cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From 2G to 3G: a guide to mobile security

A close look at the ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute). GSM standard shows that most of the security features were designed from an operator perspective with a view to preventing fraud and network misuse; the responsibility for implementing features related to user's privacy was delegated to the operators. This approach failed in providing a trusted environment where mobile users felt confident enough to place commercial transactions and exchange sensitive information. As technology matures and mobile data services appear, users are more than ever questioning the security of mobile communications and are becoming more aware of the associated risks. This is particularly true in the area of m-banking, where bank establishments have been reluctant to introduce sophisticated services and users uncomfortable to use their mobile telephones to transmit sensitive information about their accounts. Aware of the need to boost public confidence in mobile data services, the 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) committee in charge of developing the standards for the Universal Mobile Telephony System (UMTS), took a different approach and incorporated more security requirements into the specification. This article looks at the security aspects associated with mobile communications and the way risks are addressed both in GSM and UMTS.
Associations between purine metabolites and clinical symptoms in schizophrenia.

Background: The antioxidant defense system, which is known to be dysregulated in schizophrenia, is closely linked to the dynamics of purine pathway. Thus, alterations in the homeostatic balance in the purine pathway may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Methodology/Principal Findings: Breakdown products in purine pathway were measured using high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with a coulometric multi-electrode array system for 25 first-episode neuroleptic-naive patients with schizophrenia at baseline and at 4-weeks following initiation of treatment with antipsychotic medication. Associations between these metabolites and clinical and neurological symptoms were examined at both time points. The ratio of uric acid and guanine measured at baseline predicted clinical improvement following four weeks of treatment with antipsychotic medication. Baseline levels of purine metabolites also predicted clinical and neurological symtpoms recorded at baseline; level of guanosine was associated with degree of clinical thought disturbance, and the ratio of xanthosine to guanosine at baseline predicted degree of impairment in the repetition and sequencing of actions. Conclusions/Significance: Findings suggest an association between optimal levels of purine byproducts and dynamics in clinical symptoms and adjustment, as well as in the integrity of sensory and motor processing. Taken together, alterations in purine catabolism may have clinical relevance in schizophrenia pathology.
Disability, Disorder, and Identity

Abstract The World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is the most important diagnostic tool, worldwide, to ensure that people with intellectual and developmental disabilities receive the supports they need to live richer, fuller lives. And yet, the ICD has naming conventions that create a conundrum for the field, requiring that all “conditions” in the ICD be named as a “disorder.” This article discusses the effect of naming on how people with intellectual disability are perceived by others and how they perceive themselves. The importance of continuing to move the field toward the adoption of functional/person–environment fit models of disability is discussed.
The Association between the PR Interval and Left Ventricular Measurements in the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Introduction. Few studies have examined the association between the PR interval (PRi) and subclinical cardiovascular disease measures. Methods and Results. The Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) is a population-based study of 6814 men and women aged 45–84 years without clinical cardiovascular disease and 4962 had complete baseline data on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging measures of LV dimension and ejection fraction and surface electrocardiogram. Linear regression models were constructed to determine the adjusted association between the PRi and measures of LV stroke volume, LV mass, LV end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes, and ejection fraction. Overall, mean age was 61.5 years, and 47.6% were male and race/ethnicity was white in 39.1%, Chinese in 13.1%, African-American in 25.7%, and Hispanic in 22.2%. The PRi ranged from 88 to 308 ms with a median value of 162 ms. As a continuous variable, every standard deviation unit (25 ms) increment in PRi was associated with a 2.00 mL (95% CI 1.52, 2.48) higher stroke volume, a 3.08 g (95% CI 2.30, 3.86) higher LV mass, a 1.36 g/m2 (95% CI 0.96, 1.76) higher LV mass index, and 1.31 mL (95% CI 0.88, 1.73) higher end-systolic and 3.31 mL (95% CI 2.58, 4.03) higher end-diastolic volumes after adjustment for all covariates. No significant association was noted between the PRi and LV ejection fraction. Conclusions. A prolonged PRi is associated with LV measures and may in part explain the link between a prolonged PRi and cardiovascular outcomes.
Macroscopic model of electroporating membrane

This study presents a concise macroscopic model of electroporating membrane. The membrane is represented by a parallel-conductance model in which the transmembrane current consists of the capacitive current, the leakage current, and the electroporation current through a variable conductance that reflects the shock-induced creation of hydrophilic pores. This model was used to compare the responses of the electroporating and nonelectroporating membrane to strong stimuli and to examine the difference in the response of the electroporating membrane to the first and to subsequent shocks.
Electronic structure and spectra of plutonyl complexes and their hydrated forms: PuO2CO3 and PuO2CO3 · nH2O (n = 1,2)

Abstract We have studied the electronic and spectroscopic properties of plutonyl carbonate complexes of the types PuO 2 CO 3 and the hydrated forms, PuO 2 CO 3 · n H 2 O ( n = 1,2) using density functional, Moller–Plesset second order perturbation, and coupled cluster techniques. Our computed equilibrium geometries and vibrational spectra of these species agree quite well with the EXAFS and Raman data available on related complexes. We have obtained the electron density plots and molecular orbital plots.
The Sugar Colonies of the Old Empire:Profit or Loss for Great Britain?

N a recent article in this Journal, R. B. Sheridan maintains that the British West Indies made a substantial contribution to the economic development of Great Britain before the end of the eighteenth century.2A careful examination of the evidence presented by Sheridan does not support his contention. The object of this essay is to demonstrate that economic analysis used in conjunction with the data employed by Sheridan yields the conclusion that the possession of the British West Indies actually had the effect of retarding the growth of Great Britain.3 In fact, the conclusion reached in this essay is that the income of Englishmen would have been at least J500,ooo higher in the absence of the West Indies from the empire. Sheridan contends that the West Indies in general, andJamaica in particular, "yielded an economic surplus which contributed in no small way to the growth of the metropolitan economy".4 This conclusion is based upon evidence showing the rapid extensive economic growth of the island ofJamaica between I 740 and 1 775, and upon an implicit "balance sheet of empire" based also upon data from Jamaica. In the course of his argument, Sheridan constructs an estimate of the wealth ofJamaica during the I 770's and expands it to include all the British West India sugar colonies. This wealth estimate was found by Sheridan to be consistent with a measurement of the annual income generated in the British West Indies. The sheer size of these findings seems to have led Sheridan to conclude that the British West Indies must have made a significant positive contribution to the economic growth of the metropolitan region.
Using Judgments to Understand Decoy Effects in Choice

Students were presented choice triads from several different domains, with alternatives described along two dimensions. In Experiment 1, the decoy alternative in each set was dominated by only one of the two other alternatives in the set. In Experiment 2, the decoy alternative was dominated by both of the other alternatives in the set. Within different blocks of trials, participants rated (a) overall attractiveness of each alternative, (b) importance of the different dimensions, (c) attractiveness of each attribute value, and (d) the justifiability of each alternative. Significant effects of manipulating the decoy were found for justifiability ratings and value ratings, with these combining to predict effects on attractiveness ratings. Results argued against a weight-change model of decoy effects and supported value-shift and value-added models.
Epidermal growth factor receptor-related protein: a potential therapeutic agent for colorectal cancer ☆

Abstract Background & Aims: Epidermal growth factor receptor is frequently implicated in epithelial cancers and is, therefore, being considered as a potential target for therapy. Recently, we reported the isolation and characterization of epidermal growth factor receptor–related protein, a negative regulator of epidermal growth factor receptor. To discern whether epidermal growth factor receptor-related protein could be an effective therapeutic agent for colorectal cancer, we generated epidermal growth factor receptor–related protein fusion protein and studied its effect on the growth of colon cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. We also studied whether epidermal growth factor receptor-related protein expression is altered in colorectal cancer. Methods: A 55-kilodalton epidermal growth factor receptor–related protein fusion protein with V5 and His tags was generated in a drosophila expression system and subsequently purified by a His antibody affinity column. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies against epidermal growth factor receptor-related protein were used to examine the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor–related protein. Results: Epidermal growth factor receptor-related protein expression was found to be high in benign human colonic epithelium but low in adenocarcinoma. Exposure of the colon cancer cell lines HCT-116 and Caco-2 to purified recombinant epidermal growth factor receptor–related protein caused a marked inhibition of proliferation, as well as attenuation of basal and ligand-induced stimulation of epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylation. Epidermal growth factor receptor-related protein-induced inhibition of proliferation of colon cancer cells was prevented by epidermal growth factor receptor–related protein antibodies. Reduced epidermal growth factor receptor phosphorylation was partly due to sequestration of epidermal growth factor receptor ligands by epidermal growth factor receptor-related protein, resulting in the formation of inactive heterodimers with epidermal growth factor receptor. Intratumoral or subcutaneous (away from the tumor site) injections of purified epidermal growth factor receptor–related protein caused regression of palpable colon cancer xenograft tumors in some severely compromised immunodeficient mice and arrested tumor growth in others. Conclusions: We propose that epidermal growth factor receptor-related protein inhibits cellular growth by attenuating epidermal growth factor receptor signaling processes and is an effective therapeutic agent for colorectal cancer.
The stability of teletherapy-beam symmetry with gantry angle

The authors describe a rapid means of evaluating the stability of beam symmetry as the gantry angle is varied. Two radiation detectors, a ratio circuit, and an X-Y recorder are used. The teletherapy machine is operated in the rotational mode, and the ionization-current ratio is recorded as a function of the gantry angle. This test can provide an early warning of beam-symmetry instabilities.
Off-Odor Volatiles and Pink Color Development in Precooked, Irradiated Turkey Breast During Frozen Storage

The effect of irradiation on color, lipid oxidation, and volatile production of precooked, irradiated turkey breast during frozen storage was studied. Turkey breast muscles were precooked, aerobically or vacuum-packaged, irradiated at 0, 2.5, or 5.0 kGy using a linear accelerator (electron beam), and then frozen-stored at -40 C. Lipid oxidation, volatiles, color values, gas production, and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of meat were determined during 3-mo storage periods. Ionizing radiation produced characteristic off-odor volatiles (dimethyldisulfide and methylthioethane) and lipid oxidation products in precooked, frozen turkey breast. The production of volatiles was accelerated by the confounding effect of high irradiation dose, aerobic packaging, and increased storage time. Volatile production and color changes in irradiated, precooked turkey breast were induced by different mechanisms. Irradiation increased pink color in precooked, vacuum-packaged turkey breast, and the pink color was stable during frozen storage. Decreased ORP and increased CO in irradiated meat indicated that denatured CO-heme pigments could be responsible for the pink color in precooked, irradiated turkey breast. Vacuum packaging was better than aerobic packaging in preventing lipid oxidation and oxidation-dependent volatile production, but pink color in precooked, irradiated turkey breast during frozen storage was maintained.
Online testing with reinforcement learning

Online testing is a practical technique where test derivation and test execution are combined into a single algorithm. In this paper we describe a new online testing algorithm that optimizes the choice of test actions using Reinforcement Learning (RL) techniques. This provides an advantage in covering system behaviors in less time than with a purely random choice of test actions. Online testing with conformance checking is modeled as a 1$\frac{1}{2}$-player game, or Markov Decision Process (MDP), between the tester as one player and the implementation under test (IUT) as the opponent. Our approach has been implemented in C#, and benchmark results are presented in the paper. The specifications that generate the tests are written as model programs in any .NET language such as C# or VB.
Understanding website useability: an eye-tracking study of the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Games website

E-commerce has become a key element of most sport websites, yet sport websites are expected to do more than sell merchandise. Consequently, sport marketers are faced with a delicate balancing act between ease of use and provision of exciting, multimedia content to meet the needs of their consumers. Eye-tracking technology is used in this study to identify elements that enhance or interfere with website useability. Users were provided with a purchase intention and measures of fixation on relevant areas of interest were collected. Retrospective think alouds provided users a chance to explain their attention patterns. Size, placement, and active links were identified as important features of useability. Experienced online shoppers and women were more likely to focus on the shopping task, and less likely to be distracted by the sport-related features of the site. Implications for using eye-tracking technology for sport marketing are discussed.
Demonstration of colorless and directed/directionless ROADMs in router network

We demonstrate dynamic optical path operation of colorless ROADM and connection switching between routers in a router network. We also evaluate and demonstrate both colorless-directed ROADM and colorless-directionless ROADM in a router network.
The Emerging Role of PCSK9 Inhibitors in Preventive Cardiology

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a most important risk factor for developing coronary artery disease (CAD) and other forms of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) and a major focus of CVD risk reduction with lifestyle and statins. Unfortunately residual risk of CVD remains in patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia and/or statin intolerance in whom adequate LDL-C lowering is not accomplished with lifestyle and statins. PCSK9 is a serine protease that binds the LDL receptor (LDL-R) and acts as a chaparone for endocytosis and shuttling the PCSK9-LDLR complex to lysosomes for degradation. In the absence of PCSK9 the LDLR-LDL-C complex dissociates and LDL-R is recycled back to the cell surface. Humanised monoclonal antibodies (evolocumab, alirocumab, bocolicumab) have been developed that increase LDL-R by ~2-fold and lower LDL-C by up to 75 percent. This effect is synergistic to that of statins with the only common adverse effect is a local injection site reaction. At present, ongoing Phase III CVD outcome trials with PCSK9 inhibitors offer promise that patients with LDL-C levels that remain elevated can decrease CVD events and related mortality.
Short-Answer Questions and Formula Scoring Separately Enhance Dental Student Academic Performance

In this study, numerical course scores of second-year dental students in four successive classes in an oral and maxillofacial pathology course were compared. While the course content and teaching methods were essentially unchanged throughout the four years, two modest departures from the sole use of multiple-choice format questions were made in the assessment of student achievements. The modifications consisted of creating a more challenging examination procedure through the inclusion of un-cued short-answer format questions and the institution of correction-for-guessing scoring on multiple-choice examinations. Academically, the students in the four classes were comparable, as indicated by their respective numerical course score distributions in a prerequisite general pathology course in which the course content was unchanged, and all multiple-choice format questions were used to assess student academic achievements. This four-year study demonstrated that two qualitative changes in the educational environment—utilization of un-cued short-answer questions and correction for guessing scoring of multiple-choice questions—separately resulted in significant improvements in student course scores. Our results support the notion that, without any changes in curricular content or emphasis, combinations of qualitative changes in the assessment procedures alter student behavior and, as a consequence, appreciably improve their academic achievements.
Integrating social network data into GISystems

Our goal is to facilitate a guide for analyzing SNs as derived from online social media, telecommunications, surveys, etc. within geographic space by combining the mature fields of social network analysis SNA and GISystems. First, we describe why modeling socialization in geographic space is essential for understanding human behavior. We then outline best practices and techniques for embedding SN nodes and edges in GISystems by introducing terms like ‘social flow’ and ‘anthrospace’, and categorizations for data and spatial aggregation types. Finally, we explore case study vignettes of SNA within GISystems from diverse regions located in Bolivia, China, Cote d’Ivoire, Singapore, the United Kingdom, and the United States, using concepts such as geolocated dyads, ego–alter relationships, node feature roles, modularity, and network transitivity.
Sensitivity Analysis of Disturbance Accommodating Control with Kalman Filter Estimation

The design of controllers that can automatically compensate the effects of uncertain disturbances in a system has become an important topic in modern control engineering. The general theory of disturbance accommodating control provides a method for designing feedback controllers which automatically detect and minimizes the effect of waveformstructured disturbances. This approach has been applied on linear systems with small modeling errors and uncertainties. Based on the disturbance accommodating control theory, a control technique for nonlinear systems with time-varying modeling errors and uncertainties is presented in this paper. This control approach exploits an Extended Kalman Filter for the simultaneous estimation of the system states and the uncertain disturbances. Validity of this control approach is verified by implementing the proposed technique on a highly nonlinear wing-rock system. The simulation results indicated that the closed-loop stability of the controlled system is extremely sensitive to the user selected process noise covariance value. A Lyapunov stability analysis is conducted on a controlled linear system, which reveals a lower bound requirement on the process noise covariance norm to facilitate the asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system. This lower bound on the process noise covariance norm depends on the model uncertainties, external disturbances and the amount of noise associated with the measurements.
Perfect dielectric-metamaterial reflector

We exploit the Mie resonance in dielectric microparticles to design a single-negative metamaterial monolayer with near-unity reflectivity and negligible absorptivity. In contrast to Bragg reflectors and photonic band gap materials, which require multiple layers for high reflection, this metamaterial is both highly reflective and subwavelength in thickness. We identify the underlying physics necessary to design near-perfect all-dielectric reflectors at virtually any wavelength band of interest. Using full-wave, finite-element analysis and realistic optical constants for the constitutive materials, we develop a 0.45-$\ensuremath{\mu}$m-thick, silicon-based metamaterial monolayer with normal-incidence reflectivity over 99.999% and absorptivity less than 0.001% at a short-wave infrared wavelength of 1.5 $\ensuremath{\mu}$m.
Teaching Health with Pictures

The various subjects and types of subject matter included in educational films for classroom use together with the relation between these subjects and the value of films as aids to instruction are discussed. A series of films is being produced with the cooperation of the Department of Biology and Public Health of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and includes, in general, material dealing with hygiene and physiology, and the relation between these and disease prevention. The value of the films lies in the fact that a visual appreciation of a particular subject is generally much more vivid and lasting among children in the lower grades of school than the same material simply presented in words, especially when the visual presentation is supplemented by an oral presentation and discussion of the subject.
Nucleation of Voids in Thin-Film Interconnects Through Crystallographic Slip

A two-dimensional void nucleation model in thin-film metal interconnects is proposed. The model is based on the evolution of stress and deformation fields obtained from numerical modeling. Interface flaws between the metal and the surrounding dielectric are assumed to exist. A unique pattern of shear stress resolved on the slip systems of the metal is found. A model of dislocation slip is constructed in accord with the evolution of the shear mode. The mechanism of crystallographic slip is such that lateral thinning of the metal line at the debond region, together with the slip steps produced at the edges of debond lead to a net transport of atoms away from the interface defect, and a physical void is thus formed.
Lithium Bromide-Induced Structural Changes in a Nickel Bis-Alkoxide Complex

The bis-alkoxide [(DEAMP)2Ni] (1, DEAMP = 1-(diethylamino)-2-methylpropan-2-olate) was found to react with trace amounts of lithium bromide to afford the bis-LiBr adduct 2, in which the oxygens of the DEAMP ligand coordinate to lithium to form a chiral-at-metal complex. This new complex is five-coordinate at nickel, and contains nickel and oxygen atoms which are all chiral. One diastereomer precipitates from pentane solution. The two lithium ions rigidify the new structure in the solid state by coordinating to the oxygen and bromide atoms.
Caught Between the Local and the Global: Anxiety and Uncertainty in Jia Zhangke's Films

Jia Zhang-ke's works have especial significance to date.He searches for a way to incorporate alternative voices into film.The generation born in the 1970s and its youthful subculture are Jia's central concerns.For a generation confronted with rapid social-economic transitions,anxiety and uncertainty drive not only the search for identity but also discursive expressions.The film director locates his young protagonist against a place/space caught between the local and the global,between a political past and pop culture present.The creation of this spatial imagination and temporal transformation illustrates how local Chinese struggle as well as adapt to the transition and how the film director crosses the line between independent and mainstream norms.
Design of an optical internet switch fabric

In this paper, an expandable optical switching fabric called the spherical switching network (SSN) is introduced. The performance evaluation and comparison of this switch with a few currently available large-scale optical switches show that this switch has advantages outperforms switches networks. The spherical switching network has a cyclic, regular, and highly expandable structure with a simple self-routing scheme. The network is constructed with fixed-size switch elements regardless of the size of the network. Each switch element consists of a carefully-selected sized 9 X 9 crossbar and a local controller. One of the nine pairs of links is external and carries the external traffic, and the other eight pairs are internal. The contention resolution in each switch element is based on deflection of losing packets and incremental priority of packets. In order to keep the number of deflections low, each incoming external link is connected to a buffer with flow control capabilities. Due to the special arrangement of interconnections in the network, the network operates efficiently since the occurrence of deflections is dramatically reduced.
Human Lymphocyte-Dependent Cytotoxic Antibody and Mechanisms of Target Cell Destruction in Vitro

Publisher Summary This chapter presents recent studies on manifestations of delayed cellular hypersensitivity in vitro and in vivo . In laboratory, at least two different migration-inhibiting activities originating from the interaction of hypersensitive lymphocytes with the specific antigen were produced. One of these was produced with high doses of the specific antigen and possessed a direct macrophage inhibitory activity. It is probably identical with the migration inhibiting factor (MIF) of other studies. The results concerning the conditions of production, release, activity, chemical properties, etc., of this type of MIF are in general agreement with those of others. Cytological studies revealed that this MIF reduced the formation of pseudopodia, spreading, and mobility of macrophages in a monolayer. These events were frequently accompanied by changes in supravital staining. Additionally, MIF preparations were able to stimulate phagocytosis of Mycobacteria (BCG vaccine) by normal macrophages. The second migration-inhibiting activity found in experiments did not exhibit a direct effect on macrophage migration until the antigen was added to the test system.
The Equity Risk Premium in 2014

We analyze the history of the equity risk premium from surveys of U.S. Chief Financial Officers (CFOs) conducted every quarter from June 2000 to March 2014. The risk premium is the expected 10-year S&P 500 return relative to a 10-year U.S. Treasury bond yield. While the risk premium sharply increased during the financial crisis peaking in February 2009, the premium has decreased to a level of 3.73% which is only slightly higher than the long-term average. However, the total market return forecast is a modest 6.43%. The survey also provides measures of cross-sectional disagreement about the risk premium, skewness, and a measure of individual uncertainty. Consistent with the last four quarters of surveys, CFOs see more downside risks than upside risks. In addition, we find that dispersion of beliefs is above the long-term average as well as individual uncertainty. We also present evidence on the determinants of the long-run risk premium. Our analysis suggests the level of the risk premium closely tracks both market volatility (reflected in the VIX index) as well as credit spreads. However, the most recent data show a divergence between VIX and the risk premium.
Multiple Andronov-Hopf Bifurcation

A WCNN of the form $$ \dot X_i = F_i \left( {X_i ,\lambda } \right){\text{ + }}\varepsilon G_i \left( {X,\lambda ,\rho ,\varepsilon } \right) $$ near a multiple Andronov-Hopf bifurcation point was shown (Theorem 5.8) to have a canonical model of the form $$ z'_i = b_i z_i + d_i z_i \left| {z_i } \right|^2 + \sum\limits_{j \ne i}^n {c_{ij} z_j ,} $$ (10.1) where ′ = d/d•, • is slow time, and b i , c ij , d i , z i ∈ ℂ. In this chapter we study general properties of this canonical model. In particular, we are interested in the stability of the origin z 1 = … = z n = 0 and in the possibility of in-phase and anti-phase locking.
Radiation imaging from multiple readout of a monolithic scintillator

A monolithic scintillator has advantages over segmented scintillators due to their reduced dead area and straightforward implementation. Previous methods have used a nearest neighbor approach to match multiple photodetector responses to entries in a predetermined look-up table (LUT). We extend this technique by introducing various inverse interpolation techniques, namely kriging, inverse distance weighting, and nonnegative least squares. These interpolation schemes provide greater estimation accuracy at reduced LUT sizes. Various distance metrics are also analyzed which compare simulated photodetector responses with each LUT entry. Slightly higher estimation accuracy is obtained when using the Hellinger f-divergence. We assess the effect of various parameters on the scintillation position estimation accuracy. The estimation error is illustrated by simulating randomly distributed scintillation events for various numbers of detectors, geometries, and numbers of photons. Results indicate that a monolithic scintillator block with multiple non-position sensitive photodetectors can provide sufficient position resolution to be viable for many radiation imaging applications.
Ghost Imaging and Related Topics

Ghost imaging , also known as two-photon or correlated-photon imaging, was first demonstrated in the 1990s and quickly gained widespread attention due to the fact that it exhibits a highly non-intuitive effect: an image can be formed by looking at correlations between two beams of light, neither of which is capable of forming an image by itself.
Implementing an electronic learning management system for an Ophthalmology residency program

Medical educators, residents and administrators have increasing access to a large quantity of electronic resources. This content can augment and improve our teaching methods but can be difficult to consolidate and present. A multitude of electronic learning management systems are available to help organize and serve this content though never with small residency programs as the target userbase. As our residency program in Ophthalmology looked to consolidate our electronic resources and update our education methods, we evaluated and built an electronic learning management platform. Faculty were interviewed to determine features they would find useful in curriculum management system and then various systems were investigated for features, cost and ease of use. Our solution has been both cost-effective and successful. Resident satisfaction is high and faculty utilization has been increasing. We present many customizations that increased success. Consideration of the specific needs of a program is paramount to choosing a cost effective solution that will be well received.
Effects of total dissolved solids on growth and mortality predict distributions of stream macroinvertebrates.

Summary Spatial distributions of many freshwater invertebrates are associated with the concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) in streams (usually measured as specific electrical conductivity – EC). These patterns are presumably caused by taxon-specific effects of TDS on the maintenance of ion and water balance, which is energetically expensive and thus could affect fitness. However, no studies have assessed if TDS-related effects on fitness metrics, such as growth and survival, are predictive of distributions. We used stream-side, flow-through microcosms to experimentally determine how TDS concentration influenced three life-history performance measures (growth, mortality and emergence) of 13 species of aquatic insects. We then modelled the relationship between experimentally derived performance measures and both EC optima and minima estimated from field surveys. In the streamside experiment, we exposed taxa to stream water with naturally low ( 125 μS cm−1) EC for 83 days, controlling for differences in habitat, temperature, food availability and pH. We measured performance as the differences in specific growth rates, survival and adult emergence between the two treatments. Treatment effects on performance varied among taxa and with performance metric. Survival differences between treatments varied from 1 to 21 days, and specific growth rates differed by 0.07–1.5 day−1. Emergence success was less variable (>20% for only two taxa). Three taxa performed better in the low EC treatment, six in the moderate EC treatment, one had a mixed response and three taxa did not differ between treatments. The best model predicting field-derived EC optima included both survival and specific growth rate as predictors (R2 = 0.68). Estimates of EC minima were not as strongly related to performance measures as were optima estimates. Taxa with greater performance in the moderate EC treatment had the highest EC optima, indicating that low TDS concentrations could restrict the distributions of taxa adapted to higher TDS concentrations. In contrast to taxa with higher EC preferences, taxa that can tolerate low EC environments will likely be increasingly stressed as stream TDS increases in response to climate and land–use change expected this century.
Pain Assessment Documentation After Opioid Administration at a Community Teaching Hospital.

Purpose:To compare pain assessment documentation postopioid administration in hospitalized patients before and after implementing nurse education.Methods:Patients 18 years and older were randomly s...
Bodies in Motion: An Epilogue

The bodies in motion in this special set of articles are those of athletes in stadiums, ballet dancers on stage, and chefs in restaurant kitchens. The articles are first concerned with how such bod...
Snowcloud: A Complete Data Gathering System for Snow Hydrology Research

Snowcloud is a data gathering system for snow hydrology field research campaigns conducted in harsh climates and remote areas. The system combines distributed wireless sensor network technology and computational techniques to provide data to researchers at lower cost and higher spatial resolution than ground-based systems using traditional “monolithic” technologies. Supporting the work of a variety of collaborators, Snowcloud has seen multiple Winter deployments in settings ranging from high desert to arctic, resulting in over a dozen node-years of practical experience. In this chapter, we discuss both the system design and deployment experiences.
Analysis of the demographic characteristics of pediatric dental practice sites.

PURPOSE The purposes of this study were to: (1) investigate the demographic characteristics of pediatric dental practice sites in the United States; and (2) develop a model that identifies practice site characteristics commonly associated with pediatric dental practices. METHODS Demographic data and pediatric dental practices were organized by zip codes and analyzed using discriminant analysis. The demographic characteristics associated with zip codes that contained a pediatric dental practice were determined. RESULTS The resulting model correctly classified 92% of the 30,134 zip code areas, based upon the presence or absence of a pediatric dental practice. The variables most closely associated with a zip code containing a pediatric dental practice included: (1) number of dental practices (general practice); (2) percent of the adult population with a college degree; and (3) population size. CONCLUSIONS Demographic characteristics are predictive of sites with or without a pediatric dental practice. Zip codes with large, urban populations that have positive socioeconomic characteristics, such as high income and education levels, are the most likely to have a pediatric dental practice. There are a significant number of zip codes in the United States (1,712) that have the demographic characteristics associated with a pediatric dental practice site but do not have a pediatric dentist in them.
“I’m in and I’m in to Win”: The 2008 and 2016 Internet Announcement Videos of Hillary Clinton for President

It is well known that a first impression may indeed set the tone for an entire relationship. In politics that first impression is likely to be the announcement speech. Hillary Clinton had a more complicated relationship with that first political impression than most politicians because she had been in the eye of the international public long before she ran for President of the United States. This article compares her two presidential announcement speeches – from 2008 and 2016 – in an effort to gauge what impressions she was trying to make in the hearts and minds of the United States voters, even though they no doubt had already formed an impression of her from her many years as the First Lady, the Senator from New York, and after the 2008 election as the Secretary of State.
Childhood Poly-victimization Is Associated With Elevated Body Mass Index and Blunted Cortisol Stress Response in College Women.

BACKGROUND Childhood interpersonal violence is linked to obesity and central adiposity in adulthood. Victimization experiences are likely to co-occur within individuals, but few studies have examined poly-victimization in the context of obesity and central adiposity. PURPOSE The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between poly-victimization and body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) and to explore whether dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, as measured by the cortisol stress response, mediates the relationship. METHODS Healthy undergraduate women were recruited for a laboratory study from an online survey that assessed six different childhood victimization experiences: physical abuse, sexual abuse, peer violence, intimate partner violence, community violence, and witnessing violence. Forty-four women were categorized as poly-victims (2-5 types of violence exposures) and 48 were controls (0 types of violence exposures). Salivary cortisol was measured before and after the Trier Social Stress Test. Cortisol stress response was analyzed by the area under the curve with respect to ground (AUCG). RESULTS Compared with controls, poly-victims had higher BMI (B = 2.03, p = .04) and lower cortisol AUCG (B = -6.70, p < .01), independent of covariates. Poly-victims showed blunted AUCG in response to the stress task compared with controls, independent of covariates (B = -6.70, p < .01). Bootstrapping tests of mediation showed that cortisol response was not a significant mediator of the relationship between poly-victimization and BMI. Secondary analyses among poly-victims showed that the more frequent the violence exposure the higher the BMI. CONCLUSIONS Childhood poly-victimization is linked to higher BMI and blunted cortisol responses in young adult women. Assessment of multiple forms of childhood victimization is recommended.
Stem cell mitotic drive ensures asymmetric epigenetic inheritance

Through mitosis, one mother cell gives rise to two identical daughter cells. The mitotic spindle interacts with sister chromatids to ensure their equal partitioning. By inheriting the identical genetic information, a crucial question is how cells become different to fulfill distinct functions during development and homeostasis. The "strand-specific imprinting and selective chromatid segregation" and "silent sister chromatid" hypotheses propose that epigenetic differences at the sister centromeres contribute to biased sister chromatid attachment and segregation during mitosis. However, direct in vivo evidence has never been shown. Here we report that a stem cell-specific mitotic drive ensures biased sister chromatid attachment and asymmetric epigenetic inheritance. We found that temporally asymmetric microtubule activities direct polarized nuclear envelope breakdown, allowing for the preferential recognition and attachment of sister centromeres with quantitative differences. This communication occurs in a spatiotemporally regulated manner to ensure selective attachment of sister chromatids by the mitotic machinery. Abolishment of the microtubule asymmetries result in randomized sister chromatid segregation. Our results demonstrate that the cis-asymmetry at chromatids tightly coincide and coordinate with the trans-asymmetry from the mitotic machinery, to allow for differential attachment and segregation of genetically identical but epigenetically distinct sister chromatids. Together these results provide the first direct in vivo evidence to support the above hypotheses in asymmetrically dividing stem cells. We anticipate that this mitotic drive mechanism could be widely used in other developmental context to achieve distinct cell fates between the two genetically identical daughter cells.
Fabric-Wide, Penalty-Optimized Path Routing Algorithms for Integrated Optical Switches

We propose a generic path routing algorithm that opts for the most favorable switch configuration set by an algorithmically-defined weighting-factor, which optimizes fabric-wide penalties and corrects for fabrication variations. Results demonstrate significant power penalty improvements.
Resolving "worm wars": An extended comparison review of findings from key economics and epidemiological studies

Global deworming programs for children were once believed to improve a child’s chances for health, growth and success in school. New research that claims to debunk the merit of such programs has set off so-called “worm wars” between investigators. The authors aim to resolve the issue through an extended comparison of findings from key economics and epidemiological studies.
Applying Structural Mathematics in Physics: Case of Parallel Connection

Research identifies two domains by which mathematics allows learning physics concepts: a technical domain that includes algorithmic operations that lead to solving formulas for an unknown quantity and a structural domain that allows for applying mathematical knowledge for structuring physical phenomena. While the technical domain requires employing only students’ technical skills, the structural domain requires activating students’ algebraic reasoning and applying it to learn more about physical systems beyond evaluating formulas. Students’ technical skills in mathematics do not convert into structural skills automatically, and this is perceived as an obstacle that prevents complete appreciation of physics knowledge. There can be various ways to activate or to develop students’ mathematical structural domain in physics. Most common are: (a) mathematical modeling that involves experimental activities concluding with algebraic relations; (b) stimulating students to work with symbols in limiting situations; or (c) developing the understanding of physics formulas (e.g., see Ref. 5). While all these methods are valuable, students still face difficulties with transferring their structural math skills to physics, thus new attempts are made. The process of developing students’ algebraic structural skills proposed in this paper is a combination of the current approaches; however, as a means of developing mathematical reasoning, a mathematical structure is used that is derived from a physics formula. More specifically, this paper presents an attempt to interpret formula for the equivalent resistance of a parallel electric circuit using the properties of a rational function. Such formulated aim reflects not only recommendations of the physics education research community but also mathematics because it guides students in how to merge mathematical knowledge with the behavior of a physical system to learn more about the system.
An in vitro mimic of in‐cell solvation for protein folding studies

Ficoll, an inert macromolecule, is a common in vitro crowder, but by itself it does not reproduce in-cell stability or kinetic trends for protein folding. Lysis buffer, which contains ions, glycerol as a simple kosmotrope, and mimics small crowders with hydrophilic/hydrophobic patches, can reproduce sticking trends observed in cells but not the crowding. We previously suggested that the proper combination of Ficoll and lysis buffer could reproduce the opposite in-cell folding stability trend of two proteins: variable major protein-like sequence expressed (VlsE) is destabilized in eukaryotic cells and phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) is stabilized. Here, to discover a well-characterized solvation environment that mimics in-cell stabilities for these two very differently behaved proteins, we conduct a two-dimensional scan of Ficoll (0-250 mg/ml) and lysis buffer (0-75%) mixtures. Contrary to our previous expectation, we show that mixtures of Ficoll and lysis buffer have a significant nonadditive effect on the folding stability. Lysis buffer enhances the stabilizing effect of Ficoll on PGK and inhibits the stabilizing effect of Ficoll on VlsE. We demonstrate that a combination of 150 mg/ml Ficoll and 60% lysis buffer can be used as an in vitro mimic to account for both crowding and non-steric effects on PGK and VlsE stability and folding kinetics in the cell. Our results also suggest that this mixture is close to the point where phase separation will occur. The simple mixture proposed here, based on commercially available reagents, could be a useful tool to study a variety of cytoplasmic protein interactions, such as folding, binding and assembly, and enzymatic reactions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The complexity of the in-cell environment is difficult to reproduce in the test tube. Here we validate a mimic of cellular crowding and sticking interactions in a test tube using two proteins that are differently impacted by the cell: one is stabilized and the other is destabilized. This mimic is a starting point to reproduce cellular effects on a variety of protein and biomolecular interactions, such as folding and binding.
Fever, Fasting, and Rhabdomyolysis in an Adult Male

A 34-year-old man presents with recurrent episodes of acute reversible muscle weakness, soreness, pain, cramps and myoglobinuria with elevated creatine kinase. Symptoms were triggered by fasting, sustained long duration exercise and viral infection. A metabolic myopathy was suspected. Genetic testing showed a homozygous pathogenic variant in CPT2 gene resulting in deficiency of Carnitine Pamitoyl transferase II, an enzyme in the carnitine cycle. The cycle plays a vital role in transport of long chain hydrophobic fatty acids from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix for the production of energy via β-oxidation. Carnitine Pamitoyl transferase II deficiency is the most common inherited disorder of lipid metabolism affecting the skeletal muscle of adults. It is also the most frequent cause of hereditary myoglobinuria across all ages. Our case presents an analysis of important clinical features of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism disorders. It highlights how thermolability of the mutant enzyme, rather than its actual deficiency, explains triggering of muscle symptoms by prolonged exercise, infections, febrile episodes, or exposure to cold.