cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autoregulation of the Human Liver X Receptor α Promoter

Previous work has implicated the nuclear receptors liver X receptor (LXR) and LXR in the regulation of macrophage gene expression in response to oxidized lipids. Macrophage lipid loading leads to ligand activation of LXRs and to induction of a pathway for cholesterol efflux involving the LXR target genes ABCA1 and apoE. We demonstrate here that autoregulation of the LXR gene is an important component of this lipid-inducible efflux pathway in human macrophages. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein, oxysterols, and synthetic LXR ligands induce expression of LXR mRNA in human monocyte-derived macrophages and human macrophage cell lines but not in murine peritoneal macrophages or cell lines. This is in contrast to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-specific ligands, which stimulate LXR expression in both human and murine macrophages. We further demonstrate that LXR and PPAR ligands cooperate to induce LXR expression in human but not murine macrophages. Analysis of the human LXR promoter led to the identification of multiple LXR response elements. Interestingly, the previously identified PPAR response element (PPRE) in the murine LXR gene is not conserved in humans; however, a different PPRE is present in the human LXR 5-flanking region. These results have implications for cholesterol metabolism in human macrophages and its potential to be regulated by synthetic LXR and/or PPAR ligands. The ability of LXR to regulate its own promoter is likely to be an integral part of the macrophage physiologic response to lipid loading.
Asymptotic power comparison of the chi-square and likelihood ratio tests

A Hoeffding-type power comparison is made between the likelihood ratio and chi-square tests for a simple hypothesis in a multinomial. The power comparison is based on the fact that under an alternative hypothesis the distribution of the test statistic can be approximated by a normal distribution. The theory of large deviations is used to match the significance levels.
About the power for detecting severe impairment in older adults with the Faces test from Wechsler Memory Scale-III: simply guess and save face.

The Faces test from Wechsler Memory Scale-III is a widely used instrument for detecting impairment in visual memory. However, the degree to which this test actually achieves its purpose may be seriously hampered by error due to guessing. This problem becomes all the more pronounced among elderly clients, where impairment is most likely to be present. Calculations based on the binomial probability function indicate that the probability of scoring in the severely impaired range is extremely low even under a random response pattern, when the norms for older adults are considered. These calculations provide conservative probability estimates that carry direct implications for clinical practice because they apply to the level of the individual client. That is, in clinical practice, detecting severe impairment in older clients, when present, is highly unlikely based on results obtained from the Faces test as currently administered and scored. A revision of the test is warranted.
Mind-body skills groups for medical students: reducing stress, enhancing commitment, and promoting patient-centered care

Background For several decades, psychological stress has been observed to be a significant challenge for medical students. The techniques and approach of mind-body medicine and group support have repeatedly demonstrated their effectiveness at reducing stress and improving the quality of the education experience.
Platelet factor 4 enhances fibrin fiber polymerization

Abstract In order to further examine the role of platelet secretory products on fibrin assembly, we have examined the effects of purified platelet factor 4 (PF4) on fibrin formation in vitro. The kinetics of fibrin formation and the structural properties of the resulting fibrin gel are strongly affected by PF4. In the presence of 7.6 ng/mL PF4, the fibrin fiber mass-length ratio increases from 3.5×10 12 daltons/cm. These results emphasize the importance of the local microenvironment in clot structure and its subsequent fate at the site of vascular injury.
A Pre-computed Brain Response Atlas for Instantaneous Strain Estimation in Contact Sports

Finite element models of the human head play an important role in investigating the mechanisms of traumatic brain injury, including sports concussion. A critical limitation, however, is that they incur a substantial computational cost to simulate even a single impact. Therefore, current simulation schemes significantly hamper brain injury studies based on model-estimated tissue-level responses. In this study, we present a pre-computed brain response atlas (pcBRA) to substantially increase the simulation efficiency in estimating brain strains using isolated rotational acceleration impulses parameterized with four independent variables (peak magnitude and duration, and rotational axis azimuth and elevation angles) with values determined from on-field measurements. Using randomly generated testing datasets, the partially established pcBRA achieved a 100% success rate in interpolation based on element-wise differences in accumulated peak strain ( $$\varepsilon^{p}$$ ) according to a “double-10%” criterion or average regional $$\varepsilon^{p}$$ in generic regions and the corpus callosum. A similar performance was maintained in extrapolation. The pcBRA performance was further successfully validated against directly simulated responses from two independently measured typical real-world rotational profiles. The computational cost to estimate element-wise whole-brain or regional $$\varepsilon^{p}$$ was 6 s and <0.01 s, respectively, vs. ~50 min directly simulating a 40 ms impulse. These findings suggest the pcBRA could substantially increase the throughput in impact simulation without significant loss of accuracy from the estimation itself and, thus, its potential to accelerate the exploration of the mechanisms of sports concussion in general. If successful, the pcBRA may also become a diagnostic adjunct in conjunction with sensors that measure head impact kinematics on the field to objectively monitor and identify tissue-level brain trauma in real-time for “return-to-play” decision-making on the sideline.
Nutritional Value of Waxy Corn for Chicks

Abstract In the three experiments with commercial strain-cross broiler chicks, body weight gain to 4 weeks of age was significantly greater with a diet based on waxy corn than with a diet based on normal dent corn. In every comparison the feed/gain ratio was better for waxy than for normal corn, but the differences were not significant. The nitrogen-corrected metabolizable energy values for normal dent and waxy corn were, respectively, 3.75 and 3.72 kcal/g dry matter.
USE OF CALCIUM SALTS FOR SOYBEAN CURD PREPARATION

One of the delicate steps in the preparation of soybean curd is the addition of a salt to precipitate soy protein. The commonly employed salt is calcium sulfate. In this study, the use of other calcium salts (calcium chloride, calcium lactate, calcium acetate, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide, calcium gluconate) and two noncalcium compounds (glucono-δ-lactone and acetic acid) was investigated. The result showed that soy protein was precipitated by calcium chloride, calcium lactate, calcium acetate, calcium gluconate, glucono-δ-lactone, and acetic acid. The amount of chemical added to precipitate soy protein varied depending upon the type of compound used, but in all cases, soy protein was precipitated when the pH of soy milk was at or near 6.0. Calcium acetate and calcium chloride appeared to be good precipitants for soybean curd preparation. The quality and sensory score of the soybean curd prepared from these salts requires less skill than calcium sulfate because of solubility; besides, the amount of the salt needed to precipitate soy protein was less than one-half that of calcium sulfate.
Quantification of acute reduction in mitral regurgitation following cardiac resynchronization therapy

Background: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is associated with delayed improvements in cardiac function in heart failure patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB) secondary to reverse remodeling. However, the mechanisms of immediate benefits from CRT pacing are not well understood. Our objective was to assess the acute effects of CRT pacing on mitral regurgitation (MR) using quantitative volumetric Doppler echocardiography. Methods: Twenty-four HF patients with LBBB, aged 66 10 yrs, with ejection fraction of 25 7% and QRS duration of 168 35 ms were studied by quantitative 2-D and Doppler echocardiography at baseline and the day after CRT biventricular pacing therapy. MR was quantified with the volumetric method and expressed as regurgitant volume and regurgitant fraction, in addition to and digital color regurgitation jet area. MR regurgitant volume was obtained by subtracting left ventricular outflow tract stroke volume from mitral inflow stroke volume, determined by their respective time velocity integrals multiplied by cross-sectional area. MR regurgitant fraction was obtained by dividing regurgitant volume by mitral inflow stroke volume. Results: Baseline group mean MR regurgitant volume was 35 24 ml, MR regurgitant fraction was 35 17% and MR jet area was 6.9 4.9 cm. After only 23 10 hours of CRT, significant improvements in MR occurred with regurgitant volume decreasing to 20 19 ml* and MR regurgitant fraction decreasing to 21 16%*, (*p 0.01 vs. baseline) (figure). MR jet area also decreased to 5.0 5.1 cm (p 0.05 vs. baseline). Acute reductions in MR were accompanied by a significant improvement in cardiac index from 2.1 0.5 to 2.4 0.6* L/min/m (*p 0.05 vs. baseline). Conclusion: CRT resulted in acute significant reductions in MR and increases in cardiac index. These data support MR reduction as an important acute beneficial effect of CRT in HF patients with LBBB.
Corn Belt Assessment of Cover Crop Management and Preferences

Surveying end-users about their use of technologies and preferences provides information for researchers and educators to develop relevant research and educational programs. A mail survey was sent to Corn Belt farmers during 2006 to quantify cover crop management and preferences. Results indicated that the dominant cereal cover crops in Indiana and Illinois are winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) and cereal rye (Secale cereale L.), cereal rye and oat (Avena sativa L.) in Iowa, and oatin Minnesota. Legumes were used more frequently in Indiana and Illinois, and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) was the dominant choice across the region. Farmers relied solely on herbicides 54% of the time to kill cover crops. Ninety-three percent of respondents indicated that they received no cost sharing for using cover crops and 14% indicated that they would plant cover crops on rented land. Corn Belt farmers prefer cover crops that overwinter (68%) and fix N (64%). The information provided in this survey supplements existing knowledge that can be used to develop relevant research and educational programs to address agronomic production systems that include cover crops.
VP 16–213 and cyclophosphamide in the treatment of refractory acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with monocytic features

The treatment of refractory acute nonlymphocytic leukemia remains a major clinical problem in leukemia therapy. VP 16–213 is an investigational agent that may have specificity for monocytic blasts, and the combination of VP 16–213 and cyclophosphamide is synergistic in experimental leukemia. Seven patients with highly refractory acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, which demonstrated monocytic features, were treated with a combination of VP 16–213 and cyclophosphamide after they had failed to respond to multiple courses of intensive induction regimens. Three complete remissions and one partial remission were achieved. The times to complete remission were 21, 23, and 34 days. The durations of complete remission were 5, 9, and 12+ months. Myelo-suppression was the most common side effect; one patient experienced nausea and stomatitis. There were no documented infections or hemorrhage, and no one died as a result of therapy. This combination is both well tolerated and effective in the treatment of refractory leukemia with monocytic features.
Synaptologic and fine structural features distinguishing a subset of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons embedded in the dense intrinsic fiber network of the caudal extended amygdala.

Cholinergic basal forebrain neurons confined within the intrinsic connections of the extended amygdala in the caudal sublenticular region and anterior amygdaloid area (cSLR/AAA) differ from other basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in several morphological and neurochemical respects. These cSLR/AAA cholinergic neurons have been subjected to additional investigations described in this report. First, fibers traced anterogradely following injections of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin in the central amygdaloid nucleus were shown to contact cSLR/AAA cholinergic neurons and dendrites. Second, these neurons were shown to be contacted by numerous GABAergic boutons with symmetric synaptic specializations. Third, the numbers of synaptic densities of morphologically characterized symmetric contacts on the somata and proximal dendrites of cSLR/AAA cholinergic neurons were shown to significantly exceed those of extra-cSLR/AAA cholinergic neurons. Fourth, fine structural features distinguishing cSLR/AAA cholinergic neurons from other basal forebrain cholinergic neurons were revealed. Specifically, cSLR/AAA cholinergic neurons have less abundant cytoplasm and a less well-organized system of rough endoplasmic reticulum than their counterparts in other parts of the basal forebrain. Thus, morphologically and neurochemically distinct cSLR/AAA cholinergic neurons exhibit robust proximal inhibitory inputs, of which a significant number originate in the extended amygdala, while cholinergic neurons outside this region lack a substrate for strong proximal inhibitory input. The implications of these findings for interaction of fear, anxiety, and attention are considered. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:93–111, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ordering characterized by a strange attractor.

Competing trends of ordering are shown to allow for a novel low-temperature phase in random-spin systems. In the space of the moments of the distribution of exchange couplings, the renormalization-group flows are characterized by a strange attractor. A random-exchange Potts model on hierarchical lattices is studied to illustrate this phenomenon.
Genome-wide gene-gene interaction analysis of rheumatoid arthritis

There is a growing consideration that gene-gene interactions may play important roles in complex diseases etiology. The simultaneous genotyping of hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) have provided an excellent chance to study genetic epidemiology from molecular network. In this paper, we performed genome-wide gene-gene interaction associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using RA datasets provided by the Genetic Analysis Workshop 15 (GAW 15) Problem 2. The results reported here that there were 14 significant SNP-SNP pairs associated with RA and the interaction between rs744877 and rs238510 was the strongest SNP-SNP pair contributing to disease with the maximal interaction score defined in our paper.
Cultural literacy : a concurrent validation

E. D. Hirsch's (1987) book Cultural Literacy has raised much interest and controversy over the construct of cultural literacy. It is the purpose of this investigation to evaluate the reliability and the validity of the Cultural Literacy Test. The test was administered to 150 college students. A split-half reliability coefficient of .93 was obtained. The test scores yielded a correlation of .59 with the Verbal SAT and .31 with grades in freshman English. No statistically significant correlation was obtained between scores and GPA. The Cultural Literacy Test did differentiate between the ability levels of freshman English. It was concluded that the reliability and validity of the construct and test of cultural literacy is supported.
Probing the solar wind-inner magnetospheric coupling: validation of relativistic electron flux models

Abstract High fluxes of relativistic electrons in the inner magnetosphere have been associated with a range of spacecraft anomalies, and therefore the modeling of the flux is of direct relevance to the development of space weather applications. Time variations of the electron flux at a given L shell are ultimately functions of interplanetary parameters as well as of internal magnetospheric dynamics. It is important to resolve which one of the two elements is important for modeling and to what extent. To that end we compare two models of the magnetospheric relativistic electron flux at 2–6 MeV spanning the range L = 1 –10 and driven by the solar wind plasma velocity, V SW . The finite-impulse-response (FIR) model represents the coupling of the flux to the solar wind velocity. It is part of an empirical model chain currently in development at the Center for Integrated Space Weather Modeling. The autoregressive moving-average (ARMA) model also includes a representation of the internal flux dynamics. The comparison is quantified in terms of the prediction accuracy, its variation with season and solar cycle phase, and its dependence on activity level. We find that the FIR model is more accurate than the ARMA model in most radial regions of the radiation belts, including the geosynchronous orbit. The results indicate that the long memory of the FIR model to past solar wind velocity inputs is more important in representing the effective coupling than ARMA's additional internal dynamics.
Hydrothermal synthesis of undoped and Mn-doped ZnGa2O4 powders and thin films

Undoped and manganese-doped zinc gallate powders and thin films have been synthesized via the hydrothermal route from aqueous solutions at a pH between 9.5 and 12.5. The chemical composition and the crystal size of the synthesized powder have been studied as a function of pH, temperature, and the composition of the precursor solution, such as the type of hydroxide used and the zinc, gallium, and lithium content. Specimens have been analyzed by x-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. It is shown that crystallite size and chemical composition strongly depend on the solubility of the gallium species within the solution, which appears to determine the number of ZnGa2O4 nuclei per unit volume. Crystals of a few micrometers in size can be synthesized from solutions where Ga is very soluble (e.g., pH ≥ 11), whereas when Ga is not very soluble, the synthesis product is nanocrystalline. Thermogravimetric studies indicate that a considerable amount of OH− is incorporated at the oxygen sites (every 5th to 10th site). Hydrothermal growth of heteroepitaxial zinc gallate thin films has been carried out on (111) MgAl2O4 and (00.1) LiNbO3 substrates. Heteroepitaxy is based on a coincident pattern of oxygen sites in the two structures; that is, (111)ZGO ∥ (111)MAO and (111)ZGO ∥ (00.6)LNO for the out-of plane orientation and (1¯10)ZGO ∥ (1¯10)MAO and (1¯10)ZGO ∥ (1¯10)LNO for the in-plane orientation, respectively. The thin films cover the substrate completely and consist of oriented grains of up to several hundred nanometers in size. In general, the films are twinned with two variants (in separate grains) that are related by a 60° rotation around [111]. This twinning can only be suppressed at high pH and high temperature and only on the MgAl2O4 substrates.
Amyloidosis in childhood

A case of secondary amyloidosis occurring in a girl who had progressive juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and had been treated intermittently with corticosteroids is presented. Seventy-six cases of amyloidosis occurring in individuals less than 18 years of age were selected from the literature for review. The underlying illnesses, historical data, physical findings, and laboratory data of these patients are discussed, as well as the relationship of corticosteroid therapy in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis to the development of amyloidosis.
A Comparison of the Sexual Behaviors and Attitudes of Adolescent Girls with Older Vs. Similar-Aged Boyfriends

Sexual behaviors and attitudes of female adolescents were studied as a function of age of boyfriend. Boyfriend's age was dichotomized: similar-aged was defined as within 2 years of the girls' age; older aged was 3 or more years older than the girl. A school-based, ethnically diverse sample of 9th-grade girls (N = 146) who had been in a serious romantic relationship was surveyed on 5 dimensions of sexual attitudes, 2 classes of sexual motives, 7 normative sexual behaviors, and 3 types of risky sexual practices. Results showed that in terms of behavior, girls with older boyfriends were more likely than girls with similar-aged boyfriends to engage in all forms of sexual intimacy, to have sex under the influence of alcohol or drugs, and to experience sexual coercion. In terms of sexual attitudes, girls with older boyfriends were more likely to endorse beliefs that guys are sexually driven, that sex “just happens” and is spontaneous, and that sex is related to maturity. These results are discussed in terms of a potential power differential that emerges when girls date older boys.
Normal variations in presynaptic active zones of frog neuromuscular junctions

Neuromuscular junctions of frog cutaneous pectoris muscles were examined by the complementary-replica freeze-fracture technique. The large number of active zones revealed in this way permitted quantitation of normal and disrupted zones in control muscles and in muscles deprived of external calcium for periods of up to eight hours. Although some 87% of the active zones examined had the usual appearance of two double rows of intramembrane particles flanking a low ridge, several varieties of disrupted active zones appeared in which the rows were interrupted, dispersed, rotated, or reduced to single rows. The frequency of disruptions was not increased by calcium deprivation. Disorganized active zones at tips of neuromuscular junctions may represent normal remodelling of the junctions.
Solid-state laser synthetic aperture radar

Here we report the operation of an optical synthetic aperture radar employing, for the first time to our knowledge, a solid-state laser as the source. The experimental data-acquisition and digital processing techniques are described, by which spatial resolution superior to that limited by diffraction is demonstrated.
Molecular directionality of polysaccharide polymerization by the Pasteurella multocida hyaluronan synthase

Hyaluronan (HA), a long linear polymer composed of alternating glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine residues, is an essential polysaccharide in vertebrates and a putative virulence factor in certain microbes. All known HA synthases utilize UDP-sugar precursors. Previous reports describing the HA synthase enzymes from Streptococcus bacteria and mammals, however, did not agree on the molecular directionality of polymer elongation. We show here that a HA synthase, PmHAS, from Gram-negative P. multocida bacteria polymerizes the HA chain by the addition of sugar units to the nonreducing terminus. Recombinant PmHAS will elongate exogenous HA oligosaccharide acceptors to form long polymers in vitro; thus far no other HA synthase has displayed this capability. The directionality of synthesis was established definitively by testing the ability of PmHAS to elongate defined oligosaccharide derivatives. Analysis of the initial stages of synthesis demonstrated that PmHAS added single monosaccharide units sequentially. Apparently the fidelity of the individual sugar transfer reactions is sufficient to generate the authentic repeating structure of HA. Therefore, simultaneous addition of disaccharide block units is not required as hypothesized in some recent models of polysaccharide biosynthesis. PmHAS appears distinct from other known HA synthases based on differences in sequence, topology in the membrane, and putative reaction mechanism.
A Campus-Wide Role for an Information Literacy Committee

The current Middle States Commission on Higher Education accreditation guidelines suggest an enhanced role for faculty members in information literacy instruction. A campus-wide information literacy committee can play a key role in accomplishing this. Such a committee at the University at Albany, SUNY, has been critical in addressing this recommendation, and in advancing a general education information literacy requirement. The committee serves as a source of information and as an organizer of workshops for faculty members who would like to tailor their courses to fit the general education information literacy requirement. It also serves as a syllabus review body and advocates for collaboration with librarians in this distributed model of information literacy instruction.
Realizing the promise of genomics in biomedical research.

IN APRIL 2003, THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT ACHIEVED all of its original goals, including production of a finished sequence of the human genome. With that historic achievement, the Human Genome Project ended and the “genome era” began. Especially because this transition occurred only days before the 50th anniversary of Watson and Crick’s article describing the DNA double helix, it led to much discussion regarding the future of genetics and genomics and how they would affect biological exploration, health, and even society. Now, 2 years into the genome era, is biomedical research any closer to that future, and, if so, what does it look like?
A dimensionality reduction technique for efficient time series similarity analysis

We propose a dimensionality reduction technique for time series analysis that significantly improves the efficiency and accuracy of similarity searches. In contrast to piecewise constant approximation (PCA) techniques that approximate each time series with constant value segments, the proposed method-piecewise vector quantized approximation-uses the closest (based on a distance measure) codeword from a codebook of key-sequences to represent each segment. The new representation is symbolic and it allows for the application of text-based retrieval techniques into time series similarity analysis. Experiments on real and simulated datasets show that the proposed technique generally outperforms PCA techniques in clustering and similarity searches.
Effects of dielectric inhomogeneity in polyelectrolyte solutions

We illustrate the effects of dielectric inhomogeneity on the statistical properties of polyelectrolytes in solution, by a lattice Monte Carlo simulation that combines the bond fluctuation model with a local algorithm for computing the electrostatic interactions. Our model accounts for the difference in the dielectric properties between the polymer backbone and the solvent. Taking the coil–globule transition of a single polyelectrolyte chain in solvent as an example, we show that the chain conformation and the degree of counterion condensation are substantially affected by the dielectric contrast.
Effects of cloud overlap on radiative feedbacks

The column radiative model (CRM) of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model has been used to test feedbacks associated with changes in monthly mean cloudiness for atmospheres with two different prescriptions of how clouds overlap in the vertical. The first specification is the default CRM random overlap assumption. The second, called the nonrandom case, uses an estimate of the observed overlap based upon an analysis of satellite- and surface-based observations. The results are presented primarily in terms of the changes in top-of-the-atmosphere net cloud radiative forcing resulting from a 25% increase in total cloud water and separate 16.5% increases in low, middle and high cloud layer amounts and differences that occurred during the 1987 El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event. Overall, the random model is about 20% more sensitive to 16.5% increases in low clouds than the nonrandom model, but the nonrandom model is about twice as sensitive to increases in middle cloud. Differences in sensitivity for changes in high cloud amount and total cloud water are relatively small. In the areas near the large sea surface temperature anomalies the 1987 ENSO related departures in the nonrandom model are 0.5–2 Wm−2 greater than for the random model. Thus, this analysis strongly suggests that accurate specification of overlap in climate models is critical to the calculation of the appropriate radiative feedbacks and sensitivities of models to external forcing such as increased carbon dioxide or sulfate aerosols.
Signs of genital trauma in adolescent rape victims examined acutely

Abstract Background: Adolescent females are the most frequent victims of sexual assault, but studies to document the presence of genital findings in patients examined within 72 hours, using magnification and dye, have not been published. This study was designed to document the frequency and types of genital injuries in adolescent women following acute sexual assault, using chart and photograph review. Methods: A retrospective chart review was done of examination records of all female patients age 14 to 19 years of age who were evaluated at a Sexual Assault Response Team program over a 5 year period. Data was abstracted from charts by the nurse examiners, and photographs were evaluated by the physician reviewer. Analysis was done to determine the frequency, location, and severity of genital and anal injuries, and any historical factors correlating with injury, using Pearson correlation and two-tailed t tests. Results: Charts of 214 female subjects (mean age 16.3 years) were reviewed. The most common findings recorded by the nurse examiner were posterior fourchette tear (36%), erythema of the labia minora, hymen, cervix or posterior fourchette (18% to 32%), and swelling of the hymen (19%). Uptake of Toluidine dye was noted in 66% of patients in whom it was applied. Overall, 21% of patients were found to have no findings, and 40% had tears of the posterior fourchette or fossa. Time to examination was highly correlated with the degree of injury noted (p = .000). The incidence of hymenal tears in self-described virgins was higher than in non-virgins (19% vs. 3%, p = .008), however the total number or severity of other injuries was not significantly higher in virgins. Reported anal penetration was associated with a high frequency of anal bruising, abrasions or tears (14/23, 61%), while only 2/150 victims who denied anal penetration had tears (1%, p = .000). Victims who reported multiple physical symptoms such as pain, nausea, or vomiting were significantly more likely to be older (p = .034) and to have an increased number of non-genital injuries such as bruising, abrasions, and bite marks (p = .001). A higher number of non-genital injuries was also correlated with a higher number of total genital injuries (p = .003). Conclusions: Adolescent victims of sexual assault who were examined within 72 hours, using a magnification and dye were found to have tears of the posterior fourchette or fossa in 40% of cases. Hymenal tears were rare, even in self-described virginal girls. Timely examination of adolescent victims is important to document injuries, however, many victims will still have non-specific examination findings.
Climategate: A Case Study in the Intersection of Facticity and Conspiracy Theory

In 2009, the Climate Research Unit had over 1,000 private e-mails stolen and made publicly available. Quickly, several of the e-mails were widely reported in the media: supposedly providing proof of conspiracy among scientists supporting the Anthropogenic Climate Change hypothesis. Despite the inaccuracy of the accusations, the charge of conspiracy stuck. In this essay, I argue that a set of interrelated variables (existing anti-elitism, the consistency of the charge with existing ideology, the perceived accuracy of the narrative, and the poor rhetorical response by the accused) caused the Climategate conspiracy to resonate even after the charge was proven false. This essay adds to contemporary rhetorical theory about conspiracy theory by considering variables beyond paranoid style and accuracy of the charge.
Determination of trace quantities of bismuth in lead and copper

Abstract The presence of bismuth gives rise to unfavorable properties in lead and copper and procedures for its determination in very small quantities are desirable. A method of analysis has been developed for lead materials in which most of the lead is removed from a 20 g sample as the chloride and the bismuth in the filtrate is collected at pH 6.00–6.25 on silica flour. The bismuth is eluted with dilute sulfuric acid and is determined colorimetrically as the iodide. Copper samples do not require a preliminary removal of the copper, since it can be converted to the soluble ammonia complex at the stage where the bismuth is collected on the silica flour. Quantities of bismuth of the order of 0.00005% in lead and 0.0005% in copper are determinable. The use 'of silica as a gathering agent has distinct advantages over previously used materials.
Antiphonal call timing in marmosets is behaviorally significant: Interactive playback experiments

Studies of primate vocal communication systems have generally focused on vocalizations and the information they convey to conspecifics. But the vocalizations are not the only sources of information. Aspects of each species vocal behaviors are likely to be communicatively rich as well. During vocal interactions, for example, the latency delay between the calls could communicate an important message to the signal receiver, such as an interest and willingness to socialize. Here we employed novel, interactive playback software to address this issue in the antiphonal calling behavior of common marmosets. In these experiments, we parametrically varied the latency delay of antiphonal call stimuli and measured its effects on subjects’ resultant vocal behavior. Results showed that marmosets produced successively fewer antiphonal call responses during test conditions with increasing latency delays. Moreover, although subjects produced significantly more antiphonal than spontaneous calls in conditions with antiphonal call timing delays up to 9 s, a longer delay resulted in a significant decline in calling. These data suggest that antiphonal call timing is a salient cue for maintaining antiphonal calling interactions and may be used by marmosets to determine whether a subsequent call is produced in response to or independently of their own.
Lipids of maturing grain of corn (Zea mays L.): I. Changes in lipid classes and fatty acid composition.

The total lipids of the grain from three strains of corn were compared throughout the growing season. The Illinois High Oil stock and the two inbreds, H51 and K6, represented high, intermediate and low oil-producing lines. In all three strains lipid synthesis was most active between 15 and 45 days after pollination. The lipids were extracted from the grain with a mixture of chloroform, methanol and water and were separated into classes by silicic acid and thin layer chromatography. Triglycerides constituted 10–17% of the total lipids at 10 days after pollination and increased to 75–92% at 75 days. Polar lipids at 10 days represented 70–72% and at 75 days 4–21%. Fatty acid compositions of the triglycerides and polar lipids changed as the grain matured, but the fatty acids of the polar lipids were more saturated than those of the triglycerides throughout the sampling periods. The major polar lipids were digalactosyl diglyceride, monogalactosyl diglyceride, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidyl ethanolamine.
Intermedia: The architecture and construction of an object-oriented hypemedia system and applications framework

This article presents a case study of the development of the Intermedia system, a large, object-oriented hypermedia system and associated applications development framework providing sophisticated document linkages. First it presents the educational and technological objectives underlying the project. Subsequent sections capture the process of developing the Intermedia product and detail its architecture and construction, concentrating on the areas in which object-oriented technology has had a significant role. Finally, the successes and failures of the development approach are examined, and several areas of standardization and research that would enhance the process are proposed.
Effect of humidity on posterior lens opacification during fluid-air exchange.

Objective To study the relationship of humidity and the rate of lens opacity formation during fluid-air exchange using an animal model. Methods Vitrectomy and fluid-air exchange was carried out using 16 eyes of 8 pigmented rabbits. One eye of each rabbit was exposed to dry air and the fellow eye received humidified air using an intraocular air humidifier. In each case, the percent humidity of the intraocular air was measured using an in-line hygrometer. Elapsed time from initial air entry to lens feathering was recorded for each eye, with the surgeon-observer unaware of the percent humidity of the air infusion. Results In each rabbit, use of humidified air resulted in a delay in lens feathering ( P Conclusions Use of a humidifier during fluid-air exchange prolongs intraoperative lens clarity in the rabbit model, suggesting that humidified air should prolong lens clarity during phakic fluid-air exchange in patients. Clinical Relevance Use of humidified air during vitrectomy and fluid-air exchange may retard the intra-operative loss of lens clarity, promoting better visualization of the posterior segment and enhancing surgical performance.
Staged second-look laparoscopy to evaluate ischemic bowel

Background and objectives An open, second-look laparotomy often is required to assess ischemic bowel after extensive mesenteric lymphadenectomy to cytoreduce midgut carcinoids. Aggressive resection of tumor at the base of the mesentery may compromise the integrity of the blood supply to the involved segment of intestine. Long segments of bowel that initially appear ischemic are sometimes created. The surgeon is faced with the decision to perform a resection or to close the abdomen temporarily knowing that this patient will require a second-look laparotomy. Methods Segments of bowel showing signs of possible ischemia were preserved based on signs of perfusion. A side-side anastomosis was performed in the standard fashion. A Jackson Pratt drain was placed in an area adjacent to the anastomosis and brought out through the abdominal wall, and the incision was closed. Forty-eight hours later, a laparoscopic second-look operation was performed. A pneumoperitoneum was established using the drain tubing as the CO(2) inflation port. The drain was removed, and a 5-mm trocar was inserted into the abdomen via its tract. Segments of previously questionable dusky bowel and the anastomosis were inspected with a laparoscope. Results Our 3 second-look operations were completed in approximately 5 minutes, and the patients recovered without complication or prolonged hospital course. Our fourth patient progressed extremely well postoperatively and was able to avoid the planned second-look laparoscopy. Conclusions This technique provides an easy solution for the intraoperative finding of questionable blood supply in the intestines.
Radioautographic study of interkinetic nuclear migration in the neural tube.

ConclusionRadioautographs of early neural tube of chick embryos treated with thymidine-H3 for varying intervals of time give evidence substantiating the concept of inter-kinetic migration of nuclei. Synthesis of DNA occurs only in nuclei of peripheral part of wall, and does not take place in those of juxta-luminal zone. The period of DNA synthesis continues for at least 4 hours, but does not extend much beyond this time.
A comparative multidimensional LC-MS proteomic analysis reveals mechanisms for furan aldehyde detoxification in Thermoanaerobacter pseudethanolicus 39E.

Background: Chemical and physical pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass improves substrate reactivity for increased microbial biofuel production, but also restricts growth via the release of furan aldehydes, such as furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). The physiological effects of these inhibitors on thermophilic, fermentative bacteria are important to understand; especially as cellulolytic strains are being developed for consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) of lignocellulosic feedstocks. Identifying mechanisms for detoxification of aldehydes in naturally resistant strains, such as Thermoanaerobacter spp., may also enable improvements in candidate CBP microorganisms. Results: Thermoanaerobacter pseudethanolicus 39E, an anaerobic, saccharolytic thermophile, was found to grow readily in the presence of 30 mM furfural and 20 mM 5-HMF and reduce these aldehydes to their respective alcohols in situ. The proteomes of T. pseudethanolicus 39E grown in the presence or absence of 15 mM furfural were compared to identify upregulated enzymes potentially responsible for the observed reduction. A total of 225 proteins were differentially regulated in response to the 15 mM furfural treatment with 152 upregulated versus 73 downregulated. Only 87 proteins exhibited a twofold or greater change in abundance in either direction. Of these, 54 were upregulated in the presence of furfural and 33 were downregulated. Two oxidoreductases were upregulated at least twofold by furfural and were targeted for further investigation. Teth39_1597 encodes a predicted butanol dehydrogenase (BdhA) and Teth39_1598, a predicted aldo/keto reductase (AKR). Both genes were cloned from T. pseudethanolicus 39E, with the respective enzymes overexpressed in E. coli and specific activities determined against a variety of aldehydes. Overexpressed BdhA showed significant activity with all aldehydes tested, including furfural and 5-HMF, using NADPH as the cofactor. Cell extracts with AKR also showed activity with NADPH, but only with four-carbon butyraldehyde and isobutyraldehyde. Conclusions: T. pseudethanolicus 39E displays intrinsic tolerance to the common pretreatment inhibitors furfural and 5-HMF. Multidimensional proteomic analysis was used as an effective tool to identify putative mechanisms for detoxification of furfural and 5-HMF. T. pseudethanolicus was found to upregulate an NADPH-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase 6.8-fold in response to furfural. In vitro enzyme assays confirmed the reduction of furfural and 5-HMF to their respective alcohols.
Assessment of proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for detection of malignancy.

Water-suppressed proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were generated (by using 360 and 500 MHz systems) from human plasma and serum samples taken from 35 apparently healthy individuals, 52 patients with overt malignancies, and 37 patients with hypertriglyceridemia (triglycerides greater than 200 mg/dL or 2.26 mmol/L). The line widths from the lipoprotein-lipid methylene and methyl resonances at approximately 1.3 and 0.9 ppm were averaged by the method of Fossel et al. (N Engl J Med 1986;315:1369-76), but, contrary to their findings, we were unable to distinguish normal individuals from those with malignant tumors (e.g., mean +/- SD line width at 360 MHz: normal group = 32.9 +/- 3.6 Hz, malignant group = 28.3 +/- 4.9 Hz). The average line-width measurements (y), however, varied with the triglyceride content (x, mg/dL) of the plasma or serum as follows (logarithmic transformation of the data determined at 360 MHz and regression analysis): y = 110 (x-0.27). Data from both nonmalignant and malignant specimens fit this equation, the coefficient of correlation being -0.91. These findings suggest that considerable caution should be used in interpreting water-suppressed proton NMR spectra for cancer detection.
Complement C3 serum levels in anorexia nervosa: a potential biomarker for the severity of disease?

Background Anorexia nervosa carries the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder. Even the most critically ill anorexic patients may present with normal 'standard' laboratory values, underscoring the need for a new sensitive biomarker. The complement cascade, a major component of innate immunity, represents a driving force in the pathophysiology of multiple inflammatory disorders. The role of complement in anorexia nervosa remains poorly understood. The present study was designed to evaluate the role of complement C3 levels, the extent of complement activation and of complement hemolytic activity in serum, as potential new biomarkers for the severity of anorexia nervosa.
Contextual Modulation of Amygdala Responsivity to Surprised Faces

We recently demonstrated a functional relationship between fMRI responses within the amygdala and the medial prefrontal cortex based upon whether subjects interpreted surprised facial expressions positively or negatively. In the present fMRI study, we sought to assess amygdala–medial prefrontal cortex responsivity when the interpretations of surprised faces were determined by contextual experimental stimuli, rather than subjective judgment. Subjects passively viewed individual presentations of surprised faces preceded by either a negatively or positively valenced contextual sentence (e. g., She just found d500 vs. She just lost d500). Negative and positive sentences were carefully matched in terms of length, situations described, and arousal level. Negatively cued surprised faces produced greater ventral amygdala activation compared to positively cued surprised faces. Responses to negative versus positive sentences were greater within the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, whereas responses to positive versus negative sentences were greater within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. The present study demonstrates that amygdala response to surprised facial expressions can be modulated by negatively versus positively valenced verbal contextual information. Connectivity analyses identified candidate cortical–subcortical systems subserving this modulation.
Parental Migration and Education of Left-Behind Children: A Comparison of Two Settings.

The out-migration of parents has become a common childhood experience worldwide. It can confer both economic benefits and social costs on children. Despite a growing literature, the circumstances under which children benefit or suffer from parental out-migration are not well understood. The present study examined how the relationship between parental out-migration and children’s education varies across migration streams (internal vs. international) and across 2 societies. Data are from the Mexican Family Life Survey (N = 5,719) and the Indonesian Family Life Survey (N = 2,938). The results showed that children left behind by international migrant parents are worse off in educational attainment than those living with both parents. Internal migration of parents plays a negative role in some cases, though often to a lesser degree than international migration. In addition, how the overall relationship between parental migration and education balances out varies by context: It is negative in Mexico but generally small in Indonesia.
Remarks on Euclid’s Elements I,32 and the Parallel Postulate

ArgumentIn this paper I offer some reflections on the thirty-second proposition of Book I of Euclid’s Elements, the assertion that the three interior angles of a triangle are equal to two right angles, reflections relating to the character of the theorem and the reasoning involved in it, and especially on its historical background. I reject a common view according to which there was at some time a petitio principii in the theory of parallels and argue that certain kinds of skepticism about Proclus’ historical reports are excessive. The evidence we have makes it reasonable to suppose that the so-called common notions were made explicit in the earlier fourth century BCE and the postulates, including the parallel postulate, somewhat later than that. On the other hand, it seems clear that some proof of I,32 was available by the mid-fifth century. I attempt to describe what such a proof would have been like and reflect on its significance for our understanding of early Greek geometry.