cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Poly(3-octylthiophene) as solid contact for ion-selective electrodes: contradictions and possibilities

The hydrophobic conductive polymer, poly(3-octylthiophene) (POT), is considered as uniquely suited to be used as an ion-to-electron transducer in solid contact (SC) ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). However, the reports on the performance characteristics of POT-based SC ISEs are quite conflicting. In this study, the potential sources of the contradicting results on the ambiguous drift and poor potential reproducibility of POT-based ISEs are compiled, and different approaches to minimize the drift and the differences in the standard potentials of POT-based SC ISEs are shown. To set the potential of the POT film, it has been loaded with a 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ/TCNQ·−) redox couple. An approximately 1:1 TCNQ/TCNQ·−ratio in the POT film has been achieved through potentiostatic control of the potential of the redox couple-loaded conductive polymer. It is hypothesized that once the POT film has a stable, highly reproducible redox potential, it will provide similarly stable and reproducible interfacial potentials between the POT film and the electron-conducting substrate and result in SC ISEs with excellent reproducibility and potential stability. Towards this goal, the potentials of Au, GC, and Pt electrodes with drop-cast POT film coatings were recorded in KCl solutions as a function of time. Some of the POT films were loaded with TCNQ and coated with a K+-selective membrane. The improvement in the potential stabilities and sensor-to-sensor reproducibility as a consequence of the incorporation of TCNQ in the POT film and the potentiostatic control of the TCNQ/TCNQ·−ratio is reported.
Axion-assisted production of sterile neutrino dark matter

Sterile neutrinos can be generated in the early universe through oscillations with active neutrinos and represent a popular and well-studied candidate for our Universe's dark matter. Stringent constraints from X-ray and gamma-ray line searches, however, have excluded the simplest of such models. In this paper, we propose a novel alternative to the standard scenario in which the mixing angle between the sterile and active neutrinos is a dynamical quantity, induced through interactions with a light axionlike field. As the energy density of the axionlike particles is diluted by Hubble expansion, the degree of mixing is reduced at late times, suppressing the decay rate and easily alleviating any tension with X-ray or gamma-ray constraints. We present a simple model which illustrates the phenomenology of this scenario, and also describe a framework in which the QCD axion is responsible for the production of sterile neutrinos in the early universe.
State Income Taxation of Out-of-State Trademark Holding Companies

In recent years, trademark holding companies have grown in popularity as a method of minimizing state income taxes. Typically, trademark holding companies are subsidiary companies incorporated in a state that does not levy income taxes upon royalty income. These companies are owned by parents operating in states that do tax such royalty income. The parent company is able to avoid taxation on its royalty income by transferring its trademarks to holding companies and licensing the trademarks back, thereby shifting the incomewhich would be taxed by the states in which it operates -to the trademark holding company. Given the recent financial crises faced by the states, many states have sought ways to curb the effectiveness of trademark holding companies as a tax-avoidance device.' States have attempted to limit the ability of corporations to avoid taxes in three ways. The states have (1) directly taxed the out-of-state trademark holding company for income tax; (2) disallowed deductions to the parent corporation for royalty payments, making the parent unable to shift income out of the state; and (3) treated the parent and subsidiary as one unitary entity for income tax purposes, making intra-entity transfers of income meaningless. This Comment analyzes the Commerce Clause concerns raised by the various alternatives available to the states in closing this tax loophole. Part I of the Comment outlines the general structure of trademark holding companies and their operation. Part II analyzes the first suggested solution, directly taxing out-of-state trademark holding companies. It concludes that this method of taxation is inconsistent with the dormant Commerce Clause, which requires a physical pres-
Toxic, invasive treefrog creates evolutionary trap for native gartersnakes

Possession of unique defensive toxins by nonindigenous species may increase the likelihood of creating evolutionary traps for native predators. We tested the hypothesis that nonindigenous, toxic Cuban Treefrogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis) have created an evolutionary trap for native, generalist snakes. Additionally, we explored the possibility that populations of snakes that co-occur with Cuban Treefrogs have responded in ways that allow them to escape potential trap dynamics. To evaluate a potential fitness cost of consuming Cuban Treefrogs, we monitored growth of 61 wild-caught Common Gartersnakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) fed exclusive diets of either Cuban Treefrogs, native Green Treefrogs (Hyla cinerea), or native Golden Shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas). Snakes in the Cuban Treefrog diet treatment gained less than half the mass of those consuming native prey, and Cuban Treefrogs were significantly less digestible than native prey. There was no difference in the response of gartersnakes to prey scent cues of Cuban Treefrogs and Green Treefrogs. Our results indicate that Cuban Treefrogs likely represent an evolutionary trap for snakes because consumption of these frogs carries fitness costs, yet snakes fail to recognize this prey as being costly. We found no difference in growth or response to prey cues between snakes from invaded and non-invaded regions, suggesting snakes have not responded to escape trap dynamics. Interactions of native snakes and Cuban Treefrogs support the idea that introduced species with novel toxins may increase the likelihood of evolutionary trap formation.
Discrepancies in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Patient Care and How Pharmacists Can Support an Evolved Practice

We live in an increasingly multicultural society with people from different ethnicities and beliefs. In recent years, we have witnessed a growing group of people who identify as having diverse sexual orientations and gender identities. Members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community have historically been marginalized by the health care industry. The disproportionate prevalence of LGBT health concerns and cultural prejudices may be overlooked by many practitioners. As pharmacists, we are in an optimal position to affect meaningful changes in how we treat, counsel, and interact with all our patients, including with those whose sexual orientation or gender identity differ from ours. It is important for student and practicing pharmacists alike to receive adequate education and training that identifies the role of a pharmacist in LGBT health and fosters culturally competent and equitable patient care. Clinical and cultural competence should be reflective of inclusive pharmacy programs that embrace and incorporate LGBT health. The objectives of this commentary are to identify the role of a pharmacist in LGBT health, recognize specific concerns with mental and sexual health, describe gender-transitioning pharmacotherapy, and discuss the current stance of LGBT health in pharmacy education.
Sensor fusion for fiducial tags: Highly robust pose estimation from single frame RGBD

Although there is an abundance of planar fiducial-marker systems proposed for augmented reality and computer-vision purposes, using them to estimate the pose accurately in robotic applications where collected data are noisy remains a challenge. This is inherently a difficult problem because these fiducial marker systems work solely within the RGB image space and the resolution of cameras on robots is often constrained. As a result, small noise in the image would cause the tag's detection process to produce large pose estimation errors. This paper describes an algorithm that improves the pose estimation accuracy of square fiducial markers in difficult scenes by fusing information from RGB and depth sensors. The algorithm retains the high detection rate and low false positive rate characteristics of fiducial systems while making them much more robust to size, lighting and sensory noise for pose estimation. The improvements make the fiducial tags suitable for robotic tasks requiring high pose accuracy in the real world environment.
Lateral preoptic and ventral pallidal roles in locomotion and other movements

The lateral preoptic area (LPO) and ventral pallidum (VP) are structurally and functionally distinct territories in the subcommissural basal forebrain. It was recently shown that unilateral infusion of the GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline, into the LPO strongly invigorates exploratory locomotion, whereas bicuculline infused unilaterally into the VP has a negligible locomotor effect, but when infused bilaterally, produces vigorous, abnormal pivoting and gnawing movements and compulsive ingestion. This study was done to further characterize these responses. We observed that bilateral LPO infusions of bicuculline activate exploratory locomotion only slightly more potently than unilateral infusions and that unilateral and bilateral LPO injections of the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol potently suppress basal locomotion, but only modestly inhibit locomotion invigorated by amphetamine. In contrast, unilateral infusions of muscimol into the VP affect basal and amphetamine-elicited locomotion negligibly, but bilateral VP muscimol infusions profoundly suppress both. Locomotor activation elicited from the LPO by bicuculline was inhibited modestly and profoundly by blockade of dopamine D2 and D1 receptors, respectively, but was not entirely abolished even under combined blockade of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors. That is, infusing the LPO with bic caused instances of near normal, even if sporadic, invigoration of locomotion in the presence of saturating dopamine receptor blockade, indicating that LPO can stimulate locomotion in the absence of dopamine signaling. Pivoting following bilateral VP bicuculline infusions was unaffected by dopamine D2 receptor blockade, but was completely suppressed by D1 receptor blockade. The present results are discussed in a context of neuroanatomical and functional organization underlying exploratory locomotion and adaptive movements.
ADAPTING HOUSING THROUGHOUT THE LIFE CYCLE

ABSTRACT This paper looks at the behaviorial needs for display of self, personalization, and identification that are present at all stages of the life cycle. These often overlooked aspects of user participation need to be understood by designers and managers of all types of living environments. Systematic observations and questionnaire interviews were conducted in 37 homes with preschoolers and in another study of a nursing home with 54 elderly residents. Data from these two studies are analyzed to determine: a) how the occupants of these various housing environments used their housing space to express their uniqueness and individuality, b) how satisfactory they felt their environments were, and c) what architectural features of the environment were useful for displays of self and personalization. The implications of adapting living space throughout the life cycle across cultures is discussed. This research was supported by Grant # HEW/HDS AOA 90 AR 2058–01 from the Administration on Aging, Ruth Stumpe Brent, Principal Investigator and by the Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Minnesota, Project # 2052, Evelyn Miller Franklin, Principal Investigator.
Mathematics in Sports: Examples for General Mathematics

1. pose problems for which statistical data may be an aid in providing an answer ; 2. decide what statistical measure would aid in answering the posed problem ; 3. collect or compute the necessary data; 4. organize and interpret data ; 5. answer the question based on these sta tistics ; 6. recognize that there are other choices of data and other possible interpretations of his own data, so he must be able to defend or modify his contentions.
Inkjet Printed Parallel Plate Capacitors Using PVP Polymer Dielectric Ink on Flexible Polyimide Substrates

Inkjet printing (IJP) is an exciting new additive manufacturing technology that promises monolithic electronic circuit fabrication of $\mu \mathrm{m}$ thin low-cost large-area electronic low-cost body-worn flexible sensors. In this work, we demonstrate inkjet printed multilayer metal-dielectric-metal capacitors on flexible polyimide (PI) substrate by formulating a custom dielectric ink based on Poly 4-vinylphenol (PVP). Silver nanoparticle ink was used for printing theconductive parallel metal plates. We also demonstrate control over the capacitance values by varying the design parameters and succeeded in printing capacitors in the range 8.8 pF to 467 pF, with excellent repeatability on flexible PI substrates. A functional LC circuit using these printed capacitors has been designed and demonstrated to have a resonance frequency of 24.3 MHz. These results are a vital step forward towards monolithic printing of flexible electronic circuits using IJP technique formany applications such as body-worn sensors.
One-Pot (1-Ethoxycarbonylcyclopropyl)triphenylphosphonium Tetrafluoroborate Ring-Opening and Wittig Reaction.

Various nucleophilic substrates are treated with NaH and converted to the ring-opening addition product with the Wittig reagent (I).
Mechanotransduction: from the cell surface to the nucleus via RhoA

Cells respond and adapt to their physical environments and to the mechanical forces that they experience. The translation of physical forces into biochemical signalling pathways is known as mechano...
Communicating Arsenic's Risks.

Arsenic is a naturally occurring toxic metalloid that has many human health implications. Its strong prevalence in the bedrock and thus much of the well water in New England puts many private well owners at risk. It is also found in food products, particularly those that contain rice. Despite the documented health risks, arsenic is not high on the list of concerns for residents of the region. This study will describe two types of environmental communication efforts that have been undertaken by the Dartmouth Toxic Metals Superfund Research Program (DTMSRP)—the development and evaluation of a comprehensive website, Arsenic and You, and a mental models research approach to better understand the disconnect between expert and community perceptions of arsenic risk. We find that there are knowledge gaps between the two, particularly regarding the origin of arsenic in drinking water and food, the necessity of testing well water, and the process for treating water that is above recommended limits. Moreover, the mental models approach provides a structured framework for better understanding these gaps. A website can address some of these disconnects, and it is important to have a “one-stop shop” for vetted information on the risks and steps to reduce exposure.
Network Models of the Basal Ganglia in Parkinson’s Disease: Advances in Deep Brain Stimulation Through Model-Based Optimization

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a movement disorder resulting from degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Electrical stimulation of the sub-cortical regions of the brain (basal ganglia – BG), also known as deep brain stimulation (DBS), is an effective therapy for the motor symptoms of PD. However, despite clear clinical benefits, the therapeutic mechanisms of DBS are not fully understood. Computational models of the BG play a vital role in investigation of the neural basis of PD and determining the therapeutic mechanisms of DBS. We review several conductance-based computational models of the BG published in the literature. First, we explain the different circuits within the BG network associated with movement control. Second, we provide insights gained from different computational models of the BG on the neural basis of PD and therapeutic mechanisms of DBS. Third, we discuss the functionality of these models to optimize DBS parameters. Finally, we present various opportunities available to optimize further DBS therapy by laying out the critical elements lacking in existing models.
On the Validity of Predicting Wave-induced Loads on a Submerged Body Using the Superposition of Regular Wave Results

The wave-induced loads on an underwater vehicle operating near the surface can negatively affect the performance of the vehicle. Therefore, the ability to predict these loads accurately is desired. Since irregular seaways are a combination of many underlying component waves, there is a large number of various combinations of waves that could produce a given sea state. Thus, it is not practical to test all the potential seaways directly, either experimentally or numerically, that a vehicle might experience. A potential solution is to use superposition to combine the loads from single, regular waves to predict the loads caused by an irregular seaway. This paper explores the validity of that approach. The wave-induced loads on a captive model were experimentally measured in a two-component irregular seaway and in each of the component waves individually. The analysis showed that the load contributions from each underlying wave in the two-component seaway was consistent with the loads from the single wave tests. However, the two-component seaway also contained nonlinear loads, which can not be obtained from the single wave tests. The results show that superposition provides an accurate prediction for the total linear loads but should be supplemented with another approach to include the smaller nonlinear loads.
The Pregnant Citizen, from Suffrage to the Present

This Article examines how courts have responded to the equal protection claims of pregnant citizens over the century women were enfranchised. The lost history it recovers shows how equal protection changed—initially allowing government to enforce traditional family roles by exempting laws regulating pregnancy from close review, then over time subjecting laws regulating pregnancy to heightened equal protection scrutiny. It is generally assumed that the Supreme Court’s 1974 decision in Geduldig v. Aiello insulates the regulation of pregnancy from equal protection scrutiny. The Article documents the traditional sex-role understandings Geduldig preserved and then demonstrates how the Supreme Court itself has limited the decision’s authority. In particular, I show that the Rehnquist Court integrated laws regulating pregnancy into the equal protection sex-discrimination framework. In United States v. Virginia, the Supreme Court analyzed a law mandating the accommodation of pregnancy as classifying on the basis of sex and subject to heightened scrutiny; Virginia directs judges to look to history in enforcing the Equal Protection Clause to ensure that laws regulating pregnancy are not “used, as they once were . . . to create or perpetuate the legal, social, and economic inferiority of women.” In Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs, the Court then applied the antistereotyping principle to laws regulating pregnancy, as a growing number of commentators and courts have observed. I conclude the Article by considering how courts and Congress might enforce the rights in Virginia and Hibbs in cases involving pregnancy under both the Fourteenth and the Nineteenth Amendments. To remedy law-driven sex-role stereotyping that has shaped the workplace, the household, and politics, the Article proposes that Congress adopt legislation mandating the reasonable accommodation of pregnant employees, such as the Pregnant Workers Fairness Act. These sex-role stereotypes affect all workers, but exact the greatest toll on low-wage workers and workers of color who are subject to rigid managerial supervision. When we locate equal protection cases in history, we can see how an appeal to biology can enforce traditional sex roles as it did in Geduldig—and see why a court invoking Geduldig today to insulate the regulation of pregnancy from scrutiny under Virginia and Hibbs would not respect stare decisis, but instead retreat from core principles of the equal protection sex-discrimination case law.
Remarks on the extension group for purely infinite corona algebras

We study BDF theory in the context of (not necessarily simple) purely infinite corona algebras. Let B be a nonunital separable simple C*-algebra with standard regularity properties for which C ( B ...
Minority Stress, Stigma, and Violence: Affirmative Counseling for Bisexual Individuals

Bisexual individuals face unique challenges in terms of mental health, discrimination, and violence, much of which are rooted in the invisibility of sexual orientation in broader society. This invisibility contributes to greater risk of violence (e.g., bullying, intimate partner violence, workplace discrimination, and macroaggressions) across many contexts throughout the lifespan, as well as a lack of resources for clinicians serving bisexual clients in these contexts. Grounded in theories of minority stress, developmental contextualism, concealable stigmatized identity, and psychological sense of community, this chapter provides recommendations to clinicians working with bisexual victims of violence to promote positive bisexual visibility, increase access to community resources, and enable self-affirmation. Recommendations are also given for clinicians to advocate for bisexual individuals outside of clinical practice to increase bisexual visibility, educate others on bisexual issues, and further bisexual advocacy in professional contexts.
Identifying, Collecting, and Monitoring Personally Identifiable Information: From the Dark Web to the Surface Web

Personally identifiable information (PII) has become a major target of cyber-attacks, causing severe losses to data breach victims. To protect data breach victims, researchers focus on collecting exposed PII to assess privacy risk and identify at-risk individuals. However, existing studies mostly rely on exposed PII collected from either the dark web or the surface web. Due to the wide exposure of PII on both the dark web and surface web, collecting from only the dark web or the surface web could result in an underestimation of privacy risk. Despite its research and practical value, jointly collecting PII from both sources is a non-trivial task. In this paper, we summarize our effort to systematically identify, collect, and monitor a total of 1,212,004,819 exposed PII records across both the dark web and surface web. Our effort resulted in 5.8 million stolen SSNs, 845,000 stolen credit/debit cards, and 1.2 billion stolen account credentials. From the surface web, we identified and collected over 1.3 million PII records of the victims whose PII is exposed on the dark web. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest academic collection of exposed PII, which, if properly anonymized, enables various privacy research inquiries, including assessing privacy risk and identifying at-risk populations.
Lifting Sequential Effects to Control Operators

Sequential effect systems are a class of effect system that exploits information about program order, rather than discarding it as traditional commutative effect systems do. This extra expressive power allows effect systems to reason about behavior over time, capturing properties such as atomicity, unstructured lock ownership, or even general safety properties. While we now understand the essential denotational (categorical) models fairly well, application of these ideas to real software is hampered by the variety of source level control flow constructs and control operators in real languages. We address this new problem by appeal to a classic idea: macro-expression of commonly-used programming constructs in terms of control operators. We give an effect system for a subset of Racket’s tagged delimited control operators, as a lifting of an effect system for a language without direct control operators. This gives the first account of sequential effects in the presence of general control operators. Using this system, we also re-derive the sequential effect system rules for control flow constructs previously shown sound directly, and derive sequential effect rules for new constructs not previously studied in the context of source-level sequential effect systems. This offers a way to directly extend source-level support for sequential effect systems to real programming languages.
Substance use treatment in Appalachian Tennessee amid COVID-19: Challenges and preparing for the future

The COVID-19 pandemic created a number of rapidly emerging and unprecedented challenges for those engaged in substance use disorder (SUD) treatment, forcing service providers to improvise their treatment strategies as the crisis deepened. Drawing from five ongoing federally funded SUD projects in Appalachian Tennessee and hundreds of hours of meetings and interviews, this article explores the pandemic's impact on an already structurally disadvantaged region, its recovery community, and those who serve it. More specifically, we note detrimental effects of increased isolation since the implementation of COVID-19 safety measures, including stakeholders' reports of higher incidences of relapse, overdose, and deaths in the SUD population. Treatment providers have responded with telehealth services, but faced barriers in technology access and computer literacy among clients. Providers have also had to restrict new clients to accommodate social distancing, faced delays in health screening those they can accept, and denied family visitations, which has affected retention. In light of these challenges, several promising lessons for the future emerged--such as preparing for an influx of new and returning clients in need of SUD treatment; making arrangements for long-term housing and facility modification; developing a hybrid care delivery model, taking advantage of new regulations enabling telemedicine; budgeting for and storing personal protective equipment (PPE) and related supplies; and developing disaster protocols to withstand threats to intake, retention, and financial solvency.
Racial disparities in sleep health between Black and White young adults: The role of neighborhood safety in childhood.

Abstract Objectives Black adults in the United States have shorter sleep durations and poorer sleep efficiency relative to White adults, yet reasons for these disparities are not well explicated. The objective of this study was to examine neighborhood safety in childhood as a mediator of subsequent racial disparities in sleep. Methods Data were from Black and White young adults attending a large, predominantly White university in the Southeastern United States (N = 263; 52% Black, 53% female; Mean age = 19.21 years, SD = 1.01). Sleep parameters were assessed from eight nights of wrist actigraphy (time in bed, sleep duration, and efficiency) and an established self-report measure of daytime sleepiness. Residential histories from birth through age 18 were documented, and retrospective self-reports of neighborhood safety in childhood were assessed. Results Black participants had less time in bed (p Conclusions Findings support the hypothesis that neighborhood safety in childhood may partially account for race differences in subsequent sleep duration and daytime sleepiness. Addressing racial inequities in childhood neighborhood safety may be an important step toward reducing racial disparities in sleep health.
Hydrogen Concentration-Induced Stresses in an Environmental TEM

The Hydrogen Enhanced Localized Plasticity (HELP) mechanism is a leading candidate among proposed Hydrogen Embrittlement (HE) mechanisms. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) measurements of an increased dislocation mobility upon exposure to hydrogen provide the most direct evidence for the HELP mechanism. However, the electron beam in TEM microscopes can dissociate hydrogen, leading to a hydrogen fugacity much greater than the applied pressure. Such high fugacity will generate a large concentration gradient between the surface and interior of a TEM sample. It has been proposed that the observed dislocation mobility is due only to concentration-gradient stresses rather than an effect of the interaction with hydrogen. Here we calculate the expected stresses for H/Fe system to be an order of magnitude too low to impact dislocation mobility, and we show that the concentration gradient-induced stresses dissipate quickly in both H/Fe and H/Ni systems - well before observation by TEM would occur.
Mentoring And Supporting Student Research: A Wider View

Location: JC Room D This 40-minute roundtable will invite discussion on mentoring student researchers at both the undergraduate and graduate levels, with special focus on strategies and resources beyond the classroom to support student researchers in integrating their curricular, professional, and personal goals. Research activity typically takes shape in the context of a studentâs formal academic curriculum or degree requirements (such a thesis, dissertation, capstone, or honors project), yet research also represents an opportunity for reflection, self-discovery, and to explore new intellectual and professional pathways. While intellectual mentorship comes primarily from faculty advisors in the studentâs field of study, campus-wide resources such as undergraduate research experiences, writing consultants, and fellowship advisors can play an important role in nurturing emerging researchers. These forms of co-curricular support also serve to directly address issues of access by connecting students to research funding and mentorship and offering training in the writing, self-advocacy, and self-presentation skills required to successfully pursue independent research and professional development opportunities. Teaching and learning outcomes go beyond mastery of academic content to incorporate skills such as the ability to write for multiple audiences, identify and pursue funding opportunities, and engage in collaborative research. This roundtable will invite participants to share strategies and insights for mentoring student researchers that take the whole person and the wider spectrum of academic, professional, and personal goals into account.
A Role for Nitric Oxide and Other Inflammatory Mediators in Cytokine-Induced Pancreatic β-Cell Dysfunction and Destruction

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease characterized by the selective destruction of the pancreatic β-cell. The autoimmune response that is ultimately responsible for the destruction of the β-cell consists of a number of complex components. Cytokines released during this inflammatory reaction have been implicated as effector molecules which mediate β-cell destruction1–3. Our studies have focused primarily in attempting to define the role of cytokines released by both T-lymphocytes and activated macrophages to produce deleterious effects directly on the β-cell during the initial inflammatory response associated with autoimmune diabetes. Our studies have described the ability of the cytokine, interleukin-1 (IL-1), to both inhibit insulin secretion from the β-cell and also to produce cytotoxic effects via the formation of the free radical nitric oxide (NO). Our more recent studies have revealed that the ability of cytokines such as IL-1 to produce nitric oxide by islets is also directly linked to the production of the proinflammatory prostaglandins and thromboxanes that may play an important role in the initial inflammatory response that is the hallmark of autoimmune diabetes.
Soil-plant water relations in a Mojave Desert mixed shrubcommunity: a comparison of three geomorphic surfaces

Abstract Comparative plant water relations and soil moisture content of three geomorphic surfaces were assessed in a northern Mojave Desert mixed shrub community. The adjacent geomorphic surfaces studied were an ephemeral wash (Wash), a dissected alluvial fan remnant (Bench), and a montane slope (Slope). Perennial vegetation transpired for 2-6 months during a typical precipitation year. Plant water relations differed between species (on the same geomorphic surface) and between surfaces (for the same species). Plant water stress was greatest on the Bench, which had the finest textured soils and was underlaid by an indurated petrocalcic layer. Plants from the Wash and Slope sites had higher water potentials and stomatal conductances, presumably due to coarser textured, deeper soils in the Wash and water storage in fractured bedrock on the Slope. Soil water uptake patterns closely approximated relative transpiration on each surface. No evidence of deep percolation below the rooting zone was found on any of the three surfaces during a normal rainfall year.
Thermal Structure of Cooling Ponds

The vertical stratification of cooling ponds is considered in a quasi-steady framework. Criteria based upon a nondimensional pond number are derived categorizing cooling ponds into the well-stratified deep pond type and into the partially-mixed or vertically-mixed shallow pond types. The well-stratified pond is characterized by an approximately uniform thin surface layer and two layer stratified flow theory is used to derive an equation for the layer thickness. An empirical expression describes the degree of vertical stratification in shallow ponds as a function of pond number. Comparisons with field and laboratory data are given.
FRAME REPRESENTATIONS AND THE DECLARATIVE/PROCEDURAL CONTROVERSY

Publisher Summary This chapter presents some criteria for evaluating ideas for representation. It also presents a rough sketch of a particular version of a frame representation, and discusses the ways in which it can deal with the issues raised. The proceduralists assert that human knowledge is primarily a knowing how. The human information processor is a stored program device, with its knowledge of the world embedded in the programs. The declarativists do not believe that knowledge of a subject is intimately bound with the procedures for its use. They see intelligence as resting on two bases: a quite general set of procedures for manipulating facts of all sorts, and a set of specific facts describing particular knowledge domains. In thinking, the general procedures are applied to the domain-specific data to make deductions. Often this process has been based on the model of axiomatic mathematics. The facts are axioms and the thought process involves proof procedures for drawing conclusions from them.
Pathogenicity of molecularly cloned bovine leukemia virus.

Abstract To delineate the mechanisms of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) pathogenesis, four full-length BLV clones, 1, 8, 9, and 13, derived from the transformed cell line FLK-BLV and a clone construct, pBLV913, were introduced into bovine spleen cells by microinjection. Microinjected cells exhibited cytopathic effects and produced BLV p24 and gp51 antigens and infectious virus. The construct, pBLV913, was selected for infection of two sheep by inoculation of microinjected cells. After 15 months, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from these sheep served as inocula for the transfer of infection to four additional sheep. All six infected sheep seroconverted to BLV and had detectable BLV DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells after amplification by polymerase chain reaction. Four of the six sheep developed altered B/T-lymphocyte ratios between 33 and 53 months postinfection. One sheep died of unrelated causes, and one remained hematologically normal. Two of the affected sheep developed B lymphocytosis comparable to that observed in animals inoculated with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from BLV-infected cattle. This expanded B-lymphocyte population was characterized by elevated expression of B-cell surface markers, spontaneous blastogenesis, virus expression in vitro, and increased, polyclonally integrated provirus. One of these two sheep developed lymphocytic leukemia-lymphoma at 57 months postinfection. Leukemic cells had the same phenotype and harbored a single, monoclonally integrated provirus but produced no virus after in vitro cultivation. The range in clinical response to in vivo infection with cloned BLV suggests an important role for host immune response in the progression of virus replication and pathogenesis.
Rumble of the Rums: The Battle Over 'Havana Club'

Why, in 1993, did the Arechabala family suddenly have several suitors for the "Havana Club" mark it had not used in commerce for more than 30 years? The answer to this question hovers over a dozen years (and counting) of litigation raising issues at the intersection of powerful private and governmental interests on the one hand, international and domestic politics on the other hand. Part of the story -- a part told elsewhere in this symposium -- belongs to the World Trade Organization and the TRIPs Agreement that more than a hundred nations were about to join beginning in 1994. Another part -- the part that concerns us here -- belongs to the U.S. trade embargo on Cuban imports and to Cuba's efforts to circumvent it, or at least to prepare for its termination.
The hemoglobin of Ascaris perienteric fluid. II. Molecular weight and subunits.

Abstract 1. 1. The molecular weight of the hemoglobin isolated from the perienteric fluid of the nematode, Ascaris lumbricoides, was found to be 328 000, by sedimentation equilibrium, employing an experimentally determined value for the partial specific volume, ν = 0.725 . The minimum molecular weight per he0me is 40 600; and the protein therefore must bear 8 heme groups per molecule. 2. 2. Succinylation of the hemoglubin under mild conditions yielded a mixture of products with sedimentation coefficients smaller than the intact molecule. The sedimentation coefficients of the products agreed with the values predicted for molecules made of 1–6 of 40 600 molecular weight. 3. 3. The major succinylated product was isolated and found by sedimentation equilibrium to have molecular weight 87800, corresponding to the dimer of the 406000 molecular weight subunit. 4. 4. The frictional ratios of the succinylated products were the same as that of the native protein. The oxyhemoglobin spectrum is retained in the isolated 4.4-S component. Therefore no extensive derangement of the subunit structure results from succinylation.
Macroeconomic and redistributional effects of consumption taxes in the usa

This paper studies the effect of an increase in consumption taxes using a dynamic general equilibrium model of overlapping generations calibrated to the US economy. When the proceeds are used to reduce income taxes, the reform raises the aggregate capital and labour supply in the long run. Workers increase labour supply immediately in response to the reform, while consumption rises only gradually. The tax reform also transfers wealth from old consumers to young consumers. As a result, while future generations experience significant welfare gains, current generations, particularly old consumers, tend to experience sizable welfare losses. When the proceeds are used for a lump-sum transfer, the aggregate capital and labour both decrease in the long run. This reform is welfare-improving for the current low-income households.
Aging and vitamin B-6 depletion: effects on plasma pyridoxal-5’-phosphate and erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase activity coefficients in rats

Plasma pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) and erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase activity coefficients were longitudinally determined in rats. Blood was obtained at weeks 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, and 11 from rats initially aged 3 wk, 3 mo, 12 mo, and 23 mo (weeks 0, 1, 4, 6, and 9 only). The diet groups were ad libitum control (ALC), deficient (DEF), and pair-fed control (PF). Plasma PLP concentrations of controls were highest at 3 mo, intermediate at 3 wk and 12 mo, and lowest at 23 mo. When an additional group of 22-mo-old rats was fed a high-vitamin B-6 diet for 4 wk, their low baseline plasma PLP concentrations did not increase significantly. Plasma PLP decreased significantly within 1 wk and activity coefficients increased significantly by week 4 in all DEF rats. Depletion was most rapid and severe in the youngest DEF rats and least in 12-mo-old DEF rats. Mechanisms for the low plasma PLP control values and resistance to depletion in aged rats remain to be determined.
Comment: Post-war settlements and the production of new illegalities

The suggestion that prostitution has become a cottage industry in Bosnia following the withdrawal of most of the foreign soldiers and international civil servants— ‘‘internationals’’—who had come there immediately after the war, is an interesting one. There is a good literature on large-scale prostitution and trafficking in postconflict situations, some of it cited by Dawson, and the British writer Misha Glenny’s new book, McMafia (2008), adds further details that were presumably not available to Dawson when he was writing. What has not much been studied, to my knowledge, is what happens after the richer clients—foreign soldiers and even richer, the ‘‘internationals’’ who staff peace-keeping and other well-intentioned missions—leave for the more rewarding pastures of new crisis zones. For those interested in trafficking and other forms of victimization, the careers of those local women who remain in prostitution after the foreigners have left is presumably not an interesting topic; scholars of trafficking, like ‘‘internationals’’ specializing in peacekeeping, thrive on situations of crisis, not its less attention-getting (and less funding-attractive) aftermath. If he is correct in his assertion, Dawson has thus made a valuable contribution by looking at a topic not often studied. However, he seems to me to have not yet presented sufficient evidence to support more than a research proposal, on whether in fact prostitution is Bosnia has developed as a ‘‘cottage industry,’’ in the way that his very limited data indicate might be happening. Dawson describes one ‘‘case study’’ of a woman who is living in a house owned by a man with whom she had a relationship simultaneously ‘‘loving and disturbed.’’ Evidence that she was a prostitute is found in the items (unspecified) on her clothes line, as well as the fact that her friend brought other men to the house. This is thin description, to coin a term, very slender evidence on which to hang a hypothesis that this one woman is a prostitute, much less that she represents some kind of new pattern of ‘‘cottage
Temperature dependence of the kinetic isotope effect and tunneling contribution in the innermolecular reaction of phenylcarbene inside a hemicarcerand

Abstract The mobility and kinetic isotope effect (KIE) for the inner phase acetal insertion of phenylcarbene 1 have been probed inside the partially deuterated hemicarcerand d40-5 and the parent 5. Hemicarcerand d40-5 has OCH2O spanners in its upper and OCD2O spanners in its lower hemisphere. Phenylcarbene was generated photochemically from incarcerated phenyldiazirine 4. At low temperature, hemicarceplex 5⊙4 shows carceroisomerism and different populations of carceroisomers. In the photolysis of d40-5⊙4, C–H bond insertion exceeded 50%, which supports that transient 1 is rotationally mobile within its life-time. The KIE in the solid state increases with decreasing temperature. The Arrhenius parameters AH/AD=4.2±0.3 and the linearity of the Arrhenius plot of KIE suggests that both isotopes tunnel considerably over the whole experimental temperature range (0–196 °C). In solution, the KIE shows unusual temperature dependence. The KIEs are explained by postulating three reaction phases 5 with different C–H bond reactivity: (1) the reaction phase in solution (2) the reaction phase in the solid state and (3) the reaction phase in a frozen solution. The latter is characterized by partially inward rotated α-CH2 groups of the four O(CH2)4O bridges of 5.
Memory Functions of Taiwanese American Older Adults1

Memory complaints are common among older adults, of which ethnic minorities are the fastest growing group. Little is known about the memory function of Taiwanese American older adults. This article utilizes a cross-sectional, correlational design to examine the relationship between sleep, physical activity, depression, and memory self-efficacy and memory function and to determine the variance in memory function explained by the four independent variables and six control variables in Taiwanese American older adults. Memory self-efficacy correlated significantly with memory performance. Among the independent variables and control variables, age was the strongest predictor of memory function. A simultaneous multiple regression analysis showed that the four independent and six control variables together accounted for 41.8% of the variance in memory function. Results of this study are consistent with that of many other studies conducted in the United States: Memory declined with age.
Raised Seedbeds for Soybean in Twin Rows Increase Yields over Flat Seedbeds

Irrigated soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) grown using raised seedbeds often produces higher yields than crops grown on flat seedbeds. However, research confirming this is limited. Two soybean cultivars were grown at Stoneville, MS, in 10-inch twin rows, spaced 40 inches between centers on raised seedbeds and flat seedbeds in 2009 and 2010. Seeding at 81,000, 121,500, 162,000, and 202,500 seeds/acre occurred in mid April. Raised beds were furrow irrigated while flat seedbeds were flooded. Raised beds had a minimum 2.9 bu/acre yield increase for all seeding rates except 202,500 seeds/acre which did not differ between bed type. They also produced ≥ 4.0 bu/acre yield increase for both cultivars in 2010 and 13.1 bu/acre for one cultivar in 2009. Raised beds produced more plants per acre in 2009 than 2010. Stands in 2010 were less than 2009 due to early drought. Pods per plant were greater in 2010 (69 to 76) than 2009 (49 to 58) but lower 100-seed weights in 2010 (0.41 to 0.50 oz) versus 2009 (0.56 to 0.64 oz) resulted in less yield in 2010 (47.8 to 61.9 bu/acre) than 2009 (57.5 to 90.1 bu/acre).
Adhesion of spheres by thin liquid films

Abstract Thin liquid films may produce significant adhesion between solid bodies, such as powder agglomerates and ultra-flat surfaces. The adhesive force can be split into two components; the meniscus force and a viscous component which, at sufficiently high deformation rates, will become dominant. This paper presents an analysis for the viscous component of adhesion acting between spheres coated by thin liquid layers, which is expressed as the impulse required to separate the spheres. This impulse depends on the radii and surface roughness of the spheres, and the fluid viscosity and thickness. The dependence on the roughness and quantity of fluid is unexpectedly weak (i.e. logarithmic). The predictions of the analysis are confirmed by direct experiment using a simple force pendulum.
Tests of a Fail-Safe Vacuum Beam Line Using Acoustic Delay and a Fast-Closing Valve

An operational fail-safe line would consist of the following elements, listed in order of appearance as one proceeds from the beam exit foil window toward the accelerator: (1) pressure-rise detector; (2) acoustic-delay section; (3) fastclosing valve; and (4) straight-through liquid nitrogen trap, isolated by bakeable vacuum valves. Because of the thermal velocity distribution in the entering gas, it is practically impossible to stop all of it by the fast valve. The trap, however, will be effective in catching contaminants if the flow through the trap is well within the molecular flow regime at all times. The purpose of these tests is to ensure that this condition can be realized in a practical way.