cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A travelling wave-based fault location method for hybrid three-terminal circuits

In this paper, a travelling wave-based fault location method for hybrid three-terminal transmission systems, including offshore cables and an onshore overhead line, is proposed. Such systems are utilized for offshore wind farms interconnection. The receiving ends are equipped with optical transient recorders as well as Global Positioning System (GPS) signal receivers to measure synchronized transient voltages. Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is utilized to extract transient information from the measured voltages. The arrival times of travelling waves at the receiving ends obtained using voltage wavelet transformation coefficient squared (WTC2) are utilized for faulty segment identification and fault location. Transient simulations are carried out using EMTP-RV software and MATLAB Wavelet Toolbox is utilized for post-fault analysis. The simulation results are presented to validate the performance of the proposed method.
A fuzzy knowledge-based system for predicting surface roughness in finish turning

A search for a non-deterministic means for predicting the achievable levels of surface roughness in finish turning operations was initiated and this initiative has resulted in a fuzzy knowledge-based system, which can precisely predict the achievable surface roughness levels. The authors outline the complex nature of the finish turning problem, justifying the need for such a predictive system, and present a new methodology for predicting surface roughness values for a given set of cutting conditions, work materials, tool insert types, and tool geometries. >
An adaptive link position tracking controller for rigid-link flexible-joint robots without velocity measurements

This paper presents an adaptive partial state feedback controller for a rigid-link flexible-joint (RLFJ) robot. The controller compensates for parametric uncertainty throughout the entire mechanical system while only requiring measurement of link position and actuator position. To eliminate the requirements for measuring link velocity and actuator velocity, a set of filters is utilized as a surrogate for the unmeasurable quantities. Based on this set of filters, an adaptive integrator back-stepping procedure is used to develop a torque input controller which guarantees semi-global asymptotic link position tracking while also ensuring that all signals remain bounded during closed-loop operation. Simulation results for a two-link RLFJ robot are utilized to validate the performance of the proposed controller. >
Protocol for dynamic ad-hoc networks using distributed spanning trees

A dynamic ad-hoc network consists of a collection of mobile hosts with frequently changing network topology. We propose a distributed algorithm that adapts to the topology by utilizing spanning trees in the regions where the topology is stable, and resorting to an intelligent flooding-like approach in highly dynamic regions of the network. Routing is performed using the spanning trees based a hold-and-forward or shuttling mechanisms. We introduce the notion of connectivity-through-time and the parameter holding-time as new fundamental concepts that can be used by ad-hoc routing algorithms. For various network connectivity scenarios we evaluate the impact of these concepts on the performance of ad-hoc routing algorithms. Using simulation, we study the throughput, reachability and message-reachability ratio of the proposed schemes under various connection/disconnection rates and holding times.
Isaiah's Christ in Matthew's Gospel: Texts and early Jewish exegesis

A common assumption when examining the usage of an OT passage in later literature is that such an exercise ought to be accompanied by an investigation into possible historical antecedents. This in turn helps to determine whether the passage under scrutiny is in continuity or discontinuity with other uses from the period. What is perhaps unfortunate in a task of this nature is its relative complexity, for an investigation quickly encounters various and frequent lacunae, prohibiting a complete description and yielding only tentative results. This is especially true for studies on Matthew's formula citations which, as observed earlier, are complicated by the anomalous text-forms, unusual usage and unattested introductory formulae. The situation has been eased somewhat with the publication of the texts from Masada, Naḥal Ḥever, Wadi Murabbaʿat and Khirbet Qumran and the insights these texts have afforded regarding the text-form, exegesis and hermeneutics in the period immediately prior to and contemporaneous with the composition of the New Testament. Given this state of affairs, it seems prudent to scrutinize recent investigations into the biblical text-form for any possible clues concerning Matthew's distinctive text-form and usage of biblical quotations. This method of examination, it is hoped, will set the stage for an analysis of the distinctive text of Isa. 42.1–4 in Matt. 12.18–21 and aid in determining whether the textual peculiarities were drawn from Judaism and used in support of its ideology, or whether they represent early Christian historical and/or theological reflection upon the life and times of Jesus of Nazareth.
Loss of kainate receptor-mediated heterosynaptic facilitation of mossy-fiber synapses in KA2-/- mice

Multimeric assemblies of kainate (KA) receptor subunits form glutamate-gated ion channels that mediate EPSCs and function as presynaptic modulators of neurotransmitter release at some central synapses. The KA2 subunit is a likely constituent of many neuronal kainate receptors, because it is widely expressed in most neurons in the CNS. We have studied the effect of genetic ablation of this receptor subunit on synaptic transmission at the mossy-fiber–CA3 pyramidal cell synapse in hippocampal slices, where kainate receptors are localized to both presynaptic and postsynaptic sites. We found that both postsynaptic and presynaptic mossy-fiber kainate receptor function is altered in neurons from KA2−/− mice. The presynaptic facilitatory autoreceptor, which modulates glutamate release from mossy-fiber terminals, had a reduced affinity for exogenous agonists and synaptic glutamate. Although presynaptic facilitation attributable to homosynaptic glutamate release was normal at mossy-fiber synapses in KA2−/− neurons, heterosynaptic kainate receptor-mediated facilitation resulting from the spillover of glutamate from CA3 collateral synapses was absent. Consistent with a decrease in glutamate affinity of the receptor, the half-decay of the postsynaptic kainate-mediated EPSC was shorter in the knock-out mice. These results identify the KA2 subunit as a determinant of kainate receptor function at presynaptic and postsynaptic mossy-fiber kainate receptors.
Paleopedology ofRamapithecus-bearing sediments, North India

The utility of using fossil soils in addition to other sedimentologic evidence in reconstructing past environments is considered with a preliminary analysis of the character of pedogenic alteration of selected floodplain deposits which have yielded the hominoid primatesRamapithecus andDryopithecus in the vicinity of Haritalyangar, District Bilaspur, H. P., India. The alluvial paleosols studied reflect variance of properties which are related to original depositional fabric modified by secondary pedogenic processes. The Nagri aged paleosols of Haritalyangar are ferruginous tropical soils or low-grade oxisols developed on typical floodplain toposequences, all reflecting somewhat varied histories as a function of proximity to ancient active stream courses.
Overview of Mathematical Social Sciences

discuss mathematical applications in demography, economics, management, political science, psychology, sociology, and other areas. Readers who are interested in a particular subject in more depth should consult an appropriate reference for a more thorough discussion and further results and examples. Historically, one of the beginnings of mathematical social science may be Leibniz's idea of a universal calculus which would apply mathematics to all areas of learning. The work of the French physiocrats in economics and the study of voting theory, e.g., Condorcet's paradox in political science around the time -of the French revolution, are some of the earliest useful work in mathematical social
Fetal tissue typing in anticipation of neonatal heart transplantation.

Abstract Background: Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is among the most common major congenital cardiac anomalies. Fetuses with this anomaly survive but require either reconstructive surgery or heart transplantation postnatally. Case: A woman whose fetus was diagnosed with hypoplastic left heart syndrome underwent funipuncture for fetal tissue typing. The fetus then was listed for heart transplantation. Once an ABO-compatible donor heart was procured, the fetus was delivered and immediately underwent transplantation. Conclusion: In candidates for neonatal heart transplantation, fetal tissue typing allows the search for an ABO-compatible donor heart to begin earlier. This approach minimizes the morbidity associated with postnatal waiting and allows transplantation to take place while the neonate is less immunocompetent.
Considerations for applying VARSKIN mod 2 to skin dose calculations averaged over 10 cm2.

VARSKIN Mod 2 is a DOS-based computer program that calculates the dose to skin from beta and gamma contamination either directly on skin or on material in contact with skin. The default area for calculating the dose is 1 cm 2 . Recently, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission issued new guidelines for calculating shallow dose equivalent from skin contamination that requires the dose be averaged over 10 cm 2 . VARSKIN Mod 2 was not fully designed to calculate beta or gamma dose estimates averaged over 10 cm 2 , even though the program allows the user to calculate doses averaged over 10 cm 2 . This article explains why VARSKIN Mod 2 overestimates the beta dose when applied to 10 cm 2 areas, describes a manual method for correcting the overestimate, and explains how to perform reasonable gamma dose calculations averaged over 10 cm 2 . The article also describes upgrades underway in Varskin 3.
BACK TO WHERE WE'VE NEVER BEEN: HEIDEGGER, LEVINAS, AND DERRIDA ON TRADITION AND HISTORY

This paper will address the topic of “tradition” by exploring the ways that Martin Heidegger, Emmanuel Levinas, and Jacques Derrida each looked to return to traditional texts in order to overcome a perceived crisis or delimiting fault in the contemporary thought of their respective presents. For Heidegger, this meant a return to the pre-Socratics of “early Greek thinking.” For Levinas, it entailed a return to the sacred Jewish texts of the Talmud. For Derrida, it was the return to texts that embodied the “Western metaphysical tradition,” be it by Plato, Descartes, Rousseau, or Marx. I then want to ask whether these reflections can be turned so as to shed light on three resilient trends in the practice of history that I will label positivist, speculative or teleological, and constructivist. By correlating the ways that Heidegger, Levinas, and Derrida utilize and employ “tradition” with the historical trends of positivism, speculative/teleological history, and constructivism, I hope to produce an engagement between theorists whose concerns implicate history even though they may not be explicitly historical, and historians who may not realize the ways that their work coincides with the claims of these theorists.
Endovascular surgery for vascular malformations of the spinal cord

Abstract Since the introduction of modern selective spinal arteriography, catheter-based endovascular surgery has evolved as an important modality for the management of spinal vascular malformations. The endovascular therapy functions either as an adjunct to open surgery or as the primary treatment of choice. This article reviews the current status of endovascular surgery for spinal cord vascular malformations with particular emphasis on its technical aspects.
Growth and characterization of compound semiconductors by atomic layer epitaxy

The growth of GaAs, InAs and InxGa1−xAs (0<x<0.43) by atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) is described. The growth rate by ALE is found to be independent of the column III flux. ALE GaAs, grown between 450 and 630°C, has been characterized by photoluminescence and Hall measurements. Initial results indicate that ALE gives improved incorporation and uniformity in the growth of InGaAs compared to conventional MOCVD and can be a suitable technique for growing ternary and quaternary layers over large areas.
Results from MINOS/NuMI

The MINOS experiment has been taking data since May 2005, and by February 2006 it had collected 1.27×10^(20) protons on target. A total of charged current events were observed in the Far Detector. Analysis of these data shows consistency with the hypothesis of ν_μ neutrino oscillations, with |Δm^(2)_(23)| = 2.74^(+0.44)_(-0.26)× 10^(-3) eV^2 and sin^(2)(2θ_(23))>0.87 (68% C.L.).
Government Commitment And Regulation Of Prescription Drugs

Two papers in this volume review efforts worldwide to control the growth of drug spending and discuss the potential role for the U.S. government with respect to rationing of prescription drugs. I put the roles given to government in the two papers in context by focusing on the role of government as a partner with the pharmaceutical industry. I concentrate on the unique features of the prescription drug market, coupled with the fact that government is a payer, regulator, and provider in the health sector. I conclude that the federal government should exercise caution when attempting to regulate prescription drug prices.
Effects of suprachiasmatic nucleus lesions on habituation of the head-shake response

Abstract Habituation is a form of non-associative learning that is characterized by a decrease in responsiveness to a repeatedly presented stimulus. A useful model of mammalian habituation is the head-shake response (HSR), a rapid twisting of the head about the anterior-to-posterior axis elicited by a stream of air to the ear. The behavioral properties of HSR habituation include sensitivity to rate of stimulus presentation and a very predictable pattern of spontaneous recovery, suggesting that a neural timing mechanism is involved. One possible candidate is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus which utilizes “clock genes” to generate daily rhythms in behavior. To test this hypothesis, the effects of SCN lesions on habituation and recovery of the HSR were assessed across four inter-session intervals (ISI: 5 min, 2, 24, and 48 h) in rats. SCN-lesioned animals showed a significant decrease in responsiveness within sessions and impaired spontaneous recovery with the 24 h ISI condition. The present findings suggest that the SCN may mediate temporal patterning of spontaneous recovery from habituation and is necessary in order to appropriately reset the animal to its pre-habituation level of responsiveness.
Design of a pulsed single-mode dye laser: comment.

Laser-oscillator dispersion relations are found to be particular cases of a previously published general solution. (AIP)
Toward electrically pumped organic diode lasers: Electroluminescence of proton transfer polymers

Abstract : Electroluminescence from a series of polymers and copolymers which exhibit photoinduced excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) is reported. Among these polymers containing ESIPT moieties in the main chain or side chain are poly(1,4-(2-hydroxy)phenylene benzobisthiazole-co-decamethylene benzobisthiazole), poly (styrene-co-3-hydroxy-4'-ethenylflavone) and poly(2,5-benzoxazolediyl(2,2,2-trifluoro-1 -(trifluoromethyl) ethylidene)-5,2-benzoxazolediyl-4-hydroxy 1, 3-phenylene). The electroluminescence spectra of these polymers are identical to their photoluminescence spectra, indicating that electroluminescence originates from electrically-generated intramolecular proton transfer (EGIPT). Because electroluminescence from EGIPT implies electrically-induced population inversion, these results demonstrate the possibility of electrically-pumped organic solid-state laser diodes.
Intercellular communication and the control of growth: X. Alteration of junctional permeability by the src gene. A study with temperature-sensitive mutant Rous sarcoma virus.

To study changes of junctional membrane permeability associated with transformation, the junctions and the nonjunctional membranes of quail embryo-, chick embryo- and mouse-3T3 cell cultures, infected with temperature-sensitive mutant Rous sarcoma virus, were probed with fluorescent-labelled glutamate. Junctional permeability fell in the transformed state. In the quail cells, the fall was detectable within 25 min of shifting the temperature down to the level (permissive) at which tyrosine-phosphorylation by the viralsrc gene product is expressed. This reduction of junctional permeability is one of the earliest manifestations of viral transformation. Normal permeability was restored within 30 min of raising the temperature to the nonpermissive level, a reversibility that could be displayed several times during the span of a cell generation. The reversal seems to reflect a reopening of cell-to-cell channels rather than a synthesis of new ones; it is not blocked by protein-synthesis inhibition. Treatments with cyclic AMP and phosphodiesterase inhibitor or with forskolin, which stimulate serine and threonine phosphorylation—the type of phosphorylation on which normal junctional permeability depends (Wiener & Loewenstein, 1983,Nature 305∶433)—did not abolish, in general, the junctional effect of the virus;src tyrosine-phosphorylation apparently overrides the junctional upregulation mediated by cyclic AMP. Nonjunctional membrane permeability was not sensibly affected by the virus. It was affected, however, by temperature: lowering the temperature from the nonpermissive to the permissive level caused the nonjunctional permeability to fall, andvice versa. This change was unrelated to transformation. Its secondary effect on junctional transfer is in the opposite direction to that produced by the temperature-activated viral transformation.
Effect of Rigid PVC Bailer Contact on Detection of Pesticides in Water Samples

A field experiment was conducted to examine the effect of short-term (one minute) contact of pesticide-laden water with a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bailer on quantitative laboratory measurements of seven pesticide concentrations in distilled water samples subsequently decanted from the bailer. Pesticides were tested at two initial concentrations (low. based on current FPA maximum contaminant levels, or MCL: and high, based on a multiple of approximately lour times the MCL). Pesticide species included bromoxynil, diclofop-m, dimethoate. MCPA, methyl parathion, propiconazole, and trifluralin. Dimethoate recoveries were poor for all treatments. For all other pesticides there was no systematic difference between pesticide concentrations measured before and after bailer contact. Effectiveness of bailer decontamination treatments consisting of distilled water rinse alone was related to water solubility (S) for each species. Distilled water samples decanted from a rigid PVC bailer following initial bailer contact with pesticide-spiked water, and after the bailer had been cleaned with a single distilled water rinse, had measured pesticide concentrations of less than 2 percent of the pesticide concentration in the initial pesticide-spiked water, regardless of S. A single distilled water rinse effectively removed all trace of contaminants having S> 500 mg/L. Multiple distilled water rinses, and multiple distilled water rinses followed by 15 bailings of a well, effectively removed all trace of contaminants having S> 50 mg/L. Below threshold S, cleaning effectiveness decreased as a power function of S.
Modeling of emissions from HCCI engines using a consistent 3-zone model with applications to validation of reduced chemistry

Abstract The piston crevice and the quench zone, the area of fluid close to the cylinder walls, are responsible largely for emissions in Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engines. For proper modeling of emissions from HCCI engines, the piston crevice and quench zone need to be included in the numerical model. For HCCI applications, we have developed an improved numerical model with three zones: the piston crevice zone, the quench zone close to the cylinder walls, and the cylinder zone comprising up of the rest of the cylinder. With the assumption of equal pressure for all zones, an analytical model is developed for the mass transfer between the core fluids and those in the piston crevice. The numerical model then solves for the coupled mass, energy, and species equations simultaneously leading to consistent solutions at every time step. Comparisons of the calculated results are made between this stand-alone multi-zone code, a 3-D CFD model coupled with multiple zones, and experimental data which show encouraging agreement. The present stand-alone model also provides a useful platform for development/validation of reduced chemistry for emissions.
Convulsant properties of GABA antagonists and anticonvulsant properties of ethanol in selectively bred long- and short-sleep mice.

The convulsant potency of bicuculline, a GABA antagonist, was shown to be greater in Short-Sleep (SS) mice than in Long-Sleep (LS) mice. LS mice, selectively bred for lengthy ethanol-induced narcosis, had longer latencies to myoclonus and clonus following administration of bicuculline and picrotoxin than did ethanol-resistant SS mice. SS mice were also more susceptible to pentylenetetrazol-induced myoclonus, but not clonus. F1 hybrids showed bicuculline seizure sensitivity intermediate to the two parent lines. Ethanol weakly inhibited bicuculline-induced myoclonus in both LS and SS mice. Clonus was clearly antagonized by ethanol in both lines, but to a similar degree. These data provide evidence for a GABAergic role in geno-type-dependent sensitivity to ethanol.
One-electron reduction potentials of coenzyme B12 and alkylcobalamins

Abstract The one-electron reduction potentials for the alkylcobalamins, R = CH 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , n-propyl, isobutyl, neopentyl and deoxyadenosyl, were examined by differential pulse polarography in 1:1 DMF:H 2 O (μ = 0.10 LiClO 4 ) at 24.6 °C. The E 1 2 values for the couple RCo + e − ⇄ RCo · (RCo = alkylcobalamin) were found to be −1.60 V, R = CH 3 ; −1.54 V, R = CH 2 CH 3 ; 1.55 V, R = n-propyl; −1.48 V, R = isobutyl; −1.38 V, R = neopentyl; −1.35 V, R = deoxyadenosyl versus SCE. E 1 2 correlates linearly with the Taft steric parameter, E s ; a new E s value for the deoxyadenosyl functional unit is estimated to be −2.03 from this relationship. A moderate solvent influence was observed by replacing H 2 O with D 2 O for methylcobalamin ( E 1 2 = −1.68 V versus SCE) and for deoxyadenosylcobalamin (coenzyme B 12 ) (−1.43 V). This suggests that solvation effects are about the same for alkylcobalamins compared to methylcobalamin and therefore do not account for the 0.22 V more negative reduction potential of methylcobalamin. The gradation in E 1 2 starting with methylcobalamin and continuing through the alkylcobalamin series may reflect changes in the axial ligand distances which modulate the energy of the lowest σ type MO (LUMO) of these complexes.
A study of application program development techniques

A survey of application development techniques in 43 organizations identifies the methods and tools found most effective in application software development.
Understanding the reaction mechanism of in-situ synthesized (TiC–TiB2)/AZ91 magnesium matrix composites

Abstract Magnesium matrix composites reinforced with a network of TiC and TiB 2 compounds have been successfully synthesized via an in-situ reactive infiltration technique. In this process, the ceramic reinforcing phases, TiC and TiB 2 , were synthesized in-situ from the starting powders of Ti and B 4 C without any addition of a third metal powder such as Al. The molten AZ91 magnesium alloy infiltrates the preform of 3Ti–B 4 C by capillary forces. Furthermore, adding different weight percentages of MgH 2 powder to the 3Ti–B 4 C preforms was used in an attempt to increase the Mg content in the fabricated composites. The results reveal a relatively uniform distribution of the reinforcing phases in the magnesium matrix with very small amounts of residual Ti, boron carbide and intermediate phases when they are fabricated at 900 °C for 1.5 h using a 3Ti–B 4 C preform with 70% relative density. On the other hand, after adding MgH 2 to the 3Ti–B 4 C preform, TiC x and TiB 2 formed completely without any residual intermediate phases with the formation of the ternary compound (Ti 2 AlC) at the expense of TiC. The percentage of reinforcing phases can be tailored by controlling the weight percentages of MgH 2 powder added to the 3Ti–B 4 C preform. The results of the in-situ reaction mechanism investigation of the Ti–B 4 C and Mg–B 4 C systems show that the molten magnesium not only infiltrates through the 3Ti–B 4 C preform and thus densifies the fabricated composite as a matrix metal, but also acts as an intermediary making the reaction possible at a lower temperature than that required for solid-state reaction between Ti and B 4 C and accelerates the reaction rate. The investigation of the in-situ reaction mechanism with or without the addition of MgH 2 powder to the 3Ti–B 4 C preforms reveals similar mechanisms. However, the presence of the MgH 2 in the preform accelerates the reaction resulting in a shorter processing time for the same temperatures.
Abstract PL01-03: Quantitative biology and biomarker discovery without immunoassays

Lack of antibody reagents and robust quantitative methods with sufficient sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility and throughput has significantly hampered our ability to understand dynamic, protein-based biological processes. My laboratory is addressing this serious barrier by developing targeted mass spectrometry-based technologies to screen and quantify low abundance proteins in a variety of biological contexts including human tissue and plasma. These assays are highly multiplexed, sensitive and specific and do not suffer from interferences that plague immunoassays. Targeted MS-based approaches are helping to usher in a new era of quantitative biology where proteins of interest and their modifications can be robustly measured in any biological context. We are applying these quantitative approaches in the context of a generalizable proteomics-based discovery-through-verification pipeline to identify early biomarkers of cardiovascular injury, breast cancer and infectious disease. These studies are beginning to demonstrate that modern proteomic technologies when coherently integrated can yield novel, credentialed protein biomarker candidates of sufficient merit to warrant real clinical evaluation. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):PL01-03.
Universal and Targeted Approaches to Preschool Education in the United States

In the United States, enrollments in preschool center-based programs have leveled off at about 75 percent of four-year-olds and 50 percent of three year olds. Nearly all government programs restrict eligibility to children in low-income families, and these families have substantially increased preschool participation rates as a result. However, in the last decade little progress was made toward increasing enrollments, despite increases in government spending, and less than half of children in poverty attend public programs even at age four. The average educational quality of private programs is quite low, and public programs are only modestly better. As a result, the educational effectiveness of preschool programs in the United States tends to be much weaker than that of the well-known programs research has shown be cost-effective. This paper considers whether publicly funded preschool education for all children would alleviate these problems. Universal public preschool education would reach many more children in poor and low-income families. For means-tested programs constantly changing incomes present a moving target, while the stigma associated with programs for the poor also limits participation. Program effectiveness would be at least as good in a universal program as in targeted program, and effectiveness might actually improve. One source of increased effectiveness is peer effects on learning. In addition, parents from higher-income families may be better advocates for quality, and political support for quality may be higher. Children from middle- and higher-income families also will benefit from high-quality publicly-subsidized preschool programs. A universal approach will cost more than current targeted programs, but moving from targeted to universal public preschool education is likely to produce benefits that far exceed the additional cost.
The catechol estrogen, 2-hydroxyestradiol, inhibits catechol-o-methyltransferase activity in neuroblastoma cells.

— The hydroxylation of estrone and estradiol at C2 to their respective catechol estrogens has been demonstrated by others with in vitro preparations from rat hypothalamic tissue. The subsequent methylation of these catechol estrogens by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) in rat brain extracts has also been observed. Therefore, in specific sites in brain, 2-hydroxylation of estrogens could play a significant role in the regulation of catecholamine metabolism. To evaluate the potential physiological significance of these interactions, we studied cultured murine neuroblastoma cells where the effect of 2-hydroxyestradiol on COMT activity could be investigated in living cells and in cell homogenates. The addition of 2-hydroxyestradiol to the cultures caused a specific dose-dependent reduction in the formation of methylated products from the catecholamine, dopamine. The properties of COMT activity in the cell homogenates were examined and optimized with respect to the substrate, pH, concentrations of Mg2+, and the co-factor, S-adenosylmethionine. The catechol substrate. 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and 2-hydroxyestradiol were both methylated by the cell homogenates. Inhibitor studies confirmed that both methylations were due to COMT. Furthermore, the catechol estrogen inhibited catechol methylation competitively at micromolar levels. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that catechol estrogens are endogenous modulators of catecholamine metabolism.
Racial Differences in Arterial Stiffness Among Adolescents and Young Adults with Type 2 Diabetes

Adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at increased risk to develop myocardial infarction and stroke due to accelerated atherosclerosis [1]. These complications occur more frequently and at an earlier age in African Americans compared to Caucasians [2, 3]. Adolescents with type 2 diabetes also appear to be at higher risk to develop atherosclerosis. Compared to their adolescent counterparts without diabetes, youth with type 2 diabetes demonstrated increased arterial stiffness[4, 5], a known precursor of atherosclerosis [6]. Whether racial differences in arterial stiffness exist among adolescents with type 2 diabetes is not known. To address this issue, we evaluated arterial stiffness using pulse wave velocity and augmentation index in African-American and Caucasian adolescents and young adults with type 2 diabetes. Additionally we sought to determine whether the cardiovascular risk factors that contribute to arterial stiffness are different between African-American and Caucasian adolescents with type 2 diabetes.
Perceptions of Memo Quality: A Case Study of Engineering Practitioners, Professors, and Students:

One goal of college technical writing courses is to prepare students for real-world writing situations. Business writing textbooks function similarly, using guidelines, sample assignments, and mode...
Reciprocal Influences between Maternal Language and Children's Language and Cognitive Development in Low-Income Families.

We examined reciprocal associations between early maternal language use and children's language and cognitive development in seventy ethnically diverse, low-income families. Mother-child dyads were videotaped when children were aged 2;0 and 3;0. Video transcripts were analyzed for quantity and lexical diversity of maternal and child language. Child cognitive development was assessed at both ages and child receptive vocabulary was assessed at age 3;0. Maternal language related to children's lexical diversity at each age, and maternal language at age 2;0, was associated with children's receptive vocabulary and cognitive development at age 3;0. Furthermore, children's cognitive development at age 2;0 was associated with maternal language at age 3;0 controlling for maternal language at age 2;0, suggesting bi-directionality in mother-child associations. The quantity and diversity of the language children hear at home has developmental implications for children from low-income households. In addition, children's early cognitive skills further feed into their subsequent language experiences.
Renal studies in the hypothyroid rat

Abstract Whole kidney clearance studies were performed on 27 hypothyroid rats (H) and 25 euthyroid littermate rats (C). Absolute glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was less in hypothyroid rats (1.02 versus 1.39 ml/min), but when factored by body surface area (BSA) the two groups were comparable ( GFR BSA = 2.26 versus 2.24 μl /min/sq/cm ). Absolute and fractional (per GFR) sodium clearance was greater in the hypothyroid animals ( C Na GFR:H = 0.36, C = 0.11, p ), but total electrolyte (Na+ + K+) excretion and clearance were comparable. End proximal tubular fluid (TF) micropuncture collections in 20 animals revealed no change in fractional reabsorption ( TF P inulin) in hypothyroid rats ( TF P insulin, 2.5 versus 2.7), but showed a decrease in single nephron GFR (Vo, 17 versus 36 nl/min) and absolute reabsorption (11 versus 20 nl/min). Hypothyroidism is associated with a decrease of sodium reabsorption at nephron sites distal to the convoluted proximal tubule. With ad libitum electrolyte and water intake most rats can maintain themselves in volume-sodium balance, but an occasional animal may display this distal leak syndrome in the extreme. One such rat had a urinary sodium concentration UNa of 147 mEq/liter and a urinary flow rate of 56.0 μl/min (H = 3.33, C = 1.39). In addition, its hydropenic normal end proximal TF P inulin mean of 2.7 confirmed the inability of the proximal nephron to compensate for this late leak. This rat's plasma sodium was 128 mEq/liter (H = 147, C = 148), dilutional hyponatremia. These renal problems are similar to those reported in man and suggest that the rat is an appropriate model for the study of human hypothyroidism.
A Conserved Domain Is Crucial for Acceptor Substrate Binding in a Family of Glucosyltransferases

Serine-rich repeat glycoproteins (SRRPs) are highly conserved in streptococci and staphylococci. Glycosylation of SRRPs is important for bacterial adhesion and pathogenesis. Streptococcus agalactiae is the leading cause of bacterial sepsis and meningitis among newborns. Srr2, an SRRP from S. agalactiae strain COH1, has been implicated in bacterial virulence. Four genes (gtfA, gtfB, gtfC, and gtfD) located downstream of srr2 share significant homology with genes involved in glycosylation of other SRRPs. We have shown previously that gtfA and gtfB encode two glycosyltransferases, GtfA and GtfB, that catalyze the transfer of GlcNAc residues to the Srr2 polypeptide. However, the function of other glycosyltransferases in glycosylation of Srr2 is unknown. In this study, we determined that GtfC catalyzed the direct transfer of glucosyl residues to Srr2-GlcNAc. The GtfC crystal structure was solved at 2.7 A by molecular replacement. Structural analysis revealed a loop region at the N terminus as a putative acceptor substrate binding domain. Deletion of this domain rendered GtfC unable to bind to its substrate Srr2-GlcNAc, concurrently abolished the glycosyltransferase activity of GtfC, and also altered glycosylation of Srr2. Furthermore, deletion of the corresponding regions from GtfC homologs also abolished their substrate binding and enzymatic activity, indicating that this region is functionally conserved. In summary, we have determined that GtfC is important for the glycosylation of Srr2 and identified a conserved loop region that is crucial for acceptor substrate binding from GtfC homologs in streptococci. These findings shed new mechanistic insight into this family of glycosyltransferases.
The Implications of High-Rate Nanomanufacturing on Society and Personal Privacy:

The growing field of nanotechnology has received considerable attention as of late. The U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative has committed billions of dollars toward research on the nanoscale, and proponents of nanotechnology claim that its benefits will range from curing cancer to ending poverty. This article takes a look at the possible benefits and problems associated with the development of high-rate nanomanufacturing technologies, specifically in regards to privacy. Nanosensors, small enough to avoid detection by the naked eye and that are produced cheaply enough, could be used as tracking or listening devices. There may be useful applications of such technologies for some defense, intelligence, and medical and industrial purposes; however, widespread availability and abuse of such sensors is a cause for concern. The adequacy of existing legislation concerning technology and privacy is reviewed and possible courses of action for placating any negative effects of nanomanufacturing on personal priva...
Widowers' strategies of self-representation during research interviews: a sociological analysis

This article analyses the strategies that older widowers used to assert their masculinity during in-depth research interviews by the author, a middle-aged woman. Twenty-six widowers living in Atlantic Canada and Florida in the United States and who were aged from 56 to 91 years participated in the study. The author analysed the interviews from a symbolic-interactionist perspective that looks at the world from the perspective of those being studied. The widowers used various strategies of impression management to reinforce their identity as ‘real men’ during the interviews. These strategies included taking charge of the interview, using personal diminutives and endearments to assert control, lecturing the interviewer about various topics including differences between men and women, and bringing attention to their heterosexuality by referring to themselves as bachelors and commenting on increased attention from women. The paper chronicles the process of discovery of the importance to the study participants of portraying themselves as men. It was found that older widowers' identity as ‘real men’ is precarious because they lack three essential components of masculinity: being in a heterosexual relationship, being employed, and being young. The article makes extensive use of the participants' quotations to demonstrate their attempts, through impression management, to maintain a masculine identity while discussing the very topics that threatened it.
Experience with everolimus

Everolimus is a novel macrolide immunosuppressant that acts as a T-lymphocyte proliferation signal inhibitor. Its actions are complementary to and synergistic with those of the calcineurin inhibitors. Compared with sirolimus, everolimus has unique pharmacokinetic characteristics including greater bioavailability and a shorter half-life, allowing more rapid achievement of a steady state. Clinical experience to date, largely limited to use in kidney transplant patients receiving cyclosporine-based immunosuppression, indicates that administration of everolimus is associated with low rates of acute rejection and a tolerable safety profile. Recent observations in heart transplant patients suggest that the antiproliferative effects of everolimus may prevent allograft vasculopathy.
Secretion of Escherichia coli chloramphenicol acetyltransferase by mammalian cells

We show here that expression of the Escherichia coli cat gene in mammalian cells results in accumulation of enzymatically active CAT in the culture media as well as in the cytoplasm. We call the extracellular product secreted CAT (sCAT). Three to four days after introduction of cat-expressing plasmids into mouse L cells by transient transfection, total extracellular sCAT activity exceeds total cytoplasmic CAT activity. As sCAT levels increase, substantially more CAT is found outside the cells than inside at later times. Comparison of different populations of cat-expressing cells shows that, at any given time, the level of sCAT is proportional to the level of intracellular CAT. Thus, assay of sCAT provides a convenient, non-invasive alternative to assay of intracellular CAT. The molecular sizes of sCAT and intracellular CAT are indistinguishable, suggesting that the protein is not cleaved or glycosylated during secretion. Several observations, including a lack of sensitivity to drugs which inhibit Golgi activity, suggest that CAT may be secreted via an unusual pathway.
An Extension of the Shine Combined Analysis of Variance

The basic ideas for the Shine Combined Analysis of Variance are extended to the case where some factors do not have repeated measures. Schematic calculation procedures are presented for the two-way case with repeated measures on one experimental factor. Some useful modifications of the basic Shine-Bower error term, which is used to test subject sources of variation, are also presented.
Control combinations in marketing: Conceptual framework and empirical evidence

The topic of management control systems has received limited attention in the marketing literature. Though previous research has tended to view each organizational control in isolation, the authors...
Cable Accessory Design Utilizing New Laboratory Techniques

IN RECENT years the introduction of high-pressure fluid-filled cable systems for power transmission and the trend toward higher voltages have posed new problems in the design and construction of cable joints and potheads. Certain laboratory techniques have contributed much to the solution of these problems by providing the designer with accurate information and the producer with dependable test methods.
Optico-hydrodynamic properties of high molecular weight DNA from steady-state flow birefringence and viscosity at extremely low velocity gradients.

The flow birefringence, extinction angles, and shear-dependent viscosity over a velocity gradient range of approximately 0.1–3 sec−1 have been obtained for T2 bacteriophage DNA at low concentration in neutral aqueous buffer. The data are found to be interpretable and self-consistent in terms of subchain dynamical theory, including hydrodynamic, interactions and excluded volume, and the parameters characterizing these phenomena are in good agreement with the results of other hydrodynamic experiments and theoretical calculations. No necessity for modification of the subchain model in terms of limited extensibility or internal viscosity is found for high molecular weight DNA at the velocity gradients studied, although the latter cannot be ruled out on the basis of the present data. The Kuhn statistical segment length is determined from the intrinsic optical anisotropy and is estimated as 930 A. Implications of these findings and their relation to appropriate dynamical models for DNA are discussed.
Primary liver cancer and survival in patients undergoing liver transplantation for hemochromatosis

Cirrhotic patients with hereditary hemochromatosis (HHC) have an increased risk of primary liver cancer (PLC). The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of primary liver cancer in patients with HHC undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Five liver transplant centers were surveyed; clinical and pathological data on 37 patients with HHC undergoing OLT were retrospectively collected and analyzed. The diagnosis of HHC was established by a combination of serum transferrin-iron saturation, hepatic iron index (HII), and/or pattern of liver iron staining. The diagnosis of HHC had been unsuspected before OLT in 13 of 37 (35%). Primary liver cancer was found in the explants of 10 of 37 patients (27%) and was unsuspected in 7 of 10 (70%); 8 were hepatocellular carcinoma, and 2 were cholangiocarcinoma; foci of hepatocyte dysplasia were found in 6 additional patients. Mean (+/- SEM) hepatic iron content and HII in 20 patients without prior phlebotomy or bleeding were 17.2 mg/g dry weight (+/- 2.9) and 5.5 (+/- 0.8), respectively. The overall 1-year survival rate after OLT in the 37 HHC patients was 58% (v 55% for HHC patients with PLC). We draw the following conclusions: (1) the diagnosis of HHC is often unsuspected before OLT, and HHC should be evaluated pretransplantation by direct and indirect markers; (2) HHC patients undergoing OLT have a high prevalence of primary liver cancer, the majority being unsuspected; and (3) HHC patients have poorer than average survival after OLT, which cannot be explained solely by the presence of concomitant PLC.
Generative processes in character classification: II. A refined testing procedure

Previous work has shown that generative processes have an effect upon reaction time primarily in the time it takes to encode the probe in a character classification task. This experiment extended that finding by examining the performance of two subjects over 12 sessions with precise temporal positioning of the probe character within the generative sequence of the target characters. The results suggest that probe encoding time is influenced by both facilitation and interference effects. The temporal duration of probe pattern recognition is reduced when the probe and the last generated representation are the same, and lengthened when they are different. These effects are lost over a 1-sec interval.
Are Feminists man Haters? Feminists' and Nonfeminists' Attitudes Toward Men:

Despite the popular belief that feminists dislike men, few studies have actually examined the empirical accuracy of this stereotype. The present study examined self-identified feminists' and nonfem...
Effect of dopamine on ventilatory response to incremental exercise in man.

Abstract We investigated whether dopamine, an inhibitory neuromodulator in the carotid body, would alter the ventilatory response typically associated with metabolic (lactic) acidosis during exercise. Six subjects performed incremental cycle ergometer exercise to exhaustion during infusions of dopamine (3 μg·kg −1 ·min −1 ) or saline. Ventilation and pulmonary gas exchange were computed breath-by-breath; arterialized venous blood was collected every 90 sec for measurement of lactate, potassium and blood gases. The resting ventilatory response to an isocapanic step decrease in end-tidal P o 2 to 50 Torr was used as an index of carotid body drive. Dopamine diminished the hypoxic ventilatory response but had no effect on the ventilatory response during exercise. Peak lactate, potassium, and ventilation were unaffected by dopamine, and the degree of respiratory compensation for the metabolic acidosis was the same as in control experiments. Therefore, either the carotid bodies respond differently to hypoxia than to acute metabolic acidosis and/or hyperkalemia during heavy exercise, or the carotid bodies are not the sole mediators of hyperventilation above the lactate threshold.
My Mentored Relationship With Harold Guetzkow

Harold Guetzkowâs guidance of research on foreign policy decision making was driven by a core concern: the avoidance of nuclear war and preservation of peace. He aimed to do this by supporting the creation and distribution of new knowledge through experiments aimed at simulating the processes and conditions hypothesized to influence such decisions. This article outlines the progress of his simulation design efforts and their transformations under many whom he mentored as research assistants in this work. It also touches on his beliefs.