cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new experimental approach for obtaining diffuse-strain flow stress curves

Abstract A new experimental approach for determining the sheet metal flow stress curve for diffuse necking deformation through the hydraulic bulge expansion (HBE) test is introduced. For this approach, a flat sheet of metal is bulged under the load of hydraulic pressure within the confines of a rigid binder/die tool set of circular die opening. The hydraulic pressure and volume flow rate of the pressurized water entering the die cavity are recorded in real time. Operating under the assumption of thin-walled pressure vessel behavior, the real time data are used to compute the flow stress curve for the material type considered. The novel aspect of the proposed technique is the use of water volume measurement for determining the radius of curvature of the expanding dome. An example flow stress curve for 1.0 mm thick DDQ cold rolled sheet steel is shown to be in good agreement with the flow stress curve obtained through the standard uniaxial tension test. One key advantage of this proposed method is that the analyst may determine the diffuse necking portion of the flow stress curve without employing cumbersome techniques associated with uniaxial tensile test methods. Two disadvantages of the proposed method are the uncertainty associated with having to assume a yield surface, and the error associated with having to assume membrane behavior in the work piece. The introduction of this new method will increase researchers’ access to practical methods for obtaining sheet metal flow stress curves.
Scalable information sharing in large scale distributed systems

Many application domains have already demonstrated that they can benefit greatly if efficient access can be provided to shared information across widely distributed users. We use the generic term object to describe units of shared information which could include files, web pages or language defined objects. Future applications will require object sharing modes richer than simple browsing. For example, a collaboration system that allows users distributed world-wide (e.g., managers of a multinational company) to interact with each other must manipulate objects that are both read and updated at multiple locations.Several assumptions, which are natural in the context of large scale systems, can be made about scalable object sharing systems. First, such systems will consist of many server nodes that will act as the storehouses for shared objects. These servers will enable access to objects to a much larger number of client nodes. To avoid high latencies and communication costs, servers will store replicated copies of objects frequently accessed by clients in their vicinity. Furthermore, clients will cache objects to reduce access latency and frequency of communication with servers. Both replication at servers and caching at clients result in multiple copies of an object which introduces the problem of maintaining consistency among the copies.Many levels of consistency are possible and the choice of a particular consistency level has implications on the programming as well as performance of a distributed application. Although consistency requirements across copies of a single object are easily seen, such requirements can arise between copies of different but related objects. For example, assume that user 1 writes a memo object ol to produce version o1,1 and later generates its updated version ol,2. User 2 reads ol,2 and writes memo object o2 in response. If user 3 reads memo o2 and wants to read o1 to understand it, it must be provided ol,2 and not o1,1 which could have been cached by it due to a previous read. Thus, consistency requirements exist across copies of ol and o2 even when user 3 accesses them in a read-only mode.We first identify some requirements that must be met by scalable object sharing schemes. We present arguments to demonstrate that existing techniques cannot easily be adapted to meet these requirements. This is followed by an outline of our approach.
Endophytic and Biological Control Potential of Bacillus mojavensis and Related Species

The identity of a patented endophytic bacterium was established by 16S rRNA sequence analysis as a strain of Bacillus mojavensis, a recently erected species within one of the B. subtilis subgroups. This strain of B. mojavensis is antagonistic to the fungus Fusarium moniliforme, an endophytic mycotoxin-producing pathogen of maize and other plants. There are five other species within this subgroup: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. atrophaeus, B. licheniformis, Brevibacterium halotolerans, Paenibacillus lentimorbus, and P. popilliae. The objectives of this research were to screen other isolates of B. mojavensis, B. subtilis, and the other closely related Bacillus species for endophytic colonizing capacity and to determine the in vitro antagonism to F. moniliforme in an effort to survey the distribution of these traits, which are desirable biological control qualities within the Bacillaceae. Antagonism was determined on nutrient agar, and endophytic colonization was established with maize plants following recovery of rifampin-resistant mutants generated from all strains used in the study. The study established that all 13 strains of B. mojavensis, isolated from major deserts of the world, endophytically colonized maize and were antagonists to F. moniliforme. The endophytic colonization of maize by B. subtilis and other species within this subgroup of the Bacillaceae varied, as did antagonism, to F. moniliforme. Thus, this study suggests that endophytic colonization is another characteristic of the species B. mojavensis. The endophytic habit and demonstrated antagonism to the test fungus indicate that isolates of this species might prove to be important biological control organisms where the endophytic habit is desired.
The Shear Center in Creep of Beams of Thin-walled Open Cross Section

It is shown that in the case of creep bending of beams of thin-walled open cross section, in general, the neutral axes do not intersect at one point and that the concept of the shear center fails. The shear center is replaced by a family of straight lines such that when the plane of bending passes through such a straight line the cross section will suffer no torsion. These torsionfree axes do not intersect at one point except in special cases. The family of the neutral axes and the family of the torsionfree axes correspond to each other and they depend on the magni tudes of the bending moment and shearing force. When the creep law has the form σ = A e n the two families are independent of the magnitudes of the bending moment and shearing force. The implication of this result is that for torsionfree bending of a beam to be possible it is necessary to have the above creep law. Exceptions to this result are discussed. Expressions useful for the calculation of the two families of straight lines are given.
Immunohistochemical staining of transgenic beta-galactosidase in burned skin is a better indicator of transfection efficiency than histochemical techniques.

Abstract The non-mammalian reporter gene LacZ, encoding the protein β-galactosidase (β-Gal), has long been used to test the efficiency of gene transfer into cells in culture or tissues in vivo. Biodistribution and dose–response transfection experiments rely upon a sensitive and specific technique for accurate results. We conducted an experiment to compare two techniques of identifying beta-galactosidase expression. The presence of β-Gal was detected by dual staining transfected murine skin by both immunohistochemical (alkaline phosphatase) as well as histochemical staining (5-bromo-indolyl-beta-o-galactopyranoside [Bluo-Gal]). We demonstrated an almost two-fold increase in beta-galactosidase transfected dermal cell staining using immunohistochemistry as compared with histochemical staining. This translates to nearly 63% cells that were transfected with LacZ but were not identified by Bluo-Gal. The superior sensitivity of immunostaining suggests that anti-β-Gal antibody represents the preferred analytical tool for light microscopic evaluation of LacZ gene transfer, promoter analysis in transgenic animals. Thus, identification of activity as opposed to presence of the enzyme underestimates gene expression following LacZ gene transfer in skin.
Mechanics of transport phenomena in multi-component sessile drops with solidification

The mechanics of transport phenomena in multicomponent sessile drops with internal solidification is determined on the basis of an experimental study. A shadowgraph-schlieren system and a microscope-video system are used for the study. It is suggested that present data can be used to enhance the solid or crystal quality in a reduced-gravity environment where both thermo- and diffuso-capillary effects of solidification and crystal growth are dominant.
The Merger Movement in Banking, 1919–1933

The merger movement between the First World War and the Great Depression played an important role in the evolution of the American banking industry. The first complete statistical series on mergers is presented and the factors that contributed to the merger are analyzed.
The hegemonic narrative and the social construction of deviance: the case of the Black Hand

This essay examines Black Hand crime in the city of Chicago from 1892 to 1931. The Black Hand was a crude method of crime in which Italian immigrants and others were extorted for money. This research argues that much of what we know about Black Hand crime is a media construction. The method of analysis used to conduct this investigation involved the content analysis of 280 newspaper accounts of Black Hand crime. This essay also examines the institutional legacy of the Black Hand phenomenon and argues that the inappropriate linking of Black Hand crime to the Sicilian Mafia led to the development of the alien conspiracy theory, forever linking organized crime in American society to the Italian immigrant. This essay concludes that the media play an important role in defining the societal construction of crime. The findings also support the social constructionist argument that definitions of deviance are subjectively determined.
Management Policy and Estimated Returns on School Trust Lands

Every state entering the Union since 1803 received land grants from the federal government for the support of their respective public school systems. Inherent in this federal grant is the fiduciary duty to prudently and effectively manage these assets for the beneficiary, their school systems. We develop a framework that measures the present value of the beneficiary’s economic benefits to assist managers of school trust lands in determining future management policy. Using this framework, we assess whether managers of state school trust lands are currently meeting their fiduciary responsibilities of “maximum economic benefit” for their beneficiaries or whether changes in management policy are needed. The present value of realized economic returns from grazing lease revenues and capital appreciation are compared with the present value of income streams that may be generated from alternative investments available to the land trustees if the land were sold and the proceeds reinvested in U.S. Treasury securities. Market values and capital appreciation for school trust lands in Wyoming are estimated using hedonic models formulated from ranch sales data. Because we are comparing a risky return on land investments with a riskless return on Treasury bonds, we observe, in most cases, that the sale of land andreinvestment of proceeds will increase economic benefits on school trust lands.
Barley Neutral Lipid Changes During the Fuel Ethanol Production Process and Product Acceptability from the Dried Distillers Grains

Changes in lipids were traced from the parent barley through the fuel production process to the finished dried distillers grains (DDG). Free fatty acids (FFA) increased from 6% to 22% while the triacylglycerols (TAG) decreased from 73% to 56% during processing. Minor quantitics of ethyl esters of fatty acids, not found in the parent barley, were formed during fermentation. The fatty acid profile of the monoand diacylglycerol and TAG bands remained constant over processing, indicating that these fractions were attacked by nonspecific hydrolysis. During processing, the FFA composition changed with an increase in saturated fatty acids and a decrease in unsaturated fatty acids. Consumer taste panelists preferred commercial and ground barley supplemented granolas over granolas containing either full fat or defatted barley DDG. Trained taste panel results indicated that defatting the DDG did not result in improved product acceptability.
Equilibration of experimentally determined protein structures for molecular dynamics simulation

Preceding molecular dynamics simulations of biomolecular interactions, the molecule of interest is often equilibrated with respect to an initial configuration. This so-called equilibration stage is required because the input structure is typically not within the equilibrium phase space of the simulation conditions, particularly in systems as complex as proteins, which can lead to artifactual trajectories of protein dynamics. The time at which nonequilibrium effects from the initial configuration are minimized-what we will call the equilibration time-marks the beginning of equilibrium phase-space exploration. Note that the identification of this time does not imply exploration of the entire equilibrium phase space. We have found that current equilibration methodologies contain ambiguities that lead to uncertainty in determining the end of the equilibration stage of the trajectory. This results in equilibration times that are either too long, resulting in wasted computational resources, or too short, resulting in the simulation of molecular trajectories that do not accurately represent the physical system. We outline and demonstrate a protocol for identifying the equilibration time that is based on the physical model of Normal Mode Analysis. We attain the computational efficiency required of large-protein simulations via a stretched exponential approximation that enables an analytically tractable and physically meaningful form of the root-mean-square deviation of atoms comprising the protein. We find that the fitting parameters (which correspond to physical properties of the protein) fluctuate initially but then stabilize for increased simulation time, independently of the simulation duration or sampling frequency. We define the end of the equilibration stage--and thus the equilibration time--as the point in the simulation when these parameters attain constant values. Compared to existing methods, our approach provides the objective identification of the time at which the simulated biomolecule has entered an energetic basin. For the representative protein considered, bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, existing methods indicate a range of 0.2-10 ns of simulation until a local minimum is attained. Our approach identifies a substantially narrower range of 4.5-5.5 ns , which will lead to a much more objective choice of equilibration time.
Dual-matching as a problem solved by neurons

This paper extends and generalizes a previously described information-theoretic formulation of single-neuron computation. This framework can be understood through a comparison of the stated goals of neural computation with the two fundamental problems of information theory; those of source and channel coding. Practically, this requires the evaluation of two Lagrangians that together allow a neuron to solve the dual-matching problem in information theory whereby system throughput capacity is maximized. The resulting model is suggestive of the brain's computational role as an intelligent controller that likewise matches the rate it acquires information to the rate it makes decisions and selects actions in service to its prevailing computational goals.
Impact of solid-state lighting on observer performance of color discrimination

We studied the impact of the microscope light source on reader's performance using a microscopic version of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test for photographic slide film. Each pair of two adjacent color caps in the original test kit was reproduced on the film with random order and a 5X objective was used to examine the microscopic color patterns. The subject's visual task was to determine whether the color pair was in the correct hue order or not. The test was repeated for both a light-emitting diode lamp and a conventional halogen lamp. In this paper, we discuss the methodology using preliminary results.
Purification of the staphylococcal 6-phospho-beta-D-- galactosidase.

The 6-phospho-β-d-galactosidase of Staphylococcus aureus has been purified and partially characterized. The native protein, and the sodium dodecyl sulfate treated protein, have a molecular weight of about 50 000. The amino terminal amino acid was found to be threonine. Some kinetic data such as Km, Vmax, pH optimum, heat inactivation, and inactivation by certain metal ions are reported.
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) for high-throughput characterization of biosurfaces

A graded oxidation process, involving UV-ozone (UVO) treatment, was used to create a poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) surface with a systematic variation in surface chemistry. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) has proved useful in characterizing the chemical composition of these surfaces and in monitoring the oxidation process. The TOF-SIMS data correlates with contact angle data and the results of the binding studies performed with mouse calvarial cells. UVO treatment resulted in a PCL surface with improved wettability and cellular adhesion.
The Effect of Temperature on Production of Gonads by the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus Fed Natural and Prepared Diets

Strongylocentrotus franciscanus (248 ± 76 g wet body weight, mean and standard deviation) were maintained in the laboratory at 12.9 and 16.1 C and fed either Nereocystis luetkeana or a prepared feed for 4 mo (July through October). The size and histological condition of the gonads of an initial sample, the experimental animals, and a sample from the commercial fishery were evaluated. The gonad index of experimental S. franciscanus increased from an initial 3.4%± 1.4 to 19.2%± 3.3 (mean and standard deviation) for the four treatments. The feeding rate was greater for individuals fed N. luetkeana and for both foods at the higher temperature. Gonad production was not significantly different among the experimental treatments, indicating the prepared feed was nutritionally superior to the algal diet and an increase in catabolism at the higher temperature balanced the increase in food intake. Histological preparations determined the urchin gonads developed from an initial spent condition to the premature stage for both experimental and fishery samples, indicating neither food or temperature affected gametogenesis.
Some aspects of the holocasust

to be cynical about the concept and even to oppose it. In particular, multiculturalism has failed Jews in that it has not helped to develop under standing of the Jewish community by non-Jews. One of Gold's essay's strongest points is that it sensitizes the reader to aspects of the ethnic pluralism within the Jewish community, including both conflict and coop eration among Ashkenazi, Sephardic, Ethiopian, and Jews from die former Soviet Union.
Quality of Forage From Miscanthus sinensis

Abstract Two experiments were to determine whether Miscanthus sinensis , a tall fast-growing grass, has potential as a forage in north temperate areas. Miscanthus sinensis was sampled at eight times from June 9 to August 23. Crude protein declined from 19.4 to 6.4%. Cell wall constituents increased from 59.9 to 75.0%. In vitro dry matter digestibility declined from 88.8 to 54.7%. Miscanthus sinensis was compared with brome, orchard, reed canary, and timothy grasses cut 6/13, 6/22, and 7/3 for in vitro dry matter digestibility, cell wall constituent, and lignin content. Miscanthus sinensus was comparable to the other grasses in digestibility and cell wall constituents. Small-plot yields ranged from 8,734 to 11,626kg/ha.
An electrothermal model for threshold switching in thin amorphous chalcogenide films

Abstract We present the results of numerical calculations of the pre-threshold current-voltage characteristics and the bias-induced first-fire event in thin amorphous chalcogenide films. The results are in good quantitative agreement with experiments on memory-type samples. Our findings are in harmony with the view that a switching instability occurs at a critical value of electric field, and suggest that the critical field initiates a thermal breakdown which often causes the film to undergo morphological changes and become locally inhomogeneous. A “formed” filament results, often containing Te-rich crystallites. We next develop and analyze thermal stability criteria capable of explaining the observation of reversible switching events in formed films in a qualitative manner. One model, based on the temperature dependences of the thermal conductivities of crystalline inhomogeneities and the surrounding amorphous film, is then applied to specific samples and good qualitative agreement is shown to exist between experiment and the predictions of our model.
Compound-component and conditional discrimination of colors and odors by honeybees: Further tests of a continuity model

In experiments previously reported, individual honeybees were trained in a variety of problems to discriminate color-odor compounds. The results could be modeled accurately on the assumption that the associative strength of each component of a compound stimulus changes independently with reinforcement or nonreinforcement of the compound (independence rule) and that the associative strength of a compound is equal to the sum of the strengths of its components (summation rule). In the present experiments, which were designed to challenge the model, honeybees were trained in compound-component problems (choosing between compounds and their separate components) and in conditional problems (choosing between colors on the basis of a common odor or between odors on the basis of a common color). The new data, together with all of the previous data, could be modeled accurately on the further assumption that interaction among the components of a compound generates a new, compound-unique component that gains and loses associative strength in the same way as other components and contributes in the same way to the strength of the compound; the independence and summation rules continue to apply.
The road to minnowbrook: development of the new public administration in the United States

The decade of the 1960s was a time of political upheaval and turbulence; American society witnessed many changes. The decade was one of hope and at the same time one of despair. It was one in which there were great expectations of the national government, and one that would lead some to conclude that the national giovernment was incapable of solving the complex problems of modern society. Public administrators, like other members of the population, were deeply affected by the events of the decade. Some of them began to question their discpline and profession, and a movement developed within the discipline in search of a new public administration; one sensitive to and capable of solving societal problems that had gone unresolved in the decade of the sixties. The present study presents an historical explication of the new public administration. The new public administration movement is viewed as a product of numerous conferences, works, and events, four of which appear as major landmarks: 1) the Honey Repor...
The Effect of Wind on the Dispersal of the Hudson River Plume

Abstract The dispersal of the Hudson River plume in response to idealized wind forcing is studied using a three-dimensional model. The model domain includes the Hudson River and its estuary, with a realistic coastline and bottom topography of the New York Bight. Steady low river discharge typical of mean conditions and a high-discharge event representative of the spring freshet are considered. Without wind forcing the plume forms a southward coastally trapped current at low river discharge and a large recirculating bulge of low-salinity water during a high-discharge event. Winds affect the freshwater export through the mouth of the estuary, which is the trajectory the plume takes upon entering the waters of the Mid-Atlantic Bight inner shelf, and the rate at which freshwater drains downstream. The dispersal trajectory is also influenced by the particular geography of the coastline in the apex of the New York Bight. Northward wind causes offshore displacement of a previously formed coastally trapped plume ...
Peptide T blocks GP120/CCR5 chemokine receptor-mediated chemotaxis.

We previously reported that certain short gp120 V2 region peptides homologous to vasaoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), such as "peptide T," were potent inhibitors of gp120 binding, infectivity, and neurotoxicity. The present study shows that synthetic V2-region-derived peptides have potent intrinsic chemotaxis agonist activity for human monocytes and also act as antagonists of high-affinity (0.1 pM) gp120-mediated monocyte chemotaxis. Selectivity is shown in that peptide T is more potent at suppressing M-tropic than T-tropic gp120 chemotaxis. Peptide T was also able to suppress monocyte chemotaxis to MIP-1beta, a chemokine with selectivity for CCR5 chemokine receptors, while chemotaxis of the more promiscuous ligand RANTES was not inhibited, nor was chemotaxis mediated by SDF-1alpha. In order to determine if peptide T mediated its gp120 antagonistic effects via modulation of CCR5 receptors, RANTES chemotaxis was studied using a CCR5 receptor-transfected HOS cell line. In this case, RANTES chemotaxis was potently inhibited by V2-region-derived short peptides. Peptide T also partially suppressed (125)I-MIP1-beta binding to human monocytes, suggesting action at a subset of MIP1-beta receptors. The V2 region of gp120 thus contains a potent receptor binding domain and synthetic peptides derived from this region modulate CCR5 chemokine receptor chemotactic signaling caused by either gp120 or chemokine ligands. The results have therapeutic implications and may explain recent clinical improvements, in that HIV/gp120 actions at CCR5 receptors, such as occur in the brain or early infection, would be susceptible to peptide T inhibition.
Atomic structure of surfactant monolayers and its role in epitaxial growth

Abstract The energetically preferred structures of group V adsorbate monolayers on Si and SiGe substrates were studied using first-principles total energy calculations. By comparing structural features of the optimal adsorbate geometries we infer that structures involving self-bonded adsorbate units, such as dimers, trimers or chains, are most likely to segregate easily during growth. Among the group V elements considered, Sb forms structures involving self-bonded adsorbate units on the substrates considered, making it the most promising candidate for a surfactant. This prediction is consistent with recent experiments on Si(111) homoepitaxy. We also consider a simple solid-on-solid model that captures the essential features of surfactant behavior on Si substrates. The model involves a single variable e a , the activation energy for exchange between a newly deposited atom and a surfactant unit on a terrace. We find that depending on the temperature, the model leads to smooth or rough overlayers. The transition takes place at k B T ∼ 0.1 e a . The qualitative difference in growth mode is demonstrated by examining the topological features of films grown under different conditions.
Cloning of an Outer Membrane Protein Gene from Campylobacter jejuni

An antigen in the outer membrane protein (OMP) fraction of Campylobacter jejuni was identified and characterized. Western blot analysis demonstrated antigenic differences in this protein between two congenic C. jejuni strains. Strain A74/C, which colonizes chickens, expressed the antigen at 34 kDa, while strain A74/O, which poorly colonizes chickens, expressed the antigen at 32 and 34 kDa. A genomic library was constructed in λgt11 with DNA from A74/O and screened with antibody raised against C. jejuni OMPs. A clone that possessed a 1.3-kb insert and expressed an immunoreactive protein fused to β-galactosidase was isolated and purified. DNA sequence analysis revealed the insert contained one open reading frame 864 bases long. The deduced amino acid sequence demonstrated 56.3% similarity with Bacillus steorothermophilus glnH, a glutamine-binding protein, and 54.0% similarity with C. jejuni PEB1, a putative colonization adhesin. Southern hybridization, Northern hybridization, and DNA sequence analyses of the congenic colonizing and noncolonizing strains of C. jejuni failed to distinguish the two strains and revealed only one copy of the gene. Post-translational modification may be an alternate explanation for the antigenic differences seen between the two strains.
Enhanced Adrenocortical Activity as a Contributing Factor to Diabetes in Hyperandrogenic Women

Abstract The high incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCO) is believed to occur secondary to the insulin resistance associated with theirandrogenicity. In the present study, we have examined the interrelationships between glucose tolerance, androgenicity, and various in vivo and in vitro parameters of insulin sensitivity in 11 obese PCO patients with NIDDM, 14 PCO patients without diabetes, and 14 weight-matched controls. Both groups of PCO patients were hypertestosteronemic, hyperinsulinemic, and insulin-resistant when compared with a group of weight-matched controls. However, PCO patients with NIDDM differed from those without diabetes in that they had elevated basal and corticotropin-stimulated adrenal steroids (cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA], dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate [DHEAS]). The hyperglycemia of our diabetic patients was not related to their elevated testosterone levels or to their degree of insulin resistance, but was significantly and positively correlated with adrenal hypersecretion, which in turn was associated with postreceptor defects in insulin action. These findings would suggest that enhanced adrenocortical activity may be an important factor underlying the development of NIDDM in women with PCO.
Ideologically Driven Science of School Organization and Whitewashing Oppositional Culture

the organization of schooling have profound implications for American Sociology, particularly subfields concerned with education, labor, race, and stratification. The late anthropologist John Ogbu upset the discourse on the sociology of education with heretical claims against accepted assimilation perspectives by reintroducing the notion of domination in the organization of schooling and in the process of education. In short, Ogbu advanced a perspective on the organization of education stressing its political economic processes. He noted that minorities in pluralistic industrial societies are unable to achieve educational parity with the dominant groups of their societies. He recognized three types of minorities: 1) autonomous minorities, 2) immigrant minorities, and 3) involuntary or caste-like minorities. Autonomous groups have numerical minority status, they could have experienced some prejudice, but usually have some cultural frame of reference that observes and
Quality measures and benchmarking for warfarin therapy

The ultimate goal of warfarin therapy, to prevent thromboembolism with the lowest possible risk of major bleeding complications, is most likely to be realized when therapeutic anticoagulation as measured by the international normalized ratio (INR) is quickly achieved and maintained in appropriate candidates. Realizing this goal requires optimal functioning of various anticoagulation management system components. The extent to which these components function smoothly together determines the quality of warfarin therapy management. A quality measure is used to ascertain the degree to which a given system is successfully coordinating care to accomplish a particular therapeutic goal. The quality of care can be evaluated at different levels such as outcomes (e.g. INR results, major bleeding, thromboembolism, death), processes (e.g. method used to adjust warfarin doses), and structures (e.g. clinic organization structure, workload statistics). There is great need for a structured program of quality measurement for warfarin therapy management. The arrival of new options for oral anticoagulation medications increases the need for credible information regarding the site-specific quality of warfarin therapy management because the potential advantages over warfarin therapy associated with some of these agents are in part dependent upon the quality of warfarin therapy management.
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in the Elderly Arthritic Patient

The basic conservative therapy programs for elderly patients with arthritis include adequate physical rest and mental relaxation, analgesics, aspirin, and physical rehabilitation consisting of occupational and physical therapy with a good home therapy program providing appropriate balance between rest and activity. Proper protection from trauma and overuse of the involved joints, and appropriate nutrition can afford optimal improvement in health status and general resistance. Proper orientation of the patient regarding the nature of his disease and treatment program usually is required to obtain his full cooperation. A kind, encouraging, and understanding approach is most helpful in the elderly patient. Physical rehabilitation can help to relieve pain, decrease edema and deformities, improve muscle weakness and incoordination, and increase stamina. Difficulties with gait, transfers, and self-care can be solved or improved. Physical medicine and rehabilitation measures are important components of the challenging treatment of patients of all age groups who are afflicted with severe arthritis. It is most important to tailor these components of the treatment program to the problem presented by geriatric arthritic patients.
Wealth and wealth distribution in the neo-Kaleckian growth model

This paper explores the implications of wealth distribution for neo-Kaleckian growth theory. Incorporating wealth distribution as an endogenous variable provides a theoretical framework that unifies Cambridge, neo-Ricardian, and neo-Kaleckian growth theory. The model expands on Dutt (1990) by introducing a richer description of capital accumulation and a consumption wealth effect. This introduces concerns regarding wage- and profit-led economies that change the comparative static properties. In addition, the paper introduces managerial pay, multiple asset classes, and multiple classes of wealth holders. Introducing managerial pay undoes Pasinetti's (1962) theorem regarding the irrelevance of worker saving behavior for income distribution and growth.
A coprological view of ancestral pueblo cannibalism

As the object of my scientific study, I've hosen coprolites. It's not a common choice, but to a paleonutri tionist and archaeoparasitologist, a coprolite?a sample of ancient feces preserved by mineralization or simple drying?is a scientific bonanza. Analy sis of coprolites can shed light on both the nutrition of and parasites found in prehistoric cultures. Dietary reconstruc tions from the analysis of coprolites can inform us about, for example, the ori gins of modern Native American diabe tes. With regard to parasitology, copro lites hold information about the ancient
Crack Use and Correlates of Use in a National Population of Street Heroin Users

Abstract Traditionally, researchers and clinicians have viewed street heroin users as representing an end point in a drug-using career. It is toward this population that major national treatment efforts have been directed. Concomitant with the historical national concern about heroin use has been concern about the increase in crack cocaine use. There has been speculation that crack use may have become a substitute for the higher risk of heroin injection. This article examines the impact of crack use in a national population of heroin users. It was consistently found that there was a correlation between the frequency of crack use and the frequency of speedballing as well as the use of other forms of cocaine, amphetamines, and marijuana. There was also a positive relationship between frequency of crack use and such HIV risk behaviors as renting needles and having a large number of sex partners. The data suggest that in this population of heroin users, crack is not a substitute for heroin but rather is a par...
High power microwave science

High power microwave (HPM) sources1,2 are hypoband (narrowband) coherent sources of electromagnetic radiation that have been under development for nearly 50 years. These sources are an outgrowth of the development of modern pulsed power.3 Such sources are intense, high perveance, relativistic electron beam-driven vacuum electron devices that follow a power-frequency scaling governed by Pf 2 (power times frequency squared).
Central adiposity and the functional magnetic resonance imaging response to cognitive challenge

Central adiposity and the functional magnetic resonance imaging response to cognitive challenge
A new look at homogeneous freezing of water

[1] Despite its atmospheric importance, homogeneous freezing of aqueous drops is poorly understood. Here we provide evidence that at atmospheric pressures the conditions leading to the initiation of freezing in pure water are those for which the liquid compressibility and the corresponding density fluctuations reach maxima. This liquid-only criterion for the onset of freezing contrasts with the traditional view that freezing temperatures depend sensitively on the parameters of ice and the ice-water interface. We generalize the connection between compressibility maxima and freezing to aqueous solutions. Utilizing compressibility data, we predict solution freezing temperatures from those of pure water under pressure. These predictions are almost coincident with the parameterizations of droplet freezing temperatures in terms of water activity [Koop et al., 2000] used to predict ice formation in cirrus clouds. Our work then provides a physical basis for this link between water activity in solution and homogeneous freezing temperatures.
Blood ethanol and free-choice ethanol intake in rats and their progency

Outbred male and female Wistar rats demonstrated large and consistent interindividual variations in nocturnal blood ethanol level (BEL) during ad lib access to food, water and an ethanol solution. Mean individual BEL ranged from 0--109 mg/dl, grand mean = 25.1 mg/dl (5.5 mM). BELs of all rats correlated with free-choice ethanol intakes, but females showed significantly greater ethanol intake (female and male means = 10.5 and 8.2 g/kg/24 hr) that was unaccompanied by significantly greater BEL (female and male means = 30.6 and 19.6 mg/dl). Across three linearly derived generations, progeny of rats matched for high BELs (mean = 25.1 mg/dl), but there was no significant difference across generations in ethanol intake (respective means = 8.4 and 8.1 g/kg/24 hr). In the third derived generation, there were significant differences between high and low BEL progeny in both BEL (respective means = 35 and 15 mg/dl) and ethanol intake (respective means = 8.2 and 6.3 g/kg/24 hr).
Assembly of a 12/23 Paired Signal Complex: A Critical Control Point in V(D)J Recombination

The 12/23 rule requires that V(D)J recombination only occurs between recombination signals with 12 and 23 base pair spacers. We show that the 12/23 rule is established prior to DNA cleavage, by the formation of a synaptic complex containing both 12-spacer and 23-spacer signals. The RAG1 and RAG2 proteins, as well as the DNA bending protein HMG1, are needed for efficient formation of this complex. We show further that the synaptic complex is the functional complex for coupled cleavage. After cleavage, all four broken DNA ends remain associated with the RAG proteins in a postcleavage synaptic complex, whose existence helps to explain the known role of RAG1 and RAG2 in the subsequent end-joining events that complete V(D)J recombination.
Comment on the calculation of superradiance

We comment on the work of Jodoin and Mandel concerning superradiance in an inhomogeneously broadened atomic system of small size. We argue that for any realistic geometry, when inhomogeneous broadening is small, spatial variation of the electric field plays a major role in determining superradiant behavior. When inhomogeneous broadening is large, we agree on the neglect of this spatial variation, but argue that all radiation-reaction effects are then small, and can be estimated simply.
Acute skin phototoxicity in hairless mice following exposure to crude shale oil or natural petroleum oil

Abstract The acute skin phototoxicity in hairless mice resulting from applications of crude shale oil or natural petroleum oil and exposure to near ultraviolet light has been investigated. In addition, the absorption and excitation-emission spectra of these oils have been described. While the application of crude shale oil alone was shown to elicit acute skin damage, the combination of the crude shale oil and near ultraviolet light induced skin damage much more severe than that produced by either agent alone. In contrast, the application of the natural petroleum oil alone was completely nontoxic and the combination of natural petroleum oil and near ultraviolet light was less toxic than that of the crude shale oil in the absence of light. These results suggest that a potential health hazard exists from contact with shale oil compounds and exposure to near ultraviolet light from either the sun or artificial sources.
Is There a Gulf War Syndrome?: Searching for Syndromes by Factor Analysis of Symptoms

Objective. —To search for syndromes in Persian Gulf War veterans. Participants. —Two hundred forty-nine (41%) of the 606 Gulf War veterans of the Twenty-fourth Reserve Naval Mobile Construction Battalion living in 5 southeastern states participated; 145 (58%) had retired from service, and the rest were still serving in the battalion. Design. —Particpants completed a standardized survey booklet measuring the anatomical distributions or characteristics of each symptom, a booklet measuring wartime exposures, and a standard psychological personality assessment inventory. Two-stage factor analysis was used to disentangle ambiguous symptoms and identify syndromes. Main Outcome Measures. —Factor analysis—derived syndromes. Results. —Of 249 participants, 175 (70%) reported having had serious health problems that most attributed to the war, and 74 (30%) reported no serious health problems. Principal factor analysis yielded 6 syndrome factors, explaining 71% of the variance. Dichotomized syndrome indicators identified the syndromes in 63 veterans (25%). Syndromes 1 ("impaired cognition," characterized by problems with attention, memory, and reasoning, as well as insomnia, depression, daytime sleepiness, and headaches), 2 ("confusion-ataxia," characterized by problems with thinking, disorientation, balance disturbances, vertigo, and impotence), and 3 ("arthro-myo-neuropathy," characterized by joint and muscle pains, muscle fatigue, difficulty lifting, and extremity paresthesias) represented strongly clustered symptoms; whereas, syndromes 4 ("phobia-apraxia"), 5 ("fever-adenopathy"), and 6 ("weakness-incontinence") involved weaker clustering and mostly overlapped syndromes 2 and 3. Veterans with syndrome 2 were 12.5 times (95% confidence interval, 3.5-44.8) more likely to be unemployed than those with no health problems. A psychological profile, found in 48.4% of those with the syndromes, differed from posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, somatoform disorder, and malingering. Conclusion. —These findings support the hypothesis that clusters of symptoms of many Gulf War veterans represent discrete factor analysis—derived syndromes that appear to reflect a spectrum of neurologic injury involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems.
Relationship resources for coping with unfulfilled standards in dating relationships: Commitment, satisfaction, and closeness

Two studies investigated the coping strategies that individuals use when dealing with unfulfilled relationship standards in dating relationships. In Study 1, inductive analysis of openended data revealed 26 coping strategies (N = 217). In Study 2, these strategies were used to develop a scale that was administered to a new sample (N = 505) and to explore the coping resources individuals draw upon when dealing with unfulfilled standards. Results suggested a ten-factor solution of coping strategies: punishing, reframing, clarifying, self-disparaging, exiting, distancing, modeling, seeking social support, using humor, and escaping. Analyses indicated that each of these sets of coping strategies was significantly linked to relationship coping resources: personal, moral, and structural commitment, relationship satisfaction, and closeness.
The channel coding theorem and the security of binary randomization

Randomization for the purposes of privacy protection refers to the probabilistic perturbation of individual data points to introduce protection through information-theoretic uncertainty. For example, in a telephonic public health survey, a data collector asks the respondent to roll a fair die, and, based on whether the rolled die shows a number divisible by 3 or not, to provide a false or true answer to the question, “DO you have HIV?”. The data collector obtains individual answers which are true with probability p, and can use the answers to calculate the statistics of the prevalence of HIV in the population queried. The individual queried obtains some privacy because whether she has HIV or not is not completely determined by her response. More formally, Alice uses the randomization protocol to provide value Y E y when asked for the value X E X, given a posteriori probability distribution function (pdf) P(Y1X). Randomization has been in use for about twenty years in public surveys and in statistical database security [l], and has recently been proposed as a means of personal privacy protection [3, 21.
Machine learning for clinical diagnosis from functional magnetic resonance imaging

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has enabled scientists to look into the active human brain. FMRI provides a sequence of 3D brain images with intensities representing brain activations. Standard techniques for fMRI analysis traditionally focused on finding the area of most significant brain activation for different sensations or activities. In this paper, we explore a new application of machine learning methods to a more challenging problem: classifying subjects into groups based on the observed 3D brain images when the subjects are performing the same task. Here we address the separation of drug-addicted subjects from healthy non-drug-using controls. In this paper, we explore a number of classification approaches. We introduce a novel algorithm that integrates side information into the use of boosting. Our algorithm clearly outperformed well-established classifiers as documented in extensive experimental results. This is the first time that machine learning techniques based on 3D brain images are applied to a clinical diagnosis that currently is only performed through patient self-report. Our tools can therefore provide information not addressed by traditional analysis methods and substantially improve diagnosis.