cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Empirically Violated Treatments: Disenfranchisement of Humanistic and Other Psychotherapies

It is argued that the criteria for “empirically validated treatments” are restrictive and scientifically unjustified, could disenfranchise therapies which do not share the Division 12 task force's assumptions about the nature of psychotherapy, and will stifle psychological research. The criteria are based on a medical-like meta-model of psychotherapy designed to appeal to the managed-care market, but are inappropriate for therapies whose primary focus is not to “cure disorder.” We argue that empirical support for a therapy should include research based on methods compatible with the assumptions of the therapy, in particular on what it means to say that a given therapy “works.” Neither manualization nor the requirement of targeting therapy for treating specific disorders necessarily fit with humanistic assumptions. Natural science methodology also should not be privileged over human science methodology. Under criteria other than those of the task force there is considerable empirical support for humanistic...
A dynamical basis for crustal deformation and seismotectonic block movements in central Europe

The stress field in the earth's crust as inferred from satellite gravity data causes crustal deformation and seismotectonic block movements in central Europe. The satellite-determined stresses in the crust of central Europe are consistent with earthquake focal mechanisms, joint-orientation and in situ stress measurements.
The effects of angiotensin II, saralasin, and furosemide on inactive renin in the fetal lamb.

Summary: The effects of angiotensin II, saralasin, and furosemide on plasma prorenin (inactive renin, cryoactivated, and trypsin activated) were studied in the fetal lamb. Cryorenin and trypsin-activated renin decreased from 4.0 ±1.0 ng/ml/hr of plasma renin activity (PRA) and 7.3 ± 1.0 to 0.05 ± 0.01 and 1.7 ± 1.0 (P ≤0.01), respectively, after 15 min of angiotensin II infusion; active renin did not statistically decrease. Cryoactivated and trypsin-activated renin increased from 2.2 ± 0.5 ng/ml/hr (mean ± S.E.) and 4.9 ± 0.9 of PRA to 4.6 ± 1.0 and 8.5 ± 1.5, respectively, after 30 min (P ≤0.05) of the saralasin (10 μg/kg/min) infusion, whereas active renin showed no change. Furosemide increased cryorenin and trypsin-activated renin in parallel to active renin from 2.9 ± 1.1 ng/ml/hr and 6.9 ± 1.5 of PRA to 5.0 ± 1.0 and 11.2 ± 1.5 at 65 min, respectively (P ≤0.05). These data show that prorenin levels are high in the fetal lamb, angiotensin II can inhibit prorenin but not renin, and a negative feedback loop exists between angiotensin II and prorenin, but not renin. Speculation: There are inconsistent responses of prorenin and active renin to stimuli which control active renin secretion in the fetal Iamb. Does prorenln have a discrete secretion control mechanism separate from renin and play a role in the fetus?
Meeting report: Ocean ’omics science, technology and cyberinfrastructure: current challenges and future requirements (August 20–23, 2013)

The National Science Foundation’s EarthCube End User Workshop was held at USC Wrigley Marine Science Center on Catalina Island, California in August 2013. The workshop was designed to explore and characterize the needs and tools available to the community that is focusing on microbial and physical oceanography research with a particular emphasis on ’omic research. The assembled researchers outlined the existing concerns regarding the vast data resources that are being generated, and how we will deal with these resources as their volume and diversity increases. Particular attention was focused on the tools for handling and analyzing the existing data, on the need for the construction and curation of diverse federated databases, as well as development of shared, interoperable, “big-data capable” analytical tools. The key outputs from this workshop include (i) critical scientific challenges and cyber infrastructure constraints, (ii) the current and future ocean ’omics science grand challenges and questions, and (iii) data management, analytical and associated and cyber-infrastructure capabilities required to meet critical current and future scientific challenges. The main thrust of the meeting and the outcome of this report is a definition of the ’omics tools, technologies and infrastructures that facilitate continued advance in ocean science biology, marine biogeochemistry, and biological oceanography.
Quantitation of in situ hybridization of ribosomal ribonucleic acids to human diploid cells.

The hybridization of 5S and 28S ribosomal RNAs to human fibroblast and leukocyte cells was used as a model system to quantitate the technique of in situ hybridization for human diploid cell types. Quantitation consisted of counting (scoring) the number of grains formed over both interphase nuclei and metaphase chromosomes on slides after various hybridization procedures. The average number of grains/nucleus per slide was then used to determine hybridization percentages. As with nitrocellulose filter hybridizations the kinetics of in situ hybridizations can be fit with a single first-order rate constant. However, the in situ hybridization rate was approximately 10 times slower than the corresponding filter hybridization rate. The efficiency of in situ hybridization was found to range between 5 and 15% for both leukocyte and fibroblast cell types and for both metaphase and interphase nuclei. Determination of the parameters of the in situ hybridization reaction of ribosomal RNAs to diploid chromosomes define the experimental conditions needed for the localization of single copy genes to diploid chromosomes.
Human Stem Cell Ethics: Beyond the Embryo

Human embryonic stem cell research has elicited powerful debates about the morality of destroying human embryos. However, there are important ethical issues related to stem cell research that are unrelated to embryo destruction. These include particular issues involving different types of cells used, the procurement of such cells, in vivo use of stem cells, intellectual property, and conflicts of interest.
Effects of 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin injected into the yolks of double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) eggs prior to incubation

Double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) eggs were injected with either 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (polychlorinated biphenyl [PCB] 126; 70-698 μg/kg egg) or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD; 1.3-11.7 μg/kg egg) prior to incubation. These compounds were injected into the yolks of cormorant eggs collected from incomplete clutches at isolated colonies on Lake Winnipegosis, Manitoba, Canada. Eggs were incubated for approximately 26 to 28 d. After hatching the brain, bursa, heart, liver, and spleen were dissected and weighed. Torsos were preserved in formalin for examination of the gonads. Median lethal doses (LD50s) calculated from mortality data at hatching were 177 and 4.0 μg/kg egg for PCB 126 and TCDD, respectively. No significant differences were found in the incidence of developmental abnormalities in any of the treatment groups. Bursa weights were significantly less in the greatest (11.7 μg/kg egg) TCDD group compared to the vehicle control group. Spleen weights were significantly less in the 349 μg PCB 126/kg egg and the 5.4 and 11.7 μg TCDD/kg egg groups when compared to the vehicle control group. No histological alterations of the gonads were found. Hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity in all PCB 126 and TCDD dose groups was significantly greater compared to the control activity. The toxic equivalency factor for PCB 126 was 0.02.
The overtraining reversal effect in rats: a function of task difficulty.

Two experiments were conducted with rats. The first study showed that in the T-maze a brightness discrimination learning problem was more difficult than a spatial learning problem, but in a Ross-maze a brightness problem was less difficult than a spatial task. T-maze brightness and Ross-maze spatial tasks were found to be of equal difficulty. In the second experiment rats were trained either on a brightness or spatial discrimination reversal problem in the Ross-maze. It was found that overtraining facilitated reversal performance in the spatial task but not in the brightness problem. The theoretical implications of these results were discussed. Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, Mississippi
Variation in culture, isoenzyme patterns and plastid DNA in the genusDaucus

SUMMARY To identify markers for fusion and transformation studies, cell suspension cultures of four members of the Daucus genus were examined to determine differences in culture conditions, isoenzyme patterns, and plastid DNA. The four were: D. carota subsp. sativus cv. Danvers, D. carota subsp. gummifer, D. capillifolius, and D. pusillus. Under appropriate conditions, all four grew well as liquid cell suspension cultures and regenerated from protoplasts into plants. Enzyme activities of homoserine dehydrogenase (HSDH) and alcohol dehydrogenase from cell culture extracts were analyzed on electrophoretic gels. Although only one form of HSDH was present in each Daucus line, the rate of migration of HSDH from cv. Danvers was different from that of the other cell lines. Multiple isoenzymic forms of ADH were present in each Daucus cultivar. Comparison of endonuclease restriction fragment patterns from plastid DNAs digested by BamHI revealed only small differences between plastid DNAs of cv. Danvers and subsp. gummifer, whereas large differences were observed between cv. Danvers and D. pusillus plastid DNA patterns. No differences were found between cv. Danvers and D. capillifolius plastid DNA patterns when examined using eight different restriction enzymes. The data indicate that specific isoenzyme and organelle DNA restriction fragment patterns will be useful markers for precise identification of genomes of different
The X1Σ+, A1Π, and B1Σ+ potential energy curves and spectroscopy of BH

Abstract The RKR and hybrid potential energy curves have been constructed for the X 1 Σ + , A 1 Π, and B 1 Σ + states of BH. The radiative transition probabilities between the A 1 Π and X 1 Σ + states have also been obtained. The predicted laser-induced fluorescence spectra corresponding to one argon ion laser line coincidence and one krypton ion laser line coincidence are also presented for the A 1 Π → X 1 Σ + transition.
Certificates for added/special qualifications. Status report and implications for the field.

The issues and mechanisms of accreditation and certification are often confusing to physiatrists. These complex relationships are not clearly defined, usually are not taught in most residency training programs. It is the goal of this article to distinguish between the processes of accreditation and certification and to discuss the generic issues of special and added qualifications as they relate to Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Conjugation lengths in long polyene chains

Abstract Since the low energy absorption spectrum of a linear polyene is dominated by the strongly allowed 1 1 A g → 1 1 B u transition (S 0 → S 2 ), it can be reconstructed for any chain length if the 0-0 band excitation energy, the band profile, and intensity are known. This makes it possible to use information developed in high resolution experiments on well-defined linear polyenes to extract the distribution of effective conjugation lengths in an ensemble of long molecular chains from solution absorption spectra. A previously published analysis of absorption spectra of solutions of long polyenes showed that the longer the molecular chain, the more short conjugation lengths contribute to the conjugation length distribution. This is consistent with a simple statistical model which is reviewed here and used to calculate ensemble averages for powers of conjugation length.
International survey of training and certification in physical medicine and rehabilitation.

Abstract Brandstater ME. International survey of training and certification in physical medicine and rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81:1234-5. © 2000 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Certification processes and models to measure professional competence (recertification) among physiatrists are issues facing medical specialty boards in most countries where boards accredit specialists in physical medicine and rehabilitation. In the interest of discussing certification and recertification standards generally—with an eye on learning from the systems established across the globe—the American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (ABPMR) convened a meeting on November 13, 1999, in Washington, DC. The meeting was chaired by Joel DeLisa with Murray Brandstater, Jay Subbarao, and Nic Walsh serving as the organizing committee. The meeting focused specifically on (1) how the training procedures and (re)certification processes in rehabilitation medicine in different countries could lead to better practices and (2) how the community of rehabilitation medicine could collaborate more fully. The collection of articles appearing here derive from presentations given at the ABPMR meeting and offer insights from the United States, Great Britain and Europe, Australia and New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, Philippines, Israel, and Canada. It begins with a discussion of a 1999 international survey of all countries with established programs in physical medicine and rehabilitation. On behalf of the meeting organizers, I would like to thank all participants for their time and commitment to this project. Nicolas E. Walsh, MD
Alpha-particle pickup on rare-earth nuclei with the (d, 6Li) reaction at 35 MeV

Abstract Spectra and angular distributions have been measured for the (d, 6Li) reaction on 138Ba, 140, 142Ce, 142, 144, 146Nd, 144, 148, 150, 154Sm and 166Er using 35 MeV deuterons and magnetic analysis. Good agreement between measured and calculated angular distributions was obtained employing one-step zero-range distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) theory with α-cluster wave functions. Alpha-particle spectroscopic factors Sα and reduced widths γα2 have been extracted for the transitions to ground and excited states. Included in the analysis are earlier results for the (d, 6Li) reaction on 160Dy, 208Pb and 238U. The spectroscopic factors range from approximately 0.002 to 0.1. The transitions to the ground states of nuclei with a few neutrons beyond N = 82 are enhanced. A close correspondence with the (p, t) two-neutron pickup reaction was observed. Several of the target nuclei are known α-particle emitters, and the direct comparison between reaction and decay data leads to a consistent description of these processes making it possible to deduce α-decay lifetimes and branching ratios from the (d, 6Li) data.
The art of matchmaking: sequence alignment methods and their structural implications

This work was supported by grants from the National Library of Medicine (LM05205), the National Science Foundation (DBI-9807993), and the Department of Energy (DE-FG02-98ER62558). I thank Tom Plasterer for his help with the figures.
Retirement Differences by Industry and Occupation

A common perception is that workers in some kinds of jobs retire earlier than others. The evidence presented here confirms that retirement patterns differ by occupation and industry. Three explanations for these differences are considered: job satisfaction, workplace injury or illness, and job productivity. Workers who retire earlier appear to do so for health and productivity reasons. Language: en
The pathologist's role in sentinel lymph node evaluation.

Patients with high-risk (thick, deeply invasive) primary melanoma were, in the past, managed by wide local excision and elective node dissection or wide local excision alone, with subsequent lymphadenectomy if the regional nodes developed clinically detectable metastases. We recently developed a more logical approach called selective lymph node dissection . To be effective, this requires close collaboration of surgeons, pathologists, and nuclear medicine physicians. The draining lymph node basin is identified preoperatively by lymphoscintigraphy. During surgery, a marker dye (isosulfan blue) and radioactive technetium labeled albumin are injected intradermally around the primary melanoma and the afferent lymphatics are followed up to the first lymph nodes of the ipsilateral regional nodal basin. The surgeon excises the blue-colored and maximally radioactive sentinel nodes and the pathologist critically evaluates these for the presence of a metastatic tumor. If the sentinel nodes are tumor free, no further nodal dissection is undertaken; if a tumor is present, a complete dissection of the nodal basin is performed. We have examined 1,119 sentinel lymph nodes from 669 patients treated by selective lymph node dissection. We identified melnoma cells in sentinel nodes from 126 patients (17.8%). A single node contained tumors in 67% of patients, 2 nodes were positive in 25%, and the remaining 12% of patients had three tumor-containing nodes. Melanoma cells were dispersed singly or in variably sized groups, usually in the peripheral nodal sinus. In around 40% of patients, immunohistochemistry is required to identify minute numbers of tumor cells. With experience, pathologists identify tumors in hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) preparations in an increasing proportion of lymph nodes. Tumor cells are more frequent in the sentinel nodes of patients with primary tumors of deeper Clark level and greater Breslow thickness. Tumor cells must be discriminated from capsular nevus cells, interdigitating dendritic leukocytes, macrophages, and intranodal neural tissues.
The nature of the photosensitivity of Geiger counters

Abstract Some aspects of the photosensitivity of the Geiger counter are discussed. Methods for increasing response to ultraviolet and near ultraviolet photons are described. The photosensitivity is traced to formation of a surface film upon the inner wall of the cathode; that is, a quasi-metallic alkyl coating is assumed to be formed.Relatively short wave radiation of sufficient energy to form free radicals in hydrogen and organic quenching gases is required to increase (“activate”) the sensitivity.
A super-grid-scale model for simulating compressible flow on unbounded domains

A new buffer region (absorbing layer, sponge layer, fringe region) technique for computing compressible flows on unbounded domains is proposed. We exploit the connection between coordinate-mapping from bounded to unbounded domains and filtering of the equations of motion in Fourier space in order to develop a model to damp flow disturbances (advective and acoustic) that propagate outside an arbitrarily defined near field. This effectively simulates a free-space boundary condition. Damping the solution in the far field is accomplished in a simple and effective way by applying a filter (similar to that used in large-eddy simulation) on a mesh in Fourier space, followed by a secondary filtering of the equations on the physical grid and implementation of a model for the unresolved scales. The final form of the buffer region is given in real space, independent of any discretization of the equations. Here we use a dealiased, Fourier spectral collocation method to demonstrate the efficacy of the buffer region for several model problems: acoustic wave propagation, convection of a finite-amplitude vortex, and a viscous starting jet in two dimensions. The results compare favorably to previous nonreflecting and absorbing boundary conditions.
A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Avoidance (Relative to Approach) Personal Goals

The results from this research supported our primary hypothesis that the adoption of avoidance (relative to approach) personal goals varies as a function of individualism-collectivism (across representations of this distinction). Interdependent self-construals were positively related and independent self-construals were negatively related to adoption of avoidance goals (Study 1), Asian Americans adopted more avoidance goals than non-Asian Americans (Study 2), andpersonsfrom South Korea and Russia adopted more avoidance goals than those in the United States (Studies 3 and 4, respectively). Studies 3 and 4 investigated andfound supportfor our secondary hypothesis that avoidance personal goals are a negative predictor of subjective well-being in individualistic (the United States), but not collectivistic (South Korea and Russia), countries. The findings are discussed in terms of other approach-avoidance constructs and motivational processes.
Ischemic colitis: risk factors for eventual surgery.

Abstract Background Ischemic colitis is a common disorder often without clear indications for surgical management. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors that predict the need for surgery. Methods Patients were identified retrospectively based on International Classification of Disease codes and admission over an 8-year period. Results A total of 253 patients presented with ischemic colitis. A total of 205 patients were managed nonsurgically, 12 underwent immediate surgery (within 12 hours of presentation), and 36 had delayed surgery. On univariate analysis, risk factors that predicted delayed surgery were peripheral vascular disease, atrial fibrillation, hypotension, tachycardia, absence of bleeding per rectum, free intraperitoneal fluid on computed tomography scan, intensive care unit admission, vasopressors, mechanical ventilation, and increased lactate level on admission. Intraperitoneal fluid on computed tomography scan and absence of bleeding per rectum were predictive of surgical intervention on multivariate analysis. Conclusions In patients with ischemic colitis, several risk factors were associated with the need for subsequent surgery during the same admission. These factors could be used to select patients for immediate surgery before worsening of their clinical condition.
Should pharmacokinetic safety challenges prevent metformin use in patients with cancer

In her recent letter to the editor, Dr Alice C. Ceacareanu cited the underutilization of metformin in insulin-resistant patients diagnosed with cancer and pointed to the potential survival benefit they may receive. One reason metformin may be underutilized is safety concerns related to chemotherapy regimens impairing renal function or drug–drug interactions reducing metformin’s clearance (CL) and leading to toxicity, the primary concern being fatal lactic acidosis resulting from high metformin concentrations. The physiochemical properties of metformin, low number of hydrogen bond acceptors, low molecular weight, low polar surface area, and a low partition coefficient make it a molecule that prefers aqueous environments and undergoes almost no passive diffusion across membranes. Additionally, metformin is cationic at physiologic pH and a substrate for cation transporters (CTs). Despite thorough CT expression in enterocytes, metformin’s absorption from the gut is almost entirely passive via the paracellular route. This is only possible because of the highly perfused thin epithelium of the gut’s vasculature. However, the consequence of this is highly variable bioavailability (F, mean 1⁄4 50%-60%, range 1⁄4 20%75%). Nonetheless, F’s variability has not been reported to cause clinically significant events. Once reaching the blood stream a substantial amount of metformin selectively accumulates in erythrocytes and wellperfused tissues that express CTs, including the liver, kidney, adrenal gland, and pancreatic a cells but not b cells. Since metformin does not bind to plasma proteins, a fact that reduces the likelihood of drug–drug interactions, and has a very large volume of distribution (Vd; 654 + 358 L), one can confirm that its accumulation is mostly extravascular. Furthermore, most active transport by CTs is largely unidirectional into cytoplasm. This means metformin has a very long, slow washout period with concentrations measured in erythrocytes being indicative of plasma concentration peaks from the past 3 or more days as opposed to plasma concentrations that have a half-life of 6.2 hours. In the liver, although hepatic CTs efficiently uptake metformin, it is neither a substrate for hepatic metabolism nor biliary excretion, a fact that further reduces the risk of drug–drug interactions. In the kidney, however, CTs play a major role in the CL of metformin, resulting in CL values reaching in excess of 600 mL/min but dipping as low as <200 mL/min in lowactivity variants and renally impaired subjects. That being said, the variability has rather been attributed to the latter and directly correlated with creatinine clearance (CLcr). 10,11
Fading and interference mitigation using a greedy approach

In this paper, we propose a greedy algorithm based on a combined space time (ST) code and multimode beamformer (a generalized space time code) to mitigate the effect of fading and interference in a multi-cell system. This is a competitive scheme in which each user acts selfishly to minimize the error probability to its own receiver until an equilibrium is reached. We prove the existence of a Nash equilibrium and find the conditions under which the algorithm converges to this equilibrium. Finally, we demonstrate the performance of the algorithm by numerical simulations
Some Things I Learned at the AACE/EACE/CPEN Meeting

I came home from the AACE/EACE/CPEN Meeting with a head brimming with ideas. I must admit I couldn’t tell which presentation was from a CPEN member and which was from an AACE member! I couldn’t tell which were the best hula dancers at the Luau either! We heard a nice synopsis report regarding Dr Varmus’ priorities at the NCI. He wants to ramp up clinical trials. It takes too long to get from concept to accrual and more than 60% of trials have less than 6 participants. I had a nice talk with the NCI’s (and our) editorial board member Rose Mary Padberg and she’ll write a paper on initiatives they have at NCI on clinical trials education. Our groups and this journal can help in this arena. Dr Varmus also wants to foster the application of personalized (he likes the term genomic) medicine. He’ll be pushing for the cancer genomic atlas project. Global Health will be a big issue—that’s the theme for next year’s conference! I heard great presentations from the international cancer information service group (www.icsisg.org) and was amazed at their reach into so many countries. I also heard from Carolyn Messner (who constantly reminds me of the reach that telephones can have) about all of her programs at CancerCare, which are now available across the globe, and the awesome (the only word to describe it) St Jude program, Cure4kids, which brings pediatric oncology information to the world (www.Cure4Kids.org). Global research will help this country and Canada learn to deal better with ethnic minority populations (see the NCI’s Office of Latin American Cancer Projects, for example). Tobacco control remains big on the NCI’s screen. Another priority is stimulating the next generation of scientists, and our organizations can play a big part (the US Science and Engineering Festival was taking place on the National Mall at the same time as our meeting, and was attended by President Obama). And finally, the NCI will try to foster “comparative effectiveness research.” One special presentation of many was that of Kathy Blazer and her colleagues at City of Hope, who spoke about how their wonderful genetics education program was sprouting seeds whereever their trainees were working. Kathy used the apt business analogy “communities of practice.” I think that image describes exactly what we want—widely dispersed but connected sites of excellence, pushing the mission to understand and control cancer forward! This important image depicts what we all should be and can be doing to spread and connect and use education to decrease the burden of suffering from cancer across the globe. Read the abstracts! Presenters, send in papers! Submit something for next year’s meeting in Buffalo, which will take place September 8–10, 2011. We CAN change the world by working together in effective communities of practice. Let’s do it!
Distinct role of hydrodynamic shear in leukocyte-facilitated tumor cell extravasation.

Previously, we found polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) increased melanoma cell extravasation under flow conditions (Intl J Cancer 106: 713–722, 2003). In this study, we characterized the effect ...
Reducing Excessive Gestational Weight Gain: Lessons from the Weight Control Literature and Avenues for Future Research:

Excessive gestational weight gain is a prevalent problem and an independent predictor of future obesity in both mothers and offspring. Intervention research to prevent excessive gestational weight gain is still in its infancy but results to date have been quite modest. Research in weight control outside of pregnancy over the past 30 years has been more robust and identified several key components of effective programs, including use of caloric restriction, daily diet self-monitoring, self-weighing, behavior therapy and ongoing patient–provider contact. The aim of this article is to summarize intervention components shown to be effective in promoting successful weight control outside of pregnancy and explore potential applications in pregnancy. Available evidence suggests that the strategies shown to be effective for weight control outside of pregnancy may also promote better weight control in pregnancy, but several lines for future investigation remain.
Spinodal Decomposition in a K2O‐Al2O3‐CaO‐SiO2 Glass

Diffuse interfaces are observed in the interconnected structure of a phase-separated K2O-Al2O3-CaO-SiO2 glass. With continued electron irradiation in the scanning transmission electron microscope, the interfaces are observed to sharpen with little attendant change in phase morphology, indicating that the as-cooled microstructure is formed through spinodal decomposition.
Estimating disease prevalence using census data.

We describe a method of working on publicly available data to estimate disease prevalence in small geographic areas using Helicobacter pylori as a model infection. Using data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, risk parameters for H. pylori infection were obtained by logistic regression and validated by predicting 737·5 infections in an independent cohort with 736 observed infections. The prevalence of H. pylori infection in the San Francisco Bay Area was estimated with the probabilities obtained from a predictive logistic model, using risk parameters with individual-level 1990 U.S. Census data as input. Predicted H. pylori prevalence was also compared to gastric cancer incidence obtained from the Northern California Cancer Center and showed a positive correlation with gastric cancer incidence (P<0·001, R2=0·87), and no statistically significant association with other malignancies. By exclusively using publicly available data, these methods may be applied to selected conditions with strong demographic predictors.
Comparison of intraperitoneal and subcutaneous epoetin alfa in peritoneal dialysis patients

♦ Objective: To compare the efficacy of intraperitoneal (IP) and subcutaneous (SC) administration of epoetin alfa in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD). ♦ Design: A 32-week prospective, randomized, cross-over experimental design. ♦ Setting: Two university-based outpatient PD centers. ♦ Patients: Twenty adult PD patients receiving stable doses of SC epoetin alfa enrolled in the study. Thirteen patients completed 32 weeks of follow-up. ♦ Intervention: Patients were randomly assigned to receive either SC or IP epoetin alfa at the start of the study. Dose adjustments were made to maintain baseline hematocrit ± 3 percentage points. Following 16 weeks of treatment, patients crossed over to the other route of administration for an additional 16 weeks. Intraperitoneal epoetin alfa was administered into an empty peritoneal cavity for approximately 8 hours before resuming dialysis. End-ofstudy IP epoetin alfa doses required to maintain target hematocrit were given twice weekly (n = 1), once weekly (n = 11), or once every other week (n = 1). All patients received iron supplements to maintain or exceed prestudy iron parameters. ♦ Main Outcome Measure: Prior to the study, the primary outcome measure was defined as the difference in epoetin alfa dose between IP and SC administration. ♦ Results: Thirteen patients completed the study. The area under the dosing-requirement curve for IP epoetin alfa was larger than for SC administration (p = 0.0029), and the slope of the 16-week dose-requirement curve was greater for IP administration (p = 0.017), suggesting greater dose stability for SC administration. Paired analysis indicated greater IP intrapatient dose requirements (p < 0.0001). The mean difference in SC versus IP doses was 5000 ± 1510 units per week. Some patients required escalating IP doses to maintain target hematocrit values. Iron administration and iron stores were similar in both groups. ♦ Conclusion: Intraperitoneal epoetin alfa may be a suitable alternative for some patients for whom SC dosing is undesirable. Large IP versus SC dosing differences noted in a few patients are unexplained, but may result from interpatient variability in IP epoetin alfa absorption. Intraperitoneal dosing into an empty peritoneum can be done safely and effectively.
Solder joint reliability of flip chip and plastic ball grid array assemblies under thermal, mechanical, and vibration conditions

The thermal, mechanical and vibration responses of flip chip and PBGA (Plastic Ball Grid Array) solder joints have been determined in this study. The effects of overload environmental stress factors on the mechanical responses of the solder joints have been determined by bending and twisting experiments. The effects of shipping environmental stress factors on the vibration responses of the solder joints have been determined by out of plane vibration experiments. Also, the thermal fatigue behavior of solder joints have been investigated by nonlinear finite element, Coffin-Manson, and fracture mechanics methods.
Automatic bus planner for dense PCBs

Since no commercial PCB routing tools can solve the routing problem for today's complex PCBs, these circuit boards have to be routed manually, taking about 2 months of time per board. Bus planning is one of the most time-consuming steps of PCB routing. It consists of assigning buses to multiple layers of the PCB and routing them in a planar fashion on each layer. Routing congestion between on-board components and the min-max length bounds of the buses must also be considered during routing. In this paper, we present the first automatic bus planner. We tested our system on a state-of-the-art industrial circuit board with over 7000 nets and 12 signal layers. All the nets on this board were already manually routed. Our bus planner is able to achieve 100% routing completion using the layer assignment extracted from manual design. For simultaneous layer assignment and bus routing, we are able to successfully route 98.5% of the nets. The remaining 1.5% can be routed either manually or by using vias. The runtime of our bus planner is less than 3 hours on a 3 Ghz workstation.
An Efficient Algorithm for Low Power Pass Transistor Logic Synthesis

In this paper, we address the problem of power dissipation minimization in combinational circuits implemented using pass transistor logic (PTL). We transform the problem of power reduction in PTL circuits to that of BDD decomposition and solve the latter using the max-flow min-cut technique. We use transistor level power estimates to guide the BDD decomposition algorithm. We present the results obtained by running our algorithm on a set of MCNC benchmark circuits, and show on an average of 47% power reduction over these circuits; the comparison with the previously proposed low power pass transistor logic synthesis algorithms shows an average improvement of over 23% over the best previously published approach.
Polycyclic vector scheduling vs. chaining on 1-port vector supercomputers

This paper studies the impact of chaining and several instruction scheduling schemes on one-memory-port vector supercomputers, illustrated by the Cray-1 and Cray-2. The lack of instruction chaining in the Cray-2 vector processor requires a different instruction scheduling scheme from that of the Cray-1. Situations are characterized in which simple vector scheduling can generate optimal code, which fully utilizes at least one functional unit for machines with chaining. With enough registers polycyclic scheduling, even without chaining, guarantees full utilization of one functional unit, after an initial transient, for loops with acyclic dependence graphs. Workloads are represented by vectorizable Livermore Fortran Kernels (LFKs). The effectiveness of applying polycyclic scheduling to the Cray-2 is compared with optimal simple vector scheduling on the Cray-1. The speedup of polycyclic vector scheduling on the Cray-2 over the schedule achieved by the current CFT77 compiler on several vectorizable LFKs is also presented.
Body weight and the energetics of temperature regulation.

1. The interactions of basal rate of metabolism, thermal conductance, body temperature, lower limit of thermoneutrality, and body weight in mammals are compatible with Newton9s law of cooling. 2. A small body weight will normally reduce the level and preciseness of body temperature, but a high basal rate of metabolism or a low thermal conductance may compensate for a small size and permit a high, precise temperature to be maintained. 3. The parameters of energetics that fix the level and preciseness of body temperature in mammals are ultimately correlated in turn with the environmental parameters of climate and food habits. 4. Birds generally have higher temperatures than mammals because the basal rates of metabolism are higher and the conductances lower in birds than in mammals of the same weight.
Three‐dimensional imaging of corneal cells using in vivo confocal microscopy

Summary Confocal microscopy is a unique and powerful imaging paradigm which allows optical sectioning through intact tissue. Real-time tandem scanning confocal microscopy has previously been used to generate high-magnification two-dimensional (2-D) images of cells in living organ systems. Inherent problems with movement, however, have prevented the in vivo acquisition of complete 3-D datasets. The development of a new objective lens, used in combination with specialized real-time image acquisition procedures, has allowed sequential serial sections to be obtained in vivo from the rabbit cornea for the first time. These sections can be digitially registered and stacked on the computer to provide a 3-D reconstruction of the corneal cells. This technique should serve as a useful method for studying 3-D structures and analysing 4-D phenomena at the cellular level in living animals. Three-dimensional images of a stromal nerve in normal rabbit cornea and of fibroblasts within a rabbit corneal wound are presented as examples of current capabilities.
Measuring Integrated Electronic Device Geometry Via HF-NO-H 2 0 Vapor Stain

The p-n junction geometry of active, passive, and integrated silicon devices is customarily determined by various liquid-stain and angle-lap methods. In fact, it has been necessary to develop many liquid-staining methods since the simultaneous evaluation of even simple combinations of p-n, n+n and p+p boundaries has not been possible within a single stain cycle. A novel vapor-staining method using nitrogen oxide (NO 2 or NO) and hydrogen fluoride overcomes shortcomings in such simultaneous boundary delineations. The simple vapor process performed in a fraction of a minute is directly and clearly observable with lowpower optics enabling exact control of the stain-pattern contrast to be obtained. Numerous epitaxial layer thicknesses and diffused junction depths have been measured easily via the vapor stain with an accuracy of better than 0.05 micron. The stain-process details and the results of measurements made on n-p-n and p-n-p transistor devices are presented.
Evolving gene expression: from G to E to G × E

Analyses of gene expression data sets for multiple individuals and species promise to shed light on the mode of evolution of gene expression. However, complementary complexities challenge this goal. Characterization of the genetic variation underlying gene expression can easily be compromised by lack of environmental control. Conversely, the breadth of conclusions from studies of environmental effects has been limited by the use of single strains. Controlled studies have hinted at extensive gene×environment interaction. Thus, both genetics and environment are key components in models of the evolution of gene expression. We review the literature on the evolution of gene expression in terms of genetics (G), environmental response (E) and G×E interactions to make this conceptual point.
The Influence of Ethoxyquin and Sodium Bicarbonate on Egg Yolk Pigmentation

Abstract Each of four diets containing no additive, .0125% ethoxyquin, .325% sodium bicarbonate or both additives at these levels were subdivided and stored for three weeks at 3°C. or 47°C. prior to feeding. Egg collection from White Leghorn hens in individual cages were made after 12, 14, 16, 24, 26 and 28 days on test for carotenoid determinations. Egg yolk pigmentation was decreased due to 47°C. storage when ethoxyquin was not in the diet. Adding sodium bicarbonate alone to the diet resulted in significantly improved yolk pigmentation when feed was stored at 3°C., but not at 47°C.
Education in global environmental politics: why the discourse of education for sustainable development needs attention

The concept of sustainable development and the emergent discourse of education for sustainable development (ESD) present both challenges and opportunities for individuals, communities and governments to engage in conscious processes of reassessment of their roles. As an emergent discourse, ESD also raises critical questions on its relationship with environmental education and other parallel traditions. Much as this discourse continues to attract international attention, it is also and rather sadly, a non-issue in some countries. This paper foregrounds learning for sustainable development as an emergent educational discourse that requires urgent political and social attention. It explores the discourse's capacity to make significant contributions to contemporary educational thinking and practice by locating its emergence and development in global environmental politics. Against the background of history and the analysis of major conversation moments, the paper discusses conceptual differences and similarities in parallel traditions such as environmental education, place-based education or community-focused learning. The paper calls for well thought-out pedagogical responses to the diverse challenges of our contemporary times.
Mucormycosis of the nose and paranasal sinuses.

Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is an invasive fungal infection initiated in the paranasal sinuses that frequently progresses to orbital and brain involvement. If recognized early, involvement is limited to the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Diabetics in poor control are at greatest risk, however, any immunocompromised individual may be infected. The mainstays of therapy are reversal of immunosuppression, systemic amphortericin B, and surgical debridement. Survival has improved dramatically, yet deaths still occur if the infection is not recognized and not treated early in its course or if the source of immunocompromise is not reversible, Several case examples illustrate the clinical course of this unusual, but potentially fatal, fungal infection. Taxonomy, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of inucormycosis of the paranasal sinuses are reviewed in detail.
Ranging Signal Designs for MIMO-OFDMA Systems

In this paper, we propose new ranging signal designs for time-division duplexing multiple input multiple output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems. Exploiting the channel knowledge from the downlink channel together with initial power control, we develop three ranging transmission schemes which provide multiuser and multi-antenna diversity gains and significant power saving for the subscriber stations. The advantages of the proposed approach over existing methods in terms of ranging performance, energy saving, and complexity saving are illustrated by analytical and simulation results.
Invited speakers: Riding the Wave: Event processing as predictability monitoring

Events: They are the stuff of experience, but they aren't what actually happens. What happens is ongoing dynamic, multidimensional, sensory flow, which sentient species such as humans somehow transform into structured, describable, memorable units of experience. What is the nature of the redescription processes that effect this transformation? How do the young of a given sentient species acquire species-relevant event-redescription skills? Are there individual differences in event-redescription fluency? If so, how do such differences affect cognitive and social functioning? For adult humans, rendering the flow of sensation into event descriptions is generally so effortless as to go unnoticed, much of the processing occurring outside consciousness. Recent research suggests that predictability monitoring is a key element of event processing. For example, the experience of bounded events seems to emerge with the detection of “troughs” in sensory predictability. These regions of predictable unpredictability provide articulation points that demarcate one event from another in the representations derived from the actual streaming information. A fluent event processor can predict such troughs and selectively targets them as the sensory stream unfolds. As knowledge of predictability grows within the individual, processing reorganizes over time, such that, increasingly, attention is selectively up-regulated to predictability troughs — aka event boundaries — and down-regulated to predictability plateaus. On this “riding the wave” account, acquisition of event processing fluency depends crucially on predictability monitoring skills, and enhancing predictability should benefit emerging event-processing skill. In this talk, I will present evidence that begins to bear out these suggestions, and then consider where “riding the wave” might take the field next.
Expert religion : the politics of religious difference in an age of freedom and terror

Based on her recently published book, "Beyond Religious Freedom: The New Global Politics of Religion", Elizabeth Shakman Hurd’s paper is an attempt at disaggregating the category of religion. It distinguishes between forms of knowledge about religion (including constructs of religious extremism and religious freedom) authorized by experts (expert religion); religion as construed and authorized by governments and courts at home and abroad (official or governed religion); and the broader fields of spiritual practices, beliefs, and forms of belonging on the ground (lived or everyday religion) which are entangled with but not reducible to expert or official religion.