cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Interferon Appearing in Cell Cultures Infected with Measles Virus.

SummaryAn inhibitor of viral activity appears in cell cultures inoculated with live measles virus. This inhibitor has been separated from the infectious particles and complement fixing antigens produced in the same cultures. It is not neutralized by measles antiserum. It does not inactivate the virus when mixed with it, but reduces the extent of cytopathic changes as well as quantity of virus produced.
STOP! In the name of positive selection.

Calcium signaling is essential during thymocyte development. It seems that calcium oscillations trigger thymocytes to become immotile, prolonging interactions with stromal cells that are critical for positive selection.
Anticardiolipm Antibodies: Specificity and Function:

Antibodies detected by solid phase anticardiolipin immunoassays are heterogeneous but understanding the nature of this heterogeneity has proven difficult. Differences in any of the following features may account for differences in anticardiolipin antibodies: avidity for cardiolipin, phospholipid cross-reactivity, specificity for beta 2 glycoprotein I (beta 2GPI)-cardiolipin complexes, functional activity (as defined by the ability to inhibit phospholipid dependent coagulation reactions) and specificities for different conformations of phospholipids. Understanding these differences may be important in explaining the variations in clinical presentation of patients with these antibodies. This review attempts to define and discuss anticardiolipin heterogeneity.
Charge trapping correction in Ge spectrometers

A charge-trapping model is developed which does not require the assumption of shallow-level detrapping. The model shows the charge-trapping deficit to be proportional to S/sub 0/t/sup N/, where S/sub 0/ is the peak amplitude of the shaping amplifier pulse, t is the charge collection time for the carrier being trapped, and 1.5 >
Vertical vibration of a circular footing on a saturated half-space

Abstract The dynamic response of a circular footing experiencing oscillatory vertical motion on the surface of a liquid-filled, porous, elastic half-space is reduced to the solution of a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. Frequency-dependent impedance functions, for a medium consisting of dense sand saturated by ground water, are computed and shown graphically to reveal the influence of dissipation of pore water and variations in the permeability coefficient and Poisson's ratio of the medium. The presence of gound water in the elastic medium affects the magnitude and character of the influence functions over the frequency range of practical interest and should be included in determining the response of surface structures to dynamic loadings.
Aniconic Worship and the Apologetic Tradition: A Note on Canon 36 of the Council of Elvira

It is well known that the spokesmen for the early Christian church were hostile to religious images.1 They regarded the Old Testament prohibition against images (Exodus 20:4, Deuteronomy 5:8) as binding upon Christians.2 But even though Christian apologists like Clement of Alexandria and Origen cited the authority of this prohibition,3 they defended the aniconic worship of Christians from pagan attack by borrowing heavily from pagan writers. The arguments they borrowed portrayed the cult of images as a ridiculously inappropriate form of worship, one that degraded the very gods it sought to honor by likening them to base material, shaped by mere craftsmen.4
Spinning an academic web community: measuring marketing effectiveness

Chat session participants of an academic library virtual learning community were surveyed to evaluate the effectiveness of marketing efforts and the quality of the project Web site. Online methods, including e-mail listserv advertisements and professional networking, were considered the most effective methods.
The Changing Face of PEDOT:PSS Films: Substrate, Bias, and Processing Effects on Vertical Charge Transport†

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is widely used as a semitransparent anode layer in organic light-emitting diodes and polymer photovoltaics. We use conductive atomic force microscopy (c-AFM) to map the electronic properties of PEDOT:PSS films during a variety of processing steps to better explain how the observed changes in macroscopic electronic properties arise from local changes in charge transport. We observe only small conductive regions, ∼20 nm in size, surrounded by more insulating regions in all of the films studied. We confirm that these features dominate the c-AFM measurements, independent of the substrate. We observe a marked increase in the density of the conductive regions with increasing annealing times, increasing applied bias (independent of polarity), and decreasing PSS concentration (achieved by altering PEDOT:PSS grades). We also find an increase in current flow following a chlorobenzene wash, suggesting the solvents used in processing the active semicon...
Radiometric absolute accuracy improvements for imaging spectrometry with HySICS

The HyperSpectral Imager for Climate Science (HySICS) is a spatial/spectral spectrometer for viewing Earth scenes with the ~0.2% (1-σ) radiometric accuracy needed for climate studies. Covering the reflected solar spectral region from 350 to 2300 nm with 6 nm resolution, this instrument will provide 0.5 km spatial resolution while covering a 100 km ground swath from low Earth orbit. A single focal plane array spans the entire spectral region, allowing for reduced mass, volume, and complexity for space flight applications compared to instrument designs with separate spectral regions.
Patterns of Scottish emigration to Canada 1750-1870.

Abstract Based on a sample of 7478 Scottish emigrants, this paper sets out the changing temporal and spatial patterns of Scottish emigration and settlement in pre-Confederation Canada. It identifies where Scottish emigrants came from, where they went in Canada, and whether discrete channels of migration existed. It argues that Scottish emigration consisted of distinct Highland and Lowland flows. Whereas Highland emigration comprised a few major channels of emigration to different parts of Canada, Lowland emigration was relatively diffuse. This was largely due to the community nature of Highland emigration, as compared with the more individualistic Lowland movement.
Immigration and National Security

Abstract The greatest threat to U.S. homeland security comes from illegals who enter the country through its porous borders in order to attack. The tide of illegal immigration must be stemmed in order to secure the United States against terrorism. It is all too easy for illegal immigrants to slip in beneath the radar, eschewing the legalization process and never being detected and deported. And as long as the benefits of illegally immigrating outweigh the costs, the influx will continue. Legal immigration itself needs reform, too; particularly the visa-waiver program and the rules governing dual citizenship, which pose further security challenges. Federal government officials must overcome their fear of alienating ethnic voters and American business, enhance border security, and reform the nation's immigration policies.
Myocardial Perfusion Imaging with Radioactive-Labeled Particles Injected Directly into the Coronary Circulation of Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Macroaggregated serum albumin (MAA) particles labeled with 131iodine (131I) or similar particles-labeled with 99mtechnetium (99mTc) or both types were injected directly into the coronary circulation of 29 patients at the time of conventional coronary arteriography. Radionuclide images of the distribution of these small (10-60 µ) biodegradable particles in the small vessels of the heart wall were made with a commercial Anger-type scintillation camera in much the same way as routine pulmonary perfusion scans are made. The resulting images depicted the relative regional distribution of blood flow to the myocardium in these patients suspected of having coronary artery disease. The myocardial perfusion images were of good quality and allowed gross assessment of perfusion by way of each major coronary artery. This was done by injecting 99mTc-labeled particles into the left coronary artery and 131I-MAA into the right coronary artery through the coronary artery catheter. Separate or composite images of the relati...
Spouse beliefs about partner chronic pain.

Abstract Although research has shown that patients' beliefs about their pain are related to pain adjustment and treatment outcomes, little is known about the beliefs of their significant others. The purpose of this study was to develop a measure of pain beliefs in significant others and to examine the correlates of these beliefs. Participants were 104 married couples in which 1 partner reported chronic pain. Spouses completed an amended version of the Survey of Pain Beliefs (SOPA). The scale development procedure described in Jensen et al was used to select appropriate items for the significant other version of the SOPA. This procedure yielded 7 subscales that closely resembled the original SOPA. Spousal pain beliefs about disability, emotion, control, and medication were significantly correlated with partners' pain severity and other indicators of pain adjustment. Emotion, disability, and other beliefs were related to spouse responses to pain, and spouses' depressive symptoms and marital dissatisfaction. Spouses' personal experiences with pain were not related to their beliefs about their partners' pain. Additional research on the pain-related beliefs of significant others may extend cognitive-behavioral theory concerning the social context of pain and provide an additional avenue through which clinicians can address cognition in patients and families. Perspective This study describes a new measure that can be used to assess significant others' beliefs about their partners' pain problems. Little is known about the beliefs of family members so this measure is expected to provide a way for clinicians and researchers to assess and track changes in those beliefs.
Responses of Bacterial Assemblages on Standing-Decaying Blades of Smooth Cordgrass to Additions of Water and Nitrogen

Plots of intermediate-height cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) were fertilized with nitrogen, misted with freshwater, given both misting and N, or left untreated. Bacterial responses on standing-decaying leaf blades were measured as changes in epiphytic mass, rates of shedding of bacterial cells into seawater, and rates of net growth on blades. Epiphytic mass rose with time, and it did so 6-fold more sharply for the combination of fertilization and misting than for control. Since the sediment surface would offer higher N and water availability, this may indicate that movement of leaf material to marsh sediments would strongly favor bacterial activity. Net growth on aerially incubated (15 h), wet blades as percentage of standing bacterial mass was unchanging with duration of decay period, but was affected by treatment (about 0 to +5% h -1 fair misted treatments. +15% h -1 for unmisted treatments). Faster growth on newly wetted, unmisted blades may have been due to release of cells from growth limitation by desiccation. Plot treatment did not affect specific rate of bacterial shedding (about 8% of standing bacterial epiphytic mass during one h of submergence at 4 weeks, and 149% h -1 at 12 weeks). It may be that during high spring tides, bacterial shedding from standing-decaying blades could provide numbers of new cells in the water column near to or greater than those provided by division of bacterioplanktonic cells.
Canonical Form and Mathematical Interpretation of Electrolyte Solution Systems

We describe a canonical form of electrolyte solution systems for the mathematical interpretation of solidliquid equilibrium. The canonical form is obtained from the analysis of the algebraic structure of electrolyte solution systems and the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions for the minimization of the total Gibbs free energy. As a result, the mathematical role of solid species in the solid-liquid equilibrium problem is explained as a Lagrange multiplier of a sort of the linearly constrained optimization problem. This finding will add to the development of an efficient numerical algorithm for the simulation of electrolyte solution systems.
Effects of the agricultural adjuvant Sylgard 309 and the insecticide pymetrozine on demographic parameters of the aphid parasitoid, Diaeretiella rapae

Abstract In this study we evaluated the effects of a purportedly selective aphicide, pymetrozine (Fulfill), and a commonly used agricultural adjuvant, Sylgard 309, which is often applied with pymetrozine, on the life table parameters of the aphid parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh). We found that pymetrozine was not toxic to D. rapae at the concentration we evaluated (0.212 g ai/ha). Instead of reducing the intrinsic rate of increase ( r m ) of D. rapae after adult exposure to the recommended field rate for aphid control in broccoli, r m actually increased 11%. However, Sylgard 309 alone was toxic and reduced r m by 18% compared to the control. The combination of Sylgard 309 and pymetrozine acted synergistically, reducing D. rapae r m 39% compared to the control. When the mummy stage of D. rapae developing in the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), was exposed to a mixture of pymetrozine and Sylgard 309, r m was reduced 13%. Thus, the mummy stage was less susceptible than the adult stage. The stable age distribution of D. rapae was altered after exposure to pymetrozine and Sylgard 309; the proportion of adults in the population increased from 4.67% (control) to 10.96%. The highest proportion of eggs (53%) in the population was achieved when adults were exposed to pymetrozine alone. The stable age distribution for the larval stages did not differ among the various treatments. Results of this study indicate that pymetrozine is not toxic to D. rapae at the rate we tested. However, the agricultural adjuvant, Sylgard 309 is toxic and Sylgard 309 and pymetrozine act synergistically. Because agricultural adjuvants are regularly used on various crops, additional research on their potential impact on biological controls is warranted. It may be found that agricultural adjuvants are not a good fit for IPM.
A current look at hospitality and tourism education in China's colleges and universities.

Abstract There has been a boom in the tourism industry in China within the last ten years. Hospitality and tourism education, especially higher education, has undergone rapid development. In 1978 there was not a single course offered in hospitality and tourism at any higher education institution. Today 69 institutions of higher education offer different programs at varying levels, including two-year diplomas, three-year certificates, and four-year Bachelor's and Master's degrees. This paper examines the development of higher education in hospitality and tourism, outlines the problems it faces, and discusses the possible solutions to the problems.
Disulfiram versus placebo for cocaine dependence in buprenorphine-maintained subjects: a preliminary trial.

Abstract Background: We examined the effects of disulfiram versus placebo on cocaine dependence in buprenorphine-maintained subjects. Methods: Opioid and cocaine dependent subjects ( n = 20) were induced onto buprenorphine maintenance, then randomized to disulfiram (250 mg q.d.; n = 11) or placebo ( n = 9) treatment for 12 weeks. Results: Groups were comparable at baseline on demographic measures and on baseline measures of drug-use severity. Fifteen subjects completed the study, including 8 subjects randomized to disulfiram (72.7%) and 7 subjects randomized to placebo (77.8%). The total number of weeks abstinent from cocaine was significantly greater on disulfiram versus placebo (mean ± SD: 7.8 ± 2.6 vs. 3.3 ± 0.5, p p Conclusions: This preliminary study suggests the potential efficacy of disulfiram versus placebo for treatment of cocaine dependence in buprenorphine-maintained patients.
Enhanced stent visualization systems during PCI: A case series and review of literature

Abstract Enhanced stent visualization systems increase the amount and quality of information during percutaneous coronary interventions. When compared to imaging techniques such as intravascular ultrasound and optical coherence tomography, enhanced stent visualization systems are easy-to-use, as well as time and cost saving. They are useful during stent implantation, overlap, assessment of integrity, and expansion. We review the available data regarding enhanced stent visualization systems and we report 5 cases showing their current applications during percutaneous coronary interventions. Learning objective: Enhanced stent visualization (ESV) systems are helpful especially during complex percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). In everyday clinical practice, ESV systems can be used both along with and instead of intracoronary imaging systems. The present case series show the main current applications of ESV systems during complex PCI cases with a brief review of the available data.>
Lepton conservation and double beta-decay

Double beta-decay is investigated without assuming lepton conservation. If the lepton part of the universal V-A current operator is linear in the massless Majorana neutrino field, leptons are conserved. The intermediate state neutrino is completely polarized and may not be reabsorbed to produce a neutrinoless double beta-decay final state. Two slight modifications of the interaction, (1) finite neutrino mass, and/or (2) a deviation from exact equality of the effective V and A lepton currents, result in the creation of an incompletely polarized intermediate state neutrino which may then be reabsorbed. Neutrinoless double beta-decay, in violation of lepton conservation, is then possible. These neutrinoless modes of double beta-decay are computed for several nuclei and are compared with the usual lepton conserving two-neutrino mode. Measureable competition between these decay modes may exist. The abandonment of lepton conservation does not alter significantly any of the predictions of the universal V-A Fermi interaction for all first order beta-processes.
Neurological impairment in nephropathic cystinosis: motor coordination deficits.

Nephropathic cystinosis is a rare genetic metabolic disorder that results in accumulation of the amino acid cystine in lysosomes due to lack of a cystine-specific transporter protein. Cystine accumulates in cells throughout the body and causes progressive damage to multiple organs, including the brain. Neuromotor deficits have been qualitatively described in individuals with cystinosis. This study quantitatively examined fine-motor coordination in individuals with cystinosis. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were also performed to determine whether structural changes were associated with motor deficits. Participants were 52 children and adolescents with infantile nephropathic cystinosis and 49 controls, ages 2–17 years, divided into preacademic and school-age groups. Results indicated that both the preacademic and school-age cystinosis groups performed significantly more poorly than their matched control groups on the Motor Coordination Test. Further, the level of performance was not significantly different between the preacademic and school-age groups. There were no significant differences in motor coordination scores based on MRI findings. This is the first study to document a persistent, nonprogressive, fine-motor coordination deficit in children and adolescents with cystinosis. The fact that these difficulties are present in the preschool years lends further support to the theory that cystinosis adversely affects neurological functioning early in development. The absence of a relationship between brain structural changes and motor function suggests that an alternative cause for motor dysfunction must be at work in this disorder.
Effects of Two Nipple Drinker Types with Different Flow Rates on the Productive Performance of Broiler Chickens During Summerlike Growing Conditions

Abstract Three trials were conducted to study the effects of a high flow volume (2.3 mL/s) nipple waterer (HFN) versus a low flow volume (.4 mL/s) nipple waterer (LFN) on the productive performance of broiler chickens as measured by average body weight (kilograms), average feed conversion (kilograms:kilogram), and percentage mortality rate. Equal numbers of male and female birds were used during Trial 1; only male birds were used during Trials 2 and 3. All trials were conducted during the summer months. An attempt was made during Trial 2 to expose the birds to artificial heat stress. No differences were seen during any of the trials in feed conversion between the two treatments. In Trial 1 the only significant difference (P ≤ .05) exhibited was in average male body weight (1.87 kg HFN; 1.84 kg LFN). A highly significant difference (P ≤ .01) was seen in average body weight (1.75 kg HFN; 1.64 kg LFN) during Trial 2. Average body weight difference during Trial 3 was highly significant at 42 days of age but not at Day 49. Mortality rate figures during Trial 2 indicate a highly significant difference during the 38-day period prior to heat stress (2.2% LFN; .4% HFN), and significant difference during the heat stress period (38 to 44 days; 2.9% LFN; 1.5% HFN). During Trial 3 mortality rate differences were significant by 49 days (20.6% LFN; 11.4% HFN) although there was no difference at 42 days. All instances of significant difference indicate that superior performance (lower mortality rate or higher body weight) can be expected from male broilers reared on HFN waterers.
A high voltage generator utilizing a single PZT element with series-connected electrodes

This paper presents a high voltage generator utilizing a single piezoelectric element (PZT, 5 mm in diameter, 740 μm thick) with electrodes series-connected via a flexible Kapton cable. High voltage pulses over 1 kV are generated in response to transient mechanical input loads. The response of high voltage generator is evaluated for stress range from 1 MPa to 5 MPa. The high voltage generator is successfully used to operate a microdischarge-based chemical vapor sensor by providing high voltage pulses to enable microdischarge sparks across a 75 μm anode-cathode gap.
Legislative organization and government spending: cross-country evidence

Abstract The “Law of 1/ n ” posits that an increase in the number of elected representatives fuels excessive government spending. Despite its wide acceptance as a stylized fact, the Law of 1/ n has received only limited empirical scrutiny, and the existing evidence for the American States provides mixed support for the thesis. This paper examines the Law of 1/ n in bicameral and unicameral legislative structures using a cross-section of democratic countries. The results indicate that legislative size matters under both legislature structures, but bicameralism dampens the 1/ n effect relative to unicameralism.
Gene expression profiles in end-stage human idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: altered expression of apoptotic and cytoskeletal genes.

Dilated cardiomyopathy is now the leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. While the molecular basis of this disease remains uncertain, evidence is emerging that gene expression profiles of left ventricular myocardium isolated from failing versus nonfailing patients differ dramatically. In this study, we use high-density oligonucleotide microarrays with ∼22,000 probes to characterize differences in the expression profiles further. To facilitate interpretation of experimental data, we evaluate algorithms for normalization of hybridization data and for computation of gene expression indices using a control spike-in data set. We then use these methods to identify statistically significant changes in the expression levels of genes not previously implicated in the molecular phenotype of heart failure. These regulated genes take part in diverse cellular processes, including transcription, apoptosis, sarcomeric and cytoskeletal function, remodeling of the extracellular matrix, membrane transport, and metabolism.
Duality symmetry and power-law fading of frustration in a quantum multiconnected superconductor.

We generalize the Alexander\char21{}de Gennes equations to a new system of superconducting-wire networks, allowing for variation of the cross-sectional area of wires. The generalized equations are solved for a square lattice of different cross-sectional-area ratios \ensuremath{\lambda} in the x and y directions. A symmetry of \ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1/\ensuremath{\lambda} is related to the Aubry-Andr\'e duality and an obvious geometric property. We find that even a slight geometric asymmetry can soften the fine structure of the magnetic phase boundary considerably. We obtain a power-law dependence on the parameter \ensuremath{\lambda} as \ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty} and \ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0. For a finite-area ratio \ensuremath{\lambda}, we speculate that a simple analytic fit incorporating the dual symmetry is close to the exact nonperturbative behavior. The system is also related analytically to a recent study of Hu and Chen, which revealed a power-law behavior for a rectangular lattice.
Ten strategies to systematically exploit all options to cope with anthropogenic climate change

The frequency and severity of many types of extreme weather events may be changing because of climate change. To date, most vulnerability studies and resulting toolkits for decision makers, while state of the art, only address a specific subset of possible extreme weather events and mitigation and adaptation efforts. This paper extends Haddon’s strategies to facilitate a holistic, systematic analysis of the options that communities have to cope with uncertain impacts from multiple hazards in multiple sector of society. This framework distinguishes between efforts to reduce the hazard, the exposure, and the vulnerability, thus helping end the semantic confusion of the meaning of adaptation and mitigation. Two case studies demonstrate the merits of the proposed framework. First, we show how the framework can facilitate the systematic identification of mitigation and adaptation strategies for a sector such as human health. Second, we apply the framework to a particular hazard, anthropogenic climate change, in three cities in US Northeast. We find that the three cities pursue a range of strategies, with varying degrees of effort. Comparing cities reveals that some still have unused capacities, especially in terms of reducing the exposure and vulnerability to climate-enhanced hazards. Spreading efforts across multiple feasible strategies increases the robustness of the cities’ policy approach and diversifies the cities’ investment in the face of an uncertain future. Subsequent work, such as a cost-benefit analysis, would help a decision maker to evaluate policy options and steer research efforts appropriately.
Advances in Neuroimaging: How Might They Influence Our Diagnostic Classification Scheme?

(1996). Advances in Neuroimaging: How Might They Influence Our Diagnostic Classification Scheme? Harvard Review of Psychiatry: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 159-162.
On the mechanism of the 1,2‐cycloaddition reaction of ketenimines and nitrosoarenes

The 1,2-cycloaddition of nitrosoarenes to ketenimines producing 3-iminosubstituted-1,2-oxazetidines has been found to proceed more rapidly if photosensitized conditions are employed. This data plus the specificity of the reaction allows for a reasonable postulation of the non-photochemical room temperature reaction.
Preparation of High Performance Aluminum Foam Using Carbon Fibers as Stabilizing Additive

Carbon fibers are used as novel stabilizing additives for aluminum foams production at the aim of manufacturing metallic foams of high mechanical performance. The effect of carbon fiber fraction on the foam structure and mechanical property is studied in the present paper. Results shows that the change in foam structure can be slowed down by increasing fiber fraction, which would led to more stable foam. The yield strength of aluminum foams increase with fiber fraction, but the foams are also getting brittle. High performance aluminum foams can also prepared by using aluminum alloy as start material, and the resulting foams show much higher compressive strength than that of commercial aluminum foams.
Mass Effect in Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy

T HE N EUROIMAGING features of progres- sive multifocal leu- koencephalopathy (PML) are charac- terized by decreased attenuation on computed tomographic scans and an increased signal on T2- weighted m agnetic r esonance imaging scans, with lesions most often involving periventricular and subcortical white matter in parieto- occipital or frontal lobes and occa- sults of routine laboratory investiga- tions were unremarkable. Serial neuroimaging showed an increased area of abnormality and a progres- sive mass effect with effacement of the right lateral ventricle that did not en- hance (Figure). Neurologic exami- nation showed a lethargic patient with impaired comprehension and a dense left hemiparesis. Laboratory studies showed a CD4 cell count of 0.13 3 10 9 /L (131/µL), and the re- sults of an enzyme-linked immuno- sorbent assay and Western immuno- blot analysis were positive for human immunodeficiency virus. A stereo- tactic brain biopsy specimen showed demyelination of the white matter and oligodendroglia nuclear inclusions on a Luxol fast blue-hematoxylin- eosin stain that reacted positively with immunoperoxidase staining for SV-40 papovavirus. A cerebrospinal fluid sample was positive for JC virus DNA by polymerase chain reaction. COMMENT
Impact induced damage assessment in composite laminates through embedded fiber Bragg gratings

In this study we evaluate the measurements of fiber Bragg sensor spectra from a sensor embedded in a composite laminate subjected to multiple low velocity impacts. The full-spectral response of the sensor is interrogated in reflection at 100 kHz during the impact events. The measurement of the time dependent spectra features are compared with previous results obtained at a 534 Hz interrogation rate. With the increased interrogation rate, we can observe a smooth transition in the full-spectra response of the sensor between strikes and the presence of peak-splitting due to transverse compression from the beginning of the laminate lifetime. Finally, at the 100 kHz acquisition rate, it is possible to determine the maximum wavelength and accurately determine the duration of the impact event for all of the strikes.
Literary texts and the state of the language: The role of the computer

We should follow Mark Olsen's lead and think with maximum ambition of the role of the computer in supporting literary research of the highest order. Thus the computer enables us to answer one of the great questions of literary criticism: how does a given writer contribute to the changing language? We can now chart the influence of given writers by correlating their words and phrasing with computerized dictionaries so as to produce profiles and histories of the way words have entered the language.
Automated atomicity-violation fixing

Fixing software bugs has always been an important and time-consuming process in software development. Fixing concurrency bugs has become especially critical in the multicore era. However, fixing concurrency bugs is challenging, in part due to non-deterministic failures and tricky parallel reasoning. Beyond correctly fixing the original problem in the software, a good patch should also avoid introducing new bugs, degrading performance unnecessarily, or damaging software readability. Existing tools cannot automate the whole fixing process and provide good-quality patches.We present AFix, a tool that automates the whole process of fixing one common type of concurrency bug: single-variable atomicity violations. AFix starts from the bug reports of existing bug-detection tools. It augments these with static analysis to construct a suitable patch for each bug report. It further tries to combine the patches of multiple bugs for better performance and code readability. Finally, AFix's run-time component provides testing customized for each patch. Our evaluation shows that patches automatically generated by AFix correctly eliminate six out of eight real-world bugs and significantly decrease the failure probability in the other two cases. AFix patches never introduce new bugs and usually have similar performance to manually-designed patches.
Glucose microdialysis with continuous on-board probe performance monitoring

Tightly controlling blood glucose in selected patients has been shown to significantly decrease complications such as infection, neurologic injury, and respiratory failure. Intravenous microdialysis has been used to continuously monitor glucose levels yet variable recovery may occur due to probe fouling, osmosis, and ultrafiltration. A portable microdialysis system is presented that: (1) uses retrodialysis with fluorescein to monitor probe fouling, (2) measures downstream flow rate to gauge fluid losses from ultrafiltration/osmosis, and (3) employs a wireless microcontroller to sequence the above events and record/transmit the data. In vitro glucose microdialysis is performed with a CMA Microdialysis IView catheter and Medtronic CGMS® iPro™ glucose sensor. Providing self-diagnostics can eventually lead to a medical embedded system with calibration, safety alarms, and wireless communication of blood glucose readings to a drug delivery system for closed loop control.
Diffusion tensor imaging in preclinical and presymptomatic carriers of familial Alzheimer's disease mutations.

Measures are needed that identify persons that will develop Alzheimer’s disease in order to target them for preventative interventions. There is evidence from animal, pathological and imaging studies that disruption of white matter occurs in the course of Alzheimer’s disease and may be an early event. Prior studies have suggested that late-myelinating regions or white matter connecting limbic structures are particularly susceptible to degradation. Persons destined to develop the disease by virtue of fully penetrant genetic alterations (familial Alzheimer’s disease or FAD) provide a model in which early and even presymptomatic changes of the disease may be identified. In this study we performed diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) on 2 demented and 21 subjects at-risk for inheriting an FAD mutation.We compared global and localized fractional anisotropy (FA) measures in white matter between FAD mutation carriers and non-carriers in the preclinical (clinical dementia rating 51, n ¼ 20) and presymptomatic (clinical dementia rating ¼ 0, n ¼15) stages of the disease. There were no significant differences between mutation carriers and non-carriers with regard to absolute age, age relative to the typical age of disease diagnosis in their family, gender or Mini-Mental Status Examination Score. Among preclinical FAD mutation carriers (n ¼ 12), mean whole brain white-matter FA (P ¼ 0.045), FA of the columns of the fornix (P ¼ 0.012), area of the perforant pathways bilaterally (right side: P ¼ 0.028, left side: P ¼ 0.027) and left orbitofrontal lobe (P ¼ 0.024) were decreased relative to that of non-carriers (n ¼ 8).We also found that FA in the columns of the fornix (P ¼ 0.008) and left orbitofrontal lobe white matter (P ¼ 0.045) were decreased in the eight presymptomatic mutation carriers compared to seven non-carriers. Logistic regression demonstrated that FA of the columns of the fornix was a better predictor of mutation status than was cross-sectional area of the fornix, global mean whitematter FA and left frontal lobe white-matter FA. In a linear regression analysis, white-matter volume (P ¼ 0.002), hippocampal volume (P ¼ 0.023) and mutation status (P ¼ 0.032) significantly predicted fornix FA.We conclude that FA is decreased in the white matter in preclinical and even presymptomatic FAD mutation carriers, particularly in the late-myelinating tracts connecting limbic structures. Decreased FA in of the columns of the fornix is particularly robust in early FAD and may provide a biomarker for early disease in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease.
Energy drinks and adolescents: what’s the harm?

Concerns about potential dangers from energy drink consumption by youth have been raised by health experts, whereas energy drink manufacturers claim these products are safe and suitable for marketing to teens. This review summarizes the evidence used to support both sides of the debate. Unlike most beverage categories, sales of energy drinks and other highly caffeinated products continue to grow, and marketing is often targeted to youth under the age of 18 years. These products pose a risk of caffeine toxicity when consumed by some young people, and there is evidence of other troubling physiological and behavioral effects associated with their consumption by youth. The US Food and Drug Administration has indicated it will reexamine the safety of caffeine in the food supply; however, more research is needed to better understand youth consumption of energy drinks and caffeine in general, as well as the long-term effects on health. Meanwhile, policymakers and physician groups have called on energy drink manufacturers to take voluntary action to reduce the potential harm of their products, including placing restrictions on marketing to youth under the age of 18 years. Additional regulatory and legislative options are also being discussed.
Catch-up Growth in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants: Clinical Correlates

• Clinical correlates of catch-up growth were documented in 182 very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants ( (AJDC1984;138:370-375)
Efficient security mechanisms for overlay multicast based content delivery

This paper studies the security issues that arise in an overlay multicast architecture where service providers distribute content such as web pages, static and streaming multimedia data, realtime stock quotes, or security updates to a large number of users. In particular, two major security problems of overlay multicast, network access control and group key management, are addressed. We first present a bandwidth-efficient scheme, called CRBR, that seamlessly integrates network access control and group key management. Performance analysis and simulation results show that our scheme incurs much smaller communication overhead than two other well-known schemes when they are directly applied in overlay multicast. Next we propose a DoS-resilient key distribution scheme, called k-RIP, that delivers updated keys to a large fraction of nodes with high probability even if an attacker can selectively compromise nodes in the multicast data delivery hierarchy and command these compromised nodes to drop keying packets. The proposed schemes do not rely on knowledge of overlay topology and can scale up to very large overlay networks.
Daydreaming Styles, Emotionality and the Big Five Personality Dimensions

This study examined the relationships between measures of personality (the NEO-FFI), Emotionality (Positive and Negative), and Daydreaming (the Short Imaginal Processes Inventory) to assess hypothe...
Note---On “A Renewal Decision Problem”

In this issue of the journal, Derman, Lieberman and Ross treat a replacement problem where several types grades of components are available. They conjecture than any component type that is more expensive to both purchase and to run than some other component type will never be used in an optimal replacement policy. We prove a theorem that, together with their results, proves this conjecture.
β-Hemolysin/Cytolysin of Group B Streptococcus Enhances Host Inflammation but Is Dispensable for Establishment of Urinary Tract Infection

Group B Streptococcus (GBS; Streptococcus agalactiae) is a major human pathogen that disproportionately affects neonates and women in the peripartum period and is an emerging cause of infection in older adults. The primary toxin of GBS, β-hemolysin/cytolysin (βH/C), has a well-defined role in the pathogenesis of invasive disease, but its role in urinary tract infection (UTI) is unknown. Using both in vitro and in vivo models, we analyzed the importance of βH/C in GBS uropathogenesis. There were no significant differences in bacterial density from the bladders or kidneys from mice infected with wild-type or isogenic βH/C-deficient GBS, and competitive indices from co-infection experiments were near 1. Thus, βH/C is dispensable for the establishment of GBS-UTI. However, βH/C-sufficient GBS induced a more robust proinflammatory cytokine response in cultured bladder epithelial cells and in the urinary tracts of infected mice. Given the near ubiquity of βH/C-expressing strains in epidemiologic studies and the importance of local inflammation in dictating outcomes and sequelae of UTI, we hypothesize that βH/C-driven inflammatory signaling may be important in the clinical course of GBS-UTI.
Chronic N deposition alters root respiration‐tissue N relationship in northern hardwood forests

Specific root respiration rates typically increase with increasing tissue N concentration. As a result, it is often assumed that external factors inducing greater root N concentration, such as chronic N deposition, will lead to increased respiration rates. However, enhanced N availability also alters root biomass, making the ecosystem-level consequences on whole-root-system respiration uncertain. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of chronic experimental N deposition on root N concentrations, specific respiration rates, and biomass for four northern hardwood forests in Michigan. Three of the six measurement plots at each location have received experimental N deposition (3 g NO 3 -N m 2 yr 1 ) since 1994. We measured specific root respiration rates and N concentrations of roots from four size classes (<0.5, 0.5–1, 1–2, and 2–10 mm) at three soil depths (0–10, 10–30, and 30–50 cm). Root biomass data for the same size classes and soil depths was used in combination with specific respiration rates to assess the response of whole-root-system respiration. Root N and respiration rate were greater for smaller diameter roots and roots at shallow depths. In addition, root N concentrations were significantly greater under chronic N deposition, particularly for larger diameter roots. Specific respiration rates and root biomass were unchanged for all depths and size classes, thus whole-root-system respiration was not altered by chronic N deposition. Higher root N concentrations in combination with equivalent specific respiration rates under experimental N deposition resulted in a lower ratio of respiration to tissue N. These results indicate that relationships between root respiration rate and N concentration do not hold if N availability is altered significantly. For these forests, use of the ambient respiration to N relationship would over-predict actual root system respiration for the chronic N deposition treatment by 50%.
Narrativa: problemas e promessas de um paradigma alternativo

O aumento de interesse no estudo da narrativa e seu contexto social sugere a emergencia de outro caminho ao paradigma pos-positivista e um melhor refinamento da metodologia interpretativa nas ciencias humanas. O problema do entendimento dos padroes dinâmicos do comportamento humano parece estar mais proximo de uma solucao atraves dos estudos da narrativa do que ate mesmo de abordagens bem conhecidas, como a utilizacao do modelo de regras e papeis. Nesse artigo, abordaremos algumas das qualidades que fizeram do estudo da narrativa uma abordagem produtiva. Procuramos definir a nocao de narrativa e diferencia-la de outros padroes de discurso, tendo como base estudos socio-psicolinguisticos, filosoficos e literarios. Procuramos tambem identificar algumas dificuldades teoricas e possiveis riscos dos quais os estudiosos da narrativa deveriam estar conscientes. Finalmente, esbocamos uma compreensao da narrativa que objetiva levar em conta sua condicao particular de um discurso contextualizado e seu carater aberto e transitorio.
Expression and function of FGF-4 in peri-implantation development in mouse embryos

One of the earliest events in mammalian embryogenesis is the formation of the inner cell mass (ICM) and the subsequent delamination of primitive endoderm. We have found that mRNA for fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-4, but not FGF-3, is expressed in preimplantation mouse blastocysts and that the FGF-4 polypeptide is present in ICM cells. ICM-like embryonal carcinoma cells and embryonic stem cells also express FGF-4. Conversely, differentiated embryonal carcinoma cells in the endoderm lineage express FGF-3, but not FGF-4 mRNA. Although mouse embryos expressed FGF-4 mRNA from the 1-cell stage, embryos cultured from the 2-cell through the blastocyst stage in the presence of recombinant FGF-4 did not respond mitogenically. However, when ICMs that were isolated by immunosurgery were cultured with FGF-4, the number of morphologically distinct, differentiated parietal endoderm cells growing out onto the coverslip increased, without an increase in the number of undifferentiated ICM cells. ICM outgrowths cultured with FGF-4 increased their secretion of 92 x 10(3) M(r) gelatinase and tissue plasminogen activator, a hallmark of migrating cells. Receptors for FGF-4 (FGFR-3 and FGFR-4) are expressed in all cells of the mouse blastocyst. These findings indicate that FGF-4 produced by undifferentiated ICM cells acts in the peri-implantation period of embryogenesis to influence the production and behavior of endoderm cells derived from them.
Snapshots of laser wakefields

Tabletop plasma accelerators can now produce GeV-range electron beams1,2,3,4,5 and femtosecond X-ray pulses6, providing compact radiation sources for medicine, nuclear engineering, materials science and high-energy physics7. In these accelerators, electrons surf on electric fields exceeding 100 GeV m−1, which is more than 1,000 times stronger than achievable in conventional accelerators. These fields are generated within plasma structures (such as Langmuir waves8 or electron density ‘bubbles’9) propagating near light speed behind laser2,3,4 or charged-particle5 driving pulses. Here, we demonstrate single-shot visualization of laser-wakefield accelerator structures for the first time. Our ‘snapshots’ capture the evolution of multiple wake periods, detect structure variations as laser–plasma parameters change, and resolve wavefront curvature; features never previously observed.
Low-power Ternary Content Addressable Memory (TCAM) array for network applications

A low-power Ternary Content Addressable Memory (TCAM) array using 16-transistor core memory cells is presented for network applications where the contents of the array are not updated very frequently. In the proposed array, the read and search operations are performed by the same circuit blocks resulting in the reduction of device count and area compared to conventional TCAM arrays. Total width of the devices in the proposed TCAM cell is 18% less compared to the currently available area efficient design of TCAM cells. Simulations results using a 32 nm process technology show that under the same robustness against noise, the proposed array dissipates 12% less leakage power with minimal impact on frequency of operation when compared to known design of low-power TCAM arrays.