cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MWIR Persistent Surveillance Performance for Human and Vehicle Backtracking as a Function of Ground Sample Distance and Revisit Rate

Real MWIR Persistent Surveillance (PS) data was taken with a single human walking from a known point to different tents in the PS sensor field of view. The spatial resolution (ground sample distance) and revisit rate was varied from 0.5 to 2 meters and 1/8th to 4 Hz, respectively. A perception experiment was conducted where the observer was tasked to track the human to the terminal (end of route) tent. The probability of track is provided as a function of ground sample distance and revisit rate. These results can help determine PS design requirements for tracking and back-tracking humans on the ground. This paper begins with a summary of two previous simulation experiments: one for human tracking and one for vehicle tracking.
Soil biological properties of a montane forest sere: Corroboration of Odum's postulates

Abstract Changes in organic C content, N component pools, Shannon-Weaver diversity index ( H ′) of microbial populations, nitrification potential, and ATP and dehydrogenase activities were examined in soils along a montane meadow-aspen-fir-spruce sere. Along the sere organic C increased from 2.15 to 26.8%, total N from 0.13 to 0.98%, C: N ratios from 17 to 27, total NH 4 + from 103 to 850 μg g −1 , total NH 4 + :NO 3 − ratios from 69 to 326, and microbial diversity index, H ′, from 0.87 to 1.28. Coefficients of determination, r 2 , for H ′ vs organic C and total N in A-horizons, were 0.99 and 0.98, respectively, and H ′ vs combined O- and A-horizons 0.68 and 0.70, respectively, indicating the presence of different microbial communities in the mineral and forest floor soils. Radiocarbon dating of humic acids and humin showed the longest mean residence times (920 and 1050 yr BP) in the meadow soils, suggesting a more efficient organic matter turnover and selective accumulation of recalcitrant organic components than in soils of more mature stages. The ATP content and dehydrogenase activity values were not statistically different in the forest sequence soils. Rates of nitrification potentials measured in vitro increased along the sere in the surface soils. Information obtained from seral soil variables supported hypothesized successional trends relating to organic matter content, species diversity, nutrient cycling, nutrient exchange rate and nutrient conservation. Nitrification potentials of soils, however, contradicted the postulate that nutrient conservation increases as an ecosystem matures.
On combining multiple clusterings: an overview and a new perspective

Many problems can be reduced to the problem of combining multiple clusterings. In this paper, we first summarize different application scenarios of combining multiple clusterings and provide a new perspective of viewing the problem as a categorical clustering problem. We then show the connections between various consensus and clustering criteria and discuss the complexity results of the problem. Finally we propose a new method to determine the final clustering. Experiments on kinship terms and clustering popular music from heterogeneous feature sets show the effectiveness of combining multiple clusterings.
A Kantian-economic approach to altruism in the household

Economists who study the family acknowledge the importance of altruism and resource allocation that occurs between family members, and have developed a number of novel approaches to modelling this behaviour. This article suggests a new method, based on the moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant, which will highlight several unique features of intrafamily altruism. After summarizing Kantâs ethics and how it can be incorporated into the standard economic model of choice, I show how Kantian concepts of perfect and imperfect duty cast the standard models of intrafamily altruism and resource allocation in a new light. The inclusion of duty into the modelling explains how altruistic behaviour can continue when the affection has left a marriage, and blurs the lines between cooperative and non-cooperative models of resource allocation by highlighting the importance of binding commitment without external enforcement.
Analysis of nucleic acid derivatives at the subnanomolar level. II. Quantitative analysis of ribose derivatives by tritium labeling

Es wird eine Methode zur quantitativen Analyse von Ribosederivaten beschrieben, welche etwa funftausendmal empfindlicher ist als die spektrophotometrischen Standardverfahren.
Calcium-dependent bacteriophage DNA infection.

Escherichia coli cells of strain K12 and C can be made competent to take up temperate phage DNA without the use of “helper phage”. This competence is dependent on the presence of calcium ions and is effective for both linear and circular DNA molecules.
An Analytical Model for the Effective Dielectric Constant of a 0-3-0 Composite

An analytical expression for prediction of the effective dielectric constant of a three phase 0-3-0 ferroelectric composite is presented. The analytical results are verified with the experimental results from Nan (2002, “Three-Phase Magnetoelectric Composite of Piezoelectric Ceramics, Rare-Earth Iron Alloys, and Polymer,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 81(20), p. 3831). The analytical model is extended to include the shape of a third phase inclusion to examine the influence of the shape (of the inclusion) on the effective dielectric constant of the composite. The dielectric constant increases as much as seven times when the aspect ratio of the conducting inclusion particle is increased from 1 (sphere) to 10 (spheroid). A comparison of the analytical predictions with the experimental values, which indicate that the increase in aspect ratio of the inclusions has a significant effect on the overall dielectric constant of the composite.
Three Examples of Kinesiology in Physical Education: Why, How, and for Whom?.

(2008). Three Examples of Kinesiology in Physical Education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 79, No. 7, pp. 50-54.
The Function of Fathers: What Poor Men Say About Fatherhood

Interviews were conducted with 20 young men who used General Assistance, many of whom were the fathers of children of poor, unwed mothers. The relationship respondents had with their fathers was examined. For those young men who were themselves fathers, it also explored how those relationships influenced their own paternal identity and the relationships with their children. Findings from this research suggest that the relationship a man has with his father and the influence this has on his development of generativity and univocal reciprocity may be more influential to the son's paternal identity than his experience of poverty or violence. Increased efforts should be made to broaden the opportunities poor fathers have to be involved in the lives of their children beyond the economic arena.
Some early autopsies in Georgia

T HE earIiest records of autopsies performed in Georgia are found in the CoIoniaI Records for the year I 773.’ Dr. Andrew Johnston, an Augusta physician, was aIIowed the sum of -E3 for examining the body of WiIIiam MiIIer, shot three miIes above Augusta. On the same page occurs the entry that Dr. George Fraser is paid the sum of 26, 6 S for opening the body of Joseph Cox who was supposed to have been murdered near Abercorn. These two autopsies were at the request of the foremen of the juries hoIding the inquests, to settIe the IegaI points invoived and not for the purpose of investigating into the nature of disease. This is readiIy UnderstandabIe, because a11 of the IocaI physicians trained under the preceptor system, practicing their profession as best they couId, were much more interested in poIitics than the cause of fevers. This is evident from the subsequent history of Dr. Johnston. He was a staunch Tory and remained so during the Revolution. He must have been a successful practitioner, for even when he refused to subscribe to the “ IoyaIty test” in I 780 and was ordered jaiIed, the inhabitants of Augusta appeaIed in order that he couId practice among them. Again, when the GEORGIA
The application of turn-over flaps to burn wounds

Abstract Satisfactory coverage of some deep burn wounds is very difficult. During the past year, 20 de-epithelialized turn-over flaps have been used to cover deep burn wounds in 17 patients. Most of the wounds resulted from electrical injuries which caused exposure of tendons, nerves, bone or joint space. A turn-over flap is a convenient local flap for covering deep burn wounds and reducing morbidity. They adhere well, cause less contracture, and make a good bed for the overlying graft. One disadvantage is that healthy tissue around the wound is not always available; another is questionable tendon gliding. Complications consisted of partial flap necrosis, osteomyelitis and an epithelial cyst. Over-all results for the reconstruction of difficult burn wounds were considered exceptionally good.
First principles calculation of the mechanical compression of two organic molecular crystals.

The mechanical compression curves for the organic molecular crystals 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene and beta-octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (beta-HMX) are calculated using the Hartree-Fock approximation to the solutions of the many-body Schrodinger equation for a periodic system as implemented in the computer program CRYSTAL. No correction was made for basis set superposition error. The equilibrium lattice parameters are reproduced to within 1% of reported experimental values. Pressure values on the isotherm also agree well with reported experimental values. To obtain accurate results, the relaxation of all the atomic coordinates as well as the lattice parameters under a fixed volume constraint was required.
Introduction to the minisymposium on sports imaging in children.

The importance of children’s involvement in athletics has been emphasized in recent years by The President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports through the United States Department of Health and Human Services, representing one of many countries seeking to improve the health of children through physical activity [1]. The benefits of organized sports for young people are well recognized, including increasing physical conditioning, improving skills, acquiring confidence, gaining a healthy attitude toward competition, winning and losing as well as learning to participate as a team member. Injuries do occur and are part of athletics. The minisymposium on sports imaging in children addresses a variety of events arising from the participation of youngsters in basketball, football, soccer and gymnastics. Understanding the patterns and mechanisms of injury in each sport is important in knowing when and how to use imaging in the young athlete’s care. Not every injury merits imaging, and learning this is also key. For the radiologists, we wish to emphasize that, as in other areas of pediatric imaging, the patterns of biomechanical susceptibility in response to stresses upon the immature musculoskeletal system may be quite different from those in adults. Each of the authors is also a parent who has had to consider allowing a child to participate in various sports. Part of our aim is to provide a resource, not only for healthcare personnel, but also for parents searching for information about injuries and risks in considering their own child’s athletic participation. Accordingly, some of the comments address entities that are not directly related to imaging but were thought by authors to be relevant to a complete discussion of the sport and the young people who participate. The authors have had the experience and pleasure during several years of working together as a team on this project, having been invited to present versions of this symposium as an organized course at a number of meetings. During the last few years, we have learned much from one another and have modified our material in response to comments from our audiences. We are very happy that Pediatric Radiology has chosen to preserve our efforts as a resource that others may find helpful for some years to come.
A mass and energy conserving spectral element atmospheric dynamical core on the cubed-sphere grid

We present results from a conservative formulation of the spectral element method applied to global atmospheric circulation modeling. Exact local conservation of both mass and energy is obtained via a new compatible formulation of the spectral element method. Compatibility insures that the key integral property of the divergence and gradient operators required to show conservation also hold in discrete form. The spectral element method is used on a cubed-sphere grid to discretize the horizontal directions on the sphere. It can be coupled to any conservative vertical/radial discretization. The accuracy and conservation properties of the method are illustrated using a baroclinic instability test case.
Visualizing the effects of rTMS in a patient sample: Small N vs. group level analysis

The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to assess changes in cortical excitability is a tool used with increased prevalence in healthy and impaired populations. One factor of concern with this technique is how to achieve adequate statistical power given constraints of a small number of subjects and variability in responses. This paper compares a single pulse excitability measure using traditional group-level statistics vs single subject analyses in a patient population of subjects with focal hand dystonia, pre and post repetitive TMS (rTMS). Results show significant differences in cortical excitability for 4/5 subjects using a split middle line analysis on plots of individual subject data. Group level statistics (ANOVA), however, did not detect any significant findings. The consideration of single subject statistics for TMS excitability measures may assist researchers in describing the variably of rTMS outcome measures.
Two varieties of long-latency positive waves evoked by unpredictable auditory stimuli in man.

Two distinct late-positive components of the scalp-recorded auditory evoked potential were identified which differed in their latency, scalp topography and psychological correlates. The earlier component (latency about 240 msec) was elicited by infrequent, unpredictable shifts of either intensity or frequency in a train of tone pips, whether the subject was ignoring or attending. The later component (latency about 350 msec) occurred only when the subject was actively attending to the tones; it was evoked by the infrequent, unpredictable stimulus shifts, regardless of whether the subject was counting that stimulus or the more frequently occurring stimulus. Both of these distinct psychophysiological entities have previously been collectively referred to as 'P-3' or 'P-300' in the literature.
Is It a Distinct Subspecies? Preble's Mouse and the “Best Available Science” Mandate of the Endangered Species Act

This article examines the debate that surrounds the Preble's meadow jumping mouse listing under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). While policymakers and politicians have been looking toward science to provide a resolution to this debate, this article argues that science alone cannot provide the answers we seek in this case. Two components of the ESA are first examined, which will allow us to conceptually make sense of the Preble's mouse controversy: the first, the question of what constitutes a “species” under the ESA; the second, its best available science mandate. The article concludes by offering policy-relevant suggestions, which are aimed at more accurately capturing the limitations of science as they pertain to listing determinations under the ESA.
Sexual Science in the 21st Century: Where Are We Going? A Personal Note

presented at the International Academy of Sex Research 24th Annual Meeting, Sirmione, Italy. Janssen, E. J., Finn, P., Vorst, H., & Bancroft, J. (1999). The Sexual Inhibition (SIS) and Sexual Excitation (SES) Scales. Measuring individual differ- ences in propensity for sexual inhibition and excitation. Manuscript in preparation. Kim, S. G., & Oh, M. M. (1992). Norepinephrine involvement in response to intracorporeal injection of papaverine in psychogenic impotence. Journal of Urology, 147, 1530-1532. Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Sanders, S. A., Bancroft, J., Graham, C., & Klein, J. (1999). Oral contraceptives, well-being, and sexuality in women. Abstract presented at the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality Annual Conference of the Midcontinent Region, Indianapolis, Indiana. Stoleru, S., Grigoire, M. C., Girard, D., Decety, J. A., Lafarge, E., Cinotti, L., Lavenne, F.. Le Bars, D., Vemet-Maury, E., Rada, H., Collet, C., Mazoyer, B., Forest, M., Magnin, F., Spira, A., & Comar, D. (1999). Neuroanatomical correlates of visually-evoked sexual arousal in human males. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 28, 1-22. Stoleru, S., Redoute, J., Gregorie, M.-F., Lavenne, F, Le Bars, D., Cinotti, L., Spira, A., & Pujol, J. F. (1998). Cerebral correlates of hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Abstract presented at the International Academy of Sex Research 24th Annual Meeting, Sirmione, Italy. Manuscript accepted April 14, 1999 229 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.161 on Mon, 23 May 2016 05:12:21 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Are science, technology, and engineering now the most important subjects for ethics?: our need to respond

In this paper I argue that, yes, science, technology, and engineering are now the most important subjects for ethics to study. Due to the dramatic expansion of human power brought about by science, technology, and engineering, ethics needs to re-evaluate how humans should act given our new power. But it is not only ethics that needs to study science, technology and engineering -- likewise, scientists, technologists, and engineers need to study ethics with great diligence, and embody ethical behavior in their lives, as befits many professional engineering societies' goals of holding paramount the "health, safety, and welfare" of the public.
3arabizi - When Local Arabic Meets Global English

Arabic is the official language of Jordan. Yet, English is a language of prestige among many upwardly mobile Jordanians. Sakarna (2006) dubs a hybrid language comprised of a mixture of these two languages “Englo-Arabic”. In online contexts, a similar hybrid language has emerged. Often popularly labeled “3arabizi” or “Arabish”, a blended word based on the words “Arabic” and “English”, this mixed code is the most commonly encountered form of language for composing forum messages on the popular Jordanian website, Mahjoob.com (http://www.mahjoob.com). The most striking feature of 3arabizi is that it is written in Latin script and uses arithmographemics i.e. numbers as letters to represent Arabic sounds that do not occur in English. This article presents the key orthographical features of 3arabizi and discusses its topical occurrence when compared to both Arabic and English as observable within a purposive sample of web forum messages collected from Mahjoob.com.
High Affinity Glycosaminoglycan and Autoantigen Interaction Explains Joint Specificity in a Mouse Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis

In the K/BxN mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis, autoantibodies specific for glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) can transfer joint-specific inflammation to most strains of normal mice. Binding of GPI and autoantibody to the joint surface is a prerequisite for joint-specific inflammation. However, how GPI localizes to the joint remains unclear. We show that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are the high affinity (83 nm) joint receptors for GPI. The binding affinity and structural differences between mouse paw/ankle GAGs and elbows/knee GAGs correlated with the distal to proximal disease severity in these joints. We found that cartilage surface GPI binding was greatly reduced by either chondroitinase ABC or β-glucuronidase treatment. We also identified several inhibitors that inhibit both GPI/GAG interaction and GPI enzymatic activities, which suggests that the GPI GAG-binding domain overlaps with the active site of GPI enzyme. Our studies raise the possibility that GAGs are the receptors for other autoantigens involved in joint-specific inflammatory responses.
Relating error bounds for maximum concentration estimates to diffusion meteorology uncertainty

Abstract The intent of this paper is to relate the magnitude of the error bounds of data, used as inputs to a Gaussian dispersion model, to the magnitude of the error bounds of the model output, which include the estimates of the maximum concentration and the distance to that maximum. The research specifically addresses the uncertainty in estimating the maximum concentrations from elevated buoyant sources during unstable atmospheric conditions, as these are most often of practical concern in regulatory decision making. A direct and quantitative link between the nature and magnitude of the input uncertainty and modeling results has not been previously investigated extensively. The ability to develop specific error bounds, tailored to the modeling situation, allows more informed application of the model estimates to the air quality issues. In this study, a numerical uncertainty analysis is performed using the Monte-Carlo technique to propagate the uncertainties associated with the model input. Uncertainties were assumed to exist in four model input parameters: (1) wind speed, (2) standard deviation of lateral wind direction fluctuations, (3) standard deviation of vertical wind direction fluctuations, and (4) plume rise. For each simulation, results were summarized characterizing the uncertainty in four features of the ground-level concentration pattern predicted by the model: (1) the magnitude of the maximum concentration, (2) the distance to the maximum concentration, and (3) and (4) the areas enclosed within the isopleths of 50% and 25% of the error-free estimate of maximum concentration. The authors conclude that the error bounds for the estimated maximum concentration and the distance to the maximum can be double that of the error bounds for individual model input parameters. The model output error bounds for the areas enclosed within isopleth values can be triple the error bounds of the input. It was not our intent to cover all possible combinations for the error in the input parameters. Ours was a much more limited goal of providing a lower bound estimate of model uncertainty in which we assume the input is reasonably well characterized and there is no bias in the input. These results allow estimation of minimum bounds on errors in model output when considering reasonable input error bounds.
Unateness Properties of and-Exclusive-or Logic Circuits

Reordering the terms of a Reed-Muller or ring sum expansion of a switching function expressed in terms of the Boolean ring operations AND and EXCLUSIVE OR in a more natural way exploits the similarities between these expressions and unate functions and displays mathematical structure which apparently has not been noted before. McNaughton's n orderings on the n cube appear in a new setting and lead quickly to simple but geometrically satisfying theorems dealing with a matrix of coefficients of all 2n ring sum expressions for various polarities of inputs. The structure of these matrices for minterms, implicants, and functions are shown to have simple and attractive forms. An algorithm is presented which allows simple determination of a ring sum realization using logic array notation, and which can also be used to find minimum cost polarities. A second algorithm allows nonexhaustive and near-optimal handling of functions with DON'T CARE conditions.
Relationship between the autoacceleration of polymerization rate and conversion in radical polymerization

By using a simple treatment for the kinetics of radical polymerization with primary radical termination, the ratio kty/ktx of chain termination rate constant kty at conversion y to that ktx at conversion x and the ratio ktiy/ktix of the primary radical termination rate constant ktiy at conversion y to ktix at conversion x were calculated for the polymerizations of methyl methacrylate and ethyl acrylate in the conversion range 0 to 0.4. kty/ktx and ktiy/ktix were treated by using the following equations based on the variation of conversion: where g(T,y) is the average fractional free volume of radical chain end at conversion y and absolute temperature and β(T) is a function depending on T, and where gi(T,y) is the average fractional free volume of primary radical at conversion y and T and βi(T) is a function depending on T. The autoacceleration for the above monomers was successfully interpreted by the above treatment.
Single photon avalanche photodetector with integrated quenching fabricated in TSMC 0.18 μm 1.8 V CMOS process

The design and testing of a single photon avalanche detector with integrated quenching circuit fabricated in the TSMC 0.18 mum CMOS technology are reported. A 78 mum device exhibits an average dark count rate of 100 counts/s without cooling. Photon detection probability of approximately 14% is measured at 670 nm.
Phosphorylation by Sky1p promotes Npl3p shuttling and mRNA dissociation.

Mammalian SR proteins are currently thought to function in mRNA export as well as splicing. They contain multiple phosphorylated serine/arginine (RS/SR) dipeptides. Although SR domains can be phosphorylated by many kinases in vitro, the physiologically relevant kinase(s), and the role(s) of these modifications in vivo have remained unclear. Npl3 is a shuttling protein in budding yeast that we showed previously to be a substrate for the mammalian SR protein kinase, SRPK1, as well as the related yeast kinase, Sky1. Here we demonstrate that Sky1p phosphorylates only one of Npl3p’s eight SR/RS dipeptides. Mutation of the C-terminal RS to RA, or deletion of SKY1, results in the cytoplasmic accumulation of Npl3p. The redistribution of Npl3p is accompanied by its increased association with poly(A) 1 RNA and decreased association with its import receptor, Mtr10p, in vivo. We propose that phosphorylation of Npl3p by the cytoplasmically localized Sky1p is required for efficient release of mRNA upon termination of export.
Small Bowel Perforation in a Patient With AIDS

Question: A 25-year-old man with AIDS (CD4 count 65 cells/mm 3 ; viral load 12,000 copies/mL), Cryptococcus meningitis status post amphotericin and flucytosine treatment, whom recently started antiretroviral therapy, presented with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting for 1 day. Pain was described as sudden onset, diffuse, but worse in the periumbilical area, accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Physical examination was significant for abdominal distention, voluntary guarding, with tenderness to palpation in the periumbilical region. Laboratory values were significant for a lactate of 3.2 mmol/L. Notably, the patient was also seen in the emergency department 2 weeks before this admission for similar symptoms; abdominal and pelvic computed tomography (CT) demonstrated bowel wall thickening and mesenteric lymphadenopathy. The pain resolved spontaneously within hours, the symptoms were attributed to gastritis, and the patient was discharged. Upon this admission, another CT showed interval worsening of bowel wall thickening in the jejunum (Figure A) with possible small bowel obstruction with a transition point, and a possible stricture at the distal jejunum or proximal ileum. A nasogastric tube was placed, but the pain worsened, and the patient became febrile and tachycardic, with a firm, distended abdomen with voluntary guarding. Exploratory laparotomy demonstrated a small bowel perforation with a contained sac of purulent fluid. Ten centimeters of jejunum was resected with reanastomosis of the small bowel with histology as shown in Figure B.
The Escherichia coli CydX Protein Is a Member of the CydAB Cytochrome bd Oxidase Complex and Is Required for Cytochrome bd Oxidase Activity

Cytochrome bd oxidase operons from more than 50 species of bacteria contain a short gene encoding a small protein that ranges from ∼30 to 50 amino acids and is predicted to localize to the cell membrane. Although cytochrome bd oxidases have been studied for more than 70 years, little is known about the role of this small protein, denoted CydX, in oxidase activity. Here we report that Escherichia coli mutants lacking CydX exhibit phenotypes associated with reduced oxidase activity. In addition, cell membrane extracts from ΔcydX mutant strains have reduced oxidase activity in vitro. Consistent with data showing that CydX is required for cytochrome bd oxidase activity, copurification experiments indicate that CydX interacts with the CydAB cytochrome bd oxidase complex. Together, these data support the hypothesis that CydX is a subunit of the CydAB cytochrome bd oxidase complex that is required for complex activity. The results of mutation analysis of CydX suggest that few individual amino acids in the small protein are essential for function, at least in the context of protein overexpression. In addition, the results of analysis of the paralogous small transmembrane protein AppX show that the two proteins could have some overlapping functionality in the cell and that both have the potential to interact with the CydAB complex.
An Evaluation of Hyperkalemia and Serum Creatinine Elevation Associated With Different Dosage Levels of Outpatient Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole With and Without Concomitant Medications

Background: Adverse events associated with high-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) for outpatient infections, particularly those likely caused by community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, have not been adequately characterized. Objective: Describe hyperkalemia and acute renal injury associated with high-dose TMP-SMX. Methods: An electronic medical record database retrospective study was conducted of outpatients receiving high-dose or low-dose TMP-SMX, comparing the incidences of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury. Results: Of 6162 patients, more developed hyperkalemia (3.06% vs 1.05%, P 58 years (odds ratio [OR] = 3.44; 95% CI = 1.86-7.0; P < .0001), concomitant receipt of an NSAID (OR = 1.71; 95% CI = 1.02-2.79; P = .044) or an ACE inhibitor (OR = 3.27; 95% CI = 2.06-5.14; P < .0001), high-dose TMP-SMX prescribed (O...
A necropsy-based descriptive study of dairy cow deaths on a Colorado dairy

Increasing levels of dairy cow mortality pose a challenge to the US dairy industry. The industry's current understanding of dairy cow mortality is reliant upon descriptions largely based on producer or veterinary assumptions regarding cause of death without the benefit of detailed postmortem evaluations. A thorough necropsy is a superior tool for establishing a cause of death, except for cases involving euthanasia for traumatic accidents or severe locomotor disorders. Information provided from a necropsy examination would be most valuable if it were categorized and combined with cow health information in a complete postmortem evaluation designed to guide future management decisions. The objective of this study was to describe dairy cow deaths on a Colorado dairy over a 1-yr period and explore classification systems for necropsy findings that might inform management actions aimed at reducing dairy cow mortality. Throughout the study period a thorough necropsy examination was performed on every cow that died. Based upon this examination each death was characterized by a proximate cause (i.e., the most likely immediate cause of the death). Each proximate cause of death was then categorized using 3 alternate schemes founded on generalized etiologic principles and influenced by previous clinical history and treatments. These schemes included the broad categories commonly used for classifying findings within a review of literature related to dairy cow mortality, a diagnostic scheme used within the problem-oriented veterinary medical record, and an analysis focusing on the primary physiologic system derangement for each death. A total of 2,067 cows were enrolled during the study period of which 1,468 cows freshened, 507 cows were sold, and 94 cows died, resulting in a mortality risk of 6.4 deaths per 100 lactations at risk. The distribution of deaths by parity was significantly different from the herd distribution at the end of study with the largest percentage of death present in parity > or =4. Postmortem findings attributable to a specific cause of death were present for all but 4 of the 94 deaths. Assignment of the proximate causes of death to categories within the 3 alternate schemes provided a means for classifying necropsy findings and causes of death with different levels of detail. Creating categories with more selective groupings may provide a means for capturing specifics related to deaths that can be used to guide management decisions.
Functions of Research in Radical Behaviorism for the Further Development of Behavior Analysis.

The experimental analysis of behavior began as an inductively oriented, empirically based scientific field. As the field grew, its distinctive system of science—radical behaviorism—grew with it. The continuing growth of the empirical base of the field has been accompanied by the growth of the literature on radical behaviorism and its implications. In this article the case is made that radical behaviorism is more than an abstract description of the assumptions and practices of the field; it is an active area of research within the field itself, and that such theoretical research is of great importance to the development of the field. Some of the characteristics of radical behaviorism are described in brief, along with the functions of organization, clarification, and extension of various aspects of behavior-analytic science. Research examples are given from the areas of work on the system itself, behavior-analytic theory, and implications of behavior analysis for issues and findings in other fields. The unique characteristics of radical behaviorism provide an integrative and generative scientific framework for the continuing development of behavior analysis.
The Behavior of Bid-Ask Spreads in the Electronically-Traded Corn Futures Market

This is the first paper to analyze liquidity costs in agricultural futures markets based on the observed bid‐ask spread (BAS) faced by market participants. The results reveal a highly liquid corn market that mostly offers order execution at minimum cost. The BAS responds negatively to volume and positively to price volatility, but also affects volume traded and price volatility. While statistically significant, these responses on a cents/bushel or a percentage basis are generally small. Liquidity costs are also virtually impervious to short‐term changes in demand for spreading and trend‐following trader activity, as well as differences from day‐of‐the‐week changes in market activity. Much larger cents/bushel and percentage changes in BAS occur during commodity index trader roll periods and on USDA report release days. The roll period findings indicate a sunshine trading effect, while announcement effects identify the importance of unexpected information and adverse selection on order execution costs. Overall, our research demonstrates that the transition to electronic trading in the corn futures market has led to low and stable liquidity costs, despite the market turbulence in 2008–2009.
Spatial correlation of UWB signals in a home environment

Measurements of the spatial dependence of UWB (2-8 GHz) channels were made for a residential propagation environment using a network analyzer. Measurements indicate spatial correlation lengths ranging from about 2 to 6 inches for both LOS and NLOS geometries. The angle-of-arrival distribution showed discernible frequency-dependent rays of scattered energy and a strong component of narrow angle scatter energy. The LOS link appeared to be limited to about 10 degrees. For the NLOS link the angle-of-arrival distribution was wider.
Safer sex maintenance and reduction of unsafe sex among homosexually active men: a new therapeutic approach

To date, publicly funded HIV/AIDS prevention efforts for homosexually active men have largely been limited to two traditional public health strategies: mass media information campaigns and HIV testing/contact notification programs. Health educators using either of these strategies have addressed the spread of HIV as they would many other infectious diseases and have relied heavily upon fear tactics or moral arguments to 'sell' the concept of safer sex. Grass-roots gay community efforts to prevent HIV transmission have also largely relied upon these two strategies, as well as upon more informal individual and group counseling activities. In general, however, strategies used by the gay community have tried to present more positive approaches to AIDS prevention, including eroticizing safer sex practices. This article reviews the efficacy of traditional public health approaches as well as the educational models underlying them, and argues that a major shift in focus is needed. A comprehensive health care and sexuality education model for homosexually active men based on the 'PLISSIST' sex therapy model is described and advocated. This model is presented as a more useful one for identifying populations at risk, reducing unsafe sexual behavior and promoting safer sex maintenance. The model identifies five sub-populations among homosexually active men and recommends specialized interventions appropriate to each. Adequate funding for the services included in this model is also advocated.
A mathematical model for chemical vapor infiltration with microwave heating and external cooling

A mathematical model has been used to compute temperature profiles in ceramic preforms that are heated by microwaves. The temperature profiles were then input to a second part of the model describing chemical vapor infiltration of the preform, that is the diffusion of gaseous reactants, heterogeneous reaction, and evolution of the pore structure. Equations were solved numerically for parameters corresponding to the infiltration of SiC preforms by pyrolysis of trichloromethylsilane. While based on some simplifications, the model leads to the conclusion that infiltration proceeds more rapidly, and to a greater extent, with microwave heating/external cooling than in isothermal infiltration. The model suggests that infiltration might be optimized by manipulation of microwave power and external cooling. The computed extent of infiltration is seen to be very sensitive to the initial pore size.
PIC simulations of an achromatic solenoidal focusing system for LMF

The nominal 1000-MJ yield of a Laboratory Microfusion Facility (LMF) pellet requires at least a 1.5-m-radius target chamber to contain the blast. A geometry has been identified that uses an annular ion beam with a center plug, has a total transport length of 4 m, and allows no direct line of sight from the target blast to the ion diode. An analytic model for an achromatic, two-lens system that is capable of transporting a 30-MV, 1-MA Li ion beam over this distance has been developed. The system uses both self-B/sub theta / and solenoidal magnetic lenses. The beam microdivergence requirement is minimized by locating the final solenoidal lens at the target chamber wall. In the present work, the analytic model was verified by PIC (particle-in-cell) transport calculations. A realistic coil system has been designed to supply the required 2-T solenoidal fields. Simulations show that a lithium beam can be transported over the 4-m distance with better than 70% energy and power efficiency, delivering roughly 1 MJ/beam to the target if a 6-mrad microdivergence is achieved at the diode. >
Studying axonal degeneration and regeneration using in vitro and in vivo models: the translational potential

ABSTRACT: Since the initial studies by Cajal, multiple models of peripheral nerve degeneration and regeneration have been developed to address the ever-increasing complexity of the mechanisms involved in regeneration. In vitro models offer the principal benefit of a system that can be readily manipulated to address specific mechanistic questions in a deconstructed system. However, in vitro models can be overly simplified and intricacies of the interactions between neurons and glia can be lost. In vivo animal models seek to remedy some of these shortcomings, but most in vivo animal systems fail to precisely model human nerve regeneration. Rodent models of chronic nerve regeneration have been developed to better recapitulate human nerve regeneration, but are not widely used. An important development in the field has been the establishment of experimental nerve regeneration in humans, involving the reinnervation of the epidermis after cutaneous axotomy or topical capsaicin application. Use of such human mod...
Theory of lattice-based fine-coarse vector quantization

The performance of a lattice-based fast vector quantization (VQ) method, which yields rate-distortion performance to that of an optimal VQ, is analyzed. The method, which is a special case of fine-coarse vector quantization (FCVQ), uses the cascade of a fine lattice quantizer and a coarse optimal VQ to encode a given source vector. The second stage is implemented in the form of a lookup table, which needs to be stored at the encoder. The arithmetic complexity of this method is essentially that of lattice VQ. Its distortion can be made arbitrarily close to that of an optimal VQ, provided sufficient storage for the table is available. It is shown that the distortion of lattice-based FCVQ is larger than that of full search quantization by an amount that decreases as the square of the diameter of the lattice cells, and it provides exact formulas for the asymptotic constant of proportionality in terms of the properties of the lattice, coarse codebook, and source density. It is shown that the excess distortion asymptotically equals that of the fine quantizer. Simulation results indicate how small the lattice cells must be in order for the asymptotic formulas to be applicable. >
PPARγ in the endothelium regulates metabolic responses to high-fat diet in mice

Althoughendothelialdysfunction,�definedasabnormalvasoreactivity,�isacommonearlyfindinginindi- vidualswithtype�2�diabetes,�theendotheliumhasnotbeenknowntoregulatemetabolism.�AsPPARγ,�atran- scriptionalregulatorofenergybalance,�isexpressedinendothelialcells,�wesetouttoinvestigatetheroleof� endothelialcellPPARγ�inmetabolismusingmicethatlackPPARγ�intheendotheliumandBM�(γEC/BM-KO).� When�γEC/BM-KOmicewerefedahigh-fatdiet,�theyhaddecreasedadiposityandincreasedinsulinsensitivity� comparedwithcontrolmice,�despiteincreasedserumFFAandtriglyceride�(TG)�levels.�Afterfastingoroliveoil� gavage,�γEC/BM-KOmiceexhibitedsignificantdyslipidemiaandfailedtorespondtotheFFAandTGlower- ingeffectsofthePPARγ�agonistrosiglitazone.�BMtransplantationstudies,�whichreconstitutedhematopoietic� PPARγ,�establishedthatthesemetabolicphenotypeswereduetoendothelialPPARγ�deficiency.�Wefurther� foundthattheimpairmentinTG-richlipoproteinmetabolismin�γEC/BM-KOmicewasassociatedwithfatty� acid-mediatedlipoproteinlipaseinhibitionandchangesinaPPARγ-regulatedendothelialcelltranscriptional� program.�Despitetheirmetabolicimprovements,�high-fatdiet-fed�γEC/BM-KOmicehadimpairedvasore- activity.�Takentogether,�thesedatasuggestthatPPARγ�intheendotheliumintegratesmetabolicandvascular� responsesandmaycontributetotheeffectsofPPARγ�agonists,�thusexpandingwhatendothelialfunctionand� dysfunctionmayentail.
Accumulate-turbo codes for redundant data

Accumulate-turbo codes are proposed for use in channel coding of data that contains redundancy. Accumulate-turbo codes are nonsystematic channel codes that consist of a cascade of an outer accumulator, an interleaver, and an inner turbo code. The outer accumulator acts as a rate one source code, which allows better utilization of redundancy already in the data in channel decoding than in other previously proposed joint source-channel coding methods. Initial simulations performed on independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) sequences demonstrate performance that is less than 1 dB away from the theoretical limits for different non-uniformities for moderately long blocks. The performance achieved also for relatively short blocks is better than that achieved in recent works that address this problem. Unlike many of the recently proposed approaches, accumulate-turbo codes appear to be very robust to the data non-uniformity, yet, without sacrificing performance.
Time as essence for photo browsing through personal digital libraries

We developed two photo browsers for collections with thousands of time-stamped digital images. Modern digital cameras record photo shoot times, and semantically related photos tend to occur in bursts. Our browsers exploit the timing information to structure the collections and to automatically generate meaningful summaries. The browsers differ in how users navigate and view the structured collections. We conducted user studies to compare the two browsers and an un-summarized image browser. Our results show that exploiting the time dimension and appropriately summarizing collections can lead to significant improvements. For example, for one task category, one of our browsers enabled a 33% improvement in speed of finding given images compared to the commercial browser. Similarly, users were able to complete 29% more tasks when using this same browser.
Testing of Trusted CMOS Data Converters

In this work, we present testing of trusted CMOS data converters using DeltaIDDQ and on-chip linear ramp histogram techniques. DeltaIDDQ technique can be efficiently used to detect faults taking process variation into effect. We present design for an on-chip testability of CMOS analog-to-digital converter using linear-ramp histogram technique. The paper discusses a brief overview of the histogram technique, the formulae used to calculate the ADC parameters, the design implemented in 0.5µm n-well CMOS process, the results and effectiveness of the design. The on-chip linear ramp histogram technique can be seamlessly combined with DeltaIDDQ technique for improved testability, increased fault coverage and reliable operation.
Recent development in Doppler sonar technology

There has been significant recent progress in the development of Doppler sonar systems for marine research. Major advances include the development of side-scan Doppler systems for surface wave, ship wake and Langmuir cell research, the development of coded pulses for improved sonar precision, and the development of phased array Doppler sonar for 3D (x, y, t,) imaging of flow fields. Perhaps surprisingly, the Arctic has emerged as a prominent testing ground for many of these new technologies. The combination of a stable platform (the sea-ice) and extremely low natural signal levels enables accurate quantification of system performance. In the first section of this work the authors outline an approach to pulse coding which they have been exploring, with the objective of improving sonar precision. The second section reviews experience gained in the 1989 Coordinated Eastern Arctic Experiment, CEAREX and the 1992 Beaufort Sea Experiment, LEADEX. A brief discussion of a new phased array system the authors are developing for three dimensional observations concludes the work. >