cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Topology in Strong Coupling

The lattice $C{P}^{N\ensuremath{-}1}$ model at nonzero $\ensuremath{\theta}$ is analyzed by a strong-coupling expansion. At $\ensuremath{\theta}=\ensuremath{\pi}$, $\mathrm{CP}$ is spontaneously broken and the theory ceases to confine. The $\ensuremath{\theta}$ dependence of several quantities is computed and the correlation length is shown to increase with $\ensuremath{\theta}$. Most of the results apply not only to the $C{P}^{N\ensuremath{-}1}$ model (for all values of $N$) but to other two-dimensional nonlinear $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ models as well.
Survival of retinal pigment epithelium after exposure to prolonged oxidative injury: a detailed gene expression and cellular analysis.

Purpose To detail, by DNA microarrays and cellular structure labeling, the in vitro responses of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells to a nonlethal dose of the oxidant agent hydroquinone (HQ). Methods The viability of growth-quiescent ARPE-19 cells after treatment with HQ was measured by XTT conversion, (3)H-leucine incorporation, trypan blue exclusion, and the presence of DNA laddering. The effect of a nonlethal dose of HQ on the localization of apoptosis-induced factor (AIF) and phosphorylation of stress-activated kinase-2/p38 (SAPK2/p38) was detected by immunocytochemistry. Actin structures were visualized by phalloidin staining. Cell membrane blebbing was detected using GFP-membrane-labeled RPE cells (ARPE-GFP-c'-rRas). Changes in gene expression patterns of RPE cells within 48 hours of prolonged treatment with a nonlethal dose of HQ were evaluated by microarray analysis and confirmed by Northern blotting. Results The viability of RPE after a prolonged sublethal injury dose of HQ was determined by multiple assays and confirmed by the absence of AIF translocation or DNA laddering. Prolonged exposure (16 hours) of RPE cells to a nonlethal dose of HQ resulted in actin rearrangement into globular aggregates and cell membrane blebbing. Kinetic microarray analysis at several time points over a 48-hour recovery period revealed significant upregulation of genes involved in ameliorating the oxidative stress, chaperone proteins, anti-apoptotic factors, and DNA repair factors, and downregulation of pro-apoptotic genes. Genes involved in extracellular matrix functions were also dysregulated. Recovery of RPE cells after the injury was confirmed by the normalization of gene expression dysregulation back to baseline levels within 48 hours. Conclusions RPE cells avoided cell death and recovered from prolonged oxidative injury by activating a host of defense mechanisms while simultaneously triggering genes and cellular responses that may be involved in RPE disease development.
The Emotional Modulation of Cognitive Processing: An fMRI Study

The functional neuroanatomy of visual processing of surface features of emotionally valenced pictorial stimuli was examined in normal human subjects using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Pictorial stimuli were of two types: emotionally negative and neutral pictures. Task performance was slower for the negatively valenced than for the neutral pictures. Significant blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) increases occurred in the medial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, midbrain, substantia innominata, and/or amygdala, and in the posterior cortical visual areas for both stimulus types. Increases were greater for the negatively valenced stimuli. While there was a small but significant BOLD decrease in the subgenual prefrontal cortex, which was larger in response to the negatively valenced pictures, there was an almost complete absence of other decreases prominently seen during the performance of demanding cognitive tasks [Shulman, G. L., Fiez, J. A., Corbetta, M., Buckner, R. L., Miezin, F. M., Raichle, M. E., & Petersen, S. E. (1997). Common blood flow changes across visual tasks: II. Decreases in cerebral cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 648-663]. These results provide evidence that the emotional valence and arousing nature of stimuli used during the performance of an attention-demanding cognitive task are reflected in discernable, quantitative changes in the functional anatomy associated with task performance.
UPREGULATION OF BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN GDF-3/Vgr-2 EXPRESSION IN ADIPOSE TISSUE OF FABP4/aP2 NULL MICE

High-fat-fed C57Bl/6J FABP4/aP2 null mice develop obesity but not the related hyperglycemia or hyperinsulinemia characteristic of type II diabetes. FABP4/aP2 protein's function to bind fatty acids in the adipocytes may promote total body energy homeostasis by linking energy depots to the ability to express signaling molecules similar to leptin. To test this hypothesis, proteomic analysis of serum proteins from high-fat-fed wild-type and FABP4/aP2 null mice revealed that the GDF-3/Vgr-2 protein, a bone morphogenetic protein, was upregulated in C57Bl/6J FABP4/aP2 null mice. The increase in serum GDF-3/Vgr-2 protein was correlated with a 27-fold increase in adipose GDF-3/Vgr-2 mRNA. In contrast, leptin expression was unaltered between FABP4/aP2 null and wild-type animals. The expression of GDF-3/Vgr-2 mRNA was not substantially different in adipose tissue of db/db and tb/tb mice compared to wild-type controls. The expression of GDF-3/Vgr-2 mRNA was dependent upon the age and diet of the animals, declining as a function of age in high-fat-fed wild-type animals while increasing in the FABP4/aP2 null strain. These results identify GDF-3/Vgr-2 as an age- and fat-regulated, adipose-derived cytokine suggesting a linkage between adipocyte fatty acid metabolism and the expression of the bone morphogenetic family of differentiation regulators.
Controlled attachment of metal nanoparticles to single walled carbon nanotubes as a key step in their seeded growth and lengthening

Abstract The present study demonstrates the viability of the reductive attachment step of the single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) lengthening process in which long SWCNTs are grown from short nanotube seeds. Aryl sulfonate sidewall-functionalized, carboxylate end-functionalized SWCNTs are attached to an inorganic cluster pro-catalyst (FeMoC) via ligand exchange. The SWCNT–FeMoC complex was electrodeposited onto highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), heated and exposed to etching conditions. Pre- and post-treatment AFM imaging shows that controlled reductive etching of the SWCNTs is attainable at a variety of pressures and temperatures in hot surface/cold gas and hot surface/hot gas systems.
Effects of Subjective Sexual Arousal on Sexual, Pathogen, and Moral Disgust Sensitivity in Women and Men

The present experiment tested a novel method of manipulating subjective sexual arousal to examine the effects of sexual arousal on disgust sensitivity. Participants were instructed to employ their own preferred methods of achieving sexual or physiological arousal in the privacy of their own home to reach a target state of arousal. Participants then completed the Three-Domain Disgust Scale (Tybur, Lieberman, & Griskevicius, 2009), which measures sensitivity to sexual, pathogen, and moral disgust. The sexual arousal manipulation caused large, homogenous increases in sexual arousal in women and men. In women, sexual arousal (but not physiological arousal) significantly reduced sensitivity to sexual disgust and marginally increased sensitivity to pathogen disgust. In men, sexual arousal did not decrease disgust sensitivity in any domain. Findings support the evolutionary hypothesis that sexual arousal inhibits sexual disgust, which facilitates an organism's willingness to engage in high-risk, but evolutionarily necessary, reproductive behaviors, an effect that could be particularly important for women.
The mass transfer kinetics in columns packed with Halo-ES shell particles.

The average mesopore size of the new Halo-ES-Peptide shell particles is 160 A, markedly larger than that of the classical Halo shell particles (90 A). We found that this change causes a considerable decrease of the film mass transfer resistance measured for columns packed with these particles. We analyze data obtained by systematic measurements of the C term of the van Deemter equation for the peptide β-lipotropin (MW = 769 Da), the protein insulin (MW = 5800 Da), and a series of non-retained polystyrene standards (MW = 6400 and 13,200). The improvement in column performance is explained by an increase of the fraction of the external surface area of the shell that allows the entrance of the sample molecules inside the particle. The fraction of the shell surface accessible to a probe controls the rate of its external film mass transfer, i.e. its rate of transfer between the interstitial and the stagnant eluent. Although measurable, the increase in sample diffusivity through the porous shells does not account for the better performance of Halo-ES-peptide columns. Furthermore, the analysis of the HETPs data of small molecules (uracil, acetophenone, toluene, and naphthalene, MW< 150) reveals that the eddy diffusion (A) term of these new columns is 25% lower than that of the classical Halo columns. This result is consistent with the impact of intra-particle diffusivity on the eddy diffusion mechanism in packed columns. As shell diffusivity increases, so does the rate of transfer of sample molecules between the eluent stream-paths flowing through the packed particles and across the column diameter. Dispersion through short-range inter-channel and trans-column eddies is reduced.
Transport Anomalies in the High-Temperature Hopping Conductivity and Thermopower of Sr-doped La(Cr,Mn)O, 3

A minimum exists in the electrical conductivity of the perovskite-type ceramic ${\mathrm{LaCr}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ as a function of Mn content near x=0.05. This minimum has been explained in terms of a crossover from multiple trapping to percolation among energetically lower Mn sites. In this paper electrical conductivity and Seebeck measurements are presented on a similar series in which 10 mol % Sr was substituted for La in order to increase the small polaron concentration through the compensation of Sr ions according to the Verway mechanism. The data suggests that there is an apparent suppression of the Verway compensation mechanism in all Mn-doped samples. The hopping crossover observed in the Sr-free series is retained with Sr doping, although the position and depth of the electrical-conductivity minimum are altered. Difficulties in the present understanding and interpretation of the electrical conductivity and Seebeck measurements as a function of Mn and Sr content in these materials are discussed. An electronic structure is suggested, which seems to resolve many of these problems.
United Nations advances global environmental awareness

The need to address global environmental concerns on an international basis is discussed. Programs underway are noted. The role of the United Nations (UN) in the International Space Year is examined. Activities planned by the UN are described, and their purpose and funding are discussed. >
Central and peripheral components of cardiac failure

Chronic heart failure results from two processes, i.e., myocardial and congestive failure. Myocardial failure is clinically silent, most often progresses slowly, and is documented by a depressed left ventricular ejection fraction. Multiple etiologic factors include systolic and diastolic overloads, myocardial necrosis and/or ischemia, and, perhaps, microvascular spasm. Myocardial failure ultimately leads to exaggerated neurohumoral compensatory mechanisms and derangements of the peripheral circulation, which are the hallmarks of congestive heart failure. At that stage of the syndrome, patients have symptoms, initially, with exercise and, later, at rest. Objective assessment of severity is afforded by determination of maximal oxygen uptake during maximal exercise testing. When congestive heart failure supervenes, the prognosis is poor. Current medical therapy is aimed at improving the derangements of the peripheral circulation, which relieves the symptoms but leaves the primary myocardial process unaffected. The goal of future therapy is to intervene at an earlier stage of the syndrome to halt or even partially reverse the myocardial failure.
Trabecular Architecture in Iliac Crest Bone Biopsies: Infra-individual Variability in Structural Parameters and Changes with Age

Abstract A histomorphometric study was conducted on bilateral iliac crest samples obtained at autopsy from 27 subjects who had died suddenly. Six parameters related to cancellous bone structure were measured: bone volume (BV/TV), surface density (BS/TV), surface/volume ratio (BS/BV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th.), trabecular number (Tb.N), and trabecular separation (Tb.Sp). There were no significant differences between right and left sides in the mean values for each parameter. However, when subjects were considered individually, there was a substantial difference in the majority of cases for all parameters. The intra-individual variation (IIV) was calculated for each subject as the percentage deviation from the mean for the two sides. There was a wide range in IIV (0.05–30.27%) with a mean value of approximately 11.5% for each parameter. In males the mean IIV ranged from 9 to 11% and from 14 to 16% in females. The IIV in BV/TV was positively correlated with age. Data generated on a subsample of 15 males were used to predict patient group sizes required to detect minimum significant differences in studies involving repeat biopsies. Sample sizes of 32, 16, and 8 patients would be required for relative increments in BV/TV of 29, 36, and 46%, respectively, to be statistically significant. Tb.Sp increased significantly with age but there was no significant change in Tb.Th. This supports the view that bone loss with aging occurs primarily through a mechanism involving complete disappearance of individual trabecular plates.
Insufficient evidence to conclude that orthodontic patients derive benefits from using power toothbrushes.

Systematic review conclusion. The current evidence is insufficient to demonstrate the superiority of power toothbrushes to manual toothbrushes in reducing gingivitis in orthodontic patients. Critical summary assessment. This systematic review identified five randomized trials, only one of which demonstrated that power toothbrushes were significantly more effective than manual toothbrushes in reducing gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Evidence quality rating. Limited.
Scalable hardware monitors to protect network processors from data plane attacks

Modern router hardware in computer networks is based on programmable network processors, which implement various packet forwarding operations in software. These processor systems are vulnerable to attacks that can be launched entirely through the data plane of the network without any access to the control interface of the router. Prior work has shown that a single malformed UDP packet can take over a network processor running vulnerable packet processing software and trigger a devastating denial-of-service attack from within the network. One possible defense mechanism for these resource-constrained network processors is the use of hardware monitoring systems that track the operations of each processor core. Any deviation from programmed behavior indicates an attack and triggers reset and recovery actions. Such hardware monitors have been studied extensively for single processor cores, but network processors consist of dozens to hundreds of processors with highly dynamic workloads. In this paper, we present the design of a Scalable Hardware Monitoring Grid, which allows the dynamic sharing of hardware monitoring resources among processor cores. We show the scalability of our monitoring system to network processors with large numbers of cores. We also present a multicore prototype implementation of the monitoring system on an FPGA platform.
Lessons from the recent rise in use of female sterilization in Malawi.

Although female sterilization is the most widely used modern contraceptive method in the world most family planning programs in Africa have had difficulty providing it. Malawi however despite daunting constraints has made female sterilization widely and equitably accessible thereby increasing method choice and helping its citizens better meet their reproductive intentions. Ten percent of currently married Malawian women of reproductive age rely on female sterilization for contraceptive protection compared with less than 2 percent across Africa and demand to limit births now exceeds demand to space births. Malawis female sterilization prevalence surpasses that of some high-resource countries. Key service-delivery factors enabling this achievement include supportive policies strong public-private partnerships and mobile services delivered at no cost by dedicated providers. Challenges remain but Malawis achievement offers lessons for other countries with low availability of female sterilization and similar resource constraints. (c) 2013 The Population Council Inc.
Scaling and Nucleation in Models of Earthquake Faults

We present an analysis of a slider block model of an earthquake fault which indicates the presence of metastable states ending in spinodals. We identify four parameters whose values determine the size and statistical distribution of the {open_quotes}earthquake{close_quotes} events. For values of these parameters consistent with real faults we obtain scaling of events associated not with critical point fluctuations but with the presence of nucleation events. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Accuracy of Pulmonary Function Tests in Predicting Exercise Tolerance in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

The ability of pulmonary function tests (PFTs) to predict exercise capacity was investigated by using linear regression analysis to quantify the relationships between: (1) maximum oxygen consumption during treadmill exercise and PFT parameters; and (2) total external work performed during treadmill exercise and PFT parameters. In a group containing 11 healthy subjects, nine with mild/moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and ten with severe COPD, both maximum oxygen consumption (measured directly) and total external work (calculated indirectly from the sum of its horizontal and vertical components) correlated most strongly with indices of expiratory airflow (FEV1, FEF25-75%), less strongly with indices of ventilatory output (MVV) and resting levels of oxygen (PO2, SaO2), and weakly with indices of hyperinflation (FRC) and carbon dioxide retention (PCO2). Thus, FEV1, accounting for 56 percent and 60 percent of the observed variation in oxygen consumption and external work, respectively, can predict exercise tolerance from PFT measurements with some accuracy. If a more accurate evaluation is required, exercise testing should be prescribed.
DNA polymerase beta. 5. Dissecting the functional roles of the two metal ions with Cr(III)dTTP

DNA polymerases catalyze the synthesis of DNA with a fidelity ranging from 1000 to 100 000.2 Although the kinetic properties of DNA polymerases have been investigated extensively,3-5 the physical origin of this high fidelity is still poorly understood. The crystal structures of DNA polymerase â (Pol â) from rat brain show the presence of two Mg2+ ions in the active site6a,b,7 (Figure 1). Functionally, it has been established that DNA polymerases require divalent metal ions for catalysis.8,9 However, no kinetic evidence that two divalent metal ions are required has been obtained for DNA polymerases, nor have the roles of the two metal ions been dissected functionally. We here report the use of Cr(III)dNTP coupled with stopped-flow fluorescence to show the requirement of two metal ions, and to dissect their functional roles in the catalysis by Pol â from rat brain (overexpressed in Escherichia coli).5 Pol â can serve as a good model for nucleotidyl transfer reactions because of its small size (39 kDa) and simplicity (without exonuclease or proof-reading activities). Using a synthetic DNA primer/template containing the 2-aminopurine nucleotide analogue (2-AP) (Figure 2A), we recently reported two phases of fluorescence changes in the stopped-flow fluorescence assay of nucleotide incorporation catalyzed by Pol â (Figure 2B).10 The fast phase was attributed to a conformational change step because its rate dependence on [dTTP] is hyperbolic. The rate of the slow phase corresponds to product formation. With a dideoxynucleotide-terminated primer, we have successfully dissected the slow fluorescence change and the chemical step, and attributed the slow phase to a conformational change that is the rate-limiting step in the reaction.10 Cr(III)‚nucleotide complexes have been extensively used as analogues of Mg(II)‚nucleotide complexes to solve enzymological problems because of their exchange-inert properties.11-13 When the Pol â‚DNA complex was mixed with â,γ-bidentate Cr(ΙΙΙ)dTTP14 in the absence of Mg2+, only the fast phase was observed (Figure 2C). However, the slow phase was restored upon addition of Mg2+ (Figure 2D). Under the latter condition the substrates were turned over, and the rate of the slow phase was comparable to the rate of product (21-mer) formation measured by the rapid chemical quench assay. In the absence of any metal ions (dTTP alone) neither fluorescence changes nor catalysis occurred. These results clearly indicate that the fast conformational change is induced by the binding of Cr(III)dTTP and the slow conformational change by the binding of Mg2+. On the basis of the crystal structure shown in Figure 1, Cr3+ and Mg2+ should occupy the metal ion sites A and B, respectively.6c The results described above, taken together with our pre-steadystate kinetic analyses reported previously, strongly support the mechanism we proposed for Pol â:10
Preparation, Characterization, and Thermal and Surfactant Studies of Polyfluorinated Amphiphilic Carbosilane Dendrimers

The synthesis of amphiphilic carbosilane dendrimers that contain perfluoroalkyl and hydroxy groups at terminal positions is explored in this work. Zeroth- and first-generation hydroxyallyl dendrime...
RELEVANCE LOGIC AND THE CALCULUS OF RELATIONS

Sound and complete semantics for classical propositional logic can be obtained by interpreting sentences as sets. Replacing sets with commuting dense binary relations produces an interpretation that turns out to be sound but not complete for R. Adding transitivity yields sound and complete semantics for RM, because all normal Sugihara matrices are representable as algebras of binary relations.
Experimental propagation of lymphocystis disease of fishes.

Abstract The agent of lymphocystis disease has been propagated under laboratory conditions for more than 2 years. Although several hatchery-propagated centrarchids are susceptible, the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) is the host of choice because it is most easily maintained. At 12.5° the disease was transmitted by implantation and by injection, but there was no evidence of fish-to-fish spread, nor seasonal change in host susceptibility. The infective agent was clearly demonstrated to be filterable (Millipore HA). It retained infectivity in storage at −20° for almost two years, and its viability after desiccation was confirmed. These facts support its postulated viral nature. The virus was glycerol- and ether-sensitive and did not induce formation of giant lymphocystis cells in monolayer cultures of bluegill ovary cells.
Mechanical Design Concept for 1000-MVA Superconducting Turboalternator

A design concept for the construction of a 1000-mva superconducting alternator is determined by consideration of (a) electrical requirements, (b) thermal isolation requirements, (c) mechanical strength, and (d) structural rigidity. The alternator consists of a rotating superconducting field winding and stationary water cooled stator. This study indicates that a superconducting machine will have lower specific weight and smaller physical size, higher critical speed, increased efficiency, lower synchronous reactance, increased I22t, and higher terminal voltage than conventional machines.
Subunit Va of human and bovine cytochrome c oxidase is highly conserved.

Abstract We have isolated a full-length cDNA clone specifying the nuclear-encoded subunit Va of the human mitochondrial respiratory enzyme cytochrome c oxidase (COX; EC 1.9.3.1.). The deduced sequence of the polypeptide is 95% identical to that of the corresponding subunit of bovine COX, which makes it the most conserved polypeptide among the known bovine/human pairs of COX subunits. This polypeptide contains an N-terminal presequence which is rich in basic and hydroxylated residues, but differs from the deduced presequences of all other previously isolated COX subunits in that it also contains a negatively charged residue. We find no evidence of tissue-specific isoforms of subunit Va, as Northern analysis showed a single, identicallysized transcript in RNA from human muscle, liver, and brain, while cox Va cDNAs isolated from both endothelial and fetal muscle cDNA libraries had identical nucleotide sequences.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN DILUTE MAGNETIC ALLOYS : HYPERFINE SPLITTING OF Ag : Er167

Abstract : The hyperfine splitting of the erbium localized moment resonance line in silver metal has been observed both in reflection and transmission for nominal concentrations of 28, 65, 86 and 1,500 ppm solid solution Ag:Er alloys. A hyperfine coupling constant A = 75 plus or minus 1.0 oersteds was found to fit the individual line positions to within experimental accuracy. (Author)
ESTIMATION OF UNIT ROOT SPATIAL DYNAMIC PANEL DATA MODELS

This paper examines the asymptotics of the QMLE for unit root dynamic panel data models with spatial effect and fixed effects. We consider a unit root dynamic panel data model with spatially correlated disturbances and a unit root spatial dynamic panel data model. For both models the estimate of the dynamic coefficient is consistent and the estimates of other parameters are consistent, and all of them are asymptotically normal. For the latter model the sum of the contemporaneous spatial effect and dynamic spatial effect converges at rate. We also propose a bias-correction procedure so that the asymptotic biases of those estimates are eliminated as long as n/T3 → 0.
Phylogenetic investigation of the complex evolutionary history of dispersal mode and diversification rates across living and fossil Fagales

Summary As a primary determinant of spatial structure in angiosperm populations, fruit dispersal may impact large-scale ecological and evolutionary processes. Essential to understanding these mechanisms is an accurate reconstruction of dispersal mode over the entire history of an angiosperm lineage. A total-evidence phylogeny is presented for most fossil fruit and all extant genera in Fagales over its c. 95 million yr history. This phylogeny – the largest of its kind to include plant fossils – was used to reconstruct an evolutionary history directly informed by fossil morphologies and to assess relationships among dispersal mode, biogeographic range size, and diversification rate. Reconstructions indicate four transitions to wind dispersal and seven to biotic dispersal, with the phylogenetic integration of fossils crucial to understanding these patterns. Complexity further increased when more specialized behaviors were considered, with fluttering, gliding, autorotating, and scatter-hoarding evolving multiple times across the order. Preliminary biogeographic analyses suggest larger range sizes in biotically dispersed lineages, especially when pollination mode was held constant. Biotically dispersed lineages had significantly higher diversification rates than abiotically dispersed lineages, although transitions in dispersal mode alone cannot explain all detected diversification rate shifts across Fagales.
Low-power short-channel single-ended current-steered CMOS logic-gate for mixed-signal systems

Low-power CMOS logic circuits operated from a fixed supply voltage can result in uncontrolled conduction over process and temperature variation. Large current-pulses flowing during the logic transitions also cause power-supply noise. Current steered logic known as CSL can mitigate these problems. Here, a fixed bias-current is steered between two distinct paths during the transition between logic states. Constant supply-current eliminates switching noise on the power supply line. The current-biased circuit presented here operates like a normal CMOS gate preserving many of its desirable properties. The key modification is that the output static-voltage of the gate is used to steer the bias current between two paths. During the transition the bias current is used for pulling-up the output node. During the pull-down phase a small local capacitance is charged to provide the current pulse needed for pull-up. The current source resistance in conjunction with the local decoupling capacitor acts as a bypass for the impulse current needed for quick pull-up. This new circuit operates over a wide range of bias currents and, the corresponding speeds vary proportionately. These current-steered CMOS gates (CS- CMOS) are specially targeted for use in low-power, wide dynamic range mixed-signal applications where supply noise must be minimized. Circuit operation and simulation results are presented.
Salmon influences on dissolved organic matter in a coastal temperate brown-water stream: An application of fluorescence spectroscopy

We examined how spawning Pacific salmon (genus Oncorhynchus) affect streamwater concentrations of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus and dissolved organic matter in Peterson Creek, a stream in southeast Alaska. When spawning salmon were present, concentrations of ammonium (NH4-N) increased by more than 100 times over prespawning levels and concentrations of soluble reactive phosphorus increased by more than an order of magnitude. In contrast, concentrations of nitrate (NO3-N) increased by only two to three times during spawning and were not significantly higher than at an upstream reference site with no salmon. During spawning, concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen were significantly higher in the spawning reach compared with the upstream reference site. The influx of salmon-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) altered the fluorescence index (FI), which has previously been used to distinguish between terrestrial and aquatic sources of DOM, with the FI increasing significantly during the salmon run. Salmon DOM was rich in protein compared with the DOM derived from the terrestrial portion of the watershed. Spawning salmon may be an important source of labile DOM in Peterson Creek.
Tests of a Deferred Tax Explanation of the Negative Association between the LIFO Reserve and Firm Value

Gueether and Trombley (1994) and Jennings, Simko, and Thompson (1996) document a negative association between a firm's last-in, first-out (LIFO) reserve and the market value of its equity. In this paper, we test a deferred tax explanation of this negative association. Specifically, we argue that investors, conditional on adjusting inventory to as-if first-in, first-out (FIFO), estimate a firm's future LIFO liquidation tax burden as its LIFO reserve multiplied by the appropriate corporate tax rate and include this tax-adjusted LIFO reserve in the valuation of a LIFO firm's net assets. On the basis of this argument, the tax-adjusted LIFO reserve is in effect an estimate of an off-balance-sheet deferred tax liability and, as a result, we predict a negative association between the tax-adjusted LIFO reserve and market Value of equity. We test our deferred tax explanation by estimating a valuation model in which a firm's maitet value of equity is expressed as a function of the firm's assets, liabilities, deferred tax liability, and tax-adjusted LIFO reserve; the model is estimated separately in years preceding and following the reduction of tax rates mandated by the US Tax Reform Act of 1986. Test results provide strong support for the deferred taj[ explanation of the negative association between a firm's LIFO reser/e and the market value of its equity.
Low overhead soft error detection and correction scheme for reconfigurable pipelined data paths

In this paper, we describe a novel scheme for radiation hardening of high performance pipelined architectures and data paths. The proposed technique uses a local ground bus decoupled from the global ground using an additional pull down device, to detect a transient error. Combining the detector output with duplicated pipeline registers enables an instruction execution through the data path to be repeated as soon as the error is detected. The detector outputs from various stages in a pipelined data path are manipulated to maintain correctness of data in the event of a transient error detection and corresponding instruction roll back. The proposed technique is extremely effective for errors of different pulse widths and comes without the extra cost of error checking codes, watch dog processors and logic core duplication as used by other techniques in literature. Our scheme provides 100% radiation hardening over all process corners with only 9.7% and 21.73% area and power overhead respectively with the delay overhead being masked out by the pipeline stages used in modern high performance data path architectures.
TOROSAURUS MARSH, 1891, IS TRICERATOPS MARSH, 1889 (CERATOPSIDAE: CHASMOSAURINAE): SYNONYMY THROUGH ONTOGENY

ABSTRACT Although they have been considered distinct genera for over a century, ontogenetic analyses reveal that Triceratops and “Torosaurus” actually represent growth stages of a single genus. Major changes in cranial morphology—including the opening of parietal fenestrae and the elongation of the squamosals—occur rapidly, very late in Triceratops ontogeny and result in the characteristic ‘Torosaurus’ morphology. This report presents the results of a 10-year field study of the dinosaurs of the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and is based on a collection of over 50 specimens of Triceratops, including over 30 skulls, which have been amassed in that time, in addition to specimens from numerous other North American museums. This large sample of individuals reveals the full ontogenetic spectrum of Triceratops. The synonymy of Triceratops and ‘Torosaurus’ contributes to an unfolding view of extremely reduced dinosaur diversity just before the end of the Mesozoic Era.
Methodology for Relating the Tensile Constitutive Behavior of Ceramic‐Matrix Composites to Constituent Properties

A methodology for the straightforward and consistent evaluation of the constituent properties of ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) is summarized, based on analyses from the literature. The results provide a constitutive law capable of simulating the stress/strain behavior of these materials. The approach is illustrated using data for two CMCs: SiC/CAS and SiC/SiC. The constituent properties are also used as input to mechanics procedures that characterize stress redistribution and predict the effect of strain concentrations on macroscopic performance.
Designs and optical tests of thermal links for an optical refrigerator

Dielectric mirror leakage at large angles of incidence limits the effectiveness of solid state optical refrigerators due to reheating caused by photon absorption in an attached load. In this paper, we present several thermally conductive link solutions to greatly reduce the net photon absorption. The Los Alamos Solid State Optical Refrigerator (LASSOR) has demonstrated cooling of a Yb 3+ doped ZBLANP glass to 208 K. We have designed optically isolating thermal link geometries capable of extending cooling to a typical heat load with minimal absorptive reheating, and we have tested the optical performance of these designs. A surrogate source operating at 625 nm was used to mimic the angular distribution of light from the LASSOR cooling element. While total link performance is dependent on additional factors, we have found that the best thermal link reduced the net transmission of photons to 0.04%, which includes the trapping mirrors 8.1% transmission. Our measurements of the optical performance of the various link geometries are supported by computer simulations of the designs using Code V, a commercially available optical modeling software package.
Immunostimulatory CpG treatment for genital HSV-2 infections

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Streptococcus gallolyticus subspecies pasteurianus (Biotype II/2), a newly reported cause of adult meningitis

We report the first case of adult meningitis confirmed to be due to Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus. Phenotypically reported as Streptococcus bovis biotype II/2, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed S. gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus. Because of taxonomic uncertainties, S. gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus may be an underrecognized agent of systemic infections.
Deep sequencing the circadian and diurnal transcriptome of Drosophila brain

Eukaryotic circadian clocks include transcriptional/translational feedback loops that drive 24-h rhythms of transcription. These transcriptional rhythms underlie oscillations of protein abundance, thereby mediating circadian rhythms of behavior, physiology, and metabolism. Numerous studies over the last decade have used microarrays to profile circadian transcriptional rhythms in various organisms and tissues. Here we use RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to profile the circadian transcriptome of Drosophila melanogaster brain from wild-type and period-null clock-defective animals. We identify several hundred transcripts whose abundance oscillates with 24-h periods in either constant darkness or 12 h light/dark diurnal cycles, including several noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that were not identified in previous microarray studies. Of particular interest are U snoRNA host genes (Uhgs), a family of diurnal cycling noncoding RNAs that encode the precursors of more than 50 box-C/D small nucleolar RNAs, key regulators of ribosomal biogenesis. Transcriptional profiling at the level of individual exons reveals alternative splice isoforms for many genes whose relative abundances are regulated by either period or circadian time, although the effect of circadian time is muted in comparison to that of period. Interestingly, period loss of function significantly alters the frequency of RNA editing at several editing sites, suggesting an unexpected link between a key circadian gene and RNA editing. We also identify tens of thousands of novel splicing events beyond those previously annotated by the modENCODE Consortium, including several that affect key circadian genes. These studies demonstrate extensive circadian control of ncRNA expression, reveal the extent of clock control of alternative splicing and RNA editing, and provide a novel, genome-wide map of splicing in Drosophila brain.
An operant procedure for testing olfactory capacities in restrained pigeons

A psychophysical procedure was developed to test the olfactory capacities of the pigeon. The procedure employs symmetrical response contingencies, involves the confinement of the pigeon's head in the stimulus air stream and relies solely on positive reinforcement for the development and maintenance of discriminative responding. The absolute sensitivity of three pigeons to amyl acetate in air was measured. Thresholds for all three pigeons were between 10(-3.4) and 10(-3.6) of vapor saturation.
Algorithms for synchronous logic synthesis

A new approach is presented to logic synthesis of digital synchronous sequential circuits. The authors describe algorithms for minimizing (i) the area of synchronous combinational and/or sequential circuits under cycle time constraints, and (ii) the cycle time under area constraints. Previous approaches attacked this problem by separating the combinational logic from the registers and by applying circuit transformations to the combinational component only. The authors show instead how to optimize concurrently the circuit equations and the register position. This method is novel and can achieve results that are at least as good as those obtained by previous methods. A computer implementation of the algorithms in the Minerva program is described. >
Implications for Addressing the Psychosocial Needs of Gifted Individuals: A Response to Subotnik, Olszewski-Kubilius, and Worrell (2011).

In response to the article, "Rethinking Giftedness and Gifted Education: A Proposed Direction Forward Based on Psychological Science," by Subotnik, Olszewski-Kubilius, and Worrell (2011), several questions arise with regard to the psychosocial needs of gifted individuals: What are the most important psychosocial variables we should take into account when cultivating talent? How do we measure these psychosocial variables? What is psychosocial coaching and how do we do it?
Mental health symptom severity in cannabis using and non-using Veterans with probable PTSD

Abstract Background Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a disabling illness suffered by many Veterans returning from war. Some Veterans believe that cannabis may be therapeutic for PTSD. The purpose of this study was to better understand the association between cannabis use and PTSD symptoms. Methods The study was a matched case-control cross-sectional evaluation of the psychiatric and sociocultural associations of cannabis use in Veterans with probable PTSD. Patient self-report measures were examined comparing cannabis users (cases) to non-users (controls) who were case-matched on age and gender. Results Results indicated that there were no significant differences between cases and controls in mean PTSD Checklist-Civilian version (PCL-C) scores (59.2 and 59.1, respectively). There was also no association between PTSD scores and frequency of cannabis use. It was also observed that cases were more likely to be non-Caucasian, financially challenged, and unmarried. Limitations The sample is a convenience sample of Veterans being referred for a clinical assessment and therefore, sampling biases may limit the generalizability of the results to other populations including Veterans not seeking health care in the Veterans Affairs (VA) system. Conclusions The results do not support the theory that cannabis use would be associated with less severe PTSD symptoms. Results do suggest important sociocultural differences in cannabis users compared to controls.
Building Stochastic Feedback Models from Limited Data; A Maximum Entropy-Based Solution

We present a general, maximum entropy-based method for modeling stochastic feedback dynamics of small chemical and biochemical systems. Our method, Maximum Caliber, uses experimental data in the form of dynamical averages and correlations to construct ensembles of system trajectories. These theoretical ensembles are used to infer long-time dynamics from short-time trajectories. In particular, the method does not have to invoke complex reaction schemes to predict dynamical features such as multistability. On the other hand, traditional stochastic modeling methods often require knowledge of rates and reaction networks. Such parameters are rarely validated independently of the experimental curve-fitting. Maximum Caliber requires both fewer assumptions regarding the reaction network and fewer parameters to capture the effects of feedback. We demonstrate the principle on the genetic toggle switch and the circadian clock.
Radiation efficiency of electrically small microstrip antennas with width discontinuities

When patch segments of different widths are adjoined to form a microstrip antenna, the resonant frequency is significantly lower than that of a conventional rectangular microstrip antenna with the same overall length. It is shown, however, that the radiation efficiency is substantially reduced as the antenna becomes small at a given frequency. As the resonant frequency decreases, the radiated power is lowered at a faster rate than the conduction and dielectric losses.
A coarse‐grained molecular dynamics model for crystalline solids

A general mathematical framework for coarse-graining molecular dynamics (MD) model for solid system is presented. The formulation is based directly on the full MD model. The reduction of the atomic degrees of freedom is accomplished using the Mori–Zwanzig projection method. We also demonstrate how to simplify the model under this framework to make the numerical implementation much easier. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relevancy of time-frequency features for phonetic classification measured by mutual information

In this paper we use mutual information to study the distribution in time and frequency of information relevant for phonetic classification. A large database of hand-labeled fluent speech is used to (a) compute the mutual information between phoneme labels and a point of logarithmic energy in the time-frequency plane and (b) compute the joint mutual information between phoneme labels and two points of logarithmic energy in the time-frequency plane.
Packet scheduling in broadcast WDM networks with arbitrary transceiver tuning latencies

We consider the problem of scheduling packet transmissions in a broadcast, single-hop wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) network, with tunability provided only at one end. Our objective is to design schedules of minimum length to satisfy a set of traffic requirements given in the form of a demand matrix. We address a fairly general version of the problem as we allow arbitrary traffic demands and arbitrary transmitter tuning latencies. The contribution of our work is twofold, First we define a special class of schedules which permit an intuitive formulation of the scheduling problem. Based on this formulation we present algorithms which construct schedules of length equal to the lower bound provided that the traffic requirements satisfy certain optimality conditions. We also develop heuristics which, in the general case, give schedules of length equal or very close to the lower bound. Secondly, we identify two distinct regions of network operation. The first region is such that the schedule length is determined by the tuning requirements of transmitters; when the network operates within the second region however, the length of the schedule is determined by the traffic demands, not the tuning latency. The point at which the network switches between the two regions is identified in terms of system parameters such as the number of nodes and channels and the tuning latency. Accordingly, we show that it is possible to appropriately dimension the network to minimize the effects of even large values of the tuning latency.