cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Better Beams Through Simplicity: High-intensity Free-Jet Sources in Neutral Atom Microscopy

A novel design for a high intensity micron-scale supersonic free-jet source is described. This design has been implemented in a scanning helium neutral atom microscope at Portland State University, but has not been otherwise investigated. It is proposed that removing the skimmer component of a free-jet source can, under correct operating conditions, allow a comparable intensity beam to be created at greatly reduced complexity. The dsmcFOAM OpenFOAM solver was used to used to model rarefied gas dynamics of skimmed and un-skimmed helium atom sources. This modeling suggests that gas-gas scattering and shock structures occur in un-skimmed sources but can be compensated for with small aperture diameters and high source flow rates. If the comparable operation of skimmed and un-skimmed sources can be demonstrated it will greatly reduce the cost and complexity of helium atom sources for neutral atom microscopy and other applications. Thesis Supervisor: Erik Sanchez Title: Associate Professor
What Does the Average Person Know About Endocrine and Vascular Surgeons

Abstract Introduction Surgical fields are becoming increasingly specialized. This can lead to misunderstanding or confusion about the scope of practice of different surgeons by the individual seeking specialized surgical care. To assess public understanding of subspecialty surgeons, we sought to survey general knowledge of the specialty areas of Endocrine Surgery and Vascular Surgery. Methods A survey was conducted in three locations in Birmingham, Alabama: a local farmers market, a public park, and the University of Alabama at Birmingham hospital. Fifty people were surveyed at random at each of the three locations, with hospital staff identified by wearing a hospital ID badge recruited at the University of Alabama at Birmingham hospital location. Participants were asked to define both an endocrine surgeon and vascular surgeon, as well as identify aspects of their practice. Participant's answers to the survey were recorded and coded by three evaluators (two MDs, one PharmD candidate). Survey responses were assessed for correct definition of the specialty (yes/no), recognition of being a surgeon (yes/no), spectrum of practice (none, partial, or complete), and presence of a common misconception (yes/no). Interrater reliability (kappa) was calculated for each question. Chi-square test was used to compare the difference in each answer between the two specialties. Results A total of 150 people participated in the study. The majority were female (58%) and approximately 50 y of age or less (65%). Interrater reliability from 0.32 to 0.84 was observed, and agreement from 40% to 98% between raters was achieved for all questions. Significantly more respondents recognized endocrine surgery as a surgical profession (21%) compared to vascular surgeons (18%) (P Conclusions This study reveals an overall lack of understanding among the general public about what endocrine and vascular surgeons are and their spectrum of practice and shows that public understanding of the field of endocrine surgery is very low. More efforts need to be made to increase the visibility of these fields and communicate these surgeons' specialized expertise.
Positional Therapy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Positional therapy for OSA reduces scores on the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale compared with no treatment. Although continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) improves AHI scores more than positional therapy, patients seem to better tolerate positional therapy and, therefore, have improved adherence vs. those treated with CPAP.
Review Essay: Narratives of Dark Pasts—Continuity and Change

Review of Jennifer M. Dixon, Dark Pasts: Changing the State’s Story in Turkey and Japan, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2018. Pp. 258, hardcover, $55 US. The question raised by Dark Pasts is...
A Call for Computer Recess: The Impact of Computer Activities on Predominantly Minority Students’ Technology and Application Self-Efficacy:

The digital divide limits the flow of potential students through the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) pipeline and into STEM careers. The digital divide is a dynamic and con...
Restructuring Health Reform, Mexican Style.

Mexico's health system is undergoing major restructuring by the administration of President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador (known as AMLO) starting in December 2018. The government has eliminated the 2003 health reform (Seguro Popular) from national laws and government agencies and is returning Mexico to a centralized health system with integrated public financing and delivery and reduced private participation. This article looks at the political drivers of Mexico's restructuring reform. Three main ethical principles are identified as the foundation for the government's health system vision: universality, free services, and anti-corruption. The article then compares what existed under Seguro Popular with the new system under the Instituto de Salud para el Bienestar (INSABI), which began on 1 January 2020. The analysis uses the five policy levers that shape health system performance: financing, payment, organization, regulation, and persuasion. The article concludes with five lessons about the reform process in Mexico. First, undoing past reforms is much easier than implementing a new system. Second, the AMLO government's restructuring emerged more from broad ethical principles than detailed technical analyses, with limited plans for evaluation. Third, the overarching values of the AMLO government reflect a pro-statist and anti-market bias, swimming against the global flow of health policy trends to include the private sector in reforming health systems. Fourth, the experiences in Mexico show that path dependence does not always work as expected in policy reform. Finally, the debate of Seguro Popular versus INSABI shows the influence of personality politics and polarization.
New and emerging cardiovascular and antihypertensive drugs

Hypertension and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are very common conditions and account for significant medical disability and death worldwide. Therefore, their successful management is very critical...
Analysis of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients undergoing curative-intent resection of localized adrenocortical carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Studies evaluating the role of adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) in Adrenocortical Carcinoma (ACC) are limited due to its rarity. The objective of this study was to evaluate if ACT provides a survival benefit in patients who underwent curative-intent resection of localized ACC and to determine factors associated with receipt of ACT. METHODS The National Cancer Data Base was queried to identify patients (2010-2016) with curative-intent resection of localized ACC (T1-T3, N0, M0). RESULTS Of 577 patients with adrenalectomy, 389 (67%) had adrenalectomy alone, and 188 (33%) received ACT. Private insurance, lymphovascular invasion, stage II, and radiotherapy were predictors of ACT (P < 0.05). Advanced (T3) stage lymphovascular invasion, and being uninsured were associated with decreased OS (P < 0.05). There was no association between ACT and OS. CONCLUSIONS For patient who underwent curative-intent resection of localized ACC, there was no association between ACT and OS. Private insurance, lymphovascular invasion, stage II disease, and radiotherapy were associated with receipt of ACT.
Navigating the terrain of moral distress: Experiences of pediatric end-of-life care and bereavement during COVID-19.

Objective Parents of seriously ill children worry about their vulnerable child contracting COVID-19, whether their child's palliative care providers will be able to continue to provide the same quality of care to their child, and who can be with the child to provide comfort. For providers, shifts in healthcare provision, communication formats, and support offerings for families facing distress or loss during the pandemic may promote providers’ moral distress. This study aimed to define the ways that the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted end-of-life care and approach to bereavement care in pediatric palliative care (PPC). Method The Palliative Assessment of Needed DEvelopments and Modifications In the Era of Coronavirus (PANDEMIC) survey was developed to learn about the PPC experience during COVID-19 in the United States. The survey was posted with permission on seven nationally focused Listservs. Results A total of 207 PPC team members from 80 cities within 39 states and the District of Columbia participated. In the majority of hospitals, admitted pediatric patients were only allowed one parent as a visitor with the exception of both parents or nuclear family at end of life. Creative alternatives to grief support and traditional funeral services were described. The high incidence of respondents’ depicted moral distress was often focused on an inability to provide a desired level of care due to existing rules and policies and bearing witness to patient and family suffering enhanced by the pandemic. Significance of results The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the provision of end-of-life care and bereavement for children, family caregivers, and PPC providers. Our results identify tangible limitations of restricted personal contact and the pain of watching families stumble through a stunted grieving process. It is imperative that we find solutions for future global challenges and to foster solidarity in PPC.
Evaluation of summer cover crops for host suitability of Meloidogyne enterolobii

Abstract The guava root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne enterolobii) has become one of the greatest enemies of agricultural production as current nematode management methods are not effective against this nematode. Summer cover crops can be an alternative solution for sustainable nematode management as they have a great potential to suppress nematode reproduction in addition to providing other usual benefits. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate ten commercially available summer cover crops against M. enterolobii. Sunflower and cowpea supported a high reproduction of M. enterolobii and had significantly greater biomass relative to the susceptible control (tomato cv. Rutgers). Buckwheat and sunn hemp had lower nematode reproduction but produced greater biomass compared to the susceptible control. Sesame supported significantly lower nematode reproduction and produced the lowest biomass among all cover crops employed in this study. Three millets (pearl millet, brown top millet and Japanese millet), grain sorghum and sorghum-sudangrass did not support any nematode reproduction and produced significantly higher plant biomass when compared with the control. Results from this study suggest that the three millets, grain sorghum and sorghum-sudangrass are promising summer cover crops for managing M. enterolobii.
Classification accuracy of the word memory test genuine memory impairment index.

The Word Memory Test (WMT) assesses non-credible performance in neuropsychological assessment. To mitigate risk of false positives among patients with severe cognitive dysfunction, the Genuine Memo...
Infections Related to Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis

Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis provide life-sustaining therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Peritoneal dialysis requires the regular exchange of dialysate within the peritoneum. The dialysate contains high concentrations of glucose, which create an osmotic force to move fluid into the peritoneal cavity. Immunosuppression can also be a direct result of the dialysis process. During peritoneal dialysis, the regular exchange of dialysate causes the dilution and removal of white cells, along with factors such as cytokines, immunoglobulins, and opsonins. The standard material for the construction of bridge grafts is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). PTFE is hydrophobic, inert, and thought to resist infection. Central venous catheters (CVCs) play a vital role in the maintenance of vascular access for many patients. Tunneling and dacron cuffs are designed to prevent infection of hemodialysis CVCs. Empiric treatment of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CR-BSI) should cover gram-positive (e.g., vancomycin, cefazolin, cloxacillin) and gram-negative (e.g., gentamicin) organisms while awaiting culture results. Vancomycin should be used if the prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci is high. Blood cultures should be repeated periodically during and immediately after completion of therapy to monitor effectiveness. Infections related to peritoneal dialysis are broadly classified as peritonitis or exit-site/ tunnel infection. Peritonitis caused by pseudomonal or xanthomonal organisms is generally more serious than that caused by other gram-negative bacteria. Catheter loss has been reported to complicate 16.3% of episodes of peritonitis and 21% of exit-site and tunnel infections.
Chapter 2 – Example of a process control problem

A common type of control problem arising in the process industries is the movement of fluids among tanks and the processing of the fluids in the tanks. In the example of a two-tank system, fluid can be pumped from Tank 1 to Tank 2 and then back to Tank 1. The system is considered to be closed. In actual practice, the system is open, so that batches of the fluid being processed can be moved through the system. In the two-tank system, the status of the two pumps is denoted by P1 and P2, where P1 and P2 are discrete variables having value 0 when the pump is off and value 1 when the pump is on. The variables — P1 and P2 — are events driven since their values depend on the event of turning on or off the pump. The first step to solving the level control problem using a continuous-variable controller is the generation of a model for the process, which is carried out next.
Bordism groups of special generic mappings

The Pontrjagin-Thom construction expresses a relation between the oriented bordism groups of framed immersions M m → R n , m n, with mildest singularities. Recently, O. Saeki showed that for m > 6, the group M m,1 is isomorphic to the group of smooth structures on the sphere of dimension m. Generalizing, we prove that M m,n is isomorphic to the n-th stable homotopy group π st n (BSDiff r , BSO r+1 ), r = m - n, where SDiff r is the group of oriented auto-diffeomorphisms of the sphere S r and SO r+1 is the group of rotations of S r .
Ionizing-radiation-induced degradation in electronic power amplifiers

The effects of ionizing radiation on the performance of electronic power amplifiers with complementary power MOSFETs in the output stage are examined. It is shown that the primary effect of ionizing radiation on power MOSFETs is a shift in the threshold voltage. For p-channel power MOSFETs, this shift is always negative, and for n-channel devices, the polarity of the shift depends on part type, bias conditions, and dose rate. It was found that ionizing radiation leads to failure of the amplifier if the threshold voltage of the n-channel device increases with total dose. If both power MOSFETs exhibit a negative threshold-voltage shift, increases in power dissipation and output offset voltage result. The failure mode of the amplifier depends on the relative magnitude of the threshold-voltage shift in the p- and n-channel power MOSFETs, and on the polarity of the shift in the n-channel device. >
Evaluation of the association of current cigarette smoking and outcome for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Objectives: Cigarette smoking is a well known risk factor for the development of renal cell carcinoma (RCC); however, its association with tumor aggressiveness and patient outcome remains in question. Herein, we test the hypothesis that cigarette smoking is associated with a more aggressive phenotype and poorer outcome among patients with RCC. Methods: We examined data on 2242 patients treated with radical nephrectomy or nephron-sparing surgery for unilateral, sporadic, clear cell RCC at Mayo Clinic Rochester between 1970 and 2002. Associations of self-reported smoking status with death from RCC were assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression models summarized with hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: While former cigarette smoking was not associated with an increased risk of RCC death, current cigarette smokers were 31% more likely to die from RCC compared with non-smokers on a hazard ratio scale (HR 1.31; 95% CI 1.09–1.58; P = 0.004). Interestingly, current smokers were more likely to present with advanced disease (i.e. later TNM stage) compared with both former and never smokers. After adjustment for TNM stage group and tumor grade, there was no longer a statistically significant increase in the risk of death from RCC for current cigarette smokers (HR 0.99; 95% CI 0.82–1.19; P = 0.875). Conclusions: Patients who report current smoking at time of surgery are at increased risk of RCC death; however, this association is attenuated after adjustment for standard pathological indices and is therefore of little prognostic value. Nevertheless, the association of current smoking with more advanced disease at presentation (e.g. metastatic spread) warrants further investigation.
Dimethyl 2,2'-di-nitro-biphenyl-4,4'-di-carboxyl-ate.

The title compound, C16H12N2O8, exhibits two near-planar aromatic ester groups with ar­yl–ester dihedral angles of 2.1 (2) and 4.2 (3)°. The dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 58.0 (1)°. The two nitro groups are tilted slightly from the plane of the aromatic rings, making dihedral angles of 14.1 (1) and 8.2 (2)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are connected by weak C—H⋯O inter­actions, forming a three-dimensional network.
STEREOISOMER FORMATION ON THE OZONIZATION OF ESTERS OF MONOUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS.

SUMMARY The formation of stereoisomers of ozonides on the ozonization of methyl esters of monounsaturated fatty acids in pentane at - 70” was demonstrated by thin-layer chromatography, infrared spectra, and other analyses. The eis- and tram-isomers of ozonides of cis- and trans-methyl 9-octadecenoates (methyl oleate and methyl elaidate) were isolated and characterized. The “true ozonides” of the methyl esters of monounsaturated fatty acids give two spots on thinlayer chromatography (TLC). In contrast, the ozonides of polyunsaturated methyl esters give only one spot. The spots in the former represent stereoisomers. “True ozonides” refer to compounds containing the 0-0 C-, established
A Subspace Learning of Dynamics on a Shape Manifold: A Generative Modeling Approach

In this paper, we propose a novel subspace learning of shape dynamics. In comparison with the previous works, our method is invertible and better characterises the nonlinear geometry of a shape manifold while being computationally more efficient. In this work, with a parallel moving frame on a shape manifold, each path of shape dynamics is uniquely represented in a subspace spanned by the moving frame, given an initial condition (the starting point and the starting frame). Given the parallelism of the frame and ensured by a Levi-Civita connection, and a path on a shape manifold, the parallel moving frame along the path is uniquely determined up to the choice of the starting frame.
Pereskia and the origin of the cactus life-form.

Abstract: The cactus life‐form is cited as an example of a tight relationship between organism form and function: a succulent, long‐lived, photosynthetic stem allows cacti to survive long periods of drought while maintaining a positive tissue water status. Pereskia (Cactaceae) comprises 17 species of leafy shrubs and trees that are thought to represent the original cactus condition. Recent phylogenetic work has shown that there are two separate clades of Pereskia species, which are basal and paraphyletic with respect to the rest of the cacti. We selected seven Pereskia species, representing both clades, and characterized their water relations by measuring a suite of physiological traits in wild populations. Additionally, we estimated basic climate parameters from collection localities for all 17 Pereskia species. Extant Pereskia species exhibit ecological water use patterns that are very similar to those of the leafless, stem‐succulent cacti. Ancestral trait reconstruction for the physiological and enviro...
Developing brain as a target of toxicity.

The human brain forms over an unusually long period compared to other organs. While most of the basic structure is laid down before birth, neuron proliferation and migration continue in the postnat...
The diffusion and solubility of oxygen in solid nickel

Solid-state electrochemical measurements using various experimental procedures were made with the double cell: $$ Ni + NiO|ZrO_2 + Y_2 O_3 |Ni + \underline O |ZrO_2 + Y_2 O_3 |Ni + NiO $$ to determine the diffusivity and thermodynamic functions of oxygen dissolved in solid nickel. Non-steady state diffusion of oxygen in the specimen was caused by applying a preselected potential between the reference and specimen electrodes and was monitored by measuring time-dependent potentials and/or currents. The following results were obtained for the diffusivity of oxygen and the solubility of oxygen in nickel in equilibrium with NiO: $$D{\text{ = 4}}{\text{.9 }} \times {\text{ 10}}^{{\text{ - 2}}} {\text{ exp}}\left( {{\text{ - }}\frac{{{\text{164 kJ/mole}}}}{{{\text{R}}T}}} \right){\text{cm}}^{\text{2}} /{\text{sec (850 to 1400 }}{}^{\text{o}}{\text{C)}}$$ $$C_{\text{O}}^s {\text{ = 8}}{\text{.3 exp}}\left( { - \frac{{55{\text{kJ/mole}}}}{{{\text{R}}T}}} \right){\text{at}}{\text{. pct (800 to 1000 }}{}^{\text{o}}{\text{C)}}$$ The thermodynamic and transport behaviors of oxygen in solid nickel were fairly well described by a simple quasi-regular model and an interstitial diffusion model, respectively.
Economic analysis of complementary, alternative, and integrative medicine: considerations raised by an expert panel.

An international panel of experts was convened to examine the challenges faced in conducting economic analyses of Complementary, Alternative and Integrative Medicine (CAIM). A one and a half-day panel of experts was convened in early 2011 to discuss what was needed to bring about robust economic analysis of CAIM. The goals of the expert panel were to review the current state of the science of economic evaluations in health, and to discuss the issues involved in applying these methods to CAIM, recognizing its unique characteristics. The panel proceedings were audiotaped and a thematic analysis was conducted independently by two researchers. The results were then discussed and differences resolved. This manuscript summarizes the discussions held by the panel members on each theme. The panel identified seven major themes regarding economic evaluation that are particularly salient to determining the economics of CAIM: standardization (in order to compare CAIM with conventional therapies, the same basic economic evaluation methods and framework must be used); identifying the question being asked, the audience targeted for the results and whose perspective is being used (e.g., the patient perspective is especially relevant to CAIM because of the high level of self-referral and out-of-pocket payment); the analytic methods to be used (e.g., the importance of treatment description and fidelity); the outcomes to be measured (e.g., it is important to consider a broad range of outcomes, particularly for CAIM therapies, which often treat the whole person rather than a specific symptom or disease); costs (e.g., again because of treating the whole person, the impact of CAIM on overall healthcare costs, rather than only disease-specific costs, should be measured); implementation (e.g., highlighting studies where CAIM allows cost savings may help offset its image as an “add on” cost); and generalizability (e.g., proper reporting can enable study results to be useful beyond the study sample). The business case for CAIM depends on economic analysis and standard methods for conducting such economic evaluations exist. The challenge for CAIM lies in appropriately applying these methods. The deliberations of this panel provide a list of factors to be considered in meeting that challenge.
Opportunities and obligations for physical computing systems

The recent confluence of embedded and real-time systems with wireless, sensor, and networking technologies is creating a nascent infrastructure for a technical, economic, and social revolution. Based on the seamless integration of computing with the physical world via sensors and actuators, this revolution will accrue many benefits. Potentially, its impact could be similar to that of the current Internet. We believe developers must focus on the physical, real-time, and embedded aspects of pervasive computing. We refer to this domain as physical computing systems. For pervasive computing to achieve its promise, developers must create not only high-level system software and application solutions, but also low-level embedded systems solutions. To better understand physical computing's advantages, we consider three application areas: assisted living, emergency response systems for natural or man-made disasters, and protecting critical infrastructures at the national level.
Discovery and characterization of microsatellites for the solitary bee Colletes inaequalis using Sanger and 454 pyrosequencing

The recent implementation of next-generation sequencing for the discovery of microsatellite markers has made this technology the most effective method for generating genetic markers in non-model organisms. Here, we report the de novo discovery of microsatellite markers for the solitary bee Colletes inaequalis using cloning/Sanger sequencing and direct 454 pyrosequencing from microsatellite-enriched genomic libraries. We identified and successfully multiplexed 18 highly variable microsatellite markers in 585 individuals. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 23, and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.056 to 0.912. These genetic markers will allow for the investigation of levels of inbreeding and fine-scale population structure in C. inaequalis. Our results contribute to the literature demonstrating that 454 sequencing is more time- and cost-efficient than cloning/Sanger sequencing at identifying a large number of genomic regions with microsatellite repeat motifs.
THE ROLE OF ASSETS IN LABOR SUPPLY FUNCTIONS

This paper examines the argument advanced by Smith (1977) that it is inappropriate to include current assets in labor supply functions, under the assumption that a life-cycle model underlies both the asset accumulation process and the labor supply process. It is shown that on a theoretical level current labor supply may still be viewed as a function of current assets. It is also demonstrated that in empirical work based upon a life-cycle labor supply model, it may or may not be appropriate to use current assets or current wealth as an independent variable in a labor supply regression
Host and T-DNA determinants of cytokinin autonomy in tobacco cells transformed byAgrobacterium tumefaciens.

The hormone autonomy of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cells transformed byAgrobacterium tumefaciens containing mutations attmr (the “rooty” locus) of the pTiT37 plasmid has been examined. These cells require cytokinin, but not auxin for continuous growth in culture, indicating that the function of thetmr locus is to specify or induce cytokinin autonomy. Examination of tissues from plants regenerated from cells transformed by the mutant bacteria showed that the auxin independent phenotype is suppressed, but can be reinitiated in culture by exposure to an exogenous supply of auxin. In addition the developmental state of the cells from such regenerated plants can exert a profound influence on their cytokinin autonomy phenotype.
Age-related changes in the dynamics of potassium-evoked L-glutamate release in the striatum of Fischer 344 rats

In the present studies we used a multisite ceramic-based microelectrode for rapid (800 ms) and low level measures of L-glutamate in vivo. We measured the amplitude and clearance rate of phasic changes in L-glutamate release produced by local application of potassium by a micropipette placed adjacent to the recording sites in the striatum of young (6 month), late middle aged (18 month) and aged (24 month) Fischer 344 rats. Our results showed that the amplitudes and clearance rates of potassium-evoked release of L-glutamate in the striatum were significantly decreased in aged rats as compared to the other age groups. In addition, the sensitivity of glutamate fibers to depolarization with potassium was significantly decreased in the aged rats as compared to young animals. Taken together, these data are consistent with age-related alterations in glutamate release dynamics, which may involve a compensatory mechanism for maintaining static glutamate concentrations within the striatum.
Respiration and sucking as components of the orienting reaction in newborns.

Respiratory and non-nutritive sucking responses to auditory stimulation were studied in 1- to 5-day old human newborns. Each S was presented 5 stimuli, each 4 times, during 4 sessions at 24 hour intervals. The stimuli varied in intensity and intermittency. Stimulus onset and offset shortened sucking bursts during Sessions I-III, but in Session IV stimulus offset lengthened sucking bursts. In general, respiration was accelerated by stimulus onset and decelerated by stimulus offset. However, in Session IV respiratory deceleration occurred to both stimulus onset and offset. Respiratory deceleration also occurred to low intensity stimuli in Sessions I-III. Respiratory acceleration and sucking inhibition were discussed as components of the newborn's defense reaction (DR) to most stimulation. Respiratory deceleration was related to appearance of orienting reaction (OR) after habituation of DR. Ss' respiratory responsivity and sucking responsivity were highly correlated.
A two-dimensional numerical analysis of a small geometry MOSFET

Abstract This paper describes the development of a computer model to simulate small geometry metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs). The model is developed by obtaining computer generated solutions to the phenomenological equations which describe carrier transport and the electric fields in a semiconductor device. Threshold voltage variations and breakdown effects are also discussed.
Mapping individual differences in the experience of a waiting period

Waiting for uncertain news, such as the outcome of a job interview or medical test, is a ubiquitous and difficult but little studied experience. We conducted a longitudinal examination, guided by the predictions of the uncertainty navigation model (Sweeny & Cavanaugh, 2012), to examine broad trends and individual differences in experiences during a consequential waiting period. Fifty students preparing for the California bar exam completed questionnaires at 6 time points: shortly before and after the exam, at 2 intermediate time points during the 4-month waiting period, and immediately before and after learning whether they passed. We identified key individual differences in the overall experience of a waiting period, such that dispositional optimists reported lower levels of anxiety and rumination on average, and defensive pessimists and people uncomfortable with uncertainty reported higher levels. Longitudinal growth curve modeling analyses suggested that waiting is most difficult at the start and end of a waiting period, although people maintained hope and optimism throughout the wait. These temporal trends were generally robust, although some individual differences emerged. These findings provide the first evidence regarding when and for whom waiting periods are most difficult and thus can serve as the basis for future investigations of waiting experiences.
Oxygen distribution in the retina

Purpose To evaluate the distibution of the preretinal and transretinal partial pressure of oxygen(PO2) in normal and ischemic retinas. Methods Evaluation of either the preretinal or intraretinal oxygen partial pressure (PO2) distribution, using oxygen sensitive microelectrodes, in normal or ischemic retinal conditions. Results The distribution of PO2 close to the vitreoretinal interface is heterogeneous, being higher near the arteriolar wall. Preretinal and transretinal PO2 profiles indicate that O2 diffusion from the arterioles affects the PO2 in the juxta-arteriolar preretinal region. Both the preretinal and inner retinal PO2 recorded far from the vessels remain constant in all retinal areas. The oxygen tension (PO2) in the inner half of the retina remains largely unaffected by moderate changes in perfusion pressure, systemic PaO2 changes occuring during either hyperoxia or hypoxia. However, an increase in PaCO2 (hypercapnia), as well as an intravenous injection of acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor) both lead to an increase in preretinal PO2 due to dilation of the retinal vessels. In eyes with experimental branch retinal vein occlusion, PO2 values within the inner retinal layers are indicative of hypoxic conditions, whereas adjacent areas appear to remain normal. In diabetic patients undergoing vitrectomy a lowered vitreal PO2 in the affected retinal areas has also reported.Occlusion of the retinal circulation renders most of the inner retina anoxic. Conclusion Thanks to the autoregulatory ability of the retinal circulation, the oxygen tension (PO2) in the inner half of the retina, remains largely unaffected during physiological stimuli. In both normal and inner retinal ischemic conditions,the oxygen supply from the choroid is sufficient to support only the photoreceptor inner segments.
Contradictory Class Definitions: Petty Bourgeoisie and the "Classes" of Erik Olin Wright

The "two-class model" of capitalism widely attributed to Marx neglects his analysis of the capitalistic characteristics of the petty bourgeoisie. Erik Olin Wright exemplifies those who, by regarding petty bourgeois owners as "precapitalist," and rejecting the labor theory of value, fail to recognize the capitalist nature of the "old" middle class. This leaves Wright without the conceptual tools needed to analyze the capitalistic relations of the "newer" middle strata of salaried professionals and managers as well and leads him to adopt "classless" concepts typical of petty bourgeois ideology itself. A return to the Marxist conception of a capitalist petty bourgeoisie allows a unified analysis of the class position of both "old" and "new" middle strata.
Quantitative comparative analysis of complex two-dimensional electropherograms

Abstract A protocol is described to detect and assess differences between complex electrophoretic patterns. A semiautomated method is used to collect accurate absolute mobility data from many two-dimensional electropherograms and a computer algorithm has been developed which normalizes and averages these data. The program generates refined numerical maps consisting of the mean electrophoretic mobilities and corresponding confidence limits for each component protein represented in the original two-dimensional electrophoretic pattern. Tests of statistical significance of apparent differences between averaged numerical maps are carried out to evaluate electrophoretic polymorphisms between the ribosomal proteins of two different plant species. Furthermore, using a nonlinear function relating log molecular weight to mobility, precise molecular weight estimates are obtained from measurements of electrophoretic mobilities of proteins in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Several examples are presented which demonstrate application of these semiautomated analyses to quantitative comparison and interpretation of two dimensional gel electropherograms.
Iodine-131 MIBG scintigraphy in small cell lung cancer

There is a well documented relationship between small cell carcinoma of the lung and the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation system of endocrine cells (APUD). We attempted to exploit this association by employing the unique radiopharmaceutical,131I-MIBG, which is recognized and taken up by the APUD system to monitor disease activity in patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung. A total of eight patients with biopsy proven, metastatic small cell carcinoma of the lung were studied.131I-MIBG was synthesized in our laboratory by reacting metaiodobenzylamine synthesized in our laboratory by reacting metaiodobenzylamine hydrochloride with cyanamide with subsequent solid phase radioiodination. A dose of 0.5 mCi radiopharmaceutical was injected and images obtained on a large field of view gamma camera with a high energy parallel hole collimator at 2, 24, and either 48 or 72 h. Images were compared with known focal areas of metastatic disease demonstrable on computed tomographic scan, chest roentgenogram or bone scan. We were unable to detect reproducible correlations between the images produced by conventional radiographic techniques and the images produced by our radiopharmaceutical. We conclude that this agent will probably not be useful for localization of metastatic small cell lung carcinoma.
Mechanism of the cyanohydrin (Kiliani-Fischer) synthesis

Abstract Polarimetry, paper chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, and infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy have been used in the elucidation of the mechanism of the cyanohydrin synthesis as applied to D -arabinose. D -Arabinose was allowed to react with various proportions of potassium cyanide in aqueous sodium carbonate, and various compounds formed in the reaction mixture were identified. Polarimetry indicated that the cyanohydrin synthesis involves at least two steps: presumably, a condensation and a hydrolysis. Paper and gas-liquid chromatography showed the presence of D -gluconate, D -mannonate, D -gluconolactone, D -mannonolactone, D -gluconamide, D -mannonamide, D -gluconoimidolactone, D -mannonoimidolactone, D -glucononitrile, D -mannononitrile, and unchanged D -arabinose. The main pathway suggested by the time course of the intermediates is: D -arabinose→ D -hexononitrile (cyanohydrin) → D -hexonoimidolactone → D -hexonolactone → D -hexonic acid. The acyclic hexonamide, usually postulated as the initial hydrolysis product of the cyanohydrin, is probably only a side product that is in equilibrium with the cyclic hexonoimidolactone.
Integer lattice gases

Abstract : We generalize the hydrodynamic lattice gas model to include arbitrary numbers of particles moving in each lattice direction. For this generalization we derive the equilibrium distribution function and the hydrodynamic equations, including the equation of state and the prefactor of the inertial term that arises from the breaking of galilean invariance in these models. We show that this prefactor can be set to unity in the generalized model, therby effectively restoring galilean invariance. Moreover, we derive an expression for the kinematic viscosity, and show that it tends to decrease with the maximum number of particles allowed in each direction, so that higher Reynolds numbers may be achieved. Finally, we derive expressions for the statistical noise and the Boltzmann entropy of these models.
Biology of the KCNQ1 Potassium Channel

Ion channels are essential for basic cellular function and for processes including sensory perception and intercellular communication in multicellular organisms. Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels facilitate dynamic cellular repolarization during an action potential, opening in response to membrane depolarization to facilitate K+ efflux. In both excitable and nonexcitable cells other, constitutively active, K+ channels provide a relatively constant repolarizing force to control membrane potential, ion homeostasis, and secretory processes. Of the forty known human Kv channel pore-forming α subunits that coassemble in various combinations to form the fundamental tetrameric channel pore and voltage sensor module, KCNQ1 is unique. KCNQ1 stands alone in having the capacity to form either channels that are voltage-dependent and require membrane depolarization for activation, or constitutively active channels. In mammals, KCNQ1 regulates processes including gastric acid secretion, thyroid hormone biosynthesis, salt and glucose homeostasis, and cell volume and in some species is required for rhythmic beating of the heart. In this review, the author discusses the unique functional properties, regulation, cell biology, diverse physiological roles, and involvement in human disease states of this chameleonic K+ channel.
Medical management: expanding radiologists' role using information technology to improve the quality of care.

THE PURPOSE of this article is to discuss medical management and its necessary infrastructure, computerized physician order entry (CPOE). I will review the process of care in radiology and discuss some of the problems, opportunities, and tools for creating value. In particular, I will focus on medical management and its goal on improving the quality of care and conclude by proposing additional benefits from the use of CPOE in health care delivery and the potential role of radiologists.
Changes in Bone Turnover Markers and Menstrual Function After Short-term Oral DHEA in Young Women with Anorexia Nervosa

Bone loss is a serious consequence of anorexia nervosa (AN). Subnormal levels of serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) are seen in patients with AN and may be causally linked to their low bone density. We hypothesized that oral DHEA would decrease markers of bone resorption (urinary N-telopeptides [NTx]), and increase markers of bone formation (serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin [OC]). Fifteen young women (age 15-22 years) with AN were enrolled in a 3-month, randomized, double-blinded trial of 50, 100, or 200 mg of daily micronized DHEA. Blood and urinary levels of adrenal and gonadal steroids and bone turnover markers were measured. No adverse clinical side effects of DHEA were noted, and a 50 mg daily dose restored physiologic hormonal levels. At 3 months, NTx levels had decreased significantly in both the 50 mg (p = 0.018) and the 200 mg (p = 0.016) subgroups. OC levels simultaneously increased within treatment groups over time (p = 0.002). Eight out of 15 (53%) subjects had at least one menstrual cycle while on therapy. Short-term DHEA was well-tolerated and appears to normalize bone turnover in young women with AN. Resumption of menses in over half of subjects suggests that DHEA therapy may also lead to estradiol levels sufficient to stimulate the endometrium in this group of patients.
Conformational impact of pentafluorosulfanylation on acyclic aliphatic molecules

Abstract The diastereotopic nature of geminal protons γ to the pentafluorosulfanyl (SF 5 ) group was investigated by computational modeling and experimental methods. 1D and 2D NMR techniques were employed to determine the vicinal coupling constants used in the estimation of H C C H dihedral angles required for the approximation of the average solution conformation of SF 5 -substituted alkyl chains. Rotational energy barriers were calculated at the B3LYP/6-31++G (d,p) level in an effort to assess the relative steric demand of the SF 5 group relative to a trifluoromethyl or tert -butyl group. The observed diastereotopicity is likely a result of hindered molecular rotation where one of the γ protons is trapped between two equatorial fluorines of the SF 5 group.
Effects of interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-β, and forskolin on tissue plasminogen activator activity in human osteoblastic osteosarcoma cells

The effects of interleukin-1 (IL-1), forskolin, and tumor necrosis factor β (TNF-β) on tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) activity were studied in the human osteoblastic osteosarcoma cell line, G292. t-PA activity was measured in the cell media using the chromogenic substrate, S-2251. After a 24 hour incubation period, IL-1 increased t-PA in a dose-dependent manner. The effect of IL-1 at 10.0 U/ml was partially inhibited in the presence of indomethacin. Forskolin (1.0 μM) increased t-PA activity after 24 hours with the effects of combined treatment of IL-1 (1.0 U/ml, 10.0 U/ml) and forskolin being apparently additive in nature. TNF-β (10-8–10-7 M) also produced increased t-PA activity in the cell medial after a 24 hour incubation period. These results suggest that the cytokines, IL-1 and TNF-β, can increase t-PA activity in G292 cells and that there is both a cAMP-dependent as well as a cAMP-independent pathway involved in the regulation of this osteoblastic cell function.
A novel multistep mechanism for oxygen binding to ferrous hemoproteins: rapid kinetic analysis of ferrous-dioxy myeloperoxidase (compound III) formation.

Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a hemoprotein that uses H2O2 as the electron acceptor in the catalysis of oxidative reactions, is implicated as a participant in inflammatory injury and cardiovascular diseases. Mechanisms for turning off this enzyme once released, preventing unwanted tissue injury, are poorly understood. We recently demonstrated that MPO heme reduction causes collapse of the heme pocket, as monitored by significant reductions in the rates of diatomic ligand binding to the heme iron. Using spectral and rapid kinetic measurements, we now demonstrate that molecular oxygen (O2) binds to ferrous MPO (MPO−Fe(II)) in a distinct and novel mechanism. Rather than occurring through a simple, reversible, one-step mechanism, as is typical for O2 binding to other ferrous hemoproteins, the reaction involves several kinetically and spectroscopically distinguishable intermediates. Diode array spectrophotometric and stopped-flow studies reveal that the formation of the MPO−Fe(II)−O2 complex consists of at least thre...
Sitaxsentan in the management of pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Purpose. The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical trials, adverse effects, drug interactions, and dosing and administration of the endothelin receptor antagonist, sitaxsentan, and its role in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are reviewed. Summary. PAH is a serious and potentially devastating chronic disorder of the pulmonary circulation. Bosentan is the first and only approved endothelin receptor antagonist for the treatment of PAH. Endothelin-1, a potent endogenous vasoconstrictor and smooth-muscle mitogen, has been shown to be overexpressed in the plasma and lung tissue of patients with PAH; the reduction or blockade of entothelin-1 may aid in disease symptomatology and progression. Activation of ETA leads to vasoconstriction and vascular smooth-muscle-cell proliferation. Sitaxsentan is an orally active, organic nonpeptide that binds competitively to the ETA receptor. Sitaxsentan, unlike bosentan, has a high affinity for the ETA receptor. In one trial, sitaxsentan was compared with placebo, and the results suggested that sitaxsentan was more effective than placebo. A 12-week, open-label trial demonstrated the safety and efficacy of sitaxsentan in 20 patients. The Sitaxsentan to Relieve Impaired Exercise (STRIDE-1) trial randomized patients to receive placebo, sitaxsentan 100 mg orally once daily, or sitaxsentan 300 mg orally once daily. Significant improvements in exercise capacity and cardiopulmonary hemodynamics were demonstrated. The results of STRIDE-2, the second randomized sitaxsentan trial, demonstrated the efficacy and safety of 100 mg sitaxsentan and the unacceptable safety profile of 300 mg sitaxsentan. Conclusion. Sitaxsentan is an orally administered endothelin receptor blocker that offers the effective and safe treatment of patients with mild to moderate PAH.