cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perspectives on the systematics and phylogenetics of Guaiacum (Zygophyllaceae): complexities in conservation of endangered hardwoods due to fragmentation, introgression, and intermittent gene flow

The systematics of the economically important, endangered hardwoods in Guaiacum are unclear with regard to taxonomic ranks, and the relationships among taxa. This is partially due to a lack of diagnostic characters and minimal geographic sampling in previous studies. Nevertheless, systematic relationships are important to inform trade regulations and management practices for these species. This is especially true for Mexico, which is both the primary exporter and the center of diversity for Guaiacum. Systematic and biogeographic issues in Guaiacum were investigated by analyses of nuclear and chloroplast DNA markers from specimens sampled throughout the range. Phylogenetic and statistical parsimony analyses showed well-supported divergences within the group, including a deep divergence between G. officinale and other taxa with additional biogeographically correlated subdivisions. There is also an indication that accessions from Chiapas, Mexico are genetically intermediate between G. sanctum and G. coulteri, while minor segregates of Guaiacum (G. palmeri, G. guatemalense) were not well distinguished by either morphological or molecular characters. The genetic structuring among the major groups of Guaiacum shows evidence of isolation induced by fragmentation of the range, with the structure largely maintained with only occasional long distance gene flow between remote populations.
Marginal at the Center: The Life Story of a Public Sociologist

What a wonderful read Baruch Kimmerling’s memoir is! Marginal at the Center: The Life Story of a Public Sociologist takes us from Kimmerling’s childhood in Romania, including his dramatic escape in...
Belly Dancing and the (En)Gendering of Ethnic Sexuality in the "Mixed" Brazilian Nation

This article asks how Syrian-Lebanese men and non-Middle Eastern Brazilian women have enacted their relationship to belly dancing in Sao Paulo. While men and women of Arab origins have usually framed the dance as an essential link to their ethnic heritage, non-Arab female enthusiasts have generally treated it as a universal dance for women. I examine the interplay between these claims through performances in Syrian-Lebanese country clubs, a Brazilian belly dance festival, and the Brazilian Orientalist soap opera, O Clone (The Clone). As contractors, folk dancers, or spectators, Syrian-Lebanese men have joined with non-Middle Eastern women in reinforcing their respective ties to the belly dance phenomenon. These moves across gender and ethnic lines, I argue, not only reveal Syrian-Lebanese men's complicity in the marginalization of Arab women through the belly dance, but in so doing, also show the reproduction of the sexual and racial hierarchies in Brazilian nationalist ideology.
Polarimetric radiometry of natural scenes

This paper presents our group's most recent passive millimeter-wave (MMW) measurements made using a 94-GHz Stokes-vector radiometer. Included are images and analyses of treeline data. These data were collected to investigate the possible use of passive MMW sensors to perform the helicopter collision avoidance task. The treeline data presented were collected in both the summer and winter. The results of the analysis show that in the winter the detection of the treeline can be straightforward because of an often-low horizon sky brightness temperature. The contrast between the tree branches and the horizon are seen in the data to be about 10 - 15 K. The summer case, however, shows a horizon sky-to-tree brightness temperature ratio of about 1. A simple statistical analysis of the summer image shows that the trees, in our case, can be distinguished from the horizon sky based upon the statistical parameters alone.
Crop Productivity and Economics during the Transition to Alternative Cropping Systems

Many environmental benefits accrue from reducing tillage and increasing crop diversity; however, economic factors often encourage the continued use of intensive tillage and specialized crop production. This study examined crop yields, input costs, and economic returns during the transition to a range of cropping system alternatives in the northern Corn Belt region, including different system (organic, conventional), tillage (conventional, strip-tillage), rotation (corn-soybean, corn-soybean-wheat/alfalfa-alfalfa) [Zea mays L., Glycine max (L.) Merr., Triticum aestivum L., Medicago sativa L.], and fertility (no fertilizer/manure, fertilizer/manure applied at recommended rates) treatments. Increasing crop diversity and reducing tillage intensity reduced total costs by$24-102 ha -1 within conventional treatments, and $16-107 ha -1 within organic treatments. Yields of corn, soybean, and wheat were more than 15% lower when using organic vs. the highest yielding conventional practices. Treatments receiving fertilizer or manure had wheat yields more than 0.3 Mg ha -1 and alfalfa yields 2.7 Mg ha -1 higher than treatments that did not receive fertilizer or manure. Within conventional systems, no significant differences in the 4-yr net present value of net returns were detected for tillage and rotation alternatives. Net present values for the organic systems without organic price premiums were at least $692 ha -1 lower than for the best conventional systems suggesting a barrier to the adoption of these systems should organic price premiums decline. However, when organic price premiums were included, most organic treatments had net present values comparable to or exceeding those from conventional treatments.
Temperature effects on 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonic acid fluorescence with sarcolemma vesicles.

Abstract Increased temperature produces a red shift and decreased fluorescence intensity of the emission peak of 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonic acid (ANS) in suspensions of biomembrane vesicles. These changes have been attributed to a conjectured increase in polarity of the microenvironment of ANS. If the conjecture is correct, fluorescence lifetimes must be decreased with warming. We showed that ANS binds to both protein and lipid portions of sarcolemma, that there are two kinds of sarcolemma-lipid ANS-binding sites, and that there are three fluorescence lifetimes of excited sarcolemma-bound ANS. The three fluorescence lifetimes were unchanged on warming, or decreased too little to account for the observations. Fluorescence lifetime data were consistent with the notion that the effect of increasing temperature is to decrease the amount of ANS bound to sarcolemma. From studies of liposomes prepared from lipid extracts of sarcolemma, and of proteins from sarcolemma it was deduced that warming reduced the amount of ANS bound to both of these sarcolemma components, probably mainly by reducing binding capacity. There might also be a shift of affinities such that the ratio, K A sarcolemma lipid /K A sarcolemma protein, is larger at higher temperature. Except at very small concentration ratios of ANS/sarcolemma, more than twice as much ANS was bound to sarcolemma lipids as to proteins.
Multipath Doppler signatures from targets moving behind walls

Detection, localization, and tracking of moving targets are highly desirable in through-the-wall sensing applications. Since the indoor environment is rich in multipath reflective sources, such as walls, floor, and ceiling, the received signal is composed of the direct path and several multipath arrivals. However, on occasions, the direct path to the target may be blocked as the target traverses behind large metallic objects such as file cabinets, etc. In such cases, multipath is the only observable return and can be exploited to detect and maintain tracking of moving targets. In this paper, we provide range-Doppler analysis of multipath arrivals for a diffuse target moving in an enclosed urban structure, which provides insight for the development of through-the-wall detection and tracking techniques based on multipath exploitation.
Expression of CZ-1: a CD45RB epitope on progenitors of natural killer and other haematopoietic cells.

CZ-1 is a novel sialic acid-dependent epitope of the murine CD45RB molecule which is expressed on cells that proliferate when cultured in IL-2. Because IL-2 appears to be Important in the differentiation of NK cells, the authors examined the expression of CZ-1 on immature NK-Iineage cells within the bone marrow. All mature NK1.1+ cells as well as their NK1. l− IL-2 responsive precursors were CZ-1+. Furthermore, IL-2 unresponsive transplantable NK progenitor cells expressed CZ-1 also. To examine expression of CZ-1 on other immature lymphoid progenitor cells. CZ-1+ and CZ-1 marrow cells were tratisplanted Into lightly irradiated scid mice. Transfer of CZ-1+ cells resulted iti rapid and sustained generation of thymocytes and splenic B cells, whereas CZ-1− cells caused delayed repopulation. This suggested that the slowly repoptilating pluripotent stem cells lacked CZ-1. Therefore, expression of CZ-1 on Ly66 Lin− c-kit+ cells, highly enriched for pluripotent stem cells, was examined. This population appeared lo be homogeneously CZ-1dull. Thus, it appears that expression of CZ-1 is developmentally regulated, with diflerentiation associated with increased expression. Since CZ-1 is expressed on a protein tyrosine phosphatase, it is likely that this molecule regulates differentiation of NK and other lymphoid cells.
2-carbaldoximes of pyridine-4- and 5-carboxylic acids†

A series of pyridine-2-carbaldoximes, all of which are substituted at the 4- or 5-position with derivatives of the corresponding carboxylic acids, have been prepared via the corresponding pyridine-2-carbaldehydes.
Bi-directional computing architecture for time series prediction

A number of neural network models and training procedures for time series prediction have been proposed in the technical literature. These models studied for different time-variant data sets have typically used uni-directional computation flow or its modifications. In this study, on the contrary, the concept of bi-directional computational style is proposed and applied to prediction tasks. A bi-directional neural network model consists of two subnetworks performing two types of signal transformations bi-directionally. The networks also receive complementary signals from each other through mutual connections. The model not only deals with the conventional future prediction task, but also with the past prediction, an additional task from the viewpoint of the conventional approach. An improvement of the performance is achieved through making use of the future-past information integration. Since the coupling effects help the proposed model improve its performance, it is found that the prediction score is better than with the traditional uni-directional method. The bi-directional predicting architecture has been found to perform better than the conventional one when tested with standard benchmark sunspots data.
Semi-classical calculations of ultracold and cold collisions with frequency-chirped light

We conduct semi-classical Monte-Carlo simulations of ultracold collisions utilizing frequency-chirped laser light on a nanosecond timescale. Recent experiments demonstrated partial control of light-assisted collisional mechanisms with relatively slow chirp rates (10 GHz/μs). Collisions induced with positive chirped light enhance the inelastic collisional loss rate of atoms from a magneto-optical trap due to rapid adiabatic passage, whereas trap loss collisions can be coherently blocked when negative chirped light is used. Early quantum and classical simulations show that for negative chirps, the laser’s frequency continually interacts with the atom pair during the collision. We investigate how this process depends on the chirp rate and show that by moderately speeding up the chirp (>50 GHz/μs), we can significantly enhance coherent processes. We extend our semi-classical model to examine using pulse shaping as a means to coherently control collisions and show that features in the pulse shape should be on the order of or less than 1 ns. We also show that coherent control of collisions using this technique can be extended to temperatures exceeding 1 K.
Judging Anomalies at the 2010 Olympics in Men's Figure Skating.

The purpose of this study was to determine if the 2010 Olympic figure skating judges had trouble scoring Plushenko and the transitions program component, and if the International Skating Union's (ISU) “corridor” method flagged the same judging anomalies as the Rasch analyses. A 3-facet (skater by program component by judge) Rasch rating scale analysis was conducted on nine judges' free skate scores for five program components for each of 24 skaters. A principal components analysis of the residuals, and the ISU corridor method were also performed. Some judges were not internally consistent in scoring Plushenko (estimated discrimination index = −0.69; MNSQs ≥ 2.66). The unusual scoring patterns for Judges 1 and 2 warrant further investigation whereas the ISU corridor method did not flag any judges for the way they scored Plushenko and Lysacek. The Rasch analyses appear to be more sensitive to judging anomalies than the ISU corridor method.
Neutronics modeling of the High Flux Isotope Reactor using COMSOL

Abstract The High Flux Isotope Reactor located at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory is a versatile 85 MWth research reactor with cold and thermal neutron scattering, materials irradiation, isotope production, and neutron activation analysis capabilities. HFIR staff members are currently in the process of updating the thermal hydraulic and reactor transient modeling methodologies. COMSOL Multiphysics has been adopted for the thermal hydraulic analyses and has proven to be a powerful finite-element-based simulation tool for solving multiple physics-based systems of partial and ordinary differential equations. Modeling reactor transients is a challenging task because of the coupling of neutronics, heat transfer, and hydrodynamics. This paper presents a preliminary COMSOL-based neutronics study performed by creating a two-dimensional, two-group, diffusion neutronics model of HFIR to study the spatially-dependent, beginning-of-cycle fast and thermal neutron fluxes. The 238-group ENDF/B-VII neutron cross section library and NEWT, a two-dimensional, discrete-ordinates neutron transport code within the SCALE 6 code package, were used to calculate the two-group neutron cross sections required to solve the diffusion equations. The two-group diffusion equations were implemented in the COMSOL coefficient form PDE application mode and were solved via eigenvalue analysis using a direct (PARDISO) linear system solver. A COMSOL-provided adaptive mesh refinement algorithm was used to increase the number of elements in areas of largest numerical error to increase the accuracy of the solution. The flux distributions calculated by means of COMSOL/SCALE compare well with those calculated with benchmarked three-dimensional MCNP and KENO models, a necessary first step along the path to implementing two- and three-dimensional models of HFIR in COMSOL for the purpose of studying the spatial dependence of transient-induced behavior in the reactor core.
Calsenilin interacts with transcriptional co-repressor C-terminal binding protein(s)

Calsenilin/potassium channel-interacting protein (KChIP)3/ downstream regulatory element sequence antagonist modulator (DREAM) is a neuronal calcium-binding protein that has been shown to have multiple functions in the cell, including the regulation of presenilin processing, repression of transcription and modulation of A-type potassium channels. To gain a better understanding of the precise role of calsenilin in specific cellular compartments, an interactor hunt for proteins that bind to the N-terminal domain of calsenilin was carried out. Using a yeast two-hybrid system and co-immunoprecipitation studies, we have identified the transcriptional co-repressor C-terminal binding protein (CtBP)2 as an interactor for calsenilin and have shown that the two proteins can interact in vivo. In co-immunoprecipitation studies, calsenilin also interacted with CtBP1, a CtBP2 homolog. Our data also showed a calsenilin-dependent increase in c-fos protein levels in CtBP knockout fibroblasts, suggesting that CtBP may modulate the transcriptional repression of c-fos by calsenilin. Furthermore, the finding that histone deacetylase protein and activity were associated with the calsenilin–CtBP immunocomplex suggests a mechanism by which calsenilin–CtBP may act to repress transcription. Finally, we demonstrated that calsenilin and CtBP are present in synaptic vesicles and can interact in vivo.
Laryngeal reaction time profiles in spasmodic dysphonia: relationship to cortical electrophysiologic abnormality.

This study combines measures of linguistic and vocal performance and long-latency auditory electrophysiology to investigate task-dependent variability in spasmodic dysphonia (SD). Linguistic perfor...
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance in Single Crystals of Cupric Insulin

THE binding of divalent metal ions to insulin has been the subject of several investigations, both chemical and physical in nature1–6. In describing here the application of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to this problem, we wish to emphasize the richness of the data obtainable from orientation investigations of single crystals. This information is of the following kinds: (1) the number of distinct magnetic centres; (2) the orientation with respect to the crystal axes of the symmetry axes of the magnetic centres; (3) the symmetries of the protein environments of the magnetic centres, and the ground-states of the transition metal ions; (4) the delocalization of the electrons in metal ion–protein bonds; (5) identification of protein atoms bound to metal ions when the former have nuclear magnetic moments; (6) an estimate of the distance between metal ions.
Low frequency noise models analysis and simulation using Forward Bulk Bias

This paper discusses flicker noise (1/f) models and design tools used in IC noise analysis. Simulations performed using commercial IC analysis tools indicate that the regular 1/f noise models are unable to produce proper results when Forward Bulk Bias (FBB) technique is applied. An alternative RTS noise model is also analyzed. The simulations performed using this model indicate that it is suitable to analyze circuits using Forward Bulk Bias.
Ligand directed self-assembly of polymetallic [n × n] grids: rational routes to large functional molecular subunits?

Poly-(n)-topic ligands with a linear arrangement of coordination pockets self-assemble, generally in high yield, to produce square [n × n] grid complexes. Oligomeric, non-grid intermediates, identified by structural studies, have shown alternative construction pathways, but have also indicated possible mechanistic routes to grid assembly. Various factors are considered critical to grid formation, including reaction pH, metal ion identity, CFSE, and metal ion redox behaviour. Ultimately the design of the ligand is pivotal to successful grid self-assembly, and the size of the [n × n] grid is largely limited only by the synthetic limitations of the ligands themselves.
Viewing Mathematics Teachers’ Beliefs as Sensible Systems*

This article discusses theoretical assumptions either explicitly stated or implied in research on teachers' beliefs. Such research often assumes teachers can easily articulate their beliefs and that there is a one-to-one correspondence between what teachers state and what researchers think those statements mean. Research conducted under this paradigm often reports inconsistencies between teachers' beliefs and their actions. This article describes an alternative framework for conceptualizing teachers' beliefs that views teachers as inherently sensible rather than inconsistent beings. Instead of viewing teachers' beliefs as inconsistent, teachers' abilities to articulate their beliefs as well as researchers' interpretations of those beliefs are seen as problematic. Impli- cations of such a view for research on teacher beliefs as well as for the practice of mathematics teacher education are discussed.
Investigation of regional glutathione levels in a model of chemically-induced renal papillary necrosis

Abstract The effect of diphenylamine on renal cortical, outer medullary and inner medullary glutathione (GSH) concentrations and the effect of GSH depletion on the nephrotoxicity of diphenylamine were investigated in male Syrian hamsters. A dose-dependent decrease in renal cortical GSH was observed within 1 hr of a single oral dose of diphenylamine (200, 400 or 600 mg/kg body weight), but statistically significant changes in outer medullary or papillary GSH were not observed. Reduction of renal papillary GSH to 29% of basal concentration [by prior treatment with l -buthionine sulfoxime (500 mg/kg body weight, ip)] did not increase the papillotoxicity of a non-toxic dose of diphenylamine (400 mg/kg) administered orally. The findings indicate that diphenylamine-induced renal papillary necrosis in the Syrian hamster is not associated with a decrease in renal papillary or outer medullary GSH nor mediated by oxidative cell injury.
The Role of Multiubiquitination in Dislocation and Degradation of the α Subunit of the T Cell Antigen Receptor

Unassembled α subunits of the T cell receptor (TCRα) are degraded by proteasomes following their dislocation from the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. We previously demonstrated that a variant of TCRα lacking lysines (KαR) is degraded by this pathway with kinetics indistinguishable from those of the wild type protein (Yu, H., Kaung, G., Kobayashi, S., and Kopito, R. R. (1997)J. Biol. Chem. 272, 20800–20804), demonstrating that ubiquitination on lysines is not required for TCRα degradation by the proteasome. Here, we show that dislocation and degradation of TCRα and KαR are suppressed by dominant negative ubiquitin coexpression and by mutations in the ubiquitin activating enzyme, indicating that their degradation requires a functional ubiquitin pathway. A cytoplasmic TCRα variant that mimics a dislocated degradation intermediate was degraded 5 times more rapidly than full-length TCRα, suggesting that dislocation from the endoplasmic reticulum membrane is the rate-limiting step in TCRα degradation. We conclude that ubiquitination is required both for dislocation and for targeting TCRα chains to the proteasome.
Comparison of Interventions for Hand Function in Adolescents with Tetraplegia

Although there are several alternatives available to improve hand function in tetraplegia, the research comparing interventions is lacking. This investigation compared the hand function of adolescents who used tenodesis, used a wrist-driven flexor hinge orthosis (WFHO), or had tendon transfer surgery. Additionally, the relationship between pinch strength and task performance for all three methods was examined. The results indicated that those who had tendon transfer surgery had significantly stronger pinch force than those who used tenodesis. Two of the six tasks on the Grasp and Release Test (GRT) were significantly correlated to pinch force, however there was no measurable difference between the groups on the GRT.
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of extraintestinal mass lesions and intramural tumors: diagnostic utility and impact on patient management

Purpose: The purpose of our study was to determine the diagnostic utility of EUS-FNA of extra intestinal mass lesions and intramural GI tumors, and to assess its impact on patient management.
Multi-Scale Lagrangian Shock Hydrodynamics on Q1/P0 Finite Elements: Theoretical Framework and Two-dimensional Computations.

Abstract A new multi-scale, stabilized method for Q1/P0 finite element computations of Lagrangian shock hydrodynamics is presented. Instabilities (of hourglass type) are controlled by a stabilizing operator derived using the variational multi-scale analysis paradigm. The resulting stabilizing term takes the form of a pressure correction. With respect to broadly accepted hourglass control approaches, the novelty of the method resides in its residual-based character. The stabilizing residual has a definite physical significance, since it embeds a discrete form of the Clausius–Duhem inequality. Effectively, the proposed stabilization samples the production of entropy to counter numerical instabilities. The proposed technique is applied to materials with no shear strength (e.g., fluids), for which there exists a caloric equation of state, and extensions to the case of materials with shear strength (e.g., solids) are also envisioned. The stabilization operator is incorporated into a mid-point, predictor/multi-corrector time integration algorithm, which conserves mass, momentum and total energy. Encouraging numerical results in the context of compressible gas dynamics confirm the potential of the method.
Reconstructing Human Exposures Using Biomarkers and other “Clues”

Biomonitoring is the process by which biomarkers are measured in human tissues and specimens to evaluate exposures. Given the growing number of population-based biomonitoring surveys, there is now an escalated interest in using biomarker data to reconstruct exposures for supporting risk assessment and risk management. While detection of biomarkers is de facto evidence of exposure and absorption, biomarker data cannot be used to reconstruct exposure unless other information is available to establish the external exposure-biomarker concentration relationship. In this review, the process of using biomarker data and other information to reconstruct human exposures is examined. Information that is essential to the exposure reconstruction process includes (1) the type of biomarker based on its origin (e.g., endogenous vs. exogenous), (2) the purpose/design of the biomonitoring study (e.g., occupational monitoring), (3) exposure information (including product/chemical use scenarios and reasons for expected contact, the physicochemical properties of the chemical and nature of the residues, and likely exposure scenarios), and (4) an understanding of the biological system and mechanisms of clearance. This review also presents the use of exposure modeling, pharmacokinetic modeling, and molecular modeling to assist in integrating these various types of information.
Saint-Venant’s Principle and End Effects in Anisotropic Elasticity

The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the fact that the routine application of Saint-Venant’s principle in the solution of elasticity problems involving highly anisotropic or composite materials is not justified in general. This is illustrated in the context of the plane problem of elasticity for an anisotropic rectangular strip loaded only on the short ends. For highly anisotropic transversely isotropic materials, the slow decay of end effects is demonstrated using a method involving self-equilibrating eigenfunctions. For a graphite/epoxy composite, for example, the characteristic decay length is shown to be approximately four times that for an isotropic material. The results have implications in the accurate measurement of mechanical properties of anisotropic materials.
Stimulation of genital eversion in the land snail Helix aspersa by extracts of the glands of the dart apparatus

The dart apparatus, used during courtship in some groups of hermaphroditic land snails, has long been assumed to have a “stimulatory” effect on the mating partner, though how stimulation occurs and exactly what function it serves has never been determined. In this study, extracts of the mucous glands of the dart apparatus of the land snail Helix aspersa were injected into conspecifics and into a related snail, Cepaea nemoralis, in order to test the hypothesis that the dart is used to achieve inflow of bioactive mucous gland secretions into the darted snail. Helix aspersa injected with the extract responded by everting their terminal genitals; eversion normally takes place during courtship and mating. Boiling the extract increased the bioactivity. Pronase-treated extract lost bioactivity, and gel filtration of the boiled extract indicated that the active substance has a molecular weight of about 5,000. The active substance may be a polypeptide. Cepaea nemoralis also everted their genitals when injected with the boiled Helix extract. The active substance appears to be a contact sex pheromone, the second such pheromone in a pulmonate land snail for which experimental evidence has been obtained.
Influences of medium consistency and shoot density on in vitro shoot proliferation of Populus alba×P. grandidentata

The in vitro shoot proliferation of Populus alba × P. grandidentata was affected by the medium consistency and shoot density, but not by three sizes of vessels. After 4 weeks of culture, the fresh weight and number of shoots per explant on liquid medium were significantly greater than those on agar-solidified medium. In particular, 3.2 shoots, 7 mm or longer per explant, were produced on liquid medium compared with 1.6 shoots per explant or agar-solidified medium. The fresh weight per explant after 4 weeks of culture on liquid medium and agar-solidified medium were 0.68 and 0.25 g, respectively. Increasing the number of shoots per vessel slowed the growth of the explants as measured by fresh weight and the number of shoots produced. There was little difference in the number of shoots produced between vessels with 1 or 2 shoots per vessel, but there were many fewer shoots produced when 3 shoots were placed in each vessel.
A Review of Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis for Hospitalized Medical Patients

In the last decade, greater focus has been directed toward venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis in hospitalized, non-surgical patients. Both deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are potentially preventable causes of patient morbidity and mortality related to hospitalization. Despite the availability of high-quality, evidence-based guidelines for VTE prevention, there is compelling evidence that many hospitalized patients do not receive appropriate VTE prevention measures. Hospitalists play an important role in the implementation of appropriate VTE prophylaxis measures for this patient population; thus, knowledge of updated recommendations is vital to their practice, as well as patient safety. We provide a comprehensive evidence-based clinical review of VTE prophylaxis for nonsurgical hospitalized patients, including risk factors and risk assessment, indications for prophylaxis, recommended therapeutic options, and updates from recently released practice guidelines by the American College of Physicians and the American College of Chest Physicians, published in 2011 and 2012, respectively.
Renin Secreting Tumors: Diagnosis, Conservative Surgical Approach and Long-Term Results

AbstractDuring the last 15 years 8 patients were diagnosed with renin secreting juxtaglomerular cell tumors among 30,000 hypertensive patients. Clinical characteristics included severe hypertension poorly medically controlled in young patients (mean age 22.3 years) and severe hypokalemia (mean 2.83 mmol./l.). Secondary hyperaldosteronism was present in all cases with a constant elevation of renin activity. Renal vein sampling was only positive in 64 percent of cases. Selective renal arteriography demonstrated an avascular area in 43 percent of the patients. Computerized tomography showed the tumor in all cases. Mean tumor size was 24 mm. (range 10 to 50). Conservative surgery was feasible in all patients. Perioperative ultrasonography was used for 3 intraparenchymal tumors. Hypertension and hypokalemia resolved within 1 week after surgery. At a mean followup of 98 months (range 24 to 204) no tumor recurrence was documented.
Binding of the Human Papillomavirus Type 16 p97 Promoter by the Adeno-associated Virus Rep78 Major Regulatory Protein Correlates with Inhibition

Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) infection is positively associated with cervical cancer, whereas adeno-associated virus (AAV) infection is negatively associated with this same cancer. In earlier studies these two virus types have been shown to directly interact, with AAV inhibiting or enhancing papillomavirus functions depending upon the specific circumstances. One defined interaction between these two viruses is the ability of the AAV Rep78 major regulatory protein to inhibit gene expression of the E6 promoter of BPV-1 (bovine papillomavirus type 1) and HPV types 16 and 18. As Rep78 is a DNA binding transcription factor, we considered whether Rep78 might bind HPV-16 DNA. Here, Rep78 is demonstrated to bind a 44-base pair region (nucleotides 14–56) within the HPV-16 p97 promoter using the electrophoretic mobility shift assay. This region is important for HPV-16 because it includes functional Sp1 and E2 protein binding motifs as well as part of the origin of replication. Furthermore, two Rep78 amino acid substitution mutants, at positions 77 or 64–65, were identified that did not recognize p97 DNA. Both of these Rep78 mutants were found to be defective for inhibition of p97 promoter activity in HeLa and T-47D nuclear extracts in vitro, in a transient chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assay, as well as defective for full inhibition of HPV-16-directed focus formation. These data, taken together, strongly suggest that the Rep78-p97 promoter interaction is at least partially responsible for Rep78-mediated inhibition of HPV-16. Finally, the finding that Rep78 specifically recognizes p97 DNA is surprising because the p97 promoter region contains no GAGC motifs, the core motif for Rep78 recognition. These data suggest that the p97 promoter may represent a new prototypical DNA target type for Rep78.
Time? money? both? the allocation of resources to older Parents

We provide estimates of a reduced-form model of the allocation of household time and money resources. We consider four demands for these resources: time spent working, time spent providing care for noncoresident elderly parents, time spent performing house-work, and monetary transfers to noncoresident elderly parents. We focus on the effects of wage rates and parental characteristics on the allocation decisions of adult children and their households concerning these four demands. We find that households with individuals earning high wages rely relatively more on cash transfers and relatively less on time transfers than do lower-wage households. We also find evidence consistent with an unmeasured tendency of some families to provide multiple sources of support.
A range chamber for electronic readout

Abstract A 15-gap spark chamber with electronic readout has been constructed for use as a range chamber. Construction details, gas handling and electronic circuitry are described. Special precaution taken to reduce spurious background to a low level are also discussed. Tests of the chamber with cosmic rays and 30–60 MeV protons were made, and performance data are presented. At normal operating conditions, the breakdown efficiency per gap is 99.9% with protons and 99.3% with cosmic rays. Spurious breakdown is less than 0.03% per gap.
Two Improvements for the Econo-Cage #110 metabolism unit

The Econo-Cage metabolism unit is improved by replacing a breakable plastic rod which holds the feeder screen in place and by collecting feces on a removable screen instead of from the urine contaminated base.
Xenon Difluoride Dry Etching of Si, SiGe Alloy and Ge

Xenon diflouride (XeF2) vapor has been known to be able to spontaneously etch Si isotropically at high rates up to 10 mum/min. This dry etching process does not require plasmas or catalysts, and thus causes little damage to the electronic properties. It is useful for releasing free standing structures by etching away Si sacrificial layers or for gate oxide failure analysis by etching away the backside Si. In this work, the etching of Si, SiGe alloys and Ge was studied and results were discussed. Both SiGe and Ge were found to be etched by XeF2 vapor, and at faster rates than Si
Tectonics near the junction of the Aleutian and Kuril-Kamchatka arcs and a mechanism for middle tertiary magmatism in the Kamchatka Basin

Fourteen new fault-plane solutions were determined for earthquakes in the region, and seismicity maps are presented for the periods January 1934 to January 1972 and January 1962 to January 1972. For fault-plane solutions determined for the Commander Islands, the horizontal component of the slip vectors is consistent with relative plate motion occurring parallel to the trend of the Aleutian arc. Along the southern margin of the Commander Islands, the dip of the fault planes along which this motion occurs is nearly horizontal; along the northern margin, the dip is nearly vertical. Fault-plane solutions for earthquakes along the east coast of Kamchatka south of the arc-arc junction indicate northwesterly underthrusting of the Pacific plate. Solutions north of the junction indicate that compressive stress normal to the east coast of Kamchatka continues to 58° or 59° N., but they are not proof that the Kamchatka Basin is underthrusting northeast Kamchatka. The rough basement topography, reduced sediment thickness, and high heat flow in the Kamchatka Basin north of the Commander Islands are the apparent results of a Cenozoic emplacement of basaltic magma. Extensive magmatism in the Kamchatka Basin was initiated 30 to 40 m.y. ago when subduction along the Aleutian arc ceased west of 176° E. The resultant release of compressive stress along the plate margin in the Commander Islands is proposed as the mechanism that mobilized a mantle diapir from an oceanic slab that dipped northward beneath most of the Kamchatka Basin. Migration and intrusions of this diapir may have involved generation of oceanic crust.
Four-Wheel Steering Autonomous Vehicles

Employing an independent four-wheel-steering (4WS) system, we introduce an autodriver algorithm to keep an autonomous vehicle on a given road. The kinematic condition of steering can be used to set the steer angles such that the kinematic center of rotation is at a desired point. The road and tire characteristics, along with the dynamics of a moving vehicle cause the vehicle to turn about an actual point that is not necessarily at the road curvature center. The position of the dynamic turning center can be controlled by adjusting the steer angles such that it coincides with the road curvature center. Such a vehicle will move on the desired road autonomously.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Introduction to Focus Issue: Rhythms and Dynamic Transitions in Neurological Disease: Modeling, Computation, and Experiment

Rhythmic neuronal oscillations across a broad range of frequencies, as well as spatiotemporal phenomena, such as waves and bumps, have been observed in various areas of the brain and proposed as critical to brain function. While there is a long and distinguished history of studying rhythms in nerve cells and neuronal networks in healthy organisms, the association and analysis of rhythms to diseases are more recent developments. Indeed, it is now thought that certain aspects of diseases of the nervous system, such as epilepsy, schizophrenia, Parkinson's, and sleep disorders, are associated with transitions or disruptions of neurological rhythms. This focus issue brings together articles presenting modeling, computational, analytical, and experimental perspectives about rhythms and dynamic transitions between them that are associated to various diseases.
Improved system for helper-dependent adenoviral vector production

Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors (HDAds) are devoid of all viral coding sequences and have demonstrated tremendous potential for gene therapy by providing increased cloning capacity (up to 37 kb) and long-term, high-level transgene expression in vivo with negligible toxicity. Currently, the most widely used method of producing HDAds is the Cre/loxP system developed by Graham and co-workers. However, two major obstacles currently hinder progress of this promising technology: (1) the difficulty of large-scale vector production and (2) helper virus (HV) contamination. We have developed an improved producer cell line, HV, and protocols that have successfully addressed these problems. With this system, >1 x 10(13) viral particles (vp) can be easily produced from 3 liters of cells within 2 weeks of vector rescue, with specific yields of >10,000 vp/cell and with exceedingly low HV contamination of 0.4-0.1% without relying on density-based vector purification and 0.02-0.01% following CsCl purification. This new system represents a major improvement over the original method in terms of simplicity, speed, vector yield, and purity, and it will significantly improve our ability to assess this promising gene therapy technology, especially in large animal models and, ultimately, for clinical applications.
Child Abuse and Neglect: Follow-up

Since the publication of my May 1991 article on the emergency of child abuse and neglect, 1 the Secretary of Health and Human Services and Congress have been provided with the second report by the US Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect that laid out the steps necessary for the federal government to improve its efforts in the area of child abuse and neglect. 2 These are as follows: The development and implementation of a national child protection policy. Nowhere is such a policy written and it is suggested that the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child could provide a good framework for such a policy. The implementation of programs to prevent and reduce child maltreatment by strengthening neighborhoods and families. The provision of a new focus on child abuse and neglect. This would mean shifting the focus of funding from a single
Patterning Proteins on Surfaces of Cross‐Sectioned Multilayer Polymer Films

A new approach is introduced to create submicrometer patterned surfaces using multilayer polymer films that contain alternating layers of two polymers, linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and ethylene-co-(acrylic acid) copolymer (EAA). Patterned templates have been prepared by microtoming the multilayer molded sheets. Regionally confined chemical functionality is confirmed by grafting an amine-terminated biotin and adsorbing streptavidin specifically on the alternating layers of EAA.
Ornithine-containing lipid in Rhodospirillum rubrum.

Abstract An ornithine-containing lipid that lacks phosphorus has been observed in Rhodospirillum rubrum . [ 14 C]Omithine is incorporated into lipid during growth. Formation of ornithine lipid does not seem to be related to the synthesis of bacteriochlorophyll. Arginine repressed the formation of the ornithine lipid, but at the same concentration it repressed ornithine transcarbamylase twice as much.
Intentional Control for Planetary Rover SRR

We demonstrate the operation of the SODAS approach (Self-organized Ontogenetic Development of Autonomous Systems) for on-line processing of sensory inputs and onboard dynamic behavior tasking using SRR2K (Sample Return Rover) platform at the Planetary Robotics indoor facility of JPL. SODAS employs a biologically inspired dynamic neural network architecture operating on the principle of chaotic neural dynamics manifesting intentionality in the style of brains. Intentional behavior includes the cyclic operation of prediction, testing by action, sensing, perceiving, and assimilating the learned features. The experiments illustrate robust obstacle avoidance combined with goal-oriented navigation by the SRR2K robot.
Late postpartum eclampsia: a common presentation of an uncommon diagnosis☆

We present two cases of late postpartum eclampsia. Both patients presented with a chief complaint of headache, and were diagnosed with eclampsia after the onset of seizures. Neither patient had proteinuria or edema. Further evaluation did not yield another diagnosis for the seizures, and treatment with i.v. magnesium sulfate was successful in stopping the seizures. No further seizure activity occurred in either patient.
In vitro effects of selenium deficiency on West Nile virus replication and cytopathogenicity

Background Selenium (Se) deficiency plays an important role in viral pathogenesis. To understand the effects of Se deficiency on West Nile virus (WNV) infection, we analyzed cytopathogenicity, apoptosis and viral replication kinetics, using a newly developed Se-deficient cell culture system.
Adult Attachment and Stepparenting Issues: Couple Relationship Quality as a Mediating Factor

Using a sample of 390 stepparents, we assess the influence of insecure attachment and couple relationship quality on stepparenting issues. We also examine the extent to which relationship quality mediates connections between attachment and stepparenting issues. Results from ordinary least squares regression and Sobel tests indicate greater levels of attachment avoidance and anxiety are associated with greater levels of stepparenting issues. Results also indicate greater levels of relationship satisfaction and stability are associated with less stepparenting issues. Relationship satisfaction and stability significantly mediate the influence of attachment anxiety on stepparenting issues. Limitations, implications, and directions for future research are discussed.
Memory metaphors in cognitive psychology.

In describing memory phenomena in natural language, a spatial metaphor is typically employed. Memories are considered to be objects that are stored in a mind space, and the process of retrieval is conceived as a search for these objects. It is argued that this metaphor has been carried over into many of the popular theories of memory in cognitive psychology and that seemingly diverse theories employ the same underlying set of assumptions. A survey of the analogies that have been used to explain memory is presented and alternatives to the dominant spatial storage and search assumptions are discussed. The spatial metaphor is evaluated, and the role of analogical explanation in psychology is briefly considered. One result of the increasing number of analogical models is the proliferation of hypothetical mental constructs that are only loosely connected to behavioral measures. nt|mis|A number of members of Ebbinghaus Empire at the University of Toronto contributed analogies that are listed in Table 1 and commented on the views expressed here.
Processes controlling rapid temperature variations on rock surfaces

In arid environments, thermal oscillations are an important source of rock weathering. Measurements of temperature have been made on the surface of rocks in a desert environment at a sampling interval of 0·375 s, with simultaneous measurements of wind speed, air temperature, and incoming shortwave radiation. Over timescales of hours, the temperature of the rock surface was determined primarily by shortwave radiation and air temperature, while rapid temperature variations, high dT/dt, at intervals of seconds or less, were determined by wind speed. The maximum values of temperature change and time spent above 2°C min−1 increased at high measurement rates and were much higher than previously reported. The maximum recorded value of dT/dt was 137°C min−1 and the average percentage time spent above 2°C min−1 was ∼70 ± 13%. Maximum values of dT/dt did not correlate with the maximum values of time spent above 2°C min−1. Simultaneous measurements of two thermocouples 5·5 cm apart on a single rock surface had similar temperature and dT/dt values, but were not correlated at sampling intervals of less than 10 s. It is suggested that this is resulting from rapid fluctuations due to small spatial and timescale wind effects that are averaged out when data is taken at longer sampling intervals, ∼10 s or greater. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.