cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Wait-Free Multi-Word Compare-and-Swap Operation

The number of cores in future multi-core systems are expected to increase by 100 fold over the next decade. The fine-grained synchronization methods found in wait-free algorithm designs makes them desirable for these future systems. Unfortunately, such designs are often inhibited by the limitations of portable atomic hardware primitives. Typically these primitives can only operate on a single address at a time, while concurrent algorithms often need to operate on multiple addresses. To support such algorithms we present a practical wait-free Multi-word-compare-and-swap. The wait-free property ensures that each thread completes its operation in a finite number of steps, even if it is continuously interrupted. Our approach uses a progress assurance scheme that allows a blocked thread to announce that it is unable to make progress. This differs from traditional lock-free helping techniques where a thread will only help complete an operation that is in conflict with its own. Our design is practical in that it is built from only portable atomic operations, it is efficient in its utilization of memory (i.e. requiring only a single bit to be reserved from each word, not requiring use of explicit memory barriers, and requiring only four words per address in the operation), and has a wait-free progress guarantee. When tested in a high contention scenario with 64 threads executing updates on a single multi-word object, our wait-free design performs on average 77.1 % more operations than other practical approaches. Over all tested scenarios, our design performs on average 8.3 % more operations.
Comparison of survival rates for patients with uveal melanoma after treatment with proton beam irradiation or enucleation.

We compared survival experiences for three groups with uveal melanoma: (1) 120 patients treated by proton beam irradiation from 1975 to 1981; (2) 235 patients treated by enucleation from 1953 to 1973 (enucleation group 1); and (3) 161 patients treated by enucleation from 1975 to 1981 (enucleation group 2). The following variables were predictive of melanoma-related deaths. Treatment: rate ratio (ratio of the rate of death for one category of the variable relative to the rate of death for another category) of 6.32 (95% confidence interval 1.70 to 23.51) for enucleation group 1 vs proton beam, 3.06 (0.81 to 11.54) for enucleation group 2 vs proton beam, and 2.07 (1.05 to 4.07) for enucleation group 1 vs enucleation group 2. Size: rate ratio of 3.61 (1.51 to 8.64) for large (16+ mm) vs small (
Designing a market-like entity: Economics in the politics of market formation:

Recent work on the relationship of economics to economic institutions has argued that economics is constitutive of economic institutions, and of markets in particular. In opposition to economic soc...
Plant–microbe interactions and nitrogen dynamics during wetland establishment in a desert stream

In late-successional steady state ecosystems, plants and microbes compete for nutrients and nutrient retention efficiency is expected to decline when inputs exceed biotic demand. In carbon (C)-poor environments typical of early primary succession, nitrogen (N) uptake by C-limited microbes may be limited by inputs of detritus and exudates derived from contemporaneous plant production. If plants are N-limited in these environments, then this differential limitation may lead to positive relationships between N inputs and N retention efficiency. Further, the mechanisms of N removal may vary as a function of inputs if plant-derived C promotes denitrification. These hypotheses were tested using field surveys and greenhouse microcosms simulating the colonization of desert stream channel sediments by herbaceous vegetation. In field surveys of wetland (cienega) and gravelbed habitat, plant biomass was positively correlated with nitrate (NO3 −) concentration. Manipulation of NO3 − in flow-through microcosms produced positive relationships among NO3 − supply, plant production, and tissue N content, and a negative relationship with root:shoot ratio. These results are consistent with N limitation of herbaceous vegetation in Sycamore Creek and suggest that N availability may influence transitions between and resilience of wetland and gravelbed stable states in desert streams. Increased biomass in high N treatments resulted in elevated rates of denitrification and shifts from co-limitation by C and NO3 − to limitation by NO3 − alone. Overall NO3 − retention efficiency and the relative importance of denitrification increased with increasing N inputs. Thus the coupling of plant growth and microbial processes in low C environments alters the relationship between N inputs and exports due to increased N removal under high input regimes that exceed assimilative demand.
Impact of warmed inhaled gas from the mechanical ventilator on esophageal temperature during therapeutic whole body hypothermia.

Impact of warmed inhaled gas from the mechanical ventilator on esophageal temperature during therapeutic whole body hypothermia
Changes in skeletal chemistry and skeletogenic cell ultrastructure between young and old sites on axial skeletons (Leptogorgia virgulata) (Cnidaria: Gorgonacea)

Abstract 1. 1. The ultrastructure of skeletogenic cells in Leptogorgia virgulata was evaluated by stereological techniques and compared to the chemical composition of the underlying skeleton. 2. 2. Changes in skeletogenic cell ultrastructure and skeletal amino acid composition both suggest that there is an increase in tyrosine-derived collagen crosslinkages at sites near the base of the axial skeleton. 3. 3. No significant differences in the inorganic composition of the skeleton were identified between sites on the skeleton. 4. 4. These results indicate that changes in the skeletal mechanical properties between sites on the skeleton are attributable to modifications of the organic rather than inorganic components of the skeleton.
Experimental technology assessment: Explorations in processes of interdisciplinary team research

Abstract Technology assessment (TA) is team research that entails the cooperative effort of professionals from diverse disciplines. Whether this effort can be truly integrated into an interdisciplinary assessment is problematic, based on analyses of 24 actual TAs. To probe the situational and process factors that impinge on this interdisciplinary research process, we have performed laboratory simulations on TA-like problems. By controlling several key factors, these sessions have yielded insights into small group interactions and offer suggestive evidence for the conduct of future TAs. In these exercises the role of expertise was downplayed as groups preferred to operate in a “common-group learning” mode; epistemological differences emerged in the form of a “pecking order” favoring more quantitative sciences; and performing the leadership role reduced an individual's intellectual contribution to the problem-solving process. These exploratory TA simulations suggest merit in further efforts at controlled study of complex interdisciplinary processes.
Exploiting a GSM Network for Precise Payload Delivery

This paper introduces the novel concept of using a GSM network for command of and communications with multiple aerial delivery systems. The research prototype of such a system, Snowflake-N, allows communicating with other network clients via a commercial Blackberry Curve 8310 handheld over a Bluetooth connection. A new architecture allows reassigning targets and sending other relevant commands (via web interface, by voice, data, or text messages) to an onboard autopilot, which is within a network reach, from any place in the world. Similarly, a current position of the descending system and target assignment can be viewed from any computer connected to the Internet worldwide using a standard Google Earth viewer. The networking capability also allows uplinking the latest weather data measured by a portable target weather station, being a part of a network as well, and therefore drastically improving an accuracy of a payload delivery. The paper extends the previous work by the authors and introduces the current state of the Snowflake-N development. It presents a C 2 concept for the aerial delivery systems, talks about communication protocols, presents the hardware set-up, components and results of recent drops. The paper ends with conclusions and recommendations for further development.
Global Waves, Local Actors: What the Young Turks Knew about Other Revolutions and Why It Mattered

Do revolutions affect one another? Certainly, in light of the Ovelvet revolutionsO of the past decade, the contagious effect of revolutions cannot be denied. Less remembered is the wave of constitutional revolutions of the early twentieth century that swept across Russia (1905), Iran (1906), the Ottoman Empire (1908), Mexico (1910), and China (1911). This short-term wave was couched within a long-term one that began with the American, Polish, and French Revolutions and included such other exemplary cases as the European revolutions of 1848 and the Meiji Restoration of 1868. Both waves, long and short, ended with the Russian Revolution of 1917 that initiated a new and different model of revolution (Sohrabi 1995).
An efficient formula for linear recurrences

The solutions to a scalar, homogeneous, constant-coefficient, linear recurrence are expressible in terms of the powers of a companion matrix. We show how to compute these powers efficiently via polynomial multiplication. The result is a simple expression for the solution, which does not involve the characteristic roots and which is valid for any module over any commutative ring. The formula yields the nth term of the solution to a kth order recurrence with $O(\mu (k) \cdot \log n)$ arithmetic operations, where $\mu (k)$ is the total number of arithmetic operations required to multiply two polynomials of degree $k - 1$. Thus if the ring supports a fast Fourier transform, then $O(k \cdot \log k \cdot \log n)$ operations are sufficient to compute the nth term.
Surgical Pathology of Pulmonary Thromboendarterectomy: A Study of 54 Cases from 1990 to 2001

Thromboendarterectomy is performed to treat chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension with obstruction of main, lobar, or segmental pulmonary arteries. The present study evaluated surgical specimens removed between 1990 and 2001. Medical histories and microscopic slides were reviewed in each case. Study slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Verhoeff-van Gieson and evaluated for thrombus, collagen, elastin, atherosclerosis, hemosiderin, calcification, and inflammation. The study group comprised 54 patients (30 women and 24 men), ranging in age from 33 to 77 years (mean, 58 years). Clinically, 28 (52%) had a history of deep leg vein thrombosis and 42 (78%) had a history of pulmonary embolism; 24 (44%) had both events. Coagulation abnormalities were documented in 15 (28%); autoimmune or hematologic disorders, in 8 (15%). Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy was bilateral in 52 patients (96%) and right-sided in 2. Six patients also had obstructions resected from the main pulmonary arteries. Obstruction limited to segmental arteries occurred only in women. Grossly, right-sided specimens were larger than left-sided ones (P = 0.003). Microscopically, ages of thrombi were uniform in 72% and variable in 28%. Intima was thickened in all patients and consisted of collagen (100%), elastin (67%), hemosiderin (56%), inflammation (53%), atherosclerosis (32%), and calcification (15%). We determined that pulmonary thromboendarterectomy was performed most often in middle-aged and elderly patients with a history of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Less than 50% of the patients had an identifiable coagulation, autoimmune, or hematologic abnormality. Most patients had bilateral disease and resections. Right-sided specimens were significantly larger than left-sided specimens, and lower lobe involvement was more common than involvement elsewhere. Resected tissues most commonly exhibited old organized thrombus.
Instrumental avoidance acquisition by goldfish in a Y-maze using explicit and response-contingent cues

In two experiments, goldfish learned a discriminated avoidance response in a Y-maze. When alternative response alleys were simultaneously and differentially cued at trial onset, the goldfish learned to swim to the alley associated with US omission. When alternative response alleys were not differentially cued at trial onset and the US association cue was contingent upon an initial response to one of the alternatives, goldfish learned, following the initial response, to stay in the initially chosen alley when the response-contingent cue indicated US omission, but to leave the initially chosen alley and swim to the alternative alley when the response-contingent cue indicated US pairing.
The Role of Self‐Fulfilling and Self‐Negating Prophecies in International Relations

As constructivists and other advocates of constitutive theories have often noted, the natural world is very different from the social one. Our ideas about the social world not only reflect that world, but help shape and create it; we are part of the reality we try to describe and explain, and we therefore have the potential to alter the reality a theory is merely intended to describe or explain. Our theories about the social world may thus become self-fulfilling prophecies or autogenetic in character, or they may self-negate. And yet while social constructivists often make this point in epistemological debates, there have been relatively few attempts so far to address its empirical implications. With that objective in mind, this paper examines two prominent IR theories—the democratic peace and the commercial peace—arguing that each has a self-fulfilling character rather than being true or false in any objective or timeless sense, as well as the potential of a currently self-negating thesis—the clash of civilizations—to become self-fulfilling; each theory is, to paraphrase the now time-honored expression, what the relevant actors make of it. The article also probes the processes by which theories become self-generating or self-negating. It is suggested that a number of frameworks developed outside political science—especially diffusion theory, memetics, social contagion theories, George Lakoff’s metaphor-based model, Malcolm Gladwell’s “Tipping Point” approach and social network analysis—may in combination help us understand both how political ideas spread through academic and policy communities and why particular ideas “win out” over others.
Cis-Autophosphorylation of Juxtamembrane Tyrosines in the Insulin Receptor Kinase Domain†

Receptor tyrosine kinases undergo ligand-induced dimerization that promotes kinase domain trans-autophosphorylation. However, the kinase domains of the insulin receptor are effectively dimerized because of the covalent alpha2beta2 holomeric structure. This fact has made it difficult to determine the molecular mechanism of intraholomeric autophosphorylation, but there is evidence for both cis- and trans-autophosphorylation in the absence and presence of insulin. Here, using the cytoplasmic kinase domain (CKD) of the human insulin receptor, we demonstrate that autophosphorylation in the juxtamembrane (JM) subdomain follows a cis-reaction pathway. JM autophosphorylation was independent of CKD concentration over the range 6 nM-3 microM and was characterized kinetically: Half-saturation (K(ATP)) was observed at 75 microM ATP [5 mM Mn(CH3CO2)2] with a maximal rate of 0.24 mol of PO4 (mol of CKD)(-1) min(-1). Pairwise substitutions of Phe for Tyr in the other two autophosphorylation subdomains, generated by site-directed mutagenesis, altered the kinetics of JM autophosphorylation but did not change the pathway from a cis-reaction. Tyr(1328,1334) to Phe (in the carboxy-terminal subdomain) yielded <2-fold increase in the efficiency of JM autophosphorylation, whereas Tyr(1162,1163) to Phe (in the activation loop subdomain) yielded approximately 38-fold increased efficiency of JM autophosphorylation, due predominantly to a 23-fold decreased K(ATP). These findings demonstrate basal state binding of ATP to the CKD leading to cis-autophosphorylation and novel basal state regulatory interactions among the subdomains of the insulin receptor kinase. On the basis of these results and the crystal structure of the conserved catalytic core of this kinase [Hubbard, S. R., et al. (1994) Nature 372, 746], a model is proposed which reconciles the JM cis-reaction and the activation loop cis-inhibition/trans-reaction with the complex kinetics of insulin receptor autophosphorylation [Kohanski, R. A. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 5766].
Two dimensional transient heat transfer in He II

A comparison is presented of transient heat flow in He II as measured experimentally and as predicted by analysis based on the Gorter-Mellink equation. The geometry is that envisioned for the He II cooling of a SMES (superconducting magnetic energy storage) system, namely, an annular layer of He II in direct contact with one layer of a solenoid and extending the full height of the coil. A normal zone over a fraction of a turn provides for two-dimensional heat flow in the annular layer of the He II. The comparison is given for both adiabatic and isothermal boundary conditions at the end of the channel. Good agreement between the analysis and the experimental data is found, verifying the usefulness of the analysis for large-scale systems. In addition, discrepancies between the analysis and data provide insight into the stability process of the He II cooled superconductor. >
Use of ED and hospital services for patients with acute leukemia after induction therapy: One year follow-up

Previous studies have documented use of health care services by oncology patients in the Emergency Department (ED), but little is known about the utilization of health services of patients with acute leukemia after induction therapy. The aim of this study was to examine chief reasons for ED and hospital use by patients newly diagnosed with acute leukemia patients after induction therapy up to one year after discharge. A retrospective, longitudinal study of all visits to the ED or unplanned hospital admissions at a single institution for patients with acute leukemia was conducted. Inclusion criteria were patients ≥18 years of age at time of diagnosis, a confirmed diagnosis of AML or ALL, and received and discharged from induction treatment between 2007 and 2010. Donabedian's structure-process-outcome framework guided this study examining health services utilization and assessing patient outcomes. 80 patients met the inclusion criteria; 52 had AML and 28 had ALL; median age was 48 (range: 18-76) and 29% (n=23) were non-Caucasian. 70% (n=56) were discharged from induction in remission. 81% (n=65) had at least 1 ED or hospitalization event, and 44% (n=35) had 2 or more events. Of 137 events in 65 patients, the most common reason was neutropenic fever/infection (55%), bleeding (12%), and GI problems (11%). Mean number of events for ALL was 2.43 compared to 1.33 for AML patients (p=0.02), and 2.23 for <50 years of age compared to 1.20 for those older (p=0.002). 20 patients died within one year of diagnosis. Findings from this study can help inform health services delivery and utilization among patients with acute leukemia after induction therapy. Oncology providers can anticipate discharge needs and enhance follow-up care for those at higher risk for problems needing hospitalization.
Optical phase conjugation of weak signals by using degenerate four-wave mixing.

We have measured the conjugation fidelity produced by four-wave mixing in sodium vapor using weak probe beams that were aberrated by simulated atmospheric turbulence. Near-diffraction-limited (1.3 times the diffraction limit) return beams were obtained for both moderate (D/r0 ≈ 10) and strong (D/r0 ≈ 25) simulated turbulence, down to probe-beam pulse energies of 200 pJ. We believe this to be the first systematic study of conjugation fidelity as a function of probe energy.
A soft tissue-sparing approach to surface arthroplasty of the hip

Abstract Metal-on-metal surface arthroplasty of the hip has recently been reintroduced with hybrid fixation. The early clinical results are excellent and patients are able to return to high activity levels. However, longer follow-up will be needed before this implant can be considered a reliable option for the treatment of hip arthritis. In the interim, proper patient selection and surgical technique will help minimize early implant failure and hopefully improve the reliability of this procedure. The surface arthroplasty risk index has proven itself useful in identifying patients at greater risk of early revision surgery. In addition to the surface arthroplasty risk index, the surgical approach may also impact the performance of hip resurfacing. Surgical dislocation of the hip represents a soft tissue sparing approach while preserving the blood supply to the femoral head. The details of the surgical technique are described.
Contextual word recognition using probabilistic relaxation labeling

Abstract A postprocessing method based on probabilistic relaxation labeling is described. The initial label probabilities of this process are determined from the similarities between characters in the input and model characters in the database. The constraint relations for this relaxation process are determined from the transition probabilities between input characters. The transition probabilities themselves are determined from frequencies of letter pairs in the underlying language. Preliminary results are presented that show the performance of this postprocessing method on printed text.
Improvements in radio propagation prediction service

Data from world-wide ionospheric and solar stations permit close observation of the changing state of the ionosphere so that the maximum usable frequency for radio communications between any two points in the world can be accurately predicted 3 months in advance.
Religion and Reform in the City: The Re-Thinking Chicago Movement of the 1930s

Historians have produced a rich and sophisticated literature on urban reform in the progressive era before the First World War. It includes numerous studies of individual cities, biographies of urban leaders, and analyses of particular movements and organizations. This literature illuminates important variations among reformers and their achievements, the relationships between urban growth and reform, and the functional role of the old-style political machines against which progressives battled. Similarly, there are many examinations of progressive-era reformers' ideas about and attitudes toward the burgeoning industrial cities that had come into being with disquieting rapidity during their own lifetimes. Some of these works go well beyond the controversial conclusions of Morton and Lucia White in The Intellectual Versus the City (1964) to find more complex-and sometimes more positive-assessments of the new urban civilization.' Substantially less is known about efforts to reform particular cities and about the ideas and attitudes of urban intellectuals in the interwar years, especially the 1930s. Perhaps the nationalizing trends of the "Depression Decade" explain the shift of historians' attention to other subjects. After all, whereas many of the most innovative and interesting progressive causes originated in urban communities, the indisputable source of experimentation under the New Deal was Washington. This foray into the history of "Re-Thinking Chicago," a cause whose leaders believed their city very much needed changing, suggests that we might profitably extend urban reform studies into the comparatively neglected later period.2
Using the subcortically lesioned rat cortex to understand the physiological role of amyloid precursor protein

Abstract Alzheimer's disease pathology is characterized by the presence of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles and specific neurotransmitter deficits in the cortex and hippocampus. Advances in the understanding of Alzheimer's disease have been hampered by the absence of appropriate animal model systems. Most in vivo rodent models have turned to aged animals, animals with experimentally induced lesions of various neurotransmitter systems, animals with pharmacologically induced neurotransmitter perturbations, and mice made transgenic for genes related to amyloid precursor protein. These models have been useful for the investigation of some discrete aspects of Alzheimer's disease, including deficits in forebrain cholinergic activity and the resulting cognitive deficits. However, none of these models have led to the development of the principal neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease, neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Furthermore, the relationship, if any, between the reduction of neurotransmitter activity and the formation of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles is unknown. The subcortically lesioned rat model system which we have used approximates the cortical neurotransmitter and cognitive deficits of Alzheimer's disease. We have recently found that these same subcortical neurotransmitter system lesions alter the expression of amyloid precursor protein, the precursor of beta amyloid peptide, which is the principal component of neuritic plaques. Loss of functional subcortical innervation by either permanent lesions or transient inhibition of cortical neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) release resulted in the induction of amyloid precursor protein in the cortex. The induction was rapid and persistent with the permanent lesions or reversible with the transient inhibition. Lesions of cholinergic, serotonergic, and adrenergic neurotransmitter systems all resulted in the induction. The induction was accompanied by elevated secretion of amyloid precursor protein as evidenced by elevated levels of the secreted form of the protein in the cerebrospinal fluid of the lesioned animals. Although this alteration does not lead to formation of neuritic plaques in the brain, this animal represents a powerful model for investigating the normal physiological role of amyloid precursor protein in vivo and provides a means for integrating the relationship between neurotransmitter deficits, expression of amyloid precursor protein, and formation of neuritic plaques.
Some reasons why successive single word utterances are not

Two suprasegmental characteristics of three children's single-word, successive single-word and multiple-word utterances were examined spectrographically. The location of terminal pitch contour and the duration of words were compared across the three utterance types. It was found that successive single-word utterances shared suprasegmental patterns, on these dimensions, with multiple-word forms but not with single words. It is argued that successive single-word utterances are not simply single words uttered in close temporal proximity. Further, an account of the underlying organization of successive utterances is proposed.
Summary of interference measurements at selected radio observatories

Results are presented from a series of RF interference (RFI) observations conducted during 1989 and 1990 at selected radio astronomy observatories in order to choose a site for the SETI, where the local and orbital RFI would be as benign as possible for observations of weak electromagnetic signals. These observatories included the DSS13 at Goldstone (California), the Arecibo Observatory (Puerto Rico), the Algonquin Radio Observatory in Ottawa (Canada), the Ohio State University Radio Observatory in Columbus (Ohio), and the NRAO in Green Bank (West Virginia). The observations characterize the RFI environment at these sites from 1 to 10 GHz, using radio astronomy antennas, feeds, and receivers; SETI signal processors; and stand-alone equipment built specifically for this purpose. The results served as part of the basis for the selection (by the NASA SETI Microwave Observing Project) of NRAO as the site of choice for SETI observations.
Construal Level Theory of Mobile Persuasion

This article introduces the construal level theory of mobile persuasion. Concepts associated with both construal level theory and mobile technology are articulated through a literature review and synthesized into a series of assumptions that relate specifically to persuasive communication. Eight theoretical propositions are proposed, introducing three message functions: shifting construal level orientation, bridging construal level perception of choice, and traversing psychological distance to choice. We argue that conceptual relationships between the affordances of mobile technology and construal level theory make mobile devices particularly suited to test and implement these propositions. Message success and message resistance are discussed through this framework. We specify the potential to use construal level theory in effective mobile health interventions and propose a research agenda to further apply construal level theory to the process of communication.
Negative Outcome in Psychotherapy: A Critical Review

This article reviews literature on negative outcome in psychotherapy for adult, non-psychotic individuals. Patient, therapist, and therapy variables are examined, and tentative conclusions are drawn from the existing data. Patients who are borderline or obsessive-compulsive, have severe interpersonal difficulties, are poorly motivated, or who expect psychotherapy to be painless have been found to be at risk for deterioration. On the part of the therapist, lack of empathy, underestimation of the severity of the patient's problems, negative counter transference, poor technique, high concentrations of transference interpretations, and disagreement with the patient about the therapy process all have been associated with negative outcome. Cestalt therapies have produced higher rates of deterioration than other psychotherapy modalities. Issues in research methodology are discussed, including identification of negative responders, outcome measurement, identification of variables related to negative outcome, and the role that ethical dilemmas play in research.
Influence of bacteriological media constituents on the reproduction of Salmonella enteritidis bacteriophages

Three different Salmonella enteritidis phages were isolated and purified from raw sewage by agar-layer technique. The sensitivity of the host organisms toward phages was changed when they were grown on different bacteriological media.
Defining near-death experiences

Researchers have failed to distinguish definitions of near-death experiences (NDEs), criteria for identifying them and tests of those criteria. Few researchers specify criteria or apply standard tests; those who do often use those tests inappropriately. Tests of NDEs may either describe their common features, measure their depth, or 'diagnose' their occurrence; all three have been used to define NDEs, although they serve different purposes. Since we do not have a dichotomous diagnostic test for NDEs, researchers define NDEs by scales summing characteristic elements, a circular definition that uses intervening variables in place of NDEs themselves, and begs questions of different elements' sensitivity and specificity for NDEs. Researchers need to identify the critical dimension(s) to be assessed in determining depth of NDEs and develop an accepted definition of the phenomenon and a fixed-interval scale with which to measure it.
Adsorption properties of various forms of aluminium trifluoride investigated by PulseTA

Abstract The current study employs the Pulse Thermal Analysis (PTA) method to investigate the adsorption of gaseous methanol onto various forms of aluminium trifluoride drawing special attention to the strongly adsorbing β-AlF3 and the recently described high-surface (HS) AlF3. Simultaneously or subsequently occurring physisorption and chemisorption can be clearly distinguished and partly quantified. BET surface and NH3-TPD data will be discussed together with the surface coverage by methanol determined by TA. The extraordinary sorptive properties of HS-AlF3 are due to acidic sites at the remarkably large surface. The crystalline modifications η-AlF3, θ-AlF3, and κ-AlF3 are less-important as they poorly adsorb exhibiting thermogravimetric curves without clearly expressed mass changes. Their surface loading is comparably poor as found for the stable modification α-AlF3.
AVNRT in Congenital Heart Disease

In some congenital heart disease, AV node and its pathway are unusual in morphology and property. We present two AVNRT cases which were difficult to diagnose and ablation. Case 1 is 12 yr old male who has had atrioventricular septal defect surgically corrected 5 yrs ago. He had PSVT initiated during exercise, EKG showed early retrograde P′. Electrophysiological study proved that it was slow/fast AVNRT but electroanatomical mapping revealed that fast and slow pathway exits were both near coronary sinus. After careful ablation to slow pathway, AVNRT couldn’t be induced. Case 2 is 2 yr old male who had right isomerism, single ventricle, and finally Total Cavo Pulmonary shunt with intracardiac conduit. He had PSVT after final operation, and EKG showed early retrograde P′. Transconduit puncture was done, but EPS couldn’t induce AVNRT. Fast pathway was mapped and ablation was done near the AVN. After ablation no clinical PSVT has been observed. In complex congenital heart disease, circulation is fragile and maynot tolerate tachycardia. Radiofrequency ablation has higher risk of AV block. Cryo ablation has been shown to be much safer, but not introduced in Japan. Early introduction is strongly needed.
Evidence for top quark production in collisions at

We summarize a search for the top quark with the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) in a sample of pp¯ collisions at s = 1.8 TeV with an integrated luminosity of 19.3 pb−1 [1]. We find 12 events consistent with either two W bosons, or a W boson and at least one b jet. The probability that the observed yield is consistent with background is 0.26%. Though the statistics are too limited to establish firmly the existence of the top quark, a natural interpretation is that it is due to tt¯ production. Under this assumption, constrained fits to individual events yield a top quark mass of 174 ± 11−12+13 GeV/c2. The tt¯ production cross-section is estimated to be 13.9−4.8+6.1 pb.
The micro-macro non-problem: The Parsonianization of American sociological theory

The publication of the multi-edited The Micro-Macro Link (Alexander et al., 1987) further entrenches the alliance of American and European sociological theorists bent on displacing Marxism once and for all from mainstream sociology (Agger, 1989b). Admittedly, these are fighting words; typically, this sort of ideological polemic indicates thoughtlessness, another expression of left-wing infantilism (Jacoby, 1987: 112-190). Yet there is something decidedly strange going on in this collection sporting such "names" as Jeffrey Alexander, Peter Blau, Niklas Luhmann, James Coleman, Neil Smelser. As a way of introducing my discussion of the particular book in question, let me cast a glance at the underlying intellec? tual and political changes transpiring in western sociology that largely occasion the neofunctionalist effort to unify the field under the banner of the so-called micro-macro problem.
FLUORESCENCE STUDY OF THE MULTIPLE BINDING EQUILIBRIA OF THE GALACTOSE REPRESSOR

A fluorescence assay has been developed to study the multiple linked equilibria which function in regulation of the Escherichia coli galactose operon. Fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate was attached to Amino-Modifier C6dT at different positions in an oligonucleotide containing the sequence for the OE site of the galactose operon. These fluorescently labeled oligonucleotides were used to study OEDNA−GalR−d-galactose interactions. The data were analyzed and fit to various models including the classical competitive binding model as well as models involving the formation of a ternary DNA−repressor−inducer complex. Examination of the reduced χ-square of the various fits and comparison of fitted parameters with those obtained in independent experiments were used to distinguish different models. Since the ternary complex is likely to exist under physiological conditions, our results suggest that obligatory dissociation of GalR from DNA may not be required for induction of the gal operon. Rather, induction may involve ...
Impacts of Economic and Psychological Factors on Women’s Obesity and Food Assistance Program Participation: Evidence from the NLSY Panel

Over the past thirty-five years, the U.S. adult obesity rate has more than doubled from roughly 15% to 35%, reflecting a general diffusion of obesity across all segments of the adult population (USDHHS). Obesity is a concern because it increases the risk for cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and most forms of cancer, except for lung. Earlier studies of obesity of U.S. adults have largely focused on data in a single cross-section or one round of a panel survey. Chen and Huffman (2010) show that food and drink prices significantly affect U.S. women's probability of being obese but not for men. However, the impact of individual food and drink prices are not always as expected. Copyright 2012, Oxford University Press.
Non-steady-state kinetics of brain glutamate decarboxylase resulting from interconversion of the apo- and holoenzyme.

Abstract In addition to its primary reaction, brain glutamate decarboxylase l -glutamate 1-carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.15) catalyses an alternative transamination reaction that leads to the production of apoenzyme Apoenzyme can be converted to holoenzyme by reaction with pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, thereby completing a cyclic interconversion of the apo- and holoenzyme. The effect of the cycle on the kinetic behavior of the enzyme was investigated with the aid of a kinetic model that combines a steady-state description of the primary reaction and a non-steady-state description of the cycle. In the presence of saturating levels of the cofactor, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, the cycle had little effect on the kinetics of slowly transaminated substrates such as glutamate. However, the kinetic behavior of aspartate, a rapidly transaminated substrate, was strongly affected by the cycle. With aspartate, a large proportion of apoenzyme was produced, resulting in non-linear decarboxylation time courses. Estimates of the steady-state kinetic parameters for aspartate Km, Ki, Vmax) and the apparent type of inhibition were found to depend strongly on the assay time and procedure. Similar dependencies were found for the aspartate analogues, methyl α- dl -aspartate, cysteine sulfinate and β-alanine, suggesting that they also undergo rapid transamination. The kinetic model accurately predicted holoenzyme levels and accurately described the decarboxylation time courses for glutamate, aspartate and mixtures of these substrates
Banking Ethics and the Goldman Rule

Insulating people from the effects of the crisis has left intact the habits of thought and the basic institutional structure. The continued reign of pecuniary values leaves intact the Goldman Rule: pursue profitable opportunities regardless the effects on others. Within a culture dominated by pecuniary values, profitable opportunities present a coercive force. Laissez-faire policies allow profitable pursuits without restraint. Subprime mortgages offered an opportunity to tap a new source of profits, namely, the increase in housing prices. Many financial institutions engaged in unscrupulous actions to convert household wealth into corporate profits. Efforts to reign in the industry remain wanting.
Presence in human breast cancer of RNA homologous to mouse mammary tumour virus RNA.

Molecular hybridization has been used to detect within human tumours RNA sequences that are homologous to the RNA of oncogenic viruses known to cause similar tumours in animals.
Optimal decentralized control in unidirectional one-step delayed sharing pattern

We consider an optimal decentralized LQG control problem for a plant with nested structure controlled by two players. Players are assumed to have a unidirectional one-step delayed error-free communication channel, i.e. there is a unit delay in information transmission in one direction and no transmission in the other direction. Full state feedback is assumed. Delayed information sharing patterns in general do not admit linear optimal control laws and are thus difficult to control optimally. However, in this scenario, we show that the problem has a partially nested information structure, and thus a linear optimal control law exists. Summary statistics to characterize this law are developed and a deterministic convex optimization problem is formulated whose solution yields the optimal control law.
Performance Analysis of OFDM Broadband Communications System Over Low Voltage Powerline with Impulsive Noise

Broadband communications for indoor powerline networks with impulsive noise using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is considered. From earlier investigations, it is known that this channel suffers from multipath fading and frequency selectivity along with manmade impulsive bursty noise. Nevertheless, the calculated channel capacity limit promises very high data rates over this channel. In this paper the bit error rate (BER) performance of the OFDM system under impulsive noise and frequency fading is theoretically analyzed and closed form formulas for this performance is derived. Furthermore, a theoretical upper bound on the performance of coded OFDM system is obtained, given perfect interleaving and the effect of the interleaver length on coding performance is also studied.
Measurement of the Michel parameter rho in muon decay.

The TWIST Collaboration has measured the Michel parameter $\ensuremath{\rho}$ in normal muon decay, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{+}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$. In the standard model, $\ensuremath{\rho}=3/4$. Deviations from this value imply mixing of left- and right-handed muon and electron couplings. We find $\ensuremath{\rho}=0.750\text{ }80\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000\text{ }32(\mathrm{stat})\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000\text{ }97(\mathrm{syst})\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000\text{ }23$, where the last uncertainty represents the dependence of $\ensuremath{\rho}$ on the Michel parameter $\ensuremath{\eta}$. This result sets new limits on the ${W}_{L}\ensuremath{-}{W}_{R}$ mixing angle in left-right symmetric models.
Data-based model refinement for linear and hammerstein systems using subspace identification and adaptive disturbance rejection

First principle models and empirical models are necessarily approximate. In this paper we develop two empirical approaches that use a delta model to modify an initial model by means of cascade, parallel or feedback augmentation. A sub-space based nonlinear identification algorithm and an adaptive disturbance rejection algorithm are both used to construct the delta model. Three classes of errors in the initial model, i.e. unmodeled dynamics, parametric errors and initial condition errors are considered. Some illustrative examples are presented
Toxicity assessment of zinc oxide nanoparticles using sub-acute and sub-chronic murine inhalation models

Background: Although ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) are used in many commercial products and the potential for human exposure is increasing, few in vivo studies have addressed their possible toxic effects after inhalation. We sought to determine whether ZnO NPs induce pulmonary toxicity in mice following sub-acute or sub-chronic inhalation exposure to realistic exposure doses. Methods: Mice (C57Bl/6) were exposed to well-characterized ZnO NPs (3.5 mg/m 3 , 4 hr/day) for 2 (sub-acute) or 13 (sub-chronic) weeks and necropsied immediately (0 wk) or 3 weeks (3 wks) post exposure. Toxicity was assessed by enumeration of total and differential cells, determination of total protein, lactate dehydrogenase activity and inflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid as well as measurements of pulmonary mechanics. Generation of reactive oxygen species was assessed in the lungs. Lungs were evaluated for histopathologic changes and Zn content. Zn concentration in blood, liver, kidney, spleen, heart, brain and BAL fluid was measured. Results: An elevated concentration of Zn 2+ was detected in BAL fluid immediately after exposures, but returned to baseline levels 3 wks post exposure. Dissolution studies showed that ZnO NPs readily dissolved in artificial lysosomal fluid (pH 4.5), but formed aggregates and precipitates in artificial interstitial fluid (pH 7.4). Sub-acute exposure to ZnO NPs caused an increase of macrophages in BAL fluid and a moderate increase in IL-12(p40) and MIP-1α, but no other inflammatory or toxic responses were observed. Following both sub-acute and sub-chronic exposures, pulmonary mechanics were no different than sham-exposed animals. Conclusions: Our ZnO NP inhalation studies showed minimal pulmonary inflammation, cytotoxicity or lung histopathologic changes. An elevated concentration of Zn in the lung and BAL fluid indicates dissolution of ZnO NPs in the respiratory system after inhalation. Exposure concentration, exposure mode and time post exposure played an important role in the toxicity of ZnO NPs. Exposure for 13 wks with a cumulative dose of 10.9 mg/kg yielded increased lung cellularity, but other markers of toxicity did not differ from sham-exposed animals, leading to the conclusion that ZnO NPs have low sub-chronic toxicity by the inhalation route.
High rate of both hematopoietic and solid tumors associated with large granular lymphocyte leukemia.

Large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia is a rare and likely underdiagnosed clonal lymphoproliferation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Single or multilineage cytopenias and autoimmune phenomena are co...
Tools for gauging the capacity of salmon spawning substrates

We present a set of river management tools based on a recently developed method for estimating the amount of salmon spawning habitat in coarse-bedded rivers. The method, which was developed from a mechanistic model of redd building by female salmon, combines empirical relationships between fish length, redd area, and the sizes of particles moved by fish during spawning. Model inputs are the grain-size indices D50 and D84 and an estimate of female fish length, which is used to predict the size of the redd that they will build and the size of the largest particle that they can move on the bed. Outputs include predictions of the fraction of the bed that the fish can use for redd building and the number of redds that they can build within the useable area. We cast the model into easy-to-use look-up tables, charts, an Excel worksheet, a JavaScript web applet, and a MATLAB user interface. We explain how these tools can be used in a new, mechanistic approach to assessing spawning substrates and optimizing gravel augmentation projects in coarse-bedded rivers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.