cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crossing Signals: Implications of Mis-Translations in Japanese Constitutional and Civil Law for Academic Scholarship, Teaching Pedagogy, and Transnational Law Practice

Mistranslations happen. Knowledgeable and competent bilingual observers looking at commonly available English translations of important Japanese legal documents, including the Constitution of Japan, the Code of Civil Procedure, the Civil Code, as well as key Supreme Court decisions, may find language mis-matched with the original texts as they are likely to be understood by native readers. The differences may be in nuance or flat error, but in either case, circumstances may result where English language readers are bound to have one understanding of the relevant wording and native readers another. And worse, both sides may be oblivious to the gap that lies between them.This situation is not always easily resolved. Though without formal “official” status, some translations, such as that of the 1947 Constitution, have pedigreed origins and become so standardized that one is severely challenged to explain a difference. Translations presented by government sources such as the Ministry of Justice or the Supreme Court of Japan, are also without formal “official” status, but the nature of the source inevitably bestows de facto or quasi- official status to the phrasing.Thus, we can celebrate and appreciate recent initiatives within Japan to add transparency to Japanese law via translation. But we must also consider the socio-legal implications of the circumstances if, rather than transparency, the results might lead to a distorted picture through the window. This paper reflects upon the current situation as a quandary for academics and practitioners. When confronted with language that might confuse, should we let sleeping dogs lie or really work the words?
Uterine motility in the reptile Anolis carolinensis: interactive effects of tension, prostaglandins, calcium, and vasotocin.

Uteri of Anolis carolinensis exhibited spontaneous rhythmic contractions in vitro. Addition of arginine vasotocin (AVT) caused an immediate, strong, tonic contraction followed by rhythmic contractions with the same frequency as spontaneous contractions but of a greater amplitude. At low tension (1.5 g) the AVT-induced tonic contraction was blocked by low dose of indomethacin, suggesting that it is influenced by calcium rather than prostaglandins (PGs). An increase in tension (from 1.5 to 15 g) reduced the duration of the AVT-induced tonic contraction; this stretch-induced decrease was also blocked by indomethacin. Stretch also decreased the duration of the rhythmic contractions, but this stretch effect was not inhibited by indomethacin. The rest interval between rhythmic contractions was decreased by PGF2α and PGE2, and indomethacin or stretch blocked these PG effects. Indomethacin, AVT, or stretch alone did not affect PGF2αsecretion from AVT-treated uteri. Stretch also reduced PGF2α secretion from AVT-treated uteri, an effect inhibited by indomethacin. J. Exp. Zool. 305A, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc
Ludwig's angina

Abstract A brief review of the history of Ludwig's angina is given. According to Ludwig's description, this entity is characterized by gangrenous cellulitis originating in the submandibular (submaxillary) space and rapidly spreading toward the floor of the mouth. Neither isolated cellulitis in one of these spaces nor suppurative submaxillary lymphadenitis can be regarded as Ludwig's angina. For the second condition which sometimes appears as a comparatively benign imitation of Ludwig's angina, the term “pseudo angina Ludovici” or “pseudo Ludwig's angina” is suggested. The frequency of the dental origin and the almost exclusive involvement of the molar teeth in Ludwig's angina are emphasized on the basis of data compiled from the literature. The incompetency of the explanations usually given for the predominant role of the molar teeth in the genesis of Ludwig's angina is shown particularly on account of anatomic studies. In an attempt to find a solution of the problem of the genesis of this disease, anatomic examinations were undertaken to determine the relation of the roots of the molar teeth to the mylohyoid ridge. These showed that the second and third molar teeth almost invariably reach as for as, or even below, the mylohyoid ridge, that the first molar tooth in most instances reaches a point above the ridge, and that the tips of the roots of the anterior teeth are exclusively above this ridge. These findings explain the fact that an infection arising from an infected molar tooth, especially a second or a third one, usually extends into the space below the mylohyoid muscle. Statistics concerning the involvement of the three molar teeth in the etiology of Ludwig's angina were compiled from the literature. They show a striking similarity to these anatomic findings. Attention is called to the report of an autopsy in a case of Ludwig's angina, which showed a perforation of the inner plate of the mandible below the mylohyoid ridge which resulted from a carious process in a second lower molar tooth. In another case, in which the infection started from a premolar tooth, the perforation was located above the attachment of the mylohyoid muscle. The result here was sublingual cellulitis. These reports are recalled because they represent clinical support for the anatomic findings mentioned. I particularly wish to thank Dr. Samuel Iglauer for his aid. It is a pleasant duty for me to acknowledge his interest in the problem, his many helpful suggestions and objective criticisms. I also wish to express my gratitude to Dr. Samuel Brown and Dr. Archi Fine for making the x-ray pictures.
Phe*-Ala-based pentapeptide mimetics are BACE inhibitors: P2 and P3 SAR.

We describe herein the syntheses and evaluation of a series of C-termini pyridyl containing Phe*-Ala-based BACE inhibitors (5-19). In conjunction with four fixed residues at the P1 (Phe), P1 0 (Ala), P2 0 (Val), and P2 0 cap (Pyr.), rather detailed SAR modifications at P2 and P3 positions were pursued. The promising inhibitors emerging from this SAR investigation, 12 and 17 demonstrated very good enzyme potency (IC50=45 nM) and cellular activity (IC50=0.4mM). # 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Inhibition of chronic vascular rejection in primate cardiac xenografts using mycophenolate mofetil

Similar to human allografts, cardiac xenografts also appear susceptible to chronic vascular rejection. The study described here evaluated the influence of mycophenolate mofetil on the incidence and severity of vascular rejection in a primate model of heart xenotransplantation. Nine baboons received heterotopic cardiac xenografts from donor cynomolgus monkeys. All baboons were placed on a cyclosporine and methylprednisolone-based immunosuppressive regimen. In addition, group 1 baboons received azathioprine (4 mg.kg-1.day-1) and group 2 baboons received mycophenolate mofetil (70 mg.kg-1.day-1). Biopsy specimens were obtained at regular intervals and reviewed blindly by a pathologist. A total of 50 biopsy specimens, 29 from group 1 and 21 from group 2, were reviewed. Histologic evidence of vascular rejection was present in 16 of the 29 biopsy specimens from the group 1 animals and in only 2 of the 21 specimens from the group 2 animals (p < 0.005). The mean graft survival was 3 months in group 1 versus 10 months in group 2. At 1-year follow-up, profound intimal proliferation in the coronary vasculature was noted in the biopsy specimens from group 1, whereas the coronary vessels were found to be normal in the specimens from group 2. The use of mycophenolate mofetil, in combination with cyclosporine and steroids, resulted in reduced vascular rejection and prolonged xenograft survival.
Florida: A Short History

This volume recounts the longest recorded history of any of the American states in 28 brisk chapters, all fully illustated. From indigenous tribes who lived along spring-fed streams to environmentalists who labour to "Save our Rivers" from the first conquistadors whose broad black ships astonished the natives to the 123,000 refugees whose unexpected immigration stunned South Floridians in 1980, the story of the state is as distinctive as the story of America. Gannon writes: "By the time the Pilgrims came ashore at Plymouth, St. Augustine was up for urban renewal. It was a town with fort, church, seminary, six-bed hospital, fish market and about 120 shops and houses. Because La Florida stretched north from the Keys to Newfoundland and west to Texas, St. Augustine could claim to be the capital of much of what is now the United States". Gannon tells his fast-marching saga in chronological fashion. Starting with the wilderness of the ancient earth, he fills the landscape with Indians, colonists, pioneers, entrepreneurs, politicians, and the 13,000,000 citizens who make up the panorama of Florida today. He concludes "A Short History" in 1992, ranging along "the broad superhighways that wind past horse farms, retirement communities, international airports, launch pads, futuristic attractions, and come to rest, finally, amidst the gleaming towers of Oz-like cities".
5-HT, dopamine, norepinephrine, and related metabolites in brain of low alcohol drinking (LAD) rats shift after chronic intra-hippocampal infusion of harman.

Harman (1-methyl-β-carboline) has been shown to induce preference for alcohol in the genetically bred, low alcohol drinking (LAD) rat. This study was undertaken in the LAD rat to determine whether monoamines and their metabolites in different regions of the brain are altered by harman infused chronically into the dorsal hippocampus. For this purpose, a cannula was implanted stereotaxically into the dorsal hippocampus. The cannula was attached to an osmotic minipump implanted subcutaneously within the intrascapular space. The pump was filled with either an artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) vehicle or harman, which was delivered at a rate of 1.0 or 3.0 μg/h (i.e., 5.5 or 16.5 nmol/h, respectively) for a period of 14 days. Four days after surgery, a standard preference test for ethyl alcohol was given to the rats over 10 days in which concentrations were increased daily from 3%–30%. The higher concentration of harman infused into the hippocampus elevated the level of serotonin (5-HT), both ipsilateral and contralateral to the hippocampal site of infusion, as well as in the midbrain, frontal cortex, striatum and nucleus accumbens. Similarly, this treatment resulted in a rise in the levels of norepinephrine in the hippocampus and midbrain but aecreases in dopamine levels in the pons. The levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and: 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) were diminished in the pons of rats given 3.0 μg/h harman, whereas both concentrations of the β-carboline reduced the level of homovanillic acid (HVA) in the frontal cortex. These harman-induced changes in the metabolism of the amines are possibly the result of an inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO). When the harman-induced shifts in the neurochemical values were compared to the alcohol intakes of the rats as reported previously, no significant correlation was found. The absence of this concordance suggests that the alterations in the monoamine neurotransmitters produced by harman and the voluntary intake of alcohol induced by this β-carboline may not originate from the same systems in the brain.
Missile captive carry monitoring using a capacitive MEMS accelerometer

Military missiles are exposed to many sources of mechanical vibration that can affect system reliability, safety, and mission effectiveness. One of the most significant exposures to vibration occurs when the missile is being carried by an aviation platform, which is a condition known as captive carry. If the duration of captive carry exposure could be recorded during the missile's service life, several advantages could be realized. Missiles that have been exposed to durations outside the design envelop could be flagged or screened for maintenance or inspection; lightly exposed missiles could be selected for critical mission applications; and missile allocation to missions could be based on prior use to avoid overuse. The U. S. Army Aviation and Missile Research Development and Engineering Center (AMRDEC) has been developing health monitoring systems to assess and improve reliability of missiles during storage and field exposures. Under the direction of AMRDEC staff, engineers at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory have developed a Captive Carry Health Monitor (CCHM) for the HELLFIRE II missile. The CCHM is an embedded usage monitoring device installed on the outer skin of the HELLFIRE II missile to record the cumulative hours the host missile has been in captive carry mode and thereby assess the overall health of the missile. This paper provides an overview of the CCHM electrical and package design, describes field testing and data analysis techniques used to identify captive carry, and discusses the potential application of missile health and usage data for real-time reliability analysis and fleet management.
Relationship Between Family Functioning and Parenting Beliefs and Feelings Among Women Who Have a History of Sexual Abuse

This study explored the relationship between family functioning and parenting beliefs and feelings among women with a history of child sexual abuse (CSA). This study utilized secondary data obtained in 2001 from the National Data Archive on Child Abuse and Neglect. The sample included 107 women. Most respondents had a highly functional family; however, one third had a moderately or severely dysfunctional family, respectively. The majority of respondents agreed with the use of positive parenting techniques, such as using punishments involving restrictions rather than physical punishments like spanking. A relationship between family functioning and parenting beliefs and feelings was found; as family functioning increased, agreement increased that children who are given too much love by their parents will grow up to be stubborn and spoiled and that children should always be spanked when they misbehave. Child welfare can use this information to develop culturally sensitive techniques to assist victims of CSA.
Microarray analysis of Tbx5-induced genes expressed in the developing heart

Tbx5 is a member of the T-box family of transcription factors and is associated with Holt–Oram syndrome (HOS), a congenital disorder characterized by heart and limb defects. Although implicated in several processes during development, only a few genes regulated by Tbx5 have been reported. To identify candidate genes regulated by Tbx5 during heart development, a microarray approach was used. A cardiac-derived mouse cell line (1H) was infected with adenoviruses expressing Tbx5 or β-galactosidase and RNA was isolated for analysis using an Affymetrix gene chip representing over 39,000 transcripts. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction confirmed Tbx5 induction of a subset of the genes, including nppa, photoreceptor cadherin, brain creatine kinase, hairy/enhancer-of-split related 2, and gelsolin. In situ hybridization analysis indicated overlapping expression of these genes with tbx5 in the embryonic mouse heart. In addition, the effect of HOS-associated mutations on the ability of Tbx5 to induce target gene expression was evaluated. Together, these data identify several genes induced by Tbx5 that are potentially important during cardiac development. These genes represent new candidate gene targets of Tbx5 that may be related to congenital heart malformations associated with HOS. Developmental Dynamics 235:2868–2880, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
SU-E-J-249: Correlation of Mean Lung Ventilation Value with Ratio of Total Lung Volumes

Purpose: Lung ventilation function measured from 4D-CT and from breathing correlated CT images is a novel concept to incorporate the lung physiologic function into treatment planning of radiotherapy. The calculated ventilation functions may vary from different breathing patterns, affecting evaluation of the treatment plans. The purpose of this study is to correlate the mean lung ventilation value with the ratio of the total lung volumes obtained from the relevant CTs. Methods: A ventilation map was calculated from the variations of voxel-to-voxel CT densities from two breathing phases from either 4D-CT or breathing correlated CTs. An open source image registration tool of Plastimatch was used to deform the inhale phase images to the exhale phase images. To calculate the ventilation map inside lung, the whole lung was delineated and the tissue outside the lung was masked out. With a software tool developed in house, the 3D ventilation map was then converted in the DICOM format associated with the planning CT images. The ventilation map was analyzed on a clinical workstation. To correlate ventilation map thus calculated with lung volume change, the total lung volume change was compared the mean ventilation from our method. Results: Twenty two patients who underwent stereotactic body irradiation for lung cancer was selected for this retrospective study. For this group of patients, the ratio of lung volumes for the inhale (Vin ) and exhale phase (Vex ) was shown to be linearly related to the mean of the local ventilation (Vent), Vin/Vex=1.+0.49*Vent (R2=0.93, p<0.01). Conclusion: The total lung volume change is highly correlated with the mean of local ventilation. The mean of local ventilation may be useful to assess the patient's lung capacity.
Temperature effects on sieving characteristics of thin-film composite nanofiltration membranes: pore size distributions and transport parameters

Abstract Crossflow filtration experiments were performed to measure transport of water and hydrophilic neutral organic solutes spanning a range of molecular sizes across two commercial thin-film composite nanofiltration (NF) membranes in the temperature range 5–41 °C. Non-viscous contributions to activation energies of pure water permeation across these polymeric membranes were calculated to be 3.9 and 6.4 kJ mol −1 . Analysis of solute rejection using a phenomenological model of membrane transport revealed that sizes of pores that contributed to rejection followed a lognormal distribution at any given temperature. Additionally, increasing temperature increased mean pore radii and the molecular weight cutoff suggesting changes in the structure and morphology of the polymer matrix comprising the membrane barrier layer. Consistent with the free volume theory of activated gas transport, activation energies of neutral solute permeability in aqueous systems also increased with Stokes radius and molecular weight indicating their hindered diffusion in membrane pores. All activation energies for pore diffusion calculated in this study were greater than just the viscous contribution to bulk diffusion demonstrating hindered transport across the nanofiltration membranes. Finally, similar to gas transport across zeolites and rubbers, the activation energy and the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor for hindered diffusion coefficients increased with solute size and were highly correlated with each other.
Transmission electron microscope study on electrodeposited Gd2O3 and Gd2Zr2O7 buffer layers for YBa2Cu3O7−δ superconductors

Abstract We have investigated the microstructures of electrodeposited Gd 2 O 3 (GO) and Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 (GZO) buffer layers for YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− δ (YBCO) superconductors with conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A high density of nanoscale voids was present in the GZO buffer layers. No voids were observed in GO buffer layers grown on GZO. YBCO superconductor grown on the GO/GZO buffer layer structure produced a critical current density ( J c ) of 3.3 × 10 6 A/cm 2 at 77 K in zero field.
A simple calibration procedure for in-beam gamma-ray spectroscopy

Abstract The absolute gamma-ray yields from 2 MeV protons on a 0.3 cm thick, 99.99% pure aluminum target have been determined to an accuracy of about 4%. Such data are useful for in-beam gamma-ray studies as an overall, secondary calibration and in elemental analysis using proton-induced gamma-ray emission (PIGME).
Reduction of sound transmission through fuselage walls by alternate resonance tuning (A.R.T.)

The ability of alternate resonance tuning (ART) to block sound transmission through light-weight flexible paneled walls by controlling the dynamics of the wall panels is considered. Analytical results for sound transmission through an idealized panel wall illustrate the effect of varying system parameters and show that one or more harmonics of the incident sound field can be cancelled by the present method. Experimental results demonstrate that very large transmission losses with reasonable bandwidths can be achieved by a simple ART panel barrier in a duct.
Metonymy and Indexicality: People and Place in the Five Points

This article explores how the perceived identity of a population may be rhetorically constructed by a discursive relationship between a place and the people that live there. This relationship is constructed through the use of metonymy and the establishment of an indexical connection between people and place. People become synonymous with place and vice versa so that reference to one is also a reference to the other. The article illustrates this relationship by examining depictions of New York City's Five Points neighborhood during the nineteenth century, particularly Riis's How the Other Half Lives and Asbury's The Gangs of New York.
Optimization and performance of broadband microphone arrays

ABSTRACT This paper considers various wideband signal model optimization techniques and associated performanceresults for adaptive and steerable but fixed beam microphone array processing for hearing aid applications in free-space and reverberant conditions. We first review and compare various conventional broadband and narrowbandarray optimization techniques. These include the minimization of the output array power subject to desired signaldistortion constraint; the maximization of the array gain subject to white noise gain and linear constraints; andmaximum energy criterion subject to norm, linear, and quadratic distortion constraints. Then new results onmaximum energy criterion broadband array optimization formulated for sub-band processing are presented. Theuniformly spaced sub-band and the non-uniformly spaced sub-band using quadrature mirror filter approaches aretreated. Finally, various simulation results under the maximum energy criterion for free-space and reverberantconditions are presented to demonstrate the usefulness of this class of microphone arrays.Keywords: Broadband array, linear and quadratic constraints, maximum energy array, sub-band filtering, hear-ing aid.
The Effect of a Market Orientation on Business Profitability

Marketing academicians and practitioners have been observing for more than three decades that business performance is affected by market orientation, yet to date there has been no valid measure of ...
On enthalpy management in small buildings

Abstract Enthalpy management requirements of residential and small commercial buildings are analyzed and integrated approaches to energy-efficient and cost-effective heating and cooling schemes are proposed. Improved design and operating strategies are suggested to make more efficient use of off-the-self (or other readily accessible) technology for space conditioning. The use of Comfort Range Thermal Storage (temperatures in the approximate range of 65–75 °F) and special operational strategies are central to these approaches. Fossil-fuel heaters, heat pumps, solar collectors, electric driven air coolers, all can be used more efficiently when they are effectively interfaced with selected thermal storage systems. A central heated (fossil fuel) and cooled (electric air-conditioner) residence located in Long Island, New York, is considered as an example. With Comfort Range Thermal Storage, it is found that the revised operating approach leads to 50% savings in space conditioning costs, with the basic functional features of the building unchanged from those of a typical well-insulated frame residence. Additional insulation results in further savings. Devices, methods and strategies employed to achieve these results include the use of Comfort Range Thermal Storage as well as one or more of the following: 1. (1) Variable firing rate fossil fuel heater. 2. (2) Thermally purgeable fossil fuel heater. 3. (3) Outside air for all fossil fuel heater requirements. 4. (4) Separation of the combustion and heat transfer function from the thermal storage function of a conventional boiler. 5. (5) Use of off-peak electrical energy. 6. (6) User-oriented controls for space conditioning applications to allow conscious reprogramming of temperature to suit variations in life-style of the occupants. 7. (7) Control of energy flow at windows during the heating and cooling seasons. 8. (8) Comfort Range Thermal Storage in the temperature range of 65–75 °F. 9. (9) Functionally composite building materials. Not all the above options are suitable for inclusion in new structures. Not all can be retrofitted to existing structures. Nevertheless, substantial energy and cost savings are selectively possible in all cases of fossil-fuel heating systems. Retrofitting of existing masonry buildings promises particularly significant economies. Such structures are typically uninsulated. Retrofit strategies which include insulation, permit economies substantially greater than those which result solely from the insulation-prescribed reduced heat losses. Such retrofitting, as well as the retrofitting of substantial thermal storage capacity to existing insulated frame buildings can result in substantial cost reductions for space heating and cooling.
Runx1 Is a Co-activator with FOXO3 to Mediate Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ)-induced Bim Transcription in Hepatic Cells

Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) regulates essential cellular functions such as cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apo pto sis. The Bcl-2 family of proteins has been implicated as mediators of TGFβ-induced apo pto sis. We demonstrated previously that TGFβ induces the expression of Bim (Bcl-2-interacting mediator of cell death), a member of the BH3-only family of pro-apo pto tic Bcl-2 proteins, to induce cell death in B-lymphocytes. Here, we investigated the mechanism of TGFβ-mediated Bim expression in two hepatocyte cell lines that undergo apo pto sis with TGFβ, AML-12 and Hep3B. We show that TGFβ induces Bim protein and mRNA levels, and its expression is sufficient to induce cell death. Gene array results revealed that Runx1, a member of the Runx family of transcription factors, was induced by TGFβ, and this induction was confirmed at the mRNA and protein levels. Interestingly, TGFβ specifically induced the expression of Runx1 protein from an internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-dependent, cap-independent, mRNA transcript, and its overexpression was sufficient to induce hepatocyte apo pto sis. Deletion and mutation analyses of the murine Bim promoter identified a putative forkhead binding element, at position −174 to −168 from the transcription start site, as the mediator of Runx1 induction. Co-immunoprecipitation, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that Runx1 does not bind directly to the identified forkhead binding element but rather binds the transcriptional regulator FOXO3, which occupies this site. Finally, small interfering RNA knockdown of Runx1 or FOXO3 decreased TGFβ-induced Bim expression. Our results support a mechanism in which TGFβ stimulates Bim transcription by up-regulating Runx1 expression, which binds FOXO3, and the two cooperate in the transcriptional induction of Bim.
Macroconidial Formation in Trichophyton soudanense Joyeux 1912. Makrokonidien‐Bildung bei Trichophyton soudanense Joyeux 1912

Summary: The effect of four different media (lactrimel, oatmeal salts agar, pablum cereal agar, and potato dextrose agar) on the formation of macroconidia by 14 isolates of Trichophyton soudanense was evaluated. Five of the 14 isolates were pleomorphic and did not sporulate on any of the above media. Four of the remaining nine isolates produced macroconidia on the lactrimel agar. The pablum cereal agar stimulated macroconidial formation in only one of these four isolates. Borelli's lactrimel agar is recommended for stimulating macroconidial production in dermatophytes and related fungi where knowledge of macroconidial morphology is of critical importance. Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Einflus von vier unterschiedlichen Nahrmedien (Lactrimel-Agar, Hafermehl-Salz-Agar, Pablum-Getreide-Agar und Kartoffel-Glucose-Agar) auf die Makrokonidien-Bildung an 14 Isolaten von Trichophyton soudanense untersucht. Funf der 14 Isolate waren pleomorph und sporulierten auf keinem der gepruften Medien. Vier der restlichen neun Isolate bildeten Makrokonidien auf dem Lactrimel-Agar. Der Pablum-Getreide-Agar stimulierte die Makrokonidien-Bildung bei nur einem dieser vier Isolate. Borellis Lactrimel-Agar wird zur Stimulation der Makrokonidien-Bildung an Dermatophyten und verwandten Pilzen empfohlen, bei denen die Kenntnis der Makrokonidien-Morphologie systematisch bedeutsam ist.
A Simple Method To Determine Alignment Tolerance In Photolithography Process

For a device manufacturer, lithography alignment tolerance vs die yield is of major concern. Often device designers will be working off a set of design rules, but the practical are not able to provide such information ahead of time. It is often necessary to obtain it through correlation of alignment keys and end product yields. How accurate these scribe grid keys correlate with the actual circuit yield can make this issue confusing. A new concept of generating this information from die yields has been evaluated with quite promising results.
Hydrogen Atom Adducts to Nitrobenzene: Formation of the Phenylnitronic Radical in the Gas Phase and Energetics of Wheland Intermediates

The phenylnitronic radical (1) was prepared in the gas phase by collisional electron transfer to stable C6H5NO2H+ cation (1+) and found to be stable on the microsecond time scale. The major unimolecular dissociation of 1 was loss of OH radical to form nitrosobenzene as determined by variable-time neutralization−reionization mass spectrometry. Ab initio calculations at the effective QCISD(T)/6-311+G(3df,2p) level and combined Moller−Plesset and density functional theory calculations identified loss of OH as the lowest-energy dissociation of 1 that proceeded at the thermochemical threshold with no reverse activation barrier. Dissociations of 1 by loss of syn- and anti-HONO and a hydrogen atom were more endothermic than loss of OH and had activation barriers above the thermochemical thresholds. The internal energy of 1 formed by electron transfer in the ground electronic state (X) was insufficient to cause the observed dissociations. The dissociations are postulated to take place from the metastable excited ...
SU-E-T-372: Dosimetric Comparison of Craniospinal Irradiation Using Different Tomotherapy Techniques

Purpose: TomoHDA can treat with fixed jaws, dynamic jaws, and fixed gantry using either 3DCRT or IMRT. This study compares PTV coverage, OAR sparing, and beam-on-time (BOT) among these techniques for craniospinal irradiation (CSI). Methods: This study includes ten CSI patients treated to 23.4 Gy/13 fractions with Hi-Art 3.0 unit (HT-IMRT fixed 5 cm jaw). New plans were regenerated with 5 cm jaw for TomoHDA Hi-Art 5.0 using dynamic jaw (HD-IMRT), TomoDirect-IMRT (TD-IMRT), and Helical Tomotherapy 3DCRT (HT-3DCRT using 5 cm and 2.5 cm jaws with various pitches). Studied parameters include PTV mean dose, D95 (dose covering 95% of PTV), Paddick's conformity index (CI) and homogeneity index (HI – standard deviation of PTV dose/average PTV dose), BOT, and average OAR doses. Results: PTV coverage from these techniques were comparable (p>0.05). The main differences were in OAR sparing; HDIMRT reduced more OAR doses for lenses, bladder and rectum compared to HT-IMRT. For the sparing of visceral organs: liver, lung, heart, and kidneys, the three IMRT techniques gave comparable results. HD-IMRT gave best heart sparing; HT-IMRT best kidney sparing. Liver and lung doses were best reduced by TD-IMRT. All three IMRT techniques gave comparable BOT. OARs sparing was achieved for jaw sizemore » of 2.5 cm. HI was also improved but with doubling of BOT. Increasing the pitch number from 0.2 to 0.43 produced no significant improvement in OAR sparing but CI and HI did improve. Conclusion: HT-3DCRT, HT-IMRT, HD-IMRT or TD-IMRT techniques give comparable PTV coverage but the three IMRT plans better spared OARs compared with 3DCRT plans. Dynamic jaw plan is superior to fixed jaw plan to spare more OAR doses at field edge. TD-IMRT cannot reduce BOT for CSI patient but for sparing certain OAR, TD-IMRT may be used to avoid the beam going through the structures of interest.« less
Oral contraceptive use and myocardial infarction

Epidemiologic studies of current oral contraceptive (OC) use and myocardial infarction (MI) have been contradictory and confusing. This comprehensive review of the epidemiologic literature attempts to draw conclusions about the risk of myocardial infarction in oral contraceptive users, focusing on recent, methodologically rigorous studies of the topic. Recent studies are consistent in showing a higher relative risk of MI in current OC users who smoke compared with current OC users who do not smoke. Studies in aggregate suggest that the relative risk of MI is higher in current OC users with hypertension than in current OC users without hypertension. Recent studies do not show a relationship between higher estrogen dose and higher risk of MI, but the effect of estrogen dose and progestogen type and dose are difficult to separate. The limited data on the risk of MI in current users of low estrogen OC do not allow a firm conclusion about the possibility that progestogen type might affect the risk of MI in current users. Past OC use does not increase or decrease the risk of MI.
Protracted, gross hematuria in sickle cell trait: response to multiple doses of 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin

Gross and microscopic hematuria are well-known complications in patients with sickle cell hemoglobinopathy. Most of these episodes of gross hematuria are self limiting, but rarely may be severe and persistent requiring definitive intervention. Before subjecting these patients to surgical management such as partial or total nephrectomy, several medical therapies of variable benefit have been suggested. We report a patient with sickle cell trait who experienced severe, intractable gross hematuria for 5 months and showed a dramatic response to multiple doses of 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) infusion. The remarkable response observed in this patient suggests that treatment with DDAVP infusion may be considered in patients with unremitting gross hematuria associated with sickle cell trait.
Contraction and the control of contraction

Wound contraction is a basic mechanism for wound closure that can be lifesaving. Yet, wound contraction can also produce considerable deformity and misery in conditions as diverse as burn scar contracture, cirrhosis, Dupuytren's contracture, and contracture around silicone tissue implants. Current evidence suggests that wound contraction is a cellular function of contractile fibroblasts (myofibroblasts). These cells share the electron microscopic appearance of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Pharmacologically and immunologically, myofibroblasts have many characteristics of smooth muscle cells. Active wound contraction caused by myofibroblasts can lead to fixed, rigid scar contracture. Contracture associated with poor joint positioning can also occur passively due to collagen reorganization alone, without myofibroblast involvement. Control of contraction (and contracture) can be achieved theoretically by 3 modes of therapy. Physical means, including range of motion exercises, splinting, and full thickness skin grafting after surgical release, are used currently. Biochemical control of myofibroblast contraction by agents that affect tissue-cultured fibroblasts has the potential of reducing wound contraction. Inhibition of collagen synthesis, inhibition of cross-linking, or increased collagenolysis may eventually be clinically useful, and would be of value in controlling both contracture due to active wound contraction, and contracture due to passive positioning.
Scalar quantization with noisy partitions and its application to Flash ADC design

Motivated by recent circuit designs for Flash ADCs with imperfect comparators, we investigate the problem of scalar quantization with noisy partition points, where the partition point locations are perturbed from the designated values by noise during the placement process. For this problem setting, we derive a high resolution approximation for mean square error, and analyze the optimal partition point density accordingly. Our results indicate that it is necessary to take the effect of noise into account in the design process. In particular, we derive the optimal partition point density when the input distribution is Gaussian or uniform, and show when noise variance exceeds a certain threshold, a peculiar phase transition occurs and the optimal point density degenerates into a delta function at the origin. These theoretical results allow to optimize the design of flash ADCs and gain 1 bit in resolution over existing designs.
Photodegradation of penoxsulam.

This study was carried out to characterize the photodegradation of penoxsulam and to evaluate the significance of photolysis for its fate and dissipation. Degradation studies of 14C-labeled isotopes of penoxsulam in a “merry-go-round” reactor suggest that aqueous photodegradation proceeds via three possible pathways: cleavage of the sulfonamide bridge, stepwise degradation of the triazolopyrimidine system and its substituents, and photooxidation of the sulfonyl group. Seven major photoproducts were found, and six were identified. Two of the identified photodegradation products seem to be either rapidly biodegraded when formed or not formed in significant amounts in environmental conditions. Keywords: Aqueous photochemical degradation; environmental fate; Granite; triazolopyrimidine sulfonamide
Double-peak in the dissipation of NbSe2 vibrating reeds

Vibrating reed (VR) and electrical resistance measurements were performed on single-crystal NbSe2 with hexagonal c-axis approximately parallel or perpendicular to an applied magnetic field, H. Field-cooling data revealed two peaks in the reed dissipation, 1/Q. The upper peak (at TU) occurs near the temperature where R ≈ 0, and the lower peak is amplitude-dependent and hysteretic. TU is independent of frequency (ΔTU < 0.1 K for 100 Hz < ƒ < 50 kHz). An unusual peak in the temperature dependence of the frequency shift of the reed was also observed.
Abstract 3542: A novel Hedgehog pathway inhibitor in combination with chemotherapy in mesothelioma cell lines

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL We tested a novel Hedgehog pathway inhibitor in combination with chemotherapy to determine if there are synergistic effects in mesothelioma cell lines. The Hedgehog signaling pathway has been shown to be activated in many types of cancer. Our laboratory developed a novel Hedgehog pathway inhibitor that has promising characteristics. Several mesothelioma cell lines were treated with this new compound in combination with two standard chemotherapeutic agents, pemetrexed and cisplatin. The cells were seeded in 96-well plates on day 1 and then treated with a matrix of drug dosages on day 2. Cell viability was measured on day 5 using the CellTiter-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay (Promega). The dose-effect relationship was plotted for each drug alone to determine the IC50, the inhibitory concentration at which cell viability was 50%. The IC50 of our Hedgehog inhibitor ranged from 1uM to 10uM for various cell lines. The dose-effect relationship in the combination studies was analyzed using Calcusyn (Biosoft). A combination index less than 0.9, indicating synergy, was found at several dose combinations in multiple cell lines. In summary, a novel Hedgehog pathway inhibitor in combination with chemotherapy showed synergy in multiple mesothelioma cell lines, showing high potential for this new compound to improve standard chemotherapeutic regimens and allow treatment at lower doses with fewer side effects. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3542. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3542
Ring-Closing Metathesis in the Synthesis of Epothilones and Polyether Natural Products

The increasing popularity of ring-closing metathesis (RCM) can be attributed to the development of transition metal complexes 1, 2 and 3 as initiators. These compounds efficiently promote the RCM process, are compatible with a wide range of chemical functionalities and can be used without recourse to rigorously controlled reaction conditions. In this chapter, applications of this technology to the preparation of the 16-membered macrolactone core of the epothilones culminating in the total synthesis of epothilones A, B and E will be presented. The preparation of a diverse array of analogs using both solution and solid-phase techniques will also be discussed. The use of the cyclopentadienyl titanium complexes 93 and 110 for olefination/olefin metathesis will also be described, with particular emphasis on their potential in the synthesis of polyether natural products.
Predation, competition, and nutrient recycling:a stoichiometric approach with multiple nutrients

A model for two competing prey species and one predator is formulated in which three essential nutrients can limit growth of all populations. Prey take up dissolved nutrients and predators ingest prey, assimilating a portion of ingested nutrients and recycling or respiring the balance. For all species, the nutrient contents of individuals vary and growth is coupled to increasing content of the limiting nutrient. This model was parameterized to describe a flagellate preying on two bacterial species, with carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) as nutrients. Parameters were chosen so that the two prey species would stably coexist without predators under some nutrient supply conditions. Using numerical simulations, the long-term outcomes of competition and predation were explored for a gradient of N:P supply ratios, varying C supply, and varying preference of the predator for the two prey. Coexistence and competitive exclusion both occurred under some conditions of nutrient supply and predator preference. As in simpler models of competition and predation these outcomes were largely governed by apparent competition mediated by the predator, and resource competition for nutrients whose effective supply was partly governed by nutrient recycling also mediated by the predator. For relatively small regions of parameter space, more complex outcomes with multiple attractors or three-species limit cycles occurred. The multiple constraints posed by multiple nutrients held the amplitudes of these cycles in check, limiting the influence of complex dynamics on competitive outcomes for the parameter ranges explored.
Automatic Substations for Industrial Plants

Industrial enterprises have been the last to lake advantage of the developments in automatic station equipment. As an aid to the engineers responsible for these establishments, the author has described the principal types of electric-power transforming equipment to which automatic switching has been applied. The automatic control of synchronous condensers, synchronous motor-generators, synchronous converters, synchronous hydroelectric generators and feeders is treated in such a manner as to furnish industrial engineers with data upon which to base the designs of automatic stations for factories, mills, mines, shops and other kinds of industrial power supply.
Enrollment of racially/ethnically diverse participants in traumatic brain injury trials: effect of availability of exception from informed consent.

BackgroundThe Final Rule regulations were developed to allow exception from informed consent (EFIC) to enable clinical trial research in emergency settings where major barriers exist for informed consent. There is little known evidence of the effect of the Final Rule in minority enrollment in clinical trials, particularly in traumatic brain injury (TBI) trials. A clinical trial funded by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke was conducted to study the effects of erythropoietin on cerebral vascular dysfunction and anemia in subjects with TBI. There were periods of time when EFIC was and was not available for enrollment into the study.PurposeTo explore the effect of EFIC availability on TBI trial enrollment of minority versus non-minority subjects.MethodsMinority status of screened (n = 289) and enrolled (n = 191) TBI subjects was determined for this study. We tested for the presence of a minority and EFIC availability interaction in a multiple logistic regression model after controlli...
Unhappy Contracts: The Case of Divorce Settlements

This paper examines a particular type of contracts that is, sadly, increasingly frequent: the agreements produced by divorcing couples. They are unhappy contracts, agreements produced as a necessary part of exit from what is now suboptimal marriage. They are virtually required by many states and are, in theory at least, closely monitored by courts since, when children are involved, they will be incorporated into court orders.What parties to unhappy contracts do is attempt to minimize losses, rather than maximize gain. How are contracts structured that will do this, and how does a difference in the size or power of the bargaining entities change the final settlement or contracting result? Because they are for more than one year, they also must be analyzed as relational contracts.This empirical study not only considers how the contractual terms come to be, but also what effect they have over a five year period, with an eye to seeing which contracts produce (or are at least consistent with) further litigation and which correspond with adjustment over time. The role of lawyers in the entire process is also a focus of the inquiry. Special attention is also paid to the role of fault, with surprising results in a no-fault system. All the divorce stipulations for parents of minor children that were filed in Johnson County, Iowa, during 1998 provide the beginning data, which is supplemented by other court records in each case.
Non-methylated guanosine as the 5′ terminus of capped mRNA from insect oocytes

Abstract Guanosine, rather than its methylated derivative, was found to be the inverted nucleoside present in the 5′ terminal capping structure of insect oocyte messenger RNA. Since methylation of the terminal guanosine at the 7 position is necessary for the initiation of protein synthesis in eukaryotes, this evidence suggests that the translational inactivity of the mRNA prior to fertilization may be associated with the absence of methylation.