cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bad Ink: Visible Tattoos and Recidivism

This study examines whether tattoo visibility affects recidivism length of ex-offenders. Conventional wisdom suggests that visible tattoos may negatively influence employment outcomes. Additionally, research on recidivism argues that employment post-release is a main determinant of reductions in recidivism. Taken together, these two bodies of literature suggest there may be a relationship between tattoos visible in the workplace and recidivism of released inmates. Using data from the Florida Department of Corrections, I estimate a log-logistic survival model and compare estimated survival length for inmates with and without visible tattoos. The findings suggest that inmates with visible tattoos return to incarceration faster than those without tattoos or with tattoos easily hidden by clothing.
Partially Occluded Object Recognition Using Statistical Models

In this paper, we present a new Bayesian framework for partially occluded object recognition based on matching extracted local features on a one-to-one basis with object features. We introduce two different statistical models for occlusion: one model assumes that each feature in the model can be occluded independent of whether any other features are occluded, whereas the second model uses spatially correlated occlusion to represent the extent of occlusion. Using these models, the object recognition problem reduces to finding the object hypothesis with largest generalized likelihood. We develop fast algorithms for finding the optimal one-to-one correspondence between scene features and object features to compute the generalized likelihoods under both models. We conduct experiments illustrating the differences between the two occlusion models using different quantitative metrics. We also evaluate the recognition performance of our algorithms using examples extracted from object silhouettes and synthetic aperture radar imagery, and illustrate the performance advantages of our approach over alternative algorithms.
The Three-Dimensional Structure of Ribonuclease-S INTERPRETATION OF AN ELECTRON DENSITY MAP AT A NOMINAL RESOLUTION OF 2 A

Abstract The procedures used in the collection and analysis of x-ray diffraction data from single crystals of ribonuclease-S are described. Both isomorphous and anomalous scattering were measured on heavy atom derivatives prepared with the uranyl cation, the tetracyanoplatinate(II) anion, and dichloroethylenediamine platinum(II). The amplitudes and phases of 6000 reflections were established. An electron density map with an estimated root mean square error of 0.23 electron per (A)3 and a nominal resolution of 2 A was produced. An interpretation of this map on the basis of the known chemical sequence has been made. The actual fit of the physical model to the map is shown in a series of stereophotographs of superimposed images. A preliminary list of the coordinates of all nonhydrogen atoms in this enzyme has been prepared. The level of confidence in the proposed structure varies markedly in different parts of the protein. Comments on the quality of the electron density map at individual residues and on the fit of the model in the different regions are given.
Imprecise information and subjective belief

This paper axiomatically studies a family of preference orderings indexed by variable, objective and generally imprecise information. It characterizes functional relationships between objective information and subjective beliefs. In particular, it establishes the contraction model due to Gajdos, Hayashi, Tallon, and Vergnaud (2008) without relying on identifying direct preference over information.
Instability Of Ex Post Aggregation In The Bolker–Jeffrey Framework And Related Instability Phenomena

Suppose n Bayesian agents need to make a decision as a group. The groupas a whole is also supposed to be a Bayesian agent whose probabilities andutilities are derived or aggregated in reasonable ways from the probabilitiesand utilities of the group members. The aggregation could beex ante, i.e., interms of expected utilities, or it could be ex post, i.e., in terms of utilitiesonly, or in terms of utilities and probabilities separately. This study exploresthe ex post approach. Using the Bolker/Jeffrey framework, we show thatex post aggregation is subject to an instability phenomenon. That is, it mayhappen that the group preference between actions ``flips back and forth'' dependingon the level of detail in which the decision problem is described. Structurally verysimilar phenomena also occur elsewhere in social choice theory, in statistics (Simpson'sParadox), and in voting theory (Ostrogorski's Paradox).
Noncardiac surgery in CAD patients.

To the Editor: The article by Eagle et al1 provides interesting data that may have important implications in the management of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) who are scheduled for noncardiac surgery. This is an extremely interesting and complex subject, in part because of the difficulty in assessing cardiac risk in CAD patients and because of the paucity of data to guide management strategies aimed at reducing the risk of perioperative cardiac complications. Indeed, there is an urgent need for management tactics in CAD patients to reduce or suppress perioperative coronary events (myocardial infarction [MI] or cardiac death). In this regard, the authors accomplished a superb task in summarizing data from the CASS trial.1,2 There are, however, some issues of concern in this report. The data presented in this study1 appear to be derived from retrospective observations in patients from the CASS registry and randomized groups3 who underwent noncardiac surgeries. In the design of CASS, a portion of patients from the registry were randomized to treatment according to specific clinical and angiographic criteria.3 Because treatment of CAD was dictated by physician and patient preference,1 it is likely that significant bias was …
Services for Infants and Toddlers with Disabilities: IDEA, Part H

In October 1986 P.L. 99-457, the Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments of 1986, was enacted. Part H of this legislation obligates participating states to provide early intervention services to children with developmental disabilities from birth up to their third birthday. This act has since been renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. All states are now planning to implement this act through the development of multidisciplinary, comprehensive service delivery systems, and social workers in health care settings will play a critical role in the identification, referral, and case management of services for the affected population. This article describes the mandates of this legislation and defines the social worker's role.
Transport Diffusivities of CH4, CF4, He, Ne, Ar, Xe, and SF6 in Silicalite from Atomistic Simulations

We have used atomistic simulations to examine the adsorption isotherms, self diffusivity, and transport diffusivity of seven light gases, CH4, CF4, He, Ne, Ar, Xe, and SF6, adsorbed as single-components in silicalite at room temperature. By using equilibrium molecular dynamics, the self and transport diffusivities are computed simultaneously. For each species the self diffusivity decreases as pore loading is increased due to steric hindrance from other adsorbed molecules. In contrast, the transport diffusivity is an increasing function of pore loading for each species. Our results are the most extensive collection of transport diffusivities determined from atomistic modeling of adsorption in a zeolite to date, and they allow us to examine the accuracy of several common approximations to the loading-dependent diffusivities. Carefully converged results for the anisotropy of diffusion of CH4, CF4, He, Ne, Ar, Xe, and SF6 in silicalite are presented. We discuss the implications of our results for understandin...
Magnetic resonance and susceptibility of rare earth trifluorides

Abstract The 19 F paramagnetic shift has been measured in polycrystalline HoF 3 , ErF 3 , and YbF 3 , between 12 °K and 300 °K for YbF 3 , and between 200 °K and 300 °K for HoF 3 and ErF 3 . In all cases, two distinct lines are resolved corresponding to the two inequivalent flourine sites of the crystal symmetry, D 2 h 16 - Pnma . Powder EPR spectra are reported for HoF 3 and YbF 3 . A computer lattice sum which took into account the “pseudocontact” contribution to the isotropic hyperfine interaction in HoF 3 was carried out. The calculated hyperfine constants at room temperature are: A 1 = 21.9±3.84 MHz, A 2 = −28.1±3.84 MHz for HoF 3 ; and A 1 = 4.30 MHz, A 2 = 0.515 MHz for YbF 3 , defining a shift toward lower applied field as positive. The magnetic susceptibility of HoF 3 is given between 2 °K and 300 °K. The measured Curie-Weiss constants are C = 12.33 and θ = 10.11 °K. Below 100 °K the susceptibility no longer obeys the Curie-Weiss law. An unusually large high temperature intercept for the shift versus susceptibility appears in the case of HoF 3 . This, and the non-Curie-Weiss law susceptibility, can be explained assuming low-lying crystal fields states.
Condom Influence Strategies in a Community Sample of Ethnically Diverse Men and Women1

Few studies have examined comprehensively the ways in which men and women at risk for HIV infection influence their partners to use condoms. This study examines the condom influence strategies (CISs) of an ethnically diverse community sample of 113 (55% male) heterosexually active men and women. Results indicate that individuals at risk for HIV endorse a variety of CISs (withholding sex, direct request, seduction, relationship conceptualizing, risk information, deception, and pregnancy prevention) when attempting to procure condom use with a sexual partner. These CISs were related significantly and meaningfully to a set of safer sexual variables including 3 measures of condom use. Significant gender differences in CISs were not found. Results suggest that safer sexual behavior theories should continue to focus on interpersonal aspects of condom use and underscore the importance of an interpersonal approach to safer sexual intervention.
Dose-response relationship for oral idazoxan effects in healthy human subjects: comparison with oral yohimbine

The effects of oral administration of the α2 adrenergic receptor antagonists idazoxan (20 mg, 40 mg, 80 mg) and yohimbine (20 mg) were compared using a placebo-controlled within-subjects design. Healthy subjects completed 5 test days during which medication effects on mood and anxiety states, physiologic indices, plasma cortisol levels, and plasma levels of the norepinephrine metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG) were assessed. Idazoxan dose-dependently increased plasma MHPG, plasma cortisol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and Panic Attack Symptom Scale scores in healthy subjects. Overall, yohimbine and idazoxan produced a similar pattern of behavioral and neuroendocrine responses. Since idazoxan possesses relatively greater receptor specificity compared to yohimbine, it may be a more useful α2 antagonist in humans.
IMPLANTATION, TRANSPLANTATION, AND EPITHELIAL-MESENCHYMAL RELATIONSHIPS IN THE RAT UTERUS

Free tail skin grafts or suspensions of viable epidermal cells have been placed in the atraumatized uterus of isologous rat hosts and allowed to "implant" of their own accord to study the possible uniqueness of this site for other than nature's transplants, i.e. conceptuses, and its response to unnatural grafts. Despite the presence of an intact endometrial epithelium, free skin grafts heal-in rapidly, provided that a state of estrogen excess is established at the time of transplantation. In the absence of estrogen most of the grafts failed to implant. Once established, the grafts survive indefinitely without further estrogen. However, if at any stage a state of continual estrus is established, skin epidermis migrates centrifugally from the graft perimeter invasively replacing the native uterine epithelium. The results of an analysis of the modus operandi of this estrogen-facilitated epidermal migration in utero sustain the view that the hormone acts upon the uterine stroma rather than upon the epidermal cells. When grafts of lingual mucosa or vaginal "skin" were placed in the uteri of rats maintained in chronic estrus, migration of epidermis took place even more vigorously than from tail skin. These epithelia conserved their distinctive histologic specificities indefinitely when growing as heterotypic recombinants on the alien mesenchymal stroma of the uterus. Monodisperse suspensions of epidermal cells appear to "implant" and establish small epidermal plaques in the uterus only at sites predestined to accept conceptuses. That the endocrinologic parameters for the establishment of skin grafts in the uterus are similar to those for blastocysts is suggested by the finding that both kinds of graft can become established in the same uterine horn in the absence of exogenous hormones.
Zero-crossing rates of wavelet frame representations for texture classification

The zero-crossing rates (ZCRs) of the wavelet frame representation of texture images are proposed as features for texture classification. Results indicate that ZCR features lower the probability of error (PE) by 40% over energy (EN) and correlation coefficient features. Augmenting ZCR features with EN features improves the PE by 70% over ZCR features alone.
Transverse transmission electron microscopy of sputtered NbN films

A technique of preparing transverse sections of sputtered NbN films for transmission electron microscopy is presented. Microstructural details of grain morphologies, orientations, and phase compositions can be readily analysed using transverse specimens over the entire film thickness including the deposited film-substrate interface.
A guide to mentoring undergraduates in the lab.

Mentoring undergraduates in a research laboratory requires a different set of skills and approaches than for other lab members. However, if a mentor — be it a faculty member, postdoc or graduate student — can adopt these methods, it can lead to a significantly improved lab experience for everyone involved.
Equilibria in systems of interacting structured populations

The existence of a stable positive equilibrium density for a community of k interacting structured species is studied as a bifurcation problem. Under the assumption that a subcommunity of k−1 species has a positive equilibrium and under only very mild restrictions on the density dependent vital growth rates, it is shown that a global continuum of equilibria for the full community bifurcates from the subcommunity equilibrium at a unique critical value of a certain inherent birth modulus for the kth species. Local stability is shown to depend upon the direction of bifurcation. The direction of bifurcation is studied in more detail for the case when vital per unity birth and death rates depend on population density through positive linear functionals of density and for the important case of two interacting species. Some examples involving competition, predation and epidemics are given.
Who can you trust in the cloud?: a review of security issues within cloud computing

In this paper, we discuss security issues with Cloud Based Computing and Cloud Operating Systems. Cloud computing has recently experienced a significant increase in popularity as major companies such as Google and Microsoft have started to release cloud based products, advertise the use of the cloud, and even release an open source Cloud OS. As the general public becomes more aware of cloud based computing and the popularity increases the demand for security will increase. This paper discusses both unique security concerns for cloud computing as well as shared security issues between cloud and traditional computing. Current solutions for these security risks are also discussed and evaluated. In addition, we propose a method for allowing the user to select specific security levels of security for items and make a list of security items that all users should be aware of before opting to use cloud based services.
A Suppressor Screen in Chlamydomonas Identifies Novel Components of the Retinoblastoma Tumor Suppressor Pathway

The retinoblastoma (RB) protein is a eukaryotic tumor suppressor and negative cell-cycle regulator. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells that lack the RB homolog MAT3 show loss of size checkpoint control and deregulated cell-cycle progression leading to the production of tiny cells. We carried out an insertional mutagenesis screen to isolate bypass suppressors of mat3 (smt mutants) that reverted the mat3 cell-size defect. Previously we reported that the loci encoding Chlamydomonas homologs of E2F and DP were frequently disrupted in this screen, indicating that the architecture of the canonical RB pathway is conserved in Chlamydomonas with MAT3/RB acting as a negative regulator upstream of E2F/DP. Here, we describe four novel smt mutants that moderately suppressed the cell-size checkpoint and cell-cycle phenotypes of mat3. As single mutants, three of the smt strains displayed no obvious phenotypes, and one had a slightly small phenotype. Strikingly, several smt double-mutant combinations synergized to cause enhanced suppression of mat3 and even to cause a large-cell phenotype that is comparable to that caused by loss of DP1. Molecular characterization of one smt mutant revealed that suppression is due to a defect in a gene encoding a putative small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) peptidase. Our results reveal a complex genetic network that lies downstream of MAT3/RB and implicate protein sumoylation as an important step for cell-cycle progression in cells that are missing MAT3/RB.
Gender comparison in depressive symptoms and use of antidepressant medications after acute coronary syndrome

Abstract Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) affects many aspects of female and male survivors' lives. This prospective longitudinal study explored gender differences in 100 patients hospitalized with ACS and 1 month follow-up. There were no significant differences in depressive symptoms (DS) by gender. However, significantly more females than males had a history of depression and reported being prescribed and taking antidepressants. Considering that 18 nonrespondents had higher DS at Time 1 than the did the others, DS at Time 2 could have been higher given that patients who are depressed tended not to respond at Time 2. Therefore, health care providers need to pay more attention to DS in ACS survivors, especially women whose early recovery experience might be different from men.
Singularity and Dirac dynamics in periodic plasmonic nanostructures

We present the formation of a singularity in k -space from a periodic metal-dielectric nanostructure. The singularity originates from the balance between alternating normal and anomalous coupling. By employing the formalism of Dirac dynamics for relativistic quantum particles, we theoretically describe propagation dynamics of surface plasmon polaritons and demonstrate a strong diffraction anomaly (conical-like diffraction) near the singular point.
Structural Aspects of Heparin Responsible for Interactions With von Willebrand Factor

Abstract Unfractionated heparin (UFH) binds von Willebrand factor (vWF) and inhibits the vWF–platelet GP Ib interaction. For vWF, a heparin-binding domain has been identified, but for heparin, the structures that confer such activity are unknown. To investigate this, UFH was depolymerized by methods that yield structurally distinct fragments. The glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) produced were separated into five groups of homogeneous molecular weight (MW). Anti-Xa activity, vWF binding affinity, and vWF-dependent platelet agglutination were measured. Periodate oxidation but not heparinase digestion destroyed anti-Xa activity. At all MWs, periodate conferred greater vWF binding affinity and greater ability to inhibit platelet agglutination than heparinase. As an example, at MW 6100, the binding IC50 was 100±19 μmol/L for a periodate-derived GAG and 527±70 μmol/L for a heparinase-derived GAG. At the same MW, the agglutination IC50 was 17±5 μmol/L for periodate and 135±18 μmol/L for heparinase. This suggests that the disaccharide GlcNS[6S]-IdoA2S, destroyed by heparinase but not periodate, is crucial to heparin-vWF interactions. An MW dependency was also noted, with a minimum dodecasaccharide required for activity inhibition. To further investigate the heparin/vWF interaction, affinity fractionation of heparins was performed with an immobilized peptide derived from a heparin-binding domain of vWF. Disaccharide analysis of high-affinity heparins revealed an increased ratio of IdoA2S-GlcN[S/Ac]6S to IdoA2S-GlcN[S/Ac]. Affinity fractionation of oligosaccharides (MW 3500) diminished the relative content of all disaccharides except IdoA2S-GlcNS6S, which was increased. These data suggest that the disaccharide structures IdoA2S-GlcNS6S and GlcNS6S-IdoA2S are crucial to heparin/vWF interactions. Understanding the structural aspects that confer such activity may be useful in designing heparin-based antithrombotic drugs.
Algorithms for brush movement

Animators frequently usepaint systems to create and refine their images. In such a program, an artist creates a brush that is moved across a frame buffer, providing a simplified simulation of a physical brush moving across an actual canvas. Movement of the brush often requires modification of a large number of pixels in a small amount of time. Existing algorithms for brush movement are discussed, and two new algorithms are presented that reduce the amount of i/o needed to move a brush, but at the expense of increased computational complexity.
Altered states of cardiac beta-adrenoreceptors

Abstract Beta-adrenergic agonists are believed to alter beta-adrenoreceptors to an active conformation, and sometimes to a desensitized state. Beta-antagonists are thought to bind without causing either activation or desensitization. To examine these states further, the stability of occupied and unoccupied receptors to inactivation by heat and enzymatic digestion was studied. Binding of (−)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol was used as the criterion for receptor stability. Both (−)-isoproterenol (50 μM) and (±)-alprenolol (20 μM) markedly stabilized beta-receptors in cardiac membranes to heat. Remarkably, no inactivation was seen in the presence of the agonist during incubations of membranes at 50° for 1 hr, and the binding properties of the receptors were unchanged after removal of isoproterenol. In contrast, both ligands potentiated degradation of beta-receptors by α-chymotrypsin. The results provide evidence for three different physical states of cardiac beta-receptors: unoccupied, agonist-occupied, and antagonist-occupied. (No attempt was made to distinguish active from desensitized receptors.) We hypothesize that both ligands may increase portrusion of the receptor protein from the membrane surface, and we suggest that (−)-isoproterenol is a useful agent for stabilizing beta-receptors.
Modeling of microburst outflows using impinging jet and cooling source approaches and their comparison

Abstract Microbursts have been simulated and studied using different physical and numerical modeling methods. In the present study, the steady impinging jet model was comprehensively studied by using a 2-foot-diameter (0.61 m) microburst simulator available in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at Iowa State University. Point measurements and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) results revealed a detailed picture of the overall flow and distribution of velocity and turbulence in the outflow of the steady impinging jet. Comparisons suggested that the average wind velocity profile of the steady impinging jet matched well with those derived from field data and previous research. FFT of the velocity time-history and instantaneous PIV results implied that the outflow consisted of low-frequency periodic shedding of vortices and the steady impinging jet model could be seen as an ensemble average of a series of simulated microburst events. Due to lack of time-dependent evolutionary information of the steady impinging jet model, a transient impinging jet model was studied to capture the transient features which were then compared with those of the cooling-source model by performing numerical simulations. Transient features of the transient impinging jet model and cooling source model showed several differences mainly related to the different formation and transportation process of the primary vortex. Ground surface pressure distributions were found to be different due to different forcing parameter of the two models. Comparison with the field data suggested that both models resembled the dynamic features of a real microburst outflow. However, results showed that the cooling source model could produce a reasonable instantaneous radial velocity profile at maximum wind condition, while the transient impinging jet model resulted in a large deviation. Finally, merits and demerits of each modeling methods were discussed.
The autologous internal breast splint: A novel technique for the treatment of postaugmentation ptosis.

Background Many patients who receive breast implants eventually develop breast ptosis and a descent of the inframammary fold. This usually requires either exchange for a larger implant, mastopexy (vertical or “T” incision), or more recently, the use of the so-called “power lift” or suturing of the posterior leaf of the capsule to the pectoralis major muscle. Objective We report on a new technique for correction of postaugmentation ptosis, also called “implant ptosis,” (IP) without making any further incisions on the breast or producing any breast distortion. Methods A capsulotomy was performed through existing incisions, and the implant was removed. The posterior capsule was elevated from either the pectoralis major muscle (subglandular implants) or the anterior chest wall (submuscular implants). Approximately one half of the posterior capsule was reflected from its posterior attachments and then sutured to the anterior leaflet of the capsule, creating a “sandwich.” This internal autologous splint elevated and medialized the implant, while adding thickness and strength to the capsule. It was then sutured to the periosteum of the anterior rib at the level of the new inframammary fold. The new implant was then placed in the submuscular position. Results Operations were performed between 4 months and 8 years after the original augmentations in 11 women with bilateral breast implants who developed Grade II to III ptosis after augmentation in either the subglandular (n = 4) or submuscular (n = 7) positions. Preoperatively, all patients displayed Type 1 or 2 capsules. Follow-up was from 1 to 3 years after surgery. The technique produced an aesthetically pleasing breast with correction of the ptosis. No additional incisions on the breast were necessary, and no restrictions to breast shape were noted with full arm motion. Long-term follow-up displayed good position of the nipple-areolar complex and high patient satisfaction. Conclusions The autologous internal breast splint is a novel technique for the treatment of postaugmentation ptosis that both medializes and elevates the implant when necessary. Altlhough it was performed through previous incisions in this study, it may be coupled with a standard mastopexy procedure. This technique may solve many of the problems associated with postaugmentation breast ptosis and warrants further investigation.
A capsule view of data security for the data processing manager

Here are presented proposed definitions for privacy, security, and integrity as they relate to data security. Following these definitions is a discussion of some aspects of data security a data processing manager may wish to consider.
Optimal probability partial control of linear inventory systems

Most processes have more storage levels to control than there are production rates for changing inventories, a situation known as partial controllability. Necessary and sufficient conditions under which all levels can be held within predetermined limits are presented. A control law maximizing the probability of satisfactory operation is developed, together with the computational steps required for its implementation. A simple numerical example is given.
Decline in Energy Reserves of Chlorella sorokiniana upon Exposure to Ozone.

Ozone exposure has been shown to increase the loss of K from Chlorella cells due to an increase in passive permeability and a depolarization of membrane potential. One factor which likely influences or can be influenced by these changes is the energy state of the cell. To study this relationship, various indicators of cell energy status were examined in the presence and absence of O 3 . The active uptake of chloride and deoxyglucose is nearly completely inhibited by O 3 at a dose at which cellular death, measured by plating efficiency, is minimal. Glucose-stimulated respiration, dependent upon ATP/ADP balance, is depressed to a greater degree than endogenous respiration in ozonated cells. Total ATP and glucose-6-phosphate levels also decrease but not as rapidly, and labeled intermediates of glucose metabolism are lost. Thus, exposure to O 3 results in a depletion of the cell9s energy reserves as substantiated by changes observed in processes which both utilize and generate ATP. This loss in energy reserves occurs at the same exposure level of O 3 as do the changes in passive transport properties. Thus, we cannot tell which occurs first; and the processes seem to be linked with respect to O 3 injury.
Estimating the electrostatic potential at the acetylcholine receptor agonist site using power saturation EPR.

Abstract Continuous wave EPR power saturation was used to measure electrostatic potentials at spin-labeled sites. Membrane surface potentials were estimated by power saturating the EPR spectrum of a membrane bound 14 N spin-labeled amphiphile in the presence of a neutral or positively charged 15 N labeled aqueous spin probe. The potentials that are measured are in good agreement with other probe measurements and with the predictions of the Gouy–Chapman–Stern theory, indicating that this is a valid approach to determine electrostatic potentials. A spin-labeled affinity probe based on maleimidobenzyltrimethylammonium was synthesized and could be derivatized to a sulfhydryl near either agonist site on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. The amplitudes of motion of the spin-probe on the ns time scale are significantly different when the two labeled sites are compared, and the probe is more restricted in its motion when attached to the more easily labeled site. When attached to this agonist site, power saturation EPR yields an electrostatic potential of −15 mV. Two other sulfhydryl-specific probes were used to label this site in reconstituted receptor containing membranes. These probes show less contact with the receptor and reduced electrostatic potentials, indicating that there is a strong spatial dependence to the potential at the agonist site. This work demonstrates that power saturation EPR provides a general method that can be used to estimate electrostatic potentials at any specifically spin-labeled macromolecular site.
Variation of the luminescence spectra of spray pyrolyzed CdS with photoexcitation energy

Abstract We report that spray pyrolyzed CdS has a luminescence spectrum that dramatically changes with incident photoexcitation energy. Over the photoexcitation range between 1.94 eV and 2.71 eV, the intensity of the 1.22 eV (1020 nm) luminescence line is constant, but that of the 1.55 eV (800 nm) luminescence line first increases, then decreases, and then remains constant. These results are used to measure the 1.55 eV line trap energy of 1.90 eV, and to demonstrate the role of localized carriers in the 1.55 eV line trap cross-section.
Comparison of biochemical relapse-free survival between primary Gleason score 3 and primary Gleason score 4 for biopsy Gleason score 7 prostate cancer.

Purpose To determine whether the primary grade (PG) of biopsy Gleason score (GS) 7 prostate cancer (CaP) was predictive for biochemical relapse-free survival (bRFS). Most of the present data regarding the PG of GS7 CaP refer to surgical specimens. Our goal was to determine whether the biopsy GS used at the time of medical decision making predicted for the biochemical outcome. Methods and Materials We reviewed the data from 705 patients with biopsy GS7 CaP, from a prospectively maintained database, who had been treated at our institution between September 1996 and March 2005 with radical prostatectomy ( n = 310), external beam radiotherapy ( n = 268), or prostate radioactive seed implantation ( n = 127). The bRFS rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used for univariate and multivariate analyses examining these factors in relation to bRFS: PG of biopsy GS, initial prostate-specific antigen level, clinical T stage, use of androgen deprivation, risk group (high or intermediate), and treatment modality. Results The 5-year bRFS rate was 78% and 71% ( p = 0.0108) for biopsy GS7 PG3 CaP and biopsy GS7 PG4 CaP, respectively. Comparing PG3 and PG4 within treatment modalities, only prostate implantation patients had a significant difference in the 5-year bRFS rate, 88% vs. 76%, respectively ( p = 0.0231). On multivariate analysis, the PG of biopsy GS remained an independent predictor of bRFS, with PG3 having better bRFS than PG4 (relative risk, 0.655; 95% confidence interval, 0.472–0.909; p = 0.0113). Conclusion Biopsy GS7 PG4 CaP carries a worse bRFS than biopsy GS7 PG3 CaP.
Reduced description of complex dynamics in reactive systems.

Detailed chemical kinetics typically involve a large number of chemical species and a wide range of time scales. In calculations of chemically reactive flows, dimension-reduction techniques can be used to reduce the computational burden imposed by the direct use of detailed chemistry. In the reduced description, the reactive system is described in terms of a smaller number of reduced composition variables (e.g., some “major” species) instead of the full set of chemical species. Reactive flows exhibiting complex dynamics are especially challenging for dimension-reduction techniques and therefore provide more rigorous validation for such methods. Following the work of Brad et al. [Proc. Combust. Inst. 2007, 31, 455],1 in this paper, we demonstrate the capability of the Invariant Constrained-equilibrium Edge Pre-Image Curve (ICE-PIC) dimension-reduction method [J. Chem. Phys. 2006, 124, Art. No. 114111]2 through calculations of the oxidation of a CO/H2 mixture in a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) at...
Developmental patterns of peripheral nerve, myoneural junction and muscle: a review.

Abstract This review of peripheral nerve, myoneural junction and muscle development includes reports involving rat, cat and human infants. Emphasis is placed upon structural, histochemical and physiological patterns occuring postnatally. Biochemical development is excluded, and the studies of tissue culture patterns which almost exclusively involve fetal animals are also beyond the scope of this review.
In vivo labeling patterns of free polyribosomes: relationship to tape theory of messenger ribonucleic acid function.

Abstract The free polyribosome populations of several mouse plasma-cell tumors were analysed by sucrose density-gradient centrifugation following brief in vivo incorporation of [ 14 C]leucine. The specific activity of the polyribosomes (protein radioactivity/unit of ribosomal RNA) was taken as a measure of their relative content of nascent protein. The observed relationship between specific activity and polyribosome size was compared with that predicted by a model of polyribosome function based on the assumption of monocistronic mRNA. Generally good agreement was found for polyribosomes containing between two and 15 ribosomes ( N = 2 to 15); such deviations as were seen within this size range could be explained by the action of endogenous RNase. Polyribosomes of N > 15 usually exhibited less than the “expected” specific activity, but data relating to this size range were of limited reliability. Deoxycholate markedly affected the size distribution of the free polyribosomes, perhaps by sensitizing them to the action of degradative enzyme(s) contained in the soluble phase.
Finite-element model for possible isostatic rebound in the Grand Canyon

In parts of the Grand Canyon a sinuous anticlinal structure in the Muav Limestone trends along the Colorado River and dips away from the river course. If the structure was there before the canyon was created, it appears that parts of the Colorado River channel coincide with the axis of the anticline. A model study based on the concept of finite elements shows that a possible mechanism for the folding of the Muav Limestone is elastic rebound caused by relief from overburden pressure as material was eroded to form the canyon.
The effect on firm output after its acquisition by a pure conglomerate

Abstract This paper explores the question of whether the optimal output of a competitive firm will be affected if it is acquired as an operating subsidiary of a pure conglomerate. The demand curves faced by all the subsidiaries vary randomly. The acquired firm's managers adapt their optimizing behavior in recognition of the fact that the firm's post-acquisition profits constitute only one locus of contribution to the parent company's aggregate profits. Four propositions are derived; collectively, they establish the conditions that apply to determine the difference between the firm's ante-acquisition output and its post-acquisition counterpart.
Screening for Colorectal Cancer

To the Editor.— In May 1977, in a letter to the editor (237:2380, 1977), I reported negative results in a mass screening program for the detection of early colorectal cancer. The old Hemoccult guaiac slides were used in a mail-in program in 1,800 women older than 35 years. These screenees were asymptomatic participants in a breast cancer detection project. We found fecal occult blood in only 0.23% of our screenees and bowel cancer in none. In our hands the test slide seemed insensitive and was unsatisfactory when used in a colorectal cancer screen. We have just completed another colon cancer mass-screening study using the new Hemoccult II slides, with entirely different and encouraging results. Of 3,200 asymptomatic screenees who have entered our study, 2,000 have now returned their slides for testing. We have changed our protocol as follows: The test is offered those women 45 years of age or
Have massive cosmological neutrinos already been detected

The possibility is investigated that the decay of massive cosmological neutrinos may have produced a spectral signature which has already been detected in observations of the ultraviolet background radiation. Various implications are discussed including a possible implied neutrino mass of 13.8-14.8 eV. A lower limit is also placed on the lifetime of heavy neutrinos with respect to decay into light neutrinos and gamma rays based on the cosmic UV observations.
Purity of catalase preparations: contamination by endotoxin and its role in the inhibition of airway inflammation.

Inflammation is an important feature of chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, and other diseases of the airways. Important aspects of the acute inflammatory response are increased vascular permeability and the resultant tissue edema. However, the mechanisms underlying the development of airway inflammation and edema have not been well characterized. Airway inflammation and edema are also common features of asthma. Airway hyperresponsiveness, the central feature of asthma, has been associated with the presence of airway inflammation in some experimental models.‘-’ However, a dissociation between airway permeability and airway reactivity has also been demonstrated in human subjects.4*s Thus, the role of airway edema in asthma is less clear than that for other diseases of the airway. In studying airway inflammation, we have previously determined that the airway edema that develops in guinea pigs exposed to the industrial chemical toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is dependent on the presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs).~ An increase in protein extravasation was observed in the tracheas of guinea pigs exposed to TDI. When animals were treated with cytotoxic drugs, such as hydroxyurea or vinblastine, to deplete circulating PMNs, airway edema did not develop after exposure to TDI. To control for nonspecific effects of the drugs, depleted animals were repleted with PMNs from.donor animals. We found that airway edema did develop in repleted animals exposed to TDI. Thus, we determined that the
Evolutionary pathways of the PA genes of influenza a viruses

Abstract Nucleotide sequences of the PA genes of influenza A viruses, isolated from a variety of host species, were analyzed to determine the evolutionary pathways of these genes and the host specificity of the genes. Results of maximum parsimony analysis of the nucleotide sequences indicate at least five lineages for the PA genes. Those from human strains represent a single lineage, whereas the avian genes appear to have evolved as two lineages—one comprising genes from many kinds of birds (e.g., chickens, turkeys, shorebirds, and ducks) and the other comprising only genes from gulls. H3N2 swine influenza virus PA genes are closely related to the currently circulating duck virus PA gene. By contrast, the H1N1 swine and equine virus PA genes appear to have evolved along independent lineages. Comparison of predicted amino acid sequences disclosed 10 amino acid substitutions in the PA proteins of all avian and H3N2 swine viruses that distinguished them from human viruses. The H1N1 swine viruses seem to be chimeras between human and avian viruses and they contain 8 amino acids not shared by other viruses. The equine viruses also appear to show their own amino acid substitutions. These findings indicate that the PA genes of influenza A viruses have evolved in different pathways defined by apparently unique amino acid substitutions and host specificities. They also indicate that influenza A viruses have been transmitted from avian to mammalian species.
Overuse of papanicolaou testing among older women and among women without a cervix.

Leading national organizations are increasingly using evidence-based recommendations for Papanicolaou testing. As of 2003, organizations recommended against Papanicolaou testing for women without a cervix following a hysterectomy who do not have a history of high-grade precancerous lesion or cervical cancer and for women older than 65 years with adequate prior screening and who are not at high risk.1–3 Few studies have investigated overuse of Papanicolaou testing among US women. We aimed to investigate overuse of Papanicolaou testing in relation to cervical cancer screening recommendations.
Chemotaxis as an Emergent Property of a Swarm

We have characterized and quantified a form of bacterial chemotaxis that manifests only as an emergent property by measuring symmetry breaking in a swarm of Myxococcus xanthus exposed to a two-dimensional nutrient gradient from within an agar substrate. M. xanthus chemotaxis requires cell-cell contact and coordinated motility, as individual motile cells exhibit only nonvectorial movement in the presence of a nutrient gradient. Genes that specifically affect M. xanthus chemotaxis include at least 10 of the 53 that express enhancer binding proteins of the NtrC-like class, an indication that this behavior is controlled through transcription, most likely by a complex signal transduction network.
Inertial ranges for turbulent solutions of complex Ginzburg-Landau equations

Abstract We consider the spatially periodic, complex Ginzburg-Landau (CGL) equation in regimes close to that of a critical or supercritical focusing non-linear Schrodinger (NLS) equation, which is known to have solutions that exhibit self-similar blow-up. We use the NLS blow-up solutions as a template to develop a theory of how nearly self-similar intermittent burst events can create a power-law inertial range in the time-averaged wave-number spectrum of CGL solutions. Numerical experiments in one dimension with a quintic (critical) and septant (supercritical) non-linearity show a that power-law inertial range emerges which differs from that predicted by the theory. However, as one approaches the NLS limit in the supercritical case, a second power-law inertial range is seen to emerge that agrees with the theory.
From Imperial Gardens to Public Parks: The Transformation of Urban Space in Early Twentieth-Century Beijing

Historians of moder China have recently discovered the expansion of a public sphere in late imperial and early republican Chinese society. The works of Mary Rankin (1986) and William Rowe (1984, 1989), for example, focusing on late imperial Zhejiang and Hankou, respectively, point to community-centered, extra-bureaucratic elite activism as the major force behind China's moder political transformation. The work of David Strand (1989) on early republican Beijing further demonstrates how new organizations, such as the police, political parties, chambers of commerce, and labor unions, developed in parallel with old institutions, such as guilds, volunteer firefighting brigades and militias, charities, labor gangs, and elite mediation. Together, these works suggest that the public sphere expanded rapidly, taking advantage of the state's inability to extend itself aggressively into new areas of social life.' This article joins the debate over the issues of the state-society relationship and the public sphere by examining the transformation of imperial, private, and restricted urban space into areas that were civilian, open, and available for public use in China's capital-Beijing-early in the twentieth century. The article deals with the public sphere in its spatial and physical form (i.e., public spaces). Instead of assuming that the transformation of public space sprang from local elite activism, it investigates the roles of both the state and society in the transforma-
Calmodulin blocker inhibits Ca++-ATPase activity in secretory ameloblast of rat incisor.

The effects of the calmodulin blocker, trifluoperazine (TEP), on membrane-bound Ca++ -ATPase, Na+ -K+ -ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3.) and the ultrastructure of the enamel organ were investigated in the lower incisors of normal and TFP-injected rats. The rats, of about 100 g body weight, were given either 0.2 ml physiological saline or 100 μg TFP dissolved in 0.2 ml physiological saline through a jugular vein and fixed by transcardiac perfusion with a formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde mixture at 1 and 2 h after TFP administration. Non-decalcified sections of the enamel organ less than 50 μm in thickness, prepared from dissected lower incisors, were processed for the ultracytochemical demonstration of Ca++-ATPase and Na+-K+ -ATPase by the one-step lead method at alkaline pH. In control saline-injected animals the most intense enzymatic reaction of Ca++-ATPase was demonstrated along the plasma membranes of the entire cell surfaces of secretory ameloblasts. Moderate enzymatic reaction was also observed in the plasma membranes of the cells of stratum intermedium and papillary layer. Reaction precipitates of Na+-K+-ATPase activity were localized clearly along the plasma membranes of only the cells of stratum intermedium and papillary layer. The most drastic effect of TFP was a marked disappearance of enzymatic reaction of Ca++-ATPase from the plasma membranes of secretory ameloblasts, except for a weak persistent reaction in the basolateral cell surfaces of the infranuclear region facing the stratum intermedium. The cells of stratum intermedium and papillary layer, however, continued to react for Ca++-ATPase even after TFP treatment. Similarly, Na+-K+-ATPase activity in these cells was not inhibited by TFP administration. Ultrastructural examination of secretory ameloblasts revealed that administration of TFP caused no considerable cytological changes and did not act as a cytotoxic agent. These results suggest that secretory ameloblasts may have an active Ca++ transport system, which is modulated by an endogenous calmodulin.