cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF THE CALCIUM ANTAGONIST, VERAPAMIL, ON LUMEN SIZES OF TERMINAL ARTERIOLES AND MUSCULAR VENULES IN THE RAT MESENTERIC, PIAL AND SKELETAL MUSCLE MICROVASCULATURES

Abstract The actions of the local perivascular application of verapamil to rat mesenteric, pial and cremaster muscle arterioles and muscular venules (15 to 35 micrometers i.d.), was examined in situ, at the microcirculatory level, by use of a high-resolution closed circuit television microscope recording system. Local application of verapamil (1 to 100 micrograms) to cremaster muscle arterioles and venules of the rat induces dose-dependent vasodilatation and increased perfusion of capillaries. However, neither arteriolar nor muscular venular lumen sizes and capillary blood flow of the rat mesenteric or pial vasculatures were altered by even high doses of verapamil. Although these direct in situ microvascular findings do indicate that verapamil can induced dilatation of microscopic resistance and capacitance vessels in skeletal muscle, our data do not support the concept that verapamil induces non-specific peripheral vasodilatation.
A theory of mathematical correctness and mathematical truth

A theory of objective mathematical correctness is developed. The theory is consistent with both mathematical realism and mathematical anti-realism, and versions of realism and anti-realism are developed that dovetail with the theory of correctness. It is argued that these are the best versions of realism and anti-realism and that the theory of correctness behind them is true. Along the way, it is shown that, contrary to the traditional wisdom, the question of whether undecidable sentences like the continuum hypothesis have objectively determinate truth values is independent of the question of whether mathematical realism is true.
Quantification of 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone using solid-phase extraction and direct microvial insert thermal desorption gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

A GC-MS method for the determination of furaneol in fruit juice was developed using Lichrolut-EN solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled to microvial insert thermal desorption. Lichrolut-EN can effectively extract furaneol from juice, and had much less retention for pigments and other non-volatiles than HLB and C18 columns. The furaneol can be completely eluted out from the Lichrolut-EN SPE column with 1mL of methanol, which can be directly analyzed on GC-MS using an automated large volume microvial insert thermal desorption technique without further purification and concentration. The method is sensitive, has good recovery (98%) and reproducibility (CV<4%). The concentration of furaneol in some commonly grown strawberry, raspberry, and blackberry cultivars in Pacific Northwest of the United States was determined. Strawberries had the highest concentration of furaneol with 'Totem' and 'Pinnacle' cultivars over 13mgkg(-1) fruit. 'Marion' blackberry had 5 times more furaneol than 'Black Diamond', and 16 times more than 'Thornless Evergreen' blackberry. Raspberries had furaneol concentration ranged from 0.8 to 1.1mgkg(-1) fruit.
High-density model of content distribution network

It is well known that optimal server placement is NP-hard. We present an approximate model of a content distribution network for the case when both clients and servers are dense, and propose a simple server allocation and placement algorithm based on high-rate quantization theory. The key idea is to regard the location of a request as a random variable with probability density that is proportional to the demand at that location, and the problem of server placement as source coding, i.e., to optimally map a source value (request location) to a codeword (server location) to minimize distortion (network cost). This view leads to a joint server allocation and placement algorithm that has a time-complexity that is linear in the number of users.
Guidelines for the analysis of free energy calculations

Free energy calculations based on molecular dynamics simulations show considerable promise for applications ranging from drug discovery to prediction of physical properties and structure-function studies. But these calculations are still difficult and tedious to analyze, and best practices for analysis are not well defined or propagated. Essentially, each group analyzing these calculations needs to decide how to conduct the analysis and, usually, develop its own analysis tools. Here, we review and recommend best practices for analysis yielding reliable free energies from molecular simulations. Additionally, we provide a Python tool, alchemical-analysis.py, freely available on GitHub as part of the pymbar package (located at http://github.com/choderalab/pymbar), that implements the analysis practices reviewed here for several reference simulation packages, which can be adapted to handle data from other packages. Both this review and the tool covers analysis of alchemical calculations generally, including free energy estimates via both thermodynamic integration and free energy perturbation-based estimators. Our Python tool also handles output from multiple types of free energy calculations, including expanded ensemble and Hamiltonian replica exchange, as well as standard fixed ensemble calculations. We also survey a range of statistical and graphical ways of assessing the quality of the data and free energy estimates, and provide prototypes of these in our tool. We hope this tool and discussion will serve as a foundation for more standardization of and agreement on best practices for analysis of free energy calculations.
Transfer of matching and mismatching behavior in preschool children

Abstract Preschool children were trained to respond to choice stimuli which matched or did not match three different sample stimuli. Periodically, a fourth sample stimulus was employed as a probe to evaluate the transfer effects of the training operations. Neither matching nor mismatching responses to the probe samples were directly trained. When children were trained to match the three sample stimuli, they matched the probe sample; when the same children were trained to mismatch the three sample stimuli, they mismatched the probe sample. The transfer effects obtained on the matching-to-sample task appeared similar to recent findings of research on imitation.
Cross-correlation analysis of the response of units in the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) to muscle stretch and contraction.

Abstract Activity of DSCT units was cross-correlated with stimuli evoking gastrocnemius-soleus muscle stretch or contraction in order to investigate the muscle receptor input to DSCT. The most potent stimulus was generally muscle contraction, and the most common response one of inhibition. The similarity in response of many units to stretch, contraction and nerve simulation suggests that Golgi tendon organs are a prominent source of input to DSCT, and that much of this input is inhibitory.
The limitation of Bayesianism

In the current discussion about the capacity of Bayesianism in reasoning under uncertainty, there is a conceptual and notational confusion between the explicit condition and the implicit condition of a probability evaluation. Consequently, the limitation of Bayesianism is often seriously underestimated. To represent the uncertainty of a belief system where revision is needed, it is not enough to assign a probability value to each belief.
Hyperactive boys in their classroom: assessment of teacher and peer perceptions, interactions, and classroom behaviors.

Teacher ratings, peer perceptions, peer interactions, and classroom behaviors of 17 hyperactive and 17 active elementary school-age boys, nominated by their teachers, were compared using multivariate analyses and planned comparisons in order to better describe and assess hyperactivity in its most probable setting —the classroom. Hyperactive boys were found to be significantly different from actives on measures from all data sources in that they were perceived and interacted more negatively. Cluster analyses of teacher ratings of 90 hyperactives from a clinical sample and 17 hyperactives from the current sample were used to discriminate among different types of hyperactives. Four types were named anxious, conduct problem, inattentive, and low problem hyperactives. The fact that six conduct problem hyperactives were found to be more disruptive and have higher activity level ratings than six inattentive hyperactives, when observed in their classrooms, points to the need to study and treat hyperactives as heterogeneous groups.
Swirling Flow between Rotating Plates

The flow of the classical linearly viscous fluid between two infinite parallel planes rotating with constant (but different) angular velocities about a common axis has received a great deal of attention during the past 60 years (cf. Parter [12]). However, until recently the assumptions which have been employed to study this problem have always led to solutions which are axisymmetric. Recently Berker [3] in his study of the flow between parallel planes rotating with the same constant angular velocities about a common axis exhibited a one parameter family of solutions that are not axisymmetric. In this study we prove that when the planes rotate with different angular velocities about a common axis or distinct axes there is a one parameter family of solutions (for “large” viscosities).
The effect of drug use on wages : A human capital interpretation

Our intuition tells us that using drugs use such as heroin, cocaine, psychedelics, hashish, and even marijuana and alcohol can have serious effects on our personal life and may have broader detrime...
Case Report of a Newborn With a Posterior Thoracic Midline Congenital Hemangiopericytoma of the Back

The posterior thoracic midline location is an unusual site for a congenital hemangiopericytoma. The authors report such a case that caused near fatal exsanguination of a newborn after vaginal delivery. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of the mass were completed after hemostasis. These studies showed a well-defined border between the tumor and underlying trapezius muscle. The mass was removed successfully surgically and presumed initially to be a teratoma. Pathological diagnosis of the tumor was hemangiopericytoma with low malignant potential. After a 9-day hospital course, the patient was discharged with recovering hepatic and renal function.
Development of a novel method of progressive temporary abdominal closure

Background This paper describes our experience with a novel method of temporary abdominal closure that permits frequent reassessment of the abdominal contents and progressive reapproximation of the fascial edges without compromising definitive fascial closure outcomes. Methods We developed a novel method of temporary abdominal closure, which we have named the frequent assessment temporary abdominal closure (FASTAC). The records of patients who underwent planned relaparotomy during 5 years were reviewed. The data collected included patient demographics, indication for operation, number of operations, duration of temporary abdominal closure placement, hospital duration of stay, method of definitive abdominal closure, and subsequent ventral hernia repair. Results One hundred and thirty-three patients underwent 308 temporary abdominal closure placements, including 16 patients who had a FASTAC placed for open abdomen management. FASTAC remained in place for a significantly greater time with more frequent reassessment. Fascial closure techniques were not different in FASTAC patients. FASTAC patients had a significantly greater duration of stay, which suggests selective placement in a more complicated patient population. The materials for frequent assessment temporary abdominal closure cost only $38 compared with $350 for a large piece of Silastic. Conclusion FASTAC is a novel, cost-effective method of temporary abdominal closure that allows for frequent bedside intra-abdominal surveillance, maintains abdominal domain, and does not compromise abdominal closure outcomes in the management of the open abdomen.
A novel technique for studying cellular function in human placenta: gestational changes in intracellular pH regulation.

Abstract This paper presents a new method for the study of cell function in primary human placental syncytiotrophoblast cells. Chorionic villous tissue fragments from term and first trimester placenta were loaded with fluorescent pH sensitive indicator dye HPTS and made adherent to a microscope cover-slip. The fragments were superfused and intracellular pH (pH i ) was studied by microfluorimetry. We used this new methodology to examine the role of the Na + /H + antiporter in pH i regulation. Syncytial cells demonstrated homeostatic pH i regulation, recovering back to basal pH i after intracellular acidification. In the absence of HCO 3 , the Na + /H + antiporter was the primary means by which syncytiotrophoblast cells recovered from an intracellular acid load in both term and first trimester samples. The rate of recovery from intracellular acidification showed a strong correlation to degree of acidification, confirming allosteric modification of antiporter activity by intracellular protons. The transporter was regulated by phosphorylation mediated by protein kinase C (PKC) at both gestational ages. This methodology represents a powerful new technique for the study of syncytiotrophoblast cell ionic regulation.
Reply to Green

I thank Jeffrey Edward Green (hereinafter, "the author") for honoring me with public criticism. He raises three points. First, the author says that the responsiveness and accountability of repre sentative democratic government to its citizens is imperfect, and that people differ about how imperfect it is. I agree. A recent review article on the empiri cal question by a leading authority, however, suggests that disagreement has narrowed:
Self and modernity on trial: A reply to cergen's saturated self

Abstract In The Saturated Self: Dilemmas of Identity in Contemporary Life, Kenneth Gergen (1991) suggests that the rising uncertainty ushered in by the postmodern age has resulted in the collapse of traditional conceptions of self, truth, and social life. Although we agree that meaning is a product of social construction, we believe that Gergen has overextended his case. We argue that there is a need to maintain a notion of personal agency in constructionist models of human functioning and that an epigenetic-systems model of development (Gottlieb, 1991a, 1991b) provides a useful framework for doing so. We also suggest that even though social frameworks structure people's observations, data from their worlds nevertheless constrain theory making and foster scientific progress. Finally, we question whether postmodernism has provided a convincing strategy for dealing with the conflicts that arise from competing value systems.
Fetal hydrops and death from sacrococcygeal teratoma: Rationale for fetal surgery

Most sacrococcygeal teratomas diagnosed before birth can be managed by planned delivery and postnatal surgery. However, large tumors early in gestation may result in placentomegaly, hydrops, and fetal death and a preeclampsia-like syndrome in the mother. This chain of events may result from high output cardiac failure in the fetus caused by arteriovenous shunting through the tumor. We recently encountered this situation in a fetus at 21 weeks' gestation and performed fetal surgery in an attempt to reverse the process. Excision of the teratoma resulted in reversal of hydrops, diminution of descending aortic flow on Doppler echocardiography, and decrease in placental thickness. Despite these changes, uterine irritability after hysterotomy resulted in labor and delivery of a nonviable premature infant. This case demonstrates that when fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma becomes very large early in gestation, high output cardiac failure can endanger both fetus and mother. In the future, use of Doppler echocardiography may allow appropriate selection of high-risk fetuses. Intervention to prevent arteriovenous shunting through the tumor may offer these fetuses an improved chance for survival. (Ann J OBSTET GYNECOL 1989;160:1145-50.) Key words: Sacrococcygeal teratoma, hydrops fetalis, high-output cardiac failure, fetal surgery, Doppler echocardiography
Robust Clock Network Design Methodology for Ultra-Low Voltage Operations

Robust design is a critical concern in ultra-low voltage operation due to large sensitivities to process and environmental variations. In particular, clock networks require careful attention to ensure robust distribution of well-defined clock signals to avoid setup and hold time violations. In this paper, we propose two complementary methodologies to design robust and low power clock networks at ultra-low voltage regimes, an un-buffered and buffered approach, which can be chosen from depending on the significance of wire resistance. We confirm the efficacy of the proposed strategies through simulations with test circuits over different supply voltages, technologies, and design sizes. We also perform case studies of low voltage clock network design for a microprocessor and signal processing core. For one case study, we employ the un-buffered methodology, reducing +2 σ skew by ~ 5000 × and +2 σ slew by ~ 15% without energy overhead, compared to conventional 1-level buffered H-trees. In the other case, a 3-level buffered tree is implemented, with the proposed clock tree reducing +2 σ skew to ~ 2 % of a clock cycle ( 0.68 × fanout-of-4 delay) and slew variability (σ/μ) to 0.08 at V.
Redox regulation of cell proliferation by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate in murine thymoma cells transplanted in vivo.

Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) is a synthetic compound largely used in cell biological studies and known to exert either antioxidant or pro-oxidant effects. Recently, its antitumoral activity has been proposed on the basis of its antioxidant and proapoptotic effects. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of increasing i.p. doses of PDTC on the growth of a strain of highly malignant thymoma cells inoculated in the peritoneum of inbred Balb/c mice. PDTC treatment increased the number of thymoma cells in a dose-dependent manner, enhancing the percentage of proliferating tumor cells. PDTC exerted regulatory effects on cell cycle distribution, decreasing the expression of cell cycle inhibitors. Alterations in the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species, levels of oxidized glutathione, and intracellular levels of the redox-active metals iron and copper were also observed. The above results represent the first evidence that PDTC may induce in vivo cell proliferation in a murine thymoma cell model. In addition, we suggest that the ability of PDTC to bind and transport metals inside the cell and its pro-oxidant property may be factors underlying its effects on thymoma cell proliferation and cell cycle distribution.
A multi-center study comparing dual acid-etched and machined-surfaced implants in various bone qualities.

Background: A major reason for the success of modern dental implant systems has been the development of implant designs. that enhance direct bone-implant interface. Surface roughness has been a factor in this success and different systems have utilized very different implant surface roughness. The major purpose of this study was to evaluate 2 similar implants with different surface roughness characteristics. Methods: Two similarly designed, screw-type, commercially pure titanium implants, one dual acid-etched (DAE) and the other machined-surfaced (MS), were compared in this prospective, randomized-controlled, multi-center study, in which a total of 97 patients were enrolled at a private dental practice or a university dental clinic. Both implant types were placed in each patient using a 2-stage approach with a conventional 4- to 6-month healing period. Implants supported fixed prostheses, hybrid prostheses, and overdentures as dictated by the individual patient's need. All of the cases were followed using...
Lifetime Weight Patterns in Male Physicians: The Effects of Cohort and Selective Survival

BARONE, BETHANY B., JEANNE M. CLARK, NAEYUH WANG, LUCY A. MEONI, MICHAEL J. KLAG, AND FREDERICK L. BRANCATI. Lifetime weight patterns in a cohort of male physicians: an analysis of cohort effects and selective survival in the Johns Hopkins Precursors Study. Obesity. 2006;14:902–908. Objective: The natural history of lifetime weight change is not well understood because of conflicting evidence from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Cross-sectional analyses find that adult weight is highest at 60 years of age and lower thereafter. Longitudinal analyses have not found this pattern. Our objective was to test whether cohort effects and selective survival may explain the differences observed between cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Research Methods and Procedures: We analyzed data on white men from the Johns Hopkins Precursors Study (n 1197). Weight and height were measured at enrollment during medical school. The Precursors Study collected subsequent weight measurements by self-report and follows all participants for mortality. Results: In preliminary analyses that ignored cohort and survival effects, average weight increased 0.16 kg/yr to age 65 (p 0.001) and declined 0.10 kg/yr thereafter (p 0.002). When controlling for differing rates of weight change by cohort and survival group, the apparent decline after 65 years of age was mostly explained. Discussion: These data suggest that, in white men, weight increases steadily until age 65 and then plateaus. These findings emphasize the necessity of longitudinal rather than cross-sectional data to describe lifetime weight patterns.
Dynamic traffic grooming in optical WDM mesh networks with distributed control

Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is the promising technology to meet the rapid growth of Internet traffic. The next-generation optical WDM networks will have the capability of real-time provisioning of network capacity, providing interoperability between different optical and electronic networks, etc. An unified control plane that incorporates these desirable features is being designed and developed. Traffic grooming is a very important problem whose solution will enable us to fully develop such a control plane for next-generation optical networks. In this work, we study the network architectures for grooming-capable WDM networks and propose a routing algorithm that enables a WDM network to support dynamic grooming of traffic streams of different capacity granularities. Network performance, based on various node architectures, is investigated via simulations.
La experiencia colombiana con los encajes a los flujos de capital

Suavizar los ciclos de la cuenta de capitales y reducir la vul-nerabilidad que estos traen consigo son objetivos deseables en los paises en desarrollo. Este articulo evalua las ventajas de aplicar un incentivo sencillo, no discrecional, preventivo (prudencia) y basado en un instrumento de precios que castiga drasticamente los pasivos de corto plazo en moneda extranjera. En especial, examina la efectividad de los controles a los flujos de capital que aplico Colombia durante la decada de los noventa. el analisis concluye que estas regulaciones fueron efectivas en reducir el volumen total de las entradas netas de capital y en mejorar la estructura de plazos de la deuda externa. El analisis econometrico sugiere que los flujos de capital guardaron relacion directa con los diferenciales de tasas de interes, una vez que se controla por el costo adicional de los encajes no remunerados al endeudamiento externo. En consecuencia, el sistema colombiano de regulacion del endeudamiento externo fue, a la vez, una politica macroeconomica eficaz, que pemitio que el pais ejerciera un cierto control monetario y cambiario, y una “politica de pasivos” que contribuyo a mejorar la estructura de vencimiento de la deuda externa.
Decentralized optimization for multichannel random access

We consider schemes for decentralized cross-layer optimization of multichannel random access by exploiting local channel state and traffic information. In the network we are considering, users are not necessarily within the transmission ranges of all others; therefore, when a user is transmitting, it may only interfere with some users, which is different from most existing channel aware Aloha schemes. Besides, we also consider complicated traffic distribution, e.g. each user may choose to send packets to or receive packets from different users simultaneously. We develop decentralized optimization for multichannel random access (DOMRA). DOMRA consists of three steps: neighborhood information collection, transmission control of the MAC layer based on the instantaneous channel state information, and power allocation for each traffic flow on each subchannel. Simulation results demonstrated that DOMRA significantly outperforms existing channel aware Aloha schemes due to its exploitation of both multiuser diversity through cross-layer design and the inhomogeneous characteristics of traffic spatial distribution in the network. Besides, DOMRA performs closely to the globally optimum solution, which requires full network knowledge to be obtained. DOMRA can be applied to different types of wireless networks, such as wireless sensor networks and mobile ad hoc networks, to improve quality of service.
A space- and time-efficient hash table hierarchically indexed by Bloom filters

Hash tables (HTs) are poorly designed for multiple memory accesses during IP lookup and this design flow critically affects their throughput in high-speed routers. Thus, a high capacity HT with a predictable lookup throughput is desirable. A recently proposed fast HT (FHT) [20] has drawbacks like low on-chip memory utilization for a high-speed router and substantial memory overheads due to off-chip duplicate keys and pointers. Similarly, a Bloomier filter-based HT (BFHT) [13], generating an index to a key table, suffers from setup failures and static membership testing for keys. In this paper, we propose a novel hash architecture which addresses these issues by using pipelined Bloom filters. The proposed scheme, a hierarchically indexed HT (HIHT), generates indexes to a key table for the given key, so that the on-chip memory size is reduced and the overhead of pointers in a linked list is removed. Secondly, an HIHT demonstrates approximately 5.1 and 2.3 times improvement in on- chip space efficiency with at most one off-chip memory access, compared to an FHT and a BFHT, respectively. In addition to our analyses on access time and memory space, our simulation for IP lookup with 6 BGP tables shows that an HIHT exhibits 4.5 and 2.0 times on-chip memory efficiencies for 160 Gbps router than an FHT and a BFHT, respectively.
HEDP produced on the university-scale Z-pinch generators: From X-pinches to wire arrays and applications to astrophysics

A university-scale Z-pinch generator is able to produce HED plasmas within a broad range of temperatures and densities depending on the type of load configurations and wire materials. Experiments with very different Z-pinch loads were performed on 1 MA Zebra generator at UNR and analyzed during the last five years: X-pinch, Cylindrical, Nested, and various types of Planar Wire Arrays (PWA). X-pinches are very good sources of x-rays and can be used for studying radiative properties of high density (≫1022 cm−3) and temperature (≫ 2 keV) plasmas with scales from a few µm to several mm in size. They yield short (few nsec) x-ray bursts from one or several bright plasma spots near the wire cross point and produce strong electron beams as well as plasma jets. PWAs, a new type of the wire array load, were tested in single and multi-plane configurations. It was shown that PWAs may produce significant radiation yield in a ns-scale (up to 25 kJ) and generate bright spots of sub-mm size. The main focus of this presentation is the comparative analysis of the results from recent experiments with the X-pinch, Cylindrical and Nested Wire Arrays and PWAs made from stainless steel wires. The diagnostic set included XRD and PCD detectors, laser shadowgraphy, x-ray time-gated and time integrated imaging, time integrated spatially resolved spectrometers for harder (K-shell) and softer (L-shell) x-ray regions, and a time-gated spatially integrated spectrometer for the softer (L-shell) x-ray region. The non-LTE kinetic, WADM, and MHD codes are used to guide the analysis of the results. In particular, the new results for X-pinches with different angles between the wires are presented and their relevance to astrophysics is demonstrated. The new results from the experiments with above-mentioned wire array loads focus on the study of precursor formation as well as plasma evolution at the stagnation phase. The unique properties and HED features of such plasmas are summarized and discussed.
Bayesian inference of a complex invasion history revealed by nuclear and chloroplast genetic diversity in the colonizing plant, Silene latifolia.

Species invading new ranges are subject to a series of demographic events that can strongly shape genetic diversity. Describing this demographic history is important for understanding where invasive species come from and how they spread, and is critical to testing hypotheses of postinvasion adaptation. Here, we analyse nuclear and chloroplast genetic diversity to study the invasion history of the widespread colonizing weed, Silene latifolia (Caryophyllaceae). Bayesian clustering and PCA revealed strong population structure in the native range of Europe, and although genotypes from multiple native sources were present in the introduced range of North America, the spatial distribution of genetic variance was dramatically reorganized. Using approximate Bayesian computation (ABC), we compared support for different invasion scenarios, including the number and size of independent introduction events and the amount of admixture occurring between sources of introduced genotypes. Our results supported independent introductions into eastern and western North America, with the latter forming a bridgehead for a secondary invasion into the Great Lakes region of central North America. Despite small estimated founder population sizes, the duration of the demographic bottleneck after the initial introduction appeared extremely short-lived. This pattern of repeated colonization and rapid expansion has effectively eroded the strong population structure and cytonuclear associations present in Europe, but has retained overall high genetic diversity since invasion. Our results highlight the flexibility of the ABC approach for constructing a narrative of the demographic history of species invasions and provide baseline for future studies of evolutionary changes in introduced S. latifolia populations.
A 3-port Register File Design for Improved Fault Tolerance on Resistive Defects in Core-Cells

Register file is often implemented using static random access memory (SRAM) due to its fast operation. Furthermore, SRAM-based multi-port register file can perform multiple read and write operations simultaneously, thus increasing data throughput in embedded systems and meeting the expected demands of parallel or pipelined microprocessors. With the continuous scaling of transistor feature size, designing low power robust register file for microprocessors and investigating their failure characteristics become critical. In this work, the authors present a register file with a structure of 3-port SRAM cell and a differential current-mode sense amplifier for read circuitry. The authors then study the fault models for resistive defect within the SRAM cell and its failure boundary. A read disturb fault for multi-port memories is tested on the faulty cell by simultaneous read operations with different numbers of ports. Experimental results show that the proposed current-mode sensing scheme has improvements for memory fault-tolerance of resistive defect at 4-6times for dual-port read and 5.8times for 3-port read compared to voltage-mode sensing with 0.18mum manufacturing process technology
Scatter matters: Regularities and implications for the scatter of healthcare information on the Web

Despite the development of huge healthcare Web sites and powerful search engines, many searchers end their searches prematurely with incomplete information. Recent studies suggest that users often retrieve incomplete information because of the complex scatter of relevant facts about a topic across Web pages. However, little is understood about regularities underlying such information scatter. To probe regularities within the scatter of facts across Web pages, this article presents the results of two analyses: (a) a cluster analysis of Web pages that reveals the existence of three page clusters that vary in information density and (b) a content analysis that suggests the role each of the above-mentioned page clusters play in providing comprehensive information. These results provide implications for the design of Web sites, search tools, and training to help users find comprehensive information about a topic and for a hypothesis describing the underlying mechanisms causing the scatter. We conclude by briefly discussing how the analysis of information scatter, at the granularity of facts, complements existing theories of information-seeking behavior. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF AUXILIARY AND GONIMOBLAST CELLS DURING CARPOSPOROPHYTE DEVELOPMENT IN FAUCHEOCOLAX ATTENUATA (RHODOPHYTA)1

The ultra structure of post-fertilization development in Faucheocolax attenuata Setch. is described. Following fertilization and transfer of the diploid nucleus to the auxiliary cell, four gonimoblast initials usually are produced of the multinucleate auxiliary cell. Gonimoblast initials originally are uninucleate but undergo karyokinesis to form multinudeate gonimoblast cells. Terminal or generative gonimoblast cells cleave successively to form lobes of incipient carpospores, with each group of spores differentiating synchronously. Portions of the initial generative gonimoblast cells, however, remain to resume karyokinesis and repeat the process of cleavage into carpospores. Axial gonimoblast cells are transformed into secretory cells, which produce mucilage. Generative gonimoblast cells and auxiliary cells are similar in cellular structure. Both contain typical red algal proplastids, some dictyosomes, cytoplasmic concentric membranes, and numerous small vesicles. In addition, dark staining spherical masses, occurring in the cytoplasm of all cell types, may represent dehydrated haploid chromatin. Large septal plugs interconnect gonimoblast cells and the auxiliary cell. These plugs are small when first formed but increase dramatically in size during carposporophyte development.
Francisella tularensis infection without lesions in gray tree squirrels (Sciurus griseus): a diagnostic challenge

Fifteen cases of Francisella tularensis infection (tularemia) were identified in western gray (Sciurus griseus) and eastern gray (Sciurus carolinensis) squirrels submitted to the Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory between 2008 and 2011. All of the squirrels originated in Washington State, a geographical area with endemic tularemia in wildlife. Nine of the 15 squirrels with F. tularensis infection had gross (2/15) or microscopic (9/15) multifocal necrotizing lesions in the spleen, liver, or lymph nodes, typical of tularemia. Special stains did not reliably identify intralesional bacteria microscopically. Six of the 15 squirrels infected with F. tularensis lacked gross and microscopic lesions typical of tularemia. All 15 squirrels with F. tularensis infection were identified by polymerase chain reaction tests on the spleen, liver, or lymph node (including all 6 squirrels without typical tularemia lesions); 8 out of 9 squirrels were positive by direct fluorescent antibody test of tissues, and 5 out of 15 squirrels were positive by culture of tissues. The findings underscore the importance of considering tularemia as a possible cause of death when no lesions of tularemia can be identified at necropsy. Furthermore, the findings suggest the possibility of subclinical infections in gray squirrels, and the importance of molecular diagnostics for definitive diagnosis of F. tularensis infection in wild squirrels.
Elements of Consociational Democracy in Kenya

This paper attempts to apply and test some of the major propositions advanced by the ‘consociational school’ of democratic theory to the case of a Third World country, Kenya. These propositions concern both the specific, highly fragmented ‘plural’ social bases of politics and particular institutional arrangements (such as a ‘grand coalition’, proportional representation, etc.), Kenya is shown to be an interesting, though somewhat ‘deviant’, case in this regard. The analysis is based on available published sources, official documents and data from a general population survey conducted by the author. The concluding section discusses some of the inherent constraints in the Kenyan case and indicates some of the more general limitations of the concept of consociational democracy.
Does diagnosis change as a result of repeat renal colic computed tomography scan in patients with a history of kidney stones

Abstract Study objective We sought to determine the incidence of alternative diagnosis in patients with a history of kidney stones who experience recurrent symptoms and undergo repeat computed tomography (CT) imaging at their return to the emergency department (ED). Methods This was a retrospective chart review of ED patients at a tertiary care hospital. Inclusion criteria were all adult ED patients who received a repeat CT for renal colic, after having previously received the diagnosis of obstructive kidney stone confirmed by CT, in our ED. Patients were identified by reviewing the charts of those patients with repeat visits to the ED after January 1, 2004, in which they complained of symptoms suggestive of renal colic and received a CT scan. We determined the frequency of the same diagnosis on repeat CT scan in this population compared with the frequency of alternative diagnosis. Results Two hundred thirty-one patients met criteria for the study. Fifty-nine percent were male. One hundred eighty-nine (81.8%) patients had no change in diagnosis as a result of a repeat renal colic CT scan. Twenty-seven (11.6%) patients received an alternative diagnosis that did not require urgent intervention, and 15 (6.5%) patients received a diagnosis that did require an urgent intervention. Conclusion Repeat CT imaging of patients with known nephrolithiasis changed management in a minority of patients (6.5%). Knowing the frequency of alternative diagnosis in this population may help clinicians and patients balance the risks and benefits of repeat renal colic CT scans in patients with a history of kidney stones who return to the ED with similar symptoms.
Enriched Video Semantic Metadata: Authorization, Integration, and Presentation.

An enriched video metadata framework including video authorization using VAST, metadata integration, and user level applications is presented. The Video Annotation and Summarization Tool (VAST) is a novel video metadata authorization system that integrates both semantic and visual metadata. Balance between accuracy and efficiency is achieved by adopting a semi-automatic authorization approach. Semantic information such as video annotation is integrated with the visual information under a XML schema. Results from user studies and field experiments using the VAST metadata demonstrated that the enriched metadata were seamlessly incorporated into application level programs such as the Interactive Shared Educational Environment (ISEE). Given the VAST metadata, a new video surrogate called the smartlink video surrogate was proposed and deployed in the ISEE. VAST has become a key component of the emerging Open Video Digital Library toolkit.
Safe, Stable, Nurturing Relationships as a Moderator of Intergenerational Continuity of Child Maltreatment: A Meta-Analysis

Purpose: The present paper summarizes findings of the special issue papers on the intergenerational continuity of child maltreatment and through meta-analysis explores the potential moderating effects of safe, stable, nurturing relationships (SSNRs). Methods: Studieswereselectedforinclusioninthismeta-analysisifthey(1)werepublishedinpeerreviewed journals; (2) tested for intergenerational continuity in any form of child maltreatment, usingprospective,longitudinaldata;and(3)testedformoderatingeffectsofanyvariableofSSNRson intergenerational continuity of child maltreatment. The search revealed only one additional study beyondthefourreportswrittenforthisspecialissuethatmetinclusioncriteriaforthemeta-analysis. Results: Estimates of intergenerational stability of child maltreatment from the studies included in this special issue are consistent with several other studies, which find that child maltreatment in one generation is positively related to child maltreatment in the next generation. Furthermore, metaanalytic results from the five studies that met the inclusion criteria suggest a protective, moderating effect of SSNRs on intergenerational continuity of child maltreatment. The calculated fail-safe index indicated that49 unpublished intergenerational studies withan average null effect would be required to render nonsignificant the overall moderation effect of SSNRs on child maltreatment. Conclusions: This special issue expanded the examination of SSNRs beyond the caregiver-child dyad. That is, these studies considered SSNRs in adult relationships as well as parent-child relationships. Results suggest that certain types of SSNRs between parents and other adults (e.g., romantic partner, co-parent, or adult social support resource) may decrease maltreatment continuity.
BRCA2-null embryonic survival is prolonged on the BALB/c genetic background.

Women who inherit mutations in the BRCA2 cancer susceptibility gene have an 85% chance of developing breast cancer. The function of the BRCA2 gene remains elusive, but there is evidence to support its role in transcriptional transactivation, tumor suppression, and the maintenance of genomic integrity. Individuals with identical BRCA2 mutations display a different distribution of cancers, suggesting that there are low-penetrance genes that can modify disease outcome. We hypothesized that genetic background could influence embryonic survival of a Brca2 mutation in mice. Brca2-null embryos with a 129/SvEv genetic background (129B2−/−) died before embryonic day 8.5. Transfer of this Brca2 mutation onto the BALB/cJ genetic background (BALB/cB2−/−) extended survival to embryonic day 10.5. These results indicate that the BALB/c background harbors genetic modifiers that can prolong Brca2-null embryonic survival. The extended survival of BALB/cB2−/− embryos enabled us to ask whether transcriptional regulation of the Brca1 and Brca2 genes is interdependent. The interdependence of Brca1 and Brca2 was evaluated by studying Brca2 gene expression in BALB/cB1−/− embryos and Brca1 gene expression in BALB/cB2−/− embryos. Nonisotopic in situ hybridization demonstrated that Brca2 transcript levels were comparable in BALB/cB1−/− embryos and wild-type littermates. Likewise, reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reactions confirmed Brca1 mRNA expression in embryonic day 8.5 BALB/cB2−/− embryos that was comparable to Brca2-heterozygous littermates. Thus, the Brca1 and Brca2 transcripts are expressed independently of one another in Brca1- and Brca2-null embryos. Mol. Carcinog. 28:174–183, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Children's Health

Temporal trends in the epidemic of childhood obesity have been paralleled by increases in the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) during childhood. Consumption has increased dramatically over the past several decades in all age ranges, with some moderation over the past 10 years. Evidence from cross-sectional, longitudinal, and interventional studies supports links between SSB consumption in childhood and unhealthy weight gain, as well as other untoward health outcomes. These data have stimulated public health efforts to curtail consumption as a means of improving childhood weight status and related health outcomes. Reducing ready access to SSBs, changing the message environment to which children are exposed, and replacing SSBs with healthier beverages have had moderate success in decreasing SSB consumption and curbing unhealthy weight gain.
EFFECTS OF ETHANOL ON PLASMA LIPIDS IN MAN.

Abstract To determine its effect on plasma lipids in man, ethanol was given to 6 patients for periods of from 6 to 8 hours, and changes in plasma lipids were measured. A progressive rise in plasma triglyceride concentration and an associated fall in the free fatty acid (FFA) concentration occurred. Phospholipid, cholesterol, and cholesterol ester concentrations did not change. Control tests during fasting demonstrated a slight, nonsignificant rise in triglyceride concentration and a rise in FFA concentration, with no change in the other lipid fractions. Glucose, given isocalorically to the ethanol, resulted in no change in plasma triglyceride concentration and a fall in FFA concentration. Two mechanisms that have been suggested to explain the development of alcoholic fatty liver probably can be excluded under these experimental conditions in man. These are decreased release of triglycerides from the liver and increased mobilization of fatty acids from peripheral adipose tissue. Ethanol administration for 8 days to 1 patient who had recovered from alcoholic hyperlipemia was accompanied by a rise in serum triglyceride concentration of 340 per cent and in phospholipid concentration of 90 per cent, effects which were not due to dietary change or change in liver function. Thus, in this patient, ethanol is implicated as a direct agent in the production of alcoholic hyperlipemia.
Single Camera Systems

This chapter is theoretical since to the best of our knowledge, no single-camera stereoscopic system is available commercially. The chapter deals with some aspects of a folded single-camera stereoscopic viewing system as shown in Figure 5.1. The equivalent unfolded system is shown in Figure 5.2. In these figures V is the vergence point on the central axis of the system, M l and M r are the left and right mirrors respectively, and M c represents crossed mirrors on the central axis of the system. These mirrors may take many physical forms. We intend the mirrors to illustrate any device capable of directing rays into the camera by paths as shown in the figures.
Reply to Hasen and Matsusaka

The single subject rule, a widespread and oft-litigated state constitutional provision limiting ballot initiatives to one “subject,” has confounded judges, lawyers, and scholars for decades. The problem grows from the inability to define “subject” with precision. In A Theory of Direct Democracy and the Single Subject Rule, we attempt to solve this problem. We propose a democratic process theory of the rule, which interprets “subjects” in terms of voters’ preferences. Our theory yields a precise, objective test for determining if an initiative complies with the rule. Proper application of our test would achieve the rule’s purposes of eliminating logrolling and riding.Professors Richard Hasen and John Matsusaka, experts in election law and direct democracy, are skeptical of our approach. We appreciate their thoughtful comments, which have contributed helpfully to the debate. However, we think their skepticism misses the mark. They seem to confuse opposition to the single subject rule itself with opposition to our test.