cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Training physicians for combat casualty care on the modern battlefield.

Introduction Trauma training among nonsurgical physicians in the military is highly variable in amount and quality. However, all deployed military physicians, regardless of specialty, are expected to provide combat casualty care. The goal was to assess the effectiveness of an intense modular trauma refresher course for nonsurgical physicians deploying to a combat zone. Methods All graduating nonsurgical residents participated in this 2.5-day course, consisting of 4 modules: (1) didactic session; (2) simulation with interactive human surgical simulators; (3) case presentations and triage scenarios from Iraq/Afghanistan with associated skill stations; and (4) live tissue surgical procedure laboratory. Competency tests, surveys, and after action comments were reviewed and compared before and after course completion. Results Between May 2005 and April 2007, 60 physicians participated in the course. By specialties, there were 32 internists, 16 pediatricians, 7 general practitioners, 4 obstetricians/gynecologists, and 1 “other” nonsurgical physician represented. Precourse and postcourse tests were administered to 31 of 60 participants. The mean test scores improved from 76% to 96% upon completion of the course (p Conclusion All military physicians must be prepared to manage combat casualties. This hybrid training model may be an effective method to prepare nonsurgeons to deal with battle injuries. This course significantly improved the knowledge and confidence among primary care physicians.
Why Did Binford's Middle-Range Program Outcompete Schiffer's Formation Process Program?

Different ideas are proposed all the time in archaeology. These often rise or fall based on how well they predict objective, measureable characteristics of the archaeological record. But other ideas are more paradigmatic, concerned with how we think about the archaeological record rather than the record itself. What determines which ideas rise or fall? This essay considers the specific question of why Lewis Binford’s middle-range approach became more prevalent over the very similar formation-process approach of Michael Schiffer in the 1970s and 1980s. It is hypothesized that while an approach’s ability to predict objective characteristics of the archaeological record is one selective factor, in this particular case, other factors, including personality and, especially, the association between Binford’s approach and significant, long-standing problems of prehistory, were also significant selective factors.
SU-GG-T-32: Seed Immobilization Using Diathermy Coagulation for Brachytherapy Procedure

Purpose: To investigate the efficacy of seed immobilization in prostate brachytherapy using diathermy coagulation method. The method is to confine the seed movement by coagulating the surrounding tissue.Method and Materials: A diathermy machine was used in the experiment. One active needle electrode together with a neutral electrode (patient pad) was used for tissue coagulation. Experiments were carried out first to find the best mode that can produce effective tissue welding with least tissue lesion, charring and smoke. Experimental observations revealed that Mode “Forced” coagulation with level 1(Frequency:1Mhz, Peak value of HF‐voltage: 1300Vp) was most suitable. A rocking platform was designed and fabricated, which could move both horizontally and vertically with adjustable speeds. Fresh bovine livers were used in experiments. In each set of experiment, fifteen seeds were implanted into the tissue, with 10 seeds immobilized by coagulating the tissue at two ends of the seeds, while the other 5 free seeds deposited for comparison. Two long needles were inserted into the liver for references. An initial X‐ray scan was taken to record the reference positions of these seeds, before putting the phantom onto the rocking platform to simulate acceleratedtesting scenario of human motion. Two subsequent scans were taken at 10‐hour intervals to observe the seed movement. Results: Experimental results revealed that the seed movement can be greatly reduced using the diathermy coagulation technique. The maximum/mean movements were 37.4mm/19.3mm for seeds without coagulation, and 2.1mm/1mm for the immobilized seeds. Evaluation of the radiation dose distribution revealed that the non‐immobilized seed movement would change the planned isodose distribution considerably; while by using diathermy coagulation method to immobilize the seeds, the changes were negligible. Conclusion: Experimental results reveal that diathermy coagulation can immobilize seeds effectively. We are now designing brachytherapy compatible device to deliver diathermy energy in surgery. Acknowledgement: supported by DOD‐W81XWH‐06‐1‐0227.
On-line monitoring by Raman spectroscopy: Instrument control and calibration

We have demonstrated the utility of a fiber-optic Raman spectrometer with a charge coupled device (CCD) detector for measurements on a variety of chemical systems. Applications have included remote characterization of nuclear wastes, monitoring the heterogeneously catalyzed conversion of quadricyclane to norbornadiene, and monitoring emulsion and suspension polymerization reactions. Instrument control and calibration are essential elements for successful on-line monitoring. We wish to be able to compare measurements made with on- line systems with reference measurements made on laboratory instruments. Raman spectra are fundamental properties of molecular species. With suitable control and calibration of the measurement systems, spectra taken on different systems can be directly compared. We have built into our measurement system both hardware and software to provide automated wavenumber and intensity calibration and correction. The wavenumber axis calibration is based on measurement of the spectrum of atomic lines due to neon. The neon spectrum is provided by an inexpensive and compact lamp connected to the spectrometer by a dedicated optical fiber. In using atomic lines for calibration we must be able to determine peak positions reliably with an uncertainty much less than the sampling interval in the digitized spectrum. We describe a way of doing this as part of our calibration procedure. Intensity axis calibration involves correction for pixel-to-pixel and wavelength-dependent sensitivity variation of the detector and wavelength- and time-dependent throughput variations of the spectrograph and optical fiber probe. The data needed for these corrections are obtained by measurements with a calibrated white light source and with a standard sample. The white light source is a compact tungsten halogen bulb with its own dedicated optical fiber. The standard sample, a stable, readily available material, is incorporated into the measurement system at the sample end of the fiber optic probe. A computer-controlled, stepper motor driven positioner places the neon, white light and sample fibers at the focus of the spectrometer entrance optics as required.
Energy-efficient datapath scheduling using multiple voltages and dynamic clocking

Recently, dynamic frequency scaling has been explored at the CPU and system levels for power optimization. Low-power datapath scheduling using multiple supply voltages has been well researched. In this work, we develop new datapath scheduling algorithms that use multiple supply voltages and dynamic frequency clocking in a coordinated manner in order to reduce the energy consumption of datapath circuits. In dynamic frequency clocking, the functional units can be operated at different frequencies depending on the computations occurring within the datapath during a given clock cycle. The strategy is to schedule high-energy units, such as multipliers at lower frequencies, so that they can be operated at lower voltages to reduce energy consumption and the low-energy units, such as adders at higher frequencies, to compensate for speed. The proposed time- and resource-constrained algorithms have been applied to various high-level synthesis benchmark circuits under different time and resource constraints. The experimental results show significant reduction in energy for both the algorithms.
Pulmonary edema in 6 children with Down syndrome during travel to moderate altitudes.

Objective. Children with Down syndrome (DS) are living longer and are increasingly participating in recreational activities. When a child with DS was diagnosed with high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), this study was undertaken to determine whether and under what circumstances children with DS develop HAPE. Design. A retrospective review of the medical records of Children9s Hospital, Denver, Colorado was performed for children with a discharge diagnosis of HAPE. Diagnostic criteria for HAPE included the presence of crackles or frothy sputum production on examination, hypoxemia, chest radiograph findings consistent with pulmonary edema, and rapid clinical improvement after descent or oxygen therapy. Results. A total of 52 patients with HAPE were found of whom 6 also had DS. The age range of the children with DS was 2 to 14 years. HAPE developed at altitudes ranging from 1738 to 3252 m. Four children developed HAPE within 24 hours of arrival to altitude. Three children had chronic pulmonary hypertension, and 4 had either an existing cardiac defect with left-to-right shunt or previously had a defect with left-to-right shunt that had been repaired. One child had Eisenmenger syndrome with chronic right-to-left shunting of blood. Five children had preexisting illnesses before travel to altitude. Conclusion. Children with DS often have medical problems such as chronic pulmonary hypertension, frequent infections, and pulmonary vascular overperfusion and injury from existing or previous cardiac defects. These problems all may be viewed as risk factors for HAPE and thus result in the rapid development of HAPE at low altitudes. Care should be taken when traveling to even moderate altitudes with children with DS.
Unidimensional data: A graphical analysis

The purpose of this article is three-fold: to demonstrate the interface between the theory of scaling and graph theory, to determine the class of unidimensional graphs, and to provide a method for analyzing data which consists cf both dominance and indifference relations. The most definitive work on the subject of data analysis is Coombs’ (1976) A Theory of Data in which eight types of data are described. The eight data types arise from three defining dichotomies, one of which separates the data in terms of whether the obtained relations demonstrate dominance or indifference (termed proximity by Coombs). Let us assume, without loss of generality, that we have decided upon the method of paired comparisons for data collection. Under usual circumstances, when presented with two stimuli (or sets of stimuli, hereafter referred to simply as stimuli) the subject is asked to answer one of two questions. Either the subject must indicate which of the two stimuli dominates (is preferred to, is greater than, contains more of some aspect, etc.) the other, or the subject is asked whether or not the stimuli are proximal (similar, indistinguishable, within some indifference threshold of one another, etc.). There ..:ire numerous ways of handling data thus obtained (cf. Coombs, 1976 for a complcrte treatment). Scaling analysis has primarily relied upon data cclnsisting of either dominance or indifference relations, but not both. It is sometimes the case that both types are collected, but only one analyzed. In one such study by Coombs and Coombs (1977) both types of data were collected and separately anialyzed using different methods. It was found that similar scales were obtained under both circumstances. Two implications of this experiment and its results should be mentioned. First, both types of data are meaningful in the sense that they are compatibly generated from the same underlying scale. And second, the me(.tsures of quality of the scales
Postsplenectomy thrombocythemia: an unmasked myeloproliferative disorder.

: Persistent postsplenectomy thrombocythemia should be differentiated from transient postsplenectomy thrombocytosis, as the former leads to hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications. The authors reviewed 29 cases of “postsplenectomy thrombocythemia” collected from the literature (1933–1970) and added 2 of their own. The data on these 31 cases indicate that the disease should be diagnosed and treated as primary thrombocythemia, present in masked form before splenectomy.
Adherence to Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Treatment in Patients With Alzheimer Disease and Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Objective This analysis examined whether patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) tolerate continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Method Thirty patients with AD were randomized to CPAP or sham CPAP and completed sleep, depression, and quality-of-life questionnaires. Participants could choose to continue treatment after the trial. Results Patients wore CPAP for 4.8 hours per night. More depressive symptoms were associated with worse adherence (r S = −0.37; N=30, p t [19] = 2.45, p=0.02) and better adherence ( t [19] = 2.32, p=0.03) during the trial. Conclusion Patients with AD with obstructive sleep apnea can tolerate CPAP. Adherence and long-term use may be more difficult among those patients with more depressive symptoms.
Measuring Growth and Decline in Visual-Motor Processes With the Bender-Gestalt Second Edition:

The purpose of this study is to develop a change-sensitive scale for evaluating developmental change in visual-motor ability across the life span. A partial-credit item-response model is used to es...
A tail withdrawal procedure for assessing analgesic activity in rhesus monkeys.

their tails could be immersed into a thermos of water. Monkeys consistently kept their tails in 38-40°C water for at least 20 set, but withdrew them from 55°C water in l-4 sec. Tail withdrawal latencies from 55°C water remained consistent over a period of 3 hr. Morphine produced dose-dependent increases in tail withdrawal latencies from 55°C water, whereas pentobarbital, haloperidol, and phencyclidine did not increase tail withdrawal latencies except at doses that produced marked sedation.
Synthesis of a 13C,15N labeled imidazole and characterization of the 2,5-endoperoxide and its decomposition

A synthesis of 13C, 15N labeled imidazoles was developed which allows the direct detection of a transient 2,5-endoperoxide at −100°C. The endoperoxide was thoroughly characterized by 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR. Upon warming, the endoperoxide decomposes via a series of transient intermediates to 13CO2 and 1,2-diphenyl-ethanediimine.
Officials Versus Thieves: Is Public or Private Expropriation More Harmful to Small Firms?

Corruption and crime are factors that regularly affect firms, yet few papers compare the two impacts. This is largely due to a lack of data, something I overcome using recent surveys of microenterp...
Plastic deformation of polycrystalline binary and ternary beta brass alloys

The tensile deformation of binary and ternary beta brass polycrystals has been investigated in the range 25 to 300°C. Addition of manganese restricted cross-slip while nickel addition enhanced wavy glide. The yield stress of each composition studied exhibited a peak at some intermediate temperature. Manganese and nickel respectively increased and decreased the temperature of the peak. The peak is believed to result from the influence of alloying and temperature on the nature of slip and the effectiveness of grain boundaries as barriers to slip propagation.
Union PAC contributions and legislative voting

Are union PACs able to affect legislative voting patterns with campaign contributions? Unlike previous studies addressing this question, this work measures the likelihood of a legislator supporting union (AFL-CIO) issues instead of isolating specific bills for study. Furthermore, the influence of union PAC money in both congressional chambers is examined. The results are mixed: apparently, organized labor has been able to influence labor legislation with campaign money in some election cycles, but in others, they are less effective.
Visible digital watermarking system using perceptual models

This paper presents a visible watermarking system using perceptual models. %how and why A watermark image is overlaid translucently onto a primary image, for the purposes of immediate claim of copyright, instantaneous recognition of owner or creator, or deterrence to piracy of digital images or video. %perceptual The watermark is modulated by exploiting combined DCT-domain and DWT-domain perceptual models. % so that the watermark is visually uniform. The resulting watermarked image is visually pleasing and unobtrusive. The location, size and strength of the watermark vary randomly with the underlying image. The randomization makes the automatic removal of the watermark difficult even though the algorithm is known publicly but the key to the random sequence generator. The experiments demonstrate that the watermarked images have pleasant visual effect and strong robustness. The watermarking system can be used in copyright notification and protection.
Validation of a classroom climate inventory for use at the early elementary level

A classroom climate measure that can be used at the early elementary school level was validated on a sample of 129 children in five primary classes. This measure consists of five scales assessing a...
Syllable Omission by Two-Year-Old Children.

An eye-gaze and production probe examined the ability of 2-year-old children to perceive and produce minimal pairs of novel trisyllabic words with primary stress on the first or second syllables. T...
Surface radiation budget at Barrow, Alaska

At Barrow, the most northerly point in the U.S., radiation measurements were carried out. It was found that multiple reflection between the ground and stratus clouds, due to high surface albedo in winter, enhances the global radiation. These measurements are in agreement with model results. This, together with cloud amount, makes effective transmittance of the atmosphere highest in spring, resulting in the highest values of irradiation in May. For the same cloud amount, the effective transmittance of the atmosphere is always larger in winter, when there is a highly reflective surface, than in summer.
Scalable Speech Coding for IP Networks: Beyond iLBC

High quality speech at low bit rates makes code excited linear prediction (CELP) the dominant choice for a narrowband coding technique despite the susceptibility to packet loss. One of the few techniques which received attention after the introduction of CELP coding technique is the internet low bitrate codec (iLBC) because of inherent high robustness to packet loss. Addition of rate flexibility and scalability makes the iLBC an attractive choice for voice communication over IP networks. In this paper, performance improvement schemes of multi-rate iLBC and its scalable structure are proposed, and the proposed codec enhanced from the previous work is re-designed based on the subjective listening quality instead of the objective quality. In particular, perceptual weighting and the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) with short overlap in weighted signal domain are employed along with the improved packet loss concealment (PLC) algorithm. The subjective evaluation results show that the speech quality of the proposed codec is equivalent to that of state-of-the-art codec, G.718, under both a clean channel condition and lossy channel conditions. This result is significant considering that development of the proposed codec is still in early stage.
Embryo adoption: Some further considerations

Recent discussions of embryo adoption have sought to make sense of the teaching of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) document Dignitas personae which appeared to provide a negative judgment on such a practice. This article aims to provide a personalist account of the process of fertilization and implantation that might serve as the basis for the negative judgment of the CDF document. In doing so, it relies upon the idea that a person, including an embryo, is not to be considered in isolation, but always in relation to God and to others. This approach extends the substantialist conceptualizations commonly employed in discussions of this issue. More generally, the article seeks to highlight the value of a personalist re-framing for an understanding of the moral questions surrounding the beginning of life. Lay summary: This article seeks to make sense of what appears to be a clear-cut rejection, set out in the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) document Dignitas personae, of the proposal for women to “adopt” surplus frozen embryos. It draws upon more recently developed modes of philosophical/theological reasoning to argue that, in human procreation, both fertilization and implantation represent constitutive dimensions of divine creative activity and so must be protected from manipulative technological intervention. Since embryo adoption requires this kind of technology, it makes sense for the Church document not to approve it.
IS PHYSICS FUNDAMENTAL? ROBERT RUSSELL ON DIVINE ACTION

. Robert Russell's theological work has been a helpful stimulus to the task of understanding the meaning of divine action and providence in the age of science. He relates God's direct action “fundamentally” to the hidden domain of quantum events, and his theology of nature deserves careful attention. It is questionable, however, whether the term fundamental as applied to quantum events by physical science may be taken over by theology without more careful qualification than Russell offers.
Frosted jones pyrex tubes.

PURPOSE To describe the use of a new, frosted Jones Pyrex tube in the treatment of obstructed canaliculi of the upper lacrimal system. The frosted Jones tube retains the advantages of the traditional smooth Pyrex tube yet appears to improve the positional stability in the surgically created fistula. METHODS Ten patients of a single surgeon who had previously undergone external conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy and placement of a Jones Pyrex tube, with subsequent Pyrex tube extrusion, were included in the study. All had previous success with Pyrex tubes, with follow-up ranging from 1 month to 14 years. In each case, when the patient presented with an extruded tube, it was replaced with a frosted Jones tube (Weiss Scientific Glass Blowing Company, Portland, OR, U.S.A.). RESULTS In this preliminary study, none of the 10 patients fitted with a frosted Jones Pyrex tube had a recurrence of extrusion. All patients reported proper functioning of the tubes, with no complaints of epiphora or discomfort. CONCLUSIONS Compared with a standard Jones Pyrex tube, a frosted tube functions equally well and reduces the possibility of extrusion, which is the main complication of traditional conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy. We have exchanged smooth tubes for frosted tubes in patients who have had extrusion of the original tube, and we are currently investigating primary placement of the frosted Jones Pyrex tube.
Estimation of the heat generation rates in electrochemical cells

Abstract One of the earliest attempts to estimate the heat production rate in an electrochemical cell is that of Sherfrey and Brunner [1] . Their methodology and the developments that followed generated models of greater or lesser sophistication that are difficult to apply because of notation problems. In many cases, the modeling equations are referenced in subsequent papers but the cell's thermal response continues to be determined experimentally. A computationally simpler approach is developed and evaluated. This methodology follows essentially the original methodology but begins at a more fundamental level, i.e., the energy conservation law. By doing this, the critical parameters are easily addressed in a more systematic way and produce quantitative results suitable for more extended modeling and simulation exercises. These quantitative parameters include (1) the heat generation rate in multi-cell batteries, (2) the heat generation rate during cell venting, (3) the thermal response as a measure of the state of health of a battery, (4) an estimator of the heat generation rate that does not require a temperature measurement and (5) a first order differential equation that models the dynamic thermal response as a function of the power input (or output) of the battery.
Preliminary assessment of the Mars Science Laboratory entry, descent, and landing simulation

On August 5, 2012, the Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity, successfully landed inside Gale Crater. This landing was the seventh successful landing and fourth rover to be delivered to Mars. Weighing nearly one metric ton, Curiosity is the largest and most complex rover ever sent to investigate another planet. Safely landing such a large payload required an innovative Entry, Descent, and Landing system, which included the first guided entry at Mars, the largest supersonic parachute ever flown at Mars, and the novel Sky Crane landing system. A complete, end-to-end, six degree-of-freedom, multi-body computer simulation of the Mars Science Laboratory Entry, Descent, and Landing sequence was developed at the NASA Langley Research Center. In-flight data gathered during the successful landing is compared to pre-flight statistical distributions, predicted by the simulation. These comparisons provide insight into both the accuracy of the simulation and the overall performance of the Entry, Descent, and Landing system.
Turkish Foreign Policy and Public Opinion in the AKP Era

Since the election of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) in 2002, Turkey has become the subject of increased attention from the US foreign policy community. Schools of thought range from those who argue that Turkey is “turning away from the West” to those who suggest that Turkey is pursuing a more autonomous foreign policy. One of the few things on which these schools of thought agree is that, if they are correct, we should be able to find these patterns in public opinion. Analyzing data from the Pew Global Attitudes Project, we find some differences in attitudes based on political party affiliation, income and education, but the results generally refute the argument that Turks see a fundamental choice between East and West in their foreign policy or that supporters of the AKP have fundamentally different international outlooks. Taken together, these results have important implications for US policymakers.
Synthesis and photopolymerization of norbornyl epoxidized linseed oil

Abstract Norbornyl epoxidized linseed oil was synthesized via Diels–Alder reaction of cyclopentadiene with linseed oil at high pressure (∼200 psi) and high temperature (240 °C), followed by an epoxidation using hydrogen peroxide with a quaternary ammonium tetrakis(diperoxotungsto) phosphate(3−) epoxidation catalyst. The products were characterized using 1H and 13C NMR, FT-IR, and electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy. Photo-induced curing kinetics of norbornyl epoxidized linseed oil coatings was investigated using real-time FT-IR spectroscopy with a fiber optic UV-curing system. The norbornyl epoxidized linseed oil was formulated with three different divinyl ether reactive diluent. The effect of divinyl ether concentration and types of divinyl ether on the curing reaction was investigated. It was found that the curing rate of norbornyl epoxidized linseed oil was lower than that of cycloaliphatic epoxide, but higher than epoxidized linseed oil. The incorporation of divinyl ethers increased the curing rate and overall conversion of the epoxide groups. Of the three divinyl ethers used, coating with triethyleneglycol divinyl ether showed the highest curing rate and coating with cyclohexane dimethanol divinyl ether showed the lowest curing rate.
Raclopride, but not SCH 23390, induces maldirected jumping in rats trained to perform a run-climb-run behavioral task

In order to explore further the putative differential behavioral consequences of D1 dopamine and D2 dopamine receptor antagonism, SCH 23 390 (0.01–0.12 mg/kg) and raclopride (0.12–1.0 mg/kg) were administered to two separate groups of rats that had been trained in an eight-trial-per-day format to run down an alleyway, climb a vertical rope, and run across a horizontal board to access sweetened milk. Although both drugs dose-dependently reduced the speed of task completion, only raclopride produced vigorous, maldirected jumping behavior in the floor segment of the apparatus. The number of such jumps increased with dose. This raclopride-specific jumping phenomenon may provide a new behavioral arena for investigating the functional differences between D1 and D2 receptor antagonism.
Crystallographic calculations for possible high-pressure lanthanide structure models

Abstract X-ray powder diffraction intensities were calculated for three crystal structure models being proposed as possible high-pressure lanthanide-metal phases. The three models are distorted fcc and triple hexagonal close packed, types I and II. The calculated diffraction intensities show significant differences among the three models. However, the agreement with the observed intensity data is not excellent for any of the three models, although the agreement is somewhat better for thcp I.
The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Quality in Training Initiative (ACS-NSQIP QITI): results of a systematic review for a national surgical quality improvement curriculum

INTRODUCTION: The ACGME Next Accreditation System will require general surgery training programs to demonstrate outstanding clinical outcomes and education in quality improvement (QI). The ACS-NSQIP QITI, a collaborative of QI focused academic hospitals working to integrate QI into surgical education, report the results of a systematic review (SR) of the literature investigating the availability of a QI curriculum.
Copper ions and the regulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae metallothionein genes under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

We have previously reported that theSaccharomyces cerevisiae CRS5 metallothionein gene is negatively regulated by oxygen. The mechanism of this repression was the focus of the current study. We observed that the aerobic repression ofCRS5 is rapid and occurs within minutes of exposing anaerobic cultures to air. Furthermore, theCUP1 metallothionein gene ofS. cerevisiae was found to be subject to a similar down-regulation of gene expression. We provide evidence that the aerobic repression of yeast metallothioneins involves copper ions and Ace1, the coppertrans-activator ofCUP1 andCRS5 gene expression. A functional Ace1 binding site was found to be necessary for the aerobic repression ofCRS5. Moreover, the aerobic down-regulation of the metallothioneins was abolished when cells were treated with elevated levels of copper. Our studies show that anaerobic cultures accumulate higher levels of copper than do aerobic cells and that this copper is rapidly lost when cells are exposed to air. In fact, the kinetics of this copper loss closely parallels the kinetics ofCUP1 andCRS5 gene repression. The yeast metallothionein genes, therefore, serve as excellent markers for variations in copper accumulation and homeostasis that occur in response to changes in the oxidative status of the cell.
A mathematical model of the effects of light on the eclosion rhythm of the fruit fly Drosophila pseudoobscura

A mathematical formulation useful in characterizing the effects of light on the pupal eclosion rhythm of the fruit flyDrosophila pseudoobscura is presented. It is based upon the premise that the underlying pacemaker oscillator behaves in a manner analogous to a customized version of a phase-locked loop circuit. Theoretical analyses supplemented with numerical simulations reveal that this phase-locked loop approach yields a concise mathematical characterization which is quite comprehensive in its scope, yet surprisingly accurate in the detail with which it can be used to successfully predict observed experimental results.
Conformational behavior of fragments of adrenocorticotropin and their antisense peptides determined by NMR spectroscopy and CD spectropolarimetry

Abstract An ‘antisense’ peptide (‘HTCA’), whose sequence was generated by reading the antisense RNA sequence corresponding to ACTH(1–24) was shown to bind ACTH(1–24) with a K d of 0.3 nM in a solid-matrix binding assay [(1986) Biochem. J. 234, 679–683]. Two-dimensional NMR spectra were used to examine the conformational behavior in methanol and in water solution of two fragments of adrenocorticotropin, ACTH(1–24) and ACTH(1–13), as well as their antisense peptides, HTCA and HTCA(12–24). The conformations are extended chains in these solutions, both as isolated molecules and when mixed with their antisense complements. The K d values are greater than 1 mM.
Spatial Disorientation in Remote Ground Vehicle Operations: Target Localization Errors:

Operating remote unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) poses the risk of operator spatial disorientation. While the position of the vehicle can be tracked and displayed on a global map, operators face the difficult task of integrating object (target) information from context limited ground views with a global map view. Studies indicate this can be a challenging task. An analysis of specific object location errors is presented.
Ecology, Behavior, and Distribution of Blattella asahinai (Orthoptera: Blattellidae) in Central Florida

The Asian cockroach, Blattella asahinai Mizukubo, a close relative of the German cockroach, B. germanica (L.), has been discovered in over 900 km2 from Tampa to Lakeland, Fla., and is prevalent in citrus groves, wooded areas, lawns, and homes. Differentiation of the two species is best accomplished by the diagnostic behavior of the Asian cockroach—it is crepuscular (sunset) and nocturnal, readily flies, is attracted at sunset to light-colored or brightly lit surfaces, and lives outdoors in large numbers. Analyses of microhabitat composition of 86 trap sites indicate that the principal habitat of the Asian cockroach is leaf litter in shaded areas. Here, the densities of nymphs and females bearing oothecae were highest. All other adults were more diffusely distributed. Asian cockroaches may be difficult to control because of the mobility of the species and the common occurrence of feral reservoirs.
Cognitive Methods and a Case Study for Assessing Shared Perspectives as a Result of Social Learning

Measuring shared perspectives as a result of social learning has largely been limited to document reviews, participant observations, and interviews. Systematic methods that allow for quantitative analysis and minimize response effects may also be informative. This article discusses the use of consensus analysis and salience for analyzing the first stages of Cognitive Domain Analysis and the Conceptual Content Cognitive Map (3CM) to explore shared perspectives as a result of social learning. A case study compares perspectives about ideal use of communal forests in the Bolivian Amazon, where structured 3CM was implemented with 16 extension agents and 34 residents of two rural communities. Salience described the relative importance of communal forest concepts and consensus analysis described whether those who participated in a social learning process had similar content to their models as compared to nonparticipants. These tools promise to be engaging, effective methods to test the impacts of social learning.
Extraction of annatto seed pigment by supercritical carbon dioxide.

Operating pressures ranged 3000-7000 psi and temperatures 40-55 degrees C. Maximum solubility of pure bixin was 0.003 and of annatto seed pigment 0.26 mg/g CO2. Analyses of annatto seed pigment from supercritical bon dioxide extractions showed only alpha- and beta-bixin present. Only bixin was extracted from mixed samples consisting of bixin and norbixin. No thermal degradation product was detected in samples extracted within the temperature range we used. Increased temperature resulted in increased pigment/g CO2 at all pressures. Isothermal increases in pressure did not increase pigment/g CO2. Efficiency of annatto pigment extraction was increased in the presence of an oil.
Effects of particle shape and chemical composition on the electron impact charging properties of submicron inorganic particles

Abstract The electron impact charging properties of submicron (∼ 0.04–0.25 μm diameter) particles of inorganic salts, and metal and semiconductor oxides were investigated using a particle beam apparatus. The results indicate that the particle saturation charge is approximately a linear function of diameter, and is relatively insensitive to particle shape and chemical composition. A linear least-squares fit to all our data on inorganic and organic particles (14 different compounds) provides a simple equation that can be used to calculate saturation charge to within ∼ 15% for these broad classes of materials. This result is important for the application of a new particle beam mass spectrometric technique we have developed for sizing submicron particles sampled from low-pressure environments. The saturation charging curves can be explained by using the results of a series of measurements on KCl particles to extend a charging model developed earlier for organic particles.
Planning for Rift Valley fever virus: use of geographical information systems to estimate the human health threat of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)-related transmission.

Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus is a mosquito-borne phlebovirus of the Bunyaviridae family that causes frequent outbreaks of severe animal and human disease in sub-Saharan Africa, Egypt and the Arabian Peninsula. Based on its many known competent vectors, its potential for transmission via aerosolization, and its progressive spread from East Africa to neighbouring regions, RVF is considered a high-priority, emerging health threat for humans, livestock and wildlife in all parts of the world. Introduction of West Nile virus to North America has shown the potential for "exot- ic" viral pathogens to become embedded in local ecological systems. While RVF is known to infect and amplify with- in domestic livestock, such as taurine cattle, sheep and goats, if RVF virus is accidentally or intentionally introduced into North America, an important unknown factor will be the role of local wildlife in the maintenance or propagation of virus transmission. We examined the potential impact of RVF transmission via white-tailed deer (Odocoileus vir- ginianus) in a typical north-eastern United States urban-suburban landscape, where livestock are rare but where these potentially susceptible, ungulate wildlife are highly abundant. Model results, based on overlap of mosquito, human and projected deer densities, indicate that a significant proportion (497/1186 km 2 , i.e. 42%) of the urban and peri-urban landscape could be affected by RVF transmission during the late summer months. Deer population losses, either by intervention for herd reduction or by RVF-related mortality, would substantially reduce these likely transmission zones to 53.1 km 2 , i.e. by 89%.
A slacker coherence protocol for pull-based monitoring of on-line data sources

An increasing number of online applications operate on data from disparate, and often wide-spread, data sources. This paper studies the design of a system for the automated monitoring of on-line data sources. In this system a number of ad-hoc data warehouses, which maintain client-specified views, are interposed between clients and data sources. We present a model of coherence, referred to here as slacker coherence, to address the freshness problem in the context of pull-based protocols. We experimentally examine various techniques for estimating update rates and polling adaptively. We also look at the impact on the coherence model performance of the request scheduling algorithm at the source.
Favorable Estimators for Fitting Pareto Models: A Study Using Goodness-of-fit Measures with Actual Data

Several recent papers treated robust and efficient estimation of tail index parameters for (equivalent) Pareto and truncated exponential models, for large and small samples. New robust estimators of “generalized median” (GM) and “trimmed mean” (T) type were introduced and shown to provide more favorable trade-offs between efficiency and robustness than several well-established estimators, including those corresponding to methods of maximum likelihood, quantiles, and percentile matching. Here we investigate performance of the above mentioned estimators on real data and establish — via the use of goodness-of-fit measures — that favorable theoretical properties of the GM and T type estimators translate into an excellent practical performance. Further, we arrive at guidelines for Pareto model diagnostics, testing, and selection of particular robust estimators in practice. Model fits provided by the estimators are ranked and compared on the basis of Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Cramer-von Mises, and Anderson-Darling statistics.
Foreword&#8212;liable and Fault-Tolerant Computing

THIS issue of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS continues a series of Special Issues on fault-tolerant computing that began in 1971. Since that time, concern for high reliability and fault tolerance has moved from such specialized application areas as telephone switching and spacecraft control into the general commercial computer market. Developments in VLSI technology, especially the microprocessor and microcomputer, have provided new and less costly ways to construct reliable and fault-tolerant computers and computer-based systems. At the same time, VLSI has introduced new problems in the design, evaluation, and maintenance of such systems.
Oviposition Preference by the Sugarcane Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Opposition preference by the sugarcane borer. Diarrhea saccharalis (F.). on several hosts was compared. The sugarcane borer laid significantly more eggs (78%) on four sugarcane ( Saccharum spp.) clones than on corn ( Zea mays L.). sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). rice ( Oryza sativa L.). or wax paper (22%). More eggs were laid on the leaf surfaces of glabrous sugarcane clones than on a pubescent clone. Although fewer eggs were laid on the leaf surfaces of pubescent clones. oviposition on the midribs (devoid of trichomes) was increased compared with oviposition on the midrib of glabrous clones; this result indicated also that moths avoided pubescent surfaces for oviposition. Overall, the glabrous clones received >2.5 times the number of eggs than the pubescent clone. A commercial sugarcane clone with pubescence might therefore be more resistant to the sugarcane borer than the glabrous clones that are currently grown.
Craving: what can be done to bring the insights of neuroscience, behavioral science and clinical science into synchrony

Alcohol self-administration behavior is the common thread that is necessary to bring the insights of neuroscience, behavioral science and clinical science into synchrony around the concept of craving. Animal models should address the molecular and cellular changes that take place in behaviorally relevant brain regions of rats consequent to chronic self-administration of ethanol. Animal models can focus on the biology of the anticipatory state in alcohol preferring/consuming rats, as well as studies of the effects of possible medications on this state in the animal model, on actual alcohol consuming behavior, and on the residual effects of chronic alcohol on the non-human mammalian brain. In human studies of craving, cue-reactivity in the absence of the opportunity to drink alcohol does not have the same salience as cue-reactivity in which drinking is possible. Moreover, actual drinking behavior serves to validate self-reports of craving. Studies of limited alcohol self-administration in the laboratory are an essential element in screening new medications for the treatment of alcoholism. Studies to date suggest no adverse reaction to the participation of alcoholic subjects in limited alcohol self-administration studies, but the research community should continue to monitor carefully the outcomes of alcohol-dependent subjects who participate in this type of research, and efforts should always be made to encourage these subjects to enter active treatment. In outpatient clinical trials of new treatments for alcoholism, the assessment of craving should include queries regarding symptoms and signs of protracted abstinence such as sleep disturbances, as well as questions regarding situational craving. Field observations of alcoholics in their favorite drinking environments would contribute greatly to our understanding of the real-world phenomenology of craving.
The Effect of the Pasteurization Temperature on Individual Germs Found in Milk

Pasteurization, since its introduction into the dairy industry, has received much study. The primary reason for introducing this process into the dairy business was to protect the public from disease germs carried by milk and it is along this line that most of the study has been directed. Pasteurization also prolongs the keeping quality of the milk when it is properly done. It is stated that about 99 per cent reduction of the bacterial m$lk flora is obtained by this process. Ayers and John.~on (1) have published evidence showing that when milk is highly contaminated with bacteria a ninety-nine per cent reduction is secured, but when the milk is not so highly contaminated the percentage of reduction does not reach this figure. The effect of pasteurization on the individual organism found in milk has not received much study. Ayers and Johnson (3) found that of twenty-two typical streptococci one survived a temperature of 62.8°C. for thirty minutes, and of 117 atypical streptococci, 38.46 per cent survived this temperature. The same authors (2) found twelve colon bacilli which resisted a temperature of 62.8°C. Barber (4), studying the effect of temperature on the rate of multiplication of a colon bacterium, found that it reached its maximum rate of division at 37°C. and that this rate fell off at 45°C. and ceased at 49°C. Tanner and Dubois (6) concluded from their work "that the members of the colon-typhoid group in milk in the number to which they would occur are destroyed by heating for thirty minutes at 60°C. '' The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of pasteurization on pure cultures of bacteria found in milk. The
Systemic insecticides for control of oriental rat fleas: preliminary tests in guinea pigs, 1967-69.

Seven systemic insecticides administered orally to guinea pigs caused complete mortality of Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothschild) without noticeably affecting the guinea pigs. Four other compounds killed all the fleas but they also killed the guinea pigs. Ten compounds killed 50–95% of the fleas, but 3 of the 10 killed the guinea pigs at the dose that killed the fleas. Forty other compounds were ineffective.
THE BUNDLE PLOT: EVOLUTION OF SYMBOLIC SPACE UNDER THE SYSTEM PARAMETER CHANGES

This paper provides a topological dynamics perspective on the full bifurcation unfolding in unimodal mappings. We present a bundle structure, visualized as a bundle plot, to show the evolution of symbolic space as we vary a system parameter. The bundle plot can be viewed as a limit process of an assignment plot, which are line assignments between points from two dynamical systems. Such line assignments are determined by a commuter, which is a coordinates transformation function that satisfies a commuting relationship but not necessarily a homeomorphism. The bundle structure is studied by understanding the implication of the system's qualitative changes. In addition, the case of the bundle plot with higher dimensional parameter variation is also considered. A main concern in the bundle plot is a special structure, called "joint", which determines a critical value of the parameter where the kneading sequence becomes periodic.