cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CATHOLIC WOMEN AND THE CREATION OF A NEW SOCIAL REALITY

This article presents a sociological analysis of the changing role of women in the Catholic church over the past twenty years. The theoretical framework is drawn from The Social Construction of Reality by Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann (1967). Data are derived from the documents of Vatican II, the revised Code of Canon Law, research from 1965 to the present, and exploratory interviews with Catholic women recently appointed as church administrators. The article concludes with a discussion of future prospects regarding the new social reality for Catholic women.
Beyond video games for social change

The boundaries between 'the digital' and our everyday physical world are dissolving as we develop more physical ways of interacting with computing. This forum presents some of the topics discussed in the colorful multidisciplinary field of tangible and embodied interaction. ---Eva Hornecker, Editor
Optimal Sizes of Dendritic and Axonal Arbors

I consider a topographic projection between two neuronal layers with different densities of neurons. Given the number of output neurons connected to each input neuron (divergence or fan-out) and the number of input neurons synapsing on each output neuron (convergence or fan-in) I determine the widths of axonal and dendritic arbors which minimize the total volume of axons and dendrites. My analytical results can be summarized qualitatively in the following rule: neurons of the sparser layer should have arbors wider than those of the denser layer. This agrees with the anatomical data from retinal and cerebellar neurons whose morphology and connectivity are known. The rule may be used to infer connectivity of neurons from their morphology.
The Impact of Social Affinity on Phone Calling Patterns: Categorizing Social Ties from Call Data Records

ties defined by phone calls made between people can be grouped to various affinity networks, such as family members, utility network, friends, coworkers, etc. An understanding of call behavior within each social affinity network and the ability to infer the type of a social tie from call patterns is invaluable for various industrial purposes. For example, the telecom industry can use such information for consumer retention, targeted advertising, and customized services. In this paper, we analyze the patterns of 4.3 million phone call data records produced by 360,000 subscribers from two California cities. Our findings can be summarized as follows. We reveal significant differences among different affinity networks in terms of different call attributes. For example, members within the family network generate the highest average number of calls. Despite the differences between the two cities, for a given affinity network they show similar phone call behaviors. We identify specific features that model statistically meaningful changes in call patterns and can be used for prediction and classification of affinity networks, and we also find correlations between the features associated with call behavior. For example, when subscribers call each other after a long time, their calls tend to take longer. This knowledge leads to discussions of proper machine learning classification approaches as well as promising applications in telecom and security.
Gender and Race Differentials in Elderly Migration

A number of studies have provided evidence that elderly migration in the United States is strongly selective in terms of the characteristics of the migrants. Such characteristics as age, gender, and race are commonly used in examinations of migrant selectivity, but the differences in spatial behavior of these subpopulations are still poorly understood. This article uses state-to-state migration data, categorized by age, gender, and race, to explore the comparative patterns of origins, destinations, and migration propensities, with a focus on the southeastern states of the country.
Analog emulation of transmission lines with time-varying phasors

Power System network dynamics are often ignored in power system analysis in order to simplify and speed up calculations. Such assumptions can be alleviated with no cost in computation time using analog computation. Analog computation exhibits physically realizable solutions and significantly faster computation times as compared to digital. However, accurate analog models of power system components are required. This paper focuses on the development of an analog transmission line model incorporating time-varying phasors. More specifically, this model was designed for a previously proposed method of analog power system emulation. Prior research with this method has focused on a static representation of transmission lines. The dynamic model, proposed here, is a natural extension of previous work and allows for more accurate power system stability analysis. The model is developed within an analog emulation framework, and verified with simulation via analog behavior modeling in PSpice software.
Testicular growth and gonadotrophin response associated with varicocele repair in adolescent males

OBJECTIVE To measure testicular volume and the gonadotrophin response to gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation in adolescents undergoing left varicocelectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirteen adolescents undergoing varicocelectomy had their testicular volume and endocrine function evaluated before and after surgery. RESULTS The initial left testicular volume was consistently smaller than the right but after surgery both increased. Baseline follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels and the FSH response to GnRH stimulation increased after surgery. There were no differences in luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels, and no changes in Tanner staging. CONCLUSIONS Unilateral varicocelectomy with ipsilateral testicular atrophy results in bilateral testicular growth and increased FSH levels. In adolescent development, elevated FSH levels in conjunction with an increased response to the GnRH stimulation test represent a normal physiological response. The GnRH stimulation test cannot be used to determine which adolescent would benefit from surgical repair.
Widely Tunable Separate Absorption and Modulation Wavelength Converter With Integrated Microwave Termination

A widely tunable wavelength converter utilizing a separate absorption and modulation configuration and only dc bias connections is demonstrated. The device integrates an SG-DBR laser with a traveling-wave electroabsorption modulator and an optically pre-amplified receiver and introduces a simplified bias scheme by the inclusion of passive resistor and capacitor circuit elements. We discuss a the design of these passive elements and their compatibility with fabrication of photonic integrated circuits. The device demonstrates over 12 GHz optical bandwidth and error free 10 Gb/s wavelength conversion is achieved with less than 2.5 dB power penalty over 25 nm of output tuning.
Solder Joint Reliability in Underfilled Flip Chip Package With a Consideration of Chip-Package-Interaction (CPI)

Since the introduction of Cu/low-k as the interconnect material, the chip-package interaction (CPI) has become a critical reliability challenge for flip chip packages. Revision of underfill material must be considered, which may compromise the life of flipchip interconnect by releasing the stresses transferred to the silicon devices from the solder bumps, and thereby maintain the overall package reliability. Thus, it is important to understand the thermo-mechanical behavior of solder bumps. In this study, the solder bump reliability in flip chip package was investigated through an experimental technique and numerical analysis. For the experimental assessment, thermo-mechanical behavior of solder joints, especially the solder bumps located at the chip corners where most failures usually occur was investigated. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique with optical microscope was utilized to quantify the deformation behavior and strains of a solder bump of flip-chip package subjected to thermal loading from 25°C to 100°C. As a specimen preparation for DIC technique, a flip-chip specimen was cross-sectioned before a manual polishing process followed by wet etching method in order to generate natural speckle patterns with high enough contrast on the measuring surface. Finally, finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted by simulating the thermal loading applied in the experiments, and validated with experimental results. Then, using the FEA analysis, parametric study for underfill material properties were performed on the reliability of flip chip package, by varying the glass transition temperature (Tg), Young’s modulus (E), and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). Averaged plastic work of the corner solder bump and stress at the die side were obtained and used as damage indicators for solder bumps and low-k dielectrics layer, respectively. The results show that high Tg, and E of underfill are generally desirable to improve the reliability of solder interconnects in the flip chip package.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The Ataxia Telangiectasia-Mutated and Rad3-Related Protein Is Dispensable for Retroviral Integration

Integration into the host cell DNA is an essential part of the retroviral life cycle and is required for the productive replication of a retrovirus. Retroviral integration involves cleavage of the host DNA and insertion of the viral DNA, forming an integration intermediate that contains two gaps, each with a viral 5' flap. The flaps are then removed, and the gap is filled by as yet unidentified nuclease and polymerase activities. It is thought that repair of these gaps flanking the site of retroviral integration is achieved by host DNA repair machinery. The ATM and Rad3-related protein (ATR) is a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-related family of protein kinases that play a major role in sensing and triggering repair of DNA lesions in mammalian cells. In an effort to examine the role of ATR in retroviral integration, we used RNA interference to selectively downregulate ATR and measured integration efficiency. In addition, we examined the possible role that Vpr may play in enhancing integration and, in particular, whether activation of ATR by Vpr (Roshal et al., J. Biol. Chem. 278:25879-25886, 2003) will favor human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integration. We conclude that cells in which ATR has been depleted are competent for retroviral integration. We also conclude that the presence of Vpr as a virion-bound protein does not enhance integration of a lentivirus vector in dividing cells.
Sprite pyramid for videos and images having finite-depth scenes

The ordinary sprite generation techniques focus on camera movement, accurate motion estimation, alignment, and integration. These techniques ignore the resolution of the original images, and the regenerated images from the sprite are likely to have lower resolutions than the original ones. Especially if the scenes have finite depth and zoom-in and zoom-out operations occur, the segments of the scene are captured at different resolutions. The traditional mosaic generation methods either blur the mosaic by integrating lower resolution segments or use unnecessarily large storage for the mosaic. The sprite pyramid (or layered sprite) allows efficient storage of images or video clips of overlapping scenes at different resolutions. Moreover, the images or video frames can be reconstructed from the sprite pyramid at the necessary resolutions
Impact of Magnesium L-Lactate on Occurrence of Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients with Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Background: We evaluated the antiarrhythmic efficacy and quality of life (QoL) impact of oral magnesium L- lactate on patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). Methods: This prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial randomized 70 patients with an ICD to receive oral magnesium L-lactate 3 tablets twice daily (504mg elemental magnesium daily) or matching placebo for 12 months. Pa- tients were seen at baseline, 12, 24, 36, and 52 weeks. The primary endpoints were the cumulative occurrence of ICD therapy (either shock or anti-tachycardia pacing (ATP)) or QoL between the groups. Results: Among the 70 randomized patients with a mean ± SD follow-up of 6.4 ± 4.1 months, 10 patients in the placebo group and 8 in the magnesium group experienced either ICD shock or ATP (HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.33 to 2.12; p=0.706). Without significant arrhythmia suppression, only minimal effects on QoL were seen. Eighty six percent of all patients had serum intracellular magnesium deficiency. Conclusion: In our underpowered trial, patients with ICDs had intracellular magnesium deficiency but oral magnesium L- lactate only nonsignificantly reduced the occurrence of ICD therapies and had little impact on HrQoL.
Normative Social Support in Young Adult Cancer Survivors

Following a cancer diagnosis, young adults (YAs; that is, 18-39) often experience altered social relationships with family, friends, romantic partners, and peers. In light of the social struggles YA patients and survivors report due to cancer's biographical disruption, we elicited narratives from 30 YA cancer survivors to examine how their normative perceptions of social support functioned to hinder and assist them in coping with the cancer experience. Through thematic narrative analysis of their individual accounts, YA survivors explained why and how they perceived various support attempts from peers and loved ones to be effective (i.e., being treated "normally"), ineffective (i.e., receiving pity, negative stories, rudeness, excessive self-monitoring, and returns from estrangement), and both effective and ineffective (e.g., instrumental and relational support) in integrating cancer into their biographies. Implications for the advancement of interpersonal communication theory and for the development of age-appropriate communication interventions, educational programs, and informational resources are discussed.
Effects of Temperature and Light on Dispersal of the Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, and a Braconid Parasite, Aphidius pisivorus, in the Field

Alate pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Homoptera: Aphididae), and braconid parasites, Aphidius pisivorus C. F. Smith (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), were collected at 30-min intervals from 28 April to 17 May 1967 with Johnson-Taylor segregating suction traps placed level with the tops of alfalfa. Simultaneous records of air temperature and light intensity were taken at crop level. Data indicate the parasites were in flight 1 hr earlier in the morning and 21 min later in the evening than alate aphids. Temperatures below 0°C did not noticeably reduce populations of the pea aphid or parasite, but flight of both species was inhibited below about 6°C. The median temperature thresholds for parasite and aphid flight were 19.8 and 21.8°C, respectively. Parasites were in flight at lower light intensities in the morning and evening than alate aphids. The median light intensity thresholds for parasite and aphid flight were 2800 and 4300 foot-candles, respectively.
A Pre-Theory Revisited: World Politics in an Era of Cascading Interdependence

On the presumption that the structures of global affairs are undergoing a profound crisis of authority and other changes of a comparable magnitude, the analysis seeks to build a comprehensive theory of world politics that synthesizes these developments at micro as well as macro levels. The synthesis is accomplished by focusing on the simultaneity and expansivity of patterns promoting both the coherence and the breakdown of systems at all levels, patterns that are given the label of ‘cascading interdependence’ and that are explored through the concepts of action scripts, analytic aptitudes, subgroupism, aggregation, and adaptation. In this context governments are posited as increasingly ineffective as international actors and individuals as increasingly skilled in their public roles. In addition, analysts of world politics are seen as inevitably shaping the course of events, so that it is important for them to remain ever sensitive to the ways in which they interact with the world they seek to study.
Regulation of large coronary vessels by adrenergic mechanisms in conscious dogs.

The effects of α and β adrenergic stimulation were examined in conscious dogs on measurements of left circumflex coronary blood flow and coronary arterial diameter and on calculations of mean coronary resistance (MCR) and left circumflex coronary internal cross-sectional area (CSA). Methoxamine (50 μg/kg/min), after transiently increasing left circumflex coronary dimensions, induced sustained reductions in left circumflex coronary diameter (9±2%) and CSA (27±5%) at a time when mean arterial pressure rose by 65±5%, left ventricular (LV) dP/dt had decreased only slightly, and heart rate and mean coronary blood flow were at control levels. Isoproterenol, (0.1 μg/kg/min), increased heart rate by 66±8%, LV dP/dt by 58±5%, and CSA by 17±3%, while it decreased mean arterial pressure by 12±1% and MCR by 44±5%. After β1 adrenergic receptor blockade and with heart rate held constant, isoproterenol did not increase LV dP/dt but decreased mean arterial pressure similarly (13±2%) and induced attenuated increases in CSA (6±1%), and decreases in MCR (17±3%). After combined β1 and β2 adrenergic receptor blockades isoproterenol induced no significant effects.
Other Entities: PLRI, HO, Triceps, and Plica

This chapter will utilize a case-based format to demonstrate the correlation between magnetic resonance imaging and arthroscopy for posterolateral rotatory instability, heterotopic ossification of the elbow, distal triceps rupture, and posterolateral plica excision.
Epidemiological characteristics of hand,foot and mouth disease in Liaozhong country of Liaoning province from 2009-2012

[Objective]To understand the incidence and epidemiological characteristics of hand,foot and mouth disease( HFMD), provide accurate basis for formulating prevention and control measures. [Methods]The epidemic situation data of HFMD in our county was analyzed by description epidemiology method. [Results]The average annual reported incidence of HFMD from 2009-2012 was 69. 79 /100 000,and the difference of it in different years was statistically significant( P 0. 01); the male incidence rate was 85. 71 /100 000 and the female incidence rate was 53. 36 /100 000( P 0. 01),the sex ratio was 1. 66 ∶ 1. EV71 virus infection accounted for 63. 63%; the incidence of scattered children and childcare children accounted for 61. 80% and 33. 02% respectively. The incidence of 0-5 years old age group accounted for 88. 35% and the incidence of July and August was 73. 88%. [Conclusion]The incidence of HFMD in Liaozhong country from 2009-2012 has a typical summer peak; the scattered and childcare children are the risk population,the occupational peak is obvious; the incidence level of men was higher than that of women, and there is a typical high incidence in infants. We should strengthen the HFMD report and preview triage,control nosocomial infection effectively; do a good job of health propagation and health education,improve the level of people's knowledge of prevention and control; strengthen the morning check,disinfection and isolation in childcare facilities; do well in emergency treatment of HFMD and prevent the spread of the disease.
Simulation of Canopy Light Distribution and Application in Rice

A model for canopy light distribution in rice was developed by integrating certain advantages in existing models,and then a process-based photosynthetic production model was furtherly developed by integrating the canopy light distribution model with the rice photosynthesis.The rice canopy was divided into five layers according to leaf area index.Solar radiant intensity on horizontal plane at each layer was calculated by Monsi-Saeki exponential model.The direct and diffuse radiations were calculated from the local meteorological data of sunshine duration,while the diurnal variation of photosynthetically active rediation and the influence of direct radiation extinction coefficient on both canopy structure and solar position were also considered.Preliminary validation of canopy light distribution model with independent field experiment datasets showed that the model could accurately predict canopy light distribution under different growing environments.The RMSE(root mean square error) of predicting in rice dry weight for canopy-light-distribution-based model and an existing model were 0.74 t/hm2 and 1.26 t/hm2,respectively,indicating that the canopy-light-distribution-based model had a better performance.This study would further play an important role in improvement of rice growth model,rice production management and regulation and variety digital design.
Laying the Foundations of Metaphysics in Ontology

In his investigation of the grounds of logic, Heidegger does not merely plunge into an interpretation of Kant without prior orientation. An initial question is required as a basis for the forthcoming discussion. We can best orient ourselves by examining Heidegger’s initial question, and following his questioning as it leads into an interpretation of Kant. As is typical of Heidegger’s writings of this period,1 he chooses to begin his interpretation of Kant with a discussion of the nature of science. The topic of science is especially fruitful, as it questions how we have knowledge of objects, and thus leads directly to more general questions about the role of logic in truth.
Paternal mitochondrial transmission in intra-species Caenorhabditis briggsae hybrids

To study mitochondrial–nuclear genetic interactions in the nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae, our three laboratories independently created 38 intra-species cytoplasmic–nuclear hybrid (cybrid) lines. Although the cross design combines maternal mitotypes with paternal nuclear genotypes, eight lines (21%) unexpectedly contained paternal mitotypes. All eight share in common ancestry of one of two genetically related strains. This unexpected parallel observation of paternal mitochondrial transmission, undesirable given our intent of creating cybrids, provides a serendipitous experimental model and framework to study the molecular and evolutionary basis of uniparental mitochondrial inheritance.
ANALYSIS OF THE PEGASUS BREAKUP

The Pegasus breakup is characterized by distributions of the orbital parameters and radar cross section of the pieces. The accuracy of the Simplified General Perturbations 4 (SGP4) element sets for the Pegasus breakup has been examined using the Space Surveillance Performance Analysis Tool. A graph of the average error growth rate (EGR) of the Pegasus breakup element sets over time shows pronounced spikes on certain days. Comparing graphs of EGR versus BSTAR (the term in SGP4 that accounts for unmodeled in-track forces, including drag) for all the Pegasus breakup pieces on a day when the average EGR is low and a day when the average is high shows that the element sets with large BSTAR values are susceptible to large variations in EGR. A graph of the average EGR and daily maximum planetary geomagnetic index Ap over times shows that the spikes in EGR are associated with geomagnetic storms. To reduce the size of the spikes in EGR, the length of update interval (LUPI) for the batch differential corrections of the element sets was shortened. To support catalog maintenance of the Pegasus breakup pieces with shorter LUPIs, additional sensors were tasked for observations.
Modification of Free-Floating Hostility

In attempting to help TAB participants reduce their anger/hostility, it is important that the group leader recognize the magnitude of the task he or she is undertaking. The group leader is in fact asking them to relinquish a longstanding worldview and coping style that they previously thought was necessary for their economic or professional survival. For example, some hostile TAB persons have viewed others with suspicion and cynicism as a protection against the possible future pain of disappointment and betrayal. Others have responded with anger/hostility to even trivial situations and actions that they believe are in error. Indeed, it is a real question whether TAB persons become angry/hostile because they are not in direct control of various actions or because they perceive that these actions are being executed erroneously. In other words, would a TAB person feel anger/hostility if he or she were not in control of an event even though he or she recognized that it was being executed properly? I am not sure of the answer to this question.
Very-large Scale Parsing and Normalization of Wiktionary Morphological Paradigms

Wiktionary is a large-scale resource for cross-lingual lexical information with great potential utility for machine translation (MT) and many other NLP tasks, especially automatic morphological analysis and generation. However, it is designed primarily for human viewing rather than machine readability, and presents numerous challenges for generalized parsing and extraction due to a lack of standardized formatting and grammatical descriptor definitions. This paper describes a large-scale effort to automatically extract and standardize the data in Wiktionary and make it available for use by the NLP research community. The methodological innovations include a multidimensional table parsing algorithm, a cross-lexeme, token-frequency-based method of separating inflectional form data from grammatical descriptors, the normalization of grammatical descriptors to a unified annotation scheme that accounts for cross-linguistic diversity, and a verification and correction process that exploits within-language, cross-lexeme table format consistency to minimize human effort. The effort described here resulted in the extraction of a uniquely large normalized resource of nearly 1,000,000 inflectional paradigms across 350 languages. Evaluation shows that even though the data is extracted using a language-independent approach, it is comparable in quantity and quality to data extracted using hand-tuned, language-specific approaches.
Post-Newtonian approximation in Maxwell-like form

The equations of the linearized first post-Newtonian approximation to general relativity are often written in “gravitoelectromagnetic” Maxwell-like form, since that facilitates physical intuition. Damour, Soffel, and Xu (DSX) (as a side issue in their complex but elegant papers on relativistic celestial mechanics) have expressed the first post-Newtonian approximation, including all nonlinearities, in Maxwell-like form. This paper summarizes that DSX Maxwell-like formalism (which is not easily extracted from their celestial mechanics papers), and then extends it to include the post-Newtonian (Landau-Lifshitz-based) gravitational momentum density, momentum flux (i.e. gravitational stress tensor), and law of momentum conservation in Maxwell-like form. The authors and their colleagues have found these Maxwell-like momentum tools useful for developing physical intuition into numerical-relativity simulations of compact binaries with spin.
Defining 'Navigability': Balancing State-Court Flexibility and Private Rights in Waterways

Over the course of American history, state courts have eliminated property rights in waterways through a quirk of public trust law: declaring the water in question to be “navigable” makes it public property, while declaring it “non-navigable” leaves the water subject to private control. The historical record is flooded with examples of these declarations by state courts. While some navigability rulings have protected public rights in waters against irrational private claims, others have abused this peculiarity to seize private property to placate irate, and even violent, interest groups.The scope of this authority to make navigability doctrine — especially whether it gives state judges the ability to change the definition of “navigability” once declared — is unclear. Current law fails to curb abuses of navigability doctrine and pays scant attention to constitutionally protected property rights. These issues are particularly salient today: prompted by large-scale water diversions, droughts, and fears of water shortages, twenty-first century litigants wishing to prevent water privatization are increasingly seeking new judicial declarations of “navigable” waterways.This Article provides an original history and analysis of state-law navigability doctrine and the limitations that should be implemented. First, it shows how this unusual common-law authority was created and how state courts exercised it in two moments in history when water rights became vitally important: the explosion of American development in the mid-nineteenth century and the rise of the environmental movement in the mid-twentieth century. Building on this history, this Article argues that to avoid abuses while permitting reasonable exercises of judicial power, navigability must be viewed through a national constitutional lens. The Takings Clause and Due Process Clause — independently or in combination — can provide guidelines that permit evolution while safeguarding individual rights.
Data-Inferred Personalized Human-Robot Models for Iterative Collaborative Output Tracking

This article studies collaborative human- robot output tracking when the desired output is only known to the human but not to the robot controller. The main contribution of this article is to propose and establish convergence conditions for an iterative learning algorithm that updates the robot input using (i) the effect of the human action on the combined human-robot output tracking (which includes the effect of the human-response dynamics) and (ii) data-inferred human-robot models. This allows the iterative learning control (ILC) to be personalized for each individual human operator. Additionally, experimental results are presented to illustrate the iterative learning approach. Results show that, with the proposed approach, the robot can learn to collaboratively track the output with 10.0% error, which is close to twice the robot noise of 4.6% of the desired output. Furthermore, the data-inferred models provided evidence of the effect of the human operator’s dynamics on the co-tracking task.
Nursing Assistant Retention and Turnover: Effects of Wages & Benefits Relative to Other Individual & Facility Characteristics

Objectives: The aging of the population assures continuing high demand for competent and well-trained CNAs. High rates of turnover among certified nursing assistants (CNAs) in nursing homes have potentially costly implications for facility operation and quality of care. This study assesses the extent to which job benefits and injury/training measures are associated with two types of retention among CNAs. Methods: Data for 2,244 CNAs from the 2004 National Nursing Assistant Survey are used to model (1) facility-level retention, measured by whether CNAs expect to continue to work in the same facility for at least one year and (2) profession-level retention measured by whether CNAs expect their next job to be as nursing assistants. Facility fixed effects models are assessed because of their strong control for unmeasured facility characteristics. Fixed effects vector decomposition methods for more efficient estimates are also provided. Results: The two measures of retention appear to be predicted by substantially different factors. Higher wages, better job benefits, lifting device availability, CNA input into selection of topics for continuing education classes and unmeasured facility factors are strongly associated with facility-level retention but not associated with profession-level retention. Higher household income and education status are negatively associated with profession-level retention. Discussion: Facilities can implement specific benefits and policies to reduce CNA turnover. Broader enhancement of career opportunities may be necessary for profession-level retention, though it is difficult to know what the optimal balance is between profession-level retention and promotion along a more encompassing career ladder.
Evaluating the Contribution of EEG Power Profiles to Characterize and Discriminate Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Factors in a Combat-Exposed Population:

This study investigated the use of resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) data to help differentiate posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom factors. The sample, 147 combat-exposed OIF/OEF (Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom) Veterans and service members, was a polytrauma population with variable PTSD and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) diagnoses. Participants completed the PTSD Checklist (PCL) and resting-state EEG was assessed for 10 minutes, with eyes closed. Regional averages of absolute power in alpha, beta, delta, and theta frequency bands were computed to estimate a single EEG common factor per band. An oblique 4 common-factor model was then fit to the 17 PCL items that included a residual EEG factor as an exogenous predictor with the group mean effect of mTBI on the EEG factor removed. Separate comparative model testing sequences for the alpha, beta, delta, and theta EEG factor frequency bands were conducted. An inverse relationship of delta and theta frequency bands on avoidance and numbing symptom factors (but not re-experiencing and hyperarousal) was found. Results provide evidence for possible neurobiological basis for the 4 PTSD symptom factors.
Dynamic Gender Presentations: Understanding Transition and "De-Transition" Among Transgender Youth.

The following clinical scenarios are composite cases that illustrate clinically important phenomena based on several patients. Jamie is a 19-year-old who was assigned a female gender at birth and had a history of major depressive disorder in remission. She presented to her primary care physician, psychiatrist, and psychotherapist reporting dysphoria related to gender and requesting gender-affirming hormone therapy. Jamie had symptoms for at least 6 months consistent with DSM-5 criteria for gender dysphoria. After full clinical assessment by her therapist, psychiatrist, and primary care physician, her integrated care team initiated gender-affirming hormone therapy and provided close follow-up from her mental health providers. For 13 months, Jamie was treated with testosterone, changed her pronouns to he/him/his, and began wearing traditionally masculine clothing. Throughout this period, she remained engaged in regular care with her psychotherapist, who was experienced in providing gender-affirming care. Eventually, Jamie informed her care team that after the trial of testosterone and much reflection, she had come to understand her identity as a queer woman and wished to discontinue hormone therapy. Jamie reported being pleased about the hormone therapy trial, because this allowed her to clarify her gender identity. She did not regret her social affirmation or any physical changes that occurred during this process, such as fat redistribution and minor facial hair growth, in the context of otherwise being healthy. Lupita is a 23-year-old who was assigned a male gender at birth and had a history of major depressive disorder and panic disorder. At 18 years of age, after a comprehensive evaluation, she initiated gender-affirming hormone therapy with her primary care provider, changed her name to "Lupita," changed her pronouns to she/her/hers, and started wearing more traditionally feminine clothing. That following year, she started attending college and faced continual gender-based harassment from other students as a result of her gender-nonconforming physical appearance. Her college health services were not affirming of her gender and referred to her repeatedly by her birth name and with he-series pronouns. Lupita became demoralized and after 5 months decided to de-transition. She became progressively more depressed and attempted suicide in her sophomore year. Then she transferred colleges, found gender-affirming clinical providers, and resumed estradiol and spironolactone (an antiandrogen) therapy and her social affirmation through name, pronouns, and style of dress. Her mood improved dramatically and she was able to graduate from college. Lupita now presents seeking breast augmentation surgery.
Transition to a new electronic health record and pediatric medication safety: lessons learned in pediatrics within a large academic health system.

Objective While the electronic health record (EHR) has become a standard of care, pediatric patients pose a unique set of risks in adult-oriented systems. We describe medication safety and implementation challenges and solutions in the pediatric population of a large academic center transitioning its EHR to Epic. Methods Examination of the roll-out of a new EHR in a mixed neonatal, pediatric and adult tertiary care center with staggered implementation. We followed the voluntarily reported medication error rate for the neonatal and pediatric subsets and specifically monitored the first 3 months after the roll-out of the new EHR. Data was reviewed and compiled by theme. Results After implementation, there was a 5-fold increase in the overall number of medication safety reports; by the third month the rate of reported medication errors had returned to baseline. The majority of reports were near misses. Three major safety themes arose: (1) enterprise logic in rounding of doses and dosing volumes; (2) ordering clinician seeing a concentration and product when ordering medications; and (3) the need for standardized dosing units through age contexts created issues with continuous infusions and pump library safeguards. Conclusions Future research and work need to be focused on standards and guidelines on implementing an EHR that encompasses all age contexts.
High-Speed Characterization

Discrete circuit element and ring oscillator-based test structures described in Chapters 3, 4, 5, and 6 are essential for CMOS technology characterization. However, these test structures do not capture all of the transient behavior exhibited by circuits and devices during product operation. High-speed tests on large logic and memory blocks are very useful for validating product functionality and predicting product yield but provide only limited information on CMOS technology process and circuit models. Rapid debug of product chips and technology characterization in general are assisted by another class of high-speed test structures devoted to model-to-hardware correlation for circuit functionality, timing, and noise under different operating conditions. In these test structures, measurements are carried out either at high frequencies (10 MHz to several GHz), or with signal rise and fall times of <100 ps, or both.
Doppler Assessment of Fetoplacental Circulatory Dynamics

The recent development of Doppler Ultrasonic Flowmetry has substantially contributed to non-invasive assessment of hemodynamics in humans (Shatumora, 1957; Franklin et al., 1961; Baker, 1970; Peronneau et al., 1974). This technique has been successfully applied to investigate human peripheral circulation (Woodcock, 1972; Light and Cross, 1972; Fronek et al., 1973; Blackshear et al, 1980). More recently, preliminary studies have demonstrated the feasibility of its application in the assessment of human fetal hemodynamics (Fitzgerald and Drumm, 1977; McCallum et al., 1978, Gill et al., 1980; McCallum 1981; Maulik et al., 1982a,b). The present study evaluates the Doppler-derived flow-velocity indices for characterizing human fetoplacental hemodynamics. The first phase of this study was accomplished in a simplified in-vitro model of the fetoplacental circuit. This allowed the effects of upstream and downstream circulatory impedence on various blood flow indices to be studied. The second phase extended this investigation to a population of pregnant patients to evaluate its clinical applicability.
Democracy Unchained: Contractualism, Individualism, and Independence in Buchanan’s Democratic Theory

Contrary to the claims of some of his critics, James Buchanan was an ardent democrat. I argue that Buchanan’s conception of democratic governance organized by a contractually justified constitution is highly distinctive because of his commitment to a strong conception of individualism. For Buchanan, democracy is neither justified instrumentally—by the goods it generates—nor by reference to some antecedent conception of justice. Instead, democracy is the only political option for a society that takes individualism seriously. One implication of this view is that democracies can only be limited by the rules they collectively give themselves in the form of constitutions. I explicate this conception of democracy and address some of its implications, assumptions, and challenges.
Beyond the 3 Rs to a More Comprehensive Framework of Principles for Animal Research Ethics

We have produced a framework of general moral principles for animal research ethics in a book, Principles of Animal Research Ethics, which is forthcoming with Oxford University Press in fall 2019. This book includes a detailed statement and defense of our framework along with critical commentaries on our work from seven eminent scholars: Larry Carbone, Frans de Waal, Rebecca Dresser, Joseph Garner, Brian Hare, Margaret Landi, and Julian Savulescu. In the present paper, we explain the motivation for our project and present our framework of principles. The first section explains why a new framework is both needed and timely, on the basis of six important developments in recent decades. The second section challenges assertions of an unbridgeable gulf dividing the animal-research and animal-protection communities on the issue of animal research. It does so, first, by indicating common ground in the core values of social benefit and animal welfare and, then, by presenting and briefly defending our framework: three principles of social benefit and three principles of animal welfare. These six principles, we argue, constitute a more suitable framework than any other that is currently available, including the canonical 3 Rs advanced in 1959 by William M. S. Russell and Rex L. Burch.
Understanding and Improving Knowledge Distillation

Knowledge Distillation (KD) is a model-agnostic technique to improve model quality while having a fixed capacity budget. It is a commonly used technique for model compression, where a larger capacity teacher model with better quality is used to train a more compact student model with better inference efficiency. Through distillation, one hopes to benefit from student's compactness, without sacrificing too much on model quality. Despite the large success of knowledge distillation, better understanding of how it benefits student model's training dynamics remains under-explored. In this paper, we categorize teacher's knowledge into three hierarchical levels and study its effects on knowledge distillation: (1) knowledge of the `universe', where KD brings a regularization effect through label smoothing; (2) domain knowledge, where teacher injects class relationships prior to student's logit layer geometry; and (3) instance specific knowledge, where teacher rescales student model's per-instance gradients based on its measurement on the event difficulty. Using systematic analyses and extensive empirical studies on both synthetic and real-world datasets, we confirm that the aforementioned three factors play a major role in knowledge distillation. Furthermore, based on our findings, we diagnose some of the failure cases of applying KD from recent studies.
Improved Rates of Cervical Cancer Screening Among Transmasculine Patients Through Self-Collected Swabs for High-Risk Human Papillomavirus DNA Testing

Introduction: Nearly all cervical cancer cases are caused by one of several high-risk strains of the human papillomavirus (hr-HPV). Transmasculine (TM) individuals (persons who have a masculine spectrum gender identity, but were recorded female at birth) have low adherence to standard cervical cancer screening modalities. Introduction of self-collected vaginal swabs for hr-HPV DNA testing may promote initiation and adherence to cervical cancer screening among TM individuals to narrow screening disparities. The purpose of this study was to assess the rate of cervical cancer screening among TM individuals following the introduction of self-collected swabbing for hr-HPV DNA testing in comparison to clinician-administered cervical specimen collection. Methods: Rates of uptake and adherence to cervical cancer screening among TM individuals were assessed before and after the clinical introduction of self-collected swab testing in October 2017. Rates were compared with the rates of cervical cancer screening among cisgender women at a colocated Comprehensive Health Program during the time period of review. Results: Of the 121 TM patients seen for primary care in the 6-month baseline period before the October 2017 introduction of self-collected swabbing for hr-HPV DNA testing, 30 (25%) had cervical cancer screening documented in the electronic medical record. Following the implementation of self-swabbing, of 193 patients, 98 (51%) had a documented cervical cancer screening, a two-fold increase in the rates of adherence to cervical cancer screening (p<0.001). Conclusion: Self-collected swab testing for hr-HPV can increase rates of adherence to screening recommendations among an otherwise under-screened population.
ITR-Seq, a next-generation sequencing assay, identifies genome-wide DNA editing sites in vivo following adeno-associated viral vector-mediated genome editing

Identifying nuclease-induced double-stranded breaks in DNA on a genome-wide scale is critical for assessing the safety and efficacy of genome editing therapies. We previously demonstrated that after administering adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector-mediated genome-editing strategies in vivo, vector sequences integrated into the host organism’s genomic DNA at double-stranded breaks. Thus, identifying the genomic location of inserted AAV sequences would enable us to identify DSB events, mainly derived from the nuclease on- and off-target activity. Here, we developed a next-generation sequencing assay that detects insertions of specific AAV vector sequences called inverted terminal repeats (ITRs). This assay, ITR-Seq, enables us to identify off-target nuclease activity in vivo. Using ITR-Seq, we analyzed liver DNA samples of rhesus macaques treated with AAV vectors expressing a meganuclease. We found dose-dependent off-target activity and reductions in off-target events induced by further meganuclease development. In mice, we identified the genomic locations of ITR integration after treatment with Cas9 nucleases and their corresponding single-guide RNAs. In sum, ITR-Seq is a powerful method for identifying off-target sequences induced by AAV vector-delivered genome-editing nucleases. ITR-Seq will help us understand the specificity and efficacy of different genome-editing nucleases in animal models and clinical studies. This information can help enhance the safety profile of gene-editing therapies.