cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms That Regulate Membrane Growth Factor Receptors

Cell-surface receptors for hormones and other physiologically active agents play critically important roles in signaling and coordinating a multitude of cellular functions. The molecular mechanisms whereby receptor- mediated transmembrane signaling occurs have been intensively studied during the past two decades, and significant insight has been obtained about some of these mechanisms. For example, receptors linked to the generation of cAMP are known to interact with adenylate cyclase through the action of GTP binding (coupling) proteins, which have been purified to homogeneity (Gilman, 1984). On the other hand, many other receptor systems, notably the growth factor receptors, participate in signaling mechanisms that are as yet not understood. An important future objective is the elucidation of signaling mechanisms related to this latter category of receptor systems.
Direct epifluorescence enumeration of native aquatic bacteria: Uses, limitations, and comparative accuracy

The suitability and comparative accuracy of the acridine-orange epifluorescence direct-count (AODC) technique for determining the numbers, biomass, and metabolic state of aquatic bacteria are reviewed. The AODC method hasbeen indirectly verified as the best available procedure for estimating the total numbers of native aquatic bacteria. It is quantitative, precise, and suitable for use with both pelagic and epibenthic bacteria in all freshwater and marine environments. The development of a standard method should be possible by making only a few technical improvements. However, AODC numbers cannot be converted directly to total carbon biomass because of natural variations in bacterial cell sizes. It is possible that better biomass estimates can be obtained by using combined AODC measurements of cell numbers and cell volumes, but the accuracy of this approach is still to be determined. The alternative, indirect estimation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), appears, from limited tests, to be accurate for planktonic marine bacteria; however, interference from blue-green algal LPS may restrict its use in fresh waters and sediments. The distribution of dead, moribund, viable, and growing bacteria within the total population visualized by epifluorescence is unknown. However, recent indirect evidence suggests that most, if not all, native bacteria are viable, but that many are metabolically dormant. Neither the AODC technique nor any of the "living" biomass techniques (plate, membrane, or liquid growth techniques, ATP assays, autoradiography) now used can distinguish the functional states of native bacteria. Autoradiography combined with epifluorescence has the best potential for such measurements, but further assessment is necessary. The usefulness of the AODC method for descriptive surveys, correlative studies, impact assessment activities, and experimental studies of bacterial dynamics is summarized. Epifluorescence enumeration, in conjunction with activity measurements and filter fractionation procedures, holds considerable promise for examining the productivity and nutrient uptake dynamics of native aquatic bacteria.
The effect of the trichloroethylene metabolites trichloroacetate and dichloroacetate on peroxisome proliferation and DNA synthesis in cultured human hepatocytes

Dichloroacetate (DCA) and trichloroacetate (TCA) are metabolites of the environmental contaminant trichloroethylene (TCE) that are thought to be responsible for its hepatocarcinogenicity in B6C3F1 mice. TCA and DCA induce peroxisomal proliferation and are mitogenic in rodent liver. The susceptibility of humans to TCA- and DCA-induced hepatocarcinogenesis is unknown. The current studies were aimed at using both primary and long-term human hepatocyte cultures to study the effects of TCA, DCA, and a potent peroxisome, proliferator, WY-14,643, on peroxisomal activity and DNA synthesis in human hepatocytes. Peroxisome proliferation, as assessed by palmitoyl-CoA oxidation activity, was below the limit of detection in all human cell lines tested. However, the human cell lines did display small but significant increases in CYP450 4A1 1 levels following treatment with WY-14,643 (0.1 mmol/L), indicating that the CYP 4A11 gene may be regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in humans. Similarly to their effect in rodent hepatocyte cultures, TCA and DCA were not complete mitogens in human hepatocyte cultures. In fact, DNA synthesis tended to be significantly decreased following treatment of the cells with WY-14,643, TCA, or DCA. In contrast to rodent hepatocyte responses, TCA and DCA did not increase palmitoyl-CoA oxidation and caused a decrease in DNA synthesis in human hepatocyte cultures, suggesting that humans may not be susceptible to TCA- and DCA-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.
A novel approach of depositing embedded resistors

This paper examines a novel approach of depositing embedded resistors through the deposition of carbon paste onto the substrate by means of aerosol-based deposition. This technique demonstrated good dimensional control - resistance tolerance reached +/-8 percent for the various resistor sizes evaluated. This is an encouraging result, given that current subtractive or additive techniques exceed 15 percent tolerance without laser trimming (Jillek, 2005). However, the atomization process changes the sheet resistivity of the carbon paste, which creates a challenge for this technique. The effect of temperature and moisture on the embedded resistors were also investigated. The resistors seem to be consistent and stable even after moisture exposure-the resistance values show minimal change (~0.5 percent) after exposure to MST level 3. However, after baking at 125degC for two hours, resistance decreases approximately two percent. The resistors revert back to original values after being exposed to room temperature for 48 hours. This indicates that the carbon paste is almost saturated after fabrication and exposure to normal room conditions. The effect of thermal shock is slightly more apparent. Resistance experienced a maximum reduction of one percent after TS 700 cycles. Further investigation at elevated temperatures revealed an inverse relationship between resistance and the temperature. At 150degC, resistance had a maximum reduction of about four percent, which implies that thermal treatment has a greater effect on resistance. This correlates to the greater energy and electron movement at elevated temperatures, which increases the conductive current through the paste
Public views toward crime and correctional policies: Is there a gender gap?

Differences between men and women in their proximity to crime, moral development, and attitudes toward an array of social issues suggest that a gender gap in crime views may exist. Investigations of this possibility, however, are in short supply. Using a statewide data set and a variety of global and specific questions about crime policy, punishment, and rehabilitation, this study found that men and women tend to hold moderately divergent views. Women tend to express greater support for offender treatment and less support for punishment than men. Implications of these results for the future of correctional and crime policy are discussed.
Immunohistochemical Characterization of Two Monoclonal Antibodies, P25.48 and P25.91, Which Define a New Prostate-specific Antigen

We have generated two new mouse monoclonal antibodies against prostate cancer. P25.48 (IgG3) and P25.91 (IgG2a) were derived from a fusion using fresh prostate cancer cells as the immunogen. Initial screening was performed by indirect immunofluorescence on frozen tissue sections of prostate cancer specimens. The specificity analysis was performed by indirect immunoperoxidase on frozen sections of normal tissues and benign and malignant prostate tissues. P25.48 and P25.91 did not react with any benign prostatic tissues (0 of 17), but reacted with a subset of the malignant prostatic tissues. Five specimens of well-differentiated carcinoma were tested and did not react with P25.48 or with P25.91. Of 16 higher grade specimens, nine reacted with both P25.48 and P25.91, one reacted with P25.48 only, and one reacted with P25.91 only. In most positive cases, the reactivity was heterogenous. P25.48 and P25.91 showed a very restricted pattern of reactivity in nonprostatic tissues. Of 50 normal specimens, only one breast specimen showed some reactivity. None of the nine fetal tissues or of the 15 malignant tissues tested reacted with these monoclonal antibodies. The pattern of reactivity of P25.48 and P25.91 suggests that they recognize the same antigen. This antigen is selectively expressed by malignant prostatic epithelium. In addition, it appears to be distinct from all other previously described prostate cancer-associated antigens.
Fiddling While the Planet Burns: The Scientific Validity of Chaordic Systems Thinking

In response to my refutation of their 2008 paper, Kira and van Eijnatten defend their refusal to retract their paper with a claim to scientific validity. This note examines the scientific validity of their approach, chaordic systems thinking (CST), using only the most basic criteria: respect for evidence, observing and reporting accurately and precisely, having an approach that is coherent, internally consistent, capable of generating propositions testable in real organizations and generating useful results. CST fails on every criterion. Instead of working on the best available evidence to advance research on the cooperative sustainable organizations that are required to deal with the biggest crisis humanity has ever faced, CST is attempting to solve a problem long since solved. It illustrates a serious malaise in social science. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sulfur oxygenates of biomimetics of the diiron subsite of the [FeFe]-hydrogenase active site: properties and oxygen damage repair possibilities.

This study explores the site specificity (sulfur vs the Fe-Fe bond) of oxygenation of diiron (FeIFeI and FeIIFeII) organometallics that model the 2-iron subsite in the active site of [FeFe]-hydrogenase: (μ-pdt)[Fe(CO)2L][Fe(CO)2L′] (L ) L′ ) CO (1); L ) PPh3, L′ ) CO (2); L ) L′ ) PMe3 (4)) and (μ-pdt)(μ-H)[Fe(CO)2PMe3]2 (5). DFT computations find that the Fe-Fe bond in the FeIFeI diiron models is thermodynamically favored to produce the μ-oxo or oxidative addition product, FeII-O-FeII; nevertheless, the sulfur-based HOMO-1 accounts for the experimentally observed mono- and bis-O-atom adducts at sulfur, i.e., (μ-pst)[Fe(CO)2L][Fe(CO)2L′] (pst ) -S(CH2)3S(O)-, 1,3-propanesulfenatothiolate; L ) L′ ) CO (1-O); L ) PPh3, L′ ) CO (2-O); L ) L′ ) PMe3 (4-O)) and (μ-pds)[Fe(CO)2L][Fe(CO)2L′] (pds )-(O)S(CH2)3S(O)-, 1,3-propanedisulfenato; L ) PPh3, L′ ) CO (2-O2)). The FeII(μ-H)FeII diiron model (5), for which the HOMO is largely of sulfur character, exclusively yields S-oxygenation. The depressing effect of such bridging ligand modification on the dynamic NMR properties arising from rotation of the Fe(CO)3 correlates with higher barriers to the CO/PMe3 exchange of (μ-pst)[Fe(CO)3]2 as compared to (μ-pdt)[Fe(CO)3]2. Five molecular structures are confirmed by X-ray diffraction: 1-O, 2-O, 2-O2, 4-O, and 6. Deoxygenation with reclamation of the μ-pdt parent complex occurs in a proton/electron-coupled process. The possible biological relevance of oxygenation and deoxygenation studies is discussed.
Fermentation of Sugarcane Bagasse and Chicken Manure to Calcium Carboxylates under Thermophilic Conditions

Sugarcane bagasse and chicken manure were anaerobically fermented to carboxylic acids using a mixed culture of marine microorganisms at 55 °C. Using the MixAlco process— an example of consolidated bioprocessing— the resulting carboxylate salts can be converted to mixed alcohol fuels or gasoline. To enhance digestibility, sugarcane bagasse was lime pretreated with 0.1 g Ca(OH)2/g dry biomass at 100 °C for 2 h. Four-stage countercurrent fermentation of 80% sugarcane bagasse/20% chicken manure was performed at various volatile solids (VS) loading rates and liquid residence times. Calcium carbonate was used as a buffer during fermentation. The highest acid productivity of 0.79 g/(L day) occurred at a total acid concentration of 21.5 g/L. The highest conversion (0.59 g VS digested/g VS fed) and yield (0.18 g total acids/g VS fed) occurred at a total acid concentration of 15.5 g/L. The continuum particle distribution model (CPDM) predicted the experimental total acid concentrations and conversions at an average error of 10.14% and 12.68%, respectively. CPDM optimizations show that high conversion (>80%) and total acid concentration of 21.3 g/L are possible with 300 g substrate/(L liquid), 30 days liquid residence time, and 3 g/(L day) solid loading rate. Thermophilic fermentation has a higher acetate content (∼63 wt%) than mesophilic fermentation (∼39 wt%).
Bases of Elite Support for a Regime Race, Ideology, and Clientelism as Bases for Leaders in Guyana and Trinidad

The attitudes, patterns of alignments, and composition of the most powerful and influential leaders in Guyana and Trinidad—selected by a two-stage positional-reputational method—are compared and the findings related to the different developmental strategies adopted by the two governments: third world socialism in the case of Guyana, and capitalism in the Trinidadian case. It is shown that clientelistic co-optation and, to a lesser extent, appeals to race can and do overcome ideologically rooted opposition to a ruling party; however, when the regime's ideological position, as reflected in its policies, is compatible with elite interests, the importance of race and clientelism declines, except for co-optation of leaders representing lower class interests. In both countries, the composition of the group of elites shows a proliferation of those representing middle- and upper-class socioeconomic sectors of the society.
The utility of acoustic reflex thresholds and other conventional audiologic tests for monitoring cisplatin ototoxicity in the pediatric population.

Objective: The sensitivity of acoustic reflex threshold changes for monitoring cisplatin ototoxicity in children was compared with the sensitivity of conventional audiometric tests. Design: Acoustic reflex thresholds, thresholds for audiometric frequencies 0.250 Hz to 2 kHz and 3 kHz to 8 kHz, extended high-frequency (EHF) audiometry for 10 kHz to 16 kHz, and the articulation index (AI) were compared at six different cumulative dosage levels of cisplatin in 21 children, 3.08 yr to 19.25 yr of age. Results: Of these 21 patients, 100% showed significant changes in at least one portion of the test battery when cumulative dosages exceeded 401 mg/ m 2 . EHF testing was found to be the most sensitive to ototoxicity once cumulative dosage levels of 150 to 250 mg/m 2 were reached. Audiometric thresholds from 3 to 8 kHz, and acoustic reflex threshold changes were found to be the next most sensitive to ototoxicity at cumulative dosages of 251 to 400 mg/ m 2 . No significant threshold changes were noted for frequencies from 250 Hz to 2 kHz. Conclusions: Acoustic reflex threshold measures may prove to be a valuable addition to current ototoxic test protocols. Although it is currently not the most sensitive test to ototoxicity, it is one of the more objective tests. Further data must be collected to determine the clinical utility of acoustic reflex threshold testing to monitor ototoxicity.
Effects of solid concentrations and cross-flow hydrodynamics on microfiltration of anaerobic sludge

Abstract The filtration characteristics and rheological properties of anaerobic sludge suspension containing different solid content were investigated using poly-tetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) microfiltration membrane with a pore size of 1 μm. The initial rapid flux decline was in good agreement with standard blocking filtration law, while the latter gentle flux decline is attributable to the cake filtration law, which represented a Class II type dynamic membrane. The highest pseudo-steady-state flux and lowest normalized flux reduction were observed at total solids (TS) concentration of 13–18 g/L. Initial standard blocking significantly affects the flux decline mechanism at TS concentrations of 10 g/L or below and cake formation dominates the flux decline at higher TS concentrations above 25 g/L. TS concentration significantly affected rheological properties as well as flux decline in microfiltration of anaerobic sludge. TS concentration of 5 g/L or less characterizes the transition from Newtonian to non-Newtonian behavior. Both Casson and power-law equations were fit for rheological modeling of anaerobic sludge with TS concentration of 10 g/L or above. The minimum cross-flow velocity (CFV) to produce turbulent flow (Reynolds number ∼ 2100) increased almost linearly to 0.5–0.8 m/s at TS concentration of 10–20 g/L. The concentration of soluble microbial products (SMP) was increased and the mean particle size was decreased with increase of CFV. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) even decreased after 6 h filtration runs. Some of EPS might contribute to the increased SMP due to cell lysis.
Roughness effects on urban turbulence parameters

Urban roughness lengths are estimated from measurements of u and u * at one level under neutral conditions, assuming a logarithmic form for the vertical profile of wind velocity. At a given location in the urban area, estimated values show considerable directional variation. The dependence of some turbulence parameters on the urban roughness lengths is experimentally investigated during near-neutral conditions. The ratios Σ i /u * decrease with roughness whereas the turbulence intensities Σ i /u increase with it. The dependence on roughness is not the same for all components.
Three-photon destructive interference in ultraslow-propagation-enhanced four-wave mixing

We show that, although the efficiency of a multiwave mixing process can be significantly enhanced by an ultra-slowly-propagating pump wave, a three-photon destructive interference between the generated wave and the pump wave limits the final achievable conversion efficiency.
Vortices and the non-singlet sector of the c = 1 matrix model

Abstract The role of the non-singlet sector of the matrix model representation of c = 1 matter coupled to two-dimensional quantum gravity is studied in the case where the target space is a circle of finite radius. It is argued that this sector decouples for large enough radius, since the non-singlet state energies are logarithmically divergent in the double scaling limit that reproduces continuum surfaces. We identify the degrees of freedom described by this sector as vortices on the world-sheet, which are dynamically irrelevant for large radius (low temperature) but condense at a critical value of the radius, giving rise to a Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition.
Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in Travelers

Travel from the developed world to developing countries is increasing, placing travelers at risk for both vaccine-preventable and non-vaccine-preventable diseases. Between 2007 and 2011, the GeoSentinel network reported 737 returning travelers with a vaccine-preventable disease. While the use of vaccines is essential in preventing travel-related disease, clinicians should also be aware that the vast majority of travel-acquired diseases are non-vaccine-preventable. Immunizations for vaccine-preventable diseases can be divided into three groups: routine travel vaccines, special travel vaccines, and routine vaccines in the context of travel. Routine travel vaccines include hepatitis A and B, and typhoid; special travel vaccines include yellow fever, meningococcal disease, rabies, polio, and Japanese encephalitis; and routine vaccines include influenza and tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis. Providers should employ a patient- and itinerary-specific approach when recommending vaccines for travel.
Nonparametric Estimation of Dynamic Hedonic Price Models and the Construction of Residential Housing Price Indices

Parametric specifications for hedonic price equations are estimated using a data set from Alameda and San Francisco Counties and are compared to estimates using a nonparametric technique called locally weighted regression, LWR. LWR permits flexible estimation of the hedonic's curvature at median attributes and is less sensitive than standard regression techniques to the influence of unusual observations. The technique also avoids imposing a single functional form across time and municipalities. The LWR estimates of municipality-specific hedonics are then used to obtain implicit prices for housing attributes and to derive municipality-specific price indices. The results of extensive diagnostic checks of our technique are also reported.
The animacy continuum in the human ventral vision pathway

Major theories for explaining the organization of semantic memory in the human brain are premised on the often-observed dichotomous dissociation between living and nonliving objects. Evidence from neuroimaging has been interpreted to suggest that this distinction is reflected in the functional topography of the ventral vision pathway as lateral-to-medial activation gradients. Recently, we observed that similar activation gradients also reflect differences among living stimuli consistent with the semantic dimension of graded animacy. Here, we address whether the salient dichotomous distinction between living and nonliving objects is actually reflected in observable measured brain activity or whether previous observations of a dichotomous dissociation were the illusory result of stimulus sampling biases. Using fMRI, we measured neural responses while participants viewed 10 animal species with high to low animacy and two inanimate categories. Representational similarity analysis of the activity in ventral vision cortex revealed a main axis of variation with high-animacy species maximally different from artifacts and with the least animate species closest to artifacts. Although the associated functional topography mirrored activation gradients observed for animate-inanimate contrasts, we found no evidence for a dichotomous dissociation. We conclude that a central organizing principle of human object vision corresponds to the graded psychological property of animacy with no clear distinction between living and nonliving stimuli. The lack of evidence for a dichotomous dissociation in the measured brain activity challenges theories based on this premise.
Water Jetting to Mitigate Defects in Drilled Shafts: Laboratory Investigation

A laboratory investigation was designed to examine the effectiveness of water jetting as a means of removing anomalous (deleterious) material from drilled shafts. One objective of the investigation was to establish relationships between jetting parameters and the removal of common anomalous materials, including low-strength concrete, slurry-mixed concrete, grout, and clay soil. The experimental work consisted of blasting test specimens of anomalous material with water by using rotary jets, nozzles, pumping equipment, and testing procedures in current construction practice. During testing, erosion levels and rates were measured as a function of jetting pressure and standoff distance for specimens with compressive strengths ranging between approximately 5 and 6,500 pounds per square inch (psi). Erosion levels, erosion rates, and water-jetting effectiveness were found to correlate with the compressive strength of the anomalous material. Reinforcing steel bars in a drilled shaft influenced erosion levels and ...
Shared Leadership: Can It Work in Schools?

Abstract Over the past couple of decades, K–12 schools have courageously struggled with the concept of shared, or distributed, leadership; however, the basic landscape of K–12 school leadership remains heavily hierarchical. Nonetheless, teachers can share leadership. This article explores productive forms of teacher leadership that are models of collaboration, integration, encouragement, learning, modeling, challenging, building consensus, and displaying professionalism.
Powerful and Authentic Digital Media and Strategies for Teaching about Genocide and the Holocaust.

The continued prominence of genocide and Holocaust education, along with the movement toward the affective in social studies curricula, the advent of the Internet, and continued scholarship in the field, has led to the availability of a staggering array of digital resources for teachers (D. S. Symer 2001). These resources have the potential to enhance genocide and Holocaust education by providing robust content resources and interactive opportunities for students to develop new skills and understanding. In this article, the authors identify new digital media resources and strategies that engage students in authentic learning experiences about genocide and the Holocaust. They use F. W. Newmann and G. G. Wehlage's (1993) framework for "authentic instruction." Using this framework, the authors identify digital media that engage students in moral and ethical valuing, emphasize historical inquiry, and are relevant to the world outside of school.
Cloning of two distinct hemolysin genes from Porphyromonas (Bacteroides) gingivalis in Escherichia coli

Abstract Hemolysin is considered a potent virulence factor in a large number of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. The hemolysin produced by the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis functions to provide the cell with its required heme-containing molecules for growth in the periodontal pocket. Two distinct P. gingivalis genes, each of which confers a hemolytic phenotype in Escherichia coli , were isolated by screening genomic DNA libraries of P. gingivalis on sheep blood agar plates. The results obtained from physical maps and Southern blots indicated a considerable degree of divergence in the nucleotide sequences of these two genes. Maxicell analyses of the recombinant plasmids in E. coli suggested that plasmid pPGH5 encoded a polypeptide of molecular weight 48 kDa, while an 18-kDa polypeptide was obtained with pPGH1 and pPGH7. When E. coli harboring these hemolysin genes was subjected to iron starvation, the levels of hemolysin activity increased. Biochemical characterization of hemolytic activities indicated that the activity of both hemolysins was inhibited by Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ ; but not by EDTA. Elevated levels of hemolytic activity were obtained from the E. coli recombinant strains in the presence of glutathione, DTT and 2-mercaptoethanol. Cholesterol inhibited the activity.
Color Duplex Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow Volume: Intra- and Interobserver Reproducibility and Habituation to Serial Measurements in Normal Subjects:

Color duplex flowmetry of internal carotid and vertebral arteries permits estimation of intravascular flow volumes and global cerebral blood flow volume (CBFV) by summing the flow volumes measured ...
Codes, orderings, and partial words

Codes play an important role in the study of the combinatorics of words. In this paper, we introduce pcodes that play a role in the study of combinatorics of partial words. Partial words are strings over a finite alphabet that may contain a number of "do not know" symbols. Pcodes are defined in terms of the compatibility relation that considers two strings over the same alphabet that are equal except for a number of insertions and/or deletions of symbols. We describe various ways of defining and analyzing pcodes, In particular, many pcodes can be obtained as antichains with respect to certain partial orderings. Using a technique related to dominoes, we show that the pcode property is decidable.
Real-time databases

Data in real-time databases has to be logically consistent as well as temporally consistent. The latter arises from the need to preserve the temporal validity of data items that reflect the state of the environment that is being controlled by the system. Some of the timing constraints on the transactions that process real-time data come from this need. These constraints, in turn, necessitate time-cognizant transaction processing so that transactions can be processed to meet their deadlines.
Plasma driven permeation of tritium in fusion reactors

Abstract The state of knowledge of plasma driven permeation of hydrogen is reviewed, and its probable impact on tritium permeation through first walls and in-vessel components of magnetic fusion reactors is assessed. Experimental results are compared to a steady state model of permeation. Phenomena which lack adequate explanation are identified, and directions for further research are proposed. Calculated permeation rates for reactor conditions are briefly reviewed, and the potential for reducing the problem through application of permeation barriers is discussed.
Heating induced microstructural changes in graphene/Cu nanocomposites

Dynamic heating experiments on graphene/Cu nanocomposites by in situ scanning electron microscopy were conducted to observe the evolution of the morphology and size of the Cu nanoparticles. Microstructural characterization showed that the graphene/Cu nanocomposites system consists of graphene sheets decorated with Cu-based nanoparticles with different chemistries (Cu, Cu2O), shapes (cube, rod, triangle, etc) and sizes. Evidence of neck evolution, coalescence, sublimation and Ostwald ripening were observed. Interestingly, some of the events occurred at the edges of the graphene sheets. The quantitative data of necking evolution deviates from the classical continuum theory indicating that intrinsic faceting and the shape of the nanoparticles played an important role in the necking process. This was supported by molecular dynamics simulations. Experimental data of liquid-spherical nanoparticles on graphene suggested that Cu did not wet graphene. Based on sublimation experiments and surface stability, we propose that graphene decorated with Cu nanoparticles enclosed by {1?1?1} facets are the most stable nanocomposite at high temperatures. The growth mechanism of nanoparticles on graphene is discussed.
Synthesis of radioactive Trichinella spiralis larval antigen in vitro.

Abstract Intrinsically labeled Trichinella spiralis was obtained by incubating larvae with radioactive amino acids in vitro . Greater protein incorporation was observed when 13 amino acids were present as compared with 3 amino acids. The radioactive protein was antigenic and specific; it stimulated transformation of lymphocytes from guinea pigs earlier sensitized to the homologous antigen and precipitated with anti Trichinella serum.
An initial value method for orthogonal polynomials

Abstract We consider the polynomials which are orthogonal on the unit interval with respect to a one parameter family of weighting functions. We desire differential equations for the coefficients, roots and related Christoffel weights. A general PL/1 program is provided, and results of numerical experiments are given.
Symptoms of traumatic stress and substance use in a non-clinical sample of young adults

The link between symptoms of traumatic stress and substance abuse is well established in the literature, but the specific features of trauma that contribute to substance abuse remain elusive and have not been studied in non-clinical samples. The current study assessed the relationship between traumatic symptoms and alcohol use in a sample of Midwestern college students. Using multiple regression analysis, traumatic stress symptoms, overall, accounted for 55% of the variance in use of alcohol. Most importantly, dissociative behavior, intrusive thoughts, as well as low levels of tension reduction behaviors uniquely contributed to the self-reported use of alcohol. We discuss the importance of educating college-aged students about this relationship as a preventative measure to alcohol and other drug use/abuse.
The internal nitriding behavior of Co-3Cr, Co-3Al, and Co-3Ti (a/o) over the range of 700–1100°C

Internal nitridation of Co containing 3 a/o of either Cr, Al, or Ti was studied over the range of 700–1100° C in NH3/H2 (6∶94 ratio). The kinetics of thickening of the reaction zone followed the parabolic rate law, suggesting that solidstate diffusion was rate controlling. Activation energies obtained were 51.2 Kcal/molfor Co-3Cr, 46.6 Kcal/mol for Co-3Ti, and 27.9 Kcal/mol for Co-3Al. XRD showed only CrN, AlN, and TiN. Deep etching revealed that AlN formed hexagonal plates near the surface when formed at high temperature, the precipitates becoming more massive (blocky morphology) near the reaction front. TiN formed elongated dendritic precipitates, whereas CrN tended to form spheroids. The precipitate size varied with temperature, decreasing with decreasing temperature. In some cases, nitriding formed a case but no visible precipitates even at very high magnifications in the SEM. The solubility of nitrogen in cobalt was determined by long-time equilibration and subsequent chemical analyses. The diffusivity of nitrogen in cobalt was determined from measured permeabilities and the experimentally determined solubilities. Mechanisms are discussed, and the behavior of internal nitridation is compared with internal carburization and oxidation in cobalt alloys.
The selective preparation of excited vibrational states using the stimulated resonance Raman effect

A nonperturbative treatment of stimulated resonance Raman (SRR) pumping is developed. This theory is based upon the derivation of an effective Hamiltonian for the interaction of the electric field with the molecular electronic–vibrational–rotational states. The resulting reduction in the number of coupled differential equations describing the SRR effect allows for a convenient numerical solution, which is important in intense laser fields. In addition, when the spectral transitions are resonant or sufficiently power broadened, the solutions become analytic. An application of the theory to the I2 system shows the possibility of selectively populating high vibrational levels (v′?10) in the ground electronic state. Most importantly, it is possible to selectively populate all the vibrational levels by suitable variations in the frequencies and proper selection of the intensities and durations of the applied laser fields.
Eikonal Relation in Highly Dispersive Excitable Media

In an excitable medium, the propagation speed C of a wave front is affected by its curvaturek. At small curvature and low dispersion, a widely used approximation ({open_quotes}eikonal equation{close_quotes}) is C=c-{alpha}k, where c is the plane-wave speed and {alpha} is the diffusivity of the medium. We demonstrate that dispersion can lead to hitherto unrecognized deviations of over 100{percent} in the curvature term of C. We present new corrected formulas that are simple, analytically derived, and in good agreement with computer simulations. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Yield response of cotton to foliar nitrogen as influenced by sink strength, petiole, and soil nitrogen

Foliar-nitrogen (N) fertilization based on petiole nitrate concentration during boll development is a widely used production practice in cotton. The objectives of this study were: (1) to examine the response of cotton plants to foliar-N fertilization based on petiole N, two boll loads (low and high), and two soil-N levels (low: 55 kg Nha−1; high: 110 kg N ha−1), and (2) study the effect of soil-N levels on petiole characteristics of the leaf positioned fourth from the top of the canopy. High boll load plants in both soil-N levels had significantly greater yield than low boll load plants. Also, the foliar-N sprays in high boll load plants out yielded the nonfoliar-sprayed high boll load plants grown in high soil-N, as well as, low and high boll load plants growing in low soil-N. Petiole lengths of big leaves in low and high soil-N levels were significantly greater than that of small leaves. The same was true for petiole diameter. Petiole diameter, leaf area, and chlorophyll content of small and big leaves ...
Elongation of Arthroscopically Tied Knots

It has been postulated that some arthroscopic shoulder stabilization failures may be due to knot slippage. In an effort to improve arthroscopic technique, we performed tensile testing on four arthroscopically tied knots with two commonly used suture materials. Handtied square knots served as controls. Sutures of No. 1 Maxon and No. 1 Ticron were used. Four types of sliding knot configurations were tested: the overhand loop, the Duncan loop, the Roeder knot, and the Snyder knot. Knots were tied via a knot pusher, and testing was performed in a normal saline-filled thermoplastic chamber. Knots were tied around two rings connected to a Bionix 858 materials testing apparatus. The knots were tested under conditions of cyclic loading and loading to failure. Results of the testing revealed that the most important factor in knot security was the type of suture material, although there were differences with the type of knot. With the Maxon suture, there was significantly decreased ultimate failure load of all of the arthroscopically tied knots compared with handtied square knots. Knots tied with Ticron were similar in strength for both arthroscopically and handtied groups. The surgeon who chooses a monofilament absorbable suture should be aware that a high percentage of knots fail under low load cyclic testing, and that all of these knots were inferior to handtied square knot controls in testing to failure.
Improved Detection of Serum Estradiol after Sample Extraction Procedure

The direct measurement of serum estradiol offers advantages over the more traditional sample extraction and immunoassay methods with respect to technical ease of the assay and turnaround time. However, direct assays have not been demonstrated sufficiently sensitive for some important clinical applications, including the measurement of circulating estradiol in women during the early follicular phase of their menstrual cycle, in postmenopausal women, and in men. We report here a rapid sample extraction method developed to improve the detection limit of automated estradiol assays and thus enhance the potential usefulness of these rapid and nonisotopic systems for measuring low concentrations of serum estradiol. Serum estradiol concentrations have long been used in conjunction with ultrasonography and other clinical indices to monitor ovarian stimulation by exogenous gonadotropin therapy during in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures (1)(2)(3). With the recent use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, serum estradiol measurement has also been used to assess the adequacy of ovarian suppression before exogenous gonadotropin stimulation. In addition, it has become increasingly important to measure the low initial concentrations of serum estradiol (<150 ng/L) associated with the earlier stages of ovarian follicular stimulation (4)(5). Clinically important measurements of low estradiol concentrations are also required in assessing ovarian activity in perimenopausal women or women experiencing premature ovarian failure and in clinical investigations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in men (6)(7)(8). Methods for the direct measurement of serum estradiol are replacing the more traditional RIA methods that use preassay sample extraction followed by RIA with antecedent column chromatography. Direct methods are advantageous because they are rapid and less technically demanding. However, direct assays are often inaccurate, particularly for the measurement of relatively low concentrations of serum estradiol (9)(10)(11). The presence of sex-hormone-binding globulin in serum and …
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE BASALAR MUSCLE OF THE WING AND THE TIBIAL EXTENSOR MUSCLE OF THE LEG OF THE LEPIDOPTERAN ACHALARUS LYCIADES

Basalar and tibial extensor muscle fibers of Achalarus lyciades were examined with light and electron microscopes. Basalar muscle fibers are 100–150 µ in diameter. T-system membranes and sarcoplasmic reticulum make triadic contacts midway between Z lines and the middle of each sarcomere. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is characterized by a transverse element situated among myofilaments halfway between Z lines in every sarcomere. The morphology of Z lines, hexagonal packing of thin and thick myofilaments, and thin/thick myofilament ratios are similar to those of fast-acting insect muscles. Tibial extensor muscle fibers are 50–100 µ in diameter. Except for a lack of the transverse element, the T system and sarcoplasmic reticulum are similar to those of basalar muscle. Wavy Z lines, lack of a hexagonal packing of myofilaments, and larger thin/thick myofilament ratios are similar to those of other postural muscles of insects. The morphology of basalar and tibial extensor muscle is compared to that of other insect muscle with known functions, and reference is made to the possible contribution of the transverse element of sarcoplasmic reticulum in basalar flight muscle to speed and synchrony in this muscle.
A cross-sectional survey of the relationship between fecal incontinence and constipation

Introduction and hypothesis We compared the prevalence of fecal incontinence between constipated and nonconstipated women and correlated its prevalence with the number of Rome III constipation symptoms.
Quinidine fever: an unusual manifestation of quinidine allergy.

A patient with mitral stenosis was placed on quinidine for control of atrial fibrillation. Eight days later she developed high fever, chills, and diarrhea. Antibiotic therapy was given, and quinidine was discontinued, with abatement of the fever. Readministration of quinidine resulted in a prompt rise in temperature and confirmed the diagnosis of quinidine fever, a relatively rare allergic manifestation of quinidine toxicity.
Spatial/kinematic domain and lattice computers

Abstract An approach to analogical representation for objects and their motions in space is proposed. This approach involves lattice computer architectures and associated algorithms and is shown to be abstracted from the behaviour of human beings mentally solving spatial/kinematic puzzles. There is also discussion of where in this approach the modelling of human cognition leaves off and the engineering begins. The possible relevance of the approach to a number of issues in artificial intelligence is discussed. These issues include efficiency of sentential versus analogical representations, common sense reasoning, update propagation, learning performance tasks, diagrammatic representations, spatial reasoning, metaphor, human categorization, and pattern recognition. Lastly there is a discussion of the somewhat related approach involving cellular automata applied to computational physics.
Heterogeneous data integration by tree-augmented naïve Bayes for protein-protein interactions prediction.

Most proteins execute their functions through interacting with other proteins. Thus, understanding protein-protein interactions (PPIs) is essential to decipher biological functions in a living cell. To predict large-scale PPIs, effective and efficient computational approaches are desirable to integrate heterogeneous data sources provided by advanced technologies. In this paper, we extend our previous work on a Bayesian classifier for human PPI predictions from model organisms, by introducing a tree-augmented naive Bayes (TAN) classifier. TAN maintains the simplicity and robustness of a naive Bayes classifier while allows for the dependence among variables. Our empirical results show that by integrating features extracted from microarray expression measurements, Gene Ontology values, and orthologous scores, TAN achieves higher classification accuracy than the manually constructed Bayesian network classifier and naive Bayes. For human PPI prediction, TAN obtains 88% sensitivity while keeping a reasonable 70% specificity on testing samples.
A computer‐based system for road selection

This paper presents the development of a knowledge-based system for effectively evaluating alternative routes at different traveling times in a medium-size city. A decision analysis technique, the analytical hierarchy process, was incorporated via a preference scale into the reasoning mechanism of the system to evaluate up to 54 possible road segments based on nine major transportation factors. The resulting platform provides travelers with a quantitative measure to compare and contrast alternative routes connecting departing and destination points within the city limits. The developed prototype system, which was successfully validated by independent experts in the field, can be regarded as a new tool in engineering orientation for route finding in transportation systems.
Phase transitions and cholesterol effects in phospholipid liposomes A new method employing the enhancement of the O-O vibronic transition of pyrene

Abstract The enhancement of the weakly allowed O-O vibronic transition in the fluorescence spectrum of the probe pyrene, which we previously showed to result from ground-state complexation with polar groups, has been shown in the present study to offer a new method for determining phase transition temperatures of liposomes and for studying the effects of cholesterol on the structure of their semipolar glycerol backbone. For dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine it is found that small cholesterol contents (∼9 mol%) induce an increase in the polarity of the microenvironment of the probe, whereas contents ≳13 mol% induce a decrease in the polarity. The results are discussed in terms of cholesterol effects on the frequency and extent of thermally-induced structural fluctuations which, in turn, affect the penetration of the probe into the bilayer.
Optimum cross-current extraction with product recycle

Abstract The dynamic programming analysis of A ris et al. is extended to the determination of the optimal operating conditions for a class of multi-stage processes with product recycle. The dynamic programming tables for the process with no recycle can be used without modification to determine the optimal operating conditions for the process with recycle. The methods are restricted to recycle back to the first stage, and to certain objective functions.
The effect of inflow velocity profiles on the performance of supersonic ejector nozzles

The design of supersonic nozzles is becoming increasingly complex as conflicting requirements for low noise, higher efficiency, and wider operating range are driving the designer toward more variable geometry and multiple stream flows. Analysis techniques must be modified and expanded to take into account these additional complexities and still retain the rapid computational rate necessary for optimization and design studies. A nozzle analysis must handle more flow streams, more complex geometries, and more highly distorted initial profiles. This paper discusses some modifications to a method for calculating the performance characteristics of supersonic ejector nozzles and demonstrates the improvement in results the modifications provide.