cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cosmopolitanism Within Borders: On Behalf of Charter Cities

Economist Paul Romer proposes the establishment of charter cities. Charter cities would resemble special economic zones; that is, small regions that experiment with economic rules that differ from those governing their larger ‘host’ countries. Yet unlike a special economic zone, a charter city would also experiment with its own legal and political rules. The rules, in turn, can be enforced by a third-party coalition of representatives of foreign countries that enforce these rules at home. Host countries that face problems of economic stagnation or political instability can thus leverage the experience and credibility of ‘guarantor’ countries to gradually reform their own institutions. I defend charter cities as an instrument of cosmopolitan justice in nonideal global conditions. Contributing to efforts to establish charter cities is, in many cases, a more efficient use of a country's scarce resources than foreign aid or attempts to facilitate institutional change abroad. I argue that countries also have a moral reason to contribute to charter cities: they can serve as compensation for the coercive harms due to those countries' border closures. I conclude that cosmopolitans and nationalists can find common ground in their reasons to support the establishment of charter cities.
Causal diagrams and change variables.

Background The true change in the value of a variable between two time points is often assumed to be a cause or an effect of interest. To our knowledge, this assumption is based on intuition, rather than on any formal theoretical justification. Methods We used causal directed acyclic graphs to explore the causal properties of a change variable, and critically examined competing structures. Results Based on the proposed causal structure, a change variable (true change) is no more than a derived variable. It does not cause anything and is not of causal interest. Conclusions A true change is not a variable in the physical world. Therefore, modelling the change between two time points is justified only in a few situations.
Multi-axis single-anchor vs. single-axis multi-anchors in long-range 2D MQS positioning

Recent developments have enabled single-anchor long-range two-dimensional (2D) positioning using low-frequency magnetoquasistatic fields. The approach of using a single-anchor for 2D position and orientation sensing results in significantly simplified systems and setup when compared to previous multi-anchor systems. The various advantages of single-anchor systems over multi-anchor systems include accurate closed-form inverted solutions, substantially simplified system setup and calibration, no relative ground truth needs, and ability to easily perform low-latency or real-time sensing with simple systems.
Lagrangian investigation of local extinction, re-ignition and auto-ignition in turbulent flames

Lagrangian PDF investigations are performed of the Sandia piloted flame E and the Cabra H2/N2 lifted flame to help develop a deeper understanding of local extinction, re-ignition and auto-ignition in these flames, and of the PDF models' abilities to represent these phenomena. Lagrangian particle time series are extracted from the PDF model calculations and are analyzed. In the analysis of the results for flame E, the particle trajectories are divided into two groups: continuous burning and local extinction. For each group, the trajectories are further sub-divided based on the particles' origin: the fuel stream, the oxidizer stream, the pilot stream, and the intermediate region. The PDF calculations are performed using each of three commonly used models of molecular mixing, namely the EMST, IEM and modified Curl mixing models. The calculations with different mixing models reproduce the local extinction and re-ignition processes observed in flame E reasonably well. The particle behavior produced by the IEM ...
Simplified balloon expulsion test

The balloon expulsion test is a simple and inexpensive method to evaluate a patient's ability to expel and retain stool. In conjunction with other methods, it assists in identifying patients with outlet obstruction or incontinence. A simplified method of performing a balloon expulsion test is described.
A Survey of the Nutritional Status of Homeless Adults in Rural Northern California

Abstract Homelessness is a growing problem in the United States. The health and nutritional status of the homeless population is effected by limited access to regular, nutritious meals. There are few published studies evaluating the nutritional status of homeless populations and all data collected have been from urban areas. The purpose of this survey was to assess the nutritional status of homeless adults living in rural northern California. Seventy-five subjects (60 males, 15 females) were recruited from a soup-kitchen (Chico) and a homeless shelter (Oroville). The subjects were predominately white (80%), aged 20 – 66 years (mean age of 40 years), high school educated (68%), unemployed (89%), and dominated by smokers (84%). Forty-six percent of the subjects had been homeless for a year or longer. Forty-nine percent described where they sleep at night as "camping out." Nutritional status was assessed by means of dietary intake (24-hour recall), anthropometric measures (height, weight, tricep and subscapular skinfolds), and biochemical indices (a non-fasting blood sample). Dietary intakes (mean % of the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) ± SE) of magnesium (62 ± 4), zinc (55 ± 5), calcium (58 ± 5), vitamins A (61 ± 7) and B-6 (64 ± 5) were below two-thirds of the RDA. While subjects reported consuming, on average, only 2 meals per day, their caloric and protein intakes appeared adequate (2069 ± 141kcals, 70 ± 5 g, respectively). Mean body mass index (BMI = weight (kg)/height (m) 2 ) of the men was 24.0 ± .5 and the women 25.6 ± 1.5. Tricep and subscapular skinfold measurements were compared to reference data of the general United States population, specific for age and sex (NHANES I and II). The χ2 distributions for this population's tricep and subscapular skinfolds differed significantly (p
Seasonality and Regionality of the Madden–Julian Oscillation, Kelvin Wave, and Equatorial Rossby Wave

Abstract The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), Kelvin wave, and equatorial Rossby (ER) wave—collectively called intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs)—are investigated using a 25-yr record of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) measurements as well as the associated dynamical fields. The ISO modes are detected by applying bandpass filters to the OLR data in the frequency–wavenumber space. An automated wave-tracking algorithm is applied to each ISO mode so that convection centers accompanied with the ISOs are traced in space and time in an objective fashion. The identified paths of the individual ISO modes are first examined and found strongly modulated regionally and seasonally. The dynamical structure is composited with respect to the convection centers of each ISO mode. A baroclinic mode of the combined Rossby and Kelvin structure is prominent for the MJO, consistent with existing work. The Kelvin wave exhibits a low-level wind field resembling the shallow-water solution, while a slight lead of low-level conver...
MDL: a system for fast simulation of large layered neural networks

The Model Development Language (or MDL) is a simulation language and system which uses an assignment statement notation tailored for 2-dimensional layered neural networks. The key features are: (1) Operations occur on 2-dimensional arrays which correspond to the layout of many brain structures. (2) A spatial convolution operation models spatial summation occurring in dendritic trees. (3) Arbitrary time invariant expressions and differential equations may be specified by simple assignment statements. (4) Numerical methods are automatically taken care of in the MDL environment rather than in the user's specification of the model. These features allow high level modeling using leaky integrator model neurons and modeling of detailed biophysical properties, such as the Hodgkin-Huxley equations and voltage clamp experiments. Conciseness of the language allows specification of a moderately complex retina model in only one or two pages of code. The parallel structure of the language allows highly optimized implem...
Target-setting problem with exponential utility

A classic target-setting problem with a two-piece linear outcome function is extended to include an exponential utility function over outcomes and a normal distribution over uncertain inputs. An expression for the optimal target is derived that facilitates the decision and sensitivity analyses. >
Photosensitized oxidation of unsaturated polymers

The photosensitized oxidation or singlet oxygenation of unsaturated hydrocarbon polymers and of their model compounds was reviewed. Emphasis was on cis and trans forms of 1,4-polyisoprene, 1,4-polybutadiene and 1,2-poly(1,4-hexadiene), and on 1,4-poly(2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene). The microstructural changes which occur in these polymers on reaction with O2-1 in solution were investigated by infrared H-1 and C-13 NMR spectroscopy. The polymers were shown to yield allylic hydroperoxides with shifted double bonds according to the ene mechanism established for simple olefins. The photosensitized oxidation of the above unsaturated polymer exhibited zero order kinetics, the relative rates paralleling the reactivities of the corresponding simple olefins towards O2-1.
4s 2 4p–4s4p 2 and 4s 2 4p–4s 2 5s transitions of galliumlike ions from Rb vii to In xix

Spectra of the galliumlike ions Rb vii-In xix excited by low-inductance sparks and laser-produced plasmas were observed with a 10.7-m grazing-incidence spectrograph. Wavelengths for the 4s24p2P°–4s4p2 2P and 4s24p2P°–4s25s2S multiplets, energy levels for the 4s24p2P°, 4s4p2 2P, and 4s25s2S terms, and ionization energies are given for each ion.
Development Of A Martian Surface Model For Simulation Of Vehicle Dynamics And Mobility

A high resolution Mars surface model is being developed for simulation of vehicle dynamics, mobility and navigation capabilities. The model provides a topological representation of surface features and is suitable for interface with dynamic simulations of Mars Rover vehicles including models of wheel-soil interaction and vision systems. Portions of the surface model have been completed and can be interfaced with other portions of an overall vehicle performance assessment system also being developed for the Mars Rover program.
Poly: A two dimensional language for a class of polygons

Abstract Poly is a two dimensional language that produces line pictures of polygons that may be decomposed into 45° right triangles and rectangles. The elements of the language are described and an example illustrates use of the language to produce a picture.
Teaching programming algorithms aided by computer graphics

Effects of operations on abstract data objects are often difficult for students to comprehend. Visual models can be helpful to students, when the connections among the data object models, virtual machine representations of data objects, and algorithms operating on the data objects are made clear to the students.This paper discusses the design criteria used to develop a series of Pascal programs, implemented on widely used microcomputers, which make use of graphics to illustrate the effects of programming algorithms on common data structures. These programs were designed to be used in classroom demonstrations and by individual students working in the computing laboratory.1A non-machine specific design of an algorithm teacher is proposed. It is a programmed environment to help students in a beginning computer science course learn problem solving skills. This paper provides an overview of the problem, a motivation and justification, followed by a brief description of what the program should provide the student.
PLENARY: Future Computing Systems

Radical departures from traditional photonic packaging concepts are indicated when considering photonic interconnections within high-volume, low-cost data center products. Cost considerations dictate a very different photonic infrastructure, while volume opportunities abound.
Muscleblind-like 1 ( Mbnl1 ) regulates pre-mRNA alternative splicing during terminal erythropoiesis

The scope and roles of regulated isoform gene expression during erythroid terminal development are poorly understood. We identified hundreds of differentiation-associated isoform changes during terminal erythropoiesis. Sequences surrounding cassette exons of skipped exon events are enriched for motifs bound by the Muscleblind-like (MBNL) family of splicing factors. Knockdown of Mbnl1 in cultured murine fetal liver erythroid progenitors resulted in a strong block in erythroid differentiation and disrupted the developmentally regulated exon skipping of Ndel1 mRNA, which is bound by MBNL1 and critical for erythroid terminal proliferation. These findings reveal an unanticipated scope of the alternative splicing program and the importance of Mbnl1 during erythroid terminal differentiation.
EGF-Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibition Induces Keratinocyte Growth Arrest and Terminal Differentiation

Epidermal keratinocyte growth and differentiation are regulated by specific families of growth factors and receptors. Peptide growth factors of the epidermal growth factor family stimulate proliferation of clonal density human keratinocytes and suppress markers of terminal differentiation in confluent cultures of human keratinocytes. We present evidence that selected inhibitors of activation of the type I human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR or HER-1), namely, neutralizing monoclonal antibody to HER-1/EGFR and the specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor PD 153035, potently inhibit proliferation of human keratinocytes in autonomously replicating subconfluent cultures. Coupled to growth arrest is the suppression of HER-1 tyrosine autophosphorylation in inhibitor-treated human keratinocytes. Proliferation and tyrosine autophosphorylation are initially reversible following removal of the inhibitor and restimulation of cells with epidermal growth factor. Sustained inactivation of HER-1 in autonomously replicating cultures of human keratinocytes induces expression of keratin 1 and keratin 10 genes, early markers of terminal differentiation. Reversal of growth inhibition by epidermal growth factor suppresses keratin 1 and keratin 10 expression. These results demonstrate that human keratinocyte terminal differentiation as well as proliferation are mediated by HER-1. Co-expression of autocrine epidermal growth factor-related ligands as well as HER-1 by human keratinocyte may function as part of the signal transduction network in epidermis to regulate cell number, replication rate, and terminal differentiation.
Computer algorithms for dirac algebra

We present a collection of algorithms written in ALGOL 60 to illustrate the manipulation techniques used in machine language programs designed for symbolic evaluation of algebraic expressions. Such algorithms have been used by theoretical physicists in quantum electrodynamics calculations. A subset of these methods is useful in the reduction of complicated perturbation expansions which involve only ordinary (commutative) algebra. It is hoped that this will provide a more understandable and accessible archive for these methods than scattered listings of assembly code for specific computers. We consider the input and distribution of arbitrarily parenthesized algebraic expressions, Chisholm's reduction of the product of traces with intercontracted indices to single traces, the removal of contracted indices in single traces to produce simple traces which are then reduced to invariant dot products (and determinants if γ5's are present). Several storage schemes are discussed.
Effects of Alprazolam, Buspirone and Diazepam on Daytime Sedation and Performance

In a double-blind, randomised, comparative study, 44 healthy volunteers received alprazolam 0.5mg, buspirone 5mg or diazepam 5mg orally 3 times each day for 7 consecutive days. Daytime sedation was evaluated on the first and seventh treatment days by the multiple sleep latency test by direct EEG measurements. Sleep was recorded the night preceding each test day to control for the influence of sleep on subsequent daytime sedation and performance. A vigilance visual-tracking/reaction-time test was used to examine daytime performance, while other symptoms of daytime sedation were subjectively assessed by questionnaires. During treatment day 1, alprazolam- and diazepam-treated subjects were significantly sleepier than subjects who received buspirone. Compared with buspirone, performance was significantly impaired for the alprazolam subjects but not for the diazepam group. On day 7 differences in daytime sleepiness and sleep latency were no longer significant. However, alprazolam- and diazepam-treated subjects exhibited significantly slowed reaction times on the performance test. These results suggest that buspirone may have potential as an anxiolytic agent for patients in whom daytime alertness must not be compromised.
INSIGHT: A DATAFLOW LANGUAGE FOR PROGRAMMING VISION ALGORITHMS IN A RECONFIGURABLE COMPUTATIONAL NETWORK

Machine vision systems used in industrial applications must execute their algorithms in real time to perform such tasks as inspecting a wire bond or guiding a robot to install a part on a car body moving along a conveyer. The real time speed is achieved by employing simple-minded algorithms and by designing parallel architectures and parallel algorithms for some tasks. The majority of the work on parallel architectures has been limited to architectures that support image processing, but not mid- or high-level vision In order for more complex vision algorithms to execute in real time, a more flexible architecture is needed. Our conceptual approach to the problem is a reconfigurable computational network. Each configuration of the network implements an algorithm or class of algorithms A high-level language expresses the algorithms in a relational form that can be easily translated to the specification for a configuration. The language must be able to encode low-, mid-, and high-level vision algorithms and to efficiently handle not only pixel data, but also higher level structures. In this paper we describe a dataflow language called INSIGHT, which we have designed to meet these needs, and give several examples of parallel machine vision algorithms expressed in the language.
Depth perception and user interface in digital holographic television

A holographic television system, featuring realtime incoherent 3D capture and live holographic display is used for experiments in depth perception. Holographic television has the potential to provide more complete visual representations, including latency-free motion parallax and more natural affordances for accommodation. Although this technology has potential to improve realism in many display applications, we investigate benefits in uses where direct vision of a workspace is not possible. Applications of this nature include work with hazardous materials, teleoperation over distance, and laparoscopic surgery. In this study, subjects perform manual 3D object manipulation tasks where they can only see the workspace through holographic closed-circuit television. This study is designed to compare performance at manual tasks using holographic television compared to performance with displays that mimic 2D, and stereoscopic television.
Tradeoffs and Limitations: Understanding the Estimation of College Undermatch

Within the past decade, there has been a growing number of studies examining undermatch—when students apply to or enroll in institutions less selective than their academic qualifications permit. To estimate undermatch, researchers must define institutions’ selectivity levels and determine which students are eligible to gain admission to these selectivity levels. Researchers examining undermatch have used different approaches to defining institutional selectivity and student qualifications. This, in turn, has produced a wide range of undermatch rates, and at times, conflicting or inconclusive findings for underrepresented students. As the body of literature on undermatch expands, the tradeoffs and limitations in estimation approaches must be better understood. Using a nationally representative sample of students (ELS:2002), this study empirically tested these differences in undermatch estimations using two different definitions of institutional selectivity and three distinct approaches of calculating student qualifications on the (1) distribution of students across qualification levels; (2) undermatch rates; and (3) likelihood of undermatch. Findings show that depending on the approach taken, the distribution of student qualifications, undermatch rates, and odds ratios in subsequent analyses can vary greatly. For underrepresented students, the difference in estimation methods can change their representation in various qualification levels, the gaps in undermatch rates, and the significance of results in their likelihood of undermatching. Implications for future undermatch research are discussed.
On the sources of simple modules in nilpotent blocks

Abstract Let G be a finite group and let k be an algebraically closed field of characteristic p. If b is a nilpotent block of kG with defect group P, then there is a unique isomorphism class of simple kGb-modules and Puig proved that the source of this module is an endo-permutation kP-module. It is conjectured that the image of this source is always torsion in the Dade group. Let H be a finite group and let P be a p-subgroup of Aut ( H ) . Also let c be a defect zero block of kH. If c is P-stable and Br P ( c ) ≠ 0 , then c is a nilpotent block of k ( H ⋊ P ) and k ( H ⋊ P ) c has P as a defect group. In this paper, we will investigate the sources of the simple k ( H ⋊ P ) c -modules when P ≅ C p × C p . Suppose that we can find an H and c as above such that a source of a simple k ( H ⋊ P ) c -module is not torsion in the Dade group. Then we can find H and c as above with H a central p ′ -extension of a simple group. When p ⩾ 3 we show that H can be found in a quite restrictive subset of simple groups.
Functional internal rotation after shoulder arthroplasty: a comparison of anatomic and reverse shoulder arthroplasty

Background Recovery of functional internal rotation after primary shoulder arthroplasty is essential to perform many important activities of daily living. Functional internal rotation is typically reported as it relates to clinical examination findings of motion (posterior reach) and lift-off or belly-press tests. A more detailed evaluation of functional recovery of internal rotation after primary anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) and reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) is needed. Methods A retrospective review of patients treated with primary TSA (n = 132) and RSA (n = 91) with a minimum 2-year follow-up was performed. Subanalysis of revision RSA (n = 24) and primary RSA was performed. Active range of motion, subjective internal rotation motion, manual internal rotation strength, and specific questions related to internal rotation function isolated from the Simple Shoulder Test (SST) and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) functional questionnaires were reviewed. Results Compared with RSA, TSA patients could more likely reach the small of the back (SST) and wash the back/fasten bra (ASES). Active internal rotation motion, SST score, ASES score, and subjective internal rotation were greater after TSA. No significant difference was observed with respect to managing toileting between cohorts. Revision RSA patients were less likely to be able to wash the back/fasten bra (ASES) and easily manage toileting (ASES) compared with primary RSA patients. Conclusion Primary anatomic shoulder arthroplasty yields greater functional internal rotation than does primary RSA, with either procedure being effective at managing toileting. Patient education regarding activities of daily living related to internal rotation can be predicted.
Rapid oscillations in cataclysmic variables. VII - GK Persei

The discovery of a stable short-period oscillation in the UV light curve of the old nova GK Persei during 1989-91 is reported. The period is consistent with the 351.34-second pulse period seen in hard X-rays, due to the rotation of the white dwarf. In blue light, a quasi-periodic signal appears in the low-frequency wings of the coherent signal. There is evidence for long-term spin-up of the white dwarf; the most probable mean rate is 0.0008 sec/yr.
Sex Differences in Approaching Friends with Benefits Relationships

This research explored differences in how men and women approach “friends with benefits” (FWB) relationships. Specifically, this study examined sex differences in reasons for beginning such involve...
Target detection in images with generalized speckle noise

In this research likelihood ratio detection algorithms are derived for general types of speckle densities and receiver noise models. It is shown that the mixture formulation leads naturally to a discard decision rule, in which certain pixels must be discarded (without replacement) prior to detection processing. Hence the scene processor involves a prefilter that passes over the data to apply the discard rule. Rules for determining the discard operation are derived, and shown to depend on the specific models for the speckle, signal, and noise. It is also shown that the discard filter does not simply make a binary decision concerning the presence or absence of speckle at each pixel point. Comparison of the discard filter to windowed median filters and hard limiting filters are shown. The work is applicable primarily to optical imaging sensors.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Field profile in n-GaAs layer biased above transferred-electron threshold

Abstract For a successful small-signal amplifier in a thin layer of n -type gallium arsenide, the electric field must be above threshold over almost the entire distance from cathode to anode. To characterize the crucial field-profile problem, we consider the semiconducting layer and its co-planar contacts sandwiched between passive dielectric slabs with grounded conducting surfaces on the outsides. Simple physical arguments give the conditions which must be satisfied: With uniform doping, the surface current density, ( eK ), must satisfy the inequality, ( eK ϵ 0 v 0 2 / μ n , where ϵ 0 is outside dielectric constant, v 0 is threshold velocity, and μ n is magnitude of differential mobility just above threshold. The average distance to the parallel conducting surfaces must be very large, compared to the cathode to anode spacing. The free-electron density at the edge of the cathode contact must be controlled to within about ±25 per cent to partially deplete the semiconducting layer. The simple arguments are supported by both analytical and numerical solutions. For the analytic solution, the problem is set up in the elliptic coordinate system, and the boundary conditions between the semiconducting layer and the outside medium are satisfied by a series of orthogonal functions. For the numerical solution, a single matrix inversion gives the general relation between charges and potential in the semiconducting layer, with one co-planar contact grounded and the other set at an arbitrary potential.
Effect of bordering soil surface moisture conditions on evaporation from soybean

The latent heat flux (γE) from a small (e.g. < 0.1 ha) experimental plot may not be representative of that from a large area, due to the effects of dissimilar border surface conditions. This study evaluated the effect of the soil surface moisture conditions of a surrounding 5-ha field of bare soil on the γE from soybeans (Glycine max. (L.) Merrill cv. Braxton). Soybeans were grown under well-watered conditions in a 10 × 10-m area which surrounded a weighing lysimeter. Hourly net irradiance (Qn), soil heat flux (G), and γE were measured for a 43-day period during which the soybean leaf-area index was approximately 4.0 and the bare soil was dry. The soil was then wetted by precipitation (52 mm) and measurements continued for a 4-day period. Means of daily values of the ratio of γE: (Qn + G) for the dry (−1.93) and wet (−1.34) periods were significantly different. During the dry period, ratio values were proportional to the wind speed. Differences in hourly values of γE and Qn + G were greater in the dry period. These results, which demonstrated a 44% increase in soybean γE when the bordering soil surface was dry vs. when it was wet, affect the interpretation of water-use measurements from small pots bordered by dissimilar conditions.
Coating of Silicon Nitride with Sintering Aid

Commercially available silicon nitride powders were coated with various metal oxides with the help of metal-organic surfactants in an aqueous medium. A surfactants could also act as a dispersant. The coatings were studied by XPS, TEM and accoustophoresis and the mechanism for formation of these coatings is proposed. The amount of sintering aid incorporated was determined by the surface area and surface chemistry of the nitride powder, the pH of the solution, the structure of the surfactant and the surface charge behavior of the powder and the coating. Multicomponent coatings were also possible by precise control of these parameters. The sintering behavior of the coated powders and the properties of the sintered material were promising.
Seismic Velocity Models for the Denali Fault Zone along the Richardson Highway, Alaska

Crustal-scale seismic-velocity models across the Denali fault zone along the Richardson Highway show a 50-km-thick crust, a near vertical fault trace, and a 5-km-wide damage zone associated with the fault near Trans-Alaska Pipeline Pump Station 10, which provided the closest strong ground motion recordings of the 2002 Denali fault earthquake. We compare models, derived from seismic reflection and refraction surveys acquired in 1986 and 1987, to laboratory measurements of seismic velocities for typical metamorphic rocks exposed along the profiles. Our model for the 1986 seismic reflection profile indicates a 5-km-wide low-velocity zone in the upper 1 km of the Denali fault zone, which we interpret as fault gouge. Deeper refractions from our 1987 line image a 40-km wide, 5-km-deep low-velocity zone along the Denali fault and nearby associated fault strands, which we attribute to a composite damage zone along several strands of the Denali fault zone and to the obliquity of the seismic line to the fault zone. Our velocity model and other geophysical data indicate a nearly vertical Denali fault zone to a depth of 30 km. Aftershocks of the 2002 Denali fault earthquake and our velocity model provide evidence for a flower structure along the fault zone consisting of faults dipping toward and truncated by the Denali fault. Wide-angle reflections indicate that the crustal thickness beneath the Denali fault is transitional between the 60-km-thick crust beneath the Alaska Range to the south, and the extended, 30-km-thick crust of the Yukon–Tanana terrane to the north. Online Material: Tables of locations for the tact 1986 and tact 1987 lines.
Case Study of Tribal Drought Planning: The Hualapai Tribe

Several American Indian Tribes are currently leading the way in developing drought mitigation and response plans. These tribes are undertaking the process of identifying and implementing actions that will help them better prepare for and respond to future drought events. The Hualapai Tribe in Arizona is one such group that has recently completed a drought plan with assistance provided through the Bureau of Reclamation’s States Emergency Drought Program. The National Drought Mitigation Center has helped provide technical assistance in developing the Hualapai Tribe’s plan and recently conducted interviews with tribal representatives to better understand lessons learned during the planning process. The efforts of the Hualapai Tribe provide an important case study for the development of similar plans for other tribal entities.
Hybrid solution of partial differential equations by application of invariant imbedding to the serial method

This paper presents a hybrid computational method in which invariant imbedding is used to effect analog solution of the boundary-value problems which typically result from time discretization of a partial differential equation. The method is developed from fundamentals, scaling rules are derived, computational results are presented and discussed, and possible extensions are mentioned.
Replicating the Impact of a Supplemental Beginning Reading Intervention: The Role of Instructional Context

Abstract The purpose of this varied replication study was to evaluate the effects of a supplemental reading intervention on the beginning reading performance of kindergarten students in a different geographical location and in a different instructional context from the initial randomized trial. A second purpose was to investigate whether students who received the intervention across both the initial and replication studies demonstrated similar learning outcomes. Kindergarten students (n = 162) identified as at risk of reading difficulty from 48 classrooms were assigned randomly at the classroom level either to a commercial program (i.e., Early Reading Intervention; Pearson/Scott Foresman, 2004) that included explicit/systematic instruction (experimental group) or school-designed typical practice intervention (comparison group). Both interventions were taught by classroom teachers for 30 min per day in small groups for approximately 100 sessions. Multilevel hierarchical linear analyses revealed no statisti...
“Hydrology and fate on Great Salt Lake” and “Numbers and flow in the Great Lakes”

The Great Salt Lake and Utah's Water Resources, Proceedings of the First Annual Conference of the Utah Section of the American Water Resources Association, November 1972, Salt Lake City, Utah, 214 pp., 1973. The theme of this symposium is stated, perhaps unintentionally, by one of the authors (D. L. Thompson), who said ‘Great Salt Lake is a victim of incredible bad luck in its physical characteristics, environmental setting, and political management.’ The 19 papers that make up the volume rather well document Thompson's evaluation.
Rate-monotonic analysis for real-time industrial computing

Issues of real-time resource management are pervasive throughout industrial computing. The underlying physical processes of many industrial computing applications impose explicit timing requirements on the tasks processed by the computer system. These timing requirements are an integral part of the correctness and safety of a real-time system. It is tempting to think that speed (for example, processor speeds or higher communication bandwidths) is the sole ingredient in meeting system timing requirements, but speed alone is not enough. Proper resource-management techniques also must be used to prevent, for example, situations in which long, low priority tasks block higher priority tasks with short deadlines. One guiding principle in real-time system resource management is predictability, the ability to determine for a given set of tasks whether the system will be able to meet all of the timing requirements of those tasks. Predictability calls for the development of scheduling models and analytic techniques to determine whether or not a real-time system can meet its timing requirements. The author illustrates an analysis methodology, rate monotonic analysis, for managing real-time requirements in a distributed industrial computing situation. The illustration is based on a comprehensive robotics example drawn from a typical industrial application. >
Dynamics and stochastics of swarms of self-propelled Brownian particles

We use the model of interacting self-propelled particles as a rough model for the collective motions of cells and organisms. First we study self-propelled motion with linear attracting interactions. This way we develop the dynamics of swarms with self-confinement by global coupling in coordinate- and velocity-space. Further we study the model of Morse-type attracting forces and global velocity-coupling. We begin with pairs N=2; the attractors and distribution functions are discussed, then the case N>2 is discussed. Simulations for several dynamical modes of swarms of active Brownian particles are presented. In particular we study rotations, drift, fluctuations of shape and cluster formation. Finally we study the symmetry-breaking effects of hydrodynamic interactions of Oseen-type.
Trojan and Hilda asteroid lightcurves. I - Anomalously elongated shapes among Trojans (and Hildas?)

A comparison of the available sample of lightcurves for 26 Trojan and Hilda asteroids with belt asteroid lightcurves shows the former to be distinguished by a higher incidence of high amplitudes rgan belt asteroids of comparable size, suggesting more elongated shapes; they currently have, moreover, only a few percent of the main-belt asteroids' collision frequency. A more modest collisional evolution that may have affected the relative degree of fragmentation of these bodies, and thus their shapes, is inferred.
Susceptibility of Nebraska Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Populations to Bt Corn Events

Transgenic plants have been widely adopted by growers to manage the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, in field corn. Because of reduced efficacy in some Nebraska fields after repeated use of Cry3Bb1-expressing hybrids, single plant bioassays were conducted in 2012 and 2013 to characterize the susceptibility of western corn rootworm populations to the rootworm-active proteins Cry3Bb1, mCry3A, and Cry34/35Ab1. Results demonstrate that there are heritable differences in susceptibility of Nebraska western corn rootworm populations to rootworm-active Bt traits. Proportional survival and corrected survival data coupled with field histories collectively support the conclusion that a level of field resistance to Cry3Bb1 has evolved in some Nebraska populations in response to selection pressure and that cross-resistance exists between Cry3Bb1 and mCry3A. There was no apparent cross-resistance between Cry34/35Ab1 and either Cry3Bb1 or mCry3A. The potential implications of these results on current and future corn rootworm management strategies are discussed.
Comparing the Energy Content of Batteries, Fuels, and Materials

A methodology for calculating the theoretical and practical specific energies of rechargeable batteries, fuels, and materials is presented. The methodology enables comparison of the energy content of diverse systems such as the lithium-ion battery, hydrocarbons, and ammonia. The methodology is relevant for evaluating the possibility of using batteries and renewable fuels in the transportation and grid sectors where fossil fuels are traditionally used as energy sources. It is also relevant for choosing alternatives to petrochemicals for sustainable production of commodity materials. Instructors may consider introducing the proposed methodology in an introductory chemistry class.
On a penalty finite element CFD algorithm for high speed flow

Abstract The expanding interest in finite element discrete approximation techniques applied to high speed flow prediction has engendered derivation of many distinct theoretical statements. Quantization of algorithm robustness has focused on accuracy assessment for non-smooth solutions, i.e., those containing shocks and/or contact discontinuities, to reduced forms of the Navier-Stokes equations, specifically the Euler equation system and the transonic potential flow equation. This paper presents derivation of a penalty finite element algorithm applicable to both problem statements, with penalty functional derived as a reduced form of a Taylor-Galerkin weak-statement. Numerical results for shocked transonic and Euler solutions are cited to document aspects of accuracy, convergence and stability.
CHANGES IN CARBOHYDRATE COMPOSITION IN HARD CANDY

Changes that occur in the carbohydrate composition of hard candy with processing were studied. Gel permeation chromatography was used as a technique for separating the candy into fractions according to molecular size (weight). Ion exchange chromatography was utilized to further separate the components within fractions collected from gel chromatography. Incorporation of C14 uniformly labeled glucose and C14 uniformly labeled fructose and the subsequent analysis of radioactivity by liquid scintillation spectrometry indicated that glucose did not undergo polymerization or degradation. However, fructose did undergo some polymerization. At least three polymers were formed: one appearing in the disaccharide fraction and not hydrolyzable by invertase, the others appearing between maltotriose and maltotetraose in gel permeation chromatograms. One of these was hydrolyzable by invertase while the other was not.
Tackling Suboptimal Bachelor’s Degree Completion Rates Through Training in Self-Regulated Learning (SRL)

In response to both problematic and extant gaps in Bachelor’s degree completion rates, this mixed methods study investigated whether a theoretically based undergraduate course intervention measurably contributed to participants’ competence as self-regulated learners. Respective quantitative and qualitative analyses of data collected from two samples showed that intervention participants experienced growth in the targeted self-regulatory constructs. Moreover, differential effects by race/ethnicity and gender were not observed. We conclude with a discussion of this study’s implications for institutions of higher education, pertinent considerations in designing and implementing this self-regulated learning intervention, and a review of the literature on effective practices for doing so.
The Transition Status of Youth Departing Residential Care

This study evaluated the characteristics related to a successful reintegration among youth from a residential facility. Specifically, this study describes the transition skills of youth at departure in five areas: (a) education and employment goals, (b) self-determination skills, (c) social support, (d) life skills, and (e) hopefulness. Further, self-report and teacher ratings of youths’ self-determination and life skills were examined to determine possible differences in perception between youth and their school and Family Teachers (house-parents). One hundred four youth departing the Boys Town Treatment Family Home residential program participated in the study. The majority of youth reported average to above average skills in the five domains. However, significant differences were found between youth and schoolteacher reports of self-determination skills. The results indicate the need to provide transition services related to success post-discharge, including individualized transition plans and family involvement during treatment.
Studies on the antigenic relationship of insect extracts by reagin neutralization; evidence for nonspecific inactivation of reagin.

Abstract 1.1. Skin sites sensitized with serum containing multiple unrelated reagins and desensitized with one allergen or treated with compound 4880 fail to react to compound 4880 or histamine for ten to twenty-one days. 2.2. Testing such sites with an unrelated allergen shows that all reaginic activity has been permanently lost at these sites. 3.3. That such loss is not due to tissue injury is demonstrated by the fact that the sites may be made reactive again after twenty-one days by resensitization with the original reaginic serum. 4.4. These findings emphasize the pitfalls inherent in some of the techniques of passive transfer in the study of allergen relationships. They also suggest certain other approaches to the study of antigen and antibody and a possible approach to therapy in some types of allergy.
Who shares? Who doesn't? Factors associated with openly archiving raw research data

Many initiatives encourage investigators to share their raw datasets in hopes of increasing research efficiency and quality. Despite these investments of time and money, we do not have a firm grasp of who openly shares raw research data, who doesn't, and which initiatives are correlated with high rates of data sharing. In this analysis I use bibliometric methods to identify patterns in the frequency with which investigators openly archive their raw gene expression microarray datasets after study publication. Automated methods identified 11,603 articles published between 2000 and 2009 that describe the creation of gene expression microarray data. Associated datasets in best-practice repositories were found for 25% of these articles, increasing from less than 5% in 2001 to 30%–35% in 2007–2009. Accounting for sensitivity of the automated methods, approximately 45% of recent gene expression studies made their data publicly available. First-order factor analysis on 124 diverse bibliometric attributes of the data creation articles revealed 15 factors describing authorship, funding, institution, publication, and domain environments. In multivariate regression, authors were most likely to share data if they had prior experience sharing or reusing data, if their study was published in an open access journal or a journal with a relatively strong data sharing policy, or if the study was funded by a large number of NIH grants. Authors of studies on cancer and human subjects were least likely to make their datasets available. These results suggest research data sharing levels are still low and increasing only slowly, and data is least available in areas where it could make the biggest impact. Let's learn from those with high rates of sharing to embrace the full potential of our research output.
Insight into the Electronic Structure of the CP47 Antenna Protein Complex of Photosystem II: Hole Burning and Fluorescence Study†

We report low temperature (T) optical spectra of the isolated CP47 antenna complex from Photosystem II (PSII) with a low-T fluorescence emission maximum near 695 nm and not, as previously reported, at 690−693 nm. The latter emission is suggested to result from three distinct bands: a lowest-state emission band near 695 nm (labeled F1) originating from the lowest-energy excitonic state A1 of intact complexes (located near 693 nm and characterized by very weak oscillator strength) as well as emission peaks near 691 nm (FT1) and 685 nm (FT2) originating from subpopulations of partly destabilized complexes. The observation of the F1 emission is in excellent agreement with the 695 nm emission observed in intact PSII cores and thylakoid membranes. We argue that the band near 684 nm previously observed in singlet-minus-triplet spectra originates from a subpopulation of partially destabilized complexes with lowest-energy traps located near 684 nm in absorption (referred to as AT2) giving rise to FT2 emission. It ...