cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Challenges in distinguishing superexchange and hopping mechanisms of intramolecular charge transfer through fluorene oligomers.

The temperature dependence of intramolecular charge separation in a series of donor-bridge-acceptor molecules having phenothiazine (PTZ) donors, 2,7-oligofluorene FLn (n = 1−4) bridges, and perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (PDI) acceptors was studied. Photoexcitation of PDI to its lowest excited singlet state results in oxidation of PTZ via the FLn bridge. In toluene, the temperature dependence of the charge separation rate constants for PTZ-FLn-PDI, (n = 1−4) is relatively weak and is successfully described by the semiclassical Marcus equation. The activation energies for charge separation suggest that bridge charge carrier injection is not the rate limiting step. The difficulty of using temperature and length dependence to differentiate hopping and superexchange is discussed, with difficulties in the latter topic explored via an extension of a kinetic model proposed by Bixon and Jortner.
Contrasting Background Conditions for Aggregation in Planaria

PLANARIA are known to form large aggregations in the laboratory and in the wild1. One of us (J. H. R.) has shown2 that planaria aggregate in conditions of homogeneous illumination, in the dark and when two species are maintained together, differentially according to species. Furthermore, the effect is general, being found in several species of planaria3. These results support a pheromone or chemotaxis interpretation of aggregation formation in which planaria presumably secrete chemical substances to which planaria are positively chemotactic.
Synergistic cytotoxic effect of tiazofurin and ribavirin in hepatoma cells

Tiazofurin, an anti-cancer drug, which induces remissions in human leukemia, and ribavirin, an anti-viral agent, bind at separate sites (NADH and IMP-XMP sites, respectively) on the target enzyme, IMP dehydrogenase. Now we show that the binding to IMP dehydrogenase of these drugs at two separate sites is translated into synergistic inhibition of de novo guanylate biosynthesis and synergistic toxicity in rat hepatoma 3924A cells. These results may be utilized in the chemotherapy of neoplastic diseases and in the treatment of hepatitis virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma.
BATCH ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF DHA‐CONTAINING STRUCTURED LIPIDS

Fortification of processed foods with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) is rarely practiced in North America. This study utilized, DHA single cell oil (DHASCO), an algal source of PUFA (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA), for the synthesis of structured lipids (SL) and compared the oxidative stability and melting characteristics of the products with those of native DHASCO as control. Immobilized lipase, IM60 from Rhizomucor miehei was the biocatalyst. DHASCO was modified with caprylic, oleic, or stearic acids as acyl donors, in a stirred-batch reactor, to produce three different SL. The reactions were performed at 55C for 48 h in n-hexane for caprylic and oleic acid SL, and at 60C for stearic acid-SL. Mole ratio of substrates were 1:6 for DHASCO-C8:0, 1:2 for DHASCO-C18:1, and 1:1 for DHASCO-C18:0. Mol% incorporation and the fatty acids at the sn-2 position of the SL were determined by gas chromatography (GC). After DHASCO oil modification, mol% of the incorporated fatty acids were 47.6, 46.3 and 31.2 for C8:0, C18:1, and C18:0-containing SL, respectively. Alkaline extraction was a better deacidification method than short-path distillation, and reduced free fatty acid levels to 0.3% in all SL. DHA was the predominant fatty acid at the sn-2 position in all the SL. DHASCO melting peak was -10.6C. The melting peaks for the SL were -10 and -6.2C for oleic-SL, -8.1 and -0.7C for caprylic-SL, and 16.0, 20.4, and 34.4C for stearic-SL. Oxidative stability studies showed that SL were less stable to oxidation than DHASCO, with DHASCO-18:0 being the most susceptible. With the addition of adequate antioxidants, such SL products synthesized from DHASCO will be stabilized and may be useful in DHA fortification of processed foods such as nutrition bars, dressings, infant formula or in functional foods.
A 0.1 TO 50 GHz Automatic Netowrk Analyzer

An Automatic Network Analyzer (ANA) covering the range from 0.1 to 50 GHz was built at Rockwell International Corporation by modifying a standard Hewlett Packard 8409C Network Analyzer, Basically, the changes involve adding a phase-locked, local oscillator (8 to 18 GHz), an amplifier/switch interface unit, and dual directional millimeter waveguide test sets, which incorporate RF and LO mu1tip1iers, directional couplers, and downconverting mixers. The ANA was designed to measure all four S-parameters at millimeter frequencies with the convenience, accuracy, and dynamic range comparable to the HP8409C at 18 GHz. An elaborate software package was developed which provides a wide range of functional operations using the HP9836 computer. A description of the system and its performance are presented in this paper.
Positive Adjustment and Associated Protective Factors in Children of Adolescent Mothers

Numerous studies indicate that children of adolescent mothers are at an increased risk for a variety of negative outcomes, even after controlling for diverse social and health factors. However, relatively less research has examined positive adjustment in these children, or protective factors associated with such adjustment. We examined the prediction of positive behavioral, social, and academic adjustment at Grade 3 in a sample of 100 children born to adolescent mothers, followed longitudinally since the children were 1 year old. Individualized testing and parent and teacher ratings were used to measure adjustment outcomes. Predictor variables were selected from characteristics of the child and parenting/family context. Logistic regression analyses indicated that aspects of children's positive adjustment in Grade 3 were predicted by a number of child and parenting/family variables measured at least 4 to 5 years earlier. Significant predictors included lower levels of child externalizing behavior, more advanced language development, lower levels of maternal depressive symptoms, and higher levels of positive parenting. Implications for preventive intervention and future research are discussed.
The effect of testosterone on ascorbic acid synthesis in rooster comb

Abstract The level of “total” ascorbic acid (ascorbate+dehydroascorbate) has been measured in the mucoid layer of combs from normal roosters, capons and capons treated with testosterone. The “total” ascorbate level in capon comb was lower than the value obtained from combs from normal roosters. This value returned towards normal in combs from capons treated with testosterone. The specific activity of L -gulonate-NADP + oxidoreductase, an enzyme in the pathway of ascorbate biosynthesis, also was measured. The specific activity levels followed a pattern similar to the ascorbate levels in the three types of combs utilized. The results are consistent with the possible role of L -ascorbic acid as a cofactor in the synthesis of collagen, a process which also appears to be dependent on the level of testosterone in the comb mucoid layer.
Automotive Three-Way Catalyst Diagnostics with Experimental Results

Presented is the model based diagnostics of a three-way catalyst (TWC). The proposed TWC model relates measurable engine inputs (engine air mass (AM) and catalyst temperature) to a metric that quantifies TWC oxygen storage capacity. The TWC model structure is based on the dynamics of the TWC and identified using orthogonal least squares (OLS). The model coefficients are estimated using an instrumental variables four step (IV4) approach. TWC diagnostics is realized by means of an information synthesis (IS) technique where changes in the adapted TWC model coefficients are utilized to estimate TWC health. The approach is experimentally validated on a federal test procedure (FTP) drive cycle for healthy (full useful life, FUL) and failed (threshold) TWCs. The results will show that a 100% accurate classification in TWC health estimation (FUL or threshold) is produced for the catalysts tested.
Factors Influencing Alcohol Use Among Sexual Minority Women in a Non-Urban Community: A Mixed Methods Study

The present study used a mixed methods design to explore factors influencing alcohol use among sexual minority (lesbian, bisexual, queer, and same-sex attracted) women in a non-urban community. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with 15 self-identified sexual minority women regarding the physical, social, and emotional context of two recent incidents of alcohol use. To compliment the interview responses, participants also completed the Lesbian Internalized Homophobia Scale and Psychological Sense of LGBT Community Scale. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the interview data, revealing patterns of alcohol use and influences on drinking across various contexts. The majority of reported incidents met the criteria for hazardous drinking and occurred in public LGBTQ settings. The top reported influences on alcohol use were to decrease anxiety, ease social interaction, enhance enjoyment and fun, and peer pressure to fit in. Patterns across drinking settings, influences, internali...
Animal models of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The preterm baboon models.

Much of the progress in improved neonatal care, particularly management of underdeveloped preterm lungs, has been aided by investigations of multiple animal models, including the neonatal baboon (P...
On variational and quasi-variational inequalities with multivalued lower order terms and convex functionals

Abstract In this paper, we consider the existence and some qualitative properties of solutions of variational inequalities of the form: Find u ∈ D ( J ) : 〈 A ( u ) , v − u 〉 + 〈 F ( u ) , v − u 〉 + J ( v ) − J ( u ) ≥ 0 , ∀ v ∈ X , and of quasi-variational inequalities of the form: Find u ∈ D ( J u ) : 〈 A ( u ) , v − u 〉 + 〈 F ( u ) , v − u 〉 + J u ( v ) − J u ( u ) ≥ 0 , ∀ v ∈ X , where A is a second-order elliptic operator of Leray–Lions type, F is a multivalued lower order term, J and J u are convex functionals, and J u also depends on u . We concentrate here in noncoercive cases and use sub-supersolution methods to study the existence and enclosure of solutions, and also the existence of extremal solutions between sub and supersolutions.
Parametric Proximal-Point Methods

The main purpose of the present work is to introduce two parametric proximal-point type algorithms involving the gradient (or subdifferential) of a convex function. We take advantage of some properties of maximal monotone operators to prove monotonicity and convergence rate conditions. One example in Hilbert spaces and two numerical examples with program realizations are presented.
Modeling of Wedge-Shaped Anisotropic Piezocomposite Transducer for Guided Wave-based Structural Health Monitoring

The guided wave (GW) fleld excited by a wedge-shaped, anisotropic piezocomposite transducer (APT), surface-bonded on an isotropic substrate is investigated with applications to large area structural health monitoring (SHM). It is shown that this conflguration is signiflcantly more e‐cient than conventional designs in terms of electric current drawn to induced displacement amplitudes. The analysis is based on the three-dimensional equations of elasticity, and the solution yields analytical expressions for the fleld variables in three separate spatial regions determined by the location of the transducer’s radial edges. In this study, the dynamics of the substrate and transducer are assumed uncoupled, and their interaction is modeled through surface tractions along the transducer’s edges. The excitation modes considered are harmonic and a Hann-modulated toneburst. A similar problem is modeled using three-dimensional flnite element simulations, to assess the spatial and transient accuracy of the analytical solution. The results show good agreement over a wide range of radial and azimuthal positions, as well as good time resolution. The resulting expressions are used to identify optimal harmonic excitation frequencies and actuator dimensions. The response of a wedge-shaped APT sensor and a rectangular piezoelectric sensor under the guided wave fleld excited by a wedge-shaped APT actuator is also investigated.
Spanning closed trails in graphs

Abstract Let G be a 2-edge-connected simple graph on n>;95 vertices. Let l be the number of vertices of degree 2 in G. We prove that if l An example shows that if a graph satisfies the conditions above except that it has too many vertices of degree 2, then the conclusion fails. This result is related to a conjecture of Benhocine et al. (1986), recently proved by Veldman. We obtain some other related results.
System Size and Structural Differentiation in Formal Organizations: a Problem of Partitions

The discovery of a volume, published by the Royal Society, dealing with partitions (an area of combinatorial mathematics) is reported to appear as both a solution to computational problems noted by Mayhew et al (1972) and a powerful tool by which a number of other baseline models may be constructed with varying sets of limiting assumptions. One of these other models is described and appears relevant to the study of differentiation in terms of ranks such as the military chain of command.
Response to "Core specialty collaboration and integrated subject formation of cosmetic medicine".

I commend the Chinese authors of the Letter to the Editor entitled “Core Specialty Collaboration and Integrated Subject Formation of Cosmetic Medicine” for their synopsis of the development of Chinese cosmetic medicine. The United States unquestionably can learn from Chinese theories supported by data-driven outcomes of research studies. Clearly, with core specialty collaboration in the United States …
Detection and characterization of defects in microelectronic packages and boards by means of high-resolution x-ray computed tomography (CT)

In this paper a review of the development of x-ray computed tomography (CT) for non-destructive failure analysis in microelectronics packages and boards is presented. The general operation principle, key design considerations and technical challenges faced by x-ray CT technology are discussed. A comparison between 2D and 3D x-ray imaging capabilities is presented, and critical failure analysis case studies for first and second level interconnect that are hard or not possible to isolate by alternative methods are also discussed, as well as its unique progressive testing capability.
Interaction of Ler at the LEE5 (tir) operon of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.

The genome of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) encodes a global regulator, Ler (locus of enterocyte effacement [LEE]-encoded regulator), which activates expression of several polycistronic operons within the 35.6-kb LEE pathogenicity island, including the LEE2-LEE3 divergent operon pair containing overlapping −10 regions and the LEE5 (tir) operon. Ler is a predicted 15-kDa protein that exhibits amino acid similarity with the nucleoid protein H-NS. In order to study Ler-mediated activation of virulence operons in EPEC, we used a molecular approach to characterize the interactions of purified Ler protein with the upstream regulatory sequences of the LEE5 operon. We determined the cis-acting DNA sequences necessary for Ler binding at LEE5 by mobility shift and DNase I protection assays, demonstrating that Ler acts directly at LEE5 by binding sequences between positions −190 and −73 in relation to the transcriptional start site. Based on the molecular weight of Ler, the similarity to H-NS, and the extended region of protection observed in a DNase I footprint at LEE5, we hypothesized that multiple Ler proteins bind upstream of the LEE5 promoter to increase transcriptional activity from a distance. Using an hns deletion strain, we demonstrated that like the LEE2-LEE3 operon pair, H-NS represses LEE5 transcription. We describe a model in which Ler activates transcription at both divergent overlapping paired and single promoters by displacing H-NS, which results in the disruption of a repressing nucleoprotein complex.
LabVIEW based automatic paralleling of synchronous generator system

This paper describes the development and implementation of automatic paralleling of synchronous generator system using LabVIEW platform. The system comprises of the hardware and the software parts. The hardware part encapsulates the prime mover, synchronous alternator, excitation unit and other sundries that constitute a synchronous generator system. The software part comprises of the National Instruments LabVIEW software, PCI-6014 Data Acquisition card, and the NI ELVIS devices. The overall system architecture is simple and cheap to implement and is recommended for paralleling of small synchronous generators (SSG) in the mission field of military establishment.
Morphological and Molecular Evidence for a Stepwise Evolutionary Transition from Teeth to Baleen in Mysticete Whales

The origin of baleen in mysticete whales represents a major transition in the phylogenetic history of Cetacea. This key specialization, a keratinous sieve that enables filter-feeding, permitted exploitation of a new ecological niche and heralded the evolution of modern baleen-bearing whales, the largest animals on Earth. To date, all formally described mysticete fossils conform to two types: toothed species from Oligocene-age rocks ( approximately 24 to 34 million years old) and toothless species that presumably utilized baleen to feed (Recent to approximately 30 million years old). Here, we show that several Oligocene toothed mysticetes have nutrient foramina and associated sulci on the lateral portions of their palates, homologous structures in extant mysticetes house vessels that nourish baleen. The simultaneous occurrence of teeth and nutrient foramina implies that both teeth and baleen were present in these early mysticetes. Phylogenetic analyses of a supermatrix that includes extinct taxa and new data for 11 nuclear genes consistently resolve relationships at the base of Mysticeti. The combined data set of 27,340 characters supports a stepwise transition from a toothed ancestor, to a mosaic intermediate with both teeth and baleen, to modern baleen whales that lack an adult dentition but retain developmental and genetic evidence of their ancestral toothed heritage. Comparative sequence data for ENAM (enamelin) and AMBN (ameloblastin) indicate that enamel-specific loci are present in Mysticeti but have degraded to pseudogenes in this group. The dramatic transformation in mysticete feeding anatomy documents an apparently rare, stepwise mode of evolution in which a composite phenotype bridged the gap between primitive and derived morphologies; a combination of fossil and molecular evidence provides a multifaceted record of this macroevolutionary pattern.
Comparing Direct Thrombin Inhibitors Using aPTT, Ecarin Clotting Times, and Thrombin Inhibitor Management Testing

BACKGROUND:Patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis may be acutely anticoagulated with direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs). The anticoagulation is typically monitored using the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) or ecarin clotting time (ECT).OBJECTIVE:To compare 14 methods for measuring aPTT, as well as ECT and thrombin inhibitor management test (TIM), in samples containing DTIs.METHODS:DTIs were added to pooled normal plasma to achieve low (0.1–1.2 μg/mL) and high (1.5–8.0 μg/mL) drug concentrations. Each low-concentration DTI sample was tested using all aPTT reagents, while each low- and high-concentration DTI was tested using the ECT and TIM.RESULTS:All aPTT reagents had a significant dose-dependent correlation with drug concentration. Only Actin FSL and APTT-S demonstrated equivalent aPTT ratios obtained from any DTI. The TAS-aPTT was the most sensitive aPTT reagent to argatroban, with the aPTT ranging from 52.7 to 121.2 seconds corresponding to 0.1 to 1.2 μg/mL of drug co...
Problem Parameter and Problem Finding in Art Education

The significance of problem parameters in art education is examined. Problem parameters are delineated by the art instructor in the problem finding stage of the creative process before problem solving occurs. Problem parameters define problems and focus students' creative processes. In the delivery of an assignment, the art teacher presents problem parameters to students and students respond to parameters. A model is proposed illustrating the relationship between the presented problem parameters of art assignments and the creative processes of students. Characteristics of the instructional implementations of parameters are examined: Incomplete Parameters; Overly and Inadequately Restrictive Parameters; and Expanding and Contracting Parameters. Student responses to parameters are explored: Disregarded, Self-imposed, and Stretched Parameters. The implications of the model in art education are discussed.
Hybrid sol-gel materials for integration of optoelectronic components

We report on the integration of the Bragg filters with 1/spl times/8 multimode interference (MMI) power splitters on silicon substrate, and the demonstration of 1/spl times/8 external cavity distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) lasers. Hybrid organic-inorganic material is developed based on the sol-gel synthesis of an organically modified silicon alkoxide. The sol-gel material is spin coated on grating SiO/sub 2/-Si wafers, and the designed components (splitters and filters) are UV imprinted and developed using solvent assisted photolithography. The Bragg reflectors show filtering up to 98% with a bandwidth of about 0.8 nm consistent with their theoretical prediction. Integrated reflectors and MMI splitters are then used as feedback resonators for DBR lasers. Single-mode lasing with sidemode suppressions of up to 40 dB and a linewidth of about 400 kHz is observed. At 1550- nm wavelength, the loss and power uniformity in the MMI splitters, designed on the basis of lowest loss, are, respectively, 0.13 dB and 0.03 dB poorer than their theoretical calculations.
Radiation from axisymmetric waveguide fed horns

The finite element method (FEM) is used in conjunction with the method of moments (MoM) and the mode matching technique (MM) to calculate reflection coefficients and radiation patterns for axisymmetric waveguide fed horns. The coupling of FEM to the MoM, on one hand, and the coupling of the FEM to the MM, on the other, are performed by using boundary integrals. One advantage of this approach is that it allows for the presence of inhomogeneous materials to be included in the modelling domain as this poses no special problems for the FEM. In this respect, this method differs from the work of Berthon and Bills [1989] who use only the MoM with a single waveguide mode serving as the excitation. After describing the basic theory, the method is applied to a horn antenna on the Cassini spacecraft. The two dimensional modelling domain for this horn clearly shows where the FEM/MoM and the FEM/MM boundary surfaces are located. Comparisons of measured and calculated far field radiation patterns and reflection coefficients are then shown. It is noted that this method generates a sparse, diagonally dominant, complex-symmetric system matrix which may be solved with standard library routines. Moreover, this FEM formulation has been shown to be free of spurious solutions.
A Compact x-ray Radiography Accelerator Using High-Gradient Vacuum Insulator Technology

Using the high-gradient vacuum dielectric wall accelerator technology, the authors are developing a compact induction accelerator system primarily intended for pulsed X-ray radiography. The accelerator would provide a 2-kA beam for a 20-30 ns flat-top. The design goal is to generate a 2-mm diameter X-ray source. There are two physics designs of the system from the injector to the X-ray converter for two different final energies (8 MeV and 20 MeV). The design goal for the 8-MeV system is to generate 10-rad of X-ray, and the design goal for the 20-MeV system is to generate 300-rad of X-ray. Modeling results were presented and the beam physics in the system were discussed. The predicted spot sizes and the on-axis X-ray doses for both energies were also presented
Immersion fixation methods for glycol methacrylate-embedded testes.

Routine processing of testicular tissue through 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF) into paraffin produces severe cellular shrinkage which obscures most of the morphologic detail. The following studies were performed to compare different combinations of immersion fixatives and embedding media for optimal cellular detail in the final histologic sections. We examined sections of testes from rats, mice, and rabbits fixed in either NBF, Bouin's, Zenker's, or Helly's fixatives, and embedded in either standard paraffin or glycol methacrylate. The results were similar in all 3 species. In paraffin, Bouin's or Helly's fixatives produced the fewest artifacts, while in glycol methacrylate, NBF-fixed tissue showed the greatest intracellular detail and preservation. The merits and limitations of each method are discussed for the rat, with exceptions for the other species noted where appropriate. The use of glycol methacrylate as the support medium for sectioning makes high-quality tissue sections available from forma...
Does it always help to adjust for misclassification of a binary outcome in logistic regression

It is well known that in logistic regression, where the outcome is measured with error, a biased estimate of the association between the outcome and a risk factor may result if no proper adjustment is made. Hence, it seems tempting to always adjust for possible misclassification of the outcome. Here we show that it is not always beneficial to do so because, though the adjustment reduces the bias, it also inflates the variance, leading to a possibly larger mean squared error of the estimate. In the context of a data set on agricultural injuries, numerical evidence is provided through simulation studies.
RATES AND POTENTIAL CAUSES OF MORTALITY IN NORTH ATLANTIC RIGHT WHALES (EUBALAENA GLACIALIS)

North Atlantic right whale mortality rates range from 2% to 17% over the first four years of life. Sources of mortality in this population include ship collisions, entanglements, and natural causes. A combined analysis of stranding data, entanglement records, and photographic information indicates that approximately one third of all right whale mortality is caused by human activities. Anthropogenic sources of right whale mortality may be a significant factor inhibiting growth in the North Atlantic population.
Blood, Power, and Hypocrisy: The Murder of Robert Imbrie and American Relations with Pehlavi Iran, 1924

On Friday, July 18, 1924, Robert W. Imbrie, United States Consul in Tehran— and personal friend and special agent of Allen W. Dulles, Chief of the State Department's Near Eastern Affairs Division—was brutally killed. Imbrie was beaten to death by a mob led by members of the Muslim clergy and including many members of the Iranian Army. In the weeks preceding July 18, there had been several outbreaks of anti-Bahai violence. Imbrie and Melvin Seymour had gone that morning to investigate a miraculous watering place in central Tehran that figured in the anti-Bahai excitement. According to contemporary accounts, a Bahai had been struck blind after drinking from the source when he refused to make an offering in the name of the Shi'i saints; his sight miraculously had been restored after he had repented and made the donation.
Privacy-Preserving Sharing of Sensitive Information

Privacy-preserving sharing of sensitive information (PPSSI) is motivated by the increasing need for entities (organizations or individuals) that don't fully trust each other to share sensitive information. Many types of entities need to collect, analyze, and disseminate data rapidly and accurately, without exposing sensitive information to unauthorized or untrusted parties. Although statistical methods have been used to protect data for decades, they aren't foolproof and generally involve a trusted third party. Recently, the security research community has studied—and, in a few cases, deployed—techniques using secure, multiparty function evaluation, encrypted keywords, and private information retrieval. However, few practical tools and technologies provide data privacy, especially when entities have certain common goals and require (or are mandated) some sharing of sensitive information. To this end, PPSSI technology aims to enable sharing information, without exposing more than the minimum necessary to complete a common task.
Peer Context of Mathematics Classroom Belonging in Early Adolescence

Classroom peer factors were examined for their role in African American and White early adolescents’ sense of belonging in mathematics classrooms. After controlling for fall sense of classroom belo...
Ultrafast relaxation dynamics in GaN nanowires

Time-resolved optical measurements on GaN nanowires give insight into carrier relaxation dynamics on a femtosecond timescale, allowing us to understand the nature of defect states present in the nanostructure.
Accumulation and partitioning of mineral nutrients in wheat as influenced by nitrogen form

Abstract The form of nitrogen (N) [e.g., nitrate (NC3 ‐) and ammonium (NH4 +)] available to plants affects many growth processes, including mineral nutrient acquisition. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of N form on the accumulation and partitioning of mineral nutrients in wheat. Two species of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Len and Triticum durum Desf. cv. Inbar) were grown hydroponically in the greenhouse with N supplied as either all NO3 ‐, or all NH4 +, or an equal mixture of the two forms (mixed N). Plants were harvested after 21 days of growth, divided into shoots and roots and each part analyzed for nine mineral elements [phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and boron (B)]. The accumulation and partitioning of the mineral nutrients was dependent on the wheat species, the N form, and the nature of the ion. Inbar plants always accumulated more of each element than did Len. Compared with all NO3 ‐ n...
Kinetic Ignition Enhancement of $\hbox{H}_{2}$ Versus Fuel-Blended Air Diffusion Flames Using Nonequilibrium Plasma

Kinetic ignition enhancement of H2 diffusion flames by a nonequilibrium plasma discharge of H2- and CH4-blended oxidizer was studied experimentally and numerically through the development of a well-defined counterflow system. Measurements of ignition temperatures and major species as well as computations of rates of production and sensitivity analyses were conducted to identify the important kinetic pathways. It was found that the competition between the catalytic effect of NOx and the inhibitive effects of H2O and CH4 governed the ignition processes in the system. With air as the oxidizer, ignition was enhanced from the plasma-produced NOx. With H2 addition to the oxidizer, H2O formation significantly increased the ignition temperature. However, with plasma activation, the inhibitive effect of H2O was significantly reduced because of the dominant role of NOx. With CH4 addition to the oxidizer, the ignition temperatures increased due to the radical quenching by H2O or CH4, depending upon the strain rate. The results showed that the inhibitive effects were significantly decreased with plasma activation. Unlike vitiated air ignition, plasma-enhanced ignition for fuel-air mixtures can suppress the inhibitive effects of H2O and CH4 because of the overwhelming catalytic NOx effect at low temperatures.
Development of the miniature video docking sensor

To perform realistic demonstrations of autonomous docking maneuvers using micro-satellites, the MIT Space Systems Laboratory (SSL) developed a miniature universal docking port along with an optical sensing system for relative state estimation. The docking port has an androgynous design and is universal since any two identical ports can be connected together. After a rigid connection is made, it is capable of passing electrical loads between the connected micro-satellites. The optical sensor uses a set of infrared LED's, a miniature CCD-based video camera, and an Extended Kalman Filter to determine the six relative degrees of freedom of the docking satellite. The SPHERES testbed, also developed by the MIT SSL, was used to demonstrate the integrated docking port and sensor system. This study focuses on the development of the optical docking sensor, and presents test results collected to date during fully autonomous docking experiments performed at the MIT SSL 2-D laboratory. Tests were performed to verify the validity of the docking sensor by taking measurements at known distances. These results give an estimate of the sensor accuracy, and are compared with a theoretical model to understand the sources of error in the state measurements.
INVESTMENT IN SETUP COST, LEAD TIME, AND DEMAND PREDICTABILITY IMPROVEMENT IN THE EOQ MODEL

We study an economic order quantity/reorder point (EOQ/ROP) model with stochastic demand and backorders where options of investing in reducing setup cost, lead time, and variance of demand forecast errors are available. The model is quite comprehensive relative to previous models since it simultaneously addresses the strategic decisions associated with these three investment opportunities as well as the tactical decisions of determining both the lot size and the safety stock. We develop a simple search procedure to obtain the optimal values of setup cost, lead time, variance of demand forecast errors, order quantity, and safety stock multiplier. Computational studies are performed to determine the sensitivity of the optimal solution of the model to changes in the model's parameters.
Factors affecting the temperature stability of APCVD systems in a rapidly changing semiconductor manufacturing environment

Reports on a comprehensive characterization effort carried out in understanding the effects of air flow and exhaust pressure and velocity on the temperature stability of an APCVD tool used to deposition of contact dielectric layer. Air flow and pressure were measured at different locations within the system and in close proximity to the tool in both the process bay and the service chase to ascertain the flow dynamics. Effects of air flow and exhaust pressure fluctuations and convective heat transfer under various deposition process conditions were studied. In addition, a statistically designed experiment was conducted using an air flow visualization approach to observe the air flow patterns through the APCVD reactor as a function of various exhaust velocities as well as different air blocking schemes to restrict the direction and flow of air from bay to chase. Effects of this phenomena on equipment availability and uptime are discussed. Several solutions including both hardware modifications of the tool and changes to the facilities design and configuration are presented. >
Pulmonary Inflammation Disrupts Surfactant Function during Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia

During Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in mice, the degree of pulmonary inflammation correlates directly with the severity of lung function deficits. Therefore, studies were undertaken to determine whether the host inflammatory response contributes to PCP-related respiratory impairment, at least in part, by disrupting the pulmonary surfactant system. Protein and phospholipid content and surfactant activity were measured in the lavage fluid of infected mice in either the absence or presence of an inflammatory response. At 9 weeks postinfection with P. carinii, nonreconstituted SCID mice exhibited no signs of pulmonary inflammation, respiratory impairment, or surfactant dysfunction. Lavage fluid obtained from these mice had protein/phospholipid (Pr/PL) ratios (64% ± 4.7%) and minimum surface tension values (4.0 ± 0.9 mN/m) similar to those of P. carinii-free control mice. However, when infected SCID mice were immunologically reconstituted, an intense inflammatory response ensued. Pr/PL ratios (218% ± 42%) and minimum surface tension values (27.2 ± 2.7 mN/m) of the lavage fluid were significantly elevated compared to those of the lavage fluid from infected, nonreconstituted mice (P < 0.05). To examine the specific role of CD8+ T-cell-mediated inflammation in surfactant dysfunction during PCP, mice with defined T-cell populations were studied. P. carinii-infected, CD4+-depleted mice had elevated lavage fluid Pr/PL ratios (126% ± 20%) and elevated minimum surface tension values (16.3 ± 1.0 mN/m) compared to normal mice (P < 0.05). However, when infected mice were additionally depleted of CD8+ cells, Pr/PL ratios were normal and surfactant activity was improved. These findings demonstrate that the surfactant pathology associated with PCP is related to the inflammatory process rather than being a direct effect of P. carinii. Moreover, CD8+ lymphocytes are involved in the mechanism leading to surfactant dysfunction.
Advances in Giant Magnetoresistance Biosensors With Magnetic Nanoparticle Tags: Review and Outlook

We present a review of giant magnetoresistance (GMR) spin valve sensors designed for detection of magnetic nanoparticles as biomolecular labels (nanotags) in magneto-nano biodetection technology. We discuss the intricacy of magneto-nano biosensor design and show that as few as approximately 14 monodisperse 16-nm superparamagnetic nanoparticles can be detected by submicron spin valve sensors at room temperature without resorting to lock-in (narrow band) detection. GMR biosensors and biochips have been successfully applied to the detection of biological events in the form of both protein and DNA assays with great speed, sensitivity, selectivity, and economy. The limit of molecular detection is well below 10 pM in concentration, and the protein or DNA assay time can be under two hours. The technology is highly scalable to deep multiplex detection of biomarkers in a complex disease, and amenable to integration of microfluidics and CMOS electronics for portable applications. On-chip CMOS circuitry makes a sensor density of 0.1-1 million sensors per square centimeter feasible and affordable. The theoretical and experimental results thus far suggest that magneto-nano biochip-based GMR sensor arrays and nanotags hold great promise in biomedicine, particularly for point-of-care molecular diagnostics of cancer, infectious diseases, radiation injury, cardiac diseases, and other diseases.
Recognition of Yeast Species from Gene Sequence Comparisons

This review discusses recognition of yeast species from gene sequence comparisons, which have been responsible for doubling the number of known yeasts over the past decade. The resolution provided by various single gene sequences is examined for both ascomycetous and basidiomycetous species, and the greater resolution of species provided by multigene analyses is discussed. Various methods are presented for rapid species identification using gene sequences.
Fish, shellfish, and long-chain n−3 fatty acid consumption and risk of incident type 2 diabetes in middle-aged Chinese men and women

Background: Long-chain polyunsaturated n–3 (omega-3) fatty acids, found mainly in fish, have been postulated to reduce type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk. However, the role of long-chain n−3 fatty acids and fish intake in the development of T2D remains unresolved. Objective: We examined associations between fish, shellfish, and long-chain n−3 fatty acids and the risk of T2D in a middle-aged Chinese population. Design: This was a prospective population-based cohort study in 51,963 men and 64,193 women free of T2D, cardiovascular disease, and cancer at baseline with valid dietary information. Dietary intake, physical activity, and anthropometric measurements were collected. A Cox regression model was used to evaluate the association of fish, shellfish, and long-chain n−3 fatty acid (in g/d) with risk of T2D. Results: Fish, shellfish, and long-chain n−3 fatty acid intakes were inversely associated with T2D in women. The relative risks [RRs (95% CI)] for quintiles of fish intake were 1.00, 0.96 (0.86, 1.06), 0.84 (0.75, 0.94), 0.80 (0.71, 0.90), and 0.89 (0.78, 1.01) (P for trend = 0.003) and for shellfish were 1.00, 0.91 (0.82, 1.01), 0.79 (0.71, 0.89), 0.80 (0.71, 0.91), and 0.86 (0.76, 0.99) (P for trend = 0.006). In men, only the association between shellfish intake and T2D was significant. The RRs (95% CI) for quintiles of fish intake were 1.00, 0.92 (0.75, 1.13), 0.80 (0.65, 1.00), 0.89 (0.72, 1.11), and 0.94 (0.74, 1.17) (P for trend = 0.50) and for shellfish intake were 1.00, 0.93 (0.76, 1.12), 0.70 (0.56, 086), 0.66 (0.53, 0.82), and 0.82 (0.65, 1.02) (P for trend = 0.003). Conclusions: An inverse association between fish and shellfish intake and T2D in women was found. No evidence of a detrimental effect of fish intake in this population was observed.
Experimental study on the influence of temperature and state-of- charge on the thermophysical properties of an LFP pouch cell

Past research has shown that the specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity may be influenced by the battery's temperature and/or its state-of-charge (SOC). However, there has not been any clear relationship uncovered between these test parameters and the thermophysical properties of the battery. Therefore the objective of this research is to measure the thermophysical properties of a Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) pouch cell at different surface temperatures and SOC levels. An isothermal calorimeter is used to measure the specific heat capacity at various temperature points and SOC levels. This same instrument is then reconfigured to perform as a heat flow meter apparatus and yield cross-plane thermal conductivity measurements. A commercially available 14 A h pouch cell was used as the test specimen. On average, the specific heat capacity of the cell increases slightly with temperature but remains independent of SOC. The behavior of the cross-plane thermal conductivity is opposite in nature. Its value increases with decreasing SOC but is largely unaffected by temperature. A lithium-ion battery with electrolyte has nearly twice the thermal conductivity of the dry cell version without electrolyte.
New Professional Work Roles and Their Integration into a Social Agency Structure

■ The exportence of a demonstration program designed to prevent pupils from dropping out of school points to the complex roles social workers must assume to deal with the social structure and Institutions. The paper Is divided Into three parts: ( I ) a description of the new work roles that emerged from the program, (2 ) a discussion of the relationship between these new roles and agency structure, and (3) four conclusions that relate to future program planning in social welfare. ■
Disability and Risk of Recent Sexual Violence in the United States.

Objectives. To examine the relative prevalence of recent (past 12 months) penetrative and nonpenetrative sexual violence comparing men and women with and without a disability.Methods. Data are from the 2010 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, a national telephone survey of US adults, and includes an expansive measure of sexual violence victimization. A total of 9086 women and 7421 men completed the telephone survey in 2010.Results. Compared with persons without a disability, persons with a disability were at increased risk for recent rape for women (adjusted odds ratio = 3.3; 95% confidence interval = 1.6, 6.7), and being made to penetrate a perpetrator for men (adjusted odds ratio = 4.2; 95% confidence interval = 1.6, 10.8). An estimated 39% of women raped in the 12 months preceding the survey had a disability at the time of the rape. For women and men, having a disability was associated with an increased risk of sexual coercion and noncontact unwanted sexual experiences.Conclusions. In...
GENETIC LINKAGE MARKERS IN THE STUDY OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

Genetic linkage is defined and several research paradigms that incorporate it are discussed. Genetic linkage can be used to document etiologic heterogeneity and, conversely, heterogeneity may explain some inconsistencies in linkage studies. Linked genetic markers can help resolve the mode of inheritance for a psychiatric disorder. A linked marker can also provide the basis for a case-control study to identify necessary non-genetic factors in the etiology of a disorder. Because new polymorphisms are now being discovered directly in the DNA sequence, it is becoming more likely that closely linked markers can be found for many psychiatric disorders, making linkage studies much more important in the future than they have been in the past.
Differential Induction of Cytoplasmic Vacuolization and Methuosis by Novel 2-Indolyl-Substituted Pyridinylpropenones.

Because many cancers harbor mutations that confer resistance to apoptosis, there is a need for therapeutic agents that can trigger alternative forms of cell death. Methuosis is a novel form of nonapoptotic cell death characterized by accumulation of vacuoles derived from macropinosomes and endosomes. Previous studies identified an indole-based chalcone, 3-(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-1-(4-pyridinyl)-2-propen-1-one (MOMIPP), that induces methuosis in human cancer cells. Herein, we describe the synthesis of related 2-indolyl substituted pyridinylpropenones and their effects on U251 glioblastoma cells. Increasing the size of the 2-indolyl substituent substantially reduces growth inhibitory activity and cytotoxicity but does not prevent cell vacuolization. Computational models suggest that the results are not due to steric-driven conformational effects. The unexpected uncoupling of vacuolization and cell death implies that the relationship between endosomal perturbations and methuotic cell death is more...
The effect of stress on serum prolactin in the female rat.

SummaryChanges in serum prolactin in response to ether vapor, ether vapor plus serial bleeding, acute restraint and chronic restraint stresses were measured in cycling, castrate, pregnant, and lactating female Long-Evans rats. Serum prolactin was measured by radioimmunoassays in serial blood samples taken before and after administration of each stressor. Pretreatment prolactin levels were elevated in rats in the afternoon of proestrus and estrus, on Day 1 of pregnancy, and during lactation. Low initial prolactin concentrations were observed during diestrus, on the morning of estrus, and in castrate females. Low intensity stress, such as ether vapor alone, did not affect serum prolactin concentrations in any group tested. The effect of higher intensity stress was related to the pretreatment concentration of serum prolactin. If the initial prolactin levels were high, such as on the afternoon of proestrus and estrus, on Day 1 of pregnancy, and during lactation, high intensity stress was associated with a red...
Effect of the Interferon Stimulator Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid on Experimental Trypanosoma cruzi Infection1,2

SummaryThe effect of an interferon stimulator, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (In. Cn.), on the course of experimental T. cruzi infection in C3H mice was investigated. In the first experiment In. Cn. was given ip in 5 doses of 50 μg each on alternate days, starting 24 hr before and after T. cruzi inoculation. The In. Cn. enhanced the parasitemia and decreased the mean survival by about 50%. In the second experiment In. Cn. was administered intraperitoneally on alternate days for 3 weeks starting 24 hr after infection. T. cruzi were inoculated either intraperitoneally or subcutaneously. Again the mice receiving In. Cn. and T. cruzi showed increased parasitemia and mortality, irrespective of the route of inoculation of the parasite. The mechanism or mechanisms by which In. Cn. enhanced the severity of T. cruzi infection in these experiments remains unknown. The possibility should be considered that In. Cn. might also potentiate T. cruzi infection in man.