cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF METALS ON THE RESPIRATION OF LUPINUS ALBUS

It has been known for many years that some toxic substances, at proper concentration, cause a stimulation of carbon dioxid production in plants. Both inorganic and organic compounds, including anesthetics, have been studied in their effect upon lower organisms as well as upon higher plants. The present investigation is undertaken to determine the effect of certain representative metals in the form of usual salts on the respiration of a seed plant, Lupinus albus L. It was found in preliminary experiments that absorption through the root system proceeded slowly and with consequent complications. With this fact in view, a study is made to learn the effect of solutions of the salts of these metals when taken directly into the cut stem and up into the plant with the ascending solution stream and not through any external absorbing surface. It is believed that by this process the salts reach the cells of the leaves more quickly, and with little change in concentration. By this method, the object of the investigation is to discover the range of concentration that stimulates CO2 production, the length of time the stimulation is effective, the percent of increase in respiration, and the relation of the rates of respiration produced by the several metals employed.
Immunocytochemical localization of NA+, K+-ATPase in primary cultures of rat retina.

Conditions have been established which allow growth of embryonic rat retinal cells in dissociated cell culture for up to one month. Na+,K+-ATPase localization was stuied in both neuronal and mixed neuronal-glial (flat cell) cultures. High Na+,K+-ATPase-like-immunoreactivity was associated with plasma membranes of neuronal cell bodies and their processes. Markedly lower immunoreactivity was found in the underlying flat cells in mixed cultures. Staining was generally uniform over perikaryal plasma membranes and showed a bead-like appearance in neuronal processes, supporting previous studies in brain tissue which used histocytochemical procedures specific for the Na+,K+-ATPase. This system should be useful for examining distribution of the enzyme in developing nerve and glial cells and may help to resolve questions regarding Na+−K+ homeostasis by neurons and glia.
Concerted activation of ETS protein ER81 by p160 coactivators, the acetyltransferase p300 and the receptor tyrosine kinase HER2/Neu.

Activator of thyroid and retinoic acid receptor (ACTR) is overexpressed in ∼60% of primary human breast tumors and belongs to the p160 steroid receptor coactivator family. In this study, we identified a novel interaction partner of ACTR, the ETS transcription factor ER81 that is also heavily implicated in mammary tumor formation. ACTR and related p160 family members (steroid receptor coactivator-1 and glucocorticoid receptor-interacting protein-1 (GRIP-1)) augment ER81-mediated transcription. Although ACTR and GRIP-1 can acetylate ER81, this posttranslational modification of ER81 is not required for its stimulation by ACTR or GRIP-1. In addition, ACTR collaborates with the p300 coactivator, a joint interaction partner of ACTR and ER81, to stimulate ER81 function and the ability of p300 to acetylate ER81 is indispensable for this collaboration. Furthermore, the receptor tyrosine kinase HER2/Neu, an oncoprotein particularly found overexpressed in breast tumors, cooperates with both ACTR and p300 to stimulate ER81-mediated transcription. Thus, oncogenic HER2/Neu and ACTR may synergize to orchestrate mammary tumorigenesis through the dysregulation of the transcription factor ER81 and its target genes.
Location of new clear plaque genes on the P1 map.

Abstract Genes c 6, c 7, and c 8 have been located on the P1 map and gene c l has been relocated. Based on map location and phenotype, c 6, c 7, and c 8 appear to differ from each other and from c l through c 5. Class A virulent mutants are very closely linked to gene c 1; they may be involved with control of c 1 or may be a subclass of c 1 mutants. A mutant that complements with neither c 4 mutants nor c 1 mutants is also linked very tightly to gene c 1 and may be a type of c 1 alteration.
Hyper-realism and loose-reality: the limitations of digital realism and alternative principles in landscape design visualization

Despite on-going advances in digital visualization technologies, the messy complexity of the corporeal landscape remains a challenging subject to represent. Nevertheless, realism-oriented rendering software developed in other fields drives an escalating supply and demand for hyper-realistic visualizations of design propositions. Through the lenses of perception, technology, technique, practice, and education, this paper argues that the limitations associated with hyper-realism in landscape design visualization are profound. In its place, the paper frames an adaptable visualization rubric that is more suited to the varied nuances of the landscape, while also complementing the intermediate skills of many designers who undertake landscape visualization.
The bacteriophage Mu com gene appears to specify a translation factor required for mom gene expression.

Abstract Expression of the bacteriophage Mu mom gene is subject to a variety of regulatory controls. Both the host Dam DNA-adenine methylase and the phage Mu C protein are required for mom gene transcription. In addition, the Mu com gene product is required for production of the mom protein. Because the com and mom genes overlap on the same mRNA transcript (with com being located proximal to the 5 ' end), it is likely that Com function is exerted after transcription initiation. To study the role of Com, two segments of Mu were cloned in both orientations (+) and -) into the Hind III site of the galactokinase expression vector, pKG1800; the Hind III site is located between the galK structural gene and its promoter. In (+) plasmids, the Mu DNA inserts were transcribed from the gal promoter in the same orientation as in the phage genome; (-) plasmids had the Mu DNA inserted in the reverse orientation. Each Mu insert contained the same segment of the mom gene from the 3' terminus, but differed in the extent of com gene included at the 5' terminus; one contained a truncated com gene and the other a complete com gene, as well as upstream Mu regulatory sequences. The results are summarized as follows: (1)both (-) plasmids produced only about 10% as much galactokinase activity following fucose induction as the parental vector, pKGlSOO; (2) plasmid pGTVH (+), with an intact com gene produced about 30% as much galactokinase as pKGlSOO; (3) plasmid pMTVH(+), with a truncated com gene, produced only about 10% as much enzyme as pKG1800; (4)pMTVH (+) could be trans-activated to produce galactokinase (to about 50% the level of pKG1800) when a Mu com + prophage was induced at the time of galK induction. In contrast, com − prophage could not trans -activate plasmid pMTVH(+). Neither (-) plasmid was transactivated by induced Mu com + prophage; (5) in a rho -15 mutant, all the plasmids directed galactokinase synthesis independently of the Com function; (6) when the plasmid pMTVH (+) insert was excised and cloned into the Sma I site, about 18 nucleotides downstream from Hind III (this insertion inactivates a Rho-dependent terminator located in this region), the new construct, pMTVS (+), produced about 1 3 as much galactokinase as the parental pKG1800 vector. We conclude from these data that the Com protein is not an anti-termination factor per se; rather, it appears to be required for translation of the mom gene. In the plasmids used here, this translation is necessary to suppress transcription polarity.
DNA base sequence changes induced by bromouracil mutagenesis of lambda phage.

Abstract The base sequence changes induced by bromouracil mutagenesis in the c I gene of phage lambda have been determined by direct sequence analysis. Phage DNA mutagenized during prophage replication or during phage lytic growth showed predominantly A · T → G · C transitions. The frequency of this mutation was strongly sequence-dependent: 5′ A-C-G-C 3′ > A-C(A.C or T) > A(A.G or T). The difference in mutability of bases in the gene is not the result of specificity in mutL -dependent mismatch repair, since phage grown in mutL host cells showed the same distribution of bromouracil mutations. The observations made in phage mutagenized with bromouracil in the prophage state should be representative of bromouracil mutagenesis in the Escherichia coli chromosome.
Treatment Strategies for Overweight and Obesity

Purpose: To review the health problem of overweight and obesity in adults, the available treatment options, and clinical implications for nursing. Organizing Construct: Overweight and obesity. Findings: Today, obesity is considered a pandemic that is present in developed and developing countries. Obesity, considered a chronic condition, is associated with numerous comorbid conditions (e.g., cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and some cancers). There are three approaches to the treatment of overweight and obesity: lifestyle modification, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric surgery. The most effective approach uses a combination of behavioral strategies and diet and exercise to support sustained lifestyle change. Pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery have better outcomes when augmented by lifestyle treatment compared with either approach alone. Bariatric surgery, which is being performed increasingly more often, is reserved for those with a body mass index (BMI) of greater than or equal to 40, or a BMI of 35 to 39.9 in the presence of comorbidities. The biggest treatment challenge is the prevention of weight regain. Conclusions: The most effective treatment approach is the use of lifestyle modification, which can be delivered alone or to augment pharmacotherapy or bariatric surgery. Clinical Relevance: Similar to other chronic conditions, obesity needs ongoing management, which is a role that nursing can help fill in the clinical setting. © 2011 Sigma Theta Tau International.
Two new species of pseudoscorpions from South India

(1961). Two new species of pseudoscorpions from South India. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 4, No. 40, pp. 221-224.
Semantic role labeling for protein transport predicates

Background Automatic semantic role labeling (SRL) is a natural language processing (NLP) technique that maps sentences to semantic representations. This technique has been widely studied in the recent years, but mostly with data in newswire domains. Here, we report on a SRL model for identifying the semantic roles of biomedical predicates describing protein transport in GeneRIFs – manually curated sentences focusing on gene functions. To avoid the computational cost of syntactic parsing, and because the boundaries of our protein transport roles often did not match up with syntactic phrase boundaries, we approached this problem with a word-chunking paradigm and trained support vector machine classifiers to classify words as being at the beginning, inside or outside of a protein transport role.
The negative influence of delayed renal allograft function on longer-term graft survival in a pediatric population

Abstract The influence of delayed graft function on renal allograft survival has been studied in a review of 322 renal transplants performed at one pediatric institution. The appearance of the first radionuclide renal scan was used to indicate early function in patients receiving their first cadaveric allograft. Patients whose first radionuclide renal scan showed both good renal perfusion and good function (n = 52) were compared with those whose scans demonstrated good perfusion but no function (n = 32). The actuarial graft survival of those with no function was significantly worse ( P
Experiments and Simulations of Penetration into Granite by an Aluminum Shaped Charge

This paper describes experimental results and numerical simulations of jet penetration into granite from an aluminum lined shaped charge. Several penetration versus standoff experiments were conducted into an in-situ granite formation located in the Climax Ridge region of the Nevada Test Site. Simulations of the jet penetration were modeled with a two dimensional arbitrary lagrange eulerian hydrocode. The effects of variations in the granite flow stress, porosity, and EOS have been evaluated. The work described in this paper is a continuation of our studies on jet penetration and modeling into high strength concrete.
El médico virtuoso en el cine: el examen final

The virtuous doctor has subscribed an oath and by subscribing to this solemn promise, he is committed to live in accordance with the purposes, obligations and virtues established in the medical profession. Cinematic art has shown only a superficial interest in complex aspects of medical profession. An exception is Ingmar Bergman´s film “Wild Strawberries”, where Professor Isak Borg, a widowed 76-years-old physician, is to be awarded the Doctor Jubilaris degree, 50 years after he received his doctorate at Lund University. During the trip, Isak is forced by a nightmare to reevaluate his professional life as not being a virtuous doctor.
Anatomical studies into the ruminal mucosa of pygmy goats in relation to their age.

Ruminal mucosae of 15 pygmy goats of different age (Z1 approximately 4-5 months, Z2 approximately 1 year, Z3 approximately 1.5-5 years) and sex were investigated histologically. The thickness of the Stratum corneum of the 3 experimental groups was in the Atrium ruminis 23.0, 23.0 and 29.1 microns, in the Recessus ruminis ventralis 22.8, 28.0 and 30.0 microns, that of the Stratum germinativum and Stratum granulosum in the Atrium ruminis 74.8, 78.4 and 82.3 microns and in the Recessus ruminis ventralis 87.4, 84.7 and 87.7 microns, that of the Corpus papillare in the Atrium ruminis 75.3, 75.2 and 74.4 and in the Recessus ruminis ventralis 85.0, 78.9 and 71.6 microns. The cell nuclear volumes of the basal and parabasal cells of papillae originating from the Atrium ruminis (a) and the Recessus ruminis ventralis (b) in the individual experimental groups were in case of a 103.2; 100.2 and 117.3 microns3 resp. in case of b 93.4; 96.4 and 119.7 microns3.
Symptoms as an index of biologic behavior in head and neck cancer.

The TNM staging system for head and neck cancer is based on the morphologic description of the tumor and disregards the clinical condition of the patient. Cancer symptoms were evaluated as a biologic index of disease to improve survival estimates. The medical records of 1010 patients receiving initial cancer treatment between 1980 and 1991 were retrospectively reviewed. The mean survival duration was 62 months for the entire population. By use of SAS statistical software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC), 48 symptom variables were screened by univariate analysis, and 23 of these variables were selected for entry into a Cox proportional hazards model on the basis of survival duration. Dysphagia, otalgia, neck lump, and weight loss were identified as independent predictors of survival duration (P < 0.01). A composite symptom-severity staging system was created on the basis of the 4 symptoms. Mean survival duration (95% CI) by symptom-severity stage was as follows: none, 74 months (70 to 79 months); mild, 56 months (51 to 61 months); moderate, 40 months (33 to 47 months); and severe, 31 months (22 to 41 months) (χ2 = 30.8, P = 0.0001). Survival duration by TNM stage was as follows: I, 89 months (82 to 95 months); II, 71 months (65 to 78 months); III, 53 months (47 to 59 months); and IV, 42 months (37 to 47 months) (χ2 = 56.2, P = 0.0001). When symptom-severity stage was entered in a proportional-hazards model along with TNM stage, comorbidity, age, and alcohol use, all 5 variables were independently predictive of survival duration (risk ratio: symptom severity 1.28, TNM 1.33, comorbidity 1.80, age 1.47, alcohol use 1.09). Appropriately defined symptom variables contain important prognostic information, which is independent of the TNM system. Therefore symptoms provide an index of biologic behavior in head and neck cancer. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999;120:380-6.)
Survivin, versatile modulation of cell division and apoptosis in cancer

Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) gene family that has attracted attention from several viewpoints of basic and translational research. Its cell cycle-regulated expression at mitosis and association with the mitotic apparatus have been of interest to cell biologists studying faithful segregation of sister chromatids and timely separation of daughter cells. Investigators interested in mechanisms of apoptosis have found survivin an evolving challenge: while survivin inhibits apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, this pathway may be more selective as compared to cytoprotection mediated by other IAPs. Finally, basic and translational researchers in cancer biology have converged on survivin as a pivotal cancer gene, not simply for its sharp expression in tumors and not in normal tissues, but also for the potential exploitation of this pathway in cancer diagnosis and therapy. The objective of the present contribution is to line up current evidence and emerging concepts on the multifaceted functions of survivin in cell death and cell division, and how this pathway is being pursued for novel cancer therapeutic strategies.
The motion of Taylor bubbles in vertical tubes. I: a numerical simulation for the shape and rise velocity of Taylor bubbles in stagnant and flowing liquid

Abstract A numerical method has been developed for computing the velocity field adjacent to a free surface along with the surface shape for situations where both the inertial and viscous terms are important. The method is used to predict the shape and rise velocity of a Taylor bubble in stagnant or flowing liquid. Multiple theoretical solutions are shown to exist and the criterion for selecting the physically observable solution is indicated.
Evolution of hydrogen gas sensing properties of sol–gel derived nickel oxide thin film

Abstract Hydrogen sensing properties of nanocrystalline NiO thin films are investigated. NiO thin films were fabricated by a sol–gel method with special efforts to change the porosity of coated films by a multi-step coating and annealing processes. The experimental results indicated that the multi-step annealed NiO thin films had a higher porosity than films fabricated by a typical sol–gel process. When the thicknesses of NiO films were increased, the grain size increased and the sheet resistance of the film decreased. The highest gas response was detected at 175 °C for two layered samples. NiO films fabricated by multi-step annealing showed a better response to hydrogen than NiO fabricated by a typical sol–gel process. The H2 gas response was decreased with increasing the thickness and decreasing the porosity of NiO films. A high response value of 68% was obtained for 3000 ppm of H2 at 175 °C for optimized sample by a multiple annealing process. The effect of humidity on the gas sensing performance of the sensor was studied and the devices were also tested for several cycles to study the repeatability of the sensors. The cross sensitivity measurements showed that the sensor could be used to monitor hydrogen in a likelihood mixture of reducing gases.
Has the Time Arrived to Image Placental Perfusion

Taillieu et al have shown that it is possible to noninvasively measure the placental blood flow, fractional volume of the maternal vascular placental compartment, and rate of transfer of contrast material between the maternal and fetal circulation in gravid mice through the use of dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging, Clearly, much work lies ahead before functional evaluation of the placenta becomes a clinical reality, hut contrast-enhanced imaging shows promise for functional evaluation of placental disease.
Fourier series for polygonal plate bending: a very large plate element

Abstract In this study, we developed an edge function approach using the Fourier series for boundary value problems on polygonal domains. The method was then applied to classical plate bending problems. In subsequent work, this method has been extended to the moderate rotation equations for a shallow shell. Preliminary results indicate that the stability of a curved surface plays an important role in the morphogenesis of plants. For a polygonal plate with a convex domain, the Levy-type solutions for each edge serve as a set of fundamental functions. The set is complete and each member satisfies the equation exactly. The problem is solved by superimposing the solution functions and matching the Fourier harmonics of the prescribed boundary conditions. The process is much like the boundary element method (BEM), except that the unknowns are the amplitudes of Fourier harmonics, rather than the weightings of individual point sources. An extra harmonic is added so that corner boundary conditions can be treated more efficiently. By this approach, a convex polygon is one element. Nonconvex domains, however, are divided into convex subdomains with appropriate continuity conditions at the interfaces. In this method, similar to the boundary integral method, no mesh generation is involved; the number of elements and the degrees of freedom is significantly smaller than in the finite element or finite difference methods. The advantage over boundary elements is that the matrices are generally well-conditioned and the approach is readily extended to the shallow shells.
Finite-time view of the stirling engine

Abstract We present a finite-time thermodynamic analysis of the Stirling engine cycle based on mass and energy balances with associated heat-transfer-rate equations. These governing equations are formulated as normalized ordinary differential equations which are solved numerically. The effects of heat-transfer contact time and regeneration on power output and efficiency are studied. The results show that there exists an optimum power output for a given engine design, based on engine speed and heat-transfer contact time.
Cyber-physical system concepts for IT students

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), a.k.a. embedded systems, are becoming increasingly important within Information Technology. As the "Internet of Things" and ubiquitous mobile devices impact an ever-increasing segment of IT, it becomes imperative for IT students and professionals to appreciate the key concepts of CPS so that they can design IT systems. Special consideration should include aspects of networking, security and HCI within CPS and mixed systems. This report presents an introductory experience, targeted at first-year students in IT, to help them understand the key concepts of CPS that are relevant to IT professionals. The experience is offered within the context of a first-year class where a single lecture and a single short lab experience are assigned to introduce CPS concepts. The lecture and lab are designed to engage the students, help them understand the relevance of this discipline to IT professionals and give to them a taste of designing and working with CPS. The lab and lecture was designed as a combination demonstration and development experience. In the experience, students developed a working system within the one-hour lab available and explored several CPS and related IT concepts. Details of the lab design are presented. Student learning was assessed and learning results and student responses are presented.
The Breast and the State: An Analysis of Good and Bad Nipples by Gender, Race, and Class

A reflective, and adoring, commentary on Jessica Van Denend's Kleinian analysis of how society views women who have been incarcerated in prison. Drawing on Klein, feminist theory, and critical race theory, this article interrogates the projections of good and bad breast onto women, particularly women of color, during times of neoliberal shrinkage of state responsibility for human needs.
A straight domain boundary of single-atom width on a Si(111)-(7 × 7) surface

Abstract Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we have observed an antiphase domain boundary of single-atom width on a Si(111)-(7 × 7) surface. The extra row of adatoms forming the boundary lies on the unfaulted half of the 7 × 7 unit cell, in agreement with total energy calculations using the first-principles self-consistent pseudofunction method. The filled-state STM image shows a missing interior adatom on the unfaulted half, in agreement with calculations of the partial density of states of an adatom surrounded by three rest-atoms.
Muscle pump does not enhance blood flow in exercising skeletal muscle.

The muscle pump theory holds that contraction aids muscle perfusion by emptying the venous circulation, which lowers venous pressure during relaxation and increases the pressure gradient across the...
Gli1 is a target of Sonic hedgehog that induces ventral neural tube development

The vertebrate zinc finger genes of the Gli family are homologs of the Drosophila gene cubitus interruptus. In frog embryos, Gli1 is expressed transiently in the prospective floor plate during gastrulation and in cells lateral to the midline during late gastrula and neurula stages. In contrast, Gli2 and Gli3 are absent from the neural plate midline with Gli2 expressed widely and Gli3 in a graded fashion with highest levels in lateral regions. In mouse embryos, the three Gli genes show a similar pattern of expression in the neural tube but are coexpressed throughout the early neural plate. Because Gli1 is the only Gli gene expressed in prospective floor plate cells of frog embryos, we have investigated a possible involvement of this gene in ventral neural tube development. Here we show that Shh signaling activates Gli1 transcription and that widespread expression of endogenous frog or human glioma Gli1, but not Gli3, in developing frog embryos results in the ectopic differentiation of floor plate cells and ventral neurons within the neural tube. Floor-plate-inducing ability is retained when cytoplasmic Gli1 proteins are forced into the nucleus or are fused to the VP16 transactivating domain. Thus, our results identify Gli1 as a midline target of Shh and suggest that it mediates the induction of floor plate cells and ventral neurons by Shh acting as a transcriptional regulator.
The Impact of Infection After Total Hip Arthroplasty on Hospital and Surgeon Resource Utilization

Background: Deep infection following total hip arthroplasty is a devastating complication for the patient and a costly one for patients, surgeons, hospitals, and payers. The purpose of this study was to compare revision total hip arthroplasty for infection, revision total hip arthroplasty for aseptic loosening, and primary total hip arthroplasty with respect to their impact on hospital and surgeon resource utilization and referral patterns to a tertiary-care hospital. Methods: Clinical, demographic, and economic data were obtained for twenty-five consecutive patients with an infection after a total hip replacement who underwent a two-stage revision arthroplasty (Group 1) performed by one of two surgeons, between March 2001 and December 2002, at a single institution. Similar data were collected during the same time-period for a cohort of twenty-five consecutive patients who underwent revision of both components because of aseptic loosening (Group 2) and twenty-five consecutive patients who underwent a primary hip arthroplasty (Group 3). Quantitative and categorical variables were compared among the groups. Referral patterns were examined by reviewing the primary diagnosis for all patients referred to our institution for a revision total hip arthroplasty during a five-year period. Results: Revision procedures for infection were associated with longer operative time, more blood loss, and a higher number of complications compared with revisions for aseptic loosening or primary total hip arthroplasty (p < 0.02 for all). Revisions for infection were also associated with a higher total number of hospitalizations, total number of days in the hospital, total number of operations, total hospital costs, total outpatient visits, and total outpatient charges during the twelve-month period following the index procedure (p < 0.001 for all). The incidence of referrals to our institution for a diagnosis of infection following total hip arthroplasty increased significantly over a five-year period (Spearman rank correlation, 1.0; p = 0.0083), while referral rates for revision for causes other than infection remained relatively constant (Spearman rank correlation, 0.500; p = 0.3910). Conclusions: The treatment of patients with an infection after a total hip arthroplasty is associated with significantly greater hospital and physician resource utilization compared with the treatment of patients who have a revision because of aseptic loosening or who have a primary total hip arthroplasty. We believe that the lack of incremental reimbursement associated with these procedures results in strong financial disincentives for physicians and hospitals to provide treatment for patients with an infection after a total hip arthroplasty.
Variance Penalizing AdaBoost

This paper proposes a novel boosting algorithm called VadaBoost which is motivated by recent empirical Bernstein bounds. VadaBoost iteratively minimizes a cost function that balances the sample mean and the sample variance of the exponential loss. Each step of the proposed algorithm minimizes the cost efficiently by providing weighted data to a weak learner rather than requiring a brute force evaluation of all possible weak learners. Thus, the proposed algorithm solves a key limitation of previous empirical Bernstein boosting methods which required brute force enumeration of all possible weak learners. Experimental results confirm that the new algorithm achieves the performance improvements of EBBoost yet goes beyond decision stumps to handle any weak learner. Significant performance gains are obtained over AdaBoost for arbitrary weak learners including decision trees (CART).
Evolving agent behavior in multiobjective domains using fitness-based shaping

Multiobjective evolutionary algorithms have long been applied to engineering problems. Lately they have also been used to evolve behaviors for intelligent agents. In such applications, it is often necessary to "shape" the behavior via increasingly difficult tasks. Such shaping requires extensive domain knowledge. An alternative is fitness-based shaping through changing selection pressures, which requires little to no domain knowledge. Two such methods are evaluated in this paper. The first approach, Targeting Unachieved Goals, dynamically chooses when an objective should be used for selection based on how well the population is performing in that objective. The second method, Behavioral Diversity, adds a behavioral diversity objective to the objective set. These approaches are implemented in the popular multiobjective evolutionary algorithm NSGA-II and evaluated in a multiobjective battle domain. Both methods outperform plain NSGA-II in evolution time and final performance, but differ in the profiles of final solution populations. Therefore, both methods should allow multiobjective evolution to be more extensively applied to various agent control problems in the future.
Second pregnancy outcomes following preeclampsia in a first pregnancy.

Objectives. We compared second pregnancy outcomes among women with and without preeclampsia in their first pregnancies who all had second pregnancies without preeclampsia. Methods. One hundred thirty women with and 6148 without preeclampsia in their first pregnancies, who all had nonpreeclamptic second pregnancies, were included. Outcomes, including delivery gestational age, birthweight, small-for-gestational-age (SGA), and preterm delivery were compared. Results. Overall, second pregnancy outcomes were not different between women with and without preeclampsia in their first pregnancy. However, when women were stratified by gestational timing of preeclampsia, women with preeclampsia at < 34 weeks (N = 22) had smaller infants and delivered earlier in their second nonpreeclamptic pregnancy compared to women with later preeclampsia (N = 108) or no preeclampsia in the first pregnancy. Women with early preeclampsia also had an increased risk of prematurity (< 37 weeks) in second pregnancies that persisted afte...
Radioimmunoscintigraphy of tumors autocrine for human met and hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor.

Inappropriate expression of the c-met-protooncogene product (Met) and/or of its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF), has been correlated with poor prognosis in a variety of human solid tumors. We are developing animal models for nuclear imaging of Met and HGF/SF expression in tumors in vivo. We radioiodinated a mixture of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that bind to human HGF/SF and to the external ligand-binding domain of human Met, and then injected the I-125-MAb mixture intravenously into mice bearing tumors either autocrine for human HGF/SF and human Met or autocrine – paracrine for murine HGF/SF and murine Met. Serial total body gamma camera images were obtained, and regional activity was determined by quantitative region-of-interest (ROI) analysis. Tumors autocrine for human HGF/SF and Met demonstrated significantly more rapid uptake and more rapid clearance of the I-125-MAb mixture than tumors expressing one or both murine homologues, reaching a mean tumor to total body activity ratio of > 0.3 by 1 day postinjection. We conclude that radioimmunodetection of tumors autocrine for human HGF/SF and Met is feasible with an I-125-MAb mixture reactive against the ligand – receptor pair. Mol Imaging (2002) 1, 56 – 62.
Is an Expert Witness Required to Prove Gross Negligence

After a disciplinary hearing on two complaints involving gross negligence, misconduct, and incompetence, the Missouri Board of Nursing (BON) revoked the license of a registered nurse. The nurse appealed the BON's order, claiming that the BON failed to provide expert witnesses to prove gross negligence, misconduct, and incompetence. The circuit court upheld the BON's ruling, but the appellate court did not. The appellate court ruled that the Administrative Hearing Commission (AHC) could not decide what constituted gross negligence without an expert witness. The case ultimately ended up in the Missouri Supreme Court, but the nurse filed a motion to dismiss her appeal before it was heard. Though the court granted the motion to dismiss and the AHC's decision and the BON's original order were reinstated as if no appeal had been taken, the case provides a cautionary tale for regulators regarding the need for expert witnesses.
The Renaissance in China

It is a great honour to me to be invited to speak at Chatham House, which, I am told, was the residence of three Prime Ministers of England, and to address the Royal Institute of International Affairs, an Institution devoted to the study of problems affecting the intercourse and interdependence of nations.
Service capacity allocation and pricing

This paper studies service revenue management problem by combining resource allocation with pricing optimization. We begin a homogeneous and deterministic demand scenario, where the optimization can be deduced to a linear equation problem. Then we show how such property can be leveraged in stochastic and heterogeneous scenarios to reduce computational complexity. The efficiency of such algorithm is illustrated in the experiment by the comparison with some popular algorithms.
Doppler frequency ratio and peak frequency in the assessment of carotid artery disease: a comparative study with angiography.

Abstract A retrospective analysis compared the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of two methods using noninvasive Doppler ultrasound for detecting the severity of carotid artery disease. Doppler spectral analyses were used in determining the peak systolic frequency (PF) found within the stenosis, as well as the ratio of the peak systolic frequency distal to the stenosis, to the peak systolic frequency within the stenosis ( f 2 f 1 ). The results of the noninvasive tests were compared with carotid arteriography. The sensitivity of the two methods were similar, but the specificity of f 2 f 1 was much higher (98%) than PF (88%) with stenosis greater than 50%, and marginally better, 97 and 94%, respectively, with stenosis greater than 75%. The positive predictive value was also better for f 2 f 1 than PF; 91% and 71% for stenosis greater than 50%, and 77% and 67%, respectively for stenosis greater than 75%. The use of Doppler frequency ratio in conjunction with peak frequency measurements provide a quantitative and fairly accurate evaluation of the severity of carotid artery disease.
Monopolar Metallic Return Operation of Long Distance HVDC Transmission Systems

This paper presents various design aspects of monopolar metallic return with particular reference to the operation of the Pacific NW-SW HVDC Intertie in this mode. Discussion includes the design considerations involved in determining the capacitor size, protective gap duty, insulation level required at the floating end, location of the grounding at the grounded end, additional control and protection required, etc. The paper then presents practical results of such an operation of the Intertie. Disadvantages and justifications of using monopolar metallic return are also discussed.
Patient compliance in treatment of prostate cancer with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist

Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist therapy is commonly used as a form of hormonal ablative therapy in patients with advanced prostate cancer. It is important to administer LHRH agonist every four weeks. Any delay of more than two weeks is associated with the risk of disease flare. A retrospective review of two groups of patients were compared. Twenty-five patients treated at the Veterans Administration Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky, showed that 44 percent missed one or more injections and 24 percent had a delay of more than two weeks after the scheduled time for another injection. Twenty-three patients were treated by a private practice group in Louisville, Kentucky. There were no problems with compliance. An office nurse kept a separate register for patients receiving LHRH agonist therapy and their appointments. For LHRH therapy to be effective, we believe that the level of compliance one could expect from an individual should be determined before instituting LHRH agonist therapy. If good compliance is not assured, alternative forms of hormone ablative therapy may be preferable for patients with advanced prostate cancer.
Characterization of microsatellite loci in chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) and cross-species amplification in other salmonids

Previous studies of population genetic structure of fall-run chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) in California’s Central Valley have either not focused on or have been unable to resolve intertributary differences within the San Joaquin River basin. The authors describe the isolation, the polymerase chain reaction conditions, and characterize the cross-species amplification of 17 microsatellite loci in six species of salmonids. Fourteen of these loci are polymorphic in fall-run chinook from the San Joaquin River drainage. These results indicate the potential utility of microsatellite markers developed for one species, for both congenerics and species within a closely related genus.
Initial experience with a general population colorectal cancer screening clinic

Abstract Background Recognition of adenoma to carcinoma progression has established colorectal cancer as a preventable malignancy. Colorectal cancer is, therefore, an ideal malignancy for preventative screening given the presence of a benign precursor. We set out to establish a pilot low-risk endoscopic screening clinic and we discuss our initial results. Methods A retrospective chart review of all patients referred to a new low-risk colorectal cancer endoscopic screening clinic from October 1, 2004 to September 30, 2005 was performed. Those patients found to have adenomas or carcinomas were analyzed further regarding location of neoplasm and pathologic findings. Results A total of 379 low-risk patients attended the colorectal cancer screening clinics. The age range of the patients was 50 to 86 years. The male to female ratio was 254 to 128. A total of 257 patients had flexible sigmoidoscopy as the initial screen, 24 patients had partial colonoscopy, and 98 patients had complete initial colonoscopy. A total of 152 patients had polyps removed, of which 63 patients had adenomas, 3 had adenocarcinomas, 1 had a carcinoid, and the remaining had an assortment of nonneoplastic polyps. Of the 67 patients with neoplasms, 50 were left of the splenic flexure, 11 were right of the splenic flexure, and 5 patients had lesions both proximal and distal to the flexure. Thirty-two of the 67 patients had complete colonoscopy at the initial procedure and, thus far, 21 patients have had completion colonoscopies, of which 9 patients had further neoplasms identified beyond the splenic flexure. All 3 patients with carcinoma had early tumors resected with curative intent, with negative margins and negative nodes. Conclusions Our initial experience with a low-risk general population colorectal cancer endoscopic screening clinic yielded 18% of patients with neoplasms, and 1% had curable cancers resected.
A taxonomic description of computer-based clinical decision support systems

Objective: Computer-based clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) vary greatly in design and function. Using a taxonomy that we had previously developed, we describe the characteristics of CDSSs reported in the literature. Methods: We searched PubMed and the Cochrane Library for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in English between 1998 and 2003 that evaluated CDSSs. We coded each CDSS using our taxonomy. Results: 58 studies met our inclusion criteria. The 74 reported CDSSs varied greatly in context of use, knowledge and data sources, nature of decision support offered, information delivery, and workflow impact. Two distinct subsets of CDSSs were seen: patient-directed systems that provided decision support for preventive care or health-related behaviors via mail or phone (38% of systems), and inpatient systems targeting clinicians with online decision support and direct online execution of the recommendations (18%). 84% of the CDSSs required extra staffing for handling CDSS-related input or output. Conclusion: Reported CDSSs are heterogeneous along many dimensions. Caution should be taken in generalizing the results of CDSS RCTs to different clinical or workflow settings.
More supersymmetric standard-like models from intersecting D6-branes on type IIA orientifolds

We present new classes of supersymmetric standardlike models from a type IIA ${\mathbf{T}}^{6}/({\mathbf{Z}}_{2}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathbf{Z}}_{2})$ orientifold with intersecting D6-branes. D6-branes can wrap general supersymmetric three-cycles of ${\mathbf{T}}^{6}={\mathbf{T}}^{2}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathbf{T}}^{2}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathbf{T}}^{2},$ and any ${\mathbf{T}}^{2}$ is allowed to be tilted. The models still suffer from additional exotics; however, we obtain solutions with fewer Higgs doublets, as well as models with all three families of left-handed quarks and leptons arising from the same intersecting sector, and examples of a genuine left-right symmetric model with three copies of left-handed and right-handed families of quarks and leptons.
Applying market-based reforms to long-term care.

Recent trends in U.S. long-term care policy reflect three broad goals Americans have for the quality of long-term care: improving quality of life, reducing fragmentation of delivery and financing, and increasing use of home and community-based care. At the same time, market-based reforms—namely, public reporting and pay-for-performance—have taken on their own momentum, aimed at improving the clinical quality of care among nursing home and home health care providers. The focus of reporting systems should be broadened to include quality of life in addition to clinical quality and to make measures less dependent on the setting in which care is delivered.
Autonomic Nervous System: Respiratory Control

This article covers the basic elements of the extrinsic and intrinsic innervation of the healthy mammalian respiratory tract. A general overview of the sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic innervation of the upper (nose) and lower respiratory tracts is covered. The control of breathing per se is dealt with elsewhere in the encyclopedia, so it is not covered here.
Analysis of power management and system latency in wireless sensor networks

Successful power management in a wireless sensor network requires optimization of the protocols which affect energy-consumption on each node and the aggregate effects across the larger network. System optimization for a given deployment scenario requires an analysis and trade off of desired node and network features with their associated costs. The sleep protocol for an energy-efficient wireless sensor network for event detection, target classification, and target tracking developed at Sandia National Laboratories is presented. The dynamic source routing (DSR) algorithm is chosen to reduce network maintenance overhead, while providing a self-configuring and self-healing network architecture. A method for determining the optimal sleep time is developed and presented, providing reference data which spans several orders of magnitude. Message timing diagrams show, that a node in a five-node cluster, employing an optimal cyclic single-radio sleep protocol, consumes 3% more energy and incurs a 16-s increase latency than nodes employing the more complex dual-radio STEM protocol.
Long-term renewable human intestinal epithelial stem cells as monolayers: A potential for clinical use

Abstract Purpose Current culture schema for human intestinal stem cells (hISCs) frequently rely on a 3D culture system using Matrigel™, a laminin-rich matrix derived from murine sarcoma that is not suitable for clinical use. We have developed a novel 2D culture system for the in vitro expansion of hISCs as an intestinal epithelial monolayer without the use of Matrigel. Methods Cadaveric duodenal samples were processed to isolate intestinal crypts from the mucosa. Crypts were cultured on a thin coat of type I collagen or laminin. Intestinal epithelial monolayers were supported with growth factors to promote self-renewal or differentiation of the hISCs. Proliferating monolayers were sub-cultured every 4–5days. Results Intestinal epithelial monolayers were capable of long-term cell renewal. Less differentiated monolayers expressed high levels of gene marker LGR5, while more differentiated monolayers had higher expressions of CDX2, MUC2, LYZ, DEF5, and CHGA. Furthermore, monolayers were capable of passaging into a 3D culture system to generate spheroids and enteroids. Conclusion This 2D system is an important step to expand hISCs for further experimental studies and for clinical cell transplantation. Level of Evidence: 1 Experimental
Ideology, Affect, Context, and Political Judgment: When Conservatives and Liberals Share Feelings and When They Don't

Some scholars assert that political ideology is a deep, enduring and fundamental orientation persistent through life. One school of thought holds that the concept of ideological identification can explain why liberals and conservatives display enduring differences not only on substantive issues but also on how they go about making political judgments. Another school of thought focuses on more immediate and contextual factors noting that affective reactions, such as disgust, may differentiate liberals and conservatives. Still yet a third school of thought argues that dispositions, rather than being universally influential, are more influential in some circumstances but less so in others. We exploit two national survey experiments to test these alternative views. To evaluate the claim of that context matters our design extends the Prospect Theory, which posits two contexts – circumstances of reward and circumstances of punishment. In contrast to Prospect Theory, the theory of Affective Intelligence identifies a third situational context, that of novelty and uncertainty. We examine whether people adjust their judgmental strategies according to the demands of this three-fold taxonomy of context.