cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
F-111D computer complex.

A concise description of the Mark II computer complex in the F-111D avionic system is presented. Emphasis is placed on the features related to the computer complex design concept and to the achievement of the design objectives. Operation of the equipment under stored program control is described to illustrate how the units of the computer complex are integrated into a functional element. Finally, some considerations unique in a computer system of this type are described. The computer complex consists of two general-purpose, airborne digital computers and a three-section signal converter. The primary design objectives set for the computer complex were to provide 1) selective functional redundancy to enhance the probability of mission success and 2) flexibility to accommodate system mechanization changes. Redundancy has been implemented through the incorporation of backup routines in each computer and separate sections in the converter to communicate with each computer. The required flexibility has been achieved through the use of a powerful executive routine for controlling the operation of stored programs and through the allocation of provisions for additional storage and input-output.
Determination of reaction rate constants in the mammillary system

It is shown that the individual rate constants can be determined for the composite chemical system: $$A + B_i \rightleftarrows C_i ; i = 1...N$$ with only measurements of the unbound species,A(t), required. The dissociation rate constants can be determined by direct analysis of a single steady state tracer study. The association constants then follow from the analysis of stable equilibrium determinations reported earlier (Hart, 1965). An approximate solution when tracer methods are in-applicable is also given.
Reconstruction of Dural Defects of the Endonasal Skull Base

Endonasal, endoscopic approaches to the cranial base have undergone significant technique refinement over the past decade. Repair of the resultant defects remains perhaps the most important concern with these approaches; however, recent advances suggest that with careful attention to the closure, these procedures can be done with acceptable rates of morbidity. In this review, the authors discuss known techniques for the repair of endonasal defects, and provide some insight based on their experience.
Effects of in utero alcohol exposure on B cell development in neonatal spleen and bone marrow

The effects of in utero alcohol exposure on neonatal lymphopoiesis were examined in a murine model of fetal alcohol syndrome. At birth, both immature and mature B cells were decreased in the spleens of neonatal animals and these subpopulations of B cells did not recover to normal levels until 3-4 weeks of life. Pre-B cells and total B cells were decreased as well in the bone marrow of ethanol-exposed animals. By 3-4 weeks of life, the number of B cells in the bone marrow recovered to normal levels, but the pre-B cells remained below normal levels through 5 weeks of age. Furthermore, a recently described early B cell progenitor was reduced in frequency in ethanol-exposed neonates. Together, these data suggest that in utero exposure to ethanol can result in abnormalities in B cell development that may initiate at an early stage of B cell development.
Floral initiation and early development in Erigeron philadelphicus (Asteraceae)

A comparative study of inflorescence and floral ontogeny of members of the Asteraceae is under way of which this work is a part. The objective of this overall project is to explore inflorescence development, floral initiation, and early development in representative species of each tribe of the Asteraceae. Results from Erigeron philadelphicus are presented
The potential for probiotic manipulation of the gastrointestinal microbiome.

Multiple internal and external sites of the healthy human body are colonized by a diversity of symbiotic microbes. The microbial assemblages found in the intestine represent some of the most dense and diverse of these human-associated ecosystems. Unsurprisingly, the enteric microbiome, that is the totality of microbes, their combined genomes, and their interactions with the human body, has a profound impact on physiological aspects of mammalian function, not least, host immune response. Lack of early-life exposure to certain microbes, or shifts in the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiome have been linked to the development and progression of several intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases, including childhood asthma development and inflammatory bowel disease. Modulating microbial exposure through probiotic supplementation represents a long-held strategy towards ameliorating disease via intestinal microbial community restructuring. This field has experienced somewhat of a resurgence over the past few years, primarily due to the exponential increase in human microbiome studies and a growing appreciation of our dependence on resident microbiota to modulate human health. This review aims to review recent regulatory aspects related to probiotics in food. It also summarizes what is known to date with respect to human gastrointestinal microbiota – the niche which has been most extensively studied in the human system – and the evidence for probiotic supplementation as a viable therapeutic strategy for modulating this consortium.
Gene mapping via bulked segregant RNA-Seq (BSR-Seq).

Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) is an efficient method to rapidly and efficiently map genes responsible for mutant phenotypes. BSA requires access to quantitative genetic markers that are polymorphic in the mapping population. We have developed a modification of BSA (BSR-Seq) that makes use of RNA-Seq reads to efficiently map genes even in populations for which no polymorphic markers have been previously identified. Because of the digital nature of next-generation sequencing (NGS) data, it is possible to conduct de novo SNP discovery and quantitatively genotype BSA samples by analyzing the same RNA-Seq data using an empirical Bayesian approach. In addition, analysis of the RNA-Seq data provides information on the effects of the mutant on global patterns of gene expression at no extra cost. In combination these results greatly simplify gene cloning experiments. To demonstrate the utility of this strategy BSR-Seq was used to clone the glossy3 (gl3) gene of maize. Mutants of the glossy loci exhibit altered accumulation of epicuticular waxes on juvenile leaves. By subjecting the reference allele of gl3 to BSR-Seq, we were able to map the gl3 locus to an ∼2 Mb interval. The single gene located in the ∼2 Mb mapping interval whose expression was down-regulated in the mutant pool was subsequently demonstrated to be the gl3 gene via the analysis of multiple independent transposon induced mutant alleles. The gl3 gene encodes a putative myb transcription factor, which directly or indirectly affects the expression of a number of genes involved in the biosynthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids.
A new computational approach for inversion of very large matrices

Abstract The decomposition method (Adomian[1–2]) is extended to inversion of very large matrices. Numerical examples demonstrate rapidly converging approximants in a form convenient for computer computation. Analytic representations are derived for the deterministic case. Decomposition is shown to be a new method for inversion of matrices and outside the classes of direct methods and relaxation methods.
SES and other correlates of health in a youth cohort: Implications for social justice

ABSTRACT This paper reports results of a study that examines the influence of socioeconomic status and other correlates on the health status of a maturing US cohort of adolescents and young adults (N = 969). Findings indicate that SES and race/ethnicity/sex remain robust predictors of physical health, while race/ethnicity/sex remains a robust predictor of mental health when controlling for hereditary, lifestyle, structural, psychological, and cumulative factors. Findings provide an empirical basis for expanding Rawls' index of social goods to include social determinants of health. They also suggest that appeals to social justice to improve physical health have more solid grounding if cast in terms of absolute gains, while such appeals to improve mental health have more solid grounding if cast in terms of relative gains based on gender. Findings also reaffirm the importance of professions like social work that stress the importance of self-determination and empowerment enabling individuals to enhance their...
Novel Design of a Passive Variable Stiffness Joint Mechanism: Inspiration From Biomechanics of Hand Joints

Passive variable stiffness at the human hand joints is shown to be critical for achieving stable and dexterous grasping and manipulation. Our long-term goal is to implement it in robotic hand joints. We introduce a novel design, using linear springs and non-circular cam, for a variable stiffness joint mechanism that mimics the passive stiffness characteristics of human hand joints. We present a methodology based on the principle of virtual work for synthesizing the cam shape in the joint. Key innovations of our design are a) human-like joint stiffness profile, b) large joint range of motion, and c) modular arrangement for varying torque range. We have built a prototype for validating our approach and the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed joint mechanism fulfills the design goals of our study.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Anxiety and depression: mouse genetics and pharmacological approaches to the role of GABA(A) receptor subtypes

GABA(A) receptors mediate fast synaptic inhibitory neurotransmission throughout the central nervous system. Recent work indicates a role for GABA(A) receptors in physiologically modulating anxiety and depression levels. In this review, we summarize research that led to the identification of the essential role of GABA(A) receptors in counteracting trait anxiety and depression-related behaviors, and research aimed at identifying individual GABA(A) receptor subtypes involved in physiological and pharmacological modulation of emotions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Anxiety and Depression'.
Crosswell tomographic estimation of elastic constants in heterogeneous transversely isotropic media

The procedure to estimate elastic constants of a transversely isotropic medium from limited-aperture traveltimes has two steps. First, P- and SV-wave traveltimes are fitted with elliptical velocity functions around one of the axes of symmetry. Second, the parameters that describe the elliptical velocity functions are transformed analytically into elastic constants. When the medium is heterogeneous, the process of fitting the traveltimes with elliptical velocity functions is performed tomographically, and the transformation to elastic constants is performed locally at each position in space. Crosswell synthetic and field data examples show that the procedure is accurate as long as the data aperture is constrained as follows: it should not be too large otherwise the elliptical approximation may not be adequate, and it should not be too small because the tomographic estimation of elliptical velocities fails, even if the medium is actually isotropic.
Effect of hydrostatic pressure on the ferroelectric Curie temperatures of KH2PO4 and KD2PO4

Abstract Pressure dependences of the ferroelectric Curie temperatures of KH2PO4 and KD2PO4 were measured up to 2 kbar by neutron diffraction. A large isotope effect was observed in the Tc pressure coefficients: -4.52 ± 0.06°/kbar for KH2PO4 and -2.63 ± 0.05°/kbar for KD2PO4. This observation is qualitatively consistent with a proton tunneling model for ferroelectricity in crystals of this type.
Novel Optical Encryption Scheme Using Super-Structured Bragg Gratings

A new type of optical encryption based on super-structured Bragg gratings is proposed. Error free communications with high security improvements is demonstrated by simulations.
A new estimation procedure for a partially nonlinear model via a mixed-effects approach.

The authors consider the estimation of the parametric component of a partially nonlinear semiparametric regression model whose nonparametric component is viewed as a nuisance parameter. They show how estimation can proceed through a nonlinear mixed-effects model approach. They prove that under certain regularity conditions, the proposed estimate is consistent and asymptotically Gaussian. They investigate its finite-sample properties through simulations and illustrate its use with data on the relation between the photosynthetically active radiation and the net ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide. Une nouvelle procedure fondee sur une approche a effets mixtes pour l'estimation des parametres d'un modele partiellement non lineaire Les auteurs s'interessent a l'estimation de la partie parametrique d'un modele de regression semiparametrique partiellement non lineaire dont la composante non parametrique est consideree comme nuisible. Ils montrent comment l'estimation est possible au moyen d'un modele non lineaire a effets mixtes. Ils demontrent que sous certaines conditions de regularite, l'estimateur propose est convergent et asymptotiquement gaussien. Ils en etudient le comportement a taille finie au moyen de simulations et en illustrent l'emploi a l'aide de donnees concernant le rayonnement absorbe par photosynthese en relation avec le bilan des echanges en bioxyde de carbone entre l'atmosphere et l'ecosysteme.
Closed-form projection operator wavelet kernels in support vector learning for nonlinear dynamical systems identification

As a special idempotent operator, the projection operator plays a crucial role in the Spectral Decomposition Theorem for linear operators in Hilbert space. In this paper, an innovative orthogonal projection operator wavelet kernel is developed for support vector learning. In the framework of multi-resolution analysis, the proposed wavelet kernel can easily fulfill the multi-scale, multidimensional learning to estimate complex dependencies. The peculiar advantage of the wavelet kernel developed in this paper lies in its expressivity in closed-form, which greatly facilitates its application in kernel learning. To our best knowledge, it is the first closed-form orthogonal projection wavelet kernel in the literature. In the scenario of linear programming support vector learning, the proposed closed-form projection operator wavelet kernel is used to identify a parallel model of a benchmark nonlinear dynamical system. A simulation study confirms its superiority in model accuracy and sparsity.
Evaluation of the free‐volume theory of diffusion

General characteristics of the free-volume theory of diffusion are discussed, and a recent data-theory comparison involving free-volume theory is critically evaluated. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 501–507, 2003
On pre-detect template matching

This paper introduces a new pre-detect template-matching algorithm. We first project the gray level of each pixel onto a linear axis. We then filter out certain unsuccessful cases before using two-dimensional template matching for further recognition. Experimental results demonstrate improved efficiency of our proposed algorithm.
OVERRINGS OF PRIMITIVE FACTOR RINGS OF U(sl(2,C))

Abstract This paper shows that certain primitive factor rings of U(sl(2, C )) embed in the rings of differential operators D on the curves y2=x2n+1. There is an action of SL(2, C ) as automorphisms of D making D a (sl(2)×sl(2),SL(2)) Harish-Chandra bimodule in such a way that the invariant subring under the centre of SL(2), D C 2, is the primitive factor of U(sl(2)). This result describes all the Dixmier algebras for SL(2, C ).
S‐Ethyl Ethanethiosulfinate

[18542-39-7] C4H10OS2 (MW 138.25) InChI = 1S/C4H10OS2/c1-3-6-7(5)4-2/h3-4H2,1-2H3 InChIKey = FIWQKOIUXFENIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N (thiol protecting agent, thioacetaldehyde, and ethanesulfenic acid precursor) Physical Data: bp 63–65.5 °C/2 mmHg;1 1.104 g cm−3.2 Solubility: Soluble in most organic solvents2 and partially soluble (approx. 11%) in water.3 Form Supplied in: not commercially available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR,4 13C NMR,5, 6 elemental analysis.2 Preparative Method: the reagent is prepared by oxidation of ethyl disulfide with m-CPBA at 0 °C in 56% yield.1, 2, 7, 8 Alternatively, it can be prepared by photooxidation of ethyl disulfide with singlet oxygen.9, 10 Purification: vacuum distillation. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: thermally unstable and should be stored in dark at temperatures of −20 °C or lower if it is not to be used immediately; upon standing at room temperature it spontaneously disproportionates to form a mixture of disulfide and sulfonate as major product;11 contact with skin may cause severe dermatitis;11 also unstable towards bases yielding disulfide and sulfur dioxide.2
Omental caking in Hodgkin's disease computed tomography findings

Neoplastic infiltration of the greater omentum is most commonly caused by metastatic ovarian, gastric, colonic, or pancreatic carcinoma. Because the omentum lacks lymphoid elements, lymphomatous infiltration is uncommon. To date, omental involvement by lymphoma has been reported exclusively in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. In this report, the computed tomography findings of omental caking caused by Hodgkin's lymphoma are described. Although rare, both Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas should be included in the differential diagnosis of omental caking.
The Anterior Nuclei and Lateral Dorsal Nucleus

Three anterior nuclei are typical of most mammals: anterodorsal, anteroventral, and anteromedial (Figs. 14.1–14.3). They are separated from the rest of the dorsal thalamus by the anterior portion of the internal medullary lamina. A lateral splitting of the lamina further separates off the anterior pole of the lateral dorsal nucleus. Because of this topographic association with the anterior nuclei and because it is connected with many of the same parts of the brain as the anterior nuclei, the lateral dorsal nucleus is probably more appropriately considered part of the anterior nuclear complex. Other nearby nuclei, the para-taenial and medioventral, are commonly separated from the anterior nuclei by the internal medullary lamina and are regarded as components of the medial group of thalamic nuclei (Chapter 13). An argument could probably be made on topographic and connectional grounds (Chapter 13) for inclusion of the parataenial nucleus in the anterior group, but I have followed historical precedent and not done so.
Successful combined liver-heart transplantation in adults: report of three patients and review of the literature.

though the low dose of immunosuppressive therapy is in keeping with the diagnosis of sarcoid because depressed cellular immunity in both sarcoidosis and transplant patients would possibly preempt the need for higher doses of immunosuppressive therapy. The lack of significant respiratory symptoms, lack of anergy, and persistently normal levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme are atypical of sarcoidosis. Because pleural effusion is uncommon in sarcoidosis, other entities causing exudative effusions and granulomas, such as tuberculosis, fungal disease, and malignancy were seriously considered and excluded. The persistent exudative effusion, presence of noncaseating granulomas in pleural tissue, rapid resolution of the effusion with corticosteroids, as well as regression of hepatomegaly and control of heel pain, all strongly support the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. The high level of red cells in the first pleural specimen was likely related to blunt trauma from a fall in the setting of chronic thrombocytopenia attributed to tacrolimus. To our knowledge, de novo sarcoid pleural effusion has not been reported in an immunosuppressed renal transplant recipient. In our case, other pulmonary manifestations of sarcoidosis were absent; however, the patient had findings suggestive of extrapulmonary sarcoidosis (hepatomegaly and heel pain) which resolved rapidly with corticosteroid therapy. This case underscores the immunologic events that are pathophysiologic in sarcoid and widens the susceptible population to pharmacologically immunosuppressed persons.
Suicide by cop: implications for crisis (hostage) negotiations

Purpose – Suicide by cop (SbC) is a growing problem and presents special challenges to crisis (hostage) negotiation teams. The purpose of this paper is to examine current definitions of SbC, early warning signs of SbC, successful and unsuccessful resolution of cases, and strategies that have proven most effective to resolve these incidents. Recommendations regarding appropriate training and coping strategies in dealing with the post-shooting emotional sequelae of SbC are presented. Design/methodology/approach – With a dearth of empirical knowledge regarding how to properly respond to SbC crisis incidents, an extensive literature review was conducted to ascertain extant strategies to de-escalate and reduce the lethality of these events. Findings – Results indicated that SbC crisis incidents are more likely to be resolved if officers provide reassurance for the way that subject's feel, comply with reasonable requests, and offer alternative or realistic options. Establishing rapport by spending time with the...
Evaluation of 32Si as a tracer for measuring silica production rates in marine waters

The radioisotope 32Si was evaluated as a tracer for measuring silica production rates in marine waters. j2Si is a weak p-emitter that decays to 32P allowing the isotope to be used to determine simultaneously the production rate of biogenic silica and organic phosphorus. High specific activity ‘*Si, 42,000-52,000 Bq (pug Si)-I, was produced by the proton spallation of KCl. Reasonable tracer additions result in only nanomolar increases in the ambient silicic acid and orthophosphate concentrations during production rate experiments. Protocols for quantifying the amount of 32Si and 32P in samples by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) and gas-flow proportional counting (GFPC) are presented. Both protocols eliminate the 4-month wait for secular equilibrium between 32Si and 72P required by earlier methods. GFPC is especially useful as the instrumentation is lightweight and portable allowing real-time analysis of samples at sea. Real-time analysis by GFPC at sea and postcruise analysis by LSC gave results that agreed to within 17 and 7% for 12Si and 32e respectively. Subsequent intercalibrations of the LSC and GFPC methods indicated that agreement to within O.l-4% for both isotopes can be achieved. Parallel incubations of samples from Monterey Bay, California, using the radioisotope 32Si and the stable isotope ‘OSi gave silica production rates that generally agreed to within 30%. No significant bias was observed between rates obtained with the two tracers. The greater sensitivity and ease of analysis of the radioisotope makes 32Si the tracer of choice for future studies of silica production in the ocean.
A General Correlation for Saturated Two-Phase Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Inside Horizontal and Vertical Tubes

A simple correlation was developed earlier by Kandlikar (1983) for predicting saturated flow boiling heat transfer coefficients inside horizontal and vertical tubes. It was based on a model utilizing the contributions due to nucleate boiling and convective mechanisms. It incorporated a fluid-dependent parameter F{sub fl} in the nucleate boiling term. The predictive ability of the correlation for different refrigerants was confirmed by comparing it with the recent data on R-113 by Jensen and Bensler (1986) and Khanpara et al. (1986). In the present work, the earlier correlation is further refined by expanding the data base to 5,246 data points from 24 experimental investigations with ten fluids. The proposed correlation gives a mean deviation of 15.9 percent with water data, and 18.8 percent with all refrigerant data, and it also predicts the correct h{sub TP} versus x trend as verified with water and R-113 data yielded the lowest mean deviations among correlations tested. The proposed correlation can be extended to other fluids by evaluating the fluid-dependent parameter F{sub fl} for that fluid from its flow boiling or pool boiling data.
Cranial fasciitis presenting as an intracranial mass in a 10-year-old girl.

Cranial fasciitis is a mass-forming lesion of myofibroblastic proliferation of the skull and overlying soft tissue and occurs most frequently in pediatric patients. Cranial fasciitis has the same histological features as nodular fasciitis, which appears in the subcutaneous tissue in other parts of the body. Cranial fasciitis can involve the outer table of the skull, and it occasionally extends through the skull to form a mass involving both soft tissue and the epidural space. Intracranial cranial fasciitis without a soft tissue mass is extremely rare. Here, we report a case of a 10-year-old girl who presented with a massive intracranial mass that caused midline shift of the brain. The lesion showed focal areas of osseous metaplasia and a cytogenic abnormality of t(17;18) (q25:q12.2) that have not yet been reported.
A composite model of product development effectiveness: application to services

This paper explores the extent to which an enlarged, generic version of a "composite" model of concurrent product development previously tested for goods industries also applies to services. The model is comprised of four types of building blocks commonly used in theories of organization design. The operating core of the model includes a troika of practice sets dealing with the organization of cross-functional teams, discipline by structured development processes, and the use of enabling tools/technologies. Concurrent strategy focuses core operations on fast, reiterative cycles of product development. The model postulates that synergy among its constructs have an impact on product development effectiveness. This postulate is tested by multiple regression analysis of 62 large service enterprises in the New York area. All four components of the model had main effects on performance measured as time compression and cost reduction in product development, signature indicators of the effectiveness of concurrent methods of product development. Interaction effects were observed among the constructs of strategy, organization, and process, which suggest synergies. However, tools/technologies lacked significant interactions. With this exception, the results for services parallel those of other studies of goods industries. These findings suggest that concurrent methods of product development are robust, as well as reliable. A generic model of product development is important for managing innovation because goods and services are increasingly commingled in many enterprises and sold as a bundle. Thus, the four building blocks of the model are important for managers to consider deploying in synergistic ways to speed time to market and achieve cost efficiencies.
ARIA is concentrated in nerve terminals at neuromuscular junctions and at other synapses.

Skeletal muscle ACh receptors (AChRs) accumulate at neuromuscular junctions (nmjs) at least partly because of the selective induction of AChR subunit genes in subsynaptic myotube nuclei by the motor nerve terminal. Additionally, mammalian AChRs undergo a postnatal change in subunit composition from embryonic (alpha 2 beta gamma delta) to adult (alpha 2 beta epsilon delta) forms, a switch that also depends on innervation. ARIA, a protein purified from chicken brains based on its ability to induce AChR synthesis in primary chick muscle cells, is a strong candidate for being the molecule responsible for these early developmental events. ARIA mRNA has been detected in embryonic motor neurons during synapse formation, and the gene continues to be expressed postnatally. In this report, we provide evidence that ARIA- like immunoreactivity is concentrated in rat motor nerve terminals from early postnatal ages, and that it can be detected in motor neurons in E18 embryos. ARIA is also detectable in axons within colchicine-treated sciatic nerves, suggesting that the protein in the nerve terminal has been transported from the cell body. ARIA mRNA is present in, but not restricted to, cholinergic neurons. Likewise, we report here that ARIA- like immunoreactivity is present in some noncholinergic central synapses. We also present evidence that isoforms of ARIA are differentially distributed among functionally distinct classes of neurons.
Thermal Stability Testing of a Fischer-Tropsch Fuel and Various Blends With Jet A

Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) jet fuel composition differs from petroleum-based, conventional commercial jet fuel because of differences in feedstock and production methodology. Fischer-Tropsch fuel typically has a lower aromatic and sulfur content and consists primarily of iso and normal parafins. The ASTM D3241 specification for Jet Fuel Thermal Oxidation Test (JFTOT) break point testing method was used to test the breakpoint of a baseline conventional Jet A, a commercial grade F-T jet fuel, and various blends of this F-T fuel in Jet A. The testing completed in this report was supported by the NASA Fundamental Aeronautics Subsonics Fixed Wing Project.
Local convergence of Newton-like methods for degenerate eigenvalues of nonlinear eigenproblems: II. Accelerated algorithms

We study the local convergence rates of several most widely used single-vector Newton-like methods for the solution of a degenerate eigenvalue of nonlinear algebraic eigenvalue problems of the form $$T(\lambda )v=0$$ T ( ? ) v = 0 . This problem has not been completely understood, since the Jacobian associated with Newton's method is singular at the desired eigenpair, and the standard convergence theory is not applicable. In fact, Newton's method generally converges only linearly towards singular roots. In this paper, we show that the local convergence of inverse iteration, Rayleigh functional iteration and the Jacobi---Davidson method are at least quadratic for semi-simple eigenvalues. For defective eigenvalues, Newton-like methods converge only linearly in general. The results are illustrated by numerical experiments.
Auditory physiology: present trends.

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 405 COCHLEAR PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 SIGNIFICANT QUESTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 408 Relations Between OHC and IHC . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . 408 Role of the Efferent System 409 Cochlear Emissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 410 IN VITRO HAIR-CELL STUDIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 410 Stereocilia Stiff ness 410 Cross-links and Transduction Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . ..... . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 Hair Cell Membrane and Cytoplasm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 413 IN VIVO STUDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 EFFERENT SySTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 417 SUMMARY, COCHLEAR PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 AUDITORY LOCALIZATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 The Bat: A Model for Auditory Pattern Recognition.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 422 The Cat: A Model for Auditory Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
The Mechanical Properties of Rat Tail Tendon.

The load-strain and stress-relaxation behavior of wet rat tail tendon has been examined with respect to the parameters strain, rate of straining, and temperature. It is found that this mechanical behavior is reproducible after resting the tendon for a few minutes after each extension so long as the strain does not exceed about 4 per cent. If this strain is exceeded, the tendon becomes progressively easier to extend but its length still returns to the original value after each extension. Extensions of over 35 per cent can be reached in this way. Temperature has no effect upon the mechanical behavior over the range 0–37°C. Just above this temperature, important changes take place in the mechanical properties of the tendon which may have biological significance. The application of the techniques used here to studies of connective tissue disorders is suggested. Some of the mechanical properties of tendon have been interpreted with a simple model.
RpoA: A Useful Gene for Phylogenetic Analysis in Diatoms

The aim of this study was to compare the usefulness of two chloroplast-encoded genes (rpoA and rbcL) and the nuclear-encoded small subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA for reconstructing phylogenetic relationships among diatoms at lower taxonomic levels. To this end, the rpoA and rbcL genes for selected centric and pennate diatoms were sequenced. The new rpoA and rbcL sequences, and an existing nuclear-encoded SSU rRNA data set, were subjected to weighted/unweighted parsimony, maximum likelihood, minimum evolution, and Bayesian analyses. All of the tree-building methods employed showed, based on the support values, that the rpoA gene was the most useful, relative to the rbcL and SSU rRNA genes, in determining phylogenetic relationships among the sampled diatoms. The support values for the relationships among the pennate lineages were, in many instances, greater in the rpoA trees than in the SSU rRNA trees. These results suggest that rpoA might be of value in determining phylogenetic relationships among pennate lineages.
Does rank have its privilege? Inductive inferences within folkbiological taxonomies

Dans le cadre de l'anthropologie cognitive et de la psychologie experimentale, les As. explorent la notion de privilege par rapport aux inferences inductives dans la taxonomie populaire des categories biologiques de plantes et d'animaux. Ils ont pour objectif de montrer comment l'induction peut ou ne peut pas coincider avec d'autres mesures du privilege, telles que les mesures non inferentielles basees sur la perception ou sur la connaissance. Dans cette optique, ils presentent une serie d'experiences destinees a etudier dans quelles mesures les differents niveaux dans la taxonomie biologique populaire sont privilegies dans le raisonnement inductif de deux populations, une communaute traditionnelle maya au Guatemala et des etudiants dans un college nord americain
UbiWorld: an environment integrating virtual reality, supercomputing, and design

UbiWorld is a concept being developed by the Futures Laboratory group at Argonne National Laboratory that ties together the notion of ubiquitous computing (Ubicomp) with that of using virtual reality for rapid prototyping. The goal is to develop an environment where one can explore Ubicomp-type concepts without having to build real Ubicomp hardware. The basic notion is to extend object models in a virtual world by using distributed wide area heterogeneous computing technology to provide complex networking and processing capabilities to virtual reality objects.
Jaw musculature and jaw mechanics of Sebecus icaeorhinus Simpson, 1937 (Mesoeucrocodylia, Sebecosuchia)

Sebecus icaeorhinus possessed a narrow, elevated snout and laterally compressed, serrate teeth, unlike modern crocodilians, but superficially similar to those of theropod dinosaurs. Lever arms of the mandibular adductors were generally relatively greater than those of Crocodylus niloticus. Some of the adductors and the depressor mandibulae were relatively larger than in Alligator mississippiensis. Thus Sebecus may have had a stronger bite than the modern forms examined. The form of the teeth suggests use in cutting. Some theropod dinosaurs are similar to sebecosuchians in the possession of relatively deep, narrow snouts and laterally-compressed, serrate teeth. However, the adductor structure was substantially different from that of Sebecus. The presence of muscle and tendon attachments in Sebecus suggests the adductor structure of mesoeucrocodylians is conservative and was established before divergence of the sebecosuchian and neosuchian lineages. No results presented here contradict the interpretation of sebecosuchians as land-dwelling predators.
Robot task planning and trajectory learning based on programming by demonstration

This paper presents a method to model and reproduce cyclic trajectories captured from human demonstrations. Heuristic algorithms are used to determine the general type of pattern, its parameters, and its kinematic profile. The pattern is described independently of the shape of the surface on which it is demonstrated. Key pattern points are identified based on changes in direction and velocity, and are then reduced based on their proximity. The results of the analysis are provided are used inside a task planning algorithm, to produce robot trajectories based on the workpiece geometries. The trajectory is output in the form of robot native language code so that it can be readily downloaded on the robot.
The Allosteric Modulation of Syntaxin 1A by Munc18: Characterization of the Open and Closed Conformations of Syntaxin

Syntaxin 1A is a plasma membrane SNARE that contains a SNARE motif (H3 domain) and a regulatory Habc domain. It is generally believed that syntaxin can exist in both an open and closed conformation, where the H3 domain is either free or associated with the Habc domain. Munc18, a regulatory SM protein was discovered on the basis of its high affinity to syntaxin. It is believed to arrest membrane fusion by locking syntaxin 1A into a closed state so that it cannot assemble into a SNARE complex with SNAP25 and synaptobrevin. In the present work, we use continuous wave and pulse EPR to characterize the open and closed states of syntaxin 1A. The data indicate that the H3 motif is always closely associated with the Habc domain, irrespective of the presence of munc18. Segments of the H3 motif are in conformational exchange between ordered and disordered states and munc18 acts to shift this conformational equilibrium to the ordered state. The results indicate that munc18 functions as an allosteric regulator of syntaxin 1A, and we postulate that this regulation functions to control the dynamics of those segments of syntaxin that participate in SNARE recognition and assembly.
Versailles '73: American Runway Revolution

Not many moments in time change the course of history and evolution of an industry at the same time. And even fewer of these moments can be attributed without exception to a group of black fashion models. In this essay I discuss my award-winning documentary Versailles ’73: American Runway Revolution , which revisits the famed fashion battle at Versailles and examines the dynamics of race, economics, beauty, history, and the epic results of that legendary night in 1973 at the Chateau de Versailles. When five American designers enjoy victory against their French counterparts, the Americans triumph in large part is because of the black models that sashayed the runway, moving like dancers with the instincts of soldiers. That combination mesmerized and blew away the French. Those models included Pat Cleveland, Bethann Hardisan, Billie Blair, Alva Chin, Charlene Dash, Norman Jean Darden, Ramouna Saunders, Jennifer Brice, Barbara Jackson, and China Machado. The rest is well-heeled history.
Bile acids do not mediate the hyperdynamic circulation in portal hypertensive rats.

Portal hypertension is accompanied by hyperdynamic systemic and splanchnic circulation. Serum bile acids (BAs), which are elevated in portal hypertension and have vasodilatory properties, have been proposed as mediators of this hyperdynamic circulation. In this study, portal hypertensive rats [accomplished by partial portal vein ligation (PVL)] were gavaged with cholestyramine (PVL-CH) to decrease circulating BA levels. A control group of rats was gavaged with an inert suspension of Metamucil (PVL-ME). The following hyperdynamic parameters were found to be similar in PVL-CH and PVL-ME: mean arterial pressure (119 +/- 6 vs. 124 +/- 5 mmHg), portal pressure (13.2 +/- 0.6 vs. 14.5 +/- 0.5 mmHg), cardiac index (0.33 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.34 +/- 0.03 ml.min-1.g body wt-1), splanchnic blood flow (1.4 +/- 0.13 vs. 1.6 +/- 0.1 ml.min-1.g body wt-1), portosystemic shunting (82 +/- 8 vs. 92 +/- 3%), peripheral arteriolar resistances (344 +/- 74 vs. 387 +/- 29 mmHg.min.ml-1.g body wt), and splanchnic arteriolar resistances (75 +/- 14 vs. 72 +/- 6 mmHg.min.ml-1.g splanchnic wt; 1,471 +/- 150 vs. 1,325 +/- 120 mmHg.min.ml-1.g body wt). BA in PVL-ME (84 +/- 9 microM/l) were similar to those previously observed in untreated PVL and significantly greater than those measured in PVL-CH (25 +/- 4 microM/l; P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Sleep duration and health among older adults: associations vary by how sleep is measured

Background Cohort studies have found that short and long sleep are both associated with worse outcomes, compared with intermediate sleep times. While demonstrated biological mechanisms could explain health effects for short sleep, long-sleep risk is puzzling. Most studies reporting the U shape use a single question about sleep duration, a measurement method that does not correlate highly with objectively measured sleep. We hypothesised that the U shape, especially the poor outcomes for long sleepers, may be an artefact of how sleep is measured. Methods We examined the cross-sectional prevalence of fair/poor health by sleep hour categories (≤6, ≤7, ≤8, ≤9, >9 h) in a national US sample of adults aged 62–90 that included several types of sleep measures (n=727). Survey measures were: a single question; usual bedtimes and waking times; and a 3-day sleep log. Actigraphy measures were the sleep interval and total sleep time. Fair/poor health was regressed on sleep hour categories adjusted for demographics, with tests for both linear trend and U shape. Results Adjusted OR of fair/poor health across sleep hour categories from the single question were 4.6, 2.2, referent (8 h), 1.8 and 6.9. There was high prevalence of fair/poor health for ≤6 h for all sleep measures, but the long-sleep effect was absent for sleep logs and actigraphy measures. Conclusions Associations between long sleep and poor health may be specific to studies measuring sleep with survey questions. As cohorts with actigraphy mature, our understanding of how sleep affects health may change.
Assessment of Efficiency for a Hybrid Explicit/Implicit Code Simulation of a Multiple Impact Crash Scenario

Sandia National Laboratories has developed a new explicit nonlinear transient dynamic finite element code called Presto and an associated implicit code called Adagio. This paper describes a process used to assess the ability and efficiency for sharing the computational workload of a multiple impact crash simulation between the explicit (Presto) and the implicit (Adagio) codes to minimize computation time. A numeric example of this hybrid simulation process is given that applies to a dynamic beam impact scenario. Results from simulations using each code will be compared with the hybrid simulation and discussed.© 2005 ASME
Convergence and Divergence of ∑∞n=1 1/np

(1979). Convergence and Divergence of ∑∞n=1 1/np. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 178-178.
Nonlinear Analysis of Unsteady Flows in Multistage Turbomachines Using the Harmonic Balance Technique

A harmonic balance technique for the analysis of two and three-dimensional linear (small-disturbance) and nonlinear unsteady flows in multistage turbomachines is presented. The present method uses a mixed time-domain/frequency-domain approach that allows one to compute the unsteady aerodynamic response of multistage machines to both blade vibration (the flutter problem) and wake interaction (the forced response problem). In general, the flow field may have multiple excitation frequencies that are not integer multiples of each other, so that the unsteady flow is (sometimes) aperiodic in time. Using our approach, we model each blade row using a computational grid spanning a single blade passage. In each blade row, we store several sub-time level solutions. For flows that are periodic in time, these sub-time levels span a single time period. For aperiodic flows, the temporal “period” spanned by these sub-time level solutions is suciently long to sample the relevant discrete frequencies contained in the aperiodic flow. In both cases, these sub-time level solutions are related to each other through the time derivative terms in the Euler or Navier-Stokes equations, and boundary conditions ‐ complex periodicity conditions connect the sub-time levels within a blade passage, and inter-row boundary conditions connect the solutions among blade rows. The resulting discretized equations ‐ which are mathematically “steady” because time-derivatives have been replaced by a pseudo-spectral operator in which the excitation frequencies appear as parameters ‐ can be solved very eciently using multi-grid acceleration techniques. In this paper, we apply the technique to both flutter and wake interaction problems and illustrate the influence of neighboring blade rows on the unsteady aerodynamic response of a blade row.
The Economics of Excessive Excess Supply: Declining Oil and Steel Prices

When does the oversupply of goods, products, or commodities become an intended or deliberate act – rather than the result of uncontrollable economic, geopolitical forces? Should international agreements govern or control market forces or intended acts? Why should major oil or steel producers flood the markets with their products if a direct consequence of such act, namely a decline in prices, could adversely affect their economies – and more importantly, generate adverse spill-over effects? What could be the driving force behind a nation’s decision – in so doing, to act against its national and economic interests? Are there other reasons or powerful unions behind such acts? These are amongst some of the questions, which constitute some of the objectives that this paper aims to address