cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intravascular ultrasound imaging of angiographically normal coronary arteries : An in vivo comparison with quantitative angiography

Abstract Intravascular ultrasound, a new technique for real-time twodimensional visualization of arteries and veins, delineates vessel wall morphology and measures luminal dimensions. This imaging method has been validated with in vitro systems and in peripheral vessels, but there are few in vivo coronary artery studies. Twenty cardiac transplant recipients with no angiographic coronary artery disease were scanned with a 30-MHz intravascular ultrasound catheter from the left main coronary ostium to the mid-left anterior descending coronary artery. Simultaneous angiographic measurements were performed at 76 sites. Ultrasound end-diastolic diameters in two perpendicular axes were 3.8 ± 0.9 and 3.9 ± 0.6 mm, respectively, and mean diameter derived from an area determined by planimetry was 3.9 ± 0.9 mm. Angiographic coronary artery diameters measured with a computer-assisted edge detection system perpendicular to the long axis of the vessel and to the long axis of the catheter were 3.4 ± 0.8 and 3.6 ± 0.8 mm, respectively. Luminal diameters measured with the two imaging systems correlated closely, with an r value of 0.86 when ultrasound was compared with the angiographic diameter measured perpendicular to the vessel and 0.88 when compared with the angiographic diameter measured perpendicular to the imaging catheter. Eighty-three percent of the ultrasound-measured diameters were above the line of identity when compared with the simultaneous angiographic measurement. The more the imaging catheter deviated from the long axis of the vessel, the greater was the discrepancy between the ultrasound and angiographic measurements. In summary, in vivo intracoronary ultrasound measurements correlate closely with quantitative angiography, although ultrasound measurements tend to be slightly larger. Correlation is improved when the ultrasound catheter is parallel to the vessel long axis. Eccentric ultrasound catheter placement does not have a significant effect on measurements in coronary vessels. Intravascular ultrasound provides an accurate method to assess coronary dimensions as an alternative to quantitative angiography.
Differential cognitive contributions of the cerebral hemispheres in the modulation of emotional arousal

To examine the differential roles of the two cerebral hemispheres in emotional processes, college students viewed sexual or aversive slides under instructions to either facilitate or inhibit their emotional responses. An auditory attentional bias measure suggested that reported aversive emosional arousal was associated with relatively greater activation of the right hemisphere. Analysis of the subjects' naturalistic cognitive strategies suggested that analytic and verbal ideation was most often used to inhibit arousal, while global and imaginal thinking was used to facilitate emotion.
Identification of Ferritin in Blood of Dogs Subjected to Radiation from an Atomic Detonation

SummaryStudies on blood plasma samples obtained from eight dogs subjected to a lethal dose of radiation from an atomic detonation demonstrated that a material was present which, when administered intravenously, decreased the rate of vasomotion and decreased the epinephrine sensitivity of the mesoappendix capillary bed of the normal rat. After its appearance in the blood, the concentration of this vasodepressor material decreased as a function of time. This VDM has been shown to fit the criteria established for ferritin.
Four-Corner Arthrodesis with a Radiolucent Locking Dorsal Circular Plate: Technique and Outcomes

Background Scaphoid excision and four-corner arthrodesis (FCA) is an acceptable motion sparing procedure used to treat wrist arthritis. Recently, a locking dorsal circular plate composed of polyether-ether-ketone has been introduced (Xpode®; TriMed Inc.). The purpose of this study is to assess the efficacy of this specific plate design with regard to FCA.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF IMMUNITY IN TUBERCULOSIS : THE ROLE OF EXTRACELLULAR FACTORS AND LOCAL IMMUNITY IN THE FIXATION AND INHIBITION OF GROWTH OF TUBERCLE BACILLI.

1. The fate of bacilli of reinfection at the portal of entry and in metastatic foci, and also the associated host responses, are essentially similar in rabbits and guinea pigs. 2. However, in the guinea pig tubercle bacilli of reinfection are more effectively fixed at the portal of entry than in the rabbit. 3. The guinea pig fixes at the site of reinfection unrelated substances, such as trypan blue and agar particles, more effectively than the rabbit. 4. At the site of a local non-specific inflammation precipitins from the circulating blood accumulate in higher concentration in tuberculous guinea pigs than in tuberculous rabbits. 5. These differing fixing capacities of the two species are associated with differences of extracellular character in the inflammation resulting from reinfection. (a) In the guinea pig, whose tissues are highly sensitized and greatly injured by the tubercle bacillus, the lymphatics adjoining the site of reinfection become thrombosed. In the rabbit whose tissues are moderately sensitized and less injured by the tubercle bacillus the corresponding lymphatics remain open. (b) In the guinea pig the fibrinous network at the site of inflammation forms a fine sieve-like structure. In the rabbit this network forms a coarse sieve-like barrier. 6. In rabbits and guinea pigs primarily infected, the destruction of tubercle bacilli takes place first and most extensively at the portal of entry. At this time they are less effectively destroyed in the nearest metastatic foci. Simultaneously they are still growing without hinderance in such foci in remote internal organs. 7. The cell-free body fluids of normal animals support the growth of tubercle bacilli in vivo. The body fluids of tuberculous animals under the same conditions are bacteriostatic for this microorganism. 8. Tubercle bacilli often multiply by preliminary subdivision into non-acid-fast granules, from which the acid-fast rods sprout. This confirms the work of Kahn.
A common open space or a digital divide? A social model perspective on the online disability community in China

This paper explores the use and impact of the Internet by disabled people in China, informed by the social model of disability. Based on survey data from 122 disabled individuals across 25 provinces in China, study findings suggest that there is an emerging digital divide in the use of Internet amongst the disability community in China. Internet users in our study do not appear to be representative of most disabled people in China. For the minority of disabled people who do have access to the Internet, however, its use can lead to significantly improved frequency and quality of social interaction. Study findings further suggest that the Internet significantly reduced existing social barriers in the physical and social environment for disabled people. Implications for future research, and strategies for increasing reducing the digital divide between the minority of Internet users and the majority of disabled people in China are discussed.
Experiencing the Mango Festival as a Ritual Dramatization of Hagiography

The author traveled to the coastal town of Kāraikkāl in Tamilnadu, south India in summer 2006 in order to explore the ways in which a festival celebrating a classical Hindu female saint would “tell” the story of her life as represented in a medieval canonical hagiography that the author had previously translated. By highlighting the oral mode of “telling” as a characterization of the festival's presentation, the author signals the performative, personal, and public aspects of its rendering of her story. At the festival's center is an emphasis on the visual, not in the sense of a staged drama, but as a persistent focus on sacred images, or what the author calls “moments of awe.” The “all at once” perception experience enabled by the visual mirrors the simultaneity of experience enabled by these moments of awe inscribed by bhakti (devotion) in that they are opportunities for the enactment of worship, the engagement of participation, and the creation of a public.
Patterns of Wealth Concentration

Community wealth created from improvements in production techniques and by economic development takes two forms. One is absolute changes in quantity. The other is relative changes in the pattern of distribution. Because units of wealth are unstandardized, communities are difficult to compare based on absolute wealth differences. Four patterns of wealth distribution-hyper and normal equality, status and hyper inequality-reflect relative differences in the way wealth is distributed. No communities have perfect or hyper equality. The pattern for egalitarian, tribal communities is for wealth to be more normally distributed. Hierarchical communities have status inequality. The pattern for communities in societies with considerable dependence on external markets is for wealth to be very concentrated in the hands of a few people-hyper inequality.
Behavioral and metabolic phenotyping of GPR30 and neuronal estrogen receptor-α knockout mice.

We have been testing the hypothesis that estrogen signaling through specific estrogen receptors contributes to the regulation of energy homeostasis and behavior. Mice lacking estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) have previously been reported to have an obese phenotype and attenuated locomotor activity. We have extended these findings to show that estrogen signaling through hypothalamic ERα contributes to the regulation of food intake, body weight, and energy expenditure. To better understand the hypothalamic contribution of estrogen signaling, we first characterized some behavioral aspects of the whole-body ERα knockout mouse, and found that they had decreased homecage locomotor activity and voluntary wheel running activity, increased body weight, and changes in fat distribution to favor development of the metabolic syndrome. They were also resistant to the effects of leptin to regulate food intake and body weight. Recently, we have obtained ERα floxed mice and have bred them with nestin-CRE mice to develop mice lacking estrogen receptors in neurons. We have begun characterization of these mice through multiple metabolic and behavioral tests to test the hypothesis that estrogen signaling through neuronal ERα significantly contributes to the phenotype seen in total body ERα knockout mice. Finally, in addition to nuclear receptors, the actions of estrogen may be mediated through GPR30, a membrane/intracellular receptor. Here, we report on metabolic and behavioral phenotyping assays of GPR30 knockout mice, designed to delineate whether the observed phenotype is mediated through genomic effects or by rapid signaling through membrane receptors.
Electrical Stimulation for Epilepsy: Experimental Approaches

Direct electrical stimulation of the brain is an increasingly popular means of treating refractory epilepsy [1]. While there has been moderate success in human trials, the rate of seizure freedom does not yet compare favorably to resective surgery [1]. It therefore remains critical to advance experimental investigations aimed toward understanding brain stimulation and its utility. The following article introduces the concepts necessary for understanding these experimental studies, describing recording and stimulation technology, animal models of epilepsy, and the various subcortical targets of stimulation that have been investigated. Due to the continued interest in bidirectional and closed-loop devices, these technologies are also highlighted, along with the challenges presented by their experimental use [2].
Composite Cores: Pushing Heterogeneity Into a Core

Heterogeneous multicore systems -- comprised of multiple cores with varying capabilities, performance, and energy characteristics -- have emerged as a promising approach to increasing energy efficiency. Such systems reduce energy consumption by identifying phase changes in an application and migrating execution to the most efficient core that meets its current performance requirements. However, due to the overhead of switching between cores, migration opportunities are limited to coarse-grained phases (hundreds of millions of instructions), reducing the potential to exploit energy efficient cores. We propose Composite Cores, an architecture that reduces switching overheads by bringing the notion of heterogeneity within a single core. The proposed architecture pairs big and little compute µEngines that together can achieve high performance and energy efficiency. By sharing much of the architectural state between the µEngines, the switching overhead can be reduced to near zero, enabling fine-grained switching and increasing the opportunities to utilize the little µEngine without sacrificing performance. An intelligent controller switches between the µEngines to maximize energy efficiency while constraining performance loss to a configurable bound. We evaluate Composite Cores using cycle accurate micro architectural simulations and a detailed power model. Results show that, on average, the controller is able to map 25% of the execution to the little µEngine, achieving an 18% energy savings while limiting performance loss to 5%.
Examining the inclusion of ethnic minorities in pressure ulcer prediction studies

Pressure ulcers continue to present a major problem among frail elderly persons. In the United States, blacks and Latinos represent the fastest growing sub-populations within this age group. This trend is particularly evident in the "oldest of the old" category (85 years or more), in which blacks and Latinos are expected to increase in number by 24% during the next five decades. It is therefore important to recognize, prevent, and effectively manage pressure ulcers in these populations. Nonetheless, pressure ulcer prediction studies including ethnic minority subjects remain significantly lacking in the literature. The purpose of this article is to review the major pressure ulcer prediction scales and to critique them on the basis of their inclusion of black and Latino elders.
TRANSFORMATION KINETICS OF GAMMA-PHASE URANIUM-MOLYBDENUM-NIOBIUM ALLOYS

Abstract Some properties of gamma phase uranium-base molybdenum-niobium ternary alloys are described. Transformation kinetics of the gamma phase at 550, 500, and 450° C were followed primarily by resistometric techniques. Molybdenum-rich alloys with small additions of niobium were found to have the most sluggish transformation kinetics. Duplex gamma phase alloys had lower thermal stability than single phase alloys. Densities and electrical resistivities of alloys quenched from 1000° C were measured. Duplex phase alloys were determined by resistometric measurements and metallographic examination.
Determination of cocaine and its metabolites in serum microsamples by high-performance liquid chromatography and its application to pharmacokinetics in rats

A single-solvent extraction step high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described for quantitating cocaine and its three metabolites in rat serum microsamples (50 microl). The separation used a 2.1-mm I.D. reversed-phase Brownlee C18 column with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of methanol-acetonitrile-25.8 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 2.2, containing 1.29-10(-4) M tetrabutylammonium phosphate (12.5:10:77.5, v/v/v). The detection limit was 2.5 ng/ml for all the compounds using an ultraviolet detector operated at 235 nm. The method was used to study the pharmacokinetics of cocaine after an intravenous (i.v.) bolus dose (4 mg/kg).
Conjoint Processing of Time-Compressed Narration in Multimedia Instruction: The Effects on Recall, but Not Recognition:

Although previous research shows verbal recall of time-compressed narration is significantly enhanced when it is accompanied by a representational adjunct picture (Ritzhaupt & Barron, 2008), the re...
A Targeted Proteomics Approach for Biomarker Discovery Using Bilateral Matched Nipple Aspiration Fluids

The objective of this study was to identify cancer-associated protein expression patterns in bilateral matched nipple aspiration fluids using nanoscale reciprocal Cy3/Cy5 labeling and high-content antibody microarrays. This novel platform allows the pair-wise comparisons of the relative abundance of 512 different antigens using minimal NAF sample containing 1 µg of total protein. Matched NAF samples from two normal controls and 18 patients with early stage breast cancer (stage I/II, 13; DCIS, 2) or precancerous lesions (ADH, 3) were studied. Self-to-self and left-to-right comparisons of the normal controls were performed to determine antigen variations due to normal experimental and biological variability. Based on these two experiments, a stringency filter of 15% was applied to eliminate noise. Antigens were considered differentially expressed if there were a consistent >15% change on relative Cy3/Cy5 signals on reciprocal slides. The number of differentially expressed antigens varied between 10 and 72 in tumor associated NAF samples, and no single antigen can be used as a “universal” marker to identify all patients. Antigens that are elevated in at least four patients were selected for further evaluations, including NME1, PTK2B, ARRB1, MRIP, GFRA1, APC, HSPD1, and SLP76. The validity of the antibody array findings was affirmed by single immunoassay on western blot; elevated expression of four of the selected markers in NAF is supported by published immunohistochemistry studies on breast cancer tissues. Nipple aspiration fluid is a rich source of breast cancer biomarkers. This targeted proteomics approach for biomarker discovery is proven effective for clinical samples with limited protein content.
The thermal structure within the stratospheres of Venus and Mars

Abstract A relatively simple radiative-convective model has been formulated to predict the vertical temperature profile within the stratospheres of Venus and Mars. For Venus this yields a tropopause temperature which is essentially independent of latitude with a value comparable to the Mariner V occultation experiment for a tropopause altitude of 58 km. The model yields lower temperatures within the middle stratosphere than indicated by the Mariner V experiment, but this might be expected if there is a cloud layer within the middle stratosphere which absorbs solar radiation. With respect to Mars, the calculated profiles are in good agreement with the Mariner VI and VII entry profiles below 30 km, producing subadiabatic lapse rates throughout most of this region due to relatively low tropopause altitudes. In the upper stratosphere, however, the calculated profiles do not predict carbon dioxide condensation as implied by the Mariner VI and VII experiments.
The functional groups in the gelation of gelatin.

Abstract The participation of the side-chain dissociable and polar groups of gelatin in the gelation process has been investigated by studying the gelation of gelatins chemically modified in one of the following ways: Car☐yl groups esterified with methanol, amino groups acetylated, hydroxyl groups acetylated or guanidino groups nitrated, the last with simultaneous partial sulfation of hydroxyl groups. The melting point-intrinsic viscosity relations of the modified gelatins were compared with those of unmodified gelatins of similar molecular weights. It was found that the amino, car☐yl and guanidino groups are not involved in the equilibrium state of 5% gels. The hydroxyl groups are not indispensable for gelation, but may contribute. The role of the hydroxyl groups is partly obscured by a rearrangement that appears to take place in one of the two methods of acetylation.
Quantitative effects of the apolipoprotein E polymorphism in a biracial sample of 9–10-year-old girls

Genetic polymorphism at the apolipoprotein E locus (APOE) has been shown to have a significant impact on quantitative risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) in diverse populations. However, despite the recognition that atherosclerosis begins in childhood and that genetic factors are related to the initial stages of atherosclerosis, prior studies were carried out mostly on adults and little attention has been paid to genetic risk factors for CAD in children. We have examined the impact of APOE polymorphism on quantitative risk factors for CAD (apoAI, apoB, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C and TG) in a sample of 647 African American and 573 White 9-10-year-old girls who were enrolled in the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Growth and Healthy Study. The frequencies of the APOE*2, APOE*3 and APOE*4 alleles were 0.09, 0.76 and 0.15 in Whites and 0.11, 0.70 and 0.19 in African Americans, respectively. The APOE*2 allele was significantly associated with lower mean levels of LDL-C and apoB and the APOE*4 allele with higher levels of LDL-C and apoB in both racial groups. Variation in maturation stage, body fat and fat patterning, as assessed by skin fold measures and waist/hip ratio, accounted for a significant proportion of the variation in quantitative CAD risk factors.
Reproductive success and mate choice in Long–Evans rats

Abstract In the present study, mating behavior was observed in female rats that were given the opportunity to mate with two male rats simultaneously. Eleven sexually naive, naturally cycling rats were assigned to one pair of sexually experienced cohabitating male rats. Each female rat was mated during proestrous with her assigned pair of males. Eight females successfully became pregnant and gave birth to healthy pups (~ 9 pups/litter). After the offspring were weaned, paternity of each pup was determined using microsatellite DNA markers. Based on this analysis, it was determined that one male in each pair sired the majority of the pups in the litter. No male sexual behaviors or characteristics distinguished male rats that sired the majority of pups from those that sired few or none of the pups. Furthermore, neither female mate preference nor measures of paced mating behavior differed between male rats that had a reproductive advantage from those that did not. Finally, ejaculation order also failed to predict reproductive success of the male rats. Together, these results suggest that reproductive success of some male rats may not depend on specific mating behaviors, but rather their success may depend on physiological or genetic traits that make them unique.
METALLOPETROPORPHYRINS AS PROCESS INDICATORS: MASS SPECTRAL IDENTIFICATION OF Ni(ETIO) AND Ni(DPEP) HOMOLOGOUS SERIES IN GREEN RIVER SHALE OIL

ABSTRACT Mass spectrometry (MS) of the porphyrin fraction of a demetallated shale oil from the LLNL Hot-Recycled-Solids retorting process exhibited homologous series of C25 to C33 (C28 maximum) for etio and C26 to C36 (C30 maximum) for DPEP (isocyclic) porphyrins, respectively. The sum of intensities after baseline correction yielded a ΣDPEP/Σetio ratio of 1/1. The petroporphyrin fraction was prepared by demetallation of the whole shale oil using methane sulfonic acid followed by isolation which involved extraction and purification by alumina chromatography. MS examination of silica purified fractions showed another type of homologous series, tentatively assigned as tetrahydrobenzo-DPEP por-phyrin. MS examination of porphyrin fractions isolated by alumina or alumina/silica chromatography without demetallation indicated Ni(etio) and Ni(DPEP) (isocyclic) porphyrins were observed with the same homologous series as seen in the demetallated fraction.
Annual summary of vital statistics: 2005.

The general fertility rate in 2005 was 66.7 births per 1000 women aged 15 to 44 years, the highest level since 1993. The birth rate for teen mothers (aged 15 to 19 years) declined by 2% between 2004 and 2005, falling to 40.4 births per 1000 women, the lowest ever recorded in the 65 years for which there are consistent data. The birth rates for women ≥30 years of age rose in 2005 to levels not seen in almost 40 years. Childbearing by unmarried women also increased to historic record levels for the United States in 2005. The cesarean-delivery rate rose by 4% in 2005 to 30.2% of all births, another record high. The preterm birth rate continued to rise (to 12.7% in 2005), as did the rate for low birth weight births (8.2%). The infant mortality rate was 6.79 infant deaths per 1000 live births in 2004, not statistically different from the rate in 2003. Pronounced differences in infant mortality rates by race and Hispanic origin continue, with non-Hispanic black newborns more than twice as likely as non-Hispanic white and Hispanic infants to die within 1 year of birth. The expectation of life at birth reached a record high in 2004 of 77.8 years for all gender and race groups combined. Death rates in the United States continued to decline, with death rates decreasing for 9 of the 15 leading causes. The crude death rate for children aged 1 to 19 years did not decrease significantly between 2003 and 2004. Of the 10 leading causes of death for 2004 in this age group, only the rates for influenza and pneumonia showed a significant decrease. The death rates increased for intentional self-harm (suicide), whereas rates for other causes did not change significantly for children. A large proportion of childhood deaths continue to occur as a result of preventable injuries.
"Attached at the Umbilicus": Barriers to Educational Success for Hispanic/Latino and American Indian Nursing Students

Hispanic/Latino and American Indian students receiving services from a 3-year Nursing Workforce Diversity Grant called ALCANCE responded every semester to a semistructured interview protocol about their program experiences. Eighteen Anglo student volunteers also participated in one such interview. Comparison of the transcribed interview sets using methods outlined by (Miles, M. Huberman, A. (1994). Qualitative data analysis (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.) revealed differences in perceptions of (1) potential occupations other than nursing, (2) barriers to educational success, (3) welcome and peer relationships, (4) service to family and community after graduation, and (5) fear of academic failure. ALCANCE students were less likely than the Anglo students to (1) come from well-educated families, (2) view their future in terms of a profession, (3) rely on friends in preference to their family, and (4) complain about curricular issues. They were more likely to recognize issues of power and privilege, and they also worried more about academic failure and their family and community obligations than Anglo students did. A "caring curriculum" could be used as a framework for establishing communities with an ever-developing understanding of culture among faculty and students. Faculty development in cultural issues is the foundation for such a caring curriculum because if faculty do not understand such differences, the curriculum cannot change.
Linda Trinh Võ, Mobilizing an Asian American Community (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004).

Why have Asian Americans been largely unsuccessful at political mobilization within their communities? Linda Trinh Vo studies grassroots activism within organizations in San Diego “to contest misco...
Mathematical Theory of Autodriver for Autonomous Vehicles

Introducing an independent four-wheel-steering (4WS) system, we are able to design an autodriver to keep an autonomous vehicle on a given road. The kinematic condition of steering can be used to set the steer angles such that the kinematic center of rotation be at any desired point. The road and tire characteristics, along with the dynamics of a moving vehicle cause the vehicle to turn about an actual point that is not necessarily at the road curvature center. The position of the dynamic turning center can be controlled by adjusting the steer angles such that it coincides with the road curvature center. Such a vehicle will move on the desired road autonomously.
Food from fungi

If and when economic conditions and technological advances become favorable, fungi may some day be significant in furnishing human food through their protein-synthesizing capacity. The yeast, Torulopsis, has already been utilized on a commercial scale in this direction in Germany, Jamaica, South Africa, India, California and Wisconsin.
Mortality for Sets of 2 × 2 Matrices

Do undergraduate mathematics majors know much about what has been discovered in mathematics during this century? One such concept, blossoming in the 1930s, is the theory of solvability. A problem is said to be solvable if there exists a decision procedure, or algorithm (i.e., a defined procedure for solving a problem using a finite number of steps), that will yield a solution to the problem. The purpose of this paper is to give some examples of open solvability problems and to demonstrate the solution to another. This material is accessible to a first-semester linear algebra student. To more easily understand some of the concepts to follow, consider the following set of 2 X 2 matrices:
Compact Recognizers of Episode Sequences

Given two strings X=a1?an and P=b1?bm over an alphabet ?, the problem of testing whether P occurs as a subsequence of X is trivially solved in linear time. It is also known that a simple O(n log |?|) time preprocessing of X makes it easy to decide subsequently, for any P and in at most |P| log |?| character comparisons, whether P is a subsequence of X. These problems become more complicated if one asks instead whether P occurs as a subsequence of some substring Y of X of bounded length. This paper presents an automaton built on the textstring X and capable of identifying all distinct minimal substrings Y of X having P as a subsequence. By a substring Y being minimal with respect to P, it is meant that P is not a subsequence of any proper substring of Y. For every minimal substring Y, the automaton recognizes the occurrence of P having the lexicographically smallest sequence of symbol positions in Y. It is not difficult to realize such an automaton in time and space O(n2) for a text of n characters. One result of this paper consists of bringing those bounds down to linear or O(n log n), respectively, depending on whether the alphabet is bounded or of arbitrary size, thereby matching the corresponding complexities of automata constructions for offline exact string searching. Having built the automaton, the search for all lexicographically earliest occurrences of P in X is carried out in time O(?i=1mrocci·i) or O(n+?i=1mrocci·i· log n), depending on whether the alphabet is fixed or arbitrary, where rocci is the number of distinct minimal substrings of X having b1?bi as a subsequence (note that each such substring may occur many times in X but is counted only once in the bound). All log factors appearing in the above bounds can be further reduced to log log by resorting to known integer-handling data structures.
Extrinsic Cotton effect and helix-coil transition in a DNA-polycation complex.

A strong, positive, extrinsic CD band ([θ]242.5 = ∼2 × 10−3 deg cm2/dmole) has been observed for a α-bromo-poly[methylene-1,4-phenylenecarbonyloxyethylene(dimethylamino) bromide] (I). The extrinsic Cotton effect is attributed to the ordered arrangement of the aromatic chromophores along the DNA helix. The extrinsic band had a linear dependence on the amount of polycation I added from r ≤ 0.3 to r = ∼0.5, but decreased thereafter. Addition of the polycation decreased the positive CD band of DNA at 275 nm. The transformation of B C form in the presence of salts or other polycations caused similar changes. The decrease in [θ]275 was reversed at higher concentrations of the polycation (r > 0.4). Thermal denaturation studies indicated both stabilization of the helix conformation (Δtm = 21°C) and a high degree of cooperativity in the melting of DNA-polycation complex as compared to native calf thymus DNA. Using the linear relationship between r (polycation residue/DNA phosphate) and F (fraction of bound base pairs), a value of 0.6 was derived for β (number of monomer residues of polycation/nucleotide). Both electrostatic and hydrophobic effects probably influence the stability of the DNA-polycation complex, since the strength of the 242.5 nm CD band is a function of both salt and urea concentrations.
Electronic and vibrational properties of ultrathin SiO2 films grown on Mo(112)

Ultrathin $\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ films on Mo(112) were synthesized using different preparation procedures and characterized with ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), metastable impact electron spectroscopy (MIES), and polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRAS). By correlating the vibrational and electronic data, an assignment of the prominent spectral features are made. The physical properties of $\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ films near one monolayer are influenced by the Mo substrate due to the $\mathrm{Si}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{O}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Mo}$ linkages, whereas films greater than two monolayers show properties comparable to bulklike silica samples. The electronic and vibrational properties of the $\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ thin films are strongly coverage dependent. The data show that highly ordered $\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ films can be grown up to one monolayer, whereas films with a thickness of greater than one monolayer are amorphous.
Microcomputer Applications in Early Childhood Special Education: Problems and Possibilities

The range of microcomputer based applications in early childhood special education is briefly characterized in terms of systems management, instructional management, and direct instruction applications. Six current issues relevant to microcomputer applications are then discussed: (1) the need for integrated applications, (2) instructional quality, (3) unreasonable expectations of users, (4) developmental appropriateness of some applications, (5) market limitations, and (6) computer literacy. A set of recommendations is presented at the conclusion of the paper.
A Formula for Thick Target Bremsstrahlung

Corrections to the Bethe-Heitler formula for thin target bremsstrahlung are calculated for the degradation of the electrons in a thick target by ionization and radiative losses. The calculations apply only to the cross section integrated over all angles, and the accuracy of the formulae is discussed.
Phase behavior of cerebroside and its fractions with phosphatidylcholines: calorimetric studies.

Bovine brain cerebroside and its kerasin (β-d-galactosyl-N-acyl-d-sphingosine) and phrenosin (β-d-galactosyl-N- (2-d-hydroxyacyl)-d-sphingosine) fractions were mixed with diacylphosphatidycholines (PCs) to form fully hydrated lamellar phases. These mixtures were examined by differential scanning calorimetry, and phase diagrams for cerebroside / diacylPC mixtures were constructed from the data. Cerebroside was found to be miscible with egg PC at low mole fractions X of cerebroside; the mixture behaves non-ideally for X > 0.25. The non-ideal behavior appears to be a superposition of separate interactions of kerasin and phrenosin with egg PC. Strikingly, phrenosin mixes nearly ideally with egg PC. Kerasin mixed with egg PC yields a peritectic phase diagram. Cerebroside and phrenosin were found to be immiscible with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC in the gel state in low proportions. Both stable and metastable gel phases of kerasin were detected in different endotherms of kerasin / PC mixtures. Kerasin in the stable and metastable gel states exhibits discontinuous and continuous ranges of miscibility, respectively, with DMPC. The stable gel phase of kerasin does not segregate in natural cerebroside. Natural kerasin was found to act isomorphic to semi-synthetic (natural configuration) d-kerasins but not completely to synthetic dl-kerasins of single acyl chain lengths.
STRATEGIES AND LESSONS OF CHINA'S POST-MAO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

This article examines major strategies and lessons of China's post-Mao economic development. The article first reviews the process and achievement of China's economic development. It then analyzes major strategies emphasized in the development years, including: the contract responsibility system, the dual price system, the special economic zones, and administrative reform. The article further discusses important lessons that are associated with the Chinese development experience, which consist of a reform-oriented development; an incremental and practical approach; a two-way development; a government-guided development; an uneven development strategy; a kindred development model; and a peace and stable environment. The implications of the Chinese development experience are also discussed.
Applications of operant techniques to speech therapy with non-verbal children

Abstract A growing body of literature deals with the application of operant conditioning techniques to speech therapy. One such area is the development of verbal behaviors in children who do not speak. Two summary case reports are presented. Techniques for the adaptation of certain operant principles to such linguistic therapies are described and discussed.
Comparison of Amplitude Integrated EEG in Birth Asphyxiated Term Neonates between 3 and 6 Hours after Birth 1902

To assess the prognostic value of amplitude integrated EEG (aEEG) at 3 and 6 hours after birth, 37 term asphyxiated infants were studied, using the Cerebral Function Monitor (CFM Lectromed). We compared the different aEEG patterns, by means of pattern recognition (flat tracing mainly iso-electric(FT, burst-suppression (BS), continuous low voltage(CLV), continuous normal voltage (CNV) with later outcome. Table
Site-occupation tendencies for ternary additions (Fe, Co, Ni) in beta -phase transition-metal aluminides.

We have investigated, using extended x-ray-absorption fine-structure spectroscopy and x-ray-absorption near-edge spectroscopy, the local environment of Co dopants in \ensuremath{\beta}-phase transition-metal aluminides. In contrast to our previous findings that Fe atoms in ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ni}}_{50}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{50\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$ and ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Co}}_{50}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{50\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$ occupy the Al sublattice exclusively, we now find that in ${\mathrm{Co}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ni}}_{50}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{50\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$, Co atoms predominantly occupy the transition-metal sublattice. Further, in this transition-metal-rich system the available sites on the Al sublattice are occupied by both Co and Ni, with greater preference for such occupation by Co relative to Ni. These findings are discussed using a simple model based on heats of formation of the binary transition-metal aluminides, as well as by referring to studies by others that relate the effect of microalloying, using various dopants, to alloy-ductility enhancement.
Natural Course of 'Subclinical' Hypothyroidism in Childhood and Adolescence

Objectives: To describe the natural course of "subclinical" hypothyroidism due to autoimmune thyroiditis in children and adolescents, and to determine whether, like euthyroid childhood autoimmune thyroiditis, it would also run a more benign course in this age group than in adults. Design: Case series. Setting: Pediatric endocrine clinic in a tertiary medical center. Patients: Eighteen patients (age range, 5 to 19 years) with juvenile autoimmune thyroiditis and an initially elevated serum thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone) concentration were followed up from documentation of the elevated serum thyrotropin concentration for a mean of 5.8 years. Eleven patients never received treatment, and seven were followed up after discontinuation of therapy. Main Outcome Measures: Changes in the serum thyrotropin and thyroxine concentrations and thyroid gland size, as well as signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism, were monitored throughout the observation period. Results: The mean duration of observation during which the patients did not receive any therapy was 47.3 months. At the end of the observation period, seven patients were euthyroid, 10 continued to have an elevated serum thyrotropin concentration with a normal serum thyroxine concentration, and one became hypothyroid. Conclusions: "Subclinical" juvenile hypothyroidism may be a benign and remitting process in many older children and adolescents. In view of the undefined risks of levothyroxine sodium therapy, it may be possible to follow up expectantly selected younger patients with a minimally elevated serum thyrotropin concentration, rather than to treat them empirically. (Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996;150:293-297)
Influence of vestibular activation on respiration in humans

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the semicircular canals and otolith organs on respiration in humans. On the basis of animal studies, we hypothesized that vestibular activation would elicit a vestibulorespiratory reflex. To test this hypothesis, respiratory measures, arterial blood pressure, and heart rate were measured during engagement of semicircular canals and/or otolith organs. Dynamic upright pitch and roll (15 cycles/min), which activate the otolith organs and semicircular canals, increased respiratory rate (Delta2 +/- 1 and Delta3 +/- 1 breaths/min, respectively; P < 0.05). Dynamic yaw and lateral pitch (15 cycles/min), which activate the semicircular canals, increased respiration similarly (Delta3 +/- 1 and Delta2 +/- 1, respectively; P < 0.05). Dynamic chair rotation (15 cycles/min), which mimics dynamic yaw but eliminates neck muscle afferent, increased respiration (Delta3 +/- 1; P < 0.05) comparable to dynamic yaw (15 cycles/min). Increases in respiratory rate were graded as greater responses occurred during upright (Delta5 +/- 2 breaths/min) and lateral pitch (Delta4 +/- 1) and roll (Delta5 +/- 1) performed at 30 cycles/min. Increases in breathing frequency resulted in increases in minute ventilation during most interventions. Static head-down rotation, which activates otolith organs, did not alter respiratory rate (Delta1 +/- 1 breaths/min). Collectively, these data indicate that semicircular canals, but not otolith organs or neck muscle afferents, mediate increased ventilation in humans and support the concept that vestibular activation alters respiration in humans.
Pyramidal cell size reduction in schizophrenia: evidence for involvement of auditory feedforward circuits

Abstract Background Subjects with schizophrenia have decreased gray matter volume of auditory cortex in structural imaging studies and exhibit deficits in auditory sensory processing that might reflect impairments of feedforward and/or feedback circuits within the auditory cortex. Recently, we reported that one component of these circuits, pyramidal cells in deep layer 3 of the auditory association cortex (area 42), has reduced mean somal volume in subjects with schizophrenia. To discriminate between involvement of feedforward and feedback circuit components, we examined pyramidal cell somal volume in layer 3 of primary auditory cortex (feedforward) and layer 5 of auditory association cortex (feedback). Methods We estimated somal volumes of pyramidal neurons in deep layer 3 of area 41 and layer 5 of area 42 in subjects with schizophrenia (area 41, n = 16; area 42, n = 18), each of whom was matched to one normal comparison subject for gender, age, and postmortem interval. Results In deep layer 3 of area 41, mean pyramidal cell somal volume was significantly reduced, by 10.4%. No significant reduction was present in layer 5 of area 42. Conclusions Pyramidal cell somal volume is reduced in layer 3 of area 41 and area 42, but not in layer 5 of area 42, of subjects with schizophrenia. This pattern of abnormalities is consistent with impairments of auditory feedforward projection neurons.
Feedback fault tolerance of real-time embedded systems: issues and possible solutions

Fault tolerance is an important aspect in real-time computing.In real-time systems, tasks could be faulty due to various causes. Faulty tasks may compromise the safety and performance of the whole system and even cause disastrous consequences. In this paper, we study the possibilities of applying feedback control of software execution to real-time systems for fault tolerance purposes. A new fault tolerance architecture called ORTGA (On-demand Real-Time GuArd) is proposed. We argue the advantages and benefits of using ORTGA for fault tolerance in real-time systems. We also list research problems faced by ORTGA and point out directions for possible solutions. Throughout the paper, we use an example of real-time inverted pendulum control to illustrate ideas, problems and and possible solutions.
Fano-resonant asymmetric metamaterials for ultrasensitive spectroscopy and identification of molecular monolayers

Engineered optical metamaterials present a unique platform for biosensing applications owing to their ability to confine light to nanoscale regions and to their spectral selectivity. Infrared plasmonic metamaterials are especially attractive because their resonant response can be accurately tuned to that of the vibrational modes of the target biomolecules. Here we introduce an infrared plasmonic surface based on a Fano-resonant asymmetric metamaterial exhibiting sharp resonances caused by the interference between subradiant and superradiant plasmonic resonances. Owing to the metamaterial's asymmetry, the frequency of the subradiant resonance can be precisely determined and matched to the molecule's vibrational fingerprints. A multipixel array of Fano-resonant asymmetric metamaterials is used as a platform for multispectral biosensing of nanometre-scale monolayers of recognition proteins and their surface orientation, as well as for detecting chemical binding of target antibodies to recognition proteins.
Real options reasoning and a new look at the R&D investment strategies of pharmaceutical firms

Real options reasoning (ROR) is a conceptual approach to strategic investment that takes into account the value of preserving the right to make future choices under uncertain conditions. In this study, we explore firms' motivations to invest in a new option. We find, based on an analysis of a large sample of patents by firms active in the pharmaceutical industry, that their investments in R&D are consistent with the logic of ROR. We identify three constructs—scope of opportunity, prior experience, and competitive effects—which have an influence on firms' propensity to invest in new R&D options and which could usefully be incorporated in a strategic theory of investment. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi-institutional analysis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma demonstrating the effect of diabetes status on survival after resection.

hpb_432 228..235 Background: The effect of diabetes on survival after resection pancreatic ductal carcinoma (PDAC) is unclear. The present study was undertaken to determine whether pre-operative diabetes has any predictive value for survival. Methods: A retrospective review from seven centres was performed. Metabolic factors, tumour char- acteristics and outcomes of patients undergoing resection for PDAC were collected. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed to determine factors associated with disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: Of the 509 patients in the present study, 31.2% had diabetes. Scoring systems were devised to predict OS and DFS based on a training set (n = 245) and were subsequently tested on an independent set (n = 264). Pre-operative diabetes (P 2c m (P = 0.001), metastatic nodal ratio >0.1 (P < 0.001) and R1 margin (P < 0.001) all correlated with DFS and OS on univariate analysis. Scoring systems were devised based on multivariable analysis of the above factors. Diabetes and the metastatic nodal ratio were the most important factors in each system, earning two points for OS and four points for DFS. These scoring systems significantly correlated with both DFS (P < 0.001) and OS (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Pre-operative diabetes status provides useful information that can help to stratify patients in terms of predicted post-operative OS and DFS.