cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stone--Weierstrass theorems revisited

We prove strengthened and unified forms of vector-valued versions of the Stone-Weierstrass theorem. This is possible by using an appropriate factorization of a topological space, instead of the traditional localizability, Our main Theorem 7 generalizes and unifies number of known results. Applications from the last section include new versions in the scalar case, as well as simultaneous approximation and interpolation under additional constraints.
Microstructural Control of Ti-Al-Nb-W-B Alloys

In this work, new TiAl alloys containing W, B, and Nb have been developed. Fine uniform microstructures, with colony size smaller than 50 μm, can be conveniently obtained after hot-isostatic pressing (HIP) and homogenization treatment without any grain-refining processes using hot deformation. The effects of tungsten and boron on the microstructure of the TiAl alloys, including the colony size and lamellar spacing, were analyzed. This work shows that a small additional amount of W can refine the grain size of the Ti-Al-Nb-W-B alloys. The lamellar spacing also decreases with increasing W concentration. When the amount of W is greater than 0.4 at. pct, the β phase is stabilized and remains at room temperature, which can degrade the ductility of the alloy. Mechanical properties, such as the hardness of the alloy, can be increased by the addition of the alloying element through the solution strengthening and refinement of the grain size.
Inflammatory bowel disease and interstitial cystitis: is there an association?

Purpose: To prospectively determine the prevalence of Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Interstitial cystitis (IC). IC is a chronic, debilitating disease, predominantly diagnosed in women, which remains a diagnosis of exclusion with no distinctive tissue pathology. Self reported questionnaire data from IC patients revealed a prevalence of IBD that was100 times higher than that in the general population; the prevalence in the latter is 0.05 to 0.1%.
Kilogram-Scale Synthesis of the CXCR4 Antagonist GSK812397

An improved, scalable synthesis of the CXCR4 antagonist GSK812397 is described. This new route was recently scaled up in 50 L fixed equipment to afford 1.2 kg of drug substance in five steps with an overall yield of 20% and >99% chemical and enantiomeric purity.
An optimal morphometric method for quantitating wound epithelization.

Abstract A new, inexpensive method for quantitative evaluation of reepithelization of shallow split thickness wounds in piglets is described. Wounds, 2.2 × 2.2 cm and 0.4 mm depth are inflicted by an electro-keratome knife in domestic piglets. At a specific time after wounding, the wound area is excised and processed for histology. A computer simulation, based on a randomized systematic sectioning of an entire wound, was used to conclude that only eight sections from the 2.2 × 2.2 cm wound are needed for the final evaluation. The results showed that the above method allows for determination of the epithelization magnitude within ± 5% at a 95% confidence limit. It was found that in 15 kg piglets 50% epithelization of the above wounds was achieved in 65 hr; however, there exists a great interindividual variability. The rate of epithelization is age dependent and significantly faster in 7 kg body weight piglets than in those weighing 40 kg. The epithelization rate was the same at both the wound edge and the center of the wound, stressing the importance of hair follicles as a source of epithelization.
Short-term memory and brain-bisected man

Hemisphere disconnection in man yields two systems, each of which can perform most human activities independently and separately and without help from the other. The present study examines whether both hemispheres working in parallel can process more information than can one working alone. The results affirm this view and suggest that the informational cross-talk ongoing via the callosum in the normal brain limits the short-term memory capacity of each hemisphere and, therefore, of the brain as a whole.
Compartmental models with spatial diffusion: estimation for bone-seeking tracers

Abstract A compartmentlike model is developed for tracers in which bone-volume diffusion plays an important role in body distribution (e.g. bone-volume-seeking metals). The model requires solution of an infinite eigensystem. Approximations are presented for cylindrical diffusion in canalicular territory. An application to lead metabolism in beagle dogs suggests that finite truncation of the system of equations provides an adequate approximation for routine use in computer programs for compartmental-parameter estimation. The model is consistent with both power-law and exponential mixture retention functions.
Chemical Composition of Maturing and Spawning Atlantic Salmon from Different Locations

Abstract We examined the relation between the environmental or nutritional background and the chemical composition of body tissues and reproductive success in wild (sea-run, river-captured, ocean-captured, landlocked) and hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). More essential fatty acids of the linolenic acid family (n-3 acids, also called ω-3 acids) occurred in eggs of wild Atlantic salmon that had the highest percentages of eyed eggs and were highest in ocean-caught Atlantic salmon. A marked decrease in zinc concentration occurred in eggs and semen of hatchery-reared fish fed one experimental diet; these fish yielded a lower percentage of eyed eggs than other first-time spawners. The correlation between zinc levels and spermatocrit in semen of males from five locations was highly significant (P ≤ 0.01). Ovaries of ocean-captured fish contained 2.5–5 times as much zinc, 5–7 times as much iron, and 4–62 times as much copper as did eggs from sexually mature Atlantic salmon from other sources. An app...
Measurement of Technical Performance in Congenital Heart Surgery: A Pilot Study

Background Although adequacy of repair after congenital heart surgery is a crucial determinant of clinical outcome, there is no current method of assessment. We sought to develop a process to measure the adequacy of repair for a diverse group of congenital heart procedures. Methods Selected surgical procedures, consisting of repair of ventricular septal defect (VSD), tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), complete common atrioventricular canal (CAVC), and arterial switch operation, were divided into component subprocedures, each of which was assessed separately. Three outcome categories of "optimal," "adequate," and "inadequate" were defined by consensus according to postprocedure echocardiographic assessment. Outcome categories for conduction disturbance were also created. All patients undergoing one of the four procedures in 2004 were identified, and each subprocedure was assessed. Other clinical data were obtained from medical records. Repairs were scored as "optimal" if all attempted subprocedures and conduction were optimal, and "inadequate" if any was inadequate. Results A total of 138 procedures were included. VSD repair was done in 46 patients (33%), TOF repair in 33 (24%), arterial switch operation in 36 (26%), and CAVC repair in 23 (17%). Optimal technical score was found in 28 (20%), adequate in 106 (77%), and inadequate in 4 (3%) (2 VSD, 1 TOF, 1 CAVC). Median length of stay was 8 days, and no patients died. Conclusions Despite procedural diversity and complexity, technical adequacy of repair can be assessed for congenital heart surgery.
Regulation of prostaglandin formation by glucocorticoids and their second messenger, lipocortins.

Abstract Glucorcorticoids induce the synthesis of a family of phospholipase inhibitory proteins, lipocortins. This family of lipocortins includes inhibitory proteins on phospholipase A2, phospholipase C and phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C. Hence, glucocorticoids reduce the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes by inhibiting cellular phospholipases, enzymes that degrade membrane phospholipids to release arachidonic acid, a precursor. The induction by glucocorticoids requires 1 h for the synthesis of mRNA and 5 h for the synthesis of proteins in various tissues and cells. However, glucocorticoids often exert their suppressive effects before the induction of lipocortins. This is now attributed to the nonenzymic formation of the adducts between glucocorticoids and lipocortins. These adducts are easily inserted into the membranes and more resistant to digestion of proteases, thus being more biologically potent with respect to suppression of the release of arachidonic acid, a precursor of prostaglandins and leukotrienes.
CONTROL OF CELL PROGRESSION THROUGH THE MITOTIC CYCLE BY CARBOHYDRATE PROVISION I. Regulation of Cell Division in Excised Plant Tissue

A stationary phase in the root meristem of excised pea roots was established by prolonged carbohydrate deprivation in sterile culture medium. When the stationary phase had been established, cells that had collected in the G1 period of the mitotic cycle were induced to enter the S stage by subjection to relatively short intervals of carbohydrate provision (sucrose spurts). Progression and cycle location of the G1 cells induced to enter S were measured with tritiated thymidine and radioautography. The results indicated that the number of G1 cells induced to enter S increased directly with the spurt duration and that cells could be positioned and retained in the S and/or G2 periods by varying the duration of the spurt. The data support the hypothesis that S and maybe M stages have a relatively larger dependence on carbohydrate availability, and presumably a greater energy requirement, than G1 and G2.
Studies on melt spinning. VI. The effect of deformation history on elongational viscosity, spinnability, and thread instability

The effect of deformation history on the elongational behavior and spinnability of polypropylene melt was investigated by carrying out isothermal melt-spinning experiments. For the study, spinnerettes of different die geometries were used to investigate the effect, if any, of the entrance angle, the capillary length-to-diameter (L/D) ratio, and the reservoir-to-capillary diameter (DR/D) ratio on the elongational behavior of molten threadlines. An experimental study was also carried out to investigate the phenomenon of draw resonance in the extrusion of polypropylene melts through spinnerettes of different die geometries. Draw resonance is the phenomenon which gives rise to pulsations in the threadline diameter when the stretch ratio is increased above a certain critical value. The results of our study show that the critical stretch ratio at which the onset of draw resonance starts to occur decreases as the L/D ratio is decreased, as the entrance angle is increased, as the DR/D ratio is increased, as the melt temperature is decreased, and as the shear rate in the die is increased. Of particular interest is the observation that, at 180°C, the severity of fiber nonuniformity increases as the stretch ratio is increased, whereas at 200°C and 220°C, the severity of fiber nonuniformity first increases and then decreases as the stretch ratio is increased considerably above the critical value. A rheological interpretation of the observed onset of draw resonance is presented with the aid of the independently determined rheological data.
Effective and rapid technique to ensure uniform talc pleurodesis

The use of talc for inducing chemical sclerosis in the pleural cavity dates back to 1935. Insufflation (also known as talc poudrage) and instillation have been the techniques used for administering talc. We describe a surgical technique to insufflate talc in the pleural cavity using an ingenious method at no additional cost that ensures effective, widespread talc dispersion and good results.
Differential modulation of benzodiazepine receptor binding by ethanol in LS and SS mice.

Abstract The LS and SS lines of mice were initially selected based on sedative responses to ethanol, but have been found to differ in response to a variety of hypnotics and anesthetics. These differences do not appear to be due to pharmacokinetic factors and several lines of evidence suggest involvement of the GABAergic system. To examine an important component of this system, the benzodiazepine receptor, we analyzed benzodiazepine receptor binding in vivo in LS and SS mice, and modulation of receptor binding by three interventions known to increase binding in other strains: pentobarbital, defeat stress, and ethanol. Receptor binding was determined by specific uptake of [3H]-Ro15-1788. Receptor binding was instress, in cortex and hippocampus of LS mice compared to SS mice, with the increase in cortex most likely due to increased receptor number rather than a change in apparent affinity. Pentobarbital (30 mg/kg IP) induced similar increases in binding in both lines in several brain regions. Defeat stress caused increased binding in several brain regions of both SS and LS mice, with greater binding in cortex of LS mice. In contrast, ethanol at 3 doses (0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg) led to greater increases in binding in SS mice compared to LS mice in most brain regions. None of the interventions altered nonspecific binding. Ethanol concentrations were slightly greater in plasma and brain of LS mice. These results indicate differences in benzodiazepine receptor binding in LS and SS mice, with differential modulation of binding by ethanol but not by pentobarbital or stress. These differences may contribute to differential pharmacodynamic responses in the two lines of mice.
OLISTHODISCUS LUTEUS (CHRYSOPHYCEAE). IV. EFFECTS OF LIGHT INTENSITY AND TEMPERATURE ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS, AND CELLULAR COMPOSITION1

The effect of light intensity and temperature on photosynthesis, chlorophyll a, and cellular concentrations of nitrogen and carbon in an axenic clone of Olisthodiscus luteus Carter following incubation in both indoor and outdoor growth chambers was determined. Populations were grown outdoors and photosynthesis determined in a graded series of light intensities yielding 4–524 total ly (per 6 h) and temperatures from 5 to 23 C and indoors at 0.3–40 total ly and 5–30 C. In both series, photosynthesis was saturated at low light (∼10 total ly or 0.028 ly · min −1) and showed only slight inhibition at the higher light intensities. Chlorophyll a·cell−1 had a maximum at 15 C with declining values at extremes of temperature. Carbon and nitrogen were more variable between indoor and outdoor experiments. Populations incubated indoors increased their carbon (130–225 pg·cell−1) and nitrogen (23–35 pg·cell−1) content as a function of light and temperature from 5 to 20 C. The outdoor series had increases in cellular N and C as a function of light and temperature below 14 C but maximum C·cell−1 (175 pg) and N·cell−1 (>27 pg) as well as wide variations in assimilation number occurred between 14–21 C. Assimilation numbers (<1.0–4.7) were similar to those measured in natural populations. Ratios for C and N had a similar relationship in both indoor and outdoor experiments. Growth calculated from photosynthesis results agreed with growth based on cell number for the 24 h period preceding incubations in the indoor series but was consistently overestimated in the outdoor series. The low light saturation indoors, lack of inhibition at high intensities, and variations between 14–21 C in the outdoor series suggest features important to survival of O. luteus in natural waters.
Carcinoma of the breast. Histologic and clinical features of apocrine tumors

Our experience with so-called apocrine carcinoma of the breast is reviewed. In a 16-year period 19 apocrine carcinomas of the breast were found in 18 patients. Two patients had nonsimultaneous bilateral cancer of the breast. In one case both tumors were of the apocrine type and in the other case one tumor was apocrine and the second primary a nonspecific infiltrating duct cancer. When our 18 patients were matched carefully with a control series of nonspecific duct carcinomas of the breast, median survival was 2 years longer for the group with apocrine carcinoma. The ultimate outcome in both groups, however, was identical. Investigation of the origin of these tumors by use of the iron reaction as described by Richter for identifying true apocrine glands showed that all cases were negative. The resemblance of apocrine carcinoma of the breast to true apocrine glands would seem to be a morphological one only. There is no long-term prognostic significance associated with this morphological variant of mammary cancer.
Every Age, the Age of Wood

Abstract Man's manifold uses of wood, from biblical times to modern computer applications are reviewed here. In peace and in war, in the Old and the New World, man first turned to wood for his basic needs and later learned to use advanced science to employ wood as his most sophisticated raw material, being infinitely versatile and an easily renewable source. It is confidently predicted that wood will remain a major renewable resource for man's future.
Effects of a bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus faecalis var. zymogenes (E-1) on susceptible microorganisms

The bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus faecalis var. zymogenes (E-1) is most active against Diplococcus pneumoniae and least against other strains of S. faecalis. Clostridium perfringens showed an intermediate susceptibility to the active principle. By utilizing the gas production of C. perfringens as an indicator of metabolic activity, a decrease in sensitivity to bacteriocin was demonstrated with aging of the culture. Non-viable pinpoint clostridial colonies frequently developed by exposure of C. perfringens to a 2 or 3 hr old E-1 broth culture. The action of E-1 as studied on C. perfringens appears to be bactericidal and only partially bacteriolytic. The extent of E-1 bactericidal activity on susceptible D. pneumoniae, C. perfringens, and S. faecalis was shown to be dependent upon bacteriocin concentration.
Changing face of pain: evolution of pain research in psychosomatic medicine.

OBJECTIVE This article provides an overview of how psychosomatic research on pain has evolved over the past 60 years as exemplified by studies published in Psychosomatic Medicine. METHODS Each issue of Psychosomatic Medicine from 1939 to 1999 was reviewed to identify papers that dealt with pain, painful medical conditions, or pain management. A total of 150 papers were identified and grouped into seven categories: 1) case studies; 2) studies of personality traits and other individual differences; 3) psychophysiological studies of pain; 4) studies using pain induction techniques; 5) studies examining the relation of relation of race, ethnicity, and culture to pain; 6) studies of pain unique to women; and 7) studies examining treatments for pain. RESULTS A substantial number of studies on pain and painful conditions were published in the Journal in the 1940s and 1950s, and that number has almost doubled in the most recent full decade of the Journal. Within the pain area, however, the topics of interest to psychosomatic researchers have been, and continue to be, quite diverse. Although publications on certain methods or topics (eg, psychodynamic case studies, physiological correlates of pain) have decreased over time, publications on other topics (eg, personality traits and individual differences) have remained relatively constant, and publications on still other topics (eg, studies using pain induction techniques; studies of race, ethnicity, and culture; women's pain; and treatment studies) have flourished recently. CONCLUSIONS Considered overall, the results of our review suggest that the face of pain research published in PM has changed considerably in the past 60 years. Given the ongoing commitment of psychosomatic researchers to this area, we expect this evolution to continue in the years to come.
Energy efficient network data transport through adaptive compression using the DEEP platforms

Direct measurement of event and component resolved energy dissipation in computing systems is critical for energy optimization of computing and networking applications. Prior research focuses on development of energy consumption models and custom-built energy measurement systems, but suffers from critical drawbacks. This paper addresses these limitations and presents solutions using DEEP (Decision-support for Energy Efficient Processing). DEEP is a rapidly-deployed open-source energy measurement platform architecture. The platform provides an unprecedented ability to non-intrusively measure the energy consumption associated with execution of software application code. DEEP is implemented as both an online and offline version. Evaluation demonstrates processing and energy overheads less than 1% for offline and about 5% for the online implementation. The DEEP implementation investigates the impact of data compression on network data transport. An intelligent data compression and transport algorithm is developed using the decision-support capabilities of DEEP. The algorithm creates significant energy savings (38%) in network data transport using dynamic selection of compression schemes to adapt to varying system and wireless network conditions.
Failure Rates of Leads, Pulse Generators, and Programmers Have Not Diminished Over the Last 20 Years: Formal Monitoring of Performance is Still Needed

Formal Monitoring of Performance is Still Needed. In order to detect trends in the number of device or component failures that have occurred among permanent pacemaker systems since the 1970s, we reviewed the data of the five largest pacemaker manufacturers from the Bilitch Registry of permanent pacemaker pulse generators, the Stimarec failure registry, the general accounting office summaries of the United States Veterans Administration (VA) Registry of Pacemaker Leads, and the Implantable Lead Registry, from the Cleveland Clinic Lead registry, and the recalls and safety alerts issued by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) over the last 20 years. The definition of failure followed the criterion, or criteria, developed within each registry and differed significantly between the registries. The 20-year period between 1976 and 1995 was divided into 5-year quartiles (QT): QT 1 = 1976–1980; QT2 = 1981–1985; QT 3 = 1986–1990; and QT4 = 1991–1995. For pulse generators, the number of models with failures in each quartile in the Bilitch Registry were: QT 1 = 9; QT 2 = 11; QT 3 = 17; QT 4 = 13. In Stimarec, the number of units reported as having reached a dangerous condition were: QTl = 710; QT2 = 212; QT3 = 114; QT4 = 310. From the FDA reports, the number of units included in recalls or safety alerts were: QT 3 = 6,085; QT4 = 135, 766. For permanent pacemaker leads, the numbers of failed or dangerous leads recorded in Stimarec were: QT 3 = 16; QT 4 = 32. In the VA Registry, the number of models having a below average survival was 2/92 (2.7%). In the Implantable Lead Registry, the number of models having a below average survival was 3/21 (14%). In the Cleveland Clinic series, 6/13 (46%) of lead models were recognized to have some failure involving the conductor, insulation, or connector. In the FDA reports, the number of leads involved in either recall or safety alert were: QT3 = 20,354; QT 4 = 332,105. For programmers, the number of units involved either in a recall or safety alert were: QT 3 = 11,124; QT 4 = 3,528. In all of these series, each of the five largest manufacturers had some models or units involved in each time period. This review of programs has revealed: 1. The incidence of failures, recalls, or safety alerts did not decline over time; and 2. Despite changes in technology, formal monitoring of pacemaker systems is still warranted.
A nanostructured, scandium-containing polymer for heterogeneous Lewis acid catalysis in water

A nanostructured, polymer-supported Sc(III) catalyst for heterogeneous Lewis acid catalysis in water was prepared by quantitative Sc(III) exchange of a cross-linked inverted hexagonal assembly containing sodium sulfonate groups. The material was found to catalyze Mukaiyama aldol and Mannich reactions with a syn/anti product ratio of ca. 2/1, whereas Sc(III) catalysts in solution and on amorphous polymer supports do not show any significant syn/anti diastereoselectivity under similar conditions.
Analysis of a Class of Superconvergence Patch Recovery Techniques for Linear and Bilinear Finite Elements

Mathematical proofs are presented for the derivative superconvergence obtained by a class of patch recovery techniques for both linear and bilinear nite elements in the approximation of second order elliptic problems.
The Cognitive-Active Gender Role Identification Continuum

The concepts of traditional and nontraditional gender roles in Western culture, the impact of family of origin on gender role development, and different developmental theories of gender role identification are reviewed. In order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of gender role identification, the Cognitive-Active Gender Role Identification Continuum model is introduced. This model aids in the understanding of differences between cognitions and actions and levels of flexibility and rigidity that may be displayed in individuals in regard to gender roles. This model may be beneficial in understanding conflicts pertaining to gender role differences in a therapeutic setting with couples and families.
Ceteris paribus: An evolution within agricultural econometrics

This article considers the role that ceteris paribus has played in the historical development of empirical demand analysis in agriculture. Ceteris paribus was viewed as unobtainable by the early economic statisticians. Econometricians invoked the experimental paradigm to assure ceteris paribus. Whether researchers achieve ceteris paribus in observational data remained, for the first econometricians, an unanswered question. However, the next generation of econometricians appear to have taken ceteris paribus for granted. The possibility of an evolutionary economic system suggests that ceteris paribus may not be obtainable outside the laboratory. Copyright 1996 by Oxford University Press.
Anatomy of the shaken baby syndrome

Shaken baby syndrome refers to the constellation of nonaccidental injuries occurring in infants and young children as a consequence of violent shaking. The typical victim of shaken baby syndrome is a male infant younger than six months of age who is alone with the perpetrator at the time of injury. Occurrence of the syndrome is unrelated to race, gender, socioeconomic status, or education. The characteristic injuries observed in shaken baby syndrome include subdural hemorrhages, retinal hemorrhages, and fractures of the ribs or long bones. Although each of these injuries may result from violent shaking of the victim, the most severe brain injuries result from the addition of a forceful impact of the infant's or child's head against a firm surface. The unique anatomic features of the infant's head and skeletal system, which account for the type and pattern of injuries observed in shaken baby syndrome, are emphasized in this article.
Effect of Changes in Tropocollagen Residue Sequence and Hydroxyapatite Mineral Texture on the Strength of Ideal Nanoscale Tropocollagen-Hydroxyapatite Biomaterials

Changes in mineral texture (e.g. hydroxyapatite (HAP) or aragonite) and polypeptide (e.g. tropocollagen (TC)) residue sequence are characteristic features of a disease known as osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). In OI, different possibilities of changes in polypeptide residue sequence as well as changes in polypeptide helix replacement (e.g. 3 α1 chains instead of 2 α1 and 1 α2 chain in OI murine) exist. The cross section of the HAP crystals could be needle like or plate like. Such texture and residue sequence related changes can significantly affect the material strength at the nanoscale. In this work, a mechanistic understanding of such factors in determining strength of nanoscale TC–HAP biomaterials is presented using three dimensional molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Analyses point out that the peak interfacial strength for failure is the highest for supercells with plate shaped HAP crystals. TC molecules with higher number of side chain functional groups impart higher strength to the TC–HAP biomaterials at the nanoscale. Overall, HAP crystal shape variation, the direction of applied loading with respect to the relative TC–HAP orientation, and the number of side chain functional groups in TC molecules are the factor that affect TC–HAP biomaterial strength in a significant manner.
Comparison of isoplanatic angles derived from thermosonde and optical measurements

—A comparison of isoplanatic angles θ 0 derived from (1) balloon-borne in situ measurements of the index of refraction structure constant (C n 2) profiles and (2) ground-based optical measurements of stellar intensity fluctuations using an isoplanometer is presented. Concurrent data taken over a six-day period in the spring of 1986 show reasonably good agreement between the mean values determined by the two methods. Comparisons in light of meteorological conditions suggest an isoplanatic angle behavior consistent with the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability where the best correlation was found between the optically-measured isoplanatic angle and the layer-averaged wind shear. Differences between the two measurement methods are largest for isoplanometer azimuth angles perpendicular to the balloon trajectory and for lower values of mean shear.
Phase border and density determinations in the critical region of (carbon dioxide+ethane) determined from dielectric permittivity measurements

We have determined the (p,T, ρ,x) phase boundaries in three mixtures of {(1−x)CO2+xC2H6}, withx=(0.25166, 0.49245, and 0.73978), in the vicinity of the critical locus from measurements of the relative dielectric permittivity er. We combined accurate measurements of erwith the Clausius–Mossotti relationship to determine the density. Measurements of erwere made with two apparatuses: a reentrant cavity resonating at 375 MHz, and a coaxial cylindrical capacitor and bridge operating at a frequency of 1 kHz. The phase border was determined with uncertainties of approximately 0.5 per cent in density and 0.06 K in temperature, the latter corresponding to a fractional uncertainty of 1.2·10−3in pressure. The uncertainties in temperature and pressure resulted from the size of the temperature steps that were used; smaller values could be attained. The uncertainty in density resulted from uncertainty in the parameters relating the density to er.
Comparison of glacier-inferred temperatures with observations and climate model simulations

[1] A reconstructed temperature history for different regions of the globe was prepared by Oerlemans (2005) from length changes of 169 glaciers. In this study, we compare the glacier-inferred temperature variations over 1900–1990 with observed and climate model simulated temperatures for the global average and for five regions: Southern Hemisphere, northwest America, Atlantic, Asia, and the Alps. There is reasonable agreement between the glacier-inferred temperature trends and the observed temperature trends for the globe and in four of the five regions (except northwest America, NWAme). The trends for the globe and in these regions are significantly different from zero, cannot be explained by natural variability (again except for NWAme), and are consistent with the model-simulated response to anthropogenic forcing in all regions. Hence, it is likely that the glacier length reductions are outside the range of natural variations and due in part to regional warming associated with increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Fourth World Theory: The Evolution of . . .

Fourth World theory is a methodology for examining and developing greater understanding of the extent of the distress and abandonment commonly found in the cores of American cities resulting from de-industrialization, historic segregation and discrimination patterns, suburban sprawl, erosion of a viable tax base, racism, inability to embrace the concept of desegregation and civil rights legislation, fear, despair, crumbling infrastructure systems, disinvestment in urban school systems, and environmental justice issues. This article uses the analytical lens of Fourth World theory to examine how such structural and cultural forces contributed to the severely distressed conditions now found in the city of Gary, Indiana. Tracking its one-hundred-year history, from its founding as an industrial town through its post-industrial decline occurring during the city’s first African-American mayor’s five terms in office, the methodology clearly demonstrates how the social construction of race has systematically undermined every aspect of Gary’s overall quality of life. To illustrate that this city is not an anomaly but rather reflects a typical pattern of disparity and uneven development arising from racist practices, Gary is compared to other cities of similar size and also to the much larger Detroit. The article triangulates academic literature, news media archives, and an oral history provided by the mayor to show how Gary evolved from being a model industrial city to a cauldron of racial disparity. The paper concludes by arguing that continued absence of reflection on the nation’s historical racialization of place threatens not just impoverished communities of color, but also the sustainability of the entire nation.
Observed Dependence of Outgoing Longwave Radiation on Sea Surface Temperature and Moisture.

Abstract The authors have empirically examined the dependence of the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) on sea surface temperature (Ts), precipitable water (W), and height-mean relative humidity (RH¯). The OLR is obtained from 4 yr of data from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), while Ts, W, and RH¯ are obtained from objective analyses of rawinsonde and ship data. It is found that in the midlatitudes, the surface temperature explains over 80% of the variability in the clear-sky OLR (Fcs) and almost half of the variability in the total OLR (Ftot). It fails badly in the tropics and subtropics, however, where (Ts explains only about 20% of the variability in (Fcs, and is largely decoupled from Ftot. The two-dimensional contour plot of the OLR binned with respect to Ts and RH¯ is marked by distinct changes in the gradient that are consistent with inferences from earlier investigations. For low values of Ts (<10°C), the OLR depends mainly on Ts. For values of Ts above 10°C, the OLR depends increasing...
An evaluation of the JPL TOPSAR for extracting tree heights

The accuracy of the digital elevation model (DEM) generated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) TOPSAR for extracting canopy height is evaluated. For this purpose, an experiment using C-band TOPSAR at the Michigan Forest Test Site (MFTS) in Michigan's Upper Peninsula was conducted. Nearly 25 forest stands were chosen in MFTS, which included a variety of tree types, tree heights, and densities. For these stands, extensive ground data were also collected. The most important and difficult-to-characterize ground truth parameter was the forest ground level data, which is required for extracting the height of the scattering phase center from the interferometric SAR (INSAR) DEM. To accomplish this, differential Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements were done to accurately (/spl plusmn/5 cm) characterize the elevation of: (1) a grid of points over the forest floor of each stand and (2) numerous ground control points (GCPs) over unvegetated areas. Significant discrepancies between GPS and TOPSAR DEM and between the two TOPSAR DEMS of the same area were observed. The discrepancies are attributed to uncompensated aircraft roll and multipath. An algorithm is developed to remove the residual errors in roll angle using elevation data from: (1) 100-m resolution U.S. Geological Survey DEM and (2) the GPS-measured GCPs. With this: algorithm, the uncertainties are reduced to within 3 m. Still, comparison between the corrected TOPSAR DEMs shows an average periodic height discrepancy along the cross-track direction of about /spl plusmn/5 m.
Neuron-Specific Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Factor 3 and Acute Ischemic Stroke.

See related article, pp 604–616 Stroke is among the most frequent cause of permanent disability and death in adults, and its treatment is a clinical challenge because of the narrow window from the time when the symptoms appear until the initiation of medical care.1,2 Despite the advances in the past 20 years, the constricted time frame of 4.5 hours for thrombolysis and up to 6 hours for mechanical thrombectomy contributes to the ominous outcome of this condition.1 An estimate of 1.9 million neurons and 14 billion synapses is damaged for every minute a large vessel goes untreated in a patient with stroke.1 A recent study shows that treatment of ischemic stroke with early endovascular thrombectomy after intravenous administration of thrombolytic alteplase within 3 hours from the onset of symptoms resulted in faster and better reperfusion.3 However, only 15% to 60% of patients with stroke arrive at the hospital within 3 hours.1 Therefore, a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in brain ischemic injury will help to develop improved strategies for management and treatment. The study presented by Gong et al4 in this issue of Hypertension proposes an interesting hypothesis to explain the activation pathways associated with ischemic injury. The authors used genetically manipulated mouse models, including adenoviruses encoding dominant-negative tumor growth factor-β–activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and 5Z-7-oxozeanol, a TAK1 inhibitor, to test their hypothesis.4 Gong et al proposes that neuronal …
The utility of the SCL-90-R for the diagnosis of war-zone related posttraumatic stress disorder

A scale for assessing war-zone-related posttraumatic stress disorder (WZ-PTSD scale) was derived from the Symptom Checklist-90-R by identifying items that best discriminated Vietnam theater veterans with and without PTSD (N= 202). The 25-item WZ-PTSD scale had excellent internal consistency, and signal detection analyses revealed that its diagnostic utility was comparable to or exceeded that of several established PTSD scales and measures of global distress. In a cross-validation sample (N=99), the diagnostic utility of the WZ-PTSD scale was stable, whereas other PTSD scales performed more poorly. The WZ-PTSD scale appears to be a valuable new measure of PTSD that can be particularly useful in archival data sets or in any situation where other PTSD measures are not available.
Next-to-leading order calculation of the single transverse spin asymmetry in the Drell-Yan process

We calculate the next-to-leading order perturbative QCD corrections to the transverse momentum weighted single transverse spin asymmetry in Drell-Yan lepton pair production in hadronic collisions. We identify the splitting function relevant for the scale evolution of the twist-three quark-gluon correlation function. We comment on the consequences of our results for phenomenology.
Flexibilidad de precios y estabilidad de la producción: punto de vista de un antiguo keynesiano

En este trabajo James Tobin discute la validez de las principales tesis que diferencian la macroeconomia keynesiana de la macroeconomia neoclasica. Su discusion la dirige a la nueva teoria macroeconomica –que busca dar una fundamentacion microeconomica al “viejo” pensamiento de Keynes- y J. Tobin rechaza su tesis segun la cual la deficiencia en la demanda agregada no podria darse sin “rigidez absoluta” de los precios y de los salarios monetarios. Al contrario, demuestra que la produccion y el empleo pueden estar restringidos por la demanda agregada si los mercados no se vacian de manera instantanea y continua. Comenta algunas de las explicaciones que sustentan la “rigidez” de los precios y los salarios nominales. Precisa la distincion existente entre el desempleo keynesiano –involuntario y ciclico- y el desempleo friccional y estructural –no remediable por la sola expansion de la demanda agregada-. Finalmente, muestra el alcance y las limitaciones de los mecanismos de ajuste clasico que supuestamente restaurarian el pleno empleo: ajuste de la tasa de interes y flexibilidad de los salarios nominales y de los precios –“efecto Keynes”, “efecto Pigou-Patinkin” y “efecto Fisher de la redistribucion de la riqueza”-.
Trans Men’s Positive Emotions The Interaction of Gender Identity and Emotion Labels

The current study used grounded theory methods to analyze trans men’s positive emotions. The sample included 11 participants who were assigned a female sex at birth and currently identify with a binary male identity. Results yielded eight positive emotion themes emerging for trans men, which included the following: confidence, comfort, connection, feeling alive, amazement, pride, happiness, and interpersonal reactionary emotions. Participants reported specific gender experiences within these themes, including a sense of brotherhood, excitement related to taking testosterone, authentic pride in identifying as a man, and happiness connected to others using correct gender language (e.g., pronouns, family labels, greetings). A theoretical model from the eight themes and 39 higher order categories emerged, indicating the importance of initial internal emotions, confidence related to trans men’s identity processes, and the ways in which positive interpersonal interactions affect positive emotions. Implications ...
Regulation of Renal Urea Transporters

Urea is important for the conservation of body water due to its role in the production of concentrated urine in the renal inner medulla. Physiologic data demonstrate that urea is transported by facilitated and by active urea transporter proteins. The facilitated urea transporter (UT-A) in the terminal inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) permits very high rates of transepithelial urea transport and results in the delivery of large amounts of urea into the deepest portions of the inner medulla where it is needed to maintain a high interstitial osmolality for concentrating the urine maximally. Four isoforms of the UT-A urea transporter family have been cloned to date. The facilitated urea transporter (UT-B) in erythrocytes permits these cells to lose urea rapidly as they traverse the ascending vasa recta, thereby preventing loss of urea from the medulla and decreasing urine-concentrating ability by decreasing the efficiency of countercurrent exchange, as occurs in Jk null individuals (who lack Kidd antigen). In addition to these facilitated urea transporters, three sodium-dependent, secondary active urea transport mechanisms have been characterized functionally in IMCD subsegments: (1) active urea reabsorption in the apical membrane of initial IMCD from low-protein fed or hypercalcemic rats; (2) active urea reabsorption in the basolateral membrane of initial IMCD from furosemide-treated rats; and (3) active urea secretion in the apical membrane of terminal IMCD from untreated rats. This review focuses on the physiologic, biophysical, and molecular evidence for facilitated and active urea transporters, and integrative studies of their acute and long-term regulation in rats with reduced urine-concentrating ability.
Approximating Viability Kernels and Resilience Values: Algorithms and Practical Issues Illustrated with KAVIAR Software

In Chap.2, we presented the definition of resilience based on viability theory (Martin 2004), and we argued that this definition is more general than the equilibrium based definition, and fits better the usual meaning of resilience. Several chapters illustrate this approach on individual based models (language dynamics, bacteria, savanna). In each of these case studies, a preliminary work is to approximate the individual based model with more of a synthetic model, because the tools for computing viability kernels cannot deal with dynamical systems with a state space of high dimension.
Activated T Cells Induce Macrophages To Produce NO and Control Leishmania major in the Absence of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor p55

The ability to activate macrophages in vitro for nitric oxide production and killing of Leishmania major parasites is dependent on tumor necrosis factor, although L. major-infected mice lacking the TNF receptor p55 (TNFRp55−/− mice) or both the TNFRp55 and TNFRp75 (TNFRp55p75−/− mice) are able to produce NO in vivo and eliminate the parasites. Here we report that activated T cells cocultured with macrophages results in TNFR-independent activation sufficient to control parasites and that both CD40/CD40L and LFA-1 contribute to T-cell-mediated macrophage activation. Thus, anti-CD3-stimulated T cells activated TNFR-deficient macrophages, while T cells from CD40L−/− mice were partially defective in triggering NO production by TNFRp55p75−/− macrophages. Moreover, in the presence of gamma interferon, anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (MAb) activated TNFR-deficient macrophages. Finally, MAb blockade of LFA-1 completely inhibited macrophage NO production. Our data indicate that T cells can activate macrophages in the absence of TNF, thus providing a mechanism for how TNFR-deficient mice can control intracellular pathogens.
Enabling Constraints: When Constraining Organizational Search Improves Innovative Performance?

I systematically examine how constraining the degrees of freedom during organizational search affects performance. I label such constraints as “enabling,” reflecting the fact that constraints may channel the collective search toward a better performance. In prior research, constraints in the search process that are imposed by strategy or organizational structure are typically associated with tradeoffs. For instance, constraints may improve average performance at the expense of discovering radical new solutions. Modeling enabling constraints as emerging from imperfect strategies that guide agents in the search process, I show a more refined view in which the tradeoffs apply only to a portion of the parameter space. When organizations focus on large problems relative to the expertise of individual agents and the problems are also complex, then constraining the search improves both average performance and the likelihood of discovering radical improvements. For simple and small problems, unconstrained collect...
Choice of basis functions for accurate characterization of infinite array of microstrip reflectarray elements

The integral equation of an infinite array of microstrip elements in the form of patches or crossed dipoles excited by a uniform plane wave is solved by the method of moments. Efficient choices of entire domain basis functions that yield accurate results are investigated.
Oxidation of methane in boreal forest soils: a comparison of seven measures

Methane oxidation rates were measured in boreal forest soils using seven techniques that provide a range of information on soil CH, oxidation. These include: (a) short-term static chamber experiments with a free-air (1.7 ppm CH,) headspace, @) estimating CH, oxidation rates from soil CH, distributions and (c) 222Rn-calibrated flux measurements, (d) day-long static chamber experiments with free-air and amended (+20 to 2000 ppm CH,) headspaces, (e) jar experiments on soil core sections using free-air and (f) amended (+SO0 ppm CH,) headspaces, and (g) jar experiments on core sections involving tracer additions of I4CH,. Short-term unamended chamber measurements, "2Fh-calibrated flux measurements, and soil CH, distributions show independently that the soils are capable of oxidizing atmospheric CH, at rates ranging to < 2 mg m-2 d-'. Jar experiments with free- air headspaces and soil CH, profiles show that CH, oxidation occurs to a soil depth of 60 cm and is maximum in the 10 to 20 cm zone. Jar experiments and chamber measurements with free-air headspaces show that CH, oxidation occurs at low (<0.9 ppm) thresholds. The I1CH4-amended jar experiments show the distribution of end products of CH, oxidation; 60% is transformed to CO, and the remainder is incorporated in biomass. Chamber and jar experiments under amended atmospheres show that these soils have a high capacity for CH, oxidation and indicate potential CH, oxidation rates as high as 867 mg m-2 d-'. Methane oxidation in moist soils modulates CH, emission and can serve as a negative feedback on atmospheric CH, increases.