cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ISEE 1 and 2 observation of the spatial structure of a compressional Pc5 wave

A compressional Pc5 was observed on an ISEE 1 and 2 outbound path on September 28, 1981 at L = 5.6-7.3 near the magnetic equator at about 10 hr local time during the recovery phase of a geomagnetic storm. The wave propagated westward with a large azimuthal wave number of about 30 and exhibited in-phase oscillations of plasma density and magnetic field magnitude. During this event, component-dependent variations in phase and amplitude were observed for the magnetic field oscillations. The radial and compressional components had a constant phase and their amplitude was finite. In contrast, the azimuthal component changed its phase by 180 deg and its amplitude became zero during the middle of the wave event. The observation as indicating the spatial structure of the Pc5 wave is interpreted. The polarization reversal is likely to be caused by a crossing of a node of a standing wave located 4 deg above the geomagnetic equator.
Association of depressive symptoms and disease activity in children with asthma: methodological and clinical implications.

ABSTRACT Objective: This study was designed to assess the prevalence of depressive symptoms in children with asthma and the association between depression and asthma activity. Method: Children ages 7 to 17 ( n = 129) were recruited from a hospital emergency department after presenting for asthma symptoms. The majority of subjects were from disadvantaged, inner city families. Subjects' asthma disease activity was assessed using the revised National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute guidelines, and subjects' emotional status was assessed by a combination of self-, parent-, and clinician-reported measures. Parental emotional status was assessed by self-report. Results: Depressive symptoms within the clinical range were reported in 26% of subjects and 43% of mothers, although symptom severity varied across scales. Self-reported depressive symptoms were more strongly correlated with asthma activity ( r = 0.25) than clinician-reported ( r = 0.14) or parent-reported symptoms ( r = 0.12/0.18). Depressive symptoms in parents were correlated with child's depression scores but not with their asthma activity. Conclusions: Depressive symptoms were common and associated with asthma activity in this inner city population of asthmatic children. Self-reported depressive symptoms were more strongly associated with child's asthma activity than either parental depression or parental/clinician ratings of the child's depression.
Assessing the growth-inducing impact of the Appalachian Development Highway System in southern Ohio: Did policy promote change?

Abstract The concept of “inducing growth” is typically considered an adverse consequence of a project on the land use system. In certain instances, however, the desire to induce growth and foster land use change is a focus of land use policy. Such is the example of the Appalachian Highway Development System (AHDS) program initiated by the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) during the late 1960s. With the goal of providing highway infrastructure to improve assess to a geographically isolated and historically impoverished region, the ADHS has added nearly 3000 miles of highway to the Appalachian landscape. The degree to which highway investment has contributed to regional growth remains a controversial point and tractable methods to quickly assess landscape change given a project of this magnitude are elusive. In this paper a portion of the AHDS trending through southern Ohio is examined using data acquired from the Landsat series of satellites. Beginning with a pre-highway condition in 1976, a 26 year time horizon, concluding in 2002, was analyzed based on a post-classification change detection methodology. Results of this investigation revealed slight, yet significant, levels of urban expansion within a 10 km corridor along the path of AHDS Corridor D/State Route 32. Beyond this buffer zone the land use system evidenced more stability, suggesting that as distance increased from Corridor D/State Route 32, reduced accessibility also reduced the attractiveness of land for urban uses. Relating these results back to the infrastructure investment policies of the ARC demonstrates that growth did result from the construction of Corridor D and supports previous findings that land development based on highway construction is extremely time-sensitive.
Interleukin 1 enhances the development of spontaneous arthritis in MRL/lpr mice.

Abstract We previously reported that treatments with human recombinant interleukin-1β (rIL-1β) in DBA 1 mice which were suboptimally immunized with native chick type II collagen (NcII) markedly accelerated the onset of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). In the present study, we further characterized this IL-1-mediated enhancement of murine arthritis by examining the in vivo effects of rIL-1β in another arthritis model, namely, the spontaneous arthritis of the MRL lpr mouse strain. The results of these studies demonstrated that IL-1 treatments also enhanced the onset and progression of the spontaneous arthritic disease in MRL lpr mice. A substantial proportion of the IL-1-treated MRL lpr mice that were between 3 and 3.5 months of age exhibited swelling in either the hind or front paws. Moreover, histopathologic studies demonstrated the presence of striking alterations within the various joints of these IL-1-treated MRL lpr mice. Such abnormalities were not detected in the non-IL-1-treated, age-matched MRL lpr mice. Therefore, as in the experimentally induced disease of CIA, IL-1 may also be capable of contributing to the pathogenesis of the spontaneous arthritis of MRL lpr mice.
Direct phase-sensitive impulsive vibrational spectroscopy with spectral interferometry

New techniques for time-domain ultrafast vibrational spectroscopy through direct timedependent phase detection of coherently excited vibrations via spectral interferometry. Three variants with advantages for spectral resolution, sensitivity and speed are presented.
Hypersecretion of insulin after the administration of L-leucine to obese children.

The administration of l -leucine by mouth to 8 markedly obese children resulted in elevations in the concentrations of insulin in the blood which were strikingly greater than those observed in control subjects. Such changes were not dependent on differences in the absolute doses of leucine. Despite the marked elevations of insulin after administration of leucine, the fall in concentrations of glucose differed little from that in the control subjects, reflecting a relative insensitivity to insulin in obese subjects. The increased secretion of insulin after administration of leucine to obese subjects correlates with an increased basal secretory capability of the islets and appears to be in keeping with a hyperresponsiveness of the islets of Langerhans to a variety of stimuli.
Much ado about chains: A research agenda☆

Abstract We discuss recent research on the growth of chains in the retail and service sectors, and point out the role of franchising in these industries, using new data on franchising collected by the U.S. Census Bureau. We then discuss several topics that one can analyze with data on chains, and highlight the advantages of using such data. Our hope is to entice other researchers to consider chains, and franchised chains, as a context for their own empirical research, and thus also improve our understanding of the sectors where these firms operate.
Robot-Assisted Needle Steering

Needle insertion is a critical aspect of many medical treatments, diagnostic methods, and scientific studies, and is considered to be one of the simplest and most minimally invasive medical procedures. Robot-assisted needle steering has the potential to improve the effectiveness of existing medical procedures and enable new ones by allowing increased accuracy through more dexterous control of the needle-tip path and acquisition of targets not accessible by straight-line trajectories. In this article, we describe a robot-assisted needle-steering system that uses three integrated controllers: a motion planner concerned with guiding the needle around obstacles to a target in a desired plane, a planar controller that maintains the needle in the desired plane, and a torsion compensator that controls the needle-tip orientation about the axis of the needle shaft.
Using NHDPlus as the Land Base for the Noah-distributed Model

The National Elevation, Hydrography and Land Cover datasets of the United States have been synthesized into a geospatial dataset called NHDPlus which is referenced to a spheroidal Earth, provides geospatial data layers for topography on 30 m rasters, and has vector coverages for catchments and river reaches. In this article, we examine the integration of NHDPlus with the Noah-distributed model. In order to retain compatibility with atmospheric models, Noah-distributed utilizes surface domain fields referenced to a spherical rather than spheroidal Earth in its computation of vertical land surface/atmosphere water and energy budgets (at coarse resolution) as well as horizontal cell-to-cell water routing across the land surface and through the shallow subsurface (at fine resolution). Two data-centric issues affecting the linkage between Noah-distributed and NHDPlus are examined: (1) the shape of the Earth; and (2) the linking of gridded landscape with a vector representation of the stream and river network. At mid-latitudes the errors due to projections between spherical and spheroidal representations of the Earth are significant.
Validation of copy number variants associated with prostate cancer risk and prognosis.

Abstract Objective Two recent studies have reported novel heritable copy number variants on chromosomes 2p, 15q, and 12q to be associated with prostate cancer (PCa) risk in non-Hispanic Caucasians. The goal of this study was to determine whether these findings could be independently confirmed in the Caucasian population from the South Texas area. Methods and materials The study subjects consisted of participants of the San Antonio Biomarkers of Risk for PCa cohort and additional cases ascertained in the same metropolitan area. We genotyped all 7 of the reported copy number variants using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in 1,536 (317 cases and 1,219 controls) non-Hispanic Caucasian men, and additionally, we genotyped 632 (191 cases and 441 controls) Hispanic Caucasian men for one of these variants, a deletion on 2p24.3. Results Association of the deletion on 2p24.3 with overall PCa risk did not meet our significance criteria but was consistent with previous reports (odds ratio, 1.40; 95% confidence interval 0.99–2.00; P = 0.06). Among Hispanic Caucasians, this deletion is much less prevalent (minor allele frequencies of 0.059 and 0.024 in non-Hispanic and Hispanic Caucasians, respectively) and did not show evidence of association with risk for PCa. Interestingly, among non-Hispanic Caucasians, carrying a homozygous deletion of 2p24.3 was significantly associated with high-grade PCa as defined by Gleason score sum ≥8 (odds ratio, 27.99; 95% confidence interval 1.99–392.6; P = 0.007 [the Fisher exact test]). The remaining 6 copy number variable regions either were not polymorphic in our cohort of non-Hispanic Caucasians or showed no evidence of association. Conclusions Our findings are consistent with the reported observation that a heritable deletion on 2p24.3 is associated with PCa risk in non-Hispanic Caucasians. Additionally, our observations indicate that the 2p24.3 variant is associated with risk for high-grade PCa in a recessive manner. We were unable to replicate any association with PCa for the variants on chromosomes 15q and 12q, which may be explained by regional population differences in low frequency variants and disease heterogeneity.
Updates to the ACCF/AHA and ESC STEMI and NSTEMI guidelines: putting guidelines into clinical practice.

The publication of consensus group guidelines provides an opportunity to standardize practices through evidence-based protocols. Variations in patient care have been shown to result in disparities in patient outcomes, whereas protocols streamline the clinical decision-making process and reduce variation. 1 By enhancing the speed and accuracy of evaluation and treatment, efficiency can be optimized and outcomes improved. 2 Clinical protocols were first applied to the management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in the 1990s through algorithms used to manage patients with acute chest pain. 3 Effective protocols have since emerged as a means to improve patient outcomes by standardizing and coordinating care from presentation to postdischarge and subsequent follow-up. 4,5 Although protocols can serve as a useful guide for providers, modifying care according to individual patient characteristics and specific clinical situations is essential to ensure appropriate provision of care. The goals of an effective protocol are to define standards of practice (informed by clinical practice guidelines), reduce unnecessary variability, coordinate different aspects of care, enhance efficiency, and improve the quality of care. 6e8 In this report, we review important considerations and challenges in creating institution-specific protocols for patients with ACS informed by consensus guidelines. We further present a concrete example from our institutional experience of implementing an ACS protocol and conclude by describing the critical role of registry-based reporting for continuous feedback and quality improvement after protocol implementation.
Controller reduction for uncertain systems

In this paper controller reduction problem for uncertain systems is studied and a reduction scheme is proposed. The controller reduction problem for uncertain systems is shown to be related to robust stability problem and the weighted L/sub /spl infin// norm approximation problem.
Metrics for Comparison Between Displacement Damage due to Ion Beam and Neutron Irradiation in Silicon BJTs

We present a series of metrics for comparison between displacement damage due to heavy ion and neutron irradiation in silicon bipolar junction transistors. We have compared ion and fast neutron irradiations to determine an ion-to-neutron damage equivalence. We find that a combination of metrics (damage factor, deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and annealing factor) are needed to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the physics involved in the ion-to-neutron conversion. The linearity of the damage factor (primarily probing the base-emitter junction) is not enough to ensure a valid comparison; rather, we must also use additional techniques (DLTS and capacitance measurements) to ensure that collector compensation is not occurring. As a result, care must be taken in choosing the irradiation beam for ion exposures. The displacement damage should peak in the sensitive region of the device to both ensure maximum gain degradation and to minimize collector compensation.
Child Psychiatric Epidemiology

What has epidemiology, the study of disease “among the people,” to contribute to clinical research, the study of disease “in the clinic”? In this chapter, I shall discuss recent developments in child psychiatric epidemiology with this question in mind. The answers to the question are important because they affect the validity and generalizability—that is, the practical usefulness—of much of current research into child psycho- pathology. The message of this chapter is that there are serious limitations on the ability of either type of research alone to answer questions about the causes and consequences of psychopathology in childhood. Epidemiology needs clinical observation and experience to distinguish abnormal behavior and affect from the wide range of normal variability, and to suggest causal links between specific problems and specific factors in children of their environment. Clinical research needs epidemiology to examine whether these putative causal links are found in children in general, or only in the very select subgroup that comes for treatment. Once a possible causal link has been identified, both clinical and epidemiological researchers need to work together on preventive and treatment interventions that are rigorously tested through the correct choice of control groups and research design. Clinical and epidemiological research are not conflicting approaches to the problems of child psychopathology, but equally essential, complementary, attitudes of mind that serve different functions at different stages in the research process.
The Bender-Gestalt and the Halstead-Reitan battery: a case study.

A single case with severe static left hemisphere cerebral damage was used to illustrate some deficiencies in the Bender-Gestalt (B-G) test and to compare its results with the Halstead-Reitan battery. The B-G did not indicate the existence of any brain damage because visuoconstructional tests evidently are related directly only to the right parietal area. The Halstead indicated the existance of brain damage, the amount of impairment to various mental functions, the location, process status, and general type of pathology and provided an evaluation of residual functions. Used as a screening test, the B-G is useful because it measures nondominant functions and is a "don't hold" test. The Halstead should be used when a more complete evaluation or critical test for brain damage is required. Language: en
Π10 classes and strong degree spectra of relations

We study the weak truth-table and truth-table degrees of the images of subsets of computable structures under isomorphisms between computable structures. In particular, we show that there is a low c.e. set that is not weak truth-table reducible to any initial segment of any scattered computable linear ordering. Countable Π10 subsets of 2ω and Kolmogorov complexity play a major role in the proof.
Food plant specialization and feeding efficiency in the tent caterpillars Malacosoma disstria and M. americanum.

Larvae of Malacosoma americanum (F.) an oligophagous species that feeds primarily on Prunus and other rosaceous trees, were compared to larvae of the more highly polyphagous congener M. disstria Hb., with respect to the efficiency of utilization of the foliage of a common host plant, Prunus serotina Ehrh. We obtained values similar to those reported for other Lepidoptera for the commonly used measures of the fraction of ingested food that was assimilated, and for the growth in dry weight per unit of food ingested or assimilated. Moreover, the two species did not differ in any measure of efficiency. Our results are compatible with the conclusion that specialized phytophagous insects do not use their host plants with greater physiological efficiency than do generalized insects. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Wirtspflanzenspezialisation und Futterausnutzung bei Malacosoma disstria und M. americanum Raupen von Malacosoma americanum, einer oligophagen Art, die sich vor allem auf Prunus und andern baumartigen Rosaceen entwickelt, wurden mit Raupen der polyphageren Verwandten M. disstria in Hinblick auf die Verwertung der Blatter ihres gemeinsames Wirtes Prunus serotina verglichen. Wir erhielten ahnliche Werte wie sie fruher fur andere Lepidopteren publiziert worden waren und zwar in Bezug auf die ublichen Messwerte, Anteil verwertete Nahrung, Wachstum in Trockengewicht pro Einheit gefressene oder verwertete Nahrung. Zudem unterschieden sich die beiden Arten in keiner Masszahl fur Effizienz. Unsere Resultate sind im Einklang mit der Folgerung, das spezialisierte phytophage Insekten ihre Wirtspflanzen nicht besser ausnutzen als es polyphage Arten tun.
Surface micromachined metallic microneedles

In this paper, a method for fabricating surface micromachined, hollow, metallic microneedles is described. Single microneedle and multiple microneedle arrays with process enabled features such as complex tip geometries, micro barbs, mechanical penetration stops and multiple fluid output ports were fabricated, packaged and characterized. The microneedles were fabricated using electroplated metals including palladium, palladium-cobalt alloys and nickel as structural materials. The microneedles were 200 mm-2.0 cm in length with a cross-section of 70-200 /spl mu/m in width and 75-120 /spl mu/m in height, with a wall thickness of 30-35 /spl mu/m. The microneedle arrays were typically 9.0 mm in width and 3.0 mm in height with between 3 and 17 needles per array. Using water as the fluid medium, the average inlet pressure was found to be 30.0 KPa for a flow rate of 1000 /spl mu/L/h and 106 KPa for a flow rate 4000 /spl mu/L/h.
Predictors of left ventricular thrombus formation and disappearance after anterior wall myocardial infarction

AIMS This study sought to determine predictors of left ventricular thrombus formation and resolution after acute anterior wall myocardial infarction. METHODS AND RESULTS We have analysed clinical, echocardiographic and angiographic data in 53 consecutive patients with anterior myocardial infarction. Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic examinations were performed on days 1, 2, 3 and 7, after 3 and 6 weeks, and 3, 6, and 12 months following infarction. Coronary angiography was performed in 44 patients before hospital discharge. Left ventricular thrombus was detected in 30/53 patients (29/30 in the first week after infarction). Univariate analysis showed that left ventricular thrombus formation was associated with a higher initial end-systolic volume index (beta = 0.04, P = 0.001), and end-diastolic volume index (beta = 0.03, P = 0.03), a larger infarct perimeter (beta = 0.02, P = 0.01), a lower initial ejection fraction (beta = 0.06, P =0.001), a higher initial wall motion score index (beta = 1.75, P = 0.023), a higher peak creatine kinase level (beta = 3.90, P = 0.01), Killip class >1 (beta = 1.11, P = 0.003), infarct expansion (beta = 0.78, P = 0.04), occluded infarct-related artery (beta = -0.87, P = 0.04) and non-thrombolytic therapy (beta = -0.76, P = 0.047). According to the Cox proportional regression model, independent predictors of thrombus formation after anterior myocardial infarction were high end-systolic volume index (beta = 0.06, P = 0.001) and high peak creatine kinase level (beta = 5.17, P = 0.046). Thrombus disappeared in 11/30 (36.7%) patients during one-year echocardiographic follow-up. The only independent predictor of thrombus disappearance after acute myocardial infarction was the absence of apical dyskinesis 6 weeks after infarction (beta = -1.53, P = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that the best predictor of left ventricular thrombus formation after acute anterior myocardial infarction is a high initial end-systolic volume. Thrombus resolution is more likely to occur in patients without apical dyskinesis at the end of the healing phase of infarction.
Emerging Memorial Landscapes of Labor Conflict in the Cotton Textile South

While research into the formation of memorial landscapes in the American South has focused on those resulting from racial conflicts, a new landscape memorializing labor conflict and class consciousness is also emerging in the region's textile-producing Piedmont. This memorialization poses significant challenges to dominant regional discourses of economic development and class mutuality in a region in which labor organizing and radical politics remain anathema. This paper examines this emerging landscape for what it can tell us about class relations in the region and the process by which memorial landscapes are formed.
Multi-layered covert QR codes for increased capacity and security

Quick Response (QR) codes, used in marketing, warehouse management, product tracking, and other applications, are usually only comprised of visible black and white modules. The goal of this research is the creation of covert, color QR codes for increased data capacity, and security. This goal was met by layering QR codes, each of a unique color, printing the covert versions of the color QR codes, upconverting the covert codes into visible codes and unlayering them to take advantage of the various color channels present. It was shown that color layering of the QR codes effectively increased the data capacity by three times that of a traditional QR code, while the covert nature of the code provides added security. Finally, it was also demonstrated that a layered QR code with six base colors (using color intensity variations) could further increase QR code data capacity.
Screening for Delirium in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review

Older adults who visit emergency departments (EDs) often experience delirium, but it is infrequently recognized. A systematic review was therefore conducted to identify what delirium screening tools have been used in ED-based epidemiologic studies of delirium, whether there is a validated set of screening instruments to identify delirium among older adults in the ED or prehospital environments, and an ideal schedule during an older adult's visit to perform a delirium evaluation. MEDLINE/EMBASE, Cochrane, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases were searched from inception through February 2013 for original, English-language research articles reporting on the assessment of older adults' mental status for delirium. Twenty-two articles met all study inclusion criteria. Overall, 7 screening instruments were identified, though only 1 has undergone initial validation for use in the ED environment and a second instrument is currently undergoing such validation. Minimal information was identified to suggest the ideal scheduling of a delirium assessment process to maximize the recognition of this condition in the ED. Study results indicate that several delirium screening tools have been used in investigations in the ED, though validation of these instruments for this particular environment has been minimal to date. The ideal interval(s) during which a delirium screening process should take place has yet to be determined. Research will be needed both to validate delirium screening instruments to be used for investigation and clinical care in the ED and to define the ideal timing and form of the delirium assessment process for older adults.
Mouthfeel Detection Threshold and Instrumental Viscosity of Sucrose and High Fructose Corn Syrup Solutions

ABSTRACT: Significant mouthfeel differences between diet and regular cola carbonated beverages have been reported; however, the underlying cause of those differences is not well understood. One avenue explored here is the connection between mouthfeel differences and mouthfeel thresholds of model solutions containing sweeteners used in regular carbonated beverages. The objectives of this research were to (1) determine individual and group mouthfeel detection thresholds of sucrose and high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) solutions while suppressing sweet taste; (2) relate individual and group thresholds to viscosity and number of sweetener molecules in solution; and (3) measure and compare the viscosities of commercial carbonated beverages to the viscosities of sucrose and HFCS solutions formulated to the concentrations of individual and group thresholds. The R-index measure by the rating method was used by 21 panelists to evaluate the thickness difference of sucrose and HFCS solutions compared to water using Gymnema sylvestre tea to supress sweet taste. The group mouthfeel detection threshold for sucrose was 16.78%± 8.72% (g/100 mL) and for HFCS was 11.48%± 8.67% (g/100 mL). The average viscosity of regular carbonated beverages is within the viscosity range associated with the group mouthfeel threshold concentrations of sucrose and HFCS solutions, but the average viscosity of diet carbonated beverages is lower than the viscosity range associated with the group mouthfeel detection threshold concentrations of sucrose and HFCS solutions. This research implies that consumers are sensitive enough to detect mouthfeel differences between diet and regular carbonated beverages, albeit the instrumental viscosity difference being small (0.527 mPa ⋅ s).
A review of upper atmosphere research from rockets

The first few years of research in the upper atmosphere from high altitude rockets are reviewed. The principal features of the high altitude rocket as a research tool are discussed; and results of various authors on pressure-temperature, solar spectroscopy, cosmic ray, ionosphere, and high altitude photography experiments are presented. The paper seeks to provide a perspective view of the field of high attitude rocket research today by summarizing material widely scattered throughout the literature of the past three years.
Apparent Relative Retardation of Tritium and Bromide in Dolomite

In order to determine the suitability of bromide as a surrogate for tritium for ground-water tracing in fractured and fissured dolomite, apparent relative retardation coefficients of bromide with respect to tritium were computed by the cumulative relative mass-time method from breakthrough curves of both substances, when used simultaneously as tracers in a two-well recirculating tracer test. Throughout the 33.78-day test, relative retardation differences of only a few hundredths were detected for most of the testing time. Tritium was less retarded in flow through highly transmissive openings than in more diffuse flow. Bromide was generally retarded relative to tritium except at the pumping well where the concentrations of both were diluted an order of magnitude below those in the monitoring wells, and tritium was retarded slightly more than bromide. Apparent relative retardation was found to change with transmissivity, concentration, flow-path length and time, but not enough to rule out bromide as a suitable surrogate for, or even better than, tritium in dolomite if the limitations of each tracer are known.
The risk of percutaneous chest tube thoracostomy for blunt thoracic trauma

Analysis of 164 percutaneous chest tube thoracostomies performed as a standardized technical procedure in the management of 129 blunt trauma victims demonstrated an overall complication rate of 9.1% (15 of 164). Three complications (1.8%) were related to problems of insertion, and four (2.4%) represented the problem of pneumothorax after chest tube removal. The remaining eight complications (4.9%) were associated with positive bacterial cultures, two (1.2%) of which represented clinical empyema. Both cases of empyema had either prolonged chest tube placement (23 and 15 days) or multiple chest tubes (two and three) on the same side. Percutaneous chest tube thoracostomy remains an important facet in the management of certain types of blunt thoracic trauma. Associated risks can best be minimized with adherence to a standardized technique and management protocol.
Rights on the Rise: International Mobilization for New Human Rights

In recent years, aggrieved groups around the world have portrayed their problems as human rights issues. While the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is expansive, for most of its history civil and political rights have garnered the bulk of resources. Yet today groups such as the disabled, gays and lesbians, Third World slumdwellers, South Asian Dalits (Untouchables), AIDS patients, and victims of corporate malfeasance - all seek to establish rights to protect their groups. In many cases, their efforts have met resistance from governments and corporations. Even apparent allies among human rights NGOs have voiced misgivings, arguing that proliferation of new rights vitiates core concerns. My paper proposes a framework for understanding the emergence of new rights, those omitted from or given little prominence in the UDHR. The process involves three phases: First, groups frame long-felt grievances as rights. Why and how they do so has received little scholarly attention. Second, they seek to place their claims on the international agenda, chiefly by convincing gatekeepers in major human rights NGOs to endorse new norms. This seldom-examined stage is crucial since a handful of NGOs exercise great power in certifying rights. Third, assuming key NGOs adopt a norm, they promote it in international arenas where they face strong opposition from states and non-state actors espousing contrary norms. To make this argument, I analyze the recent successes, failures, and strategies of Dalits and the physically disabled as they seek new rights internationally. My analysis challenges dominant theories of transnational relations and social movements. In contrast to Keck and Sikkink's concept of cohesive transnational advocacy networks, I distinguish within networks between established NGO gatekeepers and new rights claimants. I find that NGOs' organizational interests make them less receptive than often assumed, forcing claimants to adapt themselves to NGO predispositions. Moreover, unlike constructivists, I argue that logics of appropriateness and argument cannot explain norm acceptance. Bearers of new norms face opposition from transnational counter-movements that champion equally appropriate counter-norms. Even the rules of argument and participation are contested - a far cry from the deliberative truth-seeking envisioned by constructivists.
Basolateral K+ conductances in surface epithelium of Necturus antrum: effects of Ca2+ and divalent cations

Intracellular microelectrode techniques were used to characterize basolateral membrane K+ conductances in isolated Necturus antral mucosa. Exposure of tissues to progressively higher levels of serosal K+ (4, 20, 40, or 60 mM) resulted in progressively greater depolarizations of basolateral membrane potentials and decreases in membrane resistance, consistent with the presence of a significant K+ conductance. Ba2+ (2 mM) partially blocks these conductances. Exposure of tissues to increased levels of serosal Ca2+ (from 1.8 to 6.8 mM) elicited significant hyperpolarization of basolateral potentials and decreases in basolateral resistance. These effects are also elicited by Sr2+ (5 mM), but not by Mg2+ (5 mM). Ba2+ (5 mM) elicits complex and time-dependent effects, but transiently elicits an effect similar to high Ca2+. Ion substitutions in the serosal perfusate suggest that the Ca(2+)-induced effects are due to enhancement of basolateral K+ conductances. Further work is necessary to identify the processes that mediate this increase in basolateral K+ conductance and to evaluate the physiological significance of this change in membrane permeability to K+.
Respiratory and circulatory responses of hyperthermic chickens.

AbstractBody temperature, respiratory rate, minute volume, heart rate and blood pressure were determined in both sexes of White Leghorn Chickens exposed at 40.5° C. Respiratory responses and heart rate increased with increasing body temperature and then invariably declined before the final temperature. Inflection in respiratory rate occurred at 43.5-44.5° c. (average max. 140-170 breaths/min.). Minute volume inflection occurred at 44.5-45.5° c. (average max. 2300 ml. for males and 1700 ml. for females). Minute volume was maintained at the higher body temperature by an increase in tidal volume. Decline in heart rate occurred at body temperatures in excess of 46° c. Blood pressure either remained unchanged (males) or declined slowly (females) until a body temperature of 45° c. for diastolic and 46° c. for systolic. Above these temperatures a precipitous decline ensued. Thus, the body temperatures at which changes occurred were different for the various responses, and there were some differences in response ...
Low-latency power-efficient adaptive router design for network-on-chip

Network-on-chip (NOC) technology has offered an efficient solution for scalability problem. Following the advent of the NOC technology, decreasing the static power consumption has been at the focus of research and development. Since the routers are the most important and main power-consuming modules of NOC, most of the contributions are related to improvement in router micro-architecture design [1], [2]. Power-gating is currently an effective solution in this area but it causes overhead in terms of delays and in some cases it deteriorates the performance. In this paper, a power efficient design for the network-on-chip (NOC) routers using adaptive routing has been proposed. The Proposed scheme is directing the traffic in a power-gated network with respect to the routers status. In this way, we avoid to turn on the routers, that are in sleep state by alternating the paths. Our simulation has shown that we can achieve near 80% reduction in static power consumption compared to non-power-gated design and we improved the average delay by 35% in comparison with conventional power-gated design.
Catalytic Thermal Cracking of Postconsumer Waste Plastics to Fuels. 1. Kinetics and Optimization

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to investigate thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastics such as prescription bottles (polypropylene/PP), high density polyethylene, landfill liners (polyethylene/PE), packing materials (polystyrene/PS), and foams (polyurethane/PU) into crude plastic oils. In the first phase of this investigation, a statistical design experiments approach identified reaction temperature and time as the most important factors influencing product oil yield. Kinetic parameters including activation energy determined for both catalytic and noncatalytic processes showed a reduction in activation energy for the catalytic reactions. In the second phase, the interactions of reaction temperature and time with a number of catalysts were investigated to determine the effect on the yield of crude plastic oil. It was found that Y-zeolites increased conversion at reduced temperature for PP and PE while spent fluid catalytic cracking and sulfated zirconia catalysts supported pyrolytic dec...
Physical Constants of Different Rubbers

Abstract Where a range is given, there are available several observations which differ. In most cases the differences are thought to be real, arising from differences in the rubber rather than from errors of observation. Where a single value is given, it is either because no other observations are available or because there seems to be no significant disagreement among values within the errors of observation. Where values are not given, data have not been found. Where dashes are shown, either the physical measurement is impossible or the constant in question is not adequately defined under the given conditions. 50 phr means “50 parts of carbon black by weight per 100 parts of rubber”, corresponding to a volume fraction of about 0.2. The values shown refer to specific vulcanizates cited in the corresponding references. Other vulcanizates may yield a broader range of values. The metric technical unit “kilogram force” or “kilopond” has been taken as 9.80665 newtons (980 665 dynes). Where an undefined calorie...
Alzheimer's disease : clinical molecular genetics

The study of the genetics of AD has shown that at least three loci are involved in causing the disease: (1) the APP gene, in which a series of mutations cause the disease to develop in 50- to 60-year-old patients; (2) the ApoE gene in which genetic variability (the E4 allele) is a predisposing factor for the development of late-onset disease; and (3) an as-yet-unidentified chromosome 14 locus that causes the onset of AD before 50 years of age. These genetic findings point to a single process: fibrillar beta-amyloid deposition as central to the pathogenesis of the disease. These genetic findings are already being used as an aid to the diagnosis of AD, and it is likely that their use in this regard will increase. The need for the genetic education of primary care physicians and the general public is of great importance so that informed debate about appropriate use of genetic data for diagnosis of AD can take place.
Multidimensional characterization of piezoresistive carbon black silicone rubber composites

Flexible and stretchable electronic skins capable of replicating the human sense of touch are a subject of active research. One of the most popular materials for force sensors in skins is carbon black (CB)/polydimethylsiloxane composite. To aid in skin design, a characterization of this composite is presented here. The sensitivity of composite resistance to uniaxial tension, compression, and shear for each CB concentration is measured and found to be similar for tension and compression, but smaller for shear, with resistance monotonically increasing with strain. In addition, under tension and compression the resistance of the material is measured both in line with and perpendicular to the axis of applied strain, and the response is found to be approximately equal in both cases. The electrical and mechanical relaxation time of the material is also measured and modeled for tension, compression, and shear. The mechanical relaxation time is found to be shorter than the electrical, with both increasing with CB concentration. However, the shortest mechanical relaxation time, 200 s, precludes a sensor with human-like response times without an active modeling and compensation system. Finally, Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio are measured and reported for each CB concentration. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44773.
Polypeptide Hormone Receptors on Lymphoid Cells

There is a large and impressive body of evidence to suggest that the initial event in polypeptide-hormone- and catecholamine-mediated cellular actions is the specific interaction of the hormone with recognition sites, i.e., receptors on the cell surface. Although the complex scheme of biochemical events ultimately seen in response to hormone administration may be affected by alterations at different points in the metabolic pathways involved, the binding of the hormone is prerequisite to all subsequent biological phenomena. Thus, the understanding of this key interaction assumes great importance. That it is of great importance becomes especially true in light of evidence that in some instances, the receptor itself, by alterations of affinity and concentration, may be an important determinant of the sensitivity of a cell to the action of hormones (Roth et al., 1975).
Second branchial cleft anomalies

Second branchial anomalies represent the most common type of branchial anomalies. Their anatomical course is well understood based on knowledge of the embryologic branchial apparatus. These anomalies tend to present in children, though slow-growing cysts may first be noted well into adulthood. The most common presenting sign is a slowly growing lateral neck mass. Surgical excision remains the mainstay of therapy.
Closed form delay models for buffer-driven TSVs in 3D on-chip memory

Buffer-driven TSVs (BD-TSV) are widely used in 3D on-chip memories, especially in bit-line circuit that is highly sensitive to delay time. Closed form delay models for BD-TSVs are proposed in this paper and are verified by simulation through a 128 KB 3D on-chip memory in both 180 nm and 16 nm technology. Results show that the error rate of models is less than 8.9%, which can be accepted in design flow.
Revisitando o teatro neolatino na América portuguesa

O teatro neolatino tornou-se um importante veiculo da pedagogia jesuita na America portuguesa, primariamente direcionada a educacao e a perpetuacao das elites, promovendo e reforcando comportamentos sociais e estruturas de poder. Sendo o conteudo e a estetica das pecas claramente filiados as reformas tridentinas, os espetaculos eram persuasivos e falavam diretamente aos sentidos, com o uso frequente da musica e danca. Numa primeira fase, discrepâncias entre diretrizes vindas da Europa e a realidade na colonia tornaram necessarias certas adaptacoes e concessoes com respeito ao idioma, vestuario, local das representacoes e atitude dos missionarios em relacao a mulher. Algumas dessas discrepâncias desapareceram no decorrer do seculo XVII, enquanto outras permaneceram ate o banimento da Companhia.
Late 2007: Difficulty Choosing a Successor—Medvedev Chosen at the Last Minute

Putin announced on 10 December that—to the shock or surprise of most observers–he was nominating Medvedev as successor. Putin would become PM. The oligarch-oriented Abramovich group played an important role in Putin’s decision. The Sechin group was angry, but decided against running a candidate of its own. The situation could have been worse, because at least Putin would be PM and able to control Medvedev.
Gesture for generalization: gesture facilitates flexible learning of words for actions on objects

Verb learning is difficult for children (Gentner, ), partially because children have a bias to associate a novel verb not only with the action it represents, but also with the object on which it is learned (Kersten & Smith, ). Here we investigate how well 4- and 5-year-old children (N = 48) generalize novel verbs for actions on objects after doing or seeing the action (e.g., twisting a knob on an object) or after doing or seeing a gesture for the action (e.g., twisting in the air near an object). We find not only that children generalize more effectively through gesture experience, but also that this ability to generalize persists after a 24-hour delay.
Property Rights and Land Market Dynamics: An Economic Interpretation of the Indigenous Land Tenure Transformation Process in Nigeria

This study examines the nature and causes of the evolution of property rights, with particular emphasis on the role of market forces in shaping its outcome. Using the Nigerian Land Use Act as the platform, it constructs an evolutionary theory of property rights assignment that recognizes the role of cultural and political forces, while giving primacy to economic considerations. It concludes that the behavior of Nigerian landowners to the regulatory shock is consistent with rational economic considerations but inconsistent with the expectations of the confiscatory legislation. The study employs data on landowners’ applications for the formalization of existing property rights to the new ‘Right of Occupancy’ over the first 15 years of implementation. The test of the landowner response to this requirement concludes that landowners are holding back on statutory formalization of their property rights as a rational response to the legislation.
Hypertension Prevention Trial (HPT): Food pattern changes resulting from intervention on sodium, potassium, and energy intake

The Hypertension Prevention Trial (HPT) was a multicenter randomized trial designed to assess the effects of long-term dietary changes on blood pressure in a normotensive population (diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 78 but less than 90 mm Hg) for a period of 3 years. The dietary treatments were reduction of sodium intake, increase of potassium intake, and decrease of energy intake. Estimates of changes in food intake were made by comparing 24-hour food records of the treatment and control participants. The participants in the treatment groups reported sodium intakes that were 30% to 40% lower than those of the controls. The restriction was achieved mainly by reducing intake of salt, meats, and grain products. Meats and grain products were still a major source of total sodium intake after treatment (41% to 47%), perhaps because of continued use of processed foods. Potassium intake was reported to be 16% to 25% higher in the treatment groups than in the controls, the increase achieved largely through increased consumption of fruits, with a lesser contribution from vegetables. Participants with higher initial body weights reported smaller increases in fruit and vegetable consumption than participants of normal weight, perhaps because of concerns about weight gain. Energy intake in the weight loss groups was 8% to 11% less than that of the controls. Men reported success in restricting calories from meats, dairy products, fats, beverages, and sugars. Women were less successful in restricting calories from most food groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)