cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased expression of p21Sdi1 in adrenocortical cells when they are placed in culture.

Abstract Expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p21Sdi1/WAF1/Cip1 was investigated in a differentiated cell type, the adrenocortical cell, at different stages of culture, from the preparation of cells from the adrenal gland to senescence after long-term growth. In bovine adrenocortical cells, expression of SDI1 was much higher in culture than in vivo. Elevation of SDI1 mRNA, accompanied by elevation of the level of a protein reacting with anti-p21Sdi1 antibodies, was observed as early as 3 h after the start of the tissue dissociation procedure used to prepare cells for culture. This level of expression was then maintained during plating and subsequent long-term growth in culture. Growth and quiescence in bovine adrenocortical cells can be modulated by inclusion or removal of FGF from the culture medium. In these cells SDI1 mRNA was not increased by long-term mitotic quiescence resulting from FGF deprivation. In cultured fetal human adrenocortical cells, SDI1 mRNA was also detected at all stages of the culture life span, including 2 days after isolation of cells from the adrenal gland and plating in culture. Midlife-span cells had higher SDI1 mRNA than senescent human fibroblasts. Clones of human adrenocortical cells nearing senescence in culture had somewhat higher SDI1 mRNA than early passage cells. Thus, SDI1 expression in adrenocortical cells is not associated with mitotic quiescence either in vivo or in vitro, yet isolation of the cells and culturing them exerts a powerful inductive influence on its expression.
SO2 removal by limestone dual alkali

The DA process has the advantages of clear solution scrubbing, high SO2 removal efficiency, low liquid to gas ratio and reliability.
Trends and Implications of Data on Notched-Bar Creep Rupture

Extended research on creep rupture of notched specimens, conducted at the University of Michigan under Air Force sponsorship, is analyzed along with recent publications of others. The combined results suggest that notch strengthening is general for all alloys studied under some test conditions and is not specific to individual materials or to a given ductility level. Quantitative explanation of notch rupture behavior in terms of unnotched-specimen properties is handicapped by present uncertainties in the basic factors controlling creep-rupture life under variable multiaxial stress.
Robust experiment design for estimating myocardial β adrenergic receptor concentration using PET

Myocardial {beta} adrenergic receptor ({beta}-AR) concentration can substantially decrease in congestive heart failure and significantly increase in chronic volume overload, such as in severe aortic valve regurgitation. Positron emission tomography (PET) with an appropriate ligand-receptor model can be used for noninvasive estimation of myocardial {beta}-AR concentration in vivo. An optimal design of the experiment protocol, however, is needed for sufficiently precise estimates of {beta}-AR concentration in a heterogeneous population. Standard methods of optimal design do not account for a heterogeneous population with a wide range of {beta}-AR concentrations and other physiological parameters and consequently are inadequate. To address this, we have developed a methodology to design a robust two-injection protocol that provides reliable estimates of myocardial {beta}-AR concentration in normal and pathologic states. A two-injection protocol of the high affinity {beta}-AR antagonist [{sup 18}F]-(S)-fluorocarazolol was designed based on a computer-generated (or synthetic) population incorporating a wide range of {beta}-AR concentrations. Timing and dosage of the ligand injections were optimally designed with minimax criterion to provide the least bad {beta}-AR estimates for the worst case in the synthetic population. This robust experiment design for PET was applied to experiments with pigs before and after {beta}-AR upregulation by chemical sympathectomy. Estimates ofmore » {beta}-AR concentration were found by minimizing the difference between the model-predicted and experimental PET data. With this robust protocol, estimates of {beta}-AR concentration showed high precision in both normal and pathologic states. The increase in {beta}-AR concentration after sympathectomy predicted noninvasively with PET is consistent with the increase shown by in vitro assays in pig myocardium. A robust experiment protocol was designed for PET that yields reliable estimates of {beta}-AR concentration in a population with normal and pathologic states. This methodology is applicable in general to optimal estimation of parameters in heterogeneous populations.« less
Self-incompatibility and other pollen-pistil interactions.

Abstract Self-incompatibility allows plants to recognize and rejectpollen from the same plant, thereby reducing inbreeding. Although in most cases self-incompatibility is controlled by a single genetic locus, recent results show that surprisingly complex signal transduction pathways and many players are involved in pollen recognition and rejection.
Acute Stress Disorder, Depression, and Tobacco Use in Disaster Workers Following 9/11

Early posttraumatic psychiatric disorders have not been well studied in disaster workers. This study examined the rates of probable acute stress disorder (ASD), probable depression, increased tobacco use, and their associated risk factors in 9/11 World Trade Center disaster workers. Surveys were obtained from 90 disaster workers (e.g., medical personnel, police, firefighters, search and rescue) 2-3 weeks after 9/11. Nearly 15% of disaster workers had probable ASD and 26% had probable depression. Probable ASD and depression were highly related to functional impairment. The risk for ASD was increased for those with 9/11-specific disaster exposures, more pre-9/11 trauma exposures, and the peritraumatic dissociative symptom of altered sense of time. Disaster workers who were younger, non-White, or who had increasing numbers of peritraumatic dissociative symptoms were more likely to have probable depression. More than half of tobacco users increased their tobacco use after 9/11. Additionally, all tobacco users with probable ASD and almost all tobacco users with probable depression increased tobacco use. Rapid mobilization of resources for early screening and intervention and health promotion campaigns aimed at improving adverse health-related behaviors may be helpful for this high-risk group.
Posterior Parietal Cortex Encodes Autonomously Selected Motor Plans

The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) of rhesus monkeys has been found to encode the behavioral meaning of categories of sensory stimuli. When animals are instructed with sensory cues to make either eye or hand movements to a target, PPC cells also show specificity depending on which effector (eye or hand) is instructed for the movement. To determine whether this selectivity retrospectively reflects the behavioral meaning of the cue or prospectively encodes the movement plan, we trained monkeys to autonomously choose to acquire a target in the absence of direct instructions specifying which effector to use. Activity in PPC showed strong specificity for effector choice, with cells in the lateral intraparietal area selective for saccades and cells in the parietal reach region selective for reaches. Such differential activity associated with effector choice under identical stimulus conditions provides definitive evidence that the PPC is prospectively involved in action selection and movement preparation.
Private Browsing: an Inquiry on Usability and Privacy Protection

Private browsing is a feature in web browsers to prevent local users from gaining information about browsing sessions. However, it is not clear how well people interpret private browsing's functionalities and what are the privacy gains from using it. Towards studying people's understanding of private browsing, we conducted a survey on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Our survey results show that (1) one third of our participants were not aware of this privacy-enhancing feature, and (2) for people who knew or even used this feature, they had various misconceptions which could put them at risk. In the end, we provide design suggestions to help address these misconceptions.
An optical technique to measure distortion in heat-treated parts in-situ

Improvements in the properties of aluminum alloys have made them more popular for structural applications. Using the different heat treatments that are available, aluminum alloys can have a wide variation in properties for different types of applications. The appropriate heat treatments of these alloys are vital in providing the properties needed for their particular applications. Moreover, understanding the effects of heat treatments that may cause distortion to a part is critical. Most of the work carried out in this field is in the form of pre- and post-treatment analysis of a part. In this study, in-situ measurements of the distortions that a heat-treated part undergoes when subjected to rapid heating to temperatures near melting followed by slow cooling were carried out. A numerical model was built to simulate the experiment and the results are compared. This study will provide much-needed insight into the complex occurrences that aluminum parts undergo during heat treatment.
A modeling study on the climate impacts of black carbon aerosols

[1] A three-dimensional interactive aerosol-climate model has been developed and used to study the climatic impact of black carbon (BC) aerosols. When compared with the model's natural variability, significant global-scale changes caused by BC aerosols occurred in surface latent and sensible heat flux, surface net long-wave radiative flux, planetary boundary layer height, convective precipitation (all negative), and low-cloud coverage (positive), all closely related to the hydrological cycle. The most significant regional change caused by BC revealed in this study is in precipitation that occurs in the tropics (shift of precipitation center in the ITCZ) and in the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (change in snow depth). Influenced by BC caused changes in cloud cover and surface albedo, the interactive model provides smaller positive all-sky forcing at the top of atmosphere (TOA) and larger negative forcing at the surface than the offline diagnostics (the direct forcings). The actual solar radiative forcings by BC derived from the interactive model also exhibit significant interannual variations that are up to 4 times as large as their means. Based on the revealed changes in cloud radiative forcing by BC, a non-Twomey-Albrecht indirect forcing by BC that alters radiative budgets by changing cloud cover via thermodynamics rather than microphysics is also defined. It has been demonstrated that with an absolute amount more than 2 times higher than that of the TOA forcing, the surface forcing by BC is a very important factor in analyzing the climatic impact of BC. The result of this study suggests that with a constant annual emission of 14 TgC, BC aerosols do not cause a significant change in global-mean surface temperature. The calculated surface temperature change is determined by a subtle balance among changes in surface energy budget as well as in the hydrological cycle, all caused by BC forcing and often compensate each other. The result of this study shows that the influences of BC aerosols on climate and environment are more significant in regional scale than in global scale. Important feedbacks between BC radiative effects and climate dynamics revealed in this study suggest the importance of using interactive aerosol-climate models to address the issues related to the climate impacts of aerosols.
Dicer is required for survival of differentiating neural crest cells

The neural crest (NC) lineage gives rise to a wide array of cell types ranging from neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system to skeletal elements of the head. The mechanisms regulating NC differentiation into such a large number of cell types remain largely unknown. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in regulating developmental events suggesting they may also play a role during NC differentiation. To determine what roles miRNAs play in differentiation of NC-derived tissues, we deleted the miRNA processing gene Dicer in NC cells using the Wnt1-Cre deleter line. We show that deletion of Dicer soon after NC cells have formed does not affect their migration and colonization of their targets in the embryo. However, the post-migratory NC is dependent on Dicer for survival. In the head, loss of Dicer leads to a loss of NC-derived craniofacial bones while in the trunk, cells of the enteric, sensory and sympathetic nervous systems are lost during development. We found that loss of Dicer does not prevent the initial differentiation of NC but as development progresses, NC derivatives are lost due to apoptotic cell death. When Dicer is deleted, both Caspase-dependent and -independent apoptotic pathways are activated in the sensory ganglia but only the Caspase-dependent apoptotic program was activated in the sympathetic nervous system showing that the specific endogenous apoptotic programs are turned on by loss of Dicer. Our results show that Dicer and miRNAs, are required for survival of NC-derived tissues by preventing apoptosis during differentiation.
Language and Culture in African Postcolonial Literature

In his article, "Language and Culture in African Postcolonial Literature," Kwaku AsanteDarko offers both conceptual basis and empirical evidence in support of the fact that critical issues concerning protest, authenticity, and hybridity in African post-colonial literature have often been heavily laden with nationalist and leftist ideological encumbrances, which tended to advocate the rejection of Western standards of aesthetics. One of the literary ramifications of nationalist/anticolonial mobilization was a racially based aesthetics which saw even the new product of literary hybridity born of cultural exchange as a mark of Western imposition and servile imitation by Africa in their literary endeavour. Asante-Darko exposes the hollowness of the hostile racial militancy of the works of Frantz Fanon and Ngugi by assessing their salient arguments from the point of view of the themes, the methodology, the language choice, and the stratagem of African literary discourse. He explains that all these aspects contain a duality born of the reconcilability of African literary aspirations on one-hand, and Western standards on the other. Last, Asante-Darko demonstrates that the African literary and cultural past cannot be reconstituted but only reclaimed and that the linguistic, thematic, and aesthetic hybridity this presupposes must be embraced to give African literature the freedom it needs to contribute its full quota to the universality of literature. Kwaku Asante-Darko, "Language and Culture in African Postcolonial Literature" page 2 of 7 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 2.1 (2000):
On the Resolvability of Defect Ensembles with Positron Annihilation Studies

Recent advances in the use of positron annihilation to study defect ensembles in and on the surfaces of metals, are pointing the way towards studies where particular positron-electron annihilation modes may be identified and studied in the presence of one another. Although a great deal is understood about the annihilation of positrons in ostensibly defect free metals, much less is understood when the positron annihilates in complex defect systems such as liquid metals, amorphous solids, or at or near the vacuum-solid interface. In this paper the results of three experiments, all of which demonstrate means by which we can resolve various positron annihilation channels from one another, will be discussed.
Infanticide/neonaticide: The outlier situation in the United States

Comparing the contemporary situation of neonaticides and infanticides in the United States with other countries reveals two salient factors: (1) The punishment and disposition exacted on women in the United States is often extreme, and (2) The unpredictability of the legal disposition in such cases is pervasive, varying from a homicide conviction to probation. This is partly due, at least initially, to cases being classified under some degree of homicide. Although the focus in this article is on neonaticides, none of the 50 states have any special infanticide or neonaticide statutes in contrast to the majority of other countries. Statutes of 50 other countries are provided in an Appendix A. A review of earlier historical and cultural approaches is given preliminary to discussion of the outlier situation presently existing in the United States.
LightSync: unsynchronized visual communication over screen-camera links

A key challenge for smartphone based visual communication over screen-camera links is imperfect frame synchronization. The difficulty arises from frame rate diversity and variability due to camera capability, lighting conditions, and system factors. On the 4 smartphone cameras we tested, the frame rate varies between 8 and 30 frames per second. If the transmit frame rate is too high, the receiver might lose original frames or capture mixed frames, which are normally not decodable. Previous systems simply reduce the effective screen frame rate to be half the camera frame capture rate, to guarantee receiving a decodable frame every other frame. This under-utilizes the transmitter side capacity and is inefficient.We achieve frame synchronization with LightSync, which features in-frame color tracking to decode imperfect frames and a linear erasure code across frames to recover lost frames. LightSync allows smooth communication between the screen and the camera at any combination of the transmit and receive frame rates, as long as the receive rate is at least half the transmit rate. This means that each receiver can scale the decoding performance with its own camera capability. Across several phones, our system can more than double the average throughput compared to previous approaches.
Knowledge management and organizational learning: An international research perspective

Purpose – This article aims to examine international studies of knowledge management (KM) and organizational learning (OL).Design/methodology/approach – The approach takes the form of a literature review of KM and OL research that focuses on a business or businesses located outside traditional Western economies.Findings – There is a need to increase research that examines KM and OL existing in different and multiple countries. Additionally, cultural factors should be included in KM and OL research analysis.Research limitations/implications – The limitation is that the only practical empirical evidence is supplied through the highlighted articles in the literature review.Originality/value – The article shows that, in order to increase the application of KM and OL research world‐wide, national culture and other geopolitical influences need to be represented in KM and OL models and measurement instruments.
Edible dry bean plant growth and NPK uptake in response to different residue management systems

A field study was conducted on a Fargo clay soil (fine, smectitic, frigid, Typic Epiaquert) to determine the influence of two navy dry edible bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars (early Upland and late-maturity C-20), four primary tillage systems (PLOW, SWEEP, STRIP, NOTILL) and two weed control methods (cultivate or non-cultivate) on plant dry matter production, nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) concentration and uptake. Plants were sampled at three growth stages that included flowering (V5), green bean (R5), and maximum growth (R8). Dry matter production in 1991 averaged 192, 1,453, and 4,350 kg ha−1 at the three growth stages, respectively, during a normal climatic season. Dry matter in 1993, a cool-wet season, was reduced to 177, 519, and 1,510 kg ha−1 for the respective stages. Maximum dry matter production in 1991 was obtained with NOTILL (4,430 kg ha−1) and in 1993 with STRIP (1,710 kg ha−1). Concentrations of NPK at all growth stages, in both years, were highest with the PLOW system. Total NPK up...
Understanding literacy: Theoretical foundations for research in media ecology

The major scholars foundational to media ecology have all shared an interest and focus in literacy. From their study of literacy and its consequences, a set of theories and approaches developed which has provided media ecologists with frameworks with which to study all other media. This essay reviews the major scholarship of Harold Innis, Eric Havelock, Marshall McLuhan, Jack Goody, Walter Ong, and Elizabeth Eisenstein, as they focused on the development of writing systems, and later, printing. The theoretical frameworks to have emerged from their inquiries are central to understanding media ecology.
Evaluating Network Processors using NetBench

The Network Processor market is one of the fastest growing segments of the microprocessor industry today. In spite of this increasing market importance, there does not exist a common framework to compare the performance of different Network Processor designs. Our primary goal in this study is to fill this gap by creating the NetBench benchmarking suite. NetBench is designed to represent Network Processor workloads. It contains 11 programs that form 18 different applications. The programs are selected from all levels of packet processing: Small, low-level code fragments as well as large application-level programs are included in the suite. These applications are representative of the Network Processor applications in the market. Using the SimpleScalar simulator to model an ARM processor, we study these programs in detail and compare key characteristics, such as instructions per cycle, instruction distribution, cache behavior, and branch prediction accuracy with the programs from MediaBench. Using statistical analysis, we show that the simulation results for the programs in NetBench have significantly different characteristics than programs in MediaBench. Finally, we present performance measurements from Intel IXP1200 Network Processor to show how NetBench can be utilized.
A physical approach to Protein Structure Prediction

We describe our global optimization method called Stochastic Perturbation with Soft Constraints (SPSC), which uses information from known proteins to predict secondary structure, but not in the tertiary structure predictions or in generating the terms of the physics-based energy function. Our approach is also characterized by the use of an all atom energy function that includes a novel hydrophobic solvation function derived from experiments that shows promising ability for energy discrimination against misfolded structures. We present the results obtained using our SPSC method and energy function for blind prediction in the 4th Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction competition, and show that our approach is more effective on targets for which less information from known proteins is available. In fact our SPSC method produced the best prediction for one of the most difficult targets of the competition, a new fold protein of 240 amino acids.
Plasminogen‐dependent fibrinolytic activity in normal human lymphocytes: Diminished lymphocyte plasminogen activator in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Discrepancies in correlations between fibrinolytic activity and metastatic potential of malignant cells has resulted in speculation on the putative role of plasminogen activators (PA) in cancer. In this report we have compared lymphocyte PA from 40 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) to normal human B- and T-lymphocytes. Lymphocytes were isolated from peripheral blood by Ficoll-Hypaque centrifugation. The B- and T-cells were further separated on nylon wool columns. Cell PA activity and cell membrane PA were determined using 3H-fibrin-coated plates with added human plasminogen. Lymphocytes did not lyse 3H-fibrin in the absence of plasminogen. Plasminogen-dependent fibrinolytic activities of normal B- and T-lymphocytes were comparable. The addition of protease inhibitors with trypsin or plasmin specificity to lymphocytes significantly inhibited normal PA, thus substantiating the serine protease spectrum of lymphocyte PA. Examination of lymphocytes from greater than 95% of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia revealed a marked decrease in lymphocyte and cell membrane PA as compared to normals. No correlation between Stage of CLL and lymphocyte PA was observed. Likewise, an inhibitor of PA in CLL lymphocytes was not detected. The function of PA in normal B-lymphocyte physiology and the potential pathogenetic role of diminished PA in CLL lymphocytes remain to be explored.
Potassium flux and sodium transport in the isolated frog skin.

Abstract The K + fluxes at the inside surface, and the short-circuit current (s.c.c.), were measured in a 20-cm 2 piece of the abdominal skin of the frogs, Leptodactylus ocellatus and Rana catesbeiana . The inside of the skin was perfused with Ringer's solution containing 42 K + circulating in a closed system including a scintillation detector. The disaappearance of radioactive material from the Ringer's solution was measured during a period greater than 3 h. A compartmental analysis was used to find out the transfer constants and unidirectional fluxes. Most of the experiments were performed under steady-state conditions. Despite the fact that the skin of L. ocellatus shows an active transport of Cl − not present in the skin of the R. catesbeiana , results in both skins were similar. The K + content of the skins was found to be in the order of 1 μequiv/cm 2 of skin surface. K + influx at the inside surface was of the order of 0.3 μequiv./cm 2 per h. The K + flux did not vary when the short-circuit condition was changed to open circuit and vice versa , or upon removal of Cl − from the Ringer. However, the Na + flux, or s.c.c. was significantly larger than the K + flux. The permeability properties for K + at the inside surface seem to be relatively independent of external electrical or ionic changes. K + flux is not directly related to the mechanism of Na + transport.
A Method for Sexing Living Pupal and Adult Yellow mealworms

While conducting nutritional studies with the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L., we found it necessary to determine the sex of living pupae and adults. Attempts to sex adults by withdrawing the genitalia from the abdomen with forceps usually resulted in the injury or death of the beetles. When a search of the literature proved of no help we examined specimens in hope of finding externally visible sexual characteristics. We found differences by which the sex of both living pupae and adults can be rapidly and reliably determined under a dissecting microscope. We have been using the characters described here to sex adults and pupae since 1967.
Social cognition and the study of clothing and human behavior

In this paper we integrate theoretical and methodological perspective involved with research in social cognition with literature from the clothing and human behavior area. We found that theory and research from cognitive psychology serve as a suitable and relevant framework for the study of clothing and human behavior. Recommendations to researchers with regards to the effective integration of these two areas were then made.
Congenital nevomelanocytic nevi: proportionate area expansion during infancy and early childhood.

Abstract Background: The way in which congenital nevomelanocytic nevi (CNN) expand relative to anatomic region during growth is relevant to decisions about optimal timing for surgical excision and assessment for malignant change. Objective: Our purpose was to determine how CNN area expands relative to anatomic region during infancy and early childhood. Methods: Forty-one small CNN in as many subjects were studied from the newborn period. Relative area (CNN area/anatomic region area) was derived for each measure. Proportionate expansion (PE), defined as change in relative area per unit time as a proportion of initial relative area, was calculated. Relative to anatomic region, area expansion of CNN is greater when PE is greater than 0, less when PE is less than 0, and at least double when PE is +1.0 or greater. Results: From the newborn period to last measure (2 to 71 months), PE ranged from −0.7 to +8.8 (median, +0.1). For 66% of CNN (27 of 41), PE was greater than 0. Nine of 39 CNN (15.4%) had PE values of +1.0 or greater during the first 6 months, compared with 1 of 26 cases (3.8%) for the interval beginning at or after 6 months. Conclusion: Disproportionately rapid area expansion of CNN may occur during early infancy, related to transient benign neoplasia, delayed pigmentation, and/or error of the methods used in the analysis.
An embryo protein induced by SV40 virus transformation of mouse cells

A specific protein of molecular weight (MW) ∼55,000 (55K) was found recently by immunoprecipitation in all SV40 virus-transformed mammalian cells1–8, in addition to the SV40 large T antigen (∼94K) and small t antigen (∼17K), which are the only proteins coded by the ‘early half’ of the SV40 genome. The 55K protein is encoded by cellular DNA; its peptide pattern is different from that of the SV40 antigens and it is species specific in mouse, rat, hamster, monkey and human SV40-transformed (or infected) cells6–9. A 55K protein with a similar peptide pattern was found in mouse embryonal carcinoma cells not exposed to SV404,5. Similar proteins were reported in mouse sarcomas and leukaemias induced by a great variety of aetiological agents and also in a spontaneously transformed mouse fibroblast cell line10, and it has been suggested that the protein may be a general correlate of cellular tumorigenicity11–13. We now report that the ∼55K protein is present in primary cell cultures from 12–14-day old mouse embryos, but not in 16-day old mouse embryos. The embryo protein has a peptide pattern virtually indistinguishable from that of the SV40-induced protein. We also show by comparing closely related cell families that spontaneously transformed highly tumorigenic mouse cells do not possess the 55K protein.
Next-generation resorbable polymer scaffolds with surface-precipitated calcium phosphate coatings.

Next-generation synthetic bone graft therapies will most likely be composed of resorbable polymers in combination with bioactive components. In this article, we continue our exploration of E1001(1k), a tyrosine-derived polycarbonate, as an orthopedic implant material. Specifically, we use E1001(1k), which is degradable, nontoxic, and osteoconductive, to fabricate porous bone regeneration scaffolds that were enhanced by two different types of calcium phosphate (CP) coatings: in one case, pure dicalcium phosphate dihydrate was precipitated on the scaffold surface and throughout its porous structure (E1001(1k) + CP). In the other case, bone matrix minerals (BMM) such as zinc, manganese and fluoride were co-precipitated within the dicalcium phosphate dihydrate coating (E1001(1k) + BMM). These scaffold compositions were compared against each other and against ChronOS (Synthes USA, West Chester, PA, USA), a clinically used bone graft substitute (BGS), which served as the positive control in our experimental design. This BGS is composed of poly(lactide co-e-caprolactone) and beta-tricalcium phosphate. We used the established rabbit calvaria critical-sized defect model to determine bone regeneration within the defect for each of the three scaffold compositions. New bone formation was determined after 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 weeks by micro-computerized tomography (μCT) and histology. The experimental tyrosine-derived polycarbonate, enhanced with dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, E1001(1k) + CP, supported significant bone formation within the defects and was superior to the same scaffold containing a mix of BMM, E1001(1k) + BMM. The comparison with the commercially available BGS was complicated by the large variability in bone formation observed for the laboratory preparations of E1001(1k) scaffolds. At all time points, there was a trend for E1001(1k) + CP to be superior to the commercial BGS. However, only at the 6-week time point did this trend reach statistical significance. Detailed analysis of the μCT data suggested an increase in bone formation from 2 through 12 weeks in implant sites treated with E1001(1k) + CP. At 2 and 4 weeks post-implantation, bone formation occurred at the interface where the E1001(1k) + CP scaffold was in contact with the bone borders of the implant site. Thereafter, during weeks 6, 8 and 12 bone formation progressed throughout the E1001(1k) + CP test implants. This trend was not observed with E1001(1k) + BMM scaffolds or the clinically used BGS. Our results suggest that E1001(1k) + CP should be tested further for osteoregenerative applications.
Noninvasive Localization of Infrainguinal Arterial Occlusive Disease in Diabetics

A retrospective review of 101 diabetics without aortoiliac disease was carried out to analyze the ability of various noninvasive tests to predict the level of significant (>50% stenosis) infrainguinal arterial disease. Patients were studied with anklebrachial indices (ABI), toebrachial indices (TBI), segmental pulse volume recordings (PVR), segmental pressures (SEGP), segmental Doppler waveforms (DWF), and arteriography. Results were classified as normal, disease at the femoropopliteal level, infrapopliteal level, or both levels (multilevel), or noninterpretable. Our findings for the entire study showed that, as a single test, DWF appears to have the best angiographic correlation, although the summed diagnosis of combined DWF and PVR data is superior in distinguishing multilevel disease from isolated tibial disease. SEGP are of very limited use in diabetics, even in multimodality testing, and we no longer include that test in our routine evaluation of diabetics.
National School Lunch Program Participation and Child Body Weight

This paper examines the relationship between National School Lunch Program (NSLP) participation and body weight using longitudinal data for public school children in grades 1–12. NSLP participation is associated with higher body weight among girls, but not boys. Quantile regression results show higher body mass index percentile for girls between the 25th–90th quantiles (whereas associations occur at the 75th–85th quantiles for boys and are smaller in magnitude compared to girls. Accounting for time-invariant unobserved heterogeneity, individual-level fixed effects models found no significant effect of NSLP participation for the full sample or by gender, suggesting that the associations are not causal.
Contralateral Suppression of Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission in Children with Auditory Processing Disorders

Abstract Previous research has demonstrated that the amplitude of evoked emissions decreases in human subjects when the contralateral ear is stimulated by noise. The medial olivocochlear bundle (MOCB) is believed to control this phenomenon. Recent research has examined this effect in individuals with auditory processing disorders (APD), specifically with difficulty understanding speech in noise. Results showed transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) were not affected by contralateral stimulation in these subjects. Much clinical research has measured the function of the MOCB through TEOAEs.This study will use an alternative technique, distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs), to examine this phenomenon and evaluate the function of the MOCB. DPOAEs of individuals in a control group with normal hearing and no significant auditory processing difficulties were compared to the DPOAEs of children with significant auditory processing difficulties.Results showed that the suppression effect was observed in the control group at 2 kHz with 3 kHz of narrowband noise. For the auditory processing disorders group, no significant suppression was observed.Overall, DPOAEs showed suppression with contralateral noise, while the APD group levels increased overall.These results provide further evidence that the MOCB may have reduced function in children with APD.
Is Liberalism Now an Essentially Contested Concept

In contemporary English-language political theory, conversations between liberals and their critics have been largely superseded by arguments among those placing themselves under the liberal umbrella. As the debate among those calling themselves liberals has widened, so the meaning of liberalism and construction of the liberal tradition have become increasingly contested. It is therefore appropriate to consider whether liberalism is now an essentially contested concept. Gallie's original argument about essentially contested concepts is reconstructed and evaluated and a number of contemporary approaches to liberalism are considered in its light. The significance of the passage of time is examined, and some of the theoretical and practical changes that might have contributed to liberalism becoming essentially contested are outlined. The consequences for critical thinking and fundamental criticisms of society and polity are raised, and it is suggested that liberalism provides normative resources for a societ...
The results of the VLSI implementation of high performance switched-capacitor analog building blocks

The results of a VLSI implementation of CMOS custom integrated circuit featuring high performance programmable switched capacitor analog building blocks is presented. The networks realized are based on the composite op amps, previously introduced and known for their extended bandwidth and reduced active and passive sensitivities. For proof of concept, a CMOS chip was designed and manufactured featuring two different SC composite op amps, and based on a stray insensitive design. Experimental results of the 40 pin prototype chips verified the design concept that was demonstrated theoretically and using SPICE simulation. The results clearly demonstrate the enhanced characteristics of these family of composite op amps when utilized in different applications.
LXVIII. New outlines of chemical philosophy

(1816). LXVIII. New outlines of chemical philosophy. The Philosophical Magazine: Vol. 48, No. 223, pp. 342-345.
Special Considerations for the Supervision of Home-Based Counselors.

Home-based counseling is often the most effective intervention for families that have a child at risk for removal from the home. Whereas the process of home-based counseling has received a fair amo...
The liquid helium system of ATLAS

Starting in 1978 with one small refrigerator and distribution line, the LHe system of ATLAS (Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System) has gradually grown into a complex network, as required by several enlargements of the superconducting linac. The cryogenic system now comprises three refrigerators, 11 helium compressors, approximately 340 ft of coaxial LHe transfer line, three 1000-l Dewars, and approximately 76 LHe valves that deliver steady-state flowing LHe to 16 beam-line cryostats. In normal operation, the refrigerators are linked to provide cooling where needed. LHe heat exchangers in distribution lines play an important role. Design features of the system, including the logic of the controls that permit the coupled refrigerators to operate stably in the presence of large and sudden changes in heat load, are discussed. >
ASSESSING WOMEN'S EXPERIENCES OF SEXUAL AGGRESSION USING THE SEXUAL EXPERIENCES SURVEY: Evidence for Validity and Implications for Research

In this study we examined the ability of a modified Sexual Experiences Survey (SES; Koss, Gidycz, & Wisniewski, 1987) to assess sexual victimization among a local community sample of women (n = 1,014). Women who reported sexual victimization were interviewed regarding the most recent incident. Those who responded negatively to all SES items were asked whether they had ever feared they would be sexually assaulted but were not, and to describe that incident. Independent coders read a subset of transcripts (n = 137) and classified each incident as reflecting: one of the SES items, a form of unwanted sex not included on the SES, or not unwanted sex. Coders viewed nearly all incidents elicited by the SES as reflecting some type of unwanted sex. Respondent-coder agreement for rape and coercion incidents was high, but low for contact and attempted rape incidents. The SES scoring continuum, reflecting objective severity of acts, was only modestly associated with subjective trauma associated with rape, attempted r...
Expression of ovule and integument‐associated genes in reduced ovules of Santalales

1Present address: National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility, USDA-ARS, Aberdeen, ID 83210, USA SUMMARY Santalales comprise mainly parasitic plants including mistletoes and sandalwoods. Bitegmic ovules similar to those found in most other angiosperms are seen in many members of the order, but other members exhibit evolutionary reductions to the unitegmic and ategmic conditions. In some mistletoes, extreme reduction has resulted in the absence of emergent ovules such that embryo sacs appear to remain embedded in placental tissues. Three santalalean representatives (Comandra, Santalum, and Phoradendron), displaying unitegmic, and ategmic ovules, were studied. Observed ovule morphologies were consistent with published reports, including Phoradendron serotinum, which we interpret as having reduced ategmic ovules, consistent with earlier reports on this species. For further understanding of the nature of the ovule reductions we isolated orthologs of the Arabidopsis genes AINTEGUMENTA (ANT) and BELL1 (BEL1), which are associated with ovule development in this species. We observed ovular expression of ANT and BEL1 in patterns largely resembling those seen in the integumented ovules of Arabidopsis. These genes were found to be expressed in the integument of unitegmic ovules and in the surface layers of ategmic ovules, and in some cases, expression of BEL1 was also observed in the surrounding carpel tissue. We hypothesize that ategmic ovules derive from a fusion of the integuments with the nucellus or that the nucellus has taken on some of the characteristics confined to integuments in ancestral species.
Electromagnetic-field theory and numerically generated results for propagation in left-handed guided-wave single-microstrip structures

Dispersion diagrams and magnetic- and electric-field distributions are found for a microstrip structure containing a simple left-handed medium (LHM). The LHM material constituting the substrate has characteristics chosen to overlap with potentially realizable substances. Calculations are done using a fast solver anisotropic Green's function spectral-domain computer code. The theoretical-field method, valid for complex layered structures and anisotropies in the LHM, underlying the computational procedure, which is critical for finding the dispersion diagrams and field distributions, is presented. It is found that the dispersion diagrams and field distributions are very unusual and admit the possibility of completely new device realizations based on combining LHM with conventional materials in a multilayered configuration.
Competing Motivational Discourses for Weight Loss: Means to Ends and the Nexus of Beauty and Health:

Western cultural discourses generally deem fat unhealthy and unattractive, providing strong motivation for body nonconformists to lose weight. Semistructured interviews with 42 overweight and obese participants illuminate how individuals understand health and beauty weight-loss motivations and the relationship between the two. Interviews indicate that health and beauty motivate because they are seen as means to various ends. Specifically, participants aspire to health to fulfill various social roles and to live long, meaningful lives. Moreover, they aspire to conventional beauty ideals hoping that aesthetic conformity will elicit benefits, both psychological and social. Interviews also illustrate an intertwining of discourses in which participants conflate beauty and health in three ways: indicating that depictions of the beauty ideal are depictions of the health ideal; using beauty indicators as health indicators; and employing beauty as a motivator for health goals. This article concludes with a discussion of the health, social, and policy implications of these findings.
Role of Free Radicals in Primary Nonfunction of Marginal Fatty Grafts from Rats Treated Acutely with Ethanol

Acute treatment with one large dose of ethanol, which mimics binge drinking, causes marginal fatty liver and decreases survival significantly after liver transplantation in rats, yet mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, we evaluated the possible role of free radicals in primary nonfunction caused by acute ethanol. Female donor rats were administered ethanol (5 g/kg orally) 20 hr before explantation, and grafts were stored in UW cold storage solution for 24-42 hr before implantation. Free radicals were trapped with alpha-(4-pyridyl 1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone after transplantation, and adducts were detected using electron spin resonance spectrometry. Ethanol increased a carbon-centered radical adduct in bile approximately 2-fold and elevated serum lipid hydroperoxides approximately 4-fold. Ethanol also increased transaminase release 3.7-fold and decreased bile production by 55%. Catechin, a free radical scavenger, minimized the increase in free radicals, blunted transaminase release, and elevated bile production significantly, indicating that free radical production plays an important role in ethanol-induced fatty graft injury. GdCl3 (20 mg/kg intravenously), a selective Kupffer cell toxicant, largely blocked the increases in free radical and lipid hydroperoxide production caused by ethanol. In addition, ethanol nearly doubled white blood cell adhesion after transplantation, leading to increased superoxide production in fatty grafts. GdCl3 largely blocked leukocyte adhesion as well as superoxide production. Allopurinol, an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, also diminished free radical production, blunted transaminase release, and improved bile production in fatty grafts significantly. Taken together, we conclude that free radical formation increases in ethanol-induced fatty grafts due mainly to activation of Kupffer cells and increased adhesion of white blood cells. Antioxidants can effectively block free radical formation and minimize injury to marginal fatty grafts caused by binge drinking.
Congressional Candidate Dan Silver and KNP Communications (TN)

In the 2006 election cycle, Dan Silver was challenging a popular 26-year incumbent for the U.S. congressional seat in Florida's 19th Congressional District. To win the election, Silver needed to find a way to relate to his voters on a personal level. Silver's campaign manager advised him to work with consulting firm KNP Communications. Over the course of a few sessions, Silver worked with the KNP team to learn techniques that would help him project warmth and authenticity. On election night, Silver wondered if KNP's training had allowed him to successfully connect with his voters, and more importantly, if this personal connection mattered more to voters than his competence and skills. Some information in this case has been disguised.
Research Note: Morphology of a Putative Secretory Cell in the Bursa of Fabricius of the Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)

Abstract In this report, we identify in the medulla of the starling’s bursa, a cell that resembles the secretory cell previously revealed in the bursa of the chicken. The secretory cell possessed prominent cytoplasm, internal granules, a ruffled surface, and a medium dense substance on the cell surface.