cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Childhood emotional abuse moderates associations among corticomotor white matter structure and stress neuromodulators in women with and without depression

Adverse caregiving during development can produce long-lasting changes to neural, endocrine, and behavioral responses to stress, and is strongly related to elevated risk of adult psychopathology. While prior experience of adversity is associated with altered sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, the underlying neural pathways are not completely understood. In a double-blind crossover study, we used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to examine whether variation in white matter structure predicts differences in HPA-SNS interactions as a function of early adversity. Participants included 74 women who exhibited a wide range of depression severity and/or childhood emotional abuse (EA). Participants attended two experimental sessions during which they were administered 20 mg cortisol (CORT) or placebo and after 90 min, viewed emotionally laden pictures while undergoing MRI scanning. Immediately after emotional picture-viewing, we collected salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) to index SNS activation. We tested whether EA moderated the relation between fractional anisotropy (FA), a measure of white matter fiber structure, and sAA. In the placebo condition, for participants with minimal history of EA, higher FA in corticomotor projections was negatively correlated with sAA, whereas in participants with severe EA, the correlation was trending in the opposite direction. Following CORT administration, FA and sAA were not related, suggesting that SNS tone during acute cortisol elevation may depend on neural pathways other than corticomotor projections. The results suggest that at baseline-though not during cortisol elevation-increased FA in these tracts is associated with lower levels of SNS activity in women with minimal EA, but not in women with severe EA. These findings provide evidence that corticomotor projections may be a key component of altered neural circuitry in adults with history of maltreatment, and may be related to alterations in stress neuromodulators in psychopathology.
Labor Market Effects of Immigration Policies Border Enforcement and Amnesty

We explore the effects of tighter border enforcement and an amnesty on the wages and unemployment rates of natives and immigrants. We extend the Mortensen-Pissarides labor market model to include individuals authorized to work and illegal workers in a framework that accounts for voluntary return migration. Furthermore, we study the effects of an amnesty when a proportion of illegal workers pays payroll taxes. Our results show that the effect of changes in border enforcement on the number of illegal workers in the United States is theoretically ambiguous. While tighter border enforcement deters illegal migration of prospective workers, it also changes the incentives of those already in the United States decreasing return migration. If tighter border enforcement increases the number of illegal workers in the economy, it will also increase the wages of natives as market tightness increases. Our findings show that the larger the proportion of illegal workers paying payroll taxes, the larger will be the decrease in wages, and the smaller the increase in unemployment generated by the decrease in the number of illegal workers in the economy that will follow an amnesty.
Hypergroups and Differential Equations

The relationships between the characters of an algebra of measures supported on an interval H, and the eigenfunctions of a Sturm-Liouville problem on H are utilized to study the Jacobi polynomials and the spheroidal wave functions.
Participation of Eosinophils in Immunological Systems

The eosinophil is a polymorphonuclear leukocyte which is characterized by the high affinity of its cytoplasmic granules for acid analine dyes, most commonly eosin. Investigations and interest have been focused on eosinophils for approximately 100 years. Various aspects of this cell have been the topics of a recent book and several current reviews (Beeson and Bass, 1977; Lukens, 1972; Speirs et al., 1974; Zucker-Franklin, 1974; Ottesen, 1976; Butterworth, 1977; Goetzl and Austen, 1977; Kay, 1977; Gupta, 1977, and personal communication; Phillips and Colley, 1978). It would seem that their phylogenetic credentials, tracing back to all but the most primitive vertebrates, and their unique lineage, life cycle, tissue distribution, morphology, and biochemical activities might have earned the eosinophils a distinct position in the biomedical realm. However, most often, the eosinophil is still known through its associations with a variety of other situations, such as infections with certain tissue-dwelling helminths, atopic disorders, and some immune-complex-related disorders. The occurrence of eosinophils in a given environment thus remains relegated to the position of an epiphenomenon. The explanation of why the eosinophil continues to earn only this “associated with” status seems clearly to be based on an inability to assign a functional role to this cell. Most of the current information available continues to deal with the governance of eosinophils by other systems. There are, however, several different eosinophil-related activities which are now being examined as possible functional roles for eosinophils. This chapter will attempt to describe the eosinophil, discuss its various associations with immune responses, and examine the nature of its activities as an integral component of some of these systems.
Substructuring with Nonlinear Subcomponents: A Nonlinear Normal Mode Perspective

Substructure coupling techniques allow one to predict the response of an assembly from dynamic models for each subcomponent. Linear substructures are routinely used in analysis (e.g. the Craig-Bampton method) to reduce the computational cost of vibration, noise and load predictions for structures. They also provide a designer with insight into the influence that each subcomponent has on the assembled system’s natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping. These concepts are currently limited to assemblies of linear substructures. This work explores substructuring with nonlinear subcomponents (substructures), using the nonlinear normal modes of each substructure to seek to understand how those contribute to the nonlinear modes of the assembly. The goal is to extend the insights that have been developed over the past several years for linear substructures, to nonlinear ones. A specific type of describing function model, which captures the variation of the structure’s natural frequencies and mode shapes with energy is introduced, which is here dubbed a Representative Linear Modal Model (RLMM). The results show that this type of model can be used with linear substructuring techniques to effectively predict the dynamics of a nonlinear assembly, suggesting that linear substructuring concepts may be applied advantageously to nonlinear assemblies.
Transformations of hypothalamic arcuate neurons. I. Changes associated with stages of the estrous cycle.

Changes in subcellular structures of arcuate neurons correlated in a consistent way with stages of the estrous cycle of the rat. Associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum short ribbons of moderately electron dense material appeared at metestrus and circular or elliptical bodies termed “ribbon-rolls” at diestrus and proestrus. Although present in proestrus, the ribbon-rolls were smaller at this stage. In a few neurons in diestrous females and in ovariectomized animals one to seven months before perfusion multiple large ribbon-rolls occupied much of the cytoplasm. Also, frequency of dense granules and lysosomes increased in diestrus. The significance of the ribbon-rolls and changes in other structures during the estrous cycle are discussed.
Abstract 1394: Resistance to BET inhibitor leads to new therapeutic vulnerabilities in castration resistant prostate cancer

BRD4 plays a major role in the transcription networks orchestrated by androgen receptor (AR) in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells. Bromodomain and extraterminal protein (BET) inhibitors displace BRD4 protein from chromatin, resulting in the inhibition of oncogenic transcriptional programs. Several BET inhibitors (BETi) are in phase I clinical trials for a variety of malignancies including CRPC. Here we describe a general mechanism of acquired resistance to BETi due to modulation of cellular pathways that are amenable to targeted therapies in CRPC cells. BETi resistant CRPC cells displayed cross resistance to a variety of BETi in the absence of gatekeeper mutations or persistent drug pump activation. Resistant cells exhibited reduced chromatin bound BRD4, and were less sensitive to Proteolysis Targeting Chimeric (PROTAC) -mediated degradation or genetic knockdown, suggesting a BRD4-independent transcription program. Transcriptomic analysis revealed reactivation of AR-signaling due to CDK9-mediated serine-81 phosphorylation of AR, with a consequent increase in sensitivity to CDK9 inhibitors and anti-androgens in BETi resistant cells. Additionally, increased DNA damage associated with PRC2-mediated transcriptional silencing of DNA damage response (DDR) genes was observed due to the loss of BRD4 from their proximal promoter regions in the resistant cells, leading to PARP inhibitor sensitivity. Collectively, our results identify the therapeutic limitation of BETi as a monotherapy in CRPC. However, data showing the reactivation of AR-signaling and increased DNA damage in the BETi resistant cells provide unique opportunities for combination therapies in managing CRPC. Citation Format: Aishwarya S. Pawar, Irfan A. Asangani. Resistance to BET inhibitor leads to new therapeutic vulnerabilities in castration resistant prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1394.
Synthesis of uranium-in-cryptand complexes

The facile encapsulation of U(III) and La(III) by 2.2.2-cryptand (crypt) using simple starting materials is described. Addition of crypt to UI3 and LaCl3 forms the crystallographically-characterizable complexes, [U(crypt)I2]I and [La(crypt)Cl2]Cl. In the presence of water, the U(III)-aquo adducts, [U(crypt)I(OH2)][I]2 and [U(crypt)I(OH2)][I][BPh4], can be isolated.
Recovery From Alcohol and Other Drug Problems in the U.S. Population: Prevalence, Pathways, and Predictors

The concept of "recovery" has become the organizing paradigm in many middle and high income countries globally with a goal of orienting services in cost effective ways to help sufferers achieve and maintain long term remission. Despite this focus, little is known from an epidemiological and public health perspective about the prevalence, pathways, and predictors of recovery, and the changes that ensue in quality of life and functioning with time in recovery. Using data from the recent National Recovery Study, this talk reviewed a variety of findings on all of these aspects of recovery from significant alcohol and other drug problems.
Chemical Scavenging Yields for Short-Lived Products from the Visible Light Photoionization of the Tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) Triplet Metal-to-Ligand Charge-Transfer Excited State

The rate of visible light photoionization of the tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer excited state (3MLCT) is very strongly dependent on the acid concentration in aqueous solution, and the pattern of this dependence is similar to that reported for the photoionization of iodide. With 405 nm visible irradiation of 3MLCT, less than 15% of the photoionized products appear as free solvated electrons in bulk solution, while more than 75% of the photoproducts appear to be solvent-separated, (oxidized substrate)-electron ion pairs that efficiently recombine with the photo-oxidized complex in the absence of an electron scavenger. The quantum yield of free solvated electrons generated by these 405 nm irradiations is approximately 0.004, but the net quantum yield of scavengeable electrons is estimated to be about 0.04. A visible-region photoionization threshold energy for the 3MLCT is consistent with thermodynamic expectations, and similar behavior is expected for many redox-active complexes.
Puzzles and Surprises in U.S. Manufacturing

Though U.S. manufacturing output recovered more slowly from the Great Recession than historical experience would have predicted, manufacturing employment, which peaked in 1979, grew between 2010 and 2017. This was the second-longest period of employment growth in the entire post-war period. Linking these developments was an historically unprecedented, protracted absolute decline in labor productivity. This essay provides an overview of these puzzling aggregate developments and of the diverse industry-level changes they summarize. The roles of foreign competition, mis-measurement of real output, and the computer industry are explored, and the value of looking within multi-industry aggregates like manufacturing is illustrated.
A geometric framework for ensemble average propagator reconstruction from diffusion MRI.

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) is a non-invasive technique to probe the complex micro-architecture of the tissue being imaged. The diffusional properties of the tissue at the imaged resolution are well captured by the ensemble average propagator (EAP), which is a probability density function characterizing the probability of water molecule diffusion. Many properties in the form of imaging 'stains' can then be computed from the EAP that can serve as bio-markers for a variety of diseases. This motivates the development of methods for the accurate estimation of the EAPs from dMRI, which is an actively researched area in dMRI analysis. To this end, in the recent past, dictionary learning (DL) techniques have been applied by many researchers for accurate reconstruction of the EAP fields from dMRI scans of the central nervous system (CNS). However, most of the DL-based methods did not exploit the geometry of the space of the EAPs, which are probability density functions. By exploiting the geometry of the space of probability density functions, it is possible to reconstruct EAPs that satisfy the mathematical properties of a density function and hence yield better accuracy in the EAP field reconstruction. Using a square root density parameterization, the EAPs can be mapped to a unit Hilbert sphere, which is a smooth manifold with well known geometry that we will exploit in our formulation of the DL problem. Thus, in this paper, we present a general formulation of the DL problem for data residing on smooth manifolds and in particular the manifold of EAPs, along with a numerical solution using an alternating minimization method. We then showcase the properties and the performance of our algorithm on the reconstruction of the EAP field in a patch-wise manner from the dMRI data. Through several synthetic, phantom and real data examples, we demonstrate that our non-linear DL-based approach produces accurate and spatially smooth estimates of the EAP field from dMRI in comparison to the state-of-the-art EAP reconstruction method called the MAPL method, as well as the linear DL-based EAP reconstruction approaches. To further demonstrate the accuracy and utility of our approach, we compute an entropic anisotropy measure (HA), that is a function of the well known Renyi entropy, from the EAP fields of control and injured rat spinal cords respectively. We demonstrate its utility as an imaging 'stain' via a quantitative comparison of HA maps computed from EAP fields estimated using our method and competing methods. The quantitative comparison is achieved using a two sample t-test and the results of significance are displayed for a visualization of regions of the spinal cord affected most by the injury.
The behaviour of Cotinis nitida Linnaeus, the green June beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), on mowed lawns makes them especially vulnerable to bird predators

Males of the green June beetle Cotinis nitida are regularly attacked by birds as they search for females on lawns but which bird species feeds on the beetle changes from year to year. In 2018 for t...
Redefining Rational and Emotional Advertising Appeals as Available Processing Resources: Toward an Information Processing Perspective

This paper redefines emotional versus rational advertising appeals from a media psychology perspective in terms of changes in cognitive load placed on viewers’ limited processing capacity during ad...
Effectiveness of an Occupational Therapy Reading Program for Low Socioeconomic First and Second Graders in an Urban Elementary School: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Study

We assessed the effectiveness of an occupational therapy reading program that targeted foundational reading skills and reading participation for first and second graders in an underserved urban ele...
Two blackhead disease outbreaks in commercial turkey flocks were potentially exacerbated by poor poult quality and coccidiosis

Field visits at two different farms suggest a correlation between commercial turkey (Meleagridis gallopavo) flocks having increased mortality from blackhead disease (histomoniasis) if they suffer from poor poult quality at placement and coccidiosis (Eimeria spp.) before age 6 wk. In both cases, the flocks were all-in/all-out with curtain-sided houses and received a coccidiosis vaccine on day of hatch. At Farm I 2018, poults from different hatcheries were placed in two houses on the same farm (Houses 1 and 2). House 2 had poults considered poor quality and suffered from mortality associated with coccidiosis at 2 and 4 wk of age. At 8 wk, blackhead disease was diagnosed in both houses by postmortem examination. House 2 had mortality of >2000 poults, and the subpopulation of necropsied poults had gross lesions characteristic of histomoniasis. Gross lesions associated with blackhead disease were only found in eight poults in House 1, which was populated with good-quality poults and did not have a second spike in mortality due to coccidiosis. The Farm II 2020 poults were delivered from the same hatchery onto a three-house farm (Houses A, B, and C). House C had poults that were considered poor quality and had mortality associated with coccidiosis at 3 wk of age. At 8–9 wk, House C had mortality approaching 1000 birds, with all poults examined postmortem having clinical signs of blackhead disease. Houses A and B were populated with good-quality poults and had no diagnosed mortality from coccidiosis or blackhead disease. The similarity of these two cases suggest that poult quality at placement coupled with coccidiosis before 6 wk of age can influence the severity of blackhead disease in commercial turkey flocks.
Tight binding models accurately predict band structures for copolymer semiconductors

Conjugated polymers possess a wide range of desirable properties including accessible band gaps, plasticity, tunability, mechanical flexibility and synthetic versatility, making them attractive for use as active materials in organic photovoltaics (OPVs). In particular, push-pull copolymers, consisting of alternating electron-rich and electron-deficient moieties, offer broad optical absorption, tunable band gaps, and increased charge transfer between monomer units. However, the large number of possible monomer combinations to explore means screening OPV copolymers by first-principles quantum calculations is computationally intensive. If copolymer band structures could be rapidly computed from homopolymer data, potential materials could be screened more efficiently. In this work, we construct tight binding models of copolymer band structures with parameters determined by density functional theory (DFT) calculations on homopolymers. We use these models to predict copolymer valence and conduction bands, which compare well to direct DFT calculations of copolymer band structures.
Vulnerable Dispositional Traits and Chronic Pain: Predisposing but not Predetermining.

Abstract Dispositional traits can be protective or contribute to increased vulnerability in individuals with chronic pain. This study aims to evaluate the association between two dispositional trait measures, affect balance style and multi-domain trait groups, with psychosocial measures, clinical pain, functional pain, and experimental pain at two years in individuals with chronic knee pain. The study is a prospective analysis of 168 community dwelling individuals aged 45-85 years old with knee pain with or at risk for knee osteoarthritis. At baseline, affect balance style and multi-domain trait groups were associated with psychosocial measures, clinical pain, and functional status. At the two-year time point, the multi-domain trait groups were associated with the clinical pain measures. Interestingly, individuals with previously demonstrated vulnerable traits showed more variability in dispositional trait status at the two-year time point compared to those with dispositional traits previously demonstrated as more protective. Findings reiterate that dispositional traits are predisposing but are not predetermining regarding pain-related experiences. Perspective Vulnerable and protective dispositional traits are positively and negatively associated with clinical pain and functional limitations respectively. Although considered relatively stable, a 30-50% shift in dispositional traits was indicated over a two-year period. Findings highlight that dispositional traits are modifiable and thus, predisposing but not predetermining for persisting chronic pain.
Veganic farming in the United States: farmer perceptions, motivations, and experiences

Veganic agriculture, often described as farming that is free of synthetic and animal-based inputs, represents an alternative to chemical-based industrial agriculture and the prevailing alternative, organic agriculture, respectively. Despite the promise of veganic methods in diverse realms such as food safety, environmental sustainability, and animal liberation, it has a small literature base. This article draws primarily on interviews conducted in 2018 with 25 veganic farmers from 19 farms in the United States to establish some baseline empirical research on this farming community. Its qualitative perspectives illuminate farmer perceptions of and experiences with veganic growing, including definitions, knowledge acquisition, values, and challenges. Results highlight a lack of agreement about the meaning of veganic agriculture in terms of allowable inputs and scope. Participants have drawn on a wide array of veganic and non-veganic resources to ascend their veganic production learning curves, also relying on experimentation and trial-and-error. Their farming is motivated by a diversity of real and perceived benefits, most notably consistency with veganism, food safety advantages, and plant and soil health benefits. Veganic product sourcing and the dearth of veganic agriculture-specific resources present considerable challenges to farmers. The article briefly discusses possibilities for developing veganic agriculture in the United States, such as through a US-based certification system and farmers’ associations, based on considerations of the trajectory of the US organic farming movement and veganic developments in Europe. Finally, the article suggests the importance of expanded research into soil health and fertility in plant-based systems to support practicing and potential veganic farmers.
Caenorhabditis elegans Model Studies Show MPP+ Is a Simple Member of a Large Group of Related Potent Dopaminergic Toxins

Although the causes of Parkinson's disease (PD) are not fully understood, the consensus is that a combination of genetic and environmental factors plays a major role. The discovery that the synthetic chemical, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-derived N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), recapitulates major pathophysiological characteristics of PD in humans and other mammals has provided the strongest support for this possibility; however, several key aspects of the mechanism remain unclear. In contrast to the widely accepted view that MPP+ is structurally unique and optimal for selective dopaminergic toxicity, previous in vitro studies have suggested that MPP+ is most likely a simple member of a large group of related dopaminergic toxins. Here we provide first in vivo evidence to support the above possibility using Caenorhabditis elegans PD models. We also provide in vivo evidence to show that the inherent predisposition of dopaminergic neurons to produce high oxidative stress and related downstream effects when exposed to MPP+ and related mitochondrial toxins is responsible for their selective vulnerability to these toxins. More significantly, present findings suggest that if this broad group of MPP+ related dopaminergic toxins are present in work places or in the environment, they could cause far-reaching public health consequences.
Introduction to the Physiology of the Mesentery

The mesentery is an organ within the abdomen that extends from the duodenojejunal flexure to the mesorectum. It is known for maintaining the integrity of abdominal contents and preventing their collapse into the pelvis. New research now reveals that its contiguous structure serves multiple purposes. A complex system of neurohormonal signals plays a key role in maintaining hemodynamic stability. Visceral adipocytes are now seen to be a major factor in the pathogenesis of pro-inflammatory states. In-depth investigation into the intricate and robust functions of the mesentery has now shed light into the pathophysiological role it pays in health and disease processes.
The Effect of Dr. Mahathir on the Malaysian Economy

Dr. Mahathir is often credited with Malaysia’s economic success post-1980. However, it is well known that the Mahathir regime centralized power in the Office of the Prime Minister and extended state capacity, creating a system of government susceptible to corruption. This corruption eventually made global headlines in 2015 with the 1MDB $5 billion dollar scandal. Thus, while Malaysia did experience growth that coincided with the reign of Dr. Mahathir, it is possible that his regime limited this positive change. We use the Synthetic Control Method to study the impact of Dr. Mahathir on the Malaysian economy. We compare economic outcomes in Malaysia under Dr. Mahathir’s reign with outcomes in counterfactual Malaysia, a Synthetic Control constructed from a set of similar countries that did not experience such change. We find that while Malaysia did experience growth throughout Dr. Mahathir’s leadership, GDP per-capita was far below (approximately $4,000 per-capita below 9-years following the treatment) its potential as measured by Synthetic Malaysia. This study provides some evidence of a negative economic effect from power centralization and, perhaps, from enhanced state capacity.
Modeling confinement in polymer nanocomposites from linear viscoelasticity data

The ability of the time-dependent diffusion–double-reptation (TDD-DR) theory to predict the molecular structure and dynamics of polymer nanocomposites is investigated for poly(butylene succinate) blended with fumed silica particles with contrasting surface treatments (unmodified and modified with silanes). Structural and dynamic parameters such as confined polymer fraction (ϕ s) and relaxation time are extracted from fitting the experimental curves for relaxation modulus G(t) by the TDD-DR model with fluctuation effects included. A good fit of experimental data over seven time decades is obtained after modification of the TDD-DR model to account for Rouse relaxation on the short time scale. The fraction of confined polymer extracted from model fitting is in quantitative agreement with the value obtained from the specific reversing heat capacity for poly(butylene succinate) (PBS)/fumed silica nanocomposites. Based on parameters deduced from rheological data, we study the influence of surface functionality on the microstructure of polymer matrix. We conclude that increasing the polymer–particle compatibility through introduction of a hydrophobic functionality on the surface of the particles results in increased amount of confined PBS chains and strong immobilization of the PBS molecules. These interface effects are discussed for the first time in terms of TDD-DR model that takes into account the dynamics of bound polymer chains, allowing prediction of the universal nature of the confinement effect and its role in polymer nanocomposite processing and bulk physical properties.
Upper limit for the decay. mu. /sup +/. -->. e/sup +/. gamma

An examination of 3.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{10}$ ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$ decays yields an improved upper limit for the branching ratio $\frac{\ensuremath{\Gamma}({\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{+}\ensuremath{\gamma})}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}({\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{+}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}})}l1.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ with 90% confidence.
Family Members' Perceptions of How They Benefit When Relatives Living with Serious Mental Illness Participate in Clubhouse Community Programs

Family members provide a significant source of social support to relatives living with a serious mental health disorder, such as schizophrenia. Few public mental health programs offer families a supportive environment where their relatives can develop independence, life skills, and satisfying relationships that are not dependent on the family's involvement. The Clubhouse is one such model. Although family members are not directly involved, they may experience indirect effects from their relative's participation. Family members with relatives involved in Clubhouse (n = 35) completed an in-depth semi-structured interview. Transcripts were analyzed to identify underlying themes. Five primary themes emerged ranging from less burden to greater positive family interaction. Specifically, family members attributed Clubhouses as providing a supportive external community for their loved ones, but also ameliorating negative aspects of family care and improving family interactions. Practical implications for family professionals are discussed.
Kwashiorkor in a North American white male.

The clinical and pathologic features of kwashiorkor are described in an 11-year-old white male resident of Kentucky. The syndrome was present for 2 years. Remissions occurred with adequate diet and relapses were not prevented by vitamin therapy. Characteristic lesions in the skin, liver, pancreas and thyroid were present. In addition, lesions in the alimentary tract characterized by hyperplasia of the epithelium are described; these are believed to be an integral part of the syndrome.
Polar assembly and scaffolding proteins of the virulence-associated ESX-1 secretory apparatus in mycobacteria.

Summary The ESX-1 secretion system is required for pathogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Despite considerable research, little is known about the structural components of ESX-1, or how these proteins are assembled into the active secretion apparatus. Here, we exploit the functionally related ESX-1 apparatus of Mycobacterium smegmatis (Ms) to show that fluorescently tagged proteins required for ESX-1 activity consistently localize to the cell pole, identified by time-lapse fluoro-microscopy as the non-septal (old) pole. Deletions in Msesx1 prevented polar localization of tagged proteins, indicating the need for specific protein–protein interactions in polar trafficking. Remarkably, expression of the Mtbesx1 locus in Msesx1 mutants restored polar localization of tagged proteins, indicating establishment of the MtbESX-1 apparatus in M. smegmatis. This observation illustrates the cross-species conservation of protein interactions governing assembly of ESX-1, as well as polar localization. Importantly, we describe novel non-esx1-encoded proteins, which affect ESX-1 activity, which colocalize with ESX-1, and which are required for ESX-1 recruitment and assembly. This analysis provides new insights into the molecular assembly of this important determinant of Mtb virulence.
Iterative and parallel algorithm design from high level language traces

We present a high level language called SequenceL. The language allows a programmer to describe functions in terms of abstract relationships between their inputs and outputs, and the semantics of the language are capable of automatically discovering and implementing the required algorithms, including iterative and parallel control structures in many cases. Current implementations do not produce code of comparable efficiency to that of a good human programmer. Current implementations can, however, be used as a tool to guide human programmers in discovering and comparing options for parallelizing their solutions. This paper describes the language and approach, and illustrates this kind of guidance with a simple example.
Reaction of N-acetylimidazole with L-asparaginase.

L-Asparaginase from Escherichia coli B was treated with N-acetylimidazole over a wide range of concentrations. The results indicate that the 44 tyrosyl residues of native asparaginase can be divided into three classes. The first group consists of 5-7 tyrosyl residues that react readily with the reagent and are not involved in the catalytic site. The second class consists of 10-12 aromatic residues that react less rapidly with acetylimidazole and whose modification results in a 70% decrease in enzyme activity. Full activity can be restored after deacetylation with hydroxylamine. The third class consists of the remaining tyrosyl groups that are unavailable for acetylation in the native enzyme. All the tyrosyl residues could be acetylated in 8 M urea. Modification of 10 residues in urea did not interfere with subunit reassociation, with acetylation of 15-22 residues gave variable results. Modification of 30-44 residues interfered with reassociation of the subunits. Removal of the acetyl groups with hydroxylamine, however, did not allow the subunits to aggregate, because of other, irreversible reaction of acetylimidazole with the denatured protein.
How Do Auditors Use Valuation Specialists when Auditing Fair Values

Auditors frequently use valuation specialists to help them improve the quality of audits of fair values, but problems related to specialists’ involvement suggest specialists do not always improve audit quality. I interviewed 28 audit partners and managers with extensive experience using valuation specialists to investigate how auditors use valuation specialists in audits of fair values and how specialists’ involvement affects audit quality. I find that while valuation specialists perform many of the most difficult and important elements of auditing fair values, auditors retain responsibility for making overall conclusions about fair values. Collectively, the interviews reveal a tendency among auditors to make specialists’ work conform to the prevailing audit team view. This puts audit quality at risk. I apply Giddens’ (1990, 1991) theory of trust in expert systems to identify a root cause underlying this problematic tendency. The necessity of trusting in an expert system of valuation specialists causes tension for auditors who ultimately bear responsibility for judgments about fair values, yet who must rely on the expertise of specialists to make these judgments. Auditors’ tendency to make specialists’ work conform arises from this tension as a way to preserve their expert role. By identifying auditors’ tendency to make specialists’ work conform to their prevailing view and theorizing a root cause of this tendency, this study informs researchers, practitioners, and standard setters interested in improving audit quality in the fair value setting.
Prevention of the abortifacient action of antiprogesterone serum by progesterone

Earlier studies1-4 showed that when rats of 10 days' gestation are passively immunized with antiprogesterone (A-P) globulins the biologically available progesterone (P) unbound by A-P (Pu) not only falls precipitously but also remains low for days, despite the rapid clearance of A-P. This finding suggested that the effective reduction of Pu affects P synthesis, probably through action on the fetoplacental unit. If so, pregnancy should be protected from the effect of A-P by P treatment to prevent the reduction of Pu. The present studies demonstrated that if P treatment was delayed for six hours after the administration of A-P, Pu did not return to physiologic levels, and pregnancy did not continue. However, if P was given three hours after A-P, at the same time, or three hours before A-P, the reduction of Pu was short-lived or prevented, and thus pregnancy was protected.
Liapunov analysis of a two dimensional unconstrained particle motion in a rigid body spinning about the thrust axis

An idealized model is developed for a spinning spacecraft with internal mass motion and axial thrust. The model includes both damping and elastic forces. Using Liapunov analysis, stability conditions are developed. The results indicate that the asymptotical stability is possible for the coning motion either if the moving mass is forward of the system mass center or if the thrust magnitude is sufficiently large. >
Effect of Water Vapor on O2− Content in Ironmaking Slag

In principle, slag basicity can be expressed as the concentration of free oxygen (O2−) in the slag system. This free oxygen content is equilibrated with different silicate anions in addition to other components in the silicate-based slags. X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) were used to investigate the effect of water vapor on the free oxygen content in ironmaking slags. It was found that water in the gas atmosphere plays a significant role in the silicate anion equilibria. Water decreases the amount of free oxygen in the studied slags, with the free oxygen expressed as percentage of the total oxygen decreasing in the order of the following gas mixtures: CO+CO2 (44%, $$p{_{H_2O}}$$ = 0 kPa) > CO+CO2+H2+H2O (41%, $$p{_{H_2O}}$$ = 10.13 kPa) > H2+H2O (37%, $$p{_{H_2O}}$$ = 14.19 kPa). The content of free oxygen ion affects the distribution of elements such as sulfur, phosphorus, and manganese. In addition, it affects the iron oxide content in the slag as well as the interaction between slag and furnace lining.
Innervation of the American cockroach salivary gland: Neurophysiological and pharmacological investigations☆

Abstract Application of 5-hydroxytryptamine to the gland in vitro in concentrations as low as 10 −12 M effected continuous secretion of fluid. This suggests that 5-HT or a related compound may be the neurotransmitter substance. In vivo injections of p -chorophenylalanine did not affect secretion. Applications of pilocarpine and acetylcholine had only a transitory effect upon secretions. Nerve-section studies implicate the salivary duct nerves coming from the suboesophageal ganglion as motor nerves controlling secretion. The oesophageal salivary nerves from the brain were not severed due to excessive trauma. Simultaneous electrical recordings of the salivary nerves show no common activity. Nerve section demonstrates that the activity in these nerves is efferent. Central inhibition of nervous activity occurs during sensory stimulation, etc. Electrical stimulation of the salivary duct nerve in vitro effects salivary secretion for several hours; however, the loss of secretion is not due to failure of the nerves, but to unknown factors. Histological sections of the stimulated glands failed to show cytological changes.
Gradient-Index Thin Films: An Emerging Optical Coating Technology

The possibility of generating optical thin-film structures with continuous variation in refractive index enables the design and fabrication of complex filter structures. New methods for coating design, deposition monitoring, process control and material engineering are evolving. A particular type of filter technology that draws on all of these developments is the rugate filter, a structure having a periodic re-fractive index profile. Advances in this area will not only enable the realization of gradient-index structures, but will provide new opportunities for accurate fabrication of conventional thin-film structures.
Backbone 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR assignments for the Cyanothece 51142 protein cce_0567: a protein associated with nitrogen fixation in the DUF683 family.

Cyanothece51142 contains a 78-residue protein, cce_0567, that falls into the DUF683 family of proteins associated with nitrogen fixation. Here we report the assignment of most of the main chain and 13Cβ side chain resonances of the ∼40 kDa homo-tetramer.
A New Assemblage of Mid-Pliocene Proboscideans from the Woranso-Mille Area, Afar Region, Ethiopia: Taxonomic, Evolutionary, and Paleoecological Considerations

Recent fieldwork at Woranso-Mille, Ethiopia led to the recovery of an abundant, diverse mammalian fauna that includes remains of the early hominid Australopithecus afarensis. Proboscideans are among the taxa well sampled at the site, primarily by gnathodental specimens, dated to the mid-Pliocene interval of 3.8–3.6 Ma. These fossils document traces of the last anancine gomphotheres (Anancus ultimus) in eastern Africa and several elephant taxa. Comparative study of the elephant fossils indicates the presence of cf. Mammuthus sp. “Hadar-type,” cf. Elephas ekorensis, E. recki brumpti, and cf. Loxodonta adaurora adaurora. Proboscidean evolution in the mid-Pliocene is interesting because during this time archaic elephants were completely replaced by basal members of crown elephant lineages, taxonomic diversity was high (multiple elephant species, anancine gomphotheres, stegodonts, and deinotheres), and elephants were undergoing substantial reorganization of the craniodental masticatory apparatus, presumably in response to the spread of more open habitats and greater competition for grazing resources. The Woranso-Mille sample is important because this interval is only represented elsewhere in eastern Africa by a small number of sites, and because adaptive diversification among early crown elephants requires greater clarification. Morphometric contrasts among the fossil dentition from Woranso-Mille presage the differential success of elephant lineages in eastern Africa during the Pleistocene, providing hints about the beginnings of competitive displacement. Differences between E. recki brumpti from Woranso-Mille and the slightly younger Sidi Hakoma Member of the Hadar Formation reveal the beginnings of continuous, directional morphometric change that characterized the lineage. Reconsideration of E. recki subspecies indicates that they are arbitrary lineage divisions tied to geochronological boundaries (with utility for biochronological correlation at well sampled sites) rather than real phylogenetic entities, but does not reject monophyly or anagenetic evolution of the lineage.
Fetal Heart Rate Part I: Factor Analysis

The quantification of intrapartum fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns in normal healthy neonates yielded 17 FHR variables: seven of these measures have not been reported previously. A factor analysis was performed on the 17 FHR variables in order to identify the pattern of interrelationships among them. This analysis resulted in a 6-factor Varimax solution. The factors, in order of variance accounted for, were descriptively labeled deceleration, complexity, frequency, baserate, acceleration, and variability. The results support the hypothesis that the FHR response to labor is a multi dimensional phenomenon. Specifically, different parameters, i.e., amplitude, frequencies, etc., tended to be uncorrelated across subjects.
Similarity and liking

A random sample of 99 statements was drawn from two family autobiographies. One group of college women rated the extent to which the author of each statement appeared similar to themselves. Another group rated their liking for the author of each statement. The item means of these two ratings correlated.51 (p <.01), in accord with prediction. A third rating, that of the intimacy of the information contained in each statement, was unreleated to either of the other ratings.
On Semi-Probabilistic universal prediction

We discuss two scenarios of universal prediction, as well as some recent advances in the study of minimax regret and algorithmic development. We then propose an intermediate scenario, the Semi-Probabilistic Setting, and make progress towards understanding the associated minimax regret.
Fano Factor Fact and Fallacy

Over the years Fano factor measurements have been published which demonstrate a steady decline in the values with time. In fact, the reduction in these values is so monotonic that an extrapolation to 1980 suggests that the Fano factor is completely negligible, and that all (non-avalanching) ionization detectors should show nearly perfect resolution (and that--to avoid being tarred and feathered by our colleagues--we should hasten to move on to another research field). Obviously, this is not the actual case in nature, but in many of the previous works the value has been published as "the" Fano factor, justifying a healthy skepticism on our part. In this paper we try and show what we think has been happening; we derive from our own theory for ? (the average amount of energy expended in producing an electron-hole pair) expressions which suggest that the Fano factor in both silicon and germanium may be very nearly equal to 0.05 ; and we show with our experimental data, as well as with a reanalysis of the data of other workers, that experiment is very nearly approaching this value. Finally, in trying to reveal what we think we understand about the Fano factor situation, we also reveal the areas in which our understanding is very poor. These observations support the value of further properly corrected experiments and the need for further very basic theoretical work. Isn't this all fun?
Serum Hæmagglutinins in Heterologous Chimæras

ALTHOUGH extensive investigations have been conducted on murine radiation chimaeras, evidence for humoral antibody formation by either the grafted donor cells or the host against the reciprocal antigenic tissue have not been directly demonstrable, although graft anti-host agglutinins have been observed in rabbits1,2 and in pigeons3. While the work recorded here was in progress Doria indicated the existence of graft anti-host activity in the sera of homologous chimaeras by assessing the presence of an intermediary agglutinin titre4,5. To my knowledge there has been no direct demonstration of either graft anti-host or host anti-graft antibodies in the sera of murine radiation chimaeras; this communication indicates the presence of both types of humoral haemagglutinins which are detectable 3–4 weeks post-treatment in heterologous chimaeras.
Design and simulation of logic circuits with hybrid architectures of single-electron transistors and conventional MOS devices at room temperature

Single-electron transistors (SETs) provide current conduction characteristics comparable to CMOS technology and research shows that these devices can be used to develop logic circuits. It has been observed while building logic circuits that comprise only of SETs the voltage at the gate input had to be much higher than the power supply for the SET to have acceptable switching characteristics. This limitation in the gate and power supply voltages makes it practically inappropriate to build circuits. In this paper, we propose a hybrid architecture to overcome this limitation by combining conventional MOS devices with SETs. Three different types of hybrid circuits have been proposed and their characteristics have been studied using SPICE-based simulation tool which includes a SET-SPICE model.
A Review of “Understanding Cultural Geography: Places and Traces”

As geographers and educators we often find ourselves lecturing students who have been socialized to believe that geography is defined by exotic destinations, physical terrains, and the memorization...