cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of managing semi-natural grassland buffers on butterflies

Butterflies are important components of biodiversity in grassland ecosystems and provide ecosystem services such as pollination. Although agricultural intensification has led to a scarcity of native grassland habitats within most agricultural landscapes of North America, fragmented remnants and semi-natural habitats may support diverse communities, including butterflies, as long as vital resources such as host plants are available. The United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Conservation Reserve Program practice CP33 Habitat Buffers for Upland Birds (USDA 2004) provides semi-natural grassland habitat in agricultural landscapes, but a knowledge gap exists about impacts of prescribed disturbance (e.g. burning or disking) on butterflies. We monitored butterfly habitat and butterfly communities on experimentally manipulated CP33 grassland buffers in Clay County, Mississippi from 2007 to 2009. Disturbance guild butterfly species richness did not differ among treatments. However, disturbance guild abundance was positively affected by disking in both the first and second growing seasons following disking, and the magnitude of this response varied between years. Effects of burning on disturbance guild abundance did not differ from the control treatment. There were no treatment differences for grassland guild butterfly abundance and species richness suggesting that periodic disturbance does not unduly impact grassland-associated butterflies in the southeastern US. Our results support current USDA practice standards that require periodic disturbance during the 10-year contract, but restrict the disturbance to 1/3 or 1/4 of grassland buffer area in a given year.
Studies of the Naproxen:β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex

Abstract The interaction of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, naproxen, with β-CD has been studied by several analytical techniques, including 1-D and 2-D proton NMR. fluorescence spectroscopy, and FAB-MS. The negative ion FAB-MS confirmed the existence of a 1:1 inclusion complex of naproxen and β-CD. The formation constant of the complex was determined by use of 1-D NMR and fluorescence measurement. In the 1-D NMR data, a modified Benesi-Hildebrand procedure was employed to calculate the formation constant. In order to estimate the structure of the inclusion complex, 2-D rotating-frame Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (ROESY) NMR was used to determine the spatial interaction in this dynamic system. A spatial configuration of the complex has been proposed based on these data.
Characterization of the Crystal and Magnetic Structures of the Mixed-Anion Coordination Polymer Cu(HCO2)(NO3)(pyz) {pyz = Pyrazine} by X-ray Diffraction, ac Magnetic Susceptibility, dc Magnetization, Muon-Spin Relaxation, and Spin Dimer Analysis

The mixed-anion coordination polymer Cu(HCO2)(NO3)(pyz) was synthesized, its crystal structure was determined by X-ray diffraction, and its magnetic structure was characterized by ac susceptibility, dc magnetization, muon-spin relaxation, and spin dimer analysis. The crystal structure consists of five-coordinate Cu2+ ions that are connected through syn−anti bridging μ-HCO2- and μ-pyz ligands to form a highly corrugated two-dimensional layered network. Bulk magnetic measurements show a broad maximum in χ(T) at 6.6 K. The HCO2- and pyz ligands mediate ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic spin exchange interactions between adjacent Cu2+ ions with the spin exchange parameters J/kB = 8.17 and −5.4 K, respectively (H = −JΣSi·Sj). The muon-spin relaxation data show a transition to a long-range magnetic ordering below TN = 3.66(3) K. For T < TN, the M(H) and χ‘ac measurements provide evidence for a field-induced spin-flop transition at 15.2 kOe. That Cu(HCO2)(NO3)(pyz) undergoes a long-range magnetic ordering is a...
Rat inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir6.2: cloning electrophysiological characterization, and decreased expression in pancreatic islets of male Zucker diabetic fatty rats.

Abstract The ATP-sensitive potassium channel of insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells is a complex of Kir6.2, a member of the inwardly rectifying potassium channel superfamily, and the sulfonylurea receptor. We have isolated cDNA clones encoding rat Kir6.2. Co-expression of rat Kir6.2 and sulfonylurea receptor in human embryonic kidney cells generated a potassium current with the properties of the β-cell ATP-sensitive potassium channel. A quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction assay indicated that Kir6.2 and sulfonylurea receptor mRNAs were abundantly expressed in rat islets and that expression of Kir6.2 mRNA was reduced by >70% in islets from Zucker diabetic fatty male rats, whereas there was no significant change in sulfonylurea receptor mRNA levels. Thus, decreased expression of Kir6.2 could contribute to the β-cell dysfunction which characterizes diabetes mellitus in this animal model.
Ginzburg-Landau theory for the solid-liquid interface of bcc elements

Consideration is given to a simple order-parameter theory for the interfacial tension of body-centered-cubic solids in which the principal order parameter is the amplitude of the density wave at the smallest nonzero reciprocal-lattice vector of the solid. The parameters included in the theory are fitted to the measured heat of fusion, melting temperature, and solid-liquid density difference, and to the liquid structure factor and its temperature derivative at freezing. Good agreement is found with experiment for Na and Fe and the calculated anisotropy of the surface tension among different crystal faces is of the order of 2 percent. On the basis of various assumptions about the universal behavior of bcc crystals at melting, the formalism predicts that the surface tension is proportional to the heat of fusion per surface atom.
Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is not associated with carotid artery atherosclerosis.

The relation between anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and carotid artery atherosclerotic disease is unclear. We studied patients with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy to determine if they had an increased occurrence of carotid artery stenosis.Fifteen consecutive patients with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy were evaluated prospectively for cervical carotid artery stenosis and compared with 30 age- and sex-matched asymptomatic patients and also with 11 age- and sex-matched patients experiencing transient monocular blindness.There was no difference in the mean stenosis of the internal carotid artery between patients with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (mean carotid stenosis, 19%) and asymptomatic patients (mean carotid stenosis, 9%; p > 0.05), whereas patients with transient monocular blindness had significantly more stenosis (mean, 77%) in the cervical carotid arteries than both control subjects (p < 0.0001) and patients with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (p < 0.0001). There was also no dif...
Treatment of aggression in a brain injured adolescent

A traumatically brain injured (TBI) adolescent exhibited physical aggression requiring physical intervention. Aggressive behavior was eliminated in 2 weeks when a point system with response cost and contingent home visits were used. The point system alone maintained aggression at zero episodes for 4 weeks. In addition to eliminating aggression, the point system increased attendance to therapies and classes, waking up on time, and prosocial behaviors.
Aryl ureas represent a new class of anti-trypanosomal agents

Abstract Background : The trypanosomal diseases including Chagas' disease, African sleeping sickness and Nagana have a substantial impact on human and animal health worldwide. Classes of effective therapeutics are needed owing to the emergence of drug resistance as well as the toxicity of existing agents. The cysteine proteases of two trypanosomes, Trypanosoma cruzi (cruzain) and Trypanosoma brucei (rhodesain), have been targeted for a structure-based drug design program as mechanistic inhibitors that target these enzymes are effective in cell-based and animal models of trypanosomal infection. Results : We have used computational methods to identify new lead scaffolds for non-covalent inhibitors of cruzain and rhodesain, have demonstrated the efficacy of these compounds in cell-based and animal assays, and have synthesized analogs to explore structure activity relationships. Nine compounds with varied scaffolds identified by DOCK4.0.1 were found to be active at concentrations below 10 μM against cruzain and rhodesain in enzymatic studies. All hits were calculated to have substantial hydrophobic interactions with cruzain. Two of the scaffolds, the urea scaffold and the aroyl thiourea scaffold, exhibited activity against T. cruzi in vivo and both enzymes in vitro. They also have predicted pharmacokinetic properties that meet Lipinski's ‘rule of 5'. These scaffolds are synthetically tractable and lend themselves to combinatorial chemistry efforts. One of the compounds, 5′(1-methyl-3-trifluoromethylpyrazol-5-yl)-thiophene 3′-trifluoromethylphenyl urea ( D16 ) showed a 3.1 μM IC 50 against cruzain and a 3 μM IC 50 against rhodesain. Infected cells treated with D16 survived 22 days in culture compared with 6 days for their untreated counterparts. The mechanism of the inhibitors of these two scaffolds is confirmed to be competitive and reversible. Conclusions : The urea scaffold and the thiourea scaffold are promising leads for the development of new effective chemotherapy for trypanosomal diseases. Libraries of compounds of both scaffolds need to be synthesized and screened against a series of homologous parasitic cysteine proteases to optimize the potency of the initial leads.
Concentration of adenylates and energy charge values in cotton roots infected with Meloidogyne incognita

Abstract Infection of resistant and susceptible cotton seedlings by Meloidogyne incognita resulted in appreciable increases in the levels of adenosine monophosphate, adenosine diphosphate and adenosine triphosphate in roots within 1 day after inoculation. In spite of marked increases in the adenylate content of the infected tissues, there were no appreciable changes in adenylate energy charge of either susceptible or resistant plants. The results of this study suggest that in Meloidogyne -infected tissues, oxidative phosphorylation is not uncoupled and, therefore, the machinery for adenosine triphosphate production remains highly functional. Moreover, the stability of energy charge in infected tissues indicates that infection does not upset the energy metabolism of the host cells.
Metastatic serous borderline ovarian tumor in an internal mammary lymph node : A case report and review of the literature

Background. Reports of supradiaphragmatic involvement of lymph nodes by serous borderline ovarian tumors are rare. Case. We describe the finding of metastatic tumor involving an internal mammary lymph node in a 74-year-old patient with serous borderline ovarian tumor. The positive lymph node was found incidentally during cardiac surgery 7 years after excision of the patient's serous borderline ovarian tumor. The incidence and significance of pelvic, paraaortic, and supradiaphragmatic lymph node involvement among women with borderline ovarian tumors is discussed. Conclusion. Supradiaphragmatic lymph node involvement can occur among women with serous borderline ovarian tumors. Borderline ovarian tumors should be included in the differential diagnosis of metastatic adenocarcinoma involving the supradiaphragmatic lymph nodes.
Men’s Use of Controlling Behaviors: A Comparison of Reports by Women in a Domestic Violence Shelter and Women in a Domestic Violence Offender Program

The current descriptive study seeks to broaden empirical understanding about family violence by comparing women’s reports of their male partner’s controlling behaviors in samples of women in a domestic violence offender’s program (N = 77) and women in a domestic violence shelter (N = 77). Three interesting findings were noted. First, the majority of women in the IPV offender’s program reported their male partner committed some frequency of physical abuse (84.4%), emotional abuse (85.6%) and/or overall controlling behaviors (96.4%). However, the majority of the women in the IPV offender’s program reported the frequency of these behaviors occurred “rarely” (53.2%, 36.4%, and 55.8% respectively). Second, the partners of women charged with intimate partner violence are significantly less violent and controlling than the partners of women seeking refuge in the shelter. Finally, it appears that women IPV offenders report experiencing three distinct categories of partner initiated violent and controlling experiences. Practical, theoretical, and research implications are addressed.
Rib head protrusion into the central canal in type 1 neurofibromatosis

Background Intraspinal rib head dislocation is an important but under-recognized consequence of dystrophic scoliosis in patients with neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1).
Cluster ion beam study of a system with structural isomers: C+n+D2 (n=2–12)

Abstract An ion beam study of the reaction of C + n ( n =2-12) with D 2 - a system which is known to have reactant structural isomers with very different reactivity — is reported. We give absolute cross sections for the major product channels. By varying collision energy, we can study the chemistry of both reactive and “unreactive” isomers, and we obtain evidence for multiple stable isomers for cluster sizes where thermal energy kinetics work shows only a single component.
Hillslope characteristics and particle size composition of surficial armoring on a semiarid watershed in the southwestern United States

Abstract Distributed process-based hydrologic models have been used to describe and predict the movement of sediment on small watersheds. However, to parameterize these models requires an understanding of the spatial variability of erosion processes and the particle sizes of the sediment being moved. In this study, a high resolution digital elevation model (DEM) and detailed sediment particle sampling allowed a comparison of hillslope characteristics and particle sizes of surficial armoring in a semiarid watershed. Individual particle size classes on hillslopes are correlated with the underlying sediment type, local slope, aspect, and area draining through a grid element. The strongest correlations are between the underlying sediment and overlying sediment. However, the distribution of the particle size classes is consistent with a hydrodynamic explanation for sorting. In particular, increased area draining through a grid node and increased slope are correlated with higher concentrations of the 16–64-mm particle size class. Both the coarsest and finest particle size classes are significantly correlated with the aspect of flow from a grid cell, with increased coarse particles and decreased fines on east-facing slopes. These spatial differences with aspect are attributed to dry season prevailing winds. These observations about process and spatial distribution are useful in predicting the spatial distribution of particles on the watershed for applications such as distributed hydrologic models.
“COME TO LIFE”: AUTHENTICITY, VALUE, AND THE CARNIVAL AS CULTURAL COMMODITY IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

This essay explores the tension between processes of cultural commodification and processes of authentication in the marketing of the Trinidad Carnival. The Trinidad and Tobago Industrial Development Company, the National Carnival Commission, and the University of the West Indies have worked with the travel business in Trinidad and Tobago and abroad to appeal to both “cultural tourism” and “sun, sea, sand, and sex tourism” markets while maintaining what they see as Trinidad's cultural uniqueness. The presentation demonstrates the tense, sometimes contradictory, sometimes complementary relationship between competing desires for cultural integrity and economic autonomy. This essay explores how concepts of authenticity, processes of cultural objectification, and international marketing are intertwined in the name of economic and cultural nationalism.
Elastic Scattering of 17-MeV Protons by Heavy Nuclei

Absolute differential cross sections for elastic scattering of protons from ${\mathrm{Ta}}^{181}$, W, ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{208}$, and ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{209}$ have been measured at a center-of-mass energy of 17.00\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 MeV at angular intervals of five degrees ranging from 20 to 170\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The estimated relative standard deviation of each point is 3% while the absolute cross-section scale is uncertain by 5% for Pb and Bi and by 10% for Ta and W. The scattered protons were detected by a NaI(Tl) scintillation counter with an over-all energy resolution of 2.5%. Consequently, while all inelastically scattered protons are rejected for Bi and Pb, a small contribution of inelastic protons from the lowest levels in Ta and the tungsten isotopes is included in the measured cross sections. For Ta and W the diffraction pattern appears damped at backward angles relative to the heavier two targets to a greater extent than may be attributed to the effects of an inelastic scattering component.
Csk Is Constitutively Associated with a 60-kDa Tyrosine-phosphorylated Protein in Human T Cells

The protein-tyrosine kinase Csk is one of the main down-regulators of the Src family of kinases. Csk may be involved in the down-regulation of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling by C-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation of Lck and Fyn; however, it is not known how Csk activity is regulated or how it targets these Src family members. We used Jurkat T cells and normal human T cells to examine proteins that bind to the SH2 domain of Csk. In both Jurkat and normal T cells, the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of Csk bound constitutively to a tyrosine-phosphorylated protein of 60 kDa (p60). The 60-kDa protein was detected in Csk immunoprecipitates from both unstimulated and CD3-stimulated cells. In addition to p60, a protein of 190 kDa coprecipitated with Csk, and both proteins were phosphorylated on tyrosine residues by the immunocomplex. Small amounts of GTPase-activating protein (GAP) were detected in anti-Csk immunoprecipitates, suggesting that p60 may be a GAP-associated protein. Our data demonstrate that the SH2 domain of Csk specifically associates with at least two tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins in normal human T cells, that this association is independent of TCR/CD3 activation, and that Csk may be a part of a multiprotein complex containing GAP.
The Business Communications Laboratory A Procedural Method of Teaching

The author presents several provocative reasons why traditional approaches are no longer applicable in the teaching of Business Communications and suggests a simulation approach which combines the traditional methodology with a newer procedural approach.
Empirical analysis of regional growth functions of turbulent waxes

theoretical results in Table 2. These comparisons serve to provide confidence in the validity of the solution. The results obtained using the method presented in this paper are almost identical to the results obtained by Smith. The results shown in Table 2 for the approximate solution were obtained by imposing, on Eq. (2), the condition that (X*/ra) « 1. The exact solutions are shown to be superior to the approximate solutions, especially for those modes having a small number of circumferential waves. Frequencies, for the first four radial modes having one to five circumferential waves, of a particular shell, subjected to the eight sets of boundary conditions of Table 1, are presented in Table 3. The advantages of the "exact" solution presented here over those seen previously are: 1) the arbitrary complex constants in the assumed solution need not be redefined as real constants, and 2) the form of the roots of the auxiliary equation need not be monitored during the solution. These advantages yield a saving of computational time and lead to a more truly "general" solution.
Towards a Mechanistic Understanding of Moisture Damage in Asphalt Concrete

AbstractRecently, dynamic modulus (|E*|) test has gained substantial acceptance for Superpave mix performance evaluation and in designing asphalt pavements for rutting and fatigue cracking. Mechanistic empirical pavement design guide (MEPDG currently branded as AASHTOW are ME pavement design) is currently the state-of-the-art method of designing asphalt pavements and it utilizes |E*| data. Unfortunately, neither Superpave mix design method nor ME pavement design has used |E*| to evaluate asphalt concrete (AC) moisture damage. Though |E*| based rut and fatigue models are available in ME pavement design, there has not been any model for moisture damage of AC. To this end, this study attempts to correlate |E*| with moisture damage as a first step to moving toward mechanistic understanding. Moisture-induced sensitivity tester (MIST) is used for moisture conditioning of asphalt samples. Moisture damage resulting from MIST conditioning is evaluated using the dynamic modulus ratio (DMR) of wet to dry samples. MI...
Effect of shock on rat heart and brain mitochondria.

SummaryPhosphorylation processes were studied in heart and brain mitochondria of rats subjected to severe shock by the Noble-Collip drum, tourniquet and hemorrhage technics. A decreased synthesis of adenosine-triphosphate was found in drum shock. Lowered P/O ratios were obtained with heart mitochondria of all 3 types of shock when compared to normal preparations, and the adenosine-triphosphatase activity was unchanged. After shock, the electrolyte composition of heart mitochondria was altered; the total phosphorus and potassium increased while sodium decreased and magnesium and calcium showed only slight differences. The relationship of these findings to the structure and function of mitochondria in shock are discussed.
Substrate hole current and oxide breakdown

It is known that when an n‐channel metal‐oxide‐semiconductor field‐effect transistor is biased with a high positive gate voltage, a hole current appears in the substrate cathode. Recent experiments indicate that the holes are generated within the oxide. We show that this hole generation mechanism is linked to oxide time‐dependent breakdown. When the hole fluence reaches a certain critical value, breakdown occurs. This is in agreement with a hole‐trapping‐induced breakdown model. For very thin oxides the hole generation rate can become so low that the substrate hole current is dominated by the tunneling of valence‐band electrons which is not expected to contribute to oxide breakdown. A different mechanism of hole generation such as hot‐hole tunneling from the anode may be responsible for oxide breakdown in the important case of low gate voltage (<6 V).
Ego States and Preference for Humor

Summary.-This study investigated che extent to which college students' preference for humor could be predicted by ego states derived from Transactional Analysis. Scores on The Adjective Check List determined the ego stares of Nurturant Parent, Critical Parent, Adulr, Free Child, and Adapted Child. Preferences for nonsense, ethnic, and sexual humor were measured by scores on the Antioch Sense of Humor Inventory. A step-wise multiple regression, used to resr the predictive power of the ego scares, indicated chat the Critical Parent ego state had a strong negative evaluation of nonsense humor, while [he Free Child and Adapted Child were the strongest predictors of negative evaluauon of ethnic humor. Categories of Criucal Parent and Adapted Child provided the strongest prediction of positive preference for sexual humor. The contributions of hwnor to society are many and varied. The benefits of laughter have been documented in the medical, organizational development, and psychological literature. Several stuches have suggested a positive relationship between the presence of humor and immunlcy or resistance to disease (Martin & Dobbin, 1988; Labott, Ahleman, Wolever, & Martin, 1990). Other researchers (Carroll & Schmidt, 1992) have reported that humor, as a style of coping, may be correlated with physical health. Within the field of organizational development, humor has been cited as a helpful strategy in managing personality confhcts, diffusing resistance to change, and improving communication, both in terms of quantity and equality (McClane & Singer, 1991). A study reported by Decker (1987) showed that supervisees who rated their supervisors as having high humor qualities expressed higher job satisfaction and also rated their supervisors high on other qualities related to personality. In relation to psychological factors, research has been conducted on the connection between humor and depression. The results of these studies have been mixed. While one study (Scogin & Merbaum, 1983) indicated no connection between humor and scores on the Beck Depression Inventory, other researchers (Danzer, Dale, & Klions, 1990; Overholser, 1992) noted the use of humor was associated with decreased depression. In a study conducted by Nezu, Nezu, and Blissett (1988), the authors reported that humor acted as a moderator for depressive symptoms.
A national survey of hospital data processing

One of the most confusing and frustrating aspects of the hospital computer systems industry has been the ambiguity and falsehood of many claim made by individuals regarding products, services and capabilities. The market is full of rumors, doubts, and stories of disaster and malaise. In an attempt to quantitate the success or failure of the hospital data processing industry, the Medical Systems Division at the University of Florida has organized a national survey of all 7,123 hospitals in the U.S. to catalog the key areas of hospital data processing and to present this on an annual and continuing basis to both hospitals and other interested parties. This paper will summarize the mechanics, operation and scope of this new survey database.
Sexual and Romantic Jealousy in Heterosexual and Homosexual Adults

Several theorists have claimed that men are innately more upset by a mate's sexual infidelity and women are more upset by a mate's emotional infidelity because the sexes faced different adaptive problems (for men, cuckoldry; for women, losing a mate's resources). The present work examined this theory of jealousy as a specific innate module in 196 adult men and women of homosexual and heterosexual orientations. As in previous work, heterosexuals' responses to a forced-choice question about hypothetical infidelity yielded a gender difference. However, no gender differences were found when participants recalled personal experiences with a mate's actual infidelity. Men and women, regardless of sexual orientation, on average focused more on a mate's emotional infidelity than on a mate's sexual infidelity. Responses to hypothetical infidelity were uncorrelated with reactions to actual infidelity. This finding casts doubt on the validity of the hypothetical measures used in previous research.
Capacity Planning in the Semiconductor Industry: Dual-Mode Procurement with Options

To help a firm reduce inefficiencies associated with equipment capacity planning, we propose a dual-mode equipment procurement (DMEP) framework. DMEP combines dual-source (i.e., a less-expensive-but-slower base mode and a faster-but-more-expensive flexible mode) procurement with option contracts in three layers: a contract negotiation layer, where the firm chooses the best combination of lead time and price for each mode from the supply contract menu; a capacity reservation layer, where the firm reserves total equipment procurement quantities from the two supply modes before the planning horizon starts; and an execution layer, where the firm orders equipment from the two supply modes based on the updated demand information. We first investigate the execution layer as a dynamic dual-source capacity expansion problem with demand backlogging and demonstrate that the optimal policy lacks structure even under the simplest setting. Thus, we propose a heuristic solution for the execution-layer problem, which also serves as a building block for the other two layers. Through numerical analysis, we quantify the value of the added flexibility of DMEP for the firm. The DMEP framework has been implemented at Intel Corporation and has resulted in savings of tens of millions of dollars for one process technology.
International cooperation on a geodetic project

The term “cooperation” is one of the most satisfying and comprehensive words in the English language. If we were to have complete cooperation in all matters between individuals and nations, the acme of human aspiration would be reached; selfishness would be abandoned; universal peace would be a fact; the millenium would be at hand. Unfortunately, human nature and human reactions are such that progress toward the attainment of this perfection in human relations is dishearteningly slow. In fact, it appears at times that progress gives way to retrogression in the political and economic fields - not so, in the scientific. We in the field of geodesy may well take pride in the fact that since the end of World War II there has been a very high degree of international cooperation, particularly in the Americas and in Western Europe. In the Americas, this cooperation has been extensive along the lines of geodetic field operations, exchange of ideas, methods, and instrumental equipment, and in computational work. In Western Europe, where almost complete coverage of highly accurate geodetic field surveys has been an accomplished fact for many years, international cooperation has taken the form principally of a highly complex least-squares adjustment of a network of first-order triangulation, covering the entire western area of the European Continent, along with a portion of northwest Africa. Twelve nations have worked together on this project.
Technology Commercialization Effects on the Conduct of Research in Higher Education

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of technology commercialization on researcher practice and productivity at U.S. universities. Using data drawn from licensing contract documents and databases of university-industry linkages and faculty research output, the study findings suggest that the common practice of licensing technologies exclusively to singular firms may have a dampening effect on faculty inventor propensity to conduct published research and to collaborate with others on research. Furthermore, faculty who are more actively engaged in patenting may be less likely to collaborate with outsiders on research while faculty at public universities may experience particularly strong norms to engage in commercialization vis-a-vis traditional routes to research dissemination. These circumstances appear to be hindering innovation via the traditional mechanisms (research publication and collaboration), questioning the success of policymaking to date for the purpose of speeding the movement of research from the lab bench to society.
The Relationship Between Sinoatrial Conduction Time and Sinus Cycle Length Revisited

In 1974 we reported an inverse relationship between sinoatrial conduction time (SACT) and sinus cycle length (SCL) during sinus arrhythmia utilizing the indirect atrial premature stimulation technique for estimating SACT, However, this behavior seemed anomalous try analogy with the AV node. Subsequent to 1974, methodological considerations about and limitations of the indirect techniques for estimating SACT became apparent, making us question our former impression. When the capability to directly record sinus node electrograms was developed and established in the 1980s, we had the means to reevaluate the SACT/SCL relationship. This report presents our findings in 40 patients: the SACT/SCL relationship is direct, not inverse. Moreover, we also show that during the phasic fluctuations of sinus arrhythmia, the P-P alterations are initiated more frequently by changes in sinoatrial conduction time than by changes in sinus cycle length.
Prevalence of Myxobolus cerebralis Infections Among Genetic Lineages of Tubifex tubifex at Three Locations in the Madison River, Montana

Abstract Host biodiversity can impact disease risk and influence the transmission of parasitic disease. Stream sediment–dwelling worms, Tubifex tubifex (Clitellata: Oligochaeta), are the definitive host of the parasite Myxobolus cerebralis (Myxozoa: Myxosporea), which causes whirling disease in salmonid fishes. Genetic diversity of T. tubifex is correlated with host susceptibility to M. cerebralis, and mitochondrial Lineage III is generally shown to be more likely to be infected and produce the triactinomyxon (TAM) spores than other lineages. We determined the mitochondrial lineage, relative abundance, and prevalence of infection of T. tubifex collected at 3 sites in the Madison River, Montana, where previous study had shown variation in whirling disease prevalence and severity in caged trout fry. We also compared visual identification of TAMs released from cultured worms with a molecular genetic assay (diagnostic polymerase chain reaction [PCR]) for parasite detection of both infected and uninfected worm...
Genomic mapping of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in the human brain

Methylation at the 5-position of cytosine is a well-studied epigenetic pathway. In addition to 5-methylcytosine (5mC), substantial amounts of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) also referred to as the sixth DNA base have been detected in certain tissues, most notably the brain. However, the genomic distribution of this cytosine modification is unknown. Here, we have used an immunoprecipitation technique (5hmC-IP) to examine the occurrence of 5hmC in DNA from human brain frontal lobe tissue. The distribution of 5hmC was compared to that of 5mC. We show that 5hmC is more selectively targeted to genes than is 5mC. 5hmC is particularly enriched at promoters and in intragenic regions (gene bodies) but is largely absent from non-gene regions. 5hmC peaks at transcription start sites did not correlate with gene expression levels for promoters with intermediate or high CpG content. However, the presence of 5hmC in gene bodies was more positively correlated with gene expression levels than was the presence of 5mC. Promoters of testis-specific genes showed strong 5mC peaks in brain DNA but were almost completely devoid of 5hmC. Our data provide an overview of the genomic distribution of 5hmC in human brain and will set the stage for further functional characterization of this novel DNA modification.
Significance of arachidonic acid in ocular infections and inflammation

Innate immune responses in the cornea mainly play an important role to mobilize multiple interrelated pathways of corneal lipid, which involve in inflammatory corneal diseases. Signaling lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid (AA) control cell proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, and migration, are known as eicosanoids, phosphoinositides, sphingolipids, and fatty acids. Emerging evidences have highlighted the implication of lipid mediators in both injury and repair mechanisms in the cornea. Recently, the role of AA and its metabolites to induce proinflammatory mediators and inflammatory cell infiltration in the pathogen-infected cornea and to cause severe keratitis have been revealed. In this review, we focus on the novel roles of AA downstream signaling in the corneal inflammatory diseases and also the biological relevance of AA signaling in the therapeutic strategies for targeting sight-threatening diseases.
A computational model of cognitive constraints in syntactic locality

This dissertation is broadly concerned with the question: how do human cognitive limitations influence difficult sentences? The focus is a class of grammatical restrictions, locality constraints. The majority of relations between words are local; the relations between question words and their governors are not. Locality constraints restrict the formation of these non-local dependencies. Though necessary, the origin, operation, and scope of locality constraints is a controversial topic in the literature. The dissertation describes the implementation of a computational model that clarifies these issues. The model tests, against behavioral data, a series of cognitive constraints argued to account for locality. The result is an explanatory model predictive of a variety of cross-linguistic locality data. The model distinguishes those cognitive limitations that affect locality processing, and addresses the competence-performance debate by determining how and when cognitive constraints explain human behavior. The results provide insight into the nature of locality constraints, and promote language models sensitive to human cognitive limitations.
Interpretation of the BBT chart: using the "Gap" technique compared to the Coverline technique.

Abstract Objective The aim of the study was to compare the accuracy of the Gap and Coverline techniques of interpreting the basal body temperature chart. Methods We compared the proportion of menstrual cycles for which the Gap and Coverline techniques accurately identified the post-ovulatory final fertile phase (FFP) and the initial infertile phase (IIP) and the median number of days each overestimated the fertile period, using urinary LH testing as the gold standard. Results The Gap and Coverline techniques identified the FFP within ±1 day of that identified by LH testing in 13/33 (39%) and 10/33 (30%) cycles ( χ 2 =0.6; p=.44), respectively, and the IIP within +1 day of that of LH testing in 13/33 (55%) and 4/33 (12%) cycles, respectively ( χ 2 =13.4; p Conclusion Based on this small study, the Gap technique appears to be more accurate than the Coverline technique in identifying the post-ovulatory IIP.
Informal software design knowledge reuse

In this paper, I describe a novel approach for developing and evaluating an infrastructure for supporting informal knowledge capture, representation, and reuse during software design meetings. It is the goal of this work to address the challenges that exist in reusing knowledge while at the whiteboard. The research centers on the design and evaluation of DesignMinders, a tool that augments electronic whiteboards to support the capture and exploration of knowledge using electronic note cards, which can be used over time to preserve knowledge generated during past sessions. The tool will be analyzed in an evaluation that will compare designs produced by two teams, one using DesignMinders and one not.
Fourier transform infrared studies on the thermal degradation of polyvinylimidazoles. Part II

Oxidative thermal degradation of polyvinylimidazoles on copper have been studied. Degraded products include olefinic, saturated, and α,β-unsaturated ketones, α,β-unsaturated and β-iminonitriles, CN conjugated and NHCC components. At 150°C, the rate of degradation of the polymers is relatively slow. For PVI(1), approximately 50% of the polymer remained nonoxidized after 64 h of heating, whereas 80% of PVI(4) remained nonoxidized after 47 h of heat treatment. At 210°C, the degradation mechanisms involved three stages, with the duration of each stage quite different between the two polymers. No degradation of polyvinylimidazoles is observed in vacuum initially at 400°C. Prolonged heat treatment leads to evaporation of residual water, further complex formation, and, finally, evaporation of the polymer films.
Sequential Progression of Substance Use Among Homeless Youth: An Empirical Investigation of the Gateway Theory

We examined the sequence of substance-use initiation in 375 street youth (age 13-21) who were interviewed from 1994-99 in Seattle, Washington. Based on the "gateway theory," participants were categorized into six profiles to describe the order in which they initiated use of various substances (i.e., alcohol, marijuana, other drugs), or classified as nonprogressors if they had not tried all three classes of drugs. Youth progressing in the hypothesized gateway order (i.e., alcohol preceding marijuana, followed by other drugs) initiated their use at an earlier age than youth who had not progressed through all three substance classes. However, there was no relationship between a substance initiation profile and current substance-use. Implications include the recognition that street youth may follow different patterns of use than normative groups, and that interventions geared toward youth who use substances heavily must include contextual factors, in addition to substance-use history.
A.P.O. Rules are Asymptotically non Deficient for Estimation with Squared Error Loss

The problem considered is sequential estimation of the mean θ of a one-parameter exponential family of distributions with squared error loss for estimation error and a cost c>0 for each of an i.i.d. sequence of potential observations X 1, X 2,...A Bayesian approach is adopted, and natural conjugate prior distributions are assumed. For this problem, the asymptotically pointwise optimal (A.P.O.) procedure continues sampling until the posterior variance of θ is less than c(r0+n), where n is the sample size and r 0 is the fictitous sample size implicit in the conjugate prior distribution. It is known that the A.P.O. procedure is Bayes risk efficient, under mild integrability conditions. In fact, the Bayes risk of both the optimal and A.P.O. procedures are asymptotic to 2V 0 √c, as c→0, where V 0 is the prior expectation of the standard deviation of X 1 given θ. Here the A.P.O. rule is shown to be asymptotically non-deficient, under stronger regularity conditions: that is, the difference between the Bayes risk of the A.P.O. rule and the Bayes risk of the optimal procedure is of smaller order of magnitude than c, the cost of a single observation, as c→0. The result is illustrated in the exponential and Bernoulli cases, and extended to the case of a normal distribution with both the mean and variance unknown.
Airborne Radar Observations of a Warm Front during FASTEX

Abstract A detailed analysis using airborne Doppler radars of an oceanic cold front associated with precipitation core and gap regions is presented. The precipitation cores appear to form as a result of the combined effects of horizontal shearing instability and the advection of hydrometeors by the core-relative winds. In contrast to previous schematic models, it is shown that a strong surface discontinuity does not exist along the entire length of the precipitation core. The southern section of the core can be accompanied by an abrupt discontinuity and lighter precipitation while the northern section can be associated with more slowly changing variables but heavier precipitation. The peak updrafts at the leading edge of the front appeared to be primarily driven by frictional convergence and the acceleration of the vertical vorticity in the boundary layer. The overall motion of the cold front was not well predicted using density current theory even though the kinematic structure of the front resembled cla...
Glucose effects on lung surfactant kinetics in conscious pigs

The primary goal of this study was to investigate the effects of glucose infusion on surfactant phosphatidylcholine (PC) metabolic kinetics in the lungs. A new stable isotope tracer model was used ...
Impairment of vascular function is associated with an age-related increase of lipid peroxidation in rats

We tested the hypothesis that an increase in endogenous lipid peroxidation over time is associated with an impairment of endothelium-dependent vascular function in resistance-sized mesenteric arteries that is due in part to alterations of arachidonate metabolism. Susceptibility to red blood cell hemolysis and sera levels of malondialdehyde were increased (P < 0.05) from 20 wk (n = 12) to 40 wk (n = 12) in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Arteries were studied in a myograph by examining the endothelial modification of phenylephrine vasoconstriction and the relaxation responses of the mesenteric arteries to methacholine. We observed the following. 1) An increase in sensitivity to alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation occurred between 20 and 40 wk of age. Cyclooxygenase inhibition decreased the sensitivity to phenylephrine only in the arteries from the 40-wk-old rats, indicating that a cyclooxygenase-dependent vasoconstrictor was modifying the phenylephrine response. 2) Nitric oxide synthase inhibition caused a greater increase in phenylephrine sensitivity in the arteries from the 20-wk-old rats than those from the 40-wk-old rats, indicating that nitric oxide modification of phenylephrine sensitivity decreased with age. 3) Endothelium-independent relaxations were not affected between 20 and 40 wk of age. 4) At 40 wk, the sensitivity to the methacholine-mediated relaxation response decreased without impairing the maximal relaxation response. This reduced sensitivity was removed with cyclooxygenase inhibition or thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) receptor blockade. 5) Aortas from the 40-wk-old rats had an increased expression of PGH synthase. Collectively, these observations indicate that, in the female rat, an increase in lipid peroxidation over time is associated with changes in endothelium-dependent vascular function that were due in part to a cyclooxygenase-dependent vasoconstrictor.
Predicting placement in foster care: A comparison of logistic regression and neural network analysis

Abstract In this paper we explore the use of neural network analysis (NNA) as an alternative to logistic regression to predict which children with a founded (indicated) child abuse/neglect report will be subsequently placed in foster care. The main advantages of NNA are that it is a nonparametric technique requiring no assumptions of normality that can readily accommodate both linear and nonlinear relationships and interactions without prior specification by the researcher. The two techniques were found to yield similar classification results for these data; however, NNA provides unique capabilities in analyzing and displaying interactions in predictor variables that may make it more useful for data mining.
Influence of Bound Ion on the Morphology and Conductivity of Anion-Conducting Block Copolymers

Anion-conducting membranes are important for several applications including fuel cells and artificial photosynthesis. In this study such membranes were made by quaternizing polystyrene-block-polychloromethylstyrene (PS-b-PCMS) copolymers. PS-b-PCMS copolymers with molecular weights ranging from 4 to 60 kg/mol were synthesized by nitroxide-mediated controlled radical polymerization. Separate aliquots of the PS-b-PCMS samples were quaternized to transform the PCMS block. This resulted in block copolymers with ionizable blocks containing either trimethylammonium chloride or n-butylimidazolium chloride. We refer to ion-containing block copolymers synthesized from the same precursor as matched pairs: SAM (containing trimethylammonium chloride) and SIM (containing n-butylimidazolium chloride). The volume fraction of the ion-containing block, ϕ, ranges from 0.26 to 0.50 for the case of SAM and from 0.35 to 0.60 for the case of SIM. Self-assembly in these copolymers resulted in the formation of lamellar phases re...
I. Drug Sensitivity of Rat Adjuvant Arthritis, Induced with ‘Adjuvants’ Containing no Mineral Oil Components

Summary1. Adjuvant arthritis induced with mineral oil adjuvants was resistant to acetylsalicylic acid and flufenamic acid when given prophylactically, and only moderately sensitive to phenylbutazone. 2. Adjuvant arthritis induced in the same rat strain with 4 metabolizable adjuvants (M. tuberculosis with squalene or squalane or butyl palmi-tate or butyl stearate) was considerably more sensitive to acetylsalicylic acid, phenylbutazone and flufenamic acid. 3. These alternative adjuvants offer promise for screening weaker, aspirin-like (antiarthritic) drugs in rats, to derive less toxic (ulcero-genic, leukopenic) drugs for use in man.We are grateful to Dr. C. M. Pearson for continued encouragement, the USPHS (NIH grant GM 15759) for financial support, to Drs. R. Per-rin and J. K. Pollard, (Calbiochem) for gifts of butyl palmitate and commercial adjuvants (Per-rigens), and Mr. J. Fitzgerald, Miss R. Stremel and Mrs. E. Taylor for their unfailing technical assistance.