cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictors of growth from spiritual struggle among Christian undergraduates: Religious coping and perceptions of helpful action by God are both important

AbstractCan people grow from religious/spiritual struggles? This project assessed religious beliefs and responses to a specific struggle among Christian U.S. undergraduates through an Internet survey (N = 454; 66% female). Most religious variables correlated positively with growth (spiritual and posttraumatic growth). Structural equation modeling identified two direct, proximal predictors of growth, both of which were specific to the struggle situation: positive religious coping (i.e. attempts to engage with God), and perceptions that God was initiating helpful action (i.e. communication or direct intervention; provision of encouragement, love or comfort). In terms of background factors, religious engagement, benevolent theodicies and positive relationships with God all predicted growth indirectly, through the above pathways. These findings suggest that among Christians, growth from struggle often reflects two sides of a perceived relationship with God: Perceived growth is related not only to actions peop...
Rock and Landform Jigsaw Puzzles

The geology of Afghanistan is a jigsaw puzzle of jumbled continental fragments moved across the ancient Tethys Seaway over several hundred million years to dock into faults against the south Asian coasts of geologic time. Four main tectonic regions exist: the transpressional plate boundary along the border with Pakistan; the accreted terranes in the central and western regions of the country; the middle Afghanistan shear zone; and the north Afghanistan platform. All tectonic regions are overlain by various sedimentary basins. The fundamental bedrock geology and overlying sediment cover constitute the materials that control most of the surficial landforms of Afghanistan, the mapping of which was first done by prior invading armies with military terrain analysis. Present-day geomorphological mapping by the author, however, takes most into account the tectonics of the country to achieve a more process-oriented explanation of why Afghanistan has the landforms it does.
Charged-particle detection efficiencies of close-packed CsI arrays

Abstract Detector efficiency determination is essential to correct the measured yields and extract reliable cross sections of particles emitted in nuclear reactions. We investigate the efficiencies for measuring the full energies of light charged particle in arrays of CsI crystals employed in particle detection arrays such as HiRA, LASSA and MUST2. We perform these simulations with a GEANT4 Monte Carlo transport code implemented in the NPTool framework. Both Coulomb multiple scattering and nuclear reactions within the crystal can significantly reduce the efficiency of detecting the full energy of high energy particles. The calculated efficiencies decrease exponentially as a function of the range of the particle and are quite similar for both the hydrogen ( p , d , t ) and helium ( 3 He, α ) isotopes. The use of a close-packed array introduces significant position dependent efficiency losses at the interior boundaries between crystals that need to be considered in the design of an array and in the efficiency corrections of measured energy spectra.
Quantifying the Interaction and Contribution of Multiple Datasets in Fusion: Application to the Detection of Schizophrenia

The extraction of information from multiple sets of data is a problem inherent to many disciplines. This is possible by either analyzing the data sets jointly as in data fusion or separately and then combining as in data integration. However, selecting the optimal method to combine and analyze multiset data is an ever-present challenge. The primary reason for this is the difficulty in determining the optimal contribution of each data set to an analysis as well as the amount of potentially exploitable complementary information among data sets. In this paper, we propose a novel classification rate-based technique to unambiguously quantify the contribution of each data set to a fusion result as well as facilitate direct comparisons of fusion methods on real data and apply a new method, independent vector analysis (IVA), to multiset fusion. This classification rate-based technique is used on functional magnetic resonance imaging data collected from 121 patients with schizophrenia and 150 healthy controls during the performance of three tasks. Through this application, we find that though optimal performance is achieved by exploiting all tasks, each task does not contribute equally to the result and this framework enables effective quantification of the value added by each task. Our results also demonstrate that data fusion methods are more powerful than data integration methods, with the former achieving a classification rate of 73.5 % and the latter achieving one of 70.9 %, a difference which we show is significant when all three tasks are analyzed together. Finally, we show that IVA, due to its flexibility, has equivalent or superior performance compared with the popular data fusion method, joint independent component analysis.
Abstract #869: Potentiation of the response to ionizing radiation in breast tumor cells by the vitamin D3 analog, EB 1089

While chemotherapy and radiation treatment may be initially effective at suppressing breast cancer growth, disease recurrence and tumor metastasis remain as primary causes of disease morbidity and mortality. Recurrent and metastatic breast tumors also tend to be significantly less responsive to therapy than the primary disease. Our goal has been to developed approaches to enhance the response to radiation (and chemotherapy) and prevent tumor cell regrowth. Pretreatment with 1-25 dihydroxy vitamin D 3 or an analog, EB1089, enhances the response to both doxorubicin and fractionated radiation (FIR) in p53 wild type breast cancer cell lines. A 72-hour exposure of MCF-7 cells to 100nM of EB1089 prior to 5x2Gy FIR results in an 80% reduction in viable cell number over 96 hours post-irradiation as well as suppression of clonogenic survival. Apoptosis, mitotic catastrophe and senescence are all evident, but autophagy appears to play the central role in the radiosensitization by EB1089 and in prevention of the proliferative recovery that is observed with irradiation alone (where the cells tend to undergo accelerated senescence prior to recovery). Since promotion of autophagy can be cytoprotective as well as cytotoxic, cells exposed to FIR alone, EB 1089 alone, EB1089 + FIR or tamoxifen were incubated with chloroquine, an inhibitor of the autophagic pathway. Chloroquine had no effect on sensitivity to FIR or EB 1089 alone, which induce minimal autophagy; chloroquine enhanced sensitivity to tamoxifen, consistent with a cytoprotective effect of autophagy on the response to tamoxifen. Chloroquine did not interfere with the radiation sensitization induced by EB 1089; however, the cells appeared to shift to an apoptotic mode of cell death. These observations suggest that 1-25 dihydroxy vitamin D 3 and its analogs may commit the breast tumor cells to one or more modes of cell death upon subsequent stress such as irradiation or exposure to drugs that induce DNA damage. Studies are in progress utilizing other pharmacologic inhibitors of autophagy (3-methyl adenine and bafilomycin) as well as genetic knockdown of the expression of autophagy related genes such as ATG5 and Beclin-1 to confirm that interference with autophagy drives the cells towards alternative modes of cell death. Additional studies in progress are designed to evaluate the effects of EB1089 treatment on radiation sensitivity in breast tumor cells that are resistant to both chemotherapeutic drugs and irradiation, focusing on breast tumor cells that overexpress Her-2/neu (MCF7/HER2), as well as p53 mutant BT474 and SKBR3 cells with endogenous overexpression of Her-2. We are further evaluating whether the sensitization to doxorubicin observed in previous studies with EB 1089 and 1-25 dihydroxy vitamin D 3 also occurs through the promotion of autophagy. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 869.
A Review Essay on Alvin Roth's Who Gets What—And Why

Alvin Roth's Who Gets What—And Why provides a richly accessible introduction to his pioneering work on market design. Much of economics ignores the institutions that allocate goods, blithely assuming that the mythical Walrasian auctioneer will handle everything perfectly. But markets do fail and Roth details those failures, like the market for law clerks that unravels because clerks and judges commit to each other too quickly. Roth combines theory and pragmatic experience to show how the economist can engineer successful markets. He has even enabled welfare-improving trades in kidney exchanges, where law and social repugnance forbids cash payments.
COLORED ORGANIC PIGMENTS

Significant progress in the chemistry surrounding the manufacture of organic pigments has been made within the past 75 years, which has resulted in the availability of a wide variation of physical forms and new pigment types offering improved properties from novel color chemistry. The colored pigments covered within the pages of this chapter are organic in nature and contain a characteristic grouping or arrangement of atoms known as a “chromophore” which imparts color to the molecule. Additionally, each molecule is likely to feature a number of modifying groups called “auxochromes” or auxiliary chromophores. These groupings alter the primary hue of the pigment in a more subtle way, such as shifting a red to a yellower shade or a blue to a redder shade, while still maintaining the primary hue of red or blue rather than pushing the hue over to an orange or a violet. An example of an auxiliary chromophore being used to cause a distinct shade shift in the molecule can be seen as bromine is introduced into the phthalocyanine green molecule. As each atom of chlorine is replaced by bromine, the shade of the pigment moves gradually from that of a blue shade green to that of a very yellow shade green.
Intrathecal Drug Delivery: Medication Selection

The appropriate selection of medications is key to the accomplishment of symptom control when using an intrathecal drug delivery system (IDDS). Medications must be preservative-free, safe for intrathecal use, and efficacious. For control of chronic pain, a number of intrathecal agents are commonly used, including opioids, the local anesthetic bupivacaine, the peptide ziconotide, and clonidine. Morphine and ziconotide are the only medications approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the intrathecal treatment of chronic pain. Baclofen is the only FDA-approved medication for treatment of spasticity using intrathecal drug delivery (IDD).
Childhood Emotional Abuse and Young Adulthood Dating Violence: The Moderating Role of Stress Reactivity

Dating violence has been linked to past experiences of childhood emotional abuse; however, little research has explored how stress reactivity functions within interpersonal relationships to amplify...
Dialogue as Irony

The writers of the Seinfeld (1991-1998) television scripts use character dialogue to create a unique universe that both mirrors and parodies reality. The four major characters are archetypes of humanity when masks of false propriety are removed and veils of artificial civility are stripped away. The dialogue (rooted in sarcasm, irony, and satire) provides us the opportunity to reflect on interior motives, beliefs, fears, and aspirations that lie beneath one’s public exterior.
An Examination of Parental and Peer Influence on Substance Use and Criminal Offending During the Transition From Adolescence to Adulthood

Although peer behavior and parent-child-conflict have been associated with adolescent and young adults' behavior, prior studies have not adequately controlled for selection effects and other confounders, or examined whether associations change across the transition to adulthood or by race. Using annual data from young men followed from 17-26, within-individual change models examined whether substance use or offending increased in the year after boys began affiliating with friends who engaged in substance use/offending and/or experienced increased parent-son-conflict. Moderation analyses tested whether associations varied by age or race. Alcohol use, marijuana use, and offending (Black participants only) increased in the year after boys began affiliating with more peers who engaged in similar behaviors. Associations were strongest during adolescence for substance use. Parent-son conflict was not associated with the outcomes. Findings underscore the importance of developmental and racialized differences in understanding the role of social influences on young men's substance use and offending.
Ultrathin amorphous carbon films synthesized by filtered cathodic vacuum arc used as protective overcoats of heat-assisted magnetic recording heads.

Despite numerous investigations of amorphous carbon (a-C) films, a comprehensive study of the feasibility and optimization of sub-5-nm-thick a-C films deposited onto the write pole of heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) heads is lacking. The main objective of this study was to identify the role of pulse substrate bias voltage and C+ ion incidence angle on the structure and thickness of 1–4-nm-thick a-C films deposited by a rather new thin-film deposition method, known as filtered cathodic vacuum arc (FCVA). The cross-sectional structure of a-C films synthesized under various FCVA conditions was examined by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). It was found that film growth under process conditions of low-to-intermediate substrate bias voltage (in the range of −25 to −100 V), low ion incidence angle (10°), very short deposition time (6 s), and fixed other deposition parameters (65% duty cycle of substrate pulse biasing and 1.48 × 1019 ions/m2·s ion flux) yields a-C films of thickness ≤4 nm characterized by a significant content (~50–60 at%) of tetrahedral (sp3) carbon atom hybridization. A threshold where sp3 hybridization is greatly reduced due to limited film growth was determined from the HRTEM/STEM and EELS measurements. The results of this study demonstrate the viability of FCVA to produce extremely thin and uniform protective a-C films with relatively high sp3 contents for HAMR heads.
Characterization of Nucleocapsid-M Protein Interaction in Murine Coronavirus

Coronavirus is a large enveloped virus containing a 27-32 kb-long single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome (Lee et al 1991). Coronaviruses generally have three envelope proteins S, M, and E. N protein and the viral genomic RNA form a helical nucleocapsid (Macnaughton et al 1978).
CT in Radiation Therapy Treatment Planning

Precise knowledge and control of the amount of radiation delivered to specifically defined regions in the patient are essential for state-of-the-art radiotherapy (Stewart et al. 1978). Computerized tomography (CT) is an important component in precision dose delivery. The introduction of CT in the mid 1970’s and the concurrent availability of supermini-computers has resulted in a synergistic effect which is revolutionizing radiation therapy treatment planning. The combination of these two technologies offers the potential of greater precision in radiation therapy through improved three dimensional assessment of disease, localization of normal critical structures, inhomogeneity corrected dose calculations and precise field alignment. These improvements can result in more confident irradiation of the tumor with maximal sparing of adjacent normal structures. This chapter provides an overview of the capabilities of three dimensional treatment planning systems today and reports on current research and development in this area likely to be of clinical benefit in the near future. A number of recent references provide the interested reader with additional information (Wright and Boyer 1983; Goitein 1982a; Ling 1982; Cunningham et al. 1984).
The Power of Large-Scale Interactions Through Information Technologies and Changes in Cultural Identity Politics

Large-scale and dense communicative interactions among multiple actors are creating new and shared understandings in global politics that require re-conceptualizing power. The existing ‘instrumental’ conceptions of power explain the constraining or expanding influence of technologies on global actors, but underestimate the role of communication in these politics. However, information and communication technologies are both products of human agency to communicate and, in turn, intensify these communications. The current debates on cultural identity are taken as an exemplar of the new meanings that arise in global politics as a result of the intense and large-scale communicative interactions. National identity is not replaced but supplemented with other forms of cultural identity in a networked world. The concept of meta-power captures the emergence of these new meanings that information and communication technologies facilitate.
Investigation of healthcare infection risks from water-related organisms: Summary of CDC consultations, 2014-2017.

Objective:Water exposures in healthcare settings and during healthcare delivery can place patients at risk for infection with water-related organisms and can potentially lead to outbreaks. We aimed to describe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) consultations involving water-related organisms leading to healthcare-associated infections (HAIs).Design:Retrospective observational study.Methods:We reviewed internal CDC records from January 1, 2014, through December 31, 2017, using water-related terms and organisms, excluding Legionella, to identify consultations that involved potential or confirmed transmission of water-related organisms in healthcare. We determined plausible exposure pathways and routes of transmission when possible.Results:Of 620 consultations during the study period, we identified 134 consultations (21.6%), with 1,380 patients, that involved the investigation of potential water-related HAIs or infection control lapses with the potential for water-related HAIs. Nontuberculous mycobacteria were involved in the greatest number of investigations (n = 40, 29.9%). Most frequently, investigations involved medical products (n = 48, 35.8%), and most of these products were medical devices (n = 40, 83.3%). We identified a variety of plausible water-exposure pathways, including medication preparation near water splash zones and water contamination at the manufacturing sites of medications and medical devices.Conclusions:Water-related investigations represent a substantial proportion of CDC HAI consultations and likely represent only a fraction of all water-related HAI investigations and outbreaks occurring in US healthcare facilities. Water-related HAI investigations should consider all potential pathways of water exposure. Finally, healthcare facilities should develop and implement water management programs to limit the growth and spread of water-related organisms.
From Empires to NGOs in the West African Sahel: Introduction to Part II: Sahelian Migrations and State Thought

Sahelian Migrations and State Thought In a classic essay on “Immigration and State Thought” Abdelmalak Sayad argued that the way one thinks about immigration is a product of state thought – that is, “thought that reflects the structure of the state” – and that “thinking about immigration means thinking about the state [for] … it is ‘the state that is thinking about itself when it thinks about immigration.’” Sayad added that, “It is in the very nature of the state to discriminate, and, in order to do so, to [distinguish] between the ‘nationals’ it recognizes as such and in which it therefore recognizes itself … and ‘others’ with whom it deals only in ‘material’ or instrumental terms.” Sayad was a sociologist, not an historian. Empire was the precondition, not the subject, of his studies of Algerian migration to France, and his vision of the state was a normative one. Yet taking off from Sayad’s insight, the pair of chapters that follow examine the recomposition of forms of political identity in turbulent times, such as at the dissolution of empires and the establishment of African independence. They understand the state as an unfinished project, as an entity coming into being. Here we profit from what Sayad termed immigration’s “secret virtue”: it offers “an introduction, and perhaps the best introduction of all, to the sociology of the state.”
New Conditions of The Existence of Fixed Point in Δ- Ordered Δ Banach Algebra

The main idea is to construct a new algebra and find new necessary and sufficient conditions equivalent to the existence of a fixed point. In this work, an algebra is constructed, called Δ - ordered Banach algebra, we define convergent in this new space, Topological structure on Δ ordered Banach Algebra and prove this as Hausdorff space. Also, we define new conditions as Δ- lipshtiz,, Δ- contraction contraction , in this algebra construct, we prove this condition is the existence and uniqueness results of the fixed point. In this paper, we prove a common fixed point if the self-functions satisfy the new condition which is called Ф-contraction.
Robotic single-site cholecystectomy for a symptomatic duplicated gallbladder

Abstract Duplicated gallbladders are relatively rare congenital anomalies. Their unique anatomy provides anatomical challenges that should be considered at the time of imaging and at the time of surgery. We present a case report of a patient with biliary colic who was found to have a duplicated gallbladder on imaging. This is the first reported pediatric patient to have undergone a robotic single-site cholecystectomy for a duplicated gallbladder.
Clinical and genetic analysis of a neonatal patient with Kleefstra syndrome

目的 对1例宫内发育迟缓，出生后有先天性心脏病、新生儿肺炎和先天性鱼鳞病的新生儿及其核心家系进行临床与遗传学分析，明确病因。 方法 对患儿进行临床检查，采集患儿及其父母外周静脉血，分别应用常规染色体G显带核型分析、染色体微阵列芯片(CMA)技术和实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)技术进行检测，并对该家系临床及遗传学特点进行分析。 结果 患儿临床表现为先天性心脏病、肺感染和先天性鱼鳞病，染色体核型正常，CMA结果示chr9q34.3区域发生801 kb单拷贝缺失，包括完整EHMT1基因在内的15个基因，qPCR检测显示患儿的缺失为新发突变。 结论 根据临床表现，结合遗传学分析确诊该患儿为Kleefstra综合征(KS)，这是迄今我国报道的第2例KS病例，也是首例新生儿KS患者。对该类患儿应用CMA技术进行检测，为临床早期诊断、早期干预该类疾病提供准确信息。
Peripheral electrical stimulation augments cerebral collateral circulation if performed within a critical time window

Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability in the world. Recent advances in acute stroke care have dramatically improved clinicians9 abilities to reperfuse occluded blood vessels. With these advances, the importance of adjunctive therapies to supplement or complement reperfusion therapy is receiving greater interest. Cerebral collateral circulation is one of such area that is now gaining greater interest in acute stroke care. In this study, we investigate the use of peripheral electrical stimulation to induce functional hyperemia in a mouse animal model in the setting of acute stroke. Using a laser speckle contrast imaging system, we evaluated the use of peripheral electrical stimulation at 1 hour and 3 hours after stroke induction. Results demonstrated that stimulation initiated 1 hour following stroke significantly increase collateral cerebral blood flow, while stimulation at 3 hours after stroke had no appreciable effect. These results suggest that augmentation cerebral collateral circulation may be possible in the setting of acute stroke although there may be a critical time window in which this would have to be initiated.
Concept Recognition as a Machine Translation Problem

Abstract Background Automated assignment of specific ontology concepts to mentions in text is a critical task in biomedical natural language processing, and the subject of many open shared tasks. Although the current state of the art involves the use of neural network language models as a post-processing step, the very large number of ontology classes to be recognized and the limited amount of gold-standard training data has impeded the creation of end-to-end systems based entirely on machine learning. Recently, Hailu et al. recast the concept recognition problem as a type of machine translation and demonstrated that sequence-to-sequence machine learning models had the potential to outperform multi-class classification approaches. Here we systematically characterize the factors that contribute to the accuracy and efficiency of several approaches to sequence-to-sequence machine learning. Results We report on our extensive studies of alternative methods and hyperparameter selections. The results not only identify the best-performing systems and parameters across a wide variety of ontologies but also illuminate about the widely varying resource requirements and hyperparameter robustness of alternative approaches. Analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of such systems suggest promising avenues for future improvements as well as design choices that can increase computational efficiency with small costs in performance. Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers for Biomedical Text Mining (BioBERT) for span detection (as previously found) along with the Open-source Toolkit for Neural Machine Translation (OpenNMT) for concept normalization achieve state-of-the-art performance for most ontologies in CRAFT Corpus. This approach uses substantially fewer computational resources, including hardware, memory, and time than several alternative approaches. Conclusions Machine translation is a promising avenue for fully machine-learning-based concept recognition that achieves state-of-the-art results on the CRAFT Corpus, evaluated via a direct comparison to previous results from the 2019 CRAFT Shared Task. Experiments illuminating the reasons for the surprisingly good performance of sequence-to-sequence methods targeting ontology identifiers suggest that further progress may be possible by mapping to alternative target concept representations. All code and models can be found at: https://github.com/UCDenver-ccp/Concept-Recognition-as-Translation.
Black Feelings, Rhetorical Education, and Public Memory

This essay reviews five books in rhetoric studies with the aim of identifying how these varied rhetorical inquiries of Black culture, Black life, and Black living expand the field’s understanding o...
Fluoxetine and environmental enrichment similarly reverse chronic social stress-related depression- and anxiety-like behavior, but have differential effects on amygdala gene expression

The adverse effects of stress on brain and behavior have long been known and well-studied, with abundant evidence linking stress to, among other things, mood and anxiety disorders. Likewise, many have investigated potential treatments for stress-related mood and anxiety phenotypes and demonstrated good response to standard antidepressant medications like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), as well as environmental manipulations like exercise or enrichment. However, the extent to which stress and various treatments act on overlapping pathways in the brain is less well understood. Here, we used a widely studied social defeat stress paradigm to induce a robust depression- and anxiety-like phenotype and chronic corticosterone elevation that persisted for at least 4 weeks in wild type male mice. When mice were treated with either the SSRI fluoxetine or an enriched environment, both led to similar behavioral recovery from social defeat. We then focused on the amygdala and assessed the effects of social defeat, fluoxetine, and enrichment on 168 genes broadly related to synaptic plasticity or oxidative stress. We found 24 differentially expressed genes in response to social defeat stress. Interestingly, fluoxetine led to broad normalization of the stress-induced expression pattern while enrichment led to expression changes in a separate set of genes. Together, this study provides additional insight into the chronic effects of social defeat stress on behavior and gene expression in the amygdala. The findings also suggest that, for a subset of genes assessed, fluoxetine and environmental enrichment have strikingly divergent effects on expression in the amygdala, despite leading to similar behavioral outcomes.
Investigation of LaxSr1−xCoyM1−yO3−δ (M = Mn, Fe) perovskite materials as thermochemical energy storage media

Materials in the LaxSr1–xCoyMn1–yO3–δ (LSCM) and LaxSr1–xCoyFe1–yO3–δ (LSCF) families are candidates for high-temperature thermochemical energy storage due to their facility for cyclic endothermic reduction and exothermic oxidation. A set of 16 LSCM and 21 LSCF compositions were synthesized by a modified Pechini method and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. All materials were found to be various symmetries of the perovskite phase. LSCM was indexed as tetragonal, cubic, rhombohedral, or orthorhombic as a function of increased lanthanum content. For LSCF, compositions containing low lanthanum content were indexed as cubic while materials with high lanthanum content were indexed as rhombohedral. An initial screening of redox activity was completed by thermogravimetric analysis for each composition. The top three compositions with the greatest recoverable redox capacity for each family were further characterized in equilibrium thermogravimetric experiments over a range of temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. As a result, these equilibrium experiments allowed the extraction of thermodynamic parameters for LSCM and LSCF compositions operated in thermochemical energy storage conditions.
Two real-time architectures for image processing and computer vision

In this paper, two architectures for image processing and computer vision will be surveyed. These architectures were conceived by the Machine Vision Group of the IBM Almaden Research Center, and are currently being studied and implemented in VLSI technology by other organizations.
SSRI/SNRI Use is Not Associated with Increased Risk of Delayed Cerebral Ischemia After aSAH

To determine the effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)/selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) use on the risk of symptomatic vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) in patients hospitalized with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Retrospective review of consecutive patients with aSAH at Mayo Clinic, Rochester from January 2001 to December 2013. The variables collected and analyzed included age, sex, SSRI/SNRI use, active smoking, transfusion, modified Fisher score, WFNS grade, and outcome at discharge. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate factors associated with DCI, symptomatic vasospasm, and poor outcome (modified Rankin score 3–6) within 1 year. 579 [females 363 (62.7 %)] patients with a median age of 55 (IQR 47–65) years were admitted with aSAH during the study period. WFNS at nadir was IV–V in 240 (41.5 %), and modified Fisher score was 3–4 in 434 (75.0 %). 81 (13.9 %) patients had been prescribed an SSRI or SNRI prior to admission and all continued to receive these medications during hospitalization. Symptomatic vasospasm was present in 154 (26.4 %), radiological infarction in 172 (29.5 %), and DCI in 250 (42.9 %) patients. SSRI/SNRI use was not associated with the occurrence of DCI (p = 0.458), symptomatic vasospasm (p = 0.097), radiological infarction (p = 0.972), or poor functional outcome at 3 months (p = 0.376). The use of SSRI/SNRI prior to and during hospitalization is not associated with DCI or functional outcome in patients with aSAH.
Distribution of canker lesions on the surface of diseased grapefruit

The objective of this study was to describe and quantify the distribution of citrus canker lesions (caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri) on the surface of grapefruits, and provide evidence for splash-driven infection of fruit. Based on fruit diameter, each fruit was sliced in four by taking three horizontal planes across the vertical axis such that each horizontal zone (Z1–Z4, from peduncle to flower scar) had the same vertical height. Each zone had equal surface area. Lesion number was counted on each zone of the fruit. Although lesion number among fruits was variable, both lesion number and percentage of total lesions showed a decline from the uppermost zone (lesion number: 10·5, 7·0, 3·4 and 2·4; percentage: 44·6, 30·5, 14·4 and 10·5 on Z1–Z4, respectively). General linear modelling (GLM) using a Poisson distribution with a log-link function demonstrated a significant effect of zone and cultivar on lesion number, and significant differences between all zones and both cultivars. An analysis of covariance showed no effect of lesion number on fruit size, although cultivars differed in total lesion count. Canker-susceptible citrus fruit is susceptible for a prolonged period after fruit set and minimizing inoculum and reducing wind speed and splash, and use of copper sprays during that period, will help reduce disease on fruit, particularly on the upper surfaces that appear to be more prone to infection.
Parenteral Magnesium Load Testing with 28Mg in Weanling and Young Adult Rats

A sound diagnostic test for Mg deficiency is needed. This is a report of the parenteral Mg load test conducted in weanling and young adult rats fed a purified basal diet containing 3 mg magnesium/100 g with 150 mg of added magnesium/100 g (control) or 0 added magnesium (deficient). Weanlings were studied at about 1 week of dietary treatment and young adults at 2 weeks. The protocol included: a) a 6-hour preload urinary collection; b) an intraperitoneal load of 15 mg of magnesium/kg (weanlings) or 12 mg/kg (young adults) with 2 microCi 28Mg given simultaneously with each load; c) a 6-hour postload urinary collection; d) chemical analysis of selected tissues and urine for Mg; and e) 28Mg counting 6 and 24 hours postload. Controls all excreted large amounts of Mg pre- and postload, retaining less than 26% of nonradioactive loads. They had high urinary 28Mg counts. In Mg-deficient animals, the concentration of Mg in bone more than halved. These animals avidly conserved Mg and retained over 85% of nonradioactive Mg loads. Their 28Mg activity in vital organs was 3--6 times greater than in controls. We concluded that the parenteral Mg load test reliably identifies severe Mg deficiency.
Thermodynamics in Biochemistry

The thermodynamics of chemical reactions and biochemical reactions (enzyme-catalysed reactions at specified pH) deals with equilibrium constants K of chemical reactions and apparent equilibrium constants K’ for biochemical reactions, reduction potentials for chemical half-reactions, and apparent reduction potentials for biochemical half-reactions. Keywords: thermodynamics; apparent equilibrium constant; electrode potential; Gibbs energy; enthalpy
Ribonucleic acid synthesis and transport in animal cells at 27°C

The failure to induce glutamine synthetase in retinal cells with hydrocortisone at 27°C (37°C is the normal temperature for induction) led to a study of some aspects of RNA synthesis at 27°C by using the method of selective labelling with radioactive precursors, sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation and radioautography. The low-temperature treatment not only decreases the rate of RNA synthesis but also interferes with the general pattern of RNA maturation and distribution. It has been found that nuclear–cytoplasmic exchange is severely altered at low temperature and may be an explanation of the failure to induce the enzyme. When the temperature is raised from 27°C to 37°C, the incorporation of exogenous radioactive uridine into the RNA is distorted by a pool-dilution effect that results in an ‘over-shoot’ phenomenon. The kinetics of labelled uridine equilibration into the UMP pool accounts for the difficulty encountered by many investigators in ‘chase’ efforts with unlabelled nucleosides.
RADIATION EFFECTS ON THE GROWTH RATE AND CELL POPULATION KINETICS OF ACTIVELY GROWING AND DORMANT ROOTS OF TRADESCANTIA PALUDOSA

Actively growing and dormant roots of Tradescantia paludosa were exposed to x-rays to compare the radiosensitivity of an actively proliferating tissue with that of one which is not active but is potentially proliferative. The level of effect was ascertained by the degree of change in the rate of root growth 4 days after exposure. Cell population kinetics were measured in control and in irradiated roots to determine whether or not a change was produced either in the number of proliferating cells or in the mitotic cycle duration which was sufficient to explain the altered rate of root growth. Nuclear volumes were also measured to provide an estimate of the relative total target size in actively growing vs. dormant roots. Tritiated thymidine was used to measure the cycle duration and the proportion of cells synthesizing DNA. The results showed that 184 and 305 r respectively were required to reduce the linear root growth rate to 37 per cent of that of the control for actively growing and dormant roots. Mitotic cycle duration, measured 4 days after x-ray exposure, was the same as in the control. The number of proliferating cells, however, was reduced. The rate of cell production in the irradiated roots was reduced to approximately one-half that of the controls. The average nuclear volumes of active and dormant roots were 733 and 491 micro(3) respectively; thus the difference in the number of roentgens required to reduce growth to 37 per cent of that of the control can be attributed to the different average nuclear volumes. Therefore, the experiments suggest that part if not most of the differences in sensitivity between an actively dividing and an essentially non-dividing meristematic cell population resides in their different average nuclear volumes. Thus the law of Bergonie and Tribondeau needs to be reinterpreted, since the basic reason for the differences is secondary to whether or not the meristematic cells are proliferating.
The Effects of Dependency, Models, and Reciprocity upon Subsequent Helping Behavior.

(1969). The Effects of Dependency, Models, and Reciprocity Upon Subsequent Helping Behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 78, No. 2, pp. 205-212.
Literature, Community and Cooperation: The Big Read at Regent University

This article recounts the experience of the Regent University Library in planning and implementing a festival of Tolstoy and Russian culture as part of the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) Big Read initiative. The NEA launched the Big Read in 2006 to counter the alarming decline of literary reading documented in its 2002 report Reading at Risk. Program and event planning are important competencies of librarianship. The authors hope that the lessons learned in planning a large event with many partners will be useful to others undertaking similar projects for the first time.
A model of neural cross-talk and irritation in the pelvis: implications for the overlap of chronic pelvic pain disorders.

Background & Aims: Irritable bowel syndrome, interstitial cystitis, and other chronic pelvic pain (CPP) disorders often occur concomitantly. Neural cross-talk may play a role in the overlap of CPP disorders via the convergence of pelvic afferents. We investigated the hypothesis that afferent irritation of one pelvic organ may adversely influence and sensitize another via neural interactions. Methods: We measured pelvic organ smooth muscle and striated muscle reflexes during micturition and colorectal distention (CRD) in urethane-anesthetized rats. The effects of acute cystitis on distal colonic sensory thresholds to CRD and the effects of acute colonic irritation on micturition parameters were assessed. Results: External urethral sphincter (EUS) electromyography (EMG) was typical for the rat, with phasic firing during micturition. External anal sphincter EMG also showed phasic firing during micturition in synchrony with EUS activity but, in addition, showed both tonic bursts and phasic firing independent of EUS activity. Before bladder irritation, graded CRDs to 40 cm H 2 O produced no notable changes in abdominal wall EMG activity. Following acute bladder irritation, dramatic increases in abdominal wall EMG activity in response to CRD were observed at much lower distention pressures, indicating colonic afferent sensitization. Analogously, following acute colonic irritation, bladder contraction frequency increased 66%, suggesting sensitization of lower urinary tract afferents. Conclusions: We report compelling evidence of bidirectional cross-sensitization of the colon and lower urinary tract in a novel experimental model. This cross-sensitization may account for the substantial overlap of CPP disorders; however, further studies are needed to fully characterize these pathways.
Developmental profile of glucocorticoid binding to synaptic plasma membrane from rat brain.

The plasma membranes of several mammalian tissues including the brain are known to have specific binding sites for glucocorticoids. The developmental changes in specific glucocorticoid binding to synaptic plasma membrane (SPM) from rat brain were determined at various postnatal ages, using [3H]triamcinolone acetonide (TA) as the steroid ligand. The specific binding of the labeled glucocorticoid to SPM during the first 2 postnatal weeks was only 40% of the adult level. An increase of the specific binding occurred after day 15 and this developmental rise of binding reached the adult level approximately by the end of the fourth week. Methodologically, these developmental data are detailed in the present article to include nonspecific binding as well as specific binding. Scatchard analysis indicates that the developmental rise of the specific glucocorticoid binding was due to an increase in the membrane binding sites. The ontogenetic increase of membrane binding sites during postnatal brain development provides additional evidence that these binding sites have physiological significance in brain function.
Marlin: Mitigating Code Reuse Attacks Using Code Randomization

Code-reuse attacks, such as return-oriented programming (ROP), are a class of buffer overflow attacks that repurpose existing executable code towards malicious purposes. These attacks bypass defenses against code injection attacks by chaining together sequence of instructions, commonly known as gadgets, to execute the desired attack logic. A common feature of these attacks is the reliance on the knowledge of memory layout of the executable code. We propose a fine grained randomization based approach that breaks these assumptions by modifying the layout of the executable code and hinders code-reuse attack. Our solution, Marlin , randomizes the internal structure of the executable code by randomly shuffling the function blocks in the target binary. This denies the attacker the necessary a priori knowledge of instruction addresses for constructing the desired exploit payload. Our approach can be applied to any ELF binary and every execution of this binary uses a different randomization. We have integrated Marlin into the bash shell that randomizes the target executable before launching it. Our work shows that such an approach incurs low overhead and significantly increases the level of security against code-reuse based attacks.
Other Immune Thrombocytopenias

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) can be classified as primary (known also as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura) or as secondary to an underlying condition such as a malignant or nonmalignant disorder. Commonly occurring conditions associated with secondary ITP include lymphoproliferative disorders (chronic lymphocytic leukemia [CLL], Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas), autoimmune collagen vascular diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE], thyroid disease, antiphospholipid syndrome [APS]), and chronic infections (human immunodeficiency virus [HIV], Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis C virus [HCV]). The mechanism of platelet destruction in thrombocytopenias associated with lymphoproliferative disorders and collagen vascular diseases is identical to the autoimmune mechanism seen in primary ITP. Drug-induced thrombocytopenias are uncommon and generally resolve quickly upon drug discontinuation, but are often attributed to other causes. Platelet destruction in infection-associated ITP occurs via various mechanisms including accelerated platelet clearance due to immune complex disease as seen in HIV infection or cross-reactivity of anti-platelet glycoprotein antibodies and viral antigens in HIV, HCV, and H pylori infections (antigenic mimicry). In patients with HCV-related cirrhotic liver disease, splenic sequestration secondary to portal hypertension and decreased production of thrombopoietin may further contribute to development of thrombocytopenia. The current treatment paradigm for secondary ITP varies according to the underlying condition. Standard treatments for primary ITP (corticosteroids, IVIG, anti-D, splenectomy) are often successful in secondary ITP. In cases of ITP with H pylori and HCV infection, treatment should focus on the underlying disorder.
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a primary event in renal cell oxalate toxicity.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a primary event in renal cell ox- alate toxicity. Background. In cultured renal epithelial cells, exposure to ox- alate, a constituent of many kidney stones, elicits a cascade of responses that often leads to cell death. Oxalate toxicity is me- diated via generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a pro- cess that depends at least in part upon lipid signaling molecules that are generated through membrane events that culminate in phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activation. The present studies asked whether mitochondria, a major site of ROS production, were targets of oxalate toxicity, and if so, whether mitochondrial re- sponses to oxalate were mediated by PLA2 activation. Methods. Effects of oxalate and various lipids on mitochon- drial membrane potential (�� m) were measured in Madin- Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell monolayers using 5,5 � ,6,6 � - tetrachloro 1,1 � ,3,3 � -tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine io- dide (JC-1), a �� m-sensitive dye. Other studies assayed cas- pases, serine proteases activated during apoptosis, in response to oxalate or lipid signaling molecules. Additional studies asked whether oxalate or lipids produced by PLA2 activation pro- moted ROS formation in isolated renal mitochondria. Results. Oxalate exposure decreased MDCK cell �� m within 30 minutes, a response attenuated by arachidonyl triflu- oromethyl ketone (AACOCF3), an inhibitor of cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2). Exposure to arachidonic acid or to lysophosphatidyl- choline (lyso-PC), lipid products of PLA2 activation, or to ceramide, another lipid signal generated in MDCK cells follow- ing oxalate exposure, also depolarized MDCK cell �� m and increased the number of caspase-positive cells. Isolated renal mitochondria responded to oxalate, arachidonic acid, lyso-PC, and ceramide by increasing their accumulation of ROS, lipid peroxides, and oxidized thiol proteins. Conclusion. These studies suggest that lipid signaling molecules released after oxalate-induced PLA2 activation trig- ger marked, rapid changes in mitochondrial function that may mediate toxicity in renal epithelial cells.