cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The enzymatic methylation of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid. X. Bacteriophage T3-induced S-adenosylmethionine cleavage.

Abstract An enzyme activity which leads to the degradation of S-adenosylmethionine appears after T3 phage infection of Escherichia coli B. The purification and properties of this activity have been described. The enzyme catalyzes the conversion of S-adenosylmethionine to thiomethyladenosine and homoserine. It has been suggested that a γ-aminobutyrolactone is an intermediate in this reaction. The enzyme appears only after infection with T3 phage. Infection with phages T1, T2, T4, T5, T6, T7, or λ does not result in the appearance of any activity. The rate of enzyme formation and the requirement for protein synthesis de novo suggests that this activity is similar to "early enzymes" formed after infection with the T-even phages. The enzyme has been isolated both from normal phage T3-infected E. coli and from ultraviolet light-inactivated phage T3-infected E. coli. In the latter case, the specific activity of cell-free extracts was several-fold higher than extracts obtained from normal phage T3-infected cells. Infection of E. coli with ultraviolet light-inactivated phage T3 does not result in the cessation of host cell deoxyribonucleic or ribonucleic acid synthesis. Thus, newly synthesized DNA and RNA formed after infection with phage T3 are devoid of methylated bases. Phage T2, grown in ultraviolet light-inactivated, phage T3-infected E. coli, is likewise devoid of methylated bases. Such methyl-deficient T2 phage appears to be normal in its biological properties so far examined.
Improving color correction for underwater image surveys

We propose and implement a novel method of estimating attenuation coefficients and a strobe beam pattern using sequences of overlapping underwater color images and acoustic ranges from a Dopper Velocity Log (DVL). These values are used to correct the images for color and illumination artifacts with the goal of more consistent color correction for input into classification algorithms.
Rethinking Behavior Genetics

Studies of the genetics of behavior have centered on identifying a single gene connected with a particular trait. However, as Dean Hamer explains in his Perspective, the complexity of human behavior necessitates more sophisticated approaches to unraveling the gene networks associated with particular behavioral traits.
EFFECT OF HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND OXYGEN ON THE RESPIRATION OF FULLTERM INFANTS

Five percent carbon dioxide added to 20% oxygen is a more powerful stimulus to respiration of healthy fullterm infants than is 100% oxygen. Fullterm infants hypoventilating as a result of exposure to low concentrations of oxygen had their minute volumes restored more rapidly and to a greater extent when 5% carbon dioxide was added to oxygen concentrations varying from 12 to 95% than when 100% oxygen was administered. The age of the infant appeared to have but slight effect on the response made to breathing 5% carbon dioxide or 100% oxygen. Infants under two or three hours of age were not tested. The value of adding carbon dioxide to air or oxygen in the treatment of "asphyxia neonatorum" has been discussed. Too little is known concerning the chemical, physiologic and anatomic changes occurring in this loosely termed condition or even in healthy newborn infants to warrant a pessimistic attitude towards the use of 5% carbon dioxide added to air or oxygen in the treatment of newborn infants with respiratory insufficiency.
On the choice of a wavelet, and the energy and the phase distributions of the wavelet transform

The effect of the choice of a wavelet and the nature of the signal on the cross terms that exist in the energy distribution of the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) of a multicomponent signal with representative examples is discussed. The branch cut phenomenon observed in the phase distribution of the CWT of a multicomponent signal is described. >
Thin core needle biopsy crush preparations in conjunction with fine-needle aspiration for the evaluation of thyroid nodules: a complementary approach.

BACKGROUND. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is widely accepted as the initial test to evaluate thyroid nodules; however, inadequate and suboptimal specimens have been 1 of its limitations. Unsatisfactory rates of 4.1% to 43% have been reported, but suboptimal specimens with adequate epithelial cells and other limiting factors, such as clotting, often are not addressed. The authors' institution has a low unsatisfactory rate, especially for thyroid biopsies performed under ultrasound in the Interventional Radiology (IR) Department. In addition to on-site evaluation for all cases, they concomitantly use thin, 22/20-gauge core needle biopsy (CB) crush preparations (CP) for unsatisfactory/suboptimal FNAs. The CB usually is done after 2 FNA passes and, in most cases, is exhausted by making an air-dried CP, which is evaluated on site for adequacy; any residual tissue is processed for tissue sections. Experience is required to interpret CP on air-dried smears. In this report, the authors describe a complementary approach to thyroid biopsy that has worked well. METHODS. All thyroid FNA and CB/CP that were performed in the IR Department during the year 2005 were reviewed. Follow-up histology and records of all procedural complications were retrieved. RESULTS. Seven hundred thirteen thyroid biopsies qualified, 225 biopsies (31%) had FNA with CB/CP (85% had only CP for evaluation), and 488 biopsies (69%) had only FNA. The final unsatisfactory rate in IR for FNA was 8.7%; this was reduced to 3.4% with the use of CB/CP. The addition of CB also helped to obtain a more definitive diagnosis in suboptimal FNA specimens. Cytologic-histologic correlation was comparable for FNA only cases and FNA/CB cases. There were no significant procedural complications in CB cases. CONCLUSIONS. FNA in conjunction with a thin CB/CP performed during the same procedure is a safe technique that can reduce the rate of unsatisfactory and suboptimal thyroid biopsy. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Innate and Cell-mediated Immune Responses to Cryptosporidium parvum

Cryptosporidium parvum has gained much attention as a major cause of diarrhea in the world. Knowledge of the host immune mechanisms responsible for the clearance of this parasite from the gastrointestinal tract may prove to be vital for successful therapeutic treatment of cryptosporidiosis, particularly in the immunodeficient host. This chapter focuses on the innate and cell-mediated immune mechanisms associated with resistance to and resolution of a C. parvum infection. Much of the work in these areas is still in its infancy. Despite this, general consensus supports a role for interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) in mediating the initial resistance to C. parvum, although the mechanism by which this cytokine imparts resistance is unclear. It is also generally agreed that CD4+ T lymphocytes are required for the resolution of both acute and chronic cryptosporidiosis. However, the effector mechanism is again unclear. Several studies suggest that IFN gamma may also be involved in the resolution of cryptosporidiosis. However, the extent to which this cytokine is involved in the actual resolution of infection has been debated. Less extensive studies investigating the participation of other cells and cytokines in the innate and cell-mediated immune responses to C. parvum are also discussed.
Depleted egos and affirmed selves: The two faces of customization

Customization is generally considered a desirable attribute of media technologies, but it also entails the active exercise of choice by the user. Research has shown that constantly making personal choices results in depletion of inner resources required for self-control-a phenomenon known as ''ego depletion.'' Therefore, we hypothesize a negative effect of customization on self control. But, in doing so, we also consider the possibility that this effect could be mitigated by the affordance of self-expression via customization. So, although making numerous choices could lead to ego-depletion, identity expression could lead to self-affirmation, which is known to counter ego-depletion. The current study explores these two competing effects of customization on one's inner resources, by way of a three-condition, between-subjects experiment (N=54), in which one group of participants was instructed to customize their iGoogle portal in a manner that would bolster their self-affirmation and another in a manner that would minimize it, with the third condition serving as a browsing-only control. The results indicate that self-affirmation may compensate for ego depletion, with theoretical implications for the psychology of customization technology and practical implications for design of customization options in media interfaces.
White Students Reflecting on Whiteness: Understanding Emotional Responses

In the present investigation, the authors explored potential predictors of White students' general emotional responses after they reflected on their Whiteness in a semi-structured interview (n = 88) or written reflection (n = 187). Specifically, the authors examined how color-blindness (i.e., awareness of White privilege) and racial affect (i.e., White empathy, White guilt, and White fear), assessed before the interview or written reflection, may predict positive and negative emotional responses, assessed immediately following the interview or written reflection. Furthermore, the authors considered whether affective costs of racism to Whites moderated the association between racial color-blindness and general positive and negative emotional responses of White students. Findings indicated that affective costs of racism moderated associations between racial color-blindness and general emotional responses. Specifically, White fear moderated associations for the written reflection group whereas White empathy moderated an association in the interview. White guilt did not moderate, but instead directly predicted a negative emotional response in the written reflection group. Findings suggest that the interaction between racial color-blindness and racial affect is important when predicting students' emotional responses to reflecting on their Whiteness. Implications for educators and administrators are discussed.
Photonic crystal defect lasers

Optically thin dielectric slabs, in which a fully etched through two-dimensional patterning is applied, can be used to form high-Q optical cavities with modal volumes approaching the theoretical limit of a cubic half-wavelength. A cavity design strategy based upon simple group theoretical techniques is presented in which emphasis is placed upon a momentum space description of the resonant modes. It is shown that photonic crystal laser cavities can be designed with a particular wavelength, polarization, and radiation pattern using these methods.
Drug-Assisted Intubation in the Prehospital Setting (Resource Document to NAEMSP Position Statement)

Drug-assisted intubation (DAI) denotes the use of pharmacologic agents to facilitate endotracheal intubation (ETI). DAI encompasses rapid-sequence intubation (RSI—the use of neuromuscular blocking ...
Statistics of charge collection in liquid argon and liquid xenon.

There is a fundamental limit to the resolution that can be achieved in liquid-argon and liquid-xenon ionization detectors due to statistical fluctuations in the rate of charge collection along the track of a primary particle. The limit is typically much larger than the resolution expected from Poisson statistics. We present resolution data in both argon and xenon, a model to describe the data, and a discussion of how the model parameters can be manipulated in order to achieve even greater resolution.
THE END OF AMERICA: THE BEGINNING OF CANADA ‐A REPLY TO THE RESPONSE

The author of the foregoing response provides some welcome factual clarification but seems to misunderstand the broader issues raised by the article. Here I will respond briefly to each of the author's major questions.
Conical emission by four-photon parametric generation by using femtosecond laser pulses

Conical continuum Stokes and anti-Stokes emissions are observed when intense 100-fs/620-nm ultrafast laser pulses propagate through an ethylene glycol medium. The angle of the anti-Stokes conical emission is modeled by class-II Raman and four-photon parametric generations in a small-scale filament with a nonlinear index change.
Psychical Transmissions: Freud, Spiritualism, and the Occult

This paper explores Freud’s reflection on telepathy, a reflection generally dismissed as a marginal or even slightly embarrassing aspect of his writings. Ernst Jones’s influential Life and Work of Sigmund Freud exemplifies best this marginalization as it rigorously examines Freud’s consideration of telepathy but frames it as a paradoxical feature of the latter’s character or as proof of the difficulty, even for men of genius, to overcome irrational superstitions. The paper offers a historical perspective on the conflict between Freud’s intellectual engagement with telepathy and the scientific community’s rejection of occult beliefs generally associated with the spiritualist movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The author argues that the treatment of Freud’s reflection on telepathy as a result of superstition not only fails to recognize the caution he undertook within his inquiry into the occult but also omits the important questions that motivated his investigations. Ultimately, ...
A new test for D-stability

Abstract A sufficient condition for D -stability of an n × n matrix A is the existence of a positive diagonal matrix P such that PA + A ′ P is negative definite. The search for P is replaced by solving a convex minimization problem.
Review of Perspectives on International Relations: Power, Institutions, and Ideas

An introduction to world politics course has never had as many options for high-quality textbooks as introductory courses in American politics. Too many international relations (IR) textbooks are a...
1(2-benzoylethyl)pyridinium chloride: a new potent and selective inhibitor of bovine brain and human placental choline acetyltransferase.

Abstract A newly synthesized 1(2-benzoylethyl)pyridinium (BEP), an analog of the choline acetyltransferase (ChA) inhibitor (2-benzoylethyl)trimethylammonium (BETA), was evaluated for its ability to inhibit ChA from bovine brain and human placenta. Its ChA inhibitory properties were compared with that of BETA. BEP was found to be an effective inhibitor of ChA (I50: 10–18 μM). BEP, as well as BETA, was a linear noncompetitive inhibitor of ChA with respect to both substrates, acetylcoenzyme A and choline. BEP and BETA were poor inhibitors of electric eel acetylcholinesterase. These observations indicate that BEP is a potent and selective inhibitor of ChA. Furthermore, because of the possible delocalization of the positive charge at the N atom of the BEP molecule throughout the pyridine ring, it is anticipated that BEP would have a higher potential for lipid solubility, stability and selectivity than BETA.
Reductions in tissue plasminogen activator and thrombomodulin in blood draining veins damaged by venous access devices

A frequent complication of venous access devices (VADs) is axillary-subclavian venous thrombosis. To study this problem we have compared blood drawn through VADs with peripheral blood samples in a group of oncology patients with venographically demonstrated venous damage (N = 14) and a group with normal venograms (N = 21). The samples were assayed for a battery of proteins believed to be involved in thrombogenesis. After approximately six weeks of catheterization the venographically abnormal patients had significantly less thrombomodulin (P = 0.0055) and significantly higher PAI:tPA (P = 0.022) in catheter-drawn samples as compared with the venographically normal group. Although the data are inconclusive, it is hypothesized that these changes resulted from local endothelial injury.
Laser flash photolysis evidence for styryl radical cation cyclization in the SET-induced photorearrangement of a p-methoxy-substituted 2-phenylallyl phosphite.

The SET-induced photorearrangement of dimethyl 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)allyl phosphite, 9 (UV light, uranium glass filter, 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA), biphenyl), gives phosphonate 12 in 83% isolated yield. Laser flash irradiation at 355 nm of oxygen saturated solutions of phosphite 9 containing DCA and biphenyl generates the transient UV spectrum of the biphenyl radical cation that is quenched by electron transfer from phosphite 9 (kq = 8.9 × 109 M-1 s-1 at 20 °C) to form the 4-methoxystyryl cation 10. The UV spectrum of 10 decays by a measured first-order rate constant of 8.0 × 106 s-1, presumably to generate the cyclic distonic radical cation 11. Intermediate 10 was further characterized by measurement of the second-order rate constants for its reaction with azide, chloride, and bromide ions and with the neutral nucleophile trimethyl phosphite. This study provides the first spectroscopic evidence regarding the proposed mechanism (Schemes 1 and 2) for the SET-induced photorearrangements of dimethyl 2-arylal...
Compassionate reappraisal and emotion suppression as alternatives to offense-focused rumination: Implications for forgiveness and psychophysiological well-being

This within subjects experiment (28 females, 26 males) examined three responses to a past interpersonal offender. We contrasted offense-focused rumination with two subsequent, counterbalanced coping strategies: compassionate reappraisal and emotion suppression. Compassionate reappraisal emphasized the offender's human qualities and need for positive change. Emotion suppression inhibited the experience and expression of negative offense-related emotions. Offense rumination was associated with negative emotion, faster heartbeats (i.e., shortened electrocardiogram R-R intervals), and lower heart rate variability (HRV; i.e., the high-frequency component of the R-R power spectrum). By contrast, both compassionate reappraisal and emotion suppression decreased negative emotion in ratings and linguistic analyses, calmed eye muscle tension (orbicularis oculi EMG, electromyography), and maintained HRV at baseline levels. Suppression inhibited negative emotion expression at the brow (corrugator EMG) and slowed cardi...
Planning and implementing POLCA: a card-based control system for high variety or custom engineered products

Many companies with high variety or custom engineered products are struggling to implement effective material control strategies on the shop floor, and finding that pull/Kanban systems are not meeting their needs in such environments. Paired-cell Overlapping Loops of Cards with Authorisation (POLCA) is a quick response manufacturing strategy designed with these situations in mind. POLCA is a hybrid push-pull strategy that combines the best features of card-based pull systems and push systems. At the same time POLCA gets around the limitations of pull systems in high variety or custom product environments. In partnership with its member companies, the Center for Quick Response Manufacturing (QRM) has recently implemented POLCA at several factories in the US and Canada. In this article, we first give an overview of the POLCA system, explain how it works and provide qualitative comparisons with pull/Kanban systems. Then, we present a step-wise procedure for implementing POLCA in a factory. Using examples fro...
CURRENCY OF INFORMATION FOUND IN SILVERPLATTER'S MEDLINE CDROM

To assess the currency of descriptions found in SilverPlatter's Medline CDROM edition precisely, all the descriptions from 1993 were studied. The objectives were not only to quantify the mean currency of the articles, but also to establish whether the priority level, the periodicity and the subset had any influence on currency. As a secondary result, a database summarises characteristics and currency values for each serial The results show that the currency of a description can vary tremendously. Priority level, periodicity and prior database were found to have a low but highly significant influence on currency (p < 0.0001). The mean currency was 6.92 months, when Priority 1 journal articles had a mean currency of 4.53 months and appeared on CDROM two to three months earlier than other priority‐assigned journal articles. 40.28% of Priority 1 journals appeared on CDROM within three months of publication. The 10 most important serials (regarding ISI's impact factor for general medicine) are shown as examples of the database for secondary results.
Evaluation Systems, Ethics, and Development Evaluation

After some 65 years of international development assistance, it is still difficult to show the effectiveness of aid in ways that are fully convincing. In part, this reflects inadequacies in the evaluation systems of the bilateral, multilateral, and global organizations that provide official development aid. Underlying these weaknesses often are a lack of adequate resources to carry out evaluation, insufficient harmonization of evaluation systems to allow aggregation and comparisons, and data limitations. Capacity constraints in both developing countries and aid organizations hinder the quality of evaluations. In addition, evaluation too frequently is not used by donor agencies or recipient countries to improve development effectiveness. All of these issues raise ethical concerns about the efficient use of donor resources, the opportunity costs for developing countries, and most important the effects on the intended beneficiaries of aid.
Submarine valley systems around the Coral Sea Basin (Australia)

Abstract Several major and a host of minor submarine valleys and canyons lead into the deep (4,650 m) Coral Sea Basin from the surrounding land, reef, and submarine plateau areas. Moresby Valley, 500 km long, and comprising Pandora Trough, Moresby Trough, and Moresby Canyon, plus all their tributary canyons, is an integrated submarine drainage system that collects sediment from nearly the entire Papuan coast and channels it onto the floor of the basin. The Bligh System, including Queensland Trough, Bligh Trough, and Bligh Canyon, drains a 900 km sweep of the Great Barrier Reef coast of Queensland, and parts of the Queensland Submarine Plateau. Reflection profiles of the valleys show that they are mainly located in structural depressions, but that the submarine relief has been further accentuated by erosional entrenchment of the valleys into older, probably pelagic, sediments to a depth of as much as 750 m. Since the time of the entrenchment, the valleys and many canyons have been backfilled by as much as 500 m of sediment (assuming a sound velocity of 2 km/sec in the fill). The valleys may be thought of as graded, and their filling is assigned to adjustments in the long profiles of the valleys as the Coral Sea Basin fills with sediment.
Importance of the duration of inhibition on intestinal carcinogenesis by difluoromethylornithine in rats

The effect of the duration and sequence of inhibition of intestinal tumor formation in rats was studied to determine whether part time inhibition has any value. Four groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were given 8 weekly s.c. injections of azoxymethane (AOM) 8 mg/rat. Three groups were given the inhibitor, difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) in the drinking water; one for the entire 26 weeks of the study, one for the first 13 weeks only, and one for the last 13 weeks. A control group was not given the inhibitor. While the continuous treatment group developed the least number of tumors per rat (1.5 vs. 5 for controls), still both groups given the inhibitor for just 13 weeks also developed fewer tumors than controls 5 vs. 3.2 (early treatment) and 5 vs. 2.8 (late treatment). These results show that part time inhibition, including its late application, does reduce intestinal tumor formation in rats.
The effects of noise in transient EOAE newborn hearing screening.

The use of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) has been advocated as the first stage entry level technique for universal newborn hearing screening. To date, the majority of TEOAE infant testing has been conducted under controlled noise conditions; i.e., acoustically treated sound suites. As a result, previously reported TEOAE evaluations may not realistically represent test outcomes in actual hospital screening settings. The purpose of this study was to compare the results of TEOAEs with auditory brainstem response (ABR) hearing screening in a hospital environment where noise conditions do not meet the same ambient noise specifications as those found in sound rooms. A total of 119 stable newborns (67 high risk, 52 normal) ranging in post-conceptual age (PCA) from 33 to 41 weeks received both the ABR and TEOAE screening protocols. Testing was conducted at crib side in either the well baby nursery or the neonatal special care unit (NSCU). Newborn ABR screening failed 8 (3.8%) of 224 ears, whereas TEOAE testing failed 85 (38.4%) and could not test another 22 (9.8%) ears. That is, only 117 (52.2%) of the 224 ears passed the TEOAE test. Using the ABR as the reference test the specificity and sensitivity for TEOAE was 52% and 50%, respectively. Noise levels measured by the probe microphone within the ear canal exceeded those levels (30 dBA SPL) recommended for TEOAE newborn hearing screening. Results of this study suggest that under realistic hearing screening test conditions, TEOAE results may be influenced by the level of noise in the testing environment. Whereas significant advances have been attained in TEOAE measurement during the past decade, clinical evidence supports the need for continued research aimed at solving problems before this technique can be used efficiently for newborn screening.
Oxidative coupling of bromo- and iodo-ferulic acid derivatives: synthesis of (±)-veraguensin

Abstract The phenolic coupling of halogen-containing ferulic acid and methyl ester derivatives was examined with particular reference to the synthesis of lignans of the aryltetralin and tetrahydrofuran classes. (±)-Isolariciresinol dimethyl ether ( 18 ) and (±)-veraguensin ( 27 ) have been synthesized.
Geometry of a three-camera head-mounted system

Abstract A three-dimensional scene , such as a proposed building, an imaginary landscape, or an organic molecule, is selected, described in abstract terms and stored in a computer's memory. A person wears a special helmet in a laboratory whose inner walls and ceiling are dotted with “landmark” LEDs. The helmet is equipped with a location system and a projection system . As the wearer moves in the laboratory, changing the helmet's position (and orientation) in a natural manner, the location system allows the computer to keep track of the helmet's position and the computer sends appropriate information to the projection system, to display the view of the selected scene (suitably scaled) that would be seen by the wearer during this motion. The geometry of an arbitrarily-arranged, three-camera, head-mounted system for identifying the position and orientation of the helmet, relative to “landmark” pinpoint-LEDs distributed over the inside walls of the laboratory, is described in mathematical terms. A fast Newton-type method for performing the required positional computations is presented and evaluated.
Implicit theories of performance as artifacts in survey research: A replication and extension☆

Abstract taw (1975) has presented laboratory data which indicate that people may respond to questionnaire items concerning their behavior based on “theories” they have formed about the relationships among variables. The implication that data collected from field surveys may simply reflect stereotypes based on these theories, poses serious problems for survey research. The present study attempted to examine rival alternative explanations for Staw's results. His results showed a strong effect for false feedback on questionnaire responses, but the present study indicates that by allowing subjects to work together long enough to make more accurate judgments of process variables, Staw's effects can virtually be eliminated. Conditions under which respondent stereotypes should and should not be important are discussed.
Yield and characterization of subcutaneous human adipose-derived stem cells by flow cytometric and adipogenic mRNA analyzes.

AbstractBackground aims. Adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASC) capable of multipotential differentiation can be isolated with high yields from human subcutaneous lipoaspirates. This study reports our recent experience of isolating and immunophenotypically characterizing ASC from >60 human patients with a mean age of 43.6 and body mass index (BMI) of 27. Methods. We examined the ASC yield per unit volume of lipoaspirate tissue, the surface antigen profile based on flow cytometry, histochemical differentiation potential along the adipogenic and osteogenic pathways, and expression of adipogenic mRNA by transcriptomic microarray and reverse transcription (RT)–polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results. The population (n = 64) of predominantly Caucasian (84.3%) female (90.6%) donors had a mean age of 43.6 ± 11.1 years and a mean BMI of 27.0 ± 3.8. A yield of 375 ± 142 × 103 ASC was obtained per milliliter of lipoaspirate within a 4.1 ± 0.7-day culture period (n = 62). The ASC population was uniformly CD29+ CD...
Positive Contributions of the Elderly to Society: a Multidisciplinary Perspective

Abstract. The primary aim of this paper is to provide an overview and integration of the papers presented as part of an invited symposium titled, Positive Contributions of the Elderly to Society, at the 1997 World Congress of Gerontology. One of the main points of this symposium was to suggest that issues of costs and contributions to society for any targeted age group are best conceptualised from a multi-dimensional and life-long perspective. The paper by Greene reported that costs are best understood in relation to current and life-long contributions in the economic sphere. The paper by Wells illustrated the worth of the positive contributions of older adults as caregivers. Another main point was the suggestion that the assessment of cognitive and personality dimensions in later life indicates continued growth and the emergence of unique and effective cognitive and adaptive skills. The papers by Smith, Hoyer and White, and Schaie and Willis described the positive nature of the cognitive contributions of older individuals in everyday settings. These papers emphasised the mutual benefits that accrue for society and for older individuals when meaningful roles are maintained in later life. These papers were illustrative of successful ageing, but also addressed the limits and age-related constraints on effective functioning in later life. The findings of the papers in this symposium provide a basis for developing a more balanced discourse regarding the positive contributions and burdens of an ageing population, and for developing new multi-disciplinary and multicultural perspectives in gerontology.
Power-law creep of powder-metallurgy grade molybdenum sheet

Abstract Creep behavior of commercial-purity, powder-metallurgy grade molybdenum (Mo) sheet has been investigated at temperatures between 1300 and 1600 °C (0.56–0.63 T m ) using tensile testing at controlled strain rates. Strain-rate-change tests were performed at constant-temperatures over true-strain rates from 1.0 × 10 −6 to 5.0 × 10 −4 s −1 . Results agree with previously published data indicating that Mo follows power-law creep with a stress exponent of about 5; however, the present results address a temperature range not previously documented. The activation energy for creep was determined to be 240 kJ/mol within this temperature range, which is lower than previously published values and approximately half the value reported for self-diffusion, indicating that diffusion mechanisms faster than lattice diffusion are active. It is shown that Mo creep data from a variety of investigations converge closely to a single line on a master plot of strain rate normalized using an activation energy of 240 kJ/mol when plotted against stress normalized by the temperature-dependent elastic modulus. This activation energy for creep is attributed to an effective diffusivity that fits the creep data obtained during this study as well as from previously published creep data from commercial-purity molybdenum.
SVM-based visual-search model observers for PET tumor detection

Many search-capable model observers follow task paradigms that specify clinically unrealistic prior knowledge about the anatomical backgrounds in study images. Visual-search (VS) observers, which implement distinct, feature-based candidate search and analysis stages, may provide a means of avoiding such paradigms. However, VS observers that conduct single-feature analysis have not been reliable in the absence of any background information. We investigated whether a VS observer based on multifeature analysis can overcome this background dependence. The testbed was a localization ROC (LROC) study with simulated whole-body PET images. Four target-dependent morphological features were defined in terms of 2D cross-correlations involving a known tumor profile and the test image. The feature values at the candidate locations in a set of training images were fed to a support-vector machine (SVM) to compute a linear discriminant that classified locations as tumor-present or tumor-absent. The LROC performance of this SVM-based VS observer was compared against the performances of human observers and a pair of existing model observers.
Properties of guanylate cyclase in adult rat liver and several Morris hepatomas.

Guanylate cyclase (GTP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.2) activity was examined in preparations from normal rat liver and a series of Morris hepatomas. Homogenate guanylate cyclase activities were 3.2, 1.6 and 1.2 nmol cyclic GMP formed per min/g tissue in normal liver and in two fast-growing hepatomas, 3924A and 9618A2, respectively. Enzymatic activity was found in all particulate fractions and in the supernatant fraction of all tissues examined. Liver had a particulate:soluble guanylate cyclase ratio of 0.24. Five hepatomas displayed particulate:soluble enzymatic ratios greater than one. Particulate and soluble guanylate cyclase from hepatoma 3924A and hepatoma 9618A2 were examined in greater detail and compared to normal liver. Triton X-100 stimulated particulate guanylate cyclase 11-, 5-, and 2-fold in preparations from liver and hepatomas 3924A and 9618A2, respectively. Liver and hepatoma particulate and soluble guanylate cyclase preferred Mn2+ as the sole cation. While liver preparations could utilize Mg2+ when Mn2+ was present in low concentrations, the tumor enzymes did not utilize Mg2+ in the presence of Mn2+. Calcium inhibited all particulate and stimulated all soluble preparations. ATP inhibited all preparations of guanylate cyclase. Sodium azide stimulated the particulate and soluble enzyme from liver 5- and 6-fold, respectively. Sodium azide did not alter guanylate cyclase activity from tumor preparations.
Abstract 1396: Musashi 1 stabilizes TAC1 transcript in breast cancer cells to increase the production of onco-substance P

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Despite improved education and aggressive treatments, the mortality of breast cancer (BC) remains high. The TAC1 gene exerts oncogenic effects partly due to its major peptide, substance P, inducing the production of cytokines, which facilitate expression of the tumor-promoting truncated neurokinin-1 receptor. In turn, TAC1 facilitates metastasis to bone marrow and brain. TAC1 expression in BC cells (BCCs) occurs partly through increased translation of its mRNA. Cytosolic extracts from TAC1-expressing cells (BCCs and ectopic expression in non-tumorigenic breast cells) were analyzed for the candidate RNA-binding protein. In vitro translational, RNA stabilization, RNA shift and proteomic analyses identified a 40 kDa binding protein, which interacted with Exon 7 of the 3′ UTR of TAC1. Western blots and RNA supershift assay identified musashi 1 (Msi1) as the TAC1 mRNA binding protein. The data also indicated that TAC1 expression was sufficient for an increase in Msi1. A reporter gene system utilizing the TAC1 3′ UTR indicated that Msi1 competed with the endogenous translational suppressors, miR-130a and -206 for the same interacting site. Use of anti-miRs, Msi1 shRNA and the reporter gene system confirmed Msi1 as the stabilizer of TAC1 mRNA to increase the production of substance P. In vivo studies with nude mice showed reduced tumor growth with Msi1 knockdown BCCs compared to control. Msi1 knockdown retracted the tumor, indicating a role in tumor initiation. These findings correlated with a loss of two stem cell genes, REST and Oct4. In summary, this study identified Msi1 as a central RNA binding protein, which enhanced expression of the oncogenic TAC1 in BCCs. The data also suggested that Msi1, through TAC1 might be important in tumor initiation. These findings have clinical implications as a new drug target to reverse the oncogenic effects of TAC1. Furthermore, the feasibility of targeting TAC1 is evident since its receptor antagonist such as aprepitant are already approved by the FDA. Citation Format: George R. Nahas, Raghav G. Murthy, Shyam A. Patel, Steven J. Greco, Pranela Rameshwar. Musashi 1 stabilizes TAC1 transcript in breast cancer cells to increase the production of onco-substance P. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1396. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1396
Analysis of Aerial Photography for Nitrogen Stress within Corn Fields

Spatial variability of soil parameters within fields complicates N fertilizer recommendations for corn (Zea mays L.) production. Thus, the ability to identify differences in crop N status within corn fields could lead to efficiencies in N fertilizer application and decreased ground water pollution. In this study, we digitized aerial color photographic transparencies using an eight-bit scheme to generate digital counts for the red, green, and blue primary colors in the photographs at the R5 growth stage and related them to grain yield. Digital count responses were relative to the N treatment in which grain yield plateaued. Experiments were conducted in 1992 and 1993 for four irrigated corn hybrids with five N rates on a 6-ha field near Shelton, NE. Red and green digital counts relative to those for the high N treatment provided better prediction of yield response than relative blue counts in both years. In 1993, black-and-white photographs taken with a filter centered around 536 nm also predicted yield response to N well (r 2 = 0.93). These findings permit the use of low cost aerial photographs to characterize variability in crop N status throughout entire fields.
Family Ties and Child Placement

The fundamental premise of this paper is the primacy of the child's experience of biological-familial continuity in establishing his sense of self and personal significance. This paper examines the effects of current child placement practices on the child's ties to his biological, foster, and adoptive families. It explores alternative practices that would take into account biological-familial continuity. Comment is invited.
Integrating multicultural and curriculum principles in teacher education

Questions about the place and nature of multiculturalism in teacher education continue to be contentious and problematic. Several recent developments make them at once more puzzling and imperative. One of these is the ethnic demographics of students in K-12 schools and enrollments in teacher education programs. While public school students are becoming more ethnically, racially, and linguistically diverse, prospective teachers continue to be predominately middle class, English speaking, European Americans. Another development that is bringing more attention to multicultural education is the fact that research and scholarship demonstrating the interactive relationship among ethnicity, culture, and school achievement is becoming more definitive. A third contributing factor is that teacher education accreditation agencies are increasing their stipulations that multiculturalism be a central part of professional preparation. Our intent is to contribute to answering these questions and reducing these contentions by proposing a strategy for multiculturalizing teacher education. We will examine three issues related to achieving this goal: (a) Why it is important for future teachers to develop multicultural perspectives and competencies; (b) how general principles of multicultural education and curriculum design can be integrated into teacher preparation programs; and (c) how this integration can be accomplished so that prospective teachers will be empowered, not unduly intimidated, to continue their profession growth in multiculturalism. Our discussions are
Expression and activity of a house-fly cytochrome P450, CYP6D1, in Drosophila melanogaster.

The cytochrome P450 system of animals comprises many individual cytochromes P450 in addition to a single cytochrome P450 reductase and cytochrome b 5 . Although individual genes of the cytochrome P450 superfamily are highly diverged, the P450 reductase and cytochrome b 5 remain more conserved across taxa. Here, we describe the transformation of Drosophila melanogaster with a house-fly-specific cytochrome P450, CYP6D1. Functional activity of ectopically expressed cytochromes P450 requires successful interaction between the transgenic P450 and the requisite coenzymes of the host organism. Transformed Drosophila , but not controls, contained CYP6D1 protein as identified by protein immunoblotting, elevated total P450 and elevated CYP6D1 enzymatic activity. These data demonstrate that house-fly CYP6D1 can interact with low to moderate efficiency with Drosophila P450 reductase and cytochrome b 5 .
Increasing field complexity revealed through article title analyses

Has the relatively new field of counseling developed like other, older fields? And how have they developed, as mirrored in the titles to articles in principal journals? Eighteen journals, including five in the field of counseling, were sampled. Approximately 24,500 titles were analyzed for changes in length and/or complexity over time. All but the three newest journals, those founded since 1970, showed a distinct trend of longer, more complex titles, suggesting that as fields mature, they become more complex. © 1991 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A New Additive for Lithium Battery Electrolytes Based on an Alkyl Borate Compound

Tris[2H-hexafluoroisopropyl) borate (THFPB) was synthesized and studied as an additive for lithium battery electrolytes. The low polarity of its fluorinated isopropyl substitute imparts a low solubility of THFPB in the polar ethylene carbonate-dimethyl carbonate (EC-DMC) solvent system. THFPB shows dramatic effect on conductivity enhancement on lithium salts, such as CF 3 CO 2 Li and LiBr. The ambient-temperature ionic conductivity of these composite electrolytes reaches as high as ∼5 × 10 -3 S/cm. Although THFPB is a stronger anion complexing agent than its homologue tris(pentafluorophenyl) borate (TF-PBO), which has fluorinated phenyl substitutes, its effect on conductivity enhancement of LiF and LiCl is limited by its low solubility and is less than that of TFPBO. Composite electrolytes containing THFPB and LiF or CF 3 CO 2 Li salts display excellent electrochemical stability in the EC-DMC solvent, their electrochemical windows being 5.5 and 5.23 V for LiF or CF 3 CO 2 Li. respectively. THFPB-based electrolytes show high cycling efficiency and cycleability in Li/LiMn 2 O 4 and Li/LiNi 0.85 Co 0.15 O 2 cells.
Aperiodic core structures of Pd and Pt giant clusters chemically stabilized with diphenyl phosphide ligands

Abstract Atomic scale structures and compositions of “giant” clusters [Pd 2 (PPh 2 )H x ] n , ( I ) and [Pt(PPh 2 )] n ( II ) (PPh 2 = diphenyl phosphide, n ≅ 6–10) and Pd∼ 561 Phen∼ 60 (OAc)∼ 180 ( III ) (Phen = 1,10-phenanthroline; OAc = CH 3 COO − ) have been investigated by high-resolution electron microscopy, electron diffraction and integrated field-emission analytical electron microscopy combining high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron imaging, electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and windowless energy-dispersive X-ray nanoanalyses of metal cores and ligand shells. Observations revealed a uniform cell structure of the cluster matter with the unimodal core size distributions. Compositional deviations from the ideal stoichiometry were determined by EELS line profile analyses starting at the interfaces between cluster ( I ) cores and ligand shells. For clusters ( I ) and ( II ), with core sizes centered around 1.6 ± 0.3 nm and 1.5 ± 0.3 nm, respectively, lattice fringes and Debye–Scherrer diffraction rings were not observed, thus indicating that the structure within particles is not periodic. This was in contrast with the sputtered reference 1–2 nm Pt particles, which show clear evidence of crystallinity. Polyhedral Pd cores of clusters ( III ) with the diameter of 2.4 ± 0.3 nm also revealed lattice fringes assigned to an expanded face-centered cubic (fcc) structure, sometimes with multiple twinning. The structural differences suggest a ligand induced metal-to-molecular (non-crystalline) state transformation in clusters ( I ) and ( II ).
Partitioning Euclidean space

There is a partition of Euclideann-space into countably many sets none of which contains the vertices of a regularn-simplex.
Transient interactions of a slow‐folding protein with the Hsp70 chaperone machinery

Most known proteins have at least one local Hsp70 chaperone binding site. Does this mean that all proteins interact with Hsp70 as they fold? This study makes an initial step to address the above question by examining the interaction of the E.coli Hsp70 chaperone (known as DnaK) and its co-chaperones DnaJ and GrpE with a slow-folding E.coli substrate, RNase HD. Importantly, this protein is a nonobligatory client, and it is able to fold in vitro even in the absence of chaperones. We employ stopped-flow mixing, chromatography, and activity assays to analyze the kinetic perturbations induced by DnaK/DnaJ/GrpE (K/J/E) on the folding of RNase HD. We find that K/J/E slows down RNase HD's apparent folding, consistent with the presence of transient chaperone-substrate interactions. However, kinetic retardation is moderate for this slow-folding client and it is expected to be even smaller for faster-folding substrates. Given that the interaction of folding-competent substrates such as RNase HD with the K/J/E chaperones is relatively short-lived, it does not significantly interfere with the timely production of folded biologically active substrate. The above mode of action is important because it preserves K/J/E bioavailability, enabling this chaperone system to act primarily by assisting the folding of other misfolded and (or) aggregation-prone cellular proteins that are unable to fold independently. When refolding is carried out in the presence of K/J and absence of the nucleotide exchange factor GrpE, some of the substrate population becomes trapped as a chaperone-bound partially unfolded state.
Kernel tapering: A simple and effective approach to sparse kernels for image processing

Kernel methods have been regarded as an effective approach in image processing. However, when calculating the similarity induced by kernels, existing kernel methods usually incorporate irrelevant features (e.g., the background features of an object in a image), which are then inherited to kernel learning methods and thus lead to suboptimal performance. To attack this problem, we introduce a framework of kernel tapering, which is a simple and effective approach to reduce the effects of irrelevant features while keeping the positive semi-definiteness of kernel matrices. In theory, it can be demonstrated that the tapered kernels asymptotically approximate the original kernel functions. In practical image applications where noises or irrelevant features are widely observed, we have further shown that the introduced kernel tapering framework can greatly enhance the performance of their original kernel partners for kernel k-means and kernel nonnegative matrix factorization.