cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Going online: Guidelines for faculty in higher education

costs often consist of faculty time (e.g., usually paid by some type of temporary workload reduction) and technological support (e.g., often already on site). Faculty as developers tend to make use of existing hardware and software infrastructures. Thus, large, new capital budgets are not required. Online courses can generate larger enrollment, taping into new markets both on the national and international levels and do not require classroom space, therefore potentially increasing the return on investment (Owston, 1997). Along with these potential benefits, however, is the fact that few faculty have experience developing and teaching using online, computer-mediated courses. While growing, the supply of expert online faculty is not nearly adequate to meet the exponentially rising need. Web-based instruction (WBI) is complex, and calls for a synergetic process, in which concurrent and dynamic elements must meet to create a successful hypermedia learning environment. This article offers guidelines to faculty and designers in higher education regarding transitioning from face-to-face classroom instruction to WBI. The framework used involves four dynamic and inter-related perspectives: managerial, pedagogical, technical, and social. This discussion focuses mostly on the managerial and pedagogical issues of WBI development, with a lesser emphasis on the technical and social aspects. Still, it should be noted that because all four areas are interrelated and overlapping in many cases, it is often impossible to categorize an issue in a single area, even though it is done so here for convenience of the discussion.
Transoral robotic supraglottic laryngectomy: Surgical considerations

Background Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) has emerged as a novel, safe, and feasible procedure for the resection of supraglottic laryngeal cancers. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the surgical technique for TORS supraglottic laryngectomy (SGL). Methods A patient with a T2N0M0 laryngeal cancer limited to the supraglottic larynx was selected for TORS. Results En bloc tumor resection was accomplished with negative surgical margins together with bilateral selective neck dissection. There was no perioperative or early postoperative complication. The patient was extubated immediately after surgery. Oral supraglottic diet was initiated within the first 24 hours. No gastrostomy or tracheostomy tube placement was required. A video demonstration of the surgical technique is included on Head & Neck's website. Conclusion TORS SGL is a safe and feasible procedure for the resection of selected supraglottic tumors. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 125–126, 2015
THE SPECIFICITY OF PEPTIDE CHAIN EXTENSION BY N-CARBOXYANHYDRIDES

We have used amino acids activated by carbonyldiimidazole to study the enantiospecificity of peptide elongation in aqueoussolution. Peptide `primers' Glu10 and Ala3Glu10were elongated with the enantiomers of arginine, glutamic acid,asparagine, phenylalanine, serine and valine. The homochiral addition was always the more efficient reaction; the enantiospecificity was large in some cases but very small in others. In every case Ala3Glu10 was elongated more efficiently than Glu10.
Expression of Emotions Using Wrinkles, Blushing, Sweating and Tears

Wrinkles, blushing, sweating and tears are physiological manifestations of emotions in humans. Therefore, the simulation of these phenomena is important for the goal of building believable virtual humans which interact naturally and effectively with humans. This paper describes a real-time model for the simulation of wrinkles, blushing, sweating and tears. A study is also conducted to assess the influence of the model on the perception of surprise, sadness, anger, shame, pride and fear. The study follows a repeated-measures design where subjects compare how well is each emotion expressed by virtual humans with or without these phenomena. The results reveal a significant positive effect on the perception of surprise, sadness, anger, shame and fear. The relevance of these results is discussed for the fields of virtual humans and expression of emotions.
Pigou and Coase in retrospect

This paper documents, through direct quotation and mathematical analysis, the parallels between both the logic and the policy conclusions of A. C. Pigou and R. H. Coase. It is shown that Pigou's analysis encompasses the essential features of both the 'nature of the firm' and 'the problem of social cost.' But more importantly, Pigou lays out the logical connection between the two. An underlying theme is that, particularly in the case of Pigou, much substance has been lost in mathematical translation. Had that substance not been forgotten, the 1960 Coase would not have had to attack Pigou. (c) 1993 Academic Press, Inc. Copyright 1993 by Oxford University Press.
The rationale for pharmacologic cavernosography.

Abstract To refine the diagnostic method for opacification of aberrant venous drainage in venogenic impotence, an experimental study was done in eight monkeys. In all monkeys, cavernosography after induction of erection by saline perfusion showed significant drainage via the cavernous veins. However, when cavernosography was performed after neurostimulation or papaverine injection, no cavernous drainage was visualized, even when the intracavernous pressure had been significantly lowered by creation of an artificial cavernous leak. Because erection can result from saline perfusion only when the volume perfused exceeds the venous outflow capability, cavernosography during saline-induced erection will always demonstrate the entire venous system and, thus, is of no diagnostic value. Pharmacocavernosography imitates the physiologic venous occlusive mechanism and should therefore be used to identify the abnormally draining veins in venogenic erectile dysfupction.
Abscisic acid is not necessary for gravitropism in primary roots of Zea mays

Primary roots of Zea mays L. cv. Tx 5855 treated with fluridone are strongly graviresponsive, but have undetectable levels of abscisic acid (ABA). Primary roots of the carotenoid-deficient w-3, vp-5, and vp-7 mutants of Z. mays are also graviresponsive despite having undetectable amounts of ABA. Graviresponsive roots of untreated and wild-type seedlings contain 286 to 317 ng ABA g-1 f. wt, respectively. These results indicate that ABA is not necessary for root gravicurvature.
Alkyldiol antidotes to ethylene glycol toxicity in mice.

Abstract A series of alkyldiols were compared to ethanol or pyrazole as antidotes in ethylene glycol toxicity. Mouse liver alcohol dehydrogenase oxidized ethanol and a series of alkyldiols. The K m values in millimoles per liter determined from the assays were 0.4 with ethanol, 53 with ethylene glycol, 14 with propylene glycol, 5.4 with 1,3-propanediol, 3.8 with 1,2-butanediol, 1.5 with 1,3-butanediol, 0.5 with 1,4-butanediol, 56 with 2,3-butanediol, 0.23 with 1,5-pentanediol, and 0.031 with 1,6-hexanediol. These data indicated that ethanol and the alkyldiols, with the exception of 2,3-butanediol, had higher affinities for mouse liver alcohol dehydrogenase than ethylene glycol. Propylene glycol (27.2 mmol/kg), 1,2-butanediol (11.2 mmol/kg), and 1,3-butanediol (22.3 mmol/kg) were the only alkyldiols found to protect mice. Acute and delayed toxicity and hexobarbital sleeping time studies indicated that the alkyldiols which protected the mice were, in general, the least toxic and least hypnotic of the alkyldiols. Therapeutic ratios found by dividing the 144 hr LD50 of an antidote by the dose which produced the maximum antidotal effect were 3.17 for ethanol, 2.56 for pyrazole, 6.16 for propylene glycol, 4.15 for 1.2-butanediol, and 5.11 for 1,3-butanediol. These data suggest that the alkyldiol antidotes are effective and may be safter than either ethanol or pyrazole.
Ca2+-dependent and independent mitochondrial damage in HepG2 cells that overexpress CYP2E1

CYP2E1-dependent mitochondrial damage, in the presence or absence of extracellular calcium, was investigated. HepG2 cells expressing CYP2E1 (E47 cells) were preloaded with arachidonic acid (AA), washed, and incubated with iron-nitrilotriacetate 1:3 complex (Fe-NTA) in minimum essential medium (MEM) (1.8mM Ca(2+)) or Ca(2+)-free MEM (SMEM). Toxicity in SMEM was CYP2E1-dependent, necrotic, and lipid peroxidation-dependent. Intracellular calcium did not significantly change during the incubation in SMEM. Mitochondrial damage preceded the loss of plasma membrane integrity and was significant at 12h of incubation, in coincidence with the toxicity. E47 cells treated with AA+Fe in MEM also showed a decline of mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta(Psi)(m)) that preceded the loss of plasma membrane integrity, but starting at earlier times, e.g., 3h than in SMEM. The decline in Delta(Psi)(m) and the toxicity in both MEM and SMEM were inhibited by alpha-tocopherol and cyclosporin A, while the calpain inhibitor calpeptin was only effective in MEM. In conclusion, oxidative damage to mitochondria and the permeability transition plays a role in the CYP2E1-dependent toxicity of Fe+AA in HepG2 cells, both in MEM and SMEM. Ca(2+) mobilization and activation of calpain contributes to the more rapid onset of mitochondrial damage in MEM, while oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation are involved in the Ca(2+)-independent later onset of mitochondrial damage.
Lipid mobilizing factor from the hypothalamus.

Abstract Mouse epididymal fat pads were incubated for 2 hours in 3 per cent albumin Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer (KRP), free of calcium and glucose, or in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate (KRB) containing calcium. Addition of defatted acetic acid extracts of pituitary stalk and median eminence (SME) of ovine, porcine, bovine and human orgin significantly increased lipolysis as measured by release of glycerol into the KRP incubation medium and inhibited 1-14C acetate incorporation into lipids. Extracts of porcine SME were the most potent in enhancing glycerol release and showed a log-dose response relationship between 0.1 mg. to 1.0 mg. extract/ml. of medium. Extracts of cerebral cortex from all the species tested were without effect on lipolysis at these dose levels. After gel filtration of porcine SME extracts on Sephadex G-25, lipolytic activity emerged in an area occupied by peptides with molecular weight of 3000 to 5000. The same area contained ACTH-like activity (200 mU./mg.). A comparison of the in vitro lipolytic activity of this hypothalamic fraction indicated that it was active in doses as small as 20 μg./ml. when incubated in KRP with mouse, rat, and hamster fat pads. Higher doses (40 μg./ml.) were required to elicit a lipolytic response from rabbit and guinea pig tissue. Incubation of the hypothalamic fraction with trypsin and chymotrypsin abolished the lipolytic response while pepsin had no effect. Chemical analyses of this hypothalamic fraction showed it to be free of calcium and norepinephrine and its lipolytic activity could not be accounted for by contamination with TSH, oxytocin, vasopressin, α and β-MSH or hypothalamic releasing factors. Most, but not all, of the lipid mobilizing activity of the porcine fraction may be accounted for by ACTH and/or its analogues with adrenocorticotropic activity.
Swelling of Collagen-Hyaluronic Acid Tissue-Equivalents: An Experimental Model to Evaluate Residual Stress in Soft Tissues

Collagen gel tissue-equivalents (TEs), which are simple model tissues with tunable properties, have been used to explore many properties of soft tissues, such as how structural and compositional properties affect mechanical function [1–4]. One aspect not captured in previous TE formulations is residual stress due to interactions among components, which has an important functional role in many tissues (e.g., blood vessels [5], ligaments [6], annulus fibrosus [7]). Since the in vivo stress state of native tissues is not easily replicated in TE fabrication, a different method for “pre-stressing” collagen networks of TEs was necessary. To this end, co-gel TEs were fabricated by adding hyaluronic acid (HA) to reconstituted Type-I collagen (Col) gels. When placed in solutions of varying osmolarity, HA-Col TEs swell as the HA binds water, which in turn will stretch (and stress) the collagen network. In this way, TEs with residual stress (i.e., pre-stressed collagen fibers) can be fabricated and evaluated in order to elucidate relationships between residual stress and functional properties. Therefore, the goals of the present study were to fabricate HA-Col TEs, make initial measurements of their swelling properties, and quantify the mechanical response and changes in microstructural organization under applied tensile load.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Speed and noise limits in ionization chamber calorimeters

Abstract Relations among the speed of response, the signal-to-noise ratio and the charge collection time in ionization chamber calorimeters are analyzed. A dominant limiting factor to the speed of response is the charge transfer time from the electrodes to the amplifier determined by the electrode capacitance CD and the inductance of connections Ls. The time parameter L s C D sol1 2 has to be at least an order of magnitude smaller than the required length of the overall calorimeter response. The charge collection time plays a secondary role in determining the speed of response, while together with the charge yield it affects the signal-to-noise ratio.
Electrochemical Measurements of Passivation Bilayers on Copper in a CMP System

Galvanostatic measurements, conducted using a novel electrochemical chemical mechanical planaritation tool, revealed surface passivation layers on copper-coated silicon wafers using benzotriazole (BTAH), ammonium salicylate, maleic acid, malonic acid, and 3-methyl-2-oxazolidinone. Measurements conducted in 249.5 g/L hydroxylamine sulfate containing 250 ppm of BTAH at pH 3.5 exhibited bilayer formation with associated measured passivation rates of 0.313/s and 0.00427/s. Similar rates were measured for ammonium salicylate and maleic acid.
Medical Management of Hunger Strikers

Hunger strikes are not infrequent occurrences in military and civilian prisons. Although practicing clinicians are familiar with the management of patients who have limited oral intake, managing hunger strikers is unfamiliar to most. The psychological, physiological, and social events that surround hunger strikes are very complex and need to be understood by those caring for hunger strike patients. To provide adequate medical care to hunger strike patients, clinicians most understand the physiological events that ensue after prolonged starvation. Careful vigilance for development of refeeding syndrome is of key importance. A multidisciplinary approach to hunger strikes is of utmost importance, and involvement of a multidisciplinary clinical team as well as prison officials is essential.
An analysis of cat behavior using chlorpromazine and amphetamine

Summary The responses of cats to handling by an observer were recorded. Thirty behavior items, such as walking, tail lashing and purring were identified as sequences of motor acts occurring with a probability approximating one. Control behavior patterns were defined as significant associations of pairs of behavior items during successive 15 or 30-sec intervals. The hypothesis was tested that the action of drugs acting on the central nervous system was to alter behavior by forming new associations of items into new behavior patterns. This was found for both chlorpromazine and amphetamine. In addition, many items significantly associated in control behavior became more random after drugs. Changes in frequencies of some items were also found, as was expected.
The mechanism of combustion synthesis of titanium carbonitride

Titanium carbonitride, TiC0.5N0.5, is synthesized directly by a self-propagating reaction between titanium and carbon in a nitrogen atmosphere. Complete conversion to the carbonitride phase is achieved with the addition of TiN as diluent and with a nitrogen pressure ≥0.6 MPa. Thermodynamic phase-stability calculations and experimental characterizations of quenched samples support a proposed mechanism in which the formation of the carbonitride is a two-step process. The first step involves the formation of the nonstoichiometric carbide, TiC0.5, and is followed by the formation of the product by the incorporation of nitrogen in the defect-structure carbide to form the carbonitride solid solution.
Chlamydia Positivity in New Orleans Public High Schools, 1996–2005: Implications for Clinical and Public Health Practices

Abstract Objective To describe the trends in chlamydia positivity among New Orleans high school students tested in a schoolwide screening between 1996 and 2005, and to determine factors associated with chlamydia positivity among students during the 10-year period. Methods Between school years 1995–1996 and 2004–2005, students in New Orleans public high schools were tested for chlamydia using nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) in urine specimens (LCx assay until 1999–2000; BD assay from 2000–2001 to 2004–2005). For each year, we calculated chlamydia positivity by dividing the number of students testing positive by the total number of students tested. Data were analyzed separately by gender. Logistic regressions were performed to determine independent predictors of chlamydia positivity during the 10-year period. Results Between 1996 and 2005, the average chlamydia positivity was 7.0% (95% confidence interval 6.6–7.4) in boys and 13.1% (95% confidence interval 12.6–13.7) in girls ( P .001). Chlamydia detection increased with the switch from LCx to BD assay. In multivariate analyses, chlamydia positivity among boys and girls was significantly associated with age, black race, and gonorrhea coinfection. Additionally, positivity was significantly different by school year among boys ( P = .03) and by NAAT used among girls ( P = .008). Conclusions The trends in chlamydia positivity observed between 1996 and 2005 more likely reflected a high and stable prevalence of chlamydia in the New Orleans school-age adolescent population. Any benefit of screening on individuals tested was likely to be mitigated by participants' uninterrupted social interactions with the dynamic forces that sustain the sexual transmission of chlamydia in the population.
Light and electron microscope study of Thelohania solenopsae n. sp. (Microsporida: Protozoa) in the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta.

Abstract A new species of Microsporida, Thelohania solenopsae , is described from the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta . The Thelohania infections are localized in the fat body of workers. Meronts causing infections of progeny are found in the ovaries of queens. Spores occur only in adult ants and only vegetative stages are present in larvae and pupae. Both uninucleate octospores (eight spores within a pansporoblast membrane) and binucleate free spores (spores developing in isolation) are formed.
Sleep Disorders in Pregnancy

Sleep disturbances are common in pregnancy and may be influenced by a multitude of factors. Pregnancy physiology may predispose to sleep disruption but may also result in worsening of some underlying sleep disorders, and the de novo development of others. Apart from sleep disordered breathing, the impact of sleep disorders on pregnancy, fetal, and neonatal outcomes is poorly understood. In this article, we review the literature and discuss available data pertaining to the most common sleep disorders in perinatal women. These include restless legs syndrome, insomnia, circadian pattern disturbances, narcolepsy, and sleep-disordered breathing.
Surface plasmon effects on surface second harmonic generation during Au nanoparticle deposition onto H–Si(1 1 1)

Abstract Deposition of Au nanoparticles from aqueous HF onto H–Si(1 1 1) was studied in situ by surface second harmonic generation (SHG) and ex situ by extinction spectroscopy and non-contact atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM measurements indicate that the maximum SHG intensities occur at lateral particle diameters of approximately 90–100 nm independent of solution phase composition, but with an intensity that depends on solution phase composition. Employing the evolution of SHG intensity to monitor lateral cluster growth, simultaneous Au deposition and Si oxidation exhibit apparent kinetic reaction orders of 1/2 and zero with respect to HF and Au(CN) 2 − , respectively. These results are similar to those obtained purely from ex situ AFM analysis. The variations in SHG intensity with Au(CN) 2 − concentration can be related to particle nucleation densities. These results demonstrate the utility of SHG as an in situ probe of particle growth.
Methane emission from rice: Stable isotopes, diurnal variations, and CO2 exchange

The importance of vegetation in supporting methane production and emission within flooded rice fields was demonstrated. Methane emission from Lousiana, United States, rice fields was correlated to the quantity of live aboveground biomass and the rate of CO2 exchange. The quantity of belowground methane was greater in vegetated plots relative to plots maintained free of vegetation. The diurnal maximum in the rate of methane emission was coincident with the release of the most 13C-enriched methane and a maximum in transpiration rate rather than stomatal conductance, suggesting that diurnal variations in methane emission rate are linked with transpiration, in addition to temperature. Results of isotopic measurements of belowground, lacunal, and emitted methane indicate that methane is transported from rice predominantly via molecular diffusion with a small component due to transpiration-induced bulk flow. Samples of methane collected from air-filled internal spaces within the rice culm were 13C-enriched (−53.1 ± 0.3‰) relative to emitted (−64.5 ± 1.0‰) and belowground methane (−59 ± 1.0‰) . Reproduction of these observed 13C values with a numerical model required isotopic fractionation effects associated with transport of methane into and from rice plants. The model could not conclusively confirm rhizospheric methane oxidation. However, 13C-enriched methane was observed in the floodwater overlying the flooded soil (−44.4 ± 2.2‰), consistent with the oxidation of substantial quantities of methane as it diffused across the soil-water interface.
Solvent focusing for rapid and sensitive quantification of total lipids on Chromarods.

Abstract A method for the measurement of total lipid weight in biological and geological lipid samples using the latroscan TH-10 analyzer is described. The method involves the application of small (5 μl) volumes to Chromarods, the focusing of the sample at one point by partial development in chloroform-methanol (1:1) or methanol, and the quantification by flame ionization detection. The small response variation between different sample types did not affect the linearity of the response. The method exhibited a reproducibility of ± 10% of the mean or better for samples ranging from 0.5 to 32 μg. The method, at least as sensitive and precise as microgravimetric procedures for total lipid determinations, allows total lipid measurement of 10 samples in 30 min.
A discrete optimization approach for locating Automatic Vehicle Identification readers for the provision of roadway travel times

This paper develops an algorithm for optimally locating Automatic Vehicle Identification tag readers by maximizing the benefit that would accrue from measuring travel times on a transportation network. The problem is formulated as a quadratic 0–1 optimization problem where the objective function parameters represent benefit factors that capture the relevance of measuring travel times as reflected by the demand and travel time variability along specified trips. An optimization approach based on the Reformulation–Linearization Technique coupled with semidefinite programming concepts is designed to solve the formulated reader location problem. To illustrate the proposed methodology, we consider a transportation network that is comprised of freeway segments that might include merge, diverge, weaving, and bottleneck sections. In order to derive benefit factors for the various origin–destination pairs on this network, we employ a simulation package (INTEGRATION) in combination with a composite function, which estimates the travel time variability along a trip that is comprised of links that include any of the four identified sections. The simulation results are actually recorded as generic look-up tables that can be used for any such section for the purpose of computing the associated benefit factor coefficients. Computational results are presented using data pertaining to a freeway section in San Antonio, Texas, as well as synthetic test cases, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, and to study the sensitivity of the quality of the solution to variations in the number of available readers.
COMPLETE HEART BLOCK WITH INTRACTABLE ASYSTOLE AND RECURRENT VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION WITH SURVIVAL.

Abstract An unusual case is presented in which a Stokes-Adams attack precipitated recurrent ventricular fibrillation that required 28 depolarizing shocks in four hours. Intravenous isoproterenol, external pacemaking (skin electrodes) and transvenous catheter electrodes were unsuccessful; a percutaneous wire electrode into the left ventricle provided satisfactory control until an internal cardiac pacemaker was implanted.
PV Measures Up for Fleet Duty : Data from a Tennessee Plant Are Used to Illustrate Metrics That Characterize Plant Performance

Conventional power plant performance metrics are designed for dispatchable generation. These can be difficult to apply to variable generators such as wind and solar power. This article describes additional metrics that can be applied to photovoltaic (PV ) power plants and illustrates these metrics using measured data collected from a 1-MW PV plant in Tennessee over a one-year period. The article persuades that new metrics will be needed to measure and effectively employ PV for duty in a traditional generation fleet.
Prevention of colorectal cancer through the use of COX-2 selective inhibitors

Colorectal cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality accounting for an estimated 550,000 deaths annually worldwide. Colonic neoplasia develops in a stepwise fashion progressing from normal mucosa to adenomatous polyps to carcinoma, a process that takes years, thereby providing a prime opportunity for intervention. Although early detection by fecal occult blood testing and sigmoidoscopy can decrease the risk of cancer-related death by 20-30%, most persons never undergo appropriate screening. Population-based studies have previously determined that long-term ingestion of aspirin or other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) leads to a 40-50% reduction in mortality. from colorectal cancer. These observational studies fueled subsequent mechanistic investigations that led to the identification of a molecular target, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). COX-2 has tumor-promoting properties. Expression of COX-2 is virtually undetectable in normal intestinal mucosa, but is increased in approximately 50% of colonic adenomas and in 90% of colorectal carcinomas. Experimental studies in mice have revealed that genetic ablation or pharmacologic inhibition of COX-2 attenuates the number and size of intestinal polyps that develop in animals harboring a mutation in Apc, which confers an increased risk for intestinal neoplasia. Recent clinical studies using specific COX-2 inhibitors have shown that these compounds can: (1) reduce intestinal polyp burden in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis; (2) prevent the occurrence and/ or recurrence of colorectal adenomas and cancers; and (3) negatively regulate angiogenesis in colorectal cancer liver metastases. Compared to nonselective NSAIDs, COX-2 specific inhibitors cause substantially fewer gastrointestinal side effects. These findings indicate that a widely used and relatively safe class of drugs may represent a viable and effective anticancer strategy for a disease that causes over a half-million deaths per year.
On the coruscation of auroral particle flux at College, Alaska

Abstract Observations of pulsating aurora superimposed on a diffuse background of luminosity indicate that substorm precipitation is characterized by a much harder particle spectrum than that causing diffuse or mantle aurora. The temporal correlation of the pulsating aurora and increased radiowave absorption during the observations is the first direct evidence that the two phenomena are directly related.
Parallel processing applications for data analysis in the social sciences

We examine parallel-processing applications to the analysis of large data sets typically used in social science research. Our research uses a parallel environment which makes it possible to have 1024 processors working simultaneously on a problem. The application is tested using various configurations of number of processors and block-size of data reads on the estimation of a linear model of earnings for the California portion of the 15% sample of the 1970 Census. Performance factors assessed include total execution time, speed-up and efficiency. Execution times are also compared with reference to execution times on an IBM 3081 using SPSS-X. Results indicate that optimal configurations of number of processors and data block-size can produce significantly faster execution times for linear model estimation on relatively large (80,000 cases) data sets. We also discuss other applications of parallel processing to statistical analyses commonly found in social science.
Augmentation of phorbol ester-induced T cell proliferation by agents which raise intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate.

Abstract Although raising intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels is generally considered to be inhibitory on the mitogen-induced T cell proliferation, in this study we have shown that the addition of either dbcAMP (50 μM) or cholera toxin (1 ng/ml) resulted in an increase in [3H]thymidine uptake in PBMC cultures stimulated with phorbol ester, 12-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), or with a combination of TPA plus anti-CD3 mAb (mAb 235). In contrast, under similar culture conditions, the phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) response was inhibited by these agents as has been reported. The augmentative effect of dbcAMP in PBMC cultures was due to an increase in IL-2 production and not to increased in IL-2R-α chain expression. The enhancing effect of dbcAMP and CT observed with PBMC was monocyte dependent and not seen with purified T cell preparations. The addition of monocytes reconstituted the ability of intracellular cAMP elevating agents to augment the T cell response to TPA with and without mAb to CD3. The monocytes mediate their action via soluble factor(s) with molecular weight (m.w.) of more than 10 kDa. Neither rIL-1, rIL-6, nor rTNF-α have any augmentative effect as contrast with the supernatant from treated monocytes. Taken together, our results indicate that cAMP can play a positive regulatory role in T cell proliferation due to factor(s) secreted by dbcAMP-treated monocytes resulting in increased IL-2 synthesis in T cells.
Visnagin: Biosynthesis and Isolation from Ammi visnagi Suspension Cultures

During an examination of Ammi visnaga Lam. suspension cultures for the biosynthesis of furanochromones and related medicinal compounds, visnagin was isolated in crystalline form and identified. Thus, certain medicinally important secondary plant metabolites may be produced in appreciable amounts by plant tissue cultures.
From Dot-Edu to Dot-Com: Predictors of College Students' Job and Career Information Seeking Online

One of the key elements of understanding mechanisms of social stratification in job market entry is looking at the ways in which groups learn about careers and seek jobs in early adulthood. Online resources for job seeking are growing, yet we know very little about the nature of young adults' use of the Internet for this purpose. Are there types of people who utilize the Internet more than others? If so, are these patterns unique to the Internet or are they the same as those for other sources of information? We address these questions using survey data of 1,060 college first-years at one of the most ethnically diverse universities in the United States. The survey includes extensive measures of demographics, academic achievement, Internet experiences, as well as job-seeking practices. We find that African Americans, Asians, and Caucasians who grew up speaking a language other than English are more likely than Caucasian native English speakers to use the Internet for investigating jobs and careers. We also ...
Measured effects of shock waves on supersonic hydrogen-air flames

A supersonic nonpremixed, jet-like flame was stabilized along the axis of a Mach 2.5 wind tunnel, and wedges were mounted on the sidewall in order to interact oblique shock waves with the flame. This experiment was the first reacting flow experiment interacting with shock waves. It was found that shock waves enhance the fuel-air mixing such that flame lengths decreased by 30% when an optimum shock location and shock strength was chosen. Enhanced mixing resulted, in part, because the shocks turn the flow and induce radial inflows of air into the fuel jet Substantial improvements in the flame stability were achieved by properly interacting the shock waves with the flameholding recirculation zone. The reason for the significant improvement in flame stability is believed to be the adverse pressure gradient caused by the shock, which can elongate me recirculation zone. Optimisation of the mixing and stability limits requires a careful matching of the shock-flame interaction location and the shock strength. The results show that me best mixing and stability corresponds to 10° wedges placed at an upstream position such mat the primary shocks create radial inflow near the flame base and interact with the recirculation zone.
Analysis of cholesterol and desmosterol in cultured cells without organic solvent extraction

Cultured cell sterols such as cholesterol and desmosterol are usually extracted into organic solvents before they are quantified with cholesterol esterase and oxidase. A method to quantify these cultured cell sterols using cholesterol enzymes without prior organic solvent extraction is described. In this method, a suspension or monolayer of cultured L-M, U-937, or PC-12 cells is digested with 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and the digest treated with microbial cholesterol enzymes. The quantity of oxidized sterols produced by the reaction can be measured easily with high-pressure liquid chromatography, when a mixture of sterols is present, or by the production of hydrogen peroxide when only one sterol is present. This method is easier and safer to use than solvent extraction and can greatly expedite the quantitation of cultured cell sterols. Preliminary data show that other lipids such as choline phospholipids, triglycerides, and fatty acids can also be directly quantified in SDS cell digest by using specific enzymes to transform these lipids into hydrogen peroxides.
Perception of illusory occlusion in apparent motion

We began with a random matrix of 8 dots displayed briefly on the CRT screen. The pattern was switched off and replaced by an identical array shifted horizontally and the procedure was repeated in a continuous cycle. One of the dots in the second frame was then masked off by an opaque white piece of cardboard. The dots in the surround continued to oscillate as expected but we found that the single unpaired dot also continued to oscillate behind the occluder even though it has no "partner" in the second frame. We found that the magnitude of this illusion ("entrained motion"); increased as we reduced the distance between the inducing dots and the test dot; was unaffected by increasing the number of inducing dots; was enhanced by using slow speeds of alternation; was reduced considerably if there was no visible occluder and the dot in the second frame was simply deleted; was specific to the distance moved by the inducing dots in the surround; the strongest effect was seen when the distance between the occluder and the unpaired dot was approximately the jump-size of the inducing dots. The results suggest that the motion signal derived from the whole dot cluster or "blob" (low spatial frequencies) is spontaneously attributed to the unpaired dot. However the motion of this dot is more readily accepted by the visual system when an opaque occluder is simultaneously visible.
The Incidence and Risk Factors of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a well-recognized cause of cirrhosis and has been increasingly associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aims of this study were to (1) estimate the incidence of HCC in patients with NASH-related cirrhosis, (2) compare incidence in NASH-related cirrhosis with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related cirrhosis, and (3) identify risk factors of HCC in patients with NASH-related cirrhosis compared with HCV-related cirrhosis. Adult patients with cirrhosis secondary to chronic HCV (n = 315) or NASH (n = 195) were evaluated at our hepatobiliary clinic between 2003 and 2007. To assess for HCC development, all patients were monitored using serial abdominal computed tomography and serum alpha-fetoprotein every 6 months. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to estimate the cumulative incidence of HCC. Descriptive statistics were computed for all factors. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis were used to assess associations between HCC and factors of interest. The median follow-up was 3.2 years (25th percentile [P25], 75th percentile [P75]: 1.7, 5.7) during which 25/195 (12.8%) of NASH-cirrhotic and 64/315 (20.3 %) of HCV-cirrhotic patients developed HCC (P = 0.03). Yearly cumulative incidence of HCC was found to be 2.6% in patients with NASH-cirrhosis, compared with 4.0% in patients with HCV cirrhosis (P = 0.09). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that older age (P = 0.006) and alcohol consumption (P = 0.002) were independent variables associated with development of HCC in patients with NASH-cirrhosis. Compared with nondrinkers, patients who reported any regular alcohol consumption were at greater risk for HCC development (hazard ratio: 3.6; P25, P75: 1.5, 8.3). Conclusion Patients with NASH cirrhosis have a greatly increased risk of liver cancer. Alcohol consumption, a modifiable risk factor, appears to be the most significant factor associated with risk of HCC development in our study population.
Assessment of target types and layouts in 3D laser scanning for registration accuracy

3D laser scanning technology is now widely and increasingly used in several construction tasks such as indoor mapping, project control, construction metrology and automation, development of as-built models, and resource management through scanning, data processing, and modeling stages. The accuracy of these stages affects the quality of the end product and can be improved by decreasing the errors caused by manual work processes. This paper focuses specifically on data acquisition errors caused by target setup, acquisition, and reorientation. The paper explores how different target types and target layouts affect registration accuracy. A total of twelve tests were conducted with phase-based and time-of-flight scanners in both exterior and interior scan scenes in order to assess registration errors and time inefficiencies associated with current scanning practices. The paper compares different target types (paper, paddle, and sphere) and presents the lessons learned to achieve optimal target layout design.
Increased food intake elicited by adrenergic stimulation of the diencephalon in rhesus monkeys.

Abstract Injection of 65 nmoles of noradrenaline via chronically implanted cannulas into the diencephalon of unanesthetized, chair-restrained rhesus monkeys produced a single reproducible behavioural change, in increase in eating. Drinking accompanied eating but with a later onset and was a consequence of eating because injection of noradrenaline caused no increase in water intake when food was not available. Control experiments eliminated the possibility that the feeding response to noradrenaline was a conditioned response or was due to artifacts of the injection procedure. The feeding response was specific for l -noradrenaline and had the characteristics of an alpha -adrenergic response. The diencephalic sites from which the noradrenergic feeding response was elicited included the lateral hypothalamus and anterior lateral nuclei of the thalamus. All positive sites were within diffusion distance of adrenergically innervated neurones as shown by fluorescence histochemistry.
Activation and inactivation of genes determining hemoglobin types

Globin gene switching in sheep and goats has been used as a model system for examining gene expression in differentiating red blood cells. Sheep and goats switch from the synthesis of hemoglobin A to hemoglobin C in response to erythropoietin. The regulatory mechanism producing this switch in hemoglobin types could occur at the cellular, nuclear, or cytoplasmic level. Evidence is presented which suggests that regulation is occurring, in fact, at the nuclear level. Sheep and goat erythroid colonies have been grown in plasma clot culture in order to study the synthesis of individual globin chains. Erythropoietin is required for colony formation. The switch from hemoglobin A to hemoglobin C synthesis requires not only colony formation but also a higher concentration of erythropoietin than is required just for the production of colonies. A cell-free transcriptional system using bone marrow chromatin and mammalian DNA-dependent RNA polymerase has been developed in order to examine the nuclear control mechanisms in more detail.
Olefin metathesis: chance favors those minds that are best prepared

Abstract This paper discusses the original discovery of unexpected olefin chemistry which involved the transition metal-catalyzed scrambling of olefins as well as the ring-opening polymerization of cycloolefins. The circumstances surrounding the discovery and the role that ‘olefln metathesis’ has played in the scientific renaissance of organometallo-catalyzed reactions and polymerizations of olefins are highlighted.
Long-range coherence length of carbon dioxide near its critical point

Abstract Angular intensity measurements of carbon dioxide at the critical isochore by means of small-angle scattering of X-rays indicate that the coherence length (ξ S ) has the relation: ϵ S = (1.4 ± 0.1) ϵ −0.67 rA with ϵ = ( T − T c )/ T c .
Plaque assay for lambda transducing phage carrying the E. coli metB gene

A halo plaque assay has been developed for the detection of nondefective lambda transducing phage carrying functional alleles of the metB gene of Escherichia coli K12. The assay is based upon the production of phage plaques on lawns of metB- bacterial cells which are supplemented with limiting amounts of methionine and upon the subsequent transduction of methionine-starved cells in the lawn surrounding the plaques. The resulting prototrophic transductants give rise to a halo of bacterial growth surrounding the plaque. A precise genotype can be ascribed to the charactersitic morphologies of selected haloes. This technique has general application for all biosynthetic markers.
Hydrosilylation of Diynes as a Route to Functional Polymers Delocalized Through Silicon

Polycarbosilanes exhibit desirable physiochemical properties such as high thermal stability, elastomeric behavior, diverse functional group tolerance, electronic delocalization, and ease of synthesis. New ceramic precursors, fire-retardant materials, and flexible conducting polymers have been created using polycarbosilanes. Catalytic hydrosilylation provides a convenient synthetic route to these materials. With its tolerance of many functional groups, catalytic hydrosilylation offers one-step syntheses of both aliphatic and olefinic polymers and dendrimers whose electronic properties can be tuned selectively. Copolymerization of conjugated diynes with compounds that contain the silole chromophore offers a route to new luminescent materials that have been applied to the detection of explosives and may be promising organic light-emitting diode materials. An important feature of the silole materials is the Lewis acidity at silicon, which offers a function not often present in organic polymers.
Probing Local Electronic Anisotropy Using Anomalous Scattering Diffraction: Cs2[AuCl2][AuCl4]

Resonant X-ray scattering tensors are derived for the two independent gold atoms in Wells` salt (Cs{sub 2}[AuCl{sub 2}][AuCl{sub 4}]) from diffraction intensities measured at several wavelengths near the Au L{sub III} absorption edge using linearly polarized synchrotron radiation. The scattering behavior is very different for the two sites as a consequence of their distant oxidation states and coordination environments. A {pi}-polarized resonance for the Au(III) leads to a highly anisotropic tensor for this site; the scattering amplitude changes with polarization direction by as much as 7 electron units. Such measurements are equivalent to obtaining polarization-dependent X-ray absorption spectra for the individual crystallographic sites in materials with several distinct sites. Cesium gold chloride, Cs{sub 2}Au{sub 2}Cl{sub 6}, M{sub r} = 872.5, tetragonal, I4/mmm, a = 7.497 (2), c = 10.885(2) {Angstrom}, V = 611.8 {Angstrom}{sup 3}, Z = 2, D{sub x} = 4.736 g cm{sup -3}, {lambda}(MoK{alpha}) = 0.71073 {Angstrom}, {mu} = 310 cm{sup -1}, F(000) = 740, T = 295 K, R = 0.023 for 247 reflections with I > {sigma}.
X-linked uric aciduria with neurological disease and self-mutilation: Diagnostic test for the enzyme defect

leukemia, New England J. Med. 272: 882, 1965. 9. Miller, R. W.: Down's syndrome (mongolism), other congenital malformations and cancers among' the sibs of leukemic children, New England J. Med. 268: 393, 1963. 10. Barber, R'., and Spiers, B. A.: Oxford survey of childhood cancers; progress report. II. Monthly bulletin of the ministry of health and the public health laboratory, 23: 46, 1964. 11. Hecht, F., Bryant, J. S., Gruber, D., and Towns, P. L.: The nonrandomness of chromosomal abnc/rrnalities, New England J. Med. 271: 1081, 1964.
A survey on statistical methods for health care fraud detection

Fraud and abuse have led to significant additional expense in the health care system of the United States. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive survey of the statistical methods applied to health care fraud detection, with focuses on classifying fraudulent behaviors, identifying the major sources and characteristics of the data based on which fraud detection has been conducted, discussing the key steps in data preprocessing, as well as summarizing, categorizing, and comparing statistical fraud detection methods. Based on this survey, some discussion is provided about what has been lacking or under-addressed in the existing research, with the purpose of pinpointing some future research directions.