cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of electron beam irradiation and antimicrobials on the volatiles, color, and texture of ready-to-eat turkey breast roll

: Breast rolls with 6 antimicrobial additive treatments—no preservatives (control), 0.1% potassium benzoate (PB), 2% sodium lactate (SL), 0.1% potassium benzoate plus 2% sodium lactate (PB + SL), 2% sodium lactate plus 0.1% sodium diacetate (SL + SDA), and 0.1% potassum benzoate, 2% sodium lactate, and 0.1% sodium diacetate (PB + SL + SDA)—were prepared. Samples were irradiated at 0, 1.0, or 2.0 kGy, and then the quality characteristics of turkey rolls were analyzed. Adding 2% SL increased the hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, and resilience of breast rolls. Addition of PB or SDA, and irradiation had no significant effect on texture. Adding 2% SL affected color values. The color a* and b* values of turkey rolls with 2% SL added were significantly lower than those of the control, and this difference was maintained after irradiation and during storage. No difference in color and texture was observed between turkey rolls added with SL and those added with SL + PB + SDA. Breast rolls containing antimicrobials had more lipid oxidation than control. Irradiation and storage slightly enhanced lipid oxidation, although the overall lipid oxidation was very low. Irradiation promoted the formation of dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide. Adding PB in breast rolls greatly increased the formation of benzene during irradiation, whereas other antimicrobial additives had no significant effects on volatiles.
An assessment of contemporary glacier fluctuations in Nepal's Khumbu Himal using repeat photography

) clean glaciers by as much as 50 percent of the ca. 1955 volumes at elevations ranging from approximately 5500-5600 masl, (c) the formation of new and potentially dangerous glacial lakes that had been debris covered glaciers (D-Type) in the 1950s, and (d) the ablation of most of the D-Type glaciers re-photographed. The findings support and complement those of recent investigations based almost entirely on remote sensing and computer modelling. However, detailed, on-the-ground field studies of potential climate change impacts on the people and environments of the Mt. Everest region are disturbingly absent. I suggest that only by systematically combining field and laboratory-based investigations will we acquire the tools to enable us to identify the real threats, non-threats, and ways in which local people can adapt and reduce vulnerabilities to climate change.
Multidetector CT of the solitary pulmonary nodule.

Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) technology has made a large impact on the evaluation of thoracic disease, particularly on the evaluation of aortic and thromboembolic disease. Less realized is its impact on the assessment of the pulmonary nodule. Pulmonary nodules are defined as roughly spherical circumscribed pulmonary opacities of density greater than the normal pulmonary parenchyma that are less then 3 cm in maximum cross-sectional diameter. The term “mass” is reserved for similar lesions greater than 3.0 cm. Solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) are typically asymptomatic and therefore discovered incidentally during evaluation of plain radiographs or computed tomography (CT) studiesperformedforunrelatedclinicalindications.Withthe increasinguseofchestCT,thesenodulesarefrequentlyidentified. Discovery of SPNs depends on the imaging modality used, geographical location, and patient demographics. On chest radiography, an estimated 0.09 to 0.20% of all studies contain SPNs. 1-4 In comparison, as high as 50% of patients in the aging smoking population have pulmonary nodules detected on CT, due to this modality’s higher spatial and contrastresolution. 5-7 TheEarlyLungCancerActionProject(ELCAP),whichusedlow-doseCTtoscreenhigh-risk(smoking)
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Based Characterization of Mineral Deposition from Precipitation Reactions

An accurate and convenient approach for monitoring the rate of mineral deposition on metals in real time was developed and involves use of an electrochemical cell employing the metallic collecting surface as a working electrode (WE). The WE serves as both the surface for mineral deposition and a sensor for probing subtle changes attributable to the growth of mineral deposits at the metal–mineral–water interface. The interfacial capacitance obtained from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used as a measure of surface coverage by the mineral scale. Results show that a constant-phase element (CPE) capacitance correlated very well with the mass of mineral deposits accumulated on the metal surface. Moreover, the characteristics of different minerals evaluated in this study, i.e., calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, and calcium phosphate, did not affect the CPE capacitance measurement significantly. Rather, the CPE capacitance was sensitive to small changes in the mineral mass deposited on the ele...
INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR IDENTIFYING POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES OF PROPOSED TRANSPORTATION CORRIDORS

Transportation projects often have delays, unnecessary duplication of efforts, and especially a lack of coordination among the involved agencies, leading to extra costs associated with the environmental review and approval process. The Florida Department of Transportation and University of Florida researchers are exploring several strategies for developing software tools to address such concerns. The goal is to identify major issues of the proposed transportation projects early in the planning phase so appropriate stakeholders can consult and resolve those issues before additional resources are invested in the project. Proposed is a methodological framework and a conceptual system design for building these software tools. The methodology for analyzing the impact is conceptualized as object-oriented, modular, and highly customizable. This approach offers analysis consistency and great flexibility for applications anywhere in the United States, provided that spatial databases are available. The system desig...
Smoking cessation and associated risk of metabolic syndrome in women

Evaluation of: Kwasniewska M, Pikala M, Kaczmarczyk-Chalas K et al. Smoking status, the menopausal transition, and metabolic syndrome in women. Menopause 19, 194–201 (2012). This study was a cross-sectional analysis of 7462 randomly selected Polish women, aged 20–74 years, who had completed the WOBASZ, a Polish National Multicenter Health Survey. Components of metabolic syndrome, including waist circumference, fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, blood pressure and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were measured in addition to BMI. The authors assessed the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in pre- and postmenopausal women with respect to smoking status (current smoking, past smoking or never smoked). They determined that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 3.3-fold higher in postmenopausal women compared with premenopausal women and that past smoking was associated with higher odds of metabolic syndrome, regardless of menopausal status. Previous studies that have examined the risk of developing m...
Large Epicardial Lipoma Associated with Rupture of the Interventricular Septum after an Acute Myocardial Infarct

We report a case of a large epicardial lipoma associated with an unusual rupture of an infarcted interventricular septum. The proximity of the attachment of the lipoma to the rupture site, together with the unusual shape and location of the rupture, suggest that the lipoma perpetrated the rupture.
Effect of nitrogen source on end products of naphthalene degradation.

Soil cultures, enrichment cultures, and pure culture isolates produced substantial quantities of salicylic acid from naphthalene in a mineral salts medium containing NH4Cl as the nitrogen source. However, when KNO3 was substituted for NH4Cl, these same cultures failed to accumulate detectable quantities of salicylic acid but did turn the medium yellow. When an isolate identified as a Pseudomonas species was used, viable cell numbers were much greater in the medium containing KNO3, but up to 94% of the naphthalene was utilized in both media. After 48 h of incubation in a 0.1% naphthalene-mineral salts medium, the cultures containing NH4Cl showed irregular clumped cells, a pH of 4.7, 42 μg of salicylic acid per ml, and the production of 4.4 ml of CO2. Under the same conditions, the cultures in the medium containing KNO3 showed uniform cellular morphology, a pH of 7.3, no salicylic acid, the production of 29.7 ml of CO2, and a distinct yellow coloration of the medium. The differences between nitrogen sources could not be accounted for by pH alone since results obtained using buffered media were similar. Growth with NH4NO3 displayed a pattern similar to that obtained when NH4Cl was used. The yellow coloration in the medium containing KNO3 was apparently due to more than one compound, none of which were 1,2-naphthoquinone or acidic in nature, as suggested by other investigators. Further attempts to identify the yellow compounds by high-pressure liquid chromatography, infrared analysis, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry have been unsuccessful thus far.
A 2014 update on the management of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Abstract Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, relapsing autoimmune connective tissue disease, primarily affecting the skin, joints, kidneys, heart, lungs, nervous system, blood elements, and serosal membranes. SLE is characterized by cytokine dysregulation, polyclonal B-cell activation, autoantibody production, and increased immune complex formation due to aberrations involving hyperactive B cells, T cells, and cells of the monocytic lineage. The symptoms of SLE are often diverse and nonspecific, and timely identification of SLE and associated comorbidities in patients is critical as aggressive monitoring and therapy may be warranted, especially in patients with poor prognoses. Based on the up-to-date understanding of the pathophysiology of SLE, the first targeted biological agent belimumab has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in more than 50 years, and many targeted agents are being evaluated in late-stage clinical trials. There is a clear need to discuss how and when to incorporate new and emerging biological agents in managing patients with SLE. Additionally, the potential for increased risk of infections is a factor that heavily influences the rheumatologist׳s decision to use biological agents in managing patients with SLE. Hence, in this roundtable educational activity, expert faculty will review and discuss the strategies for timely diagnosis of SLE and associated comorbidities. They will also discuss the current understanding of the pathophysiology of SLE and how new and emerging biological agents help address the underlying pathophysiological aberrations in patients with SLE. The faculty will also review strategies to minimize the risk of infections and other toxicities in patients with SLE.
A closest point algorithm for parametric surfaces with global uniform asymptotic stability

We present an algorithm that determines the point on a convex parametric surface patch that is closest to a given (possibly moving) point. Any initial point belonging to the surface patch converges to the (possibly moving) closest point without ever leaving the patch. Thus the algorithm renders the patch invariant and is globally uniformly asymptotically stable. The algorithm is based on a control problem formulation and solution via a switching controller and common control Lyapunov function. Analytic limits of performance are available, delineating values for control gains needed to out-run motion (and shape) and preserve convergence under discretization. Together with a top-level Voronoi diagram-based switching algorithm, the closest point algorithm treats parametric models formed by tiling together convex surface patches. Simulation results are used to demonstrate invariance of the surface patch, global convergence, limits of performance, relationships between low-level and top-level switching, and a comparison to competing Newton-iteration based methods.
Physical Activity Levels in U.S. Latino/Hispanic Adults: Results From the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos.

Introduction Physical activity (PA) prevalence among U.S. Latino/Hispanic adults of diverse backgrounds is not well known. This study describes PA among a representative sample of U.S. Latino/Hispanic adults. Methods A population-based cohort of Hispanic/Latino adults (aged 18–74 years) participating in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos from March 2008 to June 2011 (N=16,415) was recruited in four urban areas from Miami, the Bronx, Chicago, and San Diego. Participants wore an Actical hip accelerometer for 1 week ( n =12,253) and completed the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire ( n =15,741). Data were analyzed in 2015. Results Based on accelerometry, Hispanics/Latinos engaged in 23.8 minutes/day (10.3 minutes/day when only considering minutes from sustained 10-minute bouts) of moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA). Individuals of Puerto Rican and Dominican background had the most minutes/day of MVPA (32.1 and 29.1, respectively), whereas those of Cuban background had the fewest (15.3). Based on the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire, 65% of Hispanic/Latinos met the aerobic component of 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Men and individuals of Puerto Rican background had the most minutes/day of leisure-time MVPA (30.3 and 30.2, respectively). Individuals of Puerto Rican and Dominican background had the most minutes/day of transportation-related PA (48.7 and 39.7, respectively). Individuals of Mexican and Central American background had the most minutes/day of work-related MVPA (90.7 and 93.2, respectively). Conclusions Among Hispanics/Latinos, self-reported data provided information on the type of PA and helped explain variability identified from accelerometer-assessed PA. These findings highlight variability in PA among Hispanics from diverse ethnic backgrounds.
Compact 1 x 32 Splitter Network and Ring Resonator for Silicon-On-Insulator Rib Waveguide

We demonstrated compact 1 x 32 splitter network and ring resonator for silicon-on-insulator (SOI) rib waveguide with trench-based bends and splitters which occupied areas of only 700?m x 1600?m and 30?m x 30?m, respectively.
A Case Study of the Occupation of Syria by Arabians——A detailed study of Arabian conquest of Syria

According to Byzantine literature, the Arabian's conquering of Syria was not as indefensible as described in Arabic general history and the conquest was also not because of military power of the Arabians. As to Byzantine's losing of Syria, besides faults in strategies and tactics, the most important reason was that the dominance was contrary to the will of the local residents. The Arabians' successful and prolonged occupation of Syria was the result of tolerant policies and spiritual influence.
Repair of Skin Defect of Diabete Mellitus Rats by Gelatin-Chitosan Compound Nanofiber Membrane

Objective To investigate the effect of gelatin-chitosan compound nanofiber membrane on the repair of skin defect of the diabete mellitus rats. Methods The diabete mellitus rat model was established by streptozotocin and high-fat-sugar diet. The diabete mellitus rats treated with gelatin-chitosan compound nanofiber membrane and oily gauzes on the defects were as the experimental group,while those treated with oily gauzes only as control group. The defects of all rats were fixed with dry gauze bandage at the margin of outer packaging. Results Fourteen days after treatment with gelatin-chitosan compound nanofiber membrane,the wound was smaller than that in the control group,while the rate of wound healing of experimental group was significantly higher than that of control group. Conclusion Gelatin-chitosan compound nanofiber membrane can promote the repair of skin destruction.
Combined inhibition of P-selectin and ICAM-1 reduces myocardial injury following ischemia and reperfusion

Neutrophil-endothelial cell interactions are mediated by a number of cell adhesion proteins. We investigated the effects of inhibition of P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), individually or in combination, in the ischemic-reperfused canine myocardium. Monoclonal antibodies PB1.3 (anti-P-selectin) and CL 18/6 (anti-ICAM-1) were administered to dogs subjected to coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. After reperfusion, untreated dogs experienced a 61% decline (P < 0.01 vs. baseline) in myocardial blood flow and a ninefold increase in ischemic zone neutrophil accumulation (4.7 +/- 0.9 U/100 mg tissue myeloperoxidase activity). In contrast, PB1.3 and CL 18/6 administered individually preserved myocardial blood flow (11 and 24% decrease from baseline, respectively, both P < 0.01 vs. saline), and significantly attenuated myeloperoxidase activity (1.4 +/- 0.3 and 1.5 +/- 0.26 U/100 mg tissue, respectively, both P < 0.01 vs. saline). PB1.3 and CL 18/6 in combination resulted in significant coronary vascular and myocardial protection that was not superior to treatment with either antibody alone. Thus the coadministration of anti-P-selectin and anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies does not enhance the degree of myocardial protection in this model of reperfusion injury.
Malacoplakia presenting as complete unilateral ureteral obstruction.

Abstract We report a case of malacoplakia presenting as a nonfunctioning kidney in the setting of previous stone disease and recurrent urinary tract infection. Complete mid ureteral obstruction, a rare result of malacoplakia, was documented by antegrade and retrograde pyelography and other imaging techniques. Nephroureterectomy revealed thick mucosal plaques in the renal pelvis and ureter with characteristic foamy histiocytes containing Michaelis-Gutmann bodies.
A prospective comparison of phakic collamer lenses and wavefront-optimized laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis for correction of myopia.

Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare night vision and low-luminance contrast sensitivity (CS) in patients undergoing implantation of phakic collamer lenses or wavefront-optimized laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK).
The Conservative Workplace Constitution Divides the New Right Coalition

“The Administration’s ... commitment to strict construction” Howard Baker “No person should be forced to pay servitude to any organization whose ideology is contrary to their beliefs just in order to feed their family,” Harry Beck insisted. Square jawed and stocky, Beck grew up in the sleepy Chesapeake Bay town of La Plata, Maryland, where he took a working-class path through the tumultuous 1960s. After graduating from high school, Beck went to work at the local telephone company and happily joined the Communications Workers of America (CWA). In 1964, he returned to his job after a stint in the Air Force. This time, Beck was less happy with his union. He fought to wrest representation of outposts like his from large urban-based locals that he believed shorted small-town members on pay and protected a “radical element of the union hierarchy.” As Beck told it, after being excluded from secret union meetings, rebuffed by the National Labor Relations Board, and losing his coinstigators to mysterious deaths, his rebellion dissipated in 1966. In prevailing accounts, during the 1960s and 1970s, blue-collar workers took their political turns left or right without straying from the union. Beck instead quit the CWA, joined the National Right to Work Committee, and spent the next two decades fighting his former union from the outside. In the 1970s, Beck and the National Right to Work Legal Defense Foundation extended the right-to-work movement’s constitutional challenge against agency shops to the vast majority of workplaces governed by the National Labor Relations Act. Forty years earlier, Cecil B. DeMille had pioneered the right-to-work movement so as to “change the minds of the city Councils, the legislatures, the governors, and the Congress” and ultimately “change the mind of the Supreme Court.” With conservatives’ clout rising during the 1970s and the partial victory of Abood already achieved, the movement he spawned seemed poised to claim that prize. Unless, that was, the ties between right-to-work advocates’ workplace Constitution and its liberal twin proved a liability rather than an asset, once conservatives came to power.
An Extrapolated Crank-Nicolson Difference Scheme for Quasilinear Parabolic Equations†

Publisher Summary This chapter formulates and analyzes modification of the standard Crank–Nicolson difference scheme for quasilinear partial differential K (y, t, w, ∂w/∂x) ∂w/∂t = ∂2/∂x2 + f (x, t, w, ∂w/∂x), which requires approximately half the number of evaluations of the functions K and f as the predictor-corrector methods.
CDK4 and CDK6 Inhibition in Breast Cancer — A New Standard

Breast cancer is the most prevalent type of malignant neoplasm worldwide, and estrogen-receptor (ER)–positive breast cancer is the most common phenotype. Outcomes continue to improve, but many patients present with advanced disease or have recurrence of disease that progressively becomes resistant to endocrine therapy. Efforts to enhance responsiveness to treatment and to overcome primary or acquired resistance through cotargeting of estrogen and cell proliferation–survival signaling pathways led to the recent approval of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase–Akt–mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4 and CDK6) inhibitors for the treatment of advanced ER-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 . . .
Processing of the MHV-A59 Gene 1 Polyprotein by the 3C-Like Proteinase

The 3C-like proteinase of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-3CLpro) is predicted to cleave at least 10 sites in the gene 1 polyprotein, resulting in processing of proteinase, polymerase and helicase proteins from the polyprotein. We have used E. coli expressed recombinant 3CLpro (r3CLpro) to define cleavage sites in carboxy-terminal region of the ORF 1a polyprotein. Polypeptides containing one or more putative 3CLpro cleavage site were translated in vitro from subcloned regions of gene 1, and the polypeptides were incubated with r3CLpro. Analysis of the cleavage products confirmed several putative cleavage sites, as well as identifying cleavage sites not previously predicted by analysis of the MHV sequence. Antibodies directed against a portion of the ORF la polyprotein were used to probe virus infected cells, and detected proteins that correspond to the cleavage sites used by 3CLpro in vitro. These results suggest that MHV 3CLpro cleaves at least 7 sites in the ORF la polyprotein, and that the specificity of 3CLpro for cleavage site dipeptides may be broader than previously predicted.
Hans Albert Maier, Stefan George und Thomas Mann. Zwei Formen des drillen Humanismus in kritischtm Vergleich: Zürich: Speer-Verlag, 1946.

(1948). Hans Albert Maier, Stefan George und Thomas Mann. Zwei Formen des drillen Humanismus in kritischtm Vergleich. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 68-71.
Imperial Thirst: Water and Colonial Administration in Algeria, 1840–1880

“Water,” wrote the mayor’s council late in the nineteenth century, “is the only thing holding Algiers back from expanding its glory as the queen of African cities.” Paris uses 240 liters of water per person per day, it reported; New York, Philadelphia and Chicago 400 liters. Algiers could only muster a meager 60 liters per day per person, far below the levels necessary to feed a population, fill wells, and scrub a city of its toxins. For over half a century, the council reported, Algiers had thirsted after the clean water necessary to make it a great city. If the French were to make Algiers truly modern, they would need to solve this vexing problem of water.Thus the council summed up one of the ongoing challenges in continuing settler colonialism in Algeria. Environmental projects—battling epidemic disease, drought, locust invasions, and providing/establishing hydraulic control—became important factors in the rise and expansion of the colonial state. In the midst of a crippling environmental disaster, water—access to fresh water for drinking, controlling agricultural infrastructure, and ensuring cities were “hygienic”—became a site of contention in the creation of the modern state. In this paper I will briefly examine how the physical control of water resources, along with discourses about modernity and modern governance, contributed to the expansion of the colonial state by the end of the 1860s.
Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging Protocol of the Normal Canine Brain.

ABSTRACT Perfusion MRI, specifically dynamic susceptibility MRI (DSC-MRI) is routinely performed as a supplement to conventional MRI in human medicine for patients with intra-cranial neoplasia and cerebrovascular events. There is minimal data on the use of DSC-MRI in veterinary patients and a DSC-MRI protocol in the veterinary patient has not been described. Sixteen normal dogs, 6 years or older were recruited for this study. The sample population included 11 large dogs (>11kg) and 5 small dogs (11kg, a useable arterial input function (AIF) and perfusion map was generated. One dog less than 11kg received the same contrast dose and rate. In this patient, the protocol did not generate a useable AIF. The remainder of the dogs less than 11kg followed a protocol of 0.2mmol/kg gadolinium-based contrast media at 1.5ml/sec with a 10ml saline flush at 1.5 ml/sec. A useable AIF and perfusion map was generated in the remaining dogs <11kg using the higher contrast dose and slower rate protocol. This study establishes a contrast dose and administration rate for canine DSC-MRI imaging that is different in dogs greater than 11kg compared to dogs less than 11kg. These protocols may be used for future applications to evaluate hemodynamic disturbances in canine intracranial pathology.
Search for rare k+ decays. ii. k+ ---> pi+ nu anti-nu

In a counter experiment at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Bevatron we have searched for the process ${K}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}\ensuremath{\nu}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ in the kinetic energy interval $60l{T}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}l105$ MeV and have found no examples of this decay mode. Combining our data with those of Klems, Hildebrand, and Stiening for the interval $117l{T}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}l127$ MeV, we obtain the limit $\ensuremath{\Gamma}({K}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}\ensuremath{\nu}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}})l5.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ $\ensuremath{\Gamma}({K}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{all})$, assuming a (vector) pion spectrum like that for ${K}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}{e}^{+}\ensuremath{\nu}$. Limits are presented for other assumed spectra.
Identifying Women at High Risk for Breast Cancer Using Data From the Electronic Health Record Compared With Self-Report

PURPOSEA barrier to chemoprevention uptake among high-risk women is the lack of routine breast cancer risk assessment in the primary care setting. We calculated breast cancer risk using the Breast ...
William Ladd before the Halifax explosion

Legend holds that treating the hundreds of children injured in the Halifax explosion of December 6, 1917, compelled Dr. William E. Ladd (1880-1967) to dedicate his career to the surgical care of infants and children. However, he had made the commitment to be a pediatric surgeon several years before when he joined the voluntary staff of the Children's Hospital of Boston in 1910. In the years before Halifax, he was among the vanguard of American surgeons who brought the mortality of intussusception to 45% from 90%, and of pyloric stenosis to 15% from 60%. Among his early innovations was the contrast enema for intussusception for diagnosis and therapy. Shortly after the explosion, Dr. Ladd led a medical relief effort of 100 doctors, nurses, and orderlies from Boston. With supplies enough for a 500-bed hospital, they battled through a blizzard, downed telegraph lines, and blocked railways to reach the strickened city on December 9. The enormity of the Halifax tragedy and the dedication of Dr. Ladd and his team led to the creation myth of the birth of pediatric surgery. The record was set straight by Dr. Ladd himself in a handwritten letter to a pediatric surgeon who had asked about when he dedicated himself to the field. "The Children's was [my] very first and most permanent love," Ladd wrote. "As soon as it became feasible after the first World War, I devoted myself exclusively to pediatric surgery and have never regretted it."
RELATIVE PRIORITY OF MARITIME LIENS

This is a plea for the adoption of the broad generalization laid down in The Bold Bu ccleugh7l that all maritime liens, from whatever source arising, are to be paid in the inverse order of their accrual. It was said in that case that "This rule which is simple and intelligible, is in our opinion applicable to all cases." Yet though The Bold Buccleugh has been approved in principle both by the House of Lords2 and by our own Supreme Court,3 the generalization logically deducible from that principle has not been formally adopted by either of those high tribunals. The result is that much uncertainty still exists in the decisions and the textbooks as to the underlying principle controlling priorities among maritime liens. An exception to the above generalization should probably be made in favor of liens for mariners' wages, not only for the traditional and sentimental reasons intimated in the John G. Stevens,4 but on the more solid ground that such liens cannot be treated as secret liens since everybody knows that mariners are not paid in advance. Local rules for arbitrarily determining what liens for supplies and repairs shall be deemed contemporaneous, and so of equal rank, are also excepted.5 It would not be easy to trace with accuracy the development of the modern law of maritime liens. The opinion of Mr. Justice Curtis in The Young Mechanic6 exhausts the subject of its relation to the Roman Law. He points out that while the express hypothecation of the ship by bottomry was recognized as creating a j]us in re, the privilege or preference accorded to claims for advances to build, purchase, or equip the ship, or to provide for necessary repairs and supplies in the course of the voyage, was a mere personal privilege to be paid in preference to general creditors. If that be so, the preference was merely incidental to an equitable apportionment of the fund among attaching creditors. On the other hand, the doctrine of tacit hypothecation based on benefits conferred was well established and is apparently as applicable to the building or repair of a ship as of a house; but no doubt the weight of scholarship is in accord with the conclusion expressed by the learned justice. Reddie says that the preference was given inspection of priority in date. on the ground that such advances preserved the fund for all creditors.7
Schlieren Image Velocimetry (SIV)

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is a quantitative optical method used in experimental fluid dynamics that captures entire 2D/3D velocity field by measuring the displacements of numerous small particles that follow the motion of the fluid. In its simplest form, PIV acquires two consecutive images (with a very small time delay) of flow field seeded by these tracer particles, and the particle images are then cross-correlated to yield the instantaneous fluid velocity field. The nature of PIV measurement is rather indirect as it determines the particle velocity instead of the fluid velocity. It is assumed in PIV that tracer particles “faithfully” follow the flow field without changing the flow dynamics. To achieve this, the particle response time should be faster than the smallest time scale in the flow. The flow tracer fidelity in PIV is characterized using Stokes number, S k , where a smaller Stokes number (S k < 0.1) represents excellent tracking accuracy. Conversely, schlieren and shadowgraph are truly nonintrusive techniques that rely on the fact that the change in refractive index causes light to deviate due to optical inhomogeneities present in the medium. Schlieren methods can be used for a broad range of high-speed turbulent flows containing refractive index gradients in the form of identifiable and distinguishable flow structures. In schlieren image velocimetry (SIV) techniques, the eddies in a turbulent flow field serve as PIV “particles.” Unlike PIV, there are no seeding particles in SIV. To avoid confusion, a quotation mark is used for “particles” when describing the SIV techniques. As the eddy length scale decreases with the increasing Reynolds number, the length scales of the turbulent eddies become exceptionally important. These self-seeded successive schlieren images with a small time delay between them can be correlated to find velocity field information. Thus, the analysis of schlieren and shadowgraph images is of great importance in the field of fluid mechanics since this system enables the visualization and flow field calculation of unseeded flow.
School Composition and Context Factors that Moderate and Predict 10th-Grade Science Proficiency.

BackgroundPerformance in high school science is a critical indicator of science literacy and regional competitiveness. Factors that influence science proficiency have been studied using national da...
Genes and Drugs as Behavior Modifying Agents

Hybrid sciences are not uncommon. The status of psychopharmacology and behavior genetics is attested by the existence of specialty journals, textbooks and organized associations. Pharmacogenetics is less well defined as a separate area, but various books and reviews testify to its vigor. Now, we have a book on psychopharmacogenetics which is clearly the offspring of three parental sciences, genetics, pharmacology and psychology. Is this simply an area of overlap between three established areas or does it have characteristics of its own, even a touch of heterosis or hybrid vigor?
Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty versus intragastric balloon insertion: Efficacy, durability, and safety

Background Intragastric balloon (IGB) placement and endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG) are reported to be safe and effective endoscopic bariatric therapies. This study aimed to compare the patient demographics and therapeutic outcomes between the IGB and ESG procedures. Methods: This was a retrospective review of prospectively collected data from consecutive patients between December 2015 and October 2017 who underwent IGB or ESG at a single academic center. Fluid-filled IGBs implanted for a 6-month duration were used. IGB and ESG patients were subjected to identical post-procedure dietary instructions and follow-up protocols. Body weight was recorded at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post-procedure. Results A total of 47 patients underwent IGB insertion and 58 underwent ESG. The IGB cohort had a lower baseline body mass index (BMI) than the ESG (34.5 vs. 41.5 kg/m2; P Conclusions IGB placement and ESG result in clinically meaningful weight loss. However, ESG appears to provide clinically superior and more enduring weight loss with fewer adverse events compared with an IGB.
The Effect of Redundant Degrees of Freedom on Manipulator's Kinematic Characteristics

In order to verify the necessity and effectiveness of redundant degrees of freedom (DOF) of anthropomorphic manipulators, the effects of redundant DOFs on manipulator's kinematic characteristics are quantitatively studied. Firstly, the manipulator configurations with 6, 7 and 8 DOFs as well as optimal position and posture structure are introduced. Kinematic models of the three manipulators with the same maximum working radius, the same joint motion range are established. Workspace, Jacobian condition number and manipulability of the three manipulators are obtained respectively through numerical simulations, and their kinematic characteristics are analyzed from three aspects. Then, the distribution of relative manipulation capabilities in the workspaces and the optimal workspace of the three manipulators are obtained based on the concept of global relative manipulability. Through comparing and analysis, the effects of redundant DOFs on workspace, movement flexibility and manipulability of manipulators are obtained, which can provide theoretical basis for the configuration design of anthropomorphic manipulators.
AssessORF: combining evolutionary conservation and proteomics to assess prokaryotic gene predictions.

Motivation A core task of genomics is to identify the boundaries of protein coding genes, which may cover over 90% of a prokaryote's genome. Several programs are available for gene finding, yet it is currently unclear how well these programs perform and whether any offers superior accuracy. This is in part because there is no universal benchmark for gene finding and, therefore, most developers select their own benchmarking strategy. Results Here, we introduce AssessORF, a new approach for benchmarking prokaryotic gene predictions based on evidence from proteomics data and the evolutionary conservation of start and stop codons. We applied AssessORF to compare gene predictions offered by GenBank, GeneMarkS-2, Glimmer and Prodigal on genomes spanning the prokaryotic tree of life. Gene predictions were 88-95% in agreement with the available evidence, with Glimmer performing the worst but no clear winner. All programs were biased towards selecting start codons that were upstream of the actual start. Given these findings, there remains considerable room for improvement, especially in the detection of correct start sites. Availability and implementation AssessORF is available as an R package via the Bioconductor package repository. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Place of refuge photos and research note: how the Mayo Clinic uses the serious leisure perspective within a mechanical and humanic environmental healthcare design to reduce stress

The purpose of this research note is to directly build on the Dieser et al. (2017) study that summarized how the serious leisure perspective (SLP) present at the contemporary Mayo Clinic (Rochester...
When Twice as Good Isn't Enough: The Case for Cultural Competence in Computing

The commonly documented diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) issues in the computing workforce are the direct result of corporate cultures that benefit specific groups and marginalize others. This culture usually begins in undergraduate computing departments, where the demographic representation mirrors that of industry. With no formal courses that focus on the non-technical issues affecting marginalized groups and how to address and eradicate them, students are indirectly taught that the current status quo in computing departments and industry is not only acceptable, but also unproblematic. This directly affects students from marginalized groups (as the reasons for attrition are similar in both higher education and industry), as well as faculty (as biased student evaluations directly affect hiring, promotion, and tenure decisions). This position paper presents the need for cultural competence as a required focus for university computing departments nationwide. By improving these issues before students complete baccalaureate computing degrees, companies will have talent pools that better understand the importance and necessity of DEI and also work to ensure they help foster a more diverse, equitable, and inclusive environment. In addition, more students from marginalized groups will be retained in the major through degree completion.
PREDICTIVE VALUE OF APICAL STRAIN PATTERN FOR CARDIAC AMYLOIDOSIS

Cardiac amyloidosis remains poorly diagnosed, with significant delays in diagnosis leading to increased morbidity and mortality. An apical sparing strain pattern on echocardiogram correlated with cardiac amyloidosis in a prior, small, selected patient population with a 93% sensitivity and 82%
Stigma of Mental Illness: an Exploration of Rural Law Enforcement Attitudes Toward Mental Health in the Heartland

Law enforcement officers encounter a large number of individuals with mental illness. Due to this, law enforcement officers—especially those in rural agencies—are tasked with providing frontline mental health services and making decisions about the future care of the individual. Still, the mental health training received by officers is insufficient, which may result in stigmatic perceptions. However, little is known about perceptions of mental illness held by rural law enforcement officers, as much literature on law enforcement takes place in urban areas. Researchers of the current study surveyed law enforcement officers employed in rural communities within a heartland state on their views of mental illness, training, and treatment. Results from the current study suggest rural law enforcement officers hold overall positive views of mental illness. However, findings continue to outline the need for increased resources for those with a mental illness and those working in rural communities.
Hepatitis C antibody screening and determinants of initial and duplicate screening in the baby boomer patients of six urban primary care clinics.

Introduction In 2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released updated guidelines recommending universal, one-time hepatitis C virus screening for all individuals born between 1945 and 1965. Prior to the implementation of these guidelines, testing rates were inappropriately low, but unnecessary duplicate antibody testing was also problematic. In the era of increased efforts to screen "baby boomers", the prevalence and social determinants of initial and duplicate hepatitis C testing have not been well described. Methods A hepatitis C screening program was implemented at six urban primary care clinics affiliated with Drexel University College of Medicine. Data was collected regarding the screening patterns in these clinics. Annual screening rates for the program were assessed. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association of demographic variables and the outcomes of subjects having ever been tested and subjects having received duplicate testing. Results Following the implementation of the program, the screening rate increased from 16% in the first year of analysis to 82% in the final year of analysis. Of the 6,717 patients screened, 1,207 had duplicate testing, of which 14% had inappropriate duplicate antibody screening. African Americans and Asian patients had a higher odds of being screened. Patients with public insurance had a higher odds of duplicate screening. Conclusions In the setting of an aggressive hepatitis C screening program, high testing rates may be attained in a target population. However, inappropriate duplicate antibody testing rates may be high, which may be a burden in resource-limited settings.
Pediatric Anterior Glenohumeral Dislocation Risk Factors Measured on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (mri)

Purpose: In the adult population, anterior glenohumeral instability has been associated with a tall and narrow glenoid morphology, assessed as glenoid index (GI). This morphological association has not been assessed in children and adolescents. This study was designed to examine the association of GI with anterior glenohumeral dislocation in patients 19 years old and younger using a case-control study design. Methods: An institutional radiology database was queried over a 10-year period to …
Case 31-2020: A 48-Year-Old Man with Lymphoma and Abdominal Pain.

A Man with Lymphoma and Abdominal Pain A 48-year-old man with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was evaluated in the oncology clinic because of pain in the bilateral inguinal regions and upper quadrant...
Russia’s Involuted Paths toward and within Educational Modernity

The articles in this cluster explore the past and present trajectories of educational change in Russia from the 18th century to the present day. The authors focus on the multiple social actors, vis...
iTOC: Enabling Efficient Non-Visual Interaction with Long Web Documents

Interacting with long web documents such as wiktionaries, manuals, tutorials, blogs, novels, etc., is easy for sighted users, as they can leverage convenient pointing devices such as a mouse/touchpad to quickly access the desired content either via scrolling with visual scanning or clicking hyperlinks in the available Table of Contents (TOC). Blind users on the other hand are unable to use these pointing devices, and therefore can only rely on keyboard-based screen reader assistive technology that lets them serially navigate and listen to the page content using keyboard shortcuts. As a consequence, interacting with long web documents with just screen readers, is often an arduous and tedious experience for the blind users.To bridge the usability divide between how sighted and blind users interact with web documents, in this paper, we present iTOC, a browser extension that automatically identifies and extracts TOC hyperlinks from the web documents, and then facilitates on-demand instant screen-reader access to the TOC from anywhere in the website. This way, blind users need not manually search for the desired content by moving the screen-reader focus sequentially all over the webpage; instead they can simply access the TOC from anywhere using iTOC, and then select the desired hyperlink which will automatically move the focus to the corresponding content in the document. A user study with 15 blind participants showed that with iTOC, both the access time and user effort (number of user input actions) were significantly lowered by as much as 42.73% and 57.9%, respectively, compared to that with another state-of-the-art solution for improving web usability.
Anesthetics affect peripheral venous pressure waveforms and the cross-talk with arterial pressure.

Analysis of peripheral venous pressure (PVP) waveforms is a novel method of monitoring intravascular volume. Two pediatric cohorts were studied to test the effect of anesthetic agents on the PVP waveform and cross-talk between peripheral veins and arteries: (1) dehydration setting in a pyloromyotomy using the infused anesthetic propofol and (2) hemorrhage setting during elective surgery for craniosynostosis with the inhaled anesthetic isoflurane. PVP waveforms were collected from 39 patients that received propofol and 9 that received isoflurane. A multiple analysis of variance test determined if anesthetics influence the PVP waveform. A prediction system was built using k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) to distinguish between: (1) PVP waveforms with and without propofol and (2) different minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) groups of isoflurane. 52 porcine, 5 propofol, and 7 isoflurane subjects were used to determine the cross-talk between veins and arteries at the heart and respiratory rate frequency during: (a) during and after bleeding with constant anesthesia, (b) before and after propofol, and (c) at each MAC value. PVP waveforms are influenced by anesthetics, determined by MANOVA: p value < 0.01, η2 = 0.478 for hypovolemic, and η2 = 0.388 for euvolemic conditions. The k-NN prediction models had 82% and 77% accuracy for detecting propofol and MAC, respectively. The cross-talk relationship at each stage was: (a) ρ = 0.95, (b) ρ = 0.96, and (c) could not be evaluated using this cohort. Future research should consider anesthetic agents when analyzing PVP waveforms developing future clinical monitoring technology that uses PVP.