cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Barbiturate Anesthesia Blocks the Positive Feedback Effect of Progesterone, but not of Estrogen, on Luteinizing Hormone Release in Ovariectomized Guinea Pigs*

In female rats, pentobarbital anesthesia blocks estrogen- or progesterone-induced LH release. This experiment was designed to test the effects of barbiturates on the steroidinduced LH surge in the female guinea pig. Animals were housed in a light-controlled room (lights on from 0600–1800 h) and ovariectomized 2 weeks before the experiment. Blood samples were obtained through a chronic indwelling catheter. Plasma LH was estimated by RIA. Estradiol benzoate alone (EB; 10 fig injected sc at 1000 h) or EB (1.5 μg injected sc at 1000 h) folowed by progesterone (P4; 1.0 mg sc) 30 h later consistently induced an LH suige between 33–42 h after EB (10 μg) or between 6–12 h after P4. Multiple injections of pentobarbital (30 mg/kg), starting at 30 h after EB, or a single injection of phenobarbital (100 mg/kg), starting at 27 h after EB, were given before the expected LH surge in both EB alone and EB plus P4-treated animals. Animals slept for about 15 h under multiple injections of pentobarbital and for about 35 h un...
The Art of Disengagement: Edward Weston and Ansel Adams

Edward Weston (1886–1958) and Ansel Adams (1902–1984) were two of the foremost American photographers of the twentieth century. In their own day Weston and Adams attracted the attention of both critics and collectors, and more recently they have been given prominent places in the scholarship and exhibitions accompanying photography's 150th anniversary. These two Californians were good friends, achieved an influential modernist aesthetic, and created images with an enduring power and grace. They concentrated upon natural subjects, Adams tending towards monumental depictions of hulking mountains or clouds, and Weston tending more toward intense close ups of smaller objects such as fruits and vegetables. Such subjects were consistent with their deepest principles, for Weston and Adams believed that the artist should remain beyond the turmoil and confusion of current events, and instead focus upon the more enduring and transcendent qualities of nature. Thus stability and solidity became the leitmotifs of Adams's art, and even in those photographs where he included some turbulence to counterbalance the granite of his compositions – images such as Nevada Fall, Yosemite National Park (c. 1946) (figure 1) – Adams usually chose to focus upon the rush of a mountain stream or some other natural movement, rather than the social or political currents of his day. Likewise Weston brought a deep timelessness to his photographs. Images like Shell (1927) (figure 2) seem to hover in a decontextualized void of shimmering geometrical shapes, and have little connection to the predatory forces or environmental disasters that may have threatened a particular mollusk.
Relationship Between Caregiver Burden and Health-Related Quality of Life

This study tested the cross-sectional relationship between caregiver burden and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among 1,594 caregivers of veterans identified to qualify for formal home care. A two-stage model found that familial relationship, coresidence, and low income predicted objective burden. Coresidence also predicted subjective burden, whereas being African American was protective. In the full model, spousal relationship, low income, and burden were associated with poor HRQOL scores. Total variance explained in HRQOL ranged from 14% to 29%, with objective burden contributing more than subjective burden. These findings suggest a direct effect of objective burden on caregiver HRQOL, indicating a need among caregivers for assistance in caring for disabled family members.
Anorexia nervosa: the treatment of a male case with combined behavioural and family therapy

The successful treatment of a case of anorexia nervosa in a 14-year-old boy is described in this paper. The treatment comprised an initial month-long hospital-based behavioural weight gain programme. Concurrently a family evaluation was conducted. Family therapy, involving the parents only, was conducted over a subsequent four month period. The management of a relapse four months after the termination of treatment is described and information obtained at 9 and 16 month follow up is presented.
Speech perception under adverse conditions: insights from behavioral, computational, and neuroscience research

Adult speech perception reflects the long-term regularities of the native language, but it is also flexible such that it accommodates and adapts to adverse listening conditions and short-term deviations from native-language norms. The purpose of this article is to examine how the broader neuroscience literature can inform and advance research efforts in understanding the neural basis of flexibility and adaptive plasticity in speech perception. Specifically, we highlight the potential role of learning algorithms that rely on prediction error signals and discuss specific neural structures that are likely to contribute to such learning. To this end, we review behavioral studies, computational accounts, and neuroimaging findings related to adaptive plasticity in speech perception. Already, a few studies have alluded to a potential role of these mechanisms in adaptive plasticity in speech perception. Furthermore, we consider research topics in neuroscience that offer insight into how perception can be adaptively tuned to short-term deviations while balancing the need to maintain stability in the perception of learned long-term regularities. Consideration of the application and limitations of these algorithms in characterizing flexible speech perception under adverse conditions promises to inform theoretical models of speech.
Metabolic and storage lung diseases: spectrum of imaging appearances

Metabolic and storage diseases constitute a heterogeneous group of disorders that occur in the setting of altered biochemical homeostasis. Many of these disorders affect the lungs, either exclusively or as part of a systemic syndrome. For example, amyloidosis can be limited to the tracheobronchial tree or involve the kidneys, lungs and heart. The indolent course of some of these disorders and the non-specific clinical symptoms often result in a diagnostic challenge. Imaging, particularly high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), is an invaluable asset in the diagnosis of these clinical conditions. Some metabolic and storage diseases have characteristic HRCT appearances, helping narrow the differential diagnosis. Correlation of the radiological and histopathological findings of this group of diseases has also helped improve understanding of these disorders. In addition, CT can offer guidance when tissue sampling is warranted and aid in histopathological diagnosis. This article describes the pertinent clinical features of the more common metabolic and storage diseases affecting the lungs, illustrates their respective HRCT findings and provides the relevant differential diagnosis.
Cell-Phone-Enabled Empowerment of Woman Earning Less than $1/Day

Cell phones are the fastest spreading information technology (IT) in the developing world, with a penetration rate of over 61%. Hence, there is a growing interest among governments, investors, banking industries, and retail giants like Wal-Mart to exploit this emerging channel of communication for offering services and expanding businesses to more than 3 billion poor consumers earning less than $2 per day. In response, a number of micro (individual), meso (community), and macro (regional/ national)-level research inquiries and consumer surveys have investigated what makes cell phones a desirable and affordable technology for people earning less than $2 per day. These multidisciplinary studies and market surveys have revealed links between access to cell phones and socio-economic opportunities for disadvantaged populations from developing nations
Corticotropin Releasing Factor, the Amygdaloid Complex, and Depression: A Hypothetical Interrelationship

The neurochemical basis of the pathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of affective disorders has been the subject of much speculation and theorization. The early biogenic amine theories postulated a critical role for norepinephrine and serotonin in the etiology of depression (Schildkraut 1965; Jesberger and Richardson 1985) and the mechanism of action of antidepressant (Sulser et al. 1978; de Montigny and Aghajanian 1978). More recently, the concept of a peptidergic basis of depression has received considerable investigative attention (Nemeroff and Bissette 1986) with the majority of interest focused on the 41 amino acid neuropeptide corticotropin releasing factor (CRF; Nemeroff 1990). This discussion attempts to expand the involvement of CRF in depressive disorders to include specific actions in the amygdaloid complex, an integral component of the limbic system. To this end, a brief discussion of the evidence implicating CRF in depression is presented, followed by a review of evidence linking the amygdaloid complex and depressive disorders, and, finally, the case for a role of CRF as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the amygdaloid complex is presented. The causal relationships proposed result from our contention that the amygdaloid nuclear complex represents a common anatomical substrate for a seemingly diverse group of psychiatric disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, depression, anxiety) which utilize distinct amygdaloid neurotransmitter systems as elements of neutral circuits mediating affected behaviors.
Chapter 3 – Equations, Inequalities, and Modeling

This chapter provides an overview of equations by constructing models to solve problems with one variable, solving equations with two variables, with quadratic, rational, radical, and absolute value. The chapter shows how to solve inequality equations and explains intervals and complex numbers.
Visiting the Other Side: The Roller Coaster Ride Continues!

It was 2 months before my wife’s 40th birthday and the planning had begun. In general, I have always tried to sequence the planning of important events with enough cushion time in between to avoid facing any conflicts and to also avoid missing out on the opportunity to celebrate life’s most precious milestones. For instance, to the best we could, we planned our daughter’s birth the month before my 6th New York City Marathon, this allowed for enough time to gracefully welcome her into the world and still train for the run and have family by my side to cheer me on the side lines. It was not atypical then for me to concomitantly plan what would be my next surgery and a surprise party for my wife in a sequence where I could still plot out training runs for my 14th New York City Marathon.
Scholars and learners: a case study of new library spaces at Indiana University

Purpose – This case study aims to describe the renovations and intended functions for rooms; explain the different design approaches implemented for the different end-user populations; provide an overview of traditional, new and non-library services for which spaces were designed; briefly explain training and planning; and describe the spaces and services that function well and those that do not. Indiana University Libraries completed two significant renovations in late 2014. They renovated the Learning Commons, which is a 27,000 square feet (SQF) facility designed to meet the needs of undergraduate students, and they created the Scholars’ Commons, which is a 15,000 SQF facility supporting graduate student and faculty research. Design/methodology/approach – Both spaces were thoughtfully designed to support new and traditional library services, as well as services supported by non-library units. Staff training and service planning took place during the construction process, with the goal of having outstand...
A learning model adaptive estimator for an automated guided vehicle

An adaptive estimator and a learning system were researched and developed to enhance the position estimation capabilities of a landmark-tracking mobile robot. The need for two adaptation subsystems for advanced position estimation is a direct consequence of the two inherent situations affecting a vehicle. For positional errors which consistently recur during operation, a system identification process was developed in which general system parameters were estimated to adapt to recurring errors as the robot traversed its path. A maximum-likelihood estimation scheme was incorporated into the vehicle's navigation system to accomplish the system identification. For intermittent positional errors resulting from regional anomalies, a learning system was developed to deal with the errors. A neural network scheme was used to affect the learning of the error characteristics and occurrences. This knowledge was then used to correct the vehicle's behavior during the appropriate path segments. Results of simulation and implementation tests indicated that both algorithms work well. The simulations were performed with and without noise perturbations, with excellent results for both algorithms in both situations. Results of implementing the algorithms on the vehicle showed that the proposed adaptive estimator and learning system can be used in an effective way to enhance the accuracy of a mobile robot's position estimation process by calibrating the navigation system model and by diminishing regionally dependent positional errors.
Parallel discovery of multiple chemotypes antagonizing p53/mdm2/mdmx

A266 We describe a general and new fragment-based approach, which can be used for the efficient and rapid discovery of multiple chemotypes of hit compounds. This approach is based on the identification of an important fragment using existent structures from the pdb and from literature. The fragment is used as a starting material to produce virtual compound libraries leaned on a database of >500 different multi component reaction (MCR) scaffolds. These compound libraries are docked/modeled into the published pdb structure of interest, with the constraint of sterical fixation of the fragment as apparent from the structural information. The ranking list is manually inspected for consistency. The selected “best” compounds are picked and rapidly synthesized in the wet-lab using convergent MCR chemistry and thereafter screened for activity. We will demonstrate the new technique for the protein protein interaction p53/mdm2, where we have been able to rapidly discover several unprecedented antagonist classes which are “drug-like” and straight-forward to optimize using MCR chemistry. Moreover, we where able to discover a dual-action p53/mdm2/mdm4 scaffold. All our hits have been structurally confirmed by NMR spectroscopy with labeled mdm2/mdmx. This approach has several potential advantages over other fragment-based approaches. In principle it is not dependant on expensive techniques (nmr, x-ray). It smoothly passages from a fragment into several new “drug-like” scaffolds without using often artificial linker chemistry. It potentially enhances successful advancement of a project towards clinical translation due to the progression and preclinical optimization of several chemotypes in parallel.
The evolution of commute work in the resource sectors in Canada and Australia

Abstract Commute work in the resource sectors is characterized by rotational schedules, extended workdays and (usually) company-paid transportation and camp accommodations. In both Canada and Australia these work arrangements have become standard practice since the 1980s, replacing the earlier permanent residential resource town approach. Originally designed to address labour supply and permanent settlement problems in remote areas, the commodities boom of the 2000s, combined with limited labour supply and infrastructure availability, particularly housing, has seen the commute model adopted for resource operations near existing towns and even in such towns. The recent downturn in commodity prices suggests that “lean production” will be an important consideration for resource companies into the next growth cycle, further encouraging use of the commute model and placing further pressures on existing communities to accept this approach. Demand for labour will also likely to continue to encourage companies to target specific source communities for workers. The paper summarizes the evolution of the use of the commute model in Canada and Australia and considers how it might continue to evolve in the future.
Phase Behavior of Binary Blends of Four Different Waxes

The objective of this study was to investigate the phase behavior of binary blends of four waxes—beeswax (BW), paraffin wax (PW), sunflower wax (SFW), and rice bran wax (RBW)—using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized light microscopy (PLM). Blends of BW/PW, RBW/PW, SFW/PW, SFW/RBW, SFW/BW, and RBW/BW were crystallized in a DSC, and their melting behavior was used to build binary phase diagrams. The microstructure of the crystalline networks formed in these blends was analyzed using PLM. BW/PW, SFW/PW, SFW/BW, and RBW/BW blends showed eutectic phase behavior, while RBW/SFW showed continuous solid solution and the RBW/PW blend showed monotectic behavior. Results from the box-counting fractal dimension (D b ) measurement of crystal morphology showed higher D b values for the 20 and 80 % wax blends, irrespective of crystallization temperature or wax type. D b values of single waxes decrease as temperature increases.
Domestic Procedures on Serious International Crimes: Interaction between International and Domestic Jurisprudence and Ways Forward for Domestic Authorities

The Hungarian Public Prosecutor’s Office rejected an application related to the eventual responsibility of Hungary’s ex-minister of interior Bela Biszku for persecutions on political ground and other inhuman acts possibly constituting crimes against humanity committed after the 1956 revolution. The rejection by both the Metropolitan and Public Prosecutor’s Office was followed by great astonishment among criminal and international lawyers in Hungary, mainly because the decision simply omitted to genuinely examine whether the acts could constitute crimes against humanity, resulting in rejection of the complaint due to elapse of time. This case demonstrates a problem that is not restricted to Hungary only, namely the uneasiness of domestic prosecutorial and judicial institutions to deal with international law. The article examines the various reasons leading to this problem, from training and education to lack of individual motives and lack of adequate systems resulting in a largely poor attitude to international law in the domestic fora.
Quasilinear Integration of Elasto-Plastic Shells

A method of solution for large deflection elasto-plastic shells of revolution is developed using numerical integration of quasilinearized equations. The work presented here uses a suppression scheme, originally developed by Goldberg for linear elastic shells of revolution problem, for the large deflection elastic-plastic analysis of shells of revolution. Sander’s large deflection theory for shells of revolution is adopted with incremental elastic-plastic constitutive relations and the Prandtl-Reuss flow rule associated with isotropic material hardening behavior. The solution method for large-deflection elastic problems is validated by considering a torus under external pressure. To verify the solution for large-deflection elastic-plastic problems, an annular plate subjected to edge loadings is solved. Results obtained compare well with previous theoretical and experimental solutions.
ARE STINK BADGERS SKUNKS? IMPLICATIONS OF NEUROANATOMY FOR MUSTELID PHYLOGENY

External brain morphology of stink badgers (Mydaus javanensis and Suillotaxus marchei) is compared with that of badgers, skunks, and other mustelids through the use of endocranial casts. Stink badgers and skunks resemble each other and differ from all other living mustelids in having relatively larger olfactory bulbs and a less expanded neocortex, particularly in temporal and occip- ital regions. Brains of some of the earliest mustelids, 20 to 25 million years ago, already had advanced beyond the condition seen in modern stink badgers and skunks. Because the resemblances between brains of stink badgers and skunks are primitive features, alone they carry little weight for assessing phylogenetic affinities; taken in conjunction with similarities in anatomy of the middle ear and dental morphology, they support the suggestion that the two groups are phylo- genetically close.
Mayflies and Old Bulls: Organization Persistence in State Interest Communities

Many conventional accounts of lobbying communities emphasize towering differences in political influence between for-profit and not-for-profit and public organizations and between institutions and membership groups or associations. A central cause of these differences in influence is said to be differences in the persistence of these types of groups in a lobbying system. We test this hypothesis by examining the short-term turnover of organized interests in state interest communities in the 1990s. While we find evidence of substantial year-to-year turnover in lobby registrations, we find little support for the conventional wisdom about the distribution of persistence among types of organizations. Contrary to expectations, institutions are markedly less persistent than membership groups and associations, and for-profit interests are no more persistent, on average, than not-for-profit interests.
Properties of Dielectric Thin Films Formed by Laser Evaporation

The technique of laser evaporation for the deposition of thin films has been applied to a large class of materials including oxides, fluorides and II–VI semiconductors. The evaporations were performed in high vacuum or under O2 pressures of 10−3 Torr, on several types of substrates, by using CO2 lasers in CW and pulse modes. The thin films thus obtained have been characterized for their structural, optical and electrical properties. Entire ranges of mixtures in several binary systems (e.g., SnO2-SiO2), have been obtained by coevaporation, using mirrors to steer the laser beam among sources. Conditions that affect the stoichiometry and structural properties (laser parameters, background pressure, evaporation rate, substrate temperature) have been established for each material system. Differences in the evaporation behavior of materials under CW and pulsed conditions have been investigated for the case of ZnO. Present and future applications of this technique in the optical devices field are also discussed.
Comparing the Structural Stability of PbS Nanocrystals Assembled in fcc and bcc Superlattice Allotropes

We investigated the structural stability of colloidal PbS nanocrystals (NCs) self-assembled into superlattice (SL) allotropes of either face-centered cubic (fcc) or body-centered cubic (bcc) symmetry. Small-angle X-ray scattering analysis showed that the NC packing density is higher in the bcc than in the fcc SL; this is a manifestation of the cuboctahedral shape of the NC building block. Using the high-pressure rock-salt/orthorhombic phase transition as a stability indicator, we discovered that the transition pressure for NCs in a bcc SL occurs at 8.5 GPa, which is 1.5 GPa higher than the transition pressure (7.0 GPa) observed for a fcc SL. The higher structural stability in the bcc SL is attributed primarily to the effective absorption of loading force in specific SL symmetry and to a lesser extent to the surface energy of the NCs. The experimental results provide new insights into the fundamental relationship between the symmetry of the self-assembled SL and the structural stability of the constituent NCs.
Increased Use of Care Management Processes and Expanded Health Information Technology Functions by Practice Ownership and Medicaid Revenue

Practice ownership and Medicaid revenue may affect the use of care management processes (CMPs) for chronic conditions and expansion of health information technology (HIT). Using a national cohort of medical practices, we compared the use of CMPs and HIT from 2006/2008 to 2013 by practice ownership and level of Medicaid revenue. Poisson regression models estimated changes in CMP use, and linear regression estimated changes in HIT, by practice ownership and Medicaid patient revenue, controlling for other practice characteristics. Compared with physician-owned practices, system-owned practices adopted a greater number of CMPs and HIT functions over time (p < .001). High Medicaid revenue (≥30.0%) was associated with less adoption of CMPs (p < .001) and HIT (p < .01). System-owned practices (p < .001) and community health centers (p < .001) with high Medicaid revenue were more likely than physician-owned practices with high Medicaid revenue to adopt CMPs over time. System and community health center ownership appear to help high Medicaid practices overcome CMP adoption constraints.
High-Definition Fiber Tractography in the Evaluation and Surgical Planning of Lhermitte-Duclos Disease: A Case Report

Background Preoperative delineation of normal tissue displacement patterns in Lhermitte-Duclos disease has not been feasible with conventional imaging means. Surgical resection of this type of lesion remains challenging, because the boundaries of the lesion are indistinguishable during surgery. Case Description The clinical presentation, preoperative and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, high-definition fiber tractography (HDFT) and histopathological studies, are presented in a 46-year-old male subject with symptomatic Lhermitte-Duclos disease. HDFT was performed using a quantitative anisotropy-based generalized deterministic tracking algorithm to define fiber tracts. Displacement of the cerebellar and brainstem tracts on the affected side was performed using the unaffected contralateral side as a comparison. The displacement of the normal tissues was not apparent on preoperative MRI but was immediately evident on the preoperative HDFT. Of note, there was a relative paucity of fiber tracts within the lesion. By tailoring our operative boundaries based on the HDFT findings, we were able to spare the displaced fiber tracts when debulking the tumor. Restoration of normal fiber tract anatomy on postoperative HDFT imaging was correlated with clinical resolution of preoperative symptoms. Conclusions This case report suggests that HDFT may be a powerful surgical planning tool in cases of Lhermitte-Duclos disease, in which the pattern of normal tissue displacement is not evident with conventional imaging, allowing maximal lesion resection without damage to the unaffected tracts. Therefore, this report contributes to solving the greatest challenge when operating on this type of lesion, which has not been resolved in any previous report in our review of the English literature.
Electron microscopy of small intestinal mucosa in pancreatic insufficiency.

The mechanism of fat absorption in pancreatic insufficiency was investigated in 4 patients. Jejunal contents were analyzed chemically, and jejunal mucosal biopsies were studied electron microscopically after intragastric test meals. Low amounts of lipolytic activity were found in postprandial jejunal contents; lipolysis of the test meal was reduced, but 2 ± 0.7 mm free fatty acid was solublilized in the aqueous phase of intestinal contents. In spite of these appreciable quantities of solubilized free fatty acids, no evidence of fat absorption was detected morphologically. Lipolysis, and the number of fat droplets in absorptive cells, could be normalized by adding 5 g of pancreatic enzymes to the test meal, indicating that there was no intrinsic mucosal defect. Fat absorption was also morphologically normal after feeding a predigested meal whose enzymes were inactivated, suggesting that pancreatic enzymes did not play a major role in enhancing absorption of solubilized free fatty acid. Lipolysis was low and mucosal fat droplets were absent in the proximal ileum, indicating that digestion and absorption of the test meal were not occurring in the distal small intestine. Despite absent morphological evidence of fat absorption, our patients absorbed 30 to 70% of their dietary fat. We speculate that in pancreatic insufficiency, fatty acids enter and leave the absorptive cells as monomers, or as small aggregates which are not detected by present electron-microscopic techniques.
Coumadin: Principles of use

Numerous clinical trials have been performed to identify the optimal therapeutic range for various indications in patients receiving warfarin. Other studies have identified risk factors for hemorrhage and thromboembolism to decrease the risk of these complications. A more consistent approach, using guidelines presented in this article, toward initiation, monitoring, and reversal of anticoagulation should further decrease the incidence of complications.
Genetics and Breeding of Virus Resistance: Traditional Methods

The potato was introduced to Europe from South America around 1570. By the turn of that century botanical references were noted both in Continental Europe and the British Isles. Approximately a century later the potato was in the initial stages of being adopted as a foodstuff. The phenomenon of decline in performance of potato clonal cultivars has been noted thoughout the history of its utilization as a crop. Degenerated cultivars were replaced by new vigorous ones that, in time, also declined. Reference was also made to a condition called “Curl,” which was undoubtedly indicative of the presence of potato leafroll virus (Salaman, 1985). It was not until the twentieth century, however, with the discovery of the existence of viruses in plants, that an understanding of the importance of virus in potato production began to emerge (Salaman, 1921). The instigation of hygienic seed production came from the recognition that seed grown in certain colder areas was much more vigorous than that from warmer areas. This was shortly followed by attempts to utilize wild species and primitive cultivars in breeding as sources of virus resistance. Expeditions to collect Solanum germplasm in a systematic fashion began in the 1930’s and have continued to this day. Today, there is a large body of information available on virus resistance present in wild and cultivated germplasm, and the breeding and genetics of virus resistance. The genetics and breeding of virus resistance in potato have recently been thoroughly reviewed by Swiezynski (1994) and Valkonen (1994), and this review will hopefully add further accessibility and interpretation to this growing body of knowledge. Table 13.1.1 presents a summary of the germplasm sources of virus resistance, type of resistance and gene symbols that have been applied.
Germ Cell Tumors

Publisher Summary Tumors of germ cell origin account for approximately 2–3% of childhood malignancies. The incidence of germ cell tumors is 2.5 per million in white children and 3.0 per million in African-American children under 15 years of age with a male:female ratio of 1.0:1.1. Germ cell tumors are more common in the ovaries and testes than in extragonadal sites. Germ cell tumors are neoplasms that develop from primordial germ cells of the human embryo, which are normally destined to produce sperm or ova. Primordial germ cells appear to originate in the yolk sac endoderm and migrate around the hindgut to the genital ridge on the posterior abdominal wall where they become part of the developing gonad. This chapter presents the histogenesis of tumors of germ cell origin. Viable germ cells arrested along this path of migration may form neoplasia in midline sites, such as the pineal region (6%), mediastinum (7%), retroperitoneum (4%), sacrococcygeal region (42%) or in the ovary (24%), testis (9%) and other sites (8%).
Hunting Lexemic Categories of the Pima Indians

ABSTRACTThe hunting/fishing niche of the Riverine Pimans (south central Arizona) can best be understood in terms of their own linguistic categories. The domain o'it ‘hunting’ is comprised of six lexemic items which describe strategies or techniques: sai, ku:satt ku:namf vuŕhigaŕ, huvupugi, and ma'isa. Most animal procurement was communal. The entire male work force was coordinated by the topidam, a lexeme which derives from the hereditary rabbit hunt leader. Big game hunting was a private enterprise engaged in by but few men in each village and is termed simply o'it. Fishing is vaptop o, it ‘fish hunting.’ A common fishing technique was hudadga vaptop. The ritual sanction against eating first killed game is kio'om. Headbearers, mo, opidam, of the Desert Pimans (Papago) apparently were unknown.
T-Cell Receptor Engagement Confers Resistance to Chemotherapy in T-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders

Background: Chemotherapy resistance and primary refractory disease are common among patients with the more common peripheral T-cell lymphomas (TCL) treated with anthracycline-based chemotherapy. Antigen-receptor signaling activates a number of proliferation and survival pathways in normal lymphocytes. When activated in lymphomas, antigen-receptor signaling might confer resistance to chemotherapy. Until recently, the role of antigen-receptor signaling in B-cell malignancies was poorly understood. It is now appreciated that B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling is an important driver of B-cell lymphoma growth and survival, and represents an attractive therapeutic target in these lymphomas. In contrast, the potential role of T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling in T-cell lymphomagenesis is poorly understood. The observation that most (≈95%) TCLs express an intact TCR suggests that malignant T cells, like their B-cell counterparts, may benefit from antigen-receptor signaling. Methods: TCL cell lines and primary patient specimens were subjected to TCR activation by CD3/CD28 beads. Gene expression profiling was performed by Affymetrix human gene 2.1 ST array at different time points (4, 8, 24 hours) following TCR engagement. Results were further validated by immunophenotyping by flow cytometry, western blot and cytokine measurement by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The proliferation and chemoresistance of the TCL cells following TCR engagement were determined by MTT assay. Results: Microarray gene expression profiling of TCLs showed differential gene expression upon TCR engagement by CD3/CD28 beads at different time points. A total of 1274 genes were differentially expressed commonly in the patient specimens. Some of the differentially expressed genes were confirmed in independent samples by immunophenotyping (CD25, CD30, CD69, CD137, CCR4, GITR) and cytokine (IL2, IL13, IL10, IFNγ) release. Gene enrichment analysis of the common differentially expressed genes showed that pro-proliferation and pro-survival signaling pathways, including TCR (FDR: 0.05%), MAPK (FDR: 2.8%), NFκB (FDR: 0.1%) and cytokines (FDR: 0.03%) were enriched in TCR-engaged TCL cells. The activation of TCR and NFκB signaling in TCR-engaged TCLs was also confirmed by western blot and flow cytometry. More importantly, the proliferation of TCLs increased by 2-4 fold when cocultured with CD3/CD28 beads for 72 hours (p<0.01). In the presence of either vincristine or romidepsin, the viability of TCLs increased by 1.5-4 fold by CD3/CD28 bead treatment (p<0.01). TCR-dependent proliferation and chemoresistance in TCLs was significantly inhibited by agents targeting TCR and NFκB signaling pathways. Conclusions: T-cell receptor dependent signaling pathways are rational therapeutic targets in the T-cell lymphomas. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Characterizing the Effects of Stormwater Mitigation on Nutrient Export and Stream Concentrations

Urbanization increases nutrient loading and lowers residence times for processing of reactive solutes, including nitrate, total dissolved nitrogen, orthophosphate, and dissolved organic carbon), which leads to increased stream concentrations and mass export. Stormwater control measures mitigate the impacts of urbanization, and have the potential to improve stream water quality, however the net effect instream is not well understood. We monitored two urban and two suburban watersheds in Charlotte, NC to determine if mitigation controlled the fraction of total mass export during storm, if development classification as either urban or suburban (defined by the age, density and distribution of urban development) controlled storm nutrient and carbon dynamics, and if stormwater control measures were able to change stream water chemistry. While average concentrations during stormflow were generally greater than baseflow, indicating that storms are important times of solute export, the fraction of storm-derived export was unrelated to mitigation by stormwater control measures. Development classification was generally not an important control on export of N and dissolved organic carbon. However, event mean concentrations of orthophosphate were higher at the suburban sites, possibly from greater fertilizer application. Stormwater control measures influenced instream water chemistry at only one site, which also had the greatest mitigated area, but differences between stormwater control measure outflow and stream water suggest the potential for water quality improvements. Together, results suggest stormwater control measures have the potential to decrease solute concentrations from urban runoff, but the type, location, and extent of urban development in the watershed may influence the magnitude of this effect.
A Literature Review through the Lens of Computer Science Learning Goals Theorized and Explored in Research

Research on appropriate topics and goals for computer science (CS) education in elementary and middle school has been ongoing for decades, but the recent movement toward CS for all requires the research community to gain a better understanding of what is most important to teach, to whom, and in what order. We conducted a literature review with specific attention to cataloging computer science learning goals that experts theorize are important to teach as well as learning goals that have been explored and researched with students in K-8. By mapping the former onto the latter, we discovered six categories of goals that are theorized as important but, according to our review, are yet to be researched with K-8 students. We discuss the potential implications of these gaps for future research.
Lesion detection using T1-weighted MRI: A new approach based on functional cortical ROIs

Accurate and precise detection of brain lesions on MR images is important for relating lesion locations to impaired behaviors. In this paper, we propose a method to detect lesion voxels on each functional cortical ROI (Region of Interest) independently using only T1-weighted MR images (T1-MRI). In contrast to existing automatic lesion detection methods, which typically detect lesion voxels on the whole MR image or on gray matter (GM)/white matter (WM), we show that the proposed functional cortical ROI based method can lead to better lesion-detection performance. We evaluate the proposed method using an in-house dataset with 60 chronic stroke patients. Using leave-one-subject-out cross validation, the proposed method can achieve an average Dice coefficient of 0.74 ± 0.11 and outperform three state-of-the-art methods by more than 0.05.
Public Assistance, Relationship Context, and Jail for Child Support Debt:

Previous studies of poverty governance have focused on the welfare system, the criminal justice system, and the connections between them. Yet less attention has been paid to a third institution that bridges the gap between these two systems: child support enforcement. Jailing for child support nonpayment is one of many mechanisms of child support enforcement, but little is known about this tactic. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, the author examines the process of nonresident fathers’ (1) acquiring a formal support order, (2) accruing child support debt, and (3) being jailed for this debt. The author proposes two pathways into jail for child support nonpayment—public assistance and relationship context—and demonstrates how each pathway affects the risk for jail. Overall, 14 percent of debtors spend time in jail for child support by the time their children are nine years old.
A quantitative evaluation of the three dimensional reconstruction of patients' coronary arteries

Background: Through extensive training and experience angiographers learn to mentally reconstruct the three dimensional (3D) relationships of the coronary arterial branches. Graphic computer technology can assist angiographers to more quickly visualize the coronary 3D structure from limited initial views and then help to determine additional helpful views by predicting subsequent angiograms before they are obtained. Methods: A new computer method for facilitating 3D reconstruction and visualization of human coronary arteries was evaluated by reconstructing biplane left coronary angiograms from 30 patients. The accuracy of the reconstruction was assessed in two ways: 1) by comparing the vessel's centerlines of the actual angiograms with the centerlines of a 2D projection of the 3D model projected into the exact angle of the actual angiogram; and 2) by comparing two 3D models generated by different simultaneous pairs on angiograms. The inter- and intraobserver variability of reconstruction were evaluated by mathematically comparing the 3D model centerlines of repeated reconstructions. Results: The average absolute corrected displacement of 14,662 vessel centerline points in 2D from 30 patients was 1.64 ± 2.26 mm. The average corrected absolute displacement of 3D models generated from different biplane pairs was 7.08 ± 3.21 mm. The intraobserver variability of absolute 3D corrected displacement was 5.22 ± 3.39 mm. The interobserver variability was 6.6 ± 3.1 mm. Conclusions: The centerline analyses show that the reconstruction algorithm is mathematically accurate and reproducible. The figures presented in this report put these measurement errors into clinical perspective showing that they yield an accurate representation of the clinically relevant information seen on the actual angiograms. These data show that this technique can be clinically useful by accurately displaying in three dimensions the complex relationships of the branches of the coronary arterial tree.
Chi-Square Analysis for Two Categorical Variables

Let us compare two of the countries, Denmark and France (Table 9.1). Table 9.1 is called a contingency table. The table shows how the people in the poll were distributed on the two categorical variables country and attitude toward people. Note that this contingency table has two rows and two columns (as well as a row and a column labeled total), because each of the two variables has two values (categories). The country variable has the two values Denmark and France, and the attitude variable has the two values trust and suspicion. Of course, it is possible for categorical variables to have more than two categories, or values. With four countries the table would have four columns and two rows.
Large bone vibration: Modeling and experimental measurements

A model for vibration of large bones, such as a femur, is presented. Using this model, the resonance frequencies of an intact, partially fractured, and bonded (healed) bone are determined. To measure bone resonance frequencies experimentally, a non-contact method for bone excitation and motion detection is developed. This method uses the radiation force of focused amplitude-modulated ultrasound to exert a vibrating force directly, and remotely, on excised bone. The vibration frequency is varied in the range of interest to induce resonances in the bone. The resulting bone motion is detected by a laser vibrometer and the resonance frequencies are determined. Experiments are conducted on excised rat femurs and resonance frequencies of intact, fractured, and bonded (simulating healed) bones are measured. The experiments demonstrate that the fractured bone exhibits a lower resonance frequency than the intact bone, and the resonance frequency of the bonded bone approaches that of the intact bone. These results are in agreement with the predictions of the model. It is concluded that the resonance frequencies of bone can be used as markers of its integrity, and the radiation force method may be used as a remote and noninvasive tool for studying one fracture.
Chinese (Mandarin): Phonology

In this article, I offer an overview of major properties of Chinese phonology and discuss how they can be understood in terms of general phonological principles.
Foreign Bank Participation in Developing Countries

Foreign bank participation has increased steadily across developing countries since the mid-1990s. This chapter documents this trend and surveys the existing literature to explore the drivers and consequences of this phenomenon, paying particular attention to the differences observed across regions both in the degree of foreign bank participation and in the impact of this process. Local profit opportunities, the absence of barriers to entry, and the presence of mechanisms to mitigate information problems have been the main factors driving foreign bank entry across developing countries. In general, foreign bank participation has been shown to exert a positive influence on banking sector efficiency and competition. Also, the weight of the evidence suggests that foreign bank presence does not endanger, but rather enhances, banking sector stability. Finally, while cross-country studies suggest that foreign bank entry does not limit access to finance, some case studies offer evidence to the contrary.
Ecological and Historical Biogeography of the Caribbean

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the ecology and biogeography of the Caribbean in the context of herpetology. Historical biogeography depends on phylogeny, levels of endemism, fluctuations in sea level and past geomorphologies such as connections between continent and an island or one island with another. The origin of the West Indian biota is categorized into two periods: the previcariance era and the vicariance era. The central debate during the previcariance era was whether land vertebrates dispersed to the islands over water, or directly by way of land bridges. The shift to a vicariance rationale in biogeography occurred fairly rapidly. In the 1970's, confluence of the independent but essentially simultaneous revolutions in geology and systematics were applied to the then obscure ideas of Leon Croizat's panbiogeography. Mechanisms of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics replaced the stable geology of the earths crust with drifting continents and the opening of ocean basins. The first tectonic model for the Caribbean plate soon followed. The chapter also discusses ecological biogeography whose objective is to seek explanations about the composition of insular floras and faunas that are independent of history and phylogeny.
Infusing Big Data Concepts in Undergraduate CS Mathematics Courses Through Active Learning

Industry demands workers that can retrieve useful information from very complex, unstructured data. While undergraduate computer science degree courses in mathematics and statistics extensively focus on the traditional logical and problem-solving skills, they fall short of providing adequate training to students in big data concepts that integrate theory and computation. More universities are becoming aware of the need to have dedicated big data analytics programs. Most of the courses are offered at the graduate level though. After careful analysis, it is has become evident that there is a gap in the curriculum as it relates to training for big data concepts in foundational courses for students. To be more specific, there is relatively little focus on the infusion of big data concepts in mathematics and statistics courses and its impact on classroom practices. This is definitely the case in many undergraduate computer science curriculums. This paper serves to address this gap by providing an experience in infusing, teaching, and assessing big data modules in various computer science undergraduate mathematics and statistics courses that immerse students in real-world big data practices through active learning.