cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The "Visual Depiction Effect" in Advertising: Facilitating Embodied Mental Simulation through Product Orientation

This research demonstrates that visual product depictions within advertisements, such as the subtle manipulation of orienting a product toward a participant’s dominant hand, facilitate mental simulation that evokes motor responses. We propose that viewing an object can lead to similar behavioral consequences as interacting with the object since our minds mentally simulate the experience. Four studies show that visually depicting a product that facilitates more (vs. less) embodied mental simulation results in heightened purchase intentions. The studies support our proposed embodied mental simulation account. For instance, occupying the perceptual resources required for embodied mental simulation attenuates the impact of visual product depiction on purchase intentions. For negatively valenced products, facilitation of embodied mental simulation decreases purchase intentions.
Feasibility of Solar Technology (Photovoltaic) Adoption: A Case Study on Tennessee's Poultry Industry

The advantages and limitations of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems for energy generation are reviewed under various physical efficiency limits and financial assistance programs. Recent increases in utility and fuel costs in poultry production as well as public awareness of and demand for green power or renewable energy sources have given renewed interest in alternative energy sources. This study seeks to investigate the impact of alternative energy programs, grants and other incentives on the feasibility of solar PV systems in several solar regions within Tennessee's poultry industry. Preliminary results show that incentives exceeding current levels before adoption of solar PV systems would be financially beneficial.
Adaptive control for the conventional mode of operation of MEMS gyroscopes

This paper presents adaptive add-on control algorithms for the conventional mode of operation of MEMS z-axis gyroscopes. This scheme is realized by adding an outer loop to a conventional force-balancing scheme that includes a parameter estimation algorithm. The parameter adaptation algorithm estimates the angular rate, identifies and compensates the quadrature error, and may permit on-line automatic mode tuning. The convergence and resolution analysis show that the proposed adaptive add-on control scheme prevents the angular rate estimate from being contaminated by the quadrature error, while keeping ideal resolution performance of a conventional force-balancing scheme.
Distributional Impacts of the Self-Sufficiency Project

A large literature has been concerned with the impacts of recent welfare reforms on income, earnings, transfers, and labor-force attachment. While one strand of this literature relies on observational studies conducted with large survey-sample data sets, a second makes use of data generated by experimental evaluations of changes to means-tested programs. Much of the overall literature has focused on mean impacts. In this paper, we use random-assignment experimental data from Canada's Self-Sufficiency Project (SSP) to look at impacts of this unique reform on the distributions of income, earnings, and transfers. SSP offered members of the treatment group a generous subsidy for working full time. Quantile treatment effect (QTE) estimates show there was considerable heterogeneity in the impacts of SSP on the distributions of earnings, transfers, and total income; this heterogeneity would be missed by looking only at average treatment effects. Moreover, these heterogeneous impacts are consistent with the predictions of labor supply theory. During the period when the subsidy is available, the SSP impact on the earnings distribution is zero for the bottom half of the distribution. The quantiles of the SSP earnings distribution are higher for much of the upper third of the distribution except at the very top, where the quantiles of the earnings distribution are the same under either program or possibly lower under SSP. Further, during the period when SSP receipt was possible, the impacts on the quantiles of the distributions of transfer payments (Income Assistance plus the subsidy) and total income (earnings plus transfers) are also different at different points of the distribution. In particular, positive impacts on the quantiles of the transfer distribution are concentrated at the lower end of the transfer distribution, while positive impacts on the quantiles of the income distribution are concentrated in the upper end of the income distribution. Impacts of SSP on these distributions were essentially zero after the subsidy was no longer available.
Synthesis of resorcin[4]arene cavitands by ring-closing metathesis

The synthesis and X-ray crystal structures of the first resorcin[4]arene cavitands by ring-closing metathesis reaction are described.
Pseudodeterminants and perfect square spanning tree counts

The pseudodeterminant pdet(M) of a square matrix is the last nonzero coefficient in its characteristic polynomial; for a nonsingular matrix, this is just the determinant. If ∂ is a symmetric or skewsymmetric matrix then pdet(∂∂t) = pdet(∂)2. Whenever ∂ is the kth boundary map of a self-dual CWcomplex X, this linear-algebraic identity implies that the torsion-weighted generating function for cellular k-trees in X is a perfect square. In the case that X is an antipodally self-dual CW-sphere of odd dimension, the pseudodeterminant of its kth cellular boundary map can be interpreted directly as a torsion-weighted generating function both for k-trees and for (k − 1)-trees, complementing the analogous result for evendimensional spheres given by the second author. The argument relies on the topological fact that any self-dual even-dimensional CW-ball can be oriented so that its middle boundary map is skew-symmetric.
Heteroskedasticity-Robust Elasticities in Logarithmic and Two-Part Models

Logarithmic models are widely used to study highly skewed positive outcomes, either alone or in combination with an equation that first distinguishes between zero and nonzero values (the two-part model). A well-known drawback of such models is that to obtain marginal effects that pertain to the arithmetic mean, rather than the mean of logs, we must exponentiate, and this retransformation is complicated in the presence of heteroskedasticity. This article presents a simple method for correcting estimated elasticities for the effects of heteroskedasticity, in both log-linear and log-log (constant elasticity) equations. An example, drawing on Bulgarian farm survey data, demonstrates that this correction leads to significantly different estimates of the elasticity of expenditures on agricultural inputs with respect to land area and the age of the household head.
A hierarchical fair service curve algorithm for link-sharing, real-time, and priority services

We study hierarchical resource management models and algorithms that support both link-sharing and guaranteed real-time services with priority (decoupled delay and bandwidth allocation). We extend the service curve based quality of service (QoS) model, which defines both delay and bandwidth requirements of a class in a hierarchy, to include fairness, which is important for the integration of real-time and hierarchical link-sharing services. The resulting fair service curve (FSC) link-sharing model formalizes the goals of link-sharing, real-time and priority services and exposes the fundamental trade-offs between these goals. In particular, with decoupled delay and bandwidth allocation, it is impossible to simultaneously provide guaranteed real-time service and achieve perfect link-sharing. We propose a novel scheduling algorithm called hierarchical fair service curve (H-FSC) that approximates the model closely and efficiently. The algorithm always guarantees the service curves of leaf classes, thus ensures real-time and priority services, while trying to minimize the discrepancy between the actual services provided to and the services defined by the FSC link-sharing model for the interior classes. We have implemented the H-FSC scheduler in NetBSD. By performing analyzes, simulations and measurement experiments, we evaluate the link-sharing and real-time performances of H-FSC, and determine the computation overhead.
Ratification by the United States of the Convention on the Rights of the Child: Pros and Cons from a Child’s Rights Perspective:

This article discusses the significance of the United States’ ratification of the CRC, concluding that even if the treaty is not self-executing, ratification would make a major difference. It would enable the United States to better promote children’s rights abroad, and it would push the United States to develop its domestic law in dramatically new directions that empower children. The CRC provides children with powerful affirmative rights and imposes reciprocal duties on nation-states. It provides rights to participate, including rights to be heard and to make decisions on personal and political matters; rights to receive important benefits, including health, support, and education; rights to protection against maltreatment; and rights to nurturing parental care. All this contrasts with U.S. law’s negative rights tradition, its emphasis on parental rights, limited recognition of children’s rights, and related restriction of state power to protect children. U.S. ratification could have a positive impact, ...
Estimation of Dry-Rock Elastic Moduli Based on the Simulation of Mud-Filtrate Invasion Effects on Borehole Acoustic Logs

This paper (SPE 109879) was accepted for presentation at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Anaheim, California, USA, 11–14 November 2007, and revised for publication. Original manuscript received for review 30 July 2007. Revised manuscript received for review 27 January 2009. Paper peer approved 26 April 2009. Summary Reliable estimates of dry-rock elastic properties are critical to the accurate interpretation of the seismic response of hydrocarbon reservoirs. We describe a new method for estimating elastic moduli of rocks in-situ based on the simulation of mud-filtrate invasion effects on resistivity and acoustic logs. Simulations of mud-filtrate invasion account for the dynamic process of fluid displacement and mixing between mud-filtrate and hydrocarbons. The calculated spatial distributions of electrical resistivity are matched against resistivity logs by adjusting the underlying petrophysical properties. We then perform Biot-Gassmann fluid substitution on the 2D spatial distributions of fluid saturation with initial estimates of dry-bulk (kdry) modulus and shear rigidity ( dry) and a constraint of Poisson’s ratio ( d) typical of the formation. This process generates 2D spatial distributions of compressional and shear-wave velocities and density. Subsequently, sonic waveforms are simulated to calculate shear-wave slowness. Initial estimates of the dry-bulk modulus are progressively adjusted using a modified Gregory-Pickett (1963) solution of Biot’s (1956) equation to estimate a shear rigidity that converges to the well-log value of shearwave slowness. The constraint on dynamic Poisson’s ratio is then removed and a refined estimate of the dry-bulk modulus is obtained by both simulating the acoustic log (monopole) and matching the log-derived compressional-wave slowness. This technique leads to reliable estimates of dry-bulk moduli and shear rigidity that compare well to laboratory core measurements. Resulting dry-rock elastic properties can be used to calculate seismic compressional-wave and shear-wave velocities devoid of mud-filtrate invasion effects for further seismic-driven reservoir-characterization studies.
Information Inequalities for Joint Distributions, With Interpretations and Applications

Upper and lower bounds are obtained for the joint entropy of a collection of random variables in terms of an arbitrary collection of subset joint entropies. These inequalities generalize Shannon's chain rule for entropy as well as inequalities of Han, Fujishige, and Shearer. A duality between the upper and lower bounds for joint entropy is developed. All of these results are shown to be special cases of general, new results for submodular functions-thus, the inequalities presented constitute a richly structured class of Shannon-type inequalities. The new inequalities are applied to obtain new results in combinatorics, such as bounds on the number of independent sets in an arbitrary graph and the number of zero-error source-channel codes, as well as determinantal inequalities in matrix theory. A general inequality for relative entropies is also developed. Finally, revealing connections of the results to literature in economics, computer science, and physics are explored.
Identifying Boosted Objects with N-subjettiness

We introduce a new jet shape—N-subjettiness—designed to identify boosted hadronically-decaying objects like electroweak bosons and top quarks. Combined with a jet invariant mass cut, N-subjettiness is an effective discriminating variable for tagging boosted objects and rejecting the background of QCD jets with large invariant mass. In efficiency studies of boostedW bosons and top quarks, we find tagging efficiencies of 30% are achievable with fake rates of 1%. We also consider the discovery potential for new heavy resonances that decay to pairs of boosted objects, and find significant improvements are possible using N-subjettiness. In this way, N-subjettiness combines the advantages of jet shapes with the discriminating power seen in previous jet substructure algorithms.
On the vanishing of Tor of the absolute integral closure

Let R be an excellent local domain of positive characteristic with residue field k and let R + be its absolute integral closure. If Tor R (R + ,k) vanishes, then R is weakly F-regular. If R has at most an isolated singularity or has dimension at most two, then R is regular.
Multimarket Facility Network Design with Offshoring Applications

Moving production to low-wage countries may reduce manufacturing costs, but it increases logistics costs and is subject to foreign trade barriers, among others. This paper studies a manufacturer's multimarket facility network design problem and investigates the offshoring decision from a network capacity investment perspective. We analyze a firm that manufactures two products to serve two geographically separated markets using a common component and two localized final assemblies. The common part can be transported between the two markets that have different economic and demand characteristics. Two strategic network design questions arise naturally: (1) Should the common part be produced centrally or in two local facilities? (2) If a centralization strategy is adopted, in which market should the facility be located? We present a transportation cost threshold that captures costs, revenues, and demand risks, and below which centralization is optimal. The optimal location of commonality crucially depends on the relative magnitude of price and manufacturing cost differentials but also on demand size and uncertainty. Incorporating scale economies further enlarges the centralization's optimality region.
A Pricing Model for Residential Homes with Poisson Arrivals and a Sales Deadline

We introduce a pricing model for single-family residences on the real estate market. The model considers purchase offers that arrive according to a Poisson process. The homeowner’s problem is to set a price that will maximize his net profit. The selling agent suggests a price to the homeowner that will maximize her net profit, which consists of her sales commission minus her costs. Our model accounts for a deadline to sell the home, a common feature of the housing market, beyond which fixed and variable penalty costs accrue to both the homeowner and selling agent. We demonstrate the behavior of the model and show under what conditions the owner’s and agent’s incentives are aligned. Our computational results suggest, in most circumstances, that agents should not pressure owners to substantially lower their asking prices in the presence of a deadline.
Electrokinetic locomotion due to reaction-induced charge auto-electrophoresis

Mitchell originally proposed that an asymmetric ion flux across an organism's membrane could generate electric fields that drive locomotion. Although this locomotion mechanism was later rejected for some species of bacteria, engineered Janus particles have been realized that can swim due to ion fluxes generated by asymmetric electrochemical reactions. Here we present governing equations, scaling analyses and numerical simulations that describe the motion of bimetallic rod-shaped motors in hydrogen peroxide solutions due to reaction-induced charge auto-electrophoresis. The coupled Poisson–Nernst–Planck–Stokes equations are numerically solved using Frumkin-corrected Butler–Volmer equations to represent electrochemical reactions at the rod surface. Our simulations show strong agreement with the scaling analysis and experiments. The analysis shows that electrokinetic locomotion results from electro-osmotic fluid slip around the nanomotor surface. The electroviscous flow is driven by electrical body forces which are generated from a coupling of a reaction-induced dipolar charge density distribution and the electric field it creates. The magnitude of the electroviscous velocity increases quadratically with the surface reaction rate for an uncharged motor, and linearly when the motor supports a finite surface charge.
How do pediments form?: A numerical modeling investigation with comparison to pediments in southern Arizona, USA

Pediments are gently sloping, low-relief bedrock erosional surfaces at the bases of mountain ranges. Pediments tend to form more readily in arid climates and in weathering-resistant lithologies, but the processes responsible for pediment formation are still not widely understood after more than a century of debate. In this paper, I investigate the behavior of a coupled numerical model for the evolution of mountain ranges and their adjacent piedmonts that includes bedrock erosion in channels, soil production and erosion on hillslopes, and the fl exural-isostatic response of the lithosphere to erosional unloading. For relatively small values of the fl exural parameter, erosion of the mountain range leads to suffi cient fl exural-isostatic tilting of the adjacent piedmont that a suballuvial bedrock bench is exhumed to form an erosional surface on the piedmont. In addition, slope retreat at the mountain front and subsequent tilting of the abandoned surface can contribute to pediment formation by lengthening the pediment in the upslope direction. The rate of erosion on the piedmont must also be greater than or equal to the rate of soil production, thereby creating an erosional surface that has, at most, a thin veneer of soil or regolith. The rate of soil production depends primarily on climate and lithology, with lower soil production rates associated with more arid climates and more resistant lithologies. The model predictions are compared to morphometric analyses of pediments in the southwestern United States and to the detailed morphology of two classic pediments in southern Arizona.
Applications of graphical condensation for enumerating matchings and tilings

A technique called graphical condensation is used to prove various combinatorial identities among numbers of (perfect) matchings of planar bipartite graphs and tilings of regions. Graphical condensation involves superimposing matchings of a graph onto matchings of a smaller subgraph, and then re-partitioning the united matching (actually a multigraph) into matchings of two other subgraphs, in one of two possible ways. This technique can be used to enumerate perfect matchings of a wide variety of planar bipartite graphs. Applications include domino tilings of Aztec diamonds and rectangles, diabolo tilings of fortresses, plane partitions, and transpose complement plane partitions.
Extensive Generalization of Statistical Mechanics Based on Incomplete Information Theory

Statistical mechanics is generalized on the basis of an additive information theory for incomplete probability distributions. The incomplete normalization is used to obtain generalized entropy . The concomitant incomplete statistical mechanics is applied to some physical systems in order to show the effect of the incompleteness of information. It is shown that this extensive generalized statistics can be useful for the correlated electron systems in weak coupling regime.
Selective Markov models for predicting Web page accesses

The problem of predicting a user's behavior on a Web site has gained importance due to the rapid growth of the World Wide Web and the need to personalize and influence a user's browsing experience. Markov models and their variations have been found to be well suited for addressing this problem. Of the different variations of Markov models, it is generally found that higher-order Markov models display high predictive accuracies on Web sessions that they can predict. However, higher-order models are also extremely complex due to their large number of states, which increases their space and run-time requirements. In this article, we present different techniques for intelligently selecting parts of different order Markov models so that the resulting model has a reduced state complexity, while maintaining a high predictive accuracy.
Module theoretic zero structures for system matrices

The foundation for a coordinate-free theory of the poles of a linear dynamical system was laid in 1965 by the module-theoretic work of Kalman. However, although the theoretical and application importance of transfer function zeros for feedback system design was widely known for single input, single output systems by 1955, it remained for Rosenbrock in 1970 to propose the ideas of transmission zeros, input-decoupling zeros, and output-decoupling zeros for multi-input, multi-output systems, by means of matrix theoretic methods. A coordinate-free, module-theoretic treatment of transmission zeros for a multi-input, mufti-output transfer function was given in 1981 by Wyman and Sain. This paper extends these coordinate-free, module-theoretic studies to include systems which need not be controllable or observable. Interpretation of the Rosenbrock system matrix is given on three levels: rational, finitely generated free-modular, and torsion divisible. On the second level, an $\Omega $-Zero Module$Z_\Omega $ is de...
Improved Photometric Standards and Calibration Procedures at NIST

NIST has recently established a detector-based luminous intensity unit (candela, cd), which is derived from the NIST absolute cryogenic radiometer. Subsequently, the luminous flux unit (lumen, lm) and the luminance unit (cd/m2) have been established based on the detector-based candela, and now all the NIST photometric units are tied to the cryogenic radiometer. The illuminance unit is realized and maintained on five standard photometers. The large dynamic range of the standard photometers eliminates the need for maintaining many working standard lamps of various wattages. The luminous intensities of lamps are determined from the illuminances measured with these photometers and the distances measured with a linear encoder system. Transfer photometers and illuminance meters are calibrated by direct comparison with the standard photometers with no distance measurements involved. The luminous flux unit is realized using an absolute integrating sphere method newly developed at NIST. The luminance unit is realized on an integrating sphere source, which is used for calibration of other luminance sources and luminance meters. These detector-based methods have made it possible to reduce the uncertainties of photometric calibrations and to provide more varieties of photometric calibration services at NIST.
Indistinguishable photons from a single-photon device

The quantum-mechanical indistinguishability of consecutive single photons emitted by a quantum dot in a microcavity is tested through a Hong-Ou-Mandel-type two-photon interference experiment. A mean photon wavepacket overlap of 0.81 is inferred from the measurements.
Novel route to 5-position vinyl derivatives of thiolactomycin: olefination versus deformylation

Abstract Vinyl and diene derivatives of thiolactomycin have been prepared via Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons olefination from protected 5-formyl-3,5-dimethylthiotetronic acid. Several 4-position protecting groups and a variety of phosphonates were evaluated, with MOM protection and β-ketophosphonates yielding the highest ratio of the desired product to deformylated product.
Horizontal Transfers and Gene Losses in the Phospholipid Pathway of Bartonella Reveal Clues about Early Ecological Niches

Bartonellae are mammalian pathogens vectored by blood-feeding arthropods. Although of increasing medical importance, little is known about their ecological past, and host associations are underexplored. Previous studies suggest an influence of horizontal gene transfers in ecological niche colonization by acquisition of host pathogenicity genes. We here expand these analyses to metabolic pathways of 28 Bartonella genomes, and experimentally explore the distribution of bartonellae in 21 species of blood-feeding arthropods. Across genomes, repeated gene losses and horizontal gains in the phospholipid pathway were found. The evolutionary timing of these patterns suggests functional consequences likely leading to an early intracellular lifestyle for stem bartonellae. Comparative phylogenomic analyses discover three independent lineage-specific reacquisitions of a core metabolic gene-NAD(P)H-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpsA)-from Gammaproteobacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria. Transferred genes are significantly closely related to invertebrate Arsenophonus-, and Serratia-like endosymbionts, and mammalian Helicobacter-like pathogens, supporting a cellular association with arthropods and mammals at the base of extant Bartonella spp. Our studies suggest that the horizontal reacquisitions had a key impact on bartonellae lineage specific ecological and functional evolution.
Are Durable Goods Consumers Forward-Looking? Evidence from College Textbooks

Popular wisdom holds that publishers revise college textbooks mainly to kill off the secondary market for used books. While this behavior might be profitable if consumers are myopic, uninformed or have high short-run discount rates (that exceed the publishers'), neoclassical authors have noted that it will typically not be profitable if publishers can precommit not to cut prices and if consumers are forward-looking and have similar discount rates as the publishers; the consumer's willingness to pay for new books falls if they know that they cannot resell their used books. Using a large new dataset on all textbooks sold in psychology, biology and economics in the 10 semesters from 1997 to 2001, we estimate a demand system for books to test whether textbook consumers are forward-looking. The data strongly support the view that students are forward-looking with low short-run discount rates and that they have rational expectations of publishers' revision behavior. When the students buy their textbooks, they correctly take into account the probability that they will not be able to resell their books at the end of the semester due to a new edition release. Conditional on faculty assignment behavior, simulation results suggest that students are sufficiently forward looking that publishers could not raise revenues by accelerating current revision cycles.
Policy and Paradox: Grounded Theory at the Moment of DADT Repeal

Through a mixed-methods approach of oral history and grounded theory, we report on a study investigating the effects of the U.S. military's Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy on active-duty service members at the moment of transition to open service. A stratified, snowball sample of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ) service members (n = 17) from across all branches of the armed services were interviewed within two weeks of repeal (September 20, 2011). We find evidence that DADT was implicated in the structuring of military culture in terms of five irreconcilable contradictions: values, heroism, wartime, control, and silence. Military culture had moved in the direction of acceptance of LGBQ service members long before repeal, without the recognition of many leaders who had entered military service decades earlier.
Tissue-Specific Enrichment of Lymphoma Risk Loci in Regulatory Elements

Though numerous polymorphisms have been associated with risk of developing lymphoma, how these variants function to promote tumorigenesis is poorly understood. Here, we report that lymphoma risk SNPs, especially in the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma subtype chronic lymphocytic leukemia, are significantly enriched for co-localization with epigenetic marks of active gene regulation. These enrichments were seen in a lymphoid-specific manner for numerous ENCODE datasets, including DNase-hypersensitivity as well as multiple segmentation-defined enhancer regions. Furthermore, we identify putatively functional SNPs that are both in regulatory elements in lymphocytes and are associated with gene expression changes in blood. We developed an algorithm, UES, that uses a Monte Carlo simulation approach to calculate the enrichment of previously identified risk SNPs in various functional elements. This multiscale approach integrating multiple datasets helps disentangle the underlying biology of lymphoma, and more broadly, is generally applicable to GWAS results from other diseases as well.
MeFiT: merging and filtering tool for illumina paired-end reads for 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing

Recent advances in next-generation sequencing have revolutionized genomic research. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing using paired-end sequencing on the MiSeq platform from Illumina, Inc., is being used to characterize the composition and dynamics of extremely complex/diverse microbial communities. For this analysis on the Illumina platform, merging and quality filtering of paired-end reads are essential first steps in data analysis to ensure the accuracy and reliability of downstream analysis. We have developed the Merging and Filtering Tool (MeFiT) to combine these pre-processing steps into one simple, intuitive pipeline. MeFiT invokes CASPER (context-aware scheme for paired-end reads) for merging paired-end reads and provides users the option to quality filter the reads using the traditional average Q-score metric or using a maximum expected error cut-off threshold. MeFiT provides an open-source solution that permits users to merge and filter paired end illumina reads. The tool has been implemented in python and the source-code is freely available at https://github.com/nisheth/MeFiT .
Constructing the propositional truncation using non-recursive HITs

In homotopy type theory, we construct the propositional truncation as a colimit, using only non-recursive higher inductive types (HITs). This is a first step towards reducing recursive HITs to non-recursive HITs. This construction gives a characterization of functions from the propositional truncation to an arbitrary type, extending the universal property of the propositional truncation. We have fully formalized all the results in a new proof assistant, Lean.
Status and Future Directions of the ENERGY STAR Program

In 1992 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) introduced ENERGY STAR (registered trademark) a voluntary labeling program designed to identify and promote energy-efficient products, in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Since then, the EPA, now in partnership with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), has expanded the program to cover nearly the entire buildings sector, spanning new homes, commercial buildings, residential heating and cooling equipment, major appliances, office equipment, commercial and residential lighting, and home electronics. This paper is based on our experience since 1993 in providing technical support to the ENERGY STAR program. We provide a snapshot of the ENERGY STAR program in the year 2000, including a general overview of the program, its accomplishments, and the possibilities for future development.
Politics as Law: The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, the Separation of Powers, and Treaty Interpretation

The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty is back. Today, American strategic policy debate is focused on whether to construct a national missile defense that can shield the United States from nuclear attack. Looming above this controversy is the ABM Treaty, which generally prohibits both the United States and the Soviet Union from deploying a continent-wide anti-missile defense. This Essay argues that the ABM Treaty should pose no significant barrier to the construction of an NMD system, both because the President enjoys the power to interpret treaties in our constitutional system and because the disintegration of the Soviet Union has terminated the treaty. The Essay uses new information provided by Frances Fitzgerald's book, Way Out There in the Blue: Reagan, Star Wars, and the End of the Cold War, to examine the last time the ABM Treaty stood in the way of anti-missile defense. The Essay argues that the President has greater constitutional freedom to interpret treaties than is generally recognized. Both formalist and functionalist approaches to the separation of powers in foreign affairs supports the concentration of treaty interpretation, and reinterpretation, authority in the President. Textualist and purpose-oriented approaches to interpretation further reinforce the notion that the President should enjoy substantial freedom in interpreting treaties to comport with national foreign policy goals. The Essay finds support for these conclusions in the Constitution's textual division of authority between treatymaking and lawmaking, and in the original understanding, as illustrated by the events surrounding the Neutrality Proclamation. This approach is then applied to the question whether the Soviet Union's disintegration means that the ABM Treaty no longer exists.
A Rule of Proprietary Right for British India: From revenue settlement to tenant right in the age of classical legal thought*

Scholars have long debated the impact of the British ‘rule of property’ on India. In our own day it has become common for historians to hold that the Raj's would-be regime of free capitalist property was frustrated by a pervasive divide between rhetoric and reality which derived from a fundamental lack of fit between English ideas and Indian land control practices. While seemingly novel, the contemporary emphasis on the theory-practice divide is rooted in an earlier ‘revisionist’ perspective among late-nineteenth-century colonial thinkers who argued that land control in the subcontinent derived from a uniquely Indian species of ‘proprietary’ (rather than genuinely propertied) right-holding. In this article, I critically examine the revisionist discourse of ‘proprietary right’ by situating it in a broader comparative perspective, both relative to earlier ideas about rendering property ‘absolute’ during the East India Company's rule and relative to the changing conception of the property right among legal thinkers in the central domains of the Anglo-common law world. In so doing, the article significantly revises our understanding of the relationship between property, law, and political economy in the subcontinent from the late eighteenth to the late nineteenth century.
Proceedings of the 1st international workshop on Text mining in bioinformatics

On behalf of the Program Committee, it is our great pleasure to welcome you to the First ACM Workshop on Text Mining in Bioinformatics. This workshop is held in conjunction with the ACM Fifteenth Conference on Information and Knowledge Management in Arlington, VA, USA. The co-location of this workshop will provide an excellent opportunity for the workshop participants to exchange ideas with experts in Text Mining and Bioinformatics.The call for papers attracted 21 submissions from all over the world. The selection process was highly competitive. Each paper went through a rigorous peer review by at least 2 members of the Program Committee. Based on the referee reports, the papers have been ranked according to their original contribution, and the program committee accepted 8 papers that cover a variety of topics, including novel information extraction techniques, ontologies, and application to large biomedical data. In addition, the program includes a keynote speech by Doheon Lee on Information Fusion Platform for Bio-Network Inference and Analysis. We hope that these proceedings will serve as a valuable reference for researchers and developers who are interested in applying Text Mining to Bioinformatic.
The Gender Gap in Secondary School Mathematics at High Achievement Levels: Evidence from the American Mathematics Competitions

This paper uses a new data source, American Mathematics Competitions, to examine the gender gap among high school students at very high achievement levels. The data bring out several new facts. There is a large gender gap that widens dramatically at percentiles above those that can be examined using standard data sources. An analysis of unobserved heterogeneity indicates that there is only moderate variation in the gender gap across schools. The highest achieving girls in the U.S. are concentrated in a very small set of elite schools, suggesting that almost all girls with the ability to reach high math achievement levels are not doing so.
Extremely efficient hydroboration of ketones and aldehydes by copper carbene catalysis

A readily available copper carbene complex, (IPr)CuOtBu, catalyses the hydroboration of ketones and aldehydes even at very low catalyst loadings (0.1 mol%), in some cases with turnover frequencies exceeding 6000 h(-1). Carbonyl reduction occurs selectivitily in the presence of other reducible functional groups including alkenes, nitriles, esters, and alkyl chlorides.
Stepping Stone Mobility

Abstract People at the top of an occupational ladder earn more partly because they have spent time on lower rungs, where they have learned something. But what precisely do they learn? There are two contrasting views: First, the “Bandit” model assumes that people are different, that experience reveals their characteristics, and that consequently an occupational switch can result. Second, in our “Stepping-Stone” model, experience raises a worker's productivity on a given task and the acquired skill can in part be transferred to other occupations, and this prompts movement. Safe activities (where mistakes destroy less output) are a natural training ground.
Paleoecologic interpretation of Ostracoda from the Skelley Member, Conemaugh Group (Pennsylvanian), southeastern Ohio

The Skelley Member, consisting of a shale and overlying limestone, in Noble County, Ohio, occurs in the upper third of the Conemaugh Group. It displays an overall low diversity-high dominance assemblage of ostracodes. Modern assemblages displaying similar distribution frequently inhabit shallow, unstable aquatic environments. Variations in diversity and abundance are greatest in the lower portion of the unit, and decrease upwards. This could indicate an increase in environmental instability with time. Intermittent increase in terrigenous clastics is suggested by the presence of the opportunistic species Cavellina nebrascensis. The high percentage of fine sediment, mica content, and good fossil preservation indicate quiet-water deposition of the Skelley shale. The increased diversity of micro- and macrofauna, and the assemblage of corals, echinoderms, algae and ostracodes characteristic of the Skelley limestone indicate shallow, clear normal-marine water conditions. Fragmented fossils, sparry matrix, cross-bedding and scour marks indicate that the limestone may have been deposited under medium- to high-energy conditions. The dominant physical process displayed by this unit is current activity. This suggests that the Skelley limestone may represent the reworking of substrate material by organisms and/or water, or the transport and deposition of erosional products from another locale.
What are the impacts of Syrian refugees on host community welfare in Turkey ? a subnational poverty analysis

In recent years, Turkey has been host to more than two million Syrians seeking refuge. Initially concentrated in the southeastern regions, these refugees now reside throughout the country. There are many questions from policy makers regarding the impact of the population of Syrians Under Temporary Protection on the host community. This paper examines the impact of migrants on regional host communities from a poverty perspective. The paper does not find any negative impacts on poverty for the host community from the increasing population of Syrians Under Temporary Protection as of 2013, despite the high poverty rates experienced among the recent migrants.
Evolution of the Jet Opening Angle Distribution in Holographic Plasma.

We use holography to analyze the evolution of an ensemble of jets, with an initial probability distribution for their energy and opening angle as in proton-proton ($pp$) collisions, as they propagate through an expanding cooling droplet of strongly coupled plasma as in heavy ion collisions. We identify two competing effects: (i) each individual jet widens as it propagates and (ii) because wide-angle jets lose more energy, energy loss combined with the steeply falling perturbative spectrum serves to filter wide jets out of the ensemble at any given energy. Even though every jet widens, jets with a given energy can have a smaller mean opening angle after passage through the plasma than jets with that energy would have had in vacuum, as experimental data may indicate.
(4+1) vs (4+2): Catalytic Intramolecular Coupling between Cyclobutanones and Trisubstituted Allenes via C–C Activation

Herein we describe a rhodium-catalyzed (4+1) cyclization between cyclobutanones and allenes, which provides a distinct [4.2.1]-bicyclic skeleton containing two quaternary carbon centers. The reaction involves C–C activation of cyclobutanones and employs allenes as a one-carbon unit. A variety of functional groups can be tolerated, and a diverse range of polycyclic scaffolds can be accessed. Excellent enantioselectivity can be obtained, which is enabled by a TADDOL-derived phosphoramidite ligand. The bridged bicyclic products can be further functionalized or derivatized though simple transformations.
Rapid cooling to quantum degeneracy in dynamically shaped atom traps

We report on a general method for the rapid production of quantum degenerate gases. Using $^{174}\mathrm{Yb}$, we achieve an experimental cycle time as low as 1.6--1.8 s for the production of Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) of $(0.5--1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}$ atoms. While laser cooling to $30\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}$ proceeds in a standard way, evaporative cooling is highly optimized by performing it in an optical trap that is dynamically shaped by utilizing the time-averaged potential of a single laser beam moving rapidly in one dimension. We also produce large $(g{10}^{6})$ atom number BECs and successfully model the evaporation dynamics over more than three orders of magnitude in phase space density. Our method provides a simple and general approach to solving the problem of long production times of quantum degenerate gases.
Ribosome Elongation Stall Directs Gene-specific Translation in the Integrated Stress Response

Upon exposure to environmental stress, phosphorylation of the α subunit of eIF2 (eIF2α-P) represses global protein synthesis, coincident with preferential translation of gene transcripts that mitigate stress damage or alternatively trigger apoptosis. Because there are multiple mammalian eIF2 kinases, each responding to different stress arrangements, this translational control scheme is referred to as the integrated stress response (ISR). Included among the preferentially translated mRNAs induced by eIF2α-P is that encoding the transcription factor CHOP (DDIT3/GADD153). Enhanced levels of CHOP promote cell death when ISR signaling is insufficient to restore cell homeostasis. Preferential translation of CHOP mRNA occurs by a mechanism involving ribosome bypass of an inhibitory upstream ORF (uORF) situated in the 5′-leader of the CHOP mRNA. In this study, we used biochemical and genetic approaches to define the inhibitory features of the CHOP uORF and the biological consequences of loss of the CHOP uORF on CHOP expression during stress. We discovered that specific sequences within the CHOP uORF serve to stall elongating ribosomes and prevent ribosome reinitiation at the downstream CHOP coding sequence. As a consequence, deletion of the CHOP uORF substantially increases the levels and modifies the pattern of induction of CHOP expression in the ISR. Enhanced CHOP expression leads to increased expression of key CHOP target genes, culminating in increased cell death in response to stress.
Iron- and Cobalt-Catalyzed Alkene Hydrogenation: Catalysis with Both Redox-Active and Strong Field Ligands

ConspectusThe hydrogenation of alkenes is one of the most impactful reactions catalyzed by homogeneous transition metal complexes finding application in the pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and commodity chemical industries. For decades, catalyst technology has relied on precious metal catalysts supported by strong field ligands to enable highly predictable two-electron redox chemistry that constitutes key bond breaking and forming steps during turnover. Alternative catalysts based on earth abundant transition metals such as iron and cobalt not only offer potential environmental and economic advantages but also provide an opportunity to explore catalysis in a new chemical space. The kinetically and thermodynamically accessible oxidation and spin states may enable new mechanistic pathways, unique substrate scope, or altogether new reactivity. This Account describes my group’s efforts over the past decade to develop iron and cobalt catalysts for alkene hydrogenation. Particular emphasis is devoted to the inter...
Improving Adjunct Nursing Instructors' Knowledge of Student Assessment in Clinical Courses

Utilization of adjunct nursing instructors to teach clinical courses is common in nursing programs. The purpose of this study was to examine the outcomes of a faculty development workshop on clinical evaluation for adjunct instructors. The results indicated instructors valued using a student-oriented learning outline, gained knowledge about assessment, and indicated they would engage in activities that could increase their knowledge of assessment.
List Prices in the US Housing Market

A seller sets the list price based upon their ex-ante perception of the trade-off between marketing duration versus transaction price, which depends on the liquidity of the property and the depth of the market. As such, list prices reflect property, market, and seller characteristics. In addition, Genesove and Mayer (2001) and Bokhari and Geltner (2011) use prospect theory to motivate how expected nominal losses and gains from sale can also influence list prices. We consider these multiple factors affecting list prices through a rich dataset from the National Association of Realtors, which contains variables on seller motivations, structure liquidity, and other difficult to observe variables such as seller age, race, and income.
Compacted Loessial-Soil Canal Linings

Bur of Reclamation study to determine changes in soil properties of canal linings and corresponding seepage characteristics; results of field and laboratory tests obtained on loessial type soil of compacted linings located in southcentral Nebraska; tests included field density, field seepage by ponding method, laboratory compaction, Atterberg limits, gradation, permeability, and freeze-thaw.