cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comment on Brazilian Corruption

1978 An Interdisciplinary Evaluation ofthe Human Ecology and Health Impacts of the Aleman Dam, Mexico. Technical Report to Pan American Health Organization, Center for Human Ecology and Health, Mexico City. Parsons, James J. 1976 Forest to Pasture: Development or Destruction. Revista de Biologia Tropical 24(1): 121-1 38. Partridge, William L., and A. B. Brown 1982 Agricultural Development Among the Mazatec: Lessons from Resettlement. Culture and Agriculture 16: 1-9. Patirio, Victor Manuel 1965 Historia Agropecuaria. Cali, Colombia: Imprenta Departmental. 1970 Plantas Cultivadas y Animales Domesticos en America Equinoctial: Tomo V. Animales Domesticos Introducidos. Cali, Colombia: Imprenta Departmental. Popenoe, Hugh 1963 The Influence of the Shifting Cultivation Cycle on Soil Properties in Central America. Doctoral dissertation, University of Florida. Sanchez, Pedro A,, Dale E. Brandy, J. Hugo Vi-lachica, and John Nicholaides 1982 Amazon Basin Soils: Management for Continuous Crop Production. Science 2 16:82 1-827. Schuh, G. Edward 1975 Patterns of Equity Under Agricultural Development in Latin America. In Externalities in the Transformation of Agriculture. E. 0. Heady and L. R. Whiting, eds. Ames: Iowa State University Press. Smith, T. Lynn 1965 Studies of Colonization and Settlement. Latin American Research Review 4:93-123. Spielmann, Hans 0 . 1977 La Expansion Ganadera en Costa Rica: Problemas de Desarrollo Agropecuario. Revista Geografica 77:57-84, Stavenhaven, Rudolf
Reduced tillage and increasing cropping intensity in the Great Plains conserves soil C

Abstract Concern about soil organic matter losses as a result of cultivation has been voiced consistently since the early part of the 20th century. Scientists working in the US. Great Plains recognized that organic matter losses from an already small pool could have major negative consequences on soil physical properties and N supplying capacity. The advent of reduced- and no-till systems has greatly improved our ability to capture and retain precipitation in the soil during the non-crop periods of the cropping cycle, and has made it possible to reduce fallow frequency and intensify cropping systems. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the effects of reduced tillage and cropping system intensification on C storage in soils using data from experiments in North Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, and Texas. Decades of farming with the wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)–fallow system, the dominant farming system in the Great Plains, have accentuated soil C losses. More intensive cropping systems, made possible by the greater water conservation associated with no-till practices, have produced more grain, produced more crop residue and allowed more of it to remain on the soil surface. Combined with less soil disturbance in reduced- and no-till systems, intensive cropping has increased C storage in the soil. We also conclude that the effects of cropping system intensification on soil C should not be investigated independent of residue C still on the surface. There are many unknowns regarding how rapidly changes in soil C will occur when tillage and cropping systems are changed, but the data summarized in this paper indicate that in the surface 2.5 cm of soil, changes can be detected within 10 years. It is imperative that we continue long-term experiments to evaluate rates of change over an extended period. It is also apparent that we should include residue C, both on the surface of the soil and within the surface 2.5 cm, in our system C budgets if we are to accurately depict residue–soil C system status. The accounting of soil C must be done on a mass basis rather than on a concentration basis.
Bacterial endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor stimulate prostaglandin production by human decidua

The purpose of these studies was to determine the effect of bacterial endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) on prostaglandin (PG) secretion by human decidua. Decidual explants were established from women undergoing elective cesarean sections before the onset of labor. Escherichia Coli endotoxin and purified human recombinant TNF (rhTNF) were incubated with decidual explants. PGF2α and PGF2 biosynthesis was measured by radioimmunoassay. A significant increase in the release of all PGs into the media occurred in response to LPS and TNF. In the setting of an extraamniotic infection, bacterial and host secretory products (TNF) could trigger the onset of labor, activating the decidua to produce PGs.
Transport phenomena in He3-He4 mixtures near the tricritical point

We have made extensive measurements on transport phenomena in He3-He4 mixtures near the tricritical point and along the superfluid transition line at saturated vapor pressure. The He3 mole fraction X ranged from 0.51 to 0.72 and the temperature from 0.8 to 1.5 K. Our measurements were made under steady state conditions using a cell where we measured the vertical He3 concentration gradient ▽X induced by a temperature gradient ▽T produced by a vertical heat flux. The cell included two superposed capacitors and ▽X was determined by means of the dielectric constant method. In this paper, we present a comprehensive report on our results for the thermal diffusion ratio k T and the thermal conductivity κ both in the normal fluid and in the superfluid. In the tricritical region, k T was found to diverge strongly as the tricritical point was approached; no singularity in κ was found. This behavior is consistent with theoretical predictions. In the region near the lambda line, κ remains finite, as expected, but k T appears to have a stronger singularity than predicted by theory. The analysis of our experiment in the normal fluid for mixtures with X>0.51 was complicated by superfluid film flow along the walls of the sample cell. We describe this effect and analyze it with Khalatnikov's theory of superfluidity. However, for the mixture X = 0.51, where there is no such film, the behavior of k T is consistent with predictions. The k T data for the mixtures 0.6 < X < 0.7 could be cast into a tricritical scaling representation, similar to that for the concentration susceptibility. In the superfluid phase we test, for the first time and with fair success, a relation by Khalatnikov between ▽X/▽T and static properties, measured in different experiments. Finally, we discuss the relaxation times that characterize the establishment of steady state conditions. From these data it is possible, under favorable circumstances, to obtain the mass diffusivity D.
31P NMR and X-ray Crystallographic Study of Atropisomerism in cis-Tetracarbonylmolybdenum(0) and cis-Dichloroplatinum(II) Complexes of (±)-6,6‘-[[1,1‘-Biphenyl]-2,2‘-diylbis(oxy)]bis(dibenzo[d,f]- [1,3,2]dioxaphosphepin) and (±)-6,6‘-[[1,1‘-Binaphthyl]- 2,2‘-diylbis(oxy)]bis(dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepin) Ligands

Both cis-tetracarbonylmolybdenum(0) and cis-dichloroplatinum(II) complexes of {(±)-6,6‘-[[1,1‘-biphenyl]-2,2‘-diylbis(oxy)]bis(dibenzo [d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepin)}, 1, and {(±)-6,6‘-[[1,1‘-binaphthyl]-2,2‘-diylbis(oxy)]bis(dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepin)}, 2, have been prepared. Atropisomerism of the ligands in these complexes has been investigated by variable-temperature 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy. These studies demonstrate that all three diastereomers are present in solutions of the cis-tetracarbonylmolybdenum(0) complexes of both ligands in the slow exchange region, although the distribution of the diastereomers is strongly dependent on the nature of the ligand. The conformations proposed for the major complexes in solution are consistent with the solid-state conformations of the complexes, as determined by X-ray crystallography. Only two species are present in solutions of the cis-dichloroplatinum(II) complexes, and surprisingly, both appear to have the R*R*S*(S*S*R*) configuration. The different c...
Unexpected pulmonary uptake of adenovirus vectors in animals with chronic liver disease

When adenovirus vectors are injected intravenously, most of the virions are quickly taken up by the reticuloendothelial system, primarily by the liver macrophages known as Kupffer cells. However, little is known about the behavior of adenovirus vectors when there is pre-existing liver disease. To study this, we examined the biodistribution of intravenously injected vector in a rat model of cirrhosis induced by bile duct ligation. Using quantitative PCR and fluorescently tagged adenovirus vectors, we observed a significant reduction in vector uptake by the cirrhotic liver and increased accumulation in the lungs. Immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy demonstrated that this was due to changes in the reticuloendothelial system, with the vector being taken up by large numbers of pulmonary intravascular macrophages in the lungs of cirrhotic rats. Interestingly, expression of vector-encoded luciferase was significantly reduced in the livers of cirrhotic rats, but was not increased in the lungs. These data demonstrate that the biodistribution of adenovirus vectors in rats is altered by cirrhosis, which suggests the possibility that these vectors might behave unexpectedly in patients with pre-existing liver conditions, particularly since pulmonary reticuloendothelial changes are known to occur in human disease.
Interactions between Organized, Surface-Confined Monolayers and Vapor-Phase Probe Molecules. 11. Synthesis, Characterization, and Chemical Sensitivity of Self-Assembled Polydiacetylene/Calix(n)arene Bilayers

We report the synthesis and characterization of self-assembled polydiacetylene (PDA)/4-tert-butylcalix[n]arene (where n = 4 and 6, abbreviated as CA[4] and CA[6], respectively) bilayers on Au surfaces. The PDA/CA[n] bilayers act as chemically sensitive interfaces that are resistant to high thermal stresses and extreme electrochemical potentials, both of which may be encountered in technologically significant sensing applications. Moreover, these simply prepared bilayer materials are excellent protosystems for studying a range of important sensor-related issues. Here we discuss the linking chemistry that leads to calixarene immobilization and examine the role calixarenes play in vapor-phase sensing applications using surface acoustic wave (SAW) mass balances and Fourier transform infrared−external reflectance spectroscopy (FTIR-ERS). FTIR-ERS spectra indicate that CA[n] reacts with the acid chloride-terminated PDA self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) to form ester linkages. Using irreversible adsorption of vap...
Analysis of Feed Errors in Tapping by Contact Stress Model

One of the most common tapping errors, mismatch of tap feed rate and the thread pitch, has a significant effect on the tapping thrust signal and the resultant thread profile. The underfeed of the tap leads to an upward pull on the workpiece and overfeed causes a downward push. Tapping experiments are conducted with intentionally magnified feed errors to study the phenomenon and aid in the model development. Using contact stress theory for elastic materials, a model for tap-workpiece interaction is developed and integrated with the mechanistic force model developed earlier to predict the tapping forces. In most cases there was a good agreement between the simulations of combined model (contact stress model coupled with mechanistic model) and the experimental results. Tap tooth design with relief on the flank has been shown to significantly reduce the tapping thrust sensitivity to the feed error, thereby affecting the tool life and improving the thread quality.
Perceptual isolation effects: Short-term visual storage vs cognitive-perceptual structure

Two hypotheses concerning the effects of perceptual isolation were examined. Three experimental groups were defined by the interval between the first and second stimulus presentations within a recognition-discrimination problem. Ninety Ss were exposed to 12 recognition-discrimination problems for each of three physical dimensions of random forms, both before and after 1/2 h of perceptual isolation. Analyses of the number of correct responses indicated support for the hypothesis that isolation increases the duration of the short-term visual storage, but not for the hypothesis that isolation produces change in the hierarchy of physical dimensions to which Ss selectively attend.
Commercial sector wages and subsistence sector labor productivity in Guatemalan agriculture

Abstract Evidence from the author's 1988 sample survey on South Coast “ parcelamientos ” and from a comparable survey done in 1965 indicates an absence of seasonal fluctuation of wages in Guatemala's commercial agriculture and no intertemporal change in real wages. At the same time, at least until the 1980s, the rapid accumulation of cleared or “improved” land and technological progress gave Guatemala one of the highest agricultural growth rates in the world. Real wages in commercial agriculture are similar to the stagnant labor productivity of peasants in subsistence agriculture, the source of labor for the commercial sector's growth. The data thus suggest an economy that has functioned for decades as described by the simplest classical or surplus labor model.
Competition between stripe and checkerboard magnetic instabilities in Mn-doped BaFe2As2

Inelastic neutron scattering measurements on $\mathrm{Ba}{({\mathrm{Fe}}_{0.925}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{0.075})}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ manifest spin fluctuations at two different wave vectors, ${\mathbf{Q}}_{\mathrm{stripe}}=(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2},1)$ and ${\mathbf{Q}}_{\text{N\'eel}}=(1,0,1)$, corresponding to the expected stripe spin-density wave order and checkerboard antiferromagnetic order in the tetragonal $I4/mmm$ cell, respectively. Below ${T}_{N}=80$ K, long-range stripe magnetic ordering occurs and sharp spin wave excitations appear at ${\mathbf{Q}}_{\mathrm{stripe}}$ while broad and diffusive spin fluctuations remain at ${\mathbf{Q}}_{\text{N\'eel}}$ at all temperatures. Low concentrations of Mn dopants nucleate local moment spin fluctuations at ${\mathbf{Q}}_{\text{N\'eel}}$ that compete with itinerant spin fluctuations at ${\mathbf{Q}}_{\mathrm{stripe}}$ and may disrupt the development of superconductivity.
Fifty years of IMOG (International Meetings on Organic Geochemistry)

Abstract IMOG2011 is the 25th of a series of international meetings on organic geochemistry that began in 1962. Thus, this 25th meeting marks the 50th anniversary year of IMOG, which has (a) had a rich history with meetings taking place in 11 different countries, (b) published Proceedings, titled “Advances in Organic Geochemistry,” from each meeting that now number 24 volumes totaling almost 18,000 pages, and (c) documented the content and development of the science of organic geochemistry. IMOG2011 adds a new milestone to the progress of organic geochemistry through time.
Hybrid control: from air traffic to fly wings

In this paper the methods that have been designed to analyze, verify, and control hybrid systems are presented. The methods use tools from game theory, wavefront propagation, and symbolic predicate abstraction, and rely on an iterative refinement procedure which computes, either exactly or approximately, regions of the system's operating space in which desired behavior is guaranteed. In engineered systems, controllers are designed to keep the system in these regions. In biological systems, knowledge of the actual operating space is used, in conjunction with these methods, to help hypothesize possible models and reverse engineer the system. This paper focused on two large scale examples: the design and implementation of real time collision avoidance schemes for manned and unmanned air vehicles, and the development of models of cellular regulatory networks in developmental biology.
Organizational Demography: The Differential Effects of Age and Tenure Distributions on Technical Communication

Although previous researchers have proposed organizational demography as an important determinant of communication, no one has tested this relationship directly. Further, distinctions between the i...
A nondiverging polar-form Newton-based power flow

The design of a mine electric power system requires that power-flow studies be conducted to guarantee that all motor operating and starting loads can be met while acceptable bus voltage levels are maintained. If future loads are overestimated, then the iterative techniques used to solve the system voltage profile will often diverge, leaving no clue for the designer as to the cause of the divergence. A nondiverging power flow formulation based on Newton's method is presented that is applicable to power flow programs that use the polar form of the bus voltage variables. The method is effective in guaranteeing nondivergence of the power flow solution and in indicating where erroneous system data exist for nonconvergent cases. >
Prediction of equilibrium polymer blend morphology in dispersed two‐phase flow and comparison with experiment

A theory is developed to predict equilibrium polymer blend morphology in dispersed two-phase flow in terms of the viscosity ratio and blend ratio of the constituent components. We formulated a system of equations for the ‘One-Cell Model,’ describing the situation where a spherical droplet of one liquid is dispersed in another liquid, by first considering a pair of Newtonian liquids and then a pair of truncated power-law fluids. The question posed was: which of the two liquids, A or B, will form a droplet dispersed in another liquid? Finite element method was employed to calculate the rate of the energy dissipated per unit volume when a unit cell, having either Morphology I or Morphology II, was subjected to steady-state simple shear flow, where Morphology I has a droplet of liquid A dispersed in the matrix phase of liquid B and Morphology II has a droplet of liquid B dispersed in the matrix phase of liquid A. We used a criterion that the morphology that requires a lower rate of the energy dissipated per unit volume in dispersed two-phase flow is an equilibrium polymer blend morphology. In so doing, we determined the blend composition, at which a matrix inversion takes place, in terms of the viscosity ratio of the constituent components. Theoretically predicted blend morphologies compared favorably with experimental results.
Material Doubts: the Consequences of Plastic

Natural limits of wood, stone, and metal long made it hard to conceive of material desires beyond the traditional. That situation changed in the twentieth century when chemists learned to synthesize and specify the properties of substances that had never before existed. Seventy years ago, the makers of Bakelite, the first synthetic plastic, called it "the material of a thousand uses" and used the mathematical symbol of infinity as a trademark. Today, much of the stuff of everyday life is molded, extruded, foamed, stamped, vacuum-formed, or otherwise fabricated from plastic. We live and work with machines, appliances, and furnishings whose appearances and tactile qualities would have seemed unnatural to our ancestors. Objects of plastic have so proliferated that we take them for granted. Plastic has been naturalized. Baby boomers grew up while plastic was expanding into their lives. Before World War II, consumer plastics were limited to such things as celluloid dresser sets and Bakelite radios. Publicists for the new industry in the 1930S predicted a utopia molded from cheap "miracle materials," and wartime mobilization stimulated a quantum leap in the production of plastic. Afterward, baby boomers played with Wham-O hula hoops and frisbees, Barbie dolls and Revell airplane models, Lego blocks and Mattel machine guns. They ate breakfast at Formica dinettes, spilled milk from polyethylene tumblers onto vinyl floors, and left for school clutching disposable Bic pens. Their families experienced a proliferation of new plastic products-Tupperware, garbage pails and laundry baskets, Melamine dishes, appliance housings, Saran Wrap and dry cleaning bags, picnic coolers, scuff-proof luggage, Naugahyde furniture, Mylar recording tape, Corfam shoes, shrink-wrapped meats, styrofoam egg cartons, artificial Christmas trees, and endlessly on. The "people of plenty" consumed an ever-increasing quantity of plastic as they experienced what Time referred to as a "flood of new products ... transforming ... the American way of life."' The word plastic entered the folklore of the baby boom generation as its earliest members were coming of age. Millions of moviegoers watched in 1968 as
Gliding robotic fish and its tail-enabled yaw motion stabilization using sliding mode control

Gliding robotic fish is a new type of underwater robots that combines the energy-efficiency of underwater gliders and the high maneuverability of robotic fish. The tail fin of a gliding robotic fish provides the robot more control authority, especially for the lateral motion, compared with traditional underwater gliders. In this paper, the design and development of a gliding robotic fish prototype is first presented, followed by its dynamic model. We then focus on the problem of tail-enabled yaw stabilization during gliding, where a sliding mode controller is proposed. Both simulation and experimental results are demonstrated to validate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
The high-temperature heat capacity of natural calcite (CaCO 3 )

The heat capacity (C P) of a natural sample of calcite (CaCO3) has been measured from 350 to 775 K by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Heat capacities determined for a powdered sample and a single-crystal disc are in close agreement and have a total uncertainty of ±1 percent. The following equation for the heat capacity of calcite from 298 to 775 K was fit by least squares to the experimental data and constrained to join smoothly with the low-temperature heat capacity data of Staveley and Linford (1969) (C P in J mol−1 K−1, T in K): $$\begin{gathered} C_p = - 184.79 + 0.32322T - 3,688,200T^{ - 2} \hfill \\ {\text{ }} - (1.2974{\text{ }} \times {\text{ 10}}^{ - {\text{4}}} )T^2 + 3,883.5T^{ - 1/2} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ Combining this equation with the S 298 0 value from Staveley and Linford (1969), entropies for calcite are calculated and presented to 775 K. A simple method of extrapolating the heat capacity function of calcite above 775 K is presented. This method provides accurate entropies of calcite for high-temperature thermodynamic calculations, as evidenced by calculation of the equilibrium: CaCO3 (s)=CaO(s)+CO2 (s).
The Development of Price Formation Theory and Subjectivism about Ultimate Values

One sometimes finds leading economic thinkers expounding the metaphysical thesis that the ultimate ethical value of an object reflects nothing about the properties of the object in itself and instead reflects the subjective tastes of the valuer. Could anything in economics qua economics provide a warrant for such ethical subjectivism? And what might tempt economists to speak on such broadly meta-ethical issues? In this paper we argue that a partial explanation for the subjectivist cast-of-mind of much economic theory is to be found in the recent history of price formation theory. (We focus in particular on the so-called ‘Marginalist’ and ‘Ordinalist’ Revolutions in price theory.) We argue that although such price formation theory provides no warrant for drawing ethical subjectivist conclusions, it does provide an explanation as to why such conclusions might be drawn. Thus we explore how the particular history of the development of what is called ‘value theory’ might well lead one (albeit unwarrantedly) towards ethical subjectivism.
Thermal stability of bis(8-hydroxy-5-quinolyl)-methane co-ordination polymers

Abstract Co-ordination polymers of bis(8-hydroxy-5-quinolyl)-methane have been prepared by reacting the ligand with Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II), in solution as well as by thermal polymerization. The thermal stability of each polymer in vacuum was studied by thermogravimetric analysis up to 1000°C, and the decomposition temperature was found to be closely related to such periodic properties of the metal incorporated in the backbone of the polymer as ionic potential and electronegativity. Based on an evaluation of existing data for metal 8-hydroxyquinolates it is shown that measurements in air instead of vacuum lead to erroneous conclusions about the thermal stabilities of co-ordinated systems. Infra-red spectra of the co-ordination polymers revealed that the frequency of the absorption band in the 1100 cm −1 region was dependent upon the ionic potential and other periodic properties of the metal ion. The infrared data provide information about the nature of the metal-ligand bond at the CO-metal site.
Anastomotic complications associated with stapled versus hand-sewn anastomosis

Objective To compare anastomotic complications of stapled versus hand-sewn cervical esophago-gastric anastomosis. Methods All patients undergoing esophageal resection are entered into a prospectively maintained database. The database was queried to identify patients who had near total esophagectomy with cervical esophago-gastric anastomosis. The effect of anastomotic technique and surgeon experience on anastomotic complications, leak, and stricture were analyzed. Results Eighty-one patients underwent open or minimally invasive esophagectomy and gastric pull-up with or without thoracic mobilization. Eighteen patients had hand-sewn anastomosis and 63 had a partially stapled anastomosis. There was no significant difference between leak rate (22% (4/18) versus 7% (5/63) P = 0.09) and anastomotic stricture rate (38% (7/18) versus 26% (17/63), P = 0.34) between the two groups. Dividing the experience chronologically into three groups of 27 reveals a trend towards decreased leak rate with experience. The leak rate was only 3.7 % (1/27) in the most recent group compared with 14.8% (4/27) in the first group ( P = 0.17). Conclusions In our experience, there was no significant difference in anastomotic complications between hand-sewn and stapled anastomosis. However, there is a decreasing trend in anastomotic complications with increasing surgeon experience.
Realization of SmartChannel for a teleconferencing system

Developing computer technology provides a great opportunity to develop multimedia product over the Internet. An iterative Teleconference system is one of the most important applications, which has been widely used all over the world. Due to the characteristics of the Internet, it is difficult to guarantee the Quality of Service (QoS) when such a system is used on the Internet. Burstiness, synchronization among Audio and Video, and the reduced Internet bandwidth especially across national boundaries are the most important factors, which seriously may degrade the QoS. As an integrated solution for all these three problems, the SmartChannel was designed and implemented in this paper.
GASTRIC ANTISECRETORY ACTIVITY OF AN ACID STABLE H+/K+ ATPASE INHIBITOR, WY-26,769

WY-26,769 (2-3-dihydro-2-(2-pyridinyl) thiazolo-[3,2-a]benzimidazole) is a gastric antisecretory agent that acts by inhibiting the parietal cell proton pump. In vitro, WY-26,769 was active against dbcAMP-stimulated aminopyrine uptake in isolated parietal cells. Preincubating the drug with liver microsomal enzymes increased its potency 50 times, to an IC50 of 6.8 μM. Wy-26,769 and its oxidative metabolite Wy-26,876 each inhibited the H+/K+ ATPase (IC50 = 42 μM and 18 μM, respectively). In whole animal studies, Wy-26,769 inhibited histaminestimulated gastric acid secretion (ID50 = 3 mg/kg) irrespective of whether Wy-26,769 was administered orally or intravenously. Wy-26,769 was not degraded in acid and also inhibited gastric acid secretion in the pylorus-ligated rat. Wy-26,769 was equiactive after oral or intravenous administration demonstrating that it is an acid stable proton pump inhibitor.
General solution to an inverse problem for the diffusion approximation of the radiative transfer equation

An inverse problem for the one-speed, time-independent, homogeneous radiative transfer equation (RTE) for the intensity of light propagating in a strongly-scattering medium is investigated. We assume that the equation has a rotationally invariant scattering kernel and the diffusion approximation of the spherical harmonics method can be applied. The problem consists in simultaneous determination of a solution to the RTE and a combination of functions describing media absorption and scattering characteristics. It is shown that strictly following the diffusion approximation assumption brings about a general solution to the problem which, in turn, demonstrates that for any limited domain D, the only data we need to find a unique solution to the inverse problem are angular distributions of light intensity in four points belonging to the boundary (delta) D of the domain D and an angular mean value of the intensity along a curve on (delta) D. Explicit formulas for calculating a solution to the inverse problem are obtained.
Effects of Marijuana on Recall of Narrative Material and Stroop Colour-Word Performance

Two recent articles1,2 report that marijuana interferes with the recall of narrative material learned in either a drug or no drug state and recalled in the drug state, but the evaluation of the results is hampered by (1) the lack of specification of the Δ9-THC content of the marijuana cigarettes and (2) an absence of placebo controls. We have set out to test the effects of marijuana on narrative recall and Stroop colour-word performance and to remedy these defects of experimental design. The Stroop test was selected because performance has been shown to be impaired by depressants Such as amobarbital3 and because marijuana has barbiturate-like effects4.
Rhizobium radiobacter bacteremia in a neonate

Rhizobium radiobacter bacteremia is an infrequent cause of human infection. We report a rare manifestation of R. radiobacter infection in which bacteremia occurred in a newborn infant without other risk factors.
Increased emergence of spring wheat after inoculation with Pseudomonas chlororaphis isolate 2E3 under field and laboratory conditions

Inoculation at the time of planting with Pseudomonas chlororaphis strain 2E3 increased the emergence of spring wheat by 8% and 6% at two different sites in northern Utah. Isolate 2E3 strongly inhibited the growth of the wheat pathogen Fusarium culmorum on artificial media. A second isolate of P. chlororaphis (strain O6) also inhibited fungal growth on artifical media but did not increase emergence of the spring wheat at the same field sites. Inoculation of winter wheat by 2E3 did not promote emergence when planted into field soil sterilized by fumigation with methyl bromide. Under laboratory conditions, emergence of spring wheat in sterilized soils from both sites was at least 90%. In the soils that were not sterilized, emergence was below 25% in soil from one site and below 50% in soil from the other. Treating seeds with 2E3 significantly improved emergence in a sterile soil-containing matrix that had been inoculated with the wheat pathogen Fusarium culmorum. Consequently, we propose that increases in wheat emergence can be attributed to the suppression by 2E3 of pathogenic organisms present in the native field soils. A strain of Rhizoctonia solani, shown to the pathogenic on winter wheat, was isolated from one of these soils.
Potentiating Effect of Methyl Methane Sulfonate on Friend Virus Leukemogenesis in Vivo

Methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) given ip five hours before Friend Leukemia Virus (FLV) injection enhanced the leukemogenic action of FLV in virus-sensitive SJL/J mice and also in relatively virus-resistant B10SJF/sub 1/ mice. MMS also decreased the humoral immune response, as measured by plaque forming cell assay. However, the timing of the effect of MMS on the immune system did not coincide with the timing of the MMS related potentiation of leukemia. Hence, it is suggested that the potentiating effect of this chemical on viral leukemogenesis is more likely due to events occurring at the intracellular level than at the level of humoral immune response.
Gender ratios for reading difficulties.

The prevalence of reading difficulties is typically higher in males than females in both referred and research-identified samples, and the ratio of males to females is greater in more affected samples. To explore possible gender differences in reading performance, we analyzed data from 1,133 twin pairs in which at least one member of each pair had a school-history of reading problems and from 684 twin pairs from a comparison sample with no reading difficulties. Although the difference between the average scores of males and females in these two samples was very small, the variance of reading performance was significantly greater for males in both groups. We suggest that a greater variance of reading performance measures in males may account at least in part for their higher prevalence of reading difficulties as well as for the higher gender ratios that are observed in more severely impaired samples.
Turbulent Co-Current Gas-Liquid Flow in a Tube With and Without Swirl

The fluid dynamic effects of swirl generation on boiling flow in a tube were simulated experimentally by the flow of a water film surrounding a core of air down the interior of a vertical tube. Each of the two fluids could be injected with swirl. Water injection with swirl thickened the subregion of the film not contacted by the air-water interface. Air injection with swirl reduced interfacial disturbances. Transitional phenomena were identified. No transition was correlated with the appearance of dry patches on the test section inner wall. Models for estimating mean film thickness and axial pressure gradient were evaluated.
Domain knowledge based energy management in handhelds

Energy management in handheld devices is becoming a daunting task with the growing number of accelerators, increasing memory demands and high computing capacities required to support applications with stringent QoS needs. Current DVFS techniques that modulate power states of a single hardware component, or even recent proposals that manage multiple components, can lose out opportunities for attaining high energy efficiencies that may be possible by leveraging application domain knowledge. Thus, this paper proposes a coordinated multi-component energy optimization mechanism for handheld devices, where the energy profile of different components such as CPU, memory, GPU and IP cores are considered in unison to trigger the appropriate DVFS state by exploiting the application domain knowledge. Specifically, we show that for the important class of frame-based applications, the domain knowledge — frame processing rates, component utilization and available slack — can be used to decide effective DVFS states for each component from among the numerous choices. With such knowledge, rather than a brute force search of all speed setting choices, we propose two simpler heuristics, called Greedy policy and Kaldor-Hicks compensation policy, to make the decisions at frame boundaries. Our evaluations with 7 commonly-used Android apps show that our domain-aware coordinated DVFS policies have 23% better energy efficiency than the conventionally used Android governors, and are within ∼9% of an optimal policy that does not drop any frames.
Affective Correlates in the Problem-Solving Process

Summary Seventy-two Black and Hispanic fourth- through sixth-graders completed a variety of problem-solving tasks emphasizing skills of preparation, production, and judgment. With reading achievement controlled within the sample, it appeared that these three sets of skills within the problem-solving process involved evaluative activity and that the variables of locus of control and, to a lesser extent, self-esteem, were significantly related to problem-solving performance. Results were discussed in terms of the usefulness of designing instruction which will complement the development of cognitive skills with reinforcement of various affective characteristics.
Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase in Liver of the Dipnoan Protopterus aethiopicus

Ornithine carbamoyltransferase, an enzyme that occurs typically in vertebrates having a ureotelic metabolism, is present in the liver of the African lungfish Protopterus aethiopicus. The reaction studied depends on L-ornithine, carbamoylphosphate, and unboiled homogenate of liver.
Blade vibration - Some key elements in design verification

From among the many topics in design verification of blade vibration, a crucial aspect of all airbreathing engines' qualification, this paper outlines in some detail two key considerations: 1) the assessment at a given operating point of compressor and fan blade vibration in relation to high-cycle fatigue; and 2) the identification of engine operating points worst for blade vibration. Discussion of these subjects, seemingly little treated in the literature, is presented in terms of an illustrative distillation of hitherto unpublished perspectives in blade stress, dynamics, and their experimental sensing as required for effective design and validation of modern blading. A deliberate effort is made to illustrate design and design verification significance of blade dynamics, and increasingly three-dimensional stress distributions and levels as derived from precision experiments and massive numerical analysis investigations. For example, local time-average stresses three times elementary treatment levels, as generated by the interaction of blade twist, camber, and rim overhang, are indirectly capable of causing fatigue failures, attributable to nonexistent "mystery" vibration. The effectiveness of design verification in extensive simulated flight tests can be enhanced by a systematic identification of operating conditions "worst" for blade vibration. Illustrative examples are given for blade vibration, both stable and self-excited.
Bronchopulmonary Effects of Digitalis in the Anesthetized Dog

Digoxin and acetyl strophanthidin were tested on the canine lung because of the possibility of cardiac glycosides having some undesired action in patients with cor pulmonale. Both glycosides cause an increase in pulmonary resistance in the dog with intact or cut vagus. Atropine and Sotalol did not interfere with the response. The increase in pulmonary resistance is explained by a direct effect of digitalis on the bronchial smooth muscle. The accompanying decrease in pulmonary compliance is independent of any change in pulmonary blood flow because the response could still be elicited in the dog with right heart bypass. In such a preparation, acetyl strophanthidin caused a variable effect on pulmonary vascular resistance possibly because the extracorporeal circulation may have altered the ability to maintain an adequate dose in the pulmonary blood vessels.
New tobacco trends: waterpipe (hookah) smoking and implications for healthcare providers.

Purpose: To inform healthcare providers about waterpipe smoking, a new trend in tobacco use that is gaining popularity among adolescents and young adults. Data sources: American Lung Association Tobacco Policy Alert on Waterpipe Smoking, World Health Organization Tobacco Regulation Advisory Note on Waterpipe Smoking, and pertinent publications available in the literature. Conclusions: Waterpipe smoking is a new trend in tobacco use that is associated with multiple health problems, including addiction. Healthcare providers should be aware of new tobacco trends that may affect patients, such as waterpipe smoking, that are potential gateways to nicotine addiction. Implications for practice: Tobacco comes in many forms, all of which are addicting. Healthcare providers must be knowledgeable about new forms of tobacco to address all types of tobacco use with patients. Healthcare providers also have a responsibility to educate patients about the health risks inherent in these products to help prevent the long-lasting problem of nicotine addiction.
Nonlinear response theory for inhomogeneous systems in various ensembles

Abstract Nonlinear equations governing the relaxation of some macroscopic quantities, a ( r , t ) are derived using Kubo's response theory, in isolated inhomogeneous systems. The resulting equations contain microcanonical time correlation functions. It is shown how to express these in terms of arbitrary ensemble correlation functions and correction arising from their infinite time behaviour are discussed. In addition it is shown that the concept of local equilibrium must be modified somewhat.
MEG and EEG source localization in beamspace

Beamspace methods are applied to EEG/MEG source localization problems in this paper. Beamspace processing involves passing the data through a linear transformation that reduces the data dimension prior to applying a desired statistical signal processing algorithm. This process generally reduces the data requirements of the subsequent algorithm. We present one approach for designing beamspace transformations that are optimized to preserve source activity located within a given region of interest and show that substantial reductions in dimension are obtained with negligible signal loss. Beamspace versions of maximum likelihood dipole fitting, MUSIC, and minimum variance beamforming source localization algorithms are presented. The performance improvement offered by the beamspace approach with limited data is demonstrated by bootstrapping somatosensory data to evaluate the variability of the source location estimates obtained with each algorithm. The quantitative benefits of beamspace processing depend on the algorithm, signal to noise ratio, and amount of data. Dramatic performance improvements are obtained in scenarios with low signal to noise ratio and a small number of independent data samples.
Current realities and future prospects for high-efficiency solar cells

This paper presents an overview of progress to develop high-efficiency solar cells for space applications. The story is a progression of cells with increasing efficiencies, developed with relatively modest amounts of research dollars, and is a good example of a research community responding to real-world needs. The paper outlines a brief history that shows increases from 10-percent-efficient Si cells to 25-percent Ga/sub 0.5/In/sub 0.5/P-GaAs tandems. Niche application and some trade-offs are discussed. Trends in research to develop even higher efficiencies, extending above 30 percent, are described and offer exciting possibilities for the future, near-term and more distant.
A critical period for prevention of posttraumatic neocortical hyperexcitability in rats

Penetrating cortical trauma frequently results in delayed development of epilepsy. In the rat undercut model of neocortical posttraumatic hyperexcitability, suppression of neuronal activity by exposing the injured cortex to tetrodotoxin (TTX) in vivo for approximately 2 weeks prevents the expression of abnormal hypersynchronous discharges in neocortical slices. We examined the relationship between neuronal activity during the latent period after trauma and subsequent expression of hyperexcitability by varying the timing of TTX treatment. Partially isolated islands of rat sensorimotor cortex were treated with Elvax polymer containing TTX to suppress cortical activity and slices obtained for in vitro experiments 10 to 15 days later. TTX treatment was either started immediately after injury and discontinued after a variable number of days or delayed for a variable time after the lesion was placed. Immediate treatment lasting only 2 to 3 days and treatment delayed up to 3 days prevented hyperexcitability. Thus, there is a critical period for development of hyperexcitability in this model that depends on cortical activity. We propose that the hyperexcitability caused by partial cortical isolation may represent an early stage of posttraumatic epileptogenesis. A hypothetical cascade of events leading to subsequent pathophysiological activity is likely initiated at the time of injury but remains plastic during this critical period.
Magnetic Nanoparticles and Neurotoxins for Treating Atrial Fibrillation A New Way to Get Burned

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac dysrhythmia,1with over 2.6 million Americans affected. Partly due to the high risk of stroke in these patients, AF is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.2 The number of individuals affected with AF is expected to rise ≈6-fold over the next 40 years. Catheter-based ablation may offer a more effective means of treating AF than conventional medical therapy.3,–,5 Ablation techniques have been adopted after limited clinical trials with a relatively small number of patients.4,–,7 In an effort to guide the best treatment strategies, a registry has been established to follow the increasing numbers of AF patients who are being treated with ablation.8 Although the generally accepted initial ablation strategy is isolation of the pulmonary veins, which are often the source of ectopic beats that initiate AF, animal models have shown that the cardiac ganglionated plexi play a role in inducing and maintaining AF.9 Initial clinical studies indicate that ablation of the ganglionated plexi, in addition to pulmonary vein isolation, may improve ablation outcome.10 Indeed, fortuitous ablation of the ganglionated plexi during pulmonary vein isolation may contribute to procedure success. However, targeting the ganglionated plexi for selective ablation requires their localization, presently achieved by additional mapping to detect sites where high-frequency stimulation elicits heart rate slowing and …
Hypothesis Testing for Marginal Probabilities in a 2 × 2 × 2 Contingency Table with Conditional Independence

Abstract Consider a 2 × 2 × 2 contingency model with factors A, B, and C. Assume factors A and B are conditionally independent given factor C. We are interested in testing the null hypothesis that the marginal probabilities of the second level of B are the same across the levels of A. Small-sample and large-sample tests are studied.
Possibility of Bond-Length Determination in EXAFS Without the Use of Model Compounds or Calculated Phases

The Fourier transform (FT) of EXAFS data in photoelectron wavenumber (k) space gives a form of radial distribution function (RDF) in which the absorbing atom is located at the origin. The position of each peak in the RDF does not coincide with the true interatomic distance of the corresponding shell due to the presence of the phase function θi(k) in the sine argument. The correct distance is usually obtained by using a known (model) compound with the same absorber-scatterer pair. The phase function is assumed to be transferable from the model compound to the unknown. Calculated phase shift functions are also used for this purpose2. Furthermore, each of the proposed methods for determining the distance assume an a priori knowledge of the scattering atom.
Russian Nuclear Forces, 2010

With or without a follow-on agreement to START, the number of warheads in the Russian nuclear arsenal continues to shrink. But that doesn’t mean Moscow has given up modernizing its strategic nuclear forces.
Global Work-Related Suffering as a Priority for Vocational Psychology

Building on the recommendations in the article “An Emancipatory Communitarian Approach to Vocational Development Theory, Research, and Practice” by David Blustein, Ellen McWhirter, and Justin Perry, a critical and global perspective on the challenge facing vocational psychologists who adopt an emancipatory communitarian approach is developed. Attention to the most pressing needs of the global unemployed and working poor will be critical. Most psychologists already possess the skill sets that are required, but the roles will change from work that primarily sustains current socioeconomic systems to work that challenges the globalization of corporate consumerism through an insistence on participatory democracy in the work settings and the defense of the human rights of workers.