cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of fallen coarse woody debris on the diversity and community structure of forest-floor spiders (Arachnida: Araneae)

Abstract Purely observational studies have documented differences in the abundance and diversity of several litter-dwelling arthropods between sites adjacent to, and far from, CWD, which suggests that reduction of fallen coarse woody debris (CWD) in temperate forests by traditional forestry practices may affect the litter arthropod community. As few field experiments have directly tested the impact of CWD on arthropods inhabiting the litter at different distances from CWD, we removed CWD from replicated open plots on the floor of a second-growth deciduous forest in order to reveal the causal connection between CWD and litter-dwelling spiders, often the most diverse and abundant predators among the litter macrofauna of temperate forests. We also documented the impact of the CWD manipulation on spider prey and several other major macroarthropod groups. Before removing CWD (∅ = 14.3 ± 0.7 cm), we measured response variables as a function of distance (0.5–1.5 m) from CWD in both removal and control plots. In agreement with results of previous research that solely utilized this observational approach in temperate forests, volume and dry mass of litter, spider diversity, overall spider density, and densities of 8 of 16 major spider genera were higher adjacent to CWD before experimental manipulations. Removing CWD reduced the amount of litter and the density of spiders in litter close to where the CWD had been. Removing CWD also altered spider community structure, which had differed between litter sites adjacent to, and far from, CWD prior to the experimental removal of CWD. The patterns, though, were not completely congruent, as some of the taxa affected by the manipulation had not differed between sites prior to the removal of CWD, and vice-versa. Our findings suggest that complex interactions among structural, biotic and microclimatic factors underlie the observed responses to CWD removal by spiders and other arthropods in the litter layer. We also conclude that drawing inferences solely from observational studies is not a reliable approach for predicting the impact of changes in the amount of CWD on arthropods of forest-floor leaf litter. Further field experiments manipulating different volumes of CWD are needed in order to determine the minimum amount of CWD that should be kept on the forest floor of managed forests in order to maintain densities and diversities of major leaf-litter arthropods.
Towards agile and smooth video adaptation in dynamic HTTP streaming

Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) is widely deployed on the Internet for live and on-demand video streaming services. Video adaptation algorithms in existing DASH systems are either too sluggish to respond to congestion level shifts or too sensitive to short-term network bandwidth variations. Both degrade user video experience. In this paper, we formally study the responsiveness and smoothness trade-off in DASH through analysis and experiments. We show that client-side buffered video time is a good feedback signal to guide video adaptation. We then propose novel video rate control algorithms that balance the needs for video rate smoothness and high bandwidth utilization. We show that a small video rate margin can lead to much improved smoothness in video rate and buffer size. The proposed DASH designs are also extended to work with multiple CDN servers. We develop a fully-functional DASH system and evaluate its performance through extensive experiments on a network testbed and the Internet. We demonstrate that our DASH designs are highly efficient and robust in realistic network environment.
Development and characterization of enhanced green fluorescent protein and luciferase expressing cell line for non-destructive evaluation of tissue engineering constructs

This study investigates the utility of genetically modified cells developed for the qualitative and quantitative non-destructive evaluation of cells on biomaterials. The Fisher rat fibroblastic cell line has been genetically modified to stably express the reporter genes enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) and luciferase. These reporter genes provide two unique opportunities to evaluate cell growth on materials without destruction of the sample. Utilizing the fluorescence of EGFP expressed in the cells, we were able to demonstrate distribution of cells in a oligo(poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate) hydrogel material and on a titanium fiber mesh scaffold using an inverted fluorescent light microscope. In addition, we were able to utilize a molecular light imaging system to macroscopically image the cells on these materials both with fluorescence and luminescence, as well as quantify the signal from the samples. Quantification of cell growth on the titanium mesh material for a period of 28 days was accomplished using the molecular light imaging system. Imaging was extended in vivo to cells on the titanium mesh scaffolds subcutaneously implanted in Fisher rats for a period of 28 days. This study outlines a non-destructive method to evaluate cells growing on biomaterials in vitro and in vivo.
Rape as a Weapon of Genocide

Sexual violence against women during war and genocide is a pressing problem. Rape is used as a tactic of war and genocide because of its physical and psychosocial consequences for individuals, families, and communities. The physical and emotional sequelae of individual assaults are magnified when rape is committed on a mass scale, as in Bosnia-Herzegovina (1992–1996), Rwanda (1994), and Darfur, Sudan (2003–present). The victimization of raped women affects the community through the collective responses of survivors and their families, friends, and neighbors. Forced intercourse and impregnation represent a symbolic conquest of the woman by the rapist. This conquest becomes generalized to the whole population as survivors, witnesses, families, and communities internalize rape as an assault on their collective consciousness.
One SNP for both cancer risk and survival in colorectal cancer: two for the price of one?

Much effort is ongoing in cataloguing driving somatic mutations in cancer and designing intervention strategies1. But do we have an understanding as to whether heritable variation might affect patient survival by modulating the pathophysiology of the stromal, vascular, and immune systems, all interacting with the cancer cells? The answer is no. The paper of Dai et al.2 is one of the first trying to answer this question in colorectal cancer by testing the hypothesis that cancer susceptibility variants might also have an effect on prognosis. These pleiotropic features of the human genome are still poorly understood. The paper of Dai et al.1 describes a prospective analysis of SNPs previously associated with risk of colorectal cancer for their association with survival and recurrence in stage II and III patients. There is large collection of heritable risk markers from the numerous GWAS for sporadic cancer3, but their value as prognosticators has been explored only in a few tumor types. The experience so far in prostate cancer has led to inconclusive results4. Dai et al.2 leverage the genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for risk of colorectal cancer and, out of the 26 tested single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), an intriguing finding is for rs6983267 in 8q24. Dai et al.2 demostrate that this variant increases risk of both cancer and death in stage III patients. I pose particular attention to rs6983267 (instead of the others suggested as significantly associated with survival or recurrence) simply because it has been demonstrated to be functional at molecular level5 and the underlying biological mechanism is consistent with the observed clinical effect. It will be intriguing to replicate prospectively the association with worse survival in stage III patients, and also to address whether rs6983267 interacts with adjuvant treatment. The chance of finding false positives when multiple SNPs (n=26) are looked at under three genetic models for association with clinical phenotypes could be high if the p values are not corrected for multiple comparisons, and the present paper is not immune from this problem. This issue could be, in part, overcome by 1) enrichment of the statistical association with molecular, mechanistic data, 2) external replication of findings, 3) or (ideally) both. There as not been enough capitalization on the investment made so far in oncology GWAS, and more analyses like those of Dai et al.2 should be conducted, so that SNPs for testing could be prioritized for external replication by other groups. Eventually, the prognostic value of the concordant markers across different studies could be collectively meta-analyzed to identify the amount of predicted risk and to establish their clinical utility. The Dai et al.2 study leads the way forward into this new direction.
Periconceptional seafood intake and pregnancy complications.

Objective To investigate associations of maternal periconceptional shellfish, lean fish and fatty fish intake with risk of pregnancy complications. Design In this prospective cohort study, we collected information on intake of seafood subtypes using FFQ. We categorized seafood intake into frequencies of 1 servings/week. We ascertained gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes and preterm birth diagnoses from medical records. Using generalized linear models with a log link, the Poisson family and robust standard errors, we estimated risk ratios and 95 % confidence intervals across seafood intake categories. Setting The Omega study, a study of risk factors for pregnancy complications among women recruited from prenatal clinics in Washington State, USA, 1996–2008. Subjects The current study included 3279 participants from the Omega study. Results Median (interquartile range) shellfish, lean fish and fatty fish intake was 0·3 (0–0·9), 0·5 (0–1·0) and 0·5 (0·1–1·0) servings/week, respectively. Lean fish intake of >1 servings/week ( v . v ings/month) was associated with a 1·55-fold higher risk of preterm birth (95 % CI 1·04, 2·30) and was not associated with the other pregnancy complications. Higher intake of seafood (total or other subtypes) was not associated with pregnancy complications (separately or combined). Conclusions Higher intake of lean fish, but not fatty fish or shellfish, was associated with a higher risk of preterm birth; these findings may have significance for preterm birth prevention. Studies of mechanisms and potential contributing factors (including seafood preparation and nutrient/contaminant content) are warranted.
Added value of hybrid FDG PET/MR compared with PET/CT in colorectal cancer staging and restaging: Our initial experience

578 Objectives We report our initial experience from a pilot study to compare the diagnostic accuracy of PET/MR with PET/CT in colorectal cancer. Methods Patients (pts) underwent both clinical FDG PET/CT for colorectal cancer and PET/MR as research (Ingenuity TF PET/MR, Philips). The PET acquisition of PET/MR was similar to that of PET/CT whereas the MR protocol was selected individually based on the pts’s medical history. One nuclear medicine physician reviewed the PET/CT studies and one radiologist reviewed the PET/MR studies independently. The diagnostic accuracy of each modality was determined in consensus, using available medical records as a reference. Wilcoxon tests were used to compare the various standard uptake value (SUV) parameters. Results Of the 12 pts enrolled, 2 were for staging and 10 for restaging. Median age was 59 years and median time delay between the two modalities was 60 min. In 3 of 12 pts, the PET/MR was performed before the PET/CT. PET/CT was performed first in the remaining 9 pts, in which SUV values in the liver and blood pool were higher compared with PET/MR, p Conclusions Besides better T staging, PET/MR may provide added value in the detection of mesenteric metastatic implant and lymph node metastasis compared with PET/CT. Research Support This investigator initiated study was funded by a research grant from Philips Healthcare. The PET/MR system was purchased through a State of Ohio Third Frontier Grant.
Factors Concerned in the Deposit of Sprays: V. The Effects of pH Upon the Deposit of the Oil and Water Phases of Oil Emulsions

In previous reports from this laboratory (Ben-Amotz & Hoskins 1937; Hoskins & Ben-Amotz 1938), it has been shown that the amount of oil which is deposited when a given volume of an oil emulsion is sprayed upon a standard beeswax surface is influenced greatly by the nature and concentration of the accessory substance, often called the spreader, emulsifier or wetting agent. With blood albumin or hemoglobin, both of which enable the aqueous phase to wet the solid readily but which are relatively weak emulsifying agents, the oil deposit passes through a maximum at some intermediate concentration of the accessory substances. With sodium oleate, which possesses the above properties in the reciprocal ratio, there is a continuous decrease in oil deposit as more of the soap is used. A somewhat similar difference in the amounts of emulsion (oil plus aqueous phase) deposited is brought about by these accessory substances. With the proteins this increases as their concentrations increase, but sodium oleate over the range of concentration used (0 to 852 milligrams per gallon) has but little effect upon the amount of emulsion deposited.
A Short History of HCI Research and Trends Published in the Journal Human Factors from 1984 to 2004

This study was undertaken to explore the history of the use of the term human-computer-interaction (HCI) over two decades of the journal Human Factors. Results show that while some work may have been accomplished in the first ten years, the work wasn't identified as HCI, except at a rate of approximately two articles per year. After 1995 the incidence in the use of HCI as a topical reference increased, and from 2001 – 2004 there were significantly more articles on this topic. The articles were written by scientists around the world, employed in all areas of the field. This research attempts to show how HCI has evolved over these 20 years, to identify any trends in the research, and to provide suggestions for future research, including search methodologies. Specific information will be provided to use in planning future work, such as procedures, descriptions of apparatus, dependent variables and other methodological information.
NI-65DIFFERENTIATING RADIATION EFFECT AND NECROSIS FROM GLIOBLASTOMA WITH DYNAMIC SUSCEPTIBILITY CONTRAST (DSC) MRI

BACKGROUND: In glioblastoma (GBM), pseudoprogression (PsP) appears as increased enhancement on T1-weighted imaging following concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT), making it difficult to distinguish from true progression. This increased enhancement, due to radiation and necrotic induced changes, is associated with effective treatment response. The goal of this study was to determine the ability of measures derived from dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MRI to distinguish radiation effect (RE) and necrosis from GBM. METHODS: All patients gave informed written consent according to IRB policy. Thirty-three tissue samples from 11 previously treated patients were spatially correlated to MRI with a median = 13 days between surgery and MRI. Preload and leakage-corrected metrics of DSC-MRI were co-registered with the pre-surgical Stealth exam, and positive, median values of standardized (sRCBV) or normalized (nRCBV) relative cerebral blood volume, and normalized relative cerebral blood flow (nRCBF) were obtained within 3-mm regions precisely matched to the surgically recorded biopsy locations. Statistical analysis included generalized estimating equations (to account for multiple samples from the same subject) with receiver operator characteristic curves. RESULTS: Gender and median age were similar between tissue groups. Pathologic diagnosis confirmed 11 samples with pure RE/Necrosis and 22 samples with pure GBM. All metrics showed significant differences between RE/Necrosis and GBM (p < 0.001). Interestingly, both sRCBV and nRCBV showed equally higher sensitivity and specificity (81.8%/90.9%, thresholds = 4287 and 1.32, respectively) than nRCBF (72.7%/81.8%, threshold = 1.13) for differentiating RE/Necrosis and GBM. CONCLUSIONS: Accurate assessment of treatment response using measures of DSC-MRI is promising, as these measures show high sensitivity and specificity for differentiating RE/Necrosis and GBM. Both nRCBV and sRCBV provide equally greater accuracy than nRCBF. Visualizing these differentiated regions on imaging could help clinicians better assess treatment response following CRT, with potential to impact treatment management decisions.
Collision Complex Lifetimes in the Reaction C6H5 + O2 → C6H5O + O

Phenyl radicals (C6H5) react with oxygen molecules (O2) to form phenylperoxy radicals (C6H5OO). These intermediates have been calculated to decompose either through O−O bond fission forming C6H5O +...
Light chains of immunoglobulins: structural-genetic correlates.

WITHIN the past decade, studies by molecular geneticists on the composition and organization of immunoglobulin (Ig)-coding genes at the DNA level have vastly increased our understanding of the genetic mechanisms responsible for generating antibody diversity and for linking Ig synthesis to cellular differentiation. This new information, which has far-reaching biological and clinical implications, has come from research on B cell-related lymphocytic and plasma cell tumors and on their monoclonal Ig products—Bence Jones proteins, myeloma proteins, and Waldenstrom macroglobulins.
Solvent Effects on the UV–Vis Absorption Properties and Tautomerism of N-Confused Tetraphenylporphyrin

The two tautomeric forms of N-confused tetraphenylporphyrin (NCTPP) show distinctly different absorption spectra. The existence of each tautomer in solution has been shown to be strongly solvent-dependent. In the present work, we have studied the tautomerization using absorption spectroscopy in 15 different solvents. While changes in the two tautomers are not large in the Soret band region, the distinct spectral changes between the two tautomers in the Q-band region provide a convenient way to measure the concentration of each tautomer. The resulting data shows a strong correlation between the tautomer and the H-bond accepting ability of the solvent. The anomaly in this data is for the alcoholic solvents ethanol and methanol, for which we observe evidence for H-bonding, presumably between the exterior N2 nitrogen of the NCTPP and the O-H proton of the solvent.
Limits and Continuity of Functions

In this chapter we discuss the continuity and limits of functions. We also discuss infinite limits and limits at infinity.
Postoperative Management of Composite Tissue Graft Transplantation

Composite tissue allotransplantation (CTA) is the transplantation of body structures such as the limbs, larynx, abdominal wall, tendons, and face. This chapter discusses the general and specific postoperative management of patients following CTA.
An Introduction to Human Brain Evolutionary Studies

Our understanding of human brain evolution has advanced enormously over the past decade, owing to contributions of scientists from many different branches of the life sciences. This chapter reviews some of the concepts and findings from evolutionary biology and neuroscience central to human brain evolutionary studies, surveys some major recent findings, and identifies issues for future research.
Genome‐wide selection components analysis in a fish with male pregnancy

A major goal of evolutionary biology is to identify the genome-level targets of natural and sexual selection. With the advent of next-generation sequencing, whole-genome selection components analysis provides a promising avenue in the search for loci affected by selection in nature. Here, we implement a genome-wide selection components analysis in the sex role reversed Gulf pipefish, Syngnathus scovelli. Our approach involves a double-digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-seq) technique, applied to adult females, nonpregnant males, pregnant males, and their offspring. An FST comparison of allele frequencies among these groups reveals 47 genomic regions putatively experiencing sexual selection, as well as 468 regions showing a signature of differential viability selection between males and females. A complementary likelihood ratio test identifies similar patterns in the data as the FST analysis. Sexual selection and viability selection both tend to favor the rare alleles in the population. Ultimately, we conclude that genome-wide selection components analysis can be a useful tool to complement other approaches in the effort to pinpoint genome-level targets of selection in the wild.
Territorial design and grand strategy in the Ottoman Empire

ABSTRACTTerritorial design and grand strategy in the Ottoman Empire. Territory, Politics, Governance. How could the Ottoman Empire preserve intrastate peace and stability from its emergence in the 14th century until the 19th in regions – especially the Balkans and the Middle East – that later became hotbeds for ethnic, religious, and sectarian conflict while at the same time fighting numerous interstate wars? This paper offers a novel explanation for this puzzle, based on the notion of ‘territorial design’. The Ottomans were able to preserve internal peace and stability thanks to their flexible and pragmatic approach to managing the space–society–politics nexus, which in fact followed from their grand strategy for expansion in a cost-effective fashion. The theoretical and historical analysis provided here also has implications for tackling macro-historical puzzles and patterns from an interdisciplinary perspective, positioning the Ottoman case vis-a-vis international relations theory, and motivating quest...
Large-scale modeled contemporary and future water temperature estimates for 10774 Midwestern U.S. Lakes

Climate change has already influenced lake temperatures globally, but understanding future change is challenging. The response of lakes to changing climate drivers is complex due to the nature of lake-atmosphere coupling, ice cover, and stratification. To better understand the diversity of lake responses to climate change and give managers insight on individual lakes, we modelled daily water temperature profiles for 10,774 lakes in Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin for contemporary (1979-2015) and future (2020-2040 and 2080-2100) time periods with climate models based on the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5, the worst-case emission scenario. In addition to lake-specific daily simulated temperatures, we derived commonly used, ecologically relevant annual metrics of thermal conditions for each lake. We include all supporting lake-specific model parameters, meteorological drivers, and archived code for the model and derived metric calculations. This unique dataset offers landscape-level insight into the impact of climate change on lakes.
Distinct Pattern of Metastases in Patients with Invasive Lobular Carcinoma of the Breast.

Background Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) comprises around 10 – 15% of invasive breast cancers. Few prior studies have demonstrated a unique pattern of metastases between ILC and the more common invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). To our knowledge, such data is limited to first sites of distant recurrence. We aimed to perform a comparison of the metastatic pattern of ILC and IDC at first distant recurrence as well as over the entire course of metastatic disease. Methods We used a prospectively collated database of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Breast cancer recurrence or metastases were classified into various sites and a descriptive analysis was performed. Results Among 761 patients, 88 (11.6%) were diagnosed with ILC and 673 (88.4%) with IDC. Patients with ILC showed more frequent metastases to the bone (56.8 vs. 37.7%, p = 0.001) and gastrointestinal (GI) tract (5.7 vs. 0.3%, p Conclusion After accounting for hormone receptor status, patients with IDC had greater lung/pleura and liver involvement, while patients with ILC had a greater propensity to develop ovarian and GI metastases both at first site and overall. Clinicians can use this information to provide more directed screening for metastases; it also adds to the argument that these two variants of breast cancer should be managed as unique diseases.
Complementary Relationship for Estimating EvapotranspirationUsing the Granger-Gray Model: Improvements and Comparisonwith a Remote Sensing Method

Abstract. The Granger and Gray (GG) model, which uses the complementary relationship for estimating evapotranspiration (ET), is a simple approach requiring only commonly available meteorological data; however, most complementary relationship models decrease in predictive power with increasing aridity. In this study, a previously developed modified GG model using the vegetation index is further improved to estimate ET under a variety of climatic conditions. This updated GG model, GG-NDVI, includes Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), precipitation, and potential evapotranspiration using the Budyko framework. The Budyko framework is consistent with the complementary relationship and performs well under dry conditions. We validated the GG-NDVI model under operational conditions with the commonly used remote sensing-based Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) model at 60 Eddy Covariance AmeriFlux sites located in the USA. Results showed that the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) for GG-NDVI ranged between 15 and 20 mm month−1, which is lower than for SSEBop every year. Although the magnitude of agreement seems to vary from site to site and from season to season, the occurrences of RMSE less than 20 mm month−1 with the proposed model are more frequent than with SSEBop in both dry and wet sites. This study also found an inherent limitation of the complementary relationship under moist conditions, indicating the relationship is not symmetrical as previously suggested. A nonlinear correction function was incorporated into GG-NDVI to overcome this limitation. The resulting Adjusted GG-NDVI produced much lower RMSE values, along with lower RMSE across more sites, as compared to measured ET and SSEBop.
Laboratory Evaluation for Thyroid Nodules

Science drives technology, and technology drives medicine. Advances in technology have led to more sensitive and accurate laboratory assays in endocrine practice. Whereas previously, clinical examination directed diagnosis and treatment, currently, laboratory tests facilitate diagnosis by accurate assessment of hormone secretion and production. While far from perfect, laboratory tests assist clinicians make correct diagnosis and offer specific therapy.
Impact of off-farm activities on technical efficiency: evidence from maize producers of eastern Ethiopia

This article analyzes the impact of participation in off-farm activities on technical efficiency of maize production in eastern Ethiopia. We combined propensity score matching with a stochastic production frontier model that corrects sample selection bias resulting from unobserved factors that potentially affect both households’ decision to participate in off-farm activities and technical efficiency scores that most previous studies do not account for. The probit model results indicate that sex of the household head, literacy of the spouse, agricultural cooperative membership, family size, and access to market information had significant effect on farmers’ participation in off-farm activities. In the meantime, it was found that farmers who participated in off-farm activities have a significant technical efficiency gain compared with their non-participant counterparts.
Endovascular treatment for superior vena cava occlusion or obstruction in a pediatric and young adult population: a 22-year experience.

Objectives The purpose of this research was to investigate the causes and symptoms of superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction or occlusion and report on the long-term results of transcatheter therapy. Background Information on transcatheter therapy for SVC obstruction is limited. Methods Superior vena cava catheterization interventions between August 1984 and April 2006 were reviewed. Patients were divided into 2 subgroups depending on whether or not they had previously undergone congenital cardiac surgery. Results Sixty-three patients with median age of 3.7 years (range 1 month to 42 years) and weight of 13.3 kg (range 3 to 114 kg) were treated. Fifty patients (79%) were symptomatic, although only 50% had symptoms suggestive of SVC obstruction. Superior vena cava syndrome was more common in the non-cardiac surgical group (52% vs. 10%, p = 0.001). The mean gradient and SVC diameter improved from 10.8 ± 5.8 mm Hg to 2.6 ± 2.2 mm Hg (p 5 years at the time of intervention. Conclusions Superior vena cava-related symptoms occur in only 50% of patients with hemodynamically significant SVC obstruction. Endovascular therapy is successful in relieving the stenosis and associated symptoms with good long-term results.
Zearalenone reduction by commercial peroxidase enzyme and peroxidases from soybean bran and rice bran.

The peroxidase (POD) enzyme, obtained from different sources, has been described in the literature regarding its good results of reduction in concentration or degradation levels of mycotoxins, such...
Investigating the Replicability and Generalizability of the Negative Testing Effect

Although tests typically improve long-term retention, recent research suggests that certain types of tests may disrupt memory, referred to as the negative testing effect. According to one explanatory framework, this detrimental effect on memory results from tests disrupting organizational processing, which hinders the ability to make associations between items. From an educational perspective, these outcomes are concerning because they suggest contexts in which taking a test may impair subsequent retention. However, no research has explored whether the negative testing effect extends to more educational designs and materials. The goal of the current research was twofold: investigate the replicability of the negative testing effect by examining the original demonstration with a novel participant population and explore whether such organizational disruptions generalize to more ecologically valid materials. Outcomes establish the replicability of the negative testing effect and provide evidence that the detrimental effects of testing may not extend to educational material.
Variation-Tolerant Adaptive Voltage Systems

Runtime variations in voltage and temperature can cause large changes in latency, resulting in functional failure if appropriate design margins are not maintained. With temperature fluctuations up to 50°C [1] and supply voltage variations of 22% [2], frequency guardbands can become quite large, limiting system throughput. Adaptive solutions to optimize guardbands can allow systems to tolerate extreme worst-case scenarios without sacrificing delay and power.
Measuring Cultural Dimensions of Classroom Interactions

We trace the development and analyze the generalizability of the Classroom Assessment of Sociocultural Interactions (CASI), an observation system designed to measure cultural dimensions of classroo...
Experts vs. Novices: Differences in How Mental Representations are Used in Engineering Design

The results of this study paint a picture of how four professional engineers differ from six engineering students in their use of mental representations on a conceptual engineering design task. Three major conclusions are drawn from the findings: (1) The use of mental representations, such as propositions, analogies, and metaphors, in the different mental spaces is important in engineering design; (2) Different from novices, experts rarely employed propositions or analogies in their problem space; and (3) Expert engineering designers differ from novice engineering designers on their use of within-domain analogies, between-domain analogies, heuristics, and formulas.
Hypertension in pregnancy: Pathophysiology and treatment:

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, an umbrella term that includes preexisting and gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia, complicate up to 10% of pregnancies and represent a significant cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Despite the differences in guidelines, there appears to be consensus that severe hypertension and non-severe hypertension with evidence of end-organ damage need to be controlled; yet the ideal target ranges below 160/110 mmHg remain a source of debate. This review outlines the definition, pathophysiology, goals of therapy, and treatment agents used in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
Thermodynamic Limit of Solar to Fuel Conversion for Generalized Photovoltaic–Electrochemical Systems

Daily and seasonal variability of the solar irradiation poses a major hurdle to the widespread adoption of photovoltaic (PV) systems. An integrated photovoltaic–electrochemical (EC)-storage system offers a solution, but the thermodynamic efficiency $({\eta _{{\rm{sys}}}})$ of the “ideal” integrated system and the optimum configuration needed to realize the limit is known only for a few simple cases. Moreover, these limits are often derived through complex numerical simulations. In this paper, we show that a simple, conceptually transparent and physically intuitive analytical formula can precisely describe the ${\eta _{{\rm{sys}}}}$ of a “generalized” PV-EC integrated system. An M -cell PV module of N -junction bifacial tandem cells is illuminated under S-suns and mounted over ground of albedo $R$ . There are $K$ -EC cells in series, each defined by their reaction potential, exchange current, and Tafel slope. We derive the optimum thermodynamic limit ${\eta _{{\rm{sys}}}}({N,M,K,R,S})$ for all possible combinations of a PV-EC design. For a setup with optimal- $({M,K})$ and large $N$ , under 1-sun illumination and albedo = 0, the ultimate limit is ${\eta _{{\rm{sys}}}}\sim 52$ %. A comparison of our results with experimental results published by various groups worldwide suggests opportunities for further progress toward the corresponding thermodynamic limit.
Women Breast Cancer Survivors: Stories of Change and Meaning

Breast cancer research has addressed prevention, early treatment, and quality of life, but research from the perspective of survivors has been limited. This is a qualitative investigation of the experience of eight women breast cancer survivors, ranging in age from 28 to 80 at diagnosis, six of whom were Caucasian and two African American. The research consisted of a phenomenological and case study examination of change and meaning-making during their experience. The findings support a posttraumatic growth model of change as part of survivorship for the participants, as well as the presence of negative changes and a state of new normal in their lives. Recommendations are made for mental health counseling and for future research.
Boron-hyperdoped silicon for the selective oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propylene

Boron containing catalysts have great potential in the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane. Herein, a series of 15, 25 and 42 at% boron-hyperdoped silicon catalysts synthesized by laser pyrolysis was studied. Boron-hyperdoped silicon samples showed >6 times higher propylene productivity than commercial h-BN at 450 °C.
Numerical Issues in Finite Elasticity and Viscoelasticity

This chapter starts with an introduction to the notion of finite element methods in solid mechanics. After an overview of basic concepts in l-D, the multi-D problem is investigated within the context of finite elasticity. Particular attention is paid to the socalled mixed variational principles that are needed for the solution of nearly incompressible solids. Special forms for elasticity in principal stretches are also given. Details of commonly used notations for actual implementations are covered. The chapter closes with several sections covering important special cases that arise in the modeling of elastomeric solids. First, numerical issues in the solution linear and nonlinear finite deformation viscoelasticity are discussed. This includes both convolution form models and multiplicative split type models. This is followed by the application of finite element methods to the solution of inverse design problems of the type that arise in mold design. Next, the general numerical methods are applied to the case of steady state spinning which is important in the analysis of automotive tires. The last two sections deal with the special cases of damage models and energy release rate computations in elastomers.
Drive-through Intraocular Pressure Checks During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Precis A drive-through clinic was created to obtain intraocular pressure measurements before a virtual visit with their provider, in order to provide care for patients in the Kellogg Glaucoma Clinic while minimizing risk of COVID-19 transmission. Purpose The aim of this study was to establish a drive-through clinic model to provide glaucoma care for patients while minimizing the risk of COVID-19 transmission. Patients and methods A drive-through clinic was created by adapting a 1-lane, 1-way driveway adjacent to the Kellogg Eye Center building entrance. Patients were physicianselected from the Glaucoma Clinic at Kellogg Eye Center as existing patients who required intraocular pressure (IOP) checks and therapeutic management and were chosen based on their ability to be managed with an IOP measurement primarily. The entrance was otherwise closed to the public, allowing staff to utilize an adjacent vestibule with glass walls and sliding doors as a staffroom. Patients were instructed to arrive within a 15-minute time window at which time they would drive through the lane and stop their cars under an awning over the driveway. Ophthalmic technicians wearing appropriate personal protective equipment then approached each car, confirmed patient information, and measured IOP. Once the data were recorded using a mobile workstation, the physician was able to complete each visit by discussing the findings and therapeutic plan with the patient, either in-person in real time or virtually by phone or video visit at a later time. Results A total of 241 visits were completed over 14 half day clinic sessions, with number of drive-through visits ranging from 5 to 45 per session. Conclusions It is possible to institute a drive-through model of IOP checks for glaucoma patients which is efficient and minimizes the risk of exposure to COVID-19 for patients and staff.
Quantifying Uncertainty in the Residence Time of the Drug and Carrier Particles in a Dry Powder Inhaler

AbstractDry powder inhalers (DPI), used as a means for pulmonary drug delivery, typically contain a combination of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and significantly larger carrier particles...
Gastric accommodation influences proximal gastric and total gastric emptying in concurrent measurements conducted in healthy volunteers.

In vivo human studies evaluated concurrently the volume of the stomach during fasting and after a solid and liquid meal using a new SPECT-based method. Although fasting gastric volumes did not impa...
Identification and physical characterization of a spontaneous mutation of the tobacco mosaic virus in the laboratory environment

Virus-like particles are an emerging class of nano-biotechnology with the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) having found a wide range of applications in imaging, drug delivery, and vaccine development. TMV is typically produced in planta, and, as an RNA virus, is highly susceptible to natural mutation that may impact its properties. Over the course of 2 years, from 2018 until 2020, our laboratory followed a spontaneous point mutation in the TMV coat protein—first observed as a 30 Da difference in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI–MS). The mutation would have been difficult to notice by electrophoretic mobility in agarose or SDS-PAGE and does not alter viral morphology as assessed by transmission electron microscopy. The mutation responsible for the 30 Da difference between the wild-type (wTMV) and mutant (mTMV) coat proteins was identified by a bottom-up proteomic approach as a change from glycine to serine at position 155 based on collision-induced dissociation data. Since residue 155 is located on the outer surface of the TMV rod, it is feasible that the mutation alters TMV surface chemistry. However, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays found no difference in binding between mTMV and wTMV. Functionalization of a nearby residue, tyrosine 139, with diazonium salt, also appears unaffected. Overall, this study highlights the necessity of standard workflows to quality-control viral stocks. We suggest that ESI–MS is a straightforward and low-cost way to identify emerging mutants in coat proteins.
STM Images of Alkane and Alkanols on Graphite

A Summary Report to The Electrochemical Society for the 1997 Edward G. Weston Summer Research Fellowship.
Patient-Specific Stereotactic Frame for Transcranial Ultrasound Therapy

We designed, fabricated, and characterized a patient-specific, 3D-printed, stereotactic frame for repeated transcranial focused ultrasound (FUS) neuromodulation. The frame is compact, with minimal footprint, and can be removed and re-secured between treatments. The use of small skull anchor screws allows for the precise and repeatable transcranial FUS treatment without the need for MR-guidance following the initial calibration scan. Focus localization and repeatability were assessed via MR-thermometry on a macaque skull-phantom model. Focal localization, registration, steering, and re-steering was accomplished during the initial MRI calibration scan session. Keeping the steering coordinate constant in subsequent therapy and imaging sessions, we found good agreement between the steered foci and intended target, with target registration error of 0. 7 ± 0.3 and 0.7 ± 0.6mm (n = 4) in lateral and axial dimension, respectively. Focus position (steered and non-steered) was consistent, with sub-mm variation in each dimension between studies. Our preliminary studies show that our 3D printed, patient-specific stereotactic frame can reliably position and orient the ultrasound transducer for repeated targeting of brain regions without the need for MR-guidance. This compact frame will make continued transcranial FUS treatments financially and logistically more accessible to patients.
Returns to human capital investment in a transition economy

Russia has undergone tumultuous changes during the transition process. This has been nowhere more evident than within the labour market. The transition has now progressed to such an extent that it is possible to examine whether the issues of a re‐capitalisation and restructuring of human capital have been addressed. This paper uses the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey to assess rates of return to human capital investments for the years 1994‐1998. It utilises standard earnings functions to assess the returns to education as well as to specific levels of post‐compulsory education and training. This article places specific emphasis on firm level training and the role of the firm, for the purpose of this special issue. Results suggest, in the case of Russia, that significant and positive returns to education and training exist comparable in magnitude to those in other transition countries.
Slider liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE) of Hg 1-x Cd x Te

We describe the Liquid Phase Epitaxial (LPE) growth of p-Hgl-xCdxTe on CdTe substrates up to 2cm x 3cm in area, using an atomospheric pressure slider with a tellurium-rich growth liquid. Controlled growth of Hgl-x CdxTe with x values of 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 will be described, and measurements presented on the morphology and semiconductor characteristics of the grown layers.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The nature of localized deformation in 6111-T6 aluminium alloy and polycarbonate

The nature of localized deformation that occurs both in metal and polymer samples was examined under uniaxial tension by measuring the complete strain distribution of a deforming specimen at a constant crosshead speed. The development of localized deformation in 6111-T6 aluminium alloy and polycarbonate was recorded along both the longitudinal and lateral directions as the specimen was stretched until it fractured. Determination of the true strain at various points on the tensile specimens was made by using an automated, vision-based image processing method using a CCD camera to measure the deformation of a silk-screened grid on the specimen. This vision-based system produced accurate results, allowing for careful analysis of the entire necking process from initiation to propagation. It has been observed that localized deformation develops principally in the longitudinal direction. The major and minor true strain are uniform for the uniform section specimens, however, these strains peak in the centre of the hourglass specimens in the longitudinal direction for both materials. For both specimen geometries, the major strain is uniform while the minor strain is non-uniform in the lateral direction. The longitudinal true strain to lateral true strain ratio remains at about two for the uniform section specimens, but this ratio increases to between 3 and 5 for the hourglass specimens, due to the constraining effect of the sample geometry.
Nerve injuries around the hip

Nerve injuries around the hip can have variable clinical presentations depending on the location of the lesion, the sensorimotor function of the nerve, and the severity of the injury. Nerve injury can be classified as neurapraxia, axonotmesis, and neurotmesis, which correlates to ascending levels of severity. History, physical examination, and electrodiagnostic studies aid in the diagnosis and the classification of neural injury. Basic knowledge of electrodiagnostic studies and its utility for each mononeuropathy is beneficial in determining location and severity of the injury, as well as a prognosis for recovery. The timing of when to order the electrodiagnostic study is critical to the proper interpretation of results. The etiology of the nerve injury often directs management. There are three principles of mononeuropathy treatment: facilitation of nerve healing, relief of symptoms, and restoration of function. Ultimately, recovery from a nerve injury occurs over time, and providing patients with realistic expectations for recovery is an important part of the management process. Each specific mononeuropathy of the hip has distinct clinical features. This chapter will cover the anatomic, etiologic, clinical presentation, and diagnostic features of the following nerves of the hip: iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, genitofemoral, lateral femoral cutaneous, obturator, femoral, sciatic, superior gluteal, inferior gluteal, and pudendal.
The Influence of News Framing on Support for Charter School Reform.

This study examined the influence of media framing on attitudes toward charter school reform. Participants in an Internet-based experiment were presented, at random, with one of three manipulated news articles framing charter school reform as (a) supportive of values such as freedom, choice, and innovation; (b) conflicting with values such as public accountability; or (c) neutral. Participants were then asked about their preferences with respect to a variety of school reform proposals. Results indicated that the framing did influence the policy preferences of participants in areas such as the expansion of charter schools, but did not consistently predict policy preferences.