cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emergence timing and subsequent downstream movements of two non-native salmonids in a Lake Superior tributary

Abstract We describe patterns of emergence and downstream movement by recently emerged fry of two non-native salmonids in the Great Lakes region, North America. Our primary objectives were to describe the timing of emergence in relation to spring flooding, and to examine the effects of reach-level complexity of stream habitat on rates of movement. Emergence and movement patterns of coho salmon and brown trout fry were assessed over an eight-week period in two reaches distinguished by differences in channel woody debris. Fry emergence occurred from mid-March to early May, and peaked in early to mid-April. Movement during this period was uncorrelated with upstream densities of resident fry and fish moving downstream did not appear moribund or in poor condition. Nearly twice as many fish moved through the simple reach that lacked woody debris cover even though upstream densities of resident fry were generally greater in the complex reach. The results reported here indicate that peak emergence occurs in close association with the timing of spring floods. Variability in the timing of either emergence or spring floods could have profound effects on the size of coho salmon and brown trout populations within streams of this region. Results from this study further suggest that greater habitat complexity may reduce downstream movements of newly emerged salmonid fry in a natural system.
Treadmill training improves fitness reserve in chronic stroke patients

tion from 9.3 2mL kg 1 min 1 to 7.9 1.5mL kg 1 min 1 (p .002), which enabled them to perform the same constant-load treadmill task using 20% less of their peak exercise capacity (62.3% 17.2% vs 49.9% 19.3%, p .002). Gains in VO2peak and economy of gait plateaued by 3 months, while peak ambulatory workload capacity progressively increased by 39% (p .001) over 6 months. Conclusions: Treadmill training improves physiologic fitness reserve in chronic stroke patients by increasing V O2peak while lowering the energy cost of hemiparetic gait, and increases peak ambulatory workload capacity. These improvements may enhance functional mobility in chronic stroke patients.
The structure and the biological activities of sulfopoluglucans — I. The biological activity of sulfoevernan

Abstract Sulfoevernan, a novel heparinoid with molecular weight of 2 × 104 and 12% of sulfo group, was prepared by sulfonation of evernan, an α−(1→3, 1→4) polyglucan isolated from oak moss ( Evernia prunastry L. Ach. ) Sulfoevernan and β-lipoproteins of human serum form a complex with the participation of calcium. Sulfoevernan also complexes in vitro with histamine with a molar ratio 1:10:5. Injected in rabbits, sulfoevernan increases prothrombin time, and enhances the hydrolysis of triolein. The maxima of these two activities coincide at one hour after the administration of sulfoevernan. Half an hour after administration, only 12% of sulfoevernan was present in rabbit plasma. These data encourage further investigation of sulfoevernan as a possible anti-lepemic and anti-atherosclerotic agent.
Modifying the Neuroendocrine Stress Response

OF different techniques are availle to modify the neuroendocrine metabolic stress response. None has been as extensively studied as central neuraxial blockade, especially epidural anesthesia and analgesia. Nor has any other technique or agent been shown to be as effective in suppressing most components of the stress response. Therefore, after first summarizing the stress response to surgery, we will discuss in some detail suppression of the stress responses with neural blockade and its potential impact on improving surgical outcome. More briefly, we will touch on non-neural blockade interventions to suppress the stress response, specifically adrenergic blockade, s'ubstrate administration, reduction of heat loss, pain relief, and glucocorticoids. THE STRESS RESPONSE TO SURGERY The stress response is a normal physiologic reaction to trauma and surgery. It encompasses a wide range of endocrinologic, immunologic, and hematologic changes. Traditionally, the stress response to trauma or surgery is divided into 2 phases. The initial ebb phase is characterized by a hypodynamic state--a reduction in metabolic rate and most other physiologic activities. The ebb phase is usually transient or even absent, especially during modern surgery. The second phase, known as the flow phase, is a hyperdynamic state with elevated metabolic rate and increased cardiac output. Evolutionarily, the stress response is considered to play an important compensatory role and increase the victim's chance of survival. Circulating concentrations of norepinephrine and epinephrine are increased by augmented sympathetic nervous system activity, which leads to increases in heart
Shock avoidance conditioning and 3H-leucine uptake in a simple vertebrate system

Abstract Myelencephalic grass frogs were trained to avoid shock to a forelimb, in the paradigm of Horridge. Forty-five min after training, these animals reached the criterion for conditioning faster and with fewer mistakes. Yoked control animals exhibited a slight learning deficit 45 min after receiving unavoidable shocks. Thirty min after training there was no difference in total protein content in the neuraxes of trained and yoked animals, but trained animals incorporated relatively more 3 H-leucine into presumptive protein. The incorporated radio-activity was largely confined to the half of the neuraxis ipsilateral to the trained limb, but was not consistently confined to any 1 level of the neuraxis. The simplicity of this behavior and the relatively simple neuronal circuitry mediating it recommend this as a useful vertebrate model system for the study of macromolecular correlates of learning.
Effects of novel 17-azolyl compounds on androgen synthesis in vitro and in vivo.

17-Azolyl steroids were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of androgen synthesis in vitro and in vivo. Several of the novel compounds exhibit potent noncompetitive inhibition of human 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase with IC50 values ranging from 7 to 90 nM, and Ki values from 1.2 to 41 nM. VN/85-1 and VN/108-1 were the most potent inhibitors against this enzyme with IC50 value of 8 nM (Ki of 1.2 nM) and 7 nM (Ki of 1.9 nM), respectively. VN/107-1, VN/108-1 and VN/109-1 also showed moderate inhibition of 5α-reductase in human prostatic microsomes. Normal adult male rats were treated with these novel 17-azolyl steroidal compounds at a dose level of 50 mg/kg, s.c., for 14 consecutive days, sacrificed 1–2 h after the last administered dose and blood, prostate and other tissues were collected. The organs were weighed and tissue concentrations of testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were measured. Tissue T levels were significantly (p<0.05) lower in rats treated with the novel 17-azolyl steroids by more than 50% compared to the control group. Similarly, the concentration of DHT in the serum and prostates was significantly (p<0.05) diminished in rats treated with the 17-azolyl steroids by 39–80% compared to the control group. Furthermore, the wet weights of the prostates and seminal vesicles were significantly (p<0.05) reduced by several of the novel steroids. Although only one dose was evaluated in these studies, VN/85-1 was the most effective compound and reduced prostatic androgen levels by more than 80% and the wet weights of the prostate and seminal vesicles in rats by about 50%. These findings suggest that these novel compounds may provide useful leads for the research and development of suitable agents for the treatment of androgen dependent prostate cancer.
The current state of science and the future of specific reading disability

We review critical scientific advances in specific reading disability. We summarize research findings relevant to genetic neurobiological, and cognitive etiologies, as well as data related to early identification, developmental course, and response to treatment intervention. Converging scientific findings are applied to the development of a proposed new definition of dyslexia and future research directions are outlined. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Suprachoroidal Implantation for the Treatment of Retinal Detachment

A temporary apposition of retina and choroid has been created during retinal detachment surgery by injection of sodium hyaluronate into the suprachoroidal space in 14 patients. The iatrogenic choroidal detachment lasts at least seven to ten days, allowing adequate time for retinopexy to permanently seal the retinal hole. Suprachoroidal implantation is compatible with and additive to conventional retinal detachment techniques, or it can be used alone as a primary treatment modality. Further clinical evaluation and development are necessary to establish indications and limitations for this technique.
Power Structure and Sociocultural Change in Latin American Communities

The article explores the proposition, "as community power becomes increasingly rationalized, the local sociocultural system will become less parochial and increasingly similar to the national system." A power structure index and a culture elemtent index are established and applied to 19 community studies drawn from eight Latin American countries. Communities with less than 70 percent of the national culture elements are analyzed to derive a model of community power and sociocultural change in Latin America. The model suggests that the movement from folk to national cultural orientation at the community level is stimulated by an expanding population and brought about when the structure of community power loses its dependence upon local religious-nmagic institutions and assumes a greater autonomy. T hroughout Latin America communities are changing and something does the changing. That something can be termed "power." Before defining power more explicitly the following quotation is offered to introduce a type case of a community in transi-
Neutral and ionized PAHs: contribution to the interstellar extinction

Abstract A detailed study of the UV-to-near-IR absorption spectra of neutral and ionized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is reported. The experimental results obtained using Matrix isolation spectroscopy combined with the general spectroscopic properties of PAHs derived from theoretical modeling are compared with astronomical observations. From this study, it is concluded that: (i) small neutral PAHs (less than 25 carbon atoms) absorb only in the UV and cannot contribute to the known diffuse interstellar bands, although they may contribute to the extinction curve. A search for their spectral signatures should provide a test to the PAH model and should allow us to set significant limits for the abundances of specific PAHs; (ii) small ionized PAHs (less than 25 carbon atoms) absorb in the visible and near-IR close to the position of well-known diffuse interstellar bands. Based on these promising results it is argued that PAH ions constitute good candidates to explain the diffuse interstellar bands. An assessment of the PAH/diffuse interstellar band proposal is made and predictions for new diffuse interstellar bands to be searched for are presented.
Development of an evidence-based application and rubric for evaluating applicants' qualifications for promotion to professor.

Abstract Objective Every promotion committee is challenged by the need to make value judgments on the quantity and quality of peer work. Decisions based upon subjective assessments may not do justice to the applicant's or the institution's needs. The purpose of this article is to (1) describe the process a college promotion committee used to increase the objectivity brought to this activity, (2) present the tools developed that facilitated the collection and evaluation of faculty work, and (3) describe their usage in a promotion cycle. Methods The Professor Promotion Committee met weekly for 6 months engaging in lengthy and comprehensive discourse to capture the breadth of scholastic and service activities normally engaged in by faculty. Results The committee's work culminated in the development of 4 electronic applications soliciting specific evidence aligned with faculty work and 1 scoring rubric tied directly to the e-applications. More than 55 activities were identified, divided into 4 levels of accomplishment using quantitative and qualitative criteria and weighted according to their centrality to faculty work and relative importance to the institution. Each activity was assigned to one of the following categories: teaching/academic support, scholarship/research, service, and professional development. A consensus score based upon the evidence was used to generate promotion discussions. Conclusions The committee believes the online application aids applicants in recognizing the breadth and depth of promotable work. It provides them the opportunity to structure their work in ways that enhance their chances for promotion. The evidence-based rubric helps to reduce subjectivity in the evaluation process.
The Calculus of Cosponsorship in the U.S. Senate

We investigated why a legislator would be willing to vote “yea” on final passage of a bill but would choose not to cosponsor that bill. We tested a series of hypotheses regarding the cosponsorship decisions of individual senators, using a dataset that includes every major initiative that was introduced and received a floor vote in the Senate between 1975 and 2000. We found that senators are more likely to cosponsor bills when their preferences diverge from the Senate median but are closer to those of the bill's sponsor. Also, senators are more likely to cosponsor bills when they sponsor a higher number of bills overall, when they become more connected with colleagues, and when their constituents increase demand for legislation within particular policy areas. Senators are less likely to cosponsor bills if they received a higher percentage of the general election vote in their most recent election.
Batch sizing under learning and forgetting: Steady state characteristics for the constant demand case

We analyze steady-state characteristics of batch production time for a constant-demand lot sizing problem with learning and forgetting in production time. We report a new type of convergence, the alternating convergence, in which the batch production time alternates between two different values.
Modulation by histamine of peripheral vagal transmission in anesthetized mongrel dogs

Abstract Intravenous infusion of histamine (6.0 μg/kg/min) attenuated bradycardic responses to electrical stimulation of right vagus in anesthetized mongrel dogs. Similarily histamine also reduced reflexly mediated decreases in the heart rate to phenylephrine, while bradycardia induced by exogenous acetylcholine was not altered. This inhibitory action of histamine on responses to vagal stimulation could be antagonized by pretreatment with metiamide, an H2-receptor antagonist; but not by pyrilamine, and H1-receptor blocker. Metiamide significantly potentiated the negative chronotropic effect of vagal stimulation. These results indicate that histamine could inhibit peripheral vagal transmission via a presynaptic action. The ability of histamine to alter vagal transmission may have physiological significance and play a role in histamine-induced tachycardia.
Computer-aided detection of clustered microcalcifications on full-field digital mammograms: a two-view information fusion scheme for FP reduction

We are developing new techniques to improve the performance of our computer-aided detection (CAD) system for clustered microcalcifications on full-field digital mammograms (FFDMs). In this study, we designed an information fusion scheme by using joint two-view information on craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral-oblique (MLO) views. After cluster candidates were detected using a single-view detection technique, candidates on CC and MLO views were paired using their geometrical information. Candidate pairs were classified as true and false pairs with a similarity classifier that used the joint information from both views. Each cluster candidate was also characterized by its single-view features. The outputs of the similarity classifier and the single-view classifier were fused and the cluster candidate was classified as a true microcalcification cluster or a false-positive (FP) using the fused two-view information. A data set of 192 FFDM images was collected from 96 patients at the University of Michigan. All patients had two mammographic views. This data set contained 96 microcalcification clusters, of which 28 clusters were proven by biopsy to be malignant and 68 were proven to be benign. For training and testing the classifiers, the data set was partitioned into two independent subsets with the malignant cases equally distributed to the two subsets. One subset was used for training and the other subset was used for testing. We compared three computerized methods for geometrically pairing cluster candidates on two mammographic views. The areas under the fitted ROC curves were 0.75±0.01, 0.74±0.01, and 0.76±0.01 for the three methods, respectively. The difference between any two methods measured by the area under the fitted ROC curve, A z , was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). We also evaluated a new hybrid pairing scheme that used two different sensitivity levels for defining cluster pairs based on the single-view scores. The single-view CAD system achieved cluster-based sensitivities of 75%, 80%, and 85% at 0.48, 0.86, and 1.05 FPs/image, respectively. The joint two-view CAD system achieved the same sensitivity levels at 0.29, 0.46, and 0.89 FPs/image. When the hybrid pairing was used in the joint two-view CAD system, the same cluster-based sensitivities were achieved at 0.26, 0.37, and 0.88 FPs/image. Our results indicate that correspondence of cluster candidates on two different views provides valuable additional information for distinguishing FPs from true microcalcification clusters.
The relationship of behavioural undercontrol to alcoholism in higher-functioning adults

Externalising behaviours, including the personality characteristics of behavioural undercontrol (BU), represent one of several genetically influenced domains that impact on the alcoholism risk. Because genes explain only about 60% of the vulnerability toward alcohol use disorders (AUDs), an optimal understanding of how such behaviours affect the risk requires evaluation of their impact in the context of additional influences. Few studies have addressed this question regarding BU among relatively well-functioning adults. This paper presents results from testing a BU-based mediational model of risk in men from the San Diego Prospective Study. Structured research instruments were used with 430 adult Caucasian males to evaluate the performance of BU in predicting AUDs at the 15-year follow-up using Pearson product - moment correlations among domains and an AMOS-based structural equation model (SEM). While both the family history of AUDs (FHalc) and BU predicted alcohol-related outcome, BU by itself did not mediate the relationship of the FH to alcohol disorders. The impact of BU on alcohol problems was mediated by alcohol expectancies, peer drinking and by coping. The SEM explained 42% of the variance for AUDs. The current results indicate that BU contributed to the risk for alcohol-related problems, even among more highly functional subjects and after excluding the impact of the antisocial personality disorder, but by itself did not mediate the relationship of FH to outcome in these subjects.
Monaural sound localization: Acute versus chronic unilateral impairment

Abstract We tested the ability of human listeners to localize broadband noise bursts in the absence of binaural localization cues. The subject population consisted of five patients, who had normal hearing in one ear and congenital deafness in the other, and seven normal controls, who were tested with both ears open and with one ear plugged. Consistent with previous reports, the introduction of an earplug unilaterally into control subjects resulted in a prominent lateral displacement in their localization judgements by an average of 30.9° toward the side of the open ear. Vertical localization was less strongly impaired. The five monaural patients showed a considerable range of ability to localize sounds. Two of the patients were essentially indistinguishable from the plugged control subjects in that they showed a prominent displacement of responses toward the side of the hearing ear. The other three subjects localized significantly better than the plugged controls, in that they demonstrated little or no lateral displacement toward the hearing side and that they localized targets on the hearing and on the impaired sides about equally well. The performance of these latter patients demonstrates that monaural cues can provide useful localization information in the horizontal as well as in the vertical dimension.
Semisupervised Metric Learning by Maximizing Constraint Margin

Distance-metric learning is an old problem that has been researched in the supervised-learning field for a very long time. In this paper, we consider the problem of learning a proper distance metric under the guidance of some weak supervisory information. Specifically, this information is in the form of pairwise constraints which specify whether a pair of data points is in the same class ( must-link constraints) or in different classes ( cannot-link constraints). Given those constraints, our algorithm aims to learn a distance metric under which the points with must-link constraints are pushed as close as possible, while simultaneously, the points with cannot-link constraints are pulled away as far as possible. The kernelized version of our algorithm is also derived to tackle the nonlinear problem. Moreover, since in many cases, the data objects, such as images and videos, are more naturally represented as higher order tensors than vectors, we also extend our algorithm to learn the metrics directly from the tensors. Finally, experimental results are presented to show the effectiveness of our method.
Report from the MIT Museum

This is a report on the recent purchase and move of the collection of the former Museum of Holography in New York to the MIT Museum in Cambridge, Mass. Included is a background report on the MIT Museum and its collections along with a report on the cataloguing and re- housing of the holography collection and support files. In addition, the first exhibition of works from the collection and future plans for holography at the MIT museum are reviewed.
Sindbis virus infection of two model insect cell systems—A comparative study

Abstract Sindbis, the prototype of the Alphaviruses causes mosquito-borne diseases in mammals and replicates in a wide variety of vertebrate and invertebrate cell cultures. This characteristic can be exploited to use the vast array of Drosophila genetic information available for investigations of the interaction of Sindbis virus with an alternate invertebrate host. For this purpose, a comparative study of Sindbis virus infection of Schnieder-2 Drosophila (S2) cells to cells of the mosquito Aedes albopictus (clone U4.4) was undertaken. After infection, vertebrate cells die within 24–48 h, while invertebrate cell cultures survive an acute phase of infection and become persistently infected. In this study, infection of a model Drosophila system, S2 cells, was compared to U4.4 cells. Virus production, the time course of the establishment of persistence and changes in growth properties of the S2 cells upon infection, were studied in comparison to those of the U4.4 cells. S2 cells survived acute Sindbis infection without any significant cytopathology and continued to produce low levels of virus characteristic of persistently infected cells. S2 cells produced 10 PFU/cell on day 1 post-infection, which falls to 2 PFU/cell on day 2. This result is in contrast to U4.4 cells, which produce peak virus titer on day 2 post-infection and establish persistence by day 5. Onset of the persistent phase of infection of either U4.4 or S2 cells did not result in any change in morphology or growth characteristics. This study establishes S2 cells as an additional invertebrate model system to study the interactions of an invertebrate host with Sindbis virus.
A new SV40 mutant that encodes a small fragment of T antigen transforms established rat and mouse cells

We have constructed a new SV40 mutant, T147, that makes a large T antigen that is only 147 amino acids long. We show that the T147 T antigen is a phosphoprotein that is as stable as wild-type T antigen and that the SV40 viral origin binding activity of the T147 T antigen is reduced at least 100-fold relative to that of wild-type T antigen. Most importantly, we demonstrate that cloned T147 DNA transforms rat F111 cells to anchorage independence as efficiently as cloned wild-type SV40 DNA and that cloned T147 DNA also efficiently transforms C3H10T1/2 mouse cells in a focus assay.
Electro-Optic Measurement of the Electric Field Distribution in Transformer Oil

A system has been developed to measure the electric fields in transformer oil using the electro-optic Kerr effect. The system performance was verified by measuring the electric field and space charge in nitrobenzene. The field distributions were measured in clean oil, in oil which had been used as a wash for a radiator used in a power transformer, and in oil which was removed from a transformer that had failed. Measurements were made from room temperature to 100°C. Under the conditions studied, the electric field strengths were generally within 10% of the strengths that would be predicted assuming that space charge was negligible.
A prospective, randomized comparison of three different types of valved and non-valved peripherally inserted central catheters.

PurposeFew randomized studies have investigated the impact of valved and non-valved power-injectable peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) in terms of incidence of occlusion, infection, m...
Feminism as a Tool to Connect Latinas to Graduate Psychology Training

In this article we offer recommendations for how graduate psychology programs can use feminism as a tool to recruit and retain Latina students. Feminism is especially well suited to address this need because it considers how gender, race and ethnicity, and social class impact women's academic and professional endeavors. Recommendations offered in this article include paving a financial path for success, meeting linguistic needs in clinical training settings, increasing diversity representation amongst students and faculty, and expanding the knowledge production in the field of psychology to include the voices of Latinas.
Rho-ROCK-Myosin Signaling Meditates Membrane Type 1 Matrix Metalloproteinase-induced Cellular Aggregation of Keratinocytes

Membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP, MMP14), which is associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) breakdown in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), promotes tumor formation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. However, in this report we demonstrate that MT1-MMP, by cleaving the underlying ECM, causes cellular aggregation of keratinocytes and SCC cells. Treatment with an MMP inhibitor abrogated MT1-MMP-induced phenotypic changes, but decreasing E-cadherin expression did not affect MT1-MMP-induced cellular aggregation. As ROCK1/2 can regulate cell-cell and cell-ECM interaction, we examined its role in mediating MT1-MMP-induced phenotypic changes. Blocking ROCK1/2 expression or activity abrogated the cellular aggregation resulting from MT1-MMP expression. Additionally, blocking Rho and non-muscle myosin attenuated MT1-MMP-induced phenotypic changes. Moreover, SCC cells expressing only the catalytically active MT1-MMP protein demonstrated increased cellular aggregation and increased myosin II activity in vivo when injected subcutaneously into nude mice. Together, these results demonstrate that expression of MT1-MMP may be anti-tumorigenic in keratinocytes by promoting cellular aggregation.
To your health: Implementation of a wellness program for treatment staff and persons with mental illness

Abstract Persons with mental illness often have poor access to both health promotion and primary care services. Consequently, they are at greater risk for earlier mortality, and comorbid health problems that ultimately impact their community rehabilitation. The “To Your Health” program is a health promotion program, based on the states of change model that was implemented as part of a clubhouse rehabilitation program. The program used personal wellness profiles, health assessments, and personal goal setting to assess the relative wellness of clients and staff in order to increase their awareness of health-promoting behaviors. Additionally opportunities were provided to engage individuals in making changes through participation in activities that provided opportunities to try out new behaviors and to set goals that integrated changes into their lives. The initial findings are reported along with the rationale for the involvement of clients and staff, and the role of health promotion in community rehabilitation of persons with mental illness.
Detection and recovery of Legionella in water

Methods used to detect Legionella include direct fluorescent antibody stain, genetic probe, and culturing. Culturing is preferred for detecting Legionella pneumophila (Lp) in water; however, recovery rates are affected by treatment of water samples. Experiments with water-containing Lp showed that (a) a water storage temperature of 4°C results in a slower decline in numbers of Lp as compared with 25, 35, and 45°C; (b) a water sample containing Lp and nonlegionellae microflora is appropriate for quality control of selective media used to isolate Legionella from environmental water specimens; and (c) acid treatment and concentration of water by filtration are effective techniques for isolating Lp from environmental water samples, but they do not yield 100% recovery of Lp cells.
Peripheral and central sensitization in fibromyalgia: pathogenetic role

Characteristic symptoms of fibromyalgia syndrome include widespread pain, fatigue, sleep abnormalities, and distress. Patients with fibromyalgia show psychophysical evidence of mechanical, thermal, and electrical hyperalgesia. Peripheral and central abnormalities of nociception have been described in fibromyalgia. Important nociceptor systems in the skin and muscles seem to undergo profound changes in patients with fibromyalgia through unknown mechanisms. They include sensitization of vanilloid receptor, acid-sensing ion channel receptors, and purino-receptors. Tissue mediators of inflammation and nerve growth factors can excite these receptors and cause extensive changes in pain sensitivity, but patients with fibromyalgia lack consistent evidence for inflammatory soft tissue abnormalities. Therefore, recent investigations have focused on central nervous system mechanisms of pain in fibromyalgia.
Techno-economic analysis of biomass to transportation fuels and electricity via fast pyrolysis and hydroprocessing

Abstract A previous Iowa State University (ISU) analysis published in 2010 investigated the technical and economic feasibility of the fast pyrolysis and hydroprocessing of biomass, and concluded that the pathway could produce cellulosic biofuels for a minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) of $2.11/gal. The 2010 ISU study was largely theoretical in that no commercial-scale fast pyrolysis facilities were being constructed at the time of publication. The present analysis expands upon the 2010 ISU study by performing an updated techno-economic analysis of the fast pyrolysis and hydroprocessing pathway. Recent advances in pathway technology and commercialization and new parameters suggested by the recent literature are accounted for. The MFSP for a 2000 MTPD facility employing fast pyrolysis and hydroprocessing to convert corn stover to gasoline and diesel fuel is calculated to quantify the economic feasibility of the pathway. The present analysis determines the MFSP of gasoline and diesel fuel produced via fast pyrolysis and hydroprocessing to be $2.57/gal. This result indicates that the pathway could be competitive with petroleum, although not as competitive as suggested by the 2010 ISU study. The present analysis also demonstrates the sensitivity of the result to process assumptions.
Residence time distributions of the Northern Annular Mode

The Northern Annular Mode (NAM) is a large-scale climatic anomaly pattern characterizing the atmospheric circulation in the polar and the mid-latitude regions. To help in understanding the basic physics underlying the NAM we determine and examine the probability distributions of residence times in the positive and negative phases of the NAM. These distributions are found to have only slightly different mean residence times but differ strongly in their tails. The difference in the tails of the distributions expresses a dominance of one phase of the NAM over the other during rarely occurring events such as the dominant positive NAM in the mid 1960s to the late 1990s. We investigate a possible influence of solar variability on the residence time distributions and find that at high solar activity the NAM spends slightly more time in its negative phase in the stratosphere and slightly less time (compared to the positive phase) in the troposphere. Much stronger influence on the NAM may occur during rare but prolonged changes in solar activity. This extends the conjecture that external forcing only affects the mean residence times (‘occupation frequencies’) of the dynamical states. An example is the dominance of the negative NAM during the 70-year long Maunder Minimum. The distributions are consistent with generation by a non-linear process of random transitions between two equilibrium states of a system with the addition of a small forced component. A simple two-well potential model provides an approximate description of this process elucidating its dynamics as well as the effect of external influences on the annular modes. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Haptic Habituation to Temperature Is Slower in Newborns of Depressed Mothers

Forty newborns (M age = 27 hr old) of depressed and nondepressed mothers were habituated to a cold or warm temperature tube by hand. Both groups of infants habituated the temperature of the tube, as indicated by a decrease in holding, and dishabituated, as indexed by an increase in holding when the temperature of the tube changed. However, the newborns of depressed mothers (a) required twice as long to habituate; (b) showed a sensitization effect, as indexed by an increase in holding from the second to the third trial of habituation; and (c) passively handled the objects with their hand.
Non-Debye and non-Arrhenius primary response of liquids, glasses, polymers and crystals

Abstract A model is described which provides a physical explanation for the primary response of condensed matter. The key feature which distinguishes the model is that it applies to the relaxation of localized normal modes (phonons, magnons, polaritons, etc.), not viscous diffusion or barrier hopping. Mathematical approximations to the model reproduce several previously used empirical formulas, including the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts, Curie-von-Schweidler, Havriliak-Negami and Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher laws; but the model provides generally better agreement with observed behavior. Data of sufficient quality and range allow quantitative confirmation of all assumptions of the model. Using the model, dynamical response measurements become a unique tool for investigating elementary excitations in condensed matter. Applications include: determining the dimensionality of mesoscopic interactions, and distinguishing a liquid from a glass.
In vitro synthesis of noradrenaline in ganglia and salivary glands after in vivo preganglionic stimulation.

The extent of synthesis of [14C]noradrenaline from [14C]tyrosine and from [14C]dopamine was assessed in slices of superior cervical ganglia, representing cell bodies, and in submaxillary salivary glands, representing terminals of noradrenergic neurons of the cat. Immediately and 6 h after preganglionic stimulation for 3 h the rate of synthesis of noradrenaline from tyrosine and dopamine was not altered in ganglia. In salivary glands, however, synthesis of noradrenaline from both tyrosine and dopamine was increased at both times. These results suggest that acute periods of increased neural activity results in the acceleration of noradrenaline synthesis in the terminals but not in the cell bodies of noradrenergic neurons.
Accountancy and society a covenant desecrated

In this wide-ranging polemic the author brings into question all sectors involved in the accountability process, in both the public and private sectors of our society. The “Covenant≓ in the title theme refers to the statutory provision which andows the certified public accountancy profession with its special franchise, its monopolistic position, to wit: “ offering to perform or performing services which involve signing, delivering, or issuing any financial, accounting or related statement or any opinion on, report on, or certificate to such statement ≓ The article then proceeds to the demonstration of the desecration by reference to “The Stygian Swamp in the Savings and Loan Industry,≓ “The Augean Stables at HUD,≓ the Professions' Intensified Involvement in Management Advisory and Consultative Services and Mergers and Acquisitions. And in the microeconomic contexts the author summarizes his investigative writings regarding Lomas Financial Corp. and Manufactured Homes, Inc.situations where he asserts the auditors failed to fulfill their responsibilities. Brought within the ambit of his criticism are the FASB, the academic sector of the profession, and the Accounting Establishment generally. By way of a response to this perversity the author proposes that the various licensing authorities change the designation of the license to “Certified public auditor≓ and then prescribe that the financial statements of publically-owned enterprises be restricted to such certified public auditors, who, in turn, would be proscribed from performing any other functions. And by way of a “prayerful coda≓: “would that there are sufficient numbers of colleagues in practice and academe who remain inspired by and committed to our covenant with society, thereby demonstrating a proper respect for the opinions of our forebears, and by so doing deserving of a high regard from posterity.≓
Second-line treatment for advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer: current and future options.

Abstract Non–small-cell lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in men and women. Because of its frequent presentation as advanced disease, most non–small-cell lung cancers are treated with palliative systemic therapy. Multiple trials have established the benefit of chemotherapy for palliation and disease control. Of the patients treated with first-line therapy, approximately 30%–40% will subsequently be candidates for second-line treatment. In the past year, pemetrexed and erlotinib have joined docetaxel as the only Food and Drug Administration–approved second-line therapies. Recent phase III trials have also evaluated the use of oral topotecan, polyglutamated paclitaxel, and gefitinib in this setting. In addition, multiple novel agents, including bortezomib, cetuximab, and bevacizumab, are being investigated as single agents or in combination with approved second-line therapies. With the increasing number of therapeutic options for this patient population, patient characteristics and side effect profiles are influencing the therapeutic choices made by physicians. The use of molecular markers to assist in therapeutic decision-making has yet to come to fruition. Research efforts continue to focus on identifying molecular markers and corresponding clinical features that will allow physicians to individualize patients' therapy.
A MAC interaction aware routing metric in wireless network

Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) based MAC protocols induce several types of harmful interactions, such as hidden and exposed terminals, in wireless networks. Existing routing protocols do not consider the effect of these MAC interactions on route quality, leading to the selection of inefficient routes. We propose a MAC Interaction Aware Routing Metric (MIAR) that explicitly accounts for MAC interactions among the links forming a route. The protocol favors routes with links that have better interactions and avoids ones with detrimental interactions. We compare the performance of the proposed metric with an existing shortest-path routing protocol and show that our metric substantially improves the performance and efficiency of the network.
Strategies of Adaptive Mobility in the Colombian‐Ecuadorian Littoral1

A stratification model groups families in a hierarchal arrangement according to a set of variables. Such a model is convenient but is generally not productive in providing explanations of variations in social organization within the lower stratum of a complex socioeconomic system. A model of a successful social mobility sequence supplements a stratification model by allowing investigators to focus on complementary groupings at the local level. In the Pacific lowlands of Colombia and Ecuador, peasants, proletariat, and local middle-class entrepreneurs are bound by the strategies people adopt in a four-phase sequence of successful mobility. The sequence, viewed as a developmental cycle, is part of a structure in which peasant organization transforms to proletariat organization and successful proletariat organization evolves into the activities of the local entrepreneurs. The four-phase sequence itself is part of a larger sociopolitical system manipulated by the local elite who make up a dispersed ambilineal ramage linked to community economics and politics through series of affinal and attenuated affinal bonds.
Evaluation of syncope in the emergency department.

Although most cases of syncope are benign, an adequate evaluation, which begins in the emergency department, is required to exclude life-threatening disorders. In addition, life-threatening disorders such as QT prolongation as well as confounding alternative diagnoses (e.g., seizure disorder) are also discussed.
Combined Multi-Scale Sensing and Neural Network Data Fusion for Damage Identification

Multi-scale measurements, i.e. measurements of strain, strain gradient and integrated strain data, throughout a structural volume have demonstrated a great potential for improved damage identification. However, the large number of data and their different forms make fusion of the data difficult. To overcome this problem, a neural network data fusion approach is proposed. A simulation of damage identification in an isotropic cracked plate is presented. The crack position, angle and crack length are used as test parameters to be determined. A back-propagation neural network is trained to reproduce the crack angle and length as a function of all sensor responses. The improvement gained by using both multi-scale sensing and neural network data fusion for this specific case is significant. Testing of the sensitivity of the method to measurement errors or missing data demonstrated the robustness of the neural network to errors.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Modular Experiential Learning for Business-to-Business Marketing Courses

In this article, the authors present the Extended Buying Center Game (EBCG), an experiential exercise that integrates marketing concepts and theory with a strong emphasis on industry skills and that does so in an adaptive course design format. The focus of the EBCG is on organizational buying behavior, buyer-seller interaction, and marketing response. The EBCG structure provides students with cooperative and competitive roleplaying opportunities, individual and group written assignments and presentations, and verbal skill challenges.
Reversal of learned helplessness by peripheral arousal.

The response deficit produced by uncontrollable shock has been termed learned helplessness. Many studies have demonstrated similarities between human depression and learned helplessness. However, pilot studies suggested that sympathomimetic drugs which do not alleviate depression may alter learned helplessness. The present study was designed to replicate these preliminary data. 32 rats were exposed to either no-shock or a sequence of inescapable shock previously shown to produce learned helplessness. 24 hr. later metaraminol bitartrate (Aramine) or physiological saline was injected prior to the testing in a bar-press, shock-escape task. Inescapable shock one day prior to testing produced a severe response deficit in saline controls but not in the drug group. Reversal of learned helplessness by peripheral autonomic arousal indicates a reevaluation of the learned helplessness model of human depression may be necessary.
Hamiltonian decomposition of complete regular multipartite digraphs

Abstract We prove that the complete regular multipartite digraph K r;s ∗ is decomposable into directed hamiltonian cycles if and only if (r, s) ≠ (4, 1) or (6, 1), thereby answering a question of Alspach, Bermond, and Sotteau.
Characterizing Cancer Information Systems

The objective is to determine the extent to which information systems (IS) for cancer are unique and necessary. Via an analysis of Medical Subject Headings used to index relevant literature and other bibliometric techniques, cancer IS are compared and contrasted with IS of other specialties. Cancer IS are relatively little discussed and primarily connect radiation equipment with the radiation oncology staff. By contrast, clinical laboratory and radiology IS are frequently discussed and connect specialized equipment to the hospital. A "Specialty Need" model accounts for these patterns and says that the "need for a specialty IS" is proportional to the "uniqueness of the specialty tools" plus the "degree to which the information from those tools is needed throughout the particular health care entity."
N-Tfa- and N-Fmoc-(α-aminoacyl)benzotriazoles as chiral C-acylating reagents under friedel-crafts reaction conditions

Chiral N-Tfa- and N-Fmoc-protected (α-aminoacyl)benzotriazoles 1a−j undergo Friedel−Crafts-type reactions with indole, N-methylindole, pyrrole, N-methylpyrrole, and benzene in the presence of AlCl3 in efficient two-step sequences leading to enantiomerically pure α-amino N-heterocyclic ketones 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7 or diketone 4. In the absence of a reactive partner, Phe- and Trp-derivatives 1a, 1d undergo intramolecular cyclization to afford 12 and 13, again with retention of chirality.
Condition monitoring methods applied to class 1E cables

Abstract Sandia National Laboratories is currently conducting long-term aging research on representative samples of nuclear power plant Class lE cables. The objectives of this program are to determine the suitability of these cables for extended life (beyond 40-year design basis) and to assess various cable condition monitoring (CM) techniques for predicting remaining cable life. The cables are being aged for long times at relatively mild exposure conditions with various CM techniques being employed during the aging process. Following the aging process, the cables will be exposed to a sequential accident profile consisting of high dose rate irradiation followed by a simulated design basis loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) steam exposure. This paper covers two aspects of the research program: the laboratory measurements and on-line electrical measurement techniques that have been developed and are being performed and initial data that has been generated from the on-line measurements. The electrical measurement results presented include insulation resistance, polarization index, capacitance, and dissipation factor from a few of the cable samples tested.