cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A multi-center phase II study of sequential paclitaxel and bryostatin-1 (NSC 339555) in patients with untreated, advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma.

Purpose: Protein Kinase C (PKC), involved in transmembrane signaling of cell surface receptors, promotes carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Bryostatin-1 competes with PKC for phorbol esters (tumor promoters), thus inhibiting tumor progression. Bryostatin-1 also increases cytotoxicity of paclitaxel in a sequential fashion. We studied sequential paclitaxel and bryostatin-1 in patients with untreated, advanced gastric adenocarcinoma. Methods: Patients with histologic proof of gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma with advanced, measurable cancers were eligible. Patients were required to have near normal organ function and ECOG performance status of 0 or 1. All patients gave an informed consent. Patients received paclitaxel 80 mg/m2 in 2 h intravenously on day 1 and bryostatin-1 40 mcg/m2 in 1 h intravenously on day 2 each week for 3 consecutive weeks out of 4. Primary objective was to assess the objective response rate. Results: In a multi-center setting, 37 patients were enrolled and 35 were assessable for response. A confirmed partial response rate was 29%. The median time-to-progression was 4.25 months and the median survival time was 8 months. Grade 3 cumulative myalgias occurred in 55% of patients. Twelve patients discontinued therapy due to myalgias, including 6 patients who had not progressed after achieving a partial response. Other toxic effects were uncommon. Conclusions: Sequential paclitaxel plus bryostatin-1 resulted in a superior response rate than would be expected of paclitaxel alone in patients with untreated, advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma. Further development of this combination is warranted once an effective method to ameliorate or prevent myalgias can be established.
Experiences with radiation portal detectors for international rail transport

Radiation detectors monitored trains at two international borders to evaluate the performance of NaI(Tl) and plastic (polyvinyltoluene: PVT) gamma-ray detectors to characterize rail cargo. The detectors included a prototype NaI(Tl) radiation-portal-monitor panel having four large detectors (10-cm × 10-cm × 41-cm) and a PVT panel with a 41 cm × 173 cm × 3.8-cm detector. Spectral data from the NaI(Tl) and PVT detectors were recorded. Of particular emphasis was the identification of naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) and the resultant frequency of nuisance alarms. For rail monitoring, the difficulty in stopping trains to perform secondary inspection on alarming cars creates a need for reliable identification of NORM during initial screening. Approximately 30 trains were monitored, and the commodities in individual railcars were ascertained from manifest information. At one test site, the trains carried inter-modal containers that had been unloaded from ships, and at the other site, the trains contained bulk cargo in tanker cars and hopper cars or individual items in boxcars or flatbeds. NORM encountered included potash, liquefied petroleum gas, fireworks, televisions, and clay-based products (e.g., pottery). Analysis of the spectral data included the use of the template-fitting portion of the program GADRAS developed at Sandia National Laboratories. For most of the NORM, the NaI(Tl) data produced a correct identification of the radionuclides present in the railcars. The same analysis was also used for PVT data in which the spectral information (no peaks but only gradual spectral changes including Compton edges) was limited. However, the PVT analysis provided correct identification of 40 K and 226 Ra in many cases.
Evaporative Particle Deposition on Superhydrophobic Surfaces

The ability to control the size, shape, and location of particulate deposits is important in patterning, nanowire growth, sorting biological samples, and many other industrial and scientific applications. It is therefore of interest to understand the fundamentals of particle deposition via droplet evaporation. In the present study, we experimentally probe the assembly of particles on superhydrophobic surfaces by the evaporation of sessile water droplets containing suspended latex particles.Superhydrophobic surfaces are known to result in a significant decrease in the solid-liquid contact area of a droplet placed on such a substrate, thereby increasing the droplet contact angle and reducing the contact angle hysteresis. We conduct experiments on superhydrophobic surfaces of different geometric parameters that are maintained at different surface temperatures. The transient droplet shape and wetting behavior during evaporation are analyzed as a function of substrate temperature as well as surface morphology. During the evaporation process, the droplet exhibits a constant contact radius mode, a constant contact angle mode, or a mixed mode in which the contact angle and contact radius change simultaneously. The evaporation time of a droplet can be significantly reduced with substrate heating as compared to room-temperature evaporation.To describe the spatial distribution of the particle residues left on the surfaces, qualitative and quantitative evaluations of the deposits are presented. The results show that droplet evaporation on superhydrophobic surfaces, driven by mass diffusion under isothermal conditions or by substrate heating, suppresses particle deposition at the contact line. This preempts the so-called coffee-ring and allows active control of the location of particle deposition.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Joint confidence sets in multiple dilution assays

Let {Q1, …, Qk} be the potencies of k substances relative to a standard in a multiple dilution assay. Joint confidence bounds for these are given with confidence coefficient at least 1-α. These bounds are easily interpreted; they appeal to available tables; they improve Scheffe's bounds; they are based on applicable probability inequalities together with extensions of Fieller's theorem; and they are genuinely nonparametric. The procedures are illustrated using data from parallel-line and slope-ratio assays.
The Role of Empathy and Wisdom in Medical Practice and Pedagogy: Confronting the Hidden Curriculum

The role of the virtues of empathy and wisdom in clinical practice is used to address two crises facing modern medicine—quality of care and professionalism. To that end, these virtues are initially explored individually and then collectively in terms of a synergistic relationship between them. Next, how empathy and wisdom guide and empower clinical practice, especially in terms of their synergistic relationship, is discussed vis-a-vis the two crises. The “Grand Rounds” scene from “W;t”—Margaret Edson’s 1999 Pulitzer prize-winning play—is used to illustrate how these virtues function with respect to providing quality care in a professional manner. The paper concludes with a discussion of the challenges facing the pedagogy of equipping medical students, residents, and even practicing clinicians with virtues like empathy and wisdom.
LCLS x-ray FEL at SLAC

The design status and R&D plan of a 1.5 angstrom SASE-FEL at SLAC, called the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), are described. The LCLS utilizes one third of the SLAC linac for the acceleration of electrons to about 15 GeV. The FEL radiation is produced in a long undulator and is directed to an experimental area for its utilization. The LCLS is designed to produce 300 fsec long radiation pulses at the wavelength of 1.5 angstrom with 9 GW peak power. This radiation has much higher brightness and coherence, as well as shorter pulses, than present third generation sources. It is shown that such leap in performance is now within reach, and is made possible by the advances in the physics and technology of photo- injectors, linear accelerators, insertion devices and free- electron lasers.
Heavy metal accumulation in hot water tanks in a region experiencing coal waste pollution and comparison between regional water systems

In 2000, a coal slurry impoundment failure in Martin County, Kentucky, caused concerns about contaminants entering municipal water supplies. Water samples taken from impacted and reference area hot water tanks often exceeded US EPA drinking water guidelines. Concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Pb had maxima of 119; 51.9; 154; 170,000; 976,000; 8,710; and 12,700 μg/L, respectively. Significantly different metal accumulation between counties indicated this procedure’s utility for assessing long-term municipal water quality. Correlations between metal concentrations were strong and consistent for As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Co, and Fe indicating that some metals accumulate proportionally with others.
Real time data acquisition: recommendations for the Medical Information Bus (MIB).

Communication is one of the most important tasks performed by health care professionals. Data underlie every medical decision, and except for the personal observations made by and acted upon by physicians at the bedside, should be communicated. Often, the data are communicated through several people and via electronic strips, hand-written notes, computer displays, and computer printouts before getting to the medical decision-maker. Each step in the process, especially if it involves people and hand-written records, can result in delays and errors.
The optimal design of multi-stage flash evaporators by dynamic programming

Abstract The optimal design of multi-stage flash evaporators is analyzed. The necessary heat and material balances are formulated, and an iterative dynamic programming procedure for the minimization of the annual operating cost is described. A flow chart for the computer solution is included. A continuous formulation which represents the limiting design for an infinite number of stages is presented. The optimal design of the heat rejection section is also discussed.
Nonsolvent Water in Human Erythrocytes

From the ability of a concentrated suspension of human erythrocytes to regulate the pH of unbuffered, anisotonic, external media it is possible to calculate the fractional cell volume in which chloride is dissolved. The difference between this volume and the total cell water gives the nonsolvent water (for chloride) of the cell. Nonsolvent water is less than 3% of the isotonic cell volume. The quantity of nonsolvent water per cell may increase as the cells shrink in hypertonic solutions.
Strategies for mining fungal natural products

Fungi are well known for their ability to produce a multitude of natural products. On the one hand their potential to provide beneficial antibiotics and immunosuppressants has been maximized by the pharmaceutical industry to service the market with cost-efficient drugs. On the other hand identification of trace amounts of known mycotoxins in food and feed samples is of major importance to ensure consumer health and safety. Although several fungal natural products, their biosynthesis and regulation are known today, recent genome sequences of hundreds of fungal species illustrate that the secondary metabolite potential of fungi has been substantially underestimated. Since expression of genes and subsequent production of the encoded metabolites are frequently cryptic or silent under standard laboratory conditions, strategies for activating these hidden new compounds are essential. This review will cover the latest advances in fungal genome mining undertaken to unlock novel products.
Using jet mass to discover vector quarks at the CERN LHC

We illustrate the utility of jet-mass distributions as probes of new physics at the LHC, focusing on a heavy vector-quark doublet that mixes with the top as a concrete example. For 1 TeV vector-quark masses, we find that signals with greater than $5\ensuremath{\sigma}$ significance can be achieved after $100\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. More generally, jet-mass distributions have the potential to provide signals for heavy states that produce highly boosted weak gauge bosons and/or top quarks.
Multi-stage Optimization by the Generalized Discrete Maximum Principle†

ABSTRACT Multi-stage processes are classified according to the types of stages which form the processes. A general algorithm, based on Pontryagin's maximum principle, is then established for the optimization of all classes of the multistage processes. A particular algorithm which has been derived previously for the optimization of a simple feedback process is shown to be a special case of the general algorithm.
Design principles for long‐lived Internet agents

Prior research on intelligent Internet agents has failed to address the needs of long-lived data-collecting agents, focusing instead on short-lived transaction agents. Transaction agents typically run for a few seconds and retrieve information for a single transaction. With the staggering growth of electronic commerce, researchers and practitioners will want to design long-lived data-collecting agents that intelligently search for, retrieve, interpret, categorize, and store vast amounts of related information each time that they run. Such agents can run over the course of days rather than seconds and can be used by practitioners for decision support applications or by researchers as part of an empirical research methodology. This paper proposes a framework for agent sophistication, and emphasizes a number of design concepts for long-lived Internet agents, including intelligence, validation, concurrency, recovery, monitoring, and interactivity. These concepts are used in the development of an illustrative tool called Electronic Data Retrieval LexicaL Agent (eDRILL), an object-oriented data-collecting agent. eDRILL is designed using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and is written in Java. It gathers research data from an online auction.
Engineering characteristics of cylindrical thin-film parametrons for use in digital systems

The parametron, a phase-locked subharmonic oscillator, is one of the newer devices available to the system designer for use as a logical element in digital systems. The basic concept of phase-locked oscillators for logical operations has been discussed in the literature. Parametrons are inherently reliable, being composed of passive elements only, are potentially inexpensive, and possess a unique universality since one basic type of parametron may be interconnected to perform all logical functions (gates, flip-flops, comparators, etc.).
Role of P-glycoprotein in the intestinal absorption and clinical effects of morphine.

Introduction There is considerable and unexplained individual variability in the morphine dose-effect relationship. The efflux pump P-glycoprotein regulates brain access and intestinal absorption of numerous drugs. Morphine is a P-glycoprotein substrate in vitro, and P-glycoprotein affects morphine brain access and pharmacodynamics in animals. However, the role of P-glycoprotein in human morphine disposition and clinical effects is unknown. This investigation tested the hypothesis that plasma concentrations and clinical effects of oral and intravenous morphine are greater after inhibition of intestinal and brain P-glycoprotein, with the P-glycoprotein inhibitor quinidine used as an in vivo probe. Methods Two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, balanced crossover studies were conducted in normal healthy volunteers after institutional review board–approved informed consent was obtained. In the first protocol, pupil diameter was evaluated after intravenous morphine administration (0.15 mg/kg), 1 hour afteroral quinidine or placebo. In the second protocol, plasma morphine and glucuronide metabolite concentrations and pupil diameters were evaluated after oral morphine administration (30 mg), dosed 1 hour after oral quinidine (600 mg) or placebo. Results Quinidine had no effect on intravenous morphine effects (time to maximum miosis, maximumeffect, or area under the curve [AUC] of miosis versus time). Quinidine increased the oral morphine maximum plasma concentration (31.8 ± 14.9 ng/mL versus 16.9 ± 7.4 ng/mL, P < .05) and AUC (65.1 ± 21.5 versus 40.8 ng · h · mL−1 ± 14 ng · h · mL−1, P < .05) but had no effect on elimination rate. Plasma morphine glucuronide concentrations were unchanged; however, the morphine glucuronide/morphine ratios were diminished by quinidine. Differences in oral morphine miosis (AUC, 16.8 ± 9.3 mm · h versus 10.8 ± 6.5 mm · h; P < .05) were commensurate with changes in plasma morphine concentration, and concentration-effect relationships were unchanged. Quinidine altered subjective self-assessments of oral but not intravenous morphine effects. Discussion Quinidine increased the absorption and plasma concentrations of oral morphine, suggesting that intestinal P-glycoprotein affected the absorption, bioavailability, and, hence, clinical effects of oral morphine. However, quinidine had no effect on morphine concentration-effect relationships, suggesting that if quinidine is an effective inhibitor of brain P-glycoprotein then P-glycoprotein did not appear to have a significant effecton brain access of morphine. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 74, 543–554; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.08.011
Psychosocial Treatment of Life‐Threatening Disease: A Wellness Model

A wellness approach to counseling for healing and possible recovery from bodily disease, especially cancer, is described. The model attempts to position the body so as to marshal its instinctive healing forces and reduce destructive attitudes, assumptions, beliefs, and behaviors. The model is holistic in that it treats body, mind, spirit, and emotions in an eclectic way that ultimately empowers the client.
Effects of Stream Restoration on Woody Riparian Vegetation of Southern Appalachian Mountain Streams, North Carolina, U.S.A

Riparian revegetation, such as planting woody seedlings or live stakes, is a nearly ubiquitous component of stream restoration projects in the United States. Though evaluations of restoration success usually focus on in-stream ecosystems, in order to understand the full impacts of restoration the effects on riparian ecosystems themselves must be considered. We examined the effects of stream restoration revegetation measures on riparian ecosystems of headwater mountain streams in forested watersheds by comparing riparian vegetation structure and composition at reference, restored, and degraded sites on nine streams. According to mixed model analysis of variance (ANOVA), there was a significant effect of site treatment on riparian species richness, basal area, and canopy cover, but no effect on stem density. Vegetation characteristics at restored sites differed from those of reference sites according to all metrics (i.e. basal area, canopy cover, and species composition) except species richness and stem density. Restored and degraded sites were structurally similar, with some overlap in species composition. Restored sites were dominated by Salix sericea and Cornus amomum (species commonly planted for revegetation) and a suite of disturbance-adapted species also dominant at degraded sites. Differences between reference and restored sites might be due to the young age of restored sites (average 4 years since restoration), to reassembly of degraded site species composition at restored sites, or to the creation of a novel anthropogenic ecosystem on these headwater streams. Additional research is needed to determine if this anthropogenic riparian community type persists as a resilient novel ecosystem and provides valued riparian functions.
The Etiology of Acquired Aplastic Anemia

Historically, diverse clinical associations of aplastic anemia with benzene, radiation, medical drug exposure, pregnancy, viral infections and other hematologic diseases have suggested a complex etiology. However, the modern observation that the majority of patients recover with immunosuppressive drug treatment has implicated an immune pathophysiology. The abnormal immune response has been characterized as TH1/TC1, with measurable cytotoxic T-cell activation and excessive production of interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-2. The result of this aberrant immune response is to induce programmed cell death in hematopoietic target cells through the Fas pathway, resulting in the destruction of a very high proportion of early progenitor and probably also stem cells. While the sequence and character of initiating events have remained elusive, a role for exogenous antigens may be inferred from preceding hepatitis or a convincing history of suspect pharmaceutic drug use; endogenous antigens have been inferred from the strong association of bone marrow hypocellularity with myelodysplasia and deficient marrow function with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. In addition to exposure, host susceptibility factors must influence the aberrant immune response and a few histocompatibility antigens have been linked to aplastic anemia. Early interruption of the process of immune-mediated hematopoietic cell destruction, as well as preservation of residual marrow cells from continuing subclinical destruction by T cells, are the goals of advanced approaches to immunosuppressive therapy.
A new chemically-defined medium for RAC-certified and other strains of Bacillus subtilis

Conventional chemically-defined media were found to be inadequate for extensive batch culture growth of an asporogenous mutant of Bacillus subtilis certified as an HV-1 host for recombinant DNA. We developed a chemically-defined medium for rapid and extensive growth of one such strain, BGSC-1S53. The medium contains no components requiring separate sterilization. It is also useful for the prototrophic 168 strain (from which 1S53 was derived), a triple auxotroph of 168, and a highly debilitated (HV-2) 168 strain (BGSC 1S76) upon addition of the specific growth factors required by these strains. Excellent growth was also obtained with W-23, a Bacillus subtilis strain unrelated to the 168 series.
Histone demethylase jumonji AT-rich interactive domain 1B (JARID1B) controls mammary gland development by regulating key developmental and lineage specification genes.

The JmjC domain-containing H3K4 histone demethylase jumonji AT-rich interactive domain 1B (JARID1B) (also known as KDM5B and PLU1) is overexpressed in breast cancer and is a potential target for breast cancer treatment. To investigate the in vivo function of JARID1B, we developed Jarid1b−/− mice and characterized their phenotypes in detail. Unlike previously reported Jarid1b−/− strains, the majority of these Jarid1b−/− mice were viable beyond embryonic and neonatal stages. This allowed us to further examine phenotypes associated with the loss of JARID1B in pubertal development and pregnancy. These Jarid1b−/− mice exhibited decreased body weight, premature mortality, decreased female fertility, and delayed mammary gland development. Related to these phenotypes, JARID1B loss decreased serum estrogen level and reduced mammary epithelial cell proliferation in early puberty. In mammary epithelial cells, JARID1B loss diminished the expression of key regulators for mammary morphogenesis and luminal lineage specification, including FOXA1 and estrogen receptor α. Mechanistically, JARID1B was required for GATA3 recruitment to the Foxa1 promoter to activate Foxa1 expression. These results indicate that JARID1B positively regulates mammary ductal development through both extrinsic and cell-autonomous mechanisms.
Looking in the Rear View Mirror: A Content Analysis of Teacher Education and Special Education:

The 75th Anniversary of CEC provides an opportunity for a retrospective look at the scholarly work on special education teacher education published in this journal. In this paper, we describe a content analysis of the first 18 volumes of Teacher Education and Special Education and of all articles submitted to TESE in 1993 and 1994. Each published paper was categorized as to type, for which we developed 15 categories, and content, for which we developed 10 general descriptors. We describe the TESE literature base on both dimensions and consider changes over time. Most papers published in TESE were typified as survey research, program descriptions, or program evaluations. These paper types have been common over time, but changes have occurred for others. The analysis of submissions indicated that we receive the same kinds of papers that we publish by and large. Although the content of papers published in TESE also has changed through the years, three categories (curriculum and instruction/school practice, t...
Do Self-Serving Managers Choose Chapter 11 Filing over Out-of-Court Restructuring?

I investigate whether self-serving managers in financially distressed firms influence a firm’s decision on the choice of debt restructuring method. I show that there is a non-linear relationship between managerial ownership and the probability of Chapter 11 filing. I find that distressed firms are more likely to choose Chapter 11 with the increase of managerial ownership when managerial ownership is in the 5%–25% range. I also find a significant curvilinear relation between managerial ownership and the probability of Chapter 11. My results are consistent with the hypothesis that managerial ownership plays a significant role in corporate decisions.
Control of the recruitment and firing frequencies of motor units in electrically stimulated muscles in the cat.

Although the order by which motor units are recruited, and the frequencies at which they fire, vary during different types of exercise, laboratory studies involving the electrical stimulation of muscle have never examined the effect of different orders of recruitment on muscular function. This has been due, principally, to the lack of an adequate technique capable of selectively stimulating discrete populations of motor units in a muscle having a mixed population of fibres. The paper describes a computer-controlled stimulator and special electrode array which can control the pattern of motor-unit recruitment during electrical stimulation of the lower leg of the cat. In addition, following a program of recruitment analogous to that which is believed to normally occur during voluntary isometric exercise, the computer was able to sustain isometric muscular contractions to fatigue at a variety of tensions with almost identical endurance times. as are found in man.
The Swimming of Bloodworms (Glycera spp.)at Night, with Comments on Other Species*

Glycerid polychaetous annelids have been thought to have only limited migratory ability and to swim in the water column only for reproductive purposes. Nevertheless, adult Glycera dibranchiata were observed swimming in the upper 0.75 m of water in the Damariscotta River estuary, Maine, USA, on 5 nights in March of 1977. Of the 15 specimens collected with a dip net, 9 were females and 6 were males. None had ripe gametes. Worms weighed from 8.0 to 22.8 g, and were up to 42 cm in length. The presence of glycerids in buoyed and anchored nets fished at night in two other Maine estuaries lend support to the conclusion that the swimming of bloodworms at night is not an anomalous event. Twenty-four specimens of 5 other species of polychaetes and two specimens of a nemertean were collected from surface waters during 52 min of sampling on two nights in March. It is suggested that the swimming of worms at night in estuaries is a much more common phenomenon than was recognized heretofore.
Moodcasting: home as shared emotional space

The home experience revolves around an intangible yet pervasive dynamic: shared emotional space, in which members of the home are influenced by each other's expressions of mood as well as the associated values, activities, people and spaces that influence mood. The Moodcasting system is a set of pervasive and ambient technologies designed to interactively enhance mood awareness and understanding in a home by representing mood and the supporting contexts in easy-to-understand and actionable representations.
Oxygen delivery and resuscitation

Modern concepts of oxygen delivery date from the work of Joseph Barcroft, who in 1920 classified deficits of oxygen delivery as "anoxic" when the blood is not filled with oxygen, "anemic" when hemoglobin concentration is low, or "stagnant" when blood flow is inadequate. These three pathologic states may occur singly or in combination, and may be quantitated by the expression: Oxygen delivery = cardiac output X arterial oxygen content Oxygen delivery is an extremely important physiologic concept for resuscitating critically ill patients because tissue availability of oxygen is totally dependent on oxygen delivery. However, other physiologic alterations also can alter tissue use of oxygen, even in the presence of adequate oxygen delivery. These include alterations of oxyhemoglobin dissociation, alterations in microcirculatory blood flow, the presence of carbon monoxide, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The major goal of resuscitation of seriously ill and injured patients is to provide them with sufficient oxygen to meet their metabolic requirements. These needs are significantly increased following shock, injury, and illness. Only by meeting these increased cellular oxygen demands can adequate cellular function be maintained and organ failure avoided.
English Vowel Production by Native Mandarin and Hindi Speakers

Research into pronunciation and acoustic properties of foreign speech have evolved with technology and produced interesting results. The production of English vowel sounds by native Mandarin and Hindi speakers were investigated. The first three formant frequencies (F1, F2) and the mean and standard deviation values are calculated. The goal of this study is to contribute to a richer understanding of accent variation, and its application for speech technology. Vowel production quality of Mandarin and Hindi speakers of English obtained was low. We report that native Mandarin and Hindi speakers of English do not produce the right sound for central and especially back vowels.
Ultra‐violet solar radiation and atmospheric ozone

The measurement at the Mt. Wilson Observatory of the ratio of the intensity of sunlight at 0.32μ to that at λ 0.5μ with the thermoelectric ultra-violet solar radiometer is now in its eleventh year. The original gold and silver films are on the lens-plate surfaces that were put on in 1924. The same optical system has been used throughout the series and few changes have been made in mechanical details. The same methods of reduction have been used throughout the series. Figure 1 shows graphs of the monthly average and three months running means of the ultra-violet (λ 0.32μ) to green (λ 0.5μ) ratio for no atmosphere and of the sunspot-groups observed on Mt. Wilson (dotted lines are monthly averages and full lines are three-month running means to smooth the curve). The unit is the average for June 1924. The maximum in the smoothed curve of 1.5 was reached in the autumn of 1925 and in the winter of 1926–27. Another high maximum of 1.4 was reached in January and February 1930. The minimum of 0.9 was continuous throughout almost the entire year 1932. The data here refer to 2730 days on Mt. Wilson. Below this curve is the monthly average “ratio zenith to space” which is the atmospheric transmission-coefficient for λ 0.32μ with reference to that for λ 0.5μ and above is the monthly average and three months running means of the daily number of sunspot-groups as observed at Mt. Wilson. Whether there is any evidence of a connection between the ultra-violet and sunspot-curves will probably depend on the events of the next cycle. Possibly the major variations in the ultraviolet curve are due in part, at least, to atmospheric ozone which is somewhat, effective at λ 0.32μ.
Change in hunger, fullness, ghrelin, PYY and GLP-1 in relation to a fixed test meal pre and post Rou-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBS).

Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for achieving long-term weight loss in clinically severe obese patients. This study examines changes in hunger, fullness and appetite hormones in relation to a fixed meal in patients pre and 5 months post-RYGBS. There were 10 severely obese, otherwise healthy premenopausal women, BMI=45.3±6.8 SD, % body fat (BODPOD)=53.6±6.0, age=35±9.3. Ratings of hunger and fullness immediately preceded blood draws at 0, 15, 30, 60 min in relation to a fixed complete liquid meal of Glytrol, 250 ml, 1kcal/ml, consumed at 0–10 min. The meal was presented at 2 pm following an overnight 18-h fast. Results revealed a decline in hunger prior to the meal (p=.013) and an increase (p=.009) in area under the curve (AUC) for fullness from pre to post 5 months. However, fasting ghrelin and AUC for ghrelin did not change from pre to post-5 months. AUC for PYY (p=.009) and GLP-1 (p=.004) increased from pre- to 5 months post-surgery. However, the change in hunger did not correlate with the change in fasting ghrelin and the change in fullness AUC did not correlate with the changes in AUC for GLP-1 or PYY. Moreover, the reduction in stomach capacity itself would not be able to help explain the reduction in premeal hunger post-surgery. Thus, other biological mechanisms to explain the changes in hunger and fullness post-RYGBS should be explored. Supported by NIH DK 61519 and MO1 RROO64529.
"b"-weighted dyadic BMO from dyadic BMO and associated "T(b)" theorems

Given a function $b$, and using adapted Haar wavelets, we define a $\BMO$-type norm which is dependent on $b$. In both global and local cases, we find the dependence of the bounds on $\|f\|_{\BMO}$ by the bounds on the $b$-weighted $\BMO$ norm of $f$. We show that the dependence is sharp in the global case. Multiscale analysis is used in the local case. We formulate as corollaries global and local dyadic $T(b)$ theorems whose hypotheses include a bound on the $b$-weighted $\BMO$-norm of $T^*(1)$.
Metrics Defined via Discrepancy Functions

We introduce the notion of a discrepancy function, as an extended real-valued function that assigns to a pair (A, U ) of sets a nonnegative extended real number ω(A,U) , satisfying specific properties. The pairs (A, U ) are certain pairs of sets such that A ⊆ U ,a nd for fi xedA, the function ω takes on arbitrarily small nonnegative values as U varies. We present natural examples of discrepancy functions and show how they can be used to define traditional pseudo-metrics, quasimetrics and metrics on hyperspaces of topological spaces and measure spaces. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. MSC: 54B20; 54A20; 54E99
E-Commerce: Teaching and Learning

The emergence of e-commerce (EC) is changing business theory and practice. Educational institutions and companies are trying to educate and train students and employees in EC applications and technology. Because EC is evolving and changing so rapidly, organizations face numerous challenges, and there are opportunities in developing curricula for EC. Surprisingly, few good studies look closely into the development of curricula and teaching methods for EC processes, practices, and technologies. In this article, we discuss EC education with particular emphasis on potential opportunities and challenges faced in developing and implementing e-commerce curricula. The ideas and framework presented herein are based on relevant EC literature, the authorsâ€™ own experiences, curricula from universities with EC programs, and information gathered from colleagues who teach e-commerce and related courses. We highlight possible shortcomings in EC education and training and propose a framework for improving the effectiveness of an EC education.
“This isn't Paradise—I Work Here” Global Restructuring, the Tourism Industry, and Women Workers in Caribbean Costa Rica

Tourism has received relatively scant attention in feminist analysis of women's work under economic restructuring. The industry creates a sector without a shop floor based on the provision of authenticity, leisure, and price-sensitive services. Migrant women from the First World and the Third World labor with national workers in a highly informalized and stratified employment setting. This article examines how structural conditions shape tourism employment in Puerto Viejo, Costa Rica. Drawing from data including observation, interviews, and a longitudinal business survey, I offer several findings. The tourism industry segments possibilities for women who vary in their ability to produce and interpret/translate authentic cultural experiences. As a result, women working in tourism constitute a nationally and ethnically more diverse workforce compared with other global industry sectors. The particular demands of tourism create an important case to further understand how social location shapes women's working...
The Millimeter- and Submillimeter-Wave Spectrum of the Trans and Gauche Conformers of Ethyl Formate

Since methyl formate (HCOOCH3) is found to have a high abundance in hot molecular cores and other types of clouds in the galactic center, it is reasonable to search among such sources for detectable abundances of the more complex analog ethyl formate (HCOOC2H5). Following a previous study of the millimeter-wave spectrum of ethyl formate, we have extended the analysis of the vibrational ground state of the trans and gauche conformers of ethyl formate into the submillimeter-wave range. Over 2200 new spectral lines have been measured and analyzed at frequencies up to 380 GHz. Fitting the data for each conformer to a Watson A-reduced asymmetric-top Hamiltonian has allowed us to predict the frequencies and intensities of many more transitions through 380 GHz.
Lagrangian Estimates of Diapycnal Mixing in a Simulated K–H Instability

Abstract The Lagrangian properties of a high-resolution, three-dimensional, direct numerical simulation of Kelvin– Helmholtz (K–H) instability are examined with the goal of assessing the ability of Lagrangian measurements to determine rates and properties of ocean mixing events. The size and rotation rates of the two-dimensional K–H vortices are easily determined even by individual trajectories. Changes in density along individual trajectories unambiguously show diapycnal mixing. These changes are highly structured during the early phases of the instability but become more random once the flow becomes turbulent. Only 36 particles were tracked, which is not enough to usefully estimate volume-averaged fluxes from the average rates of temperature change. Similarly, time-and volume-averaged vertical advective flux can be estimated to only 20% accuracy. Despite the relatively low Reynolds number of the flow, Rλ ≈ 100, the dissipation rates of energy e and density variance χ are correlated with the spectral lev...
Reducing the Effects of Moral Hazard: Institutional Designs Within International Alliances

What explains the level of commitment within an international military alliance? Specifically, when do alliances choose to adopt active military support for offensive uses of force versus lower levels of commitment? Drawing on the rational design of international institutions literature, this paper argues that the choice of commitment is a conscious effort to address two competing problems. The first is the potential for entrapment. Allies worry that commitments may lead other member states to act in a risky fashion, creating unnecessary conflict. The other problem is the need to demonstrate commitment in order to maximize the bargaining power of the member states. The former problem leads allies to choose lower levels of commitment like defense pacts in order to signal to alliance members what types of behaviors are acceptable. Conversely, the latter problem encourages states to make broader obligations about when they will use force. Empirically, concern for moral hazard should be more likely when there are power disparities amongst members within an alliance. Greater levels of threat facing alliance members should lead states to favor maximizing their commitments. These two arguments are tested empirically on all alliances from 1816-1992 with results supporting both conjectures.
Monte-Carlo equalization and estimation of frequency selective channels under system nonlinearity

Practical communication systems often involve frequency selective linear channels and high efficiency amplifiers that exhibits memoryless nonlinearity. In this paper we present a new Gibbs sampling method for the equalization and estimation of data communication signals under a nonlinearity in frequency selective channels. A channel model is developed for an unknown finite impulse response (FIR) distortion under a known nonlinearity. In order to mitigate the effects of the nonlinearity, an improved method for drawing samples from the unknown channel response is presented. This method is shown to closely match the MAP performance of a linear system with the same channel.
A bootstrap approach for lower injury levels of the risk curves

Survival analysis is widely applied to develop injury risk curves from biomechanical data. To obtain more accurate estimation of confidence intervals of parameters, bootstrap method was evaluated by a designed simulation process. Four censoring schemes and various sample sizes were considered to investigate failure time parameters corresponding to low-level injury probabilities. In the numerical simulations, the confidence interval ranges developed by bootstrapping were about two-third of the corresponding ranges calculated by asymptotical normal approximation and showed highest reduction for censored datasets with smaller sample size (?40). In analysis of two experimental datasets with reduced sample sizes and mixed censored data, it was shown that the bootstrapping reduce significantly the confidence intervals as well. The results presented in this study recommend using bootstrapping in development of more accurate confidence intervals for risk curves in injury biomechanics, which consequently will lead to better regulations and safer vehicle designs.
Pipeline embolization device and subsequent vessel sacrifice for treatment of a bleeding carotid pseudoaneurysm at the skull base: a case report

An attempt at parent vessel reconstruction with Pipeline embolization devices to treat a mycotic pseudoaneurysm of the internal carotid artery at the skull base is presented. A 50-year-old woman with malignant otitis externa and bilateral temporal bone osteomyelitis presented with brisk bleeding from her left ear. She had bony dehiscence of the left carotid canal at CT and extravasation from a pseudoaneurysm of the carotid petrous segment at angiography. Carotid tortuosity proximally precluded placing a covered stent. After the lesion stopped bleeding spontaneously and given the presence of bilateral osteomyelitis putting the contralateral carotid at risk, the decision was made to attempt preservation of the parent vessel with flow diversion. However, bleeding recurred after 12 days, necessitating carotid sacrifice. This first reported experience in treating a carotid pseudoaneurysm at the skull base with the Pipeline device shows that transient cessation of bleeding is insufficient for flow diversion to be effective.
What preservice teachers can learn from studies of teachers' work

Abstract This article recommends that research on teachers’ work be included more systematically in teacher preparation curricula. Findings from the international literature on teachers’ work are summarized in three areas: characteristics of teachers’ work; working conditions; and teaching as coping and adapting. Based on the argument that new teachers should have an active role in their own socialization, the case is made that teacher educators should include explorations of teaching as work in teacher preparation experiences. Specific suggestions for including studies of teachers’ work in teacher education programs are provided.
A study of the relative importance of temporal characteristics in text dependent and text constrained speaker verification

The relative importance of the temporal characteristics of speech for text-dependent and text-constrained speaker verification is investigated. A novel scheme is proposed using a common set of Gaussian components to form various HMM and GMM configurations, establishing a systematic transition from text-dependent to text-constrained speaker verification, and resulting in a novel alternative to conventional GMM-UBM training. Experimental results indicate that the intra-word temporal characteristics of speech do not contribute significantly to performance, however the inter-word temporal characteristics can be used during both enrollment and testing to improve verification performance.
Escherichia coli 0157:H7 Strains That Express Shiga Toxin (Stx) 2 Alone Are More Neurotropic for Gnotobiotic Piglets Than Are Isotypes Producing Only Stx1 or Both Stx1 and Stx2

Infection with Escherichia coli O157:H7 can lead to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in some children. Epidemiologic data suggest that Shiga toxin (Stx) 2-producing strains are more frequently associated with HUS than are Stx1-producing strains. Less clear is whether strains that express Stx2 alone are more frequently associated with HUS than strains that express Stx1 and Stx2. Isogenic mutants 933stx1- and 933stx2- were produced from strain 933 (Stx1 and Stx2 producer), and 86-24stx2- was produced from strain 86-24 (Stx2 producer). Neurologic lesions or symptoms developed in 18 (90%) of 20 gnotobiotic piglets orally infected with strain 86-24, in 15 (85%) of 18 infected with mutant 933stx1-, in 9 (31%) of 29 infected with strain 933, in 0 of 5 infected with mutant 86-24stx2-, and in 0 of 6 infected with mutant 933stx2-. It was concluded that strains expressing Stx2 alone are more neurotropic for piglets when fed orally than are those strains expressing Stx1 and 2, whereas Stx1-producing strains induce only diarrhea. It is also conceivable that strains that produce Stx2 may constitute a significant predictive risk factor for HUS in humans.
Reflections on capital punishment and the “campaign against crime” in the People's Republic of China

(1985). Reflections on capital punishment and the “campaign against crime” in the People's Republic of China. Justice Quarterly: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 127-137.
Using sum rules to investigate the character of nonlinear susceptibilities

In this work, how the sum rules can be applied to the (sum-over-states) SOS expression to gain an understanding of various aspects of the nonlinear response is shown.
Reducing uncertain systems and behaviors

This paper considers the problem of reducing the dimension of a model for an uncertain system whilst bounding the resulting error. Model reduction methods with guaranteed upper error bounds have previously been established for uncertain systems described by a state-space type realization; specifically, by a linear fractional transformation (LFT) of a constant realization matrix over a structured uncertainty operator. In contrast to traditional 1-D model reduction where upper bounds on reduction are matched with comparable lower bounds, in the uncertain system problem there have previously been no lower bounds established. The computation of both upper and lower bounds is discussed in this paper, including a discussion of the use of Hankel-like matrices. These model reduction methods and error bound computations are then discussed in the context of kernel representations of behavioral uncertain systems.
THE KINETICS OF SAPONIFICATION OF IODOACETIC ACID BY SODIUM HYDROXIDE AND BY CERTAIN ALKALINE BUFFER SOLUTIONS.

1. The rate of the saponification of iodoacetic acid in sodium hydroxide and alkaline buffer solutions yielding glycollic acid was measured by means of Heyrovský's polarographic method. 2. From the bimolecular velocity constants, increasing with the ionic strength of the solution, the Bronsted factor, F, which characterizes the primary salt effect, was calculated. 3. In the borate buffer solutions the monomolecular constants of the saponification were determined which, at values above the pH of neutralization of boric acid, show a proportionality to the concentration of hydroxyl anions. Below the pH of neutralization of boric acid, they are proportional to the concentration of borate anions.