cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lake thermal structure drives interannual variability in summer anoxia dynamics in a eutrophic lake over 37 years

Abstract. The concentration of oxygen is fundamental to lake water quality and ecosystem functioning through its control over habitat availability for organisms, redox reactions, and recycling of organic material. In many eutrophic lakes, oxygen depletion in the bottom layer (hypolimnion) occurs annually during summer stratification. The temporal and spatial extent of summer hypolimnetic anoxia is determined by interactions between the lake and its external drivers (e.g., catchment characteristics, nutrient loads, meteorology) as well as internal feedback mechanisms (e.g., organic matter recycling, phytoplankton blooms). How these drivers interact to control the evolution of lake anoxia over decadal timescales will determine, in part, the future lake water quality. In this study, we used a vertical one-dimensional hydrodynamic–ecological model (GLM-AED2) coupled with a calibrated hydrological catchment model (PIHM-Lake) to simulate the thermal and water quality dynamics of the eutrophic Lake Mendota (USA) over a 37 year period. The calibration and validation of the lake model consisted of a global sensitivity evaluation as well as the application of an optimization algorithm to improve the fit between observed and simulated data. We calculated stability indices (Schmidt stability, Birgean work, stored internal heat), identified spring mixing and summer stratification periods, and quantified the energy required for stratification and mixing. To qualify which external and internal factors were most important in driving the interannual variation in summer anoxia, we applied a random-forest classifier and multiple linear regressions to modeled ecosystem variables (e.g., stratification onset and offset, ice duration, gross primary production). Lake Mendota exhibited prolonged hypolimnetic anoxia each summer, lasting between 50–60 d. The summer heat budget, the timing of thermal stratification, and the gross primary production in the epilimnion prior to summer stratification were the most important predictors of the spatial and temporal extent of summer anoxia periods in Lake Mendota. Interannual variability in anoxia was largely driven by physical factors: earlier onset of thermal stratification in combination with a higher vertical stability strongly affected the duration and spatial extent of summer anoxia. A measured step change upward in summer anoxia in 2010 was unexplained by the GLM-AED2 model. Although the cause remains unknown, possible factors include invasion by the predacious zooplankton Bythotrephes longimanus. As the heat budget depended primarily on external meteorological conditions, the spatial and temporal extent of summer anoxia in Lake Mendota is likely to increase in the near future as a result of projected climate change in the region.
Conceptualizing the role of courts in peace processes

What role do courts play in peace processes? Relying on case studies of South Africa and Colombia, we identify two functions. First, by invalidating some peripheral provisions constitutional courts can enhance the legitimacy of those agreements by adding the imprimatur of legalism to the political support the agreements already have. Second, the international law of impunity can be an obstacle to reaching a peace agreement, but domestic courts can weaken that impediment by deferring a confrontation with that law by creative interpretation of both the peace agreement and international law, thereby postponing to the indefinite future any actual confrontation between the agreement and international law.
Ontology for Traditional Modernized Dance Jaipong Oray Welang

Indonesia has many ethnic groups and each ethnic group has various types of dances. Jaipong Oray Welang is one of the most popular modernized traditional dances originating from the Sundanese people. In an effort to preserve this dance, it is necessary to record the knowledge, not only in terms of descriptions and other attributes but also recording a series of dance moves along with pictures of examples of each dance movement. In this study, the ontology of the Jaipong Oray Welang dance has been built. Dance movement data was obtained from observations and interviews of dancers in a Sundanese dance studio. Ontology is implemented using the protege application and owlready2 in python, and competency questions are evaluated using SPARQL queries.
Ru-Catalyzed Isomerization Provides Access to Alternating Copolymers via Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization.

We describe an isomerization–alternating ROMP protocol that gives linear copolymers with rigorous sequence alternation. Bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-7-ene-7-carboxamides of primary amines are isomerized in the presence of (3-BrPyr)2Cl2(H2IMes)Ru═CHPh to the corresponding bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-1(8)-ene-8-carboxamides in which the olefinic bond is tetrasubstituted. The isomerized amides undergo alternating ring-opening metathesis polymerization with cyclohexene to provide soluble and linear copolymers with molecular weights up to ∼130 kDa. This process provides efficient entry to strictly alternating copolymers that can display diverse functional groups.
Tissue Organizational Stability and Intercellular Invasion

Intercellular invasion is the intrusion of one tissue into space occupied by a second tissue. The alternative situation to invasion, one characteristic of most coherent tissues, is segregation, with identifiable boundaries between contiguous tissues. Tissue segregation can be demonstrated as an active process by the sorting-out of the disorganized cell aggregates that are produced when mixed suspensions of dissociated cells are caused to reaggregate. In this situation, active reorganization of the disorganized aggregate restores a segregated tissue arrangement. Investigation of the sorting of the two principal tissues of the chick embryonic heart (namely, the myocardium and the mesenchyme) suggests an involvement of a fibronectin-rich interstitial matrix elaborated by the cardiac mesenchyme in the process of tissue segregation. During sorting the matrix appears selectively in regions occupied by the mesenchyme. Under conditions of culture non-permissive for matrix deposition, sorting fails to occur. Stimulation of matrix deposition by the addition of serum, transforming growth factor-beta, or isolated matrix itself is accompanied by sorting-out of the two tissues. The mutual invasion of the two tissues that occurs when mesenchymal and myocardial aggregates are fused occurs in regions where the mesenchymal matrix is lost. It is suggested that the presence of the fibronectin matrix in the cardiac mesenchyme promotes tissue segregation and organizational stability and that its loss establishes conditions in which invasion will occur.
ChinaAS Exports and Employment

Dooley et al (2003, 2004a,b,c) argue that China seeks to raise urban employment by 10-12 million persons per year, with about 30% of that coming from export growth. In fact, total employment increased by 7.5-8 million per year over 1997-2005. We estimate that export growth over 1997-2002 contributed at most 2.5 million jobs per year, with most of the employment gains coming from non-traded goods like construction. Exports grew much faster over the 2000-2005 period, which could in principal explain the entire increase in employment. However, the growth in domestic demand led to three-times more employment gains than did exports over 2000-2005, while productivity growth subtracted the same amount again from employment. We conclude that exports have become increasingly important in stimulating employment in China, but that the same gains could be obtained from growth in domestic demand, especially for tradable goods, which has been stagnant until at least 2002.
Finite Difference Method

The finite difference method is a universally applicable numerical method for the solution of differential equations. In this chapter, for a sample parabolic partial differential equation, we introduce some difference schemes and analyze their convergence. We present the well-known Lax equivalence theorem and related theoretical results, and apply them to the convergence analysis of difference schemes.
Winning the West with Words: Language and Conquest in the Lower Great Lakes

Review of: "Winning the West With Words: Language and Conquest in the Lower Great Lakes," by James Joseph Buss.
A AUTO-REPRESENTAÇÃO DA SAÚDE DOS PROFESSORES DE EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA DE ACADEMIAS

This study aims to discuss how physical education instructors working at large gyms in the city of Rio de Janeiro represent their own health. It uses the theoretical and methodological framework of the Theory of Social Representation as formulated by Moscovici (2003). Fifteen interviews were carried out and questionnaires were applied to map out the characteristics and the daily lives of the subjects who participated in this study. We found that the instructors, in representing their health, resorted to biological categories such as eating habits, sleep, and physical activity, as well as utilitarian categories such as aptitude for work. The majority of our interviewees works as personal trainer, which appeared as one of the factors responsible for the disorganization of their time.
Atomistic modeling of high temperature uranium–zirconium alloy structure and thermodynamics

Abstract A semi-empirical Modified Embedded Atom Method (MEAM) potential is developed for application to the high temperature body-centered-cubic uranium–zirconium alloy (γ-U–Zr) phase and employed with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the high temperature thermo-physical properties of U–Zr alloys. Uranium-rich U–Zr alloys (e.g. U–10Zr) have been tested and qualified for use as metallic nuclear fuel in U.S. fast reactors such as the Integral Fast Reactor and the Experimental Breeder Reactors, and are a common sub-system of ternary metallic alloys like U–Pu–Zr and U–Zr–Nb. The potential was constructed to ensure that basic properties (e.g., elastic constants, bulk modulus, and formation energies) were in agreement with first principles calculations and experimental results. After which, slight adjustments were made to the potential to fit the known thermal properties and thermodynamics of the system. The potentials successfully reproduce the experimental melting point, enthalpy of fusion, volume change upon melting, thermal expansion, and the heat capacity of pure U and Zr. Simulations of the U–Zr system are found to be in good agreement with experimental thermal expansion values, Vegard's law for the lattice constants, and the experimental enthalpy of mixing. This is the first simulation to reproduce the experimental thermodynamics of the high temperature γ-U–Zr metallic alloy system. The MEAM potential is then used to explore thermodynamics properties of the high temperature U–Zr system including the constant volume heat capacity, isothermal compressibility, adiabatic index, and the Gruneisen parameters.
Neuronal growth cone collapse and inhibition of protein fatty acylation by nitric oxide

Nitric oxide, a free-radical gas produced endogenously by several mammalian cell types, has been implicated as a diffusible intercellular messenger subserving use-dependent modification of synaptic efficacy in the mature central nervous system. It has been suggested on theoretical grounds that nitric oxide might play an analogous role during the establishment of ordered connections by developing neurons. We report here that nitric oxide rapidly and reversibly inhibits growth of neurites of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro. In addition, we show that exposure to nitric oxide inhibits thioester-linked long-chain fatty acylation of neuronal proteins, possibly through a direct modification of substrate cysteine thiols. Our results demonstrate a potential role for nitric oxide in the regulation of process outgrowth and remodelling during neuronal development, which may be effected at least in part through modulation of dynamic protein fatty acylation in neuronal growth cones.
Phylogenetic resolution and quantifying the phylogenetic diversity and dispersion of communities.

Conservation biologists and community ecologists have increasingly begun to quantify the phylogenetic diversity and phylogenetic dispersion in species assemblages. In some instances, the phylogenetic trees used for such analyses are fully bifurcating, but in many cases the phylogenies being used contain unresolved nodes (i.e. polytomies). The lack of phylogenetic resolution in such studies, while certainly not preferred, is likely to continue particularly for those analyzing diverse communities and datasets with hundreds to thousands of taxa. Thus it is imperative that we quantify potential biases and losses of statistical power in studies that use phylogenetic trees that are not completely resolved. The present study is designed to meet both of these goals by quantifying the phylogenetic diversity and dispersion of simulated communities using resolved and gradually ‘unresolved’ phylogenies. The results show that: (i) measures of community phylogenetic diversity and dispersion are generally more sensitive to loss of resolution basally in the phylogeny and less sensitive to loss of resolution terminally; and (ii) the loss of phylogenetic resolution generally causes false negative results rather than false positives.
Brain weight‐body weight relationships in 12 species of nonhuman primates

Necropsy data from a Primate Center were used in a study of the brain weight-body weight relationships of 12 species of nonhuman primates. The sample sizes ranged from six Cercopithecus aethiops to 163 Macaca mulatta. By plotting mean brain-mean body weight of each species on log-log paper, it was shown that the straight line fitting the plots of all species had a slope of 0.72. Slopes for three species of the genus Macaca, and for six species of the family Cebidae, were 0.61 and 0.81 respectively. Coefficients of determination of the three lines were greater than 0.90. Two species of the family Cebiade, Saimiri sciureus and Aotus trivirgatus, had equivalent body weights, but the former had a 30% larger brain than the latter. The results suggest that brain-body weight scaling characteristics of primate species can be studied effectively using necropsy data. Some statistically significant discrepancies between these and published data, however, show that more data are required to describe these characteristics with greater certainty.
Assessing comprehension of clinical research

Abstract Background Comprehension and retention of study-related concepts by research subjects are understudied, particularly in certain areas of women's health such as menopausal hormone therapy (MHT). Methods In a multi-center trial of MHT, a 9-item participant comprehension questionnaire (PCQ) tested knowledge of key concerns relating to MHT at two study sites. The PCQ was administered at baseline. At study site1, PCQ was re-administered to assess information retention months later. Multivariable analyses assessed predictors of participant comprehension after adjusting for age, race, education, annual family income (AFI), menopausal symptoms and study site. Results 151 participants (n = 89 at site I, n = 62 at site II) completed the PCQ at baseline; 71 participants from site I completed the follow-up PCQ. Participant comprehension at baseline was influenced by age, marital status, education, symptom of dyspareunia, season of enrollment and AFI Conclusion Assessing participant comprehension of research-related concepts using a PCQ identifies a need for ongoing reinforcement of relevant details, especially in symptomatic early menopausal women of lower education and income. Improved participant comprehension at follow up is reassuring and reflects success of the research team in communicating study-related concepts to participants enrolled in longitudinal studies.
Identification of Dynorphins as Endogenous Ligands for an Opioid Receptor-like Orphan Receptor

Abstract To identify the endogenous ligands for a cloned orphan receptor that shares high degrees of sequence homology with opioid receptors, this orphan receptor was expressed in Xenopus oocytes and in mammalian cell lines CHO-K1 and HEK-293. The coupling of the receptor to a G protein-activated K channel was used as a functional assay in oocytes. Endogenous opioid peptide dynorphins were found to activate the K channel by stimulating the orphan receptor. This activation was dose-dependent, with EC values at 45 and 37 nM for dynorphin A and dynorphin A-(1-13), respectively. The dynorphin effect was antagonized by the non-selective opioid antagonist naloxone but at rather high concentrations in the micromolar range. Naloxone also caused a rightward shift of the dose-response curve for dynorphin A, suggesting a competitive antagonism mechanism. In transiently transfected cells, 5 μM dynorphin A-(1-13) inhibited the forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP increase by 51 and 35% in CHO-K1 and HEK-293 cells, respectively. Other classes of endogenous opioids, i.e. enkephalins and endorphins, caused very little activation of this receptor. These results suggest that this orphan receptor is a member of the opioid receptor family and that dynorphins are endogenous ligands for this receptor.
A fixed loss fission detector

Abstract Calculations were performed with the goal of designing a fission chamber in which the fraction of fragment pairs lost by foil absorption is independent of the fragment angular distribution.
Vaccination for influenza--any alternatives?

Inactivated influenza vaccine is the most widely used vaccine in the United States, with annual sales of approximately 15 to 20 million doses. It is also one of the least satisfactory immunizing ag...
Synthesis of a quantum dot superlattice using molecularly linked metal clusters

Abstract We report on a synthesis strategy for fabrication of close-packed planar arrays of nanometer-diameter metal clusters that are covalently linked by organic molecular wires. The clusters are gold single crystals, each encapsulated by a monolayer of dodecanethiol molecules. A colloidal suspension of these clusters in mesitylene is spread onto a substrate. On evaporation of the solvent the clusters self-assemble to form a close-packed monolayer. This cluster network is then crosslinked by immersing the substrate in an acetonitrile solution containing a conjugated di-isonitrile molecule (1,4-di(4-isocyanophenylethynyl)2-ethylbenzene). Transmission electron micrographs of the cluster arrays before and after immersion indicate that the diisonitrile molecules partially substitute for the dodecanethiol molecules to produce a crosslinked network of clusters joined by the di-isonitrile. The interesting feature of this network is that it represents a 2D superlattice of metal quantum dots coupled by well defined tunnel junctions. When the gold clusters used to synthesize the network have diameters less than approximately 2 nm, it is predicted that this superlattice will exhibit Coulomb blockade effects at room temperature.
Relativizations comparing NP and exponential time

The possible relationships between NP and EXPAk = ∪∞c = 0 DTIME (2cnk) relative to oracles are examined. It is first shown that for every oracle (including the empty set) and any k, NPA ≠ EXPAk. Then it is shown that all other relationships are possible under relativization. That is, for each k > 0 oracles A, B, and C are constructed such that (i) PANPAEXPAk, (ii) EXPBkNPB, and (iii) NPC and EXPCk are incomparable with respect to inclusion. The construction of the set A is especially intricate, apparently requiring a finite-injury priority argument. In each case in the constructions when a possible inclusion is ruled out, it is done in a very strong way, namely, by finding a language in one of the classes which is immune with respect to the other class.
Calmodulin potentiates Gβγ activation of phospholipase C-β3

Phospholipase C-β (PLC-β) isozymes (EC 3.1.4.11) hydrolyze the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate to generate intracellular second messenger signaling molecules inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG) in response to receptor activation and other cellular stimuli. PLCβ1 and PLCβ3 isozymes were previously demonstrated to bind the calcium-sensitive molecule calmodulin [1]. We have now shown through fluorescence anisotropy that calmodulin/PLCβ3 affinities increase with increasing calcium in a physiologically relevant concentration range. The bimolecular affinity constants for calmodulin interaction with PLCβ1 or PLCβ3 were estimated as 260 nM and 200 nM, respectively, from fluorescence anisotropy data. There was no effect of calmodulin on basal or Gαq-stimulated catalytic activity for either isozyme. However, the interaction between calmodulin and PLCβ3 leads to potentiation of activation by the G protein βγ dimer in an in vitro assay. 1321N1 cells treated with calmodulin inhibitors concurrent with and post–stimulation of muscarinic receptors significantly reduced [3H]PIP hydrolysis. Together these data are suggestive of cooperative role for calmodulin in the G protein βγ dimer-stimulated activity of PLCβ3.
Endometriosis and ovarian cancer: A review

Objectives. To describe the relationship between endometriosis and ovarian cancer.Search strategy. Review of the relevant clinical, epidemiologic, and molecular biology literature.Selection criteria. Studies published in the English language using the MEDLINE database.Data collection and analysis. Relevant studies were reviewed by the three authors and those that seem to be of significant scientific value, based on the methodology and statistical power, were included.Main results. Endometriosis and ovarian cancer share many common predisposing factors. Both conditions demonstrate similar patterns regarding local invasion and distal spread they respond similarly to estrogen-induced growth signaling, they express resistance to apoptotic mechanisms and they are characterized by genomic instability. Endometrioid and clear-cell are the most frequent types of ovarian cancer associated with endometriosis. Tubal ligation, in women with endometriosis, seems to prevent retrograde menstruation but it has also been s...
Hypercubes and Pascal's Triangle: A Tale of Two Proofs

This last identity can also be proven without calculus. For a typical short proof, see Rosen [9, Section 4.3, Exercise 51] or Buckley and Lewinter [3, Section 1.4, Exercise 9]. We shall prove identity (4) using graph theory. In contrast to the previously mentioned proofs, which suggest that (4) is an algebraic accident, our approach here will count a combinatorial object in two different ways, thereby yielding insight into why the identity is true. The hypercube, Qn, is an important graph, with applications in computer science [1]-[3], [5]-[8]. Its vertex set is given by V(Qn) = {(xl, x2, ..., Xn) I xi = 0 or 1; i = 1, 2 ..., n}, i.e., each vertex is labeled by a binary n-dimensional vector. It follows that IV(Qn)l = 2". Vertices x = (xl, x2, ..., xn) and Y = (Y, Y2 ..., Yn) are adjacent if and only if yin=l xiYi = 1, from which it follows that Qn is n-regular. Since the degree sum is n2n, we find that Qn has n2n-1 216 MATHEMATICS MAGAZINE
80-Gb/s optical demultiplexing using modulators

Optical Time Division Multiplexing (OTDM) is one of the important techniques by which data transmission capacity (aggregate bit rates) can be increased enormously. In this work, we demonstrate an 80 Gb/s time division multiplexing and demultiplexing experiment. By gain switching a DFB laser with 10 GHz RF signal we produced approximately 7 ps FWHM pulses. By using TDM technique we obtained 80 GHz signal. The demultiplexing of this TDM signal is carried out using two cascaded LiNbO3 Mach-Zehnder modulators.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Distribution of turbulence energy dissipation rates in a Rushton turbine stirred mixer

An approximate method of measuring the turbulence energy dissipation rate (ɛ) in mixers by use of laser-Doppler measurements of the velocity autocorrelation and turbulence energy was successful in yielding remarkably consistent values. The necessary corrections for periodic, non-dissipative velocity fluctuations were made by an autocorrelation method. Two modes of periodic fluctuation were found to be significant. Transformation of the corrected autocorrelations yielded completely normal turbulence energy spectra.
Advanced Target Tracking By Dynamic Scene Analysis

Conventional target tracking approaches rely on numerical correlation over successive frames on a window around the target. They are, therefore, sensitive to partial obscuration and changes in target and background appearances. Further, multiple target tracking requires replication of the hardware. In this paper, we present a multiple target tracking approach based on a dynamic scene model, derived from the analysis of a time sequence of imagery. Simulation results demonstrate multiple target tracking in cluttered backgrounds and in imagery from fast moving platforms. The approach is implementable as an integral part of the Honeywell target screener system. Several multitarget tracking application scenarios eminently suited to this approach are identified.
Automated external cardioversion defibrillation monitoring in cardiac arrest: a randomized trial.

In-hospital cardiac arrest has a poor prognosis despite active electrocardiography monitoring. The initial rhythm of approximately 25% of in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) events is pulseless ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF). Early defibrillation is an independent predictor of survival in CPR events caused by VT/VF. The automated external cardioverter defibrillator (AECD) is a device attached by pads to the chest wall that monitors, detects, and within seconds, automatically delivers electric countershock to an appropriate tachyarrhythmia. • To evaluate safety of AECD monitoring in hospitalized patients. • To evaluate whether AECDs provide earlier defibrillation than hospital code teams. The study is a prospective trial randomizing patients admitted to the telemetry ward to standard CPR (code team) or standard CPR plus AECD monitoring (PowerHeart CRM). The AECD is programmed to deliver one 150 J biphasic shock to patients in sustained VT/VF. Data is collected using the Utstein criteria for cardiac arrest. The primary endpoint is time-to-defibrillation; secondary outcomes include neurological status and survival to discharge, with 3-year follow-up. To date, 192 patients have been recruited in the time period between 10/10/2006 to 7/20/2007. A total of 3,655 hours of telemetry data have been analyzed in the AECD arm. The AECD has monitored ambulatory telemetry patients in sinus rhythm, sinus tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial flutter or fibrillation, with premature ventricular complexes and non-sustained VT without delivery of inappropriate shocks. One patient experienced sustained VT during AECD monitoring, who was successfully defibrillated (17 seconds after meeting programmed criteria). There are no events to report in the control arm. The patient survived the event without neurological complications. During the same time period, mean time to shock for VT/VF cardiac arrest occurring outside the telemetry ward was 230 ± 50 seconds. AECD monitoring is safe and likely results in earlier defibrillation than standard telemetry monitoring. National Institutes of Health registration ID: NCT00382928
Vortex methods for flow simulation

Recent progress in the development of vortex methods and their applications to the numerical simulation of incompressible fluid flows are reviewed. Emphasis is on recent results concerning the accuracy of these methods, improvements in computational efficiency, and the development of three-dimensional methods. Simulations of several example flows which display some of the strengths and weaknesses of vortex methods are presented.
Corticosteroids present in adrenal vein blood of dogs

Abstract 17-Hydroxycortieosterone and corticosterone were found to be the main steroids present in adrenal vein blood of dogs receiving ACTH. In addition, seven other unidentified compounds giving the reactions of α-ketols were found in much smaller quantities. Quantitative data on rates of corticosteroid secretion are presented.
Separate Mott and liquid-gas transitions in a coulomb gas: Photoexcited germanium

Abstract The phase diagram of photoexcited electron-hole (e-h) pairs, which are confined to a strain well in stressed Ge, is investigated via measurements of energy spectra and spatial distributions of e-h recombination luminescence. Above a triple-point temperature of 3.7 ± 0.2K, a Mott (metal-insulator) transition is observed at lower densities than the liquid-gas (LG) transition. The measured critical temperatures of the Mott and LG transitions are 6.5 ± 0.5K and 4.5 ± 0.2K respectively.
Pathological responses to oncogenic Hedgehog signaling in skin are dependent on canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling

Constitutive Hedgehog (Hh) signaling underlies several human tumors, including basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and basaloid follicular hamartoma in skin. Intriguingly, superficial BCCs arise as de novo epithelial buds resembling embryonic hair germs, collections of epidermal cells whose development is regulated by canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. Similar to embryonic hair germs, human BCC buds showed increased levels of cytoplasmic and nuclear beta-catenin and expressed early hair follicle lineage markers. We also detected canonical Wnt/ beta-catenin signaling in epithelial buds and hamartomas from mice expressing an oncogene, M2SMO, leading to constitutive Hh signaling in skin. Conditional overexpression of the Wnt pathway antagonist Dkk1 in M2SMO-expressing mice potently inhibited epithelial bud and hamartoma development without affecting Hh signaling. Our findings uncover a hitherto unknown requirement for ligand-driven, canonical Wnt/ beta-catenin signaling for Hh pathway-driven tumorigenesis, identify a new pharmacological target for these neoplasms and establish the molecular basis for the well-known similarity between early superficial BCCs and embryonic hair germs.
Incorporating cellular manufacturing into supply chain design

This paper presents a mathematical model. The model is used to integrate the design of cellular manufacturing systems with the design of a production network. The objective of the model is to minimize the sum of production and supply-chain costs. The model selects production (facility) locations and forms cells in the selected locations. Two heuristic procedures are presented to solve the model. These procedures are used to generate solutions for several test problems. The test shows the heuristic procedures generate solutions in a reasonable time frame. The results also show that the best solutions were generated by a tabu search procedure. The proposed approach is also compared with an approach that independently selects locations and then forms cells. This second test shows that reduced costs can be obtained using the integrated model.
Developmental abnormalities in transgenic mice expressing a sialic acid-specific 9-O-acetylesterase.

Abstract 9-O-acetylation of sialic acids is tissue specific and developmentally regulated. We have selectively destroyed these O-acetyl groups during murine ambryogenesis by expressing the 9-O-acetyl-sialic acid-specific esterase of influenza C. DNA constructs driven by the metallothionein promoter arrested development at the 2-cell stage and gave a markedly decreased yield of live mice. A similar construct driven by the phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase promoter did not cause this block, but gave transgenic mice with selective expression of esterase in the retina and the adrenal gland. These organs showed variable abnormalities in organization, while all other tissues examined appeared normal. The ganglioside 9-O-acetyl-G GD3 , was selectively destroyed In target tissues. Thus, 9-O-acetylated sialic acids may play an role in murine development at the 2-cell stage and in certain differentiated tissues.
Gender Differences in Moral Reasoning: Stable or Situational?

Some researchers have proposed that women prefer care reasoning, which considers issues of need and sacrifice, and men prefer justice reasoning, which considers issues of fairness and rights. However, differences in approach to moral reasoning may be due to the different types of dilemmas women and men encounter rather than to differences in the ways men and women approach moral problems. The present study employed parenting dilemmas to determine whether restriction of domain would reduce gender differences in moral reasoning orientation. Dilemmas were presented or elicited and differed in difficulty, importance, and personal relevance to investigate the relationship between situational characteristics and care or justice reasoning. Women and men did not differ in their use of care or justice reasoning when the domain was restricted, supporting the conclusion that differences in moral reasoning orientation result from differences in current life situations rather than from stable gender characteristics.
Temporal representation of rippled noise in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus of the chinchilla

This paper describes the temporal responses of anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) units in the chinchilla to rippled noises. Rippled noise is generated when a wideband noise is delayed and added (cos+ noise) or subtracted (cos− noise) to the undelayed noise. Renewal densities were constructed to evaluate synchronous discharges at the delay. In response to rippled noise, AVCN units which show phase locking to best frequency (BF) tones gave renewal densities having major peaks at the delay for cos+ noise, but nulls at the delay for cos− noise. Most AVCN units which did not show BF phase locking gave renewal densities that did not contain features related to the rippled noise delay; a few of these nonphase‐locked units did show peaks in renewal densities for both cos+ and cos− noises. Synchrony at the rippled noise delay was also demonstrated with evoked potential recording. Autocorrelation functions of the neurophonic potential showed peaks at the rippled noise delay for both cos+ and cos− noises. In addition, peaks could be observed in the autocorrelation functions of neurophonic potentials for rippled noises with delays as short as 1 ms; peaks were never observed in renewal densities of single units for ripple delays as short as 1 ms. The results show that a temporal representation of rippled noise delay does exist in the AVCN and are consistent with current hypotheses regarding functions of AVCN subsystems. The temporal representation of the delay is a presumptive neural code for the pitches of rippled noises.
Cholecystokinin Levels in Prohormone Convertase 2 Knock-out Mouse Brain Regions Reveal a Complex Phenotype of Region-specific Alterations

Prohormone convertase 2 is widely co-localized with cholecystokinin in rodent brain. To examine its role in cholecystokinin processing, cholecystokinin levels were measured in dissected brain regions from prohormone convertase 2 knock-out mice. Cholecystokinin levels were lower in hippocampus, septum, thalamus, mesencephalon, and pons in knock-out mice than wild-type mice. In cerebral cortex, cortex-related structures and olfactory bulb, cholecystokinin levels were higher than wild type. Female mice were more affected by the loss of prohormone convertase 2 than male mice. The decrease in cholecystokinin levels in these brain regions shows that prohormone convertase 2 is important for cholecystokinin processing. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction measurements were performed to examine the relationship between peptide levels and cholecystokinin and enzyme expression. They revealed that cholecystokinin and prohormone convertase 1 mRNA levels in cerebral cortex and olfactory bulb were actually lower in knock-out than wild type, whereas their expression in other brain regions of knock-out mouse brain was the same as wild type. Female mice frequently had higher expression of cholecystokinin and prohormone convertase 1, 2, and 5 mRNA than male mice. The loss of prohormone convertase 2 alters CCK processing in specific brain regions. This loss also appears to trigger compensatory mechanisms in cerebral cortex and olfactory bulb that produce elevated levels of cholecystokinin but do not involve increased expression of cholecystokinin, prohormone convertase 1 or 5 mRNA.
"You're Moving a Frickin' Big Ship": The Challenges of Addressing LGBTQ Topics in Public Schools.

Scholars have become more attentive to lesbian/gay/bisexual/transsexual/queer/questioning (LGBTQ) topics as queer perspectives become increasingly prevalent in middle and high school environments. ...
Biometrics, biomathematics and the morphometric synthesis☆

At the core of contemporary morphometrics--the quantitative study of biological shape variation--is a synthesis of two originally divergent methodological styles. One contributory tradition is the multivariate analysis of covariance matrices originally developed as biometrics and now dominant across a broad expanse of applied statistics. This approach, couched solely in the linear geometry of covariance structures, ignores biomathematical aspects of the original measurements. The other tributary emphasizes the direct visualization of changes in biological form. However, making objective the biological meaning of the features seen in those diagrams was always problematical; also, the representation of variation, as distinct from pairwise difference, proved infeasible. To combine these two variants of biomathematical modeling into a valid praxis for quantitative studies of biological shape was a goal earnestly sought though most of this century. That goal was finally achieved in the 1980s when techniques from mathematical statistics, multivariate biometrics, non-Euclidean geometry and computer graphics were combined in a coherent new system of tools for the complete regionalized quantitative analysis of landmark points together with the biomedical images in which they are seen. In this morphometric synthesis, correspondence of landmarks (biologically labeled geometric points, like "bridge of the nose") across specimens is taken as a biomathematical primitive. The shapes of configurations of landmarks are defined as equivalence classes with respect to the Euclidean similarity group and then represented as single points in David Kendall's shape space, a Riemannian manifold with Procrustes distance as metric. All conventional multivariate strategies carry over to the study of shape variation and covariation when shapes are interpreted in the tangent space to the shape manifold at an average shape. For biomathematical interpretation of such analyses, one needs a basis for the tangent space compatible with the reality of local biotheoretical processes and explanations at many different geometric scales, and one needs graphics for visualizing average shape differences and other statistical contrasts there. Both of these needs are managed by the thin-plate spline, a deformation function that has an unusually helpful linear algebra. The spline also links the biometrics of landmarks to deformation analysis of the images from which the landmarks originally arose. This article reviews the history and principal tools of this synthesis in their biomathematical and biometrical context and demonstrates their usefulness in a study of focal neuroanatomical anomalies in schizophrenia.
Ocean Radar Observations of Ship-Induced Instabilities in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Abstract Both natural and artificial (ship induced) features of atmospheric motions can be seen in ocean radar imagery. Observations of a surface wake extending downstream from the atmospheric vortices in a thermal ship plume are described. To demonstrate the usefulness of radar systems in observing the ocean surface, the authors studied hot ship exhaust using a 2.25-cm-wavelength airborne radar. The ship-induced feature in the polarimetric radar images was observed in the ocean surface cold environment with moderate horizontal ambient winds. The smokelike feature appears only in the vertically polarized images, not in the horizontally polarized images.
A photodiode array based spectrometer system for inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry

Abstract A new spectrometer system which is based on a linear self-scanning photodiode array detector is described. The spectrometer is comprised of three integrated optical systems: a preselection polychromator, a recombination system, and a 1-m echelle-based high resolution spectrometer. The function of the preselection polychromator is to select only the analytical wavelength regions of interest by employing an interchangable mask at the Rowland circle of a relatively low-resolution concave grating. The recombination optics recombine the selected wavelength regions into a “quasi-white” beam which is directed to the echelle grating. The echelle-based, high-resolution spectrometer does not employ cross-dispersion. The multiple orders of the echelle are allowed to fall on the linear photodiode array, and spectral interference from order overlap is minimized by the mask at the focal plane of the preselection polychromator. Masks can be manufactured inexpensively with virtually any wavelength configuration. Therefore, the spectrometer permits a flexible choice of analytical wavelength but provides the ability to perform simultaneous multielement analyses. The precision of mask insertions was found to be within the 0.5–1 % RSD range expected for the ICP source permitting the removal and re-insertion of a mask without the need for instrument recalibration. The resolution of the spectrometer within a given echelle order ranges from 4–5 pm at 200 nm to 5–10 pm at 400 nm. The effect of order overlap on effective resolution is illustrated.
Fundamental Study of Modulated Transverse Jets from a Film-Cooling Perspective

The effects of jet flow pulsation on a vertical jet in crossflow over a flat plate were investigated using Mie scattering visualizations, hot-wire anemometry, and large eddy simulations. An unforced-jet study was conducted over a wide range of blowing ratios to provide a baseline comparison with pulsed results and exhibited two distinct transverse jet regimes with characteristic vortical-structure dynamics, separated by a transitional region responsible for a significant drop in film-cooling performance. The influence of the forcing parameters such as blowing ratio, forcing frequency, and duty cycle on pulsed jets was investigated in terms of the vortical structures generated during the transient parts of the forcing cycle, as well as their impact on wall coverage and adiabatic effectiveness. Although jet forcing led to a global decrease in film-cooling performance when compared with relevant unforced results in most cases, instantaneous quantifications revealed improvements associated with the jet-pulse onset that, if correctly exploited by proper alteration of the forcing signal, could lead to overall improved pulsed-jet film-cooling metrics.
A new species of Hasseltia (Salicaceae) from Costa Rica and Panama

Abstract Hasseltia allenii is described as a new species from the Pacific drainage of Costa Rica and Panama. It differs from other species of Hasseltia in its long petioles, ovate leaf shape, and glabrous staminal filaments. Data on its morphology, wood anatomy, pollen, and geographical distribution are presented, and a key is provided to distinguish the new species from other species of Hasseltia and closely related genera. The circumscriptions of two of the other species of Hasseltia are modified, and three lectotypes of Hasseltia are designated.
Turbulent boundary-layer separation ahead of cylinders.

A cylindrical protuberance mounted on a flat plate will cause the plate boundary layer to separate if the cylinder is long compared to the boundary-layer height. Tests made at M = 4.9 using an oil-flow technique are employed to determine the upstream extent of cylinder influence on a turbulent boundary layer. The results are found to be in reasonable agreement with data from other investigators for a wide range of flow conditions. A method is given for determining the angle of the oblique shock wave caused by separation. This permits calculation of the location of the triple point of the lambda shock pattern that characterizes the flow. An approximate method of calculating the peak value of the cylinder stagnation pressure and the location of the peak is also presented.
Medical therapy of supraesophageal gastroesophageal reflux disease

Medical therapy of supraesophageal gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is based on the principals for treating patients with heartburn and erosive esophagitis, observations from the few available clinical trials, and clinical experience. In general, patients with supraesophageal GERD require higher doses of antireflux therapy, principally with proton pump inhibitors, for longer periods of time to effectively relieve symptoms compared with patients with heartburn and/or erosive esophagitis. This article reviews the current literature and discusses a suggested approach to medical management of these often complex patients.
Martensite variants generated by the mechanical transformation of precipitated interlath austenite

Abstract Intercritically tempered (5–9)Ni steels are toughened by the introduction of islands of precipitated austenite along the boundaries of dislocated martensite laths. The interlath islands of precipitated austenite transform to martensite under the stress field ahead of a cleavage crack. Since the fresh martensite is a different crystallographic variant than that of the surrounding packets, it efficiently refines the effective grain size for transgranular cleavage. A straightforward calculation shows that this behavior is dictated by the need to minimize the elastic strain energy of the fresh martensite.
Reversible Leukoencephalopathy—A Differential Diagnosis Beyond Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome

Prodromic or acute visual symptoms are characteristic of many reversible white matter syndromes, which may motivate consultation with an ophthalmologist or neuro-ophthalmologist. The imaging differential diagnosis of reversible leukoencephalopathy of unknown aetiology has a broad differential diagnosis, including posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome, toxic leukoencephalopathy, migraine, postictal reversible oedema, neuromyelitis optica, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. This report presents a case study of a patient presenting with visual dysfunction associated with transient white matter lesions, with a review of the current literature regarding reversible leukoencephalopathy.
A Method for Measuring Person-Centered Interventions: Detecting and Characterizing Complex Behavioral Symptoms of Persons With Dementia

The past several years have witnessed an upsurge in the focus on person-centered care for several populations, and especially for vulnerable elders with dementia who reside in nursing homes. The limited ability to accurately detect and quantify complex behavioral symptoms of dementia (BSD) patterns has hampered the development and refinement of tailored interventions. This study's purpose was to characterize complex patterns of BSD and examine the association among different BSD patterns and cortisol profiles. Two groups of nursing home residents were analyzed (N = 28, N = 27) using THEME™. Behavioral and cortisol data were collected for four consecutive days. Random effects model was used to characterize BSD trajectories over time. There was a significant difference in BSD between the two groups from late afternoon to early evening. The groups differed significantly in age, comorbidities, antianxiety medication, and the number and complexity of patterns of vocalization and restlessness. THEME™ analysis, ...