cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Ideological Significance of the Dār al-Adl in the Medieval Islamic Orient

Medieval Islamic architecture presents the scholar with a fascinating set of histo-riographical problems. Some are methodological; others are related to the nature of the sources, and they are shared by various other branches of research in medieval history such as urban history, topography, and the history of arts and crafts whose inquiries depend on the same sources. Still others are peculiar to the specific domain of architectural history. These last are the most challenging, for they require particular strategies that take into account the disparities in our knowledge of the two basic components needed to reconstruct the history of any architectural object: the physical remains and the contemporary documents related to them. There are three possible kinds of disparity: in the best cases, buildings that are still standing and in fairly good shape can be studied in light of relevant contemporary documents. In more difficult cases, the structures still exist, but supportive documents, written or otherwise, do not. Most difficult of all is when we have documents describing, or referring to, a structure or a group of structures for which we have no visible trace.
Albiglutide A New GLP-1 Receptor Agonist for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

Objective: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of albiglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Data Sources: A MEDLINE search (1950-June 2014) was conducted using the keyword albiglutide. References were reviewed to identify additional sources. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Articles evaluating pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, or efficacy of albiglutide were included. Data Synthesis: Albiglutide is a long-acting GLP-1 RA that lowers glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) and reduces weight by stimulating glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppressing glucagon secretion, delaying gastric emptying, and promoting satiety. Albiglutide has a long half-life as a result of resistance to degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and fusion to albumin, thus allowing once-weekly dosing. Albiglutide has been studied as monotherapy and add-on therapy to metformin, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, insulin glargine, and varying combi...
Predictors of Cognitive Test Patterns in Autism Families

In a case-control study of cognitive performance, tests of intelligence, reading, spelling, and pragmatic language were administered to the parents and siblings of 90 community-ascertained probands with autism (AU group) and to the parents and siblings of 40 similarly ascertained probands with trisomy 21 Down syndrome (DS group). The two samples were comparable for age and parents' education; both groups were well-educated and had above-average intelligence. AU parents scored slightly but significantly lower on the WAIS-R Full Scale and Performance IQ, on two subtests (Picture Arrangement and Picture Completion), and on the Word Attack Test (reading nonsense words) from the Woodcock-Johnson battery. There were no differences between AU and DS siblings. As in earlier studies, AU parents, more often than DS parents, reported a history of early language-related cognitive difficulties; we were not able to replicate this in siblings. AU parents who reported such difficulties scored significantly lower on Verbal IQ, spelling, and the nonsense reading test. AU parents without a history of early language-related cognitive difficulties often had a Verbal IQ that exceeded Performance IQ by more than one standard deviation. AU siblings with early language-related difficulties had similar findings: lower Verbal IQ, poorer spelling, and poorer reading scores, compared to AU siblings without such a history. Parents with a positive history also scored worse on a measure of pragmatic language,the Pragmatic Rating Scale, but not on measures of social-related components of the broader autism phenotype. We propose that cognitive differences in a subset of autism family members are manifestations of the language-related component of the broader autism phenotype, and separate from the social-related component. This is consistent with the hypothesis that there are several genes that may interact to cause autism which segregate independently and have distinguishable manifestations in family members. The hypothesis would be further supported by finding different patterns of genetic loci linked to autism in families where one or both parents has language difficulties.
Threshold characteristics of composite resonator vertical cavity lasers

Summary form only given. The monolithic integration of coupled resonators within a vertical cavity surface emitting laser diode enables new functionality due to the unique ability to tailor the optical properties of the laser. We show the threshold characteristics of a dual cavity composite resonator vertical cavity laser (CRVCL) are consistent with current mediated quantum well absorption when varying the injection current into either the top or the bottom cavity. The CRVCL output characteristics that we present here suggest potential applications for high speed laser modulation.
Slipping Into and Out of Underemployment: Another Disadvantage for Nonmetropolitan Workers?1

Underemployment, which goes beyond unemployment to include the working poor, discouraged workers, and involuntary part-time workers, is a useful measure of employment hardship. We argue that underemployment should be included with other conventional indicators of the disadvantaged circumstances of nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) labor, in terms not only of prevalence, but also of the likelihood of transitions into and out of underemployment. We take advantage of the quasi-longitudinal nature of the U.S. Current Population Surveys to estimate models of year-to-year employment transitions for the quarter century 1968 to 1993. We find that (1) adequately employed nonmetro workers are more likely than their more urban counterparts to become underemployed; (2) the nonmetro underemployed are less likely to become adequately employed; (3) statistical controls only strengthen these nonmetro disadvantages; (4) the employment transitions of nonmetro workers are less affected by shifts in the direction of the national economy than are those of metro workers; and (5) nonmetro women are more disadvantaged than women residing elsewhere.
Reliable Metal-Fill Monitoring System Using Wireless Sensor Networks

Among the wide range of wireless sensor networks (WSN) applications, some require reliable data communications such that data packets can be delivered to the destination without any losses. This paper is focused on one such application, namely a metal-fill monitoring system for the lost foam casting process implemented using capacitive sensors and wireless sensor networks. The problem of packet losses associated with wireless transmission of data using WSN with emphasis on the foundry environment has been explored and a method of delayed retransmission has been tested for offline monitoring. The delayed retransmission technique can be used in applications where the completeness of the data collected is more critical than the time taken to collect it The entire system from sensing to data transmission provides a flexible and cost effective method to monitor the metal fill process. Another technique that is more suitable for online applications is also briefly presented.
Incidence of Melanoma in Children: A Population-Based Study in Olmsted County, Minnesota.

Background The incidence of melanoma has been rising in the United States, with conflicting evidence regarding trends in children. Methods We identified patients 0 to 17 years old with a diagnosis of melanoma from January 1, 1970, through December 31, 2010, in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Information on survival and demographic characteristics was abstracted, and estimates of true incidence were calculated. Results The estimated true incidence of melanoma in children from 1970 to 2010 was found to be 0.62 per 100,000 girls and 0.45 per 100,000 boys. The incidence of melanoma in this population did not increase with time after adjusting for age and sex. Only one case of metastatic disease (lymph node) was identified. Girls were more commonly affected and the mean age of disease onset was 14 years. Five of the seven melanomas in this population arose in association with a nevus, and none involved the trunk. Overall and disease-specific survival rates were not calculated because all patients studied were alive at the last follow-up. Conclusion The estimated true incidence rates of pediatric melanoma from our population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota, appear stable. This finding is in contrast to our prior research showing rapidly increasing incidence rates of melanoma in young and middle-aged adults from the same population.
An intelligent tool for network configuration and optimization

1 0-7803-7651-X/03/$17.00 © 2003 IEEE 2 IEEEAC paper #1210, Updated December 10, 2002 Abstract—SHAI, in conjunction with OPNET, is developing an Intelligent Network Configuration Optimization Toolkit (INCOT) for the US Air Force. INCOT’s goal is to provide an intelligent interface to OPNET products, allowing rapid design and optimization of communications networks without requiring the user to have programming skills or knowledge of the underlying OPNET simulation products. There is currently a great need for any solution that will dramatically reduce the complexity of network configuration due to the great quantity and diversity of information that must be analyzed, as well as the short decision cycles. By incorporating expert knowledge of network engineering, policies, available components and their characteristics, INCOT is providing an interactive goal driven rapid development tool to the network engineer that can quickly generate a network configuration. INCOT is extending the power of OPNET’s network simulation tools, while simplifying its operation for Air Force network engineers.
Attitudes Toward Diversity and the School Choice Process Middle-Class Parents in a Segregated Urban Public School District

White flight from urban public schools has been well documented, but little attention has been paid to middle-class reinvestment in urban schools. This article combines findings from interviews with middle-class parents of Boston Public School students with demographic data from the city’s public elementary schools to examine the motivations of these parents and assess the potential ramifications of their decisions. While providing their children with a diverse school environment is a major consideration for these families, the process by which they select schools may, in the aggregate, contribute to an increase in racial segregation across the district as a whole.
Spherical antenna design for satellite communications

The paper describes a project to determine and model a performance baseline for a satellite communication system concept. It is expected to improve communication capabilities while maintaining low operational cost using a newly proposed antenna system. The system will consist of a large, stationary spherical reflector fed by multiple, steerable feeds. The size of the reflector will improve signal gain and resolvability of individual signals. This paper will use a derivation of far field solutions for spherical shaped current sources. These solutions will be used to look at the interaction between current distributions on the reflector and the resulting EM field distributions. This will allow for estimation of the beam quality of the system as a function of the reflector geometry, and feed illumination. Other methods may be applied as needed to determine the feed systems. This may include ray-tracing code for reflector based systems, and numerical simulations for phased array systems.
Supraventricular pacemaker activity in the canine heart: contributions from HCN channels in control conditions and in a model of heart failure.

See also article by Zicha et al. [1] (the Nattel Research Group) (pages 472–481) in this issue. An interesting and clearly presented paper from the Nattel Research Group [1] in this volume of Cardiovascular Research provides new evidence for the expression of three isoforms of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels (HCN) in the sinoatrial node and atria of the adult canine heart. These measurements have been made under control conditions, and in the setting of a model of congestive heart failure–tachycardia-induced sinus node dysfunction. A major premise of this study is that although it is well-known that transmembrane ionic currents generated by HCN ion channels contribute to pacemaker activity, there appear to be significant species differences, and little information on this topic is available for the canine heart. The adult canine is a useful model for making control measurements and then studying selected pathophysiological paradigms which may be relevant to human clinical cardiac electrophysiology and to heart failure [2–5]. The immunohistochemical, molecular, and protein biochemical analyses in this paper show that in this canine model, myocytes from within the sinoatrial node region express the isoforms of this current which have been denoted HCN1, HCN2, and HCN4, with HCN2 and HCN4 predominating. Under control conditions, somewhat similar patters of results are obtained from the right atrium. Interestingly, however, in preparations from animals in which congestive heart failure was induced by overdrive pacing, the pattern of HCN expression in the sinoatrial node showed a …
Regulation of P-450 4A activity in the glomerulus of the rat.

We recently reported that an enzyme of the cytochrome P-450 4A family is expressed in the glomerulus, but there is no evidence that 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) can be produced by this...
Hurdles to Investment

Empirical research on international trade and investment has found that religion and culture affect economic interaction between countries even though these factors are not directly related to investment. Factors such as culture and religion may affect investment by providing information about someone's type or their likely behavior in an investment environment. Rather than relying on empirical measures of information and its effects, I adopt an experimental approach to test if information from an unrelated environment affects investment. To study if people use information from an unrelated environment, I design an experiment in which subjects learn about how another person played in multiple rounds of a prisoner's dilemma and then decide how much money to invest with this person. Investing money with another person increases its value, but the other person must return money to the investor for the investment to be profitable. In this set up the prisoner's dilemma is analogous to culture or religion, because information from a prisoner's dilemma is not directly related to the investment decision. The experiment allows me to test if information from one environment affects behavior in a different environment. The results of the experiment show that players invest significantly less when they are matched to a player who defects frequently in the prisoner's dilemma. This suggests that information from an unrelated environment can indeed affect investment behavior. My results provide insight into how information can affect investment between countries.
Mechanical Instability of Aorta due to Intraluminal Pressure

Dynamic mechanical instability in aorta due to intraluminal pressure may result in a buckling-type deformation and an increase in the pressure-induced tissue stresses and strains. The stability behavior of thoracic aorta was investigated with two boundary conditions that represented two extreme cases of in vivo constraints. The pinned–pinned boundary condition (PPBC) resulted in a decoupled system of equations while the equations for the clamped–clamped boundary condition (CCBC) were coupled. The stability regions around a physiological reference point were generated and the effects of variations in loading and geometric parameters were studied. In CCBC, the critical intraluminal pressures were higher by a factor of two to four compared to PPBC. The highest critical pressures remained below the peak aortic pressures that occur in motor vehicle accidents, which confirmed that mechanical instability can be a mechanism contributing to traumatic injury and rupture of aorta.
The Gluon emission model for hadron production revisited

Abstract Based upon a work published in 1985, we revisit a model in which vector mesons arise by virtue of quark spin-flip with accompanying gluon emission. In the 1985 article the above model was introduced within the context of hadron pair production in uniform magnetic fields. In the present work we apply said model to the much simpler context of colliding beams. Twenty-one years ago the model was employed to theoretically determine the widths of the J and the ϒ mesons. We found at that time reasonable agreements with experiment, but only if the charge on the charm quark (qc) had magnitude 1/3 and that of the bottom quark (qb), 2/3, whereas the literature at that time established |qc| = 2/3 and |qb| = 1/3, thus putting forth an apparent conflict between the theoretical gluon emission model and experiment. Twenty years later, moreover, firm evidence is well in place that |qc| = 2/3 and |qb| = 1/3 – that, in other words, the apparent conflict mentioned above stems from either an error in the cons...
An Old Tool Reexamined Using the Star Power Simulation to Teach Social Inequality

This study examined the effectiveness of the Star Power simulation for teaching stratification and inequality to students of the net generation. The data for this study were obtained through the use of survey methodology and content analysis of 126 course papers from introductory sociology classes. Papers were analyzed for identification and application of class concepts, recommendation of the simulation, and perceived value of the simulation as a learning tool. Analysis of data revealed 100 percent of students found Star Power worthwhile, and 98 percent recommended it be used in future classes. The most common concepts students linked with their simulation experience were inequality, stratification, and social structure. Finally, six themes were identified illustrating students’ perceived value of the simulation.
Inherited renal cystic diseases

A number of inherited renal diseases present with renal cysts and often lead to end-stage renal disease. With recent advances in genetics, increasing number of genes and mutations have been associated with cystic renal diseases. Although genetic testing can provide a definite diagnosis, it is often reserved for equivocal cases or for ongoing investigational research. Therefore, imaging findings are essential in the routine diagnosis, follow-up, and detection of complications in patients with inherited cystic renal diseases. In this article, the most recent classification, genetic analysis, clinical presentations, and imaging findings of inherited cystic renal diseases will be discussed.
Deconstructing and constructing innate immune functions using molecular sensors and actuators

White blood cells such as neutrophils and macrophages are made competent for chemotaxis and phagocytosis — the dynamic cellular behaviors that are hallmarks of their innate immune functions — by the reorganization of complex biological circuits during differentiation. Conventional loss-of-function approaches have revealed that more than 100 genes participate in these cellular functions, and we have begun to understand the intricate signaling circuits that are built up from these gene products. We now appreciate: (1) that these circuits come in a variety of flavors — so that we can make a distinction between genetic circuits, metabolic circuits and signaling circuits; and (2) that they are usually so complex that the assumption of multiple feedback loops, as well as that of crosstalk between seemingly independent pathways, is now routine. It has not escaped our notice, however, that just as physicists and electrical engineers have long been able to disentangle complex electric circuits simply by repetitive cycles of probing and measuring electric currents using a voltmeter, we might similarly be able to dissect these intricate biological circuits by incorporating equivalent approaches in the fields of cell biology and bioengineering. Existing techniques in biology for probing individual circuit components are unfortunately lacking, so that the overarching goal of drawing an exact circuit diagram for the whole cell — complete with kinetic parameters for connections between individual circuit components — is not yet in near sight. My laboratory and others have thus begun the development of a new series of molecular tools that can measurably investigate the circuit connectivity inside living cells, as if we were doing so on a silicon board. In these proceedings, I will introduce some of these techniques, provide examples of their implementation, and offer a perspective on directions moving forward.
Regionale Chemotherapie maligner Tumoren

Therapeutische und toxische Wirkung von Amethopterin und 5-Fluor-2′-desoxyuridin, verabreicht als intraarterielle Dauerinfusion, wurden bei 48 Kranken mit inoperablen bosartigen Geschwulsten der Ober- und Unterkieferregion, der Mundhohle, der Zunge, des Nasopharynx und der Cervix untersucht. Zeichen von Toxicitat an normalen Geweben sprachen dafur, das im infundierten Gebiet eine zumindest geringgradig hohere Gewebskonzentration vorlag als im ubrigen Organismus. Eine eindrucksvolle partielle Regression, insbesondere von Plattenepithelcarcinomen, wurde in mehreren Fallen beobachtet. Technische Schwierigkeiten mit den intraarteriellen Dauerkathetern werden erortert.
Is it Really Easier to Imagine the end of the World than the end of Industrial Meat

The food system is a major contributor to climate change, with livestock production accounting for a large percentage. Reducing the consumption of meat and dairy products can significantly reduce g...
Alkyne Benzannulation Reactions for the Synthesis of Novel Aromatic Architectures.

ConspectusAromatic compounds and polymers are integrated into organic field effect transistors, light-emitting diodes, photovoltaic devices, and redox-flow batteries. These compounds and materials feature increasingly complex designs, and substituents influence energy levels, bandgaps, solution conformation, and crystal packing, all of which impact performance. However, many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of interest are difficult to prepare because their substitution patterns lie outside the scope of current synthetic methods, as strategies for functionalizing benzene are often unselective when applied to naphthalene or larger systems. For example, cross-coupling and nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions rely on prefunctionalized arenes, and even directed metalation methods most often modify positions near Lewis basic sites. Similarly, electrophilic aromatic substitutions access single regioisomers under substrate control. Cycloadditions provide a convergent route to densely functionalized aroma...
Resistance to PS II Inhibitor Herbicides

In 1970, Ryan (Ryan, 1970) reported that a population of Senecio vulgaris (L.) was not controlled by recommended rates of simazine in a conifer nursery in Washington state (USA). Since this first report, resistance to photosystem II (PS II) inhibitor herbicides has become widespread. In terms of numbers of species, triazine resistance is the most prevalent type of herbicide resistance found in weeds (Holt and LeBaron, 1990; LeBaron, 1991; LeBaron and MacFarland, 1990). The most recent worldwide survey of herbicide resistance, which was conducted in 1989, indicated that there were 57 weed species with biotypes resistant to triazine herbicides (LeBaron, 1991). In the majority of cases, resistance to PS II-inhibiting herbicides is due to a modification at the target site, the DI protein of the PS II reaction center (Trebst, 1991). Since the mid-1980’s, there have been increasing reports of resistance to PS II inhibitors due to enhanced herbicide detoxification (Burnet et al., 1993a,b; Gronwald et al., 1989; Hoagland et al., this volume; Kemp et al., 1990; Leah et al., 1994).
An all-digital CMOS ambient light sensor using a single photon avalanche diode

Ambient light sensors are increasingly used in low-power and portable devices to provide real-time response to changing light conditions, from modulating screen brightness to detecting user proximity. These sensors typically use an array of reverse-biased photodiodes coupled to an analog front-end and digitization circuits. In this work, we present an all-digital ambient light sensor, which leverages the pulse-based output of a CMOS-integrated single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD). Using only simple digital circuits to detect and count pulses minimizes circuit area and power. By limiting light reaching the SPAD using a metal filter structure, the detector operates across a broad ambient light range without saturation. Sensitivity is sufficient to enable sensing from a single SPAD device, resulting in further area savings. Measured performance from a fabricated 130 nm CMOS circuit implementation is provided, demonstrating operation in ambient light from 100–25,000 lux with less than 125 microwatts of active power consumption.
When religion hurts: Supervising cases of religious abuse

Clients who present in therapy having experienced abuse at the hands of a religious leader or religious community present a unique set of challenges for a therapist. Therapists treating such cases ...
Evaluating Personalized Feedback Intervention Framing with a Randomized Controlled Trial to Reduce Young Adult Alcohol-Related Sexual Risk Taking.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate personalized feedback intervention (PFI) framing with two web-delivered PFIs aimed to reduce young adult alcohol-related risky sexual behavior (RSB). Combined PFIs typically use an additive approach whereby independent components on drinking and components on RSB are presented without the discussion of the influence of alcohol on RSB. In contrast, an integrated PFI highlights the RSB-alcohol connection by presenting integrated alcohol and RSB components that focus on the role of intoxication as a barrier to risk reduction in sexual situations. In a randomized controlled trial, 402 (53.98% female) sexually active young adults aged 18–25 were randomly assigned to a combined PFI, an integrated PFI, or attention control. All assessment and intervention procedures were web-based. At the 1-month follow-up, those randomly assigned to the integrated condition had a lower likelihood of having any casual sex partners compared to those in the control group. At the 6-month follow-up, the combined condition had a lower likelihood of having any casual sex partners compared to those in the control group. When examining alcohol-related RSB, at the 1-month follow-up, both interventions showed a lower likelihood of any drinking prior to sex compared to the control group. When examining alcohol-related sexual consequences, results showed a reduction in the non-zero count of consequences in the integrated condition compared to the control at the 1-month follow-up. For typical drinks per week, those in the combined condition showed a greater reduction in the non-zero count of drinks than those in the control condition at the 1-month follow-up. While there were no significant differences between the two interventions, the current findings highlight the utility of two efficacious web-based alcohol and RSB interventions among a national sample of at-risk young adults.
Endovascular Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism

Acute pulmonary embolism can result in high rates of morbidity and mortality. Traditional treatments for pulmonary embolism such as systemic thrombolysis and surgical thrombectomy are associated with high complication rates. Advances in endovascular therapy have allowed for usage of minimally invasive approaches such as catheter-directed thrombolysis, aspiration thrombectomy, and pharmacomechanical thrombectomy in the treatment of acute pulmonary embolism. These therapies may provide similar hemodynamic improvement to traditional techniques while decreasing risks of serious complications. Acute pulmonary embolism is classified into low, intermediate, and high-risk presentations based on the presence or absence of hemodynamic instability, clinical risk factors, and biomarkers or imaging evidence of right ventricular dysfunction. Patients with high and intermediate-high risk presentations may benefit from intervention, but the risks of complications including intracranial hemorrhage must be taken into account when determining the type of intervention. Catheter-directed interventions have demonstrated good clinical success and excellent published safety profiles, but head-to-head comparisons of different interventional techniques have not been well studied. Further study of catheter-directed interventions and their effect on short- and long-term physiologic, functional, and quality-of-life outcomes is needed.
The past and prognosis of mining cessation impact on river sediment pollution

Remediation of mine sites is often aimed at reduction of river pollution after cessation of mining activity. However, the effects of these works overlap natural attenuation processes and their efficiency cannot be recognized well without detailed studies of the fluvial environment. The aim of the study is to predict changes of channel sediment pollution in rivers affected by mine sites after their rehabilitation, planned after mining cessation. This study utilizes data on sediment pollution in three rivers polluted by lead-zinc mining, sampled over a time span of over 20 years in southern Poland. The former and the present pollution levels have been compared between the Biala Przemsza and Sztola Rivers continuously influenced by mine waters and the Chechlo River where mining has ceased. The observed changes in sediment pollution in the three catchments have been interpreted in terms of the impact of mining cessation on sediment pollution and the observed rate of the pollution changes in the past, reconstructed also from reservoir sediments. In the drainage basins of the Chechlo River, a mine has been closed and the rapid drop in metal concentrations in channel, and reservoir sediments was observed within a few years. In the other two drainage basins where lead-zinc mines still operate, the metal concentrations remained at the same level. Based on the similar catchment and pollution characteristics, a drop in metal concentration in these two rivers is expected soon after ore exhaustion. Nonetheless, considering the large contamination of soils and overbank sediments in the three drainage basins due to a long mining history, the drop will be followed by a very long period when their concentrations are raised above a permissible level. The study has shown that the natural fluvial attenuation processes can decrease heavy metal concentrations in channels cut in fine-grained alluvia within a few years after mine closure by one order of magnitude but the rate of the decrease depends on the frequency and magnitude of floods which will take place after mining cessation. Efforts made to mitigate pollution at mine sites may not be as efficient as fluvial processes to rapidly decrease channel sediment pollution below permissible levels.
Reframing and addressing horizontal violence as a workplace quality improvement concern.

Aim To reframe horizontal violence as a quality improvement concern. Background Although the number of studies exploring horizontal violence has increased, evidence supporting the effectiveness of current interventions is weak and the problem persists. Often framed as an individual or interpersonal issue, horizontal violence has been recognized as a complex phenomenon that can only be understood through an examination of social, individual and organizational factors. As such, interventions to address horizontal violence must be applied systemically and address contributions from all sources. Design This is a discussion paper. Data sources This discussion is based on results of a study of nurses' perceptions of horizontal violence and review of the literature. Implications for nursing Context is recognized as a contributing factor in human behavior, yet often overlooked in interventions to address horizontal violence. Moving the focus away from the individual and investigating systems contributions to horizontal violence using existing quality improvement frameworks is suggested. Conclusion To date, efforts to address horizontal violence have not been proven effective. There is a call for a wider application and investigation of interventions. This reframing provides the system level application suggested and would address a broader range of factors contributing to the perpetuation of the phenomenon.
Semi-dual approximations in optimal control

Tight error estimates are derived for finite element approximations to convex control problems with state and control constraints.
Development and validation of models to predict personal ventilation rate for air pollution research.

Air pollution intake represents the amount of pollution inhaled into the body and may be calculated by multiplying an individual’s ventilation rate with the concentration of pollutant present in their breathing zone. Ventilation rate is difficult to measure directly, and methods for estimating ventilation rate (and intake) are lacking. Therefore, the goal of this work was to examine how well linear models using heart rate and other basic physiologic data can predict personal ventilation rate. We measured personal ventilation and heart rate among a panel of subjects (n = 36) while they conducted a series of specified routine tasks of varying exertion levels. From these data, 136 candidate models were identified using a series of variable transformation and selection algorithms. A second “free‑living” validation study (n = 26) served as an independent validation dataset for these candidate models. The top‑performing model, which included heart rate (Hr), resting heart rate (Hrest), age, sex, and hip circumference and interactions between sex with Hr, Hrest, age, and hip predicted ventilation rate (Ve) to within 11% and 33% for moderate (Ve = 45 L/min) and low (Ve = 15 L/min) intensity activities, respectively, based on the validation study. Many of the promising candidate models performed substantially worse under independent validation. Our results indicate that while measures of air pollution exposure and intake are highly correlated within tasks for a given individual, this correlation decreases substantially across tasks (i.e., as individuals go about a series of typical daily activities). This discordance between exposure and intake may influence exposure‑response estimates in epidemiological studies. New air pollution studies should consider the trade‑offs between the predictive ability of intake models and the error potentially introduced by not accounting for ventilation rate.
Decoding the Function of Expansion Segments in Ribosomes.

Expansion segments (ESs) are enigmatic insertions within the eukaryotic ribosome, the longest of which resemble tentacle-like extensions that vary in length and sequence across evolution, with a largely unknown function. By selectively engineering rRNA in yeast, we find that one of the largest ESs, ES27L, has an unexpected function in translation fidelity. Ribosomes harboring a deletion in the distal portion of ES27L have increased amino acid misincorporation, as well as readthrough and frameshifting errors. By employing quantitative mass spectrometry, we further find that ES27L acts as an RNA scaffold to facilitate binding of a conserved enzyme, methionine amino peptidase (MetAP). We show that MetAP unexpectedly controls the accuracy of ribosome decoding, which is coupled to an increase in its enzymatic function through its interaction with ES27L. These findings reveal that variable ESs of the ribosome serve important functional roles and act as platforms for the binding of proteins that modulate translation across evolution.
Lowering contact resistance of graphene FETs with capacitive extension of ohmic contacts for enhanced RF performance

In this work, we propose a novel Graphene field effect transistor (GFET) with ohmic Source/Drain contacts having capacitive extension towards the Gate. The ohmic contacts of the proposed GFET are used for DC biasing as like as conventional GFETs whereas their extended parts which are capacitively coupled to the channel reduce access region length as well as the access resistance and provide a low impedance route for the high frequency RF signal. Reduction of access resistance along with the paralleling of ohmic contact resistance and real part of capacitive impedance result in an overall lower Source/Drain resistance which eventually increases the current gain cut-off frequency, f T . We have studied and compared the DC and RF characteristics of the baseline conventional GFET and proposed GFET using analytical and numerical techniques.
Morbidity after tonsillectomy in children with autism spectrum disorders.

Abstract Objectives As the incidence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) increases, otolaryngologists are more likely to encounter patients from this population during tonsillectomy. The purpose of this study was to examine whether outcomes differ between pediatric patients with and without ASD in a national cohort of children undergoing tonsillectomy. Understanding these differences may be used to inform future approaches to improve clinical outcomes and healthcare costs. Methods Data for this study were obtained from the Kids Inpatient Database (KID) of the Healthcare Cost Utilization Project. We studied pediatric patients who underwent tonsillectomy during 2003, 2006, 2009, and 2012. Tonsillectomy was identified using ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes 28.2 (tonsillectomy without adenoidectomy) and 28.3 (tonsillectomy with adenoidectomy). ASD was identified using ICD-9-CM diagnosis code 299 (autism). Outcomes including complications, length of hospital stay, and total hospitalization costs. Analyses were performed using multivariable models. Propensity score matching was used to control for covariate imbalance between patients with and without ASD. Results In our sample of 27,040 patients, 322 (1.2%) had a diagnosis of ASD. After controlling for potential confounders, multivariable modeling suggested patients with ASD had a shorter LOS of 0.50 days (p Conclusion Although ASD alone does not appear to confer additional costs or morbidity, differences between children with and without ASD suggest the need for providers to address patients with ASD uniquely.
Indication of Measures of Uncertainty for Statistical Significance in Abstracts of Published Oncology Trials: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Importance There is growing consensus that reliance onPvalues, particularly a cutoff level of .05 for statistical significance, is a factor in the challenges in scientific reproducibility. Despite this consensus, publications describing clinical trial results withPvalues near .05 anecdotally use declarative statements that do not express uncertainty. Objectives To quantify uncertainty expression in abstracts describing the results of cancer randomized clinical trials (RCTs) withPvalues between .01 and .10 and examine whether trial features are associated with uncertainty expression. Data Sources A total of 5777 prospective trials indexed on HemOnc.org, as of September 15, 2019. Study Selection Two-arm RCTs with a superiority end point withPvalues between .01 and .10. Data Extraction and Synthesis Abstracts were evaluated based on an uncertainty expression algorithm. Ordinal logistic regression modeling with multiple imputation was performed to identify whether characteristics of study design, results, trial authors, and context were associated with uncertainty expression.Pvalues were normalized by dividing by prespecified α value. Main Outcomes and Measures Uncertainty expression in abstracts as determined by the algorithm and its association with trial and publication characteristics. Results Of 5777 trials screened, 556 met analysis criteria. Of these, 222 trials (39.9%) did not express uncertainty, 161 trials (29.0%) expressed some uncertainty, and 173 trials (31.1%) expressed full uncertainty. In ordinal logistic regression with multiple imputation, trial features with statistically significant associations with uncertainty expression included later year of publication (odds ratio [OR], 1.70; 95% CI, 1.24-2.32;P Conclusions and Relevance Published oncology articles with marginally significant results may often incompletely convey uncertainty. Although it appears that more uncertainty is expressed in recent abstracts, full uncertainty expression remains uncommon, and seemingly is less common when reporting overall survival, results withPvalues lower than α levels, and cooperative group studies.
Nambu–Dirac Structures for Lie Algebroids

The theory of Nambu–Poisson structures on manifolds is extended to the context of Lie algebroids in a natural way based on the derived bracket associated with the Lie algebroid differential. A new way of combining Nambu–Poisson structures and triangular Lie bialgebroids is described in this work. Also, we introduce the concept of a higher order Dirac structure on a Lie algebroid. This allows to describe both Nambu–Poisson structures and Dirac structures on manifolds in the same setting.
“Fair” Bianca and “Brown” Kate: Shakespeare and the Mixed-Race Family in José Esquea's The Taming of the Shrew

This essay explores the world of a new production of The Taming of the Shrew, still in the earliest stages of development, that will employ non-traditional casting and re-envision Katharina (“as brown in hue / as hazelnuts”), “fair” Bianca, and their father Baptista as members of a mixed-race family. The production is conceptualized, cast, and rehearsed under the guidance of Jose Esquea, producer/director of the Sonadores Productions Shakespeare series (formerly of Teatro LATEA), a classical theater group that features Latinx, African American and Asian American actors, and mixed-ability casting (the combination of professional and amateur actors from the community).
Association of Blood Pressure Responses to Submaximal Exercise in Midlife With the Incidence of Cardiovascular Outcomes and All‐Cause Mortality: The Framingham Heart Study

Background Few studies examined the associations of midlife blood pressure (BP) responses to submaximal exercise with the risk of cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in later life. Methods and Re...
The situation on prevention and control of drinking-water-type endemic fluorosis in the diseased areas and the monitoring results of dental fluorosis in children in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from 2013 to 2016

Objective To understand the operating condition of water-improvement projects and the prevalence trends of dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12 in drinking-water-type fluorosis areas in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (Inner Mongolia), and to evaluate the effectiveness of control measures. Methods In 2013 - 2016, ten counties were sampled from all fluorosis counties in Inner Mongolia, and 3 villages were then sampled as fixed monitoring villages in each selected county. The monitored villages were divided into 3 groups according to the condition whether the village had improved water quality, the project operating condition and whether the fluorine content of water was qualified. The operating condition of water-improvement projects, the fluorine content of water and the prevalence of dental fluorosis of all children aged 8 to 12 were investigated. Results Both the number of water improvement-projects (22, 22, 23 and 24 projects) and the number of villages with water-improvement projects (22, 23, 24 and 26 villages) were increased from 2013 to 2016, the normal operation rates of water-improvement projects were 90.91% (20/22) - 95.83% (23/24). The water fluoride content was compared among qualified water-improved villages, unqualified water-improved villages and water-unimproved villages [(0.83 ± 0.27), (1.77 ± 0.72), (2.31 ± 1.02) mg/L], the differences were statistically significant (F = 60.889, P < 0.05), the water fluorosis content of qualified water-improved villages was lower than that of unqualified water-improved villages and water-unimproved villages, respectively (P < 0.05). The detection rate of children's dental fluorosis was compared among the 3 groups [21.48% (441/2 053), 48.68% (240/493), 37.02% (308/832)], the differences were statistically significant (χ2= 171.889, P < 0.05), the detection rate of children's dental fluorosis of qualified water-improved villages was lower than that of unqualified water-improved villages and water-unimproved villages, respectively (P < 0.01). Conclusion The prevalence of children's dental fluorosis in Inner Mongolia has been controlled to some degree, and the water-improvement projects that in good working condition play an important role in prevention and control of dental fluorosis. Key words: Fluorosis, dental; Child; Epidemiological monitoring
Digest: Floral evolution through the lens of the community context*

How do emergent properties of natural plant communities affect floral evolution? In this issue, Eisen et al. explored this question by studying selection on floral traits in natural communities of Clarkia species. They found that two community properties, namely congeneric species richness and floral density (of conspecifics and heterospecifics), influenced the patterns of selection, although not through the expected means of pollinator-mediated selection. Instead, the authors suggest that additional factors like competition and facilitation between plants are responsible. The results support the hypothesis that, beside pollinators, other factors of the community context can also determine floral evolution.
CYBER-PHYSICAL SECURITY OF AIR TRAFFIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS

Cyber-physical system security is a significant concern in the critical infrastructure. Strong interdependencies between cyber and physical components render cyber-physical systems highly susceptible to integrity attacks such as injecting malicious data and projecting fake sensor measurements. Traditional security models partition cyber-physical systems into just two domains – high and low. This absolute partitioning is not well suited to cyber-physical systems because they comprise multiple overlapping partitions. Information flow properties, which model how inputs to a system affect its outputs across security partitions, are important considerations in cyber-physical systems. Information flows support traceability analysis that helps detect vulnerabilities and anomalous sources, contributing to the implementation of mitigation measures.
Localizing Fractional Quasiparticles on Graphene Quantum Hall Antidots

We report localization of fractional quantum Hall (QH) quasiparticles on graphene antidots. By studying coherent tunneling through the localized QH edge modes on the antidot, we measured the QH quasiparticle charges to be approximately ±e/3 at fractional fillings of ν=±1/3. The Dirac spectrum in graphene allows large energy scales and robust quasiparticle localization against thermal excitation. The capability of localizing fractional quasiparticles on QH antidots brings promising opportunities for realizing anyon braiding and novel quantum electronics.