cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vascular laboratory accreditation for ultrasound

R adiology emergency services cover a wide swath of activity. Some vascular emergencies, such as peripheral graft dysfunction and carotid critical stenosis, are best initially defined wi th ultrasound. Vascular imaging is performed by radiologists, vascular surgeons, neurologists, and others. Radiologists must be ready to meet the challenge of health care reform and incursions upon their territory by other practitioners. One way to stem the tide of these incursions is to be the best qualified provider; to that end, accreditation of the vascular laboratory where the ultrasound studies are performed is a measure of that quality of performance. In order to monitor quality of performance in these examinations and to develop standards of appropriate practice, the InterSocietal Commission for the Accreditation of Vascular Laboratories (ICAVL) was formed. The Commission is a consortium of organizational representatives nonfinated by the individual societies and elected by the Board. The current membership of the Board of Directors includes delegates from the:
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: new progress, new questions

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are uncommon but important mesenchymal tumors of the GI tract. They are occasionally encountered on routine endoscopy examinations, when identification may present a diagnostic dilemma. The malignant form, fortunately rare, is typically aggressive and resistant to treatment. This paper reviews several important advances over the past several years in the diagnosis and treatment of GIST, as well as in understanding of its pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has emerged as the diagnostic measure of choice in the evaluation of submucosal tumors of the GI tract, and EUS criteria have been devised for the identification and characterization of GIST. EUS can also guide needle aspiration of these lesions to obtain diagnostic tissue. The discovery of mutations in a membrane transduction receptor, KIT, has led to greater understanding of the pathogenesis of this tumor and has even provided clues to its cell of origin. Moreover, a unique therapeutic agent, imatinib, has been devised that specifically targets the aberrant KIT receptor and has demonstrated dramatic therapeutic efficacy in this otherwise resistant malignancy. Additional strides have been made in developing consensus definitions for GIST and for their laparoscopic resection. SUMMARY Major advances in GIST diagnosis and treatment have occurred during the past several years and have improved the care of patients with all forms of this tumor.
ESTIMATION OF THE EFFECT OF PARTIAL CLOUD COVER ON THE RADIATION RECEIVED BY THE NIMBUS HRIR

Abstract A theoretical technique was employed to compute the magnitude of the effect of cloud interference on the Nimbus High Resolution Infrared Radiometer (HRIR) data. A comparative study using HRIR and ground truth data suggests that the derived results could be used successfully as an analysis tool to discriminate cloud-contaminated temperatures from clear-sky temperatures provided an estimate of the cloud cover and type is available.
Skeletal muscle abnormalities in patients with affective disorders.

Abstract Fourteen of 17 manic-depressive patients had pathological levels of serum creatine phosphokinase (SCPK) activity as did 2 of 3 patients with psychotic depressions. Nine patients had elevated SCPK levels at admission, the elevations persisting for an average of 6 days after admission. Seven patients had their first increase in SCPK levels after admission. The median elevated SCPK activity was 3 times the upper limit of normal. Only the skeletal muscle isoenzyme of CPK was found in the sera. Serum aldolase (SAld) activity was increased in 8 of 14 manic-depressive patients and 1 of 3 psychotically depressed patients. Ten other serum enzymes were not increased in the patients with affective psychoses. Three of 6 hypomanic patients had slight increases in SCPK levels. Twenty-six, non-psychotic, depressed patients all had normal SCPK and SAld levels throughout hospitalization. Nine of 30 first-degree relatives of patients with acute affective psychoses had persistent, slightly increased SCPK levels. Ten of 17 patients with affective psychoses had abnormal skeletal muscle biopsies. None of the muscle biopsies from 18 patients with neurotic depressive illness were abnormal. The implications of finding a biological abnormality which is partially successful in distinguishing psychotic from non-psychotic affective disorders, and which is common to all the so-called “functional” psychoses is discussed.
Transnational sexual and gendered violence: an application of border sexual conquest at a Mexico—US border

Drawing on transnational and postcolonial feminism, we discuss the phenomenon of border sexual conquest to highlight structural sexual and gendered violence that is exacerbated by the subjugation of local place and by the global political economy. While we have gained important insights from the literature on gender and transnationalism, the processes of sexual violence and gendered violence are underdeveloped. We focus our analysis on the Mexico—US border cities of Cuidad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico and El Paso, Texas, USA. We argue that what we call border sexual conquest confronts the feminicides in Juarez and the female proletariats on both sides of the border. Moreover, while structural violence approaches under theorize struggles over power, the perspective of border sexual conquest highlights how processes of conquest intertwine with women's resistance.
First Experience with CarTorrent in a Real Vehicular Ad Hoc Network Testbed

Content sharing using cooperative peer-to-peer model has become increasingly more popular in a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). The small transmission window from a vehicle to an access point (AP), high mobility of vehicles, and intermittent and short-lived connectivity to an AP provide incentives for vehicles to cooperate with one another to obtain information from the Internet. These characteristics of VANETs naturally stipulate the use of cooperative peer-to-peer paradigm and motivate related content sharing application such as CarTorrent. Building upon previous research on SPAWN [6, 1], we have implemented CarTorrent and deployed it on a real VANET. We have run extensive field tests to affirm the feasibility of the peer-to-peer file sharing application tailored to VANET. To the best of our knowledge, the deployment of such a content sharing application on a real vehicular ad hoc testbed is the first of its kind.
Endothelial and neuronal nitric oxide synthases variably modulate the oestrogen-mediated control of blood pressure and cardiovascular autonomic control

1. We have shown previously that long-term oestrogen (E2) replacement lowers blood pressure (BP) and improves cardiovascular autonomic control in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. In the present study, we investigated whether constitutive and/or inducible (i) nitric oxide synthase (NOS) modulate these E2 effects. 2. We evaluated changes in BP, myocardial contractility index (dP/dtmax ) and power spectral indices of haemodynamic variability following selective inhibition of endothelial (e) NOS with N(5)-(1-iminoethyl)-L-ornithine (L-NIO), neuronal (n) NOS with N(ω)-propyl-L-arginine (NPLA) or iNOS with 1400W in telemetered OVX rats treated for 16 weeks with (OVXE2) or without (control; OVXC) E2. 3. The OVXE2 rats exhibited: (i) reduced BP and increased dP/dtmax ; (ii) cardiac parasympathetic dominance, as reflected by the reduced low-frequency (LF; 0.25-0.75 Hz)/high-frequency (HF; 0.75-3 Hz) ratio of interbeat intervals (IBI(LF/HF)); and (iii) reduced LF oscillations of systolic BP, suggesting a reduced vasomotor sympathetic tone. Inhibition of eNOS (L-NIO; 20 mg/kg, i.p.) elicited a shorter-lived pressor response in OVXE2 than OVXC, rats along with reductions in dP/dtmax and increases in the spectral index of spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (index α). Treatment with 1 mg/kg, i.p., NPLA reduced BP and increased the IBI(LF/HF) ratio in OVXE2 but not OVXC rats. The iNOS inhibitor 1400W (5 mg/kg, i.p.) caused no haemodynamic changes in OVXC or OVXE2 rats. 4. Overall, constitutive NOS isoforms exert restraining tonic modulatory BP effects that encompass eNOS-mediated reductions and nNOS-mediated elevations in BP in OVXE2 rats. Baroreflex facilitation and dP/dtmax reductions may account for the shorter pressor action of L-NIO in E2-treated, compared with untreated, OVX rats.
Parental Divorce and Romantic Attachment in Young Adulthood: Important Role of Problematic Beliefs

In the current study 45 university students with either divorced or continuously married parents were surveyed about their romantic attachment, positive emotionality, depressive symptomology, self-esteem, and, when applicable, their retrospective beliefs about their parents’ marital dissolution. Findings revealed that parental divorce did not predict attachment insecurity, depression, or low self-esteem. In fact, adult children of divorced parents (ACDP) reported increased compassion, awe, enthusiasm, and perspective taking. Among ACDP, a composite factor representing increased fear of abandonment, peer rejection, and maternal blame was positively associated with adult attachment anxiety, even while controlling for parental conflict and divorce-related socioenvironmental disruption. Results are discussed in terms of their support of a complex understanding of the long-term effects of parental divorce, and in their inconsistency with a purely pathogenic model of parental divorce.
Generalisation of nodal analysis

A partial hybrid approach to circuit analysis is presented, which combines node-to-datam variables with other variables selected by necessity or for convenience. This approach permits voltage sources and current-controlled elements to be incorporated into the circuit while requiring only a comparatively small circuit matrix.
Coinfection with HIV and Tropical Infectious Diseases. I. Protozoal Pathogens

The brunt of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic has been borne disproportionately by resource-poor regions of the world, where tropical infectious diseases continue to hold greatest sway. As a result, our understanding of the epidemiological, biological, and clinical interactions between HIV and tropical pathogens has lagged, compared with our understanding of the interactions between HIV and pathogens that are common in the industrialized world. Because of the current rapid expansion of HIV care in the tropics, with increasing resources being made available, an overview of the available data is timely. Tropical protozoa are discussed here; other tropical pathogens are discussed in a related mini-review in this issue of Clinical Infectious Diseases.
The Vierbein Is Irrelevant in Perturbation Theory

Proper gauge fixing permits the elimination of the vierbein in favor of the metric as the field variable of gravity even when fermions are present. The result is a much simpler computational formalism which is nonetheless background field invariant and possesses all the usual constraints of symmetry, locality, and canonical field dimension.
The mechanism of frictional motion and its effects at 4.2 K in superconducting magnet winding models

Abstract Frictional sliding occurs on both a microscopic and a macroscopic scale. Sliding on a microscopic scale appears as discrete events called microslips. Microslips are inherent in all sliding events and are quite different from macroscopic instabilities such as stick-slips. It is thought that the training effect observed in quench current data from a superconducting braid may be caused by microslips. The mechanisms of sliding motion and its effects at 4.2 K were studied in detail for a number of metal/insulator pairs that model superconducting magnet windings; the results impact the performance of superconducting magnets. Organic surface coating materials are generally effective in eliminating macroscopic instabilities. Instrumentation used in these experiments includes a high-resolution extensometer and an acoustic emission sensor, both with sensitivities capable of detecting microslips (∼ 1 μm).
β-Cyclodextrin-poly(β-Amino Ester) Nanoparticles for Sustained Drug Delivery across the Blood–Brain Barrier

Novel biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles composed of β-cyclodextrin and poly(β-amino ester) segments have been developed for sustained drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The nanoparticles have been synthesized by cross-linking β-cyclodextrin with poly(β-amino ester) via the Michael addition method. The chemical, physical, and degradation properties of the nanoparticles have been characterized by matrix-assisted laser desoption/ionization time-of-flight, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, dynamic light scattering, and atomic force microscopy techniques. Bovine and human brain microvascular endothelial cell monolayers have been constructed as in vitro BBB models. Preliminary results show that the nanoparticles do not affect the integrity of the in vitro BBB models, and the nanoparticles have much higher permeability than dextran control across the in vitro BBB models. Doxorubicin has been loaded into the nanoparticles with a loading efficiency of 86%, and can be released from the nanoparticles for at least one month. The developed β-cyclodextrin-poly(β-amino ester) nanoparticles might be useful as drug carriers for transporting drugs across the BBB to treat chronic diseases in the brain.
Pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes: An overview of molecular and non-molecular aspects of the disease

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of clonal disorders arising from hematopoietic stem cells generally characterized by inefficient hematopoiesis, dysplasia in one or more myeloid cell lineages, and variable degrees of cytopenias. Most MDS patients are diagnosed in their late 60s to early 70s. The estimated incidence of MDS in the United States and in Europe are 4.3 and 1.8 per 100,000 individuals per year, respectively with lower rates reported in some Asian countries and less well estimated in other parts of the world. Evolution to acute myeloid leukemia can occur in 10-15% of MDS patients. Three drugs are currently approved for the treatment of patients with MDS: immunomodulatory agents (lenalidomide), and hypomethylating therapy [HMT (decitabine and 5-azacytidine)]. All patients will eventually lose their response to therapy, and the survival outcome of MDS patients is poor (median survival of 4.5 months) especially for patients who fail (refractory/relapsed) HMT. The only potential curative treatment for MDS is hematopoietic cell transplantation. Genomic/chromosomal instability and various mechanisms contribute to the pathogenesis and prognosis of the disease. High throughput genetic technologies like single nucleotide polymorphism array analysis and next generation sequencing technologies have uncovered novel genetic alterations and increased our knowledge of MDS pathogenesis. We will review various genetic and non-genetic causes that are involved in the pathogenesis of MDS.
Decisions that influence outcomes in the distant future

An alternative solution to the classic social discount problem of making decisions that influence outcomes on future generations is presented. The methodology assumes that individuals in the current generation are the decisionmakers. The decision criterion is net willingness to pay, computed from current individuals, preferences for their own consumption and the well-being of others, including those in the future. Unlike cost-benefit analysis the approach assumes that decisions are made by a “social brokerage firm” acting consistently with the voluntary choices of individuals. An example of the federal government's decision whether to store helium underground for the future is used to compare the proposed approach with the use of social discount rates.
A brand new mechanism for copper toxicity

Liver cell death and anemia in Wilson disease involve acid sphingomyelinase and ceramide. Lang PA, Schenck M, Nicolay JP, Becker JU, Kempe DS, Lupescu A, Koka S, Eisele K, Klarl BA, Rubben H, Schmid KW, Mann K, Hildenbrand S, Hefter H, Huber SM, Wieder T, Erhardt A, Haussinger D, Gulbins E, Lang F. Wilson disease is caused by accumulation of Cu(2+) in cells, which results in liver cirrhosis and, occasionally, anemia. Here, we show that Cu(2+) triggers hepatocyte apoptosis through activation of acid sphingomyelinase (Asm) and release of ceramide. Genetic deficiency or pharmacological inhibition of Asm prevented Cu(2+)-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and protected rats, genetically prone to develop Wilson disease, from acute hepatocyte death, liver failure and early death. Cu(2+) induced the secretion of activated Asm from leukocytes, leading to ceramide release in and phosphatidylserine exposure on erythrocytes, events also prevented by inhibition of Asm. Phosphatidylserine exposure resulted in immediate clearance of affected erythrocytes from the blood in mice. Accordingly, individuals with Wilson disease showed elevated plasma levels of Asm, and displayed a constitutive increase of ceramide- and phosphatidylserine-positive erythrocytes. Our data suggest a previously unidentified mechanism for liver cirrhosis and anemia in Wilson disease. [Abstract reproduced by permission of Nat Med 2007;13:164–170]
Effect of evaporation and freezing on the salt paragenesis and habitability of brines at the Phoenix landing site

Abstract The WCL (Wet Chemistry Lab) instrument on board the Phoenix Lander identified the soluble ionic composition of the soil at the landing site. However, few studies have been conducted to understand the parent salts of these soluble ions. Here we studied the possible salt assemblages at the Phoenix landing site using two different thermodynamic models: FREZCHEM and Geochemist's Workbench (GWB). Two precipitation pathways were used: evaporation ( T > 0 °C using both FREZCHEM and GWB) and freezing ( T 0 °C using only FREZCHEM). Through applying three different models of initial ionic concentrations (from sulfate to chlorate/perchlorate dominated), we calculated the resulting precipitated minerals. The results—through both freezing and evaporation—showed some common minerals that precipitated regardless of the ionic initial concentration. These ubiquitous minerals are magnesium chlorate hexahydrate Mg(ClO3)2⋅6H2O, potassium perchlorate (KClO4) and gypsum (CaSO4⋅2H2O). Other minerals evidence specific precipitation pathway. Precipitation of highly hydrated salts such as meridianiite (MgSO4⋅11H2O) and MgCl2⋅12H2O indicate freezing pathway, while precipitation of the low hydrated salts (anhydrite, kieserite and epsomite) indicate evaporation. The present hydration states of the precipitated hydrated minerals probably reflect the ongoing thermal processing and recent seasonally varying humidity conditions at the landing site, but these hydration states might not reflect the original depositional conditions. The simulations also showed the absence of Ca-perchlorate in all models, mainly because of the formation of two main salts: KClO4 and gypsum which are major sinks for ClO−4 and Ca2+ respectively. Finally, in consideration to the Martian life, it might survive at the very low temperatures and low water activities of the liquids formed. However, besides the big and widely recognized challenges to life posed by those extreme environmental parameters (especially low water activity), another main challenge for any form of life in such an environment is to maintain contact with the small droplets of the stable liquids in the regolith and to interact with life in other isolated droplets.
Analysis of Optical- and Inelastic-Electron-Scattering Data. II. Application to Al*†

Optical and electron energy-loss data for aluminum between 0.04 and 72 eV have been critically analyzed and used to test the validity of models for ∊(ω), the complex frequency-dependent dielectric constant. Experimental data and models for ∊(ω) can be effectively compared by use of a nonlinear least-squares computer program and, at least in simple cases, the model parameters have physical significance. Though aluminum has been widely regarded as a relatively ideal free-electron metal, it has been found that a Drude model for ∊(ω) does not adequately describe the observed data. Deviations from the Drude model for photon energies greater than about 1 eV have been interpreted in terms of the effects of interband-electronic transitions and a significant L-shell contribution to the real part of ∊(ω) between 10 and 72 eV. From a fit of reflectance data between 0.2 and 12 eV it has been possible to derive parameters describing the interband-transition contribution ∊(b)(ω) to ∊(ω); the imaginary part of ∊(b)(ω) does not differ significantly from calculations based on the aluminum band structure. Optical constants have been derived in the range of fit and agree closely with the measurements of Hass and Waylonis between 1.9 and 5.6 eV. For photon energies less than 0.2 eV, the reflectance data can be fitted by the empirical formulation of Roberts. The optical absorption for photon energies greater than 12 eV is monotonic and greater than that expected from the tails of the electronic transitions at 1.5–2 eV.
Responses to confinement: an investigation of sensory deprivation, social isolation, restriction of movement and set factors.

An attempt was made to investigate the interactive roles of social isolation, movement restriction, and prior information in the sensory deprivation experiment. 20 Ss were put into an 8-hr. sensory deprivation condition and 20 other Ss into an 8-hr. social isolation (with sensory stimulation) condition. All Ss were also seen on a non-confined control day in the laboratory. The order of the control and experimental days was counterbalanced within each group. These groups were compared with other groups with less movement restriction. The results indicated that the interaction between confinement and familiarity-uncertainty set produced psychological stress effects. Sensory deprivation and uncertainty produced “primary-process” effects; movement restriction enhanced these effects and produced additional discomfort and more autonomic arousal.
A comparison of interactions between stuttering children, nonstuttering children, and their mothers

Abstract Conversations between eight stuttering children, eight nonstuttering children, and their respective mothers were observed, recorded, and analyzed. Results indicate that mothers of stutterers made significantly more demands, commands, and requests when talking with their children; on the other hand, mothers of nonstutterers uttered more statements. Additional findings reveal that the stuttering children were more verbal, while their nonstuttering peers communicated more frequently with gestures and other means of expression. The data are discussed in light of theories that parent-child interactions are critical to the onset and development of stuttering. Implications for clinical management of young stutterers are presented.
Diffuse Optical Tomography

Diffuse optical tomography of tissue can be used to characterize molecular features of tissue during detection, diagnosis, or management of cancer therapy. This tutorial will review the process and current applications in the field.
A randomized trial comparing heparin initiation 6 h or 24 h after pacemaker or defibrillator implantation

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this randomized study was to evaluate the prevalence of pocket hematomas in patients treated with heparin 6 h or 24 h after pacemaker or defibrillator implantation. BACKGROUND The risks of pocket hematoma and need for evacuation after device implantation have not been defined in patients who require anticoagulation. METHODS Forty-nine consecutive patients with an indication for anticoagulation with heparin after implantable defibrillator or pacemaker implantation were randomized to receive intravenous heparin either 6 h (n = 26) or 24 h (n = 23) postoperatively. Both groups also received warfarin on a daily basis starting the evening of surgery. Twenty-eight patients who received postoperative warfarin alone and 115 patients who did not receive anticoagulation were followed up in a study registry. RESULTS A pocket hematoma developed in 6 of 26 patients (22%) who were treated with intravenous heparin 6 h postoperatively, as compared with 4 of 23 patients (17%) who were treated with intravenous heparin 24 h postoperatively (p = 0.7). In total, a pocket hematoma developed in 10 of 49 patients (20%) treated with heparin, 1 of 28 patients (4%) treated with warfarin alone and 2 of 115 (2%) patients who received no anticoagulation (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Intravenous heparin initiation 6 h or 24 h after pacemaker or defibrillator implantation is associated with a 20% prevalence of pocket hematoma formation. Warfarin therapy or no anticoagulation is associated with only a 2% to 4% risk of pocket hematoma formation.
Preoperative Risk Evaluation and Assessment

The primary goal of fast track protocols is to enhance postoperative recovery by decreasing morbidity, mortality, length of stay, and return to full function. An important component of limiting postoperative morbidity and mortality is evaluating and assessing preoperative risk. The underlying medical conditions of patients as well as their functional status form a big component of preoperative risk, which in turn is a determinant of postoperative outcomes. The preoperative history and physical examination form the backbone of preoperative risk assessment. This will direct which further tests are necessary to complete the preoperative evaluation. The underlying conditions that pose the greatest risk include cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, underlying immunosuppression, incident infections, and functional status. There are various disease-specific risk assessment tools and indexes that help to risk-stratify patients in each disease category. Based on these indexes, several algorithms have been developed to help determine what preoperative testing is required, if any. The accurate evaluation and assessment of preoperative risk will ensure that patients are optimized before surgery to decrease the incidence of postoperative morbidity and mortality, and thereby enhance recovery.
Local field potentials allow accurate decoding of muscle activity

Local field potentials (LFPs) in primary motor cortex include significant information about reach target location and upper limb movement kinematics. Some evidence suggests that they may be a more robust, longer-lasting signal than action potentials (spikes). Here we assess whether LFPs can also be used to decode upper limb muscle activity, a complex movement-related signal. We record electromyograms from both proximal and distal upper limb muscles from monkeys performing a variety of reach-to-grasp and isometric wrist force tasks. We show that LFPs can be used to decode activity from both proximal and distal muscles with performance rivaling that of spikes. Thus, motor cortical LFPs include information about more aspects of movement than has been previously demonstrated. This provides further evidence suggesting that LFPs could provide a highly informative, long-lasting signal source for neural prostheses.
Book review of control theory for humans: quantitative approaches to modeling performance by R. J. Jagacinski and J. M. Flach, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum (2003), pp. xiii+379, $99.95 (hardback), ISBN: 0-8058-2292-5; $39.95 (paperback), ISBN: 0-8058-2293-3

This long-awaited book provides a welcome—even essential—addition to every human factors professional's bookshelf. The authors' intended audience for the text is advanced undergraduates and graduat...
Sweet's Syndrome: Systemic Signs and Symptoms and Associated Disorders

Objective To characterize the findings associated with acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet's syndrome [SS]) and the response of SS to treatment. Design We retrospectively reviewed 48 cases of SS encountered at the Mayo Clinic between 1980 and 1992. Material and Methods Histopathologic specimens and medical records were studied to determine initial manifestations, patterns of involvement, systemic signs and symptoms (including mucosal, musculoskeletal, hematologic, pulmonary, hepatic, and renal findings), and conditions associated with SS. Results In patients with SS, the typical manifestations are the acute onset of tender, erythematous or violaceous nodules or plaques in association with fever, leukocytosis, and dermal neutrophilia. In our study group, the cutaneous lesions most frequently involved the arms and legs. Of our 48 patients, 26 (54%) had a hematopoietic, plasma cell, or malignant disorder, and many of these patients had associated anemia, especially the male patients. No single laboratory finding specifically indicated an association with serious systemic disease. Most patients were treated with a tapering dose of prednisone, which yielded a good response. Conclusion Clinical acumen and appropriate laboratory tests are the main requirements for detection of hematologic disorders, internal malignant diseases, or other systemic conditions associated with SS.
Interacting with and Generating Light

Table 32.1 lists some of the major terms, and their units, that we meet in this chapter. It also lists the important physical constants that are needed to describe the optical properties of materials. The electromagnetic spectrum embraces a wide range of wavelengths, from the very short γ rays to the long radio waves. The portion of the spectrum that the human eye can detect is quite small. To put this in context, the full electromagnetic spectrum is shown in Figure 32.1. Radiation with a single wavelength is referred to as monochromatic; λ and f are related through c. $$ f = \frac{c}{\lambda } $$
A comparison of adaptive strategies and patterns of victimization among homeless adolescents and adults

One hundred and fifty-six homeless adolescents and 319 homeless adults interviewed directly on the streets and in shelters were compared for backgrounds of abuse, adaptations to life on the streets, and rates of criminal victimization when on the streets. Homeless adolescents were more likely to be from abusive family backgrounds, more likely to rely on deviant survival strategies, and more likely to be criminally victimized. A social learning model of adaptation and victimization on the streets was hypothesized. Although the model was supported for both homeless adults and adolescents, it was more strongly supported for adolescents than adults, and for males than females regardless of age.
The Attorney General's Commission and the New Politics of Pornography

The 1986 Attorney General's Commission on Pornography Report (the 1986 Commission) is an important, yet puzzling, document. It is important because of the significance of the pornography issue, and because the Commission contributes to our understanding of pornography. The Commission is puzzling, however, because its conclusions appear simultaneously reasonable and unreasonable. Despite the condemnations of the press (on grounds of runaway censorship), the final report was actually cautious and restrained in many respects. The Commission limited its recommendations for censorship to what it considered the most degrading forms of pornography, and refused to endorse legal prohibitions that went beyond the scope of the traditional “obscenity” exception to the First Amendment. But the Commission also expressed a strong concern about the harms that pornography might engender. Given the eruption of violent and other questionable forms of pornography in recent years, this concern is hardly unreasonable. Furthermore, recent polls show that a majority of Americans favor restricting violent forms of pornography. In these respects the Commission's efforts appear to embody a committed, yet balanced, approach that considered different values (what Max Weber termed the ethic of responsibility).
The Ethnic, Race, and Gender Gaps in Workplace Authority: Changes over Time in the United States

We analyze factors explaining differences in hierarchical authority between men and women within and across categories of race and ethnicity in two time periods, finding that the processes leading to authority within the workplace operate differently by gender than by race or ethnicity. The demand-side factor, percentage of women in an occupation, helps explain authority differences between men and women in most groups. Supply-side factors, and, in white–black comparisons, occupational location, contribute to differences by race and ethnicity within genders. In the later period, education is particularly important for Hispanic men reflecting, we believe, the recent surge in immigration rates.
Hydraulic Design and Analysis of Labyrinth Weirs. I: Discharge Relationships

AbstractA method is presented for the hydraulic design and analysis of labyrinth weirs based upon the experimental results of physical modeling. Discharge coefficient data for labyrinth weirs with quarter-round and half-round crest shapes are presented for sidewall angles ranging from 6 to 35°. Cycle efficiency is also introduced as a design aid, which compares the hydraulic performance of different cycle geometries. Geometric parameters that affect flow performance are discussed. The predictive accuracy of the design method is evaluated through comparisons to previously published labyrinth weir head-discharge data. The companion paper examines nappe behaviors that affect flow performance and presents hydraulic design considerations specific to nappe characteristics.
Using geometric and non‐geometric internal evaluators to compare eight vegetation classification methods

Abstract Questions: How similar are solutions of eight commonly used vegetation classification methods? Which classification methods are most effective according to classification validity evaluators? How do evaluators with different optimality criteria differ in their assessments of classification efficacy? In particular, do evaluators which use geometric criteria (e.g. cluster compactness) and non-geometric evaluators (which rely on diagnostic species) offer similar classification evaluations? Methods: We analysed classifications of two vegetation datasets produced by eight classification methods. Classification solutions were assessed with five geometric and four non-geometric internal evaluators. We formally introduce three new evaluators: PARTANA, an intuitive variation on evaluators which use the ratio of within/between cluster dissimilarity as the optimality criterion, an adaptation of Morisita's index of niche overlap, and ISAMIC, an algorithm which measures the degree to which species are either ...
Calculation Of Neutron Spectra For Hydrogen In Zeolites: Rotational Motions And Translational Motions In The Born-Oppenheimer Limit

Abstract Inelastically scattered neutrons can probe the location and dynamical behavior of molecular hydrogen absorbed within zeolites. Hydrogen may, at certain temperatures, display mixed quantum/classical dynamics associated with its rotational and center-of-mass (CM) motions. When hydrogen diffusion occurs within a zeolite containing a unique adsorptive site, the spectrum is a simple convolution of (quantum) rotational and (classical) CM contributions. We present a jump diffusion model with a faujasite-type host which illustrates this behavior. A more general case would be a host which induces a spatially-dependent distribution of rotational frequencies. In order to address this more general situation, we present a formalism in which the standard time correlation function for neutron intensity: C( q ,t)= e i H t b q e − i H t b † q is approximated in the “Born–Oppenheimer” limit. A preliminary test of this formalism is performed for jump diffusion within a one-dimensional model system.
Designing explanation-oriented languages

We are developing a new paradigm of explanation-oriented languages whose objective is not only to describe the computation of values, but also to provide explanations of how and why those values are obtained. We have begun exploring this approach in the design of a visual notation for strategies in game theory. We plan to apply these ideas to other domains of public interest to both benefit those domains and to expand and solidify the theory behind explanation-oriented design.
Phosphofructokinase in the Rat Testis during Maturation and following Heat Treatment in vitro and in vivo

Activity of phosphofructokinase (PFK) was measured in testes of rats during sexual maturation to determine whether the enzyme was concentrated in spermatogenic or interstitial elements. PFK was also assayed following incubation at 29-38#{176} C in vitro and following short term cryptorchidism to measure the lability of the enzyme to different temperatures. Specific activity (s.a.) of PFK decreased (P<0.05) from 11.81 ± 0.37 units/mg protein in testes from 20-day-old rats to 7.19 ± 0.18 units/mg at 30 days and 6.00 ± 0.14 units/mg at 40 days of age. Activity leveled off at 6.406.50 units until 60 days, then increased to 8.01 ± 0.43 at 120 days of age. Cryptorchidism in adult rats reduced s.a. of PFK to 93% of controls (P<0.05) in 12 h and to 80% of controls (P<0.05) in 48 h. Incubation for 2 h in vitro resulted in higher (P<0.05) s.a. of PFK in testes incubated at 32#{176}C than at 29, 35 or 38#{176}C, but s.a. of PFK in kidney slices was unaffected by incubation temperature. Liver PFK activity decreased with increasing temperature. The results suggest that testic� ular PFK is more concentrated in interstitial tissues than in spermatogenic elements, but that PFK activity in the latter is reduced by abdominal temperatures.
A theoretical study of the dynamic plastic behavior of beams and plates with finite-deflections

Abstract An approximate theoretical procedure is developed herein in order to estimate the permanent transverse deflections of beams and arbitrarily shaped plates which are subjected to large dynamic loads. The influence of finite-deflections or geometry changes is retained in the analysis but elastic effects are disregarded. The particular case of a fully clamped rectangular plate acted on by a uniformly distributed dynamic pressure pulse is studied in some detail. It is observed that reasonable agreement between the theoretical predictions and the experimental results has been obtained for beams (β = 0) and rectangular plates (β = 0.593) which were made from a strain-rate insensitive material.
Measurement Errors in Dynamic Models

Static models that are not identiable in the presence of white noise measurement errors are known to be potentially identiable when the model has dynamics. However, few results are available for the plausible case of serially correlated measurement errors. This paper provides order and rank conditions for \limited information" identication of parameters in dynamic models with measurement errors where some aspects of the probability model are not fully specied or utilized. The key is to consider a model for the contaminated data that has richer dynamics than the model for the correctly observed data. Simply counting the total number of unknown parameters in the true model relative to the estimable model will not yield an informative order condition for identication. Implications for single equation, VARs, and panel data models are studied.
A kangaroo and your research toolbox.

In a previous article in Biological Research for Nursing, “Beyond the PhD: Putting the Right Tools in Your Research Toolbox,” Downs and Morrison (2011) present rationales for the pursuit of postdoctoral training, enumerate key skills for development during this phase of a research career, and provide an expansive review of funding opportunities, including intra/extramural options at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR), and a wide array of nonprofit foundations. I thank the authors for this great review and think it should be a required reading for all nurses pursuing doctoral studies who wish to follow a research-intensive career trajectory. I, like the authors, had to choose between pursuing a tenure-track faculty position or a postdoctoral fellowship. Because I share the authors’ belief in the importance of postdoctoral training, I ultimately chose that route. The training mechanisms that I have utilized during my postdoctoral journey, however, were not discussed in Downs and Morrison’s article. Thus, I would like to take this opportunity to share my personal perspective on postdoctoral training and describe additional postdoctoral funding mechanisms. I have also provided a framework for planning the postdoctoral training period.
Order detection for fMRI analysis: Joint estimation of downsampling depth and order by information theoretic criteria

Estimation of the order of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data is a crucial step in data-driven methods assuming a multivariate linear model. Use of information theoretic criteria for model order detection was proven useful but the sample dependence in fMRI data limits this usefulness. In this paper, we propose an iterative procedure that jointly estimates the downsampling depth and order of fMRI data, both by using information theoretic criteria. Experimental results on real-world fMRI data show reliable performance of the new method. Order analysis on auditory oddball task (AOD) data of healthy and schizophrenia subjects suggests that model order can be a promising biomarker for mental disorders.
Conducting remote, Internet-based experiments on Web design

This paper presents an Internet-based study of the effect of intra-article navigation affordances on Web browsing behavior. Navigation was assessed by randomly assigning participants to one of four experimental conditions: the existing intra-article navigation bar, one of two redesigned intra-article navigation bars, or an intra-article navigation bat-combined with a global navigation bar. Data about participants' browsing behavior were logged by using our experimental design toolkit to instrument the Web site's pages with PHP scripts (J. Barrick et al., 2004). Demographics, perceptions, and comprehension were measured through a post-browsing survey. The study is ongoing and results are presented at the conference. We also report on the further development of our toolkit that has made conducting Internet-based research possible.
Bandwidth Mismatch and Its Correction in Time-Interleaved Analog-to-Digital Converters

The sample-and-hold amplifier in each channel of a time-interleaved analog-to-digital converter system has finite bandwidth, and these bandwidths may be mismatched. This paper analyzes the effect of such mismatches. Correction for bandwidth mismatch in the digital domain is described and demonstrated
Bis(allyl)di-μ-bromodinickel

[12012-90-7] C6H10Br2Ni2 (MW 359.33) InChI = 1S/2C3H5.2BrH.2Ni/c2*1-3-2;;;;/h2*3H,1-2H2;2*1H;;/q;;;;2*+1/p-2 InChIKey = BRTFAKNOQKNCDN-UHFFFAOYSA-L (reacts with organic halides by a nickel-radical chain reaction; couples allyl groups, forming macrocycles; generates alcohols from carbonyls) Physical Data: red solid; sublimation point 80 °C; dipole moment 1.31 D.1 Solubility: sol benzene, DMF, and other organic solvents. Preparative Method: the reagent may be prepared from allyl bromide and Ni(CO)4 or Ni(cod)2 as described below. Purification: by sublimation. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: is air and moisture sensitive. It is generally prepared and used in situ. See entries for Allyl Bromide, Tetracarbonylnickel, and Bis(1,5-Cyclooctadiene)nickel(0) for further information.
Incremental optimization of power pads based on adjoint network sensitivity

An adjoint network sensitivity based incremental power pad optimization approach is proposed. The power grid is formulated as a linear network of resistive elements. Sensitivity of power pads due to the grid elements is computed. An overall cost metric is then formulated in conjuction with IR drop. This metric is then used to refine a prior optimized source location incrementally, while meeting the IR Drop constraint. The power of the approach lies in its much reduced computational complexity. Results are presented in terms of sensitivity computations before and after the incremental refinements to demonstrate the relative in-sensitivity of the power pads towards the grid elements.
Responding to Climate Change Barriers to Reflexive Modernization in U.S. Agriculture

The authors apply Ulrich Beck’s theory of reflexive modernization to examine how farmers in the United States perceive and respond to climate change. Using a case study, the authors identify diversions from Beck’s original theory and explore the importance of social constructionist and political economy perspectives. The article focuses on corn farmers in southwestern Michigan to examine climate risk recognition and reflexive responses, concentrating on the role of nitrogen fertilizer as a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions. Results from interviews, focus groups, and a mail survey indicate that dualistic worldviews and exposure to limited and/or biased information can inhibit farmers from acknowledging climate change as a risk. In addition, structural barriers inhibit farmers from reducing nitrogen fertilizer application in response to climate change. These findings offer insights applicable to climate change mitigation efforts and also demonstrate the importance of both social constructionist...
Successful replantation of amputated penis with adjuvant hyperbaric oxygen therapy

Successful penile replantations are rarely reported in the literature and are associated with significant complications. We present a case of a patient who auto-amputated his penis. Delayed microvascular replantation was performed approximately 14 hours following injury. He was treated with a phosphodiesterase inhibitor postoperatively, and adjuvant hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) therapy was started 58 hours after replantation; 20 treatments at 2.4 atmospheres absolute (ATA), twice daily for eight days, followed by once daily for four days. Perfusion of the replanted penis was serially assessed using fluorescent angiography. With some additional surgical procedures including a split- thickness skin graft to the shaft due to skin necrosis he has made a complete recovery with return of normal urinary and sexual function. This unusual case illustrates the potential benefit of HBO2 therapy in preserving viability of a severed body part. Fluorescent angiography may have potential utility in monitoring efficacy of HBO2.