cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A confocal study of spinal interneurons in living larval zebrafish

We used confocal microscopy to examine the morphology of spinal interneurons in living larval zebrafish with the aim of providing a morphological foundation for generating functional hypotheses. Interneurons were retrogradely labeled by injections of fluorescent dextrans into the spinal cord, and the three-dimensional morphology of living cells was reconstructed from confocal optical sections through the transparent fish. At least eight types of interneurons are present in the spinal cord of larval zebrafish; four of these are described here for the first time. The newly discovered cell types include classes of commissural neurons with axons that ascend, descend, and bifurcate in the contralateral spinal cord. Our reexamination of previously described cell types revealed functionally relevant features of their morphology, such as undescribed commissural axons, as well as the relationships between the trajectories of the axons of interneurons and the descending Mauthner axons. In addition to describing neurons, we surveyed their morphology at multiple positions along the spinal cord and found longitudinal changes in their distribution and sizes. For example, some cell types increase in size from rostral to caudal, whereas others decrease. Our observations lead to predictions of the roles of some of these interneurons in motor circuits. These predictions can be tested with the combination of functional imaging, single-cell ablation, and genetic approaches that make zebrafish a powerful model system for studying neuronal circuits.
Forethought development in children and adolescents

Using a large set of items that were generated to reflect the dimensions of forethought suggested by the existing literature, a 41-item forethought scale (FS) was developed. This scale measures three factors: remote-future time comprehension, real-time consequences, and important future events. To measure the trends in the development of these factors of forethought and to test certain assumptions concerning the timing of the development of this trait, the FS items were administered to 400 boys and girls (age range=3 to 18 years). Using scores for each of the three factors and age as variables, an analysis of variance showed that only the main effect for age and the Age by FS Factors interaction were significant. Factor means demonstrated that for two FS dimensions, real-time consequences and important future events, development was virtually complete by age 10 years. However, for the remote-future time comprehension factor, development was not complete until late adolescence.
A nationwide study comparing end-of-life care for men and women veterans.

Abstract Background: The quality of end-of-life (EOL) care at Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (VAMC) has improved. To date, however, the quality and outcomes of end-of-life care delivered to women veterans have not been examined. Objective: The goal of this study was to evaluate gender differences in the quality of EOL care received by patients in VAMCs nationwide. Design: The study was conducted via retrospective medical chart review and telephone survey with next of kin of recently deceased inpatients. Setting/subjects: The chart review included records for all patients who died in acute and long-term care units in 145 VAMCs nationwide (n=36,618). For the survey, the documented next of kin were invited to respond on behalf of the deceased veteran; a total of 25,638 next of kin completed the survey. Measurements: Chart review measures included five indicators of optimal end-of-life care. Bereaved family survey items included one global and nine specific items (e.g., bereavement care, pain management) de...
Characteristics of three homologous 202 genes (Ifi202a, Ifi202b, and Ifi202c) from the murine interferon-activatable gene 200 cluster.

Abstract The Ifi202 gene is part of the interferon-activatable murine gene 200 cluster on chromosome 1. Ifi202 encodes the p202 protein whose overexpression is growth inhibitory and which can bind and inhibit the activity of numerous transcription factors including c-Jun, c-Fos, NF-κB, E2F-1, E2F-4, MyoD, and myogenin. We report here the exon–intron structure of Ifi202 and the discovery of Ifi202b and Ifi202c, close homologs of Ifi202 (whose designation we now change to Ifi202a). Ifi202a, b, and c were colocalized to chromosome 1 bands H4–H5 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Ifi202b encodes p202b, which is interferon-inducible and differs from p202a in only 7 of 445 amino acids. 202b mRNA is constitutively expressed in tissues in which 202a mRNA is expressed. Ifi202c is apparently an unexpressed pseudogene. In murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from 129 mice, the level of 202b mRNA is approximately half that of 202a mRNA. We knocked out the Ifi202a gene from 129 mice. The expression of 202b mRNA, but not 202a mRNA, persisted in the knockout mice and their MEFs at the same level as in wildtype mice. However, in MEFs from the knockout mice, the constitutive and interferon-induced levels of p202b were approximately as high as the constitutive and the interferon-induced levels of p202a plus p202b, respectively, in MEFs from wildtype mice. These findings suggest dosage compensation at the posttranscriptional level. This might account for the apparent lack of phenotype of the knockout mice.
The Schwarz criterion and related methods for normal linear models

In this paper we derive Schwarz's information criterion and two modifications for choosing fixed effects in normal linear mixed models. The first modification allows an arbitrary, possibly informative, prior for the parameter of interest. Replacing this prior with the normal, unit-information, prior of Kass & Wasserman (1995) and the generalised Cauchy prior of Jeffreys (1961) yields the usual Schwarz criterion and a second modification, respectively. Under the null hypothesis, these criteria approximate Bayes factors using the corresponding priors to increased accuracy. In regression, the second modification also corresponds asymptotically to the Bayes factors of Zellner & Siow (1980) and O'Hagan (1995), and is similar to the Bayes factor of Berger & Pericchi (1996). In mixed models, the effective sample size term in Schwarz's formula is ambiguous because of correlation between observations. We propose an appropriate generalisation of Schwarz's approximation and apply our results to evaluate a large class of models for repeated neuron area measurements in alcoholic and suicidal patients.
STATISTICAL DEPENDENCE OF INERTIAL RANGE PROPERTIES ON LARGE SCALES IN A HIGH-REYNOLDS-NUMBER SHEAR FLOW

For turbulent velocity data measured in high-Reynolds-number atmospheric surface layer, we show that the observed dependence of the inertial range statistics on large scale fluctuations is a manifestation of the mixed averaging of regions of different local Reynolds number. This dependence can be subsumed by the Obukhov conditional averaging and the second refined similarity hypothesis of Kolmogorov. We identify a subset of velocity increments which seem to possess no large-scale dependence. [S0031-9007(96)00767-3]
Gassendi on sensation and reflection: A non-cartesian dualism

(1988). Gassendi on sensation and reflection: A non-cartesian dualism. History of European Ideas: Vol. 9, No. 5, pp. 583-595.
Management of Treatment Complications and Supportive Care

Multiple myeloma patients usually present with complications related to the proliferation of clonal plasma cells or the toxic effect of monoclonal proteins [1]. Therapy is indicated when complications referred to as the CRAB criteria is present [2, 3]. These include hypercalcemia (C), renal insufficiency (R), anemia (A), and lytic bone lesions or osteoporosis (B), as defined by the myeloma working group [4]. In a study at the Mayo clinic, anemia was the presenting sign in 73% of the patients, lytic bone lesions 66 %, hypercalcemia 13 %, and renal insufficiency 19 % [5]. Although the definitive therapy for multiple myeloma is directed at the plasma cell malignancy, appropriate immediate intervention for these complications is essentially for the long-term outcome of these patients. The major cause of death in multiple myeloma patients is infection and renal failure and failure to reverse acute renal failure will significantly impact long-term survival [6]. Failure also to recognize and appropriately treat pathologic bone fractures and cord compression will have significant effect on quality of life, even with effective treatment of the multiple myeloma. The current armamentarium of drugs for the management of multiple myeloma is extensive and these have changed significantly over the last decade. The traditional agents such as alkylators, anthracyclines, and platinum [7–10] have given way to immunomodulatory drugs (Thalidomide, Lenalidomide, Pomalidomide) and the proteosome inhibitors Bortezomib and Carfilzomib [11–20]. In addition to the primary complications of multiple myeloma, all these drugs also do come with their own peculiar side effects which will have to be effectively monitored and managed during their use. Multiple myeloma patients are leaving longer and therefore their quality of life as they live with this disease should be optimized by effectively preventing, reducing, and managing complications associated with this disease [21]. This chapter will review complications associated with multiple myeloma and its management.
NAD+ maintenance attenuates light induced photoreceptor degeneration

Abstract Light-induced retinal damage (LD) occurs after surgery or sun exposure. We previously showed that zinc (Zn2+) accumulated in photoreceptors and RPE cells after LD but prior to cell death, and pyruvate or nicotinamide attenuated the resultant death perhaps by restoring nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels. We first examined the levels of NAD+ and the efficacy of pyruvate or nicotinamide in oxidative toxicities using primary retinal cultures. We next manipulated NAD+ levels in vivo and tested the affect on LD to photoreceptors and RPE. NAD+ levels cycle with a 24-h rhythm in mammals, which is affected by the feeding schedule. Therefore, we tested the affect of increasing NAD+ levels on LD by giving nicotinamide, inverting the feeding schedule, or using transgenic mice which overexpress cytoplasmic nicotinamide mononucleotide adenyl-transferase-1 (cytNMNAT1), an NAD+ synthetic enzyme. Zn2+ accumulation was also assessed in culture and in retinal sections. Retinas of light damaged animals were examined by OCT and plastic sectioning, and retinal NAD+ levels were measured. Day fed, or nicotinamide treated rats showed less NAD+ loss, and LD compared to night fed rats or untreated rats without changing the Zn2+ staining pattern. CytNMNAT1 showed less Zn2+ staining, NAD+ loss, and cell death after LD. In conclusion, intense light, Zn2+ and oxidative toxicities caused an increase in Zn2+, NAD+ loss, and cell death which were attenuated by NAD+ restoration. Therefore, NAD+ levels play a protective role in LD-induced death of photoreceptors and RPE cells.
Mycobacteriosis in naturally infected ring-neck doves (Streptopelia risoria): investigation of the association between feather colour and susceptibility to infection, disease and lesions type

Prevalence of infection and disease, the degree of organ involvement and the nature of the lesions were investigated in 11 white and 18 non-white ring-neck doves coming from a flock naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium. Lesions were common in the liver, spleen, lung, kidney, intestines, ovary and bone marrow. Overall, 18 out of 29 (62%) birds were considered infected with a sequevar of M. avium subsp. avium that contains serotypes 2, 3, 4 and 9. The prevalence of infection in the white doves (36.4%) was significantly lower than in the non-white morphs (77.7%). White doves had on average fewer organs affected (mean =3.1) than the non-white doves (mean =5.9). A diffuse pattern of inflammation in the liver and spleen was observed mainly in non-white doves. Focal or multifocal granulomatous inflammation of the liver and spleen was predominant in white doves. Genetic mechanisms of immunity to mycobacteriosis may be contributing or determining these differences. There are three basic colour morphs in ring-neck doves--dark or wild type, blond and white--and the alleles coding for colour are sex-linked and located on the sex (Z) chromosome. Female's single sexual chromosomed (ZW) and homozygous males (ZZ) can be white if they carry the white alleles. It is very probable that the gene or genes modulating the immune response to M. avium subsp. avium infection in these doves could be associated to these loci or at least located in the same (Z) chromosome, as the association with white colour suggests.
Topical erythromycin and zinc therapy for acne.

A double-blind, 12-week study was undertaken to determine the safety and efficacy of a formulation of 4% erythromycin plus 1.2% zinc acetate compared with its vehicle. The study was continued for 40 weeks after the 12-week double-blind phase by switching vehicle-treated patients to active treatment and continuing to give patients treated with active drug the same treatment. Seventy-three female patients started the study; 39 completed 1 full year of study. In the first 12 weeks statistically significant differences were noted in the efficacy of the erythromycin-zinc compared with vehicle for acne severity grades (global assessment) and for papule, pustule, and comedo counts. After crossover, the vehicle-treated group receiving active therapy duplicated the improvement of the group initially treated with erythromycinzinc. No clinical problems with superinfection or secondary infection occurred during 1 year of treatment in 39 patients.
Intermediate energy nuclear physics at MIT-Bates

The MIT-Bates Linear Accelerator Center is a university-based laboratory carrying out frontier research in nuclear physics. The research program is focussed on the flavor structure, charge distribution, shape, size and polarizability of the nucleon; the spin and electromagnetic structure of light nuclei; and the origin of the elements. The Bates research program has three central thrusts: the SAMPLE experiments to probe the flavor structure of the proton using parity-violating electron scattering at back angles; the OOPS (Out-Of-plane Spectrometer System) program which uses out-of-plane detection to probe nucleon and few-body nuclear structure; and the BLAST (Bates Large Acceptance Spectrometer Toroid) program which will use a new spectrometer under construction to measure electron scattering from internal gas targets in the South Hall Ring.
A network based attenuation correction system for networked dual polarization radar observations

Electromagnetic waves backscattered from a common volume in networked radar systems are attenuated differently along the different paths. A network based attenuation correction system for a network of dual polarization radars can be developed by combing the conventional network approach and the conventional differential propagation phase based attenuation correction technique. The network based attenuation correction system proposed here has been evaluated by data from the Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA) Integrated Project 1 (IP1) radars, which is a radar network that can observe a weather event simultaneously by multiple radars in different locations. The preliminary results show that the network based attenuation correction algorithm retrieves reflectivity and differential reflectivity properly.
Anti-CD20 antibody is an efficient therapeutic tool for the selective removal of autoreactive T cells.

Although rituximab specifically binds to CD20 on B cells, it also has efficacy in the treatment of autoimmune diseases that are predominantly mediated by T helper cells. In this Viewpoint, Dr Datta proposes a novel hypothesis to explain this: the association of the pathogenic autoreactive T cells with anti-CD20 opsonized B cells might in fact make rituximab specific for autoreactive T cells.
Effect of long-term divergent selection on growth characteristics in Japanese quail

The current study was undertaken to examine the effect of long-term selection for 4-wk BW on growth characteristics in divergent lines of Japanese quail and their control. Growth rate was significantly higher in males than females in all the lines. There was a significant increase in growth rate of the females selected for increased 4-wk BW over the control females, as well as a significant decline in growth rate of males selected for decreased 4-wk BW compared to their control counterparts. It appeared that selection for increased 4-wk BW did not alter the rate of growth in the males compared to the control males; however, in the females, selection for increased 4-wk BW resulted in an increase in growth rate. On the other hand, selection for decreased 4-wk BW resulted in a decline in growth rate in males but not in the females. The dynamics of the growth curve parameters indicate that selection for decreased 4-wk BW shifted the growth curve for females as well as altering the trajectories of growth in both sexes. However, selection for increased 4-wk BW only resulted in altering the trajectory of growth in the males. Long-term selection resulted in asymmetry of response in the low and high lines. In addition, different genes may respond differently to the same selection pressure in opposite directions. The use of the 4-parameter Richards model to analyze growth data from such an experiment provided a better understanding of how selection can alter the rate and trajectory of growth to affect the genetically determined growth potential of quail. Consequently selection for increased or decreased 4-wk BW affected the sexes differently.
Traumatic optic neuropathy in children and adolescents.

Abstract Purpose Retrospective review to describe the features and visual outcome of traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) in children and adolescents. Methods Interventional and observational case series of children Results Forty children, 24 boys and 16 girls, were identified with 43 affected eyes. The mean age was 11.6 years (range, 2 to 18). The most common causes were motor vehicle accidents (62%) and sports injuries (22%). The trauma was blunt in 78% of cases and penetrating in 22%. Visual acuity at presentation for 27 patients whose visual acuity could be assessed ranged from no light perception to 20/80. Interventions included corticosteroids (n = 18), decompression of the optic canal (n = 3), and optic sheath nerve fenestration (n = 1). Visual outcome for 22 children with at least 1 month of follow-up was no light perception in 10 (45%), Conclusion TON in children is caused by mechanisms similar to those that cause TON in adults. The severity of visual loss as well as the rate and degree of improvement are also similar. Our data do not indicate that treatment improves visual outcome.
Percutaneous dilational tracheostomy: Report of 141 cases

Tracheostomy is indicated frequently in the treatment of critically ill patients who require prolonged mechanical ventilation. The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate our initial experience with 141 cases of percutaneous dilational tracheostomy (PDT) performed over a 2-year period. One hundred twenty PDTs (85%) were placed at the bedside, and 21 (15%) were performed in the operating room in conjunction with other procedures. The procedural complication rate was 11% (16 of 141). Most complications were easily recognized and did not preclude the completion of PDT. One death occurred secondary to severe bronchospasm. The postoperative complication rate was 8% (11 of 141). The most frequent complication was peristomal oozing. The average duration of follow-up after decannulation for patients discharged alive and decannulated was 36 +/- 27 weeks. There were 3 recognized cases of clinically symptomatic tracheal stenosis. We conclude that PDT is comparable with the open method and can be performed rapidly and safely at the patient's bedside.
A Mediated-Moderation Model of Maternal Parenting Style, Association with Deviant Peers, and Problem Behaviors in Urban African American and European American Adolescents

We examined a model positing that association with deviant peers mediates the relation between perceived maternal parenting style, represented by the dimensions demandingness, responsiveness, and their interaction, and problem behaviors in an urban sample of 82 African American and 56 European American young adolescents. Regression analyses revealed that the data are consistent with a model where association with deviant peers mediates the relation between maternal responsiveness and problem behaviors for European Americans and African American males. In addition, a responsiveness by demandingness interaction was found for European Americans. Only the relation between association with deviant peers and problem behaviors was supported for African American females. The results suggest that ethnic and gender variables might interact with pathways from parenting to association with deviant peers and problem behaviors and that the dimensions of parenting might not be equal in their salience.
A comparison of European High Test gasoline and PS-6 unleaded gasoline in their abilities to induce α2u-globulin nephropathy and renal cell proliferation

Abstract Male Fischer-344 rats were administered European High Test gasoline (EHT) (50–500 mg/kg), PS-6 unleaded gasoline (UG) (16–500 mg/kg) or 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (TMP) (0.95–30 mg/kg) by gavage for ten consecutive days. To measure cell replication, rats were exposed to [ 3 H]thymidine continuously over the last 7 days of the exposure period. Twenty-four hours after the final dose, protein droplet (PD) accumulation, α 2 u -globulin (α2u) concentration and the nuclear labeling index (LI), as a measure of cell replication, were measured in the kidneys of control and treated rats. Dose-related increases in PD, α2u and cell replication were detected in the kidneys of rats treated with either gasoline mixture or TMP. The accumulation of PD and the increase in α2u was greater in the kidneys of UG- and TMP-treated rats than in the kidneys of rats treated with EHT. These differences were attributed to the higher composition of branched hydrocarbons in UG, which have been shown to be the biologically active components for these endpoints. The extent of renal cell proliferation was similar in both EHT-, UG- and TMP-treated rats. This suggests that other components besides the branched hydrocarbons are responsible for the increased renal cell replication in EHT-treated rats.
Electromagnetic fields induced by a point source in a uniaxial multiferroic full-space, half-space, and bimaterial space

Multiferroic magnetoelectrics are materials that are both ferroelectric and ferromagnetic in the same phase. In addition, electric and magnetic polarizations are strongly coupled in some magnetoelectric multiferroic materials. In this work, by virtue of the image method, exact closed-form Green’s functions are derived for a uniaxial multiferroic full-space, half-space, and bimaterial space. While for the bimaterial space case the interface is assumed to be perfect, for the half-space case four different sets of surface conditions are considered. The point source can be either an electric or a magnetic charge. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the differences among the infinite-space, half-space, and bimaterial space Green’s functions.
Seed dispersal facilitation and geographic consistency in bird–fruit abundance patterns

Avian seed dispersal mutualisms are characterized frequently by stochastic interactions between birds and fruits; however, many studies report coarse-scale correlations in annual abundances of birds and fruits at particular locales (i.e. ‘phenological synchrony’). This study tested the geographical consistency of phenological synchrony in a meta-analysis of data from 14 biogeographic locations. Data from a single site in British Columbia, Canada, were then used to test the dispersal facilitation hypothesis, which postulates that synchronous bird–fruit abundance patterns result from deterministic seed dispersal processes (i.e. avian fruit consumption). Results showed that phenological synchrony is a geographically consistent pattern. However, fruit production occurred after peak periods of bird abundances in British Columbia. Although phenological patterns were asynchronous at this site, observational and experimental fruit removal patterns supported the dispersal facilitation hypothesis. Avian fruit consumption covaried with bird abundances, suggesting selection may favour earlier fruit production and increased phenological synchrony. Environmental data suggest that earlier fruit production is constrained by cold spring temperatures, which inhibit the activity of pollinators and earlier dates of fruit maturation. Overall, the results show that phenological synchrony is a geographically consistent pattern in seed dispersal mutualisms. However, decoupled bird–fruit abundance patterns may occur despite deterministic processes favouring phenological synchrony.
Frequency coalescence and mode localization phenomena: A geometric theory

Physical systems, the natural frequencies of which depend parametrically on certain quantities, may exhibit the phenomenon of frequency coalescence, when two or more natural frequencies become equal; or the phenomenon of avoided crossings, when two or more frequencies approach rapidly and then avoid crossing each other. In the process, the natural modes undergo significant variations. It is shown that both phenomena can be described in a unified manner from the singularities of the mapping from the complex parameter plane into the complex frequency plane. In particular, the formation of a saddle point in the frequency plane and a branch point in the parameter space is the basis for explaining the properties associated with these phenomena. The question of sensitivity of the system response near such singularities is subsequently examined. It is shown that the development of a branch point singularity in the complex parameter plane can cause large or even infinite sensitivity of the system about this point, depending on the distance of the branch point from the real axis in the parameter space. It is further shown that mode localization is also associated with the appearance of a branch point near the real axis of the complex parameter plane, which causes the large sensitivity that characterizes the phenomenon. The theory is applied to examples of conservative and dissipative systems undergoing free vibrations.
Practical realisation of mod p, p prime multiplier

A practical realisation of a mod p, p prime multiplier for the case p = 2n−2k+1, k<n is described. Simulated results are presented and speed metrics based on state-of-the-art memory technology are computed.
Case Study of an Intense African Easterly Wave

Abstract The life cycle of an intense African easterly wave (AEW) over the African continent is examined using European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) operational analyses, Meteosat satellite images, and synoptic observations. This system, the strongest AEW of 2000, can be tracked from central North Africa into the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where it is associated with the genesis of Hurricane Alberto. Synoptic analysis of the kinematic and thermodynamic fields is supplemented by analysis of potential vorticity (PV), allowing exploration at the role of multiple scales in the evolution of this AEW. The authors’ analysis promotes the division of the AEW life cycle into three distinctive phases. (i) Initiation: The AEW development is preceded by a large convective event composed of several mesoscale convective systems over elevated terrain in Sudan. This convection provides a forcing on the baroclinically and barotropically unstable state that exists over tropical North Africa. (ii) Baroclini...
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in dextrocardia: case report.

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is described in a patient with dextrocardia. Selective cannulation of the right anterior descending coronary artery (morphologic left anterior descending coronary artery) was achieved with modification of standard guiding catheters “preformed” for the normal, levo-position heart. This report demonstrates the feasibility of PTCA in patients with cardiac malposition who survive into adulthood and develop coronary atherosclerosis.
Lior heller, m.d.

I would like to thank my colleague, Dr. Lior Heller, for serving as guest editor of the current issue of Seminars in Plastic Surgery on “Abdominal Wall Reconstruction,” and the authors that he has invited to write on this topic. We are always grateful to our contributors for taking the time away from busy schedules to share their knowledge with peers. Dr. Lior Heller is an associate professor in the Division of Plastic Surgery in the DeBakey Department of Surgery at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas. He is a graduate of the Hebrew University Medical School in Jerusalem, Israel; he is board certified in plastic surgery by the Israeli Society of Plastic Surgery and in general surgery by the Israeli Society of General Surgery. Upon completion of his residency training, Dr. Heller completed three fellowships that included a 1-year fellowship in minimally invasive and endoscopic cosmetic surgery of the face with Dr. Oscar Ramirez in Baltimore, Maryland, a 2-year fellowship in reconstructive plastic surgery at Duke University Medical Center in Durham, North Carolina, and a 1-year fellowship in microsurgical oncologic reconstruction at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston. He then served for 3 years as a clinical instructor in the Department of Plastic Surgery at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. Dr. Heller specializes in body contouring, reconstructive surgery after oncologic resection, and aesthetic surgery and nonsurgical rejuvenation of the face. He is actively involved in academics as a teacher of residents and students and has had numerous articles published in plastic surgery peer-reviewed journals and chapters as well. Dr. Heller enjoys presenting at professional meetings at the national and international level and is often invited to do so.
The flavor intensity of some carbonyl compounds important in oxidized fats

The flavor intensities of several methyl ketones, aldehydes, 2-enals, andtrans, trans-2,4-dienals were evaluated in 1% mineral oil in water emulsions against a series of standard emulsions of 2-heptanone. There was a linear relation between the logarithm of the concentrations of the carbonyls and the logarithm of the concentration of 2-heptanone giving an equal flavor intensity. Thresholds calculated from these linear relations were comparable to those reported in the literature. Mixtures of carbonyls similar to those found in oxidized soybean oil were evaluated, and their flavor intensities were similar to those predicted from adding the intensities of the individual carbonyls. The flavor intensity of these carbonyls could account for the flavor intensity of oxidized soybean oil.
Acknowledging and mitigating power disparities in physician–patient/proxy negotiations

AbstractBackgroundThis article offers advice to physicians on how to improve their negotiations with patients and patients’ proxies by addressing with the inherent power disparities between the two parties.MethodsNo study was performed. This article draws from negotiation and conflict resolution literature and applies those theories to physician practice.ResultsNo study was performed. However, the central premise follows from the conclusion of previous studies that highlight: Greater power disparity between negotiators leads to more hostile negotiation tactics, whereas increasing and balancing power lead to more amicable and conciliatory behavior.ConclusionsBased on the abovementioned thesis, I offer recommendations to physicians on how to manage power using three different approaches: (1) empowering the patient or proxy; (2) managing one's own power appropriately; and (3) providing better processes. All three recommendations are meant to foster more productive negotiations for all parties involved.
Additive global cerebral blood flow normalization in arterial spin labeling perfusion imaging

To determine how different methods of normalizing for global cerebral blood flow (gCBF) affect image quality and sensitivity to cortical activation, pulsed arterial spin labeling (pASL) scans obtained during a visual task were normalized by either additive or multiplicative normalization of modal gCBF. Normalization by either method increased the statistical significance of cortical activation by a visual stimulus. However, image quality was superior with additive normalization, whether judged by intensity histograms or by reduced variability within gray and white matter.
CONSISTENCIES AND BIASES IN RISK PERCEPTION: II. INDIVIDUAL SUBJECTS' PERFORMANCE

Summary.-I analyzed intuitive frequency judgments for deaths from 11 wellknown causes. Data analysis at individual subjects' level showed that the responserange effect noted in 1994 by Saito, Kawabata, and Yarnagishi operates at the individual subjects' level. Also, the response tendencies exhibited by individuals were highly consistent across three d8ferent methods of judgment elicitation. Implications for riskperception research are discussed. Research has shown that risk perception is consistent but systematically biased at the same time. An early study (Lichtenstein, Slovic, Fischhoff, Layman, & Combs, 1978) compared people's judged frequencies of life-threatening events with actual frequencies. Judged frequencies showed high correlations to actual frequencies; however, the high correlation was associated with a systematic bias in that judged frequencies were too high for low-frequency events and too low for high-frequency events. Fischhoff and others characterized susceptibility to biases and consistency as "blemishes on this seemingly rosy picture" (Fischhoff, Slovic, & Lichtenstein, 1981, p. 180). Another kind of "blemish" was reported by Saito, Kawabata, and Yamagishi (submitted), who found that frequency estimation of social facts varied depending on the range of responses provided in their questionnaire. One group of their subjects estimated "Out of 100 New Yorkers, how many are victimized by violent crimes?" Others estimated the same event in an "Out of 10,000" format. The estimates, converted into percentages, showed that the former format produced a significantly greater mean estimate (29.06%) than the latter (12.95%). In replication of Saito, et al., Yamagishi (1994) obtained frequency estimates of deaths from well-known causes in both "100" and "10,000" formats (hereafter referred to as narrow and wide ranges, respectively). His subjects judged the frequencies of deaths due to certain causes among the population of 100 or 10,000. He also encountered "blemishes in the rosy picture." His subjects judged the proportion of frequency of death significantly higher in the narrow-range format than in the wide range. Yet he observed high correlations between the narrow and the wide conditions. The high correlations seemed to add further to Lichten
Single-Molecule Nanosecond Anisotropy Dynamics of Tethered Protein Motions

Confined and hindered protein motions generally exist in living cells, with tethered proteins or protein domains particularly associated with and relevant to the early events of molecular interactions in cell signaling at extra- and intracellular membrane surfaces. Ensemble-averaged, time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy has been extensively applied to study the protein rotational and conformational motion dynamics under physiologically relevant conditions. However, the spatial and temporal inhomogeneities of the nonsynchronizable stochastic protein rotational and conformational motions are extremely difficult to characterize with such ensemble-averaged measurements. Here, we demonstrate the use of single-molecule nanosecond anisotropy to study the tethered protein motion of a T4 lysozyme molecule on a biologically compatible surface under water. The rotational motions of tethered proteins are confined in a half-sphere whose volume is primarily defined by the linker and the surface. We observe dynamic inh...
Fertility Level in Artificial Breeding Associated with Season, Hours of Daylight, and the Age of Cattle

Summary In an investigation on the seasonal variations in fertility level of about 125,000 cows and 71 bulls of various ages bred artificially within the last 6 years in New York State, it was found that: 1.With respect to fertility level, cattle of various ages responded differently and consistently to seasons of the year, the younger and older cattle being influenced more readily than mature cattle. 2.Winter was the poorest breeding season of the year during this period. 3.The fertility level of all bulls kept at this Station but artificially bred to cattle in all sections of the State from December, 1945, through November, 1946, was significantly correlated with the length of daylight, there being a lag of 1 or 2 months before the effect of daylight reached its maximum. For two groups of bulls less than 6 years of age, the correlation coefficients were not statistically significant. Thus, young bulls probably are more subject to other extraneous influences on fertility than are those from 6 to 10 years of age. It is concluded that variations in the hours of daylight influence the fertility level of dairy cattle at this latitude, and that the response to light varies with the age of the animals involved.
Ebstein’s Anomaly Associated With an Anomalous Coronary Artery, 2 Myocardial Bridges, and a Mahaim Fiber

A61-year-old man with Ebstein’s anomaly was referred for evaluation of palpitations and recurrent chest pain. A 99mTc-sestamibi exercise test showed no evidence of ischemia, and a Holter monitor and ECG event recorder were unrevealing. The patient’s hospital course is summarized in the accompanying images. An echocardiogram confirmed the diagnosis of Ebstein’s anomaly (Figure 1⇓), without associated tricuspid regurgitation or right heart failure. Cardiac catheterization revealed an anomalous right coronary artery arising from the left sinus of Valsalva and passing between the aorta and pulmonary artery (Figure 2⇓). This congenital anomaly is associated with an increased risk for sudden cardiac death, particularly during exercise. Angiography also demonstrated myocardial bridging in the mid left …
Increased potential to monitor water quality in the near-shore environment with Landsat’s next-generation satellite

The Operational Land Imager (OLI) is a new sensor developed by the joint USGS-NASA Landsat Data Continuity Mission that should become a valuable tool for studying inland and coastal waters. With upgrades to spectral coverage, 12-bit quantization, and increased signal-to-noise due to its new push-broom design, OLI exhibits the potential to become the first Landsat sensor with the radiometric resolution necessary for retrieval of the three primary constituents in Case 2 waters: chlorophyll, suspended materials, and colored-dissolved organic matter. Considering its traditional 30-m spatial resolution, this next-generation Landsat satellite will be especially useful for monitoring the near-shore environment. This work presents the relevant sensor parameters and results of experiments designed to determine if OLI will have the radiometric sensitivity necessary for water-based research. An OLI sensor model is developed, and its ability to retrieve water constituents from simulated data is compared with that of existing sensors. Results indicate that when atmospheric effects are properly accounted for, OLI introduces retrieval errors of less than 11% of the expected observable range for all three constituents. Furthermore, by spatially averaging a few OLI pixels, noise can be reduced to the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer levels, making this next Landsat instrument an exciting option for monitoring inland and coastal waters.
Theoretical interpretations of a Markov model for avoidance conditioning

Abstract Several alternative theoretical interpretations of a general Markov model for avoidance conditioning were considered. Experimental tests with two different conditioning procedures indicated that a two-stage conditioning interpretation (emotional conditioning followed by instrumental conditioning) was not tenable. Two interpretations are consistent with the obtained data. One is based on the notions of a temporary, imperfect memory and a relatively permanent, perfect memory for the association between the CS and an arousal response. The other involves representing the CS and the CS-plus-UCS as sets of stimuli with common components. It was possible to account for performance differences between rats permitted to make escape responses and rats prevented from making escape responses by differences in one parameter of the model and to demonstrate parameter invariance for the remaining parameters.
Advances in high-strength metal-coated fiber-optical waveguides

Over the past two years, high-strength metal-jacketed lightguides have been developed with static-fatigue lifetimes orders of magnitude longer than those of conventional plastic-coated fibers. The advantage of the metal jacket is that it provides a hermetic seal that protects the surface of the glass from moisture, which is an essential ingredient for the delayed-failure phenomenon known as static fatigue. Although the metal-jacketed fibers have better mechanical characteristics than the plastic-coated fibers, their optical transmission losses tend to be somewhat higher. This is due to higher microbending losses associated with the metal jacketing, which is substantially less pliant than typical plastic coatings. The soft plastic tends to cushion the fibers from microbends. We have studied the problem of excess loss in metal-coated fibers of varying geometry and have found that the excess loss can be reduced to acceptable values.
On the thermodynamic properties of the III–V compounds InSb, GaSb, and InAs

Abstract The heats of formation of the III–V compounds InSb, GaSb, and InAs at 0°C were measured by tin solution calorimetry. The heats of fusion of InSb and GaSb were measured by quantitative thermal analysis. From these measurements and published phase diagrams the excess free energies of the liquid phases in the systems In-Sb and Ga-Sb and the free energies of formation of InSb and GaSb were calculated by a method due to Wagner.
LYMPHOCYTE CYTOTOXICITY TO CARDIAC FIBROBLASTS IN RHEUMATIC CARDITIS

The role of cell-mediated immunity In the pathogenesis of acute rheumatic carditis was investigated by measuring in vitro cytotoxicity of peripheral lymphocytes to myocardial fibroblasts. The microcytotoxicity assay was adapted using as target cells, 51Cr-labelled fibroblasts derived from explants of left atrial appendage. Lymphocytes and plasma were separated from peripheral blood of patients and incubated with target cells in Eagle's minimal essential medium containing 10% fetal calf serum. An effector:target cell ratio of 200:1 was utilized. Cytotoxicity was quantitated as % release of 51Cr activity. Studies to-date on lymphocytes from four non-rheumatic individuals showed a mean cytotoxicity of 9% (0-20%). Lymphocytes from two patients with acute rheumatic fewer without carditis, showed only 12% and 18% cytotoxicity. In contrast, lymphocytes from two patients with acute rheumatic carditis released 81% and 90% of the radioactivity. Three patients with chronic rheumatic carditis showed cytotoxicity of 10%, 11% and 34% respectively. No significant cytotoxicity was obtained with fresh plasma alone and no enhancement of cytotoxicity occurred following addition of homologous plasma to lymphocytes. Lymphocytes from the above patients produced similar low levels of cytotoxicity (less than 20%) when skin fibroblasts were used as target cells. These data suggest that lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity to myocardial tissue is present and may play a role in the pathogenesis of rheumatic carditis.
Corporate Image, Recruitment Image And Initial Job Choice Decisions

Aspects of corporate image, or the image associated with the name of an organization, and recruitment image--the image associated with its recruitment message--were studied. Data collected from fiv...
Phenotypic integration among trabecular and cortical bone traits establishes mechanical functionality of inbred mouse vertebrae.

Conventional approaches to identifying quantitative trait loci (QTLs) regulating bone mass and fragility are limited because they examine cortical and trabecular traits independently. Prior work examining long bones from young adult mice and humans indicated that skeletal traits are functionally related and that compensatory interactions among morphological and compositional traits are critical for establishing mechanical function. However, it is not known whether trait covariation (i.e., phenotypic integration) also is important for establishing mechanical function in more complex, corticocancellous structures. Covariation among trabecular, cortical, and compositional bone traits was examined in the context of mechanical functionality for L4 vertebral bodies across a panel of 16-wk-old female AXB/BXA recombinant inbred (RI) mouse strains. The unique pattern of randomization of the A/J and C57BL/6J (B6) genome among the RI panel provides a powerful tool that can be used to measure the tendency for different traits to covary and to study the biology of complex traits. We tested the hypothesis that genetic variants affecting vertebral size and mass are buffered by changes in the relative amounts of cortical and trabecular bone and overall mineralization. Despite inheriting random sets of A/J and B6 genomes, the RI strains inherited nonrandom sets of cortical and trabecular bone traits. Path analysis, which is a multivariate analysis that shows how multiple traits covary simultaneously when confounding variables like body size are taken into consideration, showed that RI strains that tended to have smaller vertebrae relative to body size achieved mechanical functionality by increasing mineralization and the relative amounts of cortical and trabecular bone. The interdependence among corticocancellous traits in the vertebral body indicated that variation in trabecular bone traits among inbred mouse strains, which is often thought to arise from genetic factors, is also determined in part by the adaptive response to variation in traits describing the cortical shell. The covariation among corticocancellous traits has important implications for genetic analyses and for interpreting the response of bone to genetic and environmental perturbations.
Coordinated histone modifications mediated by a CtBP co-repressor complex

The transcriptional co-repressor CtBP (C-terminal binding protein) is implicated in tumorigenesis because it is targeted by the adenovirus E1A protein during oncogenic transformation. Genetic studies have also identified a crucial function for CtBP in animal development. CtBP is recruited to DNA by transcription factors that contain a PXDLS motif, but the detailed molecular events after the recruitment of CtBP to DNA and the mechanism of CtBP function in tumorigenesis are largely unknown. Here we report the identification of a CtBP complex that contains the essential components for both gene targeting and coordinated histone modifications, allowing for the effective repression of genes targeted by CtBP. Inhibiting the expression of CtBP and its associated histone-modifying activities by RNA-mediated interference resulted in alterations of histone modifications at the promoter of the tumour invasion suppressor gene E-cadherin and increased promoter activity in a reporter assay. These findings identify a molecular mechanism by which CtBP mediates transcriptional repression and provide insight into CtBP participation in oncogenesis.