cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Novel Physics-Based Predictive Model for Small Fatigue Crack Growth with Microstructural Sensitivity in Cast Aluminum Alloys

A novel predictive model for microstructurally small fatigue crack growth rates was developed using a three-part methodology. First, a deterministic model was created to predict microstructurally small fatigue crack growth behavior from long fatigue crack growth data using considerations of crack tip plasticity. Subsequently, microstructural barrier characteristic spacing/strength were modeled to introduce characteristic acceleration and deceleration mechanisms of grain- and secondary phase-controlled cracks. Finally, the deterministic model was coupled with a Monte Carlo technique, and used to make predictions of lifetime distributions and S–N curves with material and component specificity. Simple, metallographically measured parameters are used to make predictions, and the model provides insight into their respective roles in controlling fatigue crack growth lifetimes, and enables design practice optimization. The model predicts that, for cast Al-Si-Mg alloy A356, increasing matrix strength, grain size, and secondary dendrite arm spacing enhances overall fatigue crack growth resistance. Comparisons are made to experimental data, and show that successful predictions are made.
High-contrast imaging stability using MEMS deformable mirror

Direct imaging of Earth-like exoplanets in reflected starlight requires high contrast imaging systems, such as coronagraph, with starlight suppression better than 1e-10 over a broad spectral band. Such deep contrast can only be achieved by means of wavefront control techniques (e.g. speckle nulling, electric field conjugation, stroke minimization…) where deformable mirrors correct for low and mid-frequency optical aberrations. In space, the coronagraph with wavefront control will create high contrast regions using a target star before pointing to a science star. While re-pointing the space-telescope, the surface stability of the deformable mirrors will play a very important role in maintaining the high contrast regions. In the present work, we report an optical characterization and stability analysis of MEMS deformable mirrors for high contrast imaging using a vortex coronagraph in vacuum to simulate space conditions. We created high contrast regions using electric field conjugation and monitored its evolution for several hours using pair-wise estimation.
Management of life-threatening hemoptysis.

It is estimated that 5–14% of patients presenting with hemoptysis will have life-threatening hemoptysis, with a reported mortality rate between 9 and 38%. This manuscript provides a comprehensive literature review on life-threatening hemoptysis, including the etiology and mechanisms, initial stabilization, and management of patients. There is no consensus on the optimal diagnostic approach to life-threatening hemoptysis, so we present a practical approach to utilizing chest radiography, computed tomography, and bronchoscopy, alone or in combination, to localize the bleeding site depending on patient stability. The role of angiography and embolization as well as bronchoscopic and surgical techniques for the management of life-threatening hemoptysis is reviewed. Through case presentation and flow diagram, an overview is provided on how to systematically evaluate and treat the bronchial arteries, which are responsible for hemoptysis in 90% of cases. Treatment options for recurrent hemoptysis and definitive management are discussed, highlighting the role of bronchial artery embolization for recurrent hemoptysis.
Never too young: Retrospective study on age and racial disparity in the outcome of primary CNS Lymphoma in south Texas.

e14553Background: Primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare malignancy, comprising only 2% of primary CNS tumors in the United States.While it’s incidence has decreased in the immunocompromised popula...
ER Proteostasis Regulators Reduce Amyloidogenic Light Chain Secretion Through an On-Target, ATF6-Independent Mechanism

The plasma cell secretion and toxic aggregation of amyloidogenic immunoglobulin light chains (LCs) causes proteotoxicity in Light Chain Amyloidosis (AL). We recently identified endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis regulators such as compound 147 that reduce secretion and aggregation of LCs implicated in AL (Plate, Cooley et al., 2016). Compound 147 promotes adaptive ER proteostasis remodeling through a mechanism involving covalent modification of multiple protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) and subsequent activation of the ATF6 unfolded protein response (UPR) -associated transcriptional signaling pathway (Paxman, Plate et al., 2018). Here, we show that the 147-dependent reduction in amyloidogenic LC secretion from AL patient plasma cells is independent of ATF6 activation, but instead requires on-target PDI modification. Our results reveal pharmacologic targeting of PDIs as a potential strategy to ameliorate AL-associated proteotoxicity and demonstrate that 147 can influence ER proteostasis through multiple on-target mechanisms including ATF6 activation and PDI modification.
Recurrent dynamics of prefrontal cortex during context-dependent decision-making

Abstract A key problem in systems neuroscience is to understand how neural populations integrate relevant sensory inputs during decision-making. Here, we address this problem by training a structured recurrent neural network to reproduce both psychophysical behavior and neural responses recorded from monkey prefrontal cortex during a context-dependent per-ceptual decision-making task. Our approach yields a one-to-one mapping of model neurons to recorded neurons, and explicitly incorporates sensory noise governing the animal’s performance as a function of stimulus strength. We then analyze the dynamics of the resulting model in order to understand how the network computes context-dependent decisions. We find that network dynamics preserve both relevant and irrelevant stimulus information, and exhibit a grid of fixed points for different stimulus conditions as opposed to a one-dimensional line attractor. Our work provides new insights into context-dependent decision-making and offers a powerful framework for linking cognitive function with neural activity within an artificial model.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Aging: Multimorbidity in Older People With HIV in One Nonurban Southeastern Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program Clinic.

Background Age-related chronic conditions are becoming more concerning for people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH). We aimed to identify characteristics associated with multimorbidity and evaluate for association between multimorbidity and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) outcomes. Methods Cohorts included PWH aged 45-89 with ≥1 medical visit at one Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program (RWHAP) Southeastern HIV clinic in 2006 (Cohort 1) or 2016 (Cohort 2). Multimorbidity was defined as ≥2 chronic diseases. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess for associations between characteristics and multimorbidity and between multimorbidity and HIV outcomes. Results Multimorbidity increased from Cohort 1 (n = 149) to Cohort 2 (n = 323) (18.8% vs 29.7%, P < .001). Private insurance was associated with less multimorbidity than Medicare (Cohort 1: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.02-0.63; Cohort 2: aOR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.27-1.00). In Cohort 2, multimorbidity was associated with female gender (aOR, 2.57; 95% CI, 1.22-5.58). In Cohort 1, black participants were less likely to be engaged in care compared with non-black participants (aOR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.61-0.87). In Cohort 2, participants with rural residences were more likely to be engaged in care compared with those with urban residences (aOR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.10-1.38). Multimorbidity was not associated with differences in HIV outcomes. Conclusions Although PWH have access to RWHAP HIV care, PWH with private insurance had lower rates of multimorbidity, which may reflect better access to preventative non-HIV care. In 2016, multimorbidity was higher for women. The RWHAP and RWHAP Part D could invest in addressing these disparities related to insurance and gender.
The New Vote Dilution

We may be witnessing the emergence of a new kind of vote dilution claim. In a barrage of lawsuits about the 2020 election, conservative plaintiffs argued that electoral policies that make it easier to vote are unconstitutionally dilutive. Their logic was that (1) these policies enable fraud through their lack of proper safeguards and (2) the resulting fraudulent votes dilute the ballots cast by law-abiding citizens. In this Article, I examine this novel theory of vote dilution through fraud facilitation. I track its progress in the courts, which have mostly treated it as a viable cause of action. Contra these treatments, I maintain that current doctrine doesn’t recognize the claim that electoral regulations are dilutive because they enable fraud. However, I tentatively continue, the law should acknowledge this form of vote dilution. Fraudulent votes can dilute valid ones—even though, at present, they rarely do so. Under my proposed approach, vote dilution through fraud facilitation would be a cognizable but cabined theory. Standing would be limited to voters whose preferred candidates are targeted by ongoing or imminent fraud. Liability would arise only if a measure is both likely to generate widespread fraud and poorly tailored to achieve an important governmental interest. And relief would take the form of additional precautions against fraud, not the rescission of the challenged policy. In combination, these points would yield a mostly toothless cause of action under modern political conditions. Should there ever be a resurgence of fraud, though, the new vote dilution claim would stand ready to thwart it.
Six minutes to promote change: People, not facts, alter students' perceptions on climate change

Anthropogenic climate change threatens the structure and function of ecosystems throughout the globe, but many people are still skeptical of its existence. Traditional "knowledge deficit model" thinking has suggested that providing the public with more facts about climate change will assuage skepticism. However, presenting evidence contrary to prior beliefs can have the opposite effect and result in a strengthening of previously held beliefs, a phenomenon known as biased assimilation or a backfire effect. Given this, strategies for effectively communicating about socioscientific issues that are politically controversial need to be thoroughly investigated. We randomly assigned 184 undergraduates from an environmental science class to one of three experimental conditions in which we exposed them to short videos that employed different messaging strategies: (a) an engaging science lecture, (b) consensus messaging, and (c) elite cues. We measured changes in student perceptions of climate change across five constructs (content knowledge, acceptance of scientific consensus, perceived risk, support for action, and climate identity) before and after viewing videos. Consensus messaging outperformed the other two conditions in increasing student acceptance of the scientific consensus, perceived risk of climate change, and climate identity, suggesting this may be an effective strategy for communicating the gravity of anthropogenic climate change. Elite cues outperformed the engaging science lecture condition in increasing student support for action on climate, with politically conservative students driving this relationship, suggesting that the messenger is more important than the message if changing opinions about the necessity of action on climate change is the desired outcome. Relative to the other conditions, the engaging science lecture did not support change in students' perceptions on climate, but appealing to student respect for authority produced positive results. Notably, we observed no decline in students' acceptance of climate science, indicating that none of the conditions induced a backfire effect.
In Vivo Activity of Repurposed Amodiaquine as a Host-Targeting Therapy for the Treatment of Anthrax.

Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis and can result in nearly 100% mortality due in part to anthrax toxin. Antimalarial amodiaquine (AQ) acts as a host-oriented inhibitor of anthrax toxin endocytosis. Here, we determined the pharmacokinetics and safety of AQ in mice, rabbits, and humans as well as the efficacy in the fly, mouse, and rabbit models of anthrax infection. In the therapeutic-intervention studies, AQ nearly doubled the survival of mice infected subcutaneously with a B. anthracis dose lethal to 60% of the animals (LD60). In rabbits challenged with 200 LD50 of aerosolized B. anthracis, AQ as a monotherapy delayed death, doubled the survival rate of infected animals that received a suboptimal amount of antibacterial levofloxacin, and reduced bacteremia and toxemia in tissues. Surprisingly, the anthrax efficacy of AQ relies on an additional host macrophage-directed antibacterial mechanism, which was validated in the toxin-independent Drosophila model of Bacillus infection. Lastly, a systematic literature review of the safety and pharmacokinetics of AQ in humans from over 2 000 published articles revealed that AQ is likely safe when taken as prescribed, and its pharmacokinetics predicts anthrax efficacy in humans. Our results support the future examination of AQ as adjunctive therapy for the prophylactic anthrax treatment.
1013 Resolution and persistence of ovarian cysts using cyst diameter in order to relate findings to the practicing physician

Introduction/Background* Ovarian cysts frequently resolve on their own, but little information on resolution is available for use in clinical practice. The objective of this study was to characterize the resolution of incident ovarian cysts in relation to cyst diameter, structure, age, body habitus, and menopausal status. These categorizations are important for decisions on whether to continue monitoring the cyst or intervene surgically. Methodology A total of 2,638 women with incident cysts were selected who had undergone 51,356 transvaginal ultrasound examinations in the University of Kentucky Ovarian Cancer Screening Program and were negative for ovarian malignancy. Prevalent cysts were excluded as they would be examined with an undefined course of first appearance when defining resolution time. Other exclusions included women with concurrent ovarian malignancies, cysts with solid components, and cases where surgery interrupted the natural history of measured cysts. The descriptor reported here is cyst diameter used to relate findings to physicians discovering these structures by bimanual examination. The variables collected in this study were: age, BMI, cyst diameter, cyst structure (loculation/septation), family history of ovarian cancer, and use of hormone replacement therapy. All images were reviewed by a physician. Methods of analysis include t-tests, chi-square, and Cox regression analysis of cyst resolution times. Result(s)* Women with a history of 1 or more cysts were included so that 2,465 unilocular and 1,420 septated cysts were available for analysis. Septated cysts (mean ± SEM, 3.8±0.03) had a larger diameter than unilocular cysts (3.4±0.03), P Conclusion* While septated cysts tended to have a larger diameter than unilocular cysts, they were observed to resolve more rapidly. Menopausal status and body mass index were not seen to have an influence on the time to resolution of unilocular and septated cysts. For the clinician, this study establishes expectations for cyst resolution based on a primary estimation of cyst diameter in a population where no malignancy was observed.
Comparing Genetic Mechanisms of Bud Chilling Fulfillment and Seed Cold Stratification: A Role for Peach (Prunus persica)?

Peach is proposed as a model to examine the shared molecular and genetic regulation of bud chilling requirement for bud break and seed moist chilling requirement for germination. Recent studies have suggested the possible mechanistic overlap of these two developmental responses to chilling exposure. However, an extensive comparison of bud and seed chilling requirement has not been made in any one species. Advantages and disadvantages of peach as a model for this work are discussed.
Normal spinous process metaphyseal-equivalent lucency simulating infant abuse fractures

We report a normal radiographic finding that may be mistaken for child abuse trauma in the posterior thoracolumbar spinous processes of young infants after the first week of life. A lucency paralleling the posterior margin of the ossified spinous process is equivalent to the metaphyseal lucent bands seen normally after about a week of the child's age at the ends of long tubular bones. A similar lucency is seen just under the growth plate of vertebral bodies at that early age, giving the bone-in-bone appearance. Our index case was imaged at 3 weeks and then at 5 weeks of age, with no evidence of periosteal reaction or endosteal callus on that follow-up study, confirming the lack of fractures. Language: en
The First-Order Theories of Dedekind Algebras

A Dedekind Algebra is an ordered pair (B,h) where B is a non-empty set and h is an injective unary function on B. Each Dedekind algebra can be decomposed into a family of disjoint, countable subalgebras called configurations of the Dedekind algebra. There are N0 isomorphism types of configurations. Each Dedekind algebra is associated with a cardinal-valued function on omega called its configuration signature. The configuration signature of a Dedekind algebra counts the number of configurations in the decomposition of the algebra in each isomorphism type.
Arizona v. Gant: Two and a Half Cheers for the Court

In Arizona v. Gant the Supreme Court reversed the long-standing precedent of New York v, Belton and held that police could no longer search the passenger compartment of a car, when the driver was arrested from that car, without any level of suspicion. Instead, prior to searching the car the police must have 'reason to believe' that evidence will be found in it. This means that for many arrests, such as driving with a suspended license or bail jumping there can be no search because there is no evidence to be found. This article examines the decision, points out couple of flaws, but generally applauds it.
Symmetric structure in active galactic nuclei

We have identified a new class of active galactic nucleus, with symmetric nuclear radio structure (two opposed jets, and little evidence for relativistic effects. These objects are most readily explained as young (or rejuvenated) radio galaxies, less than 104 years old. Study of these and similar objects is likely to lead to a better understanding of the formation of double-lobed radio galaxies and the creation and collimation of jets.
Direct lateral profiling of both interface traps and oxide charge in thin gate MOSFET devices

A simple method has been developed to measure the localized hot carrier damage in scaled thin-gate MOSFET's. Lateral distributions of both interface traps and oxide charge can be derived directly from experimental charge pumping results without numerical simulation.
Autism and the Autism Spectrum: Diagnostic Concepts

The development of various diagnostic concepts and their continued refinement have enriched both clinical work and research. The proposal in DSM-5 for reconceptualization of a new “autism spectrum” disorder concept has some merit as well as some potential limitations. Clearly, major changes impact clinical work and research (particularly research involving longitudinal or epidemiological samples). It seems likely that we are entering a period in which a range of diagnostic approaches will be used; whether this will help or hinder research remains an important question. Keywords: autism; autism spectrum; diagnosis; DSM-5; DSM-IV
Plasma arylsulfatase and β-glucuronidase in acute alcoholism

Abstract Significant elevations of two Ivsosomal hydrolases, arylsulfatase and β-glucoronidase were detected in the plasma of alcoholics with acute alcoholic intoxication. The release of these enzymes into the blood stream is probably due to increased permeability of lysosomal membranes resulting from the action of ethanol or its metabolites.
Quantification of CO2 masses trapped through free convection process in isothermal brine saturated reservoir

Abstract Dissolution trapping of supercritical CO2 into formation brine has been investigated as a potential mechanism for reducing buoyancy force in carbon storage formations. This study attempts to quantify how much CO2 can be stored through dissolution trapping assuming the free-phase CO2 will be dissolved continuously on the top of perturbed brine phase. Most former investigations focused on physical explanations of density-driven free convection instability. Our aim is to compute the amount of CO2 (by mass) captured by dissolution trapping until the model reservoir reaches steady state. The numerical experimentation is done using dimensionless mass and momentum conservation laws. The major problem parameter here is the Rayleigh number, for which we carry out an extensive survey to find out its low and high ends based on field and observed data from the literature and in-house database. Because density difference is the main driving force, we also investigate the effects of impurities retained in CO2 stream on density contrast. We study both homogeneous and heterogeneous reservoirs. Also, different boundary conditions (Neumann, Dirichlet, and periodic) are compared to understand their effects. The simulations are run until nearly complete saturation (∼99%) is reached. For a test case (T = 40 °C, P = 50 bar) of geologic and thermophysical conditions, we have found that on average 0.33–15 g CO2 will dissolve per year until a heterogeneous unit reservoir volume of 1 m3 reaches complete saturations. For the case of homogeneous reservoir this amount is 0.28–6 g.
Large-Angular-Scale Anisotropy in the Cosmic Background Radiation

Results of an extended series of airborne measurements of large-angular-scale anisotropy in the 3-K cosmic background radiation are reported. A dual-antenna microwave radiometer operating at 33 GHz flown aboard a U-2 aircraft to 20-km altitude on 11 flights between December 1976 and May 1978 measured differential intensity between pairs of directions distributed over most of the Northern Hemisphere. Measurements show clear evidence of anisotropy that is readily interpreted as due to the solar motion relative to the sources of the radiation. The anisotropy is well fitted by a first order spherical harmonic of amplitude 3.6 + or - 0.5 mK, corresponding to a velocity of 360 + or - 50 km/s toward the direction 11.2 + or - 0.5 hours of right ascension and 19 deg + or - 8 deg declination.
United States international tourism policy.

Abstract This article describes the key mechanisms in the United States for tourism policy-making. It points out the importance of tourism policy and planning for the orderly growth of tourism in the future. The important features of the National Tourism Policy Act of 1981 are presented. The article concludes by suggesting the policy role of the United States Government in furthering tourism interests within the context of international economic and trade policy.
Array signal processing for localization and communication

Summary form only given. Sensor arrays have been used in a variety of sensing and communications applications. The spatial dimension can be utilized for user separation and improved reception through the placement of multiple antenna elements at the receiver and/or the transmitter and appropriate signaling when possible. Further, the ubiquity of wireless transmitters has provided the opportunity for location-based services, mobile localization in emergencies, and localization of unwanted or illegal transmitters. This presentation provides an overview of basic techniques for processing multi-element signals for localization and for processing to effect interference reduction or for increased diversity. A number of techniques are reviewed for direction finding, including some recent results in the use of sparse models for such purpose. The challenge of wireless localization in urban environments is considered and ideas that exploit the complexity of the propagation channel for localization are presented.
Development of EST-SSR PCR primers within three North Pacific rockfishes of the genus Sebastes

Severe declines in abundance of Pacific Ocean Perch (Sebastes alutus) and other rockfishes have led to catch restrictions along the US west coast. The stock structure of many important commercial members of Sebastes spp remains a major source of uncertainty in stock assessment models. Here we report development of PCR primer pairs from 13 novel EST-SSR loci obtained from public Sebastes EST databases, and redesigned primer pairs from six published EST-SSR loci. Amplification and diversity data from these and 27 published EST-SSR loci are reported for S. polyspinis, S. alutus, and two cryptic sub-types of S. aleutianus. Loci were moderately polymorphic, with heterozygosities averaging 0.44, and allele number averaging 5.2 across all loci and species. Divergence between the two S. aleutianus sub-types was high (mean F ST = 0.33) allowing for unambiguous identification. The loci will be informative for resolving stock structure issues and possible local adaptation along the species’ ranges.
Spirituality and Coping among Grieving Children: A Preliminary Study.

The death of a family member can have a significant effect on children, depending on their level of development and the kinds of supports available to them. Spirituality has been linked to effective coping with loss by adults. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore how meaning making, linking objects, and containment, themes that have been explored in the literature on adults' use of spirituality as a way of coping, might be used by grieving children. The major difference between children and adults appears to be in how and when children make meaning after loss. The major similarity between adults and children is the essential role of relationships in facilitating grieving. Implications for further research, counselor education, and practicing counselors conclude the article.
Blindness and the eye in mythology and religion as represented on postage stamps

He was one of the gods of medicine in ancient Egypt and was called the "good physician of gods and men" and the "god, who looks after the sick." He was the son of Ptah, another deity of medicine in Memphis. Imhotep may have been a real person or maybe a priest of Ra, during the third dynasty. His first temple was erected in Memphis and soon developed into a center of healing, chiefly dedicated to the blind and the deaf (Fig. 1).
Recent progress in electronic properties of quasi-two-dimensional systems

A summary is given of recent work on the electronic properties of quasi-two-dimensional systems, especially inversion layers in metal-insulator-semiconductor structures and electron layers on liquid helium, as reflected in papers presented at the International Conference on the Electronic Properties of Quasi-Two-Dimensional Systems held at Brown University in August, 1975.
The Effects of Community-Based Service Learning on Preservice Teachers’ Beliefs About the Characteristics of Effective Science Teachers of Diverse Students

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of community-based service learning (CBSL) on preservice elementary teachers’ beliefs of the characteristics of effective science teachers of diverse students. Using semi-structured interviews, data were collected from 74 preservice teachers enrolled in four sections of an elementary science methods course over a semester. Findings suggest that preservice teachers who participated in CBSL developed beliefs about the characteristics of effective science teachers that are complimentary to the descriptions of effective teachers of diverse students provided in the literature.
Construction and characterization of E. coli promoterprobe plasmid vectors II. RNA polymerase binding studies on antibiotic-resistance promoters

The binding of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase to antibiotic-resistance promoters was examined using the nitrocellulose filter assay. Four filter-retainable HaeIII fragments were observed with pBR322 and the promoter-probe plasmids, pBRH1, pBRH2 and pBRH4. Of the three fragments studied, two were shown to carry promoters for the ampicillin (Ap) and tetracycline (Tc) resistance genes, while the third present in pBRH1 appears to be the promoter for colicin E1 immunity (Colimm). Although the formation of filter-retainable complexes involving the Tcr promoter was sensitive to high salt, Apr promoter complexes were not. It was also shown that plasmids containing only the "firm-binding" portion of the Tcr promoter could still bind RNA polymerase in vitro despite the fact that these plasmids confer no in vivo Tcr. Additional filter-binding experiments performed with AluI-digested pBR322 DNA revealed the presence of a fifth RNA polymerase binding site on pBR322. This site is probably the promoter for the 100 bp transcript thought to be involved in the initiation of plasmid replication. An analysis of the recombinant plasmid (pKTR25) which carries the Kan-B portion of the EcoRI kanamycin (Kn) resistance fragment revealed that this fragment contains two RNA polymerase binding sites. We believe that these sites are responsible for the insertional activation of the Tcr gene and may be the promoters for the Knr and fusidic acid (Fa) resistance genes.
Efficacy of a Parainfluenza Virus 5 (PIV5)-Based H7N9 Vaccine in Mice and Guinea Pigs: Antibody Titer towards HA Was Not a Good Indicator for Protection

H7N9 has caused fatal infections in humans. A safe and effective vaccine is the best way to prevent large-scale outbreaks in the human population. Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), an avirulent paramyxovirus, is a promising vaccine vector. In this work, we generated a recombinant PIV5 expressing the HA gene of H7N9 (PIV5-H7) and tested its efficacy against infection with influenza virus A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9) in mice and guinea pigs. PIV5-H7 protected the mice against lethal H7N9 challenge. Interestingly, the protection did not require antibody since PIV5-H7 protected JhD mice that do not produce antibody against lethal H7N9 challenge. Furthermore, transfer of anti-H7 serum did not protect mice against H7N9 challenge. PIV5-H7 generated high HAI titers in guinea pigs, however it did not protect against H7N9 infection or transmission. Intriguingly, immunization of guinea pigs with PIV5-H7 and PIV5 expressing NP of influenza A virus H5N1 (PIV5-NP) conferred protection against H7N9 infection and transmission. Thus, we have obtained a H7N9 vaccine that protected both mice and guinea pigs against lethal H7N9 challenge and infection respectively.
Meridional heat flux of the North Atlantic Ocean.

Abstract Using self-consistent geostrophic general circulation estimates for the North Atlantic Ocean as determined by an inverse method, I calculate the geostrophic and total meridional heat flux. The result is to a large extent dictated by the assumption of a fixed volume flux through the Florida Straits. There is no fundamental discrepancy between oceanic heat fluxes deduced from atmospheric residuals and those estimated directly in the ocean, including the estimates made here, simply because the error bars on all calculations are very large.
Metabolic level and limiting hypoxia in rodents.

Abstract 1. 1. Limiting (lethal) values for pO2 (Pc) ranging from 15 to 44 torr were measured at thermoneutrality for eighteen rodent species, 2. 2. The final level of oxygen consumption (M) showed a direct relationship: Pc = 27 M Deviations from this mean curve reflect transport effectiveness with indices ranging from 0·029 to 0·050 met/torr (1 met = 3·8W0·73 cm3 O2/hr). 3. 3. Four highland species suppressed their metabolism under hypoxia (0·56–0·74 met) and showed corresponding low critical values (15–21 torr). 4. 4. Pyrogenic agents (2, 4-DNP) increased both metabolism and Pc.
Tracking dragon-hunters with language models

We are interested in the problem of understanding the connections between human activities and the content of textual information generated in regard to those activities. Firstly, we define and motivate this problem as an important part in making sense of various life events. Secondly, we introduce the domain of massive online collaborative environments, specifically online virtual worlds, where people meet, exchange messages, and perform actions as a rich data source for such an analysis. Finally, we outline three experimental tasks and show how statistical language modeling and text clustering techniques may allow us to explore those connections successfully.
Neutralization of thrombin by antithrombin III in the presence of cultured human fibroblasts.

Abstract Recent evidence suggests that heparan sulfate on endothelial cell surfaces acts as a catalyst for the neutralization of thrombin by antithrombin III (AT III). Fibroblasts also produce heparan sulfate which is present on the cell surface and secreted into the extracellular matrix. We evaluated the ability of cultured human fibroblasts to catalyze the interaction between thrombin and AT III and found that heparan sulfate produced by post-confluent fibroblasts was anticoagulandy active. Furthermore, after initial binding of thrombin to cells, thrombin-heparan sulfate appeared in the fluid phase above the cells; this thrombin could be rapidly neutralized by AT III independent of the further presence of cells. These results indicate that fibroblasts do produce an anticoagulantly active species of heparan sulfate and that the normal interaction between AT III and thrombin may be driven by initial release of heparan sulfate from the cell surface by thrombin followed by AT III interaction with the soluble thrombin-heparan sulfate complex.
Caveolae structure and function

Studies on the structure and function of caveolae have revealed how this versatile subcellular organelle can influence numerous signalling pathways. This brief review will discuss a few of the key features of caveolae as it relates to signalling and disease processes.
Exploring issues in software systems used and developed by domain experts

Software engineering researchers have paid a good deal of attention to fault cause, discovery, and repair in software systems developed by software professionals. Yet, not all software is developed by software professionals, and consequently, not as much research has been conducted that explores fault cause, discovery, and repair in software systems developed by domain experts. In this exploratory paper, we outline research plans for studying the types of faults that domain experts encounter when developing software for their own research. To attain this goal we propose a multiple case study that will allow us to explore questions about domain expert software use, needs, and development.
Multifocal electroretinogram delays predict sites of subsequent diabetic retinopathy.

PURPOSE. To examine the potential of abnormal mfERGs to predict the development of diabetic retinopathy at corresponding retinal locations 1 year later. METHODS. One eye of 11 diabetic patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and 11 diabetic patients without retinopathy were retested 12 months after initial testing. At each time, mfERGs were recorded from 103 retinal locations, and fundus photographs were taken within 1 month of each recording. Local mfERG implicit times were measured and their z-scores were calculated based on results obtained from 20 age-matched control subjects. mfERG abnormalities were defined as z-scores of 2 or more for implicit time and z-scores of 2 or less for amplitude (P 0.023). mfERG z-scores were mapped onto fundus photographs, and the relationship between baseline abnormal z-scores and new retinopathy at follow-up was examined. RESULTS. New retinopathy developed in 7 of the eyes with NPDR after 1 year. In these eyes, 70% of the mfERGs in areas of new retinopathy had abnormal implicit times at baseline. In contrast, only 24% of the responses in regions that remained retinopathy free were abnormal at baseline. Relative risk of development of new retinopathy over 1 year in the areas with abnormal baseline mfERG implicit times was approximately 21 times greater than that in the areas with normal baseline mfERGs (odds ratio 31.4; P 0.001). Eyes without initial retinopathy did not develop new retinopathy within the study period, although 4 of these 11 eyes had abnormal implicit times at baseline. mfERG implicit times tended to be more delayed at follow-up than at baseline in NPDR eyes, but not in eyes without retinopathy and control eyes. mfERG amplitudes had no predictive power. CONCLUSIONS. Localized functional abnormalities of the retina reflected by mfERG delays often precede the onset of new structural signs of diabetic retinopathy. Those functional abnormalities predict the local sites of new retinopathy observed 1 year later. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:948 ‐954) DOI:10.1167/iovs.03-1101
Using crowdsourcing to compare temporal, social temporal, and probability discounting among obese and non-obese individuals.

Previous research comparing obese and non-obese samples on the delayed discounting procedure has produced mixed results. The aim of the current study was to clarify these discrepant findings by comparing a variety of temporal discounting measures in a large sample of internet users (n = 1163) obtained from a crowdsourcing service, Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT). Measures of temporal, social–temporal (a combination of standard and social temporal), and probability discounting were obtained. Significant differences were obtained on all discounting measures except probability discounting, but the obtained effect sizes were small. These data suggest that larger-N studies will be more likely to detect differences between obese and non-obese samples, and may afford the opportunity, in future studies, to decompose a large obese sample into different subgroups to examine the effect of other relevant measures, such as the reinforcing value of food, on discounting.
The effects of expectancy on the reactivity of self-recording

Although it has been demonstrated that self-recording is a reactive process (self-recorders' behavior changes as a function of self-recording), the variables which influence the extent and direction of this reactive behavior change have not been fully investigated. The variable manipulated in the present study was the expectancy of this direction of behavior change given to self-recorders; the expectancy conditions were increase, decrease, no change, and no expectancy. The self-recorders were 20 college students who recorded their own face-touching during a class. Unobtrusive independent observers also recorded their facetouching throughout baseline, aware and unaware (of reliability estimates) selfrecording conditions, and return-to-baseline conditions. The main conclusions were: (1) self-recording is reactive; (2) self-recorders are less reliable recorders when they are unaware of reliability assessments; and (3) despite the differential expectancies, all groups of subjects decreased face-touching while self-recording. Alternative variables which may be more effective in influencing the direction of reactive behavior changes produced by self-recording were discussed. These results for self-observation were compared with those obtained in other studies for observations by independent trained observers.
El Niño–driven landsliding and postgrazing vegetative recovery, Santa Cruz Island, California

[1] El Nino–driven storms triggered widespread slope failures on Santa Cruz Island (SCI), California, during the 1997–1998 winter. After 120 years of intensive grazing, sheep had been removed from the western 90% of SCI in the 1980s. The contrast between sheep-free western SCI and heavily grazed eastern SCI created a natural laboratory for studying the effects of grazing and postgrazing recovery. Logistic regression was used to identify factors that exerted significant control upon slope failure and to test the hypothesis that land use and vegetation were the dominant controls on failure occurrence in 1997–1998. High-resolution air photos were shot immediately before and after the storm season and were precisely orthorectified using a custom-generated 10 m digital elevation model. The before and after orthoimages were used to map 1922 discrete slope failures across the island, of which 720 were measured in the field and 202 were precisely surveyed. Although sheep-grazed land comprised just 10% of the island, 80% of all slope failures occurred in those areas. Additional controls on soil slip occurrence included bedrock lithology, slope aspect, slope curvature, and elevation. The predominate influence of land use on the 1997–1998 slope failures reflects the dramatic vegetative change on SCI in the ∼25 years since sheep removal on western SCI. On the basis of the best-fit logistic regression model, slope failures were 67 times less likely with each unit increase in Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. Increases in vegetation density and variety appear to have added significant strength to the soil, reinforcing the surface against widespread slope failures during precipitation events with return times as high as 100 years. Heavy rainfall also occurred in the study area during the 2004–2005 winter, 4 years after removal of the last sheep from all areas of the island in 2001. Field reconnaissance showed that vegetation density had increased markedly, and soil slippage was virtually absent in 2005 in areas heavily impacted in 1997–1998.
Carbon dioxide laser backscatter signatures from laboratory-generated dust

A dual CO2 laser system was used to measure aerosol backscatter spectral signatures from dust minerals (kaolin, illite, montmorillonite, colemanite, and limestone) as well as from a soil sample from Dugway Proving Ground, UT. Complex refractive indices measured from bulk samples of the materials and particle size distributions measured with a cascade impactor were used to compute theoretical backscatter spectra using Mie theory. The measured signatures agreed well with calculated signatures for most minerals and the soil sample. The experiment demonstrated the feasibility of detecting the compositional elements of dust using a CO2 laser-based system.
A CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF CERTAIN POLYPLOIDS IN GRINDELIA (COMPOSITAE)

Two diploid taxa, Grindelia procera and G. camporum, and 3 tetraploid ones, G. camporum, G. hirsutula, and G. stricta, have been studied to ascertain their interrelationships. Meiosis in diploid parental strains was regular, the common chromosome configuration being 5 rod bivalents and 1 ring bivalent. The average chiasmata frequency per chromosome was 0.60. Pollen fertility was about 90% in all strains examined. Diploid interspecific hybrids had normal meiosis with an average chiasmata frequency of 0.56 per chromosome. No heterozygosity for inversions or interchanges was detected, and pollen fertility was above 85%. Meiosis in parental tetraploid strains was characterized by the presence of quadrivalents in addition to a complementary number of bivalents. The average chiasmata frequency per chromosome was 0.59 and pollen fertility was generally about 80%. Tetrap'oid interspecific hybrids also had quadrivalents, normal meiosis, and high pollen. fertility. Close genetic relationships between the diploids and between the tetraploids are indicated, and geographical, ecological, and seasonal barriers to gene exchange exist. Attempts to obtain hybrids between diploids and tetraploids were successful in a few cases. The hybrids were tetraploid and had normal meiosis and fertility similar to: parental and F1 tetraploids. Their origin was by the union of unreduced gametes of the diploid female parent and normal pollen from the tetraploid parent. On the basis of chromosome homology, normal meiosis, plus high fertility exhibited in the diploid, tetraploid, and diploid X tetraploid interspecific hybrids, these species of Grindelia are considered to be a part of an autopolyploid complex. Gene exchange between diploids and diploids, tetraploids and tetraploids, and diploids and tetraploids .s possible. Tetraploid G. camporum may have originated by hybridization between G. procera and diploid G. camporum with subsequent doubling of chromosomes and selection for the combined characteristics of the diploids.
Formal Peer Mentoring: Factors Related to Proteges' Satisfaction and Willingness to Mentor Others

This study investigated several factors related to proteges' satisfaction with a formal peer mentoring program. These included the extent to which mentoring behaviors met career-related needs and psychosocial needs and the amount of time spent with the mentor. In addition, demographic variables and satisfaction with the present and previous mentoring experience were examined for their relationship to proteges' willingness to mentor others in the future. Results indicated that the degree of career and psychosocial functions served by a mentor were strongly related to proteges' satisfaction with the mentoring relationship. Also, willingness to mentor others in the future was related to proteges' gender and to proteges' satisfaction with their current mentoring experiences. Implications and directions for future research are addressed.
Agonistic dominance in male baboons: An alternative view

Data on baboons have generated both the concepts normally associated with male dominance hierarchies among primates and the tests of their significance. The priority-of-access model has been used to predict the relationship between dominance rank and resource acquisition. While the correlation between these two factors, or between rank and measures of reproductive success, has varied among different primate species, most recent baboon field-workers have interpreted their results to be consistent with the model. Based on 1200 hr of observation of a troop of savannah baboons near Gilgil, Kenya, this paper presents data on male agonistic interactions and on male acquisition of resources. Predictions of the priority-of-access model are tested and an inverse relationship is found between agonistic dominance rank and acquisition of two limited resources, estrous females and meat. The importance of the residency status of males is explored and an alternative hypothesis is presented to account for the anomalous pattern in the data. The relationship of male reproductive success and dominance rank is evaluated in light of the data on these baboons and the “residency” hypothesis.
Stabilization of ultra-short pulses in cubic nonlinear media

We study the propagation of ultra-short pulses in a cubic nonlinear medium. Using multiple-scale technique, we derive a new wave equation that preserves the nonlocal dispersion terms present in Maxwell's equations. As a result, we are able to understand how ultra-short nonlinear shocks are stabilized by dispersive terms. A delicate balance between dispersion and nonlinearity leads to a new type of solitary waves. Their stability is confirmed by numerical simulations of full Maxwell's equations.
Horneyan and Kohutian theories of psychic trauma: a self-psychological reexamination of the work of Harold Kelman.

Harold Kelman, peu connu hors des cercles psychanalytiques horneyiens, a produit des 1945-1946, plusieurs articles importants sur ce qu'il appelle le «syndrome traumatique», anticipant sur la theorie actuelle de la nevrose posttraumatique promue par Kohut
Milestones of Research on the Physical Limnology of the Great Lakes

Abstract Two important themes of research on the physical limnology of the Great Lakes during the past 20 years have been: (1) the controlling influence of bottom topography on circulation and (2) the boundary layer character of circulation. The first is highlighted by the generation of topographic gyres by wind and by the propagation of vortex wave modes; the second by the distinct current-climatology of the coastal boundary layer and the spectacular upwelling and downwelling events occurring there. Both themes developed as advances in theoretical insight could be quantitatively coupled to observational evidence, the latter arising predominantly from the International Field Year on the Great Lakes.