cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic disruption of both Chlamydomonas reinhardtii [FeFe]-hydrogenases: Insight into the role of HYDA2 in H2 production

Abstract Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlamydomonas throughout) encodes two [FeFe]-hydrogenases, designated HYDA1 and HYDA2. While HYDA1 is considered the dominant hydrogenase, the role of HYDA2 is unclear. To study the individual functions of each hydrogenase and provide a platform for future bioengineering, we isolated the Chlamydomonas hydA1-1, hydA2-1 single mutants and the hydA1-1 hydA2-1 double mutant. A reverse genetic screen was used to identify a mutant with an insertion in HYDA2, followed by mutagenesis of the hydA2-1 strain coupled with a H2 chemosensor phenotypic screen to isolate the hydA1-1 hydA2-1 mutant. Genetic crosses of the hydA1-1 hydA2-1 mutant to wild-type cells allowed us to also isolate the single hydA1-1 mutant. Fermentative, photosynthetic, and in vitro hydrogenase activities were assayed in each of the mutant genotypes. Surprisingly, analyses of the hydA1-1 and hydA2-1 single mutants, as well as the HYDA1 and HYDA2 rescued hydA1-1 hydA2-1 mutant demonstrated that both hydrogenases are able to catalyze H2 production from either fermentative or photosynthetic pathways. The physiology of both mutant and complemented strains indicate that the contribution of HYDA2 to H2 photoproduction is approximately 25% that of HYDA1, which corresponds to similarly low levels of in vitro hydrogenase activity measured in the hydA1-1 mutant. Interestingly, enhanced in vitro and fermentative H2 production activities were observed in the hydA1-1 hydA2-1 strain complemented with HYDA1, while maximal H2-photoproduction rates did not exceed those of wild-type cells.
Long-term survival and sequelae after surgical management of invasive cervical carcinoma diagnosed at the time of simple hysterectomy

From 1956 to 1988, 27 women (median age, 60 years) found to have occult invasive carcinoma of the cervix at total hysterectomy underwent radical reoperation consisting of radical parametriectomy, upper vaginectomy, and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Residual disease was present at reexploration in 4 (15%) of the 27 patients: in the pelvic lymph nodes in 2, in the parametrium in 1, and in the vagina and a para-aortic node in 1. All patients were followed a minimum of 18 months; there were no deaths within 3 months of operation. However, 2 (7%) of the 27 patients developed ureterovaginal fistulas. Recurrent disease was observed in 6 (22%) of the patients: 2 had successful salvage procedures, and 4 died of disease, all within 4 years of reoperation. Recurrence correlated with the presence of residual disease at reoperation and with nonsquamous histologic findings. At a median follow-up of 8.4 years, 23 of the 27 patients were alive and disease-free. The 5-year absolute survival estimate (Kaplan-Meier) was 82%. Radical reoperation can be performed safely in selected patients who have early-stage invasive carcinoma of the cervix at the time of total hysterectomy with the expectation of an acceptable rate of long-term disease-free survival.
Spectrophotometric Attachment for the Vacuum Ultraviolet

An absorption spectrophotometric attachment to a vacuum ultraviolet monochromator has been built and tested. With an empty sample chamber, the ratio of the radiant flux through the sample chamber to the radiant flux through the reference chamber was measured. By optimizing conditions at the entrance slit, the ratio was constant within experimental error over the region 1000-1600 A. The transmittance of thin celluloid films was measured with the attachment.
Reduced-order models for separation columns—V. Selection of collocation points

In the earlier parts of this paper, a method for developing reduced-order models for separation columns was presented. This article presents some guidelines for determining the degree of order reduction achievable for a given column. An index called ORP (Order Reduction Parameter) is developed to predict a priori, the extent of order reduction achievable and to provide guidelines for choosing a reduced-order model of the appropriate size. This, combined with a comparison with a steady state solution, can provide the engineer with a good estimate of the number and location of collocation points to be used in the reduced-order model. The method is developed using a simple binary absorber and illustrated by application to a more complex, multicomponent distillation column.
Transurethral balloon divulsion of prostate

Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) is the most common cause of urinary outflow obstruction. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is the preferred treatment for symptomatic BPH and is considered the gold standard of treatment. Balloon dilatation of the prostate (TUBD), besides some criticism, represents a nonoperative treatment alternative for treatment of symptomatic BPH which is simple and safe. We describe the technique of TUBD, balloon technology, as well as advantages and disadvantages of balloon dilatation.
12 PRPP AND PURINE NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM IN HUMAN LYMPHOBLASTS WITH BOTH PRPP SYNTHETASE SUPERACTIVITY AND HGPRT DEFICIENCY

PRPP and purine nucleotide synthesis and culture growth in response to medium additions were compared in cloned human B lymphoblast lines selected for resistance to growth inhibition by 6-thioguanine (TG) and in the respective normal and PS-superactive parental cell lines. TG-resistant cell lines were severely deficient in HGPRT (<0.2% normal activity). Cells with both HGPRT deficiency and PS superactivity retained the kinetic defect in PS of the parental cells but had PRPP concentration 20-fold greater than normal cells and 6- and 5-fold greater, respectively, than the parental PS-superactive cells and cells defective in HGPRT alone. Nevertheless, PRPP generation in HGPRT-deficient lines was minimally increased (<8%) compared with parental cell lines and purine synthesis de novo in the cell line with both enzyme defects was comparable to that in the PS-superactive parental line. Regardless of the status of PS activity, all HGPRT-deficient cell lines showed growth patterns typical of HGPRT deficiency in HAT medium and in medium with 8-azaguanine. However, growth of HGPRT-defIcient cell lines, including the line with PS superactivity, was more sensitive than that of parental lines to inhibition of purine synthesis de novo by 6-methylthioinosine (MMPR), especially when adenine was provided, most likely reflecting compromised guanine nucleotide synthesis in HGPRT-deficient cells when purine synthesis de novo is blocked and adenine is the sole source of purine for salvage.
Correlating Volatile Compounds, Sensory Attributes, and Quality Parameters in Stored Fresh-Cut Cantaloupe

Changes in post-cutting volatiles, quality, and sensory attributes during fresh-cut storage (4 °C) of cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L. var. Reticulatus, Naudin, cv. ‘Sol Real’) harvested at four distinct maturities (1/4-, 1/2-, 3/4-, and full-slip) were investigated after 0, 2, 5, 7, 9, 12, and 14 days in a 2-year study. Increased fruity and sweet taste attributes were negatively correlated with percent acetates, aromatic acetates, and total aromatic compounds, and positively correlated with percentage non-acetate esters. Ethyl hexanoate was strongly positively correlated with fruity and sweet taste. Cucurbit, water-like, hardness, cohesiveness, and denseness were positively correlated with percentage acetates, aromatic acetates, and total aromatic compounds, and negatively correlated with percentage non-acetate esters. Several non-acetate esters such as ethyl 2-methyl propanoate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl 2-methyl butanoate, and ethyl hexanoate were negatively (often strongly) correlated with cucurbit. Hardness ...
Thermal and Structural Characterization of Nanocomposite Iron Nitride - Alumina and Iron Nitride - Silica Particles

Abstract : Nanocomposite iron nitride based powders are known to have enhanced magnetic and other physical properties. To further explore their potential for application in various fields, we have performed a systematic study of the iron nitride - alumina and iron nitride silica systems. Iron nitride powder of composition Fe4N (2 < x < 4), containing both Fe3N and Fe4N phases, was mechanically milled with Al2O3 or SiO2 powder for 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 hours at the following compositions; (Fe(x)N)0.2(Al2O3)0.8, (Fe(x)N)0.6(Al2O3)0.4, (Fe(x)N)0.2(SiO2)0.8, and (Fe(x)N)0.6(SiO2)0.4. Differential thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction were performed to investigate thermal and structural transitions as a function of milling time. As the milling time is increased, the thermal peak corresponding to Fe4N is diminished, while the one corresponding to Fe3N is enhanced. These transitions are correlated with X-ray diffraction patterns. All XRD peaks broaden as a function of milling time, corresponding to smaller particle size. Transmission electron microscopy also reveals a decrease in particle size as the milling time in increased.
Cervical cancer: patterns of long-term survival.

Purpose/objectives To describe the quality of life (QOL) experienced by long-term survivors of cervical cancer and the factors that promoted their adaptation. Design Qualitative. Setting Homes and offices in the northeastern United States. Sample 19 women diagnosed with cervical cancer from 1975-1995. Methods Semistructured interviews were tape recorded. Interviewers asked the participants questions regarding their cancer experience, recovery, and long-term survival. Qualitative content analysis was used to identify themes that characterized participants' accounts. Participants varied in regard to how the themes were manifested in their accounts. Main research variables Meaning, impact on identity, impact on QOL, coping strategies, and future expectations. Findings Three distinct patterns of response emerged from participants' accounts of long-term survivorship with cervical cancer. Women categorized in the "moving on" pattern described their cancer as a difficult period taking place in the past, women in the "renewed appreciation of life" pattern focused on the positive outcomes of their cancer experience, and women in the "ongoing struggles" pattern emphasized the continuing negative outcomes of their cancer experience. Despite their overall distinctness, some common qualities in the patterns emerged, including the shock of the diagnosis, the pivotal role of healthcare providers, and the importance of support from family and friends. Conclusions Cervical cancer survival, for most of the study participants, brought with it some degree of long-term complications, with differences in reported QOL attributed to an ability or choice to reframe the cervical cancer experience. Implications for nursing QOL and depression measures alone do not uncover embedded meanings of women's experiences with longterm survivorship. Clinicians can use a variety of interview probes and evidence-based psychosocial and educational approaches to assist the target population in the journey. Findings suggest that nurses play a key role in responding to cervical cancer survivors' unique experiences with illness and recovery.
841 L-PIPECOLIC ACID (PIP) CATABOLISM IN THE RABBIT: A MODEL FOR PIP METABOLISM IN MAN

Elevated circulating levels of PIP, a putative neurotransmitter, are found in Zellweger syndrome (ZS) and hyperpipecolic acidemia (HPA). As these elevations and the mammalian PIP degradation pathway are poorly understood, we studied L-PIP degradation to α-aminoadipic acid (AAA) in the rabbit. Tissue homogenates converted pure L-[2,3,4,5,6-3H]PIP to 3H-AAA in both rabbit liver and kidney (13.9±9.8 and 34.1±15 pmols/mg prot/hr). Addition of FAD, NAD, and NADP did not raise AAA production and no 3H-AAA was formed in brain homogenates. 3H-AAA identity was confirmed by coelution and re-elution with cold AAA on two paper and one thin layer chromatographic systems. Kidney cortex mitochondria (KCM) formed 3H-AAA from 3H-PIP 14-fold better than tissue homogenates (485±354 pmol/mg prot/hr) and converted 1-2% of the 3H-PIP to 3H-AAA. Addition of 50mM glutamate, a trans-aminase inhibitor, and 1.4mM cold AAA increased AAA recovery 2.7 and 2.8 fold, respectively. Glutamate and cold AAA lowered 3H release from 3H-PIP 45 to 50%, confirming the blockade of 3H-AAA degradation by these compounds. Thus, KCM degrade L-PIP to AAA; the apparent mitochondrial location of this pathway is consistent with its location on the electron transport particle of P. putida, although we cannot totally exclude peroxisomal involvement in mammalian PIP degradation. Further studies on PIP metabolism in rabbit KCM and peroxisomes and in ZS and HPA tissues and fibroblasts are in progress.
Neuropsychological functioning following fetal striatal transplantation in Huntington's chorea: three case presentations.

Abstract Neurotransplantation has been proposed as a potential treatment for the neurodegenerative disorder of Huntington's disease (HD), which currently has no effective therapy. While patients with Parkinson's disease have received neurotransplantation, until recently no HD patients have undergone transplantation for HD with standardized evaluations of their progress following surgery. The current report presents the cognitive changes in three patients with HD who underwent bilateral transplantation of human fetal striatal tissue. As part of the pre- and postsurgical evaluation, all three patients were administered a neuropsychological battery sensitive to the cognitive effects of HD within 2 mo prior to surgery and at 4–6 mo following transplantation. Four to 6 mo subsequent to surgery, all patients demonstrated increased scores on some measures of cognitive functioning. However, the pattern of changes was not uniform across subjects. These findings suggest that fetal striatal transplantation may improve some of the cognitive symptoms associated with HD in the three reported patients.
Inner magnetosphere convection and magnetotail structure of hot ions imaged by ENA during a HSS-driven storm

[1] The remotely measured increase in plasma sheet ion temperatures during high speed stream-driven storms is greater than that of ICME-driven storms. These hot ions are convected to the inner magnetosphere where they drive the ring current. On 22 July 2009, a high speed stream yielded a moderate (minimum Dst of −79 nT) storm, one of the largest that occurred during the extended solar minimum between January 2007 and September 2010. We present measurements obtained with an energetic neutral atom (ENA) imager of the TWINS mission during the main phase of the storm. Ion temperatures calculated from the ENA measurements show storm-time increase in ion temperature and a subsequent convection of hot ions into the inner magnetosphere. In the magnetotail, a region of hot ions near local midnight is observed that may be associated with substorm-related bursty bulk flows.
THE INFLUENCE OF VIBRATION-ROTATION INTERACTION ON LINE INTENSITIES IN THE PERPENDICULAR AND PARALLEL INFRARED BANDS OF THE LINEAR SYMMETRIC X-Y-X MOLECULE

1Hanson, H., Nielsen, H. H., Shaffer, W. H., and Waggoner, J. H., Jr., J. Chem. Phys. 27, 40 (1957). $^{2}$Herman, R. C., and Wallis, R. F., J. Chem. Phys. 23, 637 (1955).
Reliable Due-Date Setting in a Capacitated MTO System with Two Customer Classes

We study a finite-horizon discrete-time model of due-date setting (equivalently, reserving capacity) in a make-to-order setting, where demands arrive from two different classes of customers. Demands in each period are stochastic. The two customer classes penalize with different margins the lead times quoted to them, which (once quoted) are to be satisfied reliably. We first derive the optimal policy for reserving capacity that maps to quoted due dates. We use the insights from its structure to develop a novel approximation that provides near-optimal solutions quickly. Currently available heuristics are tested and are found to be considerably less effective than the above approximation.
Coupling impedance structure above the tube cutoff frequency

Abstract Previous studies of the equations for the beam induced electromagnetic fields, which occur when a smooth vacuum chamber is disturbed by a periodic sequence of double discontinuities, are extended. From these equations the coupling impedance of the beam to these cavity-like discontinuities is obtained directly. A method is proposed for handling the equations in the microwave region (above the cutoff frequency for chamber propagation). It is shown how field singularities develop as the cutoff frequency is crossed. In fact for a single cutoff mode, the lowest being the TM01 mode, many resonances arise with a close but regular spacing in frequency. Their high multiplicity and close spacing give these tube resonances a quality very different from the “normal” cavity resonances. Resistive loading leads to a decrease in the resonant impedance with the resulting resonance width being very narrow. The resonant coupling impedance is studied in detail as a function of frequency including the parametric dependence on the cavity dimensions, the ring and tube radii, and the resistive loading of the cavity. In addition to demonstrating clearly these tube resonances the mathematical procedure developed here can be used to study the frequency dependence of the induced fields and the corresponding coupling impedance in general.
Sturm)Liouville Eigenvalue Problems with Finitely Many Singularities

Ž . Ž . Ž . Ž . with boundary conditions ay 0 q by9 0 s 0, and cy p q dy9 p s 0. One generally needs the eigenvalue sequences for two sets of boundary conditions, or one spectrum and a sequence of norming constants, to w x uniquely determine p. Thanks to 15, 16 there is even an elegant geometric description of the isospectral sets when only one set of boundary conditions is given. If p is an even function, or satisfies some analogous constraint, then for some sets of boundary conditions p may be recovered w x from the eigenvalues of a single operator 15, p. 55; 14, p. 55 . There is additional work considering the effects of regularity assumpŽ w x. ` tions on p see 2, 6, 7, 8, 12 . For instance, if p g C , the eigenvalues
Inescapable shock alters mescaline's disruption of active avoidance acquisition.

Rats were tested on a two-way avoidance acquisition with or without inescapable shock given 24 h prior to training. Mescaline given to nonshock rats disrupted acquisition in a dose-dependent fashion and tolerance developed to this disruption. Mescaline given to shock rats had no effect on acquisition even though levels of acquisition were the same for both shock and nonshock rats without drug. Moreover, subchronic treatment (5 days facilitated acquisition. These experiments demonstrate an interaction between shock, which presumably is a stressor, and mescaline. The data are consistent with the observation that when animals are exposed to presumptive stressors (e.g., shock, handling) hallocinogens can facilitate behavior, while in other situations, hallucinogens disrupt behavior.
What has happened to small business investment spending

Thoughtful citizens are rightfully concerned about the apparent sluggishness of total investment spending. Perhaps they should also be worried about who is doing the investing; the evidence presented in this paper indicates that in manufacturing there has been an increasing dominance by the largest 1000 firms during the last 15 years. This is due to an increasing share for the larger firms in total sales and to their relatively easier access to credit. While the regression results are significant, much more work needs to be done if we are to have an entirely satisfactory explanation of this phenomenon.
Fluid and electrolyte resuscitation of the thermally injured patient.

Fluid and electrolyte management of thermal injury continues to undergo evolution. The goal of resuscitation is optimal maintenance of vital organ function, and during the first 24 hours after injury, resuscitation is best accomplished with isotonic balanced salt solution. Colloid-containing solutions do not offer any advantage and may be deleterious. In the second 24 hours, fluid replacement should account for free water losses, maintaining serum sodium at 140 mEq/L. The use of colloid-containing solution may be of benefit during this time period after capillary integrity is reestablished. Several formulae are available for initial guides, although clinical evaluation of adequate intravascular expansion is necessary. This is best accomplished using urine output as an indication of renal perfusion. Special attention is necessary in the resuscitation of children, the elderly, patients with inhalation or electrical injuries, and patients having a delay in initial resuscitation.
Pricing for quality of service in high speed packet switched networks

This paper addresses the impact of quality of service on bandwidth requirements and proposes a scheme whereby a service provider can develop compensatory and fair prices for customers with varying QoS under a wide variety of ambient traffic scenarios.
High-field electrothermal transport in metallic carbon nanotubes

We describe the electrothermal transport in metallic carbon nanotubes (m-CNTs) by a semiclassical approach that takes into account the high-field dynamical interdependence between charge carrier and phonon populations. Our model is based on the self-consistent solution of the Boltzmann transport equation and the heat equation mediated by a phonon rate equation that accounts for the onset of nonequilibrium (optical) phonons in the high-field regime. Given the metallic nature of the nanostructures, a key ingredient of the model is the assumption of local thermalization of charge carriers. Our theory remarkably reproduces the room-temperature electrical characteristics of m-CNTs on substrate and free standing (suspended), shedding light on charge-heat transport in these one-dimensional nanostructures. In particular, the negative differential resistance observed in suspended m-CNTs under electric stress is attributed to inhomogeneous field profile induced by self-heating rather than the presence of hot phonons.
Self-organization in the olfactory system: one shot odor recognition in insects

We show in a model of spiking neurons that synaptic plasticity in the mushroom bodies in combination with the general fan-in, fan-out properties of the early processing layers of the olfactory system might be sufficient to account for its efficient recognition of odors. For a large variety of initial conditions the model system consistently finds a working solution without any fine-tuning, and is, therefore, inherently robust. We demonstrate that gain control through the known feedforward inhibition of lateral horn interneurons increases the capacity of the system but is not essential for its general function. We also predict an upper limit for the number of odor classes Drosophila can discriminate based on the number and connectivity of its olfactory neurons.
Role of preventive endodontics in maintenance of the teeth.

Abstract Preventive measures in order to prevent decay and retain a healthy pulp are described, procedures are outlined which prevent pulp irritation and pulp exposure so as to conserve its integrity, and endodontic procedures to preserve the tooth either by conservative or surgical means, and so prevent its loss, are presented.
The Effect of Vertical Finite Difference Approximations on Simulations with the NCAR Community Climate Model

Abstract Two commonly used vertical finite difference approximations produce markedly different simulations when adapted to the nine-level Community Climate Model assembled at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. The differences are conveniently illustrated by considering the zonal average temperature and zonal wind, but these different zonal averaged are also associated with differences in the stationary and transient waves in the model. The hydrostatic equation and vertical temperature advection are the main contributors to the differences in the simulations. Other terms produce only minor differences. Except above the equatorial tropopause, the two schemes converge to the same solution with significantly higher vertical resolution. In many respects, this convergent simulation is closer to that produced by one of the approximations on the original nine levels than to that produced by the other. However, the resemblance is not adequate to justify use of that scheme on the coarse grid when other ...
Fast multi-channel Gibbs-sampling for low-overhead distributed resource allocation in OFDMA cellular networks

A major challenge in OFDMA cellular networks is to efficiently allocate scarce channel resources and optimize global system performance. Specifically, the allocation problem across cells/base-stations is known to incur extremely high computational/communication complexity. Recently, Gibbs sampling has been used to solve the downlink inter-cell allocation problem with distributed algorithms that incur low computational complexity in each iteration. In a typical Gibbs sampling algorithm, in order to determine whether to transit to a new state, one needs to know in advance the performance value after the transition, even before such transition takes place. For OFDMA networks with many channels, such computation of future performance values leads to a challenging tradeoff between convergence speed and overhead: the algorithm either updates a very small number of channels at an iteration, which leads to slow convergence, or incurs high computation and communication overhead. In this paper, we propose a new multi-channel Gibbs sampling algorithm that resolves this tradeoff. The key idea is to utilize perturbation analysis so that each base-station can accurately predict the future performance values. As a result, the proposed algorithm can quickly update many channels in every iteration without incurring excessive computation and communication overhead. Simulation results show that our algorithm converges quickly and achieves system utility that is close to the existing Gibbs sampling algorithm.
Stepwise Folding of an Autotransporter Passenger Domain Is Not Essential for Its Secretion

Autotransporters are a superfamily of virulence proteins produced by Gram-negative bacteria. They consist of an N-terminal β-helical domain (“passenger domain”) that is secreted into the extracellular space and a C-terminal β-barrel domain (“β-domain”) that anchors the protein to the outer membrane. Because the periplasm lacks ATP, vectorial folding of the passenger domain in a C-to-N-terminal direction has been proposed to drive the secretion reaction. Consistent with this hypothesis, mutations that disrupt the folding of the C terminus of the passenger domain of the Escherichia coli O157:H7 autotransporter EspP have been shown to cause strong secretion defects. Here, we show that point mutations introduced at specific locations near the middle or N terminus of the EspP β-helix that perturb folding also impair secretion, but to a lesser degree. Surprisingly, we found that even multiple mutations that potentially abolish the stability of several consecutive rungs of the β-helix only moderately reduce secretion efficiency. Although these results provide evidence that the free energy derived from passenger domain folding contributes to secretion efficiency, they also suggest that a significant fraction of the energy required for secretion is derived from another source.
Fractional quantum Hall physics in topological flat bands

Abstract We present a pedagogical review of the physics of fractional Chern insulators with a particular focus on the connection to the fractional quantum Hall effect. While the latter conventionally arises in semiconductor heterostructures at low temperatures and in high magnetic fields, interacting Chern insulators at fractional band filling may host phases with the same topological properties, but stabilized at the lattice scale, potentially leading to high-temperature topological order. We discuss the construction of topological flat band models, provide a survey of numerical results, and establish the connection between the Chern band and the continuum Landau problem. We then briefly summarize various aspects of Chern band physics that have no natural continuum analogs, before turning to a discussion of possible experimental realizations. We close with a survey of future directions and open problems, as well as a discussion of extensions of these ideas to higher dimensions and to other topological phases.
Multiphase Flow-Enhanced Corrosion Mechanisms in Horizontal Pipelines

Previous work has demonstrated the mechanism of enhanced corrosion in slug flow due to entrained pulses of gas bubbles (Gopal et al., 1997). Corrosion rate measurements have been made at pressures up to 0.79 MPa and temperatures up to 90°C, and it has been shown that the effect of these pulses of bubbles increases with pressure and Froude number. This paper describes mass transfer measurements under multiphase slug and annular flows using the limiting current density technique. The experiments are carried out in a 10-cm-dia pipe using a 0.01-M potassium ferro/ferricyanide solution in 1.3 N sodium hydroxide for the liquid phase and nitrogen in the gas phase. Froude numbers of 4, 6, and 9 in slug flow have been studied, while gas velocities up to 10 m/s are investigated in annular flows. The results show instantaneous peaks in the mass transfer rates corresponding to the pulses of bubbles in slug flow. Instantaneous increases of 10–100 times the average values in multiphase flow are seen. Peaks are also seen in instantaneous mass transfer rates in some annular flows.
Review of selected approaches to promoting smoking cessation.

Digital Object Identifi er: 10.1188/05.CJON.745-747 Smoking accounts for at least 30% of all cancer deaths and 87% of lung cancer deaths (American Cancer Society [ACS], 2005). Ideally, no one would smoke, but, in the United States, approximately 23% of adults are smokers (ACS). Much research has been targeted at this population. The ACS and other public health agencies have launched large campaigns to prevent the use of tobacco and to encourage cessation. Central to the educational effort is the fact that, for smokers who quit before age 50, the risk of dying in the next 15 years is half of that for those who continue to smoke (ACS, 2005). The ACS recommends comprehensive tobacco-control programs that focus on limiting advertising for tobacco products, increasing excise taxes, reducing accessibility of tobacco products to minors, counteradvertising, and implementing clean-air laws as primary prevention programs (Eyre et al., 2004). However, none of the programs will be effective without readily available treatment for tobacco dependence. Several options are available to promote tobacco abstinence. Much research has been performed to examine the effectiveness of the various approaches. Nurses should consider the research carefully when making recommendations in clinical practice. The Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews is updated continually and provides an organized way to review the complex data. Data and statistics on the impact of smoking also are readily available (ACS, 2005). The U.S. Public Health Service has issued a clinical practice guideline for tobacco cessation, which includes a thorough evidence-based review with many useful comparisons (Tobacco Use and Dependence Clinical Practice Guideline Panel, Staff, and Consortium Representatives, 2000). This article will provide Review of Selected Approaches to Promoting Smoking Cessation
Folic acid-CdTe quantum dot conjugates and their applications for cancer cell targeting

In this study, we report the preparation, luminescence, and targeting properties of folic acid-CdTe quantum dot conjugates. Water-soluble CdTe quantum dots were synthesized and conjugated with folic acid using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide-N-hydroxysuccinimide chemistry. The influence of folic acid on the luminescence properties of CdTe quantum dots was investigated, and no energy transfer between them was observed. To investigate the efficiency of folic acid-CdTe nanoconjugates for tumor targeting, pure CdTe quantum dots and folic acid-coated CdTe quantum dots were incubated with human nasopharyngeal epidermal carcinoma cell line with positive expressing folic acid receptors (KB cells) and lung cancer cells without expression of folic acid receptors (A549 cells). For the cancer cells with positive folate receptors (KB cells), the uptake for CdTe quantum dots is very low, but for folic acid-CdTe nanoconjugates, the uptake is very high. For the lung cancer cells without folate receptors (A549 cells), the uptake for folic acid-CdTe nanoconjugates is also very low. The results indicate that folic acid is an effective targeting molecule for tumor cells with overexpressed folate receptors.
Parental anxiety associated with referral of a child to a pediatric cardiologist for evaluation of a Still's murmur.

Abstract Objective: We assessed factors contributing to parental anxiety when children are referred to a cardiology clinic for evaluation of a Still's murmur. Methods: Parents of 95 children completed questionnaires designed to assess family and patient characteristics, parents' ratings of their anxiety and the reassurance they received from their pediatrician, and current (state) and general anxiety levels. Results: Parents reported anxiety about multiple issues including the need for medication (49%), sports restrictions (41%), cardiac surgery (29%), cardiac risk for siblings (20%), and premature death (13%). Of reporting mothers, 19% felt the murmur resulted from something they did wrong during pregnancy. Although 54% of parents were extremely reassured by their pediatrician, only 17% had no anxiety associated with the specialty visit. After reassurance from the cardiologist, 7% of parents had persistent anxiety. In multivariable analysis, 2 features, both related to the referring pediatrician, were significantly related to parental anxiety level. High parental anxiety was associated with lower pediatrician reassurance ratings and greater pediatrician practice years. Conclusions: Parental anxiety is common among parents of children referred for specialty evaluation. Educational strategies to improve pediatrician communication skills with parents may improve quality of care. (J Pediatr 2002;140:747-52)
Identification and quantification of predation: novel use of gas chromatography–mass spectrometric analysis of prey alkaloid markers

Summary 1 Predation can be difficult to measure in the field and immunological and DNA-based gut analyses are now routinely used to identify and quantify prey items consumed by predators. Alternative methods have largely fallen into disuse. 2 Chromatography has been largely ignored as a method of studying predation on the grounds of low specificity and an inability to provide quantitative results. We demonstrate here that this is not so, using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of alkaloids of prey ladybird beetles. 3 The alkaloid hippodamine from a single egg of the ladybird Hippodamia convergens was detected in all ten third instar larvae of another ladybird, Harmonia axyridis, for 12 h after they had consumed a H. convergens egg; in one case of ten, hippodamine was still detected 36 h after egg consumption. Hippodamine was detectable in all 10 second instar larvae of the lacewing Chrysoperla rufilabris sampled 12 h after consuming a H. convergens egg. 4 The amount of hippodamine in H. axyridis larvae was quantifiable with an internal standard. Larvae that had consumed more eggs exhibited higher levels of hippodamine. The method therefore can be used to estimate the amount of prey biomass consumed. 5 A comparison of the alkaloids of five ladybird species that co-occur in Kentucky field crops found that, in general, the alkaloids were sufficiently distinct to allow species identification of ladybirds that had been consumed by predators, although there was some overlap between species in alkaloid content. 6 Especially when combined with mass spectrometry, chromatography is thus a method that potentially can be used to identify multiple prey simultaneously, while also obtaining quantitative information on the prey biomass consumed. This has not been achieved by the commonly-used molecular gut-analyses. We suggest the method is suitable for a wide diversity of prey types possessing endogenous taxon-specific chemicals such as defence compounds or pheromones. 7 As a secondary consequence of this study, several alkaloids have been identified from new ladybird species. We also have shown that H. axyridis, an invasive intraguild predator of other ladybirds, does not sequester alkaloids from allospecific ladybird prey.
The effects of various mammalian sera on attachment efficiency and thymidine incorporation in primary cultures of mouse mammary epithelial cells

Mammary epithelial cells from 16- to 17-day pregnant BALB/c mice were cultured in various mammalian sera to determine the kind of serum which stimulates optimal attachment efficiency and thymidine incorporation. Of those sera tested, horse, bovine, lamb, goat and fetal bovine provided the highest attachment efficiency, whereas rat, mouse and human gave the lowest. Rabbit serum stimulated the highest thymidine incorporation into TCA-insoluble material with goat and rat providing the lowest. These results suggest that sera which provide the highest attachment efficiency for primary cultures are not the best stimulants of DNA synthesis and show that an inverse relationship exists between cell attachment and thymidine incorporation for any given type of mammalian serum.
Structures of virus and virus-like particles

Virus structures continue to be the basis for mechanistic virology and serve as a paradigm for solutions to problems concerning macromolecular assembly and function in general. The use of X-ray crystallography, electron cryomicroscopy and computational and biochemical methods has provided not only details of the structural folds of individual viral components, but also insights into the structural basis of assembly, nucleic acid packaging, particle dynamics and interactions with cellular molecules.
Effect of anti-acetylcholine receptor Fab fragments from goats on functional membrane-bound receptor

Abstract Fab fragments prepared from goats displaying experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) recognize and bind to membrane-bound acetylcholine receptor (AcChR) from Torpedo californica electroplax. Presence of bound Fab fragments leads to an alteration in a number of functional properties associated with the AcChR-rich membranes. Titration of membrane-bound AcChR with (EAMG)Fab fragments reveals a maximum of three to four high-affinity Fab fragments which cannot be displaced by α-bungarotoxin (α-Bgt). Presence of bound Fab fragments on the membranes does not alter the affinity of the AcChR for ligands tested (propidium, d-tubocurarine, decamethonium) but reduces the total amount of ligand capable of being bound. Preincubation with (EAMG)Fab, previously shown to slow the time-dependent binding of α-Bgt to solubilized AcChR, has now been shown to exert a similar effect on membrane-bound forms of the AcChR; only high-affinity Fab fragments are necessary to cause this effect. Presence of bound (EAMG)Fab seems to highly diminish but not eliminate the agonist induced “sensitization-desensitization” phenomenon characteristic of membrane-bond AcChR. These same bound Fab fragments do not appear to alter the agonist-induced transfer of 22Na+ across AcChR-enriched membranes at carbamylcholine concentrations sufficient to elicit a 100% flux response. Conversely, the presence of bound Fab shifts the dose-response curves to lower carbamylcholine concentrations further indicating a decrease in the magnitude of the desensitization. These results suggest interference by bound anti-AcChR antibodies on AcChR function in our “in vitro-in situ” myasthenic membrane model, which might therefore be useful in the study of primary membrane events in the impaired neuromuscular transmission seen in the human disease myasthenia gravis.
The internalization of the M2 and M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors involves distinct subsets of small G-proteins

Multiple mechanisms exist for the endocytosis of receptors from the cell surface. While the M1, M3, and M4 subtypes of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor and M4 receptors transduce their signals through the same second messengers but internalize though different pathways, we tested the ability of several small G-proteins to regulate the agonist-induced endocytosis of M2 and M4 in JEG-3 human choriocarcinoma cells. Dominant-negative Rab5 as well as both wild-type and dominant-negative Rab11 inhibited M4 but not M2 endocytosis. In contrast, a dominant-negative Arf6 as well as wild-type Rab22 increased M2 but not M4 endocytosis. We used immunocytochemistry to show that in unstimulated cells, the M2 and M4 receptors co-localize on the cell surface, whereas after stimulation M2 and M4 are in distinct vesicular compartments. In this study, we demonstrate that agonist-induced internalization of the M2 receptor utilizes an Arf6, Rab22 dependent pathway, while the M4 receptor undergoes agonist-induced internalization through a Rab5, Rab11 dependent pathway. Additionally, we show that Rab15 and RhoA are not involved in either pathway in JEG-3 cells.
Resistance of quartz silt to isotopic exchange under burial and intense weathering conditions

Abstract Oxygen isotopic compositions of quartz from silty sediments buried to 5400 m depth from two wells in the Gulf of Mexico each showed δ 5 18 O variations of less than 1.7%. Clay diagenesis has been reported within this depth. The observed variations in the quartz do not appear to be primarly diagenetic effects, but rather are mainly depositional features reflecting variations in the sources of the sediments. Sources may be influenced by the variation of distance from the shore at different depths in a given sampling location and by sediment production by continental glaciations. Stability of the oxygen isotopic composition of quartz in the 10–20 μm size range under long-time humid, temperate weathering conditions was studied by analysis of saprolites formed from Pennsylvanian to Precambrian crystalline rocks. In four of the five cases, the 10–20 μm fraction was found to have only 0.1–0.5%. greater δ 18 O than the corresponding 20–50 μm fraction. This increase may be attributable either to a slight oxygen isotopic exchange with ambient ground waters or original differences within the rock since the saprolites were sufficiently coherent to make an influx of extraneous detrital silt unlikely. The amount of oxygen isotopic exchange in silt size quartz over periods of many million years of shallow burial or weathering appears to be small enough to permit the use of the oxygen isotopic ratio of quartz in tracing the origin of eolian and fluvial additions of minerals to continental soils and pelagic sediments.
Coherent backscattering of optical second-harmonic generation with long-range surface plasmons

We report the observation of coherent backscattering of optical second-harmonic generation that is due to excitation of the long-range surface plasmon mode at a silver-quartz interface. A peak-to-background ratio of greater than 2 is seen, which is possible for a coherent scattering process in nonlinear optics. The backscattering pattern has an angular half-width of 15 mrad in the incident plane but 90 mrad in the transverse plane. This effect is consistent with simple wave-vector considerations. Backscattering is observed only over a limited range of silver film thicknesses that correspond to a maximum propagation length for the surface mode.
Senda Berenson: The Unlikely Founder of Women's Basketball

In the winter of 1892, the new instructor of physical training at Smith College, a diminutive young woman with a heavy accent, introduced her students to an adaptation of James Naismith's new game of Basket Ball. An immediate if unexpected success, the game spread to other women's schools across the country, and soon its founder, Senda Berenson (1868-1954), was called upon to codify its distinctive set of gender-specific rules. Emphasizing team passing and position over individual play, the version she instituted defined women's basketball for seventy years and eventually earned her the honor of being the first female elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame. Yet, as Ralph Melnick points out, Berenson's pioneering role in the history of women's athletics was more a matter of accident than destiny. A Jewish immigrant from Lithuania, prone to ill health throughout her childhood, she enrolled in the Boston Normal School for Gymnastics in the fall of 1890 with the hope of strengthening herself so that she could pursue a career as a pianist, dancer, or painter. Instead, she soon became both a practitioner and a proponent of a new approach to women's physical education, one aimed at providing a "natural outlet of the play instinct," developing "endurance and physical courage" as well as "quickness of thought and action," and promoting through team work the "power of organization" women needed to achieve full social equality. Extending her work into the factories and blighted urban tenements of America, Berenson later won the recognition of Jane Addams, Margaret Sanger, and other progressive reformers. Believing that "Americans have forgotten how to play," she wanted to teach others to live "joyfully - beautifully." For Berenson, the physical culture of exercise and games, played not for competition but for personal and social development as well as sheer enjoyment, was but another form of art. This convergence of athletics and aesthetics was hardly surprising, Melnick explains, because the single most important influence on Senda Berenson's life was her brother, the renowned art critic and connoisseur, Bernard Berenson. The two siblings wrote frequently to each other over the course of their lives, and the author draws heavily on their correspondence throughout the book to create an intimate and insightful portrait of a remarkable American woman.
Sct1 functions in partnership with Cdc10 in a transcription complex that activates cell cycle START and inhibits differentiation

A fission yeast cell cycle START gene has been identified, sct1. Loss of sct1 function results in cell cycle arrest at START and simultaneously in derepression of the mating pathway. sct1 therefore functions both as an essential activator of the mitotic cell cycle and as a repressor of differentiation. p72sct1 shares 36% sequence similarity with p85cdc10. p72sct1 is shown to act in partnership with p85cdc10 in a cell cycle regulatory transcription complex. A single dominant mutation within the putative DNA-binding domain of p72sct1 renders the cell independent of cdc10 function for the execution of START.
Cognitive load theory: more food for thought

A scientific theory is an explanation of a set of related observations, phenomena, or events based upon one or more hypotheses and verified multiple times by the evidence of detached groups of researchers. Cognitive load theory (CLT) was designed ‘‘to provide guidelines intended to assist in the presentation of information in a manner that encourages learner activities that optimize intellectual performance (Sweller et al. 1998 p. 25).’’ The theory proved successful in inspiring many experimental studies aimed at testing the CL effects of instructional design for over 20 years (Clark et al. 2006). On the other hand, a growing number of educational psychologists and researchers has identified many conceptual, methodological, and practical limitations of the theory (Bannert 2002; Brunken et al. 2009; Horz and Schnotz 2009; Moreno 2006; Schnotz and Kurschner 2007). The concerns voiced by de Jong (this issue) resonate with those critiques and suggest the need to reflect carefully on the scientific value of the theory. Does CLT meet the rigor of scientific theories? In this article, I comment and expand on Jong’s criticisms from the perspective of a cognitive-affective theory of learning and discuss the implications of CLT’s challenges for advancing the science of learning and nurturing a scientific culture in educational research.