cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute kidney injury after primary total hip arthroplasty: a risk multiplier for complication, mortality, and healthcare utilization

To assess whether acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with more complications and higher healthcare utilization in people undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). Using a retrospective cohort study design, we performed multivariable-adjusted logistic regression of the 1998–2014 US National Inpatient Sample data to assess the association of AKI with complications (infection, transfusion, revision, and mortality) and healthcare utilization (total hospital charges, discharge to a rehabilitation facility, length of hospital stay) post-THA. We calculated the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Adjusted for age, gender, race, income, underlying diagnosis, medical comorbidity, and the insurance payer, AKI in people who underwent primary THA was associated with significantly higher OR (95% CI) of (1) implant infection, 2.34 (95% CI, 1.87, 2.93); (2) transfusion, 2.46 (95% CI, 2.37, 2.56); (3) revision, 2.54 (95% CI, 2.16, 2.98); (4) death, 8.52 (95% CI, 7.47, 9.73); (5) total hospital charges above the median, 2.29 (95% CI, 1.99, 2.65); (6) discharge to a rehabilitation facility, 2.11 (95% CI, 2.02, 2.20); and (7) hospital stay > 3 days, 4.34 (95% CI, 4.16, 4.53). Quality improvement initiatives with optimization of the peri-operative care to reduce AKI and subsequently AKI-associated complications and healthcare utilization are needed. Mechanisms of AKI-associated post-THA complications need further examination.
Analysis of the Arabidopsis Defense Response to Pseudomonas Pathogens

We have studied the response of Arabidopsis thaliana to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola (Psm) strain ES4326. Several previously unknown Arabidopsis defense-related genes were identified including ones encoding a glutathione-Stransferase, a superoxide dismutase, a lipoxygenase, and two calmodulin-like proteins. Interestingly, mRNA corresponding to each of these genes displayed markedly different patterns of accumulation during the defense response to Psm ES4326. We have isolated three categories of Arabidopsis mutants that show an aberrant defense response to Psm ES4326. Three mutants were isolated that do not mount a hypersensitive response (HR) when infiltrated with Psm ES4326/avrRpt2 but are still able to display an HR in response to other avr genes. At least two of these mutants are allelic and map to chromosome IV. To facilitate the identification of additional Arabidopsis mutants that do not mount an HR in response to an avr gene, we developed a new method that involves vacuum infiltration of seedlings growing in petri plates. We also isolated three mutants that synthesize decreased levels of camalexin, an indole-based Arabidopsis phytoalexin. Two of the three camalexin mutants are significantly more permissive for the growth of Psm ES4326 than wild-type plants. Finally, five Arabidopsis mutants were isolated that display accelerated disease symptoms in response to Psm ES4326. These latter mutants, which were given the name acd for accelerated cell death, were assigned to two complementation groups.
Consumer Skepticism about Quick Service Restaurants’ Corporate Social Responsibility Activities

The goal of this study is to investigate a developmental process of consumer skepticism about quick service restaurants (QSRs, also known as fast food or limited service restaurants)’ corporate soc...
The economic underpinnings of the drug epidemic.

Abstract U.S. labor markets have experienced transformative change over the past half century. Spurred on by global economic change, robotization, and the decline of labor unions, state labor markets have shifted away from an occupational regime dominated by the production of goods to one characterized by the provision of services. Prior studies have proposed that the deterioration of employment opportunities may be associated with the rise of substance use disorders and drug overdose deaths, yet no clear link between changes in labor market dynamics in the U.S. manufacturing sector and drug overdose deaths has been established. Using restricted-use vital registration records between 1999 and 2017 that comprise over 700,000 drug deaths, I test two questions: First, what is the association between manufacturing decline and drug and opioid overdose mortality rates? Second, how much of the increase in these drug-related outcomes can be predicted by manufacturing decline? The findings provide strong evidence that the restructuring of the U.S. labor market has played an important upstream role in the current drug crisis. Up to 92,000 overdose deaths for men and up to 44,000 overdose deaths for women are predicted by the decline of state-level manufacturing over this nearly two-decade period. These results persist in models that adjust for other social, economic, and policy trends changing at the same time. Critically, the findings signal the value of policy interventions that aim to reduce persistent economic precarity experienced by individuals and communities, especially the economic strain placed upon the middle class.
Surgical wound dehiscence following cutaneous excisions: A retrospective study and review of the literature

Background: Surgical wound dehiscence (SWD) is the third most common adverse event following dermatologic surgery. There have been no previous studies investigating risk factors for SWD following dermatologic surgery. There are no formal recommendations or standards of care to minimize or prevent SWD following dermatologic surgery. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors associated with dermatologic SWD. Methods: Multicenter retrospective data mined from EMA electronic medical record were collected from 22,548 matched excisions and postoperative visits performed on patients ≥18 years between January 1, 2019, and September 27, 2019. Matched data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25 to elucidate factors associated with SWD. Results: The prevalence of SWD was calculated to be 0.55%. A wound reported as positive for presumed infection or postoperative bleeding had 14.48 and 20.15 times the odds, respectively, of also being positive for SWD. A wound located on distal extremities (arm, hand, and lower leg) had 1.86 times the odds of being positive for SWD. Increasing age was found to be statistically significant. Wounds on individuals 80 years of age or greater had 1.7064 times the odds of being positive for SWD. Data did not support a correlation between SWD and sex, SWD and diabetes, or SWD and provider type. Conclusion: Factors that contribute to SWD dehiscence include presence of presumed infection, presence of bleeding, age >80, and location on the distal extremity. Data did not support a correlation between SWD and sex, SWD and diabetes, or SWD and provider type. Dermatologic surgeon identification and reduction of risk factors contributing to this adverse event may prevent SWD.
Open questions on the environmental chemistry of radionuclides

Understanding the biogeochemistry of radionuclides in the environment is essential for effective isolation of nuclear waste in repositories, management of contaminated sites, ensuring long-term protection of our ecosystems, and limiting impacts on human health. Here the authors discuss the extreme complexity of this multidimensional chemistry problem, highlighting the outstanding open questions for the next generations of environmental radiochemists.
Emerging strategies in reprogramming and enhancing the fate of mesenchymal stem cells for bone and cartilage tissue engineering

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are used extensively in developing tissue engineered constructs for bone and cartilage regeneration. An important factor in designing such constructs is that the MSCs are appropriately primed to differentiate along osteogenic or chondrogenic lineage. In contrast to a top-down method of tissue engineering where the differentiation of cells is guided by the scaffold and signals, a bottom-up method involves direct modulation of stem cell behavior without relying on the environmental cues. In this review, we discuss several bottom-up strategies that have emerged in engineering MSC behavior for bone and cartilage tissue engineering, including gene delivery, gene editing, and subpopulation isolation.
Exploring how hospitalization can alter hepatitis c virus treatment prioritization and trajectories in people who use drugs: A qualitative analysis.

People who use drugs (PWUD) have high rates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Hospitalization can be a time for PWUD to engage in addiction treatment, but little is known about how hospitalizat...
Tertiary Wound Closure for High-Risk Patients Undergoing Gynecologic Abdominal Surgery

Objective: Surgical-site infections (SSIs) are associated with morbidity and cost for high-risk patients undergoing abdominal gynecologic surgery. Wound closure by secondary intention lowers the ri...
Regulatory Fit and Non-Fit: How They Work & What They Do

This chapter provides a general overview of the theory of regulatory fit and non fit. It first provides a definition of what regulatory fit is, followed by a demonstration of regulatory fit within different regulatory orientations such as regulatory focus, and locomotion mode. The chapter than discusses the processes behind regulatory fit, and its consequences on decision outcomes, monetary value and personal value. The chapter ends with an overview of the uniqueness of regulatory non-fit and suggests future paths to studying regulatory fit and non-fit theory.
Effects of guanidine derivatives on mitochondrial function. Ca2+ uptake and release.

Abstract Succinate-energized guinea pig heart mitochondria prepared by the Polytron technique take up Ca2+ under limited loading conditions in a manner similar to mitochondria prepared with bacterial proteinase, despite the associated loss of high affinity nonenergized Ca2+ binding by proteinase-prepared mitochondria. Phenethylbiguanide inhibits initial energized Ca2+ uptake; 50 % inhibition occurs at 2 mm biguanide in both Polytron and proteinase preparations and this inhibition is at least partly dissociated from inhibition of substrate oxidation. Energized heart mitochondria lose accumulated Ca2+ by a process dependent on temperature, Ca2+ to protein ratio, and monovalent cation. Phenethylbiguanide also inhibits this Ca2+ release. Nonenergized Ca2+ binding is 50 % inhibited by 1.0 mm biguanide, and inhibition is intermediate between competitive and non-competitive. Phenethylbiguanide also inhibits Ca2+ uptake into both energized and nonenergized guinea pig liver mitochondria; 50% inhibition occurs at 1.1 and 8.5 mm biguanide, respectively. In contrast to heart mitochondria, biguanide inhibition of energized Ca2+ uptake into liver mitochondria exactly parallels inhibition of Ca2+ and of ADP + Pi-stimulated respiration. Biguanide inhibition of nonenergized Ca2+ binding to liver mitochondria is competitive. [14C]Phenethylbiguanide is taken up by energized and nonenergized heart and liver mitochondria; binding capacity is about 60 nmoles per mg of protein. At 1 mm biguanide, nonenergized heart mitochondria bind about 6 nmoles per mg of protein; energized heart mitochondria accumulate labeled biguanide in a rapid phase, which corresponds to inhibition of initial 45Ca2+ uptake, and a slower, progressive uptake phase. The data suggest that both energized Ca2+ movement and biguanide binding occur at the locus which accounts for low affinity Ca2+ binding in the absence of energy. Site-specific inhibition of coupled respiration may result from biguanide binding primarily in or near this low affinity Ca2+ locus. The high affinity locus may play a modulator role in energized Ca2+ transport and in respiratory inhibition by biguanides. Interference with mitochondrial Ca2+ transport may in part explain the cellular effects of guanidine derivatives.
TIME-DEPENDENT INCREASE IN SHEAR MODULUS OF CLAY

Two time domains for modulus increase have been identified, primary and secondary. Primary is the same as for primary consolidation and secondary is the open interval after primary in which modulus increases continuously with time. It was found that all cohesive soils exhibit secondary modulus increase, i.e., (1) The modulus increase for clays ranges from 3% to 20% per logarithmic cycle of time; (2) confining pressure dependence can be removed by normalizing modulus based on the 1,000-min modulus; and (3) secondary increases in modulus occur at all shear strain amplitudes. The rate of secondary increase is related to the undrained shearing strength and the initial void ratio of the soil. An empirical equation is presented to show this relationship. Thixotropy best explains secondary modulus increase.
Local Algorithms for Finding Interesting Individuals in Large Networks

We initiate the study of local, sublinear time algorithms for finding vertices with extreme topological properties — such as high degree or clustering coefficient — in large social or other networks. We introduce a new model, called the Jump and Crawl model, in which algorithms are permitted only two graph operations. The Jump operation returns a randomly chosen vertex, and is meant to model the ability to discover "new" vertices via keyword search in the Web, shared hobbies or interests in social networks such as Facebook, and other mechanisms that may return vertices that are distant from all those currently known. The Crawl operation permits an algorithm to explore the neighbors of any currently known vertex, and has clear analogous in many modern networks. We give both upper and lower bounds in the Jump and Crawl model for the problems of finding vertices of high degree and high clustering coefficient. We consider both arbitrary graphs, and specializations in which some common assumptions are made on the global topology (such as power law degree distributions or generation via preferential attachment). We also examine local algorithms for some related vertex or graph properties, and discuss areas for future investigation.
Glutamate, But Not Dopamine, Stimulates Stress-Activated Protein Kinase and AP-1-Mediated Transcription in Striatal Neurons

Drugs that stimulate dopamine and glutamate receptors have been shown to induce the expression of AP-1 proteins (such as c-Fos and c-Jun) in the striatum and to induce binding of these proteins to AP-1 sites on DNA, leading to the hypothesis that AP-1-mediated transcription contributes to the long-term effects of these drugs. To examine this hypothesis, we compared the regulation of AP-1-mediated transcription to the inductions of AP-1-binding activity and genes encoding AP-1 proteins in primary cultures of striatal neurons. Although glutamate, dopamine, and forskolin (an activator of adenylate cyclase) all induce c-fos mRNA and AP-1 binding, we found, surprisingly, that only glutamate induces transcription of a transfected AP-1-driven fusion gene. To explore the basis for this discrepancy, we investigated the possibility that the phosphorylation of c-Jun may also be required for AP-1-mediated transcription in striatal neurons. Glutamate, but neither dopamine nor forskolin, raises the levels of phosphorylated c-Jun as well as the activity of a Jun kinase (SAPK/JNK) in striatal cultures. Both the glutamatergic induction of AP-1-mediated transcription and activation of SAPK/JNK appear to be mediated, at least in part, via NMDA receptors. In striatal neurons, the phosphorylation of AP-1 proteins produced by glutamate may be required to convert AP-1 protein expression and binding to transcriptional activation.
Justice, Liability And Blame: Community Views And The Criminal Law

Community views and the criminal law doctrines of criminalization - what conduct should be criminal? doctrines of justification - when should it be lawful to engage in conduct that normally would constitute a violation? doctrines of culpability - when is violation of a legal rule blameworthy? doctrines of excuse - when is violation of a legal rule blameless?
19 The Elusive Essence of Crimes against Humanity

As efforts to adopt an international convention on crimes against humanity gain momentum it becomes increasingly important for the international community to clarify the conceptual underpinnings of this category of international crimes. This book chapter seeks to contribute to that process by elucidating a tension between the two goals animating the definition: the goals of identifying crimes that ‘shock the conscience of humanity’ and of distinguishing crimes against humanity from ‘ordinary’ crimes subject to national adjudication.
Acceptance by Honeybee Colonies of Larvae in Artificial Queen Cells

SummarySome factors affecting the acceptance of grafted queen cells were studied. Acceptance was low (32%) when queen pheromone (9-oxodec-trans-2-enoic acid) was present in the wax of artificial queen cups. Statistically significant differences were found between the acceptance rate of queen cups made of: (a) beeswax from old brood combs (86·6%), (b) fresh beeswax (767middot;6%), (c) capping wax, beeswax foundation, or equal parts of paraffin and old beeswax (70%). Pure paraffin cells were not accepted at all. Acceptance was independent of the time of day or night when grafting was done. Acceptance of cells primed with royal jelly containing 10% bee-stored pollen was 50·9%, but 93·3% for control cells primed with pure royal jelly. Royal jelly containing 10% stored pollen caused much rejection when added to cells containing developing queen larvae. Acceptance was 86·2% for cells primed with royal jelly containing 10% honey, but only 52% with royal jelly containing 5% honey and 5% stored pollen.
An Attribution Model of Social Conflict and Violence: From Psychological to Intergroup Phenomena

This work begins with an analysis of an attribution-emotion model of conflict and violence based on research on individual and interpersonal phenomena. The logic and feasibility of applying psychological knowledge based on the study of individuals to more complex social problems such as intergroup up and social violence are discussed. Then, a version of the model adapted for the study of intergroup conflict and violence is presented. Specifically, previous work on the ultimate attribution error is re-examined and the principle reformulated in order to account for group biases in the relevant aspects of attributional thinking, emotions, and violence of responses to frustration or instigation in conflict environments. Finally, evidence from studies designed to test the new model, extended to account for intergroup and related social phenomena, is discussed.
Central oxytocin attenuates augmented gastric postprandial motility induced by restraint stress in rats

Restraint stress delays gastric emptying via uncoordinated motility pattern in rats. Central oxytocin has anxiolytic effects and attenuates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in response to stress and facilitates stress-induced delayed gastric emptying. However, the role of central oxytocin in regulating gastric motility remains unknown. Postprandial gastric motility was recorded via a strain-gauge transducer, implanted on the antrum in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. To investigate whether central and peripheral oxytocin are involved in gastric motility, oxytocin (10 microg) was administered intracerebroventricularly (icv) and intraperitoneally (ip). Central and peripheral oxytocin administration did not affect the postprandial gastric motility under non-stressed conditions. Restraint stress augmented gastric contractions. Central administration of oxytocin, but not peripheral administration, abolished the augmented postprandial gastric contractions induced by restraint stress. Oxytocin facilitates stress-induced delayed gastric emptying via alleviating uncoordinated gastric motility. Oxytocin might be a candidate for the treatment of stress-induced GI motility disorders.
Environmental Protection Efforts Under Communism And Democracy: Public Involvement and Political Influence

Limited enforcement of environmental protection laws and minimal public involvement in the formerly communist countries of Eastern and Central Europe were potentially two major contributing factors to the large-scale environmental degradation that these countries have experienced. The rise of democracy in these countries has possibly prompted greater public involvement, leading to increased enforcement. This paper studies both of these possibilities by examining the enforcement of water protection laws and public involvement in this process for the Czech Republic from 1988 to 1992, which spans the communist and democratic periods. Additionally, it explores the possibility that economic entities wielded greater political influence on enforcement decisions under communism.
Immune responses in tuberculosis.

The initial interaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with phagocytes through Toll-like receptors can affect induction of the adaptive response by inflammatory cytokine production, as well as begin the process of bacterial containment by induction of antimycobacterial functions. Advances in T cell research in tuberculosis include identification of antigens recognized by CD8+ T cells in infected hosts, elucidation of antimycobacterial mechanisms of T cells and the discovery of CD8+ T cells that recognize antigens presented by a variety of non-classical molecules.
The total synthesis and characterization of six methyl branched isomers of 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid.

Abstract Six methyl branched isomers of 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid were prepared in which a methyl branch was located on carbons 5, 10, 13, 17, 18 and 19. The
Rapidly fading supernovae from massive star explosions

Transient surveys have recently discovered a class of supernovae (SNe) with extremely rapidly declining light curves. These events are also often relatively faint, especially compared to Type Ia SNe. The common explanation for these events involves a weak explosion, producing a radioactive outflow with small ejected mass and kinetic energy (M ∼ 0.1 M_⊙ and E ∼ 0.1 B, respectively), perhaps from the detonation of a helium shell on a white dwarf. We argue, in contrast, that these events may be Type Ib/c SNe with typical masses and energies (M ∼ 3 M_⊙, E ∼ 1 B), but which ejected very little radioactive material. In our picture, the light curve is powered by the diffusion of thermal energy deposited by the explosion shock wave, and the rapid evolution is due to recombination, which reduces the opacity and results in an ‘oxygen-plateau’ light curve. Using a radiative transfer code and simple 1D ejecta profiles, we generate synthetic spectra and light curves and demonstrate that this model can reasonably fit the observations of one event, SN 2010X. Similar models may explain the features of other rapidly evolving SNe such as SN 2002bj and SN 2005ek. SNe such as these may require stripped-envelope progenitors with rather large radii (R ∼ 20 R_⊙), which may originate from a mass-loss episode occurring just prior to explosion.
Modular Digital Hydrophone Array

Defence Research Establishment Atlantic (DREA) has developed a linear hydrophone array for studying sound propagation in shallow water. The array consists of in-line hydrophones, with electronics connected by robust and interchangeable cable sections, making changes in array geometry easy to implement. These cable sections form a digital bus, controlled at one end by a microprocessor, which in turn is controlled via radio link by a shipboard computer. Through this system, many array characteristics including gain, bandpass, sampling rate and element activity are easily changed by the operator. The maximum hydrophone separation is one kilometer, and the frequency response covers one Hertz to three kiloHertz. The array is easy to handle, since with the exception of floats and weights, it is deployed, recovered and stored on a winch. The array has been successfully used in a number of different configurations, and its flexibility adequately demonstrated.
Fuel-powered compact SMA actuator

This work discusses the numerical analysis, the design and experimental test of the fuel-powered compact SMA actuator along with its capabilities and limitations. Convection heating and cooling using water actuate the SMA element of the actuator. The energy of fuels, having a high energy density, is used as the energy source for the SMA actuator in order to increase power and energy density of the system, and thus in order to obviate the need for electrical power supplies such as batteries. The system is composed of pump, valves, bellows, heater (burner), control unit and a displacement amplification device. The experimental test of the first designed SMA actuator system results in 150 M Pa stress (force: 1560N) with 3 percent strain and 0.5 Hz actuation frequency. The actuation frequency is compared with the prediction obtained from numerical analysis. For the first designed fuel-powered SMA actuator system, the results of numerical analysis were utilized in determining design parameters and operating conditions.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Evaluation of microsomal pathways of oxidation of alcohols and hydroxyl radical scavenging agents with carbon monoxide and cobalt protoporphyrin IX.

Abstract Rat liver microsomes catalyze the oxidation of hydroxyl radical scavenging agents by an irondependent process, and can oxidize alcohols by pathways dependent on, as well as independent of, . OH. Experiments were carried out to evaluate which microsomal components participate in the production of OH, and in the two pathways of oxidation of alcohols. Cobalt protoporphyrin IX treatment of rats resulted in a decrease in microsomal oxidation of aminopyrine, . OH scavengers, and alcohols. However, this treatment not only lowered the content of cytochrome P-450, but also decreased the activity of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase. Carbon monoxide, metyrapone and SKF-525A also inhibited the oxidation of aminopyrine but did not affect oxidation of OH scavengers. Desferrioxamine, a potent iron chelator, inhibited the oxidation of . OH scavengers but not aminopyrine. The oxidation of alcohols was partly sensitive to desferrioxamine and partly sensitive to carbon monoxide, thus showing similarities to the oxidation of . OH scavengers and drugs. These results suggest that the desferrioxamine-sensitive, . OH-dependent pathway of alcohol oxidation is mediated by the reductase, in analogy to results with . OH scavengers, whereas the desferrioxamine-resistant pathway of alcohol oxidation is mediated by cytochrome P-450, in analogy to results with aminopyrine. By the use of desferrioxamine or carbon monoxide, either of the two alcohol-oxidizing pathways can be inhibited independently of each other.
Microhabitat segregation and cannibalism in an endangered freshwater isopod, Thermosphaeroma thermophilum.

Intraspecific microhabitat segregation is expected to arise when there are age- or sex-specific differences in predation risk. The degree to which conspecific predation (cannibalism) can generate this risk, however, is poorly understood. In this paper, we examine microhabitat use, cannibalism, and individual responses to the presence of conspecifics in Thermosphaeroma thermophilum, an endangered isopod crustacean species that is endemic to a single, thermal spring in Socorro, N.M. USA. In samples from the natural habitat, juveniles (mancas) were found mainly on vegetation, whereas adults were found predominantly on bottom sediments. Females were found on vegetation more often than males. In laboratory containers without refuges, males cannibalized females, males and females cannibalized mancas, and mancas cannibalized each other, even in the presence of alternative food. When placed in containers provided with refuges, mancas actively avoided adults. We suggest, therefore, that cannibalism in T. thermophilum generates age-, size-, and sex-specific predation risks which are responsible for microhabitat segregation between mancas and adults, and between males and females. Since interspecific predation in the spring is negligible, cannibalism appears to play a significant role in population regulation and behavioral evolution in this species. We recommend, given the current “endangered” status of this species, that microhabitat heterogeneity be maintained in its native spring because it provides refuges from cannibalism and may support a larger and more viable natural population.
Description of Acacia tenuifolia var. producta (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae), a new variety from the Guianas, and discussion of the typification of the species

A new variety, Acacia tenuifolia (Linnaeus) Willdenow var. producta is described and illustrated. The typification of the species is discussed. Acacia paniculata Willdenow and A. multipinnata Ducke are lectotypified and placed in synonomy of Acacia tenuifolia.
Parametric optimization of grid-stiffened composite panels for maximizing their performance under transverse loading

Abstract The main focus of this paper is the optimization of geometry to maximize the specific energy absorption of E-glass/polypropylene isogrid composite panels under transverse quasi-static and dynamic impact loading using finite element analysis. The behavior of some of these grid-stiffened composite panels was also analyzed experimentally under high velocity impact loading, and the fluctuations observed in the load–time response during the impact event were attributed to structural resonances of the impactor, the isogrid panel or both combined. Parametric studies of varying the geometry (rib width and thickness; center-to-center distance between rib joints and skin thickness) to maximize specific energy absorption were performed. This study will help in recommending isogrid composite panels for the design and use in applications where impact energy absorption is important, such as in the side doors of automobiles.
Circadian acrophases of powers and frequencies in the waking EEG.

Circadian changes in frequencies and powers of the close-eyed EEG were measured over six days in 12 healthy volunteers living in a regular rest-activity cycle. EEGs were recorded every two hours and the probands were awakened for the recordings during the period of rest. Circadian rhythms occurred in powers and frequencies with diurnal amplitudes differing between individuals and locally on the scalp. Acrophases of peak frequencies and beta-power coincide with those of body temperature between 5 and 7 p.m., however, the crests of the diurnal rhythms in delta-, theta- and alpha-power varied more between individuals and covered systematically different times of the day. Acrophases of delta- and theta-powers occurred during the second half of the rest period and during the first half of the waking period. Only powers in the alpha-band showed locally different acrophases on the scalp. This could be observed in single individuals, too. In the central and parietal leads, acrophases of alpha-power were found dur...
Sensitivity of Tropical Cyclones to Surface Exchange Coefficients and a Revised Steady-State Model incorporating Eye Dynamics

Abstract Numerical and theoretical models of tropical cyclones indicate that the maximum wind speed in mature storms is sensitive to the ratio of the enthalpy and momentum surface exchange coefficients and that the spinup time of tropical cyclones varies inversely with the magnitude of these coefficients. At the same time, the Carnot cycle model developed by the author predicts that the central pressure of mature cyclones is independent of the magnitude of the exchange coefficients. The author presents numerical simulations that prove this last prediction false and suggest that the reason for this failure is the neglect of eye dynamics in the steady-state theory. On this basis, the existing theory is modified to account for eye dynamics, and the predictions of the revised theory are compared to the results of numerical simulations. Both the revised theory and the numerical modeling results, when compared to observations, suggest that the ratio of enthalpy to momentum exchange coefficients in real hurrican...
Response of an Alaskan wetland to nutrient enrichment

Abstract Studies were performed to determine the effects of nutrient addition to an Alaskan freshwater wetland. Nitrogen (as urea), phosphorus (as a super triple phosphate fertilizer), and secondary sewage were added to a freshwater Sphagnum wetland. Changes in the end-of-season standing biomass of the herb and shrub community were estimated. The nutrient-depth distribution in the Sphagnum was also recorded. Plots receiving the urea and phosphate fertilizer showed increased biomass when compared to controls. No changes in community structure were observed. Added nutrients appeared to be retained in the surface of the Sphagnum . No stimulatory effect of sewage was detected. This was probably the result of low application rates.
Facial gunshot wounds: a 4-year experience.

Purpose: Facial gunshot wounds can result in devastating functional and aesthetic consequences for patients. In an attempt to evaluate the management and outcome in these patients, a 4-year retrospective review was undertaken of all patients presenting with facial gunshot wounds at a level I trauma center. Patients and Methods: A total of 121 patients were identified. Medical documentation could be obtained on 84 of those patients. The patients' maxillofacial injuries were treated by the 3 participating services: plastic surgery, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and otorhinolaryngology. The patients ranged in age from 6 to 64 years, with a mean age of 27 years. Results: The gunshot wounds were single in 64% of the cases and multiple in 36% of the cases. Overall mortality in the series was 11%. Sixty-seven percent (56/84) of the patients suffered an injury to the underlying craniofacial skeleton. Seventy-five percent of these patients required surgical intervention. Twenty-one percent of the patients (16/75) required tracheostomy emergently for management of the airway. Eighteen percent (15/84) of these patients had an intracranial injury, with 50% of these patients requiring surgery. Fourteen percent of the patients in the series (12/84) had great vessel injuries diagnosed at the time of angiography, with 50% of these patients requiring surgery for treatment. Conclusion: Contrary to much of the published literature, most patients in this series required surgical intervention for treatment of their facial gunshot wounds. Reconstructive procedures were performed early in the patient's course and, when possible, addressed both the soft tissue and underlying bony injury in a minimum number of stages. © 2001 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Preparation of Au(I), Ag(I), and Pd(II) N-heterocyclic carbene complexes utilizing a methylpyridyl-substituted NHC ligand. formation of a luminescent coordination polymer.

Reaction of the imidazolium N-heterocyclic carbene precursor containing a methyl-substituted pyridyl functionality [HCH3im(CH3py)]PF6, 1, with Ag2O produces the homoleptic Ag(I) complex, [Ag(CH3im(CH3py))2]PF6, 2. In a simple carbene transfer reaction the analogous Au(I) species, [Au(CH3im(CH3py))2]PF6, 3, is formed by treatment of 2 with Au(tht)Cl in dichloromethane. Both 2 and 3 are structurally similar with nearly linearly coordinated NHC ligands. The methyl group appended to the pyridyl ring inhibits rotation of the pyridyl group at room temperature. Addition of AgBF4 to a hot propionitrile solution of 3 followed by crystallization with diethyl ether yields the one-dimensional coordination polymer, {[AuAg(CH3im(CH3py))2(NCCH2CH3)](BF4)2}n, 4, which contains Au−Ag separations of 2.9845(5) and 2.9641(5) A with intermetallic angles of 167.642(14)° and 162.081(9)°. This material is intensely luminescent in the solid state and exhibits an emission band at 453 nm (λex = 350 nm). Nearly colorless [Pd(CH3im(C...
X-ray diffraction study of large-angle twist grain boundaries

Abstract It is demonstrated that the structure of large angle grain boundaries can be studied using X-ray diffraction techniques. A gold bicrystal specimen containing a large-angle 〈001〉 twist boundary has been examined with CuKα radiation and the presence of extra reflections associated with the 0-lattice and coincidence site lattice (CSL) of the boundary detected. The relative intensities of the 0 and CSL reflections are discussed in terms of the displacement field associated with the twist boundary. In order to obtain an appreciation of the magnitude of the scattering from the boundary, calculated structure factors for small and large angle twist boundaries are compared to the structure factor for single (001) planes of gold atoms. It is then seen that the weakest reflections detectable from the boundary correspond to the scattering from one-seventh of a monolayer of gold atoms, which suggests that the X-ray technique used here may also be applied to study the surface structure of thin films.
Application of frequency domain techniques to samples with moderate scatter

We show that the optical properties of a sample with moderate scatter can be obtained by performing frequency domain measurements in a reflection geometry. In experiments and Monte Carlo simulations we show that absorption and scatter produce opposing trends in the amplitude signal and common trends in the phase signal. Therefore a measured amplitude and phase signal correspond to a unique combination of optical properties for a given phase function.
Quantitative Evaluation of Hepatic Foci of Cellular Alteration Occurring Spontaneously in Fischer-344 Rats

Stereologic procedures were used to quantitate spontaneously occurring liver foci of altered staining in control Fischer-344 rats at 33, 59, 85, and 111 weeks of age. Foci were identified using hematoxylin and eosin stained sections. In both males and females, foci were first observed at 59 weeks. The number of foci per cubic centimeter of liver, as well as mean focal volume, increased significantly with age. Between 85 and 111 weeks, the number of foci per liver increased 3.5 times in females but was unchanged in males. When three groups of 111-week-old animals were evaluated, females consistently had a greater number of foci per cubic centimeter of liver and mean focal volume than males of the same group. For the three groups evaluated at 111 weeks, the mean number of foci per liver ranged from 431 to 1865 in males and from 727 to 1654 in females. The mean volume fraction (% of the liver) occupied by foci ranged from 0.28 to 1.0% in males and from 1.42 to 4.15% in females. When focal staining characteristics were investigated, the majority of foci were basophilic in both sexes at all time points examined. However, males consistently had a higher percentage of eosinophilic foci than females.
Whose house is it? Exploring user participation in the design process of residences

User participation in the design of built environments has been seen as essential from functional, social, psychological and political perspectives, given the intricacy of human–environment relationships. These concerns are most important in residential environments to which people relate continuously and intimately. This paper explores client–user participation in the architectural design process for their houses. The design process in seven projects by five small architectural firms was analysed in detail to map existing patterns of user participation in India. Significant producers of these patterns include, inter alia, the architect's approach to the project and to client–user participation, the client's awareness of design aspects and expectations of professional services, and the arrangements for interactions and communication; how these modulate the variables is discussed. Finally, the institutional frameworks that configure these factors and the obstacles to change have been highlighted. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Benthic–pelagic coupling in the Gulf of Mexico hypoxic area: Sedimentary enhancement of hypoxic conditions and near bottom primary production

Abstract The seasonal bottom water hypoxia that covers large portions of the Louisiana continental shelf (USA) can extend far beyond the nutrient-rich Mississippi River plume. The hypoxia usually persists under surface-water that is all but depleted of nitrogen and phosphorous. Steep near-bottom gradients of NH 4 + during summer hypoxic conditions suggest that the sediments may become a net source of fixed nitrogen, potentially providing an important limiting nutrient to the system. Coupled measurements of benthic ammonium fluxes and water column NH 4 + profiles are combined to estimate turnover time of ammonium below the pycnocline. A tight, statistical relationship between photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and NH 4 + reflects uptake by photosynthesis in the chlorophyll maximum, but utilization by nitrifiers and heterotrophic microbes could also be important at low levels of light, consuming oxygen (and thus contributing to hypoxia) and removing fixed nitrogen by denitrification.
Properties of the magnitude terms of orthogonal scaling functions

The spectrum of the convolution of two continuous functions can be determined as the continuous Fourier transform of the cross-correlation function. The same can be said about the spectrum of the convolution of two infinite discrete sequences, which can be determined as the discrete time Fourier transform of the cross-correlation function of the two sequences. In current digital signal processing, the spectrum of the continuous Fourier transform and the discrete time Fourier transform are approximately determined by numerical integration or by densely taking the discrete Fourier transform. It has been shown that all three transforms share many analogous properties. In this paper we will show another useful property of determining the spectrum terms of the convolution of two finite length sequences by determining the discrete Fourier transform of the modified cross-correlation function. In addition, two properties of the magnitude terms of orthogonal wavelet scaling functions are developed. These properties are used as constraints for an exhaustive search to determine a robust lower bound on conjoint localization of orthogonal scaling functions.
Glycinebetaine increases chilling tolerance and reduces chilling-induced lipid peroxidation in Zea mays L.

Chilling tolerance was increased in suspension-cultured cells and seedlings of maize (Zea mays L. cv ‘Black Mexican Sweet’) grown in media containing glycinebetaine (GB). A triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction test indicated that after a 7 d chilling period at 4 °C, cells treated with 1 mm GB at 26 °C for 1 d had a survival rate (30%) that was twice as high as that of untreated controls. The addition of 2·5 m M GB to the culture medium resulted in maximum chilling tolerance (40%). The results of a cell regrowth assay were consistent with viability determined by the TTC method. In suspension-cultured cells supplemented with various concentrations of GB, accumulation of GB in the cells was proportional to the GB concentration in the medium and was saturated at a concentration of 240 μmol (g DW)−1. The degree of increased chilling tolerance was positively correlated with the level of GB accumulated in the cells. The increased chilling tolerance was time-dependent; i.e. it was first observed 3 h after treatment and reached a plateau after 14 h. Feeding seedlings with 2·5 m M GB through the roots also improved their chilling tolerance, as evidenced by the prevention of chlorosis after chilling for 3 d at 4 °C/2 °C. Lipid peroxidation, as expressed by the production of malondialdehyde, was significantly reduced in GB-treated cells compared with the untreated controls during chilling. These results suggest that increased chilling tolerance may be due, in part, to the reduction of lipid peroxidation of the cell membranes in the presence of GB.
Conversion of a Large, Urban High School to Small Schools Leadership Challenges and Opportunities

This article reports findings from a study of the experiences of 11 school principals who are leading the conversion of a large, comprehensive, urban high school into six thematic small schools. Specifically, this study addresses the question, What do high school principals identify as the leadership challenges and opportunities embedded in the process of conversion of a large, comprehensive, urban high school into several thematic small schools?
Regulation of angiogenin expression in human HepG2 hepatoma cells by mediators of the acute-phase response.

Angiogenin is a potent inducer of neovascularization in vivo. However, like other angiogenic molecules, its specific physiologic roles and mechanisms regulating its expression remain to be elucidated. Angiogenin is a liver-derived component of normal serum whose concentration can increase in various disease states. This suggests that it might participate in the acute-phase response. In an initial study we showed that angiogenin protein and mRNA levels transiently increased in mice following an acute inflammatory stimulus. We now report that IL-6, a major inducer of acute-phase proteins, stimulates the synthesis and secretion of angiogenin protein in human HepG2 cells within 24 hr following treatment, an effect enhanced by dexamethasone. IL-6 also increases the amount of angiogenin mRNA without altering its half-life. This increase, suppressible by cycloheximide, peaks at 12 hr following stimulation and returns to basal levels by 48 hr. IL-1 alone slightly decreases the basal production of angiogenin protein and mRNA, but essentially abolishes the response to IL-6 in the absence or presence of dexamethasone. This antagonistic effect by IL-1 on IL-6 activity is not a result of changes in mRNA stability nor is it dependent on new protein synthesis. Thus, the combined effects of IL-6, IL-1, glucocorticoids, and perhaps other related factors may specifically control angiogenin expression. Since angiogenin is regulated in a manner similar to that of acute phase proteins both in vitro and in vivo, it may play a role in the host response to injury.
Subcellular distribution and covalent binding of aflatoxins as functions of dietary manipulation

Experiments were undertaken to establish the subcellular distribution and covalent binding of aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) as functions of dietary protein level and pheno‐barbital administration, each of which is known to modify AFB, carcinogenicity. In addition, the effect of prior feeding of cold AFB 1 on the subsequent distribution parameters for a radiolabeled dose of AFB 1 was examined, since it, too, is thought to modify AFB 1 responsiveness. Two dietary levels of AFB 1 (2.5 and 5 ppm) were fed in combination with either a 5 or a 20% casein (5C or 20C) diet. A subgroup of animals in each experimental group was injected ip with sodium phenobarbital (PB) on 4 consecutive days prior to sacrifice. After 21 d on their respective diets, rats were given an ig dose of [ 3 H]AFB 1 and then sacrificed at various times. At the peak hours, livers from the 20C animals contained 3–6 times more radioactivity. In this group, the highest specific activities were recorded in the nuclear and microsomal fractions. The propor...