cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MO-E-202-01: A Primer on Proton Therapy

The use of protons for radiation therapy offers theoretical advantages. Compared to external beam photonradiotherapy,proton therapy enables lowering of the integral dose to the patient due to the finite range of protons. However, proton therapy is less tolerant than photon therapy to uncertainties in both treatment planning and treatmentdelivery. Therefore, it is important to understand the potential sources of dosimetric uncertainties, the impact of these uncertainties in the accuracy and conformity of dosedelivered to patients, and potential strategies that translate physical advantage of proton therapy into a maximized dosimetric benefit in the patient. One unique difference between proton therapy and photon therapy is that the dose distributions can be significantly affected by changes in anatomy and nearby tissue heterogeneities along proton beam directions. Photon‐based PTV is purely based on a geometric concept which disassociates spatial dose distribution from the movements of the patient and internal organs. The traditional PTV concept is inadequate for proton therapy, especially in the presence of setup errors, motion, and anatomical variations. This session will provide an overview of the state‐of‐the‐art in proton therapy. We will discuss in detail the management of planning and delivery uncertainties for both passively scattered proton therapy and the newest spot‐scanning proton therapy techniques. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the state‐of‐the‐art on proton therapy 2. Understand the need for knowing potential sources of treatment planning and delivery uncertainties in proton therapy 3. Learn strategies to mitigate both proton therapy planning and delivery uncertainties
Evolution and Immediate Future of US Screening Guidelines

Although observational studies and simulation models have shed some interesting light on many of the uncertainties surrounding prostate cancer screening, well-done clinical trials provide the best evidence on screening among the extremes of age, the most appropriate interval to screen, and the best complement of tests to use. Enthusiasm for screening is temporized by the acknowledgment that overdetection leads to frequent overtreatment despite evidence supporting the safety of active surveillance in many men with low-risk disease.
Viewing ground-mounted diagrammatic guide signs before entrance ramps at night: Driver eye scanning behavior

The driver eye scanning study is part of a larger study conducted for the Ohio Department of Transportation to evaluate the effectiveness of ground-mounted diagrammatic guide signs placed before entrance ramps at highway freeway interchanges. This nighttime study investigated driver eye scanning behavior while approaching ground-mounted diagrammatic guide signs placed before entrance ramps. Six highway-freeway interchanges were selected in the Greater Columbus, Ohio, area for placement of the diagrammatic signs in the field. Subjects were six unfamiliar drivers, between the ages of 22 to 42. Two diagrammatic signs were located at each of the six interchanges, .5 mi (805 m) and .25 mi (402 m) before the last point of the gore, where a driver can still gain access to the correct freeway entrance ramp. Driver eye scanning behavior measurements were recorded at night to determine if the presence of the diagrammatic signs elicited an excessive number of eye fixations or was visually distracting to the drivers or both. The results indicate that the diagrammatic signs are not looked at excessively often or excessively long. The average look numbers and average look duration times indicate a normal and reasonable level of information acquisition processing employed by the drivers. These values agree with those previously obtained for regular traffic signing determined in previous eye scanning studies. Ground-mounted diagrammatic signs on multilane arterials in advance of highway freeway interchanges were not demonstrated to unduly distract drivers and detrimentally affect a driver's looking behavior.
Intrathoracic extramedullary hematopoietic tumor in hemoglobin H disease.

We report a Chinese patient with hemoglobin H (Hb H) disease who developed intrathoracic extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) 17 years following splenectomy for a blunt abdominal injury. The patient initially presented with extreme hyperbilirubinemia and multiple intrathoracic tumors. Hb H disease was diagnosed after investigation, and the marked jaundice, which declined gradually after supportive treatment, was attributed to his chronic hemolysis superimposed on an acute hepatitis C virus infection. A biopsy of the intrathoracic tumors revealed an EMH. Intrathoracic EMH, which is usually encountered in patients with β-thalassemia and hereditary spherocytosis, has never been reported in Hb H disease. In areas where thalassemia is prevalent, EMH should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients who have chronic anemia with asymptomatic intrathoracic tumor to avoid unnecessary surgical interventions. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Diffusion-Weighted MRI Correlates of Subacute Methotrexate-Related Neurotoxicity

Objectives: A delayed stroke-like leukoencephalopathy has been observed in patients receiving methotrexate (MTX) for childhood leukemia. Diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) may help to distinguish between ischemic stroke and chemotherapy-related leukoencephalopathy. Although conventional MRI correlates have been described for this stroke-like syndrome, DWI data are largely unavailable. Our objective is to present a retrospective analysis of the DWI findings in four patients who suffered subacute neurotoxicity after intrathecal MTX. Design: We reviewed the medical records of four patients, who were seen by us between July 2000 and February 2004 for sudden onset of a central neurological syndrome within days of intrathecal MTX. Patients underwent standardized MRI within 48 h of symptom onset; MRI included DWI and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps. Results: DWI of all patients revealed well-demarcated hyperintense lesions within the subcortical white matter corresponding to areas of restricted proton diffusion on ADC maps. Lesions exceeded the confines of adjacent vascular territories. Complete resolution of symptoms within 1–4 days was accompanied by normalization of ADC abnormalities. Conclusions: DWI findings in this cohort seem to reflect cytotoxic edema within cerebral white matter suggesting a reversible metabolic derangement, rather than ischemia, as the basis for this syndrome.
HTLV-I protease cleavage of P19/24 substrates is not dependent on NaCl concentration.

Abstract Understanding the factors that affect the activity of Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type I (HTLV-I) protease is essential for the discovery of inhibitors to be used for the treatment of HTLV-I infection, but little has been reported on the protease to date. Here we report the production of HTLV-I protease in purified yields greater than 150 mg/L, determination of its extinction coefficient, and determination of the optimum conditions for cleavage of the p19/24 substrates (DABCYL)-(GABA)-PQVL-Nph-VMH-(EDANS), (DABSYL)-(GABA)-PQVL-Nph-VMH-(EDANS), and (DABSYL)-(GABA)-PQVLPVMH-(EDANS). The highest activity was found at pH 5.2-5.3 and 37°C. There was no effect on activity upon change in sodium chloride concentration from 0 to 1500 mM. The values of K m and k cat for cleavage of these substrates by the protease with and without the histidine tag were determined.
Uniaxial Orientation of Columnar Discotic Liquid Crystals

The present paper explores the possibility of orienting columnar discotic liquid-crystalline (LC) materials and causing a uniaxial “in-plane” orientation of the columns along the orientation direction. The discotic LCs employed were based on 2-hydroxy-3,6,7,10,11-penta(1-butoxy)triphenylene, which was derivatized with 1-adamantenecarboxylic acid (Ada-PBT) and 10-undecenoic acid (ω-undecenoyl-PBT), respectively. As unequivocally shown by optical microscopy, uniaxial alignment of columnar Ada-PBT structures was readily achieved by spin-coating this material onto a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) orientation layer. Annealing of the films at temperatures at which the Ada-PBT was in its hexagonal plastic or hexagonal ordered mesophase slightly increased the degree of orientation. The optical absorption and photoluminescence spectra of oriented Ada-PBT films were significantly polarized, with absorption and emission dichroic ratios of 6.5 and 3, respectively. The optical anisotropy is unambiguously related to the uni...
Constitutive versus regulated SNARE assembly: a structural basis

SNARE complex formation is essential for intracellular membrane fusion. Vesicle-associated (v-) SNARE intertwines with target membrane (t-) SNARE to form a coiled coil that bridges two membranes and facilitates fusion. For the SNARE family involved in neuronal communications, complex formation is tightly regulated by the v-SNARE–membrane interactions. However, it was found using EPR that complex formation is spontaneous for a different SNARE family that is involved in protein trafficking in yeast. Further, reconstituted yeast SNAREs promoted membrane fusion, different from the inhibited fusion for reconstituted neuronal SNAREs. The EPR structural analysis showed that none of the coiled-coil residues of yeast v-SNARE is buried in the hydrophobic layer of the membrane, making the entire coiled-coil motif accessible, again different from the deep insertion of the membrane-proximal region of neuronal v-SNARE into the bilayer. Importantly, yeast membrane fusion is constitutively active, while synaptic membrane fusion is regulated, consistent with the present results for two SNARE families. Thus, the v-SNARE–membrane interaction may be a major molecular determinant for regulated versus constitutive membrane fusion in cells.
Advancements in whisper-island detection using the linear predictive residual

In this study, we consider the use of a new entropy-based feature extracted from linear predictive residual for whisper-island detection within normally phonated audio streams. The proposed feature, which is sensitive to vocal effort changes between whisper and neutral speech, is integrated within a BIC/Τ2-BIC segmentation for vocal effort change point(VECP) detection and utilized for vocal effort classification. Evaluation is based on the proposed multi-error score(MES), where the improved feature is shown to improve performance in VECP detection with the lowest MES of 20.70. Furthermore, more accurate whisper-island detection was obtained using the proposed feature and algorithm. Finally, the experimental detection rate results of 97.37% represents the best whisper-island detection performance available in the literature to date.
Ammonia-water volcanism on icy satellites: Phase relations at 1 atmosphere

Abstract Icy satellites exhibit an amazing variety of terrains, many of which were formed by extrusions of aqueous solutions. Aqueous ammonia has been implicated on the basis of theoretical and morphological evidence as a probably cryovolcanic agent on some resurfaced icy satellites. Considering the solvent and caustic properties of ammonia-water (pH up to 13) with respect to chondritic rock, and that many other ammonia-water-soluble substances are probably present in satellite ices, it is unlikely that ammonia-water magmas would be pure. Comets and carbonaceous chondrites represent two possible components of icy satellites. Several comets contain ∼ 1 to several percent each of methanol, formaldehyde, and carbon dioxide relative to water, and C1 and C2 carbonaceous chondrites contain up to 10% magnesium sulfate. Carbon dioxide, magnesium sulfate, and formaldehyde sequester ammonia as ammonium carbonate, ammonium sulfate, and the organic salt hexamethylenetetramine (HMT). If these reactions leave excess ammonia, the resulting ices may include water ice, ammonia dihydrate, and methanol monoammoniate in addition to the reaction salts. This mixture melts near 153 K yielding an extremely viscous solution of water, ammonia, methanol, and small amounts of salts. This liquid may resemble the viscous lavas extruded on Triton, Ariel, and Miranda. However, if these reactions sequester all available ammonia, or if ammonia was not initially present in an icy satellite, then melting produces comparatively low-viscosity, ammonia-deficient saline or methanol solutions. Formation of ammonia-rich liquids is possible only if the molar abundance of ammonia N NH 3 > (2N CO 2 + 2N MgSO 4 + sol2 3N H 2 CO ) . For instance, direct melting of pure Comet Halley, even though it may contain some ammonia, probably would not yield an ammonia-water liquid. Sulfur-and carbon-bearing constituents in ammonia-water lavas would alter to spectrally important chromophores on irradiated satellite surfaces, possibly explaining geologically correlated variations in the colors and albedos of icy satellites. Many cryovolcanic surfaces have nearly uniform spectrophotometric properties and may be explained as compositionally invariant eutectic or peritectic mixtures. Other cryovolcanic terrains have stark color and albedo contrasts and may be explained as compositionally distinct melt products. Small but important quantities of dissolved potassium-and rubidium-bearing salts are probably sufficient for isotopic dating.
Odontoid Fractures With Neurologic Deficit Have Higher Mortality and Morbidity

Background Type II odontoid fractures are reportedly increasing in incidence and occur primarily in the elderly. Neurologic deficits (ND) at presentation add to the morbidity of these fractures; however, reports are limited as a result of small case series. It is unclear what specific complications are associated with ND and whether these result in increased incidence of mortality.
Photopic transduction implicated in human circadian entrainment.

Despite the preeminence of light as the synchronizer of the circadian timing system, the phototransductive machinery in mammals which transmits photic information from the retina to the hypothalamic circadian pacemaker remains largely undefined. To determine the class of photopigments which this phototransductive system uses, we exposed a group (n = 7) of human subjects to red light below the sensitivity threshold of a scotopic (i.e. rhodopsin/rod-based) system, yet of sufficient strength to activate a photopic (i.e. cone-based) system. Exposure to this light stimulus was sufficient to reset significantly the human circadian pacemaker, indicating that the cone pigments which mediate color vision can also mediate circadian vision.
New Potential Adjuncts to Treatment of Children With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Insulin administration is the primary therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Current available insulin therapies do not successfully enable children with T1DM to reach glycemic goals without side effects such as hypoglycemia and weight gain. Pramlintide is a synthetic analog of human amylin that acts in conjunction with insulin to delay gastric emptying and inhibit the release of glucagon and is indicated for use in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Recent studies in adult patients have examined the role of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and agents that bind to its receptor in type 1 diabetes. It is hypothesized that a major component of the glycemic effect is attributable to the known action of GLP-1 to delay gastric emptying and to inhibit glucagon secretion. Further studies with the use of amylin analogs and long-acting GLP-1 agonists as congeners with insulin in T1DM are indicated in children. In recent years, our better understanding of the pathophysiology of diabetes has led to the development of new therapies for diabetes. This article reviews the potential use of these newer pharmacologic agents as adjunctive therapy in T1DM in children and adolescents.
TOWARD THE DESIGN OF A GROUP: A PRELIMINARY MODEL'

St~mma~y.-Some assumptions, criteria, and a model for group interaction based on linear programming are presented. The efforts are viewed as a preliminary step toward the formalized design of groups. A numerical example is provided for clarity, and some of the implications of the particular model developed are suggested. This paper attempts to show the feasibility of using a systematic approach to the design of groups. It develops a simple model by which group interaction can be structured. The technique used in this paper is that of linear programming. In addition to the use here the technique shows promise of being extended to more complex and realistic problems of group design. As we shall outline below, there have been many observations of group behavior. Yet research on the design of groups has been rare. Efforts to state explicitly how groups should be designed which consider the needs, sources of satisfactions, competences and such like of their members have only occasionally been made. At a nonmathemarical level there is the work of Schutz on FIR0 theory (Schutz, 1958). At a mathematical level there are the related personnel assignment problems based on linear programming. However, there have been no efforts which have come to the attention of the present authors which are concerned with the formalized design of small groups. In this paper we hope to make a start at demonstrating the possible usefulness of formalized designs. Milch of the work on human groups-both within and outside the field of social psychology-has focused on the activities of a group whose composition has been prescribed ex ante. Whether an extant group is studied, e.g., a work, friendship, or social group, or one that is manufactured in the laboratory, e.g.; a discussion group composed of college students, the emphasis has been largely on the activities of the group after it has been formed. Although differences between, say, "natural" groups and groups made up of comparable individuals who had not heretofore comprised a group have been studied, such treatment manipulations do not usually focus on the purpose for which the group was formed. Alternatively, manipulations of groups which involve differential statements as to purpose have not been terribly concerned with characteristics of the participants.
Sphincter of Oddi and gastrointestinal motility disturbance following alcohol administration in the opossum.

Myoelectric activity of the gastrointestinal tract and sphincter of Oddi was recorded in 7 awake opossums. The animals were subjected to gastrojejunostomy with duodenal exclusion to study the effect of alcohol on the gastric, duodenal, and jejunal mucosa. The response to intravenous infusion was also evaluated. Radioimmunoassay of motilin was performed in 5 other opossums during phases I, II, and III of the control migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) and during the phase III-like activity following administration of alcohol. Phase III-like activity was observed following infusion of alcohol into the duodenum in 26 studies (87%), into the stomach in 20 (67%), and intravenously in 9 (22%). Alcohol blood level after duodenal and intravenous instillation of ethanol was 45 and 190 mg/100 ml, respectively (8 experiments of each). There was no difference in the concentration of plasma motilin obtained during phase III-like activity (41.5±4.6 pM/ml) and phase III of the MMC (35.6±4.7). We conclude that instillation of alcohol into the stomach or duodenum produces intense bursts of spike potentials in the sphincter of Oddi and duodenum. There is no correlation between alcohol blood levels and occurrence of this intense spike activity.
Electrical characteristics of plasma deposited SiO/sub 2/ films produced in an ECR reactor from silane/O/sub 2/ or TEOS/O/sub 2/ gas mixtures

Summary form only given. One method of low-temperature deposition of SiO/sub 2/ films is plasma deposition using a Si containing source gas. Previous work has investigated the properties of the plasma generated with silane (SiH/sub 4/)/O/sub 2/ and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS)/O/sub 2/ gas mixtures in an electron cyclotron resonant (ECR) plasma reactor. It was found that the SiO concentration in the SiH/sub 4//O/sub 2/ plasma was about 2/spl times/10/sup 11/ cm/sup -3/, while that in the TEOS/O/sub 2/ plasma was about 2/spl times/10/sup 9/ cm/sup -3/. That work also examined the SiO/sub 2/ deposition rate, etch rate of the SiO/sub 2/ film in a CHF/sub 3//O/sub 2/ plasma, and compared the refractive index of the films produced by the two source gas mixtures. These characteristics were all found to be a function of the gas mixture, and the power and pressure of the ECR plasma. This work examines the dependence of the ac electrical properties of ECR deposited SiO/sub 2/ films on the source gas mixture (SiH/sub 4//O/sub 2/ or TEOS/O/sub 2/) and the plasma power and pressure. This is motivated by the need to assess the applicability of these films to electrical applications, and to determine the sensitivity of the electrical properties to process variations. The films are deposited onto a silicon wafer which has been passivated with a thermal oxide layer, and on which an interdigitated electrode pattern has been fabricated.
Nominal agent incorporation in Indonesian

One of the most important types of grammatical process in the languages of the world is that involving the intransitivization of a transitive verb and the deletion or demotion of its subject or direct object. The first such process to be analysed was passivization, involving the demotion of a transitive subject to an oblique role or its deletion altogether;' this process is central to all linguistic theories and has been known as long as linguistics has been studied. When linguists began studying American Indian languages, they noted another instance of the same type of phenomenon, namely object incorporation (Sapir, I9I). In this process, a word which functions as the direct object of a verb loses its status as an argument of the verb and becomes part of the same word as the verb; the verb, having lost its direct object, is consequently intransitivized.' This is illustrated in (I) and (2), from Tongan (Churchward, 1953):
Product design for manufacturing: the use of knowledge based systems in concurrent engineering

Product design for manufacturing and the use of knowledge-based systems in concurrent engineering are examined. The satisficer, a software system that comprises four expert systems, called the PDE (preliminary design evaluator), DDE (detail design evaluator), MFE (manufacturing evaluator), and ASE (assembly evaluator), is described. The concerns of preliminary design, detail design, manufacturing, and assembly are represented by means of constraints in terms of production rules in the knowledge base, and inference mechanisms in the expert system determine the constraint violations in the desired manner. The machining of mating mechanical components is used as an example to illustrate the use of knowledge-based systems and their structure. >
Interpretation of line drawings with multiple views

A method for interpreting engineering drawings with multiple orthogonal views is presented. The number of views required is not fixed and can range from a minimum of two to a maximum of six using a standard drawing layout. The method call handle input views with small errors or inaccuracies and still produce a valid interpretation. The solution is based on a bottom-up approach in which candidate vertices and edges are used to generate a set of possible faces which are in turn assembled into enclosures representing the final object. All possible interpretations consistent with the input views are found, and inconsistent input views are recognized by the fact that no possible consistent interpretation can be obtained. >
Isolating single stranded DNA using a microfluidic dialysis device

Isolating a particular strand of DNA from a double stranded DNA duplex is an important step in aptamer generation as well as many other biotechnology applications. Here we describe a microfluidic, flow-through, dialysis device for isolating single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) from double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). The device consists of two channels fabricated in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) separated by a track etched polycarbonate membrane (800 nm pore size). To isolate ssDNA, dual-biotin labelled dsDNA was immobilized onto streptavidin-coated polystyrene beads. Alkaline treatment was used to denature dsDNA, releasing the non-biotinylated ssDNA. In the flow-through dialysis device the liberated ssDNA was able to cross the membrane and was collected in an outlet channel. The complementary sequence bound to the bead was unable to cross the membrane and was directed to a waste channel. The effect of NaOH concentration and flow rate on purity and yield were compared. >95% ssDNA purity was achieved at 25 mM NaOH. However, lower flow rates were necessary to achieve ssDNA yields approaching the 50% theoretical maximum of the concurrent-flow device. Under optimized conditions the microfluidic isolation achieved even higher purity ssDNA than analogous manual procedures.
Implantation technique for the HeartMate left ventricular assist device.

The technique for implanting the HeartMateR, an intraabdominally placed, pulsatile left ventricular assist device, is described. This device, which has been developed for potential use in patients requiring permanent left ventricular assistance, is currently undergoing clinical investigation in patients requiring temporary support as they await cardiac transplantation. This clinical experience has demonstrated device safety and efficacy, even for patients requiring extended periods of support.
Estrogen receptor beta mediates gender differences in ischemia/reperfusion injury

Under hypercontractile conditions associated with increased intracellular calcium, male hearts show enhanced ischemia/reperfusion injury compared to female hearts. Our aim in this study was to identify the specific estrogen receptor involved in this gender difference. Following brief treatment with isoproterenol, isolated mouse hearts were subjected to ischemia and reperfusion. Postischemic contractile function and infarct size were measured in wild-type (WT) male and female hearts, and female hearts lacking functional alpha estrogen receptor (αERKO), or the beta estrogen receptor (sERKO). WT male hearts exhibited significantly less functional recovery and more necrosis than WT females. αERKO female hearts exhibited ischemia/reperfusion injury similar to that observed in WT females, whereas sERKO females exhibited significantly less functional recovery than WT females and were similar to WT males. These data suggest that estrogen, through the s-estrogen receptor, plays a role in the protection observed in the female heart. Furthermore, we identified genes that were differentially expressed in sERKO female hearts compared to αERKO and WT female hearts, and found altered expression of a number of metabolism genes, which may be important in ischemic injury. We further showed that WT female hearts have increased ratio of carbohydrate to fatty acid metabolism relative to WT males.
Electron Transport in Strained-Silicon Directly on Insulator Ultrathin-Body n-MOSFETs With Body Thickness Ranging From 2 to 25 nm

The electron effective mobility in ultrathin-body n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors fabricated on Ge-free 30% strained-Si directly on insulator (SSDOI) is mapped as the body thickness is scaled. Effective mobility and device body thickness were extracted using current-voltage and gate-to-channel capacitance-voltage measurements as well as cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. Devices with body thicknesses ranging from 2 to 25 nm are studied. Significant mobility enhancements ( ~1.8x) compared to unstrained SOI are observed for 30% SSDOI with body thicknesses of above 3.5 nm. The mobility exhibits a sharp drop as the body thickness is scaled below 3.5 nm
A generation rescheduling method to increase the dynamic security of power systems

In this paper, a new method is proposed for dynamic security dispatch. The idea of coherent behavior of generators is used to find a new generation configuration with better transient stability behavior. Rescheduling the generation in the power system improves system security by increasing the critical clearing time or the transient energy margin without changing total generation. The calculation in the proposed method is simple and direct; the generation rescheduling depends only on the original generation and inertia constants of the machines, and their rotor speeds at the fault clearing time. In this work, the transient energy function (TEF) method is used to check the dynamic security of the system by analyzing all credible three phase faults with single line outages. If the worst energy margin is not acceptable, the proposed rescheduling is done, and the security is checked again. The method has been tested on the Ontario Hydro 55-bus 11-generator system, the IEEE 145-bus 50-generator system and the IEEE 162-bus 17-generator system. Results on several loading levels of the 162-bus 17-generator system are also shown. >
Constructive solid geometry approach to three-dimensional structuralshape optimization

This paper presents a constructive solid geometry approach to generic three-dimensional shape optimization. The problem definition and shape control are based on constructive solid geometry whereas the assets of boundary representation are exploited to specify the physics of the problem and for meshing the object. This approach is strongly coupled to an automatic mesh generator and uses to its advantage the explicit association of the finite element data with the model geometry for performing shape sensitivity analysis. Hybrid approximation methods are used to minimize the number of finite element analyses. A classical example of a cantilevered plate with a hole and a realistic aircraft turbine disk problem are solved for optimum shape using this new approach.
Changing the pace of evolution

Abstract In biological evolution, the rate of mutations is “encoded” by enzymes which can be mutated like any other gene. Inspired by this feature, we present a simple Brownian motion model, in which the temperature itself is a dynamical variable. Intrawell and interwell relaxations occur at different “temperatures” and have different dynamics, and the Kramers time becomes asymptotically linear in the barrier height for large heights.
Does It Stay, or Does It Go?: Application of the Good-Faith Exception When the Warrant Relied Upon Is Fruit of the Poisonous Tree

Table of ContentsI. Introduction 1506II. Background Law 1510A. The Exclusionary Rule 1510B. The Fruit-of-the-Poisonous-Tree Doctrine 1512C. The Good-Faith Exception 1513III. Problem at Issue 1515A. Circuits That Have Held the Good-Faith Exception Applies 15151. U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit......15152. U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.......1518B. Circuits That Have Held the Good-Faith Exception Does Not Apply 15231. U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit......15232. U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit 1525C. Circuits That Have Held Both Ways 15271. U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit 15272. U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit 1530IV. The Importance of Resolving the Current Circuit Split 1533V. Resolution 1537A. Good-Faith Execution of the Original Search or Seizure 1537B. Different Groups of Officers Conducted the Searches 1540C. Good-Faith Reliance Under Leon 1542D. Counterarguments 1544VI. Conclusion 1547I. IntroductionConsider the following scenario. During his evening patrol, Officer Jones pulls over a car for speeding. After approaching the driver's window, Officer Jones notices the driver quickly put out a lit item. Immediately suspicious, the officer asks the man what he had been smoking, to which he replies, "None of your business." Officer Jones searches the man's car for what he suspects to be marijuana. Though the officer does not locate any marijuana, he finds large bags of cocaine under the car's rear seats.Based on the quantity of cocaine located in the man's car, Officer Jones suspects the man's connection with a significant cocaine distribution ring recently discovered in the area. Thus, he decides to obtain a warrant to search the man's residence. Officer Jones presents an affidavit to the magistrate describing the events that led to his discovery of the cocaine. He gives the magistrate little detail, other than noting his assumption that the man had put out a hand-rolled joint. The magistrate issues a search warrant.Officer Jones and a few other police officers conduct a search of the man's home pursuant to the issued warrant.1 The officers discover hundreds of pounds of cocaine throughout the apartment. The officers arrest the man and charge him with possession with the intent to distribute a controlled substance. During pre-trial proceedings, defense counsel files a motion to suppress evidence obtained from the defendant's residence. Counsel argues that the search warrant is based on information obtained in an unconstitutional search of the defendant's car. The court determines that this original search was unconstitutional, but Officer Jones and the other officers relied upon the search warrant in good faith in searching the defendant's residence.The court now has a decision to make. …
Guías alimentarias y su cumplimiento en estudiantes universitarias, Valparaíso, 2013, Chile

El aumento de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en mujeres jovenes amerita conocer su perfil nutricional. El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer el consumo alimentario de 50 universitarias voluntarias de educacion fisica (EFI), educacion parvularia (EPA) y nutricion y dietetica (NYD) de la Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaiso, Chile. Se uso un cuestionario de frecuencia para conocer consumo de nutrientes criticos (sodio, azucares, acidos grasos saturados, trans, colesterol y ademas de alcohol, factor riesgo cardiovascular) y protectores (acidos grasos protectores mono y poliinsaturados, agua, fibra dietetica). La frecuencia del consumo se clasifico en alto, moderado, bajo. Los nutrientes criticos y protectores fueron comparados con las guias alimentarias de Chile 2013. Resultados: EFI, fue alto en sodio y fibra dietetica; EFI, EPA alto en azucares agregados y bajo en agua. EFI, EPA NYD estuvieron bajos en acidos grasos mono y poliinsaturados, moderado en acidos grasos saturados, trans y colesterol y el alcohol bajo en los tres grupos. Lo observado, no consigue las recomendaciones de consumo de las guias alimentarias
Abstract 11744: Home-Based Exercise Improves Walking Speed and Prevents Mobility Loss in Peripheral Artery Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: We studied whether a group-mediated cognitive behavioral (GMCB) intervention for peripheral artery disease (PAD) participants, which promoted home-based walking exercise, improved walking speed and prevented mobility loss at six-month follow-up, compared to a control group. Methods: One hundred ninety-four participants with PAD were randomized to the GMCB intervention vs. an attention control group. Participants randomized to the intervention attended weekly meetings for six months, during which group support and self-regulatory skills were used to help participants adhere to home-based walking exercise. Participants randomized to the control group attended weekly lectures about health topics not related to exercise. Primary outcomes have been reported. Here we report the exploratory outcomes of mobility loss, normal and fast-pace walking velocity, and change in the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) at 6-month follow-up. Mobility loss was defined as becoming unable to walk up and down ...
Lass-0: sparse non-convex regression by local search

We compute approximate solutions to L0 regularized linear regression using L1 regularization, also known as the Lasso, as an initialization step. Our algorithm, the Lass-0 ("Lass-zero"), uses a computationally efficient stepwise search to determine a locally optimal L0 solution given any L1 regularization solution. We present theoretical results of consistency under orthogonality and appropriate handling of redundant features. Empirically, we use synthetic data to demonstrate that Lass-0 solutions are closer to the true sparse support than L1 regularization models. Additionally, in real-world data Lass-0 finds more parsimonious solutions than L1 regularization while maintaining similar predictive accuracy.
Preparation of the Alkyl Complex Ta(═NSiMe3)[N(SiMe3)2](CH2But)2. Preferential Oxygen Insertion in Its Reaction with O2 and a Ligand Exchange in the Alkoxide Ta(═NSiMe3)[N(SiMe3)2](OCH2But)2†

The alkyl amide imide complex Ta(═NSiMe3)[N(SiMe3)2](CH2But)2 (2) has been prepared from the reaction of {Ta(μ-Cl)Cl(═NSiMe3)[N(SiMe3)2]}2 (1) with LiCH2But. Reaction of 2 with O2 leads to the preferential insertion of oxygen into the two Ta−alkyl bonds, yielding an alkoxy complex, Ta(═NSiMe3)[N(SiMe3)2](OCH2But)2 (3). 3 undergoes a ligand exchange to give Ta2(μ-NSiMe3)2(OCH2But)6 (4) and Ta(═NSiMe3)[N(SiMe3)2]2(OCH2But) (5). The exchange reaches an equilibrium: 2 3 ⇌ 1/2 4 + 5; Keq = 2.10(11) × 10−4 at 296 K; ΔG°296K = 4.98(3) kcal. 3 and 5 have also been prepared from the reactions of 1 with LiOCH2But, and LiN(SiMe3)2 and LiOCH2But, respectively. 2 and 4 have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
VRP with Minimum Delivery Latency Using Linear Programming

Vehicle Routing Problems (VRPs) concern allocating multiple vehicles to service requests with routes that start and end at a depot, visit all requests, and minimize some operational cost. Many UAV situations can be modeled in a manner that represents tasks to be accomplished by service requests and UAVs as agents that fulfill these requests. Often, communications are restricted by available power, data rate, noise margins, and cost. These constraints cause information gathered at request locations to be delivered only when the UAV returns to the “depot.” In other words, UAVs must be allocated to services requests and then deliver information gathered at the request location to a communication range to be able to transmit information back to a command and control HQ. Because of limited communication ranges which result from limited power onboard small UAVs, information is not delivered until the UAV returns to the depot. Research on similar problems show some related work on minimizing the latency of the pickup of requests but not the delivery. This work attempts to study the VRP with minimum delivery latency and formulate a Linear Programming (LP) solution. The objective function is shown to be nonlinear, but it can be linearized at a cost: many new variables are added to linearize it. This in turn, makes the problem intractable, and only solutions to small problems are obtained.
Ensemble Learning Methods for Binary Classification with Multi-modality within the Classes.

We consider binary classification problems where each of the two classes show multi-modal distribution in the feature space. Inspired by existing ensemble learning methods for multi-class classification, we develop ensemble learning methods for binary classification that make use of the bipartite nature of the positive and negative modes in the data. By constructing ensembles that make use of the multi-modal structure within the two classes, as opposed to using random samples, we are able to ensure sufficient diversity among the classifiers and adequate representation of the modes in the learning of the classifiers. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ensemble learning methods in comparison with existing approaches over a synthetic dataset and a real-world application involving global lake monitoring, over a broad range of base classifiers.
Genitourinary candidiasis: diagnosis and treatment

Candida in the urine or surgical wound is a potentially lethal pathogen. Management of 82 patients has provided a rationale for the treatment of these infections. Urine colony counts, serologic findings and clinical observations determine therapy. Amphotericin B irrigants are effective for local infections. Disseminated infections require flucytosine and/or intravenous amphotericin B.
Signaling for Meiotic Resumption in Granulosa Cells, Cumulus Cells, and Oocyte

Mammalian oocytes are arrested in prophase of meiosis I until a surge of luteinizing hormone from the pituitary signals them to resume meiosis and progress to metaphase II. Prophase arrest prior to the LH surge, and meiotic resumption following the LH surge, are regulated by an interplay between the oocyte and the surrounding follicle cells. This chapter reviews what is currently known about the maintenance of meiotic arrest and the mechanisms that bring about meiotic resumption in the rodent oocyte.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and DSM 5: What’s New?

The diagnostic and statistical manual (DSM) serves as a guide for the clinical practice of psychiatry internationally. The newest version, the DSM 5 was published in 2013. In this version, the diagnostic criteria for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have undergone significant changes. This chapter focuses on the current criteria for diagnosing attention deficit disorder (ADD) and provides a synopsis of the changes in the criteria set for ADHD/ADD in the DSM 5 in comparison to DSM IV R. This chapter frames the new/revised criteria for ADHD/ADD by comparing them with the DSM IV TR and provides the reader with the theoretical rationale for the changes. The impact that these new criteria may have on the prevalence and incidence rates of ADHD/ADD and the manner in which the diagnosis in adults and children is arrived at are discussed. The role of culture on similarities and differences, and the manner in which these syndromes present in the USA and India are covered. A brief overview of broad assessment techniques and treatment strategies focusing primarily on the child and adolescent population are also discussed. Clinical vignettes are used to illustrate how these changes potentially affect clinical practice.
Review: β-Blockers reduce first-time variceal hemorrhage but do not improve 2-year mortality

Source Citation Poynard T, Cales P, Pasta L, et al. Beta-adrenergic-antagonist drugs in the prevention of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis and esophageal varices. An analysis of...
Improving process tool productivity by correct sealing material selection for plasma processes

Improving the process tool productivity, in other words reducing the cost in semiconductor manufacturing is a constant way of life and reducing cost of consumables (CoC) is just one of many ways in which the industry can become more competitive and hence, more profitable. The seal type or material is an integral part of this cost equation. In this paper, a comprehensive study has been carried out to benchmark seal materials from the leading O-ring or elastomer suppliers in order to alleviate the risk of incorrect seal choice, potentially leading to scrapped product or wasted test resource.
Cellular functions of WASP family proteins at a glance.

ABSTRACT Proteins of the Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family function as nucleation-promoting factors for the ubiquitously expressed Arp2/3 complex, which drives the generation of branched actin filaments. Arp2/3-generated actin regulates diverse cellular processes, including the formation of lamellipodia and filopodia, endocytosis and/or phagocytosis at the plasma membrane, and the generation of cargo-laden vesicles from organelles including the Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the endo-lysosomal network. Recent studies have also identified roles for WASP family members in promoting actin dynamics at the centrosome, influencing nuclear shape and membrane remodeling events leading to the generation of autophagosomes. Interestingly, several WASP family members have also been observed in the nucleus where they directly influence gene expression by serving as molecular platforms for the assembly of epigenetic and transcriptional machinery. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we provide an update on the subcellular roles of WHAMM, JMY and WASH (also known as WASHC1), as well as their mechanisms of regulation and emerging functions within the cell.
Psychological Effect of a Mass Casualty Event on General Surgery Residents.

Objective To evaluate the psychological effect of a mass casualty shooting event on general surgery residents. Design Three and 7 months following the Pulse nightclub mass casualty shooting, the mental well-being of general surgery residents employed at the receiving institution was evaluated. A voluntary and anonymous screening questionnaire for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression (MD) was administered. Responses were stratified into 2 groups; residents who worked (ON-CALL) and residents who did not work (OFF-CALL) the night of the event. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U and Fisher’s exact tests and are reported as median with interquartile range (IQR) or percentage. Setting Level I trauma center. Participants Thirty-one general surgery residents. Results Twenty-four residents (77%) returned the 3-month questionnaire: 10 ON-CALL and 14 OFF-CALL. There was no difference in PTSD and MD between the 2 groups (30% vs. 14%; p = 0.61) and (30% vs. 7%; p = 0.27), respectively. Twenty-three of the 24 residents responded to the 7-month questionnaire. Over time, the incidence of PTSD did not resolve in the ON-CALL group, but did resolve in the OFF-CALL group (30% vs. 0%; p = 0.07). There was no significant change in the incidence of MD in either group (30% vs. 8%; p = 0.28). At 7 months postevent, more residents in both groups stated that they had sought counseling (30% vs. 44%; p = 0.65) and (0% vs. 15%; p = 0.22). Conclusions The emotional toll associated with this mass casualty event had a substantial effect upon the general surgery residents involved. With the incidence of PTSD and MD identified, we believe that all residents should be provided with counseling following such events.
Detection and classification of pilots cognitive state using EEG

Electroencephalogram (EEG) data is a set of brain signals recorded by special EEG headsets. These signals reflect the cortical electrical activity. The technique for utilization of EEG data has emerged to be a safe and portable non-invasive Brain Computer Interface (BCI) that can easily be used for studying the human cognitive states. In this paper we have focused on studying the pilot's cortical potentials in simulated flight environment in order to classify his mental state into three categories i.e. rest mode, navigation flying mode, and dogfight mode. 14 channel Emotiv EEG headset was used by the subjects while playing a fighter aircraft game which could simulate all the required scenarios. The subject was screened in a dark room with huge projector screen along with audio stimuli. Several sessions of EEG data were recorded and feature extraction was carried out. Random Forest Tree classification algorithm proved to produce the best results. The pilot's cognitive state was classified according to the labeled recordings by taking one second of data each time and classifying it. As a result 81.7 % accuracy was achieved. The decent accuracy of results prove that real time pilot cognitive state can be decoded effectively, and if transmitted live onto the ground command and control room, it can be utilized for ensuring pilots safety as well as for training and monitoring of pilots on-board activities.
Testing the Reliability of Delay Discounting of Ten Commodities Using the Fill-in-the-Blank Method

Several measures of delay discounting have been shown to be reliable over periods of up to 3 months. In the present study, 115 participants completed a fill-in-the-blank (FITB) delay-discounting task on sets of 5 different commodities, 12 weeks apart. Results showed that discounting rates were not well described by a hyperbolic function but were significantly correlated across the 12 weeks for all 10 commodities. Discounting, when measured by area under the curve, was significantly correlated across the 12 weeks for 9 of the 10 commodities. Absolute values of both measures of discounting sometimes differed across the two administrations of the task. These results support the reliability of the FITB method but raise a number of issues to consider when choosing a method to study delay discounting.