cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Twenty Years of Theological Markup Languages

ThML—the first open, XML-based markup language designed specifically for digital libraries handling theological collections—was first conceived in 1998, sparking a period of development in discipline-specific markup languages for theology that lasted until the early 2000s, when the dominance of the TEI standard led the field to stagnate. Despite the disappearance of the active developer communities behind most of the projects as well as technical improvements in the TEI, however, ThML and other languages developed during that period remain in use by several notable projects. After presenting a brief history of theology-specific markup, this article seeks to understand what its persistence tells us about the discipline-specific needs of biblical and theological studies that are still not being met by the TEI, and offers insights as to the lessons that may be drawn from these projects for the future of theological markup.
Framework Isomerism in a Series of btb-Containing In-Derived Metal–Organic Frameworks

The discovery of new inorganic building units for metal–organic framework (MOF) synthesis remains challenging. We hypothesized that incorporation of X-type halogen capping ligands on indium-building units would yield a series of previously unknown frameworks and the placement of the halogen could lead to framework isomerism. Herein we report the synthesis of three new MOFs; two (YCM-31 and YCM-32) contain an [In(CO2R)3Cl]− secondary building unit (SBU) and are framework isomers of each other. A third new MOF, ZJU-28′, contains an [In(CO2R)4]− SBU and is a framework isomer of the known MOF ZJU-28. The conditions to control the syntheses of these isomers through ammonium-cation templation, along with the rationale for their formation are discussed.
Potential cues for the "level discrimination" of a noise band in the presence of flanking bands.

To evaluate the ability of a restricted range of auditory-nerve fibers to encode a large perceptual dynamic range, Viemeister [(1983). Science 221, 1206–1208] examined the detection of a change in the level of a high-frequency band of noise flanked by more intense fixed-level noise maskers. Here, stimuli and procedures similar to Viemeister's were used, but random manipulations of level and notch cutoff frequency were included to evaluate predictions of energy-based models. The results indicate that cues other than the change in level per se are available, and suggest the potential contribution of changes in pitch/timbre for this task.
α-Silicon effect assisted Curtin–Hammett allylation using allylcopper reagents derived from 1,3-dienylsilanes

Cu-catalyzed stereoselective synthesis of (E)-δ-silyl-anti-homoallylic alcohols from 1,3-dienylsilane was developed. Mechanistic studies revealed that the borocupration of dienylsilane proceeded through a 1,2-addition pathway to give an allylcopper intermediate with Cu distal to the silyl group. However, the subsequent aldehyde allylation proceeded via Curtin-Hammett control to give (E)-δ-silyl-anti-homoallylic alcohols with high diastereoselectivities. This method was applied to the synthesis of the C1-9 fragment of a polyketide natural product, mycinolide IV.
Transparency vs. Comparability: The Impact of Accounting Standards on Foreign Direct Investment

This paper examines the roles comparability and transparency play in the relation between IFRS adoption and foreign direct investment (FDI). In this study, I disentangle the impact of transparency and comparability through the use of a natural experiment resulting from Mexico’s adoption of IFRS in 2012. Greater comparability (adoption of IFRS by both domestic and foreign parties), controlling for transparency (adoption of IFRS by Mexico), increases FDI inflows as reported in column 5 in Table 4. Individually, greater transparency and comparability have been associated with increases in investment activity. However, it is unclear from the existing literature how transparency and comparability interact in the FDI setting. Consistent with prior findings, I find the adoption of IFRS is associated with increases in inbound foreign direct investment. This paper contributes to the literature on IFRS and FDI, specifically with respect to the role of common financial standards in increasing foreign investment activity.
An Improved OCV-Based MPPT Method Targeting Higher Average Efficiency in Thermal/Solar Energy Harvesters

This paper presents an improved open-circuit voltage (OCV)-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method which is able to achieve MPPT within a shorter sampling time compared to traditional architectures, and thus provides a higher average conversion efficiency from thermal/solar energy harvesters. The proposed OCV-based MPPT method employs separate control signals for the converter and MPPT blocks. A short time delay between disabling the converter and enabling the MPPT blocks eliminates the long charging time required to compensate for the voltage drop in the sampled signal, and thus reduces the sampling time. The prototype chip fabricated in 0.18-μm has a 0.58 mm×0.33 mm total area, delivers a 1.8 V DC voltage at an input voltage of 0.28 V. Measurement results confirm a sampling time of 26ms every 16s with an improved average efficiency of 82.2%.
Dynamics of Global Gene Expression and Regulatory Elements in Growing Brachypodium Root System

Root systems are dynamic and adaptable organs that play critical roles in plant development. However, how roots grow and accumulate biomass during plant life cycle and in relation to shoot growth phenology remains understudied. A comprehensive time-dependent root morphological analysis integrated with molecular signatures is then required to advance our understanding of root growth and development. Here we studied Brachypodium distachyon rooting process by monitoring root morphology, biomass production, and C/N ratios during developmental stages. To provide insight into gene regulation that accompanies root growth, we generated comprehensive transcript profiles of Brachypodium whole-root system at four developmental stages. Our data analysis revealed that multiple biological processes including trehalose metabolism and various families of transcription factors (TFs) were differentially expressed in root system during plant development. In particular, the AUX/IAA, ERFs, WRKY, NAC, and MADS TF family members were upregulated as plant entered the booting/heading stage, while ARFs and GRFs were downregulated suggesting these TF families as important factors involved in specific phases of rooting, and possibly in regulation of transition to plant reproductive stages. We identified several Brachypodium candidate root biomass-promoting genes and cis-regulatory elements for further functional validations and root growth improvements in grasses.
Sextic reciprocal monogenic dihedral polynomials

Let $$D_n$$ denote the dihedral group of order 2n. We find infinite $$D_6$$ -families and an infinite $$D_3$$ -family of monic irreducible reciprocal sixth-degree polynomials $$f(x)\in \mathbb {Z}[x]$$ , such that $$\{1,\theta ,\theta ^2,\theta ^3,\theta ^4,\theta ^5\}$$ is a basis for the ring of integers of $$L=\mathbb {Q}(\theta )$$ , where $$f(\theta )=0$$ .
Reliability Analysis of Storage Systems With Partially Repairable Devices

For years, the IEEE International Integrated Reliability Workshop (IIRW) has been held at the edge of Fallen Leaf Lake in California, just south of Lake Tahoe. Typically, the conference is a four-day event comprised of lively discussions, beautiful vistas, and is an unparalleled informal event that is a fertile ground for the exchange of ideas and professional networking. For 2020 however, the conference was held virtually over a one-month period and was comprised of a blend of live video content and pre-recorded presentations.
Universal Grammar and Iconicity

Within linguistics, the formal and functional approaches each offer insight into what language might be and how it operates, but so far, there have been hardly any systematic attempts to integrate them into a single theory. This book explores the relationship between universal grammar - the theory that we have an innate mechanism for generating sentences - and iconicity - the resemblance between form and meaning in language. It offers a new theory of their interactions, 'UG-iconicity interface' (UG-I), which shows that not only do universal grammar and iconicity coexist, but in fact collaborate in intricate and predictable ways. The theory explains various recalcitrant cross-linguistic facts surrounding the serial verb constructions, coordination, semantically and categorically obscure 'linkers', the multiple grammatical aspects of the external argument, and non-canonical arguments. This groundbreaking work is essential reading for researchers and postgraduate students in linguistics, as well as scholars in psychology and cognitive science.
Development of a Practical Synthesis of the 8-FDC Fragment of OPC-167832

A concise and practical synthesis has been developed to provide the 8-fluoro-5-hydroxy-3,4-diydrocarbostyril (8-FDC) fragment of OPC-167832 in 41 % yield and in > 99 % purity over 4 steps from 3-amino-4-fluorophenol. The key feature of this process is the development of a telescoped one pot synthesis of the quinolone via a chemoselective amidation and easier product isolation without the need for a column chromatography.
When is growth pro-poor? Evidence from the diverse experiences of India's states

The authors use 20 household surveys for India's 15 major states, spanning 1960-94, to study how initial conditions and the sectoral composition of economic growth interact to influence how much economic growth reduced poverty. The elasticities of measured poverty to farm yields and development spending did not differ significantly across states. But the elasticities of poverty to (urban and rural) non-farm output varied appreciably, and the differences were quantitatively important to the overall rate of poverty reduction. States with initially lower farm productivity, lower rural living standards relative to those in urban areas, and lower literacy experienced a less pro-poor growth process.
Adaptive load diffusion for stream joins

Data stream processing has become increasingly important as many emerging applications call for sophisticated realtime processing over data streams, such as stock trading surveillance, network traffic monitoring, and sensor data analysis. Stream joins are among the most important stream processing operations, which can be used to detect linkages and correlations between different data streams. One major challenge in processing stream joins is to handle continuous, high-volume, and time-varying data streams under resource constraints. In this paper, we present a novel load diffusion system to enable scalable execution of resource-intensive stream joins using an ensemble of server hosts. The load diffusion is achieved by a simple correlation-aware stream partition algorithm. Different from previous work, the load diffusion system can (1) achieve fine-grained load sharing in the distributed stream processing system; and (2) produce exact query answers without missing any join results or generate duplicate join results. Our experimental results show that the load diffusion scheme can greatly improve the system throughput and achieve more balanced load distribution.
Phosphorylation of ribosomal proteins in sarcoma-180 tumor cells

Abstract Phosphorylation of ribosomal proteins is studied in mouse sarcoma 180 tumor cells incubated in a nutrient medium with [32P]orthophosphate. Ribosomal proteins are phosphorylated to form phosphoserine and phosphothreonine residues. The pattern of ribosomal protein phosphorylation in mouse sarcoma 180 cells is strikingly similar to that in rabbit reticulocytes in the following respects: (a) The ribosomal phosphoproteins from both cells comigrate when they are fractionated according to their molecular weights by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. It is concluded that the phosphoproteins in these ribosomes have the same molecular weights and are presumably homologous proteins related by evolution. (b) Common differences between the phosphorylation patterns of polysomal and single ribosomes occur in both cells. (c) A polyphosphorylated protein (molecular weight 70,000) is associated with the native 44 S subribosomal particles in both cells. This polyphosphorylated protein is eluted from the 44 S subunits in conditions commonly employed for extraction of initiation factors. These similarities are considered to prove that the phosphoproteins are true ribosome constituents rather than contaminants. Furthermore, the functions of these phosphoryl groups have apparently been retained during mammalian evolution and are not specifically related to differentiation or to neoplasia.
Incidence- Versus Prevalence-Based Measures of Inappropriate Prescribing in the Veterans Health Administration.

Objectives To describe variations in potentially inappropriate prescribing (PIP) and characterize the extent to which switching to an incidence-based indicator would affect health system quality rankings. Design Observational study. Setting Veterans Health Administration in 2011. Participants Older adults receiving outpatient primary care. Measurements PIP was defined according to the National Committee for Quality Assurance High-Risk Medications in the Elderly list. Ranks were separately assigned for prevalent and incident PIP at the regional, network, and healthcare system levels. Results National PIP prevalence was 12.3% (167,766/1,360,251), and incidence was 5.8% (78,604/1,360,251). PIP prevalence ranged from 3.5% to 33.1% across healthcare systems (interquartile range (IQR) = 9.2–15.5%). PIP incidence ranged from 1.2% to 14.9% (IQR = 4.1–7.2%). Rank order in PIP prevalence and incidence was correlated (Spearman correlation; ρ = 0.934, P < .001), although substantial changes in ranks were seen for some healthcare systems, with seven of 139 (5.0%) systems shifting more than 30 rank positions and 21 (15.1%) systems shifting 16 to 30 positions. Conclusion Prevalence- and incidence-based indicators of prescribing quality were strongly correlated. Transitioning to incidence-based indicators would not produce an initial disruption in quality rankings for most healthcare systems and might yield more-salient measures for tracking healthcare quality.
Self-selection and regulation of protein:carbohydrate ratio in foods adult rats eat

When adult rats were offered isocaloric diet pairs, which differed in carbohydrate contents and which contained the same or differing protein contents, the animals chose between the two foods nonrandomly. The overall ratio of protein to carbohydrate consumed was maintained between 0.20 and 0.43, while the range of possible protein:carbohydrate ratios that the animals could have eaten was much broader, i.e., 0.07-3.60. If diet choice was restricted to pairs containing very large proportions of carbohydrate (average wt/wt % of pair greater than 57%), the regulation of the dietary carbohydrate intake was disturbed: much more carbohydrate was eaten, and the protein:carbohydrate ratio was decreased. These observations suggest that there may be an intrinsic requirement for dietary carbohydrate, and that this requirement may be related to the amount of protein concurrently being consumed. The protein:carbohydrate ratio that the animals choose, when allowed the choice, is also the proportion previously shown to produce neither a decrease nor an increase in brain serotonin levels. It is thus possible that the mechanism by which the brain controls nutrient choice involves alterations in serotonin synthesis, causing foods to be selected that will maintain the release of this transmitter at "optimal" levels.
Clinical and economic benefits of a meropenem dosage strategy based on pharmacodynamic concepts.

PURPOSE: The clinical and economic outcomes of a meropenem dosage strategy based on pharmacodynamic concepts are retrospectively reviewed. METHODS: The medical records of all patients receiving at least one day of meropenem at a large teaching hospital during 2002 were reviewed. Patients were included if they were clinically evaluable, had no prior successful antibiotic therapy, and received a meropenem dosage appropriate for renal function. Clinical outcomes were evaluated by the rate of response (days to normalization of temperature or lymphocyte count) and success rate. A cost-minimization analysis was performed from the hospital's perspective for level 1, 2, and 3 costs. The average wholesale price of meropenem for 2002 and the cost for one hospital day at our institution were used to calculate economic outcomes. RESULTS: Of the 136 patients identified as receiving at least one dose of meropenem, 85 met inclusion criteria, of whom 45 received meropenem 500 mg every six hours and 40 received meropenem 1000 mg every eight hours. No significant differences in demographics, site of infection, meropenem-related length of stay, or rate of response were found. Clinical success rates were similar between groups (p = 0.862). Patients taking the 500-mg regimen received less meropenem during treatment than those in the 1000-mg group (13 g versus 18 g, respectively) (p = 0.012). Median level 1 and 2 costs were significantly lower for the 500-mg regimen (p = 0.009 and p = 0.008, respectively). Level 3 costs were not significantly different. CONCLUSION: A pharmacodynamically designed meropenem dosage strategy of 500 mg every six hours yielded similar clinical outcomes to a regimen of 1000 mg every eight hours and reduced the daily drug acquisition costs associated with antibiotic therapy.
Differential uptake of amyloid-β soluble oligomers and fibrils by human microglia

b aggregates into non-b aggregates. Both oligomeric and filbrillar Ab can induce microglial activation, however the cellular signal ways are different due to the TNFa and iNOS mRNA expression levels, and NO metabolites activity are different when the BV2 cells were co-incubated with oligomeric and filbrillar Ab40, respectively.Ab-Cu(II) complexs play less roles on the activation of microglial than both oligomeric and fibrillar Ab. Conclusions: These results indicated that oligomeric and fibrillar Ab induce differentially activation of BV-2 cells and which were dramatically attenuated by Cu(II).
Introduction to development theory

AbstractThisarticle introduces the symposium on economic development theory.© 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. JEL classication:O11; O12Keywords:Development economics Development Economics, a subject that studies institutions, growth, inequality and povertyin the developing world, is a large, lively and exciting area of research. The objective of thissymposium is to put together some contributions in economic theory with a distinct focus ondevelopment questions.Much of early development economics, as typied in the work of Paul Rosenstein Rodan,ArthurLewis,RagnarNurkse,TiborScitovsky,AllynYoung,GunnarMyrdal,HarveyLeibenstein,AlbertHirschman,AmartyaSenandothers,wastheoretical,thoughnotnecessarilyinthesenseofformalmodel-building.Theseauthorsallfelttheneedtobringnewconceptsintoeconomictheory:ideas that would capture the essential features of underdevelopment, and provide explanationsof the development process. Existing economic theory, with its focus on competitive markets,depersonalized exchange, steady technical progress, and balanced growth simply did not seemrightwhenmatchedwiththegroundrealitiesofunderdevelopment:fragmented,imperfect,orjustplain missing markets, highly personalized transactions in credit, insurance, or agrarian tenancy,ambiguousornonexistentpropertyrights,andwidespreadevidenceofpovertytrapsandhistoricallock-ins.A fair bit of modern economic theory was born in some of these early development writings.Youngs article [40] on increasing returns was perhaps the rst systematic study of noncon-vexities in economic growth. Rosenstein-Rodans celebrated paper [32] on post-war interven-tion in Europe provided a conceptual foundation for modern thinking on coordination failures
Midtrimester amniotic fluid vitamin C levels inversely correlate with interleukin-6 levels

CORRELATE WITH INTERLEUKIN-6 LEVELS EVA PRESSMAN, DEB PITTINARO, JAMES WOODS, University of Rochester, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rochester, NY OBJECTIVE: To compare levels of vitamin C and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in pregnancies undergoing midtrimester amniocentesis for genetic indications. STUDY DESIGN: Women undergoing midtrimester genetic amniocentesis were prospectively enrolled. The initial 1 cc of amniotic fluid obtained was immediately refrigerated and processed within 24 hours for vitamin C and IL-6 analysis. Data were collected onmaternal age, gestational age, and indication for amniocentesis. Demographic data, vitamin C levels, and IL-6 levels were analyzed with Pearson’s correlation and chi-square analysis. RESULTS: Data were available for 37 patients with normal karyotypes between the gestational ages of 16 and 21 weeks (mean 18.1 weeks). Mean maternal age was 35.1 years, with 66%of patients undergoing amniocentesis due to advanced maternal age. Vitamin C levels were noted to increase with advancing gestational age (r = 0.47, P = 0.003) but did not vary with maternal age or indication for amniocentesis. IL-6 values were not affected by these factors. A negative correlation was noted between vitamin C and IL-6 (r = -0.34, P = 0.034). CONCLUSION: Elevated levels of IL-6 in midtrimester amniotic fluid indicate intra-amniotic inflammation and have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcome. The inverse correlation between IL-6 and vitamin C suggests that consumption of vitamin C may occur as part of a chronic inflammatory process. Amniotic fluid vitamin C may also serve as a defense against chronic inflammation. Evaluation of the outcomes of these pregnancies may further clarify the potential role of vitamin C in the amniotic fluid.
Impact of secondary MAC cooperation on spectrum sharing in cognitive readio networks

In this paper, the impact of secondary MAC cooperation on the sum-throughput of multichannel cognitive radio networks is studied. The main goal is twofold: Given the primary and secondary users' duty cycle, (i) investigate the amount of spectrum sharing (i.e., number of secondary users) that maximizes the sum-throughput in the presence of secondary MAC cooperation; (ii) assess the performance gains attainable with cooperation. First, analysis is provided for the idealistic case of perfect sensing, with a simple model for secondary cooperation. Then, for the more strategies case of imperfect sensing, novel cooperative secondary strategies are proposed that are shown to provide relevant performance gains in terms of sum-throughput. Finally, numerical simulation results are provided to evaluate the performance of the cooperative schemes relative to other non-cooperative schemes.
DDQ as an electrocatalyst for amine dehydrogenation, a model system for virtual hydrogen storage

2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ) is an electrochemical oxidation catalyst for a secondary amine, a model system for virtual hydrogen storage by removal of a hydrogen equivalent from an amine; a computational study provides mechanistic information.
Influence of fabrication errors on wölter mirror imaging performance.

The resolution of the Wolter mirror, which is utilized as an objective in soft-x-ray microscopes, is limited by fabrication errors. We studied the relation between fabrication errors and imaging performance of the Wolter mirror to determine how this performance could be improved. Figure errors, which are characterized by low spatial frequency, were analyzed by ray tracing, and surface roughness, characterized by high spatial frequency, was analyzed by modified ray tracing. Modified ray tracing was based on ray tracing but took scattering into account. The results of these analyses were compared with experimental data. As a result, we obtained a simple and practical fabricating tolerance criterion that may be employed to obtain higher Wolter mirror resolution. Additionally, we discuss problems in current Wolter mirror fabrication techniques and the changes that might be made in both the design and the fabrication process to improve imaging performance.
Use of ion chromatography in agricultural research

Abstract Durint the last decade ion chromatography developed into a powerful analytical technique. Verstility, speed of operation, simultaneous multi-ion analysis, small sample size requirements and reasonable cost are some of the factors that have contributed to its popularity. One of the unique features of this technique has been the quantitative determination of various species of an ion ( e.g. , different oxidation states) that may exist in a sample. This paper describes the applications of ion chromatography technology in the agricultural research and some future directions.
Revisiting the Renner-Teller effect in the X ∼2 Π state of CCN: Pulsed discharge-supersonic jet single vibronic level emission spectroscopy

Abstract The CCN radical is a prototypical system for study of the Renner–Teller effect in its degenerate X ∼ 2 Π ground state, with a number of experimental and theoretical studies carried out over the past 50 years. Most experimental studies have focused on the low-lying vibrational structure as observed in the high-resolution spectra of hot bands, or in emission. In this work, we have used pulsed-discharge supersonic-jet single vibronic level (SVL) emission spectroscopy from selected levels of the A ∼ 2 Δ state to probe the vibronic structure of X ∼ 2 Π up to ∼6000 cm−1 above the vibrationless level. Around 50 levels were assigned, and these were fit to a Renner–Teller Hamiltonian to derive a detailed set of spectroscopic constants. Our data are compared with the results of recent high level coupled cluster calculations.
Kinetics and thermodynamics of copper(II) binding to apoazurin.

The binding of copper(II) to apoazurin has been probed by isothermal titration calorimetry in cholamine buffer at pH 7.0. The standard enthalpy change was determined to be −10.0 ± 1.4 kcal/mol. Each calorimetric trace reveals an initial exothermic phase followed by an endothermic phase. The calorimetric data could be fit to a kinetic model involving a bimolecular combination of copper(II) and apoazurin in an exothermic process (k = 2 ±1 × 103 M-1 s-1, ΔH° = −19 ± 3 kcal/mol) to form an intermediate that spontaneously converts to Cu(II)−azurin in an endothermic process (k = 0.024 ± 0.01 s-1, ΔH° = +9 ± 3 kcal/mol). These data suggest that copper(II) first combines with apoazurin in an irreversible process to form an intermediate that converts to copper(II)−azurin in a process driven by the release of water. The overall standard free energy of copper(II) binding to apoazurin is estimated to be −18.8 kcal/mol.
Glucocorticoid antagonists and 11β-HSD1 inhibitors

Glucocorticoid action has been linked to the development of the metabolic syndrome. Therefore, glucocorticoid blockade is an attractive strategy to treat metabolic disorders. One interesting approach is to develop glucocorticoid receptor antagonists with properties for liver-specific delivery. These compounds reduce hyperglycemia with minimal risk of HPA axis activation. Additional strategies involve the use of a ketoconazole enantiomer to inhibit glucocorticoid biosynthesis, and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β) inhibitors to suppress the regeneration of active glucocorticoids in tissues.
Maximizing Safety Improvement Benefits in Crash Prediction Models with Accident Modification Factors

A linear optimization model that maximizes the safety benefits of improvements on an existing highway within specific budget constraints is presented. This model works in conjunction with crash prediction models that predict the expected number of crashes for highways by using a base model and productive accident modification factors (AMFs). The base model predicts the expected number of crashes for a base highway. The AMFs modify the prediction on the basis of the actual characteristics of the highway. If there were multiple alternative improvements for several highway features, then there would be many combined alternatives, each with a certain cost and a certain degree of improvement in highway safety. The proposed model uses linear optimization to find the combined alternative that has the best safety improvement within the available budget. The mathematical optimization model is studied in a general form as well as a detailed form in the context of an existing crash prediction model, the crash prediction module of the interactive highway safety design model. The procedure for building the optimization problem is described. A C programming code was developed to build the linear optimization problem. A test case study is defined, and the problem is built and solved by using the CPLEX optimization solver. The variation of the safety measures versus improvement costs is studied, and the results are discussed.
The transport of energy by internal waves

Two different concepts of energy transport by waves are developed and compared. The “wave energy flux” is related to the transport of a quantity known as the wave energy, and has often been used in analyzing the characteristics of the waves themselves. The “correlation wave energy flux” is related to the transport of energy by a phenomenon called a wave, is analogous to turbulence energy transports, and is of use in total system energy budgets. In dissipative fluids and fluids with spatially varying mean flows, the two are not the same. In the course of the analysis, a comparison is made between the Stokes expansion commonly used in linear wave theory and the mean and deviation approach of turbulence. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1969.tb00429.x
Cloning of Chlamydomonas p60 katanin and localization to the site of outer doublet severing during deflagellation.

Katanin, a heterodimeric microtubule-severing protein that localizes to sites of microtubule organization, can mediate in vitro the ATP-dependent disassembly of both taxol-stabilized microtubules and axonemal doublet microtubules. In the unicellular biflagellate alga Chlamydomonas, katanin has been implicated in deflagellation, a highly specific process that involves a Ca2+-signal transduction pathway starting at the plasma membrane and culminating in the severing of axonemal outer doublet microtubules and excision of both flagella from the cell body. Previously, we showed that the microtubule severing activity of deflagellation and katanin's 60 kD catalytic subunit (termed p60) purified with the flagellar basal body complex (FBBC). Additional evidence supporting the involvement of katanin in deflagellation came from the observation that an antibody against human p60 katanin significantly inhibited FBBC-associated microtubule-severing activity. Here we report the cloning of p60 katanin from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Immunogold electron microscopy places Chlamydomonas p60 at several locations within the basal body apparatus and associated structures. Importantly, we find a dense accumulation of colloidal gold labeling the distal end of the flagellar transition zone, the site of outer doublet severing during deflagellation. These results suggest that, in addition to a potential involvement in the deflagellation pathway, katanin-mediated microtubule-severing may be associated with multiple processes in Chlamydomonas. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 43:221–231, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Defining sedation-related adverse events in the pediatric intensive care unit.

Abstract Background Clinical trials exploring optimal sedation management in critically ill pediatric patients are urgently needed to improve both short- and long-term outcomes. Concise operational definitions that define and provide best-available estimates of sedation-related adverse events (AE) in the pediatric population are fundamental to this line of inquiry. Objectives To perform a multiphase systematic review of the literature to identify, define, and provide estimates of sedation-related AEs in the pediatric ICU setting for use in a multicenter clinical trial. Methods In Phase One, we identified and operationally defined the AE. OVID-MEDLINE and CINAHL databases were searched from January 1998 to January 2012. Key terms included sedation, intensive and critical care. We limited our search to data-based clinical trials from neonatal to adult age. In Phase Two, we replicated the search strategy for all AEs and identified pediatric-specific AE rates. Results We reviewed 20 articles identifying sedation-related adverse events and 64 articles on the pediatric-specific sedation-related AE. A total of eleven sedation-related AEs were identified, operationally defined and estimated pediatric event rates were derived. AEs included: inadequate sedation management, inadequate pain management, clinically significant iatrogenic withdrawal, unplanned endotracheal tube extubation, post-extubation stridor with chest-wall retractions at rest, extubation failure, unplanned removal of invasive tubes, ventilator-associated pneumonia, catheter-associated bloodstream infection, Stage II+ pressure ulcers and new tracheostomy. Conclusions Concise operational definitions that defined and provided best-available event rates of sedation-related AEs in the pediatric population are presented. Uniform reporting of adverse events will improve subject and patient safety.
An optimally efficient selection algorithm

Abstract We give an optimally efficient parallel algorithm for selection on the EREW PRAM. It requires a linear number of operations and O(log n log ∗ n) time. A modification of the algorithm runs on the CRCW PRAM. It requires a linear number of operations and O(log n log ∗ /log log n) time.
Oral Reading Fluency Development for Children with Emotional Disturbance or Learning Disabilities

This study used a large statewide database to examine the oral reading fluency development of second- and third-grade students with emotional disturbance or learning disabilities and their general education peers. Oral reading fluency measures were administered to 185,367 students without disabilities (general education), 2,146 students identified with an emotional disturbance, and 10,339 students with a learning disability. Student status and growth trends were examined in a piecewise model at each grade level for the full sample as well as for a subsample with reading difficulties. Data suggested students with disabilities performed significantly below students without disabilities in initial status and growth. The authors also examined gender as a moderator of outcomes for each of the study groups.
Modular (somewhat structured) programming in standard BASIC

A brief report on some programming conventions and practices which help to tame the normally unruly transfers of control within BASIC programs. In the author's programs all GOTO's and GOSUB's transfer to REM lines beginning with one asterisk for a GOTO and two or three asterisks for a GOSUB.In addition, common subroutines which are used by more than one program are stored on disk separately and APPended as needed. A variable naming convention associates certain variables with particular subroutines, giving a degree of block structure.
Management of Refusal of Medical Treatment

As patients increasingly refuse medical and surgical treatment, the physician's response to this challenge to the healing-helping role is often extremely negative. Even though refusal may be felt by the patient as the only way to regain a measure of autonomy or control, such a response may have more to do with characteristic coping styles or interpersonal battles with the physician, staff, or family than with the treatment itself. Since management hinges on understanding the intrapersonal and interpersonal factors which contribute, it is essential to explore the meaning of the refusal. With reduction of the adversarial stance, the patient frequently regains enough sense of self to engage in a mutually cooperative effort. Even if the refusal stands, with understanding, the physician may be able to accept the patient's choice, and extrusion from the system upon which the patient is still dependent is avoided.
Influences on parental involvement of African American adolescent fathers

This study explores several factors related to the parental involvement of African-American adolescent fathers. These factors are identified through empirical literature as exerting influence upon adolescent fathers and their roles as fathers. An exploratory research design was utilized in order to obtain a better understanding of these fathers and how the identified factors affected parental involvement. Findings suggest that these adolescent fathers exhibit a level of parental involvement that is not generally perceived by the public. Additionally, the findings suggest that the identified factors interact to influence different dimensions of parental involvement.
MPDATA and grid adaptivity in geophysical fluid flow models

Geophysical flows can profoundly affect human activities. Often characterized by an astonishing range of significant scales and a rich assortment of physical processes, the complexity of such flows generally precludes all but numerical simulation for prediction and understanding-yet even state of the art computational models may be severely challenged by problems such as hurricane intensification. Although a number of significant issues are involved, a major factor is often grid resolution, for which grid adaptivity (GA) can be useful. Our experience has been that MPDATA is particularly well suited for GA. This paper sketches general details of a model that blends MPDATA with continuous GA; highlights a tensor viewpoint of the geometric conservation law; and presents results for both global and regional atmospheric applications. Together, the examples demonstrate the advantages of using GA with MPDATA to resolve fine-scale features-explicit gravity waves generated by flow over orography. Resolution of these waves (or lack thereof) are shown to affect global climate; furthermore, wave resolution is shown to depend upon the regional atmospheric environment. Finally the regional simulations show a surprising increase in the complexity of the wavefields as resolution is increased to the point of resolving nonhydrostatic effects.
Distraction, amnesia, and the next-in-line effect

Abstract Two studies use a free recall task to track, moment by moment, cognitive repercussions of an upcoming performance. As in earlier research, subjects display impaired recall for events which immediately precede an anticipated public performance. This “next-in-line effect” occurs even if the “performance” consists of reading a word to oneself. However, subjects show no memory deficit if their performance is not anticipated, and they have generally poor recall if they know they will be performing—but not when. Distraction and amnesia accounts of these recall deficits are discussed. Ancillary findings illuminate the organization of memory in social settings.
Information leakage through a passive optical channel

Abstract From the basic entropy of information, the information leakage through a passive coherent channel is calculated. In the course of the derivation, the optical channel is decomposed into a series of cascaded subchannels. It is shown that the amount of information decreases as the information flows through the cascaded channels. The best a passive channel can achieve, in principle, is to preserve the entire input information. It is possible to obtain at the output an amount of information greater than the input, but only through the use of active channels. However, an active channel requires an external source of energy which in some cases could lead to an enormous amount of energy.
Securing Communication of Dynamic Groups in Dynamic Network-Centric Environments

We developed a new approach and designed a practical solution for securing communication of dynamic groups in dynamic network-centric environments, such as airborne and terrestrial on-the-move networks. The solution is called Public Key Group Encryption (PKGE). In this paper, we define the problem of group encryption, motivate the need for decentralized group encryption services, and explain our vision for designing such services. We then describe our solution, PKGE, at a high-level, and report on the prototype implementation, performance experiments, and a demonstration with GAIM/Jabber chat. ).
Laser intracavity absorption

The fractional absorption which can be obtained using a single-mode laser with an internal absorption cell is compared to the fractional absorption obtainable with the more conventional system of a laser with an external absorption cell.
End-of-Life Care in Advanced Dementia

In the next 30 years, the average age of the population will continue to increase, as will the prevalence of dementia. The management of advanced dementia requires the careful orchestration of communication, prognostication, patient care, and caregiver education. Understanding the specific tools available to establish prognosis and guide medical management in these complicated medical patients greatly improves patient and caregiver satisfaction at the end of the patient's life. In caring for patients with advanced-stage dementia, providers should be knowledgeable regarding the terminal nature of the condition and its common comorbid diseases, and should be prepared to educate the patients' caregivers, building a structure of support for the patient's benefit and navigating the complexities of end-of-life care.
Level I and level II: A review

Jensen's Level I‐Level II theory of individual and group differences in mental abilities is examined in the context of the large body of research pertaining to the topic. The major hypotheses of Jensen's theory, concerning the equal distribution of Level I abilities among different racial and sociocconomic groups, and the differences in the distribution of Level II abilities are evaluated. It is concluded that the majority of recent research supports Jensen's hypotheses. Alternative theories to Jensen's arc presented and the implications of Jensen's theory for the education of disadvantaged and low Level II children arc discussed. A short section deals with the hypothesized functional relationship between Levels I and II.
Wood Sugar Molasses in the Ration of Floor Managed Layers

Abstract IN A previous paper on wood sugar molasses as a feedstuff for laying hens (Cooney and Parker, 1952) it was pointed out that cane and beet molasses have been accepted and used as an ingredient in livestock and poultry rations for a good many years. The review of literature indicated that these products could be fed up to ten percent of the chicken’s total ration. However, levels of five to seven percent of the total ration seemed to be more generally accepted. McGinnis, MacGregor and Carver (1948) were the first to report on the use of molasses prepared from wood waste in poultry rations. They fed levels of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 percent of this product to duplicate lots of one week old New Hampshire chicks over a three-week test period. From this work they concluded that wood sugar molasses could be used in chick rations at any …
Structural geology: The buried record of Chicxulub

Impact craters often have asymmetric shapes, which have been used to infer the direction and angle of impact. But pre-existing structural or topographic heterogeneities also play an important role in crater asymmetry.
Manhood, Womanhood, and the Importance of Context: A Reply to Commentaries

In the target article, we presented the hypothesis that people around the world view manhood (more so than womanhood) as a social status that is achieved through difficult action and is easily lost. Commentators identified areas in need of clarification, critiqued the implications of our account for women, and disagreed with certain aspects of our ideas. In this rejoinder, we address what we see as three major themes of these commentaries: that our work (a) downplays women’s difficulties, (b) heightens men’s difficulties, and (c) inappropriately compares men’s and women’s experiences. We end by reaffirming the value of framing manhood as a precarious social status for organizing the large literature on men and masculinity, and we stress the need for more research.
Technology integration: Managing technological evolution in a complex environment

Abstract We report on an empirical investigation of product development in an environment characterized by discontinuous technological change. Our sample is composed of field-based observations on 27 projects and 61 technical problem solving attempts by all leading organizations developing high performance mainframe computers. Different organizations attained very different levels of R & D performance, as indicated by development lead time, R & D productivity and technical product improvement. We show that the differences in performance are correlated with skills and routines aimed at technology integration. High project performance is linked to a broad approach to resolving critical problems, merging deep technical knowledge with a detailed understanding of the specific environment in which the new technologies would be applied. Effective organizations are characterized by a ‘system focused’ approach. The approach involves an emphasis on project specification and concept development, a number of specific routines that probe the systemic impact of technical options on the existing capabilities of the organization, as well as the retention of individuals with direct experience of related product introduction efforts.
Treadmill gait speeds correlate with physical activity counts measured by cell phone accelerometers

A B S T R A C T A number of important health-related outcomes are directly related to a person’s ability to maintain normal gait speed. We hypothesize that cellular telephones may be repurposed to measure this important behavior in a noninvasive, continuous, precise, and inexpensive manner. The purpose of this study was to determine if physical activity (PA) counts collected by cell phone accelerometers could measure treadmill gait speeds. We also assessed how cell phone placement influenced treadmill gait speed measures. Participants included 55 young, middle-aged, and older community-dwelling men and women. We placed cell phones as a pendant around the neck, and on the left and right wrist, hip, and ankle. Subjects then completed an individualized treadmill protocol, alternating 1 min rest periods with 5 min of walking at different speeds (0.3–11.3 km/h; 0.2–7 mi/h). No persons were asked to walk at speeds faster than what they would achieve during day-to-day life. PA counts were calculated from all sensor locations. We built linear mixed statistical models of PA counts predicted by treadmill speeds ranging from 0.8 to 6.4 km/h (0.5–4 mi/h) while accounting for subject age, weight, and gender. We solved linear regression equations for treadmill gait speed, expressed as a function of PA counts, age, weight, and gender. At all locations, cell phone PA counts were strongly associated with treadmill gait speed. Cell phones worn at the hip yielded the best predictive model. We conclude that in both men and women, cell phone derived activity counts strongly correlate with treadmill gait speed over a wide range of subject ages and weights.
The neuropsychology of writing and spelling: Semantic, phonological, motor, and perceptual processes

Neuropsychological data is reviewed in order to delineate the semantic, phonological, motor, and perceptual processes underlying spelling, with particular attention to handwriting. These data suppo...