cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collapse, intensification and reconnection in vortex dominated flows: visiometrics and modeling

Abstract We study collapsing vortex configurations via the visiometrics approach, which consist of the implementation of quantitative diagnostics supported by scientific visualization techniques. The computation of the strain-rate in a “diagnostics box” surrounding the collapse regions reveals that the largest strain-rate amplification is off the vortex tubes. The location and orientation of the maximum strain-rate coincides with the incipient “bridge” formation in vortex reconnection. We also obtain a closer appreciation of the dominant coherent vortex structures in numerical simulations of Navier-Stokes turbulence by using feature extraction and feature tracking techniques.
The convergent and divergent validity of the Matson Evaluation of Drug Side-effects (MEDS) and the Dyskinesia Identification System: Condensed User Scale (DISCUS).

AbstractBackground Medication side-effects such as tardive dyskinesia (TD) are known to occur in individuals with a history of psychotropic drug use. This study aimed to contribute to the development of measures for assessing TD by examining the validity of the Matson Evaluation of Drug Side-effects (MEDS) with the Dyskinesia Identification System: Condensed User Scale (DISCUS) in 163 adults with intellectual disability (ID).Method To establish convergent validity, the relationship between the MEDS and the DISCUS in identifying TD was examined. To establish divergent validity, the ability of the MEDS to differentiate between TD and other side-effects was investigated.Results The MEDS demonstrated convergent validity with the DISCUS on the Central Nervous System – Parkinsonism/Dyskinesia (CNS-PD) Subscale. The MEDS showed divergent validity with the DISCUS in cardiovascular and gastrointestinal side-effects, Parkinsonism symptoms (i.e., tremor, mask-like face), dystonia, and akathisia.Discussion The MEDS a...
Role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in squirrel monkeys

Rationale Stress has been suggested to play a role in relapse to cocaine-seeking behavior. An important physiological system activated by stress is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis; however, evidence for a role of HPA axis activation in cocaine relapse has been contradictory.
Hypertrophic Lichen Planus and Light Sensitivity in an HIV‐Positive Patient

: A 40-year-old black man who was HIV positive developed generalized hypertrophic lichen planus in areas previously affected by a photosensitivity eruption. After unsuccessful attempts to induce remission of his lichen planus with conventional therapies, etretinate produced a dramatic response.
Integration science and distributed networks

Our work on integration of data and knowledge sources is based in a common theoretical treatment of 'Integration Science', which leads to systematic processes for combining formal logical and mathematical systems, computational and physical systems, and human systems and organizations. The theory is based on the processing of explicit meta-knowledge about the roles played by the different knowledge sources and the methods of analysis and semantic implications of the different data values, together with information about the context in which and the purpose for which they are being combined. The research treatment is primarily mathematical, and though this kind of integration mathematics is still under development, there are some applicable common threads that have emerged already. Instead of describing the current state of the mathematical investigations, since they are not yet crystallized enough for formalisms, we describe our applications of the approach in several different areas, including our focus area of 'Constructed Complex Systems', which are complex heterogeneous systems managed or mediated by computing systems. In this context, it is important to remember that all systems are embedded, all systems are autonomous, and that all systems are distributed networks.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The preparation of tritiated betulaprenols and dolichols.

Abstract A rapid and simple procedure is described for the preparation of tritium-labeled polyprenols. The isoprenoid alcohols are oxidized by chromium trioxide-pyridine complex in dichloromethane and the resulting aldehydes are isolated and reduced with 3 H-labeled sodium borohydride. Radioactive betulaprenols and dolichols have been obtained in high yield and purity by using this procedure.
SU-FF-J-68: Dosimetric Comparison of Patient-Specific Margins Vs. Uniform Margins for Prostate IMRT Treatments

Purpose: To evaluate the dosimetric improvement of IMRT treatment plans generated with patient‐specific margins compared to uniform margins for prostate cancer patients. Methods and Materials: For 13 prostate cancer patients who underwent IMRT treatment, daily cone‐beam computed tomography(CBCT) scans were acquired during the first week, followed by weekly scans (total of 85 scans) for the remainder of the treatment. Both prostate and seminal vesicles were retrospectively segmented on all CBCTs. The patient‐specific planning target volume (PTVPS) was defined based on a composite volume of both prostate and seminal vesicles from the first four daily CBCTs and the planning CT. A 3‐mm margin was added around the composite volume to obtain PTVPS. As a comparison, we also generated a PTV in the planning CT with a uniform margin (PTVUni) of 10‐mm in all directions, except 5‐mm posteriorly, around the prostate and seminal vesicles. An IMRT plan for each PTV was generated for each patient. Evaluation plans based on each of weekly CBCT were generated to gauge the DVHs resulting from these IMRT plans to the patient volumes segmented on weekly CBCTs.Results: Evaluation plans generated with PTVPS in place of PTVUni resulted in average improvements of 1.4% and 2.8% for V95 of prostate and seminal vesicles, respectively, and average reduction of 7.0% and 4.7% for V50 of bladder and rectum, respectively. Out of 85 weekly CBCT evaluation plans for each PTV, 7.1% of cases showed improvement for V95 of prostate with PTVUni, 40.0% for V95 of seminal vesicles, 28.2% for V50 of bladder and 29.4% for V50 of rectum. Conclusions: Patient‐specific margins, designed using multiple scans, appear to provide little dosimetric benefit with respect to target coverage over a standard uniform margin formulation; sparing critical structures is improved to a greater degree. “Partially supported by Varian Medical Systems”.
A molecular meccano kit

A range of secondary dialkylammonium (R2NH2+) ions has been shown to thread through the cavities of appropriately-sized crown ether compounds to afford interwoven complexes. X-Ray crystallographic investigations to probe the solid-state properties of these supermolecules have revealed that many subtle factors—e.g., solvent of crystallisation, crown ether conformation and anion interactions—can influence the nature of the overall three-dimensional superstructures. Nonetheless, a family of building blocks—namely R2NH2+ ions and crown ethers—can be generated, which constitute a molecular meccano kit. By mixing and matching these modules in different ways, intricate interwoven supramolecular architectures can be constructed. From relatively simple beginnings—where one R2NH2+ ion is threaded through one monotopic crown ether (dibenzo[24]crown-8)—the designed evolution of the building blocks in the molecular meccano kit has led to more elaborate multiply encircled and/or multiply threaded superstructures. The effects of crown ether constitution, macroring size, and both crown ether as well as R2NH2+ ion substitution, upon the solid-state behaviour of these interwoven complexes have also been examined. A statistical analysis of the hydrogen bonding interactions observed in these systems has been carried out. It reveals that a reasonable correlation exists between N+–H⋯O bond angle and H⋯O bond length. The correlation between C–H⋯O bond angle and H⋯O distance is poor, suggesting that C–H⋯O hydrogen bonding interactions are of secondary importance in determining the co-conformations adopted by these supermolecules.
Commensurate-incommensurate transitions and the Lifshitz point in the quantum asymmetric clock model

The asymmetric three-state clock model is studied in the context of a one-dimensional quantum Hamiltonian. Series expansions are used to investigate the commensurate-incommensurate transition and the incommensurate-liquid Kosterlitz-Thouless transition. Evidence is presented for a Lifshitz point at which the critical indices $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, $\ensuremath{\beta}$, and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ are Potts-type, while the mass-gap index appears to take its Ising value, $\ensuremath{\nu}=1$.
Magnetoreflection studies of ion implanted bismuth

Abstract The effect of the implantation of Sb ions on the electronic structure of the semimetal bismuth is studied by the magnetoreflection technique. The results show long electronic mean free paths and large implantation-induced increases in the band overlap and L-point band gap. These effects are opposite to those observed for Bi chemically doped with Sb.
The brainstem auditory evoked potential asymmetry is replicable and reliable.

Abstract Lateralization of neural function is generally thought to occur only at the level of the cerebral cortex and perhaps the thalamus. Levine and McGaffigan [EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 55, 532–537, 1983] challenged this view by identifying a neural asymmetry at the level of the brainstem. They analyzed brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) and found that peak III(+) amplitude (baseline-to-peak) was significantly larger in response to right than to left ear stimulation. The current paper demonstrates that this BAEP asymmetry is (a) reliable within and between subjects, (b) present for 33/sec and 10/sec click rates, and (c) more reliable when amplitude is measured peak-to-peak. This brainstem asymmetry may reflect the general tendency of humans to orient rightward and/or may be a precursor of higher level asymmetries.
Effect of indomethacin on phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes in thyroid autoimmune diseases.

Suppressor lymphocyte function was evaluated in control subjects and in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease, utilizing an assay in which indomethacin was added to lymphocyte cultures to inhibit prostaglandin-producing suppressor cells. This assay is based on the observation that the addition of indomethacin, a potent prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, to phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes should cause an increase in the incorporation of iododeoxyuridine in control subjects and a smaller increase in diseases with reduced prostaglandin-producing suppressor cells. The addition of indomethacin, 1 µg/ml, stimulated iododeoxyuridine incorporation in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated cultures in control subjects to an index value of 1.43 (i.e., the increment in iododeoxyuridine incorporation with both indomethacin and phytohemagglutinin was 43% greater than the incorporation with phytohemagglutinin alone). The stimulation index was significantly lower in patients with Graves' disease who were toxic and untreated (1.18±0.25, mean ± SD;P<0.003). Patients who were toxic while receiving antithyroid drugs or after radioiodine therapy or patients euthyroid after treatment had a mean stimulation index in the normal range, although the spread of data was very large in these groups. Responses in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis were also quite variable. The average response was 1.74±0.72, with 40% of the patients showing a high stimulation index. This study supports our previous investigations in which we used different assay systems for measuring suppressor-cell function in patients with thyroid autoimmune diseases and indicates that a defect in suppressor lymphocyte function is measurable by another technique. The abnormality persists in some cases after metabolic control has been achieved, but usually returns toward normal over months or years.
A Public Health Approach to Improving the Lives of Adult Learners: Introduction to the Special Issue on Adult Literacy Interventions

Abstract Addressing the literacy needs of adult basic and secondary education learners must form a core part of a broader public health effort to increase educational and health outcomes for these individuals and their families. Adult learners constitute a significant proportion of the overall adult U.S. population and a proportion that impacts, directly and indirectly, on the physical and economic health of millions of families and society writ large. Enhancing the literacy skills of low-literate adults has proven difficult, hampered by the relative dearth of research data on struggling adult learners and effective intervention approaches, the contextual challenges of delivering intensive interventions, limited personal and systemic resources, and competing demands on learners’ time. We propose a systems-level view of adult low literacy as one that holds promise and provides a basic framework for providing coordinated, comprehensive, and integrated services but that requires additional research to suppor...
Snow cover and glacier variations

This symposium was held May 16, 1989, during the International Association of Hydrological Sciences Third Scientific Assembly in Baltimore, Md. The symposium was sponsored by the International Commission on Snow and Ice. The theme of this symposium centered on the current interest in worldwide changes in snow and ice masses, as well as other topics of interest to snow and ice studies. Attendance of delegates from the Chinese Institute at Lanzhou was particularly welcome because this large delegation was able to introduce and share their work on snow and glaciers with delegates from other countries. There were also stimulating presentations on Soviet work on ice cores and Japanese work on Chinese glaciers. The results of 30 years of records from 2300 stations in China were analyzed to show how the snow accumulation had varied in recent decades. It was also shown that about two-thirds of the glaciers in China have retreated, most strongly in the 1960s and again in the 1980s. Informal presentations were made of some of the Soviet work on ice cores and of the variations of the snow cores in Hungary in recent winters.
Design and Synthesis of Tricyclic Corticotropin-Releasing Factor-1 Antagonists

Antagonists of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neuropeptide should prove to be effective in treating stress and anxiety-related disorders. In an effort to identify antagonists with improved physicochemical properties, new tricyclic CRF(1) antagonists were designed, synthesized, and tested for biological activity. As a result of studies aimed at establishing a relationship between structure and CRF(1) binding affinity, NBI 35965 (12a) was identified as a high-affinity antagonist with a pK(i) value of 8.5. Compound 12a proved to be a functional CRF(1) antagonist with pIC(50) values of 7.1 and 6.9 in the in vitro CRF-stimulated cAMP accumulation and ACTH production assays, respectively, and 12a also reduced CRF or stress induced ACTH production in vivo.
ALL-OPTICAL POWER LIMITING

We derived a numerical technique for the propagation of the electromagnetic field in a five-level reverse saturable absorber including the nonlinear Kerr effect and dispersion. The numerical method combines the split step beam propagation method and the Crank–Nicholson method. Using our numerical technique we observed new behavior, not previously observed nor predicted to our knowledge, including the temporal splitting caused by the dynamics of the carrier densities in a reverse saturable absorber and the enhancement of absorption due to the Kerr nonlinearity. Our numerical calculation enables the prediction of nonlinear absorption using material parameters such as the absorption cross-sections and decay rates. We can also investigate the interplay between the optical pulse properties such as the temporal pulse width, spatial radius, incident energy and the carrier dynamics and nonlinear absorption of the reverse saturable absorber.
Myths and realities of u.s. Competitiveness.

Most discussion of U.S. competitiveness misstates the problem, focusing on the trade deficit and on fears that an economy whose productivity lags that of its rivals will face economic disaster. In fact, strong automatic forces ensure that the U.S. economy will remain in business and indeed roughly balance its trade even if its productivity performance is dismal. The real issue is the effect of international competition on the mix of goods that the U.S. economy produces. In some industries high productivity is an effect as well as a cause of international competitiveness. There is an intellectually respectable but politically problematic case for government action to create or preserve advantage in such industries.
The effect of some dimensions of social power on cooperation in mixed-motive games

Abstract Two forms of the mixed-motive games were employed to test a game theory model of social power. Power is defined as the ability to control the outcome of the other(s) and the personal outcome. A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design with repeated measures on all factors was employed in two experiments. The base of power, the power strategy of the other, and all the two-way interaction effects were significant, while the magnitude of power showed no significant effect. Power is not effective in generating cooperation, except in the case of competitive coercive power. Unexercised power is effective only in generating defection or exploitation. Cooperative strategy almost always generates defection under both coercive and reward power. Defective strategy generates defection under reward power and cooperation under coercive power. In order to be effective, power creates inevitable social conflict. If power is distinguished from influence, the study raises serious doubts about the role and effectiveness of social power.
Plasma normetanephrine for examination of extraneuronal uptake and metabolism of noradrenaline in rats

The importance of neuronal reuptake for terminating the actions of noradrenaline is well established, but the role of extraneuronal uptake is less clear. This study used plasma concentrations of the extraneuronal noradrenaline metabolite, normetanephrine, to estimate rates of extraneuronal removal of noradrenaline in rats. Animals received infusions of 3H-noradrenaline, with and without inhibition of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO), to examine the extraneuronal removal of noradrenaline and formation of normetanephrine from infused and endogenous noradrenaline. Infusions of 3H-normetanephrine were also carried out to examine the plasma kinetics of normetanephrine before and after inhibition of MAO. Normetanephrine was cleared rapidly from the circulation and had a short plasma halflife (1 min). Spillover of normetanephrine into plasma (79 pmol kg-1 min-1) was a third that of noradrenaline, but increased 2.8-fold after inhibition of MAO; noradrenaline spillover remained unchanged. Combined inhibition of MAO and COMT decreased the plasma clearance of 3H-noradrenaline by 38%, reflecting removal of 3H-noradrenaline by extraneuronal uptake. Division of the rate of extraneuronal removal of 3H-noradrenaline by the specific activity of plasma 3H-normetanephrine during the 3H-noradrenaline infusion indicated that the rate of extraneuronal removal of endogenous noradrenaline was 250 pmol kg-1 min-1; this was close to the spillover of normetanephrine into plasma after inhibition of MAO (219 pmol kg-1 min-1). Forty-five% of plasma normetanephrine was derived from circulating noradrenaline and 55% from noradrenaline before entry into the circulation. Assuming that these proportions reflected the sources of noradrenaline metabolized extraneuronally indicated that the rate of extraneuronal metabolism of noradrenaline before entry into the circulation was 138 pmol kg-1 min-1. Comparison of this with the rates at which noradrenaline was recaptured by sympathetic nerves (2540 pmol kg-1 min-1) or spilled over into plasma (228 pmol kg-1 min-1), indicated that 87% of the noradrenaline released by sympathetic nerves was recaptured, 5% was metabolized extraneuronally and 8% escaped into plasma. Thus, extraneuronal uptake removes much less of the noradrenaline released by sympathetic nerves than neuronal reuptake.
Myofacial trigger point

Myofascial trigger points are one of the most common causes of acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain. Contrary to popular belief, myofascial trigger points can be primary, and not just secondary due to other non-muscular pathology. The main criteria, for which the interrater reliability has been established, include the presence of a taut band, a local twitch response, an exquisite tender point within the taut band, and typical referred pain patterns. During the past few years, the actual existence and high prevalence of myofascial trigger points are supported by worldwide research findings. The “energy crisis theory” describes the peripheral pathophysiologic events of myofascial trigger points. In most cases myofascial trigger points can be treated successfully both in acute and chronic pain syndromes. Several treatment options are available including manual therapy, injections, dry needling, and electrotherapeutic modalities. In some cases neuroplastic changes in the spinal dorsal horn and sympathetic-afferent coupling play a role in the development of chronic pain syndromes and complicate the treatment.
Mycorrhizal fungi mediation of terrestrial ecosystem responses to global change: mini-review

Abstract Mycorrhizal fungi are responsible for most nutrient uptake by the majority of land plants. As such, mycorrhizas are increasingly recognized as important drivers of terrestrial ecosystem processes, and may mediate ecosystem responses to environmental change. Here we review published studies that explicitly address the role of mycorrhizal influence on ecosystem responses such as biogeochemical fluxes and pools, ecosystem productivity, and dominant vegetative growth responses to global change. We find that most studies are of limited duration (≤1 yr) and geographical distribution. A strong bias in the literature regarding the location of studied ecosystems, with large parts of the globe, such as highly-weathered soil systems in the tropics, subtropics and warm temperate biomes, accounting for ∼30 % of the global land base, greatly under-investigated. In terms of mediating ecosystem responses to global change, mycorrhizal–plant symbioses exhibit conflicting responses although some generalities do exist. Plants often shift carbon allocation belowground and the activities of mycorrhizal associates are frequently enhanced at elevated atmospheric CO2 conditions, but the direct effects for ecosystem dynamics are less clear. Mycorrhizal associations reduce plant stress under drought conditions. How mycorrhizal root colonization responds to nitrogen deposition depends on the type of mycorrhizas and background levels of soil nitrogen and phosphorus. The capacity of mycorrhizas for mediating plant and ecosystem responses to warming are varied, but over 60 % of these studies found increased mycorrhizal abundance and decreased mycorrhizal activity with warmer temperatures. This review suggests the role mycorrhizal fungi play in ecosystems responding to global change is not well understood. We emphasize the need for more research in this emerging field, as such responses and ecosystem feedbacks to Earth's climate system are of concern to multiple scientific disciplines and society.
Theoretical studies on the design criteria of double-sensor probe for the measurement of bubble velocity

Abstract This paper presents a study of the design criteria and the theoretical calibration factor of a double-sensor probe for the measurement of bubble velocity in two-phase flows. Due to the finite probe spacing between the two probe tips, any lateral motion of a bubble can complicate the interpretation of the measured value. To quantify the measurement error, a rigorous derivation was carried out for spherical bubbles to bridge the measured value with the true bubble velocity. Afterwards, the mean measurable value was then obtained by use of proper probability density functions identified via a necessary coordinate transform. It was discovered analytically that the measurable velocity might approach infinity if the probe spacing is too small compared to the bubble size. For practical applications, the probe spacing should be greater than roughly one half of the bubble diameter in order to avoid such a singularity problem. Numerical results indicate that the calibration factor, defined as the ratio of the mean bubble velocity to the average measured value, depends only on the relative bubble velocity fluctuation, if the probe spacing is about 0.5–2 times the bubble diameter. The relative bubble velocity fluctuation was then correlated with the standard deviation of the inverse measurable speed that can be readily obtained in the experiment. These results are also applicable for moderate non-isotropic velocity fluctuations. Finally the appropriate sample size was provided using a Monte Carlo approach.
Investigations of the bipartite structure of the white-albino maize mutants.

Evidence from the study of alleles and modifier genes of the white-albino mutants and additional selected mutants of maize is presented suggesting that the white-albino loci have a bipartite structure. Experimental results from crossover and mutational studies failed to confirm the bipartite model. Alternative explanations for the simultaneous or independent involvement of seedling and endosperm in mutational events in these mutants are considered.
Stroke in women.

Morbidity and mortality rates for stroke are higher in men than women with the exception of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Temporal trends are similar in the two sexes with a slowdown in the decline in mortality rates and a leveling or increase in morbidity rates. Women are more likely than men to have cervical bruits but less likely to have carotid stenosis on ultrasonography. Some factors associated with stroke are unique to women: pregnancy, use of oral contraceptives, postmenopausal hormonal replacement, and choriocarcinoma. Postmenopausal hormonal use is associated with a decreased risk of stroke in observational studies but clinical trials are needed. Control of hypertension and cessation of smoking to reduce the risk of stroke is equally effective in both sexes. Aspirin and ticlopidine are effective in secondary prevention of stroke in women, whereas women may be more sensitive to warfarin than men.
Pressure tensor in lamellarly structured fluids

The physics of lamellarly structured fluids with small striation thickness scales can be successfully described by molecular theory arguments. Developments are based on the molecular theory of thin films (Rusanov and Kuni) and integral density function expansions. Results show that lamellarly structured fluids present local normal stresses as well as macroscopic pressure tensor values which are a function of striation thickness scales, molecular attractive parameters, and surface tension effects. This analysis should shed light on small scale effects during fluid mechanical mixing of fluids, rheology and stability of structured materials, as well as an organized summary of restrictions of macroscopic models on a structured continuum scale.
Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) Pain–Related Disability Found Related to Depression, Nonspecific Physical Symptoms, and Pain Duration at 3 International Sites

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Psychosocial impairment in temporomandibular disorders patients. RDC/TMD axis II findings from a multicentre study. Manfredini D, Winocur E, Ahlberg J, Guarda-Nardini L, Lobbezoo F. J Dent 2010;38(10):765-72. Reviewer Samuel F. Dworkin, DDS, PhD (Hon: DSci, DrOdont) Purpose/Question The authors sought to evaluate similarities and differences at 3 international clinical sites with regard to the relationship between TMD pain–related duration and both psychosocial impairment and psychological disturbance, notably depression and somatization. Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Cohort study Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable
The effects of preexisting immunity to influenza on responses to influenza vectors in mice

Abstract The use of viral vectors as vaccine candidates has shown promise against a number of pathogens. However, preexisting immunity to these vectors is a concern that must be addressed when deciding which viruses are suitable for use. A number of properties, including the existence of antigenically distinct subtypes, make influenza viruses attractive candidates for use as viral vectors. Here, we evaluate the ability of influenza viral vectors containing inserts of foreign pathogens to elicit antibody and CD8+ T cell responses against these foreign antigens in the presence of preexisting immunity to influenza virus in mice. Specifically, responses to an H3N1-based vector expressing a 90 amino acid polypeptide derived from the protective antigen (PA) of Bacillus anthracis or an H1N1-based vector containing a CD8+ T cell epitope from the glycoprotein (GP) of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus were evaluated following infections with either homosubtypic or heterosubtypic influenza viruses. We found that mice previously infected with influenza viruses, even those expressing HA and NA proteins of completely different subtypes, were severely compromised in their ability to mount an immune response against the inserted epitopes. This inhibition was demonstrated to be mediated by CD8+ T cells, which recognize multiple strains of influenza viruses. These CD8+ T cells were further shown to protect mice from a lethal challenge by a heterologous influenza subtype. The implication of these data for the use of influenza virus vectors and influenza vaccination in general are discussed.
The Added Value of Surface Data to Radar-Derived Rainfall-Rate Estimation Using an Artificial Neural Network

Abstract Radar measurements are useful for determining rainfall rates because of their ability to cover large areas. Unfortunately, estimating rainfall rates from radar reflectivity data alone is prone to errors resulting from variations in drop size distributions, precipitation types, and other physics that cannot be represented in a simple, one-dimensional Z–R relationship. However, improving estimates is possible by utilizing additional inputs, thereby increasing the dimensionality of the model. The main purpose of this study is to determine the value of surface observations for improving rainfall-rate estimation. This work carefully designed an artificial neural network to fit a model that would relate radar reflectivity, surface temperature, humidity, pressure, and wind to observed rainfall rates. Observations taken over 13 years from the Oklahoma Mesonet and the KTLX WSR-88D radar near Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, were used for the training dataset. While the artificial neural network underestimated rai...
Magnetomechanical behavior of a ferromagnetic shape memory alloy: Fe 3 Pd

Magneto-MechanicalBehaviorofaFerromagneticShap eMemoryAlloy:e3PdT.W.ShieldyJunCuiFebruary15,2002Pro ceedingsoftheSPIEConferenceonSmartStructuresandMaterialsSanDiego,CA,March17-22,2002.AbstractThealloyFe3Pd(30at%Pd)undergo esareversiblestructuralphasetransformationbetweenFCCandCTcrystalstructuresatapproximately20C.Thestructurehaslatticeparameters(a=a0; a=a; c=a)relativetotheparentphasewithpa-rametera0,wherea=a>1andc=a<1.InadditionthethreemartensitevariantsoftheFCTstructurearealsoferromagnetic.Magneticmeasurementshaveshownthattheeasymagneticaxescorresp ondtoFCTwithlatticeparametera.AnewinstrumentcalledaMagneto-MechanicalTestingMachine(MMTM)isusedtostudythemagneto-mechanicalresp onseofthisalloy.Thisinstrumentwsasp ec-imentobeloadedmechanicallyuniaxially,whilethemagnetic eldcanrotatedinaplanecontainingtheloadingaxis.Inaddition,temp eratureofsp ecimencanbecontrolledwhilethemicrostructureonitssurfaceisobservedusinganopticalmicroscop eequipp edtoviewsurfacetiltusingdi erentialinterferencecontrast(DIC).Theresultsofexp erimentsthatcontroltherearrangementmartensitevarianthroughappliedcompressiveloadingandmagnetic eld,willbediscussed.1Intro ductionThealloyFe3Pdisoneofanewclassmaterialscalledferromagneticshap e-memory(FSM)materials.Interestinthisclassofmaterialshasrecentlyb eendevelop edby[2]and[3],amongothers.Thisclassofmaterialsisb othferromagneticandundergo esareversibledi usionlessstructuralphasetransformation(shap e-memoryb ehavior).Thus,thesematerialsundergothelargechangeinshap easso ciatedwithshap e-memorybehavior,butunlikeconventionalshap e-memoryalloys,whichmustbeactuatedbychangesintemp erature,thesematerialsDepartmentofAerospaceEngineeringandMechanics,UniversityMinnesota,Minneap olis,MN55455.yCorresp ondingauthor,shield@aem.umn.edu,(612)626-7793,fax:(612)626-1558
National research council board on human systems integration panel: Applying human-systems integration to safe patient handling and mobility

The National Research Council’s Board on Human-Systems Integration has organized this session. An initial presentation by the NRC BOHSI will provide information on recent projects and updates. Then a panel will discuss the application of human-systems integration (HSI) to the issue of safety patient handling, an issue of growing concern given the high rate of injuries during patient handling activities. The focus of the panel will be on issues related to the scope of the problem, an HSI perspective of patient handling, and the design and implementation of safe patient handling and mobility programs. We will engage the audience in a discussion of these issues to help refine our project in this area.
Rhythmic contractions of the ampullar epidermis during metamorphosis of the ascidian Molgula occidentalis.

The ampullae of Molgula occidentalis are hollow, tubular extensions of the epidermis. They are ensheathed by a secreted tunic. When they grow out shortly after settlement, the ampullae spread the tunic over the substratum to form a firm attachment for the sessile juvenile. A simple squamous epithelium forms the thin ampullar walls. A glandular, simple columnar epithelium forms the distal tip of each ampulla. The glandular cells probably secrete the adhesive that attaches the tunic to the substratum. Repetitive, peristaltic contractions pass from the base to the distal end of each ampulla. Microsurgery, time-lapse cinemicrography and TEM have been used to analyze this phenomenon. The contractions are mediated by a layer of 4–8 nm microfilaments in the base of the ampullar epithelium. Each juvenile has 7–9 ampullae which contract at different frequencies. Isolated ampullae continue to contract normally for several days. Thus each ampulla has an intrinsic rhythm. Microsurgical experiments suggest that there is no specific region within an ampulla with unique pacemaker properties. It is proposed that communication via gap junctions allows the coordination of ampullar cells into a well organized peristaltic wave.
Equilibrium in abstract economies without ordered preferences and with a measure space of agents

Abstract We report a generalization of Aumann's (1966) existence theorem to economies without ordered preferences and with externalities in consumption. Our work can alternatively be viewed as a generalization of the Shafer–Sonnenschein (1975) theorem to economies with a continuum of agents.
New doors: a community program development model.

SUMMARYThe need to provide occupational therapy services across a continuum of care has stimulated interest in moving into community-based arenas of practice. Limited job opportunities and lack of awareness of the benefits of occupational therapy are common barriers to this movement. This case study illustrates the “New Doors Model” and describes how a partnership between the university, master clinicians, students, and community agencies can result in (1) expanding occupational therapy services to facilities that have not historically interacted with occupational therapy, (2) training occupational therapists and occupational therapy students, and (3) promoting employment of occupational therapists by community organizations, and (4) a scholarship of practice that studies and supports the development of occupation based practice in community settings. The New Doors Model begins with exposing new sites to occupational therapy through level I fieldwork, progressing to level II fieldwork, and ending with cre...
Impact of filmless operation on staff productivity in the CT department

Given today's competitive economic environment, maximization ofproductivity is essential to decrease operational costs and maximize patient throughput. A large scale PACS offers the potential to achieve lower operating costs, increased efficiency, and improved quality of care. A Picture Archival and Communications System (PACS) permits direct display of digital images. Such a system may reduce the need for time consuming processing associated with conventional film based systems
Real-time creation of bitmap indexes on streaming network data

High-speed archival and indexing solutions of streaming traffic are growing in importance for applications such as monitoring, forensic analysis, and auditing. Many large institutions require fast solutions to support expedient analysis of historical network data, particularly in case of security breaches. However, "turning back the clock" is not a trivial task. The first major challenge is that such a technology needs to support data archiving under extremely high-speed insertion rates. Moreover, the archives created have to be stored in a compressed format that is still amenable to indexing and search. The above requirements make general-purpose databases unsuitable for this task and dedicated solutions are required. This work describes a solution for high-speed archival storage, indexing, and data querying on network flow information. We make the two following important contributions: (a) we propose a novel compressed bitmap index approach that significantly reduces both CPU load and disk consumption and, (b) we introduce an online stream reordering mechanism that further reduces space requirements and improves the time for data retrieval. The reordering methodology is based on the principles of locality-sensitive hashing (LSH) and also of interest for other bitmap creation techniques. Because of the synergy of these two components, our solution can sustain data insertion rates that reach 500,000---1 million records per second. To put these numbers into perspective, typical commercial network flow solutions can currently process 20,000---60,000 flows per second. In addition, our system offers interactive query response times that enable administrators to perform complex analysis tasks on the fly. Our technique is directly amenable to parallel execution, allowing its application in domains that are challenged by large volumes of historical measurement data, such as network auditing, traffic behavior analysis, and large-scale data visualization in service provider networks.
Plasmid for Tetracycline Resistance in Staphylococcus epidermidis

A plasmid determining tetracycline resistance was demonstrated for Staphylococcus epidermidis. Tetracycline resistance was spontaneously lost from a S. epidermidis strain at a frequency of <0.1 to 1.3%. Frequency of loss was not appreciably enhanced by growth at 42 C or in ethyl violet. The rate of transduction of tetracycline resistance in three S. epidermidis crosses was decreased as a function of ultraviolet irradiation of the transducing phage. Plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) associated with tetracycline resistance was isolated by CsCl-ethidium bromide dye-buoyant density gradients. The tetracycline plasmids from S. aureus RN 1304 (molecular weight 2.66 Mdals) and S. epidermidis 367(phi367) (T(367)) cosedimented in 5 to 20% neutral and alkaline sucrose gradients and are therefore of similar molecular weights. An extrachromosomal element in the recipient strain, isolated as covalently closed circular DNA, did not retain its integrity in an alkaline sucrose gradient.
Prognosis and Clinicopathologic Features of Patients With Advanced Stage Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH) Mutant and IDH Wild-Type Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma

Background Conflicting data exist regarding the prognostic impact of the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), and limited data exist in patients with advanced-stage disease. Similarly, the clinical phenotype of patients with advanced IDH mutant (IDHm) ICC has not been characterized. In this study, we report the correlation of IDH mutation status with prognosis and clinicopathologic features in patients with advanced ICC. Methods Patients with histologically confirmed advanced ICC who underwent tumor mutational profiling as a routine part of their care between 2009 and 2014 were evaluated. Clinical and pathological data were collected by retrospective chart review for patients with IDHm versus IDH wild-type (IDHwt) ICC. Pretreatment tumor volume was calculated on computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Results Of the 104 patients with ICC who were evaluated, 30 (28.8%) had an IDH mutation (25.0% IDH1, 3.8% IDH2). The median overall survival did not differ significantly between IDHm and IDHwt patients (15.0 vs. 20.1 months, respectively; p = .17). The pretreatment serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) level in IDHm and IDHwt patients was 34.5 and 118.0 U/mL, respectively (p = .04). Age at diagnosis, sex, histologic grade, and pattern of metastasis did not differ significantly by IDH mutation status. Conclusion The IDH mutation was not associated with prognosis in patients with advanced ICC. The clinical phenotypes of advanced IDHm and IDHwt ICC were similar, but patients with IDHm ICC had a lower median serum CA19-9 level at presentation. Implications for practice Previous studies assessing the prognostic impact of the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) gene mutation in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) mainly focused on patients with early-stage disease who have undergone resection. These studies offer conflicting results. The target population for clinical trials of IDH inhibitors is patients with unresectable or metastatic disease, and the current study is the first to focus on the prognosis and clinical phenotype of this population and reports on the largest cohort of patients with advanced IDH mutant ICC to date. The finding that the IDH mutation lacks prognostic significance in advanced ICC is preliminary and needs to be confirmed prospectively in a larger study.
CEO reputation and stock-based compensation $

Abstract I develop a theory of stock-based compensation contracts for the chief executive officers (CEOs) of firms and confront the theoretical predictions with recent CEO compensation data. The model characterizes the optimal contract for a CEO whose reputation evolves as signals of the executive's ability are observed by shareholders. Using various proxies for CEO reputation, I show a positive and economically meaningful relationship between stock-based pay-sensitivities and CEO reputation. The findings are robust to controls for CEO age, firm size, the dollar variability of the stock returns, and industry effects.
Specific Contact Resistivity of Tunnel Barrier Contacts Used for Fermi Level Depinning

Recent experiments have demonstrated the possibility of reducing the effect of Fermi level pinning by using a thin dielectric tunneling barrier. For contacts to n-Ge where the Fermi level of metals pins near the valence band, alleviation of Fermi pinning has the potential to reduce the specific contact resistivity since the Schottky barrier is reduced. However, using a tunnel barrier to alleviate Fermi pinning also leads to the addition of tunneling resistance at the contact. This letter studies theoretically the effect of this added tunneling resistance on the overall specific contact resistivity. Different dielectric materials are studied in order to understand the feasibility and limitations of this technique in making good ohmic contacts to n-type Ge.
Technology and Copyright in 1735: The Engraver's Act

Without printing technology there would be no need for copyright. Anglo-American copyright has its roots in early booksellers' practices that in 1710 were incorporated into the Statute of Anne. Several decades later in 1735 the provisions of this statute were copied in a new piece of legislation for the protection of engravings. However, “Hogarth's Act” protected only those engravings that involved original designs and thus, implicitly, made a distinction between artists and mere craftsmen. Soon, however, Parliament was persuaded to extend protection to all engravings. The history of Hogarth's Act foreshadowed the logic whereby a century later protection was extended first to special and then to ordinary photographs. Together these instances of copyright extension raise the question of to what degree similar patterns are at work in the continuing expansion of copyright today.
Effects of early corticosteroid treatment on magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography findings in giant cell arteritis

Objective. To compare the impact of initial corticosteroid treatment on high-resolution MRI and colour-coded duplex sonography (CCDS) findings in patients with GCA (temporal). Methods. Sensitivity and specificity of CCDS and high-resolution contrast-enhanced MRI studies of 59 patients with suspected GCA were retrospectively analysed. Patients were grouped according to the duration of steroid treatment before imaging: 01 day, 24 days and >4 days. In 41 patients, imaging results were compared with findings of temporal artery biopsy (TAB). Results. Sixty-one per cent (36/59) of patients were diagnosed with GCA. TAB findings were positive in 59% (24/41). The compared results of TAB sensitivity of CCDS and MRI under steroid treatment of 01 day were 92% and 90%, 24 days 80% and 78% and >4 days 50% and 80%, respectively. The compared results of the final clinical diagnosis sensitivity of CCDS and MRI under steroid treatment of 01 day was 88% and 85%, 24 days 50% and 64% and >4 days 50% and 56%, respectively.
Permanent Magnet Materials and their Application

1. Fundamentals of magnetism 2. Permanent magnet processes 3. Thermal stability 4. Magnetic circuit design 5. Magnetic field analysis 6. Magnetizing and testing 7. Applications.
Tariff Elimination and the Wage Gap in an Industrial Specific Factors Model

A specific factors model of 458 US manufacturing industries simulates the effects of eliminating manufacturing tariffs on unskilled and skilled wages. The model assumes constant elasticity substitution, industry-specific capital inputs,and mobile unskilled and skilled labor.Tariff elimination slightly lowers both unskilled and skilled wages, and increases the skilled wage gap. Industry outputs and capital returns absorb the negative impact of the falling tariffs with losses concentrated in more highly protected industries and most industries enjoying small positive outcomes.