cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-speed medium voltage (MV) drive applications enabled by series connection of 1.7 kV SiC MOSFET devices

The medium voltage (MV) high-speed drives are required for traction, wind energy, marine, aerospace, oil, and gas compressors applications. The MV converter must be able to switch at higher switching frequencies (> 5 kHz) to generate higher fundamental frequency AC input voltages for the motor (≥ 500 Hz) and thereby achieving high speed at the motor output (≥ 15000 rpm). This paper presents the series connection of 1.7 kV SiC MOSFET devices to enable simple two level MV converter for high-speed drive and grid connected applications. Experimental switching characterization of a phase leg (one pole of a three-phase converter) with the series connection of four devices per arm (or eight per leg) has been presented. It also presents the experimental results of a DC-AC half-bridge inverter with four devices in series per arm at 3kV dc bus, at different fundamental frequencies. It also includes the experimental endurance test results of phase-leg (pole) in a DC-DC converter at 100 kW, 3kV dc bus. Furthermore, it also presents the performance evaluation of a 3-phase voltage source inverter (VSI) efficiency using four series connected devices for 3.6 kV dc bus, 2.1 kV AC(L-L), 720 kW output power and its comparison with single 6.5 kV Si IGBT.
The Materialist Dream Theatre: Affect and Value, Freud and Simmel

This chapter argues that many of the dreams that Sigmund Freud analyzes in The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) and On Dreams (1901) not only link monetary value and feeling, but also take as their mise en scenes social spaces and events such as parties, dinners, visits to the theatre, and so on. In doing so, the affective dimensions of social encounters, many of which are concerned with a class affiliation inscribed by wealth and so much a part of the “chronic impecuniosity” of Shaw’s early years in London, return as motifs in dream narratives, adding performative dimension to definitions of a “material” psychology. The chapter then turns to Georg Simmel’s The Philosophy of Money (1900) to explore the larger sociological ramifications of money, value, and the emotional life of modern subjects.
Treatment of carprofen overdose with therapeutic plasma exchange in a dog

Objective To report the use of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) in a dog with carprofen toxicosis. Summary A 6-year-old female neutered Bichon Frise weighing 6.9 kg was examined after it had ingested 72 mg/kg carprofen. Mild dehydration without azotemia and with a urine specific gravity of 1.050 was noted at presentation. Treatment consisted of induction of emesis, symptomatic medical therapy, and TPE. The TPE achieved 1.5 plasma volume exchanges over 3 hours. Blood samples and effluent samples were collected every 30 minutes during TPE and additional blood samples were collected 11 and 35 hours after treatment. Carprofen concentrations in these samples were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography. A 51% reduction in serum carprofen concentration was achieved following TPE. New or unique information provided This report describes the successful reduction of plasma carprofen concentration in a dog using TPE. Although recent studies suggest that this particular dog may not have received a toxic dose, a 51% reduction of plasma carprofen concentration was achieved over 180 minutes, and TPE may be beneficial for treatment of dogs that have ingested higher doses.
Against Epistemology and Foundationalism: From the Theory of Political Economy to Social Practice

The central focus of this book has been on the meta-theoretical foundation of Marx’ political economy as it develops from an analysis of epistemology to that of methodology and from method to the issue of scientific validation and social practice. Each part is a crucial link in the overall chain of issues as the crisis of science and epistemology pushes the argument from questions about the foundations of social science to those about ‘theory and practice’. It is in this light that the relationship between 19th-century German Idealism and contemporary post-empiricist philosophy of science becomes very useful, for the latter too has gone through its own evaluation of the crisis of science. This chapter will continue the analysis of Capital, but not deal with the mechanics or internal logic of the work. Rather, it will examine the reasons behind the development of a social theory based on a dialectical critique of political economy and the epistemological and methodological necessity of building the idea of social practice into its own meta-theory.
Management of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the Emergency Department

Over the past 30 years, significant advances have transformed the landscape of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care in the emergency department. Diagnosis and management of HIV has improved, resulting in a decline in the incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining infections. Advances in pharmacology have led to fewer serious medication toxicities and more tolerable regimens. Emergency providers have played an increasingly important role in HIV screening and diagnosis of acute infection. Provision of postexposure prophylaxis is expanding from a focus on occupational exposure to include all high-risk cases.
AdaDIF: Adaptive Diffusions for Efficient Semi-supervised Learning over Graphs

Diffusion-based classifiers such as those relying on the Personalized PageRank and the Heat kernel, enjoy remarkable classification accuracy at modest computational requirements. Their performance however is affected by the extent to which the chosen diffusion captures a typically unknown label propagation mechanism, that can be specific to the underlying graph, and potentially different for each class. The present work introduces a disciplined, data-efficient approach to learning class-specific diffusion functions adapted to the underlying network topology. The novel learning approach leverages the notion of "landing probabilities" of class-specific random walks, which can be computed efficiently, thereby ensuring scalability to large graphs. This is supported by rigorous analysis of the properties of the model as well as the proposed algorithms. Classification tests on real networks demonstrate that adapting the diffusion function to the given graph and observed labels, significantly improves the performance over fixed diffusions; reaching—and many times surpassing—the classification accuracy of computationally heavier state-of-the-art competing methods, that rely on node embeddings and deep neural networks.
Recrafting Youth Risk Assessment: Developing the Modified Positive Achievement Change Tool for Iowa

Risk assessments have become prevalent in the juvenile justice field. Many of these tools are adopted off-the-shelf and not adapted to fit the characteristics of a jurisdiction’s justice-involved y...
The Middle/Later Stone Age transition and cultural dynamics of late Pleistocene East Africa.

The Middle to Later Stone Age (MSA/LSA) transition is a prominent feature of the African archeological record that began in some places ~30,000-60,000 years ago, historically associated with the origin and/or dispersal of "modern" humans. Unlike the analogous Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition in Eurasia and associated Neanderthal extinction, the African MSA/LSA record remains poorly documented, with its potential role in explaining changes in the behavioral diversity and geographic range of Homo sapiens largely unexplored. I review archeological and biogeographic data from East Africa, show regionally diverse pathways to the MSA/LSA transition, and emphasize the need for analytical approaches that document potential ancestor-descendent relationships visible in the archeological record, needed to assess independent invention, population interaction, dispersal, and other potential mechanisms for behavioral change. Diversity within East Africa underscores the need for regional, rather than continental-scale narratives of the later evolutionary history of H. sapiens.
Urethroplasty for Female Urethral Stricture Disease

Female urethral stricture disease is often treated with traumatic dilation that leads to a high recurrence rate. There is increasing evidence that, in lieu of repeated dilations, formal urethroplasty should be pursued early in the management of female urethral stricture disease, as it provides a durable and cost-effective cure. This chapter provides an update on the various reported techniques for female urethroplasty that are reported in the surgical literature.
Modeling and Analysis of Zero Common-mode Voltage Modulation with Dead-Time for Three-Level Inverter

This paper presents the modeling and analysis of zero common-mode voltage (ZCMV) pulse width modulation with dead-time for three-level voltage source inverters. Analytical model to calculate phase output voltage harmonic of three-level inverter with ZCMV modulation is developed. With ZCMV modulation, the common-mode voltage (CMV) of a three-level inverter can be eliminated in theory. However, CMV reduction performance is limited by dead-time in practical applications. Hence, the harmonic characteristics of CMV is modeled and analyzed considering dead-time. Experiments are conducted on a three-level neutral point clamped inverter with ZCMV modulation, and verify the accuracy of developed models.
Forward scattering in a thermal Plasma

I examine the regime of forward scattering of an energetic particle in a Plasma medium in thermal equilibrium. Treating the particle as an open quantum system interacting with a bath, I look at the time evolution of the reduced density matrix of the system. The kinematic and dynamical time scales that emerge can exist in several possible hierarchies which can lead to different EFT formulations. I show that in certain hierarchies, it becomes necessary to account for arbitrary number of coherent exchanges between the system and the bath going beyond the independent scattering paradigm. Analytic results are obtained in certain limits and the formalism is applied for the measurement of transverse momentum broadening of a quark in a Quark Gluon Plasma medium.
The Parent Version of the Preschool Social Skills Rating Scale: An Analysis of Its Use with Low-Income, EthnicMinority Children

This study examined the psychometric properties of the parent version of the preschool Social Skills Rating Scale (SSRS-P) for low-income, African-American children. Analyses were conducted to test...
Impact of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Emphysema on Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia.

Background: Comorbid disease is a risk factor for severe COVID-19 infection, however, initial rates of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in case series were low and severity of COVID-19 in COPD patients was variable. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of patients admitted with COVID-19 and evaluated outcomes in those with and without COPD and/or emphysema. Patients were identified as having COPD if they had a diagnosis in the medical record and a history of airflow-obstruction on spirometry, or a history of tobacco use and prescribed long-acting bronchodilator(s). Computed tomography scans were evaluated by radiologists. Propensity matching was performed for age, body-mass index (BMI), and serologic data correlated with severity of COVID-19 disease (D-dimer, C-reactive protein, ferritin, fibrinogen, absolute lymphocyte count, lymphocyte percentage, and lactate dehydrogenase). Results: Of 577 patients admitted with COVID-19, 103 had a diagnosis of COPD and/or emphysema. The COPD/emphysema cohort was older (67 vs 58, p<0.0001) than the other cohort and had a lower BMI. Among unmatched cohorts those with COPD/emphysema had higher rates of intensive care unit (ICU) admission (35% vs 24.9%, p=0.036) and maximal respiratory support requirements, with more frequent invasive mechanical ventilation (21.4% vs 11.8%), but no significant difference in mortality. After propensity-matching there was no difference in ICU admission, maximal respiratory support requirements, or mortality. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses yielded similar results. Discussion: Our propensity-matched retrospective cohort study suggests that patients hospitalized with COVID-19 that have COPD and/or emphysema may not have worse outcomes than those without these comorbid conditions.
Rubric for assessing thinking skills in free-response exam problems

Development and use of a rubric to assess thinking skills required for free-response exam problems.
Emergent and Non-Emergent Agitation in the Older Adult: Evaluation and Management

This paper aims to describe the heterogenous presentation of agitation in older adults. It will delve into semiology, diagnosis, classification, as well as treatment options available to address agitation. Agitation is a common and distressing symptom that poses risk to patients and caregivers. In older adults, it is often a manifestation of medical and neuropsychiatric conditions such as dementia, stroke, delirium, psychiatric disorders, catatonia, substance intoxication or withdrawal. Agitation in dementia is defined as excessive motor behavior and verbal or physical aggressive behavior, causing significant disability. Several tools are used to describe it; most notably, the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI). Its evaluation is most complete with the DICE (Describe, Investigate, Create, Evaluate) approach which allows for examination of precipitating factors such as delirium, psychiatric disorders, pain, polypharmacy, constipation, environmental elements, and others. Non-pharmacological management should be attempted first, tailoring the treatment to the precipitants. If these fail, pharmacological treatments, although inherently risky, include non-emergent and emergent options. The former are antidepressants and cognitive enhancers, and the latter include antipsychotics, trazodone, and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Benzodiazepine use should be limited to excited catatonia or alcohol withdrawal. Agitation management is as much about addressing unmet needs as it is about treatment of underlying etiologies. A careful and systematic approach is imperative to successful treatment. It allows the clinician to uncover what the patient is unable to convey and minimizes the risk that polypharmacy may bring. More research is needed into methods to quantify, anticipate, and safely treat agitation in older adults.
A Descriptive Study of Chaplains' Code Blue Responses.

Background Family presence during resuscitation is the compassionate practice of allowing a patient's family to witness treatment for cardiac or respiratory arrest (code blue event) when appropriate. Offering family presence during resuscitation as an interprofessional practice is consistent with patient- and family-centered care. In many institutions, the role of family facilitator is not formalized and may be performed by various staff members. At the large academic institution of this study, the family facilitator is a member of the chaplain staff. Objectives To examine the frequency of family presence during code blue events and describe the role of chaplains as family facilitators. Methods Chaplain staff documented information about their code responses daily from January 2012 through April 2020. They documented their response time, occurrence of patient death, presence of family at the event, and services they provided. A retrospective data review was performed. Results Chaplains responded to 1971 code blue pages during this time frame. Family members were present at 53% of code blue events. Chaplains provided multiple services, including crisis support, compassionate presence, spiritual care, bereavement support, staff debriefing, and prayer with and for patients, families, and staff. Conclusions Family members are frequently present during code blue events. Chaplains are available to respond to all such events and provide a variety of immediate and longitudinal services to patients, families, and members of the health care team. Their experience in crisis management, spiritual care, and bereavement support makes them ideally suited to serve as family facilitators during resuscitation events.
Grounding the neuroscience of behavior change in the sociocultural context

Recent work has identified ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) as a key region predicting whether people will change their behavior in response to persuasive messages. Moreover, a parallel and complementary area of research has examined sociocultural factors that contribute to successful behavior change. In the current paper we aim to integrate these two distinct lines of research and discuss novel implications for the study of both behavior change and culture. We propose that personally and culturally tailored messages should lead to greater neural activation in vmPFC and this greater neural activation should lead to greater subsequent behavior change; we also consider broader neural systems that may integrate social norms and perspectives into judgments across culture.
Government Cash Management and T-Bill Program in the UK and Implications for Emerging Economies

Weak government cash management is a common issue in many developing countries. The lack of an adequate government cash management can generate negative impact both on the government and on the overall economy. It has become critical for developing countries with cash management problems to develop an appropriate strategy and methodology to manage their government short-term cash inflows and outflows in a cost-effective manner so that the government will be able to have the right money in the right place at the right time to meet its obligations in the most effective way. In this context, this paper is intended to provide a practical guideline for developing effective government cash management system by studying the practices in the UK.
The structure of conjugacy closed loops

We study structure theorems for the conjugacy closed (CC-) loops, a specific variety of G-loops (loops isomorphic to all their loop isotopes). These theorems give a description all such loops of small order. For example, if p and q are primes, p 2, there is exactly one non-group CC-loop in order 2q, and there are exactly three in order q2. We also derive a number of equations valid in all CC-loops. By contrast, every equation valid in all G-loops is valid in all loops.
DC -50 GHz MMIC variable attenuator with a 30 dB dynamic range

A description is given of a monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) FET variable attenuator demonstrating a 30-dB dynamic range of attenuation over a DC -50-GHz frequency band with a minimum insertion loss of 1.8 dB at 26.5 GHz and 2.6 dB at 40 GHz. The associated input/output return loss was always greater than 10 dB at any attenuation setting. An operational amplifier feedback scheme implemented around a DC reference circuit enabled automatic input/output impedance matching and linear attenuation with a single control voltage without any noticeable degradation of radiofrequency (RF) performance. The maximum attenuation increases with frequency from 32 dB at DC to 42 dB at 50 GHz. >
Giant M1 resonance in 90Zr.

The distribution of magnetic dipole transition strength in $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$ has been measured at excitations between 8.1 and 10.5 MeV with highly polarized tagged photons. A total M1 strength of Jg${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{0}^{2}$(M1)/ \ensuremath{\Gamma}${=37.7}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4.0}^{+5.1}$ eV was found to be broadly distributed throughout the region. This strength can account for the giant M1 resonance predicted in $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$. A substantial amount of E1 transition strength was also identified. This E1 strength has important implications for the interpretation of forward-angle (p,p') scattering and its use in identifying M1 transitions in heavier nuclei.
Decay properties of 153Yb and 153Tm; Excitation energies of the s1/2 and h11/2 proton states in 153Tm.

The decay properties of $^{153}\mathrm{Yb}$ and $^{153}\mathrm{Tm}$, produced in $^{64}\mathrm{Zn}$ bombardments of $^{92}\mathrm{Mo}$, were investigated following on-line mass separation. A decay scheme, incorporating 34 transitions and 25 levels in $^{153}\mathrm{Tm}$, was constructed for $^{153}\mathrm{Yb}$. It establishes the ${s}_{1/2}$ proton level in $^{153}\mathrm{Tm}$ to be isomeric at an excitation energy of 43.2 keV. The \ensuremath{\alpha}-decay branch of the ${h}_{11/2}$ $^{153}\mathrm{Tm}$ ground state was determined to be 91\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3%. In addition, a partial decay scheme was put together for the 9% ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{+}$ branch. About 66% of this ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{+}$ decay proceeds to the ${h}_{9/2}$ neutron state located at 299.3 keV in $^{153}\mathrm{Er}$. Only one transition, 266.5 keV, could be assigned to the ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{+}$ decay of the $^{153}\mathrm{Tm}$ ${s}_{1/2}$ isomer; it is suggested that the \ensuremath{\gamma} ray deexcites the ${p}_{3/2}$ neutron level to the ${f}_{7/2}$ $^{153}\mathrm{Er}$ ground state. Based on the intensity of this 266.5-keV \ensuremath{\gamma} ray, the isomer's \ensuremath{\alpha} branch was estimated to be \ensuremath{\sim}93%.
Commentary on Professor Lempert's Presidential Address

JL am honored to be asked to comment on Professor Rick Lempert's Presidential Address. Professor Lempert accomplishes a rare feat: He couples the objectivity and detachment of the scholar with a thoughtful reflection on his childhood experiences that is not only illuminating but moving as well. In this brief commentary I will resist my inclination to go on at length extolling the many virtues of Professor Lempert's address. Instead, I identify what seems to be a typical yet conspicuous absence in his discussion of racial inequalities and racial discrimination. Professor Lempert provides a useful overview of continuing racial inequalities with respect to education, employment, income, wealth, crime, and incarceration. He also effectively rebuts any assumption that racial discrimination is no longer a factor in American life. He sensibly supposes that discrimination can compound substantive racial inequalities. What he does not do is consider that substantive racial in-
Enhanced Stem Cell Pluripotency in Surface-Modified Electrospun Fibrous Matrices

A previously screened "hit chemistry" (N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] methacrylamide) that supports strong attachment and long-term self-renewal of ES cells is selected and grafted to poly(ether sulfone) (PES) fibrous matrices through plasma-induced graft polymerization. The 3D modified fibers exhibit higher cell proliferation and greater expression of pluripotency markers of mouse ES cells than 2D membranes. It is the first demonstration of scaling up an optimal synthetic surface chemistry in 2D using a high throughput synthesis, screening, and selection method to 3D that strongly influences pluripotent stem cell growth.
SIRT2 enhances 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced nigrostriatal damage via apoptotic pathway

Sirtuins are NAD-dependent protein deacetylases that were shown to have protective effects against different age-related diseases. SIRT2 is a strong deacetylase that is highly expressed in brain. It has been associated with neurodegenerative diseases. MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) is a dopaminergic neurotoxin that displays clinical features of Parkinson’s Disease (PD). MPTP leads to the degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway after its systemic administration. Chronic administration of MPTP induces lesion via apoptosis. We show here that SIRT2 deacetylates Foxo3a, increases RNA and protein levels of Bim, and as a result enhances apoptosis in the MPTP model of PD. We also show that neurodegeneration induced by chronic MPTP regimen is prevented by genetic deletion of SIRT2 in mouse. Deletion of SIRT2 leads to the reduction of apoptosis due to an increase in acetylation of Foxo3a and a decrease in Bim levels. We demonstrate that SIRT2 deacetylates Foxo3a, activates Bim, and induces apoptosis only in MPP+-treated cells. Therefore, designing SIRT2 inhibitors might be helpful in developing effective treatments for PD.
The manpower crisis in academic radiology: don't kill the milk cow for meat.

Abstract There is a manpower crisis in academic radiology departments. These departments cannot sustain their academic missions from clinical revenues alone. Salaries can' t be competitive with private practice, and the recruitment and retention of faculty members are compromised. The education of medical students, residents, and fellows and the clinical and basic research that sustains the specialty suffers. There is no simple remedy; academic departments need philanthropy from industry and private practice, more support from the government and the schools of medicine, and more efficient clinical practices. The future of our specialty is truly at stake. Academic departments are responsible for the great majority of training and technical innovation in the specialty. If academic departments cannot sustain their academic missions, the specialty of diagnostic radiology will certainly suffer.
The chronopotentiometric oxidation of oxalic acid and oxalate ions at palladium anodes

Abstract An investigation of the anodic chronopotentiometry of oxalic acid and the oxalate anions indicates that the oxidation of these species is not inhibited by coverage of the palladium anode surface with a film of PdO, in contrast to behavior reported elsewhere for platinum anodes. An oxidation mechanism, which accounts for the observed behavior is suggested, and quantitative studies indicate that the oxidation is diffusion-controlled at pH 2.45, although subject to slight but signincant kinetic hindrance at pH 7.1.
Effects of Estrogens on Plasma Angiotensinogen and Renin Activity in Nephrectomized Rats

Administration of stilbestrol to bilaterally nephrectomized rats causes an increase in plasma angiotensinogen concentration which is superimposed on that elicited by nephrectomy and an increase in plasma renin activity. These changes are present in females, normal or hysterectomized, and in males. SemipurifiedSemipurified angiotensinogen prepared from such plasma contains minute amounts of a renin-like material which upon incubation releases a pressor substance having the characteristics of angiotensin. The origin of this enzyme is not known. (Endocrinology 85: 967, 1969)
REVISITING THE ANCIENT CONCEPT OF BOTANICAL THERAPEUTICS

Mixtures of interacting compounds produced by plants may provide important combination therapies that simultaneously affect multiple pharmacological targets and provide clinical efficacy beyond the reach of single compound-based drugs. Developing innovative scientific methods for discovery, validation, characterization and standardization of these multicomponent botanical therapeutics is essential to their acceptance into mainstream medicine.
Do irrigation and predator control reduce the productivity of migratory ungulate herds

herd. Ecology 94:1246–1256. Sawyer, H., and M. J. Kauffman. 2011. Stopover ecology of a migratory ungulate. Journal of Animal Ecology 80:1078–1087. Sharma, S., S. Couturier, and S. D. Cote. 2009. Impacts of climate change on the seasonal distribution of migratory caribou. Global Change Biology 15:2549–2562. Stien, A., L. E. Loe, A. Mysterud, T. Severinsen, J. Kohler, and R. Langvatn. 2010. Icing events trigger range displacement in a high-arctic ungulate. Ecology 91:915–920. Swingland, I. R., and P. J. Greenwood. 1983. The ecology of animal movements. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Tuljapurkar, S., and P. Wiener. 2000. Escape in time: stay young or age gracefully? Ecological Modelling 133:143– 159. Wiener, P., and S. Tuljapurkar. 1994. Migration in variable environments: exploring life-history evolution using structured population models. Journal of Theoretical Biology 166:75–90.
Rapid reduction in blood flow to the rat ventral prostate gland after castration: Preliminary evidence that androgens influence prostate size by regulating blood flow to the prostate gland and prostatic endothelial cell survival

BACKGROUND Androgenic steroids regulate the development and size of the mammalian prostate gland. The mechanism(s) for this growth control might involve a direct effect on prostate cell proliferation and survival as well as more complex effects on the tissue environment supporting nourishment and oxygenation. In this study, we evaluated an animal model of androgen action on the prostate, the rat ventral prostate gland, to determine whether acute androgen withdrawal, by means of castration, might alter the primary blood flow to the prostate gland and for the effects of castration on prostatic endothelial cell viability. METHODS Groups of rats studied included intact control males, males that had been surgically castrated, or males that received a sham-surgical castration. Relative blood flow (RBF) to the rat ventral prostate glands and rat bladders were measured at 18 and 24 hr after castration or sham castration using a fluorescent microsphere infusion technique. Thin sections from fixed and embedded rat ventral prostate glands obtained from unoperated or 12-hr castrated rats were analyzed by the TUNEL immunostaining technique to microscopically identify and quantify apoptotic epithelial, stromal, and endothelial cells. RESULTS RBF to the rat ventral prostate was reduced by 38% at 18 hr after castration when compared with intact or sham-operated rats and by 45% at 24 hr after castration (P = 0.038 unoperated/0.025 sham operated). In contrast, RBF to the bladder was not significantly different between any of the groups in the 24-hr castrate experiment. TUNEL staining analysis of ventral prostate tissues obtained from 12-hr castrated rats showed only rare TUNEL-positive epithelial cells similar to the control tissue but significantly increased TUNEL labeling for endothelial and other ventral prostate stromal cells. CONCLUSIONS Castration resulted in a rapid and significant reduction of blood flow to the mature rat ventral prostate gland that was not seen in the bladder. This reduction precedes the appearance of apoptosis in the epithelial cells of the tissue but more coincided with the appearance of TUNEL-positive prostate vascular endothelial and stromal cells, suggesting that androgens support the survival of cells in the vascular and stromal compartment of the rat prostate as well as in the prostatic epithelium. These preliminary data support the concept that androgen action on the prostate might involve primary regulation of prostate blood flow and prostate vascular cell vitality. Prostate 36:201–206, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reconstituting community: 3D visualization and early Iron Age social organization in the Heuneburg mortuary landscape

3-dimensional visualizations are becoming a very useful tool in various archaeological contexts, from representations of individual artifacts to complex sites and architectural reconstructions. Useful as these applications are, what is often missing is the ability to illuminate detailed intra-site patterning. Here, we provide background on a pilot project that uses data derived from excavation records to create a 3D visualization focused on identifying new burial patterns within a single site. This project digitized burial data (location and artifact) from Tumulus 18 in the Speckhau mound group associated with the early Iron Age (700–400 BC) Heuneburg hillfort in Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany. Based on the spatial data obtained from digitized excavation maps, topographic and locational data were entered into Esri's ArcScene to construct a 3D model of the mound prior to excavation as well as schematic representations of individual burials within the tumulus. Spatial and attribute data for both graves and artifacts were used to identify preliminary patterns of deposition and social relationships. We address the potential of this method of visualization for highlighting spatiotemporal patterns within burial mounds, and for generating research questions that have not been previously recognized using conventional mortuary analysis methods.
Relationship Between Plasma and Extracellular Fluid Volume Depletion and the Antihypertensive Effect of Chlorothiazide

The importance of plasma and extracellular fluid volumes in the mechanism of the antihypertensive effect of chlorothiazide is disputed. The present investigation indicates that the lowering of blood pressure is accompanied by reductions in plasma and extracellular fluid volumes and in body weight. Furthermore, re-expansion of plasma volume with salt-free dextran reverses the antihypertensive effect. However, since gradual reaccumulation of extracellular fluid occurs during 1 year of continuous treatment, the late antihypertensive effects of chlorothiazide cannot be explained by the volume-depletion mechanism.
REDEMPTION OF THE DUAL DESCRIPTION OF PRODUCTION PROCESSES BY UNITARITY. THE RELEVANCE OF THE EIKONAL MODEL.

Abstract Using the Baker-Blankenbecler formalism we apply unitarity corrections to the Veneziano model and its generalization to many-point functions. As a result we obtain an eikonal-like pole-cut model for elastic scattering and for production processes. The dip at t = −0.9 GeV2 in K−p scattering is particularly well described. We consider in detail the processes K − p → π − Y ∗+ and π + p → K + Y ∗+ and find that inclusion of unitarity corrections allows us to retain the assumptions of factorization, exchange degeneracy and duality in contrast to the previous applications of the generalized Veneziano model to these reactions and leads to an improvement in the agreement with data.
Mutations in Extracellular Domains Reverse Zn2+ Activation of Human Epithelial Na+ Channels

Epithelial Na+ channels (ENaCs) mediate apical Na+ entry into epithelial cells in kidney, lung and distal colon, playing a critical role in regulation of body fluid volume homeostasis. Several divalent metals modulate ENaC activity in a species-dependent manner. We examined the effect of extracellular Zn2+ on human αβγENaCs expressed in Xenopus oocytes and investigated the underling mechanisms. External Zn2+ increased the whole-cell currents of human ENaCs with a bell-shaped dose response similar to the reported response of mouse ENaC. A peak activation was observed at 100 μM with lower or higher [Zn2+] being less effective. As previously reported for mouse ENaCs, Na+ self-inhibition response of human ENaCs was nearly eliminated in the presence of 100 μM Zn2+, supporting the notion of relieving Na+ self-inhibition as the major mechanism for Zn2+ stimulation of human ENaC currents. We found that mutations of His233 in γ subunit, a residue required for Na+ self-inhibition, converted human ENaC into a Zn2+-inhibited channel with an estimated inhibitory constant of 1 mM. This observation contrasts a previous report of a complete loss of response to Zn2+ in mouse ENaCs bearing homologous mutations. Mutations at two extracellular Cys residues in αENaC but not their homologous residues in γENaC also reversed the stimulatory effect of Zn2+ on human ENaCs. This phenol type cannot be attributed to an absence of Na+ self-inhibition, because the Cys mutants in fact showed enhanced responses to Na+. Our results suggest that activation of human ENaCs by extracellular Zn2+ requires different structural elements from those in mouse ENaCs despite the similar dose response.
A pilot study of clomipramine in young autistic children.

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the short-term efficacy and safety of Clomipramine in hospitalized young children with autism. Method This was an open pilot study; after a 1-week placebo baseline, subjects were treated with Clomipramine for 5 weeks. Dosage was individually regulated; starting dose was 25 mg/day: increments were 25 mg/day. Maximum dose was 250 mg/day or 5.0 mg/kg per day, whichever was less. Multiple raters, under several conditions, used the Children's Psychiatric Rating Scale, Clinical Global Impressions, Conners Parent Teacher Questionnaire, and the Clinical Global Consensus Ratings. Results Eight children, aged 3.5 to 8.7 years, were enrolled in the study; seven of these completed the study. A 3.5-year-old boy was excluded during the third week of treatment after having urinary retention on two occasions. At doses ranging from 2.50 to 4.64 mg/kg per day (mean = 3.14), one child improved moderately and six were rated as worse on the Clinical Global Consensus Ratings. Untoward effects were common. Conclusions Clomipramine was not therapeutic and was associated with serious untoward effects in this sample. Young autistic children may be more prone to experience untoward effects than older patients.
Implementing torsional-mode Doppler ladar

Laguerre-Gaussian laser modes carry orbital angular momentum as a consequence of their helical-phase front screw dislocation. This torsional beam structure interacts with rotating targets, changing the orbital angular momentum (azimuthal Doppler) of the scattered beam because angular momentum is a conserved quantity. I show how to measure this change independently from the usual longitudinal momentum (normal Doppler shift) and derive the apropos coherent mixing efficiencies for monostatic, truncated Laguerre and Gaussian-mode ladar antenna patterns.
Reduction of Cysteine Sulfinic Acid in Peroxiredoxin by Sulfiredoxin Proceeds Directly through a Sulfinic Phosphoryl Ester Intermediate

Sulfiredoxin (Srx) catalyzes a novel enzymatic reaction, the reduction of protein cysteine sulfinic acid, . This reaction is unique to the typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (Prx) and plays a role in peroxide-mediated signaling by regulating the activity of Prxs. Two mechanistic schemes have been proposed that differ regarding the first step of the reaction. This step involves either the direct transfer of the γ-phosphate of ATP to the Prx molecule or through Srx acting as a phosphorylated intermediary. In an effort to clarify this step of the Srx reaction, we have determined the 1.8A resolution crystal structure of Srx in complex with ATP and Mg2+. This structure reveals the role of the Mg2+ ion to position the γ-phosphate toward solvent, thus preventing an in-line attack by the catalytic residue Cys-99 of Srx. A model of the quaternary complex is consistent with this proposal. Furthermore, phosphorylation studies on several site-directed mutants of Srx and Prx, including the Prx-Asp mimic of the species, support a mechanism where phosphorylation of is the first chemical step.
Onset of Orientational Order in Amorphous Calcium Carbonate (ACC) upon Dehydration

Abstract Crystallization of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) into one of the anhydrous crystalline polymorphs (vaterite, calcite, and aragonite) is a topic of extensive current research in biomineralization. We performed molecular dynamics simulations of ACC to characterize the dehydration-induced variation in the distance-dependent orientational order of Ca 2 + cations around CO 3 2 - anions and to examine how such changes in the local structure facilitates nucleation in ACC. Our observations provide molecular scale basis for the formation of vaterite by internal reorganization of ACC nano-particles, which is in-line with the previous experimental demonstration that vaterite is the precursor for the crystallization of calcite or aragonite.
Multicomputer Configurations and Diakoptics: Dispatch of Real Power in Power Pools

It is the major objective of this paper to present the use of multicomputer configurations in the dispatch of real power in power pools. It is shown that the area dispatch computers, upon the formation of power pools, can form a multicomputer configuration. The characteristics of such a configuration are outlined and a computer hierarchy presented. Both the single-area as well as the multiarea approaches to the power dispatch problem are formulated and their associated modeling described. A number of novel methods for the instant-by-instant dispatch of real power are given. Three multiarea methods are described in detail which have been called 1) pool boundary cost iteration method, 2) pool ?ratio method, and 3) pool base point and participation factor method.
Reduction of tungsten complexes with primary phosphines and lithium dialkyl phosphides. X-ray crystal structures of [(Cp*WCl2)2·(t-Bu2PPt-Bu2)2], [(Cp*WCl4)(H2PPh)], [{(PhN)WCl2(PMe3)2} 2(μ-N2)] and trans-WCl4(H2Pt-Bu)2 (Cp* = η5-C5Me5)

Abstract The reduction of several high oxidation state tungsten halide complexes by lithium organophosphides and primary phosphines is described. Reaction of Cp*WCl4 (Cp* = η5-C5Me5) with t-Bu2PLi (4 equiv.) results in reduction of the metal and coupling of t-Bu2P units to form a mixture of [Cp*WCl2]2 and t-Bu2PPt-Bu2 which co-crystallize as [(Cp*WCl2)2·(t-Bu2PPt-Bu2)2] (1). There are no close intermolecular contacts between the tungsten(III) chloride-bridged dimer (Cp*WCl2)2 and (t-Bu2PPt-Bu2) in the solid state. In the crystal structure of 1 the diphosphine exists in the gauche conformation found in other structurally characterized diphosphines. The (Cp*WCl2)2 dimer has all four chloride ligands in bridging positions. Reaction of [Cp*WCl4]2 with 2 equiv. of Ph(H)PLi forms the monomeric phosphine adduct (Cp*WCl4) (H2PPh)] (2) in 50% yield. The reaction of WCl6 wi th excess t-BuPH2 in dichloromethane gives trans-WCl4(H2Pt-Bu)2 (3). Reaction of [(PhN)Cl3W(PMe3)2] with t-Bu2PLi (2 equiv.) under nitrogen leads to reduction and formation of the μ-N2 bridged W(IV) dimer [{(PhN)WCl2(PMe3)2}2(μ-N2)] (4) in which the WNNW core is virtually linear. Crystal data for 1: C52H102P4Cl4W2, M = 1360.8, monoclinic, P21/n (No. 14), a = 8.309(9), b = 24.50(1), c = 15.117(8) A, β = 95.98(1)°, U = 3060.5 A3, Z = 2, R = 0.0385, Rw = 0.0474. Crystal data for 2: C16H21PCl4W, M = 569.98, monoclinic, P21/c (No. 14), a = 8.776(9), b = 16.310(6), c = 16.580(1) A, β = 101.21(6)°, U = 2327.8 A3, Z = 4, R = 0.046, Rw = 0.069. Crystal data for 3: C8H20 P2Cl4W, M = 503.85, monoclinic, C2 (No. 5), a = 11.1 36(5), b = 8.218(7), c = 9.832(8) A, β = 93.20(6)°, U = 898.29 A3, Z = 1, R = 0.0330, Rw = 0.0369. Crystal data for 4: C24H46P4Cl4N4W2, M = 1024.07, monoclinic, P21/c (No. 14), a = 15.702(2), b = 12.580(2), c = 19.416(4) A, β = 94.41(1)°, U = 3823.9 A3, Z = 4, R = 0.043, Rw = 0.051.
Cuticular water loss in the smokybrown cockroach, Periplaneta fuliginosa

Abstract The effects of temperature and humidity and body water and lipid content on the cuticular water loss and permeability of the smokybrown cockroach, Periplaneta fuliginosa , were examined. Cuticular water loss (μg cm −2 h −1 ) was directly correlated to body water content and inversely related to body lipid content. Density of epicuticular lipids was not associated with water loss. Cuticular water loss and cuticular permeability (μg cm −2 h −1 mmHg −1 ) increased exponentially with temperature. There was no defined transition temperature. Cuticular water loss decreased arithmetically with increasing ambient relative humidity although calculated cuticular permeability increased exponentially. Water-vapour flux experiments with tritiated water revealed that vapour efflux was independent of relative humidity. Cuticular permeability calculations that indicate relative humidity dependency under constant temperature and variable relative humidities are therefore mathematical artifacts. Water-vapor influx, however, was dependent of relative humidity as was net flux, the vector sum of efflux and influx.
The DSM-III-R Versus Nursing Diagnosis: A Dilemma in Interdisciplinary Practice

Given the dynamics of the multidisciplinary team and the infancy of nursing diagnoses specific to psychiatric nursing, most nurses prefer using the DSM-III-R to document practice or do not see nursing diagnoses as relevant. The DSM-III-R, first published as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual in 1952, is specific to the medical care of individuals and oriented toward "cure"; nursing diagnoses, initiated in 1973, are applicable to individuals, families, and groups and address human response to actual or potential health problems. The similarities of these two diagnostic systems include being a guide to practice, evolving as works of political compromise with international import, and serving as communication systems. However, without understanding the differences or similarities between these linguistic systems, nurses opting to use only the DSM-III-R do not contribute to understanding phenomena germane to psychiatric nursing, perpetuate the invisibility of nursing to patient care, and invite turf battles with other professions.
What the orbitofrontal cortex does not do

In the last 25 years, explosive interest has implicated the orbitofrontal cortex in nearly every function known to cognitive neuroscience. Yet scientific progress comes as much from questioning existing ideas as proposing new ones. This review discusses major theories of orbitofrontal function and the data that invalidate these ideas.
Factors affecting heat transfer in natural SiO2 solids

To determine which factors affect thermal diffusivity ( D ) of mineral aggregates, we compared accurate measurements of D for five quartzites, two microcrystalline samples (chert and agate), chalcedony, and two partially crystalline opal specimens (of type opal-CT) with single-crystal quartz. Samples were characterized using infrared (IR) spectroscopy, electron microprobe analysis, optical microscopy, and X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD). Using laser flash analysis, we measured D of the quartzites and microcrystalline samples between room temperature and 1000 °C, and D of the opal specimens and chalcedony up to the temperatures where these samples failed (300 and 650 °C, respectively). Data between 20 and 500 °C can be fit by 1/ D = AT + B . Values of A and B for quartzites, microcrystalline samples, opal specimens, and chalcedony are distinct from each other and from those of directionally averaged quartz single-crystals. Lower D at room temperature correlates with inflated B values of polycrystalline samples and results from porosity (all samples), hydration (all samples), grain boundaries (microcrystalline samples and chalcedony), and disorder (opal specimens and chalcedony). Dehydration and pore space reduction alter the temperature derivatives of D ; dehydration causes the low A in chalcedony and opal. Above 600 °C, D changes negligibly with temperature and is lower than directionally averaged quartz, suggesting an increase in contact resistance as cracks open during heating. Thermal cracking is greatest in samples with large grain sizes and abundant, fluid-filled pores. The prevalence of cracking in polycrystalline samples suggests that high-temperature laboratory measurements generally underestimate heat transport properties in geologic environments, wherein confining pressures limit thermal expansion.
Depression in Alzheimer patients: discrepancies between patient and caregiver reports.

Estimates of the prevalence of depression in dementia patients vary widely. One problem in accurate identification of such depression is determining whether to rely on demented patients' reports or second-party caregivers' reports of symptoms. To further explore this problem, 31 outpatients with probable Alzheimer disease and their 31 caregivers were interviewed separately with depressive symptom questionnaires. Caregivers reported more depressive symptoms in dementia patients than patients reported for themselves. Correlations between caregivers' and patients' reports of individual symptoms ranged between -0.23 to 0.76, with lowest correlations found for intrapsychic distress, cognitive impairment, and hallucinations. Patients' responses were not necessarily affected by stereotypic responding or severity of impairment, but patients appeared to under-report symptomatology. Caregivers' responses were associated with the extent of contact with the patients, familial relationship, and sources of information used to determine patients' mood but were not correlated with caregivers' depression or ratings of how they would feel if they were "in the patient's shoes."