cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Local structure in BaTi O 3 − BiSc O 3 dipole glasses

Local structures in cubic perovskite-type $(\mathrm{B}{\mathrm{a}}_{0.6}\mathrm{B}{\mathrm{i}}_{0.4})(\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{i}}_{0.6}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{c}}_{0.4}){\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ solid solutions that exhibit reentrant dipole glass behavior have been studied with variable-temperature x-ray/neutron total scattering, extended x-ray absorption fine structure, and electron diffraction methods. Simultaneous fitting of these data using a reverse Monte Carlo algorithm provided instantaneous atomic configurations, which have been used to extract local displacements of the constituent species. The smaller Bi and Ti atoms exhibit probability density distributions that consist of 14 and 8 split sites, respectively. In contrast, Ba and Sc feature single-site distributions. The multisite distributions arise from large and strongly anisotropic off-center displacements of Bi and Ti. The cation displacements are correlated over a short range, with a correlation length limited by chemical disorder. The magnitudes of these displacements and their anisotropy, which are largely determined by local chemistry, change relatively insignificantly on cooling from room temperature. The structure features a nonrandom distribution of local polarization with low-dimensional polar clusters that are several unit cells in size. In situ measurements of atomic pair-distribution function under applied electric field were used to study field-induced changes in the local structure; however, no significant effects besides lattice expansion in the direction of the field could be observed up to electric-field values of $4\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kV}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{m}{\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
Recent Models: Valuation of Contingent Claims and Regulation

There are at least two important characteristics that the models of Chapters 3, 4, and 5 share. They all determine the allowed rate of return from observation of security prices and they all neglect the effects of the actions of the regulatory body and the process of regulation on the value of the regulated firm and hence its cost of capital. It is customary to attribute to the market a mystical power to weigh all important factors in its establishment of the market price of securities. If, however, the model being used to explain that price does not include all of these important factors, then the estimation of the cost of capital by use of the defective model may be impaired.
A simple model for the turbulence intensity distribution in atmospheric boundary layers

In the current work, we examine the distribution of turbulence intensity (TI) in simulations of atmospheric boundary layers (ABL) for wind turbine applications. We relate the turbulent fluctuations to the mean wind shear profile for neutrally stable ABL based on turbulent boundary layer theory. The results are then compared to corresponding LES data for various shear conditions. From this, a model for the TI distribution across a rotor disc is devised and calibrated. In addition, a second simpler version of the model is derived by assuming a power law for the velocity profile. The models are related to the Mann model and shown to have a similar scaling, however they are simpler and based on assumptions for turbulent boundary layers rather than homogeneous turbulence. The models are then tested for a range of stability conditions and shear values of the ABL including waked conditions from upstream wind turbines that stretch the assumptions made.
CT image reconstruction design by investigation of the propagation of Hotelling SNR

In this work, we investigate the performance of the Hotelling observer for a signal detection task in order to characterize the inherent signal detectability preservation in CT image reconstruction algorithms. Filtered back-projection (FBP) is taken as an illustrative case. We then undertake the same evaluation of the back-projection filtration (BPF) algorithm developed by our group [1]. The analysis is performed in such a way that we are able to quantify not only the total information lost through reconstruction, but also the amount of information lost due to unequal detector bin variances versus information lost through discretization. The modeled signal for detection is taken to be very small - size on the order of a detector bin - and inspection of the closest consistent sinogram to the original projection data is suggested. We hypothesize that detection of small signals may be sensitive to variations in the implementation of the reconstruction algorithm.
The Formation of Heritage Elites: Talking Rights and Practicing Privileges in an Afro-Colombian Community

This chapter traces how cultural heritage rights are deployed in the Afro-descendant town of San Basilio de Palenque, Colombia. Since UNESCO declared the “cultural space” of Palenque as Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (ICHH) in 2005, a small group of community members have disproportionately benefited from the declaration and gained privileged access to financial resources and political power. In this chapter, I reveal how local intellectual elites have used the language of heritage-based rights to justify their current status, resulting in entrenched social exclusion among Palenqueros. Heritage benefits are not distributed solely on the grounds of race, ethnicity, or descent, but are chiefly based on who worked towards the ICHH nomination. Perceiving themselves as self-made cultural entrepreneurs, elites feel exclusively entitled to benefit from Palenque’s heritage declaration. Although Colombian state bureaucrats consider heritage nominations as vehicles for integration and recognition of Afro-descendants as a whole, I show how the language of rightful entitlements to heritage limits the scope of their social inclusion. Ultimately, I argue that the entrenchment of elitism and rising inequity in Palenque are not altogether unexpected consequences of the heritage declaration. Rather, they demonstrate the difficulty of employing heritage to foster social inclusiveness and economic equality.
Gong and fa in Chinese martial arts

The distinction between gong (skill) and fa (technique) is ubiquitous in Chinese martial arts. Utilizing Maurice Merleau- Ponty’s notion of ‘embodied intentionality’, I examine this distinction. I draw specific examples of the kinds of skills under discussion from a particular style of taijiquan – Hong Chuan Chen Shi taijiquan (Master Hong Junsheng’s transmission of Chen taiji boxing) – and I argue that understanding taijiquan in terms of embodied intentionality allows us to understand important taijiquan concepts such as chansijin, yin, and yang. Although in this article I focus on one specific style of martial art, I argue that the general analysis of the gong-fa distinction based on embodied intentionality is widely applicable.
Mathematical Models of Neuromodulation and Implications for Neurology and Psychiatry

We use mathematical modeling to study how the electrophysiology and the pharmacology of the brain affect each other and brain function. Necessarily, this involves understanding volume transmission by which neurons in a brain nucleus project to distant nuclei and change the local biochemistry there. Examples include the serotonergic projection from the dorsal raphe nucleus to the striatum and the dopaminergic projection from the substantial nigra pars compacta to the striatum. The serotonin concentration in the striatum affects dopamine release in the striatum through receptors on the dopamine terminals. The concept of volume transmission is discussed and other examples of volume transmission are given. We describe how we construct our mathematical models based on known physiology and biochemistry. We describe model results that show how autoreceptors buffer the serotonin system against genetic polymorphisms and we explain why the brain serotonin concentration depends on diet but the dopamine concentration does not. We discuss the traditional hypotheses about the mechanism of action of selective sserotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and introduce a new hypothesis about the mechanisms of SSRIs. We explain why the serotonin system has a large effect on the efficacy of levodopa treatment for Parkinson’s disease and why dyskinesias occur as the disease progresses. Finally, we study various aspects of the homeostasis of dopamine in the striatum. Volume transmission raises many new, interesting questions for the mathematical neuroscience community.
Population pharmacokinetics of exendin-(9-39) and clinical dose selection in patients with congenital hyperinsulinism.

Aims Congenital hyperinsulinism (HI) is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycaemia in infants and children. Exendin-(9-39), an inverse glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonist, is a novel therapeutic agent for HI that has demonstrated glucose-raising effect. We report the first population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model of the exendin-(9-39) in patients with HI and propose the optimal dosing regimen for future clinical trials in neonates with HI. Methods A total of 182 pharmacokinetic (PK) observations from 26 subjects in three clinical studies were included for constructing the PopPK model using first order conditional estimation (FOCE) with interaction method in nonlinear mixed-effects modelling (NONMEM). Exposure metrics (area under the curve [AUC] and maximum plasma concentration [Cmax]) at no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) in rats and dogs were determined in toxicology studies. Results Observed concentration–time profiles of exendin-(9-39) were described by a linear two-compartmental PK model. Following allometric scaling of PK parameters, age and creatinine clearance did not significantly affect clearance. The calculated clearance and elimination half-life for adult subjects with median weight of 69 kg were 11.8 l h−1 and 1.81 h, respectively. The maximum recommended starting dose determined from modelling and simulation based on the AUC0-last at the NOAEL and predicted AUC0-inf using the PopPK model was 27 mg kg−1 day−1 intravenously. Conclusions This is the first study to investigate the PopPK of exendin-(9-39) in humans. The final PopPK model was successfully used with preclinical toxicology findings to propose the optimal dosing regimen of exendin-(9-39) for clinical studies in neonates with HI, allowing for a more targeted dosing approach to achieve desired glycaemic response.
Genome Sequences of Three Strains of Aspergillus flavus for the Biological Control of Aflatoxin.

ABSTRACT Aflatoxin is a carcinogenic contaminant of many commodities that are infected by Aspergillus flavus. Nonaflatoxigenic strains of A. flavus have been utilized as biological control agents. Here, we report the genome sequences from three biocontrol strains. This information will be useful in developing markers for postrelease monitoring of these fungi.
More MHC-like Class I Y mRNA Detected in Relatively Resistant Fayoumis than Susceptible Leghorns

The inbred chicken lines Fayoumi and Leghorn have been shown to be relatively resistant and susceptible, respectively, to Newcastle disease virus (NDV). In this experiment we detected higher gene expression levels of MHC-like class I Y (MHCIY) in the Fayoumi trachea, lung, and Harderian gland of NDV challenged and nonchallenged birds across multiple time points. MHC region is important to the immune system and is often associated with resistance to pathogens. This gene may be associated with the Fayoumis’ resistant phenotype.
Remote Sensing Soils and Social Geographies of Difference: The Landscape Archaeology of Regur from Iron Age through Medieval Period Northern Karnataka, Southern India

ABSTRACTThis paper combines analyses of Landsat 8 multispectral data with textual records and diachronic low-density artifact distributions to evaluate how soil differences were incorporated into cultural landscapes around the multicomponent site of Maski, southern India. Spatial analysis indicates that Iron Age (1200–300 b.c.) and Early Historic Period (300 b.c.–a.d. 500) inhabitants differentiated soil types and used more water-retentive, clay-rich soils (regur) for agriculture and sandier soils for locations of metals production. Similar distinctions between soil types are evident in Medieval Period (a.d. 500–1600) inscriptions, but artifact distributions indicate that some inhabitants used less desirable sandier soils for agriculture during the period. Taken together, the distribution, remote sensing, and inscriptional data suggest that social inequalities in access to more valued soils contributed to a socially differentiated landscape by at least the 14th century a.d. and point to the combined role ...
Perinatal Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals with Estrogenic Activity and the Development of Obesity

Environmental chemicals with estrogenic activity can disrupt programming of endocrine signaling pathways that are established during development and result in adverse effects, some of which may not be apparent until much later in life. Recent evidence implicates developmental exposure to environmental estrogens, with a growing list of adverse health consequences including an association with obesity and diabetes. These diseases are quickly becoming significant public health problems and are fast reaching epidemic proportions worldwide. This review summarizes experimental animal data which support an association of environmental estrogens such as diethylstilbestrol, bisphenol A, and phytoestrogens with the development of obesity. Potential mechanisms are discussed and future research needs are summarized.
Binding and Catalytic Decomposition of NO by Transition Metal Aluminosilicates

In this study of NO conversion to N 2 + 0 2 , over Co(II) A zeolites, it was shown by static and dynamic temperature programmed reaction/desorption (TPR/TPD) experiments that Co(II) enhanced the decomposition of NO and that both N 2 O and N 2 formed over these catalysts. It was further found that a doubly exchanged Co(II)Ce(III) A zeolite was active in the decomposition of NO under mild reaction conditions, e.g. 75°C. Under static TPR conditions over this doubly promoted catalyst, the principal product was N 2 , while under dynamic vacuum TPD conditions N 2 O was also a principal product. Since N 2 , was a dominant product when Ce(III) was added to the Co(II) A zeolite, it appears that the presence of Ce(III) induced a low temperature process for NO decomposition. Surface intermediates have been characterized by optical spectroscopy.
Wikipedia and the Web of Confusable Entities: Experience from Entity Linking Query Creation for TAC 2009 Knowledge Base Population.

The Text Analysis Conference (TAC) is a series of Natural Language Processing evaluation workshops organized by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The Knowledge Base Population (KBP) track at TAC 2009, a hybrid descendant of the TREC Question Answering track and the Automated Content Extraction (ACE) evaluation program, is designed to support development of systems that are capable of automatically populating a knowledge base with information about entities mined from unstructured text. An important component of the KBP evaluation is the Entity Linking task, where systems must accurately associate text mentions of unknown Person (PER), Organization (ORG), and Geopolitical (GPE) names to entries in a knowledge base. Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC) at the University of Pennsylvania creates and distributes linguistic resources including data, annotations, system assessment, tools and specifications for the TAC KBP evaluations. This paper describes the 2009 resource creation efforts, with particular focus on the selection and development of named entity mentions for the Entity Linking task evaluation.
Selective atomic layer deposition of MoSix on Si (0 0 1) in preference to silicon nitride and silicon oxide

Abstract Highly selective deposition of MoSix on Si in preference to SiO2 and SiNx was achieved via atomic layer deposition (ALD) using MoF6 and Si2H6 at 120 °C. The selectivity was enabled by the lack of chemical reactivity between the reactants and the SiO2 and SiNx substrates. In contrast, MoF6 nucleated in a self-limiting manner on H-terminated Si, and a following Si2H6 exposure reduced MoFx to Mo0 which is consistent with Mo-Si bond formation. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that the 5 ALD cycles of MoF6 and Si2H6 selectively deposited a substoichiometric MoSi2 film on the Si substrate in contrast to previous results showing a nearly pure Mo deposition. Extra Si2H6 doses on the substoichiometric MoSi2 film incorporated more Si into the film without disturbing the inherent selectivity over SiO2 and SiNx. A depth-profiling study showed that the bulk of the film has Si/Mo = 1.7–1.9 with
Optimizing Online Task Allocation for Multi-Attribute Social Sensing

Social sensing has emerged as a new sensing paradigm where humans (or devices on their behalf) collectively report measurements about the physical world. This paper focuses on an optimized task allocation problem in multi- attribute social sensing applications where the goal is to effectively allocate the tasks of collecting multiple attributes of the measured variables to human sensors while respecting the application's budget constraints. While recent progress has been made to tackle the optimized task allocation problem, two important challenges have not been well addressed. The first challenge is "online task allocation": the task allocation schemes need to respond quickly to the potentially large dynamics of the measured variables (e.g., temperature, noise, traffic) in social sensing. Delayed task allocation may lead to inaccurate sensing results and/or unnecessarily high sensing costs. The second challenge is the "multi-attribute constrained optimization": minimizing the overall sensing error given the dependencies and constraints of multiple attributes of the measured variables is a non-trivial problem to solve. To address the above challenges, this paper develops an Online Optimized Multi-attribute Task Allocation (OO-MTA) scheme inspired by techniques from machine learning and information theory. We evaluate the OO-MTA scheme using an urban sensing dataset collected from a real-world social sensing application. The evaluation results show that OO- MTA scheme significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art baselines in terms of the sensing accuracy.
Platelet aggregation response in immune thrombocytopenia patients treated with romiplostim

The thrombopoietin receptor agonist romiplostim is used for the long-term treatment of chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). ITP patients have an increased thrombotic risk, which could be exacerbated if romiplostim increased platelet hyperreactivity or caused spontaneous platelet aggregation. To investigate this possibility, this study examined platelet function in romiplostim-treated ITP patients and healthy subjects. Light transmission platelet aggregometry utilizing arachidonic acid, collagen, epinephrine, ristocetin, ADP, and saline (to assess spontaneous aggregation) was performed for each subject. In addition, the ADP AC50 (ADP concentration that induced half-maximal aggregation) was determined for each patient as a sensitive measurement of altered platelet reactivity. Fifteen ITP patients and 7 healthy subjects entered the study. All ITP patients had active disease and were receiving weekly romiplostim as the sole ITP-directed therapy. Platelet aggregation in response to the strong agonists arachidonic acid, collagen, and ristocetin was not significantly different between ITP patients and healthy subjects (P = 0.2442, P = 0.0548, and P = 0.0879, respectively). Platelet aggregation in response to weak agonists was significantly reduced in ITP patients compared with that in healthy subjects: median (range) aggregation to ADP, 45% (15–84%) versus 89% (70–95%) (P = 0.0010), and epinephrine, 21% (1.6–90%) versus 88% (79–94%) (P = 0.0085). The median AC50 of ADP was threefold higher in ITP patients versus that in healthy subjects (6.3 μM vs 2.1 μM) (P = 0.0049). Significant spontaneous aggregation was not observed in any patient. Platelets from romiplostim-treated ITP patients do not show evidence for spontaneous aggregation or hyperreactivity, but instead have a modestly reduced aggregation response to ADP and epinephrine.
Overturning of nonlinear compressional and shear waveforms subject to power-law attenuation or relaxation

Model equations for plane nonlinear wave propagation that do not account for energy loss inevitably predict waveforms that are multivalued. Referred to as waveform overturning, this reveals that essential physics is not represented in the mathematical model. Energy loss from thermoviscous absorption keeps waveform steepening in check and prevents overturning for all source amplitudes, thus ensuring physical relevance of solutions. This is not the case for every energy loss mechanism, and waveform overturning may still occur above a critical source amplitude despite the presence of losses. The present work determines the critical source amplitude associated with two loss operators, one for power-law attenuation and the other for relaxation, and for both compressional waves (quadratic nonlinearity) and shear waves (cubic nonlinearity) [Cormack and Hamilton, Wave Motion 85, 18 (2019)]. Reformulation of the model equations in intrinsic coordinates enables numerical solution of waveform evolution up to and beyond the distance at which waveform overturning occurs. It is found that attenuation and dispersion resulting from a power law with exponent less than unity, or the attenuation and dispersion due to relaxation, is insufficient to prevent waveform overturning at all amplitudes. [Work supported by the ARL:UT McKinney Fellowship in Acoustics.]Model equations for plane nonlinear wave propagation that do not account for energy loss inevitably predict waveforms that are multivalued. Referred to as waveform overturning, this reveals that essential physics is not represented in the mathematical model. Energy loss from thermoviscous absorption keeps waveform steepening in check and prevents overturning for all source amplitudes, thus ensuring physical relevance of solutions. This is not the case for every energy loss mechanism, and waveform overturning may still occur above a critical source amplitude despite the presence of losses. The present work determines the critical source amplitude associated with two loss operators, one for power-law attenuation and the other for relaxation, and for both compressional waves (quadratic nonlinearity) and shear waves (cubic nonlinearity) [Cormack and Hamilton, Wave Motion 85, 18 (2019)]. Reformulation of the model equations in intrinsic coordinates enables numerical solution of waveform evolution up to and bey...
Efficacy of a pediatric procedure curriculum on resident training

Abstract Background There is growing concern that residents are not receiving the necessary experience to become proficient with medical procedures. We created a structured curriculum to improve resident comprehension, experience and confidence with pediatric procedures. Methods A two-week procedure curriculum commenced with a three-day training course to review 26 pediatric procedures using lectures, videos, demonstrations and simulations. Residents spent the remainder of the rotation as the hospital's on-call procedure resident. Pre- and post-rotation surveys, knowledge testing and procedure logging were used to evaluate course effectiveness, along with follow up metrics a year after completing the rotation. Results were compared to a control group of residents completing their second year of residency who did not participate in the curriculum. Results Participants (N = 35) averaged 67.2 procedures over the 2 weeks, compared to 41.3 procedures for controls (N = 20) during their first 2 years of residency. Participants had a higher confidence than controls (3.0 vs. 2.5 on a five-point scale) and better knowledge (65% vs. 47% correct on testing), both statistically significant. Compared to their own individual pre-rotation scores, participants showed improved knowledge (49% vs. 65%) and confidence (2.0 vs. 3.0), both statistically significant. Long-term follow up showed that these improvements were mostly sustained a year later. Conclusions Overall, interns completing the rotation demonstrated procedure counts, knowledge levels, and confidence greater than rising third year residents. Participants were inclined to have superior confidence in procedures where higher procedure counts were achieved. Most results were sustained over the course of one year.
Microstructure evolution during selective laser melting of metallic materials: A review

Selective laser melting (SLM) is an additive manufacturing technology that uses a laser beam to melt powder materials together layer by layer for solid part fabrication. Due to its superior rapid prototyping capability of three-dimensional structures, SLM has been used for widespread industrial applications including aerospace, automotive, electronics, and biomedical devices. As a state-of-the-art technology, ongoing investigations are being conducted to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of SLM. In particular, understanding of microstructure evolution during SLM is essential to achieve improved process control and ensure the performance of laser-fabricated components. This paper is to review the recent research and development progress in SLM of metallic materials with a focus on the process–microstructure relationship. The grain growth and porosity evolution as affected by laser processing parameters in the SLM process are discussed. Phase transformation in SLM of steel and titanium alloys is studied. The formation of precipitates in SLM of titanium, nickel, and aluminum/magnesium alloys is reviewed. The balling phenomenon and cracking behaviors during SLM are discussed. In addition, the recent development of computational modeling of microstructure evolution during SLM is investigated.
A volume of fluid framework for interface-resolved simulations of vaporizing liquid-gas flows

Abstract This work demonstrates a computational framework for simulating vaporizing, liquid-gas flows. It is developed for the general vaporization problem [1] which solves the vaporization rate based as from the local thermodynamic equilibrium of the liquid-gas system. This includes the commonly studied vaporization regimes of film boiling and isothermal evaporation. The framework is built upon a Cartesian grid solver for low-Mach, turbulent flows [2] which has been modified to handle multiphase flows with large density ratios [3] . Interface transport is performed using an unsplit volume of fluid solver [4] . A novel, divergence-free extrapolation technique is used to create a velocity field that is suitable for interface transport. Sharp treatments are used for the vapor mass fractions and temperature fields [5] . The pressure Poisson equation is treated using the Ghost Fluid Method [6] . Interface equilibrium at the interface is computed using the Clausius-Clapeyron relation, and is coupled to the flow solver using a monotone, unconditionally stable scheme. It will be shown that correct prediction of the interface properties is fundamental to accurate simulations of the vaporization process. The convergence and accuracy of the proposed numerical framework is verified against solutions in one, two, and three dimensions. The simulations recover first order convergence under temporal and spatial refinement for the general vaporization problem. The work is concluded with a demonstration of unsteady vaporization of a droplet at intermediate Reynolds number.
Real effects of workers’ financial distress: Evidence from teacher spillovers

Abstract This paper studies the effects of financial distress on workers’ productivity, using detailed data from the public school system in Texas. We show that the student passing rate in the median-sized grade decreases by 1.2 percentage points following a declaration of bankruptcy by one teacher in the grade. The effect of financial distress increases with the complexity of the task. Overall, our results suggest a potential feedback effect of worker financial distress on local economic conditions and thus contribute to the understanding of the propagation, and potential amplification, of shocks through a local economy.
Why Change Now? Cognitive Reappraisal Moderates the Relation between Anxiety and Resistance to Sunk Cost

To minimize distress associated with choices with uncertain consequences, individuals with high levels of anxiety may continue with familiar choices rather than seek out novel choices. As a result, they might be more vulnerable to sunk cost fallacy, the inability to ignore unrecoverable prior investments when making decisions about the future. Considering that cognitive reappraisal may mitigate the association between anxiety and poor decision making, the present study examined the relations between cognitive reappraisal, anxiety, and resistance to sunk cost. To this end, 108 undergraduates completed questionnaires assessing their tendency to engage in cognitive reappraisal, severity of anxiety, and resistance to sunk cost. Participants’ tendency to engage in cognitive reappraisal moderated the relation between the severity of anxiety and resistance to sunk cost. However, in individuals who typically engaged in cognitive reappraisal, only lower levels of anxiety were associated with higher resistance to sunk cost. Individuals with high vs. low levels of anxiety might differ in how they reappraise negative situations, which can consequently affect resistance to sunk cost.
Halogen and Chalcogen Bonding Between the Triphenylphosphine Chalcogenides (Ph 3 P=E; E=O, S, Se) and Iodofluorobenzenes

A series of cocrystals of Ph3 P=E (E=O, S, Se) with organoiodines were studied to understand the roles of noncovalent interactions including chalcogen (ChB) and halogen (XB) bonding in their formation. The structure of the cocrystal of Ph3 P=S and 1,2-diiodotetrafluorobezene was determined, which demonstrates a similar chalcogen⋅⋅⋅iodine XB pattern to the previously reported isomorphic Ph3 P=Se structure. The cocrystalline structures resulting from the combination of 1,3-diiodotetrafluorobenzene (1,3-F4 DIB), as well as iodopentafluorobenzene, with all three triphenylphosphine chalcogenides, were also determined. The (Ph3 P=Se) ⋅ (1,3-F4 DIB) cocrystal presents a rare example of a selenium⋅⋅⋅organoiodine ChB. The observed ChB and XB interactions have normalized distance parameters (RXB ) ranging from 0.80 to 0.98. The strength of the XB and ChB interactions were analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) theory, with calculated energies falling between 3.14 kcal/mol and 12.81 kcal/mol.
Robust deep-learning-based radio fingerprinting with fine-tuning

Minute hardware imperfections in the radio-frequency circuitry of a wireless device can be leveraged as a unique fingerprint. Radio fingerprinting is a way of distinguishing a device from others of the same type at the physical layer by utilizing these hardware imperfections. Recent studies proposed to utilize deep learning over raw I/Q data for the purpose of radio fingerprinting and achieve high accuracy. Unfortunately, deep-learning-based radio finger-printing is not robust over I/Q data across different days due to significant changes in wireless channels. This study proposes to leverage fine-tuning to improve the robustness of radio fingerprinting in a cross-day scenario, where training and test I/Q data are from different days. Our experimental results suggest that transfer learning is a promising approach for robust deep-learning-based radio fingerprinting in practice.
Psychology predoctoral internship match rates by disability type.

Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the match rates of psychology predoctoral internship applicants by disability type. Method: Through the use of publicly available data from the 2008, 2011, 2012, 2015, and 2016 Association of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers internship applicant surveys, differences in match rate for applicants with different types of disabilities, as compared with nondisabled applicants, were analyzed. Additionally, trends in match rates for applicants with different disability types over time were analyzed. Results: Across disability type, applicants with disabilities tended to have lower match rates than did applicants without disabilities. These differences were particularly large in applicants with physical/orthopedic disabilities and learning disabilities. These gaps in match rates were narrowing for some types of disabilities but widening for others. Conclusion: Disabled internship applicants experience consistent, negative disparities internship match rates compared with their nondisabled peers. Psychologists must take action to identify and ameliorate the causes of these disparities and address the chronic underrepresentation of psychologists with disabilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
BRD4 REGULATES TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR ∆Np63αTO DRIVE A CANCER STEM CELL PHENOTYPE IN SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMAS.

Bromodomain containing protein 4 (BRD4) plays a critical role in controlling the expression of genes involved in development and cancer. Inactivation of BRD4 inhibits cancer growth, making it a promising anticancer drug target. The cancer stem cell population is a key driver of recurrence and metastasis in cancer patients. Here we show that cancer stem-like cells can be enriched from squamous cell carcinomas, and that these cells display an aggressive phenotype with enhanced stem cell marker expression, migration, invasion, and tumor growth. BRD4 was highly elevated in this aggressive subpopulation of cells, and its function is critical for these cancer stem cell-like properties. Moreover, BRD4 regulated ∆Np63α, a key transcription factor that is essential for epithelial stem cell function that is often overexpressed in cancers. BRD4 regulated an EZH2/STAT3 complex that led to increased ∆Np63α-mediated transcription. Targeting BRD4 in human squamous cell carcinoma reduces ∆Np63α, leading to inhibition of spheroid formation, migration, invasion and tumor growth. These studies identify a novel BRD4-regulated signaling network in a subpopulation of cancer stem-like cells elucidating a possible avenue for effective therapeutic intervention.
Building Sustainability Literacy Among Preservice Teachers: An Initial Evaluation of a Sustainability Course Designed for K-8 Educators

In the wake of colleges and universities being criticized for inadequately preparing their students for the grand challenges of the twenty-first-century, the New American University proposes to prepare future leaders to address these challenges and contribute to a more sustainable way of life. One of the major mechanisms to enact lasting and impactful change toward achieving this goal is educating future teachers in sustainability literacy. This chapter describes a newly required hybrid course at Arizona State University titled Sustainability Science for Teachers. The course, launched in the K-8th grade teacher education program in fall 2012, imparts sustainability lessons in meaningful ways by integrating technology and digital storytelling with in-class activities. The goal of the course is to develop sustainability literacy among preservice teachers by providing engaging content-knowledge and enabling them to employ these concepts in their future classrooms. Analyzing pre- and post-tests that capture preservice teachers’ conceptual maps along with preservice teacher feedback provides data for an initial evaluation of this new course. This chapter examines the learning outcomes and lessons learned from creating and implementing a course focused on sustainability targeted to preservice teachers.
Formal methods in computer-aided design : second international conference, FMCAD '98, Palo Alto, CA, USA, November 4-6, 1998 : proceedings

Minimalist Proof Assistants: Interactions of Technology and Methodology in Formal System Level Verification.- Reducing Manual Abstraction in Formal Verification of Out- of- Order Execution.- Bit-Level Abstraction in the Verification of Pipelined Microprocessors by Correspondence Checking.- Solving Bit-Vector Equations.- The Formal Design of 1M-Gate ASICs.- Design of Experiments for Evaluation of BDD Packages Using Controlled Circuit Mutations.- A Tutorial on Stalmarck's Proof Procedure for Propositional Logic.- Almana: A BDD Minimization Tool Integrating Heuristic and RewritingMethods.- Bisimulation Minimization in an Automata-Theoretic Verification Framework.- Automatic Verification of Mixed-Level Logic Circuits.- A Timed Automaton-Based Method for Accurate Computation of Circuit Delay in the Presence of Cross-Talk.- Maximum Time Separation of Events in Cyclic Systems with Linear and Latest Timing Constraints.- Using MTBDDs for Composition and Model Checking of Real-Time Systems.- Formal Methods in CAD from an Industrial Perspective.- A Methodology for Automated Verification of Synthesized RTL Designs and Its Integration with a High-Level Synthesis Tool.- Combined Formal Post- and Presynthesis Verification in High Level Synthesis.- Formalization and Proof of a Solution to the PCI 2.1 Bus Transaction Ordering Problem.- A Performance Study of BDD-Based Model Checking.- Symbolic Model Checking Visualization.- Input Elimination and Abstraction in Model Checking.- Symbolic Simulation of the JEM1 Microprocessor.- Symbolic Simulation: An ACL2 Approach.- Verification of Data-Insensitive Circuits: An In-Order-Retirement Case Study.- Combining Symbolic Model Checking with Uninterpreted Functions for Out-of-Order Processor Verification.- Formally Verifying Data and Control with Weak Reachability Invariants.- Generalized Reversible Rules.- An Assume-Guarantee Rule for Checking Simulation.- Three Approaches to Hardware Verification: HOL, MDG, and VIS Compared.- An Instruction Set Process Calculus.- Techniques for Implicit State Enumeration of EFSMs.- Model Checking on Product Structures.- BDDNOW: A Parallel BDD Package.- Model Checking VHDL with CV.- Alexandria: A Tool for Hierarchical Verification.- PV: An Explicit Enumeration Model-Checker.
Transaction Cost Economics

Transaction cost economics (TCE) has become one of the most influential (and somewhat controversial) theoretical perspectives in organizational and strategy research. Keywords: transaction cost economics
Chapter 22 – Entropy, the Lorenz Energy Cycle, and Climate

This chapter explores the classical concepts of entropy and the processes that change it in relation to the Lorenz energy cycle and climate. Entropy concepts are fundamental to the study of large-scale exchange, monsoons, and the thermodynamic efficiency of differential heating in maintaining atmospheric circulation. Entropy concepts are essential for understanding reversible and irreversible thermodynamic processes. The study of entropy and its flux is also important for understanding radiative and chemical processes in relation to the earth system. Certain underlying concepts of the second law and entropy with the Lorenz energy cycle and the climate state are linked in the chapter. The understanding of the climate state as a thermally forced circulation is incomplete without including entropy and its exchange. Certain key contributions, both past and present, are reviewed in bringing to the forefront theimportance of entropy and its balance in modeling the climate state., In-depth relations linking the classical Carnot cycle with the Lorenz energy cycle are set forth. The chapter also emphasizes on the relevance of mean entropy sources on the intensity of winter and summer time circulations.
Sensitivity of internal structure to the surface boundary condition.

It is now nearly fifty years since Eddington and Milne had a lively controversy on the importance of the surface boundary condition on the internal structure of stars [see Eddington (1930) and Milne (1930)]. We remember that Eddington believed that the internal structure of stars is basically determined by the physical processes occurring in the deep interior and that what happens in the surface layers has little effect on the total stellar luminosity. On the other hand, Milne emphasized the importance of the properties of the outer layers and the effect these could have on the run of pressure and temperature in the deep interior of the stars. We know now that both Eddington and Milne were correct. Eddington’s considerations apply to the hot stars, the early-type stars which have surface layers in radiative equilibrium. Milne’s arguments are relevant to the cool stars, the late-type stars which have deep convective envelopes. In the former case, one can safely assume in calculations of stellar structure that the density and the temperature both approach zero simultaneously at the surface (the so-called “zero” surface boundary conditions.
The Continuing and Growing Epidemic of Chronic Low Back Pain

Because of the great prevalence of chronic pain, it is not surprising that there have been a number of influential reports by the Institute of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, and the World Health Organization that have documented the medical, social and economic problems caused by it, and the need for better pain-management programs. The present article briefly reviews these reports, and then focuses on three important areas that need to be considered when addressing the continuing and growing epidemic of one of the most prevalent types of chronic pain [chronic low back pain (CLBP)]: the biopsychosocial model of chronic pain; the paradigm shift in medicine from a disease model to an illness model of CLBP; and a review of the treatment- and cost-effectiveness of interdisciplinary chronic pain management programs. This overview will serve as an important prelude to other topics related to low back pain included in this Special Issue of Healthcare. Topics covered will range from assessment and treatment approaches, to important psychosocial mediators/moderators such as coping and pain beliefs.
A role for interleukin-10 in alcohol-induced liver sensitization to bacterial lipopolysaccharide.

Background: Proinflammatory cytokines play an important role in alcohol-induced liver injury. The role of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the initiation and progression of alcoholic liver disease has received little attention. This study tested the hypothesis that an imbalance exists between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the liver during chronic exposure to alcohol. Alcohol exposure results in predominantly proinflammatory cytokine secretion and liver injury. Methods: IL-10 knock-out and their C57BL/6J counterpart wild-type mice were fed alcohol in drinking water for 7 weeks. At the end of alcohol feeding, Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was administered, and the animals were killed after 3 and 8 hr. Liver histology, plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activity, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-10 levels, and liver cytokine messenger RNA levels were measured. Results: Alcohol feeding and LPS treatment did not change plasma enzyme activity levels in wild-type mice. In the IL-10 knock-out mice, LPS alone increased aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase enzyme activity, and this was potentiated by alcohol. Alcohol induced liver steatosis in both wild-type and knock-out mice. LPS markedly enhanced the histological effects further, especially in the knock-out mice, with the emergence of focal necrosis, polymorphonuclear infiltration, and microabscesses in the liver. Plasma tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-1β levels were not affected by alcohol alone. Proinflammatory cytokine levels were increased by LPS and further enhanced by alcohol treatment, particularly in the IL-10 knock-out mice. IL-10 plasma levels in the wild-type animals were down-regulated by alcohol. Changes in liver cytokine messenger RNA paralleled those seen in plasma cytokine levels. Conclusions: Alcohol-induced liver sensitization to LPS in wild-type mice may involve down-regulation of IL-10. This anti-inflammatory cytokine, known for its hepatoprotective effects, is secreted simultaneously with proinflammatory cytokines. IL-10 may also limit alcohol-induced liver damage by counteracting the effects of proinflammatory cytokines.
Piezoelectric effects in ferroelectric ceramics

Ferroelectric ceramics exhibit piezoelectric effects and optical birefringence that are electrically controllable. Consequently, these ceramics are applicable to a wide variety of devices. An article in the February issue has already described electrically actuated light valves and electrically controlled optical filters. The present article deals with the piezoelectric behavior of ferroelectric ceramics. Since, macroscopically, these materials are nearly isotropic, a discussion of their piezoelectric behavior can provide uncluttered?and surprising?insight into the theory of piezoelectric energy conversion.
Cross-modality temporal processing deficits in developmental phonological dyslexics.

Neuroanatomical evidence suggests that poor readers may have abnormal lateral (LGN) and medial (MGN) geniculate nuclei responsible for temporal processing in visual and auditory domains respectively (Livingstone & Galaburda, 1993). Although behavioral evidence does support this neuroanatomical evidence in that poor readers have performed poorly on visual and auditory tasks thought to require the utilization of the LGN and MGN, respectively, appropriate examination of the coexistence of these behavioral abnormalities in the same population of poor readers has yet to take place. The present study examined correlations between visual and auditory temporal processing scores of all readers (collapsed groups), good readers, and poor readers who were isolated into phonological and surface dyslexic subtypes. The same subjects and data from Cestnick and Coltheart (1999) and Cestnick and Jerger (2000) were used to run the analyses. Results demonstrated a multitude of correlations between these tasks for the phonological dyslexic group only. It is contended that cross-modality temporal processing deficits may exist in poor nonlexical (phonological dyslexics) as opposed to poor lexical (surface dyslexics) readers. It is conceivable that phonological dyslexics may also have deficiencies within the LGN and MGN, or perhaps within systems related to these nuclei. The precise cause of these processing patterns and correlations is still unknown.
Computed tomography of spinal chordomas

Computed tomography of 16 spinal chordomas revealed lytic lesions, or lytic and blastic lesions, of 2 or more adjacent vertebrae and a fairly well-delineated soft tissue mass in 16 patients. Intravenous contrast enhancement revealed multiple zones of hypodensity in 5 tumors pathologically proved to contain areas of cystic degeneration. Invasion of the epidural space was noted on computed tomography in 2 vertebral and 7 sacral lesions, and on myelography in 7 vertebral lesions. Computed tomography is ideal for delineation of the soft tissue component of these lesions, detection of sacral lesions at an early stage, planning of surgical excision or irradiation treatment, and detection of recurrence.
Impulse Buying in Restaurant Food Consumption

Impulse buying behavior is prevalent in restaurant food consumption. In the present study, we examine the relationship between individuals’ impulse buying behavior and their pre-purchase and post-purchase affective states in the context of restaurant food consumption. The current research experimentally induced consumers’ pre-purchase mood followed by a mood-freeze procedure. The findings provide strong evidence that primary food motives (health vs. indulgence) and situational motives (affect regulation) jointly affect impulse buying behavior in food consumption. Results also suggest that pre-purchase mood and affect regulation motives influence post-purchase mood as a result of impulse buying. Theoretical and managerial implications of the findings also are discussed.