cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of forehead and digit oximetry in surgical/trauma patients at risk for decreased peripheral perfusion.

Objective Measurement of pulse oximetry (Sp o 2 ) is often impaired in critically ill patients. Forehead reflectance oximetry, the Max-Fast (Nellcor, Pleasanton, CA), may be less susceptible to poor tissue perfusion and could improve accuracy of oxygen saturation measurement. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of forehead oximetry measures in critically ill surgical/trauma patients. Methods A prospective interventional study of 30 critically ill surgical/trauma patients at risk for decreased peripheral perfusion, as evidenced by need for vasopressor support (24 patients), transfusion of more than 6 unit packed cells in 24 hours (two patients), or an inability to obtain consistent saturation from a digit sensor (four patients), compared forehead and digit-based oximeter Sp o 2 readings with co-oximetry (Sa o 2 ) measurements from arterial blood samples. Sa o 2 values were converted to functional oxygen saturation (SO 2 ) measurements for the final comparison. Patients were fitted with forehead (Nellcor Max-Fast) and digit (Nellcor Max A; digit 1) sensors connected to Nellcor OxiMax N-595 oximeters and a digit sensor (Nellcor Max A; digit 2) connected to a multiparameter monitor (Philips CMS [Andover, MA]). Three measurements of Sa o 2 were obtained from each subject over a 24-hour time period, and simultaneous measurements of Sp o 2 were recorded from the three monitors. Results The three Sp o 2 measurements (forehead, digit 1, and digit 2) were compared with SO 2 values using the Bland-Altman method to assess agreement. Forehead measurements demonstrated a mean bias of −1.39, whereas digit 1 was −2.61 and digit 2 was −3.84. Pearson correlations (r) for forehead, digit 1, and digit 2 with SO 2 were .834, .433, and .254, respectively. There were fewer unsuccessful measurements with the forehead oximetry technique. Conclusions Forehead sensors improve measurement of oxygen saturation in critically ill surgical/trauma patients at risk for decreased peripheral perfusion.
Inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy and Postclassic Petén slipped pottery: an examination of pottery wares, social identity and trade*

ICP–ES analysis of the clay pastes of Postclassic (c. ad 850–1524) slipped pottery from the central Peten lakes region establishes chemical composition groups that provide information concerning manufacturing traditions and trading patterns. These data demonstrate that manufacturing traditions and trading patterns change throughout the Postclassic period, reflecting possible socio-political alliances as different ethnic groups migrated to and from the Yucatan peninsula into the central Peten lakes region. The chemical composition groups also demonstrate that some manufacturing traditions imitate those from the Late Classic period and that some clay sources were used throughout the Postclassic period for multiple ceramic groups.
Effect of albumin on transplacental transfer and distribution of rosiglitazone and glyburide.

Objective. The aims of this investigation were (i) to determine the rate and extent of rosiglitazone transfer across term human placenta, and (ii) to determine the effect of human serum albumin (HSA) on rosiglitazone and glyburide transfer and distribution.Methods. These aims were achieved by utilizing the technique of dual perfusion of placental lobule (DPPL). Each hypoglycemic drug was coperfused with the marker compound antipyrine (AP). In each experiment, the [3H]-isotope of the hypoglycemic drug and the [14C]-isotope of AP were added to enhance the detection limits of each drug. Human serum albumin (HSA) was added to both the maternal and fetal circuits in the experiments in which it was investigated.Results. Transplacental transfer of rosiglitazone and glyburide from the maternal to fetal circuits in media devoid of HSA was similar. However, the addition of HSA to the maternal and fetal circuits had different effects on the transfer and distribution of the two drugs, though their binding to HSA (99....
Recurrence of the Clinical Signs of Lattice Corneal Dystrophy (Type I) in Corneal Transplants

Lattice corneal dystrophy (type I) is characterized by branching stromal lattice figures, white subepithelial opacities, and anterior stromal haze. Corneal transplantation is often required to restore the vision of patients with lattice corneal dystrophy. Our restrospective study of 61 penetrating keratoplasties in 39 patients with lattice corneal dystrophy found clinical signs of lattice corneal dystrophy in 29 transplants (48%) after periods ranging from three to 26 years. Subepithelial opacities or anterior stromal haze or both were the most common signs of recurrence. Lattice figures appeared in only one graft. Regrafting was necessary to restore vision in eight cases (15%) in which primary corneal transplantation had been performed for this condition.
Stability constants of the Hg2+-BAL complexes

Abstract Stability constants for the complexes HgBAL and HgBAL 2 2− have been determined using a titrimetric method involving simultaneous use of a glass, a mercury and a calomel electrode. For HgBAL, log K 1 is 25.74 ± 0.45; for HgBAL 2 2− , log K 2 is 8.61 ± 0.10. Although BAL has only two donor sites, it forms a more stable complex with Hg 2+ than EDTA does. This mercury complex is the most stable of the simple mononuclear BAL complexes which has yet been reported in the literature.
Itinéraires intellectuels entre la France et les rives sud de la Méditerranée

Itineraires intellectuels entre la France et les rives sud de la Mediterranee, edited by Christiane Chaulet Achour, Paris, Editions Karthala, 2010, 356 pp., €25 (paperback), ISBN 978-2-8111-0345-3 ...
Congress And Citizen Discontent: Public Evaluations of the Membership and One’s Own Representative

This study, which uses a national survey conducted by Hibbing and Theiss-Morse, finds that evaluations of the membership of Congress and of one’s own representative in the U.S. House are both tied ...
SIBLING TERMINOLOGY AND CROSS-SEX BEHAVIOR.

This paper examines variations among sibling terminologies and suggests a functional explanation for selected aspects of the differences among systems. It presents evidence to suggest that behavior that places emphasis on cross-sex relations will lend to produce terminologies in which siblings of the same sex are distinguished from siblings of the opposite sex. A possible typology of kinds of sibling terminologies is given.
Reading First kindergarten classroom instruction and students' growth in phonological awareness and letter naming–decoding fluency

Abstract This study investigated the role of the amount, content, and implementation of reading instruction provided by 17 kindergarten teachers in eight Reading First elementary schools as it related to students' progress ( n = 286 students) on early reading assessments of phonological awareness and letter naming–decoding fluency. Children's phonological awareness and letter naming–decoding fluency grew significantly from fall to spring. On average, across the three 60 min observations, teachers provided over 30 min a day of phonological awareness and phonics instruction and 15 min a day of vocabulary and comprehension instruction. Global ratings of instructional quality revealed two implementation factors: explicit and individualized implementation and meaningful interactions around text. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that the amounts of specific instructional content, as well as how this instruction was implemented, was related to students' letter knowledge and phonological awareness skill growth.
Multiculturalism and time in Trieste: place-marketing images and residents' perceptions of a multicultural city

This paper discusses how people encounter marketed images of places in order to explore whether place-marketing images are always seen as misrepresentations. As part of this, I question whether people always ‘read’ into place-marketing images the meanings inscribed by marketers, and I attend to the various dimensions of time that people draw on when articulating their views of their place's marketed identity. Using Trieste as a case study, I consider how a group of thirty-one residents perceived their city's ‘multicultural character’ as it was advertised during the bid for the 2008 World Expo and show that while the respondents did not read into Trieste's marketed multicultural image the meanings that the marketers intended, the interviewees largely supported Trieste's advertised image. I discuss how the evocation of specific temporalities (historical past, present and ‘timeless’) affected how the respondents articulated their views about Trieste's multiculturalism. I also explain why Trieste's marketed m...
THE NONCULTURE OF POVERTY.

The attitudes associated with culture of poverty are a realistic response to the facts of poverty. Research demonstrated that poor nutrition and housing produce reactions associated with a culture of poverty. The civil rights movement suggests, besides, that in the culture of poverty there may be unrecognized affirmative attitudes.
TLR-2 Signaling Promotes IL-17A Production in CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Regulatory Cells during Oropharyngeal Candidiasis

Recent studies show that CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory cells (Tregs) produce effector cytokines under inflammatory conditions. However, the direct role of microbial agents that serve as toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands in the induction of effector cytokines in Tregs is less clear. Here we show that CD4+Foxp3+Tregs produce the effector cytokine IL-17A during oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) and inflammatory bowel disease in a TLR-2/Myd88 signaling dependent manner. TLR-2 ligands promote proliferation in Tregs in the presence and absence of TCR signals and inflammatory cytokines in vitro. The proliferation is directly dependent on TLR-2 expression in Tregs. Consistent with this, Tlr2−/− mice harbor fewer thymically derived Tregs and peripheral Tregs under homeostatic conditions in vivo. However, under Th17 inducing conditions, IL-6 and TLR-2 signaling both in Tregs as well as antigen presenting cells (APC) are critical for maximal ROR-γt and IL-17A up-regulation in Foxp3+ Tregs. The minimal and transient loss of Foxp3 expression and suppressive properties are due to the presence of IL-6 in the milieu, but not the direct effect of TLR-2 signaling in Tregs. Taken together, our data reveal that TLR-2 signaling promotes not only proliferation, but also IL-17A in Tregs, depending on the cytokine milieu. These IL-17A producing Tregs may be relevant in mucosal infections and inflammation.
Multi-period dynamic supply contracts with cancellation

This paper considers a class of multi-period dynamic supply contracts in which a buyer orders a product from a supplier in each period and the supplier allows the buyer to cancel a portion of an outstanding order with penalty during a planning horizon. We assume that both the buyer and the supplier have common knowledge. We first characterize the buyer's ordering and canceling policy that minimizes his expected cost during the planning horizon. We also characterize the supplier's optimal production policy under a very mild assumption on the costs of production and storage. Based on this structure, we then use simulation to show how the supplier chooses cancellation costs that minimize her expected cost during the planning horizon. Our simulation shows that both the buyer and the supplier would benefit from the contract.
MicroRNA-132–mediated loss of p120RasGAP activates the endothelium to facilitate pathological angiogenesis

Although it is well established that tumors initiate an angiogenic switch, the molecular basis of this process remains incompletely understood. Here we show that the miRNA miR-132 acts as an angiogenic switch by targeting p120RasGAP in the endothelium and thereby inducing neovascularization. We identified miR-132 as a highly upregulated miRNA in a human embryonic stem cell model of vasculogenesis and found that miR-132 was highly expressed in the endothelium of human tumors and hemangiomas but was undetectable in normal endothelium. Ectopic expression of miR-132 in endothelial cells in vitro increased their proliferation and tube-forming capacity, whereas intraocular injection of an antagomir targeting miR-132, anti–miR-132, reduced postnatal retinal vascular development in mice. Among the top-ranking predicted targets of miR-132 was p120RasGAP, which we found to be expressed in normal but not tumor endothelium. Endothelial expression of miR-132 suppressed p120RasGAP expression and increased Ras activity, whereas a miRNA-resistant version of p120RasGAP reversed the vascular response induced by miR-132. Notably, administration of anti–miR-132 inhibited angiogenesis in wild-type mice but not in mice with an inducible deletion of Rasa1 (encoding p120RasGAP). Finally, vessel-targeted nanoparticle delivery1 of anti–miR-132 restored p120RasGAP expression in the tumor endothelium, suppressed angiogenesis and decreased tumor burden in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model of human breast carcinoma. We conclude that miR-132 acts as an angiogenic switch by suppressing endothelial p120RasGAP expression, leading to Ras activation and the induction of neovascularization, whereas the application of anti–miR-132 inhibits neovascularization by maintaining vessels in the resting state.
Molecular recognition of nucleotides by the protonated macrocyclic ligand 3,6,9,17,20,23-hexaazatricyclo[23.3.1.111,15]triaconta-1(29),11(30),12,14,25,27-hexaene and by its Cu(II) complexes; catalysis of the conversion of ATP to ADP

Abstract The hexaaza macrocyclic ligand 3,6,9,17,20,23-hexaazatricycli[23.3.1.1 11,15 ]triaconta-1(29),11(30),12,14,25,27-hexaene (BMXD) forms binary complexes with the nucleotides AMP, ADP and ATP as a result of coulombic attraction and hydrogen bonding interactions. Formation constants for the binary species found have been measured using potentiometric titration methods. The protonated forms of BMXD are able to recognize the nucleotides in solution and the strength of binding is of the order ATP > ADP > AMP. The mono- and dinuclear copper(II) complexes of BMXD also form stable ternary complexes with ADP and ATP in solution although the formation constants are somewhat less than those with the macrocycle alone. The catalysis of the conversion of ATP to ADP and orthophosphate at 70°C has been followed by HPLC techniques. The rates of hydrolysis increase with decreasing pH and are compared to the rates catalyzed by other hexaaza macrocyclic ligands. The presence of copper(II) ions has an inhibitory effect on the hydrolysis of ATP by BMXD.
Fibroblast growth factor-2 in remodeling of the developing basement membrane zone in the trachea of infant rhesus monkeys sensitized and challenged with allergen

Remodeling of the epithelial basement membrane zone (BMZ) involves increased deposition of collagen, resulting in thickening of the BMZ. The current study focuses on fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) in the tracheal BMZ in house dust mite allergen (HDMA)-sensitized infant rhesus monkeys, challenged with HDMA at a time when the BMZ is undergoing active postnatal development. To detect structural changes in the BMZ, we measured collagens I, III, and V. To detect changes in the function of the BMZ, we measured immunoreactivity of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, perlecan, and FGF-2. We found significant thickening of the tracheal BMZ (p < 0.05) with each of these parameters. We also found that all HDMA tracheal samples expressed thin focal areas of the BMZ associated with leukocyte trafficking. These areas were depleted of perlecan and FGF-2; however, increased FGF-2 immunoreactivity was present in the adjacent basal cells. We conclude that basal cells and FGF-2 are involved with significant remodeling of the BMZ in the developing trachea of infant rhesus monkeys exposed to HDMA.
Dental management considerations for the patient with post-traumatic stress disorder

Vietnam veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder are frequently encountered in the dental office. They are often anxious, hostile, depressed, withdrawn, or resistant to treatment. Their psychological set and relatively high incidence of alcohol and drug-related problems frequently require modification of their dental therapy. An attractive and biologically sound restoration of the orofacial structures may improve long-term rehabilitation by enhancing self-esteem and social interactions.
Active site residues in Mycobacterium tuberculosis pantothenate synthetase required in the formation and stabilization of the adenylate intermediate.

Pantothenate synthetase (EC 6.3.2.1) catalyzes the formation of pantothenate from ATP, d-pantoate, and β-alanine in bacteria, yeast, and plants. The three-dimensional structural determination of pantothenate synthetase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis has indicated specific roles for His44, His47, Asn69, Gln72, Lys160, and Gln164 residues in the binding of substrates and the pantoyl adenylate intermediate. To evaluate the functional roles of these strictly conserved residues, we constructed six Ala mutants and determined their catalytic properties. The substitution of alanine for H44, H47, N69, Q72, and K160 residues in M. tuberculosis pantothenate synthetase caused a greater than 1000-fold reduction in enzyme activity, while the Q164A mutant exhibited 50-fold less activity. The rate of the isolated adenylation reaction in single turnover studies was also reduced 40−1000-fold by the replacement of one of these six amino acids with alanine, suggesting that these residues are essential for the formation of t...
Nuclear rescattering effects in massive dihadron production.

We describe some implications for massive dihadron production experiments of recent observations in Fermilab experiments E609 and E557 of large nuclear rescattering effects in dijet production in hard [ital pA] collisions. Substantial upward corrections to [alpha] (in the [ital A][sup [alpha]] cross section parametrization) are indicated for dihadron experiments which detect symmetric back-to-back hadrons with narrow acceptance in azimuth or [ital p][sub [ital T]]. Other consequences of the large nuclear rescattering are also discussed.
The nature of the glass transition

Abstract The free-volume model was first proposed to study movement in dense liquids near the liquid → glass transition Tg. The model has been extended in the last few years to apply to the thermodynamics near Tg, to relaxation and the glass transition and to tunneling centers at very low temperatures. In this paper, we first review the essential elements of our new free-volume model and then discuss several recent experimental results on relaxation phenomena which support this picture of the glass transition.
heterocyclic catalysts for enhanced silicon oxidation and wet chemical etching

Abstract Heterocyclic amine catalysts used to accelerate the wet oxidation of 〈100〉 silicon in gallate-complexed aqueous amine etchant formulations include pyrazines, pyridazines, and N -conjugated triazoles, tetrazoles, and triazines. Faster oxidation results in faster etch rates, where 2- and 2,3-disubstituted pyrazines produce aggressive etchants. Steric factors seem to control catalytic activity: large substituents in the 2- or 2,3- positions may enhance catalyst dissociation from the oxidized silicon surface, but 2,3,5,6-substitution may inhibit association of the catalyst with the bare substrate. Etch rates greater than 125 μm h −1 are obtained on 〈100〉 Si with quinoxaline, but unconjugated 1,2-diazines or diazoles do not show catalytic activity.
Changes in the methylation of transfer RNA in vaccinia infected HeLa cells

Abstract Uridine-labeled HeLa tRNA, when chromatographed on benzoylated diethylaminoethyl cellulose (BD-cellulose), eluted in two peaks, A and B, which contained 53% and 47% of the total labeled tRNA, respectively. The ratio of peak A to peak B was about 1.15. Experiments with methyl-labeled tRNA suggested that the source of this chromatographic separation depended on the methyl groups found in the bases of the tRNA species. The tRNA species that eluted as peak A were relatively methyl-rich and contained 70% of the total methyl-labeled tRNA while those molecules that eluted later at the higher salt concentration as peak B were relatively methyl-poor and contained 30% of the total methyl-labeled tRNA. Infection of HeLa cells with vaccinia for 8 hr resulted in a significant change in the elution pattern of uridine-labeled tRNA. About 70% of the uridine-labeled tRNA was found to elute in the methyl-rich peak A while 30% was found to elute in the methyl-poor peak B. The ratio of uridine counts in peak A to peak B was about 2.20 compared to the 1.15 found in uninfected cells. Since preexisting tRNA was shown to be unaffected by vaccinia infection, it was concluded that in vaccinia-infected cells there was a substantial relative increase in the synthesis of methylated tRNA compared to normal cells.
The Yung percutaneous mastoid vent: a medium-term follow-up study.

Background I designed a percutaneous mastoid vent to provide permanent ventilation to the middle ear. The vent consists of an outer titanium tube that osseointegrates with the mastoid bone and an inner Teflon tube that protrudes into the mastoid antrum. Objective To follow up all patients who had the mastoid vent inserted since 1995. Study Design and Setting Retrospective study of 14 patients with mastoid vents inserted at the ear, nose, and throat clinic of a district general hospital. Patients All patients had ventilation problems of the ear that failed to respond to conventional treatment. Three patients had persistent otitis media with effusion; 10 had completely collapsed eardrums; and 1 had failed tympanoplasty with recollapsed eardrum. Intervention and Outcome Measure The mastoid vent extrusion rate, surrounding skin reaction, patency of the vent, and functional results were assessed with a follow-up period of 9 to 36 months. Results Only 1 vent was extruded in a patient who had a previous cortical mastoidectomy. There was no dermatitis around any of the vents. All vents remained patent, and 9 of the 14 ears underwent successful ventilation. Four ears had adhesions within the mastoid antrum, mainly due to a previous cortical mastoidectomy. Six of 8 ears with intact ossicles also had improved hearing. Conclusion The percutaneous mastoid vent can provide medium-term ventilation to the middle ear.
White salted noodle characteristics from transgenic isolines of wheat over expressing puroindolines

The closely linked genes puroindoline a (Pina) and puroindoline b (Pinb) control most of the variation in wheat (Triticum aestivum) grain texture. Mutations in either Pina or Pinb result in hard grain with wild type forms of both genes giving soft grain. Asian noodles are prepared from both hard and soft classes of wheat. Our objective was to examine color and texture characteristics of white salted noodles processed from flours of transgenic isolines of Hi-Line hard red spring wheat over expressing Pina-D1a, Pinb-D1a or both and a control giving a range in grain texture from very soft to hard. White salted noodles were prepared and color and texture characteristics were measured. The three softer textured transgenic isolines showed greater change in L* with time than Hi-Line. The noodles were more adhesive (more negative value), firmer, and chewier as the grain texture became successively softer when cooked at 5 min. These texture differences were not as apparent when noodles were cooked for an optimum time. Starch pasting properties did not explain the noodle textural differences. A possible explanation for the noodle texture differences may be related to starch damage which ranged from 2.2% for HGAB to 6.7% for Hi-Line, flour particle size differences and subsequent water absorption differences among the four genotypes. Over expression of puroindolines did not enhance quality of white salted noodles when prepared under these conditions.
Force Spectroscopy of Collagen Fibers to Investigate Their Mechanical Properties and Structural Organization

Tendons are composed of collagen and other molecules in a highly organized hierarchical assembly, leading to extraordinary mechanical properties. To probe the cross-links on the lower level of organization, we used a cantilever to pull substructures out of the assembly. Advanced force probe technology, using small cantilevers (length <20 μm), improved the force resolution into the sub-10 pN range. In the force versus extension curves, we found an exponential increase in force and two different periodic rupture events, one with strong bonds (jumps in force of several hundred pN) with a periodicity of 78 nm and one with weak bonds (jumps in force of <7 pN) with a periodicity of 22 nm. We demonstrate a good correlation between the measured mechanical behavior of collagen fibers and their appearance in the micrographs taken with the atomic force microscope.
L and M cone contributions to the midget and parasol ganglion cell receptive fields of macaque monkey retina.

Analysis of cone inputs to primate parvocellular ganglion cells suggests that red‐ green spectral opponency results when connections segregate input from long wavelength (L) or middle wavelength (M) sensitive cones to receptive field centers and surrounds. However, selective circuitry is not an obvious retinal feature. Rather, cone receptive field surrounds and H1 horizontal cells get mixed L and M cone input, likely indiscriminately sampled from the randomly arranged cones of the photoreceptor mosaic. Red‐ green spectral opponency is consistent with random connections in central retina where the mixed cone ganglion cell surround is opposed by a single cone input to the receptive field center, but not in peripheral retina where centers get multiple cone inputs. The selective and random connection hypotheses might be reconciled if cone type selective circuitry existed in inner retina. If so, the segregation of L and M cone inputs to receptive field centers and surrounds would increase from horizontal to ganglion cell, and opponency would remain strong in peripheral retina. We measured the relative strengths of L and M cone inputs to H1 horizontal cells and parasol and midget ganglion cells by recording intracellular physiological responses from morphologically identified neurons in an in vitro preparation of the macaque monkey retina. The relative strength of L and M cone inputs to H1 and ganglion cells at the same locations matched closely. Peripheral midget cells were nonopponent. These results suggest that peripheral H1 and ganglion cells inherit their L and M cone inputs from the photoreceptor mosaic unmodified by selective circuitry.
Application of Microprocessor Based Protective Relays in Power Systems

This paper reviews microprocessor based protective relay (MBPR) systems with emphasis on differential equation algorithms. In the present, the application of protection relaying in power systems, using MBPR systems, based on the differential equation algorithm are valued more than the protection relaying based on any other algorithms, because the algorithm has the advantages of accuracy and easy implementation. MBPR differential equation approach can tolerate some errors caused by power system abnormality such as DC offset. It is widely implemented in the protections for lines, transformers, buses, motor, and other equipment in power systems. However, the parameters for system description algorithms are obtained from power system current i(t) or voltage v(t), which are abnormal values under fault or distortion situations. So the error study for the algorithm is considered necessary.
Blind testing of rock varnish microstratigraphy as a chronometric indicator: results on late Quaternary lava flows in the Mojave Desert, California

Rock varnish is a manganiferous dark coating ubiquitous in desert landscapes. To test the validity of varnish microstratigraphy as a chronometric indicator, varnish samples were collected from radiometrically dated and undated late Quaternary lava flows in Amboy, Cima, and Pisgah volcanic fields (AVF, CVF, PVF) in the Mojave Desert of California, western United States. Varnish microstratigraphies show a replicable layering sequence that appears to record regional climate changes that likely correspond in time to the Younger Dryas and Heinrich events in the North Atlantic region. Microstratigraphic patterns on these volcanic fields match patterns found in varnishes from other western US sites with available radiometric age constraints. Based on this regional chronology, varnishes from the A flow, H flow, and a stone pavement surface in the Cima volcanic field were estimated to be 16.5–24, 74–85, and 74–85 ka, respectively; these ages are consistent with previously published cosmogenic 3 He ages of 18–20, 72–74, and 80–85 ka for these geomorphic surfaces. Varnishes from the I flow at Cima yielded a puzzling age estimate of 39 ka, which is consistent with an older 3 He age of 37F6 ka reported for the I flow, but inconsistent with a younger 3 He age of 31F7 ka and a cosmogenic 36 Cl age of 27F1.3 ka for the same flow. Reinterpretation of the original varnish age data, with knowledge of then available field mapping results of the I flow, suggests that the I cone is polycyclic and different flow units were probably unintentionally sampled in the field. The revised varnish ages of 30 and 39 ka for the I flow thus may be in good agreement with their corresponding 3 He and 36 Cl ages. In a blind test of the method, varnishes from the Phase 1 flow at Pisgah, an unnamed flow (called here the IVflow) at Cima, and the Amboy flow were estimated to be 24–30, 46–60, and 74–85 ka, respectively; these ages agree well with 36 Cl ages of 22.5F1.3, 46F2, and 79F5 ka reported for the same flows by Phillips [Geomorphology (2002).]. These test results provide convincing evidence that varnish microstratigraphy, once radiometrically calibrated, can be used as a valid dating tool to estimate surface exposure ages of desert landforms in the western US drylands. D 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Release and recovery of porcine pepsin and bovine chymosin from reverse micelles: a new technique based on isopropyl alcohol addition.

After complete solubilization by the direct method, porcine pepsin was not released from AOT in isooctane reverse micelles even under aqueous-phase conditions which would not ordinarily allow uptake. Similarly, bovine chymosin, once forward-transferred at a pH below its isoelectric point, was not back-transferred into an aqueous contact phase buffered at a pH value above its isoelectric point. These results show that there is significant hysteresis in the forward- and backward-transfer processes and further imply that kinetics, and not equilibrium, control uptake or release processes for these enzymes. The addition of 10-15 % isopropyl alcohol to the aqueous phase increases the rate of protein release dramatically and allows for nearly complete back-transfer of porcine pepsin and 70% back-transfer of bovine chymosin. IPA addition does not destroy the functional integrity of the system since forward transfer of bovine chymosin still occurs at pH values below (but not above) the pl of the protein.
Consumer susceptibility to interpersonal influence and attributional sensitivity

This research examines the relationship between consumer susceptibility to interpersonal influence and attributional sensitivity. It is hypothesized that consumer susceptibility to interpersonal influence is moderated by the level of attributional sensitivity. Across two studies, this hypothesis was supported. Individuals high in attributional sensitivity scored higher on various measures of consumer susceptibility to interpersonal influence than individuals low in attributional sensitivity. This suggests that consumers susceptible to the influence of others are more likely to purchase products that they perceive will lead others to make favorable attributions about them, and avoid purchasing products that they perceive will lead others to evaluate them negatively. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Asymmetric competition via induced resistance : Specialist herbivores indirectly suppress generalist preference and populations

Species may compete indirectly by altering the traits of a shared resource. For example, herbivore-induced responses in plants may make plants more resistant or susceptible to additional herbivorous insect species. Herbivore-induced plant responses can significantly affect interspecific competition and herbivore population dynamics. These herbivore-herbivore indirect interactions have been overlooked in aquatic ecosystems where previous studies used the same herbivore species to induce changes and to assess the effects of these changes. We asked whether seaweed grazing by one of two herbivorous, congeneric snail species (Littorina obtusata or Littorina littorea) with different feeding strategies and preferences would affect subsequent feeding preferences of three herbivore species (both snails and the isopod Idotea baltica) and population densities of three herbivore species (both snails and a third periwinkle snail, Lacuna vincta). In addition, we measured phlorotannin concentrations to test the hypothesis that these metabolites function as induced defenses in the Phaeophyceae. Snail herbivory induced cue-specific responses in apical tissues of the seaweed Fucus vesiculosus that affected the three herbivore species similarly. When compared to ungrazed controls, direct grazing by Littorina obtusata reduced seaweed palatability by at least 52% for both snail species and the isopod species. In contrast, direct grazing by L. littorea did not decrease seaweed palatability for any herbivore, indicating herbivore-specific responses. Previous grazing by L. obtusata reduced populations of L. littorea on outplanted seaweeds by 46% but had no effect on L. obtusata populations. Phlorotannins, a potential class of inducible chemicals in brown algae, were not more concentrated in grazed seaweed tissues, suggesting that some other trait was responsible for the induced resistance. Our results indicate that marine herbivores may compete via inducible responses in shared seaweeds. These plant-mediated interactions were asymmetric with a specialist (L. obtusata) competitively superior to a generalist (L. littorea).
A bounded search algorithm for segmented channel routing for FPGA's and associated channel architecture issues

The segmented channel routing problem arises in the context of a special type of architecture called field programmable gate arrays (FPGA's), which contain predefined segmented routing tracks that can be connected together to form longer segments. The segments may be connected to the pins of the gates by programmable elements. The segmented channel routing problem is formulated as a special case of a matrix row matching problem. A bounded tree search algorithm has been developed which provides a wide spectrum of solutions compromising the fixed available resources and the given requirements. The algorithm is complete; i.e., it finds a solution if one exists. We have also developed an algorithm to generate channel segmentation based on distribution of nets across channels. The segmented channels are evaluated on the basis of performance versus cost criteria. The algorithms have been implemented in C on an Apollo 4000 workstation. >
Comparison of real-time hybrid testing with shake table tests for an MR damper controlled structure

This paper compares the results of real-time hybrid testing with shake table tests at the University of Connecticut (UConn) to provide validation of a newly constructed real-time hybrid test facility at UConn. The seismic response of a two-story building employing a Magneto-Rheological (MR) fluid damper located between ground and first floor is examined for shake table testing and real-time hybrid simulation. For the shake table tests the two-story building model with Lord Corporation MR Damper (RD-1005-3) is tested on a medium-scale uniaxial seismic simulator located at UConn. In the real-time hybrid test, the building is simulated in a computer while the MR damper is physically tested in hard real-time. The newly constructed real-time hybrid testing facility at UConn provides a means to physically test critical rate dependant components of structural systems in a state-of-the-art hybrid simulation facility.
Making Sense of the Links: Professional Development, Teacher Practices, and Student Achievement

Background/ContextAlthough there is substantial evidence that high-quality professional development can improve teacher practices, less evidence exists for the effects of teacher professional devel...
Application of chlorine dioxide to lessen bacterial contamination during broiler defeathering

SUMMARY Because of the escape of contaminated gut contents, the number of Campylobacter spp. recovered from broiler carcasses increases during defeathering. Chlorine dioxide is approved for use as an antimicrobial treatment during poultry processing. A study was designed to test if application of 50 ppm of ClO2 during defeathering could prevent the expected increase in Campylobacter numbers on carcasses. Three replications were conducted, each using carcasses from different Campylobacter-positive flocks. Carcasses were collected from the shackle line immediately before and after defeathering with and without ClO2 spray; all carcasses were subjected to a whole-carcass rinse. Rinsate was cultured for Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella. Carcasses sprayed with ClO2 during defeathering had significantly lower numbers of Campylobacter and E. coli than carcasses treated with the water spray control defeathering. The ClO2 defeathering treatment also resulted in a lower prevalence of Salmonella than did control defeathering. Antimicrobial resistance profiles of Campylobacter and Salmonella isolates collected from ClO2-treated carcasses were not different from those collected from control carcasses. Application of ClO2 during feather removal may have potential as a means to mitigate the increase in bacterial contamination associated with broiler defeathering.
Huitzilopochtli's Conquest: Aztec Ideology in the Archaeological Record

This article was presented as the third David Clarke Memorial Lecture at Peterhouse College, Cambridge University, 1997. It examines the role of religious ideology in the Aztec state. Ideology is often regarded as a means of easing tension between a dominant and a subordinate group. Ideology, however, might also serve as a mechanism for achieving unity within the dominant group so that it can control subordinates through direct coercion. State-sponsored religion occupied a prominent position in Aztec culture. But, did tribute-paying commoners accept the state's religious rationale for warfare, conquest, and sacrifice? Or was the message primarily directed to higher-status elites? Archaeological material from the Aztec Great Temple and from village sites in the Aztec hinterland are used to assess the role ofrelgion in Aztec political life.
ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE URACHUS AND BLADDER EXPRESSES A UNIQUE COLONIC EPITHELIAL EPITOPE: AN IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY

AbstractPurpose: Primary adenocarcinoma of the bladder is a rare neoplasm whose histogenesis is poorly understood. Current data support the concept that adenocarcinoma of the bladder and urachus evolves from zones of intestinal metaplasia that become dysplastic and invasive. To address this hypothesis further we determined the immunoreactivity of benign and malignant epithelial tissue from the bladder and urachus with a monoclonal antibody that is reactive with colonic epithelium to evaluate the presence of a common reactive epitope.Materials and Methods: The monoclonal antibody 7E12 H12 (IgM isotype), developed against a colonic epithelial protein, was used in an immunoperoxidase assay to survey formalin fixed, paraffin embedded archival tissue specimens. A total of 26 specimens obtained by endoscopic biopsy or extirpative surgery, including benign and malignant bladder and urachal epithelial abnormalities, was chosen for retrospective evaluation.Results: All adenocarcinoma reacted positively regardless ...
Two simple stopping criteria for turbo decoding

This paper presents two simple and effective criteria for stopping the iteration process in turbo decoding with a negligible degradation of the error performance. Both criteria are devised based on the cross-entropy (CE) concept. They are as efficient as the CE criterion, but require much less and simpler computations.
Modeling human neurodevelopmental disorders in the Xenopus tadpole: from mechanisms to therapeutic targets

The Xenopus tadpole model offers many advantages for studying the molecular, cellular and network mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disorders. Essentially every stage of normal neural circuit development, from axon outgrowth and guidance to activity-dependent homeostasis and refinement, has been studied in the frog tadpole, making it an ideal model to determine what happens when any of these stages are compromised. Recently, the tadpole model has been used to explore the mechanisms of epilepsy and autism, and there is mounting evidence to suggest that diseases of the nervous system involve deficits in the most fundamental aspects of nervous system function and development. In this Review, we provide an update on how tadpole models are being used to study three distinct types of neurodevelopmental disorders: diseases caused by exposure to environmental toxicants, epilepsy and seizure disorders, and autism.
Time-varying, saturating feedback control of linear systems under state and control constraints

The problem of obtaining a linear discrete-time system under state and control linear constraints is studied. The time-varying linear control law is proposed. It is shown that application of a time-varying controller instead of a time-invariant one improves the system performance. The control input may saturate while the stability of the closed-loop system is preserved. >
Placement in a novel environment induces Fos-like immunoreactivity in supramammillary cells projecting to the hippocampus and midbrain

Injections of fluorescent retrograde tracers into either the hippocampal formation or the midbrain raphe nuclei resulted in retrograde labeling of many cells in the supramammillary region of the hypothalamus. Double labeling studies indicated that these two projections originate from different populations of supramammillary cells. Expression of the proto-oncoprotein Fos could be induced in some retrogradely labeled cells by placing rats in a novel open field before sacrifice. Although seen in both cell types, Fos-like immunoreactivity was significantly more common in supramammillary cells projecting to the hippocampus than in those projecting to the midbrain. These findings suggest that the supramammillary region may contain several populations of neurons which are differentially responsive to certain behavioral manipulations.
Neuropeptide Y Y1-Receptor Stimulation Is Required for Physiological Amplification of Preovulatory Luteinizing Hormone Surges

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to potentiate the actions of LHRH during the generation of preovulatory LH surges. It is not yet known, however, if activation of a specific subtype of NPY receptors in the anterior pituitary gland is an obligatory event in the stimulation of spontaneous LH surges. A battery of NPY receptor agonists, as well as the specific NPY Y1 receptor antagonist BIBP3226, were used to assess the role of Y1 receptors in the amplification of LH surges. In Exp 1, the potencies of a number of NPY agonists in facilitating LHRH-induced LH surges were assessed in pentobarbital (PB)-blocked, proestrous rats. The rank-ordered potencies of these compounds were determined to be PYY = [Leu31Pro34]NPY > NPY ≫ hPP = rPP = NPY(13–36), which most closely reproduces the known rank-ordered affinties of these compounds for the Y1 receptor. In Exp 2, a Y1 subtype- specific antagonist, BIBP3226, was administered to unanesthetized, proestrous rats to assess the involvement of the Y1 receptor in the stim...
The Science of Automatic Precision: The Rise and Fall of Spectro-Chrome Therapy

“Spectro-Chrome,” an alternative healing method based on the application of colored visible light to the body, was practiced by more than ten thousand Americans over the half-century following its introduction in 1920. It was the invention of Dinshah Ghadiali, a charismatic inventor and popular science lecturer, who used the rhetoric and tactics of contemporary popularizers to discredit orthodox medicine’s claim to scientific authority, and to advance his own on behalf of his followers of the “Science of Automatic Precision.” Practitioners, who mostly treated themselves and their immediate families, were encouraged to think of themselves as scientific researchers. Dinshah’s students presented their findings at local and national meetings, engaged in continuing education, critiqued one another’s work, and articulated an ethos of science that repudiated the obscurantism and greed that they believed had infected scientific medicine. Beyond its perceived value as a healing practice, Spectro-Chrome’s inclusive, pragmatic, and straightforward nature appealed to Americans excluded from a scientific establishment that had begun to seem remote and arcane, and from a medical culture they perceived as oriented more toward commercial ends and professional consolidation than traditional patient care.
Stirring by deep cyclones and the evolution of Denmark strait overflow water observed at line W

Abstract Shipboard velocity and water property data from 18 transects across the North Atlantic Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) near 40 °N are examined to study the evolution of the Denmark Strait Overflow Water (DSOW) component of the DWBC and mixing between DSOW and the interior. The examined transects along Line W – which stretches from the continental shelf south of New England to Bermuda – were made between 1994 and 2014. The shipboard data comprise measurements at regular stations of velocity from lowered acoustic Doppler current profilers, CTD profiles and trace gas chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) concentrations from bottle samples at discrete depths. Comparison of the Line W velocity sections with concurrent sea surface height maps from satellite altimetry indicates that large cyclones in the deep ocean accompany intermittent quasi-stationary meander troughs in the Gulf Stream path at Line W. A composite of 5 velocity sections along Line W suggests that a typical cyclone reaches swirl speeds of greater than 30 cm s−1 at 3400-m depth and has a radius (distance between the center and the maximum velocity) of 75 km. Tracer data suggest that these cyclones affect not only the deep velocity structure along Line W, but also provide a mechanism for water exchange between the DWBC's DSOW and the interior. Vigorous exchange is corroborated by a mismatch in the CFC-11:CFC-12 and CFC-113:CFC-12 ratio ages calculated for DSOW at Line W. During the most recent 5-year period (2010–2014), a decrease in DSOW density has been driven by warming (increasing by almost 0.1 °C) as salinity has increased only slightly (by 0.003, which is close to the 0.002 uncertainty of the measurements). The abyssal ocean offshore of the DWBC and Gulf Stream and deeper than 3000-m depth has freshened at a rate of 6×10−4 yr−1 since at least 2003. Density here remains nearly unchanged over this period, due to temperature compensation, though a linear cooling trend in the abyssal ocean (to compensate the freshening) is not statistically significant.
Diplomatic and International History: Athletes and Ambassadors

The methods of diplomatic and international history present additional approaches to sport topics which can allow for more nuanced understandings of sport organizations, their events, and relations between countries. This study explores diplomatic and international history methods and how they can be utilized by sport historians.