cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of domain knowledge in program understanding

Program understanding is an essential part of all software maintenance and enhancement activities. As currently practiced, program understanding consists mainly of code reading. The few automated understanding tools that are actually used in industry provide helpful but relatively shallow information, such as the line numbers on which variable names occur or the calling structure possible among system components. These tools rely on analyses driven by the nature of the programming language used. As such, they are adequate to answer questions concerning implementation details, so called what questions. They are severely limited, however, when trying to relate a system to its purpose or requirements, the why questions. Application programs solve realdworld problems. The part of the world with which a particular application is concerned is that application’s domain. A model of an application’s domain can serve as a supplement to programmingdlanguagedbased analysis methods and tools. A domain model carries knowledge of domain boundaries, terminology, and possible architectures. This knowledge can help an analyst set expectations for program content. Moreover, a domain model can provide information on how domain concepts are related. This article discusses the role of domain knowledge in program understanding. It presents a method by which domain models, together with the results of programmingdlanguagedbased analyses, can be used to answers both what and why questions. Representing the results of domaindbased program understanding is also important, and a variety of representation techniques are discussed. Although domaindbased understanding can be performed manually, automated tool support can guide discovery, reduce effort, improve consistency, and provide a repository of knowledge useful for downstream activities such as documentation, reengineering, and reuse. A tools framework for domaindbased program understanding, a dowser, is presented in which a variety of tools work together to make use of domain information to facilitate understanding. Experience with domaindbased program understanding methods and tools is presented in the form of a collection of case studies. After the case studies are described, our work on domaindbased program understanding is compared with that of other researchers working in this area. The paper concludes with a discussion of the issues raised by domaindbased understanding and directions for future work.
Substance Abuse Prevention in Rural Areas

Project LIFE was comprised of two training efforts: a three-day program (Living in Freedom Everyday) and a five-day program (Living in Freedom Early). The project was a response to the need for more substance abuse prevention education in rural school districts. During its first year of implementation, the project was successful in meeting its objectives. Eighty-eight schools and 12 community agency personnel participated in an intensive training program. A central aspect of the program was teams of participants developing, implementing and evaluating action plans. The plans composed strategies directed toward the school district's drug-free policies, classroom curricula, staff inservice sessions, and community/parent awareness programs. Site visits to 22 participating school districts took place three months after the training. Seventy-one of the proposed 77 strategies were achieved as reported by participants. These results along with the methodology of action planning are described. Project LIFE repres...
Magnetic Resonance Angiography of the Upper Extremity

The magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) toolbox includes a wide array of versatile methods for diagnosis and therapy planning in patients with a variety of upper extremity vascular pathologies. MRA can provide excellent image quality with high spatial and high temporal resolution without the disadvantages of ionizing radiation, iodinated contrast, and operator dependency. Contrast-enhanced techniques are preferred for their robustness, image quality, and shorter scan times. This article provides an overview of the available MRA techniques and a description of the clinical entities that are well suited for evaluation with contrast-enhanced MRA.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INVOLVEMENT BY LEUKEMIA IN CHILDREN. I. RELATIONSHIP TO SYSTEMIC LEUKEMIA AND DESCRIPTION OF CLINICAL AND LABORATORY MANIFESTATIONS.

Observations on the course of 59 children who experienced 109 distinct episodes of CNS involvement by leukemia showed that: 1. This complication may be associated with all types of acute and subacute leukemia. 2. There is no single or combination of diagnostic criteria. Manifestations of increased CSF pressure, such as vomiting, headache, and papilledema are the most frequent clinical findings. However, it should be emphasized that CNS involvement may be associated with normal CSF findings. 3. CNS involvement may be present at the onset of leukemia or can occur at any time during the course. 4. Approximately 26 per cent of children with leukemia develop CNS involvement. 5. CNS involvement may occur when the disease is under apparently good therapeutic control as well as during relapse. 6. There is no relationship between the agents which had been previously used to treat the systemic disease and the later development of CNS involvement. However, the onset of CNS symptoms was less frequent when the systemic disease was under treatment with steroids. 7. The development of CNS involvement does not appear to shorten the survival time of patients with leukemia when treatment for CNS involvement is given.
Laparoscopic Extirpation of the Medial Iliac Lymph Nodes in Normal Dogs.

Objective To describe a surgical technique for laparoscopic medial iliac lymph node (MILN) extirpation, and to describe the quality of biopsy specimens obtained. Design Experimental study. Animals Purpose-bred male hound-mix research dogs (n = 8). Methods Dogs were randomized to groups of left or right-sided laparoscopic surgical approaches. Three transperitoneal portals were established with the dogs in lateral recumbency, and ipsilateral MILN dissection was achieved under CO2 pneumoperitoneum using a vessel-sealing device. Results MILN ipsilateral to the approach were successfully identified and removed laparoscopically in 8 dogs. Observed complications included mild to moderate hemorrhage that was controlled laparoscopically in 4 dogs, and tearing of the MILN capsule during retraction and dissection in 3 dogs. No other major complications occurred and all dogs recovered uneventfully. Areas of either minor peripheral (9/9) or central (4/9) pinch artifact affected a median percentage of 5% of surface area (range, 5–30%) of bisected lymph nodes. Conclusions Laparoscopic MILN extirpation is feasible in dogs with normal MILN and may serve as a minimally invasive approach for excisional biopsy in the diagnostic staging of canine onocologic patients with normal-sized MILN. This lateral laparoscopic approach allows dissection of the ipsilateral MILN but precludes removal of the contralateral MILN. Minimal handling of the lymph node during dissection and removal is required to reduce the risk of capsular tear, or introduction of possible histologic artifact by tissue crush that may impact diagnosis.
A site wide risk assessment at Intel Corporation in New Mexico

Intel New Mexico has received intense public scrutiny since the construction of Fab 11, RR4, RR5, and the supporting Central Utilities buildings. Community concerns about routine emissions of chemicals, and the potential accidental release had been raised individually and in public forums. While Intel has historically incorporated risk assessment and risk management into facility and process design and installation, no analysis existed of the combined risk from the entire facility. A site-wide assessment conducted by an independent third party evaluator, Radian International Incorporated and used inspections, interviews and record checking to evaluate the facility for risk potential based on Environmental Protection Agency and Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations and guidance. Toxicological review was also done for all manufacturing chemicals. Dispersion and uptake modeling was performed to evaluate risk to surrounding populations. The risk assessment has been used as a communication tool with neighborhood groups, industry counterparts, and regulatory agencies. A summary of key learning, costs and benefits will be presented in the paper. Results from the assessment showed risks to the community to be well within all acceptable risk criteria.
Totally geodesic surfaces in hyperbolic 3-manifolds

In this paper we investigate totally geodesic surfaces in hyperbolic 3-manifolds. In particular we show that if M is a compact arithmetic hyperbolic 3-manifold containing an immersion of a totally geodesic surface then it contains infinitely many commensurability classes of such surfaces. In addition we show for these M that the Chern-Simons invariant is rational.We also show, that unlike the figure-eight knot complement in S3, many knot complements in S3 do not contain an immersion of a closed totally geodesic surface.
Circadian variation of strain differences in body temperature and activity in mice

Body temperature, a variable known to exhibit circadian rhythmicity, was measured around-the-clock in four inbred strains of mice (Mus musculus). The heritability of body temperature, estimated from inbred strain analysis, was very low during the day, but rose significantly during the dark (active) period. This result suggests that the heritability of a variable which changes with a circadian rhythm may itself exhibit circadian variation. Open-field activity and defecation were also measured at different circadian times on two separate occasions one week apart. The heritability of open-field activity changed with both circadian time and experience in the open-field, as did the heritability for defecation. These findings emphasize the need for a more precise specification of subjects and conditions in open-field studies, including the genetic background of the animals as well as temporal factors.
Characterization of Crystalline Phases in Fly Ash by Microfocus Raman Spectroscopy

The laser Raman microprobe was used to interrogate individual fly ash particles as small as 1 µm diameter and record “fingerprint” Raman spectra from both crystalline and non-crystalline components of the fly ash. When compared to reference patterns of known crystalline phases, the Raman spectra can be used to identify crystalline phases and can give some structural information on other phases. Furthermore, because this method characterizes fly ash particles on an individual basis, correlations to both color and morphology of the particles can be made.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of [(C1A1(μ-OH)2A1C1)·18-Crown-6][AIC14]2·8/3 C6H5NO2, a Complex Featuring a Binuclear Aluminum-Containing Cation Threaded Through 18-Crown-6

Abstract The title compound resulted from the partial hydrolysis of the reaction product of AICI3, 18-crown-6, and HCl(g) in nitrobenzene. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group PI with a = 13.344(2), b = 17.742(3), c = 18.318(3)A, a = 68.69(1), β = 81.98(1), γ = 68.00(1)°, and D c = 1.45g cm−3 for Z = 3. In the crystal structure the 2+ binuclear aluminum-containing cation is threaded through the crown ether with each aluminum atom coordinated to three crown ether oxygen atoms. The crystal is composed of alternating layers of cations, layers of anions, and bilayers of nitrobenzene molecules.
Spinal intradural extraarachnoid metastasis.

Abstract A case of carinomatous metastasis at the L2-3 level localized in the intradural extraarachnoid space is presented. The anatomy of the subarachnoid angle where the transition occurs from peripheral nerve to nerve root is reviewed. Anatomic evidence suggests that the spread of the tumor to the potential intradural extraarachnoid space might be via the perineural sheath.
Synthesis and Characterization of Decavanadates: X-Ray Crystal Structures of (H3O6]2 [V10O28H6]·4H2O (M[dbnd]Co, Ni) and Na[H3N(Ch2)2Nh3]2.5[V10O28]·5H2O

Abstract The synthesis, IR spectra and crystal structures of three new compounds: (H3O)2 -[Ni(II)(H2O)6]2[V10O28H6]-4H2O, (1), (H3O)2[Co(II)(H2O)6]2[V10O28H6]·4H2O, (2), and Na[H3N(CH2)2NH3]2.5,[V10O28]-5H2O, (3), are described. The isomorphous structures of compounds (1) and (2) contain discrete {Vl0O28} anionic clusters, {M(H2O)6}2+ (M = Ni, Co) ions, and lattice water molecules. The crystal structure of compound (3) exhibits a complex hydrogen bonded network involving oxo groups of {V10O28} cluster and hydrogen atoms of the doubly protonated ethylenediammoniun ion, [H3N(CH2)2NH312+.
Early role during chemical evolution for cytochrome P450 in oxygen detoxification.

IT is generally held that early in the evolutionary history of the Earth, when abiogenic chemicals were forming associations possessing attributes by which we now define living organisms, this planet had a reducing atmosphere. The subsequent appearance of free or molecular oxygen must have had a profound effect on such poorly specialised life forms and many would have perished. It was long assumed that the adaptive enzymatic changes of the successful forms were chiefly the elaboration of the respiratory chain enzymes, peroxidases and catalase. Research on superoxide dismutase1 has suggested that this enzyme may also have controlled oxygen toxicity in ancient living tissue. We have studied cytochrome P450, which also metabolises oxygen, and believe that this protein may possibly be more primitive than those considered previously and may even have emerged before the advent of atmospheric oxygen.
Monterey Mirror: an experiment in interactive music performance combining evolutionary computation and Zipf’s law

Monterey Mirror is an experiment in interactive music performance. It is engages a human (the performer) and a computer (the mirror) in a game of playing, listening, and exchanging musical ideas. The computer side involves an interactive stochastic music generator which incorporates Markov models, genetic algorithms, and power-law metrics. This approach combines the predictive power of Markov models with the innovative power of genetic algorithms, using power-law metrics for fitness evaluation. These power-law metrics have been developed and refined in a decade-long project, which explores music information retrieval based on Zipf’s law and related power laws. We describe the architecture of Monterey Mirror, which can generate musical responses based on aesthetic variations of user input. We also explore how such a system may be used as a musical meta-instrument/environment in avant-garde music composition and performance projects.
Pancreatic Lipase Hydrolysis of Cow Milk Fat

Summary Knowledge of the position of individual fatty acids within the triglycerides is necessary to the understanding of the utilization of a fat. Pancreatic lipase hydrolysis to convert triglycerides to 2-monoglycerides has been used to study this type of glyceride structure in many food fats, but it has recently been claimed that it cannot be used with cow milk fat because butyric acid is hydrolyzed more rapidly than the other acids. This study was undertaken to determine if there were conditions under which this technique could be applied validly to milk fat. The criteria set forth for the applicability of this technique were: (a) nonpreferential hydrolysis of triglyceride species; (b) absence of a substantial amount of complete hydrolysis; and (c) absence of a significant amount of acyl migration during the hydrolysis reaction. Although there was no evidence of preferential hydrolysis at the one-third stage, there was some complete hydrolysis, and acyl migration did not appear to be occurring at a significant rate. The validity of the procedures employed was demonstrated on a fat of known and unique structure, pig body fat. Therefore, the technique can give results that may be used to establish general relationships. In cow milk fat the majority of the fatty acids were found to be uniformly distributed within the glyceride, except for C 4 and C 6 , which are predominantly in the external positions, and C 16 , which tends to concentrate in the two position.
Comparison of noninvasive and central arterial blood pressure measurements in ELBW infants

The objective of this study was to evaluate the difference between noninvasive and central arterial blood pressure measurements in extremely low-birth-weight (ELBW) infants. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of infants with birth weight ⩽1000 g and who were admitted to a single center in 2005. Paired noninvasive and umbilical arterial blood pressure measurements obtained in the first 72 h were compared. The primary outcome was the differential between the paired measurements. Noninvasive blood pressure (NBP) measurements were defined as clinically acceptable if the differential between the pairs was 15% or lower. We obtained 146 pairs of measurements from 38 infants. The median absolute differences between noninvasive and arterial systolic, mean and diastolic blood pressure measurements were +18.5, +12 and +10 mm Hg, respectively (percentage differential of 43, 39 and 41%, respectively). In total 75% of the noninvasive measurements of mean blood pressure were clinically unacceptable. No patient or measurement characteristic was significantly associated with clinically unacceptable noninvasive measurements. In ELBW infants, NBP measurements substantially overestimate systolic, mean and diastolic blood pressures compared with central arterial measurements.
Organic Solar Cells: How X-ray Scattering Has Improved Our Understanding of Morphology

One of the greatest challenges facing humanity in the 21st century is providing the world's population with the energy it needs without significantly raising the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere [1]. Many studies predict that a significant fraction of our power will have to come from solar cells taking advantage of the sun bathing our planet with an average power of 120,000 TW. Solution processable organic photovoltaics (OPVs) show great promise for providing a cost-effective route for creating lightweight and flexible solar energy conversion devices [2–4]. Polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunctions (BHJ) have been intensely studied over the past decade for use as the active layer in such devices (Figure 1); one of the most popular blends consists of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), as the electron donor phase, and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), as the electron acceptor phase. In OPV devices, optical photons are absorbed in the polymer and create excitons (bound electron-hole pa...
Emerging antimicrobial-resistant infections.

The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections has changed the recommendations for the empirical therapy of community- and hospital-acquired meningitis. In the United States, approximately 34% of pneumococcal isolates are penicillin nonsusceptible, and approximately 14% are resistant to ceftriaxone. 1 More than 50% of nosocomial infections in patients in the intensive care unit are due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. 2,3 The first documented case of vancomycin-resistant S aureus was reported in the United States in 2002. 4
Off-Label Biologic Regimens in Psoriasis: A Systematic Review of Efficacy and Safety of Dose Escalation, Reduction, and Interrupted Biologic Therapy

Objectives While off-label dosing of biologic treatments may be necessary in selected psoriasis patients, no systematic review exists to date that synthesizes the efficacy and safety of these off-label dosing regimens. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate efficacy and safety of off-label dosing regimens (dose escalation, dose reduction, and interrupted treatment) with etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, ustekinumab, and alefacept for psoriasis treatment. Data Sources and Study Selection We searched OVID Medline from January 1, 1990 through August 1, 2011 for prospective clinical trials that studied biologic therapy for psoriasis treatment in adults. Individual articles were screened for studies that examined escalated, reduced, or interrupted therapy with etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, ustekinumab, or alefacept. Data Synthesis A total of 23 articles with 12,617 patients matched the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the systematic review. Data were examined for primary and secondary efficacy outcomes and adverse events including infections, malignancies, cardiovascular events, and anti-drug antibodies. The preponderance of data suggests that continuous treatment with anti-TNF agents and anti-IL12/23 agent was necessary for maintenance of disease control. Among non-responders, dose escalation with etanercept, adalimumab, ustekinumab, and alefacept typically resulted in greater efficacy than standard dosing. Dose reduction with etanercept and alefacept resulted in reduced efficacy. Withdrawal of the examined biologics led to an increase in disease activity; efficacy from retreatment did not result in equivalent initial response rates for most biologics. Safety data on off-label dosing regimens are limited. Conclusion Dose escalation in non-responders generally resulted in increased efficacy in the examined biologics used to treat moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Continuous treatment with anti-TNF agents and anti-IL12/23 agent results in superior efficacy over interrupted therapy. The decision to use off-label dosing needs to account for both benefits and risks and be individualized to patients' disease severity, quality of life, and existence of comorbidities.
Spread of effect as a function of intelligence.

A study was conducted to explore whether the spread of effect was influenced by intelligence. The experimental records of 2 matched groups of Ss with 10 high and low IQs were compared. IQ did not seem to be associated with the extent of spread of effect.
Concentrations of Tryptoline and Methtryptoline in Rat Brain

: Combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry have been used to identify and quantify tryptoline, methtryptoline, 5-hydroxytryptoline, and 5-hydroxymethtryptoline as their heptafluorobutyryl derivatives in extracts of rat brain. Tryptoline and methtryptohne were identified on the basis of their retention times and mass spectral characteristics: they were reliably detected in brain tissue extracts without interference from artifactual formation; their whole brain concentrations ranged between 0.2 and 3 ng/g; and they had a similar neu-roanatomical distribution, with the highest concentrations in the cerebellum and the cortex. Smaller quantities of 5-hydroxytryptoline and 5-hydroxymethtryptoline were also identified on the basis of their retention times and mass spectral characteristics. However, the significance of this finding is unclear, because these two compounds were accompanied by larger quantities of their tetradeuterated analogues formed from tetradeuterated-5-hydroxytryptamine added at the time of tissue homogenization; this result suggests that formation of 5-hydroxytryptoline and 5-hydroxymethtryptoline occurred during tissue homogenization, sample preparation, or both.
Preoperative use of antibiotics in colonic surgery

A retrospective study of 100 cases of elective colonic surgery is presented. The effects of antibiotic preparations on the complication rate are discussed, along with the influences of other factors and a review of the recent medical literature. Once more, it appeared that use of an antibiotic preparation was detrimental.
High-Throughput Endpoint and Real-Time Detection of Biochemical Reactions in Microarrays Using Label-Free Oblique-Incidence Reflectivity Difference Microscopes

We describe recently developed oblique-incidence reflectivity difference microscopes, a form of polarization-modulated imaging ellipsometry, for label-free detection of biochemical reactions in microarrays. Configurations enabling high-throughput endpoint and real-time detection on glass substrates are discussed.
Development of a two-body wet abrasion test method with attention to the effects of reused abradant

Abstract A simple test method has been developed to quantify the response of metals and alloys to two-body wet abrasion. A metallographic polishing machine was modified to create a disk-on-flat sliding test rig. Adhesive-backed SiC grinding papers were used under fixed load and speed to rank the abrasive wear of seven alloy steels, some of which are candidates for drill cones for geothermal drilling. Standardized two-body abrasion tests, like those described in ASTM G132, feed unused abrasive into the contact; however, the current work investigated whether useful rankings could still be obtained with a simpler testing configuration in which specimens repeatedly slide on the same wear path under water-lubricated conditions. Tests using abrasive grit sizes of 120 and 180 resulted in the same relative ranking of the alloys although the coarser grit produced more total wear. Wear decreased when the same abrasive disk was re-used for up to five runs, but the relative rankings of the steels remained the same. This procedure was presented to ASTM Committee G2 on Wear and Erosion as a potential standard test for wet two-body abrasive wear.
The Practical Realities of Implementing Progressive Social Work: A Case Example in Parenting Education

What actually happens when an agency sets out to implement progressive social work by shifting power and decision making from agency personnel to people with particular needs? Both staff and participants are thrust into roles different from those they occupy in traditional settings. Interpersonal dynamics change. New ways of making decisions evolve. Tensions arise as new ways of doing things and relating replace usual practices. This article explores what happened when an agency set out to implement progressive social work in the context of developing and implementing a parent education program in which parents designed and taught a parenting program. Results explore decision-making processes, group dynamics, inclusion, team building, program administration, and the impact of participation. Seven lessons learned are described.
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS: IT'S THE POLITY, STUPID!

This title is obviously a variation on the major theme of Bill Clinton's presidential campaign in 1992. His emphasis on the state of the U.S. economy underscored the fact that, at times, certain topics have achieved or deserve greater salience. And so, my theme is that the study and teaching of international business must place greater emphasis on political institutions, developments andbehaviors.
Stability and dehydration of alumina hydrates with the β-alumina structure

Abstract The stability of alumina hydrates with the β-alumina structure was determined over a wide range of temperature and water pressures by high temperature X-ray diffraction and thermal gravimetric analysis. There are two isomorphs, distinguished by different concentrations of intracrystalline water, which reversibly interconvert by absorption and desorption of water in the conduction planes. Quasi-equilibrium data were obtained for the composition and dehydration temperature as a function of water pressure. The hydrates are chemically stable to 700°C, then irreversibly decompose to α-Al 2 O 3 .
The role of positive charges and structural segments in the presequence of rat liver aldehyde dehydrogenase in import into mitochondria

Most mitochondrial proteins are nucleus-encoded and translated in the cytosol. They have an N-terminal presequence that allows recognition by the mitochondrial import apparatus and subsequent import into mitochondria. These presequences are rich in positive charges, mainly arginines. The role of these positive charges in the 19-amino acid presequence of rat liver aldehyde dehydrogenase was investigated by systematically replacing them with the polar but uncharged residue, glutamine. The single substitution of any of the four Arg residues in the helical segments did not affect import. Substitution of both Arg residues in the N-terminal segment (R3Q/R10Q) caused a dramatic decrease in import competence. This could be restored by using the mutant lacking the three-amino acid (RGP) linker that separates the two helical domains, determined by two-dimensional NMR (Thornton, K., Wang, Y., Weiner, H., and Gorenstein, D. G. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 19906-19914). CD and NMR spectra of the peptide corresponding to the linker-deleted presequence showed that it was substantially more prone to helix formation than the native peptide over its entire length. A similar analysis of the peptide corresponding to the R3Q/R10Q presequence revealed that this peptide was only somewhat more helical than the native peptide and that the greater helicity did not include the residues near the N terminus. It is concluded that positively charged residues in the presequence play a vital role in the import of precursor aldehyde dehydrogenase. One of the positive charges in the N-terminal helical segment of the presequence is necessary for import competence. However, if both positive charges are removed, import competence can be retained as long as the presequence is capable of forming a relatively more stable α-helix near its N terminus.
Pyrimidine Derivatives VIII: 5-Arylazopyrimidines and Their Inhibitory Effects against Transplantable Mouse Tumors

Twenty-five substituted 5-arylazopyrimidine derivatives have been prepared as potential “small molecule” antagonists of folic acid via reaction of 5-unsubstituted pyrim-idines with appropriate diazotized aniline derivatives. The antineoplastic activity of 19 of these compounds has been examined in vivo by means of a primary screening program utilizing five transplantable mouse tumors. At nontoxic dosages, several of these agents showed effective tumor growth inhibition, as evidenced by reduction in mean tumor size. Histopathological examination of mice treated with 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxy-5-phenylazopyrimidine revealed intestinal irritation and evidence of nephrotoxicity, as well as incomplete absorption of the drug.
Reconstruction of Entry, Descent, and Landing Communications for the Phoenix Mars Lander

The Interior Exploration Using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport (InSight) spacecraft landed successfully on 26 November 2018 to conduct an exploration of the interior of Mars. To ...
Effects of environmental variation on sinking rates of marine phytoplankton

The effects of environmental variables, particularly irradiance, on the sinking rates of phytoplankton were investigated using cultures of Chaetoceros gracilis Schutt and C. flexuosum Mangin in laboratory experiments; these data were compared with results from assemblages in the open ocean and marginal ice zone of the Greenland Sea. In culture experiments both the irradiance under which the diatom was grown and culture growth rate were positively correlated with sinking rates. Sinking rates (ψ) in the Greenland Sea were smallest when determined from chlorophyll (mean ψchl= 0.14 m · d−1) and biogenic silica (ψsi= 0.14 m · d−1) and greatest when determined from particulate carbon (ψc= 0.55 m · d−1) and nitrogen (ψN= 0.64 m · d−1). Field measurements indicated that variations in sinking may be associated with changes in irradiance and nitrate concentrations. Because these factors do not directly affect water density, they must be inducing physiological changes in the cell which affect buoyancy. Although a direct response to a single environmental variable was not always evident, sinking rates were positively correlated with growth rates in the marginal ice zone, further indicating a connection to physiological processes. Estimats of carbon flux at stations with vertically mixed euphotic zones indicated that approximately 30% of the daily primary production sank from the euphotic zone in the form of small particulates. Calculated carbon flux tended to increase with primary productivity.
Weakly bound hydrogen on oxygen modified Ru(001) surface

The nature of weakly bound hydrogen on metal surfaces is not fully understood and the experimental data are interpreted as being due to (1) physisorbed hydrogen, (2) chemisorbed molecular hydrogen, (3) dissociatively chemisorbed hydrogen, or (4) hydrogen chemisorbed at surface and subsurface pair sites. In this note the author reports briefly on the formation of new adsorption states of weakly bound hydrogen which are observed on an oxygen modified Ru(001) surface. The low-temperature sites are populated by dissociatively chemisorbed hydrogen: weakly bound hydrogen is the majority species and its desorption spectra resemble those of Pd(110) surfaces. The experimental system and preparation of sample were described in detail elsewhere. The ruthenium surface was cleaned by a combination of Ar/sup +/ sputtering and thermal cycling with adsorbed oxygen. The results of hydrogen adsorption on a clean Ru surface were in good agreement with published data. 26 references.
SU-E-CAMPUS-T-02: Can Pre-Treatment 4DCT-Based Motion Margins Estimates Be Trusted for Proton Radiotherapy?

Purpose: Radiotherapy motion margins are generated using pre-treatment 4DCT data. The purpose of this study is to assess if pre-treatment 4DCT is sufficient in proton therapy to provide accurate estimate of motion margins. A dosimetric assessment is performed comparing pre-treatment margins with daily-customized margins. Methods: Gold fiducial markers implanted in lung tumors of patients were used to track the tumor. A spherical tumor of diameter 20 mm is inserted into a realistic digital respiratory phantom, where the tumor motion is based on real patient lung tumor trajectories recorded over multiple days. Using “Day 1” patient data, 100 ITVs were generated with 1 s interval between consecutive scan start times. Each ITV was made up by the union of 10 tumor positions obtained from 6 s scan time. Two ITV volumes were chosen for treatment planning: ITVmean-σ and ITVmean+σ. The delivered dose was computed on i) 10 phases forming the planning ITV (“10-phase” - simulating dose calculation based on 4DCT) and ii) 50 phantoms produced from 100 s of data from any other day with tumor positions sampled every 2 s (“dynamic” - simulating the dose that would actually be delivered). Results: For similar breathing patterns between “Day 1” and any other “Day N(>1)”, the 95% volume coverage (D95) for “dynamic” case was 8.13% lower than the “10-phase” case for ITVmean+σ. For breathing patterns that were very different between “Day 1” and any other “Day N(>1)”, this difference was as high as 24.5% for ITVmean-σ. Conclusion: Proton treatment planning based on pre-treatment 4DCT can lead to under-dosage of the tumor and over-dosage of the surrounding tissues, because of inadequate estimate of the range of motion of the tumor. This is due to the shift of the Bragg peak compared to photon therapy in which the tumor is surrounded by an electron bath.
A Single Crystal Structure Determination of Tm15S22 - A New Thulium Sulfide.

Abstract The title compound has been prepared by high temperature techniques. A single crystal X-ray study has identified the structure type and composition of Tm15S22 with space group C2 m , Z = 2, a = 38.395(4) A , b = 3.8421(5) A , c = 11.141(2) A , β = 91.02(1)°; R R w = (2.56/2.95)% for 1072 independent reflections.
The preparation of 2‐O‐[1′‐14C]arachidonoyl‐1‐O‐stearoyl‐sn‐glycerol

2-O-Arachidonoyl-1-O-stearoyl-sn-glycerol is the most abundant molecular species of the 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol signaling lipids in neural tissue. The facile preparation of 2-O-[1′-14C]arachidonoyl-1-O-stearoyl-sn-glycerol from 2-O-[1′-14C]arachidonoyl-1-O-stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine at a hexane and phosphate buffer interface with phospholipase C was demonstrated on a 20 µCi scale in 83% radiochemical yield. The specific activity of the product 2-O-[1′-14C]arachidonoyl-1-O-stearoyl-sn-glycerol was 57.0 mCi/mmol and the radiochemical purity was determined to be >99% by TLC. The hydrolysis of this lipid biosynthetic intermediate with lipoprotein lipase was shown to produce 2-O-[1′-14C]arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). The 14C-radiolabeled monoacylglycerol 2-AG is an endogenous cannabinoid receptor-signaling molecule (endocannabinoid). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
6-Acylamino-2-[(alkylsulfonyl)oxy]-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione mechanism-based inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase

A study of various 2-[(alkylsulfonyl)oxy]-6-substituted-1H-isoindole-1,3-diones' inhibition of chymotrypsin compared to inhibition of HLE reveals that acylamino substitution in the 6-position increases selectivity and potency of these inhibitors for HLE. The best HLE inhibitor in this series was 6-(methylglutaryl)amino-2-[(ethylsulfonyl)oxy]-1H-isoindole-1,3-di one with a kobs/[I] = 220,000 M(-1) s(-1).
Political Attitudes in the Classroom: Is Academia the Last Bastion of Liberalism?

Academia is under attack from those who believe that college professors are uniformly leftist politically, which creates an environment of bias against conservative students and professors. Advocates have proposed an “Academic Bill of Rights” that may lead to policies to achieve intellectual diversity in faculty hiring and tenure decisions. However, little rigorous scientific research has been conducted on the political attitudes of students and faculty. Based on a survey of students and professors at the State University College at Buffalo, we find evidence that the “intellectual diversity” movement is unfounded. In particular, we find that the political views of students and professors are quite diverse, and that professors do not impose their political views upon the classroom. Our research points to the need to extend our model to other universities to place our results in a larger context, and provide valid data for use in the burgeoning intellectual diversity debate.
Frequency-Dependent Conductivity in NbSe3

The observation of a frequency-dependent conductivity ($\ensuremath{\sigma}$) and dielectric constant ($\ensuremath{\epsilon}$) in Nb${\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ is reported. In both charge-density-wave phases a strong frequency dependence and huge dielectric constant are observed below 100 MHz, with greatest effects observed at 42 K. The conductivity $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ increases smoothly from the dc value to the high-frequency ($f=100$ MHz) limit; this increase is accompanied by the reduction of $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$. A resistance-capacitance network model is suggested to account for the observed frequency dependence.
The effect of structural changes in a polyamine backbone on its DNA-binding properties.

Summary A novel analog of spermine, compound 1, 2,6 bis (N-3-aminopropylmethanamine)-1-methoxy-4-methylbenzene, has been prepared which shows DNA binding which is altered from spermine in its base pair selectivity. A fluorescence spectroscopic assay is used to compare the complexation properties of compound 1, spermine, spermidine, putrescine, and berenil binding to calf thymus DNA, poly d(AT), and poly d(GC). The results are interpreted in terms of a major groove binding motif and compared with literature values for DNA dissociation constants.
“If Only I were Thin Like Her, Maybe I Could be Happy Like Her”: The Self-Implications of Associating a Thin Female Ideal with Life Success

Women often feel dissatisfied with their appearance after comparing themselves to other females who epitomize the thin-ideal standard of beauty. The current study posits that women associate a thin-ideal female body type with positive life-success, and that it may be this psychological link that drives feelings of negativity toward the self after such upward social comparisons. The results revealed that women reported more self-dissatisfaction and less optimism about their possible future life outcomes after exposure to a thin-ideal female target that ostensibly had a successful life than when the target ostensibly had an unsuccessful life.
Effects of dialysis membranes on beta2-mieroglobulin production and cellular expression

Effects of dialysis membranes on beta 2 -microglobulin production and cellular expression. We investigated the effects of different dialysis membranes on the production of beta 2 -microglobulin (β 2 m) in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures (PBMNC) obtained from hemodialysis patients in a prospective cross-over design study. Chronic dialysis with cuprophane membrane leads to an increase in β 2 m production from 129 ± 11 ng/ml to 192 ± 23 ng/ml (P 2 m expression on their surface (from 6.1 ± 0.8% of PBMNC to 16.9 ± 3.4%, P 2 m is also decreased in dialysis patients in general, and in particular in patients chronically dialyzed with new cuprophane membrane. These effects can be reproduced by incubation of PBMNC with cuprophane membranes, and with the addition of C 5a , IL-1 and TNF in vitro. Thus, chronic dialysis with cuprophane membrane may be a factor in the genesis of high β 2 m levels and causes changes in β 2 m and HLA expression on cell surfaces.
Monolithically Integrated Piezomems SP2T Switch and Contour-Mode Filters

This paper provides the first experimental demonstration of monolithically integrated piezoelectric MEMS RF switches with contour mode filters. Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films are utilized to enable both low-voltage switch operation and filter tunability. This research leverages previous work using PZT actuators for low-voltage, wide-band switches and PZT transduced silicon resonators. The two device technologies are combined using a hybrid fabrication process that combines the key components of each device fabrication into a single unified process using silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates. The voltage tunable and switchable PiezoMEMS filter array provides a drop-in solution for frequency-agile channel selectivity.
Photodynamic effects of dyes on bacteria III. Mutagenesis by acridine orange and 500-nm monochromatic light in strains of Escherichia coli that differ in repair capability

In the presence of acridine orange (AO) and monochromatic 500-nm light, the recombination-deficient strain of Escherichia coli, WP10 (recA), showed a 15-fold increase in mutation rate over the wild-type (WP2) strain. Under the same conditions, strain Bs--1 (uvrB lexA lon) showed a 5-fold increase in mutation rate over strain WP2. In contrast, the endonuclease-deficient, strain, WP2s (uvrA), showed a lower AO-500 nm mutation rate than wild-type. The extremely high mutation rate of the recA strain cannot be due to error-prone inducible SOS repair since the inducible recA + function is absent. Repair of the AO-500 nm-induced lesions is likely due to a recA+-dependent, error-free, recombination process. It is concluded that the high mutation rates with AO-500 nm light obtained in chemostat cultures of recA and lexA strains occur as a consequence of errors during semi-conservative DNA replication in the presence of unrepaired DNA lesions.
Transitional Justice Mechanisms and Memory Narratives

Memory and Transitional Justice in Argentina and Uruguay: Against Impunity. By Francesca Lessa. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. 336 pp., hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-1-137-26938-6). Francesca Lessa's book is a welcome addition to a burgeoning literature in international relations focusing on memory and its politics. For a long time, work within the field of Memory Studies has primarily remained the purview of the humanities, while legal mechanisms of transitional justice post-conflict have been addressed by the social sciences. The main contribution of Lessa's book is in bringing these literatures together to focus on how transitional justice and memory narratives are interrelated. The book utilizes an interdisciplinary framework of “critical junctures,” these being key discursive turning points at which one can identify changes in both transitional justice mechanisms and memory narratives. While the overarching argument—that there is a mutually shaping constitutive relationship between memory and transitional justice—at first seems obvious, the way this relationship is traced is where this book truly shines. Relying on several years' worth of field work and interviews in Argentina and Uruguay, as well as thorough analysis of documents and their contexts, Lessa is able to delve deep into the nuances of these two cases. The book will be useful to scholars who are familiar with transitional justice issues in Argentina and Uruguay, and accessible to scholars who are unfamiliar with these cases. Lessa identifies four types of critical junctures that she pinpoints in both the Argentinian and Uruguayan cases, including the political moment (changes …
Allocating Storage for Extendible Arrays

Arrays are among the best understood and most widely used data structures. Yet even now, there are no satisfactory techniques for handling algorithms involving extendible arrays (where, e.g., rows and/or columns can be appended dynamically). In this paper, the problem of allocating storage for extendible arrays is examined in the light of the author's earlier work on data graphs and addressing schemes. A formal analog of the assertion that simplicity of array extension precludes simplicity of traversal (marching along rows/columns) is proved. Two strategies for constructing extendible realizations of arrays are formulated, and certain inherent limitations of such realizations are established.
Douching practices among female sex workers in Phnom Penh, Cambodia:

SummarySeveral studies indicate that douching has few benefits but numerous adverse health outcomes, including increased risk for sexually transmitted infections and HIV. No published study explores douching practices among Cambodian female sex workers. This report provides preliminary data about the prevalence and frequency of douching among female sex workers in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Survey data were obtained from 81 female sex workers who were taken into custody due to engagement in commercial sex from March to June 2011. Results showed that 91% of participants douched. The mean numbers of times douched before sex and after sex per 10 sex episodes were 4.43 (SD = 3.87) and 4.63 (SD = 3.94), respectively. Half of the participants thought that douching could help to prevent sexually transmitted infections including HIV; 24% were unsure about this. Usually, douching after sex was associated with ever obtaining an HIV test (p = .012) and was marginally associated (although not statistically significant) wi...
Exposure-based cognitive-behavioral treatment for phobic and anxiety disorders: treatment effects and maintenance for Hispanic/Latino relative to European-American youths.

Objective To examine treatment response and maintenance to exposure-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for Hispanic/Latino relative to European-American youths with phobic and anxiety disorders. Method A total of 131 Hispanic/Latino and European-American youths (aged 6–16 years) who participated in two previous clinical trials for phobic and anxiety disorders were compared along diagnostic recovery rates, clinically significant improvement, and youth- and parent-completed questionnaire scores using traditional hypothesis tests, including effect sizes, and statistical equivalence tests. Results After treatment, Hispanic/Latino and European-American youths responded similarly to exposure-based CBT in their diagnostic recovery rates and questionnaires. Effect sizes for questionnaire data were also more similar than different across the two groups. With regard to treatment maintenance, Hispanic/Latino and European-American youths also responded more similarly than differently, albeit with some variations within specific assessment points in questionnaire data. Conclusions Exposure-based CBT for phobic and anxiety disorders produced positive treatment gains and maintenance for Hispanic/Latino youths who participated in the trials. The treatment response that can be expected is generally similar (i.e., favorable) and equivalent to that found with European-American youths based on all the available indices of change.