cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Ultraviolet Irradiation on Cell Division and Elongation in Timothy Roots.

6 and 7 cannot be investigated further at present since the reaction of which shikimic acid is substrate is not known. It might be noted that evidence for the formation of an enzyme of altered affinity (mechanism 7) has been obtained with certain other drug-resistant mutants.8 Summary.-It has been shown previously that 5-dehydroshikimic acid is accumulated by certain bacterial mutants and interferes competitively with their growth response to shikimic acid. From such a strain a secondary mutant has been isolated which is resistant to inhibition by the 5-dehydroshikimic acid that it continues to accumulate. Since the usual conditions of competitive inhibition are here reversed, the inhibitor being endogenous and the reversing metabolite exogenous, it is possible in this case to eliminate several of the mechanisms that have been invoked to explain the analogous phenomenon of drug resistance: decreased penetration of the inhibitor, increased destruction of it, and increased synthesis of the reversing metabolite.
Softening Up Hard Science: Reply to Newell and Card

Graphic displays of information are an important link in the design of user/machine interfaces. However, research on general effectiveness of graphic displays as information organizing formats for judgment and decision making has produced mixed results; graphic formats appear to facilitate judgmental performance in some contexts, but not in others. The two studies reported here examine the relative efficacy of a set of basic graphic display formats, such as might be used to summarize data in an information system, in the context of a task calling for individuals to integrate a set of information cues into an overall judgment. A "lens model" is used as a decompositional framework for represneting the relationship between the elements of the information displays and the psychological properties of the multi-cue judgment task. Combined results from the two studies suggest that judgmental performance is markedly enhanced or degraded by the degree to which the display format provides the user with an organizing structure that facilitates a matching between the relative importance of information and the psychological salience of the display's graphic features.
Skewed distributions generated by the normal kernel

Following the recent paper by Gupta et al. (Some skew-symmetric models. Random Operators Stochastic Equations 10 (2002) 133) we generate skew probability density functions (pdfs) of the form 2f(u)G(λu), where f is taken to be a normal pdf while the cumulative distributive function G is taken to come from one of normal, Student's t, Cauchy, Laplace, logistic or uniform distribution. The properties of the resulting distributions are studied. In particular, expressions for the nth moment and the characteristic function are derived. We also provide graphical illustrations and quantify the range of possible values of skewness and kurtosis.
Time-Resolved Fluorescence Measurements of Photosystem II: The Effect of Quenching by Oxidized Chlorophyll Z

Chlorophyll Z (ChlZ) is a unique redox-active chlorophyll bound to His118 in the D1 subunit of photosystem II (PSII). Previous work has shown that ChlZ+ is a potent quencher of fluorescence. In thi...
Online Community Experience (OCE) and its impact on customer attitudes: an exploratory study

Many companies have realised the critical importance of online product communities as a tool to facilitate interactions amongst their customers and to strengthen customer-product ties. This study proposes a new construct, Online Community Experience (OCE), to enhance our understanding of customers' online interactions in such communities and its impact on customers' product-related perceptions and attitudes. We draw on diverse theoretical areas including computer-mediated communication, information processing, and brand communities to identify the critical antecedents of OCE. The model was validated using data collected from a sample of 108 subjects through a set of two questionnaires. The study findings offer strong support for the model and indicate the importance of OCE as a critical mediating variable in understanding the impact of online community participation on customer attitudes and perceptions. The key implications for future research and managerial practice in the areas of online communities, marketing communication, and customer relationship management are discussed.
Management of Severe Ulcerative Colitis

Acute severe steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis (ASUC) provides challenges for physicians and surgeons who manage these patients. When a patient is diagnosed with ASUC, they should be admitted for inpatient management including intravenous corticosteroids, venous thromboembolism prophylaxis, oral or enteral feeding if tolerated, and exclusion of infection including Clostridium difficile. Failure to improve by day 3 of corticosteroids requires escalation to medical rescue therapies such as infliximab or cyclosporine, or surgical management with colectomy. This chapter will review management of ASUC with a focus on the medical rescue options available.
Frequency of XYY males in Wisconsin State correctional institutions

Karyotyping of 3011 males at five Wisconsin state correctional institutions revealed that 1 % had a chromosome abnormality. The frequency of occurrence of the XYY complement was about 5 times that for newborn males. Approximately the same rate was found among 2556 males in the three penal institutions for adults. The frequency of XYY at the institution for juvenile offenders was about ten times background. The relatively low frequency of XYY (0.38 %) found at the mental-penal institution may have been due to previous sampling done there. Of the 16 XYY males discovered, only two were below the 85th percentile for height. A relatively low frequency of XYY was found among black males. Our data contradict the notion that a high rate for XYY among adult males in penal settings may be due to a disproportionately large number of tall men in prisons.
Thoracentesis and the risks for bleeding: a new era.

Purpose of reviewThoracentesis is a commonly performed procedure throughout the world. Convention dictates that patients should have laboratory values such as international normalized ratio (INR) and platelets corrected or medications that affect bleeding withheld prior to performing this procedure.
Comment on Emily Talen and Julia Koschinsky's “Is subsidized housing in sustainable neighborhoods? Evidence from Chicago”

Until now, the literature on sustainability and housing has paid little attention to low-income or to subsidized housing. In examining the sustainability of subsidized housing in Chicago, Talen and Koschinsky make an important contribution to the literature. Drawing on several data sets, they explore the extent to which housing subsidized in Chicago under a variety of programs is located in ``sustainable'' neighborhoods, neighborhoods that promote access, connectivity, safety, and diversity. Like many pathbreaking studies, Talen and Koschinsky's work raises many questions. I will focus on three. First, had the study focused on the greater metropolitan area rather than the city of Chicago, subsidized housing would appear significantly more sustainable. Second, while the limited geographic scope of the city probably caused subsidized housing to appear less sustainable than it is, some of the criteria used to define sustainability may not be valid or appropriate in some urban settings. As a result the study ...
Effect of internal strains on the paraelectric resonance of Li /plus/ in KCl

Li positive ions in KCl crystals, investigating internal strains effect on paraelectric resonance spectra
Low Dose Rate Irradiation Facility: initial study on chronic exposures to medaka

Uncertainties associated with the effects from chronic low-level exposures to radiation prompted us to construct a Low Dose Rate Irradiation Facility (LoDIF). The facility was designed specifically to test the appropriateness of the 10 mGy d−1 guideline often espoused as acceptable for protection of aquatic biota from ionizing radiation. Scientists at the 0.4 ha facility use 40 outdoor mesocosms and 137Cs irradiators of three different source strengths to research the effects of chronic low-level irradiation at different levels of biological organization. A description of the facility is included along with results from a pilot study in which Japanese medaka (a small fish native to Asia) were chronically irradiated at the highest dose rate possible within the facility (350±150 mGy d−1). Irradiated fish produced fewer eggs per day (p=0.03); had a lower percentage of viable eggs (p=0.04), and produced a lower percentage of hatchlings (p=0.05). Although these data are not surprising based on the relatively high dose rates, they are important to future work at the LoDIF because they confirm the utility of our chosen model organism for detecting population-level responses, and they illustrate the statistical power achieved from using replicated mesocosms, in that statistical significance was achieved with few replicates per treatment. Future directions for the LoDIF are presented, as well as an invitation for interested researchers to participate in our studies.
Role of Neurotrophins in the Development and Function of Neural Circuits That Regulate Energy Homeostasis

Members of the neurotrophin family, including nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, and neurotrophin-4/5, and other neurotrophic growth factors such as ciliary neurotrophic factor and artemin, regulate peripheral and central nervous system development and function. A subset of the neurotrophin-dependent pathways in the hypothalamus, brainstem, and spinal cord, and those that project via the sympathetic nervous system to peripheral metabolic tissues including brown and white adipose tissue, muscle and liver, regulate feeding, energy storage, and energy expenditure. We briefly review the role that neurotrophic growth factors play in energy balance, as regulators of neuronal survival and differentiation, neurogenesis, and circuit formation and function, and as inducers of critical gene products that control energy homeostasis.
Characterization and expression of a cDNA specifying subunit VIIc of bovine cytochrome c oxidase

Abstract We have isolated a cDNA that encodes subunit VIIc of bovine cytochrome c oxidase (COX VIIc). The 325-bp cDNA contains sequences encoding the mature 47-amino acid (aa) polypeptide and a 16-aa presequence. The deduced aa sequence of the processed polypeptide is identical to that of the heart protein determined by aa sequencing. Northern-blot analysis reveals a single 525-nucleotide (nt) transcript in all tissues examined, whose levels vary with the corresponding respiratory activities in different tissues; thus, no evidence for isoforms of COX VIIc is seen in adult tissues. Southern-blot analysis of bovine genomic DNA digested with three different restriction enzymes reveals several bands that hybridize with the cDNA. We present here the sequence of one genomic region that contains a processed gene encoding COX VIIc. The genomic and cDNA nt sequences are 99% identical throughout the 189-bp open reading frame; the deduced aa sequences are identical. The sequence of the genomic clone suggests that the cDNA terminates prematurely at an EcoRI site in the 3'-untranslated region. We have compared COXVIIc cDNAs from cow, human and mouse, and find the presequence similarity among them to be 100% at the aa level.
Modeling of non-hydroplaning mudflows on continental slopes

Abstract An analytical model is proposed for two-dimensional, laminar, non-hydroplaning mudflows resulting from submarine slides that occur in deep waters, have substantial runout distances, and can be approximated as Bingham fluids. Length-scale analysis indicates that the dynamics of the mudflows can be treated in two regions: the outer region away from the flow front and the inner region near the flow front. The model, obtained by a matched-asymptotic method, can predict the asymptotic runout characteristics of submarine, non-hydroplaning mudflows as well as subaerial mudflows. A critical condition for hydroplaning to occur is found with the help of the model. The model can be used to predict the evolution of submarine slides such as velocities and time scales, and to interpret the deposits generated by them. As an example, a hypothetical submarine slide on a slope of 2° is considered. The initial sediment mass has a maximum thickness of 7.25 m, a maximum length of 207.6 m, and a volume of 752.6 m 3 /m. For a bulk density of 2.0 t/m 3 , a kinematic viscosity of 0.005 m 2 /s, and a yield stress of 200 N/m 2 , the propagating velocity of the flow front is predicted to be 2.3 m/s after about 30 s, and then to decrease along the flow path, producing a deposit 0.58 m thick and 1.3 km long. The final stage of the slide is similar to a creeping motion.
STRUCTURE EVOLVING SYSTEMS IN INTEGRATED SYSTEM DESIGN

Abstract Existing methods in Systems and Control deal predominantly with Fixed Systems , that have been designed in the past, and for which the control design has to be performed. The new paradigm of Structure Evolving Systems (SES) , expresses a new form of system complexity where the components, interconnection topology, measurement-actuation schemes may not be fixed, the control scheme also may vary within the system-lifecycle and different views of the system of varying complexity may be required by the designer. Such systems emerge in many application domains and in the engineering context in problems such as integrated system design, integrated operations, re-engineering, lifecycle design issues, networks etc. The paper focuses on the Integrated System Design (ISD) and introduces new generic clusters of system structure evolution, which include cases such as: (i) Time dependent evolution of system models from “early” to “late” stages of design, (ii) Design stage dependent evolution from conceptualisation to process synthesis and to overall instrumentation, (iii) Re-design of given systems and constrained system evolution. Within each cluster a number of well defined new Control Theory problems are introduced, which may be studied within the structural methodologies framework of Linear Systems. These problems have a general systems character, but the emphasis here is on Linear Systems and an overview of relevant results is given. This paper aims to motivate and define the Structural Control Theoretic context of an important family of complex systems emerging in engineering design and thus define a new research agenda for structural methods of Control Theory.
Treatment and management of Helicobacter pylori infection.

Clinical and basic mechanisms of interaction between Helicobacter pylori and its host have been the subject of numerous publications in the past year. Two additional proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), esomeprazole and rabeprazole, have shown effectiveness in H. pylori eradication when combined with amoxicillin and clarithromycin, and esomeprazole has demonstrated its effectiveness with only one daily dose. Other important recent developments worldwide include evidencebased treatment guidelines established at a European consensus meeting, improved accuracy in the urea breath test and the stool antigen test, new recommendations for second-line therapy, and a greater understanding of antimicrobial resistance in treatment failure. In addition, new studies have confirmed that H. pylori infection and use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs or aspirin are the major causes of peptic ulcer disease and ulcer bleeding. This paper reviews the results of these studies and their implications for future research.
Comments on 'Bayesian evaluation of comparison data'

A recent paper by Ignacio Lira in this journal (2006 Metrologia 43 S231–4) proposes a new procedure to evaluate the data from a simple key comparison where a travelling standard of a stable value during the comparison is independently measured by the participants. In particular, Lira presents an expression, which he claims to be the kernel of a Bayesian posterior probability density function for the value of the measurand. Lira claims that his expression encodes the collective state of knowledge whether or not the results are consistent. Thus Lira offers an alternative to the method recommended by an Advisory Group on Uncertainties commissioned by the BIPM. We discuss Lira's procedure from the viewpoint of what we believe to be a good practice of Bayesian statistics.
A limiter for PPM that preserves accuracy at smooth extrema

We present a new limiter for the PPM method of Colella and Woodward P. Colella, P.R. Woodward, The Piecewise Parabolic Method (PPM) for gas-dynamical simulations, Journal of Computational Physics 54 (1984) 174-201] that preserves accuracy at smooth extrema. It is based on constraining the interpolated values at extrema (and only at extrema) using non-linear combinations of various difference approximations of the second derivatives. Otherwise, we use a standard geometric limiter to preserve monotonicity away from extrema. This leads to a method that has the same accuracy for smooth initial data as the underlying PPM method without limiting, while providing sharp, non-oscillatory representations of discontinuities.
Fluid Mechanics of Membrane-Coated Ceramic Filters

Analytical models are formulated for evaluating the fluid mechanics of membrane-coated, dead-end ceramic filters. The models are applicable to forward flow as in the filtration mode and reverse flow as in the back-pulse cleaning mode. General criteria are derived to size the filter passages from considerations of Darcy pressure drop, friction pressure drop, and the dynamic head. These criteria together with Reynolds numbers are shown to provide measures of nonuniformities in face velocity and pressure that develop in the filter passages for atmospheric and high-pressure applications. A methodology is presented for optimizing the venturi geometry from the standpoint of minimizing pulse gas usage and controlling the thermal load imposed on the filter assembly.
Solving Families of Simultaneous Pell Equations

Abstract If a and b are distinct positive integers then a previous result of the author implies that the simultaneous Diophantine equations x 2 − az 2 = y 2 − bz 2 =1possess at most 3 solutions in positive integers ( x , y , z ). On the other hand, there are infinite families of distinct integers ( a , b ) for which the above equations have at least 2 positive solutions. For each such family, we prove that there are precisely 2 solutions, with the possible exceptions of finitely many pairs ( a , b ). Since these families provide essentially the only pairs ( a , b ) for which the above equations are known to have more than a single solution (in positive ( x , y , z )), this lends support to the conjecture that the number of such solutions to the above equations is ⩽2 in all cases.
An objective evaluation of the treatment of systemic scleroderma with disodium EDTA, pyridoxine and reserpine.

SUMMARY. Pulmonary function tests were employed for the objective assessment of the response of 6 patients with systemic scleroderma to treatment with disodium EDTA. pyridoxine and reserpine. Impairment of pulmonary function was observed less frequently than in some other investigations. Treatment produced no consistent improvement. The possible implications of these findings are discussed.
Dynamical consequences on fast subducting slabs from a self‐regulating mechanism due to viscous heating in variable viscosity convection

We have studied 2-D time-dependent convection for a rheology which is both non-Newtonian and temperature-dependent. Strong effects associated with viscous heating are found in the downwelling sheets, which are heated on both sides with an intensity around O(100) times the chondritic value. The magnitude of viscous heating increases strongly with the subduction speed. The slab interior is weakened by viscous heating and slab breakoff then takes place. This process provides a self-regulating mechanism for governing the speed of intact slabs able to reach the deep mantle. Timescales associated with viscous heating are quite short, a few million years. Internal heating by radioactivity decreases the amount of shear heating.
Variational Methods for Underwater Acoustic Problems

Abstract Duct acoustic problems differ sharply from the pure exterior problem in that the classical radiation conditions do not prevent wall reflections in the former as they do in the latter. In this paper we derive alternate boundary conditions which do prevent wall reflections, and at the same time can be embedded in a natural way in a Galerkin variational formulation of the duct problem.
Earnings, rates of return to education and the earnings distribution in Pakistan

Abstract Utilizing data from a survey of 1000 households in Rawalpindi, this study presents estimates of the rate of return to schooling and differences in these rates of return by schooling level and sector of employment. The major finding reported is that the rate of return to schooling in one of Pakistan's major urban areas is low, both in relation to the rate of return on physical capital and in relation to the rates of return to schooling in other developing countries. These low rates of return appear to be a result of a conscious government policy which drastically compressed the skill-wage structure.
Effects of fair play instruction on student social skills during a middle school sport education unit.

Background: Research on social skills in physical education has shown that students' fair play behaviors remain underdeveloped unless teachers include social skills instruction into the curriculum. Fair play behaviors are learned behaviors that are specific to the context of physical education and sport, and may generalize to other settings. One approach that may guide a student in social interactions without detracting from engagement in learning tasks is to integrate the teaching of fair play concepts into the instruction. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Fair Play Instruction on middle school physical education classes during a tag rugby unit. Participants and setting: Participants were eighth-grade (12–13 years of age) students in a mid-western American school. Seven individual students were observed for 40 minutes per lesson for 18 lessons. Intervention: The Fair Play Instruction consisted of: (a) students developing a chart with fair play cues to be accomplished durin...
A New Protecting Group for Phenols: Phenylthiomethyl (PTM) Ethers

Abstract Hemithioacetals have previously found utility as protecting groups for alcohols and phenols. In particular, the protection of alcohols2,3,4 and phenols5 as methylthiomethyl (MTM) ethers, and the facile hydrolysis of these ethers back to the parent alcohol or phenol have been reported. We now wish to report the use of phenylthiomethyl (PTM) ethers as phenolic protecting groups which may be differentiated from phenolic MTM ethers.
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/immunoglobulin G immune complexes in SIV-infected macaques block detection of CD16 but not cytolytic activity of natural killer cells.

Natural killer cells are components of the innate immune system that play an important role in eliminating viruses and malignant cells. Using simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of macaques as a model, flow cytometry revealed a gradual loss of CD16+ NK cell numbers that was associated with disease progression. Of note, the apparent loss of NK cells was detected in whole-blood samples but not in isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), suggesting that an inhibitor(s) of the antibody used to detect CD16, the low-affinity immunoglobulin G (IgG) receptor, was present in blood but was removed during PBMC isolation. (Actual decreases in CD16+ cell numbers in PBMC generally were not detected until animals became lymphopenic.) The putative decrease in CD16+ cell numbers in whole blood correlated with increasing SIV-specific antibody titers and levels of plasma virion RNA. With the addition of increasing amounts of plasma from progressor, but not nonprogressor, macaques to PBMC from an uninfected animal, the apparent percentage of CD16+ cells and the mean fluorescence intensity of antibodies binding to CD16 declined proportionately. A similar decrease was observed with the addition of monomeric IgG (mIgG) and IgG immune complexes (IgG-ICs) purified from the inhibitory plasma samples; some of the ICs contained SIV p27gag antigen and/or virions. Of interest, addition of purified IgG/IgG-ICs to NK cell lytic assays did not inhibit killing of K562 cells. These results indicate that during progressive SIV and, by inference, human immunodeficiency virus disease, CD16+ NK cell numbers can be underestimated, or the cells not detected at all, when one is using a whole-blood fluorescence-activated cell sorter assay and a fluorochrome-labeled antibody that can be blocked by mIgG or IgG-ICs. Although this blocking had no apparent effect on NK cell activity in vitro, the in vivo effects are unknown.
Herpesvirus Entry Mediator and Nectin-1 Mediate Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection of the Murine Cornea

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a ubiquitous human pathogen that enters cells by the receptor-mediated fusion of the viral envelope with a host cell membrane. The envelope glycoprotein gD of HSV must bind to one of its receptors for entry to take place. Recent studies using knockout (KO) mice demonstrated that the gD receptors herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) and nectin-1 are the primary entry receptors for HSV-2 in the mouse vagina and brain. Nectin-1 was most crucial for the neuronal spread of HSV-2, particularly in the brain. HVEM was dispensable for infection in these models, but when both HVEM and nectin-1 were absent, infection was completely prevented. We sought to determine the receptor requirements of HSV-1 in an ocular model of infection using knockout mice. Wild-type, HVEM KO, nectin-1 KO, and HVEM/nectin-1 double-KO mice were infected via corneal scarification and monitored for clinical signs of infection and viral replication in various tissues. We report that either HVEM or nectin-1 must be present for HSV-1 infection of the cornea. Additionally, we observed that the infection was attenuated in both HVEM KO and nectin-1 KO mice. This is in contrast to what was reported for studies of HSV-2 in vagina and brain and suggests that receptor requirements for HSV vary depending on the route of inoculation and/or serotype.
Discovery, Purification, and Characterization of a Temperate Transducing Bacteriophage for Bordetella avium

We discovered and characterized a temperate transducing bacteriophage (Ba1) for the avian respiratory pathogen Bordetella avium. Ba1 was initially identified along with one other phage (Ba2) following screening of four strains of B. avium for lysogeny. Of the two phage, only Ba1 showed the ability to transduce via an allelic replacement mechanism and was studied further. With regard to host range, Ba1 grew on six of nine clinical isolates of B. avium but failed to grow on any tested strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica, Bordetella hinzii, Bordetella pertussis, or Bordetella parapertussis. Ba1 was purified by CsCl gradient centrifugation and was found to have an icosahedral head that contained a linear genome of approximately 46.5 kb (contour length) of double-stranded DNA and a contractile, sheathed tail. Ba1 readily lysogenized our laboratory B. avium strain (197N), and the prophage state was stable for at least 25 generations in the absence of external infection. DNA hybridization studies indicated the prophage was integrated at a preferred site on both the host and phage replicons. Ba1 transduced five distinctly different insertion mutations, suggesting that transduction was generalized. Transduction frequencies ranged from approximately 2 x 10(-7) to 1 x 10(-8) transductants/PFU depending upon the marker being transduced. UV irradiation of transducing lysates markedly improved transduction frequency and reduced the number of transductants that were lysogenized during the transduction process. Ba1 may prove to be a useful genetic tool for studying B. avium virulence factors.
WHY PIGEONS SAY WHAT THEY DO: REINFORCER MAGNITUDE AND RESPONSE REQUIREMENT EFFECTS ON SAY RESPONDING IN SAY—DO CORRESPONDENCE

The effects of reinforcer magnitude and response requirement on pigeons’ say choices in an experimental homologue of human say–do correspondence were assessed in two experiments. The procedure was similar to a conditional discrimination procedure except the pigeons chose both a sample stimulus (the say component) and a comparison stimulus that corresponded to it (the do component). Correspondence was trained on red, green, and white key colors before the duration of food presentations following correspondence on each key color (Experiment 1) and the number of key pecks required as the say response on each key color (Experiment 2) were manipulated in an attempt to influence the initial say response. The frequency of say responses on each key color coincided with programmed changes in the duration of food presentations and the key-peck requirements assigned to each key color. Correspondence accuracy remained stable in all conditions, even those in which the say responding occurred primarily on two of the three key colors. Implications for human behavior are discussed.
Running a climate model in a heterogeneous, distributed computer environment

A methodology for distribution of a global climate model among computers connected by a wide area network is presented. The application consists of a model of the global atmosphere coupled to a model of the world ocean. It is demonstrated that a 'metacomputer' consisting of a CRAY Y-MP at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and an Intel Delta at the California Institute of Technology connected by a highspeed (Gigabit per second) network can result in a superlinear speedup of execution of the atmospheric component of the global climate model code, despite the added overheads due to latency and communication delays. >
ABCG1 and ABCG4 are coexpressed in neurons and astrocytes of the CNS and regulate cholesterol homeostasis through SREBP-2

Here, we describe the initial characterization of Abcg4−/− mice and identify overlapping functions of ABCG4 and ABCG1 in the brain. Histological examination of tissues from Abcg4+/−/nlsLacZ and Abcg1+/−/nlsLacZ mice demonstrates that coexpression of Abcg4 and Abcg1 is restricted to neurons and astrocytes of the central nervous system (CNS). Interestingly, Abcg4 mRNA is undetectable outside the CNS, in contrast with the broad tissue and cellular expression of Abcg1. We also used primary astrocytes, microglia, neurons, and macrophages to demonstrate that the expression of Abcg1, but not Abcg4, is induced after the activation of liver X receptor. Cellular localization studies demonstrated that both proteins reside in RhoB-positive endocytic vesicle membranes. Furthermore, overexpression of either ABCG1 or ABCG4 increased the processing of sterol-regulatory element binding protein 2 (SREBP-2) to the transcriptionally active protein, thus accounting for the observed increase in the expression of SREBP-2 target genes and cholesterol synthesis. Consistent with these latter results, we show that the expression levels of the same SREBP-2 target genes are repressed in the brains of Abcg1−/− and, to a lesser extent, Abcg4−/− mice. Based on the results of the current study, we propose that ABCG1 and ABCG4 mediate the intracellular vesicular transport of cholesterol/sterols within both neurons and astrocytes to regulate cholesterol transport in the brain.
Does Child Food Exist for Rural Malays? A Mixed Methods Approach to Food and Identity

Child food is an important identity marker for children in moderate-income, Western settings, yet its wider cross-cultural significance remains understudied particularly among food insecure households. This field-based project employs free-listing, pile-sorting, recipe analysis and ethnographic interviewing with a dimensional sample of adult, Malay caregivers from households with diverse incomes and nutritional outcomes to assess whether child food is a culture-bound concept and the extent to which food-based child identities are recognized and acted upon by adults. Results indicate that child food includes both rice-based dishes modified in response to the limits of pediatric nutrition and commercially-produced convenience foods, which are pre-processed and available for immediate, solo consumption. Child food thus continues food's regional role as a marker of shared group identity and introduces the potential for food choice to act as an expression of child agency—ultimately occupying a tense conceptual...
Apo-8′-Lycopenal and Apo-12′-Lycopenal Are Metabolic Products of Lycopene in Rat Liver

The health benefits of lycopene as an anticarcinogenic compound have been widely studied but little is known about the metabolic products of lycopene produced in vivo. We investigated lycopene metabolites in the liver of F344 male rats that had been prefed a lycopene-containing diet (0.25 g lycopene/kg diet). After 30 d of feeding, they were given a single oral dose of 14C-labeled lycopene (421.8 kBq). The metabolic products of both nonradioactive and 14C-labeled lycopene in rat liver were extracted and separated using HPLC and analyzed by UV/VIS spectrometry, online radioactive detection, and off-line and in-line positive ion electrospray ionization MS. Among a number of metabolite products formed, we identified apo-8'-lycopenal (lambdamax = 473 nm and m/z = 417). The putative compound, apo-12'-lycopenal, was detected but no apo-10'-lycopenal was present. A number of other very polar, short-chain and/or short chromophore compounds with UV/VIS absorption <300 nm were present but were not characterized. These data show that lycopene is cleaved in vivo by rats at different positions to produce apo-12'-lycopenal, and other unidentified metabolites in addition to apo-8'-lycopenal. Apo-8'-lycopenal and the putative apo-12'-lycopenal are identified as lycopene metabolites in rat liver in vivo.
Attention bias modification for reducing speech anxiety

The mechanisms mediating the anxiolytic effects of attention bias modification (ABM) remain unclear. Accordingly, we randomly assigned speech-anxious subjects to receive four sessions of one of three training conditions: ABM, inverse ABM, and control. In the ABM condition, subjects viewed pairs of photographs of models displaying facial expressions of disgust and joy on a computer screen. Probes always replaced the positive face, and subjects pushed a button to indicate the identity of the probe (E or F) as rapidly as possible. In the inverse condition, the probes always replaced the negative face, and in the control condition, the probes replaced each face type equally often. After four training sessions, all groups exhibited statistically indistinguishable, but significant, reductions on self-report, behavioral, and physiological measures of speech anxiety. Self-report and behavioral measures of attentional control improved likewise. Contrary to early studies, ABM was not superior to control procedures in producing reductions on measures of social anxiety.
3.1.2 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING TRAINING AT ROCKWELL SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION

The Systems Engineering (SE) department at Space Systems Division of Rockwell is responsible for providing qualified Systems Engineers to all of the division's programs. Our training program addresses both immediate and long term skill needs. Immediate skill needs are developed with just-in-time in-house training and on-the-job training. Our long term SE training program is integrated with SE career planning so individuals can identify specific types of training they need to achieve their long term career objectives. In addition, we monitor the effectiveness of the SE training to continuously improve it. Our training program consists of four basic elements: (1) an internal SE How-To course to teach basic principles, (2) SE tools training, (3) on-the-job-training (experience), and (4) formal degree SE programs from local universities.
A Fuzzy Mathematical Model Determining the Risk for Carotid Intima-Medial Thickness in Recently Menopausal Women Enrolled in the KEEPS Study

Carotid intima-medial thickness (CIMT) allows for early detection of carotid atherosclerotic vascular disease. Using fuzzy logic techniques, we propose a model for calculating the risk for predicting CIMT using expert opinion and various factors associated with CIMT in recently menopausal women. Study participants were enrolled in the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS), a four year study where participants were assigned to either oral or transdermal hormone therapy or to the placebo group. The fuzzy mathematical model uses five fuzzy logic methods to calculate this risk factor for CIMT, including the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method, Guiasu method, Yen method, Dempster–Shafer (DS) method, and the set valued statistical method (SVSM). The four methods, AHP, Guiasu, Yen, DS, and SVSM, were correlated to each other according to the Pearson ranking method. In addition, results showed that the estrogen treatment groups showed a statically significant decrease in calculated CIMT risk compared to placebo when all the methods were combined together (p = 0.0017). Our fuzzy mathematical model provides the first fuzzy mathematical model to predict the risk of CIMT in recently menopausal women and menopausal hormone therapy may be beneficial in reducing this risk.
Efficacy and Safety of Modafinil in the Treatment of Cancer-Related Fatigue

Objective:To review the efficacy and safety of modafinil in the treatment of cancer-related fatigue (CRF).Data Souces:Literature was accessed via MEDLINE (1950–week 3, November 2008), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and Google Scholar using the terms modafinil, cancer, and fatigue. Reference citations from articles identified were reviewed.Study Selection and Data Extraction:All English-language publications identified were analyzed for significance. Studies relevant to the objective were used, including 2 prospective open-label studies, one randomized double-blind, dose-controlled trial with an open-label extension, and one Phase 3 randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial.Data Synthesis:Fatigue is a nearly universal adverse effect of cancer and its treatment that is unrelated to physical exertion, is not relieved by sleep or rest, and negatively affects quality of life. Modafinil is a central nervous system stimulant with minimal toxicity and a low propensity for abuse. Clinical data de...
New method for the experimental evaluation of x-ray grids

This work describes a new method for the experimental evaluation of antiscatter x‐ray grids in radiography. Five commercial grids are evaluated in terms of two parameters which are determined only by the construction of the grid and the x‐ray energy. A comparison of the grid performances was made for the x‐ray energies and scatter conditions that usually apply to chest radiography and mammography. The results show that for maximum scatter conditions the grid enhances the subject contrast by factors of approximately 6 and 2 in chest radiography and mammography, respectively, and that the contrast increases as the grid ratio increases. Also, in these examinations, the results show that, with improved grids, it is possible to reduce the patient exposures required for the no‐grid case by approximately one‐half without loss of the image‐information content (signal‐to‐noise ratio).
Effects of divalent cations on adhesiveness of rat polymorphonuclear neutrophils In vitro

Cell preparations rich in polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) were obtained from peritoneal exudates of rats without the use of any anticoagulant. The adhesiveness of these PMN to glass bead columns coated with rat serum were studied quantitatively using suspending solutions free of added serum protein. A dependence of the PMN adhesiveness upon divalent cations was demonstrated. Added singly Mg2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, or Cd2+ were found to be effective whereas Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ were ineffective. A possible auxilliary role for Ca2+ when added with Mg2+ is suggested by the data. The ineffectiveness of the ions Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ was shown by use of an ion electrode not to be due to the unavailability of the ionized species. Procedures are described for obtaining highly reproducible results with the Orion Divalent Cation Electrode. The ineffectiveness of the ions Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ were also shown not to be due to action as general protoplasmic poisons. The effective ions are distinguished from the ineffective ones by characteristic ranges of ionic radii, coordination number, second ionization potentials, electronegativities and affinity constants. Removal of components of complement from the cells by washing in 0.05 M EDTA, and heating all serum used for 30 minutes at 56°C had no significant effect on the adhesiveness of the PMN. A role for complement, therefore appears largely excluded.
Alveolar cell rhabdomyosarcoma of the hand: Case report with four year survival and no evidence of recurrence

Alveolar cell rhabdomyosarcoma is a tumor with high malignant potential, seen in the muscles of the forearms and hands of young patients. It is rare, when compared to the frequency with which other tumors of the hand occur, and it is apt to be overlooked or mis­ diagnosed unless the physician is aware of its present­ ing characteristics. This case presentation illustrates that it is misdiagnosed easily and that with appropriate surgical treatment combined with chemotherapy a suc­ cessful outcome may be possible.
Dual-polarization and dual-frequency radar scattering from ice crystals

Dual-polarization and dual-frequency radar observables are simulated at 3, 35, and 94 GHz frequencies for remote sensing of clouds. Their use in ice crystal classification, ice water content and particle size estimation are evaluated.
Diet and other lifestyle behaviors in young college women.

Data from Food Frequency Questionnaires and Health Behavior Surveys of 93 first year college women were analyzed for diet, activity, and other health behaviors. Body mass index was positively associated with saturated fat and inversely associated with fiber intake. Fifty-one percent of students took vitamin supplements; this was associated with higher iron and folate intakes and greater physical activity. Sixty-six percent of students never smoked; 10% smoked to control their weight. Smokers had lower fiber and higher alcohol intakes. Sixty-one percent of students drank and 50% had been drunk in the last month. Forty percent felt that they were overweight, 57% dieted, and 29% reported out of control eating. More than 50% of students were sexually active, and 18% had been tested for HIV infection. After adjusting for energy intake, physical activity showed a significant association with the healthy eating pattern. These findings suggest that healthful behaviors occurred together.
Robotically assisted laparoscopic microsurgical uterine horn anastomosis

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the feasibility, safety, and sterility issues with regard to the use of a robotic device to perform uterine horn anastomosis in a live porcine model. Design: Prospective animal study. Setting: Landrace-Yorkshire pigs in a conventional laboratory setting. Intervention(s): Six female pigs underwent laparoscopic bipolar electrocoagulation of the distal uterine horns. Two weeks later, the uterine horns were reanastomosed laparoscopically with use of a robotic system for microsuturing. Necropsy was performed 4 weeks later to assess postoperative adhesions and anastomosis patency. Main Outcome Measure(s): Tubal patency; secondary measures were operative time, complications, and surgeon fatigue. Result(s): The mean (± SD) total operative time per animal was 170 ± 34 minutes including setting up and dismantling the robotic arms. The robot functioned well with only minor technical problems. All pigs survived both surgeries with no perioperative complications related to the use of the robot. Patency was confirmed after completing each anastomosis (12 anastomoses; 100% patency). Four weeks later, necropsy showed that eight anastomoses were still patent (67%). Only one pig had bilateral occlusion. Surgeon's fatigue was mild for each animal study. Conclusion(s): Robotic technology can be used safely in creating laparoscopic microsurgical anastomoses. The robot functioned properly in a sterile operating room environment. Adequate patency rates were achieved during the acute phase and at 4-week follow-up. Robotic technology has the potential to make laparoscopic microsuturing easier.
Learning the structure of retention data using Bayesian networks

We introduce a novel approach to examining retention data by learning Bayesian Networks automatically from survey data administered to minority students in the College of Engineering at the University of Oklahoma. Bayesian networks provide a human readable model of correlations in large data sets, which enables researchers to improve their understanding of the data without preconceptions. We compare the results of our learned structures with human expectations and interpretation of the data as well as with cross-validation on the data. The average Area Under the Curve of the networks using cross-validation was 0.6. The domain experts believe the methodology of automatically learning such structures is promising and we are continuing to improve the structure learning process.
Economics in integrated water management

Integrated basin scale analysis that accurately accounts for the impacts of proposed policies on the environment and society's economic welfare can comprehensively and consistently inform water resource policies. Cost benefit analysis (CBA) has considerable potential to support water decisions by consistently appraising proposals in terms of society's total environmental and economic impact in monetary terms. However, the difficulty of correctly applying CBA to environmental programs with complex physical and economic interactions weakens policymakers' confidence in comprehensive economic assessments at the basin scale. This paper describes and illustrates a method by which costs and benefits can be systematically integrated into an integrated physical, institutional and economic analysis for a river basin. A simple hydroeconomic model is presented. Its size is small enough to build, understand, and interpret with paper and pencil. But its structure is sufficiently flexible to permit expansion for comprehensive policy design that rests on a foundation of a basin's hydrology, institutional constraints, and economic relations. The use of cost benefit analysis to support environmental policy will always be limited by ethical questions on the distribution of benefits and costs among sectors, income groups, locations, and generations. Nevertheless, hydroeconomic models offer a potential resource to efficiently and consistently integrate hydrologic, economic, and institutional impacts of policy proposals to support basin scale cost-benefit environmental assessments.
Spontaneous celiac artery dissection and its management

Spontaneous visceral artery dissection is an uncommon event with an unpredictable natural history with superior mesenteric artery being the most common affected artery. It is most often asymptomatic and usually diagnosed at autopsy. Pre-disposing factors are not specific but have been suggested to be pre-existing vascular disease, hypertension and pregnancy. Spontaneous resolution, definitive occlusion of the artery, and formation of an aneurysm with associated complications are some other possible outcomes. Isolated dissection of the celiac artery (CA) is rare and there are only a few cases reported in the literature. We present a case of a 65 year old male with spontaneous celiac artery dissection and provide a review of the current literature about imaging findings and management of this entity.