cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lack of choice in caregiving decision and caregiver risk of stress, North Carolina, 2005.

INTRODUCTION An aspect of caregiving that has received little attention is the degree to which the choice to provide care affects a caregiver's emotional well-being. We compared a population-based sample of informal caregivers who reported having a choice in caring with caregivers who did not have a choice in caring to determine the extent to which choice affects caregivers' self-reported stress. METHODS We identified 341 informal caregivers who completed a caregiving module appended to the 2005 North Carolina Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey. We determined participants' self-reported stress by using a 5-point scale that was dichotomized and used adjusted binomial logistic regression to assess the risk of stress given lack of choice in caregiving. RESULTS In the fully adjusted model, caregivers without a choice in caring were more than 3 times as likely to report stress as caregivers with a choice in caring. High level of burden also increased stress. Caregivers with no choice in caring were most commonly the primary caregiver of a parent. CONCLUSION Caregivers who do not have a choice in caregiving were at increased risk of stress, which may predispose them to poor health outcomes. Further investigation is needed to determine whether interventions that target caregivers without a choice in caring can reduce their levels of stress.
Parallel Play: Startups, Nascent Markets, and Effective Business-model Design:

Prior research has advanced several explanations for entrepreneurial success in nascent markets but leaves a key imperative unexplored: the business model. By studying five ventures in a nascent fi...
Correlating the effects of VeriStrat result, anti-PD1 therapy, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) on progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

e20660Background: Biodesix VeriStrat (VS) is a mass spectrometry assay found to be prognostic in previously treated and front-line NSCLC patients. A label assigns a “good” or “poor” result and is b...
Individual Influences and Strategies

It is this book’s position that individual faith influences have the most significant impact on faith and work integration (FWI). Other researchers have provided research to support this (Davidson & Caddell, 1994; Lynn, Naughton, & Vanderveen, 2010), particularly in the areas of faith maturity and religious commitment. In Chap. 3 it was also noted that most research attention has been paid to self or individual level elements with respect to research on the meaning of work (Rosso, Dekas, & Wrzesniewski, 2010). And, it makes sense that this would be the focus of researchers because it is at the individual level that the numerous contextual influences are integrated to create personal meaning. Similarly, it is ultimately the individual who makes the decision whether or not or how to integrate faith in the workplace, with the other three spheres of influence acting on the individual to encourage or deter FWI. The Faith and Work Integration Spheres of Influence model (FWSI) presented in Chap. 8 was described as theoretical and not area proportional; therefore, the relative influence of the individual sphere is not reflected in Fig. 9.1.
Radiology Case 4

Because pulmonary edema is most commonly seen in the emergency department and intensive care unit, recognition of pulmonary edema on chest radiographs is necessary to avoid acute and rapid decompensation. Extravascular fluid within the lungs is termed pulmonary edema. Edema has multiple etiologies, which are important to consider in an emergent situation. This chapter will focus on increased hydrostatic pressure resulting in interstitial pulmonary edema.
Parallel Changes in Ethnic/Racial Discrimination and Identity in High School

Research has yet to understand how ethnic/racial discrimination and ethnic/racial identity change simultaneously in adolescence. In a multiethnic sample of 211 adolescents (58% female; 41% Asian American, 10% Black, 24% Latinx, 22% White, 4% other), this study used latent change modeling to examine parallel changes in adolescents' discrimination experiences (frequency and distress) and ethnic/racial identity (private regard, centrality) from 9th to 11th grade. The year immediately following the transition into high school, from 9th to 10th grade, emerged as a challenging period with higher levels of discrimination and accompanying declines in adolescents' private regard. In contrast, from 10th to 11th grade, discrimination distress declined, and adolescents' private regard remained relatively stable. Across both time periods, parallel changes were observed for discrimination (frequency, distress) and adolescents' private regard. Implications for considering the importance of school transition, as well as individual differences by adolescent characteristics and school contexts, are discussed.
Proteomic cellular signatures of kinase inhibitor-induced cardiotoxicity: Mount Sinai DToxS LINCS Center Dataset

The Drug Toxicity Signature Generation Center (DToxS) at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is one of the centers of the NIH Library of Integrated Network-Based Cellular Signatures (LINCS) program. A key aim of DToxS is to generate both proteomic and transcriptomic signatures that can predict adverse effects, especially cardiotoxicity, of kinase inhibitors approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Towards this goal, high throughput shot-gun proteomics experiments (317 cell line/drug combinations + 64 control lysates) have been conducted at the Center for Advanced Proteomics Research at Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School. Using computational network analyses, these proteomic data can be integrated with transcriptomic signatures generated in tandem to identify cellular signatures of cardiotoxicity that may predict kinase inhibitor-induced toxicity and possible mitigation. Both raw and processed proteomics data have been carefully screened for quality and made publicly available via the PRIDE database. As such, this broad protein kinase inhibitor-stimulated cardiomyocyte proteomic data and signature set is valuable for the prediction of drug toxicities.
Unveiling the Stress–Strain Behavior of Conjugated Polymer Thin Films for Stretchable Device Applications

The success of stretchable electronics based on conjugated polymers relies on having a thorough understanding of the polymer’s mechanical behavior over conditions likely encountered during operation. To meet this need, a novel approach to capture the stress–strain response of thin conjugated polymer films is introduced. This is achieved by laminating the polymer film of interest on a thin elastomer substrate and testing the composite specimen in a dynamic mechanical analyzer in a tensile test configuration. We term this approach as film laminated on thin elastomer (FLOTE) method. The benefits of this method include the ability to (1) determine the viscoelastic behavior of the conjugated polymer by testing over a broad range of temperatures and strain rates, (2) measure the film behavior over large cyclic strains, including under in-plane compression, and (3) capture the impact of the neighboring elastomer on the behavior of the polymer film. The focus is on the widely studied poly­(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as a model system. We find that the viscoelastic characteristics of P3HT, varied by changing the specimen temperature, significantly impact film stability under cyclic strain. This includes showing that the hysteresis behavior of the films under cyclic strain changes significantly with sample temperature. In addition, it is found that, under cyclic loading, the composite has features consistent with Mullins’ effect. Based on these results, insights into polymer viscoelastic characteristics necessary to achieve high-performance stretchable electronics are gained.
Converting China: Ganhua and Sun Yatsen’s Thought Expedition

This article traces the development of ganhua in Sun Yatsen’s thought within the broader historical and institutional context from the late nineteenth-century to early twentieth-century China. By d...
Frailty in Patients With Mild Autonomous Cortisol Secretion is Higher Than in Patients with Nonfunctioning Adrenal Tumors.

Context Mild autonomous cortisol secretion (MACS) affects up to 50% of patients with adrenal adenomas. Frailty is a syndrome characterized by the loss of physiological reserves and an increase in vulnerability, and it serves as a marker of declining health. Objective To compare frailty in patients with MACS versus patients with nonfunctioning adrenal tumors (NFAT). Design Retrospective study, 2003-2018. Setting Referral center. Patients Patients >20 years of age with adrenal adenoma and MACS (1 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression (DST) of 1.9-5 µg/dL) and NFAT (DST Main outcome measure Frailty index (range 0-1), calculated using a 47-variable deficit model. Results Patients with MACS (n = 168) demonstrated a higher age-, sex-, and body mass index-adjusted prevalence of hypertension (71% vs 60%), cardiac arrhythmias (50% vs 40%), and chronic kidney disease (25% vs 17%), but a lower prevalence of asthma (5% vs 14%) than patients with NFAT (n = 275). Patients with MACS reported more symptoms of weakness (21% vs 11%), falls (7% vs 2%), and sleep difficulty (26% vs 15%) as compared with NFAT. Age-, sex- and BMI-adjusted frailty index was higher in patients with MACS vs patients with NFAT (0.17 vs 0.15; P = 0.009). Using a frailty index cutoff of 0.25, 24% of patients with MACS were frail, versus 18% of patients with NFAT (P = 0.028). Conclusion Patients with MACS exhibit a greater burden of comorbid conditions, adverse symptoms, and frailty than patients with NFAT. Future prospective studies are needed to further characterize frailty, examine its responsiveness to adrenalectomy, and assess its influence on health outcomes in patients with MACS.
Set Trippin’: An Intersectional Examination of Gang Members:

Research on gang membership often ignores critical intersections of gender, class, and race. I seek to bridge the gap between the raced and gendered experiences of Black gang members, especially wo...
Mining and Modelling the Dynamic Patterns of Service Providers in Cellular Data Network Based on Big Data Analysis

Understanding the dynamic traffic and usage characteristics of data services in cellular networks is important for optimising network resources and improving user experience.Recent studies have illustrated traffic characteristics from specific perspectives,such as user behaviour,device type,and applications.In this paper,we present the results of our study from a different perspective,namely service providers,to reveal the traffic characteristics of cellular data networks.Our study is based on traffic data collected over a five-day period from a leading mobile operator's core network in China.We propose a Zipf-like model to characterise the distributions of the traffic volume,subscribers,and requests among service providers.Nine distinct diurnal traffic patterns of service providers are identified by formulating and solving a time series clustering problem.Our work differs from previous related works in that we perform measurements on a large quantity of data covering 2.2 billion traffic records,and we first explore the traffic patterns of thousands of service providers.Results of our study present mobile Internet participants with a better understanding of the traffic and usage characteristics of service providers,which play a critical role in the mobile Internet era.
The Epworth Sleepiness Scale in epilepsy: Internal consistency and disease-related associations.

Abstract Background The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) is the most common instrument for measuring subjective sleep propensity in people with epilepsy but has not yet been validated in this population. Study objectives We aimed to systematically assess the validity, performance, and internal consistency of the ESS, as well as correlations between the ESS and disease-specific variables and patient-reported outcome measures in a cohort of adults with epilepsy (AWE). Methods Ninety-five AWE completed sleep and seizure diaries, in-laboratory polysomnography (PSG) and patient-reported outcome measures, including the ESS, Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Demographic information and data from 95 matched controls referred for PSG for suspected obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was taken from the electronic medical record. Frequencies of high ESS item ratings (item score ≥2) were calculated for each group. Cronbach’s α and factor analysis were performed to assess the internal consistency and validity of the ESS within cases and controls. Multivariable linear models were used to assess the association between ESS and predictors of interest, adjusting for demographic and disease-specific variables, including seizure type, frequency, and anti-seizure medication (ASM) therapy. Results While suspected OSA controls had significantly greater mean ESS total scores (9.9 vs 7.9, p = 0.004) and proportion with ESS >10 (42% vs 25%, p = 0.014), there were no significant differences in the severity of item responses, with the exception of “lying down to rest in the afternoon when circumstances permit,” for which more controls rated as likely/very likely (79% vs 64%), p = 0.024). AWE with ESS >10 had higher mean standardized ASM dose (2.5 vs 1.7, p = 0.026). All ESS items were significantly correlated with the total score within each group. Cronbach’s α was 0.75 for cases and 0.85 for controls, indicating good internal consistency of the ESS for both groups. After adjusting for demographic and sleep characteristics, higher ESS scores were associated with greater insomnia scores on the ISI (p = 0.024) and depressive symptoms on the BDI (p = 0.018). Conclusions This study provides validity for the use of the ESS in adult populations with epilepsy.
This is a handcraft: valuation, morality, and the social meanings of payments for psychoanalysis.

This article examines valuation and payment practices of psychoanalysts in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Psychoanalysts do not use explicit sliding scales but rather reach an agreement about fees in conversation with the patient. This negotiation is conducted with some principles of gift-giving, where parties try to give more, rather than through competitive bargaining (an inverted bazaar). Drawing on the sociology of money, morals and markets, and valuation studies literatures, I distinguish four factors to explain this: 1) Some formally produced prices as well as market mechanisms shape benchmarks for fees, but the peculiar service psychologists offer (which makes quality judgments hard), the way patients and therapists are matched, and the lack of public information about prices allow for high flexibility in price-setting; these are structural factors that remain unsaid in the conversation on fees. 2) A professional narrative that highlights a responsibility towards patients that should not be contaminated by economic interest. 3) Psychoanalysts’ elaborations on the meanings of the payment, which should reflect the uniqueness of each patient and the bond analyst-patient and symbolize the patient’s commitment to treatment, involving a cost and a loss beyond the economic. 4) The prevalence of cash, face-to-face payment without intermediaries, which helps desacralize the analyst and disentangle the session from the rest of the economic life of the analyst, but impedes evading moralization of the transaction. Payments in psychoanalysis are delicate arrangements, and analysts often stress about valuation and payments. They have to be careful to ensure this flexibility results in morally acceptable transactions.
Neural Evidence for Representational Persistence Within Events.

How does the brain process continuous experiences so they can be remembered? Evidence suggests that people perceive their experience as a series of distinct and meaningful events. Information encountered within the same event shows greater temporal integration in memory, as well as enhanced neural representational similarity. Although these data support the theory that the brain builds and maintains a mental model of the current event that represents recently encountered stimulus information, this hypothesis has not been directly tested. We used fMRI in humans (N = 21, 13 female) to test whether within-event neural similarity indicates the persistence of stimulus representations in a mental model. Participants viewed trial-unique visual images that were grouped into events. We calculated neural pattern similarity across time in category-selective visual cortex to measure stimulus persistence. Pattern similarity was enhanced within, compared to between, events in object-sensitive left lateral occipital cortex (LO). This was specific to situations when objects could persist within a mental model, suggesting modulation of neural activity based on the features and structure of the event. Left LO object-persistence was correlated with activity in a medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) region linked to representing mental models within events. MFPC activity also correlated with pattern similarity in the hippocampus, but more generally across stimulus categories. Critically, left LO similarity was related to estimates of temporal proximity in memory. The data suggest that temporal neural stability reflects stimulus persistence in mental models, and highlight the importance of within-event representational stability in the transformation of experience to memory. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT How does the brain process continuous experiences so they can be remembered? One idea is that information persists in mental models during stable events, facilitating the organization of events in memory. Using fMRI pattern similarity analysis, we found enhanced similarity within, compared to between, events in object-sensitive left lateral occipital cortex (LO), but only when objects could persist within a mental model. Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) activity correlated with left LO similarity when objects persisted within an event; in contrast, mPFC activity correlated with hippocampal similarity across stimulus categories. Left LO persistence was also related to the remembered temporal proximity of stimuli. The data suggest the brain dynamically maintains stimulus information in mental models during events, supporting the transformation of experience into memory.
Extralegal Property, Legal Monism, and Pluralism

Legal monism?that is, the idea that there must be one and only one centralized hierarchical legal system in each state?has dominated the political and legal imagination of the West.1 There must be, argue the monists, one sole legal order at the state level in order to protect the principles of equality, legal security, legal ity, and political unity, as well as to maintain social and political order. Legal norms must have a general character: citizens must know the legal consequences of their actions and must be certain that the same rules and principles will be applied in similar fash ion to all the members of the political community. The monists argue that violence and uncertainty arise when there are parallel legal orders that simultaneously seek to control the conduct of citi zens by differing means. Property in the West has conceptually depended on legal monism.2 Our political and legal imagination, influenced by the
Parameter replacement for CELP coded speech in land mobile radio

The contribution of this paper is in applying parameter replacement techniques to speech that is compressed by the Federal Standard 1016 CELP speech coder, protected by Reed–Solomon codes, and transmitted over a wireless channel. The parameter replacement results in significant improvement in speech quality without any increase in bit rate.
Light chain dependent effects of actin binding on the S-1/S-2 swivel in myosin.

The S-1S-2 swivel in myosin provides a flexible link between the head and tail portions of the molecule. We have investigated the properties of the swivel by employing limited proteolysis methods. Our results indicate that the binding of actin to heavy meromyosin inhibits both the chymotryptic and papain cleavage of the S-1S-2 swivel, and that this effect is dependent on the presence of intact LC-2 light chains. Actin did not slow digestions carried out using heavy meromyosin previously treated with proteases to nick the LC-2 chains to 17,000 or 14,000 Mr fragments. Although the integrity of the LC-2 light chain appears to be required to transmit the effects of actin binding from the myosin head to the S-1S-2 swivel, the binding of Ca2+ to the 17,000 Mr LC-2 fragment can still affect the chemical reactivity of SH1 thiol groups. Both chymotryptic and papain digestions of heavy meromyosin containing intact or fragmented LC-2 light chain show substantial temperature sensitivity between 5 °C and 35 °C. Calculated apparent activation energies for this process indicate that the S-1S-2 swivel in myosin can undergo temperature-dependent structural changes independently of the state of the LC-2 light chain. Thus, both actin binding and temperature variations can induce structural transitions in the S-1/S-2 swivel.
Procedural Justice in Law II

It is no accident that the first systematic study of the psychology of procedural justice involved the application of psychological method and knowledge to legal issues: few areas of human endeavor place as much emphasis on procedure and process as does the law. As will be seen in later chapters, the procedures used in other social institutions provoke psychological responses similar to those seen in procedural justice research in legal settings; indeed, we contend that the same procedural concerns arise in almost any social environment. But these concerns are more obvious in the law than elsewhere. Because the essence of law is the regulation and regularization of social conduct, it is to be expected that the law would be preoccupied with its own regulation through procedure. This in turn makes the law a natural arena for discussions and analyses of the behavioral consequences of various procedures. Legal writing on procedure has over the centuries been much concerned with speculation about the reactions of litigants, lawyers, judges, and jurors to one procedural form or another. Given this centuries-old interest in how procedure affects the behavior of those involved with legal institutions, it is hardly surprising that the scientific study of the psychology of procedure should have begun with studies of legal procedures.
Nondestructive testing of metallic sheath for internally cooled superconductor

For quality assurance in the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Large Coil Program, the authors developed ultrasonic and eddy-current techniques to examine the JBK-75 alloy sheath for superconducting cable for a large magnet. Ultrasound was used to examine the strip before forming into the sheath, and eddy currents were used to examine the seam weld after the sheath had been formed around the cable.
Thyroid disease among children with Down's syndrome (mongolism).

Observations on two mongoloid children, one having primary hypothyroidism and the other having primary hyperthyroidism, have been reported. Primary hypothyroidism in the mongoloid child, in each of the three cases reported to date, has been associated with uterine bleeding attributed to hormonal overlap in the pituitary feedback mechanism. The significance of this phenomenon is not clean. A total of sixteen cases of mongolism with hyperthyroidism have been described. There is no evidence that altered thyroid function plays a role in the clinical manifestations of mongolism, and significant alteration in thyroid function is uncommon among such patients. Both of the carrier protein systems responded to the stresses of the superimposed disease processes in these mongoloid children as they do in normal children. Specifically, the values for the erythrocytic uptake of 1-I131-triiodothyronine and thyroxine and the triiodothynonine binding capacities (Case 2 only) were all in the expected ranges for both thyroid derangements involved. Similarly, in Case 2, where an iron-deficiency anemia was also present, the increase in the iron binding capacity and presumably in the level of transferrin was on the order of that to be expected for the degree of iron deficiency. The response to stress of both carrier protein systems in Down9s Syndrome suggests that protein synthesis of transferrin and TBG is normal.
Phenomenology based upon the generalized Veneziano model

This study is made of the reactions pp -• ppjt°, and piijt at 2.9 GeV/c using a model which combines Pomeron diffraction-dissocia­ tion diagrams with generalized Beneziano model diagrams. Three model parameterizations, which differ in their relative amounts of Pomeron and dual amplitudes allowed, are examined for the pp:t° final state, and all are found to be in good agreement with the data. It is im­ possible to obtain a reasonable fit for the "pnjt^ and piijt final states wi th this model.
Self-Defense Education

(2010). Self-Defense Education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 81, No. 6, pp. 13-25.
Application of isotope labeling experiments and 13 C flux analysis to enable rational pathway engineering

Isotope labeling experiments (ILEs) and (13)C flux analysis provide actionable information for metabolic engineers to identify knockout, overexpression, and/or media optimization targets. ILEs have been used in both academic and industrial labs to increase product formation, discover novel metabolic functions in previously uncharacterized organisms, and enhance the metabolic efficiency of host cell factories. This review highlights specific examples of how ILEs have been used in conjunction with enzyme or metabolic engineering to elucidate host cell metabolism and improve product titer, rate, or yield in a directed manner. We discuss recent progress and future opportunities involving the use of ILEs and (13)C flux analysis to characterize non-model host organisms and to identify and subsequently eliminate wasteful byproduct pathways or metabolic bottlenecks.
E-COMMERCE AND ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEM RISKS: LESSONS FROM PAYPAL

By now, almost without exception, every business has an internet presence, and is likely engaged in e-commerce. What are the major risks perceived by those engaged in e-commerce and electronic payment systems? What potential risks, if they become reality, may cause substantial increases in operating costs or threaten the very survival of the enterprise?This article utilizes the relevant annual report disclosures from eBay (parent of PayPal), along with other eBay and PayPal documents, as a potentially powerful teaching device. Most of the descriptive language to follow is excerpted directly from eBay’s regulatory filings. My additions include weaving these materials into a logical presentation and providing supplemental sources for those who desire a deeper look (usually in my footnotes) at any particular aspect. I’ve sought to present a roadmap with these materials that shows eBay’s struggle to optimize its business performance while navigating through a complicated maze of regulatory compliance concerns and issues involving governmental jurisdictions throughout the world. First, a brief look is provided at the SEC’s disclosure requirements. Second, a description of the eBay and PayPal history and business models is presented. Next, is a discussion of risk factors: credit cards; U.S. state money transmission laws; online and mobile growth; and reliance on internet access. International issues follow, with an examination of anti-money laundering, counter-terrorist, and other potential illegal activity laws. The author estimates that PayPal’s cost of accounting and legal fees and management time devoted to the discovery, examination and documentation of the perceived enterprise risk associated with e-commerce, cyber, information technology and electronic payment system risks may aggregate in the range of tens-of-millions of dollars a year. The value proposition offered here is disarmingly simple -- at no out-of-pocket cost, the reader has an opportunity to invest probably less than an hour to read and reflect upon eBay and PayPal’s multiple-million-dollar research, investment and documentation of perceived e-commerce, cyber, IT, and electronic payment system risk. Hopefully, this will prove of value to those either interested in the rapidly changing dynamics of (1) electronic payment systems, or (2) those engaged in Internet site operations.
28 Cultural Cognition as a Conception of the Cultural Theory of Risk

Cultural cognition refers to the tendency of individuals to form beliefs about societal dangers that reflect and reinforce their commitments to particular visions of the ideal society. Cultural cognition is one of a variety of approaches designed to empirically test the cultural theory of risk associated with Mary Douglas and Aaron Wildavsky. This commentary discusses the distinctive features of cultural cognition as a conception of cultural theory, including its cultural worldview measures; its emphasis on social psychological mechanisms that connect individuals' risk perceptions to their cultural outlooks; and its practical goal of enabling self-conscious management of popular risk perceptions in the interest of promoting scientifically sound public policies that are congenial to persons of diverse outlooks.
Gender Differences in Depressive Symptoms During Adolescence: The Contributions of Weight-Related Concerns and Behaviors.

A theoretical model of gender differences in depressive symptoms during adolescence was evaluated using data from Waves I and II of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The theoretical model under examination was primarily informed by the gender‐additive model of gender differences in depressive symptoms during adolescence proposed by Stice and Bearman. In the model, it was posited that body mass index would be associated with perceiving oneself as overweight, which would then lead to a higher probability of dieting, which would be associated with greater depressive symptoms. Participants were 10,864 male and female adolescents. Gender did not moderate any of the model pathways, but mediation analysis indicated that gender differences in changes in depressive symptoms were mediated by perceived weight status and dieting. Findings suggest that one explanation for girls' higher depressive symptoms in adolescence relative to boys is girls' greater tendencies to perceive themselves as overweight and to diet.
MCM test trade-offs

The cost of design-for-test is a key factor when determining whether or not to use MCM technology. Higher-end MCMs must be designed-for-test (DFT) since not implementing DFT is more expensive in the long run. This may not be the case for lower-cost, lower performance MCMs. Among other advantages, MCM technology can offer smaller size, better performance, and lower weight. But the cost of poor DFT implementation can outweigh these advantages. For example, when remapping a PCB design into an MCM using off-the-shelf components without DFT built-in, implementing DFT into the MCM package may require the expensive redesign of chips or the addition of test chips. Then an MCM is designed with ASICs targeted for MCM packaging to begin with, implementing DFT can be relatively inexpensive if the proper DFT tools are available. These factors help determine the trade-off between the amount and cost of DFT against the advantages of using MCM technology. Structural test is the best solution for higher-end modules for bring-up, diagnostic and re-work reasons. For MCMs where a defective assembly still has high value and must be reworked, MCMs must be diagnosed.
Electrical and chemical characterization of the Schottky barrier formed between clean n-GaN(0001) surfaces and Pt, Au, and Ag

Platinum, gold, and silver formed abrupt, unreacted, smooth, and epitaxial metal–semiconductor interfaces when deposited from the vapor onto clean, n-type GaN(0001) films. The Schottky barrier heights, determined from data acquired using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, capacitance–voltage, and current–voltage measurements agreed to within the experimental error for each contact metal and had the values of 1.2±0.1, 0.9±0.1, and 0.6±0.1 eV for Pt, Au, and Ag, respectively. The band bending and the electron affinity at the clean n-GaN surface were 0.3±0.1 and 3.1±0.1 eV, respectively. The barrier height is proportional to the metal work function, indicating that the Fermi level is not pinned at the GaN surface. However, discrepancies to the Schottky–Mott model were found as evidenced by a proportionality factor of 0.44 between the work function of the metal and the resulting Schottky barrier height. The sum of these discrepancies constitute the interface dipole contr...
Effect of a hydrophobic phospholipid lining of the gastric mucosa in bioadhesion.

The role of a model hydrophobic phospholipid simulating lining of the gastric mucosa, as to adhesion of polymers with different surface functional groups and surface hydrophobicities, was evaluated using an in vitro gastric mucus model. Front-faced fluorescence measurement was used to determine adhesion of fluorescent polystyrene microspheres with different surface functional groups. Contact angle measurements and sticking bubble technique were used to measure relative surface hydrophobicity of the polymers. Adhesion of fluorescent polystyrene microspheres using front-faced fluorescence measurement revealed the hydrophobic phospholipid lining of the in vitro gastric mucus model did not allow adhesion of microspheres with –COOH and –NH2 functional groups, whereas it did allow adhesion of microspheres with hydrophobic attributes. In addition, in vitro adhesive force studies using diblock copolymers of polystyrene and polyacrylate showed that the in vitro adhesive force between the hydrophobic phospholipid lining of the in vitro gastric mucus model and the polymer increased when the surface hydrophobicity of the polymer increased. The hydrophobic phospholipid acts as an adhesion barrier to hydrophilic bioadhesive polymers and polymers with surface functional groups of carboxylic acid and amine. The hydrophobic phospholipid lining of the gastric mucosa should be taken into considerations for screening and designing of a new gastric bioadhesive polymer.
N-acetyltransferase 2 activity and folate levels.

Abstract Aims To determine whether increased N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity might have a toxic effect during development and an influence on folate levels since previous work has shown that only low levels of exogenous NAT can be achieved in constitutionally transgenic mice ( Cao et al. 2005 ). Main methods A human NAT1 tet-inducible construct was used that would not be expressed until the inducer was delivered. Human NAT1 cDNA was cloned into pTRE2 and injected into mouse oocytes. Two transgenic lines were crossed to mouse line TgN(rtTahCMV)4Uh containing the CMV promoted “teton”. Measurements of red blood cell folate levels in inbred strains of mice were performed. Key findings Only low levels of human NAT1 could be achieved in kidney (highly responsive in other studies) whether the inducer, doxycycline, was given by gavage or in drinking water. An inverse correlation of folate levels with Nat2 enzyme activity was found. Significance Since increasing NAT1 activity decreases folate in at least one tissue, the detrimental effect of expression of human NAT1 in combination with endogenous mouse Nat2 may be a consequence of increased catabolism of folate.
Fuzzy relations an fuzzy functions

Abstract In this paper, we apply the standard element free mathematical definitions of equivalence relation and function as relations to the case of fuzzy relations. One of the surprising results of this approach is that fuzzy functions take their values from the complemented elements of a Brouwerian lattice. Thus, in the common case of the values being taken from the unit interval, the only fuzzy functions of this type are the ordinary functions. This might suggest that fuzzy set theory is more than just a generalization of ordinary set theory.
Dense random media model applied to active and passive microwave remote sensing of terrestrial snow

In this paper, we use the bicontinuous model, which is a dense random media model, to active and passive microwave remote sensing of terrestrial snow. In terrestrial snow, ice particles aggregate closely together. Wave propagation and scattering are coherent within the range of few wavelengths, so that the mutual wave interactions among ice grains are important. Bicontinuous model (K.-H. Ding, X. Xu, and L. Tsang, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 48, 8, 3139–3151, 2010) was proposed to accurately model the microstructure of snow.
Deacetylase-Independent Function of HDAC3 in Transcription and Metabolism Requires Nuclear Receptor Corepressor

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are believed to regulate gene transcription by catalyzing deacetylation reactions. HDAC3 depletion in mouse liver upregulates lipogenic genes and results in severe hepatosteatosis. Here we show that pharmacologic HDAC inhibition in primary hepatocytes causes histone hyperacetylation but does not upregulate expression of HDAC3 target genes. Meanwhile, deacetylase-dead HDAC3 mutants can rescue hepatosteatosis and repress lipogenic genes expression in HDAC3-depleted mouse liver, demonstrating that histone acetylation is insufficient to activate gene transcription. Mutations abolishing interactions with the nuclear receptor corepressor (NCOR or SMRT) render HDAC3 nonfunctional in vivo. Additionally, liver-specific knockout of NCOR, but not SMRT, causes metabolic and transcriptomal alterations resembling those of mice without hepatic HDAC3, demonstrating that interaction with NCOR is essential for deacetylase-independent function of HDAC3. These findings highlight nonenzymatic roles of a major HDAC in transcriptional regulation in vivo and warrant reconsideration of the mechanism of action of HDAC inhibitors.
Un-Fermi liquids: Unparticles in strongly correlated electron matter

Since any nontrivial infrared dynamics in strongly correlated electron matter must be controlled by a critical fixed point, we argue that the form of the single-particle propagator can be deduced simply by imposing scale invariance. As a consequence, the unparticle picture proposed by Georgi14 is the natural candidate to describe such dynamics. Unparticle stuff is scale-invariant matter with no particular mass. Scale invariance dictates that the propagator has an algebraic form which can admit zeros and hence is a candidate to explain the ubiquitous pseudogap state of the cuprates. We refer to the nonperturbative electronic state formed out of unparticles as an un-Fermi liquid. We show that the underlying action of the continuous mass formulation of unparticles can be recast as an action in anti--de Sitter space which serves as the generating functional for the propagator. We find that this mapping fixes the scaling dimension of the unparticle to be ${d}_{U}=d/2+\sqrt{{d}^{2}+4}/2$ and ensures that the corresponding propagator has zeros with $d$ the space-time dimension of the unparticle field. Should $d=2+1$, unparticles acquire the nontrivial phase $2\ensuremath{\pi}{d}_{U}$ upon interchange. Because ${d}_{U}$ is noninteger and in general not half integer, clockwise and counterclockwise interchange of unparticles do not lead to the same phase and time-reversal symmetry is broken spontaneously as reported in numerous experiments in the pseudogap phase of the cuprates. The possible relevance of this mechanism to such experiments is discussed. We then formulate the analogous BCS gap using unparticles and find that in contrast to the Fermi-liquid case, the transition temperature increases as the attractive interaction strength decreases, indicating that unparticles are highly susceptible to a superconducting instability.
Synthesis of an electromagnetic pulse generator

The cylindrical antenna, driven at its center by some transient voltage source and symmetrically loaded with lumped resistors, has been found to be a useful electromagnetic pulse generator. In this study a synthesis procedure was developed that yields the resistor values required to load the antenna so that, when an appropriate causal voltage source is applied to the center terminals of the antenna, the radiated electric field transient will approximate some prescribed fast-rising generally decaying function of time.
Uses of speciation techniques in biomonitoring for assessing human exposure to organic environmental chemicals

Speciation analysis has been used for many years to identify and measure different forms of a given chemical in environmental and human samples. Although the term “speciation” is generally applied to the measurement of inorganic chemicals, the term can also be applied to many measurements of organic chemicals in complex samples, such as environmental media and biological matrices. We present several examples of achieving speciation analysis by selecting the appropriate biological matrix in which to measure a specific chemical(s), by a given analytical method, for the most accurate assessment of human exposure to the environmental chemical. Much of this information and many of these techniques are transferable to the measurement of inorganic elements in environmental and biological samples.
Abstract 2156: c-Myb promotes growth, invasion and androgen-independence of prostate cancer cells

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Most prostate cancer (PCa) patients treated with first line androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) initially exhibit a dramatic regression of the androgen-dependent (AD) cancer cells; however, the tumors eventually progress to an androgen-independent (AI) stage. The resulting hormone-refractory tumors are highly aggressive and resistant to conventional therapies. The causal mechanisms for such a transition remain largely unknown; however, a number of genetic and epigenetic alterations are believed to be involved in the process of AI progression of PCa. In an earlier study, c-Myb was identified among the genes that are amplified at higher frequency in hormone-refractory PCa. The c-Myb proto-oncogene is a cellular progenitor of v-Myb oncogenes, which encodes for a transcription factor and confers its oncogenic activity by regulating the expression of several target genes. In the present study, we have investigated the functional role of c-Myb in prostate cancer cells. Our data showed that c-Myb was overexpressed in AI (C4-2) PCa cells as compared to AD (LNCaP) PCa cells of the same genotypic lineage. Furthermore, we found that c-Myb was regulated by androgens in a biphasic manner and its expression correlated with the effect of androgens on prostate cancer cell growth. Short-hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated silencing of c-Myb in C4-2 cells reduced their growth, clonogenicity, motility and invasion, whereas its ectopic expression in LNCaP cells had opposite effects. Moreover, we observed that the overexpression of c-Myb in LNCaP and C4-2 cells was associated with their growth in androgen-depleted media, suggesting its role in androgen-independence. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated loss of mesenchymal markers N-cadherin, vimentin, Slug, Snail, and Twist, and gain of epithelial marker, E-cadherin in c-Myb-silenced C4-2 cells. In contrast, c-Myb overexpressing LNCaP cells exhibited a loss of epithelial and gain of mesenchymal markers, thus indicating a role of c-Myb in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of PCa cells. Altogether, our studies provide first experimental evidence for a functional role of c-Myb in altered growth, androgen-independence and malignant behavior of the prostate cancer cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2156. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2156
The Use of Movies to Facilitate Family Engagement in Psychiatric Hospitalization

Studies indicate that the impact of family involvement may be the most important predictor of successful psychiatric hospitalization of adolescents (Green et al., 2001; King et al., 1997; Pfeiffer and Strzelecki, 1990). Yet the ability to engage both an adolescent and his or her family in family therapy in the context of what is often an involuntary hospitalization is a major challenge. A number of promising family-based treatments have been studied in adolescents (Diamond and Josephson, 2005), but the literature on family-based interventions in the hospital setting has been limited to anecdotal reports (Hunter et al., 1978; Hyland, 1990). Making family engagement even more difficult is the pressure to take care of an increasing number of adolescents needing hospitalization with a decreasing length of stay (Pottick et al., 2000). Recognizing the critical need to engage highly stressed adolescents and families in family therapy despite these challenges, we have developed a unique exercise that uses movies to facilitate family engagement in hospitalized adolescents. There is a growing literature describing the use of movies as a catalyst to engage patients in highly stressful topics (Dermer and Hutchings, 2000; Lampropoulos et al., 2004; Sharp et al., 2002; Wedding and Niemiec, 2003). Through an engaging movie, patients are able to see problems similar to their own at a safe distance. Such an icebreaker is ideal for hospitalized adolescents and their families, whose conflicts may be too overwhelming to be addressed directly. The movie replaces the awkward silences and angry exchanges of visiting hours with an entertaining exercise that brings the family together. In the facilitated family discussion following the movie, the movie’s themes become a springboard to the two goals of the intervention: improving communication and applying the movie to the family_s own crisis.
The Spitzer First Look Survey—Ecliptic Plane Component: Asteroids and Zodiacal Background

The Spitzer First Look Survey (FLS) provided an initial characterization of the infrared sky at Spitzer wavelengths and sensitivities. The ecliptic plane component (EPC) of the FLS concentrated on two 0.13 deg2 fields at a solar elongation of 115° and ecliptic latitudes (β) of 0° and +5°. The FLS-EPC explored the small asteroid counts at 8 and 24 μm, with a detection limit down to ~0.08 and 0.8 mJy, respectively, and a completeness limit almost twice as deep as the 8 μm equivalent flux density of the previous deepest mid-IR survey. The FLS-EPC also provided initial characterization of the zodiacal light near the ecliptic plane. Fifteen known and 19 unknown asteroids were identified, and asteroids detected at both wavelengths displayed similar 8 to 24 μm flux ratios of ~0.1. Comparing number counts for the β = 0° and +5° fields indicates a slower-than-anticipated drop-off in contrast to predicted scale heights, possibly due to the presence of higher inclination objects in the small population sampled by Spitzer. The measured zodiacal light background was found to be within 5% of Spitzer model predictions at 24 μm.
Dr. Ruth on sex education for medical students

In this era of genomic and molecular biologic breakthroughs, medical educators often tend to downplay the importance of sex education. I recently had the opportunity to interview the world's best known sex educator, Dr. Ruth Westheimer, after she delivered a lecture to a standing-room-only crowd at Yale University School of Medicine.