cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photon-induced near-field electron microscopy: Mathematical formulation of the relation between the experimental observables and the optically driven charge density of nanoparticles

Photon-induced near-field electron microscopy (PINEM) enables the visualization of the plasmon fields of nanoparticles via measurement of photon-electron interaction [S. T. Park et al., New J. Phys. 12, 123028 (2010)]. In this paper, the field integral, which is a mechanical work performed on a fast electron by the total electric field, plays a key role in understanding the interaction. Here, we reexamine the field integral and give the physical meaning by decomposing the contribution of the field from the charge-density distribution. It is found that the “near-field integral” (the near-field approximation of the field integral) can be expressed as a convolution of the two-dimensional projection of the optically driven charge-density distribution in the nanoparticle with a broad radial response function. This approach, which we call the “convolution method,” is validated by applying it to Rayleigh scattering cases, where previous analytical expressions for the field integrals in near-field approximations are reproduced by the convolution method. The convolution method is applied to discrete dipole approximation calculations of a silver nanorod, and the nature of the induced charge-density distributions of its plasmons is discussed.
Aging, diazepam exposure and benzodiazepine receptors in rat cortex

Densities of two benzodiazepine receptor subtypes (BDZ1 and BDZ2) in the frontal cortex of 10- and 27-month-old male Fischer-344 rats were nearly identical. Acute diazepam pretreatment produced a 73% increase in receptor density in the aged rats, mainly in the BDZ2 sites, whereas with the normal adult rat the density increased 42%, primarily due to stimulation of BDZ1 sites. Chronic exposure elicited similar increases of 28-29% in both normal and aged rats but there were subtle differences in the distribution of specific receptors. This study demonstrates a definite effect of age on the response of benzodiazepine receptors to diazepam pretreatment.
Nickel incorporated carbon nanotube/nanofiber composites as counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells

A nickel incorporated carbon nanotube/nanofiber composite (Ni-CNT-CNF) was used as a low cost alternative to Pt as counter electrode (CE) for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). Measurements based on energy dispersive X-rays spectroscopy (EDX) showed that the majority of the composite CE was carbon at 88.49 wt%, while the amount of Ni nanoparticles was about 11.51 wt%. Measurements based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed that the charge transfer resistance (R(ct)) of the Ni-CNT-CNF composite electrode was 0.71 Ω cm(2), much lower than that of the Pt electrode (1.81 Ω cm(2)). Such a low value of R(ct) indicated that the Ni-CNT-CNF composite carried a higher catalytic activity than the traditional Pt CE. By mixing with CNTs and Ni nanoparticles, series resistance (R(s)) of the Ni-CNT-CNF electrode was measured as 5.96 Ω cm(2), which was close to the R(s) of 5.77 Ω cm(2) of the Pt electrode, despite the significant difference in their thicknesses: ∼22 μm for Ni-CNT-CNF composite, while ∼40 nm for Pt film. This indicated that use of a thick layer (tens of microns) of Ni-CNT-CNF counter electrode does not add a significant amount of resistance to the total series resistance (R(s-tot)) in DSCs. The DSCs based on the Ni-CNT-CNF composite CEs yielded an efficiency of 7.96% with a short circuit current density (J(sc)) of 15.83 mA cm(-2), open circuit voltage (V(oc)) of 0.80 V, and fill factor (FF) of 0.63, which was comparable to the device based on Pt, that exhibited an efficiency of 8.32% with J(sc) of 15.01 mA cm(-2), V(oc) of 0.83, and FF of 0.67.
EEG correlates of methylphenidate response among children with ADHD: a preliminary report.

Background: Recent electrophysiologic studies have found fairly consistent differences between children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and age-matched control subjects. The present study examined electroencephalogram (EEG) changes associated with a double blind, placebo-controlled administration of methylphenidate among children with ADHD. Methods: Subjects were 10 children, ages 8 to 13, with a primary diagnosis of ADHD. Brain electrical activity was recorded with 7 electrodes in the frontal, central, and midline areas during baseline and cognitive activation conditions. Results: Repeated-measures ANOVAs indicate that children exhibiting a positive medication response had reductions of theta and alpha as well as increased beta in the frontal regions, while nonresponders showed the opposite pattern (p < .05). Significant correlations between improvement on a vigilance task and changes in beta activity in the frontal electrodes emerged as well. Conclusions: These preliminary findings indicate that there are different electrophysiologic correlates to methylphenidate among ADHD children who are medication responders and nonresponders.
Repeated Infections in a 68-Year-Old Man

sidual capacity, with a mild reduction in the FEV1. Diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide was mildly reduced as well. This was interpreted as a restrictive ventilatory defect, although he carried a clinical diagnosis of COPD. Twenty years prior to presentation, he had pulmonary tuberculosis. The patient describes frequent bouts of severe dyspnea with a productive cough. Two years prior, a chest radiograph was performed that revealed pneumonia in the right lower lobe and dilation of the trachea. CT was ordered and showed marked dilatation of the trachea and the central bronchi, one of which contained an air-fluid level. The patient was treated with antibiotics, improved, and was discharged. The patient now returns to the emergency department with similar symptoms. A chest radiograph was performed (Fig 1, 2), which showed dilation of the central airways but no focus of pneumonia. CT performed a few days later again showed marked dilatation of the trachea and central airways (Fig 3, 4). The patient was treated with antibiotics and improved.
A Comparative Analysis of Attempted and Completed School-Based Mass Murder Attacks

“School shootings” are rarely studied quantitatively due to the fact that they are relatively rare, albeit powerful events. Therefore, prior research on “school shootings” typically relies on case study methodologies, or involves the use of typologies based on perpetrators’ motivations, their relationships to victims, and/or the total number of victims killed. However, not all cases of multiple-victim homicide attacks that take place in schools involve the use of firearms, and not all school-based multiple-victim homicide attacks result in multiple fatalities, as many such cases are either thwarted in advance by police or fail to result in the intended number of victims due to a variety of factors. The present study compares attempted and completed mass murder and rampage style attacks that have taken place at schools, and further compares incidents involving firearms to those that involve other deadly weapons. Utilizing a database of 282 identified cases of mass murder incidents in schools across 38 nations, incidents’ date and location, the demographic characteristics of perpetrators, weapons used, number of victims, and school contexts are examined and compared.
Analytically derived material properties of multilaminated extracellular matrix devices using the ball-burst test

Xenogeneic extracellular matrices (ECMs) have been shown to be effective as naturally occurring scaffolds for soft-tissue repair. As acellular tissue substitutes at the time of surgical implantation, ECMs are subjected to the mechanical forces and micro-environmental conditions representative of the anatomical location in which they are placed. Ideally such natural scaffolds would possess mechanical properties that allow for normal tissue function in and around the implant site. The ball-burst test was used to simulate biaxial forces and to determine the strength of the ECM scaffold under a relevant physiological loading condition. The ball-burst test, in itself, does not quantify intrinsic mechanical properties and therefore a methodology was developed to determine the maximum stress resultant tangent modulus (MSRTM) or the maximum stress tangent modulus (MSTM), stress to failure (sigma(f)), failure stress resultant (N(f)), ball-burst pressure (P), and maximum elongation (lambda(max)) from the raw ball-burst data obtained at a constant-rate of transverse. The analytical methodology was compared to finite element simulations and showed good correlation with the analytical solution presented. The proposed approximations were used to compute biaxial failure properties for a variety of multilaminate ECM devices with varying number of layers, disinfection and sterilization, and organ origin.
Demonstration of increased myocardial lipid with postischemic dysfunction ("myocardial stunning") by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Histopathologic studies have demonstrated accumulation of lipid droplets in myocardium subjected to ≥6 h of ischemic insult. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy can provide a noninvasive means to evaluate changes in tissue lipid and, potentially, to characterize the ischemic insult. To determine whether lipids accumulate with a brief ischemic insult, myocardial lipid content was evaluated by 1H NMR spectroscopy of ex-vivo samples from seven dogs in a model of postischemic dysfunction created by 15 min of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion followed by 3 h of reperfusion. Regional myocardial function was assessed by measuring segment length shortening with use of a pair of ultrasonic crystals placed in the ischemic zone and in the control zone. During the occlusion, all dogs had significant ischemia of the occlusion zone as measured by radiolabeled microspheres (0.08 ± 0.08 versus 0.88 ± 0.09 ml/g per min for the control zone), and all dogs developed systolic stretching of the ischemic zone segment. Myocardial lipid content was significantly elevated in the samples from the coronary occlusion zone (p < 0.02). The increase in lipid signal may result from the ischemia-induced decrease in beta oxidation and resultant accumulation of fatty acyl esters (for example, fatty acids, triglycerides and acylcarnitines). In conclusion, this study shows that myocardium subjected to a brief (approximately 15 min) coronary occlusion followed by 3 h of reperfusion demonstrates a significant increase in NMR-detectable lipid content.
Nf1 limits epicardial derivative expansion by regulating epithelial to mesenchymal transition and proliferation

The epicardium is the primary source of coronary vascular smooth muscle cells (cVSMCs) and fibroblasts that reside in the compact myocardium. To form these epicardial-derived cells (EPDCs), the epicardium undergoes the process of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Although several signaling pathways have been identified that disrupt EMT, no pathway has been reported that restricts this developmental process. Here, we identify neurofibromin 1 (Nf1) as a key mediator of epicardial EMT. To determine the function of Nf1 during epicardial EMT and the formation of epicardial derivatives, cardiac fibroblasts and cVSMCs, we generated mice with a tissue-specific deletion of Nf1 in the epicardium. We found that mutant epicardial cells transitioned more readily to mesenchymal cells in vitro and in vivo. The mesothelial epicardium lost epithelial gene expression and became more invasive. Using lineage tracing of EPDCs, we found that the process of EMT occurred earlier in Nf1 mutant hearts, with an increase in epicardial cells entering the compact myocardium. Moreover, loss of Nf1 caused increased EPDC proliferation and resulted in more cardiac fibroblasts and cVSMCs. Finally, we were able to partially reverse the excessive EMT caused by loss of Nf1 by disrupting Pdgfrα expression in the epicardium. Conversely, Nf1 activation was able to inhibit PDGF-induced epicardial EMT. Our results demonstrate a regulatory role for Nf1 during epicardial EMT and provide insights into the susceptibility of patients with disrupted NF1 signaling to cardiovascular disease.
A Comparison of Judgmental and Associational Techniques in Developing Verbal Concept Formation Materials

(1961). A Comparison of Judgmental and Associational Techniques in Developing Verbal Concept Formation Materials. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 331-342.
GABA and enkephalin projection from the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum to the ventral tegmental area

GABAergic and enkephalinergic afferents to the ventral tegmental area were investigated in the rat using retrograde tracing techniques combined with in situ hybridization. Following iontophoretic deposit of Fluoro-Gold in the ventral tegmental area labeling in the forebrain was most dense in the shell of the nucleus accumbens, rostral ventromedial ventral pallidum and diagonal band of Broca. A smaller density was also observed in the lateral septum. In these forebrain regions, the portion of retrogradely labeled cells that contained mRNA for glutamate decarboxylase ranged from 25% to 50%, whereas only 5% to 15% were double-labeled for preproenkephalin mRNA. Cells double-labeled with either glutamate decarboxylase or preproenkephalin mRNA were most numerous in the lateral septum, shell of the nucleus accumbens, rostral ventral pallidum and diagonal band of Broca. Large Fluoro-Gold deposits which invaded the medial substantia nigra resulted in a significant number of retrogradely labeled cells in the core of the nucleus accumbens, and a portion of these neurons also contained mRNA for glutamate decarboxylase or preproenkephalin. These data demonstrate the presence of GABAergic and enkephalinergic neurons projecting from the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum and diagonal band of Broca to the ventral tegmental area.
A valid method of laparoscopic simulation training and competence assessment.

Abstract Background The purpose of our study was to evaluate the construct validity of laparoscopic technical performance measures and the face validity of three laparoscopic simulations. Materials and methods Subjects (N = 27) of varying levels of surgical experience performed three laparoscopic simulations, representing appendectomy (LA), cholecystectomy (LC), and inguinal hemiorrhaphy (LH). Five laparoscopic surgeons, blinded to the identity of the subjects, rated the subjects on procedural competence on a binary scale and in four skills categories on a 5-point scale: clinical judgment, dexterity, serial/simultaneous complexity, and spatial orientation. Using a task-specific checklist, non-clinical staff assessed the technical errors. The level of surgical experience was correlated with the ratings, the technical errors, and the time for each procedure. Subject responses to a survey regarding the utility of the inanimate models were evaluated. Results Years of experience directly correlated with the skills ratings (all P Conclusion The laparoscopic simulations demonstrated both face and construct validity. Regardless of the level of surgical experience, the subjects found the models to be suitable representations of actual laparoscopic procedures. Task speed improved with surgical experience. More importantly, the quality of performance increased with experience, as shown by the improvement in the skills assessments by expert laparoscopic surgeons.
Net returns, fiscal risks, and the optimal patient mix for a profit-maximizing hospital

As is well recognized, the provisions of PL98-21 not only transfer financial risks from the Medicare program to the hospital but also induce institutions to adjust the diagnostic mix of Medicare beneficiaries so as to maximize net income or minimize the net loss. This paper employs variation in the set of net returns as the sole measure of financial risk and develops a model that identifies the mix of beneficiaries that maximizes net income, subject to a given level of risk. The results indicate that the provisions of PL98-21 induce the institution to deny admission to elderly patients presenting conditions for which the net return is relatively low and the variance in the cost per case is large. Further, the paper suggests that the treatment of beneficiaries at a level commensurate with previous periods or the preferences of physicians may jeopardize the viability and solvency of Medicare-dependent hospitals.
Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor.

The adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) is included in classifications of odontogenic tumors because it occurs only in the tooth-bearing area of the jaws and because of its histomorphologic resemblance to components of the dental organ (tooth germ). Although numerous cases have been reported, AOT generally is considered to be an uncommon tumor. Its distinctive, although not pathognomonic, clinicopathologic profile is unique among odontogenic tumors because most lesions occur in association with an unerupted maxillary cuspid in teenage girls. Although the so-called ‘‘duct-like structures’’ are a unique (although not always present) microscopic feature of AOT, a diagnostic pitfall has been delineated. No unequivocal recurrences have been reported despite known incomplete removal of some tumors.
Divide and conquer: stomping leukemia cells by stimulating them to grow

Comment on Amadori et al, page [27][1] Treatment failure in older adults with AML is due to leukemia cell drug resistance as well as death due to infection. The EORTC and GIMEMA groups addressed these problems in a randomized trial using growth factors both during and after induction chemotherapy
Modeling and Control of Compliant Assembly Systems

The assembly of compliant, non-rigid parts is widely used in automotive, aerospace, electronics, and appliance manufacturing. Dimensional variation is one important measure of quality in such assembly. This paper presents models for analyzing the propagation of dimensional variation in multi-stage compliant assembly systems and the use of such models for robust design and adaptive control of assembly quality. The models combine engineering structure analysis with advanced statistical methods in considering the effect part variation, tooling variation, as well as part deformation due to clamping, joining and springback. The new adaptive control algorithm makes use of the fine adjustment capabilities in new programmable tooling in achieving reduction of assembly variation.
Ethnic Variation in Hedonic Consumption

Summary The research explored variation in hedonic consumption patterns among members of religion- and nationality-based ethnic groups. It was assumed that observed differences in types and levels of hedonic consumption will increase our understanding of the hedonic aspects of ethnicity and the effects of ethnic socialization upon consumption. Religious groupings were Catholic (n = 167), Jewish (n = 228), and Protestant (n = 55). Nationality groupings were Chinese (n = 29), Greek (n = 23), Irish (n = 20), Italian (n = 68), Jewish (n = 200), and English (n = 49). Data were gathered from college students and their social contacts residing in New York City. It was found that significant ethnic differences were present in projective behavior, imagery, behavioral motives, and preferred leisure activities, thus supporting the utility of further investigating the hedonic behavior-ethnicity linkage.
Sensory profile of a model energy drink with varying levels of functional ingredients-caffeine, ginseng, and taurine.

: Energy drinks have increased in popularity in recent years due to the claimed energy boost provided by functional ingredients. A multitude of functional ingredients have been utilized; however, there is limited research on their sensory effects in energy drink formulations. A 13-member descriptive analysis panel was conducted to investigate the effects on the sensory and rheological properties of 3 common functional ingredients—caffeine, ginseng, and taurine—in a noncarbonated model energy drink solution. Combinations of these functional ingredients at 3 levels (low, medium, high) were added to create a total of 27 different solutions (3 × 3 × 3 factorial design). Analysis of variance was performed to evaluate the sensory effects of the varying concentrations of functional ingredients in solution. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to summarize the relationship among the attributes and solutions. In general, high levels of caffeine in solution resulted in low ratings of fruity attributes and high ratings of bitter tea and fruit bitter attributes. The high level of ginseng in solution was characterized by high ratings of bitter attributes. A horns effect was observed as the sweet, artificial lemon-lime, pear, mango, and pineapple attributes were rated lower in intensity with increased ginseng levels. Taurine levels of up to 416 mg/100 mL had no significant effect on the sensory attribute ratings of the model energy drink solutions. These findings can be utilized to predict the changes in sensory characteristics when formulating energy drinks containing these popular functional ingredients.
Load redistribution mechanism in damage tolerant and redundant truss structure

Structural optimization for damage tolerance under various unforeseen damage scenarios is computationally challenging. It couples non-linear progressive failure analysis with sampling based stochastic analysis of random damages. This work shows that analysis of damage tolerance depends on specification of damages, and optimizing a structure under one damage specification can be sensitive to other damages not considered. This work demonstrates the importance of understanding the underlying mechanics that provide damage tolerance in order to develop computationally efficient methods for optimization. Understanding features of load distributions in damage tolerant structures can result in efficient methods for optimization. To understand and identify these features, one compared and contrasted designs with varying degree of damage tolerance. A method to describe load distributions based on principal component analysis is presented. It is found that the number of dominant eigenvalues of principal components in a structure correlates with the number of alternate paths.
Methylation of macromolecules and lipids during the release of buds from dormancy with 6-benzylaminopurine

Abstract BENZYLAMINOPURINE releases axillary buds of tobacco from dormancy. During the early stages of bud stimulation [Methyl- 14 C] incorporation from methionine into a labile fraction eluted from Methylated Albumen-Kielselguhr columns is reduced in 6-benzylaminopurine-treated buds. The percent of isotope incorporation into lipids and s-RNA is higher 18 hours after 6-benzylaminopurine treatment than in the controls. These data demonstrate a shift in metabolism of [Methyl- 14 C]- methionine during the release of buds from dormancy.
Size effect on the emissivity of thin films

Abstract The size effect on the emissivity of thin films is analyzed. There are three methods for calculating film emissivity: the indirect method, the direct method based on the division of amplitude and the direct method based on Maxwell's equations combined with fluctuational electrodynamics. Traditional indirect approaches involve computation of absorption, and the emissivity is then predicted by invoking Kirchhoff's law. The direct method employed in this work, based on Maxwell's equations and fluctuational electrodynamics, does not require Kirchhoff's law. Instead, Kirchhoff's law emerges naturally from the mathematical model. A closed form expression for thickness-dependent emissivity of thin films is derived from the direct approach, and it is shown that the three existing methods lead to the same aforementioned expression. Simulation results reveal that the emissivity of metallic films increases above bulk values as the film thickness decreases. This counterintuitive behavior is due to the extraneous contributions of waves experiencing multiple reflections within the thin layer, which are usually internally absorbed for metallic bulks. Conversely, for dielectrics, the emissivity of films decreases as the film thickness decreases due to a loss of source volume. The critical thickness above which no size effect is observed for metals is about a hundred of nanometers, while it can be as large as a few centimeters for dielectrics. A simple approximate expression is finally suggested for evaluating the critical thickness; this criterion can be used as a quick reference to determine if the size effect on the emissivity of thin films should be considered.
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus in Children and Young Adults

Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is generally considered to be a disorder of adult and geriatric patients. We report four patients who are children or young adults with chronic neurological disorders, recent deterioration of their levels of function, normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressures, and ventricular enlargement. All four patients improved after the placement or revision of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Frequent symptoms and signs included irritability (three patients), vomiting (three patients), and abnormal limb posturing (two patients). Correct diagnosis was hampered by two factors: (a) Multiple or prolonged recordings of CSF pressures were invariably well within the normal ranges with respect to age, and (b) the patients had chronic neurological deficits. After ventriculoperitoneal shunting, subjective and objective improvement was seen in all cases. Young patients with large ventricles may benefit from shunting procedures despite low CSF pressures. These patients may be clinically identified by symptoms of new neurological dysfunction in cases of previously static neurological disease or acceleration of slowly progressive neurological dysfunction. Some of these underlying neurological disorders may predispose children and young adults to NPH.
Phase stability of supported bimetallic catalysts

Abstract Although in the bulk state copper is virtually immiscible with ruthenium or osmium, Sinfelt has found that silica-supported catalysts contain miscible bimetallic clusters of ruthenium-copper or osmium-copper. This miscibility on the scale of thin films (or clusters) may be explained by two phenomena, namely by the structural changes caused by the straining of the thin film (or cluster) by the substrate and/or the configurational changes occurring in small assemblies of atoms because of their smallness. A thermodynamic treatment is developed which permits the evaluation of the effect of the strain energy on the critical temperature of phase separation.
Host cell‐dependent secretion and translocation of the LepA and LepB effectors of Legionella pneumophila

Legionella pneumophila is the Gram-negative bacterial agent of Legionnaires' disease, an acute, often fatal pneumonia. L. pneumophila infects alveolar macrophages, evading the antimicrobial defences of the phagocyte by preventing fusion of the phagosome with lysosomes and avoiding phagosome acidification. The bacteria then modulate the composition of the vacuole so that it takes on the characteristics of the endoplasmic reticulum. Similar events occur when the bacteria infect unicellular protozoa. It is thought that replication in fresh water protozoa provides an environmental reservoir for the organism. Several effector proteins are delivered to the host by the Icm/Dot type IV secretion system (TFSS). Some of these have been shown to participate in the trafficking of the Legionella phagosome. Here we describe the ability of the Icm/Dot TFSS to translocate two effectors, LepA and LepB, that play a role in the non-lytic release of Legionella from protozoa. We report that translocation of the Lep proteins is inhibited by agents that depolymerize actin filaments and that effectors may be secreted into the extracellular medium upon cell contact. Depletion of the Lep proteins by deletion of their genes results in increased ability to lyse red blood cells. In contrast, overexpression of Lep-containing hybrid proteins appears to specifically inhibit the activity of the Icm/Dot TFSS and may prevent the delivery of other effectors that are critical for intracellular multiplication.
X-Ray Step-And-Repeat Lithography System For Submicron VLSI

Perkin-Elmer's X-Ray Step-and-Repeat lithography system has been developed to meet the IC industry's stringent requirements for fabricating submicron VLSI chips. System performance and key equipment features will be discussed along with early subsystem and system test data. The X-ray system uses a 10-kW source to provide high-throughput exposures with a resolution of 0.17 micron. X-rays are generated by focusing a 10-KeV electron beam within a 1.5-mm spot on the rim of a rotating, water-cooled anode. Mask-to-wafer alignment is sensed and controlled during exposure in all six degrees of mechanical freedom to provide 0.1 micron alignment accuracy. The precision wafer stage has a closed-loop positioning accuracy of 0.01 micron. In-plane stage motion is accomplished using a three-axis planar motor that rides on a stiff air bearing over a patterned plate that serves as the motor's platen. A laser interferometer option can be added to the system to monitor the position of the wafer stage to an accuracy of 0.02 micron.
Minimum Alveolar Concentrations in Man on Awakening from Methoxyflurane, Halothane, Ether and Fluroxene Anesthesia: MAC Awake

Alveolar anesthetic concentrations at the first response to command and those concentrations just preventing the response were determined in man during recovery from methoxyflurane, halothane, ether and fluroxene anesthesia. The authors assumed equilibration of cerebral anesthetic concentration with alveolar concentration after alveolar concentration had been kept constant for at least 15 minutes. The anesthetic concentration midway between the value permitting the response and that just preventing the response was defined as “MAC awake.” MAC awake values were 0.081 ± 0.021 (SD) per cent methoxyflurane, 0.41 ± 0.05 per cent halothane, 1.41 ± 0.22 per cent ether, and 2.20 ± 0.49 per cent fluroxene. MAC awake-to-MAC ratios were fairly close for the four agents, being 0.52, 0.52, 0.67, and 0.60 for methoxyflurane, halothane, ether, and fluroxene, respectively. When the alveolar concentrations were allowed to fall spontaneously, falsely low MAC awake values were obtained for halothane and fluroxene, while MAC awake for methoxyflurane was unchanged from that found at constant alveolar concentration.
Dramatic Solvent and Hydration Effects on the Transition State of Soybean Peroxidase

Enzymes are shown to function in nonaqueous media; however, relatively little information is available on the influence of the organic solvent as well as its associated water content on the properties of the enzymatic transition states. A better understanding of these effects will be useful in developing kinetic models that can then be used to predict optimal solvent and substrate choices for enzymatic reactions in organic media. The influence of the reaction media on soybean peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of para-substituted phenols was studied using Hammett analysis for several organic solvent systems. The catalytic activity and substrate specificity of the enzyme are influenced by the nature of the solvent and its associated hydration. These findings may allow one to draw conclusions about the reaction mechanism and the roles of solvent and solvent hydration on enzyme function.
O-012 demographic and lesion characteristics outperform degree of stenosis in predicting outcomes following stenting for symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis.

Introduction Intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) is often stratified by degree of stenosis. Additional features such as patient demographics and symptom characteristics also affect lesion behavior and response to treatment. This study compares stratification by degree of narrowing to these additional features. Materials and methods Retrospective analysis was performed on patients at 4 hospitals with ICAD causing stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) treated with stents. Patient demographics, lesion features, symptom characteristics, treatment success, and post-treatment outcomes such as technical complication, transient ischemic attack, stroke, or death were noted. Symptom characteristics were divided by aetiology as hypoperfusion, non-hypoperfusion, or indeterminate. Univariate logistic regression was performed for nominal variable types, and decision trees were constructed using recursive partitioning for continuous variables. Results Chi-square univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated significant correlation of female gender with stroke at 30 days (x 2 [1, n = 130] = 5.106, p = 0.024). At point of last clinical contact, TIA was associated with an indeterminate symptom aetiology as opposed to identifiable hypoperfusion or non-hypoperfusion aetiology (x2 [1, n = 130] = 5.556, p = 0.018), as was initial presentation with TIA rather than stroke (x 2 [1, n = 130] = 6.458, p = 0.011). When comparing non-hypoperfusion and indeterminate symptom etiologies against clearly identifiable hypoperfusion aetiology, the non-hypoperfusion group was more likely to have a stroke by point of last contact (x 2 [1, n = 130] = 7.664, p = 0.006). Stroke outcome was also associated with lesion stenosis >95% (x 2 [1, n = 130] = 5.709, p = 0.017). Recursive partitioning analysis confirmed the above-described results and identified age >76.6 years as associated with symptomatic technical complications (x 2 [1, n = 130] = 0.047). Conclusion Degree of atherosclerotic stenosis is commonly used to stratify lesions when assessing suitability for treatment. This study identified stronger prognostic value in lesion features, specifically pathophysiologic features of presenting symptoms, and patient age and sex. Further research is needed to develop more robust models to predict natural history and potential response to endovascular treatment for ICAD. Disclosures M. Alexander: None. D. Cooke: None. P. Meyers: None. M. Amans: None. J. Narvid: None. C. Dowd: None. V. Halbach: None. R. Higashida: None. S. Hetts: None.
Corticotropin releasing factor receptor expression in painful human dental pulp

Abstract Background Our objective was to correlate the presence of symptoms and dental pulp injury with the amount of a subtype of corticotropin releasing factor receptor (CRF-R) in symptomatic and asymptomatic human teeth. We hypothesized that patients diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis have increased levels of CRF-R. Materials and methods Dental history, diagnosis and radiographs were obtained from treatment records following extractions. Teeth were diagnosed as asymptomatic or symptomatic demonstrated by clinical and radiographic evaluation. Tissue sections from tooth pulp were immunoreacted with antibodies directed against CRF receptor 2 (CRF-R2) and neurofilament protein and examined to correlate CRF-R expression with pulpal diagnosis. Results Our results indicated that symptomatic pulps demonstrated significantly greater expression of CRF-R2. The increased expression was localized on distinct cellular profiles throughout the pulp and was not directly correlated with neurofilament expression. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the analgesic effects of endogenously produced CRF may be enhanced via upregulation of CRF-R2 expression, and may explain the occurrence of reduced pain symptoms in some patients with irreversible pulpitis. The application of CRF-R agonists may be a feasible strategy in reducing pain associated with irreversible pulpitis.
Origins of Muslim Consciousness in India: A World-System Perspective

Foreword: Identity and Conflict by Immanuel Wallerstein Introduction Impact of Early British Rule: The Rise of Islamic Revivalist Movements The Rise of the Modernists Among the Muslims: Impact of the "Great Depression" The Rise and Decline of Hindu-Muslim Unity: 1914-1929 Impact of the Depression and the Second World War on Muslim Separatism in India Afterword by Ramkrishna Mukherjee Bibliography Index
Factors that influence battered women to leave their abusive relationships.

This study examines factors associated with leaving an abusive relationship, including relationship characteristics, external support, and health status of the abused subjects. The subjects included 448 Seattle women whose abuse resulted in police involvement or filing for a civil protection order against their male partner. Women were followed longitudinally for 9 months. Stepwise logistic regression analyses assessed factors independently predictive of leave taking. Predictors of leaving the abusive relationship were young age, leaving the relationship previously, and having a protection order, an abuse-related physician visit, and a high score of psychological vulnerability to abuse. Seeking but not receiving external support was negatively associated with leave taking. Language: en
A new approach to auctions and resilient mechanism design

We put forward a new approach to mechanism design, and exemplify it via a new mechanism guaranteeing significant revenue in unrestricted combinatorial auctions. Our mechanism (1) succeeds in a new and very adversarial collusion model; (2) works in a new, equilibrium-less, and very strong solution concept; (3) benchmarks its performance against the knowledge that the players have about each other; (4) is computationally efficient and preserves the players' privacy to an unusual extent.
Hardiness, Stress, and Burnout Among Intensive Care Nurses

The purposes of this study were to determine whether hardiness is a predictor of burnout and whether it can buffer the effect of stress on burnout. Thirty-one registered nurses who work in intensive care units completed the Hardiness test, the Nursing Stress scale, and the Tedium scale. Descriptive statistics, correlational statistics, t tests, analysis of variance, and hierarchical multiple regressions were used to analyze the data. Results indicated that hardiness and burnout had a significant inverse relationship (r = 0.66). Stress and the stress-hardiness interaction term accounted for 29% of the variance in burnout scores. This study found hardiness to be a predictor of burnout and a buffer in the stress-burnout relationship. Furthermore, the relationship between hardiness and stress was found to be stronger than that between stress and burnout. Further study is needed to verify that hardiness is a stress mediator in nursing and to determine how to best promote hardiness in nurses.
ERRORS AND PITFALLS IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF METASTATIC BONE DISEASE

Patients can present with metastatic bone disease in a variety of ways, creating a challenge to the treating orthopedic surgeon. 5,9,11,12,13,14 Bone lesions can mimic other pathologic entities or sometimes can be hard to recognize, especially if the patient presents with a fracture and poor-quality radiographs are obtained. 15,27 Virtually every orthopedic surgical practice encounters patients with metastatic disease. Because of the wide variability in presentation, the potential for errors in recognition, diagnosis, and treatment exists. It is critical to the care of these patients that the orthopedic surgeon be cognizant of the pitfalls and traps in presentation and management of metastatic bone disease. Metastatic bone disease will become an increasing problem as advances in the management of cancer continue to occur and patients survive longer, increasing the possibility of developing bone disease. 3,29 With compromised surgical care, these patients are doomed to spend the rest of their shortened lives dependent on others, bedridden, and in pain. 1 Errors in the management of bone and soft tissue neoplasms in general continue to occur in the care of patients with malignancy. 18,19,26,28 Nearly one in five patients who presents with a bone or soft tissue neoplasm has the prognosis or outcome adversely affected by a poorly planned biopsy, missed diagnosis, or other inappropriate surgical procedure. The fundamental error in almost all instances is embarking on a plan of treatment without a secure diagnosis or without considering the possibility of malignancy.
Device complications in adult congenital heart disease.

Background Pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) are increasingly implanted in adults with congenital heart disease (CHD), but little is known about implant-related complications and mortality. Objective The purpose of this study was to compare pacemaker and ICD implantation complication rates between adults with and those without CHD using a comprehensive, statewide database. Methods We used the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project database to identify initial transvenous pacemaker and ICD implantations and implant-related complications in California hospitals from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2011. We calculated relative risks of implant-related complications by comparing those with and those without CHD using Poisson regression with robust standard errors, adjusting for age and medical comorbidities. Results We identified 105,852 patients undergoing pacemaker implantation, 1465 with noncomplex CHD and 66 with complex CHD. CHD was not associated with increased risk of pacemaker implant-related complications: adjusted risk ratio (aRR) 0.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.74–1.14, P = .45. We identified 32,948 patients undergoing ICD implantation, 815 with noncomplex CHD and 87 with complex CHD. Patients with CHD had increased risk of ICD implant-related complications: aRR 1.36, 95% CI 1.05–1.76, P = .02. Patients with complex CHD had greater increased risk of ICD implant-related complications: aRR 2.14, 95% CI 1.16–3.95, P = .02. In patients receiving devices, CHD was associated with a trend toward lower 30-day in-hospital mortality after pacemaker ( P = .07) and ICD ( P = .19) implantation. Conclusion Among adult patients undergoing device implantation in California, CHD was associated with increased risk of ICD implant-related complications, but not pacemaker implant-related complications or higher 30-day in-hospital mortality.
The X-ray structure analysis of bis-,2,2'-N,N'-bipyridyl ketone cobalt(III) nitrate dihydrate

Abstract An X-ray structural analysis of bis-2,2′,N,N′-bipyridyl ketone cobalt(III) nitrate dihydrate, CoC22H20N4O4+· NO3−·2H2O,Mr=559.38 g/mol, P 1 , a=8.862(2), b=16.195(3), c=8.772(2) A, α=103.54(2), β=95.74(3), γ=105.07°, V=1164.4(4) A3, Z=2, Dx=1.595 g/cm3, Mo Kα radiation (λ=0.71073 A), μ=7.8 cm−1 and R=0.079, revealed a Co(III) cation in a slightly distorted octahedral environment. The structure reveals that the ligand di-2-pyridyl ketone (dpk) has undergone a hydration reaction across the ketone double bond and one of the hydrate oxygen atoms coordinated to the metal forming a tridentate chelate. This new Co(dpk-hydrate)2+ complex displays the least distorted geometry yet reported for either 1:1 or 1:2 (metal:ligand) complexes. A geometry optimization using the INDO model Hamiltonian as implemented in the program ZINDO was performed on the title complex with the Co3+ modeled as a singlet. The result of the computation corroborates the geometry of the title complex as that expected for Co3+.
Discriminative stimulus properties and schedule effects of fencamfamine in rats.

Abstract The behavioral properties of fencamfamine, a sympathomimetic central stimulant recently identified in alleged cocaine samples, were studied in two different paradigms. In Experiment I, rats were trained to discriminate between injections of saline (0.1 ml/kg, IP) and cocaine (3.0 mg/kg, IP) in a two-lever drug discrimination task on a fixed-ratio (FR) 10 schedule of water presentation. Fencamfamine (0.3–3.0 mg/kg, IP) produced cocaine-appropriate choice behavior and was slightly more potent than cocaine in producing this effect. In Experiment II, rats responded under a multiple fixed-interval (FI) 300 sec, FR 20 schedule of water presentation. Fencamfamine (0.1–10.0 mg/kg, IP) and cocaine (0.1–30.0 mg/kg, IP) produced qualitatively similar effects on responding under this schedule. With increasing doses of either drug, FI response rates first increased, then decreased; FR response rates were only decreased. Fencamfamine was approximately three times more potent than cocaine in producing these effects. The results of these two experiments indicate that fencamfamine and cocaine have similar behavioral properties.
Débridement of Small Partial-thickness Rotator Cuff Tears in Elite Overhead Throwers

Elite overhead throwing athletes with rotator cuff tears represent a unique group of patients with an ultimate goal of returning to their previous level of competition. We hypothesized debridement of small partial-thickness rotator cuff tears would return the majority of elite overhead throwing athletes to their previous level of competition. Preoperative and intraoperative findings on 82 professional pitchers who had undergone debridement of partial-thickness rotator cuff tears were evaluated using our database. We obtained return to play data on 67 of the 82 players (82%); 51 (76%) were able to return to competitive pitching at the professional level and 37 (55%) were able to return to the same or higher level of competition. Of the 67 patients, 34 pitchers returned a questionnaire with a minimum followup of 18 months (mean 38 months; range 18 to 59 months). SF-12 scores were above average with a mean PSF-12 and MSF-12 of 55.04 and 56.49 respectively. An Athletic Shoulder Outcome Rating Scale score of greater than 60 was found in 76.5% of pitchers. Debridement of small partial-thickness rotator cuff tears allowed a majority of elite overhead throwing athletes to return to competitive pitching, however, returning to their previous level of competition remains a challenge for many of these players. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Survival of patients treated with radiation therapy for anaplastic astrocytoma

Background. Anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) represents 7% of primary brain tumors in adults. Patient-, tumor-, and treatment-related factors are thought to be predictive of survival. We retrospectively assessed the association of patient-, tumor-, and treatment-related factors with survival in AA treated with radiotherapy (RT) at our institution. Methods. Medical records of patients with AA treated with RT between 1987 and 2007 were reviewed. Patient-, tumor-, and treatment-related variables were recorded and used to assign patients to a Radiation Therapy Oncology Group recursive partitioning analysis (RTOG RPA) classification. First use of chemotherapy was recorded. Log-rank tests and Cox regression models were used to assess for an association of patient-, tumor- and treatment-related factors with survival. Results. One-hundred twenty-six patients were eligible for study. Median age, Karnofsky performance status, and duration of symptoms were 43 years, 90, and 8 weeks. Median radiation dose was 59.4 Gy; 61% of patients underwent tumor resection, and 17% and 41% of patients received temozolomide during and after RT. Median survival was 31 months, and 2-year survival was 58%. RTOG RPA class was associated with survival (p 0.05). Conclusions. In this retrospective study with inherent limitations, RTOG RPA classification was associated with survival. Further studies are necessary to confirm or refute this finding.