cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural and Functional Changes in the Preterm Lung

Preterm infants, particularly those with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), experience long-term structural and functional pulmonary changes. BPD is a chronic lung disease of premature infants that results from a developmental arrest of the immature lung caused by multiple injurious factors such as mechanical ventilation, oxygen exposure, and prenatal or postnatal infections. Over the last 40 years, the survival of preterm infants with BPD has significantly increased due to the improvements in neonatal intensive care and in respiratory support. Many of the early BPD survivors are now well into their adulthood, and this is providing new information on the long-term respiratory outcomes, both structural and functional, in these former preterm infants. Increasing evidence from clinical and research data indicate that survivors of preterm birth and particularly those with BPD have prolonged abnormalities in their lung structure, imaging studies, and lung function. This population is at a greater risk for rehospitalizations due to respiratory illnesses, often being admitted into pediatric intensive care units. It is also likely that BPD survivors may have a reduced ability to reach their peak lung function at young adulthood and may have an accelerated decline in function with aging. Increasing evidence suggests that even infants without BPD and late-preterm infants are at increased risk for acute and chronic respiratory morbidities. This chapter provides a brief overview of normal lung developmental processes, BPD pathogenesis, and long-term respiratory outcomes, including structural and functional changes, in preterm survivors.
University Spanish Heritage Language Coursework: Meeting the Needs of All Heritage Learners:

The structure and instruction of foreign language classrooms have changed to meet the needs of the growing number of Hispanic heritage language learners (HLLs) entering university settings. To understand the impact of these reforms, interviews were conducted with 11 HLLs about their experiences in Spanish classrooms designed for their unique learning needs. Although participants were divided in their beliefs of heritage coursework offered, all the students valued being within a community of shared life experiences.
The Four-Way Stop Sign: Viruses, 12-Lipoxygenase, Islets, and Natural Killer Cells in Type 1 Diabetes Progression.

Natural killer (NK) cells represent an important effector arm against viral infection, and mounting evidence suggests that viral infection plays a role in the development of T1D in at least a portion of patients. NK cells recognize their target cells through a delicate balance of inhibitory and stimulatory receptors on their surface. If unbalanced, NK cells have great potential to wreak havoc in the pancreas due to the beta cell expression of the as-yet-defined NKp46 ligand through interactions with the activating NKp46 receptor found on the surface of most NK cells. Blocking interactions between NKp46 and its ligand protects mice from STZ-induced diabetes, but differential expression non-diabetic and diabetic donor samples has not been tested. Additional studies have shown that peripheral blood NK cells from human T1D patients have altered phenotypes that reduce the lytic and functional ability of the NK cells. Investigations of humanT1D pancreas tissues have indicated that the presence of NK cells may be beneficial despite their infrequent detection. In diabetes-prone non-obese (NOD) mice, we have noted that NK cells express high levels of the pro-inflammatory mediator 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LO), and decreased levels of stimulatory receptors. Conversely, NK cells of 12/15-LO deficient NOD mice, which are protected from diabetes development, express significantly higher levels of stimulatory receptors. Furthermore, the human NK92 cell line expresses the ALOX12 protein (human 12-LO, related to mouse 12/15-LO) via Western blotting. Human 12-LO is upregulated in the pancreas of both T1D and T2D human donors with insulin-containing islets, showing a link between 12-LO expression and diabetes progression. Therefore, our hypothesis is that NK cells in those susceptible to developing T1D are unable to function properly during viral infections of pancreatic beta cells due to increased 12-LO expression and activation, which contributes to increased IFN-γ production and an imbalance in activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors, and may contribute to downstream autoimmune T cell responses. The work presented here outlines evidence from our lab, as well as published literature, supporting our hypothesis, including novel data.
Territory, Geographic Information, and the Map

In the digital era, “geographic information” has emerged as a primary intermediary in two-way communications between territories and maps. Correspondingly, we argue that the “territory as the source of the map” and the “map as the source of the territory” have become fundamental features of scientific study, spatial planning, and public communication. This shift to a communications perspective in map-territory relationships is tied to rapidly expanding abilities to link sources of increasingly diverse geographically referenced data, information, and resources across disciplinary boundaries through space and time. This chapter explores linkages between the map and reality, considers potentials for discord between the intentions of map makers and the perceptions and applications of map users, and gives special attention to changes in these relationships in response to the digitalization and spatialization of contemporary communication, information, and sensor technologies.
Lymphedema in ovarian cancer survivors: Assessing diagnostic methods and the effects of physical activity

Background Lymphedema is a poorly understood side effect of gynecologic cancer treatment. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of lower limb lymphedema (LLL) in a sample of ovarian cancer survivors via 3 different diagnostic methods and to assess the effect of a randomized exercise intervention. Methods Physically inactive ovarian cancer survivors (n = 95) were enrolled in a 6-month randomized trial of exercise (primarily brisk walking) versus attention control. LLL was measured at baseline and 6-month visits via a self-report questionnaire, optoelectronic perometry, and an evaluation by a certified lymphedema specialist. Results LLL prevalence ranged from 21% to 38% according to the diagnostic method, and there was substantial agreement between the self-report questionnaire and the lymphedema specialist evaluation (κ = 0.61). There was no agreement between the evaluation with optoelectronic perometry and the specialist evaluation. With LLL defined by any method, the baseline prevalence was 38% in both groups. At 6 months, both groups experienced a decreased LLL prevalence: 28% in the exercise group and 35% in the control group. There was no difference in the change in lymphedema prevalence between the 2 groups (P = .64). Body mass index was a significant predictor of LLL. Conclusions With a potential prevalence of LLL as high as 40%, further evaluation of diagnostic methods is required to better characterize this side effect of ovarian cancer treatment. No adverse effect of exercise on LLL was found. Further research is strongly needed to evaluate predictors of LLL and the effects of exercise on LLL in order to develop effective physical activity recommendations for women with ovarian cancer. Cancer 2018;124:1929-37. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Ensemble Sensitivity Analysis for Targeted Observations of Supercell Thunderstorms

ABSTRACTEnsemble sensitivity analysis (ESA) has been demonstrated for observation targeting of synoptic-scale and mesoscale phenomena, but could have similar applications for storm-scale observations with mobile platforms. This paper demonstrates storm-scale ESA using an idealized supercell simulated with a 101-member CM1 ensemble. Correlation coefficients are used as a measure of sensitivity and are derived from single-variable and multivariable linear regressions of pressure, temperature, humidity, and wind with forecast response variables intended as proxies for the strength of supercells. This approach is suitable for targeting observing platforms that simultaneously measure multiple base-state variables. Although the individual correlations are found to be noisy and difficult to interpret, averaging across small areas of the domain and over the duration of the simulation is found to simplify the analysis. However, it is difficult to identify physically meaningful results from the sensitivity calculat...
Flexible software architecture for user-interface and machine control in laboratory automation

We describe a modular, layered software architecture for automated laboratory instruments. The design consists of a sophisticated user interface, a machine controller and multiple individual hardware subsystems, each interacting through a client-server architecture built entirely on top of open Internet standards. In our implementation, the user-interface components are built as Java applets that are downloaded from a server integrated into the machine controller. The user-interface client can thereby provide laboratory personnel with a familiar environment for experiment design through a standard World Wide Web browser. Data management and security are seamlessly integrated at the machine-controller layer using QNX, a real-time operating system. This layer also controls hardware subsystems through a second client-server interface. This architecture has proven flexible and relatively easy to implement and allows users to operate laboratory automation instruments remotely through an Internet connection. The software architecture was implemented and demonstrated on the Acapella, an automated fluid-sample-processing system that is under development at the University of Washington.
Fronts in Homogeneous Media

Front propagation and interface motion occur in many scientific areas such as chemical kinetics, combustion, biology, transport in porous media, and industrial deposition processes. In spite of these different applications, the basic phenomena can all be modeled using nonlinear partial differential equations or systems of such equations. Since the pioneering work of Kolmogorov, Petrovsky and Piskunov (KPP) [134] and Fisher [91] in 1937 on traveling fronts of the reaction-diffusion equations, the field has gone through enormous growth and development. However, studies of fronts in heterogeneous media have been more recent. Heterogeneities are always present in natural environments, such as fluid convection effects in combustion (wind factor in spreading of forest fires), inhomogeneous porous structures in transport of solutes, noise effects in biology, and deposition processes. It is both a fundamental and a practical problem to understand how heterogeneities influence the characteristics of front propagation such as front speeds, front profiles, and front locations. Our goal here is to give a tutorial of recent results on front propagation in heterogeneous (especially random) media in a coherent and motivating manner. It is not the intention of the book to give a complete survey, and so the cited references will cover only a portion of the vast literature.
A high-voltage power factor controller helps improve power quality

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the concept of using AC power more efficiently through the broad use of a power factor correction (PFC), which can create up to 30% excess generating capacity. Currently, motors, electronic power supplies, and fluorescent lighting consume the majority of the power in the world, and each of these can benefit from a power-factor correction. Although the added circuitry adds about 20–30% to the cost of power supplies, the near-term energy savings greatly outweigh the initial cost. Moreover, a PFC may be required to receive the CE mark for the equipment. The power factor correction brings benefits to a power distribution network by reducing rms current and increasing harmonic current content. Using an active PFC circuit in the power supply offers a number of secondary benefits to the supply design. First, the lower peak line currents allow some downsizing of the chokes used in the EMI filter. Second, the peak current in the AC input rectifiers and the line filter capacitor is reduced. Furthermore, an active power factor correction system can be configured to preregulate the bulk DC voltage, which offers several significant advantages. A properly designed power factor preregulator can convert a three-to-one input voltage variation to a relatively constant bulk voltage level, thus greatly simplifying further power processing. A modern, high-performance, cost-efficient active power factor correction can often help in reducing the total system cost and increase the efficiency of AC power use.
Limits On Image Representation In Early Vision

When a simple visual system model is solved to determine the transformation which best preserves the information available at the retinal outputs subject to a constraint on synaptic size, the optimal receptive fields (RFs) are spatially extensive and not particularly physiologic in character. However, when the same problem is solved with a constraint on the spatial extent of synaptic connections as well as their size, spatially localized physiologically plausible RFs are produced which are distributed in a manner similar to the functional architecture of the visual cortex. For a given level of synaptic use, this localized set of RFs is just as efficient for image representation as the spatially extensive set.
Animal Models for PD and ALS

Current research into neurodegenerative disorders relies heavily on animal models that recapitulate human disease. This chapter focuses on genetic and toxin-based animal models of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Early models failed to duplicate many of the hallmarks of these diseases, such as the loss of dopaminergic neurons in PD and motor neuron loss in ALS, and were often dismissed as newer models were developed. Nevertheless, even current models may not fully mimic all facets of disease etiology, progression, or pathology, necessitating continued research into developing models that more closely replicate the clinical manifestations of the disease. For both PD and ALS, genetic models have been generated based on the clinical reports of familial forms of the disease. For PD, models have been created using genes coding for α-synuclein, parkin, LRRK2, DJ-1, and PINK1, while mutations in genes coding for SOD1, FUS/TLS, and TDP-43 have been used for ALS models. For either disease, fewer than 10 % of all cases are linked to genetic causes, whereas the majority of cases are termed sporadic and are likely caused by environmental factors or a combination of environmental factors and genetically imposed susceptibilities. Therefore, a large number of animal models are toxin-based, utilizing chemicals or metals that have been correlated with human disease. As a whole, current animal models serve as adequate substitutes to their human counterparts, providing valuable tools for translational and basic science research in PD and ALS, with the caveat that most models typically do not recapitulate the totality of the human disease. Therefore, this chapter intends to describe the more commonly used animal models for these diseases and relate their limitations.
Situational Crime Prevention and Terrorism: An Assessment of 10 Years of Research:

This study systematically reviews the Situational Crime Prevention (SCP) and terrorism literature published between 2006 and 2016. We examine several variables related to the backgrounds of authors, publication outlets, methods used, and countries and terrorist groups focused upon in these studies. We also investigate if studies have tested the pillars of terrorism opportunity relating to weapons, targets, tools, and facilitating conditions. We find a strong literature and much support for SCP’s claims in the terrorism context. We highlight some data and method obstacles in fully evaluating SCP’s EVIL DONE, MURDEROUS, and ESEER frameworks and tools pillar, and suggest a need for more multivariate designs. We end by identifying underexplored substantive issues that deserve more attention, such as possibly refining EVIL DONE and to more fully address displacement versus adaptation processes.
Quickest Search and Learning Over Correlated Sequences: Theory and Application

Consider a set of information sources, each generating a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables over time. Each information source generates its data according to one of the two possible distributions $F_0$ or $F_1$ . Due to potential physical couplings that govern the information sources, the underlying distribution of each sequence depends on those of the rest. Hence, the underlying distributions form a dependence kernel. Due to uncertainties in the physical models, however, the dependence kernel is not fully known. The objective is to design a sequential decision-making procedure that identifies a sequence generated according to $F_1$ with the fewest number of measurements. Earlier analyses of such search problems have demonstrated that the optimal design of the sequential rules strongly hinges on knowing the dependence kernel precisely. Motivated by the premise that the dependence kernel is not known, this paper designs a sequential inference mechanism that forms two intertwined inferential decisions for identifying a sequence of interest and learning the parameters of the dependence kernel. This paper devises three strategies that place different levels of emphasis on each of these inference goals. Optimal decision rules are characterized, and their performance is evaluated analytically. Also, the application of the proposed framework to wideband spectrum sensing is discussed. Finally, numerical evaluations are provided to compare the performance of the framework to those of the relevant existing literature.
Protocol for the systematic review of research on professional learning to promote implementation of a multitiered system of support in education

Introduction A multitiered system of supports (MTSS) represents a widely adopted public health approach to education in the USA. Researchers agree professional learning is critical for educators to implement the critical components of MTSS; however, professional learning approaches vary in their designs and targeted outcomes. While researchers increasingly focus their inquiries on professional learning for MTSS, no systematic research review exists. Objectives The primary objectives for this mixed-methods review are to (1) understand how professional learning focused on MTSS has been operationalised (2) determine the impact of professional learning on educator (eg, knowledge) and implementation (eg, data-based decision-making processes) outcomes and (3) understand the contextual variables that influence professional learning in the USA. We aim to determine which elements of professional learning improve educators’ capacity to implement MTSS. Methods and analysis We will include studies that use quantitative and qualitative methods. PsycInfo, PubMed, CIHAHL and ERIC will be the primary research databases used to search for studies published from January 1997 to May 2018. We also will search the US Institute for Educational Sciences and Office of Special Education Programs websites, ProQuest, Google Scholar, Science Watch and MSN. Finally, we will search the proceedings of relevant conferences, examine the reference lists of studies that pass full screening and contact authors for additional work. Data extraction will include participant demographics, intervention details, study design, outcomes, analyses and key findings. We will conduct a quality assessment and analyse the data using effect size and thematic analyses. Ethics and dissemination Institutional review board or ethics approval is not needed for this review of already published works. We will disseminate the findings through presentations at state, national and international conferences; presentations to stakeholders and agencies; publication in peer-reviewed journals; and posts to organisational and agency websites.
Recruitment and Collection of Dermal Interstitial Fluid Using a Microneedle Patch

Interstitial fluid (ISF) that surrounds cells in tissues of the body is a novel source of biomarker that complements conventional sources like blood, urine, and saliva. To overcome difficulties in harvesting ISF, a minimally invasive, rapid, simple-to-use, cost-effective method is developed to collect ISF from the skin involving a microneedle (MN) patch. By pressing 650 µm long MNs at an angle just below the skin surface, blood-free ISF flows through micropores to the skin surface and is absorbed into a thin strip of paper on the MN patch backing for subsequent analysis. An optimized method in rat skin in vivo is well tolerated and able to collect >2 µL of ISF within 1 min. Brief skin pretreatment with MNs followed by a 5 min delay dramatically increases subsequent ISF collection by a mechanism believed to involve increased skin hydration. ISF collection using an MN patch has the potential to simplify access to biomarkers in ISF for research and future medical diagnostic and monitoring applications.
An Experimental Study of the Fracture Behavior of Laminated Graphite/Epoxy Composites

The results of an experimental investigation on the fracture behavior of unidirectional and multidirectional laminated graphite/epoxy composites is reported. Critical tensile fracture stresses for constant head rate uniaxial specimens containing single-edge notches, double-edge notches, and centrally located circular holes are presented. Results are reported for loads and notches at various angles to the fiber direction. Evidence of notch sensitivity and stable crack growth is presented. Self-similar crack growth is shown to occur for only a limited set of circumstances. Critical stresses are compared to the theories of Waddoups et al and Whitney et al. These comparisons are presented using isotropic and orthotropic stress concentration factors together with a finite width correction factor. The results tend to show that use of only isotropic correction factors allow good correlation between theory and experiment.
Addressing Challenges to the Reliable, Large-Scale Implementation of Effective School Health Education:

The long-held priority of teaching young people the knowledge and skills needed for healthy living has recently been diminished in many preK-12 schools. Driven by federal and state priorities, laws, and policies associated with high-stakes testing, instruction in untested subjects has been reduced or eliminated in most schools in order to devote more attention to tested subjects, like reading, math, writing, and science. This article proposes a pathway to ensure that all children are able to learn what society knows about health. To that end, four challenges to the reliable, large-scale implementation of effective school health education are identified: (1) establishing school health education as an undeniable social and cultural priority through improved advocacy; (2) strengthening educational institutions' capacities to reliably deliver large-scale, high-quality, school-based health education; (3) collaboratively coordinating efforts of health-promoting governmental and nongovernmental organizations that generate thought leadership for school health education; and (4) creating multidisciplinary research capacities for solving problems associated with the implementation of reliable, large-scale, effective school health education. By implementing specific strategies associated with each challenge, health educators can promote the social and system-level conditions required to support, elevate, and ensure delivery of effective health education to every student in every school every year.
Ethics of psychotherapist deception

Since Tolman’s efforts to establish a code for psychologists, the American Psychological Association’s (APA) ethics code has been maintained and revised for over six decades. One of APA’s five core...
Age similarities in matching pro- and contra-hedonic emotional strategies to everyday scenarios

Older adults are motivated to maximize positive affect in the present. Young adults will purposely feel negative and high arousal emotions in order to achieve a goal. However, this type of contra-h...
Enfeeblement in Elders with Essential Tremor: Characterizing the Phenomenon and Its Role in Caregiver Burden.

Background: Individuals with essential tremor (ET), a common movement disorder, experience functional impairment, which contributes to burden experienced by their loved ones and caregivers. Some burdened caregivers report their loved ones as seeming debilitated or prematurely old, a concept that we have called enfeeblement. Using the Essential Tremor Enfeeblement Survey (ETES), we seek to characterize enfeeblement in elders with ET and assess its contribution to caregiver burden. Methods: We administered the ETES (range = 8–40, higher scores indicating more enfeeblement) and other scales to 98 caregivers of individuals with ET. Individuals with ET were also queried regarding tremors, cognitive abilities, and overall health. We then identified demographic and clinical correlates of ETES and modeled the contribution of ETES to caregiver burden (assessed using the Zarit 12-item Burden Interview [ZBI-12]). Results: Mean ETES score was 14.2 ± 6.2 (median = 12.0, range = 8.0–32.0); 26.5% of respondents endorsed at least one of the eight ETES items. Older age, greater tremor severity and disability, more functional and gait disability, more cognitive difficulty, and more depressive symptoms were associated with higher ETES scores. ETES was the strongest contributor to caregiver burden (ZBI-12) and substantially increased the variance explained in models of caregiver burden. Discussion: Enfeeblement seems to describe a previously unexplained component of caregiver burden in elders with ET. The presence of enfeeblement may contribute to greater burden and should be factored into assessments of patient and caregiver needs.
Parameter Estimation for Evaporation-Driven Tear Film Thinning

Many parameters affect tear film thickness and fluorescent intensity distributions over time; exact values or ranges for some are not well known. We conduct parameter estimation by fitting to fluorescent intensity data recorded from normal subjects’ tear films. The fitting is done with thin film fluid dynamics models that are nonlinear partial differential equation models for the thickness, osmolarity and fluorescein concentration of the tear film for circular (spot) or linear (streak) tear film breakup. The corresponding fluorescent intensity is computed from the tear film thickness and fluorescein concentration. The least squares error between computed and experimental fluorescent intensity determines the parameters. The results vary across subjects and trials. The optimal values for variables that cannot be measured in vivo within tear film breakup often fall within accepted experimental ranges for related tear film dynamics; however, some instances suggest that a wider range of parameter values may be acceptable.
FLI1 and ERG protein degradation is regulated via Cathepsin B lysosomal pathway in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells.

Objectives Friend leukemia integration 1 and erythroblast transformation-specific, important regulators of endothelial cell homeostasis, are reduced in microvascular endothelial cells in scleroderma patients, and their deficiency has been implicated in disease pathogenesis. The goal of this study was to identify the mechanisms involved in the protein turnover of friend leukemia integration 1 and erythroblast transformation-specific in microvascular endothelial cells. Methods The effects of lysosome and proteosome inhibitors on friend leukemia integration 1 and erythroblast transformation-specific levels were assessed by Western blotting and capillary morphogenesis. The effect of scleroderma and control sera on the levels of friend leukemia integration 1 and erythroblast transformation-specific was examined. Results The reduction in the protein levels of friend leukemia integration 1 and erythroblast transformation-specific in response to interferon α or Poly:(IC) was reversed by blocking either lysosomal (leupeptin and Cathepsin B inhibitor) or proteosomal degradation (MG132). MG132, leupeptin or CTSB-(i) also counteracted the anti-angiogenic effects of Poly:(IC) or interferon α. Scleroderma sera reduced protein levels of friend leukemia integration 1 and erythroblast transformation-specific in comparison to control sera. Treatment with CTSB(i) increased the levels of friend leukemia integration 1 and erythroblast transformation-specific in a majority of serum-treated samples. Conclusions Inhibition of cathepsin B was effective in reversing the reduction of friend leukemia integration 1 and erythroblast transformation-specific protein levels after treatment with interferon α or scleroderma sera, suggesting that targeting cathepsin B may have a beneficial effect in SSc vascular disease.
The association between post-dural puncture headache and needle type during spinal anaesthesia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Post-dural puncture headache is one of the most undesirable complications of spinal anaesthesia. Previous pairwise meta-analyses have either compared groups of needles or ranked individual needles based on the pooled incidence of post-dural puncture headache. These analyses have suggested both the gauge and needle tip design as risk-factors, but failed to provide an unbiased comparison of individual needles. This network meta-analysis compared the odds of post-dural puncture headache with needles of varying gauge and tip design. We searched randomised controlled trials in medical databases. The primary outcome measure of the network meta-analysis was the incidence of post-dural puncture headache. Secondary outcomes were procedural failure, backache and non-specific headache. Overall, we compared 11 different needles in 61 randomised controlled trials including a total of 14,961 participants. The probability of post-dural puncture headache and procedural failure was lowest with 26-G atraumatic needles. The 29-G cutting needle was more likely than three atraumatic needles to have the lowest odds of post-dural puncture headache, although with increased risk of procedural failure. The probability rankings were: 26 atraumatic > 27 atraumatic > 29 cutting > 24 atraumatic > 22 atraumatic > 25 atraumatic > 23 cutting > 22 cutting > 25 cutting > 27 cutting = 26 cutting for post-dural puncture headache; and 26 atraumatic > 25 cutting > 22 cutting > 24 atraumatic > 22 atraumatic > 25 atraumatic > 26 cutting > 29 cutting > 27 atraumatic = 27 cutting for procedural success. Meta-regression by type of surgical population (obstetric/non-obstetric) and participant position (sitting/lateral) did not alter these rank orders. This analysis provides an unbiased comparison of individual needles that does not support the use of simple rules when selecting the optimal needle. The 26-G atraumatic needle is most likely to enable successful insertion while avoiding post-dural puncture headache but, where this is not available, our probability rankings can help clinicians select the best of available options.
Clinical Aspects of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Aneurysmal rupture leading to subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) represents a dire clinical entity with profound neurologic and systemic manifestations. Despite several advances in microsurgical and endovascular technology, mortality rates remain high, and survivors often suffer substantial neurologic morbidity. In these patients, presentation can range from a moderate acute onset headache to a near-comatose state. Optimal care relies on accurate and prompt diagnosis to minimize the deleterious effects of the subarachnoid blood on the central nervous system (CNS) and to eliminate the risk of rerupture. The acute care of these patients focuses on the prevention of a rerupture with either open surgical or endovascular intervention. Subsequent intensive care of these patients is driven by the prevention of vasospasm, hydrocephalus, and management of acute medical issues associated with SAH. The care of SAH requires a concerted effort of multispecialty physicians for the prompt recognition, treatment, and management of this profound disease entity.
Neural Correlates of Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer's Disease

The sections in this article are: 1 Historical Perspective 1.1 Diagnostic Criteria 1.2 Epidemiological and Genetic Studies 1.3 Disease Status of AD 2 Neuropsychological Studies 2.1 Impairments of Memory 2.2 Impairments of Executive Control and Problem Solving 2.3 Impairments of Language 2.4 Impairments of Praxis and Spatial Processing 2.5 Impairment of Attention 3 Conceptualizing Cognitive Impairments of AD in Terms of Neural Systems 4 Neuroanatomical Perspective on AD 4.1 Cortical Architecture and Connectivity in Primates 4.2 Topographical Distribution of Pathological Changes in AD in Relation to Cortical Types 4.3 Cortical Laminar Specificity and Patterns of Pathology in AD 4.4 Anatomical Changes in Subcortical Structures in AD 5 Neurochemical Changes in AD 6 Neuroimaging Studies 7 Concluding Remarks
The lytic origin of herpesvirus papio is highly homologous to Epstein-Barr virus ori-Lyt: evolutionary conservation of transcriptional activation and replication signals.

Abstract Herpesvirus papio (HVP) is a B-lymphotropic baboon virus with an estimated 40% homology to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). We have cloned and sequenced ori-Lyt of herpesvirus papio and found a striking degree of nucleotide homology (89%) with ori-Lyt of EBV. Transcriptional elements form an integral part of EBV ori-Lyt. The promoter and enhancer domains of EBV ori-Lyt are conserved in herpesvirus papio. The EBV ori-Lyt promoter contains four binding sites for the EBV lytic cycle transactivator Zta, and the enhancer includes one Zta and two Rta response elements. All five of the Zta response elements and one of the Rta motifs are conserved in HVP ori-Lyt, and the HVP DS-L leftward promoter and the enhancer were activated in transient transfection assays by the EBV Zta and Rta transactivators. The EBV ori-Lyt enhancer contains a palindromic sequence, GGTCAGCTGACC, centered on a PvuII restriction site. This sequence, with a single base change, is also present in the HVP ori-Lyt enhancer. DNase I footprinting demonstrated that the PvuII sequence was bound by a protein present in a Raji nuclear extract. Mobility shift and competition assays using oligonucleotide probes identified this sequence as a binding site for the cellular transcription factor MLTF. Mutagenesis of the binding site indicated that MLTF contributes significantly to the constitutive activity of the ori-Lyt enhancer. The high degree of conservation of cis-acting signal sequences in HVP ori-Lyt was further emphasized by the finding that an HVP ori-Lyt-containing plasmid was replicated in Vero cells by a set of cotransfected EBV replication genes. The central domain of EBV ori-Lyt contains two related AT-rich palindromes, one of which is partially duplicated in the HVP sequence. The AT-rich palindromes are functionally important cis-acting motifs. Deletion of these palindromes severely diminished replication of an ori-Lyt target plasmid.
Furin mediates enhanced production of fibrillogenic ABri peptides in familial British dementia

The genetic lesion underlying familial British dementia (FBD), an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder, is a T–A transversion at the termination codon of the BRI gene. The mutant gene encodes BRI-L, the precursor of ABri peptides that accumulate in amyloid deposits in FBD brain. We now report that both BRI-L and its wild-type counterpart, BRI, were constitutively processed by the proprotein convertase, furin, resulting in the secretion of carboxyl-terminal peptides that encompass all or part of ABri. Elevated levels of peptides were generated from the mutant BRI precursor. Electron microscopic studies revealed that synthetic ABri peptides assembled into irregular, short fibrils. Collectively, our results support the view that enhanced furin-mediated processing of mutant BRI generates fibrillogenic peptides that initiate the pathogenesis of FBD.
Cytidine deaminase from Escherichia coli. Purification, properties and inhibition by the potential transition state analog 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrouridine.

Abstract Cytidine deaminase (cytidine aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.5) has been purified approximately 160-fold from extracts of Escherichia coli B. The enzyme shows constant activity between pH 6 and 11. No significant change in rate is observed when D2O replaces water as the solvent. In addition to the deamination of cytidine, the purified deaminase catalyzes slow hydrolysis of N4-methylcytidine. The enzyme is competitively inhibited by 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrouridine, previously shown to inhibit the deamination of 1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine by preparations of human liver. The bacterial enzyme exhibits an affinity for this inhibitor exceeding by more than four orders of magnitude its combined affinity for the products uridine and ammonia.
Illness and Help-Seeking Behavior

In the past, the term patient used to mean a person who was suffering or enduring pain, related to the word patience (Webster’s Third New International Dictionary). Modern usage of the term patient denotes a person who is seeking or is being given medical care. Although an illness usually leads an individual to seek medical help, not all who are ill become patients nor are all patients necessarily ill.
Whistle Blowing, Religiosity, Spirituality and Integrity: Understanding the Impact of Social Dominance Orientation and Environmental Context

Individual differences have been shown to impact whistle blowing (Miceli & Near, 1988; Mesmer-Magnus & Viswesvaran, 2005; Brinker, Dozier & Miceli, 1985). This study empirically examines previously unexplored effects on whistle blowing of a specific set of individual differences variables. These variables are religiosity, spirituality, integrity, and preference for social hierarchies. In addition, in that contextual variables can be expected to modify the impact of individual differences, we test the effects of our target independent variables in alternate organizational contexts (both academic and accounting). Analyses found weak positive relationships between whistle blowing and spirituality in an accounting scenario, with no relationship existing between religiosity and likelihood of whistle blowing in academic setting. Stronger positive relationships emerged between integrity and whistle blowing in both scenarios, with preference for maintenance of social hierarchies having a positive relationship with the accounting scenario being established. Considerations for future research and applications are offered.
A performance evaluation software for medical telemetry systems

A computer code for the evaluation of telemetry system performance has been developed, and its main features are presented. The program represents a major aid in the development, design, and analysis of implantable telemetry systems which involve radio-frequency powered coils for the establishment of bidirectional communication links with implantable tissue stimulators. The program was given the name CCETS, and includes three main models: preprocessing module, solution module, and postprocessing module. The program currently can run on any VAX computer, and can be made available for IBM or compatible microcomputers. The program contains several desirable features which enable the user to efficiently reach his optimum design, verify it, and obtain telemetry performance before laboratory time and effort are spent. The program features are given with examples. >
A Community-University Exchange Project Modeled After Europe's Science Shops

This article describes a pilot project of the Morgridge Center for Public Service at the University of Wisconsin–Madison for a new structure for community-based learning and research. It is based on the European-derived science shop model for democratizing campus-community partnerships using shared values of mutual respect and validation of community knowledge. The objective was to find methods that serve both community and institutional goals equally in a streamlined fashion. The Community University Exchange, the official name of the unique brand of science shop described, has just completed its first pilot year. This article analyzes how the stakeholders have found meaning in the process of building an infrastructure to help create more authentic, reciprocal, and mutually beneficial campus-community partnerships. This narrative is a map of the journey and the direction for future development.
The mass action equation in pharmacology

The mass action equation is the building block from which all models of drug-receptor interaction are built. In the simplest case, the equation predicts a sigmoidal relationship between the amount of drug-receptor complex and the logarithm of the concentration of drug. The form of this function is also the same as most dose-response relationships in pharmacology (such as enzyme inhibition and the protein binding of drugs) but the potency term in dose-response relationships very often differs in meaning from the similar term in the simple mass action relationship. This is because (i) most pharmacological systems are collections of mass action reactions in series and/or in parallel and (ii) the important assumptions in the mass action reaction are violated in complex pharmacological systems. In some systems, the affinity of the receptor R for some ligand A is modified by interaction of the receptor with the allosteric ligand B and concomitantly the affinity of the receptor for ligand B is modified to the same degree. When this occurs, the observed affinity of the ligand A for the receptor will depend on both the concentration of the co-binding allosteric ligand and its nature. The relationships between drug potency in pharmacological models and the equilibrium dissociation constants defined in single mass action reactions are discussed. More detailed knowledge of efficacy has led to new models of drug action that depend on the relative probabilities of different states, and these have taken knowledge of drug-receptor interactions beyond Guldberg and Waage.
The TIGIT/CD226/CD155 axis is differentially expressed in MS and glioblastoma: implications for autoimmunity and tumor immune escape. (P4.043)

OBJECTIVE: To determine expression of the co-inhibitory T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT), the co-stimulatory receptor CD226 and their ligand CD155 in multiple sclerosis (MS) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). BACKGROUND: TIGIT is a newly identified receptor that inhibits T cell function by competing with the co-stimulatory receptor CD226 for the same ligand, CD155. TIGIT is one of several negative immune regulators that inhibit autoreactive T cells and suppress development of autoimmunity. Importantly, the TIGIT/CD226 pathway has been linked to MS susceptibility through genome-wide association studies. Activity of TIGIT/CD226 in the immune response to GBM has not been examined. MS and GBM represent opposites of the inflammatory spectrum with an unchecked autoimmune response in MS and failure of the immune system to clear tumor cells in GBM. DESIGN/METHODS: MS, GBM and control CNS autopsy tissue was labeled with antibodies against TIGIT, CD226 and CD155 and markers for lymphocytes and microglia/macrophages. Infiltrating immune cells isolated from fresh GBM tumor biopsies and matched peripheral blood were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS: The co-inhibitory molecule TIGIT was expressed in mononuclear cell infiltrates in GBM but was near-absent from inflammatory cells in MS lesions. The co-stimulatory receptor CD226 was highly expressed by lymphocytes in both MS and GBM. Similarly, the ligand for TIGIT and CD226, CD155, was present in inflammatory infiltrates in MS and GBM. TIGIT expression was significantly upregulated by flow cytometry analysis on GBM infiltrating CD8+ and regulatory CD4+ T cells compared to the peripheral blood of matched GBM patients, MS patients and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that TIGIT engagement by CD155 may be a checkpoint inhibitor for tumor evasion in the CNS, while loss of TIGIT expression on infiltrating mononuclear cells in MS tissue leads to an autoimmune response. Manipulation of these pathways may have therapeutic potential. Disclosure: Dr. Lowther has received research support from Bristol-Myers Squibb. Dr. Ramanan has nothing to disclose. Dr. DeBartolo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Park has nothing to disclose. Dr. Duan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hafler has received personal compensation for activities with Genzyme, NKT Therapeutics, and Novartis as a consultant. Dr. Pitt has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec as a consultant and/or speaker.
Gas phase analytical separation and structural study of ceramides

Abstract Ceramides may be subjected to direct separation and structural study by gas phase analytical methods. Suitable derivatives may be prepared by reaction with silylating reagents (leading to trimethylsilyl ether derivatives), and separations may be carried out with 1% SE-30 columns by temperature programming at 2°/min to 340–350°C. The structure of individual ceramides is indicated by their mass spectra; both the acyl group and the sphingosine base moiety can be recognized in this way.
Fuzzy integration of classification results

This paper attempts to solve the problem of integrating classification results in a multiple classifier system using fuzzy reasoning. We present three fuzzy classification result integration algorithms covering all forms of classification output. We describe algorithms to model classification results and to reason about the unique output result from all types of classification results. The proposed algorithms were implemented and tested through experiments on a training and test data set of handwritten digits cropped from U.S. postal mail pieces.
Liquid chromatographic determination of benzocaine and N-acetylbenzocaine in the edible fillet tissue from rainbow trout.

Abstract A method was developed for determining benzocaine and N-acetylbenzocaine concentrations in fillet tissue of rainbow trout. The method involves extracting the analytes with acetonitrile, removing lipids or hydrophobic compounds from the extract with hexane, and providing additional clean-up with solid-phase extraction techniques. Analyte concentrations are determined using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic techniques with an isocratic mobile phase and UV detection. The accuracy (range, 92 to 121%), precision (R.S.D.,