cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Native Hawaiian Families Systemic Disparities in Hawaii's Child Welfare System

This study examined systemic and individual factors that contribute to the disproportionality of Native Hawaiian families in the child welfare system using data from the 2004–2005 Hawaii State Child Welfare Services (N = 1267). Native Hawaiians were found to be more likely to reenter the system and less likely to be re-united with their families even when the type of abuse was less serious. This distinction was identifiable in interaction terms in multivariate analysis. The paper concludes that the child welfare system in Hawaii needs to continue to explore methods to reduce these disparities.
CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC THYROIDITIS (CLT) IN THYEOXINE (T4) TREATED CHILDREN

Progression of CLT in T4 treated children has been poorly documented. The response of endogenous T4, T3 and TSH to withdrawal after 2 to 9 yrs of therapy in 6 children, 7-18 yrs, was studied with weekly levels for 4-20 wks. At Dx. of CLT 5 had hypothyroid values. Results indicated 3 patterns of response: 1) clinical and lab evidence of hypothyroidism in 6 wks, 2) increased TSH with normal T4 followed by return of goiter 8 wks off therapy, 3) clinical & chemical euthyroidism in 3 with no return of goiter 12-20 wks off therapy. This group demonstrated a reduction in agglutinating antibody (Ab) titers from initial levels. Two had hypothyroid lab data at dx. of CLT. Normal TSH, T4 & T3 occurred 3 wks after discontinuing therapy. A reduction in Ab titers with normal TSH accompanied euthyroidism. Hypothyroidism coincided with unchanged Ab. In contrast to adults treated for 10 yrs, with deterioration in thyroid function noted 6 wks off therapy (Papapetrou et al, Lancet, Nov.72), these studies indicated that the child may recover function after a period of replacement.
Interaction of oxaprozin with acetaminophen, cimetidine, and ranitidine.

Twelve healthy male volunteers participated in a single-dose four-way crossover study to evaluate potential drug interactions with oxaprozin, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent of the propionic class. The four modes of administration were:a. oxaprozin, 1200 mg alone;b. oxaprozin during concurrent acetaminophen, 500 mg 4 times daily;c. oxaprozin with cimetidine, 300 mg 4 times daily;d. oxaprozin with ranitidine, 150 mg every 12 hours. Acetaminophen, cimetidine, or ranitidine were begun 24 hours prior to oxaprozin dosage and continued for the 10-day duration of each trial. No significant differences existed among the four treatment conditions in peak plasma oxaprozin concentration (86 µg/ml), volume of distribution (0.23 l/kg), time of peak concentration (3.7 h after dosage), or elimination half-life (54 h). Oxaprozin oral clearance was significantly lower (by 20%) during both the cimetidine and ranitidine trials versus control (0.047 vs 0.047 vs 0.059 ml/min/kg), but clearance during acetaminophen was not significantly different from control. Thus acetaminophen, cimetidine or ranitidine has only a small influence on the pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of oxaprozin. The reduction in oxaprozin clearance due to cimetidine or ranitidine is statistically significant but small in magnitude.
Activation of NFκB signal pathways in keloid fibroblasts

Keloids are characterized as an “over-exuberant” healing response resulting in a disproportionate extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation and tissue fibrosis. In view of the integral role of inflammation and cytokines in the healing response, it is logical to assume that they may play a part in orchestrating the pathology of this “abnormal” healing process. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a potent proinflammatory cytokine involved in activation of signaling events and transcriptional programs, such as NFκB. This study attempts to determine the difference in NFκB and its related genes expression and DNA binding activity between keloid and normal skin fibroblasts. Three keloid and normal skin tissues (NSk) and their derived fibroblasts were used to determine NFκB signaling pathway expression using specific cDNA microarrays, Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Electrophoretic mobility gel shift assay (EMSA) was used to assess NFκB-binding activity, all assays were performed in the presence and absence of TNF-α. TNF-α up-regulated 15% of NFκB signal pathway related genes in keloid fibroblast compared to normal skin. At the protein level, keloid fibroblasts and tissues showed higher basal levels of TNF- receptor–associated factors—TRAF1, TRAF2—TNF-α, inhibitor of apoptosis (c-IAP-1), and NFκB, compared with NSk. Keloid fibroblasts showed a constitutive increase in NFκB-binding activity in comparison to NSk both with and without TNF-α treatment. NFκB and its targeted genes, especially the antiapoptotic genes, could play a role in keloid pathogenesis; targeting NFκB could help in developing therapeutic interventions for the treatment of keloid scarring.
SU-E-T-488: An Iso-Dose Curve Based Interactive IMRT Optimization System for Physician-Driven Plan Tuning

Purpose: In treatment plan optimization for Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT), after a plan is initially developed by a dosimetrist, the attending physician evaluates its quality and often would like to improve it. As opposed to having the dosimetrist implement the improvements, it is desirable to have the physician directly and efficiently modify the plan for a more streamlined and effective workflow. In this project, we developed an interactive optimization system for physicians to conveniently and efficiently fine-tune iso-dose curves. Methods: An interactive interface is developed under C++/Qt. The physician first examines iso-dose lines. S/he then picks an iso-dose curve to be improved and drags it to a more desired configuration using a computer mouse or touchpad. Once the mouse is released, a voxel-based optimization engine is launched. The weighting factors corresponding to voxels between the iso-dose lines before and after the dragging are modified. The underlying algorithm then takes these factors as input to re-optimize the plan in near real-time on a GPU platform, yielding a new plan best matching the physician's desire. The re-optimized DVHs and iso-dose curves are then updated for the next iteration of modifications. This process is repeated until a physician satisfactory plan is achieved.more » Results: We have tested this system for a series of IMRT plans. Results indicate that our system provides the physicians an intuitive and efficient tool to edit the iso-dose curves according to their preference. The input information is used to guide plan re-optimization, which is achieved in near real-time using our GPU-based optimization engine. Typically, a satisfactory plan can be developed by a physician in a few minutes using this tool. Conclusion: With our system, physicians are able to manipulate iso-dose curves according to their preferences. Preliminary results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of this tool.« less
Effective masses for small nitrogen concentrations in InGaAsN alloys on GaAs

The variation of the value of the linewidth of an excitonic transition in InGaAsN alloys (1% and 2% nitrogen) as a function of hydrostatic pressure using photoluminescence spectroscopy is studied at 4K. The excitonic linewidth increases as a function of pressure until about 100 kbar after which it tends to saturate. This pressure dependent excitonic linewidth is used to derive the pressure variation of the exciton reduced mass using a theoretical formalism based on the premise that the broadening of the excitonic transition is caused primarily by compositional fluctuations in a completely disordered alloy. The linewidth derived ambient pressure masses are compared and found to be in agreement with other mass measurements. The variation of this derived mass is compared with the results from a nearly first-principles approach in which calculations based on the local density approximation to the Kohn-Sham density functional theory are corrected using a small amount of experimental input.
Electromagnetic vibration energy harvesting with high power density using a magnet array

Electromagnetic vibration energy harvesters have been widely used to convert the vibration energy into electricity. However, one of the main challenges of using electromagnetic vibration energy harvesters is that they are usually in very large size with low power density. In this paper, a new type of electromagnetic vibration energy harvester with remarkably high power density is developed. By putting the strong rare-earth magnets in alternating directions and using high-magnetic-conductive casing, magnetic flux density up to 0.9T are obtained. This configuration also has a small current loop with less electrical reluctance, which further increases the high power density when the coil is designed to follow the current loop. The prototype, the size of which is 142x140x86 mm 3 , can provided up to 727Ns/m damping coefficient, which means 428 kNs/m 4 damping density when it is shunt with 70Ω external resistive load which is set to the same as the internal resistor of the harvester to achieve maximum power. The corresponding power density is 725 μW/cm 3 at 15HZ harmonic force excitation of 2.54mm peak-to-peak amplitude. When shot-circuited, 1091Ns/m damping coefficient and 638 kNs/m 4 damping density is achieved. The effectiveness of this novel vibration energy harvester is shown both by FEA and experiments. The eddy current damper is also discussed in this paper for comparison. The proposed configuration of the magnet array can also be extended for both micro-scale and large-scale energy harvesting applications, such as vibration energy harvesting from tall buildings, long bridges and railways.
Health-Promoting Influences of the Family on Late Adolescent Functioning

This study examined whether potentially modifiable health-promoting family factors during mid-adolescence (age 15) predicted adaptive functioning in late adolescence (age 18) among members of a working-class community cohort. Family factors included feeling valued in the family, cohesion, and social support. Late adolescent outcomes covered developmentally salient areas: academic functioning; mental health; suicidal behavior; and social, psychological, and behavioral functioning. Our findings demonstrate that a positive adolescent family milieu is related to both adaptive outcomes and a reduced likelihood of serious difficulties, including mental and behavior problems. Although each hypothesized health-promoting factor was significantly associated with multiple areas of age 18 functioning, the patterns of association differed by type of family factor. Taken together, results suggest that the family remains an important social context during mid-adolescence and that to be most effective programs designed by practitioners aimed at strengthening families should target multiple features of the family environment.
The Brain in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia

While neurological symptoms are often mentioned in reports of families with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) and are frequently assumed to be due to vascular anomalies of the central nervous system, documentation of such anomalies is surprisingly rare. Two cases of surgically treated symptomatic cerebral vascular malformations in HHT have been published previously. In addition, there are three descriptions of vascular anomalies discovered at autopsy in the brains of neurologically asymptomatic patients with HHT available in the literature. A complete postmortem examination of a patient with a symptomatic cerebral vascular anomaly associated with HHT has not been recorded previously. The patient reported in this paper presented with seizures and underwent surgical resection of infarcted brain tissue associated with a venous angioma. He died six months later and, at autopsy, was found to have multiple "cryptic" venous angiomas of the brain. Hypoxic damage to brain tissue related to small venous angiomas is one mechanism whereby these lesions may become symptomatic. Hemorrhage may also occur. Neurological symptoms in patients with HHT cannot be assumed to be due to cerebral vascular anomalies, and consideration must be especially given to the complications of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula such as polycythemia, embolism, and abscess.
BEING AS THE GROUND OF TRUTH IN AQUINAS

Although St. Thomas Aquinas holds that the transcendentals are convertible with being, one may question whether they all follow upon the metaphysical principles of a creature in the same way. Aquinas raises the question when he says that creatures are one by essence but good only by being. This paper examines the ground of truth according to Aquinas, considering his distinction between types of truth as well as his distinguishing kinds of knowers. To advance this investigation the essay compares truth and goodness; it also includes a discussion of unity. Clearly there is a close parallel between goodness and ‘the truth of a thing’, but must the truth of the intellect – truth in the primary sense – be grounded in the extramental being of a creature? This paper argues that, for Aquinas, human knowledge of composite beings is attained through encounters with their real instances and is reflected in necessarily true yet nonanalytic statements about these creatures, statements that can be explained by St.Thomas's theory of predication, to which the theory of an influential contemporary thinker is strikingly similar. God's knowledge of finite essences, and hence truth concerning them, does not assume the actual existence of their instantiations from all eternity, but it does assume their real existence at some time. The requirement of real existence for the human mode of knowing, and, as explained, for divine knowing, underscores the value of finite being and thus harmonizes with Aquinas's claims that composite beings, as what they are, possess being more truly in themselves than as in the mind of God, and they are known properly by God only when grasped as actually existent particulars.
Is body mass index a risk factor for isolated off-pump coronary revascularization?

Objective: The influence of body mass index (BMI) as a risk factor for isolated off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) surgery is unknown. We postulated that BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 would adversely affect outcomes following OPCAB at our institution. Methods: From 2002 to 2009, we selected 742 patients (primary, N = 709 [95.6%], re-operative, N = 33 [4.45%]) who underwent isolated OPCAB for analysis. Patients were stratified into groups by BMI: non-obese (BMI < 30 kg/m2) and obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2). Preoperative risk, operative characteristics, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. Risk-adjusted models evaluated the occurrence of any complication and mortality. Results: Overall crude mortality was 1.5% (11/742). When compared to non-obese (26.12 ± 2.72 kg/m2) recipients, the obese (35.81 ± 5.69 kg/m2) comprised younger patients (62.46 ± 9.96 years, p < 0.001). Number of diseased vessels, Left ventricular ejection fraction, and baseline renal function was equivalent across groups. Diabetes (53.24%) and hypertension (90.59%) were more prevalent among obese patients (p < 0.001, respectively). Internal mammary artery utilization (p = 0.47), endoscopic vein harvest (p = 0.74), and intra-aortic balloon pump use (p = 0.58) were similar between groups. Interestingly, postoperative blood product requirement was lower in obese versus non-obese recipients (47.35% vs. 56.72%, p < 0.01). Furthermore, intensive care unit stay (p = 0.93), mortality (p = 0.56), and discharge to home (p = 0.09) remained equivalent between groups. Importantly, multivariable logistic regression did not identify BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 as an independent predictor of any complication (p = 0.21) or mortality (p = 0.74). Conclusions: Obesity does not influence operative characteristics or effect outcomes after OPCAB. BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 should not be considered a prohibitive risk factor in isolated off-pump coronary revascularization. (J Card Surg 2011;26:565-571)
Perceptions of Status Consumption and the Economy

This paper looks at the relationship between status consumption, economic perceptions, price consciousness, brand consciousness, and value consciousness. Based on a convenience online sample of adults in the Southeast USA, most consumers are not motivated by status. There was a significant negative relationship between the level of status consumption and levels of price consciousness and value consciousness. Additionally, there was a significant negative relationship between level of status consumption and the view that it is frivolous to buy status products in an economic downturn. There was a significant positive relationship between status consumption and brand consciousness, indicating that those more motivated to consume for status are both more brand-name conscious and more likely to see a higher price as indicative of higher quality. For managers of luxury brands in this economy, the results suggest that although the status market may be smaller, status consumers are brand conscious and not price conscious. Consumers, however, may also feel that inexpensive products and discount stores can meet their status needs.
Ethical and legal issues related to emerging technologies: reconsidering faculty roles and technical curricula in a new environment

As emerging technologies are integrated into university courses and curricula, it is important for faculty to monitor and reflect upon the ethical and legal challenges that accompany these technologies and the new environments they help create. Contemporary epistemology has altered our conception of language, bringing about recognition of a moral imperative-that communication in technical and professional settings constitutes more than an instrumental act, that it carries with it an obligation to recognize and respond to ethical controversy. This paper examines how we shall become more morally engaged in communication instruction. Analysis reveals three barriers inherent to our academic identities that impinge upon our potential to become morally engaged as faculty. Furthermore, we can develop technical curricula to prepare out graduates to create and fill a wider spectrum of professional roles. While not unrealistically downplaying the importance of traditional technical skills, such a curricula should create technically competent communicators to act as "agents of improvement" who decrease the "insulation of expertise" from the public "lifeworld".
Chemoenzymatic Preparation of Sugar-Based Hydrogels

We have prepared sugar-based hydrogels using a chemoenzymatic synthetic approach. Specifically, the regioselectivity of enzymes was used to prepare sugar acrylate monomers. These monomers were polymerized with a crosslinker in a standard free radical polymerization. The polymers consist of a polyacrylate backbone with sucrose, α-methyl glucoside, or β-methyl galactoside pendant groups. These materials are highly water absorbent swelling to more than 100 times their initial weight when placed in water. The degree of swelling for poly(β-methyl galactoside 6-acrylate) hydrogel was relatively insensitive to pH (from pH 4.5–9) and ionic strength (0.15–3 M NaCl). Potential applications of these materials include waterabsorbents and drug delivery systems.
The meaning and interpretation of interaction.

In many scientific endeavors, it is common to examine the effects of more than a single explanatory variable on the response or outcome variable of interest. For example, in a placebo-controlled clinical trial examining the effects of a new cholesterol-lowering drug, the investigators may also classify participants in the study according to their obesity status (obese versus non-obese). When two or more explanatory variables are considered simultaneously, one could ask whether their joint effect on the response variable is simply the “sum of the parts” (or individual effects). When their joint effect is discernibly larger or smaller than the “sum of the parts,” we say that there is an “interaction” among the explanatory variables. Although the concept of interaction is relatively easy to explain,1 scientific journals abound with articles in which there is apparent confusion about the precise meaning and interpretation of the term interaction. In this column, I discuss the definition and meaning of the term interaction as used in statistics and consider how to appropriately interpret an interaction.
Implications for the Neural Basis of Social Cognition for the Study of Schizophrenia

OBJECTIVE: The study of social cognition in schizophrenia has received growing attention in recent years. At the same time, a large body of work has explored the neural basis of social cognition in both nonclinical and clinical groups, other than those with schizophrenia. The gap between these two literatures is considerable and may slow progress in creating a comprehensive social cognitive model of schizophrenia. This article attempts to bridge this gap by discussing how the neural basis of social cognition may inform future clinical research in schizophrenia. METHOD: PsycINFO and MEDLINE were systematically searched for articles pertaining to the neural basis of social cognition and social cognition in schizophrenia. Relevant studies were obtained and synthesized into a comprehensive review and integrative formulation. RESULTS: Striking parallels between these two areas of research were found. CONCLUSIONS: These parallels might help to better elucidate the underlying mechanisms for social cognitive and ...
When Eyewitnesses Misremember The Delicate Balance Between Forensic Investigation and Memory Evidence Assessment

Eyewitness testimony is a critical component of U.S. jurisprudence in both civil and criminal proceedings. Witnesses are relied on to recount key events, behaviors, and circumstances that contribute to findings of fact surrounding alleged criminal acts or circumstances that are the subject of civil dispute. The contribution of eyewitness testimony depends critically on the reliability of the witnesses' memory of the events they are describing. Unfortunately, there are significant limits of human episodic memory that may degrade or distort these memories. Compounding this challenge is the poor metacognitive awareness of memory's limitations. Eyewitnesses may overestimate the quality of their memory in accuracy and precision. They may be unaware of the potential for false details to merge into their episodic memories of an event. Jurists are similarly unaware of the limitations of memory and may rely too heavily on eyewitness testimony when resolving cases. But acknowledging and accounting for the limitations of memory has costs. Without eyewitness testimony many cases would not be viable, so there is a societal need to tolerate these limitations in order to have a working legal system. Human factors professionals, who are testifying as investigators in the case, may be the only source through which jurors can be informed of memory's limitations when general memory experts are not admitted to testify solely for that purpose. When performed capably, this testimony can significantly improve the outcomes of legal proceedings. Language: en
Using egocentric networks to understand communication

Social-network analysis generally helps researchers understand how groups of people interact. In this article the author uses small-scale egocentric social networks, based on volitional, explicit connections, to understand how people manage their personal and group communications. Two research projects using this approach show that such networks can give researchers important insight into the people who communicate online. Soylent, a project based on email, shows several common patterns in social interaction. The Roles project, based on Usenet newsgroups, suggests that various online social spaces can behave very differently from each other.
The Incremental Predictive Information Associated with Using Theoretical New Keynesian DSGE Models versus - Simple Linear Econometric Models

In this paper we construct output gap and inflation predictions using a variety of dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) sticky price models. Predictive density accuracy tests related to the test discussed in Corradi and Swanson [Journal of Econometrics (2005a), forthcoming] as well as predictive accuracy tests due to Diebold and Mariano [Journal of Business and Economic Statistics (1995), Vol. 13, pp. 253-263]; and West [Econometrica (1996), Vol. 64, pp. 1067-1084] are used to compare the alternative models. A number of simple time-series prediction models (such as autoregressive and vector autoregressive (VAR) models) are additionally used as strawman models. Given that DSGE model restrictions are routinely nested within VAR models, the addition of our strawman models allows us to indirectly assess the usefulness of imposing theoretical restrictions implied by DSGE models on unrestricted econometric models. With respect to predictive density evaluation, our results suggest that the standard sticky price model discussed in Calvo [Journal of Monetary Economics (1983), Vol. XII, pp. 383-398] is not outperformed by the same model augmented either with information or indexation, when used to predict the output gap. On the other hand, there are clear gains to using the more recent models when predicting inflation. Results based on mean square forecast error analysis are less clear-cut, although the standard sticky price model fares best at our longest forecast horizon of 3 years, it performs relatively poorly at shorter horizons. When the strawman time-series models are added to the picture, we find that the DSGE models still fare very well, often outperforming our forecast competitions, suggesting that theoretical macroeconomic restrictions yield useful additional information for forming macroeconomic forecasts.
Sinewave parameter estimation using the fast Fan-Chirp Transform

Sinewave analysis/synthesis has long been an important tool for audio analysis, modification and synthesis [1]. The recently introduced Fan-Chirp Transform (FChT) [2,3] has been shown to improve the fidelity of sinewave parameter estimates for a harmonic audio signal with rapid frequency modulation [4]. A fast version of the FChT [3] reduces computation but this algorithm presents two factors that affect sinewave parameter estimation. The phase of the fast FChT does not match the phase of the original continuous-time transform and this interferes with the estimation of sinewave phases. Also, the fast FChT requires an interpolation of the input signal and the choice of interpolator affects the speed of the transform and accuracy of the estimated sinewave parameters. In this paper we demonstrate how to modify the phase of the fast FChT such that it can be used to estimate sinewave phases, and we explore the use of various interpolators demonstrating the tradeoff between transform speed and sinewave parameter accuracy.
Application of RF and microwave energy in cancer treatment

RF and microwave heating techniques, used to raise temperature of cancerous tumors to therapeutic levels in order to maximize the effects of radiation and chemotherapy treatments, are reviewed. Resistive, capacitive, inductive, and radiative heating techniques are briefly described. Four types of clinical applications are examined: interstitial, local-external, regional, and phased-array hyperthermia. Examples of heating patterns of various applicators are shown to illustrate the complex energy deposition of RF and microwave energy in tissues. >
Toxicity and in vitro metabolism of t-permethrin in eastern subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae).

Abstract Toxicity and metabolism of t-permethrin were evaluated in two colonies (UF and ARS) of the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), collected in Gainesville, FL. The UF colony (LC50 = 1.86 μg per vial) was approximately twofold more tolerant of t-permethrin than the ARS colony (LC50 = 0.89 μg per vial) at the LC50. The synergists piperonyl butoxide and S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate increased t-permethrin toxicity four- and threefold (at the LC50) in the UF and ARS colonies, respectively. Despite these differences in t-permethrin susceptibility, microsomal oxidase activities toward surrogate substrates (aldrin epoxidase, and methoxyresorufin O-demethylase), cytochrome P450 content, and microsomal esterase activity toward α-naphthyl acetate did not differ significantly between the colonies. Moreover, no significant differences in qualitative and quantitative metabolism of [14C]t-permethrin were observed between the UF and ARS colonies for three enzyme sources (microsomal ...
Nanotechnology—novel therapeutics for CNS disorders

Research into treatments for diseases of the CNS has made impressive strides in the past few decades, but therapeutic options are limited for many patients with CNS disorders. Nanotechnology has emerged as an exciting and promising new means of treating neurological disease, with the potential to fundamentally change the way we approach CNS-targeted therapeutics. Molecules can be nanoengineered to cross the blood-brain barrier, target specific cell or signalling systems, respond to endogenous stimuli, or act as vehicles for gene delivery, or as a matrix to promote axon elongation and support cell survival. The wide variety of available nanotechnologies allows the selection of a nanoscale material with the characteristics best suited to the therapeutic challenges posed by an individual CNS disorder. In this Review, we describe recent advances in the development of nanotechnology for the treatment of neurological disorders-in particular, neurodegenerative disease and malignant brain tumours-and for the promotion of neuroregeneration.
Application of a Dynamic Variational Multiscale Method to the LES of Separated Turbulent Flows

The objective of this paper is to report on the ability of the recently developed dynamic variational multiscale LES (dynamic VMS-LES) method 1 to simulate unsteady, separated, turbulent flows. To this end, three problems are considered. The first one is associated with a low speed, high angle of attack flow over a forward swept scaled wing. It is representative of a flow regime that is typically encountered in Micro Air Vehicle (MAV) applications. The second problem focuses on the flow over a pitching NACA-0012 wing and benchmarks the performance of the dynamic VMS-LES method at predicting large scale unsteady separation and lift/moment hysteresis. The last test case is a subcritical flow over a sphere, which is depictive of an important class of separated flows where the location of the flow detachment is not determined by geometry. In each case, the results predicted by the dynamic VMS-LES method are compared to those obtained with other turbulence models and to experimental data. In most cases, the dynamic VMS-LES is found to perform better than the other considered static and dynamic LES models.
Scolytid and Buprestid Mortality in Ponderosa Pines Injected with Organic Arsenicals123

Sixty-year-old ponderosa pines were injected with organic arsenical herbicides as for precommercial thinning. Treatments included applications of cacodylic acid, mono-sodium methanearsonate (MSMA), and a mixture of cacodylic acid and MSMA. Spacing of 1.2-ml injections ranged from 3 to 9 inches on centers. Treatments were applied at 2-month intervals throughout the year. Untreated trees were cut at random. All treatments resulted in lower attack levels than felled trees. Essentially no larvae of Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, or Ips pini (Say) were found alive. There was much evidence of larval mortality and hatch failure. Despite lack of broad success, there were differ ences among seasons and chemicals with respect to entry of the scolytids. Eudometatoxic reaction involving reduction of organic arsenicals to arsines is a possible explanation for mortality.
Using the finite element method in metal-forming processes

In recent years, finite element methods have been used extensively in the metal-forming industry. In the rigid-viscoplastic domain, the finite element method is being utilized as a forming process simulation tool, and in elastic and thermal domains, the method is being applied in forming tooling design. Such applications of the finite element method have enabled a more scientific approach to forming process development and trouble shooting. The capabilities and applications of the finite element methods in optimizing and developing metal-forming processes are presented with an emphasis on steel forging processes for automotive parts.
Proximal to distal approach in the treatment of tandem occlusions causing an acute stroke

Introduction A tandem occlusion is a rare presentation of acute stroke that involves an occlusion of the internal carotid artery at the bifurcation with an intracranial middle cerebral artery occlusion. This study describes the experience at our institution in treating tandem occlusions with a proximal to distal approach in the acute stroke setting. Methods A retrospective review of acute strokes caused by tandem occlusions requiring thrombectomy were performed. Results 16 cases were identified with a mean National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score at presentation of 13.1±3.9. The proximal occlusion was crossed initially with a microwire in all cases. All carotid occlusions were treated with stenting, and intracranial vessel thrombectomy was performed with a variety of devices. Procedure related complications occurred in two (12.5%) patients. Eight patients (50%) achieved a good outcome (modified Rankin Scale score of 0–2). Conclusions A tandem occlusion of the carotid artery at the bifurcation with a concomitant intracranial occlusion is a relatively rare and complex presentation of acute stroke. We have found that addressing the proximal lesion first and covering it with a stent prior to performing distal thrombectomy appears to be a safe and effective option in the treatment algorithm.
Optogenetic Stimulation of Arcuate Nucleus Kiss1 Neurons Reveals a Steroid-Dependent Glutamatergic Input to POMC and AgRP Neurons in Male Mice

Kisspeptin (Kiss1) neurons are essential for reproduction, but their role in the control of energy balance and other homeostatic functions remains unclear. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons, located in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus, integrate numerous excitatory and inhibitory inputs to ultimately regulate energy homeostasis. Given that POMC and AgRP neurons are contacted by Kiss1 neurons in the ARC (Kiss1(ARC)) and they express androgen receptors, Kiss1(ARC) neurons may mediate the orexigenic action of testosterone via POMC and/or AgRP neurons. Quantitative PCR analysis of pooled Kiss1(ARC) neurons revealed that mRNA levels for Kiss1 and vesicular glutamate transporter 2 were higher in castrated male mice compared with gonad-intact males. Single-cell RT-PCR analysis of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) ARC neurons harvested from males injected with AAV1-EF1α-DIO-ChR2:YFP revealed that 100% and 88% expressed mRNAs for Kiss1 and vesicular glutamate transporter 2, respectively. Whole-cell, voltage-clamp recordings from nonfluorescent postsynaptic ARC neurons showed that low frequency photo-stimulation (0.5 Hz) of Kiss1-ChR2:YFP neurons elicited a fast glutamatergic inward current in POMC and AgRP neurons. Paired-pulse, photo-stimulation revealed paired-pulse depression, which is indicative of greater glutamate release, in the castrated male mice compared with gonad-intact male mice. Group I and group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists depolarized and hyperpolarized POMC and AgRP neurons, respectively, which was mimicked by high frequency photo-stimulation (20 Hz) of Kiss1(ARC) neurons. Therefore, POMC and AgRP neurons receive direct steroid- and frequency-dependent glutamatergic synaptic input from Kiss1(ARC) neurons in male mice, which may be a critical pathway for Kiss1 neurons to help coordinate energy homeostasis and reproduction.
Cloning and sequences analyzing of resistance genes from rice blast sterile line lineage

According to the known conserved domain of the amino acid in the NBS-LRR structure genes,we could design the degenerate primer and clone,sequence and cluster the resistance gene analogs(RGAs) by PCR in order to study the passing rules of resistance genes and analyze the comparability of blast phenotype and RGAs,offering the scientific reference for utility and clone of rice blast genes.The cloning and analysis of the homologous sequence of resistant genes of the rice sterial line lineage showed that 14 masculine clones had been obtained from 7 rice sterial line lineage.And there were only 11 NBS-LRR resistant genes which had particular conservative domain,KinaseⅠ,KinaseⅡ,KinaseⅢ and transmembrance domain.In the amino acid segments of the NBS-LRR type,the maximal homologous quality was 98.3%,the minimum was 29.7%.These 11 NBS-LRR type sequences were highly homologic to resistant gene Xal(AB002266),which had 42%-45% identical amino acids and 59%-64% similar amino acids by the BLAST in NCBI.These NBS-LRR type resistant sequences had been separated into three types,which were named G1,G2,G3 by clustering analysis.And it showed that the G3 type genes of Gunong13 had been passed to generation of Gufeng and Quangfeng through the generation Tiangu and Fuyi.
Limitations of Drugs of Abuse Testing

In most toxicology laboratories, approximately 10 commonly abused drugs are tested in urine specimens, although the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration recommends that only 5 drugs be tested in pre-employment drug testing panels (amphetamines, cocaine, opiates, marijuana, and phencyclidine). Drug testing in urine is initially conducted by using immunoassays followed by confirmation by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Although GC-MS confirmation is mandatory in legal drug testing, for medical drug testing, a confirmation step may or may not be conducted depending on the request of the physician. Immunoassays for drugs of abuse testing suffer from many limitations, including false-positive test results due to cross-reactivity of structurally related compounds with the antibody used in the assay. Amphetamine immunoassays are affected by various over-the-counter cold medications. In addition, many widely abused drugs, such as oxycodone, methadone, and propoxyphene, may not be detected using routine opiate assays. Designer drugs and rave party drugs such as GHB (γ-hydroxybutyric acid) and ketamine also escape detection because there is no commercially available immunoassay for detecting the presence of these drugs in urine.
Empty Wombs: La Vieille Fille

La Vieille Fille focuses on “Empty Wombs” in the creation of this superb, comic novel. It plays on the declining capacities of the upper middle class, the feckless stumbles of phantom-like aristocrats, and the crass cruelty of the commercially driven bourgeois. Balzac wanted to show the suicidal despair of youth squandered by the gerontocracy, a society ruled by monstrously self-indulgent aristocrats and self-centered, greedy, middle-class leftovers from the Restoration and Directory. The warning is frighteningly clear: unless France changes its ways, the empty wombs of Suzanne and the epigonic old maid foreshadow its condemnation to a barren death.
Phytosterol nanoparticles with reduced crystallinity generated using nanoporous starch aerogels

Food industry has placed a high priority on developing foods that are enriched with health-promoting bioactives such as phytosterols. However, the potential of phytosterols remains untapped due to their poor bioavailability. Incorporation of free phytosterols into foods is a major challenge because phytosterols are high melting point crystalline bioactives that are insoluble in water and poorly soluble in fats and oils. Poor water solubility severely limits phytosterols' bioavailability. The main objective of this study was to develop a novel approach to decrease the size and crystallinity of phytosterols in order to enhance their solubility and, in turn, their bioavailability. Nanoporous starch aerogels (NSAs) (19.6 nm pore size, 59.7 m2 g−1 surface area, 0.12 g cm−3 density) were generated using a green method based on supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) drying. A phytosterol–SC-CO2 solvato complex was precipitated in the NSAs using a SC-CO2 impregnation process. The nanopores of the NSA act as a mold to prevent the formation of bigger phytosterol crystals and lead to the formation of phytosterol nanoparticles whilst decreasing their crystallinity, which later leads to the enhanced solubility of the phytosterols in water and gastrointestinal fluid. Impregnated phytosterols were 37 times more soluble than the crude phytosterols in water. Impregnation did not create any chemical bonding with the NSA matrix. This is a novel green approach to fabricate water-insoluble (lipophilic) bioactive nanoparticles with decreased crystallinity, which enables the addition of water-insoluble bioactives into low-fat foods and beverages to promote health and maximizes the utilization of water-insoluble bioactives.
Testing Equality of Two Normal Means Using Combined Samples of Paired and Unpaired Data

A test for equality of two normal means when the data consist of both paired and unpaired observations is proposed. The proposed test is compared with two other standard methods known in the literature with respect to the type I error rate and power using simulation results.
National Trends in Hospitalizations of Migraine in the United States, 2002-2012 (P1.157)

Objective The objective of this study was to describe national trends in patients hospitalized with migraine in the United States over an 11-year period. Methods Data from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) for the period 2002-2012 was retrospectively reviewed. All hospitalizations with a primary diagnosis of migraine from the ICD-9-CM were analyzed. Results In 2012, there were an estimated 54,510 hospitalizations of migraine compared with 43,791 such hospitalizations in 2002. The highest prevalence of migraine was among adults 35-44 years. The prevalence was greater in whites (72.1[percnt]) and females (79.5[percnt]). Of all 101,134 specifically coded migraine hospitalizations, 35.1[percnt] were migraine with aura, 20.5[percnt] without aura, and 8.7[percnt] chronic migraine without aura. Migraine with aura was associated with a higher comorbidity rate of pulmonary circulation disorders (OR, 2.05), peripheral vascular disorders (OR, 2.32, p<0.01), hypertension (OR, 1.69), congestive heart failure (OR, 1.30), diabetes mellitus (OR, 1.38), and obesity (OR, 1.28) compared to migraine without aura. The most common diagnostic procedures were lumbar puncture (15.1[percnt]), MRI of the brain (5.7[percnt]), cerebral angiography (4.2[percnt]), and head CT (4[percnt]), with no significant difference over the years. Average hospital cost increased from $8,495 in 2002 to $21,567 in 2012 (p<0.001), an inflation-adjusted growth of 99[percnt]. In 2002, primary payer for most of the patients was private insurance; in 2012, there was a 13[percnt] decrease in private insurance, and 4[percnt] and 6[percnt] increase in Medicare and Medicaid rate, respectively. There was no significant change in the length of stay (LOS, mean 2.8 days) between these years. Conclusion There was a significant increase in the rate of migraine hospitalizations between 2002 and 2012. Despite stable hospital LOS and no change in trend of diagnostic procedures, total hospital charges attributable to these admissions grew dramatically. A greater focus on quality headache services are needed to avoid costly hospitalizations. Disclosure: Dr. Taherian has nothing to disclose. Dr. Monteith has nothing to disclose.
Techniques for detection of package issues in chip power integrity closure

Ever increasing need for better performance, die size reduction to aid cost saving and achieving schedule targets has challenged chip designers in multiple spaces. One such very important area is delivering required voltage to on die circuits through robust power grid. Designers have to make some tradeoffs to meet design requirements amid different constraints. Some of these tradeoffs if not well assessed can cause design failures. Through this write-up, we present assessment scheme which can bring out package power plane weaknesses by doing chip-package power delivery network (PDN) analysis.
Family planning and deforestation: evidence from the Ecuadorian Amazon

Despite an abundant body of literature exploring the relationship between population growth and forest cover change, comparatively little research has explored the forest cover impacts of family planning use, which is a key determinant of the rate of population growth in many developing country contexts. Using data from a farm-level panel survey in the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon, this paper addresses whether family planning use impacts forest cover change. Longitudinal model results show that after controlling for household life cycle and land use variables, family planning use did not have an independent effect on deforestation, reforestation, or net forest loss between 1990 and 2008. Forest cover change patterns appear indicative of farm life cycle effects. However, family planning use is associated with reduced subsequent fertility among households, suggesting that the relationship between population growth from births and forest cover change may be limited in this setting.
Can we write a cultural history of the Internet? If so, how?

ABSTRACTWhat would a cultural history of the Internet look like? The question almost makes no sense: the Internet spans the globe and traverses any number of completely distinct human groups. It simply cannot have a single culture. And yet, like the railroad, the telegraph and the highway system before it, the Internet has been an extraordinary agent for cultural change. How should we study that process? To begin to answer that question, this essay returns to four canonical studies of earlier technologies and cultures: Carolyn Marvin's When Old Technologies Were New; Leo Marx's The Machine in the Garden; Ruth Schwarz Cowan's More Work for Mother and Lynn Spigel's Make Room for TV. In each case, the essay mines the earlier works for research tactics and uses them as jumping-off points to explore the ways in which the Internet requires new and different approaches. It concludes by speculating on the ways that the American-centric nature of much earlier work will need to be replaced with a newly global focus...
MR imaging features of hemispherical spondylosclerosis

Hemispherical spondylosclerosis (HS) is a rare degenerative entity characterized by dome-shaped sclerosis of a single vertebral body that may pose a diagnostic dilemma. The goal of this study was to describe the MR imaging features of HS. We identified spine radiographs and CT examinations of subjects with HS who also had MR imaging for correlation. Two musculoskeletal radiologists independently assessed sclerosis characteristics, presence of endplate erosions, marrow signal intensity, and disk degeneration (Pfirrmann scale). We identified 11 subjects (six males, five females, mean 48 ± 10 years) with radiographic/CT findings of HS. The most commonly affected vertebral body was L4 (6/11; 55%). On MR imaging, variable signal intensity was noted, being most commonly low on T1 (8/11, 73%) and high on fat-suppressed T2-weighted (8/11, 73%) images. In two subjects, diffuse post-contrast enhancement was seen in the lesion. Moderate disk degeneration and endplate bone erosions adjacent to sclerosis were present in all subjects. Erosions of the opposite endplate were present in two subjects (2/11, 18%). CT data from nine subjects showed the mean attenuation value of HS was 472 ± 96 HU. HS appearance on MR imaging is variable and may not correlate with the degree of sclerosis seen on radiographs or CT. Disk degenerative changes and asymmetric endplate erosions are consistent markers of HS.