cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Environmental Origin of Antinuclear Activism in Japan, 1954–1963: The Government, the Grassroots Movement, and the Politics of Risk

This paper challenges the centrality of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in our understanding of Japan's antinuclear activism. Focusing on the social distribution and perception of the fallout d*anger, I reexamine the symbiotic dynamics of governmental diplomacy and the grassroots movement against nuclear tests from 1954 to 1963. I argue that radioactive pollution during the Bikini incident triggered a consumerist and materialist turn in the peace movement with housewives at the center. Initially resisting the citizens’ perception of risk, the conservative administration by 1957 came to embrace it and launched diplomacy against nuclear tests to steal people's support away from the grassroots movement. At this crucial moment, the grassroots movement's leadership switched its focus from fallout to the “war policy” in the West, which brought about a paradigm shift from the consumerist and materialist platform toward militant workerism for socialist peace. Now disparaging fallout as merely a “physical phenomenon,” the campaign leaders left the environmental angle exposed in 1961 when the Soviet Union unilaterally broke a test moratorium in effect since 1958. While the government's diplomacy, shrewdly stressing the fallout danger, applied a blow to the campaign, the group was split and paralyzed over a protest of Soviet fallout until it dissolved in 1963. The Japanese experience ultimately proved to be an abortive attempt to grasp the environmental legacy of the Bikini incident.
Clinical outcomes of noninfectious sternal dehiscence after median sternotomy

Background Infectious complications of median sternotomy carry significant morbidity and mortality. However, the outcomes of noninfectious sternal dehiscence have not been addressed. We have identified the preoperative characteristics, postoperative complications, and long-term functional outcomes of patients after reoperation for noninfectious sternal dehiscence and compared these patients with a control group to determine risk factors for dehiscence. Methods Retrospective review of the cardiac surgery database identified 48 patients with noninfectious sternal dehiscence in a group of 12,380 median sternotomies between 1994 and 2004. The review included diagnosis, demographics, concomitant medical conditions, and surgical outcomes. Functional outcomes were assessed using the Short Form-12 questionnaire. One hundred fifty-six median sternotomy patients served as controls. Follow-up was 97.9% (47 of 48 patients) complete, for a total of 150.1 patient-years. Results Mean age of patients at reoperation was 58.8 ± 12.8 years, with a male to female ratio of 45:3. Multivariate analysis determined that New York Heart Association class IV, obesity, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were preoperative risk factors for sternal dehiscence. The incidence of sternal dehiscence was 0.39% at a mean interval between initial operation and reoperation of 5.4 months. At a mean interval of 3.9 months, 14.6% (7 of 48) of patients required additional sternal procedures. Infectious complications after reoperation occurred in 12.5% (6 of 48). Functional outcomes demonstrated that 72.2% (26 of 36) had no or mild limitation of physical activities, with 90.5% (38 of 42) reporting no or mild sternal pain at follow-up. Conclusions Although patients undergoing surgical correction of noninfectious sternal dehiscence fare better than those with infectious complications, optimal sternal approximation during the initial procedure and sternal precautions during convalescence should be emphasized to prevent recurrent complications.
Predictions of Induced Background Radiations at Gamma/X-Ray Experiment Envelopes in NASA Spacecraft

This work seeks to predict secondary radiation levels induced in spacecraft structures by space protons. The radiations analyzed are secondary neutrons from spallation and evaporation reactions and gamma and beta rays from the decay of induced radioactivity, as sources of interfering background to spaceborne measurements of galactic and planetary gamma rays below 10 MeV. The spacecraft considered are the Multi-Mission Spacecraft (MMS) and the Space Shuttle, modeled as spherical shells. The proton environment is that of the South Atlantic Anomaly, as well as cosmic ray protons. The induced radioactivity is analyzed in terms of its interference with various gamma-ray lines of astrophysical interest, as well as its contribution to several spectral regions of the gamma-ray continuum. The buildup of the line and continuum radioactivity background is predicted for a period of nearly 9 months in orbit (~4100 orbits). In addition, background contributions from cosmic ray electron bremsstrahlung and earth gamma-ray albedo are estimated.
Negative Magnetoresistivity in Dilute Alloys

The negative magnetoresistivity of dilute alloys containing magnetic transition impurities is calculated in the second Born approximation using an $s\ensuremath{-}d$ exchange model. Physically the variation of the magnetoresistivity is the product of: (a) the field and temperature dependence of the conduction-electron scattering amplitudes, (b) the freezing out of the impurity's spin degree of freedom by the magnetic field. In zero field, the former contribution leads to the well-known Kondo logarithmic series in $T$, whereas the latter remains constant in temperature. But in the presence of a magnetic field and for $\frac{g{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}H}{{k}_{B}T}\ensuremath{\lesssim}2$, the freezing out of the spins, mainly described by the square of the magnetization, varies, and much more rapidly than the perturbation expansion of the scattering amplitudes. This is verified experimentally in $\mathrm{Cu}\mathrm{Mn}$ alloys (for $T\ensuremath{\gg}{T}_{\mathrm{Kondo}}$), and allows us to phenomenologically extend our results to $T\ensuremath{\approx}{T}_{\mathrm{Kondo}}$, for which we get the same good fit with experiments in $\mathrm{Cu}\mathrm{Fe}$ alloys. For $\frac{g{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}H}{{k}_{B}T}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}4$, the impurity spins are completely aligned with the field; the scattering amplitudes become the main source of variation in the magnetoresistivity. In this case, as in absence of field, an exact theory in needed.
Monte Carlo simulations to determine coating uniformity in a Wurster fluidized bed coating process

Abstract This paper presents a coating model to predict the mass coating uniformity in a Wurster fluid bed coater using a Monte Carlo method. The velocity and voidage data obtained using imaging techniques on the same Wurster coater are used as inputs to the model. The semi-circular Wurster fluid bed used in this work was 22.9 cm in diameter. A batch of 3.6 kg tablets was used to conduct coating experiments and the coating weight gain distribution results were compared to predictions from the simulation. The model rigorously considers the sheltering effect of particles as they move in the spray zone. Good agreement was obtained when comparing the results with an analytical model. Spray shape and orientation of discretization were found to play an important role in predicting the coating uniformity. A simple spray experiment in a particle-free bed showed that the direction of spray material, in general, was vertically upward. Simulation results confirmed that an upward cylindrical spray model gives better agreement with experimental results compared to a solid cone spray model. Finally, the model was used to predict the changes in coating uniformity with bed operating conditions such as gas velocity and gap height. A wider coating distribution was found for the case with the lower gas velocity and gap height.
The Pediatric Medical-Psychiatric Unit in a Psychiatric Hospital

Interest in the development of pediatric medical-psychiatric units continues to grow, driven by clinical, financial, and interdisciplinary considerations. While virtually all of the pediatric medical-psychiatric units reported in the literature to date have arisen in the pediatric setting, there are considerations that may encourage the development of such programs in the psychiatric setting. The authors report on the development and characteristics of a pediatric medical-psychiatric specialty inpatient unit developed in a psychiatric hospital. Advantages and disadvantages of the psychiatric hospital setting are considered in light of cumulative experience.
Selective assembly of nanoparticles on block copolymer by surface modification

We have developed a method to selectively deposit nanoparticles on the ordered nanoscale elements of PS–PI–PS (polystyrene–polyisoprene–polystyrene) block copolymer film. The process utilizes reactive ion plasma to selectively modify the PS surface with amine groups to electrostatically attract negatively charged Au nanoparticles. In spite of the strong interparticle Coulombic repulsion, the deposition on PS domains is significantly high. It is observed that the deposition at the edges of the domain is particularly high, forming a percolating nanoparticle necklace. The latter may lead to interesting avenues to fabricate electronic devices.
The Measurement of the Resonance, Radiation, and Ionization Potentials of Several Gases and Vapors

Minimum Resonance, Radiation and Ionization Potentials for Various Gases.\char22{}A special vacuum tube was used which embodied a modification of K. T. Compton's variable-area electrode by being so designed that either a gauze or a plate electrode could be slid into the position of the fourth electrode. The resonance potentials were obtained from the difference in voltage between successive peaks of the resonance curves; the ionization potentials from Lenard current-voltage curves corrected as to zero by the resonance curves; the relative importance of radiation and ionization at various voltages from the ratio of the Lenard currents obtained with the plate, to the corresponding currents obtained with the gauze electrode having only one fourth the area. The critical potentials in volts, accurate to about 0.1 volt except for toluene, are as follows: The results for the resonance potentials for ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ agree with those obtained by Foote and Mohler, but the values for the corresponding ionization potentials are about 1 volt higher than theirs. The fact that no radiation was detected in the case of ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and of all the vapors except ether is rather remarkable; but it may be due to the method used.
The Na+ channel inactivation gate is a molecular complex: a novel role of the COOH-terminal domain.

Electrical activity in nerve, skeletal muscle, and heart requires finely tuned activity of voltage-gated Na+ channels that open and then enter a nonconducting inactivated state upon depolarization. Inactivation occurs when the gate, the cytoplasmic loop linking domains III and IV of the α subunit, occludes the open pore. Subtle destabilization of inactivation by mutation is causally associated with diverse human disease. Here we show for the first time that the inactivation gate is a molecular complex consisting of the III-IV loop and the COOH terminus (C-T), which is necessary to stabilize the closed gate and minimize channel reopening. When this interaction is disrupted by mutation, inactivation is destabilized allowing a small, but important, fraction of channels to reopen, conduct inward current, and delay cellular repolarization. Thus, our results demonstrate for the first time that physiologically crucial stabilization of inactivation of the Na+ channel requires complex interactions of intracellular structures and indicate a novel structural role of the C-T domain in this process.
Angiotensin II Signaling in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Under High Glucose Conditions

Abstract —The mechanisms responsible for the accelerated cardiovascular disease in diabetes, as well as the increased hypertrophic effects of angiotensin II (Ang II) under hyperglycemic conditions, are not very clear. We examined whether the culture of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) under hyperglycemic conditions to simulate the diabetic state can lead to increased activation of key growth- and stress-related kinases, such as the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), in the basal state and in response to Ang II. Treatment of porcine VSMC for short time periods (0.5 to 3 hours) with high glucose (HG; 25 mmol/L) markedly increased the activation of the extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and c-Jun/ N -terminal kinase (JNK) relative to cells cultured in normal glucose (NG; 5.5 mmol/L). p38 MAPK also was activated by HG, and this effect remained sustained for several hours. Ang II treatment increased the activity of all 3 families of MAPKs. Ang II–induced ERK activation was potentiated nearly 2-fold in cells treated with HG for 0.5 hour. However, Ang II–induced JNK was not altered. In VSMC cultured for 24 hours with HG, Ang II and HG displayed an additive response on p38 MAPK activity. MAPKs can lead to activation of transcription factors such as activator protein-1 (AP-1). HG alone significantly increased AP-1 DNA-binding activity. Furthermore, Ang II and HG combined had additive effects on AP-1 activity. These results suggest that increased activation of specific MAPKs and downstream transcription factors, such as AP-1, may be key mechanisms for the increased VSMC growth potential of HG alone and of Ang II under HG conditions.
Single-cell ATAC-seq: strength in numbers

Single-cell ATAC-seq detects open chromatin in individual cells. Currently data are sparse, but combining information from many single cells can identify determinants of cell-to-cell chromatin variation.
Does Trade Liberalization Cause Long Run Economic Growth in Mexico? An Empirical Investigation

Mexico, in its quest for economic growth, moved from an import substituting inward-oriented policy regime towards an outward oriented trade regime since the introduction of the economic reform in 1985. In the form of stocktaking, this study examines the impact of trade liberalization (openness) on long run economic growth in Mexico by using data from 1980:q1 to 2008:q4 with the help of cointegration and error correction methods. The empirical results suggest that long run economic growth in Mexico is largely explained by trade liberalization (openness) and the level of capital (investment). The results, however, show that the contribution of labor force and human capital is minimal. This is somewhat surprising given increased educational spending over the last decade. The estimated coefficient of the ECM indicates low speed of adjustment to equilibrium. The sign of the ECM term is negative and significant, thus, confirming that the system corrects its previous period’s disequilibrium by 20 percent a quarter. The policy implication of our results is that Mexico needs to intensify trade and investment reforms to promote sustainable long run economic growth. As an open economy, Mexico should continue to avoid real exchange rate overvaluation while minimizing exchange rate volatility. There is also the need to complement reforms in trade and investment sectors with reforms in the education sector.
The experience journal: A computer-based intervention for families facing congenital heart disease

ABSTRACT Objective To test the feasibility and safety of a computer-based application designed to facilitate the healthy coping of children and their families who must contend with significant congenital heart disease (CHD). The application, called the Experience Journal (EJ), is a psychoeducational intervention based on a narrative model involving the sharing of personal stories about an illness. Method Testing was conducted in 2 phases. In phase 1, 9 parents of children with CHD and 1 adult with CHD were asked to use the EJ. After utilization, semistructured interviews assessed EJ usability and safety. In phase 2, 40 mothers of children with CHD used the EJ during a hospitalization. Assessment of feasibility and safety was measured through the use of semistructured interviews prior to EJ utilization and 2 to 4 weeks after hospital discharge. Results Results revealed that the EJ was safe and useful for decreasing social isolation, increasing understanding of familial feelings about cardiac illness, and fostering positive reactions in mothers. Conclusions Computer-based interventions that present psychoeducational and medical information closely connected to “one's own story” may open up new possibilities for families facing pediatric illnesses.
Template based shape descriptor

We introduce a new 3D shape descriptor which maps the surface features onto an arbitrary template surface using mean-value interpolation. A compact numerical shape descriptor is extracted using manifold harmonics on the template. We show that mean-value interpolation is a strong alternative to the often used projection. The utility of using different templates is established by showing that concatenating descriptors coming from different templates improves retrieval quality.
Low-temperature processed high-performance flexible perovskite solar cells via rationally optimized solvent washing treatments

High performance planar-heterojunction (PHJ) perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3) solar cells fabricated through low-temperature annealing are demonstrated. Simple spin-coating with an optimized solvent washing process readily forms homogeneous and crystalline perovskite thin films. The perovskite films fabricated via this solvent washing process show a low dependence on annealing temperature in achieving high crystallinity and large grain size, prerequisites for high efficiency perovskite solar cells. The solar cell device fabricated by solvent washing and 100 °C annealing exhibited a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) over 14% with high short circuit current density (JSC) of 19.3 mA cm−2 and fill factor (FF) of 0.80. More importantly, the device annealed at low temperature (<90 °C) also yields high PCEs of over 12%. This enables us to fabricate flexible solar cells at low-temperatures with promising PCE as high as 9.43%. This study demonstrates that this optimized solvent washing process is highly relevant for low-cost roll-to-roll (R-2-R) processing of high performance perovskite solar cells.
Breast Cancer Management: Opportunities and Barriers to an Individualized Approach

A personalized approach to breast cancer management is increasingly possible with state of the art diagnostics and treatments. However, many challenges still exist in choosing the right therapeutic strategy and the right dosing for a specific patient population. Biomarkers such as estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER-2 status are used to tailor therapy, but success rates with targeted therapy suggest that appropriate patient populations still require greater definition. The introduction of the genomic era has likewise advanced the ability to offer a tailored approach to breast cancer management, but much work is still needed in this area as well. Microarray-based gene expression profiles have demonstrated initial promise, but we need a better understanding of more complex tumor signaling pathways. Strategies include annotated tumor specimens, next-generation gene sequencing, proteomics, and metabolomics. An individualized approach to breast cancer management has the potential to offer clear clinical benefits and the ability to bring more tailored, cost-effective strategies to the market. The current issues facing the delivery of individualized breast cancer care will be the focus of this discussion.
Analog atpg: a response to users'needs

The need for increased reliability as well as better and simpler maintenance of wea pon systems and electronic systems gene rally is now being echoed at the highest levels. It is emphasized that interest in this aspect of the problem is not limited to military applications. We have been addressing this problem so as to take maximum advantage of inexpensive simple test equipment and computational facilities. An important criterion is that they be capable of effective use by the level of technicians available for the maintenance of the complex electronic sys tems currently in use and those being deve loped for future ground, ship or airborne use. We are developing a fuzzy automaton learning model based, in part, on the "fuzzy concept" to achieve such fault diag nosis. As a realistic goal, we seek to achieve at least an 80% throughput utili zing streamlined facilities.
Snapshots of Mixtures of Affective Experiences in a Day: Findings from the Health and Retirement Study

In 2009, a representative subsample of participants in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS: N = 5333; Age 50–101) responded to a short day reconstruction self-administered questionnaire that asked about their time and experiences on seven activities the previous day. We evaluate the quality and reliability of responses to this 10-min measure of experienced well-being and compare the properties and correlates of three intensity-based composites reflecting mixtures of activity-linked affective experiences (Activity-Positive Affect, Activity-Negative Affect, and Net Affect), and a frequency-based index, Activity Affective Complexity, that summarizes the proportion of activities that include a mixture of positive and negative affective experiences regardless of intensity. On average, older adults reported that 36 % of the activities in their day provided some mixture of feelings (e.g., interested and frustrated). Regression models revealed differential associations for the four constructs of affective well-being with socio-demographic factors, physical and mental health, and proximal indicators of the day’s context. We conclude that the HRS short day reconstruction measure is reliable and discuss the conceptual issues in assessing, summarizing, and interpreting the complexity of emotional experience in older adults.
Stabilized Zirconia As A Structural Ceramic: An Overview

This review introduces concepts and background from the ceramics engineering literature regarding metastable zirconia ceramics to establish a context for understanding current and emerging zirconia-based dental ceramics.
Large ray packets for real-time Whitted ray tracing

In this paper, we explore large ray packet algorithms for acceleration structure traversal and frustum culling in the context of Whitted ray tracing, and examine how these methods respond to varying ray packet size, scene complexity, and ray recursion complexity. We offer a new algorithm for acceleration structure traversal which is robust to degrading coherence and a new method for generating frustum bounds around reflection and refraction ray packets. We compare, adjust, and finally compose the most effective algorithms into a real-time Whitted ray tracer. With the aid of multi-core CPU technology, our system renders complex scenes with reflections, refractions, and/or point-light shadows anywhere from 4-20 FPS.
Median Eminence and Anterior Pituitary Degradation of Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone in Hens Undergoing Changes in Luteinizing Hormone Secretion

Studies described in this report provide physiological evidence for a possible involvement of median eminence (ME) and anterior pituitary (AP) luteinizing hormone releasing hormone degrading activity (LHRH-DA) in the genesis of the hen's preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone (LH). Serum LH and progesterone (P4), ME LHRH content and LHRH-DA, and AP LHRH-DA were determined in laying hens in the following reproductive conditions: 1) a "spontaneous" preovulatory LH surge; 2) a "premature" preovulatory LH surge; and 3) an ovulatory failure induced by feed withdrawal. The premature preovulatory surge of LH occurred 3 h after P4 administration and was preceded by an increase in both ME and AP LHRH-DA and by a decrease in ME LHRH content 1 h after P4 administration. However, the premature preovulatory LH surge was associated with a decrease in LHRH-DA back to control levels as ME LHRH content increased, even though LHRH was presumably being released from the ME at this time to maintain the preovulatory surge of LH. Although similar changes in LHRH-DA (an increase in both ME and AP LHRH-DA, followed by a decrease) also preceded the spontaneous preovulatory surge of LH, its profile was significantly blunted and no changes in ME LHRH content were associated with this LH surge. In contrast, ovulatory failure was correlated with a decrease in ME LHRH content but no changes in LHRH-DA. Therefore, in the hen, ME and AP enzymatic degradation of LHRH I might be involved in the genesis of a premature preovulatory surge of LH.
HIGH TEMPERATURE ELASTIC‐PLASTIC SMALL CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOR IN A NICKEL‐BASE SUPERALLOY

— An experimental study of the elastic-plastic fatigue behavior of small surface cracks in Alloy 718 at 650°C was conducted under conditions of total strain control. During cycling, the crack growth was continuously monitored using a direct current potential drop technique while the influence of crack closure was monitored using a laser interferometry technique measuring the crack mouth opening displacement. The crack tip plastic zone size was also measured using a post-test delta phase decoration technique. Results show that the growth rates of the small cracks correlate well with long crack LEFM data when using an appropriate elastic-plastic driving force parameter. The anomalous crack growth rates observed in some experiments were found to be experimental transients dominated by the crack initiation fracture and do not represent an intrinsic behavior of Alloy 718. No contribution to the anomalous small crack growth could be attributed to either crack closure or enhanced crack tip plasticity.
The Bright Future of Cardiothoracic Surgery in the Era of Changing Health Care Delivery: An Update

n W would like to first acknowledge and thank those individuals who have been so important in my life nd career, making it possible for me to be selected as our president, the highest honor that I have had betowed on me and one that I will always cherish and ope that I have fulfilled in a credible way. I would first ike to acknowledge my parents, Wilma and Fred, who aught me the importance of hard work, perseverance, onesty, integrity, common sense, and a sense of humor, ll coupled with a strong dose of humility. I particularly ant to thank my wife, Carol, for her tremendous suport, which actually began when we were both 15 and ad begun dating each other as sophomores in high chool. She has been with me through high school, ollege, medical school, and residency, and for my entire areer as a cardiothoracic surgeon. As everyone knows, eing married to a cardiothoracic surgeon isn’t the easist thing because of the obligations of our profession. I also want to acknowledge the support of our two sons, red Jr and Richard, who have been tremendously suportive of me and my career, understanding the time that t takes to be a conscientious cardiothoracic surgeon. I lso want to thank our daughters-in-law, Theresa and hristin, for all of their support, and our grandchildren, rooke, Keaton, and Lange, for the enjoyment they bring s. Part of what I will emphasize today is the importance f mentorship. In the book, Advisor, Teacher, Role Model, riend [1], it is noted that
Metamaterial cathodes in multi-cavity magnetrons

The paper presents results of computer experiments performed for research to enhance operational parameters of multi-cavity magnetrons through using the metal-thin-wire (MTW) and the metal-split-ring (MSR) metamaterial structures as a cold (non-thermionic) cathode. It is demonstrated by particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of a generic 10-vane non-relativistic ultra-high frequency (UHF) magnetron that the output microwave power and the start-up time of this magnetron are improved by replacing either a solid or a transparent cathode by a bulk MTW metamaterial structure formed by an array of individual wires directed parallel to the axis of the magnetron (rodded cathode).
Scheduling task dependence graphs with variable task execution times onto heterogeneous multiprocessors

We present a statistical optimization approach for scheduling a task dependence graph with variable task execution times onto a heterogeneous multiprocessor system. Scheduling methods in the presence of variations typically rely on worst-case timing estimates for hard real-time applications, or average-case analysis for other applications. However, a large class of soft real-time applications require only statistical guarantees on latency and throughput. We present a general statistical model that captures the probability distributions of task execution times as well as the correlations of execution times of different tasks. We use a Monte Carlo based technique to perform makespan analysis of different schedules based on this model. This approach can be used to analyze the variability present in a variety of soft real-time applications, including a H.264 video processing application.We present two scheduling algorithms based on statistical makespan analysis. The first is a heuristic based on a critical path analysis of the task dependence graph. The other is a simulated annealing algorithm using incremental timing analysis. Both algorithms take as input the required statistical guarantee, and can thus be easily re-used for different required guarantees. We show that optimization methods based on statistical analysis show a 25-30% improvement in makespan over methods based on static worst-case analysis.
Cognitive Architectures and Multi-agent Social Simulation

As we know, a cognitive architecture is a domain-generic computational cognitive model that may be used for a broad analysis of cognition and behavior. Cognitive architectures embody theories of cognition in computer algorithms and programs. Social simulation with multi-agent systems can benefit from incorporating cognitive architectures, as they provide a realistic basis for modeling individual agents (as argued in Sun 2001). In this survey, an example cognitive architecture will be given, and its application to social simulation will be sketched.
The New President and the Information Industry

What a long strange journey it has been. As this is published, the 2008 presidential election will be just days away. Much has been written about the unprecedented and historic nature of this election with its breaking of race and gender barriers, the nomination a candidate who would be oldest elected president, and strident shouts of “Change!” from both camps.One area that has not gotten much mass media attention are the candidates’ perspectives on technology, intellectual property, privacy and other issues of importance to the information community. However, after a review of position papers, media and blogger reports, and a bi-partisan discussion that took place after the Democratic Convention, some pictures do begin to emerge. Much of the focus has been on patent and copyright issues as part of broader concerns about the economy and international trade. But there is enough to get a sense of the candidates’ perspectives these issues.
Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Review with Emphasis on Emerging Histologic Subtypes and the Role of Human Papillomavirus.

The sinonasal tract is one of the least frequent sites for squamous cell carcinoma in the head and neck. However, it is still a complex tumor type for pathologists because there are numerous histologic variants with unusual morphologic features, several non-squamous carcinomas in the differential diagnosis that can have similar morphology and even squamous differentiation, and because of the increasing recognition of human papillomavirus (HPV) in a subset of the tumors. In addition, the unique and complex anatomy of the sinonasal tract can make proper staging and management of patients’ tumors quite challenging. This article reviews sinonasal tract squamous cell carcinoma in depth and provides the latest data on Schneiderian papillomas and HPV in their pathogenesis.
A Large Pre-Columbian Copper Bell from the Southwest

Pre-Columbian copper in the ruins of the Southwest occurs chiefly in the form of bells, numerous examples of which have been illustrated in the literature. Generally these are of the “hawk's” or “sleigh” bell type, characterized by a spherical or pear-shaped resonator, free clapper, and an eyelet for suspension. In diameter they range from about 10 to 40 millimeters and, on the whole, are devoid of any ornamental features. Exceptions to this, of course, have been found,’ notably a few small bells with “wire work,” the effigy bell noted by Fewkes, and the large Delgar Ruin bell described by Hough. Since the larger examples are apt to display complicated technical and ornamental treatments, more can be done with these than with the small bells by way of pinning down their origins to centers where the metallurgist's art flourished.
Genetic Linkage Map and Comparative Genome Analysis for the Atlantic Killifish ( Fundulus heteroclitus )

Genetic linkage maps are valuable tools in evolutionary biology; however, their availability for wild populations is extremely limited. Fundulus heteroclitus (Atlantic killifish) is a non-migratory estuarine fish that exhibits high allelic and phenotypic diversity partitioned among subpopulations that reside in disparate environmental conditions. An ideal candidate model organism for studying gene-environment interactions, the molecular toolbox for F. heteroclitus is limited. We identified hundreds of novel microsatellites which, when combined with existing microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), were used to construct the first genetic linkage map for this species. By integrating independent linkage maps from three genetic crosses, we developed a consensus map containing 24 linkage groups, consistent with the number of chromosomes reported for this species. These linkage groups span 2300 centimorgans (cM) of recombinant genomic space, intermediate in size relative to the current linkage maps for the teleosts, medaka and zebrafish. Comparisons between fish genomes support a high degree of synteny between the consensus F. heteroclitus linkage map and the medaka and (to a lesser extent) zebrafish physical genome assemblies.
Detection of Morquio a Syndrome Using Radiolabelled Substrates Derived from Keratan Sulphate for the Estimation of Galactose 6-Sulphate Sulphatase

1. The following radiolabelled disaccharide and tetrasaccharide were prepared from keratan sulphate and evaluated as substrates for galactose 6-sulphate sulphatase present in cultured human skin fibroblasts: O -(β-d-6-sulphogalactosyl)−(1 → 4)−2,5-anhydro-d-[1- 3 H] mannitol 6-sulphate (Gal6S-anM6S) and the tetrasaccharide equivalent Gal6S-GlcNAc6S-Gal6S-anM6S. Radiolabelled trisaccharide substrates, N -acetylgalactosamine 6-sulphate (β, 1 → 4)-glucuronic acid-(β 1→3)- N -acetyl[l- 3 H]galactosaminitol 6-sulphate (GalNAc6S-GlcA-GalitolNAc6S), and N -acetylgalactosamine 6-sulphate (β, 1 → 4)-glucose-(β, 1 → 3)- N -acetyl-[1- 3 H]galactosaminitol 6-sulphate (GalNAc6S-GlcGalitol-NAc6S), were prepared from chondroitin 6-sulphate and used to assay N -acetylgalactosamine 6-sulphate sulphatase. 2. Sulphatase activity obtained with Gal6S-anM6S was approximately the same, 100 and 30–50 times less than values obtained with Gal6S-GlcNAc6S-Gal6S-anM6S, GalNAc6S-GlcA-Galitol-NAc6S and GalNAc6S-Glc-GalitolNAc respectively. Less than 5% of normal activity resulted when these substrates were incubated with fibroblasts from Morquio A patients. These results demonstrate that the trisaccharide substrates derived from chondroitin 6-sulphate although de- O -sulphated at a considerably higher rate than was observed for the de- O -sulphation of the disaccharide and tetrasaccharide derived from keratan sulphate, are acted upon by the same sulphatase. 3. Galactose 6-sulphate sulphatase activity in fibroblast homogenates assayed with Gal6S-anM6S as substrate clearly distinguished Morquio A patients from normal controls, and Morquio B and Sanfilippo D patients. 4. We recommend the use of both the radiolabelled disaccharide derived from keratan sulphate and the trisaccharide derived from chondroitin 6-sulphate to assess sulphatase activity in fibroblasts of atypical Morquio patients.
Faith at Work Scale

The Faith at Work Scale (FWS) is a 15-item measure of faith and work integration, inspired by Judaeo-Christian thought. The valid and reliable single-factor scale draws on five dimensions of work and faith—relationship, meaning, community, holiness, and giving. Recently released, the FWS is being employed in multiple studies exploring the intersection of work and faith. The scale, its development, and its approach to workplace spirituality are described in this chapter, along with the findings of research employing the scale and potential directions for future research in workplace faith.
Boosted sparse nonlinear distance metric learning

This paper proposes a boosting-based solution addressing metric learning problems for high-dimensional data. Distance measures have been used as natural measures of (dis)similarity and have served as the foundation of various learning methods. The efficiency of distance-based learning methods heavily depends on the chosen distance metric. With increasing dimensionality and complexity of data, however, traditional metric learning methods suffer from poor scalability, and the limitation due to linearity as the true signals are usually embedded within a low-dimensional nonlinear subspace. In this paper, we propose a nonlinear sparse metric learning algorithm via boosting. We restructure a global optimization problem into a forward stage-wise learning of weak learners based on a rank-one decomposition of the weight matrix in the Mahalanobis distance metric. A gradient-boosting algorithm is devised to obtain a sparse rank-one update of the weight matrix at each step. Nonlinear features are learned by a hierarchical expansion of interactions incorporated within the boosting algorithm. Meanwhile, an early stopping rule is imposed to control the overall complexity of the learned metric. As a result, our approach guarantees three desirable properties of the final metric: positive semi-definiteness, low rank and element-wise sparsity. Numerical experiments show that our learning model compares favorably with the state-of-the-art methods in the current literature of metric learning.
Overview of Fiber Optic Sensors for NDT Applications

Optical fiber sensors have seen an increased acceptance as well as a widespread use for structural sensing and monitoring in civil engineering, aerospace, marine, oil & gas, composites and smart structure applications. Optical fiber sensor operation and instrumentation have become well understood and developed. Fiber sensors are attractive sensing devices for non-destructive testing (NDT) applications given their small size, lightweight and dielectric glass construction that renders them immune to electrical noise and EM interference—unlike most conventional electronic sensing systems. To date, fiber sensors have been embedded inside composite materials to determine curing, internal stresses and deformations as well as to detect the onset of cracks and damage. Surface mounted devices allow for the on-line monitoring in real time of deformations and strains in a variety of test specimens. Furthermore, some specific fiber sensor types allow for multi-point sensing at different locations using a single fiber, or even continuous, distributed sensing of temperature and strain based on Raman and Brillouin scattering systems. This paper reviews the operating principles, sensor types, benefits and applications of optical fiber sensors for non-destructive testing of materials and structures in different fields such as composites, aerospace, civil engineering, oil & gas and others.
Structure of the Succinate-Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase (Complex II)

Publisher Summary Bovine heart succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) consists of two unlike subunits, namely, flavoprotein (Fp) and iron–sulfur protein (Ip) subunits, with molecular weight averages of 70,000 and 27,000, respectively. This enzyme contains one covalently bound 8 α -[W(3)-histidyl]-flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and approximately 8 ± 1 nonheme iron atoms and an equivalent number of acid-labile sulfides (S*). The nonheme iron of SDH was reported to be equally distributed between the Fp and Ip subunits. This chapter describes the newly identified SDH cluster structures that provide the most rational explanations to apparently inconsistent earlier and new experimental data. Based on the most updated knowledge on the amino acid sequence homology, the newly identified structure of three iron–sulfur clusters, and their spin-couplings, the chapter presents a model arrangement of SDH in the mitochondrial membrane. This is the first enzyme to have all three different types of iron–-sulfur clusters within a single polypeptide. All redox-active centers are placed within a distance that allows ready direction of spin–spin interactions.
Analysis of electromagnetic pulse field distribution of effective work space of GTEM cell

This paper introduces the structure of gigahertz TEM cell (GTEM cell). And the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method is used to model electromagnetic field of effective work space of GTEM cell accurately. The effect of meauring system put at the effective work space is also analyzed. This work will offer theory direction of electromagnetic field distribution of effective work space of GTEM cell.
Health-compromising practices of undergraduate college students: Examining racial/ethnic and gender differences in characteristics of prescription stimulant misuse.

•Illicit use of prescription stimulants (IUPS) is prevalent among college students.•Associations were found between race, gender, and IUPS characteristics.•Being Asian or Latino increased the odds of smoking stimulants.•Being Female increased the odds of using stimulants to lose weight.•Many of the associations remained after controlling for known correlates of IUPS.
Salvation through Christ or Marx: Religion in Revolutionary Cuba

Unlike churches in the rest of Latin America, those in Cuba did not embark at the outset of the 1960s on a period of liberalization and innovation in theology, pastoral forms, lay participation and political strategies. Rather, the coming to power in 1959 of a revolutionary government and the initiation of substantial societal restructuring reinforced conservatism within the churches. Strong challenges to the legitimacy of the government by the churches from 1959 through 1961 were not effective due largely to institutional limitations and their identification as bulwarks of prerevolutionary structures. Hence, in spite of a marked increase in participation and contributions, the churches' counterrevolutionary stance had limited impact. Contributing to this was the exodus of many religious activists to the United States and Spain, and a turning in upon themselves by the churches which came to serve as refuges from change.
Conversion Rules for Weyl Points and Nodal Lines in Topological Media.

According to a widely held paradigm, a pair of Weyl points with opposite chirality mutually annihilate when brought together. In contrast, we show that such a process is strictly forbidden for Weyl points related by a mirror symmetry, provided that an effective two-band description exists in terms of orbitals with opposite mirror eigenvalue. Instead, such a pair of Weyl points convert into a nodal loop inside a symmetric plane upon the collision. Similar constraints are identified for systems with multiple mirrors, facilitating previously unreported nodal-line and nodal-chain semimetals that exhibit both Fermi-arc and drumhead surface states. We further find that Weyl points in systems symmetric under a $\ensuremath{\pi}$ rotation composed with time reversal are characterized by an additional integer charge that we call helicity. A pair of Weyl points with opposite chirality can annihilate only if their helicities also cancel out. We base our predictions on topological crystalline invariants derived from relative homotopy theory, and we test our predictions on simple tight-binding models. The outlined homotopy description can be directly generalized to systems with multiple bands and other choices of symmetry.
Advanced Microwave Photonics Applications and Routes to Hybrid Integration

We review recent advances in microwave photonic systems for wideband spectral awareness and down-conversion. Progress is shown toward hybrid integration of these systems with the latest chip-scale technologies to reduce SWaP and improve performance.
Single-photon 3D imaging with deep sensor fusion

Sensors which capture 3D scene information provide useful data for tasks in vehicle navigation, gesture recognition, human pose estimation, and geometric reconstruction. Active illumination time-of-flight sensors in particular have become widely used to estimate a 3D representation of a scene. However, the maximum range, density of acquired spatial samples, and overall acquisition time of these sensors is fundamentally limited by the minimum signal required to estimate depth reliably. In this paper, we propose a data-driven method for photon-efficient 3D imaging which leverages sensor fusion and computational reconstruction to rapidly and robustly estimate a dense depth map from low photon counts. Our sensor fusion approach uses measurements of single photon arrival times from a low-resolution single-photon detector array and an intensity image from a conventional high-resolution camera. Using a multi-scale deep convolutional network, we jointly process the raw measurements from both sensors and output a high-resolution depth map. To demonstrate the efficacy of our approach, we implement a hardware prototype and show results using captured data. At low signal-to-background levels, our depth reconstruction algorithm with sensor fusion outperforms other methods for depth estimation from noisy measurements of photon arrival times.
The Clinical Experience With Pulsed Dye Laser Photofragmentation of Ureteral Calculi (127 Cases)

Since September of 1985 until present, we have used the pulsed dye laser for transureteroscopic photofragmentation of ureteral calculi. /1,2/. Recently, we have also used the same laser percutaneously via a flexible nephroscope to fragment calculi sequestered in calyces that are unable to be reached by the percutaneous rigid ultrasonic sonotrode. Herein is presented a review of the instrumentation and techniques developed for percutaneous and ureteral laser lithotripsy, the results of laser fragmentation of 127 ureteral calculi and a discussion of the principles and possibilities of laser lithotripsy.
Efficient Genre Classification using Qualitative Representations

We have constructed a system that can compute a qualitative representation of music from high-level features extracted from MusicXML files. We use two cognitively motivated computational models called SME and SEQL to build generalizations of musical genres from these representations. We then categorize novel music pieces according to the generalizations. We demonstrate the feasibility of the system with training sets much smaller than those used in previous systems.
Calcium Regulation of Cytosolic Enzymes

Ca2+ has a fundamental role in mediating signal transduction initiated by neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, growth factors, hormones and other signalling molecules. The integrative powers of Ca2+ are best exemplified by its interaction with a single Ca2+-binding protein, calmodulin, which coordinates a variety of cellular functions in response to a rise in intracellular Ca2+. In addition, Ca2+ can produce its effects via direct interaction with many critical cellular proteins or enzymes. Ca2+-bound calmodulin activates a variety of enzymes, such as cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE), adenylyl cyclase, and nitric oxide synthase. Calmodulin also directly regulates protein kinases and a protein phosphatase. It is through modulation of protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation that Ca2+ is best able to control the transduction of signals within a cell and have its greatest impact.