cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intracellular glucose metabolism after long term metabolic control with glyburide: improved glucose oxidation with unchanged glycogen synthase activity.

To determine whether improved metabolic control with long term glyburide treatment alters intracellular glucose metabolism independent of effects on glucose uptake (GU), we studied eight obese patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus before and 7 months after glyburide therapy. Indirect calorimetry and skeletal muscle biopsies were performed in the basal state and during 300 pmol/m2.min insulin infusions, with glucose turnover rates determined by [3-3H]glucose turnover. During the glucose clamps, rates of GU were matched before and after treatment using equivalent hyperinsulinemia and variable levels of hyperglycemia. After glyburide treatment, rates of GU were decreased in the basal state [4.16 +/- 0.57 vs. 3.29 +/- 0.37 mg/kg fat free mass (FFM)/min; P < 0.05], but similar during glucose clamps (11.53 +/- 1.42 vs. 11.93 +/- 1.32 mg/kg FFM.min; P = NS) according to study design. In both the basal state and during glucose clamps after glyburide therapy, rates of glucose oxidative metabolism (G...
Ribulosediphosphate carboxylase from Chlamydomonas reinhardi: purification, properties and its mode of synthesis in the cell.

Abstract The chloroplast enzyme ribulosediphosphate carboxylase (RudPCase) from Chlamydomonas reinhardi has been purified and its enzymatic and physical properties studied. This enzyme resembles the RudPCase from higher plants in many of its properties. It contains two different types of subunit. The synthesis of these two subunits within the cell either occurs at the same site or else in a, closely coordinated fashion.
The neutral stability of surface-tension driven cavity flows subject to buoyant forces—I. Transverse and longitudinal disturbances

A Couette—Poiseuille surface-tension driven return flow is sustained in a horizontal cavity by a temperature gradient which exist along the free surface. The zone, shaped long and wide with respect to its depth, is filled with an inert single-component fluid. The zone is allowed to be positioned either right-side-up or upside-down with respect to gravity; the zone is subject to various buoyant forces by altering either the zone depth or orientation. The hydrodynamic stability of the zone is considered by superimposing a small perturbation upon the steady two-dimensional basic flow. The longitudinal and transverse periodic instabilities are considered for fluids with Prandtl number values in the range 0.01–10, subject to various Bond number environments in both zone orientations. Inclusion of both zone orientations allows one to consider a wide range of basic state features to explore with respect to their resultant stability. For a given material (Pr), the physical properties and gravitational environment dictate the critical temperature gradients, zone depth, and type of the most dangerous disturbance likely to occur for a given steady return flow. This, in turn, determines the container design limitations for a given system.
Volatilizing toxic metals from soil

This study revealed that lead, cadmium, mercury, zinc, arsenic, and selenium can be volatilized from both spiked and actual contaminated soils by heating in inert or reducing atmospheres. Generally oxygen proved to be detrimental to the remediation process. An apparatus capable of rapidly heating soil samples to as high as 1,100 C was designed and built to volatilize toxic inorganic contaminants from 500-mg soil samples while purging with hydrogen, nitrogen, or nitrogen/oxygen mixtures. An average of 93% lead removal was observed for PbSO[sub 4]-, Pb(NO[sub 3])[sub 2]-, PbCO[sub 3]-, Pb[sup 0]-, and PbO-spiked soil samples aged for up to two years with initial lead concentrations of 2,000 mg/kg soil when heated for 20 minutes at 900 C in a flowing stream of hydrogen or nitrogen. About 50% lead removal was achieved at 750 C for all the compounds at these conditions. Similar results were obtained for lead-contaminated soil from a battery waste site. Under the same conditions, a sample containing 8,220 mg Pb/kg soil yielded 93% lead removal in hydrogen or nitrogen, but only 73% lead removal in air. Other toxic metals and metalloids also proved amenable to removal from soil by volatilization. The temperatures required for approximately 90% removalmore » during 10 minutes heating in nitrogen were as follows: mercury 370 C, cadmium 550 C, zinc 850 C, arsenic 500 C, and selenium 700 C. Further experiments with oxygen added to the purge gas showed that as little as 1% oxygen significantly lowered the removal of metals, particularly at the lower volatilization temperatures. These experimental results are encouraging; they suggest that the controlled-temperature-metal-volatilization technique is potentially applicable for the permanent lean up of metal contaminated soil.« less
Analytic determinacy and 0

Martin [12] has shown that the determinacy of analytic games is a consequence of the existence of sharps. Our main result is the converse of this:Theorem. If analytic games are determined, then x2 exists for all reals x.This theorem answers question 80 of Friedman [5]. We actually obtain a somewhat sharper result; see Theorem 4.1. Martin had previously deduced the existence of sharps from 3 − Π11-determinacy (where α − Π11 is the αth level of the difference hierarchy based on − Π11 see [1]). Martin has also shown that the existence of sharps implies < ω2 − Π11-determinacy.Our method also produces the following:Theorem. If all analytic, non-Borel sets of reals are Borel isomorphic, then x* exists for all reals x.The converse to this theorem had been previously proven by Steel [7], [18].We owe a debt of gratitude to Ramez Sami and John Steel, some of whose ideas form basic components in the proofs of our results.For the various notation, definitions and theorems which we will assume throughout this paper, the reader should consult [3, §§5, 17], [8], [13] and [14, Chapter 16].Throughout this paper we will concern ourselves only with methods for obtaining 0# (rather than x# for all reals x). By relativizing our arguments to each real x, one can produce x2.
Effects of the homeopathic remedy arnica on attenuating symptoms of exercise-induced muscle soreness.

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of Arnica at a high potency (200c), on moderating delayed onset muscle soreness and accompanying symptoms of muscle dysfunction.
Improper priors for translation families

Abstract We consider the problem of inference when sampling from a translation family with an improper prior. Properties of the formal Bayes inference will be studied. We give conditions (on the prior and/or the family) guaranteeing the HS-coherence (see Heath and Sudderth, Ann. Statist. 6 (1978), 333–345) of the formal Bayes posterior. Since HS-coherence is equivalent to being a posterior of a finitely additive prior, all coherence results imply the existence of a finitely additive prior which has the formal Bayes inference as a posterior.
A new type of experimental designs for event-related fMRI via Hadamard matrices

Abstract We use Hadamard matrices to construct designs for event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments with one stimulus type. Under certain assumptions, we prove the D -optimality of the proposed designs in estimating the hemodynamic response function, and demonstrate the usefulness of these designs via case studies.
Some issues in condition assessment of large structures using dynamic measurements

The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of experimental structural dynamics as a unique technology for global health monitoring of large structures. Assessment of damage and objective condition evaluation of existing civil infrastructure systems (CIS) are important needs for making decisions during regular operation as well as before and after disasters. Objective condition assessment is also a fundamental knowledge need for successful health monitoring of CIS. In this paper, the writers discuss promises as well as the challenges for dynamic measurements, and the use of modal flexibility matrices for condition assessment when dynamic methods are applied on large structures. They present snapshots from their past and current studies where dynamic tests were implemented on medium and long span bridges
Influence of target-vector code selection on the performance of a neural-network word recognizer

Summary form only given, as follows. A report is presented on the use of nonstandard target vectors in the training of the neural network portion of an isolated-word speech recognizer. The speech time waveform is processed into a vector of 320 numbers which are used for training a perceptron-type neural network utilizing backpropagation training. Three types of target-vector codes are used in training the neural network, and it is shown that the use of nonstandard types of orthogonal training vectors can greatly reduce the training time required. It is also shown that a neural network word recognizer achieves accuracy comparable to that of a pattern matching recognizer while requiring an order of magnitude less computing power. >
A 30-mA CMOS low dropout regulator for WiMAX analog front ends with 50 dB PSRR at 10 M Hz

While the application space for WiMAX has seen fast growth in recent years, on-chip digital circuits and high frequency switching converters have resulted in power supply noise with high frequency spectral content, which jeopardizes the reliability of sensitive WiMAX analog front ends. As a cost-effective solution, this paper presents a low dropout (LDO) regulator design, which achieves high PSRR at 10 MHz. The LDO is implemented and verified in a CMOS 0.25-µm process. With a 3-V input power supply, it provides a 2.8-V regulated output with a PSRR of 76 dB at 1 kHz and 50 dB at 10 MHz. The target maximum load current is 30 mA for this application.
Direct evidence for stress-enhanced swelling in type 316 stainless steel

Abstract Immersion density analysis of sections of Type 316 stainless steel tubes from He-pressurized in-reactor creep experiments has unequivocally demonstrated an enhancement of void swelling by an applied stress. In addition, the study has shown that in most cases of irradiation temperature and applied stress level, the void sizes and number densities are unaffected by stress at a given magnitude of swelling. Swelling versus irradiation dose relationships and microscopic examinations imply that the stress effect is to initiate swelling at a lower dose, while not affecting the nature of the mechanisms causing swelling.
Ethnic Minorities, Anthropology, and Russian National Identity on Trial: The Multan Case, 1892–96

T he accusation of human sacrifice, or ritual murder, is one of the most powerful weapons in the rhetorical arsenal of modern interethnic conflict. To claim that a people places the deliberate destruction of human life at the center of its spiritual system is to brand that people as fundamentally barbaric, incapable of meaningful or constructive interaction with the civilized world. It is well known that this charge has often been levelled by Christians against Jews.' Among the most famous incidents is the Beilis Case of 1911-13, in which a Kiev Jew was tried for the alleged ritual murder of a Russian boy. The charge, though supported by the government, was shown clearly to have been fabricated, and thanks to the outrage expressed in public and even international opinion Beilis was acquitted.2 It is not widely known, however, that less than two decades earlier there had been a close precedent in Russia involving not Jews, but one of the small Finno-Ugric tribes of the Volga region.
The effect of context on ascertaining word meaning

Abstract The purpose of this study was to quantify the effects of context vs. no context on the ability to ascertain word meaning on multiple‐choice vocabulary tests. Forty‐three eighth grade students classified as good or poor readers were administered the vocabulary section from a standardized reading test wherein the stimulus words were presented in isolation. Two weeks later the students were administered a revised version of the same test wherein the stimulus words were embedded in context‐rich sentences. The context means were dramatically higher than the isolation means. The results indicated very clearly that not only does context facilitate the ascertainment of word meaning, but that it does so for poor readers and good readers alike.
Elimination of wafer edge die yield loss for accelerometers

Residual stresses from deposition of several micron thick polysilicon film on accelerometer wafers caused wafer to warp towards edge of wafer. The average peak to valley difference for wafer flat across wafer is 16 +/- 1 micrometers . The photo layer following the thick polysilicon deposition process is a CD critical layer with 1 micrometers spacing to be resolved. With standard stepper configuration, wafer non- flatness from residual stresses reduced overall depth of focus and made the 1 (mu) spacing in edge dies not resolved, resulting in stiction and yield loss for edge dies. To minimize the effect of wafer non-flatness on across wafer CD control and edge die CD definition at photo, three different focus algorithms as well as two different wafer chuck styles were evaluated on 1X steppers. Results showed that both oblong wafer chuck and two step focus option significantly improved CD definition and resolution of the 1 micrometers spacing in edge dies. Two step focus combined with oblong chuck offered the best CD control edge dies. Edge die yield loss was eliminated for accelerometer wafers ran with oblong chuck and two step focus. Oblong chuck, and two step focus combination have been released to full production at Poly2 layer of accelerometers.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
MR imaging of avascular necrosis of the femoral head: value of small-field-of-view sagittal surface-coil images.

We compared coronal, large-field-of-view, body-coil MR images with sagittal, small-field-of-view, surface-coil images of 30 hips for their sensitivities in establishing the diagnosis of avascular necrosis; spatially localizing the avascular necrosis; and detecting joint-space narrowing, femoral head collapse, articular cartilage fracture, and joint fluid. We also compared the two separate plane/coil combinations for detection of the "double-line" sign (high signal inside a band of low signal, believed to be characteristic for avascular necrosis) and intertrochanteric conversion of hematopoietic marrow to fatty marrow. Coronal, large-field-of-view, body-coil images provided an adequate screening examination for the presence of avascular necrosis (sensitivity of 94%) and were preferred in all cases for mediolateral localization of focal abnormality. They were also better for assessing joint fluid and detecting fatty conversion of marrow. Sagittal, small-field-of-view, surface-coil images were preferred for ...
Mitigating Supply Chain Vulnerability

Competitive pressures are forcing companies to adopt practices and supply chain structures that will produce high quality, reliable, reasonably priced products with continuously shorter lead times. In order to meet these goals, companies are utilizing flatter organizational structures and narrower supply chains. Flatter structures and narrower supply chains typically reap the benefits of reduced coordination costs and improved organizational efficiencies. However, there exists an associated burden of an increased risk of a single point of failure that could leave the supply chain unable to deliver products to the market in a timely manner. This research study develops a model of risk, called the risk assessment index, to assess the vulnerability of different supply chain structures. It is determined that there exists significant trade-offs between the number of suppliers in the supplier base, product diversification, supply chain coordination, and supply chain efficiency that must be examined for a supply...
Structural comparison of alkylated derivatives of (bmmp-dmed)Ni and (bmmp-dmed)Zn

Abstract The sulfur-alkylation of the nickel (1) and zinc (2) complexes of the dithiolate N2S2 ligand N,N′-bis-2-methyl-mercaptopropyl-N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine, H2(bmmp-dmed), have been investigated. Reactions with iodomethane yield [(Me-bmmp-dmed)Ni]PF6 (3), [(Me2-bmmp-dmed)NiI2] (4), and [(Me2-bmmp-dmed)ZnI]2[ZnI4] (5). Addition of iodoacetamide yields [(AA2-bmmp-dmed)Ni]I2 (6) and [(AA2-bmmp-dmed)Zn]I2 (7). Each of the metal-thioether products (3–7) have been characterized spectroscopically and by X-ray crystallography. Structural data is compared with that of the previously reported thiolato precursors 1 and 2. Sulfur-alkylation of 1 results in small relative changes in the nickel–sulfur bond distance, whereas for 2, the zinc–sulfur bond distance increases significantly, but is not cleaved. The difference between nickel and zinc is attributed to the release of a π*-bonding interaction between the metal and sulfur upon alkylation that compensates for the decreased σ-donor ability of the thioether in the case of nickel, but not for zinc.
Thermal Characterization of Materials Using Evolved Gas Analysis

Thermal analysis combined with evolved gas analysis has been used for some time. Thermogravimetry (TG) coupled with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy(TG/FTIR), Thermogravimetry (TG) coupled with mass spectrometry (TG/MS), and Thermogravimetry (TG) coupled with GC/MS offers structural identification of compounds evolving during thermal processes. These evolved gas analysis (EGA) techniques allow to evaluate the chemical pathway of the degradation reaction by determining the decomposition products. In this paper the TG/FTIR, TG/MS, and Pyrolysis/GC-MS systems will be described and their applications in the study of several materials will be discussed, including the analysis of the degradation mechanisms of organically modified clays, polymers, and coal blends.
Who Gets Blamed After a Collective Tragedy? The Role of Distress, Identification With Victims, and Time

Belief in a just world theory (BJWT) restoration strategies were longitudinally examined after the September 11 terrorist attacks. Analyses examined the influence of terrorism-related distress, identification with victims, and the passage of time on levels of group- and individual-level blame. Initial levels of distress were associated with less blaming of the U.S. (group-level blame) but positively related to derogating victim compensation 5 months later. Psychological distancing from the victims increased individual-level blame, while prolonged identification with victims appeared to dampen this response. These results extend our understanding of BJWT by showing the importance of temporal variation in justice-restoring strategies in a dramatic real-world loss.
A transciption termination signal immediately precedes the coding sequence for the chloramphenicol-inducible plasmid gene cat-86

The plasmid gene cat-86 specifies chloramphenicol-inducible, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in Bacillus subtilis. The inducible regulation is independent of the promoter that is used to activate cat-86 and is independent of the cat-86 coding sequence. We have proposed that the regulation of cat-86 results from the transcription of a pair of inverted-repeat sequences that immediately precede the coding sequence. These transcripts are predicted to sequester the cat-86 ribosome binding site in a stable RNA stemloop which, in theory, should block the ribosome binding site from pairing with 16S rRNA. Inducible expression of cat-86 may therefore result in part from regulation of the translation of cat-86 mRNA. However, chloramphenicol-induction correlates with increased levels of cat-86 mRNA and the RNA stem-loop preceding the cat-86 coding sequence structurally resembles a rho-independent transcription terminator. We have therefore tested the inverted-repeats as a potential site of transcription termination. Transcription studies performed in vitro using SP6 RNA polymerase and in vivo by S1 mapping demonstrate that a substantial fraction of the potential cat-86 transcripts terminate at a site immediately 3′ to the inverted-repeats. The results of the in vivo experiments suggest that the termination signal may be partially relieved by growth of cells in chloramphenicol.
Polarized-Light Servo System

A new servo system has been developed in which the connecting link between the primary and secondary shafts is polarized light whose plane of polarization rotates with the primary shaft. This makes possible the accurate following of the rotation of the primary shaft without any load being imposed on it. This servo system has been applied successfully in several electro-mechanical calculating machines.
Combined Surface- and Satellite-Based Microwave Temperature Profile Retrieval

Abstract Remote sensing of vertical temperature profiles by combined satellite- and surface-based microwave radiometers is evaluated. For both clear and cloudy conditions, realistic simulations of retrieval accuracy for three climatologies with highly variable temperature structure suggest that rms retrieval accuracies from 1.0 to 2.0 K can be obtained from the surface to 300 mb using the combined passive measurements. When the height of the tropopause, as measured by ground-based radars, is used in a retrieval algorithm, simulations show that retrievals are improved over a broad altitude range, and that retrieval accuracies better than ∼2 K rms from the surface to 100 mb can be achieved.
Islamic Law, Muslim-Christian Relations, and the Transition to Democracy in Nigeria's Fourth Republic

As clashes earlier this year in Jos, Nigeria's tenth most populous city, underscored, Muslim-Christian conflict is episodic in the West African country. The full-scale reintroduction of Islamic law in Northern Nigeria that began in January 2000 and shifting demographics within the country lie at the heart of the tensions. Despite these challenges, attempts have been made by leading intellectuals and religious figures to create an effective middle ground in Nigeria. In the final analysis, however, an essential question remains: Will Nigeria's Fourth Republic survive? In pursuit of an answer, this article analyzes interreligious collaboration and conflict within Nigeria, especially in the “Middle Belt” with its cities of Kaduna and Jos, focusing on the relationship between the state and religions in Nigeria; the possible use of federalism to resolve Muslim-Christian disputes; the capacity of the judiciary to resolve religious conflict; and the prognosis for the very survivability of the Nigerian state.
Outflow in global magnetohydrodynamics as a function of a passive inner boundary source

Numerous studies of the terrestrial magnetosphere that use global magnetohydrodynamic codes have found that the model's inner boundary can act as a significant source of plasma, even if the radial velocity about the boundary is held at zero. Though inherent in many models, this “de facto outflow” is poorly understood. This work uses the Block Adaptive Tree Solar Wind Roe-type Upwind Scheme MHD model to investigate the behavior of this type of outflow as a function of boundary conditions and solar wind drivers. It is found that even for temporally and spatially constant boundary conditions, the mass is accelerated away from the body in a dynamic manner. Fluxes organize into cusp, polar cap, and auroral zone concentrations. Pressure gradient forces appear predominantly responsible for cusp and polar cap outflow, while the Lorentz force, resulting from field-aligned current systems, is the strongest driver of outflow in other regions. Integrated fluxes probed just outside of the inner boundary vary linearly as a function of cross polar cap potential and solar wind dynamic pressure. The resulting dynamics strongly resemble patterns found in in situ measurements, while net fluences agree within an order of magnitude. Two free parameters, inner boundary mass density and composition, can strongly affect results. Accounting for these unknowns is likely best left to physics-based or empirical specifications of outflow. Despite this, such outflow appears to be an acceptable proxy.
579 GROWTH OF PREMATURE INFANTS FED WHEY DOMINANT FORMULA WITH MEDIAN CHAIN TRIGLYCERIDES (MCT) AND EOLYCOSE

579 GROWTH OF PREMATURE INFANTS FED WHEY DOMINANT FORMULA WITH MEDIAN CHAIN TRIGLYCERIDES (MCT) AND EOLYCOSE
Two-photon microfabrication of switchable diffractive optical devices

Electrically switchable liquid-crystal-filled optical gratings were fabricated using two-photon three-dimensional microfabrication based on two-photon-induced polymerization (TPIP). A tightly-focused femtosecond pulsed laser beam was used to pattern polymeric grating fringes with a period of 5 μm on glass substrate coated with indium tin oxide (ITO) and a rubbed polyimide liquid-crystal alignment layer. Switchable diffractive devices were prepared by sandwiching a cyanobiphenyl nematic liquid-crystal mixture between a patterned and a blank ITO/alignment layer-coated substrate such that the liquid-crystal director was parallel to the grating fringes. Application of a voltage across the ITO electrodes rotates the director to normal to the substrate surface leading to near index matching of the liquid crystal and polymer fringes and a strong reduction in the diffraction efficiency. These switchable liquid-crystal diffractive devices exhibit a switching contrast ranging from 17 to 100 for the ± 1 diffraction orders for s -polarized light at 3 Vpp. This work demonstrates the utility of TPIP microlithography for producing active micro-optical devices.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Oviposition behavior of orange wheat blossom midge on low‐ vs. high‐ranked grass seed heads

The discovery of Sm1, a highly effective resistance (R) gene that targets the first instar of the orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Gehin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), has created concerns about wheat midge adaptation. Strategies for delaying adaptation to Sm1 include the simultaneous deployment of a resistance trait targeting a different life stage, i.e., the ovipositing adult female. Previous studies have shown that adult females distinguish between wheat genotypes and seed head developmental stages and are attracted by volatiles from young wheat heads. We focused on what happens after the female lands on the seed head, comparing in three tests a seed head of the high-ranked pre-anthesis ‘Roblin’ wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae), and a head of one of three lower-ranked types: post-anthesis ‘Roblin’, pre-anthesis ‘Key’ wheat (T. aestivum), and pre-anthesis ‘Robust’ barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Within each test, high- and low-ranked heads were presented in choice and no-choice assays, with the behavior of wheat midge females scored every 5 min from 20:30 to 23:00 hours, under mid-summer natural light conditions and sunset occurring between 20:50 and 21:20 hours. Head type influenced both proportions of females observed on the head and proportions of females probing with the ovipositor. Head*assay interactions occurred only in the test comparing wheat to barley, with barley reducing females observed on the wheat head and wheat increasing females probing on barley. Results indicate that the wheat midge female detects plant cues while examining the seed head and that this detection contributes to differences in egg counts.
Injections of neurohumors in the cat thalamus and visual discrimination performance

The influences of central applications of adrenergic and cholinergic stimulating and blocking agents to the cat thalamus on successive visual discrimination performance were investigated. Applications of both noradrenaline and the adrenergic blocking agent ethobutamoxane improved discrimination performance by reducing nonreinforced responding. Conversely, injections of both the cholinergic stimulator and blocker disrupted visual discrimination. Carbachol reduced responses to the discriminative stimulus without affecting nonreinforced response rate, and atropine sulfate increased nonreinforced responses without changing the rate of reinforced responding.
Constitution of the Lower Continental Crust Based on Experimental Studies of Seismic Velocities in Granulite

Rocks of the granulite facies have been proposed as major constituents of the lower continental crust. To evaluate this possibility, compressional and shear wave velocities have been determined to pressures of 10 kb for 10 granulite samples, thus enabling comparisons of seismic data for the lower crust with the velocities and elastic properties of granulite rocks. The samples selected for this study range in composition from granitic to basaltic, with bulk densities of 2.68 to 3.09 g/cm 3 . At 6 kb, compressional ( V p ) and shear ( V s ) wave velocities range from 6.39 to 7.49 km/sec and from 3.36 to 4.25 km/sec, respectively. Velocities in granulite rocks are shown to vary systematically with variations in mineralogical constitution. Both V p and V s , increase with increasing pyroxene, amphibole, and garnet. Velocities increase with an increasing ratio of pyroxene to amphibole in hornblende-granulite subfacies rocks of approximately equivalent chemical compositions. Decreasing quartz content in granulite rocks produces an increase in V p and an accompanying decrease in V s , thereby significantly changing Poisson9s ratio. The range of velocities measured for the granulite samples is similar to the range of seismic velocities reported for the lower continental crust; thus, the hypothesis that granulite rocks are major lower crustal constituents is further strengthened. Furthermore, it is shown that lower crustal composition is extremely variable, and therefore valid discussions of composition must be limited to specific regions where seismic velocities are well known. The use of seismic velocities in estimating lower crustal composition is illustrated for the Canadian Shield in Ontario and Manitoba.
Default Network Connectivity Is Linked to Memory Status in Multiple Sclerosis

Memory impairment affects 50% of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Altered resting-state functional connectivity (FC) has been observed in the default network (DN) of MS patients. No study to date has examined the association of DN FC to its behavioral concomitant, memory. The approach of the present study represents a methodological shift allowing straightforward interpretation of FC alterations in MS, as it presupposes specificity of a network to its paired cognitive function. We examined FC from fMRI collected during rest in the DN of 43 MS patients with and without memory-impairment. Memory-intact patients showed increased DN FC relative to memory-impaired patients. There were no regions of higher FC in memory-impaired patients. DN FC was positively correlated with memory function, such that higher FC was associated with better memory performance. Results were unchanged after controlling for cognitive efficiency, supporting specificity of the DN to memory and not cognitive status more generally. These findings support DN FC as a marker of memory function in MS patients that can be targeted by future treatment interventions. Pairing a functional network with its behavioral concomitant represents a straightforward method for interpreting FC alterations in patients with MS. (JINS, 2014, 20, 1–8)
3H-dopamine uptake by synaptic storage vesicles of rat whole brain and brain regions

Abstract A crude preparation of neurotransmitter storage vesicles was obtained by differential centrifugation and the ability to take up 3H-dopamine was evaluated in vitro . The uptake was highly dependent on temperature, had an absolute requirement for ATP and Mg2+ and was inhibited totally by reserpine. The uptake displayed saturation kinetics, with a Km of 0.26 μM at 20°. 3H-dopamine uptake was inhibited competitively by norepinephrine, with a Ki of 0.69 μM. Vesicles derived from a primarily dopaminergic region (corpus striatum) exhibited the same ratio of uptakes of 3H-dopamine/3H-norepinephrine as did those from a primarily noradrenergic region (cerebral cortex). These results indicate that viable rat brain storage vesicles can be readily prepared and used for evaluation of pharmacologic effects on 3H-dopamine uptake, and that dopaminergic and noradrenergic storage vesicles exhibit identical uptake properties.
The tilapia prolactin cell: A model for stimulus-secretion coupling.

The tilapia prolactin (PRL) cell responds rapidly (10–20 min) to small physiological changes in medium osmotic pressure (OP), releasing increasing quantities of hormone as medium OP is reduced. This release is rapidly (≤ 10 min) inhibited by somatostatin (SRIF). There is now extensive evidence that tilapia PRL cell function is regulated through the second messengers Ca++ and cAMP. Our studies have shown that PRL release is augmented by treatments that lead to increased levels of intracellular Ca++ or cAMP. On the other hand, PRL release is blocked when tissues are incubated in Ca++-depleted medium or upon the addition of Co++, an inhibitor of Ca++-mediated processes. The use of45Ca++ to characterize the movement of Ca++ into PRL cells has provided evidence that an increase in the influx of extracellular Ca++ may participate in PRL release upon exposure to hyposmotic medium. Our studies have also shown that SRIF suppresses the increase in45Ca++ accumulation that is brought about when OP is reduced. We have also examined the effects of OP and SRIF on cAMP levels. The reduction of medium OP did not alter cAMP metabolism during 20 min of incubation. By contrast, cAMP accumulation in the presence of IBMX was enhanced at 1 hr of incubation in reduced OP. Thus, an increase in cAMP turnover may play a role in maintaining PRL release under sustained stimulation. SRIF reduced the accumulation of cAMP during 10 min of incubation with IBMX and also reduced the forskolin-stimulated increase in cAMP. Thus, SRIF may suppress adenylate cyclase activity. Finally, our studies have revealed that the forskolin-stimulated increase in cAMP levels is not dependent upon medium Ca++. The presence of Ca++ in the medium is required, however, for PRL release even when the cAMP messenger system has been activated. Moreover, cAMP accumulation was augmented when intracellular Ca++ was increased. This raises the possibility that reduced OP may stimulate an increase in cAMP turnover indirectly through its action(s) on cytosolic Ca++.
A comparison of clinical pediatric patient encounters in university medical center and community private practice settings

Background.—Growing numbers of medical students complete clerkships in community private practice (CPP) settings instead of the more traditional university-based clinics, yet few empirical studies have evaluated how setting type impacts clinical experiences, skill development, and student satisfaction. Objective.—This study compared the pediatric patient encounters seen by third-year medical students in university medical center (UMC) and CPP settings. Methods.—Third-year medical students were required to keep a log of all patients seen during their 8-week pediatric clerkship. Logbook entries were coded and then analyzed for differences in the number and distribution of the primary diagnostic categories between settings. Results.—CPP students reported, on the average, seeing over 3 times more patients than UMC students. The case mix distribution also differed significantly by setting. In general, CPP students reported seeing proportionately more routine illnesses, whereas UMC students reported seeing proportionately more uncommon disorders. Because CPP students saw more patients overall, they averaged more cases in almost all diagnostic categories. Conclusion.—CPP students received more clinical patient exposure than UMC students, except for patients in a few diagnostic categories.
The Obama effect: Decreasing implicit prejudice and stereotyping

Abstract This project explores the impact of Barack Obama’s presidential campaign and the resulting high levels of exposure to a positive, counter-stereotypic Black exemplar, on prejudice and stereotyping among non-Black participants. We found dramatically decreased levels of implicit anti-Black prejudice and stereotyping as compared with bias observed previously at the same institutions and in the literature. Providing some insight why the bias was reduced, Study 1 demonstrated that participants had positive Black exemplars come to mind or anticipated that other people have positive exemplars come to mind when they thought of Black people and this was associated with low levels of racial prejudice. Our second study revealed that participants who had qualities strongly associated with Obama as a political figure (e.g., president) activated when they were primed with “Black” had lower levels of implicit prejudice. These findings indicate that the extensive exposure to Obama resulted in a drop in implicit bias.
Effect of thaw depth on fluxes of CO2 and CH4 in manipulated Arctic coastal tundra of Barrow, Alaska

Changes in CO2 and CH4 emissions represent one of the most significant consequences of drastic climate change in the Arctic, by way of thawing permafrost, a deepened active layer, and decline of thermokarst lakes in the Arctic. This study conducted flux-measurements of CO2 and CH4, as well as environmental factors such as temperature, moisture, and thaw depth, as part of a water table manipulation experiment in the Arctic coastal plain tundra of Barrow, Alaska during autumn. The manipulation treatment consisted of draining, controlling, and flooding treated sections by adjusting standing water. Inundation increased CH4 emission by a factor of 4.3 compared to non-flooded sections. This may be due to the decomposition of organic matter under a limited oxygen environment by saturated standing water. On the other hand, CO2 emission in the dry section was 3.9-fold higher than in others. CH4 emission tends to increase with deeper thaw depth, which strongly depends on the water table; however, CO2 emission is not related to thaw depth. Quotients of global warming potential (GWPCO2) (dry/control) and GWPCH4 (wet/control) increased by 464 and 148%, respectively, and GWPCH4 (dry/control) declined by 66%. This suggests that CO2 emission in a drained section is enhanced by soil and ecosystem respiration, and CH4 emission in a flooded area is likely stimulated under an anoxic environment by inundated standing water. The findings of this manipulation experiment during the autumn period demonstrate the different production processes of CO2 and CH4, as well as different global warming potentials, coupled with change in thaw depth. Thus the outcomes imply that the expansion of tundra lakes leads the enhancement of CH4 release, and the disappearance of the lakes causes the stimulated CO2 production in response to the Arctic climate change.
Electrophysiological characteristics of cells within mesencephalon suspension grafts

Abstract Both spontaneous and evoked extracellular electrophysiological activity of neurons within fetal mesencephalon suspension grafts to the dopamine-depleted striatum of rats were examined. In some cases, extracellular recording was combined with intracellular labeling to identify recorded neurons. Grafted rats displaying a complete cessation of ipsilateral rotations following amphetamine administration were examined at post-implantation time intervals of two, four, five, eight and nine months. Four separate classes of neurons were distinguished within the transplanted striatum based on electrophysiological properties. The first of these groups, the type I cells, appeared to be non-grafted striatal neurons. When spontaneously active, these striatal-like cells fired bursts of action potentials separated by periods of decreased activity. Evoked responses in these cells were characteristic of striatal cells. Type I cells which were intracellularly labeled were found outside the grafts and displayed the characteristic morphology of the medium spiny neuron of the neostriatum. The other three cell classes displayed electrophysiological properties similar to neurons recorded in situ within the reticular formation, substantia nigra pars compacta and substantia nigra pars reticulata. Neurons from these three groups which were labeled with an intracellular marker were found to lie within the suspension grafts. The spontaneous activity of the pars compacta dopaminergic-like neurons was predominantly irregular, with some cells also firing in a regular or pacemaker-like pattern. Infrequently, irregular firing dopaminergic-like neurons displayed episodes of doublet bursting. Many of the grafted neurons responded to electrical stimulation of prefrontal cortex and striatum, indicating that the graft was receiving functional inputs from host neurons. Comparison of the firing rate and pattern of grafted neurons to in situ mesencephalic neurons as a function of time following grafting suggested that the grafted neurons and/or the neuronal circuitry is slowly developing within the host environment. A prolonged time-course for the maturation of the graft may be reflected in the time required to achieve improvements in some behavioral deficits following transplantation. However, the relatively rapid recovery of drug-induced rotational asymmetry following grafting suggests that this form of recovery may not require mature functioning of the grafted neurons.
The supersymmetric two boson hierarchies

Abstract We construct the most general supersymmetric two boson system that is integrable. We obtain the Lax operator and the nonstandard Lax representation for this system. We show that, under appropriate redefinition of variables, this reduces to the supersymmetric nonlinear Schrodinger equation without any arbitrary parameter which is known to be integrable. We show that this supersymmetric system has three local Hamiltonian structures just like the bosonic counterpart and we show how the supersymmetric KdV equation can be embedded into this system.
Building a Bridge Between Resource Acquisition and Resource Accumulation

Resource-based theory (RBT) has become one of the dominant perspectives in strategic management, and a very large body of work has developed; yet, there are aspects of RBT that remain underexplored and less developed than others. One of these aspects concerns how the heterogeneous resource positions that lie at the core of RBT come to exist. Two separate mechanisms have been described in the literature—resource acquisition in strategic factor markets and internal resource accumulation. The authors propose that considering these mechanisms jointly can generate insights and lay the groundwork for future work, and they discuss several issues that are critical to developing a more complete theoretical and practical understanding of the creation of heterogeneous resource positions.
Titanium Palate Maxillary Overdenture: A Clinical Report

A clinical technique of using a cast titanium base in a maxillary overdenture for a patient with bruxism who has a history of repeated midline denture fractures is presented. The advantages of a metal palate and the favorable properties of titanium are discussed. This treatment provides the practitioner with a practical option for successfully treating difficult overdenture or conventional denture patients.
BJT-FET comparison: a new FET model

A new AC model for the field effect transistor (FET) is presented. This model allows direct comparison between bipolar junction transistor (BJT) and FET amplifier circuits.
Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin (H3 Subtype) Requires Palmitoylation of Its Cytoplasmic Tail for Assembly: M1 Proteins of Two Subtypes Differ in Their Ability To Support Assembly

The influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA) transmembrane domain boundary region and the cytoplasmic tail contain three cysteines (residues 555, 562, and 565 for the H3 HA subtype) that are highly conserved among the 16 HA subtypes and which are each modified by the covalent addition of palmitic acid. Previous analysis of the role of these conserved cysteine residues led to differing data, suggesting either no role for HA palmitoylation or an important role for HA palmitoylation. To reexamine the role of these residues in the influenza virus life cycle, a series of cysteine-to-serine mutations were introduced into the HA gene of influenza virus A/Udorn/72 (Ud) (H3N2) by using a highly efficient reverse genetics system. Mutant viruses containing HA-C562S and HA-C565S mutations had reduced growth and failed to form plaques in MDCK cells but formed wild-type-like plaques in an MDCK cell line expressing wild-type HA. In cell-cell fusion assays, nonpalmitoylated H3 HA, in both cDNA-transfected and virus-infected cells, was fully competent for HA-mediated membrane fusion. When the HA cytoplasmic tail cysteine mutants were examined for lipid raft association, using as the criterion Triton X-100 insolubility, loss of raft association did not show a direct correlation with a reduction in virus replication. However, mutant virus assembly was reduced in parallel with reduced virus replication. Additionally, a reassortant of strain A/WSN/33 (WSN), containing the Ud HA gene with mutations C555S, C562S, and C565S, produced virus that could form plaques on regular MDCK cells and had only moderately decreased replication, suggesting differences in the interactions between Ud and WSN HA and internal viral proteins. Analysis of M1 mutants containing substitutions in the six residues that differ between the Ud and WSN M1 proteins indicated that a constellation of residues are responsible for the difference between the M1 proteins in their ability to support virus assembly with nonpalmitoylated H3 HA.
Decreased extractability of DNA from proteins in the rat nasal mucosa after acetaldehyde exposure.

Abstract Acetaldehyde and formaldehyde have been found to induce nasal cancer in two species of rodents. To understand the mechanism of carcinogenesis by acetaldehyde, studies were carried out to determine whether acetaldehyde can react with DNA in target tissues of the rat nasal cavity. When fresh homogenates of the nasal respiratory mucosa were incubated with acetaldehyde (distilled under N 2 ) at concentrations of 10, 100, or 500 m m , followed by solubilization and extraction with a strongly denaturing aqueous-immiscible organic solvent mixture, a decrease was observed in the amount of DNA partitioned into the aqueous phase at the two higher acetaldehyde concentrations. The absent DNA was recovered from the interfacial layer by proteolytic digestion. Similarly, incubation of calf thymus nucleohistones with acetaldehyde (100, 300, or 1000 m m ) or with formaldehyde (10, 30, or 100 m m ) followed by precipitation of the DNA with H 2 SO 4 and analysis of the supernatants by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis resulted in concentration-dependent decreases in the quantities of histone proteins released from the DNA. These results indicate that acetaldehyde as well as formaldehyde can form DNA-protein crosslinks in vitro . A single 6-hr exposure of male Fischer-344 rats to acetaldehyde (100, 300, 1000, or 3000 ppm) resulted in a significant increase relative to air-exposed controls in the percent interfacial DNA from the nasal respiratory mucosa at concentrations equal to or greater than 1000 ppm. No increase in the interfacial DNA from the olfactory mucosa was detected after a single 6-hr exposure (1000 or 3000 ppm), but a significant increase was found in rats exposed repeatedly (6 hr/day for 5 days) to acetaldehyde (1000 ppm). Thus, evidence has been obtained for the formation of DNA-protein crosslinks by acetaldehyde in target tissues of the rat nasal cavity at concentrations similar to those that induced nasal cancer.