cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
(Mis)Calculations, Psychological Mechanisms, and the Future Politics of People of Color

This essay comments on three questions about race, ethnicity, and politics in the contemporary United States—How did we get here? Who are we now? And, where are we going next? I grapple with these questions as a political psychologist steeped in the study of intergroup politics. In this capacity, I will argue that structural (mis)calculations have paved the road toward present intergroup relations, where identity politics reigns supreme. I then discuss America's current racial landscape, arguing that reality is more complex than before, especially as it concerns political relations between Whites and non-Whites. In this regard, I will claim that political psychology holds special insights to generate new knowledge about how (non-)Whites are navigating this changing racial landscape. Finally, I will advocate, strongly, for a greater sense of wonder about the multiplicity of identities that people of color hold. In particular, I will claim that by relaxing our assumption that race is the main identity that matters to people of color, we stand to better appreciate just how adaptive non-Whites are to their political surroundings, leading us toward new insights about the origins and nature of mass political engagement and involvement.
0054 Social and physical environmental determinants of violent homicide death incidence: a spatial ecological case-control study of US ZIP codes

Statement of purpose Violent homicide is a major cause of death and a driver of health disparities in the US. It is not clear why some neighborhoods with high concentrations of racial and ethnic minority residents have high violent homicide incidence, while others do not experience violent homicide. The aim of this study is to identify the social and physical environmental conditions that contribute to increased violent homicide incidence in US neighborhoods, independent of racial and ethnic composition. Methods/Approach Using the CDC’s National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS), we conducted an ecological case-control study to compare environmental conditions in the 250 ZIP codes with the highest violent homicide death rate in 2017 (cases) to 250 ZIP codes that did not experience any violent homicide deaths in 2017 (controls). Cases were matched 1:1 to interstate controls based on demographic profiles. A multi-level logistic regression estimated the odds that ZIP codes have high incidence of violent homicide according to social and physical environmental conditions measured at both the ZIP code- and state-levels. Results We found that local neighborhood socioeconomic demographics were associated with incidence of violent homicide death, independent of age, race/ethnicity, and sex. Associations were strongest for lower median household income and greater economic inequality at the ZIP code-level. ZIP-code characteristics explained associations between state-level characteristics and violent homicide occurrence. Conclusions Living in higher-income and less densely populated ZIP codes was associated with decreased risks of violent homicide. Local ZIP code characteristics are stronger determinants of homicide incidence than state-level characteristics. Significance Area-based interventions that would improve neighborhood social and economic conditions may reduce violent homicide incidence.
Water management requirements for animal and plant maintenance on the Space Station

Long-duration Space Station experiments that use animals and plants as test specimens will require increased automation and advanced technologies for water management in order to free scientist-astronauts from routine but time-consuming housekeeping tasks. The three areas that have been identified as requiring water management and that are discusseed are: (1) drinking water and humidity condensate of the animals, (2) nutrient solution and transpired water of the plants, and (3) habitat cleaning methods. Automation potential, technology assessment, crew time savings, and resupply penalties are also discussed.
Exploring Host-Microbiome Interactions using an in Silico Model of Biomimetic Robots and Engineered Living Cells

The microbiome’s underlying dynamics play an important role in regulating the behavior and health of its host. In order to explore the details of these interactions, we created an in silico model of a living microbiome, engineered with synthetic biology, that interfaces with a biomimetic, robotic host. By analytically modeling and computationally simulating engineered gene networks in these commensal communities, we reproduced complex behaviors in the host. We observed that robot movements depended upon programmed biochemical network dynamics within the microbiome. These results illustrate the model’s potential utility as a tool for exploring inter-kingdom ecological relationships. These systems could impact fields ranging from synthetic biology and ecology to biophysics and medicine.
Strength and toughness of ceramic-metal composites prepared by reactive hot pressing

Metal-reinforced Al{sub 2}0{sub 3}-matrix composites were prepared using reactive hot pressing. The volume fraction of the reinforcing phase was controlled by the stoichiometry of the particular displacement reaction used. Dense Al{sub 2}0{sub 3}-Ni and Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-Nb composites were fabricated using this technique. The best combination of strength, 610 MPa, and toughness, 12 MPam{sup 1/2}, was found for the Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-Ni composites. Indentation cracks and fracture surfaces showed evidence of ductile deformation of the Ni phase. The Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-Nb composites had high strength, but the toughness was lower than expected due to the poor bonding between the Nb and A1{sub 2}0{sub 3}phases.
Astrocyte and Macrophage Regulation of YKL-40 Expression and Cellular Response in Neuroinflammation

Numerous inflammatory conditions are associated with elevated YKL-40 expression by infiltrating macrophages. Thus, we were surprised to observe minimal macrophage and abundant astrocyte expression of YKL-40 in neuroinflammatory conditions. The aims of the current study were to better delineate this discrepancy, characterize the factors that regulate YKL-40 expression in macrophages and astrocytes and study whether YKL-40 expression correlates with cell morphology and/or activation state. In vitro, macrophages expressed high levels of YKL-40 that was induced by classical activation and inhibited by alternative activation. Cytokines released from macrophages induced YKL-40 transcription in astrocytes that was accompanied by morphological changes and altered astrocytic motility. Because coculturing of astrocytes and macrophages did not reverse this in vitro expression pattern, additional components of the in vivo central nervous system (CNS) milieu must be required to suppress macrophage and induce astrocyte expression of YKL-40.
Biochemistry and Significance of Transferase Reactions in the Metabolism of Foreign Chemicals

The sections in this article are: 1 Transferase Reactions 2 Individual Conjugation Mechanisms 2.1 Glycosidation 2.2 Sulfation 2.3 Methylation 2.4 Acylation 2.5 Amino Acid Conjugation 2.6 Glutathione Conjugation 3 Factors Influencing Conjugation 3.1 Age Differences 3.2 Sex Differences 3.3 Species Variation 3.4 Subspecific Variation 3.5 Route of Exposure 3.6 Dosage Level 3.7 Environmental Factors 4 Significance of Conjugation
Genetic similarity and maintenance of Candida albicans strains from a group of AIDS patients, demonstrated by DNA fingerprinting.

By using the computer-assisted Dendron system to analyze the patterns of Southern blots probed with the repetitive sequence Ca3, we have compared oral isolates of Candida spp. from a group of 11 nonhospitalized patients with AIDS suffering from recurrent episodes of oral thrush in Leicester, England, with oral isolates from a group of control individuals. Genetic diversity among the AIDS strains was significantly reduced compared with that of control strains. In addition, the same strains persisted through recurrent infections in patients with AIDS. Although AIDS strains were genetically less diverse than either control strains or oral commensal strains analyzed in previous studies, the majority did not form a genetically distinct group. The results of this study suggest that in the majority of patients with AIDS in this group from Leicester, original commensal strains were replaced, replacement occurred early in the manifestation of AIDS, and replacement occurred only once. Images
Cape Verdean Creole and the Politics of Scene‐Making in Lisbon, Portugal

The performance of Kriolu rap in Lisbon, Portugal has emerged at a time when Western European countries are reassessing the relationship between national territory and identity. Attractive to some and disturbing to others are the attitude and flair of Kriolu rappers. A group of mostly young men of Cape Verdean descent, these rappers insist on speaking and singing in Kriolu, a creole language that lacks official-language status in both Portugal and Cape Verde. In this article, based on analyses of rap lyrics, excerpts from my fieldwork conversations with rappers, and structural features of the Kriolu language itself, I propose that Kriolu rap is a renewed interrogation of diaspora and of place-based identity. More generally, I propose that, when contextualized in terms of cultural history and (post)colonial politics, Kriolu rap offers insight into the relationship between words and music as part of a process of combining aesthetics with social claims. [creole, rap, diaspora, chronotope, Cape Verde, Portugal]
Maturational changes in blood serotonin levels and platelet counts

Abstract A study was carried out on a medically normal control population to assess the influence of age, sex, and menstrual cycle phasing on whole blood serotonin levels and platelet counts. Intrasubject consistency was also determined. Serotonin levels and platelet counts of age-grouped males and females did not significantly differ in mean value or in variability. Intrasubject variability of blood serotonin levels or platelet counts appeared low but intersubject variability was high between subjects within age-matched groups. Changes in both serotonin levels and platelet counts accompanied the menstraual cycle. Platelet levels decreased prior to and during menses and peaked at midcycle. Serotonin levels changed in a similar but not identical manner. Both serotonin levels and platelet counts decline from the first year of age until the midteens and thereafter remain fairly constant until age 40.
Indonesian politics under Suharto : order, development and pressure for change

After 25 years in power, President Suharto and his new order government confront a crisis of renewal. The regime, which swept to power in the wake of a military putsch in 1965, has brought enduring stability and economic prosperity to the country, but has shown no inclination to pass the reins of power to the next generation. As a result, pressures for political change are building up. This book offers an informed and balanced analysis of Suharto's new order as it approaches a crucial political juncture. Indonesia's remarkable political stability has for the most part kept the country out of the headlines. Quietly, Indonesia has moved into a strong position just behind other fast-growing economies in the region. Employing widely-applauded liberal economic reforms and granting more freedom to the private sector, the government has transformed Indonesia's commodity-dependent economy into a nascent regional industrial dynamo. But now, economic success is running up against domestic political uncertainties. The author reassesses the New Order's fiery origins and its military roots and evaluates the considerable economic progress achieved under Suharto.
Anoxia-induced depolarization in CA1 hippocampal neurons: role of Na+-dependent mechanisms

Abstract We have previously shown that (1) removal of extracellular sodium (Na+) reduces the anoxia-induced depolarization in neurons in brain-slice preparations and (2) amiloride, which blocks Na+-dependent exchangers, prevents anoxic injury in cultured neocortical neurons. Since anoxia-induced depolarization has been linked to neuronal injury, we have examined in this study the role of Na+-dependent exchangers and voltage-gated Na+ channels in the maintenance of membrane properties of CA1 neurons at rest and during acute hypoxia. We recorded intracellularly from CA1 neurons in hippocampal slices, monitored Vm and measured input resistance (Rm) with periodic injections of negative current. We found that tetrodotoxin (TTX, 1 μM) hyperpolarized CA1 neurons at rest and significantly attenuated both the rate of depolarization (ΔVm/dt) and the rate of decline of Rm (ΔRm/dt) by about 60% during the early phase of hypoxia. The effect of TTX was dose-dependent. Amiloride (1 mM) decreased Vm and increased Rm in the resting condition but changed little the effect of hypoxia on neuronal function. Benzamil and 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)-2′,4′-amiloride (EIPA), two specific inhibitors of Na+ dependent exchangers, were similar to amiloride in their effect. We conclude that neuronal membrane properties are better maintained during anoxia by reducing the activity of TTX-sensitive channels and not by the action of Na+-dependent exchangers.
Relative reactivities of HO-hydrocarbon reactions from smog reactor studies

Abstract Rates of consumption of various hydrocarbons were measured in mixtures with NOx at ppm levels in air and He/O2 atmospheres using a smog reactor. The relative rates obtained from this study agree well both with the HO‐hydrocarbon rate constants and the smog reactivities. The fact that the hydroxyl radical is the major species responsible for hydrocarbon removal under these experimental conditions is verified further. Based on this study, the HO concentration has been estimated to range from 8 × 10 to 1.3 × 10 molecules cm‐3. A possible source of HO formation in smog chamber studies is discussed.
Active Transport of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide

ALTHOUGH it is recognized that there is little hindrance to the passage of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) across the blood brain barrier1, an autoradiographic study of LSD distribution in the rat brain led to speculation that the choroid plexuses are involved in the active transport of this compound between blood and cerebrospinal fluid2. It was also suggested that this tissue acts as a storage site for LSD in the brain. The purpose of this communication is to elucidate the mechanism of LSD accumulation within the choroid plexus, and clarify the role of the choroidal epithelium in the distribution of LSD between blood and brain.
Lessons learned: Worker health and safety since September 11, 2001

The attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001 was the worst assault on the American homeland in the 225-year history of the United States. It was also the most massive acute environmental disaster that ever has befallen New York City. The destruction of the twin towers released thousands of tons of toxic materials into the air of lower Manhattan—asbestos, particulate matter, lead, soot, PCBs, and dioxins. Workers and children were the groups at greatest risk of exposure. The threat to human health was compounded in the months after September 11 by the bioterrorist attacks involving anthrax. Responses to the attacks on the World Trade Center involved extraordinary heroism. They demonstrated the ability of the American health care system and of individual health workers to respond magnificently to an unprecedented crisis. But, the he response also underscored deep problems in the nation’s public health infrastructure. These problems must be addressed and the necessary improvements to the system must be made, if mistakes are not to be repeated in future disasters. The following were the most important lessons learned for public health:
Acidosis Impairs Rabbit Trabecular Smooth Muscle Contractility

ABSTRACTPurpose: The aim of our study was to define the effects of acidosis on the contractility of trabecular smooth muscle.Methods: Rabbit corpus cavernosal strips were mounted in organ chambers to measure isometric tension. Additionally, intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and tension were measured simultaneously utilising the intracellular fluorescent dye, FURA-2, and isometric tension recordings.Results: Contraction of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle following transmural electrical stimulation (TES) of constrictor nerves or exposure to norepinephrine was depressed under acidic (pH 6.9) vs. control (pH 7.4) conditions. Twenty mM K sup +-induced contractions were also inhibited by acidosis, however 40, 80, and 120 mM K sup + contractions were unaffected. Relaxation responses to acetylcholine and electrical stimulation, in phenylephrine contracted tissues, were unaffected by acidosis. Tissues contracted with 20 mM K sup + under control conditions, relaxed [approximately] 50% when exposed to ...
Physical mapping of mouse histone gene clusters.

Abstract A chicken histone H2A probe has been used to isolate five different clones from a mouse genomic library in λCharon 4A. The size of the inserts in these clones ranged from 11 to 16 kb. The full complement of histone genes was not present in any of the five isolated clones. A physical map, for each of the five clones, has been constructed using partial-and double-restriction digests.
Using Standardized Patients to Teach Leadership Competencies

Abstract Faculty at a Midwestern college designed a simulation experience that used standardized patients to help students develop leadership skills and increase awareness of quality and safety competencies required of the new graduate. Students were responsible for task delegation, prioritization decisions, and allocation of resources for a team of patients. Standardized assessment scores and student mindfulness of leadership and quality and safety proficiencies showed improvement. Independent parametric testing results indicate a significant increase in the group that was administered the standardized assessment after the simulation, t (64) = 3.55, p
Some electrochemical studies on charge transfer of TCNQ modified BLMs

Abstract Voltammetry and potential step method were employed to investigate the electronic properties of bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs) modified with N,N,N′,N′ -tetracyano- p -quinodimethane forming π-associations from its orbitals. Obtained current-concentration and current-time responses of investigated systems have been found to be in agreement with linearized form of Cottrell equation for irreversible redox processes at planar metallic microelectrode, giving the rate constant of charge transfer k f = 1.0×10 −4 ± 0.2 cm/s and the diffusion coefficient of electroactive species D = 8.0 ± 0.3 × 10 −6 cm 2 /s. They are comparable to those reported for classical voltammetry.
A NEW METHOD FOR THE RAPID DETERMINATION OF GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURES

Abstract : The method proposed is based on the response of a strain sensor (which is in intimate contact with the material) to the changes occurring in the material as it passes through the glass transition. While it cannot be used with powdery samples, it is otherwise restricted only by the temperature characteristics of the strain gauge, and can thus be used on any amorphous material with which the gauge can be brought into very intimate contact. There are two different methods of applying the strain gauge to the material. For systems in which the viscosity is sufficiently low (less than 100 poises) at temperatures at which the material is stable (this immediately excludes some high polymers) the gauge, together with a small thermocouple, is simply immersed in the liquid, and the container (usually a simple test tube) is cooled to below the Tg value. By this method, the Tg values of methyl methacrylate, glucose, selenium, sulfur and glycerine were determined. Whenever the embedding of the gauge and thermocouple is not convenient (due to possible decomposition of the material at the high temperatures needed to achieve low enough viscosities), the strain gauge can be glued to the material, be it a rubber or a glass, by means of epoxy cement or any other suitable glue, and again any convenient heating or cooling method employed. (Author)
Cross-tolerance and enhanced sensitivity to the response rate-decreasing effects of opioids with varying degrees of efficacy at the mu receptor.

The purpose of the present experiment was to determine whether the effects of opioids with varying degrees of efficacy at the mu receptor are differentially altered in morphine-tolerant pigeons. To this end, dose-effect curves were determined for high, intermediate, and low efficacy mu agonists in pigeons responding under a schedule of food presentation prior to, during, and after exposure to a regimen of chronic morphine administration. In pigeons treated with 56 mg/kg/daily morphine, the dose-effect curves for the rate-decreasing effects of the high-efficacy mu agonists morphine and fentanyl were shifted to the right of their prechronic positions (i.e., tolerance). A small degree of tolerance was also conferred to the intermediate-efficacy mu agonists (-)-pentazocine and (-)-metazocine, but not to nalbuphine or butorphanol. In contrast to the effects obtained with these mu agonists, the chronic morphine regimen shifted the dose-effects curves of the mu antagonist naloxone and the low-efficacy mu agonists nalorphine and levallorphan to the left of their prechronic positions (i.e., enhanced sensitivity). These findings demonstrate that morphine tolerance confers cross-tolerance to other high efficacy mu agonists, enhanced sensitivity to mu antagonists and low efficacy mu agonists, and little or no cross-tolerance to intermediate efficacy mu agonists. Disadvantages of using schedule-controlled responding to examine the effects of intermediate efficacy mu agonists are discussed.
Erythrocyte enzymes in Ovis aries. Effect of cell age.

Abstract 1. 1. Activities of 20 red cell enzymes were compared in 8 normal female Ovis Aries, in a serially bled ewe followed for 243 days, and in young and old red cell populations separated by density gradient centrifugation. 2. 2. These comparisons indicate that the erythrocyte enzymes which show significant changes with cell age are glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase, lactate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, enolase and phosphoglycerate kinase. 3. 3. The usefulness of these data in interpretation of enzyme activities fromfetal Ovis Aries is discussed.
The effects of salinity on uptake and metabolism of toluene and naphthalene by Dolly Varden, Salvelinus malma

Abstract Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) were force-fed 14C-toluene or 14C-naphthalene and held for 12, 24 and 48 h in freshwater or seawater (30%(.)) in order to determine the effect of salinity on uptake and metabolism of aromatic hydrocarbons. Fish held in seawater had slightly more 14C removed from the gut than did fish held in freshwater. Whether held in freshwater or seawater, toluene was more readily metabolized by fish than was naphthalene: after 48 h, 2–3 times more 14C from toluene was in the metabolite fraction of liver and central nervous system tissues. Fish held in seawater metabolized significantly less toluene and naphthalene than those in freshwater. The increased toxicity of toluene and naphthalene to Dolly Varden held in seawater appears to be the result of the decreased metabolism of these compounds by the fish.
(Re)Conceptualizating Race/Ethnic Relationships in US Schools: Toward a Multifaceted and Multilevel Framework

Since the Civil Rights Movements, the emphasis on confronting power, inequality, and racism in US schools has receded. So too has the movement to reverse racial/ethnic segregation and enhance student interactions. Instead, much popular and academic discourse focuses on standardized tests and achievement gaps, leaving the social aspects of schooling and race/ethnic interactions under-explored and largely ignored. Meanwhile, racial/ethnic tensions, hierarchies, inequalities, and the patterns, institutions, and systems that maintain them persist. During a period of growth in the percentages of Latina/o and Asian American/Pacific Islander students, this article argues for the importance of theorizing, researching, and reconceptualizing race/ethnic interactions in schools. Key to this process is adopting a multifaceted and multilevel approach. This involves moving beyond dichotomous thinking and instead adopting a framework that explores (1) the strengths of quantitative and qualitative research; (2) cross- and intra-racial/ethnic relations; (3) the significance of race/ethnicity, class, and gender; (4) a conflict-solidarity continuum of relationships; and (5) the salience of macro-, meso-, and micro-dynamics on school interactions. The adoption of this approach allows for a more complex, nuanced, and contemporary analysis of the phenomena occurring in today’s schools, thereby facilitating the possibility for change.
Biosynthesis of the marine cyanobacterial metabolite barbamide. 2: Elucidation of the origin of the thiazole ring by application of a new GHNMBC experiment

A new NMR experiment is presented for the detection of intact 13C15N units in biosynthetic studies. Its use is demonstrated through a feeding experiment utilizing [2-13C, 15N] glycine which confirmed the origin of the thiazole ring in the marine cyanobacterial metabolite barbamide as originating from cysteine.
Measurements in quantum mechanics

Abstract A review of customary theories of the measurement process exposes certain conceptual and empirical difficulties. They arise in connection with the uncertainty principle, the projection postulate in its usual understanding, and in an attempt to formulate joint probabilities for noncommuting observables. These difficulties are analyzed and clarified. Suggestions are then made for their avoidance by establishing a more rigorous, less ambitious, but wider definition of the meaning of a quantum measurement, a meaning which takes a single measurement to be a nonpredicative event in a stochastic ensemble, an event from which the complete state of the system under observation can in general not be inferred.
Defining practice: Flexibility, legitimacy, and the nature of systems of care and wraparound

In human services, clear definition of key concepts and strategies is critical to facilitating training, implementation, and research. This article reflects on methods undertaken to specify the wraparound process for children and families, and considers lessons that may be relevant to defining the system of care concept.
Risk and Protective Factors for Secondary Conditions: A 15-Year Longitudinal Study

Purpose: To describe the first of 3 research studies under the Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Secondary Conditions in Individuals with SCI. Methods: This study will assess, through survey methodology, various proposed risk and protective factors for an array of secondary conditions after spinal cord injury (SCI). Data collection is part of a 15-year longitudinal assessment of a cohort of persons with SCI. Conclusion: Results of this study will help us to identify persons at risk for future secondary conditions and to develop appropriate preventive strategies to prevent the occurrence of secondary conditions.
Comparison of three different preparation methods in the improvement of sealant retention

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of three invasive fissure preparation methods in the retention of sealant on the surfaces of permanent molars. One hundred and eight extracted caries-free human molars were used in this study, which were divided into 3 groups according to the fissure preparation: laser, air abrasion and bur. In addition, each of these three groups was further divided into 2 additional groups to isolate those in which a bonding agent would be used from those in which a bonding agent would not be used. After the accomplishment of the different treatments, samples from all the 6 experimental groups were submitted to two different bond strength tests: (i) shear bond strength test and (ii) tensile bond strength test. Bond strengths were determined by the dividing fracture load and a statistical test ANOVA was used to evaluate significant differences. The results showed that laser improved the sealant retention when compared with air abrasion preparation when the bon...
Growth from deficiency creativity to being creativity

Creativity as a spur for growth is presented as an alternative view of creative motivation. This view uses Maslow's (1962) descriptors of deficiency and being from his theory of self‐actualization. Two constructs of creative motivation are defined: deficiency creativity, which is motivated by the need for acceptance and love, and can help an individual turn a deprived environment into a nurturing one; and being creativity, which is motivated by the higher level growth needs for self‐actualization and may bring a transcendent satisfaction for both the artist and audience. Forms of deficiency creativity can result in a wide range of responses including anxiety, coping, insight, growth, and eventual forms of being creativity. Selected individual determinants of creativity are discussed, including a problem‐finding orientation, introversion, and childhood trauma. Interactions of these factors are examined to determine their impact on the individual's use of deficiency creativity as a tool for survival and pot...
Differential Cross Sections of Some (α, p) Reactions

Using 30.4-Mev alpha particles, proton differential cross sections have been obtained for the following transitions, corresponding to discrete states of the residual nuclei: ${\mathrm{B}}^{10}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, p){{\mathrm{C}}^{13}}_{\mathrm{gnd}}$; ${\mathrm{Na}}^{23}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, p){{\mathrm{Mg}}^{26}}_{\mathrm{gnd},1.83\mathrm{Mev}}$; ${\mathrm{Al}}^{27}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, p){{\mathrm{Si}}^{30}}_{\mathrm{gnd},2.24\mathrm{Mev}}$; and ${\mathrm{P}}^{31}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, p){{\mathrm{S}}^{34}}_{\mathrm{gnd}}$. A proton energy spectrum corresponding to the first 12 Mev of excitation of the residual nucleus was obtained for the case involving the ${\mathrm{Al}}^{27}$ target. The differential cross sections are interpreted with the aid of predictions of the Butler direct-interaction (surface) theory. It is concluded that this theory is probably a more useful tool in interpreting the results obtained than is the compound nucleus theory. Some deviations from the predictions of the surface direct-interaction calculations are discussed.
On the correlation of nonlinear flow and linear transport with application to dual-porosity modeling

A novel relationship between nonlinear fluid flow and diffusion- convection transport is presented. This correlation indicates that neglecting the quadratic gradient term in the flow equation can be considered as equivalent to neglecting convective flow in the diffusion-convection transport mechanism. In addition, linearization of the nonlinear flow equations using logarithmic transformation and conversion of the diffusion-convection transport equation into a parabolic-like formulation using exponential transformation are complementary. As a result of this disclosure, a new dual-porosity theory based on the convective flow is developed. For convection-dominated flow, which tends to occur in a medium possessing significant permeability contrast such as in a fractured-porous formation, the presented convective dual-porosity formulation may provide more reasonable utilities than the present interporosity flow models with reduced computational efforts.
Inferring Causality from Relational Data and Designs: Historical and Contemporary Lessons for Research and Clinical Practice

My address to you today is born of frustration with the growing claims, evident in the research literature and in clinical reports that happen to cross my desk, of causation made on the basis of correlational data. I recall, as a sophomore in college, being taught early in my first experimental psychology course, “you cannot infer causality from correlation.’” This point was made adamant in my first face-to-face critique of an experimental psychology research paper by Dr. Robert T. Brown, who pointed out, in lowering my grade, that I had inferred organic causes to behavior patterns in gerbils based solely on correlational data. This caution was reiterated in my statistics courses until it must have been indelibly stamped upon my then still somewhat plastic brain.
Polarization observations of lightning‐produced VHF emissions by the FORTE satellite

[1] Following an earlier polarization study for a well-defined man-made very high frequency (VHF) signal by using the two orthogonally oriented, linear polarization antennas aboard the FORTE satellite, we report in this paper similar polarization observations for lightning-produced radiation. A selected group of 313 transionospheric pulse pairs (TIPPs) that were geolocated by the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) has been analyzed. The TIPPs have been examined with high time resolution so that the magnetoionic modes can be resolved. Most of the TIPPs have been found highly polarized, with 40% of them far above the background polarization level. The polarization ellipticity and the orientation of the ellipse of the split modes have been examined as a function of the nadir and the azimuthal angles as referenced to satellite coordinates, and they are found in agreement with the predictions based on the antenna beam pattern. The original and the reflected pulses in a TIPP show nearly the same properties of polarization, except the latter appears less polarized. However, no recognizable polarization has been observed for the VHF signals accompanying more common discharge processes of initial ground strokes, dart leaders, and K streamers that usually produce continuous VHF radiation. Observations of a sequence of impulsive radiation bursts that is apparently associated with a normal negative cloud-to-ground flash indicate they are somewhat polarized, though not as much as the TIPPs. On the basis of the polarization observations, the possible breakdown mechanisms that are responsible for the VHF radiation have been discussed. For the highly polarized TIPP events, if they follow a cone-shaped discharge geometry, the half-angle of the cone is estimated to be less than 22°.
Increased transfer of45Ca into brain and cerebrospinal fluid from plasma during chronic hypocalcemia in rats

Recent studies have shown regulation of central nervous system [Ca] after chronic hypo- and hypercalcemia. To investigate the mechanism of this regulation, 3-week-old rats were fed diets for 8 weeks that contained low or normal levels of Ca. Plasma [Ca] was 40% less in rats fed the low Ca diet than in animals fed normal diet. Unidirectional transfer coefficients for Ca (KCa) and Cl (KCl) into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain were determined from the 10 min uptake of intravenously injected 45Ca and 36Cl in awake animals. KCa for CSF was 68% greater in low-Ca rats than in normal rats. Likewise, the values of KCa for brain regions with areas adjacent to the ventricles like the hippocampus and pons-medulla were 50% higher than in normal animals. On the other hand, KCas for parietal cortex, a brain region distant from the choroid plexus and not expected to be influenced by Ca entry into CSF, were similar between the groups. Comparison of the regional ratios of KCa/KCl revealed that a selective increase of Ca transport occurred into CSF and all brain regions except the parietal cortex in Ca-deficient rats. The results suggest that Ca homeostasis of CSF and brain [Ca] during chronic hypocalcemia is due to increased transfer of Ca from blood to brain, and that the regulation occurs via the CSF, possibly at the choroid plexus, but not via the cerebral capillaries.
Numerical studies of the flash pyrolysis of cellulose

Abstract Numerical simulations reveal that the time required for rapid pyrolysis of cellulosic biopolymer particles (diameter ⩽ 0.5 mm) is composed of a heatup time t h and a devolatilization time t d . Approximations of t h and t d are given by the time required for radiative and convective heat transfer to raise the particle's temperature to a pyrolysis temperature T p (‘sensible’ heat requirement) and to provide the endothermic heat of reaction ΔH (‘latent’ heat requirement). The value of T p is specified by the chemical rate law governing pyrolysis. Recently reported rate laws place a practical upper limit on T p of ≈ 500 °C and provide for the complete vaporization of cellulose at high heating rates. Strong analogies exist between the time required for a given power input to provide both the sensible and latent heat requirements of a solid undergoing a phase change and the time required for heat transfer to effect cellulose pyrolysis. Correction factors reported here permit an accurate estimate of the time required for cellulose pyrolysis, based on the times required for the rate of heat transfer (power input) to provide the ‘sensible’ and ‘latent’ heats of pyrolysis at the (‘melting point’) temperature T p .
Paleoclimatology and paleo‐oceanography of the Norwegian and Greenland seas: glacial‐interglacial contrasts

Synoptically mapped faunal abundance and faunal composition data, derived from a suite of 24 Norwegian Sea cores, were used to derive sea-surface temperatures for the last glacial maximum (18,000 B.P.), the last interglacial (120,000 B.P.), and isotope stage 5a (82,000 B.P.). Surface circulation and ice cover reconstructions for these three times, deduced from the sea-surface temperatures, suggest the following conclusions: (1) During glacial periods, Norwegian Sea surface circulation formed a single, sluggish, counterclockwise gyre that was caused by wind drag on the ubiquitous sea ice cover; (2) the last interglacial was characterized by a circulation pattern similar to that of today except that the two counterclockwise gyres were displaced toward the east and were more vigorous than they are today. This circulation pattern forced the Norwegian Current into a position close to the coast of Norway and permitted formation of a strong east-west temperature gradient close to the Scandinavian landmass; (3) interglacial periods prior to 120,000 B.P. had similar climatic conditions to the 82,000 B.P. level and were characterized by a weak two-gyre circulation pattern. The southern gyre, driven by wind stress in summer months, was ice covered in winters. The northern gyre had little open water even in summers and was primarily formed by wind drag on sea ice. Atmospheric modifications resulting from these circulation patterns and sea ice conditions produced varying climatic conditions in Scandinavia during interglacials prior to the Holocene. The climate was probably warmer and moister during the last interglacial (Eemian) than it is today. Other interglacials during the last 450,000 years, but prior to the Eemian, were probably colder and drier as the Norwegian Sea was not an important source of heat and moisture.
Haemagglutinin activity in the haemolymph of individual Acrididae (grasshopper) specimens

Abstract Twenty-four individual grasshopper specimens representing four Melanoplus spp. contained similar broad-spectrum haemolymphatic haemagglutinin. The agglutinin activity showed highest titre toward human ABO and rabbit cells among nine types of erythrocytes tested. Titre values differed between individual insects but agglutination specificity toward different erythrocytes was similar. Agglutination of type-O red cells by individual grasshopper haemolymph was inhibited by 34 of 41 tested carbohydrates, carbohydrate derivatives, alcohols and chelating agents. Individual insects showed similar patterns of haemagglutination inhibition. Non-inhibitory compounds were mannose and mannose derivatives (excepting N -acetylneuraminate), several glucose derivatives, amino sugars and ethanol. The observations indicated that haemolymph from an individual grasshopper contained complex heteroagglutinin activity similar to that found in haemolymph pooled from several insects. Determination of minimal effective inhibitor concentrations confirmed the presence of heteroagglutinin activity primarily directed toward galactose and glucose and related α-linked glycosidic derivatives.
Stochastic electrodynamics with particle structure Part I: Zero-point induced Brownian behavior

If ordinary views on particle structure are introduced in a simple classical particle model in replacement of the point particles of standard use in stochastic electrodynamics, it can be shown that an internalZitterbewegung induced by the zero-point field background gives rise to a Brownian movement for the whole particle with a diffusion constant of the form D = ħ/2mD , where mD is a modeldependent mass. Since the days of Madeleung and Fuhr brownian behaviour has often been associated with quantization. We discuss this from the viewpoint of stochastic electrodynamics.
Halothane actions in the rabbit hippocampus: Correlative neurophysiologic and neurochemical effects

Abstract Halothane was found to have suppression effects on hippocampal tetanic and post-tetanic potentiation, even when no suppressive effects were seen with respect to pretetanic control responses. At the same time, halothane stimulated an elevation of cyclic AMP in hippocampal tissue. An initial halothane-related excitatory effect on pyramidal cells was also noted. It is suggested that in the hippocampus, halothane can modulate the potentiation phenomena by altering cyclic AMP concentrations.
From ‘Black people are not a homosexual act’ to ‘gay is the new Black’: mapping white uses of Blackness in modern gay rights campaigns in the United States

This paper examines the ways in which rhetorics of Blackness and civil rights have been deployed by Whites positioned on both sides of modern gay rights discourse in the United States. The authors argue that the contemporary deployment of Blackness by both gay and anti-gay movements concurrently is linked to the longstanding use of race on both sides of anti-gay referendum and initiative campaigns since the late 1970s, as well as to the even longer history of the racialization of homosexuality in Europe and the United States. The paper offers a brief history of the late nineteenth-century racial construction of homosexuality, which sets the stage for the later pairing of political discourses linking Blackness and homosexuality in the twentieth-century. Drawing on research of gay rights referendums and initiatives from 1977 to 2000, the paper then demonstrates how White religiously-motivated anti-gay activists relied upon divisive arguments about whether homosexuality is ‘like race’ to secularize and legit...
Endovascular Repair of a Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

62-year-old man presented with an acute onset of severe lower back pain, hypotension, and nausea and vomiting. He had a history of hypertension and hypertriglyceridemia. On arrival, the patient was diaphoretic, with a blood pressure of 130/57 mm Hg and a heart rate of 84 beats per minute, and he had a markedly tender, pulsatile abdominal mass. He immediately underwent computed tomography (CT), performed with the use of contrast material; the study showed calcification in the aortic wall (Panel A, curved arrow) and a contained rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, with active extravasation of contrast material (Panel A, arrow) into a large retroperitoneal hematoma (arrowhead). Within three hours after the onset of his symptoms, the patient was taken on an emergency basis to the operating room, where, under local anesthesia, he underwent a stent-graft repair of the ruptured aneurysm, performed with the use of a bifurcated endograft system. One month later, follow-up CT scanning showed a functioning graft and organization of the retroperitoneal hematoma into a well-defined fluid collection around the psoas muscle (Panel B, arrow). At six months, further regression of the aneurysm with resolution of the retroperitoneal hematoma was observed.
Effects of outcome feedback on perception of dispositional and situational control in motor skill performance.

This experiment investigated the effects of outcome feedback and the type of situation on perception of dispositional and situational control over motor skill performance. The experimental design was a 2 × 2 × 2 (type of situation × past outcome × present outcome) factorial. The subject competed with an opponent (a confederate) on ten pretest and ten test trials of a motor maze task. The results showed that both past and present success enhanced perception of dispositional control in terms of personal ability whereas failure (past and present) facilitated perception of situational control in terms of the opponent's ability. The type of situation had negligible influence on the subject's control perception of their motor performance. The results were viewed as having important implications for studying the effects of social reinforcement and outcome feedback on motor performance and thus for understanding why outcome feedback sometimes increases and sometimes decreases motor performance.
Geometric exponents and Kleinian groups

Suppose \(\Lambda\) is the limit set of an analytically finite Kleinian group and that\(\{\Omega_j\}\) is an enumeration of the components of\(\Omega = S^2 \setminus \Lambda\) . Then\(\sum_j \diam(\Omega_j)^{2} < \infty.\) This had been conjectured by Maskit. We also define a number of different geometric critical exponents associated to a compact set in the plane which generalize the index of Besicovitch and Taylor on the line. Although these exponents may differ for general sets, we show that they are all equal when \(\Lambda\) is the limit set of a non-elementary, analytically finite Kleinian group and they agree with the classical Poincare exponent.
Aluminum toxicity: Transport and sites of action

Abstract Emphasis should be placed on two aspects of aluminum neurotoxicity: mechanisms mediating the transport of aluminum, including peripheral absorption, entry into the CNS, and neuronal uptake, and identification of sites in the CNS that are highly susceptible to the presence of aluminum.
New pentafluorothio (SF5)-containing alkyl dibromides

Abstract Preparation of two new SF 5 -containing compounds and one telomer was achieved by reaction of the olefins CH 2 =CHBr and CF 2 =CFBr with SF 5 Br to form SF 5 CH 2 CHBr 2 and SF 5 CF 2 CFBr 2 . In the reaction of SF 5 Br with CF 2 =CFBr, a waxy solid formed with an average formula of SF 5 (CF 2 CFBr) 10 Br.