cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scalable and robust latent trajectory class analysis using artificial likelihood.

Latent trajectory class analysis is a powerful technique to elucidate the structure underlying population heterogeneity. The standard approach relies on fully parametric modeling and is computationally impractical when the data include a large collection of non-Gaussian longitudinal features. We introduce a new approach, the first based on artificial likelihood concepts, that avoids undue modeling assumptions and is computationally tractable. We show that this new method provides reliable estimates of the underlying population structure and is from 20 to 200 times faster than conventional methods when the longitudinal features are non-Gaussian. We apply the approach to explore subgroups among research participants in the early stages of neurodegeneration.
A petition for all patients with hidradenitis suppurativa to receive the HPV vaccine.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the hair follicles manifesting as painful nodules with draining sinus tracts. Due to protracted inflammation, cutaneous squamous ...
Governance and development in India: A comparative study on Andhra Pradesh and Bihar after liberalisation: by Seyed Hossein Zarhani, Abingdon, Routledge, 2018, 250 pp., £120.00 (hardback), ISBN 9780815368311

Why did Bihar and Andhra Pradesh (AP), two states in north and south India respectively, turn out so differently post liberalisation, despite sharing similar pre-liberalisation economic conditions ...
Cables and Connections

The job of the feed cable is to carry the signal from the antenna to the receiver. The feed cable is made up of an inner conductor, which can be a single solid wire or a multi-stranded one. Surrounding the inner core there is the inner dielectric insulator, then a woven copper shield and finally an outer plastic covering.
Tumor Frameshift Mutation Proportion Predicts Response to Immunotherapy in Mismatch Repair-Deficient Prostate Cancer

Background Genomic biomarkers that predict response to anti-PD1 therapy in prostate cancer are needed. Frameshift mutations are predicted to generate more neoantigens than missense mutations; therefore, we hypothesized that the number or proportion of tumor frameshift mutations would correlate with response to anti-PD1 therapy in prostate cancer. Methods To enrich for response to anti-PD1 therapy, we assembled a multicenter cohort of 65 men with mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) prostate cancer. Patient characteristics and outcomes were determined by retrospective chart review. Clinical somatic DNA sequencing was used to determine tumor mutational burden (TMB), frameshift mutation burden, and frameshift mutation proportion (FSP), which were correlated to outcomes on anti-PD1 treatment. We subsequently used data from a clinical trial of pembrolizumab in patients with nonprostatic dMMR cancers of various histologies as a biomarker validation cohort. Results Nineteen of 65 patients with dMMR metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer were treated with anti-PD1 therapy. The PSA50 response rate was 65%, and the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 24 (95% confidence interval 16-54) weeks. Tumor FSP, more than overall TMB, correlated most strongly with prolonged PFS and overall survival (OS) on anti-PD1 treatment and with density of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. High FSP similarly identified patients with longer PFS as well as OS on anti-PD1 therapy in a validation cohort. Conclusion Tumor FSP correlated with prolonged efficacy of anti-PD1 treatment among patients with dMMR cancers and may represent a new biomarker of immune checkpoint inhibitor sensitivity. Implications for practice Given the modest efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) in unselected patients with advanced prostate cancer, biomarkers of ICI sensitivity are needed. To facilitate biomarker discovery, a cohort of patients with DNA mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) prostate cancer was assembled, as these patients are enriched for responses to ICI. A high response rate to anti-PD1 therapy in these patients was observed; however, these responses were not durable in most patients. Notably, tumor frameshift mutation proportion (FSP) was identified as a novel biomarker that was associated with prolonged response to anti-PD1 therapy in this cohort. This finding was validated in a separate cohort of patients with nonprostatic dMMR cancers of various primary histologies. This works suggests that FSP predicts response to anti-PD1 therapy in dMMR cancers, which should be validated prospectively in larger independent cohorts.
A Constructive Theory of Asset Prices

This article presents a general theory of asset prices. Based on the absence of supportive evidence, the proposed theoretical framework discards the implicit assumption of prevalent asset pricing models that a single objectively correct price for an asset exists. The main implication is that asset prices are, at least to some degree, constructed in markets rather than discovered. The proposed theoretical framework is more parsimonious than prevalent asset pricing models, yet it is better able to account for the richness and complexity of market behavior.
Proximal tibial osteotomy for genu varum: Radiological evaluation of deformity correction with a plate vs external fixator

Proximal tibial osteotomy for genu varum: Radiological evaluation of deformity correction with a plate vs external fixator
A Study of a Cultural Competence and Humility Intervention for Third-Year Medical Students

This study evaluates the effectiveness of a cultural competence and humility intervention for third-year medical students by assessing changes in clinical evaluation assessments in patient encounters. This study examines the effect of a 1-h educational intervention on cultural competence and cultural humility for third-year medical students. Clinical assessments during observed patient encounters are compared in the clerkship before and after the intervention. The intervention adapts a previously studied cultural competence didactic and emphasizes cultural humility practices. Change in scores from the intervention cohort (clinical year 2019–2020) is compared to a pre-intervention cohort (2018–2019). Students who completed the intervention demonstrate greater clinical competency in “relating to patients in a respectful, caring, empathetic manner” as assessed by supervising physicians compared with pre-intervention cohort students (2.7% difference in earning top two scores in subsequent clerkship, P value 0.05, Cramer’s V 0.04). Greater clinical competencies were also found in the intervention students compared with pre-intervention students in the domains “demonstrates accountability, contribution and commitment to patient care” and “develops insightful, focused, pertinent questions based on clinical scenarios” (3.8% difference in earning top two scores in subsequent clerkship, P value 0.01 and 5.1% difference, P-value 0.003 with Cramer’s V of 0.05 and 0.06, respectively). Educational interventions to improve cultural competence and cultural humility are important during clinical years to shape future physicians. Our study suggests that brief interventions may improve medical students’ clinical competencies. A future study with a more robust intervention is expected to yield more substantial results.
COVID-19 Legacy

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infection caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 virus that led to a pandemic. Acute manifestations of COVID-19 include fever, cough, dyspnea, respiratory failure, pneumonitis, anosmia, thromboembolic events, cardiogenic shock, renal injury, ischemic strokes, encephalitis, and cutaneous eruptions, especially of hands or feet. Prolonged symptoms, unpredictable recoveries, and chronic sequelae (long COVID) sometimes emerge even for some people who survive the initial illness. Sequelae such as fatigue occasionally persist even for those with only mild to moderate cases. There is much to learn about postacute COVID-19 dyspnea, anosmia, psychosis, thyroiditis, cardiac arrhythmia, and/or multisystem inflammatory response syndrome in children. Determining prognoses is imprecise. Examining patient databases about those who have survived COVID-19 is warranted. Multidisciplinary teams are assessing such disease databases to better understand longer-term complications and guide treatment.
Effects of o 3 adsorption on the emission properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes: a density functional theory study

In this study, we report density functional theory calculations to examine the effects of O3 adsorption on the field emission properties of capped C(5,5) single-wall carbon nanotubes. Structural changes, adsorption energies, and the first ionization potential for possible adsorption sites are discussed, including an applied field in the calculations. The results suggest a suppression of the emission upon O3 adsorption, explained by the charge transfer, while the favored adsorption for the etched structures rationalizes enhancement due to sharper tips upon opening of the carbon nanotube when ozonized, consistent with experimental observations.
Alcohol's contribution to compromised immunity.

Alcoholics frequently suffer from infectious diseases and have increased rates of some cancers, indicating that alcohol impairs the immune system, which protects the body against this type of damage. Alcohol interferes with the functions of many of the cells and molecules that are part of the immune system. For example, alcohol inhibits the functions of the cells that ingest and destroy invading microorganisms (i.e., neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages). Both acute and chronic alcohol exposure also alter the production of signaling molecules that help coordinate the immune response (i.e., cytokines). Finally, alcohol adversely affects the functions of the cells that mediate the immune response against specific microorganisms and long-term immunity (i.e., T cells and B cells). As a result, alcoholics have an increased susceptibility to diseases caused by bacterial infections, such as tuberculosis and pneumonia. Alcoholics also may be more susceptible to infections from the virus that causes AIDS. In addition, alcohol intoxication can exacerbate the immune suppression that occurs after traumatic injuries.
First principle and electrical simulation with characterization of GaN/(4H)SiC heterostructure vertical PN power diode

In this work, we report the characterization results of GaN/4H-SiC heterojunction vertical pn power diode. The diode is realized using four separate epitaxial growth mechanisms: a) direct growth of p-GaN over n-(4H)SiC; b) growth of p-GaN over n-(4H)SiC with AlN as the interface layer; c) growth of p-GaN over n-(4H)SiC with Ga-flux as the interface layer; and d) growth of p-GaN over p-(4H)SiC. The use of less than 2 nm AlN, as the interface material in one of the growth mechanisms is guided from the first principle atomistic simulation study. In all of these four samples, n+-doped (4H)SiC acts as the cathode substrate. For all of the four cases, the metallization for the anode contact is Pd(200 A°)/Au(10000 A°) while Ni(1000 A°) is used for the cathode contact. The measured forward drop of the pn diode with AlN as the interface material is found to be around 5.1 V; whereas, it is between 2 V to 3 V for the rest of the three diode samples. The measured reverse-blocking capability of all the four diode samples is found to be greater than 200 V.
Authentication assurance level taxonomies for smart identity token deployments: a new approach

Authentication assurance level taxonomies that have been specified in many real-world smart identity token deployments do not fully reflect all the security properties associated with their underlying authentication mechanisms. In this paper we describe the development and application of a new methodology called SID-AAM (where the abbreviation stands for Smart Identity Token - Authentication Assurance Level Methodology) that identifies a new set of authentication factors appropriate for this technology, identifies all the security properties that need to be verified based on bindings between various entities involved in the authentication processes and then derives an authentication assurance level taxonomy based on the set of security properties verified in the various authentication modes specified in the deployment. The advantages of SID-AAM methodology compared to current approaches for determining authentication assurance levels for smart identity token deployments are highlighted.
The Kinetoplast of the Hernoflagellates

Publisher Summary Several groups of flagellated protozoa contain a unique mitochondrion, which has an exceptionally large amount of DNA localized in one region of the inner matrix. The term “kinetoplast” signifies the portion of the mitochondrion containing the mitochondrial DNA, including the enclosing mitochondrial membranes. Kinetoplast DNA (K-DNA) indicates the DNA localized in the inner matrix of the mitochondrion that stains with basic dyes. The existence of one mitochondrion per cell should be conclusively proved by the three-dimensional reconstruction technique. This helps in interpreting the nature of the mitochondrial changes in the slender and stumpy bloodstream trypomastigotes in dye-induced dyskinetoplastic forms. The replication of K-DNA should be investigated, both in terms of the intracellular regulatory mechanisms involved in the synchrony of the kinetoplast S period with the nuclear S period and the actual replication of the minicircles and long DNA molecules.
Acceleration and Motor Performance

Experiments concerning the effects of acceleration on motor performance are discussed in a sequence which illustrates the evolution of research techniques in recent years. In the simplest of these techniques, performance is evaluated during or immediately following exposure to pre-programmed acceleration time histories. A more complex technique involves the study of interaction of subject performance with the pattern of acceleration experienced. Accelerations are actually controlled by subject performance by means of an analog computer control system. Certain limitations of centrifuge simulations are discussed.
Mesh Selection for Progressive Failure Modeling of Carbon Fiber Panels in Mode III Shear Using an Explicit Finite Element Solver

Modeling progressive failure of composite materials can be a challenging task. It is further complicated by mesh dependency of finite element solvers when implementing the Hashin criterion. As one continues to refine the mesh, the finite element analysis (FEA) continues to yield varying solutions; hence there is no converged solution for continuous mesh refinement. This is due to mesh dependency when modeling strain softening. The FEA package Abaqus attempts to mitigate this but the issue is not eliminated.Methods that address mesh dependency include experimental validation and numerical analysis. Experimental validation tailors the mesh to match a specific result. This mesh would then be applicable to other configurations with the same geometry and loading; however, experimental validation with increasingly complex parts for FEA is costly and time consuming. Numerical approaches to mesh selection do not require experimental validation; however, these methods may be computationally expensive depending on the analysis. A mesh selection strategy that does not require experimental validation, while computationally efficient, should be implemented for design purposes.This study investigates a mesh selection strategy based on a converged elastic solution; the coarsest mesh that converges to a solution in the linear-elastic portion of the material response is chosen for analysis. Previous studies using an implicit solver yielded good results for out-of-plane loading conditions; however this procedure has not been implemented for explicit solvers. In this study, an investigation was conducted to determine the appropriate mesh to model progressive damage for notched, carbon fiber composite panels in out-of-plane shear (mode III) using an explicit solver in Abaqus/Explicit. This study analyzed 20 ply thick panels and considered three stacking sequences: 10%, 30%, and 50% zero degree plies. The procedure initially disabled damage and identified the coarsest mesh that approached a converged elastic solution. Using this mesh, damage was enabled and the models were run with loading proceeding through damage initiation until failure. The panels’ material response were extracted from the finite element (FE) model and filtered in order to determine their maximum load-carrying ability. The FE predicted maximum loads were then compared to corresponding experimental data in order to validate the mesh selection procedure. This process is not limited to out-of-plane shear; the potential for this mesh selection method would allow for progressive failure simulation to be more applicable in the design process of composite structures instead of post-damage analysis.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Locally-connected 2D convolution unit for analog VLSI implementation

Analog VLSI Implementation of artificial neural networks for vision applications is studied in this paper. A locally connected, regular structure for 2D convolution is proposed for high speed image processing. First, a mathematical formulation is given to map the convolution to analog computing domain. Then a system level design is performed together with the design and the testing of the basic building blocks. Experiments using real laboratory images are conducted.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Bioaccumulation of lead and cadmium in the Royal Tern and Sandwich Tern.

Lead and cadmium concentrations were measured in eggs and tissues of downy young, prefledgling, and adult Royal and Sandwich Terns collected from Galveston Bay, Texas. These species do not differ significantly in the amount of heavy metals they accumulate; however, they differed from other species of the same trophic level from Galveston Bay in degree and pattern of temporal accumulations of these metals. Lead levels were lower in terns, but cadmium levels in adult terns were higher than those of other species. The pre-fledglings of other species at this trophic level have lead and cadmium concentrations which are similar to those found in adults. In contrast, the concentrations of the metals in adult terns are markedly higher than those found in prefledgling terns. This suggests that accumulation of metals continues as the birds age.
Abstract 428: Post-translational phosphorylation is essential for nanog-mediated tumorigenesis

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Objectives: Nanog is a transcription factor intimately involved in embryonic stem cell pluripotency. Emerging evidence indicates that Nanog plays a critical role in oncogenesis, in part through regulation of the cancer initiating cell population. We investigated the role of post-translational phosphorylation as a regulatory mechanism to control Nanog function in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Methods: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry was used to identify the PKC∈-mediated phosphorylation sites on Nanog. Phosphorylation-insensitive Nanog mutants (T200A and T280A) were generated and assessed for in vitro and in vivo phenotype. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and co-immunoprecipitation experiments were performed to determine Nanog recruitment and association with p300. ChIP, electrophorectic mobility shift assay, and luciferase reporter assay were used to assess Nanog regulation of Bmi-1. Forward and reverse genetic experiments were carried out to determine the role of the Nanog-Bmi-1 signaling node in HNSCC. Results: Phosphopeptide mapping identified that Nanog is phosphorylated by PKC∈ at multiple resides, including T200 and T280. Phosphorylation-insensitive Nanog mutants (T200A and T280A) showed a loss-of-function phenotype due to impaired p300, a transcriptional co-activator, recruitment resulting in a defect in target gene promoter activation. Ectopic expression of phosphorylation-insensitive Nanog mutants in HNSCC cells significantly reduced cell proliferation, colony formation, invasion, migration, and the cancer initiating cell population. Additionally, in vivo tumor initiating ability was severely compromised in HNSCC cells expressing phosphorylation-insensitive Nanog mutants; 87.5% (14/16), 12.5% (1/8), and 0% (0/8) for empty vector, T200A, and T280A, respectively. Nanog occupied the promoter of Bmi-1 at two distinct regions to directly regulate Bmi-1 levels. Genetic ablation and rescue experiments demonstrate that Bmi-1 is a critical downstream signaling node for the pleotropic pro-oncogenic effects of Nanog. Conclusion:Taken together, our study revealed, for the first time, that post-translational phosphorylation of Nanog is essential to directly regulate Bmi-1 and promote tumorigenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 428. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-428
2‐Alkylcyclobutanones from the radiolysis of triglycerides

A cyclic compound was isolated from the radiolytic products of each of the simple triglycerides containing C6, C8, C10, C12, C14, C16 and C18 fatty acids. In each case the compound was identified as the 2-alkylcyclobutanone of the same carbon number as the precursor fatty acid. A mechanism is proposed for the production of these compounds which involves the formation of a six-membered ring intermediate, cyclization and cleavage at the acyl-oxy bond.
Near-Infrared and Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry of Symbiotic Novae

ABSTRACTIn this paper we present an atlas of near-infrared spectrophotometry of symbiotic novae and reportresults from nearly contemporaneous IUE observations. The data cover RT Ser, AG Peg, V1016 Cyg,V1329 Cyg, HM Sge, and Pu Vul, most of the known symbiotic novae that are observable from thenorthern hemisphere. Emission-line strengths for both spectral regions are tabulated. Extinction valuesare derived from He II j1640 in the UV and He II j10124 in the infrared. Spectral types are determinedfor the cool giant component using infrared absorption features. The extinction and apparent J (1.25 km)magnitude measured from the spectrophotometry are combined with the known relation between spec-tral type and absolute magnitude to derive distances for each system.Subject headings: binaries: symbiotic ¨ infrared: stars ¨ novae, cataclysmic variables 1 . INTRODUCTION Symbiotic novae represent a subclass of symbiotic starsthatundergoasingle,orveryinfrequent,nova-likeoutburst(Viotti 1988). This subclass originally contained only sevenobjects: AG Peg, RT Ser, RR Tel, V1016 Cyg, V1329 Cyg(\HBV 475), HM Sge, and AS 239 (\V2110 Oph) (Allen1980a). PU Vul was identi—ed later, and recent studies(Bragaglia et al. 1995; Ivison & Seaquist 1995) have addedthree additional members, while the classi—cation of V2110Oph has been questioned (Murset & Nussbaumer 1994,hereafter MN). Symbiotic novae diƒer from classical novaein several respects: (1) In symbiotic novae the companionstar is a late-type giant rather than a dwarf. This results inmuch smaller outburst amplitudes since the preoutburstoptical and infrared brightness is determined by the giant.However, the total energy associated with the outburst of asymbiotic nova may signi—cantly exceed that of a classicalnova. (2) Symbiotic systems are widely separated ratherthan close binaries, with orbital periods that vary from twoto several dozen years, instead of a few days. As such, theemission-line region that results from the transfer of massfrom the late-type star to the hot companion arises from astellarwindratherthanRochelobeoverNow.Moreover,theemission-line region does not envelope both stars, evenduring outburst. (3) The increase to maximum brightnessusuallytakesseveralmonths,notthefewdayscharacteristicof classical novae. (4) Similarly, the return to preoutburstbrightness is also much slower, with emission lines per-sistingfordecadesinsteadofmonthsoryears.Because the emission-line regions associated with theoutburst of a symbiotic nova evolve over such long periods,itisimportanttoprovideaseriesofobservations that mon-
Corrigendum to “Third-order partial differential equations arising in the impulsive motion of a flat plate” [Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 2009;14:2629–36]

Abstract We correct an oversight in our recently published paper Van Gorder and Vajravelu [Third-order partial differential equations arising in the impulsive motion of a flat plate. Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 2009;14:2629–36], regarding the correct form of the boundary condition in Stokes’ first problem for the impulsive motion of an infinite flat plate. We present the corrected solution to the flow problem.
A Commentary on Pepper's “The Lawyer's Amoral Ethical Role”

It is a nice thing to be asked to comment on an essay' to which I myself would have given a prize. A more explicit way of disclosing my positive feelings about the essay is to reveal that before the program I asked Professor Pepper for permission to reprint it so that not only my students but also students in other sections of professional responsibility at Harvard Law School this spring could have the advantage of being able to read it. I made this request because I had been asked explicitly by the teachers of those sections, to whom I had shown the paper, to do so on their behalf. Turning now to the essay itself, I would like to make my comments from the perspective of practitioners, for after all it is lawyers who have to make decisions daily with respect to the issues that are the subject of today's essay. Ever since Charles Curtis gave a provocative talk on the topic of the lawyer's ethical role some 35 years ago, the subject has received increasing attention, first from lawyers and more recently from philosophers. With the notable exceptions of the contributions of Monroe Freedman and Charles Fried, however, most of the writings have been critical of the position that argues for an amoral ethical role. Moreover, the more completely argued presentations have tended to be those of the critics. Now, drawing on the insights of Freedman and Fried but advancing beyond them, Professor Pepper had produced a first-rate paper presenting a complete theory that seeks to justify, at least presumptively, an amoral role for lawyers. As I survey the field of professional responsibility today, I must confess to a feeling of nakedness. Everyone who is anyone has either created or adopted a model. We have "the lawyer as moral force in a non-differenti-
Ethics in the outpatient setting: new challenges and opportunities.

It is not the outpatient setting, per se, that is presenting new challenges and opportunities to ethics consultants and ethics committees. Rather, it is the underlying reason for shifting more and more patient care from the inpatient to the outpatient setting-namely, calculations of cost-effectiveness.
An adaptive network for producing real functions of binary inputs

An adaptive network which can produce any real-valued function of its binary inputs is presented. The network can synthesize any Boolean function as a special case. The appropriate values of the adjustable parameters may be calculated by the network itself, or they may be calculated by a simple linear operation. The parameters form a uniformly distributed memory for the input-output function.
The use of exploding wires as a light source of very high intensity and short duration.

The flash of light observed in discharging large condensers through a very thin wire has been used as a light source for obtaining photographs and for making visual studies of rapidly moving objects. Copper wire was found most suitable for photographic exposures. Wires made of silver and Chromel gave good results in visual work. The energy emitted by an exploding copper wire was determined by a photographic photometric reduction in four regions of the spectrum. The entire emission of a copper wire of 2.5-cm length amounts to (6.5±0.3)×108 watt/cm2. Its emission in the visible region of the spectrum amounts to 9.6×108 candle power/cm2. The values show the great amount of energy available for this type of work and point to future use.An example is given of the application of exploding wires in an industrial technique, showing the formation of soap granules in the spray drying process. Arrangements for multiple flashes and means of exploding materials not available as thin wires are discussed.
Gravimetric sampling procedure for aqueous ozone concentrations

Sampling procedures for the standard method for measuring dissolved ozone concentrations in water were modified by replacing narrow-necked volumetric flasks with wide-necked Erlenmeyer flasks, followed by gravimetric determination of sample volume. The intent of these modifications was to improve sampling ease, speed, and reproducibility when collecting large number of samples with highly variable and rapidly decaying dissolved ozone concentrations. Subsequent comparisons between samples collected by the standard method and the modified gravimetric method showed greater apparent ozone concentrations in samples collected by the modified method. This difference appears to result from negative sampling biases when using volumetric glassware under typical full-scale sampling conditions.
Segmented regression in the presence of covariate measurement error in main study/validation study designs

Nous nous interessons aux problemes poses par la regression segmentee et l'estimation d'un point de rupture quand une covariable est mesuree avec erreur dans l'etude principale mais que l'on dispose d'une mesure precise dans un sous-echantillon de validation. Nous commencons par deriver une expression analytique et interpretable de la vraisemblance complete. Nous utilisons cette vraisemblance pour calculer le biais sur l'estimation du point de rupture quand on ignore l'erreur de mesure. Ce biais peut etre positif ou negatif et son signe depend du la distribution des covariables observees. Nous appliquons cette methode a une enquete de nutrition sur les relations entre les apports en folates et la concentration serique d'homocysteine et nous constatons qu'une analyse ignorant l'erreur de mesure sur la covariable conduirait a des niveaux de consommation recommandee beaucoup plus eleves que l'analyse qui prend en compte cette erreur.
Neonatal intracranial hemorrhage: I. changing pattern in inborn low-birth-weight infants

Many reports of the occurrence of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage (PVH-IVH) are biased by the inclusion of both inborn and outborn infants. To obviate this selection bias we examined a large inborn population of low-birth-weight infants to determine if the incidence of PVH-IVH changed over a 3-year interval from March, 1982 through February, 1985. Serial cranial ultrasonography was performed in 463 consecutive infants of birth weight less than or equal to 1500 g who survived for more than 8 h. The incidence of PVH-IVH decreased from 31.5% and 29.3% in years 1 and 2, respectively, to 23.7% in year 3 (P < 0.05). The latter reflected a fall in the incidence of grades III and IV PVH-IVH, but no change in the incidence of grades I and II. This observation was not attributable to changes in mortality, the distribution of infants by birth weight and estimated gestational age in each year of the study, or infants excluded from the analysis. Contrary to most reports, 21.9% of all PVH-IVH during the 3 years were first diagnosed after 14 days postnatal age and were predominantly grade I. These results document not only a change in the epidemiology of PVH-IVH in an inborn population, but also the importance of serial cranial ultrasonography beyond the first week of life.
The Microbial Flora in Extended-Wear Soft Contact-Lens Wearers

Of 857 cultures of material collected from the eyelids, conjunctivae, and contact lenses of 51 extended-wear soft-contact-lens wearers, 44 (5%) grew potential pathogens. The aphakic patients wearing contact lenses had fewer recoverable pathogens (24 of 295 or 8%) than a group of preoperative cataract patients (63 of 295 or 21%). On five occasions, positive cultures accompanied clinical symptoms, and on three occasions, repeated cultures grew the same potential pathogen.
Scaling of Poisson spheres and compact Lie groups

For $n \ge 2$, we show that on the standard Poisson homogeneous space $\mathbb{S}^{2n−1}$ (including $SU (2) \approx \mathbb{S}3$), there exists a Poisson scaling $\phi_\lambda$ at any scale $\lambda \gt 0$ that is smooth on each symplectic leaf and continuous globally. A generalization to the case of the standard Bruhat-Poisson compact simple Lie groups endowed with a stronger topology is also valid.
Substitutional solutes in AlCo: Part II. Hardening and correlations with defect structure

Solid solution hardening effects are reported for Al-Co-based binary and ternary alloys as a function of off-stoichiometry and of the substitution of the solutes Mn and Re for Co, and of Ti, for Al. Microhardness and stepped flow stress are reported as a function of temperature. Hardening is of the magnitude expected to be caused by conventional elastic interactions between point defects and moving dislocations. For binary alloys the strengths of the interactions are in the proper relative strengths, but not for ternary alloys. In ternary alloys the effects of multiple types of defects are superimposed, but not yet adequately characterized.
A Multidisciplinary Approach to Home Enteral Nutrition

Identifying patients who may benefit from home enteral nutrition support, managing the tube feeding regimen, and coordinating patient follow-up present unique challenges and opportunities for the health care team. The Geisinger Clinic of the Penn State Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, assembled a multidisciplinary team comprising a dietitian, a nurse, a social worker, and a physician to address the concerns of patients receiving home enteral nutrition. A coordinated effort among the patient, caregivers, and health care team is essential for the successful discharge and management of home enteral nutrition patients.
A rapid and accurate method to detect active small bowel gastrointestinal bleeding on video capsule endoscopy.

Background Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is indicated to evaluate for suspected small bowel bleeding, but “standard view” (SV) evaluation is time-consuming. Rapid Reader 6.0 software (Given Imaging, Duluth GA) contains two computer algorithmic systems: (1) “Quickview” (QV) which automatically skips similar images and (2) a pixel analysis program that identifies suspected blood (SBI). Combining the two modalities (QV + SBI) may provide a faster modality to assess for active small bowel bleeding.
N mineralization, nitrification, and N uptake across a 100-year chronosequence of upland hardwood forests

Abstract Net N mineralization, nitrification, and N uptake were monitored in the A (0–8 cm) and B (8–30 cm) soil horizons from 1997 to 1999 across a chronosequence of upland hardwood forest stands in southern Indiana, USA. Stand ages were 1, 6, 12, 31, and 80–100 years at the beginning of the study. Contrary to previous studies, there was no apparent stimulation of N mineralization due to harvesting. The highest rates of N mineralization, nitrification, and N uptake were in the mature forest stand. Rates of N cycling were greater in the A than the B horizon by concentration (g kg−1), but the greater depth and bulk density of the B horizon led to insignificant differences by area (kg ha−1). N mineralization, nitrification, and N uptake all correlated significantly with each other, and average annual rates of N mineralization balanced well with N uptake in most stands of the chronosequence. N cycling seemed to be subject to strong internal regulation at all stages of stand development. Analyses of the spatial and temporal variability in N cycling properties or processes would provide further insights in the effects of harvesting on N cycling in these forest stands.
BEHAVIOUR OF THE BLUE-CROWNED HANGING PARROT LORICULUS GALGULUS WITH COMPARATIVE NOTES ON THE VERNAL HANGING PARROT L. VERNALIS

Summary The maintenance activities of Loriculus galgulus and L. vernalis are described and discussed, and compared with the behaviour of the parrots of the genus Agapornis. Maintenance activities reveal some adaptations to the genus-typical habit of resting and sleeping upside-down. A peculiar defaecation posture ensures that the plumage of hanging birds is not soiled. L. galgulus holds food either in the foot or in the bill, but L. vernalis seems not to use the foot in feeding:there is much regurgitation and remastication of food. Scratching is indirect, as in the Agapornis species, though the foot is brought directly to the bill to be preened. Loriculus is more ready to bathe in standing water than is Agapornis, actually entering the water, and not merely splashing from the edge. There is some evidence that L. galgulus rain-bathes hanging upside down, as does A. cana. Agonistic behaviour is highly ritualized in Loriculus:some actions are identical with those of the more primitive species of Agapornis. Threat displays are described: the so-called Super Threat Display combines all agonistic actions in one. There are three appeasement displays. Group upside-down pseudo-sleeping as a response to the appearance of potential predators is frequent in both species: it is not certain if this is a displacement reaction or a normal escape reaction to the safety of an inaccessible refuge. Little is known about reproductive behaviour in captivity and even less about behaviour in the wild. Pair formation appears to occur late in the period of attaining maturity, and to be initiated and maintained by courtship feeding: homosexual pairing is not unusual n flocks of captive birds. Of the courtship displays, one-Strutting-seems to be common to several Loriculus species. Cutting of nest material is an activity of both male and female Loriculus. A maturing or learning process is seen in the cutting of little “bits” by inexperienced and immature birds, and by the cutting of straight or arcuate strips by those more experienced. In Loriculus galgulus, females were seen to tuck strips of nesting material in the throat and breast feathers, though they have been reported to tuck material into the rump feathers also: L. oernalis females tucked arcuate strips among the rump feathers only. Both male and female L. galgulus and L. vernalis investi- gated nest boxes, but none actually nested. This study in general reinforces the ideas about the relationship of the genera Loriculus and Agapornis but more data on other Loriculus species are needed. At this stage of investigation it appears that both L. galgulus and L. oernalis are behaviourally closest to the more primitive species of Agapornis, namely, cana, tarantu and pullaria.
Development of thermoregulation in the kitten.

Abstract In normal kittens thermoregulation developed over the first 45 days of age. This maturational sequence went from a mean rectal temperature (T B ) of 37.0°C at 5 days of age to adult levels (38.2 ± 0.2°C) at about 7 weeks of age. Up until about 14 days of age the predominant response to being removed from the nesting box and placed at an ambient temperature of 23 to 25°C was a decrease in T B of about 0.02°C/min. In response to stronger thermal challenges (i.e., short periods at + 60°C or − 15°C) all kittens showed, from the first day of life, the ability to detect and move along a thermal gradient as reflected in an approach to warmth and an avoidance of cool. At −15°C the kittens showed a decrease in T B of about 0.2°C/min at 10 days decreasing to about 0.1°C/min at 40 days of age. After 45 days of age shivering as well as piloerection appeared immediately with cold onset and for short periods (i.e. less than 2 hours) at this temperature combined behavioral and physiological regulation sufficed to maintain the temperature at approximately 37.5°C. In response to heating the kittens showed a mean T B increase of about +0.05°C/min at 10 days decreasing to +0.02°C/min at 45 days of age, at which time panting was also fully developed. These data demonstrate that the development of normal thermoregulation in the cat follows a time course of up to seven weeks.
Oral ethanol self-administration in rhesus monkeys: behavioral and neurochemical correlates.

Background: Previous research has revealed that orally administered ethanol serves as a reinforcer in nonhuman primates. The purposes of the present study were to examine the relationship between ethanol preferences and intakes in two distinct self-administration contexts and to reveal some of the behavioral and neurochemical correlates of oral ethanol self-administration in monkeys. Methods: Three cohorts of 13 to 29 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatia) were socially housed and given daily, 1-hr, one-spout access to an ethanol solution (8.4%, w/v) sweetened with aspartame. Twelve of these monkeys were subsequently selected, individually housed, and given daily, 2-hr, two-spout access to a range of ethanol concentrations (0.25-16%, w/v) concurrently with water. Results: These monkeys (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism group) showed a marked preference for ethanol (0.5-4%, w/v) over water, and ethanol preferences were 3-fold greater than those of a second group of 12 monkeys (University of Michigan group) purchased from a commercial vendor. Ethanol consumption was consistent across the self-administration paradigms. Monkeys that consumed large quantities of ethanol under the one-spout, social-housing conditions continued to drink large quantities of ethanol under the two-spout, individual-housing Conditions (r = 0.86). An association between ethanol preferences and intakes was also demonstrated. Monkeys with the greatest preferences for ethanol over water under the two-spout choice conditions consumed the largest quantities of ethanol (r = 0.82). Finally, cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations were inversely related to ethanol preference but not to ethanol intake. Conclusions: These results indicate that ethanol consumption is stable across contexts and is positively correlated with the preference for ethanol over water.
Progesterone Antagonizes the Ability of Porcine Ovarian Inhibin to Sensitize Ovine Pituitary Cell Culture to Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone: Dependence on Ovaries in Vivo

Progesterone (P4) and a porcine follicular preparation of inhibin (MGRA-IV) have opposite actions on regulation of the ability of LHRH to release LH in ovine pituitary cell culture. Both P4 and inhibin change the response to LHRH. The ability of inhibin to sensitize cultures to LHRH (126–273%) was greatly inhibited (up to 100%) in the presence of P4 (10−7 m). The inhibitory action of P4 on LHRH-stimulated and inhibin-sensitized LHRH-stimulated LH secretion in ovine pituitary cell culture was dependent on the presence of ovaries in vivo. P4 inhibited 68% of LHRH-stimulated LH secretion in pituitary cultures from intact ewes. However, when cultures were prepared from pituitaries collected on days 9, 21, and 42 after ovariectomy, P4 inhibited LHRH-stimulated LH secretion by only 36%, 13%, and 0%, respectively. Ovariectomy had no effect (P > 0.05) on the sensitizing action of inhibin on LHRH-stimulated LH secretion, but ovariectomy did cause a time-dependent decline in the inhibitory action of P4 on inhibin-s...
Structure-Based Design: Potent Inhibitors of Human Brain Memapsin 2 (β-Secretase)

Memapsin 2 (β-secretase) is one of two proteases that cleave the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) to produce the 40−42 residue amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in the human brain, a key event in the progression of Alzheimer's disease. On the basis of the X-ray crystal structure of our lead inhibitor (2, OM99-2 with eight residues) bound to memapsin, we have reduced the molecular weight and designed potent memapsin inhibitors. Structure-based design and preliminary structure−activity studies have been presented.
Three paradigms for the role of capitalization requirements in insured financial institutions

Standard models for deposit insurance strike analogies to more familiar financial contracts and conceive of risk as exogenous. The oldest model of deposit insurance likens it to passively underwriting casualty insurance. A more sophisticated, but still bilateral model likens deposit insurance to writing a passive put option on the enterprise whose funding is insured. Delays in acknowledging the wreck of the S&L industry and its federal insurer (FSLIC) discredit these models as guides to managing a deposit-insurance fund. Deposit insurance is better interpreted as a trilateral performance bond that enhances the credit of an insured institution. This interpretation endogenizes risk, emphasizes incentive conflict, and underscores the need to optimize loss-control activity. The bonding model clarifies that a subset of the monitoring and disciplinary activities traditionally undertaken by government officials can usefully be privatized.
Spatial reconstruction of semi-quantitative precipitation fields over Africa during the nineteenth century from documentary evidence and gauge data

The article presents a newly created precipitation data set for the African continent and describes the methodology used in its creation. It is based on a combination of proxy data and rain gauge records. The data set is semi-quantitative, with a “wetness” index of − 3 to + 3 to describe the quality of the rainy season. It covers the period AD 1801 to 1900 and includes data for 90 geographical regions of the continent. The results underscore a multi-decadal period of aridity early in the nineteenth century.
Studies of the mechanical properties of free films prepared using an ethylcellulose pseudolatex coating system

Free films produced using a commercially available ethylcellulose (EC) pseudolatex coating system (Aquacoat®) were prepared by a spraying method. The effect of either of 10 different plasticizers representing three chemical classes (citrate esters, di-acid esters and fatty acids/alcohols) on free film mechanical properties was determined using an Instron tensile testing apparatus. The plasticizers were each added to the EC pseudolatex formula at levels of 25, 30 or 35% (w/w), respectively. Increasing the amount of plasticizer led to an increase in free film elongation and a decrease in modulus and stress. Differences among the individual plasticizers and classes of plasticizers evaluated were correlated with their molecular structure and a rank order could be identified. Selected films containing 30% plasticizer were evaluated under conditions of elevated temperature and humidity for storage times of up to 1 month. The results indicated that plasticizer type and amount and elevated storage temperature and humidity influence free film mechanical behavior, particularly free film elongation and toughness. These changes probably arise from further gradual coalescence of EC pseudolatex particles.
Root-end induction

A root-end induction procedure used to treat a nonvital tooth with an open apex improved the prognosis of the involved tooth. Conventional endodontic methods are unacceptable for treating nonvital permanent teeth with incomplete root development in situations in which a blunderbuss canal is present because of technical difficulties and associated psychological trauma. A root-end induction procedure was used to treat a nonvital tooth with an open apex in an 11-year-old boy.