cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supporting internal visualization of biomedical datasets via 3D rapid prototypes and sketch-based gestures

In this work, we explore the potential of combining virtual reality (VR) visualizations of data with physical models generated via rapid 3D prototyping to provide a new style of exploratory data visualization. Holding a physical rapid prototype model in one's hand can provide an immediate and more accurate understanding of a complex 3D form than can be provided via a computer display, even a head-tracked VR display. However, physical printouts are static and only show the bounding surface (the outside) of a 3D geometry. When working with many of today's scientific datasets, for example, analyzing results of high-performance simulations of cardiovascular fluid dynamics [Simon et al. 2010], scientists need to understand both a complex bounding surface for the data and multivariate volumetric data contained within it. We present the initial design of a new interface for exploring this type of data. Our goal is to combine the intuitive shape understanding made possible by physical 3D rapid prototypes with complementary VR visualizations of the data inside the printed geometry.
Reminder-induced recovery of associations to an overshadowed stimulus

Abstract The possibility of reversing the deficit produced by overshadowing through the use of memory reactivation was investigated. Using lick suppression as a measure of associative strength, water-deprived rats were conditioned in a Pavlovian paradigm which produced reliable overshadowing of a flashing light by a tone. It was found, however, that exposure to the overshadowed stimulus outside of the conditioning context during the retention interval (reminder treatment) caused an increase in lick suppression during testing in animals that had undergone overshadowing, relative to nonreminded overshadowed animals. Subjects that received the reminder treatment but were conditioned without overshadowing showed no increase in lick suppression. Additional control groups ensured that the increase in suppression observed in the overshadowed subjects following reminder treatment was not due to nonspecific fear. The results suggest that the performance deficit produced by overshadowing is due at least in part to a reversible failure to efficiently retrieve associations to the overshadowed stimulus at the time of testing, rather than a failure to form those associations during conditioning.
Abstract 1040: Most putative BH3 mimetics preferentially antagonize the anti-apoptotic protein MCL-1 rather than BCL-2

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC The anti-apoptotic proteins of the BCL-2 family (BCL-2, BCL-X and MCL-1) have been variously implicated in the resistance of tumors to anti-cancer therapies. Numerous small molecules have been developed to mimic the binding of BH3-only proteins to the BH3 pocket of anti-apoptotic proteins. These “BH3 mimetics” thereby disrupt the ability of anti-apoptotic proteins to bind and inhibit pro-apoptotic proteins. ABT-737 is a BH3 mimetic that inhibits BCL-2 and BCL-X but not MCL-1 and kills cells in a BAX/BAK-dependent manner. The ability of other BH3 mimetics to inhibit anti-apoptotic proteins has been questioned because they kill cells in a BAX/BAK-independent manner. It has thus been assumed that the actions of these BH3 mimetics must be mediated by off-target effects. In the NB4 leukemia cell line, we show for the first time that most BH3 mimetics preferentially inhibit MCL-1. Six putative BH3 mimetics investigated (GX015-070, gossypol, apogossypol, methoxy-antimycin A, HA14-1 and S1) led to an increase in both NOXA and MCL-1. NOXA binds to MCL-1 and targets the NOXA/MCL-1 complex for degradation. Hence, their accumulation is consistent with these BH3 mimetics disrupting the formation of the complex and preventing its degradation. The rapid increase in NOXA observed within 6 h is associated with the induction of apoptosis within 24 h. Considering a recent report that NOXA can induce cell death through a calcium-dependent pathway, our findings suggest that the BAX/BAK-independent cell death induced by BH3 mimetics may in fact be the result of their on-target mechanism of action. ABT-737 did not increase the levels of NOXA or MCL1, which is consistent with its inability to inhibit the binding of MCL-1 to NOXA. Furthermore, ABT-737 was the only BH3 mimetic that disrupted the binding of BCL-2 to BAD, suggesting that the other BH3 mimetics did not inhibit BCL-2. Lastly, gossypol, S1, and HA14-1 at a concentration that increased NOXA but not apoptosis, sensitized NB4 cells to ABT-737, inducing apoptosis within 6 h. We thus conclude that most BH3 mimetics inhibit MCL-1 but not BCL-2 or BCL-X, while combinations can be used to inhibit all these anti-apoptotic proteins and rapidly induce apoptosis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1040.
Specificity and inhibition of attraction of male Rhyacionia frustrana and R. rigidana to their female sex pheromone.

Rhyacionia spp. moths (Lepidoptera : Olethreutidae) are common pests of young pines in the Southeastern United States. Although the Nantucket pine tip moth, R. frustrana (Comstock) is usually the most prevalent species, it is often associated with the pitch pine tip moth, R. rigidana (Fernald)1,2. No previous studies have provided information on mechanisms which isolate these two species.
Bison-Net, A High Speed Block Multiplexer Channel for Interconnecting Computers via CAMAC

A high speed network communications station has been developed to serve to interconnect a variety of computers in a multiplexed star network. Each station consists of one control module and two memory modules embodied as CAMAC modules. Transmission is over coaxial lines with typical distances between stations of from 1 to 2 miles. The transmission rate is 4MHz.
Do high rates of OSCAR deficiencies prompt improved nursing facility processes and outcomes

Recently, some researchers have argued that high state rates of Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Online Survey, Certification and Reporting (OSCAR) nursing facility deficiencies indicate stringent enforcement, leaving the impression of better-quality care soon to follow; others maintain that the rank ordering of states' quality of nursing facility care remains fairly constant, resting on deep-seated state characteristics that change slowly, so that short-term improvement in poor-quality care is unlikely. The authors examine change in the process and outcome quality of states' Medicare nursing facility long-term care programs across 1999 to 2005, using linear and two-stage least squares regression. They find that (1) nationally, process quality generally falls across this period while outcome quality generally increases; (2) neither a prominent enforcement stringency index nor state culture, a relatively stable state characteristic, exerts much influence on state process and outcome quality...
Electromyography of craniofacial musculature during oral respiration in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)

Abstract Sixteen muscles of the craniofacial region were studied with intramuscular bipolar electrodes during spontaneous activity from 8 normal and 8 mouth-breathing rhesus monkeys. Respiratory rhythmicity of the craniofacial muscles was determined by comparing their electromyographic activity (EMG) with that recorded simultaneously from intramuscular electrodes placed in the diaphragm or intercostal muscles of the 1st to 3rd interspace. Only one muscle group, in the floor of the nares, was rhythmically active in the normal control monkey. In the mouth-breathing monkeys, the upper lip muscles were one of the few facial muscles active during respiration discharging at the onset of inspiratory EMG activity of the diaphragm or intercostal muscles. The tongue muscles and those of the suprahyoid region were active 300–800 ms before the onset of activity in the diaphragm or intercostal muscles. The jaw elevators including the temporalis, masseter and medial pterygoid, were slightly preceded by rhythmic activity in some lateral pterygoid recordings but all began their respiratory burst within 600–1000 ms after the onset of inspiratory intercostal activity. The jaw elevators exhibited their maximum amplitude 200–500 ms after the maximum discharge of the respiratory muscles, suggesting that their greatest activity occurred at the start of expiration. Spectral analysis of the EMG from the spontaneously active anterior temporal muscle between the control and experimental monkeys indicated a significant shift in the lower frequency components, possibly suggesting a change in muscle fibre or motor unit properties in the mouthbreathing animals.
Electronic Integrator for Measurement of Partitions of the Lung Volume

An electronic integrator, for use with an airflow meter, was designed to overcome the disadvantages of respirometers when used for research in speech breathing physiology, such as the inherent iner...
Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy: Are there preferred drugs?

The presence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) confers markedly increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with hypertension. Regression of left ventricular (LV) mass with antihypertensive therapy is associated with reduction in cardiovascular events. In studies based on monotherapy, among the classes of antihypertensive drugs that have been adequately tested, diuretics and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors appear to be the most effective agents for reducing LV mass. New avenues of research, based on combination antihypertensive therapy and on a more sophisticated understanding of the molecular mechanisms of LVH, may yield new pharmacologic approaches to regressing LV mass.
Organometallic Hexahapto Functionalization of Single Layer Graphene as a Route to High Mobility Graphene Devices

Organometallic hexahapto chromium metal complexation of single layer graphene, which involves constructive rehybridization of the graphene pi-system with the vacant chromium d orbital, leads to field effect devices which retain a high degree of the mobility with enhanced on-off ratio. This hexahapto mode of bonding between metal and graphene is quite distinct from the modification in electronic structure induced by conventional covalent sigma-bond formation with creation of sp3 carbon centers in graphene lattice and this chemistry is reversible.
The S ileal pouch-anal anastomosis.

In order to determine the results with the S ileal pouch-anal anastomosis, 116 consecutive patients who had undergone total abdominal colectomy with rectal mucosectomy and endorectal ileal pouch-anal anastomosis were assessed following ileostomy closure. In 11 patients (9.5%) pouch removal and/or conversion to permanent ileostomy was necessary because of Crohn's disease (3), pelvic sepsis (3), pouchitis (2), incontinence (2), or perineal fistula (1). Although no postoperative mortality was experienced, one or more complications was experienced in 87 patients. These consisted mainly of small bowel obstruction in 35%, pouchitis in 22%, anastomotic stricture in 14%, pelvic sepsis in 9.5%, and perianal abscess or fistula in 5%. Laparotomy was required in 29% of patients mostly for resolution of small bowel obstruction. Follow-up in the remaining 105 patients ranged from 5 to 67 months with a mean of 28 months following ileostomy closure. Stool frequency was 6.6 bowel movements per day and 1.4 bowel movements per night. Eighty-nine percent evacuated their pouches spontaneously, and 61% did not require the use of medication for bowel movement regulation. Major daytime incontinence occurred in 4%, while 15% reported nocturnal incontinence. Minor incontinence was experienced by 30% and 48% during daytime and nighttime, respectively. Despite a myriad of complications, 96% of patients unhesitatingly stated that they would undergo the procedure again so that they could avoid a permanent stoma. We conclude that restorative proctocolectomy utilizing the ileal S pouch-anal anastomosis is an acceptable procedure that should be considered as a viable choice in the treatment of chronic ulcerative colitis and familial polyposis requiring surgical intervention.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Quality Assurance Program

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and its predecessor organizations historically have devoted considerable time and effort to the standardization of test procedures, the development and use of calibration and performance audit procedures, quality control and reference samples, training, and other quality assurance (QA) activities. However, these QA activities were essentially voluntary, and most of the data generated were reported with no indication of quality, thereby severely reducing their usefulness. Due to questions concerning the quality of EPA's data, Agency policy stipulated on 30 May and 29 June 1979 requires participation in a centrally managed QA program by all organizational units engaged in environmentally related measurements. This policy applies equally to those extramural efforts performed on behalf of EPA. The primary responsibility for program development and direction is assigned to the Office of Research and Development, while other program offices, regions, and laboratories are responsible for its implementation. Essential elements of the program include developing and implementing QA program plans, QA project plans, and standard operating procedures; conducting audits of the capability and performance of measurement systems, and data quality; maintaining a mechanism for corrective actions; QA training; and frequency reports to management on the quality of data, program effectiveness, andmore » problems. The goal of the QA program is to ensure that all data generated are of known, documented, and acceptable quality. 2 references.« less
Security and Software Quality: An Interview with Frank Perry

The ramifications of failing to completely and correctly address security can devastate an organization, not only in compromised data and financial cost but also in the time and energy spent to recover. One of us, Jane Hayes, sat down with an expert in the field, Frank Perry, to discuss the state of the art and future directions of system security and particularly how it interacts with software quality. Perry is chief engineer of the System and Network Solutions Group at SAIC. The group of almost 10,000 people focuses on network technologies and applications, primarily in the US federal market.
Friends of Nature: Urban Sociability and Regional Natural History in Dresden, 1800-1850

Over the course of the nineteenth century, civic natural historical societies appeared in large numbers across the German states. This article examines the local conditions that led to the emergence of one of these groups, the Isis Society in Dresden. Devoted primarily to researching the immediately surrounding "nature of the fatherland," societies such as the Isis incorporated new groups of middle-class men into the organized pursuit of natural history. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, interest in natural history had increased along with recreational use of the surrounding countryside by the urban middle classes. As a collective pursuit, regional natural history gained much of its epistemological rationale from this broader urban culture, which valued collecting and country excursions as marks of cultivation. By the late 1840s, leading naturalists' ties to liberal political dissent added an additional layer of meaning to civic knowledge of the fatherland.
Site Selective Spectroscopy on Erbium Ions in Stoichiometric Lithium Tantalate

Ferroelectric materials such as lithium niobate (LiNbO3) and the isostructural lithium tantalate (LiTaO3) play an important role in integrated optics since they allow the possibility to combine their favourable electro-optical, acousto-optical, and nonlinear properties with the ability to add additional functional groups by doping. Examples are rare earth ions that act as active centres for laser and optical amplifier applications. We present our sites-selective spectroscopic studies on Er3+ doped nearly stoichiometric LiTaO3 that include results about the assignment of excitation and emission peaks to different sites, symmetry properties of these sites, energy transfer among major sites, and up-conversion efficiencies. We compare the results in LiTiO3 with the corresponding ones in the much better studied LiNbO3 host and find that the type of centres and their spectral feature are very similar.
Reduction of ferric citrate catalyzed by NADH:nitrate reductase

We show that NADH:nitrate reductase from squash cotyledons can catalyze the reduction of ferric citrate. When nitrate reductase was purified to homogeneity using a two-step affinity chromatography procedure, an NADH:Fe(III)-citrate reductase activity copurified with it and had identical electrophoretic mobility to it. The iron reductase activity was optimum near pH 6.3, had an apparent Km for Fe(III)-citrate of 0.02 mM, and was inhibited by monospecific anti-nitrate reductase rabbit sera. Differential inhibition of the enzyme's activities indicated iron and nitrate were reduced at different sites. In addition to its role in nitrogen assimilation, nitrate reductase catalyzes ferric citrate reduction and could have a role in iron assimilation.
Carbohydrate Modifications Transform Human Chorionic Gonadotropin into a Potent Stimulator of Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate and Growth Responses in FRTL-5 Thyroid Cells

To delineate the role of carbohydrate moiety in the expression of in vitro thyrotropic activity of hCG, its variants that lacked sialic acid residues or the entire carbohydrate moiety on one or both subunits were prepared. They along with intact hCG were then tested for their abilities to bind to TSH receptor and stimulate cAMP production and growth responses in FRTL- 5 cells. The removal of sialic acid from either one or both subunits sharply increased the [125I]bovine TSH binding-inhibiting activity of hCG in the receptor assay. Among the variants tested, desialylated hCG (as-hCG) was the most potent inhibitor, followed by α-as-β, as-α-β, and hCG in that order. With respect to their abilities to stimulate cAMP generation in the cells, the activities of all desialylated hCG variants were markedly higher than that of hCG itself, and as in the receptor assay, as-hCG was the most potent stimulator tested. At the same concentration (100 μg/ml), as-α-β, α-as-β, and hCG were approximately only 57%, 46%, and 27...
Effect of folic acid on in vitro uptake of labeled thymidine by leukemic cells.

SummaryThe uptake of tritiated thymidine by leukemic and normal spleens has been studied. The values obtained for the normal spleen were always higher than those for the leukemic spleen. When virus-induced leukemic spleens were cultured in high concentrations of folic acid their uptake equalled that of normal spleen. This was not true of a non-viral leukemia or of a lymphosarcoma. When normal splenic cultures were infected with the Friend leukemia virus, the number of labeled cells decreased; but when high concentrations of folic acid were added, the number increased.
Radiocarbon distributions in Southern Ocean dissolved and particulate organic matter

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC)is the largest actively exchanging pool of organic carbon in the ocean, yet its sources and sinks are not well constrained. The average 4C ages of DOC in the deep N. Atlantic and N. Pacific Oceans are 4,000 (Bauer et al., 1992; Druffel et al., 1992) and 6,000 years (Williams and Druffel, 1987), respectively, and represent the beginning and end of the deep ocean conveyor (Broecker, 1991 ). Here we report that the deep Southern Ocean DOC has a 14C age (5,600 y) much closer to that of the deep N. Pacific, but its concentration in seawater (41_+2 taM) is nearly equal to that of the deep N. Atlantic. The radiocarbon and concentration data indicate that most, but not all, deep DOC is transported conservatively with the ocean's conveyor. A younger (post-bomb) source of DOC to the N. Atlantic is the most likely explanation for the large age difference we observe between deep DOC in the Atlantic and Southern Oceans. Other possibilities are a source of older IX)C or a smaller microbial sink in the S. Ocean, or perhaps a possible slowdown of S. Ocean deep water formation during the past
Minority stress and substance use in sexual minority adolescents: a meta-analysis

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adolescents report disparate rates of substance use, and often consume more cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and ecstasy than their heterosexual peers. It is therefore crucial to understand the risk factors for substance use among LGB adolescents, particularly those unique to their minority status. In an effort to organize the current knowledge of minority-related risk factors for substance use among LGB youth, this study presents results from a systematic review and meta-analysis of the published research literature. Results from 12 unique studies of LGB youth indicated that the strongest risk factors for substance use were victimization, lack of supportive environments, psychological stress, internalizing/externalizing problem behavior, negative disclosure reactions, and housing status. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for targeted intervention programs that address minority stress risk factors for substance use among LGB youth.
Detection of interrupted bubble flow in the Technicon automated immunoprecipitin system.

A simple unit is described for detecting interrupted flow in an automated immunoprecipitin system. The principle involved is conductivity change resulting from interruption of bubble flow.
PCR versus hybridization for detecting virulence genes of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli.

We compared PCR amplification of 9 enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli virulence factors among 40 isolates (21 O/H antigenicity classes) with DNA hybridization. Both methods showed 100% of the chromosomal and phage genes: eae, stx, and stx2. PCR did not detect 4%–20% of hybridizable plasmid genes: hlyA, katP, espP, toxB, open reading frame (ORF) 1, and ORF2.
Performance-Contingent Pay for Federal Aianagers:

A new system of performance appraisal based on written standards and merit-based pay for supervisors and managers in the federal government is examined in five sites. The merit-based pay aspects of these systems are not perceived as equitable, nor are they perceived to contribute to agency effectiveness. The performance appraisal and performance standards aspects appear to be contributing positively to work planning and supervisor-subordinate communications. Developmental, forward-looking appraisals are seen to have the most positive impact on attitudes toward these systems, though appraisals have become less developmental under the new system. Results are discussed as they relate to the effectiveness of government operations.
Insulin and Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 Activate a Neurogenic Program in Müller Glia of the Chicken Retina

We have reported previously that neurotoxic damage to the chicken retina causes Muller glia to dedifferentiate, proliferate, express transcription factors common to retinal progenitors, and generate new neurons and glia, whereas the majority of newly produced cells remain undifferentiated (Fischer and Reh, 2001). Because damaged retinal cells have been shown to produce increased levels of insulin-related factors and FGFs, in the current study we tested whether intraocular injections of growth factors stimulate Muller glia to proliferate and produce new neurons. We injected growth factors and bromodeoxyuridine into the vitreous chamber of the eyes of chickens and assayed for changes in glial phenotype and proliferation within the retina. Although insulin or FGF2 alone had no effect, the combination of insulin and FGF2 caused Muller glia to coexpress transcription factors common to retinal progenitors (Pax6 and Chx10) and initiated a wave of proliferation in Muller cells that began at the retinal margin and spread into peripheral regions of the retina. Most of the newly formed cells remain undifferentiated, expressing Pax6 and Chx10, whereas some differentiate into Muller glia, and a few differentiate into neurons that express the neuronal markers Hu or calretinin. There was no evidence of retinal damage in eyes treated with insulin and FGF2. We conclude that the combination of insulin and FGF2 stimulated Muller glia to dedifferentiate, proliferate, and generate new neurons. These findings imply that exogenous growth factors might be used to stimulate endogenous glial cells to regenerate neurons in the CNS.
Theoretical foundation of the BCU method for direct stability analysis of network-reduction power system. Models with small transfer conductances

The controlling unstable equilibrium point (UEP) method is considered to be the most viable for direct stability analysis of practical power systems. The success of the controlling UEP method, however, hinges upon its ability to find the (correct) controlling UEP. Recently, a systematic method, called the boundary of stability region based controlling unstable equilibrium point method (BCU method), to find the controlling UEP was developed. The BCU method has been evaluated in a large-scale power system and it compared favorably with other methods in terms of its reliability and the required computational efforts. In this paper, a theoretical foundation of the BCU method for the network-reduction classical machine stability model is developed. Sufficient conditions for the BCU method to find the correct controlling UEP relative to a given fault are derived. >
5‐tert‐Butyl‐2‐hydroxy‐1,4‐benzoquinone

[4857-70-9] C10H12O3 (MW 180.20) InChI = 1S/C10H12O3/c1-10(2,3)6-4-8(12)9(13)5-7(6)11/h4-5,13H,1-3H3 InChIKey = IFYMQAQRSNSWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent used as a model compound of the cofactor TPD (topaquinone); a catalyst for aerobic oxidation reactions (benzylic primary amine to imine); an inhibitor of TPD-dependent oxidases) Alternate Names: TBHBQ, BHQ. Physical Data: mp 108–109 °C.1. Form Supplied in: solid, bright yellow needles when crystallized. Preparative Methods: this reagent has been prepared by oxidation of either mono- or bis-tert-butylresorcinol, by either a stoichiometric amount of Fremy's salt (K2(SO3)2NO)2 or by CuII-mediated autoxidation.3, 4 Purification: recrystallization from cyclohexane followed by rapid sublimation under reduced pressure.2 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: no special precautions reported.
Clinician Adherence to Guideline for Phototherapy Use in Newborns

Objectives: The objectives of this study were (1) to determine clinician adherence to the 2004 American Academy of Pediatrics guideline for phototherapy use in newborns; (2) to compare adherence to the guideline in 2 different hospitals; and (3) to determine whether adherence to the guideline improved after the phototherapy nomogram was available in newborn charts. Methods: This study was a retrospective review of medical records of 1160 newborns receiving care at the normal newborn nurseries at 2 Twin City, MN, hospitals. Four hundred thirty-six infants received phototherapy. Results: When phototherapy was administered, it was indicated in 37% of cases and not indicated in 8%. In 56% of cases it was considered subthreshold. When phototherapy was not administered, it was appropriate in 99% of cases but was inappropriate or missed in 1% of cases. There was a significant difference in clinician adherence to the phototherapy guidelines between the hospitals. The addition of the phototherapy nomogram to the newborn charts did not change adherence to the guideline. Conclusions: Clinicians infrequently missed providing phototherapy when it was indicated. Most infants received phototherapy when their bilirubin level was in the “optional” range. The interhospital variability of guideline adherence confirms results found in other studies. Because the addition of the phototherapy nomogram alone did not improve adherence to the guideline, alternative interventions targeted at nurseries should be considered.
Static verification of security requirements in role based CSCW systems

In this paper, we present static verification of security requirements for CSCW systems using finite-state techniques, i.e., model checking. The coordination and security constraints of CSCW systems are specified using a role based collaboration model. The verification ensures completeness and consistency of the specification given global requirements. We have developed several verification models to check security properties, such as task-flow constraints, information flow or confidentiality, and assignment of administrative privileges. The primary contribution of this paper is a methodology for verification of security requirements during designing collaboration systems.
Cooperative broadcast in dense networks with multiple sources

We consider the problem of broadcasting independent sources in a dense wireless network. We propose a fully decentralized scheme with minimal overhead that uses physical layer cooperative transmission with decode and forward relaying. We characterize the propagation of the source flows across the network and show that in the limit of an infinitely dense network, the relaying proceeds in levels. We verify our results numerically and explore the delay-reliability tradeoff and the performance in terms of the per node outage probability through simulations.
Ultrafast E to Z photoisomerization dynamics of the Cph1 phytochrome.

Femtosecond photodynamics of the reverse ( 15E Pfr→ 15Z Pr) reaction of the red/far-red phytochrome Cph1 from Synechocystis were resolved with visible broadband transient absorption spectroscopy. Multi-phasic dynamics were resolved and separated via global target analysis into a fast-decaying (260 fs) excited-state population that bifurcates to generate the isomerized Lumi-F primary photoproduct and a non-isomerizing vibrationally excited ground state that relaxes back into the 15E Pfr ground state on a 2.8-ps time scale. Relaxation on a 1-ms timescale results in the loss of red absorbing region, but not blue region, of Lumi-F, which indicates that formation of 15Z Pr occurs on slower timescales.
Nonlinear robust disturbance rejection controllers for rotating stall and surge in axial flow compressors

We develop globally stabilizing robust/disturbance rejection controllers for rotating stall and surge in axial flow compressors with uncertain system dynamics and exogenous disturbances. Specifically, using the nonlinear-nonquadratic disturbance rejection optimal control framework for systems with bounded energy (square-integrable) L/sub 2/ disturbances developed in Haddad et al. (1997) and the nonlinear-nonquadratic robust optimal control framework for systems with nonlinear structured parametric uncertainty developed in Haddad et al. (1997), a family of globally robustly stabilizing controllers for jet engine compression systems is developed. The proposed controllers are compared with locally stabilizing bifurcation-based controllers and recursive backstepping controllers.
WiMAX broadband wireless access technology: Services, architecture and deployment models

This paper presents an extended overview of the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and its applications in higher generation wireless networks as a cost effective solution to address both fixed broadband services and broadband wireless access (BWA). It looks at the technology behind WiMAX and networks design and deployment factors that impact WiMAX coverage. A cell site coverage simulation at different frequency bands using simulation tool for WiMAX planning and design is presented.
Tropomodulin1 is required for membrane skeleton organization and hexagonal geometry of fiber cells in the mouse lens.

Hexagonal packing geometry is a hallmark of close-packed epithelial cells in metazoans. Here, we used fiber cells of the vertebrate eye lens as a model system to determine how the membrane skeleton controls hexagonal packing of post-mitotic cells. The membrane skeleton consists of spectrin tetramers linked to actin filaments (F-actin), which are capped by tropomodulin1 (Tmod1) and stabilized by tropomyosin (TM). In mouse lenses lacking Tmod1, initial fiber cell morphogenesis is normal, but fiber cell hexagonal shapes and packing geometry are not maintained as fiber cells mature. Absence of Tmod1 leads to decreased γTM levels, loss of F-actin from membranes, and disrupted distribution of β2-spectrin along fiber cell membranes. Regular interlocking membrane protrusions on fiber cells are replaced by irregularly spaced and misshapen protrusions. We conclude that Tmod1 and γTM regulation of F-actin stability on fiber cell membranes is critical for the long-range connectivity of the spectrin–actin network, which functions to maintain regular fiber cell hexagonal morphology and packing geometry.
The Effects of Industry Instability on Sector Entry: The Case of Maine

This paper investigates the effects of industry instability on the entry decisions of a large sample of Maine establishments. Instability is represented by the persistence of industry employment in Maine, measured over 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month intervals. Poisson regression results suggest that the employment persistence measures have a positive effect on the number of establishments that began operations per industry. This suggests that, other things being equal, entrants are attracted to sectors with high regional employment stability.
Synthesis of Compact Lumped Models From Electromagnetic Analysis Results

Synthesis of compact lumped (RLC) models from the results of an electromagnetic (EM) analysis of planar circuits is described. The technique requires precise EM analysis S-parameter data at two or more frequencies. Data at up to five frequencies allows synthesis of more complicated models. For each port-to-port (i.e., ldquobranchrdquo) connection, 662 potential branch models are first synthesized and tested. Branch models that best match the EM results at all nonsynthesis frequencies are selected. For structures for which a compact lumped model is appropriate, this technique yields models that often provide direct physical insight into the electrical nature of the modeled structure. For electrically large structures, the technique is extended by the use of supplemental internal EM analysis ports. The technique is closed form; iteration is not used.
The inverted Napoleon's hat sign.

Spondylolisthesis is the anterior displacement of one vertebra with respect to another and frequently occurs at the lumbosacral junction. The inverted Napoleon’s hat sign is produced when a severely subluxed L5 vertebral body (the dome of the hat) projects end-on and overlaps the sacrum, with the superimposition of images appearing as an inverted Napoleon hat (Fig 2). In the absence of a spondylolysis pars interarticularis defect or spondylolisthesis, the presence of a marked hyperlordosis at the lumbosacral junction may also simulate the appearance of the inverted Napoleon hat. The anterior slip of the L5 vertebra on S1 and the resulting L5-S1 kyphosis are counterbalanced by hyperlordosis of the lumbar spine and increased verticalization of the sacrum resulting from a compensatory hamstring contracture and uprighting of the pelvis around the hip joints (2). These factors contribute to deformities seen in spondylolisthesis and are accompanied by the potential over time to develop a pressure erosion of the anterior aspect of S1 and the posterior portion of the L5 vertebral body. In the standing position, the center of gravity normally passes through the lumbosacral joint, causing the vertebral column to slide anteriorly on the intervertebral disk at this level. The lumbosacral junction resists anterior dislocation because of the stabilization provided by the anterior longitudinal ligament, the posterior bands of the iliolumbar ligaments, and the articular facet joints (3). The facet joint anatomy normally helps prevent slippage on the anteroinferiorly directed sacral promontory at the lumbosacral junction by means of the inferior articular facets of L5, which are anteriorly oriented and engage the posteriorly directed S1 articular facets (3). An approximately 140° angle normally exists between L5 and the sacral axis, along with a 40° angle of the S1 body from the horizontal, thereby contributing to the large amount of force imposed onto the superior articular processes of S1 (3). Notable disruption of any of these stabilizing forces may result in depiction of the inverted Napoleon’s hat sign.
Working memory for patterned sequences of auditory objects in a songbird

The capacity to remember sequences is critical to many behaviors, such as navigation and communication. Adult humans readily recall the serial order of auditory items, and this ability is commonly understood to support, in part, the speech processing for language comprehension. Theories of short-term serial recall posit either use of absolute (hierarchically structured) or relative (associatively structured) position information. To date, neither of these classes of theories has been tested in a comparative auditory model. European starlings, a species of songbird, use temporally structured acoustic signals to communicate, and thus have the potential to serve as a model system for auditory working memory. Here, we explore the strategies that starlings use to detect the serial order of ecologically valid acoustic communication signals and the limits on their capacities to do so. Using a two-alternative choice operant procedure, we demonstrate that starlings can attend to the serial ordering of at least four song elements (motifs) and can use this information to classify differently ordered sequences of motifs. Removing absolute position cues from sequences while leaving relative position cues intact, causes recognition to fail. We then show that starlings can, however, recognize motif-sequences using only relative position cues, but only under rigid circumstances. The data are consistent with a strong learning bias against relative position information, and suggest that recognition of structured vocal signals in this species is inherently hierarchical.
The Lagrange-Galerkin Spectral Element Method on Unstructured Quadrilateral Grids

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new method formed by fusing the Lagrange?Galerkin and spectral element methods. The Lagrange?Galerkin method traces the characteristic curves of the solution and, consequently, is very well suited for resolving the nonlinearities introduced by the advection operator of the fluid dynamics equations. Spectral element methods are essentially higher order finite element methods that exhibit spectral (exponential) convergence, provided that the solution is a smooth function. By combining these two methods, a numerical scheme can be constructed that resolves, with extremely high precision, the nonlinearities of the advection terms and the smooth regions of the flow generated by the diffusion terms. This paper describes the construction of the Lagrange?Galerkin spectral element method which permits the use of any grid type including unstructured grids. The only restriction at the moment is that the grid elements be quadrilaterals. The stability analysis of both methods demonstrates why these two methods are so powerful individually and how their fusion leads to an improved scheme. The Lagrange?Galerkin spectral element method is validated using the 1D and 2D advection and advection?diffusion equations. The results of the stability analysis and the numerical experiments demonstrate the utility of such an approach.
NONCOMPETITIVE PRICING AND EXCHANGE RATE PASS-THROUGH IN SELECTED U.S. AND THAI RICE MARKETS

A "pricing to market" mtemational trade model IS applied to U.S. and Thai rice exports to high and middle income countries that are continuous rice importers. These markets are characterized by strong quality preferences and highly inelastic demand, and thus exporters may exercise market power. Evidence of noncompetitive pricing either through price discrimination across destinations or through imperfect exchange rate pass-through is found in this small but growing segment of the international rice trade. Evidence regarding the degree of competition in the international rice trade is mixed, Mitchel and Duncan show that rice and coarse grain markets conform closely to an oligopolistic model, with the U.S. as the price leader, More recently, Karp and Perlot_f also provide evidence of an oligopoly market in international rice trade. In contrast, both Petzel and Monke, and Uri find a high degree of integration among international rice pnccs. Petzel and Monke report that prices in the dominant long grain trade move closely together after a short lag. In comparing rice prices across grddcs and markets, Uri concludes that there is a single world market for rice. To fwher investigate pricing behavior in the international rice trade, this paper uses the "pricing to market" model developed by Krugman, and Knetter. This model allows an examination of a new dimension of noncompetitive behavior-- the ability of export firms to exerctse market power in response to exchange rate changes, In a competitive market with constant marginal cost, exchange rate changes should be fully reflected in import prices. If exporters have rndrket power, they can adjust mark-ups in particular markets as exchange rates change. Thus, imperfect exchange rate pass-through provides evidence of noncompetitive pricing.
Statistical analysis of achievable resolution in incoherent imaging

The present paper concerns the statistical analysis of limits to achievable resolution in a so-called "diffraction-limited" imaging system. The canonical case study is that of incoherent imaging of two closely-spaced sources of possibly unequal intensities. The objective is to study how far beyond the classical Rayleigh limit of resolution one can reach at a given signal to noise ratio. We consider the definition of resolution limit from a statistical point of view as the ability of the imaging system to distinguish two closely-located sources in presence of additive noise. This problem can be stated in a hypothesis testing framework where the hypotheses consider whether one or two point sources are present. In terms of signal detection/ estimation, this leads to composite detection/estimation problem where a deterministic signal with unknown parameters is being sought. To solve this problem, we use locally optimal statistical tests with respect to a desired range of (small) separations between the point sources. Specifically, we will derive explicit relationships between the minimum detectable distance between two point sources, and the required SNR. For a specific point spread function, the required SNR can be expressed as a function of probabilities of detection and false alarm and the distance between point sources.
Public Commitment in Crisis Bargaining

The ‘‘audience cost’’ literature argues that highly-resolved leaders can use public threats to credibly signal their resolve in incomplete-information crisis bargaining, thereby overcoming informational asymmetries that lead to war. If democracies are better able to generate audience costs, then audience costs help explain the democratic peace. We use a game-theoretic model to show how public commitments can be used coercively as a source of bargaining leverage, even in a complete-information setting in which they have no signaling role. When both sides use public commitments for bargaining leverage, war becomes an equilibrium outcome. The results provide a rationale for secret negotiations as well as hypotheses about when leaders will claim that the disputed good is indivisible, recognized as a rationalist explanation for war. Claims of indivisibility may just be bargaining tactics to get the other side to make big concessions, and compromise is still possible in equilibrium.
Risk as Feelings

Virtually all current theories of choice under risk or uncertainty are cognitive and consequentialist. They assume that people assess the desirability and likelihood of possible outcomes of choice alternatives and integrate this information through some type of expectation-based calculus to arrive at decision. The authors propose an alternative theoretical perspective, the risk-as-feelings hypothesis, that highlights the role of affect experienced at the moment of decision making. Drawing on research from clinical, physiological, and other subfield of psychology, they show that emotional reactions to risky situations often drive behavior. The risk-as-feelings hypothesis is shown to explain a wide range of phenomena that have resisted interpretation in cognitive-consequentialist terms.
On the Vulnerability of Large Graphs

Given a large graph, like a computer network, which k nodes should we immunize (or monitor, or remove), to make it as robust as possible against a computer virus attack? We need (a) a measure of the ‘Vulnerability’ of a given network, b) a measure of the ‘Shield-value’ of a specific set of k nodes and (c) a fast algorithm to choose the best such k nodes. We answer all these three questions: we give the justification behind our choices, we show that they agree with intuition as well as recent results in immunology. Moreover, we propose Net Shield, a fast and scalable algorithm. Finally, we give experiments on large real graphs, where Net Shield achieves tremendous speed savings exceeding 7 orders of magnitude, against straightforward competitors.
Using Elements of Team-Based Learning in an Introductory Social Work Course

This article describes the application of specific elements of team-based learning in an introductory social work course. The second author “inherited” the course when she arrived on campus as a newly hired assistant professor. Although the course was thoroughly developed and highly regarded by faculty and students, the second author felt a sense of disconnect among students, as well as between students and herself. In an effort to increase student engagement and active learning, facets of team-based learning were implemented in this introductory social work course beginning in the fall of 2011, with the first author using this teaching strategy since the fall of 2012. This article includes a brief literature review specific to team-based learning, a description of components of this teaching strategy employed in the course, instructors’ observations, and student commentary regarding team-based learning in this course. Finally, the article concludes with implications for baccalaureate social work education.
On Philosophy in American Law: Law and Philosophy at Odds

This essay, prepared for a symposium on the role of philosophy in law, suggests that philosophical discipline calls into question several features of practical legal decisionmaking. In particular, philosophical analysis of the practice of following rules shows that complying with legal rules when they dictate outcomes contrary to the rule's objectives is irrational. At the same time, important benefits associated with law depend on unreflective application of legal rules, without reference to underlying objectives. Philosophical analysis also suggests that the supposed practice of analogical reasoning in law is illusory. Courts cannot make intelligible decisions based on similarities and differences between cases. At the same time, the process of seeking analogies in the facts and outcomes of prior cases can have salutary effects on judicial rulemaking. This is not to say that philosophers should abstain from analyzing legal practices. Tradition and habit are likely to prevail over philosophical insight in the daily business of judicial decisionmaking.