cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Turbulent Characteristics of a Transverse Supersonic Jet in a Subsonic Compressible Crossflow

Fluctuating velocity fields have been determined from particle image velocimetry data acquired in the farfield of the interaction generated by an overexpanded axisymmetric supersonic jet exhausting transversely from a flat plate into a subsonic compressible crossflow. Peak magnitudes of the turbulent stresses were found to be larger and located further from the wall for greater values of the jet-to-freestream dynamic pressure ratio J while the crossflow Mach number M∞ remained constant. These stress magnitudes diminish with downstream distance as their peak location moves further from the wall. The vertical positions of the peak normal stresses and shear stress inflection point coincide with the maximum mean streamwise velocity deficit induced by the jet. Instantaneous realizations of the velocity fluctuation fields reveal large-scale structures whose mean diameter is greater for larger J and decreases with downstream distance. The integral length scale calculated from profiles of the correlation coefficient instead shows an increase downstream; the discrepancy between the two length scales results from a low-pass filter effect of the correlation coefficient. Similarity was demonstrated for constant J at two transonic M∞, but not at two lower M∞ where the flowfield does not distinguish between the jet and its wake.
Regulation of catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes

Abstract It is clear that the mechanisms controlling the levels of catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes are related to the secretory activity and are related to the stage of development or integrity of the neuronal connections. The mode of this control, however, remains unclear and is the subject of active investigations, some of which will be reported in the forthcoming Symposium.
Mechanism and Chemical Inhibition of the Diborane-Oxygen Reaction

Abstract In a shock tube, pyrolysis rates of diborane and ignition induction times of diborane-oxygen-argon mixtures were measured at 520°-700°K. In a low-pressure burner, the effects of pressure, equivalence ratio, temperature, and a variety of additives on the flame speed were studied. Butadiene and toluene were most effective.
Assessing the prevalence of nutrient inadequacy.

Objective To describe an approach for assessing the prevalence of nutrient inadequacy in a group, using daily intake data and the new Estimated Average Requirement (EAR). Design Observing the proportion of individuals in a group whose usual intake of a nutrient is below their requirement for the nutrient is not possible in general. We argue that this proportion can be well approximated in many cases by counting, instead, the number of individuals in the group whose intakes are below the EAR for the nutrient. Setting This is a methodological paper, and thus emphasis is not on analysing specific data sets. For illustration of one of the statistical methods presented herein, we have used the 1989-91 Continuing Survey on Food Intakes by Individuals. Results We show that the EAR and a reliable estimate of the usual intake distribution in the group of interest can be used to assess the proportion of individuals in the group whose usual intakes are not meeting their requirements. This approach, while simple, does not perform well in every case. For example, it cannot be used on energy, since intakes and requirements for energy are highly correlated. Similarly, iron in menstruating women presents some difficulties, due to the fact that the distribution of iron requirements in this group is known to be skewed. Conclusions The apparently intractable problem of assessing the proportion of individuals in a group whose usual intakes of a nutrient are not meeting their requirements can be solved by comparing usual intakes to the EAR for the nutrient, as long as some conditions are met. These are: (1) intakes and requirements for the nutrient must be independent, (2) the distribution of requirements must be approximately symmetric around its mean, the EAR, and (3) the variance of the distribution of requirements should be smaller than the variance of the usual intake distribution.
Experimental observation of the shear Alfvén resonance in a tokamak

Experiments on Tokapole II demonstrate the shear Alfven resonance in a tokamak by direct probe measurement of the wave magnetic field within the plasma. The resonance is driven by external antennas and is identified as radially localized enhancements of the poloidal wave magnetic field. The radial location agrees with calculations which include toroidicity and noncircularity of the plasma cross section. Other properties such as polarization, radial width, rise time, and wave enhancement also agree with magnetohydrodynamical theory.
Magnetochemistry of the Apollo landing sites

A coherent magnetochemical picture of lunar samples is presented which was determined from a synthesis of available magnetic-property data and corresponding chemical and petrographic data for soils and rock samples collected at the Apollo landing sites. The magnetic properties of the samples are correlated with Al/Si ratio as well as with telescope spectral reflectivity curves, and magnetochemical diagrams based on composition-sensitive magnetic parameters describing the Fe metal and Fe(2+) contents are used to classify the samples. It is shown that the relative metal-fraction size distribution and magnetic stability for different rock types and soils of varying Al/Si values are reflected in a plot of the ratio of saturation isothermal remanence to saturation magnetization vs the ratio of remanent coercive force to coercive force. It is concluded that all the Apollo landing sites have distinct telescope curves correlated with petrology, chemistry, Al/Si values, and magnetic properties. The established correlations suggest the possibility of estimating the magnetic properties of the regolith from remote-sensing observations.
Sensitivity of distributed structures to model order in feedback control

Abstract In designing feedback control for distributed structures, practical considerations dictate the use of a finite-dimensional controller. Because there as no ways of determing control gains for infinite-dimensional plants, this requires that the structure be discretized in space. The possibility exists, however, that the feedback control forces designed on the basis of a discretized model can induce instability in the actual distributed structure. This gives rise to the problem of sensitivity of a distributed structure to model order in feedback control. To study this sensitivity problem, in this paper the feedback controls generated on the basis of the discretized model are applied to the actual distributed system and the corresponding closed-loop poles are computed. Then, the sensitivity is investigated by examining the incremental change in the closed-loop poles corresponding to a reduction in the order of the discretized model. A second form of sensitivity study consists of plots of the closed-loop poles versus the order of the discretized model. A numerical example demonstrates the sensitivity of the closed-loop poles to model order in feedback control of a distributed structure.
Structure of 18'-epivinblastine.

Methyl (3aR-[3a alpha,4 beta,5 beta,5a beta,9(3R*,5S*,7R*,9R*), 10bR,13a alpha])-4-(acetyloxy)-3a-ethyl-9-[5-ethyl-1,4,5,6,7,8,9, 10-octahydro-5-hydroxy-9-(methoxycarbonyl)-2H-3,7- methanoazacycloundecino[5,4-b]indol-9-yl]-3a,4,5,5a,6,11,12, 13a-octahydro-5-hydroxy-8-methoxy-6-methyl-1H-indolizino-[8,1-c,d] carbazole- 5-carboxylate methanol solvate, C46H58N4O9. 2CH3OH (1), Mr = 875.07, monoclinic, P2(1), a = 10.2759 (12), b = 22.353 (3), c = 10.4051 (12) A, beta = 106.502 (9) degrees, V = 2291.6 (5) A3, Z = 2, Dx = 1.27 g cm-3, Mo K alpha radiation, lambda = 0.7107 A, mu = 0.8397 cm-1, F(000) = 940, T = 198 K, R = 0.0470 for 2751 reflections, Fo greater than or equal to 4 sigma(Fo). The C ring of the vindoline moiety is in the boat conformation with the hydroxy group and the tertiary N in the bowsprit positions resulting in a fairly short intramolecular hydrogen-bonding interaction. The relevant parameters for O3--H3...N9 are O...N 2.651 (6), H...N 1.94 (5) A and O--H...N 147 (5) degrees. The D and E rings are in the sofa and envelope conformations, respectively. The piperidine ring of the catharanthine portion of the molecule assumes the chair conformation while the conformation of the azacyclononene ring is a boat-chair. An intramolecular hydrogen bond between the indolino NH of the catharanthine moiety and methoxy O (O25) of the vindoline moiety is also observed. The relevant parameters for N16'--H16'...O25 are N...O 2.827 (6), H...N2.14 (6) A and O--H...N 136 (5) degrees.
On the intersection forms of spin four-manifolds with boundary

We prove Furuta-type bounds for the intersection forms of spin cobordisms between homology 3-spheres. The bounds are in terms of a new numerical invariant of homology spheres, obtained from \(\mathrm{Pin }(2)\)-equivariant Seiberg-Witten Floer K-theory. In the process we introduce the notion of a Floer \(K_G\)-split homology sphere; this concept may be useful in an approach to the 11/8 conjecture.
Minimum vertex degree threshold for loose Hamilton cycles in 3-uniform hypergraphs

We show that for sufficiently large n, every 3-uniform hypergraph on n vertices with minimum vertex degree at least ( n - 1 2 ) - ( ? 3 4 n ? 2 ) + c , where c = 2 if n ? 4 N and c = 1 if n ? 2 N ? 4 N , contains a loose Hamilton cycle. This degree condition is best possible and improves on the work of Buis, Hi?n and Schacht who proved the corresponding asymptotical result.
EventNet: A Large Scale Structured Concept Library for Complex Event Detection in Video

Event-specific concepts are the semantic concepts specifically designed for the events of interest, which can be used as a mid-level representation of complex events in videos. Existing methods only focus on defining event-specific concepts for a small number of pre-defined events, but cannot handle novel unseen events. This motivates us to build a large scale event-specific concept library that covers as many real-world events and their concepts as possible. Specifically, we choose WikiHow, an online forum containing a large number of how-to articles on human daily life events. We perform a coarse-to-fine event discovery process and discover 500 events from WikiHow articles. Then we use each event name as query to search YouTube and discover event-specific concepts from the tags of returned videos. After an automatic filter process, we end up with 95,321 videos and 4,490 concepts. We train a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model on the 95,321 videos over the 500 events, and use the model to extract deep learning feature from video content. With the learned deep learning feature, we train 4,490 binary SVM classifiers as the event-specific concept library. The concepts and events are further organized in a hierarchical structure defined by WikiHow, and the resultant concept library is called EventNet. Finally, the EventNet concept library is used to generate concept based representation of event videos. To the best of our knowledge, EventNet represents the first video event ontology that organizes events and their concepts into a semantic structure. It offers great potential for event retrieval and browsing. Extensive experiments over the zero-shot event retrieval task when no training samples are available show that the proposed EventNet concept library consistently and significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art (such as the 20K ImageNet concepts trained with CNN) by a large margin up to 207%. We will also show that EventNet structure can help users find relevant concepts for novel event queries that cannot be well handled by conventional text based semantic analysis alone. The unique two-step approach of first applying event detection models followed by detection of event-specific concepts also provides great potential to improve the efficiency and accuracy of Event Recounting since only a very small number of event-specific concept classifiers need to be fired after event detection.
Nickel Catalyzed Hydroboration with Catecholborane

Hydroborations of alkenes and alkyne with catecholborane were found to be catalyzed by activated nickel powder.
Why use spinal anaesthesia in obstetrics

On se sert de l’anesthesie lombaire en obstetrique depuis bien des annees a l’hopital St. Joseph de Hamilton. Les resultats ont ete satisfaisants. Les bons resultats dependent d’une technique meticuleuse, d’un dosage faible de la drogue, de l’emploi de solutions diluees des drogues et du choix approprie des malades. Les sequelles post-lombaires se sont bornees a des maux de tete dans environ 5% des malades, et a des douleurs dans le dos. Il n’y a pas en de symptomes neurologiques. La technique est recommandee mais on devra observer la methode la plus exacte de proceder.
ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN OF AN 8-BIT FLUX-1 SUPERCONDUCTOR RSFQ MICROPROCESSOR

The first single-chip superconductor FLUX-1 microprocessor has been designed in the Rapid Single Flux Quantum (RSFQ) logic and fabricated using 4 kA/cm2, 1.75-μm Nb/AlOx/Nb Josephson junction technology as a result of the collaboration between SUNY Stony Brook and TRW, Inc. A FLUX-1 chip represents an 8-bit deeply pipelined microprocessor prototype with a target clock frequency of 17-20 GHz. A new parallel partitioned architecture has been developed in order to tolerate interconnect delays and fill long FLUX-1 processor pipelines with useful instructions. The processor includes the 16 × 32-bit pipelined instruction memory, 8 integer arithmetic-logic units interleaved with 8 registers, the branch unit, and I/O ports for 5-GHz chip-to-chip communication over Nb microstrip lines on a chip carrier. The FLUX-1 instruction set consists of ~25 arithmetic, logical, and control instructions. A FLUX-1 microprocessor chip contains 65,759 Josephson junctions on a 10.6 mm × 13.2 mm die with flip-chip packaging. First FLUX-1 chips fabricated in August 2001 are currently under testing at TRW, Inc.
The distances to open clusters from main-sequence fitting. III. Improved accuracy with empirically calibrated isochrones

We continue our series of papers on open cluster distances with a critical assessment of the accuracy of main-sequence fitting using isochrones that employ empirical corrections to the color-temperature relations. We use four nearby open clusters with multicolor photometry and accurate metallicities and present a new metallicity for Praesepe ([Fe/H]=+0.11±0.03) from high-resolution spectra. The internal precision of distance estimates is about a factor of 5 better than the case without the color calibrations. After taking into account all major systematic errors, we obtain distances accurate to about 2%–3% when there exists a good metallicity estimate. Metallicities accurate to better than 0.1 dex may be obtained from BVICKs photometry alone. We also derive a helium abundance for the Pleiades of Y=0.279±0.015, which is equal within the errors to the Sun's initial helium abundance and that of the Hyades. Our best estimates of distances are (m-M)0=6.33±0.04,8.03±0.04, and 9.61±0.03 to Praesepe, NGC 2516, and M67, respectively. Our Pleiades distance at the spectroscopic metallicity,(m-M)0=5.66±0.01(internal)±0.05(systematic), is in excellent agreement with several geometric distance measurements. We have made calibrated isochrones for -0.3≤[Fe/H]≤+0.2 available online.
Converting Neural Network Language Models into Back-off Language Models for Efficient Decoding in Automatic Speech Recognition

Neural network language models (NNLMs) have achieved very good performance in large-vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) systems. Because decoding with NNLMs is computationally expensive, there is interest in developing methods to approximate NNLMs with simpler language models that are suitable for fast decoding. In this work, we propose an approximate method for converting a feedforward NNLM into a back-off n-gram language model that can be used directly in existing LVCSR decoders. We convert NNLMs of increasing order to pruned back-off language models, using lower-order models to constrain the n-grams allowed in higher-order models. In experiments on Broadcast News data, we find that the resulting back-off models retain the bulk of the gain achieved by NNLMs over conventional n-gram language models, and give accuracy improvements as compared to existing methods for converting NNLMs to back-off models. In addition, the proposed approach can be applied to any type of non-back-off language model to enable efficient decoding.
HOTELLING'S “MAIN STREET” WITH MORE THAN TWO COMPETITORS*

. I analyze oligopolistic competition among three or more firms located on Hotelling's (1929) Main Street and show that in contrast with Hotelling's duopoly, the symmetric locational structure supports a noncooperative equilibrium in prices. However, in a two-stage game of location choice in the first stage, and price choice in the second stage, there exists no subgame-perfect equilibrium where the whole market is served. This is because, starting from any locational pattern, firms have incentives to move toward the central firm. This strong version of the Principle of Minimum Differentiation destroys the possibility of a locational equilibrium. The results are a direct consequence of the existence of boundaries in the space of location. The sharp difference between these results and those of the standard circular model (whose product space lacks boundaries) shows that the general use of the circular model as an approximation to the line interval model may be unwarranted.
Interferometer Observations of Subparsec-Scale Infrared Emission in the Nucleus of NGC 4151

We report novel, high angular resolution interferometric measurements that imply that the near-infrared nuclear emission in NGC 4151 is unexpectedly compact. We have observed the nucleus of NGC 4151 at 2.2 μm using the two 10 m Keck telescopes as an interferometer and find a marginally resolved source ≤0.1 pc in diameter. Our measurements rule out models in which a majority of the K-band nuclear emission is produced on scales larger than this size. The interpretation of our measurement most consistent with other observations is that the emission mainly originates directly in the central accretion disk. This implies that active galactic nucleus unification models invoking hot, optically thick dust may not be applicable to NGC 4151.
Thickness-induced morphology changes in lamellar diblock copolymer ultrathin films

We have investigated the morphology of lamellar polystyrene-polymethylmetha cry late diblock copolymers in the ultrathin-film limit, spin-cast and annealed on silicon nitride substrates. Our experiments show evidence for a morphology change from lamellar domains parallel to the substrate to perpendicular domains that appears to be unique to a thickness of one lamellar repeat spacing and low annealing temperatures. We find that in these ultrathin films phase separation occurs well before thickness quantization, suggesting effective confinement as a possible mechanism. A model for the free energy of this system is developed which takes into account termination ("capping") of the perpendicular lamellae inside the film and at its top surface.
Numerical simulation of two-dimensional buoyancy-driven turbulence in a tall rectangular cavity

A computational study of natural convection of air in a tall rectangular cavity with 4 :1 aspect ratio is conducted. In an effort to investigate the applicability of the Boussinesq approximation to turbulent flow simulation, the cavity is differentially heated from the sides and is insulated at the ends at a Rayleigh number of 10 9 . Starting from quiescent and isothermal flow conditions, the flow is driven to turbulence without any artificial perturbations. The computer programme developed integrates the two-dimensional, time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations with the Boussinesq approximation and the energy equation by a time-accurate method on a stretched, staggered grid.
Logic device trend: impact on mask technology

Semiconductor technology has moved in an accelerating pace. memory devices drive density and the main efforts are in cell architecture and contact shrink. Logic devices, on the other hand, drive performance and the emphases are on poly gate CD and interconnect efficiency. In this paper, logic device trends will be presented and their impact on mask making technology will be discussed. Challenges in mask blanks, poly CD control, large data file size, applications of resolution enhancement techniques will be covered. Recent market environment and its implication for mask/reticle cost consideration will also be presented. Finally challenges on a different dimension and scale in post-optical lithography mask making will be discussed.
Further Improvement on Sulfonamide-Based Ligand for Catalytic Asymmetric 2-Haloallylation and Allylation

The sulfonamide-based ligand B was found to exhibit an outstanding crystallinity and perform well as a ligand for Cr-mediated catalytic asymmetric 2-haloallylation and allylation. The new ligand has an appealing advantage over the first generation ligand; its high crystallinity allows effective recovery of the ligand from a reaction in a pure form.
Chemical Interactions in the Aluminum-Carbon and Aluminum-Silicon Carbide Systems

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) was used to investigate the influence of O2 and H2O on the formation of aluminum carbide at aluminum-carbon and aluminumsilicon carbide interfaces. It was determined that dosing the interfaces with H2O catalyzed the formation of aluminum carbide in both the aluminum-carbon and aluminum-silicon carbide systems. This result is consistent with the oxidation model of carbide formation [1], previously developed to understand the kinetics of aluminum carbide formation at graphite-aluminum interfaces. These results imply that the formation of aluminum carbide in graphite and silicon carbide reinforced metal matrix composites, which severely degrades the composite mechanical properties by degrading the fiber and interface strength [2], is catalyzed.
The weak outnumbering the mighty: normal galaxies in deep Chandra surveys

Chandra is detecting a significant population of normal and starburs t galaxies in extremely deep X-ray exposures. For example, approximately 15% of the sources arising in the 2 Ms Chandra Deep Field-North survey are fairly normal galaxies, where "normal" means "Milky Way-type" X-ray emission rather than simply exhibiting an "optically normal" spectrum. Many of these galaxies are being detected at large look-back times (z � 0.1-0.5), allowing the study of the evolution of X-ray binary populations over significant cosm ological timescales. We are also detecting individual off- nuclear ultraluminous X-ray sources (e.g., X-ray binaries), provi ding the first direct constraints on the prevalence of lower- mass black holes at significantly earlier times. The X-ray emission fro m such "normal" galaxies may also be a useful star-formation rate indicator, based on radio/X-ray cross-identifications. We describe the contribution of normal galaxies to the populations which make up the X-ray background and present their directly measured X-ray number counts. We find that normal and starburst galaxies should dominate the 0.5-2 keV number counts at X-ray fluxes fainter than � 7×10 18 erg cm 2 s 1 (thus they will outnumber the "mighty" AGN). Finally, we look to the future, suggesting that it is important that the populatio n of X-ray faint normal and starburst galaxies be well constrained in order to design the next generation of X-ray observatories.
On the Degree of the Colored Jones Polynomial

The extreme degrees of the colored Jones polynomial of any link are bounded in terms of concrete data from any link diagram. It is known that these bounds are sharp for semi-adequate diagrams. One of the goals of this paper is to show the converse; if the bounds are sharp then the diagram is semi-adequate. As a result, we use colored Jones link polynomials to extract an invariant that detects semi-adequate links and discuss some applications.
Conditional stability of unstable viscous shocks

Abstract Continuing a line of investigation initiated by Texier and Zumbrun on dynamics of viscous shock and detonation waves, we show that a linearly unstable Lax-type viscous shock solution of a semilinear strictly parabolic system of conservation laws possesses a translation-invariant center stable manifold within which it is nonlinearly orbitally stable with respect to small L 1 ∩ H 2 perturbations, converging time-asymptotically to a translate of the unperturbed wave. That is, for a shock with p unstable eigenvalues, we establish conditional stability on a codimension- p manifold of initial data, with sharp rates of decay in all L p . For p = 0 , we recover the result of unconditional stability obtained by Howard, Mascia, and Zumbrun.
Engineered Coatings for Ni Alloys in High Temperature Reactors

Alloy 617 is a candidate material for the intermediate heat exchanger of the He-cooled very high temperature reactor. At target temperatures ≥1223 K (950 °C), low level impurities in the gas stream may cause carburization, decarburization, and/or oxidation of 617 with deleterious effects on its mechanical properties. The chromia scale formed naturally by 617 does not provide adequate protection in the expected environment. Alpha alumina offers a greater potential as an effective diffusion barrier with superior stability, but it requires modification of the alloy surface. This work explores two approaches to surface modification based on aluminizing, either alone or in combination with FeCrAlY cladding, followed by pre-oxidation to form alpha alumina. Both approaches yield coatings with promising diffusional stability on alloy 617. Initial corrosion studies in impure He environments reveal that the alpha alumina is stable and protects the underlying substrate in both carburizing and decarburizing environments.
Total Synthesis of α-Deamino-3-(β-d-glucopyranosyloxy)kynurenine

Abstract α-Deamino-3-(β- d -glucopyranosyloxy)kynurenine, a yellow, fluorescent compound isolated from human lens, was synthesized in 8 steps (10% overall yield) from commercially available 3-methoxy-2-nitrobenzaldehyde. Key events included preparation and glucosylation of methyl 4-(3-hydroxy-2-nitrophenyl)-4-oxobutanoate followed by reduction of the nitro group and deprotection.
Informal export barriers and poverty

The author investigates the poverty impacts of informal export barriers like transport costs, cumbersome customs practices, costly regulations, and bribes. He models these informal barriers as export taxes that distort the efficient allocation of resources. In low-income agricultural economies, this distortion lowers wages and household agricultural income, thereby leading to higher poverty. The author investigates the poverty impacts of improving export procedures in Moldova. This is a unique case study: poverty is widespread (half of the Moldovan population lives in poverty), the country is very open and relies on agricultural exports for growth, formal trade barriers are fairly liberalized, and informal export barriers are common and widespread. The author finds that improving export practices would benefit the average Moldovan household across the whole income distribution. For example, halving informal export barriers would cause poverty to decline from 48.3 percent of the population to between 43.3 and 45.5 percent, potentially lifting 100,000-180,000 individuals out of poverty.
A Lifting Parachute for Very-Low-Altitude, Very -High-speed Deliveries

A two-stage lifting parachute system is being developed for very-low-altitude subsonic and transonic deliveries. This type of delivery had previously required a small, heavily constructed, single-stage parachute. The two-stage parachute system can decrease the impact energy of a payload to one-tenth that of a conventional single-stage system and increase the impact angle to nearly vertical. Development testing of the lifting parachute has included five drop tests at release velocities of Mach 0.64 to Mach 0.78. The payload was lifted 16 to 142 ft above the release altitude in these tests. A sixth test at Mach 1.2 resulted in a structural failure, thus demonstrating a requirement for a short-reefed stage for supersonic deliveries.
Transcriptomic analysis of the oleaginous microalga Neochloris oleoabundans reveals metabolic insights into triacylglyceride accumulation

Background: The lack of sequenced genomes for oleaginous microalgae limits our understanding of the mechanisms these organisms utilize to become enriched in triglycerides. Here we report the de novo transcriptome assembly and quantitative gene expression analysis of the oleaginous microalga Neochloris oleoabundans, with a focus on the complex interaction of pathways associated with the production of the triacylglycerol (TAG) biofuel precursor. Results: After growth under nitrogen replete and nitrogen limiting conditions, we quantified the cellular content of major biomolecules including total lipids, triacylglycerides, starch, protein, and chlorophyll. Transcribed genes were sequenced, the transcriptome was assembled de novo, and the expression of major functional categories, relevant pathways, and important genes was quantified through the mapping of reads to the transcriptome. Over 87 million, 77 base pair high quality reads were produced on the Illumina HiSeq sequencing platform. Metabolite measurements supported by genes and pathway expression results indicated that under the nitrogen-limiting condition, carbon is partitioned toward triglyceride production, which increased fivefold over the nitrogen-replete control. In addition to the observed overexpression of the fatty acid synthesis pathway, TAG production during nitrogen limitation was bolstered by repression of the β-oxidation pathway, up-regulation of genes encoding for the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex which funnels acetyl-CoA to lipid biosynthesis, activation of the pentose phosphate pathway to supply reducing equivalents to inorganic nitrogen assimilation and fatty acid biosynthesis, and the up-regulation of lipases—presumably to reconstruct cell membranes in order to supply additional fatty acids for TAG biosynthesis. Conclusions: Our quantitative transcriptome study reveals a broad overview of how nitrogen stress results in excess TAG production in N. oleoabundans, and provides a variety of genetic engineering targets and strategies for focused efforts to improve the production rate and cellular content of biofuel precursors in oleaginous microalgae.
Rapid debenzylation of N-benzylamino derivatives to amino-derivatives using ammonium formate as catalytic hydrogen transfer agent☆☆☆

Abstract Various N-benzyl derivatives of amino acids and amines were deprotected to the corresponding free amino acids and amines using ammonium formate as the hydrogen source.
Loop current order and d-wave superconductivity: Some observable consequences

Loop current order has been reported in the pseudogap regime of a few cuprate systems in polarized neutron scattering experiments. Here we study several observable consequences of such order in the $d$-wave superconducting state at low $T$. The symmetries of the loop order remove degeneracy between momenta $\stackrel{P\vec}{k}$ and $\ensuremath{-}\stackrel{P\vec}{k}$. Consequently there is a remnant Bogoliubov Fermi surface in the superconducting state. Bounds on the possible existence of such a Fermi surface may be placed from existing data. Detecting such a Fermi surface will be a very useful confirmation of the existence of loop order in various cuprates. We show through explicit calculations that the Bogoliubov Fermi surface does not display quantum oscillations in a magnetic field consistent with natural expectations. Inclusion of a field-induced spin stripe order reconstructs the Bogoliubov Fermi surface to develop pockets which then show quantum oscillations in the superconducting state. Difficulties with interpreting quantum oscillation data in the cuprates along these lines are pointed out.
Control of satellite imaging formations in multi-body regimes

Abstract Libration point orbits may be ideal locations for satellite imaging formations. Therefore, control of these arrays in multi-body regimes is critical. A continuous feedback control algorithm is developed that maintains a formation of satellites in motion that is bounded relative to a halo orbit. This algorithm is derived based on the dynamic characteristics of the phase space near periodic orbits in the circular restricted three-body problem (CR3BP). By adjusting parameters of the control algorithm appropriately, satellites in the formation follow trajectories that are particularly advantageous to imaging arrays. Image reconstruction and coverage of the ( u , v ) plane are simulated for interferometric satellite configurations, demonstrating potential applications of the algorithm and the resulting motion.
Asymmetric [4 + 3] Cycloadditions between Benzofuranyldiazoacetates and Dienes: Formal Synthesis of (+)-Frondosin B

The reaction of benzofuranyldiazoacetates with 1,3-dienes catalyzed by the dirhodium tetracarboxylate Rh2(R-DOSP)4, generates formal [4 + 3] cycloadducts with >94% de and 91−98% ee. The reaction proceeds by a tandem cyclopropanation/Cope rearrangement followed by a stereoselective tautomerization. This methodology was extended to a formal synthesis of (+)-frondosin B.
Maps on Acid: Cartographically Constructing the Acid Rain Environmental Issue, 1972–1980

This article traces how maps aided the conceptualization and ensuing debate over one of the first inherently spatial and multiscale environmental issues, acid rain. Through interviews with early acid rain ecologists and a critical cartographic analysis of printed maps, we show that mapping was central for constructing this environmental issue. Rather than static representations of a scientific reality, acid rain maps were interconnected and relational processes that operated within political and economic discourses. Accordingly, we suggest that increased critical engagement and participation with the process of mapping can productively aid dialog on many issues, including other current multiscale environmental issues, such as climate change.
Synthesis of oligosaccharides on soluble high-molecular-weight branched polymers in combination with purification by nanofiltration.

An efficient approach for polymer-supported oligosaccharide synthesis is described whereby branched and high-molecular-weight PEG derivatives are used in combination with purification by nanofiltration. This methodology was applied to the preparation of a tetraglucoside and the tumor-associated antigen Lex.
A vector radiative transfer model for coupled atmosphere and ocean systems based on successive order of scattering method

A vector radiative transfer model has been developed for coupled atmosphere and ocean systems based on the Successive Order of Scattering (SOS) Method. The emphasis of this study is to make the model easy-to-use and computationally efficient. This model provides the full Stokes vector at arbitrary locations which can be conveniently specified by users. The model is capable of tracking and labeling different sources of the photons that are measured, e.g. water leaving radiances and reflected sky lights. This model also has the capability to separate florescence from multi-scattered sunlight. The δ - fit technique has been adopted to reduce computational time associated with the strongly forward-peaked scattering phase matrices. The exponential - linear approximation has been used to reduce the number of discretized vertical layers while maintaining the accuracy. This model is developed to serve the remote sensing community in harvesting physical parameters from multi-platform, multi-sensor measurements that target different components of the atmosphere-oceanic system.
WARD: an exploratory study of an affective sociotechnical framework for addressing medical errors

Aiming to reduce medical errors by 50% by 2010, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) has identified information technology (IT) as an important tool. One potential application of IT would be communicating with clinicians using affective multimodal interfaces. In this paper, we propose an Augmented Cognition (AugCog) related framework, Wearable Avatar Risk Display (WARD), for addressing medical errors. WARD is a dynamic, adaptive, and mobile display system that aims for delivering critical and contextual information meaningfully to clinicians based on their affective states. WARD is based on sociotechnical systems theory and serves two purposes: (1) To guide the development of a test bed for investigating effective and meaningful communication methods using avatars with lifelike behaviors (affective avatars) and (2) To investigate the interplay of affects, stress, and decision-making ability when interacting with affective avatars. Through a small exploratory study, we found that participants did not benefit from our avatars at this point. However, findings and suggestions from participants revealed that there is potential for affective avatars in critical or emergency situations.
The power of mutants for investigating jasmonate biosynthesis and signaling.

Abstract Mutant analysis includes approaches that range from traditional screening of mutant populations (forward genetics), to identifying mutations in known genes (reverse genetics), to examining the effects of site-specific mutations that encode modified proteins. All these methodologies have been applied to study jasmonate synthesis and signaling, and their use has led to important discoveries. The fad3 fad7 fad8 mutant of Arabidopsis, and other mutants defective in jasmonate synthesis, revealed the roles of jasmonate in flower development and plant defense against necrotrophic fungal pathogens. The coi1 mutant identified the F-box protein that is now known to be the receptor for jasmonoyl-isoleucine, the active form of jasmonate hormone. Investigations of how JASMONATE-ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins bind to COI1 and facilitate jasmonate perception have relied on the jai3 mutant, on JAZΔJas constructs, and on site-specific mutations in the Jas and ZIM domains of these proteins.
CO Detections of Edge-on Low Surface Brightness Galaxies

We have obtained deep CO (1-0) observations of eight nearby, edge-on, low surface brightness (LSB) spiral galaxies using the NRAO 12 m telescope. We report detections of three of our targets at a greater than 4 σ level as well as one marginal (~3 σ) detection. These are among the first direct detections of molecular gas in late-type, LSB spiral galaxies. Using a Galactic CO-to-H2 conversion factor, we derive M ~ (1.4-3.5) × 107 M☉ and M/M ~ 0.010-0.055 for the detected sources, with 3 σ upper limits of M (0.7-5.7) × 107 M☉ and M/M 0.006-0.029 for the undetected objects.
The Quasiclassical realms of this quantum universe

The most striking observable feature of our indeterministic quantum universe is the wide range of time, place, and scale on which the deterministic laws of classical physics hold to an excellent approximation. This essay describes how this domain of classical predictability of every day experience emerges from a quantum theory of the universe’s state and dynamics.
Regularity Conditions for Arbitrary Leavitt Path Algebras

We show that if E is an arbitrary acyclic graph then the Leavitt path algebra LK(E) is locally K-matricial; that is, LK(E) is the direct union of subalgebras, each isomorphic to a finite direct sum of finite matrix rings over the field K. (Here an arbitrary graph means that neither cardinality conditions nor graph-theoretic conditions (e.g. row-finiteness) are imposed on E. These unrestrictive conditions are in contrast to the hypotheses used in much of the literature on this subject.) As a consequence we get our main result, in which we show that the following conditions are equivalent for an arbitrary graph E: (1) LK(E) is von Neumann regular. (2) LK(E) is π-regular. (3) E is acyclic. (4) LK(E) is locally K-matricial. (5) LK(E) is strongly π-regular. We conclude by showing how additional regularity conditions (unit regularity, strongly clean) can be appended to this list of equivalent conditions.
Pd(II)-catalyzed aliphatic Claisen rearrangements of acyclic allyl vinyl ethers

Palladium (II)-catalyzed [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement of acyclic allyl vinyl ethers delivers 2,3-anti disubstituted pentenal Claisen adducts with high diastereoselectivity. Reaction conditions for circumventing allyl vinyl ether cleavage that had previously plagued catalyzed rearrangement of α-unsubstituted vinyl ether substrates are described. Merging Pd(II) catalysis with the facile access to the Claisen substrates afforded by Ir(I)-catalyzed olefin isomerization provides an expedient procedure for realizing asymmetric anti-selective Claisen rearrangements.
Learning low rank matrices from O(n) entries

How many random entries of an n times nalpha, rank r matrix are necessary to reconstruct the matrix within an accuracy delta? We address this question in the case of a random matrix with bounded rank, whereby the observed entries are chosen uniformly at random. We prove that, for any delta Gt 0, C(r, delta)n observations are sufficient. Finally we discuss the question of reconstructing the matrix efficiently, and demonstrate through extensive simulations that this task can be accomplished in nPoly(log n) operations, for small rank.
EXPLORING A GOVERNANCE THEORY OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT: BARRIERS AND FACILITATORS TO INTEGRATION

Supply chain management is rapidly growing as both a strategic initiative and an academic discipline. As firms increasingly include their supply chain partners in the development of business strategy, researchers will have to constantly reevaluate the underlying themes and emergent theories of strategic logistics, management, and marketing by introducing new topics and revisiting seminal extant results. As such, this research was developed to explore the important concept of supply chain integration through strategic governance theory development. Since supply chain governance is a relatively new topic, a grounded study of both new and existing integration facilitators and barriers is presented. The study was initiated with a qualitative “managerial” development of scale items followed by a full empirical analysis. The result is an industry based returning to the source methodology for testing current governance related issues in industry. Contributions include the development of multiple dimensions of supply chain governance across facilitators and barriers, an explanation of the interplay between governance facilitators of, and barriers to, integration, a discussion of strategic level managerial implications, and a call for the future extension of governance research into the theory wanting domain of logistics and supply chain management.
A Search for Extraplanar Dust in Nearby Edge-on Spirals

We present high-resolution (06 to ~ 10) BV images of 12 edge-on spiral galaxies observed with the WIYN 3.5 m telescope. These images were obtained to search for extraplanar (|z| > 0.4 kpc) absorbing dust structures similar to those previously found in NGC 891 (Howk & Savage). Many of these galaxies have been previously searched for diffuse ionized gas at high z. Our imaged galaxies include a sample of seven massive L*-like spiral galaxies within D 25 Mpc that have inclinations i 87? from the plane of the sky. We find that five of these seven systems show extraplanar dust, visible as highly structured absorbing clouds against the background stellar light of the galaxies. These dust structures lie at heights |z| 0.4 kpc, which should be above most of the thin disk molecular material in these galaxies. The more prominent structures are estimated to have associated gas masses 105 M?; the implied potential energies are 1052 ergs. All of the galaxies in our sample that show detectable H? emission at large z also show extraplanar dust structures. None of those galaxies for which extraplanar H? searches were negative show evidence for extensive high-z dust. The existence of extraplanar dust is a common property of massive spiral galaxies. We discuss several mechanisms for shaping the observed dust features. We emphasize in this discussion the possibility that these dusty clouds represent the dense phase of a multiphase medium at high z in spiral galaxies. In a few cases interactions with close galaxy companions could be responsible for the high-z dust, either through dynamical stripping or triggered star formation. We can rule out warps as the source of the observed high-z dust. Flaring gas layers seem an unlikely source of the observed material but cannot be ruled out at this time, except for those features that clearly connect to energetic processes in the disk. The correlation between high-z dust and extraplanar H? emission may simply suggest that both trace the high-z interstellar medium in its various forms (or phases), the existence of which may ultimately be driven by vigorous star formation in the underlying disk. The absorption produced by high-z dust and associated gas in spiral galaxies must be accounted for when studying extraplanar emission from spiral galaxies over much of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Three-Dimensional Particle Acceleration in Electromagnetic Dominated Outflows with Background Plasma and Clump

The effect of background plasma on particle acceleration via Poynting fluxes is studied in 3D PIC simulation of electron-positron and electron-ion plasmas. When a strongly magnetized ejecta at the center expands to low-temperature electron-positron ambient plasma background and a low-density clump, electromagnetic wave front accelerates particles in the background and clump, and captures them in the Ponderomotive potential well. We do not observe any instability, and the momentum distributions of background and clump form a power law of slope close to −1.5 with a sharp peak in the middle. When an ejecta expands to the ion-electron interstellar medium (ISM), the acceleration via Poynting flux is severely damped due to the charge separation.
Iron-EHPG as an hepatobiliary MR contrast agent: Initial imaging and biodistribution studies

The paramagnetic metal complex iron(III) ethylenebis-(2-hydroxyphenylglycine) [Fe(EHPG)-] is an effective hepatobiliary contrast agent for liver enhancement in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The intravenous administration of 0.2 mmol/kg of Fe(EHPG)- to rats yields a 200% increase in the signal intensity of the liver when using a T1-weighted inversion recovery pulse sequence on a 1.4 T imaging system. Biodistribution studies in rats and a rabbit, along with imaging studies in a dog at 0.6 T, confirm that the complex has significant hepatocellular uptake and appears to be excreted unaltered into the bile. Control experiments with a different iron complex, iron(III) diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, reveal little hepatic affinity and poor enhancement capability due to its extracellular distribution. This initial evaluation of Fe(EHPG)- demonstrates that paramagnetic metal complexes with hepatobiliary specificity are well suited for enhancement of normal liver parenchyma and may increase the sensitivity of MR in the detection of liver disease.
Strategy-proofness and markets

If a market is considered to be a social choice function, then the domain of admissible preferences is restricted and standard social choice theorems do not apply. A substantial body of analysis, however, strongly supports the notion that attractive strategy-proof social choice functions do not exist in market settings. Yet price theory, which implicitly assumes the strategy-proofness of markets, performs quite well in describing many real markets. This paper resolves this paradox in two steps. First, given that a market is not strategy-proof, it should be modeled as a Bayesian game of incomplete information. Second, a double auction market, which is perhaps the simplest operationalization of supply and demand as a Bayesian game, is approximately strategy-proof even when the number of traders on each side of the market is quite moderate.
Three Applications of Instanton Numbers

We use instanton numbers to: (i) stratify moduli of vector bundles, (ii) calculate relative homology of moduli spaces and (iii) distinguish curve singularities.