cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maternal depressive symptoms and child obesity in low-income urban families.

Abstract Objective To characterize the relationship between maternal depressive symptoms and child weight status, obesity-promoting feeding practices, and activity-related behaviors in low-income urban families. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey of mothers with 5-year-old children receiving pediatric care at a federally qualified community health center. We used regression analyses to examine the relationship between maternal depressive symptoms (trichotomized: none, mild, moderate to severe) and 1) child weight status; 2) obesity-promoting feeding practices, including mealtime practices and feeding styles; and 3) activity-related behaviors, including sleep time, screen time, and outdoor playtime. Results The sample included 401 mother–child pairs (78.3% response rate), with 23.4% of mothers reporting depressive symptoms (15.7% mild, 7.7% moderate to severe). Mothers with moderate to severe depressive symptoms were more likely to have overweight and obese children than mothers without depressive symptoms (adjusted odds ratio 2.62; 95% confidence interval 1.02–6.70). Children of mildly depressed mothers were more likely to consume sweetened drinks and to eat out at restaurants and were less likely to eat breakfast than children of nondepressed mothers. Mothers with depressive symptoms were less likely to set limits, to use food as a reward, to restrict their child's intake, and to model healthy eating than nondepressed mothers. Children with depressed mothers had less sleep and outdoor playtime per day than children of nondepressed mothers. Conclusions Maternal depressive symptoms are associated with child overweight and obese status and with several obesity-promoting practices. These results support the need for maternal depression screening in pediatric obesity prevention programs. Further research should explore how to incorporate needed mental health support.
Interactions of Transcriptional Regulators with Histones

Tremendous advances in the study of chromatin have revealed new classes of transcriptional regulators distinct from classical DNA-binding proteins. Many previously described transcription factors, coactivators, and adaptors are regulators of chromatin structure, interacting directly with the core histone proteins or with nucleosomes. This review describes a method used by our laboratory to examine the interactions of regulatory proteins with the core histone proteins. Far-Western analysis uses a protein probe to detect interactions with histones immobilized on membranes. Variations of this technique can detect the acetylation state of the interacting histones and whether the interaction occurs through the globular domain or the amino-terminal “tail” domain. In addition, we discuss complementary techniques for confirming histone-regulatory protein interactions.
Biogenic particle flux and benthic remineralization in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific

Abstract We studied biogenic rain to the ocean interior and sea floor in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific (ETSP), a region at the intersection of three oceanic regimes; coastal upwelling, equatorial divergence and the South Pacific oligotrophic gyre. Sediment cores from ocean depths >4000 m were collected, pore water was expressed using both whole core squeezing and rhizon techniques, and profiles of nitrate and dissolved Si were modeled to estimate remineralization fluxes. Nitrate modeling was interpreted as representative of C org remineralization assuming the oxic transformation of ammonium to nitrate. A broad range of TCO 2 fluxes were determined: 0.008–0.34 mmol C m −2 d −1 . The range in biogenic silica (bSi) remineralization flux was also large: 0.007–0.15 mmol Si m −2 d −1 . The pattern of TCO 2 flux showed higher particulate organic carbon (POC) inputs at sites closest to coastal and equatorial upwelling and lowest fluxes at the most oligotrophic site. Moored sediment traps, suspended at ~3700 m at 10°S, 100°W and 20°S, 100°W captured the annual pattern of mass and biogenic rain. The annual average mass flux was over five times greater at a 10°S site (30.8 mg m −2 d −1 ) compared to a 20°S site (5.5 mg m −2 d −1 ). The relative wt% of POC, PIC and bSi at these two stations were 4.9, 8.0, 15.5 and 6.6, 8.3, 2.7, respectively. The deep trap POC and bSi annual rain rates were within 0.5–4 times the benthic fluxes estimated from pore water models. The annual averaged surface ocean chlorophyll concentration estimated from satellites is a good predictor of POC rain to the ocean interior at the ETSP sites studied, as is 14 C primary production (PP). However, the POC rain into the deep ocean at ETSP sites per unit chlorophyll or per 14 C PP is significantly less than values obtained from the equatorial Pacific at 140°W or subtropical gyre station HOT. It appears that the ETSP, although underlain by an intense oxygen minimum zone, is inefficient at transferring C org production to deeply sinking POC rain.
Oxygen isotopic and soluble ionic composition of a shallow firn core, Inilchek glacier, central Tien Shan

Oxygen isotopic and soluble ionic measurements made on snow-pit (2 m depth) and firn-core (12.4 m depth) samples recovered from the accumulation zone (5100 m) of Inilchek glacier (43° N, 79° E) provide information on recent (1992-98) climatic and environmental conditions in the central Tien Shan region of central Asia. The combined 14.4 m snow-pit/firn-core profile lies within the firn zone, and contains only one observed melt feature (10 m temperature = -12°C). Although some post-depositional attenuation of the sub-seasonal δ 18 O record is possible, annual cycles are apparent throughout the isotope profile. We therefore use the preserved δ 18 O record to establish a depth/age scale for the core. Mean δ 18 O values for the entire core and for summer periods are consistent with δ 18 /temperature observations, and suggest the δ 18 O record provides a means to reconstruct past changes in summer surface temperature at the site. Major-ion (Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , NH 4 + , Cl - , NO 3 - , SO 4 2- ) data from the core demonstrate the dominant influence of dust deposition on the soluble chemistry at the site, and indicate significant interannual variability in atmospheric-dust loading during the 1990s. Anthropogenic impacts on NH 4 + concentrations are observed at the site, and suggest a summer increase in atmospheric NH 4 + that may be related to regional agricultural (nitrogen-rich fertilizer use) activities.
Industrial Change and Urban Joblessness: An Assessment of the Mismatch Hypothesis

An ecological analysis of the relationship between a changing urban labor market and the employment status of blacks and nonblacks, both male and female, is presented in this article. The results indicate that the urban black work force is increasingly concentrated in areas with low employment growth, that differences in the level of local labor-market demand are more important than the sectoral composition of that demand for understanding racial differences in employment outcomes, and that educational level is significantly associated with the employment status of nonblacks only. These findings provide a basis for assessing recent versions of the mismatch hypothesis.
A finite element model for nonlinear shells of revolution

A finite element model for symmetrically loaded shells of revolution is described. The nonlinear geometric effects are accounted for by incrementing loads and iterating for equilibrium. The iteration process also allows for nonlinear materials. The shell model accounts for large strains, large rotations and shear deformation. Three example problems demonstrate the ability of this model to solve linear problems. Also, three example problems demonstrate the versatility and accuracy of this model for nonlinear problems. These nonlinear example problems are an axially loaded cylinder and an internally pressurized spherical shell that have large membrane strains, and a cylinder that deforms into a spherical shape, having large rotations.
Teaching research in the emergency medicine residency curriculum

Research in emergency medicine is a necessary component for the growth and development of the academic discipline. Although the need exists for competent physician investigators, most graduates of emergency medicine residencies have had little structured education in research design or methodology. This is particularly true in community hospital programs with little funding allocated to research, limited facilities, and few staff members actively involved in research. Our purpose is to describe a research curriculum designed to operate within a community-based residency program. This curriculum identifies a detailed set of educational objectives in research techniques with the expectation that on completion of the residency program, the resident will be able to critically evaluate medical literature and independently design a research project. We have developed a specific plan for meeting these objectives with coordinated seminars, readings, journal clubs, research projects or exhibits, and professional conferences. We suggest some practical methods of motivating residents and attending staff to pursue clinical investigation.
Amplitude analysis of localization in one-dimensional disordered systems. Vibrational states of an isotopically disordered binary chain

The localization in one-dimensional disordered systems was studied by a direct calculation of the eigenvector of the system. The behavior of a quantity $L$ which measures the extension of the eigenvector from its amplitude maximum was determined by examining the dependence of an exponent $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ as a function of the parameters describing the disorder. It was found that, for the vibrational states of an isotopically disordered binary chain, (i) the eigenmode $\ensuremath{\omega}=0$ is still an extended but highly degenerated state, (ii) no Anderson transition was observed for the vibrational states regardless of the degree of disorder, and (iii) the degree of localization depends sensitively on the disorder parameters ${C}_{L}$ and $\ensuremath{\delta}$.
Openness and the speed of adjustment in the money market

In an effort to fight inflation or recession, central banks manipulate the money supply. The speed with which a change in money supply could affect price level and the level of production differs from one country to another, depending on rigidities. The main purpose of this paper is to show that the adjustment speed among the mentioned macro variables is higher in countries that are more open. Using the bounds-testing approach, a relatively new approach to cointegration and error-correction modeling, we estimate the speed of adjustment in the money market in 28 developing countries. A simple cross-sectional model is utilized in which the measure of adjustment speed is related to three different measures of openness. Regardless of the measure used, a significant and positive relationship exists between adjustment speed and the measure of openness.
From binding studies to the molecular biology of GABA receptors

The GABAA-complex remains enigmatic despite the substantial amount of information that has been gathered. The work of Barnard's group on the structure of the complex and the relationship of the recognition sites for GABA and benzodiazepines to its protein subunits has raised as many questions as have been answered. The existence of multiple forms of the α subunit and the ability of various combinations of the subunits to mediate GABA-gated choloride conductance suggest that there may be many forms of the GABAA-complex. Thus, the identification of previously unsuspected drug interactions, and evidence for the existence of additional endogenous ligands beside GABA (e.g. benzodiazepine-binding inhibitor (68) and certain steroids (69), all suggest that the characterization of the GABAA-complex has only begun.
Mixed tumors of the parotid type with a report of three cases

Abstract A general resume is given of the present day knowledge concerning mixed tumor of the parotid type, emphasizing symptomatology, behavior, pathology and treatment, with a consideration of two cases so diagnosed. A third case, which closely paralleled the symptoms and physical findings, is discussed to illustrate how essential it is to be sure of the diagnosis by microscopic means before therapy is started or prognosis given. The best procedure to follow in suspected cases of parotid type mixed tumors is to excise the mass in capsula, make a positive diagnosis by microscopy, and post-operatively to radiate the site.
Interaction of subject and experimenter expectancy effects in a tone length discrimination task

The purpose of this experiment was to measure and study the interaction of both subject and experimenter expectancy effects in a tone length discrimination task, and to uncover the extent to which facial or verbal cues were responsible for the transmission of these effects. The task consisted of comparing a standard tone to each of nine numbered tones in a comparison group presented randomly. In all conditions the standard tone matched the center tone of the comparison set in length. In Study 1, six groups of seven Ss and seven Es each were employed, for a total of 84 participants. Though covertly introducing expectancies to either S, E, or both, as to where in the progression the standard matched, both subject and experimenter expectancy effects were induced, and found to interact additively to sway the data in the direction of the expectancy when compared to naive controls. It was found that Ss in groups that did not confirm the E's expectancy were judged by the Es as not to have been cooperative in following directions. In Study 2, three groups of five Ss and five Es each were used for a total of 30 participants. In all groups S was naive and E was given a downward expectancy. It was found that the experimenter expectancy effect could be transmitted by either verbal or facial cues alone. Controls must be initiated to eliminate the cues responsible for expectancy effects from the psychological experiment.
Effects of embryonic cyclosporine exposures on brain development and behavior

Cyclosporine, a calcineurin inhibitor, is successfully used as an immunosuppressant in transplant medicine. However, the use of this pharmaceutical during pregnancy is concerning since calcineurin is thought to play a role in neural development. The risk for human brain development is difficult to evaluate because of a lack of basic information on the sensitive developmental times and the potentially pleiotropic effects on brain development and behavior. In the present study, we use zebrafish as a model system to examine the effects of embryonic cyclosporine exposures. Early embryonic exposures reduced the size of the eyes and brain. Late embryonic exposures did not affect the size of the eyes or brain, but did lead to substantial behavioral defects at the larval stages. The cyclosporine-exposed larvae displayed a reduced avoidance response to visual stimuli, low swim speeds, increased resting, an increase in thigmotaxis, and changes in the average distance between larvae. Similar results were obtained with the calcineurin inhibitor FK506, suggesting that most, but not all, effects on brain development and behavior are mediated by calcineurin inhibition. Overall, the results show that cyclosporine can induce either structural or functional brain defects, depending on the exposure window. The observed functional brain defects highlight the importance of quantitative behavioral assays when evaluating the risk of developmental exposures.
2,5-Bis(1,1,3,3-tetra­methyl­butyl)thio­phene

There are two independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C20H36S. Crystals are non-merohedrally twinned by twofold rotation about [001]. The bulky octyl groups of each mol­ecule are on the same side of the thio­phene plane and are approximately parallel. S—C distances are in the range 1.729 (4)–1.745 (3) A, and the C—S—C angles are 92.98 (18) and 93.08 (17)°. The CH2 groups of the octyl groups are involved in weak C—H⋯S intra­molecular inter­actions.
The core structure of X generated in the assembly of the diiron cluster of ribonucleotide reductase: 17O2 and H217O ENDOR

The intermediate, designated X, formed during the self-assembly reaction of the tyrosyl radical/μ-oxo-bridged diferric cofactor in the R2 subunit of Escherichia coli ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) is directly involved in the oxidation of Y122 to the catalytically essential ·Y122. Earlier rapid freeze-quench (RFQ) Q-band ENDOR studies led to the formulation of X as a spin-coupled FeIII/FeIV center, with an S = 1/2 ground state, and showed that X contains a single terminal aqua ligand (water molecule or 2-fold disordered hydroxyl) bound to FeIII but does not contain an hydroxyl bridge. That ENDOR data, coupled with RFQ-EXAFS data, plus the strong spin coupling between the iron ions constrain the structure of X to a di- or tribridged species whose inorganic core (defined as iron and exogenous ligands) contains the [(HxO)FeIIIOFeIV] fragment. To determine whether the core contains a second oxo bridge and to establish the fate of the atoms derived from O2, we have now performed CW and pulsed Q-band 17O ENDOR e...
Return migration and metropolitan-nonmetropolitan population composition.

This paper examines the extent to which female "return migrants" to Puerto Rico return to their area of birth or to a different area, thereby contributing to a redistribution of the island's population, and the extent to which those who do return to their area of birth have different socioeconomic characteristics than those who return to a different area.
RATE ENHANCEMENT OF THE GASEOUS REDUCTION OF IRON OXIDE PELLETS BY PRESSURE CYCLING.

The effect of carrying out gaseous reduction of iron oxide under external pressure cycling has been investigated. When the reduction is carried out at 800°C with pellets of 30% porosity, relatively moderate pressure cycling with an amplitude of 0.5atm and frequency of 0.5cps can lead to about 25% higher reduction within 20min from the start of reaction. A threefold improvement in initial conversion rate can be obtained if higher amplitude and frequency of cycling are used. Computation shows that, for pellets and naturally occurring hematite ore, viscous flow effects can be neglected.The results of the investigation provide justification for further research in the use of external pressure cycling to overcome diffusional resistances in gas-solid reaction systems.
Two tcf3 genes cooperate to pattern the zebrafish brain.

Caudalizing factors operate in the context of Wnt/β-catenin signaling to induce gene expression in discrete compartments along the rostral-caudal axis of the developing vertebrate nervous system. In zebrafish, basal repression of caudal genes is achieved through the function of Headless (Hdl), a Tcf3 homolog. In this study, we show that a second Tcf3 homolog, Tcf3b, limits caudalization caused by loss of Hdl function and although this Lef/Tcf family member can rescue hdl mutants, Lef1 cannot. Wnts can antagonize repression mediated by Tcf3 and this derepression is dependent on a Tcf3 β-catenin binding domain. Systematic changes in gene expression caused by reduced Tcf3 function help predict the shape of a caudalizing activity gradient that defines compartments along the rostral-caudal axis. In addition, Tcf3b has a second and unique role in the morphogenesis of rhombomere boundaries, indicating that it controls multiple aspects of brain development.
Soil microbial biomass response to woody plant invasion of grassland

Abstract Woody plant proliferation in grasslands and savannas has been documented worldwide in recent history. To better understand the consequences of this vegetation change for the C-cycle, we measured soil microbial biomass carbon (C mic ) in remnant grasslands (time 0) and woody plant stands ranging in age from 10 to 130 years in a subtropical ecosystem undergoing succession from grassland to woodlands dominated by N-fixing trees. We also determined the ratio of SMB-C to soil organic carbon (C mic /C org ) as an indicator of soil organic matter quality or availability, and the metabolic quotient ( q CO 2 ) as a measure of microbial efficiency. Soil organic carbon (C org ) and soil total nitrogen (STN) increased up to 200% in the 0–15 cm depth increment following woody plant invasion of grassland, but changed little at 15–30 cm. C mic at 0–15 cm increased linearly with time following woody plant encroachment and ranged from 400 mg C kg −1 soil in remnant grasslands up to 600–1000 mg C kg −1 soil in older (>60 years) woody plant stands. C mic at 15–30 cm also increased linearly with time, ranging from 100 mg C kg −1 soil in remnant grasslands to 400–700 mg C kg −1 soil in older wooded areas. These changes in C mic in wooded areas were correlated with concurrent changes in stores of C and N in soils, roots, and litter. The C mic /C org ratio at 0–15 cm decreased with increasing woody plant stand age from 6% in grasslands to q CO 2 values in woodlands (⩾0.8 mg CO 2 -C g −1 C mic h −1 ) relative to remnant grasslands (0.4 mg CO 2 -C g −1 C mic h −1 ) indicated that more respiration was required per unit of C mic in wooded areas than in grasslands. Observed increases in C org and STN following woody plant encroachment in this ecosystem may be a function of both greater inputs of poor quality C that is relatively resistant to decay, and the decreased ability of soil microbes to decompose this organic matter. We suggest that increases in the size and activity of C mic following woody plant encroachment may result in: (a) alterations in competitive interactions and successional processes due to changes in nutrient dynamics, (b) enhanced formation and maintenance of soil physical structures that promote C org sequestration, and/or (c) increased trace gas fluxes that have the potential to influence atmospheric chemistry and the climate system at regional to global scales.
A Long-Term Investigation of the Role of Maternal and Dual-Earner Employment in Children's Development : The Fullerton Longitudinal Study

This article presents an overview of the major issues investigated in a longitudinal study of development from infancy through early adulthood regarding the relationships between maternal and dual-earner employment and children's development. Based on the results of this extensive and long-term study, as well as integrating the results of other researchers, the authors advance a developmental impingement and family adaptation perspective to guide the interpretation of research findings as well as to formulate new research directions. Maternal and dual-earner employment can best be understood in the context of the multiplicity of factors that exist in the child's environment.
Abstract MS02-1: HER2+ breast cancer: Unresolved challenges

Dramatic advances have been made in the treatment of HER2+ breast cancer over the past 15 years. As a result of HER2-directed therapy, survival in the both the early stage and metastatic settings has improved substantially. This improvement in survival has been accompanied by decreases in treatment-associated toxicity and improvements in quality of life. In spite of these advances, numerous challenges remain. Metastatic HER2+ disease remains incurable, and the vast majority of women with HER2+ metastatic disease ultimately succumb to their illness. In the setting of early stage disease, there is a need to identify which patients require more treatment than the present standard, which would do equally well with less, and which patients need an entirely different treatment program. Clinical data strongly suggest that HER2+ breast cancer is not a monolithic force. A better understanding of the underlying heterogeneity of HER2+ breast cancer is needed, and this understanding will assist in answering many of the unresolved questions. The most critical clinical challenges include: 1) What approaches can be used to delay and ultimately avoid drug resistance? 2) How can we treat and/or prevent brain metastases? 3) Which patients can be treated with adjuvant regimens that minimize or entirely avoid chemotherapy? 4) What is the optimal treatment for patients with small tumors and negative lymph nodes? 5) What trial designs are needed the vast majority of patients are doing well and recurrence rates are very low, but there is still some room for improvement. If we are going to eliminate mortality from HER2+ breast cancer, creative, collaborative, and multidisciplinary, approaches will be needed. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr MS02-1.
fac-[Re(CO)3L] Complexes Containing Tridentate Monoanionic Ligands (L−) Having a Terminal Amido and Two Amine Ligating Groups

Treatment of fac-[Re(CO)3(H2O)3]+ with two unsymmetrical tridentate NNN donor ligands (LH) based on a diethylenetriamine (dien) moiety with a 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl (tmbCO) group linked to a terminal nitrogen of dien through an amide produced the neutral complexes [Re(CO)3(tmbCO-N,N-Me2dien)] and [Re(CO)3(tmbCO-dien)]. The [Re(CO)3(tmbCO-N,N-Me2dien)] complex crystallized in the space group P21/c, a = 19.5793 (15), b = 7.4239 (5), c = 14.8071 (10) A, β = 104.425(5)°, V = 2084.4(3) A3, and the [Re(CO)3(tmbCO-dien)] complex crystallized in the space group C2/c, a = 36.861 (7), b = 7.3990 (10), c = 14.933 (3) A, β = 102.145 (8)°, V = 3981.6(12) A3. X-ray crystallographic and NMR analyses confirm that in both the solid and solution states the ligands are bound to the fac-Re(CO)3 core in a tridentate fashion with the amide group being deprotonated. An important property in radiopharmaceuticals is shape, which in turn depends on ring pucker. For [Re(CO)3(tmbCO-N,N-Me2dien)], the two chelate rings have different pucker chirality, as is commonly found for a broad range of metal complexes. However, for fac-[Re(CO)3(tmbCO-dien)], the two chelate rings have the same pucker chirality, a finding attributable to two strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds from the NH2 to two waters of crystallization. Impeded by methyl group clashes with chelate ring hydrogens, the tmb ring rotation about the C(amido)–C(tmb) bond is slow on the NMR time scale. fac -[Re(CO) 3 L] Complexes Containing Tridentate Monoanionic Ligands (L − ) Having a Terminal Amido and Two Amine Ligating Groups Anna Maria Chirstoforou, Patricia A. Marzilli, Frank R. Fronczek, and Luigi G. Marzilli X-ray crystallographic and NMR analyses of fac-Re(CO)3 complexes containing diethylenetriamine-based, NNN tridentate ligands with a terminal deprotonated amido donor group allow comparison to previously reported analogues with a terminal deprotonated sulfonamido donor group.
Respiratory failure without pulmonary edema following injection of a glutamate agonist into the ventral medullary raphe of the rat

Injection of ibotenic acid (IA), a glutamate agonist, into the ventral medullary raphe (VMR; especially the nucleus raphe magnus) of the rat produced respiratory failure and death following a predictable course of events. The response to the IA injection was characterized initially by increased respiratory frequency and was followed by pulmonary arterial hypertension, systemic arterial hypoxemia, acidosis, and hypothermia. Within 90 min apnea occurred as a terminal event in all animals. Gravimetric, bronchoalveolar lavage protein, and histological analyses revealed no evidence of pulmonary edema. Intracerebral (VMR) pretreatment with PPP, a sigma receptor agonist, or scopolamine, a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist, prevented pulmonary failure and death even though postmortem histological analysis showed VMR cell loss and gliosis consequent to the cytotoxic IA injection. Based on the results of the study, it is suggested that the VMR has a role in regulation of pulmonary blood flow. Preliminary pharmacological studies suggested that a disruption of glutamatergic and cholinergic mechanisms mediates the lethal pulmonary phenomenon.
Small‐scale degradation of carbon‐14 labelled carboxylic acids. II. Complete degradation of carbon‐14 labelled propionic and n‐butyric acids

A chemical degradation and radioassay procedure is described for finding the radioactivity in each carbon-atom of carbon-14 labelled propionic and n-butyric acids. This method has been tested with suitably labelled compounds and found to be isotopically reliable.
American Indians in the Marketplace: Persistence and Innovation Among the Menominees and Metlakatlans, 1870-1920

Although it is usually assumed that Native Americans have lost their cultural identity through modernization, some peoples have proved otherwise. Brian Hosmer explores what happened when cultural identity and economic opportunity converged among two Native American communities that used community-based industries to both generate income and sustain their cultures. Comparing a lumber business run by the Menominees of Wisconsin and a salmon cannery established by British Columbian and Alaskan Tsimshian communities known as Metlakatla, Hosmer reveals how each tribe responded to market and political forces over fifty years. Hosmer's innovative ethnohistory recounts how these Indians used the marketplace to maintain their distinctiveness to a far greater extent than those who became wage earners in the white man's world. Hosmer shows that by selectively incorporating elements of American capitalism into their cultural lives, the Menominees and Metlakatlans came to view modernization less as a threat to their tribal life than as a means for maintaining their independence. These tribes embraced the same market accused of hastening the demise of native societies and became comparatively successful in American terms even as they both honored fundamental values and forged new cultural identities. Over time, these peoples came to understand how the market worked, recognized that the broader economy operated according to market principles, and learned how to adjust to it. Hosmer reveals how their strategies of "purposeful modernization" brought relative economic independence and sometimes the respect and cooperation of local and federal governments, how it helped chart a middle course between unchecked individuality and a communal ethos that might stifle economic development, and how economic development and cultural values ultimately affected one another. "American Indians in the Marketplace" is a story of adaptation that acknowledges the hardship and suffering common to most Indian-white contact while emphasizing the benefits of selective modernization accompanied by a constant re-invention of tradition. It questions the victim thesis of Native American history and shows that native peoples can meet the challenges of surviving in the larger world.
Spatial changes in the relationship of the mandible and maxilla with different extraction patterns and techniques

Abstract Objective: To assess the spatial changes in the relationship of the mandible to the maxilla with different extraction patterns and techniques when treated Class II patients are compared with untreated subjects. Materials and Methods: Pretreatment and posttreatment cephalometric radiographs of 125 Class II adolescent patients and 30 untreated Class II patients were traced. The treated patients were divided by technique and extraction pattern into four groups: preangulated appliance with four first premolar (4/4) extractions, preangulated appliance with maxillary first and mandibular second premolar (4/5) extractions, standard edgewise (Tweed-Merrifield technique) with four first premolar (4/4) extractions, and standard edgewise (Tweed-Merrifield technique) with maxillary first and mandibular second premolar (4/5) extractions. The mandibular displacement vector angle was determined by using two different superimposition methods: the superimposition on the cranial base and the superimposition on the...
Evaluating the invariance of the structure of anxiety sensitivity over five weeks of basic cadet training in a large sample of Air Force cadets

Consensus is beginning to emerge in the literature on the dimensionality of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index [ASI; Behav. Res. Ther. 24 (1986) 1] in the form of a hierarchical model consisting of three group factors and one general factor. One important limitation in the literature on AS is that no studies have tested the invariance of the structure of the ASI over time or across conditions differing in terms of the degree of stressors impacting the participants. We conducted a test of invariance across conditions differing in the degree of stressors impacting participants by administering the ASI on three occasions to a sample of 881 first year undergraduate students from the United States Air Force Academy undergoing Basic Cadet Training. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses produced results that supported the invariance of the consensual hierarchical model of the structure of the ASI. These findings suggest that changes in any of the four scores that can be derived from the ASI (the total score and three ASI subscale scores) associated with changes in levels of stress can be attributed to changes in the degree, rather than changes in meaning, of the corresponding AS factor.
Isolation and characterization of human hepatic catalase

Abstract 1. 1. The isolation and purification of catalase from human livers are presented. 2. 2. The physicochemical and immunological properties were examined. 3. 3. The molecular size and subunit composition of human hepatic catalase appeared to be similar to those of bovine liver catalase. 4. 4. The heterogeneity of human hepatic catalase is indicated by immuno-electrophoretic and disc electrophoretic analyses. This may reflect the isoenzyme nature of the enzyme.
Female rats prefer to mate with dominant rather than subordinate males

An earlier experiment revealed that among pairs of male rats that compete for access to a receptive female, the dominant male enhances its own chances of reproductive success by inhibiting the subordinate’s mating behavior. In the present experiment, 12 females each mated with a pair of males until the males had established a dominant-subordinate relationship. Shortly thereafter, in a two-choice mating preference test, the females exhibited a reliable preference (p <.01) to mate with the dominant male rather than with the subordinate male. Considered together, these two experiments suggest that success in intermale aggression enhances a male’s fitness in two ways. Dominant males (1) compete successfully for females by actively inhibiting the mating behavior of subordinates and (2) are more attractive to females than are subordinates. The stimulus basis of the preference of females for dominant males remains to be established.
Chronic Achilles Tendon Rupture Reconstructed With Achilles Tendon Allograft and Xenograft Combination.

More than 20% of acute Achilles tendon injuries are misdiagnosed, leading to chronic or neglected ruptures. Some controversy exists regarding how to best manage an acute Achilles tendon rupture. However, a general consensus has been reached that chronic rupture with ≥3 cm of separation is associated with functional morbidity and, therefore, should be managed operatively. It has been demonstrated that the functional outcomes of surgically treated Achilles ruptures are superior to the nonoperative outcomes in a chronic setting. In the present report, we reviewed 4 patients with chronic Achilles tendon ruptures that were successfully treated with an Achilles tendon interposition allograft and simultaneous augmentation with a xenograft. The median duration of rupture was 11 (range 8 to 16) weeks, the median gap between the proximal and distal segments of the tendon was 4.75 (range 3.5 to 6) cm, and the patients were able to return pain-free to all preinjury activities at a median of 14.5 (range 13.8 to 15.5) weeks, without the need for tendon transfer, lengthening, or additional intervention. The median duration of follow up was 37.25 (range 15.25 to 51.5) months, at which point the mean Foot and Ankle Outcomes Instrument core scale score was 97 ± 1 (mean normative score 53 ± 1), and the Foot and Ankle Outcomes Instrument shoe comfort core scale score was 100 ± 0 (mean normative score 59 ± 0). The combined Achilles allograft plus xenograft augmentation technique appears to be a reasonable option for the surgical treatment of chronic Achilles tendon rupture.
The use of variable temperature and magic-angle sample spinning in studies of fulvic acids

Abstract Intensity distortions and poor signal to noise in the cross-polarization magic-angle sample spinning NMR of fulvic acids were investigated and attributed to molecular mobility in these ostensibly “solid” materials. We have shown that inefficiencies in cross polarization can be overcome by lowering the sample temperature to about −60°C. These difficulties can be generalized to many other synthetic and natural products. The use of variable temperature and cross-polarization intensity as a function of contact time can yield valuable qualitative information which can aid in the characterization of many materials.
Gender Differences in Experiences of Sexual Harassment: Data from a Male-Dominated Environment.

The goal of this investigation was to examine gender differences in experiences of sexual harassment during military service and the negative mental health symptoms associated with these experiences. Female (n = 2,319) and male (n = 1,627) former reservists were surveyed about sexual harassment during their military service and current mental health symptoms. As expected, women reported a higher frequency of sexual harassment. Further, women had increased odds of experiencing all subtypes of sexual harassment. Being female conferred the greatest risk for experiencing the most serious forms of harassment. For both men and women, sexual harassment was associated with more negative current mental health. However, at higher levels of harassment, associations with some negative mental health symptoms were stronger for men than women. Although preliminary, the results of this investigation suggest that although women are harassed more frequently than men, clinicians must increase their awareness of the potential for sexual harassment among men in order to provide the best possible care to all victims of harassment.
Grip pressure distributions and associated variability in golf: a two-club comparison

Teaching and playing professionals offer multiple theories concerning the manner in which forces should be applied to the handle of the club during the golf swing. This study extends recent research concerning grip pressures and forces in golf, with the purpose of exploring the similarities and differences between force profiles for a 7-iron and driver swung by proficient golfers. A secondary purpose was to further analyze the way that golfers use grip forces to manipulate the club. Grip forces were measured on eight low handicap golfers (USGA indexes 0 to 7) swinging their own 7-irons and drivers. In total, lead-hand and trail-hand grip forces were isolated as well as anatomically specific forces within the hands. Force profile variability across multiple swings for each golfer and between golfers characterized consistencies and important differences. Correlations between 7-iron and driver force profiles characterized force 'signatures.' The data highlight large fluctuations in grip forces during the swing. Marked differences between participants were observed, involving force magnitudes and phasing. Dominant forces arose primarily from the lead hand, specifically the last three fingers. Force profiles were highly repeatable across swings for a golfer (standard deviations < 7% of total force) and force profile correlations between 7-iron and driver for a golfer were remarkably high (r2 = 0.86). Notably, within swing force variability was greatest during club acceleration, but dramatically decreased at impact.
Progesterone antagonist RU 486 has bone-sparing effects in ovariectomized rats

Abstract We demonstrated previously that progesterone prevents ovariectomy-induced bone loss. RU 486 is a synthetic steroid with antiprogesterone activities in reproductive tissue. We used 12-week-old rats to evaluate effects of RU 486 in sham-operated rats and to compare medroxyprogesterone (MPA), RU 486, and medroxyprogesterone plus RU 486 combined treatment in ovariectomized rats. Ovariectomized rats were treated with MPA (60 mg/kg intramuscularly), RU 486 (10 mg/kg/day subcutaneously every 4 days), both, or vehicle. Sham-operated rats were treated with similar doses of RU 486 or vehicle. After 4 weeks of treatment the rats were sacrificed and bone histomorphometry was performed on proximal tibial metaphysis. Trabecular bone volume was lower (33.9 ± 1.5% vs. 46.3 ± 1.4%) and bone turnover was higher in ovariectomized than in sham-operated rats. The fraction of trabecular bone in OVX rats treated with MPA, RU 486, or both were 41.6 ± 2.5 %, 44.8 ± 2.8%, and 38.4 ± 1.4%, respectively. Medroxyprogesterone treatment tended to preserve bone mass by inhibiting the increased resorption indices while maintaining higher formation rates seen in ovariectomized rats. The effects of RU 486 were similar to those of medroxyprogesterone, suggesting an agonist-like effect. Medroxyprogesterone effects were attenuated when it was combined with RU 486, suggesting that RU 486 acted as a partial antagonist in the presence of exogenous progesterone. Bone parameters were less affected in sham-operated RU 486-treated rats, and there was no significant change in bone volume (43.2 ± 1.7%). Thus, RU 486 mimicked the effects of progesterone on trabecular bone in ovariectomized rats when given alone, but acted as a partial antagonist when administered together with progesterone.
Education and credentialing in respiratory care: where are we and where should we be headed?

Abstract Respiratory care is indeed at a crossroads. The profession will continue to develop by advancing the education and credentialing needed to function as physician extenders-true cardiopulmonary physician's assistants. As such, the respiratory therapist of the future will focus on patient assessment,care plan development, protocol administration, disease management and rehabilitation, and patient and family education, including tobacco education and smoking cessation. Respiratory therapists, through primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention activities, can positively affect peoples'quality of life. This advanced level professional will work in the intensive-and acute-care settings, applying sophisticated cardiopulmonary technologies, as well in clinics, physician offices, home care, long-term and rehabilitation facilities, industry, educational institutions, and research facilities. The alternative to this advanced practice is for the profession to remain a task-oriented technical field, focused on procedures and the technical aspects of oxygen and aerosol therapy, mechanical ventilatory support, and related diagnostic and monitoring techniques. Although there is a dignified and important role for the provision of the technical aspects of respiratory care, the authors believe that the future role of the respiratory specialist is that of physician extender. Higher-order performance will result in higher-order contributions to health care. This role will require increased numbers of baccalaureate and graduate degree programs in respiratory care and increased numbers of respiratory therapists who hold higher degrees,including the master's degree in respiratory care and doctoral degrees in related fields. Community colleges, 4-year colleges, and universities should be encouraged to develop effective articulation agreements and mechanisms to offer the bachelor of science degree in respiratory care to the community college student. Professional associations and accrediting agencies should promote the development of additional baccalaureate and master's degree programs in respiratory care. Education is best defined as positive behavior change. Amplified education can only improve the ability of respiratory therapists to contribute to the cardiopulmonary health of people worldwide.
AHRD! Take the opportunity and pioneer vocational MOOCs

In this perspective, we advocate that the Academy of Human Resource Development (AHRD) can play a significant role in pioneering and promoting vocational Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). To do so, we introduce Coursera, an online educational portal that provides a variety of MOOCs for free and serves adult learners, as an example. In addition, we discuss lessons AHRD can learn from Coursera’s experience. We also explore the benefits of leading vocational MOOCs for the academy. This paper has implications for the Human Resource Development scholarly and practitioner communities.
Imaging of long‐range reverberation from ocean basin topography

Abstract A technique is currently under development a the Naval Research Laboratory for imaging of backscatterec acoustic returns from ocean basin topography. The method is straightforward. An explosive sound source is detonated near the center of an ocean basin and the round‐trip travel time from source to reflectors and return is measured. Distance to back‐scattering topography is assumed to be proportional to round‐trip time, with a proportionality constant equal to half the sound speed. A multielement receiving array is used to determine the azimuthal directions to topographic features. Reverberation data are output to an imaging system to study the spatial distribution of sea bottom reverberation. The images are in the form of two‐dimensional maps of backscattered acoustic energy. Typical maps are larger than 2,000 km x 2,000 km (or area coverage greater than 4 x 106 km2). After correction of maps from individual shot detonations for range‐dependent propagation losses, we average ("integrate") maps t...
Wavelength Assignment in Optical Networks with Imprecise Network State Information

Efficient routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) in wavelength-routed all-optical networks is critical for achieving high efficiency over the backbone links. Extensive research has been conducted to find strategies to solve the RWA problem with exact network state available at the time of path selection. We consider the problem of minimizing the blocking probability in an all-optical network with partial wavelength conversion and with imprecise network state information. We model imprecision in link-state information (wavelength availability) probabilistically and use Markovian analysis to predict the availability of each link based on its previous advertisement and the estimated average traffic over the link. The estimated probabilities are then used to find the most probable path between a source destination pair. We also consider the problem of lightpath establishment with 1+1 protection. We use the same Markovian model to predict the link availability and then use the probabilistic estimate and a modified version of flow algorithm to find two link-disjoint paths between the source and destination. Simulations are conducted to compare the performance of random-fit and the proposed wavelength assignment schemes. We have also performed extensive simulations to study the performance of the proposed flow algorithm. It is observed that the proposed wavelength assignment scheme performs significantly better in terms of blocking probability than conventional wavelength assignment schemes.
Ternary hydrogen-bonded polymer solutions

Ternary-phase diagrams have been experimentally determined at 100°C for systems containing a series of poly(n-alkyl methacrylates), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), and a solvent [4-ethyl phenol (EPh)]. A totally miscible phase diagram is experimentally determined for the poly(methyl methacrylate)/PEO/EPh system, while a closed-loop diagram is observed for the analogous system containing poly(ethyl methacrylate). The corresponding phase diagrams of analogous mixtures containing poly(n-propyl methacrylate) or poly(n-butyl methacrylate) exhibit large heterogeneous areas. Theoretically predicted phase diagrams calculated using an association model developed in our laboratory are in general accord with these observations for ternary hydrogen-bonded polymer/polymer solutions.