cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Posttransplant Kaposi's sarcoma: report from a single center.

Abstract Posttransplant Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is not uncommon. This study investigated the clinical manifestations, impact of immunosuppression, and presence of HHV-8 antigen in our patients. Methods Among 568 renal transplant recipients, four developed KS. The physical findings, radiologic studies, immunosuppressive regimens, and the clinical outcomes were reviewed. In two patients, the expression of human herpes virus-8 was examined with polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. Results The incidence of KS was 0.7% in our recipients. The intervals between the transplantation and the development of KS ranged from 2 months to 8.4 years. All KS patients had calcineurin inhibitor-based antirejection therapies. Peripheral lymphadenopathy was the initial manifestation in three of four patients; the fourth presented with violaceous papules over his lower legs. Besides lymphadenopathy, KS in one patient also involved internal visceral organs. One patient died at the time of diagnosis because of Salmonellosis; the other three experienced tumor regression after discontinuation of calcineurin inhibitors. HHV-8 expression was detected in two examined specimens. Conclusion Lymph node involvement is the most common clinical presentation in our posttransplant KS patients. HHV-8 infection is associated with the development of KS. Early withdrawal of calcineurin inhibitors produces a favorable outcome in posttransplant KS.
Clay coatings from a modern soil chronosequence: A tool for estimating the relative age of well-drained paleosols

Abstract Blue light optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dates obtained from upland and terrace soil profiles in southeastern Mississippi have been used to generate a model for illuvial clay accumulation in deeply weathered, subtropical soils (e.g. Ultisols). The illuvial clays developed in upland vs. alluvial terrace soils of southeastern Mississippi are distinct in terms of thickness and total volume of translocated clay. The coatings in the Mississippi soils are also an analogue for clay coatings observed in mid-Cretaceous paleosols of North America. Many of the Cretaceous paleosols had a polygenetic history. The relative age of the well-drained phase of pedogenic development, characterized by illuvial clay accumulations, may be estimated using the model generated from the Mississippi soils. As many of the mid-Cretaceous paleosols mark unconformities, it would be beneficial to estimate the duration of the hiatuses. Three geomorphic surfaces characterize the landscape of southeastern Mississippi: uplands, stream-cut terraces, and modern alluvium. The present floodplain, has poorly developed soils, and lacks illuvial accumulations. Soils developing in the uplands have abundant and prominent illuvial clay coatings up to 2 mm thick, while the terraces have minor clay coatings less than 1 mm thick.
Sequence of the Genome of Lactate Dehydrogenase-Elevating Virus: Heterogenicity between Strains P and C

Abstract The complete nucleotide sequence of genomic RNA (14104 nt) of one strain of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV), LDV-P, is reported. It exhibits only about 80% nucleotide identity with the sequence reported for another LDV strain, LDV-C (Godeny et al. , Virology 194, 585-596 (1993), and is 68 nucleotides shorter than the reported LDV-C sequence. The difference in length is largely due to the lack of a 59-nucleotide-long direct repeat in ORF 1a of the reported LDV-C sequence. Sequence analysis of a total of 1.4 kb of ORF 1a of LDV-C via reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR) technology failed to confirm the presence of this repeat in the LDV-C genome as well as of 24 deletions/insertions of single nucleotides that give rise to apparent transient reading frame differences between the LDV-P and LDV-C genomes and might have represented frameshift mutations. An additional 35 nucleotides in ORF 1a of the RT/PCR LDV-C products were the same as in the LDV-P rather than the reported LDV-C genome. The nucleotide sequences of the 5′ leader and the 3′ noncoding ends of the two genomes and the heptanucleotides involved in joining the 5′ leader to the bodies of the subgenomic mRNAs were highly conserved or identical. The predicted LDV-P proteins, however, differed from those predicted for the LDV-C proteins between 25% for the ORF 2 protein and 1% for the ORF 7 nuoleocapsid protein. All functional motifs of the ORF 1a and ORF 1b proteins were conserved. The ORF 1a protein possesses 11 potential transmembrane segments that flank the serine protease domain.
The case for planetary sample return missions: Origin and evolution of the Moon and its environment

The Apollo missions established the Moon as a cornerstone in planetary science: insights gained from this coign of vantage have stimulated research and influenced ideas for the Earth and other planets subsequently investigated using spacecraft. The history of lunar studies emphatically demonstrates the enormous progress in knowledge and understanding—a giant leap—that is made when samples from another planet become available for study in sophisticated laboratories. A few pebbles kicked loose are enough to start an avalanche, and the lunar samples are used as test beds for hypotheses about planetary, and even solar, evolution. The Moon is more accessible than any other body in the Solar System and is a potential home for a permanently occupied base with multiple purposes; it remains an important target for future work in planetary science.
Equity or Essentialism? U.S. Courts and the Legitimation of Girls’ Teams in High School Sport

Feminist scholars have critically analyzed the effects of sex segregation in numerous social institutions, yet sex-segregated sport often remains unchallenged. Even critics of sex-segregated sport have tended to accept the merits of women-only teams at face value. In this article, we revisit this issue by examining the underlying assumptions supporting women’s and girls’ teams and explore how they perpetuate gender inequality. Specifically, we analyze the 14 U.S. court cases wherein adolescent boys have sought to play on girls’ teams in their respective high schools. The courts’ decisions reveal taken-for-granted, essentialist assumptions about girls’ innate fragility and athletic inferiority. While the courts, policy makers, and many feminist scholars see maintaining teams for girls and women as a solution to the problem of boys’ and men’s dominance in sport, the logic supporting this form of segregation further entrenches notions of women’s inferiority.
An in-flight pion beam flux monitor

Abstract An absolute pion flux monitor has been developed which employs the detection of muons from pion decay with multiwire proportional counters. The system also provides a measure of the pion momentum, the momentum resolution, and spatial distribution of the pion beam, and is useful in the energy range below 300 MeV.
THE LEGAL/EXTRA-LEGAL CONTROVERSY: JUDICIAL DECISIONS IN PRETRIAL RELEASE

This study analyzes data for state criminal defendants prosecuted in New York to determine the bases upon which judges make pretrial release decisions for these defendants. Treating statutory law as defining the category of legal variables, it finds legal factors substantially affect decisions about whether to release a defendant on recognizance, the amount of bail required, and whether to offer a defendant a cash alternative to a surety bond. The impact of these factors varies, however, depending upon the particular decision being made. Factors not prescribed in the statute-extra-legal factors-are also found to affect these pretrial release decisions. Their impact, too, is decision context specific. Among the extra-legal factors that affect pretrial release decisions, the effects of status characteristics of the defendant pale in comparison to the effects of bench bias and measures of the defendant's dangerousness.
Fecal androgen metabolite analysis for noninvasive monitoring of testicular steroidogenic activity in felids

Limited data are available on long-term, seasonal changes in testicular steroidogenic activity in nondomestic felids, primarily because of the difficulties associated with longitudinal blood sampling (e.g., handling, restraint, anesthesia). Therefore, a noninvasive approach for assessing testicular androgen production was developed using the domestic cat (Felis catus) as a model. Two adult males were injected i.m. with 4 μCi14-testosterone to determine the time course and relative proportions of androgen metabolites excreted in urine and feces. Peak urinary radioactivity was detected 13 and 19 hr postinjection and accounted for ∼8% of the total radioactivity recovered. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis detected multiple polar urinary metabolites, none of which eluted with the 3H-testosterone reference tracer. The majority of urinary testosterone metabolites consisted of nonenzyme-hydrolyzable, water-soluble (presumably conjugated) forms. In feces, radioactivity was detected in the first sample collected at 22 hr postinjection for both males, although peak metabolite excretion in one male was not observed until 61 hr postinjection. HPLC analysis detected several fecal metabolites consisting primarily of nonhydrolyzable, water-soluble forms (84.4 ± 0.9%) with some ether-soluble forms (15.6 ± 0.9%). None of the fecal androgen metabolites were associated with free testosterone. However, one or more of the water-soluble fecal metabolites was quantifiable using a commercially available testosterone radioimmunoassay. The biological relevance of this immunoactivity was confirmed in the domestic cat; concentrations were high in adult, intact males and nondetectable in intact females and castrated males and females. In addition, fecal androgen concentrations in a male Pallas' cat (Felis manul) exhibited seasonal fluctuations that corresponded with parallel changes in serum testosterone and ejaculate quality. These data indicate that testicular steroidogenic activity can be monitored non invasively in felids, providing a potentially valuable tool for endangered felid management to: (1) assess pubertal status, (2) determine the influence of season on reproduction, and (3) diagnose possible causes of sub- or infertility. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of Some Organic Cations on Generator Potential of Crayfish Stretch Receptor

The generator potential of both slowly and rapidly adapting crayfish stretch receptor cells can still be elicited by mechanical stimuli when all the Na of the bathing medium is replaced by various organic cations. In the presence of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris), the generator potential is particularly large, about 30–50 % of that in the control saline, while spike electrogenesis of the cell is abolished. Persistence of the generator response is not due to retention of Na by a diffusion barrier, and ionic contributions to the electrogenesis by Ca and Cl can also be excluded. Thus, whereas the electrogenesis of the generator membrane must be due to an increased permeability to monovalent cations, the active receptor membrane appears to be less selective for different monovalent cations than is the receptor component of some other cells, or the conductile component of the stretch receptor neuron.
Lessons Learned from a Student-Led Breastfeeding Support Initiative at a US Urban Public University:

Despite US laws requiring most workplaces to provide “reasonable” unpaid break time and a private space for female employees to express breast milk, much of the statutory language is vague and open...
An experimental study of the formation process of adiabatic shear bands in a structural steel

Abstract A series of experiments is described in which the local temperature and local strain are measured during the formation of an adiabatic shear band in a low alloy structural steel (HY-100). The specimen employed consists of a short thin-walled tube and the required rapid deformation rates are imposed by loading the specimen in a torsional Kolsky bar (split-Hopkinson bar). The local temperature is determined by measuring the infrared radiation emanating at twelve neighboring points on the specimen's surface, including the shear band area. Indium-antimonide elements are employed for this purpose to give the temperature history during deformation. In addition, high speed photographs are made of a grid pattern deposited on the specimen's surface, thus providing a measure of the strain distribution at various stages during shear band formation. By testing a number of specimens, it is possible to form a picture of the developing strain localization process, of the temperature history within the forming shear band, and of the consequent loss in the load carrying capacity of the steel. It appears that plastic deformation follows a three stage process which begins with a homogeneous strain state, followed by a generally inhomogeneous strain distribution, and finally by a narrowing of the localization into a fine shear band. It is estimated that the shear band propagates at a speed of about 510 m/s in the material tested. Results also include data on the stress-strain behavior of HY-100 steel over the temperature range —190°C to 250°C and at quasi-static as well as dynamic strain rates.
Telenursing in the Intensive Care Unit: Transforming Nursing Practice

In tele-intensive care units, informatics, telecommunication technology, telenursing, and telemedicine are merged to provide expert, evidence-based, and cutting-edge services to critically ill patients. Telenursing is an emerging subspecialty in critical care that is neither well documented in the extant literature nor well understood within the profession. Documentation and quantification of telenursing interventions help to clarify the impact of the telenurse's role on nursing practice, enhancement of patient care, patient safety, and outcomes. Tele-intensive care unit nursing will continue to transform how critical care nursing is practiced by enhancing/leveraging available resources through the use of technology.
Zinc finger nuclease-mediated transgene deletion

A transgene, flanked by zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) cleavage sites, was deleted from a stably transformed plant by crossing it with a second plant expressing a corresponding ZFN gene. A target construct, containing a GUS reporter gene flanked by ZFN cleavage sites, a GFP reporter gene and a PAT selectable marker gene, was transformed into tobacco. Basta®-resistant plants were regenerated and screened for GUS and GFP expression. A second construct, containing a ZFN gene driven by the constitutive CsVMV promoter and an HPT selectable marker gene, was also transformed into tobacco. Selected T0 plants were grown to maturity and allowed to self-pollinate. Homozygous target plants, which expressed GUS and GFP, were crossed with homozygous ZFN plants, which expressed the ZFN gene. Numerous GUS-negative plants were observed among the hybrids with one particular cross displaying ~35% GUS-negative plants. Evidence for complete deletion of a 4.3 kb sequence comprising the GUS gene was obtained and sequence confirmed. Co-segregation in F2 progenies of ‘truncated’ and ‘intact’ target sequences with expected reporter gene phenotypes were observed. Since ZFNs can be designed to bind and cleave a wide range of DNA sequences, these results constitute a general strategy for creating targeted gene deletions.
A mechanistic investigation of the polymerization of ethylene catalyzed by neutral Ni(II) complexes derived from bulky anilinotropone ligands.

An extensive mechanistic investigation has been carried out on ethylene polymerizations catalyzed by neutral Ni(II) catalysts derived from bulky anilinotropone ligands. Complexes and precatalysts prepared include aryl derivatives [(2,6-i-Pr2C6H3)NC7H4O(7-Aryl)Ni(Ph)(PPh3)] (9, Aryl = phenyl(a), 1-naphthyl(b), p-methoxyphenyl(c), p-trifluoromethylphenyl(d)), alkyl derivatives [[(2,6-iPr2C6H3)NC7H5O]Ni(R)(2,4-lutidine)] (16, R = Et (a), n-Pr (b)) and [[(2,6-iPr2C6H3)NC7H5O]Ni(R)(PPh3)] (17, R = Et (a), n-Pr (b), n-hexyl (c), i-Pr (d)), and the nickel hydride complex [[(2,6-iPr2C6H3)NC7H5O]Ni(H)(PPh3)], 20. Branched polyethylenes are produced at 40−80 °C in toluene with Mn values in the 100−200K range and molecular weight distributions of ca. 1.4−2.2. Branching ranges from 15 to 64 branches/1000 carbons depending on temperature and ethylene pressure. The electron-withdrawing −CF3 substituent on the 7-aryl group increases activity but has little effect on branching and molecular weight. NMR experiments establ...
SENSITIZATION OF HUMAN BLADDER CANCER CELLS TO FAS-MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY BY CIS-DIAMMINEDICHLOROPLATINUM (II)

AbstractPurpose: The resistance of bladder cancer to anticancer chemotherapeutic drugs is a major problem. Several immunotherapeutic approaches have been developed to treat drug-resistant tumor cells. The Fas antigen (Fas)-Fas ligand pathway is involved in cytotoxic T lymphocyte and natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Like the Fas ligand, anti-Fas monoclonal antibody (mAb) induces apoptosis in tumor cells expressing Fas. Several anticancer drugs also mediate apoptosis and may share with Fas common intracellular pathways leading to cell killing. We reasoned that treatment of drug-resistant cancer cells with a combination of anti-Fas mAb and drugs might overcome their resistance. This study has investigated whether anticancer drugs synergize with anti-Fas mAb in cytotoxicity against bladder cancer cells.Materials and Methods: Cytotoxicity was determined by a 1-day microculture tetrazolium dye assay. Synergy was assessed by isobolographic analysis.Results: Treatment of the T24 human bladder cancer cel...
Capillary Drops: Contact angle hysteresis and sticking drops

This paper is concerned with the homogenization of a capillary equation for liquid drops lying on an inhomogeneous solid plane. We show in particular that the homogenization of the Young–Laplace law leads to a contact angle condition of the form $$\cos \gamma \in [\beta_{1},\beta_{2}]$$ , which justifies the so-called contact angle hysteresis phenomenon.
Solution structure of a DNA.RNA hybrid containing an alpha-anomeric thymidine and polarity reversals: d(ATGG-3'-3'-alphaT-5'-5'-GCTC). r(gagcaccau).

We report the thermodynamic and structural properties of an α-containing DNA·RNA nonamer hybrid duplex, d(ATGG-3‘-3‘-αT-5‘-5‘-GCTC)·r(gagcaccau). The RNA strand corresponds to the core of the initiation sequence for the transcript of the erbB-2 oncogene. The tandem anomeric and polarity changes in the DNA strand result in a slight decrease in thermostability (ΔTm = −2.8 °C) compared to the unmodified control hybrid. The three-dimensional solution structure determination of the α-containing DNA·RNA hybrid, conducted via restrained molecular dynamics using interproton distance (nuclear Overhauser enhancement) and furanose ring torsion angle (J-based) restraints, converged to a final ensemble of structures from unique starting models. In agreement with hyperchromicity and circular dichroism data, the final average structure derived from this ensemble is consistent with an overall A-like motif featuring Watson−Crick base pairing and base stacking across the entire sequence, albeit with localized B-like traits...
ELECTROPHILE-PROMOTED CARBON-SULFUR BOND CLEAVAGE IN ETA 2-THIOPHENE COMPLEXES OF PENTAAMMINEOSMIUM(II)

Several S-alkylthiophenium complexes of the type [Os(NH3)5(4,5-η2-L)](OTf)3 (where L = S-alkylthiophenium, S-methylbenzo[b]thiophenium) are prepared by alkylation of the corresponding thiophene complexes. The S-alkylthiophenium species are proposed to undergo rapid and reversible cleavage of the C5−S bond, forming highly electrophilic metallacyclopropene intermediates. Although not directly observable, these vinyl cation intermediates may be trapped with both anionic and neutral nucleophiles affording η2-4-(alkylthio)-1,3-butadiene complexes. Treatment of selected 4-(alkylthio)-1,3-butadiene complexes with an oxidant (e.g., DDQ) affords the organic ligand in good yield.
Stress analysis in thermal barrier coatings subjected to long-term exposure in simulated turbine conditions

In recent years, ruby fluorescence spectroscopy has been demonstrated as a powerful technique for monitoring residual stress evolution in the thermally grown oxide scale in thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems. The measured residual stresses, in turn, can be used to monitor evolution of damage in the coatings. Effective use of this technology for real-time damage monitoring requires the identification of trends in measured stresses that can be used as indicators of damage evolution. The present work focuses on studying the evolution of residual stresses in TBC systems during long-term exposure to turbine operating conditions. The coatings are electron beam physical vapor deposited (EBPVD) and atmospheric plasma sprayed (APS) zirconia. The stress evolution in both EBPVD and APS coatings is analytically modeled by an approach that takes into consideration contributions due to both thermal mismatch and oxide growth. Microstructural changes in the TBC system are correlated with measured stress trends through comparison with the modeled stresses. The stress measurements and modeling provide insight into failure modes and mechanisms, and to identify critical features in the measured stress data that can be used as indicators of failure in TBCs.
Sources of error in external calibration ICP-MS analysis of geological samples and an improved non-linear drift correction procedure

The primary factors limiting accuracy and precision using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in matrix-matched external standardization are machine drift and variation of the instrument response as a function of mass. Because drift is usually non-linear, the degree of drift differs from one mass to the next, and the direction of drift can change frequently when analyzing over large mass ranges. Internal standardization results in minimal improvement of data quality. An analytical procedure and an off-line data reduction algorithm have been developed that correct for these variations and produce a significant improvement in analytical accuracy and precision. In this technique, a “drift correction” standard is analyzed after every four or five samples. A polynomial curve is fitted to each isotope analyzed, and a correction based on this curve is applied to the measured intensity of the respective isotopes in the samples and standards. This data reduction algorithm has been developed into a Microsoft Excel™ 3.0 Macro that completely automates all calculations. This article is an electronic publication in Spectrochimica Acta Electronica (SAE), the electronic section of Spectrochimica Acta Part B (SAB). The hard copy text is accompanied by a disk with the Excel macro for the Macintosh computer and sufficient instructions for its use. The main article discusses the scientific aspects of the subject and explains the purpose of the macro.
Schooling, Work, and Idleness among Mexican and Non-Latino White Adolescents

Abstract This article examines the activities of Mexican and non-Latino white adolescents using multilevel data from the 1990 U.S. Census. A primary aim of the research is to evaluate whether the classic assimilation model or a model of segmented assimilation best describes the generational pattern of schooling among Mexican-origin youth. Results show that foreign-born Mexicans are more likely to drop out of school than their native-born counterparts, but the behavior of the foreign born depends upon age at immigration. Third(+)-generation Mexicans are more likely to drop out of school than both second-generation Mexicans and non-Latino whites. Youth residing in the central city or in MSA/PMSAs with unfavorable economic characteristics are more likely to drop out of school than others. Consistent with a segmented assimilation model, the generational pattern of schooling for Mexican youth differs for those living in the central city and those living outside the central city.
Flare triggering by coherent oscillations.

The coherent oscillations observed by Tanaka (1972) are shown to carry very high mechanical-energy fluxes of the order of 9.5 to 45 gigaergs/sq cm per sec. This energy can provide all of the energy expended in a large flare, or at least can be used to trigger a flare. The oscillations are assumed to be free modes of the sun, as described by Wolff (1972), and they are expected to be preferentially excited in the plages where large magnetic fields provide conditions favorable to rapid growth times. The energy driving the coherent oscillations may be derived from the flux deficit of sunspots in the plage.
Global ethics and virtual worlds: ensuring functional integrity in transnational research studies

For more than three decades, research ethics in the biomedical and behavioral sciences, in the U.S. and beyond, has been guided by policies and standards derived from the Belmont Report. Although they have been adapted and revised over time, the underlying guidelines have limited applicability to the challenges of today's research environment, especially because of the influence of modern communications and information technologies and their ubiquitous presence across varied, and often incompatible, legal regimes and social norms. This paper examines a number of issues in this research context, with particular stress on the challenges posed by transnational experimental projects in virtual worlds and social networks. Several key aspects of the Menlo Report -- a 2011 update to the Belmont Report -- are also discussed. Consideration is given to a more rational and coordinated approach to managing ethics observance in multiple jurisdictions, with special attention on guidelines for the conduct of transnational research in and on virtual environments and online social network systems.
A Stable Isotope Study of Carbonate Cements in Sligo Formation: ABSTRACT

The Sligo Formation in Texas is an Early Cretaceous subsurface carbonate sequence representing the upper part of a transgressive cycle. The Sligo carbonates attain a maximum thickness of 305 m at the ancestral shelf edge where the sequence consists of rudistid boundstones and grainstones at depths of 4,570 m. Porosity and permeability within the Sligo are controlled by the abundance of radiaxial fibrous calcite cement and/or coarse equant-calcite-spar cement. Other cements recognizable in thin section are meniscus calcite and clear euhedral dolomite. The equant calcite spar has an average of ^dgr18O relative to PDB of -1.92 and ^dgr13C of 2.80. The radiaxial fibrous calcite has average ^dgr18O of -1.77 and ^dgr13C of 1.61. The average wholerock values are ^dgr18O of -1.52 and ^dgr13C of 2.61. The similarity between these values suggests isotopic homogenization due to diagenesis; however, the equant-calcite spar has a range in ^dgr18O of -4.98 to 0.29 indicating deposition by meteoric waters. The radiaxial fibrous- alcite cement has a narrow range in ^dgr18O of -2.10 to -1.70 consistent with an origin as an early marine replacement cement. Intriguing correlations exist between modal abundances of cement types and their ^dgr18O and ^dgr13C values. These data provide important constraints for models predicting porosity and permeability evolution during carbonate diagenesis and have important implications for hydrocarbon exploration strategies. End_of_Article - Last_Page 628------------
Psychodynamic Play Therapy With a Six-Year-Old African American Boy Diagnosed With ADHD

This article describes the effective, two-year psychodynamic treatment of Jaden, an African American boy diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Combined Type. Treatment began when Jaden was six years old and is currently in its second year. Play provided an understanding of his internal world and a holding environment (Winnicott, 1960) to contain and reflect Jaden's impulses and behavioral dyscontrol. Clinical material, which centers on character play, is presented to illustrate the evolution of Jaden's understanding of his diagnosis and his struggle to manage feelings of intense sibling rivalry, anger, envy, and frustration. Further, the transference-countertransference relationship was utilized in the clinical work and informed by a relational, integrative psychodynamic-systems perspective (Altman et al., 2002). This approach included ongoing collaboration with Jaden's family and his school, and the use of standardized psychological assessment. This integrative psychodynamic-sys...
Relaxation time and effective mass of ions in liquid helium

A measurement of momentum relaxation times for charged particles in liquid helium is reported. The method is to measure the change in the reflection coefficient of a microwave cavity caused by the admission of ions. The measured relaxation times can be combined with the known dc mobilities of the ions to yield values for the effective masses. Most extensive measurements were performed using positive ions in He II. A temperature-dependent effective mass, increasing from approximately 40 helium masses at 1.3 K to over twice this value near the lambda point is found. The data are shown to be consistent with the electrostriction model of the ion, including contributions to the mass from both normal and superfluid components. A core radius of approximately 6 A is shown to account both for the mass and for the mobility in the viscous flow region. Data on the negative carrier near 1.8 K yield an effective mass of 100 to 200 helium masses, and are consistent with the bubble model. The radius implied both by the mass and an analysis of mobility data in the viscous flow regime is 14±3 A, quite consistent with the value deduced from other measurements. A measurement on the positive carrier in saturated (NBP) helium vapor indicates a mass of 75±20 helium masses. Both the mass and the mobility of this carrier are consistent with a droplet of radius 11±2 A forming on the ion. The theoretical droplet radius is 12.6 A.
Regeneration of activated carbon. Part II: Gasification kinetics with steam

The kinetics of the reaction between steam and thermally-regenerated activated carbon containing DBS residue was studied at 973 to 1,062 K and atmospheric pressure. The results fit a Langmuir-Hinshelwood rate equation originally developed for the oxidation of other types of carbon with steam. The rates of reaction were relatively high. Auxiliary experiments with added Na2SO4 indicated that the non-volatile inorganic residue from DBS has a catalytic effect. Readsorption measurements on regenerated samples demonstrated that thermal regeneration alone resulted in considerable loss (35%) in adsorption capacity but that thermal regeneration followed by steam gasification could completely restore the adsorption capacity for DBS on the remaining virgin carbon.
Structural study of ball-milled sodium alanate under high pressure

abstract Ball-milled NaAlH 4 was studied up to 15GPa in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) by X-ray diffraction usinga synchrotron radiation source. Lattice parameters were determined from the X-ray diffraction data atvarious pressures up to 6.5GPa. Intensity of the powder diffraction patterns decreased with increasingpressure. Amorphisation started at a pressure of ∼6.5GPa and completed at 13.5GPa. Reversible phasetransformationfromamorphousphasetothetetragonalphasewasobserved.Aﬁttothepressure–volumedata equation of state was obtained using the Birch–Murnaghan equation of state and the bulk moduluswas found to be 52.16±0.9GPa which is twice higher than the unmilled NaAlH 4 .© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction NaAlH 4 has been proposed as a viable hydrogen storage mediacapable of supplying hydrogen at moderate temperatures and atrates required for fuel cell applications. These favorable charac-teristics, particularly the reversibility of NaAlH 4 as a hydrogenstorage media, were reported ﬁrst by Bogdanovich et al. [1] andwas immediately followed by extensive study of related complexmetal hydrides by a number of researchers [2–6]. Reversibilityand enhanced desorption kinetics were clearly demonstrated forNaAlH
The Social Origins of Folk Epistemology

Because reasoning allows us to justify our beliefs and evaluate these justifications it is central to folk epistemology. Following Sperber, and contrary to classical views, it will be argued that reasoning evolved not to complement individual cognition but as an argumentative device. This hypothesis is more consistent with the prevalence of the confirmation and disconfirmation biases. It will be suggested that these biases render the individual use of reasoning hazardous, but that when reasoning is used in its natural, argumentative, context they can represent a smart way to divide labor without loosing epistemic value.
Assessing Classroom Participation.

Structured classroom discussions are increasingly popular with fac ulty members and students (Clarke 1985, Wood 1979, Armstrong and Boud 1983). The emphasis on discussion comes from an increasing interest in student centered approaches to teaching and learning. The valid, objective assess ment of student participation in discus sions presents many challenges for col lege faculty members, and this article suggests an approach that may help the faculty better evaluate and motivate stu dent performance. In many college courses, particularly upper division undergraduate and lower level graduate courses, class participa tion is often considered very important. It is not unusual to discover courses in which class participation performance is valued as 20 to 50 percent of the final course grade. Even with increased as sessment of class participation, there has been very little written about it. Much of what has been written is of a descriptive nature, with an instructor-centered rat ing system is applied during discussion or at some later time (Grieve 1975, Clarke 1985, Fisher 1975). If class participation is intended to be significant, it is impor tant to discover meaningful, timely, and relevant assessment methods.
Spontaneous Ca Waves in Ventricular Myocytes from Failing Hearts Depend on Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase II

Increased cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR)-dependent diastolic SR Ca leak is present in heart failure and in conditions when adrenergic tone is high. Increasing Ca leak from the SR could result in spontaneous Ca wave (SCaW) formation. SCaWs activate the inward Na/Ca exchanger (NCX) current causing a delayed afterdepolarization (DAD), potentially leading to arrhythmia. Here we examine SCaWs in ventricular myocytes isolated from failing and healthy rabbit hearts. Myocytes from healthy hearts did not exhibit SCaWs under baseline conditions versus 43% of those exposed to isoproterenol (ISO). This ISO-induced increase in activity was reversed by inhibition of Ca-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) by KN93. Inhibition of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) by H89 had no observed effect. Of myocytes treated with forskolin 50% showed SCaW activity, attributable to a large increase in SR Ca load ([Ca](SRT)) versus control. At similar [Ca](SRT) (121muM) myocytes treated with ISO plus KN93 had significantly fewer SCaWs versus those treated with ISO or ISO plus H89 (0.2+/-0.28 vs. 1.1+/-0.28 and 1.29+/-0.39 SCaWs cell(-)(1), respectively). In myocytes isolated from failing hearts ISO induced an increase in the percentage of cells generating SCaWs vs. baseline (74% vs. 11%) with no increase in [Ca](SRT). Inhibiting CaMKII reversed this effect (14%). At similar [Ca](SRT) (71microM) myocytes treated with ISO or ISO plus H89 had significantly more SCaWs per cell vs. untreated (2.5+/-0.5; 1.6+/-0.7 vs. 0.36+/-0.3, respectively). Treatment with ISO plus KN93 completely abolished this effect. The evidence suggests the ISO-dependent increase in SCaW activity in both healthy and failing myocytes is CaMKII-dependent, implicating CaMKII in arrhythmogenesis.
Statistical motor unit number estimation: reproducibility and sources of error in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

The reliability of motor unit number estimation (MUNE) for assessment of the long-term course of ALS is dependent on the reproducibility of the technique. We report our results with the statistical method of MUNE on the ulnar nerve/hypothenar muscle in 16 ALS patients who were studied on 52 occasions. On each occasion, MUNE was performed twice with one electrode placement and once with a different placement. For each MUNE, mean surface motor unit potential amplitude was determined within three different recording ranges or windows at different stimulus intensities. The MUNE results had excellent reproducibility with coefficients of variation of 19% and test-retest correlation coefficients from 0.75 to 0.86. With examination of sources for variability, the reproducibility of statistical MUNE is not affected by minor variation in stimulation and recording electrode placement but may be improved by modifying methods for recording window selection. The high reproducibility of statistical MUNE supports its reliability for estimating the rate of motor unit loss in ALS.
Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation Post‐Cavotricuspid Isthmus Ablation in Patients with Typical Atrial Flutter: Left‐Atrial Size as an Independent Predictor of Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence

Introduction: Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter often coexist. The long-term occurrence of atrial fibrillation in patients presenting with atrial flutter alone is unknown. We report the long-term follow-up in patients who underwent cavotricuspid isthmus ablation for treatment of lone atrial flutter. Methods and Results: Between January 1997 and June 2002, 632 patients underwent cavotricuspid isthmus ablation for the treatment of typical atrial flutter at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. Three hundred sixty-three patients were included in this study and followed for a mean duration of 39 ± 11 months. The mean duration of atrial flutter symptoms was 12 ± 5 months. Mean left-atrial size and left-ventricular ejection fraction were 4.2 ± 0.8 cm and 47 ± 13%, respectively. After a mean follow-up time of 39 ± 11 months, 13% (48 of 363) of the patients remained in sinus rhythm. Five percent (18 of 363) of patients experienced recurrence of atrial flutter only. Sixty-eight percent (246 of 363) experienced the onset of atrial fibrillation and 14% (51 of 363) experienced recurrence of atrial flutter and the new onset of atrial fibrillation. Overall, 82% (297 of 363) of the patients experienced new onset of drug refractory atrial fibrillation. Left-atrial size was a predictor of atrial fibrillation recurrence post-atrial flutter ablation. Conclusion: At long-term follow-up, approximately 82% of patients post-cavotricuspid isthmus ablation for atrial flutter developed drug refractory atrial fibrillation. This finding suggests that elimination of atrial flutter might delay, but does not prevent, atrial fibrillation. Evidence suggests both arrhythmias may share common triggers and such patients may derive a better long-term benefit from anatomical ablative treatment of atrial fibrillation as well.
Empirical reduced-order modeling for boundary feedback flow control

This paper deals with the practical and theoretical implications of model reduction for aerodynamic flow-based control problems. Various aspects of model reduction are discussed that apply to partial differential equation-(PDE-) based models in general. Specifically, the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of a high dimension system as well as frequency domain identification methods are discussed for initial model construction. Projections on the POD basis give a nonlinear Galerkin model. Then, a model reduction method based on empirical balanced truncation is developed and applied to the Galerkin model. The rationale for doing so is that linear subspace approximations to exact submanifolds associated with nonlinear controllability and observability require only standard matrix manipulations utilizing simulation/experimental data. The proposed method uses a chirp signal as input to produce the output in the eigensystem realization algorithm (ERA). This method estimates the system's Markov parameters that accurately reproduce the output. Balanced truncation is used to show that model reduction is still effective on ERA produced approximated systems. The method is applied to a prototype convective flow on obstacle geometry. An H∞ feedback flow controller is designed based on the reduced model to achieve tracking and then applied to the full-order model with excellent performance.
Energetics of cubic and monoclinic yttrium oxide polymorphs: Phase transitions, surface enthalpies, and stability at the nanoscale

The energetics of Y2O3 cubic (C-type) and monoclinic (B-type) polymorphs as a function of surface area have been studied by high-temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry and water adsorption calorimetry. The hydrated surface of the monoclinic phase has a lower surface enthalpy (0.64 ± 0.49 J/m2) than that of the cubic (1.25 ± 0.17 J/m2). However, the anhydrous surface of the monoclinic form is less stable (surface enthalpy = 2.78 ± 0.49 J/m2) than that of the cubic (1.66 ± 0.14 J/m2). The phase transformation enthalpy (monoclinic to cubic) for coarse Y2O3 is −21.8 ± 3.2 kJ/mol. An energetic crossover is suggested between the polymorphs under ambient conditions, in which the surfaces are hydrated, at a size of 7 ± 6 nm; however, anhydrous monoclinic yttria of any particle size is thermodynamically metastable at atmosphere pressure. Surface hydration controls the energetic landscape of Y2O3 polymorphs. The phase transformation process of monoclinic nanocrystals to the cubic phase was also studied using m...
Nanotribology and MEMS

The tribological phenomena of adhesion, friction, and wear arise when solid objects make contact. As the size of devices shrinks to micro- and nanoscales, the surface-to-volume ratio increases and the effects of body forces (gravity and inertia) become insignificant compared with those of surface forces (van der Waals, capillary, electrostatic, and chemical bonding). In microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), tribological and static interfacial forces are comparable with forces driving device motion. In this situation, macroscale lubrication and wear mitigation methods, such as the use of bulk fluids and micrometer thick coatings, are ineffective; new nano-engineering approaches must be employed for MEMS devices with moving structures. We review fundamental tribological problems related to micro- and nanoscale mechanical contacts and developments in MEMS lubrications.
Fetus in fetu: A report of two cases

Fetus in fetu is a rare condition that has been defined as the presence of one of the twins in the body of the other. It is most frequently located in retroperitoneal area; however, it has been reported in other locations as well. This report presents two cases of "fetus in fetu" cases: one located in the retroperitoneal area and the other in the sacrococcygeal area.
Growth coping, work satisfaction and turnover: A longitudinal study.

A longitudinal organizational field study examined work satisfaction and employee growth coping as joint predictors of turnover. Three employee categories were examined: 1) No Turnover, 2) turnover within the same occupational field (Intraoccupational Turnover), and 3) turnover to a new occupational field (Interoccupational Turnover). Work satisfaction was moderate in the first two groups and low in the third group. As predicted, a specific strategy of employee coping, growth, was lowest in the first group, moderate in the second group, and highest in the third group. Through the use of linear discriminant analysis, 66.4% of the employees were correctly classified into No Turnover, Intraoccupational Turnover, and Interoccupational Turnover groups based only on information regarding work satisfaction and growth coping. The first squared canonical correlation was found to equal .30, far surpassing the modest work satisfaction/turnover correlations found in all previous studies.
Phi meson production in hadronic matter

Abstract The decrease of hadron masses in hot and dense hadronic matter as a result of the restoration of chiral symmetry increases substantially the phi meson production cross section from the reactions K K →φρ and KΛ→φN. In the hydrochemical model, we show that this leads to an enhanced production of phi mesons in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions and may be responsible for the large φ ω ratio that has been recently observed in CERN experiments.
Mitoxantrone repression of astrocyte activation: relevance to multiple sclerosis.

Mitoxantrone has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the mechanisms by which mitoxantrone modulates MS are largely unknown. Activated astrocytes produce nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α, and IL-1β, molecules which can be toxic to central nervous system (CNS) cells including oligodendrocytes, thus potentially contributing to the pathology associated with MS. MCP-1 is a chemokine believed to modulate the migration of monocytes to inflammatory lesions present in the CNS of MS patients. IL-12 and IL-23 have been demonstrated to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, by contributing to the development of CD4+ T cell lineages termed Th1 and Th17, respectively. The current study demonstrates that mitoxantrone inhibits lipopolysachharide (LPS) induction of NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, and MCP-1 production by primary astrocytes. Mitoxantrone also inhibited IL-12 and IL-23 production by these cells. Furthermore, mitoxantrone suppressed the expression of C-reactive protein (CRP). Finally, we demonstrate that mitoxantrone suppressed LPS induction of NF-κB DNA-binding activity, suggesting a novel mechanism by which mitoxantrone suppresses the expression of proinflammatory molecules. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that mitoxantrone represses astrocyte production of potentially cytotoxic molecules, as well as molecules capable of altering T-cell phenotype. These in vitro studies suggest mechanisms by which mitoxantrone may modulate inflammatory diseases including MS.
A Comparison of Live Classroom Instruction and Internet-Based Lessons for a Preparatory Training Course Delivered to 4th Year Pharmacy Students

To compare the effectiveness of an internet-based training series with a traditional live classroom session in preparing pharmacy students to oversee a diabetes management program in community settings. Two cohorts of students were identified that prepared by utilizing a recorded online training exclusively, and two separate cohorts of students prepared by receiving only live classroom instruction. All students in the four cohorts were given a survey to evaluate the training sessions, and results were analyzed using the analysis of variance statistical test (ANOVA). Preceptors at the sites who interacted with students in all four cohorts were surveyed to evaluate which students appeared more prepared; these data were compared using paired t tests. Final assessment data for students in all four cohorts were analyzed using ANOVA. There were statistical differences between the two live training groups, with the second group finding the training to be more beneficial for preparing them, feeling the training length was appropriate and preferring the live modality for delivery. The two internet training cohorts were similar except for perceptions regarding the length of the online training. Comparing responses from those students who received live training with those receiving internet instruction demonstrated a statistical difference with the live groups rating the trainings as more helpful in preparing them for the clinics, rating the training as necessary, and rating their confidence higher in seeing patients. Preceptors rated the live training statistically higher than online training in preparing students. There was no difference between groups on their final site assessments. Live classroom training appears to be superior to the recorded internet training in preparing pharmacy students to oversee a diabetes management program in community settings.