cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nitrene-functionalized ruthenium nanoparticles

Ruthenium nanoparticles protected by ruthenium–nitrene π bonds were prepared by refluxing “bare” ruthenium colloids (2.12 ± 0.72 nm in diameter) and 4-dodecylbenezenesulfonyl azide in sec-butylbenzene. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the resulting nanoparticles showed that on average there were about 84.1 ligands on the nanoparticle surface. XPS studies showed a 1:1 atomic ratio between nitrogen and sulfur, consistent with the formation of nitrene fragments by the thermal decomposition of the azide precursors. In addition, the binding energies of Ru3d and N1s electrons suggested a covalent nature of the RuN interfacial linkage which appeared in FTIR measurements with a vibrational band at 1246 cm−1. Because of such conjugated bonding interactions, extensive intraparticle charge delocalization occurred, and the nanoparticle-bound nitrene moieties behaved analogously to azo derivatives, as manifested in UV-vis and fluorescence measurements. Further testimony of the formation of RuN interfacial linkages was highlighted in the unique reactivity of the nanoparticles with alkenes by imido transfer, which was evidenced in spectroscopic and electrochemical studies.
Amino acid sequence analysis of the H-2Kk alloantigen: complete sequence of residues 1-98 and partial sequence from 99 to 263.

Abstract The H-2K k molecule was purified by immunoprecipitation from the glycoprotein fraction of Nonidet P-40 extracts of RDM 4 mouse tumor cells. Cyanogen bromide cleavage of the major papain fragment yielded three peptides, the largest of which consisted of three disulfide-linked peptides which could be separated after reduction and alkylation. These peptides were readily aligned by their homology to similar fragments derived from other H-2 class I molecules. Amino acid sequence analyses of the two nondisulfide-linked peptides, peptide E (residues 1–52) and peptide D (53–98), yielded the following NH 2 -terminal sequence for the H-2K k molecule: G-P-H-S-L-R-Y-F-H-T-A-V-S-R-P-G-L-G-K-P-R-F-I- S-V-G-Y-V-D-D-T-Q-F-V-R-F-D-S-D-A-E-N-P-R-Y-E-P-R-(A)-R-(W)-(M)-E-Q-V-E-P-E-Y-W-E-R- N-T-Q-I-A-K-G-N-E-Q-I-F-R-V-N-L-R-T-A-L-R-Y-Y-(N)-Q-S-A-G-G-S-H-T-F-Q-R-(M). Comparison of this sequence with those of other H-2 class I molecules revealed that: (1) Lys-19, Val-55, Glu-56, Asn-63 and Ile-73 are unique to the H-2K k molecule; and (2) H-2K k shares 79–83% homology in this region with other mouse class I molecules. Partial NH 2 -terminal amino acid sequences are also reported for the three disulfide-linked peptides. Several discrepancies from previously reported partial sequences of the H-2K k molecule were detected.
Analysis of “high-dollar” value safety and health citations and orders for the US coal mines

Abstract This paper presents an analysis of a “high-dollar” value safety and health citations and orders for the US coal mines using the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) data. Term “high-dollar” value relates to penalty of $10,000 and more per citation or order. The study was based on historical MSHA data for the period from 01/01/2009 to 12/31/2009. Data shows that there were 1161 “high-dollar” value citations and orders in 2009 with a total penalty of almost $31-million. The most cited standard was 75.400 – “Accumulation of combustible material” with a 259 “high-dollar” value citations and total penalty of almost $5.9-million. Among all US states, the West Virginia coal mines recorded the highest number of citations and the total penalty value. Results of this study can be used by coal mining industry to help in prioritizing resource allocations and determining control strategies.
The class position of college and university faculty

As “mental workers,” college and university faculty collectively inhabit a contradictory location in the class system of advanced capitalism. Within this common social position, however, college and university faculty are internally stratified. Both characteristics of the social position of faculty have significant sociological consequences. These consequences are manifest in the current politics surrounding unionization on campus and in the theoretical controversies over the sociohistorical importance of the new class in contemporary society.
MHC class II peptide flanking residues of exogenous antigens influence recognition by autoreactive T cells

Molecular mimicry between exogenous microbial antigens and self-epitopes has been proposed as a triggering mechanism for autoimmune diseases for many years. We reported that a peptide from a protein specific to Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn0483) which shares a motif with the dominant encephalitogenic epitope of the self-antigen, rat myelin basic protein (rat68-86), elicits experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats. We recently observed that rat68-86 utilizes aspartic acid (D) and arginine (R) in the common motif as primary and secondary TCR contacts, respectively. In contrast, the encephalitogenic activity of Cpn0483 is dependent on R and the C-terminal asparagine (N), which flanks the MHC class II-P9 anchor residue. Thus, rat68-86 and Cpn0483 share a common motif, are encephalitogenic and are both restricted by MHC class II RT1.B(l). T cells from rats immunized with the encephalitogenic Cpn0483 peptide proliferated to the priming peptide as well as to the non-encephalitogenic CpnN>A analog. However, CpnN>A-primed T cells did not respond to the native Cpn0483 peptide. We conclude that the MHC-flanking C-terminal asparagine residue markedly influences T cell recognition by the chlamydial peptide.
The relative power of ceos and boards of directors: Associations with corporate performance

A typology of the relative powers of the chief executive officer and the board of directors was derived based on the literature, highlighting four situations: Caretaker, Statutory, Proactive and Participative boards. Data collected from Fortune 500 Industrial and Fortune 500 Service corporations supported the typology. The results showed significant differences among the four board types in their characteristics, internal process, decision-making styles, board effectiveness, and contribution to company performance. Powerful boards were associated with superior corporate financial performance.
Measuring Particle Diameter and Particle−Particle Gap with Nanometer Precision Using an Optical Microscope

A simple optical microscopy method has been developed for measuring particle diameters and particle−particle gaps with a precision of a few nanometers. The method uses an inexpensive and straightforward image-processing technique to examine optical microscope images of the particles, which can be wet or dry. The technique is demonstrated on polystyrene latex and silica particles with diameters greater than 450 nm suspended in KCl solutions, and the measured particle diameters compare to within a few percent with those measured by electron microscopy and light scattering. In addition, changes in the gap between two colloidal spheres were measured with nanometer precision, a result that will have important implications for measuring colloidal force profiles between two Brownian particles.
Rushing attacks and defense in wireless ad hoc network routing protocols

In an ad hoc network, mobile computers (or nodes) cooperate to forward packets for each other, allowing nodes to communicate beyond their direct wireless transmission range. Many of the proposed routing protocols for ad hoc networks operate in an on-demand fashion, as on-demand routing protocols have been shown to often have lower overhead and faster reaction time than other types of routing based on periodic (proactive) mechanisms. Significant attention recently has been devoted to developing secure routing protocols for ad~hoc networks, including a number of secure on-demand routing protocols, that defend against a variety of possible attacks on network routing. In this paper, we present the rushing attack, a new attack that results in denial-of-service when used against all previous on-demand ad~hoc network routing protocols. For example, DSR, AODV, and secure protocols based on them, such as Ariadne, ARAN, and SAODV, are unable to discover routes longer than two hops when subject to this attack. This attack is also particularly damaging because it can be performed by a relatively weak attacker. We analyze why previous protocols fail under this attack. We then develop Rushing Attack Prevention (RAP), a generic defense against the rushing attack for on-demand protocols. RAP incurs no cost unless the underlying protocol fails to find a working route, and it provides provable security properties even against the strongest rushing attackers.
Explorations into 3D Doppler Tomography of Interacting Binaries

Over the past twenty-five years, the technique of Doppler tomography has produced many 2D images of the accretion structures and other gas flows in a range of systems contain- ing compact and non-compact stars, including cataclysmic variables, polars, Algols, x-ray, and gamma-ray binaries. Recent 3D images derived from the Radioastronomical Approach (RA) have revealed prominent gas motions beyond the central plane, and display the usual character- istics found in 2D images, as well as new evidence of tilted or precessing accretion disks around the mass gainer, and magnetic loop prominences and coronal mass ejections associated with the donor star. In this work, we have compared new 3D images derived from the back projection tomography technique with those derived from the RA method. In general, back projection produces sharper and more distinctive images than the RA method, thereby permitting a more detailed study of the physical properties of the accretion sources.
Preventive Health Services Delivery to South Asians in the United States

There is limited information on the health status of South Asians. Our objective was to examine the delivery of clinical preventive services to South Asian adults. We used data from a 2001 mail survey to a nationwide sample of South Asians. We quantified the percentage of eligible adults who received screenings for colorectal cancer, cervical cancer, breast cancer, high blood pressure, lipid disorders, and vaccinations against influenza, pneumococcus, and tetanus. We also calculated the number of individuals who were up-to-date with all their recommended preventive healthcare. One-fourth of South Asians were up-to-date with their recommended preventive services, while more than half were not up-to-date with their services. Having a regular source of care was significantly associated with being up-to-date on recommended schedules. Despite their high level of education, the majority of South Asians in the US are not receiving the appropriate amount of preventive health services.
Dynamics of an Estuarine Forest and its Response to Rising Sea Level

Abstract To address the impact of rising sea level in a rapidly submerging Maryland estuarine forest, 15 loblolly pines (Pinus taeda) were cored for dendroecological analysis. The study area is a pure stand of loblolly pine that extends down an elevation gradient into surrounding marsh where dead stumps and snags indicate a retreating forest margin. Although relative sea level has risen considerably and there are dead trees at the forest-marsh interface, there is no associated decline in ring width, making sea level–induced mortality unlikely. Instead, ring width is correlated positively with annual precipitation and winter temperature and negatively with summer temperatures. Although recruitment of new pines was continuous between 1910 and 1930, there has been no more active recruitment except for a small age class established immediately after regional drought. Because recruitment is failing in the present forest despite abundant seedlings and an open canopy, recruitment ability appears to be limited by...
Melatonin receptors step into the light: cloning and classification of subtypes

Melatonin, the principal hormone of the pineal gland, has several biological effects’. The hormone regulates the repwlustive alterations that occur in response to chaqges in day length in seasonally breeding mammals!. Melatonin can also alter the timing of mammalian circadian rhythms, and appears to function in concert with light to hold circadian rhythms in phase with prevailing environmental conditions’, Melatonin inhibits the Ca”*-dependent release of dopamine in mammalian retinad, and appears to act in verte brate retina to affect several lightdependent functions, including shedding of photopigment discs and phagocytosis? The pineal hormone can also induce sleep in humans; this hypnotic effect may be separated from its effects on circadian rhythm@. Melatonin appears to exert these effects through pharmacologically specific, high-affinity receptor+? Recent progress in this area has been the cloning of a family oi G protein-coupled ..~eptors for mehtonin,
Effects of liquid chromatography mobile phase buffer contents on the ionization and fragmentation of analytes in liquid chromatographic/ionspray tandem mass spectrometric determination

The effects of liquid chromatography mobile phase buffer contents on the ionization and fragmentation of drug molecules in liquid chromatographic/ionspray tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) determination were evaluated for simvastatin (SV) and its hydroxy acid (SVA). The objective was to improve further the sensitivity for SV by overcoming the unfavorable condition caused by the formation of multiple major adduct ions and multiple major fragment ions when using ammonium as LC mobile phase buffer. Mobile phases (70:30 acetonitrile-buffer, 2 mM, pH 4.5) with buffers made from ammonium, hydrazine or alkyl (methyl, ethyl, dimethyl or trimethyl)-substituted ammonium acetate were evaluated. Q1 scan and product ion scan spectra were obtained for SV in each of the mobile phases under optimized conditions. The results showed that, with the alkylammonium buffers, the alkylammonium-adducted SV was observed as the only major molecular ion, while the formation of other adduct ions ([M + H](+), [M + Na](+) and [M + K](+)) was successfully suppressed. On the other hand, product ion spectra with a single major fragment ion were not observed for any of the alkylammonium-adducted SVs. The affinity of the alkylammoniums to SV and the basicity of the alkylamines are believed to be factors influencing the formation and abundance of molecular and fragment ions, respectively. Methylammonium acetate provided the most favorable condition among all the buffers evaluated and improved the sensitivity several-fold for SV in LC/MS/MS quantitation compared with that obtained using ammonium acetate buffer. Better precision for SV in both Q1 and SRM scans was observed when using methylammonium buffer compared with those using ammonium buffer. The mobile phase buffer contents did not seem to affect the ionization, fragmentation and chromatography of SVA. The results of this evaluation can be applied to similar situations with other organic molecules in ionspray LC/MS/MS determination.
Effects of stimulus duration and choice delay on visual categorization in pigeons

Abstract We [Lazareva, O. F., Freiburger, K. L., & Wasserman, E. A. (2004). Pigeons concurrently categorize photographs at both basic and superordinate levels. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review , 11 , 1111–1117] previously trained four pigeons to classify color photographs into their basic-level categories (cars, chairs, flowers, or people) or into their superordinate-level categories (natural or artificial). Here, we found that brief stimulus durations had the most detrimental effect on the basic-level discrimination of natural stimuli by the same pigeons. Increasing the delay between stimulus presentation and choice responding had greater detrimental effect on the basic-level discrimination than the superordinate-level discrimination. These results suggest that basic-level discriminations required longer stimulus durations and were more subject to forgetting than were superordinate-level discriminations. Additionally, categorization of natural stimuli required longer stimulus durations than categorization of artificial stimuli, but only at the basic level. Together, these findings suggest that basic-level categorization may not always be superior to superordinate-level categorization and provide additional evidence of a dissociation between natural and artificial stimuli in pigeons’ categorization.
Discriminative Ferns Ensemble for Hand Pose Recognition

We present the Discriminative Ferns Ensemble (DFE) classifier for efficient visual object recognition. The classifier architecture is designed to optimize both classification speed and accuracy when a large training set is available. Speed is obtained using simple binary features and direct indexing into a set of tables, and accuracy by using a large capacity model and careful discriminative optimization. The proposed framework is applied to the problem of hand pose recognition in depth and infra-red images, using a very large training set. Both the accuracy and the classification time obtained are considerably superior to relevant competing methods, allowing one to reach accuracy targets with run times orders of magnitude faster than the competition. We show empirically that using DFE, we can significantly reduce classification time by increasing training sample size for a fixed target accuracy. Finally a DFE result is shown for the MNIST dataset, showing the method's merit extends beyond depth images.
Thermal Escape in the Hydrodynamic Regime: Reconsideration of Parker's Isentropic Theory Based on Results of Kinetic Simulations

The one-dimensional steady-state problem of thermal escape from a single-component atmosphere of mon- and diatomic gases is studied in the hydrodynamic (blow-off) regime using the direct simulation Monte Carlo method for an evaporative-type condition at the lower boundary. The simulations are performed for various depths into an atmosphere, indicated by a Knudsen number, Kn 0, equal to the ratio of the mean free path of molecules to the radial position of the source surface, ranging from 10 to 10–5, and for the range of the source Jeans parameter, λ0, equal to the ratio of gravitational and thermal energies, specific to blow-off. The results of kinetic simulations are compared with the isentropic model (IM) and the Navier-Stokes model. It is shown that the IM can be simplified if formulated in terms of the local Mach number and Jeans parameter. The simulations predict that at Kn 0 < ~ 10–3 the flow includes a near-surface non-equilibrium Knudsen layer, a zone where the flow can be well approximated by the IM, and a rarefied far field. The corresponding IM solutions, however, only approach Parker's critical solution as λ0 approaches the upper limit for blow-off. The IM alone is not capable for predicting the flow and requires boundary conditions at the top of the Knudsen layer. For small Kn 0, the scaled escape rate and energy loss rate are found to be independent of λ0. The simulation results can be scaled to any single-component atmosphere exhibiting blow-off if the external heating above the lower boundary is negligible, in particular, to sublimation-driven atmospheres of Kuiper belt objects.
N.m.r. study of hydrogen bonded polymer blends: influence of the tacticity of poly(methyl methacrylate) on its miscibility with poly(styrene-co-vinylphenol)

Abstract The miscibility of poly(styrene-co-vinylphenol) containing 5% vinylphenol monomer units (MPS-5) with syndiotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA-s) and with isotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA-i) was studied with 13C solid state n.m.r. complemented with cloud point and differential scanning calorimetry measurements. Above room temperature, the results indicate that the PMMA-s blends have a wider composition range over which the system exists in a single phase. In the time scale of spin-lattice proton relaxation, or a dimensional scale of about 25 nm, PMMA-s is miscible with MPS-5 in all compositions studied, namely 30, 50, and 70 wt% of MPS-5; PMMA-i is miscible only at one composition, namely 70% styrene copolymer. Both PMMA-s and PMMA-i blends indicate the existence of heterogeneities in the time scale of rotating frame spin-lattice relaxation (TH1ϱ), or a dimensional scale of about 2 nm, for all compositions studied except for 70 30 MPS -5 PMMA-i , which shows a single TH1ϱ. The glass transition temperature data of these blends are consistent with the n.m.r. observation. The cloud point diagram is also in agreement with n.m.r. results.
Performance Ethnography: The Theory and Method of Dual Tracking

This article explores the use of dual tracking, or digital video overlay, in performance ethnography. It proposes a reflexive approach to ethnographic filmmaking in which the ethnographic subject and videomakers work collaboratively to uncover the interior realities motivating the performance. The authors review previous approaches to ethnographic filmmaking and then suggest digital video overlay as a method of presenting the actual performances and the subjective experiences of performers simultaneously. The authors' collaborative video, Soukous in San Diego (1999), in which Congolese musician Dominic Kanza reviews his biography, rehearses, and performs concerts, is discussed. The theory of dual tracking is explained, followed by a methodological application and suggestions for future research.
Enteromorpha clathrata: A potential seawater-irrigated crop

Abstract Enteromorpha clathrata , a marine seaweed, can be grown in shallow ponds with an exchange of water once in several days to maintain salinity within tolerable limits. In fertilized conditions growth is rapid, 28 g dry weight m 2 day. This is less than the highest rates reported for other algae, but other systems have used CO 2 supplementation or large water volumes to supply inorganic carbon. Enteromorpha clathrata , unlike other algae that have been studied, gives high yields without CO 2 supplementation. We have measured the effect of pH and salinity on productivity and determined tolerance ranges of temperature, salinity and pH. The implications for the feasibility of Enteromorpha culture in seawater-irrigated ponds are discussed. The ability to conduct highly productive agriculture in areas that are now desert through seawater irrigation will provide a new resource for feed, food and biomass.
Botanical literacy: what and how should students learn about plants?

Botanists benefit from a scientifically literate society and an interested and botanically literate student population, and we have opportunities to promote literacy in our classes. Unfortunately, scientific illiteracy exists, in part, because students are technologically advanced but lack intellectual curiosity and rigor. Botanical illiteracy results from several interacting factors, including a lack of interest in plants and infrequent exposure to plant science before students reach college. If scientific or botanical literacy is a goal, we must understand what literacy means and how we can help students reach that goal. A model of biological literacy recognizes four levels; students enter courses at the lowest level possessing misconceptions about concepts; however, misconceptions can be used to our advantage, especially by using concept inventories. Inquiry-based instruction is advocated for all science courses, and learning theory supports inquiry. Seven principles of learning inform recommendations about how botanists should teach, including using themes and "thinking botanically" to illustrate all biological concepts. Overall, consideration of the botanical content taught is less critical than the methods used to teach that content. If botanists emphasize thinking and process skills with an understanding of concepts, we will prepare scientifically literate students and citizens and benefit from our efforts.
X-ray topographic dislocation contrast visible in reflections orthogonal to the Burgers vectors of axial screw dislocations in hexagonal silicon carbide

Contrast is associated with micropipes in X-ray topographs of SiC crystals obtained with prismatic reflections, representing an apparent violation of the g·b = 0 invisibility criterion. This is explained as a population of basal-plane dislocations with Burgers vectors of the set b = {\textstyle{1 \over 3}}〈11{\bar{2}}0〉 that occur in a high density within a few micrometers of the micropipes, below the resolution of X-ray topography. These basal-plane dislocations could be observed under an electron microscope. The presence of the surfaces of the micropipes influences the dislocation images in the topographs taken with prismatic reflections, often resulting in a band of light contrast along the axes of the micropipes.
Tetrahymena ORC contains a ribosomal RNA fragment that participates in rDNA origin recognition

The Tetrahymena thermophila ribosomal DNA (rDNA) replicon contains dispersed cis-acting replication determinants, including reiterated type I elements that associate with sequence-specific, single-stranded binding factors, TIF1 through TIF4. Here, we show that TIF4, previously implicated in cell cycle-controlled DNA replication and rDNA gene amplification, is the T. thermophila origin recognition complex (TtORC). We further demonstrate that TtORC contains an integral RNA subunit that participates in rDNA origin recognition. Remarkably, this RNA, designated 26T, spans the terminal 282 nts of 26S ribosomal RNA. 26T RNA exhibits extensive complementarity to the type I element T-rich strand and binds the rDNA origin in vivo. Mutations that disrupt predicted interactions between 26T RNA and its complementary rDNA target change the in vitro binding specificity of ORC and diminish in vivo rDNA origin utilization. These findings reveal a role for ribosomal RNA in chromosome biology and define a new mechanism for targeting ORC to replication initiation sites.
U.S. Engineering Degrees for Improving South Indian Graduate Students’ Marriage and Dowry Options

The article examines improved marriage opportunities as an unexplored motivator for pursuing international education via U.S. graduate engineering degrees and stresses the need to centralize gender...
“Trouble on the Outside, Trouble on the Inside”: Growing Pains, Social Change, and Small Town Policing—The Eugene Police Department, 1862-1932:

This article examines a century of policing in Eugene, Oregon, from 1862 to 1932. Its central argument is that the city's early civic leaders and law enforcement officers were concerned with preserving the status quo and image of the city by restricting the entrance of the “dangerous class.” As the city expanded, however, and the police department grew to meet the demands of the changing city, the department increasingly suffered the same problems it had been designed to stop. Although the department's ability to successfully address crime and the city's targeted concerns fluctuated over time, the problems within the force remained. Eugene's law enforcement history, as a result, both substantiates the larger patterns in American law enforcement history and deviates from that pattern in unique ways
Aortic diameter, true lumen, and false lumen growth rates in chronic type B aortic dissection.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to evaluate growth rates of the aorta, true lumen, and false lumen in chronic type B aortic dissections.MATERIALS AND METHODS. Nineteen consecutive patients with acute type B aortic dissection treated medically between 2000 and 2006 were followed with serial MDCT angiography and MR angiography scans during the chronic phase (mean, 5.3 scans per patient; mean follow-up, 17.9 months). Aortic diameter, true lumen diameter, true lumen area, false lumen diameter, and false lumen area were measured at baseline and at each subsequent follow-up study using 3D workstations. Growth rates were assessed with linear regression analyses.RESULTS. One hundred scans were analyzed. The maximum aortic diameter increased significantly over time at a mean rate of 7.1 mm/y (p = 0.004). False lumen diameter (mean, 6.5 mm/y; p = 0.011), false lumen area (5.35 cm2/y, p = 0.013), true lumen diameter (0.79 mm/y, p = 0.01), and logarithm true lumen area (0.13 cm2/y, p = 0.02) all increased ...
Bispectral analysis of ordered and chaotic vortex shedding from vibrating cylinders at low Reynolds numbers

Bispectral analysis is used to compare and contrast ordered and chaotic vortex shedding from a cylinder in low-Reynolds-number flow. Auto-bicoherence spectra of the wake velocity field for ordered shedding are characterized by sharp peaks, indicating coupling between fluid motions at the vortex shedding frequency, its side bands, and its harmonics. Wake velocities for chaotic shedding have broad power spectral peaks and substantial low-frequency energy. The corresponding auto-bicoherences show coupling between motions with a relatively wide range of frequencies, especially low frequencies.
Linear Pre-Whitening Detector for Space-Time Block Codes over Time-Selective Fading Channels

Most work on space-time block codes (STBC) assumes block fading. However, time selectivity does exists in practise for codes with big block length. In this paper, we propose a linear pre-whitening filter based signal detector for STBC when the channel changes within the coding block. The main idea is to utilize the principle of a pre-whitening filter to realize single symbol detection, virtual single input and single output (SISO), by removing the effects of past decisions. Both analytical and simulation results show that our scheme can provide performance very close to ML decoding with extremely low computational complexity. Extension to V-BLAST is given in order to make the proposed detector applicable to other MIMO schemes.
A CFD model for predicting the flow patterns of viscous fluids in a bioreactor under various operating conditions

Computational fluid dynamics simulation is becoming an increasingly useful tool in the analysis and design of simultaneous saccharification fermentation (SSF) and saccharification followed by fermentation process (SFF). To understand and improve mixing and mass transfer in a highly viscous non-Newtonian system, it was necessary to simulate the flow behavior in this bench scale bioreactor (BioFlo 3000). This study focused on designing a high concentration medium agitation system for such a process using the commercial computational fluid dynamics package Fluent (V. 6.2.20) and its preprocessor Mixsim (V. 2.1.10). The objective of this study is to compare performance of various designs of a bioreactor and identify the flow pattern and related phenomena in the bench scale tank. The configuration of the physical model for simulating a mixing tank with a Rushton impeller consists of an ellipsoidal cylindrical tank with four equally spaced wall mounted baffles extending the vessel bottom to the free surface, stirred by a centrally located six-blade Rushton turbine impeller. Simulations were performed with the original and a modified design in which the lower bottom shaft mounted a Lightnin A200 impeller. The results suggest that there is a potential for slow or stagnant flow between top impellers and bottom of the tank region, which could result in poor nitrogen and heat transfer for highly viscous fermentations. The results also show that the axial velocity was significantly improved for the modified geometry in the bottom of the tank.
ATM mutations in female breast cancer patients predict for an increase in radiation-induced late effects.

Abstract Purpose: Mutation of the ATM gene may be associated with enhanced radiosensitivity and increased radiation-induced morbidity. Denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) is a powerful new technique proven to be sensitive and accurate in the detection of missense mutations, as well as small deletions and insertions. We screened female breast cancer patients for evidence of ATM gene alterations using DHPLC. This study attempted to determine whether breast cancer patients who develop severe radiotherapy (RT)-induced effects are more likely to possess ATM mutations than patients who display normal radiation responses. Methods and Materials: Forty-six patients with early-stage breast carcinoma underwent limited surgery and adjuvant RT. DNA was isolated from blood lymphocytes, and each coding exon of the ATM gene was amplified using polymerase chain reaction. Genetic variants were identified using DHPLC by comparing test patterns with a known wild-type pattern. All variants were subjected to DNA sequencing and compared with wild-type sequences for evidence of a mutation. A retrospective review was performed, and the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group/European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer acute and late morbidity scoring schemes for skin and subcutaneous normal tissues were applied to quantify the radiation-induced effects. Results: Nine ATM mutations were identified in 6 patients (8 novel and 1 rare). The median follow-up was 3.2 years (range 1.3–10.3). A significant correlation between ATM mutation status and the development of Grade 3–4 subcutaneous late effects was found. All 3 of the patients (100%) who manifested Grade 3–4 subcutaneous late sequelae possessed ATM mutations, whereas only 3 (7%) of the 43 patients who did not develop this form of severe toxicity harbored an ATM mutation ( p = 0.001). One ATM mutation carrier developed Grade 4 soft tissue necrosis after RT and required hyperbaric oxygen. All 3 patients manifesting Grade 3–4 late subcutaneous responses in fact harbored 2 ATM mutations. In contrast, none of the 3 ATM carriers who had a single mutation developed a severe subcutaneous reaction. ATM mutation status did not predict for a significant increase in early effects. Of the 23 patients with Grade 2–3 moist desquamation, 4 (17%) had an ATM mutation compared with 2 (9%) of 23 patients without desquamation ( p = 0.7). Conclusion: Possession of an ATM mutation, particularly when 2 are present, may be predictive of an increase in subcutaneous late tissue effects after RT for breast cancer and may subsequently prove to be a relative contraindication to standard management. These patients may be better served with reduced doses of radiation. Equivalent local control remains to be tested, but this germline alteration may radiosensitize normal tissues, as well as the tumor itself. DHPLC is effective in the identification of these patients. A larger study is required to confirm these findings.
Precocious retinal adhesion is affected by furosemide and ouabain.

A “precocious” adhesive force develops between the neurosensory retina (NSR) and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) 15–30 minutes after eyes are removed from day 15 embryonic chickens and incubated at 37°C. Precocious adhesion has been reported to be blocked by exposure to cold but to be unaffected by exposure to furosemide and ouabain. Since RPE transport is thought to play a major role in the adhesion between the RPE and NSR of adult mammals, and since ouabain and furosemide block RPE transport in embryonic chickens, it has been thought that precocious adhesion in embryonic chickens is not a good model for studying adhesion between the RPE and the NSR of adult mammals. We have found, however, that when steps are taken to ensure that ouabain and furosemide reach the transport sites on RPE apical membrane before precocious adhesion develops, that ouabain and furosemide do affect precocious adhesion.
Scene classification with a sparse set of salient regions

This work proposes an approach for scene classification by extracting and matching visual features only at the focuses of visual attention instead of the entire scene. Analysis over a database of natural scenes demonstrates that regions proposed by the saliency-based model of visual attention are robust to image transformations. Using a nearest neighbor classifier and a distance measure defined over the salient regions, we obtained 97.35% and 78.28% classification rates with SIFT and C2 features from the HMAX model at 5 salient regions covering at most 31% of the image. Classification with features extracted from the entire image results in 99.3% and 82.32% using SIFT and C2 features, respectively. Comparing attentional and adhoc approaches shows that classification rate of the first approach is 0.95 of the second. Overall, our results prove that efficient scene classification, in terms of reducing the complexity of feature extraction is possible without a significant drop in performance.
Model validation in the frequency domain

A summary of previous work on a generalization of the structured singular value, /spl mu//sub g/, and its application to constant matrix model validation is given. An algorithm using linear matrix inequalities for numerically computing an upper bound and a preliminary power algorithm for computing a lower bound for /spl mu//sub g/ are presented. The application of the constant matrix bounds for solving the model validation problem in the frequency domain is developed. An end-to-end methodology making use of the frequency domain model validation techniques is proposed which provides a direct connection between experimental data and both nominal and uncertainty modeling. This methodology closes a circle, bringing together for the first time the disparate methods for identifying nominal models and the construction of uncertainty models suitable for robustness analysis and the synthesis of robust controllers. A simple spring-mass system provides an example of the use of the model validation bounds to "tune" noise and uncertainty weights, making use of simulated data. Model validation methodology is then applied to test the consistency between experimental data and two different uncertainty descriptions used in a helicopter hover model.
Hybrid nanogenerator for concurrently harvesting biomechanical and biochemical energy.

Harvesting energy from multiple sources available in our personal and daily environments is highly desirable, not only for powering personal electronics, but also for future implantable sensor-transmitter devices for biomedical and healthcare applications. Here we present a hybrid energy scavenging device for potentialin vivoapplications. The hybrid device consists of a piezoelectric poly(vinylidenefluoride) nanofiber nanogeneratorforharvestingmechanicalenergy,suchasfrombreathingorfromthebeatofaheart,andaflexible enzymatic biofuel cell for harvesting the biochemical (glucose/O2) energy in biofluid, which are two types of energy availablein vivo. The two energy harvesting approaches can work simultaneously or individually, thereby boostingoutputandlifetime.Usingthehybriddevice,wedemonstratea"self-powered"nanosystembypowering a ZnO nanowire UV light sensor.
Media as an Invitation to Rethink Music Education

This column explores from a philosophical perspective how sound recording and media create a context different in consequential ways for music education. The author relates the story of his connection to his son through the ukulele in two ways: first, through playing and singing together; and second, through a recording of their music. These differences are explored through a pragmatic approach to technology, with a focus on three issues: commoditization, efficiency, and sound fidelity. The author then explores two different kinds of responses that educators might explore in thinking about music education contexts and media awareness: an approach to focal practices following Borgmann, and the technological transparency approach recommended by Dewey.
NBTI and PBTI in HKMG

As the CMOS technology nodes progress aggressively into “nano” era, introduction of High-k Metal gate (HKMG) has became key to maintain the scaling trend. Much effort has been devoted to understand the reliability aspects of HKMG over the last decade. Especially in recent years since HfO2-based HKMG was first implemented in high-performance products, the understanding of device instability such as PBTI and NBTI associated with HKMG and gate stack integration has been advanced significantly. In this chapter, some of the latest learning of NBTI and PBTI in HKMG is reviewed. In the first part of the discussion, latest results of process interaction with BTI are reviewed and the key process knobs in HKMG, such as high-k thickness, interfacial layer thickness, nitrogen concentration at IL, and channel type, which modulate NBTI and PBTI are discussed. In the second part of the discussion, recent study of relaxation dynamics and AC behavior of PBTI/NBTI in HKMG is reviewed. The implications to accurate modeling of BTI V t shift under realistic circuit operation conditions are discussed.
Contrasting approved uses against actual uses at La Restinga Lagoon National Park, Margarita Island, Venezuela. A GPS and GIS method to improve management plans and rangers coverage

Protected areas are the core of efforts to conserve biological diversity and zoning uses, and they are used as a tool for their management. Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) have been used to evaluate conflicts between approved uses and actual uses in La Restinga Lagoon National Park in Venezuela (LRLNP). The park (188.6 km2), covers various ecosystems such as coastal lagoons, marine waters and xerophytic vegetation, it is visited by up to 260,000 people visit per year. A GIS, using a base map compiled from 1:25,000 maps was developed. Natural cover was mapped from LANDSAT VII TM images, orthophotomaps and aerial photographs. Spatial use data was collected by field GPS location of any use inside the park during 2 years. Thematic vector maps for each land cover, zoning area, and observed use were created. Maps of zoning and uses were overlapped and new maps for each use-zoning crossing were created. The park contain nine different zoning areas wherein 28 different uses were identified, 18 of them were direct consumptive and non-consumptive uses, occurring on 54% of the park. Tourism transit areas were the most used zones. More than 5,000 people use the park during a high season day. Superimposition of zoning maps with actual use data produced 13 uses taking place in not allowed areas (46% of park area). Most common prohibited use was commercial net fishing, occurring in nearly 40% of the park area. Therefore, identifying human use conflicts and its geographical distribution is a key issue to improve Management Plans as well as identifying hot sites. The GPS-GIS methodology presented here allows Park Rangers to select those areas which could benefit from enhanced supervision with the limited budget available.
Regular expressions in C++11/14: conference tutorial

Most, but not all, of the features of the C++11 standard have been fully implemented in readily available compilers. One notable exception is the regular expression part the C++11 standard library has only recently been reliably implemented.
Effect of cortisone and growth hormone upon ductular cell proliferation in liver ethionine intoxication.

SummaryAdministration of cortisone inhibits accumulation of interstitial cells between liver cell plates, otherwise produced by oral administration of ethionine to rats. The inflammatory component of interstitial cells consisting of mononuclear cells and segmented leucocytes is entirely abolished whereas the otherwise prevalent ductular cell reaction, also considered a response of liver to injury, is almost completely prevented. Where ductular cells form, transitions between these and liver cells are observed. Liver cell degeneration characteristic of ethionine intoxication is not influenced by cortisone. Administration of growth hormone has a greatly reduced cortisone effect. Ethionine intoxication prevents the fatty metamorphosis produced by administration of cortisone and growth hormone.
Matters of fact: establishing a gay and lesbian studies department.

This article describes the establishment and operation of the first Gay and Lesbian Studies Department in the United States. This evoluation of instructional services, administrative and student services, and various aspects of institutionalization are discussed. Short statements by two faculty members of the new Department follow the main article.
Effect of hypoxemia on edema formation in perfused isolated rat hind limb.

Summary(1) A pulsatile perfusion system is described in which temperature, blood flow and mean pressure are controlled, and in which red blood cell solutions may be satisfactorily perfused through isolated limbs and organs. (2) In hind limbs perfused with blood of low colloidal content, 5.5 to 9.4 vol. % oxygen content were adequate in maintaining capillary function since a minimal rate of edema formation was observed which did not vary appreciably with flow. (3) Hind limbs perfused with 0.88 to 2.60 vol. % oxygen exhibited augmented edema formation which increased with increased flow. The critical hypoxemia level affecting capillary permeability is believed to lie between 2.6 and 5.5 vol. °/o oxygen content for the experimental conditions described.
3D Finite Element Stress Analysis of an Implant Supported Overdenture Under Bruxism and Lingualized Loading Conditions

Bruxism is a nonfunctional motor activity that is characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth. It has been postulated that bruxism causes excessive occlusal load on the dental implant and its superstructures leading to biological and biomechanical complications. While many researchers suggest that grinding/clenching causes early implant complications and accelerated bone loss, others indicate that the long term effects are still unclear. The goal of this study is to analyze the effect of bruxism loading condition on the stress distribution of an implant supported overdenture (ISO) using finite element analysis (FEA) and compare the results with one of the most functionally efficient occlusion schemes in the clinical dentistry — lingualized occlusion. A high fidelity solid model of a mandibular denture encompassing lingual and buccal cusps, mesial and distal fossae supported by four implants and a connecting titanium prosthetic bar, resting on alveolar bone were modeled in SolidWorks 2013 following proper clinical guidelines and imported to ANSYS 15.0 for stress analysis. The results of the study demonstrate that the stress distribution in the implant prostheses and surrounding bone is significantly affected due to bruxism as compared to the lingualized loading. While the location of the maximum stress concentration was the same (neck of the posterior implants) for both loading conditions, there was an increase of approximately 115% von-Mises stress for bruxism loading condition as compared to the lingualized occlusion. The maximum principal stress in the cortical bone surpassed the ultimate tensile strength limit of the jaw bone implying possibility of bone resorption in the peri-implant area.Copyright © 2015 by ASME