cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increasing N-acetylaspartate in the Brain during Postnatal Myelination Does Not Cause the CNS Pathologies of Canavan Disease.

Canavan disease is caused by mutations in the gene encoding aspartoacylase (ASPA), a deacetylase that catabolizes N-acetylaspartate (NAA). The precise involvement of elevated NAA in the pathogenesis of Canavan disease is an ongoing debate. In the present study we tested the effects of elevated NAA in the brain during postnatal development. Mice were administered high doses of the hydrophobic methyl ester of NAA (M-NAA) twice daily starting on day 7 after birth. This treatment increased NAA levels in the brain to those observed in the brains of Nur7 mice, an established model of Canavan disease. We evaluated various serological parameters, oxidative stress, inflammatory and neurodegeneration markers and the results showed that there were no pathological alterations in any measure with increased brain NAA levels. We examined oxidative stress markers, malondialdehyde content (indicator of lipid peroxidation), expression of NADPH oxidase and nuclear translocation of the stress-responsive transcription factor NRF-2 in brain. We also examined additional pathological markers by immunohistochemistry and the expression of activated caspase-3 and interleukin-6 by Western blot. None of the markers were increased in the brains of M-NAA treated mice, and no vacuoles were observed in any brain region. These results show that ASPA expression prevents the pathologies associated with excessive NAA concentrations in the brain during postnatal myelination. We hypothesize that the pathogenesis of Canavan disease involves not only disrupted NAA metabolism, but also excessive NAA related signaling processes in oligodendrocytes that have not been fully determined and we discuss some of the potential mechanisms.
Geometris: Designing Collaborative Mathematical Interactions For Children

We present Geometris, a collaborative embodied geometry game for 6- to 11-year-old children. As shapes are projected onto the floor, players recreate those shapes on a 6x6 feet interactive mat. At the end of each level, a geometric pattern - the result of overlaying all created shapes - is displayed. Two dimensions of user interaction-mobility and division of labor-emerged during pilot gameplay sessions. We hypothesize that these interactions offer resources for children to learn geometry concepts as well as collaboration skills.
Bioenergetic Adaptations in Chemoresistant Ovarian Cancer Cells

Earlier investigations have revealed that tumor cells undergo metabolic reprogramming and mainly derive their cellular energy from aerobic glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation even in the presence of oxygen. However, recent studies have shown that certain cancer cells display increased oxidative phosphorylation or high metabolically active phenotype. Cellular bioenergetic profiling of 13 established and 12 patient derived ovarian cancer cell lines revealed significant bioenergetics diversity. The bioenergetics phenotype of ovarian cancer cell lines correlated with functional phenotypes of doubling time and oxidative stress. Interestingly, chemosensitive cancer cell lines (A2780 and PEO1) displayed a glycolytic phenotype while their chemoresistant counterparts (C200 and PEO4) exhibited a high metabolically active phenotype with the ability to switch between oxidative phosphorylation or glycolysis. The chemosensitive cancer cells could not survive glucose deprivation, while the chemoresistant cells displayed adaptability. In the patient derived ovarian cancer cells, a similar correlation was observed between a high metabolically active phenotype and chemoresistance. Thus, ovarian cancer cells seem to display heterogeneity in using glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation as an energy source. The flexibility in using different energy pathways may indicate a survival adaptation to achieve a higher ‘cellular fitness’ that may be also associated with chemoresistance.
NRVS for Fe in Biology: Experiment and Basic Interpretation

Abstract For over 20 years, nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy (NRVS) has been used to study vibrational dynamics of iron-containing materials. With the only selection rule being iron motion, 57 Fe NRVS has become an excellent tool to study iron-containing enzymes. Over the past decade, considerable progress has been made in the study of complex metalloenzymes using NRVS. Iron cofactors in heme-containing globins; [2Fe2S], [3Fe4S], [4Fe4S] proteins; the [NiFe] and [FeFe] hydrogenases; and nitrogenases have been explored in a fashion not possible through traditional vibrational spectroscopy. In this chapter, we discuss the basics of NRVS, a strategy to perform NRVS, and a discussion of the application of NRVS on rubredoxin and [FeFe] hydrogenase.
Role of endotoxin and interleukin-1 in modulating ACTH, LH and sex steroid secretion.

There is increasing evidence that the immune and the endocrine axis are functionally connected and influence each other’s activity {review in (1)}. While the effects of hormones such as corticosteroids and endogenous opiates on immune functions have been abundantly described, the reciprocal arm of this bidirectional pathway, i.e. the influence exerted by signals from the immune system on endocrine functions, has only recently started to be investigated. It is presently believed that products of activated immune cells, such as the lymphokines, are central to this bilateral communication (2). During the early part of immune activation, in particular, stimulated macrophages produce interleukin-1 (IL-1), which can enter the circulation (3) and alter the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and/or hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis.
Binge drinking and cigarette smoking among teens: Does body image play a role?

Abstract Adolescence is a critical juncture for the development of one's physical, mental, and social self, which includes body image. Previous research has linked poor body image and substance use in adolescents, but existing research on sex differences in these relationships is conflicting. The current study will examine the relationship between body image and substance use in adolescent males and females using data from the Oregon Youth Substance Use Project (OYSUP), focusing on alcohol and tobacco use. The logistic regression results indicated that females who reported lower satisfaction with body image engaged in more binge drinking and smoking, while the relationship was not significant for males. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Pannexins or connexins

Pannexins are a family of three vertebrate proteins that have moderate sequence homology with the innexin proteins, which compose gap junction channels in protostomes, including most invertebrates. However, it appears that in contrast to innexins, pannexins do not have the ability to form gap junction channels. They do, however, form nonjunctional plasma membrane channels (pannexons) that mediate regulated flux of molecules in the size range of second messengers between cytoplasm and the extracellular space. The dye permeability and pharmacological sensitivities of pannexin channels overlap those of connexin hemichannels, so it is possible that many of the phenomena that have been attributed to connexin hemichannels are in fact mediated by pannexons. For this reason, identifying which protein is involved in a particular cellular physiology requires careful evaluation of the specific conditions and requirements in each case. Several lines of experimentation have led to the suggestion that the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release channel, a crucial element in the initiation and propagation of intercellular Ca2+ waves, is a connexin hemichannel. However, based on recently revealed properties of pannexin channels, which include mechanosensitivity and activation by cytoplasmic Ca2+, the pannexon must be considered a prime candidate for the ATP release channel. Pannexons also appear to form the large ATP-permeable pore that is activated by the purinergic P2X7 receptor complex, which is involved in inflammation.
Characterization of Deactivated Oxidation Catalyst

Abstract We have examined a three-way oxidation catalyst (0.16 wt7° Pt + 0.01 wt% Rh on alumina) that had deactivated during air oxidation of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) for 21 hours at 400°C (750°F). No change had occurred in pellet size, pellet density, bulk density, or total surface area. A water extract of the deactivated catalyst was subjected to pH titration and colorimetric determination of phosphate. Phosphoric acid and methylphosphonic acid were found in roughly equal amounts. The atom ratio of retained and extract-able P to total Pt was about 3:1.
Psychodynamic Treatment of Panic Disorder

Both pharmacological [1–3] and cognitive-behavioral treatments [4–6] of panic disorder have been found to be effective in treatment. Despite this progress, not all patients respond or are able to tolerate these treatments [4–8]. Relapse is frequent if medication is discontinued before a prolonged maintenance phase [9–12]. Questions remain about the long-term effectiveness of these interventions [4, 13]. In studies of “routine care,” generally a poorly defined mix, patients frequently demonstrate persistent symptoms and problems functioning [14]. Little systematic data are available about whether or not these treatments are effective in treating impairments associated with panic disorder, such as occupational dysfunction, relationship difficulties, and diminished quality of life [15, 16]. Given the high morbidity and health costs of this disorder [17–20], it is important to continue to develop the most effective treatments for panic disorder and its related impairments.
A review of articular cartilage pathology and the use of glucosamine sulfate.

Objective To refresh the athletic trainer's knowledge of articular cartilage biomechanics, physiology, and structure and explore the role of glucosamine sulfate in treating articular cartilage pathologic conditions, including supplementation methods and clinical outcomes. Data sources We searched MEDLINE from 1989 through 2000 and SPORT Discus from 1975 through 2000 using the following key words: glucosamine sulfate, articular cartilage, osteoarthritis, and proteoglycans. Data synthesis Articular cartilage functions as a wear-resistant, smooth, nearly frictionless, load-bearing surface. Glucosamine sulfate can be thought of as a building block that helps restore the proteoglycan-rich extracellular matrix and thus balance articular cartilage catabolism and anabolism. Beneficial clinical effects of glucosamine sulfate in the osteoarthritic population have been documented. However, the use of glucosamine sulfate for athletic articular cartilage injuries is unproved. Conclusions/recommendations Clinical studies indicate that glucosamine sulfate has been shown to be a safe and relatively effective treatment for osteoarthritis. However, no evidence to date supports or refutes a carryover effect to the athletic population and the injuries that occur in sport.
The Role of Integrins at Synapses

Integrins are transmembrane, adhesive receptors that serve as functional links between the extracellular matrix and the intracellular environment. Integrin engagement of a ligand can activate intracellular signaling pathways that regulate many cellular processes. The adhesive and signaling properties of integrins make them ideal for modulating connections at specialized adhesive junctions, such as synapses. Indeed, integrins are emerging as critical regulators of synaptic connections in the brain and the peripheral nervous system.
Endoscopic management of subperiosteal abscesses

While the progression of acute rhinosinusitis to orbital infections has decreased in the modern antibiotic era, they still occur, particularly in the pediatric population. Infection may spread from the nasal cavity and sinuses via direct extension into the orbit through the thin lamina papyracea or through the valveless veins in the bony orbital wall. Congenital dehiscence and trauma also allow for direct extension of the infection to the orbit. Most of these orbital infections originate in the ethmoid sinuses and subperiosteal abscesses most commonly occur along the medial orbital wall. However, the frontal sinus is implicated in superior abscesses in older children and adults. Postseptal orbital infections require prompt diagnosis and treatment as they may impact vision and progress centrally, manifesting as cavernous sinus and intracranial infections associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This article describes endoscopic surgical management of medial and superior subperiosteal abscess.
Student-Instructor Collaboration in Online Courses

A positive collaboration between students and professors in any course regardless of the offering mode, i.e., online or in-class setting, can play a significant role in students’ success in the class. Thus, any model of teaching/learning should include a unique component of human interaction (i.e., interaction between instructors and students) to make such models appropriate for implementation. The nature of online courses is such that there is no physical interaction between the instructors and students. Thus, the development and implementation of these models, with constructive collaboration between students and instructors in mind, is more challenging for the instructors. In this paper, we examine issues related to the partnership between students and instructors in online courses and propose steps that can be taken to make this collaboration not only feasible but also effective in persuading students to participate in the partnership throughout the semester actively.
Post-Event Reflection: A Tool to Facilitate Self-Awareness, Self-Monitoring, and Self-Regulation in Athletes

AbstractThe underlying basis of many psychological interventions is self-awareness. Systematic self-reflection enhances self-awareness, which improves self-monitoring, self-correction, and ultimate...
Postoperative analgesia after microsurgical breast reconstruction using liposomal bupivacaine (Exparel).

Conventional opioid-based regimen for postoperative analgesia after autologous breast reconstruction can be associated with significant side effects. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of an intraoperatively administered transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block with liposomal bupivacaine on postoperative narcotic use in patients undergoing microsurgical breast reconstruction with free abdominal flaps. Patients treated between December 2016 and June 2017 were included in the study. Parameters of interest were patient-reported pain score, total narcotic use (in oral morphine equivalent [OME]) during the hospitalization, length of stay (LOS), and the need for patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). Eighty-two free abdominal flaps were transferred in 46 patients with a mean age of 47.6 years and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 28.1 kg/m2 . The average LOS was 3.5 days (range, 3-5). Postoperatively, 42 patients (91.3%) did not require patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). The mean time to first narcotic use after arrival on the nursing unit was 6 hours (range, 0-19 hours). The mean total postoperative OME use was 123.2 mg (range, 0-285 mg). However, analysis of OME use excluding the four patients requiring PCA revealed a mean OME use of 90.3 mg (range, 0-167.5 mg). Liposomal bupivacaine provides for reliable, safe, and long-acting postoperative analgesia and contributes to a reduction in postoperative narcotic intake. The use of liposomal bupivacaine shows great promise in improving the standard of care in postoperative analgesia in microsurgical breast reconstruction.
Conformationally Restricted TRH Analogs: The Compatibility of a 6,5-Bicyclic Lactam-Based Mimetic with Binding to TRH-R

A pair of conformationally restricted TRH analogs have been synthesized. Both analogs have the central histidine of TRH replaced by a cyclohexylalanine unit, and both analogs contain a 6,5-bicyclic lactam ring fusing the proline peptide bond into a trans conformation. The analogs differ at the bridgehead stereocenter. The synthesis of the analogs utilized an anodic amide oxidation reaction to selectively functionalize a proline derivative and a titanium tetrachloride-initiated cyclization−rearrangement sequence to assemble the desired bicyclic ring skeleton. The analogs were compared with the unrestricted cyclohexyalanine-containing TRH analog (cyclohexyl-Ala2-TRH) in order to determine how the added lactam ring affected the affinity and the potency of the analog for TRH-R. Both the affinity and potency of the restricted analogs were found to be critically dependent on the bridgehead stereochemistry of the bicyclic ring. The analog having R stereochemistry at the bridgehead was 478 times more potent than ...
3D printing and characterization of a soft and biostable elastomer with high flexibility and strength for biomedical applications

Abstract Recent advancements in 3D printing have revolutionized biomedical engineering by enabling the manufacture of complex and functional devices in a low-cost, customizable, and small-batch fabrication manner. Soft elastomers are particularly important for biomedical applications because they can provide similar mechanical properties as tissues with improved biocompatibility. However, there are very few biocompatible elastomers with 3D printability, and little is known about the material properties of biocompatible 3D printable elastomers. Here, we report a new framework to 3D print a soft, biocompatible, and biostable polycarbonate-based urethane silicone (PCU-Sil) with minimal defects. We systematically characterize the rheological and thermal properties of the material to guide the 3D printing process and have determined a range of processing conditions. Optimal printing parameters such as printing speed, temperature, and layer height are determined via parametric studies aimed at minimizing porosity while maximizing the geometric accuracy of the 3D-printed samples as evaluated via micro-CT. We also characterize the mechanical properties of the 3D-printed structures under quasistatic and cyclic loading, degradation behavior and biocompatibility. The 3D-printed materials show a Young's modulus of 6.9 ± 0.85 MPa and a failure strain of 457 ± 37.7% while exhibiting good cell viability. Finally, compliant and free-standing structures including a patient-specific heart model and a bifurcating arterial structure are printed to demonstrate the versatility of the 3D-printed material. We anticipate that the 3D printing framework presented in this work will open up new possibilities not only for PCU-Sil, but also for other soft, biocompatible and thermoplastic polymers in various biomedical applications requiring high flexibility and strength combined with biocompatibility, such as vascular implants, heart valves, and catheters.
Improving juror sensitivity to specific eyewitness factors: judicial instructions fail the test.

A recent New Jersey Supreme Court decision recognized the difficulty jurors have with evaluating eyewitness evidence. This decision resulted in the development of instructions that highlight factor...
Chapter 2 – Equilibrium in Ideal Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses equilibrium in ideal system in which several components co-exist in one or more phases. It proceeds gradually from the simple equilibrium condition to more complex cases, underlying that if equilibrium is to prevail, the system must be a subject to constraints, all of which are ultimately based on Gibb's criterion. In Gibb's criterion, the chemical potential of a given species must be the same in all phases at equilibrium. It examines the stringent constraints that arise when two or more distinct phases are to be maintained in equilibrium. Apart from uniformity of temperature and pressure, it requires that the chemical potential “μi” for each of the “c” components be the same throughout all the “p” phases. The basic problem in thermodynamics consists of determining the final equilibrium state that an isolated system reaches after starting out from a given set of initial conditions and constraints. In this matter, it is guided by two corollaries of the First and Second Laws namely, that in an isolated system subjected to any change, the entropy cannot decrease, and that its energy remain constant.
Polymer-assisted intratumoral delivery of ethanol: Preclinical investigation of safety and efficacy in a murine breast cancer model

Focal tumor ablation with ethanol could provide benefits in low-resource settings because of its low overall cost, minimal imaging technology requirements, and acceptable clinical outcomes. Unfortunately, ethanol ablation is not commonly utilized because of a lack of predictability of the ablation zone, caused by inefficient retention of ethanol at the injection site. To create a predictable zone of ablation, we have developed a polymer-assisted ablation method using ethyl cellulose (EC) mixed with ethanol. EC is ethanol-soluble and water-insoluble, allowing for EC-ethanol to be injected as a liquid and precipitate into a solid, occluding the leakage of ethanol upon contact with tissue. The aims of this study were to compare the 1) safety, 2) release kinetics, 3) spatial distribution, 4) necrotic volume, and 5) overall survival of EC-ethanol to conventional ethanol ablation in a murine breast tumor model. Non-target tissue damage was monitored through localized adverse events recording, ethanol release kinetics with Raman spectroscopy, injectate distribution with in vivo imaging, target-tissue necrosis with NADH-diaphorase staining, and overall survival by proxy of tumor growth. EC-ethanol exhibited decreased localized adverse events, a slowing of the release rate of ethanol, more compact injection zones, 5-fold increase in target-tissue necrosis, and longer overall survival rates compared to the same volume of pure ethanol. A single 150 {micro}L dose of 6% EC-ethanol achieved a similar survival probability rates to six daily 50 {micro}L doses of pure ethanol used to simulate a slow-release of ethanol over 6 days. Taken together, these results demonstrate that EC-ethanol is safer and more effective than ethanol alone for ablating tumors. Graphical AbstractThe inclusion of ethylcellulose limits extra-tumoral leakage of ethanol and increases the target-tissue ablation. O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=102 SRC="FIGDIR/small/123125v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (29K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19c78eforg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c7c914org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1625058org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@188fd9d_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG
Information Quality and Equity Premium in Production Economies

We study the relation between information quality and equity premium in a production economy. We show that the precision of the public information has a negative relation with the size of equity premium of the economy. This result contradicts those obtained in pure exchange economies, for example, Veronesi (2000). In pure exchange economies, there is only price adjustment in response to innovations of information. In production economies, both price and quantity respond to innovations of information, it is the quantity adjustment channel makes our result different from that obtained in pure exchange economies. It is argued by some author, that the equity premium has declined over the last few decades. The results in this paper would provide a potential explanation of the fact, i.e. it is because of more precise information about the fundamentals of the economy.
Preliminary survey of Aphanomyces sp. associated with native and invasive crayfish in the Lower Susquehanna watershed of South Central Pennsylvania

The oomycete species, Aphanomyces astaci, is well known as the devastating causal agent of European crayfish plague. Despite assumptions of a North American origin, the prevalence and distribution ...
Synthesis and structural analysis of two cyclam derivatives

Abstract Two macrocycle derivatives (1 and 2) from the modification of 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (cyclam) have been synthesized and structurally characterized. The synthesis was straightforward and led to the production of the final products at high yields and purity. Central rings of both compounds at solid state display a chair conformation with the substituents dangling around the cyclam ring. The binding cavity radii from the crystal structures are 1.349 A in the unsubstituted precursor cyclam, 1.926 A in 1, and 2.140 A in 2. A computational study provided similar bond matrices but slightly larger cavity sizes, likely as a result of the spacious environment and elasticity of the molecules at gas phase. This research provided an intensive look into the modification of polyamine, which further implicates how the molecule could be manipulated to adjust its properties and functions.
Hypothalamic Dopamine Neurons Control Sensorimotor Behavior by Modulating Brainstem Premotor Nuclei in Zebrafish

Dopamine (DA)-producing neurons are critically involved in the production of motor behaviors in multiple circuits that are conserved from basal vertebrates to mammals. Although there is increasing evidence that DA neurons in the hypothalamus play a locomotor role, their precise contributions to behavior and the circuit mechanisms by which they are achieved remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that tyrosine-hydroxylase-2-expressing (th2+) DA neurons in the zebrafish hypothalamus fire phasic bursts of activity to acutely promote swimming and modulate audiomotor behaviors on fast timescales. Their anatomy and physiology reveal two distinct functional DA modules within the hypothalamus. The first comprises an interconnected set of cerebrospinal-fluid-contacting DA nuclei surrounding the 3rd ventricle, which lack distal projections outside of the hypothalamus and influence locomotion through unknown means. The second includes neurons in the preoptic nucleus, which send long-range projections to targets throughout the brain, including the mid- and hindbrain, where they activate premotor circuits involved in swimming and sensorimotor integration. These data suggest a broad regulation of motor behavior by DA neurons within multiple hypothalamic nuclei and elucidate a novel functional mechanism for the preoptic DA neurons in the initiation of movement.
Influence of the maternal rumen microbiome on development of the calf meconium and rumen microbiome

The increasing demand for meat and milk products due to the rising population, coupled with limited resources, requires increased efficiency of livestock. The microbiome within the rumen allows ruminant species to convert low-quality forages into volatile fatty acids (VFA) that are absorbed and digested by the animal to be used as an energy source. Understanding the development of microorganisms within the rumen is of interest due to their effects on host health, energy, performance, and efficiency (Flint and Bayer, 2008; Guan et al., 2008). Evidence suggests that colonization of the calf gastrointestinal tract may occur prior to birth due to the presence of bacteria in the meconium (Alipour et al., 2018). In addition, the establishment of the bacterial communities within the rumen occurs sequentially (Jami et al., 2013; Rey et al., 2014); however, little is known about the relationship and influence of the maternal rumen microbiome on subsequent development of the calf rumen microbiome and VFA production. Research in humans (Biasucci et al., 2010) and ruminants (Cunningham et al., 2018) suggests that there is a maternal influence on gut microbiome development, including mode of delivery and nutrition. In addition, microbial populations established early in life have the ability to affect the health and performance of the adult animal, suggesting the potential for programming of the microbiome (Abecia et al., 2013). Thus, we hypothesized that the cow maternal rumen microbiome would influence colonization of the calf rumen microbiome. Our objective was to relate the rumen microbiome of the cow prior to parturition (RFC) and at weaning (RFCw) to the calf’s meconium microbiome (M) and calf rumen microbiome at birth (RFd1), day 2 (RFd2), day 28 (RFd28), and weaning (RFNw).
MyNRMN: A national mentoring and networking platform to enhance connectivity and diversity in the biomedical sciences

Aims Increasing the diversity of the biomedical sciences workforce is a national priority. Having a mentor, and more crucially, a personal network of mentors, improves the likelihood that an individual will pursue an advanced degree and career in the biomedical sciences. The chief mission of the National Research Mentoring Network (NRMN) is to reduce racial and ethnic disparities in the biosciences workforce through the mentoring of historically underrepresented individuals. Methods To address this need, we created MyNRMN, an online mentoring platform that connects mentors and mentees nationwide. The platform enables multiple forms of mentoring and recommends connections to mentees that will help them build their personal networks. Results The MyNRMN online platform has registered more than 13,500 active mentors and mentees across all 50 states and from more than 2100 institutions. Black and Hispanic mentees are highly represented. Discussion MyNRMN has expanded opportunities for mentorship in the biomedical sciences, particularly among those not from a culture or institution that historically supports mentorship. The platform's robust search and recommendation capabilities and graph database technology enable members to grow their personal network of mentors. Conclusion The MyNRMN online platform has proven successful in connecting mentees and mentors nationwide, expanding the pipeline in biomedical science careers to attract a more diverse workforce.
Factors Associated With Residential Relocation and Effects on Early Childhood Development in a Low-Income Home Visitation Population

Residential relocation (RR) is associated with behavior problems and cognitive delays in school-age children. Little is known regarding effects of RR on early childhood development. The data from this study were collected from 2011 to 2016 through the Cincinnati Home Injury Prevention and Literacy Promotion Trial. The purpose of the current study was to identify factors associated with RR and determine effects of RR on early childhood development in a cohort of mother/child dyads (n = 424). High RR was relocating ≥ 3 times over the 24-month study period. Differences in baseline characteristics and early childhood development, measured by the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) and MacArthur Bates Communicative Development Inventory, according to relocations, were estimated by negative binomial regression and logistic regression, respectively. Participants moved on average 1.46 times over 24 months. Relocations decreased by 0.05 for each year of increasing maternal age. Mothers with college degrees moved 0.72 fewer times than those with a high school diploma or less. Mothers living alone moved 0.47 fewer times than their counterparts. Mothers who could not count on someone to loan them $1000 and those with food insecurity more (0.41) than their counterparts (0.50). Odds of scoring in the bottom-tertile for the communication domain of the ASQ was significantly higher in those relocating ≥ 3 times. High RR was associated with concern for delayed language development at 24-month follow-up in some, but not all models. Early intervention may be more successful if primary care physicians and community health professionals collaborate to link families at risk of high RR to relevant community based resources.
Guillain-barre syndrome related to coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) infection

Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an acute immune-mediated polyradiculoneuropathy that occurs following a viral or bacterial infection and vaccination. A 61-year-old male with a past medical history significant for hypertension, hyperlipemia, nephrolithiasis, and Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) infection 17 days prior presented to the emergency department with complaints of numbness, tingling, and weakness in all four extremities for one day. He endorsed fatigue but denied nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, cough, or shortness of breath. He denied headache, dizziness, vision change, hearing change, speech, or swallowing problems. On examination, he was afebrile with a heart rate of 120 beats/minute, respiratory rate of 18 breaths/minute, blood pressure of 124/98 mm of Hg, and oxygen saturation of 96% while breathing ambient air. He had reduced sensation to light touch in all four extremities. His bilateral upper and lower extremity flexor strength was 4/5. His bilateral upper extremity extensor strength was 3/5. He had bilateral patellar, triceps, and biceps areflexia. He had marked difficulty moving from reclined to sitting position. He was unable to stand. His primary laboratory examination was unremarkable except for mild leukocytosis of 11,400/μL and D-dimer of 3.91 mg/L. A lumbar puncture was performed, revealing one white blood cell, 60 red blood cells, normal glucose, and 97 mg/dL of protein consistent with albumin-cytologic dissociation. His HIV antibody screen and Ganglioside GM antibodies (IgG and IgM) were negative. He had no urge to urinate or bowel movements. His clinical picture was consistent with Guillain-Barre syndrome with evidence of autonomic involvement. Treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) 400 mg/kg daily for five days was initiated. Adequate hydration was maintained to mitigate the risk of thrombosis from IVIG and COVID-19 infection. Negative inspiratory force (NIF) measurements were performed daily and were normal. By day 4 of treatment patient noticed a mild improvement in strength and sensation in all four extremities, and urinary retention resolved. He was discharged to acute care rehab with close neurology follow up. In a recent report of five patients from Italy, the mean day of GBS onset was eight, and none had autonomic symptoms. We report a case of GBS associated with COVID-19 infection with onset at day 17 and the presence of autonomic symptoms like sinus tachycardia, urinary retention and constipation. IVIG or plasma exchange is the mainstay of treatment with similar efficacy. Adequate hydration should be maintained as both IVIG and COVID-19 infection increases the risk of thrombosis.
Countering Malicious Cyber Activity: Targeted Financial Sanctions

Since 2012 policymakers in the United States and Europe have imposed targeted financial sanctions against malicious cyber operators with the stated goal of deterring such activity. This draft paper provides an overview of the legal frameworks for sanctioning malicious cyber actors and the set of relevant sanctions imposed to date. Despite an emphasis on the goal of deterrence, both policymakers and academics have difficulty determining whether sanctions deter malicious cyber activity. Considering the continued use of cyber sanctions, this draft paper highlights key considerations for policymakers to evaluate whether sanctions can deter wrongful behavior in cyberspace.
The Individual and the Market: Paul Samuelson on (Homothetic) Santa Claus Economics

Paul Samuelson often used the term "Santa Claus economics" for mathematical models with extremely strong and empirically unrealistic assumptions. Although Santa Claus models represented a broad class for Samuelson – some useful and some not – I will focus on one particular member of the Santa Claus family that he was very skeptical about: what he called homothetic general equilibrium models (where all agents have identical homothetic preferences). I will argue that Samuelson's concerns about the homothetic version of these models provide important insights into how he viewed the relationship between the individual and the market, a relationship that has implications for not only his demand and general equilibrium theorizing, but also his broader political-economic vision. His criticisms are also relevant to some ongoing debates within contemporary economic theory (both micro and macro).
Exploring – Theories & Research Perspectives: Diversity, Equity, & Inclusion in Engineering

The following paper is regarding African-American or Black diversity, equity, and the need for inclusion within the Engineering field. The following is an examination of the current climate and future predictions. Prepared and written for the Electro or Information Technology [EiT2021] conference proceedings.
Quality Service in Health Clubs: Do Employees Know What Customers Want?

Understanding customer preferences and expectations is critical to the delivery of quality service. This paper reviews a study which compares customers’ evaluations of service dimensions with employees’ perceptions of those evaluations. The results suggest that in a global sense employees are aware of their overall performance. However, on specific service dimensions employees differ significantly from customers on the perceptions of the quality of service delivered. The paper discusses the marketing implications of the results of the study.
A Sequence Homologous to Rous Sarcoma Virus v-src is on Human Chromosome 20

Publisher Summary Cellular sequences (c- src ) homologous to the v- src gene of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) are present in the genomic DNAs of all vertebrates examined and have been evolutionarily conserved. The v- src gene is responsible for the malignant transformation of cells and is expressed as a 60,000-dalton phosphoprotein, designated as pp6Ov-src, with protein kinase activity. Using Southern hybridization techniques and man-mouse somatic cell hybrids, a human c- src gene is assigned to chromosome 20 in the chapter. Cellular DNAs were cut with EcoRI and probed with a 3.1-kb Eco RI DNA fragment containing v- src derived from pSRA-2, a recombinant plasmid containing the genome of the Schmidt–Ruppin A strain of RSV. The v- src gene hybridizes principally to a large Eco RI fragment of human DNA and to two Eco RI fragments of mouse DNA. The presence of additional minor bands that hybridize to v- src suggests that other src -related genes might be present in human and mouse genomes. Human cells contain two related but distinct forms of pp60c-src; however, it is not known whether the two forms are the products of separate c- src genes.
Effects of Digitonin and Tocopherol on Bovine Heart Muscle Reduced Diphosphopyridine Nucleotide- and Succinate-Cytochrome c Reductase and Cytochrome c Oxidase

The effects of digitonin and tocopherol on bovine heart reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide- and succinate-cytochrome c reductases and cytochrome c oxidase have been studied with the following results. 1. Low concentrations of digitonin stimulate succinate- and DPNH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome c oxidase. Higher concentrations of digitonin completely inhibit cytochrome c reductases, while continuing to stimulate cytochrome c oxidases. 2. Inhibition of the reductases is reversed by either dilution or addition of tocopherol. Stimulation of the reductases and oxidase is prevented by tocopherols but is not reversed by either tocopherols or dilution. 3. Of other compounds tested for ability to prevent these digitonin effects, α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate 1000 and coenzyme Q4 chromanol were effective with a soluble preparation of DPNH-cytochrome c reductase. In addition to these, α-tocopheryl succinate and α-tocopheryl phosphate were effective with a particulate preparation of succinate-cytochrome c reductase. α-Tocopheryl succinate, α-tocopheryl phosphate, α-tocopheryl hydroquinone, and vitamin D2 prevented the stimulation of cytochrome c oxidase. 4. Digitonin stimulation of succinate-cytochrome c reductase is associated with increases in both Vmax and Km (succinate); digitonin inhibition is associated with decreases in both Vmax and Km (succinate). 5. Reduced with respect to oxidized difference spectra of normal and inhibited preparations indicated succinate reduction of cytochromes a + a3, b, and c1, and of flavin in the normal enzyme, but almost no reduction of flavin and cytochromes of a digitonin-inhibited enzyme. 6. Digitonin caused almost complete inhibition of enzymatic reduction of ferricyanide by succinate, but only partial inhibition of reduction of indophenol and phenazine methosulfate. It is concluded from this and from the spectral studies that inhibition is before cytochrome b and after, or at, the flavin. 7. Digitonin stimulates both the reduction or oxidation of cytochrome c but not the reduction of ferricyanide. It is concluded that stimulation is due to irreversible changes in the enzyme that permit more rapid reaction of soluble cytochrome c with the particulate enzyme. 8. Tocopherol apparently forms an insoluble complex with digitonin and decreases the concentration of digitonin in solution. This is possibly the mechanism by which tocopherol counteracts the effects of digitonin on enzymes. Other compounds known to combine with digitonin do not decrease the concentration of digitonin under the conditions of the enzyme assays.
The “simple” steady three-fluid boiling flow in a pipe

While Chapter 3 essentially deals with the so-called two-fluid model, Chapter 4 demonstrates the real cases where a three-fluid model is mandatory. This chapter is an introduction to the “simple” steady three-fluid boiling flow in a pipe. The flow regime transition from slug to churn turbulent flow is considered in addition to the already available information from Chapter 3. The idea of the redistribution of the liquid between film and droplets is presented at two levels of complexity: the instantaneous and the transient liquid redistribution in film and droplets. The transient redistribution is in fact the introduction of the ideas of droplet entrainment and deposition. The idea for the description of the mechanical interaction of the velocity fields is again presented at two levels of complexity: by using drift flux correlations and by using separated momentum equations defining the forces among the fields. The next step of the sophistication is then introduced by using models for the dynamic evolution of the mean droplet size consisting of models for the droplet size stability limit, for droplet production rate due to fragmentation, for duration of the fragmentation and for collision and coalescence of droplets. Then the heat and mass transfer mechanisms in the film flow with droplet loading are introduced. Finally, comparisons with experimental data demonstrate the success of the different ideas and models.
Validation of Nijmegen–Bethesda assay modifications to allow inhibitor measurement during replacement therapy and facilitate inhibitor surveillance

Summary. Background: As part of a pilot U.S. inhibitor surveillance project initiated at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2006, a centralized inhibitor measurement was instituted. Objective: To validate a modified method for inhibitor measurement suitable for surveillance of treated and untreated patients. Methods/Results: In all, 710 subjects with hemophilia A were enrolled; 122 had a history of inhibitor (HI). Nijmegen–Bethesda assay (NBA) results on 50 split specimens shipped on cold packs and frozen were equivalent (r = 0.998). Because 55% of 228 initial specimens had factor (F)VIII activity (VIII:C) present, a heat treatment step was added. Heating specimens to 56 °C for 30 min and centrifuging removed FVIII, as demonstrated by a reduction of VIII:C and FVIII antigen to < 1 U dL−1 in recently treated patients. Among specimens inhibitor-negative before heating, one of 159 with negative HI and five of 30 with positive HI rose to ≥ 0.5 Nijmegen–Bethesda units (NBU) after heating. Correlation of heated and unheated inhibitor-positive specimens was 0.94 (P = 0.0001). The modified method had a coefficient of variation (CV) for a 1 NBU positive control of 10.3% and for the negative control of 9.8%. Based on results on 710 enrollment specimens, a positive CDC inhibitor was defined as ≥ 0.5 NBU. Results were similar when 643 post-enrollment specimens were included. Of 160 enrolled hemophilia B patients, two had HI. All others had NBU ≤ 0.2 at enrollment. Conclusion: The CDC experience demonstrates that this modified NBA can be standardized to be within acceptable limits for clinical tests and can be used for national surveillance.
The adaptations to fatigue during a repetitive lifting test

Twelve subjects performed a fatiguing repetitive lift in the sagittal plane until exhaustion to discover the effect of fatigue on changes in kinematics, postural stability, and coordination. A load equal to 25% of the subjects' isoinertial lifting capacity was repetitively lifted and lowered at a maximal lifting rate from mid-tibia to waist height. Knee and hip range of motion were significantly decreased, while peak trunk flexion increased at the end of the task. Postural stability decreased and subjects extended their knee, hip and spine earlier in the lifting phase, at the end of the task. Some of these adaptations are indicative of mechanisms that may cause increased loading of the passive tissues of the spine and hence increased risk of injury, while others need to be investigated further.
Efficacy of Intraoperative Cultures Obtained During Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty

The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of positive intraoperative cultures, correlate the findings of the permanent histopathology with the results of culture, and determine the natural history and predictive value of the positive intraoperative culture in a consecutive series of 138 revision total hip arthroplasties. The incidence of positive cultures was 30% (42 hips). Of these 42 hips, only 1 ultimately developed sepsis, requiring a second surgical procedure. After a mean follow-up period of 48 months, the remaining 41 culture-positive hips show no evidence of sepsis and are considered clinical successes. The histologic appearance of the infected case was characterized by polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration suggestive of acute inflammation. The remaining hips demonstrated findings of chronic inflammation consistent with a diagnosis of aseptic loosening. With the development of sepsis as an endpoint, the positive predictive value of a positive intraoperative culture is 2.4%. The results demonstrate that intraoperative cultures are an unreliable predictor of sepsis and that permanent histologic sectioning is a more useful tool in determining sepsis at the time of revision surgery.
Chemical synthesis of a (1→2)-d-glucopyranan

Abstract 1,2-Anhydro-3,4,6-tri- O -benzyl-α- d -glucopyranose was polymerized with a number of Lewis acids. Phosphorus pentafluoride at −60° caused polymerization to a product rich in β linkages. Other Lewis acids at higher temperatures gave perbenzylated polysaccharides of lower molecular weight with less stereoselectivity. Debenzylation of the most-regular derivative gave a polysaccharide whose specific rotation was +14.7° and whose 13 C-n.m.r. spectrum had six absorptions corresponding to those of natural (1→2)-β- d -glucopyranans and additional minor peaks presumably due to some α-anomeric configurations. It was estimated to have ∼90% of β linkages.
Use of Expansion Factors to Estimate the Burden of Dengue in Southeast Asia: A Systematic Analysis

Background Dengue virus infection is the most common arthropod-borne disease of humans and its geographical range and infection rates are increasing. Health policy decisions require information about the disease burden, but surveillance systems usually underreport the total number of cases. These may be estimated by multiplying reported cases by an expansion factor (EF).
NONLINEAR FOCUSING OF FEMTOSECOND PULSES AS A RESULT OF SELF-REFLECTION FROM A SATURABLE ABSORBER

We calculate the spatiotemporal evolution of intense, femtosecond pulses that are incident upon a saturable absorbing interface in the regime of self-reflection, using the finite-difference time-domain computational method. The pulses induce a curved, moving absorption front in the nonlinear medium that acts as a transient focusing mirror for the reflected pulse energy.