cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of the Synthetic Copolymer PSMA as a Component in a Combination Microbicide Active Against HIV-1

The remarkable successes achieved using combination therapy to treat systemic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection suggest that combination microbicides, which include two or more active ingredients, may also provide a particularly effective means to prevent HIV-1 transmission. We have recently identified the compound PSMA, an alternating copolymer of polystyrene (PS) and maleic anhydride (MA), as a potential partner for our candidate microbicide polyethylene hexamethylene biguanide (PEHMB), a member of the polybiguanide family of compounds. In vitro studies of PSMA demonstrated that this compound is minimally cytotoxic and highly effective against both macrophageand T celltropic strains of HIV-1. We hypothesize that the dissimilar mechanisms of action of PSMA and PEHMB may provide additive or synergistic activity against HIV-1. Experiments are now underway to identify optimal combinations of PSMA and PEHMB to be used in experiments to assess toxicity, anti-HIV-1 activity, and formulation strategies. These investigations will be used to confidently advance the preclinical development of PSMA and a combination microbicide containing both compounds toward human trials. from 2005 International Meeting of The Institute of Human Virology Baltimore, USA, 29 August – 2 September 2005
Towards a Global Concept of Collaborative Space

Both distraction-free and interactive officing strategies will be required for a number of different key work places: the Individual Place, Project Place, Meeting Place, Social Place, and the Electronic Place. Mobility and flexibility in furniture, lighting, thermal, and networking will have significant opportunities for innovation, with the Project Place the most innovative and unknown of these work environments.
User interfaces for places and things in Croquet learning spaces

Croquet collaborative learning environments are computer-mediated three-dimensional social environments where users create and modify the shared virtual world simulation. Users build and modify Croquet collaborative spaces by creating new spaces, linking spaces together, and populating spaces with objects. The spaces and objects that users control can have behaviors and other attributes which users may modify. This flexibility presents unique challenges in designing a user interface that is functional for a user community with a wide range of experience and expertise. In this paper, we examine how the user interface can support user control of things and places in Croquet-based collaborative learning spaces, and propose a set of initial user interface conventions so that we can start the trial and error process of developing the optimal user interface for Croquet-based collaborative spaces that support learning and instruction.
Research: Franchising and Strategic Decision Making:

The linkage between the strategic choice to franchise, consensus and organizational performance is empirically tested among top management teams (TMTs) in 44 hotels. The study results show that lim...
REPATRIATION OF AHAYU:DA: 20 Years Later

In April 1990, just six months before the passage of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), I conducted an interview with the Zuni Tribal Council about their experiences repatriating the Ahayu:da Zuni War Gods. When NAGPRA was placed into law, the War Gods became an exemplar of cultural patrimony. In this brief invited commentary, I reflect on the interview, the significance of the War Gods in NAGPRA, and the shifts in repatriation practices in the context of NAGPRA's 20th anniversary. I conclude by suggesting that tribes and museums have both benefitted from repatriation and expressing a hope that the new ethic of cooperation and collaboration between Indians and museum scholars that has emerged in NAGPRA's wake continues long into the future.
Target slip tracking using gain-scheduling for antilock braking systems

In this paper, a gain-scheduling scheme is proposed for optimal target slip tracking of an antilock braking system. The study is based on the fact that for certain road surface condition, the tire force characterization, i.e. the force-slip curve, is indeed varying with respect to different vehicle forward speed. The optimal slip at which the braking force achieves its maximum is not, in contrast to what most slip-regulator design is based upon, a constant. This paper proposes a new ABS controller which regulates the slip to different levels depending on the instant vehicle forward speed along the braking process using gain-scheduling. The control algorithm, coupled with a feedback linearization compensation outer loop, is applied to a quarter-car ABS model. Simulations are performed using MATLAB/SIMULINK. It is shown that the gain-scheduling slip-regulator improves the vehicle braking performance as compared to constant slip-regulators.
Parenting behaviors and vagal tone at six months predict attachment disorganization at twelve months.

The authors investigated the relationships among parenting behaviors, infant vagal tone, and subsequent attachment classification. Vagal tone was assessed among 6-month olds (n?=?95) during the still-face paradigm (SFP) via respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), while attachment security and disorganization were measured at 12 months during the strange situation procedure (SSP). Infants demonstrating higher levels of RSA during the normal interaction and reunion episodes of the SFP whose mothers were also rated as negative-intrusive exhibited higher levels of attachment disorganization at 12 months, while infants with lower RSA and mothers who were negative-intrusive did not exhibit higher levels of disorganization. These results suggest that high levels of RSA may not be adaptive within the context of negative-intrusive parenting.
Effects of DIDS on the chick retinal pigment epithelium. II: Mechanism of the light peak and other responses originating at the basal membrane

4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate (DIDS) appears to block a Cl- conductance in the basal membrane of the chick retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) (Gallemore and Steinberg, 1989). The present paper describes the effect of DIDS, as well as effects of anion movement blockade with other pharmacological agents, on 3 responses that originate as depolarizations of the RPE basal membrane: the light peak of the DC electroretinogram, the response to sodium azide, and the response to a small transtissue hyperosmotic gradient. Intracellular and extracellular potentials, and measurements of subretinal [K+]o were obtained from an in vitro preparation of chick retina-RPE-choroid. Choroidal perfusion with each of 4 anion transport and Cl- channel blockers (DIDS, 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene, phenylanthranylic acid, and thiocyanate) suppressed the light peak. DIDS, the most potent agent, abolished the basal membrane light-peak depolarization. Choroidal perfusion with azide depolarized the basal membrane and decreased its apparent resistance, Rba, as in cat (Linsenmeier and Steinberg, 1987). The basal membrane depolarization, recorded extracellularly as an increase in the transtissue potential (TTP), was blocked by DIDS. Azide also increased RPE c-wave amplitude, which could be explained by the decrease in Rba, and it suppressed the light peak. As previously described (Shirao and Steinberg, 1987), a 25 mOsm transtissue hyperosmotic load (retinal side hyperosmotic) increased the TTP, increased the c-wave and decreased the transtissue resistance. DIDS suppressed each of these effects. We conclude that the light peak, the response to azide, and the response to a retinal hyperosmotic load may each originate as an increase in a basal membrane anion conductance that may be permeable to chloride.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Heat of Adsorption of Butane on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes

We report the isosteric heats of adsorption, qst, for butane on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) over a range of surface loadings at temperatures below the normal boiling point. Butane is a nonspherical, nonpolar molecule that may exhibit different orientations in multilayer adsorption. The morphology of our MWNTs is such that only surface adsorption or capillary condensation can occur: no interstitial sites between nanotubes are available to butane. For these nanotubes, exterior surface adsorption is the principal mechanism measured by gravimetric analysis as the internal pores are only a small volume fraction of the total solid volume. The isosteric heat of adsorption varied with the surface coverage, θ, defined as the ratio of adsorbed butane to the MWNT butane monolayer capacity. The initial heat of adsorption was in the region ∼22−26 kJ/mol, which is approximately 1/3 lower than the corresponding value for various graphite−butane systems. At θ = 1, qst displays a minima (13.5−15.9 kJ/mol). The i...
Applications of one-cycle control to improve the interconnection of a solid oxide fuel cell and electric power system with a dynamic load

Adding distributed generation (DG) is a desirable strategy for providing highly efficient and environmentally benign services for electric power, heating, and cooling. The interface between a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), typical loads, and the electrical grid is simulated in Matlab/Simulink and analyzed to assess the interactions between DG and the electrical grid. A commercial building load profile is measured during both steady-state and transient conditions. The load data are combined with the following models that are designed to account for physical features: a One-Cycle Control grid-connected inverter, a One-Cycle Control active power filter, an SOFC, and capacitor storage. High penetration of DG without any power filter increases the percentage of undesirable harmonics provided by the grid, but combined use of an inverter and active power filter allows the DG system interconnection to improve the grid tie-line flow by lowering total harmonic distortion and increasing the power factor to unity.
Gradual surface transitions on semiconductors induced by multiple picosecond laser pulses

Abstract Various gradual transitions on silicon, gallium arsenide (and copper) surfaces can be produced by repetitive subthreshold picosecond laser illumination. The dramatic decrease of the threshold energy is discussed in terms of the possible laser- induced transformations in the material.
Influence of temperature on 31P NMR chemical shifts of phospholipids and their metabolites I. In chloroform–methanol–water

Abstract Spectral overlap of 31 P NMR resonances and the lack of reproducibility in chemical shifts corresponding to phospholipids in organic solvents challenge the accuracy of band assignments and quantification. To alleviate these problems, the use of temperature coefficients is proposed. Changes in temperature enable the resolution of overlapped resonances and provide a facile approach for the computation of temperature coefficients. The coefficients were evaluated for various glycero- and sphingo-phospholipids. Their values suggest that differences in H-bonding between the phosphate and the head groups are responsible for the changes of chemical shift with temperature. Among parent phospholipids, and in addition to sphingomyelin, the smallest temperature coefficient values (closest to zero) were observed for phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, dihydrosphingomyelin, and cardiolipin. The highest values were exhibited by phospholipids with protonated head groups, such as phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine. The lowest and, in fact, negative values were measured for phospholipids with an exposed phosphate group: phosphatidic acid, ceramide-1-phosphate, and dihydroceramide-1-phosphate. Diacyl, alkyl-acyl, and alkenyl-acyl phospholipids with the same head group exhibited comparable coefficients but differed slightly in chemical shifts. Compared to their parent glycerophospholipids, all lyso analogs had greater temperature coefficients, possibly due to the presence of an extra OH capable of forming a H-bond with the phosphate group.
Dopaminergic neurons: An in vivo system for measuring drug interactions with presynaptic receptors

An in vivo system has been used to investigate the ability of dopamine agonists and antagonists to alter dopamine synthesis by acting at what appear to be presynaptic dopamine receptors. In order to eliminate postsynaptically induced changes in dopamine synthesis caused by the effects of these drugs on the firing rate of dopamine neurons, gammabutyrolactone was administered to block impulse flow in the nigro-neostriatal pathway. The accumulation of Dopa in the rat striatum after administration of Dopa decarboxylase inhibitor was used as an index of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase activity. It was found that administration of the dopamine agonists, apomorphine or ET-495 [1-(2′-pyrimidyl)-piperonyl-piperazine], modified the apparent activity of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase when impulse flow was blocked in dopamine neurons. This presynaptic effect of apomorphine could be prevented by low doses of loxapine haloperidol and spiroperidol. Chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, and thioridizine were much less effective than the butyrophenones in blocking the effects of apomorphine. Molindone and (+) butaclamol, but not (-) butaclamol, reversed the presynaptic agonist effects, pimozide was a weak blocker and clozapine had no effect at all. All these neuroleptics except (-) butaclamol caused a significant increase in Dopa accumulation when impulse flow was intact. Compared with haloperidol the phenothiazines and pimozide appeared less potent in reversing the presynaptic effects of apomorphine than in blocking the behavioral effects of this agonist. Possible functional significance of the presynaptic dopamine receptors are considered.
Visible and infrared spectroelectrochemistry of cobalt porphinones and porphinediones

Abstract The visible and infrared spectroelectrochemistry of the redox chemistry of CoII–porphinone complexes were examined and compared with similar studies of the respective iron complexes. Cobalt(II) porphinone complexes undergo a one-electron reduction and two one-electron oxidations within the potential region that was studied in this work. The one electron spectroelectrochemical reduction of CoII(P) (P = octaethylporphyrin (OEP), octaethylporphinone (OEPone), and octaethylporphinedione (OEPdione)) were studied using visible spectroscopy, and their cobalt(I) complexes were characterized. The same reduction was examined by FTIR spectroscopy for P = OEPone and OEPdione. The infrared spectra showed downshifts of the νCO band that were consistent with a cobalt(I) complex and were similar to the iron(I) complex. The two one-electron oxidations of CoII(OEPone) and CoII(OEPdione) were also carried out using visible and infrared spectroelectrochemistry. The νCO band for cobalt was less sensitive to the metal oxidation state (III vs. II) than was observed in the iron complexes. Additional upshifts in the νCO band were observed for the π-cation radical. Isotopic 18O substitution on the carbonyl group of the H2OEPone was done in order to determine the degree of mixing up the porphinone modes with the carbonyl vibrations.
Inappropriate ingestive behaviors arising from autoshaping procedures.

An apparatus was especially designed to present rats with discrete portions of ingestible substances (food pellets, water drops, oil drops) that were predictive of intermittent reinforcement, but irrelevant to physiological need. This arrangement resulted in a rapid and frequent consumption of irrelevant substances with a probability of consumption, in most cases, equal to that of consuming the reinforcer itself. Response topographies depended upon the nature of the predictive stimulus, not that of the reinforcer. The effect observed was dependent on reinforcement as nonreinforced controls engaged in no irrelevant ingestive behavior; but temporal locus of reinforcement was not critical. This phenomenon was shown by a specific aversion experiment not to depend on any possible indiscriminability of the stimuli employed. It is hypothesized that the important associative process operating in these experiments was spatial classical conditioning.
Center vortex model for Sp(2) Yang-Mills theory

The question whether the center vortex picture of the strongly interacting vacuum can encompass the infrared dynamics of both SU(2) as well as Sp(2) Yang-Mills theory is addressed. These two theories contain the same center vortex degrees of freedom, and yet exhibit deconfinement phase transitions of different order. This is argued to be caused by the effective action governing the vortices being different in the two cases. To buttress this argument, a random vortex world-surface model is constructed which reproduces available lattice data characterizing Sp(2) Yang-Mills confinement properties. A new effective action term which can be interpreted in terms of a vortex stickiness serves to realize a first-order deconfinement phase transition, as found in Sp(2) Yang-Mills theory. Predictions are given for the behavior of the spatial string tension at finite temperatures.
Discourse as Rock Formation--Fruitcake as Professionalism

Twelve years ago cultural theorist L. Grossberg (1992) wrote a theory surrounding "the rock formation" (as in rock 'n' roll). What initially might seem to be an oppositional genre of expression is modified in order to gain wider acceptance, usurping libidinal and affective qualities for hegemonic purposes. I often speak about educational reforms as fruitcake. I believe that there are only a few Christmas fruitcakes in the world. Every year somebody somewhere (perhaps you) receives one of the fruitcakes as a gift. The next year you take the fruitcake out of storage, rewrap and send it on to someone else. But, no matter how you repackage it, it is still the same fruitcake.
The Osteoclast—Not Always Guilty

Osteopetrosis is usually regarded as the disease of nonfunctioning osteoclasts, with a consequent accumulation of osseocartilaginous material in the bone marrow. A recent report shows that, in some patients with the rare autosomal recessive form of the disease, the osteoclast defect may be non-cell autonomous, in this case due to a mutation in RANKL, the protein that normally controls osteoclast formation and activity.
The Return of the Liquidity Effect: A Study of the Short-Run Relation Between Money Growth and Interest Rates

In this article, I use band-pass filters to investigate the short-run relationship between money growth and interest rates. I find a negative correlation between short-run movements in money growth and interest rates, which I interpret as evidence that the liquidity effect dominates the anticipated inflation effect.
Exchange interactions of quench-condensed vanadium atoms on metal surfaces.

In situ studies of quench-condensed V atoms on Pb, Al, Au, and Ag substrates show that V atoms form isolated magnetic moments for an average thickness d\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.03 monolayer (ML). For d\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0.03 ML antiferromagnetic coupling between V atoms is detected and increases. At d\ensuremath{\simeq}1.5 ML the interaction becomes predominantly ferromagnetic. On Au and Ag surfaces the moment is comparable to that of an isolated Fe atom, whereas on Pb or Al the moment is less by a factor of about 7.
The significance of signature to the 1982 Montego bay convention on the law of the sea

Abstract On December 10, 1982, in Montego Bay, Jamaica, 117 states signed a new and comprehensive Law of the Sea Convention. The complexity of this Convention (the M.B.C.), coupled with the lethargy with which states generally follow through with ratification, suggests that it may be years before the M.B.C. enters into force. This paper examines the significance of signature to the Convention. For many states an obligation not to defeat the object and purpose of a treaty between signature and entry into force exists; the degree of this obligation is examined. Additionally, certain states continue to be bound by the 1958 Geneva Conventions; this may affect the M.B.C. prior to entry into force. A wide range of behavior is permissible without defeating the object and purpose of a treaty (an irreversible harm test has been suggested); there are actually relatively few actions that clearly will defeat the object and purpose of the M.B.C, the best examples being in uses of the deep seabed. Overall, signature do...
The Author and the Person: A Foucauldian Reflection on the Author in Knowledge Organization Systems

Based on Foucault’s exploration of the author-function, the current study investigates knowledge organization systems’ treatment of persons. FRBR and FRAD do well to extend the information in library authority records beyond the personal name as a character string to include attributes of the person, yet aspects of the person as an author and of her author-function are still lacking. This paper briefly compares RDA/MARC and other current initiatives, and finds that Europeana, AustLit, The American Civil War: Letters and Diaries, and DBpedia all have the potential to record both attributes and relationships in authority records for persons. We conclude that additional attributes, relationships, and the previously unused category of events are pivotal to moving toward more Foucault-friendly KOSs in libraries.
Presynaptic dopamine receptors and α-adrenoceptors as mediators of the bradycardic action of N-n-propyl-N-n-butyl dopamine

Abstract The role of presynaptic receptors in then bradycardic action of N-n-propyl-N-n-butyl dopamine (PBDA) was investigated. A biphasic effect on blood pressure and a decrease in heart rate were seen upon intravenous administration of PBDA to pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. The bradycardia produced by PBDA was unaffected by bilateral vagotomy; however, it was abolished by cardic sympathetic denervation. When PBDA was readministered following restoration of the cardiac sympathetic nerve activity by electrical stimulation, at frequency of 1 Hz, decrease in heart rate was again observed. The cardioinhibitory action of PBDA was completely abolished by sulpiride, whereas phentolamine and yohimbine caused only partial attenuation, suggesting the involvement of both presynaptic α-adrenoceptors as well as dopamine receptors in the bradycardiac action of PBDA. Additional experiments were performed tol study the influence of stimulus frequency on the cardioinhibition produced by PBDA. Administration of PBDA to animals with different levels of cardiac sympathetic nerve activity (0.25–2 Hz) resulted in decreases in heart rate. However, yohimbine antagonized this action of PBDA only at the two higher frequencies of cardiac nerve stimulation. Sulpiride completely abolished the bradycardia observed at all the different frequencies of cardiac nerve stimulation. These results demonstrate that activation of presynaptic receptors on cardiac sympathetic nerves can result in a decrease in heart rate. PBDA causes by bradycardia via an action on presynaptic dopamine receptors when the cardiac sympathetic nerve activity is low, while presynaptic dopamine receptors as well as α-adrenoceptors are involved in the decrease in heart rate produced by this compound at higher levels of sympathetic nerve activity.
Quantum information: Show, don't tell

Probing an unknown quantum state is a resource-intensive endeavour. Now, it is shown that it may be faster to record observations that are themselves quantum superpositions, rather than classical data.
LIBS analysis of geomaterials: geochemical fingerprinting for the rapid analysis and discrimination of minerals.

Abstract Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a simple atomic emission spectroscopy technique capable of real-time, essentially non-destructive determination of the elemental composition of any substance (solid, liquid, or gas). LIBS, which is presently undergoing rapid research and development as a technology for geochemical analysis, has attractive potential as a field tool for rapid man-portable and/or stand-off chemical analysis. In LIBS, a pulsed laser beam is focused such that energy absorption produces a high-temperature microplasma at the sample surface resulting in the dissociation and ionization of small amounts of material, with both continuum and atomic/ionic emission generated by the plasma during cooling. A broadband spectrometer-detector is used to spectrally and temporally resolve the light from the plasma and record the intensity of elemental emission lines. Because the technique is simultaneously sensitive to all elements, a single laser shot can be used to track the spectral intensity of specific elements or record the broadband LIBS emission spectra, which are unique chemical ‘fingerprints’ of a material. In this study, a broad spectrum of geological materials was analyzed using a commercial bench-top LIBS system with broadband detection from ∼200 to 965 nm, with multiple single-shot spectra acquired. The subsequent use of statistical signal processing approaches to rapidly identify and classify samples highlights the potential of LIBS for ‘geochemical fingerprinting’ in a variety of geochemical, mineralogical, and environmental applications that would benefit from either real-time or in-field chemical analysis.
A reagent for covalently attaching biotin to proteins via a cleavable connector arm

Abstract The preparation of a reagent which can be used to attach biotin to proteins via a cleavable connector arm is described. The reagent, 3-(4-( N -biotinoyl-6-aminocaproyloxy)phenyl)propionic acid N -hydroxysuccinimide ester (BPE), can acylate amino groups of proteins and other compounds via reaction of the N -hydroxysuccinimide ester function. Compounds which have been covalently labeled with BPE can be selectively retrieved (at physiological pH values) from complex mixtures by adsorbing the target compounds on immobilized avidin. These compounds can be released from the avidin by cleavage of the phenyl ester linkage of the connector arm under conditions which don't denature proteins. Insulin was labeled with BPE. The binding of the labeled insulin to immobilized avidin, and its subsequent release by treatment at room temperature with 1 m hydroxylamine at pH 7 was demonstrated.
Continuing crack-tip deformation and fracture for plane-strain crack growth in elastic-plastic solids

Analysis of the deformation field consistent with a Prandtl stress distribution travelling with an advancing plane-strain crack reveals the functional form of the near tip crack profile in an elastic-plastic solid. The crack opening δ is shown to have the form δ ∼ r In (const./r) at a distance r from the tip. This observation coupled with data generated from finite element investigations of growing cracks in small-scale yielding permits the construction of a relation characterizing the deformation at an extending crack tip. A ductile crack-growth criterion consisting of the attainment of a critical opening at a small characteristic material distance from the tip is adopted. Predictions of the stability of a growing crack for both small-scale yielding specimens and those subject to general yielding are discussed.
Polarized single-crystal specular reflectance spectra of (TMTSF)2ClO4 in the visible and ultraviolet

Abstract Single-crystal specular reflectance spectra of three polarizations of (TMTSF) 2 ClO 4 in the visible and ultraviolet regions and their Kramers-Kronig-transformed absorption spectra are reported. Earlier reports of visible transitions are confirmed with the addition of integrated intensities, and several new transitions are reported quantitatively in the ultraviolet.
Complimentary roles of cardiac ultrasound and cardiovascular nuclear medicine.

This review is directed at the clinically useful high-lights of ultrasound and radionuclide testing in adults with coronary and valvular heart disease, intracardiac shunts, and hypertrophic and congestive cardiomyopathies. As a clinical tool, the radionuclide procedures are currently more useful than ultrasound examination in evaluating patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. This includes both primary diagnosis and the more accurate estimation of left ventricular function in the presence of segmental asynergy. In patients with valvular disease, the radionuclide procedures are only indirectly useful, while the ultrasound examination is more often diagnostic. These two techniques are complimentary to one another in their ability to noninvasively evaluate and monitor both chamber size and ventricular function in virtually all patients. Recent research involving noninvasive ventricular imaging during physiologic and pharmacologic intervention holds promise for a more sophisticated noninvasive approach to patient management.
Structural-acoustic aspects in the modeling of sandwich structures and computation of equivalent elasticity parameters

Abstract Small-deflection theory is used along with FE models to compute the equivalent elasticity parameters of sandwich structures. Eigenfrequency and eigenmode analyses, comparing the equivalent 2-D continua with full 3-D models, are utilized to determine how continuous connections and in-vacuo assumptions are influenced as real-world discontinuities and gas- or foam-filled cavities are included. It is found that discrete connections between structural elements reduce stiffnesses and eigenfrequencies of the net structure substantially. The presence of gas or foam in the core cavities is observed to increase the overall damping of the dynamic panel response while also amplifying certain panel resonances.
Annealing studies of solution and bulk crystallized polyethylene using the Raman-active longitudinal acoustical vibrational mode

Abstract The longitudinal acoustical (LA) mode has been studied in solution and bulk-crystallized polyethylene by Raman spectroscopy. In bulk-crystallized polyethylene the crystalline repeat, estimated from the LA frequency, corresponds to the larger of the two small angle repeat distances. Observations of the LA linewidth indicate that upon annealing the distribution of lamellar thicknesses broadens for single crystal mats and narrows for quenched bulk material. In successive annealing experiments on preannealed polyethylene where the spectra were recorded at the annealing temperature, the crystalline core maintains a constant thickness and does not melt-inward from the fold surfaces. The intensity of the LA mode decreases during such annealing. These results are interpreted in terms of the α-relaxation process which increases the number of defect chains in the crystalline core upon annealing.
Molecular organization of cholesterol in unsaturated phosphatidylethanolamines: X-ray diffraction and solid state 2H NMR reveal differences with phosphatidylcholines.

The major mammalian plasma membrane lipids are phosphatidylcholines (PCs), phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), and cholesterol. Whereas PC−cholesterol interactions are well studied, far less is known about those between PE and cholesterol. Here, we investigated the molecular organization of cholesterol in PEs that vary in their degree of acyl chain unsaturation. For heteroacid sn-1 saturated (palmitoyl), sn-2 unsaturated (various acyl chain) PEs, cholesterol solubility determined by X-ray diffraction was essentially identical with 1 (oleoyl, 51 ± 3 mol %) and 2 (linoleoyl, 49 ± 2 mol %) double bonds before decreasing progressively with 4 (arachidonyl, 41 ± 3 mol %) and 6 (docosahexaenoyl, 31 ± 3 mol %) double bonds. With 6 double bonds in each chain, cholesterol solubility was further reduced to 8.5 ± 1 mol %. However, 2H NMR experiments established that the orientation of cholesterol in the same heteroacid PE membranes was unaffected by the degree of acyl chain unsaturation. A tilt angle of 15 ± 1° was meas...
Hemostatic tests in the prediction of atherothrombotic disease

Hemostatic components play major roles in the pathogenesis of human atherothrombotic disease. There has been interest in determining whether tests for hemostatic components predict this disorder. Recent populationbased and clinically-oriented prospective studies have begun to provide useful information. Northwick Park Heart (NPH) study made the initial observation that the plasma fibrinogen level is an independent risk factor for non-fatal and fatal coronary heart disease (CHD). This has been confirmed by other population-based studies. By contrast, factor VIIc levels which were reported by NPH to be an independent risk factor for CHD, especially fatal myocardial infarction (MI) has not been confirmed by other studies. Factor VIIIc, von Willebrand factor (vWF), tPA and PAI-1 are reported to be associated with CHD. Prospective angina pectoris studies have identified fibrinogen, C-reactive protein (CRP) and von Willebrand factor as independent risk factors for acute ML These findings raise a possible mechanism of inflammation in CHD. A number of studies imply an association of platelet activation with CHD. A prospective study has shown that a persistent positive spontaneous platelet aggregation (SPA) test is an independent risk factor for recurrent MI. Hence, prospective studies indicate a potential value for certain hemostatic tests to predict atherothrombotic disorder. However, clinical utility of these tests remains to be established. Controlled clinical trials may be required to provide a more definite information regarding the use of these tests for selecting high risk patients for preventive strategies.
Uranium (VI) Reduction by Denitrifying Biomass

ABSTRACT Groundwater near the S3 ponds at the US Department of Energy's Y-12 site in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, is contaminated by high levels of nitrate (up to 160 mM) and U(VI) (∼0.3 mM). To minimize nitrate inhibition, the authors proposed extraction of contaminated groundwater, nitrate removal in a denitrifying fluidized bed bioreactor (FBR), and return of nitrate-free effluent to the aquifer to stimulate in situ microbial reduction of U(VI). In the presence of carbonate, U(VI) sorption to biomass was negligible, but in its absence, sorption was significant. Biomass reduced U(VI) to U(IV), exhibiting slow first-order removal with respect to U(VI). Addition of electron donor increased rates. Addition of an inhibitor of sulfate reduction (molybdate) slowed the rate and inhibited sulfate reduction. Denitrifying β-Proteobacteria dominated clone libraries of SSU rRNA and dsrA gene sequences. Approximately 10% were low-G+C microorganisms that had 90% to 92% sequence identity with Sporomusa, Acetonema, and Propio...
Significance of water complexes in the atmosphere

Abstract Using standard statistical and thermodynamic procedures, we calculate equilibrium constants for the formation of select, hydrogen-bonded water complexes, namely the water dimer and the cyclic trimer and tetramer, and use them to estimate the atmospheric abundances of these species. We generate water complex altitude profiles (0–30 km) for both a saturated and an unsaturated atmosphere and discuss the dominant factors influencing our results. In our analysis, particular emphasis is given to the significance that water monomer concentrations, complex binding energies, hydrogen-bond energies, and entropy have on the calculated abundance profiles. We examine the importance of enthalpy and entropy at atmospheric temperatures and show how each contributes to our calculated equilibrium constants. By applying a universal 2 °C temperature increase throughout the troposphere and lower stratosphere, we are able to model the effect that global warming would have on (H2O)n abundances in a saturated atmosphere. We also illustrate the effect that this thermal variation would have on entropy, enthalpy, and Kp(T) values. Based on our results, we assess the atmospheric significance of water dimers and cyclic water complexes.
Prospective, Randomized Trial to Evaluate Efficacy of a Thrombin-Based Hemostatic Agent in Total Knee Arthroplasty

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) can be associated with substantial blood loss, leading to increased morbidity and transfusion rates. The study objective was to evaluate routine use of a thrombin-based topical hemostatic matrix in reducing blood loss and transfusion requirements in primary TKA. 108 patients were enrolled in a prospective, randomized, single-center trial. Patients receiving the hemostatic agent demonstrated a lower mean calculated blood loss (1325.2±464.8mL vs. control, 1509.3±432.8mL; P=0.02), drain output (415.6±202.0mL vs. control, 579.9±306.7mL; P=0.008), and length of stay (3.3±0.8days vs. control, 3.7±1.1days; P=0.03), without a statistically significant difference in mean hemoglobin loss or transfusion requirements. The clinical utility of this hemostatic agent to reduce transfusions after uncomplicated, primary TKA continues to remain unclear.
Models for direct Monte Carlo simulation of coupled vibration-dissociation

A new model for reactive collisions is developed within the framework of a particle method, which simulates coupled vibration-dissociation (CVD) behavior in high-temperature gases. The fundamental principles of particle simulation methods are introduced with particular attention given to the probability functions employed to select thermal and reactive collisions. Reaction probability functions are derived which favor vibrationally excited molecules as reaction candidates. The new models derived here are used to simulate CVD behavior during thermochemical relaxation of constant-volume O2 reservoirs, as well as the dissociation incubation behavior of postshock N2 flows for comparisons with previous models and experimental data.
Future Neutrino Cross Section and Nuclear Effects Studies

A careful study of neutrino scattering physics is an essential part of the program to answer many open questions being addressed by several diferent physics communities. A deeper understanding of nuclear effects induced by neutrinos and considerably more accurate measurements of neutrino exclusive cross sections are crucial for minimizing systematics of neutrino oscillation experiments and understanding the mechanism by which core-collapse supernovae explode.
The effects of low molecular weight materials derived from animal tissues on the growth of animal cells in vitro.

Abstract A low molecular weight fraction was isolated by gel filtration from commercially prepared tissue hydrolysates. These low molecular weight materials could replace the serum supplement for the growth of some established cell lines in vitro , and they enabled the cultured cells to grow at a rate comparable to that observed with the serum supplement. It would appear that the active material is a mixture of products, possibly peptide in nature, with molecular weight between 700 to 1600. A high molecular weight fraction separated from these hydrolysates did not stimulate the growth of the cells to the same extent and, under some conditions, caused the cells to clump.
Interpreting School Choice Effects: Do Voucher Experiments Estimate the Impact of Attending Private School?.

Abstract In this article I review the use of randomized field trials to evaluate school voucher interventions. I argue that although estimates of the effect of the voucher offer on achievement are unbiased in these trials, more specific interpretations such as the effect of attending private school may be difficult to obtain. I discuss several evaluation parameters in the context of voucher experiments, with particular attention to the theoretical assumptions needed to identify private school impacts. I argue that if there are direct effects of the voucher offer on student achievement, and compliance with voucher assignment is imperfect, instrumental variable estimates are likely to overstate the extent to which achievement gains may be attributable to private schooling.
Nucleophilic reactions of 5‐(aryl)thianthrenium bromides with sodium aryl oxides

Reactions between 5-(aryl)thianthrenium bromides (1a–e) with aryl (Ar) groups phenyl (a), p-tolyl (b), p-anisyl (c), p-chlorophenyl (d) and p-bromophenyl (e) and sodium aryl oxides (7a–c, Ar′ONa, Ar′ = phenyl, p-tolyl and p-chlorophenyl) were carried out in acetonitrile at 80 °C. Results are compared with those of earlier reactions of 1a–e with corresponding sodium aryl thiolates (Ar′SNa). In contrast with the thiolate reactions, those with 7a–c were too slow at room temperature to be useful. Reactions of 1a–c at 80 °C gave small amounts of benzene and toluene from 1a and b, small amounts of diaryl ethers ArOAr′ (9) and thianthrene (Th) and large amounts (90–97%) of 2-(ArS)-2′-(Ar′O)diphenyl sulfide (10). Compared with reactions of 1a–c, those of 1d and e gave larger amounts (10–17%) of 9, lesser amounts (25–30%) of 10 and substantial amounts (42–55%) of 2-[4-(Ar′O)-ArS]-2′-(Ar′O)diphenyl sulfide (12). Small amounts of 1,4-di(Ar′O)benzene (11) were also obtained from reactions of 1d and e. Formation of 11 and 12 is preceded by replacement of halogen by Ar′O−. Structures of products 10 and 12 were deduced by comparison with earlier products from thiolate reactions, elemental analyses, mass spectrometry molecular masses and, in the case of 10, the crystal structure of 10d. It is proposed that products 9–12 are formed by nucleophilic reactions of Ar′O− at ipso positions in 1. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reforming united states' health care system

The US health care system, characterized by high costs and limited health benefits coverage, is constantly undergoing reform. This paper presents a brief overview of the US health care system and its current reform: the use of managed care and medical savings account plans; reducing Medicare and Medicaid spending; and the regulation of managed care system.
Accountants and Emerging Technologies: A Case Study at the United States Department of the Treasury Bureau of Engraving and Printing

Based on an in‐depth field study of a pilot test of an eProcurement system, this paper introduces the topic of accountants' roles in emerging technology assessments, and presents a teaching case for use in an accounting information systems class. The United States Department of the Treasury Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP) was one of three federal agencies participating in the test, which was sponsored by the Treasury's Financial Management Service (FMS). In May 2004 the liaison at BEP reviewed the key accomplishments and challenges in the pilot test, including the reactions of participating suppliers, and considered whether to sign on to participate in another pilot test. The teaching case examines accountants' participation in several aspects of the pilot test. We then discuss the implications for practitioners, and offer suggestions for further research on accountants and emerging information technologies.
Variations in the Response of Mouse Isozymes of Adenylosuccinate Synthetase to Inhibitors of Physiological Relevance

Vertebrates have acidic and basic isozymes of adenylosuccinate synthetase, which participate in the first committed step of de novo AMP biosynthesis and/or the purine nucleotide cycle. These isozymes differ in their kinetic properties and N-leader sequences, and their regulation may vary with tissue type. Recombinant acidic and basic synthetases from mouse, in the presence of active site ligands, behave in analytical ultracentrifugation as dimers. Active site ligands enhance thermal stability of both isozymes. Truncated forms of both isozymes retain the kinetic parameters and the oligomerization status of the full-length proteins. AMP potently inhibits the acidic isozyme competitively with respect to IMP. In contrast, AMP weakly inhibits the basic isozyme noncompetitively with respect to all substrates. IMP inhibition of the acidic isozyme is competitive, and that of the basic isozyme noncompetitive, with respect to GTP. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate potently inhibits both isozymes competitively with respect to IMP but becomes noncompetitive at saturating substrate concentrations. The above, coupled with structural information, suggests antagonistic interactions between the active sites of the basic isozyme, whereas active sites of the acidic isozyme seem functionally independent. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and IMP together may be dynamic regulators of the basic isozyme in muscle, causing potent inhibition of the synthetase under conditions of high AMP deaminase activity.
U.S. Supermarket Sale Circulars: Which Food Groups Do They Promote Most?

Nutrition professionals often advise consumers to use supermarket sale circulars during the menu planning process as a cost-saving practice. However, few studies have examined the healthfulness of foods advertised. Thus, the purpose of this study was to describe the foods advertised by leading supermarkets (50 states andWashington, DC) during September 2011 and compare differences amonggeographic (U.S. Census regions: northeast [n 9],midwest [n 15], south [n 14], andwest [n 13]) and “obesity-rate” regions (i.e., states with CDC adult obesity rates of 25% [n 14], 25 to 30% [n 24], and 30% [n 13]). All food advertisements on the first page of each circular were measured ( 0.12-inch) to determine the proportion of space occupied and categorized according to food group (8 main food groups, each with 4-10 subgroups). Overall, 34%, 20%, 12%, 10%, 6%, 5%, 9%, and 5%of spacewas devoted to the protein, grains, fruits, vegetables, dairy, fats, sweets, and miscellaneous (e.g., condiments) groups, respectively. A comparison ofmean space allocated to each group by geographic region revealed that the northeast tended to devote more advertising space to poultry and jams/jellies subgroups and the west allocated more to fruits. A comparison by obesity region revealed that 25% obesity-rate region allotted significantly more space to the fruit group and yellow-fleshed fruit subgroup than other obesity-rate regions. Candy and sugar-sweetened beverage subgroups occupied significantly more space in the 30% obesity-rate region than the 25 to 30% obesity-rate region. Although data are cross-sectional from a single time-period, results suggest that supermarket ads do not consistently emphasize foods that support healthy weight.
INVENTORY MODELS: OPTIMIZATION BY GEOMETRIC PROGRAMMING

Geometric programming is a mathematical programming technique that is designed to determine the constrained minimum value of a generalized polynomial objective function. To date, most applications of the technique have been restricted to certain classes of engineering problems. This paper presents a brief summary of geometric programming and then illustrates its application to managerial problems by applying it to three well-known inventory models.
Interaction of streptonigrin with DNA in vitro

Streptonigrin interaction with DNA and resulting degradation and denaturation temperature of DNA FROM salmon sperm and Escherichia coli
Effects of Adhesive Materials and Host Location on Parasitization by a Uniparental Race of Trichogramma pretiosum

Host finding by Trichogramma pretiosum Riley was measured by host parasitization under varying environmental conditions. Naturally laid eggs of the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddic), attracted T. pretiosum . Lower levels of parasitization were found for eggs attached on cards with acacia gum, distilled water, or shellac. There were no significant differences in parasitization for eggs attached with distilled water and acacia gum. The lowest levels of egg parasilization were obtained with shellac. Other factors tested to determine the effect of host location on host finding were: (1) substrate (cards vs. leaves), (2) leaf surface (top vs. underneath), (3) plant level (high vs. low), and (4) crop (cotton vs. corn). Cards tended to favor egg parasitization and somewhat over-shadowed the effect of plant (crop) and leaf surface but not that of plant level (height). Top leaf surfaces on cotton were slightly more attractive than under leaf surfaces to the parasites. The high level was preferred on cotton but apparently not on corn.