cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is suvorexant a better choice than alternative hypnotics

Suvorexant is a novel dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) newly introduced in the U.S. as a hypnotic, but no claim of superiority over other hypnotics has been offered. The manufacturer argued that the 5 and 10 mg starting doses recommended by the FDA might be ineffective. The manufacturer's main Phase III trials had not even included the 10 mg dosage, and the 5 mg dosage had not been tested at all in registered clinical trials at the time of approval. Popular alternative hypnotics may be similarly ineffective, since the FDA has also reduced the recommended doses for zolpidem and eszopiclone. The "not to exceed" suvorexant dosage of 20 mg does slightly increase sleep. Because of slow absorption, suvorexant has little effect on latency to sleep onset but some small effect in suppressing wakening after sleep onset and in improving sleep efficiency. The FDA would not approve the manufacturer's preferred 40 mg suvorexant dosage, because of concern with daytime somnolence, driving impairment, and possible narcolepsy-like symptoms. In its immediate benefits-to-risks ratio, suvorexant is unlikely to prove superior to currently available hypnotics—possibly worse—so there is little reason to prefer over the alternatives this likely more expensive hypnotic less-tested in practice. Associations are being increasingly documented relating hypnotic usage with incident cancer, with dementia risks, and with premature death. There is some basis to speculate that suvorexant might be safer than alternative hypnotics in terms of cancer, dementia, infections, and mortality. These safety considerations will remain unproven speculations unless adequate long-term trials can be done that demonstrate suvorexant advantages.
Insular glioma resection: assessment of patient morbidity, survival, and tumor progression

Object Insular gliomas remain surgically challenging cases due to complex anatomy, including surrounding vasculature and the relationship to functional structures. To define the morbidity profile associated with aggressive insular glioma removal as well as its impact on long-term outcome, the authors retrospectively evaluated the extent of resection (EOR) in the context of this complex anatomy and function and assessed its role in determining disease progression, malignant transformation, and, ultimately, patient survival. Methods The study population included adults who had undergone initial or repeat resection of insular gliomas of all grades. Tumor location was identified according to a proposed quadrant-style classification (Zones I–IV) of the insula. Low- and high-grade gliomas were volumetrically analyzed using FLAIR and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR imaging, respectively. Results One hundred fifteen procedures involving 104 patients with insular gliomas were identified. Patients presented with l...
Electronic collection management and electronic information services

As the life cycle of information products has become increasingly digital from “cradle to grave”, the nature of electronic information management has dramatically changed. These changes have brought new strategies and methods as well as new issues and challenges. At the bottom line the services are increasingly delivered to a desktop from distributed publishers or information providers. Information organizations act either as primary information providers or as brokers between the user and the primary service provider. This paper covers developments in the factors and strategies affecting collection management and access. It discusses major trends in electronic user services including electronic information delivery, information discovery and electronic reference. Finally, it addresses the challenges in user and personnel education in response to this electronic environment and an increasingly information literate user population.
Correcting partial volume effects in biexponential T2 estimation of small lesions.

Purpose T2 mapping provides a quantitative approach for focal liver lesion characterization. For small lesions, a biexponential model should be used to account for partial volume effects (PVE). However, conventional biexponential fitting suffers from large uncertainty of the fitted parameters when noise is present. The purpose of this work is to develop a more robust method to correct for PVE affecting small lesions. Methods We developed a region of interest-based joint biexponential fitting (JBF) algorithm to estimate the T2 of lesions affected by PVE. JBF takes advantage of the lesion fraction variation among voxels within a region of interest. JBF is compared to conventional approaches using Cramer–Rao lower bound analysis, numerical simulations, phantom, and in vivo data. Results JBF provides more accurate and precise T2 estimates in the presence of PVE. Furthermore, JBF is less sensitive to region of interest drawing. Phantom and in vivo results show that JBF can be combined with a reconstruction method for highly undersampled data, enabling the characterization of small abdominal lesions from data acquired in a single breath hold. Conclusion The JBF algorithm provides more accurate and stable T2 estimates for small structures than conventional techniques when PVE is present. It should be particularly useful for the characterization of small abdominal lesions. Magn Reson Med 73:1632–1642, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Visual Representation of Arithmetic Properties

Quantitative graphs use a spatial metaphor in which spatial features represent numerical amounts. Tally number systems (used in ancient civilizations) also made use of the spatial feature of length. Arithmetic properties, such as the commutative properly of addition, can also be represented spatially. An experiment trained college students about 11 basic arithmetic properties either using numerical examples or spatial/graphical examples. Both groups were tested using arithmetic problems based on the arithmetic properties both prior to and following the training. The Spatial Training Group improved response time more from the pre- to the post-test than did the Numerical Training Group. The discussion focuses on the cognitive representation of numbers and arithmetic operations by means of spatial representation, evidence from neurophysiology, and the historical development of number systems.
Differential Effects of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection on Immune Inductive and Effector Sites in the Rectal Mucosa of Rhesus Macaques

The rectal mucosa, a region involved in human immunodeficiency virus/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection and transmission, contains immune inductive sites, rectal lymphoid nodules (RLN), and effector sites, the lamina propria (LP). This study was designed to evaluate cell populations involved in rectal mucosal immune function in both RLN and LP, by immunocytochemical analysis of rectal mucosa from 11 SIV-infected (2 to 21 months postinfection) and five naive rhesus macaques. In the rectum, as previously observed in other intestinal regions, CD4+ cells were dramatically reduced in the LP of SIV-infected macaques, but high numbers of CD4+ cells remained in RLN indicating maintenance of T cell help in inductive sites. Cells expressing the mucosal homing receptor α4β7 were dramatically decreased in the RLN and LP of most SIV-infected macaques. The RLN of both naive and SIV-infected macaques contained high numbers of CD68 + MHC-II+ macrophages and cells expressing the co-stimulatory molecules B7-2 and CD40, as well as IgM + MHCII+ and IgM + CD40+ B cells, indicating maintenance of antigen presentation capacity. The LP of all three macaques SIV-infected for 2 months contained many B7-2+ cells, suggesting increased activation of antigen-presenting cells. LP of SIV-infected rectal mucosa contained increased numbers of IgM+ cells, confirming previous observations in small intestine and colon. The data suggest that antigen-presentation capacity is maintained in inductive sites of SIV-infected rectal mucosa, but immune effector functions may be altered.
Group cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression in Spanish: culture-sensitive manualized treatment in practice

The authors applied cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression using the Healthy Management of Reality treatment manual. This 16-week group treatment comprised four 4-week modules: thoughts (cognitive restructuring), activities (behavioral activation), people (interpersonal skills training), and health (addresses physical health and depression). They illustrated the use of the culture-sensitive treatment manuals by way of the member characteristics and clinical process of a Spanish-language CBT group for depression. They highlighted the challenges and satisfactions of working with a Spanish-speaking population in the public sector, and focused on how culture and socioeconomic status influence patients, and how to adapt treatment to these factors. Last, they demonstrated how technological advances integrate with culture-sensitive, evidence-based treatments to better serve this population and reduce disparities.
Use of blood outgrowth endothelial cells for gene therapy for hemophilia A

A culture of human blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOECs) was established from a sample of peripheral blood and was transfected using a nonviral plasmid carrying complementary DNA for modified human coagulation factor VIII (B domain deleted and replaced with green fluorescence protein). BOECs were then chemically selected, expanded, cryopreserved, and re-expanded in culture. Stably transfected BOECs were administered intravenously daily for 3 days to NOD/SCID mice at 4 cell dose levels (from 5 x 10(4) to 40 x 10(4) cells per injection). In 156 days of observation, mice showed levels of human FVIII that increased with cell dose and time. Mice in all cell dose groups achieved therapeutic levels (more than 10 ng/mL) of human FVIII, and mice in the 3 highest dose groups acquired levels that were normal (100-200 ng/mL) or even above the normal range (highest observed value, 1174 ng/mL). These levels indicate that the BOECs expanded in vivo after administration. When the mice were killed, it was found that BOEC accumulated only in bone marrow and spleen and that these cells retained endothelial phenotype and transgene expression. Cell doses used here would make scale-up to humans feasible. Thus, the use of engineered autologous BOECs, which here resulted in sustained and therapeutic levels of FVIII, may comprise an effective therapeutic strategy for use in gene therapy for hemophilia A.
Effects Of Reflected Background Radiation On Radiometric Temperature Measurement

AbstractA method for evaluating the contribution of background flux reflected from a sample is shown. An example is described showing that the reflected background contribution in athermographic examination is about 2% and the effect of opening a window is about 0.5%.IntroductionMany infrared applications involve the assessments of a temperature or temperaturedifference. Usually one assumes the radiation difference is a function of temperaturealone whereas it is really a function of temperature, emissivity and reflected backgroundradiation. These three effects can often be comparable.AnalysisThe analysis can be couched in terms of an irradiance that occurs at the position of aradiometer (or infrared imager). This irradiance Er is given by Er L d2 sr where L = total radiance from the sample d2 = differential solid angle the sample subtends sr at the radiometerSince one usually has a radiometer with a very small field of view, it can be assumed thatthe solid angle is really a differential quantity.The total radiance from the sample consists of both emitted radiance and that which isreflected by the sample from the background to the radiometer. This can be written asEr
Vibrational excitations at defect sites in amorphous tetrahedral and pnictide semiconductors

Abstract The vibrational properties of defects in amorphous As, amorphous Si and fluorinated amorphous Si are investigated. Infrared absorption, Raman scattering and densities of states spectra are calculated for a variety of bonding coordination defects within the cluster-Bethe-lattice formalism. A new technique for solving arbitrary Bethe lattices is also briefly discussed.
The Relationship between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Atrial Fibrillation: A Complex Interplay

In recent years, growing evidence suggests an association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a common sleep breathing disorder which is increasing in prevalence as the obesity epidemic surges, and atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common cardiac arrhythmia. AF is a costly public health problem increasing a patient's risk of stroke, heart failure, and all-cause mortality. It remains unclear whether the association is based on mutual risk factors, such as obesity and hypertension, or whether OSA is an independent risk factor and causative in nature. This paper explores the pathophysiology of OSA which may predispose to AF, clinical implications of stroke risk in this cohort who display overlapping disease processes, and targeted treatment strategies such as continuous positive airway pressure and AF ablation.
The Joy of Violence: What about Violence is Fun in Middle-School?

Violence prevention programs that aim to ameliorate or eliminate school-based violence (student-on-student victimization) often assume that students, like adults, regard school-based violence as aversive, harmful, problematic, and without any redeeming value. Nonetheless, students may experience violence as fun or enjoyable at school, and they may not see a reason to prevent violence if it brings them joy on some level. This study examined qualitative data from 30 face-to-face interviews with students (grades 6–8) in a single middle school. Content analyses clarified the social contexts in which students experience violence as fun, not fun, or a mixture of both. The results suggested that 70% of all sampled students reported enjoyable experiences with school-based violence. Conclusions examined the implications of these findings for prevention programs; future research is needed to correct for the methodological limitations of this study and others.
Lesson Adaptations and Accommodations: Working with Native Speakers and English Language Learners in the Same Science Classroom.

(2004). Lesson Adaptations and Accommodations: Working with Native Speakers and English Language Learners in the Same Science Classroom. Childhood Education: Vol. 80, No. 3, pp. 121-127.
Comparative Advantage and Government Budget Effects: An Application to the Grain Trade of the Former USSR

A model is developed for analyzing the relationship between trade according to comparative advantage, price policy, and government budget effects. The model is used to examine a debate in the USSR in its last years concerning the economic rationale of grain imports, one concern being government budgetary consequences. It appears that changing the mix of goods produced and traded such that grain imports would fall, which many Soviet economists advocated, would have unintentionally decreased state revenue. This is mainly because empirical evidence indicates that the former USSR had a comparative disadvantage in the production of grain.
Electronic structures and spectra of cyanoethylene derivatives

Results of two different types of molecular orbital calculations of severalπ-orbital systems containing nitrile groups are reported and compared. The bidentate ligandbis-(methylmercapto) maleonitrile and related molecules are included. Electronic spectra of these molecules are reported and assigned in terms of the calculated energies.
PPGIS in Community Development Planning: Framing the Organizational Context

This article examines the local variability of public participation GIS (PPGIS) by urban community revitalization organizations, arguing that this variability is in part shaped by a variety of organizational factors. Existing research has shown PPGIS production to be highly context dependent, identifying an ever-growing set of key elements of this context, including a variety of locally available resources for GIS access and use as well as organizational capacities and characteristics. Contributing to current efforts to expand the conceptual basis of PPGIS research, this article argues that the conceptualization of organizational context must be expanded beyond internal capacities to include organizational networks with local actors, institutions, and resources; organizational knowledge and stability; and organization mission and priorities, all of which shape its activities and relationships, as well as the utility of available GIS resources. This broadened conception of organizational context enables a ...
Meta-Analysis of Workplace Physical Activity Interventions

Context Most adults do not achieve adequate physical activity levels. Despite the potential benefits of worksite health promotion, no previous comprehensive meta-analysis has summarized health and physical activity behavior outcomes from such programs. This comprehensive meta-analysis integrated the extant wide range of worksite physical activity intervention research. Evidence acquisition Extensive searching located published and unpublished intervention studies reported from 1969 through 2007. Results were coded from primary studies. Random-effects meta-analytic procedures, including moderator analyses, were completed in 2008. Evidence synthesis Effects on most variables were substantially heterogeneous because diverse studies were included. Standardized mean difference ( d ) effect sizes were synthesized across approximately 38,231 subjects. Significantly positive effects were observed for physical activity behavior (0.21); fitness (0.57); lipids (0.13); anthropometric measures (0.08); work attendance (0.19); and job stress (0.33). The significant effect size for diabetes risk (0.98) is less robust given small sample sizes. The mean effect size for fitness corresponds to a difference between treatment minus control subjects' means on VO 2max of 3.5 mL/kg/min; for lipids, −0.2 on the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein; and for diabetes risk, −12.6 mg/dL on fasting glucose. Conclusions These findings document that some workplace physical activity interventions can improve both health and important worksite outcomes. Effects were variable for most outcomes, reflecting the diversity of primary studies. Future primary research should compare interventions to confirm causal relationships and further explore heterogeneity.
Reactions of electronically excited (A 1Π, υ′ = 13) 13C16O and 12C18O molecules with ground state CO(X 1Σ+)

Abstract The 123.58 nm resonance radiation of krypton was used to excite selectively 13 C 16 O and 12 C 18 O to the A 1 Π, v ' = 13 state in a bath of 12 C 16 O. The excited isotopic molecules were shown to react with ground state CO yielding CO 2 and C 3 O 2 products which were labelled with 13 C and 18 O. The isotopic composition of the C 3 O 2 product showed that the reaction proceeded by the formation of a (CO) 2 intermediate which decomposed predominantly (64% – 88%) to carbon atoms and CO 2 . Decomposition to oxygen atoms and C 2 O radicals accounted for 12% – 36% of the total reaction. In addition, it was shown that each CO bond of the (CO) 2 intermediate, one CO bond corresponding to the CO molecule bearing the initial excitation and the other corresponding to the ground state CO, decomposed with equal probability. Therefore the (CO) 2 intermediate must have been sufficiently long lived to have allowed equilibration of the excitation which was initially located in only one of the two CO molecules.
Pediatric living donor lobar lung transplantation

Living donor lobar lung transplantation (LDLLT) was developed in order to mitigate the growing competition for deceased donor (DD) lungs and resultant increase in waiting list mortality. Because each of the two donor lobes serves as an entire lung for the recipient, donors who are taller than the recipient are preferred. Therefore LDLLT is particularly well suited for pediatric recipients for whom adults serve as donors. Although long-term outcomes after LDLLT reported by the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) are worse compared with DD recipients, overall pediatric outcomes as well as single center reports from the most experienced programs are more promising. Particularly encouraging are the findings that bronchiolitis obliterans (OB) is less frequent or less severe in LDLLT recipients in comparison to DD recipients. Moreover, outcomes may be improved by careful selection of donors to ensure adequately sized donor lobes and minimization of infectious risks. Although no donor deaths have been reported, there is a moderate risk of significant short-term complications. Long-term follow-up has not been reported. The use of LDLLT has decreased in recent years, and the recent change by the OPTN to an urgency/benefit allocation system for DD lungs in patients 12 yr and older may further reduce the demand. Nonetheless, we anticipate that LDLLT will continue to be utilized in select circumstances, particularly in children under 12 where access to DD organs remains challenging.
The Frequency of Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene and T-Cell Receptor γ-Chain Gene Rearrangements and Epstein-Barr Virus in ALK+ and ALK− Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma and Other Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas

We previously identified a relatively high frequency of B-cell proliferations along with simultaneous T-cell receptor γ-chain gene (TRG) and immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (IGH) rearrangements in a series of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified. Here, we report on a series of 74 peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) cases composed entirely of specific PTCL subtypes, including 28 cases of ALK+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL), 35 cases of ALK− ALCL, and 11 cases that represent other specific PTCL subtypes. We performed IGH and TRG gene rearrangement studies and in situ hybridization for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to determine the frequency of IGH clonality and to investigate the relationship between EBV, clonality, and associated B-cell proliferations. Using BIOMED-2 PCR assays, we detected TRG clones in 64 of 74 (86%) cases and IGH clones in 6 of 74 (8%) cases, with all IGH-positive cases exhibiting a concurrent TRG clone. Despite the detection of occasional IGH clones, there was no correlation between IGH clonality and EBV, and B-cell proliferations were not identified in any of the cases. These findings suggest that other factors contribute to IGH clonality and demonstrate that, in the absence of an associated B-cell proliferation, IGH clonality occurs infrequently (8%) in specific PTCL subtypes.
Loss functions in estimating offshore oil resources

Abstract The Minerals Management Service (MMS) produces estimated probability distributions for undiscovered oil resources for several offshore planning areas. For each planning area, the mean of this distribution is taken as the point estimate of the resource quantity. We formulate the problem of point estimation in decision-theoretic terms. Under this formulation, the choice of the mean as the point estimate involves the implicit adoption of a quadratic loss function. We show that, as a consequence of the form of the distributions produced by the MMS, the optimal point estimate is very sensitive to the choice of loss function.
Unsettling critical urban theory

I n this short paper I want to sketch out some preliminary ideas on the implications of the conceptualization of urbanization in critical urban theory for our understanding of the right to the city...
Mutant analysis reveals complex regulation of sphingolipid long chain base phosphates and long chain bases during heat stress in yeast.

Sphingolipid long chain bases (LCBs) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, dihydrosphingosine (DHS) and phytosphingosine (PHS) and their phosphates (DHS-P and PHS-P) are thought to play roles in heat stress. However, quantitative studies of LCBs and LCBPs have been limited by analytical methods. A new analytical procedure allowed us to measure changes in all known LCBPs and LCBs in wild-type and mutant cells during heat shock and to correlate the changes with heat stress resistance. All five molecular species of LCBPs increased rapidly but transiently when log and stationary phase cells were heat-stressed and when log-phase cells were induced for thermotolerance, suggesting that LCBPs play a role in heat stress. In support of this hypothesis, cells lacking the minor LCB kinase, Lcb5p, but not the major kinase, Lcb4p, were two-fold less resistant to killing when log-phase cells were induced for thermotolerance. Thus, LCBPs seem to play a minor role in heat-stress resistance. However, their role may be masked by LCBs, which are elevated in mutant strains, such as one lacking Lcb4p. This elevation demonstrates that one function of Lcb4p is to regulate LCB levels. Two new compounds, C16 DHS and C16 DHS-P, were identified, with the latter being degraded by the Dpl1p lyase. Our data provide a basis for determining how the basal and heat-induced levels of individual species of LCBs and LCBPs are governed by the Lcb4p and Lcb5p kinases, the Dpl1p lyase and the Lcb3p phosphatase. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Creating Innovation Leaders: Why We Need to Blend Business and Design Education

Fusing design and business education is like forming a compound out of two elements. In this case, the result is something completely new.
Transnational Political Alliances An Exploration With Evidence From China

This article draws attention to an understudied phenomenon, transnational political alliances (TPA), which occur when multinational corporations cooperate with local companies to influence public policies of the host government. The article first explores the economic and political sources of TPAs, their structures, and the obstacles to their formation. It then examines TPAs in the context of China, a critical case because of the hostile political environment that discourages TPAs. However, the surprisingly common occurrence of TPAs in China indicates the power of economic incentives for political cooperation yet also suggests the need for further studies of TPAs in a wide variety of economic and political settings.
The Genetic Architecture of Ecophysiological and Circadian Traits in Brassica rapa

Developmental mechanisms that enable perception of and response to the environment may enhance fitness. Ecophysiological traits typically vary depending on local conditions and contribute to resource acquisition and allocation, yet correlations may limit adaptive trait expression. Notably, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance vary diurnally, and the circadian clock, which is an internal estimate of time that anticipates diurnal light/dark cycles, may synchronize physiological behaviors with environmental conditions. Using recombinant inbred lines of Brassica rapa, we examined the quantitative-genetic architecture of ecophysiological and phenological traits and tested their association with the circadian clock. We also investigated how trait expression differed across treatments that simulated seasonal settings encountered by crops and naturalized populations. Many ecophysiological traits were correlated, and some correlations were consistent with expected biophysical constraints; for example, stomata jointly regulate photosynthesis and transpiration by affecting carbon dioxide and water vapor diffusion across leaf surfaces, and these traits were correlated. Interestingly, some genotypes had unusual combinations of ecophysiological traits, such as high photosynthesis in combination with low stomatal conductance or leaf nitrogen, and selection on these genotypes could provide a mechanism for crop improvement. At the genotypic and QTL level, circadian period was correlated with leaf nitrogen, instantaneous measures of photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance as well as with a long-term proxy (carbon isotope discrimination) for gas exchange, suggesting that gas exchange is partly regulated by the clock and thus synchronized with daily light cycles. The association between circadian rhythms and ecophysiological traits is relevant to crop improvement and adaptive evolution.
A Noncanonical Path to Mechanism of Action

Improved methods for discovering small-molecule mechanisms of action are needed. In this issue of Chemistry & Biology, Zhang et al. [1] make clever use of the zebrafish to study the mechanism of the angiogenesis inhibitor fumagillin and reveal that it targets the noncanonical Wnt pathway.
Technological limits to forecasts of doom: Science, technology, and the sustainable economy

Abstract In this paper some of the catastrophist literature that was prevalent in the 1960s and 1970s is surveyed. It is still being published but now seems to have a diminished following. The focus is on two major areas, on food and population and on mineral resources. To the catastrophists, the various ills that allegedly plagued the world were attributed to technology. Their solution was a new appropriate technology that would allow us to live within limits. I counter with the argument that technology is the creator of resources which it uses, and that the data on food supply show that world development has been positive. The alternate technologies that were offered are found to be, in my judgment, self-limiting and therefore selfdefeating. I argue that life in general and human life in particular has not survived by living within limits but by devising means of transcending them. Technologies that allow us to live within limits lead to stagnation and inevitable decline. The sustainable economy is one that continually evolves in the use of science and technology to create new resources.
A common intron 3 mutation (IVS3 -48c-->g) leads to misdiagnosis of the c.845G-->A (C282Y) HFE gene mutation.

Amplification of the region of the HFE gene that contains the c.845G-->A (C282Y) mutation is usually performed using one amplimer that binds to a sequence in intron 3 and another that binds to a sequence in intron 4. Previously, a mutation that interferes with efficient binding to the intron 4 site has been described. We now find that another common mutation in intron 3, IVS3 -48c-->g, prevents binding of the amplimer to that site. This polymorphism occurs at a gene frequency of 0.128 in the African-American population and at a frequency of only 0.006 in the European population. DNA samples heterozygous for the IVS3 -48c-->g polymorphism and C282Y were undistinguishable from samples homozygous for the C282Y mutation when they were examined by allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization (ASOH) and showed only a weak normal band when examined by electrophoresis following restriction endonuclease digestion. Although the polymorphism occurs in a DNA sequence almost identical to the intron 3 splice donor site, we found no evidence of alternative splice forms. Moreover, serum iron, transferrin saturation, and serum ferritin levels were normal in subjects heterozygous for the polymorphism. It appears, therefore, that the main importance of this polymorphism is that it may lead to misdiagnosis of heterozygotes for the C282Y mutation as homozygotes. We therefore recommend exonic amplimers that avoid sites that contain polymorphisms and that can be multiplexed for detection of the c.187C-->G (H63D) and c.845G-->A (C282Y) mutations.
The generalized lagging response in small-scale and high-rate heating

The generalized lagging behavior in solids under high-rate heating is derived by precise correlation with the hyperbolic two-step model. The ballistic behavior of heat transport in the electron gas is found to be captured by the second-order effect of the phase lag of the heat flux vector. In contrast to the parabolic two-step model, the ballistic behavior results in a sharp wavefront in the history of heat propagation. The analytical expression for the thermal wave speed is derived. In comparison with the classical diffusion and the wave models, the two phase lags in the lagging response result in a much deeper thermal penetration depth and much higher temperature in the heat-affected zone.
Properties of an R Plasmid in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Producing Amikacin (BB-K8), Butirosin, Kanamycin, Tobramycin, and Sisomicin Resistance

Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain GN315, producing kanamycin acetyltransferase, can transmit a plasmid determining resistance to kanamycin, amikacin (BB-K8), butirosin, tobramycin, and sisomicin, but not gentamicin, to other pseudomonas strains. This plasmid, pMG5, belongs to the same incompatibility group as plasmids determining gentamicin resistance in P. aeruginosa via gentamicin acetyltransferase I. Like other members of this group, it also confers resistance to Hg 2+ , organomercurials, and certain deoxyribonucleic acid phages. When pMG5 is introduced into a cell carrying a related R factor, some transconjugants can subsequently cotransfer new combinations of resistance determinants as though recombinant plasmids had been formed.
Temperature Trends at San Juan, Puerto Rico

Abstract Observations at the San Juan, Puerto Rico international airport show that the annual mean temperature has increased by about 2.1°C (3.8°F) from 1956 to 1983. The chief contributors to the increase are an increase in daily minimum temperature from 1956 to about 1970 and an increase in daily maximum temperature from about 1970 to 1983. In addition, there is evidence for veering of the wind direction so that overland trajectories are more frequent. No comparable temperature change has been measured at a cooperative station 8 km to the southwest in the city of San Juan nor at other stations in Puerto Rico. thus ruling out a synoptic-scale phenomenon. It is hypothesized that as the airport expanded in size and the vegetation diminished, a mini heat island evolved. The heat island combined with the development of adjacent residential and commercial areas and a changing wind direction account for the observed annual mean temperature increase.
Recurrent, massive pulmonary embolism in chronic myelopathy: a case report

Case report. The aim of this report was to describe an example of pulmonary embolism (PE), recently suggested to be highly prevalent in persons with chronic spinal cord lesions. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Chart review. A 60-year-old man with paraplegia, T10 motor complete, underwent laminectomy for correction of an arteriovenous malformation. After 41 days, he sustained a massive PE—suggested by right bundle branch block (RBBB) on an electrocardiogram (ECG) and diagnosed by perfusion lung scanning. He was treated with anticoagulants, the lung scan and RBBB resolving within 1 month of initiating treatment. After 5 years, he developed vertebral osteomyelitis at L5-S1 and was treated with antibiotics and bed rest. After 7 days, he was mobilized to a wheelchair, and during a transfer back to bed, he developed anxiety, dyspnea, fluctuating consciousness, low blood pressure and RBBB, absent by ECG 4 days earlier. He expired 20 min after onset of symptoms. The autopsy revealed a fresh thromboembolus occluding both main stem branches of the pulmonary artery. Massive PE after surgery in a patient with chronic paraplegia recurred 5 years later in association with severe infection and mobilization after bed rest, which resulted in death.
Diplodiatoxin, chaetoglobosins, and diplonine associated with a field outbreak of Stenocarpella ear rot in Illinois.

Stenocarpella maydis causes a fungal dry-rot of maize ears and is associated with diplodiosis, a neuromycotoxicosis in cattle grazing harvested maize fields in southern Africa and Argentina. There have been no reports of Stenocarpella metabolites in maize crop residues. Chemical investigations of S. maydis-infected grain from ears exhibiting different levels of ear rot severity following a 2010 field outbreak of Stenocarpella ear rot in Illinois led to the detection of diplodiatoxin and chaetoglobosins M and O as major components in the ethyl acetate extracts by LC-MS. Following post-harvest moist incubation of the S. maydis-infected grain, the amounts of each compound increased (approx. tenfold) and chaetoglobosin K was detected as a dominant toxin. In separate 1H NMR-based analyses, the neurotoxin diplonine was detected as a minor component in methanol extracts of S. maydis-infected grain as well as cultures of S. maydis isolates from Midwest corn. Proline betaine (=stachydrine) and glycine betaine were also detected in these extracts as major components. This constitutes the first report of chaetoglobosin M, chaetoglobosin O, proline betaine, or glycine betaine from S. maydis, and the first record of diplodiatoxin, diplonine, proline betaine, glycine betaine, or chaetoglobosins M, O, or K being associated with a natural field outreak of S. maydis ear rot.
E‐complaining: a content analysis of an Internet complaint forum

The emergence of the Internet and its communication capabilities has given rise to a number of complaint sites that function as central forums for consumers to share their bad experiences with other consumers. Companies are reacting by adopting anti‐domain sites in an attempt to prevent the creation of such complaint forums. Data from one complaint forum are analyzed to identify the nature of the complaints, whether the complaints were initially voiced to contact personnel, what other attempts were made to resolve the problem, whether the Internet consumer complaint forum was the initial method used for complaining, the responsiveness of the company to non‐Internet complaints as well as Internet complaints, and the demographics of complainers using the Internet complaint forum. The suggestion is made that companies should embrace consumer complaints, and compete with the independent complaint forums (rather than try to block them) on the basis of ease of the complaint process and the likelihood of response. Recommendations are offered that are specific to Internet use and benefits to the company are described.
Effects of Added Gases on the Sensitized Fluorescence Spectrum of a Hg-Tl Mixture

An investigation of the sensitized fluorescence of a mercury thallium mixture without and with the addition of argon and helium gases is discussed. Data taken without the addition of foreign gases are used to extend the theory of Frish and Karaulinya to a mercury thallium mixture. Relative collision cross sections for the excitation of the thallium energy states, $9^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$, $7^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2},\frac{3}{2}}$, $8^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$, $6^{2}D_{\frac{5}{2}}$, and $6^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2}}$ were calculated for mercury thallium collisions. Data taken with the addition of argon and helium gases are given to indicate the variation of the intensity of the thallium lines as a function of argon and helium gas pressures at one constant thallium and three mercury temperatures. The explanation of the results depends on the role of mercury $6^{3}P_{1}$ excited atoms, metastable atoms, and mercury molecules in collision with thallium atoms for energy exchange, and also requires the use of Winans' partial selection rule and other generally accepted ideas concerning energy transfer, emission, and absorption.
Cumulative risk of chlamydial infection among young women in Florida, 2000-2011

Abstract Purpose Chlamydia trachomatis is a very common infection among young women in the United States; information on cumulative risk of infection is limited. We sought to estimate the cumulative risk of chlamydial infection for young women. Methods We measured cumulative risk of reported chlamydial infection for 14- to 34-year-old women in Florida between 2000 and 2011 using surveillance records and census estimates. We calculated reported infections per woman, analyzed first infections to get cumulative risk, and calculated risk of repeat infection over the 12-year period. Results There were 457,595 infections reported among 15- to 34-year-old women. Reports increased annually from 25,390 to 51,536. Nineteen-year-olds were at highest risk with 5.1 infections reported per 100 women in 2011. There were 341,671 different women infected. Among women aged 14–17 years in 2000, over 20% had at least one infection reported within 12 years, and among blacks, this risk was over 36%, and that underestimates risk because 18% of cases were missing race/ethnicity information. Repeat infections were common. Among 53,109 with chlamydia at the age of 15–20 years during 2000–2003, 36.7% had additional infections reported by 2011. Conclusions More than one out of five women in Florida was reported as having chlamydia during her young-adult years; risk was highest for black women. True infection risks were likely much higher because many infections were not diagnosed or reported. Young women who had chlamydia were very likely to get reinfected. Rates of infection remain high despite years of screening. More information is needed on how to prevent chlamydial infection.
Three-generation models with chiral-color interactions.

Chiral color for strong interactions requires that the gauge group of elementary-particle interactions be at least $\mathrm{SU}{(3)}_{L}\mathrm{SU}{(3)}_{R}\mathrm{SU}{(2)}_{L}\mathrm{U}{(1)}_{Y}$. Under this symmetry the conventional quarks have triangle anomalies associated with chiral-color and weak hypercharge gauge interactions. These anomalies are canceled by adding exotic-quark representations of the group $\mathrm{SU}{(3)}_{L}\mathrm{SU}{(3)}_{R}\mathrm{SU}{(2)}_{L}\mathrm{U}{(1)}_{Y}$. Models with three generations of conventional quarks and leptons are presented as solutions to the constraints of anomaly cancellation.
Energy analysis of the coal fuel cycle in an appalachian coal county

Preliminary results from an energy analysis of the coal fuel cycle in an Appalachian coal county have provided a systematic assessment of hidden energy subsidies in extraction, transport, processing, and combustion. Current results indicate that the system operates at an annual energy deficit of approximately 350 × 1010 kcal. A major loss is depletion of the coal resource base by use of inefficient mining techniques. Although of smaller magnitude, reductions in work force and community productivity from occupational accidents, disease, and road maintenance requirements for transport also appear to be significant. Further assessment is needed to verify assumptions and characterize additional data bases.
Space-time adaptive solution of inverse problems with the discrete adjoint method

This paper develops a framework for the construction and analysis of discrete adjoint sensitivities in the context of time dependent, adaptive grid, adaptive step models. Discrete adjoints are attractive in practice since they can be generated with low effort using automatic differentiation. However, this approach brings several important challenges. The space–time adjoint of the forward numerical scheme may be inconsistent with the continuous adjoint equations. A reduction in accuracy of the discrete adjoint sensitivities may appear due to the inter-grid transfer operators. Moreover, the optimization algorithm may need to accommodate state and gradient vectors whose dimensions change between iterations. This work shows that several of these potential issues can be avoided through a multi-level optimization strategy using discontinuous Galerkin (DG) hp-adaptive discretizations paired with Runge–Kutta (RK) time integration. We extend the concept of dual (adjoint) consistency to space–time RK-DG discretizations, which are then shown to be well suited for the adaptive solution of time-dependent inverse problems. Furthermore, we prove that DG mesh transfer operators on general meshes are also dual consistent. This allows the simultaneous derivation of the discrete adjoint for both the numerical solver and the mesh transfer logic with an automatic code generation mechanism such as algorithmic differentiation (AD), potentially speeding up development of large-scale simulation codes. The theoretical analysis is supported by numerical results reported for a two-dimensional non-stationary inverse problem.
Prominent mononuclear cell infiltrate is characteristic of herpes esophagitis

Abstract Diagnosis of herpes esophagitis is often difficult since the characteristic nuclear inclusions and/or multinucleate giant cells of herpes virus infection may be absent in endoscopic biopsy specimens. We have noted aggregates of large mononuclear cells with convoluted nuclei adjacent to infected epithelium in the exudates of herpetic esophagitis, and postulate that this is a characteristic inflammatory response to the virus. To test this hypothesis, we reviewed biopsies from 22 cases of ulcerative herpetic esophagitis and from 44 control cases of nonherpetic esophageal ulcers (including nine cases of candidal and five cases of bacterial esophagitis) that contained a quantifiable amount of exudate. The estimated percentage of mononuclear cells present in the specimens was ranked independently by two reviewers using coded photomicrographs of exudate. Wilcoxon's rank sum analysis demonstrated significant correlation between presence of herpes and increased mononuclear cells ( P
Three-Dimensional Spot Detection in Ratiometric Fluorescence Imaging For Measurement of Subcellular Organelles

Lysosomes are subcellular organelles playing a vital role in the endocytosis process of the cell. Lysosomal acidity is an important factor in assuring proper functioning of the enzymes within the organelle, and can be assessed by labeling the lysosomes with pH-sensitive fluorescence probes. To enhance our understanding of the acidification mechanisms, the goal of this work is to develop a method that can accurately detect and characterize the acidity of each lysosome captured in ratiometric fluorescence images. We present an algorithm that utilizes the h-dome transformation and reconciles spots detected independently from two wavelength channels. We evaluated our algorithm using simulated images for which the exact locations were known. The h-dome algorithm achieved an f-score as high as 0.890. We also computed the fluorescence ratios from lysosomes in live HeLa cell images with known lysosomal pHs. Using leave-one-out cross-validation, we demonstrated that the new algorithm was able to achieve much better pH prediction accuracy than the conventional method.
Optimal commutable annuities to minimize the probability of lifetime ruin

Abstract We find the minimum probability of lifetime ruin of an investor who can invest in a market with a risky and a riskless asset and who can purchase a commutable life annuity. The surrender charge of a life annuity is a proportion of its value. Ruin occurs when the total of the value of the risky and riskless assets and the surrender value of the life annuity reaches zero. We find the optimal investment strategy and optimal annuity purchase and surrender strategies in two situations: (i) the value of the risky and riskless assets is allowed to be negative, with the imputed surrender value of the life annuity keeping the total positive; (ii) the value of the risky and riskless assets is required to be non-negative. In the first case, although the individual has the flexibility to buy or sell at any time, we find that the individual will not buy a life annuity unless she can cover all her consumption via the annuity and she will never sell her annuity. In the second case, the individual surrenders just enough annuity income to keep her total assets positive. However, in this second case, the individual’s annuity purchasing strategy depends on the size of the proportional surrender charge. When the charge is large enough, the individual will not buy a life annuity unless she can cover all her consumption, the so-called safe level. When the charge is small enough, the individual will buy a life annuity at a wealth lower than this safe level.