cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ISAACS – interactive structure analysis of amorphous and crystalline systems

ISAACS (interactive structure analysis of amorphous and crystalline systems) is a cross-platform program developed to analyze the structural characteristics of three-dimensional structure models built by computer simulations. The models may have any degree of periodicity (i.e. crystallinity) and local symmetry. The following structural information is computed from the models: total and partial radial distribution functions and structure factors for X-ray or neutron scattering, coordination numbers, bond-angle and near atomic neighbor distributions, bond-valence sums, ring statistics, and spherical harmonics invariants. The information may be visualized conveniently and stored for further use.
STARCH IN FUNGI. II. INDUCTION OF AMYLOIDITY IN MEMBERS OF DIVERSE GENERA

FUNGAL TAXONOMISTS have known for 100 years that certain ascomycete and basidiomycete fruit bodies contain cells which stain blue-black or purple with iodine. This is the amyloid reaction. In previous papers (McCracken and Dodd, 1971; Dodd and McCracken, 1972) we have described the molecular structure of the amyloid material contained naturally in several basidiomycete genera. As detailed in these papers, amyloidity is a character which can be found in both ascomycetes and basidiomycetes. There are many genera which have amyloid material restricted to specialized portions of their fruit bodies, e.g., basidiospore walls and the apical rings of asci. There are a few basidiomycete fruit bodies, such as those of Hericium and Lentinellus, which contain prominent amyloid tissue. In our laboratory we are currently investigating various aspects of starch production in fungi. The present report describes the results of experiments to determine whether or not amyloidity could be induced in nonamyloid hyphae.
Approximation by smooth embedded hypersurfaces with positive mean curvature

Here we initiate the study of the following problem. Let Ω be a compact domain in a Riemannian manifold such that ∂Ω is of minimum area for the contained volume. Can ∂Ω be approximated by smooth hypersurfaces of positive mean curvature? It reduces to the question of whether or not a stable (or minimizing) hypercone in a Euclidian space can be approximated by smooth hypersurfaces of positive mean curvature. The positive solution to the problem may be useful for studying the curvature and topology of Ω.We show in this paper that such approximation is possible provided that the given minimal cone satisfies some additional hypothesis.
Stripped-Down Poker: A Classroom Game with Signaling and Bluffing

The authors present a simplified, "stripped-down" version of poker as an instructional classroom game. Although Stripped-Down Poker is extremely simple, it nevertheless provides an excellent illustration of a number of topics: signaling, bluffing, mixed strategies, the value of information, and Bayes's Rule. The authors begin with a description of Stripped-Down Poker: how to play it, what makes it an interesting classroom game, and how to teach its solution to students. They describe how signaling, bluffing, and so forth emerge naturally as important features of the game and then discuss possible applications of this game-theoretic model to real-world interactions, such as litigation, tax evasion, and domestic or international diplomacy. They also suggest modifications of the game either for use in class or as student exercises. For reference, they conclude with a brief history of game-theoretic treatments of poker.
Effects of stimulus representation and cue category level on exposure (flooding) therapy

The present study was an attempt to examine the role of cue category level (symptom-contingent vs. hypothesized cues) and mode of stimulus presentation (in vivo vs. imaginal) in exposure (flooding) therapy. Sixty-four speech phobics were randomly assigned to one of eight conditions. Exposed to either one of the two cue category conditions, subjects received either two sessions of in vivo exposure, two sessions of imaginal exposure, or two sessions consisting of either an imaginal followed by an in vivo exposure or vice versa. Results support the predictions of Levis & Hare (1977) that the inclusion of hypothesized cues is not necessary in the treatment of analogue phobias or simple clinical cases. These data also support and extend several previous findings that in vivo exposure produces more rapid anxiety decrement than imaginal exposure. Finally, a variant of the usual in vivo procedure is described which apparently is effective, yet does not require the assemblage of a large audience for each in vivo exposure.
The role of core strengthening for chronic low back pain.

A 39-year-old female runner presents with episodic low back pain that is becomingmorefrequent.Inthepast,shehasusedchiropracticcarewithsomelimitedtemporarysuccess. She experiences pain in her lower lumbar region and denies any leg pain.Results of her physical examination reveal pain with forward ﬂexion. Results of herneurologicexaminationarenormal.Shehasnegativeduraltensiontestsinallpositions.Her sacroiliac provocation maneuvers are also negative. However, she has a positiveprone instability test. (Posterior to anterior pressure is exerted in the prone position. Ifpainiselicitedinthispositionandthenlesspainwithspinalextensormuscleactivation,this would be considered a positive test). Physical therapy has been recommended toher,butsheremainsconfusedastothepropercourseoftherapy.Shehasheardtheterm
Randomized pilot of a self-guided internet coping group for women with early-stage breast cancer.

Background: Internet-based methods for provision of psychological support and intervention to cancer survivors hold promise for increasing the public impact of such treatments.Purpose: The goal of this controlled pilot study was to examine the effect and potential mechanisms of action of a self-guided, Internet-based coping-skills training group on quality of life outcomes in women with early-stage breast cancer.Methods: Sixty-two women completed baseline evaluations and were randomized into either a small online coping group or a waiting-list control condition.Results: No main effects for treatment were observed at the 12-week follow up. However, there was a significant interaction between baseline self-reported health status and treatment, such that women with poorer self-perceived health status showed greater improvement in perceived health over time when assigned to the treatment condition. Linguistic analyses revealed that positive changes across quality of life variables were associated with greater expression of negative emotions such as sadness and anxiety, greater cognitive processing, and lower expression of health-related concerns.Conclusions: These results demonstrate the potential efficacy of self-guided Internet coping groups while highlighting the limitations of such groups.
Gridless particle simulation using the massively parallel processor

Abstract A two-dimensional gridless electrostatic simulation code is developed for the Massively Parallel Processor (MPP), which consists of 16384 processors configured in a 128X128 array with nearest-neighbor communication. The gridless model instead of the particle-in-cell (PIC) model is adopted on the MPP, since the gridless model can be efficiently parallelized on a massively parallel machine. In the gridless model, particles are assigned to processors and electric fields are computed directly via Discrete Fourier Transform which minimizes interprocessor communication. The advantage of the gridless model is that it can be easily developed for three dimensional stimulation. Currently the speed of the MPP code is limited by the I/O throughput. The gridless model on the MPP in two dimensions is about seven times slower than the PIC model on the CRAY X-MP. However, the gridless model on the MPP can be improved considerably by increasing the local memory in the array unit and by using an efficient optimizing compiler. Our results suggest that parallel processors have the potential for performing large scale plasma simulations.
Phase continuity and surface properties of dispersions of AOT/water liquid crystals

Abstract Biphasic dispersions of saturated aqueous solution and lamellar liquid crystal of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT) and water exist at 25°C between 1.4 and 20 wt% AOT. These dispersions show drastic changes in surface tension, settling, and rheology around 8 ± 1 wt% when the volume fraction of the liquid crystal is about 0.35. These changes, spectroturbidimetry, and self-diffusion coefficient measurements of water by pulse-gradient spin-echo NMR indicate that dispersions are water-continuous up to that concentration and water-discontinuous between 8 and 20%. The surface tension, as measured by the pendant and sessile drop methods, drops to extremely low values (5–15 dyn/cm), which correspond to the liquid crystalline phase. Simultaneously, the viscosity increases drastically and depends substantially on shear rate and shear rate history, and the dynamic elastic modulus becomes substantial.
Effects of ursodeoxycholic acid on survival in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has been shown to be a safe and effective treatment for patients with primary biliary cirrhosis; however, its effect on patient survival is less certain. To study this issue, the survival of patients receiving long-term UDCA treatment was compared with that of a control group, adjusting for their risk scores based on the Mayo model. METHODS: One hundred eighty patients were randomized to receive either 13-15 mg.kg-1.day-1 UDCA (n = 89) of placebo (n = 91). After the study closure, the patients originally receiving placebo were switched to active drug, and prospective follow-up was continued for 3 years. Patients were censored at the time of transplantation, voluntary withdrawal, of crossover of the placebo group (efficacy analysis). The survival of the two groups was adjusted for risk scores at the time of entry to the study. A secondary analysis was an intent-to-treat analysis, whereby patients were followed up regardless of their voluntary withdrawal or crossover. RESULTS: At the time of analysis, the patients receiving placebo had a significantly increased risk of death and/or requiring transplantation (relative risk, 2.6; P=0.04) compared with the UDCA-treated patients CONCLUSIONS: UDCA should be considered as a safe, effective, and life- extending treatment for patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. (Gastroenterology 1996 May;110(5):1515-8)
Critical Role of the Pleckstrin Homology and Cysteine-rich Domains in Vav Signaling and Transforming Activity

Vav family proteins are members of the Dbl family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors and activators of Rho family small GTPases. In addition to the Dbl homology (DH) domain important for guanine nucleotide exchange factor catalytic function, all Dbl family proteins contain an adjacent pleckstrin homology (PH) domain that serves to regulate DH domain activity. Although the role of the PH domain in Vav function has been evaluated extensively, its precise role and whether it serves a distinct role in different Vav proteins remain unresolved. Additionally, the precise role of an adjacent cysteine-rich domain (CRD) in regulating DH domain function is also unclear. In this study, we evaluated the contribution of these putative protein-protein or protein-lipid interaction domains to Vav signaling and transforming activity. In contrast to previous observations, we found that the PH domain is critical for Vav transforming activity. Similarly, the CRD was also essential and served a function distinct from that of the PH domain. Although mutation of either domain reduced Vav membrane association, addition of plasma membrane targeting sequences to either the CRD or PH domain mutant proteins did not restore Vav transforming activity. This result contrasts with other Dbl family proteins, where a membrane targeting sequence alone was sufficient to restore the loss of function caused by mutation of the PH domain. Furthermore, green fluorescent protein fusion proteins containing the PH domain or CRD, or both, failed to target to the plasma membrane, suggesting that these two domains also serve regulatory functions independent of promoting membrane localization. Finally, we found that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation may promote Vav membrane association via phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate binding to the PH domain.
Solid material retention and nutrient reduction properties of pervious concrete mixtures

Runoff from agricultural activities can adversely affect the environment; however, little research has been conducted to determine the performance of pervious concrete for use in agriculture. Pervious concrete, with its unique infiltration properties, could be beneficial when used as a solid/liquid separation material for animal feeding pads, manure, or compost storage pads. Laboratory tests were conducted on replicated samples of pervious concrete made from two aggregate sources (river gravel and limestone) with two size fractions from each aggregate. Water was filtered through composted beef cattle manure and bedding (compost) that was placed on top of the pervious concrete specimens. T-tests indicated that the mass of compost retained on the surface of the pervious concrete specimens was significantly greater when smaller aggregate sizes (#8 river gravel) were used (p=0.012). Nutrient analyses were conducted on the effluent from the compost on pervious concrete and compared to values from an identical test performed by filtering water through compost on an 80 grade wire mesh screen. Filtering the compost effluent through pervious concrete resulted in significant reductions in total nitrogen, soluble phosphorus, and total phosphorus compared to the wire screen; however, no consistently significant differences were found with respect to the other analytes (e.g. dissolved organic carbon, ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite). The use of different aggregate types (river gravel or limestone) or different additives (fly ash or fibres) did not have any significant effect on analyte levels. This suggests that combinations of these materials in pervious concrete mixtures will not affect the performance of pervious concrete in this type of application.
True extracranial carotid artery aneurysm in a child

Isolated true aneurysm of the extracranial carotid artery is a rare entity in the pediatric population, with nine reported cases found in the literature. Contrary to adult carotid aneurysms, which are often due to atherosclerotic disease, pediatric aneurysms are more likely to be the result of congenital malformations, connective tissue diseases, or systemic inflammatory conditions. We present the case of a 10-year-old boy with an isolated true aneurysm of the internal carotid artery and a review of the literature.
Competence-for-Execution Evaluation Practices in Texas: Findings from a Semi-Structured Interview with Experienced Evaluators

ABSTRACT In 1986, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled that it is unconstitutional to execute individuals who are “insane.” However, the Court did not specify the criteria that must be met for an individual to be insane or incompetent for execution. This article describes the practices of 16 mental health professionals in one state who have conducted at least one competence-for-execution evaluation. Key issues addressed in this article include what procedures are necessary for these evaluations, what criteria must be met for incompetence, and what evaluators think about assessing factual versus rational understanding in these cases.
Comparison of deformity with respect to the talus in patients with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction and controls using multiplanar weight-bearing imaging or conventional radiography.

Background: Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction varies in location and severity. Weight-bearing radiographs have been validated to assess posterior tibial tendon dysfunction, yet their two-dimensional nature and the inability of the patients to achieve full weight-bearing during acquisition are limitations. Multiplanar modified sectional weight-bearing imaging is a novel modality, yielding computed tomography-like images compared with radiographs, yet with true weight-bearing, shorter acquisition time, and lower radiation. The aim of this study was to test two hypotheses: first, multiplanar weight-bearing imaging would localize deformity with respect to the talus in patients with posterior tibial dysfunction compared with controls, and second, multiplanar weight-bearing imaging would correlate with specific radiographic parameters of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction on weight-bearing radiographs. Methods: Weight-bearing radiographs and multiplanar modified sectional weight-bearing images of the foot and ankle were made for twenty-three patients with flexible posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Ten patients with imaging for unrelated pathological conditions served as controls. Thirteen radiographic parameters on the transverse, sagittal, and coronal views of multiplanar weight-bearing imaging in the study group were evaluated and compared with those in the control group. The same parameters on standing weight-bearing radiographs of patients in the study group were compared with those in the control group. Results: Significant differences between study and control groups were found on multiplanar weight-bearing imaging for six of thirteen radiographic parameters (p < 0.05), notably the sagittal talonavicular angle as well as sagittal and transverse talar-first metatarsal angles (p = 0.027, p = 0.003, and p = 0.004, respectively). However, only one parameter on weight-bearing radiographs (lateral talar-first metatarsal angle) reached significance (p < 0.05). Correlation showed excellent, very good, and good agreement between both imaging modalities for three, two, and five parameters, respectively. Conclusions: Deformity with respect to the talus in posterior tibial tendon dysfunction is multifactorial, but was notably seen at the talonavicular joint in the sagittal plane with both modalities. Good to excellent agreement was found between weight-bearing radiographs and multiplanar weight-bearing images for many parameters; however, a greater number of significant differences was found between the flatfoot and control groups for multiplanar weight-bearing images. This implies a potential role for multiplanar modified sectional weight-bearing imaging as a more informative tool to assess posterior tibial tendon dysfunction in the physiological, full weight-bearing position. Level of Evidence: Diagnostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Elasticity of single-crystal MgF2 (rutile structure) under pressure

The elastic moduli of single-crystal MgF2 (rutile structure) have been measured ultrasonically to 7 kbars. Zero-pressure moduli are in good agreement with the results of others. The pressure derivative of the shear modulus cs = (c11 − c12)/2is−0.7 ± 0.1 which is consistent with the negative values also found in rutile-structure oxides. Estimates of the isotropic aggregate modulus derivatives are in good agreement with derivatives measured on polycrystalline aggregates by Rai and Manghnani. The calculated isotropic aggregate bulk modulus derivative is K′ = 5.1 ± 0.2, which is lower than for the rutile-structure oxides, and comparable to that for other fluorides. More covalent bonding may increase the value of K′, and hence the value for stishovite (SiO2, rutile) may be quite high.
Cholesterol esters in developing rat brain: concentration and fatty acid composition.

— The contents and the fatty acid composition of cholesterol esters were analysed in developing rat brain. The total content did not exceed 20 μg/brain throughout development. Elimination of serum by adequate perfusion was essential for accurate results. Two separate events appeared to affect the levels of cholesterol esters in developing rat brain, one probably reflecting general developmental changes and the other apparently related to myelination. On either a unit weight or a whole brain basis, the curves appeared to be a superimposition of the two events. There was an underlying developmental change, which was characterized on a unit weight basis by the highest level of cholesterol esters immediately after birth and a steady decline to the adult level by 30 days of age or which on the basis of whole brain was characterized by a steady increase throughout the development. A period of transient increase was superimposed on this underlying developmental change between the ages of 7 and 27 days and corresponded to the period of active myelination. The major fatty acids of rat brain cholesterol esters were palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic and arachidonic acids. Palmitic and palmitoleic acids decreased in proportion while oleic acid increased, as the animal matured. The fatty acid composition of serum cholesterol esters was distinctly different from that of brain cholesterol esters; those from serum contained much higher proportions of linoleic and arachidonic acids and much less palmitoleic and oleic acids.
HALF FILLED promotes reproductive tract development and fertilization efficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana

Successful fertilization in angiosperms requires the growth of pollen tubes through the female reproductive tract as they seek out unfertilized ovules. In Arabidopsis, the reproductive tract begins with the stigma, where pollen grains initially adhere, and extends through the transmitting tract of the style and ovary. In wild-type plants, cells within the transmitting tract produce a rich extracellular matrix and undergo programmed cell death to facilitate pollen movement. Here, we show that the HAF, BEE1 and BEE3 genes encode closely related bHLH transcription factors that act redundantly to specify reproductive tract tissues. These three genes are expressed in distinct but overlapping patterns within the reproductive tract, and in haf bee1 bee3 triple mutants extracellular matrix formation and cell death fail to occur within the transmitting tract. We used a minimal pollination assay to show that HAF is necessary and sufficient to promote fertilization efficiency. Our studies further show that HAF expression depends on the NTT gene and on an auxin signaling pathway mediated by the ARF6, ARF8 and HEC genes.
Comparing fluid mechanics models with experimental data

The art of modelling the physical world lies in the appropriate simplification and abstraction of the complete problem. In fluid mechanics, the Navier-Stokes equations provide a model that is valid under most circumstances germane to animal locomotion, but the complexity of solutions provides strong incentive for the development of further, more simplified practical models. When the flow organizes itself so that all shearing motions are collected into localized patches, then various mathematical vortex models have been very successful in predicting and furthering the physical understanding of many flows, particularly in aerodynamics. Experimental models have the significant added convenience that the fluid mechanics can be generated by a real fluid, not a model, provided the appropriate dimensionless groups have similar values. Then, analogous problems can be encountered in making intelligible but independent descriptions of the experimental results. Finally, model predictions and experimental results may be compared if, and only if, numerical estimates of the likely variations in the tested quantities are provided. Examples from recent experimental measurements of wakes behind a fixed wing and behind a bird in free flight are used to illustrate these principles.
Ig isotype switching in B lymphocytes : A method for estimating isotype switch frequency in cloned B cell lymphomas

We have developed a method for enumerating the frequency of Ig isotype switching in clones of B cells. The method adapts Poisson statistics to analyze the distribution of amounts of switched isotype produced by multiple subclones of cells and thus enables one to estimate the probability that a single cell will switch isotype in one cell generation. We have applied this method to determine the spontaneous switch frequency of two Ly-1+ B cell lymphomas of B10-H-2aH-4bp/Wts mice. Both CH12.LX and CH27.LX switch from IgM to IgA at very high frequencies (1 - 5 x 10(-3) switch events per cell division) and from IgM to IgG at low but detectable frequencies (10(-4) - 10(-5) switch events per cell division). Cloned IgG variants of CH12.LX switch to IgA at the same frequency as the IgM-producing cells. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide has a strong inhibitory effect on isotype switching by CH12.LX. Possible explanations for the observed preference for switching to IgA are discussed.
Influence of microalgal biomass on absorption efficiency of Cd, Cr, and Zn by two bivalves from San Francisco Bay

The bioavailability to clams (Potamocorbula amurensis and Macoma balthica) of Cd, Cr, and Zn from suspended particulate material (SPM) collected during a phytoplankton bloom was compared to bioavailability from SPM dominated by resuspended sediments. Bioavailability was also compared among mudflat sediments amended with different levels of living benthic microalgae. Bioavailability was defined by absorption efficiencies determined using pulse-chase protocols, modified for studying natural particle assemblages. The partitioning of Cd and Zn to particles (&) increased as the microalgae biomass (Chl a) increased in the particle assemblages; partitioning of Cr was less affected by the algal biomass. The clams fed particle assemblages enriched with microalgae absorbed Cd and Zn with significantly greater efficiency than did the clams fed algae-poor particles. This was partially explained by the greater occurrence of Cd and Zn in the cytosolic fraction of the particle assemblages that were microalgae enriched, as well as by the efficient absorption of cytosolic material by the clams. Among metals, Zn was most efficiently absorbed by both clams, and Cr the least. M. balthica absorbed Zn more efficiently from all types of food particles (39-82%) than did P. amurensis (13-50%). P. amureasis absorbed Cd with greater efficiency from the bloom SPM (44-48%) than did M. balthica (13-21%), but the two clams absorbed Cd similarly from benthic microalgae (26 51%). The addition of microalgae to complex natural particle assemblages clearly affected the bioavailability of associated metals, so studies using sediments (or suspended particulate material) that do not include a realistic living food component could underestimate metal bioavailability from particle ingestion.
Innovative Knowledge Management At Disney: Human Capital And Queuing Solutions For Services

It is well known that most activities in which a service is provided require customers to wait in a queue during the experience. One thing that is inherent in waiting lines is the universal dislike for the process. In fact, the feelings and opinions developed in waiting lines influence the customers perception of the awaited experience. In this paper, Disney is used as a case study for queuing solutions. In particular, we examine their implementation of Knowledge Management (KM) solutions to improve the waiting line process. The use of Disney cast members as human capital combined with the knowledge of customer preferences has made the FASTPASS an innovative solution to enhance queuing in the Disney theme parks. In the past, KM has been thought of as the collection of technological assets and managerial policies that compensate for information failures. In fact, the individuals need for human interaction provides the richest opportunity for knowledge acquisition. Disneys ability to capture customers in virtual queues while giving them a pleasurable waiting experience has made them a leader in KM initiatives in the service industry.
Chirurgische Eingriffe während der Schwangerschaft

Elektive chirurgische Eingriffe werden am besten nach der Schwangerschaft durchgefuhrt. Nicht selten wird jedoch ein chirurgischer Eingriff auch wahrend der Schwangerschaft notwendig. Die praoperative Abstimmung der perioperativen Masnahmen ist von masgeblicher Bedeutung. Direkte teratogenetische Effekte durch Anasthetika scheinen beim Menschen von untergeordneter Bedeutung zu sein. Zu bedenken sind allerdings die indirekten zirkulatorischen Effekte der Anasthetika und die Moglichkeit der Auslosung vorzeitiger Wehen.
Gonadal Malignancy in Gonadal Dysgenesis: Papillary Pseudomucinous Cystadenocarcinoma in a Patient with Turner's Syndrome

ABSTRACT This report describes a case of papillary pseudomucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary in a patient with Turner's syndrome. This is unique in our experience and in the reported cases in the literature. A survey of the literature suggested that gonadal malignancies occur less often in true Turner's syndrome than in other types of gonadal dysgenesis. Such patients, therefore, should be spared routine prophylactic gonadectomy, particularly in view of their many other problems. The exception is the individual with a hypertrophied clitoris and an XY or XY-mosaic karyotype. Should laparotomy be indicated for any reason in a patient with Turner's syndrome, prophylactic gonadectomy then is indicated.
Predicting the risk of cystic fibrosis with echogenic fetal bowel and one cystic fibrosis mutation

Abstract Objective: To assess fetal risk for cystic fibrosis when echogenic bowel and one cystic fibrosis mutation are detected. Methods: A hypothetical cohort of 1000 women with singleton pregnancies and echogenic fetal bowel during the second trimester was used to determine the probability of cystic fibrosis when one cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator mutation was detected. The risk of cystic fibrosis was calculated using the range of prevalence of cystic fibrosis in fetuses with echogenic bowel reported in the literature. Risk calculations for fetuses of Ashkenazi Jewish, Northern European, African-American, Hispanic, and Asian descent accounted for carrier frequencies and mutation detection rates specific to each ethnic group. Results: As the assumed prevalence of cystic fibrosis increases from 1–25%, the probability that a white fetus with one mutation and echogenic fetal bowel actually has cystic fibrosis increases from 4.8% to 62.5%. Assuming a 2% risk of cystic fibrosis with echogenic fetal bowel, an Ashkenazi Jewish fetus and an Asian fetus with echogenic bowel and one mutation have a 3.1% and 72% risk of cystic fibrosis, respectively. The probability of cystic fibrosis in a nonwhite fetus is between those two extremes. Conclusion: The probability of cystic fibrosis after detection of echogenic bowel and one cystic fibrosis mutation varied among ethnic groups. Even at the highest prevalence of cystic fibrosis, most white fetuses will not have cystic fibrosis. In nonwhite populations almost half of these fetuses will have cystic fibrosis, even at the lowest prevalence of cystic fibrosis.
AGI-1067: A Novel Vascular Protectant for Prevention of Restenosis

Objective:To review the synthesis, pharmacology, clinical trials, and adverse effects of AGI-1067, a novel agent for preventing restenosis.Data Sources:Literature searches were conducted using MEDLINE (1966–July 2005) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–July 2005) for English-language articles containing the search terms AGI-1067, AGI 1067, and probucol. In addition, bibliographies from relevant articles were reviewed for additional references.Study Selection and Data Extraction:All articles identified from data sources were reviewed for relevant information. Applicable information was included in this review.Data Synthesis:AGI-1067, a derivative of the lipid-lowering agent probucol, is the first of a new class of drugs termed vascular protectants. It has antioxidant and lipid-lowering effects. In addition, it inhibits inflammatory processes without resultant immunosuppression through its selective inhibition of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression. AGI-1067 also exhibited anti-athero...
If error rate is such a simple concept, why don't I have one for my forensic tool yet?

The Daubert decision motivates attempts to establish error rates for digital forensic tools. Many scientific procedures have been devised that can answer simple questions. For example, does a soil sample contain component X? A procedure can be followed that gives an answer with known rates of error. Usually the error rate of a process that tries to detect something is associated with a random component of some measurement. Typically there are two types of error, type I, also called a false positive (detecting it when it is not really there), and type II, also called a false negative (missing it when it really is there). At first thought, an error rate for a forensic acquisition tool or a write blocking tool is a simple concept. An obvious possibility for the error rate of an acquisition is k/n, where n is the total number of bits acquired and k is the number of incorrectly acquired bits. However, the kinds of errors in the soil test and in digital acquisition are fundamentally different. The errors in the soil test can be modeled with a random distribution that can be treated statistically, but the errors that occur in a digital acquisition are systematic and triggered by specific conditions. The purpose of this paper is not to define any error rates for forensic tools, but identification of some of the basic issues to stimulate discussion and further work on the topic.
Timing of Mineral Sequestration in Leg Bones of White-tailed Ptarmigan

Abstract Birds are unique among vertebrates in that they protect their eggs with rigid, calcium-rich shells. Thus, for a short period of time during the annual reproductive cycle, birds experience extraordinarily high demands for calcium. Two strategies appear to exist for meeting those temporally high demands. Some birds apparently seek out calcium-rich foods immediately prior to and during egg laying whereas others may store calcium in their skeletons over a much longer period of time, mobilizing those reserves only when they are needed for production of eggshells. In this study, we used dual energy, X-ray absorptiometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy to monitor annual shifts in bone mineral content in the legs of White-tailed Ptarmigans (Lagopus leucurus). The study organisms were known to live on calcium-poor soils. Despite an apparent shortage of calcium in their diets, the test subjects stored substantial amounts of calcium in their leg bones in months prior to reproduction. Those ...
Pediatric epilepsy and psychopathology

The association of psychiatric disorders and pediatric epilepsy is under appreciated by clinicians. Behavioral disorders, especially depression, are often perceived as “reactionary” processes. In fact, these comorbid disorders can be more disabling than the epilepsy itself. This review discusses the common behavioral comorbidities associated with epilepsy including autistic spectrum disorders, psychosis, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, and mood disorders.
Parents Just Don't Understand: Ambiguity in Stories about the Childhood of Jesus

The childhood and teenage years, which we think of as crucial to the formation of the adult personality, go all but unnoticed in the canonical accounts of the life of Jesus. Only the Gospel of Luke includes a story about a twelve-year-old Jesus debating with religious experts in the Jerusalem temple and arguing with his parents. Synopses and commentaries sometimes refer to the episode as the “Finding of Jesus in the Temple” (Luke 2:41–52 NRSV), because it begins when his parents lose track of him. Mary and Joseph, having taken Jesus with them on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem for Passover, begin to make the journey back home to Nazareth. Jesus remains in Jerusalem, without his parents’ permission: “but his parents did not know it” (καὶ οὐκ ἔγνωσαν οἱ γονeς [Luke 2:43]). Mary and Joseph search for and find their son “after three days” (2:46), safe and sound, in the great temple of Jerusalem. The boy sits among the elders, asking questions and amazing all with his “understanding” (σύνeσις [2:47]). “Child, why have you done this to us?” Mary reproaches Jesus, “See, your father and I have been worried [ὀδυνώμeνοι] looking for you!” (2:48). “Why were you looking for me?” Jesus replies, “Did you not know [οὐκ ᾔδeιτe] that I must concern myself with the things of my father?” (2:49). The back and forth confuses the parents: “But they did not understand what he said to them” (καὶ αὐτοὶ οὐ συνκαν τὸ ῥμα ὃ ἐλάλησeν αὐτος [Luke 2:50]).
Human factors considerations for privacy properties in home healthcare systems

Privacy properties for remote/home-based healthcare systems have been proposed, but human factors issues involved in implementing those properties have received little consideration. We reviewed proposed privacy properties and identified human factors issues associated with successful implementation of these properties. Implementations that do not take the users into account will most likely fail to accomplish their privacy and security goals.
A Question of Institutionalization: Habermas on the Justification of Court-Based Constitutional Review

Habermas’s combined normative and sociological theory of constitutional democracy oriented towards procedurally-structured participatory deliberation is one of the most productive and robust theories of deliberative democratic constitutionalism available. This paper looks at one component of that theory, its conception of judicial review. I claim that the normative political theory he advances meets sufficiently the demands for a convincing accounts of democratic legitimacy, deliberative processes, and the import of constitutionalism to both. The justification of the function of constitutional review, furthermore, follows convincingly from that normative theory. However, I also argue that his most distinctive arguments in favor of a judicial institutionalization of constitutional review are unconvincing. Better arguments are found, rather, in his further development of the basic justificatory strategy found in Dahl’s and Ely’s arguments for the institution of judicial review: an independent judiciary is institutionally well-suited to policing the procedural legitimacy of democratic processes. Finally, I contend that the elaboration of this line of thought in terms of deliberative democratic constitutionalism threatens, once again, to overdraw on the legitimacy credit extended to a judicial institutionalization of constitutional review, precisely because of the greatly expanded tasks such review would need to fulfill given Habermas’s more ambitious account of deliberative democratic processes in comparison with the earlier pluralist and majoritarian models. I begin by explicating the procedural conception of legitimacy that underlies Habermas’s defense of constitutional democracy and justifies the function of constitutional review. Then I turn to his differentiated account of democratic processes that prioritizes deliberations aimed at consensus on the principles of constitutional democracy structuring higher law, but that does not deny the import or place of pragmatic reasoning, ethical-political self-clarification, aggregation and bargaining. Finally I examine his arguments for the institutionalization of the function of constitutional review in an electorally-independent judiciary to assess the extent to which there might be lingering worries about paternalism in that account.
Using Coworker Observations to Promote Accountability for Disrespectful and Unsafe Behaviors by Physicians and Advanced Practice Professionals.

Article-at-a-Glance Background Health care team members are well positioned to observe disrespectful and unsafe conduct—behaviors known to undermine team function. Based on experience in sharing patient complaints with physicians who subsequently achieved decreased complaints and malpractice risk, Vanderbilt University Medical Center developed and assessed the feasibility of the Co-Worker Observation Reporting System SM (CORS SM ) for addressing coworkers' reported concerns. Methods VUMC leaders used a "Project Bundle" readiness assessment, which entailed identification and development of key people, organizational supports, and systems. Methods involved gaining leadership buy-in, recruiting and training key individuals, aligning the project with organizational values and policies, promoting reporting, monitoring reports, and employing a tiered intervention process to address reported coworker concerns. Results Peer messengers shared coworker reports with the physicians and advanced practice professionals associated with at least one report 84% of the time. Since CORS inception, 3% of the medical staff was associated with a pattern of CORS reports, and 71% of recipients of pattern-related interventions were not named in any subsequent reports in a one-year follow-up period. Conclusions Systematic monitoring of documented coworker observations about unprofessional conduct and sharing that information with involved professionals are feasible. Feasibility requires organizationwide implementation; coworkers willing and able to share respectful, nonjudgmental, timely feedback designed initially to encourage self-reflection; and leadership committed to be more directive if needed. Follow-up surveillance indicates that the majority of professionals "self-regulate" after receiving CORS data.
Cavitation Instabilities in an Inducer Using Heated Water as a Cryogenic Simulant

Cavitation instabilities in inducers cause performance and reliability concerns in liquid rocket engines. Attempts to predict the effect of cavitation instabilities have often been limited to subscale testing and simulation with room-temperature water as the working fluid. In this study, heated water is used in experiments and simulations to capture the thermally limited behavior of cavitation exhibited by cryogens. Conducted at the Aerospace Cavitation Test Facility, the experiments measure static performance and dynamic phenomena at temperatures ranging from 297 K to 376 K. The test article is a four bladed inducer designed by MIT and is operated at a flow coefficient of 0.08. Results in 297 K water show rotating cavitation at 1.5 times the shaft speed. Spectrograms of pressure over a range of cavitation numbers show instabilities that exist in room temperature water are never exhibited in water at elevated temperatures. In addition to experiments, computational fluid dynamics simulations were conducted using three different cavitation sub models. The first model is an inertially limited model, but the focus is on the two models that include thermal effects. One thermal model solves the full energy equation and includes a temperature dependent vapor pressure. The other model avoids solving the energy equation by adjusting the vapor pressure based on the energy necessary to vaporize the liquid phase. Transient computations indicate cavitation instabilities in room temperature water that are not present in simulations where elevated temperature water is the working fluid.
Building the Old Time Religion: Women Evangelists in the Progressive Era. By Priscilla Pope‐Levison. (New York, NY: New York University Press, 2014. Pp. ix, 270. $49.00.)

The author of this book seeks to fill the gap between the female evangelical itinerants of the antebellum period and the followers of Aimee Semple McPherson. She connects these two groups by examin...
Classification of EEG Features for Prediction of Working Memory Load

The objective of this research was to compare classification methods aimed at predicting working memory (WM) load. Electroencephalogram (EEG) data was collected from physicians while performing basic WM tasks and simulated medical scenarios. Data processing was performed to remove noise from the signal used for analysis (e.g., muscle activity, eye-blinks). The data from basic WM tasks was used to develop and test the four classification models (LASSO regression, support vector machines (SVM), nearest shrunken centroids (NSC), and iterated supervised principal components (ISPC) to predict a WM state indicative of physicians’ optimal performance. The naive misclassification rate was 19.74 %; LASSO and SVM outperformed this threshold: 18.10 and 12.21 % respectively). Both classification models had relatively high-specificity (LASSO: 97.2 %; SVM: 99.8 %); but relatively low-sensitivity LASSO: 20.7 %; SVM: 39.6 %). Results from simulated medical scenarios suggest that physicians were approximately 83 % of the time in the WM state that is likely indicative of optimal performance.
Industrialization Bound, 1933–80

The nearly half-century from 1932 through 1980 represented the triumph of Hamiltonianism. Throughout those decades the government’s role in the economy expanded steadily to overcome challenges posed by the Great Depression; World War II; the Cold War; the persistence of poverty, ignorance, ill-health, and racism amidst plenty; environmental destruction; and the space, education, and science races, to name the more prominent.
The goals and methods of educational technology research over a quarter century (1989–2014)

This paper presents an analysis of educational technology research with specific emphasis on determining how the research goals pursued and methods used have evolved over the 25-year period from 1989 through 2014. For this study, the contents of the Educational Technology Research and Development journal were analyzed over two six-year periods, first from 1989 to 1994 and second from 2009 to 2014, to identify the goals and methods of the studies specifically designated in the journal as “research papers.” Results indicate trends in the goals and methods employed in educational technology research that have implications for future research directions as well as for the preparation of graduate students and early career scholars to conduct educational technology research.
Reducing Response-Time Bounds for DAG-Based Task Systems on Heterogeneous Multicore Platforms

This paper considers for the first time end-to-end response-time analysis for DAG-based real-time task systems implemented on heterogeneous multicore platforms. The specific analysis problem that is considered was motivated by an industrial collaboration involving wireless cellular base stations. The DAG-based systems considered herein allow intra-task parallelism: while each invocation of a task (i.e., DAG node) is sequential, successive invocations of a task may execute in parallel. In the proposed analysis, this characteristic is exploited to reduce response-time bounds. Additionally, there is some leeway in choosing how to set tasks' relative deadlines. It is shown that by resolving such choices holistically via linear programming, response-time bounds can be further reduced. Finally, in the considered use case, DAGs are defined based upon just a few templates and individually often have quite low utilizations. It is shown that, by combining many such DAGs into one of higher utilization, response-time bounds can often be drastically lowered. The effectiveness of these techniques is demonstrated via both case-study and schedulability experiments.