cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The mechanical response of micron-sized molecular crystals

Microstructures and corresponding properties of compacted powders ultimately depend on the mechanical response of individual particles. In principle, computational simulations can predict the results of powder compaction processes, but the selection of appropriate models for both particle–particle interactions and particle deformations across all relevant length scales remain nontrivial tasks, especially in material systems lacking detailed mechanical property information. The work presented here addresses these issues by conducting uniaxial compressions in situ inside of a scanning electron microscope to characterize the mechanical response of individual micron-sized particles of a molecular crystal, hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20). This experimental approach enabled the collection of quantitative force and displacement data alongside simultaneous imaging to capture morphology changes. The results reveal information about elastic deformation, yield, plastic deformation, creep, and fracture phenomena. Accordingly, this work demonstrates a generalizable approach for assessing the mechanical response of individual micron-sized molecular crystal particles and utilizing those responses in particle-level models.
Adrenergic Regulation of Calcium Channels in the Heart.

Each heartbeat is initiated by the action potential, an electrical signal that depolarizes the plasma membrane and activates a cycle of calcium influx via voltage-gated calcium channels, calcium release via ryanodine receptors, and calcium reuptake and efflux via calcium-ATPase pumps and sodium-calcium exchangers. Agonists of the sympathetic nervous system bind to adrenergic receptors in cardiomyocytes, which, via cascading signal transduction pathways and protein kinase A (PKA), increase the heart rate (chronotropy), the strength of myocardial contraction (inotropy), and the rate of myocardial relaxation (lusitropy). These effects correlate with increased intracellular concentration of calcium, which is required for the augmentation of cardiomyocyte contraction. Despite extensive investigations, the molecular mechanisms underlying sympathetic nervous system regulation of calcium influx in cardiomyocytes have remained elusive over the last 40 years. Recent studies have uncovered the mechanisms underlying this fundamental biologic process, namely that PKA phosphorylates a calcium channel inhibitor, Rad, thereby releasing inhibition and increasing calcium influx. Here, we describe an updated model for how signals from adrenergic agonists are transduced to stimulate calcium influx and contractility in the heart. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physiology, Volume 84 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Watershed sources of disinfection byproduct precursors

A series of field and laboratory investigations was conducted aimed at characterizing disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursor levels in the Wachusett Reservoir watershed. Samples were collected from spatial based and storm event sampling campaigns, as well as laboratory leaching experiments. These were analyzed for DOC, TOC and DBP precursors in an effort to characterize the changes in precursor levels and natural organic matter (NOM) character in this watershed. Based on these data, it was proposed that freshly leached NOM is relatively poor in DBP precursors due to the abundance of non-reactive carbohydrates. As these compounds undergo biodegradation within the watershed, the measured specific DBP precursor level rises, because the more reactive materials (e.g. lignins, phenolics) are also more persistent.
Bone marrow sinus cell packing: a determinant of cell release.

Ultrastructural studies of erythropoietin effects on the bone marrow of control and hypertransfused (65 hct) mice revealed a decrease in adventitial cell cover of the sinus apertures in erythropoietin-treated animals. A more striking finding, however, was the marked inhibition of erythropoietin-induced reticulocytosis by hypertransfusion itself. Hypertransfusion of the erythropoietin-treated animals appeared to decrease the reticulocyte response by inhibiting reticulocyte response by marrow cords in addition to inhibiting erythroid proliferation. This inhibition of reticulocyte response was associated with clustering of reticulocytes around the marrow sinuses which were packed with red cells. Acute lowering of the hematocrit of erythropoietin-treated, hypertransfused animals to normal at the time of maximal reticulocyte response in control animals resulted in more than a twofold increase in reticulocytosis with 2 hr. It is suggested that (1) elevated levels of erythropoietin are associated with a diminution of the normal marrow- peripheral blood barrier, thereby contributing to the premature release of marrow elements and (2) the hematocrit is an important determinant of cell release from the marrow into the peripheral circulation.
The Impact of Minimum Wages on Employment in a Low-Income Country : An Evaluation Using the Difference-in-Differences Approach

Unlike the well-developed literature on the employment impact of the minimum wage in industrial nations, very little is known about minimum wage effects in low income countries. Minimum wages increased sharply in Indonesia between 1990 and 1996 and by more in some provinces than in others. Following Card and Krueger (1994) the authors exploit the large geographic variation in the rate of increase and compare changes in employment in the clothing, textile, footwear, and leather industries on either side of the Jakarta-West Java border. They use household level labor market data to establish compliance with the legislation. They obtain matched difference-in-difference estimates of the employment impact using a census of all large and medium-size firms in the clothing, textile, leather, and footwear industries. The authors find some evidence of a negative employment impact for small, domestic firms but no employment impact for large firms, foreign or domestic.
Integration bruchmechanischer Prüfungen in den Zähigkeitsnachweis für Werkstoffe des Apparatebaus

Bruchmechanische Methoden der Zahigkeitsprufung und die dadurch ermoglichte quantitative Bewertung scharfkantiger Materialfehler haben einen Stand erreicht, der ihre Anwendung im Apparatebau wunschbar macht. Dieser Aufsatz beschreibt einen Vorschlag zum Einbau bruchmechanischer Prufungen in den Zahigkeitsnachweis, der sich in der Praxis bewahrt hat. Integration of Fracture Mechanics Test Techniques into Toughness Test Programs for Components of Chemical Plants Fracture mechanics test methods provide the material data necessary for a quantitative assessment of crack-like defects. Some of these techniques are well established and should be incorporated in toughness test programs for components of chemical plants. This article describes a proposal, that has proved useful by practical application.
Orientational phase transitions in alloys

Complex intermetallic phases such as Frank Kasper, Laves and Zintl compounds have local structural units of high symmetry, often tetrahedral or icosahedral. Such systems can undergo both translational and orientational disorder, leading to a variety of possible phases, shown schematically in Figure 1. They tend to have a semiconducting electronic structure, characterized by a small gap (or pseudo-gap) at the Fermi surface and leading to relatively high resistivities (103-104 mΩ cm).
Acculturation as a Risk Factor for Smoking Among Asian American Adolescents

ABSTRACT Background. Acculturation to the United States is associated with tobacco use among Asian American adolescents. Previous studies have not controlled for the possible confounding effects of national origin. Methods. This study analyzed data from statewide surveys of 2093 Asian-American 10th grade California adolescents. Logistic regression analyses evaluated the independent effects of nationality and acculturation on past-month smoking. Results. Consistent with previous studies, acculturation was a risk factor for smoking. When nationality was added to the model, acculturation became nonsignificant and nationality became significant. Differences in smoking prevalence across groups were due to low smoking rates among Vietnamese-American and Chinese-American students and higher rates among Korean-American and Japanese-American students. Within each national subgroup, acculturation was not associated significantly with smoking. Conclusions. Research on acculturation and smoking among Asian-American a...
A composite approach to electrical engineering

A general unconstrained transform is developed. The energy in electromagnetic circuits is presented in one composite equation. The relationship between conservation and circuit elements is presented. It is shown that only a few very fundamental relationships are necessary to completely describe electromagnetic networks. These provide a composite approach to the various specialities of electrical engineering. The definition of electromagnetic energy combined with conservation and discrete-element relationships are adequate. >
Pregnancy-associated ovarian refractoriness to gonadotropin: a myth.

Abstract Ovulation was induced in three of five rhesus monkeys during midpregnancy using human menopausal gonadotropin/human chorionic gonadotropin therapy. No evidence of ovarian refractoriness to gonadolropic Stimulation was found. It is concluded that cyclic ovarian function in these primates is suspended during gestation and into the puerperium because pituitary gonadotropin secretion is insufficient to support folliculogenesis.
Fugue composition with counterpoint melody generation using genetic algorithms

This paper presents the results of implementing and evaluating a genetic algorithm to assist in the task of automatic counterpoint generation. In particular, a fugue subject was used as an input for the system, while the generated counterpoint melody was to act as the countersubject. The genetic algorithm was tested with two different input melodies, and a basic set of rules for fitness evaluation. Within this domain, the results were satisfactory. Finally, the suitability of genetic algorithms for the task of rule-based melody generation, as well as possible future work and enhancements to the implemented system, are also reviewed and discussed.
High Incidence of Monoclonal Proteins in the Serum and Urine of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Patients

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is generally considered a nonsecretory B cell immunoproliferative disorder. Conventional electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic methods have revealed serum monoclonal proteins in less than 10% of these patients. However, there is increasing experimental evidence from in vitro studies demonstrating that CLL cells may secrete immunoglobulins, particularly free light chains. We examined the serum and urine of 36 consecutive CLL patients for monoclonal proteins using sensitive immunochemical methods (high resolution agarose gel electrophoresis combined with immunofixation). The results obtained were correlated with the Rai stage, quantitative immunoglobulin levels, and lymphocyte membrane immunoglobulin phenotype of the leukemic cells. Twenty-three monoclonal proteins were identified in the serum or urine of 22 patients, an incidence of 61%. Six patients had serum monoclonal proteins, seven had only urinary monoclonal proteins, and nine had monoclonal proteins in serum and urine. In every instance the monoclonal protein was the same light chain type as expressed on the leukemic cells. Our findings suggest that the monoclonal proteins observed in the serum or urine of CLL patients are secretory products of the tumor cells and that their discovery is a function of the sensitivity of the method used for their detection.
Agreement Between Instruments for Rating Treatment Decisional Capacity

Objective The objective of this study was to measure agreement between three treatment decisional capacity assessment instruments in mild to moderate dementia. Method Subjects (N=79) were recruited from the community. Rating agreement was evaluated with kappa statistics. Results Three-way agreement was fair for overall capacity (κ=0.451), very good for understanding (0.618), very poor for choice (0.158), and no better than chance for reasoning and appreciation. Pairwise agreement showed a similar pattern. Conclusions With the exception of understanding, current treatment decisional capacity assessment instruments do not consistently agree with one another in assessing treatment decision abilities.
The effects of attenuation and secondaray scattering on the determination of the second virial coefficient by light scattering

The effects of attenuation and secondary scattering on the determination of molecular weights and second virial coefficients by light scattering are investigated. The correction to the molecular weight due to these effects is small unless the reference standard has a high turbidity. The correction to the second virial coefficient is negligible in good solvents but becomes relatively more important as the ⊖-condition is approached. Determination of the ⊖-temperature for a polymer-solvent system by light scattering can be in error by as much as several degrees under certain conditions, viz., large cells, large values of the constant H = (32π3n20/3Naλ4)(dndc)2, and small values of the Flory-Krigbaum entropy parameter ψ1.
Development framework components as commonplaces

This paper examines the practice of using front-end web development frameworks and associated plug-ins to develop web application interfaces and suggests returning to a rhetorical foundation for determining the propriety of code use and vetting of an open-source community's plug-ins. Additionally, this paper asks developers and those teaching developers to further problematize development framework usability and its implications for designer judgment and agency.
Complexation hydrogels for stabilization of peptidic HIV-1 virucides

Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), the causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), is a critical health priority. Although many therapies have been developed to slow the progression of AIDS, there are still no treatments available that can prevent or completely remove the infection. Recently, a highly potent, peptide triazole (PT) class of HIV-1 entry inhibitors has been identified that holds great promise for preventing HIV transmission. The purpose of this work is to enhance the in vivo stability of peptide triazoles by encapsulation in a pH-responsive hydrogel, composed of poly(methacrylic acid-g-ethylene glycol). Hydrogel loading and release of PT compositions are studied, and the stability of encapsulated PTs in enzymatic solutions is investigated.
A pool of bullous pemphigoid antigen(s) is intracellular and associated with the basal cell cytoskeleton-hemidesmosome complex

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) antibodies are known to react with an antigen of the basement membrane zone (BMZ) of squamous epithelia and produce, by the indirect immunofluorescence technique, linear fluorescence at the BMZ. Direct and indirect immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) have demonstrated BP antigen to be within the lamina lucida, in close association with the basal cell membrane. Trypsin-dissociated epidermal basal cells bind BP antibodies in a polar distribution, presumably because the BP antigen is restricted to the dermal pole of the basal cell membrane. In this study we have utilized newborn BALB/c mouse skin to obtain both dissociated basal cells (by trypsinization) and epiderinal sheets (by dithiothreitol treatment). We show that viable basal cells, which are impermeable to IgG molecules, do not react with HP antibodies. When the basal cell plasma membrane is disrupted by cytospin centrifugation, air drying, freezing and thawing, or hypotonic lysis, or permeated by non-ionic detergents (saponin), cells become reactive with BP antibodies. Basal cell cytoskeletons, prepared by sequential treatment with Triton X-100, deoxyribonuclease and 2 M NaCl continue to react with BP antibodies. Similarly, viable epidermal sheets fail to bind BP antibodies. When epidermal sheets are treated with non-ionic detergents, water, or freezing and thawing prior to incubation with BP antibodies, linear BMZ fluorescence is observed. IEM study of saponin-treated basal cells shows the immunoreactants to be localized on intracytoplasmic vacuoles which represent internalized hemidesmosomes. IEM of permeated epidermal sheets shows the immunoreactants as aggregates on the inner surface of the dermal pole of the basal cell membrane. These observations suggest that the BP antigen is intracellular and is in close association with the basal cell cytoskeleton and hemidesmosomes.
Body-bias effect in SOI FinFET for low-power applications: Gate length dependence

We study the gate length dependence of body-bias effect in SOI FinFETs. Using measurements and simulations we show that body-bias effect is enhanced as the gate length is decreased. We study the impact of channel doping and device geometry on body-bias effect.
Electoral regimes and party-switching Floor-crossing in South Africa's local legislatures

This article presents an inquiry into the causes of party-switching under two different electoral regimes. It exploits a natural experiment in South Africa, where a large number of local legislatures are elected using the same mixed system, to examine how the party-switching behaviours of legislators elected under proportional representation (PR) rules may differ systematically from those of legislators elected from single-member districts. It confirms the findings of other single-legislature studies in concluding that PR legislators are more likely, ceteris paribus, to defect. It highlights several characteristics of legislative bodies and legislative districts that influence defection rates for legislators in South Africa. In so doing, it uncovers evidence that, despite the young age of South Africa’s post-1994 party system, the unexpectedly large volume of party-switching that occurred there was neither a simple party realignment nor an opportunistic scramble, but rather a highly organized, structured ...
‘Making Italians’? Cycling and national identity in Italy: 1900–1950

Abstract In the past two decades, scholars from various disciplines have underscored the key role performed by modern mass spectator sports in giving ordinary people a sense of identification with and participation in the ‘imagined community’ of their respective nations. Professional bicycle racing was clearly the athletic endeavor best suited to perform this role in Italy at the beginning of the twentieth century. With its distinctive blend of competition, spectacle and business, cycling emerged as the first modern spectator sport on the peninsula and remained arguably the most popular one until the late 1950s. As a consequence, cycling's spectacles and heroic champions offered unprecedented opportunities to break down the isolation of local communities and encourage a larger sense of mass participation in the nation. At the same time, however, the new sport mapped on to and inflamed older bourgeois anxieties and insecurities about the national community and its status in the hierarchy of European nations.
The phenylnitrene rearrangement in the inner phase of a hemicarcerand.

The photochemistry of phenyl azide 1 and 13C-labeled phenyl azide 13C-1 incarcerated inside a hemicarcerand 4 was investigated. Low-temperature photolysis of hemicarceplex 4⊙1 and 4⊙13C-1 yields incarcerated 1-azacyclohepta-1,2,4,6-tetraene 4⊙2 and 4⊙13C-2 (18−50%), respectively, which were characterized by low-temperature FT-IR and 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. After correction for the hemicarcerand-induced upfield shift, the 13C chemical shifts of incarcerated 13C-2 compare very well (Δδ ≤ 3.5 ppm) with the GIAO chemical shift tensors calculated at the PBE1PBE/6-311G++(2d,2p) level. Incarcerated 2 has a lifetime of 32 min at 194.4 K and decomposes by ring contraction to singlet phenylnitrene 1PN. 1PN intersystem crosses to triplet phenylnitrene, which reacts with the surrounding host. From the time dependence of the characteristic ketenimine IR absorption of 2 at 1886 cm-1, the rate constant, kobs, for decay of 2 was measured between 198.3 and 174.3 K. Under the assumption that the intersystem-crossi...
The normal vibrations of formic acid and methyl formate

Abstract Normal coordinate calculations have been carried out for methyl formate and formic acid on the basis of three different simplified harmonic force fields. The infrared spectra of DCOOCD3 were obtained and the fundamental modes were assigned. The isotopic species HCOOH, DCOOH, HCOOD, DCOOD, HCOOCH3, DCOOCH3, HCOOCD3 and DCOOCD3 were included in least squares refinements of force constants. Force constants associated with the H(CO)O grouping were assumed to be transferable from the acid to the ester. Calculations were carried out with a Urey-Bradley force field, a valence-type force field derived solely from observed frequencies, and a valence-type force field with carbon-oxygen stretching constants evaluated from bond length data. The average error for 90 observed frequencies was 8 cm−1 (~0.7%) for the Urey-Bradley force field and below 6 cm−1 (~0.6%) for the valence-type force fields. The calculations revealed that the use of deuterated species does not provide sufficient data to obtain values for important skeletal interaction constants. Utilization of bond length data led to a reasonably complete force field, to acceptable values of interaction constants and to a good agreement between observed and calculated frequencies. Application of the Urey-Bradley approximation resulted in CO and C-O stretching constants with apparently too low values. The calculated potential energy distribution as well as the Cartesian displacements for several modes are sensitive to the nature of the approximate force field, despite the good frequency agreement obtained with all three employed approximations. The results suggest that consideration must be given to the nature of an approximate force field before the calculated form of a group vibration is accepted as being physically meaningful.
365 DEVELOPMENT OF PHENOBARBITAL GLUCOSIDATION IN THE HUMAN NEONATE

Phenobarbital-N-glucoside (PNG) has recently been identified as a significant metabolite of phenobarbital (PB) in man. Glucosidation is an uncommon metabolic pathway for drugs in mammals. Bilirubin is glucosidated as well as glucuronidated. However, few xenobiotics have been recognized to be metabolized through this pathway.
Electrophoretic analysis of serum proteins in cystic fibrosis.

Summary: This study utilized isoelectric focusing and electrophoresis in an attempt to detect a cystic fibrosis (CF) scrum factor(s), for which there is considerable indirect evidence. The method of isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels (IEFAG) specified by Wilson et al. (53), as reproduced in our laboratory, did not enable the detection of a CF factor protein reported to focus near pH 8.4–8.5. Consequently, we employed our modified IEFAG techniques, which enabled us to demonstrate significantly enhanced resolution and striking heterogeneity in serum γ-globulins. Despite the significant increase in the number of bands resolved by our methods, neither a difference at pH 8.4–8.5 nor other differences throughout the alkaline pH range could be detected consistently in the CF and heterozygous sera. The two-step IEFAG/disc electrophoresis technique outlined by Alt-land et al. (2), as reproduced in our laboratory, indicated that at least one small, cationic protein could be fractionated from all serum samples. Improvements in the method of disc electrophoresis resulted in the observation of numerous bands from some samples and of differences among the samples, but no protein band unique to the CF genotypes was observed. Our approach, employing different electrophoretic techniques and varying the conditions of sample analysis, should have increased the likelihood of detecting a protein or proteins specific for the CF genotypes. Despite the many variations in our approach, no consistently unique protein was observed in the CF or heterozygous sera. Speculation: A CF serum factor cannot be readily demonstrated by the electrophoretic techniques described. The value of the “biophysical assay” and the “nonbiologic technique” reported in the literature is suspect, and the promise and applicability of these techniques as diagnostic tests for the CF gene should be carefully evaluated.
Isolated perfused lung histamine release, lipid peroxidation, and tissue superoxide dismutase from rats exposed to normobaric hyperoxia.

Abstract Female Sprague-Dawley inbred rats were exposed to either 1 atm of 100% O 2 for 24 h, or 65% O 2 for 5 days, with or without pretreatement with disulfiram, an inhibitor of lung CuZn-SOD. After O 2 exposure, the rats were killed, the lungs removed, and isolated perfused lungs (IPLs) prepared. The IPLs were perfused with modified Krebs-Henseleit buffer, and perfusate histamine, malondialdehyde (MDA), and lung tissue CuZn-SOD activity examined. Disulfiram administration decreased the LT 50 of O 2 -exposed rats from 65 to 36 h. Histamine and MDA in the perfusate from the IPL prepared from rats exposed to 100% O 2 for 24 h were markedly increased. When rats were pretreated with disulfiram and exposed to 100% O 2 for 24 h, histamine and MDA were increased an additional 77% and 45%, respectively. In separate experiments, 100% O 2 exposure significantly decreased lung CuZn-SOD activity by 40% while IPL histamine and MDA were significantly increased. However, exposure of rats to 65% O 2 for 5 days decreased lung CuZn-SOD by 69% but did not affect IPL histamine release or perfusate MDA. These studies suggest that IPL histamine release and/or MDA may be an early biochemical marker for pulmonary O 2 toxicity, that lung CuZn-SOD activity may not be the only determinant in O 2 toxicity, and other defense mechanisms may play a vital protective role during sublethal O 2 exposures.
Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of subcutaneous and pulmonary insulin in rats.

Purpose: To develop a population pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PKPD) model for insulin in rats. Methods: Rats were administered insulin either subcutaneously (s.c) (0.26,1.3,2.6 U/kg) or by pulmonary route (spray-instillation (s.i)) (0.26,1.3,2.6,13,26 U/kg). Insulin (0.26,1.3,2.6 U/kg) combined with different combinations of hydroxy methyl amino propionic acid (HMAP: 5,10,16,25 mg/kg) was also administered by spray-instillation. Plasma insulin and glucose concentrations at pre-determined time points were measured. Population pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic modeling was performed using NONMEM. Results: Insulin exhibited dose-disproportional PK across formulations and routes of administration. The kinetic model suggested monoexponential disposition with simultaneous first order (64%-dimeric form of insulin) – zero order (36%-hexameric form of insulin) absorption. Maximum relative bioavailability (relative to s.c – 0.26 U/kg) of spray-instilled insulin was 46%. Addition of HMAP increased the relative bioavailability of insulin administered via spray-instilled route by 40%. The insulin–glucose relationship was characterized using an indirect response model, wherein, insulin stimulation of glucose uptake into muscle cells was assumed. The basal zero order production rate of glucose (kG, prod) was estimated as 0.98 mg/dl/min. The SC50 was fixed at 80 μ U/ml based on literature reports and the Smax was estimated to be 6. Conclusions: The proposed PKPD model satisfactorily describes insulin disposition and glucose concentrations across range of doses with and without HMAP.
A Theory of Legislative Organization: Making the Most of Your Majority

In this paper we seek to explain why legislative committees exist and what is the optimal number and size of committees in a legislature. Our theory is based on the idea that committees are a "sample" taken from the full house and on the assumption that the majority party seeks to maximize the proportion of its favored bills which are reviewed and passed in voting trials. We show that for a given size of majority fewer and larger committees lead to larger passage rates, if majority members do not always vote the party-line.
Probiotics and prebiotics in atopic dermatitis: review of the theoretical background and clinical evidence

The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) has risen over the past decades, especially in western societies. According to the revised hygiene hypothesis this increase is caused by a changed intestinal colonization pattern during infancy, which has an impact on the immune system. Manipulating the intestinal microflora with pro-, pre- or synbiotics is an innovative way to prevent or treat AD. This review provides an overview of the theoretical basis for using probiotics and prebiotics in AD and presents the current evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarding prevention and treatment of AD and food allergy in children with pro-, pre- and synbiotics. Seven RCTs on prevention and 12 RCTs on treatment were found by searching the Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane databases. Results of these trials are conflicting. In conclusion, at this moment there is not enough evidence to support the use of pro-, pre- or synbiotics for prevention or treatment of AD in children in clinical practice.
Microbial colonization induces dynamic temporal and spatial patterns of NF-κB activation in the zebrafish digestive tract

Background & Aims The nuclear factor κ-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) transcription factor pathway is activated in response to diverse microbial stimuli to regulate expression of genes involved in immune responses and tissue homeostasis. However, the temporal and spatial activation of NF-κB in response to microbial signals have not been determined in whole living organisms, and the molecular and cellular details of these responses are not well understood. We used in vivo imaging and molecular approaches to analyze NF-κB activation in response to the commensal microbiota in transparent gnotobiotic zebrafish. Methods We used DNA microarrays, in situ hybridization, and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses to study the effects of the commensal microbiota on gene expression in gnotobiotic zebrafish. Zebrafish PAC2 and ZFL cells were used to study the NF-κB signaling pathway in response to bacterial stimuli. We generated transgenic zebrafish that express enhanced green fluorescent protein under transcriptional control of NF-κB, and used them to study patterns of NF-κB activation during development and microbial colonization. Results Bacterial stimulation induced canonical activation of the NF-κB pathway in zebrafish cells. Colonization of germ-free transgenic zebrafish with a commensal microbiota activated NF-κB and led to up-regulation of its target genes in intestinal and extraintestinal tissues of the digestive tract. Colonization with the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa was sufficient to activate NF-κB, and this activation required a functional flagellar apparatus. Conclusions In zebrafish, transcriptional activity of NF-κB is spatially and temporally regulated by specific microbial factors. The observed patterns of NF-κB−dependent responses to microbial colonization indicate that cells in the gastrointestinal tract respond robustly to the microbial environment.
Sluicing and logical form

This paper presents a novel analysis of Sluicing, an ellipsis construction first described by Ross (1969) and illustrated by the bracketed portion ofI want to do something, but I'm just not sure [what _]. Starting from the assumption that a sluice consists of a displaced Wh-constituent and an empty IP, we show how simple and general LF operations fill out the empty IP and thereby provide it with an interpretable Logical Form. The LF operations we appeal to rely on the influential theory of indefinites developed by Irene Heim and Hans Kamp, and are in harmony with certain aspects of Chomsky's Minimalist Program for linguistic theory. The analysis accounts directly for the familiar properties of Sluicing, as well as some facts which have not previously been observed.
Academic Improvement Through Regular Assessment

Media reports are rife with claims that students in the United States are overtested and that they and their education are suffering as result. Here I argue the opposite—that students would benefit in numerous ways from more frequent assessment, especially of diagnostic testing. The regular assessment of students serves critical educational and life-learning functions. It focuses the efforts of educators and students on mastering important material. Testing provides educators with crucial intelligence about the needs and abilities of students and the performance of academic programs. Regular assessment provides students and parents with useful feedback regarding how well the student is building important skills and knowledge. It allows both parents and educators to identify motivational and learning problems with individual students at an early stage, when interventions have the greatest prospects for success. It is especially important in the areas of early reading acquisition and special education, supp...
Environmental Effects on Material and Bond Durability of CFRP and AFRP for Prestressed Concrete Bridge Applications

Within the transportation community, steel is one of the most widely used construction materials; however, in most operating environments it corrodes, often resulting in a loss in capacity or serviceability. Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) have become a viable alternative to steel and continue to gain attention due to their high tensile strength and durability. To further the knowledge base of FRP, this paper focuses on the bond durability of unidirectional pultruded FRP bars—made with carbon (CFRP) and aramid (AFRP) fibers—in concrete after exposure to thermal fatigue and saltwater environments, for the purpose of understanding the performance of FRP for prestressing applications. Cube specimens containing AFRP, CFRP, and 2205 stainless steel (control) were exposed to these environments and then subjected to direct pullout tests to evaluate bond strength. Thermal fatigue caused the greatest reduction in bond capacity for all bar types, with CFRP retaining better performance than AFRP.
Security Without Obscurity: Managing Personally Identifiable Information in Born-Digital Archives

This article examines current archival thinking and practice surrounding the identification and management of personally identifiable information (PII) found in born-digital collections in an academic repository context. Data from recent surveys and reports, along with examples of how several different repositories have attempted to balance management of born-digital records that require access control, inform the recommendations of the authors.
Effect of precocene II on acid phosphatase activity in the large milkweed bug,Oncopeltus fasciatus (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)

When precocene II was applied to the fourth instar milkweed bug, there was a significant decrease in acid phosphatase activity in the hemolymph at the 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70% time periods in the stadium.
Functional analysis of a mutation occurring between the two in-frame AUG codons of human angiotensinogen.

Abstract Angiotensinogen (ANG) is the specific substrate of the renin-angiotensin system, a major participant in blood pressure control. We have identified a natural mutation at the −30 amino acid position of the angiotensinogen signal peptide, in which an arginine is replaced by a proline (R−30P). Heterozygous individuals with R−30P showed a tendency to lowered plasma angiotensinogen level (1563 ng of ANG I/ml (range 1129–1941)) compared with normal individuals in the family (1892 ng of ANG I/ml (range 1603–2072)). Human angiotensinogen mRNA has two in-phase translation initiation codons (AUG) starting upstream 39 and 66 nucleotides from the cap site. R−30P occurs in a cluster of basic residues adjacent to the first AUG codon that may affect intracellular sorting of the nascent protein. Pulse-chase experiments in transiently transfected cultured cells revealed that the R−30P mutation was associated with reduced amounts of both intra- and extracellular protein. In a cell-free system, we found that two forms of native angiotensinogen were generated by alternative initiation of translation at either AUG codon. Alteration of either the first or second AUG codons abolished the synthesis of the longer and the shorter form of native angiotensinogen, respectively. Furthermore, the rate of secretion of the shorter form was lower than that of the longer form. By transplanting angiotensinogen signal peptide onto green fluorescence protein, however, we found that both forms of the signal peptide could target green fluorescence protein, normally localized in the cytoplasm, to the secretory pathway. Although the R−30P mutation may not affect intracellular sorting of angiotensinogen in a qualitative manner, it leads to a quantitative reduction in the net secretion of mature angiotensinogen through decreased translocation or increased residence time in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Hypokalaemic Hypochloraemic Metabolic Alkalosis and Hyponatraemia in a Man with Prostate Cancer Ingesting Local Plant Extracts

The ingestion of local remedies by indigenous peoples for various maladies is common (Buchanan & Cane 1976). Often, given a certain clinical scenario, the ingestion of local medicine is suspected but cannot be proven because of cultural barriers (Gold 1980). An account is presented here in which the ingestion of a local folk remedy containing cathartics and a diuretic was suspected and subsequently confirmed.
Antidepressant drugs and the emergence of suicidal tendencies

Although antidepressant medications represent the cornerstone of treatment for patients with moderate to severe clinical depression, they also carry serious risks. There is evidence which suggests that antidepressants can, in rare instances, induce or exacerbate suicidal tendencies. Nine clinical mechanisms have been proposed through which this may occur. These are: (a) energizing depressed patients to act on pre-existing suicidal ideation; (b) paradoxically worsening depression; (c) inducing akathisia with associated self-destructive or aggressive impulses; (d) inducing panic attacks; (e) switching patients into manic or mixed states; (f) producing severe insomnia or interfering with sleep architecture; (g) inducing an organic obsessional state; (h) producing an organic personality disorder with borderline features; and (i) exacerbating or inducing electroencephalogram (EEG) or other neurological disturbances. Epidemiological and controlled studies also provide data on the association between antidepressant drugs and suicidal ideation, attempts and fatalities. These include studies which: (a) suggest that electroconvulsive therapy may be more effective than antidepressant drugs in reducing the frequency of suicide attempts; (b) indicate that antidepressants may differ in their capacity to reduce the frequency of suicide attempts; (c) find that more overdose attempts were made by patients receiving maprotiline than placebo; and (d) suggest that fluoxetine may be associated with a greater risk of inducing de novo suicidal ideation. Evidence suggests that antidepressants may vary by at least 15-fold in the number of fatal overdoses per million prescriptions. Estimated overdose proclivity rates were derived after adjusting the fatal toxicity data by the therapeutic index of the drug. These rates were very consistent between agents with the same pharmacological properties, and correlated well with known overdose risk rates for amitriptyline, mianserin and maprotiline. Estimated overdose proclivity rates suggest that the highly selective noradrenaline (norepinephrine) uptake inhibitors (desipramine, nortriptyline, maprotiline) may be associated with a greater risk for overdose than more mixed uptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Antidepressants are not uniformly neutral in regard to suicidal ideation and attempts. Data clearly demonstrate that antidepressants ameliorate suicidal ideation more effectively than placebo in patients with depression. Although antidepressants diminish suicidal ideation in many recipients, about as many patients experience worsening suicidal ideation on active medication as they do on placebo. Furthermore, at least as many patients attempted suicide on fluoxetine and tricyclic antidepressants as on placebo, and more patients attempted to overdose on maprotiline than placebo. These observations suggest that antidepressants may redistribute suicide risk, attenuating risk in some patients who respond well, while possible enhancing risk in others who respond more poorly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Leveraging User Interest to Improve Thread Recommendation in Online Forum

Nowadays thread recommendation is considered to be beneficial to improve the end-user stickiness of an online forum. Given the fact of information overload and the diverse interests of forum users, a recommender system in online forum can satisfy not only forum users' information needs by directing them to what they might be interested in, but also their social needs by connecting them to their friends. Some traditional recommender systems rely on a bipartite graph model to capture users' interests. As an extension, some other content-based methods are proposed to further understand the potential connections between Web users and Web contents. However, due to the prevalence of short and sparse messages in online social media, it is hard for traditional content-based methods to capture Web users' interests. In this paper, we propose a novel graphical model to extract hidden topics from Web contents, cluster Web contents into clusters, and detect users' interests on each cluster. Then we introduce two reran king models which utilize the detected user interest to boost the performance of thread recommendation. Experiment results on a public dataset showed that our proposed methods substantially outperformed the naive content-based approach. In addition, by testing our approaches with different parameter settings, we observed, to some extent, how forum users' information needs and their social needs interplay to decide which threads they will look for.
Historical patterns of capitalist penetration in Malaysia

(1976). Historical patterns of capitalist penetration in Malaysia. Journal of Contemporary Asia: Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 458-476.
Thiamine requirement of the growing female Mongolian gerbil

Abstract The Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus , has been used in studies of cholesterol metabolism (1–3), but its usefulness in other nutrition-related research has not been established. A semipurified diet which may be used as a basis for investigation of the nutritional requirements of this animal has been developed (4). The riboflavin requirement of the female gerbil has been studied (5), but other nutrients have not been investigated. It is the purpose of the present paper to study the thiamine requirements of the female gerbil.
A mathematical model of the opposed-jet diffusion flame: Effect of an electric field on concentration and temperature profiles

Abstract A computer simulation of an opposed-jet methane/oxygen/nitrogen diffusion flame is presented which includes a realistic set of chemical reactions and realistic transport properties. The overall continuity equation and momentum balance are modeled in an approximate manner. The predicted concentration and temperature profiles agree satisfactorily with the available experimental information. It is shown that replacing the differential equations by their finite difference forms is a convenient way to handle this kind of two point boundary condition problem. An electric field is imposed on the flame by introducing a simplified model of the “ionic wind” which neglects any effects of electrons. Under these circumstances the concentration and temperature profiles are predicted to shift toward the cathode, but most do not change appreciably in magnitude. Flames at two temperatures are studied, with concentrations of NO predicted to be much higher in the higher temperature flame. Several reactions involving NO 2 did not affect the concentration of NO calculated using only the Zeldovich mechanism.
Calculation of signal-to-noise ratio for image formation using multispectral intensity correlation

In previous work, we explored the possibility of using intensity correlation techniques, based upon the Hanbury Brown-Twiss effect to perform fine resolution imaging in the service of exoplanet astronomy. Here we consider a multi-spectral variant of the Hanbury Brown-Twiss technique. At each of a number of independent, light-gathering telescopes photodetection data encompassing each of a set of frequency channels are obtained and then are communicated to some convenient computational station. At the computational station, the correlations among the photodetections in each of the frequency bands are time averaged and then further averaged over the various frequency channels to arrive at measurements of the mutual coherence magnitude for each pair of telescopes. From these statistics, imaging data are, in turn, computed via phase retrieval techniques. Here, within a modern quantum optics framework, we examine the signal-to-noise characteristics of the coherence estimates obtained in this way under a variety of non-ideal conditions. We provide step-by-step derivations of the statistical quantities needed in a largely self-contained treatment. In particular, we examine the effects of partial coherence on a scene typical of exoplanet imaging and show how partial coherence can be used to greatly attenuate the parent star. We find that the multispectral version of intensity interferometry greatly improves the signal-to-noise ratio in general and dramatically so for exoplanet detection. The results also extend the analysis of signal-to-noise to a wider variety of practical conditions and provide the basis for multispectral intensity correlation imaging system design.
Adaptive homodyne measurement of optical phase.

We present an experimental demonstration of the power of feedback in quantum metrology, confirming the predicted [H. M. Wiseman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4587 (1995)] superior performance of an adaptive homodyne technique for single-shot measurement of optical phase. For measurements performed on weak coherent states with no prior knowledge of the signal phase, adaptive homodyne estimation approaches closer to the intrinsic quantum uncertainty than any previous technique. Our results underscore the importance of real-time feedback for reaching quantum limits in measurement and control.