cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of golf course management on subsurface soil properties in Iowa

Abstract. Currently, in the USA and especially in the Midwest region, urban expansion is developing turfgrass landscapes surrounding commercial sites, homes, and recreational areas on soils that have been agriculturally managed for decades. Often, golf courses are at the forefront of conversations concerning anthropogenic environmental impacts as they account for some of the most intensively managed soils in the world. Iowa golf courses provide an ideal location to evaluate whether golf course management is affecting the quality of soils at depth. Our study evaluated how soil properties relating to soil health and resiliency varied with depth at golf courses across Iowa and interpreted relationships of these properties to current golf course management, previous land use, and inherent soil properties. Systematic variation in soil properties including sand content, NO 3 , and soil organic matter (SOM) were observed with depth at six Iowa golf courses among three landform regions. Variability in sand content was identified between the 20 and 50 cm depth classes at all courses, where sand content decreased by as much as 37 %. Highest concentrations of SOM and NO 3 were found in the shallowest soils, whereas total C and P variability was not related to golf course management. Sand content and NO 3 were found to be directly related to golf course management, particularly at shallow depths. The effects of golf course management dissipated with depth and deeper soil variations were primarily due to natural geologic conditions. The two abovementioned soil properties were very noticeably altered by golf course management and may directly impact crop productivity, soil health, and water quality, and while NO 3 may be altered relatively quickly in soil through natural processes, particle size of the soil may not be altered without extensive mitigation. Iowa golf courses continue to be developed in areas of land use change from historically native prairies and more recently agriculture to urban landscapes. As soils are continually altered by human impacts, it is imperative that we monitor the changes, both physical and chemical, in order to establish management practices that maintain environmental sustainability and productivity.
Strategic Brand Management Process

More and more firms and other organizations have come to the realization that one of their most valuable assets is the brand names associated with their products or services. In an increasingly complex world, individuals and businesses are faced with more and more choices, but seemingly have less and less time to make those choices. The ability of a strong brand to simplify consumer decision-making, reduce risk, and set expecta-tions is thus invaluable. Creating strong brands that deliver on that promise and main-taining and enhancing the strength of those brands over time is thus a management im-perative.
The Effect of In-Stem versus Around-Stem Centralizers on Cement Mantle Thickness and Stem Alignment in Total Hip Arthroplasty:

The long term success of cemented total hip arthroplasty has been attributed to the presence of a well pressurized, thick cement mantle around a properly designed stem that has been placed in neutr...
APC/C Cdh1-mediated degradation of Cdh1 during meiosis in S. cerevisiae

ABSTRACT The Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) is a ubiquitin ligase that promotes the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of numerous cell cycle regulators during mitosis and in G1. Proteins are recruited to the APC/C by activator proteins such as Cdh1. During the cell cycle, Cdh1 is subject to precise regulation so that substrates are not degraded prematurely. We have explored the regulation of Cdh1 during the developmental transition into meiosis and sporulation in the budding yeast S. cerevisiae. Transition to sporulation medium triggers the degradation of Cdh1. Degradation requires that cells be of the a/a mating type and be starved for glucose, but they do not actually need to enter into the meiotic program. Degradation requires an intact SNF1 protein kinase complex (orthologous to the mammalian AMPK nutritional sensor), which is activated by the absence of glucose. Cdh1 degradation is mediated by the APC/C itself in a ‘trans’ mechanism in which one molecule of Cdh1 recruits a second molecule of Cdh1 to the APC/C for ubiquitination. However, Cdh1-Cdh1 recognition does not depend on the degradation motifs or binding sites involved in the recognition of typical APC/C substrates. We hypothesize that Cdh1 degradation is necessary for the preservation of cell cycle regulators and chromosome cohesion proteins between the reductional and equational meiotic divisions, which occur without the intervening Gap or S phases found in mitotic cell cycles.
Breast Diseases in Older Women and Men

Abstract Breast disease and breast cancer in older women and men is an area of great interest and potential for future research, especially because of the dramatic growth in the elderly population. This chapter provides a concise review of methods to detect, evaluate, and treat both benign and malignant diseases of the breast. The relationship of key lifestyle risk factors to the development of breast cancer are reviewed. The role of screening with use of breast self-examination (BSE), clinical breast examination, and mammography to prevent and detect breast cancer are discussed. The final section provides new understanding about the future of genomics research, breast cancer risk, and detection and prevention of breast cancer in the elderly.
A Methodology for Quantifying Uncertainty in Climate Projections

Possible climate change caused by an increase ingreenhouse gas concentrations, despite having been asubject of intensive study in recent years, is stillvery uncertain. Uncertainties in projections ofdifferent climate variables are usually described onlyby the ranges of possible values. For assessing thepossible impact of climate change, it would be moreuseful to have probability distributions for thesevariables. Obtaining such distributions is usuallyvery computationally expensive and requires knowledgeof probability distributions for characteristics ofthe climate system that affect climate projections. A fewstudies of this kind have been carried out with energybalance/upwelling diffusion models. Here wedemonstrate a methodology for performing a similarstudy with a 2 dimensional (zonally averaged) climatemodel that reproduces the behavior of coupledatmosphere/ocean general circulation models morerealistically than energy balance models. Thismethodology involves application of the DeterministicEquivalent Modeling Method to derive functionalapproximations of the model's probabilistic response.Monte Carlo analysis is then performed on theapproximations. An application of the methodology isdemonstrated by deriving the uncertainty in surfaceair temperature change and sea level rise due tothermal expansion of the ocean that result fromuncertainties in climate sensitivity and the rate ofheat uptake by the deep ocean for a prescribedincrease in atmospheric CO2 concentration. Wealso demonstrate propagation of correlateduncertainties through different models, by presentingresults that include uncertainty in projected carbonemissions.
SHP2 Inhibition Prevents Adaptive Resistance to MEK inhibitors in Multiple Cancer Models

Adaptive resistance to MEK inhibitors (MEKi) typically occurs via induction of genes for different receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) and/or their ligands, even in tumors of the same histotype, making combination strategies challenging. SHP2 (PTPN11) is required for RAS/ERK pathway activation by most RTKs and might provide a common resistance node. We found that combining the SHP2 inhibitor SHP099 with a MEKi inhibited the proliferation of multiple cancer cell lines in vitro. PTPN11 knockdown/MEKi treatment had similar effects, whereas expressing SHP099 binding–defective PTPN11 mutants conferred resistance, demonstrating that SHP099 is on-target. SHP099/trametinib was highly efficacious in xenograft and/or genetically engineered models of KRAS-mutant pancreas, lung, and ovarian cancers and in wild-type RAS-expressing triple-negative breast cancer. SHP099 inhibited activation of KRAS mutants with residual GTPase activity, impeded SOS/RAS/MEK/ERK1/2 reactivation in response to MEKi, and blocked ERK1/2-dependent transcriptional programs. We conclude that SHP099/MEKi combinations could have therapeutic utility in multiple malignancies. Significance: MEK inhibitors show limited efficacy as single agents, in part because of the rapid development of adaptive resistance. We find that SHP2/MEK inhibitor combinations prevent adaptive resistance in multiple cancer models expressing mutant and wild-type KRAS. Cancer Discov; 8(10); 1237–49. ©2018 AACR. See related commentary by Torres-Ayuso and Brognard, p. 1210. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1195
Leveraging Twitter and Neo4j to Study the Public Use of Opioids in the USA

In this paper, we present a use case of graph data management systems in the health care domain. Basically, we used Neo4j as a platform to store and analyze tweets that mention at least one opioid-related keyword. Opioid (mis)use is an escalating public-health-concern in the USA and hence the goal of our study is to provide healthcare professionals with information about the public use of opioids and the geographical distribution of opioid-related tweets. The outcomes of our study can be used to direct public health campaigns to target those populations in high-use areas. Some findings of our study are: (1) California, especially the Sacramento area, has the highest number of users (921 users) who posted 2397 opioid-related tweets during our analysis period, (2) North Carolina has the highest percentage (17%) of opioid-related tweets when compared to the overall number of the state's tweets, and (3) the largest opioid-related user group on Twitter consists of 42 users and the most discussed topic in this group is the adverse effects of Tylenol and Percocet.
Ion Manipulation in Open Air Using 3D-Printed Electrodes

Ambient ionization techniques provide a way to sample materials via creation of ions in the air. However, transferring and focusing of these ions is typically done in the reduced pressure environment of the mass spectrometer. Spray-based ambient ionization sources require relatively large distances between the source and mass spectrometer inlet for effective desolvation, resulting in a small fraction of the ions being collected. To increase the efficiency of ion transfer from atmosphere to vacuum, 3D-printed focusing devices made of conductive carbon nanotube doped polymers have been designed and evaluated for ion focusing in air. Three main classes of electrodes are considered: (i) conic section electrodes (conical, ellipsoidal, and cylindrical), (ii) simple conductive and non-conductive apertures, and (iii) electrodes with complex geometries (straight, chicane, and curved). Simulations of ion trajectories performed using the statistical diffusion simulation (SDS) model in SIMION showed a measure of agreement with experiment. Cross-sectional images of ion beams were captured using an ion detecting charge-coupled device (IonCCD). After optimization, the best arrangements of electrodes were coupled to an Agilent Ultivo triple quadrupole to record mass spectra. Observations suggest that electrode geometry strongly influences ion trajectories in air. Non-conductive electrodes also assisted in focusing, due to charge buildup from ion deposition. We also observed minimal spreading of the ion packet after exiting the focusing electrodes indicating that atmospheric collisions do not reduce collimation of the beam. The study suggests that high pressures need not be viewed as a hindrance to ion transport, but as a potentially useful force.
In-depth understanding of the CO2 limitation of air fed anion exchange membrane fuel cells

The interaction of a perfluorinated anion exchange membrane (AEM), initially in the hydroxide form, with atmospheric CO2 at 60 °C and under a range of relative humidity conditions is studied both in a fuel cell and with ex situ measurements to understand the performance drop. A new novel titration method was used to quantify the amounts of hydroxide, carbonate and bicarbonate in the membrane. However, hydroxide and bicarbonate react internally which disturbs the equilibrium and hence it's impossible to detect real species concentration using titration. The uptake of CO2 leads to a rise in membrane mass within the first 15 min. The anionic conductivity of the AEM experiences a quick drop within 20 minutes to carbonate and bicarbonate levels. However, switching the inlet gas to 0 ppm CO2 reverses the equilibrium due to the desorption phenomenon. Investigating the morphology of the film by small angle X-ray scattering shows that the ionomer domains lose intensity as the reaction progresses, and the drop is of the double-exponential type but the time of equilibration is slower when compared to that of the conductivity. The wide-angle X-ray scattering data were fit to 3 Gaussian peaks showing that the CF2 inter-chain spacing becomes less crystalline during the process. 30% of peak power was lost for this membrane in an AEM fuel cell on addition of CO2, yet we observed the highest H2/ambient air (400 ppm CO2) performance, 446 mW cm−2, reported to date.
Computerize the Race Problem?: Why We Must Plan for a Just AI Future

1960s civil rights and racial justice activists tried to warn us about our technological ways, but we didn't hear them talk. The so-called wizards who stayed up late ignored or dismissed black voices, calling out from street corners to pulpits, union halls to the corridors of Congress. Instead, the men who took the first giant leaps towards conceiving and building our earliest "thinking" and "learning" machines aligned themselves with industry, government and their elite science and engineering institutions. Together, they conspired to make those fighting for racial justice the problem that their new computing machines would be designed to solve. And solve that problem they did, through color-coded, automated, and algorithmically-driven indignities and inumahities that thrive to this day. But what if yesterday's technological elite had listened to those Other voices? What if they had let them into their conversations, their classrooms, their labs, boardrooms and government task forces to help determine what new tools to build, how to build them and - most importantly - how to deploy them? What might our world look like today if the advocates for racial justice had been given the chance to frame the day's most preeminent technological question for the world and ask, "Computerize the Race Problem?" Better yet, what might our AI-driven future look like if we ask ourselves this question today?
Pathogenic micromycetes of the Jumgal River basin by groups of economically useful plants

In the Jumgal River basin have been identified 223 species of phytopathogenic fungi and fungi-like organisms on 76 species of vascular plants from 125 genera. The distribution of phytopathogens in 8 economically useful plant groups was shown: forage, medicinal and alkaloid, honey, feeding, essential oil, dyeing, ornamental and weed plants.
Leveraging high performance hyperspectral sensors for the conservation of masterworks

The US Army NVESD has been developing high performance hyperspectral sensors for Army missions for decades. During that time, a partnership was established with the National Gallery of Art to leverage these high value HSI instruments for the characterization and conservation of Masterworks. Works by Picasso, Rembrandt, Van Gogh, Matisse, and many others have been imaged and the resulting data has assisted in their understanding and continued conservation for future generations to enjoy. In this talk, a series of examples from this collaboration are presented, along with some of the lessons learned when using remote sensing equipment for close range, static, indoor imaging.
65 Examining impacts of congestion pricing policies on road safety outcomes using a system dynamics approach

Purpose Congestion pricing policies (CPPs) are a travel demand management strategy designed to reduce peak-period traffic volumes by financially encouraging road users to use alternate transport modes, eliminate trips, or travel at different times. Several U.S. cities are considering CPPs, and New York City (NYC) plans to implement a CPP in 2021. While researchers have explored traffic flow and air pollution impacts of these policies, little is known about road safety impacts. We examined potential pedestrian safety impacts of NYC’s proposed CPP. Methods Integrating data from 1) multidisciplinary group model building sessions focused on pedestrian fatality trends, 2) a robust review of the CPP literature, and 3) NYC-specific data from the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, Department of Transportation, and American Community Survey, among others, we built a system dynamics simulation model with a time horizon of 2005–2035. The model structure represents alternate dynamic hypotheses about interrelated mechanisms underlying the impact of CPP on NYC mode-specific travel and pedestrian safety trends. Results Key dynamic feedback mechanisms contributing to safety trends included demand for and, ultimately, use of specific travel modes (e.g., personal vehicle, metro, walking), which affected overall attractiveness of a given mode (e.g., due to congestion, crowding, perceived safety), and then further affected demand for corresponding modes. CPP revenue allocation to support use of specific modes by increasing numbers of metro cars and pedestrian/cyclist infrastructure may improve long-term safety trends, but delays in purchasing and improving infrastructure could negatively impact short-term safety trends. Conclusions CPPs affect several, interrelated transportation and injury outcomes. Cities considering these policies should assess the status of and need for critical injury prevention strategies, such as safe and equitable infrastructure for all travelers, prior to implementation. Contribution System dynamics models are an important tool for exploring the interrelated factors and ripple effects that determine transportation policy impacts.
Treatment decision-making among patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer: A qualitative study.

Abstract Oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer (OPSCC) is now the most common site of head and neck squamous cell cancer. Despite the focus on treatment deintensification in clinical trials, little is known about the preferences, experiences and needs of patients with OPSCC when deciding between surgery and radiation therapy as primary treatment with curative intent. In this qualitative study, pre-treatment and post-treatment oropharyngeal cancer patients were recruited to take part in one-on-one interviews (n = 11 pre-treatment) and focus group discussions (n = 15 post-treatment) about treatment decision-making. Recordings were transcribed and assessed for emergent themes using framework analysis. From the one-on-one interviews and focus group discussions with OPSCC patients, fourteen themes were identified. Participants expressed alarm at diagnosis, decisional conflict, and a variety of roles in decision-making (physician-controlled, shared, and autonomous). Decisions were driven by the perceived recommendation of the treatment team, a desire for physical (surgical) tumor removal, fear of adverse effects of treatment, and patient-specific values. Although participants felt well-informed by their treating physicians, they identified a need for additional patient-centered information. Participants were critical of the poor quality of information available on the internet, and acknowledged the advantage of hearing the experiences of post-treatment patients. The experiences identified herein may be used to guide patient-centered communication during patient counseling and to inform interventions designed to support patients’ needs at diagnosis, ultimately helping to implement high-quality, patient-centered care.
Role of interventional radiology in the treatment of COVID-19 patients: Early experience from an epicenter.

Abstract Objective To highlight the role of interventional radiology (IR) in the treatment of patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods Retrospective review of hospitalized patients who tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and had one or more IR procedures at a tertiary referral hospital in New York City during a 6-week period in April and May of 2020. Results Of the 724 patients admitted with COVID-19, 92 (12.7%) underwent 124 interventional radiology procedures (79.8% in IR suite, 20.2% at bedside). The median age of IR patients was 63 years (range 24–86 years); 39.1% were female; 35.9% in the intensive care unit. The most commonly performed IR procedures were central venous catheter placement (31.5%), inferior vena cava filter placement (9.7%), angiography/embolization (4.8%), gastrostomy tube placement (9.7%), image-guided biopsy (10.5%), abscess drainage (9.7%), and cholecystostomy tube placement (6.5%). Thoracentesis/chest tube placement and nephrostomy tube placement were also performed as well as catheter-directed thrombolysis of massive pulmonary embolism and thrombectomy of deep vein thrombosis. General anesthesia (10.5%), monitored anesthesia care (18.5%), moderate sedation (29.8%), or local anesthetic (41.1%) was utilized. There were 3 (2.4%) minor complications (SIR adverse event class B), 1 (0.8%) major complication (class C), and no procedure-related death. With a median follow-up of 4.3 months, 1.1% of patients remain hospitalized, 16.3% died, and 82.6% were discharged. Conclusion Interventional radiology participated in the care of hospitalized COVID-19 patients by performing a wide variety of necessary procedures.
The Quiescent Emission Spectrum of Cen X-4 and other X-ray Transients containing Neutron Stars

We use the observed optical-UV and X-ray emission spectrum of Cen X-4 during quiescence to constrain models for the accretion flow in this system. We argue that the optical-UV emission is not due to an optically-thick quiescent accretion disk, nor due to synchrotron emission from an Advection-Dominated Accretion Flow (ADAF). Emission from the bright spot could account for the observed optical-UV component if the mass transfer rate in Cen X-4 is >~ 2.10^16 g/s. Although the presence of an ADAF around the neutron star leads to Compton upscattering of the soft X-ray photons radiated from the stellar surface, we find that this process alone cannot account for the power law component seen in the quiescent X-ray spectrum of Cen X-4 and other X-ray transients containing neutron stars; this result is independent of whether the source of soft photons is incandescent thermal emission or accretion-powered emission. We conclude that, in models which invoke the presence of an ADAF and a propeller effect for the quiescence of X-ray transients containing neutron stars, the intrinsic emission from the ADAF must contribute very little to the optical-UV and X-ray emission observed. If these ADAF+propeller models are correct, the X-ray power law component observed must arise from regions where the gas impacts the neutron star surface. Variability studies could greatly help clarify the role of the various emission mechanisms involved.
Who dis ... new phone: Considering engaged intergenerational storytelling: partnership, participation and pandemic

This essay takes as its starting point a creative aging project in partnership with the Mesa Arts Center’s, Art in Mind Program; TimeSlips (founded by MacArthur Fellow Ann Basting); and a Projects ...
7C.003 Drink Special Laws and Alcohol-Related Fatal Crashes in the United States

Background In the United States, every day, close to 30 people die in alcohol-impaired related crashes. Given the known role of alcohol in traffic injuries, we assessed the impact of drink special laws on alcohol- and non-alcohol-related fatal motor vehicle crash rates. Methods We performed a synthetic control analysis of US data from 1982 to 2017. We used publicly available data to evaluate the effects of implementing any drink special law at the state-level during the study period on fatality rates per 100 million vehicle-miles of travel. We used an enhanced version of the SC method for the analysis of multiple treated units. Results Overall, treated states with any drink special law reduced alcohol-related fatal crashes per 100 million VMT by 0.01 (p-value = 0.84) in year one, 0.10 (p-value = 0.14) in year three, 0.07 (p-value = 0.28) in year five, and 0.16 (p-value = 0.01) in year 10 post-implementation compared to the synthetic control trend. Implementation of any drink special law also produced reductions of non-alcohol-related fatal crashes per 100 million VMT by 0.19 (p-value = 0.11) in year one, 0.24 (p-value = 0.03) in year three, 0.25 (p-value = 0.00) in year five, and 0.18 (p-value = 0.00) in year 10 compared to the synthetic control trend. Findings for the number of laws implemented and each drink special laws were mixed. Conclusions Drink special laws appeared to be associated with larger reductions of non-alcohol-related fatal crashes but no with the hypothesized target population, the alcohol-related fatal crashes.
Social Networks as the New Frontier of Terrorism: by Laura Scaife, London and New York, Routledge, 2017, 201 pp., $50.00 (paperback), ISBN: 978-0-367-87499-5

This book was first published in 2017 following years of terrorist attacks in the United States and abroad. Among other things, the author provides various definitions of terrorism along with traci...
Chapter 20 HIV-1 and HHV-6 infections of human retina and cornea

Publisher Summary More than 110,000 Americans have died and more than one million are believed to be infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). This chapter discusses the human immunodeficiency virus type I that has been identified in retinal tissue of the AIDS patients. Eye infection, a common complication of AIDS, strikes as many as 98% of all people infected with HIV-1. Approximately 50–80% of individuals with HIV-1 infection experience significant visual loss prior to death, further complicating an already devastating disease process. Thousands of the affected are young adults and teenagers; perhaps some of the saddest cases are seen in infants and very young children who are victims of this deadly disease. It was also reported that the isolation of HIV-1 and HHV-6 from corneas of asymptomatic are from HIV-1-positive donors, suggesting that corneal tissue might be capable of supporting HIV-1 and HHV-6 infection.
Kpna7 interacts with egg-specific nuclear factors in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Nuclear proteins are required for the initiation of transcription in early embryos before embryonic genome activation. The regulated transport of nuclear proteins is mediated by factors known as importins (karyopherins). Kpna7, a newly discovered member of the importin α family, is critical for early development in mammals. In this study, we characterize rainbow trout Kpna7. The cDNA for rainbow trout Kpna7 encodes a 519 amino acid protein that contains a conserved importin β binding (IBB) domain and seven armadillo/beta-catenin-like repeat (ARM) motifs. Reverse-transcriptase PCR and Western blot analyses revealed that Kpna7 is specifically expressed in eggs/ovary. Real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that expression of Kpna7 mRNA is high in unfertilized eggs, gradually decreases in early-stage embryos until 3 days post-fertilization, and declines sharply thereafter, reaching a level that is barely detectable in 4-day-old embryos. Using a yeast two-hybrid screening system, we identified two Kpna7-interacting proteins from a rainbow trout egg cDNA library: Stl3 (rhamnose-binding lectin 3) and an uncharacterized protein. Both genes appear to be expressed specifically in eggs/testis. Co-immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the interaction between Kpna7 and Stl3, and co-transfection experiments using EGFP-tagged Stl3 showed that Kpna7 facilitates the nuclear transport of Stl3 through an interaction with the predicted nuclear-localization signal cluster at the carboxy-terminus of Stl3. Our data suggest that Kpna7 may function in early embryonic development as a unique nuclear transporter for egg-specific proteins.
Computer Assisted Instruction: An Educational Issue for Nursing

Computer assisted instruction (CAI) has been available as a teaching methodology for some time. Nursing, however, has been very slow to commit resources to develop this methodology and reluctant to prepare its educators in the technology that would encourage its use. Few studies have been reported documenting the results of CAI and the process necessarily followed when a decision to utilize such a methodology has been made. Although the education of nurses has been cited as one of the most expensive programs within a university, the development of CAI as a teaching strategy has received little attention and encouragement from nursing leadership. The information revolution brought about through the advancement in the technology of computers has made it inperative for nurses to reexamine their positions and determine how best the technology can serve their needs.
RF communication between surface and underwater robotic swarms

In order for underwater robots to communicate with land and air based robots on an equal basis, high speed communications is required. If the robots are not to be tethered then wireless communications is the only possibility. Sonar communications is too slow. Unfortunately radio waves are rapidly attenuated under water due to phenomena such as skin depth. These experiments attempt to extend the range of underwater radio communications.
Isolation and characterization of PEP3, a gene required for vacuolar biogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract The Saccharomyces cerevisiae PEP3 gene was cloned from a wild-type genomic library by complementation of the carboxypeptidase Y deficiency in a pep3-12 strain. Subclone complementation results localized the PEP3 gene to a 3.8-kb DNA fragment. The DNA sequence of the fragment was determined; a 2,754-bp open reading frame predicts that the PEP3 gene product is a hydrophilic, 107-kDa protein that has no significant similarity to any known protein. The PEP3 predicted protein has a zinc finger (CX2CX13CX2C) near its C terminus that has spacing and slight sequence similarity to the adenovirus E1a zinc finger. A radiolabeled PEP3 DNA probe hybridized to an RNA transcript of 3.1 kb in extracts of log-phase and diauxic lag-phase cells. Cells bearing pep3 deletion/disruption alleles were viable, had decreased levels of protease A, protease B, and carboxypeptidase Y antigens, had decreased repressible alkaline phosphatase activity, and contained very few normal vacuolelike organelles by fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy but had an abundance of extremely small vesicles that stained with carboxyfluorescein diacetate, were severely inhibited for growth at 37 degrees C, and were incapable of sporulating (as homozygotes). Fractionation of cells expressing a bifunctional PEP3::SUC2 fusion protein indicated that the PEP3 gene product is present at low abundance in both log-phase and stationary cells and is a vacuolar peripheral membrane protein. Sequence identity established that PEP3 and VPS18 (J. S. Robinson, T. R. Graham, and S. D. Emr, Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:5813-5824, 1991) are the same gene.
A computer science course program for small colleges

The ACM Subcommittee on Small College Programs of the Committee on Curriculum in Computer Science (C3S) was appointed in 1969 to consider the unique problems of small colleges and universities, and to make recommendations regarding computer science programs at such schools. This report, authorized by both the subcommittee and C3S, supplies a set of recommendations for courses and necessary resources.Implementation problems are discussed, specifically within the constraints of limited faculty and for the purposes of satisfying a wide variety of objectives. Detailed descriptions of four courses are given; suggestions are made for more advanced work; and an extensive library list is included.
Variable Acquisition Angle Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence: A New Technique for Orientation Distribution Studies of Ultrathin Films

A new technique for the determination of the orientation distribution of a fluorophore within an ultrathin film, in terms of the mean tilt angle relative to the monolayer normal and the distribution width, is described. The technique utilizes the measurement of polarized fluorescence, excited by the evanescent field appearing upon total internal reflection. The main difference between this and existing techniques is that the fluorescence intensity is measured as a function of the acquisition angle with low aperture detection. The potential of the technique was investigated with the help of computer modeling and experimentally utilizing a Langmuir−Blodgett film of arachidic acid doped with a fluorophore DiI. Both computer modeling and the measurements show that the acquisition of the angular dependence of the fluorescence dramatically improves the technique, increasing manyfold the accuracy and resolution of the determined orientation distribution parameters.
Effects of inoculum physiological stage on the growth characteristics of Chlorella sorokiniana cultivated under different CO(2) concentrations.

In order to maximize microalgae biomass production and reduce its overall costs, it is important to optimize inoculum conditions based on its physical and physiological characteristics. Chlorella sorokiniana cultures inoculated with inoculum at three different physiological stages (lag, exponential, and stationary) diluted to the same optical density were cultivated for 12 days under three different CO2 concentrations (0.038, 5, or 10 % CO2 v/v) and growth pattern and biomass production was observed. Samples inoculated with lag phase inoculum supplied with 5 % CO2 achieved the maximum biomass production, whereas samples supplied with 0.038 % CO2 never reached exponential growth. The better growth of samples inoculated with lag phase inoculum was attributed to its increased number of cells compared to the other two inocula.
Comparison of NCEP–NCAR Cloud Radiative Forcing Reanalyses with Observations

Abstract Longwave and shortwave cloud radiative forcing from the recently released National Center for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalyses are compared to Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) observations. The observed differences are analyzed utilizing concurrent International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) estimates of cloudiness and other satellite observations. The results show that the NCEP–NCAR longwave cloud forcing agrees well with that of ERBE not only for the annual means but also for seasonal and climatic variations. Areas of disagreement are generally related to disagreements between NCEP–NCAR high cloudiness and observations. Overall, the NCEP–NCAR shortwave cloud forcing is in poorer agreement with ERBE observations. NCEP–NCAR annual means in the Tropics are often 20–30 W m−2 too negative. On the other hand the NCEP–NCAR total cloud cover in this region is 10%–20% less than the ISCCP observations, which should lead to less...
Cloud microphysics, radiation and vertical velocities in two‐ and three‐dimensional simulations of deep convection

This study investigates the importance of dimensionality for the characteristics of simulations performed with cloud-system resolving models (CSRMs). In addition to intrinsic questions related to dimensionality in CSRMs, the issue has gained added interest since CSRMs can be utilized instead of conventional cloud parametrizations to represent deep convection within global climate models. Such CSRMs may be either two- or three-dimensional. CSRM simulations of five observed cases of deep convection are performed in both two and three dimensions (2D and 3D) with the aim of elucidating the impact of dimensionality on overall cloud statistics. Observed profiles of the large-scale average of advection of temperature and humidity are applied to initiate and maintain the convection. Two of the cases are from tropical oceanic regions. The other three cases are continental. The average ascent rate in deep convective, cloudy updraughts is about 20-50% higher at mid-levels of the troposphere in 3D than in 2D, for all cases. This corresponds to an increase by a similar percentage in the vertical mass flux of deep updraughts in the oceanic cases. Furthermore, the weak ascent (0. 1 < w < 1 m s(-1)) outside the deep convective updraughts is much less prevalent in 3D than in 2D, with vertical velocities being about 20% lower for a given cumulative frequency and a lower vertical mass flux. Downdraughts are weaker in 3D, for most cases. There is a substantial sensitivity of the vertical profiles of cloud liquid and cloud ice, and of other microphysical species, to dimensionality. This is consistent with the sensitivity of the dynamics of convection. Corresponding changes in radiative transfer, especially in the short-wave band, result from the cloud-radiative interactions. In particular, the peak in domain-averaged cloud liquid content in the melting layer is about 50% higher in most of the 2D simulations. The land cases display more sensitivity of the short-wave radiative flux to the choice of orientation of the vertical plane of 2D simulations. (Less)
Five classes of visual interneurons in the optic nerve of the hermit crab

Response characteristics and trigger features are described for five operational classes of visual interneurons in the optic nerve of the hermit crab. The units were initially segregated on the basis of response sign (“on”, “off”, “on-off”) and duration (phasic, tonic). Tonic “on” and tonic “off” units were observed to be indistinguishable from the previously described sustaining and dimming fibers of other decapod crustacea. Phasic “off” units closely resemble either jittery motion or novelty detectors also previously documented. Phasic “on” units are characterized by an excitable antagonistic surround, a slow rate of habituation, and a sustained low level discharge during periods of increasing luminous flux at any point within their receptive fields. Highly sensitive to moving contours, they occasionally revealed a directional preference. The phasic “on” units are also capable of following brief stimuli at rates of up to 20/sec. Phasic “on-off” units were characterized by coextensive receptive fields for “on” and “off” responses and movement sensitivity independent of contrast.
Beliefs About Asthma Medications: Patients Perceive Both Benefits and Drawbacks

Patients have diverse beliefs about asthma medications that may be influenced by asthma characteristics. The objective of this qualitative analysis was to identify patients' beliefs about asthma medications and to assess these beliefs according patient and asthma characteristics, including asthma severity and patient-reported medication adherence. From interviews with 52 patients (mean age 43 years, 87% women, 71% taking maintenance medications), 17 categories of beliefs about medications were discerned which were grouped into perceived benefits (e.g., permit activities, thwart symptoms) and perceived drawbacks (e.g., establish a medication routine, ensure supply). Beliefs were not mutually exclusive, with 56% of patients citing both benefits and drawbacks. Beliefs did not differ based on asthma severity or type of current therapy, however, patients who cited drawbacks were more likely to have worse self-reported Morisky Medication Adherence Questionnaire scores (possible range 0-4, higher is worse adherence) compared to those who did not cite drawbacks (1.9 +/- 1.3 vs 0.9 +/- 0.9; p = .02). Providers should be aware of patients' beliefs about medications in order to reinforce perceived benefits and address perceived drawbacks.
Modeling the data-dependent performance of pattern-matching architectures

There has been a significant volume of recent work on reconfigurable designs for pattern matching at high data rates with large pattern sets. Although various pattern-matching architectures and implementations have been presented, attempts to compare different designs have been inconclusive, or even misleading, due to variations in testing procedures. There has been no general methodology for analyzing and comparing pattern-matching system design approaches. In this paper, we present a software toolset and an associated methodology that is then used to evaluate pattern-matching circuit performance. This evaluation framework relies on an analytical model of FPGA pattern-matching architectures that quantitatively expresses the relationships between pattern properties, circuit area, and circuit delay. Using our model and toolset, we show how the efficiency and performance of each architecture is dependent on certain properties of the pattern set. A number of experiments are performed to demonstrate that the model does indeed accurately represent the area and delay in FPGA implementations of the given architectures. For several architectures and multiple pattern sets, circuit netlists are generated and then compiled for the Xilinx Virtex II Pro platform. Our results show that pattern set properties such as pattern length and alphabet size impact the circuits of each pattern-matching architecture in markedly different ways. This indicates that useful insights are gained by using this model-based analysis methodology.
Identifying predictor variables of weight loss outcome: Implications for a stepped program and weight management

Abstract Four variables were identified that predicted outcome for the minimal and moderate intensity weight control programs presented in sequence. Predictive models for pounds lost and percentage overweight lost were computed for both programs and follow-up and accounted for 33% to 62% of the variance. The predictor variable that contributed to the two programs and follow-up was success in losing weight previously. Greater rate of weight loss in the first five weeks contributed to the model for the minimal intensity program and for follow-up and total number of calories expended in nonroutine physical activity added to the model for the minimal intensity program. Marital dissatisfaction of subjects was a predictor for the moderate intensity program and follow-up. The findings have utility for a stepped program for weight and provide confirmation of variables noted as predictors in prior research. This study may help in the quest to identify consistent predictors of weight loss success.
Molecular expression of the α-chemokine rabbit GRO in Escherichia coli and characterization of its production by lung cells in vitro and in vivo

GRO proteins are alpha-chemokine cytokines that attract neutrophils and stimulate the growth of a variety of cells. Previously, we observed that rabbit alveolar macrophages transcribe the genes for at least two GRO homologues. In order to study the role of GRO cytokines in lung inflammation, we cloned the predominant rabbit GRO cDNA (RabGRO) from alveolar macrophages, expressed bioactive recombinant protein (rRabGRO) in Escherichia coli, and developed a sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for RabGRO protein. We found that rabbit AM express and secrete GRO in vitro in response to both exogenous (e.g. lipopolysaccharide, heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus, and crystalline silica) and endogenous inflammatory stimuli (e.g. tumor necrosis factor-alpha) as determined by both radioimmunoprecipitation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Biologically significant amounts of GRO are present in vivo in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of rabbits with E. coli pneumonia; by in situ hybridization, GRO mRNA is detectable in infiltrating pulmonary leukocytes and bronchial epithelial cells. These results indicate that GRO chemokines are likely to be important mediators of the inflammatory response that accompanies acute infectious processes in the lungs.
Multiple Interacting Factors Determine Precision in Derivative Ultraviolet Spectrometry

Theory and experiment show that the precision of quantitative derivative ultraviolet spectrometry depends on the choice of derivative order, degree of smoothing, convolution method of smoothing or derivatization, and power of the reference beam. Except for work describing the simultaneous effect of wavelength range and derivative order, investigations have been made by varying the level of one factor at a time. Adjustment of a single factor at a time is not an efficient way of establishing optimum conditions for analysis, particularly in derivative ultraviolet spectrometry.
Cognitive–Behavior Therapy for Pediatric Trichotillomania

Trichotillomania (TTM) is a chronic disorder in which youth repeatedly pull their hair to the extent that they experience noticeable hair loss as well as clinically significant academic, social, and/or occupational impairment. Prevalence rates of TTM in children are largely unknown, although the onset of TTM primarily occurs in childhood. Modified habit reversal training is the current psychological treatment of choice for TTM in adults and researchers and clinicians have applied this approach to the treatment of pediatric TTM. This article describes cognitive–behavior therapy for pediatric TTM, with an emphasis on the application of standard interventions across the developmental age range. In particular, recent findings on the role of experiential avoidance in TTM and the manner with which the type of hair pulling changes across the developmental age range, recommends the flexible principle-driven application of treatment strategies with careful consideration of the developmental age of youth.
Effects of cytokinins on the metabolism of nicotinic acid in cultured roots of Pisum sativum and Glycine max in relation to cell arrest in G2

Abstract Trigonelline, present in relatively large quantities in dry seeds of many legumes, is transported to enlarging roots during early seedling ontogeny and promotes cell arrest in G2 in about 40% of all root cells. Natural cytokinins have been shown to influence trigonelline's effect in peas (antagonism) and soybeans (enhancement). Results presented herein show that the excised roots of soybeans require a minimum trigonelline concentration of 10−6 compared with 10−7 M for peas. In peas, supply of 10−4 M nicotinic acid is sufficient for roots to produce an adequate concentration of trigonelline. This situation does not occur in soybeans because (a) the rate of conversion of nicotinic acid to trigonelline is slower than in peas and (b) soybean roots need a higher trigonelline concentration to promote cell arrest in G2. The presence of isopentenyl adenine in medium does not influence the metabolism of nicotinic acid. Moreover, the presence of isopentenyl adenine does not influence the rate or extent that cells become labeled with [3H]-TdR. Taken together, these results support the idea that isopentenyl adenine does not affect the metabolism of the pyridine nucleotide pathway or the rate or extent of cell proliferation by meristem cells. The mechanism by which isopentenyl adenine influences trigonelline promotion of cell arrest in G2 in legumes is currently not understood.
Systematizing Toulmin’s Warrants: An Epistemic Approach

Relevance of premises to conclusion can be explicated through Toulmin’s notion of warrant, understood as an inference rule, albeit not necessarily formal. A normative notion of relevance requires the warrant to be reliable. To determine reliability, we propose a fourfold classification of warrants into a priori, empirical, institutional, and evaluative, with further subdivisions possible. This classification has its ancestry in classical rhetoric and recent epistemology. Distinctive to each type of warrant is the mode by which such connections are intuitively discovered and the grounds on which we ultimately justify them. The classification of warrants is thus epistemic. We illustrate the difference by contrasting empirical physical with institutional intuition, and argue for the advantages of this approach over Toulmin’s conception of field dependence.