cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Who Should Define Injuries for Article III Standing

This essay discusses an argument, which it terms the "non-legal injury" argument, raised most recently by the Supreme Court case Spokeo v. Robins. The "non-legal injury" argument is that Article III's injury-in-fact requirement cannot be satisfied by the mere violation of a legal right without some more tangible accompanying harm. The argument, which has been wrongfully framed by many as being about whether "uninjured plaintiffs" should have the right to sue, is really about separation of powers. Who has the power to define what injuries "count" for Article III's purposes? Because many significant injuries do not have a corresponding tangible harm, this essay rejects the non-legal injury argument. It then argues that, more broadly, it will be difficult to create a judicially manageable standard as to what injuries "count" that is not underinclusive. Congress, meanwhile, has an important role to play in defining injuries — it represents social consensus as to what kinds of harms are significant enough to elevate into law, and it often includes new statutory injuries as part of significant new policies. The essay concludes that Article III courts should defer to Congress's definitions of injury.
Development of a smartphone-based peanut data logging system

The southeastern states of the USA, namely Georgia, Florida and Alabama, account for two-thirds of the total peanut production in the USA. Determining the optimal harvest day for peanuts is critical because it directly impacts their yield and grade. The conventional method is to identify the percentage of black peanuts in representative field samples using a peanut profile board. In this study, a new assistive system for peanut data logging was developed, which was able to upload user information and harvest conditions to an online database. Field tests showed the system had errors of 9.0%, 18.8% and 5.8% in estimating the percentage of black-and-brown peanuts, the percentage of black peanuts and the total peanut number when compared to results from human graders, respectively. This proof-of-concept data logging system has the potential to provide fast and reliable results. Future work will include applying a segmentation algorithm to increase the accuracy of the system as well as creating a harvest prediction model using the online database.
Debye Parameters of Humidity-Varying Soils for Induction Logging Techniques

This paper focuses on the tabulation of calculated Debye coefficients for a wide range of soils for source waves ranging from 300 MHz to 2 GHz. Debye coefficients of different soils will produce accurate FDTD dispersive simulations for wireline logging purposes. The FDTD dispersion analysis is based on an Auxiliary Differential Equation (ADE) method which depends on the Debye coefficients. A complex set of soil data is acquired and used in a twostep numerical solver to calculate the Debye coefficients. For a wide range of soils, Debye coefficients were developed for one, two, and three pole expansions. Most fits for one pole fits were highly inaccurate, so the coefficients generated were disregarded. Coefficients for two and three term expansions were accurate and were generated and tabulated here.
Multi-Material Topology Optimization Using Neural Networks

Abstract The focus of this paper is on multi-material topology optimization (MMTO), where the objective is to not only compute the optimal topology, but also the distribution of two or more materials within the topology. In the popular density-based MMTO, the underlying pseudo-density fields are typically represented using an underlying mesh. While mesh-based MMTO ties in well with mesh-based finite element analysis, there are inherent challenges, namely the extraction of thin features, and the computation of the gradients of the density fields. The objective of this paper is to present a neural network (NN) based MMTO method where the density fields are represented in a mesh-independent manner, using the NN’s activation functions, with the weights and biases associated with the NN serving as the design variables. Then, by relying on the NN’s built-in optimization routines, and a conventional finite element solver, the MMTO problem is solved. The salient features of the proposed method include: (1) thin features can be extracted through a simple post-processing step, (2) gradients and sensitivities can be computed accurately through back-propagation, (3) the NN construction implicitly guarantees the partition of unity between constituent materials, (4) the NN designs often exhibit better performance than mesh-based designs, and (5) the number of design variables is relatively small. Finally, the proposed framework is simple to implement, and is illustrated through several examples.
Automated customizable containerization

A container packages up an application's code and dependencies, so it runs quickly and reliably across all computing environments. Using Singularity, a text-based recipe file is written in order to construct a container. However, all shell commands to install the desired applications and dependencies must be known, creating a daunting task for a novice builder. We solve this using a Python script with a database of installation commands for a plethora of applications, written automatically into a Singularity recipe file. Future work includes expanding the library of available apps, automating the database upkeep, and integrating the script with HPC systems.
Outcomes of orthopaedic trauma surgery in COVID-19 positive patients.

Objectives To investigate outcomes for operative orthopaedic trauma in patients who tested positive for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York. Design Retrospective case series. Setting Urban Level-1 academic trauma center. Patients/participants Thirteen patients diagnosed with COVID-19 who underwent surgical management for orthopaedic trauma between January 21, 2020 and May 11, 2020. Intervention Does not apply to this study. Main outcome measurements Complications including death, coma lasting more than 24 hours, prolonged mechanical ventilation, unplanned intubation, blood transfusion, postoperative pneumonia, cerebrovascular event, thromboembolic event, myocardial infarction, urinary tract infection, acute renal failure, septic shock, return to the operating room, wound dehiscence, surgical site infection, graft/prosthesis/flap failure, and peripheral nerve injury. Results Two (18%) patients had symptoms of COVID-19 (cough, shortness of breath, fevers, chills, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps/pains) on admission. Average length of stay (standard deviation) was 6.6 (4.31) days. Average time to follow up was 29 (10.77) days. Three (27%) patients developed pneumonia postoperatively and 1 (9%) underwent unplanned intubation. One (9%) patient was intubated for greater than 48 hours. Two (18%) patients developed postoperative deep venous thromboembolism. Three (27%) patients developed acute renal failure postoperatively. Six (55%) patients underwent blood transfusion intraoperatively or postoperatively. Two (18%) patients died postoperatively. Conclusion In this small series surgical management in Coronavirus-19 positive patients with skeletal injuries was successfully accomplished with patient anticoagulation, hematologic, and pulmonary status in mind. Therapeutic anticoagulation and patient hematologic status were optimized prior to the operating room to minimize development of venous thromboembolism and avoid blood transfusion. Level of evidence Level IV prognostic.
Using Transmit Antenna Pattern for Accurate Propagation Loss Predictions

We investigate whether a Gaussian initial field approximation is adequate for use in a split-step parabolic equation-based propagation model. Of particular interest is the case when the model is used to predict the propagation loss to areas that are off-angle from the transmit antenna’s main lobe. We discuss the advantage of using a realistic initial field condition instead.
Effect of placement in the order of competition on scores of Nebraska high school students.

Abstract This study was designed to investigate whether placement within a random order of competition has an effect on the potential score of a Nebraska high school gymnast. Scores for 30 to 36 gymnasts per event, for each of seven events in the preliminaries of the Nebraska State High School Gymnastic Meet, were split into a first ⅓, middle ⅓, and last ⅓ of the order of competition. A two-factor mixed design with judges as a repeated measure allowed the investigator to consider among-judge differences and judge by order interaction, as well as variance due to order. F ratios were considered significant at the .05 level. The Scheffe test was used to locate specific differences. In three of the seven events, the order of competition had a significant effect on scores. Significant among-judge differences were found in one event. Judged by order, interaction proved significant for two events. It was concluded that, for three events, a gymnast was at a significant disadvantage if he competed in the first ⅓ o...
Axiomatic design of bindings and plates to protect the ACL in alpine skiing and reduce the likelihood of inadvertent release

Grade III anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are the most common serious injury in alpine skiing. Nonetheless, most ski bindings are not designed to protect the ACL. Additionally, inadvertent release can be observed to occur frequently in some situations. This paper examines ski binding function using axiomatic design, with the intent of developing design strategies for ACL protection without increasing susceptibility to inadvertent release. A functional-physical, hierarchical decomposition of the upper-level ski binding design solution is developed. Both release and absorption systems are examined for their ability to satisfy the functional requirements. Concepts for injury prevention using energy-absorbing devices are introduced. This work shows that upper level design solutions can be developed for ski bindings that should protect the ACL, while faithfully transmitting control loads and avoiding inadvertent release. The concepts presented in this paper have not been field tested, and more research is needed to validate the concepts. KEYWORDS: ski binding, ACL injury reduction, inadvertent release, axiomatic design Language: en
Three-dimensional structure of a cloning vector. X-ray diffraction studies of filamentous bacteriophage M13 at 7 A resolution.

Abstract Filamentous bacteriophage M13 is a single-stranded DNA phage about 65 A in diameter and 9300 A long. X-ray diffraction studies of magnetically oriented fibers of native, mercury and iodine-labeled phage particles have been used to determine the arrangement of the major coat protein, the gene 8 product, in the virion. The coat protein is made up of a single gently curving α-helix extending from approximately Pro6 to near the carboxyl terminus. The axis of the α-helix is tilted about 20 ° from the viral axis and wraps around the axis in a right-handed helical sense. The surface of the virus is made up largely of polar residues in the amino-terminal half of the protein including the segment of α-helix extending from Pro6 to Tyr24. The interior surface of the protein coat faces the DNA and consists of an amphipathic helical segment extending from Thr36 to Ser50. The α-helices form a tightly packed 15 to 20 A thick cylindrical coat around the DNA. This structural model provides insight into the potential sites for incorporating foreign protein domains that may act as functional binding sites on the surface of M13.
Photochemical Smog Hides an Icy World

Lifting Titan9s Veil Exploring the Giant Moon of Saturn. Ralph Lorenz and Jacqueline Mitton. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002. 268 pp. $29, £19.95. ISBN 0-521-79348-3. As the Cassini-Huygens mission approaches the solar system9s second largest satellite, the authors offer a nonspecialist account of Titan, its atmosphere, and our efforts to learn more about both.
Endurance Exercise-Induced Cardiac Remodeling: Not All Sports Are Created Equal.

Background The term endurance sport (ES) is broadly used to characterize any exercise that requires maintenance of high cardiac output over extended time. However, the relative amount of isotonic (volume) versus isometric (pressure) cardiac stress varies across ES disciplines. To what degree ES-mediated cardiac remodeling varies, as a function of superimposed isometric stress, is uncertain. The aim of this study was to compare the cardiac remodeling characteristics associated with two common yet physiologically distinct forms of ES. Methods Healthy competitive male long-distance runners (high isotonic, low isometric stress; n = 40) and rowers (high isotonic, high isometric stress; n = 40) were comparatively studied after 3 months of sport-specific exercise training with conventional and speckle-tracking two-dimensional echocardiography. Results Rowers demonstrated dilated left ventricular (LV) volumes and elevated LV mass (i.e., eccentric LV hypertrophy), whereas runners demonstrated normal LV mass (runners, 88 ± 11 g/m 2 ; rowers, 108 ± 13 g/m 2 ; P 2 ; rowers, 89 ± 13 mL/m 2 ; P R = 0.47, P Conclusions Cardiac adaptations differ significantly as a function of ES discipline. Further work is required to determine the mechanisms for this differential adaptation, to develop definitive ES discipline-specific normative values, and to evaluate the optimal therapeutic use of specific ES disciplines among patients with common cardiovascular diseases.
Pseudomonas aureofaciens Kluyver and phenazine alpha-carboxylic acid, its characteristic pigment

Heretofore three species of bacteria have been known to form phenazine pigments. Two of them are well established members of the genus Pseudomonas. One is P. aeruginosa, which produces pyocyanine (I) (Jensen and Holten, 1949); the other is P. chlororaphis, its pigment, chlororaphine, being a reduced form of oxychlororaphine (II) (Dufraisse, Etienne and Toromanoff, 1952). The third microorganism capable of producing a phenazine pigment was originally designated Chromobacterium iodinum by Davis (1939). Tobie (1939) suggested that this microorganism belonged to the genus Pseudomonas because of its production of the phenazine pigment iodinin (III) (Clemo and Daglish, 1950; Kiprianov, Serebryanyi and Chernetskii, 1952).
Aeromonas hydrophila: A Treatable Cause of Diarrhea

Aeromonads are bacteria, found in water and soil, which cause a wide spectrum of human infections in normal and compromised hosts.1 Although primarily gastrointestinal pathogens, aeromonads also cause trauma-related infections of skin, soft tissue, muscle and bone, as well as non-trauma-related infections, including endocarditis.1-4 Gastrointestinal infections due to Aeromonas sp are frequently identified in Southeast Asia, India, and Australia3,5-7 but rarely in the United States.2,8 This report describes a case of profuse watery diarrhea due to Aeromonas hydrophila in a child from Maine. CASE REPORT A 5-month-old female infant with Down9s syndrome and Hirschsprung9s disease developed diarrhea and vomiting.
Toxaphene analysis in Great Lakes fish: a comparison of GC-EI/MS/MS and GC-ECNI-MS, individual congener standard and technical mixture for quantification of toxaphene

Toxaphene is considered to be a problematic organochlorine pollutant because of its bioaccumulation potential and persistence in aquatic environments. In this study, whole lake trout and walleye composites were used to evaluate two analytical techniques for total toxaphene and selected congener analysis. The efficacy of using gas chromatography electron ionization tandem mass spectrometry (GC-EI/MS/MS) and electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry (GC-ECNI-MS) were compared. Although the sensitivity using GC-ECNI-MS was approximately five times greater than GC-EI/MS/MS, the latter provided more consistent inter-Parlar relative response factors (RRF). When using technical calibration mixtures, these results suggest a more accurate total toxaphene measurement was obtained using the GC-EI/MS/MS method. Total toxaphene concentrations in lake trout composites from both methods were highly correlated (R(2) = 0.985) with the MS/MS concentrations approximately half of those determined by ECNI, suggesting systematic high bias in toxaphene concentrations when measured using GC-ECNI.
Numerical simulation of unsteady, viscous, high-angle-of-attack flows using a partially flux-split algorithm

Viscous separated flow surrounding a hemisphere-cylinder body at angles of attack ranging up to 19 deg in transonic flow has been computed using an implicit, approximately-factored, partially flux-split algorithm. The resulting flowfield structures, including the vortical flow on the leeward side of the body and the three-dimensional separation patterns, have been investigated. The computed results show good qualitative and quantitative agreement with experimental data. Furthermore, visualization of the flowfield patterns has yielded insight into the behavior of the three-dimensional separated flow.
The eccentric Saturnian ringlets at 1.29 R(s) and 1.45 R(s)

The shapes and kinematics of the two major eccentric ringlets in Saturn's C ring are studied in data acquired by four Voyager experiments: imaging science (ISS), radio science (RSS), ultraviolet spectrometer (UVS), and photopolarimeter (PPS). It is found that the ringlets have mean widths of ∼25 km (Titan, 1.29 R_s) and ∼64 km (Maxwell, 1.45R_s), eccentricities of order 10^(−4), sharp edges on a scale of ∼1 km, normal optical depths τ ∼ 1−2, and are embedded in essentially empty gaps (τ < 0.05). In addition, they exhibit positive linear width-radius relations, suggesting that differential precession across the ringlets is being prevented by the self-gravity of the ring particles. The kinematics of the Maxwell ringlet are determined solely by Saturn's nonspherical gravity field; the kinematics of the Titan ringlet are apparently determined by its interaction with Titan. Masses, mean surface mass densities, and mass extinction coefficients have been calculated. The comparatively large optical depths and mass extinction coefficients in these features suggest an environment and particle size distribution different from the remainder of the C ring and presumably caused by the mechanism responsible for ring confinement.
PARTITIONING AND SPECIATION OF SOLID PHASE IRON IN SALTMARSH SEDIMENTS

Abstract A calibrated chemical extraction scheme was developed for partitioning reactive Fe(III) minerals in the solid phase of marine sediments. The following chemical extractants were used: ascorbate (pH 8.0), oxalate (pH 2.5), dithionite (pH 4.8), and HC1 (0.5 M). The dissolution of goethite was catalyzed by Fe(II) bound to oxalate, and its dissolution is compared to that of other crystalline Fe(III) oxides (hematite), a crystalline iron mineral of mixed oxidation state (magnetite), and an Fe-containing silicate (chlorite). Ascorbate was shown to leach only amorphous iron whereas the other extradants dissolved both amorphous and crystalline iron. Dithionite attacked all crystalline Fe(III) minerals including magnetite. Amorphous Fe(III) minerals were shown to comprise a large fraction (>45%) of the total iron in surficial saltmarsh sediments during the growth season. Crystalline Fe(III) oxides were also abundant (20–33% of total Fe) to 20 cm depth in the same saltmarsh cores. Iron sulfides, pyrite and acid volatile sulfide (AVS), were measured along with oxide extractions to completely partition oxidized and reduced fractions of solid iron in saltmarsh sediment. Application of this extraction scheme to saltmarsh sediments questions the use of oxalate in defining amorphous Fe(III) oxides and suggests that crystalline Fe(III) minerals may make up a larger fraction of marine sediments than previously shown. These conclusions have bearing on all marine sediments in which solid phase iron has been studied using the common extradants listed above. Our calibrated chemical extraction scheme together with the documented reactivity of crystalline iron minerals and oxalate suggests that a broadening of the definition of reactive iron in marine sediments may be necessary.
Measuring the Effect of Corruption on Sovereign Bond Ratings

Abstract Instrumenting for sovereign corruption, we find that Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index which ‘ranges from 10 (highly clean) to 0 (highly corrupt)’, is a significant predictor of the Standard and Poor’s sovereign bond ratings ranging from 1 (Sovereign Default) to 22 (AAA) in panel data from 52 countries from 1993 to 2002. Corruption downgrades the creditworthiness of sovereign bonds by diverting loan proceeds from productive projects to less productive ones, if not to offshore accounts. In particular, a one point worsening of the corruption perception index leads to an estimated one‐notch reduction out of 22 in the sovereign bond rating.
Distance resolution with the FM-CW ultrasonic echo-ranging system.

Abstract The ability of a frequency-modulated continous-wave system to resolve returns from closely spaced multiple stationary targets is examined. Because the output consists of discrete harmonics of the sweep repetition frequency, a range corresponding to an anharmonic beat frequency results in a spectrum of harmonics. The shape of the spectrum depends on the range and the nature of the target reflection. Unwanted harmonic spectral output results from the periodic sweep discontinuities and from amplitude modulation of the returns, which is caused by the inevitably limited transducer bandwidth and the frequency dependence of attenuation in tissue. Although pulse-echo systems are also subject to frequency dispersion and the transducer bandpass limit, the experimentally verified result is that both range measurement precision and multiple target resolution are inferior to those obtainable from the same transducer with conventional pulse-echo signal processing.
The role of short term memory and conduction velocity restitution in alternans formation.

Abstract Alternans is the periodic beat-to-beat short–long alternation in action potential duration (APD), which is considered to be a precursor of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. In extended cardiac tissue, electrical alternans can be either spatially concordant (SCA, all cells oscillate in phase) or spatially discordant (SDA, cells in different regions oscillate out of phase). SDA gives rise to an increase in the spatial dispersion of repolarization, which is thought to be proarrhythmic. In this paper, we investigated the effect of two aspects of short term memory (STM) ( α , τ ) and their interplay with conduction velocity (CV) restitution on alternans formation using numerical simulations of a mapping model with two beats of memory. Here, α quantifies the dependence of APD restitution on pacing history and τ characterizes APD accommodation, which is an exponential change of APD over time once basic cycle length (BCL) changes. Our main findings are as follows: In both single cell and spatially coupled homogeneous cable, the interplay between α and τ affects the dynamical behaviors of the system. For the case of large APD accommodation ( τ ≥ 290 ms ) , increase in α leads to suppression of alternans. However, if APD accommodation is small ( τ ≤ 250 ms ) , increase in α leads to appearance of additional alternans region. On the other hand, the slope of CV restitution does not change the regions of alternans in the cable. However, steep CV restitution leads to more complicated dynamical behaviors of the system. Specifically, SDA instead of SCA are observed. In addition, for steep CV restitution and sufficiently large τ , we observed formations of type II conduction block ( CB 2 ) , transition from type I conduction block ( CB 1 ) to CB 2 , and unstable nodes.
Compiling almost-whole Java programs

This paper presents a strategy, called almost-whole-program compilation, for extending the benefits of whole-program optimization to large collections of Java components that are packaged as a group after the development phase. This strategy has been implemented in a framework that uses Java visibility and scoping rules to transform a collection of classes into a package that is amenable to whole-program optimizations, without precluding extensions to the optimized and compiled code. Thus, it enables the Java developer to balance performance against flexibility of the program after the development phase, without compromising the design process. The transformation is shown to incur only modest performance penalties, which are more than compensated for by the interprocedural optimizations it enables. The paper concludes with experimental results showing the benefits that can be achieved using this approach. Copyright c © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of a potential from Cauchy data: uniqueness and distinguishability

The problem of recovering a potential q(y) in the differential equation: is investigated. The method of separation of variables reduces the recovcry of q(y) to a non–standard inverse Sturm–Liouville problem. Employing asymptotic techniques and integral operators of Gel'fand–Levitan type, it is shown that, under appropriate conditions on the Cauchy pair (f,g), q(y) is uniquely determined, in a local sense, up to its mean. We charactercrize the ill–posedness of this inverse problem in terms of the “distinguishability” of poetentials. An estimate is derived which indicates the maximum level of measurement error under which two potentials, dffering only far away from y=1, can be resolved.
Fluorescence of powdered vegetable drugs under ultraviolet radiation.

Numerous powdered vegetable drugs and some powdered animal drugs were examined under ultraviolet radiation after treatment with several reagents. The reagents were 1 N sodium hydroxide in methanol, 1 N sodium hydroxide in water, 1 N hydrochloric acid, nitric acid diluted with an equal volume of water, and sulfuric acid diluted with an equal volume of water. The characteristic fluorescence of each drug was observed and data pertaining to color and intensity were recorded.
The effect of direction and reaction on the neuromuscular and biomechanical characteristics of the knee during tasks that simulate the noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury mechanism.

BackgroundJumping and landing tasks that have a change in direction have been implicated as a mechanism of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury. Yet, to date, neuromuscular and biomechanical research has focused primarily on straight landing tasks during planned jumps.HypothesisLateral and reactive jumps increase the neuromuscular and biomechanical demands placed on the anterior cruciate ligament, and women perform these tasks differently from men.Study DesignControlled laboratory study.MethodsA total of 18 male and 17 female healthy high school basketball players underwent an analysis of the knee during planned and reactive 2-legged stop-jump tasks in 3 different directions that included novel methodology to incorporate a reactive component. Ground-reaction forces, joint kinematics, joint kinetics, and electromyographic activity were assessed during the tasks.ResultsJump direction and task (planned or reactive) significantly affected joint angles, ground-reaction forces, knee joint moments, and p...
MORPHOLOGICAL CEREBRAL ASYMMETRIES OF MODERN MAN, FOSSIL MAN, AND NONHUMAN PRIMATE

Cerebral asymmetries are common in modern and fossil man and the great apes. Those occurring most often are listed here: 1. The left sylvian fissure in man is longer than the right and in both fetal and adult brains the posterior end of the right sylvian fissure is commonly higher than the left. Associated with these findings, the left planum temporale is usually longer than the right. 2. The left occipital pole is often wider and usually protrudes more posteriorly than the right. 3. The left lateral ventricle, and especially the occipital horn, is usually larger than the right. 4. If one frontal pole extends beyond the other it is usually the right. 5. On X-ray computerized axial tomograms (CT) of the brain the right frontal lobe and the central portion of the right hemisphere more often measure wider than the left. 6. The CT studies commonly show a Yakovlevian anticlockwise torque (taking the nose as 12 o'clock), with the left occipital pole longer and often extending across the midline toward the right and a wider right hemisphere in its central and frontal portions and frequent forward protrusion of the right frontal pole. This is found also in newborns. 7. The posterior end of the sagittal sinus usually lies to the right of the midline and the sinus flows more directly into the right transverse sinus than into the left. 8. The right transverse sinus is usually higher than the left. 9. In left-handed and ambidextrous individuals the posterior ends of the sylvian fissures are more often nearly equal in height and the occipital regions are more often equal in width or the right may be wider. 10. The torque of the pyramidal tract and the hemispheral torque cannot at present be related to right- or left-handedness. Statistics concerning left-handedness are somewhat confounded, because it is likely that not a few individuals are left-handed because of an early injury of the left hemisphere in a normally right-handed individual. 11. Cerebral asymmetries are found in fossil man similar to those in modern man. 12. Asymmetries of the sylvian fissures similar to those of modern man have been found in the great apes and are particularly common in the orangutan. 13. The most striking and consistently present cerebral asymmetries found in adult and fetal brains are in the region of the posterior end of the sylvian fissures-- the areas generally regarded as a major importance in language function.
On the development of detonation with pre-ignition

Abstract Importance of pre-ignition to the development of detonation is examined on the basis of a wavedynamic analysis of schlieren photographs obtained by Schmidt, Steinicke and Neubert. Present results complement those published at the Seventh Combustion Symposium for the case without pre-ignition. Although a definite stimulating effect of pre-ignition has been noticed, characteristic features of both solutions being the same, it is concluded that progress of the process, expressed in terms of intermediate states that must be attained in the course of its development, is essentially the same in both cases.
On the support for heterogeneity in networked virtual environment

This paper presents our ongoing research activity to design and implement a framework for an networked virtual environment (NVE) that efficiently supports both hardware and software heterogeneity. In the proposed framework, three new techniques, application layer multicast transmission-rate pruning, fairness control for delay-sensitive activities (token-bucket algorithm) and bandwidth compensation by a combination of server-side and client-side dead reckoning, are designed, proposed and integrated in the new framework that supports heterogeneous networks and end systems.
Participation of tyrosine phosphorylation in the cytopathic effect of human immunodeficiency virus-1

Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a common mechanism of signaling in pathways that regulate T cell receptor-mediated cell activation, cell proliferation, and the cell cycle. Because human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is though to affect normal cell signaling, tyrosine phosphorylation may be associated with HIV cytopathicity. In both HIV-infected cells and transfected cells that stably express HIV envelope glycoproteins undergoing HIVgp41-induced cell fusion, a 30-kilodalton protein was phosphorylated on tyrosine with kinetics similar to those of syncytium formation and cell death. When tyrosine phosphorylation was inhibited by the protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor herbimycin A, envelope-mediated syncytium formation was coordinately reduced. These studies show that specific intracellular signals, which apparently participate in cytopathicity, are generated by HIV and suggest strategies by which the fusion process might be interrupted.
Sex-related differences in rats open-field activity.

In two studies using juvenile rats, females were shown to be more active than males. This relationship was not apparent during initial trials in an open field, but emerged as subjects were tested repeatedly. Sex-related differences were greatly reduced, however, if postweaning handling was restricted.
Self-similar hypervelocity shock interactions with oblique contact discontinuities

The two-dimensional inviscid refraction of a shock wave at an oblique contact discontinuity is self-similar; i.e. it depends only upon the variables $\xi\equiv x/t$ , $\eta\equiv y/t$ . We transform the compressible Euler equations into the self-similar ( $\xi,\eta$ ) coordinates and solve the resulting boundary-value problem by an implicit equilibrium flux method. We present results for strong shock ( $M\ge10$ where M is the incident shock Mach number) interactions with an oblique contact discontinuity separating an inert gas from a gas which exhibits high-temperature gas chemistry effects. To model high-temperature effects we employ Lighthill's ideal dissociating gas (IDG) model. Comparison between the frozen and equilibrium limits, both of which are self-similar, indicate large changes in peak density and temperatures. Significant differences in the overall flow pattern between the frozen and equilibrium limits are observed for interfaces with low negative Atwood ratio and high positive Atwood ratio. Results from a local analysis are presented when the shock refraction is regular. The critical angle at which the transition from regular to irregular refraction occurs is slightly larger for the equilibrium chemistry case.
Mixed strategy equilibria in repeated games with one‐period memory

Infinitely repeated games is the pre-dominant paradigm within which economists study long-term strategic interaction. The standard framework allows players to condition their strategies on all past actions; that is, assumes that they have unbounded memory. That is clearly a convenient simplification that is at odds with reality. In this paper we restrict attention to one-period memory and characterize all totally mixed equilibria. In particular, we focus on strongly mixed equilibria. We provide conditions that are necessary and sufficient for a game to have such an equilibrium. We further demonstrate the exact set of payoffs that can be generated by such equilibria.
Syntheses of nicotinamide riboside and derivatives: effective agents for increasing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide concentrations in mammalian cells.

A new two-step methodology achieves stereoselective synthesis of β-nicotinamide riboside and a series of related amide, ester, and acid nucleosides. Compounds were prepared through a triacetylated-nicotinate ester nucleoside, via coupling of either ethylnicotinate or phenylnicotinate with 1,2,3,5-tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-ribofuranose. Nicotinamide riboside, nicotinic acid riboside, O-ethylnicotinate riboside, O-methylnicotinate riboside, and several N-alkyl derivatives increased NAD+ concentrations from 1.2–2.7-fold in several mammalian cell lines. These findings establish bioavailability and potent effects of these nucleosides in stimulating the increase of NAD+ concentrations in mammalian cells.
The Social Epidemiology of Alcohol Use by Urban Older Adults.

A sample survey of 928 Bostonians, aged sixty years or older, indicates that there are low levels of alcohol consumption: more than half report that they are abstainers; 6 percent indicate that they have two or more drinks daily. Levels of abstinence are particularly high among women, blacks, Jews, widows and widowers, the foreign-born, those with low levels of formal education, and those aged seventy-five years or older. Among social psychological variables, locus of control is most consistently associated with drinking: those who report little influence upon their futures—in terms of work, marriage, income, and leisure activities—are more likely to abstain. There is also an association with optimisim; those who are least optimistic about their prospects for work and leisure activities are most likely to abstain. Analysis of variance shows that gender, education, ethnicity, religion, age, and locus of control regarding work are independent correlates of alcohol use. The data suggest that older people dri...
The Challenges of High Altitude Gas Turbine Engine Cycles

High altitude flight, approaching 65,000 ft and above, is becoming increasingly important for various types of aircraft missions. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), either for military reconnaissance or commercial/scientific study, are leading the way. For the military commander, high altitude, long endurance (HALE) flight for UAVs provides a good field of view for a long period of time and provides reasonable safety of flight. The upper atmosphere also provides the possibility for uncrowded, direct commercial flights. In addition, supersonic business jets are looking for a flight regime that also could be in the upper atmosphere. Typically, commercial, off-the-shelf engines are adapted for use in high altitude aircraft. While this has provided some success, the engine performance is marginal and the cycles are not optimized for this high altitude environment. Aircraft such as the Predator C and the Global Hawk are already operating in the high altitude environment with turbofan engines. More study is needed to determine what engine cycle is best suited to high altitudes. The smaller engines currently used in HALE UAVs carry a unique set of challenges which constrain the problem of high altitude propulsion hardware choices. Turbine engines have the most promise, especially turbofans, because of the higher speeds that are possible for the aircraft. Preliminary turbofan cycle analysis indicates that higher bypass-ratios and high compressor pressure ratios will be needed requiring more power output from the turbine however, high altitude limits how large these values can and should be. High altitude flight drives the cycle to be designed and sized at the high cruise altitude resulting in considerable impact on the off-design engine performance. Small gas turbine engine technology predictions show that fan pressure ratios of 1.76, compressor pressure ratios of 16.6, bypass ratios of 4.54, and a thrust specific fuel consumption of 0.393 /hr are possible in the near future (sea level reference). The cycle studied found a fan pressure ratio of 1.57, compressor pressure ratio of 16.7, bypass ratio of 5.45, and a thrust specific fuel consumption of 0.436 /hr (sea level reference) to be typical for a small gas turbine engine designed to fly at 65,000 ft. High altitude flight also brings other issues. Environmental impact must be considered in any high altitude application. High altitude reconnaissance aircraft often carry an increased sensor array adding more electric power requirements to the cycle. Long endurance means the engine cycle must be extremely fuel efficient. If stealth considerations are to be incorporated in the aircraft design, then the engine must be embedded in the fuselage limiting engine cross-section. Last, engine operational control will be a key technology for high altitude, low Reynolds number conditions.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Discovery, initial characterization and comparison of the organophosphate acid hydrolyzing activities of the bobwhite quail, stilt and mallard

1. Using the kidney and liver tissues of bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus), stilt (Himantopus mexicana), and mallard (Anas platyrhnchos platyrhnchos) a search for and initial characterization of organophosphate acid (OPA) anhydrase activity was conducted. Tissues from an individual bird were prepared in Tris/NaCl buffer, pH 7.2, using a Potter-Elvehjem homogenizer at 5°C. Homogenates were centrifuged and the supernatant and pellet saved for further investigation. Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) was used as test substrate. Hydrolysis of the substrates was observed in the homogenates of both the kidney and liver tissues. 2. Specific activity of the DFP hydrolysis was highest in the kidney extracts in all species examined in this study. The activities were heat-labile, and activity was present in both the supernatant and the detergent solubilized pellet of the centrifuged samples. 3. Dramatic interspecific variation in the specific activity of OPA anhydrase was not observed in this study. Temperature and pH optima were similar to those of OPA anhydrases found in the domestic chicken and other eucaryotes.
MMPI‐2 assessed post‐traumatic stress disorder related to job stress, coping, and personality in police agencies

The PK and PS scales of the MMPI-2 were developed to index the degree of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These scales were applied to a sample of 254 mostly male sworn and civilian law enforcement employees from four police agencies. Participants also completed surveys measuring their perceived levels of job stress, their use of a set of coping strategies, and their performance on measures of five global personality domains. The two PTSD scales appeared to have good internal structures and relatively high reliabilities. Employees at greater risk for PTSD reported higher levels of work-related stress, seemed to use more maladaptive coping strategies, were more neurotic, and tended to be less extraverted, agreeable, and conscientious. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ac Stark Shift and Dephasing of a Superconducting Qubit Strongly Coupled to a Cavity Field

We have recently demonstrated that a superconducting quantum two-level system can be strongly coupled to a single microwave photon [1]. The strong coupling between a quantum solid state circuit and an individual photon, analogous to atomic cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED) [2], has previously been envisaged by many authors, see Ref. 3 and references therein. Our circuit quantum electrodynamics architecture [3], in which a superconducting charge qubit, the Cooper pair box [4], is coupled strongly to a coplanar transmission line resonator, has great prospects both for performing quantum optics experiments [5] in solids and for realizing elements for quantum information processing [6] with superconducting circuits [7]. In this letter we present spectroscopic measurements which demonstrate the non-resonant (dispersive) strong coupling between a Cooper pair box and a coherent microwave field in a high quality cavity. The quantum state of the Cooper pair box is controlled using resonant microwave radiation and is read out with a dispersive quantum non-demolition (QND) measurement [3, 8, 9]. The interaction between the Cooper pair box and the measurement field containing n photons on average gives rise to a large ac-Stark shift of the qubit energy levels, analogous to the one observed in CQED [10]. As a consequence of the strong coupling, quantum fluctuations in n induce a broadening of the transition line width, characterizing the back action of the measurement on the qubit.
Search party [digital media retrieval]

Service providers store and offer endless amounts of video content, but is anybody thinking about how users find what they want? Huge investments are being made in broadband wireless and wired IP networks, which enable users to access, large archives of video content. In order to stimulate the market for video services, there is a need for user-friendly video indexing and retrieval. This objective has been addressed by the EC IST project BUSMAN (bringing user satisfaction to media access networks). The article looks at the methods BUSMAN uses to make it easier for digital media users searching for the needle in the video haystack.
Complications of treatment of obstetric fistula in the developing world: gynatresia, urinary incontinence, and urinary diversion.

Objective: To provide a comprehensive review of the pathophysiology, evaluation, and treatment of gynatresia and urinary incontinence, 2 conditions that can arise following the repair of obstetric fistulas. The article discusses relevant issues with respect to urinary diversion in the treatment of obstetrical fistula and associated urinary incontinence. Methods: A review was conducted of the existing literature and of the expert recommendations issued at the Gates Institute fistula meeting held in July 2005 at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Results: Gynatresia and urinary incontinence develop in approximately 10% and 16% of patients, respectively, after the first repair. Urinary diversion may be necessary when fistulas cannot be closed vaginally or in cases of severe urinary incontinence following successful closure. Gynatresia, urinary incontinence, and urinary diversion are all associated with morbidity, and they require surgical and nonsurgical expertise for proper management. Conclusions: Closing the anatomical fistula is not always sufficient, and treatment paradigms must shift toward the prevention and repair of gynatresia and urinary incontinence at the time of the primary operation.
Hardware-assisted rendering of cylindrical panoramas

Cylindrical panorama is being used in many applications. Cylindrical panoramic viewers render the panorama from the center of the cylinder by projecting the cylindrical map onto a planar screen. This process involves nonlinear image warping, so many panoramic viewers are implemented in software. Hardware acceleration may be used if the panorama is resampled onto the polygonal models.This paper presents an algorithm to render cylindrical panorama with hardware acceleration while using the input panorama as is. The rendering equation of cylindrical panorama is decomposed into linear approximation and nonlinear residuals. Nonlinear parts are encoded as bump maps to perturb the texture coordinates on a per-pixel basis. This process can be performed by environment-mapped bump mapping (EMBM) hardware.
UreI-mediated urea transport in Helicobacter pylori: an open and shut case?

colonizes the gastricmucosa of humans and can causelifelong gastritis if left untreated.Although infection can be asymp-tomatic, it can also manifest clini-cally as peptic or duodenal ulcerand can result in the developmentof gastric cancer. One of the bac-terium’s most prominent featuresis the production of high levels ofurease, an enzyme that hydrolyzesurea to CO
What Drives the Conversion of Native Rangeland to Buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare) Pasture in Mexico’s Sonoran Desert?: The Social Dimensions of a Biological Invasion

The introduction of invasive exotic plants has many social dimensions. Although a diverse literature identifies some of the social drivers of exotic plant introduction and subsequent invasion, relatively little attention has been given to the motives of individuals involved. This research focuses on the extensive conversion of native rangeland to exotic buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare) pasture by ranchers in Mexico’s Sonoran Desert using data gathered through systematic interviews and ordinary least squares regression modeling to demonstrate how a few social variables determine the extent of buffelgrass introductions. Results show that land allocation to pasture is determined chiefly by ranch size, with significant roles also played by rotational grazing, buffelgrass seed harvest, and exposure to government research. Results are contextualized and explored in depth, illustrating how the extent of rangeland-to-pasture conversion in this part of the Sonoran Desert is determined by direct and indirect social factors. The study also highlights implications for buffelgrass invasion.