cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atypical cytology in a persistent seroma following mastectomy for breast cancer: a case report and review of the literature.

Abstract: Improvement in local control with radiation therapy translates to a survival benefit in patients with breast cancer. The magnitude this benefit is proportional to the magnitude of the improvement in local control. Since the proportional reduction of local recurrence with the addition of radiation is relatively constant, it is important to determine the probability of local recurrence in order to guide therapy. There are a number of factors, including lymph node involvement, lymphovascular invasion, and size of the primary tumor that correlate with risk of local recurrence. There is very little data on the prognostic significance of malignant cells in seroma fluid after mastectomy or axillary dissection. We report a case of a woman with atypical cells in a persistent seroma following mastectomy for node negative infiltrating ductal carcinoma.
Does investment in leaf defenses drive changes in leaf economic strategy? A focus on whole-plant ontogeny

Leaf defenses have long been studied in the context of plant growth rate, resource availability, and optimal investment theory. Likewise, one of the central modern paradigms of plant ecophysiology, the leaf economics spectrum (LES), has been extensively studied in the context of these factors across ecological scales ranging from global species data sets to temporal shifts within individuals. Despite strong physiological links between LES strategy and leaf defenses in structure, function, and resource investment, the relationship between these trait classes has not been well explored. This study investigates the relationship between leaf defenses and LES strategy across whole-plant ontogeny in three diverse Helianthus species known to exhibit dramatic ontogenetic shifts in LES strategy, focusing primarily on physical and quantitative chemical defenses. Plants were grown under controlled environmental conditions and sampled for LES and defense traits at four ontogenetic stages. Defenses were found to shift strongly with ontogeny, and to correlate strongly with LES strategy. More advanced ontogenetic stages with more conservative LES strategy leaves had higher tannin activity and toughness in all species, and higher leaf dry matter content in two of three species. Modeling results in two species support the conclusion that changes in defenses drive changes in LES strategy through ontogeny, and in one species that changes in defenses and LES strategy are likely independently driven by ontogeny. Results of this study support the hypothesis that leaf-level allocation to defenses might be an important determinant of leaf economic traits, where high investment in defenses drives a conservative LES strategy.
Galaxies in N-Body Simulations: Overcoming the Overmerging Problem

We present analysis of the evolution of dark matter halos in dense environments of groups and clusters in dissipationless cosmological simulations. The premature destruction of halos in such environments, known as the overmerging, reduces the predictive power of N-body simulations and makes difficult any comparison between models and observations. We analyze the possible processes that cause the overmerging and assess the extent to which this problem can be cured with current computer resources and codes. Using both analytic estimates and high-resolution numerical simulations, we argue that the overmerging is mainly due to the lack of numerical resolution. We find that the force and mass resolution required for a simulated halo to survive in galaxy groups and clusters is extremely high and was almost never reached before: ~1-3 kpc and 108-109 M☉, respectively. We use the high-resolution Adaptive Refinement Tree (ART) N-body code to run cosmological simulations with particle mass ≈2 × 108 h-1 M☉ and spatial resolution ≈1-2 h-1 kpc and show that in these simulations the halos do survive in regions that would appear overmerged with lower force resolution. Nevertheless, the halo identification in very dense environments remains a challenge even with resolution this high. We present two new halo-finding algorithms developed to identify both isolated and satellite halos that are stable (existed at previous moments) and gravitationally bound. To illustrate the use of the satellite halos that survive the overmerging, we present a series of halo statistics, which can be compared with those of observed galaxies. Particularly, we find that, on average, halos in groups have the same velocity dispersion as the dark matter particles; i.e., they do not exhibit significant velocity bias. The small-scale (100 kpc to 1 Mpc) halo correlation function in both models is well described by the power law ξ r-1.7 and is in good agreement with observations. It is slightly antibiased (b≈0.7-0.9) relative to the dark matter. To test other galaxy statistics, we use the maximum of the halo rotation velocity and the Tully-Fisher relation to assign luminosity to the halos. For two cosmological models, a flat model with the cosmological constant and Ω0=1-ΩΛ=0.3,h=0.7 and a model with a mixture of cold and hot dark matter and Ω0=1.0,Ων=0.2,h=0.5, we construct luminosity functions and evaluate mass-to-light ratios in groups. Both models produce luminosity functions and mass-to-light ratios ( ~200-400) that are in reasonable agreement with observations. The latter implies that the mass-to-light ratio in galaxy groups (at least for Mvir 3 × 1013 h-1 M☉ analyzed here) is not a good indicator of Ω0.
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with an enlarged sampling orifice and offset ion lens. II : Polyatomic ion interferences and matrix effects

A new inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer with an enlarged sampling orifice (1.31-mm dia.) and an offset ion lens yields very low levels of many troublesome polyatomic ions such as ArO(+), ArN(+), Ar2 (+), ClO(+), and ArCl(+). The signals from refractory metal oxide ions are ≈ 1% of the corresponding metal ion signals, which is typical of most ICP-MS devices. Grounding the first electrode of the ion lens greatly reduces the severity of matrix effects to <- 20% loss in signal for Co(+), Y(+), or Cs(+) in the presence of 10 mM Sr, Tm, or Pb. This latter lens setting causes only a modest loss (30%) in sensitivity for analyte elements compared to the best sensitivity obtainable by biasing the first lens. Alternatively, matrix effects can also be mitigated by readjusting the voltage applied to the first lens with the matrix present.
The dark side of the gift

Abstract Probing of the semiotic significance of gift exchange behaviors has recently been resumed. The symbolic exchange value of the gift is especially amenable to investigation via ethnographic methods and projective techniques. In this paper, negativity and ambivalence in gift exchange, a theme derived from a comparative ethnographic study of two midwestern American gift stores, are refined and elaborated through projective analysis. What emerges is a more balanced and comprehensive account of gift giving than presently available in the literature of consumer-object relations. Gift giving and receiving engender high levels of anxiety among consumers. Gifts create and exacerbate interpersonal conflict. They are frequently used as weapons, and consumers' responses to them are carefully canalized. The ways in which negativity is managed by donors and recipients are examined. Consumers, victims of sentiment and symbolism, are found to be entrapped in rituals and enjoined by cultural ideology from expressing discontent in most ways except fantasy. The impact of such fantasy on gift giving, and its relevance for marketers, is explored in this article.
The avocado-a gift from the Middle Americas

The avocado, a remarkable fruit of tropical America, was first successfully veǵetatively propaǵated scarcely 50 years aǵo, yet today the commercial acreaǵe in the United States exceeds 22,500 with a maximum annual production of 25,00 tons, which is certain to increase because of younǵ-bearinǵ acreaǵe and new plantinǵs. California contributes three-fourths of the supply; Florida and Cuba the balance. The development of this new and promisinǵ fruit industry comprises a little known saǵa in the annals of American horticulture.
Purification, Amino Acid Sequence, Synthesis, and Receptor Selectivity of Alligator Gastrin

Abstract Gastrin-like immunoreactive peptides were extracted from the gastric antrum of the American alligator ( Alligator mississippiensis ) and purified by fractionation using C 18 Sep-Paks, Sephadex G-50, pH stable C 8 reversed-phase HPLC, and C 18 reversed-phase HPLC. Three major immunoreactive peaks were purified and found to correspond to 49, 45, and 34 residue peptides by microsequence analysis. The amino acid sequence of the largest peptide was DWLASLSQDQ KHLISKFLPH IYGELAN QEN YWQEDDALHD HDYPGWMDF-amide. The two smaller peptides corresponded to carboxyl-terminal 45 and 34 residue fragments of the 49 residue peptide. The putative proteolysis of the 49 residue peptide to the two shorter peptides occurs at cleavage sites that are unusual in biosynthetic processing. Mass spectral analysis confirmed the molecular weights that were predicted from the amino acid sequences, thus revealing the absence of any post-translational modifications, such as sulfation. Although the three alligator gastrins resemble mammalian cholecystokinin in having a tyrosine residue in the seventh position from the carboxyl terminus, this tyrosine is apparently nonsulfated as in turtle gastrin. When tested by radioreceptor assay, a synthetic replicate of alligator gastrin-49 exhibited a gastrin-like pattern of biological activity on mammalian CCK-A and CCK-B receptors. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of known peptides revealed that alligator gastrin is most similar to turtle gastrin (76% identical), followed by frog gastrin (51% identical), chicken gastrin (49% identical), and human gastrin (12% identical). These similarities closely reflect vertebrate phylogeny and support the hypothesis that functionally distinct gastrins evolved from CCK in early tetrapods. However, gastrin evolved via different mechanisms in the mammalian lineage (mechanism unknown) versus the amphibian and reptilian/avian lineages, in which two different single nucleotide base changes can account for the separate evolution of amphibian gastrin and reptilian/avian gastrin.
Application of Gafchromic film in the dosimetry of an intravascular brachytherapy source.

The methodology of brachytherapy source dosimetry with Gafchromic® MD 55-2 film (ISP Technologies, Inc.) is examined with an emphasis on the nonlinearity of the optical density-dose relation within the dynamic dose range, the radial distance-dependent measurement uncertainty, and the format of data presentation. The specific source chosen for this study was a Checkmate™ (Cordis Corporation) intravascular brachytherapy system. The two-dimensional dose distribution around the source was characterized by a comprehensive analysis of measurement uncertainties. A comparative analysis of the dosimetric data from the vendor and from the scientific literature showed a substantial consistency of the information available for the Checkmate™ source. Our two-dimensional dosimetric data for the Checkmate™ source trains is presented in the form of measured along and away dose tables.
Spin fluctuations and excitations in a 2D xy-ferromagnet: CoCl2 in graphite

Abstract We have investigated by neutron scattering the spin fluctuations and excitations in the stage 2 CoCl 2 - graphite intercalation compound. This compound has easy-plane anisotropy and sufficiently weak interplanar interaction to qualify as a test material for Kosterlitz-Thouless-Berezinsky type phase transitions. We have carried out quasi-elastic scattering measurements to determine the temperature variation of the spin correlation length ϵ above the two dimensional ordering transition. We have also probed the dependence on wave vector and temperature of the inelastic scattering cross section, consisting of both a central peak, associated with vortex diffusion, and spin waves, which become strongly damped above the transition temperature.
Image reconstruction in asymmetric fan-beam scans with spatially varying focal lengths

We propose a generalized algorithm for image reconstruction from data acquired in an asymmetric fan-beam configuration with a spatially varying focal length. This algorithm is an extension of our previous algorithm for fan-beam computed tomography (CT) that involves a shift-variant filtering. As compared to the existing algorithms, the proposed algorithm involves no additional explicit interpolation and eliminates the spatially-variant weighting factor. Therefore, it retains the spatial resolution and is less susceptible to data noise. We performed computer-simulation studies to validate and evaluate the proposed algorithm, and quantitative results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm possesses desirable noise and numerical properties.
Work Values and Job Satisfaction of Family Physicians.

Abstract Theory and prior research suggest linkages between work values and job satisfaction. The present study examined such linkages in a group of workers in a professional occupation. Family physicians (134 women, 206 men, 88% Caucasian) responded to context-specific measures of work values and job satisfaction. ANOVA results indicated a work values hierarchy of Autonomy, Service, Lifestyle, Scholarly Pursuits, Management, and Prestige in decreasing order of importance. Canonical correlation analysis yielded a significant function with three work values collectively predicting job satisfaction: Lifestyle (negatively) and Service and Scholarly Pursuits (positively) in decreasing order of magnitude. The study findings may be useful to medical students in the specialty choice process, to medical school faculty advising such students, and to currently practicing physicians contemplating career specialty change. Future research may examine work values and job satisfaction differences across employment and geographic settings, give increased attention to cultural variables, and include intervention studies and longitudinal designs.
When soda is a social justice issue: design and documentation of a participatory action research project with youth

Schools are increasingly seen as having a promising role to play in reducing adverse health and wellness outcomes among young people. This paper uses a collaborative action research approach to examine the effects of one school’s efforts to change its students’ eating habits by implementing a ‘junk-food free campus.’ By engaging school administrators and students in a six-month process of joint research design and analysis, the author found that students understood but did not necessarily support the policy. Despite students’ uneven support of the policy, however, there was some evidence that some students were developing healthier eating habits. Moreover, student researchers reported developing greater perspective and respect for the policy as a result of studying it.
A commentary on ''Urine testing in methadone maintenance treatment: applications and limitations''

Drs. Goldstein and Brown (2003) have appropriately described a number of logistical issues regarding urine testing for clients in methadone maintenance treatment. Their article contains many practical insights. The authors provide excellent information on how such tests should be scheduled and how often they should be conducted. They also comment on the cost-effectiveness and usefulness of urine testing for detecting metabolites of methadone and other substances. Our experiences with offenders who are mandated to Treatment Alternatives for Safe Communities (TASC) for case management services demonstrate that urine testing can also be used as an effective assessment and case management tool for a wide range of criminal justice clients with a variety of substance abuse and dependence disorders.
Loss of Adenyl Cyclase Hormone Receptors During Purification of Fat Cell Plasma Membranes

The response of adenyl cyclase to glucagon, ACTH and epinephrine was determined during the various steps of a fractionation scheme yielding purified fat cell plasma membrane. The adenyl cyclase activity of the homogenate was stimulated about 5X by 10.0 HIM NaF, 7X by 5.0 μg of epinephrine/ml, 3.5X by 500 munits of ACTH/ml and 5.5X by 10.0 pig of glucagon/ml and a combination of the three hormones was non-additive, producing only a 7X response. During the fractionation process the hormonal responsiveness was lost in distinctive amounts and patterns so that the final plasma membrane adenyl cyclase had none of the original glucagon, 20% of the original ACTH and 30% of the original epinephrine responses. During the purification steps 70% of the homogenate adenyl cyclase activity was lost in a pattern distinct from the loss of hormone receptors and the loss could not be restored or prevented. The ACTH and epinephrine stimulation of the plasma membrane adenyl cyclase was blocked by EGTA and propranolol, respect...
Catalytic Properties of Human Manganese Superoxide Dismutase

The depletion of superoxide catalyzed by human manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) was observed spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorbance of superoxide at 250-280 nm following pulse radiolysis and by stopped-flow spectrophotometry. Catalysis showed an initial burst of activity lasting approximately 1 ms followed by the rapid emergence of a greatly inhibited catalysis of zero-order rate. These catalytic properties of human MnSOD are qualitatively similar to those reported for MnSOD from Thermus thermophilus (Bull, C., Niederhoffer, E. C., Yoshida, T., and Fee, J. A.(1991) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113, 4069-4076). However, there are significant quantitative differences; the emergence of the inhibited form is approximately 30-fold more rapid for human MnSOD. The turnover number for human MnSOD at pH 9.4 and 20 degrees C was kcat = 4 x 10(4) s-1 and kcat/Km = 8 x 10(8) M-1 s-1, determined by a simulated fit of the model of Bull et al. (1991) to the pulse radiolysis data. We also report that the maximum of the visible absorption spectrum of human MnSOD (epsilon480 = 525 M-1 cm-1) showed a strong dependence on pH that could be described by an ionization of pKa 9.4 +/- 0.1 with a maximum at low pH.
The Kast Ground-based Ultraviolet Spectral Survey of 79 Quasi-stellar Objects at Redshift 2 for Lyα Forest and Metal Absorption

We present spectra of 79 bright QSOs obtained with the Kast spectrograph on the 3 m Shane Telescope at Lick Observatory. The QSOs have emission redshifts 1.89–2.45, and most are near the mean value of zem = 2.17. Two of them, one a new discovery, are broad absorption line QSOs. The spectra have ~250 km s-1 resolution, and they cover 3175–5880 A with signal-to-noise ratios of 6–20 per 1.13 A pixel in the Lyα forest between Lyα and Lyβ. We show the continuum levels that we used in a previous paper to make a calibrated measurement of the amount of absorption in the Lyα forest at z = 1.9. We measure redshifts for 140 absorption-line systems, and we list the metal ions that we see in each system. We identify 526 emission lines and list their observed wavelengths, which we use to obtain new emission redshifts. We find that three emission lines, or line blends, in the forest have mean rest wavelengths of 1070.95 ± 1.00, 1123.13 ± 0.51, and 1175.88 ± 0.30 A.
HyPIR electrolysis for a 0.12 M Epsom salt solution

Abstract This paper presents a method referred to as Hydrogen Production by Infrared (HyPIR) Electrolysis. The method increases the rate of hydrogen production from water when an electrolytic cell containing 0.12 M Epsom salt solution is irradiated with an optimum wavelength of light. The irradiating light facilitates the dissociation of water by stretching the hydrogen–oxygen bond and increases the rate of hydrogen production.
Thermodynamic and kinetic analysis on the reaction of dimethyl sulfide radical with oxygen

Thermochemical properties of methylthiol-methylhydroperoxide, CH3SCH2OOH and its two terminal radicals resulting from the loss of hydrogen atoms, viz. CH3SCH2OO· and C·H2SCH2OOH, are important to understand the stability, reaction paths, and kinetics of the reactions of dimethyl sulfide and related sulfur-containing hydrocarbons in the atmosphere and the combustion processes. Thermochemical properties ΔHof, S(T) and Cp(T) and internal rotation potentials for reactants, intermediates, and transition states in the methylthiomethyl (CH3SC·H2) radical + O2 reaction system are analyzed to evaluate reaction paths and kinetics versus temperature and pressure. Isodesmic reaction analysis is used to determine the enthalpies of formation (ΔHof298) using density functional B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) and complete basis set extrapolation CBS-QB3 computational methods. Entropy and heat capacities Cp(T) are determined using geometric parameters and vibration frequencies obtained at B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of calculation. ΔHfo298 values estimated at the CBS-QB3 level (units: kcal mol−1) are CH3SC·H2 (32.7), CH3SCH2OOH (–29.1), CH3SCH2OO· (5.2), C·H2SCH2OOH (11.5). Quantum Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel analysis is used to calculate energy-dependent rate constants, k(E), and master equation is used to account for collisional stabilization of peroxy adduct and the hydroperoxide isomer. The methylthiomethyl radical associates with O2 to form a methylthiomethyl peroxy radical with a well depth of 27.49 kcal mol−1. The peroxy radical can dissociate back to reactants, isomerize via hydrogen shift to form a hydroperoxide methyl radical C·H2SCH2OOH, decompose via hydrogen transfer, and undergo subsequent low-energy beta scission to form CH3SC(O)H and OH radical. The peroxy radical can also attack the sulfur atom via TS3 to form CH3S(O) + CH2O product set. The C·H2SCH2OOH isomer can decompose via an elimination transition state to CH2S + CH2O + OH, or through a four-member ring transition state to 1,3-Oxathietane + OH products. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Immunoactive relaxin in boar seminal plasma and its correlation with sperm motility

Abstract Relaxin in boar seminal plasma (n = 43) was assayed by an homologous radioimmunoassay. The seminal plasma levels of relaxin averaged 1.1 ± 0.38 ng/ml (±s.e.). The relaxin concentrations in seminal plasma were correlated with sperm motility (n = 32, r = 0.33, P
{sup 11}B NMR in YbNi{sub 2}B{sub 2}C single crystals: Crossover from localized moments to Fermi-liquid behavior

Data of ${}^{11}\mathrm{B}$ NMR in a single crystal of ${\mathrm{YbNi}}_{2}{\mathrm{B}}_{2}\mathrm{C}$ are reported in the temperature range 1.7--300 K and for two orientations of the external magnetic field with respect to the tetragonal $c$ axis of the crystal. For $Tg50\mathrm{K}$ both the Knight shift $K$ and the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate ${T}_{1}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ can be accounted for by the presence of localized $4f$ moments at the ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{3+}$ site which polarize the conduction electrons via the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida mechanism. On the other hand, at low temperatures, $Tl5\mathrm{K},$ the relaxation rate ${T}_{1}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ obeys a Korringa-like law with a constant value of ${T}_{1}T$ typical of a normal metal with high density of states at the Fermi level and no localized moments.
Thermodynamic properties of mixing for SnCl4 dissolved in supercritical CO2: a combined experimental and molecular dynamics study

Abstract Giles, N.F., Oscarson, J.L., Rowley, R.L., Tolley, W.K. and Izatt R.M., 1992. Thermodynamic properties of mixing for SnCl4 dissolved in supercritical CO2: a combined experimental and molecular dynamics study. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 73: 267-284. Enthalpies and volumes of mixing were measured as a function of composition for mixtures of SnCl4 in supercritical CO2 at two temperatures (313.15 and 348.15 K) above the critical temperature of pure CO2 and at four pressures (6.29, 8.36, 10.44 and 12.50 MPa) spanning the critical pressure of CO2. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed at the same conditions, modeling SnCl4 as a Lennard-Jones fluid and CO2 as a two-site fluid interacting with Lennard-Jones potentials. Quite simple molecular interaction models are capable of reproducing the large pressure dependence observed in both the mixing volume and enthalpy data in the critical region of pure CO2. Additionally, Widom's method was used to obtain the excess free energies of the mixtures. Simulated vapor-liquid equilibrium for conditions below the mixture critical locus is in qualitative agreement with phase boundaries obtained from the experimental heat of mixing data.
Effective migration energies associated with vacancies, divacancies and impurities

Abstract Calculations of the effective migration energies for migrating vacancies and divacancies, as determined by the slope intersection method and by the method of combined isochronal and isothermal recovery, have been carried out. The effective migration energy is influenced by the change in equilibrium conditions associated with the changes in temperature together with the transient behavior involved. These transients are associated with interactions between vacancies and divacancies and also with their interactions with impurity atoms. When no impurities are present, the effect of these factors is to lower the effective migration energy, which would be observed experimentally, to values extending below that of either the single vacancy or divacancy migration energies. On the other hand, when impurities with sufficient concentrations of complexes are present, the effect of the transients is changed and the effective migration energy may range from that for the single vacancy to below that for the divacancy. effective migration energies were calculated over a range of vacancy, divacancy, and impurity concentrations, and the transition between the pure and impure behavior investigated. An analytic equation for the effective migration energy was obtained for the case of pure gold. However, there is generally no direct way of relating the observed migration energy, determined by either the slope intersection method or the combination isochronal-isothermal method, to the individual migration energies of the defects, but rather a more detailed analysis of the kinetics is necessary.
A 38-Year-Old Hispanic Woman with Paradoxical Embolism and Libman-Sacks Endocarditis Involving the Tricuspid Valve

Libman-Sacks endocarditis is a well-described clinical entity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Transesophageal echocardiography is the definitive imaging modality used in assessing cardiac valvular involvement in this disease process. Herein we describe a young Hispanic woman with systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple tricuspid valvular vegetations who developed splenic and cerebral infarctions while on optimal anticoagulation therapy with warfarin in the setting of a newly diagnosed patent foramen ovale. A review of the literature on Libman-Sacks endocarditis and patent foramen ovale closure is presented.
WE-G-BRA-07: Biological Modeling and Global Normal Lung Tissue Radiological Response in Patients Treated with Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Lung Tumors

Purpose: To model the probability of normal lungtissue density change and obtain dose‐response curves restricted to observed change areas for patients with lungtumors who received stereotactic body radiation therapy(SBRT). Methods: 129 follow‐up CT scans for 36 patients who received SBRT between 2003 and 2009 with a maximum of 5 fractions and a median total dose of 54 Gy (range, 30–60) were analyzed. RT‐induced lung density changes were evaluated after fusion of planning CT scans with post‐RT follow‐up scans corresponding to interval periods of approximately 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after treatment. Each follow‐up scan was manually reviewed and areas of visible density change were contoured. Scans were divided into regions receiving specific 10Gy dose‐bins. Voxel density changes belonging to contoured areas were averaged over each dose‐bin to obtain dose‐response curves (DRC). The occurrence of visible density change depending on the maximum dose to the tumor was also chosen as an end point to model the normal tissue complication probability (NTCP). Results: With an analysis restricted to area of visible change, the density change magnitude appeared to not depend much on the dose bin. The average density increase was smaller at 3 month (214HU), peaked at 6 months (322HU) and slightly decays thereafter without totally vanishing (300HU). This observed trend was similar using rigid or deformable registration. The maximum target dose for a 50% complication probability for changes >200HU was 80Gy according to the NTCP model. Conclusion: Although local correlations between dose and density increase have been reported for conventional and SBRTlungtreatments, our analysis revealed a relatively uniform and stronger density response, while temporal density changes followed a previously reported density change trend (Palma 2010, IJROBP). These discrepancies were likely due to the restriction of the analysis to areas with actual density increase.
Coverage probabilities of nonparametric simultaneous confidence bands for a survival function

Simultaneous confidence bands provide a useful adjunct to the popular Kaplan–Meier product limit estimator for a survival function, particularly when results are displayed graphically. They allow an assessment of the magnitude of sampling errors and provide a graphical view of a formal goodness-of-fit test. In this paper we evaluate a modified version of Nair's (1981) simultaneous confidence bands. The modification is based on a logistic transformation of the Kaplan–Meier estimator. We show that the modified bands have some important practical advantages.
Trends in catheter-associated urinary tract infections among a national cohort of hospitalized adults, 2001-2010

Background Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) have become a major public health concern in the United States. This study provides national estimates of CAUTI incidence, mortality, and associated hospital length of stay (LOS) over a 10-year period. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of the National Hospital Discharge Surveys from 2001 to 2010. Adults age ≥18 years with an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) procedure code for urinary catheter placement or other major procedure were included. Urinary tract infections were identified by ICD-9-CM code. Data weights were applied to derive national estimates. Predictors of CAUTI were identified using a logistic regression model. Results These data represent 70.4 million catheterized patients, 3.8 million of whom developed a CAUTI. The incidence of CAUTIs decreased from 9.4 cases/100 catheterizations in 2001 to 5.3 cases/100 catheterizations in 2010. Mortality in patients with a CAUTI declined from 5.4% in 2001 to 3.7% in 2010. Median (interquartile range [IQR]) hospital LOS also declined, from 9 days (IQR, 5-16 days) in 2001 to 7 days (IQR, 4-12 days) in 2010. Independent predictors of CAUTI included female sex, emergency hospital admission, transfer from another facility, and Medicaid payment (P Conclusions The incidence of CAUTIs in US hospitals declined over the study period. Furthermore, patients with these infections experienced lower hospital mortality and shorter hospital LOS.
Alpha-particle and electron capture decay of 209Po

Abstract Gamma-ray and Kα X-ray emissions have been measured from a very pure 209 Po source containing less than 0.13% 208 Po activity and no detectable 210 Po (≤ 2 × 10 −4 %). The alpha-particle emission rate for this source has previously been determined. Data are presented that confirm alpha decay to the 205 Pb excited level at 262.8 keV, with an alpha-particle emission probability (±standard uncertainty) of 0.00559±0.00008. The ratio of K-shell electron capture to total electron capture for the second forbidden unique electron capture decay to the 896.6 keV level in 209 Bi was determined to be 0.594±0.018. The electron capture decay fraction was found to be 0.00454±0.00007, while the probabilities per decay for the 896.6, 262.8, and 260.5 keV gamma rays and the Bi Kα and Pb Kα X-rays were measured as 0.00445±0.00007, 0.00085±0.00002, 0.00254±0.00003, 0.00202±0.00005, and 0.00136±0.00005, respectively.
The Effect of Middle Turbinate Resection upon the Frontal Sinus

Diversity of opinion exists among otolaryngologists regarding the importance of preserving the middle turbinate during sinus surgery. The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not middle...
The characterization of energized and partially de-energized (respiration-independent) β-galactoside transport into escherichia coli

Unidirectional fluxes of [14C]lactose by whole cells of Escherichia coli under highly energized and partially de-energized (in the presence of CN-) conditions are analyzed kinetically. When the cells are energized, the value for V influx is 0.45 +/- 0.01 mM internal concentration increment/s and Kt is 0.26 +/- 0.03 mM. At an external concentration of 0.61 mM the steady-state internal concentration is 0.25 M, reached after about 1h. The maximum steady-state concentration ratio is 2-10(3). The efflux process under these conditions is non-saturable, being linearly dependent upon internal concentration over the range 25-250 mM with a first-order rate constant of 8.8 +/- 0.2-10(-4) S-1. The transport in the presence of CN- is active, with a maximum concentration ratio (internal concentration/external concentration) of 104, and the uptake is mimicked by anoxia (less than 70 ppm O2). The effects of CN- are to lower the V for influx and to change the efflux from a non-saturable to a saturable process with a value for Kt (60 mM) intermediate between that for energized efflux (greater than 250 mM) and influx (0.3-0.6 mM), the latter value not changing appreciably. Partial de-energization thus affects both the influx and efflux processes.
Dipyridamole Echocardiography in the Detection of Vulnerable Myocardium in the Early Postinfarction Period

To evaluate the effect of dipyridamole on regional wall motion after myocardial infarction two-dimensional echocardiograms were obtained on 21 postinfarction patients immediately before and 7 to 10 minutes after the intravenous infusion of dipyridamole (0.60 mg/kg). All patients underwent coronary angiography, and 20 patients underwent scintigraphy with dipyridamole thallium immediately subsequent to dipyridamole echocardiography. Dipyridamole augmented noninfarct zone regional wall motion in 20 of 31 regions supplied by nonstenotic coronary arteries. In contrast, only one of eight regions of noninfarct zone myocardium supplied by coronary arteries with greater than a 70% luminal diameter narrowing (vulnerable myocardium) was able to augment the regional wall motion subsequent to dipyridamole administration (p = 0.05). Dipyridamole echocardiography appears to be a safe and sensitive technique that may be useful in the detection of vulnerable myocardium in the early postinfarction period.
Associations of markers of inflammation and coagulation with delirium during critical illness

Purpose To assess the associations between a priori-selected markers of inflammation and coagulation and delirium during critical illness.
BORN-INFELD STRING AS A BOUNDARY CONFORMAL FIELD THEORY

Solutions of the Born-Infeld theory, representing strings extending from a Dirichlet $p$-brane, are also solutions of the higher derivative generalization of the Born-Infeld equations defining an exact open-string vacuum configuration.
The Roles of Fas/APO-1 (CD95) and TNF in Antigen-Induced Programmed Cell Death in T Cell Receptor Transgenic Mice

The possible involvement of Fas/APO-1 (CD95) and TNF in antigen-specific AICD of thymocytes and mature T cells has been investigated. Antigenic stimulation in vivo of influenza hemagglutinin (HA)-specific TCRtg mice was used to demonstrate that the kinetics of thymocyte and peripheral CD4+ T cell deletion are similar in mice with normal (+/+) or defective Fas (lpr/lpr) background, indicating that a Fas-independent pathway(s) is responsible for the deletion of activated T cells. TCRtg-+/+ or TCRtg-lpr/lpr mice injected with murine TNF-blocking MAb (TN3) showed rapid apoptosis of thymocytes after HA stimulation, indicating that death signaling through Fas and TNF receptors is not essential for HA-induced thymocyte deletion. CDC peripheral T cells in TCRtg-lpr/lpr mice did not undergo apoptosis following injection with HA and TN3, indicating that TNF-mediated apoptosis is involved in the deletion of mature T cells after antigenic stimulation. However, apoptosis still occurred in TCRtg-+/+ mice injected with TN3, indicating that both Fas- and TNF-mediated cell death can contribute to the deletion of activated peripheral T cells.
A structural model of the plant acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase FatB comprises two helix/4-stranded sheet domains, the N-terminal domain containing residues that affect specificity and the C-terminal domain containing catalytic residues.

Plant acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterases (TEs) terminate the acyl-acyl carrier protein track of fatty acid biosynthesis and play an essential role in determining the amount and composition of fatty acids entering the storage lipid pool. A combination of bioinformatics tools was used to predict a three-dimensional model for Arabidopsis FatB (AtFatB), which comprises a fold similar to that of Escherichia coli TEII, an enzyme that is functionally similar to plant TEs but lacks significant sequence similarity and displays different inhibitor sensitivity. The catalytic residues in AtFatB, Cys-264 and His-229, localize to the same region of the model as catalytic residues found in other enzymes with helix/multi-stranded sheet motifs (hot dog folds). Based on the model, we identified Asn-227 as a possible third member of the proposed papain-like catalytic triad. The conversion of Asn-227 to Ala resulted in a loss of detectable activity (>200-fold reduction), similar to the result seen for the equivalent mutation in papain. Mapping of plant TE specificity-affecting mutations onto the structural model showed that these mutations all cluster around the catalytic triad. Also, superposition of the crystallographically determined structures of the complexes of 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA TE with substrate and β-hydroxydecanoyl thiol ester dehydrase with inhibitor onto the AtFatB model showed that the substrate and inhibitor localize to the same region as the AtFatB catalytic triad in their respective structures. Together these data corroborate the structural model and show that the hot dog fold is common to enzymes from both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and that this fold supports at least three different catalytic mechanisms.
AIDS: epidemiological lessons from the health-care setting.

The purpose of this presentation is to provide a brief overview of the epidemiology of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the United States, comment on portions of the contents of three reports on the AIDS epidemic issued during the past year and a half in the United States, provide an overview of the results of several prospective studies to assess the magnitude of risk to health-care workers of acquiring infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the health-care setting, and summarize current Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommendations for the prevention and control of HIV transmission in the health-care setting.
Inactivity of Recombinant ELA2B Provides a New Example of Evolutionary Elastase Silencing in Humans

Background: The archetypal mammalian elastase (ELA1) is not expressed in the human pancreas, because evolutionary mutations suppressed transcription of the ELA1 gene. Aims: In this study, we tested the theory that the unique duplication of the ELA2 gene in humans might compensate for the loss of ELA1. Methods: Recombinant ELA2A and ELA2B were expressed in Escherichia coli , and their activity was tested on Glt-Ala-Ala-Pro-Leu- p nitroanilide, DQ elastin and bovine milk protein. Results: Surprisingly, recombinant ELA2B was completely devoid of proteolytic activity, while ELA2A readily hydrolyzed all three test substrates. Furthermore, ELA2A formed an SDS-resistant complex with � 1 -antitrypsin, whereas ELA2B did not bind covalently to the inhibitor. Finally, chimeras and point mutations engineered between ELA2A and ELA2B revealed that multiple evolutionary mutations inactivated ELA2B. Conclusions: The results indicate that ELA2B is not an elastase enzyme and confi rm that ELA2A is the major elastase in the human pancreas.
Strike‐slip earthquakes on quasi‐vertical transcurrent faults: Inferences for general scaling relations

The recent occurrence of several large strike-slip earthquakes provides the opportunity to review and complement available data on the scaling of seismic moment (MO) with length of rupture (L) for large earthquakes, depending on their tectonic setting and mechanism. For strike-slip earthquakes on quasi-vertical transcurrent faults, the MO versus L relation has a significant change of slope around MO ∼(0.6–0.8)*1020 N-m, and for larger earthquakes, MO scales linearly with L. This is compatible with models where slip is controlled by the width of the fault. Also, it appears to be easier to categorize large earthquakes by their mechanism (strike-slip on vertical transcurrent fault, versus pure thrust/normal) than their tectonic setting (interplate/intraplate).
Anomalous behavior of cured epoxy resins: Density at room temperature versus time and temperature of cure

Abstract : The room temperature density (RHO RT) of a difunctional aromatic epoxy resin cured with a tetrafunctional aromatic amine passes through a maximum value with increasing conversion. For a given cooling rate cure results in a unique value of (RHO RT) for each conversion as long as the material does not vitrify on cure. The occurrence of vitrification during cure eliminates the one-to-one relationship because of the non-equilibrium nature of the glass transition region and of the glassy state. In the glass transition region there is competition between physical aging which increases the density and chemical aging which decreases (RHO RT). Prolonged isothermal cure and physical aging to well beyond vitrification result in limiting values of (RHO RT) which decrease with increasing temperature of cure. Keywords: Vitrification, Glass transition, Kinetics, Physical aging.
The Complexity of Wittgenstein's Methods

In claiming to draw out an inconsistency between Wittgenstein's declarations on method and his actual practice, John Cook argues that Wittgenstein retained a radical distinction between material things (bricks) and immaterial things (spooks). I argue that on the contrary Wittgenstein showed in detail how this dichotomy is to be rejected in favour of a spectrum of more or less ‘minded' beings, at one pole of which are persons as animated bodies. Discussing the grammar of ‘know', Cook claims that Wittgenstein depended on philosophers' distinctions rather than a surview of vernacular uses. I argue that it was the expression/description distinction that Wittgenstein used to make sense of the grammar of ‘know'.
Re-Constructing the Map: NBC's Geographic Imagination and the Opening Ceremony for the 2012 London Olympics:

The 2012 Olympic Games was an event watched on television by billions of viewers worldwide. In the United States, approximately 40 million people viewed a tape-delayed opening ceremony of the games on the NBC network. With such a high viewership, NBC was in a position of power to influence and educate their audience on the various countries across the globe who participated in the Olympic Games and opening ceremony. Drawing on Gregory's notion of a 'geographic imagination', we suggest NBC editors put their version of the world on display to the American audience, thus influencing the way in which American viewers may understand the world. In this paper, we have constructed a map to provide a visual representation of NBC's geographic imagination. We find this map, based on total screen time the countries received during the 'Parade of Nations' segment of the opening ceremony, to suggest a unique geographic imagination worthy of further study because of its potential wide influence.
Texture and speckle in high resolution synthetic aperture radar clutter

A theoretical model of high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) clutter that is able to predict the statistical effects of spatial averaging upon homogeneous clutter that is speckled and spatially correlated is discussed. The predictions of this model, when the texture correlation was assumed to be Gaussian-shaped, were found to be in excellent agreement with experimental results using grass clutter seen through a high-resolution radar. The predictions of this model, when the texture correlation was assumed to be exponential-shaped with a slant-range cosine factor, were found to be in excellent agreement with experimental results using tree clutter seen through a high-resolution radar. The use of an exponential shape, rather than a Gaussian shape, was necessary in order to achieve the more gradual decay in spatial correlations observed with tree clutter. The use of a slant-range cosine factor was necessary in order to achieve the negative correlations that were observed with tree clutter in the slant-range, but not the cross-range, dimension. >
Synergistic Effects of Water Vapor and Alkali Chloride Vapors on the High‐Temperature Corrosion of SiC‐Based Ceramics

The high-temperature oxidation of SiC-based structural ceramics is accelerated in the presence of KCl vapors. The corrosion products are primarily alkali silicates and the rate of attack is approximately proportional to the vapor pressure of KCl in the atmosphere. When both KCl and H 2 O are present in the oxidizing atmosphere, the rate of attack is further accelerated. The accelerated attack is related to the more negative free energy change of the fluxing reaction when the Cl can be removed as the more stable HCl molecule. Addition of Cl 2 to the environment reduces the rate of attack by keeping the alkali bound to the chlorine rather than forming alkali silicates.
Theoretical and Methodological Issues in the Investigation of Conceptual Transfer

This paper clarifies the meaning and scope of the Conceptual Transfer Hypothesis, explores its historical roots, and shows how it relates to but also differs from the Thinking for Speaking Hypothesis and the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis. Most importantly, the present paper attempts to outline the theoretical underpinnings of the Conceptual Transfer Hypothesis and to delineate explicitly how this hypothesis needs to be tested. One of the most important theoretical issues it deals with is the distinction between concept transfer and conceptualization transfer, where the former refers to the effects of conceptual representations stored in long-term memory (which may differ crosslinguistically), and the latter refers to the effects of how that knowledge is processed in working memory (which processes may also show crosslinguistic differences). The present paper discusses the nature of both types of conceptual transfer and reviews the findings of several studies that have investigated them.