cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Higher Twist Effects in Deep Inelastic Scattering

Abstract Non-scaling, non-factorizing 1/ Q 2 contributions to cross sections are derived for semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering, lN → l′ π X. These higher twist terms are dominant at large z = p π · p N / Q · p N . They provide unusual (1 − y ) terms in the cross section. as well as asymmetries in the azimuthal angle dependence. Calculations are also presented for the quark to pion fragmentation function D π ( z , Q 2 ).
INTRAPERITONEAL AND INTRACEREBRAL ROUTES IN SERUM PROTECTION TESTS WITH THE VIRUS OF EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS : II. MECHANISM UNDERLYING THE DIFFERENCE IN PROTECTIVE POWER BY THE TWO ROUTES.

Minute amounts of antiserum injected intraperitoneally protect against large doses of equine encephalomyelitis virus given intramuscularly or intraperitoneally in 12 to 15 day old mice. Antiserum given intraperitoneally with virus intracerebrally or intranasally results in little or no protection. These phenomena occur as well when serum-virus mixtures are injected at the different sites. The marked variation of the protective capacity of antiserum as thus displayed would appear to be dependent upon the differing pathways of progression of the virus from the site of injection to the central nervous system.
Sexually Abstinent African American Adolescent Females' Descriptions of Abstinence

Purpose: To describe sexual abstinence from the perspective of abstinent African American female adolescents. Design: Descriptive qualitative. Methods: Data were collected from 14 sexually abstinent, African American adolescent girls during two semi-structured interviews. Data were collected using the life history method and were analyzed in the style of narrative analysis. Findings: This analysis indicated four themes in descriptions of abstinence: limited information, categorization of sexual behaviors, activities that lead to intercourse, and abstinence as a self-determined choice. For most participants, “having sex” referred to heterosexual vaginal intercourse and being abstinent meant that one chose to refrain from intercourse. Conclusions: The participants' limited definition of abstinence might lead them to unknowingly put themselves at risk by engaging in other forms of genital sexual activities. They may think that they are protected because they believe that they are practicing abstinence.
Examination of the sensitivity of forecast precipitation rates to possible perturbations of initial conditions

An adjoint model that includes precipitation physics is applied to four synoptic cases in order tocompare the sensitivities of both convective and non-convective precipitation rates with respect to initialperturbations of temperature, water vapor mixing ratio, vorticity or divergence. These are contrastedwith sensitivities of barotropic vorticity. Forecast periods between 1 and 24 h are investigated. Rootmean-square values of the sensitivities as a function of vertical coordinate and field are presented aswell as time series of impacts of optimal perturbations weighted by initial variances of uncertaintiesin the fields. For all the forecast aspects and cases considered, the greatest sensitivity and impacts arewith regard to the temperature field. Precipitation is equally sensitive to vorticity and divergence, butwhen their relative uncertainties are considered, impacts of the vorticity dominate those of divergence.Precipitation is sensitive to initial specific humidity, but so is barotropic vorticity within a cyclone. Thesensitivities of precipitation were not found to increase with forecast periods as much as the sensitivitiesto vorticity, suggesting that even within the same synoptic feature, different processes are responsiblefor the development of these distinct characteristics. Although comparison with corresponding impactsin the nonlinear model suggests that a 24 h period is too long for the adjoint-estimated precipitationimpacts to be good approximations to the nonlinear results in some of the cases, 6-h adjoint-estimatedresults appear useful. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.2003.201394.x
SiGeC/Si Electrooptic Modulators

The addition of carbon to silicon-germanium alloys provides the ability to lattice match thick layers with high germanium composition to silicon substrates. Thick strain-free silicon-germanium-carbon (SiGeC) layers on silicon allow the design of optical waveguides that have large optical mode overlap with the waveguide core. In addition, SiGeC/Si heterostructures enable strong confinement of large electron and hole concentrations. The combination of tightly confined carriers and photons can be used to realize high-performance broadband electrooptic modulators based on carrier density-induced refractive index changes. We show that modulators with lengths around 30 mum and turn-on times below 0.2 ns are possible with optimized designs
Long-term AZT Exposure Alters the Metabolic Capacity of Cultured Human Lymphoblastoid Cells

The antiretroviral efficacy of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT) is dependent upon intracellular mono-, di-, and triphosphorylation and incorporation into DNA in place of thymidine. Thymidine kinase 1 (TK-1) catalyzes the first step of this pathway. MOLT-3, human lymphoblastoid cells, were exposed to AZT continuously for 14 passages (P1–P14) and cultured for an additional 14 passages (P15–P28) without AZT. Progressive and irreversible depletion of the enzymatically active form of the TK-1 24-kDa monomer with loss of active protein was demonstrated during P1–P5 of AZT exposure. From P15 to P28, both the 24- and the 48-kDa forms of TK-1 were undetectable and a tetrameric 96-kDa form was present. AZT-DNA incorporation was observed with values of 150, 133, and 108 molecules of AZT/106 nucleotides at the 10μM plasma-equivalent AZT dose at P1, P5, and P14, respectively. An exposure-related increase in the frequency of micronuclei (MN) was observed in cells exposed to either 10 or 800μM AZT during P1–P14. Analysis of the cell cycle profile revealed an accumulation of S-phase cells and a decrease in G1-phase cells during exposure to 800μM AZT for 14 passages. When MOLT-3 cells were grown in AZT-free media (P15–P29), there was a reduction in AZT-DNA incorporation and MN formation; however, TK-1 depletion and the persistence of S-phase delay were unchanged. These data suggest that in addition to known mutagenic mechanisms, cells may become resistant to AZT partially through inactivation of TK-1 and through modulation of cell cycle components.
Seed‐specific expression of the wheat puroindoline genes improves maize wet milling yields

The texture of maize (Zea mays L.) seeds is important to seed processing properties, and soft dent maize is preferred for both wet-milling and livestock feed applications. The puroindoline genes (Pina and Pinb) are the functional components of the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Hardness locus and together function to create soft grain texture in wheat. The PINs (PINA and PINB) are believed to act by binding to lipids on the surface of starch granules, preventing tight adhesion between starch granules and the surrounding protein matrix during seed maturation. Here, maize kernel structure and wet milling properties were successfully modified by the endosperm-specific expression of wheat Pins (Pina and Pinb). Pins were introduced into maize under the control of a maize gamma-Zein promoter. Three Pina/Pinb expression positive transgenic lines were evaluated over two growing seasons. Textural analysis of the maize seeds indicated that the expression of PINs decreased adhesion between starch and protein matrix and reduced maize grain hardness significantly. Reduction in pressure required to fracture kernels ranged from 15.65% to 36.86% compared with control seeds. Further, the PINs transgenic maize seeds had increased levels of extractable starch as characterized by a small scale wet milling method. Starch yield was increased by 4.86% on average without negatively impacting starch purity. The development of softer maize hybrids with higher starch extractability would be of value to maize processors.
Regulation of Simian Virus 40 Transcription: Sensitive Analysis of the RNA Species Present Early in Infections by Virus or Viral DNA

We have examined the discrete species of simian virus 40 (SV40) RNA present very early in infection of monkey cells with wild-type virus, with mutant tsA58 virus, and with the corresponding DNAs to distinguish between two classes of models for control of late transcription: (i) positive control mediated by large-T antigen and (ii) negative control mediated by a repressor protein associated with viral DNA in the virion. Total cytoplasmic or nuclear polyadenylated RNAs from infected cells were denatured with glyoxal, separated by electrophoresis on agarose gels, and transferred to diazobenzyloxymethyl paper. The positions of specific early and late RNA species were determined with region-specific SV40 DNA probes. The technique can detect individual RNAs present at the level of less than one copy per cell. After 9.5 h at 37 degrees C, appreciable amounts of two early RNAs (2.6 kilobases [kb] and 2.9 kb) were present in the cytoplasm of cells infected with wild-type virus or DNA, along with much smaller amounts of two late RNAs, 1.6 kb (16S) and 2.5 kb (19S). The amounts of the late RNAs were reduced, but they were still synthesized in the presence of cytosine arabinoside, an inhibitor of DNA synthesis. In comparable infections with tsA58 virus or DNA at nonpermissive temperature (41 degrees C), substantial amounts of the two early RNAs were again present, but the two late RNAs could not be detected. However, small amounts of the late RNAs were found when infections with tsA58 virus or DNA were prolonged to 30 h at 41 degrees C. These results are not consistent with negative control of late transcription through the action of a repressor and, taken together with other data, suggest that T antigen has an active role in late RNA synthesis. Specific early and late viral RNAs were also detected in the nuclear poly(A)(+) fractions and were similar in size to the RNA species found in the cytoplasmic polyadenylated fractions. The late nuclear RNAs (1.8 and 2.9 kb) were significantly larger than the late cytoplasmic species, possibly because they are precursors. The 2.6- and 2.9-kb early RNAs found in the cytoplasm are probably the messengers for large-T and small-t antigens, respectively.
Scientific creativity as constrained stochastic behavior: The integration of product, person, and process perspectives.

Psychologists have primarily investigated scientific creativity from 2 contrasting in vitro perspectives: correlational studies of the creative person and experimental studies of the creative process. Here the same phenomenon is scrutinized using a 3rd, in vivo perspective, namely, the actual creative products that emerge from individual scientific careers and communities of creative scientists. This behavioral analysis supports the inference that scientific creativity constitutes a form of constrained stochastic behavior. That is, it can be accurately modeled as a quasi-random combinatorial process. Key findings from both correlational and experimental research traditions corroborate this conclusion. The author closes the article by arguing that all 3 perspectives--regarding the product, person, and process--must be integrated into a unified view of scientific creativity.
Zero-point-of-charge prediction from crystal chemistry and solvation theory

Abstract The pristine point of zero charge (pHPPZC) is a property of each solid in water that is widely used in the interpretation of adsorption processes and dissolution rates. Considerable effort has gone into attempting to calculate the pHPPZC values of oxides and silicates based on crystal chemistry and electrostatic models of the interaction between protons and OH surface groups. However, substantial discrepancies remain between calculated and measured values of the pHPPZC even for simple oxides such as quartz. This implies that the widespread use of real and fictive components (e.g., SiIVO2 and Al2IVO3) to interpret the surface characteristics of silicates is unwarranted. In the present paper, I show that by adding electrostatic solvation theory to crystal chemical and electrostatic models, the differences between pHPPZC values of crystalline solids can be accurately quantified. The new model sums free energy contributions associated with proton solvation, electrostatic repulsion of protons by cations underlying the surface, and electrostatic attraction of protons by oxygen anions near the surface. It results in a theoretical dependence of the pHPPZC on the dielectric constant of the kth solid (ϵk) and the ratio of the Pauling electrostatic bond strength to the cation-hydroxyl bond length ( s r M-OH ), according to the equation pH PPZC = − 0.5( ΔΩ r 2.303RT )( 1 ϵ k ) − B( s r M-OH ) + log K H + ″ , in which ΔΩ r , B, and KH+″ are constants. This relationship describes the pHPPZC values of oxides and silicates to better than ±0.5 and enables prediction of surface protonation reactions from the properties of the underlying crystal structure alone. These results suggest that the bonding of protons at the crystal-water interface is more analogous to the bonding in the bulk crystal structure than to the bonding in analogous aqueous complexes emphasized in other studies.
Implementing the method of imprecision: an engineering design example

The imprecise design tool (IDT) presented in this paper implements the method of imprecision, which incorporates the designer's uncertainty in choice into design calculations, using a mathematics derived from fuzzy sets. IDT is intended to be a computational tool for preliminary engineering design. >
Analysis of a Heme-Dependent Signal Transduction System in Corynebacterium diphtheriae: Deletion of the chrAS Genes Results in Heme Sensitivity and Diminished Heme-Dependent Activation of the hmuO Promoter

The Corynebacterium diphtheriae hmuO gene encodes a heme oxygenase that is involved in the utilization of heme as an iron source. Transcription of hmuO is activated by heme or hemoglobin and repressed by iron and DtxR. Previous studies with Escherichia coli showed that heme-dependent transcriptional activation of an hmuO promoter-lacZ fusion was dependent on the cloned C. diphtheriae chrA and chrS genes (chrAS), which encode the response regulator and sensor kinase, respectively, of a two-component signal transduction system. In this study, nonpolar deletions in the chrAS genes were constructed on the chromosome of C. diphtheriae. Mutations in chrAS resulted in marked reduction in heme-dependent transcription of hmuO, which indicates that the ChrA/S system is a key regulator at the hmuO promoter. However, low but significant levels of heme-specific transcriptional activity were observed at the hmuO promoter in the chrAS mutants, suggesting that an additional heme-dependent activator is involved in hmuO expression. The chrAS mutants were also sensitive to heme, which was observed only in stationary-phase cultures and correlated with reduced cell viability. The heme sensitivity of the mutants was not due to reduced expression of hmuO, and these results suggest that additional factors controlled by the ChrA/S system may be involved in protection against heme toxicity. Transcriptional analysis of the chrAS operon revealed that it was not autoregulated or affected by iron or heme levels.
Recognition and acute management of patients with panic attacks in the emergency department

Patients with panic attacks commonly present to emergency departments. If the disorder is identified early, intervention can be begun, even during the evaluation phase. Effective therapies significantly improve these patients' health and quality of life.
Prediction of icing effects on the lateral/directional stability and control of light airplanes

Abstract The accumulation of ice on an airplane in flight is one of the leading contributing factors to general aviation accidents, and to date only relatively sophisticated methods based on detailed empirical data and flight data exist for its analysis. This paper develops a methodology and simulation tool for a preliminary yet accurate evaluation of airplane dynamical response and stability and control characteristics due to icing. It uses only basic mass properties, configuration, and propulsion data, together with known icing data obtained for similar configurations. Existing icing data for a light airplane is suitably modified and applied to a non-real-time, six degree-of-freedom simulation model of a different but similar light airplane, developed from empirical data and Data Compendium methods. The component build-up method is used to implement icing effects on the wing alone, horizontal tail alone, and various unequal distributions of combined wing and horizontal tail icing as well as ice accretion on only one half of the wing. Results presented in the paper are limited to the roll axis and yaw axis maneuvers with various levels and distributions of ice accretion show that the methodology captures the basic detrimental effects of ice accretion on roll and yaw response and lateral stability, in addition to the sensitivity of pilot control response.
IN VIVO MICRO-CT SCANNING OF A RABBIT DISTAL FEMUR: Repeatability and Reproducibility

Abstract Before in vivo micro-CT scanning can be used to investigate femoral trabecular microarchitecture over time in rabbits, its repeatability and reproducibility must be demonstrated. To accomplish this, both distal femurs of two 6-month-old New Zealand white rabbits were scanned five times each in 1 day under different conditions (repeatability). Scanning was done at 28 μm isotropic voxel size to produce five image stacks of each femur. Three operators then followed a standard image processing protocol (reproducibility) to isolate two separate cubes from each anterior femoral condyle [total n =(8 cube sites)(5 scans)(3 operators)=120]. Bone volume fraction (BV/TV) of the eight different cube sites (sample) ranged from 0.408 to 0.501 (mean: 0.453); trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) ranged from 158.1 to 185.5 μm (mean: 168.6 μm); and trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) ranged from 179.4 to 233.1 μm (mean: 204.7 μm). Using ANOVA and the variance component method, the total process variation was ±14.1% of the mean BV/TV of 0.453. The sample variation was ±13.9% ( p p p >0.05). Results were similar for Tb.Th and Tb.Sp. Though the contribution due to repeatability was statistically significant for each of the three indices, the natural sample differences were far greater than differences caused by repeated scanning under different conditions or by different operators processing the images. These findings suggest that in vivo micro-CT scanning of rabbit distal femurs was repeatable and reproducible and can be used with confidence to measure differences in trabecular bone microarchitecture at a single location in a longitudinal study design.
Reasoning about justified belief

Halpern and Pass [8] introduce a logic of justified belief and go on to prove that strong rationalizability is characterized in this logic in terms of common justified belief of rationality (CJBR). Their paper provides semantics for this logic but no axiomatization. We correct this deficiency by reformulating the definition of justified belief and providing a complete axiomatization of this new system. We then prove a result analogous to the characterization of strong rationalizability in terms of CJBR, and analyze the additional assumptions needed to do so.
Gynecomastia Associated with Cirrhosis of the Liver.

Summary and Conclusions1. We have studied 8 patients with hepatic cirrhosis in whom gynecomastia occurred late in the disease, confirming the findings of Silvestrini, Corda and others. 2. In all of these cases bilateral gynecomastia was preceded by the development of ascites. 3. The histological changes in these hyperplastic mammae are similar to the changes seen in experimental estrone stimulation (growth of ducts). 4. Sevringhaus, Israel, et al., have shown experimentally that the liver normally plays a role in the inactivation or destruction of estrogen. Accordingly, it is reasonable to suspect that organic liver disease may result in abnormalities in estrogen metabolism. The increased urinary excretion of total estrogen in 2 cases and of free estrogen in 2 cases tends to justify this assumption. 5. An explanation of the absence of gynecomastia in acute hepatic necrosis and in the majority of cases of cirrhosis is not as yet apparent. The effect of testicular atrophy upon androgen excretion also is not...
Searching for a Defensible Application of Alpha‐Adjustment Tools

Any principle offered to underwrite the imposition of alpha-adjustment procedures must be applied consistently. Hewes (2003) and Tutzauer (2003) propose that alpha adjustment can appropriately be mandated when the set of tests concerns the key claims of a single theory. But consistent application of this reasoning though, commits one to bizarre beliefs and research practices—which suggests that this reasoning does not provide a satisfactory rationale for imposing alpha adjustments.
Neurocognitive Development of Young Children With Sickle Cell Disease Through Three Years of Age

ment points. At 24 months, poorer cognitive functioning was associated with parenting risk, in terms of a learned-helplessness attributional style, and biomedical risk, in terms of HbSS phenotype. Levels of psychological distress within the clinical range were reported by 24% of the parents, and poorer parent adjustment was associated with high levels of daily stress, less knowledge about child development, lower expectations of efficacy, and HbSC phenotype. Conclusions: The findings indicate that young children with SCD are at risk for neurocognitive impairment and provide support for the initiation of early intervention studies to promote neurocognitive development.
Singular operators in multiwavelet bases

We review some recent results on multiwavelet methods for solving integral and partial differential equations and present an efficient representation of operators using discontinuous multiwavelet bases, including the case for singular integral operators. Numerical calculus using these representations produces fast O(N) methods for multiscale solution of integral equations when combined with low separation rank methods. Using this formulation, we compute the Hilbert transform and solve the Poisson and SchrA¶dinger equations. For a fixed order of multiwavelets and for arbitrary but finite- precision computations, the computational complexity is O(N). The computational structures are similar to fast multipole methods but are more generic in yielding fast O(N) algorithm development.
Crystallization of the B chain of Shiga-like toxin I from Escherichia coli.

Shiga-like toxin I (SLT-I) is produced by several pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli associated with diarrheal disease. The toxin consists of an A chain, which attacks eukaryotic ribosomes, inhibiting protein synthesis, and multiple copies of a 69 ammo acid B chain. The B subunit mediates cell binding and uptake through its interactions with cell surface carbohydrate moieties. Here we report that the B chain has been crystallized in a form suitable for high-resolution X-ray analysis. The space group is P212121, with a = 56.2 A, b = 59.9 A and c = 102.5 A. A rotation function using three-dimensional diffraction data suggests that the asymmetric unit is a tetramer.
Intra-cluster Contention Resolution in Wireless Sensor Networks

Contention resolution plays an important role in designing medium access control protocols. Owing to technical constraints of wireless sensor networks, the task of efficiently resolving contention poses several challenges. In clustered wireless sensor networks, many-to-one communication is the dominant pattern, which is also applicable to the star topology. This paper surveys the state-of-the-art contention-resolution techniques designed for this communication pattern with a discussion of their features and limitations. We closely examine several contention-resolution schemes, including our recently proposed BSTCR algorithm, with performance evaluation in multiple aspects.
Flexibility of Clay and Cracking of Earth Dams

An approximate theory is formulated to calculate the critical tensile strains in an earth dam that result from differential settlements along the axis of the dam. Laboratory apparatus and procedures are developed to estimate the limiting tensile strain at which compacted clay will crack. Comparisons between predicted and observed behavior of five dams indicate that the theory and laboratory tests can be used to predict cracking potential with an accuracy that is satisfactory for practical purposes. The ratio of tensile strain at cracking to compressive strain at failure is a small fraction (approximately 0.01 to 0.1) that shows no evidence of any consistent pattern. Accordingly, it is hazardous to assess the flexibility of compacted earth dams on the basis of stress-strain relations obtained from compression tests. The effects of molding water content and compactive effort on the flexibility of clay was investigated. No consistent relationship between flexibility and plasticity characteristics of the clay was found.
Placing influencing agents in a flock

Flocking is a emergent behavior exhibited by many different animal species, including birds and fish. In our work we consider adding a small set of influencing agents, that are under our control, into a flock. Following ad hoc teamwork methodology, we assume that we are given knowledge of, but no direct control over, the rest of the flock. In our ongoing work highlighted in this abstract, we are specifically considering the problem of where to initially place influencing agents that we add to such a flock. We use these influencing agents to influence the flock to behave in a particular way - for example, to fly in a particular orientation or fly in a particular pattern such as to avoid an obstacle.
Polycystic ovarian disease

Abstract Polycystic ovaries are a sign and not a disease. They are common in prepubertal children, during puberty, and in adulthood. Polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD) is essentially a diagnosis arrived at by exclusion. The etiology of PCOD is not well understood; it could be due to a hypothalamic or an ovarian developmental arrest. The development of PCOD has been traced with the help of case studies of delayed puberty treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone. There are endocrine aberrations associated with this disease, such as elevated free testosterone levels and a high luteinizing hormone to follicle-stimulating hormone ratio. The clinical presentation—irregular menses, infertility, obesity, hirsutism—is the most reliable in making the diagnosis. Treatment is determined by the needs of the patient.
Rubidium Hydride: An Exceptional Dehydrogenation Catalyst for the Lithium Amide/Magnesium Hydride System

The 2LiNH2/MgH2 system has been identified as an attractive system for hydrogen storage, but suitable catalysts are needed to reduce the hydrogen desorption temperature and improve the rates of reaction. One of the most effective catalysts for lowering the desorption temperature and improving the desorption rate from this system has been KH. In this work a new catalytic additive, rubidium hydride (RbH), was synthesized, and its effects on hydrogen desorption from the 2LiNH2/MgH2 system were studied and compared to those of KH. Temperature-programmed desorption measurements showed that the addition of approximately 3 mol % RbH lowered the desorption temperature of the system by 94 °C, which is somewhat better than KH. Desorption enthalpies for the catalyzed samples were found to be approximately 42 kJ/mol, which is significantly lower than the 65 kJ/mol that was found for the uncatalyzed mixture. The hydrogen desorption rate of the RbH-doped sample was found to be approximately twice as fast as the KH-dope...
High-rate GPS: How High Do We Need to Go?

A number of large high-rate GPS (HRGPS) networks, such as the Plate Boundary Observatory (PBO), are poised to capture strong-motion displacements from significant earthquakes with data collected at 1 sec or higher sampling rates. For earthquakes within these networks' footprints, HRGPS data will provide displacement time series at very small epicentral distances that may have great potential to contribute to understanding earthquake rupture processes. The conditional “may” in the previous sentence relates to whether or not the HRGPS data are aliased, i.e. , is the sampling fast enough to capture a valid temporal history of displacement? We present analysis of strong-motion recordings in the immediate epicentral area of several large earthquakes to show that 1-Hz sampling would be aliased as suggested. For M > 7.5 events, which can be reasonably expected in the PBO footprint, 5-Hz data may also be aliased. These results argue for faster data collection, at least 10 Hz, to record valid displacement time histories at sites that are likely to suffer large co-seismic offsets and large near-field seismic waves. Sampling rates higher than that required by the frequency content of the observable signal provide additional data that can be used to improve the quality of the final HRGPS displacement time series.
Analysis on HIV/AIDS Epidemic Data in Karamay City,1997-2010

[Objective]To analyze the characteristics and trend of HIV/AIDS epidemic in Karamay city,in order to provide scientific basis for HIV/AIDS prevention and control.[Methods]HIV/AIDS surveillance data in Karamay during 1997-2010 were analyzed.[Results]241 HIV-positive cases were reported from 1997 to 2010,including 44 AIDS cases and a total of 37 deaths.17 HIV infected persons came from other provinces,and 47 HIV infected persons came from other cit-ies in Xinjiang.They were aged between 2 to 69 year old,including the cases from 30 to 39 year old accounted for 39.00%.Jobless HIV infected persons accounted for 39.00%,and workers accounted for 34.85%.39.42% were infected through sex,and 34.44% were infected through intravenous drug use,and 1.24% were mother to child transmission.[Conclusion]The epidemic of HIV/AIDS in Karamay is increasing.
Chapter 1 | Bone Graft Substitutes: Past, Present, and Future

INTRODUCTION The field of medicine as a formal discipline has been traced by many to Imhotep and his descriptions of ailments and treatments found written on papyrus and translated in the mid-1800s by Edwin Smith [1]. Among the medical descriptions included in Imhotep’s writings are cervical dislocations, skull fractures, and compound fractures [1]. Indeed, mummies found in Egyptian tombs have been found with crude braces constructed from wood planks and linen straps on their limbs representing some of the earliest accounts of orthopedics [2]. The use of autografts, allografts, and bone graft substitutes also has interesting origins. The use of each graft type dates back several hundred years to apparently crude yet inspired methods and theories, which nonetheless set the stage for what we today consider state of the art. The following is a brief history of each graft subgroup. Autografts were first used as far back as the early 1800s when, after a trephination (i.e., the practice of drilling holes in the skull to release pressure), Walther repaired the defect by refilling the hole with the original bone plug [3]. This repair resulted in good healing and informally began the practice of autografting. In the late 1800s, more reports of autografting emerged: Seydel used tibial periosteal flaps to close a cranial defect and Bergmann used a fibular graft to close a tibial defect [4]. By the early 1920s, more than 1600 autograft procedures had been documented [4]. However, early structural limitations of cancellous autograft tissue delayed its full emergence, which did not occur until more modern tools of external and internal fixation were available [4]. One of the primary reasons for the success of autografts is their ability to be
"Nature versus Nurture" and the indigenous microbiome.

The human microbiome represents the total aggregate of microorganisms within the human body and is recognized as a significant player in human health and disease. The total number of bacteria in humans is nearly 4×10 13 , and although recalculated appraisals of the ratio between human cells and microorganisms has now been reduced and approximates 1:1, the vast quantity of bacteria has an enormous impact in host physiology (1). Healthy development and disease states are closely entwined with the microbiome and examples include obesity, cancer, and also include conditions outside the gastrointestinal tract, such as neurologic and psychiatric illness (2-6). Therefore, understanding the influences on the microbiome is critical to appreciating possible preventative and therapeutic measures for disease.
Sustaining the People's Lands -- Recommendations for Stewardship of the National Forests and Grasslands into the Next Century

committee of 13 scientists to provide scientific and technical advice on the Forest Service's land and resource management planning process. The committee was asked to recommend how best to accomplish resource planning within the existing environmental laws and statutory mission of the Forest Service; to provide technical advice on planning and provide material for the agency to consider in revising planning regulations; to recommend improvements in coordination with other federal agencies, state and local government agencies, and tribal governments; and to suggest a new planning framework that could last a generation. The committee took field trips and met in cities and towns around the country to hear from Forest Service employees, representatives of tribes, state and local governments, related federal natural resource agencies, and members of the public. Drawing on many of the approaches and improvements to planning it observed, the committee has made its recommendations.
Cytomegalovirus-Induced Polyarteritis Nodosa in a Liver Transplant Recipient.

Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a necrotizing vasculitis that has been associated with viral infections especially hepatitis B virus. We hereby report a case of tissue invasive cytomegalovirus (CMV)-induced PAN in a liver transplant recipient presenting with acute kidney injury and active urinary sediment. Treatment directed against both PAN and CMV resulted in improvement in kidney function, normalization of urinary indices and resolution of the CMV infection. No recurrence of either PAN or CMV occurred after 3 year follow-up period. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Double jeopardy in astronomy and planetary science: Women of color face greater risks of gendered and racial harassment

Women generally, and women of color specifically, have reported hostile workplace experiences in astronomy and related fields for some time. However, little is known of the extent to which individuals in these disciplines experience inappropriate remarks, harassment, and assault. We hypothesized that the multiple marginality of women of color would mean that they would experience a higher frequency of inappropriate remarks, harassment, and assault in the astronomical and planetary science workplace. We conducted an internet-based survey of the workplace experiences of 474 astronomers and planetary scientists between 2011 and 2015 and found support for this hypothesis. In this sample, in nearly every significant finding, women of color experienced the highest rates of negative workplace experiences, including harassment and assault. Further, 40% of women of color reported feeling unsafe in the workplace as a result of their gender or sex, and 28% of women of color reported feeling unsafe as a result of their race. Finally, 18% of women of color, and 12% of white women, skipped professional events because they did not feel safe attending, identifying a significant loss of career opportunities due to a hostile climate. Our results suggest that the astronomy and planetary science community needs to address the experiences of women of color and white women as they move forward in their efforts to create an inclusive workplace for all scientists.
“Ever heard of EVEL Knievel?”: James Bond meets the Rural sheriff

James Bond emerged as an international film hero because he represented an aspirational cosmopolitan ideal offering viewers an opportunity to escape to an exciting international arena of adventure during the Cold War. Sheriff J. W. Pepper’s appearance in Guy Hamilton’s Live and Let Die (1973) and The Man with the Golden Gun (1974) disrupts such cosmopolitan aspirations by calling attention to a cosmopolitan-rural divide that lurks in the shadows of these films. As a provincial throwback, Pepper presents a starker contrast to Bond than any of the most brutal villains he encounters, thus requiring Bond filmmakers to neutralize the conceptual threat that Pepper’s localism poses to Bond’s trans-global battle against evil on movie screens around the world.
Wide bandwidth cavity-backed dual-polarized vivaldi array antenna

A dual-polarized two-element Vivaldi array antenna recessed inside a lossless metallic cavity is presented. A novel approach based on properly integrating the array with a flared cavity is used to achieve a resonance-free ultra-wideband antenna with high gain, good impedance match, and low side lobe levels (SLLs)<−25dB over more than 4:1 bandwidth. Designed antenna is characterized experimentally and computationally and high-quality far-field performance is demonstrated.
Spatially resolved texture and microstructure evolution of additively manufactured and gas gun deformed 304L stainless steel investigated by neutron diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction

In this study, we report the characterization of a 304L stainless steel cylindrical projectile produced by additive manufacturing. The projectile was compressively deformed using a Taylor Anvil Gas Gun, leading to a huge strain gradient along the axis of the deformed cylinder. Spatially resolved neutron diffraction measurements on the HIgh Pressure Preferred Orientation time-of-flight diffractometer (HIPPO) and Spectrometer for Materials Research at Temperature and Stress diffractometer (SMARTS) beamlines at the Los Alamos Neutron Science CEnter (LANSCE) with Rietveld and single-peak analysis were used to quantitatively evaluate the volume fractions of the α, γ, and e phases as well as residual strain and texture. The texture of the γ phase is consistent with uniaxial compression, while the α texture can be explained by the Kurdjumov–Sachs relationship from the γ texture after deformation. This indicates that the material first deformed in the γ phase and subsequently transformed at larger strains. The e phase was only found in volumes close to the undeformed material with a texture connected to the γ texture by the Shoji–Nishiyama orientation relationship. This allows us to conclude that the e phase occurs as an intermediate phase at lower strain, and is superseded by the α phase when strain increases further. We found a proportionality between the root-mean-squared microstrain of the γ phase, dominated by the dislocation density, with the α volume fraction, consistent with strain-induced martensite α formation. Knowledge of the sample volume with the e phase from the neutron diffraction analysis allowed us to identify the e phase by electron back scatter diffraction analysis, complementing the neutron diffraction analysis with characterization on the grain level.
Elective Aortic Root Replacement in North America: Analysis of STS Adult Cardiac Surgery Database.

Background Unlike coronary artery bypass and aortic and mitral valve procedures, there is no predictive risk model for aortic root replacement procedures. As a first step toward development of a risk model, this study analyzed The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) Adult Cardiac Surgery Database to determine factors predictive of mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing elective aortic root replacement (ARR). Methods The STS database was queried (from July 2011 to June 2016) for elective ARR with the following exclusion criteria: urgent or salvage cases, endocarditis, redo cardiac surgery, circulatory arrest, and aortic arch surgery. Adjusted multivariate logistic regression models for outcomes of mortality and composite STS morbidity were performed using covariates of the STS aortic valve risk set (expressed as odds ratios [ORs]). Results Of 24,244 patients undergoing ARR, 8,807 (77.6% male) met inclusion criteria in 808 centers; 33.7% (n = 2,965) had a bicuspid aortic valve, and 3.7% (n = 327) had Marfan syndrome. The median age was 58.0 years (interquartile range, 49 to 67 years). Median intensive care unit and hospital stays were 46 hours and 6 days, respectively. Significant predictors for mortality included: atrial fibrillation (OR, 2.06), body surface area (OR, 0.14), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR, 1.2), New York Heart Association class IV (OR, 2.53), diabetes (OR, 2.48), coronary artery bypass grafting (OR, 2.77), mitral valve surgery (OR, ≥2.18), and Bentall operation (OR, 2.08). Regression analysis for risk factors for STS morbidity yielded 14 significant factors. A glomerular filtration rate increase of 20 units was predictive of improved mortality (OR, 0.85) and morbidity (OR, 0.91). Conclusions Elective ARR is performed with excellent postoperative outcomes. Analysis of the STS database reveals several significant risk factors that are independently associated with increased mortality and morbidity. The investigators anticipate that future studies inclusive of the nonelective ARR cases in the database will facilitate development of a risk model for root replacement procedures.
A Retrospective Study of Blinatumomab Based Salvage Regimen As a Bridge to Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (HCT) for Patients with Relapsed and Refractory ALL

Historically, outcomes of adult patients (pts) with ALL who fail to enter remission with standard induction chemotherapy are very poor. Blinatumomab, a bispecific CD3/CD19 antibody, has shown remarkable activity in relapsed/refractory (r/r) ALL. While allogeneic HCT is the recommended consolidation therapy for r/r ALL pts who respond to salvage therapy, HCT and toxicity outcomes for those who received blinatumomab salvage and HCT remains largely unknown. A retrospective review of r/r ALL pts medical records, who received blinatumomab salvage therapy from 2012 to 2018 at our institution was obtained. Only pts who responded to blinatumomab and underwent HCT were included (n=29). Kaplan-Meier curves and the log-rank test were used to evaluate the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Cumulative incidence (CI) curves and the Gray test were used to examine the differences in relapse rates and non-relapse mortality (NRM). The median age at the time of HCT was 29 years (range: 19-65), and 8 pts (28%) were over 50 years old. HCT was done in complete remission- (CR)-1 (n=14, 48%) or ≥CR-2, with 2pts receiving blinatumomab salvage after relapse from a prior HCT. Pts received transplant from a matched sibling (n=11), matched unrelated (n= 12), haploidentical donor (n=5) or double umbilical cord blood (n=1) after myeloablative (n=20, including TBI+VP16, n=15) or reduced intensity (n=9) conditioning. The graft source was PBSCs in 25 pts (86.2%). Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis was tacrolimus/sirolimus-based (n=19, 66%), and post-HCT cyclophosphamide (n=5, 17%) for haploidentical transplants. At the time of salvage therapy initiation, pts had either gross residual (n=22) or minimal residual disease (MRD+) (n=7). Negative MRD remission status was achieved prior to HCT in 15 pts, including those who were MRD+ before blinatumomab salvage. With a median follow up of 21.7 months (mo) (range: 1.1-55.7) for all pts and 6.4 mo for surviving pts, the 1-year OS and PFS were 72.8% (95% CI: 48.5-87.0) and 63.0% (95% CI: 38.8-79.8), respectively (Fig 1). Causes of death post-HCT were GVHD (n=3); NRM (n=4; 3 sepsis and 1 regimen related toxicity) and relapse (n=3). The CI of relapse at 1 and 2 years were 24.9% (95% CI: 8.6-45.3) and 45.9%, (95% CI: 20.3-68.3), respectively. NRM at 100 days was 6.9% (95% CI: 1.2-20.0) and at 12 mo was 12.1% (95% CI: 2.7-29.0). The incidence of grades 3-4 acute GVHD and extensive chronic GVHD at 24 mo were 25.0% (95% CI: 8.7-45.5) and 38.8% (95% CI: 14.2-63.1), respectively. No cases of veno-occlusive disease post-HCT were reported. We present here, for the 1st time, detailed data showing the tolerability and efficacy of HCT following salvage therapy with blinatumomab. No unexpected toxicities were noted post-HCT and the study showed encouraging 1-year OS and PFS with. Longer-term follow-up is ongoing for these patients.
Inhibition of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis prevents periurethral collagen accumulation and lower urinary tract dysfunction in vivo.

Background Several studies show that prostatic fibrosis is associated with male lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD). Development of fibrosis is typically attributed to signaling through the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway, but our laboratory has demonstrated that in vitro treatment of human prostatic fibroblasts with the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) chemokine stimulates myofibroblast phenoconversion and that CXCL12 has the capacity to activate profibrotic pathways in these cells in a TGF-β-independent manner. We have previously reported that feeding mice high-fat diet (HFD) results in obesity, type II diabetes, increased prostatic fibrosis, and urinary voiding dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that in vivo blockade of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis would inhibit the development of fibrosis-mediated LUTD in HFD-fed mice. Methods Two-month-old male senescence-accelerated mouse prone-6 mice were fed either a HFD or low-fat diet (LFD) for 8 months. Half of each dietary group were given constant access to normal water or water that contained the C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4; CXCL12 receptor) antagonist CXCR4AIII. At the conclusion of the study, mice were weighed, subjected to oral glucose tolerance testing and cystometry, and lower urinary tract tissues collected and assessed for collagen content. Results HFD-fed mice became significantly obese, insulin resistant, and hyperglycemic, consistent with acquisition of metabolic syndrome, compared with LFD-fed mice. Anesthetized cystometry demonstrated that HFD-fed mice experienced significantly longer intercontractile intervals and greater functional bladder capacity than LFD-fed mice. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated high levels of CXCR4 and CXCR7 staining in mouse prostate epithelial and stromal cells. Picrosirius red staining indicated significantly greater periurethral collagen deposition in the prostates of HFD than LFD-fed mice. Treatment with the CXCR4 antagonist CXCR4AIII did not affect acquisition of metabolic syndrome but did reduce both urinary voiding dysfunction and periurethral prostate collagen accumulation. Conclusions This is the first study to report that obesity-induced lower urinary tract fibrosis and voiding dysfunction can be repressed by antagonizing the activity of the CXCR4 chemokine receptor in vivo. These data suggest that targeting the CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling pathway may be a clinical option for the prevention or treatment of human male LUTD.