cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1312 RELATIVE SIZE OF HEART AND BODY IN THE EARLY CHICK EMBRYO

The heart begins to beat in the chick at the 10-somite stage and circulates blood into embryonic and extraembryonic regions by the 16-somite stage, even though valves and separate chambers develop later. This paper is an attempt to quantify the larger size of the heart over other organs in the early embryo. H-H stage 10 to 28 chick embryos were dissected free of extraembryonic membranes and the hearts removed. Hearts and bodies were pooled by stage in units of 1-5, minced, aspirated into capillary tubes, sealed, and centrifuged at 50G for 5 min. Tissue volume was calculated as: Vol=length × φr2/embryo units. Our results indicate that although the heart >10% of body volume at stage 10 (40-44 hrs. incubation) this ratio drops to 2-3% by stage 28 (144 hrs incubation). We conclude that tissue volume measurements document relative growth of embryonic organ systems and show priority for heart growth in early development, with trend reversal at later stages.
Application of multivariate uncertainty analysis to frequency response function estimates

Uncertainty estimation is an important part of any measurement but is often neglected for complex valued or multivariate data (e.g., vectors). This paper presents a methodology for estimating the uncertainty in multivariate experimental data and applies it to the measurement of the frequency response function obtained when using a periodic random input signal. This multivariate uncertainty method is an extension of classical uncertainty methods used for scalar variables and tracks the correlation between all variates along with the sample variance instead of just tracking the standard uncertainty. The method is used in this paper to propagate the sample covariance matrix from spectral density estimates to the uncertainty in the frequency response function estimate for two different system models. In the first model the case when only the output signal is corrupted by noise is considered, while in the second model both the input and output signals are corrupted by uncorrelated noise sources. The results for the single-noise model are verified by comparing them to published expressions in the literature, while the results for the two-noise model are verified by using a direct computation of the statistics. Finally, the method is applied to experimental data from two microphone measurements within an acoustic waveguide. The random uncertainty estimates in the frequency response function from the multivariate method agree well with the results from a direct computation of the statistics.
Devolatilization equilibria in graphite-pyrite-pyrrhotite bearing pelites with application to magma-pelite interaction

The proportions of species in a C-O-H-S fluid in equilibrium with graphite, pyrite and pyrrhotite were calculated for a range of pressure, temperature and $$f_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ conditions, using the equilibrium constants and mass balance method, for ideal and non-ideal mixing in the fluid. Under typical metamorphic conditions, H2O, CO2, CH4 and H2S are the principal fluid species with H2S favored by higher temperatures, lower pressures and lower $$f_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ conditions. The dominance of H2S in the fluid at high temperatures leads to values of $$X_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}} $$ becoming significantly less than 1, and causes hydrous minerals to dehydrate at lower temperatures than the case when $$X_{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}} = 1$$ . The production of H2S-bearing fluids provides a mechanism for the selective transfer of sulfur from a graphite-pyrite-pyrrhotite bearing pelite into a pluton via a fluid phase, without requiring wholesale melting and assimilation of rocks. Such a process is feasible if a magma is intruded by stoping, which allows a significant volume of pelite country rock to be raised rapidly to temperatures approaching that of the magma. H2S-bearing fluids produced from graphite-pyrite-pyrrhotite pelites (due either to magmatic intrusion or regional metamorphism) may also mobilize ore-forming metals as sulfide complexes.
“A Gentle Work Horse Would Come in Right Handy”: Animals in Ozark Agroecology

Agricultural scientists now acknowledge the wisdom and practicality behind traditional (agro)ecological knowledge (TEK). Integration of TEK into contemporary organic agricultural systems is complicated, however, by the fact that agronomists, social scientists, and extension agents began systematically eradicating traditional practices decades ago in the name of modernization. Agroecological systems based in local, traditional knowledge are now quite rare in the United States, being found almost exclusively in isolated or marginal regions. The Ozark Highlands constitutes one of these regions that still houses pockets of traditional agroecology. This research explores one specific subset of traditional Ozark agroecology, farmers' perceptions of, and interaction with, their animals. Anthropological methods, including two years of participant observation, agro-ecosystem analysis, and formal ethnoecological and semi-structured interviews, document historical and contemporary Ozark farmers' interactions with, and cultural beliefs about, animals.
The TAFs in the HAT

The striking phenomenon of histone acetylases with histone-like substructures that play critical (though distinct) roles in eukaryotic gene regulation raises evolutionary questions. We propose the following speculative scenario that begins with an Archea-like organism containing TBP and histones lacking N-terminal tails. Following the split between Archea and eukaryotes, we imagine a eukaryotic ancestor with histone tails and a histone acetylase that might conceivably be associated with the histones; such an organism would have the ability to modify nucleosome structure. Subsequently, gene duplications and evolutionary divergence results in two sets of histones; the standard nucleosomal histones and the histone-like TAFs that associate with the histone acetylase while losing the ability to form nucleosomes. Next, the primitive histone acetylase complexes diverge into two types, which are distinguished by the catalytic subunit (Gcn5 or TAF-HAT). The TAF-HAT type acquired the ability to interact with TBP, additional TAF subunits, and promoter DNA, whereas the Gcn5 type acquired Ada and Spt subunits to facilitate the interaction with (and hence modification of) nucleosomal histones. Further divergence after the yeast–human split generated novel TAF-like proteins (e.g., PAF65α and PAF65β) that are specific to the human PCAF and hGcn5 complexes. In considering these ideas, it would be of interest to examine very primitive eukaryotes for the presence of histones, TAFs, Spt and Ada proteins, and Gcn5-like histone acetylases.
Male risk-taking as a context-sensitive signaling device

Abstract Evolutionary theorists have suggested that sex differences in risk-taking are due ultimately to greater intrasexual competition among men (compared with women) over access to mating opportunities. The current work provides one of the first direct tests of the hypothesis that risk-taking serves self-presentational functions associated with mating. Results of an experimental study indicated a strong positive relationship between sexual arousal and risk-taking, but only in men exposed to a romantically available female confederate who purportedly would view their risk-taking performance. Findings suggest that risk-taking can serve as a signaling device in the context of mating, that this function is sex-specific, and that it is highly sensitive both to the situational context and to the current psychological state of the risk-taker. This research highlights the utility of an evolutionary approach in understanding the proximate social psychological determinants of risky decision-making.
Estimation of the Population Size in the Classical Occupancy Problem

In the classical occupancy problem where the random variable X is the number of N elements selected by K individuals when each element is equally likely to be chosen by any of the individuals, it is desired to estimate N. Three estimators given in the literature are compared with three estimators derived in this article, two of which are based on Bayesian methods, utilizing a simulation study. One of the Bayes estimators appears to perform the best along with one proposed in the literature in 1968. The estimators are also compared using data obtained from a cemetery in Ohio.
Uterine specializations in elasmobranchs

The uterus of the elasmobranch demonstrates a variety of structural and physiological specializations associated with the mode of reproduction utilized by a particular species. Reproductive modes include (1) oviparity (Raja erinacea and Raja eglanteria), (2) aplacental viviparity, yolk sac variety (Squalus acanthias), with oophagy and intrauterine cannibalism (Carcharias taurus), and with trophonemata (Urolophus jamaicensis), and (3) placental viviparity (Rhizoprionodon terraenovae and Carcharhinus plumbeus). In oviparous species, the uterus harbors the egg capsule during capsule sclerotization and thereafter until oviposition, which in skates can be several days. The uterus is specialized for synthesis and secretion of materials that may contribute to capsule surface structure or chemistry or that may facilitate biochemical events associated with capsule polymerization, including provision of oxygen and elimination of water generated by the tanning reaction. In aplacental yolk sac species, as well as those species with oophagy and intrauterine cannibalism, the uterus functions as a respiratory membrane and a regulator of the ionic and osmotic environment (Squalus) but provides no supplemental nutrients to augment the yolk sac contents. In stingrays and placental sharks, however, the uterus assumes the additional function of providing nutrients to the developing embryos after the yolk stores have been depleted. Nutrient provision varies from uterine secretions of epithelial origin in the form of histotroph or uterine milk in stingrays to the transfer of material from the maternal vascular system in some placental sharks. Common features shared by all elasmobranchs include (1) increased vascularity of the uterine mucosa, (2) physiological maintenance of specific intrauterine ionic and osmotic environments in some species, (3) provision of secretory products, (4) increase in surface area for respiratory and metabolic exchange, (5) structural specializations of junctional complexes and intercellular spaces for fluid transport in some species, (6) thinning of the uterine epithelium to reduce the diffusion distance for respiratory exchange in stingrays, and (7) provision of nutrients in some viviparous species. J. Exp. Zool. 282:438–459, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Variations in total hemocyte counts as induced by a nosemosis in the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni☆

Abstract The freely circulating hemocytes in the larva of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni , were susceptible to infection with Nosema sp. A gradual decrease to a highly significant reduction in blood-cell numbers, accompanied by an increase of all developing stages of the infective organism in the cytoplasm of blood cells indicate that such cells are infected. Observations of fresh blood smears as well as stained smears indicate no hemocytic encapsulation and extracellular digestion of the invading pathogen. Phagocytosis was prevalent at advanced stages of infection, but this was not effective in warding off fatal infection. Intracellular digestion or retention of the pathogen was not observed.
Capnographic monitoring of ventilatory status during moderate (conscious) sedation

Background: Moderate (conscious) sedation is required to perform endoscopic procedures. Capnography provides a means for continuous, real-time monitoring of ventilation and may also decrease the incidence of oversedation. Methods: A retrospective examination of all endoscopic procedures performed from January through December 2001 at our institution was undertaken to determine the potential benefits of capnographic monitoring. Results: In 4,846 endoscopic procedures performed without capnography, adverse outcomes related to moderate sedation were noted in 14 cases (0.29%). A subset of patients at higher risk for moderate sedation was identified. There were no cases of oversedation in 600 cases monitored with capnography. The complication rates were not significantly different for the two groups (p = 0.30, NS). Conclusion: The addition of capnography during moderate sedation endoscopy does not appear to significantly lower anesthesia-related morbidity. However, in cases requiring moderate sedation for prolonged procedures, in older patients with comorbidities, or in instances where respiratory excursion of the patient is obscured from view, practitioners should nonetheless consider capnography.
Cardiac damage induced by immunization with heat-killed Trypanosoma cruzi is not antibody mediated.

Summary Cardiac inflammation that develops during infection with Trypanosoma cruzi may result in part from autoimmunity, which may occur after bystander activation, after parasite-induced cardiomyocyte damage, or molecular mimicry. A/J mice infected with T. cruzi or immunized with heat-killed T. cruzi (HKTC) develop strong autoimmunity accompanied by cardiac damage. To determine whether this cardiac damage occurs via an antibody-dependent mechanism, we analysed T. cruzi-infected and HKTC-immunized mice for the presence of autoantibodies, cardiac antibody deposition, and serum cardiac troponin I as a measure of cardiac damage. We also performed a serum transfer experiment in which sera from T. cruzi-infected and T. cruzi-immunized mice (and controls) were transferred into naive recipients, which were then analysed for the presence of antibodies and serum troponin. Unlike T. cruzi-infected mice, T. cruzi-immunized mice did not show significant antibody deposition in the myocardium. These results indicate that antibody deposition does not precede cardiac damage and inflammation in mice immunized with or infected with T. cruzi. Serum adoptive transfer did not induce cardiac damage in any recipients. Based on these findings, we conclude that the cardiac damage induced by immunization with HKTC is not mediated by antibodies.
On background subtraction in PIXE analysis of aerosol samples

Abstract The technique of background evaluation by using the spectrum of a blank substrate can, in principle, only be applied to spectra of lightly loaded aerosol samples with substrates having the same thickness as the blank. In this paper we present and discuss experimental results to show the effects of thickness difference between the blank and the sample substrate on such background evaluation. Computational procedures for making corrections for these effects as well as for the effects of thick sample mass are suggested.
Dynamic analysis of folded plate structures on a massively parallel computer

Abstract The spectral element method is a matrix method for the dynamic analysis of structures using Fourier transforms in time and space. It is particularly suited to solving wave propagation-type problems. We demonstrate how the method is implemented on a MasPar MP-1 computer with 16,384 processors. Coding is straightforward due to the inherent parallelism of the spectral method and the convenient parallel extensions of MP Fortran-90. Timing results are given for the MP-1 using from 512 to 16,384 processors, and several common workstations. We obtain near 100% efficiency on the MP-1, and speeds two to three orders of magnitude greater than the comparison platforms running the same, albeit sequential code.
Changes in stream benthic organic matter following watershed disturbance

Benthic organic matter was collected quarterly from streams draining a 9-yr-old clearcut, an 18-yr-old “old-field”, a 25-yr-old successional forest, and two reference watersheds at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina. USA. Samples were separated into large benthic organic matter (LBOM >1 mm) and fine benthic organic matter (FBOM 5 em diam.) and small (1–5 cm diam.) wood was conducted. Standing stocks of LBOM ranged from 124 to 235 g AFDM m−2 (ash tree dry mass) and were significantly higher in streams draining reference watersheds and the successional forest than in either the recent clearcut or old-field. Reference sites exhibited LBOM peaks in late autumn and spring. No seasonal patterns were observed in disturbed streams. Standing stocks of FBOM averaged 113 to 387 g AFDM m−2, and the stream draining the successional forest had significantly higher FBOM levels than the other sites. In reference streams, FBOM abundance peaked in spring. In disturbed streams, FBOM standing stocks were highest in summer or late autumn. Standing stocks of large wood ranged from 0 to 3956 g AFDM m−2 and were significantly higher in the reference streams than in streams draining the old-field or successional forest. Small wood averaged 11 to 342 g AFDM m−2 and was significantly lower in the stream draining the old-field than at the other sites. Comparisons of organic matter inputs with standing stocks indicated that disturbed streams at Coweeta receive less material and process it faster than reference streams. Disturbed streams also appear to be less retentive than reference streams and exhibit a gradual decline in FBOM during the winter when large, long-duration storms combined with low particle generation rates deplete accumulated FBOM.
Instantons in Kaluza-Klein theories

Abstract In a six-dimensional theory of gravity we find an instanton solution to Einstein's equations. The extra two dimensions are compactified into a sphere, S2. Within a Kaluza-Klein ansatz the theory thus reduces at long distances to an SO(3) gauge theory in four dimensions. These solutions are the analogues of the BPST instantons. The existence of such solutions in six-dimensional gravity is a consequence of the conformal properties of the BPST instanton.
Cdx4 and menin co-regulate Hoxa9 expression in hematopoietic cells.

Background Transcription factor Cdx4 and transcriptional coregulator menin are essential for Hoxa9 expression and normal hematopoiesis. However, the precise mechanism underlying Hoxa9 regulation is not clear. Methods and Findings Here, we show that the expression level of Hoxa9 is correlated with the location of increased trimethylated histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4M3). The active and repressive histone modifications co-exist along the Hoxa9 regulatory region. We further demonstrate that both Cdx4 and menin bind to the same regulatory region at the Hoxa9 locus in vivo, and co-activate the reporter gene driven by the Hoxa9 cis-elements that contain Cdx4 binding sites. Ablation of menin abrogates Cdx4 access to the chromatin target and significantly reduces both active and repressive histone H3 modifications in the Hoxa9 locus. Conclusion These results suggest a functional link among Cdx4, menin and histone modifications in Hoxa9 regulation in hematopoietic cells.
Comments on: "Ion-exchange properties of Ca5Si6O18H2 · 4H2O [1]"

Donnees sur les proprietes d'echange des ions Ca 2+ , en particulier, de ce silicate (tobermorite) avec d'autres ions divalents (Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , par exemple)
A Study on the Interaction of Brain Impact With the Grounds of Different Material Types

This paper proposes a parametric study of the response of brain, to human head impact with varied velocities as well as with the grounds of different material properties. The human head and its constituents are modeled using three-dimensional finite elements. The brain is made up of various elements that are modeled with a viscoelastic behavior. The ground is also assembled by finite elements. Five different velocities of impacts are considered based on realistic scenarios of human body falling due to gravity from five different heights. Three different materials for ground including wood, soil and rubber are considered. The simulation is run for a time history of 10ms after the incident. The intracranial coup pressure and shear stresses in the brain and various parts of the head are recorded. At the time of impact the peaks of the coup pressure and shear stress are observed to be proportional to the velocity of head and stiffness of the ground. Studies are conducted on the influence of the material of the impacting ground.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Monte Carlo sequence alignment

The alignment of molecular sequences is a problem central to many important questions in molecular biology and evolution. The main theme in the development of sequence alignment methods has been to obtain an optimal alignment between two (or more) sequences. The optimality criterion is typically based on the sum of scores assigned to substitutions, insertions and deletions required to transfornl one sequence into another. The scores themselves are fixed and often arbitrary. The problem studied here lies at the intersection of two lines of research T11e first is concerned with the sensitivity of aligtut~cuts t.o choice of scores. Fitch anti Smith (1983) introduced the idea of dividing the parameter space of possible scoring systems into regions within which the (set, of) optimal alignment(s) is invariant. Distinct, optimal alignments are obtained when scores arc chosen from different. regions of the space. A recent rcview of t,llis problc:ni is provided by Vingrori and Waterman (1994). A second line of research is the study of suboptimal alignments. This work has been driven by the observation that an optimal alignment is not neccessarily a biologically correct alignment. However, biologically correct alignments are often nearly optimal when the scoring system is well chosen. A recent review of suboptimal alignment methods is provided by Vingron (1996). We consider sequence alignment in the context of an explicit stochastic model of sequence evolution. The model parameters have a direct interpretation as rates or probabilities of sequence transformations. These pararreters are generally not known and cannot be estimated
Empirical models of solar flare X ray and EUV emission for use in studying their E and F region effects

The time structure and spectra of X ray and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) bursts during solar flares are described from the viewpoint of evaluating their ionospheric effects. The impulsive flare component is strong in emissions from solar source regions with temperatures in the range 104°K–106°K, which are strong in the 90- to 1027-A range. The strength of the impulsive EUV emissions incident on the ionosphere depends on the location of the flare on the sun. The impulsive EUV emission produces short-lived large absolute enhancements of photo-ionization rates above the bottom of the preflare E layer and in the F region. The slow components are very strong in emissions from solar sources with temperatures in the range 1–30 × 106°K and are particularly strong at soft X ray wavelengths (1–90 A). The slow 1- to 8-A burst causes the large percentage increase in ionization production below the bottom of the preflare E layer and in the D region. The large absolute flare emission in the 8- to 90-A emission and the K shell absorption edge of N2 near 31 A causes the large slow enhancement of photo-ionization in the 100- to 130-km altitude range.
A complexity measure based on nesting level

For the past several years an accepted method of determining the complexity of computer programs has involved developing a direct graph, G=(V,E) which represents the flow of control of the program. The directed graph, G consists of a set of nodes, V which represent "blocks" of groups of code, and a set E, of edges which corresponds to the flow of control among the various nodes. The graph is usually restricted to having one initial node which is always executed first. In addition, each block has two properties:
Infinite time reachability of state-space regions by using feedback control

In this paper we consider some aspects of the problem of feedback control of a time-invariant uncertain system subject to state constraints over an infinite-time interval. The central question that we investigate is under what conditions can the state of the uncertain system be forced to stay in a specified region of the state space for all times by using feedback control. At the same time we study the behavior of the region of n -step reachability as n tends to infinity. It is shown that in general this region may exhibit instability as we pass to the limit, and that under a compactness assumption this region converges to a steady state. A special case involving a linear finite-dimensional system is examined in more detail. It is shown that there exist ellipsoidal regions in state space where the state can be confined by making use of a linear time-invariant control law, provided that the system is stabilizable. Such control laws can be calculated efficiently through the solution of a recursive matrix equation of the Riccati type.
Cyclic stochastic optimization with an application to structure from motion and convergence for separable loss functions

In this paper we present the motivation behind cyclic stochastic optimization and give an example of how it can be applied to a structure from motion problem. We give sufficient conditions for convergence of cyclic simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation as well as for cyclic stochastic gradient in the case of a linearly separable loss function.
Hubble Space Telescope Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph Spectroscopy of the Intermediate Polar EX Hydrae

We present the results of our analysis of six orbits of Hubble Space Telescope Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (HST/STIS) time-tagged spectroscopy of the intermediate polar, EX Hydrae. The high time and wavelength resolution of the HST/STIS spectra provided an excellent opportunity to study the UV properties of EX Hya. Measurements of the continuum and emission-line fluxes corroborate earlier studies that show that the emission-line fluxes are modulated more strongly than the continuum flux and originate from the accretion curtains, while the continuum flux originates from the white dwarf photosphere. The measured K amplitude of the narrow emission-line radial velocity curve is used to calculate a white dwarf mass of 0.91 ± 0.05 M☉. Synthetic white dwarf photosphere and accretion disk spectral models are used to further refine the white dwarf and accretion disk properties. Using the spectral models, it is determined that EX Hya has a white dwarf of mass 0.9 M☉, T = 23,000 K, and an accretion disk truncated at 2.5RWD and is at a distance of 60 pc.
A Perfect Platform: Combining Contingency Management with Medications for Drug Abuse

Contingency management (CM) procedures, which provide concrete reinforcers or rewards contingent on verification of discrete targeted behaviors, such as drug-free urines, have been demonstrated to be effective in a number of clinical trials. However, to date there have been only a few that have capitalized on the unique strengths and capabilities of CM as an ideal platform to improve response to or address weaknesses of many pharmacotherapies used in the treatment of drug abuse. In this review, we describe the multiple potential uses of CM as a platform for pharmacotherapy, including reducing illicit drug use in the context of agonist therapies; fostering medication compliance with antagonists, aversive agents and HIV medications; fostering a period of abstinence prior to initiation of agents used to treat comorbid psychiatric conditions or in the context of vaccines to foster adequate periods of abstinence while titer levels are building; and to enhance the effectiveness of anticraving agents through additive or synergistic effects. Although its multiple strengths render it an almost perfect platform, CM does have some weaknesses that have limited its use to date, including cost, the short-term nature of its effects, and need for training. Future treatment development of CM as a medication platform needs to counter these issues by focusing on CM applications with large potential benefit, developing simple or automated methods for CM delivery and placing greater emphasis on the process of transitioning away from formal CM treatment.
Sex differences in the metabolism of phosphatidyl cholines in rat liver.

Abstract 1. 1. Mature male and female rats were injected intraperitoneally with tracer doses of [ Me - 14 C]methionine, then were killed 20, 40, 60, and 120 min afterwards. 2. 2. Liver phosphatides from both sexes were separated by thin-layer chromatography and the phosphatidylcholine (PC) divided into 3 subfractions. Determinations of fatty acid composition and measurements of radioactivity of the phosphatide fractions were made. 3. 3. The fatty acid composition of the fastest-moving PC subfraction resembled that of the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction and had a higher proportion of stearic and arachidonic acids than did the other slower-moving fractions. 4. 4. Female rats had a higher proportion of stearic and arachidonic acids in their fast moving PC than did males and the specific activity of this fraction was also higher in females. 5. 5. The results indicated that methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine produced PC having a high proportion of stearic and arachidonic acids. The sex difference in these fatty acids in the liver PC appeared to have resulted from the higher rate of PC synthesis via methylation in female rats than in males.
Dielectrophoretic levitation of spheres and shells

Abstract Under certain conditions, the dielectrophoretic force can be used to levitate particles or bubbles in dielectric liquids. The strength of the dielectrophoretic force depends on the effective dipole moment which is directly related to the induced dipole field. The situation of a small dielectric sphere or shell with finite conductivity submerged in dielectric liquid also of finite conductivity is considered. Under certain conditions, a cutooff frequency exists which determines the limit above or below which levitation is no longer obtainable. To test the theory, spheres and shells of various materials are levitated in ac and dc electric fields using a cusped electric field. A fixed electrode structure is calibrated using a dielectric liquid with known properties and the quantitative results of numerous levitation experiments are favorably compared to the theoretical model. The frequency-dependent behavior of glass microballoons is found to be generally consistent with the predictions of the model. Results with dc electric fields are inconclusive due to electroconvection, electrostatic repulsion, and long charge relaxation time constants.
Standard Model Physics from Quarkonia and Lattice QCD

Quarkonia is studied in lattice QCD using Wilson heavy quarks improved to O(a) in the lattice spacing a. The quarkonia spectrum is compared to experiment and provides a check on lattice spacing errors. Careful attention to systematic errors in quarkonia permits determinations of the QCD coupling αs and the heavy quark masses.
Trimming Test Suites with Coincidentally Correct Test Cases for Enhancing Fault Localizations

Although empirical studies have demonstrated the usefulness of statistical fault localizations based on code coverage, the effectiveness of these techniques may be deteriorated due to the presence of some undesired circumstances such as the existence of coincidental correctness where one or more passing test cases exercise a faulty statement and thus causing some confusion to decide whether the underlying exercised statement is faulty or not. Fault localizations based on coverage can be improved if all possible instances of coincidental correctness are identified and proper strategies are employed to deal with these troublesome test cases. We introduce a technique to effectively identify coincidentally correct test cases. The proposed technique combines support vector machines and ensemble learning to detect mislabeled test cases, i.e. Coincidentally correct test cases. The ensemble-based support vector machine then can be used to trim a test suite or flip the test status of the coincidental correctness test cases and thus improving the effectiveness of fault localizations.
Analysis of fusion gene and encoded photopigment of colour-blind humans.

IN humans, long-wavelength-sensitive and middle-wavelength-sensitive cone pigments are encoded by genes lying in a head-to-tail tandem array on the X chromosome. Deficiencies in red–green colour vision seem to arise from unequal recombination of these normal X-linked genes1,2. In some dichromats this recombination is believed to yield a fusion gene encoding a product with an absorption spectrum similar to that of one or the other of the normal photopigments2. Until now, however, such a relationship between the structure of a pigment gene and the spectral properties of its encoded pigment has not been directly shown. We have now sequenced a fusion gene isolated from a red-green colour-blind human and determined the spectral properties of the pigment that it encodes. The absorption spectrum of the photopigment was very similar to that of normal middle-wavelength-sensitive photopigment, even though about half of its DNA coding sequence seems to be derived from a gene encoding normal long-wavelength-sensitive pigment. These results indicate the regions of the X-encoded photopigment apoproteins that are responsible for differences in their spectral tuning, and imply that the striking variations in colour vision among anomalous trichromats of a particular type are not attributable to anomalous pigments with differing spectral peaks.
Modeling Attack Distribution in Sensor Networks

Attack is the major and unique security issues in sensor networks. There are many security approaches that can be used to detect attacks, yet few researches were focused on modeling these attacks' distribution. Knowing the distribution models of attacks can help us detect and defend against them efficiently and effectively. In this paper, we use probability theory to develop basic uniform model, basic gradient model of attack distribution based on the observations of different application environments. These models allow system to estimate the probability of a node to be attacked. To explain how important of these models and how to apply them in security design, we introduced some applications that can be improved using our models such as detecting attacks and secure routing.
The King Chicken Theorems

Fact: In any barnyard of chickens, in every pair of chickens, one is dominant over the other. The dominant chicken asserts its dominance by pecking the other chicken on the head and neck, whence the phrase "pecking order." However, it rarely happens that this pecking order is linear. That is, it is rare that there is a first chicken who pecks all the others, a second chicken who pecks all but the first, and so on. Question: Given that the pecking order may not be linear, is there still a reasonable way to designate a most dominant chicken, i.e., a king? In this paper, we analyze at length one promising king definition, and look briefly at several others. This material illustrates nicely the delights and pitfalls of applied mathematics. One delight is that a model set up to describe one situation may well describe several others as well. A pitfall is that the mathematics done with the model, though good mathematics, may not really be of much use in the situation being modeled. It is not merely a matter of irrelevant theorems. It may be a matter of the wrong mathematical assumptions or even the wrong definitions. This last is a very subtle matter because it may be far from obvious that the definitions are wrong. Specifically, we wish to define a king chicken in such a way that the definition implies a strong sense of dominance and also implies that every flock of chickens has a king. We give such a definition and such a theorem-a definition and a theorem due to the mathematical sociologist H. G. Landau in 1953 [5]. But a king should also be unique, or at least rare. It is necessary to ask if our definition assures this. We are led to discover and prove many theorems which say that kings are all too common. In short, the theorems have negative implications about the usefulness of the definition. But we would not even have discovered this if we had not done some mathematics with the definition, and done it with this sort of testing in mind. This lesson, that a model needs to be judged by the theorems it keeps, is perhaps the main point of this paper. I must confess, however, that for me the theorems themselves are also a main point; the pure mathematician in me finds them interesting in their own right. Also, their proofs illustrate some interesting techniques, for instance, duality and induction from n to n + 2. In any event, good modeling does not stop with wrong definitions, no matter how pretty the theorems they give. One must look for better definitions and/or better mathematical assumptions, and then start proving theorems again. We say a bit about this second round towards the end of the paper. This paper is written primarily for undergraduates, both in the style of proofs and in the amount of interpretation of theorems. There are problems stated later which could lead to good undergraduate projects. Indeed, the paper developed from work begun with undergraduates-my 1977 Graph Theory class at Princeton. Some of the results appear to be new.
Influence of the Spin of the Electron on the Quantum Magnetoacoustic Effect in Metals

A discussion is given of the influence of the orientation of the electron spins on the quantum oscillations of the ultrasonic attenuation in metals. This effect occurs for the situation in which a longitudinal acoustic wave propagates along the direction of an applied magnetic field in a sufficiently pure crystal and at low temperatures. It is shown that the attenuation consists of two series of spikes which occur periodically as a function of the reciprocal of the intensity of the magnetic field. The period of either series is related to an extremal cross-sectional area of the Fermi surface of the material and the shift between the two series is proportional to the cyclotron effective mass of the electrons.
Group B erythrocytes enzymatically converted to group O survive normally in A, B, and O individuals

With an alpha-galactosidase, B erythrocytes can be converted to blood group O under conditions that neither impair their viability in vitro nor affect their ability to survive normally after transfusion to individuals of groups O, A, and B. Such an approach has the potential for producing enzymatically converted group O cells for use in transfusion therapy. It should also be possible to convert A cells to group O by using the appropriate alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase.
Prevalence of Diabetes in Persons with Disabilities in Primary Care

This research was designed to answer the question: Does the prevalence of diabetes differ between adults with and without disability, in the same family medicine practice? A retrospective cohort design was used, to study diabetes among adults, with sensory, trauma, developmental, and psychiatric disabilities so comparisons can be made between disability groups and to comparison patients without disabilities. There was a 5.3 fold risk for diabetes, given obesity, for patients with sensory disabilities, a 3.6 fold risk for patients with trauma disabilities, a 4.1 fold risk for adults with developmental disabilities, and a 3.1 fold risk for adults with psychiatric disability, compared to those with the same disability without obesity. The general principle that obesity is a major risk factor for the onset of Type 2 diabetes holds true and the actual risk for diabetes given obesity, is not significantly different between patients with and without disability.
Food or fuel? What European farmers can contribute to Europe's transport energy requirements and the Doha Round

Farm support in higher income countries is a testament to the fundamental social and economic importance of agriculture, yet domestic efforts to support this sector can arouse multilateral discord in a world of global food markets. In this paper, we argue that the advent of biofuels offers a new opportunity for agriculture to contribute to society, and to do so in a way that reduces trade rivalry and improves energy security. Holding current agricultural production constant, we find that the EU has the potential to reduce oil imports between 6% and 28% by converting eligible agricultural crops into biofuels under two differing conversion scenarios. Further, 33% of food support could be removed with no net farm revenue loss, using the biofuel premia (compared with food value) of corn and rapeseed to compensate for subsidy reductions. These results can help overcome the current impasse in global trade negotiations by reconciling the needs of EU farmers with those who would gain from more liberal international trade.
Making the Immoral Moral: Consensual Unions and Birth Status in Cuban Law and Everyday Practice, 1940-1958

In 1944, four years after a new Cuban Constitution had been enacted, Josefa G. made several radical demands of the civil court judge in Havana based upon the new constitutional right to seek equiparacion de matrimonio civil.2 In the 1940 Constitution, the right to seek equiparacion de matrimonio civil (hereafter equiparacion) referred to an unmarried individual's right to ask a civil court to declare his or her consensual union equivalent to a legally contracted civil marriage.3 If a judge deemed a consensual union equiparada (equivalent), the unmarried defendant would then be able to make legal claims to the same rights and benefits that a legally married spouse was entitled. In this case, Josefa G. demanded that legal authorities formally recognize her past relationship with the deceased Gustavo M. as equivalent to a civil marriage. She argued that, although she and Gustavo had never married legally, their twenty-year relationship had “evolved to the most formal and honest level of marriages.”4 While Josefa asked for equiparacion, she also explicitly insisted that the judge award her the same economic benefits that legally married spouses enjoyed; for her son's formally recorded birth status to be changed from natural (i.e. born to unmarried parents) to legitimate (i.e. born to married parents); and, for all the above changes to be inscribed in the appropriate civil registries.5
Evaluation of high performance converters under low dose rate total ionizing dose (TID) testing for NASA programs

This paper reports the results of low dose rate (0.02-0.04 Rads(Si)/sec) TID tests performed on several types of high performance analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters (ADCs/DACs). The test results showed that BiCMOS parts were very susceptible to radiation damage at very low levels [2-5 kRads(Si)] and the bipolar parts showed higher tolerance [20-100 kRads(Si)] depending on the part type and manufacturer.
Human studies concerning thermal-induced shivering, postoperative "shivering," and cold-induced vasodilation

Human reaction to cold stress and hypothermia involves shivering. Another form of overt shaking, postoperative shivering, has been attributed as a thermoregulatory response to postoperative hypothermia. Analysis of the normal human shivering pattern showed a synchronized, slow amplitude modulation (six to eight cycles/min) over all muscles sampled. In addition, there was a frequency of 8 to 10 Hz associated with each low-frequency amplitude modulation. EMG signals from postoperative patients revealed none of the major patterns seen in thermal-induced shivering. Cold-induced vasodilation also was studied and found to occur simultaneously in all cold-stressed fingers regardless of size or innervation. Thermal shivering and cold-induced vasodilation are considered to be manifestations of central neural oscillators.
SIMPLIFIED TECHNIQUE FOR HYPOPHYSECTOMY OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL

The survival of adult chickens following hypophysectomy by the transbuccal method has been found, in my own experience, to be comparatively low, though not as low as has been reported by Hill, Corkill and Parkes (1934). The first week after hypophysectomy, in particular, is the period of most severe losses. Since the trauma associated with the operation seemed to be primarily responsible for these losses a less traumatic technique was looked for; this was found in the oral approach2 to the pituitary, which White (1933) used successfully on rabbits. This approach makes for a faster, simpler, and cleaner operation than the one using the transbuccal approach. Early mortality (in the first to second postoperative weeks) was considerably less (Rothchild, 1948) than that following the transbuccal method, although total mortality was practically the same by both methods. The details of the method follow:
Framework for Estimating Uncertainty of ADCP Measurements from a Moving Boat by Standardized Uncertainty Analysis

In spite of the extensive use of acoustic-Doppler current profilers (ADCP) for measurement of velocity and discharge in open-channel and riverine environments, a rigorous methodology for estimating ADCP discharge measurement uncertainty that follows current engineering standards for uncertainty analysis is not yet available. In this paper, we apply the broadly accepted engineering standard for uncertainty analysis put forth by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics in 1995 (AIAA) to develop a framework for the estimation of uncertainty in ADCP measurements from a moving boat. First, we summarize the terminology and methodology of measurement uncertainty analysis and review the data reduction equations used by ADCPs to estimate the total discharge in measurements from a moving boat. Second, we discuss briefly the various elemental error sources that contribute to the uncertainties of the ADCP measured variables, which in turn contribute to the total uncertainty of ADCP discharge measurements. In discussing the elemental errors, we look into what determines their uncertainties and whether they can be evaluated using available information. We then apply the guidelines of the AIAA standard to develop an analytical framework for propagating the uncertainties from the elemental sources to obtain the total uncertainty of ADCP discharge measurements from a moving boat.
Acting Out: Qui pro Quo in the Context of Interwar Warsaw

In the turbulent context of interwar Polish politics, a period bookended by the right-wing nationalists’ repression of an ethnically heterogeneous state, several popular high-quality cabarets persi...
My Sports Pulse: Increasing Student Interest in STEM Disciplines through Sports Themes, Games and Mobile Technologies

My Sports Pulse is a program designed to promote student achievement and interests in science and math disciplines using sports themed scenarios and celebrity athlete presence delivered over mobile devices to reach the broadest possible audience. The program is set up to pilot in five different geographic locations around the globe, followed by a broader public launch. During the phase one pilot, research questions include the effectiveness of the program in promoting student engagement and interests in math and science. The research data will provide insight into the effectiveness of extrinsic motivators, and their transference to intrinsic motivation using games and simulations toward the study of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) disciplines. In this paper, we will present the design heuristics and conceptual framework for the My Sports Pulse program.
An Approximation of a Hierarchical Logistic Regression Model Used to Establish the Predictive Validity of Scores on a Nursing Licensure Exam

A validity study was conducted to examine the degree to which Diagnostic Readiness Test (DRT) scores and Pre-Admissions Test scores could predict success or failure on the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN). Data were obtained from 5,698 students in 135 schools of nursing on three measures: DRT scores, Pre-Admissions Test scores, and success or failure on the NCLEX-RN. An approximation of a hierarchical logistic regression model was used in the analysis. Results indicate that the DRT is the only significant predictor of NCLEX-RN performance and that the DRT is a stronger predictor for baccalaureate graduates than for nonbaccalaureate graduates. Directions for further research are suggested.