cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two types of the 3rd person feature in English

Abstract This paper aims to investigate the morphosyntactic properties of the person feature in the English imposter construction studied by Collins & Postal. In this construction, the same definite DP can select a 1st person reflexive or a 3rd person reflexive. Moreover, despite of the distinct person feature value, a 3rd person (non-reflexive) pronoun can have the reference to a speaker in the given contexts like a 1st person pronoun. This use of a 3rd person argument differs from that of a 3rd person argument that refers to the 3rd party. The present paper analyzes the mechanism of the person feature and its morphological realization (particularly 3rd person) in English, and proposes the dissociation of notional person (the semantics of the person feature) and grammatical person morphological realization. Both notional and grammatical person are not always uniquely associated with each other nor always equally encoded into a definite DP as well as a pronominal DP. The paper also argues that 3rd person is always a neutral/invariable form in English. Despite of it, a 3rd person argument is shown to have a feature specification. This paper demonstrates that the morphosyntactic variation associated with 3rd person agreement in English pronoun-antecedent relations is attributed to the lack of the uniform relation between the semantics of the person feature and its morphology, not to the syntactic operations.
Imaging Chordoma and Chondrosarcoma of the Vertebrae and Sacrum

Abstract This image-rich chapter discusses the role imaging plays in diagnosing chordoma and chondrosarcoma of the spine. It describes the optimal cross-sectional imaging sequences to use; reviews common symptoms and demographics of patients presenting for imaging evaluation; illustrates characteristic magnetic resonance and computed tomography features for each tumor; correlates imaging appearance to histologic tumor subtype; and briefly presents common tumor mimics on imaging that can lead to diagnostic confusion.
Testing Field Methods to Assess Interactions Between Native Caddisflies and the Invasive New Zealand Mudsnail (Potamopyrgus Antipodarum)

In Polecat Creek, WY, located in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, the invasive New Zealand mudsnail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) has been found to reach densities exceeding 500,000 individuals/mÂ². At this extremely high density, P. antipodarum has been observed to consume most of the gross primary production and have a negative impact on native macroinvertebrates such as the Hydropsyche caddisfly. The current population of P. antipodarum in Polecat Creek has declined suggesting the population âboomed and bustedâ; the population was booming in 2000-2001, but in 2011 the population had decreased substantially suggesting a âbustâ period for P. antipodarum. Native Hydropsyche caddisflies have increased dramatically in biomass during the 10-year span of data, which may indicate that some native macroinvertebrates have increased in biomass due to release of suppression by P. antipodarum. Consequently, during my research this summer I assessed several possible methods to test suppression of Hydropsyche by P. antipodarum. I devised a method to collect Hydropsyche and determined whether Hydropsyche can survive in experimental chambers for use in a future field experiment. I built wooden tiles to colonize Hydropsyche out of 4x4x2 inch wood blocks with 1/2 inch grooves along the length of the tile. Colonization was successful with approximately two Hydropsyche collected per tile in a 24-hour period. Based on low survival of Hydropsyche within experimental chambers, the use of different experimental chambers will be necessary. Specifically, chambers that are open on the upstream side should be used to better allow a fast flow of water, which is a requirement for Hydropsyche to collect food.
The positive effect of in-class clicker questions on later exams depends on initial student performance level but not question format

Abstract Active learning strategies have been increasingly adopted in higher education across many science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) disciplines. Audience response systems, or clickers, are useful tools that allow instructors to incorporate active learning into large-enrollment courses. Clickers engage students during class and provide real-time feedback that can allow both students and the instructor to identify and correct misconceptions. Many instructors that implement clickers also implement peer instruction, where students vote individually, discuss the question with their peers, and then revote. While this strategy has been shown to improve conceptual understanding, the effects of specific factors, such as question format and student performance level, on learning gains remains unclear. We designed a study in which students in an introductory biology course engaged in clickers with peer discussion during class. We incorporated a treatment in which one section of the course answered a given clicker question in a multiple-choice (MC) format and another section of the same course answered the same question in a multiple-true-false (MTF) format. Students subsequently answered an isomorphic exam question 1–3 weeks later. We observed that both clicker question formats had similar effects on later exam performance. While clickers had an overall positive effect on student exam performance, we found that this effect was significantly greater in higher-performing students, with lower-performing students showing little-to-no benefit. We also found that the initial response rates within peer discussion groups influenced whether students changed to the correct answer. These findings demonstrate that students interact with and benefit from clicker questions in different ways and highlights the importance of considering how different students might be affected by active learning strategies.
STRATEGIES IN FOSSIL FUEL TECHNOLOGY: MULTIPLE OPTIONS FOR UNPREDICTED FUTURES

In energy the key to successful strategies for the future is preparing for the certainty of unexpected futures; and key to such preparation is advancing technology. Despite uncertainties certain broad trends are apparent in energy technology. Because most nations will prefer least-cost energy strategies in pursuit of economic growth, fossil fuel technologies will continue to dominate the world energy supply pattern far into the future. The relative position of petroleum will decline; technology for using energy more efficiently will continue to be important; and research and development will produce more ways to obtain high quality liquid and gaseous fuels (synthetic fuels) from low quality fossil resources like oil shale and coal. The success of individual societies in developing and deploying technologies that meet their goals will depend in large measure on how well they manage their scientific and engineering resources.
Everyday Disturbances of Speech

This chapter concerns one of the extralinguistic dimensions of speech, the “roughness” or “influency” or “normal disturbances” in word-word progression.
The Panic of 1861 and the Advent of Greenbacks and National Banking (a)

Set in 1870, the case describes the situation of Supreme Court Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, who must render an opinion in Hepburn v. Griswold, which challenges the constitutionality of the creation of a national fiat currency, so-called greenbacks. In 1862, Chase was Secretary of the Treasury in Abraham Lincoln's administration and reluctantly endorsed creating the greenbacks. Now, eight years later, he still harbors misgivings. The task for the student in this case is to recommend a decision. The larger consideration is to assess the massive pivot in US government financial policy that occurred in the 1860s. Excerpt UVA-F-1822 Rev. Jul. 10, 2020 The Panic of 1861 and the Advent of Greenbacks and National Banking (A) Introduction On December 10, 1869, Salmon P. Chase, chief justice of the US Supreme Court, and the other seven justices settled into their chairs to hear arguments in the case of Hepburn v. Griswold. Nominally, the case was about whether a creditor was legally bound to accept payment of the debt in paper currency called “greenbacks” (see Exhibit 1). The decision would hinge on the constitutionality of the federal government's authority to create fiat money. In 1860, Susan Hepburn of Louisville, Kentucky, borrowed $ 11,250 from Henry Griswold and promised to repay the debt by February 20, 1862. She was unable to fulfill her obligation on time. It happened that five days after Hepburn was due to repay the debt (February 25, 1862), the US Congress enacted legislation to issue $ 150million in greenbacks. The Legal Tender Act stated: “And such notes, and shall also be lawful money and a legal tender in payment of all debts, public and private, within the United States…” . . .
Performance assessment of a cross-validation sampling strategy with active surrogate model selection

Surrogate Models (SM) are now regarded as powerful tools for engineering design applications; they approximate expensive responses obtained by either a computer simulation or a real experiment with more computationally efficient mathematical models. The goal of reducing the number of function evaluations required to create the training dataset led to the development of strategies capable of effectively sampling the design space. In particular, sequential adaptive techniques seem to be the most promising approaches for engineering design applications. Unfortunately, most of these techniques supervise the sampling phase with an SM created from the available training set, making their behavior dependent on the chosen SM formulation. This characteristic can cause sampling performance deterioration, in particular when an inaccurate SM formulation is used to supervise the sampling process. The solution proposed in this paper tries to mitigate this problem by coupling the model-dependent sequential adaptive technique with an active SM selection approach. This surrogate modeling architecture is tested on several example functions, and results indicate that it inherits the advantages of both constituent elements: an increased flexibility due to the active SM selection and a reduced total number of samples due to the sequential adaptive sampling strategy. Other parameters which may affect the sampling performance (such as the SM selection frequency and criterion) are also analyzed in an attempt to define general guidelines for the application of the method. The sampling technique considered in this study is based on cross-validation variance, and the surrogate modeling performance is assessed on nine two-dimensional and two five-dimensional test functions.
Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and mindfulness facets in relation to suicide risk among firefighters.

Objective Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are associated with increased suicide risk among firefighters. Few studies have examined modifiable factors, such as mindfulness facets, that might attenuate this association. This study examined the interactive effects of PTSD symptoms and mindfulness facets in relation to suicide risk among firefighters. Method Overall, 831 career firefighters were assessed for PTSD symptoms, mindfulness facets, and suicide risk via the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, and Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised, respectively. Results Greater PTSD symptoms were associated with more severe suicide risk; however, higher levels of two specific mindfulness facets, acting with awareness and nonjudging of inner experience, attenuated this association. By contrast, higher levels of the observing facet of mindfulness potentiated the association between PTSD symptoms and suicide risk. Conclusions Suicide prevention initiatives among firefighters, particularly those experiencing trauma-related sequelae, might benefit from the inclusion of mindfulness-based practices alongside frontline empirically-supported approaches.
Integrin-α7 signaling regulates connexin 43, M-cadherin, and myoblast fusion

Regenerative medicine treatments for severe skeletal muscle injuries are limited, resulting in persistent functional deficits. Clinical options include neglecting the wound with the expectation tha...
Crossfire Tenotomy Versus Tenodesis: Pro-tenotomy

The biceps tendon has now been recognized as an important pain generator in the shoulder [1], and biceps pathology occurs in up to 90% of patients presenting with rotator cuff pathology [2]. Failure to treat biceps pathology can result in significant postoperative pain and disability. Further complicating this issue is the fact that biceps pathology can be easily missed in the bicipital groove and often is a “hidden lesion.” Proximal biceps tenodesis may not correct these problems. Tenotomy and tenodesis are the two mainstays of treatment for this pathology. Both techniques have proponents, but tenotomy has multiple advantages.
A Randomized Trial of Telemedicine for Migraine Management (P4.10-001)

Objective: To determine whether telemedicine was equivalent to in-office visits for follow-up migraine care in a tertiary headache center Background: Telemedicine offers the capability of increasing access to care by providing expertise in headache medicine to patients in diverse locations and circumstances. Migraine care lends itself well to this technology, as there is generally no need for a physical examination after the initial office visit. Design/Methods: After their initial visit, 45 patients were randomized to receive their follow-up care for one year (5 scheduled visits) by the same neurologist either in the office or using telemedicine. Data were collected after each visit on headache disability (MIDAS), travel time and distance from the office, time missed from work, convenience of visits, study adherence, wait times, volume of communication between visits, hospitalizations and emergency department encounters for headache, perceptions of telemedicine and patient satisfaction. Willing participants were interviewed by telephone after the completion of the study about their experience. Data from enrollees completing at least one follow-up visit were included in the analysis. Results: 30 participants completed all visits. Improvement in migraine-related disability, number of headache days, average severity of migraines, communication with the office between visits, perceived effectiveness of care and satisfaction with the provider were similar in the in-office and telemedicine groups. The average time for a visit (including travel) was 194 minutes for the in-office group and 37 minutes in the telemedicine group (p Conclusions: In this cohort of patients with severe migraine-related telemedicine was an effective alternative to in-office visits for follow-up migraine care. Headache outcomes using telemedicine were equivalent to in-office visits with higher rates of patient satisfaction using telemedicine. Disclosure: Dr. Friedman has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Alder Biopharmaceuticals, Allergan, Amgen, Biohaven, electroCore, Eli Lilly, Promius, Supernus, Teva and Zosano. Dr. Friedman has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Neurology Reviews. Dr. Friedman has received research support from Autonomic Technologies, Inc, Eli Lilly, Merck, Zosano. Dr. Rajan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Seidmann has nothing to disclose.
Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation for Localized Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer is a deadly malignancy with extremely poor outcomes. Central to the management of patients with pancreatic cancer is surgical resection. The role of neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapies in conjunction with surgical resection is well established. The optimal sequencing of these therapies remains controversial. While historically patients with pancreatic cancer were managed with a surgery-first approach, the oncologic rationale for this management strategy has been examined, and questioned, for decades. This is primarily secondary to high rates of positive margins, nodal positivity, and local recurrence associated with a surgery-first approach. Furthermore, successful completion of adjuvant therapy is challenging with a surgery-first approach, making progress with novel adjuvant treatment strategies problematic. Neoadjuvant therapy represents an important advance in the management of patients with pancreatic cancer. Patients managed with neoadjuvant therapy have lower rates of margin positivity, lower rates of node positivity, higher rates of treatment completion, and lower rates of local recurrence as compared to patients managed with a surgery-first approach. In this chapter, we present the rationale for neoadjuvant therapy in pancreatic cancer along with supporting evidence. Evolving data examining the role for varying neoadjuvant treatment strategies is summarized. Select ongoing neoadjuvant clinical trials are also summarized. Finally, we present future directions in need of additional investigation for patients undergoing neoadjuvant therapy.
Scoping Review of Sexual Health Education Interventions for Adolescents and Young Adults with Intellectual or Developmental Disabilities

Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD) may experience greater risk of sexually transmitted infections, higher rates of sexual abuse, and decreased sexual health knowledge, emphasizing the need for accessible, comprehensive sexual health education. The purpose of this scoping review was to identify the extent and nature of sexual health education interventions among individuals with I/DD ages 15–24 years. Six studies were included in the review. They investigated sexual health interventions for individuals with autism spectrum disorder and mild I/DD, covered a wide range of topics (e.g. puberty, healthy relationships), included multiple learning activities (e.g. illustrations, activity-based learning), and measured behavior and sexual health knowledge outcomes. Future research is needed in this area to assess intervention effectiveness.
Numerical modeling and design sensitivity of structural and seismic behavior of UHPC bridge piers

Abstract Advanced behavior of Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is attracting a growing interest among the construction industry worldwide. Currently, UHPC is commonly used in precast bridge deck joints and connections. As the UHPC market grows, the material will have a great potential to extend to larger structural applications. However, there is no guidance yet on best practices or optimum structural designs that fully utilize the UHPC superior mechanical properties for larger components. The objective of this study is to better understand the overall behavior, failure mechanism, and effect of reinforcement and design details of UHPC bridge columns using detailed finite element modeling. The pushover response of a two-column bridge pier with the typical geometry and gravity loads obtained from a representative California bridge is investigated when UHPC is used instead of conventional concrete for the columns. A detailed sensitivity/parametric analysis is conducted to assess the effect of different steel fiber ratio, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, and steel grades of reinforcement bars on the overall structural behavior of the columns. The total strain crack model, as readily implemented in DIANA FEA, is utilized with user-defined input to model the UHPC constitutive material behavior. The UHPC stress-strain relationships in tension and compression are independently defined using uniaxial curves from the literature. For comparison, the two-column bent of conventional concrete is modeled and used as the reference case to evaluate the relative increase in load capacity of the UHPC bridge columns.
Federal Communications Commission’s experimental radio service as a vehicle for dynamic spectrum access: An analysis of 10 years of experimental licenses data

Dynamic spectrum access (DSA) systems, commonly known as spectrum sharing, are considered one of the most promising paths for more efficient spectrum allocation. When talking about DSA, the most discussed topics revolve around particular technologies such as cognitive radios or particular solutions such as the advanced wireless services-3 initiative. However, in this work, we explore a less discussed approach for spectrum sharing: the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)’s experimental radio service (ERS). The ERS grants licenses for experimentation, market trials, and product development in Federal and/or non-Federal bands. Frequencies in these licenses are assigned on a shared basis and not for the exclusive use of any one licensee. Using FCC’s scraped information in the period between 2007 and 2016, we were able to gain a deeper understanding of the ERS. We find that the processing time (i.e., time to get a license) has been reduced from 100 days to an average of 23 days in 2016. Moreover, the assignation process of experimental licenses is characterized great flexibility in terms of the authorized technical and nontechnical characteristics. We also explored what is behind these 10 years of information.
Effect of Blue Light and Photosensitizers on Cutibacterium acnes on Shoulder Periprosthetic Joint Infection Isolates.

Abstract. Introduction: Cutibacterium acnes is gaining recognition as a leading pathogen after orthopaedic shoulder procedures. Photodynamic therapy, a combination of light and a photosensitizer, has demonstrated antimicrobial activity against C. acnes in the treatment of acne vulgaris. We sought to evaluate the effect of photodynamic therapy using blue light and photosensitizers on C. acnes isolates from shoulder prosthetic joint infections. Methods: C. acnes strains isolated from 19 patients with shoulder PJI were exposed to blue light alone (415 nm) or in combination with photosensitizers (fluorescein, riboflavin and demeclocycline). C. acnes strains were divided into 4 categories: Highly Sensitive (HS), Sensitive (S), Weakly Sensitive (WS), Resistant to blue light. Results: 13 of 19 C. acnes strains (68%) were S or HS to blue light alone. Of these 19 strains tested, 11 were tested with blue light and fluorescein or blue light plus riboflavin. Fluorescein (1 µg/mL) enhanced the effect of blue light in 6 of 11 strains (55%). Blue light plus riboflavin (10 µg/mL) resulted enhanced killing in 3 of 11 strains (27%), but produced a paradoxical photoprotective effect in 4 of 11 strains (36%), resulting in a net decrease compared to blue light alone. Demeclocycline, however, enhanced the effect of blue light in 16 of 17 strains (94 %). Conclusions: Blue light with the addition of photosensitizers killed C. acnes from periprosthetic shoulder infections in vitro, with demeclocycline having the most pronounced effect.
American Rage: How Anger Shapes Our Politics

American Rage argues that anger is the central emotion governing contemporary US politics, with powerful, deleterious effects. Tracing the developments that have given rise to a culture of anger in the mass public, the book sheds new light on both public opinion and voting behavior. Steven W. Webster skillfully uses a combination of novel datasets, new measures of anger, and a series of experiments to show how anger causes citizens to lose trust in the national government and weaken in their commitment to democratic norms and values. Despite these negative consequences, political elites strategically seek to elicit anger among their supporters. Presenting compelling evidence, Webster ultimately concludes that elites engage in this behavior because voter anger leads to voter loyalty. When voters are angry, they are more likely to vote for their party's slate of candidates at multiple levels of the federal electoral system.
Functional analysis of the polarization response in linear time-varying media: A generalization of the Kramers-Kronig relations

We explore the mathematical theory to rigorously describe the response of media with linear time-varying, generally dispersive, electromagnetic constitutive parameters. We show that, even when the temporal inhomogeneity takes place on a timescale comparable---or shorter---than the driving fields' time period, one can still define a physically meaningful time-varying dispersion. Accordingly, a generalized set of Kramers-Kronig relations is investigated to link the real and imaginary parts of the time-varying frequency-dispersive spectra characterizing the medium's constitutive response. Among others, we study the case of a Lorentzian dielectric response with time-varying volumetric density of polarizable atoms and present the varying circuital equivalents of the governing differential equation, which in turn allow us to use the notion of generalized time-varying impedances/admittances of a time-dependent resistor, inductor, and capacitor.
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis from Chlorella in Autotrophic and Mixotrophic Cultivation

Abstract Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms whose composition and biomass production can be influenced by manipulating the cultivation conditions employed. However, few studies have evaluated the effects of various cultivation conditions in autotrophic and mixotrophic conditions. The present work aimed to evaluate the effects of cultivation conditions on the cell growth and biosynthesis of fatty acids (FAs) by microalgae of the genus Chlorella in autotrophic and mixotrophic cultivation. Evaluation of the effects of the conditions was performed using an experimental design methodology. The highest values of maximum biomass concentration (Xmax) and maximum biomass productivity (Pmax) were obtained in autotrophic cultures. Palmitic acid was the FA obtained at the highest concentration in both cultivation modes. The concentrations of polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) ranged from 12.2 to 41.2% in autotrophic cultures and from 11 to 34.3% in the mixotrophic cultures. The variables photoperiod and sodium bicarbonate concentration showed the greatest influence on the Xmax, Pmax, and PUFA concentration in autotrophic and mixotrophic cultivations, respectively. This study verified that the selection of conditions and mode of cultivation contribute to the production of microalgal biomass and FA biosynthesis.
Nanomechanical scratching induced local shear deformation and microstructural evolution in single crystal copper

Abstract Shear deformation at the nanoscale has practical applications due to the ability of shear strains to significantly change the microstructures and textures of the deforming materials, and for material removal processes at this scale. Here we demonstrate nanomechanical scratching with atomic force microscopy (AFM) as a tool to impose large shear strains on nanoscale material volumes in single-crystal copper. Nano-scratching, with the process parameters and AFM tip geometry used here, resulted in material removal through the cutting mode. This mode enabled the use of stress and strain models, developed for bulk machining, to be applied for AFM cutting as well. The models for bulk-scale were used to predict the strains in the chip (γ ≈ 3.9) and in the surface (γ ≈ 4.6) and the depth of deformed subsurface. Detailed characterization of the scratch region with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed microstructural refinement comprising 0.2 μm wide dislocation cells in the chips that resemble features during shear deformation of copper single-crystals at bulk-scale. The subsurface also contained dislocation networks and stacking faults up to ~1.1 μm depth. These results highlight the unique ability of AFM for imparting local shear deformation in materials and studying its effects on the microstructure.
Blood management in direct anterior versus posterior primary total hip arthroplasty using tranexamic acid: a matched cohort study

Proponents of the direct anterior approach (DAA) for THA claim patients recover faster compared to primary THA through the posterior approach (PA). Blood loss and transfusion have substantially declined with the use of tranexamic acid (TXA). However, it is still controversial if hemoglobin drops and transfusion rates are affected by the surgical approach when TXA is routinely used. 2418 patients undergoing DAA THA were matched 1:1 with patients undergoing PA THA according to preoperative hemoglobin (± 1 g/dl), age (± 5 years), sex, BMI (± 5 kg/m2) and year of surgery (± 2 years). All patients received perioperative TXA. None of the patients donated autologous blood. Hemoglobin levels, drain placement and output, blood transfusion rates and volume as well as length of stay were recorded. A closed suction drain was used in 121 (5.0%) DAA and in 135 (5.6%) PA THAs (p = 0.369). Mean drain output was higher in the DAA compared to the PA group (134 ml (0–520 ml) versus 92.3 ml (0–600 ml), p = 0.004). There was no difference in hemoglobin drop [2.6 g/dl versus 2.6 g/dl (p = 0.143)] and transfusion rate [n = 31 (1.3%) versus n = 29 (1.2%), p = 0.793)] between DAA and PA THA. Mean transfusion amounts were 421.8 ml (250–1120.8 ml) in the DAA and 353.9 ml (250-560 ml) in the PA group (p = 0.801). The length of stay was shorter in the DAA group with a mean 1.6 days versus 2.1 days in the PA group (p ≤ 0.001). In this large matched cohort study, there was no difference in the perioperative hemoglobin drop, the transfusion rate and the transfusion amount between DAA and PA THA.
Cross-polarized RCS Based Chipless RFID Tag for Wound Monitoring Through pH Sensing

This paper proposes a chipless RFID pH sensor tag for wound monitoring. The sensor tag is designed to operate in the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) frequency band. The working principle of the device is based on the resonance frequency shift in cross-polarized RCS. The tag consists of a thin metal patch layer with a slotted double-split ring in the middle which is placed on an FR4 substrate. The slotted ring was rotated 45 degrees to create the asymmetry to produce cross-polarized RCS. Chitosan is used as the pH sensing material in the proposed model. The design has shown good performance when placed on the stacked simulation model of skin, fat, and muscle layer. A frequency shift of 180 MHz was detected over the pH range of 4 to 7 with a sensitivity of 60 MHz per unit pH change. The size of the model is fairly small (28×28 mm2) for the ISM band. The proposed chipless model shows a great prospect in the field of wound monitoring as it can be easily manufactured and implemented.
Maintenance of measles elimination status in the United States for 20 years despite increasing challenges.

BACKGROUND Measles elimination (interruption of endemic measles virus transmission) in the United States was declared in 2000; however, the number of cases and outbreaks have increased in recent years. We characterized the epidemiology of measles outbreaks and measles transmission patterns post-elimination to identify potential gaps in the U.S. measles control program. METHODS We analyzed national measles notification data from January 1, 2001-December 31, 2019. We defined measles infection clusters as single cases (isolated cases not linked to additional cases), 2-case clusters, or outbreaks with 3 or more linked cases. We calculated the effective reproduction number (R) to assess changes in transmissibility and reviewed molecular epidemiology data. RESULTS During 2001-2019, 3,873 measles cases, including 747 international importations, were reported in the United States; 29% of importations were associated with outbreaks. Among 871 clusters, 69% were single cases and 72% had no spread. Larger and longer clusters were reported since 2013, including seven outbreaks with >50 cases lasting >2 months, 5 of which occurred in known underimmunized, close-knit communities. No measles lineage circulated in a single transmission chain for >12 months. Higher estimates of R were noted in recent years, although R remained below the epidemic threshold of 1. CONCLUSIONS Current epidemiology continues to support the interruption of endemic measles virus transmission in the United States. However, larger and longer outbreaks in recent post-elimination years and emerging trends of increased transmission in underimmunized communities emphasize the need for targeted approaches to close existing immunity gaps and maintain measles elimination.
Revisiting output coding for sequential supervised learning

Markov models are commonly used for joint inference of label sequences. Unfortunately, inference scales quadratically in the number of labels, which is problematic for training methods where inference is repeatedly preformed and is the primary computational bottleneck for large label sets. Recent work has used output coding to address this issue by converting a problem with many labels to a set of problems with binary labels. Models were independently trained for each binary problem, at a much reduced computational cost, and then combined for joint inference over the original labels. Here we revisit this idea and show through experiments on synthetic and benchmark data sets that the approach can perform poorly when it is critical to explicitly capture the Markovian transition structure of the large-label problem. We then describe a simple cascade-training approach and show that it can improve performance on such problems with negligible computational overhead.
Two tRNA gene clusters associated with rRNA operons rrnD and rrnE in Bacillus subtilis.

Abstract Sequence analysis of cloned rescued DNA fragments from a Bacillus subtilis strain with an inserted recombinant plasmid in ribosomal operon rrnE revealed the presence of two tRNA genes for Met and Asp at the 3' end of the operon. Probing chromosomal DNA from a strain carrying a plasmid inserted in rrnD with a fragment containing the genetically unassigned cluster of 16 tRNA genes revealed that the cluster is located immediately following the rrnD operon. Our findings show that all 10 rrn operons in B. subtilis are associated with tRNA gene clusters.
Free Energy Perturbation Monte Carlo Simulations of Salt Influences on Aqueous Freezing Point Depression

Free energy perturbation Monte Carlo (FEP/MC) simulations are performed for both the liquid and solid phases of water to determine the melting temperature of several popular three and four-site water models. Gibbs free energy vs. temperature plots are constructed from the simulations to determine the melting temperature. For the liquid phase, standard FEP/MC simulations are used to calculate the free energy relative to the gas phase at multiple temperatures. The free energy of the solid phase relative to the gas phase is calculated at multiple temperatures using the lattice-coupling method. The intersection of the free energy regression lines determines the estimate of the melting temperature. Additionally, simulations were carried out for simple salt solutions to determine the freezing point depressions (FPD). The simulations reproduce the FPD as a function of salt concentration for solutions of NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2.
Focusing Electrons Reflected or Emitted at Equal Angles from a Plane Surface

A method is proposed and the theory briefly given for focusing to a line all electrons of the same energy reflected or emitted at any given angle from a plane surface.It was found that the lines of focus lie on the surface of a cylinder that is tangent to the center of the reflecting surface and having a radius equal to the radius of the path of the electrons.
Nonmotoric influences of meprobamate on established shuttle shock-avoidance performance

Meprobamate has been shown to effect shock avoidance in two detrimental ways. Trained rats under drug influence show agitated disorientation and avoid less frequently than placebo controls. These effects remain for 30 min. to an hr. after motor complications characteristic of the drug are no longer measured.
Interatrial and sinoatrial block, with an illustrative case

Abstract Sinoatrial block of two types has been described; (1) with progressive prolongation of sinoatrial conduction time leading to a dropped beat; and (2) dropped beats without such preceding conduction changes. These are strictly analogous to the Wenckebach and the Mobitz types of atrioventricular block. The literature on this subject has been surveyed, together with available information on the postulated anatomic and functional pathways of inter- and intra-atrial conduction. We have postulated that, in the present case, both varieties of sinoatrial block coexist, thus explaining the variable distance between the two types of P waves. Such a hypothesis also requires the assumption of functional pathways between the S-A node and the two atria, with dissociation of the two atria, and with partial dissimilar block between each atrium and the S-A node. Although interatrial dissociation, both partial and complete, and each variety of sinoatrial block have been previously described, so far as we have been able to learn, their coexistence has not been previously noted.
Maximum-Likelihood Shadow-Matching

In order to improve the availability and accuracy of GNSS position fixes we propose a novel maximum-likelihood algorithm for using a data base of 3D building models in dense urban canyons to augment the GNSS receiver. We derive the algorithm, including how to incorporate errors in the 3D building model. We use a simulation study with multiple satellite constellations to illustrate the improved performance over prior shadow- matching algorithms (with and without errors in the 3D model). We demonstrate that the availability of accurate localization using ML shadow matching converges to 100% over time for stationary users.
Discussion of “Wave setup and setdown generated by obliquely incident waves” by T.-W. Hsu et al., Coastal Engineering, 53, 865–877, 2006

Abstract In the recent paper by Tai-Wen Hsu, John R.-C. Hsu, Wen-Kai Weng, Swun-Kwang Wang, and Shan-Hwei Ou (Coastal Engineering, 53, 865–877, 2006), the authors derived theoretical formulations for calculating the wave setup and setdown induced by obliquely incident waves on a beach. The derivation of an expression for setdown contains errors which would lead to an imbalance in longshore momentum flux outside the surfzone. We correct their derivation and give results in terms of the radiation stress concept in a general case including an oblique wave incidence. We also point out that the correct form of wave setdown is important to describe the zero-net force in the momentum balance outside the surfzone.
Effects of repeated treatment of hamster ear epidermis and cheek-pouch mucosa with 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate

The effects of repeated stimulation of hamster oral mucosa and epidermis with 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), were examined using in vitro assays of glycolysis and amino acid incorporation. The response of control and hyperplastic tissues to epinephrine and cAMP, and their rates of incorporation of histidine and leucine, were also examined. Repeated treatment with TPA in the concentration range of 1 X 10(-8) to 1 X 10(-5) M resulted in increased rates of glycolysis, amino acid incorporation and mitosis in both tissues. During the induction of hyperplasia, a loss of the normal epithelial response to epinephrine was observed at Day 8, suggesting re-establishment of mechanisms controlling homeostasis. Application of TPA resulted in a reduction in the amount of histidine incorporated relative to leucine.
Role of IL-17 in the pathogenesis of psoriatic arthritis and axial spondyloarthritis.

Th17 cells are a discrete subset of T cell subpopulation, which produce IL-17 and certain other pro-inflammatory cytokines. A regulatory role of Th17 cells have been proposed in several autoimmune diseases including psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis (PsA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis. Psoriatic disease is an autoimmune disease which mainly involves skin and joints. Until recently, psoriasis and PsA were thought to be Th1 mediated disease, but after the discovery of IL-17 and IL-17 knockout animal studies as well as human experimental data indicate a crucial role of the Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and PsA. Our research group have not only found abundance of CD4+IL-17+ T cells, mainly the memory phenotype (CD4RO+CD45RA−CD11a+) in the synovial fluid, but also have shown the existence of a functional IL-17 receptor in synovial fibroblast of psoriatic arthritis patients. Similarly, both animal and human studies indicate a regulatory role of the Th17 cells in AS; most critical observations are that Th17 cytokines (IL-17 and IL-22) can contribute to bone erosion, osteitis and new bone formation the hall mark skeletal features associated with the pathophysiology of AS. In this review article, we have discussed the contributing role of the IL-23/IL-17 axis in the pathogenesis of PsA and AS.
Shigellosis (bacillary dysentery) among institutional inmates

Outbreaks of Shigella infections were investigated in seven New York State mental hospitals or State schools having approximately 30,000 patients.
Protein tyrosine kinase-mediated potentiation of currents from cloned NMDA receptors

Although serine/threonine phosphorylation has been more commonly recognized as a mechanism to modulate the function of ion channels and receptors, tyrosine phosphorylation is under increasing scrutiny. An important subtype of glutamate receptor, the NMDA receptor, is shown to be regulated by insulin via protein tyrosine kinase (PTK). NMDA currents through cloned receptors are potentiated by insulin in a subunit-specific manner. The insulin-mediated potentiation of NMDA current is diminished by inhibitors of PTKs. At least one exogenous cytosolic PTK, pp60c-src, is also able to potentiate NMDA current. Because later application of PTK inhibitors can reverse the seemingly stable insulin-mediated potentiation of NMDA current, it appears that tyrosine residues responsible for potentiation are continually rephosphorylated by some long-term PTK activity that was induced via insulin treatment.
Adolescents' perceptions of environmental influences on physical activity.

The aim of this study was to examine AfricanAmerican adolescentsﾒ perceptions of environmental influences on physical activity and identify physical activity promotion strategies. Concept mapping with 50 adolescents was used to obtain cluster maps of conceptual domains affecting physical activity. Seven domains were identified, including physical activity settings, social support, negative social influences, parental control, negative environmental influences, transportation and technology issues, and financial issues. Their relative importance to physical activity varied by gender. This research identified salient environmental characteristics that can be measured in future studies as well as strategies for increasing physical activity in urban youths.
Taking the “Boulder” Step From Static to Dynamic Geoid: 2009 Workshop on Monitoring North American Geoid Change; Boulder, Colorado, 21–23 October 2009

As coastal communities are increasingly affected by sea level rise and flooding from extreme weather events, and as less evident (yet significant) tectonic shifts reshape the North American continent, the need for elevation data that are accurate, consistent, updated, and easily accessible has become critical. Currently, however, the vertical datums in North America are defined by tide gauge and leveling observations, which inevitably become outdated and are costly to replace or repeat. Therefore, two North American governments (Canada and United States) have resolved that the next generation of their national vertical datums will be geoid- based and accessible through Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technology. To adequately serve as the reference surface for a future vertical datum, the geoid must be modeled accurately and its changes over time must be monitored. But what mix of tools and techniques could fulfill this requirement? To address this question and to plan for a campaign to monitor North American geoid change, experts from North America (including United States, Canada, and Mexico) and Europe specializing in satellite and terrestrial gravimetry as well as satellite positioning convened in Colorado.
On Lp Bounds for Kakeya Maximal Functions and the Minkowski Dimension in R2

We prove that the bound on the L^p norms of the Kakeya type maximal functions studied by Cordoba [2] and Bourgain [1] are sharp for p > 2. The proof is based on a construction originally due to Schoenberg [5], for which we provide an alternative derivation. We also show that r^2 log (1/r) is the exact Minkowski dimension of the class of Kakeya sets in R^2, and prove that the exact Hausdorff dimension of these sets is between r^2 log (1/r) and r^2 log (1/r) [log log (1/r)]^(2+e).
Vanadates form insoluble complexes with histones

Abstract Vanadium oxoanions are known to have a variety of physiological effects including insulin-like activity, inhibition of phosphotyrosine phosphatases, as well as direct interactions with a variety of cellular proteins such as microtubules. In this study, vanadate was found to form insoluble complexes with histones, as well as other positively charged proteins, in a concentration dependent fashion. This interaction occurred over a 0.5–10 mM range which corresponds to the concentration range required for many of vanadate's known physiological effects. Results from precipitation experiments using vanadate solutions with or without the yellow-orange decavanadate indicated that the decamer form is primarily responsible for this precipitation. Vanadate was able to selectively precipitate histones from soluble chromatin as well as from a soluble bacterial protein extract to which a low concentration of histones had been added. Vanadate was also able to effectively precipitate histone from solutions as low as 0.006 mg/mL histone. Thus, the selective precipitation of histones and other positively charged proteins by vanadate can be utilized as a tool for protein purification. In addition, this interaction may provide insight into the mechanisms for the physiological effects of vanadate.
How Leaders Engage Spirituality in Secular Corporate Cultures

This is a report on a pilot exploration of how executives and managers within one of our nation’s distinguished industrial complexes, Silicon Valley, engage spiritual practice as part of their lead...
Immunoreactive GAP-43 in the neuropil of adult rat neostriatum : localization in unmyelinated fibers, axon terminals, and dendritic spines

GAP-43 is a neuron-specific phosphoprotein that has been implicated in neuronal development, axonal regeneration, and synaptic plasticity. Although in mammals the caudate-putamen is among those brain areas that retain a high content of GAP-43 throughout life, the role of the phosphoprotein in the neostriatum is unknown. In order to understand better the possible function(s) of GAP-43 in the adult striatum, its cellular localization was examined with immunohistochemistry at the light and electron microscopic levels by using a sheep polyclonal antibody. At the light microscopic level immunoreactive GAP-43 was abundant throughout the neostriatal neuropil but was absent from neuronal somata. At the ultrastructural level, labeling was most prevalent in small unmyelinated axons (0.12-0.15 microns diameter). Reaction product was distributed along fibers in discrete patches about 1 micron apart and in preterminal sites from which vesicle-filled boutons arose. Staining was also present in small (0.35 microns) axon terminals that contained round vesicles and formed asymmetric synapses, mostly with thin spines. Following unilateral cortical lesions, some degenerating cortical axons in the neostriatum exhibited GAP-43 labeling. Unexpectedly, in normal striatum, GAP-43 was also occasionally found in the heads of dendritic protrusions and in thin spines that received asymmetric contacts. We speculate that in the adult neostriatum, the protein may be important in the remodeling of synapses onto medium spiny neurons that involve, in part, the corticostriatal pathway.