cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theater of Public Space: Architectural Experimentation in the Théâtre de l'espace (Theater of Space), Paris 1937

Abstract Architect Edouard Autant and actress Louise Lara used theater to investigate architecture as an art of situation, of placing people in meaningful spatial relationships with one another. Autant designed the Theâtre de l'espace to model the experience of an urban plaza with multiple, simultaneous scenes that both surrounded and were surrounded by the audience. Performances juxtaposed fictional narratives, improvisation, and real situations to propose a paradigm for public space in a modern, collective society. Through theater, Autant and Lara investigated architecture not as form but as action, a practice particularly relevant to design in cities.
Field Mapping and Computer Simulation of Braided-Stream Networks

Braided stream channels, described and discussed by many writers, still pose problems of origin, geometry, and persistence through time. Recent advances in the classification of deltaic channel networks (of which braids are a subset) and computer simulation of braided networks provide guides to further field and simulation research. We selected small but complete braided units that could be mapped sufficiently quickly to record the minor islands and channels, as well as to measure relative discharge in the channels. Some islands are less than 0.5 m in length, and minor channels may be as narrow as 20 cm, with flowing water less than 1 cm in depth. Topological analysis showed good agreement with expected proportions of the four possible kinds of links generated by combinations of bifurcations (forks) and junctions. A simulation model developed here, based on the number of channels in equally spaced cross sections through the braid, yields output in fair topological agreement with short braided segments of measured real-world input. Enclosure-length distributions in nature and simulation output differ markedly, however, especially in the number of very short enclosures produced by simulation. Our general conclusion is that neither aerial photographs nor published maps are wholly satisfactory for detailed braided stream research. Rapid field mapping is essential for defining the initial stages of braid generation, inasmuch as the smallest components, especially those less than 1 m long, appear to change shortly after new bifurcations occur.
The Ocean Observatories Initiative education and Public Engagement Organization: Using real-time data in the undergraduate classroom

The Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) promises to reshape the way ocean science is conducted by providing ocean researchers with access to near real-time data, the ability to control/configure sensors and mobile assets, high-bandwidth infrastructure for images, powerful cyberinfrastructure, and data visualization and modeling tools to conduct their research. Recent advances in the delivery of web-based education, and the use of visualization technology in educational contexts, have led to the development of on-line platforms for instruction that engage students in active scientific inquiry by collecting and analyzing real world data. The OOI Education and Public Engagement (EPE) Implementing Organization will leverage these technologies for ocean education. EPE will construct a series of software tools and a web-based social network that leverages the OOI Cyberinfrastructure to support engagement of a wide range of users. These tools will enable educators and developers to enhance their undergraduate education programs and engage free choice learners using real-time and streaming data provided by the OOI. EPE will enable a new approach to oceanography research, where scientists, students and the public can explore and research the ocean in real-time from their classrooms, offices, dorm rooms, and even their homes. The face of an oceanographer will be expanded well beyond the professor at sea to to a student at home viewing and analyzing exactly the same data at exactly the same time. In addition to the OOI EPE Implementing Organization (IO), there are additional IOs supporting the OOI construction (Figure 1): Regional Scale Nodes (RSN): RSN will deploy sensors to study Hydrate Ridge, an area of massive sub-seafloor gashydrate deposits, and Axial Seamount, an active submarine volcano. Coastal and Global Scale Nodes (CGSN): CGSN will deploy a global array of moorings and underwater gliders to provide sustained, but adaptable, access to complex coastal and global systems. Cyberinfrastructure (CI): The CI will provide a common operating infrastructure connecting and coordinating the operations of the marine components with the OOI scientific and educational pursuits. Program Management Office (PMO): The OOI program is funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and managed by the OOI PMO, located at the Consortium for Ocean Leadership (COL) offices in Washington, D.C.
A regional poison information center IVR medication identification system: does it accomplish its goal?

Background. The 2009 AAPCC NPDS report identified 1,057,632 medication identification requests to poison information centers. This represents 24.7% of all calls to US poison information centers. To reduce the impact of medication identification requests on a poison information center, a regional poison information center developed and implemented an automated medication identification system that utilized an interactive voice response (IVR) system. The objective of this project was to describe how the IVR affected the regional poison information center medication identification request call volume and workload of the staff. Methods. All documented medication identification request inquiries from January 1, 2007 through June 30, 2011 were extracted from the RPIC Visual Dotlab electronic medical record system. Descriptive statistics, presented as means, were used to characterize the monthly call volume inquiries. Results. Over the 18 months (January, 2007 to June, 2008) preceding the implementation of the I...
The effects of monoamine uptake inhibitors and methamphetamine on neostriatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) formation, short-term monoamine depletions and locomotor activity in the rat.

Monoamine uptake inhibitors block the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine (MA) upon dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons in the rat. The neurotoxic effects of MA upon dopaminergic neurons have previously been suggested to be mediated via formation of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) from endogenous stores of dopamine (DA). In the present experiments, administration of the DA uptake inhibitor amfonelic acid (AFA, 10 mg/kg, i.p.) did not block the formation of 6-OHDA in rats treated with a single s.c. 100 mg/kg dose of MA. Consistent with the lack of effect by AFA on MA-induced 6-OHDA formation, neither AFA (10 mg/kg, i.p.) nor the DA and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) uptake inhibitor mazindol (40 mg/kg, i.p., MAZ) blocked the depletion seen in neostriatal DA levels 1, 2 or 8 h following administration of a single 100 mg/kg dose of MA. In fact, AFA enhanced the DA depletions 2 and 8 h following MA administration. AFA also enhanced the MA-induced increase in locomotor activity in rats and this effect was blocked by lesions of dopaminergic neurons with i.v.t. (intraventricular) 6-OHDA in desipramine-pretreated rats. These results suggest that DA uptake inhibitors do not prevent the neurotoxic effect of MA on DA neurons by either preventing entry of MA into the cell or blocking the efflux of DA out of the cell. Instead, the DA uptake inhibitors appear to prevent the neurotoxic effect of MA upon dopaminergic neurons by blocking entry of 6-OHDA into the cell.
Enhanced chemical oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons in soil systems.

Fentons destruction of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) was investigated in soil slurry batch reactors. The purpose of the investigation was to quantify the enhancement of oxidation rates and efficiency by varying process conditions such as iron catalyst (Fe(II) or Fe(III); 2, 5, and 10 mM), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 30, 150, 300 mM), and metal chelating agents (L-ascorbic acid, gallic acid, or N-(2-hydroxyethyl)iminodiacetic acid). Rapid contaminant mass destruction (97% after 3 h) occurred in the presence of 300 mM H2O2 and 10 mM Fe(III). An enhanced removal rate (>90% removal after 15 min and 95% removal after 3 h) was also observed by combining Fe(III), N-(2-hydroxyethyl)iminodiacetic acid and 300 mM H2O2. The observed BTEX mass removal rate constants
Exercise Oscillatory Ventilation in Heart Failure

Irregular breathing characterized by cyclic variation of ventilation with a period of approximately 1 min has been recognized in patients with heart failure for almost two centuries. Periodic breathing during exercise is a noninvasive parameter that is easily recognizable during submaximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Recent studies have established that periodic breathing during exercise not only signals significant impairment in resting and exercise hemodynamic parameters but also potently predicts adverse events in heart failure patients. This article reviews the mechanistic basis of periodic breathing and the clinical utility of discerning patterns of irregular breathing in patients with heart failure.
Efficient Estimation of Linear and Type I Censored Regression Models Under Conditional Quantile Restrictions

We consider the linear regression model with censored dependent variable, where the disturbance terms are restricted only to have zero conditional median (or other prespecified quantile) given the regressors and the censoring point. Thus, the functional form of the conditional distribution of the disturbances is unrestricted, permitting heteroskedasticity of unknown form. For this model, a lower bound for the asymptotic covariance matrix for regular estimators of the regression coefficients is derived. This lower bound corresponds to the covariance matrix of an optimally weighted censored least absolute deviations estimator, where the optimal weight is the conditional density at zero of the disturbance. We also show how an estimator that attains this lower bound can be constructed, via nonparametric estimation of the conditional density at zero of the disturbance. As a special case our results apply to the (uncensored) linear model under a conditional median restriction.
Conjugate systems with equal tangential invariants and the transformation of moutard

In recent years one of the most interesting fields of" geometrical investigations has been that of transformations of geometrical entities of a particular type into entities of the same type. As examples, we mention the well-known B~icklund transformations of pseudospherical surfaces, the BIASCHI transformations B k of surfaces applicable to quadrics ~), and the transformation of the surfaces of Voss ~). In the first two cases a surface S and a transform S, are the focal surfaces of a W-congruence. BIANCm a) has shown the analytic relation between W-congruences and the transformation of MOt;TARt) 4) and consequently we have general methods of procedure in the determination of any transformation for which the two surfaces are the focal surfaces of a W-congruence. Moreover, it should be said that there are other known transformations of this type than those mentioned above. In the third example referred to a surface S and a transform S are so related that the lines joining corresponding points on their surfaces form a congruence whose developables meet S and S~ in a conjugate system with equal tangential invariants; namely the geodesic conjugate system. It is the purpose of this paper to establish for any conjugate system with equal tangential invariants a transformation possessing the property just mentioned and determine other properties of this transformation. When a surface S is referred to a conjugate system with equal tangential invariants, one can find by quadratures an associate surface x referred to its asymptotic lines. For the transformation under discussion the associate surfaces X and X of S and S
Unicentric Castleman’s disease associated with hydronephrosis

Abstract We describe a patient with an unusual case of unicentric Castleman’s disease, which bore a malignant appearance and was located in the pararenal space. She initially presented with hydronephrosis. Two years after surgical removal of the tumor, no recurrence was evident. To our knowledge, only 2 additional cases of this uncommon disease entity associated with hydronephrosis have been reported. Furthermore, our patient was the first to receive conservative surgery. On the basis of our experience, owing to the benign clinical course of this tumor and its excellent response to limited resection, radical surgery may be avoided.
Moral Alliance Strategies Theory

The current paper puts forth a new conceptualization for the evolutionary function of morality. Moral alliance strategies theory proposes that our moral psychology can be understood as a tool for managing associations, using the observable behavior of others as an input. The behavior of others is a key input for this system, as it can be used to identify new and profitable alliance potential, to predict where other third parties might side in disputes and as a cue for when existing alliances are liable to become too costly to maintain. Through considerations of how people’s behaviors have effects on their association value, a number of facets of our moral psychology—such as impartiality, proportionality, and moral praiseworthiness—can be better understood.
The Age Dependence of Left Ventricular Filling Efficiency

Abstract Echocardiography has emerged as the preferred modality by which diastolic function (DF) is assessed for clinical or research purposes. Echocardiographic indexes and parameters of DF such as E/A, DT, E/E', etc. , deteriorate with advancing age. Whether the efficiency of filling depends on age is unknown. To better characterize the filling process and DF in causal rather than correlative terms, we have previously modeled diastole kinematically. We introduced and validated a dimensionless measure of DF termed the kinematic filling efficiency index (KFEI). In the present study, we determined the effect of aging on DF in terms of KFEI in 72 control subjects without cardiovascular-related diseases or pathologies. We also evaluated the age dependence of other conventional parameters of DF. In concordance with other noninvasive DF measures known to decrease with age, KFEI decreases and correlates very strongly with age (R 2 = 0.80). Multivariate analysis showed that age is the single most important contributor to KFEI ( p = 0.003). We conclude that KFEI provides novel insight into DF impairment mechanisms because of aging. These results support the clinical value of KFEI and advance our ability to characterize DF in mechanistic and quantitative terms based on the efficiency of filling. (E-mail: sjk@wuphys.wustl.edu )
Sheared boundary layers in turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection.

Thermal boundary layers in turbulent Rayleigh-B\'enard convection are studied experimentally using a novel system in which the convecting fluid is sheared from below with a flowing layer of mercury. Oscillatory shear substantially alters the spatial structure and frequency of the eruptions, with minimal effect on the heat flux (5%). The temperature probability distribution function (PDF) just above the lower boundary layer changes from Gaussian to exponential, without significant changes in the interior PDF. Implications for theories of ``hard'' turbulence are discussed.
Adipose tissue insulin sensitivity and macrophage recruitment: Does PI3K pick the pathway?

In the United States, obesity is a burgeoning health crisis, with over 30% of adults and nearly 20% of children classified as obese. Insulin resistance, a common metabolic complication associated with obesity, significantly increases the risk of developing metabolic diseases such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers. With the seminal finding that obese adipose tissue harbors cytokine secreting immune cells, obesity-related research over the past decade has focused on understanding adipocyte–macrophage crosstalk and its impact on systemic insulin sensitivity. Indeed, adipose tissue has emerged as a central mediator of obesity- and diet-induced insulin resistance. In this mini-review, we focus on a potential role of adipose tissue phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) as a point of convergence of cellular signaling pathways that integrates nutrient sensing and inflammatory signaling to regulate tissue insulin sensitivity.
Blood cells: excitable at last

Evidence is growing that many types of ion channels and other molecules once thought to be restricted to the nervous system are expressed in hematopoietic cells, where they may function at various levels of differentiation. In 1978, Miller et al[1][1] inserted electrodes into a Guinea pig
Planar photonic crystal resonant cavities

Optically thin dielectric slabs, in which a fully etched through two-dimensional patterning is applied, can be used to form high-Q optical cavities with modal volumes approaching the theoretical limit of a cubic half-wavelength. A cavity design strategy based upon simple group theoretical techniques is presented in which emphasis is placed upon a momentum space description of the resonant modes. It is shown that photonic crystal laser cavities can be designed with a particular wavelength, polarization, and radiation pattern using these methods.
Group theoretical and combinatorial analysis of histocompatibility and switching algebra

Abstract A combination of mathematical tools are brought together to study the problem of the reduction of a certain class of antibody-antigen reaction data to understand the fundamental interactions between antibodies and antigens. Algebraic methods analogous to those used in computer switching theory are developed for the purpose of defining the functional nature of the antibody-antigen data contained in the reaction matrices. Extensive use is made of group theoretic and combinatorial techniques in obtaining in closed form analytic expressions which permit a determination of the number of equivalence classes and the number of reaction matrices belonging to each class without the need for extensive enumeration. The effect of cross reactions on the antibody-antigen reaction data is considered, and the mathematical analysis is applied to the case where the reaction strengths are constrained to integral values. However, this constraint is a convenience rather than a necessity and it is shown how the constraint may be relaxed. This analysis points out certain fundamental characteristics inherent in antibody-antigen interactions which make them amenable to quantitative analysis.
The repeatability of testing with Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments

Forty-one filament kits were measured for filament application force, single and multitester application force repeatability, and comparison of filament repeatability with that of other hand held instruments. Results of this study show that if their lengths and diameters are correct, the filaments produce application forces that are repeatable within a predictable range. All hand held instruments vary in application force. The Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments vary relatively little and are a controlled reproducible force stimulus for use in clinical testing.
Acetylcholinesterase from the Skeletal Muscle of the Lamprey Petromyzon marinus Exists in Globular and Asymmetric Forms

: To obtain information about the evolution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), we undertook a study of the enzyme from the skeletal muscle of the lamprey Petromyzon marinus, a primitive vertebrate. We found that the cholines-terase activity of lamprey muscle is due to AChE, not pseudocholinesterase; the enzyme was inhibited by 1,5-bis(4-allyldimethylammonium phenyl) pentane-3-one (BW284C51), but not by tetramonoisopropyl pyrophos-phortetramide (iso-OMPA) or ethopropazine. Also, the enzyme had a high affinity for acetylthiocholine and was inhibited by high concentrations of substrate. A large fraction of the AChE was found to be glycoprotein, since it was precipitated by concanavalin A-agarose. Optimal extraction of AChE was obtained in a high-salt detergent-containing buffer; fractional amounts of enzyme were extracted in buffers lacking salt and/or detergent. These data suggest that globular and asymmetric forms of AChE are present. On sucrose gradients, enzyme that was extracted in high-salt detergent-containing buffer sedimented as a broad peak of activity corresponding to G4; additionally, there was usually a peak corresponding to A12. Sequential extraction of AChE in conjunction with velocity sedimentation resolved minor forms of AChE and revealed that the G1, G2, G4, A4, A8, and A12 forms of AChE cpuld be obtained from the muscle. The identity of the forms was confirmed through high-salt precipitation and collagenase digestion. The asymmetric forms of AChE were precipitated in low ionic strength buffer, and their sedimentation coefficients were shifted to higher values by collagenase digestion. We discuss these results in terms of the evolution of AChE in deuterostome vertebrates and invertebrates and in terms of the physiological significance of asymmetric forms of AChE for muscle function.
Synthesis and chemistry of some pyridazine nucleosides related to certain 5-substituted pyrimidine nucleosides

Condensation of 3,4-dichloro-6-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy] pyridazine (3) with 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-ribofuranose (4), by the stannic chloride catalyzed procedure, has furnished 3,4-dichloro-1-(2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-ribofuranosyl) pyridazin-6-one (5). Nucleophilic displacement of the chloro groups and removal of the benzoyl blocking groups from 5 has furnished 3-chloro-4-methoxy-, 3,4-dimethoxy-, 4-amino-3-chloro-, 3-chloro-4-methylamino-, 3-chloro-4-hydroxy-, and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-1-β-D-ribofuranosylpyridazin-6-one. An unusual reaction of 5 with dimethylamine is reported. Condensation of 4,5-dichloro-3-nitro-6-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]pyridazine with 4 yielded 4,5-dichloro-3-nitro-1-(2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-ribofuranosyl)pyridazin-6-one (24). Nucleophilic displacement of the aromatic nitro groups from 24 is discussed. Condensation of 3 with 3,5-di-O-p-toluoyl 2-deoxy-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl chloride (28) afforded an α, β mixture of 2-deoxy nucleosides. The synthesis of certain 3-substituted pyridazine 2′-deoxy necleosides are reported.
Vaccine-delivered HIV envelope inhibits CD4+ T-cell activation, a mechanism for poor HIV vaccine responses

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes impairment of the immune system in part by targeting CD4+ T cells for infection and dysfunction. HIV envelope (Env) present on free virions and infected cells causes dysfunction of uninfected bystander CD4+ T cells via interaction with both CD4 and coreceptors. Env is commonly used as part of a cocktail of HIV antigens in current vaccines. In DNA and viral vector vaccine approaches, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and non-APCs in the vicinity of the vaccine delivery site and draining lymph node express vaccine-derived antigens. The studies here demonstrate that cell-surface expression of Env on APCs and non-APCs as part of the vaccine action causes an inhibition of antigen-induced CD4+ T-cell activation and proliferation mediated by CD4 binding and suggests a potential mechanism for reduced activity of Env-containing HIV vaccines. Similar studies using a functional Env lacking CD4 binding circumvented suppression, suggesting an alternative and potentially superior approach to HIV vaccine design.
Distance and Engagement in a Time of War: Comments on “Social Science and Liberal Values”

n "Social Science and Liberal Values in a Time of War," Jeffrey Isaac urges us to discuss "the responsibilities of social scientists during wartime." He focuses specifically on the ethics of responsibility appropriate to the university-based scholar when political authority attacks the values, both moral and non-moral, that we implicitly presuppose when we function as academics in general, and political scientists in particular. Isaac invokes the authority of Max Weber to elucidate the precise boundaries of these obligations as well as to find a notion of responsibility on which all political scientists, whatever their partisan commitments, can agree. Of course, Isaac rightly notes that the context in which he writes is quite different from Weber's. Weber was also trying to find a kind of impartiality that all academics could agree on, regardless of partisan stances. But he pursued this aim in an academic environment in which using the lectern to impose one's partisan position on an audience was the norm.' He further assumed that his audience was deeply committed to a wide range of political parties, programs, and goals, and was expecting judgment about right and wrong political commitments, which, at least on surface, he claimed a social scientist as such was not in a position to provide. Isaac, on the other hand, wants academics, especially political scientists, to consider their public responsibilities, given their tendency to ignore the dangers to the values of academic freedom-such as free inquiry, free speech, free dissemination of one's work, and free exchange-that war, and the political invocations of "war," might have. Unlike Weber, he is not worried about an overpoliticized relation of the political scientist to his or her audience; rather his concern is with the under-politicized relation of political scientists to the values presupposed by all who
Phosphorus storage and release in response to flooding: implications for Everglades stormwater treatment areas

Abstract As part of the Everglades restoration program, 16 000 ha of constructed wetlands will be reestablished on land presently in agricultural production. These wetlands will be used to remove Phosphorus (P) from agricultural runoff before it enters the Everglades. Histosols, organic soils, are the predominant soil type in the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA), and the conversion of these soils from drained to flooded conditions has important implications for P storage. Phosphorus storage in organic soils has been shown to be both positively and negatively affected by anaerobic conditions. In this study, P storage and release was followed in a 146 ha area during its conversion from farmland to wetland. The development of a productive biological community, as evidenced by strong diel dissolved O 2 and pH cycles, occurred within 3 weeks of flooding at one site and 2 months at a second site. This biological community was considered influential in maintaining the low concentrations of both N and P in the water column relative to soil porewater concentrations. Maximum total P (TP) and total Kjeldahl N (TKN) concentrations of 0.3 and 5 mg l −1 , respectively, were recorded in the water column following flooding. These concentrations declined to background levels within 2–3 months. Soil porewater TP and total dissolved Kjeldahl N (TDKN) concentrations increased to maxima of 4 and 24 mg l −1 , respectively, 2 months following flooding. Nutrient profiles across the soil–water interface were used to estimate flux rates. Calculated NH 4 -N flux rates ranged between 0.18 and 0.74 μg cm −2 d −1 and P fluxes ranged between 0.03 and 0.15 μg cm −2 d −1 . Phosphorus fluxes from the soil to the overlying water are a function of the mobility of different P fractions. Phosphorus fractions within soil cores, collected immediately upon flooding and again 1 year after flooding, were identified using bicarbonate (labile), sodium hydroxide (Fe- and Al-bound) and hydrochloric acid (Ca- and Mg-bound) extractions. Labile inorganic P increased, while labile organic P decreased in response to flooding. Phosphorus associated with Ca and Mg increased in the surface 0–45 cm soil profile in response to flooding. These data suggest that immediately following flooding the reestablished wetlands will act as a source rather than a sink for P, and P concentrations in the water column will not meet discharge requirements. Although this only occurs for a short time period, steps need to be taken to contain or recycle the water during this initial start-up. Soil fractionation data indicate that while organic P is the primary means of P retention within these soils, Ca-phosphates may play a significant role in P storage. Therefore, the reestablished wetlands should be operated to enhance Ca phosphate formation in addition to biological P uptake.
Myoinositol and glutamate complex neurometabolite abnormality after mild traumatic brain injury

Objective: To obtain quantitative neurometabolite measurements, specifically myoinositol (mI) and glutamate plus glutamine (Glx), markers of glial and neuronal excitation, in deep gray matter structures after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H-MRS) and to compare these measurements against normal healthy control subjects. Methods: This study approved by the institutional review board is Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliant. T1-weighted MRI and multi-voxel 1 H-MRS imaging were acquired at 3 tesla from 26 patients with mTBI an average of 22 days postinjury and from 13 age-matched healthy controls. Two-way analysis of variance was used to compare patients and controls for mean N -acetylaspartate, choline, creatine (Cr), Glx, and mI levels as well as the respective ratios to Cr within the caudate, globus pallidus, putamen, and thalamus. Results: Quantitative putaminal mI was higher in patients with mTBI compared with controls ( p = 0.02). Quantitative neurometabolite ratios of putaminal mI and Glx relative to Cr, mI/Cr, and Glx/Cr were also higher among patients with mTBI compared with controls ( p = 0.01 and 0.02, respectively). No other differences in neurometabolite levels or ratios were observed in any other brain region evaluated. Conclusion: Increased putaminal mI, mI/Cr, and Glx/Cr in patients after mTBI compared with control subjects supports the notion of a complex glial and excitatory response to injury without concomitant neuronal loss, evidenced by preserved N -acetylaspartate levels in this region.
The Benussi effect with rectangles

The perceived depth of the Benussi effect is usually demonstrated by presenting a configuration of nonconcentric circles on a rotating disc. However, in the current investigation with 21 undergraduates the Benussi effect was elicited by presenting an eccentric configuration of rectangles. Depth was reported when the configuration of eccentric rectangles was alternated rapidly and successively with its mirror image. As is characteristic of the Benussi effect, there was an increase in apparent depth with an increase in the eccentricity of the rectangles.
Quantification of a Lubricant Transfer Process that Enhances the Sliding Life of a MoS2 Coating

A lubricant transfer process that enhanced the wear life of a MoS2 coating has been identified and quantified. A steel ball sliding against a coated steel flat in reciprocating motion produced reservoirs at the turnaround part of the track ends, then emptied them, to provide replenishment similar to what is expected of liquid lubricants. The dynamics of the process were inferred from measurements of material loss and/or buildup in the track and on the ball; measurements were performed with Michelson interferometry and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.
Predictors of smoking cessation and relapse after hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome.

Background A hospital admission for a serious cardiac event offers a unique opportunity for smoking cessation. Understanding the factors that predict and enhance cessation among smoking cardiac inpatients is important for hospital physicians and clinical staff. Study objective To determine factors that predict smoking cessation, relapse, or continued smoking among posthospitalized cardiac patients who were smoking at the time of admission. Sample Patients hospitalized with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) were recruited from 5 hospitals in Michigan to participate in a study assessing hospital quality improvement plus at-home health behavior change counseling. Measurements Patient interview data were collected shortly after discharge and 3 and 8 months later to describe patient demographics, clinical characteristics, tobacco use, and other behaviors. Multinomial logit regression was used to predict smoking cessation, relapse, and continued smoking. Results Of patients smoking at hospitalization who completed both follow-up interviews, 56.8% (n = 111) were not smoking at 8 months. A significant predictor of successful cessation was higher household income (odds ratio [OR] = 4.72; P = 0.003), while having other smokers in the household decreased the odds of cessation (OR = 0.20; P = 0.001). History of depression increased the odds of relapse (OR = 6.38; P = 0.002) and being a lighter smoker decreased the odds (OR = 0.16; P = 0.026). Conclusions Although approximately one-half of the smokers in this study reported successful cessation, interventions are still needed to assist all smokers to successfully quit smoking after an ACS hospitalization. Our data suggest targeting follow-up programs to include other family members and using specialized methods for heavy smokers.
Growth and Yield of Winter Wheat as Affected by Preceding Crop and Crop Management

Producers in eastern South Dakota are interested in adding winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to their crop rotations to improve crop yield and pest management. Our study quantified winter wheat response to preceding crop and crop management. Preceding crops were soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill], oat (Avena sativa L.)-pea (Pisum sativum L.) mixture, and spring wheat. Two crop management strategies, high-input and conventional, were compared. High-input management differed from conventional management by a 60% higher seeding rate and a split application of N fertilizer. Winter wheat with high-input management yielded the highest following oat-pea; in contrast, winter wheat with conventional management yielded 28% less following spring wheat. Winter wheat following soybean yielded 88% of the winter wheat with high-input following oat-pea. Tiller density was 32% higher when winter wheat followed oat-pea compared with soybean. Winter wheat developed faster following oat-pea compared with other preceding crops, as determined by measuring solar radiation at the soil surface in early May and date of heading. Winter wheat production can be improved by increasing seeding rate and banding a starter fertilizer by the seed at planting.
Linking accelerated laboratory and outdoor exposure results for PV polymeric materials: a mechanistic study of EVA

Linking accelerated laboratory test to field performance for predicting the service life of polymeric materials are being investigated at NIST using the reliability-based methodology. Based on this methodology, a successful linkage between the laboratory and field exposure data for a model polymeric material has been made. Recently, this methodology, for the first time, was introduced to the lifetime assessment of PV polymeric materials. In this paper, a mechanistic study of the degradation of three unstabilized model ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) systems---uncured EVA, cured EVA and laminated EVA---was carried out under accelerated laboratory exposure and outdoor exposure. The NIST SPHERE (Simulated Photodegradation via High Energy Radiant Exposure) was used for the accelerated laboratory tests, and the outdoor exposure was conducted in Gaithersburg, Maryland. Simultaneous multiple stresses, including temperature, relative humidity and UV radiation, were applied individually or in combination during SPHERE exposure. The effects of the environmental factors on the main degradation mechanisms of different EVA systems were investigated. The results showed that the UV radiation was the most important factor for the degradation of EVA and a synergistic effect occurred between UV radiation and relative humidity. A slower degradation rate was observed for the laminated system as a result of limited diffusion of O 2 and H 2 O into EVA. It was also found that the substantial chemical changes of the uncured EVA system did not yield yellowing, which was dramatically different from the peroxide cured EVA system. Additionally, the chemical degradation modes of the three EVA systems exposed outdoors appeared to be similar to those exposed to the SPHERE. The implication of this work to the current test standards was discussed.
The Mechanism of a Controlled Pendulum Synchronizing with Periodic Motions in a Periodically Forced, Damped Duffing Oscillator

In this paper, the analytical conditions for the controlled pendulum synchronizing with periodic motions in the Duffing oscillator are developed using the theory of discontinuous dynamical systems. From the analytical conditions, the synchronization invariant domain is obtained. The partial and full synchronizations of the controlled pendulum with periodic motions in the Duffing oscillator are discussed. The control parameter map for the synchronization is achieved from the analytical conditions, and numerical illustrations of the partial and full synchronizations are carried out to illustrate the analytical conditions. This synchronization is different from the controlled Duffing oscillator synchronizing with chaotic motion in the periodically excited pendulum. Because the periodically forced, damped Duffing oscillator possesses periodic and chaotic motions, further investigation on the controlled pendulum synchronizing with complicated periodic and chaotic motions in the Duffing oscillator will be accomplished in sequel.
Inter- and intra-molecular hydrogen-bonded trifluoromethylated alcohols: X-ray crystal structures of 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)hexane-2,5-diol, 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)butane-2,3-diol, and 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-oxo-3-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane-2-ol

Trifluoromethylated alcohols, 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)hexane-2,5-diol (1), 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)butane 2,3-diol (2), and 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-oxo-3-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane-2-ol (3) were prepared by direct nucleophilic trifluoromethylation of the corresponding diketo compounds, acetonylacetone and 3,4-methylenedioxyphenylglyoxal, respectively, with (trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane. Their structures were confirmed by single crystal X-ray analyses. The presence of inter-molecular hydrogen bonding is observed in 1 and 3, and a greater range of interactions, both inter- and intra-molecular, are seen in 2.
Dehydration of peptide [M + H]+ ions in the gas phase

The loss of water from protonated peptides was studied using [18O]-labeling of the C-terminal carboxyl group. The structures (including the location of the isotopic label) of first-generation product ions were examined by sequential product ion scanning (MS3 and MS4) using a hybrid sector/quadrupole mass spectrometer. Water loss may involve carboxylic acid groups, side-chain hydroxyls, or peptide backbone oxygens. Although one of these three pathways often predominates, more than one dehydration route can be operative for a single peptide structure. When peptide backbone oxygen is lost, the dehydration can occur at one or two primary sites along the backbone, with the location of the site(s) varying among peptides. When water loss involves the C-terminal carboxyl group, the resulting ion may undergo extensive intraionic oxygen isotope exchange. This evidence for complex intraionic interactions further emphasizes the significance of gas-phase conformation in determining the fragmentations of peptide ions.
Analytic discs, plurisubharmonic hulls, and non-compactness of the -Neumann operator

We show that a complex manifold M in the boundary of a smooth bounded pseudoconvex domain Ω in Open image in new window is an obstruction to compactness of the Open image in new window -Neumann operator on Ω, provided that at some point of M, the Levi form of bΩ has the maximal possible rank n−1−dim(M) (i.e. the boundary is strictly pseudoconvex in the directions transverse to M). In particular, an analytic disc is an obstruction, provided that at some point of the disc, the Levi form has only one zero eigenvalue (i.e. the eigenvalue zero has multiplicity one). We also show that a boundary point where the Levi form has only one zero eigenvalue can be picked up by the plurisubharmonic hull of a set only via an analytic disc in the boundary.
Effects of Surfactants on Reduction and Photolysis (>290 nm) of Nitroaromatic Compounds

The rates of disappearance of some nitroaromatic compounds, namely, dinitrotoluene, dinitrobenzene, and dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid from alkaline borohydride solution were greatly enhanced in the presence of a cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), both in the presence and in the absence of light. A neutral surfactant (Tween 80) had little or no effect on the photoreactions, and an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) slowed the photoreactions slightly.
A Single Adenosine with a Neutral pKa in the Ribosomal Peptidyl Transferase Center

Biochemical and crystallographic evidence suggests that 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the catalyst of peptide bond formation. To explore the mechanism of this reaction, we screened for nucleotides in Escherichia coli 23S rRNA that may have a perturbed pKa (where Ka is the acid constant) based on the pH dependence of dimethylsulfate modification. A single universally conserved A (number 2451) within the central loop of domain V has a near neutral pKa of 7.6 +/- 0.2, which is about the same as that reported for the peptidyl transferase reaction. In vivo mutational analysis of this nucleotide indicates that it has an essential role in ribosomal function. These results are consistent with a mechanism wherein the nucleotide base of A2451 serves as a general acid base during peptide bond formation.
Profits and Perils Online News Producers’ Perceptions of Interactivity and Uses of Interactive Features

Interviews with website producers nominated for the Online Journalism Awards explored their perceptions of interactivity and reasons for adopting or not adopting interactive features that facilitate interpersonal communication. Findings reveal that site producers show interest but are experiencing problems with incorporating such interactive features online and are therefore cautious about implementing them. The evidence suggests that journalists are undergoing an uncomfortable transition migrating online and are unlikely to fully adopt interpersonal interactive features onto their websites.
Burkitt's Lymphoma/Leukemia in a 15-Year-Old Male

We present the case of a 15-year-old male with sporadic Burkitt's lymphoma/leukemia. The patient presented with right lower quadrant abdominal pain and masses in the terminal ilium and pelvis, and was subsequently demonstrated to have involvement of the bone marrow. We discuss differential diagnoses and approach to diagnose and stage this disease. A review of the clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features of Burkitt's lymphoma/leukemia are also presented.
Interagent ties in team-based computational configuration design

Organizational research has shown that effectively structuring the resources (human, informational, computational) available to an organization can significantly improve its collective computational capacity. Central to this improved capacity is the manner in which the organization's member agents are related. This study is an initial investigation into the role and potential of interagent ties in computational teaming. A computational team-based model, designed to more fully integrate agent ties, is created and presented. It is applied to a bulk manufacturing process-planning problem and its performance compared against a previously tested agent-based algorithm without these agent relationships. The performance of the new agent method showed significant improvement over the previous method: improving solution quality 280% and increasing solution identification per unit time an entire order of magnitude. A statistical examination of the new algorithm confirms that agent interdependencies are the strongest and most consistent performance effects leading to the observed improvements. This study illustrates that the interagent ties associated with team collaboration can be a highly effective method of improving computational design performance, and the results are promising indications that the application of organization constructs within a computational context may significantly improve computational problem solving.
Preconditioned Krylov subspace methods for transport equations

Transport equations have many important applications. Because these equations are based on highly non-normal operators, they present difficulties in numerical computations. Iterative methods have been shown to be efficient to solve transport equations. However, because of the nature of transport problems, convergence of these methods tends to slow for many important problems. In this paper, we focus on acceleration techniques for iterative methods. Particularly, we investigate the applicability and performance of some Krylov subspace methods with preconditioners, such as the incomplete LU (ILU) factorization (with no fill-in) and multigrid algorithms (spatial and angular multigrid). Three cases are considered: isotropic equations without absorption, isotropic equations with absorption, and anisotropic equations. Our numerical experiments show that the use of an appropriate multilevel preconditioner can significantly improve Krylov subspace methods, such as GMRES and CGS.
On the utility of the jnd in predicting motor retention: An initial consideration

Subjects attempting to reproduce a linear displacement response are viewed as moving until they feel that their attempted response is correct. This paper presents the argument that a quantitative predictor of their reproduction can be made in terms of the psychophysical notion of the jnd. Experiment 1 obtained an empirical estimate of the jnd for a linear displacement response. Experiment 2 was a reanalysis of the motor recognition study of Marshall (1972), from which a jnd estimate was also computed. The corresponding estimates were remarkably close and were able to predict the “recall” data from that same study.
Ethical Challenges of Social Marketing

Abstract Social marketing faces distinctive ethical challenges, which are not faced by commercial marketing, with regard to the ends it seeks, the rationale it offers for achieving those ends, and the effects it may have on its targets. The more social marketing attempts to address these ethical challenges, the more its nature as a form of social activism becomes apparent. Nevertheless, these are special ethical challenges social marketing needs to confront.
Group Approaches to the Schmidt-Hunter Global Estimation Procedure

Abstract Current application of the Schmidt-Hunter global estimation procedure requires judges to estimate the value of performance at various percentiles of performance. The estimates are elicited individually and mathematically aggregated to form final estimates. Judgment and decision making literature suggests that estimation utilizing group formats can lead to increased accuracy, confidence, and satisfaction over individually aggregated estimates. The Nominal Group Technique, the Delphi Technique, and consensus groups show particular promise for estimating SDy using the global estimation procedure and some promise for estimating SDp.