cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A validation study of four Navier-Stokes codes for high-speed flows

A code validation study has been conducted for four different codes for solving the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. Computations for a series of nominally two-dimensional high-speed laminar separated flows were compared with detailed experimental shock-tunnel results. The shock wave-boundary layer interactions considered were induced by a compression ramp in one case and by an externally-generated incident shock in the second case. In general, good agreement was reached between the grid-refined calculations and experiment for the incipient- and small-separation conditions. For the most highly separated flow, three-dimensional calculations which included the finite-span effects of the experiment were required in order to obtain agreement with the data. The finite-span effects were important in determining the extent of separation as well as the time required to establish the steady-flow interaction. The results presented provide a resolution of discrepancies with the experimental data encountered in several recent computational studies.
Synthetic studies on paraherquamide: Regioselectivity of indole oxidation

Abstract Oxidation of indole 2 with tert-butyl hypochlorite followed by hot acetic acid affords a spiro 2-oxindole 3 which serves as a model for the total synthesis of paraherquamide.
Multiscale Modeling of Random Lattices: Critical Issues on Continuum Approximation

In this work, we are concerned that transmission of various boundary conditions through irregular lattices. The boundary conditions are parameterized using trigonometric Fourier series, and it is shown that, under certain conditions, transmission through irregular lattices can be well approximated by that through classical continuum. It is determined that such transmission must involve the wavelength of at least 12 lattice spacings; for smaller wavelength classical continuum approximations become increasingly inaccurate.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Evidence-based Practice in Radiology: Steps 3 and 4—Appraise and Apply Diagnostic Radiology Literature

Several paradigms for evidence-based practice (EBP) exist. One model proposes that specialist academic centers should primarily construct valid guidelines for various topics in medicine (top-down model). An alternative model integrates "the best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values" (bottom-up model). Whereas the former model inherently implies a central specialized process, the latter implies that practitioners working in nonspecialist centers can learn and implement a standardized set of tools with which to ask a question, search and appraise the literature, and then apply best current evidence in a local setting. This article focuses on appraising the literature and applying retrieved results and is part of a series on EBP in radiology. This article describes a clinical scenario in which a new respirologist at a hospital requests indirect computed tomographic (CT) venography as part of a work-up of a patient with a high pretest probability for pulmonary embolism and a positive d-dimer test result. Many controversies surround the technique of indirect CT venography, and difficult topics such as this are ideally suited to the tools of EBP. This article will describe how to approach such a scenario.
Critical Factors Affecting Biological Phosphorus Removal in Dairy Wastewater Treatment Plants

Operational data from nine dairy wastewater plants (DWTPs) in Wisconsin were collected and analyzed to determine reasons for poor enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) efficiency. Several factors affecting EBPR performances in dairy were identified. Since many dairies operate five days a week, DWTPs suffer low F/M ratios during off-days, leading to sludge bulking and unstable EBPR efficiency. The most pronounced factor affecting EBPR performance was uneven organic loading caused by lack of an equalization tank or too a small volume to alleviate the fluctuation in flow and organic loading. The other factor was imbalance of nutrients, especially nitrogen. The other factors include sudden change of pH in a matter of hours and higher temperature (> 30°C) in the summer. The high temperature was thought to shift microbial population and thus lead to the loss of EBPR capability. Unexpected discharge of cleaning solution was another problem causing poor EBPR and COD removal efficiencies. Laboratory-scale tests confirmed the effects of the COD/P ratio (organic loading) and pH on EBPR efficiency. Microscopic examination showed the presence of tetrad-arranged coccoid cells, called G-bacteria in five out of nine DWTPs. Rhodocyclus-related PAOs were also detected from Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis.
Primary Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of the Oral Cavity: Germinal Center Classification

Primary lymphomas of the oral cavity are rare and the most frequent type is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Recently, several reports have highlighted the value of classifying DLBCL into prognostically important subgroups, namely germinal center B-cell like (GCB) and non-germinal center B-cell like (non-GCB) lymphomas based on gene expression profiles and by immunohistochemical expression of CD10, BCL6 and MUM-1. GCB lymphomas tend to exhibit a better prognosis than non-GCB lymphomas. Studies validating this classification have been done for DLBCL of the breast, CNS, testes and GI tract. Therefore we undertook this study to examine if primary oral DLBCLs reflect this trend. We identified 13 cases (age range 38–91 years) from our archives dating from 2003–09. IHC was performed using antibodies against germinal center markers (CD10, BCL6), activated B-cell markers (MUM1, BCL2) and Ki-67 (proliferation marker). Cases were sub-classified as GCB subgroup if CD10 and/or BCL6 were positive and MUM-1, was negative and as non-GCB subgroup if CD10 was negative and MUM-1 was positive. Immunoreactivity was noted in 2/13 cases for CD10, in 12/13 for BCL6, in 8/13 for MUM-1, and in 6/13 for BCL2. Therefore, 8/13 (58%) were sub-classified as non-GCB DLBCLs and 5/13 (42%) as GCB subgroup. All tumors showed frequent labeling with Ki-67 (range 40–95%). Four of the 8 patients with non-GCB subgroup succumbed to their disease, with the mean survival rate of 16 months. Two patients in this group are alive, one with no evidence of disease and another with disease. No information was available for the other 3 patients in this group. Four of the 5 patients in the GCB subgroup were alive with no evidence of disease and one patient succumbed to complications of therapy and recurrent disease after 18 months. In conclusion, our analysis shows that primary oral DLBCL predominantly belongs to the non-GCB subgroup, which tends to exhibit a poorer prognosis. These findings could allow pathologists to provide a more accurate insight into the potential aggressive behavior and poorer prognosis of these lymphomas.
GenNet: A Platform for Hybrid Network Experiments

We describe GenNet, a software plugin for the Real Time Experimental Interface (RTXI) dynamic clamp system that allows for straightforward and flexible implementation of hybrid network experiments. This extension to RTXI allows for hybrid networks that contain an arbitrary number of simulated and real neurons, significantly improving upon previous solutions that were limited, particularly by the number of cells supported. The benefits of this system include the ability to rapidly and easily set up and perform scalable experiments with hybrid networks and the ability to scan through ranges of parameters. We present instructions for installing, running and using GenNet for hybrid network experiments and provide several example uses of the system.
Activation of endothelial TLR2 by bacterial lipoprotein upregulates proteins specific for the neutrophil response

The vascular endothelium is integrally involved in the host response to infection and in organ failure during acute inflammatory disorders such as sepsis. Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial lipoproteins circulate in sepsis and can directly activate the endothelium by binding to endothelial cell (EC) TLR2. In this report, we perform the most comprehensive analysis to date of the immune-related genes regulated after activation of endothelial TLR2 by bacterial di- and triacylated lipopeptides. We found that TLR2 activation specifically induces the expression of the genes IL-6, IL-8, CSF2, CSF3, ICAM1 and SELE by human umbilical vein ECs and human lung microvascular ECs. These proteins participate in neutrophil recruitment, adherence and activation at sites of inflammation. Significantly, our studies demonstrate that TLR2-mediated EC responses are specifically geared towards recruitment, activation, and survival of neutrophils and not mononuclear leukocytes, that ECs do not require priming by other inflammatory stimuli to respond to bacterial lipopeptides and, unlike mononuclear leukocytes, TLR2 agonists do not induce ECs to secrete TNF-a. This study suggests that endothelial TLR2 may be an important regulator of neutrophil trafficking to sites of infection in general, and that direct activation of lung endothelial TLR2 may contribute to acute lung injury during sepsis.
Creation and conservation once more

God is conceived in the Western theistic tradition to be both the Creator and Conservor of the universe. These two roles were typically classed as different aspects of creation, originating creation and continuing creation. On pain of incoherence, however, conservation needs to be distinguished from creation. Contrary to current analyses (such as Philip Quinn's), creation should be explicated in terms of God's bringing something into being, while conservation should be understood in terms of God's preservation of something over an interval of time. The crucial difference is that while conservation presupposes an object of the divine action, creation does not. Such a construal has significant implications for a tensed theory of time.
Committee Power, Leadership, and the Median Voter: Evidence from the Smoking Ban

In an intricate sequence of legislative decisions rich with implications for theories of collective choice, the U.S. House of Representatives in 1987 initiated a smoking ban on all domestic airline flights. Two previous studies--by LaRue and Rothenberg in 1992 and Shipan in 1995--analyzed and interpreted the case as supportive of institutional or committee-power theories. This study reanalyzes the case to assess specific instances of committee-power, leadership, and median-voter theories. Overall, the findings undermine Large and Rothenberg's support for gatekeeping-based committee power; they replicate and extend Shipan's refutation of the hypothesis that majority-party leaders are enforcers of pro-committee institutional arrangements; and they corroborate a variation of median-voter theory. The bulk of evidence is consistent with an unconventionally nonpartisan claim: that the House (analytically, its median voter) chooses and uses procedural arrangements such as its Rules Committee to limit the effective exercise of committee and leadership powers. Copyright 1996 by Oxford University Press.
Aging and dietary restriction effects on ubiquitination, sumoylation, and the proteasome in the heart

Dietary restriction (DR), in the absence of malnutrition, is the only intervention known to reliably increase average and maximal lifespan in a variety of organisms including mammals. Because the effects of DR on the heart are poorly understood, in the present study we examined the effects of DR on the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) in the heart. In these studies we observed that DR significantly reduced age-related impairments in proteasome-mediated protein degradation, and reduced age-related increases in ubiquitinated, oxidized, and sumoylated protein in the heart. Interestingly, DR did not significantly increase the expression of 20S proteasome subunits or the proteasome maturation factor (POMP-1). These data demonstrate for the first time the effects of aging and DR on proteasome biogenesis and sumoylation in the heart. Cumulatively, our data indicate that DR has many beneficial effects towards the UPP in the heart, and suggests that a preservation of the UPP may be a potential mechanism by which DR mediates beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system.
Dynamics of Magnetic Drug Targeting in Cardiovascular Flows

In spite of the level of sophistication and development of medicine, the effective delivery of drugs remains an unsolved problem. The conventional method to deliver drugs is to inject them intravenously to the patient, or administer a pill capsule. The medicine diffuses through the bloodstream without regard to the location of the malady. For many types of diseases, the inefficiency of this method leads to increased dosage requirements, which can cause the patient to experience adverse side effects.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
An Evaluation of the Influence of Seasonal Base Flow and Geomorphic Stream Characteristics on Coastal Plain Stream Fish Assemblages

Abstract Water regulation and use have been identified as important limiting factors influencing stream-dwelling fishes. To develop effective water management strategies, fisheries biologists need tools for assessing the effect of reduced streamflows on fish communities. We studied fish assemblages in the lower Flint River basin, Georgia, during two drought years with very low streamflow (2001–2002) and two postdrought years (2003–2004) with average to above-average streamflow. Fishes were sampled and stream discharge was measured during the spring, summer, and winter of each year. Analysis of fish assemblage metrics indicated that fish species richness and total fish density were strongly and positively related to seasonal 10-d low discharge. However, the effect of discharge varied with stream size and geomorphic channel characteristics, which suggested that a single low-flow standard was unlikely to have the same effect across all streams in the basin. The effect of seasonal base flows also was greater ...
Synthesis of C-3 side-chain carboxylic acid cannabinoid derivatives

Based upon the structural similarities of cannabinoid derivatives which inhibit the biosynthesis of prostaglandins with those of the potent inhibitor, indomethacin, several cannabinoid derivatives possessing C-3 side chain carboxylic acid functionalities were prepared.
Hypoglycemia and psychopathology: A methodological review

Abstract In this article, the authors review the available medical and psychological literature relating hypoglycemia and psychopathology. Issues surrounding the proper assessment of hypoglycemia are discussed. The research suggests that many persons carrying the popular diagnosis of hypoglycemia do not meet stringent diagnostic criteria. However, these inaccurately diagnosed individuals often exhibit psychiatric symptomatology, particularly somatization and depression. Also, many persons exhibiting low blood glucose levels do not report symptoms. The evidence supports a relationship between low and/or rapidly declining blood glucose levels and transient cognitive, affective, and somatic symptoms. The limited evidence does not support a relationship between hypoglycemia and panic disorder, major depression, aggression, or somatizing personality features. Implications for the clinician are discussed.
PLASTICITY AND GENETIC DIVERSITY MAY ALLOW SALTCEDAR TO INVADE COLD CLIMATES IN NORTH AMERICA

Two major mechanisms have been proposed to explain the ability of intro- duced populations to colonize over large habitat gradients, despite significant population bottlenecks during introduction: (1) Broad environmental tolerance—successful invaders possess life history traits that confer superior colonizing ability and/or phenotypic plasticity, allowing acclimation to a wide range of habitats. (2) Local adaptation—successful invaders rapidly adapt to local selective pressures. However, even with bottlenecks, many introduced species exhibit surprisingly high levels of genetic variation and thus the potential for evolutionary increases in invasive traits and plasticity. Here we assess the invasive potential of Tamarix ramosissima, by examining the degree of genetic differentiation within and among populations from the latitudinal extremes of its introduced range. Using growth chamber experiments we examined ecologically important variation in seedlings, both in trait means and their reaction norms across temperature environments. Although we found no genetic variation for gas exchange traits, within or among populations, we did find significant genetic variation for growth traits, both in the trait means and in the degree of plasticity in these traits. Northern ecotypes invested more in roots relative to southern ecotypes but only under low temperatures. Both ecotypes increased shoot investment in warm temperatures. Increased root investment in cold temperatures by northern ecotypes may increase their first winter survival. Genetic differences in seedling root investment may contribute to the ability of this species to successfully tolerate and invade a broader latitudinal range. Our data support a model in which both plasticity and adaptive evolution can contribute to the invasive potential of introduced species.
Development of real-time structural parameter modification (RSPM) systems

In recent years the authors have engaged in the development of a special technology to optimally modify a structure's physical parameters (mass, damping and stiffness) in time- dependent loading conditions. Specific efforts have been devoted to reduce structural responses under seismic loading. In this regard, there are many other research activities dealing with different devices and control algorithms generally classified in the following categories: passive control, active and hybrid control, adaptive control, semi-active control, etc. All together, this newly emerging field of structural control has generated significant momentum of development. Real-time structural parameter modification (RSPM) is a different approach from the categories mentioned above. A detailed explanation of RSPM is given in the references. In this paper, we discuss a number of fundamental issues facing the development of various structural control technologies. These issues are summarized from our development of RSPM, and are examined based on the view that structural control devices may be considered from only two distinct types: material type and mechanical type. Such a view helps to classify some advantages and disadvantages of different structural protective systems including RSPM.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Reagent [K(18-crown-6)][RuH(PPh3)2(η5-7,8-C2B9H11)] as a Precursor to New Ruthenacarborane Complexes†

In ethanol the charge-compensated molecule exo-nido-ruthenacarborane [5,6,10-{RuCl(PPh3)2}-5,6,10-μ-(H)3-10-H-7,8-C2B9H8] reacts with KOH to afford the anionic closo-complex [RuH(PPh3)2(η5-7,8-C2B9H11)]- isolated as its K+ (2a) or [K(18-crown-6)]+ (2b) salt. Treatment of 2a with CO gives [Ru(CO)(PPh3)2(η5-7,8-C2B9H11)] (3a) in high yield; its structure was determined by X-ray crystallography. In contrast 2b reacts with CO to yield the salt [K(18-crown-6)][RuH(CO)(PPh3)(η5-7,8-C2B9H11)] (2d). Reaction of 2b with [RuCl2(PPh3)3] affords [Ru2(μ-H)(H)(PPh3)4(η5-7,8-C2B9H11)] (5), which with CO produces [Ru2(μ-H)(μ-σ: η5-7,8-C2B9H10)(CO)4(PPh3)2] (6), the structure of which was established by X-ray diffraction. The molecule has a metal−metal bond bridged on one side by a hydrido ligand and on the other by a nido-7,8-C2B9H10 fragment. The latter is η5-coordinated to a ruthenium atom ligated by a PPh3 and a CO ligand and is also σ-bonded to the second ruthenium which carries three CO molecules and a PPh3 group. T...
Potential for microbial growth in arid subsurface sediments

To determine if bacterial populations could be increased for bioremediation of contaminants, the microbial growth arising in 200 h from the solid material from the vadose zone at an arid site after addition of water and nutrients was determined. Initial bacterial populations and activities at the site were very low. Bacteria grew in the interbed sands and silts with the higher carbon contents (0.08–1.1%), but did not respond in the basalts and interbed material with lower carbon content (undetectable). In longer term studies, to 30 d, there was evidence for bacterial activity in less than 25% of either the basalts or interbed material.
Sorption of hydrophobic compounds by sediments, soils and suspended solids--I. Theory and background

Abstract This is the first of a two-part series describing the adsorption of hydrophobic pollutants by sediments, soils, and suspended solids. Many pollutants, including a large number of hazardous compounds, are hydrophobic and their environmental behavior varies markedly between sorbed and dissolved states. It is thus necessary to account for sorption reactions in analysis and prediction of the environmental transport and fate of such pollutants. In this first part the energetics of sorption reactions are discussed and models for description of equilibrium relationships are summarized. Factors which affect the sorption of pollutants in natural environmental systems are then considered and evaluated.
Effect of physical ageing on mechanical behaviour of an elastomeric glass under combined pressure and temperature

Abstract The relaxation or physical ageing behaviour of a polyurethane elastomeric glass (Solithane 113, Tg = −20°C at atmospheric pressure) has been studied at various states of pressure and temperature (P, T), near and far away from the glass transition. Those (P, T) states were reached via either isobaric or isothermal paths. The relaxation behaviour of these glasses has been found to be a function of P, T and the path. The Young's modulus (E) has been determined as a function of ageing time. When all the experimental data, obtained at various (P, T) states for a specific path, were replotted in the form of log E vs. 1 P for an isothermal glass and log E vs. 1 T for an isobaric glass, all the curves appear to converge to a specific value of E. The value was chosen as E∞, the ’near-equilibrium’ modulus. The relaxation behaviour was analysed by a parameter δ E = E ∞ −E(P,T,t) E ∞ When δ E ⋍ 1 is used to define a glass transition, the pressure-dependent glass transition lines for isobaric glasses are found to be entirely different from those for isothermal glasses. This may be the result of the pressure rate and temperature rate used. The non-equilibrium behaviour of E of the glass was analysed by an equation analogous to Kovac's equation for the kinetics of relaxation, namely − d δ E (P,T,t) d t = δ E (P,T,t) τ(P,T,δ E ) where δE(P,T) is the relative departure of E(P,T,t) from E∞. In general, the isobaric glasses at a specific state (P,T) relaxed faster, relatively, than isothermal glasses for the experimental conditions of heating rate or pressurization rate.
Evaluation of the System O2 Inc Portable Nonpressurized Oxygen Delivery System

Objective To evaluate the performance of the System O 2 portable non-pressurized delivery system (SysO 2 ). This device produces oxygen through chemical reaction and might have utility for emergency/field use. Methods Performance was evaluated with 10 unmanned trials conducted under standard laboratory conditions. Measures included oxygen flow (mean and peak), total oxygen yield, and system weight-indexed yield. Results Oxygen flow peaked at 5.74±0.28 L·min −1 (mean±SD) at 16.9±1.5 minutes before rapidly falling to zero. Mean flow was 2.98±1.52 L·min −1 with a total yield of 62.9±6.6L. Mean oxygen fraction was 0.96±0.15. The weight per unit of oxygen is substantially higher than for commercially available pressurized cylinders; e.g., 47.7 vs. 10.2 g·L −1 for the small 246L M9 cylinder. Conclusions Given the limited flow rate and supply duration, we believe the SysO 2 system does not offer significant advantage over the available pressurized oxygen systems as a source for emergency oxygen.
Clinal variation in the specific activity of lactate dehydrogenase‐B

LDH-B4 specific activity was determined from Fundulus heteroclitus collected in the field and from laboratory-acclimated fish from four latitudinally distinct populations. The differences in the enzyme activity between populations for both field-caught and laboratory-acclimated fish are significant, with the northern populations having the highest LDH-B4 enzyme activity. This clinal variation in enzyme activity is consistent with an evolutionary mechanism that compensates for lower environmental temperatures in colder northern latitudes.
Investigation of “transovarial transmission” of Rickettsia rickettsii in the wood tick, Dermacentor andersoni

Abstract In a quantitative study of transovarial passage of Rickettsia rickettsii to the progeny of experimentally and naturally infected wood ticks, Dermacentor andersoni , it was found that all infected female ticks tested passed rickettsiae via eggs to almost 100% of their offspring. Infection was retained throughout the filial generation and was again transmitted by all F 1 females tested to 100% of their progeny. Examination of fluorescent-antibody stained sections of ovarian tissues of infected female ticks revealed the presence of rickettsiae in every ovum; organisms were regularly found in the cytoplasm but never in the nuclei of developing eggs. During the study, infectivity of the strains of R. rickettsii remained unchanged, as indicated by inoculation of tick eggs into chick embryos and by feeding of ticks on guinea pigs.
Cardiovascular Objectives for Youth in Healthy People 2000: Update on the Status of Risk Factors

(1996). Cardiovascular Objectives for Youth in Healthy People 2000: Update on the Status of Risk Factors. Journal of Health Education: Vol. 27, No. sup1, pp. S17-S23.
On the origin of andesite in the northern Mariana Island Arc: Implications from Agrigan

Magmatic evolution on the active volcano of Agrigan in the northern Mariana Island Arc is interpreted as resulting in the production of calc-alkaline andesites by the fractional crystallization of high-alumina basalt. Basaltic products predominate, but the ratio of andesites to basalts increases with time up to an event of voluminous andesitic pyroclastic ejection accompanied by caldera-collapse; post-collapse lavas are entirely basaltic. Moderate iron-enrichment is demonstrated for the volcanic suite, with indications of a progressive, pre-caldera decrease in iron-enrichment; post-caldera lavas display a return to moderate Fe-enrichment. Overall, the lavas are enriched in the LIL elements (K, Rb, Ba, Sr) and depleted in Ti, Mg, Cr, and Ni. From the oldest to the youngest pre-caldera volcanic sequence, the LIL elements increase 3-6X while Ca and Mg decrease by 50% or more. Approximately constant K/ Rb (430±60) and 87Sr/86Sr (0.7032–0.7034) indicate consanguinity of the basalts and the andesites. Cumulate plutonic xenoliths, common in the lavas, are composed of mineral phases also encountered as phenocrysts. The following order of crystallization is indicated: olivine; anorthite-bytownite; clinopyroxene; orthopyroxene and titanomagnetite. Co-existing xenolithic olivines (Fo74–83) and plagioclase (An88–96) are typical of calc-alkaline island-arc assemblages and contrast with assemblages in the tholeiites from the Mariana Trough to the west. The relatively fayalitic composition and low abundances of Ni in olivines and Cr in clinopyroxenes indicate equilibrium with an already-fractionated liquid. These data, along with structural evidence, high Ca in the olivines, and comparison of the observed assemblages with experimental studies, suggests that these xenoliths formed as crystal cumulates at the floor of a shallow (≦ 7 km) crustal magma chamber.
A sensitive open field measure of anxiolytic drug activity.

Abstract Anxiolytic drugs including diazepam (DZP), chlordiazepoxide (CDX), pentabarbitol (PB) and ethanol (EtOH) produce specific alterations in the behavior of fasted rats given access to a single food pellet secured in the center of a novel open field environment. These drugs increase the total amount of food eaten in a 15 mind test and the mean amount eaten per approach to the fast food pedestal. This latter appears to be the more sensitive index of anxiolytic drug action and occurs at doses which have no effect on rearing or grooming. DZP was effective following either acute or chronic (15 day) treatment at doses which had no effect on the food consumption by fasted rats tested in their home cages. The effects of the sedative benzodiazepine, flurazepam, were similar to those of DZP but were not statistically significant. Behavioral effects similar to those of DZP were seen in animals received additional handling prior to testing or in animals habituated to the open field. Neither the anti-psychotic haloperidol nor morphine mimicked the actions of DZP.
Custom 1-D CFD Numeric Model of Single-Cell Scale Sample Holder for Scanning Thermal Analysis

Successful cryopreservation protocols have been developed for a limited number of cell types through an extensive amount of experimentation. To optimize current protocols and to develop effective protocols for a larger range of cells and tissues it is imperative that accurate transport models be developed for the cooling process. Such models are dependent on the thermodynamic properties of intracellular and extracellular solutions, including heat capacity, latent heat, and the physical phase change temperatures. Scanning techniques, such as differential-scanning calorimetry (DSC) and differential thermal analysis are effective tools for measuring those thermodynamic properties.It is essential to understand the behavior of the in house fabricated differential-scanning calorimeter given different cooling and warming rates to reassure and validate the obtained experimental results. A 1-D transient CFD code was created in Matlab using Patankar’s theory to not only validate obtained experimental results but aid in optimizing the control system to produce linear cooling and warming rates. A freezing model was also implemented as a subroutine to numerically observe the effect of heat release and absorption of the sample during a run. The numeric model is composed of a multilayer scheme that incorporates a thermoelectric module which provides the primary temperature control along with the micron sized bridge with sample holder and thermocouple. An electric current profile is imported in from either an experimental run to validate results or from an optimization program to determine the optimum electrical current profile for a desired temperature profile. Numeric detection of heat capacity, latent heat, and thermal resistance has also been demonstrated.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
SGBEM modeling of fatigue crack growth in particulate composites

The symmetric-Galerkin boundary element method (SGBEM) has previously been employed to model 2-D crack growth in particulate composites under quasi-static loading conditions. In this paper, an initial attempt is made in extending the simulation technique to analyze the interaction between a growing crack and clusters of perfectly bonded particles in a brittle matrix under cyclic loading conditions. To this end, linear elastic fracture mechanics and no hysteresis are assumed. Of particular interest is the role clusters of inclusions play on the fatigue life of particulate composites. The simulations employ a fatigue crack growth prediction tool based upon the SGBEM for multiregions, a modified quarter-point crack-tip element, the displacement correlation technique for evaluating stress intensity factors, a Paris law for fatigue crack growth rates, and the maximum principal stress criterion for crack-growth direction. The numerical results suggest that this fatigue crack growth prediction tool is as robust as the quasi-static crack growth prediction tool previously developed. The simulations also show a complex interplay between a propagating crack and an inclusion cluster of different densities when it comes to predicting the fatigue life of particulate composites with various volume fractions.
Mercury control technologies for coal combustion and gasification systems

Abstract Development and testing of mercury control technologies have largely focused on coal-fired combustion systems, with less emphasis on advanced power systems. Mercury control is influenced by coal properties and chemistry, plant configuration, pollution control devices, flue gas conditions, and plant operations, which differ between combustion and gasification systems. Sorbents such as treated activated carbons have shown promising results in low-temperature environments; however, elevated temperature and reducing environments of many advanced systems remain challenging, requiring research and development to obtain acceptable mercury control levels. Concurrent pollutant/multipollutant control strategies that include CO2 control are critically needed for both conventional and advanced power systems.
Crystalline perfection of high purity synthetic diamond crystal

Crystalline quality of high purity synthetic diamond crystals (type IIa) with impurities less than 0.1 ppm grown by a temperature gradient method under high-pressure and high-temperature has been investigated in detail. The crystal defects and internal strains of the synthetic type IIa diamonds were studied by double-crystal X-ray rocking curve measurement, polarizing microscopy, X-ray topography and Raman spectroscopy. The synthetic type IIa diamonds were found to have high crystalline quality with fewer crystal defects, less internal strain and less variation in defects among crystals than those of natural diamonds or synthetic type Ib diamonds. However, in the synthetic type IIa diamond crystal some line and plane defects were observed. It was found that by using strain-free and low defect crystals for the seeds, the line defects (dislocation bundles) could be removed, thereby improving the crystalline quality of the synthetic type IIa diamonds.
Y chromosome loss in esophageal carcinoma: an in situ hybridization study.

Carcinoma of the esophagus shows a strong male predominance and other epidemiologic differences from cancers arising at other sites. In this study, the prevalence of Y chromosome loss in 29 carcinomas of the esophagus and 53 carcinomas arising elsewhere in the aerodigestive tract was assessed by in situ hybridization of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Absence of the Y chromosome was defined as (1) negative staining for Y in neoplastic cells with positive staining for Y in immediately adjacent nonneoplastic epithelial and stromal cells, (2) positive staining of neoplastic cells with control probes for chromosomes X and 17, and (3) similar results at different stringencies and levels of protein digestion. According to these criteria, absence of the Y chromosome was observed in 13 of 14 (93%) adenocarcinomas of the esophagus, 8 of 13 (62%) squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus, and 5 of 53 (9%) carcinomas arising in other sites. For the neoplasms examined, Y chromosome deletion was strongly and selectively associated with carcinomas, particularly adenocarcinomas, of the esophagus (P < .0001). These findings suggest that Y chromosome loss may be pathogenetically significant in these neoplasms. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Path Constraints in Semistructured Databases

We investigate a class of path constraints that is of interest in connection with both semistructured and structured data. In standard database systems, constraints are typically expressed as part of the schema, but in semistructured data there is no explicit schema and path constraints provide a natural alternative. As with structured data, path constraints on semistructured data express integrity constraints associated with the semantics of data and are important in query optimization. We show that in semistructured databases, despite the simple syntax of the constraints, their associated implication problem is r.e. complete and finite implication problem is co-r.e. complete. However, we establish the decidability of the implication and finite implication problems for several fragments of the path constraint language and demonstrate that these fragments suffice to express important semantic information such as extent constraints, inverse relationships, and local database constraints commonly found in object-oriented databases.
Static and dynamic properties of crystalline phases of two-dimensional electrons in a strong magnetic field

We study the cohesive energy and elastic properties as well as normal modes of the Wigner and bubble crystals of the two-dimensional electron system in higher Landau levels. Using a simple Hartree-Fock approach, we show that the shear moduli (${c}_{66}$'s) of these electronic crystals show a nonmonotonic behavior as a function of the partial filling factor ${\ensuremath{\nu}}^{*}$ at any given Landau level, with ${c}_{66}$ increasing for small values of ${\ensuremath{\nu}}^{*}$, before reaching a maximum at some intermediate filling factor ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{m}^{*}$, and monotonically decreasing for ${\ensuremath{\nu}}^{*}g{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{m}^{*}$. We also go beyond previous treatments, and study how the phase diagram and elastic properties of electron solids are changed by the effects of screening by electrons in lower Landau levels, and by a finite thickness of the experimental sample. The implications of these results on microwave resonance experiments are briefly discussed.
Pion scattering from a polarized target

This report describes the use of a target containing polarized protons in a particle-scattering experiment. Positive pions of 246-MeV kinetic energy were scattered from the polarized protons. The parameter P that was measured is equivalent to that determined by analyzing the recoil-proton polarization in scattering from an unpolarized target. It has been measured to a higher accuracy than heretofore achieved in pion-proton scattering, at an energy and at angles inconvenient for double-scattering techniques.
Development of a UV stimulator for installed system testing of aircraft missile warning systems

Missile warning systems (MWS) present unique problems for hardware-in- the-loop (HITL) testing compared to other sensors found on modern day military aircraft and ground vehicles. End-to-end testing of a UV MWS like the AN/AAR-47 and other non-imagine MWS require a stimulator capable of large intensity dynamic range, moderate temporal response, and the capability to provide simultaneous optical signatures to all four systems sensors. These requirements dictate a different type of stimulator than is normally used with more conventional UV, visible, and IR imaging systems using imaging sensors and relatively narrow fields of view (FOV) on the other of 10-30 degrees. This paper describes both the requirements for a non-imaging UV MWS and the design used to satisfies the requirement for hardware and software testing of the AN/AAR-47 and other non-imaging UV MWS equipment.
A Procedure for Dimensionality Analyses of Response Data from Various Test Designs

In some popular test designs (including computerized adaptive testing and multistage testing), many item pairs are not administered to any test takers, which may result in some complications during dimensionality analyses. In this paper, a modified DETECT index is proposed in order to perform dimensionality analyses for response data from such designs. It is proven in this paper that under certain conditions, the modified DETECT can successfully find the dimensionality-based partition of items. Furthermore, the modified DETECT index is decomposed into two parts, which can serve as indices of the reliability of results from the DETECT procedure when response data are judged to be multidimensional. A simulation study shows that the modified DETECT can successfully recover the dimensional structure of response data under reasonable specifications. Finally, the modified DETECT procedure is applied to real response data from two-stage tests to demonstrate how to utilize these indices and interpret their values in dimensionality analyses.
Robust measurement design for detecting sparse signals: Equiangular uniform tight frames and grassmannian packings

Detecting a sparse signal in noise is fundamentally different from reconstructing a sparse signal, as the objective is to optimize a detection performance criterion rather than to find the sparsest signal that satisfies a linear observation equation. In this paper, we consider the design of low-dimensional (compressive) measurement matrices for detecting sparse signals in white Gaussian noise. We use a lexicographic optimization approach to maximize the worst-case signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). More specifically, we find an optimal solution for a k-sparse signal among optimal solutions subject to sparsity level k − 1. We show that for all sparse signals, columns of the optimal measurement matrix must form a uniform tight frame. For 2-sparse signals, the smallest angle among angles between element pairs of this frame must be maximized. In this case, the optimal solution matrix is an optimal Grassmannian packing. For k-sparse signals where k > 2, the largest angle among such angles must be as close to the maximum smallest angle as possible. We show that under certain conditions, columns of the optimal measurement matrix form an equiangular uniform tight frame. For this case, we derive an expression for the maximal SNR in the worst-case scenario, as a function of the signal dimension and the number of measurements.
Adequacy of sampling trains and analytical procedures used for fluoride

Abstract Liquid nitrogen-cooled cold-traps were used to establish the collection efficiency for fluorides of two different source sampling trains at primary aluminum reduction plants and wet-process phosphoric acid plants. It was found that the glass frit filter support commonly used in stationary source sampling trains retained fluoride during sampling; therefore, the filter should not be placed before the impingers when sampling for fluoride. Also described are the results of a collaborative test on two standard distillation procedures for fluorides: sulfuric acid distillation and steam distillation from perchloric acid. The results show that the predominant source of imprecision in both methods is the distillation step itself.
The Factorial Validity of the Teacher Occupational Stress Factor Questionnaire for the Teacher of the Gifted.

The study was conducted to determine the construct validity of the Teacher Occupational Stress Factor Questionnaire (TOSFQ). The instrument was administered to a sample of 144 elementary school tea...
Backstepping boundary control of Navier-Stokes channel flow: a 3D extension

We present an extension from 2D to 3D of a boundary control law which stabilizes the parabolic profile of an infinite channel flow. In this 3D case, we include an additional controller in the spanwise direction which, similar to the streamwise and wall normal velocity controllers, actuates solely along one boundary. The controller that acts in the wall normal direction transforms the system into a strict feedback form. The streamwise and spanwise controllers decouple the normal vorticity from the normal velocity and then stabilize the normal velocity. This result guarantees exponential stability in the L2 sense of the linearized Navier-Stokes equations.
Criminalizing Attractions: Perceptions of Stalking and the Stalker

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the conceptualization of the predatory stalker came to the forefront of the criminal concerns imagined by the American public. With this growing public concern and the associated media coverage, legislation designed to enhance punishments against those who might stalk became a political asset and a significant plank for reelection campaigns. Adequate definition for the phenomena, however, has yet to be established, and idiosyncratic application of the law at the policing level remains a problem. This study works toward providing a better definition of the problem from the public’s perspective. Variables significant to the definition of the problem were identified and used in survey work to assess their importance in the individual’s interpretation of the stalking label. Several of these variables are significantly tied to the individual’s willingness to ascribe a stalking label to a given behavioral transaction.
k-anycast game in selfish networks

Conventionally, the majority of network routing protocols assume that every network terminal or link forwards data for others without any deviation. However, this may not be true when the terminals or links are owned by individual selfish users, who always tries to maximize their own benefits instead of faithfully following a prescribed protocol. In this paper, we propose a new routing protocol, called k-anycast routing, that works well even if network links (or terminals or both) are selfish. In our protocol, the source node first finds a tree that spans k receivers out of a set of possible receivers and pay the relay links to compensate their costs. We prove that every relay link follows the routing protocol: it maximizes its profit when it declares its actual cost
Basolateral localization of Na++K+-ATPase in gill epithelium of two osmoregulating crabs, Callinectes sapidus and Carcinus maenas

Although Na+ + K+-dependent ATPase, the enzymatic equivalent of the sodium pump, is thought to be restricted to the basolateral membrane of nearly all ion-transporting epithelial cells, its absence from basolateral membranes of crustacean epithelia and/or its presence in apical membranes have been suggested by evidence from other laboratories. However, ultracytochemical localization of K+-dependent, ouabain-sensitive p-nitrophenylphosphatase (p-NPPase), using the method of Mayahara et al. ('80), indicated that Na+ + K+-ATPase resides predominantly in the basolateral membrane of thick epithelial cells from gill lamellae of two euryhaline crabs, Callinectes sapidus and Carcinus maenas. Crab gill is therefore not unique in its Na+ + K+-ATPase distribution and may be used as a model for experiments designed to investigate mechanisms of transepithelial Na+ uptake.
Diffuse-interface description of strain-dominated morphology of critical nuclei in phase transformations

A diffuse interface model combined with the minimax technique is implemented to predict the morphology of critical nuclei during solid to solid phase transformations in both two and three dimensions. It takes into account the anisotropic interfacial energy as well as the anisotropic long-range elastic interactions. It is demonstrated that the morphology of critical nuclei in cubically anisotropic solids can be efficiently predicted by the computational model without a priori assumptions. A particular example of cubic to cubic transformation within the homogeneous modulus approximation is considered. The effect of elastic energy contribution on the size and shape of a critical nucleus is studied. It is shown that strong elastic energy interactions may lead to critical nuclei with a wide variety of shapes, including plates, needles and cuboids with non-convex interfaces.