cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactive Effects of Acute Suicidal Affective Disturbance and Pain Persistence on Suicide Attempt Frequency and Lethality.

Abstract. Background: Acute suicidal affective disturbance (ASAD) has been proposed as a suicide-specific entity that confers risk for imminent suicidal behavior. Preliminary evidence suggests that...
When is It Safe to Start VTE Prophylaxis After Blunt Solid Organ Injury? A Prospective Study from a Level I Trauma Center.

The optimal timing of VTE prophylaxis initiation after blunt solid organ injury is controversial. Retrospective studies suggest initiation ≤48 h is safe. This prospective study examined the safety and efficacy of early VTE prophylaxis initiation after nonoperative blunt solid organ injury. All patients >15 years of age presenting after blunt trauma (12/01/16–11/30/17) were prospectively screened. Patients were included if solid organ injury (liver, spleen, kidney) was diagnosed on admission CT scan and nonoperative management was planned. ED deaths, transfers, patients with pre-existing bleeding disorders or home antiplatelet/anticoagulant medications, and those who did not receive VTE prophylaxis were excluded. Demographics, injury/clinical data, type/timing of VTE prophylaxis initiation, and outcomes were collected. Patients were dichotomized into study groups based on VTE prophylaxis initiation time: Early (≤48 h) vs Late (>48 h after admission). Prophylaxis initiation was at the discretion of the attending trauma surgeon. The primary study outcome was VTE event rate. Secondary outcomes included hospital length of stay (LOS), intensive care unit (ICU) LOS, need for and volume of post-prophylaxis blood transfusion, need for delayed (post-prophylaxis) interventional radiology (IR) or operative intervention, failure of nonoperative management, and mortality. Outcomes were compared with univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis with logistic regression determined independent predictors of late VTE prophylaxis initiation. After exclusions, 118 patients were identified. Median ISS was 22 [IQR 14–26]. Median AAST grade of injury was 2 [IQR 2–3] for liver, 2 [IQR 1–3] for spleen, and 3 [IQR 2–3] for kidney. Compared to late prophylaxis patients (n = 57, 48%), early prophylaxis patients (n = 61, 52%) had significantly fewer DVTs (n = 0, 0% vs n = 5, 9%, p = 0.024) but similar rates of PE (n = 2, 3% vs n = 3, 5%, p = 0.672). TBI was the only significant risk factor for late prophylaxis (OR 0.22, p = 0.015). No patient in either group required delayed intervention (operative or IR) for bleeding. There was no difference in volume of post-prophylaxis blood transfusion. In this prospective study of patients with nonoperative blunt solid organ injuries, early (≤48 h) initiation of VTE prophylaxis resulted in a lower incidence of DVTs without an associated increase in bleeding or need for intervention. Early initiation of VTE prophylaxis is likely to be safe and beneficial for patients with blunt solid organ injury.
Agent-Based Framework for Supporting Behind the Meter Transactive Power Electronic Systems

In this paper, the concept of a framework based on an agent-based interface for power stages in a power electronic system is presented. The presented concept or agent system is able to consider any number of different types of sources, types of converters, communication protocols, embedded decision making to support transactive, and hierarchy for large system integration. The concept is presented through several examples including the implementation on an actual physical system and demonstration of transactive type controls.
Revision anterior glenohumeral instability: is arthroscopic treatment an option?

Background The purpose of this study was to determine the short-term outcomes for patients who underwent revision surgery for shoulder instability, including both revision arthroscopic repair and Latarjet. Methods This study included patients who underwent revision of a prior arthroscopic labral repair to arthroscopic labral repair or Latarjet at our institution from 2012 to 2017. After collection of preoperative demographic data, preoperative 3-dimensional imaging was reviewed to determine percent glenoid bone loss (%GBL) and to determine whether each shoulder was on-track or off-track. Patients were contacted to obtain postoperative patient-reported outcome metrics including visual analog scale pain, Simple Shoulder Test, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores, and instability recurrence (full dislocation, subluxation, or subjective apprehension) data at a minimum of 2 years postoperatively. Results Of 62 patients who met criteria, 45 patients were able to be contacted. Of them, 21 underwent revision arthroscopy and 24 underwent a Latarjet procedure. In the revision arthroscopy group, 5 of 15 had %GBL >20% and 4 of 21 were contact athletes. In the Latarjet group, 11 of 22 had %GBL >20% and 5 of 24 were contact athletes. Of 21 revision arthroscopy patients, 8 underwent concomitant remplissage. Eight of 21 patients in the revision arthroscopy group and 7 of 21 patients in the Latarjet group reported instability postoperatively. Three of 21 patients in the revision arthroscopy group and 2 of 21 patients in the Latarjet group reported full dislocations postoperatively. Zero patients in the revision arthroscopy group and 1 of 21 patients in the Latarjet group underwent reoperation. Conclusion Our results suggest that both revision Latarjet and arthroscopic stabilization can be of benefit in select circumstances. However, in revision settings, postoperative instability symptoms are common with both procedures.
Brief, prior, exposure to red decreases categorical and coordinate spatial task performance

Abstract Location information is processed through two types of spatial processing; categorical and coordinate processing. Categorical spatial relations indicate where an object is relative to another object, without regard to the metric distance between the two objects. Coordinate spatial relations indicate metric distance without regard to relative location. In human behavioral studies, the magnocellular pathway of the lateral geniculate nucleus has been implicated in coordinate spatial processing abilities. Magnocellular pathway cells (type IV) have a center surround organization, such that red light inhibits neuronal firing. In these behavioral studies, red stimuli decreases coordinate spatial processing accuracy. Prior studies also show that there is a lag between the time of visual stimulus presentation and the time of observing a neural response in the magnocellular pathway. We sought to understand whether prior presentation of red stimuli decreases coordinate spatial performance, and also examined its effects on categorical spatial performance. The results indicate that prior presentation of red stimuli decreases accuracy and perceived confidence on both the categorical and coordinate tasks. These results confirm prior findings of the association between magnocellular pathway function and coordinate spatial processing. Implications for categorical task results and associated neural pathways are discussed.
Efficient Dynamic Simulation of a Single Closed Chain

Single chain robot manipulators are found in many different environments today. In industry, individual manipulators are used for welding, painting and some assembly operations. Their use in metal forging and machining continues as well. Robot manipulators also play an important part in current space exploration efforts and in future plans for space station operation. In many of these applications, the tip of the manipulator comes in contact with various objects in its environment, instantaneously creating a closed-chain configuration.
Interpretable Identification of Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) Associated Findings from CT

In this study, we present a method to identify radiologic findings associated with interstitial lung diseases (ILD), a heterogeneous collection of progressive lung diseases, from thoracic CT scans. Prior studies have relied on densely supervised methods using 2D slices or small 3D patches as input, requiring significant manual labor to create dense labels. This limits the amount of data available for algorithm development and thus hinders generalization performance. To harness available large, but sparsely labeled datasets, we present a weakly supervised method to identify imaging findings associated with ILD. We test this framework to classify and roughly localize 14 radiologic findings on the LTRC dataset of 3380 thoracic CT scans. We conduct 5-fold cross-validation and achieve 0.8 mean AUC scores on 5 out of 14 findings classification. We visualize attention energy maps which demonstrate that our classifier is able to learn representative features with meaningful differences between radiologic findings, and is capable of approximately localizing the findings of interest, thereby adding interpretability of our model (This work was supported by the USPHS under NIH grant R01-HL133889).
Efficient Contact Mode Enumeration in 3D.

In a hybrid dynamical system with multiple rigid bodies, the relative motions of the contact points on two colliding bodies may be classified as separating, sticking (moving together), or sliding. Given a physical contact model, the active contact modes determine the dynamic equations of motion. Analogously, the set of all possible (valid) contact mode assignments enumerates the set of all possible dynamical flows of the hybrid dynamical system at a given state. Naturally, queries about the kinematics or dynamics of the system can be framed as computations over the set of possible contact modes. This paper investigates efficient ways to compute this set.
Wicked Problems need WKID Innovation: Innovation as a Process to Develop a Disruptive Technology Product

Wicked problems result from complex systems and often have no single solution. WKID Innovation is a framework to tack wicked problems and is modeled after NASA’s science system engineering. NASA is a leader creating disruptive technologies that alter the way that people, companies, or industries operate. It has been pioneering innovation to advance human knowledge since 1958 engineering the first human landing on the moon, successfully landing rovers on Mars, and leaving our solar system, literally going where no man has gone before. NASA drives innovation to new frontiers in our galaxy and beyond, while also collecting accurate, reliable Earth observations that change the way we live our life in the day to day. WKID Innovation is a framework to scale NASA processes for innovation, specifically by using the knowledge hierarchy to bridge design thinking and complex systems science to system engineer and manage disruptive innovation.Keywords: innovation; NASA; information technology; process; wicked problem
On a theorem of Nosal

Let $G$ be a graph with $m$ edges and spectral radius $\lambda_{1}$. Let $bk\left( G\right) $ stand for the maximal number of triangles with a common edge in $G$. In 1970 Nosal proved that if $\lambda_{1}^{2}>m,$ then $G$ contains a triangle. In this paper we show that the same premise implies that \[ bk\left( G\right) >\frac{1}{12}\sqrt[4]{m}. \] This result settles a conjecture of Zhai, Lin, and Shu. Write $\lambda_{2}$ for the second largest eigenvalue of $G$. Recently, Lin, Ning, and Wu showed that if $G$ is a triangle-free graph of order at least three, then \[ \lambda_{1}^{2}+\lambda_{2}^{2}\leq m, \] thereby settling the simplest case of a conjecture of Bollob\'{a}s and the author. We give a simpler proof of their result.
Assessment of Plastic Surgery Residency Applications without United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 Scores.

SUMMARY The United States Medical Licensing Examination announced the changing of Step 1 score reporting from a three-digit number to pass/fail beginning on January 1, 2022. Plastic surgery residency programs have traditionally used United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 scores to compare plastic surgery residency applicants. Without a numerical score, the plastic surgery residency application review process will likely change. This article discusses advantages, disadvantages, and steps forward for residency programs related to the upcoming change. The authors encourage programs to continue to seek innovative methods of objectively and holistically evaluating applications.
Review of Robo Sapiens Japanicus: Robots, Gender, Family, and the Japanese Nation by Jennifer Robertson (University of California Press)

Jennifer Robertson’s Robo Sapiens Japanicus: Robots, Gender, Family, and the Japanese Nation assesses the robot phenomenon in Japan within the last decade. Offering sustained critiques on contemporary techno-fix narratives, Robertson reveals how humanoid robots are designed and deployed to reify conservative values under the guise of technological advancements. Robertson’s impressive ethnographic project weaves together robots of science fact and fiction, leaving readers to interrogate how humanoids, androids, gynoids, and cyborgs both challenge and reify existing social structures across the globe.
The Effect of Same-Gender or Same-Race Role Models on Occupation Choice Evidence from Randomly Assigned Mentors at West Point

We use random assignment of role models to cadets at the United States Military Academy at West Point to investigate the effect of same-genderor same-race mentors on occupation choice in the United States Army. Women and racial minorities have traditionally been underrepresented in certain occupations in the Army, and these disparities seem to persist over time. We find that when a female cadet is assigned a female mentor, the cadet is 4.60 and 18.1 percentage points more likely to pick her officer's branch as her first or among her top three occupational preferences, respectively, than if she had interacted with a male mentor. These results are robust to controlling for a limited choice set for females and a host of alternative specifications. We find that black cadets paired with black officers are 6.1 percentage points more likely to pick their role model's branch than if the black cadet had worked with a white officer. These results show that having a same-gender or same-race mentor may influence the occupation choice of women or racial minorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Lesbian Perceptions of Stereotypical and Sexualized Media Portrayals

Copious research has shown that sexualized and stereotypical portrayals of women in the media are the norm, but there is a gap in the literature regarding the portrayal of lesbians. The aim of this study was to assess how lesbians see themselves and their relationships portrayed in the media. A second aim of this study was to experimentally test whether exposure to a sexualized portrayal of a lesbian increases self-objectification while decreasing mood, self-esteem, and body image. A third goal was to explore the role of race in lesbian perceptions of media portraying lesbians. A sample of 178 lesbian women were recruited via the online survey platform Prolific Academic to participate in a study with quantitative and qualitative components. Results indicated that the hot lesbian was the most common portrayal, as predicted, and the most frequently reported stereotype of lesbian relationships was the idea of lesbians moving too quickly in their relationships, especially among White participants. Qualitative findings revealed that lesbians found media portrayals mostly negative and stereotypical, in that they were hypersexualized and for the male gaze, with lesbian relationships portrayed as temporary. Experimental exposure to a sexualized portrayal of a lesbian caused decreased body area satisfaction but did not affect self-objectification, mood, self-esteem, or overall appearance evaluation. Most findings did not vary by race, but those that did reflected racialized stereotypes. The impact of stereotypical portrayals of lesbians in the media should continue to be examined in both lesbian and outgroup populations.
Political Stare Decisis

The doctrine of stare decisis famously instructs judges to respect past decisions even if they believe these decisions are wrong. Many believe stare decisis serves venerable values and bemoan its apparent demise, especially at the Supreme Court level. But can something like stare decisis appear in politics too? Can we expect our public officials, much like we expect our judges, to adhere to past decisions even if they think they are wrong? Or when they face short term temptations to ignore the past? If we rely on our normal intuitions about politics or observe its current state, the answer seems to be NO. And while previous scholarship presents a more qualified view, that scholarship is greatly incomplete. It focuses on a limited set of political institutions that primarily resemble judicial ones. Or it is obsessed with how courts should incorporate what appears as a political analogy to stare decisis into legal doctrine—a normative or interpretive enterprise, not an explanatory one. This Article fills this gap. It argues that what it calls political stare decisis is in fact possible, even inevitable, across a wide variety of institutions and settings (including in legislatures, executives, administrative agencies, and even nation states and supranational organizations) and it moreover identifies the precise conditions where we can expect it to occur. In addition, the Article comprehensively theorizes how exactly political stare decisis operates “on the ground,” including: which events or decisions in politics establish constraining political precedents? How do public officials reason about these precedents and apply them to the present? And when and how are such political precedents likely to be overruled? Finally, and more prescriptively, the Article suggests what public officials might be able to do to deliberately “tinker” with political stare decisis. For example, how public officials can establish entirely new political precedents, how they might strengthen existing political precedents that they like (or weaken existing political precedents that they dislike), and what institutional design or behavioral solutions are generally available to make political stare decisis more robust. While much in the discussion demonstrates that political stare decisis and the more familiar institution of judicial stare decisis substantially diverge, the Article concludes by suggesting that the differences are much less substantial than meets the eye. Instead of completely divergent practices, judicial stare decisis may ultimately be nothing more than one species of the general practice of political stare decisis. The Article argues that acknowledging this fact significantly improves our understanding of judicial stare decisis. Among other things, it shows us when judicial stare decisis really is—as a common meme now puts it—"for suckers” and when it is not; it flags new ways to save it from its alleged demise; and it illuminates how those who work to achieve their goals through the courts and their precedents should appropriately (and effectively) approach this task.
Paraoxonase 2 is an ER chaperone that regulates the epithelial Na+ channel.

The mammalian paraoxonases have been linked to protection against oxidative stress. However, the physiological roles of members in this family (PON1, PON2 and PON3) are still being characterized. PON2 and PON3 are expressed in the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron of the kidney and have been shown to negatively regulate expression of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), a trimeric ion channel that orchestrates salt and water homeostasis. To date, the nature of this phenomenon has not been explored. Therefore, to investigate the mechanism by which PON2 regulates ENaC, we expressed PON2 along with the ENaC subunits in Fisher Rat Thyroid (FRT) cells, a system that is amenable to biochemical analyses of ENaC assembly and trafficking. We found that PON2 primarily resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in FRT cells, and its expression reduces the abundance of each ENaC subunit, reflecting enhanced subunit turnover. In contrast, no effect on the levels of mRNAs encoding the ENaC subunits was evident. Inhibition of lysosome function with chloroquine or NH4Cl did not alter the inhibitory effect of PON2 on ENaC expression. In contrast, PON2 accelerates ENaC degradation in a proteasome-dependent manner and acts prior to ENaC subunits ubiquitination. As a result of the enhanced ENaC subunits ubiquitination and degradation, both channel surface expression and ENaC-mediated Na+ transport in FRT cells were reduced by PON2. Together, our data suggest that PON2 functions as an ER chaperone to monitor ENaC biogenesis and redirect the channel for ER associated degradation.
Lectins: Analytical Technologies

Part I: The Science of Lectins 1. Lectins: a historical view (N. Sharon). 2. Lectins in nature: An overview (C.L. Nilsson). Part II: Classic Techniques to Study Lectins 3. The energetics of lectin-carbohydrate binding (M. Swami). 4. Microcalorimetry (F. Brewer). 5. X-ray crystallography (U. Krengel). 6. NMR/modelling of protein-carbohydrate interactions (J. Jimenez-Barbero). 7. Lectin structural databases (A. Imberty). 8. Neoglycolipids in the discovery of lectin-glycolipid interactions (T. Feizi). 9. Solid phase assays for protein-carbohydrate interactions (S. Teneberg). Part III: Emerging Techniques for the Study of Protein-Carbohydrate Interactions 10. Genomic and proteomic strategies for the study of bacterial adhesins (T. Boren). 11. Optical-based lectin assays (B. Danielsson). 12. Fluorescence polarization (H. Leffler). 13. Chip-based lectin assays (D. Wang). 14. Capillary electrophoresis and lectin affinity interaction (K. Kasai). 15. Miniaturized lectin affinity chromatography (B. Lin). 16. Frontal affinity chromatography (O. Hindsgaul). 17. Carbohydrate-mediated protein-protein interactions:Detailed information from mass spectrometry of intact protein assemblies (C.V. Robinson). 18. The use of Fourier transform mass spectrometry to probe lectin structure (C.L. Nilsson). 19. Probing lectins by MALDI-FTMS (C. Lebrilla). 20. Determination of protein-oligosaccharide binding by nanoelectrospray Fourier-transform ion cylcotron resonance mass spectrometry (J. S. Klassen). 21. The study of protein-carbohydrate interactions by amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (R. Orlando).
Chapter 7 Sea Surface Temperature Determinations

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a study focusing on sea surface temperature determinations. An introduction to remote sensing of sea surface temperature is provided, and microwave sensing of sea surface temperature is discussed. The Seasat scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) data are compared with surface observations on both a point-by-point and a monthly grid basis. The agreement between the averaged and gridded values is found to be significantly better than the point-by-point comparisons. When biases are accounted for the Nimbus-7 SMMR, results are quite comparable with the Seasat SMMR results. Because of its much smaller field of view, the point-by-point comparisons between AVHRR-derived SSTs and surface observations are better than in the case of the SMMR. The SMMR data have been screened to avoid rain, sun glint, and land effects. The AVHRR data have been screened for clouds and sun glint. Both sets of SST determinations use multiple channels to correct for atmospheric effects. In the study, infrared sensing of sea surface temperature is also analyzed.
Oxidative stress and protein oxidation in the brain of water drinking and alcohol drinking rats administered the HIV envelope protein, gp120.

J. Neurochem. (2008) 104, 1478–1493. Abstract Possible roles of oxidative stress and protein oxidation on alcohol-induced augmentation of cerebral neuropathy in gp120 administered alcohol preferring rats drinking either pure water (W rats) or a free-choice ethanol and water (E rats) for 90 days. This study showed that peripherally administered gp120 accumulated into the brain, liver, and RBCs samples from water drinking – gp120 administered rats (Wg rats) and ethanol drinking – gp120 administered rats (Eg rats), although gp120 levels in samples from Eg rats were significantly greater than the levels in samples from Wg rats. The brain samples from ethanol drinking-saline administered (EC) and Wg rats exhibited comparable levels of free radicals that were significantly lower than the levels in Eg rats. Peroxiredoxin-I (PrxI) activity in the brain samples exhibited the following pattern: Wg ≫ ≫ WC ≫ EC > Eg. Total protein-carbonyl and carbonylated hippocampal cholinergic neurostimulating peptide precursor protein levels, but not N-acetylaspartate or N-acetyl aspartylglutamate or total protein-thiol levels, paralleled the free radical levels in the brain of all four groups. This suggests PrxI inhibition may be more sensitive indicator of oxidative stress than measuring free radicals or metabolites. As PrxI oxidation in WC, Wg, and EC rats was reversible, while PrxI oxidation in Eg rats was not, we suggest that alcohol drinking and gp120 together hyperoxidized and inactivated PrxI that suppressed free radical neutralization in the brain of Eg rats. In conclusion, chronic alcohol drinking, by carbonylating and hyperoxidizing free radical neutralization proteins, augmented the gp120-induced oxidative stress that may be associated with an increase in severity of the brain neuropathy.
Spheroidization of binary Fe-C alloys over a range of temperatures

The spheroidization of cementite in binary Fe-C alloys, 0.24, 0.42, and 0.79 wt pct C, was investigated over a range of temperatures, 594°, 649°, and 704°C, for times up to about 106 sec. Quantitative metallography techniques were used to obtain the following microstructural data on the cementite particles: shape, size distribution, mean size, number of particles per unit volume, and growth (and shrinkage) rates of various sizes in the size distribution. The variations of these microstructural parameters were analyzed in terms of existing models for the spheroidization process. The Lifshitz-Wagner analysis is shown to have limited applicability to the spheroidization of cementite in binary steels, since the required steady-state size distribution is not attained in times less than about 106 sec. An analysis similar to that of Lifshitz and Wagner, but requiring no specification of the shape of the size distribution, is shown to apply and indicates that the observed spheroidization was diffusion-controlled. The effective diffusion coefficient was between the values for the diffusion of carbon and iron in ferrite and approximated the coupled diffusion coefficients developed by Oriani and Li, Blakely, and Feingold.
Cell free synthesis of the pectic polysaccharide homogalacturonan

Abstract Polygalacturonate 4-α-galacturonosyltransferase (PGA-GalAT) (EC 2.4.1.43), the enzyme that synthesizes the pectin polysaccharide homogalacturonan (HGA), has been identified in microsomal membranes isolated from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Samsun) cell suspension cultures. The radiolabeled nucleotide sugar substrate, UDP-[14C]galacturonic acid (UDP-GalA), is synthesized by epimerization of UDP-[14C]glucuronic acid using crude particulate preparations from radish roots. Incubation of tobacco membranes with UDP-GalA results in a time-dependent incorporation of [14C]-galacturonic acid into a chloroform-methanol-precipitable and 65% ethanol-insoluble product. The synthesis of HGA in microsomal membranes occurs at a pH of 7.8, a temperature of 25 to 30°C, an apparent Km for UDP-GalA of ∼8.9 μM and a Vmax of ∼150 pmol min−1 mg−1 protein. Treatment of the product with base to hydrolyze ester linkages followed by digestion of the base-treated product with a homogeneous endopolygalacturonase results in cleavage of 34% to 89% of [14C]-labeled product into components that co-chromatograph with mono-, di-, and tri-galacturonic acid, indicating that a large portion of product contains contiguous 1,4-linked α-D-galactosyluronic acid residues. The product synthesized in cell free tobacco membranes has a molecular mass of ∼105,000 daltons based on dextran standards. Approximately 45% to 67% of the galacturonic residues in the synthesized HGA appear to be esterified since base-treatment prior to EPGase-fragmentation is required in order to obtain a maximal yield of mono-, di-, and tri-galacturonic acid. Comparison of the sensitivity of base-treated and pectin methylesterase-treated products to fragmentation by EPGase indicates that at least 40% of the base sensitive linkages are methyl esters. Conditions have been established that allow for up to 90% of the activity in detergent-dispersed membranes to be recovered as soluble enzyme.
Using Random Undersampling to Alleviate Class Imbalance on Tweet Sentiment Data

Sentiment classification of tweets is used for a variety of social sensing tasks and provides a means of discerning public opinion on a wide range of topics. A potential concern when performing sentiment classification is that the training data may contain class imbalance, which can negatively affect classification performance. A classifier trained on imbalanced data may be biased in favor of the majority class. One possibile method of addressing this is to use data sampling to achieve a more balanced class distribution. In this work, we seek to observe how data sampling (using random undersampling with either a 50:50 or 35:65 positive:negative post-sampling class distribution ratio) affects the classification performance on tweet sentiment data. Our experimental results show that Random Undersampling significantly improves classification performance in comparison to not using any data sampling. Furthermore, there is no significant difference between selecting a 50:50 or 35:65 post-sampling class distribution ratio.
Potential oscillations during the electrochemical self-assembly of copper/cuprous oxide layered nanostructures

Layered nanostructures of copper metal and cuprous oxide are electrodeposited from alkaline solutions of Cu(II) lactate at room temperature. No subsequent heat treatment is necessary to effect crystallization. The electrode potential spontaneously oscillates during constant-current deposition. At a fixed current density the oscillation period decreases as either the pH or temperature is increased. The oscillations are periodic in stirred solution, but show period doubling and evidence of quasi-periodic or chaotic behavior in unstirred solution. The phase composition and resistivity of the films can be controlled by varying the applied current density. The resistivity of the films can be varied over ten orders of magnitude. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the films are layered.
A method for demonstrating the heterogeneity of pigeon red cell membrane vesicles based on their glycine transport activity.

Abstract A procedure is described which is capable of detecting the changes in size and/or density of small membrane vesicles resulting from solute uptake. Vesicles which have taken up solute sediment more slowly in a density gradient, the ratio of glycine uptake/vesicle-trapped space is not uniform in the vesicle population, and vesicles with higher uptake/space ratios are preferentially retarded upon centrifugation. Alanine transport activity is associated with glycine transport activity in that retardation of vesicles due to glycine uptake equally retards vesicles possessing alanine uptake activity.
Synthesis of novel iodo derived bicalutamide analogs

A series of optically active nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulators with structures analogous to bicalutamide was prepared by replacing the trifluoromethyl group with iodine and the sulfonyl linker by oxygen.
On some Formal Properties of Metarules

Grammars contain rules for generating sentences. Metarules are statements about these rules. They are metagrammatical devices that can be used to generate rules of the grammar or to encode certain relations among them, such as redundancies in their form.
Molecular Determinants for Activation of G-protein-coupled Inward Rectifier K+ (GIRK) Channels by Extracellular Acidosis *

Synaptic cleft acidification occurs following vesicle release. Such a pH change may affect synaptic transmissions in which G-protein-coupled inward rectifier K(+) (GIRK) channels play a role. To elucidate the effect of extracellular pH (pH(o)) on GIRK channels, we performed experiments on heteromeric GIRK1/GIRK4 channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. A decrease in pH(o) to 6.2 augmented GIRK1/GIRK4 currents by approximately 30%. The channel activation was reversible and dependent on pH(o) levels. This effect was produced by selective augmentation of single channel conductance without change in the open-state probability. To determine which subunit was involved, we took advantage of homomeric expression of GIRK1 and GIRK4 by introducing a single mutation. We found that homomeric GIRK1-F137S and GIRK4-S143T channels were activated at pH(o) 6.2 by approximately 20 and approximately 70%, respectively. Such activation was eliminated when a histidine residue in the M1-H5 linker was mutated to a non-titratable glutamine, i.e. H116Q in GIRK1 and H120Q in GIRK4. Both of these histidines were required for pH sensing of the heteromeric channels, because the mutation of one of them diminished but not abolished the pH(o) sensitivity. The pH(o) sensitivity of the heteromeric channels was completely lost when both were mutated. Thus, these results suggest that the GIRK-mediated synaptic transmission is determined by both neurotransmitter and protons with the transmitter accounting for only 70% of the effect on postsynaptic cell and protons released together with the transmitter contributing to the other 30%.
Thermochemistry of Li1+xMn2−xO4 (0⩽x⩽1/3) spinel

Abstract Lithium substituted Li1+xMn2−xO4 spinel samples in the entire solid solution range ( 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 1 / 3 ) were synthesized by solid-state reaction. The samples with x 0.25 are stoichiometric and those with x ⩾ 0.25 are oxygen deficient. High-temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry in molten 3Na2O·4MoO3 at 974 K was performed to determine their enthalpies of formation from constituent binary oxides at 298 K. The cubic lattice parameter was determined from least-squares fitting of powder XRD data. The variations of the enthalpy of formation from oxides and the lattice parameter with x follow similar trends. The enthalpy of formation from oxides becomes more exothermic with x for stoichiometric compounds ( x 0.25 ) and deviates endothermically from this trend for oxygen-deficient samples ( x ⩾ 0.25 ). This energetic trend is related to two competing substitution mechanisms of lithium for manganese (oxidation of Mn3+ to Mn4+ versus formation of oxygen vacancies). For stoichiometric spinels, the oxidation of Mn3+ to Mn4+ is dominant, whereas for oxygen-deficient compounds both mechanisms are operative. The endothermic deviation is ascribed to the large endothermic enthalpy of reduction.
A Lifeline as an ECG

Abstract Life review involves having clients look back over their lives and visualize ups and downs and recognize successes as well as failures. A life review helps clients to identify which coping strategies were effective in the past and which were not effective in dealing with life's problems. A life review helps clients envision new options available in their lives and renews their confidence in handling problems. A lifeline, a tool for a life review, drawn as an ECG (electrocardiogram), exemplified by a vignette, is presented in this article. This is an innovative and adjunct tool, which can be used in psychotherapy with individuals and in group therapy.
On estimating the hydraulic properties of soil, Part 1. Comparison between forms to estimate the soil-water characteristic function

Abstract The hydraulic properties of soil include the soil-water characteristic function [ h ( θ ), in which θ is water content and h is pressure head (suction)], and the hydraulic conductivity function [ K ( θ ) or K ( h )]. These functions are essential to the solution of unsaturated groundwater flow problems. A number of empirical and semiempirical forms have been proposed in the literature to estimate these functions. The present paper employs a nonlinear least-square analysis for comparison between some of the available forms, using a large number of experimental measurements of h ( θ ) for different classes of soil. Suitability of the forms for predicting the hydraulic conductivity function is examined. In the absence of accurate measurements, the paper facilitates modeling by providing estimates for the parameters of the soil-water characteristic function.
THE EFFECT OF HISTOCOMPATIBILITY-2 TYPE ON RESPONSE TO THE FRIEND LEUKEMIA VIRUS IN MICE

Two types of quantitative response to the F-B strain of Friend virus in segregating generations of a cross involving a susceptible (DBA/2 or BALB/c; H-2(2)) and a resistant (C57BL/6; H-2(b)) mouse strain show a marked correlation with the H-2 type of the mice. Essential susceptibility, as determined by the splenomegalic response to high virus doses, is controlled by a single pair of alleles which segregates independently with respect to the H-2 locus. However, relative susceptibility, as determined by the incidence of the splenomegalic response at moderate or low levels of virus dosage, is significantly greater among mice homozygous or heterozygous for the H-2(d) allele than among H-2(b) homozygotes in these populations. In addition, the incidence of recovery from splenomegaly induced by a given level of virus dosage is significantly greater in H-2(b) homozygotes than in segregants of other H-2 types among their littermates. Possible mechanisms responsible for these effects are discussed.
Antimicrobial agents from higher plants: Prenylated flavonoids and other phenols from Glycyrrhiza lepidota

Abstract Bioassay directed fractionation of extracts of American licorice, Glycyrrhiza lepidota (Leguminosae), resulted in identification of the known bibenzyl, 3,5-dihydroxy-4-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-bibenzyl, and the known flavanones, glabranin and pinocembrin, as well as the isolation and structure determination of the new flavonol, glepidotin A and the new dihydroflavonol, glepidotin B as antimicrobial agents.
Attention tasks and EEG power spectra

The authors attempted to observe differences in alpha and beta hemispheric asymmetry during a task in which attention was directed toward input from the environment (intake task) as opposed to tasks that required that environmental events be excluded from the focus of attention (rejection tasks). In comparison to resting, both attention tasks caused a shift in alpha asymmetry ratios toward increased power on the right, with the greatest effect at temporal leads. The only significant difference between attention tasks was a finding of higher alpha power during intake than during rejection. Some characteristics of the EEG during attention indicate potential clinical utility.
Spurious Frequency Rejection

A major problem of superheterodyne receivers is receiver response to undesired frequencies. The magnitude of the spurious response, or the spurious rejection, is computed by assuming that the mixer characteristic is the theoretical exponential form. It is shown that the spurious rejection increases with increased local oscillator power, decreases with increased desired signal power and increases with larger, harmonically derived, spurious responses.
Micro and Nano-Optics in Surface Emitting Lasers

This paper investigates surface emitting lasers using nano- and micro-optics integration for spatial and spectral beam control. Specific results will be presented for beam shaping, anti-reflection coatings and intergrated-wavelength locking schemes for high power devices.
KidSat Kodak moments

The Atlantis space shuttle mission last September was mired in controversy over continued U.S. involvement with Mir. But students at the University of California at San Diego and at 52 U.S. middle schools were too busy for politics. They focused instead on snapping satellite images of rainforest fires in Indonesia, the coastline of Australia, and other features on Earth through a mounted Kodak camera aimed through a shuttle window. The students are participants in NASA's KidSat pilot education program that uses space to teach subjects ranging from mathematics and geography to literature and history. KidSat also brings space exploration to an increasing number of students and makes them feel integral to the mission.
Hypereosinophilic syndrome masking as a hepato-biliary mass

Abstract Rationale Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is characterized by eosinophilia of >1,500 cells/mm 3 present for >6 months and organ damage, most commonly involving the heart, skin and nervous system. Biliary involvement is uncommon. We report a 38 y/o female who presented with abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, eosinophilia, obstructive jaundice and waxing and waning masses that were suspicious for cholangiocarcinoma. Methods Total bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase (ALK) were elevated at 6.1 and 349 respectively. MRI showed narrowing of the mid common hepatic duct with an associated 2.0 × 2.5 cm mass extending towards the pancreatic head. On two occasions cells obtained from the common bile duct by ERCP did not reveal malignant cells. Because of the location of the mass and a high risk of bleeding, no biopsy was attempted. After being lost to follow-up for one year, she returned with a recurrence of abdominal pain and an elevated ALK (229). Repeat MRI showed a 3.0 × 2.4 cm mass around the porta hepatis and a 1.1 × 1.5 cm mass adjacent to the left hepatic duct. The eosinophil count was 8,200 cells/mm 3 . In retrospect, eosinophilia (>11,800 cells/mm 3 ) had been present for >18 months. Prednisone 20 mg qd was instituted for presumed HES. Results Echocardiogram and opthalmologic exam were normal. One week later the eosinophil cound had decreased to 500 cells/mm 3 . Abdominal pain resolved and ALK improved. Follow-up MRI showed the suspected masses had almost completely resolved. Conclusions This case illustrates an unusual hepato-biliary presentation of HES.
Angiography in soft tissue sarcomas

Angiography was performed in 41 patients with histologically proven soft tissue sarcomas that included tumors derived from a variety of cell types and locations. The leiomyosarcomas and sarcomas of uncertain or mixed origin showed extensive neovascularity. Liposarcomas, synovial cell sarcomas, and fibrous histiocytic sarcomas were moderately vascularized. Sarcomas originating from vascular, fibrous, neural, and osseous tissues had variable degrees of vascularity. In nearly all of the cases studied, angiography revealed tumor size, extent, source, and degree of vascularity and helped to determine the degree of malignancy. While angiography does not provide a histologic diagnosis, it plays an important role in patient management when a conservative therapy plan that uses several modalities is followed.
NEUROBEHAVIORAL MEASURES RELATE TO GESTATIONAL MATURITY AND NOT TO HYPOCALCEMIA OF PREMATURITY

NEUROBEHAVIORAL MEASURES RELATE TO GESTATIONAL MATURITY AND NOT TO HYPOCALCEMIA OF PREMATURITY
FEMTOSECOND PHOTODISSOCIATION DYNAMICS OF BIS(JULOLIDINE) DISULFIDE IN POLAR AND APOLAR SOLVENTS

Following femtosecond photodissociation of bis(julolidine) disulfide, the nascent geminate julolidylthiyl radicals are observed with pump/supercontinuum probe spectroscopy. The radicals are formed in a direct process within 130 fs and in a slower process over 1 ps. Two forms of the radical are distinguished by the appearance kinetics and by their spectra in polar solvents. Semiempirical calculations predict a radical doublet state D1, optically dark and with a dipole moment of 2.3 D, close to the bright and more polar ground state D0. The slower dissociation channel is taken to include internal conversion and relaxation within a reactive manifold of excited parent states and possibly between the accessible radical states. Subpicosecond geminate recombination is observed in viscous solvents. A dimer of the radicals is formed on longer time scales; it reacts with free radicals in a second-order reaction.
Realizing the Promise of the Affordable Care Act—January 1, 2014

Along the arduous, confusing, and contentious road to the enactment and implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), no single date stands out as more consequential for the health and well-being of the US public as does January 1, 2014. Barring unforeseen circumstances, this date will stand out as transformational in the annals of US health care reform. On that day, 4 fundamental provisions of the ACA will take effect. First, extension of the “guaranteed issue” provision to all individual health insurance policies inclusive of the elimination of “medical underwriting” in the face of a preexisting condition. Second, implementation of the “individual shared responsibility” provision also known as the “individual mandate.” Third, provision of tax credits and cost-sharing subsidies to middle- and lower-income adults for the purchase of individual health insurance. And fourth, expansion of Medicaid coverage in participating states to include previously ineligible low-income adults. Most Americans, including physicians and other health care professionals, may not appreciate the profound nature of these new realities. This oversight could be attributable to the daily dramas and controversies of the government shutdown, the woes of the HealthCare.gov website, the cancelation of individual health insurance policies, and the establishment of limited physician networks. In this Viewpoint, we assess the significance of the reforms in question and the implications thereof for the US health care system.
Ohmic contacts to n-type GaSb grown on GaAs by the interfacial misfit dislocation technique

ABSTRACT Low resistance ohmic contacts have been successfully fabr icated on n-GaSb layers grown by MBE on semi-insulating (SI) GaAs substrates using the Interfacial Misfit Dislocation (IMF) technique. Although intended for photovoltaic applications, the results are applicable to many antimonide-based devices. The IMF technique enables the growth of epitaxial GaSb layers on semi-insulating GaAs substrates resulting in vertical current confinement not possible on unintentionally doped ~ 1e17 cm -3 p-doped bulk GaSb. Results for low resistance ohmic contacts using NiGeAu, PdGeAu, GeAuNi and GeAuPd metallizations for various temp eratures are reported. Specifi c transfer resistances down to 0.12  -mm and specific contact resistances of < 2e-6  -cm 2 have been observed. Keywords: Ohmic contacts, GaSb, GaAs, Interfacial Misfit Di slocation, TLM pattern, Sp ecific contact resistance 1. INTRODUCTION Antimonide semiconductors such as GaSb and InSb have a great potential to provide heterojunction structures that absorb or emit light in the longer wavelength IR regime. The GaSb lattice parameter is matched with various ternary and quaternary III-V compounds covering bandgaps from 0.3 eV to 1.58 eV