cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching English pronunciation : a book of readings

Few teachers would deny that pronunciation is an important component of a learner's ability in English. However, many teachers lack background knowledge in the subject, and are unsure of how to teach it in the classroom. This carefully selected collection of published articles provides an authoritative account of the theory and practice of pronunciation, discussing both what should be taught as well as how it should be taught. In five sections, "Teaching English Pronunciation" covers international models of English, theories of pronunciation teaching, the application of phonological theory, descriptions of English pronunciation and techniques for the classroom. The authors are all well-known international experts in the field. The book also includes a bibliography of relevant books and articles. This book should be of interest to teachers of English as a foreign language, also students and teachers of phonetics, phonology and speech therapy.
Bayes Estimation via Filtering Equation for O-U Process with Discrete Noises: Application to the Micro-Movement of Stock Prices

A model of O-U process with discrete noises is proposed for the price micro-movement, which refers to the transactional price behavior. The model can be viewed as a multivariate point process and framed as a filtering problem with counting process observations. Under this framework, the whole sample paths are observable and are used for parameter estimation. Based on the filtering equation, we construct a consistent recursive algorithm to compute the approximate posterior and the Bayes estimates. Finally, Bayes estimates for a two-month transaction prices of Microsoft are obtained.
COMPLETE HEART BLOCK FOLLOWING INTRACARDIAC SURGERY: REVERSION TO NORMAL SINUS RHYTHM AFTER TWENTY-FIVE MONTHS.

Abstract A report is presented of a ten year old boy who developed complete A–V heart block following open heart surgery for the repair of an ostium primum type defect. Following 25 months of complete heart block he spontaneously converted to normal sinus rhythm which he has maintained for one year. This experience is unique at this institution.
Combining Simple Models to Approximate Complex Dynamics

Stochastic tracking of structured models in monolithic state spaces often requires modeling complex distributions that are difficult to represent with either parametric or sample-based approaches. We show that if redundant representations are available, the individual state estimates may be improved by combining simpler dynamical systems, each of which captures some aspect of the complex behavior. For example, human body parts may be robustly tracked individually, but the resulting pose combinations may not satisfy articulation constraints. Conversely, the results produced by full-body trackers satisfy such constraints, but such trackers are usually fragile due to the presence of clutter. We combine constituent dynamical systems in a manner similar to a Product of HMMs model. Hidden variables are introduced to represent system appearance. While the resulting model contains loops, making the inference hard in general, we present an approximate non-loopy filtering algorithm based on sequential application of Belief Propagation to acyclic subgraphs of the model.
The Everglades Nutrient Removal Project test cells: STA optimization - status of the research at the north site

The Everglades is an oligotrophic ecosystem that is being adversely impacted by hydrologic changes and nutrient-rich runoff generated from urban and agricultural sources. The Stormwater Treatment Area (STA) Optimization Research and Monitoring program is mandated by the 1994 Everglades Forever Act and will assist the South Florida Water Management District in developing operational strategies that maximize performance of emergent macrophyte STAs. The primary objective of this research is to examine how hydrologic conditions may influence STA performance. The study was conducted in 0.2 ha, shallow, fully lined test cells located within the perimeter of the Everglades Nutrient Removal Project. Experiments were designed to examine the effect of increased and decreased hydraulic loading rate (HLR) on wetland performance and to determine, if possible, the HLR at which STA treatment fails to reduce outflow total phosphorus concentration to the interim target of 50 μg-P/L. To date, two HLR experiments have been completed at the north site. Preliminary data indicated at all HLRs tested that particulate phosphorus and dissolved organic phosphorus ratios remained virtually unchanged from inflow to outflow. The dissolved organic and particulate compounds within these test cells are extremely recalcitrant, and are not easily assimilated within the system. High HLRs may not result in detention times long enough to mineralize these forms into easily assimilated inorganic compounds, resulting in mean TP concentrations greater than 50 μg-P/L.
X-Ray Bursts

We summarize the observed features of X-ray bursts and the key elements of the thermonuclear flash model of this phenomenon. We then elucidate the full range of possible burst behavior using a global analysis of the stability of nuclear burning on accreting neutron stars.
Comparison of maternal and fetal cardiovascular functions in acute and chronic experiments in the sheep

Abstract Comparative studies have been made of various maternal and fetal circulatory functions and blood respiratory gases and pH obtained from pregnant sheep under acute experimental condition and from chronically instrumented animals. The maternal and fetal values observed in pregnant animals studied under pentobarbital anesthesia were compared to those observed in ewes studied under spinal anesthesia. In addition, the impact of various anesthetic agents on the behavior of maternal and fetal vasomotor tones and regional circulation was investigated. The data show that anesthetic agents affect cardiovascular functions in different ways. Some anesthetic agents abolish totally or partially maternal and fetal neural reflexes controlling circulatory functions; they also alter the vascular responses to vasoactive substances. Despite these alterations, the values for maternal and fetal circulatory functions in the acute anesthetized animal were not significantly different from those observed in the chronically instrumented, unanesthetized animal. In terms of research objectives, the data was used to discuss: (a) the criteria for defining the animal's health condition; (b) knowledge of the effects of anesthesia on a given maternal and fetal function; (c) the place of the acute and the chronic experimental preparation; and (d) the care to be observed in comparing data with the published literature.
Lower lethal temperature for Arapaima Arapaima gigas: potential implications for culture and establishment in Florida.

AbstractArapaima Arapaima gigas is a large, predatory, obligate air-breathing fish native to the Amazon River basin. Aquaculture producers have identified this species as a candidate for commercial culture in Florida. For this species, a preliminary risk assessment using the Fish Invasiveness Screening Kit indicated a medium to high risk of invasiveness to parts of central and southern Florida. However, data on lower lethal temperature were not available, which was a data gap identified by the risk assessment. Lower lethal temperature is an important physiological characteristic, limiting not only the culture of tropical fishes in subtropical Florida but also the potential for establishing nonnative populations. This study is the first known experimental test of low-temperature tolerance for Arapaima. Our findings suggest Arapaima will not survive temperatures at or below 16°C. When compared with established nonnative fishes in Florida, this species is extremely cold sensitive, similar to that of Butterfl...
Use of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients hospitalized with heart failure.

Background— The frequency and characterization of patients receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) are largely unknown since the publication of pivotal clinical trials and subsequent incorporation of CRT into the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines for heart failure. Methods and Results— We analyzed 33 898 patients admitted from January 2005 through September 2007 to 228 hospitals participating in the American Heart Association’s Get With the Guidelines–Heart Failure program. There were 4201 patients (12.4%) discharged alive with CRT, including 811 new implants. Patients discharged with CRT were older (median age, 75 versus 72 years) and had lower median left ventricular ejection fraction (30% versus 38%), more frequent ischemic cardiomyopathy (58% versus 45%), more history of atrial fibrillation (38% versus 27%), and higher rates of β-blocker and aldosterone antagonist use (P<0.0001 for all) than those without CRT. We found that 4.8% of patients with left ventri...
The success rate of metrizamide ct cisternography in the evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea

Abstract Eight patients with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea are presented. The diagnosis was made by metrizamide CT cisternography in most of the cases. The method of examination is described.
Erigeron astranthioides (Asteraceae: Astereae), a new epappose species from western Mexico

A new species,Erigeron astranthioides, apparently endemic to the Sierra Madre of central Durango, is described and illustrated. It is contrasted withE. forreri (Greene) Greene andAstranthium, both of which are similar, though apparently through convergence. The new species is part of a lineage that includes six other primarily epapposeErigeron species mostly from the western Sierra Madre; within this group its closest relative appears to beE. mimus (S. F. Blake) Nesom, with which it is compared.
Operational magnetic amplifiers with multiple control windings

ALTHOUGH a great deal of effort has been expended in the development of analyses of magnetic amplifiers, a completely satisfactory mathematical representation of this dynamic operation, characterized by the soundness of its mathematical basis and by the convenience of its application in analysis and synthesis, has yet to appear. Because of the discrete nature of the operation, the input and output of the magnetic amplifier must be expressed in terms of discrete functions whose variable is the number of half-cycles of the supply voltage frequency. As a result, the dynamic operation must be described by a difference equation which relates input and output.
Effect of Electrolyte Type upon the High-Temperature Resilience of Lithium-Ion Cells

The effect of electrolyte type upon the resilience of lithium-ion cells to high-temperature storage has been investigated in experimental mesocarbon microbead carbon-Li x Ni y Co 1 - y O 2 three-electrode cells. Specifically, electrolytes have been studied where the solvent mixtures have been varied, with the intention of determining the impact of ethylene carbonate (EC) content upon performance. In addition to determining the reversible and irreversible capacity losses sustained as a result of high-temperature storage (55 to 70°C), a number of electrochemical measurements (ac impedance, Tafel polarization, and linear polarization) have been performed to determine the impact of the high-temperature exposure upon the electrode kinetics and the nature of the electrode surface films. It was observed that cells containing electrolytes with high EC content (i.e., 70% EC by volume) displayed superior resilience to high-temperature storage, in contrast to cells containing low EC content electrolytes (i.e., 30% EC by volume), which displayed much larger irreversible capacity losses and poorer lithium intercalation/deintercalation kinetics after exposure to high temperatures. Solid-state 7 Li nuclear magnetic resonance measurements were used to determine quantitatively the fraction of Li in the irreversible solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) as compared to Li in the active electrode (both anode and cathode) material. In addition, the electrodes were characterized using a scanning electron microscope equipped with an X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometer to examine the film morphology and composition. The results indicate that the nature of the SEI formed on the anode in low EC content cells correlates with the poor electrochemical performance observed after being subjected to high temperatures.
Stereotype Threat–Based Diversity Programming: Helping Students while Empowering and Respecting Faculty

As college student populations grow increasingly diverse, centers for teaching and learning are often charged with promoting inclusive teaching practices. Yet faculty cite many affective barriers to diversity training, and we often preach to the choir. These challenges led us to seek alternate routes for diversity programming, and stereotype threat has become the centerpiece of our endeavors. This chapter describes stereotype threat and related interventions, outlines our efforts, and offers evidence of its surprising impact. It also identifies the features of stereotype threat that appealed to faculty, led them to make pedagogical changes, and inspired them to spread the word.
The Ethics of Secrecy in La Chastelaine De Vergi

According to medieval courtly romances, secrecy is necessary in love affairs. In La Chastelaine de Vergi, secrecy facilitates a love affair, and it is also critical to survival at the court. It org...
CT of the adrenal gland: the many faces of adrenal hemorrhage

Adrenal hemorrhage is rarely suspected clinically, exhibits no specific clinical symptoms or laboratory findings, and yet is immediately life-threatening when bilateral. Recognition of adrenal hematomas is complicated by the variable appearance of these lesions. We survey the ways in which adrenal hematomas can appear on CT and provide strategies for differentiating hematomas from other adrenal pathologies.
Dynamics of surface patterning in salt-crystal dissolution.

We report an experimental study on the pattern dynamics of the salt-crystal (NaCl) surface when dissolved from below by its own aqueous solutions with mass concentrations between 0.0% and 24.0%. The surface pattern roughness grew exponentially for a range of unstable wave numbers with a fastest growing wave number ${k}_{c}$ and corresponding maximum growth rate ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{c}$ which both decreased for higher solution concentrations. These results are compared with predictions of linear stability analysis and suggest a model for patterning by turbulent dissolution.
Insertion Mutations in Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Glycoprotein H Reduce Cell Surface Expression, Slow the Rate of Cell Fusion, or Abrogate Functions in Cell Fusion and Viral Entry

Of the four required herpes simplex virus (HSV) entry glycoproteins, the precise role of gH-gL in fusion remains the most elusive. The heterodimer gH-gL has been proposed to mediate hemifusion after the interaction of another required glycoprotein, gD, with a receptor. To identify functional domains of HSV-1 gH, we generated 22 randomized linker-insertion mutants. Analyses of 22 gH mutants revealed that gH is relatively tolerant of insertion mutations, as 15 of 22 mutants permitted normal processing and transport of gH-gL to the cell surface. gH mutants that were not expressed well at the cell surface did not function in fusion or viral entry. The screening of gH mutants for function revealed the following: (i) for wild-type gH and some gH mutants, fusion with nectin-1-expressing target cells occurred more rapidly than with herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM)-expressing target cells; (ii) some gH mutants reduced the rate of cell fusion without abrogating fusion completely, indicating that gH may play a role in governing the kinetics of fusion and may be responsible for a rate-limiting first stage in HSV-1 fusion; and (iii) only one gH mutant, located within the short cytoplasmic tail, completely abrogated function, indicating that the gH cytoplasmic tail is crucial for cell fusion and viral infectivity.
Proliferative characteristics of primary and metastatic human solid tumors by DNA flow cytometry

The percentage of cells in S-phase (S-index) was calculated from DNA histograms of 453 primary and metastatic human solid tumors (predominantly bladder, breast, colorectal, renal, prostate, ovarian and lung carcinomas, melanomas, and sarcomas). S-indices varied widely among both primary and metastatic tumors (1-48%); there was no significant difference in S-indices between primary and metastatic tumors. The S-indices for aneuploid tumors were significantly higher than for diploid tumors. When data for all aneuploid tumors were analyzed collectively, there was no significant relationship between S-index and DNA ploidy index. However, for colorectal and ovarian carcinomas S-indices increased, and for lung carcinomas S-indices decreased with elevation in the degree of DNA-ploidy. Lung carcinomas had the highest S-indices. Comparison of flow cytometry (FCM) and cytology data indicated that for most diploid tumors S-indices reflect the proportion of S-phase cells among a mixed population of normal and tumor cells. For most aneuploid tumors, the proportion of tumor cells estimated cytologically was similar to the proportion of aneuploid cells estimated by FCM. For a small proportion of aneuploid tumors a comparison of cytology and FCM data indicated the presence of a predominant diploid tumor stemline and a minor stemline with aneuploid DNA content. There was a wide spread in the values of S-indices within tumor groups defined by degree of differentiation and stage of disease at surgery.
Glycoprotein synthesis by tracheal explants from various mammalian species

Abstract 1. 1. The relative rates of synthesis and secretion of glycoproteins by tracheal explants in organ culture from guinea pigs, rats, dogs, cats, sheep, pigs, and monkeys were compared. 2. 2. The relative rates of glycopeptide secretion and of glucosamine uptake by the tracheal slices were remarkably similar. 3. 3. The relative rates of glycoprotein synthesis by such explants showed marked differences between the different species tested.
NIST interoperability framework and action plans

The 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act gave NIST the role of coordinating with industry and government stakeholders the development of an interoperability framework for Smart Grid (SG) devices and systems, including standards and protocols. The goal is to achieve seamless interoperability of SG devices and systems across the power system from generator to consumer. With the collaboration of many smart grid stakeholders who provided input through a series of workshops, domain expert working group activities, and other direct interactions, NIST has published the “NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards Release 1.0” document. It includes a conceptual reference model for the SG, standards identified for implementation, a set of standards priority action plans (PAPs), and a cyber security risk management framework and strategy. In 2009, a SG Interoperability Panel (SGIP) that comprises representatives from SG stakeholders across the board was established to further the development of the Interoperability Framework, support the development of new and revised PAPs, and coordination with the Standards Development Organizations (SDOs). This paper reports on progress made in the development and implementation of the Interoperability Framework, the SGIP activities, and on the progress on tasks for standards harmonization and development defined in the PAPs.
Brain Water Content: a Misunderstood Measurement?

Brain edema is a major contributor to poor outcome following ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. In animal models, edema has historically been quantified as a change in brain water content expressed as a percentage of wet weight (% water content). As described in this communication, this number can be misleading, as “small” changes in percentage of brain water content actually reflect much bigger changes in brain swelling. Using either water content, expressed as grams per gram of dry weight, or a measure of brain swelling better reflect the impact of edema after stroke and brain injury.
Cooling SABER with a miniature pulse tube refrigerator

Utah State University/Space Dynamics Laboratory, teaming with NASA Langley Research Center, is currently building the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument. Stringent mass and power constraints, together with a greater than two year mission life, led to the selection of a TRW miniature pulse tube refrigerator to cool SABER's infrared detectors to the required temperature of 75 K. This paper provides an overview of the SABER thermal management plan and the challenges encountered in matching the refrigerator characteristics with instrument performance requirements under the broadly variant space environments expected for this mission. Innovative technologies were developed to keep heat loads within the limited cooling capacity of the miniature refrigerator, as well as mechanically isolating but thermally connecting the refrigerator cold block to the focal plane assembly (FPA). A passive radiator will maintain the SABER telescope at an average temperature of 230 K while a separate radiator will reject heat from the refrigerator and electronics at approximately 260 K. Significant breadboard tests of various components of the SABER instrument have taken place and the details of one of these will be discussed. The test included attaching a miniature mechanical refrigerator, borrowed from the Air Force, to the SABER FPA. This opportunity gave the SABER team a significant head start in learning about integrating and testing issues related with the TRW miniature pulse tube refrigerator. SABER is scheduled to be launched in January 2000 as the primary instrument of NASA's TIMED (Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics) spacecraft. The TIMED program is being managed by the Applied Physics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
New algorithms and an in silico benchmark for computational enzyme design

The creation of novel enzymes capable of catalyzing any desired chemical reaction is a grand challenge for computational protein design. Here we describe two new algorithms for enzyme design that employ hashing techniques to allow searching through large numbers of protein scaffolds for optimal catalytic site placement. We also describe an in silico benchmark, based on the recapitulation of the active sites of native enzymes, that allows rapid evaluation and testing of enzyme design methodologies. In the benchmark test, which consists of designing sites for each of 10 different chemical reactions in backbone scaffolds derived from 10 enzymes catalyzing the reactions, the new methods succeed in identifying the native site in the native scaffold and ranking it within the top five designs for six of the 10 reactions. The new methods can be directly applied to the design of new enzymes, and the benchmark provides a powerful in silico test for guiding improvements in computational enzyme design.
School social capital and pupils' academic performance1

It is widely acknowledged that there are important ties among pupils, parents and schools affecting children's educational outcome. Using NELS:88, a nationally representative sample of eighth graders in the United States, this study explores the role of schools in their academic performance. The study suggests that, with other things equal, school ambiance has a significant and positive effect on mathematics and reading test scores of pupils. School outreach shows a positive and significant effect on mathematics achievement as well, but not on the pupils' reading test scores. Parental involvement initiated mainly by the parents does not show a significant result.
The influence of the family on premarital sexual attitudes and behavior

This research has expanded our understanding of the determinants of adolescent sexuality in several directions. We have used a study of mothers and children to construct and estimate a model of the intergenerational transmission of sexual attitudes and behavior. With data collected from both mothers and children, we were able to proceed further than most past research and to consider both the attitudes and behaviors of mothers as reported by the mothers themselves. These data permitted an investigation of the determinants of maternal attitudes concerning adolescent sexuality as well as an examination of the influences of the attitudes and experiences of mothers on the attitudes, perceptions, and behavior of children. Obviously, limiting the study to white families prevents generalization of our findings to other subgroups of the population. The findings demonstrate the importance and relevance of parental and adolescent attitudes in understanding adolescent sexuality. Premarital sexuality is a salient issue to both young people and their parents. There are, however, very important and substantial differences in the attitudes of parents and children. On average, the attitudes of young people today are much less restrictive than those of their parents, reflecting either life cycle differences or the impact of social change. The intergenerational difference is recognized by young people themselves and probably affects the ability of parents to assist their maturing children in adjusting to and dealing with their sexuality--a difficulty likely to be reflected in the relative lack of success sexually active young people have in preventing pregnancy. Our findings also add to the research literature in demonstrating that although children, on average, have more permissive attitudes than their parents, the attitudes of individual parents tend to be reflected in the attitudes of individual children. Children whose mothers have less restrictive attitudes have, on average, less restrictive attitudes themselves. Further, the attitudes of mothers are also reflected in the behavior of their children, so on average, mothers with more permissive attitudes have children who are more sexually active. The influence of maternal attitudes, however, is stronger for children's attitudes than for their behavior. Of course, variability in children's attitudes and behavior--and even their perceptions of maternal attitudes--can only be partially explained by the attitudes of their mothers; but presumably, if the attitudes of other important family members, including fathers and siblings, were known, the prediction of adolescent attitudes would improve.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Social and genotypic aspects of open-field behavior of two lines of mice.

Sixty male and sixty female mice selected for high and low open-field activity were tested either alone, with a same-sex, high-activity companion, or with a same-sex, low activity companion. All subjects except low-activity females became less active when tested with either type of companion, although only the difference between high-activity females tested alone or with a companion was significant. Defecation scores of high-activity subjects were unaffected by the presence of either type of companion. In contrast, defecation scores of low-activity subjects were significantly reduced only when tested with a high-activity companion. The results were interpreted in terms of social facilitation.
Bayesian Statistics and the Efficiency and Ethics of Clinical Trials

The Bayesian approach is being used increasingly in medical research. The flexibility of the Bayesian approach allows for building designs of clinical trials that have good properties of any desired sort. Examples include maximizing effective treatment of patients in the trial, maximizing information about the slope of a dose–response curve, minimizing costs, minimizing the number of patients treated, minimizing the length of the trial and combinations of these desiderata. They also include standard frequentist operating characteristics when these are important considerations. Posterior probabilities are updated via Bayes’ theorem on the basis of accumulating data. These are used to effect modifications of the trial’s course, including stopping accrual, extending accrual beyond that originally planned, dropping treatment arms, adding arms, etc. An important aspect of the approach I advocate is modeling the relationship between a trial’s primary endpoint and early indications of patient performance—auxiliary endpoints. This has several highly desirable consequences. One is that it improves the efficiency of adaptive trials because information is available sooner than otherwise.
Derivatization of Fullerenes: An Organic Chemistry Laboratory

Fullerene chemistry is a rapidly expanding research field that has grown immensely over the past decade. However, little fullerene chemistry is being incorporated into undergraduate lectures or laboratories, and there have only been two contributions in this Journal concerning this chemistry. With this in mind, two undergraduate organic chemistry laboratories were developed detailing the synthesis of fullerene derivatives, using the Bingel (carbene insertion) and Prato (1,3-dipolar addition) protocols. These experiments are appropriate for a second-semester organic chemistry laboratory. The experiments not only introduce fullerene chemistry, but they emphasize and reinforce key techniques including refluxing, IR, 1H NMR, UV–vis, TLC, and column chromatography.
Seasonal changes in soil microbial biomass and mineralizable c and n in wheat management systems

Crop management strategies can affect the short-term dynamics of the active C and N pools of soil organic matter (SOM) by altering the timing, placement, quantity, and quality of crop root and residue input, as well as nutrient status and environmental conditions (i.e. soil temperature and water content). Our objectives were to quantify seasonal changes in soil microbial biomass (SMB) and mineralizable C and N in continuous wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), continuous wheat-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.j, and wheat-soybean-sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] sequences under conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT) with or without N fertilization. Soil classified as a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) located in southcentral Texas was sampled shortly after planting, during flowering, and following harvest of wheat. Soil microbial biomass C (SMBC) increased by 18% and mineralizable C increased by 37% from planting to flowering when averaged across crop sequence, tillage, and N fertilization regimes. At harvest, SMBC and mineralizable C had returned to the amount at planting in all crop sequences, except in continuous wheat, in which decomposition proceeded without C input during the long fallow. Mineralizable C was 64, 28, and 15% greater at flowering compared to planting under NT and 45, 38, and 29% greater under CT at depths of 0 to 50, 50 to 125, and 125 to 200mm, respectively. The greater increase in mineralizable C near the surface may be related to the abundance of crop roots, rhizosphere products, and more optimal air-filled porosity. With N fertilization, mineralizable N followed the same seasonal pattern as SMBC and mineralizable C. Without N fertilization, mineralizable N did not change during the growing season, despite increased SMBC and mineralizable C at flowering, indicating greater immobilization of N at flowering. Seasonal inputs of crop roots, rhizosphere products, and crop residues significantly altered SMB and mineralizable C and N of this soil, illustrating the dependence of N dynamics on short-term C inputs. Seasonal changes in the active C and N pools of SOM depended upon (i) crop sequence for the quantity, quality, and frequency of C input, (ii) tillage for the depth distribution of added substrates, and (iii) N fertilization for the quantity and quality of substrates. These seasonal changes can alter N availability and conservation.
Investments in enterprise integration technology: An event study

This study examines stock market reactions to investments in enterprise resource planning and enterprise application integration technologies, using signaling theory concepts as explaining theory. The empirical results presented in this paper indicate that financial markets differentiate among technologies that companies invest in to integrate their information systems. In addition, this study confirms that technology maturity, financial health of the investing company, and stock market conditions are important factors influencing the stock market reaction.
Decreases in Amino Acid and Acetylcholine Metabolism During Hypoxia

Hypoxia impairs brain function by incompletely defined mechanisms. Mild hypoxia, which impairs memory and judgment, decreases acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis, but not the levels of ATP or the adenylate energy charge. However, the effects of mild hypoxia on the synthesis of the glucose-derived amino acids [alanine, aspartate, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), glutamate, glutamine, and serine] have not been characterized. Thus, we examined the incorporation of [U-14C]glucose into these amino acids and ACh during anemic hypoxia (injection of NaNO2), hypoxic hypoxia (15 or 10% O2), and hypoxic hypoxia plus hypercarbia (15 or 10% O2 with 5% CO2). In general, the synthesis of the amino acids and of ACh declined in parallel with each type of hypoxia we studied. For example, anemic hypoxia (75 mg/kg of NaNO2) decreased the incorporation of [U-14C]glucose into the amino acids and into ACh similarly. [Percent inhibition: ACh (57.4), alanine (34.4), aspartate (49.2), GABA (61.9), glutamine (59.2), glutamate (51.0), and serine (36.7)]. A comparison of several levels (37.5, 75, 150, 225 mg/kg of NaNO2) of anemic hypoxia showed a parallel decreased in the flux of glucose into ACh and into the amino acids whose synthesis depends on mitochondrial oxidation: GABA (r = 0.98), glutamate (r = 0.99), aspartate (r = 0.96), and glutamine (r = 0.97). The synthesis of the amino acids not dependent on mitochondrial oxidation did not correlate as well with changes in ACh metabolism: serine (r = 0.68) and alanine (r = 0.76). The decreases in glucose incorporation into ACh and into the amino acids with hypoxic hypoxia (15% or 10% O2) or hypoxic hypoxia with 5% CO2 were very similar to those with the two lowest levels of anemic hypoxic. Thus, and explanation of the brain's sensitivity to a decrease in oxygen availability must include the alterations in the metabolism of the amino acid neurotransmitters as well as ACh.
Auger electron angular distributions from surfaces: direct comparison with isoenergetic photoelectrons.

Angular distribution patterns of Auger electrons and of photoelectrons from a Cu (001) surface were measured at the same electron kinetic energy. These measurements reveal that the low kinetic energy angular distributions for Cu Auger electrons and Cu 3p{sub 3/2} photoelectrons differ substantially. This direct comparison between the photoelectron and Auger electron angular distributions demonstrates that, in some circumstances, the Auger process produces a complicated source wave whose nature must be explored before Auger angular distributions can be used for surface structure analysis. 28 refs., 2 figs.
Management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Abstract Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), also known as chronic lung disease of prematurity, and typically defined as the need for supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age, affects approximately 10% and 40% of very low birth weight and extremely low birth weight infants, respectively. Contributing factors include infection, oxygen exposure and ventilator induced lung injury, which can lead to impaired lung function. Several preventative and therapeutic strategies have been used in BPD, including lung protective ventilator strategies, and pharmacologic interventions. While many infants with BPD are treated with a wide variety of medications, little evidence for the efficacy of these treatments exist. This article will review current practice in the prevention and management of this complication of prematurity.
Colorectal Cancer Incidence and Mortality Disparities in New Mexico

Background. Previous analyses indicated that New Mexican Hispanics and American Indians (AI) did not experience the declining colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality rates observed among non-Hispanic whites (NHW). We evaluated more recent data to determine whether racial/ethnic differences persisted. Methods. We used New Mexico Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results data from 1995 to 2009 to calculate age-specific incidence rates and age-adjusted incidence rates overall and by tumor stage. We calculated mortality rates using National Center for Health Statistics' data. We used joinpoint regression to determine annual percentage change (APC) in age-adjusted incidence rates. Analyses were stratified by race/ethnicity and gender. Results. Incidence rates continued declining in NHW (APC −1.45% men, −1.06% women), while nonsignificantly increasing for AI (1.67% men, 1.26% women) and Hispanic women (0.24%). The APC initially increased in Hispanic men through 2001 (3.33%, P = 0.06), before declining (−3.10%, P = 0.003). Incidence rates declined in NHW and Hispanics aged 75 and older. Incidence rates for distant-stage cancer remained stable for all groups. Mortality rates declined significantly in NHW and Hispanics. Conclusions. Racial/ethnic disparities in CRC persist in New Mexico. Incidence differences could be related to risk factors or access to screening; mortality differences could be due to patterns of care for screening or treatment.
Rigid, microporous 3D molecular frameworks derived from 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole

The 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (AmTAZ) ligand is a promising molecular species for formation of robust porous coordination polymers. We have recently crystallized two unusual cubic cage structures which possess μ2−O2− and μ3−S2− bridges, respectively. Although nitrate anions occupy the pore in these two cationic frameworks, we anticipate that similar materials with open pores can be formed by the incorporation of the charge-compensating anion into the framework structure.
Natural Variation of Leaf Thickness and Its Association to Yield Traits in indica Rice

Leaf thickness is an important morphological trait in rice. Its association to the yield potential, as of now has not been documented because of the shortage of the equipment which could conveniently measure the leaf thickness in rice. In this study, the thickness of top three leaves of 208 cultivars had been determined by a nondestructive rice leaf thickness instrument for the research of the natural variation of leaves thickness and its association to yield traits in indica rice. The results showed that the flag leaf was the thickest, and the 2nd leaf was thicker than the 3rd leaf. Analysis of variance indicated the existence of wide genetic diversity of leaf thickness among the investigated indica rice genotypes. The tight correlation among the thicknesses of the top three leaves means that the leaf thickness traits share one genetic control system. Leaf thickness had a significant positive correlation with leaf length and a positive correlation with leaf width, indicated that thicker leaf was beneficial to increasing the single leaf area. The results of correlation analysis revealed that thicker leaf should be profitable to the leaf erection, higher numbers of grains per panicle and higher grains weight per panicle. However, the significantly negative correlation between leaf thickness and number of panicles per plant counteracted the profitability from increased grains weight per panicle, so that the correlations of the thicknesses of the top three leaves to yield and biomass were positive but not significantly. It has made great progress in the genetic improvement of leaves thickness in inbred indica rice breeding in Guangdong Province, China, since the 1990s.
Ethnic differences in adolescent smoking behaviors, sources of tobacco, knowledge and attitudes toward restriction policies

The purpose of this study was to examine racial/ethnic differences in adolescent smoking behavior, sources of tobacco, knowledge of and attitudes toward youth tobacco restriction policies, and perceptions of tobacco availability by adolescents. The study is important as it will add to the growing body of literature regarding tobacco use by minors, and will help policymakers and public health professionals develop efficacious policies and interventions to prevent and reduce tobacco use among adolescents. Minors obtain tobacco from social and commercial sources. Previous studies have emphasized rural homogeneous populations and so the present study addresses the need to determine these sources of tobacco to youth in a large urban, heterogeneous population, such as Philadelphia. A stratified multistage purposive sampling procedure was used to ensure an ethnically/racially sample. A 68-item questionnaire was administered to 645 students in Grades 8-10 in five public and nonpublic funded schools in a culturally diverse part of Philadelphia. Correlations between selected independent variables and smoking behavior were determined. Results from this study indicate that rates of smoking are high among students, with 50% of students ever having smoked, 19% within the last month, 17% weekly, and 15% smoke daily. Further, there were differences in rates of smoking between ethnic/racial groups. Social sources were the most common sources of tobacco reported, with friends being the most frequent source. There were differences in social and commercial ever sources of cigarettes between ethnic/racial groups and in perceived school and parental sanctions for tobacco use. The results of this study suggest that more financial and educational resources should be committed to prevent and reduce smoking behaviors among adolescents. Educational prevention programs, especially parenting programs should be employed to reduce smoking.
Etiologic clues from the similarity of histology-specific trends in esophageal and lung cancers.

Objective: We tested whether descriptive evidence exists for differing roles of specific tobacco constituents on different histologic subtypes of esophageal cancer. Esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence rates are increasing while squamous cell esophageal cancer rates are declining in Westernized countries as are the histology-specific lung counterparts. Squamous cell lung cancers, while caused by smoking, are believed to be caused by different constituents of tobacco smoke than lung adenocarcinomas. Smoking is also a risk factor for esophageal cancers.
Photonic Computer Aided Design Tools for High Speed Optical Modulators

ABSTRACT Computer aided design (CAD) tools can expedite the development of high speed electroop-tic modulators. The simulation program can be used to simulate the device performance, therefore,lead to the optimal design. The layout tool can be used to design mask patterns. Custom featuresspecifically developed for electrooptic modulators make the mask pattern design highly efficient.The OPTOMASK layout program and results of simulations on low-loss Y-branch design and onquasi-linear electrooptic modulator design are reported.I. INTRODUCTIONElectronic CAD tools have been developed for the design of very-large-scale integrated cir-cuits (VLSI). Nowadays, without any exception, all electronic VLSI chips are designed by usingelectronic CAD tools. From the logic design, the CAD tools can provide timing information andthe physical layout. The amount of effort and cost in developing new VLSI chips can be substan-tially reduced. Photonic circuits are being developed for optical communications systems. They alsoplay major roles in optical computing and in optical image processing applications. It is timely toconsider photonic CAD tools.The photonic CAD tools consist of two parts: simulation and layout. Simulation for opticalwaveguide structures can be performed by using the beam propagation method [1]. From the designand fabrication conditions, the index profile is obtained. The propagation of the electromagneticwave is then simulated. The layout of electrooptic modulators is done by drawing patterns on agraphics terminal. The database is subsequently converted to a format compatible with mask ex-posure systems. The geometry of electrooptic modulators is very different from that of electroniccircuits. For example, low-loss waveguide bends can not be designed by using a 90 angle. Sincemost e-beam mask exposure systems operate in the raster mode, such non-90° geometry must befractured into small rectangles. Utility programs of mask exposure systems can fracture certain non-
Development of an Intervention Map for a Parent Education Intervention to Prevent Violence Among Hispanic Middle School Students.

This paper describes development of Padres Trabajando por la Paz, a violence prevention intervention for Hispanic parents to increase parental monitoring. The intervention was developed using an innovative new program planning process: intervention mapping. Theory and empirical evidence broadly defined performance objectives and determinants of parental monitoring. These objectives were further refined through group and individual interviews with the target parent group. Learning objectives for the intervention guided the content of the intervention that used modeling as the primary method and role model stories as a strategy delivered through newsletters. Stage-matching members of the target population for their readiness to implement the parental monitoring behaviors further refined the social cognitive message design strategies. Intervention mapping provides an explicit theory- and data-driven guide for intervention development that maximizes intervention impact for a specific target population.
Role of Inflammatory Related Gene Expression in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Development and Clinical Outcomes

Purpose: Renal cell carcinoma is the eighth most common cancer in the United States and clear cell renal carcinoma is the most common type. Many signaling pathways are implicated in clear cell renal carcinoma development, including the inflammation pathway. However, less is known about how gene expression variation in this pathway influences clear cell renal carcinoma development and clinical outcomes.Materials and Methods: Gene expression in tumor and adjacent normal tissues from 93 patients was detected using a genome-wide expression array. A panel of 661 inflammation related genes was then analyzed. Differential expression patterns between tumor and normal tissues were identified. Association with recurrence or survival was evaluated with genes showing significant association tested further in a validation set of 258 tumors using an independent platform (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction).Results: We identified 151 genes with at least a two-fold change in gene expression between adjacent...
Mobilization of aged in vivo cadmium deposits by diethyl dimercaptosuccinate.

Abstract Diethyl dimercaptosuccinate (DEDMS) was prepared and found to be capable of mobilizing cadmium from mice one month after they had been given an injection (i.p.) of 0.03 mg CdCl 2 ·2.5H 2 O containing 1.0 μCi of 109 CdCl 2 . When pure, DEDMS is a waxy solid with a melting point of 61–62°C which is soluble in warm peanut oil. Its LD 50 value (i.p.) in mice is approximately 2.6 mmol/kg, a value which allows it to be given at a higher dosage than other known lipid-soluble dithiols. This compound is especially effective in reducing hepatic and whole body levels of cadmium; it is not as effective as 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL) in reducing renal cadmium levels.
Understanding how bloggers feel: recognizing affect in blog posts

One of the goals of affective computing is to recognize human emotions. We present a system that learns to recognize emotions based on textual resources and test it on a large number of blog entries tagged with moods by their authors. We show how a machine-learning approach can be used to gain insight into the way writers convey and interpret their own emotions, and provide nuanced mood associations for a large wordlist.