cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vaccine hesitancy: Not a new phenomenon, but a new threat

Vaccines have been recognized as one of the top 10 public health achievements of the 20th century. In 1998, a study on the connection between measles, mumps, rubella vaccine and autism was published by the now discredited Andrew Wakefield. That study was retracted in 2010, but the damage was already done. The purpose of this article is to review the history of vaccine hesitancy and discuss a successful paradigm for speaking with vaccine-hesitant parents. Discussion of immunizations related to public health law and religious exemptions will also be reviewed.
A Compact Dual-band WiFi Energy Harvester

In this paper we have designed and simulated a compact and efficient dual-band WiFi energy harvester working at both the 2.5 GHz low-frequency band and the 5 GHz high-frequency band. The WiFi RF signal received by the dual-band patch antenna first. Then, the WiFi RF signal is fed to the full-wave rectifier, which converts it to a DC voltage. After that, a dual-path step-up boost converter increases the DC voltage to a target output voltage of 5 V. In addition, matching circuits are designed to achieve the optimal output power. Finally, during the demonstrating Pspice simulation, the WiFi RF signal received by the antenna is 100 mV, providing a 180 mV DC voltage after the rectifier and the target output voltage of 5 V after the boost converter.
A critical comparison of vacuum UV (VUV) spectrometer and electron ionization single quadrupole mass spectrometer detectors for the analysis of alkylbenzenes in gasoline by gas chromatography: Experimental and statistical aspects

Abstract Recent advances in benchtop vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectrometers have yielded effective universal detectors for gas chromatography (GC). The ability of these detectors to acquire absorbance spectra from 125 nm to 430 nm poses an alternative to the gold standard of mass spectrometry (MS) as a sensitive and selective GC detector. The applications of GC/VUV extend into many areas. Featured here is the potential application of GC/VUV to the analysis of ignitable liquids, which may be found on debris from suspected arson fires. A particular compound class of interest is the alkylbenzenes, as they are a significant component in fuels such as gasoline, petroleum distillates, and aromatic solvents such as degreasers and cleaning solvents. To measure the sensitivity, selectivity and specificity of GC-VUV and GC-MS for alkylbenzenes we employed both library search methods and chemometric analysis using discriminant analysis. The GC-VUV detector was found to have superior specificity to the GC-MS detector in full scan mode. The GC-VUV detector was able to identify all alkylbenzenes correctly, including the correct identification of all structural isomers. LODs for both GC-VUV and GC-MS were found to be picograms on column.
Elastic Net to Forecast COVID-19 Cases

Forecasting novel daily cases of COVID-19 is crucial for medical, political, and other officials who handle day to day, COVID-19 related logistics. Current machine learning approaches, though robust in accuracy, can be either black boxes, specific to one region, and/or hard to apply if the user has nominal knowledge in machine learning and programing. This weakens the integrity of otherwise robust machine learning methods, causing them to not be utilized to their full potential. Thus, the presented Elastic Net COVID-19 Forecaster, or EN-CoF for short, is designed to provide an intuitive, generic, and easy to apply forecaster. EN-CoF is a multi-linear regressor trained on time series data to forecast number of novel daily COVID-19 cases. EN-CoF maintains a high accuracy on par with more complex models such as ARIMA and Bi-LSTM, while gaining the advantages of transparency, generalization, and accessibility.
The Theoretical Foundation of Industrial Relations and Its Implications

The author identifies the core principle that forms the theoretical and policy foundation for the field of industrial relations-that labor is embodied in human beings and is not a commodity-and argues that the field's two central dependent variables are labor problems and the employment relationship. Next, he uses this core principle, along with complementary ideas from institutional economics, to develop a theoretical framework that not only explains the nature of the employment relationship and labor problems but also reveals shortcomings in related theories from labor economics and human resource management. Finally, this framework is used to derive the "fundamental theorem" of industrial relations, demonstrate that optimal economic performance occurs in a mixed economy of imperfect labor markets and organizations, and show that a certain amount of labor protectionism promotes economic efficiency and human welfare.
A Tribute to Ajit Yoganathan's Cardiovascular Fluid Mechanics Lab: A Survey of Its Contributions to Our Understanding of the Physiology and Management of Single-Ventricle Patients.

Among patients with congenital heart disease, those born with only a single working ventricle represent a particularly complex sub-population, typically requiring multiple surgeries and suffering from high levels of mortality and morbidity. Their cardiac care is complex and has evolved considerably since surgical palliation was first introduced more than 50 years ago. Improvements in treatment have been driven both by growing clinical experience and by knowledge gained through experimental and computational studies of blood flow in these patients. The Cardiovascular Fluid Mechanics Lab at the Georgia Institute of Technology, founded 30 years ago by Dr. Ajit Yoganathan, has pioneered work in this field. In this review, key contributions of Dr. Yoganathan's Cardiovascular Fluid Dynamics Lab are surveyed, including experimental flow loop studies as well as computational fluid dynamics analyses that address many of the critical challenges that cardiologists and surgeons face in treating these patients, including how to reconstruct cardiovascular anatomy to minimize power loss, balance blood flow distribution at key bifurcation points, and avoid other unfavorable hemodynamic conditions. Among many contributions in this field, work from the Cardiovascular Fluid Mechanics Lab has led to novel medical devices and patient-specific computational modeling workflows and software tools. These key contributions from this group have enhanced our understanding of the physiology and management of single-ventricle patients.
Terminal Descent Radar System Testbed for Future Planetary Landers

Terminal Descent Radars (TDR), or landing radars, have been an integral element of Guidance, Navigation and Control (GN&C) sensor suites of robotic exploration missions to the Moon and Mars. As plans for new, exciting exploration missions to the Moon, Mars and other planetary bodies are being developed, there is a need for a new generation of TDRs that are smaller, consume less power and are less expensive than previous sensors. The challenge of designing such a landing sensor is twofold: the first is to have well-vetted software tools that allow us to explore the design space for a particular mission scenario and analyze performance of relevant radar architectures. The second challenge is to reduce mass and power requirements of a landing radar without compromising reliability and performance. New design approaches that address these challenges need to be tested and demonstrated in realistic Entry-Descent-Landing (EDL)/Deorbit-Descent-Landing (DDL) scenarios. In this paper, we describe a TDR testbed developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The testbed is a closed-loop design, analysis and verification capability used to design and evaluate the next generation of landing radars for a variety of EDL/DDL scenarios.
Question From the Clinician

1. Eric Biondi, MD* 2. Jennifer Murzycki, MD, PhD* 3. Shawn Ralston, MD† 4. Francis Gigliotti, MD* 1. *Golisano Children’s Hospital at Strong Memorial Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY. 2. †Director of Hospital Medicine at Children's Hospital at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH. Is it necessary to monitor blood cultures for a full 48 hours to consider a febrile infant to be free of serious bacterial infection? Fever that could be due to bacteremia in infants is a common and serious problem faced by pediatricians. Because of their immature immune systems and nonspecific signs, infants are more susceptible to serious bacterial infections (SBIs) than adults. A wide variety of strategies have been developed for the assessment of febrile but well-appearing children younger than age 90 days, known collectively as the “rule out sepsis” evaluation. This clinical presentation is a common reason for infant hospitalization. However, it remains unclear how long blood cultures from this population need to be monitored and how long infants need to be hospitalized. The literature is inconclusive, and there is variability in current practice. A review of currently published data did not identify a clear-cut observational period. Randhawa et al suggest a 96-hour observational period, although it was not obvious from this study what type of culture detection system was used or whether the patients were symptomatic. (1) In 2011, Guerti et al demonstrated support for an evaluation period of more than 36 hours. (2) They found that 56% of blood cultures were positive for bacteremia after an incubation time of 24 hours, 89% after 48 hours, and 97% after 72 hours. Another large study by Kumar et al demonstrated similar results. (3) Interestingly, if all coagulase-negative Staphylococcus are removed in these …
Vertebral Pathology in Prehistoric and Historic Skeletons From Northeastern Nebraska

Vertebral pathology has long been a useful criterion for anthropologists in the assessment of activity patterns, stress, and general health of extinct peoples. This method of analysis, however, has...
The immunological treatment of human marrow in vitro in transplantation biology.

Over the past decade, a greatly increased number of patients with advanced- stage hematologic and solid tumors have been treated with high-dose therapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) [1–10]. There are several potential advantages in using autologous over allogeneic transplantation. ABMT can be performed on patients with no histocompatible donor and can be performed on older patients, since there is no risk of graft- versus-host disease. However, the major obstacle to the use of ABMT is that the reinfusion of occult tumor cells in the autologous marrow will result in relapse of disease.
Early Measurements of Dielectronic Recombination: Multiply Charged Ions

Quite early in the mid-70s, it had become apparent that data on recombination of multiply charged ions was urgently needed for accurate modelling of fusion plasmas and coincidentally to test theories of dielectronic recombination (DR) which were beginning to develop at that time. The question was, which techniques to apply to obtain the required data? Multicharged ion sources were not highly developed. Moreover, since a signature of recombination is stabilized charged capture, and since capture cross sections from background gas are enormous at low velocities, we chose not to use low-energy multicharged ions.
Bermuda Triangle for the liver: Alcohol, obesity, and viral hepatitis

Despite major progress in understanding and managing liver disease in the past 30 years, it is now among the top 10 most common causes of death globally. Several risk factors, such as genetics, diabetes, obesity, excessive alcohol consumption, viral infection, gender, immune dysfunction, and medications, acting individually or in concert, are known to precipitate liver damage. Viral hepatitis, excessive alcohol consumption, and obesity are the major factors causing liver injury. Estimated numbers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected subjects worldwide are staggering (370 and 175 million, respectively), and of the 40 million known human immunodeficiency virus positive subjects, 4 and 5 million are coinfected with HBV and HCV, respectively. Alcohol and HCV are the leading causes of end-stage liver disease worldwide and the most common indication for liver transplantation in the United States and Europe. In addition, the global obesity epidemic that affects up to 40 million Americans, and 396 million worldwide, is accompanied by an alarming incidence of end-stage liver disease, a condition exacerbated by alcohol. This article focuses on the interactions between alcohol, viral hepatitis, and obesity (euphemistically described here as the Bermuda Triangle of liver disease), and discusses common mechanisms and synergy.
Epigenetic changes play critical role in age‐associated dysfunctions of the liver

CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Proteins family proteins are important regulators of liver functions. Here, we show the critical role of C/EBPα-mediated chromatin remodeling in the age-associated dysfunctions of the liver and in the maintenance of physiological homeostasis. Because ph-S193 isoform of C/EBPα is increased in livers of old mice, we have generated C/EBPα-S193D knockin mice, which mimic the ph-S193 isoform of C/EBPα. Analyses of these mice showed that the S193D mutation causes chromatin remodeling leading to histological appearance of 'foci-like' nodules, which are also observed in livers of old mice. These 'foci-like' structures contain K9 trimethylated histone H3, a marker of heterochromatin. The increase of heterochromatin regions in S193D mice correlates with the elevation of S193D-C/EBPα-HDAC1 complexes and with dys-regulation of gene expression including epigenetic silencing of cyclin D1 and D2 promoters and the inhibition of liver proliferation. The elimination of C/EBPα-HDAC1 complexes in S193D mice by inhibition of HDAC1 corrects chromatin structure and normalizes expression of cyclin D1 and D2. We found that epigenetic dys-regulation is also associated with the elevation of C/EBPβ and with the increase of C/EBPα/β heterodimers in S193D mice. The C/EBPα/β heterodimers activate transcription of Glut4 and increase the levels of Glut4. As the result, S193D livers have accelerated uptake of glucose and accumulation of glycogen in the liver. Thus, this study demonstrates that the phosphorylation of C/EBPα at S193 leads to the appearance of heterochromatin regions, which correlates with the development of age-related dysfunctions of the liver.
Studies on Human β-d-N-Acetylhexosaminidases II. KINETIC AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES

Abstract β-d-N-Acetylhexosaminidase A and B purified to homogeneity from human placenta have pH optima of 4.4 using 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-d-N-acetylgalactosaminide as substrate. The Km of both hexosaminidase A and hexosaminidase B for this synthetic substrate was found to be 0.5 mm and heat of activation for both the enzymes was 10,500 cal. No effect of any divalent ions studied was observed except for a 25% decrease in the enzyme activity of both hexosaminidase A and B in the presence of 5 mm cupric ion. p-Hydroxymercuribenzoate, 1 mm, almost completely inhibited both hexosaminidase A and hexosaminidase B activity. N-Ethylmaleimide, arsenate, and iodoacetate had no effect on the hexosaminidases. No inhibition of hexosaminidase A or hexosaminidase B was observed in the presence of 30 mm concentration of various anions except for acetate which brought about 75% inhibition of both hexosaminidase A and hexosaminidase B activity. Using Sephadex G-200 filtration, the molecular weight of hexosaminidase A and B was estimated at 140,000. However, using the sedimentation equilibrium technique the molecular weight was found to be 100,000 ± 3,000 and 101,400 ± 4,700 for hexosaminidase A and B, respectively. After S-carboxymethylation, the subunit molecular weight of hexosaminidase A and B was determined using various concentrations of polyacrylamide in disc electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Hexosaminidase B dissociated into one major subunit corresponding to a molecular weight of 17,000 to 18,000, whereas hexosaminidase A dissociated into one major subunit corresponding to a molecular weight of 17,000 to 18,000 and two more protein bands corresponding to about 35,000 and to 55,000. Similar results were obtained when hexosaminidase A and B were dissociated into subunits by treatment with guanidine hydrochloride or by treatment with maleic anhydride in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and the subunits separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In urea-starch gel electrophoresis hexosaminidase A dissociated into three major bands and hexosaminidase B into two bands. In urea-starch gel the electrophoretic mobility of one of the bands of dissociated hexosaminidase A and hexosaminidase B seemed to be very similar or identical. Both hexosaminidase A and hexosaminidase B have blocked NH2-terminal groups. The COOH-terminal amino acids in hexosaminidase A was found to be serine and in hexosaminidase B was found to be aspartic acid or asparagine. The amino acid composition of hexosaminidase A and hexosaminidase B was determined and found to differ.
Sample Size Considerations for Morbidity/Mortality Trials

Sample size and power determination plays a crucial role in the design of morbidity/mortality clinical trials. To ensure that a trial is adequately sized so that the true treatment effect can be detected with a desired power, it is important to evaluate the assumptions used in the sample-size calculation procedure. Various close-form sample-size formulas have been proposed for the analysis of morbidity/mortality trials with survival endpoints. However, most of them are formed based on restrictive assumptions and do not take into consideration factors that may affect the estimate of the treatment effect. These factors include drop-in, drop-out, staggered entry, loss to follow-up, lags in treatment effects, and informative noncompliance. This article reviews the sample-size calculation methods for testing the treatment effect in two-arm survival trials. For each method considered, its basic features, underlying assumptions, and limitations are discussed. Presented first are the test statistics and associated methods that yield close-form sample-size formulas. Then attention will be focused on methods with aforementioned complexities in sample-size calculation. Keywords: drop-in; drop-out; loss to follow-up; staggered entry; lag; informative noncompliance
Analysis of Implantation in Assisted Reproduction Through the Use of Serial Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Measurements

Purpose: Our purpose was to examine implantation of singleton pregnancies achieved following various assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) through the appearance and rising titers of serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels. Methods: A total of 114 singleton pregnancies resulting from in vitro fertilization and intrauterine insemination was analyzed. Patients were divided into five groups according to the type of ovarian stimulation protocol {gonadotropin stimulation with/without the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa), long protocol, or flare-up technique] and to the day of embryo transfer (day 2 or day 3 after oocyte retrieval). Serial serum hCG levels were measured between 10 and 25 days after fertilization and log-transformed. Linear regression analyses were performed and extrapolated to hCG = 10 mlUlml <hCG10), which was used as an estimate of detectable implantation. The slopes of the regression lines were used to estimate the rising speed ofhCG. Results: There were no significant differences in the days ofhCG in maternal serum to reach 10 mlU/ml (implantation) or in the slopes of the regression lines for all five studied groups. Conclusions: The appearance of hCG in maternal serum was used to assess the time of clinically detectable implantation. Furthermore, because hCG production is a marker of trophoblastic activity, its serum doubling time was used as an indicator of embryo quality. Results showed that in various ART protocols with and without GnRHa, there were no significant differences in implantation time or embryo quality. Embryo development in early pregnancy follows a
Citrate-condensing Enzyme-Oxalacetate Binary Complex STUDIES ON ITS PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Abstract A binary complex is formed between citrate-condensing enzyme and oxalacetate. Complex formation is accompanied by a change in protein conformation, as judged by changes in ultraviolet absorption, a small change in optical rotatory dispersion, and increased stability to denaturation. The stability of the complex in urea has made it possible to estimate that there is 1 oxalacetate molecule per active site on the enzyme, and that the dissociation constant of this complex is about 6 x 10-7 m. Urea treatment of the enzyme results in the exposure of sulfhydryl groups, changes in the ultraviolet absorption, changes in the optical rotatary dispersion spectrum indicative of unfolding, and changes in the sedimentation behavior. Urea treatment of the complex, however, shows essentially none of these changes. A number of analogues were tested as to their ability to bind to the oxalacetate site. On the basis of these studies it was concluded that oxalacetate was bound through both carboxyl groups, as well as through the carbonyl oxygen. It seems that once the oxalacetate site on the enzyme is occupied, then urea (or other denaturants) cannot react with the enzyme.
Coreference in a frame database

This paper analyzes coreference within a frame-based semantic system. We discuss mechanisms for determining whether a new piece of knowledge (expressed as a frame) is actually a previously known referent. We propose frame database heuristics that allow new knowledge to be uniquely disambiguated for coreference so that concepts initially represented in many forms can be assimilated to those parts of the database that express the same knowledge, though perhaps in a different form. We hypothesize that these coreference mechanisms can be used by a text processing module whose control structure makes use of the organization of the text to reduce the combinatorial explosion of coreference searches in a database.
Systems analysis of oxidant stress in the vasculature.

Systems biology and network analysis are emerging as valuable tools for the discovery of novel relationships, the identification of key regulatory factors, and the prediction of phenotypic changes in complex biological systems. Redox homeostasis in the vasculature is maintained by an intricate balance between oxidant-generating and antioxidant systems. When these systems are perturbed, conditions are permissive for oxidant stress, which, in turn, promotes vascular dysfunction and structural remodeling. Owing to the number of elements involved in redox regulation and the different vascular pathophenotypes associated with oxidant stress, vascular oxidant stress represents an ideal system to study by network analysis. Networks offer a method to organize experimentally derived factors, including proteins, metabolites, and DNA, that are represented as nodes into an unbiased comprehensive platform for study. Through analysis of the network, it is possible to determine essential or regulatory nodes, identify previously unknown connections between nodes, and locate modules, which are groups of nodes located within the same neighborhood that function together and have implications for phenotype. Investigators have only recently begun to construct oxidant stress-related networks to examine vascular structure and function; however, these early studies have provided mechanistic insight to further our understanding of this complicated biological system. © 2013 IUBMB Life, 65(11):911–920, 2013
Dwarfism, Where Pericentrin Gains Stature

Mutations in a protein that functions in cell division result in human growth disorders, possibly by connecting DNA damage signaling and centrosome dysfunction.
9 Tracing Everyday Life at Trimithis (Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt)

This article explores how concepts of “trace” might help archaeologists disentangle and interpret the material remains of ordinary life. Trace is a theoretical vantage long exploited by social theorists to explore the unintentional, quotidian residues of ordinary people. The term trace is relevant to archaeology because it refocuses attention from active agency to more subtle undercurrents within daily life rhythms. I explore two Romano-Egyptian houses from the same city from a trace perspective in order to reveal the small-scale daily life choices of individuals. The results of this exploration suggest future directions for the archaeological use of trace to explore materiality, everyday life, and subtle signatures of multi-cultural scenarios.
Procedure for Calibrating the Technicon Colorimeter I

We describe a rapid method for calibrating the Technicon AutoAnalyzer colorimeter I. Test solutions of bromphenol blue are recommended for the calibration, in preference to solutions of potassium dichromate, based on considerations of the instrument's working range and of the stray light characteristics of the associated filters.
The 5' noncoding region of the human leukemia-associated oncogene BCR/ABL is a potent inhibitor of in vitro translation

Abstract The mRNA encoding the chimeric BCR/ABL oncogene, which is transcribed from the Philadelphia chromosome in human chronic myelogenous leukemia, has a 5' noncoding sequence greater than 500 bases in length which is highly GC rich and contains a short open reading frame. This untranslated sequence has a dramatic inhibitory effect upon translational efficiency in vitro. However, when BCR/ABL message is expressed in certain cell types such as the NIH 3T3 cell line, the 5' noncoding region has little inhibitory effect on translational efficiency.
The Matrix Protein of HIV-1 Is Not Sufficient for Assembly and Release of Virus-like Particles

The matrix (MA) proteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) are known to be important for the targeting and assembly of lentiviral proteins. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the MA protein of HIV-1 was sufficient for particle assembly and release. Eukaryotic expression of wild-type HIV-1 Gag-Pol, HIV-1 MA alone, or SIV MA alone was analyzed with radio-immunoprecipitation, density centrifugation, and a protease protection assay. Cells that expressed HIV-1 Gag-Pol or SIV MA alone released virus-like particles (VLPs) with sucrose gradient densities of 1.15 or 1.12 g/ml, respectively. The MA and/or capsid proteins in these particles were protected from protease degradation, indicating the presence of a protective outer membrane. Expression of HIV-1 MA protein alone resulted in release of MA which pelleted through a 20% sucrose cushion but failed to enter a 20-60% sucrose gradient and was not protected from protease degradation. The MA protein of SIV was previously reported to be sufficient for production of VLPs (S. A. Gonzalez, H, K, Affrachino, H. R. Gelderblom, and A. Burney. Virology 194, 548-556, 1993; V. Liska, D. Spehner, M. Mehtali, D. Schmitt, A. Kirn, and A. M. Aubertin. J. Gen. Virol. 75, 2955-2962, 1994). Our study confirmed that result, but indicated that the MA protein of HIV-1 was not sufficient to assemble and release VLPs.
Combining video, audio and lexical indicators of affect in spontaneous conversation via particle filtering

We present experiments on fusing facial video, audio and lexical indicators for affect estimation during dyadic conversations. We use temporal statistics of texture descriptors extracted from facial video, a combination of various acoustic features, and lexical features to create regression based affect estimators for each modality. The single modality regressors are then combined using particle filtering, by treating these independent regression outputs as measurements of the affect states in a Bayesian filtering framework, where previous observations provide prediction about the current state by means of learned affect dynamics. Tested on the Audio-visual Emotion Recognition Challenge dataset, our single modality estimators achieve substantially higher scores than the official baseline method for every dimension of affect. Our filtering-based multi-modality fusion achieves correlation performance of 0.344 (baseline: 0.136) and 0.280 (baseline: 0.096) for the fully continuous and word level sub challenges, respectively.
A history of the parathyroid glands

Diseases of the parathyroid glands have always existed, affecting occasional individuals in every period and culture of the past. The significant changes in body build associated with their dysfunction must have attracted in the popular mind bewildering connotations that can be gleaned from their mythology. Although their associated clinical features were described in the medical literature, the presence of the parathyroid glands and their function went long unrecognized. In the relatively slow evolution of endocrinology, compared with that of other medical disciplines, the parathyroid glands and their diseases were one of the last to be defined. It was only in the latter part of the nineteenth century that the glands were identified in humans by Ivar Sandstrom (1852-1889). Their subsequent experimental extirpation by Eugene Gley (1857-1930), as well as others, led to the differentiation of the neuromuscular symptoms that theretofore had been attributed to removal of the thyroid glands. That these symptoms were the result of the hypocalcemia that ensues parathyroidectomy was suggested in 1908 by W. G. MacCallum (1874-1944) and Carl Voegtlin (1879-1960). The possibility that parathyroid pathology may be associated with skeletal abnormalities was made in 1914 by Jacob Erdheim (18874-1937), and in the following year documented by Z. Schlagenhaufer from the observation that in patients with osteitis fibrosa cystica, only one parathyroid gland is enlarged. This was to set the stage for parathyroidectomy beginning in 1925, for the alleviation of bone disease of hyperparathyroidism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collecting Sensitive Data: A Comparison of Three Survey Strategies

Results from studies that compare different methods of data collection may be confounded in many instances because of differences in response rates or sampling frames. Two alternatives to in-person interviewing were designed to overcome these confounding factors. One strategy utilized the telephone with in-person interviewing as a back-up when phone numbers were not available. The other strategy was a drop-off/pick-up, self-administered strategy. The telephone/field strategy was shown to be a viable alternative to in-person interviewing. The drop-off/pick-up strategy did not fare as well in comparison. Although response rates and costs were equivalent to in-person interviewing, the process was less enjoyable for respondents, and produced significantly different distributions on several sensitive measures.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 91

Experimental data for all nuclei with mass A = 91 have been evaluated. This evaluation, covering data received by 15 December 1998, supersedes the 1990 evaluation by H.-W. Muller (Nuclear Data Sheets60, 835 1990)).
WELL-POSEDNESS OF THE INFINITE PRANDTL NUMBER MODEL FOR CONVECTION WITH TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT VISCOSITY

We establish the well-posedness of the infinite Prandtl number model for convection with temperature-dependent viscosity, free-slip boundary condition and zero horizontal fluxes.
Cyclic loading comparison of Bio-SutureTak-#2 FiberWire and Bio Mini-Revo-#2 Hi-Fi suture anchor-sutures in cadaveric scapulae.

This study compared tap-in Bio-SutureTak suture anchor-#2 FiberWire suture (Group 1) and screw-in Bio Mini-Revo suture anchor-#2 Hi-Fi suture (Group 2) fixation in the glenoid region of interest for Bankart repair, in addition to evaluation of isolated suture loop biomechanical properties under progressive incremental cyclic loads. With knowledge of glenoid apparent bone mineral density (BMD), implant preparation and fit characteristics, and following application of a light manual tensile load, the primary investigator scored each specimen for perceived within group biomechanical test performance using a 0–10 point modified visual analog scale. After scoring, 12 paired constructs were placed in a servo hydraulic device clamp, preloaded to 25 N, and cycled between 25 and 50 Hz with a 25 N load increase every 25 cycles. Group 2 withstood greater load (104.1 ± 56 vs. 70 ± 36.9 N, P = 0.04) and displaced more at failure (13 ± 4.5 vs. 8.6 ± 3.3 mm, P = 0.04). All Group 1 specimens failed prior to reaching 150 N, whereas 25% of Group 2 specimens (n = 3) failed at 200 N. All specimens failed by anchor pullout except for three Group 2 specimens that failed by eyelet breakage at 200 N. Isolated suture testing revealed that Group 1 sutures displaced less at each cyclic load (P = 0.028) and withstood greater failure loads (P = 0.028) than that of Group 2 sutures. Group 2 constructs displayed moderately strong relationships between perceived within group biomechanical test performance and ultimate load (r2 = 0.55) and displacement at failure (r2 = 0.67). Group 1 did not display significant relationships. Similar biomechanical performance between 50 and 125 N, greater load at failure, and superior biomechanical test prediction accuracy suggest that the screw-in type Bio Mini-Revo suture anchor-#2 Hi-Fi suture combination may be preferred for Bankart lesion repair in low apparent BMD glenoid processes. The #2 Hi-Fi suture, however, allowed significantly greater displacement than the #2 FiberWire suture at each progressive cyclic load interval.
Optical phonons and electronic properties in double heterostructures

Optical phonon modes in a semiconductor double heterostructure (DHS) are examined within the continuum model. The interface modes found here can account for the novel phenomena observed in right-angle Raman scattering. The Hamiltonian for the electron interaction with phonon eigenmodes is derived and employed to study polaronic effects in the DHS. The ls2p+transition energy of a magnetopolaron bound to a hydrogenic impurity in the quantum well is calculated, and excellent agreement with experiments is obtained.
Genetic analysis of L-ethionine-mediated induction of alpha-fetoprotein in mice

Two genetic loci regulate hepatic α-fetoprotein (AFP) mRNA levels in adult mice. The raflocus controls basal levels and the Riflocus determines the degree of induction during liver regeneration. We have investigated the function of each locus during L-ethionine-mediated AFP induction using adult female mice with different Rif/rafgenotypes. A single intraperitoneal injection of L-ethionine (0.5 mg/g body weight) resulted in significant triglyceride accumulation in hepatic parenchymal cells and increased AFP synthesis 48–96 h following injection. Hepatic AFP mRNA levels in Balb/cJ mice (high basal level/high induction level during regeneration) were 10- to 30- fold higher than Balb/cCRBL or C3H/He mice (low basal level/high induction level) following ethionine injection, indicating that raf-mediated differences persisted throughout the course of acute ethionine poisoning. The magnitude of this induction was similar to that seen during carbon tetrachloride-induced regeneration. In contrast, C57BL/6 mice (low basal level/low induction level during regeneration) contained hepatic AFP mRNA levels similar to Balb/cCRBL and C3H/He mice following ethionine injection. Thus, Rif-dependent differences seen during liver regeneration were not seen during acute ethionine poisoning. This leads us to conclude that (1) hepatic AFP mRNA induction by ethionine may not be mediated by the Riflocus if Rifis a transcriptional inducer, or (2) if Rifis a transcriptional repressor, it is inactivated equally in all strains during acute ethionine poisoning, unlike during liver regeneration. Hepatic albumin mRNA levels were not affected by ethionine treatment in vivo. L-Ethionine elevated AFP mRNA levels in primary mouse hepatocyte cultures; however, ethionine treatment also increased albumin mRNA levels in vitro.
Exogenous lipoid pneumonia.

Exogenous lipoid pneumonia is an uncommon condition resulting from aspirating or inhaling fatlike material, such as mineral oil found in laxatives and various aerosolized industrial materials. These substances elicit a foreign body reaction and proliferative fibrosis in the lung. Because symptoms are absent or nonspecific and the roentgenographic findings simulate other diseases, exogenous lipoid pneumonia is often unrecognized. Yet, appropriate historical inquiries and simple laboratory tests can lead to the correct diagnosis, removal of the offending agent, and, potentially, improvement in lung function before serious complications develop. (Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:686-692)
Gastrointestinal hemorrhage from heal leiomyoma: Utility of the complete reflux small bowel examination

A case of recurrent gastrointestinal hemorrhage with nondiagnostic conventional barium X-ray and endoscopic studies is described. A complete reflux small bowel examination clearly demonstrated an ileal leiomyoma. Details of the methodology of the reflux small bowel are reviewed.
Leptin for type 1 diabetes: coming onto stage to be (or not?).

Oral EA. Leptin for type 1 diabetes: coming onto stage to be (or not?). The discovery of the adipocyte hormone leptin completely changed our view of energy metabolism. In addition, the discovery of leptin rapidly progressed to clinical development. After a decade of clinical studies, leptin appears not to be the magic bullet therapy for obesity; however, it has a robust role in rare human conditions characterized by its deficiency. Recent exciting work from the Unger laboratory suggests that leptin therapy may also have a potential role for the treatment of Type 1 diabetes. In this review we discuss the positive evidence why such an approach is worthwhile. In order to achieve this broad goal, we reviewed available literature and provided our interpretation of the evidence presented in the original research papers. The potential cautionary aspects of this novel approach will be discussed in an accompanying article.
Detection and spectroscopy of exo-planets like Earth

Planets with mass similar to Jupiter's are now known to orbit nearby stars. Are there also planets like Earth? If so, their thermal emission should be directly detectable, and thermal spectra could identify the strong features of carbon dioxide, water and ozone at the levels seen in Earth. But the very close angular separation (approximately 0.1 arcsec) and huge brightness difference (approximately 107) between a star and such a planet present a technical challenge. Space interferometry could in principle solve both problems, by using destructive interference to cancel out the stellar emission, and aperture synthesis to recover high angular resolution images. We show how these two functions conflict, and point to a new interferometer design which allows them to be reconciled. One key technical challenge is to combine beams with strictly controlled amplitude and achromatic phase inversions, so as to cancel the stellar disc flux by a factor of a million. We show how refractive elements analogous to an achromatic lens can be used for this purpose.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
RNN based MIMO channel prediction

A new hybrid PSO-EA-DEPSO algorithm based on particle swarm optimization (PSO), evolutionary algorithm (EA), and differential evolution (DE) is presented for training a recurrent neural network (RNN) for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel prediction. This algorithm is shown to outperform RNN predictors trained off-line by PSO, EA, and DEPSO as well as a linear predictor trained by the Levinson-Durbin algorithm. To explore the effects of channel prediction error at the receiver, new expressions for the received SNR, array gain, and average probability of error are derived and analyzed. These expressions differ from previous results which assume the prediction error is Gaussian and/or independent of the true CSI. The array gain decays with increasing signal-to-noise ratio and is slightly larger for spatially correlated systems. As the prediction error increases in the non-saturation region, the coding gain decreases and the diversity gain remains unaffected.
C. elegans tubby regulates life span and fat storage by two independent mechanisms

In C. elegans, similar to in mammals, mutations in the tubby homolog, tub-1, promote increased fat deposition. Here, we show that mutation in tub-1 also leads to life span extension dependent on daf-16/FOXO. Interestingly, function of tub-1 in fat storage is independent of daf-16. A yeast two-hybrid screen identified a novel TUB-1 interaction partner (RBG-3); a RabGTPase-activating protein. Both TUB-1 and RBG-3 localize to overlapping neurons. Importantly, RNAi of rbg-3 decreases fat deposition in tub-1 mutants but does not affect life span. We demonstrate that TUB-1 is expressed in ciliated neurons and undergoes both dendritic and ciliary transport. Additionally, tub-1 mutants are chemotaxis defective. Thus, tub-1 may regulate fat storage either by modulating transport, sensing, or responding to signals in ciliated neurons. Taken together, we define a role for tub-1 in regulation of life span and show that tub-1 regulates life span and fat storage by two independent mechanisms.
Estimation of maximum coated particle fuel compact packing fraction

This work develops an analytic fuel fraction packing model for a high temperature gas cooled reactor fuel compact fabricated from overcoated particles of a single size. The model includes the effects of one dimensional compression and finite matrix grain size. One dimensional compression limits the maximum fuel packing fraction to about 48% for the pressed compact in this single sized particle system. This limit is due to two effects. The first is that the process of die loading limits the pre-compression packing configuration to one that is stable under gravity, which is not the most space efficient one. The second effect is due to the one dimensional compression which reduces only the axial dimension of the particle lattice rather than uniformly compressing the lattice. The die wall can also limit the maximum packing fraction by preventing the nearby particles from moving into a more space efficient configuration.
A Maxillary Central Incisor with Three Root Canals: A Case Report

Maxillary central incisors have been reported with 1, 2, and occasionally 3 root canals. The complete biomechanical instrumentation and obturation of the root canal system are mandatory to achieve endodontic success. Root canal systems with abnormal variations present a challenge in diagnosis and clinical management to the practitioner. This article presents a detailed case report of the endodontic treatment of a 3-canal maxillary incisor with an associated periodontal defect.
QoS support in TDMA-based mobile ad hoc networks

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are gaining a lot of attention in research lately due to their importance in enabling mobile wireless nodes to communicate without any existing wired or predetermined infrastructures. Furthermore, in order to support the growing need for multimedia and realtime applications, quality of service (QoS) support by the networking protocol is required. Several important QoS parameters that are needed by such applications can be identified. They include bandwidth, end-to-end delay, delay jitter, and bit error rate. A good amount of research has been developed in this area covering different issues and challenges such as developing routing protocols that support bandwidth reservation and delay management. In this paper, the current state of research for QoS support in TDMA-based MANETs at different layers of the networking model is presented and categorized. In addition, the current issues and future challenges involved in this exciting area of research are also included.
Mainstreaming: The Promise and the Pitfalls.

New modes of instruction for those formerly called "handicapped"will demand new rationales.
"Serious" Programming Made Cuddly: A Fully End-User-Programmable Stuffed Toy

One of the recurring design issues in creating computational artifacts for children is the question of programmability. On the one hand, there is only a limited range of things that a non-programmable artifact or toy can be "taught" to do. On the other hand, the traditional trappings and cultural associations of full-scale programming (e. g., incorporating a screen within a programmable artifact, or using wire or Bluetooth connections to transmit a program) run counter to the informal, playful aesthetics of children's playthings. This paper describes a "detente" in children's design-integrating the informality and physical structure of a toy with the full expressive range of symbolic programming. As an illustration of this approach, we describe Birdwatcher, a stuffed toy duck that can visually "read" meaningful programs-even hand-written programs. We show a representative scenario using Birdwatcher and explore several key issues for continuing work in making programming accessible to children.
Multiple mechanisms controlling carbon metabolism in bacteria.

Catabolite repression is a universal phenomenon, found in virtually all living organisms. These organisms range from the simplest bacteria to higher fungi, plants, and animals. A mechanism involving cyclic AMP and its receptor protein (CRP) in Escherichia coli was established years ago, and this mechanism has been assumed by many to serve as the prototype for catabolite repression in all organisms. However, recent studies have shown that this mechanism is restricted to enteric bacteria and their close relatives. Cyclic AMP-independent mechanisms of catabolite repression occur in other bacteria, yeast, plants, and even E. coli. In fact, single-celled organisms such as E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae exhibit multiple mechanisms of catabolite repression, and most of these are cyclic AMP-independent. The mechanistic features of the best of such characterized processes are briefly reviewed, and references are provided that will allow the reader to delve more deeply into these subjects.
The association between mental health functioning and nontraumatic lower extremity amputations in veterans with diabetes

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between mental health functioning and lower extremity amputations (LEAs) in veterans with diabetes. Method A retrospective study of 1999 Large Veteran Health Survey (LVHS) respondents with diabetes who were Veterans Health Administration clinic users in fiscal years (FYs) 1998–2000 was performed. The outcome measure was type of LEAs (major, minor and none) in FY 2000. The primary independent variable was mental health functioning [adapted Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 mental component summary (MCS) score, with higher being better] from the LVHS. Multinomial logistic regressions were performed to evaluate the association between MCS score and LEAs, adjusting for control variables derived from FY 1999. Results Of the 114,890 individuals included in the study, there were 450 (3.9 per 1000 individuals) major and 431 (3.8 per 1000 individuals) minor LEAs in FY 2000. Individuals with major and minor LEAs had lower mean MCS scores than those without LEAs (39.9, 42.2 and 43.4). After controlling for other independent variables, a five-point increase in MCS score was associated with a 5% decrease in the risk of major LEAs (odds ratio [OR]=0.95; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]=[0.94, 0.96]) but was not related to minor LEAs (OR=1.01; 95% CI=[0.97, 1.05]). Conclusion Footcare programs need to assess individuals for mental health functioning as a risk factor and to develop appropriate interventions to reduce the risk of major amputation.