cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Assessment of Thriving

We review methodological issues related to the quantitative assessment of thriving with interviews and paper-and-pencil scales. We emphasize two new paper-and-pencil measures of thriving, the Stress-Related Growth Scale (SRGS; Park, Cohen, & Murch, 1996) and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI; Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996). These scales are designed to assess perceived benefits that result from a specific stressor. Research with the SRGS suggests a unidimensional structure of thriving, whereas research with the PTGI suggests a multidimensional structure. Two possible reasons for this inconsistent finding concern differences in the method of participant selection and in the recall period for the reporting of stressful events. In addition, we present a number of strategies to validate self-report measures of thriving, including corroboration from significant others and the use of control groups. We conclude with a brief discussion of the assessment of thriving at the group and community levels.
Calculation of cell‐specific growth rates: A clarification

Cell-specific growth and cell-specific production estimates of phytoplankton have been calculated in the past by a simple exponential model (constant uptake-division) that describes the time rate of change of carbon, C * , and assumes both continuous division and continuous carbon uptake. We propose three new models (variable uptake-division, variable uptake-constant division, and diurnal) for making more accurate estimates of the algal growth rate, μ. The variable uptake-division model is the most complex and requires species-specific information on the division pattern. The diurnal model can provide accurate μ estimates while requiring only two measurements of C * and no other parameters, but it requires 48-h incubation times. The variable uptake-constant division model can also provide accurate μ estimates and can be applied to data with < 24-h incubation times. The variable uptake-division and variable uptake-constant division models require additional work compared to the constant uptake-division model, but the effort is warranted because they also provide a direct approach for quantifying the dependence of μ on the photoperiod and thus enable greater confidence in applying μ to ecological studies, in which the light climate may differ from that of the experiment.
An improved three phase digital recorder system for calibrating power instrumentation

The paper describes an improved digital recorder system which is being used to provide reference values of voltage, current, active, reactive and apparent powers and harmonic quantities for three-phase sinusoidal and nonsinusoidal calibrations. The system has been designed to be used in the laboratory at the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) or transported on-site for tests in electrical utility facilities. Test results have shown that for sinusoidal waveforms, the accuracy of the voltage and current measurements of the digital recorder is better than 25 /spl mu/V/V or /spl mu/A/A of full scale and better than 50 /spl mu/W/W of full scale for active and apparent power measurements. The accuracy of the system for measurements under the seven distorted waveforms conditions most commonly used at NRC is better than 50 /spl mu/V/V or /spl mu/A/A of full scale for voltage and current measurements and better than 100 /spl mu/W/W or /spl mu/VA/VA of full scale for active and apparent power measurements.
Concentrations of trovafloxacin in colonic tissue and peritoneal fluid after intravenous infusion of the prodrug alatrofloxacin in patients undergoing colorectal surgery

Abstract Background: Trovafloxacin is a new fourth-generation fluoroquinolone whose pharmacokinetics and in vitro activity suggest that it is well suited for antibiotic prophylaxis in elective colorectal surgery. Alatrofloxacin is a prodrug that is rapidly hydrolyzed to trovafloxacin in the body. Methods: Twelve patients received a single dose of alatrofloxacin equivalent to 200 mg trovafloxacin by intravenous infusion over 1 hour. Surgery was started at various time points relative to infusion time to allow determination of trovafloxacin concentrations in serum, colonic tissue, and peritoneal fluid as a function of time. Results: The concentration in the earliest colonic tissue sample (1.4 hours after dosing) was 1.4 μg/g. The maximum colonic tissue concentration was 2.8 μg/g in a sample taken 2 hours after dosing. Colonic tissue/serum concentration ratios in samples taken 2–10 hours after the end of infusion ranged from 0.8 to 1.47. Concentrations of trovafloxacin in peritoneal fluid ranged from below the level of quantitation to 2.1 μg/mL at the time of colonic tissue sampling and from below the level of quantitation to 2.5 μg/mL at the time of wound closure. Alatrofloxacin was well tolerated. Conclusions: After a single intravenous dose of alatrofloxacin equivalent to 200 mg trovafloxacin, trovafloxacin is distributed rapidly into colonic tissue and peritoneal fluids. Tissue concentrations approximate serum concentrations and decline in parallel for up to 10 hours after dosing.
Heterogeneous crystal nucleation on bubbles in silicate melt

Experiments reported herein document heterogeneous crystal nucleation on bubbles in supercooled lithium disilicate melt. Crystalline lithium disilicate (Li 2Si2O5) nucleated and grew on small bubbles (;1 mm) with a one-to-one correspondence between the number of bubbles and crystals (ranging from ,10 2 to ;10 5 bubbles/mm 3 ). Crystals grew on large bubbles (.100 mm) only in samples fused in N2, suggesting a chemical control on nucleating efficiency. Bubbles ;1 mm in diameter served as nucleation sites for polycrystalline lithium disilicate spherulites; bubbles smaller than ;1 mm served as nucleation sites for the more common ellipsoidal crystalline form. This difference in behavior might be due to the additional surface area available for crystal nucleation on the 1 mm bubbles. Our findings suggest that superliquidus thermal history can influence crystal nucleation via bubble formation induced by supersaturation, and has implications for both natural samples and experimental studies. Heterogeneous crystal nucleation on bubbles may serve as an efficient nucleation mechanism in natural degassing magmas and may aid in the formation of fine-grained groundmasses common to many volcanic rocks. Furthermore, we have documented a new mechanism of spherulite formation in highly supercooled silicate melt, similar to conditions thought to exist during devitrification of natural glasses. The ability of crystals to nucleate on bubbles can be exploited in the production of commercial glass-ceramic materials.
Frequency of rare allelic variation in candidate genes among individuals with low and high urinary calcium excretion.

Our study investigated the association of rare allelic variants with extremes of 24-hour urinary calcium excretion because higher urinary calcium excretion is a dominant risk factor for calcium-based kidney stone formation. We resequenced 40 candidate genes potentially related to urinary calcium excretion in individuals from the Nurses’ Health Studies I & II and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. A total of 960 participants were selected based on availability of 24-hour urine collection data and level of urinary calcium excretion (low vs. high). We utilized DNA sample pooling, droplet-based target gene enrichment, multiplexing, and high-throughput sequencing. Approximately 64% of samples (n=615) showed both successful target enrichment and sequencing data with .20-fold deep coverage. A total of 259 novel allelic variants were identified. None of the rare gene variants (allele frequencies ,2%) were found with increased frequency in the low vs. high urinary calcium groups; most of these variants were only observed in single individuals. Unadjusted analysis of variants with allele frequencies $2% suggested an association of the Claudin14 SNP rs113831133 with lower urinary calcium excretion (6/ 520 versus 29/710 haplotypes, P value=0.003). Our data, together with previous human and animal studies, suggest a possible role for Claudin14 in urinary calcium excretion. Genetic validation studies in larger sample sets will be necessary to confirm our findings for rs113831133. In the tested set of candidate genes, rare allelic variants do not appear to contribute significantly to differences in urinary calcium excretion between individuals.
The elimination of critical points of a non-degenerate function on a differentiable manifold

Abstract : M is a compact, connected, orientable, differentiable n-manifold of class C, and f is a non-degenerate function of class C. This note reveals certain fundamental topological characteristics of M by combining the study of the critical points of f with the study of certain differentiable submanifolds of M associated with the respective critical points of f and termed bowls of f. An attempt is made to modify f so as to eliminate as many critical points as possible, replacing f by another nondegenerate function. This is accomplished mainly through the development of a theorem concerning bowls and the existence of a non-degenerate function without critical points in a given neighborhood. (Author)
COMPARISON OF Tetrahymena pyriformis W, Aspergillus flavus, AND RAT BIOASSAYS FOR EVALUATING PROTEIN QUALITY OF SELECTED COMMERCIALLY PREPARED FOOD PRODUCTS

Tetrahymena pyriformis W and Aspergillus flavus were used as test microorganisms for evaluating the quality of proteins in commercially prepared foods. The results were compared with those obtained from rat bioassays. There was no significant correlation between the microbiological and rat bioassay values for protein quality obtained for selected food samples under the bioassay conditions in this study. These results are contrary to reports indicating that A. flavus can be used to determine the quality of proteins in various cultivars of grains. Microbiological bioassays were conducted using defatted food products and partially purified proteins from these products. There was no apparent improvement in correlation between data obtained using microbiological assays and rat assays when purified proteins were used in place of unfractionated foods in microbiological assays. Variations among replicate analyses were greater when T. pyriformis W was used as the test organism than when A. flavus was used. Coefficients of correlation between microbiological data and rat% PER data were higher for single-point (S-P) analyses in growth media containing 0.3 mg N/ml than for the four-point slope-ratio (S-R) technique; and higher for the dye-reduction (TPTZ) technique than for direct microscopic count (DMC) for evaluating protein quality.
Comprehensive variation discovery in single human genomes

Complete knowledge of the genetic variation in individual human genomes is a crucial foundation for understanding the etiology of disease. Genetic variation is typically characterized by sequencing individual genomes and comparing reads to a reference. Existing methods do an excellent job of detecting variants in approximately 90% of the human genome; however, calling variants in the remaining 10% of the genome (largely low-complexity sequence and segmental duplications) is challenging. To improve variant calling, we developed a new algorithm, DISCOVAR, and examined its performance on improved, low-cost sequence data. Using a newly created reference set of variants from the finished sequence of 103 randomly chosen fosmids, we find that some standard variant call sets miss up to 25% of variants. We show that the combination of new methods and improved data increases sensitivity by several fold, with the greatest impact in challenging regions of the human genome.
The differential effect of statins on oxidative stress and endothelial function: Atorvastatin versus pravastatin

Background Atherogenic risk in subjects with metabolic syndrome is partly mediated by increased oxidative stress and subsequent endothelial dysfunction. Clinical trials have demonstrated differences in outcomes between subjects receiving lipophilic statins (atorvastatin) compared with hydrophilic statins (pravastatin). However, whether these findings are attributable to differences in the doses administered or to nonlipid-lowering pleiotropic effects of statins on oxidative stress and vascular function remains unknown. We hypothesized that equipotent doses of these two statins will have divergent effects on markers of oxidative stress and endothelial function. Methods Thirty-six subjects with hyperlipidemia and metabolic syndrome and/or diabetes were randomized in a double-blind manner to either pravastatin 80 mg or atorvastatin 10 mg daily. Oxidative stress (dROMs assay that measures lipid hydroperoxides, plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS], and aminothiol levels) and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks of statin therapy. Results Statin therapy reduced serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels equally in both groups. Atorvastatin therapy was associated with a significant reduction in TBARS ( P = .006) and dROMs levels ( P = .02), which was not observed in subjects treated with pravastatin. Endothelial function improved with statin therapy ( P = .02), but there was no difference between the statin groups. Conclusion In hyperlipidemic subjects with metabolic syndrome, atorvastatin is associated with a greater reduction in lipid markers of oxidation compared with pravastatin. Whether these effects are responsible for the outcome differences in trials comparing these agents needs further investigation.
Influence of Microorganisms on Intestinal Absorption: Oleic Acid 131I and Triolein 131I Absorption by Germfree and Conventionalized Rats

Several differences in lipid metabolism have been demonstrated be tween gennfree and conventional rats. To evaluate the role which intestinal absorption might play in determining these differences, we compared the absorption of oleic acid ml and triolein 131Iin gennfree and conventionalized rats. Gastric emptying of both compounds appeared to be delayed in gennfree rats and correspondingly less radioactivity reached the cecum during the 6-hour period following intragastric admin istration. When corrections were made for differences in gastric emptying, gennfree and conventionalized rats absorbed oleic acid and triolein at similar rates. Under the conditions of our studies, intestinal microorganisms did not appear to influence the rate of either lipolysis or fatty acid absorption directly, but significantly influenced the rate at which fat was transported along the gastrointestinal tract.
Relaxation Response and Resiliency Training and Its Effect on Healthcare Resource Utilization.

Background Poor psychological and physical resilience in response to stress drives a great deal of health care utilization. Mind-body interventions can reduce stress and build resiliency. The rationale for this study is therefore to estimate the effect of mind-body interventions on healthcare utilization. Objective Estimate the effect of mind body training, specifically, the Relaxation Response Resiliency Program (3RP) on healthcare utilization. Design Retrospective controlled cohort observational study. Setting: Major US Academic Health Network. Sample: All patients receiving 3RP at the MGH Benson-Henry Institute from 1/12/2006 to 7/1/2014 (n = 4452), controls (n = 13149) followed for a median of 4.2 years (.85–8.4 yrs). Measurements: Utilization as measured by billable encounters/year (be/yr) stratified by encounter type: clinical, imaging, laboratory and procedural, by class of chief complaint: e.g., Cardiovascular, and by site of care delivery, e.g., Emergency Department. Subgroup analysis by propensity score matched pre-intervention utilization rate. Results At one year, total utilization for the intervention group decreased by 43% [53.5 to 30.5 be/yr] (p <0.0001). Clinical encounters decreased by 41.9% [40 to 23.2 be/yr], imaging by 50.3% [11.5 to 5.7 be/yr], lab encounters by 43.5% [9.8 to 5.6], and procedures by 21.4% [2.2 to 1.7 be/yr], all p < 0.01. The intervention group’s Emergency department (ED) visits decreased from 3.6 to 1.7/year (p<0.0001) and Hospital and Urgent care visits converged with the controls. Subgroup analysis (identically matched initial utilization rates—Intervention group: high utilizing controls) showed the intervention group significantly reduced utilization relative to the control group by: 18.3% across all functional categories, 24.7% across all site categories and 25.3% across all clinical categories. Conclusion Mind body interventions such as 3RP have the potential to substantially reduce healthcare utilization at relatively low cost and thus can serve as key components in any population health and health care delivery system.
Path Rearranging in a Data Switching Network

Path rearranging results in a 60 percent savings of hardware in a nonblocking 2048-line switch. The blocked connection is freed up by exchanging paths between two middle matrices. Selection criteria for the middle matrices include the incidence of duplicate connections through these matrices. A path rearranging algorithm is derived from the Paull method and implemented in software by the network control microprocessor. Two buses are required for data switching to prevent any interruption in the data stream during rearranging.
Beam steering in photonic crystal vertical cavity semiconductor laser arrays

Coherently coupled arrays of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) offer the potential of extended area coherent sources with high spectral purity, useful in a variety of applications in the high power (laser radar, optical communications, steerable sources) and low power (image processing, spectroscopic sensing, optical logic) regimes. A recently developed method for providing optical confinement is the introduction of a two-dimensional photonic crystal (PhC) pattern with a defect, etched into the top distributed Bragg reflector, to define multiple defect cavities in a VCSEL. A major achievement of this work is coherent coupling between the defect cavities, with both out-of-phase and in-phase coherent coupling. A qualitative and quantitative understanding of the optical characteristics of PhC VCSEL arrays was developed and demonstrated by the agreement between simulation and experimental results. We show the relative phase difference between the defect cavities can be varied with injection current during both continuous-wave and pulsed operation. This directly leads to the ability to dynamically vary the angular steering of the far field. Electronic beam steering from photonic crystal VCSEL sources are applicable to many communication applications.
Potential energy surface of triplet N2O2

We present a global ground-state triplet potential energy surface for the N2O2 system that is suitable for treating high-energy vibrational-rotational energy transfer and collision-induced dissociation. The surface is based on multi-state complete-active-space second-order perturbation theory/minimally augmented correlation-consistent polarized valence triple-zeta electronic structure calculations plus dynamically scaled external correlation. In the multireference calculations, the active space has 14 electrons in 12 orbitals. The calculations cover nine arrangements corresponding to dissociative diatom-diatom collisions of N2, O2, and nitric oxide (NO), the interaction of a triatomic molecule (N2O and NO2) with the fourth atom, and the interaction of a diatomic molecule with a single atom (i.e., the triatomic subsystems). The global ground-state potential energy surface was obtained by fitting the many-body interaction to 54 889 electronic structure data points with a fitting function that is a permutationally invariant polynomial in terms of bond-order functions of the six interatomic distances.
Chromosomal stability of mesenchymal stromal cells during in vitro culture.

Abstract Background aims Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are being investigated for use in cell therapy. The extensive in vitro expansion necessary to obtain sufficient cells for clinical use increases the risk that genetically abnormal cells will arise and be propagated during cell culture. Genetic abnormalities may lead to transformation and poor performance in clinical use, and are a critical safety concern for cell therapies using MSCs. Methods We used spectral karyotyping (SKY) to investigate the genetic stability of human MSCs from ten donors during passaging. Results Our data indicate that chromosomal abnormalities exist in MSCs at early passages and can be clonally propagated. The karyotypic abnormalities observed during our study diminished during passage. Conclusions Karyotyping of MSCs reveals characteristics which may be valuable in deciding the suitability of cells for further use. Karyotypic analysis is useful for monitoring the genetic stability of MSCs during expansion.
‘Are you gonna show this to white people?’: Chicana/o and Latina/o students’ counter-narratives on race, place, and representation

AbstractThis article explores the recurring narratives on race, place and representation that emerged in the talk of Chicana/o and Latina/o sixth-graders at a middle school in East Los Angeles, California. Discourse analytic methods are used to closely examine how these narratives were constructed within the contexts of everyday classroom interactions. Drawing on the notion of counter-storytelling from critical race theory, the article highlights how these sixth-grade students articulated counter-narratives about who they were and what their community was like – often in direct opposition to what they perceived as white people’s stereotypical assumptions and misperceptions. It is argued that these narratives constitute a powerful and sophisticated critique of dominant narratives that frame working-class Chicana/o and Latina/o students in racist and pejorative terms. The article ends with a discussion of implications for understanding youth agency and the politics of representation.
TUMBLING SUSCEPTIBILITY OF A TAILLESS UNMANNED AIR VEHICLE

A study was performed of the tumbling susceptibility of a tailless unmanned air vehicle configuration. The study was comprised of a wind-tunnel test of a 1/25dynamically-scaled model and a three-degree-offreedom tumbling computer simulation. Results for this configuration indicate the possibility of a sustained tumble for initial angles of attack greater than +/- 110 deg or initial pitch rates of +/- 350 deg/sec. A simulated elevon deflection of –5 deg also placed the aircraft into an autorotative tumble.
Small-airway disease in asthma: pharmacological considerations.

Purpose of reviewTo review the pharmacological considerations and rationale for treating small-airway disease in asthma via the inhaled and systemic route, and to also directly address the comparison between small vs. large aerosol particles in the management of asthmatic patients.Recent findingsAir
Melatonin prevents refratoriness to short days in male hamsters.

SummaryMelatonin was administered to male hamsters via subcutaneous Silastic or beeswax capsules. Treatments adequate to prevent gonadal regression in LD 2:22 or LD 6:18 also prevented such photoperiods from inducing neuroendocrine refractoriness to the regressive effects of short days. The results are discussed with attention to the mechanisms of melatonin's progonadal effects and the relationship of testicular regression to subsequent gonadal refractoriness.
Metallic and Semiconducting Nanowires from Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes

The focus of today’s research has largely shifted from macro scale to micro scale and further to nano scale. The reason being the desire to realize quantum size effects in devices that has long eluded scientists around the world alike. With the discovery of nanoparticles, nanowires, and nanotubes, the ability to realize these effects practically into devices has increased manifold. Integration of carbon nanotubes with different types of functional materials may become mandatory in the future for electronics and sensing applications and in this sense, nucleation, growth and evolution of the structure of metallic and semiconducting materials on carbon nanotubes may be necessary. Further, it also provides opportunities to do fundamental research on understanding the structure-property relationships of these nanowires using carbon nanotubes. In this paper, we present a technique to form metallic and semiconducting nanowires using carbon nanotubes themselves as templates. Nanowires of silver and platinum have been fabricated by the electric field assisted deposition of nano particles of these metals on single walled carbon nanotubes. SEM and TEM investigations have shown the dimensions of the nanowires to be dependent only on the size of the nanoparticles, 10 - 100 nm in our case. The silver nanowires exhibited linear current - voltage characteristics whereas the platinum nanowires exhibited non-linear characteristics beyond a certain bias. This technique provides a high degree of selectivity by manipulating the charges on the surface of the nanotubes, which enables the deposition of metals only on the nanotubes and not anywhere else. The versatility of this technique allows for the fabrication of different types of metallic and semiconducting nanowires at the same dimensions as carbon nanotubes.
On thel-connectivity of a graph

For an integerl ? 2, thel-connectivity of a graphG is the minimum number of vertices whose removal fromG produces a disconnected graph with at leastl components or a graph with fewer thanl vertices. A graphG is (n, l)-connected if itsl-connectivity is at leastn. Several sufficient conditions for a graph to be (n, l)-connected are established. IfS is a set ofl(? 3) vertices of a graphG, then anS-path ofG is a path between distinct vertices ofS that contains no other vertices ofS. TwoS-paths are said to be internally disjoint if they have no vertices in common, except possibly end-vertices. For a given setS ofl ? 2 vertices of a graphG, a sufficient condition forG to contain at leastn internally disjointS-paths, each of length at most 2, is established.
Experimental investigation of confinement effect on phase behavior of hexane, heptane and octane using lab-on-a-chip technology

Abstract The study of phase behavior of hydrocarbons inside shale rock has garnered significant attention in contemporary literature. The present work focused on experimental techniques for addressing this challenge. To this end, lab-on-a-chip technology was integrated with high-resolution imaging techniques (inverse confocal microscopy equipment) for investigating the phase behavior of hydrocarbons inside nanoscale capillaries (nanochannels). Experiments were performed to measure the bubble point temperature of pure Hexane, Heptane, and Octane inside nanochannels to study the confinement effect. The novel method of employing a nanofluidic chip enabled the visualization of fluid behavior inside nanoscale channels. The method was found to be highly promising for experimental investigation of the phase behavior in nano-scale pores, which has always been one of the biggest research challenges. The experimental results revealed that for nanochannel depth of 50 nm, the confinement effect in the form of wall–molecule interactions is almost negligible. Additionally, the Peng–Robinson equation of state (PR-EOS) with and without capillary pressure was used for modeling the hydrocarbon phase behavior. Experimental validation of numerical predictions obtained from these thermo-physical models describing the effect of phase behavior for confined fluids were performed in this study.
Effect of Osmotic Stress on Drought-resistance of Rice Cultivars

Three kinds of rice cultivars with different drought-resistance were studied as experiment materials.Their drought-resistances were identified using leaf stay caducity,ratio of root to shoot and inhibitor level of coleoptiles and roots using PEG6000 as physiological indexes.The results showed that inhibitor level of coleoptiles and roots of Han116 was the lowest and Xiangzaoxian32 was the highest under PEG6000.Ratio of root to shoot order was Han116Jiazao935Xiangzaoxian32,leaf stay caducity order was Han116Jiazao935Xiangzaoxian32 under osmotic stress.In summary,drought-resistance of rice cultivars was Han116Jiazao935Xiangzaoxian32.
Adefovir (Hepsera) for Chronic Hepatitis B Infection

Adefovir offers an effective first-line alternative for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. It also may prove to be useful in patients who have failed therapy with lamivudine as well as in patients who have difficulty tolerating interferon alfa-2b. How it compares with other agents or with combination therapy is unknown.
Cramer–Rao Lower Bounds of Variance for Estimating Two Proportions and Their Overlap by Using Two Decks of Cards

Abstract In this chapter, we show that the three estimators proposed by Lee et al. (2013) attain the lower bounds of variance at equal protection of respondents. A comparison of a range restricted estimate with an unrestricted estimate is also given. The findings are supported with an example using real data.
Markets and the Satisfaction of Human Wants

(1978). Markets and the Satisfaction of Human Wants. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 799-827.
How Does Gratitude Develop

In this chapter I explore how gratitude develops, and how gratitude may be cultivated. Several studies show that with increasing age children develop a more differentiated and socially sophisticated understanding of gratitude. I then review studies supporting the notion that gratitude is good for children. Another developmental issue that is likely to impact the development of gratitude is attachment behaviors. Several studies support that theory that secure attachment fosters the development of healthy gratitude. After a brief discussion regarding life events that might impact the development of gratitude, I turn to an exploration of how gratitude can be cultivated in children. Three parenting styles have been proposed as important to emotional development, and more specifically to gratitude development. Very little evidence however, supports these parenting practices to date. Finally I describe two studies that suggest that gratitude can be trained in children, and this training appears to positively impact well-being. Because of the dearth of research and the importance of the question, I argue that research on the development of gratitude is of primary importance.
The importance of chilblains as a diagnostic clue for mild Aicardi-Goutières syndrome

Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS) is classically characterized by early-onset encephalopathy. However, in some cases, the presenting symptom of concern may actually be cutaneous rather than neurological, leading to the misdiagnosis of the condition. We report the case of three teenage siblings who presented with a lifetime history of chilblain lesions, only one of whom had notable neurologic deficits. Additional findings included acrocyanosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, low-pitch hoarse voice, headache, and arthritis. They were found to have two pathogenic sequence variants in the SAMHD1 gene: a c.602T>A substitution resulting in p.Ile201Asn protein change, previously reported as a pathogenic mutation, as well as a deletion c.719delT which has not been previously reported but results in a predicted pathogenic frame shift mutation. It is important to consider the diagnosis of AGS in patients and families with chilblain lesions in the presence of unexplained neurologic and rheumatic symptoms. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mammary Analogue Secretory Carcinoma

Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma (MASC) is a recently described salivary gland tumor that shares the same histologic appearance and ETV6 gene (12p13) rearrangement as secretory carcinoma of the breast. Prior to its recognition, MASC cases were commonly labeled acinic cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified. Despite distinctive histologic features, MASC may be difficult to distinguish from other salivary gland tumors, in particular zymogen-poor acinic cell carcinoma and low-grade salivary duct carcinoma. Although characteristic morphologic and immunohistochemical features form the basis of a diagnosis of MASC, the presence of an ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion is confirmatory. Given its recent recognition the true prognostic import of MASC is not yet clearly defined.
Evolution of Two Urbanized Estuaries: Environmental Change, Legal Framework, and Implications for Sea-Level Rise Vulnerability

The San Francisco Bay (CA, USA) and the Tagus Estuary (Lisbon, Portugal) share striking similarities in terms of morphology and urban development. A finer analysis of development patterns reveals crucial differences in the extent of shoreline alteration and types of land use that now encroach upon natural estuarine habitat. Through historical map analysis and prior stratigraphic and historical research, we reconstruct in GIS environment the evolution of both estuaries over the last millennia and the relative distribution of different classes of land cover. We also discuss the legal frameworks that accompanied this evolution, and how they have influenced the process of wetland reclamation and landfilling. We compared the legal history and synchronous patterns of development by compiling historical mapping information and resorting to GIS analysis to explore spatial patterns over time. This method was useful in isolating events and decisions that were unique to each of the case studies. The Tagus Estuary has experienced disruption of natural environments for over two millennia. Yet, the State has been able to keep estuarine lowlands under public control, even if vast areas have been transformed into farmland. Public control could allow wetland migration with rising seas and restoration efforts. The San Francisco Bay was affected by several decades of elevated sediment loads in the 19th century, which induced rapid wetland expansion, but virtual cutoff of sediment supply by dams in the 20th century now impairs their ability to accrete. Meanwhile, tidal wetlands were subject to extremely fast and poorly regulated development. Artificially filled and/or drained wetlands were transferred to local governments and private landowners, in violation of the Public Trust Doctrine. The transformation of wetlands into salt ponds, industrial zones and even residential neighborhoods created extensive developed areas at or below sea level, which are vulnerable to even modest rises in sea level. Remaining wetlands are now heavily encroached on their landward side by urban development, which prevents their landward migration. Different legal interpretations of comparable definitions of public trusts and jurisdictions over shorelines may have significant implications for the ability to adapt to sea-level rise.
Evaluation of a Sound Velocity Analyzer for Estimating Maximum Internal Temperature to Which Meat Products Have Been Heat Processed

The sound velocity (SV) values of a variety of solutions (distilled water, saline, silicon dioxide, bovine serum albumin, coagulated beef protein) were determined as the temperature of the solution was increased from 10 or 20° to 71°C. Few differences were found in the SV values for the various types of distilled water; however, there was an increase in SV values as the concentration of saline increased. Level of silicon dioxide or bovine serum albumin had no significant effect on SV values; however, there was an increase in SV values as percentage of precoagulated beef protein solids in solution increased. The sound velocity analyzer used in this study was found not to be sensitive enough to detect the onset of coagulation of saline soluble proteins and, therefore, would not lend itself as an objective method which could be related to end-point temperature of meat products.
The Conversion of Muscle to Meat

Abstract Postmortem changes that occur during the process of converting muscle to meat play a critical role in the development of quality traits and the overall acceptance of the fresh product. After an animal is harvested, muscle glycogen along with high-energy phosphate compounds is anaerobically mobilized in an effort to maintain adenosine triphosphate (ATP) homeostasis. As a consequence of postmortem glycolysis, lactate and H+ accumulate in the muscle and cause the drop in pH. Ultimately postmortem metabolism is arrested due to substrate depletion or the inactivation of the glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase-1, resulting in ATP depletion and the development of rigor mortis. The muscle subsequently undergoes proteolytic disruption of structural proteins, leading to an improvement of meat tenderness and flavor. Factors such as genetics, nutrition, environmental conditions, and pre- and postmortem handling can drastically influence the conversion of muscle to meat.
Origins of Alcohol Abuse in Children and Adolescents

When you first think about it, it looks hopeless: 50 million Americans snorting, popping, smoking and injecting powerful mind- and mood-changing drugs. Many of them are your children. Many of them are hooked. (Ubell, 1984, p. 13)
Anti-Gal IgE Mediates Allergies to Red Meat

Immunoglobulin class (isotype) switch to anti-Gal IgE was first observed in cancer patients receiving an immunotherapy treatment by infusion of the monoclonal antibody cetuximab (anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody). When produced in a hybridoma, this antibody carries the α-gal epitope, which binds anti-Gal IgE antibody in these patients, inducing allergic and anaphylactic reactions. Studies on the production of anti-Gal IgE indicated that it is rare in Northern regions of the United States ( 20%). The production of anti-Gal IgE was further found to correlate with allergies to red meat (beef, pork, and lamb). One of the reasons for class switch from anti-Gal IgM or IgG1 to IgE was found to be “lone star” ( Amblyomm americanum ) tick bites. Bites of the ticks Ixodes ricinus in Europe, Haemaphysalis longicornis in Asia and Ixodes holocyclus in Australia were found to cause similar seroconversion to anti-Gal IgE and appearance of allergic reactions to red meat. Such allergies also are found with pork kidneys because they contain very large amounts of α-gal epitopes. The substances in tick saliva which stimulate the class switch in anti-Gal B cells into IgE producing cells have not been identified yet. Prevention of allergic reactions to α-gal epitopes may be achieved by identifying patients producing anti-Gal IgE, either by the use of a lab test or by a skin test with natural or synthetic α-gal epitopes linked to lipids or to other molecules. Use of therapeutic natural or recombinant glycoproteins and monoclonal antibodies lacking α-gal epitopes will also prevent anti-Gal IgE-mediated allergic reactions. This may be achieved by enzymatic destruction of α-gal epitopes with recombinant α-galactosidase or by using eukaryotic expression systems confirmed not to include the biosynthetic pathway for synthesis of α-gal epitopes. Because such biosynthetic pathways are also present in mammary glands of nonprimate mammals, recombinant therapeutic glycoproteins produced in mammary glands and secreted in milk of transgenic farm animals should be evaluated for presence of α-gal epitopes. If present, the α-gal epitopes may be destroyed enzymatically with α-galactosidase. Alternatively, the milk may be produced in knockout mammals for the α1,3GT gene, i.e., mammals that lack the ability to synthesize the α-gal epitope. Lastly, it would be of interest to determine whether red meat from cows, pigs, or lambs engineered to lack α-gal epitopes by disruption of the α1,3GT ( GGTA1 ) gene, can be consumed by individuals producing anti-Gal IgE without having allergic reactions to this food.
Easing Clinician Distress in Pediatric Cancer Care

Pediatric oncology has the potential to bring joy and job satisfaction and enrich the lives of healthcare workers that choose to work in this field. However, the tremendous burden of caring for sick, suffering, and sometimes terminally ill children, and supporting their families, can be overwhelming, especially in the context of a complicated healthcare system, long hours on the job, challenging work environments, and a number of other potential interpersonal conflicts involving staff, patients, and/or family members. All of these factors can eventually lead to significant clinician distress. In this chapter, we describe four types of distress that affect clinicians; burnout, compassion fatigue, moral distress, and spiritual distress, from various clinician perspectives and report on prevalence and risk factors. In addition, we review types of interventions that can be implemented on an individual and/or an institutional level to help prevent and reduce this growing problem among healthcare providers.
Respiratory Distress as a Complication of Maxillofacial Surgery

Respiratory compromise is a serious panoperative complication that requires urgent and accurate diagnosis and treatment. This chapter will review differential diagnosis of respiratory distress. Appropriate diagnosis and early management will be emphasized.
Deep eutectic solvent pretreatment enabling full utilization of switchgrass.

Abstract In this study, an acidified, aqueous DES comprising choline chloride: glycerol (ChCl:Gly) was used to fractionate switchgrass into three major streams under a relatively mild condition: cellulose-rich pulp, lignin, and xylose-rich liquor. The pulp showed good digestibility with about 89% glucose yield. The solvent can be recycled successfully and reused for at least four more pretreatment cycles while maintaining its pretreatment capability. The solvent recycling also improved the lignin recovery from the pretreatment liquor. Lignin recovered from different pretreatment cycles had the β–O–4 bonds preserved, and shared similar structures with native lignin. Using the pretreatment liquor as a substrate, the oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula toruloides produced 18.7 g/L biomass with lipid and carotenoid titers of 8.1 g/L and 15.0 mg/L, respectively. Overall, this study demonstrated a green process integrating chemical and biological methods toward full utilization of lignocellulosic biomass.
Mixed polynomial/power series rings and relatinos among their spectra

C ↪→ D1 := k[x] [[y/x]] ↪→ · · · ↪→ Dn := k[x] [[y/x]] ↪→ · · · ↪→ E. (2) With regard to Equation 2, for n a positive integer, the map C ↪→ Dn is not flat, but Dn ↪→ E is a localization followed by an adic completion of a Noetherian ring and therefore is flat. We discuss the spectra of these rings and consider the maps induced on the spectra by the inclusion maps on the rings. For example, we determine whether there exist nonzero primes of one of the larger rings that intersect a smaller ring in zero. We were led to consider these rings by questions that came up in two contexts. The first motivation is from the introduction to the paper [AJL] by AlonzoTarrio, Jeremias-Lopez and Lipman: If a map between Noetherian formal schemes can be factored as a closed immersion followed by an open one, can this map also be factored as an open immersion followed by a closed one? This is not true in general. As mentioned in [AJL], Brian Conrad observed that a counterexample can be constructed for every triple (R, x, p), where
Abstract 17597: Deletion of Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP) Attenuates Atherosclerotic Lesion Development via Changes in the Accumulation of Fibrillar Collagen and in Inflammatory Cell Recruitment

Atherosclerosis and the formation of vascular lesions is a highly integrated process involving the endothelium, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), inflammatory cell recruitment and lipid metabol...
A MEMBRANE-MOLECULAR APPROACH TO RENAL PHYSIOLOGY

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the term membrane–molecular approach, which is used to isolate those areas of the plasma membrane of an epithelial cell that constitute the luminal or the antiluminal border of the cell in such a way that the transport function of the molecules present in the membranes remain intact and is studied in vitro . The main focus is placed on membrane events. The chapter discusses a new approach, which makes it possible (1) to distinguish between the role of the plasma membrane and the role of other cellular components in transcellular transport and regulation, (2) to localize the transport elements situated in the two opposite poles of the cell, namely, the luminal and contraluminal membranes, and (3) to characterize these transport elements in terms of driving forces, molecular properties, and sensitivity to regulatory influences. The chapter also explains that the membranes should be left essentially unaltered by the purification procedures so that the vesicles reflect very closely the functions of the intact cell in vivo .
Testing the Central Gain Model: Loudness Growth Correlates with Central Auditory Gain Enhancement in a Rodent Model of Hyperacusis

The central gain model of hyperacusis proposes that loss of auditory input can result in maladaptive neuronal gain increases in the central auditory system, leading to the over-amplification of sound-evoked activity and excessive loudness perception. Despite the attractiveness of this model, and supporting evidence for it, a critical test of the central gain theory requires that changes in sound-evoked activity be explicitly linked to perceptual alterations of loudness. Here we combined an operant conditioning task that uses a subject's reaction time to auditory stimuli to produce reliable measures of loudness growth with chronic electrophysiological recordings from the auditory cortex and inferior colliculus of awake, behaviorally-phenotyped animals. In this manner, we could directly correlate daily assessments of loudness perception with neurophysiological measures of sound encoding within the same animal. We validated this novel psychophysical-electrophysiological paradigm with a salicylate-induced model of hearing loss and hyperacusis, as high doses of sodium salicylate reliably induce temporary hearing loss, neural hyperactivity, and auditory perceptual disruptions like tinnitus and hyperacusis. Salicylate induced parallel changes to loudness growth and evoked response-intensity functions consistent with temporary hearing loss and hyperacusis. Most importantly, we found that salicylate-mediated changes in loudness growth and sound-evoked activity were correlated within individual animals. These results provide strong support for the central gain model of hyperacusis and demonstrate the utility of using an experimental design that allows for within-subject comparison of behavioral and electrophysiological measures, thereby making inter-subject variability a strength rather than a limitation.
Multiplex Viral Detection Platform Based on a Aptamers-Integrated Microfluidic Channel.

A polydimethylsiloxane-based microfluidic device has been developed for the multiplex detection of viral envelope proteins such as Zika and chikungunya on a single platform using aptamer–analyte interactions. The channel is integrated with microsized pillars that increase the surface area allowing more aptamers to attach to the incoming envelope protein molecules, thus increasing the overall sensitivity of the system. The working of the device depends on the formation of protein-mediated sandwich morphology that is obtained using an aptamer and aptamer-functionalized gold nanoparticle (AuNP) pair. The colorimetric signal is obtained upon introduction of silver reagents into the channel, which are selectively deposited on the AuNP surface, providing a gray contrast in the testing zone. The microfluidic channel approach successfully detected clinically relevant concentrations of Zika and chikungunya envelope proteins in phosphine-buffered saline (1 pM) and calf blood (100 pM) with high specificity using gol...