately and in combination, on cognitive development for 29 phenylketonuric children (17 boys and 12 girls) who ranged in age from 1 to 1,184 days. Initial serum phenylalanine concentrations and age at initiation of therapy were significantly related to cognitive development, whereas neither dietary and biochemical control relative to blood levels of phenylalanine or for these variables in combination exerted a statistically significant effect on measures of functioning. The interaction between initial serum phenylalanine level and age at onset of diet did reach nearly significant proportions, suggesting that the relation between diagnostic phenylalanines and subsequent cognitive development in the phenylketonuric population warrants further study. Despite an approximately 13-point decrease in IQs between initial (1 yr.) and most recent measurements (3 yr.), all 29 children were functioning ...
From the classroom to the museum: understanding faculty-designed assignments in an academic museum

Abstract A renewed interest in shaping academic museums into sites for multidisciplinary learning has created a need to involve faculty members and academic administrators in the pedagogical work of museums. Providing new insight into these efforts, this article examines patterns in museum-based assignments from a wide range of disciplines. These patterns reveal how the assignments direct students to engage objects, ideas, and texts through four types of commonly used exercises in college teaching: observation and interpretation, analysis and synthesis, research, and organization. Using these exercises as categories and providing detailed descriptions of more than 20 assignments to serve as models, this article presents a framework that will benefit academic museum professionals working to build curricular engagement with their companion academic institutions.