cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 2605: Comparison of Intra-Operative Indocyanine Green Angiography and Digital Subtraction Angiography for Clipping of Intracranial Aneurysms

BACKGROUND: The presence of residual aneurysm after microsurgical clipping carries a risk of aneurysm growth and rupture. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is the gold standard to determine the...
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone, and Testosterone Levels Found in Human Seminal Plasma*

Radioimmunoassays were performed on the seminal plasma of normospermic, oligospermic, and azoospermic men to determine the levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone. FSH levels in the seminal plasma of all three groups were found to be similar to the levels normally found in blood serum. LH levels in the seminal plasma of azoospermic and oligospermic men were within the normal range found in blood serum but were elevated in the normospermic samples. Testosterone levels in the seminal plasma of all three groups tested were considerably lower than the normal range found in blood serum.
Does Market Orientation Drive New Product Performance? The Mediating Role of Project-Level Information Sharing Capabilities

This study presents a theoretical framework that focuses on the relationship between market orientation and new product performance by taking into account the mediating effects of project-level information sharing capabilities. Organizational memory and the marketing-R&D integration function as mediators and enable market-oriented organizations to process, share and utilize market knowledge more effectively at the project-level. A total of ten hypotheses were proposed.
Test Generation for Dynamic CMOS Circuits

The dynamic CMOS circuit techniques present us with an attractive alternative to static CMOS circuits. It is possible to achieve higher density and speed with these techniques at the expense of a slight increase in the power requirement. In this chapter we will explore the testability of combinational dynamic CMOS circuits.
Reluctant Bureaucracy: Accounts, Narrative, and Negotiation in Serbian High School Classrooms

Despite anthropologists’ increased interest in bureaucracies, the pervasive role of talk for resolving policy–practice gaps and structuring citizen–bureaucrat encounters has been underanalyzed in the literature on the everyday practices of the state. This article examines classrooms in Belgrade, Serbia, as examples of sites in which some locally recognized features of bureaucratic interactions can be enacted and reproduced. I argue that frequent student-teacher negotiations over grades, attendance, and behavior render the classroom a space for reluctant bureaucracy. Teachers, even those who criticize the bureaucratic rules that govern education, spend much of their time enforcing and interpreting an oft-confusing set of state-mandated school policies, while students use excuses, justifications, and narratives to negotiate outcomes. This situation parallels many Serbs’ experiences in government offices, where they believe the law is rarely applied fairly and success depends on making a persuasive case. Although student–teacher negotiations may reproduce some common features of bureaucratic interactions, teachers also demonstrate ambivalence toward the practice of negotiation—and its political implications—through an alternation of what I call the institutional voice and the intimate voice. Through this alternation, teachers critique the system that they simultaneously perpetuate and train students to manage.
A new design methodology for modular broadband arrays based on fractal tilings

This paper investigates the radiation characteristics of a new type of array that is based on the family of space-filling and self-avoiding fractals known as Peano-Gosper curves. The elements of the fractal array are uniformly distributed along a Peano-Gosper curve, which leads to a planar array configuration with parallelogram cells that is bounded by a closed Koch curve. These unique properties are exploited in order to develop a design methodology for deterministic arrays that have no grating lobes even when the minimum spacing between elements is increased to at least one-wavelength. This leads to a class of arrays that are relatively broadband when compared to more conventional periodic planar arrays with square or rectangular cells and regular boundary contours. An efficient iterative procedure for calculating the radiation patterns of these Peano-Gosper fractal arrays to arbitrary stage of growth P are also presented.
Some Fluid Mechanics Problems in U.K. Industry

The Mathematics-in-Industry Study Group is a group of Applied Mathematicians associated with Oxford University, England who have been interacting with industry for the past 20 years, doing both modeling of industrial problems as well as solving them mathematically. One of the key figures in the group, John Ockendon, from Oxford University, gave a talk on January 15, 1988, describing several current problems. The presentation which follows is based on his talk and on his lecture notes.
This is my body: hearing the theology of transgender Christians

Written by members of the Sibyls, a group of transgender Christians and allies in the U.K., this volume offers us a glimpse into the workings of the group and, more importantly, into their lives of...
A New Perspective on the Heterogeneity of Cancer Glycolysis

Tumors are dynamic metabolic systems which highly augmented metabolic fluxes and nutrient needs to support cellular proliferation and physiological function. For many years, a central hallmark of tumor metabolism has emphasized a uniformly elevated aerobic glycolysis as a critical feature of tumorigenecity. This led to extensive efforts of targeting glycolysis in human cancers. However, clinical attempts to target glycolysis and glucose metabolism have proven to be challenging. Recent advancements revealing a high degree of metabolic heterogeneity and plasticity embedded among various human cancers may paint a new picture of metabolic targeting for cancer therapies with a renewed interest in glucose metabolism. In this review, we will discuss diverse oncogenic and molecular alterations that drive distinct and heterogeneous glucose metabolism in cancers. We will also discuss a new perspective on how aberrantly altered glycolysis in response to oncogenic signaling is further influenced and remodeled by dynamic metabolic interaction with surrounding tumor-associated stromal cells.
Mean-Square Nuclear Displacement of Fe 57 in Zn from the Mössbauer Effect

${\mathrm{Fe}}^{57}$ in Zn shows a quadrupole splitting of 0.53\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 mm/sec and a chemical shift of ---0.53\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 mm/sec relative to an Fe metal absorber at room temperature. The measurements of the M\"ossbauer fraction $f$ indicate a ratio of mean-square displacements $\frac{{〈{x}^{2}〉}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}{{〈{x}^{2}〉}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}}g~2$ at room temperature relative to the crystal $c$ axis. This is in qualitative agreement with lattice-dynamical calculations.
Structures of two aptamers with differing ligand specificity reveal ruggedness in the functional landscape of RNA.

DNA’s iconic double helix has made it possibly the most widely recognized biological molecule. The closely related RNA, however, is less well known but just as vital. In contrast with DNA’s typical rigid structure, RNA is more flexible and can fold into a wide range of shapes; this allows RNA molecules to have many jobs. Some RNA molecules form structures called riboswitches. As the name suggests, these act as molecular switches that help cells to respond to the presence of important small molecules. When a riboswitch encounters the right molecule, it changes shape, which in turn changes how the cell behaves. It is very difficult, if not impossible, to predict how a riboswitch recognizes its preferred small molecule. To address this, scientists use a technique called X-ray crystallography to directly examine the riboswitch’s structure. Knappenberger, Reiss and Strobel have now determined the structures of two recently discovered riboswitches. The two switches detect molecules called PRPP and ppGpp, respectively. These riboswitches are structurally similar to one that binds to a very different type of chemical called guanidine. The aim was to understand how similar switches respond to different signals. The results reveal that a PRPP riboswitch could become a ppGpp riboswitch just by making a single change to the RNA sequence. Many scientists believe RNA preceded DNA and proteins in some of the earliest organisms on Earth. Understanding how RNAs have evolved and diversified could thus help to understand how early life developed. The results may also help to design synthetic riboswitches for a variety of uses. Since many riboswitches are unique to bacteria, this work could also contribute to the search for new antibiotics.
The District Tourism Lake of Castel Volturno: An Example of Territorial Requalification of Abandoned Quarries

The present study represents an innovative example of land management aimed at reuse with tourism purposes, through environmental recovery and enhancement of some abandoned quarries that have become artificial basins (lakes). The project has set as its objective the creation of a small “tourist district” able to host and make different tourism businesses better express themselves. The initiatives of these companies are presently focused on an area of 300,000 m2 of private property, occupied by two artificial lakes resulting from the reuse of disused quarries, but the project involves the territory requalification of over 90 ha of a highly degraded area. On the whole, the project provided for the construction of a BIO-PARK dedicated to welfare, culture and sustainable tourism, all included in a frame of particular natural value. The study area represents a portion of the campanian plain area included in the relevant area of Castel Volturno Municipality, near Caserta. This area falls within the perimeter of the area called “Lago Patria and neighbouring lakes” inside the SIN (Site of National Interest) Domitian Phlegrean and Agro Aversano Coast (Law n° 426/98).
Acuity recovery and cone pigment regeneration after a bleach in patients with retinitis pigmentosa and rhodopsin mutations.

PURPOSE. To assess visual acuity recovery times and cone photopigment regeneration kinetics after a bleach in the fovea of patients with dominant retinitis pigmentosa due to rhodopsin mutations. METHODS. The authors measured acuity recovery times by computerized photostress testing in 13 patients with dominant retinitis pigmentosa and one of eight rhodopsin mutations. The authors also measured their time constants of cone photopigment regeneration with a video imaging fundus reflectometer to determine whether acuity recovery time depended on pigment regeneration kinetics. These values were compared with those of normal subjects, by the Mann-Whitney U test. The relationship between acuity recovery time and the time constant of cone photopigment regeneration among the patients was quantified by the Spearman rank correlation. RESULTS. The visual acuity recovery times, which averaged 22.0 seconds for the patients with retinitis pigmentosa and 11.2 seconds for the normal subjects, were significantly slower for the patient group (P < 0.001). The time constants of cone pigment regeneration, which averaged 172 seconds for the patients with retinitis pigmentosa and 118 seconds for the normal subjects, also were significantly slower for the patient group (P = 0.043). The authors also found a significant, positive correlation between the visual acuity recovery time and the time constant of pigment regeneration for the patients with retinitis pigmentosa (r = 0.65, P = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS. A slowing of foveal visual acuity recovery and cone pigment regeneration, which are related to each other, can occur in patients with retinitis pigmentosa, due to a rod-specific gene defect.
Pole-Equator-Pole Paleoclimates of the Americas Integration: Toward the Big Picture

Publisher Summary Comparison of present- and past-climate records from the Americas along the Pole-Equator-Pole: Americas transect provided the incentive to search for interhemispheric linkages of climate patterns, and their cause(s) in this chapter. Climate, and climate proxy records are reviewed from a range of disciplines, with different temporal resolutions, and for different time intervals during the past 20,000 years, including the last glacial maximum (LGM), the late glacial interval, and different time windows during the Holocene. Synchroneity of climate change, and comparability of climate signals, both temporal and spatial, were the principal parameters for evaluating interhemispheric linkages. The comparisons showed that, depending on the respective temporal, and spatial scales represented by the records, major phase changes in climate are synchronous in the Northern, and Southern Hemispheres. However, such synchroneity does not necessarily imply the same forcing, as has been shown by comparison of early Holocene vegetation records from the temperate latitudes in North and South America. On the other hand, lack of synchroneity may imply the same overall forcing, but a different response. Thus, there is no simple, and universal solution to how the climate change is linked inter-hemispherically. Instead, the character, and cause of climate linkages appear to depend on the specific time interval, and its regional and hemispheric boundary conditions, on the temporal and spatial resolutions of the climate parameter discussed, and on an understanding of the specific regional response to change.
A Discussion of the Possible Significance of PGI2 in Thrombosis

Before discussing the significance of PGI2 in thrombosis, it is appropriate to acknowledge that its discovery is due to the contributions of three groups. First, credit should be given to Pace-Asciak and Wolfe (1) who in 1971 were working together at McGill University in Montreal. They isolated, identified, and described the unique chemical properties of a noval compound, 6(9)-oxyprostaglandin F2α, which was produced from arachidonic acid by homogenates of rat stomach. Secondly, we would not even be discussing PGI2 today were it not for the discoveries of Moncada, Gryglewski, Vane and others (2,3,4) at the Wellcome Research Laboratories in England. They showed that blood vessels make a prostaglandin, temporarily named PGX, with unique and potent biological properties. Finally, credit is due to Johnson, Morton, and others of The Upjohn Company (5) who collaborated with the Wellcome group and proved that the names 6(9)-oxyprostaglandin F2α and PGX are synonymous. They suggested the use of the trivial name prostacyclin to describe PGX, and I suspect that PGI2 will continue to be called prostacyclin henceforth.
Tractable optimal competitive scheduling

In this paper we describe the problem of Optimal Competitive Scheduling, which consists of activities that compete for a shared resource. The objective is to choose a subset of activities to schedule, sequence them, and decide how much time they are allowed, in such a way that temporal and resource constraints are satisfied and overall schedule quality is maximized. While most such problems are NP-complete, very restricted versions of this problem are known to be tractable. In this work we describe tractable variations on this problem that correspond to realistic scheduling problems. The first class of tractable OCS problems arises due to limitations on the objective function that permit casting the problem as a Linear Program; with one additional assumption on activity feasibility windows, we identify a problem class where an optimal activity ordering can be found in polynomial time. The second class arises by reformulation of the problem as a Valued Constraint Satisfaction Problem and exploiting known results on tractability. We describe implementations of special-purpose algorithms designed to solve tractable OCS problems, and identify different solver performance characteristics based on properties of the problem instances.
Harmonic Phase MRI

MR tagging has not become a standard clinical tool in large part because it has required excessive imaging and processing time. Harmonic phase (HARP) MRI addresses this issue by exploiting the unique Fourier spectrum of tagged MR images in fast, automatic computations of cardiac motion requiring very little Fourier data. To date these methods have been used in two-dimensional (2-D) cardiac motion analyses [1–3], have been validated in human and animal studies [4, 5], and have been extended to three dimensions [6]. HARP-MRI requires very little Fourier data, so that real-time, 2-D imaging should be possible in the near future and breath-hold, 3-D imaging may be possible as well.
From Kuhn to the Economics of Science: Curriculum Studies and Science Studies

In this chapter I discuss my journey in science studies starting with Thomas Kuhn’s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions then moving to the work of Paul Feyerabend, Bruno Latour, Timothy Lenoir, Hans-Jӧrg Rheinberger, Donna Haraway, and Katherine Hayles as they influenced my thinking regarding science matters. I end the chapter with a discussion of the recent rise of the economics of science and the work of D. Wade Hands and Philip Mirowski.
A model for the development of stable isotopic water signatures of tephra deposited on ice following subglacial caldera collapse

Abstract Large-scale silicic volcanism has occurred frequently in regions mantled by thin to very thick glacial ice cover, with several notable examples during the Pleistocene (Yellowstone, Long Valley, Iceland), including high altitude activity during the most recent glacial (e.g. Cascades, Kamchatka, Andes). More ancient caldera-forming events must have occurred during episodes of long-lasting (ca. 10–50 Ma) snowball Earth glaciation in the Neo- and Paleo-proterozoic, and many extraterrestrial eruptions on other ice-covered planets and moons are also of this general form. Recent work suggests that the process of caldera collapse typically lasts hours to weeks, during which the caldera floor drops by several hundreds to thousands of meters and is covered by hot tephra. With this scenario in mind, we investigate glaciovolcanic interactions immediately following the deposition of thick, hot ash layers on ice and consider the destiny of buried tephra and melting ice inside calderas. Our focus is drawn in particular to the post-emplacement hydration of volcanic glasses, with the goal of assessing whether the δ18O, δ17O and δD signatures in ancient deposits might be used to infer the syn-eruptive climate state. Scaling arguments, augmented by an idealized 1D model, suggest that ice should often survive for several decades or centuries as an active meltwater source to the overlying cooling intracaldera tuff. As liberated glacial water (both liquid and vapor) infiltrates and interacts with the tephra layer, volcanic glasses can become fully hydrated to water saturations of several wt.%. Our theoretical treatment is motivated in part by our recent measurements of lower than modern δD values in products of several Pleistocene eruptions in the western U.S. occupying regions that were likely glaciated immediately prior to the emplacement of volcanic products. We discuss how δ18O–δD and δ18O–Δ17O systematics can be used to recognize syn-glacially hydrated intracaldera tephra, potentially including samples that have been buried, altered and subsequently exposed either by fault uplift and erosional exposure or by drilling operations, such as those being performed currently in the Central Snake River Plain near Yellowstone.
Social Movements: Our Virtual Collective Consciousness

This chapter looks at those watershed moments in the development of digital media and the fast pace at which technologies have changed and new platforms have proliferated. Accompanying those technological changes are social and cultural shifts that impact the ways in which people connect and in that communicate with one another. In order to better understand those connections, the chapter investigates three important social movements: the Arab Spring, Me Too and March for Our Lives. In doing so, the chapter describes the role that ordinary individuals play as they are thrust into the foreground and the role that celebrities often play in the development of social movements. Then the chapter describes the excessive nature of participating in social media and the function of engagement in the process of popularizing events and issues on social media platforms and the mind/technology connection that manifests as a virtual collective consciousness.
Synthesis of 7‐hydroxythioridazine and 7‐hydroxysulforidazine

The thioridazine metabolites 7-hydroxythioridazine (2a) and 7-hydroxysulforidazine (2b) were synthesized. Commercial 4-chloro-3-nitrophenylmethylsulfone was converted to the corresponding 4-thiol through an intermediate xanthate ester. Subsequent zinc metal reduction provided the 3-amino thiolate. This salt was condensed with chloroquinone to yield 7-hydroxy-2-methylsulfonylphenothiazine which was then protected as the isopropyl ether. N-Alkylation with 2-(2-chloroethyl)-1-methylpiperidine using sodium hydroxide, then ether cleavage, afforded 2b. The N-alkylation followed by reduction with diisobutylaluminum hydride and deblocking yielded 2a. These reference standards will assist in an exploration of the potential role of meta-bolically formed 2a and 2b in the neuroleptic response to thioridazine.
Dietary Fermented Soy Extract and Active Lactic Acid Alleviate Chronic Kidney Disease in Mice via Inhibition of Inflammation and Modulation of Gut Microbiota (FS15-07-19)

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global epidemic and posing serious health problems with an increasing prevalence worldwide. Effective preventive strategies are urgently needed. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a fermented soybean product (ImmunBalance, IMB) and active lactic acid (ALA) on adenine-induced CKD in mice. Female C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned into one of the following experimental groups: negative control (NC), model control (MC), models with oral gavage of IMB at 250 (IMB-L) or 1000 mg/kg BW (IMB-H), ALA at 1000 (ALA-L) or 2000 mg/kg BW (ALA-H). The CKD model was established by ip. injection of adenine daily for 4 weeks, and treatments started the same day as adenine injection till for 8 weeks. The kidney histopathology was evaluated by H&E staining. Blood cytokines and kidney injury biomarkers were measured by Multiplex sandwich immunoassays. Expression of cytokines and stem cells-related genes in kidney was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. The levels of major phyla of gut microbiota were quantified by quantitative PCR. The CKD mice showed obvious tubular dilation, tubulointerstitium degeneration or atrophy, interstitial chronic and acute inflammation. The administration of IMB and ALA significantly improved histopathological damages. Both of IMB and ALA decreased serum levels of cytokines and kidney toxicity biomarkers MCP-1, IL-6, IP-10, TIMP-1, Cystatin C and Clusterin, and the mRNA levels of inflammatory biomarkers IL-6, IL-1β, TGF-β1, TLR-4, F4/80 and TNF-α in kidney samples. CKD increased gene expression levels of stem cell biomarkers in kidney, which were reduced by IMB or ALA treatment. CKD reduced gut Clostridium leptumb level that was significantly increased by IMB or ALA treatment. Our results suggest that dietary supplementation of IMB or ALA may significantly delay the development and progression of CKD. Nichimo Biotics Co., Ltd and Lifetrade Co. Ltd, Japan.
Self-Organizing NanoGrid (SONG)

This paper presents the concept of a Self-Organizing NanoGrid (SONG) that enables the formation of a distributed decentralized DC nanogrid that is formed using simple building-block converters, that can be connected together in an ad hoc manner, and can be operated with minimal technical expertise in the field. The SONG system does not require detailed knowledge of the network or sources/loads or low latency communication, and is able to operate over a wide ratio of available generation and demanded load. This paper shows the concept of SONG and, its operating characteristics and specifications, and implementation of the converter/load/source elements. SONG presents a new concept of a flexible, scalable, fractal grid that provides unparalleled performance at minimal first and operating cost.
The impact of pharmaceutical innovation on the burden of disease in Canada, 2000-2016.

Abstract We perform an econometric assessment of the role that pharmaceutical innovation—the introduction and use of new drugs—has played in reducing the burden of disease in Canada, by investigating whether diseases for which more new drugs were launched had larger subsequent reductions in disease burden. Since utilization of a drug reaches a peak about 12–14 years after it was launched, we allow for considerable lags in the relationship between new drug launches and the burden of disease. We analyze the impact of new drug launches on a comprehensive measure of disease burden—the age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years lost (DALY) rate—and on its two components: the age-standardized years of life lost (YLL) and years lost to disability (YLD) rates. We also analyze the impact of new drug launches on the number of hospital discharges and on the average length of hospital stays. The number of DALYs lost is significantly inversely related to the number of drugs that had ever been launched 9–20 years earlier, and the number of YLLs is significantly inversely related to the number of drugs that had ever been launched 11–20 years earlier. The launch of a drug has the largest (most negative) impact on the number of DALYs and YLLs 15 years after it was launched. The estimates indicate that if no drugs had been launched during 1986–2001, the age-standardized DALY rate would not have declined between 2000 and 2016; it might even have increased. Almost all (93%) of the reduction in DALYs was due to a reduction in YLL. The estimates imply that new drug launches during 1986–2001 reduced DALYs in 2016 by 21%, reduced YLLs in 2016 by 28%, and reduced YLDs in 2016 by 3%. We estimate that drugs launched during 1986–2001 reduced the number of DALYs lost in 2016 by 2.31 million. Expenditure in 2016 on drugs launched during 1986–2001 per DALY gained in 2016 from those drugs was 2842 USD. Interventions that avert one DALY for less than average per capita income for a given country or region are generally considered to be very cost–effective; Canada's per capita GDP was 42,158 USD in 2016, so our estimates indicate that the new drugs launched during 1986–2001 were very cost–effective, overall. Moreover, 2842 USD may be an overestimate of the true net cost in 2016 per DALY of drugs launched during 1986–2001. A previous study based on U.S. data showed that about 25% of the cost of new drugs is offset by reduced expenditure on old drugs. Also, our estimates indicate that, if no drugs had been launched during 1986–2001, the average length of 2016 hospital stays would have been about 16% higher. The reduction in hospital expenditure due to shorter average length of stay may have been larger than the expenditure on the drugs responsible for shorter hospital stays.
THE INTERSECTION OF RELIGION AND SES IN MANAGING CHRONIC CONDITIONS AMONG OLDER PERSONS IN NIGERIA

This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced version of an article accepted for publication in Innovation in Aging following peer review. The version of record Mahmoud K. O. (2019). THE INTERSECTION OF RELIGION AND SES IN MANAGING CHRONIC CONDITIONS AMONG OLDER PERSONS IN NIGERIA. Innovation in Aging, 3(Suppl 1), S677. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2501Mahmoud K. O. (2019). THE INTERSECTION OF RELIGION AND SES IN MANAGING CHRONIC CONDITIONS AMONG OLDER PERSONS IN NIGERIA. Innovation in Aging, 3(Suppl 1), S677. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2501 is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2501. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Minimal Effects of Moderate Normobaric Hypoxia on the Upper Body Work-Time Relationship in Recreationally Active Women.

Background: Sex-based differences in metabolism and morphological characteristics may result in unique exercise responses during periods of limited oxygen availability. Purpose: To evaluate the eff...
Start-Up REsources and Entrepreneurial Discontinuance: The Case of Nascent Entrepreneurs

Built on the resource-based view of the firm, this study addresses two major research questions: (1) what resources are salient in entrepreneurial discontinuance; (2) To what extent, does the impact of resources on the odds of discontinuance vary across the nature of startup between high technology and non-technology? These questions are examined using 830 nascent entrepreneurs from the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (PSED). Overall, we find that not all resources are equally salient, especially when comparing technology-based and non-technology-based nascent entrepreneurs. With the exception of education and managerial experience, human capital has limited influence on discontinuance. Our results lend no support for our social capital hypothesis. Financial capital significantly decreases the odds of discontinuance. Additionally, the odds of discontinuance of technology-based and non-technology-based nascent entrepreneurs are affected by a different set of resources. Implications and future research directions are proposed.
In the Name of the Cross: Christianity and Anti-Semitic Propaganda in Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy

The role played by Christianity and Christian churches in the demonization of the Jews by the German National Socialist and Italian Fascist regimes remains a subject of intense controversy. The historiography at the base of this debate has been largely rooted in research on either Germany or Italy, yet comparative empirical study is particularly well-suited to allow broader generalizations. Such work is especially valuable given the very different relationships the two regimes maintained with the churches. This article identifies similarities and differences in the Nazi and Italian Fascist uses of Christianity in their efforts to turn their populations against the Jews through examination of two of their most influential popular anti-Semitic propaganda vehicles: La difesa della razza in Italy and Der Sturmer in Germany. Both mixed pseudoscientific racial theories with arguments based on Christian religious authority, and both presented themselves as defenders of Christianity against the Jewish threat. Yet while the Italian publication, reflecting the Fascist regime's close relationship with the Roman Catholic Church, took care to present itself as in harmony with the Church, the German publication adopted a much more critical attitude toward contemporary German churches and churchmen, casting them as having strayed from the true teachings of Jesus.
Tibetan “Barbarians” in China’s Borderlands: Changing Perspectives According to the Geographical Records in the Siku Quanshu

China has always considered herself to be the center of the world. Those regions and populations which were not included in the Chinese territory under direct supervision of the imperial court were, depending on their distance from the court, perceived as being in a tighter or looser tributary relation to China. Tibet and its territorial relation to China is one such example and the historical sovereignty or suzerainty of China over Tibet is an omnipresent issue even in the current Sino-Tibetan context. China expresses territorial claims over Tibet originating from the Yuan or even the Tang dynasty, while the Tibetan side argues that Tibet was an independent state until the middle of the twentieth century. There is evidence to support both claims. However, it is difficult to judge historical territorial claims from our contemporary viewpoint and current understanding of the functions and integrity of the state and its borders. Undoubtedly, China and Tibet, as neighboring entities, experienced intense cultural, political, and religious interaction, and depending on the given political situation they would seek alliances or, more frequently, clash as enemies. An inquiry into the geographical records of the Qing dynasty collection of valuable sources, the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries (Siku quanshu), and particularly into the Qing historiographical record, the Da Qing yitong zhi, and its revised version the Jiaqing chongxiu yitong zhi, indicates that relations between China and Tibet were much more complex than presented by the two political parties nowadays, as they dependednot only on the military strength of the two parties, but also on prevailing economic needs or dominant religious trends.
Scribe: improving older adults' access to medical instructions from patient-physician conversations

During doctor's visits, the medical conversations shared often contain essential instructions and tailored advice necessary for daily care, particularly among older adults who manage chronic illnesses. However, some older adult patients face barriers and accessibility challenges that limits their access to shared information. Current research to improve access to instructions provided during patient-physician conversations focuses on methods such as one-to-one sessions that can be applied during the visit but are not available after the session ends. Electronic health portals provide access to some information after the visit, but many older patients find it challenging to navigate and access information through portals. To address the limitations of existing methods, this paper introduces a prototype called Scribe that provides older patients with access to the transcripts of medical conversations associated with multiple doctors' visits. Scribe automatically creates notes from doctors' visits that contain key information to assist individuals in navigating through information. In a study with 10 older adults, we examined Scribe's perceived usefulness for improving access to medical conversations. Findings suggest Scribe's potential to help older patients better access shared information from doctors' visits as well as support their relationships with caregivers. We contribute considerations for improving older adults future access to medical instructions using similar technologies.
Into the Next Generation of Online Video: OTT Video 3.0

The first generation of Over-the-Top (OTT) video emerged in 2007, after earlier explorations, when Netflix began to stream some of its DVD rental films. Hulu, Amazon, and others soon joined. This first generation was characterized by the entry of non-traditional players, the introduction of original content, new viewing styles, upgraded technology such as adaptive bitrate streaming, and new business models. The latter included targeted advertising, and user-generated content such as Google’s YouTube. This industry structure that emerged was one of high concentration and global expansion. This then led to the second generation of OTT, which we have entered. That generation is characterized by the entrance of traditional media companies into the new ecosystem. In the United States, CBS and Disney joined the OTT field while Comcast and AT&T are about to launch their own services. Similar efforts are taking place in other countries. As this second generation plays out, we can observe issues that will be a major part of the third generation of OTT. One issue is the segmentation of content in individual services, requiring users to engage in multiple subscriptions and inconvenient searches. Another major issue is the emergence of global market power in online video. This then will lead to the third generation, where business and regulatory initiatives to overcome siloed market power might emerge. One response will be the emergence of content integrators that combine access to different services. These intermediaries will be able to offer bridging and content management, bringing together different standards, technologies, features, and payment models. Globally, OTT video accounts for about $85 billion in revenue in 2019. As OTT continues its rapid growth, independent research becomes even more important for business strategy and public policy. The paper will build upon and extend a 2-volume book by the author published in January 2021. This paper will examine: • OTT.2 o The state of the market in the second generation of OTT. o Factors for market leadership, for market structure, and for concentration o The globalization of the video OTT 2.0 market • OTT.3 o The emergence of OTT 3.0  industry dynamics and new entrants.  Impact on the deployment of next-generation broadband connections around the world. o Business models  Options for OTT bundled service, such as intermediaries.  The possible pricing structures of OTT 3.0., including a la carte models o Content  How OTT 3.0 will affect and support content diversity.  How new applications of video, such as immersive and interactive genres, will change entertainment, education, and work. o Societal and Regulatory Implications  Affordability, privacy, and security.
Physical therapy assessment and whole-body magnetic resonance imaging findings in children with glycogen storage disease type IIIa: A clinical study and review of the literature.

Abstract Introduction Early recognized manifestations of GSD III include hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, and elevated liver enzymes. Motor symptoms such as fatigue, muscle weakness, functional impairments, and muscle wasting are typically reported in the 3rd to 4th decade of life. Objective In this study, we investigated the early musculoskeletal findings in children with GSD IIIa, compared to a cohort of adults with GSD IIIa. Methods We utilized a comprehensive number of physical therapy outcome measures to cross-sectionally assess strength and gross motor function including the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) scale, grip and lateral/key pinch, Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM), Gait, Stairs, Gowers, Chair (GSGC) test, 6 Minute Walk Test (6MWT), and Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency Ed. 2 (BOT-2). We also assessed laboratory biomarkers (AST, ALT, CK and urine Glc4) and conducted whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WBMRI) to evaluate for proton density fat fraction (PDFF) in children with GSD IIIa. Nerve Conduction Studies and Electromyography results were analyzed where available and a thorough literature review was conducted. Results There were a total of 22 individuals with GSD IIIa evaluated in our study, 17 pediatric patients and 5 adult patients. These pediatric patients demonstrated weakness on manual muscle testing, decreased grip and lateral/key pinch strength, and decreased functional ability compared to non-disease peers on the GMFM, 6MWT, BOT-2, and GSGC. Additionally, all laboratory biomarkers analyzed and PDFF obtained from WBMRI were increased in comparison to non-diseased peers. In comparison to the pediatric cohort, adults demonstrated worse overall performance on functional assessments demonstrating the expected progression of disease phenotype with age. Conclusion These results demonstrate the presence of early musculoskeletal involvement in children with GSD IIIa, most evident on physical therapy assessments, in addition to the more commonly reported hepatic symptoms. Muscular weakness in both children and adults was most significant in proximal and trunk musculature, and intrinsic musculature of the hands. These findings indicate the importance of early assessment of patients with GSD IIIa for detection of muscular weakness and development of treatment approaches that target both the liver and muscle.
Peripheral Dopamine Systems

Publisher Summary In sympathetic nerves and the adrenal medulla, most dopamine (DA) is converted to norepinephrine (NE). Therefore, other sources and functions of DA in the periphery are to be considered. Emerging evidence suggests the presence of a third peripheral catecholamine system, in which DA functions not as a neurotransmitter or circulating hormone but as an autocrine or paracrine substance. In the kidneys, DA is now well established as an autocrine/paracrine effector substance contributing to the regulation of sodium excretion. Unlike neuronal catecholamine systems, production of DA in the kidneys is largely independent of the local synthesis of L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Thus, renal denervation does not affect urinary DA excretion. Instead, the production of DA in the kidneys depends mainly on the proximal tubular cell (PTC) uptake of L-dopa from the circulation. Although the kidneys represent the major source of urinary-free DA this source does not account for the larger amounts of excreted DA metabolites, such as homovanillic acid and DA sulfate. Findings of large arterial to portal venous increases in plasma concentrations of DA and its metabolites imply that substantial amounts of DA are produced in the gastrointestinal tract. Mesenteric organs account for 40–50% of the DA produced in the body that is not converted to NE or epinephrine (EPI).
Using 3D Head and Respirator Shapes to Analyze Respirator Fit

A computational approach to analyzing respirator fit is demonstrated using geometries generated by laser scanning, mechanical drawings, and CAD files. Three fit-related problems that can be solved using computational tools are demonstrated: 1) The study of an outward leak of breathing gases into a near-flammable environment. 2) The study of a flow field inside a half-facepiece respirator. 3) The characterization of the relationship of respirator design and head shape to fit and comfort.
s d 2 Graphene: Kagome Band in a Hexagonal Lattice

Graphene, made of $s{p}^{2}$ hybridized carbon, is characterized with a Dirac band, representative of its underlying 2D hexagonal lattice. The fundamental understanding of graphene has recently spurred a surge in the search for 2D topological quantum phases in solid-state materials. Here, we propose a new form of 2D material, consisting of $s{d}^{2}$ hybridized transition metal atoms in hexagonal lattice, called $s{d}^{2}$ ``graphene.'' The $s{d}^{2}$ graphene is characterized by bond-centered electronic hopping, which transforms the apparent atomic hexagonal lattice into the physics of a kagome lattice that may exhibit a wide range of topological quantum phases. Based on first-principles calculations, room-temperature quantum anomalous Hall states with an energy gap of $\ensuremath{\sim}0.1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$ are demonstrated for one such lattice made of W, which can be epitaxially grown on a semiconductor surface of $1/3$ monolayer Cl-covered Si(111), with high thermodynamic and kinetic stability.
Role of macrophages in immunity and pathogenesis of experimental cryptococcosis induced by the airborne route.--Part I: Pathogenesis and acquired immunity of Cryptococcus neoformans.

Summary Pulmonary cryptococcosis was not established until day 7 post respiratory exposure of mice to Cryptococcus neoformans. This observation indicates that the organism might have initially colonized foci in the upper respiratory tract (mucous membranes or lymphoid tissues) prior to the establishment of pulmonary cryptococcal infection. Pulmonary cryptococcosis served as the primary source of the yeast for subsequent dissemination to the liver, spleen, and finally to the brain. At day 56, Cr. neoformans was isolated from lungs (100%) and brains (33%) of infected animals sacrificed at this period. Spleens and livers of the same animals were culturally negative to the organism. Perhaps there is another line of dissemination to the central nervous system besides hematogenous spread. Subclinical respiratory infection with 1.6 × 104Cr. neoformans conferred immunity on mice against a lethal intravenous challenge with 1.7 × 106 viable Cr. neoformans. This acquired immunity was detected at day 7, peaked at days 21 and 28, then started to subside on day 42 post infection. At this time an increased rate of mortality occurred and continued to increase until day 56 when it remained on the same level until day 84 post exposure. Zusammenfassung Eine pulmonale Cry tokokkose war bei Mausen, die auf aerogenem Wege mit Cryptococcus neoformans infizert wurden, nicht vor dem 7. Tag nachweisbar. Dies lies vermuten, das der Ptilz zuerst Herde in dem oberen Respirationstrakt—Schleimhaute oder lymphoides Gewebe—bildete, und erst danach kam es zur eigentlichen Cryptokokkose der Lunge, Die Aussaat der Hefe in die Leber, in die Mlilz und letztlich in das Gehirn erfolgte von der Lungenmykose, die als primare Infektionsquelle angesehen wird. Bei infizierten Tieren, die am 56. Ta getotet wurden, konnte Cr. neoformans in 100 % der Falle aus der Lunge und in 33 % der Falle aus dem Gehirn isoliert werden. Bei den gleichen Tieren lies sich der Pilz nicht aus der Milz und der Leber kulturell nachweisen. Moglicherweise besteht auser der hamatogenen Streuung ein weiterer Weg fur die Verbreitung des Sprospilzes. Eine subklinische aerogene Infektion mit 1,6 × 104Cr. neoformans-Zellen fuhrte bei Mausen zur Immunitat gegen eine letale Dosis von 1,7 × 106 lebender Cr. neoformans-Zellen. Diese erlangte Immunitat wurde am 7. Tag festgestellt. Am 21. und 28. Tag erreichte diese einen Gipfel, und nach dem 42. Tag nach der Infektion begann sie abzunehmen. Die Mortalitatsrate stieg zu dieser Zelt an und nahm bis zum 56. Tag zu. Danach blieb die Mortalitatsrate bis zum 84. Tag unverandert.
Kaplan-Meier Survival Curves and the Log-Rank Test

We begin with a brief review of the purposes of survival analysis, basic notation and terminology, and the basic data layout for the computer.
L1∩LpStability of an IPFM system†

A ‘small-gain’ theorem is derived concerning the L 1∩L p stability of a stable IPFM system, p ∈[1,∞] The development of the theorem through familiar functional analysis techniques is rendered possible after a formulation of the input-output relation of the pulse modulator is established.
Treatment of Upper eyelid retraction associated with thyroid eye disease with subconjunctival botulinum toxin injection

Abstract Objective To study the effectiveness of botulinum toxin injections, via a subconjunctival approach, in the management of upper eyelid retraction associated with thyroid eye disease. Design Prospective, noncomparative, interventional case series. Participants Eleven patients with upper scleral exposure associated with thyroid eye disease who declined conservative or conventional surgical management. Intervention One or more treatments with injections of botulinum toxin into the subconjunctival space at the superior margin of the tarsal plate, via a conjunctival approach. Main outcome measures Upper eyelid position in relation to the upper limbus, patient satisfaction, and complications. Results All patients experienced some improvement in the amount of lid retraction after injections. The amount of lid lowering varied between patients and lasted between 1 and 40 months. A lid position acceptable to the patient was obtained in 10 patients. Four patients had ptosis lasting from 1 to 3 weeks, and three patients had transient diplopia lasting 1 day to 3 weeks. Conclusions This subconjunctival method of botulinum toxin injection provides an effective treatment for upper eyelid retraction associated with thyroid eye disease that is easy to administer and well tolerated by patients with few side effects.
Medical informatics and the medical school curriculum

At Northwestern University Medical School, the program in medical informatics has developed in a setting of curricular reform that began with establishing institutional primacy in determining the conduct and content of the curriculum without diminishing individual departmental responsibility for conducting the educational process. Informatics and medical decision making, the medical curricular objectives, and the medical informatics curricular goals are discussed. Faculty training and software selection are considered. >