cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A monolithic thin-film electrochromic window

Abstract Three closely related thin-film solid-state ionic devices that are potentially important for applications are: electrochromic smart windows, high-energy density thin-film rechargeable batteries, and thin-film electrochemical sensors. Each usually has at least one mixed ion/electron conductor, an electron-blocking ion conductor, and an ion-blocking electron conductor; and many of the technical issues associated with thin-film solid-state ionics are common to all three devices. Since the electrochromic window has the added technical requirement of electrically controlled optical modulation (over the solar spectrum), and since research at the authors' institution has focused primarily on the window structure, this paper will address the electrochromic window, and particularly a monolithic variable-reflectivity electrochromic window, as an illustrative example of some of the challenges and opportunities that are confronting the thin-film solid-state ionics community.
Responses of MT and MST Neurons to One and Two Moving Objects in the Receptive Field

Recanzone, G. H., R. H. Wurtz, and U. Schwarz. Responses of MT and MST neurons to one and two moving objects in the receptive field. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 2904–2915, 1997. To test the effects of com...
Tests of hypotheses on concomitant variables in linear models

The likelihood ratio test for the equality of k univariate normal populations is extended to include the case in which the means are expressed as simple linear regression functions involving two parameters, The moments of the likelihood ratio statistic are derived, and an approximation to the null distribution is obtained.
YidC Protein, a Molecular Chaperone for LacY Protein Folding via the SecYEG Protein Machinery

To understand how YidC and SecYEG function together in membrane protein topogenesis, insertion and folding of the lactose permease of Escherichia coli (LacY), a 12-transmembrane helix protein LacY that catalyzes symport of a galactoside and an H+, was studied. Although both the SecYEG machinery and signal recognition particle are required for insertion of LacY into the membrane, YidC is not required for translocation of the six periplasmic loops in LacY. Rather, YidC acts as a chaperone, facilitating LacY folding. Upon YidC depletion, the conformation of LacY is perturbed, as judged by monoclonal antibody binding studies and by in vivo cross-linking between introduced Cys pairs. Disulfide cross-linking also demonstrates that YidC interacts with multiple transmembrane segments of LacY during membrane biogenesis. Moreover, YidC is strictly required for insertion of M13 procoat protein fused into the middle cytoplasmic loop of LacY. In contrast, the loops preceding and following the inserted procoat domain are dependent on SecYEG for insertion. These studies demonstrate close cooperation between the two complexes in membrane biogenesis and that YidC functions primarily as a foldase for LacY. Background: YidC is required for LacY folding, but the details of this process are not clear. Results: YidC binds multiple LacY TM domains and is involved in LacY folding but not insertion. Conclusion: YidC binding to LacY directs the proper helix-helix interactions of LacY. Significance: This is the first detailed in vivo analysis of LacY insertion and YidC-LacY interactions.
Investigation of the Surface and Circulation Impacts of Cloud-Brightening Geoengineering

AbstractProjected increases in greenhouse gases have prompted serious discussion on geoengineering the climate system to counteract global climate change. Cloud albedo enhancement has been proposed as a feasible geoengineering approach, but previous research suggests undesirable consequences of globally uniform cloud brightening. The present study uses GFDL’s Climate Model version 2G (CM2G) global coupled model to simulate cloud albedo enhancement via increases in cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) to 1000 cm−3 targeted at the marine stratus deck of the Pacific Ocean, where persistent low clouds suggest a regional approach to cloud brightening. The impact of this regional geoengineering on global circulation and climate in the presence of a 1% annual increase of CO2 was investigated. Surface temperatures returned to near preindustrial levels over much of the globe with cloud modifications in place. In the first 40 years and over the 140-yr mean, significant cooling over the equatorial Pacific, continued Arct...
To Have Not and Want to Have

Almost exactly 18 months ago, in the same hotel and under the same auspices, I had the pleasure of speaking from the same platform with a distinguished Italian scholar who defended the right of the have-not nations to seek outlets for their population pressure and to control sources of supply for raw materials. He frankly said: “Force is the only solution. The inferior races must be sacrificed for the benefit of the strong.”
Change in urinary storage symptoms following treatment for female stress urinary incontinence

Sling surgery is common for stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Yet many women have stress-predominant mixed urinary incontinence (MUI). The change in urgency/urge urinary incontinence (U/UUI) following treatment is not well documented. Our aim was to assess changes in U/UUI in women undergoing a sling placement for MUI and correlate this with improvement in quality of life (QOL). This was a retrospective review of women treated for SUI with either an autologous rectus fascia pubovaginal sling (AF-PVS) or synthetic retropubic midurethral sling (MUS). Validated questionnaires—Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI-6), Incontinence Impact Questionnaire–Short Form (IIQ-7), and visual analog scale (VAS) were obtained pre- and postoperatively. The independent association between change in storage symptoms and subjective cure—as defined by improved overall score on UDI-6, VAS score ≥ 7, or both —were assessed using multivariate logistic regression. Nine hundred and twenty-seven women were identified for inclusion; 718 (77.5 %) had preoperative MUI, of whom 487 (67.8 %) received an MUS and 231 (32.2 %) an AF-PVS. Similar objective cure rates were noted following MUS vs. AF-PVS (78.2 % vs. 71.9 %, p = 0.315). Subjectively, women treated with MUS experienced greater improvement in U/UUI (72.8 % vs. 57.6 %, p = <0.001) than AF-PVS. Multivariate analysis showed MUS patients were more than twice as likely to show subjective improvement in UDI-6 and VAS scores than the AF-PVS cohort. Postoperatively, validated questionnaires were significantly associated with storage symptom outcome. Patients with U/UUI experience significant symptom improvement following treatment for MUI. QoL assessment following surgery is directly correlated with improvement in U/UUI.
'The Unequal Taxation of Equals' in a Consumption Tax World?

The goal of this chapter is to explore what would become of some of the fundamental inequities in the current income tax laws, as described in the first six chapters of the book, "Unequal Taxation of Equals", in an integrated consumption tax. Assuming Congress were to adopt a consumption tax (other than a stand-alone sales or value added tax), which is merged with current tax law, which of the problems with our current law would carry over (or become worse) under a tax regime which encourages more savings. For example, what would (or should) happen to employer provided tax-free fringe benefits, the home mortgage deduction (is it savings or consumption?), the charitable contributions (gifts of real estate vs. securities), the elusive distinction between "business" vs. "investment" expenses, different tax treatment of salaries and dividends, tax losses, tax basis issues, and taxation of the family unit? After first summarizing some basic concepts of consumption taxes, the chapter then discusses specific examples of the inequities in current law in the context of an integrated consumption tax.
Electrocardiographic screening of children and adolescents: the search for hidden risk.

This editorial refers to ‘Probability of diagnosing long QT syndrome in children and adolescents according to the criteria of the HRS/EHRA/APHRS Expert Consensus Statement’†, by M. Yoshinaga et al . on page 2490 . Subtlety of clinical presentation and unforeseen expression of life-threatening arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD) create important limitations for identifying patients at risk because of inherited arrhythmia disorders. Among the three classes of syndromes in the inherited arrhythmia category—inherited structural disorders associated with arrhythmia risk, inherited primary arrhythmia syndromes, and a subgroup of patients at risk for arrhythmic responses to drug effects and electrolyte disturbances ( Table 1 )1—those that have no identifiable structural component contributing to the early identification and prediction of risk are particularly challenging. The inherited long and short QT interval syndromes, Brugada syndrome, and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) are characterized by a first clinical presentation that is arrhythmic in nature. In the case of the long QT syndromes (LQTSs), the majority of first clinical events are unexplained syncope thought to be caused by arrhythmias, but a substantial proportion of first presentations are aborted sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) or sudden cardiac death (SCD).2 The consequences of the latter events are obvious: the victim may die suddenly during the first event, or a substantial proportion of those who are resuscitated survive for many years with lifestyle-limiting neurological dysfunction.3 View this table: Table 1 Classification of genetically associated life-threatening arrhythmia risk Another perspective derives from the anticipated life expectancy of individuals affected by the LQTSs. Since there are no competing structural or haemodynamic risks in this category of disorders, the only life-limiting feature is related to …
Assessment on uncertainty of Staphylococcus aureus count in quality control

Objective:To assess uncertainty of Staphylococcus aureus count in the quality control inspection and reducing error.Methods:Analyzing source of the uncertainty of Staphylococcus aureus count in the quality control inspection result(according to GB4789.10-2010) and calculating the uncertainty of logarithm of the results.Results:The content of Staphylococcus aureus 1.6×104～2.8×104 CFU/ml in quality control.Repeatability limit of this experiment was 1.27,reproducibility limit was 1.34.Conclusion:The analysis can effectively ensure credibility and accuracy of the results.The method was also appropriate to the testing samples of uncertainty of Staphylococcus aureus count.
Determination of hexavalent chromium in water by Ion chromatography-mass spectrometry

Objective:A method for the determination of hexavalent chromium in water by ion chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry was established.Methods: Sample was filtrated by a 0.22 μm micropore filter before injection.The separation of Cr(Ⅵ) was performed on a IonPac AS21 Analytical 2×250 mm column using solution of 20 mmol/L KOH as mobile phase,and the detection of Cr(Ⅵ) was carried out under selected ion monitoring(SIM) mode with monitoring ions of m/z118,117,101,85 and quantative ion of 117.Results: The calibration curve of Cr(Ⅵ) was linear in the range of 0 μg/L～100.0 μg/L with the method detection limit of 0.57 μg/L.The avarge recoveries(n=6) of Cr(Ⅵ) from blank samples spiked with three levels of 4.0 μg/L,10.0 μg/L,50.0 μg/L were 102%,101%,100% respectively,and the corresponding relative standard deviation were 1.27%,2.82% and1.63%.Comparing with the results by spectrophotometry,there was no significant difference.Conclusions: The method is simple,rapid,accurate and highly sensitive.
Natural and surgically imposed anastomoses of the circle of Willis.

AbstractThe efficacy of the circle of Willis as a flow equalizer is well known. Most cerebral macrovascu-latures also contain other natural anastomoses which are activated in times of stenotic stress. For the past several decades, neurosurgeons have surgically augmented the cerebral network with additional vessels which further increase the flow of blood to a defrauded region of the brain. It is desirable to know quantitatively what role these anastomoses play in the delivery of blood. Apart from computer simulation, such knowledge remains out of reach to the medical community but with modern simulation techniques, a wealth of information can be made available. This paper presents both time-dependent and period-averaged results of a detailed study of cerebral anastomoses. Four different models of the macrovasculature in the circle of Willis vicinity have been developed, two of which contain an extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) anastomosis. Five cases were developed to show how the amount of blood flow is ...
Use of Advertising to Institute Price Competition in Health Care Market: Some Preliminary Findings

The discord between the American Medical Association’s restrictive use of its ethical codes to forbid price advertising by its members and the Reagan administration’s counterpoints to institute price competition in the health-care market using the FTC and through legislative efforts have raised some difficult and yet unanswered questions about the role of price advertising. This paper attempts to provide some preliminary findings in response to these investigative interests.
Multimodality imaging of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas account for approximately 20% of cases of cholangiocarcinomas. Three growth patterns or morphologic subtypes exist, including mass-forming, periductal-infiltrating, and intraductal-growth subtypes. Knowledge of these morphologic subtypes and their radiologic appearance aids in timely diagnosis, a key to optimizing patient outcomes. The morphologic variability of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas has a direct impact on the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of various diagnostic imaging modalities, including ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), and positron emission tomography (PET). The following review emphasizes optimal imaging technique for each of these modalities and reviews the imaging appearance of each morphologic subtype of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
Nicotine disrupts safety learning by enhancing fear associated with a safety cue via the dorsal hippocampus

Learned safety, a learning process in which a cue becomes associated with the absence of threat, is disrupted in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A bi-directional relationship exists between smoking and PTSD and one potential explanation is that nicotine-associated changes in cognition facilitate PTSD emotional dysregulation by disrupting safety associations. Therefore, we investigated whether nicotine would disrupt learned safety by enhancing fear associated with a safety cue. In the present study, C57BL/6 mice were administered acute or chronic nicotine and trained over three days in a differential backward trace conditioning paradigm consisting of five trials of a forward conditioned stimulus (CS)+ (Light) co-terminating with a footshock unconditioned stimulus followed by a backward CS- (Tone) presented 20 s after cessation of the unconditioned stimulus. Summation testing found that acute nicotine disrupted learned safety, but chronic nicotine had no effect. Another group of animals administered acute nicotine showed fear when presented with the backward CS (Light) alone, indicating the formation of a maladaptive fear association with the backward CS. Finally, we investigated the brain regions involved by administering nicotine directly into the dorsal hippocampus, ventral hippocampus, and prelimbic cortex. Infusion of nicotine into the dorsal hippocampus disrupted safety learning.
Cellular immune response to DNA and vaccinia prime-boost immunization kills Plasmodium yoelii-infected hepatocytes in vitro.

Background Plasmid DNA encoding Plasmodium yoelii circumsporozoite protein (PyCSP) followed by boosting with recombinant vaccinia virus containing the PyCSP elicited significant protective immunity in mice that was primarily mediated by CD8+ T-cell responses directed to P. yoelii -infected hepatocytes. This study was to further explore protection using in vitro cultures of P. yoelii parasites in mouse hepatocytes. Spleen cells from DNA/vaccinia virus-immunized mice were co-cultured in vitro with mouse hepatocytes containing developing P. yoelii liver stage parasites. A semipermeable membrane separating spleen cells and hepatocytes was used to demonstrate if cell-to-cell contact was required. Inhibitors of mediators likely involved in spleen cell killing were added to these co-cultures. Spleen cells from immunized mice inhibited in vitro P. yoelii parasite development, and inhibition was eliminated by separating effectors and targets with the semipermeable membrane. Additionally, inhibitors of inducible nitric oxide synthase, caspase activation, NF-κB activation as well as antibodies against interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and ICAM-1 reduced parasite inhibition. These findings suggest that direct contact between spleen cells from immunized mice and P. yoelii-infected hepatocytes is required for eliminating liver stage parasites and provide more insight into CD8+ T-cell-mediated inhibition of malaria liver stage development.
The Biomedical Self and the Machine

Goering and colleagues (2017) propose that a relational model of agency and identity, as well as viewing neural devices as “embodying forms of relational agency,” can help address concerns regardin...
Segmental Acoustic Modeling for Speech Recognition

In recent years, several alternative acoustic models have been proposed that attempt to represent trends or correlation of observations over time. These models, which can be broadly classified as segment models, are surveyed in this chapter and presented in a general probabilistic framework that includes the hidden Markov model (HMM) as a special case. The overview gives options for modeling assumptions in terms of correlation structure and parameter tying and outlines the extensions to HMM recognition and training algorithms needed to handle segment models.
Without Space: The Politics of Precarity and Dispossession in Postsocialist Bucharest

The eviction of families from historically nationalized and recently restituted houses in Romania is tied in complicated ways to postsocialist transitional justice policies. Delayed enactment of re...
%MinMax: A versatile tool for calculating and comparing synonymous codon usage and its impact on protein folding

Most amino acids can be encoded by more than one synonymous codon, but these are rarely used with equal frequency. In many coding sequences the usage patterns of rare versus common synonymous codons is nonrandom and under selection. Moreover, synonymous substitutions that alter these patterns can have a substantial impact on the folding efficiency of the encoded protein. This has ignited broad interest in exploring synonymous codon usage patterns. For many protein chemists, biophysicists and structural biologists, the primary motivation for codon analysis is identifying and preserving usage patterns most likely to impact high-yield production of functional proteins. Here we describe the core functions and new features of %MinMax, a codon usage calculator freely available as a web-based portal and downloadable script (http://www.codons.org). %MinMax evaluates the relative usage frequencies of the synonymous codons used to encode a protein sequence of interest and compares these results to a rigorous null model. Crucially, for analyzing codon usage in common host organisms %MinMax requires only the coding sequence as input; with a user-input codon frequency table, %MinMax can be used to evaluate synonymous codon usage patterns for any coding sequence from any fully sequenced genome. %MinMax makes no assumptions regarding the impact of transfer ribonucleic acid concentrations or other molecular-level interactions on translation rates, yet its output is sufficient to predict the effects of synonymous codon substitutions on cotranslational folding mechanisms. A simple calculation included within %MinMax can be used to harmonize codon usage frequencies for heterologous gene expression.
Graph based semi-supervised learning in computer vision

Machine learning from previous examples or knowledge is a key element in many image processing and pattern recognition tasks, e.g. clustering, segmentation, stereo matching, optical flow, tracking and object recognition. Acquiring that knowledge frequently requires human labeling of large data sets, which can be difficult and time-consuming to obtain. One way to ameliorate this task is to use Semi-supervised Learning (SSL), which combines both labeled and raw data and incorporates both global consistency (points in the same cluster are likely to have the same label) and local smoothness (nearby points are likely to have the same label). There are a number of vision tasks that can be solved efficiently and accurately using SSL. SSL has been applied extensively in clustering and image segmentation. In this dissertation, we will show that it is also suitable for stereo matching, optical flow and tracking problems. Our novel algorithm has converted the stereo matching problem into a multi-label semi-supervised learning one. It is similar to a diffusion process, and we will show our approach has a closed-form solution for the multi-label problem. It sparks a new direction from the traditional energy minimization approach, such as Graph Cut or Belief Propagation. The occlusion area is detected using the matching confidence level, and solved with local fitting. Our results have been applied in the Middlebury Stereo database, and are within the top 20 best results in terms of accuracy and is considerably faster than the competing approaches. We have also adapted our algorithm, and demonstrated its performance on optical flow problems. Again, our results are compared with the ground truth and state of the art on the Middlebury Flow database, and its advantages in accuracy as well as speed are demonstrated. The above algorithm is also being used in our current NSF sponsored project, an Automated, Real-Time Identification and Monitoring Instrument for Reef Fish Communities, whose goal is to track and recognize tropical fish, initially in an aquarium and ultimately on a coral reef. Our approach, which combines background subtraction and optical flow, automatically finds the correct outline of multiple fish species in the field of view, and tracks the contour reliably over consecutive frames. Currently, near real-time results are being achieved, with a processing frame rate of 3-5 fps. The recent progress in semi-supervised learning applied to image segmentation is also briefly reviewed.
Nsf-Funded Research on Beleifs in Stem Education

This chapter looks at nearly two decades of research about beliefs on topics in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields and science education funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF). These studies encompass nearly every educational level and key policy recommendation in both formal and informal settings. The population that comprises these studies includes college and universities faculties and students, pre-service and in-service teachers, K-12 students and children, and policy makers.
Microfabrication of Photonic Structures with Higher Dimensionality

The manufacture of periodic micro- and nanostructures on macroscopic areas is a challenging task. Serial nano-production techniques such as electron or ion beam lithography [1, 2, 3, 4] are well suited to make structures with feature sizes below 10 nm, but the patterned areas are usually only several μm2 in size. Direct laser writing, where a laser is used to write patterns into a polymer resist, can be used to produce two- or three-dimensional structures with a resolution down to ∼100 nm [5, 6]. Like electron or ion beam lithography, this method is inherently serial and the time t needed for producing a pattern scales as t ∼ l α with l being the side length of the pattern and α the number of relevant dimensions in the fabricated photonic structure.
Developing Collaborations Between Child Welfare Agencies and Latino Communities

Collaborative efforts to achieve permanency planning and family stability for all children in the child welfare system are increasing. As Latino children and families constitute the fastest growing ethnic group in the child welfare system, it is important to understand how to develop culturally sensitive collaborations with their communities. The purpose of this article is to suggest helpful guidelines for developing collaborations between child welfare agencies and Latino communities.
Autoantibodies in the Extraintestinal Manifestations of Celiac Disease

Increased antibody reactivity towards self-antigens is often indicative of a disruption of homeostatic immune pathways in the body. In celiac disease, an autoimmune enteropathy triggered by the ingestion of gluten from wheat and related cereals in genetically predisposed individuals, autoantibody reactivity to transglutaminase 2 is reflective of the pathogenic role of the enzyme in driving the associated inflammatory immune response. Autoantibody reactivity to transglutaminase 2 closely corresponds with the gluten intake and clinical presentation in affected patients, serving as a highly useful biomarker in the diagnosis of celiac disease. In addition to gastrointestinal symptoms, celiac disease is associated with a number of extraintestinal manifestations, including those affecting skin, bones, and the nervous system. Investigations of these manifestations in celiac disease have identified a number of associated immune abnormalities, including B cell reactivity towards various autoantigens, such as transglutaminase 3, transglutaminase 6, synapsin I, gangliosides, and collagen. Clinical relevance, pathogenic potential, mechanism of development, and diagnostic and prognostic value of the various identified autoantibody reactivities continue to be subjects of investigation and will be reviewed here.
Stitching up broken DNA ends by FANCA

RAD52 rejoins resected broken DNA ends by mediating single-strand annealing. Our recent work elucidates that FANCA, a Fanconi anemia protein, also directly repairs double-strand breaks (DSBs) by catalyzing annealing of single-stranded DNA. FANCA and RAD52 likely play complementary roles to each other to prevent deleterious consequences of DSBs. Abbreviations: DSBs: DNA double-strand breaks; ICL: interstrand crosslink; ssDNA: single-stranded DNA; HR: homologous recombination; SSA: single-strand annealing; MMEJ: microhomology-mediated end joining; NHEJ: non-homologous end joining; GFP: green fluorescence protein.
Research on Plant Growth Simulation Method Based on ARToolkit

Augmented Reality is a new technology which can combine the real world information with the virtual world information seamless. In order to increase the sense of immersion and interactivity, thereby improving agricultural information service capabilities and expanding the exchange of seed industry exhibition and promotion capabilities, this paper provides a kind of interactive method to simulate the plant growth. Based on the target tracking localization algorithm of ARToolkit, through the relative distance positioning two rectangular markers, corresponding to different plant growth development period, the method can interact to realize the control of virtual objects, such as translation, rotation and zoom.
Nutritional assessment in the cat: Practical recommendations for better medical care:

Practical relevance:Pet owners want dietary recommendations from their veterinarian. Providing a brief nutritional assessment for every cat at every visit will result in better medical care and bui...
Activated Monomer Polymerization of an N-Sulfonylazetidine

Previously, N-(methanesulfonyl)azetidine (MsAzet) was found to polymerize anionically via ring-opening at temperatures >100 °C to form p(MsAzet) in the presence of an anionic initiator. In the curr...
Hyperpolarized 89Y-EDTMP complex as a chemical shift-based NMR sensor for pH at the physiological range.

Abstract Yttrium (III) complexes are interesting due to the similarity of their chemistry with gadolinium complexes that are used as contrast agents in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy or imaging (MRI). While most of the paramagnetic Gd3+-based MRI contrast agents are T1 or T2 relaxation-based sensors such as Gd3+-complexes for zinc or pH detection, a number of diamagnetic Y3+-complexes rely on changes in the chemical shift for potential quantitative MRI in biological milieu. 89Y, however, is a challenging nucleus to work with in conventional NMR or MRI due to its inherently low sensitivity and relatively long T1 relaxation time. This insensitivity problem in 89Y-based complexes can be circumvented with the use of dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) which allows for several thousand-fold enhancement of the NMR or MRI signal relative to thermal equilibrium signal. Herein, we report on the feasibility of using hyperpolarized 89Y-complexes with phosphonated open-chain ligands, 89Y-EDTMP and 89Y-DTPMP, as potential chemical shift-based pH NMR sensors. Our DNP-NMR data show that hyperpolarized 89Y-DTPMP has an apparent pKa ~ 7.01 with a 4 ppm-wide chemical shift dispersion with the signal disappearing at pH below 6.2. On the other hand, pH titration data on hyperpolarized 89Y-EDTMP show that it has an apparent pKa of pH 6.7 and a 16-ppm wide chemical shift dispersion at pH 5–9 range. In comparison, the previously reported hyperpolarized pH NMR sensor 89Y-DOTP has a pKa of 7.64 and ~ 10-ppm wide chemical shift dispersion at pH 4–9 range. Overall, our data suggest that hyperpolarized 89Y-EDTMP is better than hyperpolarized 89Y-DOTP in terms of pH sensing capability at the physiological range.
Brains, brawn, and beauty: The complementary roles of intelligence and physical aggression in attracting sexual partners.

The current study compared physical aggression to factors affecting socioeconomic status in the accumulation of sex partners over the life course. Our data sample was drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (men, n = 5,636; women, n = 6,787). Participants were examined in terms of the number of lifetime sex partners they reported, nonrelationship partners, cheating or infidelity, and concurrent relationships. Intelligence and physical violence emerged as being especially likely to boost sex partner accumulation for the number of lifetime sex partners and nonrelationship partners in men. Intelligence also interacted positively with men's violence in cross-sectional models but not longitudinally. Women's violence was not significant regardless of the outcome or model specification. Intelligence showed less consistent effects for women's mating indicators compared to men. Analyses controlled for well-known correlates of aggression and sexual behavior and factors associated with beauty, including interviewer reports of survey participants' physical attractiveness and maturity, as well as self-reported attractiveness, maturity, and health. Findings are consistent with evolutionary ideas regarding costly signaling as an effective mating strategy among men.
Feminist Facing up to the Logical Foundation of Dualist Philosophy: A Sequentialist Approach

There is a robust tendency within the contemporary feminist mainstream to argue against and ultimately reject the so-called ‘dualising or dualist philosophy’ (associated historically with the thoughts of Plato and Descartes, though from different perspectives) since it is the supportive paradigm background for any gender discrimination originated from (and it also admits of) the hegemonic sovereignty of masculinity over femininity. In this paper, having dived deeper into the feminist critical depiction of the logical binarist foundation on which the dualising philosophy is said to be well-grounded, I will proceed to portray and examine a sequence of doctrines that feminist philosophers have developed to shed light on the fact that the hegemonic sovereignty of masculinity over femininity has been theoretically initiated from the logical disjunction 'p or not p' (p v ~ p) to masculinity essentialism. Finally, I will end by pointing to a tension between underlying assumptions of the feminist sequentialist approach and what feminists themselves claim to adhere to as the highest ideal: non-naturalising gender differences.
Beyond Recidivism: Towards Accurate, Meaningful, and Comprehensive Data Collection on the Progress of Individuals Reentering Society

This chapter highlights and illustrates a number of flaws with current practices in the measurement of recidivism and offers suggestions for improvements in the measurement, collection, and sharing of data related to the experiences of individuals returning to society from incarceration, to make the information we collect and use accurate, meaningful, and useful. Many methods are currently employed to define and measure recidivism. Problems include lack of precision, lack of standardization, and possible bias. Multiple, precise, and uniformly defined measures should be used. Measures that focus on re-engagement with the criminal justice system are insufficient to gauge a reentering individual’s progress, which is likely to be incremental, will probably involve setbacks, and inevitably spans numerous policy areas. Instead of primarily emphasizing reentering individuals’ risks of recidivating, more attention should be placed on their needs, and on information about access to reentry resources to address those needs. Data sharing between different levels of government and policy domains, between custody and community, and across the public and nonprofit sectors can improve the delivery of resources and services, reducing waste and improving lives. Concerns about privacy and confidentiality, technological limitations, insufficient funding and capacity, and lack of motivation currently impede efforts to share and integrate data. With political will, support, and resources, obstacles to data sharing can be overcome.
Ex Post Settling Up in Cash Compensation: New Evidence

This paper provides new evidence on whether and how boards solve costly ex post settling up to recover CEO cash compensation for unrealized gains that fail to materialize. Our analyses are motivated by the likely expanding role for ex post settling up as the risk of compensating executives for unrealized gains that may never materialize increases in a more intangibles-based economy, as well as by the conflicting evidence of prior research. We provide evidence consistent with ex post settling up by: (i) using alternative truncation methods to derive observations most likely to fall within the theoretically-motivated incentive zone; (ii) replicating and reconciling the conflicting results of prior research that supports (Leone et al. 2006) and fails to support (Shaw and Zhang 2010) ex post settling up; (iii) using Incentive Lab data with contract-specific information allowing strong identification of observations in the incentive zone; and (iv) documenting predictable cross-sectional variation, with ex post settling up being more pronounced for firms with stronger corporate governance, less conservative accounting earnings, and a larger proportion of total pay in the form of cash compensation. Overall, we conclude that evidence is strong in support of the ex post settling up hypothesis.
Civil Rights, Labor, and Sexual Politics on Screen in Nothing But a Man (1964)

The independently made 1964 film Nothing But a Man is one of a handful of films whose production coincided with the civil rights insurgency and benefited from input from activists. Commonly listed in 1970s surveys of black film, the film lacks sustained critical attention in film studies or in-depth historical analysis given its significance as a landmark text of the 1960s. Documentary-like, but not a documentary, it offers a complex representation of black life, but it was scripted, directed, and filmed by two white men, Michael Roemer and Robert Young. This essay argues that the film’s unusual attention to labor and gender politics as key elements both of racial subordination and liberation resulted from an unusual and productive, though not egalitarian, collaboration across racial lines. The white and Jewish filmmakers recognized that the black freedom struggle in the U.S. South, one of “the most dramatic changes happening in America,” intersected with World War II–era mobilizations against fascism and postwar challenges to colonialism around the world. The filmmakers viewed black struggles for justice, dignity, and self-respect as integral to achieving a just society for everyone, which shaped how they conceived the social and familial effects of racialization and the cultural dynamics of white supremacy. Centering their film story on the struggles of a black couple drew on progressive strategies from the 1940s and 1950s to represent broadened democratic citizenship rights. Roemer and Young also had unusual access to the political debates of black activists because of Young’s recent work filming television documentaries in Nashville and in Angola. Thus, Nothing But a Man offers a rare glimpse into shifting relations between race and labor and between political economy and gender at their formative stages.
The role of senolytics in osteoporosis and other skeletal pathologies.

Abstract The skeletal system undergoes irreversible structural deterioration with aging, leading to increased fracture risk and detrimental changes in mobility, posture, and gait. This state of low bone mass and microarchitectural changes, diagnosed as osteoporosis, affects millions of individuals worldwide and has high clinical and economic burdens. Recently, pre-clinical studies have linked the onset of age-related bone loss with an accumulation of senescent cells in the bone microenvironment. These senescent cells appear to be causal to age-related bone loss, as targeted clearance of these cells leads to improved bone mass and microarchitecture in old mice. Additionally, other pathologies leading to bone loss that result from DNA damage, such as cancer treatments, have shown improvements after clearance of senescent cells. The development of new therapies that clear senescent cells, termed “senolytics”, is currently underway and may allow for the modulation of bone loss that results from states of high senescent cell burden, such as aging.
Youth Gun and Weapon Carrying and Suicide Rates for Those Aged 24 Years and Younger, 2005-2017.

PURPOSE Gun access among youth may contribute to youth suicide deaths by increasing practical capability. The present work examines the association between youth gun and weapon carrying behavior and suicide rates among those aged 24 years and younger. METHODS Using the 2005-2017 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, the associations over time between youth gun and weapon carrying and youth suicide rates were examined. A series of generalized estimating equations were used to examine population-level associations between states and across time. RESULTS As anticipated youth gun carrying behavior was a significant contributor to the prediction of firearm suicide rates for those aged 24 years and younger, with higher rates of youth gun carrying associated with higher suicide rates. Youth gun carrying was not a significant predictor of overall suicide rates for those aged 24 years and younger. Youth weapon carrying (which includes guns, knives, and other weapons) was a significant predictor of both firearm-specific and overall suicide rates for those aged 24 years and younger. CONCLUSIONS Previous research has linked youth gun carrying behavior to past year suicide attempts. This study represents the first attempt at examining the associations between youth gun carrying behavior and suicide mortality among the young. In line with our expectations, states with higher percentages of youth reporting gun and weapon carrying behavior had greater rates of suicide among the young (those aged 24 years and younger). The present work points toward the importance of limiting youth access to firearms in reducing suicide mortality.
The Cerebral Blood Flow Biomedical Informatics Research Network (CBFBIRN) data repository

Arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI provides an accurate and reliable measure of cerebral blood flow (CBF). A rapidly growing number of CBF measures are being collected both in clinical and research settings around the world, resulting in a large volume of data across a wide spectrum of study populations and health conditions. Here, we describe a central CBF data repository with integrated processing workflows, referred to as the Cerebral Blood Flow Biomedical Informatics Research Network (CBFBIRN). The CBFBIRN provides an integrated framework for the analysis and comparison of CBF measures across studies and sites. In this work, we introduce the main capabilities of the CBFBIRN (data storage, processing, and sharing), describe what types of data are available, explain how users can contribute to the data repository and access existing data from it, and discuss our long-term plans for the CBFBIRN.
Archaeological Evidence for Resilience of Pacific Northwest Salmon Populations and the Socioecological System over the last ~7,500 years

Archaeological data on the long history of interaction between indigenous people and salmon have rarely been applied to conservation management. When joined with ethnohistoric records, archaeology provides an alternative conceptual view of the potential for sustainable harvests and can suggest possible social mechanisms for managing human behavior. Review of the ~7,500-year-long fish bone record from two subregions of the Pacific Northwest shows remarkable stability in salmon use. As major changes in the ecological and social system occurred over this lengthy period, persistence in the fishery is not due simply to a lack of perturbation, but rather indicates resilience in the ecological–human system. Of several factors possibly contributing to resilience, low human population size and harvesting pressure, habitat enhancement, and suppression of competing predators do not appear to be of major importance. Flexible resource use, including human use of a range of local resources, many of which are linked in a food web with salmon, likely contributed to resilience. Most important were the beliefs and social institutions (including ownership, regulation, rituals, and monitoring) that placed restraints on salmon use as a common pool resource. In contrast, only a small fraction of our modern society relies economically on or has direct interaction with the fish, which limits our concern and willingness to fundamentally change behaviors that contribute to habitat degradation and loss, the main challenges facing salmon populations today. Salmon recovery efforts may benefit substantially from investing more resources into establishing links between community groups and actual fish populations, which would create a sense of proprietorship, one of the keys to resilience in the indigenous salmon fishery.
Drainage of Subphrenic Abscess

Although subphrenic abscesses may arise from primary infections of the biliary tract, the appendix, or the colon, in the great majority of cases subphrenic sepsis follows a previous abdominal operation. In De-Cosse, Poulin, Fox, and Condon’s study of 52 patients in whom subphrenic sepsis followed previous surgery, 22 of them developed abscesses subsequent to operations on the stomach and 11 of them, abscesses after biliary tract surgery. Other causes of subphrenic abscesses included surgery for trauma in 7 patients and colon operations in another 7 cases. These authors felt that postoperative bleeding was a common contributing cause in their series of subphrenic abscesses, many of which were, in fact, infected hematomas. Inadvertent splenectomy was another postoperative complication associated with left-sided subphrenic sepsis following gastric surgery.
Experimental acute Babesia caballi infections. II. Response of platelets and fibrinogen.

Abstract Ponies were acutely infected with Babesia caballi by inoculation with infected red blood cells (RBCs) containing 1 × 10 8 and 1 × 10 9 piroplasms. A series of blood samples taken before and after inoculation were analyzed for platelets and fibrinogen, and the results compared with similar analyses made on challenged, premunized ponies and on equids inoculated with uninfected RBCs. In acutely infected animals there were immediate decreases in platelet counts that persisted at least through Day 18 after inoculation (AI). Concomitantly, plasma fibrinogen levels rose, reaching peak values between Days 6–17. Clot retractions in vitro were impaired in these ponies during Days 9–16. No large diminutions in platelet counts or elevations of fibrinogen levels were observed in the challenged, premunized ponies or the group transfused with uninfected RBCs. In fact, the effect of challenge was to maintain or increase platelet counts. Our results plainly indicate that B. caballi can elicit alterations in clotting factor levels in its hosts during acute infections.
Hydrogen ionization in the shock layer for entry into the outer planets

Approximate assessments are presented for the chemical state of the shock layer with respect to the hydrogen ionization reaction for representative entries into Saturn, Uranus, and Jupiter. It is shown that, except for a steep entry into the Saturn nominal atmosphere, the computation of all entry probe gascaps for the outer planets can probably be considered on either a frozen or chemical equilibrium basis.
Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)

The TIMSS assessments began in 1995 and have been administered every four years with the next administration scheduled for 2015. In 2011, over 60 countries and other educational systems participated. TIMSS also administers a TIMSS Assessments that measures trends in advanced mathematics and physics among students during their last year of secondary school. The advance assessment was conducted in 1995 and 2008 and will be administered again in 2015.
Luminosity and astrometry of comets: A review

Visual and photographic observations of the brightness of comets are reviewed including methods and sources of errors. Nuclear magnitude estimates are discussed and interpreted in relation to determination of appropriate exposure times for photographic observations. The importance of brightness ephemarides is emphasized.
2,4-Dichloro­benzaldehyde

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C7H4Cl2O, the mol­ecules form a network of weak C—H⋯O inter­actions involving the aldehyde O atom and the ortho-H atom on the benzene ring together with C—H⋯O inter­actions between the formyl groups. Together, these connect the mol­ecules into (10\overline{1}) layers, which are stabilized additionally by π–π stacking inter­actions of the benzene rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.772 (1) A]. The aldehyde group is twisted relative to the benzene ring by 7.94 (13)°.
Parrot's pseudoparalysis, revisited.

Rothner AD, Klein N: Parrot's pseudoparalysis, revisited. Pediatrics 56:604, 1975. Dr. Klein's name should be given as Nora J. (rather than Norma) Klein.
Early Interventionists in Infant and Early Childhood Programs: A Comparison of Preservice Training Needs.

Recent changes in early childhood special education have led professionals to take a hard look at personnel preparation. It is clear that personnel certification standards and personnel preparation programs currently do not reflect the training called for by expanding roles or by the growing knowledge base. One of the major issues addressed has been the delineation of similar and disparate roles of early interventionists who will be employed to work with particular populations of children within the age continuum between birth and 6. Currently, the best guidance as to these different roles comes from expert opinion. The purpose of this paper is to summarize results of two studies designed to describe the roles of personnel employed in special programs for two different age groups, infants/toddlers and 3- to 5-year-olds, as well as perceived preservice training needs of these personnel.