cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TOWARD AN EPISTEMOLOGY OF CERTAIN SUBSTANTIVE A PRIORI TRUTHS

: This article explains and motivates an account of one way in which we might have substantive a priori knowledge in one important class of domains: domains in which the central concepts are response-dependent. The central example will be our knowledge of the connection between something's being harmful and the fact that it is irrational for us to fail to be averse to that thing. The idea is that although the relevant responses (basic aversion in the case of harm, and a kind of interpretive failure in the case of irrationality) are produced by independent psychological mechanisms, they have distal causes that turn out to be related in ways that—once language enters the picture—yield epistemically accessible necessary connections between the referents of their corresponding terms.
Optimization of Neural Network Language Models for keyword search

Recent works have shown Neural Network based Language Models (NNLMs) to be an effective modeling technique for Automatic Speech Recognition. Prior works have shown that these models obtain lower perplexity and word error rate (WER) compared to both standard n-gram language models (LMs) and more advanced language models including maximum entropy and random forest LMs. While these results are compelling, prior works were limited to evaluating NNLMs on perplexity and word error rate. Our initial results showed that while NNLMs improved speech recognition accuracy, the improvement in keyword search was negligible. In this paper we propose alternate optimizations of NNLMs for the task of keyword search. We evaluate the performance of the proposed methods for keyword search on the Vietnamese dataset provided in phase one of the BABEL1 project and demonstrate that by penalizing low frequency words during NNLM training, keyword search metrics such as actual term weighted value (ATWV) can be improved by up to 9.3% compared to the standard training methods.
Integration of 3D and 2D imaging data for assured navigation in unknown environments: initial steps

This paper discusses the initial steps of the development of a novel navigation method that integrates three-dimensional (3D) point cloud data, two-dimensional (2D) gray-level (intensity), and data from an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). A time-of-flight camera such as MESA's Swissranger will output both the 3D and 2D data. The target application is position and attitude determination of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and autonomous ground vehicles (AGV) in urban or indoor environments. In urban and indoor environments a GPS position capability may not only be unavailable due to shadowing, significant signal attenuation or multipath, but also due to intentional denial or deception. The proposed algorithm extracts key features such as planar surfaces, lines and corner-points from both the 3D (point-cloud) and 2D (intensity) imagery. Consecutive observations of corresponding features in the 3D and 2D image frames are then used to compute estimates of position and orientation changes. Since the use of 3D image features for positioning suffers from limited feature observability resulting in deteriorated position accuracies, and the 2D imagery suffers from an unknown depth when estimating the pose from consecutive image frames, it is expected that the integration of both data sets will alleviate the problems with the individual methods resulting in an position and attitude determination method with a high level of assurance. An Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) is used to set up the tracking gates necessary to perform data association of the features in consecutive frames. Finally, the position and orientation change estimates can be used to correct for the IMU drift errors.
Holography in the '90s

Laser holography has been around since the early '60s('). The dazzling displays shown by Leith andUpatniek took the world by storm. Since then, due to fundamental limitations within the field andquestionable business expectations of entrepreneurs, the pace of developing slowed down.Nevertheless, steady progress on both technical and business fronts are continuously made.In the '90s, we fully expect the fruition to take place both in the laboratory and the market place.New areas of applications are beginning to emerge, notably with respect to computers and computing,anti-counterfeiting, holographic optical elements (HOE), non-destructive testing (HNDT), multi-colordisplay, high resolution (in space and time) imaging, quality control, and education.What follows is a brief discussion, in the above order, of each of these areas with some reasonableextrapolation of further developments during this decade.
Use of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-difluoroethylene in synthesis of fluorine-containing aryl acetylene

Abstract Recently polyfluoroacetylene and polydifluoroacetylene have been proposed as possible semiconducting meterials, particularly after doped with electron donors. Since their monomers are difficult to handle and their polymerization is unknown, polyphenylacetylene having fluorine atoms may be of considerable interest in evaluating the role of fluorine in this area. In connection with such a project, synthesis of some fluorine-containing phenylacetylenes was performed applying the method of introduction of the ethynyl group using CF 2 CCl 2 (I). The yields of III ranged from 50 to 80% except for the cases where m-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene was used as the starting material. Lithiation of p-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene and subsequent reaction with I occurred readily. In the cases where m- and p-fluoro- and m- and p-trifluoromethylbromo- benzene were used, the route via Grignard reagents gave higher yields of III (by 11–32%). However, o-trifluoromethyl- phenylmagnesium bromide did not react with I. The reaction of pentafluorophenylmagnesium bromide with I was also very slow. The proportion of C 6 F 5 Cl and C 6 F 5 CFCCl 2 obtained from the reaction of pentafluorophenyllithium with I was sensitive to the reaction conditions, the best yield of C 6 F 5 CFCCl 2 being 59%. The conversion of III to IV was performed in high yield at low temperatures, though the yield of pentafluorophenylacetylene was only about 50% due to the concurrent substitution at the para position, p-RC 6 F 4 CCH was obtained in ca 80% yield by treatment with 3 equiv of RLi. Some of the fluorine-containing diphenyldiacetylenes obtained by oxidative coupling from the stated terminal acetylenes showed solid-state polymerizability whereas the corresponding compounds containing no fluorine did not. other acetylenic compounds such as C 6 F 5 CCCCH will also be reported.
New South American Embioptera

Summary Descriptions and figures of the following brazilian Embioptera (mainly from the collection of the late Christa Sattler) are given: Pararhagadochir balteata n. sp., P. christae n.sp., Stenembia perenensis nov. gen., n.sp., S. exigua n.sp., Oligembia versicolor n.sp., Pararhagadochir bicingillata END. (nov. comb., = P. davisi ROSS, nov. syn.) is redescribed from the ♀ type, the ♂ is associated and figured.
Pregnancy in patients with cerebrospinal fluid shunts: report of a series and review of the literature

Hydrocephalic women with cerebrospinal fluid shunts are now surviving to reproductive age. Twenty-one pregnancies in 18 patients with shunts, including 11 from the present series and 10 from previous series, were analyzed for neurological, obstetrical, and perinatal outcome. Fourteen women had preexisting shunts, and 4 had the onset of symptomatic hydrocephalus and the placement of shunts during pregnancy. Neurological complications occurred in 13 of 17 (76%) pregnancies in patients with preexisting shunts, including symptoms of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in 10 of 17 (59%) pregnancies, exacerbation of seizure disorder in 2 of 17 (12%) pregnancies, and severe headaches without increased ICD in 1 patient. In 7 of 11 (66%) of the symptomatic patients, symptoms spontaneously resolved postpartum. Four of 17 (23%) of these pregnancies were associated with shunt obstruction requiring antepartum or postpartum surgery. Four patients had a primary shunt placement, and one had a shunt revision during pregnancy without complications. There were no unusual obstetrical or perinatal complications in the series. The clinical management of pregnant patients with hydrocephalus should include preconception counseling and magnetic resonance imaging, as well as the use of serial antenatal magnetic resonance images, ICP monitoring, or the judicious use of radioisotope studies of shunt patency if signs of increased ICP appear. A cesarean section is recommended for the delivery of the neurologically unstable patient. For asymptomatic mothers, a vaginal delivery with a shortened second stage and prophylactic antibiotics are advised.
Pseudo A-V Block Secondary to Premature Nonpropagated His Bundle Depolarizations Documentation by His Bundle Electrocardiography

His and right bundle electrograms were recorded in a patient with unexplained P-R prolongations and periods suggestive of both type I and II second degree A-V block. The mechanism of these conduction disturbances was shown to be due to multiple nonpropagated premature His bundle depolarizations (H') which produced their effects on the subsequent cycle by virtue of concealed conduction into the A-V junction. The effects on A-V conduction were related to the time of occurrence of H' in relation to the subsequent P wave: If H'-P was short, a more profound conduction defect occurred. H' was generally undetectable on the ECG because of both antegrade and retrograde block, but a few propagated H' produced typical junctional premature contractions. Propagation of H' depended on a short preceding cycle length and a late occurrence of H'. The site of origin of H' appeared to be in the bundle of His. The mechanism of production of H' did not appear to be either reentry or parasystole. The term pseudo A-V block is u...
The Hydrophobic Pocket of Cyclophilin Is the Binding Site for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag Polyprotein

Completion of an early step in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) life cycle requires incorporation into virions of the cellular peptidyl-prolyl isomerase cyclophilin A (CyPA) by the Gag polyprotein. Elucidation of the biochemical role of CyPA would be aided by a detailed analysis of the genetic requirements for the formation of the Gag-CyPA complex; previous experiments have demonstrated the requirement for a critical proline and the immediately preceding glycine, located within the capsid domain of Gag, but nothing is known about the necessary CyPA residues. Cyclophilins possess a hydrophobic pocket where proline-containing peptide substrates and the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine A bind. In this study, we engineered five CyPA mutations, each of which alters a residue that contributes to the hydrophobic pocket. Compared with the wild-type protein, all of the mutants drastically reduced CyPA binding to HIV-1 Gag and similarly inhibited CyPA incorporation into virions. In addition, we demonstrated that previously reported differences between the Gag-binding properties of CyPA and CyPB are due to adventitious association involving residues in the signal sequence of CyPB and that the core domain of CyPB interacts with Gag in a fashion which is indistinguishable from that of CyPA. These studies indicate that, as with other proline-containing peptides or cyclosporine A, HIV-1 Gag directly contacts residues in the hydrophobic pocket of CyPA.
Electrophysiological remodeling in hypertrophy and heart failure

Time for primary review 28 days. Over 2 million Americans suffer from heart failure and more than 200 000 die annually. The incidence is estimated to be 400 000 per year with a prevalence of over 4.5 million, numbers that will increase with the aging of the US population [1]. Despite remarkable improvements in medical therapy the prognosis of patients with myocardial failure remains poor with over 15% of patients dying within 1 year of initial diagnosis and greater than 80% 6 year mortality [2]. Of the deaths in patients with heart failure, up to 50% are sudden and unexpected. The failing heart undergoes a complex series of changes in both myocyte and non-myocyte elements. In an attempt to compensate for the reduction in cardiac function the sympathetic nervous (SNS), renin–angiotensin–aldosterone (RAAS) systems and other neurohumoral mechanisms are activated. The altered signal transduction in heart failure initiates changes in gene expression that produce myocyte hypertrophy. Ultimately the changes in gene expression that initially maintain tissue perfusion prove to be maladaptive, predisposing to further myocyte loss, ventricular chamber remodeling and interstitial hyperplasia resulting in a progressive reduction in force development and impairment of ventricular relaxation. The intrinsic cardiac and peripheral responses to myocardial failure adversely alter the electrophysiology of the heart predisposing patients with heart failure to an increase in arrhythmic death. With progression of heart failure there is an increase in the frequency and complexity of ventricular ectopy [3,4]. Total mortality in heart failure patients correlates with LV function and the presence of complex ventricular ectopy [5–7]. However, there is no clear correlation between SCD and LV function or ventricular ectopy. In fact, data from VHeFT (Veteran’s Administration Heart Failure Trial) and other trials suggest that death is disproportionately sudden in patients with more modest myocardial dysfunction [8] … * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-410-955-2774; fax: +1-410-955-7953
A Marked Reduction in Priming of Cytotoxic CD8+ T Cells Mediated by Stress-Induced Glucocorticoids Involves Multiple Deficiencies in Cross-Presentation by Dendritic Cells

Protracted psychological stress elevates circulating glucocorticoids, which can suppress CD8(+) T cell-mediated immunity, but the mechanisms are incompletely understood. Dendritic cells (DCs), required for initiating CTL responses, are vulnerable to stress/corticosterone, which can contribute to diminished CTL responses. Cross-priming of CD8(+) T cells by DCs is required for initiating CTL responses against many intracellular pathogens that do not infect DCs. We examined the effects of stress/corticosterone on MHC class I (MHC I) cross-presentation and priming and show that stress/corticosterone-exposed DCs have a reduced ability to cross-present OVA and activate MHC I-OVA(257-264)-specific T cells. Using a murine model of psychological stress and OVA-loaded β(2)-microglobulin knockout "donor" cells that cannot present Ag, DCs from stressed mice induced markedly less Ag-specific CTL proliferation in a glucocorticoid receptor-dependent manner, and endogenous in vivo T cell cytolytic activity generated by cross-presented Ag was greatly diminished. These deficits in cross-presentation/priming were not due to altered Ag donation, Ag uptake (phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, or fluid-phase uptake), or costimulatory molecule expression by DCs. However, proteasome activity in corticosterone-treated DCs or splenic DCs from stressed mice was partially suppressed, which limits formation of antigenic peptide-MHC I complexes. In addition, the lymphoid tissue-resident CD11b(-)CD24(+)CD8α(+) DC subset, which carries out cross-presentation/priming, was preferentially depleted in stressed mice. At the same time, CD11b(-)CD24(+)CD8α(-) DC precursors were increased, suggesting a block in development of CD8α(+) DCs. Therefore, glucocorticoid-induced changes in both the cellular composition of the immune system and intracellular protein degradation contribute to impaired CTL priming in stressed mice.
Real-time multi-channel stimulus artifact suppression by local curve fitting.

We describe an algorithm for suppression of stimulation artifacts in extracellular micro-electrode array (MEA) recordings. A model of the artifact based on locally fitted cubic polynomials is subtracted from the recording, yielding a flat baseline amenable to spike detection by voltage thresholding. The algorithm, SALPA, reduces the period after stimulation during which action potentials cannot be detected by an order of magnitude, to less than 2 ms. Our implementation is fast enough to process 60-channel data sampled at 25 kHz in real-time on an inexpensive desktop PC. It performs well on a wide range of artifact shapes without re-tuning any parameters, because it accounts for amplifier saturation explicitly and uses a statistic to verify successful artifact suppression immediately after the amplifiers become operational. We demonstrate the algorithm's effectiveness on recordings from dense monolayer cultures of cortical neurons obtained from rat embryos. SALPA opens up a previously inaccessible window for studying transient neural oscillations and precisely timed dynamics in short-latency responses to electric stimulation.
Esophageal Considerations After Spinal Cord Injury

Speech-Language Pathologists (SLPs) are frequently involved with patients after spinal cord injury due to the frequency of speech and swallowing problems. Any stage of swallowing can be adversely a...
Standard X-Ray Diffraction Powder Patterns of Fifteen Ceramic Phases

Fifteen reference patterns of oxides, nitrides, borides, carbides, silicides, and sulfides are included in this report. The general methods of producing these X-ray powder diffraction reference patterns are described in this Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1, pg. 40(1986).Samples were mixed with one or two internal standards: silicon (SRM640a), silver, tungsten, or fluorophlogopite (SRM675). Expected 2θ values for these internal standards are specified in the methods described (ibid.). Data were measured with a computer controlled diffractometer. The POWDER-PATTERN system of computer programs was used to locate peak positions, to calibrate the patterns, and to perform indexing and least-squares cell refinement. A check on the overall internal consistency of the data was also provided by a computer program.Intensities were measured as peak heights above background and were read manually from strip charts. To minimize preferred orientation effects, the powders were passed through a 400 mesh sieve and were mixed with an amorphous diluent material, glass powder. Samples were prepared by side-drifting the mixture into the holder or by dusting a thin layer on a glass slide coated with a thin smear of silicone grease.The support and interest of the ICDD in this project is gratefully acknowledged. The expert guidance of R. Roth of the Ceramics Division on material synthesis and the careful review of the manuscript by S. Block of the Ceramics Division and A. D. Mighell of the Reactor Division are fully appreciated. Acknowledgement is also extended to D. Minor for performing sample analysis by using SEM. In the production of these standard powder patterns, the ability to search NBS CRYSTAL DATA has proven invaluable.
Characterization of the Effect of Cr Additions to TiAl-Base Alloys

Ternary TiAl-base alloys containing Cr have been studied, using rapid solidification processed materials. The mechanical behavior has been characterized and related to other results on microstructure, site occupancy, phase stability, and deformation mode. It was found that Cr additions enhance the plasticity of duplex γ+α2 alloys, but not single-phase alloys. The ductilization effect of Cr is partially due to its ability to occupy Al lattice sites and modify the Ti-Al bond. It is also partially due to its ability to promote twin formation, by modifying the Al partitioning and therefore the α2/Gg volume ratio in transformed regions.
Rodent intestinal folate transporters (SLC46A1): secondary structure, functional properties, and response to dietary folate restriction.

This laboratory recently identified a human gene that encodes a novel folate transporter [Homo sapiens proton-coupled folate transporter (HsPCFT); SLC46A1] required for intestinal folate absorption...
Growth, feed intake, and plasma thyroid hormone levels in chicks fed dietary excesses of essential amino acids

The consequences of dietary excesses of 10 essential amino acids, His, Ile, Phe, Trp, Val, Arg, Leu, Lys, Met, Thr, on growth, feed intake and plasma levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in growing chicks were investigated. Each amino acid was added to a starter ration to bring it to a level 2.84x above the National Research Council (1984) requirement. Excesses of all amino acids except His and Leu caused significant reductions in weight gain. Of the amino acid excesses that reduced growth, only Trp and Val did not also reduce feed intake. Gain:feed decreased significantly only in chicks consuming excess Arg, Lys, Phe, and Trp. Chicks fed excesses of Ile and Val had plasma T3 levels that were statistically higher than control levels; none of the other amino acid excesses significantly altered blood concentrations of this hormone. Compared to the control, plasma T4 levels were not significantly altered by the amino acid excesses, but there was a significant difference between Trp and Val, the latter being lower. This study shows that high dietary levels of essential amino acids cause depressions in weight gain and feed intake, and, with Ile and Val, these depressions are accompanied by elevations in plasma T3 levels. Otherwise, the amino acid excesses had little effect on plasma levels of thyroid hormones.
Sentence comprehension in specific language impairment: a task designed to distinguish between cognitive capacity and syntactic complexity

Purpose This study examined sentence comprehension in children with specific language impairment (SLI) in a manner designed to separate the contribution of cognitive capacity from the effects of sy...
Celiac Disease: Going Against the Grains

Celiac disease (CD) occurs in genetically predisposed individuals who demonstrate a permanent intolerance to gluten, found in wheat, barley, and rye. This leads to the development of an autoimmune enteropathy, resulting in the malabsorption of critical vitamins, minerals, and calories. Signs and symptoms of the disease classically include diarrhea, short stature, iron-deficient anemia, and chronic abdominal pain. However, patients may present with another autoimmune disease (such as type I diabetes) or a family history of the disease, with no gastrointestinal symptoms. Serum antibodies can be used to screen for CD. However, the keys to confirming the diagnosis remain a small intestinal biopsy and the patient's clinical response to a gluten-free diet. Clinicians in the United States must maintain a high index of suspicion for CD, because it is significantly underdiagnosed in this country.
Spatial invasion by a mutant pathogen

Imagine a pathogen that is spreading radially as a circular wave through a population of susceptible hosts. In the interior of this circular region, the infection dies out due to a subcritical density of susceptibles. If a mutant pathogen, having some advantage over wild-type pathogens, arises in this region it is likely to die out without leaving a noticeable trace. Mutants that arise closer to the infection wavefront have access to more susceptible hosts and thus are more likely to become established and perhaps (locally) out-compete the original pathogen. Among the factors (position, transmission rate, pathogen-induced death rate) that influence the fate of a mutant, which are most important? What does this tell us about the types of mutants that are likely to invade and become established? How do such tendencies serve to steer the evolution of pathogens in a spatial setting? Do different types of models of the same phenomena lead to similar conclusions? We address these issues from the point of view of an individual-based stochastic spatial model of host-pathogen interactions. We consider the probability of a successful invasion by a single mutant as a function of the transmissibility and virulence strengths and the mutant position in the wavefront. Next, for a version of the model in which mutations arise spontaneously, we obtain analytical and simulation results on the mean time to a successful invasion. We also use our model predictions to gain insight into experimental data on bacteriophage plaques. Finally, we compare our results to those based on ordinary and partial differential equations to better understand how different models might influence our predictions on the fate of a mutant pathogen.
Advances in the Prevention of Perinatal HIV-1 Transmission

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the impact of antiretroviral prophylactic regimens on mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. 2. Delineate United States Public Health Service Task Force guidelines for preventing perinatal transmission of HIV-1. 3. Describe efforts being taken to prevent the transmission of HIV-1 in human milk. Significant advances have occurred in the prevention of perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) during the last decade in the United States and Europe. (1) In 1994, the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group (PACTG) 076 published data showing that a long course of zidovudine (ZDV) prophylaxis given to HIV-1 infected mothers during the antepartum and intrapartum periods and postnatally to the baby significantly reduced perinatal HIV-1 transmission. (2) Since then, rates of perinatal HIV-1 transmission have decreased to less than 2% in resource-rich countries due to widespread implementation of universal prenatal HIV-1 testing, antiretroviral prophylaxis, elective cesarean section, and avoidance of breastfeeding. (1)(3) Currently, fewer than 400 infants acquire HIV-1 from their mothers in the United States. (1)(3) In contrast, prevention of perinatal transmission of HIV-1 is a major public health challenge in many resource-limited countries. (4) Each day, more than 2,000 infants are born infected with HIV-1 globally, and by the end of 2002, approximately 3.2 million children were living with HIV-1. (5) More than 90% of affected children reside in resource-limited countries. (1) Although many effective, simple, and less expensive antiretroviral prophylaxis regimens are available to prevent mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission, these interventions have not been implemented on a large scale in resource-limited settings. (1) This article reviews advances in the prevention of perinatal HIV-1 transmission, highlights progress made in resource-rich countries, and discusses challenges faced by resource-limited countries. Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1 can take place in utero, during labor and …
Repository software evaluation using the audit checklist for certification of trusted digital repositories

The NDIIPP ECHO DEPository project [1] digital repository evaluation will use an augmented version of the draft Audit Checklist for Certification of Trusted Digital Repositories (Audit Checklist) [2] to provide a framework for examining how well currently popular repository software applications support the notion of a "trusted digital repository." The evaluation will also demonstrate the application of a scoring software evaluation methodology similar to one developed by the Center for Data Insight (CDI) at Northern Arizona University [3], used for evaluation data mining software. This scoring methodology in conjunction with the Audit Checklist can be used as a tool by librarians, archivists, and other data custodians to make informed decisions as they develop digital preservation management services.
A Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind Pilot Study of the Effects of Cranial Electrical Stimulation on Activity in Brain Pain Processing Regions in Individuals with Fibromyalgia

Objective To investigate the effects of microcurrent cranial electrical stimulation (CES) therapy on activity in pain processing brain regions. Design A randomized, controlled, three-group, double-blind pilot study. Participants Persons with physician-diagnosed fibromyalgia. Intervention Active CES device, sham device, and usual care alone. Results Those individuals using the active device had a greater decrease in average pain ( P = .023) than individuals using the sham device or receiving usual care alone over time. Preliminary analyses of the functional magnetic resonance imaging data on a subset of six participants from each of the two device groups show that individuals using an active CES device had a decrease in activation in the pain processing regions of the brain compared to those using a sham device. Conclusions The observed decrease in activation in the pain processing regions may indicate a decrease in neural activity in these regions that may be related to decreased pain. This is the first randomized, controlled trial of CES in patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia to report functional magnetic resonance imaging data.
Report of an International Workshop to Standardize Baseline Evaluation and Response Criteria for Primary CNS Lymphoma

Standardized guidelines for the baseline evaluation and response assessment of primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) are critical to ensure comparability among clinical trials for newly diagnosed patients. The relative rarity of this tumor precludes rapid completion of large-scale phase III trials and, therefore, our reliance on the results of well-designed phase II trials is critical. To formulate this recommendation, an international group of experts representing hematologic oncology, medical oncology, neuro-oncology, neurology, radiation oncology, neurosurgery, and ophthalmology met to review current standards of reporting and to formulate a consensus opinion regarding minimum baseline evaluation and common standards for assessing response to therapy. The response guidelines were based on the results of neuroimaging, corticosteroid use, ophthalmologic examination, and CSF cytology. A critical issue that requires additional study is the optimal method to assess the neurocognitive impact of therapy and address the quality of life of PCNSL survivors. We hope that these guidelines will improve communication among investigators and comparability among clinical trials in a way that will allow us to develop better therapies for patients.
When finding a mate feels urgent: Why relationship contingency predicts men's and women's body shame.

Given the central role of romantic relationships in the lives of men and women and the many benefits of having romantic relationships, some people may derive their self-worth from having a romantic partner (i.e., relationship contingency; Sanchez & Kwang, 2007). Moreover, relationship success may be viewed as somehow related to being beautiful and attractive. Under structural equation modeling, results suggested that both men and womens relationship contingency (N = 329) was connected to body shame, mediated by greater urgency about finding mates. In addition, greater body shame was connected to concern over romantic partners physical appearance. The findings are discussed considering contingencies of self-worth, rising appearance concerns for both men and women, and the perceived connection between relationship status and physical attractiveness.
Analysis of laser emission in Ho 3+ -doped materials

The oscillator strengths, transition rates, and branching ratios associated with known and potential laser transitions in trivalent holmium are discussed. Recently reported laser transitions between the5F 5 and5I 5 energy manifolds are found to have an abnormally low average oscillator strength, and an alternative explanation of the laser observation is suggested.
Variable Symmetry in Salmonella typhimurium Flagellar Motors

Electron cryomicroscopy of rotor complexes of the Salmonella typhimurium flagellar motor, overproduced in a nonmotile Escherichia coli host, has revealed a variation in subunit symmetry of the cytoplasmic ring (C ring) module. C rings with subunit symmetries ranging from 31 to 38 were found. They formed a Gaussian distribution around a mean between 34 and 35, a similar number to that determined for native C rings. C-ring diameter scaled with the number of subunits, indicating that the elliptical-shaped subunits maintained constant intersubunit spacing. Taken together with evidence that the M ring does not correspondingly increase in size, this finding indicates that rotor assembly does not require strict stoichiometric interactions between the M- and C-ring subunits. Implications for motor function are discussed.
Study of arsenic mutagenesis using the plasmid shuttle vector pZ189 propagated in DNA repair proficient human cells.

Arsenic is considered a human carcinogen and although it is non-mutagenic in bacterial or human cells, arsenic interacts synergistically with genotoxic agents in the production of mutations. To gain insight into the possible mechanisms of action of arsenic in mutagenesis we studied the effects of sodium arsenite exposure on UV mutagenesis using the pZ189 shuttle vector system in DNA repair proficient GM 637 human fibroblasts. The purpose of the study was to determine whether arsenic alone induces mutations in the supF gene and whether the combination of arsenic and UV irradiation leads to a yield of mutants greater than the sum of the arsenic or UV treatments alone. Treatment of fibroblasts for 72 h with 5.0 μM of sodium arsenite alone produced significant increases in the pZ189 mutant frequency; 1 and 2.5 μM arsenite were not mutagenic. UV irradiation (320 J/m2) increased the yield of mutants 3.5-fold above the background rate. When UV-irradiated plasmid was allowed to replicate in fibroblasts treated with 1, 2.5, or 5.0 μM arsenite, the yields of mutations were significantly greater (p < 0.01) than the yield expected if the effects of each treatment were simply additive. The greatest potentiation of UV-induced mutations (4.9-fold) was observed at 1 μM arsenite, a concentration that was neither mutagenic itself nor cytotoxic. Restriction digest and DNA sequencing analyses indicated that arsenite alone produces both large-scale rearrangements, frameshifts and base substitutions. Hotspots for deletions were observed to be associated with a previously reported deletion hotspot involving 5′-CpC and runs of cytosines. Base substitutions observed involved A:T → T:A transversions. The results indicate that arsenite alone is mutagenic in human cells using the supF reporter gene. The pZ189 shuttle vector may provide a model to study the molecular nature of co-mutagenesis of arsenic and other environmental agents. Further characterization of arsenic's effects on DNA repair and mutational spectra may be useful in the development of molecular markers in studies of arsenic carcinogenesis in human populations.
Creating Magnificence in Renaissance Florence. By Peter Howard. (Toronto, Canada: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 2012. Pp. 173. $19.00.)

The author of the work describes how magnificence became part of the Florentine identity in the early Renaissance through vernacular preaching, which justified and inspired great expenditure on arc...
Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Idiopathic Ventricular Arrhythmias Originating From Intramural Foci in the Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Efficacy of Sequential Versus Simultaneous Unipolar Catheter Ablation

Backgrounds— Idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) originating from the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) sometimes require catheter ablation from the endocardial and epicardial sides for their elimination, suggesting the presence of intramural VA foci. This study investigated the efficacy of sequential and simultaneous unipolar radiofrequency catheter ablation from the endocardial and epicardial sides in treating intramural LVOT VAs. Methods and Results— Fourteen consecutive LVOT VAs, which required sequential or simultaneous irrigated unipolar radiofrequency ablation from the endocardial and epicardial sides for their elimination, were studied. The first ablation was performed at the site with the earliest local ventricular activation and best pace map on the endocardial or epicardial side. When the first ablation was unsuccessful, the second ablation was delivered on the other surface. If this sequential unipolar ablation failed, simultaneous unipolar ablation from both sides was performed. The first ablation was performed on the epicardial side in 9 VAs and endocardial side in 5 VAs. The intramural LVOT VAs were successfully eliminated by the sequential (n=9) or simultaneous (n=5) unipolar catheter ablation. Simultaneous ablation was most likely to be required for the elimination of the VAs when the distance between the endocardial and epicardial ablation sites was >8 mm and the earliest local ventricular activation time relative to the QRS onset during the VAs of <–30 ms was recorded at those ablation sites. Conclusions— LVOT VAs originating from intramural foci could usually be eliminated by sequential unipolar radiofrequency ablation and sometimes required simultaneous ablation from both the endocardial and epicardial sides.
One-and-done: Do left ventricular assist device patients on the transplant list really need frequent right heart catheterization assessments for pulmonary hypertension?

1. Miller LW, Pagani FD, Russell SD, et al. Use of a continuous-flow device in patients awaiting heart transplantation. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:885-96. 2. Barbone A, Holmes JW, Heerdt PM, et al. Comparison of right and left ventricular responses to left ventricular assist device support in patients with severe heart failure: a primary role of mechanical unloading underlying reverse remodeling. Circulation 2001;104:670-5. 3. Toda K, Fujita T, Domae K, Shimahara Y, Kobayashi J, Nakatani T. Late aortic insufficiency related to poor prognosis during left ventricular assist device support. Ann Thorac Surg 2011;92:929-34. 4. Maeder MT, Thompson BR, Brunner-La Rocca HP, Kaye DM. Hemodynamic basis of exercise limitation in patients with heart failure and normal ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:855-63. 5. Dorfs S, Zeh W, Hochholzer W, et al. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure during exercise and long-term mortality in patients with suspected heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur Heart J 2014;35:3103-12.
Response to Comment on Hoffstad et al. Diabetes, Lower-Extremity Amputation, and Death. Diabetes Care 2015;38:1852–1857

We thank van Netten et al. (1) for their kind words about our study (2) and we will try to address their concerns. With respect to Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET), as noted in our article, we used a medical record data source of more than 400,000 individuals with diabetes who on average were followed for 9 years (2). More than 6,000 of these individuals had a lower-extremity amputation (LEA). It is highly unlikely that this source or other population-based prospective data sources will ever be able to use the COMET initiative to collect information that might be more specific to diabetes, LEA, and …
Language Use, Coordination, and the Emergence of Cooperative Action

Over the last three decades, two major theoretical developments within cognitive science have enriched our understanding of perceptual function and coordinated action in real-world environments.
Rhetoric's ghost at Davos: Reading Cassirer in the rhetorical tradition

This essay takes up a discussion concerning the 1929 debate between the philosophers Ernst Cassirer and Martin Heidegger by reading it as an instatiation of an ongoing dilemma within the field of rhetoric. I argue that the Davos meeting may be productively read through the lens of rhetorical theory and that such a reading can contribute to a more nuanced understanding of this event. The essay concludes by making a case for Cassirer9s philosophy of symbolic forms as a normative ground for a rhetorical theory whose central purpose is to construct a decent, cultured, cosmopolitan, critical humanism.
College English teaching face the WTO challenge

Now,in college,many students can't speak English smoothly when they talk each other.To solve this problem is demand of development of society and era.The current teaching methods for reading and comprehension should be changed and the spoken language teaching and bilingual teaching should be strengthened so that the students can grasp spoken language in the process of the obtainment of the knowledge.
nZDC: a compiler technique for near zero silent data corruption

Exponentially growing rate of soft errors makes reliability a major concern in modern processor design. Since software-oriented approaches offer flexible protection even in off-the-shelf processes, they are attractive solutions in protecting against soft errors. Among such approaches, in-application instruction duplication based approaches have been widely used and are deemed to be the most effective. Such techniques duplicate the program assembly instructions and periodically check the results to identify possible errors. Even though early reports suggest that these achieve close to 100% protection from soft errors, we find several gaps in the protection. Existing techniques are unable to protect several important microarchitectural components, as well as a significant fraction of instructions, resulting in Silent Data Corruptions (SDCs). This paper presents nZDC or near Zero silent Data Corruption — an effective instruction duplication based approach to protect programs from soft errors. Extensive fault injection experiments on almost all the unprotected microarchitectural components in simulated ARM Cortex A53, while executing benchmarks from MiBench suite, demonstrate that nZDC is extremely effective, without incurring any more performance penalty than the state-of-the-art.
Complications of 125Iodine Implantation and Pelvic Lymphadenectomy for Prostatic Cancer with Special Reference to Patients Who Had Failed External Beam Therapy as Their Initial Mode of Therapy

AbstractThe operative, postoperative and late complications of 125iodine implantation and pelvic lymphadenectomy in 36 patients with curable prostatic cancer are described. Of these patients 14 had undergone previously external beam therapy that failed, and it is in this group that the major morbidity occurred. The possible mechanism of these complications is discussed, as well as the criteria for case selection to prevent these complications.
Access to and Uptake of Cochlear Implantation Among Children in North Carolina

BACKGROUND Cochlear implantation (CI) is a highly effective intervention for children with advanced hearing loss who cannot benefit from amplification. Despite the established benefits of CI, it is likely that not all children who are potential candidates for CI receive this intervention. The purpose of this study was to determine the percentage of North Carolina children who are candidates for and end up undergoing CI, and to detect whether barriers exist that prevent access to care for unimplanted candidates. METHODS This study was a retrospective analysis of 1,501 children whose families were served by BEGINNINGS from January 1, 2009 through December 31, 2013. All families of children identified as potential CI candidates who were able to participate in the study (n = 141) were contacted by BEGINNINGS parent educators who queried parents about their child's use of technology and any reasons for lack of use of technology. RESULTS Overall, 60.9% of children diagnosed with profound, severe-profound, severe, moderate-severe, or moderate-profound hearing loss received at least 1 cochlear implant. For children with profound hearing loss, 88.9% had a least 1 cochlear implant. Common reasons for the decision not to perform CI included parental preference and anatomical issues unfavorable to CI. LIMITATIONS Some information was not included in the database, including socioeconomic status and the child's age at the time of intervention. CONCLUSION The rate of CI for North Carolina children who have advanced hearing loss is greater than 60% and significantly higher for children with greater degrees of impairment. No significant financial or geographic barriers to CI were identified. We hypothesize that the high rate of CI for appropriate candidates in North Carolina is due in part to parental access to counseling and education provided through BEGINNINGS.
“Baby–Beer–Bullets!!!” British Perceptions of American Journalism in the Nineteenth Century

Abstract For much of the nineteenth century, American journalism fascinated writers in British periodicals. This interest is particularly important because the era marked the emergence of the press as the chief medium of public communication in Britain. Articles ranged from effusive tributes to stinging condemnations, from narrow profiles of journalists to sweeping evaluations of journalism. Among the authors who penned these columns were British reporters and editors, former ones who were pursuing other careers, and even the occasional expatriate American. This study, based on a survey of thirty-nine reviews and magazines that cut across political, religious, and class lines, explores the ideas of these analysts. Although their perceptions differed, three themes appear in their commentary. Two are comparative, stressing the similarities between American and British journalism and the cross-cultural exchanges that common experiences fostered. The third motif deals with the differences in journalistic deve...
Building a World-Class College: Creating a Global Community at Pima Community College

When Pima Community College (PCC) in Tucson, Arizona, announced its goal to internationalize, local newspaper articles, emails to college administrators, and social media bristled with critical commentary (Alaimo 2014). A vocal group of concerned citizens questioned: Shouldn’t community colleges focus on providing educational opportunities to their communities? Why should we “import” students from other countries? One illustrative email submitted to college administration asked: “We can’t get our own states children to come to Pima why are we tying [sic] to get other country’s kids here. Seems like our taxes should be spent on AZ kids first” (comment received July 2015).
Training a New Instrument to Measure Cotton Fiber Maturity Using Transfer Learning

This paper presents a novel transfer learning regression method that utilizes data from an older instrument to train a new instrument to assess the same measurement. The method assumes that the instruments measure the same property but by different methodologies, and that samples presented to one apparatus are not available to the other. The algorithm makes use of a single feature common to both instruments to create a link with which to transfer information regarding the distribution of the resulting measurements, or labels. The goal is to generate a model in the domain of the new instrument that maps data from analyzed samples to an output measurement. This modeling process is accomplished through an iterative algorithm that supports many types of regression schemes. Results are shown using both synthetic and real world data sets, which demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Finally, we present how this technique is used to train a new instrument designed to measure cotton fiber maturity.
Influence of Brood on the Nutritional Preferences of the Tropical Ant Species, Pheidole megacephala (F.) and Ochetellus glaber (Mayr)

The influence of brood on the nutritional preferences of two ant pests, Pheidole megacephala (F.) and Ochetellus glaber (Mayr), was examined. Both ant species preferred fruit fly pupae and diamondback moth larvae to tuna and peanut butter. The foraging rates of O. glaber for proteins and carbohydrates depended upon both the food type and the amount of brood present. When O. glaber foragers were presented with a choice of tuna (a less preferred source of protein) and sucrose, the foraging rate was always greater on sucrose, regardless of the presence of brood. However, when ants were presented with fly pupae (a more preferred source of protein) and sucrose, the foraging rate on pupae was greater than on sucrose for colonies containing brood and the foraging rate on protein and sucrose was similar for colonies without brood. The foraging rate of P. megacephala for proteins and carbohydrates depended upon the type of protein, but was not affected by the presence of brood.