cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A novel rat model for subchondral microdamage in acute knee injury: a potential mechanism in post-traumatic osteoarthritis

Summary Objective Subchondral microdamage may play an important role in post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) development following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. It remains unknown whether this injury mechanism causes subchondral microdamage, or whether its repair occurs by targeted osteoclast-mediated remodeling. If so these events may represent a mechanism by which subchondral bone is involved in PTOA. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that subchondral microdamage occurs, and is co-localized with remodeling, in a novel rat model of ACL rupture. Design We developed a novel non-invasive rat animal model for ACL rupture and subchondral microdamage generation. By inducing ACL rupture noninvasively rather than surgically, this more closely mimics the clinical injury. MicroCT, MRI and histological methods were used to measure microstructural changes, ligament damage, and cellular/matrix degeneration, respectively. Results We reproducibly generated ACL rupture without damage to other soft joint tissues. Immediately after injury, increased microdamage was found in the postero-medial aspect of the tibia. Microstructural parameters showed increased resorption at 2 weeks, which returned to baseline. Dynamic histomorphometry showed increased calcein label uptake in the same region at 4 and 8 weeks. Chondrocyte death and protease activity in cartilage was also noted, however whether this was directly linked to subchondral changes is not yet known. Similarly, cartilage scoring showed degradation at 4 and 8 weeks post-injury. Conclusions This study shows that our novel model can be used to study subchondral microdamage after ACL-rupture, and its association with localized remodeling. Cartilage degeneration, on a similar time-scale to other models, is also a feature of this system.
Distance-aware DNNs for robust speech recognition.

Distant speech recognition (DSR) remains to be an open challenge, even for the state-of-the-art deep neural network (DNN) models. Previous work has attempted to improve DNNs under constantly distant speech. However, in real applications, the speaker-microphone distance (SMD) can be quite dynamic, varying even within a single utterance. This paper investigates how to alleviate the impact of dynamic SMD on DNN models. Our solution is to incorporate the frame-level SMD information into DNN training. Generation of the SMD information relies on a universal extractor that is learned on a meeting corpus. We study the utility of different architectures in instantiating the SMD extractor. On our target acoustic modeling task, two approaches are proposed to build distance-aware DNN models using the SMD information: simple concatenation and distance adaptive training (DAT). Our experiments show that in the simplest case, incorporating the SMD descriptors improves word error rates of DNNs by 5.6% relative. Further optimizing SMD extraction and integration results in more gains.
Patterns of estradiol response in patients with endogenous gonadotropin surges during follicular recruitment in an in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer program.

This report is an analysis of 16 cycles in 15 patients stimulated with human menopausal gonadotropin and clomiphene citrate for the purpose of follicular recruitment in an in vitro fertilization program, all of which resulted in endogenous luteinizing hormone (LH) surges. A study of the pattern of estradiol (E 2 ) response to stimulation revealed two groups of cycles, designated "leap" pattern (9 cycles) and "plateau" pattern (7 cycles), the rate of rise of E 2 increasing or decreasing, respectively, as the time of the LH surge was approached. There were no significant differences between these groups of cycles in the peak E 2 level attained or the number of follicles ≥ 12 mm on the day of peak E 2 . In the plateau, but not in the leap pattern cycles, a significant correlation ( r = 0.958) was found between the number of follicles ≥ 12 mm and the peak E 2 . We tentatively conclude that (1) "plateau" pattern cycles reflect relatively synchronous follicular recruitment; the greater the number of follicles recruited, the higher the E 2 level attained, increased amounts of inhibin-like substances being available to restrain the LH surge; (2) "leap" pattern cycles reflect asynchronous follicular recruitment.
Mechanisms of Action of the Bariatric Procedures

Bariatric surgery is the most effective method of sustained long-term weight loss, and it has been extensively proven to ameliorate or resolve most of the associated comorbidities with severe obesity, diabetes included. Traditionally the accepted mechanisms of action of the bariatric procedures were based on the concepts of restriction of calorie intake, malabsorption of nutrients, and a combination of the two. As the close interaction between diet, gut, and brain hormones becomes known, the mechanisms of action of these procedures, as well as their classification, have significantly changed. In fact, it has now become well recognized how the centrally regulated body weight homeostasis is profoundly influenced by hormones secreted in the intestinal tract and adipose tissue. The overall balance of these peripherally secreted hormones and their interaction at the level of the hypothalamus would eventually affect food intake and energy expenditure.
Biochemical aspects in striatal dopamine receptor desensitization

The understanding of the biochemical processes involved in the function of brain striatal dopamine receptors are of great biological concern. Ample evidence exists that abnormalities of dopaminergic neurotransmission in the brain are of clinical importance. For example, degeneration of the nigra-striatal dopaminergic pathway is the primary feature in the etiology of Parkinson’s disease (Ehringer and Hornykiewicz, 1960), whereas a supersensitive dopaminergic receptor is believed to be operative in psychoses including schizophrenia (Snyder et al., 1974). In addition, antischizophrenic compounds (Klein and Davis, 1969; Clement-Cormier et al., 1974) and drugs with central stimulatory action (Griffith et al., 1969; Costa et al., 1972) have been shown to modify dopamine neurotransmission, and this finding has been exploited for therapeutic purposes in the past decades.
Association of Dietary Intake and Biomarker Levels of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury among Asian Populations in the United States: NHANES 2011-2012.

Background:We have recently shown that biomarker levels of selected metals are higher in Asians than in other U.S. ethnic groups, with important differences within selected Asian subgroups. Much of...
David Oliver: Wishful thinking won’t save the NHS

Annual funding for the NHS is falling ever further behind increases in activity costs. The government’s promise in 2015 of an additional £8bn assumed heroic savings of £22bn over a five year parliament, which health policy experts think unattainable.1 2 The NHS now has the biggest deficit in its history.3 4 Various NHS leaders, policy makers, and commentators propose big ideas for better value and quality.5 The strength of the evidence base varies, but, even where the evidence for magical solutions is stronger, can these ideas save services from the financial precipice? Here’s …
Softening the Blow of Social Exclusion: The Responsive Theory of Social Exclusion

Social exclusion is an interactive process between multiple people, yet previous research has focused almost solely on the negative impacts on targets. What advice is there for people on the other side (i.e., sources) who want to minimize its negative impact and preserve their own reputation? To provide an impetus for research on the interactive nature of exclusion, we propose the Responsive Theory of Social Exclusion. Our theory postulates that targets and sources’ needs are better maintained if sources use clear, explicit verbal communication. We propose that sources have three options: explicit rejection (clearly stating no), ostracism (ignoring), and ambiguous rejection (being unclear). Drawing on psychology, sociology, communications, and business research, we propose that when sources use explicit rejection, targets’ feelings will be less hurt, their needs will be better protected, and sources will experience less backlash and emotional toil than if sources use ambiguous rejection or ostracism. Finally, we propose how the language of rejections may impact both parties.
POSTER: DroidShield: Protecting User Applications from Normal World Access

Smartphones are becoming the main data sharing and storage devices in both our personal and professional lives, as companies now allow employees to share the same device for both purposes, provided the company's confidential information can be protected. However, as history has shown, systems relying on security policies or rules to protect user data are not airtight. Any flaw in the constructed rules or in the code of privileged applications can lead to complete compromise. In addition, we can not rely only on TrustZone[6] world separation to isolate confidential data from unauthorized access, because in addition to severe limitations in terms of both communication and memory space, there is a very low limit on the number of applications that can be installed in the secure world before we can start questioning its security, especially when considering code originating from multiple sources. Thus, the solutions currently available for TrustZone devices are not perfect and the data confidentiality can not be guaranteed. We propose an alternative approach, which involves providing the majority of secure world application advantages to a set of normal world applications, with almost none of the drawbacks by relying only on the TrustZone world separation and the TZ-RKP[2] kernel protection scheme.
Fast electromagnetic modeling of multilayer microstrip antennas and circuits

An efficient electromagnetic modeling of multilayer microstrip antennas and circuits is presented. The surface integral equation is solved by using the method of moments. In this method, the multilayer Green's functions are efficiently evaluated by the discrete complex image method, and the higher-order basis functions defined on curvilinear triangular elements are employed to gain the fast convergence rate. To achieve the fast frequency sweep, the asymptotic waveform evaluation is incorporated into the analysis. To handle large-scale problems, two fast schemes are applied. One is the fast Fourier transform accelerated scheme, the adaptive integral method. The other is the multipole accelerated scheme, the multilevel fast multipole algorithm. Both of the algorithms reduce the memory requirement and the CPU time.
Occipital Artery Pseudoaneurysm After Posterior Fossa Craniotomy

Background Pseudoaneurysms of scalp arteries have been reported in rare cases after iatrogenic injury; however, they are far more commonly seen after traumatic injuries. They are usually associated with the superficial temporal artery; however, there have been a few reports of psuedoaneurysms of the occipital artery (OA). Case Description We present a unique case of an OA pseudoaneurysm presenting with delayed postoperative hemorrhage after a retrosigmoid craniotomy. The pseudoaneurysm was treated by coil embolization. Conclusions The patient recovered fully after endovascular embolization. Other treatment options for pseudoaneurysms of facial, temporal, and scalp arteries include surgical clipping/trapping with excision, Hunterian ligation, or direct compression. Pseudoaneurysms of extracranial scalp arteries are rare and most often caused by traumatic compression of the artery against a bony ridge. Despite their rarity, pseudoaneurysms secondary to iatrogenic injury to extracranial arteries should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients presenting with delayed incisional pain, redness, and swelling.
Category Status Shake-Up: Organizations’ Strategies for Offering High-Low Status Combination Product

By “high-low status combination products”, I refer to products that combine elements from market categories with contrasting/opposite status. Although the market category literature and status lite...
Can’t Catch a Break: Gender, Jail, Drugs and the Limits of Personal Responsibility, S.S. Sered, M. Norton-Hawk. University of California Press (2014), 232 pp.

In an attempt to understand human suffering in the United States, Sered and Norton-Hawk conducted an ethnographic study of Americans struggling to make it against the odds. They successfully intert...
Diffuse bistatic scattering in the case of small-to-moderate ocean surface roughness

In recent past most of the current bistatic scattering models from ocean rough surface have been focused on the regime of strong diffuse scattering. However, an incorrect result would ensue if one would try to apply them for the case of weak-to-moderate diffuse scattering. This scenario frequently takes place in the GNSS reflectometry of ocean, land and ice surfaces, so it is important to understand how the transition from partially-coherent to completely non-coherent, strong diffuse bistatic scattering takes place. In this paper we analyze a behavior of the bistatic radar cross section for the case of weak-to-moderate diffuse scattering as a function of surface roughness parameters and scattering angles.
The Economics of Agricultural Groundwater Management Institutions: The Case of California

The sustainable management of groundwater resources for use in agriculture is a critical issue in California and globally. Many of the world’s most productive agricultural basins depend on groundwa...
Mild Blast Injury Produces Acute Changes in Basal Intracellular Calcium Levels and Activity Patterns in Mouse Hippocampal Neurons.

Abstract Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) represents a serious public health concern. Although much is understood about long-term changes in cell signaling and anatomical pathologies associated w...
Tracking the development of brain connectivity in adolescence through a fast Bayesian integrative method

Adolescence is a transitional period between childhood and adulthood with physical changes, as well as increasing emotional activity. Studies have shown that the emotional sensitivity is related to a second dramatical brain growth. However, there is little focus on the trend of brain development during this period. In this paper, we aim to track the functional brain connectivity development in adolescence using resting state fMRI (rs-fMRI), which amounts to a time-series analysis problem. Most existing methods either require the time point to be fairly long or are only applicable to small graphs. To this end, we adapted a fast Bayesian integrative analysis (FBIA) to address the short time-series difficulty, and combined with adaptive sum of powered score (aSPU) test for group difference. The data we used are the resting state fMRI (rs-fMRI) obtained from the publicly available Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (PNC). They include 861 individuals aged 8–22 years who were divided into five different adolescent stages. We summarized the networks with global measurements: segregation and integration, and provided full brain functional connectivity pattern in various stages of adolescence. Moreover, our research revealed several brain functional modules development trends. Our results are shown to be both statistically and biologically significant.
A Failure to Communicate?: Trends in the Radiology Requisition, 2011–2016

Rationale and Objectives Complete clinical information improves the diagnostic capacity of medical imaging, and the radiology requisition is the radiologist's primary means of receiving clinical information. This study aimed to characterize trends in the quality of clinical information in radiology requisitions at an academic medical center between 2011 and 2016. Materials and Methods This institution's requisition form includes two questions: “Signs and Symptoms:” and “Clinical Question to be answered…:” Requisitions for three studies (CT UPPER ABDOMEN & PELVIS W, CT HEAD WO, and XR PORT CHEST, 1 VIEW) from three selected months were individually rated in four categories of clinical information. Additionally, requisitions for 13 study types were evaluated for character count and for the proportion of requisitions with identical answers to the two questions. A total of 3250 requisitions were individually rated. Results There was a decline in the quality of clinical questions in computed tomography requisitions (P = 0.016) and a decline in the quality of medical history in chest x-ray requisitions (P Conclusions This decline in the quality of clinical information is concerning. Whether it is due to increasing time pressures, a shift in the attitudes of ordering providers, or any other cause, this study demonstrates a declining trend in the quality of communication via the radiology requisition.
S-Homocysteinylated Proteins

Human proteome includes 214,000 cysteine residues, which constitute 2.26 % of the encoded amino acids [406]. Many proteins contain at least one cysteine residue with a free –SH group as well as more numerous disulfide-bonded cysteine residues. For example, of the 35 cysteine residues present in the structures of albumin and γ-globulin, the most abundant serum proteins, one has a free –SH group and the other 34 are engaged in 17 disulfide bonds [407]. These cysteine residues can engage in thiol–disulfide exchange reactions with low molecular weight thiols or disulfides. Indeed, both albumin [91, 296, 408] and γ-globulin [79, 106] carry S-linked cysteine, Hcy, CysGly, glutathione (GSH), and γ-GluCys. Furthermore, specific cysteine residues, both free and disulfide-bonded, exhibit different reactivities in the thiol–disulfide exchange reactions [409].
THE CHALLENGE OF STATISTICAL COMPUTATION: Keynote Address

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the iterative interplay of data generation and analysis on the efficient production of information and how this may be facilitated by the discerning use of computers. An adequate statistical model is a transformation of the data that provides random noise and that is uncorrelated with any possible input variable that one can think of. The business of model building is an interesting iterative process. It seems to consist of three stages used in alternation that may be called: (1) model identification, (2) model fitting, and (3) diagnostic checking. Diagnostic checking is partly involved with what have been called the tests of goodness of fit. However, merely testing fit is not enough. In particular, the nature and direction of enquiries that humans have undertaken have often been the functions of the development of suitable tools and vice versa. The existence of the new tool has created a revolution not only in the kinds of things that scientists do but in their thinking, in their theorizing, and in their demands for new tools to elaborate these thoughts.
Critical Care Billing, Coding, and Documentation

Appropriate documentation of the care provided to critically ill patients is crucial for communication between healthcare professionals and a key to patient safety. On top of this, adequate documentation is required by insurers for providers to be appropriately compensated for their services. Unfortunately, like the healthcare system itself, billing for medical services is quite complex and confusing. The case described in this chapter follows the care of a critically ill patient from hospital admission through discharge to a weaning unit. Care is provided by critical care attendings, advanced practice providers, and residents. The discussion describes how to document and appropriately bill for critical care services provided during this patient’s hospital stay. This case-based chapter is designed to help demystify critical care billing.
Will Khan Foster or Hinder Franchising? An Economic Analysis of Maximum Resale Price Maintenance:

In this article, the authors consider the economic consequences of State Oil v. Khan (1997) for franchising. After discussing the evolution of antitrust policy regarding maximum resale prices, they...
Diverticulitis of the terminal ileum: report of a case and review of the literature

In the past two decades, several reports have documented inflammatory changes in acquired diverticula of the terminal ileum and their associated complications, namely, perforation, intestinal obstruction, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and fistulization. A comprehensive review revealed 28 cases of diverticulitis of the terminal ileum documented in the world medical literature. Only one case of internal fistula (ileovesical) has been reported previously. This report describes another patient with diverticulitis of the terminal ileum with associated perforation and jejunoileal fistula and reviews the world literature.
Quality of Life Measures

Although objective survival endpoints are important, they may not fully capture the impact of treatment for bladder cancer. Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a subjective, patient-centric outcome that provides a more complete assessment of the impact of a disease or its treatment. HRQOL is a vital component when counseling and treating bladder cancer patients, and is also an important comparative-effectiveness research outcome. Although there is no gold-standard method for measuring HRQOL in bladder cancer, the use of reliable, valid and responsive disease-specific instruments is mandatory. Studies to date have not consistently demonstrated the superiority of any diversion type after radical cystectomy, however with proper patient selection and preoperative counseling, postoperative HRQOL can be comparable between diversions. With ongoing study of HRQOL in bladder cancer, we will continue to improve cancer survivorship and refine patient treatment.
Lung deposition patterns of MWCNT vary with degree of carboxylation.

Functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) is known to affect the biological response (e.g. toxicity, inflammation) in vitro and in vivo. However, the reasons for these changes in v...
Liberalismus für alle: Ökonomische Werte als Heilsversprechen

„Wert“ bestimme sich, meinte einst der schottische Okonom John Law, einerseits nach dem Nutzen, den ein Gut habe, andererseits durch die zur Verfugung stehende Menge und die daraus entstehende Nachfrage. So habe etwa Wasser einen grosen Nutzen, jedoch einen geringen Wert, wohingegen Diamanten von geringem Nutzen, aber grosem Wert seien.
Bleeding Events and Obstetric Complications of Pregnancy in Hospitalized Patients with Hemophilia: Results from Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database 2003-2011

Abstract Introduction: Hemophilia is a rare disease, even more so among women. Case reports and retrospective studies suggest that women with hemophilia have increased risk of bleeding and obstetric complications however the exact burden of this remains unknown. By analyzing the Nationwide Inpatient sample database (NIS) of Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project(AHRQ), we attempted to identify pregnant women with hemophilia A or B and compared their outcome and Obstetric complications with pregnant women who did not have a diagnosis of hemophilia. Method: By using NIS database 2003-2011, we identified the number of obstetric hospitalization, deliveries and caesarean deliveries in women between the age group 18-50 years. Patients hospitalized with Hemophilia A or B were also identified (ICD-9 286.0, 286.1 respectively). We then compared pregnancy related complications for women with and without Hemophilia. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to obtain adjusted odds ratio (OR). Results: The total number of obstetric hospitalizations was 42.31 million of which 2415 were Hemophilia A or B. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, compared with patients without Hemophilia, those with hemophilia had significantly higher caesarian section rate [37.5% vs 28%, OR 1.44(CI 1.31-1.59)], intrauterine growth retardation [3.2% vs 1.8%, OR 1.66(CI 1.26-2.19)], preterm deliveries [7.9% vs 6.6%, OR 1.22(CI 1.03-1.45)], antepartum hemorrhage [4.5% vs 2%, OR 1.92(CI 1.52-2.42)], postpartum hemorrhage [5% vs 2.6%, OR 1.84(CI 1.49-2.29)] and transfusion rate [4.2% vs 1.1%, OR 3.44(CI 2.68-4.41)] . Conversely, the incidence of premature rupture of membranes in the hemophiliac group was less as compared to the control group. Inpatient fetal and maternal mortality was found to be zero. The frequencies of the above outcomes with Odds Ratio are reported in Table 1. Conclusion: The overall risk of cesarean section, intrauterine growth retardation, preterm deliveries, risk of transfusion and antepartum and postpartum hemorrhage was higher in pregnant women who have hemophilia. This cross sectional study would help to understand the magnitude of these complications so that they could be managed optimally during antenatal period. Further studies are needed to examine these findings in relation to severity of disease, medications used and the presence of other comorbidities. Download : Download high-res image (230KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Mentions of Security Vulnerabilities on Reddit, Twitter and GitHub

Activity on social media is seen as a relevant sensor for different aspects of the society. In a heavily digitized society, security vulnerabilities pose a significant threat that is publicly discussed on social media. This study presents a comparison of user-generated content related to security vulnerabilities on three digital platforms: two social media conversation channels (Reddit and Twitter) and a collaborative software development platform (GitHub). Our data analysis shows that while more security vulnerabilities are discussed on Twitter, relevant conversations go viral earlier on Reddit. We show that the two social media platforms can be used to accurately predict activity on GitHub. CCS CONCEPTS • Networks → Online social networks; • Theory of computation → Social networks.
Experimental and theoretical investigation of lithium-ion conductivity in Li2LaNbTiO7.

In line with efforts to discover new classes of lithium-conducting solids, this work utilizes density functional theory (DFT), neutron diffraction, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to study the lithium ion mobility in the new Ruddlesden–Popper-type oxide, Li2LaNbTiO7, where bilayer stacks of (Nb/Ti)O6 octahedra are separated by layers of lithium ions. In this material, the lithium hopping distances have been shortened by incorporation of ions with smaller ionic radii, leading to a pronounced improvement in Li-ion conductivity in this family of oxides. Further enhancement of Li-ion conductivity was achieved by creation of defects in the lithium layer through the synthesis of Li1.8LaNb1.2Ti0.8O7, which contains 10% lithium-deficiency. The defects facilitate the mobility of lithium ions, leading to greater Li-ion conductivity. Detailed analysis of real and imaginary components of impedance spectroscopy and dielectric properties highlight the impact of these strategies. Neutron diffraction helps with accurate determination of lithium positions given that lithium is nearly invisible to laboratory X-ray diffraction. DFT calculations show a wide band gap, and elucidate the direction of lithium diffusion in the material lattice, as well as the energy barriers associated with Li diffusion. These calculations show that lithium diffusion occurs parallel to b and c axes of the unit cell. They also show an energy bottleneck, which is a result of close proximity of lithium and oxygen in inter-stack spaces.
Central American Immigrant Parents’ Awareness, Acceptability, and Willingness to Vaccinate Their Adolescent Children Against Human Papillomavirus: A Pilot Cross-Sectional Study

Despite increasing interest in understanding the factors influencing awareness and acceptability of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine among Latino parents, to date limited information is available specific to Central American parents living in the United States (US). Therefore, this pilot cross-sectional study was designed to explore and assess Central American immigrant parents' awareness, acceptability, and willingness to vaccinate their children against HPV, and interest in participating in future HPV-associated cancer prevention study. Fifty-six Central American parents, majority immigrant (96.4%; n = 54) from four countries, El Salvador-50% (n = 27); Guatemala-25.9% (n = 14); Honduras-22.2% (n = 12); and Panama-1.9% (n = 1) participated in this study. Participants completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire survey in their preferred language (i.e., Spanish or English). A little over half of the participants were mothers (57.1%; n = 32) and parents' mean age was 43.2 years (SD = 6.4). The majority was married or cohabitating (76.8%, n = 43), and 39.3% (n = 22) reported having two children. Seventy-five percent (n = 42) of parents reported they had heard of the HPV vaccine. Fewer fathers were aware of the HPV vaccine (58.3%; n = 14 vs.87.5%, n = 28; p = 0.01) than mothers. Among parents who had heard of the HPV vaccine (n = 42), 85.7% (n = 36) reported their children had received at least one dose of the HPV vaccine. Fewer fathers reported their child had been vaccinated against HPV (64.3%, n = 9 vs. 96.4%, n = 27; p = 0.06) than mothers. Moreover, 90% of parents (n = 18) whose children were unvaccinated reported willingness to vaccinate their adolescent children against HPV if recommended by their child's physician. Findings indicate parents' low to moderate awareness of the HPV vaccine, and high willingness to vaccinate their adolescent children if recommended by their child's physician. Findings also demonstrate fathers' lower awareness and acceptability of the HPV vaccine than mothers. Despite limitations and the need for more research, findings of this pilot study serve as a valuable first step toward building a knowledge foundation that is needed for developing future studies and interventions targeting Central American immigrant parents living in the US. Future studies can build on the findings of this exploratory study with other research designs and address its limitations by having a larger sample size and accounting for additional factors associated with Central American immigrant parents' HPV awareness, knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and vaccine acceptability from other communities across the US.
Atrophy of the Nucleus Basalis of Meynert predicts the progression of gait variability in Parkinson’s disease

Abstract Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a systemic brain disorder where the cortical cholinergic network begins to degenerate early in the disease process. Readily accessible, quantitative, and specific behavioral markers of the cortical cholinergic network are lacking. Although degeneration of the dopaminergic network may be responsible for deficits in cardinal motor signs, the control of gait is a complex process and control of higher-order aspects of gait, such as gait variability, may be influenced by cognitive processes attributed to cholinergic networks. We investigated whether swing time variability, a metric of gait variability that is independent from gait speed, was a quantitative behavioral marker of cortical cholinergic network integrity in PD. Twenty-two individuals with PD and twenty-nine age-matched controls performed a validated stepping-in-place (SIP) task to assess swing time variability off all therapy. The PD cohort also underwent structural MRI scans to measure gray matter volume of the Nucleus Basalis of Meynert (NBM), the key node in the cortical cholinergic network. Swing time variability was also measured ON subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) in PD individuals. A subset of eleven individuals with PD completed the SIP task again off all therapy after three years of continuous DBS. Clinical motor assessments were performed for each condition. Swing time variability was significantly greater (i.e., worse) in PD compared to controls and greater swing time variability was related to greater atrophy of the NBM. STN DBS significantly improved cardinal motor signs but did not improve swing time variability. Swing time variability worsened in PD, off therapy, after three years of continuous STN DBS, and NBM atrophy predicted the degree of increase. In contrast, cardinal motor signs did not progress. These results demonstrate that swing time variability is a reliable marker of cortical cholinergic health, and support a framework in which higher-order aspects of gait control in PD are reliant on the cortical cholinergic system, in contrast to other motor aspects of PD that rely on the dopaminergic network.
Rikers Island Jail Complex: The Use of Social History to Inform Current Debates on Incarceration in New York City

Rikers Island is the main jail complex for New York City. At its height in the 1990s, 22,000 people were incarcerated there. Having attracted national and international condemnation, it is regarded as one of the city's biggest failures: a magnet for scandal and controversy. In 2017, Mayor Bill de Blasio pledged that the complex would be closed within ten years with smaller ‘state of the art’ jails built to replace it. Our research explores the social history of Rikers from its origins to the present day, in a bid to provide a more nuanced understanding of the island and incarceration in New York City, and to engage with ongoing debate on the future of penal reform.
Altered TGFB1 regulated pathways promote accelerated tendon healing in the superhealer MRL/MpJ mouse

Abstract To better understand the molecular mechanisms of tendon healing, we investigated the Murphy Roth’s Large (MRL) mouse, which is considered a model of mammalian tissue regeneration. We show that compared to C57Bl/6J (C57) mice, injured MRL tendons have reduced fibrotic adhesions and cellular proliferation, with accelerated improvements in biomechanical properties. Transcriptional analysis of biological drivers showed positive enrichment of TGFB1 in both C57 and MRL healing tendons. However, only MRL tendons exhibited downstream transcriptional effects of cell cycle regulatory genes, with negative enrichment of the cell senescence-related regulators, compared to the positively-enriched inflammatory and ECM organization pathways in the C57 tendons. Serum cytokine analysis revealed decreased levels of circulating senescence-associated circulatory proteins (SASP) in response to injury in the MRL mice compared to the C57 mice. These data collectively demonstrate altered TGFB1 regulated inflammatory, fibrosis, and cell cycle pathways in flexor tendon repair.
CAS without SCF—Why to use CASCI and where to get the orbitals

The complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) method has seen broad adoption due to its ability to describe the electronic structure of both the ground and excited states of molecules over a broader swath of the potential energy surface than is possible with the simpler Hartree–Fock approximation. However, it also has a reputation for being unwieldy, computationally costly, and un-black-box. Here, we discuss a class of alternatives, complete active space configuration interaction (CASCI) methods, paying particular attention to their application to electronic excited states. The goal of this Perspective is fourfold. First, we argue that CASCI is not merely an approximation to CASSCF, in that it can be designed to have important qualitative advantages over CASSCF. Second, we present several insights drawn from our experience experimenting with different schemes for computing orbitals to be employed in CASCI. Third, we argue that CASCI is well suited for application to nanomaterials. Finally, we reason that, with the rise in new low-scaling approaches for describing multireference systems, there is a greater need than ever to develop new methods for defining orbitals that provide an efficient and accurate description of both static correlation and electronic excitations in a limited active space.
Distilling Wikipedia mathematical knowledge into neural network models.

Machine learning applications to symbolic mathematics are becoming increasingly popular, yet there lacks a centralized source of real-world symbolic expressions to be used as training data. In contrast, the field of natural language processing leverages resources like Wikipedia that provide enormous amounts of real-world textual data. Adopting the philosophy of "mathematics as language," we bridge this gap by introducing a pipeline for distilling mathematical expressions embedded in Wikipedia into symbolic encodings to be used in downstream machine learning tasks. We demonstrate that a $\textit{mathematical}$ $\textit{language}$ $\textit{model}$ trained on this "corpus" of expressions can be used as a prior to improve the performance of neural-guided search for the task of symbolic regression.
Trends in office visits and treatment for urticaria in children in the United States, 1998-2016

Background/objectives Urticaria is a common condition with an estimated prevalence of up to 23% in the pediatric population. Studies characterizing visits and treatments for urticaria in the pediatric population are unavailable. Understanding visit and treatment trends for urticaria in the pediatric population may help inform care for patients with urticaria. Methods A total of 108 278 outpatient records from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey representing 3.4 billion visits by patients of age 18 and younger were analyzed. This study included the calendar years 1998 through 2016. Results Pediatricians saw the largest proportion of all visits (52.7%). Male and female patients accounted for approximately equal proportions of all visits for urticaria. There was a slight male predominance in visits to pediatricians (53.7%), whereas dermatologists saw female patients more frequently (63.3%). Most visits for urticaria were by non-Hispanic (78.1%) and White (78.2%) patients. H1 antihistamines were the most commonly prescribed treatment (70.3%), whereas topical corticosteroids were prescribed least frequently (4.9%). Topical corticosteroids were most frequently prescribed by dermatologists (7.7%). Non-H1 antihistamine and non-corticosteroid therapy were prescribed in 9.7% of all visits and in 4.5% of visits to pediatricians. Most visits for urticaria were to physicians in metropolitan areas (88.8%). Pediatricians saw the highest number of non-metropolitan area visits (56.3%). Conclusions H1 antihistamines were the most commonly used therapy (70%), consistent with established treatment guidelines. Male and female pediatric patients present equally often for urticaria, but sex differences were seen with visit frequencies to certain specialties.
Nurse Faculty Perceptions of Readiness for Practice among New Nurses Graduating during the Pandemic

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic caused major changes in nursing education, namely a shift to remote learning and significant reduction of clinical practice experience. It is not known how these changes will affect new graduate nurses transitioning to practice. Purpose To provide guidance to transition-to-practice programs, this study quantitatively described and compared nurse faculty perceptions of readiness for practice among students who graduated pre-pandemic and those who will graduate during the pandemic. Methods A convenience sample of 116 nurse faculty across North Carolina completed surveys online. Surveys collected information on demographics, professional experience, and teaching changes experienced during the pandemic. The Nursing Practice Readiness Tool was used to measure perceptions of readiness for practice. Results Nurse faculty reported a wide range of changes due to the pandemic, with limitations in clinical learning prevalent. There was a statistically significant decrease in practice readiness scores for the total scale, six subscales, and all tool items at p Conclusions While there was an overall significant decrease in scores for all competency areas, further analysis of the tool subscales and items can provide guidance for clinical nurses working with new graduates and nurse faculty working with continuing students.
From surviving to thriving: A new conceptual model to advance interventions to support people with FASD across the lifespan

Abstract Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). Research on FASD has generally focused on challenges faced by this population while insight into strengths and quality of life has lagged. We introduce the “From Surviving to Thriving” model, which proposes a paradigm shift toward a strengths-based, holistic intervention approach to support thriving in people with FASD. Based on a focused intervention review, existing interventions for FASD incorporate many elements that are consistent with a strengths-based framework, such as inclusion of environmental accommodations and fortification of natural supports. However, a comprehensive strengths-based framework has yet to be fully realized, tested, or adopted in community settings. Important areas of growth remain and notable systems-level barriers need to be addressed. We propose six directions to advance interventions for FASD toward a more person-centered, strengths-based approach. These involve reduction of stigma, improved measurement of strengths and thriving, utilization of strengths-based frameworks, community knowledge translation, adaptation of existing, effective models for FASD, and increased efforts to reach underserved populations.
Capacity and token rate estimation for networks with token bucket shapers

Many cloud computing applications are bandwidth-intensive, and thus the cloud bandwidth information is important for their tenants to manage and troubleshoot the application performance. However, current bandwidth estimation methods face great challenges with clouds. One important reason is that traffic shapers such as token bucket shapers are widely used as a building block for rate limiting in clouds. In this paper, we propose two methods called NarrowLinkCapacity and NarrowTokenRate to actively estimate the capacity and token rate, respectively, of a path in a network with potentially multiple token bucket shapers. The capacity of a path is the slowest link capacity among all links on the path, and the token rate of a path is the slowest token rate among all token bucket shapers in the path. They are two important path properties determining the average rate of a train of packets on a path. Our evaluation results show that our methods work well under a variety of network conditions.
Place memory retention in Drosophila.

Abstract Some memories last longer than others, with some lasting a lifetime. Using several approaches memory phases have been identified. How are these different phases encoded, and do these different phases have similar temporal properties across learning situations? Place memory in Drosophila using the heat-box provides an excellent opportunity to examine the commonalities of genetically-defined memory phases across learning contexts. Here we determine optimal conditions to test place memories that last up to three hours. An aversive temperature of 41 °C was identified as critical for establishing a long-lasting place memory. Interestingly, adding an intermittent-training protocol only slightly increased place memory when intermediate aversive temperatures were used, and slightly extended the stability of a memory. Genetic analysis of this memory identified four genes as critical for place memory within minutes of training. The role of the rutabaga type I adenylyl cyclase was confirmed, and the latheo Orc3 origin of recognition complex component, the novel gene encoded by pastrel, and the small GTPase rac were all identified as essential for normal place memory. Examination of the dopamine and ecdysone receptor (DopEcR) did not reveal a function for this gene in place memory. When compared to the role of these genes in other memory types, these results suggest that there are genes that have both common and specific roles in memory formation across learning contexts. Importantly, contrasting the timing for the function of these four genes, plus a previously described role of the radish gene, in place memory with the temporal requirement of these genes in classical olfactory conditioning reveals variability in the timing of genetically-defined memory phases depending on the type of learning.
Improved sparse recovery thresholds with two-step reweighted ℓ 1 minimization

It is well known that l 1 minimization can be used to recover sufficiently sparse unknown signals from compressed linear measurements. In fact, exact thresholds on the sparsity, as a function of the ratio between the system dimensions, so that with high probability almost all sparse signals can be recovered from iid Gaussian measurements, have been computed and are referred to as “weak thresholds” [4]. In this paper, we introduce a reweighted l 1 recovery algorithm composed of two steps: a standard l 1 minimization step to identify a set of entries where the signal is likely to reside, and a weighted l 1 minimization step where entries outside this set are penalized. For signals where the non-sparse component has iid Gaussian entries, we prove a “strict” improvement in the weak recovery threshold. Simulations suggest that the improvement can be quite impressive—over 20% in the example we consider.
Feature subset selection with applications to hyperspectral data [image classification examples]

Feature subset selection is very important in high dimensional datasets such as hyperspectral images. In this paper, we define a new feature redundancy measure. Two different feature selection algorithms are proposed based on this measure. Experimental results on a real hyperspectral dataset are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of our methodology.
INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL STANDARDS FOR PROTECTING VICTIMS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

Introduction 310 I. Domestic Violence Defined 312 II. The United Nations and International Treaties Pertaining to Domestic Violence 313 A. The United Nations Campaign for Women’s Rights 313 B. The International Bill of Human Rights 318 1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (“UDHR”) 319 2. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (“ICCPR”) 320 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (“ICESCR”) 323 C. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (“CEDAW”), Its Optional Protocol and the 1993 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women 326 D. Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (“CAT”) 333 E. Customary International Law 338 III. Regional Human Rights Instruments and Domestic Violence ..339
Dependence-based code generation for a CELL processor

Obtaining high performance on the STI CELL processor requires substantial programming effort because its architectural features must be explicitly managed, with separate codes required for two different types of cores (PPE and SPE). Research at IBM has developed a single source-image compiler for CELL that performs vectorization but uses OpenMP to specify cross-core parallelism. In this paper, we present and evaluate an alternative dependence-based compiler approach that automatically generates parallel and vector code for CELL from a single source program with no parallelism directives. In contrast to OpenMP, our approach can also handle loop nests that carry dependences. To preserve correct program semantics, we employ on-chip communication mechanisms to implement barrier and unidirectional synchronization primitives. We also implement strategies to boost performance by managing DMA data movement, improving data alignment, and exploiting memory reuse in the innermost loop.
Franz Boas 1858–1942: An Illustrated Biography; Margaret Mead: The World Ahead: An Anthropologist Anticipates the Future

Franz Boas 1858–1942: An Illustrated Biography. Norman Francis Boas. Mystic, CT: Seaport Autographs Press, 2004. 312 pp. Margaret Mead: The World Ahead: An Anthropologist Anticipates the Future. Robert B. Textor, ed. New York: Berghahn Books, 2005. 348 pp.