cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term risk of seizures and epilepsy in patients with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome.

Summary Objective Seizures are common in patients with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), which is reported in up to 70% of cases, and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are commonly prescribed. There is a paucity of data regarding the risk of subsequent seizures following resolution of PRES, and therefore the optimal duration of treatment with AEDs is currently unknown. The objective of this study was to identify the frequency of recurrent seizures and epilepsy following recovery from PRES. Methods We performed a retrospective review of consecutive adults diagnosed with PRES between 2000 and 2010. Results One hundred twenty-seven patients, median age 53 years (interquartile range [IQR] 37–64), were included in the analysis. The most common causes of PRES were hypertension (72%) and immunosuppression (20%). Renal failure was present in 47%. Eighty-four patients (66%) had seizures at presentation (39 focal, 45 generalized), and 13 (15%) of them presented with status epilepticus. Median duration of follow-up was 3.2 years (IQR 4 months to 6.9 years). Patients with seizures were treated with AEDs for a median of 3 months (IQR 2–7). Fifteen patients (12%) had provoked seizures during the follow-up period; in eight (53%) patients seizures were caused by recurrent PRES. Only three patients had subsequent unprovoked seizures, one of whom was considered to have developed epilepsy. Significance We conclude that unprovoked seizures and epilepsy are uncommon in patients who have recovered from PRES. Discontinuation of AEDs following resolution of PRES should be considered, provided there is adequate control of risk factors, and absence of factors that could substantially lower the seizure threshold.
Nursing Workforce of the Future

The aging of the nursing workforce has contributed to the number of vacant leadership positions in perioperative services across the nation. Effective leaders, who create positive supportive environments, have been associated with increased job satisfaction, increased productivity, and organizational commitment among staff nurses. The retention of qualified nurses requires effective leadership. Effective leadership does not evolve from expert clinical skills, but from a separate and distinct set of skills that focuses on leading and managing. To sustain newly learned leadership skills, a method of systematic reinforcement, follow-up, and support for new skills must be implemented. Coaching is recognized as a highly effective method of supporting the implementation of such newly acquired skill sets.
CAPS and Munc13: CATCHRs that SNARE Vesicles

Abstract. CAPS (Calcium-dependent Activator Protein for Secretion, aka CADPS) and Munc13 (Mammalian Unc-13) proteins function to prime vesicles for Ca2+-triggered exocytosis in neurons and neuroendocrine cells. CAPS and Munc13 proteins contain conserved C-terminal domains that promote the assembly of SNARE complexes for vesicle priming. Similarities of the C-terminal domains of CAPS/Munc13 proteins with CATCHR (Complex Associated with Tethering Containing Helical Rods) domains in multi-subunit tethering complexes have been reported. Multi-subunit tethering complexes coordinate multiple interactions for SNARE complex assembly at constitutive membrane fusion steps. We review aspects of these diverse tethering and priming factors to identify common operating principles.
VALIDITY STUDIES OF THREE MEASURES OF ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION

Three studies of samples of university women (Ns between 50 and 79) and men (Ns between 28 and 47) were undertaken to determine the concurrent validity of two questionnaires and a TAT test, each pu...
A SIMPLE IMPERFECTLY COMPETITIVE MODEL OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME

A simple imperfectly competitive model of income distribution is developed in which sellers have market power in both product and labor markets. Market power in product markets is the dominant factor affecting relative shares. A mark-up pricing model is put forward in which firms base price on an incorrect mark-up over average variable costs. Simulations suggest that actual mark-ups are likely to be quite close to profit-maximizing levels. However, small deviations from correct levels that imply small individual losses can have quite large macro effects on output, employment, and relative shares. Copyright 1992 by Scottish Economic Society.
An investigation of the degradation of aqueous ethylene glycol and propylene glycol solutions using ion chromatography

Abstract Aqueous solutions of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol produce acidic degradation products upon thermal oxidation. This results in a decrease in pH of the aqueous solutions which could accelerate the corrosion of metallic components of solar collectors. The increase in the concentrations of degradation products in solution was measured over time using the Ion Chromatography Exclusion (ICE) method of analysis. Variables affecting the thermal oxidation considered in the investigation were temperature, the presence of metals and oxidative conditions (aeration/deaeration). Acidic degradation products were produced under all conditions. The presence of metallic copper in aerated glycol solutions resulted in the greatest extent of degradation. Comparisons were made between the pH values of the thermal oxidatively degraded glycol solutions and the concentrations of degradation products. It was found that different solutions having comparable pH values contained significantly different amounts of degradation products. It was concluded that the extent of degradation of the glycol cannot be used as an indicator of the magnitude of the decrease in pH which the glycol solution may undergo during thermal oxidation in the presence of metals.
Proteins of Wheat Flour

A NUMBER of reports have recently been published concerning investigations of the ‘zwickel’ (wedge) and ‘haft’ (adhering) protein fractions of wheat flour and their influence on the separation of flour fractions of different protein content by air-classification procedures1–4,11.
Molecular Interactions in Tri-n-butyl Phosphate−Diluent Mixtures

This model considers both specific chemical and nonspecific physical contributions to excess Gibbs energy. Competitive chemical equilibria are evaluated to describe specific chemical interactions. Molecular size, shape difference, and regulation solution terms, based on the ``true`` species, are used to describe nonspecific physical interactions. Parameter estimates are obtained by fitting vapor-liquid equilibrium and hydrogen and phosphorus NMR shift data for three tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) and diluent binary mixtures. The thermodynamic equilibrium constant for the TBP dimer is a shared parameter since this complex apparently exists in all binary mixtures. At 22 C, its value is 6.65 based on the behavior of TBP diluted with either benzene, chloroform, or n-heptane. Thermodynamic equilibrium constants for the 1:1 TBP/chloroform and TBP/benzene complexes are 37.88 and 1.34, respectively. The 1:2 chloroform/TBP dimer complex has an equilibrium constant of 37.57. Model parameters are used to predict excess molar volumes and enthalpies. Commonly reported stability constants are shown to be concentration dependent. TBP has been widely used in the processing of heavy-metal ores and spent fuel elements. It is often mixed with a diluent to improve solvent properties (e.g., to reduce viscosity or to control its extraction power).
Assessing the information content of multiangle satellite data for mapping biomes: I. Statistical analysis

The insights gained from present land cover classification activities suggest integration of multiangle data into classification attempts for future progress. Land cover types that exhibit distinct signatures in the space of remote sensing data facilitate unambiguous identification of cover types. In this first part, we develop a theme for consistency between cover type definitions, uniqueness of their signatures, and physics of the remote sensing data. The idea of angular signatures in spectral space is proposed to provide a cogent synthesis of information from spectral and angular domains. Three new metrics, angular signature slope (ASSI), length (ASLI), and intercept indices, are introduced to characterize biome signatures. The statistical analyses with these indices confirm the idea that incorporation of the directional variable should improve biome classification result. The consistency principle is tested with the Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) leaf area index (LAI) algorithm by examining retrievals when both unique and nonunique signatures are input together with a land cover map. It is shown that this requirement guarantees valid retrievals. Part II provides a theoretical basis for these concepts [Zhang et al., Remote Sens. Environ., in press.].
Ultrastructural pathology of the thyroid gland

Morbid changes which occur in the human thyroid gland can be understood only from the standpoint of normal histology and physiology of the thyroid. Conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM), freeze-etching and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have revealed that the ultrastructural pattern of the normal human thyroid gland is quite similar to normal patterns already described in other mammals (mouse, rat, rabbit, guinea pigs, dogs), resembling especially the thyroid glands of guinea pigs and dogs (1–4). The functional unit is the follicle (Fig. 1). The human thyroid gland is composed of follicles separated by capillaries, lymph vessels, large areas of connective tissue and interfollicular cells (mast cells, fibroblast). Thyroid follicles are heterogenous; some are large, composed of flat cuboidal cells and filled with a homogenous dense colloid; others are small and outlined by columnar cells. No vacuoles can be seen at the periphery of the colloid (Fig. 2). Light microscopic autoradiography further delineates the heterogeneity of the thyroid gland. Radioiodine (131I or 125I) is incorporated differently; fewer grains are seen in the larger follicles compared with smaller, in which a more isotopic incorporation can be seen as mottled grains within the follicular colloid.
A control-oriented, physics-based model for ionic polymer-metal composite actuators

Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) form an important category of electroactive polymers (also known as artificial muscles) and have built-in actuation and sensing capabilities. A dynamic, physics-based model is presented for IPMC actuators, which is amenable to model reduction and control design. This model is represented as an infinite- dimensional transfer function relating the bending displacement to the applied voltage. It is obtained by deriving the exact solution to the governing partial differential equation (PDE) in the Laplace domain for the actuation dynamics, where the effects of the distributed surface resistance and the dynamics of the cantilever beam are incorporated. The physical model is expressed in terms of fundamental material parameters and actuator dimensions, and is thus geometrically scalable. It can be easily reduced to low-order models for real-time control design. As an example, an Hinfin controller is designed based on the reduced model and applied to tracking control. Experimental results are provided to validate the proposed model.
Surgical treatment of Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome during plastic operations in patients with Ebstein's anomaly.

Objective: Ebstein’s anomaly is the most common pathology associated with the accessory conduction pathways. Methods: From January 1990 to August 1999 48 patients underwent surgical repair of Ebstein’s anomaly by various plastic techniques. The pathways were identified and characterized at preoperative electrophysiologic mapping in 17 (34.5%) patients. There were seven males and ten females. The patients age ranged 6‐35 years (mean 12.7 ^ 2.1 years). Five patients were in NYHA class II and were in 12 in NYHA class III. The cardiothoracic ratio ranged from 0.59 to 0.69 (mean 0.65 ^ 0.08). Tachycardia was present in 15 patients with Wolf‐Parkinson‐White (WPW) syndrome. Atrial septal defect was present in 12 patients (70.6%). Accessory conduction pathways were in the right posterior septal area in seven patients, in right posterior septal area and free wall in seven patients and in right free wall in three. The pathways were successfully ablated in all patients during cardiopulmonary bypass. Results: There were no deaths, no relapses. Follow-up ranged from 4 months to 7 years (mean 4.7 ^ 1.1 years). There were no late deaths, but one patient required successful tricuspid valve replacement because of severe tricuspid insufficiency. At follow-up 57.8% of patients were in NYHA class I. Conclusions: Preoperative electrophysiologic study allows to identify the accessory conduction pathways in patients with Ebstein’s anomaly. The combined approach of tricuspid valve repair and surgical ablation of accessory atrioventricular connections has been proved safe and effective. This operative procedure allows to improve functional results in patients with Ebstein’s malformation and concomitant accessory conduction pathways. q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Diagnostic and Actuarial Correlates of Thematic and Questionnaire Measures of Hostility

Summary A psychiatric and normal population of 158 men took tests yielding 25 measures of hostility. These measures could be classified as a) Thematic Story scores, b) Judgment scores, and c) Questionnaire methods. Eight different classifications were made from the population including Psychiatric Classification, Interpersonal Expression of Hostility, Educational Level, and Marital State. Each of the 8 categorizations was analyzed by analysis of variance for the 25 hostility measures yielding a matrix of 200 F values. The results indicated that the Questionnaire methods were most useful overall with the Thematic Stories and Judgment methods finishing second and third respectively. None of the methods showed practical utility as a clinical instrument at this stage, but several new methods of analysis seemed worthy of further investigation.
Reirradiation Response Rate of a High-Copper Reactor Pressure Vessel Weld

The Charpy impact response of reirradiated Heavy-Section Steel Irradiation (HSSI) Program Weld 73W has been determined at three fluence levels. The Charpy specimens had previously been irradiated at 288 C to 1.8 x 10{sup 19} cm{sup -2} (E > 1 MeV) and annealed at 454 C for 168 h. The results show that the change in the 41-J Charpy energy level transition temperature (OTT{sub 41-J}) of the reirradiated specimens is slightly higher than predicted by the vertical shift method, but significantly less than predicted by the lateral shift method. Previous results have also shown that the upper-shelf energy (USE) over-recovers as a consequence of annealing, which may explain why the USE value after a significant amount of reirradiation is approximately equal to the USE value in the unirradiated condition.
Resilience Metrics for Service-Oriented Networks: A Service Allocation Approach

We develop a graph-theoretic model for service-oriented networks and propose metrics that quantify the resilience of such networks under node and edge failures. These metrics are based on the topological structure of the network and the manner in which services are distributed over the network. We present efficient algorithms to determine the maximum number of node and edge failures that can be tolerated by a given service-oriented network. These algorithms rely on known algorithms for computing minimum cuts in graphs. We also present efficient algorithms for optimally allocating services over a given network so that the resulting service-oriented network can tolerate single node or edge failures. These algorithms are derived through a careful analysis of the decomposition of the underlying network into appropriate types of connected components.
Introduction to the Economics of Religion

After a very long hiatus, economists have begun again to study the relationship between economics and religion. This article seeks to summarize and evaluate the principal themes and empirical findings that have appeared in some 200 recent papers on the economics of religion. Although some of the research concerns the economic consequences of religiosity, most applies standard economic theory to the study of individual religious activity, the characteristics of religious groups, and the impact of regulation and competition on religious markets.
Total-Lagrangian Formulation and Finite-Element Analysis of Highly Flexible Plates and Shells

Presented here is a new total-Lagrangian displacement-based finite-element formulation for plates and shells undergoing large displacements and rotations. The theory fully accounts for geometric nonlinearities, general initial curvatures, and extensionality by using Jaumann stress and strain measures, an exact coordinate transformation, and orthogonal virtual rotations. Moreover, transverse shear deformations are accounted for by using a first-order shear deformation theory with shear correction factors obtained by matching the shear strain energy and stress resultants with those of a general layerwise higher-order shear deformation theory. Large static deformations of several different plates and shells under different loading and boundary conditions are obtained. Comparison with available results in the literature reveals that the finite-element model is accurate in predicting large deformations of highly flexible two-dimensional structures.
Electrostatic Beneficiation of Lunar Regolith: Applications in In-Situ Resource Utilization

Upon returning to the moon, or further a field such as Mars, presents enormous challenges in sustaining life for extended periods of time far beyond the few days the astronauts experienced on the moon during the Apollo missions. A stay on Mars is envisioned to last several months, and it would be cost prohibitive to take all the requirements for such a stay from earth. Therefore, future exploration missions will be required to be self-sufficient and utilize the resources available at the mission site to sustain human occupation. Such an exercise is currently the focus of intense research at NASA under the In-situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) program. As well as oxygen and water necessary for human life, resources for providing building materials for habitats, radiation protection, and landing/launch pads are required. All these materials can be provided by the regolith present on the surface as it contains sufficient minerals and metals oxides to meet the requirements. However, before processing, it would be cost effective if the regolith could be enriched in the mineral(s) of interest. This can be achieved by electrostatic beneficiation in which tribocharged mineral particles are separated out and the feedstock enriched or depleted as required. The results of electrostatic beneficiation of lunar simulants and actual Apollo regolith, in lunar high vacuum are reported in which various degrees of efficient particle separation and mineral enrichment up to a few hundred percent were achieved.
Identification and molecular cloning of the human Blym transforming gene activated in Burkitt's lymphomas

DNAs of six Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines contained an activated transforming gene detected by transfection of NIH 3T3 cells. This gene was cloned from a recombinant library of Burkitt's lymphoma DNA and identified as a human homologue of chicken Blym-1, the transforming gene detected by transfection of chicken B-cell lymphoma DNA.
Survival rate of lithium disilicate restorations at 4 years: A retrospective study.

Abstract Statement of problem Ceramic restorations are frequently being placed due to the esthetic demand and the cost of noble metals that has increased considerably. One major disadvantage of ceramic restoration is failure of the material due to fracture by crack propagation. In vitro studies are of little clinical significance and in vivo studies are too short to support clinical success. Purpose The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the failure rate of lithium disilicate restorations (monolithic and layered) at 4 years. Material and methods Data were collected over 45 months from 2 commercial laboratories. Restorations were categorized into monolithic restorations and layered restorations. Each category was further classified into complete coverage single crowns, fixed dental prostheses, e.max veneers, and inlay/onlay restorations. Failure rates were compared and analyzed using Chi-square (α=.05). Results A total of 21 340 restorations were evaluated in this study and included 15 802 monolithic restorations and 5538 layered restorations. The failure rate for single crown monolithic restorations was 0.91% and was 1.83% for single crown layered restorations. For fixed dental prostheses, 4.55% of monolithic restorations failed. For e.max veneers, 1.3% of monolithic veneers fractured and 1.53% of layered veneers fractured. Of the inlay/onlay restorations group, 1.01% of monolithic restorations fractured. Conclusion In the short term (45 months), restorations fabricated with the lithium disilicate material (IPS e.max) had relatively low fracture rates. Layered single crowns fractured at approximately 2 times the rate of monolithic crowns.
Hybridizing a Logical Framework

Logical connectives familiar from the study of hybrid logic can be added to the logical framework LF, a constructive type theory of dependent functions. This extension turns out to be an attractively simple one, and maintains all the usual theoretical and algorithmic properties, for example decidability of type-checking. Moreover it results in a rich metalanguage for encoding and reasoning about a range of resource-sensitive substructural logics, analagous to the use of LF as a metalanguage for more ordinary logics. This family of applications of the language, contrary perhaps to expectations of how hybridized systems are typically used, does not require the usual modal connectives box and diamond, nor any internalization of a Kripke accessibility relation. It does, however, make essential use of distinctively hybrid connectives: universal quantifiation over worlds, truth of a proposition at a named world, and local binding of the current world. This supports the claim that the innovations of hybrid logic have independent value even apart from their traditional relationship to temporal and alethic modal logics.
Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Responses to Chronic Central Administration of Agouti-Related Peptide

Although excess hypothalamic agouti-related peptide (AGRP), an endogenous antagonist of the melanocortin 3/4 receptor, causes hyperphagia and obesity, its role in regulating cardiovascular function is unclear. This study examined control of mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and metabolism during chronic central administration of AGRP in rats. A cannula was placed in the lateral ventricle for intracerebroventricular infusion, and arterial and venous catheters were implanted for monitoring MAP and HR 24 hours per day, as well as intravenous infusions. After a 5-day control period, rats received AGRP (n=6; 0.02 nmol per hour ICV) or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF; n=9; 0.02 nmol per hour ICV) for 12 days, followed by a 5-day recovery period. A third group was infused intracerebroventricularly with AGRP and pair-fed to match food intake of control rats (n=7). AGRP produced a peak decrease in MAP and HR of -7+/-2 mm Hg and -68+/-7 bpm, respectively, despite increased food intake (from 23+/-0.5 to 36+/-3 g per day) and weight gain (from 350+/-8 to 454+/-5 g). AGRP also increased glomerular filtration rate, plasma insulin, glucose, and leptin. AGRP infusion in pair-fed rats produced a peak decrease in HR of -70+/-8 bpm but did not alter MAP or other variables. The metabolic effects of AGRP may be secondary to hyperphagia because they were abolished in pair-fed rats. aCSF infusion did not change any of the variables studied. These results demonstrate that increased central nervous system AGRP levels produce chronic reductions in MAP and HR despite marked increases in food intake and weight gain that normally tend to raise arterial pressure.
Generation of a 20 GHz train of subpicosecond pulses with a stabilized optical-frequency-comb generator.

With a modulator-based 10 GHz optical-frequency-comb generator at 1.55 μm, we report a 20 GHz repetitive train of optical pulses as short as 450 fs. The timing stability of the 20 GHz pulses, in addition to the phase for optical-comb modes, shows a strong dependence on the relative frequency detuning between the comb generator's cavity and the seed cw laser. With a new and simple scheme, the comb generator's cavity resonance was locked to a narrow-linewidth seed laser within an estimated optical-frequency range ⩽6 MHz, enabling high-fidelity 20 GHz subpicosecond pulses and stable optical-frequency-comb generation for indefinite periods.
Behavioral Responses of the Crayfish Procambarus Clarkii to Single Chemosensory Stimuli

Abstract In some crustaceans, compounds that weakly stimulate peripheral chemoreceptor cells elicit disproportionately large behavioral responses. Here, we investigated whether this is the case in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Resting animals were exposed to either a blank or ammonium, glucose, glutamate, glycine, maltose, or trehalose at predicted final concentrations of 200 μM to 2 mM. Glycine significantly increased the time spent walking. Maltose increased the time spent walking and the number of clasps of the small claws (dactyl clasps). Trehalose triggered leg probing/waving and dactyl clasping. Ammonium and glutamate failed to elicit responses. These results are consistent with the varied efficacies of those compound in stimulating leg chemoreceptor cells as determined previously with physiological methods. Glucose, however, elicited all three behaviors that we quantified - a result inconsistent with the earlier finding that glucose fails to elicit action potentials in the leg's nerve. To deter...
Altered angiotensin-converting enzyme in lung and extrapulmonary tissues of hypoxia-adapted rats

The effects of exposing rats to hypoxia (10% O2) at normal atmospheric pressure for periods of 14 or 28 days on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity and stores of angiotensin I (ANG I) and angiotensin II (ANG II) in lung, kidney, brain, and testis were examined. ACE activity was measured by spectrophotometric assay, and active sites of ACE were estimated by measuring the binding of 125I-351A [N-(1-carbonyl-3-phenyl-propyl)-L-lysyl-L-proline], a highly specific active site-directed inhibitor of ACE, to tissue homogenates and perfused lungs. Hypoxia exposure produced progressive reductions in ACE activity in lung homogenates and in ACE inhibitor binding to perfused lungs. ANG II levels in lungs from hypoxia-adapted animals were significantly less than air controls, suggesting that the reduction in intrapulmonary ACE activity was associated with reduced local generation of ANG II. ACE activity was increased in kidney and unchanged in brain and testis of hypoxia-adapted rats compared with air controls. Thus the effects of chronic hypoxia on catalytically active ACE and ACE active sites in the intact animal were organ specific. Adaptation to chronic hypoxia did not significantly alter plasma renin activity or ANG I or ANG II levels or serum ACE content. The hypoxia-induced alterations in lung and kidney ACE were reversible after return to a normoxic environment.
Exploring Joint Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Cognitive Diagnosis Models

Current methods for fitting cognitive diagnosis models (CDMs) to educational data typically rely on expectation maximization (EM) or Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) for estimating the item parameters and examinees’ proficiency class memberships. However, for advanced, more complex CDMs like the reduced reparameterized unified model (Reduced RUM) and the (saturated) loglinear cognitive diagnosis model (LCDM), EM and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) have the reputation of often consuming excessive CPU times. Joint maximum likelihood estimation (JMLE) is proposed as an alternative to EM and MCMC. The maximization of the joint likelihood is typically accomplished in a few iterations, thereby drastically reducing the CPU times usually needed for fitting advanced CDMs like the Reduced RUM or the (saturated) LCDM. As another attractive feature, the JMLE algorithm presented here resolves the traditional issue of JMLE estimators—their lack of statistical consistency—by using an external, statistically consistent estimator to obtain initial estimates of examinees’ class memberships as starting values. It can be proven that under this condition the JMLE item parameter estimators are also statistically consistent. The computational performance of the proposed JMLE algorithm is evaluated in two comprehensive simulation studies.
How Well Can We Detect Lineage-Specific Diversification-Rate Shifts? A Simulation Study of Sequential AIC Methods

Evolutionary biologists have long been fascinated by the extreme differences in species numbers across branches of the Tree of Life. This has motivated the development of statistical methods for detecting shifts in the rate of lineage diversification across the branches of phylogenic trees. One of the most frequently used methods, MEDUSA, explores a set of diversification-rate models, where each model assigns branches of the phylogeny to a set of diversification-rate categories. Each model is first fit to the data, and the Akaike information criterion (AIC) is then used to identify the optimal diversification model. Surprisingly, the statistical behavior of this popular method is uncharacterized, which is a concern in light of: (1) the poor performance of the AIC as a means of choosing among models in other phylogenetic contexts; (2) the ad hoc algorithm used to visit diversification models, and; (3) errors that we reveal in the likelihood function used to fit diversification models to the phylogenetic data. Here, we perform an extensive simulation study demonstrating that MEDUSA (1) has a high false-discovery rate (on average, spurious diversification-rate shifts are identified [Formula: see text] of the time), and (2) provides biased estimates of diversification-rate parameters. Understanding the statistical behavior of MEDUSA is critical both to empirical researchers-in order to clarify whether these methods can make reliable inferences from empirical datasets-and to theoretical biologists-in order to clarify the specific problems that need to be solved in order to develop more reliable approaches for detecting shifts in the rate of lineage diversification. [Akaike information criterion; extinction; lineage-specific diversification rates; phylogenetic model selection; speciation.].
Indirect Immunofluorescence for the Detection of Antibody to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

Results using indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) assay were compared with enzyme immunoassay (ElA) and reference laboratory Western blot (WB) results for determination of antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Of 206 samples tested, 24 were repeatedly reactive by EI A. Twentytwo of the 24 reactive EI As were also reactive by I FA, resulting in a 94% agreement between the two assays. Twentytwo of the 24 reactive EI As were WB reactive as were the 22 IF A reactive serum samples. Agreement of IF A and WB was 100%.
Sensitometric Evaluation of Reversible Color Film

Two considerations are involved in the sensitometric evaluation of reversible color film; we are interested in determining the gray-scale characteristics of the material, as well as its faithfulness of color rendition. Equations have been derived relating the equivalent densities of the 3 layers to the color densitometer readings. The 3 curves showing equivalent densities as functions of log exposure indicate speeds, contrasts, maximum densities, and color balance of the film. Color rendition problems are investigated using the principles of colorimetry. — The equivalent densities of a reproduction depend upon the spectral sensitivities of the material as well as the spectral characteristics of the light source and color sample; the color of the reproduction, however, depends not only upon the equivalent densities but also upon the spectral characteristics of the dyes and of the projection source. A typical problem is that of the effect of change of contrast upon the color renditions. Unit contrast, although giving lighter reproductions, involves saturation errors which are prohibitive. A contrast of 1.5 is found to more nearly balance the errors of lightness, hue and saturation.
Immunohistologic Diagnosis of 2 Cases of Metastatic Prostate Cancer to Breast

We report 2 cases of primary prostatic carcinoma with subsequent carcinomatous lesions in the breast. Prostatic origin of these carcinomas was confirmed by immunocytochemical demonstration of prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate specific antigen within paraffin sections. Previously, only 20 cases of prostatic carcinoma metastatic to the breast have been reported in the literature. In most of these cases the designation of the breast lesion as prostatic carcinoma has been made on morphologic and clinical grounds only.
Quantitative Proteomics of Zea mays Hybrids Exhibiting Different Levels of Heterosis

Maize hybrids exhibiting heterosis (hybrid vigor) were generated from inbred parents with increasing genetic distance. B73 was used as the common female parent in crosses with N192 (low heterosis), MO17 (high-heterosis 1), and NC350 (high-heterosis 2). Total and mitochondria-enriched proteomes were analyzed from ear shoots of field-grown hybrids and their inbred parents. GeLCMS (1D SDS-PAGE fractionation, trypsin digestion, LTQ Orbitrap nano-RP-LC MS/MS) was used to analyze proteins, and spectral counting was used for quantitation. In total, 3,568 proteins were identified and quantified in hybrids including 2,489 in the mitochondria-enriched fraction and 2,162 in the total protein fraction. Sixty-one proteins were differentially abundant (p < 0.05) in one or both of the high-heterosis hybrids compared with the low-heterosis hybrid. For the total proteome, eight of these showed similar trends in abundance in both of the higher-heterosis hybrids. Nine proteins showed this heterosis-correlated pattern in the...
Pyroelectric Energy Scavenging Techniques for Self-Powered Nuclear Reactor Wireless Sensor Networks

Recent advances in technologies for harvesting waste thermal energy from ambient environments present an opportunity to implement truly wireless sensor nodes in nuclear power plants. These sensors could continue to operate during extended station blackouts and during periods when operation of the plant s internal power distribution system has been disrupted. The energy required to power the wireless sensors must be generated using energy harvesting techniques from locally available energy sources, and the energy consumption within the sensor circuitry must therefore be low to minimize power and hence the size requirements of the energy harvester. Harvesting electrical energy from thermal energy sources can be achieved using pyroelectric or thermoelectric conversion techniques. Recent modeling and experimental studies have shown that pyroelectric techniques can be cost competitive with thermoelectrics in self powered wireless sensor applications and, using new temperature cycling techniques, has the potential to be several times as efficient as thermoelectrics under comparable operating conditions. The development of a new thermal energy harvester concept, based on temperature cycled pyroelectric thermal-to-electrical energy conversion, is outlined. This paper outlines the modeling of cantilever and pyroelectric structures and single element devices that demonstrate the potential of this technology for the development of high efficiencymore » thermal-to-electrical energy conversion devices.« less
Factoring high degree polynomials in signal processing

Application of the FFT to evaluate polynomials on concentric circles efficiently has given rise to a very powerful algorithm to factor high degree polynomials that have random coefficients. This algorithm is called the Lindsey-Fox method and has successfully factored a one million degree random coefficient polynomial.
When life-threatening conditions appear clinically silent: an atypical presentation of spontaneous coronary artery dissection in a 60-year-old female

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is a poorly understood phenomenon that usually affects women during pregnancy or the immediate post-partum period. We present the case of a 60-year-old female with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who presented with vague complaints of shortness of breath, dizziness, and weakness with a mildly elevated troponin. She denied any anginal symptoms. As part of her initial workup, a nuclear stress test revealed inferior wall reversible changes. Coronary angiography revealed spontaneous right coronary artery dissection which was treated with a drug-eluting stent.
Laser heating of scanning probe tips for thermal near-field spectroscopy and imaging

Spectroscopy and microscopy of the thermal near-field yield valuable insight into the mechanisms of resonant near-field heat transfer and Casimir and Casimir-Polder forces, as well as providing nanoscale spatial resolution for infrared vibrational spectroscopy. A heated scanning probe tip brought close to a sample surface can excite and probe the thermal near-field. Typically, tip temperature control is provided by resistive heating of the tip cantilever. However, this requires specialized tips with limited temperature range and temporal response. By focusing laser radiation onto AFM cantilevers, we achieve heating up to ∼1800 K, with millisecond thermal response time. We demonstrate application to thermal infrared near-field spectroscopy (TINS) by acquiring near-field spectra of the vibrational resonances of silicon carbide, hexagonal boron nitride, and polytetrafluoroethylene. We discuss the thermal response as a function of the incident excitation laser power and model the dominant cooling contribution...
Could the President and Congress Precipitate a Public Health Crisis

The authors reflect on the possibility that a public health crisis could occur after U.S. President-Elect Donald Trump assumes office in 2017, and it mentions how Republican members of America's Congress have made statements which could result in millions of Americans losing their health care insurance coverage. The U.S. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the nation's Medicaid insurance program are examined, along with health insurance expansions.
THE UNDERSPECIFICATION OF CORONALS: EVIDENCE FROM LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AND PERFORMANCE ERRORS

Publisher Summary Coronals often take part in phonological patterns that are different from those of other places of articulation. In many languages, coronals assimilate to other places of articulation even though velars and labials do not assimilate. Such behavior has been used to argue that coronals are not specified for place of articulation in underlying forms. This chapter discusses the underspecification of coronals, which is evident from language acquisition and performance errors. It explores error phenomena involving the interaction of coronals with other places of articulation. In English, [coronal] would be specified for obstruents and /n/ because place of articulation is contrastive. The only alveolars for which it would be underspecified are /l/ and /r/; as the only liquids in English are alveolars, their place of articulation is not contrastive.
Bovine lineage specification revealed by single-cell gene expression analysis from zygote to blastocyst

Preimplantation embryos undergo zygotic genome activation and lineage specification resulting in three distinct cell types in the late blastocyst. The molecular mechanisms underlying this progress are largely unknown in bovines. Here, we sought to analyze an extensive set of regulators at the single-cell level to define the events involved in the development of the bovine blastocyst. Using a quantitative microfluidics approach in single cells, we analyzed mRNA levels of 96 genes known to function in early embryonic development and maintenance of stem cell pluripotency in parallel in 384 individual cells from bovine preimplantation embryos. The developmental transitions can be distinguished by distinctive gene expression profiles and we identified NOTCH1, expressed in early developmental stages, while T-box 3 (TBX3) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4), expressed in late developmental stages. Three lineages can be segregated in bovine expanded blastocysts based on the expression patterns of lineage-specific genes such as disabled homolog 2 (DAB2), caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX2), ATPase H+/K+ transporting non-gastric alpha2 subunit (ATP12A), keratin 8 (KRT8), and transcription factor AP-2 alpha (TFAP2A) for trophectoderm; GATA binding protein 6 (GATA6) and goosecoid homeobox (GSC) for primitive endoderm; and Nanog homeobox (NANOG), teratocarcinoma-derived growth factor 1 (TDGF1), and PR/SET domain 14 (PRDM14) for epiblast. Moreover, some lineage-specific genes were coexpressed in blastomeres from the morula. The commitment to trophectoderm and inner cell mass lineages in bovines occurs later than in the mouse, and KRT8 might be an earlier marker for bovine trophectoderm cells. We determined that TDGF1 and PRDM14 might play pivotal roles in the primitive endoderm and epiblast specification of bovine blastocysts. Our results shed light on early cell fate determination in bovine preimplantation embryos and offer theoretical support for deriving bovine embryonic stem cells.
Abstract P306: Maintenance of Intracellular Zinc Homeostasis Contributes to the Mechanism by Which Postconditioning Protects the Heart from Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion causes zinc depletion and supplementation of zinc can attenuate ischemia/reperfusion injury. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the intracellular homeostasis in the cardioprotective mechanism of ischemic postconditioning. Isolated rat hearts were subjected to 30 min regional ischemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion. Postconditioning was elicited by six cycles of 10 second reperfusion and 10 seconds ischemia. Zinc concentration was measured with inductively coupled plasma optical spectroscopy (ICPOES). Upon reperfusion cytosolic zinc levels were dramatically decreased but this was prevented by postconditioning, indicating that postconditioning can prevent reperfusion-induced zinc loss. Moreover, postconditioning could also attenuate mitochondrial zinc loss upon reperfusion. In agreement with these observations, the anti-infarct effect of postconditioning was reversed by the zinc chelator N,N,N’,N’-tetrakis-(2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine (TPEN), and exogenous zinc given at reperfusion mimicked the effect of postconditioning by reducing infarct size, suggesting that intracellular zinc account for the cardioprotective effect of postconditioning. Finally, postconditioning enhanced phosphorylation of Akt, ERK, and GSK-3β upon reperfusion, and these effects of postconditioning were inhibited by TPEN, indicating that zinc may mediate the cardioprotective effect of postconditioning by activating the RISK pathway. In conclusion, these data suggest that postconditioning may protect the heart by maintaining intracellular zinc homeostasis and activation of the RISK pathway may account for zinc-mediated cardioprotection of postconditioning.
Real-time estimation of plasma insulin concentration using continuous subcutaneous glucose measurements in people with type 1 diabetes

In artificial pancreas (AP) systems, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data are used to compute the required insulin amount to be infused with an insulin pump to regulate blood glucose concentration of people with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Real-time plasma insulin concentration (PIC) estimations will facilitate calculation of more realistic insulin infusion rates and prevent hypoglycemia caused by overdosing of insulin. Our objective is to develop a method to estimate PIC in real time from CGM and infused insulin data in real-time by using a mathematical model.
Parenting Assessed by Observation versus Parent-report: Moderation by Parent Distress and Family Socioeconomic Status

Assessment of parenting frequently relies on parent self-report despite well-documented discrepancies between this methodology and observational measures. In the current study, we investigated patterns of disagreement between self-reported and observational measures of positive parenting and negative parenting with 102 dyads of parents and 4–6 year-old children. Specifically, we tested whether differences in parent distress and family socioeconomic status (SES) moderated the association between self-reported and observed parenting. Results showed significant interactions with less agreement between self-report and observational measures among parents reporting higher levels of distress and among families from lower SES backgrounds. Effects were more pronounced in models of negative parenting than those of positive parenting. Findings suggest that two factors relevant to parenting quality, emotional distress and SES, predict meaningful differences in manner of parent-report relative to observational measures. We discuss implications for the extant literature and for future efforts regarding effective and efficient parenting measurement.
Evaluating the networking characteristics of the Cray XC-40 Intel Knights Landing-based Cori supercomputer at NERSC

Author(s): Doerfler, D; Austin, B; Cook, B; Deslippe, J; Kandalla, K; Mendygral, P | Abstract: There are many potential issues associated with deploying the Intel Xeon PhiTM (code named Knights Landing [KNL]) manycore processor in a large-scale supercomputer. One in particular is the ability to fully utilize the high-speed communications network, given that the serial performance of a Xeon PhiTM core is a fraction of a Xeon®core. In this paper, we take a look at the trade-offs associated with allocating enough cores to fully utilize the Aries high-speed network versus cores dedicated to computation, eg, the trade-off between MPI and OpenMP. In addition, we evaluate new features of Cray MPI in support of KNL, such as internode optimizations. We also evaluate one-sided programming models such as Unified Parallel C. We quantify the impact of the above trade-offs and features using a suite of National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center applications.
Unusual Pigments in a Primitive Green Alga

Although chlorophyll a is the essential pigment for photosynthesis in all algae and higher plants, its organization within thy lakoid membranes and associations with different antenna pigments vary widely in different groups of plants. In general, most of the chlorophyll is bound to at least two or three different proteins. One of these proteins is closely associated with the reaction center of Photosystem I (PSI), another with PSII, and a third with other antenna pigments such as Chl b, Chl c, fucoxanthin or peridinin. To understand fully the light-absorbing steps in photosynthesis, we need to know more precisely how Chl a is attached to each of these different proteins. By comparing spectral characteristics of Chl-proteins isolated from diverse algal groups, we hope to distinguish the common and perhaps essential nature of the photoreactive pigments.