cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A New Model and Analysis of Orthogonal Machining With an Edge-Radiused Tool

A new machining process model that explicitly includes the effects of the edge hone is presented. A force balance is conducted on the lower boundary of the deformation zone leading to a machining force model. The machining force components are an explicit function of the edge radius and shear angle. An increase in edge radius leads to not only increased ploughing forces but also an increase in the chip formation forces due to an average rake angle effect. Previous attempts at assessing the ploughing components as the force intercept at zero uncut chip thickness, which attribute to the ploughing mechanism all the changes in forces that occur with changes in edge radius, are seen to be erroneous in view of this model. Calculation of shear stress on the lower boundary of the deformation zone using the new machining force model indicates that the apparent size effect when cutting with edge radiused tools is due to deformation below the tool (ploughing) and a larger chip formation component due to a lower shear angle. Increases in specific energy and shear stress are also due to shear strain and strain rate increases. A consistent material behavior model that does not vary with process input conditions like uncut chip thickness, rake angle and edge radius can be developed based on the new model. @S1087-1357~00!01302-2#
Ranking mutual funds using unconventional utility theory and stochastic dominance

Abstract We make the choice between mutual funds realistic and rigorous by incorporating (i) unconventional non-expected utility theories implying four desirable properties (4DPs) of utility functions, and (ii) the fourth-order stochastic dominance (4SD). Kimball's (Econometrica 58 (1990) 53) diminishing prudence is shown to need 4SD. A new weighting incorporates 4DPs into various criteria including the Sharpe ratio. We use 1281 mutual funds rated with one to five stars by Morningstar, a trapezoidal approximation for evaluating 4SD and propose a new cumulative 4SD measure with superior properties for statistical inference. An appendix describes a new maximum entropy (ME) bootstrap for dependent time series.
A Case of Recurrent Cryptococcal Meningoencephalitis in an Immunocompetent Female

Cryptococcus neoformans is commonly associated with meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised patients and occasionally in apparently healthy individuals. Duration and regimen of antifungal treatment vary depending on the nature of the host and extent of disease and CNS shunts are placed in persistently elevated intracranial pressures. Recurrence of infection after initial treatment is not uncommon in HIV positive patients, Kaya et al. (2012) and Illnait-zaragozi et al. (2010). We describe a 39-year-old immunocompetent female that presented with neurologic deficits and increased intracranial pressure (ICP) due to cryptococcal meningoencephalitis that had a complicated course with drug induced hepatitis and persistently increased ICP that ultimately required shunt placement and presented again with relapse of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis after completion of antifungal treatment. Our case shows that recurrent cryptococcal meningitis can be seen in immunocompetent patients due to prolonged placement of CNS shunt and suggests that shunts should be removed after resolution of meningitis.
Effect of the graphene phase presence in nanoporous S-doped carbon on photoactivity in UV and visible light

Abstract Nanoporous sulfur-doped carbon and its composite with 2 wt.% graphene phase were used as separation media for the removal of dibenzothiophenes from model diesel fuel and tested as photocatalysts for their oxidation. The samples with preadsorbed compounds were exposed to visible light or UV to evaluate the effects of irradiation on the stability of the adsorbed compounds. The amount adsorbed on the composite was smaller than that on the parent carbon owing to a decrease in porosity of the former material. On the surface of both materials exposure to either visible light or UV resulted in an extensive oxidation of dibenzothiophenes. The presence of the graphene phase enhanced the transport of photogenerated electrons and delayed their recombination with holes. The reducing effects of light-induced electrons on the surface of the composite related to the presence of graphene led to the strong oxidative degradation of refractory sulfur compounds.
Formation of Fe3Pt phase in FePt-based nanocomposite magnets

Atomic interdiffusion between FePt and Fe3O4 nanoparticles in annealed FePt-based nanocomposite magnets has been studied by means of structural and magnetic characterizations. The results show that the Fe3Pt phase is formed during the annealing only when the mass ratio x of Fe3O4/FePt is larger than 1/20. When x ≤ 1/20, only FePt single phase is formed. It is interesting to find that the coercivity of the annealed samples increases with a small addition of Fe3O4 before the formation of the Fe3Pt phase. This magnetic hardening behaviour indicates that the composition of the FePt phase can be further adjusted via the post annealing process. The characteristic of recoil loops and Henkel plots also give evidence for the transition from single-phase FePt magnets to nanocomposite magnets with the addition of Fe3O4.
Promoting Self‐determined Education

Abstract A theory of self‐determination is presented in which the concepts of intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation are explicated and the innate psychological needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness are discussed. Laboratory experiments and field studies are reviewed indicating that: (1) social contexts that facilitate satisfaction of the three basic needs — by providing optimal challenge, informational feedback, interpersonal involvement, and autonomy support — promote both intrinsic motivation and self‐determined forms of extrinsic motivation; and (2) intrinsic motivation and self‐determined extrinsic motivation are positively associated with high quality learning and personal adjustment. Particular attention is devoted to how factors in the classroom and home affect students’ self‐determination and school performance.
Lied Library @ four years: technology never stands still

Purpose – To relate challenges associated with maintaining the technology involved in a modern, major academic research library.Design/methodology/approach – Experiences from the past four years are categorized and discussed as they relate to information technology maintenance, enhancement, and future development. The narrative includes specific detailed examples, while maintaining a wide overall view, given the vast scope of what constitutes “information technology”.Findings – Looking back at knowledge gained from four years of operating a new academic library, one can understand that technology is constantly evolving, creating numerous challenges. Such challenges include maintaining and enhancing existing systems and services, as well as introducing new systems and services. Associated with all such activities are a myriad challenges such as technology, funding, security, and overall resource management.Practical implications – The findings serve to remind practitioners and administrators of the varied,...
Near-Plume Laser-Induced Fluorescence Velocity Measurements of a Medium Power Hall Thruster

This work presents the near exit plane velocity field of a 600 W Hall thruster at a single operating condition with a 300 V anode potential. The xenon ion propellant velocities were measured using laser-induced fluorescence of the 5d[4] 7/2 - 6p[3] 5/2 excited state xenon ionic transition at 834.72 nm. Ion velocities were interrogated from the acceleration channel exit plane to a distance 100 mm from the exit plane (1.6 exit plane diameters). Both axial and radial velocities were directly measured. A nearly uniform axial velocity profile of approximately 17,000 m/s (197 eV) was measured at the acceleration channel center on the exit plane. The maximum axial velocity was measured 100 mm from the exit plane at 19, 800 m/s (267 eV). In conjunction with the coaxial symmetry of the thruster, radial velocity measurements were used to determine the divergence of the plume, as well as to determine azimuthal velocities in several regions proximate to the exit plane. The 475 m/s mean azimuthal velocity was measured 5 mm from the exit plane. From this value, it was possible to estimate a maximum thruster-induced torque of 3.2 x 10 -5 Nm. Because of the divergence and convergence of the coaxial ion flow, distinct ion populations were observed to interact in the central core of the near plume. This was apparent in measurement volumes where multiple radial and axial velocity components were measured. These regions also typically correspond with the brightest portions of the visible plume.
Gastrointestinal cell mediated immunity and the microsporidia.

Microsporidiosis has been implicated in causing morbidity in immune-compromised and immune-competent individuals. As microsporidiosis is acquired via an oral route, gut-associated lymphoid tissues have been found to be critical for the initial control of this infection. Studies from our laboratories have demonstrated that IELs play a dominant role in this protection; however, the mechanisms involved in the trafficking of these cells and their role in long-term immunity remain to be elucidated.
Acute Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury

Alcohol consumption is customary in most cultures and alcohol abuse is common worldwide. For example, more than 50% of Americans consume alcohol, with an estimated 23.1% of Americans participating in heavy and/or binge drinking at least once a month. A safe and effective therapy for alcoholic liver disease (ALD) in humans is still elusive, despite significant advances in our understanding of how the disease is initiated and progresses. It is now clear that acute alcohol binges not only can be acutely toxic to the liver, but also can contribute to the chronicity of ALD. Potential mechanisms by which acute alcohol causes damage include steatosis, dysregulated immunity and inflammation, and altered gut permeability. Recent interest in modeling acute alcohol exposure has yielded new insights into potential mechanisms of acute injury, which also may well be relevant for chronic ALD. Recent work by this group on the role of PAI-1 and fibrin metabolism in mediating acute alcohol-induced liver damage serve as an example of possible new targets that may be useful for alcohol abuse, be it acute or chronic.
Reduction in cerebral ischemic injury in the newborn rat by potentiation of endogenous adenosine.

ABSTRACT: Because of ontogenic influences on the pathophysiologic mechanisms of brain injury in the perinatal brain, and in particular, the incomplete development of adenosine receptor systems, we investigated the potential for adenosine to provide cerebro-protection in a well established newborn rat model of hypoxia-ischemia. Fifteen litters of postnatal d 7 animals were subjected to unilateral carotid ligation and exposure to hypoxia (8% oxygen) for 3 h. Immediately after hypoxia-ischemia, animals received either the adenosine deaminase inhibitor deoxycoformycin (DCF; 2.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally) or the adenosine uptake inhibitor propentofylline (PPF; 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally); paired littermates received an equivalent volume of normal saline. On postnatal d 14, injury or protection was assessed by differences in hemispheric weights, morphometric determinations of infarct area, and histopathologic analyses. DCF resulted in a 34% (p = 0.02) and 31% (p = 0.03) reduction in hemispheric weight disparities and infarct area, respectively; for PPF, these reductions were 46% (p = 0.03) and 32% (p = 0.04), respectively. Light microscopic examinations of striatum, thalamus, hippocampus, and cortex revealed that both drugs significantly improved histologic scores as well. Measurements in six separate litters indicated that neither drug significantly reduced core body temperature for at least 6 h postadministration. These findings indicate that potentiation of endogenous adenosine levels in the perinatal brain can significantly ameliorate brain injury. Each of these treatment strategies was effective even when administered after the hypoxic-ischemic insult. Thus, further investigations of adenosinergic therapies are warranted in this and other perinatal models of cerebral ischemia to elucidate in detail their potential for clinical application.
Biologic and immunologic approaches to comprehensive therapy for pediatric malignant conditions. Laboratory-clinical interaction.

Cooperative integration of laboratory and clinical trial data has provided striking improvement in the treatment of pediatric malignant conditions over the last 2 decades. If attempts are made to individualize therapy to the specific disease and prognostic treatment subgroups for each pediatric malignant condition, the combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy can put the vast majority of patients into a complete clinical remission, with apparent cure for more than half of these patients. Depending on the disease type, treatment failure, when it occurs, is usually the result of recurrent, distant, metastatic disease that is refractory to prior treatment and simultaneously refractory to treatment approaches not yet used for the patient who has had a relapse
Micromanaging time: Measuring and controlling timing errors in computer-controlled experiments

Computer-controlled experiments present a number of potential sources of error in timing the presentation of events, including video refresh rate, keyboard scanning rate, and disk I/O times. A terminate-and-stay-resident routine implementing multiple millisecond-accuracy timers is presented. Interfaces permitting use of the timer with several higher level languages (C, FOR­ TRAN, Pascal, and QuickBASIC) are described, as is a design for a two- to four-button response system using the computer's printer port. A general strategy is described for using multiple timers to control and measure variation in critical experimental events. A C language program is provided to benchmark variation in the time required to perform common experimental tasks (screen refreshing, switching video pages, disk I/O, loop calculations), and results are summarized for several representative computers that use the IBM design. Since at least the time of Donders (1868/1969), a stan­ dard psychological procedure has involved presenting sub­ jects with visual stimuli and measuring the time they take to produce some response. The advent of microcomputers has greatly facilitated studies based on this general paradigm, but it has also introduced a number of poten­ tial errors in timing the events that are under experimen­ tal control. The term micromanagement(leMay, Lerner, & Tay­ lor, 1988) was coined in the 1910s (Barnhart, 1984) to refer to the detailed planning of local operations by a cen­ tral executive, a practice that can have the consequence of leaving little room for local initiative. Using personal computers to obtain precise timing of events requires a sort of micromanagement, in which the timing of events is not affected by ongoing computational processes. The present paper describes: (I) sources of timing errors in computer-controlled experiments, (2) an implementation of millisecond-level timing that is both flexible and modu­ lar, (3) a strategy for using the timing routine to measure and minimize timing errors, and (4) a benchmark pro­ gram for comparing the performance of experimentally relevant tasks on different IBM PC computers.
Inheritance of virulence of Puccinia recondita culture X43

(1991). Inheritance of virulence of Puccinia recondita culture X43. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 33-37.
The developmentally-regulated Smoc2 gene is repressed by Aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) signaling.

SPARC-Related Modular Calcium Binding Protein-2 (Smoc-2) is a broadly-expressed matricellular protein which contributes to mitogenesis via activation of Integrin-Linked Kinase (ILK). Here we show that expression of Smoc2 is repressed in cultured cells following treatment with Aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) ligands including the ubiquitous environmental pollutants Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The Smoc2 promoter contains two consensus putative Ahr-binding sites and Smoc2 promoter-driven reporter genes are repressed in response to B[a]P in an Ahr-dependent manner in cultured cells. Using organ culture experiments we show that TCDD also represses Smoc2 mRNA expression in testes from Ahr+/+ but not Ahr−/− mice. Therefore, exposure to Ahr ligands is likely to affect Smoc2 expression in vivo. Taken together our results indicate that Smoc2 is a novel transcriptional target of activated Ahr. Perturbation of Smoc2 expression may mediate the adverse developmental effects of environmental aryl-hydrocarbon exposure.
Economic Development and the Contours of U.S. Foreign Policy: The Nixon Administration's Approach to Latin America, 1969–1974

Economic development has long been a central pillar of American foreign policy, but often coexists uneasily with the more self-interested tenets of U.S. diplomacy. Richard Nixon's development strategy for Latin America is an excellent example of this problem. Upon taking office, Nixon and his advisers elaborated a plan to accelerate Latin American economic development and thereby head off the threat of social unrest and revolution in the Western Hemisphere. The plan came to naught, however, as it was compromised by the administration's economic unilateralism, insistence on maximizing American power and diplomatic leverage, and unwillingness to tailor U.S. policies to Latin American realities. In the end, the administration was unable to implement a successful development policy or reconcile development with other U.S. objectives. By the mid-1970s, the White House had therefore turned away from development as a means of protecting U.S. interests in Latin America, and fully embraced more repressive expedients.
Non-conscious forms of system justification: Implicit and behavioral preferences for higher status groups

According to system justification theory, people internalize and perpetuate systemic forms of inequality, even though it sometimes means harboring preferences for members of higher status outgroups. In Study 1, students from a high status (but not a low status) university exhibited significant ingroup favoritism on the IAT, an automatic evaluative measure. Furthermore, for students at the high status university, implicit ingroup bias was positively correlated with implicit self-esteem. For students at the low status university, implicit acceptance of consensual stereotypes concerning academic and extracurricular characteristics was associated with implicit outgroup favoritism. In Study 2, Latinos and Asian Americans exhibited significant outgroup favoritism on an unobtrusive behavioral measure by choosing White interaction partners over members of their own groups. In Study 3, parents named newborn children disproportionately after their fathers (compared with their mothers) and published birth announcements for boys slightly more often than for girls. Thus, we observed evidence of system justification on implicit or unobtrusive measures in three different socially disadvantaged groups.
Structure–mutagenicity relationships and energies of 1-, and 2-nitrotriphenylenes

Abstract The isomers 1- and 2-nitrotriphenylene are present in respirable matter, in combustion and diesel exhaust particulates, and exhibit mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. The structural and electronic properties of triphenylene, 1-, and 2-nitrotriphenylene were investigated with the density functional B3LYP calculations using the 6-311 + G∗∗ basis set. The geometrical bond length agreements were noted between the calculated and experimental geometry for triphenylene (TRP), and predictions of the structural data for 1- and 2-nitrotriphenylene are made in the absence of experimental crystal structures. The geometrical distortions of the triphenylene structure upon nitro group substitution, and structural–mutagenicity relationships of this important class of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are discussed. The energy and molecular orbital energies (ELUMO) were also investigated and found to yield predictive electrophilic reactivity of the isomers. The study of the structure-mutagenic relationships of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) is important in gaining insights into reasons underlying the differential mutagenic potencies of isomers of specific PAHs.
An open-label study to evaluate sildenafil for the treatment of lymphatic malformations

Background Lymphatic malformations can be challenging to treat. Mainstay interventions including surgery and sclerotherapy are invasive and can result in local recurrence and complications. Objective We sought to assess the effect of 20 weeks of oral sildenafil on reducing lymphatic malformation volume and symptoms in children. Methods Seven children (4 boys, 3 girls; ages 13-85 months) with lymphatic malformations were given oral sildenafil for 20 weeks in this open-label study. The volume of the lymphatic malformation was calculated blindly using magnetic resonance imaging performed before and after 20 weeks of sildenafil. Lymphatic malformations were assessed clinically on weeks 4, 12, 20, and 32. Both the physician and parents evaluated the lymphatic malformation in comparison with baseline. Results Four subjects had a lymphatic malformation volume decrease (1.0%-31.7%). In 2 subjects, despite a lymphatic malformation volume increase (1.1%-3.7%), clinical improvement was noted while on sildenafil. One subject had a 29.6% increase in lymphatic malformation volume and no therapeutic response. Lymphatic malformations of all 6 subjects who experienced a therapeutic response on sildenafil softened and became easily compressible. Adverse events were minimal. Limitations A randomized controlled trial will be necessary to verify the effects of sildenafil on lymphatic malformations. Conclusions Sildenafil can reduce lymphatic malformation volume and symptoms in some children.
Temperature dependence of intraparenchymal bronchial blood flow

Abstract Previous studies suggested that bronchial vascular resistance, like that of the skin, changes with the temperature of the surrounding tissue. To investigate this phenomenon, we recorded anastomotic (systemic to pulmonary) (brs−p) and total (br) bronchial blood flow over a temperature range centered on normal. In 7 open-chested dogs the in situ left lower lobe (LLL) was separately ventilated (30 °C, 5% CO2 in humidified air) and was suspended in a fabric net from a strain gauge for continuous recording of weight. The pulmonary circulation of the LLL was pump-perfused at 255 ± 69 ml/min in a closed circuit with temperature set at 30, 33, 36, 39 and 42 °C. brs−p was measured as overflow from the LLL vascular circuit corrected for LLL weight changes. br, tracheal, mid-esophageal and coronary flow were measured with 15 μ radiolabelled microspheres injected in the left atrium. The animal's core temperature and that of the humidified air around the LLL were held constant. br and brs−p were equal and reached a peak at 36 °C with lower levels of flow at higher and lower temperatures. Esophageal, tracheal and coronary flow and cardiac output did not change nor did pressures in the systemic and LLL pulmonary artery and in the LLL airways. An intralobar change in temperature above or below 36 °C decreases only the lobar bronchial blood flow and does not influence blood flow to other nearby tissues including those vascularized by the bronchial circulation.
A Brief History of the Bioengineering Institute of California and the UC System-wide Symposia

The plan to establish a Multicampus Research Unit (MRU) on Bioengineering in the University of California (UC) System started in August 1999. The cooperative efforts of the UC campuses led to the formal establishment of the Bioengineering Institute of California (BIC) in October 2003. Three years prior to the BIC establishment, the System-wide Annual Bioengineering Symposium was started at UC Davis. The Symposia were then hosted sequentially by UC Santa Barbara, UC Berkeley, UCSD, UC Santa Cruz, UC Irvine, UCSF, UCLA, and UC Riverside, with the completion of the first cycle of a decade in the newest campus of UC Merced in 2009. The second cycle began in 2010 with the Symposium returning again to UC Davis. Each campus hosted a wonderful Symposium, with the active participation of students and faculty from all campuses, with the motto of “Ten campuses united as one, learning and growing together.” These Symposia have contributed significantly to the collaborative research and training of students and young scientists in bioengineering, as well as fruitful interactions with industry and government agencies, which have provided strong support for these valuable meetings. The BIC will endeavor to further enhance these efforts by fostering research collaborations and joint education and training activities, with the ultimate goal of advancing bioengineering for the improvement of human health and wellbeing.
Mycoleptodiscus indicus: a new etiologic agent of phaeohyphomycosis.

Mycoleptodiscus indicus, a dematiaceous hyphomycete, was identified as the causal agent of subcutaneous infection in the knee of a 72-year-old male gardener residing in coastal South Carolina. The patient had Wegener9s granulomatosis and immunodeficiency. Synovial fluid and biopsy tissue sections from the prepatellar bursa stained with hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, and Gomori methenamine silver stains revealed branched, septate hyphae and many moniliform hyphal elements. When tissue sections were stained by the Fontana-Masson procedure, melanin pigment in the hyphal cell walls and at the septa was evident. A velvety, dematiaceous mold was isolated from both synovial fluid and the biopsy tissue. Sporulation was induced by exposure of slide cultures on potato dextrose agar to UV light for 12 h at 25 degrees C followed by incubation of the slide cultures at 25 degrees C in the dark for 4 weeks. Clypeate sporodochia consisting of ampulliform, compressed, phialidic conidiogenous cells produced curved, hyaline, one-celled conidia with setulae at one or both ends. Initial treatment with fluconazole for 7 days was not effective, and cultures were positive after treatment. Treatment with amphotericin B with concomitant irrigation and debridement of the affected area followed by treatment with itraconazole resulted in resolution of the infection.
Arsenic source and drain implant induced degradation of short-channel effects in NMOSFETs

Boron is found to segregate readily from the channel region into the arsenic implanted source/data regions during the As activation anneal. The resulting boron depletion around the source and drain locally lowers the surface potential required for inversion and contributes substantially to the V/sub T/ rolloff and drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) in subquarter-micrometer NMOSFETs. This boron redistribution originates from the As implantation damage in the source and drain regions. >
Effect of initial substrate concentration on the rate of nitrification in a batch experiment

The intrinsic rate of nitrification was observed in a batch reactor by eliminating external and internal diffusional resistances. The former were minimized by means of intense agitation, and the latter by mechanical rupture of the activated sludge flocs using high mixer rotational speeds. The optimum temperature and pH for the intrinsic nitrification rate were found to be 30–35°C and 8.0, respectively. Initial ammonium concentration was found to have a strong effect on the value of the kinetic parameters of the Michaelis–Menten rate expression at low ammonium levels. However, at high initial concentrations both parameters attained a constant maximum value that is independent of the initial substrate level.
Glucocorticoids Alter Craniofacial Development and Increase Expression and Activity of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Developing Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Teratogenic effects are observed following long-term administration of glucocorticoids, although short-term glucocorticoid therapy is still utilized to reduce fetal mortality, respiratory distress syndrome, and intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants. However, the mechanism of glucocorticoid-induced teratogenicity is unknown. We hypothesize that glucocorticoidinduced teratogenesis is mediated through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and results from altering the expression and activity of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). During embryogenesis, degradation of the extracellular matrix to allow for proper cellular migration and tissue organization is a tightly regulated process requiring appropriate temporal and spatial expression and activity of the MMPs. Studies have demonstrated that MMP gene expression can be either inhibited or induced by glucocorticoids in a variety of model systems. Using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model of development, the data presented here demonstrate that embryonic exposure to the glucocorticoids dexamethasone or hydrocortisone increased expression of two gelatinases, MMP-2 (~1.5-fold) and MMP-9 (7.6- to 9.0-fold), at 72 h postfertilization (hpf). Further, gelatinase activity was increased approximately threefold at 72 hpf following glucocorticoid treatment, and changes in craniofacial morphogenesis were also observed. Cotreatment of zebrafish embryos with each glucocorticoid and the GR antagonist RU486 resulted in attenuation of glucocorticoid-induced increases in MMP expression (52‐84% decrease) and activity (41‐94% decrease). Furthermore, the abnormal craniofacial phenotype observed following glucocorticoid exposure was less severe following RU486 cotreatment. These studies demonstrate that in the embryonic zebrafish, dexamethasone, and hydrocortisone alter expression and activity of MMP-2 and -9, and suggest that these increases may be mediated through
Systemic Absorption of Ocularly Administered Enkephalinamide and Inulin in the Albino Rabbit: Extent, Pathways, and Vehicle Effects

D The systemjcybsorption of ocularly applied tritiated (o- Ala2)metenkephalinamide (YAGFM) and inulin was studied in the albino rabbit with respect to rate, extent, pathways, and vehicle effects and compared with epinephrine. Peak concentration was achieved within 20 min except for inulin, for which absorption was still ongoing at 120 min. For YAGFM, the apparent absorption rate was slower than the elimina- tion rate, thus obeying "flip-flop" pharrnacokinetics. Based on the area under the plasma concentration curve from zero to 120 min, the percent of dose systemically absorbed was 36.1 f 4.4% for YAGFM, at least 3.3 f 0.2% for inulin, and 58.5 f 4.4% for epinephrine. This suggests that loss of drug to the systemic circulation is a more important factor in reducing the ocular absorption of YAGFM than for inulin. The conjuncti- val mucosa played as important a role as the nasal mucosa in the systemic absorption of YAGFM, while playing a secondary role in the case of inulin. Unlike nonpeptide drugs, the systemic absorption of ocularly administered YAGFM and inulin was not adversely affected by incorporation in 5% polyvinyl alcohol. Overall, the contact time of the instilled dose with the conjunctival and the nasal mucosae, their intrinsic permeability, and the extent of dilution of the instilled dose are key factors determining the vehicle effects on the extent of systemic absorption of ocularly applied peptides. -~ ___ - __
Nano-engineered electron–hole exchange interaction controls exciton dynamics in core–shell semiconductor nanocrystals

A strong electron-hole exchange interaction (EI) in semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) gives rise to a large (up to tens of meV) splitting between optically active ('bright') and optically passive ('dark') excitons. This dark-bright splitting has a significant effect on the optical properties of band-edge excitons and leads to a pronounced temperature and magnetic field dependence of radiative decay. Here we demonstrate a nanoengineering-based approach that provides control over EI while maintaining nearly constant emission energy. We show that the dark-bright splitting can be widely tuned by controlling the electron-hole spatial overlap in core-shell CdSe/CdS NCs with a variable shell width. In thick-shell samples, the EI energy reduces to <250 μeV, which yields a material that emits with a nearly constant rate over temperatures from 1.5 to 300 K and magnetic fields up to 7 T. The EI-manipulation strategies demonstrated here are general and can be applied to other nanostructures with variable electron-hole overlap.
Relevance of Water Quality to Broiler and Turkey Performance

Water was tested from 300 broiler farms in Arkansas in cooperation with three integrated poultry companies, each having at least two locations in the state. The turkey study was conducted in cooperation with three integrated turkey companies with samples from 100 turkey farms, although the numbers were not equal among companies. Performance criteria collected were body weight, feed conversion, livability, and condemnation. In the overall analysis in the broiler study, nitrate had a detrimental effect on performance. Calcium was negatively correlated with adjusted conversion; i.e., conversion improved as calcium increased. Magnesium was positively correlated with adjusted conversion, or had an adverse effect on conversion. Dissolved oxygen, bicarbonate, hardness, calcium, and magnesium were all positively correlated with adjusted weight but nitrate was negatively correlated with adjusted weight. Calcium and potassium were negatively correlated with livability and calcium and nitrate were positively correlated with condemnation. The bacterial results showed no significant difference between top and bottom producers for either Pseudomonas or Escherichia coli. In the turkey study, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, hardness, and aggressive index were beneficial to feed conversion. Phosphate and ammonia were detrimental to feed conversion. Calcium, magnesium, dissolved oxygen, zinc, hardness, and aggressive index were all positively correlated with adjusted body weight. Magnesium was negatively correlated with livability. Magnesium and aggressive index were positively correlated with condemnation and potassium, zinc, nitrate, and phosphate were negatively correlated with condemnation. Although fewer farms were involved in the turkey study, the results generally support the results of the broiler study.
Filter Tests to Support Gas Turbine Applications

Gas Turbines are in worldwide use as prime movers, facing tremendous ranges of environment and inlet air quality. Inlet air filtration is widely used to extend the life of gas turbines and to maintain their output and heat rate. In designing an air filtration system, pressure drop, serviceability, and dust-holding capacity are almost as important as efficiency. Filter tests performed in the laboratory generally are idealized to a degree, and do not always reflect the service that filters actually experience in the field. Recommendations are made for tests which would address these concerns, particularly for self-cleaning filters, which are of increasing importance in this industry.
Comparing Juniperus virginiana tree-ring chronologies from forest edge vs. forest interior positions in the Cedars Natural Area Preserve in Virginia, USA.

Abstract We created two eastern red cedar master chronologies, one from trees growing along the edge of grassy openings and another from trees growing within the intact forest canopy. Correlation coefficients were calculated between ring width indices from two time periods (1895–1949 and 1950–2001) of the residual chronology and temperature, precipitation, and Palmer Drought Severity Indices (a standardized measure of dryness). The two time periods represented younger and older eastern red cedar. The younger, interior eastern red cedar had significant, positive correlations between ring width index (RWI) and June and November precipitation, March temperature, and Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) from May through December. There were significant, negative correlations between RWI and May, June, and December temperature and May through July PDSI from the previous year. For the older, interior eastern red cedar significant, positive correlations existed between RWI and precipitation from the previous June, October, and December, and PDSI from July. Significant, negative correlations existed between RWI and January precipitation and May temperature. For the edge eastern red cedar within the earlier time segment (1895–1949) there was only one significant dendroclimatic correlation and this was a negative correlation with December temperature. For the edge eastern red cedar within the later time segment (1950–2001) there were significant, positive correlations between RWI and precipitation from June, September, October, and December of the previous year, March precipitation from the current growing season, and PDSI from July. There were significant, negative correlations between RWI and precipitation from January and November, temperature from the previous June, temperature from May and December, and PDSI from June of the previous year. Thus, eastern red cedar from the interior had more significant correlations to climate than trees growing along the edge. This result does not match other studies that have found edge trees to be more responsive to climate than interior trees. Perhaps this difference can be explained by some of the variations in the significant dendroclimatic correlations between the earlier and later time periods. The differences between the two time periods (within a single site) imply that the environmental conditions of trees changed over time. These differences may be a result of tree encroachment into the forest openings which creates a constantly changing environment for the eastern red cedar and results in some of the high variability of dendroclimatic relationships identified in this study. These results imply that trees growing in communities without stable edges, i.e. where the environment around the trees is in a constant state of flux, would be unsuitable for climatic reconstruction because they do not conform to the uniformitarian principle.
Soil properties under different orchard floor management systems for organic apple production

Orchard floor management impacts soil conditions and thus tree performance. This research was initiated to investigate the effects of alternative orchard floor management systems compatible with organic production on soil parameters using the "Pacific Gala" apple cultivar (Malus × domestica Borkh.) onthreerootstocksofvaryingvigor.Alfalfahay mulch, propane flame burner, and Swiss sandwich sys- tem(combinationofresidentvegetationandtilledstrips) were compared from 2001 to 2005. These treatments were applied to tree rows which provided different vegetation-free areas. Contrasting additions of organic matter were evaluated for their effect on soil organic matter (SOM), C content, nitrate and ammonium availability, moisture, and soil food web through nema- tode populations. Laboratory incubations to determine C and N mineralization potentials were performed. Dur- ing this time period, SOM increased under the mulched soil and slightly less under the Swiss sandwich system (SSS) but in this last case without external inputs. Carbon and N pools were not impacted by flame burn- ing (FL) but were enhanced by alfalfa hay mulch (MU) and to a lesser extent by SSS. Nitrate-N content in soil under MU increased between five and ten times com- pared to SSS and FL. Total number of nematodes was higher for SSS and MU compared with FL treatment; however, SSS had the most structured soil food web, an important sustainability trait, while MU had the least.
Palaeomagnetism and Magnetic Polarity Zones in the Jurassic Dufek Intrusion, Pensacola Mountains, Antarctica*

Summary The Dufek intrusion, of the Pensacola Mountains, Antarctica, is a stratiform mafic complex consisting of layered gabbro with subordinate amounts of anorthosite, pyroxenite and granophyre, forming a little-deformed sheetlike intrusion at least 6 km thick. Its age is estimated as Jurassic. Of 183 oriented hand samples originally collected from the intrusion for palaeomagnetic studies, 98 proved to be magnetically stable, including 61 samples of normal polarity, 30 of reversed polarity, and seven that are intermediate. The distribution of polarities within the intrusion makes it impossible to rule out either self-reversal or geomagnetic field reversal as the cause of the dual magnetic polarities; possibly both processes were operative. Both intensity of remanent magnetization and magnetic susceptibility generally increase with stratigraphic height in the intrusion. Mean directions of remanent magnetization for the two polarity groups are very nearly antiparallel, and when combined yield a south palaeomagnetic pole at 56.5° S., 168° W., for the Dufek intrusion. This pole lies near poles previously reported for the Jurassic Ferrar dolerite. Available data are not sufficient to define the behaviour of the pole in relation to Antarctica during most of the Mesozoic. Palaeomagnetic evidence tends to support the proposition that West and East Antarctica were independent entities in pre-Tertiary time, and to suggest that there has been significent Tertiary movement of crustal blocks within West Antarctica.
Estimating the Nominal Response Model Under Nonnormal Conditions

The nominal response model (NRM), a much understudied polytomous item response theory (IRT) model, provides researchers the unique opportunity to evaluate within-item category distinctions. Polytomous IRT models, such as the NRM, are frequently applied to psychological assessments representing constructs that are unlikely to be normally distributed in the population. Unfortunately, models estimated using estimation software with the MML/EM algorithm frequently employs a set of normal quadrature points, effectively ignoring the true shape of the latent trait distribution. To address this problem, the current research implements an alternative estimation approach, Ramsay Curve Item Response Theory (RC-IRT), to provide more accurate item parameter estimates modeled under the NRM under normal, skewed, and bimodal latent trait distributions for ordered polytomous items. Based on the results of improved item parameter recovery under RC-IRT, it is recommended that RC-IRT estimation be implemented whenever a rese...
Integrating micro- and macroevolution of development through the study of horned beetles

A major challenge in evolutionary developmental biology is to understand how developmental evolution on the level of populations and closely related species relates to macroevolutionary transitions and the origin of evolutionary novelty. Here, I review the genetic, developmental, endocrine, and ecological basis of beetle horns, a morphological novelty that exhibits remarkable diversity both below and above the species level. Integrating from a variety of approaches three major insights emerge: the origin of beetle horns relied at least in part on the redeployment of already existing genetic, developmental and endocrine mechanisms. At the same time little to no phylogenetic distance appeared to have been necessary for the evolution of diverse modifier mechanisms that permit substantial modulation of trait expression at different time points during development in different species, sexes, alternative male morphs or even different tissue regions of the same individual. Lastly, at least a subset of these modifier mechanisms can evolve rapidly in geographically isolated populations, apparently driven by relatively simple, and probably ubiquitous, changes in ecological conditions. I discuss the implications of these results for our understanding of the genesis of morphological novelty and diversity.
Measurement of coherent off-axis undulator radiation as a beam diagnostic

A diagnostic undulator is used to measure relative electron bunch lengths. The radiation produced by the short undulator is observed off-axis so that the beam is not interrupted. Wavelengths radiated which are longer than the bunch length are coherent and may be more intense than the shorter wavelengths by a factor of up to 10/sup 9/. The total energy radiated thus changes as the bunch length changes, and a measurement of the radiated energy provides a robust beam diagnostic. This non-disturbing diagnostic would be useful in applications where the length of short electron bunches is critical, such as single-pass FELs and linear colliders. For example, real-time bunch length measurements could be used to optimize performance of a single-pass FEL. The experiment is performed at the Source Development Lab (SDL) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The theory and description of the experiment are reviewed, and the first experimental results are presented.
WAVELENGTH ASSIGNMENT IN MULTIFIBER OPTICAL STAR NETWORKS UNDER THE MULTICASTING COMMUNICATION MODE

This paper examines the wavelength assignment problem for single, dual, and multimessage multicasting over a star network with optical switching between fibers along the same wavelength. The specific problem we consider is given any star network, a predetermined number of fibers that connect its nodes, and a set of multicasts (or multidestination messages) to be delivered in one communication round, find a conflict free message transmission schedule that uses the least number of wavelengths per fiber. When the least number of wavelengths, λmin, exceeds the number available, λavl, one may transform the schedule into one with ⌈λmin/λavl⌉ communication phases or rounds over the same network, but restricted to λavl wavelengths per fiber.
Coherent Optical Communication over the Turbulent Atmosphere with Spatial Diversity and Wavefront Predistortion

Optical communication through the atmosphere has the potential to provide data transmission over a distance of 1 to 100km at very high rates. The deleterious effects of turbulence can severely limit the utility of such a system, however, causing outages of up to 100ms. In this paper, we investigate the use of spatial diversity with wavefront predistortion and coherent detection to overcome these turbulence-induced outages. This system can be realized, especially if the turbulence or the receiver is in the nearfield of the transmitter. New results include closed-form expressions for average bit error rate, outage probability, and power efficiency. Additionally, system performance gains in the presence of a worst-case interferer are presented. These significant results are used to develop design intuition for future system implementation.
Postattachment Events Associated with Viral Entry Are Necessary for Induction of Interferon-Stimulated Genes by Human Cytomegalovirus

Utilizing a human cytomegalovirus-specific fusion inhibitor and an antiglycoprotein H antibody, we studied the role of virion fusion in interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) induction. Our results indicate that ISG induction does not occur when virion-mediated, post-high-affinity attachment events are inhibited by either reagent. Thus, virion-mediated postattachment events, such as fusion, are required for ISG induction.
Transient dynamics and motion control of induction motors

The need for innovative integrated methods in order to perform the comprehensive analysis and design of electric drives with induction motors has facilitated theoretical developments within the overall spectrum of control theory. Nonlinear analysis and modeling, identification and diagnostics, control and optimization, as well as other problems have to be studied. The system performance depends upon the validity of induction machine models used in design and optimization, as well as upon control algorithms effectiveness, complexity and real-time implementation capabilities. We develop complete mathematical models of three-phase induction machines in the machine (abc) and qdO variables, synthesize control algorithms, and verify the theoretical developments.