cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dependence of halo bias and kinematics on assembly variables

Using dark matter haloes identified in a large $N$-body simulation, we study halo assembly bias, with halo formation time, peak maximum circular velocity, concentration, and spin as the assembly variables. Instead of grouping haloes at fixed mass into different percentiles of each assembly variable, we present the joint dependence of halo bias on the {\it values} of halo mass and each assembly variable. In the plane of halo mass and one assembly variable, the joint dependence can be largely described as halo bias increasing outward from a global minimum. We find it unlikely to have a combination of halo variables to absorb all assembly bias effects. We then present the joint dependence of halo bias on two assembly variables at fixed halo mass. The gradient of halo bias does not necessarily follow the correlation direction of the two assembly variables and it varies with halo mass. Therefore in general for two correlated assembly variables one cannot be used as a proxy for the other in predicting halo assembly bias trend. Finally, halo assembly is found to affect the kinematics of haloes. Low-mass haloes formed earlier can have much higher pairwise velocity dispersion than those of massive haloes. In general, halo assembly leads to a correlation between halo bias and halo pairwise velocity distribution, with more strongly clustered haloes having higher pairwise velocity and velocity dispersion. However, the correlation is not tight, and the kinematics of haloes at fixed halo bias still depends on halo mass and assembly variables.
Polarization, Participation, and Policy Performance: The Case of ACA Marketplaces

Political partisanship can influence whether individuals enroll in government programs. In particular, Republicans, ceteris paribus, are less likely to enroll in Affordable Care Act individual marketplace insurance than Democrats. The logic of adverse selection suggests low uptake amongst Republicans would generally put upward pressure on marketplace premiums, especially in geographic areas with more Republican partisans. I provide empirical evidence that insurers have increased marketplace premiums at higher rates in areas with more Republican voters. A variety of robustness checks indicate that a meaningful portion of the variation in premium growth is driven by partisanship and not confounding factors. This finding suggests political polarization threatens the successful implementation of policies that rely on high levels of citizen participation.
Social Justice vs Criminal Justice: An Agenda for Critical Criminology

This paper presents an overview of the features of crime and the criminal justice system in the United States. It notes the great disparities in use of five systems of justice. It discusses the amount and variety of corporate crime, political crime, street crime, white collar crime as well as organized crime. It emphasizes the inadequacy of current theories of crime in so far as corporate, white collar and political crime are concerned. The author argues that social justice is a far better way to prevent crime than are criminal justice systems and points to other societies with low crime rates. The paper concludes with a radical agenda for American criminology. The sociology of crime and social control is barely mapped in American criminology and less understood. There are five kinds of crime which are derived and are endemic in capitalist relations. There are several policing and punishing structures in the state sector as in the private sector. There are a half dozen "theories" of crime which are patently false but assiduously disseminated in American criminology. The question for theory is how to understand the sources of crime: conservative theory points to individual character; radical theory to social relations. The question of policy is how to get safe and decent communities. The conservative solution is more prisons, more police, faster trials, harsher sentences, and closer surveillance. The radical policy is more social justice and less criminal justice.
Some thought concerning education: John Locke, ed. John W. and Jean S. Yolton, The Clarendon edition of the works of John Locke (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), 336 pp., £45.00

(1990). Some thought concerning education. History of European Ideas: Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 570-571.
Power series solutions of the reactor kinetics equations

Accurate solutions of the reactor kinetics equations in a lumped model with time-varying reactivity have been obtained using a spreadsheet on a personal computer (PC)/workstation from a straightforward power series recurrence relation. These have been shown to converge readily over time steps of {approximately} 1/3 s in models of a thermal reactor. Solutions over such macrosteps can readily be extended to durations of interest ({approximately} 100 s). Examples are given for both a ramp reactivity input and an oscillating reactivity. This latter shows in a direct fashion the first-order phase distortion and the second-order effect on power level that are generally associated with perturbation solutions that have to be taken to second order. The method applies also to fast reactors. It is concluded that accurate calculations of thermal and fast reactor transients, obtained analytically with considerable difficulty, are readily available to the student on a PC.
Malignant Lymphomas in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Malignant lymphoma, particularly high-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, has been shown to occur with increased incidence in a number of congenital immunodeficiency diseases, in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, as well as in association with certain therapies [20]. The common denominator seems to be chronic immune stimulation associated with immunodeficiency or chemical immunosuppression. Table 1 lists the diseases and conditions showing this association. In ataxia telangiectasia an additional complicating factor is impaired DNA repair. Among the acquired immunodeficiency diseases several inflammatory conditions, including Sjogren’s syndrome and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, combine an inflammatory and autoimmune disease with concurrent cellular immunodeficiency. The major new condition in this category of predisposing diseases is, of course, HIV infection. An incresed incidence of malignant lymphoma has also been seen in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Chronic daily therapy with corticosteroids, azathioprine, alkylating agents, cyclosporin A, or combinations of these to maintain organ grafts or to suppress autoimmune and inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, are all associated with an increase of 30 to several hundred times in the incidence of malignant lymphomas compared to that seen in the general population.
Characterization of the Basal Ganglia Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Children with Self-Injurious Behavior and Tuberous Sclerosis Complex.

Background and purpose Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare, genetic disease that is associated with multiple manifestations including epilepsy and autism. Self-injurious behaviors (SIBs) also occur in a subset of patients. This study used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in children with TSC for quantitative and volumetric analysis of brain regions that have been associated with SIB in other genetic conditions. Methods We used DTI to compare 6 children with TSC-associated SIB and 10 children with TSC without SIB. Atlas-based analysis of DTI data and calculation of number of voxels; fractional anisotropy (FA); and mean, axial, and radial diffusivity were performed for multiple regions; DTI measures were summarized using medians and interquartile ranges and were compared using Wilcoxon rank sum tests and false discovery rates (FDRs). Results Analysis showed that children with TSC and SIB had reduced numbers of voxels (median) in the bilateral globus pallidus (right: 218 vs. 260, P = .008, FDR = .18; left: 222 vs. 274, P = .002, FDR = .12) and caudate nucleus (right: 712 vs. 896, P = .01, FDR = .26; left: 702 vs. 921, P = .03, FDR = .44) and reduced FA in the bilateral globus pallidus (right: .233 vs. .272, P = .003, FDR = .12; left: .223 vs. .247, P = .004, FDR = .12) and left caudate nucleus (.162 vs. .186, P = .03, FDR = .39) versus children without SIB. No other statistically significant differences were found. Conclusions These data support a correlation between lower volumes of the globus pallidus and caudate with SIB in children with TSC.
Perioperative neutropenia is not an independent risk factor for infectious complications of central venous line placement in children: a propensity score-matched analysis

Abstract Background The infectious risk of central venous line (CVL) placement in children with neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count [ANC] 30 days) infectious complications of CVLs placed in pediatric patients with and without neutropenia. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of all CVLs placed by pediatric surgeons at two institutions from 2010 to 2017. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify risk factors for line infection. Propensity score-matched cohorts of patients with and without neutropenia were compared in a 1:1 ratio. Wilcoxon rank-sum, Chi-square, Fisher's exact, and log-rank tests were also performed. Results Review identified 1,102 CVLs placed in 937 patients. Fifty-four patients were neutropenic at the time of placement. Multivariable analysis demonstrated tunneled catheters and subclavian access as associated with line infection. The propensity score-matched cohort included 94 patients, 47 from each group. Demographic and preoperative data were similar between the groups (p > 0.05). Patients with neutropenia were no more likely to develop early (4.3% vs. 2.1%, p = 1.000) or late (19.1% vs. 17.0%, p = 1.000) infectious complications than patients without neutropenia, with similar median time to infection (141 vs. 222 days, p = 0.370). Conclusion A policy of selective CVL placement in neutropenic patients with standardized postoperative line maintenance is safe. Future directions include defining criteria by which neutropenic patients could be prospectively selected for safe CVL placement. Level of Evidence II – Retrospective cohort study.
An economic photoacoustic imaging platform using automatic laser synchronization and inverse beamforming

We present a proof-of-concept of an automatic integration of photoacoustic (PA) imaging on clinical ultrasound (US) imaging platforms. Here we tackle two critical challenges: the laser synchronization and the inaccessibility to the beamformer core embedded in commercial US imaging platform. In particular, the line trigger frequency (LTF) estimation and the asynchronous synthetic aperture inverse beamforming (ASAIB) were developed and evaluated in both k-Wave simulation and phantom experiment. The proposed method is an economical solution to enable PA imaging on a greater number of US equipment to further thrive the PA imaging research community.
Great Saphenous Vein Ligation and Stripping

This chapter discusses the technique for great saphenous vein ligation and stripping, including instrumentation and equipment, patient positioning, and surgical steps. The authors also offer pearls and pitfalls.
The Preliminary Efficacy and Feasibility of Group-Based Smoking Cessation Treatment Program for Incarcerated Smokers:

Group-based tobacco dependence treatment has been known to help smokers to quit in general adult populations, but the feasibility and efficacy of this type of smoking cessation treatment in correct...
Markedly heterogeneous COVID-19 testing plans among US colleges and universities

As the COVID-19 pandemic worsens in the United States, colleges that have invited students back for the fall are finalizing mitigation plans to lessen the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Even though students have largely been away from campuses over the summer, several outbreaks associated with colleges have already occurred, foreshadowing the scale of infection that could result from hundreds of thousands of students returning to college towns and cities. While many institutions have released return-to-campus plans designed to reduce viral spread and to rapidly identify outbreaks should they occur, in many cases communications by college administrators have been opaque. To contribute to an evaluation of university preparedness for the COVID-19 pandemic, we assessed a crucial element: COVID-19 on-campus testing. We examined testing plans at more than 500 colleges and universities throughout the US, and collated statistics, as well as narratives from publicly facing websites. We discovered a highly variable and muddled state of COVID-19 testing plans among US institutions of higher education that has been shaped by discrepancies between scientific studies and federal guidelines. We highlight cases of divergence between university testing plans and public health best practices, as well as potential bioethical issues.
From Hashtag to High School: How Viral Tweets Are Inspiring Young Scientists To Embrace STEM

Social media is an increasingly important professional tool for scientists. In particular, scientists use their social media profiles to communicate science and build communities with like-minded scientists and nonscientists. These networks include journalists who can amplify social media science communication, disseminating it to new audiences on- and offline. Our experience with an outreach project where Peeps marshmallows were inoculated with diverse fungi, which we called #FungalPeeps, has demonstrated that these networks can be an effective conduit between researchers and high school students. Following popular science journalism, #FungalPeeps, a project initiated at West Virginia University, inspired a mycology research project in Notre Dame High School in San Jose, California. Herein, we describe how this connection between academia, journalists, and the high school classroom happened, and how everyone involved benefited from this educational collaboration. We further suggest ways that modern social media networks could be leveraged to incorporate more such practical learning experiences into progressive science curricula to better cultivate young STEM scientists.
Abstract IA13: The future of CAR therapies

Great progress has been made in the development of clinical CAR-T cell therapies. The autologous CAR-T cell approaches in the clinic today are extremely effective but have been associated with significant toxicities and are very expensive. The use of allogeneic, off-the-shelf CAR therapies using natural killer cells from several different sources will be reviewed as potentially less toxic and less expensive immune effector cell products to treat cancer patients. Citation Format: Elizabeth J. Shpall. The future of CAR therapies [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Virtual Special Conference: Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2020 Oct 19-20. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2021;9(2 Suppl):Abstract nr IA13.
Aspergillus fumigatus Strain-Specific Conidia Lung Persistence Causes an Allergic Broncho-Pulmonary Aspergillosis-Like Disease Phenotype

Aspergillus fumigatus is a filamentous fungus which can cause multiple diseases in humans. Allergic broncho-pulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a disease diagnosed primarily in cystic fibrosis patients caused by a severe allergic response often to long-term A. fumigatus colonization in the lungs. Mice develop an allergic response to repeated inhalation of A. fumigatus spores; however, no strains have been identified that can survive long-term in the mouse lung and cause ABPA-like disease. We characterized A. fumigatus strain W72310, which was isolated from the expectorated sputum of an ABPA patient, by whole-genome sequencing and in vitro and in vivo viability assays in comparison to a common reference strain, CEA10. W72310 was resistant to leukocyte-mediated killing and persisted in the mouse lung longer than CEA10, a phenotype that correlated with greater resistance to oxidative stressors, hydrogen peroxide, and menadione, in vitro In animals both sensitized and challenged with W72310, conidia, but not hyphae, were viable in the lungs for up to 21 days in association with eosinophilic airway inflammation, airway leakage, serum IgE, and mucus production. W72310-sensitized mice that were recall challenged with conidia had increased inflammation, Th1 and Th2 cytokines, and airway leakage compared to controls. Collectively, our studies demonstrate that a unique strain of A. fumigatus resistant to leukocyte killing can persist in the mouse lung in conidial form and elicit features of ABPA-like disease.IMPORTANCE Allergic broncho-pulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) patients often present with long-term colonization of Aspergillus fumigatus Current understanding of ABPA pathogenesis has been complicated by a lack of long-term in vivo fungal persistence models. We have identified a clinical isolate of A. fumigatus, W72310, which persists in the murine lung and causes an ABPA-like disease phenotype. Surprisingly, while viable, W72310 showed little to no growth beyond the conidial stage in the lung. This indicates that it is possible that A. fumigatus can cause allergic disease in the lung without any significant hyphal growth. The identification of this strain of A. fumigatus can be used not only to better understand disease pathogenesis of ABPA and potential antifungal treatments but also to identify features of fungal strains that drive long-term fungal persistence in the lung. Consequently, these observations are a step toward helping resolve the long-standing question of when to utilize antifungal therapies in patients with ABPA and fungal allergic-type diseases.
A global label and its local appropriations. Representations of the Righteous Among the Nations in contemporary European museums

This paper, intended as a contribution to transnational memory studies, analyzes museums devoted to people who helped Jews during the Holocaust that recently opened in Bulgaria, France, Germany, Li...
Making ‘Conservation’ Work for the 21st Century – Enabling Resilient Place

During the New Deal, as part of a larger effort implementing Progressive-era “conservation” regimes, the federal government authorized the structurally-invasive Flood Control Act of 1936. At the same time, the Standard State Soil Conservation Districts Law promoted the creation of local, place-based efforts to protect or restore locally-valued resources. “Conservation” thus came to signify both the invasive, structural, engineering approach of mid-20th Century flood control, and the local, more responsive and flexible nature of soil conservation districts. But our understandings of our place in the natural world have changed subtly but significantly over the past century. Any legitimate natural resource regime must achieve its resource management goals while balancing its demands with local cultural expectations, which now generally include some desire to protect the natural environment. This article argues – using a case study focused on a small flood control district – that local conservation districts can be used to implement 21st-Century understandings of “conservation” that more accurately reflect local culture and needs. These locally-driven and place-based conservation efforts can improve and protect the aesthetic, health, ecological, and economic resources of a particular landscape, even as they manage that landscape – in part – to satisfy human needs. A system succeeding on all goals would be truly socio-ecologically resilient, promoting resilient ecosystems, a resilient local culture and economy, and a resilient local legal system – together creating a resilient place.
Trust in Physicians, Anxiety and Depression, and Decision-Making Preferences among Parents of Children with Serious Illness.

Objective: To assess parental decision-making preferences when caring for a child with serious illness and to evaluate for an association between preferences and parental trust in physicians, and p...
Quality of Life from a Motivational Perspective

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the quality of life from a motivational perspective. It is proposed that the core domains of a quality life can be viewed as motivational states that initiate and direct behavior. The core domains of a quality life have been modeled as a triangle, with a hierarchy built upon the foundation of physical well-being, material well-being, and rights. Physical well-being has a strong impact on personal development, but has no signiﬁcant impact on self-determination. Material well-being affects self-determination, but does not affect personal development. Physical and material well-being also has a direct impact on the emotional well-being, rather than having all of their impact indirectly through the intermediate levels of the hierarchy. Research, guided by a self-determination theory, has focused primarily on the social–cultural conditions that facilitate the natural processes of self-motivation and enhanced intrinsic motivation, self-regulation, and well-being. The degree to which a person is self-determined either inﬂuences or is inﬂuenced by other core domains of the quality of life and, in combination with these other core domains, inﬂuences or impacts global or overall quality-of-life status.
Quantification of variability and uncertainty in lawn and garden equipment NOx and total hydrocarbon emission factors

Abstract Variability refers to real differences in emissions among multiple emission sources at any given time or over time for any individual emission source. Variability in emissions can be attributed to variation in fuel or feedstock composition, ambient temperature, design, maintenance, or operation. Uncertainty refers to lack of knowledge regarding the true value of emissions. Sources of uncertainty include small sample sizes, bias or imprecision in measurements, nonrepresentativeness, or lack of data. Quantitative methods for characterizing both variability and uncertainty are demonstrated and applied to case studies of emission factors for lawn and garden (L&G) equipment engines. Variability was quantified using empirical and parametric distributions. Bootstrap simulation was used to characterize confidence intervals for the fitted distributions. The 95% confidence intervals for the mean grams per brake horsepower/hour (g/hp-hr) emission factors for two-stroke engine total hydrocarbon (THC) and NOx...
Trends in the use of buprenorphine by office-based physicians in the United States, 2003-2013.

Background and Objectives Despite buprenorphine's promise as a novel therapy for opioid dependence, little is known about its clinical adoption. We characterized trends in ambulatory use of buprenorphine in the United States. Methods Cross-sectional, descriptive analyses of buprenorphine utilization from 2003 to 2013 using the IMS Health National Disease and Therapeutic Index, a nationally representative audit of ambulatory care. The primary unit of analysis was an office visit where buprenorphine was used for opioid dependence (treatment visit). Results Between 2003 and 2013, there was significant uptake of buprenorphine in ambulatory treatment visits, from 0.16 million [M] (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.10–0.20) visits in 2003 to 2.1M (CI 1.9–2.3M) treatment visits during 2013. Approximately 90% involved the use of brand name combination buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone), although this percentage decreased modestly to 80% by the last quarter of 2013. Buprenorphine prescribing increased among all specialties, but the proportion accounted for by primary care physicians increased significantly from 6.0% in 2003 to 63.5% in 2013 and decreased among psychiatrists from 92.2% to 32.8% over the same time period. Conclusions The use of buprenorphine products to treat opioid dependence has increased significantly in the past 10 years and has shifted to greater use by primary care physicians, indicating a rapidly changing face of opioid maintenance therapy in the United States. (Am J Addict 2014;XX:XX–XX)
Motor unit control strategies of knee antagonist muscles during constant force and linearly increasing isometric contractions

The motor unit control strategies of the quadriceps and hamstrings muscles were studied during two different types of isometric contraction (step-wise and ramp increasing) by means of the EMG power density spectrum median frequency. It was found that each muscle has different motor unit control strategies when acting as agonist and antagonist. In the agonist muscle, ramp type contractions resulted in recruitment up to 60% of the maximal voluntary force, whereas step type contractions showed evidence of median frequency increase up to 50% of maximum. Antagonist recruitment was found up to a higher force level in extension tasks. It was concluded that the role of each muscle and the particular type of task have an influence on the control strategy employed. >
Inductorless linearization of low-power active mixers

A high linearity subthreshold mixer with negative impedance generation is presented. The mixer configuration was formed by adding two cross-coupling capacitors to a conventional structure. Since the internal negative impedance generation of this construction cancels parasitic capacitances, the conversion gain loss due to the parasitic capacitances is alleviated and the linearity is improved. Small-signal model calculations with Volterra series are presented to analyze the effects of cross-coupling capacitors on IIP3 and conversion gain, confirming that this design approach can improve the IIP3. The mixer was designed in 130nm CMOS technology and simulated with extracted layout parasitics. Having a power consumption of 0.373mW and a layout area of 0.0323mm2, it achieves more than 9dB conversion gain and 14dBm IIP3 from 2.4GHz to 11.4GHz.
The Personal Wealth Taxes: The Inheretance and Gift Taxes and the Net Wealth Tax in Spain

The aim of this chapter is to analyze the role played by the Personal Wealth Tax in the process of Spanish tax reform started in 1977. Besides the Personal Net Wealth Tax we also study the reform process of the Inheritance and Gift Taxes. These taxes have generally been justified on equity grounds, more specifically, their role of improving income distribution and the overall progressively of the fiscal systems. This chapter studies whether, in practice, these taxes have achieved their objectives starting with the 1977 Fiscal Reform until now, and what role they can play in the immediate future.
Track Reconstruction and Experience with Cosmic Ray Data in CMS

The CMS tracking system, comprised of silicon pixel and micro-strip detectors, is designed to provide a precise and efficient measurement of the trajectories of charged particles emerging from the LHC collisions. With over 70 million electronic channels and an active area of about 200m2 it is the largest silicon tracker ever built. After a short introduction to the CMS tracker and to the track reconstruction algorithms, results from tracking with cosmic ray data are presented. First experience with cosmic ray tracking was gained in a vertical slice test involving various CMS sub-detectors. Additional understanding was obtained during the final assembly and surface commissioning of the silicon micro-strip tracker. Both data sets have been extensively studied, and a concise summary focussing on track reconstruction is given.
Magnetic Studies of Ni3Al(Fe) Compounds

Several samples of the ordered intermetallic compound with the Ll/sub 2/ structure and chemical composition Ni/sub 0.75-x/Al/sub 0.25-x/Fe/sub 2x/ (doped with 0.2 at. % B) have been studied over an Fe compositional range 0 less than or equal to 2x less than or equal to 0.20. Stoichiometric Ni/sub 3/Al is known to be a strongly exchange-enhanced material, forming a gaint moment system when Fe impurities are introduced in trace amounts. For the greater Fe concentrations employed in this work, more conventional ferromagnetic systems are obtained. Well below the ferromagnetic Curie temperature T/sub c/ the samples exhibit a spontaneous moment in small magnetic fields and at higher fields the isothermal magnetization data show a clear tendency toward saturation. Magnetic investigations using vibrating-sample techniques permitted measurements over the temperature interval from 4.2 K to 800 K in fields up to 5.0 T. The Curie temperature was found to increase from about 50 K for the Fe-free sample in the series to 410 K for the limiting concentration of 12 at. % Fe in the Ll/sub 2/ structure. Samples with higher Fe content up to 20 at. % contain a second, disordered fcc phase with T/sub c/ = or about 715 K. Peaksmore » in the temperature dependence of the lattice parameter observed in x-ray studies yield T/sub c/ values in reasonable agreement with the magnetic measurements. 17 references, 4 figures.« less
Axially compressed buckling of an embedded boron nitride nanotube subjected to thermo-electro-mechanical loadings

Unlike widely-used carbon nanotubes, boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) have shown to possess stable semiconducting behavior and strong piezoelectricity. Such properties along with their outstanding mechanical properties and thermal conductivity, make BNNTs promising candidate reinforcement materials for a verity of applications especially nanoelectronic and nanophotonic devices. Motivated by these abilities, we aim to study the buckling behavior of BNNT-reinforced piezoelectric polymeric composites when subjected to combined electro-thermo-mechanical loadings. For this, the multi-walled structure of BNNT is considered as elastic media and a set of concentric cylindrical shell with van der Waals interaction between them. Using three-dimensional equilibrium equations, Donnell shell theory is utilized to show that the axially compressive resistance of BNNT varies with applying thermal and electrical loads. The effect of BNNT piezoelectric property on the buckling behavior of the composites is demonstrated. More specifically, it is shown that applying direct and reverse voltages to BNNT changes the buckling loads for any axial and circumferential wavenumbers. Such capability could be uniquely utilized when designing BNNT-reinforced composites.
Off on a Tangent: Thalamocortical Axons Traverse a Permissive Corridor across the Basal Telencephalon

The forebrain is one of most complex cellular structures known. Two phenomena that enable this complexity are tangential migrations that mix neurons from distinct progenitor fields, and axon guidance across intervening, noninnervated fields. A new paper in Cell by Lopez-Bendito et al. has discovered the convergence of these phenomena in the critical thalamocortical system.
Quantum Mechanical Calculation of Mössbauer Transmission

A quantum mechanical calculation of the time-dependent M\"ossbauer transmission has been performed neglecting solid-state effects. The source considered consists of nuclei which decay via a two-photon cascade, the second of which is emitted without recoil and is subject to resonant absorption by a foil whose resonance may be shifted due to a small relative velocity between source and absorber. The transmission is obtained when the transmitted recoiless photon is measured in coincidence with the first photon of the cascade. The result is in agreement with that obtained by considering the absorber as a classical dielectric slab capable of absorption and dispersion. The initial condition has been investigated in detail by considering the full cascade. In this manner, one sees that the usual simple assumption that the nucleus is in the first excited state immediately after the emission of the first photon, gives the correct boundary condition.
Seasonal variation in the cryobiology of Rana sylvatica from Pennsylvania

Abstract 1. 1. Crystallization temperature, freeze tolerance, glucose mobilization, and ice content were measured in wood frogs ( Rana sylvatica ) from western Pennsylvania. 2. 2. The crystallization temperature of wood frogs ( ca −3°C) was not dependent on their body mass, and it was largely unaffected by seasonal conditioning. 3. 3. Autumn-collected frogs survived freezes lasting 2 weeks and to −5°C but summer-collected frogs did not tolerate these conditions. The autumn-collected frogs had lower ice contents than did summer-collected frogs. In all cases, the measured ice contents were substantially less than the expected ice contents. 4. 4. Plasma glucose and plasma osmolality were highest during the autumn (93 μmol/ml and 377 mOsmol) when compared to levels during the spring (6.2 μmol/ml and 226.0 mOsmol) and summer (2.7 μmol/ml and 194.5 mOsmol). 5. 5. These data confirm previous findings regarding the effect of seasonal conditioning on key aspects of the cryobiology of wood frogs.
SU-FF-T-390: Setting Apart the Intensity Delivered to Moving Target, and Intensity Delivered to Moving Organ at Risk, in DMLC IG IMRT

Purpose: To utilize tissuemotion in order to benefit radiation therapydelivery. The approach makes possible to deliver the required by plan intensity to the target while sparing sensitive organs beyond what is attainable during delivery to static geometry of the patient body. Method and Materials: Few parameters can be identified which control the delivery of the intensity maps during DMLC IMRT that do not need to be unambiguously specified in order to paint a given, treatment plan derived, intensity over the target. In particular, the initial moment of DMLC delivery, speeds of the leading leaves of MLC assembly and the intensity rate of the beam can all be varied in some interdependent manner to minimize intensity to organs at risk without compromising the delivery of a given intensity map over the moving target. Formulas that define algorithms achieving these goals are presented. Special attention is given to simplified methods of multi‐parameter optimizations for which subsequent parameters are treated independently. Results: Two examples of optimal sparing of organs at risk are provided for DMLC IGIMRT. In the first case the moment of initiation of radiationdelivery as well as the speed of leading leaf is appropriately regulated with the aim of minimizing the cumulative dosedelivered to the sensitive organ that performs periodic movement with respect to target. The second example minimizes the delivery to sensitive organ for identically moving target and organ at risk in the case when variation of the beam intensity rate is permitted during exposure. Conclusion: The method of DMLC IGIMRT allows improving the quality of radiation therapy when patient organs are moving at delivery. The required ingredients are: the a priori information about the motion of the target and organs at risk and the algorithm for the optimization of leaf trajectories for moving targets.
Determination of the Cross-Sectional Temperature Distribution and Boiling Limitation of a Heat Pipe

A computer model is developed and verified which is capable of determining the cross-sectional temperature distribution within a heat pipe with an attached radiator fin; such heat pipes would be plugged into contact heat exchangers designed to carry heat from a space station habitation module to the radiator elements through a centralized fluid loop. The model can furnish information for determining the susceptibility of the monogroove heat pipe to boiling, as well as the location and magnitude of that boiling.
Macronutrient chemistry of pollen

Abstract Concentrations of total and water‐extractable macronutrients varied with pollen species and genus. Total nitrogen and organic carbon levels were found to be greater in Ambrosia than Pinus. The same trends were not observed for total sulfur or phosphorus. About 60% of the sulfur in Pinus pollen was water‐extractable, while the proportion in Ambrosia was only 5%. Trends for nitrate were similar, but the portion that was water‐extractable was lower by an • order of magnitude. Nitrate levels were highest in Wisconsin pollen, indicating that levels of this nutrient may be related to region of origin. The proportion of phosphate to total phosphorus, approximately 60%, was fairly similar for all species of pollen. Potassium concentrations were consistently lower in the commercially available pollen, which may indicate that the levels of this nutrient are sensitive to sample handling and storage procedures. Water‐extractable nutrients probably represent a nutrient reserve that is used during pollen tube ...
Heavy metal and hydrocarbon residues in tissue and blood of beef steers bedded on waste newspapers.

There are over 3 million tons of waste newspaper generated annually in Pennsylvania alone. This provides a significant disposal problem for many municipalities who are confronted with dwindling options for solid waste disposal. Previous studies have identified several of the potential advantages of the material as a bedding material for livestock. With over 1 million beef and dairy cattle in the state, the potential use of newspaper as bedding is important. Of concern, however, is the effect of the chemical composition of the paper on animals which have the opportunity to consume it, and subsequent entry of undesirable residues into the food chain. Metals such as cadmium, lead, mercury and copper are known to exist in relatively high quantities in newsprint from the ink used in printing. Naphthalene and other aromatic hydrocarbons which are found in coal tar and synthetic and natural crude oils are known to accumulate in marine life and are absorbed by humans after consumption. A preliminary report indicated beef steers bedded on newspaper did consume varying amounts of the material. Few studies have determined if residues of heavy metals or organic compounds are found in the carcasses of animals continuously bedded on newspaper. The objectives ofmore » this study were to determine the levels of cadmium, copper, lead, mercury and certain aromatic hydrocarbons in the blood and liver of feedlot cattle bedded continuously on waste newspaper or sawdust. 4 refs., 3 tabs.« less
Electrochemical detection of triacetone triperoxide employing the electrocatalytic reaction of iron(II/III)-ethylenediaminetetraacetate and hydrogen peroxide.

Abstract An electrochemical method for the detection of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) is proposed and examined. In this method, TATP solutions were treated with 1.08 M HCl for 10 min releasing H2O2 and/or hydroperoxides. Subsequently, these peroxides undergo an electrocatalytic reduction through the FeII/IIIethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) complex at a glassy carbon electrode. Cyclic voltammetric results indicate that no redox reaction was observed between FeIIEDTA and TATP. Acid treated TATP yielded voltammograms indicative of electrocatalysis of ROOH/HOOH reduction via FeII/IIIEDTA redox cycling. Chronoamperometric results yielded a detection limit of 0.89 μM for TATP and a sensitivity of 0.025 mA mM−1. The influence of pH and O2 interference on the analytical signal is briefly discussed.
Tribological Properties of Films Formed by the Reaction of Carbon Tetrachloride with Iron

The tribological properties of halide films grown on iron by reaction with carbon tetrachloride vapor at a temperature of 617 K and a pressure of 1.7 Torr are compared, in ultrahigh vacuum, with FeCl2 films evaporated onto the surface. It is found that the reactively formed film has a slightly lower limiting friction coefficient than the evaporated layer (~0.06 compared to ~0.08), which may be due either to the diffusion of some carbon into the substrate or the formation of a more oriented layer when this is formed reactively. The major difference between the reactively grown and evaporated film is that the evaporated layer attains the minimum friction when ~40 A of FeCl2 has been evaporated, while the reactively formed layer has a minimum friction coefficient when a film of 6±2 A has been deposited. In the case of the evaporated FeCl2 film, the growth of second and subsequent layers proceeds before the first layer is complete. It has been shown that the friction coefficient reaches its minimum value after completion of the first monolayer, a process that is complete after the evaporation of ~40 A of FeCl2. In the case of the film formed by reaction with CCl4, the halide film grows directly on the surface implying that the FeCl2 monolayer thickness is ~6 A. This value is in good agreement with the layer thickness in bulk ferrous chloride.
Migration and the Public Sector: A Survey

CHARNEY A. H. (1993) Migration and the public sector: a survey, Reg. Studies 27, 3133–326. A review of the existing literature on human migration reveals relatively few studies that explicitly examine the relationships between public policy decisions and human migration flows. The surveyed literature includes studies of national policies, such as defence spending, migration subsidies and intergovernmental transfers, as well as sub-national policies, such as welfare and unemployment benefits, state and local taxes, education and other public services. Suggestions for incorporating public sector information into existing migration analysis frameworks and further areas of research are provided. CHARNEY A. H. (1993) La migration et le secteur public: une etude, Reg. Studies 27, 313–326. Faire la critique de la documentation disponible sur la migration humaine laisse voir que rares sont les etudes traitant explicitement des rapports entre la politique d'Etat et les flux migratoires. La documentation examinee c...
Value of lymphangiography in the diagnosis of paraaortic lymph node metastases from carcinoma of the cervix

Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of lymphangiography in the diagnosis of paraaortic lymph node metastases from carcinoma of the cervix. Thirty-nine patients with diagnoses of invasive carcinoma of the cervix underwent bipedal lymphangiography followed by exploratory laparotomy. In all, 37 required bilateral paraaortic lymphadenectomy, and 2 required paraaortic node biopsy. It was clear that lymphangiographic examination gave high predictive value when negative, but low predictive value when positive.
Fabrication and Characterization of Polymer/Liquid Crystal Composite Diffractive Optics by Multiphoton Methods

Direct-write multiphoton photolithography is used to prepare electrically switchable diffraction gratings having spacings as small as 4 μm. Surface-relief gratings are written into poly(methyl methacrylate) films using a sample-scanning confocal microscope and are characterized by using contact-mode atomic force microscopy. The resulting polymeric channels are filled with nematic liquid crystals (LCs) and sandwiched between indium tin oxide-coated coverslips to obtain functional devices. These devices exhibit diffraction efficiencies approaching 30 %. Microscopic LC organization and field-induced reorientation dynamics within these devices are characterized by static and dynamic polarization-dependent multiphoton excited fluorescence microscopy. LCs are found to align predominantly along the channel axis, but exhibit some disorder near the channel walls, resulting from nanometer-scale polymer surface roughness. LC reorientation in response to an electric field is rapid ( 20 ms). Both reorientation and relaxation are influenced by orientationally anchored LCs near the channel walls.
Domain wall freezing in KDP-type ferroelectrics

Abstract Hysteresis loops in KH 2 PO 4 (KDP) and its ferroelectric (FE) isomorphs disappear some 60 K below T c . This disappearance may result from an order–disorder transition of the domain wall. The lowest energy wall consists of a single layer of nonpolar H 2 PO 4 groups of Slater energy e 0 . Including only the Slater/Takagi interactions predicts that a domain wall can become wider by having small protrusions that then diffuse along the wall. Reducing temperature would decrease domain wall mobility without causing a freezing transition. However, if one includes the Ishibashi dipolar interaction, this dipolar energy is minimized for a zero-entropy smooth domain wall with a particular ordered H-bond arrangement. Accordingly, there could be an order–disorder transition within the wall, if the bias “field” favoring this H-bond ordering is not great enough to smear out the transition. We are applying this model to predict domain wall mobility temperature dependence, and simultaneously measuring FE hysteresis in KDP-ferroelectrics to determine the nature and sharpness of this proposed domain wall transition.
Excitons and Charge Transfer States in One-Dimensional Semiconductors

Abstract The one– and two–photon absorption spectra of one–dimensional Peierls semiconductors have been calculated by taking account of the effect of exciton. In the one–photon spectrum, the lowest exciton state gains anomalously large oscillator strength as a result of one–dimensionality. In the two–photon absorption spectrum, interband transitions are as important as exciton transitions.
Simplified fabrication of a tantalum four- by five-inch skull plate.

Abstract 1. 1. A case is presented of an unusually large skull defect due to removal of a tuberculoma. 2. 2. The dental service was assigned the technical job of fabricating a tantalum skull plate to cover the defect and thus protect the patient from possible trauma to the unprotected cerebrum. 3. 3. A simplified method is presented for construction of the plate using ordinary available material found in a dental laboratory. 4. 4. A brief description of the surgical insertion of the plate is presented for the reader's interest.
Training Community-Based Clinicians in Screening and Brief Intervention for Substance Abuse Problems: Translating Evidence into Practice

Screening and brief intervention in general health care settings are efficacious but have not been widely adopted. Our objective was to assess the effect of an educational intervention on clinicians' substance abuse-related clinical practices. The study was a telephone survey of practicing physicians, nurses, psychologists, physician's assistants, and social workers who attended a half-day continuing education course on one of four occasions. The course covered the stages of behavioral change and motivational counseling, using primarily role play with standardized patients. Of 87 course attendees, 70 (80%) completed the interview. Months to years after the course, most (91%) reported that the course made an impact on their practice. Most (78%) of respondents reported that they frequently or always asked new patients who drank alcohol a formal screening questionnaire such as the CAGE, and 94% frequently or always assessed their substance abusing patients' readiness to change. Most respondents reported that since taking the course they were more likely (1) to screen patients for alcohol or drug related problems (86%) and (2) to ask patients about their substance abuse on a follow-up visit (96%). After exposure to an active-learning half-day continuing education course, clinicians reported improvement with and high rates of desirable substance abuse-related clinical practices up to 5 years later. Continuing education efforts that incorporate active learning directed toward practicing clinicians show promise for improving rates of brief intervention for alcohol and other drug abuse.