cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capturing distinctions while mining text data: Toward low-tech formalization for text analysis

Abstract In this article we consider some low-tech approaches to text mining. Our goal is to articulate a RiCH (Reader in Control of Hermeneutics) style of text analysis that takes advantage of the digital affordances of modern reading practices and easily deployable computational tools while also preserving the primacy of the interpretive lens of the human reader. In the article we offer three analytical interventions that are suitable to the low-tech formalizations we propose: the first and most developed intervention tracks the (normally computationally ignored) “stop” words; the second identifies the use of strategic anxiety terms in the texts; and the third (less developed in this article) introduces the grammatical features of modality (including modalization statements of probability and usuality, and modulation statements regarding degrees of obligation and inclination). All three analytical interventions provide a productive tracking of various modes and degrees of strategic decisiveness, contradiction, uncertainty and indeterminacy in a corpus of recent U.S. National Security Strategy reports.
Thermally induced myocardial preservation and necrosis in deprived fetal mouse hearts

Cultured fetal mouse hearts deprived of oxygen and glucose were used to examine the effect of temperature on the mechanical, biochemical, and ultrastructural responses of the deprived myocardium to assess the utility of this in vitro model for studying myocardial necrosis, preservation, and repair. After 4 h of deprivation at 4, 24, 37, or 42 degrees C, 1) beating had ceased;2) ATP levels were decreased by 22% for 4 degrees C insults, 69% for 24 degrees C, 89% for 37 degrees C, and 97% for 42 degrees C; 3) CPK and LDH levels were unchanged; and 4) ultrastructural changes were observed. After 24 h of recovery from deprivation, 1) beating resumed, except for 42 degrees C;2) ATP levels were 102% of control for 4 degrees C; 99% for 24 degrees C; 62% for 37 degrees C; and 4% for 42 degrees C; 3) LDH content was decreased by 0% at 4 degrees C; 6% at 24 degrees C; 35% at 7 degrees C; and 70% at 42 degrees C; and 4) CPK content decreased similarly. Hypothermia protected deprived myocytes while hyperthermia accelerated cell necrosis. Combining deprivation with thermal insult in this in vitro model provides a spectrum of myocardial damage for studying the effect of interventions on repair processes and on metabolic changes in jeopardized myocardium.
The Reliability of Psychiatric Diagnosis

In science, one needs to be able to understand and repeat another’s work. In psychopathology this is difficult, since our descriptions of patients are often ambiguous and idiosyncratic (Elkin, 1947). Measurement research in psychopathology corresponds to the development of laboratory tests in clinical medicine; it is often tedious but indispensable. This chapter first surveys some methodological and statistical problems that arise in diagnostic reliability research. Recent developments in the statistics of diagnostic reliability are reviewed. The outcomes of studies of diagnostic reliability are then surveyed. Ongoing studies related to diagnosis are touched on. The reader is cautioned against overoptimism about the attainable certainty of psychiatric diagnosis.
Intersectionality and Crime: An Exploratory Look at How Gender and Race Influence Responses to Injustice Associated with Strain

ABSTRACTGender and race condition perceptions of and responses to injustice associated with strain. Yet, it is unclear how various types of injustice (distributive, procedural, and interactional) a...
Sources of Sodium in US Adults From 3 Geographic Regions

Background:Most US adults consume excess sodium. Knowledge about the dietary sources of sodium intake is critical to the development of effective reduction strategies. Methods:A total of 450 adults...
Oxidation Pathways Involving a Sulfide-Endcapped Donor–Acceptor–Donor π-Conjugated Molecule and Antimony(V) Chloride

The oxidation pathways and products of a discrete, sulfide-endcapped donor–acceptor–donor (D/A/D) molecule, namely, propylenedioxythiophene–benzothiadiazole–propylenedioxythiophene, are investigated. The electrochemical and chemical oxidations proceed by two distinct routes. Specifically, electrochemical oxidation undergoes a sequential two-step, one-electron (1e–) oxidation route with a 117 mV difference between consecutive half-wave potentials. In contrast, chemical oxidation by antimony(V) chloride (SbCl5) causes the generation of four different oxidized species: (a) the 1e– oxidation state, (b) a decomposition product, (c) the 2e– oxidation state, and (d) a chloride adduct of the 2e– oxidation state. The decomposition product is generated by the reaction of the 1e– oxidation state with residual water, resulting in nucleophilic aromatic substitution at the sulfide group terminal positions. This reaction leads to the formation of a 2e– oxidized, oxygen atom (ketone) terminated decomposed molecule. The c...
UMR-EC: A Unified and Multi-Rail Erasure Coding Library for High-Performance Distributed Storage Systems

Distributed storage systems typically need data to be stored redundantly to guarantee data durability and reliability. While the conventional approach towards this objective is to store multiple replicas, today's unprecedented data growth rates encourage modern distributed storage systems to employ Erasure Coding (EC) techniques, which can achieve better storage efficiency. Various hardware-based EC schemes have been proposed in the community to leverage the advanced compute capabilities on modern data center and cloud environments. Currently, there is no unified and easy way for distributed storage systems to fully exploit multiple devices such as CPUs, GPUs, and network devices (i.e., multi-rail support) to perform EC operations in parallel; thus, leading to the under-utilization of the available compute power. In this paper, we first introduce an analytical model to analyze the design scope of efficient EC schemes in distributed storage systems. Guided by the performance model, we propose UMR-EC, a Unified and Multi-Rail Erasure Coding library that can fully exploit heterogeneous EC coders. Our proposed interface is complemented by asynchronous semantics with optimized metadata-free scheme and EC rate-aware task scheduling that can enable a highly-efficient I/O pipeline. To show the benefits and effectiveness of UMR-EC, we re-design HDFS 3.x write/read pipelines based on the guidelines observed in the proposed performance model. Our performance evaluations show that our proposed designs can outperform the write performance of replication schemes and the default HDFS EC coder by 3.7x - 6.1x and 2.4x - 3.3x, respectively, and can improve the performance of read with failure recoveries up to 5.1x compared with the default HDFS EC coder. Compared with the fastest available CPU coder (i.e., ISA-L), our proposed designs have an improvement of up to 66.0% and 19.4% for write and read with failure recoveries, respectively.
Diabetes-Related Fracture Risk Is Different in African Americans Compared With Hispanics and Caucasians.

CONTEXT Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been associated with a 60% to 90% increased risk of fracture but few studies have been performed in African American and Hispanic subjects. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to quantify the risk of incident major osteoporotic fractures (MOFs) of the hip, wrist, and humerus in African Americans, Hispanics, and Caucasians with DM compared with those with hypertension (HTN). METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of 19,153 subjects with DM (7618 Caucasians, 7456 African Americans, and 4079 Hispanics) and 26,217 with HTN (15,138 Caucasians, 8301 African Americans, and 2778 Hispanics) aged ≥40 years, treated at a large health care system in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. All information about the subjects was obtained from electronic health records. RESULTS The unadjusted MOF rates for each race/ethnicity were similar among those with DM and those with HTN (Caucasians, 1.85% vs 1.84%; African Americans, 1.07% vs 1.29%; and Hispanics, 1.69% vs 1.33%; P = NS for all). However, the MOF rates were higher for Caucasians and Hispanics with DM than for African Americans with DM (P < 0.01). In a multivariable model controlled for age, body mass index, sex, and previous MOF, DM was a statistically significant predictor of MOFs only for Caucasians and Hispanics [hazard ratio (HR), 1.23; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.48; P = 0.026] but not for African Americans (HR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.68 to 1.23; P = 0.56). CONCLUSIONS Hispanics had a DM-related fracture risk similar to that of Caucasians, but AAs did not have an additional fracture risk conferred by DM.
Transcriptome responses to reduced dopamine in the Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta reveals a potential protective role for dopamine

Abstract Parkinson’s Disease (PD), is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting both cognitive and motor functions. It is characterized by decreased brain dopamine (DA) and a selective and progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), whereas dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) show reduced vulnerability. The majority of animal models of PD are genetic lesion or neurotoxin exposure models that lead to death of dopaminergic neurons. Here we use a DAT:TH KO mouse model that by inactivation of the tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) gene in dopamine transporter-expressing neurons, causes selective depletion of striatal dopamine without affecting DA neuron survival. We analyzed transcriptome responses to decreased DA in both pre- and post-synaptic dopaminergic brain regions of DAT:TH KO animals. We detected only few differentially expressed genes in the post-synaptic regions as a function of DA deficiency. This suggests that the broad striatal transcriptional changes in neurodegeneration-based PD models are not direct effects of DA depletion, but are rather a result of DA neuronal death. However, we find a number of dopaminergic genes differentially expressed in SNc, and to a lesser extent in VTA, as a function of DA deficiency, providing evidence for a DA-dependent feedback loop. Of particular interest, expression of Nr4a2, a crucial transcription factor maintaining DA neuron identity, is significantly decreased in SNc, but not VTA, of DAT:TH KO mice, implying a potential protective role for DA in the SNc.
Evaluating a historical medical book collection

Background: After several years of storing a large number of historical medical books that had been weeded from the general collection, the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Library and Informatics Center developed a set of evaluation criteria to determine whether the material should be kept and included in the library catalog or discarded. The purpose of this article is to share lessons learned in evaluating and processing a historical medical book collection. The authors share how we determined review criteria as well as cataloging and processing procedures. Case Presentation: Best practices for evaluating, cataloging, and processing historical library material were determined through a literature search and then reviewed and adapted for application to this project. Eight hundred sixty-two titles were selected to add to the catalog and were added to a shelving location in our offsite storage facility. Conclusions: These materials are now discoverable in the library’s catalog for library users who are interested in historical research, and the materials have been processed for easy retrieval as well as preservation purposes.
Popular over‐the‐counter cosmeceutical ingredients and their clinical efficacy

The cosmeceutical market is a vast and rapidly growing global industry with hundreds of new products introduced each year. Patients often turn to cosmeceuticals to address their skin problems since these products are more accessible and affordable than prescription products. Unlike most drugs, cosmeceuticals do not undergo strict safety or efficacy testing by the FDA since they are classified as cosmetics. While the marketed properties of some ingredients are thoroughly researched and supported by clinical studies, not all ingredients have been tested to this standard, with some having only molecular or in vitro evidence and hardly any clinical authentication to support their use. Given these characteristics of the industry, dermatologists need to be familiar with cosmeceuticals in order to provide appropriate recommendations to their patients. The goal of this review was to explain the mechanism of action and evaluate the efficacy of popular cosmeceutical ingredients.
Treatment-Related Patient Outcomes for Head and Neck Cancer

Cancers of the head and neck represent a wide variety of subsites that often result in significant deformity and functional debilitation. The treatment of these tumors often can worsen cosmesis and quality of life by further weakening structures and mechanisms key to normal speech and eating. Treatment of tumors of the upper aerodigestive tract often requires a multidisciplinary approach with surgeons and medical and radiation oncologists involved in treatment. Patients with head and neck cancer are often presented with a variety of treatment modalities based upon the site of the primary lesion and stage of disease. Oncologic control remains the top priority. However, functional outcomes are increasingly being prioritized. The HPV epidemic has added another variable to this calculus. Patients with HPV-related disease tend to be younger patients with excellent oncologic outcomes, as such functional outcomes are particularly important in these patients.
Neurobiology and neuromodulation of emotion in PTSD

Abstract PTSD is a chronic, highly debilitating condition that can develop following exposure to traumatic events. Unfortunately, less than 20%–30% of patients with PTSD achieve full remission following pharmacological treatment. As such, there is a need for novel, nonpharmacological alternatives that can facilitate recovery from PTSD. Brain stimulation approaches have been widely used as treatments for mood disorders, and a growing literature is investigating the capacity of these approaches to treat PTSD symptoms. Results from these studies demonstrate feasibility and preliminary efficacy; however, optimizing brain stimulation efficacy remains a crucial goal that requires a better understanding of the neurobiology associated with this disorder. The present chapter describes neurocircuitry models of PTSD as they relate to systems that are specifically accessible through brain stimulation. We then review existing brain stimulation studies that have addressed PTSD and associated outcomes before concluding with proposals for optimizing rTMS efficacy in PTSD treatment.
Translation, Colonization, and the Fall of Utopia: The Qing Decline as Explained through Chinese Fiction

This study focuses on Meiji-period Japanese engagement with the late imperial Chinese novel Sequel to ‘The Water Margin’ ( Shuihu houzhuan ): an early Qing continuation of the classic Water Margin that focuses on the Liangshan outlaws’ colonization of a mythical “Siam” in the wake of the fall of the Northern Song dynasty. Like its parent work, Shuihu houzhuan found an enthusiastic readership beyond the borders of China. The novel was translated into Japanese several times during the Meiji period: most famously, by the poet and scholar Mori Kainan, whose translation was published by the Tokyo-based Kōin shinshisha publishing house between 1893 and 1895. In addition to the fact that Japan itself appears as a setting in the novel, I argue that Meiji-period interest in Shuihu houzhuan was related to its radically new mode of representing the central characters, who were transformed from rebellious bandits in the original Water Margin into civilized colonizers responsible for protecting and transplanting a reified Chinese essence on an international stage. This interest in expansion and colonization took on new significance against the backdrop of the First Sino-Japanese War, which bisected the publication of the translation and was explicitly addressed in both Mori’s commentary to the novel and the publishers’ marketing of the translation itself. In the context of the shifting relationship between Meiji-period Japan and Qing-period China, “Siam” is ultimately divested of its symbolic significance as a refuge from dynastic crisis and reconstituted as an unintentional trope for the complex linguistic, cultural, and political negotiation underlying Mori’s translation.
Trends in Preterm Delivery among Singleton Gestations with Critical Congenital Heart Disease.

Objective To examine state-wide population trends in preterm delivery of children with critical congenital heart disease (CHD) over an 18-year period. We hypothesized that, coincident with early advancements in prenatal diagnosis, preterm delivery initially increased compared with the general population, and more recently has decreased. Study design Data from the Texas Public Use Data File 1999-2016 was used to evaluate annual percent preterm delivery ( Results Of 7146 births with critical CHD, 1339 (18.7%) were delivered preterm. The rate of preterm birth increased from 1999 to 2004 (a mean increase of 1.69% per year) then decreased between 2005 and 2016 (a mean decrease of −0.41% per year). This represented a faster increase and then a similar decrease to that noted in the general population. Although the greatest proportion of preterm births occurred in newborns of Hispanic ethnicity and non-Hispanic black race, newborns with higher neighborhood poverty level had the most rapidly increasing rate of preterm delivery in the first era, and only a plateau rather than decrease in the latter era. Conclusions Rates of preterm birth for newborns with critical CHD in Texas first were increasing rapidly, then have been decreasing since 2005.
Progress and Power

Power relationships in a number of countries are used to illustrate how economic and political power can be separated and how they have recombined once separated. Stability in political institutions facilitates economic progress, which leads to the creative destruction that produces economic progress. Democracy is a poor mechanism for controlling political power, because most people have no power and one should not expect that the powerless can control the powerful, even if the powerful are substantially outnumbered. Power checks power, which points toward the concept of checks and balances to maintain a separation of economic and political power.
Trends in Financial Relationships Between Industry and Radiation Oncologists Versus Other Physicians in the United States from 2014 to 2018.

Purpose The Open Payments transparency program publishes data on industry-physician payments, in part to discourage relationships considered inappropriate including gifts, meals, and speaker’s bureau fees. We evaluated trends in physician-level payments to test whether implementation of Open Payments resulted in fewer industry–radiation oncologist (RO) interactions or shifted interactions toward those considered more appropriate compared with medical oncologists (MOs) and other hospital-based physicians (HBPs). Methods and Materials We performed a retrospective, population-based cohort study of practicing US ROs versus MOs and HBPs in 2014 matched to general (nonresearch) payments between 2014 and 2018. Trends in payments were analyzed and reported by nature of payment. Values of payments to ROs from the top 10 companies were identified. Results From 2014 to 2018, 3379 (90.3%) ROs accepted 106,930 payments totaling $40.8 million. The per-physician number and value of payments was lower in radiation oncology than in medical oncology and higher than HBPs. The proportion of ROs accepting payments increased from 61.8% in 2014 to 64.2% in 2018; the proportion of MOs accepting payments decreased from 78.7% to 77.7%; and the proportion of HBPs decreased from 40.8% to 37.5%, respectively. The annual per-physician value and number of payments accepted by ROs and MOs increased. Payments in entertainment, meals, travel and lodging, and gifts increased among ROs and remained stable or decreased among MOs and HBPs. Consulting payments increased across all groups. Top RO payors produced novel cancer therapeutics, hydrogel spacers, radiation treatment machines, and opioids. Conclusions Industry payments to ROs have become more common since OP’s inception, while becoming less common for MOs and HBPs. Payments to ROs and MOs have become more frequent and of modestly increasing value compared with other HBPs, for whom the value is decreasing. No large changes in the nature of relationships were seen in ROs. Increased engagement with financial conflicts of interest is needed in radiation oncology.
Characterization of residue from catalytic hydrothermal depolymerization of lignin

Abstract In this study, investigation of the conversion of lignin into its phenolic monomers using catalytic hydrothermal depolymerization was conducted. To reveal the reaction mechanism, both lignin and its residue were analyzed employing thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and CuO oxidation. Thermal analysis showed that higher percentages of residual carbon belongs to the residue (46%) than the lignin (26%) indicating higher condensation in the residue. NMR demonstrated the presence of β-O-4 and β-5 linkages in the residue, and a higher aliphatic/aromatic ratio in the residue (3.03) than the lignin (0.96). Gel permeation chromatography showed higher molecular weight distribution and polydispersity for the residue. Oxidative degradation followed by GC-MS analysis resulted in fewer monomeric products from the residue. Fewer ether bonds in the residue were confirmed. Overall, the occurrence of the condensation reaction during the catalytic hydrothermal depolymerization process was verified by thermal and chromatography studies. Higher aliphatic nature of the residue also indicated possible condensation side reactions. Therefore, this study advances a mechanistic understanding of catalytic hydrothermal depolymerization reaction by comparing the breakdown of the glycosidic ether, C–C linkages, and condensation of the lignin and its residue.
Inverse Lansing effect: maternal age and provisioning affecting daughters’ longevity and male offspring production

Abstract Maternal age effects on life history of offspring has been demonstrated in a variety of organisms, more often than not offspring of older mothers having lower life expectancy (Lansing effect). However, there is no consensus on how general this phenomenon is and what are the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms behind it. We tested the predictions of Lansing effect in several Daphnia magna clones in and observed a significant genotype-by-maternal age interaction, indicating clone-specific magnitude and direction of the effect of maternal age on daughters’ longevity. We then repeated this experiment with more detailed life-history and offspring provisioning data focusing on 2 clones with contrasting life-histories. One of these clones demonstrating the inverse Lansing effect, with daughters of older mothers living longer than those of young mothers. Individuals from a single-generation maternal age reversal treatment showed intermediate lifespan. We also report genotype-specific, ambidirectional, and largely fecundity-independent effects of maternal age on daughters’ propensity to produce male offspring, with daughters of older mothers showing higher male production than daughters of younger mothers in the least male-producing clone and vise versa. We tested whether both effects can be explained by either lipid provisioning of embryos by mothers of different age, or by properties of mitochondria transmitted by mothers of different age to their offspring, using rhodamine-123 assay of mitochondrial membrane potential as a measure of mitochondria quality. We show that once lipid provisioning is accounted for, the effects of maternal age on lifespan and male production disappear and that the effect of lipid provisioning itself is clone-dependent, confirming that maternal provisioning sets daughters life history parameters. In the clone showing the inverse Lansing effect we demonstrated that, contrary to the predictions, neonates produced by older mothers were characterized by higher mitochondrial membrane potential in neural tissues than their counterparts born to younger mothers. We conclude that, in at least some genotypes, a reverse Lansing effect is possible, and hypothesize that it may be a result of lower lipid provisioning creating calorically restricted environment during embryonic development.
The Browning of America—Multicultural andBicultural Families in Conflict: MakingCulture a Customary Factor for Considerationin Child Custody Disputes

II. Making Custody Determinations Under the Best Interests of the Child Standard 418 A. Best Interests Criteria and the Absence of Culture as an Express Factor 418 B. Consideration of Culture Under Other Criteria 420 C. Other Effects of Culture on Placements and Parenting Time 423
Effects of ribose supplementation on selected metabolic measurements and performance in maximally exercising Thoroughbreds

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of ribose supplementation on blood ammonia-N, plasma lactic acid, plasma glucose, volume of oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate, and performance in Thoroughbred geldings performing a maximal treadmill standardized exercise test (SET). The hypothesis tested was that ribose supplementation would decrease ammonia-N and lactic acid accumulation during exercise, and improve performance. Eight Thoroughbred geldings were assigned randomly to one of two groups: glucose or ribose. The glucose group received 0.15 g glucose/kg of BW, and the ribose group received 0.15 g of ribose/kg BW top-dressed on the feed twice daily. After 2 wk of glucose or ribose supplementation, a SET was performed. Blood was analyzed for blood ammonia-N, plasma lactic acid, and plasma glucose before exercise (0 min), every minute during SET, and at 15 and 30 min after exercise. Heart rate and VO2 were recorded for the duration of SET. After a 10-d washout period, geldings switched groups. Following another 2 wk of supplementation, a second SET was performed, and same data recorded. Blood ammonia-N and plasma lactic acid increased as duration of SET increased and reached a peak at 15 min after exercise. Peak plasma glucose was observed at 15 min after exercise, and peak heart rate and VO2 were recorded at highest speed during SET. Geldings supplemented with ribose had blood ammonia-N, plasma lactic acid, plasma glucose, VO2, heart rate, and performance similar to those of geldings supplemented with glucose. Results from this study show that supplementation with 0.15 g ribose/kg BW twice daily in the diet of conditioned Thoroughbred geldings for 2 wk does not influence blood ammonia-N, plasma lactic acid, plasma glucose, VO2, heart rate, or performance during SET or the first 30 min of recovery.
Abstract 56: Acute Stroke Reperfusion Treatment Rates at NIH StrokeNET Hospitals

Background: In 2013, the NIH Stroke Trials Network (StrokeNET) was established to maximize efficiencies in stroke clinical trials. Successful recruitment in future trials was required for participating sites. A high volume of cases treated is a surrogate for the potential to recruit. Among Medicare-eligible acute ischemic stroke (AIS) cases, we estimated the IV rt-PA and endovascular embolectomy treatment rates at StrokeNET Regional Coordinating Centers and their partner hospitals compared with non-StrokeNET hospitals in the United States (US). Methods: We used demographics and IV rt-PA and embolectomy rates in the 2013 Medicare Provider and Analysis Review (MEDPAR) dataset. ICD-9 codes 433.xx, 434.xx and 436 identified AIS cases. ICD-9 code 99.10 defined rt-PA treatment and ICD-9 code 39.74 defined embolectomy. Demographics and treatment rates at StrokeNET and non-StrokeNET sites were compared using t-test for proportions and Chi-square test for categorical variables as appropriate. Results: Of 386,157 AIS primary diagnosis discharges, 5.1% received IV rt-PA and 0.8% had embolectomy (Table). By June 6, 2014, StrokeNET comprised 247 acute care hospitals that discharged 48,946 (13%) out of 386,157 AIS cases. rt-PA (7.4% vs 4.8%) and embolectomy (1.9% vs 0.6%) treatment rates were higher at StrokeNET hospitals. In 2013, 36% of StrokeNET hospitals treated more than 20 AIS cases with rt-PA or embolectomy compared with 6% of non-StrokeNET hospitals (P<0.0001).Conclusions StrokeNET hospitals treat more AIS cases with acute reperfusion therapies. Thus, StrokeNET could successfully recruit in acute reperfusion clinical trials depending on study size, capture of eligible patients and the number of competing trials. We likely underestimated treatment rates due to not accounting for drip-and-ship and non-Medicare cases. To further enhance enrollments in large acute reperfusion phase 3 trials, partnership with high volume non-StrokeNET hospitals may be warranted. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Hindi translation and validation of Cambridge-Hopkins Diagnostic Questionnaire for RLS (CHRLSq)

Background: Restless legs syndrome also known as Willis-Ekbom's Disease (RLS/WED) is a common illness. Cambridge-Hopkins diagnostic questionnaire for RLS (CHRLSq) is a good diagnostic tool and can be used in the epidemiological studies. However, its Hindi version is not available. Thus, this study was conducted to translate and validate it in the Hindi speaking population. Materials and Methods: After obtaining the permission from the author of the CHRLSq, it was translated into Hindi language by two independent translators. After a series of forward and back translations, the finalized Hindi version was administered to two groups by one of the authors, who were blinded to the clinical diagnosis. First group consisted of RLS/WED patients, where diagnosis was made upon face to face interview and the other group - the control group included subjects with somatic symptoms disorders or exertional myalgia or chronic insomnia. Each group had 30 subjects. Diagnosis made on CHRLSq was compared with the clinical diagnosis. Statistical Analysis: Analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) v 21.0. Descriptive statistics was calculated. Proportions were compared using chi-square test; whereas, categorical variables were compared using independent sample t-test. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of the translated version of questionnaire were calculated. Results: Average age was comparable between the cases and control group (RLS/WED = 39.1 ± 10.1 years vs 36.2 ± 11.4 years in controls; P = 0.29). Women outnumbered men in the RLS/WED group (87% in RLS/WED group vs 57% among controls; χ2 = 6.64; P = 0.01). Both the sensitivity and specificity of the translated version was 83.3%. It had the positive predictive value of 86.6%. Conclusion: Hindi version of CHRLSq has positive predictive value of 87% and it can be used to diagnose RLS in Hindi speaking population.
The Impact of Performance-Based Advertising on the Prices of Advertised Goods

An important current trend in advertising is the replacement of traditional pay-per-exposure (aka pay-per-impression) pricing models with performance based mechanisms in which advertisers pay only for measurable actions by consumers. Such pay-per-action mechanisms are becoming the predominant method of selling advertising on the Internet. Well-known examples include pay-per-click, pay-per-call and pay-per-sale. This work highlights an important, and hitherto unrecognized, side-effect of pay-per-action advertising. I find that, if the prices of advertised goods are endogenously determined by advertisers to maximize profits net of advertising expenses, pay-per-action mechanisms induce firms to distort the prices of their goods (usually upwards) relative to the prices that would maximize profits in settings where advertising is sold under pay-per-exposure methods. Upward price distortions reduce consumer surplus and one or both of advertiser profits and publisher revenues, leading to a net reduction in social welfare. They persist in current quality-weighted pay-per-action schemes, such as the ones used by Google and Yahoo. In the latter settings they always reduce publisher revenues relative to pay-per-exposure methods. I propose enhancements to today’s quality-weighted pay-per-action schemes that resolve these problems and show that the steady state limit of my enhanced mechanisms has identical allocation and revenue properties to those of an optimal pay-per-exposure mechanism.
Primates (Lemurs, Apes, and Monkeys)

Primates are an order of mammals characterized by a generalized arboreal anatomy and relatively large brains. Primates are found throughout the tropics and temperate latitudes of the world and are among the most endangered of all mammalian orders. Keywords: prosimians; anthropoids; new world monkeys; old world monkeys; apes
Quantitative musings on the feasibility of smartphone clouds

"Green" and its "low power" cousin are the new hot spots in computing. In cloud data centers, at scale, ideas of deploying low-power ARM architectures or even large numbers of extremely "wimpy" nodes [1, 2] seem increasingly appealing. Skeptics on the other hand maintain that we cannot get more than what we pay for and no free lunches can be had. In this paper we explore these theses and provide insights into the power-performance trade-off at scale for "wimpy", back-to basics, power-efficient RISC architectures. We use ARM as modern proxy for these and quantify the cost/performance ratio precisely-enough to allow for a broader conclusion. We then offer an intuition as to why this may still hold in 2030.
The Evolution of Social Norms: A Perspective from the Legal Academy

Aware that law and social norms are complexly intertwined, legal scholars have begun to peek inside the black box of cultural change. Methodological individualists see a social norm as emerging not from a collective decision by an informal group, but rather from the purposive interactions of the group's individual members. This essay presents a semi-rigorous model in which a new norm arises out of the workings of a market for norms. Change is triggered by a shift in either cost-benefit conditions or group composition. Because individuals are heterogeneous in important respects, they respond differently to these triggering events. The first persons to supply new norms generally are individuals who have either superior technical knowledge of cost-benefit conditions, superior social knowledge of group dynamics, or special endowments that provide them with unusually high tangible benefits from norm reform. Members of the social audience observe the competing efforts of these norm suppliers and reward the most meritorious ones by conferring either esteem or, according to a rival theory, new exchange opportunities. Under ideal conditions, members of the audience--the demand side of the market for norms--have no incentive to free-ride in rewarding a worthy norm innovator because they incur no net costs when conferring their rewards.
Child abuse; principles and implications of current pediatric practice.

This article summarizes data and experience with child abuse pertinent to child health practice. Because of the complex origin of child abuse, and because of institutional and social changes that will have to accompany excellent practice if child abuse is to be treated and prevented, issues of program and policy development are also addressed.
A design method for half-band filters

Earlier methods of design have used iterative approaches such as the well-known Parks-McClellan algorithm or some variant of linear programming. Here we give a direct method of design, using Chebyshev polynomials, which provides a reduction in design time over previous methods by about a factor of ten. The ideal equal-ripple response in both passband and stopband is not achieved exactly, but the error is extremely small and would normally be undetectable in practical realizations.
A high-speed, real-time visualization and state estimation platform for monitoring and control of electric distribution systems: Implementation and field results

Continued deployment of renewable and distributed energy resources is fundamentally changing the way that electric distribution systems are controlled and operated; more sophisticated active system control and greater situational awareness are needed. Real-time measurements and distribution system state estimation (DSSE) techniques enable more sophisticated system control and, when combined with visualization applications, greater situational awareness. This paper presents a novel demonstration of a high-speed, real-time DSSE platform and related control and visualization functionalities, implemented using existing open-source software and distribution system monitoring hardware. Live scrolling strip charts of meter data and intuitive annotated map visualizations of the entire state (obtained via DSSE) of a real-world distribution circuit are shown. The DSSE implementation is validated to demonstrate provision of accurate voltage data. This platform allows for enhanced control and situational awareness using only a minimum quantity of distribution system measurement units and modest data and software infrastructure.
A simple technique for localization of deeply inserted, nonpalpable Norplant implant

Norplant removal may be complicated if deep insertion causes difficulty in localization with palpation. Various methods have been used to locate these deeply seated implants. Soft tissue X-ray films (standard anteroposterior and lateral views) with a paper clip placed as a marker by the clinician provide a simple method of locating deep implants.
Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Regulates White Matter Changes via the BDNF/TrkB Pathway after Stroke in Mice

Stroke induced white matter (WM) damage is associated with neurological functional deficits, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, we investigate whether endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) affects WM-damage post-stroke. Adult male wild-type (WT) and eNOS knockout (eNOS(-/-)) mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion. Functional evaluation, infarct volume measurement, immunostaining and primary cortical cell culture were performed. To obtain insight into the mechanisms underlying the effects of eNOS(-/-) on WM-damage, measurement of eNOS, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor TrkB in vivo and in vitro were also performed. No significant differences were detected in the infarction volume, myelin density in the ipsilateral striatal WM-bundles and myelin-based protein expression in the cerebral ischemic border between WT and eNOS(-/-) mice. However, eNOS(-/-) mice showed significantly: 1) decreased functional outcome, concurrent with decreases of total axon density and phosphorylated high-molecular weight neurofilament density in the ipsilateral striatal WM-bundles. Correlation analysis showed that axon density is significantly positive correlated with neurological functional outcome; 2) decreased numbers of oligodendrocytes / oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in the ipsilateral striatum; 3) decreased synaptophysin, BDNF and TrkB expression in the ischemic border compared with WT mice after stroke (n = 12/group, p<0.05). Primary cortical cell culture confirmed that the decrease of neuronal neurite outgrowth in the neurons derived from eNOS(-/-) mice is mediated by the reduction of BDNF/TrkB (n = 6/group, p<0.05). Our data show that eNOS plays a critical role in WM-damage after stroke, and eNOS(-/-)-induced decreases in the BDNF/TrkB pathway may contribute to increased WM-damage, and thereby decrease functional outcome.
Thoracic aortic endografting is the treatment of choice for elderly patients with thoracic aortic disease.

Objective: To assess the effect of age on outcomes following thoracic aortic endografting. Background Data: Endograft therapy for thoracic aortic disease is rapidly evolving. This therapy is less invasive, and elderly patients with significant medical comorbidities are more frequently referred for endografting. We hypothesized that elderly patients over the age of 75 have worse outcomes after thoracic endografting than patients under the age of 75. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of the first 42 patients who underwent endografting for thoracic aortic pathology. Charts were reviewed for demographics, comorbid conditions, perioperative complications and death, endoleaks, and results at 3, 6, and 12 months. Preexisting medical conditions were also evaluated to determine if any patient characteristics were associated with adverse outcomes. Perioperative morbidity included cardiac, pulmonary, renal, hemorrhagic, and neurologic (stroke and spinal cord injury) complications. Results: Twenty-four patients were under the age of 75, and 18 patients were 75 or older. Baseline demographics and comorbidities were similar between the 2 groups. There were no differences in operative time, length of stay, perioperative mortality, or the incidence of significant complications between the 2 age groups. Gender, however, was associated with a statistically significant difference between the occurrence of complications, with more women experiencing complications than men (P = 0.026, relative risk = 2.36). One patient (age >75 years) in the entire cohort of 42 (2.4%) suffered a spinal cord injury. At 3 months, endoleaks were more common in the older age group (P = 0.059). Conclusion: Endograft therapy for thoracic aortic disease can be performed safely in elderly patients with no significant increase in perioperative morbidity or mortality compared with younger patients. Female gender is associated with a higher likelihood of perioperative complications, regardless of age. The overall incidence of spinal cord injury is very low. Endograft therapy, when anatomically possible, is the treatment of choice for thoracic aortic disease in elderly patients.
New Nonlinear Observer Design With Application to Electrostatic Micro-Actuators

In many practical applications it is not possible to measure all the states required to control the system. In such instances observer/filter is used to give a good estimate of the states of the system. The objective of the observer is to estimate the states such that the error between the actual and computed measurements goes to zero and obtain the “best” estimates of the states of a given system. In the current study a new nonlinear observer structure is proposed. The development of the observer is based on optimal control theory. A cost function is defined in terms of the measurement residual and the magnitude of correction term. The observer gains are obtained by minimizing the cost function with respect to the magnitude of corrections. The proposed observer is used to estimate the states of a one-dimensional electrostatic micro-actuator. The states of the actuator dynamics are, charge on the capacitor plates, the distance between the plates and the relative velocity between the plates. The regulation of the actuator states to desired trajectories is achieved through optimal control based state feedback. However in practice it is very difficult to measure the relative position and velocity of the plates. In this paper optimal feedback control based on the state estimates provided by the observer is used to regulate the actuator states to the desired location.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Differences in preparative loadability between the charged and uncharged forms of ionizable compounds

Ionizable compounds experience a drastic difference in preparative loadability as a function of pH. It can be shown that the preparative loadability of a compound in the ionic form is by a factor of 20 or more inferior to the loadability of the same compound in the unionized form. In this paper, we demonstrate the reason for this behavior, and show practical applications of the principle.
Changes in symptoms of depression during the course of therapy

Questions concerning the qualitative and quantitative nature of symptom change were investigated within the context of a large outcome study which compared three versions of a self-control therapy program for depression. Weekly short-form Beck Depression Inventory items were examined for patterns and rates of change for 13 symptoms of depression throughout the treatment program. Results indicated no differences due to the specific content of the therapy program. Most symptoms diminish in curvilinear fashion with the greatest change occurring in the first three to four weeks of therapy. Several symptoms, and particularly sadness and suicidal ideation, showed major decreases prior to the first therapy session. The sequential order of item changes are described.
Isolation of the lateral border recycling compartment using a diaminobenzidine-induced density shift.

The migration of leukocytes across the endothelium and into tissue is critical to mounting an inflammatory response. The lateral border recycling compartment (LBRC), a complex vesicular-tubule invagination of the plasma membrane found at endothelial cell borders, plays an important role in this process. Although a few proteins have been shown to be present in the LBRC, no unique marker is known. Here, we detail methods that can be used to characterize a subcellular compartment that lacks an identifying marker. Initial characterization of the LBRC was performed using standard subcellular fractionation with sucrose gradients and took advantage of the observation that the compartment migrated at a lower density than other membrane compartments. To isolate larger quantities of the compartment, we modified a classic technique known as a diaminobenzidine (DAB)-induced density shift. The DAB-induced density shift allowed for specific isolation of membranes labeled with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antibody. Because the LBRC could be differentially labeled at 4°C and 37°C, we were able to identify proteins that are enriched in the compartment, despite lacking a unique marker. These methods serve as a model to others studying poorly characterized compartments and organelles and are applicable to a wide variety of biological systems.
Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck and relaxation time methods: A comparison

The Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck and relaxation time methods are compared numerically for collisions between two {sup 16}O nuclei. Phase-space trajectories and double differential cross sections for nucleon emission are compared. Results are practically identical although the relaxation time method exhibits a slightly higher degree of stopping power.