cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impaired exercise tolerance after inferior vena caval interruption.

Four patients were evaluated for persistent dyspnea eight months to four years after inferior vena caval interruption for treatment of pulmonary emboli. Maximal exercise testing with gas-exchange analysis was performed. All patients attained less than 64 percent of predicted maximal oxygen uptake. Peak exercise heart rates were 85 percent or greater of predicted values. Arterial hypoxemia was not observed. The ratio of dead space to tidal volume (VD/VT) decreased with exercise, and the ratios of maximal exercise ventilation to maximal voluntary ventilation ( V ˙ E /mvv) were less than 67 percent. These results suggest a cardiac rather than a ventilatory limitation to exercise. Inadequate venous blood return to the heart is the likely mechanism for the impaired exercise performances.
Operating system compatibility analysis of Eclipse and Netbeans based on bug data

Eclipse and Netbeans are two top of the line Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) for Java development. Both of them provide support for a wide variety of development tasks and have a large user base. This paper provides an analysis and comparison for the compatibility and stability of Eclipse and Netbeans on the three most commonly used operating systems, Windows, Linux and Mac OS. Both IDEs are programmed in Java and use a Bugzilla issue tracker to track reported bugs and feature requests. We looked into the Bugzilla repository databases of these two IDEs, which contains the bug records and histories of these two IDEs. We used some basic data mining techniques to analyze some historical statistics of the bug data. Based on the analysis, we try to answer certain stability-comparison oriented questions in the paper, so that users can have a better idea which of these two IDEs is designed better to work on different platforms.
Mexican migration to the United States Pacific Northwest

The migration of Mexicans to the Pacific Northwest region (PNW) of the United States has received little attention in scholarly literature. This is unfortunate, as Mexican migration has significantly affected this region, both economically and culturally. Using data supplied by the Mexican Migration Project, we compare the characteristics of Mexican mi- grants to the Pacific Northwest with characteristics of Mexicans who migrate to other parts of the U.S. The data reveal significant differences between the two groups: Mexican migrants to the PNW earn lower U.S. wages, are less likely to migrate illegally, and more commonly work in agriculture. They also are more transitory in nature, making more frequent, shorter trips to the U.S. Most interesting is that PNW migrants send significantly more money back home compared to Mexican migrants in other parts of the U.S., even after controlling for the aforementioned differences in individual characteristics.
A magnetic circular dichroism study of cobalt atoms in a xenon matrix

Abstract Cobalt atoms have been deposited in a xenon matrix at 12 K using pulsed Nd/YAG laser ablation and subsequently studied via magnetic circular dichroism and absorption spectroscopy. This study reveals that several assignments of the electronic transitions of vapor phase Co are in error. It is proposed that the z 4 G 11/2 and z 4 F 7/2 states should be exchanged. With this interchange, it is shown that better agreement with the Lande interval rule is obtained for both z 4 G and z 4 F manifolds.
Blank-free two-photon excited fluorescence detection

Trace-level impurities, such as those found in organic solvents and aqueous buffer solutions, are known to have little contribution to the two-photon excited fluorescence blank. Previously, the major source of interference in 90° fluorescence detection has been Rayleigh scatter at the laser wavelength. Various instrumental approaches have been used to minimize the amount of scattered radiation reaching the detector. Because two-photon excited fluorescence occurs primarily at the focal point of a lens, spatial isolation with microscope objectives has been used to maximize the signal-to-scatter ratio. Modulation of the excitation beam followed by second harmonic detection of the fluorescence also was shown to reduce scatter on the basis of frequency. Photon burst spectroscopy has recently been used to differentiate between fluorescence from single molecules and scatter background, while subnanosecond excitation of fluorophores has been combined with time-filtered detection to discriminate against instantaneous scatter. The reduction in background interference from these techniques has resulted in detection limits in the picomolar range.
Albino spatial vision as an instance of arrested visual development

Abstract Adult albinos and human infants share a number of common visual characteristics: both have low grating acuity, both lack a foveal pit (foveal hypoplasia), and both have much lower central cone densities than in the normal adult. We have explored the consequences of these characteristics by measuring both spatial and temporal contrast sensitivity in the central retina and by comparing central and peripheral grating and vernier acuities in two young adult albino subjects. To compensate for nystagmus, horizontally oriented patterns were employed. Both subjects had normal flicker sensitivities, but their central grating and vernier acuities were approximately five times worse than normal. At 10.0° in the inferior visual field, however, vernier and grating acuities were normal for both subjects. Finally, the ratio of grating to vernier acuity in albino central vision fell within the normal foveal range, suggesting that albino central vision does not resemble the adult periphery. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that spatial processing deficiencies in albino central vision are a direct consequence of the increased spacing of their central cones. Our data are comparable to available psychophysical results obtained from infants of approx. 10 months of age, thus suggesting that the albino visual system may represent a case of arrested development.
Balancing revenues and repair costs under partial information about product reliability

We consider the problem faced by a company selling a product with warranty and under partial information about the product reliability. The product can fail from multiple failure types, each of which is associated with an inherently different repair cost. If the product fails within the warranty duration, then the company is required to pay the repair cost. The company does not know the probabilities associated with different failure types, but it learns the failure probabilities as sales occur and failure information is accumulated. If the failure probabilities turn out to be too high and it becomes costly to fulfill the warranty coverage, then the company may decide to stop selling the product, possibly replacing it with a more reliable alternative. The objective is to decide if and when to stop. By formulating the problem as a dynamic program with Bayesian learning, we establish structural properties of the optimal policy. Since computing the optimal policy is intractable due to the high dimensional state space, we propose two approximation methods. The first method is based on decomposing the problem by failure types and it provides upper bounds on the value functions. The second method provides lower bounds on the value functions and it is based on a deterministic approximation. Computational experiments indicate that the policy from the first method provides noticeable benefits, especially when it is difficult to form good estimates of the failure probabilities quickly.
Testing the consistency of wildlife data types before combining them: the case of camera traps and telemetry

Wildlife data gathered by different monitoring techniques are often combined to estimate animal density. However, methods to check whether different types of data provide consistent information (i.e., can information from one data type be used to predict responses in the other?) before combining them are lacking. We used generalized linear models and generalized linear mixed-effects models to relate camera trap probabilities for marked animals to independent space use from telemetry relocations using 2 years of data for fishers (Pekania pennanti) as a case study. We evaluated (1) camera trap efficacy by estimating how camera detection probabilities are related to nearby telemetry relocations and (2) whether home range utilization density estimated from telemetry data adequately predicts camera detection probabilities, which would indicate consistency of the two data types. The number of telemetry relocations within 250 and 500 m from camera traps predicted detection probability well. For the same number of relocations, females were more likely to be detected during the first year. During the second year, all fishers were more likely to be detected during the fall/winter season. Models predicting camera detection probability and photo counts solely from telemetry utilization density had the best or nearly best Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), suggesting that telemetry and camera traps provide consistent information on space use. Given the same utilization density, males were more likely to be photo-captured due to larger home ranges and higher movement rates. Although methods that combine data types (spatially explicit capture–recapture) make simple assumptions about home range shapes, it is reasonable to conclude that in our case, camera trap data do reflect space use in a manner consistent with telemetry data. However, differences between the 2 years of data suggest that camera efficacy is not fully consistent across ecological conditions and make the case for integrating other sources of space-use data.
Partial purification of isocitric dehydrogenase and oxalosuccinic carboxylase.

Abstract Partial purification of the isocitric dehydrogenase and oxalosuccinic carboxylase activities of pig heart has been obtained by means of ammonium sulphate and ethanol fractionation of an acetone powder extract. The purification reached was about six-fold with a yield of about 15%. No separation of the two activities has thus far been accomplished. The strong inhibition of oxalosuccinic carboxylase activity by isocitric acid has been confirmed using an optical test system.
Cognitive function and platelet membrane fluidity in Alzheimer's disease

Increased platelet membrane fluidity, as reflected by a decrease in the fluorescence anisotropy of diphenylhexatriene in labeled membranes, identifies a clinically distinct subgroup of approximately 50% of patients at our center who meet NINCDS-ADRDA clinical criteria for Alzheimer's disease. In the current study, we compared the cognitive impairments of patients in this subgroup to those observed in the residual subgroup of patients with Alzheimer's disease who had normal platelet membrane fluidity. No significant differences in the number or distribution of deficits in six cognitive domains were observed between the two subgroups. However, in the subgroup with increased platelet membrane fluidity, there were significantly more patients who exhibited dissociation of deficits on tests related to left and right parietal lobe function than in the residual subgroup. Moreover, the cases with dissociation of deficits consisted almost entirely of patients with deficits on tests reflecting left parietal lobe function and no deficit on tests of right parietal lobe function.
1-pps 2-microsec pulse high-energy frequency-doubled Nd:YAG/ glass laser for studying combustion processes.

A frequency-doubled Nd:YAG/glass laser system has been constructed for use at the Combustion Research Facility at Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore. This laser system will be used to make single-shot spontaneous Raman spectroscopy measurements of ongoing combustion processes. The output of the system is 5 J of 1.064-μm radiation and 0.8 J of 532-nm radiation in a 2-μsec pulse. The repetition rate of the system is 1 pps. A microprocessor-based diagnostic and control system for the operation is described.
Cyanoketenes. Cycloadditions of chlorocyanoketene to α,β-unsaturated imines

Abstract Chlorocyanoketene cycloadds to cinnamylideneamines to give β-lactams, δ-lactams, and pyridones. The periselectivity and stereoselectivity of these cycloadditions is markedly influenced by the N-substituent as well as the βsubstituents of the imines.
Moroccan Nation-building and the Bildungsroman in ʿAbd al-Karīm Ghallāb's Dafannā al-Māḍī and al-Muʿallim ʿAlī

AbstractDespite some recent recognition for his novels, the Moroccan novelist, ʿAbd al-Karīm Ghallāb (b. 1917) has been considered, at best, a minor figure in the canon of 20th-century post-colonial writers in Arabic. However, I argue here that we should reconsider two of his nationalist novels, Dafannā al-Māḍī (We Buried the Past) and al-Muʿallim ʿAlī (Master ʿAli), as critical examples of ways in which mid-century novelists engaged in important questions of both domestic and international development on social and political levels. His works highlight important social themes, such as the status of women and entrenched racism, while also providing a coherent construction of national identity through a combination of ideological and historical trajectories. We see this primarily through the lives and progress of each work's primary protagonist; one from the class of local social elite in Fes, Morocco, and the other from the disenfranchised lower class in that same city. He does this by creating works that...
Limiting ventilator-induced lung injury through individual electronic medical record surveillance

Background:To improve the safety of ventilator care and decrease the risk of ventilator-induced lung injury, we designed and tested an electronic algorithm that incorporates patient characteristics and ventilator settings, allowing near-real-time notification of bedside providers about potentially i
Automation and Assessment of Augmented Lagrangian Algorithms for Frictional Contact Problems

In recent work, the augmented Lagrangian approach to large deformation frictional contact problems has been advocated for finite element calculations. The resulting algorithms have been shown to facilitate accurate constraint enforcement in a robust manner, while providing an effective technique for removal of the nonsymmetry associated with most frictional constitutive laws. In this work, we examine automation schemes for the algorithm, such that multipliers can be determined to a specified degree of accuracy without user intervention. The performance of the resulting automatic augmentation algorithm is then examined, providing important information about practical attributes of the procedure.
C++ reflection for high performance problem solving environments

Problem Solving Environments (PSE) in scientific computing domains require the ability to couple High Performance Computing (HPC) components. A PSE facilitates coupling of tasks or computations in order to aid a scientist in finding a solution to a problem or at least getting closer to a solution. Reflection capabilities are required in order to effectively dynamically couple these components. Reflection facilitates adaptive behavior such as rebinding calls to different functions at run-time, or integrating flexible interpreted languages with compiled languages such as C++ or Fortran. Currently, however, reflection is not available in languages commonly used in high performance computing. While there have been several attempts to incorporate reflection into C++, all of them are either intrusive or are not fully compliant with the C++ standard. In this paper, we present a number of use cases for reflective programming, and show how it can be efficiently and robustly implemented in languages such as C++. Our implementation uses code generation to add metadata, and is fully compliant with the standard C++ specification. We compare the overhead of reflection with languages such as Java, and show that our overhead is acceptable for many scenarios. Our reflection library is open-source, and is available at http://www.extreme.indiana.edu/reflcpp.
Amputation of the Great Toe

Four patients who had undergone reimplantation of the great toe to create a thumb were studied. The follow-up period ranged from 29 to 62 months. In all cases, the great toe was disarticulated at the metatarsophalangeal joint. The patients felt their feet functioned at approximately 85% of normal, and none had any significant complaint of metatarsalgia. The one patient who participated in sports after the surgery noted that it was difficult to "push off" moving away from the involved foot. X-ray examination demonstrated retraction of the sesamoids, which accounted for the increased plantar flexion of the first metatarsal shaft. The second metatarsophalanageal joint drifted into varus an average of 8 degrees. The Harris mat demonstrated that there was an increase in weightbearing beneath the second and third metatarsal heads. It appears as though, on the basis of this study, the loss of the great toe in this manner does not significantly affect the normal everyday function of an individual's foot.
Watching Televised Sports and Personality

In a sample of 91 high school students, watching sports on television was unrelated to personality as measured by scores on the Eysenck Personality Inventory.
In Search of Something Our Study Was Not About: Response to Bailey, Rieger, and Rosenthal (2011)

Bailey, Rieger, and Rosenthal (2011) go at great lengths to try and convince readers that our study (Cerny & Janssen, 2011) failed to demonstrate what it set out to do. However, our study did not set out to do what they claim it set out to do. In fact, Bailey et al. misrepresent the goals, analyses, and conclusions of our study. The goal of our study was not to demonstrate that bisexual men respond with substantial genital arousal to both maleandfemalestimuli. Thepurposeofourstudywas todetermine if men with different sexual orientations show differential genital and subjective arousal patterns to video presentations of bisexual, heterosexual, and homosexual sexual interactions. The genital response analyses did not consist of‘‘two main analyses’’but of one single mixed-model analysis. And our conclusions were not about something Bailey et al. like to refer to as‘‘bisexual arousal.’’Instead, we concluded that bisexuality in men was associated with a unique and specific pattern of sexual arousal. This was based on the finding that the bisexual and other men responded similarly to some and differently to other stimuli—most critically, the bisexual men responded with greater penile tumescence to a video depicting a man engaged in sex with both a man and a woman than both the homosexual or heterosexual men. The Long of It
PROGRESSIVE LOSS OF ANT-RELATED TRAITS OF CECROPIA PELTATA ON SELECTED CARIBBEAN ISLANDS'

A B S T R A C T Cecropia of South and Central America, and Trinidad and Tobago, maintain a symbiotic relationship with Azteca ants. The plant provides a domicile and food supply and in return the ants defend the plant from insect attack and/or vine overgrowth. Cecropia is present on certain Caribbean islands, north of Trinidad and Tobago, but does not maintain a relationship with ants. The Cecropia on Puerto Rico have lost all structures normally associated with the production of the ant food. On the islands between Trinidad and Puerto Rico, stages in the loss of traits related to the ant symbiosis are present.
Don francisco as fate: the construction of the cenotaph in La de Bringas

Francisco Bringas's weaving of the cenotaph in Galdos's 1884 novel, La de Bringas, serves as a writing into being of the Revolution of 1868, which will bring down the very class to which Bringas and his hair donors belong. This “authorship” of one's own personal doom can similarly be traced in Velazquez's Las hilanderas and Dickens's A Tale of Two Cities. The first of these frames the acts of spinning, weaving, and foretelling in ways that draw clear attention to the framing of the symbol incorporated in Bringas's act. The second reinforces and adds to this parallel a use of symbolic madness that underscores the import of Bringas's blindness as a byproduct of his cenotaph-making activities. The self-reflexive dimensions of both Velazquez's painting and dickens's novel admirably show how Galdos used the building of the cenotaph as a demonstration of how art and artists can elaborate intuitions that literally create the future, a dimension of time that art and artists can subsequently do nothing to direct.
Posttranslational nitrotyrosination of α-tubulin induces cell cycle arrest and inhibits proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells

Hyperproliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells is a hallmark of atherosclerosis and related vascular complications. Microtubules are important for many aspects of mammalian cell responses including growth, migration and signaling. alpha-Tubulin, a component of the microtubule cytoskeleton, is unique amongst cellular proteins in that it undergoes a reversible posttranslational modification whereby the C-terminal tyrosine residue is removed (Glu-tubulin) and re-added (Tyr-tubulin). Whereas the reversible detyrosination/tyrosination cycle of alpha-tubulin has been implicated in regulating various aspects of cell biology, the precise function of this posttranslational modification has remained poorly characterized. Herein, we provide evidence suggesting that alpha-tubulin detyrosination is a required event in the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Proliferation of rat aortic smooth muscle cells in response to serum was temporally associated with the detyrosination of alpha-tubulin, but not acetylation of alpha-tubulin; Glu-tubulin reached maximal levels between 12 and 18h following cell cycle initiation. Inclusion of 3-nitro-l-tyrosine (NO(2)Tyr) in the culture medium resulted in the selective nitrotyrosination of alpha-tubulin, that was paralleled by decreased elaboration of Glu-tubulin, decreased expression of cyclins A and E, decreased association of the microtubule plus-end binding protein EB1, and inhibited cell proliferation. Nitrotyrosination of alpha-tubulin did not induce necrotic or apoptotic death of rat aortic smooth muscle cells, but instead led to cell cycle arrest at the G(1)/S boundary coincident with decreased DNA synthesis. Collectively, these results suggest that the C-terminus of alpha-tubulin and its detyrosination are functionally important as a molecular switch that regulates cell cycle progression in vascular smooth muscle cells.
Photoinduced self-trapped hole center in TiO 2 crystals

Electron paramagnetic resonance is used to identify the intrinsic self-trapped hole center in bulk ${\text{TiO}}_{2}$ crystals having the rutile structure. Two additional extrinsic trapped hole centers associated with a defect on a neighboring ${\text{Ti}}^{4+}$ site are also observed. For each center, the unpaired spin (i.e., the hole) is localized in a nonbonding $p$ orbital on an oxygen ion. The three hole centers are photoinduced with 442 nm laser light at 4 K. After the laser light is removed, the majority of the hole centers disappear immediately at 4 K with the remainder disappearing when the temperature is raised above approximately 10 K. Angular-dependence data, taken in the three high-symmetry planes, provide spin-Hamiltonian parameters for the self-trapped hole center and one of the two defect-related trapped hole centers. The principal values of the $g$ matrix for the self-trapped hole center are 2.0040, 2.0129, and 2.0277 and the corresponding principal axes are along the [110], [001], and $[1\overline{1}0]$ directions in the crystal. Although the principal values of the $g$ matrix for the extrinsic trapped hole center are similar (2.0036, 2.0182, and 2.0307), the directions of two of its principal axes are not along high-symmetry directions in the crystal because of the neighboring perturbation.
THE FEATURES OF CAPTURE THREADS AND ORB-WEBS PRODUCED BY UNFED CYCLOSA TURBINATA (ARANEAE: ARANEIDAE)

Orb-webs constructed by members of the spider family Araneidae are composed of sticky and non-sticky threads deposited in a stereotypic fashion. This study examines how changes in a spider's nutritional condition affect the capture thread properties and architectural details of its web. It does so by characterizing the features of successive webs constructed by unfed spiders that were not allowed to recycle previous webs. The volume of a capture thread's viscous material and the threads' inferred stickiness decreases in successive webs, although the capture thread's extensibility does not change. The lengths of both capture thread and non-sticky thread decrease at similar rates in successive webs. The decreasing stickiness of capture threads reduces the stickiness per unit capture area. We did not detect asymmetry in the spacing of either spiral or radial threads of first and last webs, nor did we observe differences in the sizes of viscous droplets in outer and inner spiral turns. This suggested that these spiders assessed their silk resources before they initiated web construction and altered their behavior to produce a highly regular web of an appropriate size for their silk reserves.
Benchmarking of neutron production of heavy-ion transport codes

Accurate prediction of radiation fields generated by heavy ion interactions is important in medical applications, space missions, and in design and operation of rare isotope research facilities. In recent years, several well-established computer codes in widespread use for particle and radiation transport calculations have been equipped with the capability to simulate heavy ion transport and interactions. To assess and validate these capabilities, we performed simulations of a series of benchmark-quality heavy ion experiments with the computer codes FLUKA, MARS15, MCNPX, and PHITS. We focus on the comparisons of secondary neutron production. Results are encouraging; however, further improvements in models and codes and additional benchmarking are required.
Inclusive Education: What Makes it a Good Education for Students with Moderate to Severe Disabilities?:

Parents, teachers, and paraeducators at three inclusive schools were interviewed as part of a qualitative study to investigate perceptions regarding a quality educational program for students with moderate–severe disabilities. Instead of looking at schools engaged in a systematic change process from separate to inclusive education for students with severe disabilities, a major premise of this study was that all students, regardless of ability or disability, were educated together in chronologically age appropriate general education classrooms (preschool through 8th grade). The intent of this study was to determine what key stakeholders (parents, teachers, and paraeducators) felt was a good educational program for students with moderate–severe disabilities after an inclusive placement was a given. Fifty-eight participants were interviewed (18 parents, 23 teachers, and 17 paraeducators) representing four preschool children, nine elementary students, and five middle school students all having moderate–severe...
The nature of dilemmas in dialysis nurse practice

Dilemmas are a part of nurse practice. In situations where a problem potentially has two or more unsatisfactory resolutions, the nurse chooses which course of action to take. The decision to choose constitutes a dilemma. This study focuses on the dilemmas faced by nurses in dialysis units and the context in which they occur. A qualitative design was employed, using open interviews with eight nurses currently employed in dialysis nursing. This approach was taken in order to explore and gain in-depth understanding of the dilemmas in practice. Analysis reveals that dilemmas encountered in dialysis nursing emerge from conflicts in relationships with other people in the work environment. The dilemmas relate to the nurses' perception of the limited power they have in the determination of their practice. This powerlessness is reinforced by their perceived and real isolation from nurses working outside their area of practice. Traditionally, literature on dilemmas in nursing has focused on the development of ethical frameworks to guide practice and the resolution of dilemmas. However, the findings of this study suggest that if nurses are to deal with dilemmas effectively, both for the nurse and the patient, there must be an examination of the structural constraints affecting their practice. Models that are employed by nurses to guide practice must account for the structural elements in the work environment.
‘Molecular sandwiches’ as a basis for structural and functional similarities of interferons, MSH, ACTH, LHRH, myelin basic protein, and albumins

Abstract Sequential similarities between the tryptohan peptide of myelin basic protein (residues 111–121), luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, melanotropin, adrenocorticotropin (residues 1–13), human leukocyte interferon (residues 28–40), and various segments of human and bovine serum albumin and hen ovalbumin are presented. It is suggested that these structural similarities may explain observations concerning common functional characteristics such as serotonin modulation, immunological activity with the adjuvant muramyl dipeptide, immunological cross-reactivity, and the possible MSH-ACTH-like activity of a pepsin-derived peptide of interferon.
The effect of perceived stigma from a health care provider on access to care among a low-income HIV-positive population.

Perceived stigma in clinical settings may discourage HIV-infected individuals from accessing needed health care services. Having good access to care is imperative for maintaining the health, well being, and quality of life of persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs). The purpose of this prospective study, which took place from January 2004 through June 2006, was to evaluate the relationship between perceived stigma from a health care provider and access to care among 223 low income, HIV-infected individuals in Los Angeles County. Approximately one fourth of the sample reported perceived stigma from a health care provider at baseline, and about one fifth reported provider stigma at follow up. We also found that access to care among this population was low, as more than half of the respondents reported difficulty accessing care at baseline and follow up. Perceived stigma was found to be associated with low access to care both at baseline (odds ratio [OR] = 3.29; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.55, 7.01) and 6...
Historical and Contemporary DNA Indicate Fisher Decline and Isolation Occurred Prior to the European Settlement of California

Establishing if species contractions were the result of natural phenomena or human induced landscape changes is essential for managing natural populations. Fishers (Martes pennanti) in California occur in two geographically and genetically isolated populations in the northwestern mountains and southern Sierra Nevada. Their isolation is hypothesized to have resulted from a decline in abundance and distribution associated with European settlement in the 1800s. However, there is little evidence to establish that fisher occupied the area between the two extant populations at that time. We analyzed 10 microsatellite loci from 275 contemporary and 21 historical fisher samples (1880–1920) to evaluate the demographic history of fisher in California. We did not find any evidence of a recent (post-European) bottleneck in the northwestern population. In the southern Sierra Nevada, genetic subdivision within the population strongly influenced bottleneck tests. After accounting for genetic subdivision, we found a bottleneck signal only in the northern and central portions of the southern Sierra Nevada, indicating that the southernmost tip of these mountains may have acted as a refugium for fisher during the anthropogenic changes of the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries. Using a coalescent-based Bayesian analysis, we detected a 90% decline in effective population size and dated the time of decline to over a thousand years ago. We hypothesize that fisher distribution in California contracted to the two current population areas pre-European settlement, and that portions of the southern Sierra Nevada subsequently experienced another more recent bottleneck post-European settlement.
Regulation of kinesin and cytoplasmic dynein-driven organelle motility

We propose that the regulation of kinesin- and cytoplasmic dynein-driven organelle motility is coupled since membrane traffic within cells is largely cyclic and both motors are required to complete the cycles whether the traffic is endocytic, ER-Golgi traffic or granule movements. Coordinated regulation of both motors implies that there may be a central control point. A membrane protein such as kinectin or an accessory factor(s) involved in both kinesin- and cytoplasmic dynein-driven organelle movements constitute the natural focus for regulation of both motors and putative linkages to other cellular processes.
From the Streets to the Internet: The Cyber-Diffusion of Contention:

The Internet has been widely credited with sparking a revolution in everything from consumer shopping habits and the management of stock portfolios to the practice of popular democracy. It is also leaving its mark on the dynamics of popular contention. Political protest traditionally relied heavily on claims makers' gathering in the streets to contest power holders. The Internet is altering this dynamic by electronically promoting the diffusion of protest ideas and tactics efficiently and quickly across the globe. Less concerned with such constraints as time and geographic space, it has caught policymakers off guard with its ease of public accessibility and immediacy of impact. This cyber-diffusion, however, has a cautionary side: while significantly enhancing the potential for disparate individuals and groups to collectively pool resources and strategy, the Internet also holds the power to turn unreliable and unverifiable information into a global electronic riot.
Phenomenology: A Review of the Literature

This article is a review of relevant literature on the use of phenomenology as a research methodology in education research, with a focus on music education research. The review is organized as fol...
Photoelectron statistics for two independent, nonuniform random-phase sinusoids plus additive Gaussian noise with application to optical heterodyne detection

The purpose of this paper is to study the first-order photoelectron statistics for the ideal optical heterodyne situation (perfect alignment of the incident signal wave and the local oscillator wave) in the presence of a Gaussian noise background. The phases of the signal wave and the local oscillator wave are taken to be nonuniformly distributed over (−π, π). We investigate the probability density of the time-integrated intensity, the probability distribution of the detected photoelectrons, and the corresponding means and variances. Two different optical heterodyning situations are studied.
Opioid Analgesics versus Ketorolac in Spine and Joint Procedures: Impact on Healthcare Resources

BACKGROUND:Ketorolac's efficacy as a postoperative analgesic has been shown to be comparable to that of narcotic analgesics, but with significantly fewer narcotic-related adverse events.OBJECTIVE:To assess whether the choice of postoperative analgesic, narcotic or ketorolac, has an impact on healthcare resource utilization and cost during inpatients' recovery period.DESIGN:Retrospective, multicenter, controlled, parallel, cost-minimization analysis.SETTING:Six US teaching hospitals.PATIENTS:This study included 559 patients that underwent either a spine or joint procedure and received adequate doses of narcotic (n = 284 of either morphine or meperidine) or ketorolac (n = 275).MEASUREMENTS:Time to reach recovery milestones, average utilization of healthcare resources, and average per-case postoperative treatment cost.RESULTS:Several recovery milestones, including time to first bowel movement, first oral intake, and first unassisted ambulation, were reached sooner in the ketorolac group, with a resultant sho...
Neutron Scattering at the High Flux Isotope Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Since its beginnings in Oak Ridge and Argonne in the late 1940's, neutron scattering has been established as the premier tool to study matter in its various states. Since the thermal neutron wavelength is of the same order of magnitude as typical atomic spacings and because they have comparable energies to those of atomic excitations in solids, both structure and dynamics of matter can be studied via neutron scattering. The High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) provides an intense source of neutrons with which to carry out these measurements. This paper summarizes the available neutron scattering facilities at the HFIR.
SOX2 maintains the quiescent progenitor cell state of postnatal retinal Müller glia

Within discrete regions of the developing mammalian central nervous system, small subsets of glia become specialized to function as neural stem cells. As a result of their self-renewal and neurogenic capacity, these cells later serve to replenish neurons and glia during persistent or injury-induced adult neurogenesis. SOX2, an HMG box transcription factor, plays an essential role in the maintenance of both embryonic and adult neural progenitors. It is unclear, however, which biological mechanisms regulated by SOX2 are required for neural stem cell maintenance. In this study, we address this question through genetic analysis of SOX2 function in differentiating postnatal Muller glia, a cell type that maintains neurogenic capacity in the adult retina. By utilizing molecular analysis and real-time imaging, we show that two progenitor characteristics of nascent Muller glia - their radial morphology and cell cycle quiescence - are disrupted following conditional genetic ablation of Sox2 in the mouse postnatal retina, leading to Muller cell depletion and retinal degeneration. Moreover, we demonstrate that genetic induction of the Notch signaling pathway restores Muller glial cell identity to Sox2 mutant cells, but does not secure their quiescent state. Collectively, these results uncouple the roles of SOX2 and the Notch signaling pathway in the postnatal retina, and uncover a novel role for SOX2 in preventing the depletion of postnatal Muller glia through terminal cell division.
On loops, dominators, and dominance frontier

This article explores the concept of loops and loop nesting forests of control-flow graphs, using the problem of constructing the dominator tree of a graph and the problem of computing the iterated dominance frontier of a set of vertices in a graph as guiding applications. The contributions of this article include: (1) An axiomatic characterization, as well as a constructive characterization, of a family of loop nesting forests that includes various specific loop nesting forests that have been previously defined. (2) The definition of a new loop nesting forest, as well as an efficient, almost linear-time, algorithm for constructing this forest. (3) An illustration of how loop nesting forests can be used to transform arbitrary (potentially irreducible) problem instances into equivalent acylic graph problem instances in the case of the two problems of (a) constructing the dominator tree of a graph, and (b) computing the iterated dominance frontier of a set of vertices in a graph, leading to new, almost linear-time, algorithms for these problems.
Dynamic modeling of a skid-steered wheeled vehicle with experimental verification

Skid-steered vehicles are often used as outdoor mobile robots due to their robust mechanical structure and high maneuverability. Sliding along with rolling is inherent to general curvilinear motion, which makes both kinematic and dynamic modeling difficult. For the purpose of motion planning this paper develops and experimentally verifies dynamic models of a skid-steered wheeled vehicle for general planar (2D) motion and for linear 3D motion. These models are characterized by the coefficient of rolling resistance, the coefficient of friction, and the shear deformation modulus, which have terrain-dependent values. The dynamic models also include motor saturation and motor power limitations, which enable correct prediction of vehicle velocities when traversing hills. It is shown that the closed-loop system that results from inclusion of the dynamics of the (PID) speed controllers for each set of wheels does a much better job than the open loop model of predicting the vehicle linear and angular velocities. Hence, the closed-loop model is recommended for motion planning.
“Receiving the Authorities” In Chimborazo, Ecuador: Ethnic Performance in an Evangelical Andean Community

In 1990, the wife of the president of Ecuador visited a rural, indigenous community in Chimborazo province to dedicate two childcare centers. The celebration included folkloric performances by local residents, including a reenactment of costumed dances regarded as �sinful� by the great majority of residents, who have converted to Evangelical Protestantism. This paper examines this event by considering the significance of folkloric performance in interactions between ethnic groups and the state, and by examining how �national� conventions of folkloric representation are used within the community.
Bioanalytical method validation of rapamycin in ocular matrix by QTRAP LC–MS/MS: Application to rabbit anterior tissue distribution by topical administration of rapamycin nanomicellar formulation

Abstract A novel, fast and sensitive 3200 QTRAP LC–MS/MS method was validated for rapamycin analysis in the rabbit eye following 0.2% administration of nanomicellar eye drop formulation. The LC–MS/MS technique was developed with electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive mode. Rapamycin was extracted from individual eye tissues and fluids by a simple protein precipitation method. Samples were reconstituted in 200 μL of 80% of acetonitrile in water containing 0.05% formic acid. Twenty microliter of the sample was injected on LC–MS/MS. Chromatographic separations was achieved on reversed phase C 8 Xterra column, 50 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm. Multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) transition m / z 936.6/409.3 for rapamycin and 734.4/576.5 for erythromycin were employed as internal standard. The calibration curves were linear r 2 > 0.9998 over the concentration range from 2.3 ng/mL to 1000.0 ng/mL. Rapamycin was found to be stable in ocular tissue homogenates for 6 weeks at a refrigerated −80 °C and −20 °C temperatures. Rapamycin concentration was found to be 2260.7 ± 507.1 (mean ± S.D.) ng/g tissue and 585.5 ± 80.1 (mean ± S.D.) ng/g tissue in the cornea and iris ciliary muscle, respectively. This method has two advantages. First, a volatile base was used in the extraction procedure, which is easy to evaporate and generate consistent results. Second, the sodium adduct is employed that was stable in non-ammoniated mobile phase. The method demonstrates that absorption of rapamycin by a topical application of 0.2% rapamycin nanomicellar formulation generates therapeutically effective concentrations in the anterior segment of the eye.
Confidence in medical decision making: application in temporal lobe epilepsy data mining

Prior to neurosurgical resection of abnormal brain tissues in mTLE patients, focal points of the seizure should be identified via a set of examinations. Once decisive evidence is not present in noninvasive clinical profile of mTLE patients, extraoperative Electrocorticography (ECoG) is required which is the practice of using electrodes placed directly on the exposed surface of the brain. Through classification techniques on a dataset of mTLE patients, we have studied the possibility of reduction of such requirement and shown significant results. Furthermore, we compared the performance of six well known classifiers using the area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) and a proposed measure of decision confidence. We have shown that in critical domains such as medicine, use of AUC does not provide sufficient information about the confidence of the classification and further measures are needed.
Reclaiming Discretion: Judicial Sanctioning Strategy in Court-Supervised Drug Treatment

In an attempt to involve drug-related defendants in treatment, California's Proposition 36 constrains judges' discretion to restrict access to treatment and to revoke treatment. Despite its formal rule scheme, judges nevertheless develop and implement strategies to coerce and persuade defendants into treatment compliance. Proposition 36 is an unexplored setting for examining the externally and interactionally imposed limits on judicial discretion and attempts by judges to reclaim it. This article describes strategies judges use in response to defendant noncompliance and shows how the alternatives available to defendants further constrain judicial attempts at coercion. While judges would rather find a way to make treatment work, ultimately defendants can opt out of treatment by choosing incarceration. Ironically, incarceration may be preferred by defendants because it may be a less onerous alternative. This perception constitutes an important interactional impediment to the judge's treatment option and sig...
Dandelion: a compiler and runtime for heterogeneous systems

Computer systems increasingly rely on heterogeneity to achieve greater performance, scalability and energy efficiency. Because heterogeneous systems typically comprise multiple execution contexts with different programming abstractions and runtimes, programming them remains extremely challenging.Dandelion is a system designed to address this programmability challenge for data-parallel applications. Dandelion provides a unified programming model for heterogeneous systems that span diverse execution contexts including CPUs, GPUs, FPGAs, and the cloud. It adopts the .NET LINQ (Language INtegrated Query) approach, integrating data-parallel operators into general purpose programming languages such as C# and F#. It therefore provides an expressive data model and native language integration for user-defined functions, enabling programmers to write applications using standard high-level languages and development tools.Dandelion automatically and transparently distributes data-parallel portions of a program to available computing resources, including compute clusters for distributed execution and CPU and GPU cores of individual nodes for parallel execution. To enable automatic execution of .NET code on GPUs, Dandelion cross-compiles .NET code to CUDA kernels and uses the PTask runtime [85] to manage GPU execution. This paper discusses the design and implementation of Dandelion, focusing on the distributed CPU and GPU implementation. We evaluate the system using a diverse set of workloads.
Exploratory Framework for Application of Analytics in the Construction Industry

AbstractThe complex dynamics inherent to the context of decision-making in the construction industry requires more rigorous application of analytics. However, effective frameworks to facilitate such data-driven decision-making are noticeably lacking in the construction industry. To address this lack, the Purdue Index for Construction (Pi-C) is introduced in this paper as a collaborative effort to facilitate and promote data-driven decision-making in the construction industry. As a preliminary step, a hierarchical definition for health of the construction industry is explored based on the results of a literature review, survey, and interviews. The developed hierarchical definition is then used to propose a framework to benchmark, interpret, and analyze data associated with the status of the health of the industry. The proposed framework is tested with existing publicly-available data to explore its effectiveness in improving decisions made in the form of policies or strategies. The research results highlig...