cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reproduction in the long‐tongued Bat, Glossophaga soricina. II. Implantation and early embryonic development

Early development of the bat, Glossophaga soricina, was investigated histologically using 71 pregnant animals removed from a laboratory colony at timed intervals after mating. Implantation was initiated between days 12 and 14 post-coitum, i.e., shortly after entrance of the blastocyst into the simplex uterus. The site of implantation was a narrow, tubular segment, the intramural uterine cornu, interposed between the end of the oviduct and the main uterine cavity. The intramural uterine cornu is probably homologous to the cranial end of a horn in a bicornuate uterus. Attachment of the blastocyst was central and circumferential, and orientation of the inner cell mass was cephalad in line with the long axis of the cornu. Implantation was secondarily interstitial in the fundal endometrium, as the lumen of the intramural uterine cornu was obliterated and the decidua filled in around the expanding blastocyst. The yolk sac was formed between days 15 and 24 by the expansion and coalescence of pockets within a meshwork of endoderm. Endoderm completely surrounded the inner cell mass until the onset of amniogenesis and served to suspend the inner cell mass from the cytotrophoblast. A decidual reaction first appeared on day 15 after trophoblastic penetration to the endometrial stroma. Syncytiotrophoblast developed as engulfment of maternal capillaries began on day 16, and the capillary endothelium was rapidly disrupted. Amniogenesis occurred by cavitation, beginning on day 26, and shield formation was complete in some animals by day 32.
Theory of electrostatic double probe comprised of two parallel plates.

The difficulties with continuum single probes in plasma diagnostics may arise from the uncertainties surrounding the other electrode (ground), which usually does not assume the plasma potential at the point of interest, and from the fact that the probe disturbs the plasma to a much greater extent than that predicted by classical theories. In order to circumvent these difficulties, the present paper analyzes the double probes comprised of two parallel plates. Because of the simple geometry, the complete flow region between the two electrodes, comprised of two boundary layers and an in viscid layer, can be analyzed in detail. The governing equations for the electrical and flow properties of the continuum, weakly ionized plasma are solved. The cases of electron temperature in frozen state, with respect to the neutral gas temperature, and in equilibrium are considered. From the solution, simple equations are derived which can be used to translate the potential-current characteristics of the probe into the electron temperature and number density of the freestream plasma. The analysis also shows the detailed mechanism by which electricity is conducted between two plates across a flowing plasma.
Recoil spectrometer for the detection of single atoms

A much improved version of our gas-filled spectrometer for heavy-ion-induced fusion reactions is described. This instrument (SASSY II) is of the type D-Q-D wherein the dipoles are made with strong vertically-focussing gradients. The problems associated with experiments with cross sections in the picobarn range are discussed. In such experiments it is necessary to identify single atoms with a high degree of confidence.
An example of a test for adaptive techniques in a medical investigation.

Abstract A collection of medical data recently published is shown to offer efficient tests for procedures of non linear estimation. Although the variables in which these medical data can be coded are only 8 or 9, it seems that their interrelations do not satisfy most statistical hypotheses which are usually required by prediction techniques. Two resolvent formulae are described in order to allow further analysis of the structures by which relevant information can be extracted.
Sequence of Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) DNA from the OryCun2.0 Donor does not Confirm a Frameshift in Exon 2 of IL4

This note follows up on an observation concerning a possible frameshift in the DNA sequence of exon 2 of rabbit interleukin 4 (IL4) made in a comparative study of the rabbit Th2 cytokine region sequences from two different rabbits. One was from the tuberculosis-susceptible Thorbecke strain, whose whole genome was sequenced at Broad Institute (OryCun2.0), and the other a normal NZW rabbit studied as part of the ENCODE project. If present, a frameshift could have resulted in exon skipping and production of IL4d2 protein. We resequenced DNAs of the Thorbecke OryCun2.0 donor rabbit, another rabbit of the same strain, and a third rabbit of the inbred B/J strain in the region in question. All three had sequences identical to the normal NZW in the ENCODE ENm002 assembly in that region and hence no frameshift. The sequence information was submitted to GenBank and assigned accession numbers JQ687218 and JX073284.
Steady-state model of a zirconia oxygen sensor in a simple gas mixture

The theory of gas sensors developed previously is used to analyze in detail the response of a zirconia oxygen sensor exposed to a mixture containing oxygen and a single reducing gas such as CO or hydrogen. Results for changes in the sensor e.m.f. as a function of the inverse redox ratio (defined as twice the ratio of the partial pressure of oxygen to that of the reducing gas in the cases cited) due to variations in gas diffusion, adsorption, desorption, and Pt electrode surface-reaction rates are presented. The response of the sensor to a fully equilibrated gas mixture is also described.
Family involvement in the youth mentoring process: A focus group study with program staff

Abstract Although youth mentoring is most commonly understood to be a relationship between an at-risk youth and a non-related adult, programs are increasingly developing practices intended to involve youth's families in the mentoring process. However, due to the tendency to focus largely on the mentoring dyad, these practices are rarely examined leaving us with little sense of what family involvement entails and how it may influence the mentoring process. Six focus groups were conducted with staff members (n = 39) from 24 agency affiliates of Big Brothers Big Sisters of America in order to identify and describe the ways that agencies are involving families in the mentoring process. Three distinct approaches emerged: (a) involving, (b) engaging and serving, and (c) collaborating. These approaches were characterized by both the philosophical approach to families articulated in these groups and the day-to-day practices that appeared to grow out of these values and beliefs.
Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of a Helical Columnar Liquid Crystal

Helicene 2b can be prepared by acylating the disproportionation product formed by combining 1 with the bis-hydroquinone that 1 gives when it is reduced. At room temperature, the nonracemic material...
Acoustic radiation force (ARF) generation with a novel dual-frequency intravascular transducer

Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease remain the leading cause of death in the US. Coronary plaque is visualized with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and is typically implemented with high center frequencies (>20 MHz) for superior spatial resolution. Coronary plaque characterization may be improved by implementing elasticity imaging techniques such as acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging using IVUS transducers. In this work we propose to extend ARFI imaging to a novel, dual-frequency small-aperture transducer design that includes a low-frequency “pushing” element and a high-frequency “tracking” element. A 40 MHz element (0.6 mm × 0.6 mm) was integrated onto a 5 MHz element (0.6 mm × 3 mm). Both elements of the transducer were fabricated from single crystal PMN-PT and the whole transducer was mounted on a 20 gauge needle tip. ARF-induced motion from the low-frequency element was quantified using optical tracking methods in a translucent phantom (∼8 kPa) containing embedded graphite microparticles. Displacements induced by ARF excitations with 300, 600, 900, and 1200 cycles (5 MHz, 190 V) were captured and compared to baseline. Median (inter-quartile range) peak displacements for 300, 600, 900, and 1200 cycles were 0.33 (0.27 – 0.39) µm, 0.72 (0.62 – 0.87) µm, 1.1 (1.0 – 1.3) µm, and 1.6 (1.43 – 1.75) µm, respectively. In another phantom, 40 MHz pulse/echo RF lines were captured to demonstrate backscatter sensitivity. The results of this study show that ARF generation and high-resolution tracking is feasible on a small-aperture transducer fit for IVUS implementation.
Intrafamilial heterogeneity in hereditary motor neuron disease

Although there are varied inheritance patterns in motor neuron disease (MND), the phenotype of MND is reported to be constant within these families, ie, cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or primary lateral sclerosis do not occur in pedigrees with cases of spinal muscular atrophy. We describe four pedigrees whose members diverged in the phenotype of MND expressed. The intrafamilial variation of phenotype suggests a similar pathogenesis for some of the varied types of familial MND and the need for careful inquiry of family history in all patients with MND.
Effects of voluntary and involuntary mediation on estimates of short time intervals

Subjects estimated 5 sec. and 20 sec. intervals via the method of production or reproduction. Different groups of Ss were either given no instructions as to the bases on which to estimate, were told to count their pulses, or were instructed to orally count “one-thousand-one, one-thousane-two, etc.” Subjects were trained with and without knowledge of results. Correlations between group means over trials suggest that the method of production may be mediated by involuntary processes, but that reproduction of 20 sec. intervals may be mediated by other processes.
Plasma viremia as a sensitive indicator of the antiretroviral activity of L-697,661

L-697,661 is a non-nucleoside analogue with potent, selective inhibitory activity against the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The present study evaluated the potential role of this compound in the treatment of HIV-1-infected patients in a double-blinded, placebo- and zidovudine-controlled trial using plasma viremia as a marker of antiviral activity and real-time phenotypic evaluation of viral isolates for the emergence of resistance. Participants received 12 weeks of either placebo, 25 mg twice a day, 100 mg three times a day, or 500 mg twice a day of L-697,661, or zidovudine, 100 mg five times a day. Mean logarithmic reciprocal titers of plasma virus in patients taking either L-697,661 or zidovudine decreased by week 4 of therapy; for L-697,661 recipients these changes were dose-dependent and, at the highest dose tested, were comparable in magnitude to those seen with zidovudine. Viral suppression induced by L-697,661 persisted through 8 weeks of treatment but decreased by week 12. This rebound paralleled emergence of viral isolates showing resistance to L-697,661. We conclude that although L-697,661 has potent antiretroviral activity in vivo, its utility may be compromised by rapid emergence of L-697,661-resistant virus. Plasma viremia is a highly sensitive technique affording considerable utility in the early testing of such agents.
777-2 Predictors of Abrupt Impedance Rise During Chilled-Tip Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation

Electrode tip temperature monitoring during standard radiofrequency (RF) current catheter ablation can be used to prevent abrupt impedance rise (IR) associated with tip temperatures g 100°C. Electrode tip chilling during RF ablation by intraelectrode saline infusion can also reduce the likelihood of abrupt IR and allow larger lesion formation. However, both the utility of tip temperature monitoring during tip chilling and the registered tip temperature associated with IR are unknown. Methods Twelve sheep (mean wt. 65 kg) received chilled RF ablation at up to 8 separate LV sites. High power RF current of 40, 50, 60 or 70W was delivered via modified 7Fr deflectable catheter with a 4 mm tip through which saline (26°C) was continuously infused at 0.6 mllsec. RF current duration was 60 seconds or until IR occurred. Tip temperature was continuously monitored by electrode tip thermocouple. Results A total of 95 applications of RF current were analyzed, of which 40 resulted in an abrupt IR. The frequency of IR increased with higher power applications (40W-8.3%, 50W-23%, 60W-63%, 70W-71%). Abrupt IR was observed at a mean temperature of 75.0 ± 11.8°C (range 44.4 to 94.7°C). This temperature was significantly higher than for RF applications not associated with IR (49.8 ± 8.3°C; P l 0.001). An abrupt IR was observed in all cases with tip temperature ≥67°C (N = 32). Audible “popping” emanating from the catheter tip occurred during 20 RF current applications, and most (90%) were associated with abrupt IR. Conclusion Electrode tip temperature monitoring is useful during chilledtip RF ablation, but the thermocouple registers a lower temperature at the time of impedance rise compared to traditional RF ablation.
Fourier Series Neural Network Analysis of a Steer-by-Wire System

Automotive steering system research has traditionally focused on improving vehicle handling and safety, as well as investigating lateral dynamic issues. The emergence of hybrid vehicles provides a motivation for steer-by-wire technology in terms of power source availability and improved performance. From a design perspective, steering systems are difficult to accurately model due to the inherent nonlinearities present in the steering assembly, chassis, wheels, and tire/road interface. One modeling strategy that merits further attention is the Fourier Series Neural Network (FSNN) which has been proven effective for the characterization of dynamic systems. A neural network can approximate nonlinear functions to a high degree of accuracy, given an adequate network structure and sufficient training. In this paper, a Fourier Series activation function neural network will be studied to identify a steer-by-wire system. A behavioral model has been developed for the driver interface and directional control assembly of the rack and pinion steer-by-wire system. Representative numerical results are presented to demonstrate the FSNN’s ability to predict the system’s overall transfer function. This engineering tool may provide an attractive alternative to rigorous system modeling, and inherently captures the response characteristics due to the nonlinear behavior.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Innovative exercise device that simulates horseback riding: cardiovascular and metabolic responses

An innovative exercise machine, which mimics the movement of horseback riding, has been made available in the market. As an initial step in characterizing this device, we determined the cardiovascular and metabolic responses to exercise. Twenty apparently healthy subjects rode the device (Equus) on day 1. The upper body exercises were added on day 2, to see whether cardiac and metabolic demands were further elevated (Equus+aerobics). After 10 min of continuous exercise, oxygen consumption increased significantly. In the Equus+aerobics condition, increase in oxygen consumption was significant as early as 4 min into the graded exercise test. Overall oxygen consumption was greater in the Equus+aerobics condition than in the Equus condition (P < 0.05). Oxygen consumption returned to baseline levels within 1 h after the Equus (190 ± 58–188 ± 50 ml min− 1) and Equus+aerobics (198 ± 54–194 ± 43 ml min− 1) conditions. Heart rates increased gradually during the graded exercise tests in both conditions (64 ± 11–78 ± 15 and 65 ± 11–83 ± 12 bpm in the Equus and Equus+aerobics conditions, respectively). Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) increased significantly 6 min into the graded exercise tests and remained elevated throughout exercise in both the conditions. There were no significant differences in BP responses between the two conditions. These results indicate that the cardiac and metabolic stresses achieved with this exercise device are small.
Abstract 5474: Targeting endothelial tubulogenesis for anticancer therapeutic development

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC The clinical successes of VEGF-targeted agents in recent years have demonstrated that antiangiogenic therapy can be developed as effective anti-cancer treatment. However, the field of oncology is facing a new challenge of overcoming the resistance to VEGF-targeted therapy; therefore, novel angiogenesis inhibitors are required for new therapeutic development. During the growth of new blood capillaries, following proliferation and migration, endothelial cells undergo morphological changes and adhere to each other forming tubular structures as a process of tubulogenesis, which presents a unique target for inhibitory action of antiangiogenic agents. Southern Research angiogenesis research team has identified a structurally related series of heterocyclic compounds SRI-24637 and its analogs as a new class of antiangiogenic agents. SRI-24637 demonstrated selective potent inhibition of endothelial tube-formation and significant activity in blocking tumor-induced blood vessel formation using an ex vivo human cancer xenograft-CAM assay model system. The mechanism of action of SRI-24637 is different from the clinical VEGF-targeted drugs; therefore, it may provide a complementary mechanism to overcome the resistance to VEGF-targeted therapies. Bioavailability studies showed that SRI-24637 dosed at 40 mg/kg in DMSO/PEG400 reached systemic concentration levels much higher than the IC50 concentration for in vitro endothelial tube-formation. Comparing with the clinical VEGF-targeted drug Sunitinib, the cytotoxic activities of SRI-24637 against normal human fibroblast and epithelial cells suggest that the toxic side effects of SRI-24637 may be within a tolerable range. Ongoing preclinical efficacy studies with animal tumor models will aid in the development of SRI-24637 as an anti-cancer drug. Based on the outcome of these studies, further lead optimization will be done if required, before entering it into the clinical Phase I and II trials using protocols similar to those employed for Sunitinib and Sorafenib, or other investigational small molecules targeting tumor angiogenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5474.
Inelasticity of multipion production from a quark model

Abstract The maximum observed multiplicity in π p, pp and γ p interactions differs dramatically from what might reasonably be expected. The energy dependence of the maximum multiplicity suggests a quark model with near massless quarks which serve to partition the energy and momentum available for interaction in the incident particles.
The effect of boundary contour on the distribution of dipole potential in a volume conductor.

Abstract The effects of dipole eccentricity and medium resistivity have been isolated from those of boundary contour in such a manner that the effect of variations of the latter on the dipole potentials developed at any given point may be studied in pure form. It was demonstrated that boundary contour significantly alters such potentials but that a high degree of correlation exists between potentials obtained with various boundary configurations if the location of the dipole center remains constant. A method which utilizes regression and interpolation is described for the accurate estimation of the potentials of intermediate points on the transverse plane of Frank's homogeneous torso model. The application of this method should permit the electrode positions and standardizing factors of a vectorcardiographic lead system, described by the author in previous publications, to be determined with greater accuracy.
Reprogramming Chemotaxis Responses: Sensory Neurons Define Olfactory Preferences in C. elegans

Different olfactory cues elicit distinct behaviors such as attraction, avoidance, feeding, or mating. In the nematode C. elegans, these cues are sensed by a small number of olfactory neurons, each of which expresses several different odorant receptors. The type of behavioral response elicited by an odorant could be specified by the olfactory receptor or by the olfactory neuron in which the receptor is activated. The attractive odorant diacetyl is detected by the receptor protein ODR-10, which is normally expressed in the AWA olfactory neurons. The repulsive odorant 2-nonanone is detected by the AWB olfactory neurons. Transgenic animals that express ODR-10 in AWB rather than AWA avoid diacetyl, while maintaining qualitatively normal responses to other attractive and repulsive odorants. Animals that express ODR-10 simultaneously in AWA and AWB have a defective response to diacetyl, possibly because of conflicting olfactory inputs. Thus, an animal's preference for an odor is defined by the sensory neurons that express a given odorant receptor molecule.
Childhood Abuse as a Risk for Partner Abuse among Women in Methadone Maintenance

This study examines the relationship between childhood abuse and partner abuse among a sample of predominantly African-American and Hispanic women, who were patients in methadone clinics in Harlem and the South Bronx. A structured questionnaire addressing demographics, psychosocial and physical health characteristics, depression, childhood abuse, and domestic violence was administered to 151 women. Over half of the women (60%, n = 98) reported lifetime physical, life-threatening, or sexual abuse by a spouse or boyfriend. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the associations between childhood physical abuse and abuse by a spouse or boyfriend and between childhood sexual abuse and abuse by a spouse or boyfriend. After controlling for potential confounders, women who reported childhood physical abuse were almost nine times more likely to report having been abused by a spouse or boyfriend (OR = 8.74, CI, = 3.25 to 23.57). Women who reported childhood sexual abuse were almost four times more likely to report having been abused by a spouse or boyfriend (OR = 3.93, CI = 1.46 to 10.59). Depression and need for social support were significantly associated with partner abuse, while current heroin use was inversely associated with partner abuse. The high rate of domestic violence and the strong association between childhood and partner abuse found in this study suggest areas for intervention in chemical dependency among women.
A case of a speech impediment following a near lightning strike

Environmental electrical injuries (electrical burns and lightning) are relatively common and are estimated to result in more than 3,000 admissions to specialized burn units each year here in the US. Lightning injuries are a small subset of electrical injuries and are responsible for an average of 300 injuries and 100 deaths per year in the US. We present a case of a rare injury obtained as a result of a near lightning strike. The case involved a young female who was playing soccer when lightning struck within several feet of where she was standing, resulting in loss of consciousness, paresthesias, tinnitus, muscle spasms and most importantly a new onset of a speech impediment. There is only one reported case of a speech impediment secondary to an electrical injury in the literature.
Comparing the Temporal Stability of Self-Report and Interview Assessed Personality Disorder

Findings from several large-scale, longitudinal studies over the last decade have challenged the long-held assumption that personality disorders (PDs) are stable and enduring. However, the findings, including those from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study (CLPS; Gunderson et al., 2000), rely primarily on results from semistructured interviews. As a result, less is known about the stability of PD scores from self-report questionnaires, which differ from interviews in important ways (e.g., source of the ratings, item development, and instrument length) that might increase temporal stability. The current study directly compared the stability of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM–IV )P D constructs assessed via the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP–2; Clark, Simms, Wu, & Casillas, in press) with those from the Diagnostic Interview for DSM–IV Personality Disorders (Zanarini, Frankenburg, Sickel, & Yong, 1996) over 2 years in a sample of 529 CLPS participants. Specifically, we compared dimensional and categorical representations from both measures in terms of rank-order and mean-level stability. Results indicated that the dimensional scores from the self-report questionnaire had significantly greater rank-order (mean r .69 vs. .59) and mean-level (mean d 0.21 vs. 0.30) stability. In contrast, categorical diagnoses from the two measures evinced comparable rank-order (mean .38 vs. .37) and mean-level stability (median prevalence rate decrease of 3.5% vs. 5.6%). These findings suggest the stability of PD constructs depends at least partially on the method of assessment and are discussed in the context of previous research and future conceptualizations of personality pathology.
Preliminary Tests of Multiscale Modeling with a Two-Dimensional Framework: Sensitivity to Coupling Methods

Preliminary tests of the multiscale modeling approach, also known as the cloud-resolving convective parameterization, or superparameterization, are performed using an idealized framework. In this approach, a two-dimensional cloud-system resolving model (CSRM) is embedded within each vertical column of a general circulation model (GCM) replacing conventional cloud parameterization. The purpose of this study is to investigate the coupling between the GCM and CSRMs and suggest a revised method of coupling that abandons the cyclic lateral boundary condition for each CSRM used in the original cloud-resolving convective parameterization. In this way, the CSRM extends into neighboring GCM grid boxes while sharing approximately the same mass fluxes with the GCM at the borders of the grid boxes. With the original and revised methods of coupling, numerical simulations of the evolution of cloud systems are conducted using a two-dimensional model that couples CSRMs with a lower-resolution version of the CSRM with no physics [large-scale dynamics model (LSDM)]. The results with the revised method show that cloud systems can propagate from one LSDM grid column to the next as expected. Comparisons with a straightforward application of a single CSRM to the entire domain (CONTROL) show that the biases of the large-scale thermodynamic fields simulated by the coupled model are significantly smaller with the revised method. The results also show that the biases are near the smallest when the velocity fields of the LSDM and CSRM are nudged to each other with the time scale of a few hours and the thermodynamic field of the LSDM is instantaneously updated at each time step with the domain-averaged CSRM field.
Clinical impact of wordless picture storybooks on bilingual narrative language production: A comparison of the ‘Frog’ stories

Background Language sampling, recognized as a gold standard for expressive language assessment, is often elicited using wordless picture storybooks. A series of wordless storybooks, commonly referred to as ‘Frog’ stories, have been frequently used in language-based research with children from around the globe. Aims To examine the impact that differences in stories have on narrative output by comparing narrative productions across a series of five storybooks produced by 831 bilingual (Spanish–English) children in kindergarten through third grade. Methods & Procedures Each participant produced oral narratives using one of the five Frog storybooks in both English and Spanish. The narratives were recorded, transcribed and coded for a variety of measures of language production. Outcomes & Results Negligible differences were observed in language measures when comparing groups of children who told different stories, with the exception of lexical diversity. Conclusions & Implications The implications of using different storybooks to elicit narrative language samples from children are discussed from the perspectives of research and clinical practice.
Outcomes after lower-extremity reconstruction in DRGs 478 and 479.

Purpose. To assess outcomes for 21,261 patients in DRGs 478 and 479 hospitalized in Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (VAMCs) during fiscal years 1991–1994. DRGs 478 and 479 contain patients undergoing a variety of vascular procedures including lower-extremity arterial reconstruction. Methods. VA Patient Treatment File (PTF) data were analyzed using Patient Management Category (PMC) software which defined illness severity, patient complexity as defined by PMC count, and calculated resource intensity scale (RIS), a measure of resource utilization, for each admission. Results. In-hospital mortality rate was 3.16% (671/21,261) for all patients. Mortality did not differ between the 14,155 patients who underwent extremity arterial reconstruction (3.22%) and the remaining patients (3.03%). The incidence of ICD-9-CM-coded complications was 20.4% after limb revascularization versus 12.8% for remaining patients (P < 0.001). Length of stay (LOS) was 18.6 ± 17.6 days with versus 10.3 ± 14.5 days without limb revascularization (P < 0.001). As defined in this study, patients who underwent limb revascularization were older (64.1 ± 9.6 vs 62.2 ± 11.0, P < 0.001); had higher illness severity scores (3.63 ± 1.60 vs 2.72 ± 1.72, P < 0.001); were more complex (had higher PMC count: 2.59 ± 1.35 vs 2.54 ± 1.34, P = 0.016); and required utilization of more resources (had higher RIS: 2.16 ± 0.81 vs 1.68 ± 0.76, P < 0.001) than remaining patients. Logistic regression analysis limited to those undergoing extremity revascularization revealed that age, presence of complications, patient complexity, illness severity, and acute arterial thromboembolism were increasingly and independently associated with greater in-hospital mortality. The logistic regression model also showed that the type of arterial reconstruction was related to in-hospital mortality: arterial bypass (ICD-9-CM 39.29) was associated with lower mortality. Outcomes were defined for the subgroup (n = 7728) undergoing arterial bypass (ICD-9-CM 39.29) who were assigned to Patient Management Category 4101, 4113, or 4141: Mortality rates were 2.26, 2.19, and 5.03% for those undergoing elective bypass (n = 3003), urgent bypass (n = 3513), and bypass for gangrene (n = 1212), respectively. Octogenarians did not experience higher mortality rates after elective bypass [1.4% (1/73) vs 2.3% (67/2930), n.s.], but experienced higher mortality rates after urgent bypass [8.6% (8/93) vs 2.0% (69/3420), P < 0.001] and after bypass for gangrene [11.6% (5/43) vs 4.8% (56/1169), P < 0.045]. Conclusions. Outcomes for patients in DRGs 478 and 479 who underwent extremity revascularization differed from those who did not. Outcomes varied by the type of arterial reconstruction and its urgency and indication and within selected subpopulations (i.e., octogenarians). DRG-based reimbursement would not be sensitive to these clinically important factors which have a major impact on outcomes and resource utilization.
High power harmonic gyro-amplifiers for millimeter-wave radar

Advances in electron gun and circuit technology have made it possible to design compact high power (multi-kW wave, tens-kW peak) gyro-amplifiers operating at millimeter wave frequencies employing conventional magnet technology. The devices being developed have the potential to increase the power available to the millimeter wave system designer by over an order of magnitude in a configuration compatible with system deployment. To demonstrate the viability of the technical approach, a focused two-phase, five-year ARPA/Tri-Service program has been established under the Vacuum Electronics Initiative to develop a high performance millimeter wave amplifier operating at 95 GHz. The program progress to date is reviewed, followed by a discussion of the millimeter wave gyro-peniotron amplifier experiment underway at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). >
Lectin-Carbohydrate Binding as a Model for Platelet Contact Interactions

Lectins have been defined as sugar-binding proteins or glycoproteins of nonimmune origin that can agglutinate cells and/or glycoconjugates (Goldstein et al., 1980). Lectins occur in plants and animals, and are devoid of enzymatic activity for the sugars to which they bind and do not require glycosidic hydroxyl groups on these sugars for their binding (Kocoureck and Horejsi, 1981; Barondes, 1981). One of the functions suggested for lectins is that of mediating direct cell—cell interactions (reviewed in Phillips and Gartner, 1980; Barondes, 1981). The first data suggesting this functional activity was published by Rosen et al. (1973), who showed that a lectin expressed by the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum may mediate the cohesiveness of these cells. Since these initial studies, numerous studies have appeared concerning the role of carbohydrate-binding proteins in aggregation of slime mold cells (reviewed in Bartles et al., 1982; Barondes, 1981). The concept developed from these studies is that lectins, bound to carbohydrate-containing receptors on adjacent cells, mediate cell—cell interaction. This concept has been utilized to explain the interactions of a wide variety of cells, including sea urchin egg-sperm interactions (Glabe et al., 1982), the attachment of Rhizobium trifolii to the roots of clover (Dazzo, 1981), attachment of Escherichia coli to mucosal cells (Ofek et al, 1977), the attachment of the Sendai virus to host cells (Markwellet al., 1981), and phagocytosis by human neutrophils (Doolittle et al, 1983).
Nuclear Sequences of Mitochondrial Origin as Phylogenetic Markers

Numts (nuclear sequence of mitochondrial origin) are fragments of mitochondrial DNA present in the nuclear genomes of most eukaryotes. Numts have unique characteristics that make them useful as nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenetic markers. Numts utilities include analysis of nuclear mutational spectra and the relative rates of the mitochondria and the nucleus. Additionally, because numt appearance in the same position in multiple species indicates its ancestry, numts are valuable for phylogentic tree reconstruction. Numts are also beneficial to study mitochondrial evolution as it can uncover extinct mtDNA variations. Despite the potential for confusion with bona fide mtDNA, the increasing number of genomes sequenced will make it easier to identify numts from mitochondrial DNA and to use them for taxonomy and phylogeny. Key Concepts: Numts have unique characteristics that make them suitable as phylogenetic markers. Verified numts are useful both for the study of mitochondrial evolution and for the study of nuclear evolution. Keywords: Numts; taxonomy; molecular evolution; mitochondrial pseudogenes; phylogenetic marker
Graphene-Based Vibronic Devices

Molecular dynamic simulations are used to model the vibrational bending modes of graphene ribbons of several sizes to calculate frequencies of the ribbons and determine the relationship between the size of the ribbon and their corresponding resonance frequencies. These ribbons can be utilized to fabricate several types of vibronic devices such as NEMS, sensors, terahertz generators, and devices for encoding, transferring, and processing information. The interaction of a graphene vibronic device with water and isopropyl alcohol molecules demonstrates that this device can be used as a very sensitive vibronic molecular sensor that is able to distinguish the chemical nature of the sensed molecule. The electrical properties of the graphene vibronic devices are also calculated for two cases, armchair and zigzag border. The zigzag border demonstrated in this work has the potential to generate THz electrical signals.
Yaqui Voices: Public Schooling Experiences of Urban American Indian Students

Abstract This ethnographic study examines the unique schooling experiences of Yaqui students in an urban public school setting in Tucson, Arizona. The study focuses on life narratives as a means of understanding how contemporary Yaqui adults view formal education, the struggles they endured to maintain their cultural identity within a mainstream educational environment, and Yaqui-defined factors contributing to the diminished and differential school success experienced by present-day Yaqui youth. Insights are provided into the uniqueness of Yaqui school experiences and extend the current body of literature on American Indian/Alaska Native education by considering schooling from a neglected perspective—one informed by Yaqui individuals themselves. By examining the complex array of factors contributing to Yaqui students’ diminished school success, the study also joins microethnography, macroethnography, and critical theory in a unified, systemic approach.
Identification of a recently active mammalian SINE derived from ribosomal RNA

Complex eukaryotic genomes are riddled with repeated sequences whose derivation does not coincide with phylogenetic history and thus is often unknown. Among such sequences, the capacity for transcriptional activity coupled with the adaptive use of reverse transcription can lead to a diverse group of genomic elements across taxa, otherwise known as selfish elements or mobile elements. Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) are nonautonomous mobile elements found in eukaryotic genomes, typically derived from cellular RNAs such as tRNAs, 7SL or 5S rRNA. Here, we identify and characterize a previously unknown SINE derived from the 3'-end of the large ribosomal subunit (LSU or 28S rDNA) and transcribed via RNA polymerase III. This new element, SINE28, is represented in low-copy numbers in the human reference genome assembly, wherein we have identified 27 discrete loci. Phylogenetic analysis indicates these elements have been transpositionally active within primate lineages as recently as 6 MYA while modern humans still carry transcriptionally active copies. Moreover, we have identified SINE28s in all currently available assembled mammalian genome sequences. Phylogenetic comparisons indicate that these elements are frequently rederived from the highly conserved LSU rRNA sequences in a lineage-specific manner. We propose that this element has not been previously recognized as a SINE given its high identity to the canonical LSU, and that SINE28 likely represents one of possibly many unidentified, active transposable elements within mammalian genomes.
β-Catenin Nuclear Expression Correlates With Cyclin D1 Expression in Primary and Metastatic Synovial Sarcoma: A Tissue Microarray Study

Abstract Context.—The association between aberrant (nuclear) β-catenin expression and cyclin D1 accumulation has been demonstrated in diverse neoplasms. In synovial sarcoma (SS), aberrant β-catenin expression has prognostic relevance, but the association with cyclin D1 has not been established. The SYT-SSX fusion protein, unique to SS, may independently increase cyclin D1. Objective.—To determine whether nuclear β-catenin is associated with cyclin D1 overexpression in SS and whether primary and metastatic SS differ in the expression of these markers. Design.—We incorporated 82 tumors initially diagnosed as SS into a tissue array. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with custom probes was used to select t(X;18) positive tumors. Clinical data, tumor type and outcome were tabulated. The tumors were tested for the association between nuclear β-catenin and cyclin D1 immunostaining. Primary and metastatic tumors were compared. Results.—Fifty-one tumors (41 primary and 10 metastatic) from 43 patients demonstrated...
The ribosome in focus: new structures bring new insights

Recent all-atom crystal structures of 70S ribosome functional complexes provide a detailed description of how the ribosome interacts with its mRNA and tRNA substrates. The structures support the view that the fundamental steps of translation are based on RNA-RNA interactions, which in some cases underwent further refinement as a result of having recruited proteins. The structural basis of the discrimination of cognate tRNA, the high affinity for tRNA in the peptidyl-tRNA site, the structure of the peptidyl transferase catalytic center, the specificity of the exit site for deacylated tRNA and other functional properties of the ribosome are now explained, confirmed or visualized for the first time in complexes containing full-length tRNAs and defined mRNAs. Clues to the structural dynamics of translation are suggested by conformational changes that occur in both tRNA and the ribosome upon complex formation.
Scattering of an electromagnetic wave from dielectric bodies of irregular shape

Cross sections for an electromagnetic wave scattered from dielectric bodies of irregular shape have been obtained. The boundary conditions are reduced to a set of linear algebraic equations whose variables are the expansion coefficients of the electric and magnetic fields. Numerical results are compared with the exact solution for oblate spheroids and good agreement is obtained despite the Rayleigh hypothesis implicitly used in the formulation. The procedures used by Chylek, Grams, and Pinnick to fit the experimental data are also examined and discussed.
The Question of Âli Paşa's Political Testament

Mehmed Emin âli Pasa (1815–1871), one of the leading Ottoman statesmen of the Tanzimat period, was the purported author of a political testament that was published in 1910, though said to have been written just before his death. When finally published, it was in French rather than in Turkish. The “Testament politique,” with the signature “Aali” at the end, appeared in two sections in successive issues of the Revue de Paris. In the same year it also appeared as a separate brochure.1 Its authenticity has, ever since, been a question. Discussions of the point have reached no satisfactory conclusion.2 Now that the papers in the Basbakanlīk Arsivi in Istanbul are available to research, there is opportunity for a new judgment. Several documents in the Yīldīz collection there pertain to Âli Pasa's political testament.
Relationship of alexithymia to cardiovascular disease risk factors among African Americans.

Abstract Background Alexithymia, a deficit in emotional awareness and expression, may contribute to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other diseases. African Americans have a high prevalence of CVD, but almost nothing is known about alexithymia in this ethnic group. This study examined the relationship of alexithymia to a range of risk factors for CVD among African Americans. Methods On a community sample of 162 African American adults, we assessed alexithymia (Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20) and several risk factor domains: physiological (body mass index, blood pressure), behavioral (smoking, exercise), emotional (trait anxiety, depression, and anger; forms of anger expression), racial discriminatory, and socioeconomic (income, education). Results Alexithymia was positively correlated with all emotional risk factors ( P P P Conclusions This pattern of relationships is consistent with findings on ethnic majority samples and suggests that alexithymia as measured with the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 is a valid construct among African Americans. It correlates with socioeconomic and emotional variables in this population, but only minimally or not at all with behavioral or physiological factors. If alexithymia influences CVD and other diseases, it appears to do so through social and emotional pathways.
More Cu, more problems: Decreased CO2 conversion ability by Cu-doped La0.75Sr0.25FeO3 perovskite oxides

Abstract The effect of Cu doping on the conversion of CO2 to CO was investigated on H2-reduced La0.75Sr0.25FeO3 perovskite oxides. Six La0.75Sr0.25Fe1 −YCuYO3 perovskites, labeled Cu100*Y (with Y = 0, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1) were synthesized and characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed oxygen vacancy formation, and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR). The incorporation of Cu facilitates the formation of oxygen vacancies at lower temperatures but also increased the instability of the perovskite. DFT simulations suggested that the Cu10 sample is favored to produce oxygen vacancies compared to Cu0 and Cu25 samples, which was consistent with experimental oxygen vacancy formation results. For the Cu0, Cu10, and Cu25 samples, temperature-programmed CO2 conversion (TPO-CO2) after isothermal H2-reduction at 450 °C and post-reduction XRD were performed to evaluate the ability of the materials to convert CO2 at low temperatures and to identify the crystalline phases active in the reaction. The peak conversion of CO2 to CO was achieved 30 °C lower on the Cu10 sample versus the Cu0, but less CO was produced, due to a decreased re-oxidation activity of the Cu-doped samples. CO production was inhibited in the Cu25 sample, likely due to a combined effect of poor CO2 dissociative chemisorption energies on metallic Cu and increased thermodynamic stability of the oxygen vacant perovskites. Control experiments (Cu deposited onto La0.75Sr0.25FeO3) indicated the stability of the copper-containing perovskite oxides phases was the primary limiting factor preventing CO formation from CO2.
Magnetotransport measurements of the surface states of samarium hexaboride using Corbino structures

The recent conjecture of a topologically protected surface state in ${\mathrm{SmB}}_{6}$ and the verification of robust surface conduction below 4 K have prompted a large effort to understand surface states. Conventional Hall transport measurements allow current to flow on all surfaces of a topological insulator, so such measurements are influenced by contributions from multiple surfaces of varying transport character. Instead, we study magnetotransport of ${\mathrm{SmB}}_{6}$ using a Corbino geometry, which can directly measure the conductivity of a single, independent surface. Both (011) and (001) crystal surfaces show a strong negative magnetoresistance at all magnetic field angles measured. The (011) surface has a carrier mobility of $122\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}{\text{cm}}^{2}/\text{V}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\text{s}$ with a carrier density of $2.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{13}\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, which are significantly lower than indicated by Hall transport studies. This mobility value can explain the failure so far to observe Shubnikov--de Haas oscillations. Analysis of the angle dependence of conductivity on the (011) surface suggests a combination of a field-dependent enhancement of the carrier density and a suppression of Kondo scattering from native oxide layer magnetic moments as the likely origin of the negative magnetoresistance. Our results also reveal a hysteretic behavior whose magnitude depends on the magnetic field sweep rate and temperature. Although this feature becomes smaller when the field sweep is slower, it does not disappear or saturate during our slowest sweep-rate measurements, which is much slower than a typical magnetotransport trace. These observations cannot be explained by quantum interference corrections such as weak antilocalization but are more likely due to an extrinsic magnetic effect such as the magnetocaloric effect or glassy ordering.
Harvesting the Fruits of Gardiner: On Marriage, Public Policy, and Fundamental Interests

This article discusses the constitutional and public policy issues implicated in marriages involving transsexuals, focusing on the recent cases of In re Estate of Gardiner and Littleton v. Prange. These and other cases help demonstrate the speciousness of the rationales currently offered to limit the marriage rights of the LGBT community. The article concludes by suggesting that current marriage policies undermine the very values that they are supposed to support and that a serious commitment to family values would require a significant reworking of current marriage laws.