cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supervision for trauma-informed practice.

To become trauma-informed, a system of care must demonstrate an understanding of the complexity of trauma and recognition of it as both interpersonal and sociopolitical. Although awareness of the need to enhance systems of care to become trauma-informed has been growing in recent years, even when trauma is not the main focus of service, training of all professional, administrative, and secretarial staff is essential to transform an agency to become trauma-informed. One vehicle for training the professional staff is supervision designed to enhance the knowledge and skills of practitioners who provide services to clients who have experience trauma. This article discusses how the principles and strategies of supervision can be adapted and applied to foster the professional and personal growth of practitioners and enhance their mastery of trauma-informed care. Supervision of trauma-informed care shares with other types of supervision the major components of educational, support, and administrative guidance and oversight. However, because constant interaction with traumatized clients may have negative effects on practitioners, some elements of trauma-informed practice supervision require special attention. The article has 3 parts. First, we discuss the goals, nature, and educational, supportive, and administrative functions of supervision in the healing professions. We then review basic assumptions of trauma-informed practice, specifically, safety, trustworthiness, choice, collaboration, and empowerment. Third, we identify personal and agency-related challenges and risks to practitioners in learning and executing trauma work and analyze the protective function of supervision in addressing these challenges. We present principles for effective supervision that enhance the ability of practitioners to provide trauma-informed services and decrease their risks for vicarious traumatization (i.e., trauma reactions caused by interaction with those directly exposed to traumatic events). Finally, we describe an illustrative case example and suggest directions for future research.
Congenital Hypersensitiveness Transmitted to the Third Generation.

In studies on the duration of passive hypersensitiveness we1 have shown that an animal, passively sensitized in utero by passage of antibodies from the mother via the placental route, loses its hypersensitiveness in about 21/2 months.The purpose of the studies undertaken at this time was to determine the duration of active hypersensitiveness which results from sensitization produced in the fetal stage of the guinea pig by passage of antigen via the placental route a few days prior to birth.2 Thus far we have determined that the animal actively sensitized in utero retains its hypersensitiveness for at least 6 months.On account of the persistence of this active state in the second generation, it is possible for an animal so sensitized to transmit her antibodies to the fetus and thus passively sensitize the offspring of the third generation. These 2 phases of transmission of hypersensitiveness are illustrated by the following family in which we have a pregnant female injected with 11 cc. horse serum 4 days b...
Coherence and Uncertainty in Nanostructured Organic Photovoltaics

The effects of fundamental uncertainty present a compelling rationale for a highly delocalized photoexcitation on ultrafast time scales. This delocalized photoexcitation enables an immediate probability of charge-transfer over distances compatible with the uncertainty principle. We perform transient absorption measurements on organic bulk heterojunction solar cells to investigate charge-transfer dynamics in a variety of materials. A startling generality emerges indicating that the majority of charge carriers are generated at times within the temporal resolution of our instrument (∼100 fs).
Regulatory T Cells in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Too Much of a Good Thing?

This commentary highlights the article by Birjandi et al showing that alterations in regulatory T cells can exacerbate lung fibrosis.
Revealing proton shape fluctuations with incoherent diffraction at high energy

The differential cross section of exclusive diffractive vector meson production in electron proton collisions carries important information on the geometric structure of the proton. More specifically, the coherent cross section as a function of the transferred transverse momentum is sensitive to the size of the proton, while the incoherent or proton dissociative cross section is sensitive to fluctuations of the gluon distribution in coordinate space. We show that at high energies the experimentally measured coherent and incoherent cross sections for the production of $J/\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Psi}}$ mesons are very well reproduced within the color glass condensate framework when strong geometric fluctuations of the gluon distribution in the proton are included. For $\ensuremath{\rho}$ meson production, we also find reasonable agreement. We study in detail the dependence of our results on various model parameters, including the average proton shape, analyze the effect of saturation scale and color charge fluctuations and constrain the degree of geometric fluctuations.
Numerical Sex-Chromosome Anomalies in Mammals: Their Spontaneous Occurrence and Use in Mutagenesis Studies

Mutagenesis testing in intact mammals is increasingly becoming a prerequisite to any decision making that involves risk estimates. While the production of dominant lethals has been widely used as a convenient indicator of chromosomal damage, the interpretation of comparative experiments employing this method may be complex, especially when females are exposed and mutagenic effects must be distinguished from physiological ones acting via the mother. For this reason, other simple methods for measuring inherited chromosomal damage in the intact mammal have been developed.
The Menace of Triviality

In this chapter, I consider some objections to the account of natural kinds that I have developed and illustrated in the previous chapters. The objections allege that the account of natural kinds is too liberal. It counts too many kinds as natural kinds, they say, making the modifier ‘natural’ a mere flourish and robbing it of any scientific or philosophical significance. To put the charge differently: If every kind turns out to be a ‘natural kind’, then we might just as well say that there are no natural kinds.
Pressure points in reading comprehension: A quantile multiple regression analysis.

The goal of this study was to examine how selected pressure points or areas of vulnerability are related to individual differences in reading comprehension and whether the importance of these pressure points varies as a function of the level of children’s reading comprehension. A sample of 245 third-grade children were given an assessment battery that included multiple measures of vocabulary, grammar, higher-level language ability, word reading, working memory, and reading comprehension. Ordinary least squares (OLS) and quantile regression analyses were undertaken. OLS regression analyses indicated that all variables except working memory accounted for unique variance in reading comprehension. However, quantile regression showed that the extent of the relationships varied in some cases across readers of different ability levels. Results suggest that quantile regression may be a useful approach for the study of reading in both typical and atypical readers and aid greater specification of componential models of reading comprehension across the ability range.
Perspectives on the development of a local food system: the case of Dayton, Ohio

ABSTRACTMultiple sectors play vital roles in a community’s development and maintenance of a sustainable local food system. This study explored the perceptions of 22 representatives from the civil society, public, and private sectors in Dayton, OH, about the development of the region’s local food system. The researchers employed grounded theory methodology for data collection and analysis. Core themes from the participants of each sector group emerged from the data and areas of convergence and divergence among groups were reported.
Endosperm and Imprinting, Inextricably Linked.

![][1] ![][1] ![][1] The endosperm is often viewed as a complicated and rather strange tissue: its genome is triploid, it is formed from a second fertilization event specific to flowering plants, and it is a frequent source of incompatibility between plants, yet does
Rumination mediates the associations between sexual minority stressors and disordered eating, particularly for men

Purpose Sexual minority individuals experience unique minority stressors leading to negative clinical outcomes, including disordered eating. The psychological mediation framework posits that stress related to discrimination, internalized homonegativity, and concealment makes sexual minority individuals more vulnerable to maladaptive coping processes, such as rumination, known to predict disordered eating. The current study examined the influence of sexual minority stressors and rumination on disordered eating, and whether these associations differed between sexual minority men and women. We hypothesized that perceived discrimination, internalized homonegativity, and concealment would be positively associated with disordered eating, and that rumination about sexual minority stigma would mediate these associations.
Triggers of behavioral change: Longitudinal analysis of travel behavior, household composition and spatial characteristics of the residence

Abstract Longitudinal data have the potential to reveal the causal mechanism underlying changes in observed behavior, can protect us from finding spurious relationships, study time precedence, and offer strength in helping discover association among variables. In this paper, we expand our previous analysis of the only longitudinal travel behavior database in the US that has ten waves (observation time points). The analysis here is using data from the two-day Puget Sound Transportation Panel (PSTP) travel diary and 230 households participating in all ten waves of the panel. The main objective of this analysis is to identify what triggers behavioral change in activity and travel and to quantify and compare the size of these triggering effects using different methods. Our search for triggers includes the birth of a child, child leaving the household, and the entry or exit from the labor force of a household member. In the land use changes we identify moves from high accessibility and diverse environments to lower accessibility and less diverse places and find that diversity is key in changing behavior. The method used to analyze the data is a longitudinal Mixed Markov Latent Class analysis that allows to not only account for behavioral heterogeneity at each time of observation but to also test for the existence of multiple latent trajectories of change and the role played by triggers in shaping these trajectories.
Self-Other Agreement and Metaperception Accuracy Across the Big Five: Examining the Roles of Depression and Self-Esteem.

Objective The ability to judge other people's personality characteristics and to know how we are viewed by others are important aspects of social cognition. The present study tested the impact of depressive symptoms and low self-esteem on self-other agreement and the accuracy of metaperception (i.e., how we believe others view us) across the Big Five dimensions of personality. Method Participants who varied in depressive symptoms engaged in a 10-minute “getting to know you” interaction in dyads. Ratings on the Big Five personality dimensions, depression, and self-esteem were completed prior to the interaction. After the interaction, participants rated the personality of their partner and rated how they believed their partner would rate them (metaperception). Results Self-other agreement was only found on Extraversion, whereas there was significant meta-accuracy on Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Extraversion. Depressive symptoms and low self-esteem negatively biased metaperceptions of Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Neuroticism. Conclusions Depression and low self-esteem function to negatively bias how we believe we are seen by others in new acquaintanceships and therefore may play an important role in the development of interpersonal relationships.
Semiparametric estimation of the accelerated failure time model with partly interval-censored data.

Summary Partly interval-censored (PIC) data arise when some failure times are exactly observed while others are only known to lie within certain intervals. In this article, we consider efficient semiparametric estimation of the accelerated failure time (AFT) model with PIC data. We first generalize the Buckley–James estimator for right-censored data to PIC data. Then, we develop a one-step estimator by deriving and estimating the efficient score for the regression parameters. We show that under mild regularity conditions the generalized Buckley–James estimator is consistent and asymptotically normal and the one-step estimator is consistent and asymptotically normal with a covariance matrix that attains the semiparametric efficiency bound. We conduct extensive simulation studies to examine the performance of the proposed estimators in finite samples and apply our methods to data derived from an AIDS study.
Mutant TDP-43 does not impair mitochondrial bioenergetics in vitro and in vivo.

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Functional studies of mitochondrial bioenergetics have focused mostly on superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mutants, and showed that mutant human SOD1 impairs mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, calcium homeostasis, and dynamics. However, recent reports have indicated that alterations in transactivation response element DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) can also lead to defects of mitochondrial morphology and dynamics. Furthermore, it was proposed that TDP-43 mutations cause oxidative phosphorylation impairment associated with respiratory chain defects and that these effects were caused by mitochondrial localization of the mutant protein. Here, we investigated the presence of bioenergetic defects in the brain of transgenic mice expressing human mutant TDP-43 (TDP-43A315T mice), patient derived fibroblasts, and human cells expressing mutant forms of TDP-43. In the brain of TDP-43A315T mice, TDP-43 mutant fibroblasts, and cells expressing mutant TDP-43, we tested several bioenergetics parameters, including mitochondrial respiration, ATP synthesis, and calcium handling. Differences between mutant and control samples were evaluated by student t-test or by ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni correction, when more than two groups were compared. Mitochondrial localization of TDP-43 was investigated by immunocytochemistry in fibroblasts and by subcellular fractionation and western blot of mitochondrial fractions in mouse brain. We did not observe defects in any of the mitochondrial bioenergetic functions that were tested in TDP-43 mutants. We detected a small amount of TDP-43A315T peripherally associated with brain mitochondria. However, there was no correlation between TDP-43 associated with mitochondria and respiratory chain dysfunction. In addition, we observed increased calcium uptake in mitochondria from TDP-43A315T mouse brain and cells expressing A315T mutant TDP-43. While alterations of mitochondrial morphology and dynamics in TDP-43 mutant neurons are well established, the present study did not demonstrate oxidative phosphorylation defects in TDP-43 mutants, in vitro and in vivo. On the other hand, the increase in mitochondrial calcium uptake in A315T TDP-43 mutants was an intriguing finding, which needs to be investigated further to understand its mechanisms and potential pathogenic implications.
Explaining Self-Explaining: A Contrast between Content and Generation

Self-explaining has been repeatedly shown to result in positive learning outcomes for students in a wide variety of disciplines. However, there are two potential accounts for why self-explaining works. First, those who self-explain experience more content than those who do not. Second, there are differences in the activity of generating the explanations versus merely comprehending them. To compare these two accounts, the present in vivo classroom study, conducted in the PSLC physics LearnLab, attempted to contrast robust learning from generating explanations with the actively of studying instructional explanations. The students' learning activities (self-explaining vs. paraphrasing) were crossed with the completeness of the examples they studied (complete vs. incomplete). During a classroom period on electrodynamics, students alternated between solving problems and studying examples. On these problems, the self-explainers made fewer errors and asked for less help than paraphrasers. On homework problems done many days later, self-explainers displayed evidence of far transfer in a related, yet new domain (i.e., magnetism). In conclusion, prompting students to self-explain while studying examples, in an authentic classroom environment, can result in positive near-and long-term learning.
A novel smart lighting clinical testbed

A real-time, feedback-capable, variable spectrum lighting system was recently installed at the University of New Mexico Hospital to facilitate biomedical research on the health impacts of lighting. The system consists of variable spectrum troffers, color sensors, occupancy sensors, and computing and communication infrastructure, and is the only such clinical facility in the US. The clinical environment posed special challenges for installation as well as for ongoing maintenance and operations. Pilot studies are currently underway to evaluate the effectiveness of the system to regulate circadian phase in subjects with delayed sleep-wake phase disorder.
ANCA-positive IgA nephropathy without necrotising or crescentic glomerulonephritis: a clinical conundrum

IgA nephropathy, the most prevalent form of primary glomerular disease, usually portends a favourable outcome. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCAs) have been reported in association with IgA nephropathy in a small subset of patients, mostly presenting with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and necrotising crescentic lesions. Herein, we describe a case of IgA nephropathy, positive serum cytoplasmic and perinuclear ANCAs with anti-myeloperoxidase antibody, and preserved renal function without any histological evidence of necrotising or crescentic glomerulonephritis. Based on available mechanistic and clinical data, we opine that such patients could benefit from close monitoring of renal function.
Langerhanszell-Histiozytose unter dem Bild einer Folliculitis decalvans und Intertrigo

Die Langerhanszell-Histiozytose ist eine seltene Erkrankung unklarer Atiologie, die durch eine Proliferation histiozytarer Zellen in verschiedenen Geweben gekennzeichnet ist. Vor wenigen Jahren wurde entdeckt, dass ein Grosteil der LCH-Zellen eine BRAF-Mutation aufweist. Eine neoplastische Genese ist demnach denkbar. Da mehrere Organe durch die proliferierende Zellen betroffen sein konnen, sind die Beschwerden der Langerhanszell-Histiozytose vielgestaltig. Das am haufigsten betroffene Organ bei der erwachsenen Langerhanszell-Histiozytose ist die Lunge, gefolgt von den Knochen. In ⅓ der Falle ist die Haut betroffen, sodass dem Dermatologen bei der Diagnosefindung eine ausgesprochen wichtige Rolle zukommt. Wegweisende Befunde sind die Trias erosive, ekzemartige Hautveranderungen am Kapillitium sowie in den Intertrigines in Kombination mit einem Diabetes insipidus. Die Diagnose wird letztlich histologisch gestellt. Typisch sind dichte Infiltrate, bestehend aus grosen Zellen mit bohnenformigem Zellkern, die immunhistochemisch durch Nachweis von CD1a-Antigen auf der Zelloberflache charakterisiert sind. Therapeutisch werden neben topischen Steroiden, PUVA, systemischen Immunsuppressiva auch teilweise Polychemotherapien sowie chirurgische und auch strahlentherapeutische Masnahmen angewandt. Aufgrund der neuesten Erkenntnisse der bestehenden BRAF-Mutation wird derzeit auch der Einsatz von BRAF-Inhibitoren diskutiert. Bei lokalisierten Formen der LCH ist die Prognose gunstig. Der Ausgang der disseminierten Form ist abhangig vom Ausmas des Organbefalls sowie vom Alter der Patienten. In seltenen Fallen wurden Entwicklungen zu akuten myeloischen Leukamien beobachtet. Aufgrund der Seltenheit der Erkrankungen hat sich bisher kein systematischer und interdisziplinarer Ansatz zur Diagnosestellung und Therapie ebenso wie kein langfristiges Nachsorgekonzept etabliert.
Macromolecular Crowding Induces Spatial Correlations That Control Gene Expression Bursting Patterns

Recent superresolution microscopy studies in E. coli demonstrate that the cytoplasm has highly variable local concentrations where macromolecular crowding plays a central role in establishing membrane-less compartmentalization. This spatial inhomogeneity significantly influences molecular transport and association processes central to gene expression. Yet, little is known about how macromolecular crowding influences gene expression bursting—the episodic process where mRNA and proteins are produced in bursts. Here, we simultaneously measured mRNA and protein reporters in cell-free systems, showing that macromolecular crowding decoupled the well-known relationship between fluctuations in the protein population (noise) and mRNA population statistics. Crowded environments led to a 10-fold increase in protein noise even though there were only modest changes in the mRNA population and fluctuations. Instead, cell-like macromolecular crowding created an inhomogeneous spatial distribution of mRNA (“spatial noise”)...
Program refactoring, program synthesis, and model-driven development

Program refactoring, feature-based and aspect-oriented software synthesis, and model-driven development are disjoint research areas. However, they are all architectural metaprogramming technologies as they treat programs as values and use functions (a.k.a. transformations) to map programs to other programs. In this paper, I explore their underlying connections by reviewing recent advances in each area from an architectural metaprogramming perspective. I conjecture how these areas can converge and outline a theory that may unify them.
Guide to Selecting and Specifying Quality Nursery Stock

Successfully planting trees in urban areas is a difficult task. Many things must be done right, and a mistake in only one area can result in the failure of the planting. Sites must be selected and evaluated thoroughly to determine whether trees are appropriate for them and whether there is sufficient suitable soil to support their growth. Species that are adaptable to the site conditions must be selected. The trees selected then must be located and purchased. The trees must be planted properly and maintained until established in the site. It is the objective of this chapter to define the factors that make a high-quality tree and help urban tree managers locate and purchase high-quality trees for their communities.
Countries and Chemists Visited

This chapter is devoted to a few of the countries and chemists that I have visited. In preparing for this chapter, I am surprised to find that I have been to as many as 41 countries (see Appendix). This may be why some say that “a full professor is one that is gone full time.”
PRODUÇÃO E COMPOSIÇÃO BROMATOLÓGICA DA SILAGEM DE HÍBRIDOS DE MILHO SOB DUAS ALTURAS DE CORTE

Objetivou-se avaliar a producao e composicao quimico-bromatologica da materia original e da silagem de cinco hibridos de milho em duas alturas de corte. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos completos casualisados em esquema fatorial 5x2, cinco hibridos de milho (AGN30A95H, DKB399Y, DKB390Y, P3862H e TRUCK) e duas alturas de corte (0,25 e 0,50 m) com tres repeticoes. As plantas foram cortadas, picadas na ensiladeira e ensiladas em tubos de PVC. Para altura das plantas, os hibridos DKB399Y e P3862H diferiram (P<0,05) dos demais, apresentando maior altura (2,35 m). De forma geral, a composicao bromatologica do material original e da silagem dos hibridos estudados esteve dentro dos parâmetros recomendados de silagem de qualidade. Todos os hibridos de milho apresentaram caracteristicas favoraveis ao processo de ensilagem e as alturas de corte nao interferiram na qualidade.
Glycogen metabolism in mink uterine epithelial cells and its regulation by estradiol, progesterone and insulin.

Abstract Glycogen content in mink uterine glandular and luminal epithelia (GE and LE) is maximal during estrus and is depleted before implantation while embryos are in diapause. Uterine glycogen synthesis in vivo is stimulated by estradiol (E2) while its mobilization is induced by progesterone (P4). Nevertheless, treatment of an immortalized mink uterine epithelial cell line (GMMe) with E2 did not affect glycogen production. Interestingly, insulin alone significantly increased synthesis of the nutrient and glycogen content in response to insulin + E2 was greater than for insulin alone. Our objectives were to determine: 1) If insulin receptor protein (INSR) is expressed by mink uterine GE and LE in vivo and if the amount differs between estrus, diapause and pregnancy; 2) if E2, P4 or insulin regulate insulin receptor gene (Insr) expression by GMMe cells, and 3) if E2 and P4 act independently to regulate glycogen metabolism by GMMe cells and/or if their effects are mediated in part through the actions of insulin. The mean (±S.E.) percent INSR content of uterine epithelia was greatest during diapause (GE: 15.65 ± 0.06, LE:16.56 ± 1.25), much less during pregnancy (GE: 2.53 ± 0.60, LE:2.25 ± 0.32) and barely detectable in estrus (GE: 0.03 ± 0.01, LE:0.02 ± 0.01). Glycogen concentrations in GMMe cells increased 10-fold in response to insulin and 20-fold with insulin + E2 when compared to controls. Expression of Insr was increased 2-fold by insulin and insulin + E2 when compared to controls and there was no difference between the two hormone treatments, indicating that E2 does not increase Insr expression in insulin-treated cells. To simulate E2-priming, cells were treated with Insulin + E2 for 24 h, followed by the same hormones + P4 for the second 24 h (Insulin + E2 → P4) which resulted in Insr and glycogen levels not different from controls. Similarly, cells treated with Insulin + P4 resulted in glycogen concentrations not different from controls. We conclude that the glycogenic actions of E2 on GMMe cells are due to increased responsiveness of the cells to insulin, but not as a result of up-regulation of the insulin receptor. Glycogen mobilization in response to P4 was the result of decreased glycogenesis and increased glycogenolysis occurring concomitantly with reduced Insr expression. Mink uterine glycogen metabolism appears to be regulated in a reproductive cycle-dependent manner in part as a result of the actions of E2 and P4 on cellular responsiveness to insulin.
Opacity in the Attitudes

Philosophical logic has its problem-children; and among these the Principle of Substitutivity of codesignating expressions the linguistic spawn of Leibniz's Law has achieved a place of prominence. It has become increasingly apparent that a certain style of linguistic analysis, which seeks to impose formal regimentation ruled by the constraints of classical quantification theory, does not yield results with the kind of uniformity and elegance one should hope for from a satisfying theory. The root of the difficulty, I believe, bears upon the answers to fundamental questions concerning the nature of cognitive agents and the purposes which their use of language is designed to further. If this is the case, one might expect to find some of the trouble surfacing at precisely those points where the language is used to convey information about the cognitive activities associated with the use of language by such agents. So it is. The central problem of this essay is the interpretation of referential expressions in statements involving propositional attitudes, with the focus on belief contexts. But I shall begin by placing the discussion within a broader theoretical framework. This will be done by way of discussing some other puzzles that may seem at first sight rather unrelated.
Tackling HCV-3 in Asia: Breakthroughs for Efficient and Cost-effective Treatment Strategies

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is known to cause chronic hepatitis C, and its sequelae of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis C genotype 3 (HCV-3) in particular is notorious for causing accelerated liver fibrosis, cardiovascular, and metabolic effects, thus increasing morbidity and mortality. It is the commonest variant in Asian countries like India and Pakistan. It is also one of the hardest-to-treat genotypes, especially among treatment-experienced and cirrhotic patients. Due to limited health care affordability and accessibility in these areas, many patients remain untreated. Until recently, the established therapy for HCV had been a combination of pegylated interferon + ribavirin. However, it was only effective in about half of patients and had severe adverse effects; hence a more efficacious option needed to be found. Recent advances have led to the development of sofosbuvir, an NS5B inhibitor that is fast becoming the standard of care, in combination with other novel drugs. It was initially marketed at $1,000 per pill, a cost that was too high for most. Thus, it has not been utilized as a global therapy as yet. Formulation of effective interferon-free regimens is a huge milestone, and awareness needs to be raised regarding these new highly effective options in both the physician and the patient population. This article discusses the newest drugs and combinations that have been developed in the fight against HCV-3, as a treatment outline for HCV-3-dominant areas. It also highlights recent breakthroughs in cost reductions of these drugs and the effort to make them globally accessible. How to cite this article Saeed N, Gurakar A. Tackling HCV-3 in Asia: Breakthroughs for Efficient and Cost-effective Treatment Strategies. Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2016;6(1):35-42.
How Bad Apples Promote Bad Barrels: Unethical Leader Behavior and the Selective Attrition Effect

We present a theoretical rationale and supporting studies revealing how unethical leader behavior fosters an unethical climate within workgroups that increases member turnover intentions and malfeasance. Drawing on the attraction–selection–attrition model of organizational behavior, we propose a selective attrition effect whereby unethical leader behavior results in the retention of group members who are more comfortable with dishonesty and, consequently, more likely to engage in unethical behavior toward their group. In two experiments, exposure to unethical leader behavior (vs. ethical leader behavior) increased group members’ likelihood of choosing to leave the group. Members who chose to remain in a group with an unethical leader were more likely than those who chose to leave to cheat their group in a subsequent task. A two time-period survey replicated these findings and identified psychological distress as the mechanism driving group members’ turnover intentions. This research extends our understanding of the complex relationships between unethical leadership and follower turnover intentions, psychological distress, and malfeasance. We contribute to the behavioral ethics literature by identifying a previously underappreciated form of selective attrition that produces internal costs to groups and organizations, independent of reputational consequences and whether the unethicality is publicized.
HIV-2 Infection: Latest Advances

HIV-2, despite being less common than HIV-1, is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. As more data are published on HIV-2 infection, it is clear that despite lower viral loads and higher CD4 cell counts than those seen in HIV-1, it is important to treat these patients with antiretroviral therapy to prevent progression of disease and early mortality. To summarize the background characteristics of HIV-2, diagnostic and treatment considerations, and recent updates in treatment of HIV-2. Prospective cohort studies of people with HIV-2 infection have shown that they have a significant mortality increase over HIV negative individuals and progress to AIDS and death, though at a slower rate than HIV-1. Given this progressive nature of HIV-2 infection, antiretroviral therapy is warranted, and a case can be made, as with HIV-1, that all infected people should be treated. HIV-2 RNA testing is now available in the USA and should be performed to monitor the effectiveness of treatment. Recent clinical trials have shown the efficacy of integrase inhibitors in combination with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors for HIV-2 treatment. The natural history of HIV-2 infection includes progression to AIDS and death. Individuals with HIV-2 infection have higher mortality than the HIV negative population. Integrase inhibitors have been shown in small clinical trials to be safe and effective, and randomized clinical trials are ongoing.
The mechanism of photon-like dark noise in rod photoreceptors

In absolute darkness, the CNG channel current of rod photoreceptor outer segments exhibits fluctuations. Some of the fluctuations, occurring about once per 100 s in mammalian rods, have a time course and amplitude that makes them indistinguishable from the single-photon response (SPR)—the
Special Olympics: Athletes' perspectives, choices and motives

1.1 Background In the past, academic literature and research relating to the Special Olympics (SO) have focused mainly on the parents', professionals' and coaches' views, with some concentrating on the effects of SO on athletes' quality of life. Relatively little has concentrated on the athlete's own perspectives. Therefore, this study set out to examine the under‐researched area of SO athletes' opinions of taking part in sporting activities and their satisfaction during training and competition. 1.2 Materials and Methods Five athletes from one SO athletic club agreed to take part in the study. Thematic analysis was used for generating themes in relation to participants' responses. 1.3 Results Four themes were identified: (a) platform for voice; (b) intense emotions; (c) social reasons to participate; and (d) nutrition, health and sport. 1.4 Conclusions SO athletes' views suggest the need for changes in practice during training and competition. Recommendations are made with the view to further support SO athletes' needs.
Alternative Asset Fees, Returns and Volatility of State Pension Funds: A Case Study of the New Jersey Pension Fund

This case study provides new information about alternative asset fees to many institutional investors by tapping a relatively unknown data source: state pension fund annual reports. Examining the few state pension funds annual reports that track both fixed fees and carried interest fees of private equity funds and hedge funds, we find that average alternative asset fees were 2.48% of the relevant pension fund assets for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017. In addition, as New Jersey provides the most detailed alternative asset data, this study discusses New Jersey pension fund’s private equity and hedge fund (a) returns, (b) fees, and (c) volatility, compared to verifiable and public benchmarks for the five years ended June 30, 2017. Both private equity and hedge fund portfolios underperformed the benchmarks, and the alternative asset industries’ claim of higher returns and lower risks than traditional assets is not supported in this study. To the degree that other state pension funds follow the same investment policies and controls as the state of New Jersey, this study concludes that state pension funds should reduce their holdings of alternative asset substantially. TOPICS:Wealth management, retirement, pension funds, private equity Key Findings • The New Jersey pension plan’s private equity fund and hedge fund portfolios (i) are reasonable proxies for both asset classes and (ii) are similar to those of other state pension funds. • PE five-year annualized returns (net of fees) were the same as the S&P 500. Hedge fund returns were significantly below the 60–40 index and equivalent to LIBOR+5%. • PE return volatility was similar to the S&P 500. HF volatility was greater than the 60-40 and LIBOR+5%. Average annual PE and HF fees were 3.29% and 3.08% respectively.
Time-to-completed-imaging, survival and function in patients with spinal epidural abscess: Description of a series of 34 patients, 2015-2018

Spinal epidural abscess (SEA) is a rare and life-threatening infection with increasing incidence over the past two decades. Delays in diagnosis can cause significant morbidity and mortality among patients. The objective of this study was to describe trends in time-to-imaging and intervention, risk factors, and outcomes among patients presenting to the emergency department with SEA at a single academic medical center in Portland, Oregon. This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from patients with new SEA diagnosis at a single hospital from October 1, 2015 to April 1, 2018. We describe averages to time-to-imaging and interventions, and frequencies of risk factors and outcomes among patients presenting to the emergency department with SEA. Of the 34 patients included, 7 (20%) died or were discharged with plegia during the study period. Those who died or were discharged with plegia (n = 7) had shorter mean time-to-imaging order (20.8 h versus 29.2 h). Patients with a history of intravenous drug use had a longer mean time-to-imaging order (30.2 h versus 23.7 h) as compared to those without intravenous drug use. Patients who died or acquired plegia had longer times from imaging completed to final imaging read (20.9 h versus 7.1 h), but shorter times from final imaging read to surgical intervention among patients who received surgery (4.9 h versus 46.2 h). Further, only three (42.9%) of the seven patients who died or acquired plegia presented with the three-symptom classic triad of fever, neurologic symptoms, and neck or back pain. SEA is a potentially deadly infection that requires prompt identification and treatment. This research provides baseline data for potential quality improvement work at the study site. Future research should evaluate multi-center approaches for identifying and intervening to treat SEA, particularly among patients with intravenous drug use.
Development of microsatellite markers for three at risk tiger beetles Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis, C. d. media, and C. puritana.

Tiger beetles inhabiting sandy beaches and cliffs along the east coast of the United States are facing increasing habitat loss due to erosion, urbanization, and sea level rise. The northeastern beach tiger beetle Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis and Puritan tiger beetle Cicindela puritana are both listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, while the white beach tiger beetle Cicindela dorsalis media is not listed but has been declining. Extirpation of these beetles, in some cases from entire states, has isolated many populations reducing gene flow and elevating the risk for the loss of genetic variation. To facilitate investigations of population genetic structure, we developed suites of microsatellite loci for conservation genetic studies. Shotgun genomic sequencing of all species identified thousands of candidate microsatellite loci, among which 17 loci were optimized and verified to cross-amplify within C. d. media and C. d. dorsalis, and eight separate loci were optimized for C. puritana. Most loci conformed to Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, showed no evidence of linkage disequilibrium or null alleles, and revealed population genetic characteristics informative for natural resource managers among the populations tested.
Nationwide Analysis of Total Ankle Replacement and Ankle Arthrodesis in Medicare Patients: Trends, Complications, and Cost.

BackgroundSurgical management of end-stage ankle arthritis consists of either ankle arthrodesis (AA) or total ankle replacement (TAR). The purpose of this study was to evaluate utilization trends i...
A novel argument for PF operations: STAMP morphs in Gã

A key question facing piece-based syntactic morphological frameworks is whether morphophonological structure may be read directly from syntactic structure, as in Spanning, or if postsyntactic operations mediate this relationship, as in Distributed Morphology. Additionally, it is necessary to determine whether linear order is relevant for determining locality. This paper brings new data from STAMP portmanteaux in Ga (Kwa, Ghana) to bear on this question. I demonstrate that STAMP portmanteaux are composed of terminal nodes which do not form a syntactic constituent, and thus are incompatible with syntax-only morphological frameworks like Spanning. PF operations which are sensitive to linear locality, like Fusion in DM, are necessary to generate the portmanteaux. Instrumental adjuncts are additionally demonstrated to block portmanteaux formation, confirming that linear locality is crucial for calculating portmanteaux. Ga STAMP portmanteaux thus provide empirical support for PF operations that are sensitive to linear locality.
Use of the self- and family management framework and implications for further development.

Abstract Background The Self- and Family Management Framework (SFMF) was created in 2006 and revised in 2015 to guide research on self- and family management of chronic conditions. There has been no review of use of the SFMF. Purpose We reviewed articles citing the SFMF to identify the frequency and nature of use. Method We conducted a citation analysis, searching Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases and extracted key data from identified articles. Findings Of 126 articles, 84(66%) cited the 2006 SFMF, 37(29%) cited the 2015 SFMF, and 6(5%) cited both. The SFMF was used most to inform study design. Users noted strengths (e.g., considers family context) and limitations (e.g., non-specification of patient- family caregiver synergies) of the framework. Discussion The SFMF has been used broadly to guide research on self- and family management of chronic conditions. Findings will inform development of a third version of the SFMF.
Sexuality rehabilitation

Sexual dysfunction is a common problem for patients with cancer as well as cancer survivors. Unfortunately, sexual difficulties are often not identified by the cancer care team, and most patients receive little or no assistance in dealing with the effects of cancer and its treatment on intimacy. In this article, recommendations concerning assessment of sexual function are presented and various treatments are reviewed. The authors recommend that questions concerning sexual difficulties and intimacy be incorporated into the initial evaluation of patients with cancer. The assessment of sexual difficulties should continue throughout treatment and recovery. The cancer care team can initiate interventions including patient education and treatments for altered desire, erectile dysfunction, and estrogen deficiency. These interventions may result in marked improvement in symptoms. Some forms of sexual dysfunction may require referral to a specialist. Based on their experience, the authors conclude that assessment and treatment of sexual dysfunction in patients with cancer should become standard practice, and that quality of life is enhanced when attention to the sexual consequences of cancer and its treatment are addressed. Cancer 2001;92:1008–12. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Panics and Prices

Rumors of a shortage may create higher-order uncertainty and cause panic buying even when there is no real shortage and most consumers are aware of this fact. We study the role of prices in alleviating, or even preventing, panic buying caused by such rumors. Under some circumstances, flexible prices fail to do so and panic buying is the unique equilibrium outcome. In these circumstances, fixed prices prevent panic buying and lead to higher consumer surplus despite the possibility of rationing. Producer surplus may be higher as well.
Benjamin for Architects

Walter Benjamin has become a decisive reference point for a whole range of critical disciplines, as he constructed a unique and provocative synthesis of aesthetics, politics and philosophy. Examining Benjamin’s contributions to cultural criticism in relation to the works of Max Ernst, Adolf Loos, Le Corbusier and Sigfried Giedion, this book also situates Benjamin’s work within more recent developments in architecture and urbanism. This is a concise, coherent account of the relevance of Walter Benjamin’s writings to architects, locating Benjamin’s critical work within the context of contemporary architecture and urbanism.
The side-taking hypothesis for moral judgment

A recent theory proposes that moral judgment is an evolved strategy for choosing sides in conflicts. Evidence from moral psychology undermines previous evolutionary theories of morality focused on cooperation. I show how the side-taking hypothesis explains these otherwise puzzling patterns of moral judgment — especially its focus on actions rather than intended consequences. Moral judgment offers an alternative to choosing sides based on status or relationships by conditioning support on disputants’ actions rather than their identities. Observers can use moral judgment to take the same side, avoiding costly fights among themselves, while dynamically changing who they support in different conflicts. Observers can benefit from moral side-taking even when condemnation harms other individuals and society.
Pathogenesis of Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus-Induced Disease

Strains of Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) were first isolated by Max Theiler at the Rockefeller Foundation during his investigations of yellow fever virus vaccine. The GDVII strain of TMEV was named because this isolate was the seventh made by George, Theiler’s technician, from an uninoculated mouse that was found to be diseased (paralyzed). The presence of polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) and nPTB binding sites in GDVII affects neurovirulence. The importance of sialic acid binding to virus entry is further supported by studies that showed that a variant of DA that has enhanced binding to L929 cells and has mutations in the VP2 puff B or VP1 loop 2; this region is also one that has been found important in disease pathogenesis. It was found that demyelination can occur when one replaces any part of the DA genome with the corresponding segment from the GDVII genome. In addition, the immune system is believed to mediate the pathology in both diseases. Therefore, it is hoped that investigations of TMEV-induced demyelination may provide insights into the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. The identity of the TMEV receptor, or what are probably TMEV receptors, is likely to help clarify the pathogenesis of TMEV-induced central nervous system disease. In addition, the identification of cell-specific RNA-binding proteins that affect translation and regulate the synthesis of L* versus the polyprotein is also likely to help in the understanding of picornaviral gene expression and TMEV disease pathogenesis.