cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A test for the mean vector with fewer observations than the dimension under non-normality

In this article, we consider the problem of testing that the mean vector @m=0 in the model x"[email protected]+Cz"j,j=1,...,N, where z"j are random p-vectors, z"j=(z"i"j,...,z"p"j)^' and z"i"j are independently and identically distributed with finite four moments, i=1,...,p,j=1,...,N; that is x"i need not be normally distributed. We shall assume that C is a pxp non-singular matrix, and there are fewer observations than the dimension, [email protected]?p. We consider the test statistic T=[[email protected]?^'D"s^-^[email protected]?-np/(n-2)]/[2trR^2-p^2/n]^1^2, where [email protected]? is the sample mean vector, S=(s"i"j) is the sample covariance matrix, D"S= diag (s"1"1,...,s"p"p),R=D"s^-^1^2SD"s^-^1^2 and n=N-1. The asymptotic null and non-null distributions of the test statistic T are derived.
Recognition memory for literal, figurative, and anomalous sentences

In a yes-no recognition memory experiment, subjects studied literal, figurative, and anomalous sentences and were later required to identify target items among a comparable set of distractors. For target items, recognition probability was higher for literal sentences than for anomalous sentences, and lowest for metaphors. The false alarm rate was highest for metaphors, next highest for literal sentences, and lowest for anomalous sentences. Recognition performance was negatively correlated with the “figurativeness“ of sentences. Results were interpreted in support of a feature transfer operation in processing meaning.
A kinetic study of the alcoholic fermentation of grape juice

The alcoholic fermentation of grape juice by a wine yeast was studied batchwise at pH 3.6 and 4.05 to develop kinetic equations relating cell concentration, N, to product concentration, P. In the exponential growth phase where A, B, and C are constants, and μ is the specific growth rate. In the stationary phase, where the cell population is constant, was found to apply. This equation, which incorporates a stoichiometric constant, Pm, predicted correctly the operation of a continuous fermentor at pH 3.6 and at 4.05. To study more fully the effect of alcohol concentration on yeast growth, a continuous fermentor was used in which the grape juice feed was supplemented with pure alcohol. At pH 3.6 the specific growth rate varied as, There was no growth inhibition below an alcohol concentration of 2.6 g./100 cc., but inhibition was complete above 6.85 g./100 cc. This is a modified form of the relation suggested by Hinshelwood.1 The data suggest that growth in batch culture was limited not only by alcohol but also by some other factor, probably a nutritional deficiency.
High-frequency limit of photon density waves in turbid media

We propose an iterative scheme to compute quasi-analytically the laser irradiance transmitted through a turbid media illuminated by high-frequency intensity-modulated light. We compare the spatial distribution of the transmitted signal obtained from iterative calculations with that obtained from random walk simulations and from the traditional diffusion theory. In the regime where the diffusion theory breaks down for a highly modulated source, only the ballistic and quasi-ballistic photons survive. This regime could become accessible for interesting imaging applications as the beam width of the AC signal of the transmitted light decreases with an increasing frequency.
Resolving the Responsibilism Dilemma: A Reply to Hetherington

The first horn of the Responsibilism Dilemma turns on the fact that the concept of responsibility is neutral between positive appraisal and negative appraisal. To say that someone is responsible is not ipso facto to say whether she is praiseworthy or blameworthy. Being responsible for something is simply a matter of having the appropriate sort of control over it, regardless of whether that control is exercised well or badly. So re sponsibility is, at most, a necessary, but not a sufficient condition for positive appraisal. Now, the concept of epistemic justification obviously entails a positive appraisal. So if responsibility, as such, is neutral between positive and negative appraisal, whereas epistemic justification entails a positive appraisal, then obviously there is a conceptual gap between mere responsibility and epistemic justification. It seems obvious to me that Heth erington is right about this. However, it seems just as obvious that it is innocuous to the responsibilist to concede that responsibility is only a necessary, and not a sufficient condition for justification. That is because responsibility, thus understood, is simply a matter of having control, re gardless of whether that control is exercised well or badly. Only control that is exercised properly could be sufficient for a positive epistemic status. All of this seems rather mundane.
Requirements of frictional debonding at fiber/matrix interfaces for tough ceramic composites

Abstract Optimum toughening of fiber-reinforced ceramic composites requires debonding at fiber/matrix interfaces and subsequent frictional sliding between the fibers and the matrix as the main crack extends through the composite. Criteria of both interfacial debonding vs fiber fracture, and frictional debonding vs frictionless debonding, are illustrated. To achieve interfacial debonding, the ratio of the fiber strength to the interfacial shear strength must exceed a critical value; to achieve a frictional interface after interfacial debonding, the ratio of the interfacial residual clamping stress to the interfacial shear strength must also exceed a critical value. While interfacial debonding is not sensitive to Poisson's effect, the frictional interface is sensitive to Poisson's effect.
Contralateral interhemispheric resection of thalamic cavernous malformations with frameless stereotaxy

Thalamic cavernous malformations pose clinical problems similar to cavernous malformations located in other highly eloquent areas such as the brainstem. Better imaging and continuous refinements of frameless stereotaxy have greatly increased our comfort level in resecting lesions in such critical areas. This report details the contralateral interhemispheric approach, which is very useful in approaching symptomatic cavernous malformations of the thalamus that abut the ependymal surface of the lateral or third ventricles.
Can the CDCC be improved? A proposal

The continuum discretized coupled channel method includes breakup of the projectile during a projectile–nucleus scattering process. The main new feature of the proposed reformulation is not to discretize the breakup continuum into bins, and then solve the corresponding continuum–continuum coupled equations, but rather to treat the continuum as a whole. This is accomplished by transforming the Schrodinger equation into an integral equation, separating the breakup space from the bound space by means of projection operators, and then using a two-dimensional free Greens function in the integral kernel of the breakup component. The latter is known analytically in configuration space. Iterative methods for solving this equation are considered, and an estimate of the corresponding number of floating point operations (i.e., the complexity) is presented. The complexity is not much larger than that of the standard method.
Laser-direct-written capacitors and inductors for GaAs monolithic microwave integrated circuit trimming

Laser-direct-write deposition of tungsten and laser ablation techniques have been successfully used to modify monolithic capacitors and inductors fabricated on GaAs substrates. The properties of the tungsten inductors and capacitors have been characterised at microwave frequencies and are in good agreement with theory. The new techniques permit postfabrication tuning with precision and versatility that are not achievable by any other method
A global perspective on multivariate calibration methods

This paper consists of two distinct but related parts. In the first part a geometric theory of generalized inverses is presented and a methodology based on this theory is developed and applied to solve the K-matrix and P-matrix forms of Beer's law. It is shown that most currently accepted and practiced methods for solving these forms of Beer's law are just special cases of this geometric theory of generalized inverses. In addition, this geometric theory is used to explain why the current methods work and why they fail. In the second part a general methodology that includes as special cases least squares, principal component regression, partial least squares 1 and 2, continuum regression plus a variety of other described and undescribed methodologies is presented and then applied to solve the P-matrix formulation of Beer's law. This general methodology, like the first, is also geometric in nature and relies on an understanding of projections. The main emphasis of this paper is one of perspective, which, if understood, provides the proper foundation for answering the general but extremely hard and possibly unanswerable question “what is the best method?”.
Women And News: Making connections between the global and the local

In an era of increasing globalization, women continue to be underrepresented and stereotyped in national, international and global news media. The problem is exacerbated when traditional geographic boundaries are crossed and the media in one country report on issues and events, particularly those that impact women, in another country. The question addressed in this article is how news organizations can best represent women and our diverse lives within this new global context. In an effort to bridge the local-global dichotomy, this article aims to make connections between macro-level theories of cultural globalization and micro-level theories of feminism. Three scenarios of cultural globalization, as proposed by Pieterse (2004), are extended to show their relationship with journalism, feminism, and story stances. The article shows how the clash of civilizations scenario relates to nationalistic news practices, patriarchal representations, and story stances that only include the voices of the dominant group...
PARTIAL LIQUID VENTILATION FOR ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME

The concept of liquid breathing by land animals is extremely counterintuitive and virtually oxymoronic. The notion of liquid breathing became possible in the 1940s, however, with the development of a new class of synthetic compounds, the perfluorocarbon liquids. Relatively soon after the development of the perfluorocarbon liquids, it was realized that they possessed a range of physical properties almost ideally suited for liquid breathing. The “proof of concept” was established in 1996 by Clark and Gollan, 7 who demonstrated that mice could survive while submerged in an oxygenated perfluorocarbon. Furthermore, after the animals were removed from the liquid, a smooth transition to air breathing occurred as the perfluorocarbon liquid (which possesses a high vapor pressure at body temperature) evaporated from their lungs. Finally, the mice survived long term, without apparent adverse effects. This landmark study stimulated subsequent research into the physiology of perfluorocarbon liquid breathing in normal animals and, subsequently, the potential salutary effect of liquid breathing in animals or humans with lung injury. Furthermore, the optimum approach to traditional gas mechanical ventilation in patients with acute lung injury (ALI) and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains uncertain and controversial. Particularly over the past decade, there has been increasing concern that the traditional approaches to mechanical ventilation of the ARDS patient may cause a superimposed “iatrogenic” lung injury, and that this ventilator-induced injury may lead to or perpetuate multisystem organ failure through the release of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators from the lung. Such ventilator-induced lung injury may occur, in part, because of repetitive closing and opening of surfactant-deficient and damaged alveoli. 1 , 40 , 85 According to this concept, prevention of lung injury may require an “open lung” approach, whereby adequate levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) are used to maintain open alveoli at end-expiration in as much of the lung as possible. The emerging interest in the use of perfluorocarbon liquids to perform “liquid ventilation” is based, in part, on the recognition that this technique potentially fits very well with the new concepts regarding ventilator-induced lung injury in ARDS. Perfluorocarbon liquids may provide a method of maintaining open alveoli (“liquid PEEP”), especially in the most injured, dependent lung zones, which may be otherwise difficult to recruit effectively and safely (e.g., avoiding damage in the less atelectatic, nondependent zones) with traditional “gas PEEP.” There is increasing evidence that perfluorocarbon liquids may substantially ameliorate lung injury through direct anti-inflammatory properties, as well.
Microsegregation and eutectic ferrite-to-austenite transformation in primary austenite solidified CF-8M weld metals

Solidification and microsegregation studies were performed on alloy CF-8M weld metal which solidified via the primary austenite/eutectic ferrite mode. All of the major alloying elements (chromium, nickel, molybdenum) were observed to segregate to interdendritic areas upon solidification. Electron microprobe analysis revealed a substantial chromium and molybdenum enrichment of the eutectic ferrite relative to the austenite dendrites even in structures water-quenched from the solidus temperature. Scanning transmission electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectrometry (STEM/EDS) profiles taken within the eutectic ferrite phase revealed a similar pattern of major element distribution as has been observed by other investigators in residual primary delta ferrite dendrites. Within the eutectic ferrite, the highest chromium and molybdenum content and the lowest nickel content was found at the eutectic ferrite/austenite boundary. STEM/EDS analyses of in situ water-quenched weld microstructures revealed that compositional modification of the eutectic ferrite had occurred upon cooling from the solidus. In particular, the chromium concentration of the eutectic-ferrite was observed to increase by approximately 3 wt% in the temperature range ∼ 1300 to ∼ 750°C. In the same temperature range, the nickel content of the eutectic-ferrite decreased by approximately 4 wt % and the molybdenum content increased within the same phase by approximately 1 wt%. The transformation of eutectic ferrite to austenite as the weld metal cools to room temperature is consistent with a volume diffusion-control mechanism.
Gaseous Transfer Coefficients in Membranes

Abstract Permeabilities are transfer coefficients in flow of fluids through membranes. In the case of gaseous diffusion there is normally very little, if any, interaction of the permeating components. Thus the separation of gas or vapor mixtures by means of membranes can easily be predicted when appropriate transfer coefficients of the pure components are known. The utility of a comprehensive collection of such permeabilities is therefore self-evident.
Congo red inhibition of wall regeneration by physcomitrella protoplasts: Structural aspects

Abstract The effect of the dye congo red on the formation of a fibrous wall at the surface of protoplasts of the moss Physcomitrella patens has been studied by electron microscopy. Concentrations of the dye above 10mg 1−1 caused total inhibition of fibre formation judged by scanning electron microscopy. At lower concentrations, the presence of the dye results in abnormal walls being formed. These show short atypical fibres of variable thickness. Negative staining shows the presence amongst such fibres of amorphous material. When protoplasts are incubated with media containing congo red for 4hr at 23°C, about half the dye can be recovered as a pellet following high speed centrifugation of the medium. This proportion is reduced at 0°C and also by the additional presence of coumarin in the medium. The pellet is non-fibrous, but contains glucose as the only detectable sugar following hydrolysis and thin layer chromatography. The results are discussed in terms of general ideas concerning the polymerization and crystallization of structural polysaccharides.
Effect of processing conditions on hysteresis behavior of sol-gel derived Sm and Mn modified PbTiO3 thin films

Samarium and manganese modified lead titanate thin films were fabricated by a sol-gel method using acetic acid with n-propanol, and acetylacetone with 2-methoxyethanol as two different sets of solvents. The thin films were annealed at different temperatures of 700, 800, 850, and 900 °C for 1 h. Variation of dielectric constant, dielectric loss, remanent polarization, and coercive field parameters were studied as a function of annealing temperature for the films processed from the two different solvent systems.
Cost analysis of aprotinin for coronary artery bypass patients: analysis of the randomized trials

Abstract Background The full kallikrein-inhibiting dose of aprotinin has been shown to reduce blood loss, transfusion requirements, and the systemic inflammatory response associated with cardiopulmonary bypass graft surgery (CABG). A half-dose regimen, although having a reduced delivery cost, inhibits plasmin and fibrinolysis without substantially effecting kallikrein-mediated inflammation associated with bypass surgery. The differing pharmacologic effects of the two regimens impact the decision-making process. The current study assessed the medical cost offset of full-dose and half-dose aprotinin from short- and long-term perspectives to provide a rational decision-making framework for clinicians. Methods To estimate CABG admission costs, resource utilization and clinical data from aprotinin clinical trials were combined with unit costs estimated from a Duke University–based cost model. Lifetime medical costs of stroke and acute myocardial infarction were based on previous research. Results Relative to placebo, the differences in total perioperative cost for primary CABG patients receiving full-dose or half-dose aprotinin were not significant. When lifetime medical costs of complications were considered, total costs in full-dose and half-dose aprotinin-treated patients were not different relative to that of placebo. Total perioperative cost was significantly lower for repeat CABG patients treated with aprotinin, with savings of $2,058 for full-dose and $2,122 for half-dose patients when compared with placebo. Taking lifetime costs of stroke and acute myocardial infarction into consideration, the cost savings estimates were $6,044 for full-dose patients and $4,483 for half-dose patients, due to substantially higher lifetime stroke costs incurred by the placebo patients. Conclusions Using this cost model, use of full-dose and half-dose aprotinin in primary CABG patients was cost neutral during hospital admission, whereas both dosing regimens were significantly cost saving in reoperative CABG patients. Additional lifetime cost savings were realized relative to placebo due to reduced complication costs, particularly with the full-dose regimen. As the full kallikrein-inhibiting dose of aprotinin has been shown to be safe and effective, the current results support its use in both primary and repeat CABG surgery. No demonstrable economic advantage was observed with the half-dose aprotinin regimen.
Biochemistry and pharmacology of rabbit cardiac growth hormone (GH) receptors.

Abstract In this report we present the first in-depth description of the biochemical and pharmacological properties of rabbit cardiac GH receptors. The apparent M r ’s of the [ 125 I]human (h) GH-receptor complexes were 380, 205, 90, 62, 52 and 38 kDa as demonstrated by an autoradiograph of affinity-labelled cardiac GH receptors separated under non-reducing conditions by SDS PAGE. The [ 125 I]hGH-cardiac GH receptor complexes were disulfide-linked since the M r s of the complexes diminished to 170, 116, 97, 71, 45 and 38 kDa under reducing conditions, indicating the presence of multiple receptors, receptor-associated macromolecules or receptor and ligand in various ratios. The pharmacology of cardiac GH receptors is not typical of GH receptors present in other tissues. In radio receptor assays, both bovine GH and ovine prolactin were 50-fold and 100-fold less potent, respectively, than unlabelled hGH, in blocking the binding of [ 125 I]hGH to cardiac binding sites and were, therefore, extremely weak antagonists. Similarly, neither bovine GH nor ovine prolactin blocked the [ 125 I]hGH affinity-labelling of cardiac GH receptors compared to equivalent doses of unlabelled hGH. Parameters which characterize the kinetics for the association, dissociation and equilibrium binding of [ 125 I]hGH to cardiac GH receptors were ascertained. Association kinetics for the binding of [ 125 I]hGH to heart GH receptors exhibited a maximum specific binding at 17 h and 25°C. The association of [ 125 I]hGH to heart GH receptors was reversible with approximately 15 h required for half of the specifically bound [ 125 I]hGH to dissociate. The coupling of [ 125 I]hGH to heart GH receptors was optimum at pH 6 and the strength of the equilibrium binding, as measured by the ED 50 , was approximately 2 ng/ml. These data indicate that the cardiac GH receptors are pharmacologically distinct and that there is a M r heterogeneity in the [ 125 I]hGH receptor complexes.
Eddy contact model: CFD simulations of liquid reactions in nearly homogeneous turbulence

Abstract An eddy contact model is proposed that describes the mixing rate between two miscible liquids in nearly homogeneous turbulence. The model is patterned after the eddy-break-up concept of Spalding (1971, 13th International Symposium on Combustion, The Combustion Institute (p. 649)) but replaces the eddy dissipation with the Kolmolgoroff time scale and fluid mass with volume fractions. The concept is used to describe the aqueous distribution of several pure fluids engaged in mixing sensitive parallel reactions. Numerical results for a free jet in an axisymmetric tubular reactor are compared with the experimental yield from both azo-coupled and acid-base-ester parallel reactions. It was found by direct comparison with other CFD-based calculations that the eddy contact model is nearly as accurate as Monte-Carlo/PDF methods and is comparable to a Beta function/mixture fraction technique. Moreover, CFD model predictions of selectivity within a scaled down plug flow reactor are shown to be comparable to direct numerical simulations. The eddy contact model is demonstrated to be conceptually simple, easy to implement and computationally efficient. Limitations on the use of the model are also discussed.
A quantitative sub-grid air entrainment model for bubbly flows – plunging jets

Abstract The accurate prediction of air entrainment is critical in simulating various important multiphase (air/water) flows. In this paper, we present a sub-grid air entrainment model that quantitatively predicts the rate of air entrainment and subsequent disperse bubbly flow for a plunging jet. The derivation of this model is based on the two-stage (i.e., low and high liquid jet velocity) air entrainment mechanisms suggested by Sene [Sene KJ. Air entrainment by plunging jets. Chem Eng Sci 1988;43(10):2615–23]. This model was validated against extensive experimental data for water jets in air over a wide range of liquid velocities (from around 1 to 10 m/s) for the total rate of air entrainment. It was then implemented into an Eulerian/Eulerian two-fluid computational multiphase fluid dynamics (CMFD) model, wherein the liquid and the bubbles are modeled as two distinct continua. This multiphase model, supplemented by the new sub-grid air entrainment model, was used to predict the void fraction distribution underneath plunging water jets at different depths and water jet velocities. It was found that this approach yields results that match the experimental observations very well.
Radiocesium in North San Francisco Bay and Baja California coastal surface waters.

Abstract Radiocesium, 137 Cs, and rare earth elements (REEs) were determined in suspended material and dissolved fractions of waters across the salinity gradient in North San Francisco Bay (estuary). We describe the variation of this conservative isotope tracer with salinity and sediment load. REE data are used to differentiate marine and terrigenous source terrains for suspended material and dissolved fractions. We estimate that about 1–4×10 10 Bq of 137 Cs migrates annually on suspended material through the North Bay. In addition, 137 Cs concentrations were measured in surface waters off Baja California. Combined in situ water density ( σ t ) and 137 Cs data distinguish between California Current and Gulf of California water, and delineate areas of upwelling, where nutrient-rich, deep Pacific Intermediate water, with little or no 137 Cs, is brought to the surface off promontories along Baja California.
The eyes of Limulus polyphemus (Xiphosura, Chelicerata) and their afferent and efferent projections

The visual system of the American horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus (L. polyphemus) is an important preparation for studying the photoresponse, the circadian modulation of the photoresponse and visual information processing. Given its unique position in phylogeny the structure of its visual system also informs studies of the relationships among arthropods and the characteristics of eurarthropods. Much has been learned about the organization of the relatively simple L. polyphemus visual system, but much remains to be discovered. This review summarizes current knowledge of the structure of L. polyphemus eyes and the organization of their afferent and efferent projections and points to important unanswered questions.
Calculation of the EPR Spectrum for an Entangled Dimer of S = 9/2 Mn4 Single-Molecule Magnets

Recent electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and magnetic hysteresis experiments have demonstrated quantum entanglement between single-molecule magnets in a supramolecular [Mn4]2 dimer. Here we outline details of the computational methods used to calculate the EPR spectrum for the dimer system, with particular emphasis on the symmetries of the entangled eigenstates and the resultant EPR transition matrix elements.
Video-assisted prosthodontics

An 8 mm camcorder was used to produce and replay video tape recordings of patient consultations, diagnosis, and treatment. The benefits of this modality were presented and discussed.
Learning to Teach English—Maybe: A Study of Knowledge Development:

This case study describes the first 2 years of one young woman's (Lesley) experi ences in learning to teach secondary school English. Analysis of her response to three problematic incidents she enc...
Defining Opportunity to Learn for English Language Learners: Linguistic and Cultural Dimensions of ELLs' Instructional Contexts

Past research demonstrates the critical role of the context of learning in the achievement of students. This body of work justifies research and development of more contextualized opportunity to learn (OTL) models. We expound on an OTL framework that represents contextual features that can enrich or constrain opportunities for English language learners (ELLs). Specifically, we aim to broaden the conception of OTL beyond exposure to content and begin to define the types of affordances ELLs should be provided to achieve content standards. A central argument is the integration of academic language instruction as an OTL component for examining ELL achievement.
Analyticity of a multilayer Mead–Markus plate

Abstract The multilayer Mead–Markus plate consists of m + 1 Kirchhoff plate layers bound together by m shear-deformable layers. We consider the case in which the Poisson ratios are the same in each Kirchhoff plate layer and linear viscous shear damping is included in the shear deformable layers. We show, via a contradiction argument, that the associated semigroup is analytic.
Monomorphic adenomas of the parotid glands their ultrastructure and histogenesis

Three cases of monomorphic basal cell adenoma of the parotid glands were studied with light microscopy. In one patient, fresh tissue was available for electron microscopic observations. On the basis of ultrastructural findings it was concluded that myoepithelial cells play little, if any, role in the histogenesis of this lesion. The tumor originates from the undifferentiated stem cells analogous to the cells seen at the “end bud” stage of salivary gland morphogenesis prior to their further cytodifferentiation and functional maturation into secretory and myoepithelial cells. In fully developed salivary glands such undifferentiated stem cells reside as “reserve” cells in the intercalated ductal system. Cancer 52:112-120, 1983.
Detection of ovulation by a method of change in finger-finger electropotential readings

The purpose of this study was to determine whether ovulation can be detected by using a device (OvultronR) that measures electropotential differences in finger-to-finger contact. Daily basal body temperatures and five consecutive readings on the OvultronR were obtained each morning in 34 women for a three-month period. During one cycle an endometrial biopsy was taken and dated to document the time of ovulation. Our results showed that in only five out of 104 cycles did the device show an isolated change at the time of ovulation. This device is not a reliable method either for prediction of or the detection of ovulation. Therefore, one cannot effectively use this device alone as a basis for a rhythm method of contraception.
Does wearing unstable shoes reduce low back pain and disability in nurses? A randomized controlled pilot study

Objective:To evaluate if wearing unstable shoes reduces low back pain and disability in nurses.Design:A randomized controlled trial.Setting:Hospitals and homecare.Subjects:A total of 20 matched female registered nurses with low back pain. The mean (standard deviation) age was 31 years (5) for the control and 34 years (6) for the intervention group; height was 161 cm (5) and 165 cm (7), respectively.Interventions:The intervention group received unstable shoes at Week 2 to wear for at least 36 h/week for a month.Main measures:The Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire and a visual analogue pain scale.Results:The mean (standard deviation) pain level was 6 (1) at baseline vs. 6 (2) at Week 6 for the control group, and 5 (1) vs. 1 (1) for the intervention group. The mean (standard deviation) disability level was 31% (9) at baseline vs. 28% (7) at Week 6 for the control, and 27% (12) vs. 13% (5) for the intervention group. There were no significant changes over time on pain or disability levels for the...
Atomistic study of grain boundary sink strength under prolonged electron irradiation.

Grain boundaries (GBs) can act as either sinks or sources of the point defects that are produced in large numbers under irradiation damage. In polycrystalline materials, as the grain size decreases, more of the point defects resulting from irradiation damage annihilate at GBs. It is unknown, however, whether the GB sink efficiency will saturate after prolonged defect annihilation, particularly when the grain size is of nanoscale dimensions. Using a combination of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and rate theory, the authors show that high-energy GBs in body-centered-cubic (BCC) Mo do not saturate as sinks of point defects. The MD simulations serve to provide direct measurement of defect evolution, and the rate theory serves both to test whether grain boundary sink strength is constant during prolonged defect annihilation, and to extend the MD results to realistic defect production rates.
Future requirements for unrestricted entry into confined spaces

An overview of the current requirements for confined spaces. Special attention is given to the toxic levels and applicability of the threshold limit values to the requirements for entry into confined spaces.
An NMR study of a 13C-labeled hypervalent (10-C-5) [1] pentacoordinate carbon species

Removal of two electrons from 1,8-bis(4-methylphenylthio)-9-(2, 6-dimethoxyphenyl-1-13C)-10-phenylanthracene (2) provides stable dication 1. Isotopic enrichment (85%) of 13C at the labeled site of the aromatic carbon, between the two sulfurs, makes possible the observation of spin-spin coupling constants between this 13C-carbon and the directly bonded equatorial ligand carbons. The magnitudes of these coupling constants (two 1JC1′C2′ = 61.9 Hz and one 1JC1′C9 = 56.3 Hz) suggest that this carbon is sp2 hybridized, with the postulated trigonal bipyramidal (TBP) geometry about this carbon center. The 13C NMR chemical shifts for the 10-C-5 carbon (δ 109.3) and for other carbons provide strong evidence against alternative structures for this dication. The data are consistent with the 10-C-5 species, with apical sulfonium ligands and equatorial carbons of the hypervalent TBP carbon species 1.
Developmental differences in visceral morphology of megophryine pelobatid tadpoles in relation to their body form and mode of life

Tadpoles face severe packing constraints on viscera within the pleuro-peritoneal cavity because of their extremely short torsos—a feature they share with adult anurans—and the concomitant need for relatively slender torsos for efficient locomotion. We examined the effects of differences in body form and habits on the size, shape and development of viscera in three kinds of sympatric, stream-associated pelobatid tadpoles. Leptobrachium montanumlarvae are generalized, wide, deep-bodied tadpoles. Larval Leptolalax gracilis are very slender and live in the crevices between rocks on the bottom of riffles. Larval Megophrys nasuta are intermediate between the other two in body form, and live with L. montanum in a variety of microhabitats but feed at the surface film. In all three species, liver, gall bladder, arid kidneys begin development early and grow isometrically throughout larval life. The gut and pancreas have a growth spurt shortly after hatching, then grow at a constant rate until near metamorphosis when both shrink drastically. The spleen grows at a slower rate than the body throughout the larval period. Lungs do not appear in L. gracilis until the tadpole approaches metamorphosis, which accords with its benthic habits, whereas they grow throughout the larval period in L. montanum and M. nasuta. In M. nasuta, however, the lungs are unusually wide anteriorly; this shifts buoyancy forward and facilitates the head-up feeding posture characteristic of that species. Gonads appear early in L. montanum and L. gracilis, but not until near metamorphosis in M. nasuta. We suggest that accelerated gonadal development in tadpoles characterizes species that metamorphose close to their size at first reproduction. Leptobrachium montanum, with the bulkiest body and most generalized habits, has relatively and absolutely the largest gut, liver (x of combined gut and liver volume = 24%, of total volume), and kidneys. Leptolalax gracilis, the most slender tadpole, has relatively the smallest combined gut and liver volume (x = 10% of total volume). Other premetamorphic differences among the species were observed in gut coiling, liver, pancreas and kidney shape and left/right asymmetry of urogenital organs. The major interspecific differences we observed in the size, shape, and developmental patterns of viscera in tadpoles are clearly related to interspecific differences in torso shape, microhabitat distribution and mode of feeding.
Aspen the verb: musings on heritage and virtuality

Aspen, the picturesque mountain town in Colorado, is known for two processes, or "verbs," relating to heritage and virtuality. One is to "moviemap," the process of rigorously filming path and turn sequences to simulate interactive travel and to use as a spatial interface for a multimedia database. The other is to "Aspenize," the process by which a fragile cultural ecosystem is disrupted by tourism and growth. This essay reflects on their significance and describes exemplary work integrating these two seemingly disparate concepts.
Heptane Reforming over Pt–Re/Al2O3: Reaction Network, Kinetics, and Apparent Selective Catalyst Deactivation

This is a continuation of our previous work aimed at developing a fundamental, a priori model for predicting how a reforming catalyst deactivates in a fixed-bed reactor due to coke formation. Specifically, we construct a lumped reaction network for n-heptane reforming on a bifunctional Pt–Re/Al2O3 catalyst using both differential and integral rate data. The data are obtained from a vibrational microbalance and a multioutlet fixed-bed reactor with n-heptane or reaction intermediates as the feed. The network, including a five-membered naphthene lump that is the primary coke precursor, has a minimum number of reactions and corresponding adjustable rate parameters, almost all of which are individually determined by targeted experiments. The resulting kinetic model, coupled with a previously developed catalyst coking kinetic model, correctly predicts the long-term spatiotemporal behavior of product composition and coke-on-catalyst for a fixed-bed reformer. The results strongly suggest the need to partition the reforming reactions into two subgroups: those that are significantly affected by coke and those that are not. The approach taken here, which provides both fundamental insights and a quantitative basis for improving catalysts and processes, can also be extended to other catalytic systems.
A Simplification of the BLUS Procedure for Analyzing Regression Disturbances

This article deals with BLUS residuals in regression analysis, which have the property of being uncorrelated and having constant variance under the null hypothesis that the “true” disturbances have the same property. It is a continuation of the author’s earlier article (Theil, 1965), and the results reported here are the following: (1) the BLUS residuals can be expressed conveniently in terms of the least-squares residuals by means of matrix operations of the order K (K being the number of unknown coefficients in the regression), (2) the BLUS residuals satisfy a stronger optimality condition than the one stated in Theil (1965), and (3) a simple expression is obtained for the coefficient vector which is implied by the BLUS residuals.
Acrolein, a component of a universal cell-growth regulatory system: A theory

Abstract An hypothesis suggesting that acrolein might form part of a universal cell-growth regulatory system is presented. This unsaturated aldehyde appears, better than any other compound proposed so far, to fulfill the structural requirements and characteristics of the universal growth-inhibitor predicted in Szent-Gyorgyi's bioelectronic theory. Acrolein is a highly cytotoxic compound through a preferential inhibition of nucleic acid syntheses. It presents strong affinity for SH groups, cross-linking properties, high reactivity, and is formed during the enzymic oxidation of such widely distributed biogenic amines as spermine or spermidine. In addition, acrolein is also produced during the oxidative degradation of the anti-tumor agent cyclophosphamide. Indirect evidence for the formation of acrolein in vivo is discussed.
Objectivity, Reliability, and Validity for a Revised Push-Up Test Protocol

When executing a push-up an individual lowers the body to a down position and then raises it to an up position. A down position often used in recent years is a 90° angle at the elbows (90° push-up) as in FITNESSGRAM. Several researchers have found the interscorer objectivity and stability reliability for 90° push-up scores to be low. The purpose of this study was to (a) estimate the interscorer objectivity and stability reliability for scores from a revised push-up test protocol and (b) obtain evidence concerning the validity of interpretations based on revised push-up test scores. Interscorer objectivity was estimated for a score of one scorer and stability reliability was estimated for a score obtained on 1 day. Four studies were conducted. In the first study, pilot study, the revised push-up test protocol was developed and refined. In the second study, objectivity study, the push-up test was administered once to 49 female and 31 male college-aged students. Two scorers independently scored each student....
Kinetics and Mechanisms of Drug Action on Microorganisms XXIII: Microbial Kinetic Assay for Fluorouracil in Biological Fluids and Its Application to Human Pharmacokinetics

The apparent first-order generation rate constant, kapp, of Escherichia coli is a function of fluorouracil concentration, C, i.e., 1/(k0 − kapp) = k1(1/C) + k2, where k0 is the constant in the absence of drug. A routine procedure, using only six counts to establish a daily calibration curve (at 125 and 225 min after medium inoculation and with 0, 15, and 30 ng of fluorouracil/ml), assayed unknown drug concentrations in plasma or urine diluted to 15–30 ng/ml with standard deviations of 12%. Uracil completely antagonized the inhibitory action of fluorouracil but not of 5-fluorouridine, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, chloramphenicol, or tetracycline, so fluorouracil could be assayed in the presence of the latter compounds by kinetic studies with and without uracil. Fluorouracil degraded in generating cultures of E. coli, and the drug effects on filtered organisms persisted on their inoculation into drug-free medium. Potential products of fluorouracil solvolysis, barbituric and isobarbituric acids, had no significant effect on E. coli generation. Human plasma protein binding of fluorouracil averaged 10%. The pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered fluorouracil to cancer patients showed a dose-dependent two-compartment body model with a faster terminal phase of elimination at the lower dose. Total and metabolic plasma clearances increased with a decreasing intravenous dose and exceeded hepatic plasma flow to indicate extrahepatic metabolism. The initial distribution phase and the renal clearance did not appear dose dependent, and the terminal semilogarithmic plots of plasma levels against time were linear for both 0.5- and 1.0-g doses. A possible explanation is product- or metabolite-inhibited metabolism. Infusion studies of 1.0 g of fluorouracil showed increased metabolic clearances to confirm dose dependency and to be consistent with this postulate. The oral absorption of unchanged fluorouracil was highly variable between 1 and 15% of the administered dose, showing a large first-pass effect.
Fluid dynamical profiles and constants of motion from D-branes

Various fluid mechanical systems enjoy a hidden, higher-dimensional dynamical Poincare symmetry, which arises owing to their descent from a Nambu–Goto action. Also, for the same reason, there are equivalence transformations between different models. These interconnections, summarized by the diagram below, are discussed in our paper. $$$$
Direct injection readout circuit model

A response model that describes an optimal imager with a photodiode-direct injection readout focal plane is developed and a time-domain computer simulation based on this model is executed for different background radiance levels. For small signals, the model explains in detail why small photodiode capacitance, and high background photoflux levels are necessary to maintain good optical resolution. However, unlike the small-signal model, the large-signal model is valid throughout the range of parameters and gives the response for large signal-to- noise ratio and low background cases.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
X-ray analysis of retinal photoreceptor structure

Abstract X-ray diffraction intensities from frog and cattle retinal rod segments have been interpreted in terms of an electron density distribution along the rod axis. Phases were uniquely determined using direct methods of structure analysis. The correction factor was derived in explicit form and its value was obtained experimentally. The average electron density of the disc membrane was determined as a result of X-ray experiments using glycerol solutions. An absolute electron density scale for the disc membrane was thus obtained. The derived electron density levels provide a reality condition for the correctness of the disc membrane profile. It has been demonstrated that the electron density levels of the asymmetrical profile are realistic whereas those of the symmetrical profile are unrealistic. Therefore, the symmetrical profile is incorrect. Fourier syntheses of the disc structure at a resolution of 14 A verify that the asymmetric disc membrane profile of Gras and Worthington (1969) is fundamentally correct. The present X-ray analysis confirms that the rhodopsin molecules are located on the inside of the disc. Fourier syntheses of untreated and glycerol-treated retinas and Fourier syntheses of bleached and unbleached retinas are shown and discussed.
Interactions at the dimer interface influence the relative efficiencies for purine nucleotide synthesis and pyrophosphorolysis in a phosphoribosyltransferase

Abstract Enzymes that salvage 6-oxopurines, including hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferases (HPRTs), are potential targets for drugs in the treatment of diseases caused by protozoan parasites. For this reason, a number of high-resolution X-ray crystal structures of the HPRTs from protozoa have been reported. Although these structures did not reveal why HPRTs need to form dimers for catalysis, they revealed the existence of potentially relevant interactions involving residues in a loop of amino acid residues adjacent to the dimer interface, but the contributions of these interactions to catalysis remained poorly understood. The loop, referred to as active-site loop I, contains an unusual non-proline cis -peptide and is composed of residues that are structurally analogous with Leu67, Lys68, and Gly69 in the human HPRT. Functional analyses of site-directed mutations (K68D, K68E, K68N, K68P, and K68R) in the HPRT from Trypanosoma cruzi , etiologic agent of Chagas' disease, show that the side-chain at position 68 can differentially influence the K m values for all four substrates as well as the k cat values for both IMP formation and pyrophosphorolysis. Also, the results for the K68P mutant are inconsistent with a cis – trans peptide isomerization-assisted catalytic mechanism. These data, together with the results of structural studies of the K68R mutant, reveal that the side-chain of residue 68 does not participate directly in reaction chemistry, but it strongly influences the relative efficiencies for IMP formation and pyrophosphorolysis, and the prevalence of lysine at position 68 in the HPRT of the majority of eukaryotes is consistent with there being a biological role for nucleotide pyrophosphorolysis.
Effects of feeding a single or sequence of beta-adrenergic agonists on cull cow meat quality

Abstract Sixty cull cows were implanted and assigned to four treatments: C = concentrate ration only; RH = supplemented with ractopmaine-HCl (8.33 mg/kg of feed) for 25 d; ZH = supplemented with zilpaterol-HCl (ZH) (200 mg head – 1d– 1) for the last 20 d; and RH + ZH = supplemented with RH for 25 d followed by ZH for 20 d. All cows were fed a concentrate ration for 74 d. Infraspinatus steaks from cows supplemented with RH and/or ZH had lower (P