cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visit frequency for controlled essential hypertension: general practitioners' opinions

A survey of 50 randomly selected South Glamorgan general practitioners was undertaken to determine how often they would treat and see patients with uncomplicated controlled essential hypertension. The decision to treat for high blood pressure depended on the level of diastolic pressure, patient age and sex, and interactions between diastolic pressure and age and diastolic pressure and sex. The range of responses for visit frequently was every two weeks to once yearly. On average, patients would be seen every 14.8 weeks (standard deviation, 9.2 weeks). The follow-up interval was significantly affected by level of pretreatment diastolic pressure (16 weeks for pressures 95 to 100 mmHg; 13.6 weeks for pressures greater than 105 mmHg), the patient's age (13.9 weeks for those 40 to 49 years old; 15.6 weeks for those 60 to 65 years old), and the decision to treat for high blood pressure (13.4 weeks for those treated; 17.9 weeks for those not treated). If the variability of physician opinion observed in this study is reflected in practice patterns, then it is important to know whether these variations affect outcome. Follow-up intervals can be related to physician, patient, illness characteristics, and outcomes. Visit frequency is a useful variable for studying the process of care.
Deconstructing Drug Prevention: towards an alternative purpose

This paper is concerned with deconstructing popular and widespread understanding of the term ‘drug prevention’ when it is applied to education within schools and to the general population. The concept of informed choice is thoroughly examined with reference to questions of objectivity, the limitation of fact-or information-based programmes, and the role of psychological factors in the causation of substance use. The paper considers the potential value of programmes based on attitudes and feeling as an alternative.
EFFECT OF POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE ADDITIVE ON THE PORE SIZE AND THE PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF POLYETHERSULFONE (VICTREX) MEMBRANES

Investigations were made on the effect of the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) additive in the casting solution on the performance of polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration membranes in the range of PVP/PEs weight ratio below 0.5. It was further attempted to investigate the effect of PVP additive on the size of PES polymer in the casting solution and the pore size and the pore size distribution of PES membranes. It was found that the presence of PVP additive decreases both the polymer size and the membrane pore size. Discussions were made on the mechanism of the formation of the pore based on the correlation between the polymer size and the pore size.
The factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder: a literature update, critique of methodology, and agenda for future research.

We present an update of recent literature (since 2007) exploring the factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom measures. Research supporting a four-factor emotional numbing model and a four-factor dysphoria model is presented, with these models fitting better than all other models examined. Variables accounting for factor structure differences are reviewed, including PTSD query instructions, type of PTSD measure, extent of trauma exposure, ethnicity, and timing of administration. Methodological and statistical limitations with recent studies are presented. Finally, a research agenda and recommendations are offered to push this research area forward, including suggestions to validate PTSD's factors against external measures of psychopathology, test moderators of factor structure, and examine heterogeneity of symptom presentations based on factor structure examination.
Local well-posedness of the viscous surface wave problem without surface tension

We consider a viscous fluid of finite depth below the air, occupying a three-dimensional domain bounded below by a fixed solid boundary and above by a free moving boundary. The domain is allowed to have a horizontal cross-section that is either periodic or infinite in extent. The fluid dynamics are governed by the gravity-driven incompressible Navier–Stokes equations, and the effect of surface tension is neglected on the free surface. This paper is the first in a series of three on the global well-posedness and decay of the viscous surface wave problem without surface tension. Here we develop a local well-posedness theory for the equations in the framework of the nonlinear energy method, which is based on the natural energy structure of the problem. Our proof involves several novel techniques, including: energy estimates in a “geometric” reformulation of the equations, a well-posedness theory of the linearized Navier–Stokes equations in moving domains, and a time-dependent functional framework, which couples to a Galerkin method with a time-dependent basis.
Demographic transition and industrial revolution: A macroeconomic investigation

Abstract All industrialized countries have experienced a transition from high birth rates, land-based production and stagnant standards of living to low birth rates and sustained income growth. To develop a better understanding of these economic and demographic transformations and the link between them, we construct a general equilibrium framework merging the Hansen and Prescott [Hansen, Gary D., Prescott, Edward C., 2002. Malthus to Solow. American Economic Review 92 (4), 1205–1217] model of structural change with the Barro and Becker [Barro, Robert J., Becker, Gary S., 1989. Fertility choice in a model of economic growth. Econometrica 57 (2), 481–501] model of fertility choice. We find that when the historical changes of youth mortality and sector-specific productivity are introduced into the model, parameterized to capture key moments of 17th century England, it does remarkably well at generating the long-run features of economic and demographic development of England.
Call for Papers---Special Issue of Marketing Science on User-Generated Content (UGC): Deadline: January 15, 2010

A call for funded proposals that was jointly sponsored by the Wharton Interactive Media Initiative (http://www.whartoninteractive.com) and the Marketing Science Institute (http:// www.msi.org) on UGC demonstrated a strong interest in a variety of research approaches (e.g., experimental, analytical theory, empirical structural, statistical, and data mining) that are being used to study the creation of and impact of UGC. Marketing Science strongly supports this area as important to our field—hence, this call for papers for a special issue. Marketing Science is looking for innovative and groundbreaking papers that address issues related to UGC. Examples of paper topics might include the following:
The Southern Oscillation. Part VI: Anomalies of Sea Level Pressure on the Southern Hemisphere and of Pacific Sea Surface Temperature during the Development of a Warm Event

Abstract The paper shows the discrete, mean three-month anomalies of sea level pressure on the Southern Hemisphere during the year before and the year of a Warm Event in the Southern Oscillation, together with associated anomalies of sea surface temperature in the South Pacific 0cean. The two sets anomalies develop in a parallel and physically logical sequence over the South Pacific Ocean in conjunction with changes in the South Pacific Convergence Zone. Nearly all of the Southern Hemisphere responds to the Southern Oscillation, but the response is largest in the Australia-South Pacific sector. Large anomalies of sea level pressure form well ahead of any on the Northern Hemisphere, and this observation together with the conspicuous anomalies in the region of Australia and the South Pacific suggest that the origin of the Southern Oscillation must be sought in this region.
Uncertainty assessment of complex models with application to aviation environmental policy-making

Numerical simulation models that support decision-making and policy-making processes are often complex and involve many disciplines. These models typically have many factors of different character, such as operational, design-based, technological, and economics-based. Such factors generally contain uncertainty, which leads to uncertainty in model outputs. For such models, it is critical to both the application of model results and the future development of the model that a formal approach to the assessment of uncertainty in the model be established and carried out. In this paper, a comprehensive approach to the uncertainty assessment of complex models intended to support decision-making and policy-making processes is presented. The approach consists of seven steps, which are establishing assessment goals, documenting assumptions and limitations, documenting model factors and outputs, classifying and characterizing factor uncertainty, conducting uncertainty analysis, conducting sensitivity analysis, and presenting results. Highlights of the approach are demonstrated on a real-world model intended to estimate the impacts of aviation on climate change.
An hypothesis generation model for judgment in nonmetric multiple-cue probability learning

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present a two-phase hypothesis generation model to describe behavior in multiple-cue probability learning tasks with nonmetric cues. The model assumes that on each trial the subject generates two sets of hypotheses: (a) a hypothesis concerning which cue dimension (or pattern) will lead to a correct prediction on that trial and (b) a hypothesis concerning which response will be correct given the cue dimension attended to on that trial. Five-hundred-twelve subjects were assigned to 20 groups in a binary choice task involving two binary cue dimensions. Each group observed cues which differed in validity. Analysis of the data indicated that subjects attend to both cue dimensions in making judgments even when one cue has zero validity. A test of the fit of the observed data to the asymptotic response proportions predicted by the model indicated a reasonable fit.
An exploration of India : geographical perspectives on society and culture

cultural geography of South Asia, especially India. This book is in essence a progress report on some of the work done so far. Its several authors have worked at various scales, from the subcontinental to the individual village or urban sector, in an attempt to map aspects of the bewildering diversity of South Asian society and culture. Most of the research has been focused on India, not surprisingly; but there are references also to Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. After Sopher's Introduction, the book falls into four parts. The first, entitled 'Point of Departure', contains a single Chapter by Bharat L. Bhatt, which examines India as a cultural entity and then reviews attempts to map and define regional variation in India in cultural terms. This is, apart from anything else, a valuable bibliographic exercise. Part II, 'Exploration at the All-India Scale', is made up of three contributions: Michael J. Libbee's on 'Territorial Endogamy and the Spatial Structure of Marriage in India', which has its tedious passages but does bring out interesting north-south contrasts related to inand out-village marriage (to use simple terms); Molly Debysingh's on 'The Cultural Geography of Poultry Keeping in India', basically an essay in the regional variation of a dietetic taboo; and Sopher's own long discussion of 'Sex Disparity in Indian Literacy', which again brings out north-south contrasts and reveals lowest disparities, interestingly, in Tehri-Garhwal and the Khasi Hills. Part III ('Exploration at Regional and Local Scales') contains five Chapters. Sister Katharina Schuth writes on village literacy and its correlates, basing her conclusions on a case study in Mysore (now Karnataka). Harendra Nath Sharma discusses city-hinterland relationships in terms of 'the spillover from city to countryside of characteristics associated with urbanization', drawing on earlier work but also using his own studies around Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Kanpur and Poona. Charles J. Bennett surveys the morphology of language boundaries on the basis of traverses in eastern India. Thomas W. Wilbanks examines the ways in which exogenous ideas arrive and provoke a response in northern India (while paying at least preliminary lip-service to the notion that villagers sometimes have their own ideas too). And James S. and Nancy G. Duncan study the 'residential landscapes' of two elite groups in Hyderabad; and amongst other things criticize the 'factorial ecologists' who assume that the areas with which they deal are uniform in class composition, often a fallacy in an Indian context.
A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Working Memory Abnormalities in Schizophrenia

Background Previous neuroimaging studies of working memory (WM) in schizophrenia, typically focusing on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, yield conflicting results, possibly because of varied choice of tasks and analysis techniques. We examined neural function changes at several WM loads to derive a more complete picture of WM dysfunction in schizophrenia. Methods We used a version of the Sternberg Item Recognition Paradigm to test WM function at five distinct loads. Eighteen schizophrenia patients and 18 matched healthy controls were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla. Results Patterns of both overactivation and underactivation in patients were observed depending on WM load. Patients’ activation was generally less responsive to load changes than control subjects’, and different patterns of between-group differences were observed for memory encoding and retrieval. In the specific case of successful retrieval, patients recruited additional neural circuits unused by control subjects. Behavioral effects were generally consistent with these imaging results. Conclusions Differential findings of overactivation and underactivation may be attributable to patients’ decreased ability to focus and allocate neural resources at task-appropriate levels. Additionally, differences between encoding and retrieval suggest that WM dysfunction may be manifested differently during the distinct phases of encoding, maintenance, and retrieval.
Invited Review: Lipoprotein Lipase and Triglyceride-Rich Lipoprotein Metabolism

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is the key enzyme responsible for fat storage. It hydrolyzes triglyceride contained in circulating very low-density lipoproteins and chylomicrons; the fatty acids that are produced are transported locally into tissues, whereas glycerol is released into the circulation. Abnormalities in LPL activity have been described in a variety of hypertriglyceridemic states, including diabetes mellitus, and in some situations may contribute to atherosclerosis. Previous in vivo studies suggest that LPL is saturable, with maximum rates of fatty acid transport and storage occurring at plasma triglyceride concentrations in the 300 to 400 mg/dL range. At higher triglyceride concentrations, significant nonenzymatic uptake, primarily by the reticuloendothelial system, can occur. Impaired neutrophil, platelet, and pulmonary function have been described in association with IV infusion of lipid emulsions at high rates. There is no evidence that lipid emulsions produce any of these adverse effects at pla...
ADAM SMITH AND THE MODERN SCIENCE OF ETHICS

Third-party decision-makers, or spectators, have emerged as a useful empirical tool in modern social science research on moral motivation. Spectators of a sort also serve a central role in Adam Smith's moral theory. This paper compares these two types of spectatorship with respect to their goals, methodologies, visions of human nature and emphasis on moral rules. I find important similarities and differences and conclude that this comparison suggests significant opportunities for philosophical ethics to inform empirical and theoretical research on moral preferences and vice versa.
THE VOLUME‐BASED PHOTOSYNTHETIC RATES OF AQUATIC PLANTS

INVESTIGATORS who have studied the photosynthesis of planktonic plants have usually expressed their yields "per million cells" or "per liter of water." These bases do not permit meaningful comparisons between different plants since cell volumes vary immensely among different species, and population densities vary similarly among different water masses. Students of the higher aquatic plants have been interested primarily in the effects of varying light intensity, temperature, pH, time of day, etc., and have been content to report relative yields within the range of variation in their experiments. The group of workers, too numerous to list by name, who have studied laboratory cultures of various algae (Chlorella pyrenoidosa, most prominent among them) under artificial conditions in their efforts to learn the secrets of the photosynthetic mechanism(s) have frequently expressed yields per unit of plant volume. These data, however, do not represent natural conditions. One would expect the photosynthetic yields observed by such workers to be higher than the average yields of aquatic plants in their natural environment, since the elements essential to growth are supplied so much more abundantly in artificial media than in natural waters. The phosphorus content of natural waters, for example, is likely to be a few micrograms per liter; laboratory culture media contain several milligrams per liter. During the past 3 years studies of the photosynthetic rates exhibited by plants in western Lake Erie have been carried on at the Franz Theodore Stone Institute of Hydrobiology. These studies have utilized plants found growing in their natural environment, tested very soon after collection, and rates have been expressed per unit of plant volume. These studies provide an estimate of the photosynthetic rates exhibited by natural plants tested in the water of their natural environment, under natural light. There are, moreover, certain reports in the literature in which the average size of the cells used is recorded, and in other cases the species used is designated and approximate cell dimensions can be obtained from taxonomic studies describing the species. In such cases the reported rates can be converted to volume-based rates for comparison with the Lake Erie data. In the present report the Lake Erie data are shown, with such estimates calculated from the literature, to demonstrate the magnitude of the volume-based rates exhibited by aquatic plants. METHODS.-The method used to measure photosynthesis has been described previously (Verduin.
Avalanche multiplication in forward- and reverse-active mode bipolar junction transistors

Impact ionization in the reverse-biased base-collector space-charge layer of the bipolar junction transistor (BJT) can cause an avalanche collector current as well as a reverse (or negative) base current. We develop analytical models to predict and compare avalanche phenomena in the BJT biased under forward-active and under reverse-active operations. The models consider a position-dependent electric field in the space-charge layer, the effect of the non-uniform doping profile, and the excess free carriers associated with the current passing through the space-charge layer. For the specified device make-up and parameters used, our results suggest that avalanche is more prominent in the reverse-active BJT than the forward-active BJT. The physics underlying this occurrence is given, and experimental data obtained from an advanced BJT is included in support of the models.
Postmenopausal estrogen replacement: A long-term cohort study

Abstract To assess the long-term effects of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) in 157 post-menopausal women, a prospective, non-randomized, cohort study was conducted from 1964 to 1989. ERT consisted of 0.625 mg of conjugated equine estrogen daily for the first 25 days of each month without oral progesterone from 1964 to 1984. From 1984 to 1989 5 mg of medroxyprogesterone was added from day 14 to 25 of every sixth month in subjects with an intact uterus. The mean loss of height was significantly less among the ERT subjects after age 65 years and remained at 0.08 cm/year from age 56 to 80 years, whereas the loss of height accelerated among the control subjects to 0.19 cm/year from age 66 to 70, to 0.22 cm/year from age 71 to 75, and to 0.30 cm/year from age 76 to 80. The mean cortical bone density at the distal third of the radius was significantly greater among the ERT subjects compared to the control subjects with the difference representing a 12.0% higher bone density with ERT. The risk of both vertebral compression and peripheral fractures was significantly reduced in the ERT group (relative risk 0.28). The mean serum LDL cholesterol was 21% lower and the mean HDL cholesterol, 37% higher among ERT subjects compared to control subjects. Both ERT and total serum cholesterol had independent effects on the development of cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction and stroke) in a multivariate analysis.
Probabilities within optimal strategies for tournament games

Abstract Let T be a tournament. The tournament game on T is: Two players independently pick a node. If both pick the same node, the game is tied. Otherwise, the player whose node is at the tail of the arc connecting the two nodes wins. Fisher and Ryan showed that for any tournament T, the tournament game on T has a unique optimal strategy. If one node beats all others, the optimal strategy always picks that node. Otherwise, we show the probability that a node is picked in the optimal strategy is at most 1 3 . We also find bounds on the minimum nonzero probability of a node in the optimal strategy.
Orthogonal polynomial projectors for the projector augmented wave method of electronic structure calculations

The projector augmented wave (PAW) method for electronic structure calculations developed by Bl\"ochl [Phys. Rev. B 50, 17 953 (1994)] has been very successfully used for density functional studies. It has the numerical advantages of pseudopotential techniques while retaining the physics of all-electron formalisms. We describe a method for generating the set of atom-centered projector and basis functions that are needed for the PAW method. This scheme chooses the shapes of the projector functions from a set of orthogonal polynomials multiplied by a localizing weight factor. Numerical benefits of the scheme result from having direct control of the shape of the projector functions and from the use of a simple repulsive local potential term to eliminate ``ghost state'' problems, which can plague calculations of this kind. Electronic density of states results are presented for the mineral powellite $({\mathrm{CaMoO}}_{4}).$
Maternal plasma homocysteine concentrations are not increased in twin pregnancies.

Objective(s). We tested the hypothesis that twin pregnancies would lead to increased maternal plasma homocysteine. We further hypothesized that twin pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia would have increased plasma homocysteine compared to twin pregnancies without preeclampsia and normal singleton pregnancies. Methods. Plasma was collected at delivery from 127 nulliparous subjects: 57 women with normal singleton pregnancies, 39 women with singleton and preeclampsia, 17 women with uncomplicated twin pregnancies, and 14 women with twins and preeclampsia. Subjects were group matched for prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and race. Plasma homocysteine was analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection, and plasma folic acid was measured by radio immunoassay (RIA). Results. The mean plasma concentration of homocysteine was significantly increased in all women with preeclampsia (7.4 ± 2.9 µM) compared to all normal pregnant women (5.9 ± 2.1 µM, p = 0.002). However, homocyst...
Oral contraceptives maintain a very thin endometrium before operative hysteroscopy.

Objective To show that early follicular-phase administration of an oral contraceptive pill (OC) consistently provides a thin endometrium, as determined by transvaginal ultrasound. This is an ideal condition when performing operative hysteroscopy. Design Retrospective chart review of patients who have undergone ultrasound evaluation of the endometrial thickness under different hormonal conditions. Endometrial measurement was obtained during menstruation, in the late follicular phase, and in the luteal phase in 20 patients. In another group of 100 patients, endometrial measurement was made on the 18th day of OC administration, initiated during menses. Setting A reproductive endocrinology unit in a university-affiliated medical center. Patient(s) Patients undergoing treatment for subfertility of various etiologies. Intervention(s) Transvaginal ultrasound measurements of the endometrium. Main Outcome Measure(s) Endometrial thickness by transvaginal ultrasound. Result(s) Combination OCs started on menstrual days 1–3 maintain a uniformly thin endometrium, 4.1 ± 1.6 mm (mean ± SD), comparable to menstrual endometrium (3.7 ± 1.5 mm). This was statistically thinner compared with endometrium observed in the late follicular phase (11 ± 2.0 mm) or late luteal phase (12 ± 2.3 mm). Transvaginal ultrasound measurements of the endometrium under different conditions were compared by the unpaired t -test. Conclusion(s) Oral contraceptives maintain a very thin, flat endometrium, such that lesions might be readily identified and treated during operative hysteroscopy procedures. Prevention of pregnancy and endometrial thinning with administration of OCs facilitates procedural scheduling for patients and surgeons.
Motion of a Gaussian wave packet in a periodically pulsed harmonic oscillator.

We point out that the Hamiltonian for the periodically pulsed harmonic oscillator considered by Hogg and Huberman [Phys. Rev. A 28, 22 (1983)] preserves ordinary coherent states under time evolution. The expectation values of x and p then follow the classical motion in phase space.
Initial characterization of a dually radiolabeled peptide for simultaneous monitoring of protein targets and enzymatic activity.

Objective The goal of this study was to develop dually radiolabeled peptides for simultaneous imaging of cancer cell localization by targeting the αvβ3 integrin and their pathophysiology by targeting the activity of the proteolytic enzyme MMP2, involved in the metastatic process.
Effects of DL-propranolol on exercise heart rate and maximal rates of oxygen consumption in Scaphiopus intermontanus.

Lymphatic injection of propranolol (0.2–10 μg) into toads decreased exercise heart rate in a dose-dependent manner. There was a significant linear corrleation between exercise heart rate and maximal oxygen consumption rates\((\dot VO_2 \max )\). These data are consistent with the hypothesis that blood oxygen transport is the limiting process for\(\dot VO_2 \) max in anuran amphibians.
1350 A network of educators for cancer clinical trials

Networks of educators are being used in the U.S.A. to promote cancer prevention and treatment clinical trials. These educators are educating the public, patients, and their families about the clinical trials process and what to expect while participating in a trial. Since clinical trials are the most effective tool scientists have to evaluate new approaches to cancer prevention and treatment, the National Cancer Institute has placed a strong emphasis on clinical trials as part of a comprehensive research agenda. Despite the importance of the issues, clinical trials continue to face significant obstacles to producing timely answers. This presentation will describe education and training efforts being coordinated by the National Cancer Institute in collaboration with patient advocates, cancer centers, and professional organizations to increase the number of patients enrolled in clinical trials, nationwide. Special emphasis will be placed on the design and development of a 4-part training program for the target audiences.
The Heideggerian view of person: a perspective conducive to the therapeutic encounter

The artistry of the therapist finds its origins in the therapist's authentic presencing of self and in the philosophical assumptions that constitute the therapist's perception of human beings. Based in existential phenomenology, Heidegger's view of person nurtures a conceptualization of individuals complimentary to the art of person-centered psychotherapy. Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenology encourages ontological self-reflection and potentiates meaningful appreciation of one's "being-in-world." This study describes Heidegger's view of person as one that offers therapists and their patients an advantageous clinical orientation and an anesthetically comfortable realm from which the art of the therapeutic encounter can originate, be nurtured, and grow infinitely, thereby supporting patients' self-transcendence, self-love, and well being.
Separating dual effects of zinc at recombinant N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.

Abstract The effects of Zn 2+ on recombinant N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes were examined. Zn 2+ inhibited macroscopic currents induced by NMDA at both NR1/NR2B and NR1/NR2A receptors. At NR1/NR2B receptors the Zn 2+ concentration-inhibition curve was monophasic, with an apparent affinity for Zn 2+ of 1.6 μ M, and inhibition by Zn 2+ was not voltage-dependent. In contrast, the Zn 2+ concentration-inhibition curve at NR1/NR2A receptors was biphasic, with high ( K i =0.08 μ M) and low ( K i =30 μ M) affinity components. The high affinity component produced a maximal inhibition of 45% of macroscopic NMDA currents and was not voltage-dependent. Thus, Zn 2+ is more potent in producing voltage-independent block at NR1/NR2A than at NR1/NR2B receptors, but the maximal effect of Zn 2+ is smaller at NR1/NR2A than at NR1/NR2B receptors. The low affinity component of Zn 2+ inhibition at NR1/NR2A receptors was voltage-dependent and may represent an open-channel blocking effect of Zn 2+ . Differential effects of Zn 2+ at recombinant NMDA receptors containing different NR2 subunits provide a potential marker for distinguishing subtypes of native NMDA receptors and for dissecting the site and mechanism of action of Zn 2+ at these receptors.
Fluorescence Microscopy and Flow Cytofluorometry of Reactive Oxygen Species

Abstract The effects of reactive oxygen species on cell function and health have driven the development of numerous detection methodologies to assess oxidative stress. In this article, we review the detection of reactive oxygen species by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytofluorometry over the last seven years. Emphasis is placed on the variety of sample matrices analyzed and the diverse biomedical questions and oxidative stress mediated diseases that benefit from the information provided by these fluorescence-based analytical techniques.
Modified Structure Zone Model to Describe the Morphological Evolution of ZnO Thin Films Deposited by Reactive Sputtering

The morphological evolution of zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films deposited by magnetron sputtering is described by the use of a Structure Zone Model. A modified Structure Zone Model was revealed, in whic...
Development of Earth Satellite Technology for the Telemetry of Hydrologic Data

The use of satellite telemetry is playing a major role in the collection of hydrologic data. Advancing technology and availability of government satellites have permitted many agencies to take advantage of new procedures for acquiring data from automated remote data collection stations. Experiments with Earth satellite technology started in the 1960's and 1970's, with the polar-orbiting National Aeronautics and Space Administration Nimbus and Landsat satellites. Subsequent advancements took place through the development phase to operational systems using the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. This satellite system supports more than 2,500 active telemetry sites, of which approximately 1,200 are Geological Survey stream-gaging stations for the collection of hydrologic data. A satellite data collection system is made up of three primary components; a small battery-operated radio, and Earth-orbiting satellite, and an Earth receive and data processing station. The data relay satellites' vast aerial view of the Earth's surface gives satellite telemetry a large advantage over ground-based systems for the collection of real-time hydrologic data for flood warning, reservoir management, irrigation water control, hydropower generation, and the operation of hydrologic stations.
Initiation of parturition in dairy cows with dexamethasone. II. Response to dexamethasone in combination with estradiol benzoate.

Abstract Parturition was initiated in 26 Holstein cows given dexamethasone (4.4 mg/100 kg body weight) in combination with 25 mg estradiol benzoate intramuscularly at day 273 of gestation. Parturition occurred at 40.8 ± 9.6 h after injection. Twenty-six control cows had an average gestation length of 281.5 days. Calving difficulty was not different although birth weight of calves was 2.5 kg less for induced cows compared with control cows. Severity of udder edema did not differ between groups. Average daily milk production for the first 9 wk of lactation was lower (24.2 versus 27.7 kg) from induced than control groups. Incidence of retained placental membranes was 50 and 4% for induced and control cows. Serum estrogens were lower (290 versus 601 pg/ml) in induced than in control cows 2 days prior to parturition. Groups did not differ in serum calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, days to first heat, days to first breeding, days to conception, or in fat, protein, and total solids content of colostrum. Casein in colostrum of induced cows was lower. Results of California Mastitis Tests at 15 and 30 days postpartum were similar.
A 1-Year Follow-Up Of A Preventive Program For High-Risk Transfer Children

Some children experiencing an unscheduled school transfer are at risk for academic and social difficulties. At-risk children enter the new school with academic lags and several life stressors, and are from lower socioeconomic status groups. The present study provides follow-up data on a group of high-risk transfer students who received tutoring in their schools or in both their schools and homes. The findings indicate that the most academic success occurred with the children who received the most intensive intervention, which involved home-plus-school tutoring.
Applying the marketing concept to design new products

Abstract This article is an empirical application of the marketing concept in the design of new product offerings in the area of religious instructional materials. The general approach and methodology of this research should be appropriate for many types of consumer products and organizations. The marketing concept was applied to the design of religious instructional materials in this study through an empirical investigation of the values, attitudes, and perceived needs of key market populations. The study consisted of determination of perceived needs for alternative topics, identification of educational themes around which specific topics could be integrated into instructional packages, and assessment of the importance of these themes across alternative market segments. A total of 1161 respondents (464 pastors and 697 lay members) completed a mail questionnaire which solicited their perceptions of themselves and the domain of the church in their lives. Respondents also indicated the level of importance they placed on alternative instructional topics. The data were analyzed through the use of multivariate techniques to provide understanding and interpretation of the perceived needs of alternative market segments. Results of the analyses were very useful in determining which instructional packages to develop and the target markets for each package.
Parasitology: Nematode debt to bacteria

The transition by certain nematode worms to plant parasitism, and possibly more generally to herbivory, is illuminated by an investigation into how nematodes acquired the protein weapons to penetrate the plant cell wall.
Time to follow commands remains the most useful injury severity variable for predicting WeeFIM® scores 1 year after paediatric TBI

AbstractObjective: To investigate the relationship between injury severity variables, particularly time to follow commands (TFC) and long-term functional outcomes in paediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI).Methods and procedure: Participants included 40 children with moderate-to-severe TBI discharged from inpatient rehabilitation. Measures of severity were initial Glasgow Coma Scale score, TFC, duration of Post Traumatic Amnesia (PTA) and total duration of impaired consciousness (TFC + PTA). Functional outcome was measured by age-corrected Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM®) scores at 1-year after discharge.Results: Correlations indicated that injury severity variables (TFC, PTA and TFC + PTA) were all associated with functional outcome. Regression analyses revealed that TFC and TFC + PTA similarly accounted for 49% or 47% of the variance, respectively, in total WeeFIM® score. Thirty-seven of 40 children had good outcome; of the three children with TFC >26 days, two had poor outcome.Con...
A Translog Cost Function Analysis of U.S. Agriculture, 1939–77

Over the past four decades major changes have occurred in U.S. agriculture. A new era in agricultural production in the United States began in 1939. World War II gave a boost to agriculture still bogged in the depression. Productivity increases over the period 1939-77 have been quite impressive. Measured crudely by the ratio of the indices of output and input, the productivity index (1967 = 100) increased from 59 in 1939 to 119 in 1977. To study this phenomenon, a multi-input translog cost function incorporating Hicks-neutral technical change (HNTC) was specified. Annual timeseries data for the United States was used to estimate the model. Neoclassical duality theory provides an approach for computing the pairwise elasticities of substitution between inputs for each year as well as the annual (own- and cross-) price elasticities of demand for inputs.
Two arguments for lockean four‐dimensionalism

L'A. avance deux raisons de penser que les objets materiels de l'ontologie de Locke ont une etendue a la fois spatiale et temporelle, et possedent donc des parties spatiales et temporelles. Dans la premiere partie, l'A. conclut a une ontologie quadri-dimensionnelle concernant l'existence d'un organisme a differents moments. Dans la seconde partie, l'A. montre que cette ontologie quadri-dimensionnelle provient de la doctrine de la creation heritee de Newton, selon laquelle dieu a cree les corps en modifiant certaines regions de l'espace
Biodegradation of Dioxin-Related Compounds: A Review

Abstract A number of bacteria have been isolated, as well as genetically constructed, that are able to transform dioxin-related compounds including mono- and dichlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and diphenyl ethers. Invariably, dioxygenases are the primary degradative enzymes involved in the transformations. In most cases, these dioxygenases operate regioselectively and attack their substrates at an ether bond-carrying carbon and an adjacent carbon (the angular position), which prompts the irreversible cleavage of otherwise recalcitrant aryl ether bonds. Arising metabolites typically are mineralized to carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic salts. Some angular dioxygenases have been studied biochemically, resulting in information that may help to expand their substrate ranges to include tri-, tetra-, and other poychlorinated dioxins. Theoretically, all toxic congeners are susceptible to biocatalysis because they all possess an unsubstituted carbon adjacent to an ether bridge. Bacteria harboring t...
Mass spectrometry of biomolecules: from PDMS to MALDI

Mother Nature (the Ultimate Chemist): South America holds some of the richest rain forests in the world where Nature, through the abundance of the essentials of life has produced a rich spectrum of biological molecules. The early inhabitants of these regions, over thousands of years, have, through experimentation, identified plants and animals that contain components that they have found to be beneficial for their health or so toxic that they can be used as a weapon.
Acute hemodynamic changes during carotid artery stenting

To determine the clinical significance of acute hemodynamic disturbances during stenting in the carotid sinus region, we assessed the relation between intraprocedural changes in heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) and adverse neurologic and cardiac outcomes. Eighteen patients underwent carotid stenting with the Wallstent (Schneider Inc). Suitable candidates had at least 60% diameter stenosis of the carotid artery by angiography. Initial and nadir HR and BP were recorded during the predilatation, stent delivery, and postdilatation periods. Bradycardia was defined as HR < or =60 beats/min and hypotension as systolic BP < or =100 mm Hg. Nineteen Wallstents were successfully deployed in all 19 carotid arteries. Some degree of bradycardia or hypotension occurred in 68% of carotid stent procedures, but administration of vasoactive medications was necessary in only 7 patients (37%) with more persistent hemodynamic disturbances. Hypotension or the need for continuous vasopressor therapy was significantly more common during postdilatation (32%) than in the predilatation period (5%) (p = 0.02). Bradycardia was not reduced by prophylactic atropine. In 1 patient the hemodynamic response to stenting may have contributed to an adverse neurologic and cardiac outcome. Thus, despite frequent fluctuations in HR and BP, most carotid stenting procedures were performed with excellent overall results, even in patients at high risk.
Elevated alcohol demand is associated with driving after drinking among college student binge drinkers

BACKGROUND: Alcohol-impaired driving among college students represents a significant public health concern, yet little is known about specific theoretical and individual difference risk factors for driving after drinking among heavy drinking college students. This study evaluated the hypothesis that heavy drinkers with elevated alcohol demand would be more likely to report drinking and driving. METHOD: Participants were 207 college students who reported at least 1 heavy drinking episode (4/5 or more drinks in 1 occasion for a woman/man) in the past month. Participants completed an alcohol purchase task that assessed hypothetical alcohol consumption across 17 drink prices and an item from the Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire that assessed driving after drinking. RESULTS: In binary logistic regression models that controlled for drinking level, gender, ethnicity, age, and sensation seeking, participants who reported higher demand were more likely to report driving after drinking. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide support for behavioral economics models of substance abuse that view elevated/inelastic demand as a key etiological feature of substance misuse. Language: en
Altruistic Celibacy, Kin‐Cue Manipulation, and The Development of Religious Institutions

Abstract. Building on a model first proposed by Gary Johnson, it is hypothesized that religious institutions demanding celibacy and other forms of altruism from members take advantage of human predispositions to favor genetic relatives in order to maintain and reinforce these desired behaviors in non-kin settings. This is accomplished through the institutionalization of practices to manipulate cues through which such relatives are regularly identified. These cues are association, phenotypic similarity, and the use of kin terms. In addition, the age of recruits and their contact with actual kin are factors that relate to kinship recognition and that are similarly manipulated by institutions in order to reinforce altruistic behavior directed toward non-kin. Support for this set of predictions is presented from historical and ethnographic sources on monastic life in Buddhism, Christianity, and Hinduism, as well as Islamic dervish groups, the Essenes, Shakers, and others. Potential implications of the model for understanding the development of religious institutions are preliminarily explored by reviewing Joachim Wach's model of religious developmental stages as well as some of the literature on the relationship between individualism and communalism in incipient religious organizations, in light of the kin-cue manipulation model.
H2O frost point detection on Mars

The Viking Mars landers contain meteorological instrumentation to measure wind, temperature, and pressure but not atmospheric water content. The landings occurred during local summer, and it was observed that the nocturnal temperature decrease at sensor height (1.6 m) did not exhibit a uniform behavior at either site. It was expected that the rate of decrease would gradually slow, leveling off near sunrise. Instead, a leveling occurred several hours earlier. Temperature subsequently began a more rapid decrease which slowed by sunrise. This suggested that the temperature sensors may be detecting the frost point of water vapor. Analysis of alternative hypotheses demonstrates that none of these are viable candidates. The frost point interpretation is consistent with other lander and orbiter observations, with terrestrial experience, and with modeling of Mars' atmospheric behavior. It thus appears that the meteorology experiment can help provide a basis toward understanding the distribution and dynamics of Martian water vapor.
Sex Differences in Parent-Child Conversations.

Synopsis The current study examined sex differences in the use of two conversational management techniques, interruptions and simultaneous speech, during conversations between parents and pre-school children. Participants were 16 children, ages 2 to 5, and both their parents. Each parent-child pair engaged in semi-structured play for 30 minutes. There were no significant differences between boys and girls in the use of these two conversational techniques. However, fathers interrupted more and spoke simultaneously more than mothers did. Further, both parents were more likely to interrupt their daughters and to speak simultaneously with their daughters. Results were discussed in relation to the power differences between men and women, and in reference to the socialization of children into gender roles.
Capital punishment and the deterrent effect revisited: Recent time-series econometric evidence

Abstract This article theoretically develops and empirically tests the relationship between criminal homicide crime rates in the United States for the period 1965–1985 and the deterrent effect of capital punishment by utilizing a recursive system of equations method. The analysis reveals that not only does a deterrent effect of capital punishment exist but also that changes in commonly selected law enforcement, judicial, demographic, and economic control variables are significant in a manner consistent with implications from general theoretical models of criminal behavior and within frameworks specifically dealing with murder and nonnegligent manslaughter.
Distinct Phases of siRNA Synthesis in an Endogenous RNAi Pathway in C. elegans Soma

Summary Endogenous RNA-directed RNA polymerases (RdRPs) are cellular components capable of synthesizing new complementary RNAs from existing RNA templates. We present evidence for successive engagement of two different RdRPs in an endogenous siRNA-based mechanism targeting specific mRNAs in C. elegans soma. In the initiation stage of this process, a group of mRNA species are chosen as targets for downregulation, leading to accumulation of rare 26 nt 5′-phosphorylated antisense RNAs that depend on the RdRP homolog RRF-3, the Argonaute ERGO-1, DICER, and a series of associated ("ERI") factors. This primary process leads to production of a much more abundant class of 22 nt antisense RNAs, dependent on a secondary RdRP (RRF-1) and associating with at least one distinct Argonaute (NRDE-3). The requirement for two RdRP/Argonaute combinations and initiation by a rare class of uniquely structured siRNAs in this pathway illustrate the caution and flexibility used as biological systems exploit the physiological copying of RNA.