cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Impacts of Racism on White Americans in the Age of Trump

If asked to define racism, most people describe a dislike of people from other races. While that approximates a definition for personal prejudice, it fails to account for the full reality of racism. Racism, instead, is a system of power, characterized by a racial hierarchy. The fact that the popular definition fails to account for power or hierarchy is no accident. In fact, it speaks to the reason that so many White Americans can simultaneously reject racism as popularly defined, engage in racist behavior without knowing it, benefit from White privilege, and suffer from the impacts of racism. In this introductory chapter, we explore how a complete definition of racism helps establish the four primary theses of the book. First, we assert that White Americans are the source of racism. White Americans are the inventors, propagators, and benefactors of racism. Second, we argue that White Americans also suffer a cost for being the source of racism. White Americans gain unearned privileges from racism relative to people of color. Third, the costs of racism are not equally spread among all Whites. White privilege intersects with other social identities such as gender and socioeconomic class. Fourth, modern elites use social institutions to enforce the racial hierarchy in order to achieve their own goals. This has been especially true during the age of Trump. Donald Trump exploited existing racial divisions to garner White support in cutting taxes for billionaires, gutting social safety nets for those on the margins, and fortifying his own claim to power. In the process, everyday Whites suffered the impacts of racism.
The Role of the Promoter Site in Gene Expression

There are three structural genes in the lac (lactose) operon (Jacob and Monod, 1961). The z-gene codes for the enzyme β-galactosidase, the y-gene determines a component in the permeation system for galactosides (permease) and the a-gene codes for thiogalactoside transacetylase. The order of these genes is firmly established to be: z-y-a (Fig. 1). In addition we know that the i-gene, the structural gene for the repressor which regulates induction of the lac operon is located to the “left” of the z-gene (Fig. 1). Between these two determinants lies the operator (O), the site at which the repressor acts (Jacob and Monod, 1965; see Beckwith, 1967).
Power optimization for wearable devices

In recent years, several wearable devices have been proposed for monitoring nutrition intake, tracking energy expenditure, and performing activity recognition. Long device lifetimes are critical because frequent battery replacements increase user burden and yield poor long-term compliance rates. Though countless wearable devices have been proposed in recent years with varying sensors and applications, most system flows are generalizable in terms of their major components: sampling, buffering, processing, and transmission. In this paper, we discuss and evaluate energy-efficiency optimizations for wearable devices, using the NIMON nutrition-monitoring necklace as a case study.
19.6% electron-irradiated GaInP/GaAs cells

Record air mass zero (AMO) efficiencies are reported for two-terminal, two-junction 0.25-cm/sup 2/ Ga/sub 0.5/In/sub 0.5/P/GaAs devices irradiated by 10/sup 15/ cm/sup -2/ 1 MeV electrons. Devices optimized for end-of-life (EOL) had beginning-of-life (BOL) and EOL efficiencies of 23% and 19.6%, respectively. A range of device structures gave EOL efficiencies greater than 18%. The design of the device for optimal radiation hardness is shown to depend on low bottom-cell base doping and optimally thin top cells, as these lead to current-matched EOL devices. Surprisingly, the damage coefficients for Ga/sub 0.5/In/sub 0.5/P are significantly larger than those previously measured and depend on the bottom-cell base doping and top-cell thickness.
Performance evaluation of indel calling tools using real short-read data

Insertion and deletion (indel), a common form of genetic variation, has been shown to cause or contribute to human genetic diseases and cancer. With the advance of next-generation sequencing technology, many indel calling tools have been developed; however, evaluation and comparison of these tools using large-scale real data are still scant. Here we evaluated seven popular and publicly available indel calling tools, GATK Unified Genotyper, VarScan, Pindel, SAMtools, Dindel, GTAK HaplotypeCaller, and Platypus, using 78 human genome low-coverage data from the 1000 Genomes project. Comparing indels called by these tools with a known set of indels, we found that Platypus outperforms other tools. In addition, a high percentage of known indels still remain undetected and the number of common indels called by all seven tools is very low. All these findings indicate the necessity of improving the existing tools or developing new algorithms to achieve reliable and consistent indel calling results.
Effect of Signal Intensity on Measurement of Ganglion Cell Complex and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Scans in Fourier-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography

PURPOSE We determined the effect of Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) signal strength index (SSI) and cropping on retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and macular ganglion cell complex (GCC) scan repeatability and measurement thickness. METHODS Eyes were enrolled in the longitudinal Advanced Imaging for Glaucoma Study. At each visit, three repeat scans from the optic nerve head and macular protocols were obtained. Each measurement was associated with an SSI value from 0 to 100. Measurements with similar SSI scores were grouped to calculate repeatability defined as pooled standard deviation. Within-visit analysis was used to determine how measured thickness changed in relation to change in SSI level. RESULTS The study included 1130 eyes of 569 patients. Cropped images yielded significantly worse repeatability and they were excluded from subsequent analyses. The within-visit repeatability for RNFL and GCC measurements were significantly better with higher signal strength, and optimal cutoffs were SSI ≥ 37 and ≥ 44, respectively. The coefficient of variation was <1.8% for RNFL scans with SSI ≥ 37 and < 2% for GCC with SSI ≥ 44. For scans above the cutoff SSI, higher SSI's were correlated with thicker RNFL among normal (slope = 0.056 μm/SSI unit, P < 0.001) eyes and glaucoma suspect and perimetric glaucoma (GSPPG) eyes (slope = 0.060 μm/SSI unit, P < 0.001), but not for perimetric glaucoma (PG) eyes. No significant correlation was found for GCC. CONCLUSION Repeatability of RNFL and GCC thickness measurements may be improved by excluding images with cropped anatomic features and weak signal strength below recommended SSI cutoffs. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE Measurement precision and image quality of inner eye structure by advanced imaging modality are important for clinical diagnosis and tracking of glaucoma disease.
Tumors and Viruses in Nonhuman Primates

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the current knowledge about tumor viruses, belonging to retroviridae and herpetoviridae , isolated from normal and malignant tissues of nonhuman primates. In addition, certain retroviruses of nonprimate origin are considered to a limited extent since they can induce experimental tumors in simian species. The utilization of nonhuman primates in virus-induced tumorigenesis studies increased subsequently to the demonstration that Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) can induce tumors in rhesus monkeys. Despite the availability of many virus-induced tumor models in common laboratory animals and the fact that many simian species may be either endangered or threatened of becoming extinct, the following considerations warrant the continued–judicious use of nonhuman primates in tumor-virus research related to human malignancies. That nonhuman primates are not in any way specifically resistant to tumor development is suggested by the reported outbreaks of malignant neoplastic diseases in several primate colonies. Retroviridae is a recent name assigned to a family of enveloped RNA viruses that contain an antigenically specific RNA-directed DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase). Since retroviruses are (endogenous retroviruses) or can become (infectious retroviruses) an integral part of the cellular genome; it has been possible to use retroviruses as molecular tools to study the cellular as well as viral evolution. Several vaccines are currently in use against diseases caused by viruses that have a horizontal mode of transmission. Since herpesviruses, including those with proven oncogenicity, are transmitted horizontally, it may be feasible to develop an appropriate vaccine for the prevention of the diseases they cause, such as EBV-induced infectious mononucleosis and perhaps Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinomas.
Linear Development of Quasi-Geostrophic Baroclinic Disturbances with Condensational Heating

Abstract This paper presents the linear solution to the initial value problem for the Eady model of baroclinic instability including condensational heating using a wave–CISK formulation with a uniform heating profile in the vertical. As in the dry case, the continuous spectrum completes the class of free mode solutions but is asymptotically stable. In the moist case, both the dry and the moist normal modes contribute to the solution to the initial value problem. Analysis of the moist Eady dispersion relation indicates that the heating increases the growth rate and the wavenumber of the most unstable mode and of the short-wave cutoff. For all values of the heating amplitude, the growth rate is bounded, both wavenumbers are finite, and the very short waves are always stable. Shallow clouds, however, increase both wavenumbers more than deep clouds. For sufficiently large values of the heating amplitude, the free modes display unphysical behavior with steering levels either above the rigid-lid tropopause or b...
Comparison of Root‐System Efficiency and Arsenic Uptake of Two Fern Species

Abstract This greenhouse study examined the root characteristics (biomass, length, area, and diameter) and root uptake efficiency of Pteris vittata, an arsenic (As) hyperaccumulator and Nephrolepis exaltata, not an As hyperaccumulator, in relation to plant uptake of As and nutrients in an As‐contaminated and a control soil. After 8 weeks of growth, on a per plant basis, P. vittata accumulated 7.3–8.8 g of biomass and removed 2.51 mg of As from the As‐contaminated soil compared to 2.4–2.7 g of biomass and 0.09 mg of As for N. exaltata. This was partially because P. vittata developed a more extensive root system, 2.4–3.8 times greater (biomass, length, and area), and possessed a greater proportion of fine roots than N. exaltata. In addition, the As root‐uptake efficiency (defined as As concentrations in plant tissue per unit root) for fronds of P. vittata was 15–23 times greater than that of N. exaltata in both soils. Whereas N. exaltata removed phosphorus (P) more efficiently from the soils, P. vittata rem...
Relationship between determinants of oxygen delivery and respiratory abnormalities in preterm infants with anemia.

To study the relationship between anemia and breathing abnormalities in preterm infants, we measured oxygen supply and demand in two groups of anemic infants
Soil cycling of trace gases in response to mesquite management in a semiarid grassland

Abstract Over the last century, proliferation of velvet mesquite ( Prosopis velutina ) in Southwestern grasslands has led to mesquite removal to increase livestock forage, but the effects of mesquite on the fluxes of C- and N-based gases are not well understood. We report soil surface fluxes and porespace concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), and methane (CH 4 ) over two monsoon seasons beneath mesquite canopy (LIVE), in open grassland (OPEN), and under a mesquite skeleton (DEAD) in Southeastern Arizona. In 2003, CO 2 production was not different among sites, but on three 2004 measurement dates, CO 2 production was greatest from LIVE. In both years, N 2 O production was highest in LIVE in early monsoon, while CH 4 production dominated in OPEN and DEAD sites. CH 4 consumption increased in all sites as the summer progressed, resulting in net monsoon CH 4 fluxes near zero. Over both years, temperature and precipitation accounted for significant variability in CO 2 flux and precipitation correlated with N 2 O production. Soil moisture accounted for significant variability in CH 4 flux in 2003. Observed variations in trace gas dynamics suggest that several years of measurements would be required to accurately predict mesquite management effects on trace gas flux in Southwestern rangelands.
Aligned blank and metal encapsulated conducting polymer nanotubules

Aligned polyaniline nanotubules were prepared by electropolymerization/template method. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs reveal their alignment, uniform dimension as well as open-ended properties. Nickel was successfully encapsulated inside the polyaniline nanotubules by chemical treatment followed by electroplating process. Energy dispersive spectroscopy confirms the presence of nickel inside the polyaniline nanotubules.
Tools for Assessing Readability and Quality of Health-Related Web Sites

With the Internet becoming a growing source of information on genetics, genetic counselors and other health-care providers may be called upon to guide their patients to appropriate material, which is written at a suitable reading level for the individual and contains quality information. Given that many health-related Web sites are written at a high school or higher reading level, without direction from a genetic counselor or health-care provider, many Internet users may currently be turning to health-related Web sites that they do not understand. Additionally, Internet users may not know how to evaluate the quality of information they find, which could lead to them access inaccurate or irrelevant information. To aid in the process of finding and designing Web sites that are appropriate for patients, the current article provides guidelines for assessing readability and quality of health-related content. Additionally, a demonstration of an assessment is provided. Finally, limitations of these assessments are discussed.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia a comprehensive review with emphasis on biology and therapy

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant hematologic disorder resulting from the clonal proliferation of lymphoid precursors with arrested maturation [1]. The disease can originate in lymphoid cells of different lineages, thus giving rise to B-cell or T-cell leukemias, or sometimes mixed lineage leukemia (see table 1). There are 3,000 to 5,000 new cases of ALL diagnosed every year in the United States [2,3]. In adults it represents 20% of all leukemias [4] and 1% to 2% of all cancers [5]. The disease has historic relevance, since it was one of the first malignancies reported to respond to chemotherapy [6] and was later among the first malignancies that could be cured in a majority of children [7]. Since then, much progress has been made, not only in terms of treatment for ALL but also, importantly, in understanding the heterogeneity of the disease. As information has accumulated about molecular aberrations, immunophenotyping, chromosomal abnormalities, and prognostic factors, more rational therapies have been designed. Since most cases are diagnosed in children [4], our current knowledge has originated from studies in the pediatric population. As differences between childhood and adult ALL became apparent, more research and progress has been made in adults.
Color of Dental Restorative Resins

The color of 7 composite resins, an unfilled restorative resin, and 3 glaze coatings was determined by reflection spectrophotometry and visually with Munsell color tabs. Statistically significant correlations existed between comparable parameters of the spectrophotometric and Munsell data. There were observable color variations among the 11 resins studied, but only 3 materials were within the range for natural tooth color.
ZnxNi1-xO Rocksalt Oxide Surfaces: Novel Environment for Zn2+ and Its Effect on the NiO Band Structure

Rocksalt ZnxNi1-xO solid solutions, which form at the nickel-rich end of the phase diagram, can be prepared over a wide compositional range and are homogeneous up to Zn0.32Ni0.68O when prepared by thermal dissolution in air. Auger parameter analysis indicates that the zinc is octahedrally coordinated, an unusual environment for solid-state Zn2+. The surface composition, as determined by Auger and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies shows comparable surface and bulk concentrations until phase separation occurs, at which point the surface becomes enriched in wurtzite ZnO. The charge-transfer nature of the NiO electronic structure remains largely intact as zinc is added to the lattice. In ab initio Hartree−Fock calculations of the ZnxNi1-xO valence band, zinc interacts with the lattice oxygen primarily through the Zn 4s orbitals and is less covalent than in wurtzite ZnO. A detectable shift of O 2p character away from the valence band maximum to more strongly bonding energies accompanies increased zinc concent...
Interdigitating reticulum‐cell sarcoma of the intestine: A case report and review of the literature

Dendritic cells are immune accessory cells which are widely distributed in many tissues. Those which are present within lymphoid follicle centers are classified as follicular dendritic cells. Those which are found outside germinal centers may be referred to as interdigitating reticulum cells, or Langerhans cells when they occur in the skin. Abnormal proliferations of dendritic cells are best known as the group of disorders comprising Langerhans-cell histiocytosis, which occurs primarily in children and teenagers. There are increasing reports of malignant proliferations of both types of dendritic cells in adults. However, there is only one previous description of the cytologic features of a dendritic cell sarcoma based on imprint cytology of a resected jejunal mass. The current report provides a detailed description of the cytologic features of a fine-needle aspirate of a recurrence of an interdigitating reticulum-cell sarcoma of the cecum.
The preparation and some catalytic activity of polymer-supported η5-cyclopentadienyl-rhoduim and -cobalt dicarbonyls

Abstract Polymer-supported η 5 -cyclopentadienylrhoduim dicarbonyl and η 5 -cyclopentadienylcobalt dicarbonyl have been prepared with 20% divinylbenzene-polystyrene copolymer, macroporous beads. The beads have been tested for a variety of types of catalytic activity. The cobalt-containing beads have not proven to be catalysts. The rhodium beads were effective in hydrogenation of olefins, aldehydes and ketones, isomerization of olefins, disproportion of 1,4,-cyclohexadiene and cyclohexene, cyclotrimerization of ethyl propiolate, and hydroformylation of 1-pentene and 1-hexene. Decomposition of the rhodium catalysts occurs except in hydroformylation, although only slight loss of the carbonyl groups and catalytic activity was observed in cyclotrimerization.
Geranium defensive agents. IV. Chemical and morphological bases of resistance

Insect-resistant and -susceptible geranium plants (Pelargonium xhortorum) were chemically and morphologically compared to assess the relative importance of resistance components. Glandular and nonglandular trichome density and quantification of trichome exudate (anacardic acids) from inbred resistant and susceptible lines were determined. Three different extraction procedures were employed to quantify the anacardic acids: (1) capillary solvent extract, (2) leaf wipe, and (3) whole leaf extract. The results support the conclusion that tall glandular trichomes and the exudate they produce are the most important factors in small pest resistance in the geranium. In addition, it was shown that tall glandular trichome densities are less and the ability of the plant to express the anacardic acids as exudate on the trichome head exterior is lacking in the susceptible lines analyzed, even though all lines possessed the capability to synthesize the anacardic acids. A plant line of intermediate resistance character was shown to possess high densities of tall glandular trichomes but resembled susceptible plants in lacking the ability to express the anacardic acids as an exudate in appreciable quantities.
Automating fatty acid analyses from seeds: from field samples to data bases

Abstract A goal of oilseed breeding is to improve oil quality by modifying fatty acid profiles in crops such as soybeans and sunflowers. We have used robotic automation and process engineering to improve sample throughput and efficiency of fatty acid analyses to support breeding efforts. A custom integrated system was developed using a Perkin-Elmer Nelson automated chromatography data acquisition system, in-house relational data bases, and sample preparation robotics. Using field/plot data base information, breeders request oil analyses, generate laboratory sample numbers and bar codes, and fill custom sample trays with seed for shipment to the centralized analytical laboratory. In the laboratory, oil is extracted in the sample tray by a manual procedure and a custom robotic system adds solvent, pipettes the sample into vials, adds a derivatizing agent, crimp-caps the vials and loads them into autosampler racks for placement on the chromatographs. The system was designed to handle 2100 samples in a normal 8-hour day. Custom software is used to download sample information from a data base and generate sequence information for Perkin-Elmer Nelson's TurboChrom system which manages seven dual-injector Hewlett-Packard 5890 gas chromatographs. A Novell network server provides multiple user access to the raw data. Quality control of the chromatographic data is performed by ChromVue, a custom system of programs to display chromatograms for review. Final results are uploaded to the original field data base where they can be accessed and reported by the breeders.
A Computational Structure For Enforcing Reactive Behavior In A Mobile Robot

An approach is presented which allows for the construction of robot behavior in terms of both spatially and temporally ordered sets of primitive reflexive behaviors. Each primitive reflexive behavior is based upon a stimulus/response model in which the devices which affect behavior are separated from the mechanism for controlling behavior. The approach allows for the explicit representation of complex forms of behavior through the use of abstraction. Behavior is represented in terms of component behaviors and acts to enforce declarative constraints between when a particular component behavior is active and when specific events occur in the environment and/or internal to the robot. In addition, we discuss the need for reactive behavior and illustrate how such behavior can be constructed using the proposed representation.
Development of a Simple Droplet-Based Microfluidic Capillary Viscometer for Low-Viscosity Newtonian Fluids

Viscosity is an easily measured macroscopic property that provides molecular information and is widely used across the sciences and engineering. Here we report a microfluidic capillary viscometer that forms droplets from aqueous samples in an immiscible carrier phase and encodes information about sample viscosity in the droplet spacing. The device shows exceptional calibration stability, with only a 0.6% drift in calibration factor from run to run, the ability to handle aqueous and nonaqueous samples, and the ability to operate with sample volumes as low as 38 nL. Operating range for aqueous sample viscosity was characterized, and was found to be 0.96–52 cP. Operating range for aqueous shear rate was found to depend on aqueous viscosity and varied from 1.9 × 101–4.4 × 102 s–1 for high viscosity samples to 4.1 × 102–6.0 × 103 s–1 for low viscosity samples. Accuracy was tested by comparing measured viscosities of several samples including creme de menthe peppermint liquor, human urine, and baby oil to visco...
Designing and benchmarking the MULTICOM protein structure prediction system

Background: Predicting protein structure from sequence is one of the most significant and challenging problems in bioinformatics. Numerous bioinformatics techniques and tools have been developed to tackle almost every aspect of protein structure prediction ranging from structural feature prediction, template identification and querytemplate alignment to structure sampling, model quality assessment, and model refinement. How to synergistically select, integrate and improve the strengths of the complementary techniques at each prediction stage and build a high-performance system is becoming a critical issue for constructing a successful, competitive protein structure predictor. Results: Over the past several years, we have constructed a standalone protein structure prediction system MULTICOM that combines multiple sources of information and complementary methods at all five stages of the protein structure prediction process including template identification, template combination, model generation, model assessment, and model refinement. The system was blindly tested during the ninth Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction (CASP9) in 2010 and yielded very good performance. In addition to studying the overall performance on the CASP9 benchmark, we thoroughly investigated the performance and contributions of each component at each stage of prediction. Conclusions: Our comprehensive and comparative study not only provides useful and practical insights about how to select, improve, and integrate complementary methods to build a cutting-edge protein structure prediction system but also identifies a few new sources of information that may help improve the design of a protein structure prediction system. Several components used in the MULTICOM system are available at: http://sysbio.rnet. missouri.edu/multicom_toolbox/.
Variable- and Person-Centered Approaches to the Analysis of Early Adolescent Substance Use: Linking Peer, Family, and Intervention Effects With Developmental Trajectories

This 4-year study of 698 young adolescents examined the covariates of early onset substance use from Grade 6 through Grade 9. The youth were randomly assigned to a family-centered Adolescent Transitions Program (ATP) condition. Variable-centered (zero-inflated Poisson growth model) and person-centered (latent growth mixture model) approaches were taken to examine treatment effects on patterns of substance-use development across early adolescence. Variable-centered analyses revealed treatment effects both on decreasing the likelihood of initiating substance use and on the rate of growth in substance use among those who initiated use. Person-centered analyses revealed the following five trajectories of early substance use: (1) no use, (2) low/rare use, (3) early accelerating use, (4) late-accelerating use, and (5) early high but decreasing use. Of note, random assignment to the ATP intervention was strongly predictive of following the decreasing-use trajectory. In addition, the early high but decreasing group was most likely to engage in the Family Check-Up and linked intervention services. These findings suggest that covariates of early adolescent substance us, as well as the effectiveness of prevention strategies, vary as a function of the developmental pattern underlying early adolescent risk. [End Page 421]
Studying Effects of Arc Discharge Surface Texturing on Stress Distribution in Adhesively Bonded Joints by Using Finite Element Modeling

This study investigates the potentiality of using atmospheric-pressure Direct Current (DC) plasma arc discharge as a surface treatment method of aluminum alloys in adhesively bonded joints in order to enhance adhesion. The surface morphology exposed to the arc for the current of 40 A (low intensity) and the plasma torch scanning speeds between 20 and 120 mm/s, exhibits a micro-scale surface roughness appropriate for adhesive bonding. The arc textured surfaces are characterized by using an optical profilometer. Additionally, the effect of modified surface on the stress distribution throughout the single-lap adhesively bonded joint in tension is explored by 2D FEM. The geometrical model for FE analysis of adhesively bonded structure is generated by including the surface texture coordinates obtained from the optical profilometer.Copyright © 2011 by ASME and General Motors
Methods of item validation and abacs for item-test correlation and critical ratio of upper-lower difference

It is shown that by making the assumption that the knowledge of the test-item and the knowledge of the entire test are both distributed normally, the correlation coefficient between any item and the entire test can be expressed as a function solely of two proportions — the percentage of a high-scoring group passing the item and the percentage of a low-scoring group passing the item. This function is expressed graphically as a family of curves for each of two conditions — where the high-scoring and low-scoring groups are samples of the highest and the lowest quarters respectively, and where they are samples from the upper and lower halves. It is shown, moreover, that two other common measures of item validity, the upper-lower difference and the critical ratio of the upper-lower difference, may be drawn on the same coordinate axes.
Multiple‐source Werner deconvolution

A reformulation of the Werner deconvolution algorithm using the analytic signal is extended to multiple source bodies. The extended algorithm involves solving a linear least-squares problem; the coefficients so obtained determine a complex polynomial whose roots define the locations and depths of the body contacts. The extended algorithm has been used to map the structure of the Cobb offset zone of the Juan de Fuca Ridge from aeromagnetic data; both the top and bottom of the spreading center basalts can be delineated. Connections between the multiple-source Werner technique and CompuDepth are discussed.
Human Milk Analysis Contributes to Nutritional Management of Very Low Birth Weight Infants

Objective. To evaluate the contribution of real-time human milk (HM) analysis in the development of individual fortification plans for very low birth weight (VLBW) infants (<1500 g). Methods. Pooled, 24-hour samples of HM were analyzed 1 to 2 times weekly. HM was fortified using 30 kcal/oz preterm formula (PTF) or acidified concentrated liquid formula (ACLF). Daily nutrient intakes, growth, and laboratory data were collected from the week prior to fortification and for the 4 weeks of the study period. Protein (g/kg/day) and energy (kcal/kg/day) intakes were calculated by adding the proportional contributions from HM and fortifier. Results. There were 24 VLBW infants. Both groups (PTF, n = 18; ACLF, n = 6) had similar birth characteristics. HM protein and energy content varied considerably throughout the study. Mean protein intake was significantly higher in infants receiving ACLF (P < 0.001) compared to PTF, while energy intake was similar. The proportion of HM used with ACLF was significantly higher than...
Interfacial dynamics‐based modelling of turbulent cavitating flows, Part‐1: Model development and steady‐state computations

The merits of transport equation-based models are investigated by adopting an enhanced pressure-based method for turbulent cavitating flows. An analysis of the mass and normal-momentum conservation at a liquid–vapour interface is conducted in the context of homogeneous equilibrium flow theory, resulting in a new interfacial dynamics-based cavitation model. The model offers direct interpretation of the empirical parameters in the existing transport-equation-based models adopted in the literature. This and three existing cavitation models are evaluated for flows around an axisymmetric cylindrical body and a planar hydrofoil, and through a convergent–divergent nozzle. Although all models considered provide qualitatively comparable wall pressure distributions in agreement with the experimental data, quantitative differences are observed in the closure region of the cavity, due to different compressibility characteristics of each cavitation model. In particular, the baroclinic effect of the vorticity transport equation plays a noticeable role in the closure region of the cavity, and contributes to the highest level of turbulent kinetic energy there. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Case of Spondylodiscitis with Spinal Epidural Abscess Due to Brucella

Brucellosis, a zoonosis with worldwide distribution, is a systemic infection caused by facultative intracellular bacteria of the genus Brucella, which can involve multiple organs and tissues. We report an uncommon case of spondylodiscitis with epidural abscess due to Brucella in a male stockbreeder. Diagnosis was based on clinical history, and supported by Brucella serology and magnetic resonance imaging. Clinical and radiological improvement were observed with a combined antimicrobial therapy of doxycycline, rifampicin, and gentamycin.
Dendrimer-Tetrachloroplatinate Precursor Interactions. 2. Noncovalent Binding in PAMAM Outer Pockets

Density functional theory is used to investigate the complexation ability of dendrimer outer pockets--in both tertiary amine protonated and unprotonated scenarios--toward molecular guests, particularly tetrachloroplatinate(II) and its mono- and diaquated derivatives as well as competing counterions. The effect of the outer pocket (host) on the binding affinity of guest molecules is analyzed and it is found that is more feasible for the host to accept species, particularly charged ones, inside an unprotonated pocket rather than outside; unlike the protonated pocket where the opposite is more likely to occur. Conformational changes triggered by the hosting of particular guests can have an impact in the global configuration of the larger dendrimer the pockets are part of.
Cerebral pathophysiology and critical care neurology: basic hemodynamic principles, cerebral perfusion, and intracranial pressure

Pediatric neurologic intensive care differs from standard pediatric intensive care in two important respects. First, the diagnosis, monitoring, and management of problems related to disorders of cerebral perfusion and intracranial pressure (ICP) are central to nearly all of pediatric neurologic and neurosurgical intensive care. Second, various clinical problems normally encountered in the intensive care unit (ICU) have additional implications when associated with neurologic disease. Regardless of the cause, treatment should be undertaken as expeditiously as possible and should be based on the principles of resuscitation, reducing the volume of the intracranial contents, and reassessment. This chapter aims to outline some basic principles underlying the diagnosis and management of elevated ICP in children.
Decreased Periparturient Transmission of Bovine Leukosis Virus in Colostrum-Fed Calves

Background: The relation between calf bovine leukosis virus (BLV) infection status and colostrum ingestion is unclear. Two conclusions have been drawn from previous studies. One suggests that colostrum ingestion transmits BLV to neonatal calves. The second suggests that colostral antibodies are protective. Hypothesis: Colostrum from BLV-positive cattle is protective in naturally exposed calves. Animals: Twelve colostrum-deprived Holstein calves and 20 colostrum-fed Holstein calves born to BLV-infected cows. Methods: Prospective study. Colostrum-deprived calves were tested weekly by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests for BLV antibody and provirus for 12 weeks or until the animal became positive for BLV infection. Colostrum-fed calves were fed colostrum derived from BLV-positive cows. Thereafter, ELISA and PCR tests for BLV antibody and provirus were performed every other week until 2 consecutive negative ELISA tests or 1 positive PCR test was achieved. The proportion of calves that converted to BLV-positive status was calculated for each group and compared between groups by using the Fisher exact test. Results: Four of 12 colostrum-deprived calves (33%) became BLV positive, whereas 0 of 20 colostrum-fed calves (0%) became BLV positive. The proportion of calves that became infected was significantly higher in the colostrum-deprived group (P= .014). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Calves born to BLV-positive cows are exposed during parturition, and a proportion of these calves will become infected with BLV. Administration of colostrum from BLV-positive cows greatly decreases the risk of infection.
Intracavity Chirped-Pulse Amplification for High-Energy Ultrafast Optical Parametric Oscillators

Numerical results of an ultrafast optical parametric oscillator using broadband intracavity chirped-pulse amplification to efficiently convert 1-ps, 10-μJ pump pulses to tunable, transform-limited pulses that are 100 times shorter are presented.
A distributed integrated request processing algorithm for QoS assurance in large-scale media-based systems

In this paper, we discuss a comprehensive mechanism for distributed media request processing to achieve performance improvement and QoS enhancement in media-based application systems. The approach makes use of the proxy infrastructure to handle media requests in a widely distributed manner. The proxy server handles integrated request processing, including distributed admission control, batched patch, and prefix caching. A proxy assistant is designed to realize the proxy site request processing approach. A novel distributed admission control algorithm is proposed for the proxy assistant. It is based on the discrete time queuing system due to the consideration of batching. Also, to fully utilize prefix caching, we allow a request to stay at the proxy to wait for the disk bandwidth of the media server to become available before the cached contents are exhausted. Furthermore, a bandwidth allocation algorithm considering media systems with multiple servers is proposed. We develop a cost-effective approach for a proxy server to reserve bandwidth from the optimal subset of the media servers so that the final media delivery cost is minimal. Experimental studies show that our request processing approach, including all the proposed algorithms, significantly improves the network traffic, media server load, and response time.
Diet and activity patterns of male and female co-workers: should worksite health promotion programs assume homogeneity?

Worksite health promotion programs address the health education needs of the average employe. Anthropometric measurements and 24h diet and activity diaries collected from coworkers reveal that lifestyle and subsequently, health education needs of men and women working for the same employer, in the same environment and performing similar tasks, may be different. In this study, males were marginally overweight and obese; females were within recommended limits. Although job related workloads were comparable, females were more active (24hEE/FFM) outside the work place. Females spent more time engaged in moderate weight-bearing domestic activities than did males. These results question the effectiveness of worksite health promotion program which ignore the different health education needs of male and female employees.
Emergency Landing Automation Aids: An Evaluation Inspired by US Airways Flight 1549

The Hudson River emergency landing of US Airways Flight 1549 inspired aviation enthusiasts and citizens alike. The pilot's skill and composure were exceptional, clearly contributing to one of the most successful aircraft water ditchings possible. As we prepare for transition to a next-generation air transportation system, we are developing new technologies both to increase system capacity and efficiency and improve safety levels. This paper describes the practical application of an adaptive flight planning automation aid to the specific US Airways loss-of-thrust situation, demonstrating how this technology, if available, could have enabled a safe return to a LaGuardia runway. First, the adaptive flight planning architecture and its evolution are summarized, followed by an analysis of the Flight 1549 cockpit data recording time histories to identify pertinent features for our analysis. The adaptive flight planner was tasked with identifying emergency no-thrust landing plans for the A320 at a series of different delay times after the dual bird strike incident occurred. Our results show that LaGuardia airport runways were reachable so long as the approach is initiated within approximately sixteen seconds after the dual bird strike incident. This result is consistent with accident docket data published by the NTSB. Our results further illustrate how chances of a safe runway landing decrease as a function of delay, in this case due to being forced to land on a runway with suboptimal wind conditions, or ultimately being forced into a water ditch situation that may not always have the positive result of Flight 1549. Our adaptive flight planning software, written in C, computes landing flight plans in under a second on a single-core PC with no changes in this work from a pre-2009 implementation beyond A320 glide parameters. With sub-second real-time response, an emergency landing plan can be presented to the pilot just as he/she is beginning to consider options, maximizing the efficiency with which the plan can be executed. Further, with datalink capability, emergency flight plan information can be disseminated throughout the local air traffic network to maximize coordination efficiency.
Oclacitinib (APOQUEL®) is a novel Janus kinase inhibitor with activity against cytokines involved in allergy

Janus kinase (JAK) enzymes are involved in cell signaling pathways activated by various cytokines dysregulated in allergy. The objective of this study was to determine whether the novel JAK inhibitor oclacitinib could reduce the activity of cytokines implicated in canine allergic skin disease. Using isolated enzyme systems and in vitro human or canine cell models, potency and selectivity of oclacitinib was determined against JAK family members and cytokines that trigger JAK activation in cells. Oclacitinib inhibited JAK family members by 50% at concentrations (IC50's) ranging from 10 to 99 nm and did not inhibit a panel of 38 non-JAK kinases (IC50's > 1000 nm). Oclacitinib was most potent at inhibiting JAK1 (IC50 = 10 nm). Oclacitinib also inhibited the function of JAK1-dependent cytokines involved in allergy and inflammation (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-13) as well as pruritus (IL-31) at IC50's ranging from 36 to 249 nm. Oclacitinib had minimal effects on cytokines that did not activate the JAK1 enzyme in cells (erythropoietin, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IL-12, IL-23; IC50's > 1000 nm). These results demonstrate that oclacitinib is a targeted therapy that selectively inhibits JAK1-dependent cytokines involved in allergy, inflammation, and pruritus and suggests these are the mechanisms by which oclacitinib effectively controls clinical signs associated with allergic skin disease in dogs.
Wake-induced relative motion of bubbles rising in line

Abstract The motion of nearly spherical air bubbles rising in a column in stagnant water is measured at Reynolds numbers ranging from Re D = 0.2 to 35. The relative velocity is found to be dependent on the distance between bubbles and on their diameter. For the larger bubbles, the relative velocities increased with decreasing distance, reaching maximum values just prior to contact. For the smaller bubbles, the relative velocity decreased prior to coalescence. For the entire range of Reynolds number considered, the wake-induced relative motion results in collisions between bubbles. These collisions culminate in coalescence at the present levels of water purity and surface tension. In order to understand the basic features of the measured relative motion, a simple model is developed. It is based on the known flow field and viscous-wake structure around a single bubble, and examines how other bubbles move within this field. Oseen flow for Re ⪡ 1 and potential flow with a thin wake for Re ⪢ 1 are assumed. The approximations involved limit the validity of the model to distances larger than a few bubble diameters. The general agreement between the predictions and experimental results suggest that the model contains the most relevant mechanisms that govern the interaction, within its range of validity. Prior analyses for non-deformable bubbles that predicted an equilibrium due to balance between pressure gradients and wake-induced motion, are contradicted by the observed coalescence. A possible cause for the discrepancy is bubble deformation.
In vitro Phosphorylation of a Synthetic Collagen Peptide by Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase

A synthetic tridecapeptide that corresponds closely to amino acid residues 98 to 110 in chick collagen alpha 1(I) contains several determinants of specificity required for recognition and phosphorylation by the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. The peptide Gly-Leu-Hyp-Gly-Nle-Lys-Gly-His-Arg-Gly-Phe-Ser-Gly was predicted to be a substrate for the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase because it contained multiple basic amino acids NH2-terminal to a potentially phosphorylatable seryl residue. When tested as a substrate for the enzyme, the peptide was stoichiometrically phosphorylated. Phosphoserine was identified as the only phosphoamino acid in a partial hydrolysate of the phosphorylated peptide. The peptide and several of its analogs were phosphorylated by the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase with Km values from 1 to 6 mM and Vmax values from 1 to 3 mumol of phosphate/min/mg of enzyme. Although the Km of the kinase for the collagen peptide was high, these results confirmed the prediction made from knowledge of the substrate specificity of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. The potential for such a phosphorylation reaction to occur in vivo is discussed.
Metastable defect states and equilibration temperatures in a-SiNx:H, a-SiOx:H and a-SiCx:H

Metastable defects are created by light exposure in amorphous silicon alloys at different exposure temperatures Te. They are removed by annealing at an equilibration temperature TE. In a-SiNx:H of band gap E0 = 3.4 eV the efficiency of defect creation and TE = 460K are independent of Te between Te = 4 and 300K. In a-SiOx:H of band gap E0 = 3.3 eV the efficiency is constant between Te = 4 and 100K and then rises with Te up to Te = 350K. TE = 480K independent of Te. In a-SiCx:H defects can only be created below Te = 150K, and TE = 400K. Metastable defects are studied by subgap absorption and persistent photoconductivity in multilayers.
Infrared acousto-optic tunable filter point spectrometer for detection of organics on mineral surfaces

A prototype infrared (IR) acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF)-based point spectrometer has been designed for examining and analyzing potential biological samples collected in situ from the planets or other solar system objects. The reflectance spectrometer operates at a wavelength range of 1.6 to 3.6 μm, which is diagnostic of minerals and organics, and inspects a 1-mm sized spot on the sample. The tuning component is the AOTF that has been utilized in a variety of spectral detection applications. The instrument’s specification and design approach including the selected components is described. The data acquisition system, the electronic components, and their interconnections are presented. The instrument’s radiometric performance is examined and described by a noise equivalent reflectance value of 0.13% that is obtained from the laboratory measurements. The device has been demonstrated by measuring the reflectance spectra for a variety of geological samples and comparing the results with the United States Geological Survey data.