cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global Teamwork: The Influence of Multiculturalism on Project Product and Process Success

Cross-cultural interaction in global business has become standard in design and construction industry. This paper presents lessons learned from a study aimed to determine how different multi-cultural team settings and cultural awareness trigger different conflict situations and influence team dynamics and processes. We build on extant classic mono-cultural studies and extend it to focus on analyzing the influence of different multicultural team settings on global project product and process success. We used empirical data from the 2012 generation of the 19 th AEC Global Teamwork course offered by the PBL Lab at Stanford with partners worldwide. We took an inductive approach integrating qualitative and quantitative methods for date analysis. The paper presents cultural team compilation cases of AEC global student teams that were successful or challenged in producing high quality solutions and achieving effective team processes. The paper discusses findings related to: the relation between nationality and migration backgrounds indicating that mono-culture studies do not suffice to analyze global teamwork; correlation of project outcome and the multicultural team compilation; correlation of cultural awareness and diversity of global team processes towards successful multi-cultural team interaction.
NAD+ and Vitamin B3: From metabolism to therapies

The role of NAD + metabolism in health and disease is of increased interest as the use of niacin (nicotinic acid) has emerged as a major therapy for treatment of hyperlipidemias and with the recognition that nicotinamide can protect tissues and NAD + metabolism in a variety of disease states, including ischemia/reperfusion. In addition, a growing body of evidence supports the view that NAD + metabolism regulates important biological effects, including lifespan. NAD + exerts potent effects through the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases, mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases, and the recently characterized sirtuin enzymes. These enzymes catalyze protein modifications, such as ADP-ribosylation and deacetylation, leading to changes in protein function. These enzymes regulate apoptosis, DNA repair, stress resistance, metabolism, and endocrine signaling, suggesting that these enzymes and/or NAD + metabolism could be targeted for therapeutic benefit. This review considers current knowledge of NAD + metabolism in humans and microbes, including new insights into mechanisms that regulate NAD + biosynthetic pathways, current use of nicotinamide and nicotinic acid as pharmacological agents, and opportunities for drug design that are directed at modulation of NAD + biosynthesis for treatment of human disorders and infections.
Resiliency policies in access control

We introduce the notion of resiliency policies in the context of access control systems. Such policies require an access control system to be resilient to the absence of users. An example resiliency policy requires that, upon removal of any s users, there should still exist d disjoint sets of users such that the users in each set together possess certain permissions of interest. Such a policy ensures that even when emergency situations cause some users to be absent, there still exist independent teams of users that have the permissions necessary for carrying out critical tasks. The Resiliency Checking Problem determines whether an access control state satisfies a given resiliency policy. We show that the general case of the problem and several subcases are intractable (NP-hard), and identify two subcases that are solvable in linear time. For the intractable cases, we also identify the complexity class in the polynomial hierarchy to which these problems belong. We discuss the design and evaluation of an algorithm that can efficiently solve instances of nontrivial sizes that belong to the intractable cases of the problem. Finally, we study the consistency problem between resiliency policies and static separation of duty policies.
Changes in child and adolescent disorders, eating disorders, and the multiaxial system

It is not easy to summarize the many years of work involved in the development of DSM-IV. Of all of the different aspects of this effort, however, most remarkable has been the generous help ofan astonishing number of individuals. We would like to take this opportunity to thank some of them: the authors of the columns that have constituted this series, which began publication in May 1990; the readers of the column who have taken the time to forward their comments, suggestions, and advice; the members of and advisors to the 13 DSM-IV work groups and the DSM-IV task force who have volunteered tremendous amounts of their time; the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and the National Institute of Mental Health, the National Institute on Drug Abuse, and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, which have supported the DSM-IV data reanalyses and field trials; the staff at the American Psychiatric Association who have given so generously to this project; and Hospital and Community Psychia...
The Need for Comparative Research in Developmental Textbooks: A Review and Evaluation.

We argue that current animal research from comparative literature can assist students' understanding of basic developmental principles in courses that traditionally focus on human development. However, authors often exclude these studies from developmental textbooks. Our evaluation of 24 developmental texts published between 1995 and 2000 revealed 249 references of 154 different animal studies, which comprises less than 1.5% of references in all texts. Furthermore, the average publication date of the animal studies that did appear was 1976, reflecting an emphasis on older studies, rather than current research. We discuss how more recently published animal research articles can enhance class discussion and suggest that basic animal research is fundamental to the study of developmental processes.
Mosquito abundance within a Minnesota metropolitan area, 1956-1962.

Light traps were operated in northern Minneapolis-St. Paul to determine effects of precipitation and control activities upon abundance of Aedes vexans. Data show that the number of female A. vexans taken at the traps is correlated fairly closely with total rainfall, in spite of intensive mosquito abatement operations within the area.
Analysis of genotoxicity and the carcinogenic mode of action for ortho‐phenylphenol

Ortho-phenylphenol (OPP) and its sodium salt (SOPP) are commercial products that have wide human exposure and have been shown in several studies to be rodent carcinogens. Genetic toxicology data were assessed in an attempt to understand the carcinogenic mode of action of OPP and SOPP. More than 130 studies were evaluated to determine if OPP, SOPP, or any of their enzymatic or nonenzymatic breakdown products react directly with DNA to induce mutation, changes in chromosome structure or number, DNA repair, or nonspecific DNA damage including strand breakage or covalent binding. The genotoxicity databases for OPP and SOPP are not only large but heterogeneous, requiring weight-of-evidence methods to arrive at a conclusion regarding their genotoxic properties and potential. Evidence derived from the available studies leads to the conclusion that study results showing OPP/SOPP directly interacting with DNA are equivocal. Clastogenicity was the most consistent type of genetic toxicity produced by OPP/SOPP (and their break-down products) and was consistently associated with other intracellular preneoplastic toxicity produced at super-threshold concentrations. The weight of evidence from the combined database supports the hypothesis that OPP/SOPP-induced DNA damage is a threshold-dependent response associated with target tissue toxicity, most likely induced by their breakdown products phenylhydroquinone and phenylbenzoquinone. It is possible that this threshold-dependent clastogenicity could contribute to the carcinogenic mode of action for OPP or SOPP.
Downregulation of miR-342 is associated with tamoxifen resistant breast tumors

Tumor resistance to the selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen remains a serious clinical problem especially in patients with tumors that also overexpress HER2. We have recently demonstrated that the clinically important isoform of HER2, HERΔ16, promotes therapeutically refractory breast cancer including resistance to endocrine therapy. Likewise additional breast tumor cell models of tamoxifen resistance have been developed that do not involve HER2 overexpression. However, a unifying molecular mechanism of tamoxifen resistance has remained elusive. Here we analyzed multiple cell models of tamoxifen resistance derived from MCF-7 cells to examine the influence of microRNAs (miRNAs) on tamoxifen resistance. We compared miRNA expression profiles of tamoxifen sensitive MCF-7 cells and tamoxifen resistant MCF-7/HER2Δ16 cells. We observed significant and dramatic downregulation of miR-342 in the MCF-7/HER2Δ16 cell line as well as the HER2 negative but tamoxifen resistant MCF-7 variants TAMR1 and LCC2. Restoring miR-342 expression in the MCF-7/HER2Δ16 and TAMR1 cell lines sensitized these cells to tamoxifen-induced apoptosis with a dramatic reduction in cell growth. Expression of miR-342 was also reduced in a panel of tamoxifen refractory human breast tumors, underscoring the potential clinical importance of miR-342 downregulation. Towards the goal of identifying direct and indirect targets of miR-342 we restored miR-342 expression in MCF-7/HER2Δ16 cells and analyzed changes in global gene expression by microarray. The impact of miR-342 on gene expression in MCF-7/HER2Δ16 cells was not limited to miR-342 in silica predicted targets. Ingenuity Pathways Analysis of the dataset revealed a significant influence of miR-342 on multiple tumor cell cycle regulators. Our findings suggest that miR-342 regulates tamoxifen response in breast tumor cell lines and our clinical data indicates a trend towards reduced miR-342 expression and tamoxifen resistance. In addition, our results suggest that miR-342 regulates expression of genes involved in tamoxifen mediated tumor cell apoptosis and cell cycle progression. Restoring miR-342 expression may represent a novel therapeutic approach to sensitizing and suppressing the growth of tamoxifen refractory breast tumors.
Voting for Parties or for Candidates? The Trade-Off Between Party and Personal Representation in Spanish Regional and Local Elections

When voters cast their ballot, are they choosing a candidate or a party? Electoral systems have a significant impact on how this question is answered in each country. As previous literature has shown, some electoral rules foster a more personal representation, while others strengthen the intermediary role of parties. In this paper I maintain that there exists a trade-off between these two types of representation. To empirically verify its existence and how it works, I have chosen local and regional elections in Spain as a case study. Given that they take place simultaneously under similar electoral systems, they can be considered a natural experiment for the study of this trade-off, which allows me to overcome the potential problems of endogeneity present in previous studies. By measuring the significance of ideological closeness and candidate evaluations in voters? decisions at each level, it is shown that the importance of personal representation increases in local elections at the expense of a less frequent use of ideological proximity as an informational shortcut, thus confirming the existence of the trade-off.
Analytical modelling of laminated composites

This paper presents a unique approach to the analysis of thick laminated composites by presenting two simple finite element methods. The first uses the predictor corrector technique to extend the simple Mindlin-type element to achieve greater accuracy, and the second develops a new least squares element which can approximate a C(1) continuous element. The least squares element has the capability to incorporate a simplified higher-order basis into a piecewise continuous displacement field creating an accurate, yet computationally simple, element. These two methods have the potential to significantly upgrade analysis methods with little additional computational cost.
Models and Theoretical Frameworks for Hippocampal and Entorhinal Cortex Function in Memory and Navigation

The hippocampus and related medial temporal lobe structures subserve both navigation and memory. These seemingly disparate functions have been characterized extensively at the cellular, network, and systems levels, leading to models of the hippocampus at different levels of abstraction. Mechanistic models relating neural activity to spatial and/or mnemonic function often rely on representations of individual neurons, synapses, or network structure, while theoretical models of the hippocampus incorporate and attempt to reconcile aspects of the hippocampal codes for space and/or past experience. In this chapter we first provide a brief introduction to the research history and concepts relating the hippocampus to memory and navigation, incorporating an overview of some of the influential models and theories that have been proposed to capture aspects of the hippocampus’s role in mnemonic or spatial processing. We then describe the anatomy of the hippocampal-entorhinal circuit, emphasizing the rough division of labor across hippocampal subregions and entorhinal cortex related to the computational demands of navigation and episodic memory. Next, we discuss the role of oscillations and cross-frequency coupling in coordinating neural activity to encode spatially and temporally sequenced information about ongoing or remembered experience. Finally, we discuss an important conceptual framework that links numerous experimental observations of hippocampal spatial and mnemonic function based on commonalities between map-based and self-motion-based navigation strategies on the one hand and semantic and episodic memory on the other.
Fur-type transcriptional repressors and metal homeostasis in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002

Metal homeostasis is a crucial cellular function for nearly all organisms. Some heavy metals (e.g., Fe, Zn, Co, Mo) are essential because they serve as cofactors for enzymes or metalloproteins, and chlorophototrophs such as cyanobacteria have an especially high demand for iron. At excessive levels, however, metals become toxic to cyanobacteria. Therefore, a tight control mechanism is essential for metal homeostasis. Metal homeostasis in microorganisms comprises two elements: metal acquisition from the environment and detoxification or excretion of excess metal ions. Different families of metal-sensing regulators exist in cyanobacteria and each addresses a more or less specific set of target genes. In this study the regulons of three Fur-type and two ArsR-SmtB-type regulators were investigated in a comparative approach in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. One Fur-type regulator controls genes for iron acquisition (Fur); one controls genes for zinc acquisition (Zur); and the third controls two genes involved in oxidative stress (Per). Compared to other well-investigated cyanobacterial strains, however, the set of target genes for each regulator is relatively small. Target genes for the two ArsR-SmtB transcriptional repressors (SmtB (SYNPCC7002_A2564) and SYNPCC7002_A0590) are involved in zinc homeostasis in addition to Zur. Their target genes, however, are less specific for zinc and point to roles in a broader heavy metal detoxification response.
Feature Optimization for Constituent Parsing via Neural Networks

The performance of discriminative constituent parsing relies crucially on feature engineering, and effective features usually have to be carefully selected through a painful manual process. In this paper, we propose to automatically learn a set of effective features via neural networks. Specifically, we build a feedforward neural network model, which takes as input a few primitive units (words, POS tags and certain contextual tokens) from the local context, induces the feature representation in the hidden layer and makes parsing predictions in the output layer. The network simultaneously learns the feature representation and the prediction model parameters using a back propagation algorithm. By pre-training the model on a large amount of automatically parsed data, and then fine-tuning on the manually annotated Treebank data, our parser achieves the highest F1 score at 86.6% on Chinese Treebank 5.1, and a competitive F1 score at 90.7% on English Treebank. More importantly, our parser generalizes well on cross-domain test sets, where we significantly outperform Berkeley parser by 3.4 points on average for Chinese and 2.5 points for English.
Stroke Epidemiology and Prevention

Stroke is the third leading cause of death and a leading cause of adult disability in the United States. Improvement in treating risk factors (especially blood pressure), better management at the time of the stroke, reduction of in-hospital case fatalities, and improvement in post-stroke rehabilitation have substantially reduced stroke incidence, mortality and disability. Unfortunately, substantial disparities in incidence and mortality by socioeconomic factors, region and race persist in the United States. Stroke is caused by several factors. Heart disease, especially atrial fibrillation and large vessel atherosclerotic disease in the carotid arteries and major intracranial and small intercerebral blood vessels, are important determinants of stroke. The association of hypertension with stroke and kidney disease results in a high prevalence of clinical kidney disease among older stroke patients. Small vessel intercerebral hypertensive vascular disease is an important cause of stroke, especially “lacunar infarctions,” usually found in the basal ganglion. There is a high risk of recurrent stroke and further disability. Many older individuals who have incident stroke also have significant disease in other vascular beds, resulting in a high risk of coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure and peripheral vascular disease. Effective methods of stroke prevention include reducing high blood pressure and cholesterol, especially among older adults and individuals with diabetes, as well as smoking cessation and reduction of heavy alcohol use.
Species-dependent hemodynamic effects of adenosine A3-receptor agonists IB-MECA and Cl-IB-MECA.

The purpose of this study was to compare the hemodynamic effects of the adenosine A3-receptor agonistsN 6-(3-iodobenzyl)-9-[5-(methylcarbamoyl)-β-d-ribofuranosyl]adenine (IB-MECA) and 2-chloro-N 6-...
Race, Space, and Being Policed A Qualitative Analysis of Residents’ Experiences With Southern Patrols

Research on race and policing has consistently documented the link between race, space, and policing with racial disparities in perceptions and experiences often explained by nature of policing wit...
Biological Control of H elicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinemematidae) in Com Used as a Trap Crop

The planting of corn borders as a trap crop for the melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillet, potentially could cause increased infestation rates of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) in adjacent tomatoes. The potential of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser for control of H. zea in corn borders was explored in research conducted both in Oahu and Maui, HI. Field tests were conducted to determine the concentration response of H. zea to S. carpocapsae in Oahu. The most effective of the treatments tested were 4,000 and 40,000 nematodes per milliliter of water, causing 57.6 ± 5.4 and 74.5 ± 17.4% mortality, respectively, 6 d after treatment. In corn border trials with tomatoes, treated corn had 15 times fewer living H. zea larvae and 97% less damage to corn ears than in untreated corn. There was a mean of 0.03 ± 0.02 living H. zea larva per ear in the treated corn throughout the 9-wk treatment period, versus 0.45 ± 0.06 larvae per ear in the untreated corn. The mean feeding damage to the corn ears was significantly greater in the untreated corn, at 3.8 ± 0.25 em, than the treated ears, at 0.16 ± 0.02 em. During the primary period of H. zea infestation (tomato harvests 1–4), the marketable yield of tomatoes with corn borders treated with S. carpocapsae was 18% higher than the untreated corn border treatments. However, the tomato plots with no corn borders had consistently higher yields than those with corn borders throughout the six harvests.
Impacts of Noise and Heat on Health of Workers Exposed to Dust

Objective To discuss the impact of noise and heat on health of workers exposed to dust. Methods A total of 4 009 dust exposed workers were divided into four sub-groups: A = workers only exposed to dust; B = workers exposed to both dust and noise; C = workers exposed to dust and heat,and D = workers exposed to dust,noise and heat. Indices of occupational health examination were compared among these four sub-groups. Results The abnormal rates of blood routine in A,B,C and D were respectively 39. 3%,49. 1%,42. 2% and 47. 8%; the abnormal rates of B-mode ultrasonography of abdomen were respectively 12. 3%,15. 0%,27. 2% and 17. 0%; the abnormal rates of hypertension were respectively 8. 3%,11. 9%,11. 9% and 11. 3% and the abnormal rates of electrocardiogram were respectively9. 2%,10. 3%,7. 9% and 10. 1%. The aforementioned indices were respectively different among the four sub-groups( χ2= 35. 85,P0. 01; χ2= 31. 55,P0. 01; χ2= 13. 84,P0. 05 and χ2= 16. 98,P0. 05,respectively). The abnormal rates of hypertension and electrocardiogram of group B were respectively 1. 58 and 1. 88 times of group A; the abnormal rates of hypertension and electrocardiogram of group C were respectively 1. 65 and 1. 67 times of group A,and the abnormal rates of hypertension and electrocardiogram of group D were respectively 3. 01 and 3. 00 times of group A. Conclusion There are synergistic harm effects for noise,heat and dust in terms of health indices of blood routine,B-mode ultrasonography of abdomen,hypertension and electrocardiogram among the dust exposed workers.
Raymond Tomlinson: Email Pioneer, Part 2

Raymond (Ray) Tomlinson was a computer engineer best known for developing the TENEX operating system and implemented the first email program on the Arpanet system in 1971. In its official biography, the Internet Hall of Fame states that "Tomlinson's email program brought about a complete revolution, fundamentally changing the way people communicate." This interview is the second in a two-part Annals series based on an oral history conducted by Marc Weber and Gardner Hendrie for the Computer History Museum (CHM) in June 2009.
Review of the sulfonamides and trimethoprim.

1. Connie L. Smith, MD, RPh* 2. Keith R. Powell, MD† 1. 2. *Senior Chief Resident in Pediatrics. 3. 4. †Dr Noah Miller Chair of Pediatric Medicine, Children’s Hospital and Medical Center of Akron; Professor and Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Akron, OH. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Identify the most frequently prescribed sulfonamide-containing anti-microbial and its primary indications. 2. Describe the noninfectious uses of the sulfonamides. 3. Identify the supplementation that generally is recommended with the use of sulfasalazine. 4. Describe the adverse reactions associated with sulfonamide use. In the 1930s it was observed that the industrial dye sulfachrysoidine had antimicrobial activity. Sulfanilamide (para-aminobenzenesulfonamide), a metabolite of this dye, was found to be the active compound, and over the years sulfanilamide was chemically modified to form new compounds that had broader antimicrobial activity and less toxicity. The sulfonamides are structural analogues of paraaminobenzoic acid (PABA) that have different solubility, absorption, and excretion characteristics. The combination of trimethoprim, a diaminopyrimidine antimicrobial, with a sulfonamide was shown to be synergistic in the late 1960s, and this combination is now used widely in clinical practice. Folic acid is essential for bacterial growth. The combination of trimethoprim and a sulfonamide results in the sequential blockade of folic acid synthesis. Sulfonamides competitively inhibit the incorporation of PABA into folic acid, thereby preventing the synthesis of folic acid. Trimethoprim binds reversibly to and inhibits dihyrofolate reductase, an enzyme that reduces dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid, decreasing folic acid synthesis. Humans do not synthesize folic acid, but obtain it in their diet. Sulfonamides are classified as short-, medium-, or long-acting, based on increasing serum half-lives. All classes generally are well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. When sulfonamides are used topically, systemic absorption results in measurable serum concentrations. The emergence of sulfonamide resistance and the demonstration of synergy when sulfonamides are used in combination with trimethoprim have resulted in the widespread use of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX). Synergistic activity is optimal when serum concentrations of TMP and SMX are at a ratio of 1:20, which can be achieved when TMP and …
WE-H-207A-09: Theoretical Limits to Molecular Biomarker Detection Using Magnetic Nanoparticles

Purpose: Estimate the limits of molecular biomarker detection using magnetic nanoparticle methods like in vivo ELISA. Methods: Magnetic nanoparticles in an alternating magnetic field produce a magnetization that can be detected at exceedingly low levels because the signal at the harmonic frequencies is uniquely produced by the nanoparticles. Because the magnetization can also be used to characterize the nanoparticle rotational freedom, the bound state can be found. If the nanoparticles are coated with molecules that bind the desired biomarker, the rotational freedom reflects the biomarker concentration. The irreducible noise limit is the thermal noise or Johnson noise of the tissue and the contrast that can be measured must be larger than that limit. The contrast produced is a function of the applied field and depends strongly on nanoparticle volume. We have estimated the contrast using a Langevin function of a single composite variable to approximate the full stochastic Langevin equation for nanoparticle dynamics. Results: The thermal noise for a bandwidth reasonable for spectroscopy suggests mid zeptomolar (10–21) to low attomolar (10–18) concentrations can be measured in a volume that is 10cm in scale. The suggested sensitivity is far below the physiologically concentrations of almost all critical biomarkers including cytokines (picomolar), hormones (nanomolar) and heat shock proteins. Conclusion: The sensitivity of in vivo ELISA concentration measurements should be sufficient to measure physiological concentrations of critical biomarkers like cytokines in vivo. Further the sensitivity should be sufficient to measure concentrations of other biomarkers that are six to eight orders of magnitude lower in concentration than immune signaling molecules like cytokines. NIH - 1U54CA151662-01 Department of Radiology
Criticality and Crowds

The perspective of assessing a network’s complexity solely by means of its topology has been widely adopted and was highlighted in previous chapters. We now introduce a different point of view and emphasize the emergence of temporal complexity through the time intermittency of events in addition to the topological complexity entailed by the dynamics. As previously discussed an event is interpreted as a transition of a global variable from one critical state to another such as the average voting orthodoxy switching from Democrat to Republican.
Eliciting Categorical Data for Optimal Aggregation

Models for collecting and aggregating categorical data on crowdsourcing platforms typically fall into two broad categories: those assuming agents honest and consistent but with heterogeneous error rates, and those assuming agents strategic and seek to maximize their expected reward. The former often leads to tractable aggregation of elicited data, while the latter usually focuses on optimal elicitation and does not consider aggregation. In this paper, we develop a Bayesian model, wherein agents have differing quality of information, but also respond to incentives. Our model generalizes both categories and enables the joint exploration of optimal elicitation and aggregation. This model enables our exploration, both analytically and experimentally, of optimal aggregation of categorical data and optimal multiple-choice interface design.
Parenting and Anxiety: Bi-directional Relations in Young Children

Developmental psychopathologists have long posited a reciprocal relation between parenting behaviors and the development of child anxiety symptoms. Yet, little empirical research has utilized a longitudinal design that would allow exploration of this bi-directional influence. The present study examined the reciprocal relations between parental respect for autonomy, parental hostility, and parental support, and the development of childhood anxiety during a critical developmental period-the transition from preschool to kindergarten and then first grade. Study participants included a community sample of 391 male and 405 female socioeconomically, racially and ethnically diverse 4 to 6-7 year olds. 54 % of the sample was White, non-Hispanic, 16.8 % was African American, 20.4 % was Hispanic, 2.4 % were Asian and 4.4 % self-identified as Other or mixed race. Parent report and observational methodology were used. Parenting and anxiety were found to interact reciprocally over time. Higher levels of age 4 anxiety led to reduced respect for child autonomy at age 5. At age 4 higher levels of parental hostility led to small increases in age 5 anxiety, and increased age 5 anxiety led to increased levels of age 6 parent hostility. Parental support at age 5 resulted in decreased anxiety symptoms at age 6-7 while higher age 5 anxiety levels were associated with reductions in age 6-7 parental support. No relations were found between these variables at the younger ages. Although the magnitude of these findings was small, they suggest that early treatment for childhood anxiety should include both parent intervention and direct treatment of the child's anxiety symptoms.
Mapping Admissions and Other Social Policy against a Philosophical Backdrop

In the chapters of Part II the many factors that constitute implicit intelligence policy are organized around four areas of tension. Recall that these areas of tension result from the following dichotomies: Academic merit versus fair representation Intelligence versus education as a determinant of worldly success Aptitude versus achievement Rationalism versus empiricism
Instructional design talks to game design

Purpose This paper aims to identify successful game strategies that are used in digital video games and match those strategies to practices that may be incorporated in instructional design to gamify the learning experience. Design/methodology/approach The identification of successful strategies is based on literature explaining gamification and game strategies. Examples and suggestions of gamification are included from scholars, business leaders and actual practices. Findings The successful game strategies identified can be transferred into the learning environment without the inclusion of video games. Strategies identified support learner competence, relatedness and autonomy and encourage instructional designers or instructors to examine game play, realize how play can be used to provide more meaningful experiences to learners and rethink assessments. Originality/value The identified game elements are supported by motivation theory. These identifications offer instructional designers a list of game elements from which they may refer when designing in the future.
Social Mobility and Political Instability

Does social mobility foster political stability? While there is a vibrant literature on the effect of economic inequality on political unrest, the recent literature has remained silent about the ef...
HIDE Probes: A New Toolkit for Visualizing Organelle Dynamics, Longer and at Super-Resolution

Living cells are complex and dynamic assemblies that carefully sequester and orchestrate multiple diverse processes that enable growth, division, regulation, movement, and communication. Membrane-bound organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, plasma membrane, and others are integral to these processes, and their functions demand dynamic reorganization in both space and time. Visualizing these dynamics in live cells over long time periods demands probes that label discrete organelles specifically, at high density, and withstand long-term irradiation. Here we describe the evolution of our work on the development of a set of high-density environmentally sensitive (HIDE) membrane probes that enable long-term, live-cell nanoscopy of the dynamics of multiple organelles in live cells using single-molecule switching and stimulated emission depletion imaging modalities.
Opting out of treatment: Self-selection bias in a randomized controlled study of a focused deterrence notification meeting

This study investigated the role of self-selection in an evaluation of the impact of a focused deterrence notification meeting on subsequent arrests. We conducted a randomized controlled study that randomly assigned probationers and parolees to a treatment group asked to attend a focused deterrence notification meeting and a control group that was not asked to attend the meeting. A sizable proportion of the treatment group did not attend the meeting. We estimated intent-to-treat, average treatment, and local average treatment models to evaluate the effect of attending the notification meeting on future arrests and the effect of self-selection on the results. Subjects who attended the notification meeting were less likely than those who did not receive treatment to be arrested over the following 17 months. The results were not significantly affected by selection effects. Future evaluations of focused deterrence and related criminal justice interventions should be based on randomized controlled research designs that address selection effects on the outcome.
DNA Damage: Cellular Responses, Repair, and Cancer Treatment

The maintenance of genomic stability in the face of endogenous and exogenous sources of DNA damage requires a robust and comprehensive cellular response. This response, appropriately deemed the DNA damage response (DDR), facilitates changes in the cellular environment promoting and coordinating cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and cell death in cases of extreme or prolonged genomic insult. Initiation of DDR is primarily elicited by three members of the PIKK (phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-like kinase) family: ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated), ATR (ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related), and DNA-PK (DNA-dependent protein kinase). While all three are required for proper genomic maintenance, DNA-PK lacks the capacity to elicit many of the effects induced by ATM or ATR. For this reason, DNA damage signaling (DDS) generally is considered to occur mainly through ATM and ATR. Recent studies, however, have implicated that DNA-PK can regulate DDS through hindrance of ATM-DDS, giving rise to an evolving view in which all three PIKK family members are essential for regulation of DDS, but not its initiation. This chapter presents a discussion of the signaling within human systems induced by DNA damage as well as an overview of the roles of DDS in promoting DDR-mediated cell cycle arrest, DNA damage repair, and changes to other cellular processes. Within this context, the roles of DDR in current and proposed chemotherapeutics will be explored.
Unstructured data in marketing

The rise of unstructured data (UD), propelled by novel technologies, is reshaping markets and the management of marketing activities. Yet these increased data remain mostly untapped by many firms, suggesting the potential for further research developments. The integrative framework proposed in this study addresses the nature of UD and pursues theoretical richness and computational advancements by integrating insights from other disciplines. This article makes three main contributions to the literature by (1) offering a unifying definition and conceptualization of UD in marketing; (2) bridging disjoint literature with an organizing framework that synthesizes various subsets of UD relevant for marketing management through an integrative review; and (3) identifying substantive, computational, and theoretical gaps in extant literature and ways to leverage interdisciplinary knowledge to advance marketing research by applying UD analyses to underdeveloped areas.
Malaysia: The anxieties of success

Malaysia is a complex social and political phenomenon that could easily have become mired in ethnic conflict and economic stagnation. Malaysia has had to manage a shift from a natural resource-based economy to an export-oriented manufacturing system while balancing delicate racial and religious divisions in a democratic, constitutional federation. A proud and nationalist history has been confronted by global economic interdependence. Malaysia’s political leadership has been able to balance competing and almost contradictory domestic and international demands to carve out a prominent position for the country in world affairs while bringing forth a progressive economic entity. That success is neither accidental nor incidental.
A(nother) New Plan for Clerkship Hiring

Chief Judge Diane Wood and Professor Aaron Nielson provide perspective on a new federal judicial law clerk hiring plan announced February 28, 2018 and on the plan's chances for success.
Acute Vibration Induces Peripheral Nerve Sensitization in a Rat Tail Model: Possible Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation.

Abstract Prolonged occupational exposure to hand-held vibrating tools leads to pain and reductions in tactile sensitivity, grip strength and manual dexterity. The goal of the current study was to use a rat-tail vibration model to determine how vibration frequency influences factors related to nerve injury and dysfunction. Rats were exposed to restraint, or restraint plus tail vibration at 62.5 Hz or 250 Hz. Nerve function was assessed using the current perception threshold (CPT) test. Exposure to vibration at 62.5 and 250 Hz, resulted in a reduction in the CPT at 2000 and 250-Hz electrical stimulation (i.e. increased Aβ and Aδ, nerve fiber sensitivity). Vibration exposure at 250 Hz also resulted in an increased sensitivity of C-fibers to electrical stimulation and thermal nociception. These changes in nerve fiber sensitivity were associated with increased expression of interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in ventral tail nerves, and increases in circulating concentrations of IL-1 β in rats exposed to 250-Hz vibration. There was an increase in glutathione, but no changes in other measures of oxidative activity in the peripheral nerve. However, measures of oxidative stress were increased in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). These changes in pro-inflammatory factors and markers of oxidative stress in the peripheral nerve and DRG were associated with inflammation, and reductions in myelin basic protein and post-synaptic density protein (PSD)-95 gene expression, suggesting that vibration-induced changes in sensory function may be the result of changes at the exposed nerve, the DRG and/or the spinal cord.
What makes a prototype a prototype? Averaging visual features in a sequence.

After viewing a series of sequentially presented visual stimuli, subjects can readily generate mean representations of various visual features. Although these average representations seem to be formed effortlessly and obligatorily, it is unclear how such averages are actually computed. According to conventional prototype models, the computation entails an equally weighted average taken over all the stimuli. To test this hypothesis, we had subjects estimate the running averages of some feature in a series of sequentially presented stimuli. Part way through the series, we perturbed the distribution from which stimuli were drawn, which allowed us to test alternative models of the computations behind subjects’ estimates. In both explanatory and predictive tests, a model in which the most recent items had disproportionate high weight outperformed a model in which all items carried equal weight. Such recency-weighted behavior was shown consistently in multiple experiments in which subjects estimated running averages of length of vertical lines. However, the degree to which recent items were prioritized varied with the type of stimulus, such that when estimating the running averages of a series of numerals, subjects showed less recency prioritization. We conclude that previous evaluations of prototype models have made unrealistic assumptions about the nature of a prototype, and that a reassessment of prototype models of visual memory and perceptual categorization may be in order.
Effect of different doses of supervised exercise on food intake, metabolism, and non-exercise physical activity: The E-MECHANIC randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND Exercise is recommended for weight management, yet exercise produces less weight loss than expected, which is called weight compensation. The mechanisms for weight compensation are unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify the mechanisms responsible for compensation. METHODS In a randomized controlled trial conducted at an academic research center, adults (n = 198) with overweight or obesity were randomized for 24 wk to a no-exercise control group or 1 of 2 supervised exercise groups: 8 kcal/kg of body weight/wk (KKW) or 20 KKW. Outcome assessment occurred at weeks 0 and 24. Energy intake, activity, and resting metabolic rate (RMR) were measured with doubly labeled water (DLW; with and without adjustments for change in RMR), armband accelerometers, and indirect calorimetry, respectively. Appetite and compensatory health beliefs were measured by self-report. RESULTS A per-protocol analysis included 171 participants (72.5% women; mean ± SD baseline body mass index: 31.5 ± 4.7 kg/m2). Significant (P < 0.01) compensation occurred in the 8 KKW (mean: 1.5 kg; 95% CI: 0.9, 2.2 kg) and 20 KKW (mean: 2.7 kg; 95% CI: 2.0, 3.5 kg) groups, and compensation differed significantly between the exercise groups (P = 0.01). Energy intake by adjusted DLW increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the 8 KKW (mean: 90.7 kcal/d; 95% CI: 35.1, 146.4 kcal/d) and 20 KKW (mean: 123.6 kcal/d; 95% CI: 64.5, 182.7 kcal/d) groups compared with control (mean: -2.3 kcal/d; 95% CI: -58.0, 53.5 kcal/d). Results were similar without DLW adjustment. RMR and physical activity (excluding structured exercise) did not differentially change among the 3 groups. Participants with higher compared with lower compensation reported increased appetite ratings and beliefs that healthy behaviors can compensate for unhealthy behaviors. Furthermore, they increased craving for sweet foods, increased sleep disturbance, and had worsening bodily pain. CONCLUSIONS Compensation resulted from increased energy intake and concomitant increases in appetite, which can be treated with dietary or pharmacological interventions. Compensation was not due to activity or metabolic changes. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01264406.
Novel methods for the quantification of toxic, residual phase transfer catalyst in fluorine-18 labeled radiotracers

Abstract Introduction Fluorine-18 labeled radiopharmaceuticals undergo quality control testing for residual phase-transfer-catalyst content. The almost universally used quality-control test is a silica plate spot-test comparison of the radiopharmaceutical beside a 50-ppm standard. Once developed by staining, the radiopharmaceutical spot must be of equal or less intensity to pass the test. There is currently a need for a quantitative, inexpensive, and less subjective quality control method that allows the automatic incorporation of the acquired measurement directly into electronic batch reports. Results In the developed method, a resazurin test solution is mixed with an aliquot of the radiopharmaceutical analyte along with dichloromethane (DCM). The mixture is vortexed. The potassium resazurin-phase transfer catalyst complex solubilizes into the DCM imparting a blue color. The organic layer is then removed for analysis. Three measurement methods were utilized: visual colorimetry against pre-prepared standards, spectrophotometric measurement of transmittance, and electrical conductance. A simple prototype spectrophotometer and an electrical test cell were constructed to acquire data. Sodium Resazurin dye was found to be a suitable test chromophore for residual phase transfer catalyst analysis of aqueous solutions. Quantitative spectrophotometric measurements are possible in the 0–100-ppm range (18-crown-6) and 0–150-ppm range (Kryptofix® or tetrabutylammonium). Electrical resistance measurements of the phase transfer-catalyst resazurin complex in DCM are also a viable method, allowing quantitative phase transfer catalyst measurements in the 0–100-ppm range. Conclusion The methodologies developed are more quantitative alternatives to the current spot-test method. The spectrophotometric method was determined to be the most accurate method.
Developing prospective teachers’ noticing and notions of productive struggle with video analysis in a mathematics content course

This study examined the development of prospective teachers’ (PTs) understanding of productive struggle using video episodes which PTs analyzed through the lens of professional teacher noticing. Our qualitative study included 66 PTs in four sections of a semester-long mathematics content course for prospective elementary and middle school teachers that focused on numbers and operations. The goal was to give PTs opportunities to observe students struggling with the course content the PTs were studying and to enact their specialized content knowledge and pedagogical knowledge for teaching simultaneously. Findings suggest that the PTs develop the ability to attend to and interpret the mathematics underlying the student struggles through video analyses. They also begin to identify teaching strategies and practices that appear potentially useful for supporting productive struggle. The use of a productive struggle framework helped the PTs develop a language for discussing productive struggle. Findings also suggest that PTs who had very little knowledge of productive struggle became more aware of what it looks like in practice, discuss ways to support students’ struggle and suggest its potential value in supporting students’ understanding of mathematics. One implication for this study is to carefully weave opportunities to develop teaching practices such as support of productive struggle into the content course for teaching. The PTs may better bridge the stance between being a student and becoming a teacher in what productive struggle looks like in learning mathematics.
Electronic (Donating or Withdrawing) Effects of Ortho-Phenolic Substituents in Dendritic Antioxidants

Abstract We report the first study on the electronic effects of ortho-substituents in dendritic antioxidants. Six antioxidants were designed to contain a common phenol ring to provide a baseline antioxidant activity, attached to two other phenol rings with H atoms (reference compound), electron donating groups (EDGs), or electron withdrawing groups (EWGs) ortho to the phenolic OH. These antioxidants were synthesized via reductive amination. Based on the DPPH assay, EDGs (o-OCH3) strongly enhanced while EWGs (o-NO2) significantly decreased the antioxidant activity. The halogens (o-Cl and o-Br) did not show any significant effect.