cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions between the circulating hormones angiotensin and atrial natriuretic peptide and their receptors in brain.

Angiotensin II (ANG II) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) play important roles in the regulation of cardiovascular function and fluid balance (1,2). Circulating ANG II stimulates specific receptors to induce vasoconstriction, aldosterone production, vasopressin release, and sodium retention (2). There are alterations in the peripheral renin-angiotensin system in genetic and experimental hypertension (3). The renin-angiotensin system is also important in human hypertension, and blockade of the last step of ANG II formation by inhibition of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is one of the standard therapies. ANP, produced in the heart, is released to the circulation and is involved in the control of fluid volume and cardiovascular function (1). ANP metabolism is altered in hypertension (4). The peripheral effects of ANP, increased sodium and water excretion by the kidneys, decreased aldosterone production, vasodilation and antihypertensive actions are antithetical to those of the water conservation peptides, vasopressin, and ANG II (1). For these reasons peripheral ANP and ANG II are considered to be part of physiologically antagonistic regulatory systems.
Options Forestry: Acting on Uncertainty

An increased appreciation of how scientific and societal uncertainty enters management decisions suggests a new approach to forest management-options forestry. We contend that unflinching assessments of uncertainty can often find an array of alternatives that cannot be distinguished with sufficient confidence to permit the choice of one "best practice." Options forestry responds to uncertainty by diversifying management, emphasizing learning, and integrating research and management. A Siuslaw National Forest project in Oregon demonstrates options forestry as an approach to act on uncertainty to society's advantage.
The role of miR200c in leptin-mediated triple-negative breast cancer progression to an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.

e12548Background: Almost 40% of women with breast cancer are obese at diagnosis. Obesity is associated with a worse prognosis in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Preclinical studies have shown...
Management of Well-Differentiated High-Grade (G3) Neuroendocrine Tumors

In 2017, the World Health Organization (WHO) classification for pancreatic NET was updated to include a new category of well-differentiated high-grade (Ki 67 > 20%) pancreatic tumors (NET G3), distinct from high-grade poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC). NET G3 are considered a molecularly, radiologically, and prognostically distinct entity compared to NEC and NET G1/G2. The optimal first-line management in NET G3 and sequencing therapies remains a challenge awaiting future trials taking into consideration the unique characteristics of this category. In this review, we aim to summarize the current evidence in the management of NET G3.
Aboveground biomass dynamics and growth efficiency of Sequoia sempervirens forests

Abstract The tallest species, Sequoia sempervirens, inhabits old-growth forests with global maximum biomass and leaf area. Here we determine if these forests also have maximum productivity. Intensive measurements of 114 trees 18–116 m tall and 115–2340 yr old were used to improve allometric equations for Sequoia. Applying the best available allometry to all vegetation in eleven 1-ha plots re-measured at 5-yr intervals yielded accurate estimates of aboveground biomass and growth increments. Plots initially held 1594–4341 Mg ha−1 of biomass (805–2201 Mg C ha−1), which increased by 14.7–40.7 Mg ha−1 yr−1, including input of dead biomass from outside plots. Live biomass increments ranged from 1.2 to 19.2 Mg ha−1 yr−1 and were dominated by heartwood accumulation in Sequoia (up to 15.6 Mg ha−1 yr−1). Exceptional old-growth Sequoia forests thus produce more aboveground biomass annually—and sequester more carbon in decay-resistant heartwood—than forests dominated by any other species. However, live biomass increments are considerably higher in an exceptional second-growth Sequoia forest and a fully stocked Sequoia plantation. Old-growth forest productivity falls short of the maximum, because growth efficiency declines with increasing tree size such that much of an old forest’s photosynthetic capacity resides in crowns of very large trees producing considerably less aboveground biomass per unit leaf mass than small trees. Decreasing Sequoia growth efficiency is strongly related to heartwood proportions of biomass increments, which increase as trees enlarge with age. With increasing tree size, more productivity may also be directed to roots supporting clonal regeneration, explaining why small Sequoia produce several times more aboveground biomass per unit leaf mass than co-occurring species. Since decay-resistant heartwood promotes tree longevity and supports biodiversity, silviculture that includes indefinite retention of Sequoia trees can sustain high productivity while also improving both the carbon sequestration potential and conservation value of managed forests.
A System for Characterizing Intraoperative Force Distribution During Operative Laryngoscopy

Objective: This study aimed to create and validate an integrated data acquisition system for gauging the force distribution between a laryngoscope and soft-tissue during trans-oral surgery. Methods: Sixteen piezoresistive force sensors were interfaced to a laryngoscope and custom maxillary tooth guard. A protocol for calibrating the laryngoscope and maxilla sensors was developed using a motor-controlled linear stage and force measurements were validated against a digital scale. The system was initially tested during suspension laryngoscopy on three cadaver heads mounted on a cadaver head-holder. Intraoperative data was also collected from three patients undergoing head and neck tumor resection. Results: Mean calibration error of the scope sensors was less than 150 g (n = 3) and mean maxilla sensor error was less than 200 g (n = 3). Peak scope mag-forces of 8.09 ± 6.61 kg and peak maxilla forces of 7.62 ± 4.57 kg were experienced during the cadaver trials. The peak scope sensor mag-force recorded during the intraoperative cases was 24.7 ± 4.53 kg, and the peak maxilla force was 22.0 ± 4.60 kg. Conclusion: The data acquisition system was successfully able to record intraoperative force distribution data. The usefulness of this technology in informing surgeons during trans-oral surgery should be further evaluated in patients with varying anatomic and procedural characteristics. Significance: Creation of a low-cost, integrated force-sensing system allows for the characterization of retraction forces at anatomic sites including the pharynx and larynx, brain, and abdomen. Real-time force detection provides surgeons with valuable intraoperative feedback and can be used to improve deformation models at various anatomic sites.
How to Change Your Mind: What the new science of psychedelics teaches us about consciousness, dying, addiction depression, and transcendence

Interested in catching up on the debates and the progress concerning the use of psychedelic substances in treatment and for increasing human perception? Two recently published volumes explore the p...
Multisensory temporal processing in early deaf

Navigating the world relies on understanding progressive sequences of multisensory events across time. Early deaf (ED) individuals are more precise in visual detection of space and motion than their normal hearing (NH) counterparts. However, whether ED individuals show altered multisensory temporal processing abilities is less clear. According to the connectome model, brain development depends on experience, and therefore the lack of audition may affect how the brain responds to remaining senses and how they are functionally connected. We used a temporal order judgment (TOJ) task to examine multisensory (visuotactile) temporal processing in ED and NH groups. We quantified BOLD responses and functional connectivity (FC) in both groups. ED and NH groups performed similarly for the visuotactile TOJ task. Bilateral posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) BOLD responses during the TOJ task were significantly larger in the ED group than in NH. Using anatomically defined pSTS seeds, our FC analysis revealed stronger somatomotor and weaker visual regional connections in the ED group than in NH during the TOJ task. These results suggest that a lack of auditory input might alter the balance of tactile and visual area FC with pSTS when a multisensory temporal task is involved.
Prevention and Intervention Programming: Lessons from an After-School Program.

Given that thoughtfully developed formal after-school programs can make a difference in the academic performance of schoolchildren, and that some public schools are implementing their own on-site after-school curricula, this study sought to identify programmatic features that appear to be associated with successful after-school programming. Qualitative methods were used and the study site was the Manchester Youth Development Center, which has a twenty-five-year record of effective service. The six elements found as salient were that both structure and autonomous space are provided; academic achievement is supported; the program is culturally consistent (in the present case, African-American cultural patterns are evidenced); there is a core of committed authoritative adults; the leadership is child-centered; and the environment is safe.
Empowering Health Teachers through a Summer Institute in a Research Environment

Abstract A summer Institute brought 24 secondary school health teachers into direct contact with 29 current leaders in health research and five health education methodologists for about four weeks at a major medical center. Participants were provided with up-to-date and in-depth health information on 13 topics, and devised detailed lesson plans as well as test questions using the material they had learned. Multicultural perspectives were provided to assure that in planned classroom activities the lessons reflected a sensitivity to the diverse cultures represented among the teachers' students. A major objective of the Institute was to increase participants' perceptions of personal control over health teaching by bringing teachers directly to the source of new health information, circumventing an otherwise long and untimely chain of transmission of health information from researcher to teacher. Two task-specific measures were devised to evaluate the impact of the Institute. Each was tested for construct and...
Prognostic importance of chromosome number in 136 untreated children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Leukemia cell karyotypes were determined at diagnosis for 136 of 159 consecutive patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who were followed for up to 35 mo. Ninety patients (67%) had abnormal karyotypes. Five chromosome categories were designated, based on the distribution of modal numbers: hyperdiploid greater than 50 (n = 41), hyperdiploid 47-50 (n = 18), pseudodiploid (n = 28), normal (n = 46), and hypodiploid (n = 3). Treatment response was assessed for the categories in terms of time to failure (induction failure, first relapse, or death). Children in the hyperdiploid greater than 50 category had the best responses to treatment, with only 2 failures, and those in the pseudodiploid category had the poorest (p less than 0.001). The remaining 3 chromosome categories had intermediate responses and formed a third prognostic group. This same influence of chromosome number on time to failure was evident within the 2 clinical prognostic groups: high risk, signified by a leukocyte count greater than 100 X 10(9)/liter, meningeal leukemia, mediastinal mass, or the presence of blasts that formed rosettes with sheep erythrocytes at 37 degrees C, and standard risk, indicated by the absence of these features. The influence of chromosome number on time to failure was also the same within the historically favorable prognostic group that had common ALL. Results of a multivariate analysis indicated that chromosome number was the strongest single predictor of outcome (p less than 0.001) and was the only variable that added significant prognostic information to leukocyte count (p less than 0.001). The combination of chromosome number and leukocyte count should more clearly distinguish patients with ALL at low or high risk of relapse.
QUANTIFICATION OF MALONDIALDEHYDE AND 4-HYDROXYNONENAL ADDUCTS TO LYSINE RESIDUES IN NATIVE AND OXIDIZED HUMAN LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN

Malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) are major end-products of oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and are frequently measured as indicators of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in vivo. MDA forms Schiff-base adducts with lysine residues and cross-links proteins in vitro; HNE also reacts with lysines, primarily via a Michael addition reaction. We have developed methods using NaBH4 reduction to stabilize these adducts to conditions used for acid hydrolysis of protein, and have prepared reduced forms of lysine-MDA [3-(N epsilon-lysino)propan-1-ol (LM)], the lysine-MDA-lysine iminopropene cross-link [1,3-di(N epsilon-lysino)propane (LML)] and lysine-HNE [3-(N epsilon-lysino)-4-hydroxynonan-l-ol (LHNE)]. Gas chromatography/MS assays have been developed for quantification of the reduced compounds in protein. RNase incubated with MDA or HNE was used as a model for quantification of the adducts by gas chromatography/MS. There was excellent agreement between measurement of MDA bound to RNase as LM and LML, and as thiobarbituric acid-MDA adducts measured by HPLC; these adducts accounted for 70-80% of total lysine loss during the reaction with MDA. LM and LML (0.002-0.12 mmol/ mol of lysine) were also found in freshly isolated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from healthy subjects. LHNE was measured in RNase treated with HNE, but was not detectable in native LDL. LM, LML and LHNE increased in concert with the formation of conjugated dienes during the copper-catalysed oxidation of LDL, but accounted for modification of < 1% of lysine residues in oxidized LDL. These results are the first report of direct chemical measurement of MDA and HNE adducts to lysine residues in LDL. LM, LML and LHNE should be useful as biomarkers of lipid peroxidative modification of protein and of oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo.
Longitudinal and day‐to‐day variability in the ionosphere from lower atmosphere tidal forcing

[1] Simulations with the global ionosphere plasmasphere model driven by whole atmosphere model winds show significant longitudinal and day-to-day variations in the ionospheric parameters. Under fixed solar and geomagnetic activity levels, the contributions of lower atmosphere tides to the longitudinal and day-to-day variability in the upper atmosphere are estimated. Larger relative variability is found in the nighttime than in the daytime, which is consistent with observations. The perturbations from the lower atmosphere contribute about half of the observed variability in the ionospheric F2 peak plasma density under moderate solar activity and geomagnetic quiet conditions. The daily variability of the equatorial vertical plasma drifts is primarily driven by the day-to-day amplitude changes of the migrating semidiurnal tide, while the wave-4 and wave-3 longitudinal variations during September are dominated by the nonmigrating diurnal eastward propagating tides with zonal wave numbers 3 and 2, respectively.
High Magnetic Field Research

A magnetic field is said to possess an energy density which is analogous to the thermal energy density of a gas. When a region of magnetic field is compressed or distorted, its energy content is raised. A magnetic field of 1 megagauss has an energy density of 40 x 10/sup 3/ ergs, or 1000 cal per cc, which is comparable to the chemical energy density of high explosives. The achievement of very high magnetic fields has obvious uses in pure and applied research. In high energy physics, the most common use is that of guiding energetic particles along paths that are more or less strongly curved, depending on the field strength and panticle momentum. An analogy of the magnetic field is given as a "two-dimensional gas" in which the flux lines take the place of gas molecules. This analogy becomes exact for systems that are infinite and uniform along the direction of the field. The technological avenues being followed to produce high magnetic fields are reduction of input current requirement by means of a tubular coil wound of insulated wire, use of motional effects in solid tube design with a straight or helical slit, use of motional effects in solidmore » but nonrigid tubes, use of conductive fluids, and reduction of magnetic forces by means of forcefree geometric designs. (B.O.G.)« less
Shock waves and acoustic signals from the optical breakdown and interaction with targets of ultrashort laser pulses

The study and comparison of sound waves produced by nanosecond and femtosecond laser pulses in the focal region as a result of the optical breakdown in air, water and near surfaces of targets were performed. Ultrashort laser pulses focused in the medium produced highly ionized plasma with light and sound emission. For time-resolved detection of sound waves a probe-beam-deflection setup was used. The amplitude of the shock wave was evaluated by measuring the propagation velocity. The sound wave produced by a femtosecond laser pulse in the air had a delayed compressional contribution in the profile that was attributed to the recombination of charges in the plasma region.
Study of the dehydrogenation behavior of magnesium hydride

The application of magnesium hydride as a hydrogen storage material has been limited by its high hydrogen release temperature. This study elucidates that the nucleation barrier for hexagonal close-packed (hcp)-Mg plays an important role in establishing the hydrogen release temperature. When the magnesium powders are hydrogenated such that the surface is completely covered by the hydride phase, the desorption temperature is found to be high, owing to the energy required for the nucleation of the hcp-Mg on the surface.
SYSTEMATIC EVALUATION OF VARIABLES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO NONCOMPLIANCE: A REPLICATION AND EXTENSION

The effects of time-out and escape extinction were examined with 2 preschoolers after we identified variables that may have resulted in noncompliance. Results of a functional analysis showed that noncompliance was highest in the escape condition for both participants. During the treatment evaluation, escape extinction resulted in greater reductions in noncompliance relative to time-out.
Progress in the bond graph representations of economics and population dynamics

Abstract The dynamics of the marketplace are amenable to a bond graph description. Franksen pointed out that the economic laws of Walras are the equivalents of the Kirchhoff laws and that this implied a network or structural aspect of the marketplace. We begin with this observation and fully develop the sign and signal-flow conventions. More importantly, we conduct a survey of the economics and related literatures in order to recast the conventional theory into the form of constitutive relations. That work is summarized and extended in this paper. Other new contributions described are associated with economic populations. (An instance of such a population is a group of machines, each of which undergoes a life cycle and then is replaced, refueled or maintained.) The discussion is illustrated with examples. One example is a simple market whose dynamics are characterized by a chaotic attractor, another example is a bond graph of the recycling of a commodity.
Mapping Data on Enrolled Students.

This chapter illustrates application of GIS techniques to analysis of student enrollment at a major university.
Teaching theory of mind: A new approach to social skills training for individuals with autism

This study examined the effectiveness of a social skills training program for normal-IQ adolescents with autism. Five boys participated in the 4 1/2-month treatment condition; four boys matched on age, IQ, and severity of autism constituted the no-treatment control group. In addition to teaching specific interactional and conversational skills, the training program provided explicit and systematic instruction in the underlying social-cognitive principles necessary to infer the mental states of others (i.e., theory of mind). Pre- and post-intervention assessment demonstrated meaningful change in the treatment group's performance on several false belief tasks, but no improvement in the control sample. No changes, however, were demonstrated on general parent and teacher ratings of social competence for either group.
Aerosol immunization of humans with inactivated parainfluenza type 2 vaccine.

Abstract The antibody response was compared in 40 volunteers who were immunized with parainfluenza Type 2 vaccine, either subcutaneously or by aerosol, and in 16 controls. The neutralizing-antibody response in respiratory secretions was of greater magnitude in the aerosol group than in the other groups. In both the aerosol and the subcutaneous groups there was a significant rise in serum antibody. The respiratory-secretion antibody was found in the IgA class.
The Rate of Iron Sulfide Formation in the Solar Nebula

Abstract The kinetics and mechanism of the reaction H 2 S(g) + Fe(s) = FeS(s) + H 2 (g) was studied at temperatures and compositions relevant to the solar nebula. Fe foils were heated at 558–1173 K in H 2 S/H 2 gas mixtures (∼25 to ∼10,000 parts per million by volume (ppmv) H 2 S) at atmospheric pressure. Optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction show that the microstructures and preferred growth orientations of the Fe sulfide scales vary with temperature and H 2 S/H 2 ratio. Initially, compact, uniformly oriented scales grow on the Fe metal. As sulfidation proceeds, the scales crack and finer grained, randomly oriented crystals grow between the metal and the initial sulfide scale. The composition of the scales varies from Fe 0.90 S to FeS with temperature and H 2 S/H 2 ratio, in agreement with thermodynamic calculations. The weight gain and thickness change of the samples give nearly identical measures of the reaction progress. Sulfide layers formed in 25–100 ppmv H 2 S grow linearly with time. Iron sulfides formed in ∼1000 ppmv H 2 S originally grow linearly with time. Upon reaching a critical thickness growth follows parabolic kinetics. Iron sulfide formation in 10,000 ppmv H 2 S also follows parabolic kinetics. The linear rate equation for sulfidation of Fe grains (≤20 μm diameter) in the solar nebula is d (FeS)/ dt = k f P H 2 S − k r P H2 (cm hour −1 ). The forward and reverse rate constants are (cm hour −1 atm −1 ) k f = 5.6(±1.3)exp(−27950(±7280)/ RT ) and k r = 10.3(±1.0)exp(−92610(±350)/ RT ), respectively. The activation energies for the forward and reverse reactions are ∼28 kJ mole −1 and ∼93 kJ mole −1 , respectively. FeS formation in the solar nebula is rapid (e.g., ∼200 years at 700 K and 10 −3 bars total pressure for 20 μm diameter Fe grains) as predicted by simple collision theory models of FeS formation.
Surgical repair of ruptured papillary muscle complicating posterior myocardial infarction

Abstract Diagnosis of ruptured papillary muscle with resultant mitral regurgitation was established in two patients following acute posterior myocardial infarction. The complication was suspected clinically and was supported by data obtained at right heart catheterization. In each case the regurgitation was greatly reduced by surgical repair of the unsupported segment of the mitral leaflet. Both patients died in the immediate postoperative period from new myocardial infarctions developed either during surgery or in the immediate postoperative period. The question is raised whether this condition lends itself to successful correction using existing open heart surgical technics including preoperative partial bypass, or whether additional technics must be developed to handle the special requirement of perfusing potentially ischemic myocardium through a diseased coronary arterial system.
SIMULATION OF THE EVOLUTION OF STELLAR SYSTEMS.

Computer models for isolated disk galaxies and for infi nite doubly periodic stellar systems are used to study the self-consistent motion of large numbers of interacting stars as they move in the plane of the galactic disk. The doubly periodic model is used to investigate the develop ment of the gravitational instability for a plane stellar system. The results obtained show that the initial con densations which form are about two Jeans lengths in diameter.An isolated, initially cold, balanced disk is found to be violently unstable. Adding a sciffcient amount of ve locity dispersion will stabilize all small-scale disturb ances. Most disks investigated are found to be unstable against slowly growing long wavelength modes, and after about two rotations the disks tend to assume a bar- shaped structure. It is also found that the final mass distribution for most disks can be closely approximated by an exponential variation irrespective of the initial mass distribution.
Cartographic techniques for communicating class separability: enhanced choropleth maps of median household income, Iowa

In mapping population characteristics, data are usually portrayed as accurate without error. However, many population datasets provide estimates derived from surveys or samples, and a certain level of uncertainty is associated with each estimate. Ignoring estimated uncertainty information in mapping may produce misleading maps and generate spurious spatial patterns. In this paper, we introduce a measure of separability to indicate the likelihood that units assigned to different classes are truly different statistically. A series of map symbolization techniques is proposed to communicate class separability to the cartographer or map reader, and presented in four series of maps of American Community Survey data on median household income for Iowa counties. These map series illustrate several different techniques: a legend designed to communicate separability between classes, graduated line symbols to communicate separability between individual map units, and a color scheme in which perceptual color differen...
Sodium-calcium exchange in mammalian heart: current-voltage relation and intracellular calcium concentration.

Membrane currents and changes in intracellular calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) have been recorded that can be attributed to the operation of an electrogenic, voltage-dependent sodium-calcium (Na-Ca) exchanger in mammalian heart cells. Single guinea-pig ventricular myocytes under voltage clamp were perfused internally with the fluorescent Ca2+-indicator, fura-2, and changes in [Ca2+]i and membrane current that resulted from Na-Ca exchange were isolated through the use of various organic channel blockers (verapamil, TTX), impermeant ions (Cs+, Ni2+), and inhibitors of sarcoplasmic reticulum (ryanodine). The I-V relation of Na-Ca exchange was obtained from the Ni2+-sensitive current elicited by ramp repolarization from +90 mV to −80 mV. Ramps were sufficiently rapid that little change in [Ca2+]i occured during the ramp. The (constant) [Ca2+]i during the ramp was varied over the range 100 nM to 1000 nM by varying the amplitude and duration of a pre-pulse to the ramp. The reversal potential of the Ni2+-sensitive ramp current varied linearly with 1n([Ca2+])i. The I-V relations at different [Ca2+]i over the range −60 mV to +140 mV were in reasonable accord with the predictions of a simple, simultaneous scheme of Na-Ca exchange, on the basis that only [Ca2+]i had changed. The relationship between [Ca2+]i and current at a constant membrane voltage was also in accord with this scheme. We suggest that Ca2+-fluxes through the exchanger during the cardiac action potential can be understood quantitatively by considering the binding of Ca2+ to the exchanger during the [Ca2+]i-transient and the effects of membrane voltage on the exchanger.
Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A North American Perspective

The North American guidelines for pneumonia generally show agreement in both the Canadian and American approaches. However, much new data have appeared since the original recommendations, and revisions are needed. The general approach to empiric therapy that has been proposed in both the Canadian and American Thoracic Society documents does appear to be valid, and future recommendations will probably use the original approach as a framework for a more refined approach.
Microtubule disruption potentiates phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction in rat mesenteric arterial bed.

The pressor response induced by phenylephrine in the rat isolated mesenteric arterial bed was significantly increased following treatment with nocodazole, a drug that disassembles microtubules (10 μM, 90 min). This increase was even greater in the presence of nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibition, and completely reversed by paclitaxel (20 μM), a stabilizer of microtubules. These results demonstrate that disassembly of microtubules enhances vasoconstriction to receptor activation, suggesting that the microtubules modulate the transduction of intracellular signals in endothelium and vascular smooth muscle cells.
Abstract 4558: 6-Nitroquinoline as a metabolically-activated probe for direct fluorescence detection of hypoxia

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Hypoxic (oxygen poor) cells in tumors play an important role in cancer biology. For example, the hypoxic environment may select for cells that are incapable of undergoing apoptosis. In addition, there is recent speculation that cancer stem cells that may be responsible for metastases are harbored in the hypoxic niche of tumors. Indeed, tumor hypoxia correlates with poor patient prognosis. Accordingly, detection of tumor hypoxia may soon become an important part of the clinical characterization of human cancers. Fluorescent probes for the direct detection of hypoxia in biological systems could provide a useful complement to the radiochemical imaging and immunohistochemical staining methods that are commonly used in this field. Building on our longstanding interest in metabolically-activated, hypoxia-selective antitumor agents, we set out to develop a probe that would be metabolized under hypoxic conditions into a product with known utility as a fluorescent reporter. We selected the molecule 6-nitroquinoline as a forum to explore the fundament chemistry, biochemistry and biology underlying the development of hypoxia-selective, bioreductively-activated fluorophores. We expected that hypoxia-selective reduction of the nitro group in this probe would generate the fluorophore 6-aminoquinoline. First, we confirmed that 6-nitroquinoline is not fluorescent. We next examined whether enzymatic metabolism converted this probe to a fluorescent product. The xanthine/xanthine oxidase enzyme system was employed for the one-electron reductive activation of the probe. We find that incubation of the probe with xanthine oxidase in the presence of a stoichiometric excess (5 equiv) of the substrate xanthine generates a substantial (approximately 30 fold) increase in fluorescence at 530 nm, as expected for generation of the 6-aminoquinoline product. Mass spectrometric analysis confirms that 6-aminoquinoline is generated under these conditions. In contrast, only a small increase in fluorescence at 530 nm is observed under aerobic conditions. Experiments that varied the amount of xanthine substrate used to “fuel” the reduction reaction revealed the presence of intermediate fluorescent products that generate an emission maximum at about 430 nm. This is likely due to 6-hydroxylamino and dimerized azoxy metabolites. The enzyme NADPH: cytochrome P450 reductase similarly converts 6-nitroquinoline to fluorescent products in a hypoxia-selective manner. In conclusion, we have established that 6-nitroquinoline can serve as a direct-light-up fluorescent probe for the detection of hypoxia and we have characterized the mechanisms by which this agent is converted to fluorescent products. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4558.
Groups of Finite Morley Rank with Transitive Group Automorphisms

The aim of this short note is to prove the following result: Theorem. Let G be a group of finite Morley rank with Aut G acting transitively on G /{1}. Then G is either abelian or a bad group . Bad groups were first defined by Cherlin [Ch]: these are groups of finite Morley rank without solvable and nonnilpotent connected subgroups. They have been investigated by the author [Ne 1], Borovik [Bo], Corredor [Co], and Poizat and Borovik [Bo-Po]. They are not supposed to exist, but we are far from proving their nonexistence. This is one of the major obstacles to proving Cherlin's conjecture: infinite simple groups of finite Morley rank are algebraic groups. If the group G of the theorem is finite, then it is well known that G ≈ ⊕ Z p for some prime p : clearly all elements of G have the same order, say p , a prime. Thus G is a finite p -group, so has a nontrivial center. But Aut G acts transitively; thus G is abelian. Since it has exponent p , G ≈ ⊕ Z p . The same proof for infinite G does not work even if it has finite Morley rank, for the following reasons: 1) G may not contain an element of finite order. 2) Even if G does contain an element of finite order, i.e. if G has exponent p , we do not know if G must have a nontrivial center.
Thermoelectric Efficiency and Compatibility

The intensive reduced efficiency eta(r) is derived for thermoelectric power generation (in one dimension) from intensive fields and currents, giving eta(r)=(E x J) divided by (- inverted Delta)T x J(S). The overall efficiency is derivable from a thermodynamic state function, Phi=1 divided by u + alphaT, where we introduce u=J divided by kappa (inverted Delta)T as the relative current density. The method simplifies the computation and clarifies the physics behind thermoelectric devices by revealing a new materials property s=(sqrt[1+zT]-1) divided by (alphaT), which we call the compatibility factor. Materials with dissimilar compatibility factors cannot be combined by segmentation into an efficient thermoelectric generator because of constraints imposed on u. Thus, control of the compatibility factor s is, in addition to z, essential for efficient operation of a thermoelectric device, and thus will facilitate rational materials selection, device design, and the engineering of functionally graded materials.
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells with carbon nanotube based electrodes

The use of multiwalled carbon nanotubes as a platinum support for proton exchange membrane fuel cells has been investigated as a way to reduce the cost of fuel cells through an increased utilization of platinum. Carbon nanotubes were selectively grown directly on the carbon paper by chemical vapor deposition with electrodeposited cobalt catalyzing the growth of the carbon nanotubes. The as-prepared carbon nanotubes were employed as the support for the subsequent platinum catalyst, which is electrodeposited on the carbon nanotubes. Physicochemical and electrochemical characterizations were conducted to identify the morphologies of the cobalt, the carbon nanotubes, and the electrodeposited platinum on the carbon nanotubes. The feasibility of a fuel cell using the carbon nanotube-based electrodes was demonstrated.
Estrogen alters the diurnal rhythm of α1-adrenergic receptor densities in selected brain regions

Norepinephrine regulates the proestrous and estradiol- induced LH surge by binding to aradrenergic receptors. The density of α1-receptors may be regulated by estradiol, photoperiod, and noradrenergic neuronal activity. We wished to determine whether α1-receptors exhibit a diurnal rhythm in ovariectomized and/or estradiol-treated female rats, whether estradiol regulates arreceptors in those areas of brain involved with LH secretion and/or sexual behavior, and whether the concentrations of α-receptors vary inversely relative to previously reported norepinephrine turnover patterns. Young female rats, maintained on a 14:10 light-dark cycle were ovariectomized. One week later, half of them were outfitted sc with Silastic capsules containing estradiol. Groups of animals were decapitated 2 days later at 0300, 1000, 1300, 1500, 1800, and 2300 h. Brains were removed, frozen, and sectioned at 20 μm. Sections were incubated with [3H]prazosin in Tris-HCl buffer, washed, dried, and exposed to LKB Ultrofilm. The densit...
"Earth Has No Sorrow That Heaven Cannot Cure": Northern Civilian Perspectives on Death and Eternity During the Civil War

This article examines how religious Northerners conceived of death and eternity during the Civil War. Letters and diaries reveal that religious civilians coped with their own mortality or the deaths of family members with a steadfast hope that they would be reunited with loved ones in heaven. Believing that God sovereignly determined the timing of a person’s passing, civilians encouraged soldiers to be prepared for death at any moment. Upon receiving the unwelcome news of a soldier’s passing, they sought evidence that he had left a testimony of dying in the faith. Comforted by a hope of attaining heaven, civilians described its blissful shores with some specificity, yet their conflicting depictions of heaven demonstrate a breadth of theological views. While some individuals imagined heaven as a place where the worship and praise of God predominated, others focused on reunion with families in a setting that resembled the Victorian home. Far from representing the beginning of a secular approach to death and dying, the Civil War marked the continuation of a religious understanding of death while exposing the theological fragmentation that characterized mid-nineteenth-century American religion.
Hypernatremia in Acute Myeloid Leukemia With Trisomy 13: A Case Report and Review of Literature of Diabetes Insipidus in Association With Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a disorder characterized by the inability of the body to conserve water. It occurs either via a central mechanism, where anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) is deficient, or via a nephrogenic mechanism characterized by normal ADH secretion and varying degrees of renal resistance to its water-retaining effects. Central DI is mostly idiopathic, but it can be secondary to trauma, surgery, tumors, infections or other infiltrative processes in the brain. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a rare association with central DI, particularly when there are karyotype abnormalities such as monosomy 7 or inversion of chromosome 3q. Here we report a case of DI associated with AML without these chromosomal abnormalities, but with trisomy 13 in a 19-year-old Haitian female. J Hematol. 2014;3(3):80-83 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jh125w
Same Ole Same Ole with Regard to Sterile Syringe Availability

‘Same Ole Same Ole’ with Regard to Sterile Syringe Availability Research has shown that the shared use of contaminated needles, syringes, and even drug vials is a major means of transmission for HIV and hepatitis B and C infections. However, fears persist that by allowing injecting drug users access to sterile needles and syringes sends the wrong message resulting in increased numbers of persons injecting illicit drugs and increased crime rates. And as the numbers of those injecting illicit drugs increases so do the numbers of bloodborne infections like HIV and hepatitis. Existing research and other data do not support such fears; however, there is some support for the ‘same old same old’ with regard to sterile syringe availability.
Weight-related abuse: Perceived emotional impact and the effect on disordered eating

The purpose of this article was to evaluate theories that (1) weight-related abuse (WRA) plays a unique role in the development of disordered eating, above and beyond general childhood verbal abuse and weight-related teasing, and (2) the perceived emotional impact of WRA mediates the relationship between WRA and current disordered eating. Self-report questionnaires on childhood trauma, weight-related teasing, WRA, and current eating behaviors were administered to a total of 383 undergraduate students. In initial regressions, WRA significantly predicted binge eating, emotional eating, night eating, and unhealthy weight control. WRA continued to significantly predict all 4 forms of disordered eating following the introduction of measures of weight-related teasing and childhood verbal abuse into the regression. Latent variable analysis confirmed that perceived emotional impact of WRA mediated the relationship between WRA and disordered eating, and tests for indirect effects yielded a significant indirect effect of WRA on disordered eating through perceived emotional impact. In sum, WRA is a unique construct and the content of childhood or adolescent maltreatment is important in determining eventual psychopathology outcomes. These findings support the necessity of incorporating information on developmental history and cognitive factors into assessment and treatment of individuals with disordered eating.
Large-screen display industry: market and technology trends for direct view and projection displays

Large screen information displays are defined as dynamic electronic displays that can be viewed by more than one person and are at least 2-feet wide. These large area displays for public viewing provide convenience, entertainment, security, and efficiency to the viewers. There are numerous uses for large screen information displays including those in advertising, transportation, traffic control, conference room presentations, computer aided design, banking, and military command/control. A noticeable characteristic of the large screen display market is the interchangeability of display types. For any given application, the user can usually choose from at least three alternative technologies, and sometimes from many more. Some display types have features that make them suitable for specific applications due to temperature, brightness, power consumption, or other such characteristic. The overall worldwide unit consumption of large screen information displays of all types and for all applications (excluding consumer TV) will increase from 401,109 units in 1995 to 655,797 units in 2002. On a unit consumption basis, applications in business and education represent the largest share of unit consumption over this time period; in 1995, this application represented 69.7% of the total. The market (value of shipments) will grow from $DOL3.1 billion in 1995 to $DOL3.9 billion in 2002. The market will be dominated by front LCD projectors and LCD overhead projector plates.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Beating the optical Liouville theorem

It is well-known that conservation of phase-space volume or optical etendue leads to strict limits to concentration. Less well- known is the connection between entropy and etendue. Entropy has a logarithmic dependence on etendue in addition to the familiar linear dependence on heat. This trade-off permits, in principle, an exponential boost in concentration. Optical systems that make use of this possibility will be discussed.
Characterization of the functional properties and nuclear binding proteins of the rat luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor promoter in Leydig cells.

The experiments presented herein were designed to study the molecular basis of the restricted cellular localization and transcriptional regulation of the LH/CG receptor in Leydig cells. Using luciferase fusion constructs transfected into Leydig and Sertoli cell lines, we show that the proximal 186 basepairs (relative to the translation start site) of the 5'-flanking region of the rat LH/CG receptor represent a basal promoter that accounts for the Leydig cell-specific expression of this receptor. A region that confers negative transcriptional regulation by cAMP maps to nucleotides -40 to -70 of this basal promoter. Using mobility shift and deoxyribonuclease footprinting assays, we also report the detection of Leydig cell-specific protein(s) that bind to the basal LH/CG receptor promoter. The binding of this protein(s) to the promoter involves an AP-2 consensus sequence beginning at nucleotide -59 as well as additional sequences that remain to be identified. In spite of the fact that the AP-2 site is involv...
Virial theorem and cohesive energy of monovalent metals

Abstract The virial theorem predicts that the cohesive energy of monovalent metals should nearly equal the kinetic energy of the electrons in the Fermi sea. The experimental cohesive energies are in agreement with this prediction.
Adenosine Diphosphate‐Induced Platelet Aggregation of Hospitalized Men

The subjects of this study were 54 hospitalized men whose clinical evaluation included a glucose tolerance test. Platelet aggregation induced by 1.7 μM ADP at room temperature was measured turbidimetrically in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) derived from each man's fasting blood sample. The men were classified as to whether they had ischaemic heart disease or diabetes mellitus (2-h glucose, 140 mg/100 ml or more) and by age and race. No significant difference between mean platelet aggregation values was found for any of these 4 comparisons. Platelet counts were done with 31 PRP, and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) and triglyceride concentrations were determined in 21 of the fasting plasmas. There was no significant correlation between platelet aggregation and age or between platelet aggregation and the plasma concentrations of glucose, platelets, triglycerides, total nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) or any of the 6 major individual NEFA.
Use of computed tomography scanning before and after siting in an emergency department

Rationale and Objectives. Before a computed tomography (CT) scanner was installed in the emergency department, this hospital had no dedicated CT scanner for patients in the emergency department, and transporting these patients to the CT scanners in the radiology department took approximately 8–10 min each way. We sought to determine whether the presence of a CT scanner within the emergency department would lead to an increase in the number of emergent cranial CT examinations and a decrease in the diagnostic yield of these examinations. Methods. More than 8,000 records of cranial CT examinations were reviewed for the 12 months before and the 12 months after the installation of the CT scanner in the emergency department. A positive case was defined as one that showed acute abnormality such as ischemia, hemorrhage, edema, or mass effect. Results. Our results show a 30.1% increase in the number of CT scans of the head ordered by physicians in the emergency department after the installation of a CT scanner (p Conclusion. The convenience of having a CT scanner in the emergency department leads to greater use of CT examinations. However, the increase in the number of emergent CT studies is justified because the number of positive CT examinations increases proportionately.