cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On nonorthogonality and nonoptimality of Addelman's main-effect plans satisfying the condition of proportional frequencies☆

Abstract The condition of proportional frequencies for main-effect plans is stated in Addelman (1962, 1963). The condition of equal frequencies is given in Rao (1946, 1947, 1973) and also in Plackett (1946) as a necessary and sufficient condition for orthogonality of the main-effect plans. The condition of equal frequencies implies the condition of proportional frequencies, but not conversely. The paper examines the main-effect plans which satisfy only the condition of proportional frequencies. The fact is that the orthogonality of such plans is not correct. The paper studies the difference between Addelman's and Fisher's definitions of the general mean and main effects. The paper demonstrates a few undesirable properties for the Addelman's definition. The paper also shows with four illustrative examples that the Addelman plans are not necessarily optimal.
Factors Associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Screening of Women During Pregnancy, Labor and Delivery, United States, 2005-2006

The purpose of this study was to estimate prenatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening rates prior to and on admission to labor and delivery (LD African American and Hispanic women were more likely to be tested than white women [aOR 2.22, 95 % CI (1.6–3.1) and aOR 1.55, 95 % CI (1.1–2.2), respectively]. Among women without previous HIV testing, 138 (16.6 %) were tested after admission to labor and delivery. Policies to test women with undocumented HIV status in at delivery were present in 65 (36.3 %) hospitals. HIV testing after admission to L&D was more likely in hospitals with policies to test women with undocumented HIV status [aOR 5.91, 95 % CI (2.0–17.8)]. Overall, policies and screening practices for HIV were consistently less prevalent than those for hepatitis B. Many women are not being routinely screened for HIV before or at delivery. Women with unknown HIV status were more likely to be tested in L&D in hospitals with testing policies.
SIRSI Serials Control with WorkFlows

First released in 1982, SIRSI's Unicorn Library Management System has included a fully functional serials control module since 1985. SIRSI's serials control module has always provided full integrat...
Synthesis of high performance aromatic polymers via nucleophilic nitro displacement reaction

Nucleophilic displacement reaction of activated aromatic nitro groups with various nucleophiles is a useful and versatile method for the synthesis of aromatic compounds such as ethers, thioethers and other functionalized intermediates and polymers. Various strong electron withdrawing groups can activate aromatic nitro groups. Effective activating groups include cyano, nitro, sulfone and carbonyl groups such as ester, ketone, anhydride, imide, etc. The reaction of activated nitro compounds with bisphenols and bisthiophenols yields bisethers and bisthioethers from which various aromatic polymers containing ether and sulfide groups can be derived. In many cases, nitro displacement reactions are essentially quantitative so that high molecular weight polymers are directly prepared by the displacement reaction of difunctional nitro compounds with bisphenols or bisthiophenols. Another type of unique nitro displacement occurs in the presence of catalytic amount of a nucleophile at higher temperatures resulting de-nitro coupling of two molecules of nitro compound to form substituted diarylethers.
An electron microscopic study on the effects of reserpine on the subclavian glomera of the rabbit.

Young male and female New Zealand white rabbits were given a daily subcutaneous injection of reserpine (Serpasil, Ciba; 3 mg/kg) for two days and were sacrificed 24 hours after the last injection. The subclavian glomera (aortic bodies) were processed for electron microscopy to determine the effects of this biogenic amine depleting agent on the electron-opaque cytoplasmic granules of the parenchymal type I cells. Observations of glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide fixed glomera from reserpinized animals showed a slight decrease in granule density of the type I cells. Glomera fixed in glutaraldehyde and incubated in potassium dichromate (pH 4.1) demonstrated a reduction in granule opacity following reserpine treatment. Control glomera incubated in potassium dichromate displayed electron-opaque granules. These results indicate that reserpine does deplete the amines without granule disappearance or changes in granule population. The positive reaction of the control tissue granules to potassium dichromate incubation suggests that the predominant biogenic amines in the electron-opaque granules are unsubstituted monoamines. Persistence of the opaque granules following reserpinization and glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide double fixation, may be due to aminebinding protein within the granules. The mode of granule depletion could not be ascertained with certainty.
Use of electrical resistance testing to redefine the transformation kinetics and phase diagram for shape-memory alloys

The phase-transformation temperatures of a nickel-titanium-based shape-memory alloy (SMA) were initially evaluated under stress-free conditions by the differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) technique. Results show that the phase-transformation temperature is significantly higher for the transition from detwinned martensite to austenite than for that from twinned martensite (or R phase) to austenite. To further examine transformation temperatures as a function of initial state, a tensile-test apparatus with in-situ electrical resistance (ER) measurements was used to evaluate the transformation properties of SMAs at a variety of stress levels and initial compositions. The results show that stress has a significant influence on the transformation of detwinned martensite, but a small influence on the R-phase and twinned martensite transformations. The ER changes linearly with strain during the transformations from both kinds of martensite to austenite. The linearity between the ER and strain during the transformation from detwinned martensite to austenite is not affected by the stress, facilitating application to control algorithms. A revised phase diagram is drawn to express these results.
Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) Infecting Cricetid Rodents from Alaska, U.S.A., and Northeastern Siberia, Russia, and Description of a New Eimeria Species from Myodes rutilus, the Northern Red-Backed Vole

Abstract During the summers of 2000, 2001, and 2002, 1,950 fecal samples from 4 families, 10 genera, and 16 species of rodents in Alaska, U.S.A. (N = 1,711), and Siberia, Russia (N = 239) were examined for coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae). The 4 families sampled were Dipodidae (jumping mice), Erethizontidae (New World porcupines), Muridae (mice, rats), and Cricetidae (voles, lemmings). Nineteen oocyst morphotypes were observed, of which 10 were consistent with descriptions of known coccidia species from murid hosts, 8 were similar to oocysts described previously from other genera than those in which they are found here (and are called Eimeria species 1–8), and 1 is described as new. In the Dipodidae, all from Alaska, 0/15 Zapus hudsonius had coccidian oocysts in their feces when examined. In the Erethizontidae, all from Alaska, 0/5 Erethizon dorsatum had oocysts when examined. In the Muridae, all from Russia, 0/5 Apodemus peninsulae had oocysts when examined. In the Cricetidae from Alaska, we found the ...
Treatment of the Infected Total Hip Arthroplasty

Infection associated with total hip arthroplasty remains a devastating complication. Preventative measures to minimize infection cannot be overemphasized. The diagnosis may, on occasion, be difficult in cases of a low virulence infection, so a high index of suspicion is helpful. More often, infection is obvious and in most cases a staged approach is the preferred treatment strategy.
Gastrin Responses to a Test Meal in Patients with Familial Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

The serum gastrin response to a standard test meal was evaluated in patients with familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and in normal subjects. Patients with MTC and elevated plasma calcitonin levels had a lower gastrin response to the test meal than did normal persons or MTC patients who had normal calcitonin levels postthyroidectomy. There was no significant difference between the mean gastrin response of the normal group and that of the MTC patients with normal calcitonin levels. The serum gastrin response was studied before and after thyroidectomy in four patients. In all four, the post-operative response was greater than the preoperative one . We conclude that patients with MTC may have reduced gastrin responses to a test meal. This effect may be related to circulating calcitonin, somatostatin, or other factors related to familial MTC.
Focused beam scatterometry for deep subwavelength metrology

It is known that far-field scattered light requires a priori sample information in order to reconstruct nm-scale information such as is required in semiconductor metrology. We describe an approach to scatterometry that uses unconventional polarization states in the pupil of a high NA objective lens. We call this focused beam scatterometry; we will discuss the sensitivity limits to this approach and how it relates to micro-ellipsometry as well as low-NA scatterometry.
Self-editing deficits in schizophrenia

WHEN manifest, disturbances in language usage are among the most convincing symptoms of a schizophrenic psychosis. These symptoms, however, are not impairments in language, per se; but are, rather, impairments of interpersonal communication. Thus, measures of communicability are much more effective discriminators of schizophrenic from normal (or neurotic) speech than are measures of linguistic structure, style or content.l** In the studies to be considered in this paper, the communicability of an utterance is defined in terms of the accuracy with which listeners use the utterance as a basis for identifying a speaker’s referent. The basic paradigm involves the presentation of an explicit set (display) of stimulus objects to a subject (speaker) who is instructed to provide a verbal response to one of them (the referent) such that a listener, given the response, will be able to pick the referent out of the display. This essential paradigm has been adapted to the study of referent-communication in normal children and normal, as well as pathological, adults.3.8 The purpose of the experiments to be considered here has not been simply to demonstrate that schizophrenic speakers’ utterances are lower in communicability (communication accuracy) than those of normals, but rather to specify what goes wrong in the process through which normal speakers select appropriate responses. I will consider first the source of the schizophrenic speaker deficit; second, theory and data concerning the nature of dysfunctional self-editing in schizophrenia; and third, changes in the speaker’s communication process from early- to later-term schizophrenia. 1. The source of the speaker deficit: deviant repertoires or faulty self-editing? It is possible that a schizophrenic speaker’s associations, meanings, or descriptions of a referent object are idiosyncratic and that communication failures are therefore due to differences between speaker and listener in their referent-response repertoires. Alternatively, the schizophrenic speaker’s referent-response repertoires may be nondeviant but he fails to edit out responses inappropriate to the momentary context before they intrude into overt speech. In an initial study by COHEN and CAMHI,~ schizophrenic and normal subjects were assigned to speaker or listener roles. It was shown that the schizophrenics were poorer than normals in communication accuracy as speakers but not as listeners. These results held regardless of whether the patients were listening (or speaking) to other patients or to normals. Since the
Structural Relationship between Negative Thermal Expansion and Quartic Anharmonicity of Cubic ScF 3

Cubic scandium trifluoride (ScF_3) has a large negative thermal expansion over a wide range of temperatures. Inelastic neutron scattering experiments were performed to study the temperature dependence of the lattice dynamics of ScF3 from 7 to 750 K. The measured phonon densities of states show a large anharmonic contribution with a thermal stiffening of modes around 25 meV. Phonon calculations with first-principles methods identified the individual modes in the densities of states, and frozen phonon calculations showed that some of the modes with motions of F atoms transverse to their bond direction behave as quantum quartic oscillators. The quartic potential originates from harmonic interatomic forces in the DO_9 structure of ScF_3, and accounts for phonon stiffening with the temperature and a significant part of the negative thermal expansion.
Failure to Obtain Growth Responses in Poults with Orotic Acid, Lipoic Acid, Mevalonic Acid and Gibberellic Acid

ABSTRACT IN A study of the need of turkey poults for unidentified growth factors in natural materials it was necessary to establish that the growth activity of the various natural materials was not caused by any of the nutrients which have been found to be essential for other organisms. Orotic acid is active in promoting the growth of Lactobacillus bulgaricus 09 (Wright et al., 1950). It is widely distributed in natural materials and whey is a particularly rich source. Combs et al. (1954) observed more rapid growth in chicks when orotic acid was added to a practical type diet, containing fish meal. The response was independent of the addition of dried whey or methionine. Fritz et al. (1954) reported approximately 5% increased weight in chicks fed orotic acid which was equal to responses obtained with dried skim milk, dried whey or hydrolyzed whey. Dam et al. (1957) found no response to . . .
Fluorimetric measurements and chromatin condensation patterns of nuclei from 3T3 cells throughout G1.

Using two cytological methods based on nuclear morphology, quinacrine dihydrochloride (QDH) staining and premature chromosome condensation (PCC), it has been possible to identify cell cyle positions within G1 of growing and arrested 3T3 cells. The fluorescent intensity of QDH-stained interphase cells appears to decrease as the cells pass from mitosis to S phase. Likewise, the length and thickness of prematurely condensed chromatids can be related to the cells' position within the G1 period. Data are presented that deal with three interrelated topics: (1) We determined by fluorometric measurements of nuclei from 3T3 cells that the visual observation of the decrease in QDH fluorescence during G1 reflects an actual decrease in total fluorescence and not a dispersion of the fluorescent chromatin in a larger nuclear area. (2) We correlated the results obtained by QDH staining with those of PCC on the same cell samples blocked in G1 by different conditions. Serum-starved and contact-inhibited cell nuclei had the highest intensity, hydroxyurea-treated ones had the lowest intensity, while that of isoleucine-deprived cells was in between. The same relative order of G1 positions was obtained based on PCC morphology. Thus, both methods monitor the state of chromatin condensation and can be used to identify cell cycle position within G1.(3) We showed with both methods that the states of chromatin resulting from the various G1 blocking conditions differ from each other.
Glucose measurement errors in enzymic starch hydrolysates at high enzyme-glucose weight ratios

The 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS), o-toluidine, and glucose oxidase methods accurately measured concentrations of standard glucose solutions in the absence of the starch hydrolyzing enzymes Diazyme (amyloglucosidase) and Clarase (α-amylase). In the presence of high enzyme concentrations, particularly at low glucose concentrations, glucose oxidase and o-toluidine somewhat underestimated standard glucose concentrations while DNS overestimated the glucose concentration by 100%. DNS also overestimated glucose in hydrolysates of standard potato starch. Glucose recovery was estimated at almost 200% of that given by glucose oxidase when enzyme starch weight ratios were 9:1 or more. Glucose was underestimated by o-toluidine in starch hydrolysates in the presence of Diazyme at high enzyme-starch weight ratios. DNS similarly overestimated glucose in starch hydrolysates from white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss) and some other species, as enzyme-starch weight ratios increased. The o-toluidine and glucose oxidase reactions were more reliable. Overestimation of the DNS reaction was not improved by treating the glucose-enzyme solutions with anion or cation exchange resins or by removing the enzyme prior to measurement.
A constant-time three-dimensional triple-resonance pulse scheme to correlate intraresidue 1HN, 15N, and 13C′ chemical shifts in 15N13C-labelled proteins

Sequence-specif ic resonance assignments are a prerequisite for structural and dynamical interpretation of protein NMR spectra. For proteins smaller than 10 kDa assignment strategies have relied upon through-bond correlations in homonuclear COSY and TOCSY spectra to identify resonances associated with particular spin systems. Conformation-dependent nuclear Overhauser effects are then emp loyed to sequentially connect these spin systems (1-5). In larger proteins, however, extensive resonance overlap and decreased sensitivity of experiments utilizing ‘H‘H scalar couplings have hindered this approach. ‘HI%15N triple-resonance experiments provide a conformation-independent approach for the assignment of backbone resonances in I%15N-labeled large proteins (6-13). In addition these experiments allow accurate measurement of coupling constants in proteins with large linewidths (14, 15). These experiments exploit large heteronuclear one-bond couplings to transfer magnetization with the sensitivity of indirect detection. As demonstrated in calmodulin ( 16, 17) backbone assignments utilize four tr iple-resonance experiments [ HNCa, HNCO, HCaCO, and HCA(CO)N] and the 3D TOCSY-HMQC experiment ( 18). A fifth tr iple-resonance experiment [ H( CA)NHN] is a useful complement to the TOCSY-HMQC experiment, correlating ‘HN “N and ‘H” resonances ( 7, 9, 13). Furthermore, a sixth experiment, the HN (CO ) CA. has been introduced, providing additional sequential information ( 11) . Of the experiments listed above, those which detect am ide protons [ HNCA, HNCO, H(CA)NHN, HN(CO)Ca] need to be collected in H20, while those with detection of (Y protons [ HCACO and HCA( CO)N] are best performed in 2H20. This causes difficulties if assignments are based on al ignment of C’ chemical shifts, because these resonances may show significant isotope shifts, depending on whether the carbonyl is hydrogen bonded to a proton or a deuteron. It is therefore desirable to perform the ma jority of experiments in the same solvent ( H20), restricting oneself to those experiments which detect am ide protons [ HNCA, HNCO, HN( CO)CA. H( CA )NHN 1.
Two-dimensional reaction thin-layer chromatography in the analysis of phosphatide plasmalogens.

Abstract A two-dimensional reaction thin-layer chromatography procedure on micro- samples of mixtures of alkenyl acyl and diacyl phosphatides has been described by which it is possible to determine simultaneously their plasmalogen content, the fatty acid composition of invidual analogs and the fatty aldehyde composition of the alkenyl acyl analog.
The instability of a liquid jet in a compressible airstream

The instability of a liquid jet immersed in a coflowing compressible airstream has been investigated on the basis of a linear, inviscid stability analysis, assuming uniform velocity profiles within the liquid and gas. Both two‐dimensional and circular jets are investigated. Pronounced peaks in the temporal and spatial growth rates occur for values of the free‐stream Mach number close to unity. A change from convective to absolute instability also occurs in this transonic flow regime of the gas.
Ionospheric Scintillations of Satellite Signals

The scintillation of satellite-emitted radio signals has been observed using two different techniques, namely, Doppler-shift frequency measurements and radio direction finding. In this shortened version of our complete paper, there are given the results obtained using Doppler-shift measurements only. Variations from a smooth Doppler-shift curve obtained during individual orbits give a measure of the frequency scintillation occurring and thus of the roughness of the ionospheric path between the satellite and the observer. As expected, these variations are a function of frequency, and they become less as the frequency is increased.
The suicidal pediatric patient: an emergency medicine focus

Abstract Suicide in children is an increasing concern to emergency physicians. Suicide is a leading cause of death and lost years of potential in children and adolescents. Children who are acutely suicidal often present to the emergency department for medical and psychiatric care and evaluation. This article will discuss the epidemiology of suicide in children and provide the emergency physician a framework in which to evaluate and manage children who are acutely suicidal.
The new political dynamics of southeastern Europe

Southeastern Europe is going through its most profound period of change since Slobodan Milosevic’s overthrow in 2000. The pillars supporting Balkan stability over the past decade – the large US military presence in the region, the promise of foreseeable EU accession, and the international consensus on agreements guaranteeing Balkan stability (such as the Dayton Peace Agreement, UN Security Council Resolution 1244, and the Ohrid Accords in FYR Macedonia) – are under attack or are being increasingly questioned. Meanwhile, no new security architecture has been erected, while several new developments, including Russia’s return to the Balkans and the creation of two new states, is throwing new unknown strategic variables into the Balkan security equation. Without serious re‐engagement by the EU and the US in the region, southeastern Europe’s democratic and market transitions could still be derailed.
Development of Self‐Recognition, Personal Pronoun Use, and Pretend Play During the 2nd Year

This study examined the relation of visual self-recognition to personal pronoun use and pretend play. For a longitudinal sample (N=66) at the ages when self-recognition was emerging (15, 18, and 21 months), self-recognition was related to personal pronoun use and pretend play such that children showing self-recognition used more personal pronouns and demonstrated more advanced pretend play than did children not showing self-recognition. The finding of a relation among these measures provides additional evidence that in the middle of the 2nd year of life a metarepresentation of self emerges in the human child.
A generative model for multi-atlas segmentation across modalities

Current label fusion methods enhance multi-atlas segmentation by locally weighting the contribution of the atlases according to their similarity to the target volume after registration. However, these methods cannot handle voxel intensity inconsistencies between the atlases and the target image, which limits their application across modalities or even across MRI datasets due to differences in image contrast. Here we present a generative model for multi-atlas image segmentation, which does not rely on the intensity of the training images. Instead, we exploit the consistency of voxel intensities within regions in the target volume and their relation to the propagated labels. This is formulated in a probabilistic framework, where the most likely segmentation is obtained with variational expectation maximization (EM). The approach is demonstrated in an experiment where T 1 -weighted MRI atlases are used to segment proton-density (PD) weighted brain MRI scans, a scenario in which traditional weighting schemes cannot be used. Our method significantly improves the results provided by majority voting and STAPLE.
Photograft polymerization of acrylate monomers and macromonomers on photochemically reduced PTFE films

The objective of this study was to explore and optimize the photograft polymerization of acrylate monomers and macromonomers upon premodified poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) substrates, with a view toward applying these grafted materials as biomaterials. PTFE films were photochemically reduced by exposure to short wavelength ultraviolet (UV) light in the presence of the reducing agents, i.e., diphenyl ketyl radical anion, generated from a solution of benzophenone and sodium hydride in dimethylformamide (Noh et al., J. Polym. Sci. A, Polym. Chem., 35, 1499 (1997)). The photochemically reduced PTFE films were subsequently modified by photograft polymerization of acrylic acid, acrylamide, and poly(ethylene glycol) monoacrylate (PEG-Ac) by employing long wavelength UV irradiation with benzil dimethyl ketal as an initiator. The photochemically reduced PTFE films were good substrates for photograft polymerization, leading to surfaces with chemical compositions close to those of the respective homopolymers as determined by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. Photograft polymerization of PEG-Ac on the photochemically reduced surface was also explored with different concentrations (1, 2, 4, 6, and 8%; v/v) and molecular weights (200, 400, 1000, and 2000 g/mol) of PEG-Ac, different durations (5, 10, and 20 min) of long wavelength UV irradiation, and different concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8%; v/v) of benzil dimethyl ketal. Higher concentrations and lower molecular weights of PEG-Ac generally led to more extensive photograft polymerization, whereas the concentration of benzil dimethyl ketal and duration of UV irradiation did not substantially influence the extent of photograft polymerization. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 3467–3482, 1997
Bootstrapping a Regression Equation: Some Empirical Results

Abstract The bootstrap, like the jackknife, is a technique for estimating standard errors. The idea is to use Monte Carlo simulation based on a nonparametric estimate of the underlying error distribution. The main object of this article is to present the bootstrap in the context of an econometric equation describing the demand for energy by industry. As it turns out, the conventional asymptotic formulas for estimating standard errors are too optimistic by factors of nearly three, when applied to a particular finite-sample problem. In a simpler context, this finding can be given a mathematical proof.
On the observability of forbidden lines

The disappearance of forbidden lines for O III at intermediate plasma densities may be due to background wing emission of the stronger allowed lines, rather than to Stark broadening of the forbidden lines as suggested recently. The general conclusion is supported that the classical explanation of quenching is erroneous, at least for O III.
Assembly of recently translated full-length and C-terminal truncated human γ-globin chains with a pool of α-globin chains to form Hb F in a cell-free system

Assembly of alpha-globin with translated, full-length and C-terminal truncated human gamma-globin to form Hb F was assessed in a cell-free transcription/translation system. Polysome profiles showed two amino acid C-terminal-truncated gamma-chains retained on polysomes can assemble with unlabeled holo alpha-chains only after puromycin-induced chain release. Two amino acid C-terminal truncated gamma-chains encoded from vectors containing a stop codon at the translation termination site were released from polysomes and assembled with alpha-chains in the absence of puromycin addition, while removal of 11 or more amino acids from the gamma-chain carboxy-terminus inhibited assembly with alpha-chains. These results suggest that amino acids in the HC- and H-helix gamma-chain regions including amino acids 135-144 at the C-terminus in the translated gamma-chains play a key role in assembly with alpha-chains, and that assembly occurs soon after exit of translated gamma-chains from the ribosome tunnel and release from polysomes thereby preventing stable gamma(2) homo-dimer formation.
On bistable phasing of 18-6-year induced drought and flood in the Nile records since AD 650

A maximum entropy analysis of winter and summer flood records of the Nile from ad 622 to 1490 shows evidence for periodic lunar nodal 18′6-year(as well as weaker 10–11 year cyclic) induced drought/flood in regions of Africa drained by this river. This supports the results of Hameed (1984) who analyzed the same records using the Fourier transform method, and of Hameed and Currie (1985) who studied the summer flood records of the modern period (ad 1690–1962) using the maximum entropy method. The nodal term exhibits bistable phasing with respect to dates or epochs of maximum in the nodal tide, a phenomenon previously found in drought/flood proxy data in South America (Currie, 1983), in India (Currie, 1984a), in North America (Currie, 1984c), in China (Currie and Fairbndge, 1985), and in precipitation data for the northeastern United States (Currie, 1987c). Evidence for the 10–11 year solar cycle term in the Nile records is also discussed. Tyson (1980,1981) found terms near 19- and 11-years in South African rainfall data, with the former exhibiting a bistable switch in phase at the beginning of our century, which is in agreement with results of Hameed and Currie (1985) for the modern Nile record.
Comparison of the Toy Play Behavior of Autistic, Retarded, and Normal Children:

Autistic, mentally retarded, and normal children were observed individually during 20-min. play periods in which they were allowed complete freedom in the selection and use of toys. The observation period was divided into 60 segments and observers recorded which of a number of defined categories of toy uses occurred during each segment. This technique also provided a measure of the number of distinctly different acts comprising S's toy play repertoire. Both normal and retarded Ss exceeded the autistic Ss, and the normals surpassed the retardates in the proportion of over-all play devoted to combinational uses of toys. The play of the autistic group included higher proportions of both oral and repetitive uses of toys than that of the other groups. The toy play repertoires of the autistic Ss contained fewer distinctly different acts than the repertoires of either the normals or retardates.
Coiled-coil irregularities and instabilities in group A Streptococcus M1 are required for virulence.

Antigenically variable M proteins are major virulence factors and immunogens of the human pathogen group A Streptococcus (GAS). Here, we report the ∼3 angstrom resolution structure of a GAS M1 fragment containing the regions responsible for eliciting type-specific, protective immunity and for binding fibrinogen, which promotes M1 proinflammatory and antiphagocytic functions. The structure revealed substantial irregularities and instabilities throughout the coiled coil of the M1 fragment. Similar structural irregularities occur in myosin and tropomyosin, explaining the patterns of cross-reactivity seen in autoimmune sequelae of GAS infection. Sequence idealization of a large segment of the M1 coiled coil enhanced stability but diminished fibrinogen binding, proinflammatory effects, and antibody cross-reactivity, whereas it left protective immunogenicity undiminished. Idealized M proteins appear to have promise as vaccine immunogens.
Synthetic ion channel activity documented by electrophysiological methods in living cells.

Hydraphiles are synthetic ion channels that use crown ethers as entry portals and that span phospholipid bilayer membranes. Proton and sodium cation transport by these compounds has been demonstrated in liposomes and planar bilayers. In the present work, whole cell patch clamp experiments show that hydraphiles integrate into the membranes of human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells and significantly increase membrane conductance. The altered membrane permeability is reversible, and the cells under study remain vital during the experiment. Control compounds that are too short (C8-benzyl channel) to span the bilayer or are inactive owing to a deficiency in the central relay do not induce similar conductance increases. Control experiments confirm that the inactive channel analogues do not show nonspecific effects such as activation of native channels. These studies show that the combination of structural features that have been designed into the hydraphiles afford true, albeit simple, channel function in live ...
Ten-year durability and success of an organized program to increase influenza and pneumococcal vaccination rates among high-risk adults

Abstract Purpose: Influenza and pneumococcal vaccines are underused. Systems approaches that incorporate administrative and organizational strategies are more successful than education of providers for improving vaccination rates. Little has been published on the long-term success and durability of such efforts. Methods: We performed a 10-year time-series study to examine the durability and success of an ongoing, multifaceted, institution-wide influenza and pneumococcal vaccination program. The program was first implemented at the Minneapolis Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center in 1987–88 following the demonstration that a clinic-based standing order policy was much more successful than provider education for improving vaccine delivery. The program ensures that vaccine is offered to all high-risk patients followed up at the medical center, promotes convenient access for patients, and facilitates efficient administration of vaccine. Specific elements include an annual mailing to patients, standing orders for nurses, walk-in clinics, and the use of standardized, preprinted documentation forms. Initially the program targeted high-risk outpatients for influenza vaccination. It was extended to include inpatients in 1989–90. Pneumococcal vaccinations were added to the program in 1994–95. Vaccination rates are estimated each year from surveys mailed to randomly selected patients, and vaccine utilization is monitored through pharmacy logs. Results: The survey response rates have exceeded 75% each year. Influenza vaccination rates for all high-risk patients followed up at the medical center have increased from 58% following the 1987–88 vaccination season to 84% in 1996–97 ( P P P P = 0.05). For elderly patients followed up at the medical center, influenza (89% versus 67%, P P Conclusion: This simple, multifaceted program that incorporates administrative and organizational strategies to enhance influenza and pneumococcal vaccination rates has been highly durable and successful over a 10-year peroid. Similar strategies if implemented in other settings may enhance vaccination rates for the millions of high-risk patients who have yet to be immunized.
The Pelagianism of the Opus Imperfectum in Matthaeum

work, and this classification has largely controlled the context in which its contents have been analyzed.' The presence of Arian elements is not to be contested although at least one critic has noted that the treatment of Arianism is hardly central to the work.2 The suggestion of yet another context for the document was raised briefly by J. H. Crehan almost fifteen years ago, when he remarked: "What no one seems to have observed is that the writer, whoever he was, must have had close contacts with the Pelagians, for he is almost completely lacking in an idea of Original Sin."3 That the author should have given some thought to this question is more than likely since he was writing during the time when St. Augustine had formulated his theology of grace in response to problems posed by Pelagius. If the text of the Opus imperfectum is an original work by a Latin author and not a translation or version of a Greek original, the likelihood of his awareness of this western controversy is all the more likely.4 It is the purpose of this present article to show that Crehan's passing remark was far more valid than he suggested and to demonstrate that the document is more significant as a Pelagian than as an Arian work. The headings under which the Opus imperfectum will first be examined are taken from the letter Hilarius sent to Augustine listing the topics that were being discussed in Christian circles of Syracuse5 and were soon to appear on the agenda of the council at Diospolis at which Pelagius was questioned about the teachings of his disciples.6 The first of these topics is the assertion that man can be without sin and can easily observe the commandments of God if he has the will to do so. The question at issue involves the state of man and the nature of grace. While the author of the Opus imperfectum does not explicitly formulate his views on the state of man before the coming of Christ, he
Distinguishing Small Molecular Mass Differences of Proteins by Mass Spectrometry

Electrospray ionization–Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (ESI–FTICR) mass spectrometryallows for high-resolution, accurate mass analysisof multiply charged ions of proteins. In the workdescribed here, the ability of ESI–FTICR to distinguish small differences in molecular mass is evaluated. Ubiquitin was used as an internal mass calibration standard to measure the molecular mass of cytochromec, myoglobin, and several carbonic anhydrase isoforms. Mass calibration was based onthe tallest isotopic peak of each ubiquitin chargestate. Ubiquitin performed well as an internal standard because its charge states covered the appropriate mass range, interference was minimal, and thetallest peak was easily identified. The peak massesof cytochrome c (12.5 kDa) and myoglobin (17 kDa) were measured to an accuracy of about 0.02 Da (<2ppm). However, errors of 1.0 Da were observedfor some individual determinations because of the difficulty in identifying the tallest peak. When the technique was applied to bovine carbonic anhydrase II, even combining data from several charge statesdid not yield an unequivocal assignment of thetallest peak, resulting in a mass assignment of 29,023.7 or 29,024.7. Similarly, measurements of two isoforms with a mass difference of 1 Da, human carbonic anhydrase I, pI6.0 and 6.6, yielded overlapping values for the mass of the tallest peak. However, these two isoforms were clearly distinguished by (a) identification of the tallest peak using a measurement of average mass as a guide and (b) comparison of the isotopic peak intensity patterns.
Glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia

Abstract Objectives Provide treatment guidelines for glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia and to understand the clinical implications of glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia. Methods The authors analyzed an electronic search (Medline) and a literature review of the pertinent articles published from 1980 to September 2012. Results In patients treated with glucocorticoids, the odds ratio for development of new-onset diabetes mellitus has been reported to be 1.36 to 2.31. The prevalence of abnormal glucose metabolism in post renal transplant patients taking glucocorticoids has been reported to be 17% to 32%. Sustained glucocorticoid treatment increases the potential for future cardiovascular disease through multiple pathways, resulting in a trade-off between benefit and harm. Complications related to glucocorticoid treatments are associated with the total glucocorticoid dose and duration of therapy. Other risk factors include age and body mass index. Understanding the pharmacodynamics and clinical implications of glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia can promote recognition and improvement of its treatment. Conclusions Glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia has significant clinical implications in patients with diabetes mellitus and without diabetes mellitus. Early recognition and proper proactive management of glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia should enhance care for patients receiving glucocorticoid treatment. Furthermore, treatment has been effective for both the inpatient and the outpatient settings.
The automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Clinical experience, complications, and follow-up in 25 patients.

• Twenty-five patients with recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias underwent implantation of an automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. The mean length of follow-up was 11.9±10.8 months. Before the implantation, the patients had survived one or more cardiac arrests (mean, 1.7; range, 1 to 4) and episodes of syncope (mean, 2.2; range, 2 to 3) and had received 6.0±1.0 antiarrhythmic drug trials. The in-hospital complications included death (two patients), reoperation (one patient), intraoperative myocardial infarction (one patient), sensing-failure (one patient), infection (five patients), and pocket seroma (two patients). The posthospital complications included device failure (four patients), device deactivation (one patient), and inappropriate discharge (two patients). The device discharged appropriately in seven patients due to sustained ventricular tachycardia. During electrophysiologic measurements, the energy requirement for successful cardioversion-defibrillation was related to the type of ventricular arrhythmia induced (monomorphic or pleomorphic ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation). Ventricular tachycardia acceleration occurred in ten patients (40%). No significant changes were found in the size of the electrograms or in the cardioversion threshold during early and late follow-up measurements. Life table analysis showed a 12-month survival rate of 86% and an arrhythmic death survival rate of 100%. We confirm the improved rate of survival in this high-risk group of patients, despite significant complications. (Arch Intern Med1988;142:70-76)
A study of equation solvers for linear and non-linear finite element analysis on parallel processing computers

Concurrent computing environments provide the means to achieve very high performance for finite element analysis of systems, provided the algorithms take advantage of multiple processors. The authors have examined several algorithms for both linear and nonlinear finite element analysis. The performance of these algorithms on an Alliant FX/80 parallel supercomputer has been studied. For single load case linear analysis, the optimal solution algorithm is strongly problem dependent. For multiple load cases or nonlinear analysis through a modified Newton-Raphson method, decomposition algorithms are shown to have a decided advantage over element-by-element preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithms.
Integration of GaAs/AlGaAs SQW laser and MQW modulator via a tapered waveguide interconnect without regrowth

A novel monolithic integration of GaAs/AlGaAs single quantum well laser and multiple quantum well modulator via a tapered waveguide interconnect is demonstrated. The integration scheme eliminates the requirement for the material regrowth without sacrificing device design and fabrication flexibility. The key technologies and the performance of the integrated laser-modulator are discussed.
Resource translocation in a marine bryozoan : quantification and visualization of 14C and 35S

Colonial marine invertebrates are characterized by their ability to share resources among the modules of a colony. In most colonial groups, but particularly the Bryozoa, the dynamics of resource transport among modules is unknown. We developed radioisotope techniques to visualize and quantify the movement of carbon and sulfur-based compounds within colonies of the marine bryozoan Membranipora membranacea. The research was conducted in 1991 and 1992 in Friday Harbor, Washington, USA. Autoradiography, using X-ray film, was used to visualize the transport of both 14C and 35S, and a liquid scintillation counter was used to quantify transport of metabolites. We were able to localize feeding by introducing 10 μl aliquots of labelled algal cells with a microinjection syringe into a containment ring on the surface of the colony. The labelled cells were consumed by zooids feeding within the ring, but not by those outside. In time-course within the ring, but not by those outside. In time-course experiments, ≃15% of the ingested carbon radioisotope was transported from a source in the center of the colonies to the growing edges over a period of 48 h. Approximately 10% of the sulfur was transported from central to edge regions of colonies over 72 h. Transport of carbon isotope was unidirectional in all experiments, irrespective of whether colonies were fed near the edge or the center. Pulse-chase experiments revealed that up to 46% of the initial 14C radioisotope was lost from the colony to respiration and egestion in the 24 h following ingestion.
Valuing water quality improvements in the United States using meta-analysis: Is the glass half-full or half-empty for national policy analysis?

The literature estimating the economic value for water quality changes has grown considerably over the last 30 years, resulting in an expanded pool of information potentially available to support national and regional policy analysis. Using 131 willingness to pay estimates from 18 studies that use a similar definition of water quality, we performed a meta-regression analysis and found mixed results. We find that WTP varies in systematic and expected ways with respect to factors such as the size of the water quality changes, average household income, and use/nonuse characteristics of respondents. As a whole, we conclude that our meta-regression results provide a reasonable basis for estimating expected WTP values for defined changes in water quality. However, despite a large number of existing economic valuation studies, relatively few could be meaningfully combined through meta-analysis due to heterogeneity in the commodities being valued in the original studies. Based on these findings, we provide recommendations for future research, including suggestions regarding more standardized approaches for defining water quality and reporting information in valuation studies.
The internal workings of a DNA polymerase clamp-loading machine

Replicative DNA polymerases are multiprotein machines that are tethered to DNA during chain extension by sliding clamp proteins. The clamps are designed to encircle DNA completely, and they are manipulated rapidly onto DNA by the ATP-dependent activity of a clamp loader. We outline the detailed mechanism of gamma complex, a five-protein clamp loader that is part of the Escherichia coli replicase, DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. The gamma complex uses ATP to open the beta clamp and assemble it onto DNA. Surprisingly, ATP is not needed for gamma complex to crack open the beta clamp. The function of ATP is to regulate the activity of one subunit, delta, which opens the clamp simply by binding to it. The delta' subunit acts as a modulator of the interaction between delta and beta. On binding ATP, the gamma complex is activated such that the delta' subunit permits delta to bind beta and crack open the ring at one interface. The clamp loader-open clamp protein complex is now ready for an encounter with primed DNA to complete assembly of the clamp around DNA. Interaction with DNA stimulates ATP hydrolysis which ejects the gamma complex from DNA, leaving the ring to close around the duplex.