cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model-based simultaneous optimization of multiple design parameters for lithium-ion batteries for maximization of energy density

Abstract A model-based procedure is applied to the simultaneous optimization of design parameters for porous electrodes that are commonly used in advanced batteries such as lithium-ion systems. The approach simultaneously optimizes the battery design variables of electrode porosities and thickness for maximization of the energy drawn for an applied current, cut-off voltage, and total time of discharge. The results show reasonable improvement in the specific energy drawn from the lithium-ion battery when the design parameters are simultaneously optimized. Model simulation and multi-parameter optimization were facilitated by the increased computational efficiency achieved from the use of an orthogonal collocation-based reformulated model.
Markovian Forecast Processes

Abstract A sequential forecast process arises when forecasts of a fixed but uncertain state are prepared with decreasing lead times, each subsequent forecast incorporating additional information and, therefore, updating the previous forecast. Bayesian Markov models of such a process are investigated for purposes of rational decision making. The Markov structure, although not universally valid, seems plausible, leads to tractable models, and implies sequential sufficiency of forecasts (roughly speaking, each subsequent forecast is less uncertain than the previous one). Sequential sufficiency, in turn, has implications on modeling Markov stopping-control processes. The normal model for point (categorical) forecasts is studied in detail.
Megaregions: Planning for Global Competitiveness edited by Catherine L. Ross Governing Metropolitan Regions in the 21st Century edited by Don Phares

Catherine L. Ross (Ed.), Megaregions: Planning for Global Competitiveness (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2009). Don Phares (Ed.), Governing Metropolitan Regions in the 21st Century (Armonk, NY: M....
Transformation of symmetrization order to nuclear-spin magnetization by chemical reaction and nuclear magnetic resonance.

A method of obtaining very large nuclear-spin polarizations is proposed and illustrated by density-operator calculations. The prediction is that chemical reaction and rf irradiation can convert the scalar parahydrogen state into polarization of order unity on the nuclear spins of the products of molecular-hydrogen addition reactions. A means of extending the resultant sensitivity enhancement to other spins is proposed in which the transfer of order occurs through population differences not associated with magnetization.
Coded feedback communication systems

The conventional approach to coding for error correction is often impractical because of the required equipment complexity and the system vulnerability to changes in channel conditions, such as fading or burst-type noise. These problems can be solved by employing long codes with feedback, correcting only small numbers of errors, and utilizing appropriate feedback techniques. The resulting system yields essentially error-free performance under all conditions, is relatively efficient, and compares very favorably in cost.
Integration of IEC 61850 into a Distributed Energy Resources system in a smart green building

A Distributed Energy Resources (DER) system, composed of distributed generation and storage units, has been proposed as a promising enhancement to the traditional power grids. One key challenge to implement a DER system, however, places on standardizing the communication network for seamless information exchange. As one approach, this paper focuses on integrating IEC 61850, which is an international unified standard for standardizing the communication network within a substation, into a DER system, using the UCLA SMERC building as test bed. To this end, we discuss a mathematical model of PV generation, present a representative demand profile, and develop a battery charging/discharging control algorithm. Moreover, we demonstrate a procedure to integrate IEC 61850 into the DER system step by step, with configuring the communication network and defining the data structure for the information exchange.
Protein concentration in the hemolymph of the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas)☆

Abstract 1. 1. Under all experimental conditions the protein concentration of the hemolymph rose during the first half of the fifth stadium. During the second half of the fifth stadium the pattern is not clear. The concentration increases during the first 4 days of the adult stage and remains high until at least the fourteenth day post-molt. 2. 2. In 1 lambda, non-pooled samples, a significant difference for mean protein concentration values was found between the following groups: (a) male and female adults, 5 days post-molt; (b) male and female adults, 10 days post-molt; and (c) the 10 per cent and 50 per cent fifth instar. 3. 3. The concentration values reported can be used in comparative studies of protein concentration in insects of known age, sex, developmental stage and nutritional state; for studies on the hemolymph from the milkweed bug under various experimental conditions; and for comparison with other animals.
Applications of an Ultrathin Flexible Bronchoscope for Neonatal and Pediatric Airway Problems

A new 2.7 mm flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope with a directable tip was used to evaluate potential airway problems in 73 pediatric patients. Forty-eight laryngoscopies and 47 bronchoscopies were performed over an 18-month period. Persistent stridor was the most common indication for laryngoscopy; persistent wheezing, the most common indication for bronchoscopy. We obtained diagnostic information in 83 procedures, incidental findings in four, and normal results in eight. There were four complications and no deaths. This instrument enabled patients to be examined who were previously considered too small or who previously required rigid bronchoscopy under general anesthesia.
Studies of the heat of vaporization of water associated with cellulose fibers characterized by thermal analysis

The heat of vaporization (Hvap) of water associated with cellulose fibers versus moisture ratio was determined using modulated differential scanning calorimetry. A steep increase in the Hvap for decreasing moisture ratio was observed at low moisture ratios (0.0–0.3 g/g), indicating a higher energy required to evaporate water interacting with the cellulose. The water molecules with elevated Hvap correspond to non-freezing bound water. This may be attributed to (a) energy to break mono and/or multilayer sorption and (b) energy to overcome capillary forces. For polypropylene and glass fibers, Hvap was constant versus moisture ratio, in agreement with no non-freezing bound water existing in these systems. It is suggested that non-freezing bound water could be used as an indicator of Hvap, and vice versa, at low moisture ratios.
Surface treatments and their effects on the performance of Cd 1-x Zn x Te radiation detectors

ABSTRACT Detector grade, charge compensated Cd 1-x Zn x Te (CZT) crystals were treated by mechanical polishing, chemical solutionetching, and radio-frequency gold sputtering. The crystals and detectors were next studied using direct current (DC)photoconductivity and low-temperature photoluminescence (PL). The DC photocurrent was analyzed with a steady statecontinuity equation and the results were correlated with PL and gamma-ray detector performance tests. The dependenceof the electron lifetime on the light intensity of the CZT detector was consistent with a Shockley-Read one-center model.It was found that the surface recombination velocities, the effective mobility-lifetime products, and gamma-rayperformances of CZT crystals are modified dramatically by the choice of chemical etchant.Keywords: Cd 1-x Zn x Te, detector performance, gamma-ray detectors, surface recombination, DC photocurrent,photoluminescence, chemical etching 1. INTRODUCTION Cd 1-x Zn x Te (CZT) is an important semiconductor material for room temperature gamma-ray and x-ray detector. Thecarrier mobility  lifetime product ( ) is one of the most important figure-of-merit to evaluate performance of x-ray andgamma-ray semiconductor detectors. The carrier mobility is regarded as a constant in most cases, however, the carrierlifetime is found to depend on the crystal growth procedures, surface treatments and electrical contacts. The lifetime has been measured with and without metal contacts. Although contact-less techniques can determine bulk lifetime andsurface recombination velocities of semiconductors,
Transfer Path Analysis of Body Panel Participation Using a Structural-Acoustic Finite Element Model

In transportation vehicles under operating conditions, interior noise frequently results from forces transmitted through the vehicle structure that excite body panel vibrations that couple with the body modes to radiate noise to the interior. The body panel participations to the interior noise that result from the force transfer paths can be identified using acoustic and structural-acoustic finite element models of the vehicle. This paper describes the transfer path analysis method to identify the body panel and modal participations for prescribed forcing excitations to the vehicle and to evaluate the effect of structural modifications. The theoretical development of the structural-acoustic finite element method and its example applications to two automotive vehicles are presented.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Using Feminist Research Methods to Understand the Friendships of Adolescent Boys

Over the past 15 years, we have acquired a more complex understanding of the relational worlds of a socioeconomically and culturally diverse group of adolescent girls as a result of feminist, qualitative research. Yet we currently have little understanding of the relational experiences of an ethnically, socioeconomically, and culturally diverse group of adolescent boys. Using a feminist, voice-centered approach to research, I sought to address this gap by exploring longitudinally the friendships of 19 urban, ethnically diverse adolescent boys from low-income families. Results suggest that as these adolescents boys grow older, they grow increasingly distrustful of their male peers. Furthermore, by their latter-year interviews, the boys spoke about not having close male friends because they did not trust their male peers. Many of the boys, however, yearned for close male friendships and recalled having had such relationships at an earlier age. Using feminist research methods with boys uncovered processes that have rarely been noted in the research literature on adolescent boys.
MEASUREMENTS OF POLARIZATION OF TARGETS OF DIFFERING ALBEDO AND SHADOW DEPTH

There are many measurements of polarization made with non- imaging polarimeters. Such measurements have been made in the laboratory, of the sky and of the ground. These measurements can be interpreted only when subsidiary information enables identification of the surface under study. Some measurements have been made with imaging polarimeters based upon film, but these were limited in radiometric accuracy by the medium, or by lack of sensitometry. Some investigators fabricated a polarimeter from videcon cameras, but this study was also limited by radiometric fidelity. With the advent of digital cameras with linear focal plane radiometric response, and software retaining this linearity in extracting the image from the camera, greater radiometric accuracy has been achieved. We report here measurements of polarization which we show to be related to scene radiance. The radiance levels covered include a wide dynamic range and facilitate study of low radiance levels in general previously inaccessible to measurement using an imaging device. We also include data from previous measurements with non-imaging devices and show that they are compatible with data collected using a digital camera. There is an inverse linear relationship between the logarithm of the polarization in recorded radiance and the logarithm of the recorded radiance in data obtained with both imaging and with non-imaging polarimeters.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Vaccinia Virus B18R Gene Encodes a Type I Interferon-binding Protein That Blocks Interferon α Transmembrane Signaling

Poxviruses encode a large number of proteins that attenuate the inflammatory and immune responses to infection. In this report we demonstrate that a number of orthopoxviruses express a type I interferon (IFN)-binding protein, which is encoded by the B18R open reading frame in the WR strain of vaccinia virus. The B18R protein has significant regions of homology with the α subunits of the mouse, human, and bovine type I IFN receptors, bound human IFNα2 with high affinity, and inhibited transmembrane signaling as demonstrated by inhibition of Fc receptor factor γ1/γ2 and interferon-stimulated gene factor-3 formation as well as inhibition of the IFNα antiviral response. Among viral host response modifiers, the B18R protein is unique inasmuch as it exists as a soluble extracellular as well as a cell surface protein and thus should effectively block both autocrine and paracrine functions of IFN.
Minimum-volume design of discs

Es wird die Dimensionierung auf minimales Volumen fur Scheiben (ebene Spannungszustande) diskutiert, die aus starr-ideal-plastischem Material bestehen und der Fliessbedingung vonTresca genugen. Dabei wird gezeigt, dass es vier Typen von Losungen gibt, und es werden mehrere Dimensionierungsbeispiele gegeben.
Decrease in Ca-ATPase activity in aged synaptosomal membranes is not associated with changes in fatty acyl chain dynamics

We have examined lipid peroxidation (LPO) and fatty acid acyl chain dynamics in synaptosomal membranes isolated from aged rat (Fischer 344 x Brown Norway F1 hybrids) brains, correlating these results with measurements of enzymatic activity of the synaptic plasma membrane Ca2(+)-ATPase (PMCA). Calcium-dependent ATPase activity in these membranes exhibits progressive decreases with a maximal loss of activity with age of approximately 35%. The sensitivity of this membrane-bound ion transporter to the lipid composition of the surrounding membrane, as well as the high abundance of oxidatively sensitive polyunsaturated fatty acyl chains in synaptosomal membranes, suggests that this age-related loss in catalytic turnover may result from LPO-mediated protein modification and/or changes in the physical structure of the bilayer. However, high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone derivatives reveals no significant age-related increases in the content of reactive aldehydes (malondialdehyde, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde or acetone) which comprise breakdown products of lipid peroxidation. Electron paramagnetic resonance measurements employing 5- and 12-stearic acid spin labels with the nitroxide reporter groups at two depths in the bilayer were used to assess the fatty acyl chain dynamics (fluidity) of synaptosomal membranes. The resulting spectra demonstrate anisotropic lipid dynamics of two populations of lipids, i.e. lipids in direct association with membrane proteins (boundary lipids) and bulk lipids that do not directly associate with proteins. The nanosecond dynamics of both lipid populations is unaltered with age indicating that any compositional changes occurring with age are insufficient to result in alterations in bilayer fluidity relevant to PMCA activity. Thus, the observed age-related decline in PMCA activity may be explained by direct modification of membrane protein.
Efficiency of Fund-Raising Activities: An Application of Data Envelopment Analysis

Nonprofit institutions rely heavily on unearned income to fund their activities. This unearned income arrives in the form of donations from the public and business, as well as grants from foundations and governmental agencies. Within any organization, decisions on the efficient allocation of resources are crucial. This is especially true in not-for-profit enterprises for whom the opportunities to earn income are limited and reliance on donations and grants is therefore paramount. In this article, we test the relative efficiency of the developmental spending of 78 symphony orchestras in the United States. The data are from the 1987-1988 American Symphony Orchestra League's Comparative Statistical Reports. We use Data Envelopment Analysis to gauge the relative efficiency of the fund-raising efforts. Orchestras deemed inefficient are given proportional, realizable input reductions that allow production of their current level of donations and grants. Regression analysis is then used to investigate the determi...
Development of a Comparison Level Scale for the College Test-Taking Situation

Summary A comparison level scale (CLS) for the college test-taking situation was developed. Results showed that the CLS (1) correlated positively and significantly with students' choice of comparison level in the classroom-related experimental situation, (2) correlated positively and significantly with a more general achievement motivation scale, (3) related significantly more strongly to performance on a classroom-type verbal learning task than a general achievement scale, (4) predicted experimental classroom-related performance beyond that which would be expected because of aptitude, and (5) related most strongly to self-reported attention during the experimental classroom-related situation.
Hotspots and edge-driven convection

Not every hotspot may be related to a deep-mantle plume, and there are a number of examples of intraplate volcanism that have never been suggested to be related to a mantle plume. The mechanism of origin for these intraplate volcanic events remains poorly understood; however, small-scale convection triggered at the edge of a continent or craton is one proposed mechanism. Drawing 600 and 1000 km circles around hotspots, a distance based on the scale-length of convective flow, and looking for circles that intersect cratonic roots discriminates between hotspots that are potentially generated by edge-driven convection and those that are not. The group of hotspots unfavorable for edge-driven convection agrees with other groups of proposed mantle plume hotspots.
A Basic Overview of Radiopharmaceuticals and Their Relationship to Nuclear Pharmacy Practice

Radiopharmaceuticals are radioactive drugs used to diagnose and treat disease with radiation. Following patient administration of a radiopharmaceutical, γ-camera images are made of its localization...
Direct fermentation of cellulose to ethanol by a cellulolytic filamentous fungus, Monilia sp.

A saprophytic filamentous fungus, Monilia sp., isolated from bagasse compost was found to utilize many polysaccharides (including cellulose) and to produce cellulases and hemicellulases. Monilla sp. also fermented glucose, xylose and cellulosic materials to ethanol. Over 60% of the solid cellulose substrate added to Monilia sp. cultures was converted to ethanol as the major fermentation product. These results indicate that Monilia sp. is a potential organism for the direct conversion of cellulosic biomass to ethanol.
Diabetes self-management profile short form: a preliminary report.

Effective family management of type 1 diabetes in childhood is critical to maintaining optimal glycemic control. The purpose of this study was to provide preliminary evidence for a reduced form of the Diabetes Self-Management Profile (DSMP) using Rasch modeling techniques. The study was a secondary analysis of DSMP data drawn from a previous study on patterns of self-management from 239 preadolescents with type 1 diabetes. Rasch modeling strategies were used to identify the most informative items and then a reduced score composite was correlated with hemoglobin A1c (A1c) and blood glucose monitoring (BGM) frequency. A short form of the DSMP was obtained using seven items that comprised all five subscales of the DSMP. The DSMP Short-Form (DSMP-SF) composite score correlated significantly with child’s HbA1c and BGM frequency. The DSMP-SF may be considered a valid and effective screening interview alternative to the longer, original, DSMP, particularly when attempting to identify high-risk patients.
Mental health among Hispanics and Caucasians: risk and protective factors contributing to prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders

The current study examined the one-year prevalence of psychiatric disorders for Hispanics and Caucasians in a large population sample (N=4559) and explored factors that contributed to group differences. Hispanic participants (predominantly Mexican Americans) were more likely than Caucasian participants to have met the criteria for a psychiatric diagnosis in the past year, had higher one-year prevalence rates of several anxiety disorders, had greater problems meeting their basic needs, and better interpersonal functioning. Hispanic participants' problems meeting basic needs partially mediated their higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders compared to Caucasian participants. Better interpersonal functioning protected Hispanic participants against depression, panic, and substance use disorders. These findings are discussed in terms of the importance of psychosocial variables for the prevalence of psychiatric disorders.
Density effects on depolarized raman scattering in liquids

Abstract The depolarized Raman line shapes have been measured in liquid CHCl3 and CDCl3 as a function of pressure at several temperatures. In contrast to current theoretical models, the experimental rotational second moments are found to decrease with increasing density, mainly as a result of density dependent collision-induced scattering, which contributes to the far wings of the spect
The clinical consequences of antimicrobial resistance.

The continued evolution of antimicrobial resistance in the hospital and more recently in the community threatens to seriously compromise our ability to treat serious infections. The major success of the seven-valent Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine at reducing both infection and resistance has been followed by the emergence of previously minor serotypes that express multiresistance. The almost universal activity of cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones against community Escherichia coli strains has been compromised by the spread of CTX-M β-lactamase-producing, fluoroquinolone-resistant strains, and the emergence of community-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, particularly in the United States, has forced us to re-think our empirical treatment guidelines for skin and soft-tissue infections. Finally, our most potent and reliable class of antibiotics, the carbapenems, is compromised by the growth, primarily in intensive care units, of multiresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanni, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The lack of a robust pipeline of new agents, particularly against resistant Gram-negative bacteria, emphasizes the importance of optimizing our use of current antimicrobials and promoting strict adherence to established infection control practices.
Encoding of phase spectra by the peripheral auditory system of the bullfrog.

In this study we have examined the sensitivity of auditory nerve fibers in the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) to changes in the phase spectrum of an equal-amplitude multi-harmonic stimulus which spanned the bullfrog's range of hearing. To assess peripheral auditory phase sensitivity, changes in the response properties of VIIIth nerve fibers were measured when the relative phase angle of a single harmonic component nearest a unit's best excitatory frequency was systematically varied. The results revealed that shifts in the phase spectrum are encoded in at least J different ways by the peripheral auditory system of the bullfrog: 1) by changes in the degree of spike synchronization of fibers from both inner ear organs (the amphibian papilla and the basilar papilla) to the fundamental waveform period; 2) by changes in the shapes of period histograms of fibers from both organs; and 3) by changes in the spike rates of amphibian papilla fibers. The presence of phase sensitivity in the peripheral auditory system of the bullfrog indicates that information regarding the fine-temporal waveshape and the underlying phase spectrum of an acoustic signal is contained within the spike trains of VIIIth nerve fibers. Similar sensitivities to changes in the phase spectra and temporal waveshapes of acoustic signals may also be present in the peripheral auditory system of other vertebrates. Such studies could provide valuable insight into the role that phase spectra and temporal waveshape may play in bioacoustic communication.
Early Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Acute Traumatic Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia

Adduction deficiency following acute head trauma may result not only from orbital damage but also from internuclear ophthalmoplegia, and in most instances this resolves over weeks to months. To date, noninvasive imaging studies during the acute phase following injury have not been definitive in localizing the pathology. Three cases of adduction deficiency following head trauma that were caused by internuclear ophthalmoplegia are reported. A lesion in the brain stem was found in all three cases by magnetic resonance imaging in the subacute post-traumatic period. These lesions were not visible on routine x-ray computed tomography obtained at the time of injury.
Child abuse rating system for archival information in severe mental illness

Assessing and addressing child abuse histories are one of the grand challenges in psychiatric rehabilitation. Archival information, e.g., comprehensive psychosocial evaluations, objective testing, court documents, and medical chart information can provide useful and objective historical accounts. It is essential to develop a reliable and valid child abuse rating system for archival information. This study aimed to examine the reliability and predictive validity of a highly structured and specific child abuse rating system used to code archival information for 150 psychiatric inpatients with severe mental illness (SMI). The child abuse rating system produced reliable ratings across raters and subtypes of child abuse were highly inter-related. More than half (56.5%) of the sample with SMI was identified to have one or more types of child abuse history; specifically, child sexual abuse (CSA, 36%), child physical abuse (CPA, 27.3%), emotional maltreatment (EM, 36%), failure to provide (FTP, 10.7%), and lack of supervision (LOS, 32%). Female participants (50%) with SMI had higher rates of CSA than male participants (20.8%). Subtypes of child abuse history were related to poorer premorbid functioning, but the relationships varied across different types of child abuse. In addition, CSA and EM were related to greater suspiciousness/hostility. The child abuse rating system for archival data fills an important gap in existing methodology and, in conjunction with a self-report measure, is expected to improve the assessment and understanding of the prevalence of child abuse among adults with SMI. Potential limitations and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Micro-assembly cell with dual optical/computer vision control for electrostatic gripping of MEMS

This paper describes the development of a miniature assembly cell for microsystems. The cell utilizes a transparent electrostatic gripper allowing the use of computer vision for part alignment with respect to the gripper. Part to assembly alignment is achieved via optical triangulation using a fiber-coupled laser and a position sensitive detector (PSD). The system layout, principle of operation and design are described along with the visual and optical control algorithms and their implementation. Experimental measurements of the performance of the stage indicate normal and tangential gripping forces in the range of 0.03-2.5 mN and 1.-9. mN respectively. The visual search algorithm limits the feature tracking speed to 111ms /search. The alignment accuracy of the visual and optical proportional position feedback controls were determined to be ±7 μm and ±10 μm respectively.
The preparation and polymerization of some long-chain mono-, di- and triolefins with metal coordination catalysts

Methods of synthesis for 1,cis-9-octadecadiene, 1,trans-9-octadecadiene, 1,cis-9-cis-12-octadecatriene, 1,9,12-octadecatriene with 56% trans unsaturation, and several necessary intermediates have been described. The polymerization and copolymerization of these dienes and trienes as well as several long-chain monoolefins and some branched chain olefins have been described. The octadecadienes yield soluble homopolymers. The octadecatrienes give only crosslinked polymers and there is evidence of bond migration. The catalyst system triisobutylaluminum-titanium tetrachloride causes bond migration in 1-octadecene.
The tumor necrosis factor-α AU-rich element inhibits the stable association of the 40S ribosomal subunit with RNA transcripts

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a potent cytokine that is central to normal immune responses as well as autoimmune inflammatory diseases. The production of TNF-alpha protein is thus tightly regulated at multiple levels. Translational control is one of the means by which TNF-alpha production is repressed in unstimulated cells. To examine the mechanism by which the translation of TNF-alpha mRNA transcripts is repressed, we have used an in vitro translation system. The AU-rich element (ARE) in the 3' UTR of TNF-alpha transcripts was sufficient to confer translational repression. This effect was observed using transcripts containing a 5' m(7)G cap but not uncapped transcripts, and was independent of a poly(A) tail. Sucrose gradient analysis revealed that ARE-containing transcripts were present at relatively lower amounts in 80S-associated fractions and higher amounts in non-ribosome-bound RNA fractions, with no accumulation of 48S-associated transcripts. ARE-mediated translational repression was competitively inhibited by ARE-containing transcripts. These data indicate that a TNF-alpha ARE-binding trans-acting factor(s) inhibits the association of the 43S complex with RNA transcripts.
Age-related loss of immunoregulatory function in peripheral blood CD8 T cells

Abstract CD8+ T cells from young individuals become inhibitory for the (Staphylococcus aureus+interleukin 2)-induced differentiation of autologous B cells into immunoglobulin secreting cells (ISC) after exposure to pokeweed mitogen (PWM), dimaprit or intracellular cAMP raising agents, such as forskolin or dibutyryl-cAMP. In the present study this immunoregulatory activity was found to be lacking in CD8+ T cells from peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of aged (>67 years old) subjects. Splenic CD8+ T cells from most individuals examined, including some aged subjects, exhibited this activity. While an age-related decrease in the CD8+ T cell subset, primarily in the virgin CD8+ T cells in PBL, was detected, this decrease was not sufficient to explain a total absence of activity. There was no age-related decrease in cAMP upregulation by forskolin or dimaprit in peripheral blood T cells. However, whereas PWM induced a highly significant increase in mRNA for transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in T cells from young individuals, no such increase could be detected in T cells from aged subjects. It is suggested that the decrease in immunoregulatory activity in PBL from the elderly may at least in part be due to a decrease in TGF-β production.
Some airflow, volume, and duration characteristics of oral reading.

Inspiratory and expiratory airflow (oral + nasal), volume, and duration characteristics during oral reading were investigated for eight young adults. Flow signals, sensed through a facemask-pneumot...
Decellularized versus standard cryopreserved valve allografts for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction: a single-institution comparison

Background Standard cryopreserved valved allografts (SCAs) are recognized as the benchmark for reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). However, SCAs frequently demonstrate early valve deterioration and elicit an immune response. Decellularized cryopreserved valve allografts (SynerGraft, SG) are less immunogenetic and may be more durable. This study analyzed our results of RVOT reconstruction using SGs and compared it with the SCAs used during the same period. Methods We reviewed the outcome of all allografts (SG and SCA) that were implanted for RVOT reconstruction at a single center from 2000 to 2005. Echocardiographic data were reviewed to evaluate valve performance. Conduit failure is defined as the need for conduit replacement or reintervention in either the catheterization laboratory or operating room. Conduit dysfunction is defined as RVOT obstruction with peak echocardiographic Doppler gradient greater than 40 mm Hg and/or grade III/IV or greater conduit valve regurgitation. Data were compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum and Fisher's exact test. Results From January 2000 to April 2005, 100 patients (mean age 18.6 ± 16.8 years) received SG (n = 39) or SCA (n = 61) conduits. The 2 retrospective nonrandomized cohorts were similar with respect to age, gender, weight, conduit indication, bypass and crossclamp time, and conduit size. Follow-up time was not significant between the 2 groups (SG, 5.7 ± 2.5 years vs SCA, 5.8 ± 2.8 years; P = .83). Early and late mortality were similar (SG, 13%; SCA, 10%; P = .75). No death was graft related. Freedom from dysfunction was superior with SG (SG, 74%, vs SCA, 52%; P = .05). Freedom from failure was also better in patients with SG (SG, 87%, vs SCA, 68%; P = .05). Freedom from explantation and more than moderate pulmonary insufficiency were significantly better for SG patients (SG, 92% and 90%, vs SCA, 78% and 68%; P = .02). Conclusions This study suggests that the midterm performance of SGs may be superior to that of SCAs. Decellularization of the cryopreserved allografts may provide a more durable option for patients who need RVOT reconstruction. Further long-term follow-up is needed to see whether this decellularization process improves long-term allograft durability.
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction as a Stress Management Intervention for Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review

Stress is a global public health problem with several negative health consequences, including anxiety, depression, cardiovascular disease, and suicide. Mindfulness-based stress reduction offers an effective way of reducing stress by combining mindfulness meditation and yoga in an 8-week training program. The purpose of this study was to look at studies from January 2009 to January 2014 and examine whether mindfulness-based stress reduction is a potentially viable method for managing stress. A systematic search from Medline, CINAHL, and Alt HealthWatch databases was conducted for all types of quantitative articles involving mindfulness-based stress reduction. A total of 17 articles met the inclusion criteria. Of the 17 studies, 16 demonstrated positive changes in psychological or physiological outcomes related to anxiety and/or stress. Despite the limitations of not all studies using randomized controlled design, having smaller sample sizes, and having different outcomes, mindfulness-based stress reduction appears to be a promising modality for stress management.
Preparation and characterization of poly(propylene fumarate-co-ethylene glycol) hydrogels.

We describe the preparation and bulk characterization of a cross-linked poly(propylene fumarate-co-ethylene glycol), p(PF-co-EG), hydrogel. Eight block copolymer formulations were made varying four different design parameters including: poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) molecular weight, poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) molecular weight, copolymer molecular weight, and ratio of PEG to PPF. Two different cross-linking formulations were also tested, one with a cross-linking monomer and one without. The extent of the cross-linking reaction and the degree of swelling in aqueous solution were determined on copolymer formulations made without a cross-linking monomer. The values of molecular weight between cross-links, Mc ranged from 300 ± 120 to 1190 ± 320 as determined from swelling data (n = 3). The equilibrium volume swelling ratios, Q, varied from 1.5 ± 0.1 to 3.0 ± 0.1. This ratio was found to increase with increasing PEG content in the copolymer and decrease with increasing PPF molecular weight. The values for co...
The science of ultrasound therapy for fracture healing

Fracture healing involves a complex interplay of cellular processes, culminating in bridging of a fracture gap with bone. Fracture healing can be compromised by numerous exogenous and endogenous patient factors, and intense research is currently going on to identify modalities that can increase the likelihood of successful healing. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been proposed as a modality that may have a benefit for increasing reliable fracture healing as well as perhaps increasing the rate of fracture healing. We conducted a review to establish basic scince evidence of therapeutic role of lipus in fracture healing. An electronic search without language restrictions was accomplished of three databases (PubMed, Embase, Cinahl) for ultrasound-related research in osteocyte and chondrocyte cell culture and in animal fracture models, published from inception of the databases through December, 2008. Studies deemed to be most relevant were included in this review. Multiple in vitro and animal in vivo studies were identified. An extensive body of literature exists which delineates the mechanism of action for ultrasound on cellular and tissue signaling systems that may be related to fracture healing. Research on LIPUS in animal fracture models has demonstrated promising results for acceleration of fracture healing and for promotion of fracture healing in compromised tissue beds. A large body of cellular and animal research exists which reveals that LIPUS may be beneficial for accelerating normal fracture healing or for promoting fracture healing in compromised tissue beds. Further investigation of the effects of LIPUS in human fracture healing is warranted for this promising new therapy.
Ultraviolet absorption spectrum of molecular fluorine

Abstract We have measured the absorption spectrum of molecular fluorine in the spectral range between 200 and 400 nm. We find excellent agreement with the published1 spectrum above 250 nm, but below that wavelength we observed less absorption than in the earlier measurements.
Comparison of the Economic, Clinical, and Humanistic Attributes of Dihydroergotamine and Sumatriptan

Since our article “A Literature Review Comparing the Economic, Clinical, and Humanistic Attributes of Dihydroergotamine and Sumatriptan” was published in Clinical Therapeutics@ (1994; 16:1037-1051), we have received several questions from readers about the paper. Because some of the questions concern common themes, we think it is appropriate to clarify and expand on some of the ideas put forth in the original article. In our original paper, we reviewed not only the clinical but also the economic and humanistic attributes of dihydroergotamine and sumatriptan to provide a comprehensive basis for the appropriate choice of migraine medication. As we noted in the original review, a number of well-controlled studieslm5 documenting the effects of sumatriptan on a variety of clinical outcomes have been published. However, there is a paucity of data illustrating the effects of sumatriptan and dihydroergotamine on humanistic variables, such as patient satisfaction and healthrelated quality of life. We noted throughout our review the areas that we believe warrant additional research. We also pointed out in our original article that one difficulty in conducting a comparative analysis is that the sumatriptan studies we reviewed generally were placebo controlled and double blind, whereas the studies with dihydroergotamine were uncontrolled and open label. Most of the trials with dihydroergotamine were conducted before 1950 with methods not comparable to those accepted today.6 Certainly, the type of study design has a significant impact on the conclusions that can be drawn from the data. In the placebocontrolled, randomized, double-blind sumatriptan trials that we reviewed, statistically significant effects of sumatriptan compared with placebo
Biophysical and catalytic properties of the phenobarbital p-hydroxylase--a cytochrome P-450 dependent mixed function oxidase.

1. A sensitive method to detect and quantify the products of phenobarbital (PB) hydroxylation by model chemical systems and by biological systems has been developed.2. Chemical model systems hydroxylate PB in the p-position of the phenyl ring and form one or two additional oxidation products, while in vitro and in vivo (bile fistular rats) biological systems hydroxylate PB only in the p-position.3. Phenobarbital hydroxylation rates in vitro are of the order of 0˙007 nmol/nmol cytochrome P-450 per min. These values are decreased by pretreatment of the rats with inducing doses of phenobarbital.4. Enzymes catalysing the p-hydroxylation reaction of phenobarbital are localized in the microsomes and have the biophysical and chemical properties that are usually associated with cytochrome P-450-dependent mixed function oxidases.
An in vivo Look at Vertebrate Liver Architecture: Three-Dimensional Reconstructions from Medaka (Oryzias latipes)

Understanding three-dimensional (3D) hepatobiliary architecture is fundamental to elucidating structure/function relationships relevant to hepatobiliary metabolism, transport, and toxicity. To date, factual information on vertebrate liver architecture in 3 dimensions has remained limited. Applying noninvasive in vivo imaging to a living small fish animal model we elucidated, and present here, the 3D architecture of this lower vertebrate liver. Our investigations show that hepatobiliary architecture in medaka is based on a polyhedral (hexagonal) structural motif, that the intrahepatic biliary system is an interconnected network of canaliculi and bile-preductules, and that parenchymal architecture in this lower vertebrate is more related to that of the mammalian liver than previously believed. The in vivo findings presented advance our comparative 3D understanding of vertebrate liver structure/function, help clarify previous discrepancies among vertebrate liver conceptual models, and pose interesting questions regarding the "functional unit" of the vertebrate liver.
Gas exchange and carbon fixation properties of the mat-forming cyanophyte Lyngbya birgei G.M. Smith

Abstract The macroscopic cyanophyte Lyngbya birgei G.M. Smith showed low, O 2 -insentive rates of CO 2 release into CO 2 -free media, as well as low CO 2 compensation points and O 2 -insensitive photosynthetic rates. These gas exchange traits indicate that this organism can suppress photorespiration. The ability to thus optimize photosynthetic rates is based on HCO 3 − use as well as limited C 4 -like metabolism; both systems could elevate internal CO 2 levels and thereby reduce the oxygenase activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. It was further found that while the low photorespiration state did not change in Lyngbya grown at various inorganic carbon levels, the enzymatic potential for C 4 metabolism varied with external HCO 3 − levels. It is suggested that Lyngbya has adapted its photosynthetic systems to be efficient, so as to ensure optimal production in a variety of inorganic carbon and O 2 environments, and that this ability is of competitive advantage under conditions where it becomes an aquatic weed.
Talk with Tiff: teen's inquiries to a sexual health website.

Because of its availability, anonymity, and low cost of access, the Internet is an increasingly common way for adolescents to find information about sensitive issues. Sexual health website question portals are an important way for adolescents to seek personalized information tailored to their individualized needs. Few studies have examined the content within anonymous e-mails sent to these question portals. The purpose of this qualitative evaluation was to analyze thematic content of anonymous e-mails sent through a question portal on a comprehensive sexual health clinic website for an adolescent family planning clinic in a large city in the southwest United States. Between August 2009 and June 2012, the e-mail server received questions from 484 individuals who were seeking sexual health-related information. The authors used a content analysis to identify recurrent themes in the questions submitted. The most common questions regarded the cost of the clinic's services and testing for sexually transmitted d...
CFD validation for aerodynamic flows - Challenge for the '90's

The process of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) validation is described from two perspectives, numerical error validation and physical model validation. Errors associated with time and space discretization, grid refinement, numerical dissipation, and level of solution convergence, are all possible sources of numerical error. The second aspect of CFD code validation is associated with the governing equations and the physical models, e.g., chemistry and turbulence models. This type of validation requires comparisons with carefully conducted experiments and is the primary aspect of the validation process discussed in this paper. Examples of validation are shown for selected Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes codes for conditions from transonic through hypersonic. Since code applications are becoming more complex, it no longer suffices to use data from surface or integral quantities alone to provide the required validation. Flow field surveys and experimental boundary condition measurements are emerging as critical data that must be obtained for CFD code validation. Progress in the overall level of validation is shown to be improving. However, future challenges remain, some of which are enumerated.
On fluctuations and coherence of radiation in classical and semi-classical plasmas

Abstract The theory of thermal equilibrium fluctuations in plasmas, developed in a previous paper 1 ), is extended to include radiation. Expressions are derived for the correlation tensors of the electromagnetic field.
TU-D-304A-06: Comparison of Retrospective Phase Sorting with Real-Time Sorting Methods for 4D CT Images

Purpose: To study if the magnitude and frequency of artifacts in 4D CTimages and the imaging dose for real‐time image sorting methods will decrease compared to retrospective 4D CT sorting methods. Method and Materials: 4D CTimage acquisition was simulated with current retrospective phase sorting (RPCT), and three real‐time sorting methods: direction dependent displacement sorting (DDCT), simultaneous displacement and phase sorting (DPCT), and simultaneous displacement and velocity based sorting (DVCT). Respiratory signals and corresponding tumor positions were acquired with the Cyberknife Synchrony system for 58 motion data sets of 4 minutes each. Results: The mean artifact magnitude in the reconstructed 4D CTimages for the real‐time methods was at least a factor of 2 smaller compared to RPCT. The dose delivered during image acquisition was at least a factor of 2 less for DDCT compared to RPCT. Image acquisition time per couch position for the real‐time methods increased by a factor of 2 to 3. With displacement tolerances of 0.5mm, artifacts > 2mm were reduced from 33% for RPCT to 8% for DDCT, while artifacts > 4mm were reduced from 14% for RPCT to 1% for DDCT. The maximum artifact magnitude was the smallest for DVCT and in most cases a factor of 2 smaller for DDCT compared to RPCT, up to a factor of 6 smaller in the extreme cases. Conclusion: This work showed that the frequency and magnitude of artifacts in reconstructed 4D CTimages and the dose delivered during image acquisition can be reduced markedly if a real‐time sorting method is used instead of RPCT. However, real‐time sorting methods lead to 2–3 fold increases in image acquisition time. It is concluded from this work that DDCT is the better sorting method to use for 4D CTimage reconstruction.