cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flagellar apparatus absolute orientations and the phylogeny of the green algae.

Abstract The absolute orientation of the flagellar apparatus in green algal motile cells is a feature of considerable value in studies of green algal systematics and phylogeny. The absolute orientation patterns found in those algae for which this feature is known or can be deduced are reviewed. Counterclockwise absolute orientation occurs in all classes except the Chlorophyceae and is considered primitive, while the clockwise absolute orientation present in most members of the Chlorophyceae is the result of progressive clockwise rotation of components during evolution. Extant intermediates documenting this rotation include Hafniomonas vegetative cells, which show counterclockwise absolute orientation, and Chaetopeltis quadriflagellate zoospores, in which the flagellar apparatus is strictly cruciate except for a slight clockwise offset of the microtubular rootlets. The V-shaped arrangement of the basal bodies in the flagellar apparatus, as well as the presence of proximal sheaths and of two layers of scales on the cell body, further identifies the Chaetopeltis zoospore as a primitive cell type within the Chlorophyceae. Trends towards the exsertion of basal bodies from a flagellar pit, either apically or laterally, the elimination of quadriflagellate cells, and, in the Chlorophyceae, an increasing amount of basal body offset, indicate advancement within the classes. Absolute orientation is conserved during flagellar apparatus replication and development. Events after flagellar apparatus division in the algae studied may be subdivided into component assembly, which is universal and preserves phylogenetically-useful features, and component reorientation, which occurs in relatively few green algae and adapts the flagellar apparatus to specialized functions. From these flagellar apparatus orientation studies, a major reevaluation of evolution within the Chlorophyceae is proposed, with weakly-thalloid algae possessing desmoschisis (e.g. Chaetopeltis ) considered primitive, and most other types, including the Volvocales, considered more advanced. The evolution of wall formation does not preclude the formation of scales in primitive chlorophycean genera. In addition, one or more previously undescribed major lineages may exist within the green algae, including one, the Pleurastrum lineage, whose members possess dorsiventrally-flattened motile cells, counterclockwise absolute orientation of the flagellar apparatus, and a phycoplast at cytokinesis. The Chlorophyceae, the Ulvophyceae, and the Pleurastrum lineage are considered to have a common ancestor that resembled the modern genus Pyramimonas , while the Charophyceae is thought to be of more ancient derivation. The ancestors for all classes possessed counterclockwise absolute orientation of the flagellar apparatus and diamond-shaped scales.
Effect of Different Milks and Level of Intake upon Growth of Young Dairy Calves

Abstract The influence on growth rate and efficiency of feed utilization by calves from 1 through 22 days of age was compared when diets of whole milk, nonfat milk and colostrum were offered ad libitum and whole milk was fed at 9% of body weight per day. Body weight gains averaged 20.2, 14.5, 13.2 and 5.6kg on these feeding regimes. All differences were significant (P
Evidence for the effectiveness of techniques To change physician behavior.

Study objectives To understand the theory and results of how to improve physician performance, as part of overall health-care quality improvement. In particular, to study whether and how guideline production and dissemination affects physician performance. Design Review of meta-analyses and structured reviews; review of behavior change theories implicit in interventions to change physician performance. Setting Primarily the United States. Patients or participants Various patients and physicians, determined by reviews. Interventions None. Measurements and results There is no unifying theory of physician behavior change tested among physicians in practice. Attempts to affect individual physicians' performance have often met with failure. Mixed results are found for almost all interventions reviewed. Multiple interventions yield better results. Conclusions The answer to the question of what works to improve an individual physician's clinical performance is not simple. Emerging theory and evidence suggests that applications of behavior-change methods should not be focused on which tools (don't) always work. Instead, guideline development and implementation methods should be theory driven and evidence based (supported by evidence that proves the theory correct). In particular, the framework of evidence-based quality assessment offers some insight into past failures and offers hope for organizing attempts at guideline implementation.
Lack of relation of pulp Ca2+-, Mg2+-ATPase to mineralization rate in rat incisor dentine in response to vitamin D and calcium intake.

Abstract The role of pulp Ca 2+ -, Mg 2+ -ATPase in the mineralization of dentine was examined by investigating the response of the enzyme to differing rates of mineralization. The rates were modified in weanling male rats by varying dietary calcium intake (0.02, 0.6 or 1.2 per cent Ca) and vitamin D intake (0 or 25 i.u./day). Mineralization of dentine was impaired in all vitamin D-deficient groups and in the low calcium, vitamin D-supplemented group. Pulp Ca 2+ -, Mg 2+ -ATPase activity in the vitamin D-supplemented groups was not influenced by calcium intake, but was inversely related to calcium intake in the vitamin D-deficient groups. There was no correlation between mineralization rate and ATPase activity, and the enzyme activity was not clearly related to a deficiency of either calcium or vitamin D.
Engines of progress: Designing and running entrepreneurial vehicles in established companies

In order to create new revenue streams through new or improved lines of business, many companies have established formal programs to stimulate and manage innovations and venture creation. We refer to such programs as “entrepreneurial vehicles”+ngines for driving the creation of value through new ideas-and the projects they nurture as “newstream” activities, to distinguish them from “mainstream” operations in “mainstream” (ongoing, established) lines of business (Kanter 1989). The core dilemma around entrepreneurship in established companies is, of course, organizing so as to manage newstreams in the midst of mainstreams-even when there are conflicting requirements for effectiveness in each. Between 1986 and 1988 a Harvard Business School Research Team studied eight corporate venturing programs in depth, covering companies in a large range of industries and with strikingly different kinds of entrepreneurial vehicles. Burgelman (1983) identified three major levels (or tasks and roles) in the internal corporate venturing process. These levels are similar to the levels in Bower’s (1970) resource allocation model: corporate management, which provides the structure and rationale for new business development, as well as authorizing projects and monitoring performance; new venture development management, which delineates specific areas in which to seek project managers; and the venture managers themselves, who generate the ideas, champion specific products or technology, and oversee the technical work. The focus of the Harvard research was the middle level, the integrative mechanism for linking corporate strategy and innovation projects.
A model based approach to in vivo ultrasound temperature estimation

A model based technique for echo shift-based ultrasound temperature estimation is presented. First, the dynamic model is derived from direct discretization of the Pennes' bio-heat equation. This model is then used in a Kalman filter setting for temperature tracking using the incremental temperature changes acquired at each discrete grid point as the measurements. In addition to tissue heterogeneity, natural motions and deformations during in vivo ultrasound thermography play a significant role in degrading the performance of the ultrasound thermography. Using the model based approach, we present the results of temperature estimation during sub-therapeutic high intensity focus ultrasound (HIFU) shots in the hind limb of Copenhagen rats in vivo. The results show continuous tracking of the temperature via pure prediction during significant error cycles or displacement tracking failure. These results represent an early validation of a fully adaptive spatial-temporal filtering of thermography data to compensate for tissue motions and deformations in vivo.
Designing an engaging digital learning tool: A report on a motivation study and its impact on the design of an online learning tool

Communication skills are critical to the success of students entering the working world as professional engineers because effective writing underpins many of their duties. Unfortunately, engineering curricula are usually filled with discipline-specific courses, leaving little room for communication-related electives. Some engineering programs have started to integrate communication instruction into their existing curricula. However, subject instructors frequently struggle to teach communication skills in their courses as lessons often extend beyond their areas of expertise, and Writing Across the Curriculum (WAC) programs are not available at every school. Our project addresses this problem through the development of an online self-learning resource that incorporates video lessons, self-assessment activities, and hands-on exercises. This paper describes a major challenge that we encountered while testing our online self-learning resource-motivating students to try the tool when they are not required to use it-and how we addressed the problem by conducting a testing exercise of motivation approaches that lead us to modify the ways we engage students in the online self-learning re-source.
Simultaneous pancreatitis and hepatitis associated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

A 34-yr-old woman developed simultaneous pancreatitis and hepatitis following exposure to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX). The episode occurred 4 yr after a previous episode of hepatitis associated with TMP/SMX. This patient represents the second case of concurrent TMP/SMX-induced pancreatitis and hepatitis reported in the literature. However, it is the first in which the adverse reaction was documented following an inadvertent rechallenge with the drug.
Response predictors for high-grade gliomas given definitive irradiation

The prognostic significance of the following 9 variables was assessed using archival specimens from a series of patients with high-grade astrocytic gliomas treated definitively with irradiation: histologic grade, patient age, tumor nuclear roundness factor (TNRF), tumor nuclear area (TNA), mitotic index, cell density, necrosis, giant cells, and pseudopalisading cells (PPC). Using univariate analysis, 7 of the 9 variables were significantly related to overall survival: patient age (P < 0.0001), mitotic index (P < 0.0001), cell density (P = 0.0004), histologic grade (P = 0.0005), necrosis (P =0.0042), PPC (P = 0.0016), and TNRF (P = 0.0232). When adjusted for age, 4 variables were significantly related to overall survival: histologic grade, mitotic index, cell density, and TNRF. When adjusted for both age and grade, 3 previously significant variables (mitotic index, cell density, and TNRF) were no longer significant, indicating possible redundancy with grade. When each variable was adjusted for every other variable, only age remained independently and significantly (P = 0.0022) predictive for overall survival. None of the 9 variables was significantly related to disease-free survival. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
SU‐FF‐T‐340: Penumbra Evaluation of the Synergy‐S and Novalis Micro‐MLCs

Purpose: To investigate the effect of variations in the field size, treatment depth, and treatment distance on penumbra at leaf‐end and leaf‐side of two micro‐leaf collimators (μMLCs). Method and Materials: The penumbra characteristics of the Elekta's Synergy‐S micro‐leaf beam modulator with 4mm leave width and BrainLab's Novalis μMLC with 3mm leaf width at isocenter were investigated. Kodak EDR2 film was exposed to approximately 200cGy for a variety of build‐up thicknesses (6MV photon beam, depth =1.5, 5, 10 and 15cm), field sizes (3cm2–10cm2), and treatment distances (90, 100, 105, 110, and 115cm SSD) for both square and circular fields. The penumbra information was expressed as 80% to 20% isodose distance. Results: Analysis of the measured penumbra revealed that BrainLab's μMLC had smaller effective penumbra (2.3mm–3.9mm at leaf‐side and 2.4mm–4.4mm at leaf‐end) as compared to that of Synergy‐S (3mm–6mm at leaf‐side and 4.3mm–7.8mm at leaf‐end) for square fields, at 100cm SAD. The average difference of effective penumbras at leaf‐side and at leaf‐end was about 50% for the Synergy‐S, while this difference was about 6% for BrainLab's μMLC. However, the effective penumbras for circular fields (3cm–9cm diameter) were comparable; ranging 4mm–7mm for the Synergy‐S μMLC and 3mm–6mm for the BrainLab's system. Discussion and Conclusions: Both the BrainLab's and the Elekta's μMLCs produce comparable effective penumbras for typical treatment conditions. The Synergy‐S does not use any adjustable jaw system. In this study, the adjustable jaws of BrainLab's μMLC were positioned at least 0.5cm behind the leaf‐ends to eliminate their effect on penumbra. The variation of penumbra on leaf‐end is significantly smaller for the BrainLab's μMLC. This difference could be due to several factors such as x‐ray target to leaf distance, target's shape and size, or the exact leaf tip design; these issues are being investigated.
Controlled radical polymerization of a styrenic sulfonium monomer and post-polymerization modifications

The controlled radical polymerization (CRP) of a sulfonium salt-type monomer, 4-vinylbenzyltetrahydrothiophenium tetrafluoroborate (4VBThtBF4), was investigated under initiators for continuous activator regeneration atom transfer radical polymerization (ICAR ATRP) and reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization conditions. A progressive loss of control over the polymerization was observed under ICAR ATRP conditions when an alkyl bromide initiator was used, due to the reaction of the bromine-capped dormant chain ends with tetrahydrothiophene which is formed in the reaction mixture by slow decomposition of the monomer. The use of a chloride initiator (less sensitive towards nucleophiles) leads only to a limited improvement because of the comparatively low initiation efficiency. 4VBThtBF4 can be polymerized in a controlled fashion under RAFT conditions using a tertiary trithiocarbonate chain transfer agent (CTA). The polymerizations proceeded quickly to high monomer conversion (>85% within 5 hours) and afforded materials with narrow molecular weight distribution dispersities (around 1.15). The obtained polymeric sulfonium salt (poly4VBThtBF4) was used successfully as a building block in the synthesis of block copolymers with polystyrene segments. The reaction of poly4VBThtBF4 with sodium benzylthiolate and sodium azide was investigated in detail, and optimized to afford the corresponding polymeric thioethers (poly4VBSBn) and azides (poly4VBN3). Finally, the pendant benzylic methylene groups in poly4VBThtBF4 were deprotonated and the formed polymers with multiple attached ylide functionalities (not isolated) were reacted with benzaldehyde to yield polymers with pendant epoxide groups.
PCR analysis of dystrophin gene mutation and expression

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by mutations that impair normal production of dystrophin in muscle and brain tissues. The dystrophin gene is expressed at extremely low levels in both humans and mice, which makes analysis of the 14kb mRNA a difficult task. In addition, 30% of all cases of DMD (and the genetic lesion in all three known mdx mouse models for DMD) are thought to arise from single base mutations, yet methods are not available to routinely identify and analyze these mutations and their effects on disease progression. We have been using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to analyze the expression of the murine dystrophin gene. A simple assay is described that distinguishes the murine dystrophin transcripts expressed from either the muscle or brain promoter. In addition, amplification of overlapping segments from the 5' end of the murine transcript has enabled the identification of DNA sequence variations between wild-type and mdx mice. These results demonstrate that the mutation in the original strain of mdx mice is distinct from those in two newer mdx isolates and that three independently isolated mdx mutants are available for study of DMD.
On mixed finite element methods for elliptic equations

Abstract Let T∗T be a second order elliptic operator. Mixed methods results from the application of Galerkin techniques to the first order system T∗σ=⨍,Tu=σ. Previous results[1] have given sufficient conditions for optimal rates of convergence to be obtained for both u and σ. It is shown that the observed optimal rate of convergence when u and σ are both approximated by linear finite elements does not follow from this analysis.
WORLD HUNGER AND A MORAL RIGHT TO SUBSISTENCE

We live in a world in which one of every five persons does not get enough to eat. Each day more than ten thousand people die of starvation; thousands more, both adults and children, suffer brain damage and other functional abnormalities because of malnutrition. Often there is simply not enough drinking water or not enough food available. Some people must do without. A drought has come and some are allowed to die. Or, less food has been grown because less fertilizer was imported and hundreds or thousands die.
Trophic cascades in Yellowstone: The first 15 years after wolf reintroduction

Abstract The 1995/1996 reintroduction of gray wolves (Canis lupus) into Yellowstone National Park after a 70 year absence has allowed for studies of tri-trophic cascades involving wolves, elk (Cervus elaphus), and plant species such as aspen (Populus tremuloides), cottonwoods (Populus spp.), and willows (Salix spp.). To investigate the status of this cascade, in September of 2010 we repeated an earlier survey of aspen and measured browsing and heights of young aspen in 97 stands along four streams in the Lamar River catchment of the park’s northern winter range. We found that browsing on the five tallest young aspen in each stand decreased from 100% of all measured leaders in 1998 to means of
The Power of Words: Spirituality in Higher Education

We management scholars live and move and have our being in a set of assumptions about the superiority of the dominant culture’s kind of higher education. Certain words and topics are acceptable in higher education while others aren’t. Acceptable words hold power, as they determine what can be studied. All that falls outside the bounds of the acceptable words is neglected as a topic of study and thus becomes invisible. For over a century, words like “spirituality” and “soul” and “subjectivity” were taboo in the academy and thus invisible. In recent years, spiritual educators have challenged higher education’s dominant culture and have begun to empower the formerly taboo words and the vast regions of knowledge they represent. This paper will examine these challenges and the criticisms which have followed close on their heels, especially criticisms regarding the epistemological foundation for spirituality in higher education. It will then turn to responses to the critics, which stem primarily from the perspe...
Side Effects of Corporate Cultural Transformations

As organizational leaders undertake cultural transformations to make themselves more competitive, they engender complex responses by those who lead and experience them. Some are intended, others not, and the latter, the unanticipated side effects of cultural agendas, can undermine-even defeat-the intended change process. Drawing on their observations of a diverse array of companies and managers that have undergone cultural transformations, the authors identify four leading side effects: (a) ambivalent authority, manifest in such directives as "ordering" employees to become "empowered"; (b) polarized images, evident in rhetoric that casts all that is new as progressive and all that is old as regressive; (c) disappointment and blame, seen in finger-pointing up and down the management hierarchy for the inevitable setbacks that accompany change; and (d) behavioral inversion, displayed in empowerment slogans that mask a reassertion of hierarchy. Cultural transformations generate fewer unwanted side effects whe...
Neurobehavioral organization and the cardinal principle of evaluative bivalence

The principle of evaluative bivalence asserts that behavioral processes often organize along the evaluative dimension, due to a fundamental pattern of bivalent neurobehavioral organization extending throughout the neuraxis. This principle offers a powerful approach to the explication of complex behavioral relationships and the integration of diverse literatures. It also offers a guiding conceptual framework for the study of neurobehavioral relationships which holds the promise of integrating rather than diversifying the study of neural mechanisms for disparate behavioral phenomena.
Use of the Precaution Adoption Process Model to examine predictors of osteoprotective behavior in epilepsy

In the neurology literature it is well established that anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) lead to bone loss (osteopenia and osteoporosis). Several large epidemiologic studies have found twice the fracture rate in persons with epilepsy compared to the non-epilepsy population. While an increasing level of awareness for preventative measures and screening by neurologists and primary care physicians are recommended, so far no one has attempted to address how knowledge related to calcium and exercise, health beliefs (based on the Health Belief Model) and self-efficacy (confidence in abilities) impact osteoprotective behaviors in epilepsy, based on the Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM). The seven-stage PAPM, unlike other health behavior theories where a person is either practicing or not practicing the behavior, conceptualizes behavior change as dynamic and occurring over time. Validated instruments were used to assess knowledge, health beliefs, self-efficacy and stages of the precaution adoption process for four osteoprotective behaviors. For dietary calcium; exercise knowledge and calcium self-efficacy predicted higher stages of precaution adoption. For calcium supplements; age perceived susceptibility for osteoporosis and perceived benefits of calcium predicted higher stages. Exercise adoption stage was most predicted by exercise knowledge and health motivation. For DEXA screening adoption; age and perceived susceptibility predicted higher stages. This study provides hints how persons with epilepsy could be influenced to move from the unaware/unengaged positions into to the stages of adoption and maintenance for osteoprotective behaviors.
The system architecture of the Heidelberg transport system

HeiTS, the Heidelberg Transport System, is designed for communication of continuous-media data. The purpose of HeiTS is the exchange of digital audio and video with quality of service guarantees. The system environment of HeiTS has to coordinate real-time and non-real-time functions. Most parts of HeiTS run in user space; it uses some kernel-based mechanisms such as a real-time CPU scheduler and device drivers. On top of HeiTS exists a control system which allows for the construction of applications controlling continuous-media streams. This paper describes the architecture of HeiTS and the mechanisms of its system environment we have implemented on AIX and OS/2 platforms.
Food Preferences, Eating Patterns, and Physical Activity Among Adolescents: Correlates of Eating Disorders Symptoms

Abstract Purpose: Food preferences, eating patterns, and physical activity patterns were examined in a cohort of adolescent females and males participating in a longitudinal study of the developmental antecedents of eating disorders. Methods: All adolescents ( n = 1494) in grades seven through ten in an entire school district completed a survey about their dieting behaviors, eating, and exercise patterns. Results: Principal components analysis showed similar factor structures for food preferences and eating patterns among males and females. Gender differences were present in physical activity patterns. Sports participation was correlated with healthy food preference and was a significant predictor of eating disorders symptoms. Junk food preference was marginally inversely related to eating disorders symptoms in females. Preference for other types of foods and reported intake of foods were not related to eating disorders symptoms. The percent of variance in risk score accounted for by dietary intake and physical activity patterns was small. Conclusions: Psychological and social/environmental variables may explain a larger proportion of the variance in eating disorders risk than the dietary and physical activity variables examined in this study. Implications for understanding the etiology and behavioral expression of eating disorders are discussed.
Stressor States and the Cation Crossroads

Neurohormonal activation involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and adrenergic nervous and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems is integral to stressor state–mediated homeostatic responses. The levels of effector hormones, depending upon the degree of stress, orchestrate the concordant appearance of hypokalemia, ionized hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia, hypozincemia, and hyposelenemia. Seemingly contradictory to homeostatic responses wherein the constancy of extracellular fluid would be preserved, upregulation of cognate-binding proteins promotes coordinated translocation of cations to injured tissues, where they participate in wound healing. Associated catecholamine-mediated intracellular cation shifts regulate the equilibrium between pro-oxidants and antioxidant defenses, a critical determinant of cell survival. These acute and chronic stressor-induced iterations in extracellular and intracellular cations are collectively referred to as the cation crossroads. Intracellular cation shifts, part...
Overcoming programming flaws: indexing of common software vulnerabilities

The goal of this research project was to identify categories of programming flaws that lead to software bugs and index existing vulnerability reports against those categories. A keyword-based search placed 70% of the records from the OSVDB and CVE databases into 15 vulnerability categories. The results identified malformed data, buffer overflow and cross-site scripting as the top three issues. The project laid the foundations for future research into ways of mitigating programming flaws.
Collective action as an agreeable n‐prisoners' dilemma

The problem of collective action to produce a group collective good is analyzed as the game of Individual vs. Collective and then as an n-person game to show that, under the constraints of Mancur Olson's analysis, it is an n-prisoners' dilemma in the cases of latent and intermediate groups. The usual analysis according to which noncooperation is considered the rational strategy for classical 2-prisoners' dilemma is logically similar to Olson's analysis, which suggests that rational members of a latent group should not contribute toward the purchase of the group collective good. However, in the game analysis it is clear that the latent and intermediate groups are not logically different, but rather are distinguishable only statistically. Some prisoners' dilemma experimental results are used to suggest how the difference might arise and how the vast prisoners' dilemma literature can be related to the problem of collective action. The game of collective action is then analyzed not from the view of strategies but of outcomes. There is presented a theorem which states that the outcome in which all player-members of a group pay and all benefit is a Condorcet choice from the set of realizable outcomes for the game. Hence the cooperative outcome in such a game would prevail in election against all other outcomes.
Robotic choledochojejunostomy with intracorporeal Roux limb construction

Background Biliary surgery can often be very complex, with difficult access issues, small structures to be manipulated and sutured and proximity to major vessels. Additionally, biliary surgery is often reoperative. All of these issues have the potential to be aided by the use of technology which provides three-dimensional (3D) vision, excellent illumination and access, with steady instrument control under maximal magnification. The robot is such a technology which is currently available. Methods The Da Vinci® robot was used to perform a robotic choledochojejunostomy, using five ports and a totally intracorporeal technique. Results Two patients were studied. There were no conversions to open operation. There was no mortality. One patient experienced a postoperative bile leak, which was successfully managed endoscopically. Conclusions Robotic choledochojejunostomy with intracorporeal Roux-en-Y anastomosis is a feasible operation with a definite learning curve. It has potential benefits to the patient. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A note on strong stability of contractive distributed systems

A decomposition for the underlying state space of a linear contractive distributed system is obtained. The objective is to find conditions for strong stability. The decomposition identifies the strongly stable subspace and provides a clear picture of the structure of the state space with regard to strong stability. Based on this decomposition, several conditions for strong stability of the semigroups related to contractive systems are obtained. >
Activated sludge wastewater treatment— stoichiometric relationships

A mathematical procedure based on biokinetic and stoichiometric principles is presented as a basis for modelling biological wastewater treatment process systems. An example problem is formulated and solved to illustrate the utility of the model. Important process relationships are presented graphically.
Size-dependence of the heat capacity and thermodynamic properties of hematite (α-Fe2O3)

The heat capacity of a 13 nm hematite (a-Fe2O3) sample was measured from T = (1.5 to 350) K using a combination of semi-adiabatic and adiabatic calorimetry. The heat capacity was higher than that of the bulk which can be attributed to the presence of water on the surface of the nanoparticles. No anomaly was observed in the heat capacity due to the Morin transition and theoretical fits of the heat capacity below T = 15 K show a small T 3 dependence (due to lattice contributions) with no T 3/2 dependence. This suggests that there are no magnetic spin-wave contributions to the heat capacity of 13 nm hematite. The use of a large linear term to fit the heat capacity below T = 15 K is most likely due to superparamagnetic contributions. A small anomaly within the temperature range (4 to 8) K was attributed to the presence of uncompensated surface spins.
Foliar anatomy and fiber motifs in Mammea (Clusiaceae, Kielmeyeroideae)

Anatomical observations of the petiole and lamina of Mammea L. (Clusiaceae, Kielmeyeroideae) show extensive variation. All species have a complex folding pattern of the vascular bundle within the petiole, differing from most of the patterns found in the rest of the family. Except for the species found in the Neotropics and Africa, the laminas of almost all species contain fibers not immediately associated with the vascular tissue—a unique feature in the Clusiaceae. Fiber motifs range from bundles originating within the petiole, sheets forming an almost contiguous layer, to fibers with various patterns of organization derived from the secondary veins. Species groups based on fiber motif are recognized, and these correlate with other anatomical and morphological characters.
Stoichiometric relationship between calcium oxide and sugars in water solution

The interaction between 5 sugars and CaO in water solution has been found to be equimolar. Calcium uptake and ultraviolet absorption patterns between reducing and non-reducing sugars in basic solution indicate that cation- and/or anion-dependent reactions occur simultaneously and independently. It is suggested that variability of reported stoichiometric ratios between sugars and alkali or alkali-earth metals may also be a function of the polarisability of sugarderived reacting species, under a given set of experimental conditions.
High‐performance liquid chromatographic assay for etomidate in human plasma: Results of preliminary clinical studies using etomidate for hypnosis in total intravenous anesthesia

Abstract □ A sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic assay was developed for the measurement of etomidate in human plasma following extraction of the drug and the internal standard. Using 0.5-ml aliquots of plasma, the assay was linear in the concentration range of 20–2000 ng of etomidate/ml of plasma. This method was used to evaluate a preliminary clinical study of an etomidate infusion regimen for hypnosis in a total intravenous anesthesia protocol in 23 patients. The average duration of the infusion was 30 min, and awakening and alertness occurred 20 and 36 min after the termination of the infusion, respectively, at the respective plasma concentrations of 297 and 214 ng/ml. These results and this assay will be used to design and evaluate an improved etomidate infusion regimen.
Design optimization of a highly parallel InfiniBand host channel adapter

Network processors use highly parallel architectures to improve performance and reach multi-gigabit line-speeds. In this paper, we emulate a pipeline in a highly parallel non-programmable industrial InfiniBand Host Channel Adapter to make a performance and bottleneck analysis and, at the same time, explore the potential of a pipelined architecture. Therefore, starting from the original Host Channel Adapter model with multiple send- and receive-side packet-processing units, we compare its performance capabilities with that of a pipelined design by introducing a central arbiter synchronizing the state machines of the different packet-processing instances to achieve a pipelined behavior. We show that the pipelined model achieves a performance comparable to that of the parallel design in most of our micro-benchmarks, making it a valid option for next-generation high-speed adapters. At the same time, our approach enables a deeper analysis of the original architecture and a better understanding of the actual processing requirements, and therefore offers valuable insights for future designs.
Gender Roles in Marriage and the Family A Critique and Some Proposals

Gender role issues permeate nearly all aspects of marital and family life, and understanding the ways that women and men and girls and boys are different and similar will heighten our understanding of marriage and family relationships in general. Although theory and experience seem to insist that gender differences clearly exist, empirical evidence about similarities or differences—with few exceptions—is not so clear. In this article, I argue that these ambiguities can be traced in large part to conceptual and methodological issues, such as construct definitions, measurement techniques, and sampling, as well as inattention to the historical context. Throughout the article, I focus particularly on division of household labor to illustrate how attending more carefully to method, theory, and history can enlarge our understanding of how gender roles are played out in the family. In the last section of the article, I discuss ways in which gender role issues might be thought about and studied beyond the individ...
The significance of small herbivores in structuring annual grassland

Abstract Question: Herbivores can play a fundamental role in regulating the composition and structure of terrestrial plant communities. Relatively inconspicuous but nevertheless ubiquitous gastropods and small mammals are usually considered to influence grassland communities through distinct modes. 1. Do terrestrial gastropods and small mammals, either alone or in combination, influence plant community composition of an intact annual grassland? 2. Do these herbivores influence the plant size structure of the dominant grass Avena? Location: Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve (37°24′ N, 122°13′ W, elevation 150 m) in northern California. Methods: Animal exclosures were used to examine the single and combined influences of these herbivores on annual grassland production, community composition, and plant size structure during the growing season of an intact annual grassland. Results: The removal and exclusion of the herbivores increased the prevalence of grasses relative to legumes and non-legume forbs; increas...
Bounded model switching in uncertain hybrid systems

The problem of establishing hard bounds on a state estimate of a nonlinear system is described. Within an operating range, the extended set-membership filter and a set of switched linear models are used in order to minimize the uncertainty on the state estimate. The bounding of the linearization error for use in set-membership with model switching is explained. Methods to select, place, and switch linear models to meet a desired uncertainty are discussed. The proposed methods are then applied to a model of the relative motion of two aircraft.
The DMTPC project

The DMTPC detector is a low-pressure CF4 TPC with optical readout for directional detection of Dark Matter. The combination of the energy and directional tracking information allows for an efficient suppression of all backgrounds. The choice of gas (CF4) makes this detector particularly sensitive to spin-dependent interactions.
Phylogenetic analysis of the repleta species group of the genus Drosophila using multiple sources of characters.

¶The species in the repleta group of the genus Drosophila have been placed into five subgroups—the mulleri, hydei, mercatorum, repleta, and fasciola subgroups. Each subgroup has been further subdivided into complexes and clusters. Extensive morphological and cytological analyses of the members of this species group have formed the foundation for the proposed relationships among the members of the repleta species group. Fifty-four taxa, including 46 taxa belonging to the repleta species group, were sequenced for fragments of four genes—16S ribosomal DNA (16S), cytochrome oxidase II (COII), and nitrogen dehydrogenase 1 (ND1) of the mitochondrial genome and a region of the hunchback (hb) nuclear gene. We also generated a partial data set of elongation factor 1-alpha (Ef1a) sequences for a subset of taxa. Our analysis used both DNA characters and chromosomal inversion data. The phylogenetic hypothesis we obtained supports many of the traditionally accepted clades within the mulleri subgroup, but the monophyly of taxonomic groups outside of this subgroup appears not to be supported. Phylogenetic analysis revealed one well-supported, highly resolved clade that consists of closely related members of the mulleri and buzzatii complexes. The remaining taxa, a wide assortment of taxonomic groups, ranging from members of other species groups to members of several subgroups and members of three species complexes from the mulleri subgroup are found in poorly supported arrangements at the base of the tree. © 2000 Academic Press
Migrating a Web-based application to a service-based system - an experience report

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a way of designing, developing, deploying, and managing enterprise systems where business needs and technical solutions are closely aligned. Increased return on investment (ROI) is a prime motivating factor for many organizations to migrate their existing systems to ones based on services. This paper details the experience of migrating a traditional Web-based application to a SOA-based system. The paper focuses on the business and technical issues that motivated the migration, but it also describes the advantages of the new service-oriented system in terms of ROI.
The Pairing of Energy Momentum Tensor and Eigentransformation Rate in a Cylindrically Orthotropic Elastic Circular Tube or Bar

The pairing of a chemical potential and its associated concentration rate in the thermodynamic identity is well known. The existence of an experimentally determinable molar volume as a function of molar concentrations is also widely used in chemical engineering. What is perhaps less known and infrequently used is the fact that a spatially nonuniform molar volume leads to a field of geometrically incompatible eigenstrain, or eigentransformation in finite deformation. This incompatibility forces the material environment to deform, and the result is a strain energy trapped inside the material body. The change of this energy with respect to the eigentransformation is a generalized configurational stress, which, in the limit as the eigentransformation tends to the identity transformation, tends to the classical energy momentum tensor of Eshelby [1], or the so-called configurational stress. It is shown that the generalized configurational stress is an integral part of the chemical potentials that are responsible for atomic diffusion. This cycle of cause and effect is demonstrated in an axially symmetric setting where the material configuration is taken to be cylindrically orthotropic. Symmetry can be used in many occasions to bare the simple meaning of a complex mathematical expression hiding under the disguise of tensors and index notation. We used it to elucidate the ”missing” term in surface chemical potential in 1996 [2] and are now applying it to identify the chemical potential in the bulk. Both Professor Thomas C. T. Ting and I are civil engineering graduates of Tai-Da, the world-renowned National Taiwan University, but did not know each other until we joined UIC. It has been a wonderful friendship of many stimulating anisotropic discussions and numerous delicious potluck dinners. Happy birthday, Tom!
Enhancing Evolution: Posthumanous Dreams and the Moral Complexity of Biomedical Aspirations

This essay reviews the book Enhancing Evolution and discusses issues related to enhancement technologies and aspirations for medical immortality within a Mormon framework.
The Most Senior Wall Street Official: Evaluating the State of Financial Crisis Prosecutions

This September marks six years since the collapse of Lehman Brothers and the height of the financial crisis. Recently, a growing debate has emerged over the Justice Department’s failure to criminally prosecute Wall Street executives for their role in creating the crisis. One side of that debate contends the government has failed to bring to justice individual wrongdoers — primarily the heads of banks operating in the mortgage-backed securities market — instead preferencing enforcement decisions that target corporations, resulting in punishments that are “little more than window-dressing.” The other side argues that cases against individuals are precluded by the realities of the federal criminal justice system, and that “corporate headhunting” will only inhibit meaningful regulatory reform. It is difficult, however, to evaluate these competing claims without proper context. This Article explores the recent conviction and sentencing of Wall Street executive Kareem Serageldin as a means of providing that context. Although Serageldin has been trumpeted as the “the most senior Wall Street official” to be sentenced for conduct committed during the financial crisis, and his conviction was framed as a victory in punishing those accountable for the financial collapse, a critical look at his case reveals he committed only a mundane white collar crime marginally related to the crisis. This disconnect creates a unique lens through which to understand and evaluate the current state of — and debate surrounding — financial crisis prosecutions. And it ultimately highlights the merits, and shortfalls, of each camp’s arguments. The Article concludes by offering something largely absent from the current debate: specific proposals for how we might go about prosecuting individuals so as to prevent the next crisis.
Citizen preferences and public goods: comparing preferences for foreign aid and government programs in Uganda

Different theories about the impact of aid make distinct predictions about citizens’ attitudes toward foreign aid in recipient countries. We investigate their preferences toward aid and government projects in order to examine these different theories. Are citizens indifferent between development projects funded by their own government versus those funded by foreign aid donors, as aid capture theory suggests? To address this, in an experiment on a large, representative sample of Ugandan citizens, we randomly assigned the names of funding groups for actual forthcoming development projects and invited citizens to express support attitudinally and behaviorally. We find that citizens are significantly more willing to show behavioral support in favor of foreign aid projects compared to government programs, especially if they already perceive the government as corrupt or clientelist or if they are not supporters of the ruling party. They also trust donors more, think they are more effective, and do not consistently oppose aid conditionality. This experimental evidence is consistent with a theory that we call donor control which sees donors asbeing able to target and condition aid so that it is not fungible with government revenues and thus to be able to better direct it to meet citizens’ needs.
LATE TRIASSIC DUROPHAGY AND THE ORIGIN OF THE MESOZOIC MARINE REVOLUTION

The evolutionary history of marine predator-prey interactions is a topic with important implications for a broad array of paleoecological questions. Has predation of marine organisms intensified through time? How have mass extinction events affected these interactions over longer time scales? What is the role of predator-prey interactions in species diversity and paleoecological structure of marine communities? The conditions that lead to complex marine ecosystems and the response of these systems to disruptive events in Earth's history are of direct importance to understanding and predicting the response of modern ocean ecosystems to changing conditions in the Common Era. Characterizing even the most general trends of marine predation through the Phanerozoic has proven to be a complex problem due to the difficulties in quantifying predation among and between the wide range of taxa, morphological adaptations, behaviors, and modes of life involved. In Vermeij's (1987) classic book on escalation, he outlined an impressive array of anti-predation adaptations distributed among many different phyla that can be quantified and tracked through time including shell thickness and size, degree of ornamentation, and the ability to cement or swim. In addition to these morphologic features, adaptive radiations of various specialized predators and changing frequencies of predation traces could be correlated to the appearance of many shelly invertebrate taxa with anti-predator adaptations. Most of the unique adaptations in predators and shelly prey were present by the Jurassic Period, while frequencies of predatory drill holes rapidly increased during the Cretaceous, leading Vermeij (1977) to term this phenomenon the Mesozoic Marine Revolution (MMR). Identifying an escalatory influence between durophagous predators and their shelly prey requires more than correlation of appearances and taxonomic radiations of predators and prey (Harper and Skelton 1993; Deitl and Kelley 2002). Unlike the Cretaceous coupling of taxonomic radiations of predatory gastropods with increased frequencies of …