cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous catalytic reactors undergoing chemical deactivation. Part I: Deactivation kinetics and pellet effectiveness

A general expression for the time-dependence of the activity of a catalyst pellet affected by both chemical deactivation and diffusion is developed. Specific results are given for both uniform and pore-mouth poisoning, with parallel and series poisoning mechanisms. Comparisons show a satisfactory agreement between theoretical and experimental results. A pellet effectiveness representing the combined effect of deactivation and diffusion is also developed in a form suitable for direct inclusion in reactor conservation equations.
A root location training method for polynomial cellular neural networks that implements totalistic cellular automata

The Polynomial Cellular Neural Network (PCNN) is a powerful non-linear processor that is capable of classifying non-linearly separable data points with a single neuron. Despite the capabilities of this model, the determination of the synaptic weights is not a trivial task. In this paper we present the root location training method as an effective, straightforward and high-speed procedure. Such method obtains the synaptic weights of a PCNN that implements any totalistic cellular automata behavior, dispensing the usage of heuristic methods such as genetic algorithms or numerical approaches such as quadratic programming procedures.
Education, poverty, and stroke incidence in whites and blacks: the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study.

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that educational attainment and poverty index are inversely associated with incidence of stroke in blacks and in whites. The NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study data were analyzed. We analyzed 2953 women and 2661 men with no history of stroke before baseline (1971-1975), using the incidence of stroke through 1992, years of education, and poverty index at baseline. In white men aged 45 to 74, Cox regression models showed an inverse age-adjusted association with education that did not attain statistical significance. In white women, those with 12 or more years of education had significantly lower age-adjusted risk of stroke compared with those with less than 8 years. A test for linear trend was significant when adjusting for age (P = 0.0005). In blacks, stroke risk was significantly lower in those with 8 or more years of education than in those with <8 years in adjusted models. In each group, Cox regression models showed an inverse, graded, age-adjusted association with poverty index that attained statistical significance. After controlling for multiple confounders and risk mediators, the association was diminished and nonsignificant.
Optimization of spin-valve parameters for magnetic bead trapping and manipulation

Abstract Magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE) and magnetoresistance (MR) measurements were used to measure the switching characteristics of spin-valve (SV) arrays currently being developed to trap and release superparamagnetic beads within a fluid medium. The effect of SV size on switching observed by MOKE showed that a 1 μm×8 μm SV element was found to have optimal switching characteristics. MR measurements on a single 1 μm×8 μm SV switched with either an external applied magnetic field or a local magnetic field generated by an integrated write wire (current density ranging from 10 6 to 10 7 A/cm 2 ) confirmed the MOKE findings. The 1 μm×8 μm SV low field switching was observed to be +8 and −2 mT with two stable states at zero field; the high field switching was observed to be −18 mT. The low switching fields and the large magnetic moment of the SV trap along with our observation of minimal magnetostatic effects for dense arrays are necessary design characteristics for high-force, “switchable-magnet,” microfluidic bead trap applications.
Re-naturalizing sugar: Narratives of place, production and consumption

This article analyses the inter-relationships among food consumption practices, marketers' representations of sugar, and the history and political economy of sugar production. It focuses on the 'supermarket narratives'--stories regarding place and production that appear on commodity packaging--used to market sugar in the USA. It explores how competition within the sweetener industry, as shaped by the material qualities of sweeteners, has given rise to supermarket narratives that seek to differentiate sugars on the basis of ideas of place, freshness and environmental sustainability. It also examines how, at the same time, sweetener users have co-operated to maintain and increase consumption in the USA. The article begins with a discussion of historical patterns of sweetener consumption in the USA, and then looks at the genesis of the primary sugar industry lobbying organization. The case study of Florida sugar producers is used to demonstrate the historical antecedents of supermarket narratives and the con...
Ab initio study of the x-ray edge in alkali metals and alloys

An ab initio model is developed for calculating the approximate electronic structure of local excited states in alkali metals and alloys. Core excitations of Na and K metals are calculated along with core impurity excitations of K in Li and Rb in Li. Unrestricted Hartree-Fock method is used in conjunction with pseudopotentials, cluster theory, and Rayleigh-Schr\"odinger many-body perturbation theory to yield a spectroscopic accuracy of 0.1 eV when compared to experiment. Local resonance states below the interband threshold are found in the (n-1)${p}^{5}$${s}^{2}$ excited configurations in Na and K metals. Similar states are not found for the analogous excited configurations in dilute alloys of K in Li and Rb in Li. These results suggest that electron-hole pair interactions dominate the x-ray absorption process in pure alkali metals. Results are contrasted with current models for the enhancement of x-ray absorption.
Ada for the control of degradation of service

This paper examines degradations of service in terms of constructs of the Ada programming language that are effective for their control and deployment. Several studies of the software lifecycle have focused on taxonomies of defects or errors. Categories of service degradations, however, have only recently been identified. A classification scheme for service degradations clarifies their relationship to defects and errors and their role in the prevention of failure. With the growth of hard real-time systems, wireless networks, and multimedia applications, a comprehensive understanding of service degradations and their usage has become ever more important.
The optimum spanning catenary cable

A heavy cable spans two points in space. There exists an optimum cable length such that the maximum tension is minimized. If the two end points are at the same level, the optimum length is 1.258 times the distance between the ends. The optimum lengths for end points of different heights are also found.
Conditioning the ecosystem

Abstract A dynamic input-output model of the ecosystem is shown to have stable responses to changes in the net inputs or outputs if a set of preparatory or conditioning flows changes are carried out. These flows are a function of the structure of the ecosystem, the nature of the desired net input or output changes, and the length of the conditioning period. If the structure is assumed constant and if a behavioral system goal can be consistently posed, the optimal conditioning period can be determined. This period length is also a function of the cost placed on waiting by components of the ecosystem. An experiment is proposed to reveal the waiting cost or time value in ecosystems.
Wiener filter-based change detection for SAR imagery

In this paper we propose a Wiener filter-based change detection algorithm for the detection of mines in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery. By computing second order statistics, the Wiener filter-based method has demonstrated improved performance over Euclidean distance. It is more robust to the presence of highly correlated speckle noise, misregistration errors, and nonlinear variations in the two SAR scenes. These variations may result from differences in the data acquisition systems and varying conditions during the different data collect times. A method very similar to the Mahalanobis distance was also implemented to detect mines in SAR images and has shown similar performance to the Wiener filter-based method. We present results in the form of receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves, comparing simple Euclidean difference change detection, Mahalanobis difference-based change detection, and the proposed Wiener filter-based change detection in both global and local implementations.
Effects of Defects on Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor Properties of HgCdTe Films Grown by Liquid Phase Epitaxy

A comprehensive study of all materials parameters influencing metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) properties of n-type HgCdTe films grown by liquid phase epitaxy from tellurium rich melts was conducted. When the epitaxy process was optimized to grow films free of inclusions and terracing, the first indications of the MIS properties to be expected could be obtained from the temperature dependence of the Hall electron mobility. Films displaying an anomalous dependence of the Hall mobility on temperature yielded non-classical low frequency MIS properties with little or no measurable ‘dark’ storage times (< 2×10−6 second). The MIS performance of these films appeared relatively independent of other materials parameters; remaining, for example, virtually unaffected by the film dislocation density changing between 5×104 and 2×106/cm2. Films displaying a classical dependence of the Hall mobility on temperature yielded drastically improved classical high frequency MIS properties. For these films, the MIS performance appeared almost exclusively dependent on dislocation density levels as long as the donor density remained lower than 1×1015/cm3. The dark storage time of classical films increased continuously with decreasing dislocation density levels, rising to 100μsec for a dislocation density level of 1×105/cm2 for materials with a 77°K cutoff wavelength of 10.5μm. A simple monotonic relationship could be established between the MIS performance parameters and the dislocation density over the entire measurement span: from 5×104 to 2.5×106/cm2.
Separate episodes of delirium associated with levetiracetam and amiodarone treatment in an elderly woman

Abstract Background: Delirium related to levetiracetam has not been previously described in the literature and is infrequently associated with amiodarone. Objective: The aim of this report was to discuss the possibility that administration of levetiracetam and amiodarone may precipitate delirium in some elderly patients. Case summary: An 80-year-old white woman with levothyroxine-treated hypothyroidism developed acute confusion and paranoia 5 days after substituting levetiracetam 1000 mg orally twice daily for phenytoin 100 mg orally twice daily to control new, generalized seizures. Before starting levetiracetam treatment, results of the patient's blood and urine tests, brain magnetic resonance imaging, and cerebrospinal fluid examination were within normal limits. Delirium from levetiracetam was suspected. Therefore, the dosage was titrated downward to allow discontinuation of the drug; levetiracetam was replaced with pregabalin 150 mg twice daily. Subsequent improvement in mental status occurred within 14 days after administration of the last dose of levetiracetam. Three months later, the patient developed symptomatic atrial fibrillation, which was treated with cardioversion, followed by oral amiodarone 400 mg twice daily for 10 days and then 200 mg once daily for 3 months. Within 1 to 2 weeks after starting amiodarone, she developed changes in cognition consistent with delirium. Computed tomography of the brain showed no acute changes, and blood test results were within normal limits with the exception of a serum free thyroxine level of 2.06 ng/dL and a suppressed but measurable serum thyroid-stimulating hormone level (0.13 μIU/mL). No improvement was noted after reduction of the dose of levothyroxine from 0.1 mg to 0.075 mg daily. Two weeks after amiodarone was discontinued, her mental status had returned to baseline levels. Based on a score of 6 (probable) for each medication using the Naranjo scale, the 2 episodes of delirium were probably related to levetiracetam and amiodarone. Conclusion: This case report describes separate episodes of delirium probably related to treatment with levetiracetam and amiodarone in an elderly patient.
Effects of Subzero Temperatures on Fluorescent Probes Sequestered within Aerosol-OT Reverse Micelles

We report on the effects of temperature (+30 to −100 °C) and water loading on the steady-state fluorescence from four fluorescent probe molecules when they are sequestered within the interior of sodium bis(2-ethyl-1-hexyl) sulfosuccinate (Aerosol OT, AOT) reverse micelles. Each probe locates itself to different average microenvironments within the reverse micelle, and these individual microenvironments behave differently to changes in the molar ratio of water-to-AOT (R) and temperature. Changes in probe steady-state fluorescence emission spectra or fluorescence anisotropy indicate that “freezing” occurs within the water pool at temperatures between −10 and −60 °C. The lowest freezing points are generally observed at the lowest R values.
A one-shot proof of Arrow’s impossibility theorem

We offer a new proof of the well-known Arrow’s impossibility theorem. The proof is simple, very short and it follows from the assumptions in a transparent way.
Macroscopic Human Behavior Interpretation Using Distributed Imager and Other Sensors

This paper presents BScope, a new system for interpreting human activity patterns using a sensor network. BScope provides a runtime, user-programmable framework that processes streams of timestamped sensor data along with prior context information to infer activities and generate appropriate notifications. The users of the system are able to describe human activities with high-level scripts that are directly mapped to hierarchical probabilistic grammars used to parse low-level sensor measurements into high-level distinguishable activities. Our approach is presented, though not limited, in the context of an assisted living application in which a small, privacy-preserving camera sensor network of five nodes is used to monitor activity in the entire house over a period of 25 days. Privacy is preserved by the fact that camera sensors only provide discrete high-level features, such as motion information in the form of image locations, and not actual images. In this deployment, our primary sensing modality is a distributed array of image sensors with wide-angle lenses that observe people's locations in the house during the course of the day. We demonstrate that our system can successfully generate summaries of everyday activities and trigger notifications at runtime by using more than 1.3 million location measurements acquired through our real home deployment.
Assessment of possible transneuronal changes in the retina of rats with inherited retinal dystrophy: Cell size, number, synapses, and axonal transport by retinal ganglion cells

In pigmented RCS rats with inherited retinal dystrophy, most photoreceptor cells disappear between postnatal days 20 and 100. We have examined the time course of the degeneration of photoreceptor nuclei and synapses and determined whether transneuronal changes occur in the inner nuclear layer (INL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), und retinal ganglion cells following loss of photoreceptor cells in these animals. Electron microscopic photomontages of the entire thickness of the IPL of dystrophic (RCS-p+) and control (RCS-rdy+p+) rats 334 to 515 days old were prepared, and synapses were counted and identified as either conventional (amacrine) or ribbon (bipolar) types. Neither the incidence of synapses in the IPL nor the ratio of conventional to ribbon synapses differed in the dystrophic and control retinas. Ganglion cell diameter, perimeter, area, and density were measured from drawings of wholemount preparations of dystrophic and control rats 105 days and older. Diameter, perimeter, area and number of ganglion cells were not significantly different in the two genotypes. Anterograde axonal transport was measured by studying the displacement of labeled material as it traveled along ganglion cell axons and accumulated in the superior colliculus. The normal and dystrophic rats showed no significant difference in (1) the rates of rapidly moving components (approximately 110–180 mm/day) and slowly moving components (1.7–2.5 mm/day) or (2) the amount of radioactive material transported to the superior colliculus. The absence of transneuronal changes in retinal ganglion cells of RCS rats contrasts with results obtained earlier in rd mice (Graftstein et al., '72). Unlike the RCS rat, retinal degeneration in rd mice occurs before the maturation of the retina. We hypothesize that the ganglion cells may be more affected by loss of input early in development, and, therefore, ganglion cells of retinal dystrophic rats are less affected despite little or no synaptic input for several months. Furthermore, any reduction in the electrical activity of retinal ganglion cells that might follow loss of photoreceptor cells does not result in a significantly decreased rate of axonal transport.
Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in early stage Parkinson's disease.

Abstract Background Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective and approved therapy for advanced Parkinson's disease (PD), and a recent study suggests efficacy in mid-stage disease. This manuscript reports the results of a pilot trial investigating preliminary safety and tolerability of DBS in early PD. Methods Thirty subjects with idiopathic PD (Hoehn & Yahr Stage II off medication), age 50–75, on medication ≥6 months but ≤4 years, and without motor fluctuations or dyskinesias were randomized to optimal drug therapy (ODT) ( n = 15) or DBS + ODT ( n = 15). Co-primary endpoints were the time to reach a 4-point worsening from baseline in the UPDRS-III off therapy and the change in levodopa equivalent daily dose from baseline to 24 months. Results As hypothesized, the mean UPDRS total and part III scores were not significantly different on or off therapy at 24 months. Medication requirements in the DBS + ODT group were lower at all time points with a maximal difference at 18 months. With a few exceptions, differences in neuropsychological functioning were not significant. Two subjects in the DBS + ODT group suffered serious adverse events; remaining adverse events were mild or transient. Conclusions This study demonstrates that subjects with early stage PD will enroll in and complete trials testing invasive therapies and provides preliminary evidence that DBS is well tolerated in early PD. The results of this trial provide the data necessary to design a large, phase III, double-blind, multicenter trial investigating the safety and efficacy of DBS in early PD.
Ray tracing analysis of the inverted pyramid texturing geometry for high efficiency silicon solar cells

Abstract Various texturing schemes to trap weakly absorbed light into solar cells have been proposed. Light trapping in indirect band gap solar cells is necessary to increase the photogenerated current, thereby increasing the efficiency. Several common texturing geometries (slats, pyramids) have been examined to determine their light trapping characteristics. However, a detailed analysis of the geometry which produces the highest efficiency cells, the inverted pyramids, has not been reported. A quantitative analysis of the internal and external light trapping characteristics of the inverted pyramid geometry is presented for the first time. The internal characteristics show that the inverted pyramid geometry is able to confine the light better than the slats or upright pyramid designs, but possesses slightly poorer light trapping efficiency compared to a Lambertian front surface design. The path length enhancement for the inverted pyramid design is calculated to be ≈ 1.40 (as compared to a planar cell) which is superior to that of the slat (≈ 1.13) and pyramid (≈ 1.30) designs. The short wavelength spectral response analysis indicates that ≈ 37% of the incoming light experiences a triple bounce on the front surface of the inverted pyramid geometry, while no rays experience a triple bounce in the slat and upright pyramid geometries. The superior internal response coupled with the path length enhancement and reduced front surface reflectance makes inverted pyramids an attractive and efficient single sided geometric light trapping geometry.
Restoration Response of Relict Broadleaf Marshes to Increased Water Depths

Broadleaf marsh once covered much of the wetland landscape along the Kissimmee River in central Florida, USA, but is currently restricted to remnant portions of the channelized floodplain that have been subjected to much shallower depths. The initial phase of Kissimmee River restoration, which began in 1999, and a prior (1984–1990) demonstration project increased water depths in several relict broadleaf marshes on the floodplain. Effects of restored water depth regimes on characteristics of these altered broadleaf marsh communities were evaluated. As expected, plant species richness consistently declined in marshes with increased water depth, but cover of signature broadleaf species, Sagittaria lancifolia and Pontederia cordata, exhibited variable responses to restored hydrology. In one marsh mean cover of Sagittaria and Pontederia increased from 32 to 62% following a 37 cm increase in mean annual depths; however, in another relict marsh that underwent a similar increase in hydroperiods and depths, mean cover of these species remained below 30% and Panicum hemitomon persisted as a dominant species. Moreover, invasion of the exotic wetland shrub, Ludwigia peruviana, appears to pose a threat to successful restoration of broadleaf marshes on the Kissimmee floodplain.
Amadorins: novel post-Amadori inhibitors of advanced glycation reactions.

The present review focuses on the background and progress that led to discovery of specific inhibition of post-Amadori formation of advanced glycation end products, or AGEs. The "classic" or Hodge pathway begins with glucose condensation with amino groups to form a Schiff base aldimine adduct that undergoes rearrangement to a ketoamine Amadori product. This pathway is considered an important route to AGE formation that has been implicated in glucose-mediated damage in vivo (3-5). We recently described a facile procedure for isolation of proteins rich in Amadori adducts but free of AGEs, thus permitting study of pathways of conversion of Amadori compounds to AGEs. This in turn led to a unique and rapid post-Amadori screening assay for putative "Amadorins," which we define here as inhibitors of the conversion of Amadori intermediates to AGEs in the absence of excess free or reversibly bound (Schiff base) sugar. Our screening assay then led to the identification of pyridoxamine (Pyridorin) as the first member of this class of Amadorin compounds. Rather unexpectedly, the assay also led to the clear demonstration that the well-known AGE inhibitor aminoguanidine, currently in Phase 3 clinical trials for treatment of diabetic nephropathy, has negligible Amadorin activity. In view of the importance of Amadori compounds as intermediates in AGE formation in vivo, the therapeutic potential of Pyridorin is currently being investigated and is now showing highly promising results in different animal models.
The Abacus and the Cross: The Story of the Pope Who Brought the Light of Science to the Dark Ages – By Nancy Marie Brown

Pope Sylvester II [999–1003] had a great reputation as a scholar before ascending the throne of Saint Peter. As Gerbert of Aurillac, he studied and taught astronomy and mathematics in France, Spain...
A solitary wave application of an iterative method for nonlinear elliptic eigenvalue problems

Abstract A basic problem is that of solving nonlinear elliptic eigenvalue problems in the plane. Problems of this type arise in many branches of physics and engineering. The particular problem considered here, internal solitary waves in stratified fluids, occurs in fluid dynamics. An iterative technique (based on a transformation of the objective functional in an equivalent variational formulation of the problem) is used to numerically solve for eigenvalues and eigenfunctions associated with the fluid system. The choice of implementation involves discretizing the problem using finite Fourier sine series in conjunction with fast Fourier transforms (FFT). Results from preliminary test problems indicate that this numerical method can be used to verify the range of validity of existing (analytic) asymptotic expansion methods, and that new large amplitude solutions (strongly nonlinear waves) that cannot be obtained from the existing asymptotic expansion methods can be obtained using this numerical method.
Buccal mucosal tests in patients with canker sores (aphthous stomatitis).

Abstract 1.1. The buccal mucosal contact test with organic acids (citric and acetic) was found diagnostically useful in patients subject to recurrent canker sores (aphthous stomatitis). The latter were reproducible in six of the forty-six canker-sore patients tested with citric acid and in four of the thirty-five patients tested with acetic acid. 2.2. Tartaric acid and lactic acid gave negative tests and were not considered of etiological importance. 3.3. A history of canker sores was much more frequent in allergic patients than in nonallergic control patients. None of the nonallergic patients in the control group had a positive reaction, that is, a canker sore, as a result of the test. 4.4. The possible utilization of this method of testing in the diagnosis of food allergy in skin-test-negative patients and in drug allergy is indicated.
Cognitive improvement with treatment of depression following mild traumatic brain injury.

The authors examined the effect of antidepressant treatment on cognitive performances in people with mild traumatic brain injury. An 8-week nonrandomized, single-blind, placebo run-in trial of sertraline was completed and neuropsychological testing measures were compared before and after the treatment trial. Results showed improvements in psychomotor speed, recent verbal memory, recent visual memory, and general cognitive efficiency. Improvements were also seen in selfperception of cognitive symptomatology. It appears that successful depression treatment resulted in significant alleviation of cognitive impairments, which may not have been accounted for by natural recovery alone.
Debye-Waller factor of solid heavy methane

Abstract The temperature dependence of the Debye-Waller factor for crystalline (f.c.c. space-lattice) heavy methane obtained from direct Monte Carlo calculations appears to give reasonable indication of the orientational phase transitions observed at 22.2 K and 27.7 K.
Measurement of vessel wall strain using cine phase contrast MRI.

Purpose To determine the feasibility of using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to non-invasively measure strain in the aortic wall. Materials and Methods Cine phase contrast MRI was used to measure the velocity of the aortic wall and calculate changes in circumferential strain over the cardiac cycle. A deformable vessel phantom was used for initial testing and in vitro validation. Ultrasonic sonomicrometer crystals were attached to the vessel wall and used as a gold standard. Results In the in vitro validation, MRI-calculated wall displacements were within 0.02 mm of the sonomicrometer measurements when maximal displacement was 0.28 mm. The measured maximum strain in vitro was 0.02. The in vivo results were on the same order as prior results using ultrasound echo-tracking. Conclusion Results of in vivo studies and measurement of cyclic strain in human thoracic and abdominal aortas demonstrate the feasibility of the technique.J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:418–428. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Research Agenda for Tradespace Exploration and Analysis of Engineered Resilient Systems

This paper describes the activity of a workshop on Data-Driven Tradespace Exploration and Analysis: A Key Technical Thrust of Engineered Resilient Systems (ERS). The workshop was attended by 40 academic, government, and industry researchers and practitioners involved in tradespace exploration for a variety of engineering domains. The one-and-one-half day workshop sought to develop near and far term tradespace technology research recommendations for the ERS Priority Steering Council (PSC) Lead. To determine promising research areas, workshop attendees were asked to describe desired tradespace capabilities, the associated current approach and its deficiencies, and gaps between the two states. These research areas were summarized in statements of need, supporting rationale, and investment timeframe. Resilience in the context of ERS is more than robustness; resilience implies that when the system is placed into an environment in which it was not originally intended to operate, after some degradation in performance, the system can be adapted or reconfigured to perform at its intended levels. To support design for resilience, more alternatives must be generated earlier, considered longer, explored over multiple, dynamic alternative futures, and searched exhaustively. The workshop described in this paper was organized to discuss current methods, process, and tools for performing these tradespace analysis related tasks and to better understand existing tradespace capabilities and their suitability for ERS.
Concentration profiles in free‐flow electrophoresis

An analysis is presented which enables detailed description of solute concentration profiles for free-flow elecrophoresis in planar slit flows. This analysis is suitable for either batch or continuous operation with arbitrary variation of solute input rate, and it requires no seriously restrictive assumptions other than constancy of equilibrium and transport properties. It permits for the first time a systematic investigation of the effects of governing parameters and can be used to optimize operating conditions. The most significant finding is that Taylor dispersion, ignored in previous analyses, markedly reduces separability.
An Euler analysis of a High-Speed Civil Transport (HSCT) concept at Mach 3

A marching Euler solver, GEM3D, was used to predict the Mach 3 flow field for the wing and body of a High-Speed Civil Transport concept. The analysis focused on a typical cruise lift coefficient of 0.1 at alpha = 3 deg. The Euler solution indicated that embedded shocks formed on the upper surface of the inboard wing panel and at the leading-edge of the outboard wing panel, due to its supersonic leading edge condition. According to a simple static-pressure criterion, the embedded wing upper-surface shocks were sufficiently strong to separate a turbulent boundary layer. Comparison of aerodynamic coefficients from the Euler solver with those from linear theory shows that the linear theory estimates of lift and drag are optimistic, which would lead to optimistic estimates of cruise range.
Citizens, Cops, and Power: Recognizing the Limits of Community by Steve Herbert

Citizens, Cops, and Power: Recognizing the Limits of Community. By Steve Herbert. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006. Pp. 180. $40.00 cloth; $16.00 paper. Reviewed by Mathieu Deflem, University of South Carolina Everybody knows about community policing, but nobody really knows what it is, let alone what it accomplishes. As Herbert reveals in this short book, even those directly involved-the police and their citizens-hold conflicting ideas about community policing and its constituent elements. The general narrative is simple: community policing involves improved relations between police departments and citizens in order to fight more effectively the crime problems that affect localized communities. Through community policing, informal and formal controls join hands through a partnership between the citizens in a community and the professional agents of crime control. Yet underneath the facade of the community policing rhetoric lies a complex normative and sociological realty, the basic contours of which are usefully examined in this work. Herbert's book is based on qualitative research involving interviews and observations of police officers and community participants in three police beat regions in West Seattle (Washington State). The regional police beats are diverse in terms of their demographic and socioeconomic structure and crime rates. The research is theoretically framed around the discourse on community in political philosophy and, in confrontation therewith, the reality of community perceptions held by citizens. The main thesis of Herbert's study is that the notion of community is unbearably light in that it cannot effectively hold the policy responsibilities it is meant to fulfill and because the police apparatus remains unresponsive to the community, even when a partnership is formed. At least two central problems are revealed in the police-community partnership: citizen involvement comes disproportionately from upper-middle-class strata, and the police are generally reluctant to take the wishes of the community into account. In this sense, this work shows that there is little if any community in community policing. On a conceptual level, Herbert argues, community is not only difficult to grasp but also differently understood in political philosophy, on the one hand, and among citizens, on the other. Political thinkers conceive of community in either liberal or collectivist terms, but always assign to it an unquestionably desirable quality, typically from the viewpoint of a decentralized conception of governance. Therefore, community policing has become the definitive strategy to reduce distance between the police and the citizenry by devolving authority from central power to localized self-determination. Herbert's research, however, shows that citizens do not conceive of community in such idealized terms. …
Relativistic calculations of 3 d excitation energies in the rare-earth metals

A systematic investigation of $3d$-electron excitation energies in the rare-earth metals is described. The $3{d}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ and $3{d}_{\frac{5}{2}}$ energy levels are calculated by a method based on the renormalized-atom approach which has proved successful in calculating $4f$ and $5s$ level positions in these materials. $3d\ensuremath{-}4f$ multiplet effects, which are small compared to the spin-orbit splittings, and satellite structures are not considered. Total energy differences obtained within the approximation of a completely screened final state, in which the atomic cell having a $3d$ hole is electrically neutral, lead to results in accord with available x-ray photoemission measurements; one-electron values are 20-33 eV larger. The impact of the complete screening assumption is examined by estimating excitation energies corresponding to ionized final states. The presence of a screening electron reduces the $3d$ binding energy by 4-5 eV, a value similar to that calculated for the $4f$ and $5s$ levels.
Validation of the Welch Allyn SureBP (inflation) and StepBP (deflation) algorithms by AAMI standard testing and BHS data analysis.

ObjectivesWe evaluated two new Welch Allyn automated blood pressure (BP) algorithms. The first, SureBP, estimates BP during cuff inflation; the second, StepBP, does so during deflation. We followed the American National Standards Institute/Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation S
Implantable Left Ventricular Assist Devices Provide an Excellent Outpatient Bridge to Transplantation and Recovery

Abstract Objectives. Our recent experience with outpatient left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support is presented to demonstrate the possibilities and limitations of long-term outpatient mechanical circulatory assistance. Background. The experience with inpatient LVAD support as a bridge to transplantation has proved the efficacy of such therapy in improving circulatory hemodynamic status, restoring normal end-organ function and facilitating patient rehabilitation. With miniaturization of the power supplies and controllers, such mechanical circulatory support can now be accomplished in an outpatient setting. Methods. Between March 1993 and February 1997, 32 patients (26 male, 6 female, mean [±SEM] age 49 ± 15 years) underwent implantation of the ThermoCardiosystems (TCI) Heartmate vented electric (VE) LVAD. The VE LVAD is powered by batteries worn on shoulder holsters and is operated by a belt-mounted system controller, allowing unrestricted patient ambulation and hospital discharge. Results. Mean duration of support was 122 ± 26 days (range 3 to 605), with a survival rate to transplantation or explantation of 78%. Nineteen patients were discharged from the hospital on mean postoperative day 41 ± 4 (range 17 to 68), for an outpatient support time of 108 ± 30 days (range 2 to 466). Four patients underwent early transplantation and could not participate in the discharge program, and three patients currently await discharge. The complication rate was not statistically different from that encountered in our previous 52 patients with a pneumatic LVAD. Conclusions. Outpatient LVAD support is safe and provides improved quality of life for patients awaiting transplantation. Wearable and totally implantable LVADs should be studied as permanent treatment options for patients who are not candidates for heart transplantation.
Delineation of geologic facies with statistical learning theory

[1] Insufficient site parameterization remains a major stumbling block for efficient and reliable prediction of flow and transport in a subsurface environment. The lack of sufficient parameter data is usually dealt with by treating relevant parameters as random fields, which enables one to employ various geostatistical and stochastic tools. The major conceptual difficulty with these techniques is that they rely on the ergodicity hypothesis to interchange spatial and ensemble statistics. Instead of treating deterministic material properties as random, we introduce tools from machine learning to deal with the sparsity of data. To demonstrate the relevance and advantages of this approach, we apply one of these tools, the Support Vector Machine, to delineate geologic facies from hydraulic conductivity data.
Validation of an HPLC-MS-MS method for the determination of urinary S-benzylmercapturic acid and S-phenylmercapturic acid.

A high-performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometric (HPLC‐MS‐MS) method is presented and evaluated for the determination of S-benzylmercapturic acid (S-BMA) and S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) in human urine. Both of these compounds are important for occupational health owing to their use as biomarkers of exposure to toluene and benzene, respectively. Toluene is used extensively as a solvent, and the health hazards of benzene have been well established. The optimized urine sample preparation scheme consists of solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by an acetone wash. The chromatographic analysis consists of a reversed-phase gradient system, which uses electrospray ionization in negative-ion mode with a triplequadrupole mass spectrometric detector. Accuracy and precision of this method are demonstrated by a series of recovery studies of spiked human urine and synthetic urine substitute. Spike levels at 1, 2, 6, 8, and 30 ng/mL for both analytes demonstrate average recoveries (accuracy) ranging from 99 to 110%. Precision as measured by the relative standard deviation (%RSD) of multiple samples (n = 9) at each concentration level was 5.3% or less for both analytes in urine. The limit of detection (LOD) is approximately 0.2 ng/mL for S-BMA and S-PMA. This data, other figures of merit and other factors, such as ion suppression of the electrospray ionization source, are discussed.
Regional news portrayals of global warming and climate change

Abstract In this study we utilize content analysis techniques to examine how the issue of global warming and climate change has been characterized during the period of 1992 through 2005 by the Houston Chronicle—the largest regional newspaper in the Texas coastal region. A total of 795 global warming and climate change news articles from the Houston Chronicle are collected, coded and analyzed. Data analyses are organized and presented with regard to issue salience, various issue attributes (issue image, scope, linkage, participant, proposed solution and responsible party), use of science, and scientific information sources cited in the news stories. We find that regional media attention to the global climate change issue generally increases over time and an overwhelming majority of the news articles view the issue as a harmful problem. However, given the scientific consensus that global warming will result in significant devastating climate change consequences to the coastal regions, there are still a fair number of news articles delivering mixed, undetermined or even non-harmful messages. We also find that climate change is often discussed as a national or international-global issue, and frequently linked to a number of other public issues rather than just being viewed as an environmental–ecological problem. Moreover, we find that emphasis on issue solutions is placed more on mitigation strategies than on adaptation behaviors, and that both governmental and non-governmental actions and responsibilities are suggested for dealing with climate change. In addition, our findings indicate that the regional newspaper in Texas obtains scientific information on climate change primarily from academic institutions. Implications of our findings and recommendations for future research are discussed in the concluding section.
Comparative actions of gaba and acetylcholine on the Xenopus laevis lateral line

Abstract 1. The effects of GABA, acetylcholine and carbachol on the spontaneous activity of afferent nerve fibers in the lateral line of Xenopus laevis are characterized. 2. Atropine and bicuculline were also tested on drug- and water motion-evoked activity. 3. GABA (0.019–1.25 mM) suppressed and both acetylcholine (1.25–80 μM) and carbachol (1.25–40 μM) increased spontaneous activity. These actions were blocked by bicuculline (100 μM) and atropine (4 μM) respectively. 4. Atropine (20 μM) and bicuculline (100 μM) had no effect on water motion-evoked activity. 5. The results characterize actions of GABA and acetylcholine not previously described and provide evidence that does not support the hypothesis that GABA or acetylcholine are the afferent transmitter.
Photo-induced dehalogenation of α-bromoacetylarenes

Abstract 2-Bromo-2′-acetylnaphthalene ( 1 ), 2-bromo-2′-acetylphenanthrene ( 2 ) and 2-bromo-9′-acetylanthracene ( 3 ) undergo photo-debromination following excitation to the singlet S 1 state with quantum yields of 0 34, 0.27 and 0.06, respectively. The initially formed aroylmethyl radicals undergo a ‘neophyl-like’ rearrangement to an arylacetyl radical that subsequently undergoes decarbonylation to the corresponding arylmethyl radical. The latter are observed spectroscopically. While the lowest excited triplet states are inert towards cleavage, excitation to an upper triplet state in a two-color experiment causes debromination.
THE ROLE OF THYMUS AND BONE MARROW CELLS IN DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY

Adoptive transfer experiments were performed to define the immunological role of thymus and bone marrow cells in the induction of delayed hypersensitivity (DH). The results indicated the following, (a) Bone marrow from immune donors contained cells capable of being stimulated by antigen to initiate the expression of DH. (b) Bone marrow from nonimmune or tolerant donors contained cells that were needed to complete the expression of DH after the infusion of immune lymph node cells. (c) Normal bone marrow and thymus cells cooperated in the irradiated recipient to induce the most vigorous skin reactions to specific antigen; these reactions were seen only when the recipients were stimulated by antigen. Either cell type alone was ineffective. (d) In the presence of tolerant bone marrow cells, thymus cells from immune donors gave a more vigorous response than did thymus cells from normal or tolerant donors. (e) There was suggestive evidence that thymus cells were the source of trigger elements that initiated DH. (f) Antigen in the irradiated recipient was necessary to induce DH after infusion of bone marrow cells alone, or bone marrow and thymus cells together.
Integration of post-mastectomy radiation and breast reconstruction

The following is a brief description of the reconstructive options available to patients undergoing mastectomy, and a review of the data available to guide clinicians who seek to safely integrate postmastectomy radiotherapy and breast reconstruction.
The chemical cue tetrabromopyrrole from a biofilm bacterium induces settlement of multiple Caribbean corals

Microbial biofilms induce larval settlement for some invertebrates, including corals; however, the chemical cues involved have rarely been identified. Here, we demonstrate the role of microbial biofilms in inducing larval settlement with the Caribbean coral Porites astreoides and report the first instance of a chemical cue isolated from a marine biofilm bacterium that induces complete settlement (attachment and metamorphosis) of Caribbean coral larvae. Larvae settled in response to natural biofilms, and the response was eliminated when biofilms were treated with antibiotics. A similar settlement response was elicited by monospecific biofilms of a single bacterial strain, Pseudoalteromonas sp. PS5, isolated from the surface biofilm of a crustose coralline alga. The activity of Pseudoalteromonas sp. PS5 was attributed to the production of a single compound, tetrabromopyrrole (TBP), which has been shown previously to induce metamorphosis without attachment in Pacific acroporid corals. In addition to inducing settlement of brooded larvae ( P. astreoides ), TBP also induced larval settlement for two broadcast-spawning species, Orbicella (formerly Montastraea ) franksi and Acropora palmata , indicating that this compound may have widespread importance among Caribbean coral species.
Organizational Work and the Perceived Quality of Life: Toward a Conceptual Model

A preliminary conceptual model for examining the effects of organizational work on the perceived quality of life (pQL) defines pQL as affective beliefs (hot cognitions) concerning the status of one's life. The potential influences of work on pQL are considered in terms of effects mediated by the perceived quality of work life versus those mediated by the perceived quality of nonwork life; person-changing versus environment-changing effects; and first-party versus second-party effects.
Metallography, Microanalysis & Corrosion of the Athlit Ram

The Athlit ram, a bronze warship ram from a 2nd Century BCE Roman-era galley, was found in 1980 off the coast of Israel at Athlit, and is now displayed at the National Maritime Museum, Haifa, Israel. It meant to fit on the prow of a medium-sized oared warship. This ram is the only known surviving example of this ancient naval weapon. Inside the bronze ram some of the ship’s wood is still preserved. We have recently studied a piece of the ram removed during early conservation. Remnant metal, corrosion products, and mineralized and pseudomorphed wood have all been found and examined by light optical metallography, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and microanalysis using energy dispersive x-ray mapping. The main corrosion product on the Athlit Ram is identified as covellite (CuS), and the entrained material is pseudomorphed cedar wood. Analysis indicates the lumen to be replaced by calcium carbonate and the cell walls to be replaced by covellite, consistent with the matrix.