cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brain mapping by FTIR microspectroscopy

Spatial resolution achieved with a state-of-the-art scanning molecular FT-IR microspectrometer allows excellent spectra to be obtained from relatively small areas of 8 micrometers thick section of brain tissue. Concentration mapping is achieved by picking absorbances or baseline-corrected absorbances of select peaks for each scan obtained at a particular x,y coordinate of the tissue section. Scanning was done in the transmission mode and a programmable microscope stage was used to position the specimen in the beam between scans. The chemical selectivity of the microspectroscopic technique allowed us to superimpose chemical data onto the spatially-defined structures, particularly myelin, in the brain. Since the chemical information is both qualitative and semiquantitative the heterogeneous distribution is revealed. Previously spectroscopic analysis was performed on myelin fractions obtained from brain homogenates. This did not allows observation of localized concentration differences, as is now the case. In addition to spectra, maps of selected key wavelength responses presented from frozen sections of normal brains, result in chemically selective distribution profiles in the gray matter, white matter and basal ganglia.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Nevis Synchrocyclotron Beam Status Report

The full energy beam with vertical width 0.25 in. and projected intensity 12 W.A is a major step toward fulfilling the design goals (20 W.A) of the accelerator. We anticipate that an increase in intensity by a factor of 2 will be obtained by extending our injection time from 10 W±s (at present) to 25 ?s. By varying the timing of the source trigger, we have verified that this time window is indeed available for injection. This injection time extension will require modifying the ion source pulser. We also expect to be able to extract higher ion currents by modifying the source tip to bring the plasma closer to the extraction hole. Calculations on the operation of the extraction system indicate that we should be able to exceed 75% extraction efficiency with the vertical and radial widths measured. The adiabatic turn-off of the RF voltage, with concurrent compression of energy spread, has not yet been tested, but we expect that it will improve the extraction efficiency. We are presently installing the extraction system, and anticipate extracting beam in April 1975.
Integrating the dynamical systems theory, the task-oriented approach, and the practice framework for clinical reasoning.

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the purposeful integration of dynamical systems theory, the occupational therapy task-oriented approach, and Framework II to inform clinical reasoning. Dynamical systems theory provides the clinician with information about how systems interact to influence motor behavior. The task-oriented approach helps the practitioner to clinically improve motor behavior. Framework II gives the clinician guidance in terms of scope of practice and an overarching goal of intervention. Ideological similarities between these three resources for clinical reasoning include client-centeredness, an emphasis on occupation, and interaction between person, task, and environment. The process of clinical reasoning is illustrated using an integrated practice model applied to a clinical example of an adult with a hand injury requiring transfer of hand dominance.
Corn Grain Yield Response to Crop Rotation and Nitrogen over 35 Years

Crop rotation and N are management methods that can increase corn (Zea mays L.) grain yields. Our objective was to determine the corn grain yield response to six crop rotation sequences and four N rates in a long-term (35-yr) study. The rotations were continuous corn (CC), corn-alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (CA), corn-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (CS), corn-corn-corn-alfalfaalfalfa (CCCAA), corn-corn-oat (Avena sativa L.) with alfalfa seeding-alfalfa-alfalfa (CCOaAA), and corn-soybean-corn-oat with alfalfa seeding-alfalfa (CSCOaA). From 1970 to 2004, first-yr corn grain yields (CCCAA, CCOaAA, and CSCOaA) increased from 79 to 100 kg ha -1 yr -1 . Increasing N rates did not influence grain yield trends, indicating that an alfalfa crop produced the N required by first-yr corn. However, 224 kg N ha -1 was needed to improve second and third-yr grain yield trends 69 and 58 kg ha -1 yr -1 , respectively. Grain yield trends for CC did not improve despite increasing N treatments, although grain yield tended to increase over time at 224 kg N ha -1 (P < 0.10). From 1989 to 2004, corn grain yield trends ofCA and CS decreased by 161 kg ha -1 yr -1 if no N was added. The 2-yr rotation was not sufficient to improve grain yield trends, whereas the 5-yr rotation was able to enhance corn grain yield and decrease the need for fertilizer N. Effects on pathogens and insects were not evaluated but warrant further investigations. Overall, this data shows that extended rotations involving forage crops reduce N inputs, increase corn grain yields, and are more agronomically sustainable than current short-term rotations.
Structure-Function Analysis of the Active Sites of Complement Receptor Type 1

Two functionally distinct but homologous sites in complement receptor type 1 (CR1) (CD35) were further characterized by homologous substitution mutagenesis of two CR1 derivatives, each containing one site. In both sites, reducing negative and/or increasing positive charge augmented interaction with iC3/C3b and C4b, supporting a role of ionic forces in the binding reaction. In one case, substitution of Asp at the end of complement control protein repeat (CCP) 2 with an Asn transformed the protein, with negligible cofactor activity and iC3 binding, into a mutant with activities similar to native CR1. Consequently, this protein, one-fourth the size of CR1, is a therapeutic candidate for a complement inhibitor. Another important observation is that the residues between two CCPs contribute to activity, probably because they influence positioning of one CCP relative to the next. The initial characterization of the third CCP of an active site led to identification of three peptides necessary for binding. In line with earlier findings for the first two CCPs, interactions with iC3/C3b are similar but not identical to those with C4b, implying overlapping but distinct binding domains. Moreover, changes in cofactor activity usually, but not always, parallel alterations in binding, indicating that these two activities are separable. We also mapped epitopes for a blocking and a function enhancing monoclonal antibody. Their effects can be explained by epitope location. The first antibody binds near functionally important residues. The second may shield inhibitory (negatively charged) residues. These results represent a comprehensive analysis of the active sites of CR1, which is built of modules found in more than 50 mammalian proteins.
Neurophysiological changes of spiny neurons in rat neostriatum after transient forebrain ischemia: An in vivo intracellular recording and staining study

The spontaneous activities, evoked postsynaptic potentials and membrane properties of spiny neurons in rat neostriatum were compared before, during and after 5-8 min ischemia using intracellular recording and staining techniques in vivo. Severe forebrain ischemia was induced with the four-vessel occlusion method. Approximately 2.5 min after the onset of ischemia the baseline membrane potential quickly depolarized to -20 mV and remained at this level during ischemia. Repolarization began within 2 min after recirculation. The onset of ischemic depolarization was directly related to the severity of ischemia and its latency was inversely related to brain temperature. Spontaneous firing and membrane potential fluctuation of spiny neurons ceased immediately after ischemia and slowly recovered several hours after recirculation. No neuronal hyperactivity was observed up to 7 h after recirculation. Cortically evoked inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and late depolarizations disappeared earlier after ischemia and recovered later following recirculation than the initial excitatory postsynaptic potentials. Membrane input resistance of spiny neurons was significantly increased but the time constant remained the same following recirculation. The rheobase and spike threshold of spiny neurons were significantly increased and the repetitive firing evoked by depolarizing current pulse was suppressed shortly after recirculation. The results of the present study indicated that the spontaneous activity and evoked postsynaptic responses of spiny neurons are suppressed and the excitability of spiny neurons is decreased after transient ischemia. The polysynaptic responses are more sensitive to ischemia than the monosynaptic ones.
A computer analysis of pressure and flow in a stenotic artery

There is a widespread assumption in the medical and engineering communities that when a small decrease in cross-sectional area is imposed upon an artery there is a correspondingly small decrease in arterial flow and pressure, and that when progressively larger increases in arterial stenosis are made there is a correspondingly greater decrease in arterial pressure and flow. That this is not so has been shown in earlier studies in a qualitative way. When a small stenosis is imposed upon an artery there is no change in arterial pressure and flow until a rather large and significant stenosis is produced. Recent studies have attempted to develop this concept even further. It has been the object of this study to quantitate the effect on the pressure and flow in an artery that is subjected to an increasing stenosis. This has been done by drawing from a background of numerous arterial flow and pressure determinations in both humans and dogs, and then carrying this further to the development of a mathematical model and subjecting the mathematical model to computer analysis.
The Diffuse Interstellar Cloud Experiment (DICE): integration and first-look data

ABSTRACT We have assembled and launched the Diffuse Interstella r Cloud Experiment (DICE), an instrument capable of recording high resolution ( / = 30,000) spectra in the Far Ultraviolet (F UV). Absorption measurements toward nearby bright stars can provide new in sight into the processes governing warm-hot gas in the Local Interstella r Medium. It flew on May 21 st , 2010. An anomaly in the Black Brant motor subjected the payload to abnormally high vibration. As a result, the optics were misaligned and no sp ectral data fell on the detector. Here we present the details of mechanical and electrical integration with NASA launch systems, as well as optical alignment of the telescope and spectrograph. In addition, we summarize the flight results. Keywords: Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopy, Local Bubble, Sounding Rocket 1. SCIENTIFIC MOTIVATION The current model of the Local Inters tellar Medium (LISM) contains 3 phases of gas: cold (T ~ 100 K, n ~ 100 cm -3 ), warm (T~10 4 to 10 5
MO-D-217A-01: Optimizing Dose in the Interventional Suite: Do You Really Need That Image Quality?

The imaging equipment used to guide interventions has evolved significantly in the recent past. As a result, the equipment has become more complex to operate. This evolution has left many operators ill equipped to fully optimize the radiation dose delivered, as they are often more focused on the technical skills required to complete the case rather than balancing image quality and radiation dose. In addition, they are usually better trained in these technical skills than in the delivery of optimal dose. Interventionalists are faced with dose optimization in two main venues: the angiography suite and the CT suite. In the angiographic suite, the operator has the ability to manipulate very simple parameters which can optimize dose. These, in combination with geometric and protective barrier techniques, can create a safe and efficient environment for patients, staff and operators. In addition, with the assistance of a medical physicist, operators can become more facile with their equipment and help to develop local protocols for their institution. In the CT suite, a similar approach can be applied. While the operator is more dependent on the technologist to manipulate the parameters during a case, the two can work together to optimize the dose for CT‐guided procedures. Knowledge of the key variable parameters is paramount to developing this team approach. This course will review simple techniques that operators can employ to optimize dose during both fluoroscopically‐ and CT‐ guided procedures, and will examine the question, “Do you really need that image quality?” Learning Objectives: 1. Gain a better appreciation of the clinical perspective and need for operator education. 2. Identify simple techniques which can be employed to optimize dose with both fluoroscopically‐ and CT‐guided interventions. 3. Discuss the importance of the question, “Do you really need that image quality?”
Multietiological determinants of psychopathology and social competence in children with epilepsy.

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to inquire into the multietiological determinants of psychopathology and social competence in children with epilepsy. The relationship between behavioral functioning as assessed by the Child Behavior Checklist and a variety of biological, psychosocial, medication and demographic risk factors was investigated in a sample of 183 children with epilepsy aged 6–16. Several risk factors were found to be related to each behavioral measure. The results are discussed both in terms of their implications for models of psychopathology in epilepsy as well as their relationship to previous findings in the epilepsy/psychopathology field.
Solar flare discovery

This paper considers the discoveries that have appreciably changed our understanding of the physics of solar flares. I identify a total of 42 discoveries from all disciplines, ranging from Galileo's initial observation of faculae to the recent discovery of strong limb brightening in 10-MeV γ-radiation. The rate of discovery increased dramatically over the past four decades as new observational tools became available. My assessment of significance suggests that recent discoveries - though more numerous - are individually less significant; perhaps this is because the minor early discoveries tend to be taken for granted. In spite of the many facets of flare physics that have been explained or at least well-described, many fundamental questions remain unresolved.
Differentiating depression in medically ill children and adolescents.

Abstract The overlap between ratings of functional impairment and depressive symptomatology in children and adolescents with cancer was examined. Twenty-four pediatric oncology patients referred for psychiatric consultation were assessed on the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R), a Global Rating of Depression, and the Pediatric Performance Scale (PPS). Results indicated significant overlap between the severity of depression (CDRS-R total score) and the degree of functional impairment (PPS). Elimination of the CDRS-R items assessing somatic symptoms of depression yielded a scale that was not correlated with functional impairment but was still significantly correlated with clinical judgment of depression severity (Global Rating of Depression).
HN22 sheet polarizer, an inexpensive infrared retarder

The popular sheet polarizer, Polaroid HN22, has been measured to be a nearly half-wave retarder in the 3.6-5.4-microm spectral band with a transmittance of approximately 20%. Tuning of the retardance value between 60 degrees and 260 degrees has been demonstrated by tilting of the HN22 sheet with respect to the incident beam. The material's availability, relatively large aperture, large field of view, and low cost make it an excellent candidate for use as an infrared retarder for systems operating in this wave band. Thus HN22 may be employed as an inexpensive half-wave linear retarder and used for rotating the plane of polarization as well as for conversion between circular polarization states.
Developmental changes in olfactory bulb projections revealed by degeneration argyrophilia.

The maturation of the main and accessory olfactory bulb projections to the ventral forebrain of the golden hamster has been traced by using the Fink-Heimer silver technique to stain degenerating axons and terminal arborizations after bulbectomy at different ages between birth and 33 days. In the youngest pups, long-lasting degeneration argyrophilia (LLDA) is found in two regions of prepiriform cortex: at the level of the rostral tubercle and rostral amygdala. By five days of age the caudal region exhibiting a long-lasting degeneration reaction extends from the middle of the olfactory tubercle, to the middle of the amygdala. The olfactory tubercle, medial and cortical amygdala and entorhinal cortex subsequently develop substantial LLDA at ages varying between 9 and 13 days. In a previous study (Leonard, '74b) the onset of LLDA in optic tract terminals in the superior colliculus was found to coincide with the age of eye opening and the onset of a stage of rapid synapse formation. Since different olfactory responses appear at different times during the golden hamster pup's first two weeks of postnatal life, it seems possible that the onset of LLDA in different regions of the olfactory projection at different ages may be related to the onset of different specific olfactory functions.
MSP domain proteins

The major sperm protein (MSP) has attracted interest because of its ability to mediate actin-like ameboid motility in nematode sperm, despite a lack of sequence or structural similarity to actin. The basic immunoglobulin-like organization of MSP defines a structural domain found in proteins from many eukaryotic species. Within the context of MSP domain proteins (MDPs), evidence suggests that this structure functions as a protein–protein interaction domain and a signaling element. In this article, we describe the current status of knowledge about the MDP family of proteins, outline their structure and phylogeny, and discuss potential roles of MDPs in the biology of parasitic nematodes.
Investigation of the Mouse Serum Proteome

With the rapid assimilation of genomic information and the equally impressive developments in the field of proteomics, there is an unprecedented interest in biomarker discovery. Although human biofluids represent increasingly attractive samples from which new and more accurate disease biomarkers may be found, the intrinsic person-to-person variability in these samples complicates their discovery. One of the most extensively used animal models for studying human disease is mouse because, unlike humans, they represent a highly controllable experimental model system. Unfortunately, very little is known about the proteomic composition of mouse serum. In this study, a multidimensional fractionation approach on both the protein and the peptide level that does not require depletion of highly abundant serum proteins was combined with tandem mass spectrometry to characterize proteins within mouse serum. Over 12 300 unique peptides that originate from 4567 unique proteins-approximately 16% of all known mouse proteins-were identified. The results presented here represent the broadest proteome coverage in mouse serum and provide a foundation from which quantitative comparisons can be made in this important animal model.
A Special Issue on Geothermal Energy

It is a pleasure for us to introduce this Special Issue of Mathematical Geosciences on “Geothermal Energy”, dedicated to all members of the worldwide geothermal community. Geothermal energy is clean, indigenous, and base-load renewable energy, not subject to intermittencies of weather and time-of-day. In recent years, great advances have been achieved in reservoir modeling, geology, geophysics, geochemistry, and other areas of geosciences. These achievements have contributed to steady growth of the geothermal industry. Facing the rapid evolution of the field, the goal of this special issue is to gather some of the recent contributions about methods and theories relevant to the geosciences of finding and developing geothermal energy. The first of the six papers on this Special Issue is by Jonny Rutqvist, Patrick F. Dobson, Julio Garcia, Craig Hartline, Pierre Jeanne, Curtis M. Oldenburg, Donald W.Vasco, andMarkWalterswho dealwith the prestimulationmodeling and interpretation of the stimulation in the northwest Geysers EGS (Enhanced Geothermal System) demonstration project, California. EGS is one of the hot spots in geothermal research in recent years. EGS has a huge potential. It is clear that EGS is presently still at the “proof of concept” stage. Without question, EGS is currently a great challenge for geothermal industry. However, these authors were able predict the extent of the stimulation zone reasonably well. Their modeling data indicate that the microearthquake events are related to shear reactivation of preexisting fractures that are triggered by the combined effects of injection-induced cooling around the injection well and small changes in steam pressure. Many geothermal reservoirs, including EGS, are fractured systems. It is important to characterize the heat transfer in such fractured reservoirs. Suzuki et al. derived a
Being Political: Polish Youth and Democratic Practice

This paper confronts questions of political identity raised by the transition to democracy in Poland by focusing on university students in the late 1990s. These youth have constructed a shared identity that is defined by political competence derived through international experience. These students also define their political identity in terms of their differences from earlier generations. I explore the process of political identity construction by looking at representations — images created by these students and about these students - which are used as mechanisms for both communicating and constructing shared identity. While much work has been done that examines the format and structure of the evolving political organizations in Central Europe, my research provides a micro-level analysis of one important, but too often overlooked, aspect of this transition: the relationships that individuals involved in this transition establish between themselves, the state and their fellow citizens.
Computers and Community: The Organizational Impact

Une etude de 2 ans evalue dans 72 organisations a but non lucratif l'impact sur les membres des groupes, de l'installation et du developpement d'un systeme informatique dans ces organisations
Issue area and foreign policy analysis

The past decade has witnessed the investment of considerable energy and ingenuity in the refinement of the categories of foreign policy determinants proposed in James Rosenau's famous essay, “Pre-theories and Theories of Foreign Policy.” A sizable literature on foreign policy behavior is now developing, based upon empirical tests of the explanatory power of such variables as size, wealth, degree of political accountability, decision-maker attributes, environmental stimuli, etc. Surprisingly little attention in the field of comparative foreignpolicy, however, has been directed at specifying more precisely and in operational form the concept of issue area—an important component of Rosenau's “pre-theory” and an analytic concept that has received much attention in the public policy field. Moreover, among those scholars who do employ the concept there is little consensus as to the merits of a content based as opposed to a process oriented treatment of issue area or to the implications for empirical research of selecting one approach over the other. This essay seeks: 1) to review the foreign policy literature that attaches major importance to issue area; 2) to assess the merits of alternative treatments of the concept in terms of their contribution to the development of a theory of comparative foreign policy; and 3) to specify the conditions under which different issue area approaches can be used most profitably in comparative foreign policy research.
Lack of PPCA Expression only Partially Coincides with Lysosomal Storage in Galactosialidosis Mice: Indirect Evidence for Spatial Requirement of the Catalytic Rather than the Protective Function of PPCA

Protective protein/cathepsin A (PPCA) is a pleiotropic lysosomal enzyme that complexes with beta-galactosidase and neuraminidase, and possesses serine carboxypeptidase activity. Its deficiency in man results in the neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder galactosialidosis (GS). The mouse model of this disease resembles the human early onset phenotype and results in severe nephropathy and ataxia. To understand better the pathophysiology of the disease, we compared the occurrence of lysosomal PPCA mRNA and protein in normal adult mouse tissues with the incidence of lysosomal storage in PPCA(-/-) mice. PPCA expression was markedly variable among different tissues. Most sites that produced both mRNA and protein at high levels in normal mice showed extensive and overt storage in the knockout mice. However, this correlation was not consistent as some cells that normally expressed high levels of PPCA were unaffected in their storage capability in the PPCA(-/-) mice. In addition, some normally low expressing cells accumulated large amounts of undegraded products in the GS mouse. This apparent discrepancy may reflect a requirement for the catalytic rather than the protective function of PPCA and/or the presence of cell-specific substrates in certain cell types. A detailed map showing the cellular distribution of PPCA in nomal mouse tissues as well as the sites of lysosomal storage in deficient mice is critical for accurate assessment of the effects of therapeutic interventions.
Effects of Nest Reuse and Onset of Incubation on Microbial Growth and Viability of Wood Duck Eggs

Abstract. In many birds, egg viability declines the longer that eggs remain unincubated (i.e., incubation delay), possibly because of increased levels of microbial infection. Reuse of nests is common in cavity-nesting species and may also increase exposure of eggs to microbes. Starting incubation before the clutch is complete may help protect early-laid eggs from microbial infection. In this study, we tested the effects of nest cleaning, length of incubation delay, and onset of night incubation on growth of microbes on Wood Duck (Aix sponsa) eggshells and examined the effect of microbial infection on hatching success. We used nest boxes that had been cleaned or not cleaned of previous nesting materials and sampled microbes on eggshells during early and mid egg laying and after the start of night incubation. We detected levels of eggshell microbes (101 colony forming units [CFU] egg-1) lower than at more tropical locations (103–4 CFU egg-1). Levels of heterotrophic bacteria were 2.2 times greater in unclea...
Web-based entry, validation, and reporting of resident operative experience

Abstract A system of case entry, validation, and reporting for residents’ operative experience was developed based on the World Wide Web. It was created to securely support multiple computer systems at multiple sites with central maintenance of only one server machine. Previous data exported from the ResSOLution (Information Science Associates, Chicago, Illinois) application, and the Current Procedural Terminology, American Medical Association, Chicago, Illinois, table from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) were integrated, and a robust relational database structure was built and interfaced with Web pages. Since July 1997, more than 5000 case submissions have been received from our residents. The data submitted for 1997–1998 were used for validation and reporting for the chief residents, according to American Board of Surgery and ACGME requirements. The operative experience of residents can be effectively collected directly from them over secure Web pages. A human intervention step with validation is desirable to correct errors, even though the system validates for many errors and conflicts automatically. It is anticipated that the robust version now in use will be capable of serving simultaneously all programs in the future.
CooC and CooD are required for assembly of CS1 pili

Summary Many strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) isolated from patients with diarrhoeal disease exhibit CS1 pili on their surfaces. These appendages, which are thought to be important for colonization of the upper intestine, are composed largely of multiple Identical protein subunits encoded by cooA. We have sequenced the DNA directly downstream of cooA and identified two open reading frames, cooC and cooD, transcribed in the same direction as cooB and cooA. Following cooD Is DNA homologous to an insertion sequence, so cooB, A, C and D appear to encode all the information needed for E. coli K-12 to synthesize CS1 pili. Complementation analysis of mutants cloned in E. coli K-12 and constructed in an ETEC-derived strain indicates that cooC and cooD are not required for stability of the major CS1 pilin protein or for its transport to the periplasm, but, like cooB, both are needed for assembly of cooA into pili.
A survey of design issues in spatial input

We present a survey of design issues for developing effective free-space three-dimensional (3D) user interfaces. Our survey is based upon previous work in 3D interaction, our experience in developing free-space interfaces, and our informal observations of test users. We illustrate our design issues using examples drawn from instances of 3D interfaces.For example, our first issue suggests that users have difficulty understanding three-dimensional space. We offer a set of strategies which may help users to better perceive a 3D virtual environment, including the use of spatial references, relative gesture, two-handed interaction, multisensory feedback, physical constraints, and head tracking. We describe interfaces which employ these strategies.Our major contribution is the synthesis of many scattered results, observations, and examples into a common framework. This framework should serve as a guide to researchers or systems builders who may not be familiar with design issues in spatial input. Where appropriate, we also try to identify areas in free-space 3D interaction which we see as likely candidates for additional research.An extended and annotated version of the references list for this paper is available on-line through mosaic at address http://uvacs.cs.virginia.edu/~kph2q/.
Assessment of Language Skills in Rural Preschool Children

This study examined the extent to which linguistic variation in the English language might have been affecting the performance of 160 rural preschool children in Orangeburg, South Carolina, on four commonly used standardized tests. The children, ages 3-0 to 5-11 years, were administered the Patterned Elicitation Syntax Test, the Test of Auditory Comprehension of Language-Revised, the Test of Language Development-2 Primary, and the Test of Pragmatic Skills. Results revealed that when dialectal variations were not considered, the performance of children in this study differed from that of the normative population on tests that assessed grammatical morphemes.
Effect of Short-Term Solar Ultraviolet Flux Variability in a Coupled Model of Photochemistry and Dynamics

Abstract Variability in the solar ultraviolet radiative flux is known to cause changes in the chemistry and dynamics of the middle and upper atmosphere. Specifically, the 27-day solar rotation signal in irradiance has been correlated with responses in temperature and ozone. This study investigates the ozone and temperature responses in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere through analytic formulations and the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) 2D chemical–dynamical coupled model. From a simple ozone–temperature coupled analytical model, conditions are derived that would yield the greater sensitivities and negative phase lags in the ozone response as observed in the upper stratosphere. Using the JHU/APL photochemical model, both the diurnal and 27-day solar ultraviolet flux forcings are coupled to examine the effects of localized photochemistry on ozone response. A strong local-time dependence of the ozone response is then systematically explored. The JHU/APL 2D model is integra...
Variations in the sensitivity of US maize yield to extreme temperatures by region and growth phase

Maize yield is sensitive to high temperatures, and most large scale analyses have used a single, fixed sensitivity to represent this vulnerability over the course of a growing season. Field scale studies, in contrast, highlight how temperature sensitivity varies over the course of development. Here we couple United States Department of Agriculture yield and development data from 1981–2012 with weather station data to resolve temperature sensitivity according to both region and growth interval. On average, temperature sensitivity peaks during silking and grain filling, but there are major regional variations. In Northern states grain filling phases are shorter when temperatures are higher, whereas Southern states show little yield sensitivity and have longer grain filling phases during hotter seasons. This pattern of grain filling sensitivity and duration accords with the whole-season temperature sensitivity in US maize identified in recent studies. Further exploration of grain filling duration and its response to high temperatures may be useful in determining the degree to which maize agriculture can be adapted to a hotter climate.
Logistic Discriminant Function Analysis for DIF Identification of Polytomously Scored Items

The purpose of this article is to present logistic discriminant function analysis as a means of differential item functioning (DIF) identification of items that are polytomously scored. The procedure is presented with examples of a DIF analysis using items from a 27-item mathematics test which includes six open-ended response items scored polytomously. The results show that the logistic discriminant function procedure is ideally suited for DIF identification on nondichotomously scored test items. It is simpler and more practical than polytomous extensions of the logistic regression DIF procedure and appears to fee more powerful than a generalized Mantel-Haenszelprocedure.
Clinical Trials of Inhaled Nitric Oxide Therapy in the Newborn

1. John P. Kinsella, MD* 1. 2. *Pediatric Heart Lung Center and the Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Colorado School of Medicine and The Children’s Hospital, Denver, CO. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the benefits of inhaled nitric oxide in the treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. 2. Determine the range of appropriate initial doses of inhaled nitric oxide therapy for term neonates. 3. Delineate the potential role of inhaled nitric oxide in conjunction with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. 4. Describe the lung-specific effects of low-dose inhaled nitric oxide therapy in preterm newborns who have severe hypoxemic respiratory failure. Early reports of the use of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) in term newborns who had persistent pulmonary hypertension showed both acute and sustained improvement in oxygenation. Subsequently, randomized controlled trials of iNO in term newborns confirmed that this selective pulmonary vasodilator improves oxygenation and reduces the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Results of a more recent randomized controlled trial of iNO in term newborns corroborate the findings of previous studies. These studies should provide sufficient evidence of the safety and efficacy of iNO to support regulatory approval of this therapy for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN). However, less is known about the potential role of iNO in preterm newborns. In this review, we summarize the key findings of clinical trials in the term newborn and the current status of iNO in the preterm newborn. After the publication of pilot trials with iNO, which documented marked improvement in oxygenation in term newborns who had PPHN, several randomized, controlled trials were conducted and demonstrated further the efficacy of iNO in PPHN. For example, these studies reported acute improvement in oxygenation after 30 minutes of iNO treatment. iNO reduced the need for ECMO, and lung recruitment strategies augmented the response to iNO when PPHN complicated the course of patients who had parenchymal lung disease. However, none of the studies was designed to evaluate the efficacy of …
CALCIUM AND INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS IN THE BLOOD OF RABBITS IV. INFLUENCE OF LIGHT ENVIRONMENT ON NORMAL RABBITS.

A series of experiments was carried out for the purpose of determining whether a light environment comprising radiations of comparatively long wave-length and only a small amount of energy was capable of affecting the chemical equilibrium of the blood as indicated by the calcium and inorganic phosphorus content of the blood of normal rabbits. A study was made of effects produced by prolonged exposure to fixed environmental conditions (neon light and darkness) as compared with a varying environment of diffuse, filtered sunlight and by a change from one environment to another. It was found that the chemical equilibrium of the blood was definitely affected by the conditions employed and that the effects produced could be correlated with differences in organic constitution on the one hand, and on the other, with certain differences in the functional activity of the same animals, involving nutrition and growth and the proliferative activity of hair follicles.
Synthetic thermally reversible gel systems. VIII. Poly(vinyl chloride)–dioxane

When interpreted by network theory, equilibrium swelling measurements on poly-(vinyl chloride) (PVC) film in dioxane and moduli measurements on the equilibrium swelled films yield values for the approximate molecular weight between thermally reversible crosslinks and for the number of these crosslinks per polymer chain. These values are in reasonable agreement with the thermodynamic analysis of PVC–dioxane gels by Takahashi, Nakamura, and Kagawa and with the premise that three-dimensional network formation in these gels occurs by crystallization of a very limited number of syndiotactic sequences per chain having a sequence length of between 8 and 10. Failure to observe fusion endotherms by DTA on PVC–dibutyl phthalate gels supports the view that PVC gels have a low crystalline crosslink density and a low heat of crosslinking. The heat of crosslinking obtained by the method of Eldridge and Ferry shows only moderate agreement with expectations based on the heat of fusion of PVC and the number of repeating units per PVC chain passing through a crystalline crosslink in a PVC–dioxane gel.
Atom Cooling, Trapping, and Quantum Manipulation

Modern atomic, molecular, and optical physics has advanced primarily by using known physics to devise innovative techniques to better isolate and control the atomic system, and then exploiting this nearly ideal system to achieve higher precision and discover new physical phenomena. The striking advances along these lines have been recognized by awards of Nobel prizes to 21 individuals in this area; most recently, the 1997 Nobel prize was given for laser cooling and trapping of neutral atoms (Phys. Today, 1997). In the first half of the twentieth century, the Stern-Gerlach magnet, and later optical pumping, allowed the preparation and analysis of internal quantum numbers. Resonance techniques allowed the quantum state to be changed controllably, and methods such as Ramsey’s separated oscillatory fields, and spin echos created and exploited coherent superposition of internal quantum states. This control of internal states ultimately led to the invention of the maser and the laser. For a brief discussion of what might be called “Rabi physics,” see the article by Kleppner in this volume.
Correlation between recruitment and fall condition of age-0 pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) from the eastern Bering Sea under varying climate conditions

Fishery managers require an understanding of how climate influences recruitment if they are to separate the effects of fishing and climate on production. The southeastern Bering Sea offers opportunities to understand climate effects on recruitment because inter-annual oscillations in ice coverage set up warm or cold conditions for juvenile fish production. Depth-averaged temperature anomalies in the Bering Sea indicate the past nine years have included three warm (2003–2005), an average (2006), and five cold (2007–2011) years. We examined how these climatic states influenced the diet quality and condition (size, energy density and total energy) of young-of-the-year (YOY) pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) in fall. The implications of fall condition were further examined by relating condition prior to winter to the number of age-1 recruits-per-spawner the following summer (R/S). The percentage of lipid in pollock diets was threefold higher in cold years compared with warm years, but stomach fullness did not vary. Consequently, fish energy densities were 33% higher in cold years (P<0.001) than in warm years. In contrast, neither fish size (P=0.666), nor total energy (P=0.197) varied with climatic condition. However, total energy was significantly (P=0.007) and positively correlated with R/S (R2=0.736). We conclude that recruitment to age-1 in the southeastern Bering Sea is improved under environmental conditions that produce large, energy dense YOY pollock in fall.
A repair tool-(c)kit for the injured heart.

1. Ellison GM, Vicinanza C, Smith AJ, Aquila I, Leone A, Waring CD, et al. Adult c-kit(pos) cardiac stem cells are necessary and sufficient for functional cardiac regeneration and repair. Cell . 2013;154:827–842. 2. Bergmann O, Bhardwaj RD, Bernard S, Zdunek S, Barnabe-Heider F, Walsh S, et al. Evidence for cardiomyocyte renewal in humans. Science. 2009;324:98–102. 3. Beltrami AP, Barlucchi L, Torella D, Baker M, Limana F, Chimenti S, et al. Adult cardiac stem cells are multipotent and support myocardial regeneration. Cell. 2003;114:763–776. 4. Senyo SE, Steinhauser ML, Pizzimenti CL, Yang VK, Cai L, Wang M, et al. Mammalian heart renewal by pre-existing cardiomyocytes. Nature. 2013;493:433–436. 5. Nelson TJ, Faustino RS, Chiriac A, Crespo-Diaz R, Behfar A, Terzic A. CXCR4+/FLK-1+ biomarkers select a cardiopoietic lineage from embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells. 2008;26:1464–1473. It is now accepted that the heart is a self-renewing organ,2 although its regenerative capacity is insufficient to restore healthy homeostasis after injury in human adults. Despite advances in characterization and attempts at modulating regeneration of the heart, the origin of newly formed cardiomyocytes is highly debated, with evidence independently supporting the existence of a critical stem cell compartment that supplies newly formed cardiomyocyte after injury3 or suggesting that division of mononucleated cardiomyocytes can replace lost cardiac cells.4 In this study, Ellison et al1 hypothesize that c-kit–positive endogenous cardiac stem cells (eCSCs) are the main source for new functional cardiomyocytes responsible for anatomic and functional recovery in the setting of acute heart failure caused by diffuse injury. Ellison et al1 applied a method of severe diffused myocardial damage caused by a single high dose of isoproterenol (ISO), originally described in adult rats, and translated it to a mouse model to allow lineage tracing experiments. The resulting injury was spontaneously reverted after 4 weeks, creating a system to study …
Can intuitive knowledge be taught in midwifery practice

This paper critically analyses the notion of midwifery epistemology and the ontological view that intuitive knowledge, while in built, develops into tacit knowledge. through pre-registration midwifery programmes learning strategies are identified that enable students to develop tacit knowledge. the art of midwifery education, both pre-registrationand lifelong, is to learn to believe in an individual's intuition. intuitive knowledge is a type of knowing, the art of midwifery that is difficult to articulate but fundamental for best practice. Midwives rely on the model that childbirth is a normal phenomenon. the learner has to travel a complex and exciting journey, meeting academic requirements, fulfil Women's expectations and learn to listen to her/his inner self. through this process of learning, theoretical knowledge, developing clinical acumen and awareness of self, the sum of the parts is more than the whole.
Simulation and modeling of air traffic over the Western Atlantic Route System

The increase in air traffic over the oceanic airspace and the ever rising cost of fuel prompted the investigation of the reduction of separation standards on and between flight tracks so as most, if not all aircraft, operating on the tracks realize their optimum flight paths that minimize fuel consumption. This paper summarizes the work that investigates the effect of proposed reductions in vertical and longitudinal separation between aircraft operating in the Western Atlantic Route System (WATRS). The principal effect of concern is aircraft fuel consumption. Currently aircraft are required to maintain a vertical separation of 2000 ft. when assigned to the same route, the proposed vertical separation standard is 1000 ft; similarly aircraft pairs operating on the same route and flight level are separated by 15 minutes, a reduction to 10 minutes is investigated. We model and simulate the air traffic over the WATRS region under different separation scenarios. Optimization algorithms are developed to determine the optimum flight plan for every aircraft operating in the region. Comparisons of fuel consumption under these scenarios are conducted. The initial results of this research show that the proposed Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM) results in a significant reduction in fuel consumption when compared with current separation standards.
Effects of forest management intensity on carbon and nitrogen content in different soil size fractions of a North Florida Spodosol

Pine plantations of the southeastern USA are regional carbon (C) sinks. In spite of large increases in woody biomass due to advanced growing systems, studies have shown little or even negative eVects on the C content of the extremely sandy soils of this region. Hence, it is important to understand the mechanisms that determine the impact of intensive forest manage- ment on soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. This study was conducted to examine the C proWle in a 4-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation managed under two levels of management intensity (chemical understory control and fertilizer inputs). Soil organic C and nitrogen (N) pools were evaluated using two size fractionation methods, dry and wet sieving (2000-250 m, 250-150 m, 150-53 m and <53 m). Dry sieving was preferred over wet sieving for soil size fractionation, as it preserved more structure and water- soluble SOC components such as esters and amides and did not aVect the N distribution. DiVuse ReXectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) spectra were used to examine the chemical composition of the size fractions, which showed the presence of recently added organic matter in the largest sand frac- tion, as well as more decomposed organic matter in the <53 m fraction. Intensive forest management reduced SOC in all three 2000-53 m fractions, most likely due to reduced root input of understory plants that were con- trolled using herbicides. The 2000-250 m fractions contained nearly half of the total SOC and showed a 23% decrease in C content due to the intensive manage- ment regime. Results from this study indicated the sig- niWcance and responsiveness of sand size SOC fractions in Florida Spodosols. Results also showed that reduc- tions in SOC due to intensive management occurred after four years and highlighted the need to understand the long-term impacts and the mechanisms responsible.