cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Duplex RNA and DNA/RNA Hybrid Condensation by Multivalent Ions

Due to the biological significance of DNA condensation and the potential use of packaged RNA for therapeutics, the behavior of nucleic acids in the presence of condensing agents is a topic of great interest. Following the discovery that double-stranded RNA resists condensation in solutions containing cobalt hexamine [1], we studied short double-stranded DNA, RNA and a DNA/RNA hybrid in the presence of polyamines using UV spectroscopy and small and wide angle x-ray scattering. Polyamine-induced condensation of the nucleic acid constructs will be discussed.1. L. Li et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 108101 (2011)
Asymmetric Transition Metal-Catalyzed Allylic Alkylations.

Efficient and reliable amplification of chirality has borne its greatest fruit with transition metal-catalyzed reactions since enantiocontrol may often be imposed by replacing an achiral or chiral racemic ligand with one that is chiral and scalemic. While the most thoroughly developed enantioselective transition metal-catalyzed reactions are those involving transfer of oxygen (epoxidation and dihydroxylation)1,2 and molecular hydrogen,3 the focus of this review is on the area of enantioselective transition metal-catalyzed allylic alkylations which may involve C-C as well as C-X (X ) H or heteroatom) bond formation.4-9 The synthetic utility of transitionmetal-catalyzed allylic alkylations has been soundly demonstrated since its introduction nearly three decades ago.10-21 In contrast to processes where the allyl moiety acts as the nucleophilic partner, we will limit our discussion to processes which result in nucleophilic displacements on allylic substrates (eq 1). Such reactions have been recorded with a broad
Document Length Normalization

In the TREC collection -a large full-text experimental text collection with widely varying document lengths -we observe that the likelihood of a document being judged relevant by a user increases with the document length. We show that a retrieval strategy, such as the vector-space cosine match, that retrieves documents of different lengths with roughly equal probability, will not optimally retrieve useful documents from such a collection. We present a modified technique that attempts to match the likelihood of retrieving a document of a certain length to the likelihood of documents of that length being judged relevant, and show that this technique yields significant improvements in retrieval effectiveness.
A signature of salience in the Drosophila brain.

Electrophysiological recordings coupled with genetic manipulations in fruit flies reveal activity patterns in the brain associated with the conspicuousness of visual objects, providing an elusive physiological link between gene products and behavior.
Stereochemical course of the reductive spiroannulations of N-Boc and N-benzyl 2-cyanopiperidines

The stereochemical outcome of spiroannulations of N-protected 2-lithiopiperidines (generated by lithium di-tert-butyl biphenylide (LiDBB) mediated reductive lithiation of 2-cyanopiperidines) was investigated using deuterium labeled side-chains containing phosphate leaving groups. High stereoselectivity was observed when benzyl (Bn) protected 2-cyanopiperidines were employed, while tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc) protected 2-cyanopiperidines afforded lower selectivity. Models are proposed to rationalize the results of this study.
Assembly and preservation of lower, mid, and upper orogenic crust in the Grenville Province—Implications for the evolution of large hot long-duration orogens

Abstract It is argued that the Grenville Province is a large hot long-duration orogen with a plateau in the hinterland, remnants of which are preserved in the hangingwall of the Allochthon Boundary Thrust and characterised by metamorphism from ca. 1090 to 1020 Ma (Ottawan phase of the Grenvillian Orogeny). Hinterland rocks are grouped into three tectonic units on the basis of their Ottawan metamorphic signatures, the allochthonous High Pressure Belt, the allochthonous Medium–Low Pressure Belt, and an orogenic lid lacking evidence for penetrative metamorphism. P–T and geochronological data indicate Ottawan metamorphism developed under a relatively high geothermal gradient and was followed by slow cooling, compatible with some form of channel flow. Metamorphic rocks in the Parautochthonous Belt in the footwall of the Allochthon Boundary Thrust, also divided into medium and high-pressure units, were metamorphosed from ca. 1000 to 980 Ma (Rigolet phase) under a lower geothermal gradient and underwent rapid cooling. Their evolution is interpreted to record advance of the orogen into its former foreland after channel flow had ceased. The Allochthon Boundary Thrust is thus a material focal plane separating high-grade rocks derived from opposite sides of the orogen metamorphosed at different times under different P–T–t gradients. Preservation of the Orogenic Lid and low pressure segments of the allochthonous Medium–Low Pressure Belt is a result of gravitational collapse of the orogenic plateau, initiated in late Ottawan time, and the formation of a crustal-scale horst-and-graben architecture. This study emphasises the importance of gravitational collapse during the prolonged compressional phase, a feature not presently accommodated in numerical models of large hot long-duration orogens.
Some like it hot: body and weapon size affect thermoregulation in horned beetles

Body size and shape affect thermoregulatory properties of organisms, and in turn are believed to have shaped macroevolutionary patterns of morphological diversity across many taxa. However, it is less clear whether thermoregulation plays a role in shaping intraspecific morphological diversity such as sexual dimorphisms or the conditional expression of exaggerated secondary sexual traits. Here, we investigate individual thermoregulatory properties in two species of horned beetles that share similar ecologies and body size ranges, but differ substantially in degree of sexual and male dimorphism. We find that intraspecific variation in body size had an unexpectedly large effect on thermal preference behavior and the ability to passively regulate body temperature. Furthermore, we find that the presence or absence of exaggerated secondary sexual traits dramatically altered thermal preference behavior, consistent with a thermoregulatory cost of horn possession. Lastly, we show that the increase in surface area associated with the expression of enlarged horns is, by itself, insufficient to account for the radically altered thermoregulatory behavior observed in horn-bearing males, and discuss possible alternative, physiological explanations. These findings are among the first to link intra-and interspecific variation in body- and weapon size to thermal preferences within and between insect species.
Growth–defense tradeoffs differ by gender in dioecious trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides)

Abstract Growth–defense tradeoffs are foundational to plant defense theory, but few studies have addressed the role of plant gender in such tradeoffs. We used an experimental trial garden of mature, dioecious Populus tremuloides trees to assess gender-based differences in growth, defense, and growth–defense tradeoffs. Male trees were 9% larger than female trees in terms of diameter-at-breast height (dbh) and had levels of defense chemicals [phenolic glycosides (PGs) and condensed tannins (CTs)] similar to those of females. Although male and female aspen had roughly similar levels of growth and defense, growth–defense tradeoffs differed markedly by gender. Growth of males was not related to either PG or CT concentrations, while growth of females was positively correlated with PG concentrations and negatively correlated with CT concentrations. Higher levels of PGs, if present throughout the life of a tree, may be protective against herbivores and result in greater growth over time.
Symmetric and quantum symmetric derivatives of Lipschitz functions

Abstract The symmetric derivative of a real valued function f at the real number x is defined to be lim h↘0 f(x+h)−f(x−h) 2h when that limit exists, and if additionally x≠0, the quantum symmetric derivative is defined to be lim q↘1 f(qx)−f(q −1 x) qx−q −1 x when that limit exists. An increasing function ϕ :R + →R satisfying lim h↘0 ϕ(h)/h 1/2 =0 defines by {f: |f(x+h)−f(x)|⩽C f ϕ(h)} a class of continuous functions which we call a Lipschitz class of functions smoother than Lip1/2. The symmetric derivative and the quantum symmetric derivative are equivalent pointwise everywhere for functions that are in any Lipschitz class smoother than Lip1/2, but not necessarily for functions that are Lipschitz of order 1/2.
A mechanistic approach to modeling the effect of dissolved oxygen in photo-oxidation reactions on titanium dioxide in aqueous systems

Abstract A kinetic model containing three parameters was developed based upon mechanistic considerations to include the effect of dissolved oxygen over a range of conditions in aqueous media. It shows that as organic concentrations increase to concentrations on the order of the solubility of oxygen concentration in water ( ∼1.26 mM at oxygen partial pressures of 1 atm ), the solubility of oxygen in water limits the extent of photo-oxidation of the organic substrate. The model reduces to the commonly used Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic rate expression for the photo-oxidation of organic substrates in aqueous media under constant oxygen concentrations, which is an appropriate assumption when oxygen is initially in large excess of the organic substrate or when the reaction mixture is aerated during the reaction. The model was fit to the experimental data generated in this study for the photo-oxidation of phenol to determine the best values for the model parameters. For comparison, the model was also fit to selected published data for the photo-oxidation of phenol.
ELIMINATION OF THE EFFECT OF CONTAMINATING CO2 IN THE 18O‐LABELING OF THE CO2 PRODUCED IN BIOLUMINESCENT REACTIONS

— Although the mechanism of bioluminescent reactions in various species, such as fireflies, ostracod crustaceans (Cypridina), sea pansies (Renilla), and the deep-sea shrimp Oplophorus, are thought to involve dioxetanone intermediates, studies reported in the past from different laboratories have included widely different experimental results, most likely due to various factors including the effects of contaminating CO2. With the improved technique employed in the present study, bioluminescent reactions of the firefly and Cypridina in 18O2 gas resulted in an incorporation of over 75% of 18O into one oxygen of the product CO2. with a reproducibility within a few per cent. When 13CO2. instead of the product CO2 of the bioluminescent reaction, was studied in an H218O medium, the exchange of one oxygen of 13CO2 with H2O was 64%. and the effect of contaminant CO2 amounted to 1418% of the total CO2. These results suggest that every molecule of CO2 formed in the bioluminescent reactions of the firefly and Cypridina had intially contained 1 oxygen atom derived from O2.
Teaching Business Demography Using Case Studies

Many faculty members consider using case studies but not all end up using them. We provide a brief review of what cases are intended to do and identify three ways in which they can be used. We then use an example to illustrate how we have used the case study method in teaching business demography. Among other benefits, we note that the case studies method not only encourages the acquisition of skills by students, but can be used to promote “deep structure learning,” an approach naturally accommodates other features associated with the case studies method—the development of critical thinking skills, the use of real world problems, the emphasis of concepts over mechanics, writing and presentation skills, active cooperative learning and the “worthwhileness” of a course. As noted by others, we understand the limitations of the case study method. However, given its strengths, we believe it has a place in the instructional toolbox for courses in business demography. The fact that courses we teach is a testament to our perceived efficacy of this tool.
Chicago’s Heat Island and Climate Change: Bridging the Scales via Dynamical Downscaling

AbstractThe interaction of global climate change and urban heat islands (UHI) is expected to have far-reaching impacts on the sustainability of the world’s rapidly growing urban population centers. Given that a wide range of spatiotemporal scales contributed by meteorological forcing and complex surface heterogeneity complicates UHI, a multimodel nested approach is used in this paper to study climate-change impacts on the Chicago, Illinois, UHI, covering a range of relevant scales. One-way dynamical downscaling is used with a model chain consisting of global climate (Community Atmosphere Model), regional climate (Weather Research and Forecasting Model), and microscale (“ENVI-met”) models. Nested mesoscale and microscale models are evaluated against the present-day observations (including a dedicated urban miniature field study), and the results favorably demonstrate the fidelity of the downscaling techniques that were used. A simple building-energy model is developed and used in conjunction with microscal...
Radiative transfer theory for active remote sensing of a layer of nonspherical particles

The radiative transfer theory is applied to calculate the scattering by a layer of randomly positioned and oriented nonspherical particles. The scattering amplitude functions of each individual particle are calculated with Waterman's T matrix method, which utilizes vector spherical wave functions for expansion of incident, scattered, and surface fields. The orientation of the particles is described by a probability density function of the Eulerian angles of rotation. A rotation matrix is used to relate the T matrix of the principal frame to that of the natural frame of the particle. The extinction matrix and phase matrix of the radiative transfer equations are expressed in terms of the T matrix elements. The extinction matrix for nonspherical particles is generally nondiagonal. There are only two attenuation rates in a specified direction of propagation. The radiative transfer equations are solved by an iterative method to first order in albedo. Numerical results are illustrated as functions of incidence angle and frequency with applications to active remote sensing.
Motionless-head parallel-readout optical-disk system: experimental results

The motionless-head parallel-readout optical-disk system is designed to read out two-dimensional bit planes that are stored as one-dimensional Fourier-transform computer-generated holograms distributed radially on the disk active surface. Such a system, when built at full scale, could offer several potential advantages: high data-transfer rates of 1 Gbyte/s and higher, low access times of less than 15 ms, low retrieval times (the time required to read the entire memory) of less than 25 ms, and simple optical implementation. The experimental results of a scaled-down implementation of the system are presented.
Bayesian analysis of queues with impatient customers: Applications to call centers

Queuing models have been extensively used in the literature for obtaining performance measures and developing staffing policies. However, most of this work has been from a pure probabilistic point of view and has not addressed issues of statistical inference. In this article, we consider Bayesian queuing models with impatient customers with particular emphasis on call center operations and discuss further extensions. We develop the details of Bayesian inference for queues with abandonment such as the M/M/s + M model (Erlang-A). In doing so, we discuss the estimation of operating characteristics and its implications on staffing. We illustrate the implementation of the Bayesian models using actual arrival, service, and abandonment data from call centers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 000: 000-000, 2012 of the planning functions. In this article, we study one of the most frequently used call center queuing models from a Bayesian inference perspective. Our objective is to develop the Bayesian analysis of M/M/s + M queues. More specif- ically, we consider queues where interarrival, service, and abandonment time distributions are assumed to be exponen- tial and the system is served by s identical servers. We address such issues as
PM2 bacteriophage plaque morphology mutants exhibit differences in DNA length and restriction endonuclease patterns

A large plaque (LP) and a small plaque (SP) variant of PM2 bacteriophage were isolated from a mixture of the two plaque variants and were grown separately in the appropriate host bacterium,Alteromonas espejiana. They have remained pure for approximately one year from the original isolation. Restriction endonuclease analyses revealed differences in theHaeIII restriction profile between the two variants.HaeIII fragment 1 of the SP DNA was found to be smaller than the corresponding fragment from the LP variant DNA, whereas fragment 7 from the SP DNA was slightly larger than the same fragment from LP DNA. Electron microscopy of heteroduplexes formed between the DNAs from the two variants revealed that the deletion in fragment 1 mapped very close to the junction betweenHaeIII fragments 1 and 13 on the physical map of PM2 DNA. The difference in DNA length between the two variants results from addition or deletion mutations.
“I Am Who I Am Because of Here!” School Settings as a Mechanism of Change in Establishing High-Risk Adolescents’ Academic Identities

A growing body of research considers the role of school settings in supporting adolescents’ social-emotional and behavioral development through instructional, social, and organizational practices (Eccles & Roeser, 2009). Recent lines of inquiry have begun to investigate individual aspects of the school setting and their influence in promoting positive academic outcomes and youth development (Shinn & Yoshikawa, 2008). These authors argue that, through an ecological lens, the school environment serves as a mechanism of change in supporting early adolescents’ academic identities. By presenting evidence that the school plays a fundamental role in changing these high-risk, African American youths’ academic perceptions, trajectories and aspirations, which led further to a 92% rate of students’ matriculation to college, we introduce how school setting characteristics support these youths’ conceptualizations of their academic identities. Moreover, this article addresses how our understanding of early adolescents’...
A tool for multipurpose use of online flora and fauna: The Biological Information Browsing Environment, BIBE

) is a facility to help novices and experts find information about plants and animals in digital collections. The Project is funded by the National Science Foundation Biological Databases and Informatics Program and is a collaboration between the Graduate School of Library and Information Science at the University of Illinois, Illinois Natural History Survey, Missouri Botanical Garden, Flora of North America Project at the Harvard Herbarium, and Illinois Department of Natural Resources. The objectives of the Project are to facilitate access to online flora and fauna by both novices and experts through enhanced indexing, searching, and visualization techniques. Specific search facility and content will be added to help users with different levels of domain knowledge identify species based on the augmentation of professionally developed taxonomic treatments or species descriptions. This is a novel use of taxonomic descriptions. In the course of development the system will undergo a series of qualitative and quantitative evaluations and re-designs by several communities of users, including professional entomologists and botanists as well as citizen scientists performing biodiversity surveys.
Gallbladder muscle dysfunction in patients with chronic acalculous disease

Abstract Background & Aims: The mechanisms responsible for the abnormalities of gallbladder emptying in patients with chronic acalculous gallbladder disease (AGD) have not been elucidated. This study was designed to determine whether a muscle defect could explain this gallbladder dysfunction. Methods: Gallbladder contraction induced by a continuous intravenous cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) infusion was determined by ultrasonography in control subjects, patients with AGD, pigment stones, and cholesterol stones. Muscle cells were obtained by enzymatic digestion. 125 I–CCK-8 binding and [ 35 S]guanosine triphosphate γS (GTPγS) binding studies were performed. Results: In vivo gallbladder contraction induced by CCK-8 was significantly lower in AGD (29.4%) and cholesterol stones (28.8%) than in pigment stones (59.8%) and normal controls (57.8%; P 4 and with the second messenger 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol. However, GTPγS binding induced by CCK-8 and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and the binding capacity of CCK receptors were not different between AGD and pigment stones. Conclusions: These findings suggest that there is a good correlation between in vivo and in vitro gallbladder response to CCK-8 in patients with AGD. Unlike those found in cholesterol stones, the muscle defects in AGD appear to reside in the contractile apparatus. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2001;120:506-511
Analysis of Min-Norm and MUSIC with arbitrary array geometry

A nonasymptotic performance comparison is presented between the Min-Norm and MUSIC algorithms for estimating the directions of arrival of narrowband plane waves impinging on an array of sensors. The analysis is based on a finite amount of sensor data. The analysis makes the assumption of high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and it applies to arrays of arbitrary geometry. It is shown that Min-Norm can be expressed as a certain data-dependent weighted MUSIC algorithm, and that this relationship allows a unified performance comparison. It is also shown that the variances of the estimated directions-of-arrival from the MUSIC algorithm are always smaller than those of the Min-Norm algorithm at high SNR when both algorithms employ a numerical search procedure to obtain the estimates. >
Reassessing the adversary culture

I s the time ripe, in the middle of the 1990s, for another reassessment of the cultural-political p h e n o m e n a we call the adversary culture, (or, estrangement, alienation, multiculturalism, the radical left, or middle class radicalism 2) and their product , political correctness? Are they at last in eclipse? Are past estimates and analyses of these p h e n o m e n a becoming obsolete? There is much division of opin ion (as also shown above) among those who try to keep track of these matters, well-known public intellectuals, social crit-
A wideband body-enabled millimeter-wave transceiver for wireless Network-on-Chip

A highly energy-efficient on-chip communication network is crucial for the development of future multi-core chips. In this paper, a wideband millimeter-wave (mm-wave) transceiver was designed for the wireless Network-on-Chip (WiNoC) architecture. In order to reduce the power consumption of the transceiver, body-enabled circuit design techniques were implemented: Forward body-bias was used in the low-noise amplifier (LNA) and power amplifier (PA) circuits to lower the threshold voltages, reducing the supply voltage to 0.8 V. For up-and down-conversion mixers, power-hungry transconductance stages were eliminated by feeding the signals directly into the body terminals of the transistors. In addition, a novel feed-forward structure was designed to extend the bandwidth of the LNA at no cost in power consumption. Simulation results showed that the receiver has a double-sideband noise figure of less than 6 dB, and a peak gain of 20.5 dB, while the transmitter has an output P 1dB of 0 dBm. The transceiver achieved an overall 3-dB bandwidth of 18 GHz. Compared with our previous design without body-enabled design techniques, the receiver power consumption was reduced by 20.3%.
Elevated expression of interleukin‐9 mRNA in the bronchial mucosa of atopic asthmatics and allergen‐induced cutaneous late‐phase reaction: relationships to eosinophils, mast cells and T lymphocytes

Summary Background Interleukin-9 is a T cell-derived Th2-type cytokine that has been linked to airway hyper-responsiveness, mucus hypersecretion and mast cell infiltration in animal models. We recently demonstrated the potential for IL-9 to act in human eosinophil development and survival. Objectives The aims of this study were: (i) to compare IL-9 mRNA expression in bronchial biopsies between atopic asthmatics and normal controls, (ii) to investigate kinetic expression of IL-9 mRNA in skin biopsies after allergen challenge; and (iii) to relate IL-9 expression to infiltration of eosinophils, mast cell and T lymphocytes in local tissue. Methods Bronchial biopsies were obtained from atopic asthmatics (n = 12) and normal non-asthmatics (n = 12) at baseline. Skin biopsies were obtained from atopic subjects (n = 11) at 1, 3, 6, 24, 48 and 72 h after allergen challenge. Diluent challenge sites at 24 h were used as controls. IL-9 mRNA was identified using the technique of in situ hybridization. The numbers of eosinophils, mast cells and T cells were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Results The numbers of IL-9 mRNA+ cells present in the bronchial mucosa were significantly greater in atopic asthmatics than those in normal controls (P = 0.003). The numbers of eosinophils, but not mast cells, were also significantly higher in asthmatics (P < 0.005). The numbers of IL-9 mRNA+ cells present in the airway of asthmatics significantly correlated with the numbers of eosinophils (r = 0.623, P = 0.03), but not mast cells or T cells. Compared with diluent challenge, the numbers of IL-9 mRNA+ cells were significantly elevated at all allergen-challenged sites in the skin, with maximal signals at 48 h (P < 0.005). At 72 h, the numbers of IL-9 mRNA+ cells significantly correlated with the numbers of eosinophils (r = 0.707, P = 0.015). Conclusion Elevated expression of IL-9 in allergic inflammation may contribute to local eosinophil infiltration and survival in asthma and other allergic atopic diseases.
The teaching of public speaking in law schools

(1925). The teaching of public speaking in law schools. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 54-57.
Trait Values, Not Trait Plasticity, Best Explain Invasive Species' Performance in a Changing Environment

The question of why some introduced species become invasive and others do not is the central puzzle of invasion biology. Two of the principal explanations for this phenomenon concern functional traits: invasive species may have higher values of competitively advantageous traits than non-invasive species, or they may have greater phenotypic plasticity in traits that permits them to survive the colonization period and spread to a broad range of environments. Although there is a large body of evidence for superiority in particular traits among invasive plants, when compared to phylogenetically related non-invasive plants, it is less clear if invasive plants are more phenotypically plastic, and whether this plasticity confers a fitness advantage. In this study, I used a model group of 10 closely related Pinus species whose invader or non-invader status has been reliably characterized to test the relative contribution of high trait values and high trait plasticity to relative growth rate, a performance measure standing in as a proxy for fitness. When grown at higher nitrogen supply, invaders had a plastic RGR response, increasing their RGR to a much greater extent than non-invaders. However, invasive species did not exhibit significantly more phenotypic plasticity than non-invasive species for any of 17 functional traits, and trait plasticity indices were generally weakly correlated with RGR. Conversely, invasive species had higher values than non-invaders for 13 of the 17 traits, including higher leaf area ratio, photosynthetic capacity, photosynthetic nutrient-use efficiency, and nutrient uptake rates, and these traits were also strongly correlated with performance. I conclude that, in responding to higher N supply, superior trait values coupled with a moderate degree of trait variation explain invasive species' superior performance better than plasticity per se.
An improved computational method for sensitivity analysis: Green's function method with ‘AIM’

Sensitivity analysis of initial value models via the calculation of linear sensitivity coefficients is quite important for model evaluation and validation. Direct solution of the sensitivity equations for n -dimensional, m -parameter systems of ordinary differential equations requires the solution of m × n differential equations, which can become quite expensive for large-scale models. When m > n (the usual case for chemical kinetic systems, for example), the Green's function method (GFM), which requires solutions of n 2 differential equations with m × n subsequent numerical quadratures, is the most efficient computational technique for determining linear sensitivity coefficients. Even so, associated computing costs can still become quite large. In the current work, an algorithm, known as the analytical integrated Magnus (AIM) modification of the GFM, is presented which dramatically reduces the computational effort required to determine linear sensitivity coefficients. The technique employs the piecewise Magnus method for more efficient calculation of Green's function kernels, and treats the sensitivity integrals analytically. An application of this technique to a chemical kinetics system is presented in which the computational effort is reduced by an order of magnitude in comparison to the unmodified GFM.
A comparative analysis of conflicting factors in the selection of the occlusal pattern for edentulous patients

C ONTROVERSY AND CONFUSION still persist in the selection of the occlusal pattern for edentulous patients. Controversy, devoid of emotion and prejudice but based upon fact, contributes to knowledge and progress. Current concepts and opinions are predicated, generally, upon the study and interpretation of such basic factors as the chewing stroke, chewing efficiency, masticatory and nonmasticatory movements, jaw relations, balanced and nonbalanced occlusion, the hinge axis, lateral and protrusive records, anatomic and nonanatomic teeth, porcelain and acrylic resin teeth, the coefficient of friction, the articulator, condyle migrations and the neuromuscular mechanism.
The color of juvenile justice: Racial disparities in dispositional decisions

Abstract Existing research on dispositional decisions typically models the outcome as merely placed or not placed. However, this does not accurately reflect the wide variation in residential options available to juvenile court actors. In this research, we combine data from ProDES, which tracks adjudicated youth in Philadelphia, with data from the Program Design Inventory, which describes over 100 intervention programs, to further examine the factors that influence court actors’ decision making in selecting an appropriate program for a juvenile offender. We find that even after controlling for legal and needs-based factors, race continues to exert a significant influence, with decision makers being significantly more likely to commit minority youth to facilities using physical regimen as their primary modality and reserving smaller, therapeutic facilities for their white counterparts. Using focal concerns theory as an explanatory lens, we suggest that court actors in this jurisdiction employ a racialized perceptual shorthand of youthful offenders that attributes both higher levels of blame and lower evaluations of reformability to minority youth.
Chemical depolymerization of petroleum asphaltenes

Abstract The acid-catalysed phenol depolymerization of three petroleum asphaltenes has been investigated. Asphaltenes from Cold Lake, Arabian Heavy, and Tia Juana Medium residua were subjected to depolymerization conditions using phenol and para -toluenesulphonic acid, and the products were examined by a variety of instrumental and chemical methods. The treatment resulted in reduced average molecular weights, increased oxygen contents, formation of toluene-insoluble fractions, increased aromatic to aliphatic hydrogen ratios, and increased hydroxyl contents. These observations, when coupled with the finding that silylation resolubilized the toluene-insoluble material, have led to the conclusion that insolubility resulted from phenol incorporation into the asphaltene structure and a concomitant increase in polarity and hydrogen bonding. Since it has been shown in the literature that this treatment can depolymerize coal by breaking the alkyl-aromatic bonds which link aromatic units, the present observations are consistent with the presence in petroleum asphaltenes of condensedring systems linked by alkyl bridges. An additional implication is that the size of the individual condensed-ring systems is smaller than would be the case in the absence of bridging since the resulting molecules are composed of smaller condensed systems linked by aliphatic bridges as opposed to one large condensed unit.
Helium microwave-induced plasmas for element specific detection in chromatography

Abstract This review addresses the development and use of the microwave-induced plasma (MIP) using optical emission spectrometry for the purpose of element specific detection in chromatography. The plasma source that is the focus of this article is the He-based MIP operated at atmospheric pressure. The forms of chromatography that are covered include gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and supercritical fluid chromatography. Concepts in plasma cavity design and the chromatograph-plasma interface are discussed along with the application of these hybrid systems to analytical determinations.
Herding and snaking by the harem stallion in domestic herds.

Four herds of pony mares, each consisting of a stallion and six mares, were used to characterize the nature of herding by the stallion and the factors that induced the herding behavior. Herding behaviors were compared among four successive treatments (six mares alone, stallion added, two new mares added, and entire herd moved to a new pasture). A new treatment was initiated every 7 days and behavior was studied for 5 consecutive days (Days 1-5) for each treatment. Observations were made every 10 min during a 2-h period for each day. The extent of herding was quantitated by the mean distances between mares. The extent of snaking (herding with the head and neck extended and ears held back) was scored 0, 1, 2, or 3 (nil, minimal, intermediate, and maximal, respectively). The mean distance among the original mares on Day 1 when the mares were alone was 5.0 mare lengths and was reduced (P 0.05) from the distances among the original mares.
Genetics of esterases in species of Lycopersicon.

Improvements in plant culture and electrophoretic technique permit detection and genetic analysis of seven esterase loci in Lycopersicon esculentum and related species with homosequential chromosomes. At all of these loci except one, each allele codes for a single anodal band, and the electrophoretic variants are inherited in monogenic fashion. For the exceptional Est-4, allozymes are 1–3 banded in various combinations at four positions, and rare recombinants in one cross appeared at a frequency of 0.0005, suggesting the existence of several very tightly linked genes. Est-2 segregated solely for intensity differences in dominant/recessive fashion; Est-3 and Est-4 behave as monomers; the remaining Est-l, 5, 6, and 7 — coding for contiguous bands in the region closest to the origin — are dimeric. The latter group are tightly linked inter se in the proximal portion of 2L (long arm of chromosome 2), the total map distance of the complex being approximately 1.5 cM; Est-2 is situated on 9L between ah and marm; Est-3 on 1L between inv and dgt; Est-4 has not yet been located. Even in the interspecific hybrids, map distances are similar to the standard values for L. esculentum. Tandem duplication is hypothesized for the origin of the Est-l, 5–7 complex, which adds another example to the growing list of linked mimic genes in the tomato genome. In respect to the position of their bands and tight inter se linkage, this series exactly parallels the EA, EB, EC esterase series in Hordeum vulgare — a fact which suggests great antiquity for this block of genes.
A model for leveling coalitions among primate males: toward a theory of egalitarianism

We present a simple model of within-group leveling coalitions among male primates. The model assumes that the value of the coalition is the sum of the payoffs of its members, that the individual’s payoff is monotonically decreasing with its rank and that coalitions do not cause rank changes. It predicts that mainly mid- to low rankers engage in leveling coalitions, and that most coalition partners are of adjacent ranks. These predictions agree reasonably well with observations in nature. The model also makes the novel predictions that leveling coalitions are found where male mating competition has only a moderate contest component, and that male dominance ranks will become poorly differentiated where leveling coalitions are frequent. Both these predictions are consistent with observations on groups of macaques and baboons. The model also may account for leveling coalitions among egalitarian human foragers, without making additional assumptions about special human capabilities.
Lack of demonstrated effect of nandrolone on serum lipids.

Abstract Numerous prior studies of serum lipid levels during anabolic steroid (AS) use have uniformly demonstrated dramatic adverse lipid profiles (eg, average high-density lipoprotein [HDL] depression of 50%) during administration of 17α-alkylated AS. In contrast, the existing studies of 17β-esterified AS have shown mild or absent lipid effects (eg, HDL depression 0% to 16%) with these agents. Thus, the potential effects on serum lipids of individual AS are an important clinical consideration. The present study was therefore designed to investigate the lipid effects of nandrolone, a 17β-esterified AS. Twenty-one men and three women had lipid profiles measured before and after administration of nandrolone decanoate 100 mg intramuscularly (IM) once a week for 6 weeks. No significant change was noted in HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol, triglycerides, the total cholesterol to HDL-C ratio, or the LDL-C HDL-C ratio from nandrolone treatment. Moreover, observed trends toward HDL-C depression (−2.00 ± 8.83 mg/dL; values reported are for men only unless noted otherwise) and LDL elevation (+5.05 ± 20.45 mg/dL) were small. In power analysis, HDL-C depressions of 6.3, 7.6, or 8.7 mg/dL during nandrolone were ruled out with powers of 80%, 95%, and 99%, respectively.
Fluid inclusion constraints on the uplift history of the metamorphosed massive sulphide deposits at Ducktown, Tennessee

Standard petrographic, microthermometric and Raman spectroscopic analyses of fluid inclusions from the metamorphosed massive sulphide deposits at Ducktown, Tennessee, indicate that fluids with a wide range of compositions in the C–O–H–N–S–salt system were involved in the syn- to post-metamorphic history of these deposits. Primary fluid inclusions from peak metamorphic clinopyroxene contain low-salinity, H2O–CH4 fluids and calcite, quartz and pyrrhotite daughter crystals. Many of these inclusions exhibit morphologies resembling those produced in laboratory experiments in which confining pressures significantly exceed the internal pressures of the inclusions. Secondary inclusions in metamorphic quartz from veins, pods, and host matrix record a complex uplift history involving a variety of fluids in the C–O–H–N–salt system. Early fluids were generated by local devolatilization reactions while later fluids were derived externally. Isochores calculated for secondary inclusions in addition to the chronology of trapping and morphological features of primary and secondary fluid inclusions suggest an uplift path which was concave toward the temperature axis over the P–T range 6–3 kbar and 550–225° C. Immiscible H2O–CH4–N2–NaCl fluids were trapped under lithostatic to hydrostatic pressure conditions at 3–0.5 kbar and 215 ± 20° C. Entrapment occurred during Alleghanian thrusting, and the fluids may have been derived by tectonically driven expulsion of pore fluids and thermal maturation of organic material in lower-plate sedimentary rocks which are thought to underlie the deposits. Episodic fracturing and concomitant pressure decreases in upper-plate rocks, which host the ore bodies, would have allowed these fluids to move upward and become immiscible. Post-Alleghanian uplift appears to have been temperature-convex. Uplift rates of 0.10–0.05 mm year−1 from middle Ordovician to middle Silurian – late Devonian, and 0.07–0.12 mm year−1 from middle Silurian – late Devonian to late Permian are suggested by our uplift path and available geochronological data.
Power of segregation analysis for detection of major gene effects on quantitative traits

The power to detect major gene effects by rejection of the "no major gene" null hypothesis against a mixed model alternative was determined in random samples of nuclear families over a variety of conditions. Benchmarks have been developed using a varying number of families whose structure includes both parents and three children. Phenotypes were simulated assuming a Mendelian major gene under either recessive or dominant inheritance, with 0-30% residual polygenic heritability. Three trait prevalences--5, 10, and 20%--were considered in combination with increasing displacement between homozygous means, spanning a range of 14 to 36% of the phenotypic variance attributable to the major gene effect. All other assumptions of the traditional mixed model were adopted in the generating models. Segregation analysis was carried out on the simulated data sets and the proportion of samples out of 200 replications in which the null hypothesis q = 0 was rejected is reported as the power. Thus, failure to detect a major gene effect in this context is solely due to sampling variation, since no other perturbations were introduced. In general, there appears to be greater power to detect dominant major gene effects as opposed to recessive ones using otherwise comparable parameter values, and the effect of varying sibship size under dominant models appears to be greater as well. The use of joint vs. conditional likelihood calculations also was evaluated: substantial drops in power were observed when using conditional likelihoods under recessive inheritance, while the differences in power appeared to be nominal under dominant inheritance. The results of this investigation are offered as a guide to assist in the design of family studies whose aim is to detect major gene effects.
Measurements of the Total Water Content of Cirrus Clouds. Part I: Instrument Details and Calibration

Abstract This paper describes an instrument designed to measure the sum of gas phase and solid phase water, or total water, in cirrus clouds, and to be mounted in a pallet in the underbelly of the NASA WB-57 research aircraft. The ice water content of cirrus is determined by subtracting water vapor measured simultaneously by the Harvard water vapor instrument on the aircraft. The total water instrument uses an isokinetic inlet to maintain ambient particle concentrations as air enters the instrument duct, a 600-W heater mounted directly in the flow to evaporate the ice particles, and a Lyman-α photofragment fluorescence technique for detection of the total water content of the ambient air. Isokinetic flow is achieved with an actively controlled roots pump by referencing aircraft pressure, temperature, and true airspeed, together with instrument flow velocity, temperature, and pressure. Laboratory calibrations that utilize a water vapor addition system that adds air with a specific humidity tied to the vapo...
Input to State Stability and Related Notions

Abstract : This AASERT grant provided graduate student support to complement the research carried out under grant F49620-98-1-0242. The main emphasis of this subproject was the complete characterization of loss, which is a notion of well-posed detectability, and related concepts, resulting in necessary and sufficient characterizations in terms of dissipation inequalities, as well as the construction of norm-observers for finite-dimensional nonlinear systems.
Logical reversibility of computation

The usual general-purpose computing automaton (e.g.. a Turing machine) is logically irreversible- its transition function lacks a single-valued inverse. Here it is shown that such machines may he made logically reversible at every step, while retainillg their simplicity and their ability to do general computations. This result is of great physical interest because it makes plausible the existence of thermodynamically reversible computers which could perform useful computations at useful speed while dissipating considerably less than kT of energy per logical step. In the first stage of its computation the logically reversible automaton parallels the corresponding irreversible automaton, except that it saves all intermediate results, there by avoiding the irreversible operation of erasure. The second stage consists of printing out the desired output. The third stage then reversibly disposes of all the undesired intermediate results by retracing the steps of the first stage in backward order (a process which is only possible because the first stage has been carried out reversibly), there by restoring the machine (except for the now-written output tape) to its original condition. The final machine configuration thus contains the desired output and a reconstructed copy of the input, but no other undesired data. The foregoing results are demonstrated explicitly using a type of three-tape Turing machine. The biosynthesis of messenger RNA is discussed as a physical example of reversible computation.
Sensitivity of cloud condensation nuclei activation processes to kinetic parameters

[1] The activation of cloud condensation nuclei to form cloud drops can be a kinetically limited process under some circumstances. Here the sensitivity of particle activation to parameters that are related to kinetic processes, in particular condensational growth and ambient supersaturation, is examined. Specifically, the parameters studied are the thermal and mass accommodation coefficients, the rate of solute dissolution for a particle, and the updraft velocity. Results are based on the equation for condensational growth and simulations using adiabatic parcel models. We conclude that activation is not very sensitive to the thermal accommodation coefficient but is sensitive to the mass accommodation coefficient below some critical value of ∼0.1 to 0.001. Dissolution rates (defined for 100 nm dry particles) in the range of 10 min to 1 day can significantly affect activation. Sensitivity to updraft velocity uncertainties can be significant and are likely to be more important for polluted rather than clean conditions.