cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anomalously large capacitance of a plane capacitor with a two-dimensional electron gas

In electronic devices where a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) comprises one or both sides of a plane capacitor, the resulting capacitance $C$ can be larger than the ``geometric capacitance'' ${C}_{g}$ determined by the physical separation $d$ between electrodes. This larger capacitance is known to result from the Coulomb correlations between individual electrons within the low-density 2DEG, which lead to a negative thermodynamic density of states. Experiments on such systems generally operate in the regime where the average spacing between electrons ${n}^{\ensuremath{-}1/2}$ in the 2DEG is smaller than $d$ and these experiments observe $Cg{C}_{g}$ by only a few percent. A recent experiment [L. Li, C. Richter, S. Paetel, T. Kopp, J. Mannhart, and R. Ashoori, arXiv:1006.2847 (unpublished)], however, has observed $C$ larger than ${C}_{g}$ by almost 40% while operating in the regime $n{d}^{2}⪡1$. In this paper we argue that at $n{d}^{2}⪡1$ correlations between the electronic charge of opposite electrodes become important. We develop a theory of the capacitance for the full range of $n{d}^{2}$. We show that, in the absence of disorder, the capacitance can be $4d/a$ times larger than the geometric value, where $a⪡d$ is the electron Bohr radius. Our results compare favorably with the experiment of Li et al. [arXiv:1006.2847 (unpublished)] without the use of adjustable parameters.
Strategic leveraging of videoconferencing and web-enabled conferencing in an information-rich environment

The stage is set for businesses and residential customers to harness the power and sophistication associated with high and low speed networks, providing premium multimedia functionality, whether a user deploys a 56k modem or a gigabit LAN in videoconferencing technologies. It is important to understand that the video link in supporting awareness of individual presence and revealing attention of remote partners are major shortcomings of audio contact alone. Traditionally, in the absence of visual evidence that clients are present, remote participants had to rely on verbal mechanisms to stay abreast of each other's activities. Hence, videoconferencing has a great advantage over audio alone but needs the following to grow to its full potential: the right equipment; matching technology to corporate need; good management planning; and quality and appropriateness of training. The connectivity/conductivity and personal dynamics associated with videoconferencing to empower team members around the world to discuss the latest data, charts, technical drawings, or marketing reports (all in real time) far surpasses the one-way communication characteristics of traditional e-mail systems. This paper includes discussions of the communication process in corporations and model needs to adapt and standardise videoconferencing technologies in order to achieve better performance.
Cardiovascular imaging for the assessment of obesity-related cardiovascular disease

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions throughout the world and is associated with numerous cardiac comorbidities, such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. Through its direct effects on cardiac structure and function and its impact on conventional risk factors, obesity is strongly associated with cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure and coronary heart disease (CHD). Cardiovascular imaging is applied in daily clinical practice for the diagnostic assessment of patients with suspected CHD. Imaging allows the clinician to non-invasively assess and risk-stratify patients to allow for the proper management of CHD. Imaging modalities such as radionuclide cardiac stress imaging, echocardiography and, increasingly, cardiac computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance play an important role in the diagnosis of CHD in patients with obesity. Due to the increasingly prevalent nature of obesity and its strong association with cardiovascular disease, CHD remains the leading cause of mortality for adult patients with obesity.
Identification of the insulin receptor in undifferentiated and differentiated NB-15 mouse neuroblastoma cells by affinity labeling

Plasma membranes prepared from clonal NB-15 mouse neuroblastoma cells were sequentially incubated with 125I-labeled insulin (10 nM) and the bifunctional cross-linking agent disuccinimidyl suberate. This treatment resulted in the cross-linking of 125I-labeled insulin to a polypeptide that gave an apparent Mr of 135 000 on a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresed in the presence of 10% β-mercaptoethanol. Affinity labeling of this polypeptide was inhibited by the presence of 5 μM unlabeled insulin, but not by 1 μM unlabeled nerve growth factor. Using the same affinity labeling technique, 125I-labeled nerve growth factor (1 nM) did not label any polypeptide appreciably in the plasma membranes of NB-15 cells but labeled an Mr 145 000 and an Mr 115 000 species in PC-12 rat pheochromocytoma cells. The number of insulin binding sites per cell in the intact differentiated NB-15 mouse neuroblastoma cells was approx. 6-fold greater than that in the undifferentiated NB-15 mouse neuroblastoma cells as measured by specific binding assay, suggesting an increase of the number of insulin receptors in NB-15 mouse neuroblastoma cells during differentiation.
Outpatient Care of Young People After Emergency Treatment of Deliberate Self-Harm

Objective Little is known about the mental health care received by young people after an episode of deliberate self-harm. This study examined predictors of emergency department (ED) discharge, mental health assessments in the ED, and follow-up outpatient mental health care for Medicaid-covered youth with deliberate self-harm. Method A retrospective longitudinal cohort analysis was conducted of national 2006 Medicaid claims data supplemented with the Area Resource File and a Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Medicaid policy survey of state policy characteristics focusing on ED treatment episodes by youth 10 to 19 years old for deliberate self-harm (n = 3,241). Rates and adjusted risk ratios (ARR) of discharge to the community, mental health assessments in the ED, and outpatient visits during the 30 days after the ED visit were assessed. Results Most patients (72.9%) were discharged to the community. Discharge was inversely related to recent psychiatric hospitalization (ARR 0.75, 99% confidence interval [CI] 0.63–0.90). Thirty-nine percent of discharged patients received a mental health assessment in the ED and a roughly similar percentage (43.0%) received follow-up outpatient mental health care. Follow-up mental health care was directly related to recent outpatient (ARR 2.58, 99% CI 2.27–2.94) and inpatient (ARR 1.33, 99% CI 1.14–1.56) mental health care and inversely related to Hispanic ethnicity (ARR 0.78, 99% CI 0.64–0.95) and residence in a county with medium-to-high poverty rates (ARR 0.84, 99% CI 0.73–0.97). Conclusions A substantial proportion of young Medicaid beneficiaries who present to EDs with deliberate self-harm are discharged to the community and do not receive emergency mental health assessments or follow-up outpatient mental health care.
Extended campus networking with FDDI

A recent expansion of Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) forced an entire division, some 400 employees, to move to new off-site facilities approximately three miles from the main lab campus. This division is highly dependent upon computing and networking facilities at the lab that were not to be duplicated at the new facility. FDDI was chosen as the primary connection between the new facility and the lab. The distance is beyond the range of multimode fiber, so single mode fiber with appropriate adapters was utilized for the connection. Since the facility was new construction, fiber as well as copper was pulled to each office for future expansion.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Reconsidering the Dead Donor Rule: Is it Important that Organ Donors Be Dead?

The "dead donor rule" is increasingly under attack for several reasons. First, there has long been disagreement about whether there is a correct or coherent definition of "death." Second, it has long been clear that the concept and ascertainment of "brain death" is medically flawed. Third, the requirement stands in the way of improving organ supply by prohibiting organ removal from patients who have little to lose--e.g., infants with anencephaly--and from patients who ardently want to donate while still alive--e.g., patients in a permanent vegetative state. One argument against abandoning the dead donor rule has been that the rule is important to the general public. There is now data suggesting that this assumption also may be flawed. These findings add additional weight to proposals to abandon the dead donor rule so that organ supply can be expanded in a way that is consistent with traditional notions of ethics, law, public policy, and public opinion.
Gabapentin Toxicity in Renal Failure: The Importance of Dose Adjustment

Objective This case report outlines a significant type of morbidity due to continued use of gabapentin during an episode of acute renal failure. Setting. University teaching hospital. Discussion Gabapentin is widely used in the management of pain. It is entirely excreted through the renal system so this needs to be considered in any patient becoming acutely ill and developing renal failure. We describe a patient who developed significant deterioration in her conscious level due to iatrogenic gabapentin overdose. Conclusion All doctors need to be aware of the need to review the indications for gabapentin use during periods of acute illness, especially with regard to renal impairment. Off-label use should be discouraged.
Numerical Solution of Stratified Flow Into a Sink: A Criterion for Selective Withdrawal

Analyse par la methode des differences finies de l'ecoulement stationnaire d'un fluide stratifie non visqueux dans un puits lineaire
Improved accuracy of 15N-1H scalar and residual dipolar couplings from gradient-enhanced IPAP-HSQC experiments on protonated proteins.

The presence of dipole-dipole cross-correlated relaxation as well as unresolved E.COSY effects adversely impacts the accuracy of 1 J NH splittings measured from gradient-enhanced IPAP-HSQC spectra. For isotropic samples, the size of the systematic errors caused by these effects depends on the values of 2 J NHα , 3 J NHβ and 3 J HNHα . Insertion of band-selective 1H decoupling pulses in the IPAP-HSQC experiment eliminates these systematic errors and for the protein GB3 yields 1 J NH splittings that agree to within a root-mean-square difference of 0.04 Hz with values measured for perdeuterated GB3. Accuracy of the method is also highlighted by a good fit to the GB3 structure of the 1H-15N RDCs extracted from the minute differences in 1JNH splitting measured at 500 and 750 MHz 1H frequencies, resulting from magnetic susceptibility anisotropy. A nearly complete set of 2 J NHα couplings was measured in GB3 in order to evaluate whether the impact of cross-correlated relaxation is dominated by the 15N–1H α or 15N–1H β dipolar interaction. As expected, we find that 2 J NHα ≤ 2 Hz, with values in the α-helix (0.86 ± 0.52 Hz) slightly larger than in β-sheet (0.66 ± 0.26 Hz). Results indicate that under isotropic conditions, N–HN/N–H β cross-correlated relaxation often dominates. Unresolved E.COSY effects under isotropic conditions involve 3 J HNHα and J NHα , but when weakly aligned any aliphatic proton proximate to both N and HN can contribute.
Clock Regulatory Elements Control Cyclic Expression of Lunatic fringe during Somitogenesis

Somitogenesis requires a segmentation clock and Notch signaling. Lunatic fringe (Lfng) expression in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) cycles in the posterior PSM, is refined in the segmenting somite to the rostral compartment, and is required for segmentation. We identify distinct cis-acting regulatory elements for each aspect of Lfng expression. Fringe clock element 1 (FCE1) represents a conserved 110 bp region that is necessary to direct cyclic Lfng RNA expression in the posterior PSM. Mutational analysis of E boxes within FCE1 indicates a potential interplay of positive and negative transcriptional regulation by cyclically expressed bHLH proteins. A separable Lfng regulatory region directs expression to the prospective rostral aspect of the condensing somite. These independent Lfng regulatory cassettes advance a molecular framework for deciphering somite segmentation.
Aerobic metabolism in snapping turtles, Chelydra serpentina, after thermal acclimation

Abstract 1. 1. Oxygen consumption of resting and active snapping turtles at 10, 20 and 30°C was measured following acclimation to 10 and 25°C. 2. 2. Cold acclimation results in depressed resting and active rates of oxygen consumption and in a decreased aerobic metabolic scope for activity; these changes facilitate hibernation. 3. 3. Warm-acclimated animals have a high aerobic capacity which supports aquatic and terrestrial activity.
A molecular dynamics study of the effect of temperature on the structure and dynamics of water between Pt walls

Abstract An analytical form of the interaction potential for studies of rigid surface-rigid water interfaces is prescribed. Using this potential the effect of temperature on the structure and dynamics of water between the (100) surfaces of Pt is investigated. Two molecular dynamics simulations are performed; one at low temperature (T=275 K) and one at high temperature (T=360 K). At both temperatures the adjacent to the metal surface water layer has a crystal-like structure in two dimensions parallel to the surface. The lateral and orientational ordering persists to the middle of the simulation box at low temperature, while it is only up to 7 A at high temperature.
Alternate approach to inertial confinement fusion with low tritium inventories and high power densities

A low-tritium-inventory, high-power-density, pool-type chamber approach to inertial confinement fusion is introduced. The concept uses target designs with internal tritium and3He breeding, eliminating the need for a lithium-breeding blanket. The fraction of the fusion energy carried out by neutrons is estimated as 10%, compared with 70% in a typical D-T system, and the neutron spectrum is softer. Liquid metals other than lithium that are less chemically reactive, such as lead, can be used for first-wall protection. The reduced neutron component and the elimination of the need for a thick lithium blanket for tritium breeding lead to higher power densities and more compact chamber designs. The radiation damage at the first structural wall is reduced, leading to potentially longer wall lifetimes. A significant environmental advantage in terms of reduced radioactive release risks under operational and accident conditions is identified, primarily due to the one to two orders of magnitude reduction in the tritium inventories compared with D-T-based systems.
Neuroscience at MIT

The Brain and Cognitive Sciences (BCS) Department of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a place where science and engineering intersect. Housed under the roof of the recently built BCS Complex (MIT Building 46) (Figures 1 and 2), the largest neuroscience facility in the world, BCS investigators work closely with engineers both to elucidate neural mechanisms behind our cognitive activities and to apply their neuroscientific knowledge to improve treatments for diseases of the brain. Here, we discuss Edward Boyden and Emery Brown, two BCS faculty members who employ genetic engineering techniques and signalprocessing methods, respectively, to further enhance their understanding of the mysterious brain.
Forced Evictions in Kenyan Cities

Forced evictions are widespread in Kenyan cities and are, on the surface, caused by conflicts in land rights, non–payment of excessive land and house rents, and urban redevelopment. But, more fundamentally, evictions are due to factors embedded in the country’s political economy, in particular, the grossly inequitable land ownership structure which makes it difficult for the poor to access land and decent shelter. Evictions cause significant socioeconomic hardship to individuals, affecting cities and whole nations. To avoid evictions, I argue that Kenya must make its political economy more inclusive, implement land reform, domesticate its municipal planning and related by–laws, and create a proactive slum settlements policy. This paper is based on secondary data, largely drawn from the extensive coverage of urban evictions in recent decades in Kenya’s leading newspapers.
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Digital Collection

This article describes the digitization of the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station publications. This collection forms part of the United States Agricultural Information Network (USAIN) National Preservation Program for Agricultural Literature and the State and Local Literature Preservation Projects that are similar in scope to Cornell's Core Historic Literature of Agriculture digital collection. These are nationwide projects that seek to preserve scholarly literature in agriculture. Project planning and implementation is described, followed by a discussion of the potential usefulness of this collection and ways of promoting its use to various user groups.
Interpolating between instant and light front dynamics

The “instant” and “light front” forms of relativistic dynamics postulated by Dirac refer to physical conditions on flat spacelike surfaces in the Minkowski space. We consider another flat surface in the Minkowski space that upon parametric rotation interpolates between “instant” and “light front” surfaces. A projection of the covariant perturbation theory on the new surface is then considered. One limit of the theory reproduces the usual instant dynamics, whereas a different limit gives a light front dynamics. Neither infinite momemtum frame limit nor infinite momenta are involved. Although the interpolating surface is the “instant” surface in the moving system of reference, we argue why our procedure should not be associated with a Lorentz transformation.
Thermodynamic and mechanical stabilities of tantalum nitride.

We perform first-principles density functional calculations on a newly discovered tantalum nitride with an orthorhombic ${\mathrm{U}}_{2}{\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ structure to assess its thermodynamic and mechanical stabilities. Our random search unveils a tetragonal ${\mathrm{Ta}}_{2}{\mathrm{N}}_{3}$ structure that is energetically more favorable than an orthorhombic ${\mathrm{Ta}}_{2}{\mathrm{N}}_{3}$ at zero pressure. We predict that the tetragonal ${\mathrm{Ta}}_{2}{\mathrm{N}}_{3}$ transforms into the orthorhombic phase above a relatively low pressure of 7.7 GPa. Single-crystal elastic constant calculations reveal that orthorhombic ${\mathrm{Ta}}_{2}{\mathrm{N}}_{3}$ is mechanically unstable because of a negative ${c}_{66}$. Our calculations suggest that minor oxygen substitution for nitrogen plays an important role in stabilizing the orthorhombic ${\mathrm{Ta}}_{2}{\mathrm{N}}_{3}$ structure.
Automated simultaneous analysis phylogenetics (ASAP): an enabling tool for phlyogenomics.

Background The availability of sequences from whole genomes to reconstruct the tree of life has the potential to enable the development of phylogenomic hypotheses in ways that have not been before possible. A significant bottleneck in the analysis of genomic-scale views of the tree of life is the time required for manual curation of genomic data into multi-gene phylogenetic matrices.
A Tree-to-Tree Distance and Its Application to Cluster Analysis

A distance measure between two trees is proposed. Using the idea of language transformation, a tree can be derived from another by a series of transformations. The distance between the two trees is the minimum-cost sequence of transformations. Based on this definition, an algorithm that generates the distance for any two trees is presented. Cluster analysis for patterns represented by tree structures is discussed. Using a tree-to-tree distance, the similarity between patterns is measured in terms of distance between their tree representations. An illustrative example on clustering of character patterns is presented.
Simulation in surgery, anesthesia and medical interviewing

In this paper, we present a bird's-eye view of our work in health systems involving the applications of simulation to the surgical department, anesthesia, and medical diagnosis. Through all these models, an attempt is made to provide the reader with appropriate insights into the process of problem selection, language choice, analysis, interpretation and implementation of results, as well as the limitations of simulation in health systems.
Review: Evaluation of sensing technologies for on-the-go detection of macro-nutrients in cultivated soils

The ever-increasing prices of fertilizer and growing ecological concern over chemical run-off into sources of drinking water have brought the issues of precision agriculture and site-specific management to the forefront of present day technological development within agriculture and ecology. Due to increases in the cost of fertilizer production inputs-predominantly nitrate (N), phosphate (P), and potassium (K) those in agriculture are looking for ways to optimize plant yield while minimizing the application and consumption of fertilizer. Since these macro-nutrients vary even on a small scale throughout a cultivated field, numerous researchers have attempted to develop an on-the-go sensing apparatus that is capable of mapping the presence of these chemicals in situ so that this map, once overlaid with parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), crop yield, and mechanical properties of the soil, can give a precise spatially varying prescription for fertilizer application. In this paper current macro-nutrient assessment technologies are reviewed and categorized by target compound (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK)) and by sensing approach (e.g., chemical, electrical, optical) with an eye towards the potential to create an integrated sensor capable of detecting the three macro-nutrients of primary interest. Emphasis is placed on technologies that require minimal sample preparation, limited sampling time, little maintenance and infrequent calibration. Sensors based on near- and mid-infrared reflectance, Raman spectroscopy, electrochemical methods (ISE, ISFET), biological processes and wet chemistry are explored. These technologies are reviewed with a framework that incorporates quantitative measures of performance, with qualitative indicators of technology fieldability and economics to put forward a recommendation for sensing techniques that may warrant further attention in efforts to develop an on-the-go, in situ NPK sensing system.
Colloidal Fouling of Reverse Osmosis Membranes: Measurements and Fouling Mechanisms

The effect of chemical and physical interactions on the fouling rate of cellulose acetate and aromatic polyamide composite reverse osmosis (RO) membranes by silica colloids is investigated. Results...
Surface characterisation of two gorgonian coral species: Implications for a natural antifouling defence

The natural, fouling‐resistant surfaces of the gorgonian octocorals Pseudopterogorgia americana (Gmelin) and Pseudopterogorgia acerosa (Pallas) were characterised utilising a variety of surface analysis techniques. Samples were collected in April and November 1987 from a natural population. No significant differences in bacterial surface populations were measured between species or between sampling periods. Contact angle analyses suggest that these natural surfaces have low surface energies (γ c=23–27 mN/m) that are in the range previously correlated with minimal bioadhesiveness. Gorgonians may utilise this minimal adhesiveness as a passive fouling‐resistance mechanism in conjunction with other antifouling defences.
Adenyl cyclase in plasma membrane preparations of sea urchin eggs and its increase in activity after fertilization

Abstract It has been shown (cf. Robinson et al. , 1968) that adenyl cyclase is present in preparations of plasma membranes from cells of many kinds of animal tissues and that the specific hormones cause, in vivo or in vitro , increased production of cyclic AMP, which is often attributable to increased enzyme activity. The system also has been implicated in chemotactic phenomena ( Konijn et al. , 1968 ). The process of fertilization is known to involve the interaction of specific receptors (fertilizin) on the plasma membrane of the egg with complementary receptors (antifertilizin) on that of the sperm ( Tyler, 1965; Tyler and Tyler, 1966 ). It is of interest, then, to know if adenyl cyclase is present in membrane preparations from sea urchin eggs and if it increases in activity after fertilization. The present results answer both of these questions affirmatively.
A discrete-variable approach for elastic-plastic wave motions in layered solids

A numerical technique is developed for the study of stress wave propagation in axisymmetric layered elastic-plastic solids. Although the theory of wave propagation in layered media is well established, analytic solutions of significant problems are possible only for linearly elastic cases. The underlying continuum is discretized into a finite number of discrete points consisting of mass points, at which displacements, velocities, and accelerations are defined, and stress points, at which the stress and strain tensors are defined. The equations of motion and the strain-displacement relations can be derived directly from this model and can be shown to be central finite difference analogs of the corresponding continuum equations. A noniterative scheme is used to integrate the equations of motion of the model numerically. The stability of this numerical scheme is investigated in detail. Convergence of the numerical scheme is also demonstrated by comparing solutions obtained by decreasing mesh sizes.
Solids between the mechanical extremes of order and disorder

Jammed systems are typically thought of as being amorphous. Simulations of packings with varying disorder reveal a crossover from crystalline behaviour, which suggests the physics of jamming also applies to highly ordered systems—providing a new framework for understanding amorphous solids.
Age-related changes affect rat rotator cuff muscle function

Background The influence of age on rotator cuff function and muscle structure remains poorly understood. We hypothesize that normal aging influences rotator cuff function, muscle structure, and regulatory protein expression in an established rat model of aging. Methods Seventeen rats were obtained from the National Institute on Aging. The supraspinatus muscles in 11 middle-aged (12 months old) and 6 old (28 months old) rats were studied for age-related changes in rotator cuff neuromuscular function by in vivo muscle force testing and electromyography (EMG). Changes in muscle structure and molecular changes were assessed with quantitative immunohistochemistry for myogenic determination factor 1 (MyoD) and myogenic factor 5 (Myf5) expression. Results Old animals revealed significantly decreased peak tetanic muscle force at 0.5 N and 0.7 N preload tension ( P P = .026). Preload tension significantly influenced muscle force production ( P P P Conclusions The normal aging process in this rat model significantly influenced contractile strength of the supraspinatus muscle and led to decreased expression of muscle regulatory factors. High preload tensions led to a significant decrease in force production in both middle-aged and old animals.
Chemosensitivity of lobster,Homarus americanus, to secondary plant compounds: Unused receptor capabilities.

Chemosensitivity to secondary plant substances was examined electrophysiologically and behaviorally for the lobsterHomarus americanus. Neurophysiological experiments show that some chemoreceptor cells in the antennules (representing the sense of smell) and walking legs (representing the sense of taste) were excited by secondary compounds from plants of marine and terrestrial origin. These compounds include amygdalin, atropine sulfate, bromoform, caffeine,p-coumaric acid, diiodomethane, ferulic acid, heliotropin, phloroglucinol, quinine sulfate, salicin, sinigrin, tannic acid, and tomatine. The possible behavioral function of three of these compounds was tested. Phloroglucinol and ferulic acid had no observable effect on any aspect of feeding behavior at any concentration tested. Tannic acid, which is related to polyphenols found in marine algae, had no observable effect at any concentration tested on orientation to and grasping of food (activities controlled primarily by antennular and leg chemoreceptors, respectively) but did have an inhibitory effect on food ingestion (an activity controlled primarily by mouthpart chemoreceptors). These electrophysiological and behavioral results suggest that potential chemoreceptive information derived from many secondary plant compounds may not be used in feeding behavior. The receptors sensitive to these compounds may represent a “common chemical sense” as suggested by Dethier (1980). However, at least one compound, tannic acid, that is smelled and tasted by lobsters can function as a feeding inhibitor at the level of the mouthparts.
Cephaloglycin in infections of the urinary tract. Evaluation of a new cephalosporin antibiotic.

Forty-three patients with well-documented bacteriuria were treated with a new cephalosporin antibiotic, cephaloglycin. In contrast to cephalothin sodium and cephaloridine, cephaloglycin is better absorbed after oral administration. Levels of active drug are attained in the urine which are greater than the minimal inhibitory concentrations of many common urinary pathogens. However, because of low blood levels, the drug probably should not be given to patients with suspected bacteremia or with infection located outside the urinary tract.
Charge distribution in electron transport components: cytochrome c and cytochrome c oxidase mixtures.

Abstract Mixtures of cytochrome c oxidase and cytochrome c have been titrated by coulometrically generated reductant, methyl viologen radical cation, and physiological oxidant, O2. Charge distribution among the heme components in mixtures of these two redox enzymes has been evaluated by monitoring the absorbance changes at 605 and 550 nm. Differences in the pathway of the electron transfer process during a reduction cycle as compared to an oxidation cycle are indicated by variations found in the absorbance behavior of the heme components during successive reductive and oxidative titrations. It is apparent that the potential of the cytochrome a heme is dependent upon whether oxidation or reduction is occurring.
The void in the Sculptor group spiral galaxy NGC 247

The dwarf galaxy NGC 247, located in the Sculptor Filament, displays an apparent void on the north side of its spiral disk. The existence of the void in the disk of this dwarf galaxy has been known for some time, but the exact nature and cause of this strange feature has remained unclear. We investigate the properties of the void in the disk of NGC 247 using photometry of archival Hubble Space Telescope data to analyze the stars in and around this region. Based on a grid of isochrones from log(t)=6.8 to log(t)=10.0, we assign ages using nearest-neighbor interpolation. Examination of the spatial variation of these ages across the galaxy reveals an age difference between stars located inside the void region and stars located outside this region. We speculate that the void in NGC 247's stellar disk may be due to a recent interaction with a nearly dark sub-halo that collided with the disk and could account for the long-lived nature of the void.
Simulative friction and wear study of retrofitted swash plate and rolling piston compressors

Abstract A specimen testing programme was conducted to approximately simulate critical contact in retrofitted swash plate and rolling piston compressors. Friction and wear data were obtained by means of a specially designed high-pressure tribometer. The substituted refrigerant-oil mixtures under study were tetrafluoroethane glycol (PAG) or R134a-polyester oil mixtures. The oil residue was either a mineral or an alkylbenzene oil, and the residual refrigenaant was dichlorofluoromethane (R12). The amounts of residual oil used were 0%, 20%, an% by volume. The residual amount of refrigerant was 1–5% by weight. For the mixtures and conditions under study, the presence of R12 and a residual amount of alkylbenzene or mineral oil did not have a negative effect on the lubricative properties of the R134a-oil mixture. In fact, for both the counterformal and area ontacts under study, the mixture with 50% residual oil tended to improve the tribological conditions of the contacts. The improvement was probably due to the difference in the tribological properties of the oils by themselves and not to the presence of R12.
Jaguar: Time shifting air traffic scenarios using a genetic algorithm

This paper describes the redesign of the Federal Aviation Administration's implementation of a genetic algorithm used for time shifting flights in air traffic scenarios. Time shifted scenarios are used in testing decision support tools that predict the potential loss of separation between aircraft. This paper describes the improvements that resulted when this application was redesigned and coded in Java. The improvements described in this paper include the following: • Maintainability improved as a result of a modular design using object-oriented techniques. • Usability improved as a result of more efficient logging techniques, configuration methods, and user interfaces. • Quality of the solution improved as a result of a more accurate method for calculating of aircraft-to-aircraft conflicts. • Timeliness for obtaining a solution improved as a result of using modern software engineering techniques, such as distributing the fitness function across multiple processors and caching fitness scores.
Intestinal Transplantation: The Evaluation Process:

After 4 decades of development, the American Gastroenterological Association in a medical position statement recently declared intestinal transplantation to be an acceptable therapy for patients suffering from intestinal failure. Improvements in surgical technique, immunosuppression, and treatment of rejection and infection have contributed to this advancement. Early referral and candidate selection have also been cited as key components to a successful transplantation. The evaluation period, including the referral process, is the cornerstone for this success. The purpose of this article is to present a detailed definition and analysis of the evaluation process. Criteria for listing with the United Network for Organ Sharing will also be discussed.
SENSITIVITY AND UNCERTAINTY OF PROCESS DESIGNS TO THERMODYNAMIC MODEL PARAMETERS: A MONTE CARLO APPROACH

Abstract Process simultalion relies heavily on the calculation of physical properties through thermodynamic models. The parameters in these models are subject to uncertainties that may, at first, appear to be small. However, the designs developed through use of these models can be significantly sensitive to these parameter uncertainties. Previous studies have considered special cases of design error or have involved simple sensitivity analyses close to the optimum design case. In the present work, we use Monte Carlo simulation with Latin Hypercube Sampling to quantify the probability of design errors. An example of binary distillation with phase-equilibrium calculations from a cubic equation of state is used to illustrate the technique.
The Role of Education in Peace-Building in the African Great Lakes Region: Educators' Perspectives.

This article discusses the findings from a qualitative study which examined educators’ perceptions of their contributions to the quest for sustainable peace in Burundi and the African Great Lakes region. The study looked at how educators representing different ethnic backgrounds, academic preparation, and currently employed at different levels within the Burundi educational system characterize their experiences with ethnic conflicts and violence, the role that education must play in the peace‐building and societal reconstruction processes, and their roles in the quest for sustainable peaceful interethnic coexistence. The findings from semi‐structured interviews and researchers’ field notes showed that most participants were deeply marked by their experiences with ethnic conflicts, and that they recognized the critical roles that they and the educational system must play to achieve lasting peace. The participants stressed that numerous logistical and economic challenges hinder their work. The author conclu...
A system for automated data entry from forms

OCR technology cannot on its own, meet the demands of automated data entry. Two types of postprocessing are generally required. First, context must be used to improve the recognition and accept some fields automatically. Second, operator intervention is needed to verify some results or enter fields that are too difficult to recognize. In this paper we describe a novel approach to integrate both types of post-processing into a single system. Context analysis and the interactive functions are invoked alternatively several times as needed. Each step improves the results until all fields are certified. The paper also discusses a framework for evaluating the efficiency of the method and provides some experimental results.
The effect of total colectomy on morphology and absorptive capacity of ileum in the rat.

Abstract The mechanism of adaptation of intestinal absorption after colectomy has not been established. This adaptation was studied by measuring morphologic changes and absorptive capacity of the ileum before and 2 months after total colectomy and ileoproctostomy in rats. The water-absorptive capacity of ileum was determined in situ by infusing a 10-cm. segment at 0.2 ml./minute with an isotonic solution with a nonabsorbable marker. Net water absorption in the ileum increased from 0.17 ± 0.012 ml./cm./hour in preoperative and control animals to 0.28 ± 0.034 ml./cm./hour 2 months after colectomy (P These findings indicate that both ileal absorptive surface and absorptive capacity increase after total colectomy in the rat and suggest that the enhancement of water-absorptive capacity in the intestinal remnant is the mechanism of functional adaptation after colectomy.
Ab initio study of the isoelectronic series N3−, N2O and N2F+: Predicting the bond lengths in N2F+

Abstract In view of the experimental determination of the NF bond length in NF 4 + by Christe et al. (1971 ) it is worthwhile to attempt to predict the NF bond length in N 2 F + , the NF bond with the largest known NF force constant. Calculations at the HF/4-31 G, HF/6-31 G* and MP2/6-31 G* levels were completed for N 3 + , N 2 O, and N 2 F + and the optimized bond lengths were compared to those estimated using Lewis structures. An estimate was also made of the heat of formation of N 2 F + which is in excellent agreement with the experimental value.
Newborns with diaphragmatic hernia: initial chest radiography does not have a role in predicting clinical outcome

The management of life-threatening congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) has undergone significant change over the last two decades. When CDH was felt to be a surgical emergency treated promptly after birth, survival rates of 50% were typical. Recent changes in medical management of these patients prior to surgery have had a dramatic influence on clinical outcome with survival rates over 80%. This study was performed to assess under the current 80% survival rates whether there is predictive value in the appearance of the initial chest radiograph and clinical outcome in patients with CDH. Initial chest radiographs on 56 newborns with CDH were retrospectively reviewed for percent aeration of ipsilateral lung, percent aeration of contralateral lung, percent mediastinal shift, and content of hernia and correlated with clinical outcome. There was no significant relationship between radiographic analysis of the percent of ipsilateral lung aeration (P=0.43), contralateral aeration (P=0.52) mediastinal shift (P=0.18), or content of hernia and clinical outcome. All CDH lesions tend to “look the same” on radiographs, regardless of favorable or fatal outcome. Chest radiography serves to confirm the diagnosis of CDH, but does not predict outcome.
Religious attitudes and development in Dakar, Senegal

Abstract A survey of 205 male heads of household was conducted in Dakar to explore the relationship between religious attitudes and development. It was hypothesized that: (a) the more modern an individual (by socio-economic indicators), the more likely he is to deny Muslim affiliation; (b) the more modern an individual, the less likely he is to perform Muslim rites; and, (c) the more modern an individual, the less likely he is to use or consult marabouts (Muslim leaders) for any purpose, religious or social. The results of the study did not support these hypotheses. Instead, the following hypotheses are suggested: (a) as development occurs, individuals will be equally or more likely to perform Muslim rituals; and (b) as development occurs, individuals will be less likely to consult marabouts on temporal matters.
An ecological examination of rural mozambican women's attainment of postwar wellbeing

Women's experiences of warfare and postwar recovery are qualitatively different from those of men. However, to date, the processes whereby women recover from the gendered impacts of war have not been sufficiently explored. In order to address this gap in the literature and to inform policies and services aimed at women recovering from warfare, a qualitative investigation was conducted of the process whereby women in one rural community in northern Mozambique attained wellbeing in the wake of war. Findings indicate that factors at all levels of the socio-ecological system were significant in supporting women's attainment of postwar wellbeing. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Absence of Breed Differences in Bactericidal Power of Blood Plasma of Chickens over Salmonella Pullorum

Abstract HUTT and Scholes (1941) have shown that adult White Leghorns are significantly more resistant to pullorum disease than are the adults of heavier breeds such as Rhode Island Reds, Wyandottes, and Barred Plymouth Rocks. Furthermore, they showed that newly-hatched White Leghorn chicks display a greater resistance to pullorum disease than do chicks of the Rhode Island Red and Barred Plymouth Rock breeds. This resistance is undoubtedly accompanied by some physiological or morphological phenomenon which the White Leghorn breed possesses to a greater degree than the heavy breeds. Schnetzler and Hartsell (1940) have reported that adult White Leghorns and Rhode Islands Reds differ in the bactericidal power of the sera of their blood. They found that the more resistant Leghorns had greater bactericidal power and suggested that this greater bactericidal action on the part of the sera of the White Leghorn fowl might account, at least in part, for the greater . . .
Conformations and selective photodissociation of heterogeneous benzo(a) pyrene diol epoxide enantiomer-DNA adducts

Abstract The covalent binding of the tumorigenic (+) enantiomer and the nontumorigenic (−) enantiomer of trans -7,8-dihydroxy- anti -9, 10-epoxy-7,8,9,19-tetrahydrobenzo( a )pyrene (BPDE) to double-stranded native DNA gives rise to heterogeneous adducts, especially in the case of (−)-BPDE. The covalent (+)-BPDE-DNA adducts are predominantly of the external site II type, while the (−)-BPDE-DNA adducts are predominantly of the quasi-intercalative, site I type (65%), with 35% of site II adducts. The site I adducts can be selectively photodissociated with near-ultraviolet light (quantum yields in the range 0.0003–0.005); the external site II adducts (photodissociation quantum yield 3 × 10 −5 ) are 10–100-times more stable. The photolability of covalent (−)-BPDE-DNA adducts accounts for the discrepancies in the linear dichroism properties of these complexes reported previously. Fluorescence quenching data, previously utilized to assess the degree of solvent exposure of the pyrenyl residues in covalent adducts, were in some cases significantly influenced by the presence of highly fluorescent tetraol dissociation products. After correcting for this effect, it is shown that the fluorescence of the external site II (+)-BPDE-DNA adducts is sensitive to acrylamide, while the fluorescence of the dominant site I (−)-BPDE-DNA adducts is not affected by this fluorescence quencher, as expected for adducts with considerable carcinogen-base stacking interactions.
Evidence for Positive Selection on a Sexual Reproduction Gene in the Diatom Genus Thalassiosira (Bacillariophyta)

Single likelihood ancestor counting (SLAC), fixed effects likelihood (FEL), and several random effects likelihood (REL) methods were utilized to identify positively and negatively selected sites in sexually induced gene 1 (Sig1) of four different Thalassiosira species. The SLAC analysis did not find any sites affected by positive selection but suggested 13 sites influenced by negative selection. The SLAC approach may be too conservative because of low sequence divergence. The FEL and REL analyses revealed over 60 negatively selected sites and two positively selected sites that were unique to each method. The REL method may not be able to reliably identify individual sites under selection when applied to short sequences with low divergence. Instead, we proposed a new alignment-wide test for adaptive evolution based on codon models with variation in synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution rates among sites and found evidence for diversifying evolution without relying on site-by-site testing. The performance of the FEL and REL approaches was evaluated by subjecting the tests to a type I error rate simulation analysis, using the specific characteristics of the Sig1 data set. Simulation results indicated that the FEL test had reasonable Type I errors, while REL might have been too liberal, suggesting that the two positively selected sites identified by FEL (codons 94 and 174) are not likely to be false positives. The evolution of these codon sites, one of which is located in functional domain II, appears to be associated with divergence among the three major Thalassiosira lineages.
New methodological criteria in rapid multichannel microspectrofluorometry

The application of microspectrofluorometric techniques to the study of various metabolic pathways in the dynamic context of intracellular interactions has gained further versatility through the use of better correlated microtopographic and spectral observations, rapid automatic data processing and a more accurate definition of specific conditions at fluorescence excitation and detection to minimize the action of exciting wavelengths on the stability of fluorochrome emission. The kinetic parameters of metabolic transients due to microinjection of substrate, are evaluated from 50–200 intracellular sites simultaneously at a temporal resolution of ~ 64 msec. Thus, regional asynchronicities and kinetic discrepancies of the metabolic response may be recognized in correlation with intracellular structure. Sequential changes in the topographic fluorescence pattern or in the fluorescence spectra may be used to define various intracellular pathways associated with the catabolism of natural metabolites or the intracellular distribution and conversion of exogenous molecules. The combination with automated data processing makes possible the uninterupted studies at the level of various intracellular compartments simultaneously on a topographic mode or the identification via spectral analysis of rapid intracellular conversion undergone by natural and exogenous fluorochromes.