cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical Modelling Of Induction-Linac Driven Free-Electron Lasers

The free-electron laser simulation code FRED, developed at LLNL primarily to model single-pass free-electron laser (FEL) amplifiers driven by induction linear accelerators, is described. The main emphasis is on the modelling of optical propagation in the laser, and on the differences between the requirements for modelling rf-linac-driven vs. induction-linac-driven FEL's. Examples of optical guiding and mode cleanup are presented for a 50 pm FEL.
Lignin valorization by forming thermally stimulated shape memory copolymeric elastomers—Partially crystalline hyperbranched polymer as crosslinks

Lignin based thermal-responsive elastomers were produced by a melt polycondensation reaction with a long alkyl chain hyperbranched poly(ester-amine-amide) (B3-A2-CB3 1 ). The effect of lignin content on elastomers properties was investigated. The thermal and mechanical properties of the copolymers were characterized by DMA, DSC, and TGA. The morphology of the copolymer was examined by SEM. Tensile properties were dominated by HBP 25% content. The copolymers glass transition temperature (Tg) increased with lignin content. The elastomer with 30% lignin content demonstrated optimal mechanical properties (tensile strength 5.3 MPa, Young's modulus 8.9 MPa, strain at break 301%, and toughness 1.03 GPa). Thermally stimulated dual shape memory effects (SME) of the copolymers were quantified by cyclic thermomechanical tests. The transition temperature (Ttrans) of the polymer was able to be controlled (room to body temperature) by varying the amount of lignin added which broadens the range to medical applications. V C 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41103.
Neural systems integration

A need is identified to build models of the central nervous system that are semi-complete, applied within multiple contexts to multiple tasks, using methodologies that span multiple levels of abstraction. The issues and constraints in building such models are discussed with respect to completeness, validation, cost, scalability and robustness. An approach currently being explored is described that is suited to the creation of large heterogenous models by small independently collaborating research groups. It is based on a network model interface, a software wrapper that abstracts the interaction between a generic component and a generic framework.
Modular Symbols for Q-Rank One Groups and Voronı Reduction

Abstract LetGbe a reductive algebraic group of Q -rank one associated to a self-adjoint homogeneous cone defined over Q , and letΓ⊂Gbe a torsion-free arithmetic subgroup. Letdbe the cohomological dimension ofΓ. We present an algorithm to compute the action of the Hecke operators onHd(Γ; Z ). This generalizes the classical modular symbol algorithm, whenΓ⊂SL2( Z ), to a setting including Bianchi groups and Hilbert modular groups. In addition, we generalize some results of Voronoi for real positive-definite quadratic forms to self-adjoint homogeneous cones of arbitrary Q -rank.
An enantiospecific synthesis of the spiroketal portion of avermectin B1a

Abstract The acetonide of (3S,5S)-5,6-dihydroxy-3-p-methoxybenzyloxyhexanal, prepared from laevoglucosan, reacted with the cerium derivative of (3S,4R,5S)-3,5-dimethyl-4-t-butyldimethyl silyloxy-1-heptyne, prepared from (2S)-2-methylbutanol, to give a carbinol that was converted in four steps to the spiroketal segment of avermectin B 1a .
Recent Patterns of Psychoactive Drug Use Among College Students: The Inhalants

Abstract The inhalants, a diverse group of substances that change from a liquid to a gaseous state at room temperature to produce psychoactive vapors, are among the most complex, most perplexing, and sometimes the most pernicious of all mood-altering drugs used by college students. They not only pose a hazard to physical and psychological health, they also cause hundreds of sudden and unexpected deaths. This paper reviews the current trends and patterns of inhalant use, describes the history of their use and their pharmacology, and discusses their adverse effects on the human mind and body.
Enhanced differentiation of human neural crest stem cells towards the Schwann cell lineage by aligned electrospun fiber matrix

Human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) provide a promising cell source for generating Schwann cells in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and traumatic injuries in the peripheral nervous system. Influencing cell behavior through a synthetic matrix topography has been shown to be an effective approach to directing stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Here we have investigated the effect of nanofiber topography on the differentiation of human embryonic stem cell-derived NCSCs towards the Schwann cell lineage. Using electrospun fibers of different diameters and alignments we demonstrated that aligned fiber matrices effectively induced cell alignment, and that fiber matrices with average diameters of 600nm and 1.6μm most effectively promoted NCSC differentiation towards the Schwann cell lineage compared with random fibers and two-dimensional tissue culture plates. More importantly, human NCSCs that were predifferentiated in Schwann cell medium for 2weeks exhibited higher sensitivity to the aligned fiber topography than undifferentiated NCSCs. This study provides an efficient protocol for Schwann cell derivation by combining an aligned nanofiber matrix and an optimized differentiation medium, and highlights the importance of matching extrinsic matrix signaling with cell intrinsic programming in a temporally specific manner.
Mango marketing system in selected areas of Bangladesh

This study was carried out to identify the most efficient and suitable marketing channels of mango in some selected areas of Bangladesh by using primary data collected randomly from 90 farmers and 55 traders. Out of 55 traders, 15 were Bairals, 15 were Beparis. 9 Aratdar (local), 6 Aratdar (urban), 10 Retailers (both local and urban). According to the volume of mango handled and longevity or participation of the intermediaries in the channel, five major channels were identified as dominant in the study areas. The channel Farmer Bairal- BepariAratdar (Dhaka)-Retailer (Dhaka)-Consumer ranked first. The results showed that channel V, Farmer-Retailer Consumer, possesses the highest marketing efficiency followed by channel IV, III, and II. The performance indicators revealed that the channel I and channel II were not relatively efficient in the mango producing regions. Unstable price of mango was the first rank problem in the study area. Establishment of mango processing plant in the intensive growing areas may be the remedy of the problem, which will ensure fair prices for the farmer.
Comparing the Recalcitrance of Eucalyptus, Pine, and Switchgrass Using Ionic Liquid and Dilute Acid Pretreatments

Pine, eucalyptus, and switchgrass were evaluated for the production of fermentable sugars via ionic liquid and dilute acid pretreatments and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. The results show that among the three feedstocks, switchgrass has the highest sugar yields and faster hydrolysis rates for both pretreatment technologies by achieving 48 % (dilute acid) and 96 % (ionic liquid) sugar yields after 24 h. Of the two wood species, eucalyptus has a higher and faster sugar recovery after ionic liquid pretreatment than pine (93 vs. 62 % in 24 h) under 160 °C for 3 h with [C2mim][OAc]. Pretreatment of pine and eucalyptus is observed to be ineffective under 1.2 % dilute acid condition and 160 °C for 15 min, indicating that further enhancement of reaction temperature or acid concentration is necessary to increase the digestibility of pretreated materials. Raman spectroscopy data show that the extent of lignin depolymerization that occurs during pretreatment also varies for the three different feedstocks. Under similar hemicellulose removal conditions, lignin removal in ionic liquid pretreatment can help improve cellulose conversion. This finding may help explain the observed variation in the saccharification yields and kinetics. These results indicate that ionic liquid pretreatment not only improved saccharification over dilute acid for all three feedstocks but also better dealt with the differences among them, suggesting better tolerance to feedstock variability.
Topical Review: Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System in Children. Part III: Space-Occupying Lesions

In the last part of this three-part review of parasitic infections of the central nervous system in children, we consider parasites which due to their size, distribution, or the nature of the host response, tend to cause focal lesions in the brain and spinal cord and therefore present as space-occupying lesions which occasionally mimic malignant tumors. As in Parts I and II, infections are grouped according to their predominant geographic area. Such infections include cysticercosis, one of the more common and important infections of the central nervous system. (J Child Neurol 1995; 10:177-190).
Leeches. Objective monitoring of altered perfusion in congested flaps.

• In plastic and reconstructive surgery, there has been new interest in the use of the medicinal leech ( Hirudo medicinalis ) for the treatment of venous congestion. To the best of our knowledge, no study has been performed to objectively demonstrate the benefits of leeching a congested flap. Doppler laser perfusion monitoring (DLPM) was used to record blood flow changes in pig rump flaps compromised by venous occlusion. With the application of leeches to nine congested pig rump flaps, significant increases in blood flow were demonstrated both clinically and by DLPM. It is concluded from this study that DLPM can demonstrate objective improvement in microcirculatory perfusion with leeching. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1988;114:1395-1399)
Transcendentally small transversality in the rapidly forced pendulum

The rapidly forced pendulum equation with forcing δ sin((t/e), where δ=<δ0ep,p = 5, forδ 0,e sufficiently small, is considered. We prove that stable and unstable manifolds split and that the splitting distanced(t) in the ( $$\dot x$$ ,t) plane satisfiesd(t) = πδ sin(t/e) sech(π/2e) +O(δ 0 δ exp(−π/2e)) (2.3a) and the angle of transversal intersection,ψ, in thet = 0 section satisfiesψ ∼ 2 tanψ/2 = 2S s = (πδ/2e) sech(π/2e) +O((δ 0 δ/e) exp(−π/2e)) (2.3b) It follows that the Melnikov term correctly predicts the exponentially small splitting and angle of transversality. Our method improves a previous result of Holmes, Marsden, and Scheuerle. Our proof is elementary and self-contained, includes a stable manifold theorem, and emphasizes the phase space geometry.
GRASP: a novel heparin-binding serum glycoprotein that mediates oligodendrocyte-substratum adhesion.

Cell-substratum adhesion plays a crucial part in the cascade of events that control growth or turn on and consummate a differentiation program. We are investigating the molecular basis of oligodendrocyte (OLG) cytodifferentiation, employing pure cultures of OLGs isolated from postmyelination brains. We have shown that such OLGs will regenerate in vitro and reenact the ontogenic development of myelin, but to do so they need a signal. Adherence to a polylysine surface in the presence of 20% horse serum generates such a signal. Among the events that are turned on upon OLG adhesion is the phosphorylation of myelin basic protein; no such phosphorylation takes place in the non-adhered cell. We postulated that horse serum provides an adhesion molecule. Laminin, fibronectin, collagen and native vitronectin failed to replace horse serum. Hence, we set out to fractionate horse serum by screening with an adhesion assay. We report here the identification, purification and partial characterization of a novel, heparin-binding horse serum glycoprotein that we have termed Glycine-Rich Adhesion Serum Protein--GRASP--to stress the fact that this protein has a high content of glycine and functions, in vitro, as an adhesion molecule for OLGs. There is 61% similarity at the N-terminus between GRASP and histidine-rich glycoprotein precursor (HRGP), an alpha 2-glycoprotein from human plasma. However, our data suggest that GRASP is not the horse serum homolog of HRGP. First, the two Gps are functionally distinct: HRGP does not promote the adhesion of OLGs. Second, the amino acid compositions differ significantly, e.g., GRASP is not histidine- but rather glycine-rich. Third, the region of sequence similarity between GRASP and HRGP is conserved throughout the cystatin superfamily. Fourth, anti-Gp55 polyclonal Abs recognize a similar set of polypeptides--save for slight differences in M(r)-in human serum as in horse serum, indicating that HRGP and GRASP are two distinct but related proteins and are both present in human and horse sera. GRASP is a dimer trimer of seemingly identical subunits of M(r) approximately 55,000 ; the native protein has an M(r) x 10(-3) approximately 120-140, of which 24-27% is contributed by carbohydrate. Using GRASP as a substratum allows the growth of OLGs in serum-free medium. GRASP is as good an effector of myelin basic protein phosphorylation as 20% horse serum. We conjecture that the mechanism of GRASP function features: 1) exposure of a cryptic sequence--after a change in conformation induced upon binding to polylysine--with affinity for an OLG signal-transducing receptor; and 2) interaction of its heparin-binding domain with OLG surface heparin sulfate proteoglycans and/or the aforementioned receptor.
Incremental and adaptive front-end fusion

This paper describes an incremental and adaptive front-end fusion system capable of providing accurate 3D models of the world using a single RGB camera. This is ideal for robotic platforms operating in indoor environments, where there is a need for high fidelity in the reconstruction of the world but at a low memory usage and computational cost. Our algorithm expands on previous volumetric variational approaches for 3D reconstruction by providing two main key features. The first is a novel incremental method for updating the cost volume which removes the need of keeping hundreds of multi-view comparison images, thus reducing the overall processing time and memory storage of the system. The second feature is a method for dynamically adapting the minimum and maximum depth limits of the cost volume as it adjusts to changes in scene depth, thus achieving optimum resolution in the 3D reconstruction.
Plasmonics: A shifting perspective

Wavelength converters typically rely on inefficient nonlinear light–matter interactions or electro–optic effects. Researchers in the USA have now demonstrated a low-power and broadband all-optical wavelength shifter, which has the potential to fit on a single optical chip.
Impact to the Base of the Palm

This study exposed subjects to impacts to the base of the palm using a pendulum of different masses, possessing different energy levels and different velocities. Force sensing resistors were affixed to the thenar and hypothenar eminences of the hand. The subjects' perception of the severity of the impact, the total area of the force time graph, and the maximum acceleration of the force on the palm were measured and are reported on in this paper. Analyses of variance and stepwise regressions were used to determine the pertinent variables affecting the dependent measures. From the ANOVAs, Energy, Velocity, and to a lesser degree Mass affect the three dependent measures of impact measured. Gender only affected the psychophysical measure and then in conflicting ways. From the regression analyses, Energy appears to be the most important variable in affecting the physical and psychophysical results of an impact and larger skinfold thickness seems to ameliorate the severity of the impact.
Vectorcardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy

Abstract Increased voltage is only one of several electromotive changes that occur in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). The purpose of this study was to improve the vectorcardiographic diagnosis of LVH by defining criteria based on other QRS changes as well. They were determined by contrasting the VCG's of 200 normal subjects with those of 100 patients who had clinical evidence of pure LVH, and subsequently were tested on 100 consecutive autopsied cases. Voltage criteria were formed using the magnitude of the maximum QRS vector, while additional QRS criteria were developed using the following characteristics of the transverse plane QRS loop found in LVH: leftward displacement of the initial and terminal deflections; increased magnitude of posteriorly directed vectors; prolongation of the time of inscription of the maximum QRS vector; and enlargement of the distal portion of the QRS loop relative to the proximal portion. S-T and T criteria were also determined. When tested on the autopsy series, the 33.3 per cent recognition rate achieved with voltage criteria was increased to 50 per cent with the use of the additional QRS criteria, with no increase in the incidence of false positives. The additional QRS criteria were also shown to be useful in confirming the diagnosis of LVH made by voltage criteria.
A Comparison of AAMFT Approved Supervisors with Master’s and Doctoral Degrees

Given the importance of American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT) Approved Supervisors to education, training, and regulation of marital and family therapists (MFTs), this study used 2001 national survey data to compare master’s prepared AAMFT Approved Supervisors with those who possessed a doctorate. There has been a consistent increase from 1976 when 33% of Approved Supervisors were master’s practitioners until today where they comprise approximately half of the Approved Supervisors respondents. We found modest differences with some overlap between master’s and doctoral supervisors. More doctoral AAMFT Approved Supervisors provided supervision in private practice settings, were involved in professional organizations, had a pluralistic theoretical orientation, and were involved in ongoing MFT scholarship.
Senning's Procedure for Transposition of the Great Arteries

The outlook for children with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) improved dramatically with the advent of the atrial repair. This procedure, first successfully performed by Ake Senning, followed years of unsuccessful attempts at correction by a number of surgeons using a variety of techniques. Senning's procedure expanded on the concept experimentally proposed by Albert of redirecting venous return at the atrial level to achieve physiological correction. The Senning procedure was largely abandoned when Mustard's technique was introduced in 1964, but has enjoyed a resurgence as a number of its potential advantages became more fully appreciated. Today, patients with TGA are increasingly undergoing repair by the arterial switch technique. Not all patients, however, are suitable candidates for this approach, and its success will be measured against the ingenious procedure described by Senning more than a quarter of a century ago.
The juxtaposition of a promoter with a locus control region transcriptional domain activates gene expression.

Nonlinear chromatin configurations can juxtapose widely separated elements within a genomic locus; however, it remains unclear how these structures are established and contribute to transcriptional control. A 5′‐remote locus control region (LCR) regulates the human growth hormone ( hGH‐N ) gene. HSI, a pituitary‐specific component of the hGH LCR, establishes a domain of polymerase II (PolII) transcription 5′ to hGH‐N . Repression of this transcriptional domain by HSI deletion or PolII blockade decreases hGH‐N expression. Here, we show that hGH‐N activation is accompanied by positioning of the hGH‐N promoter to this LCR transcriptional domain. Selectively blocking LCR transcription inhibits the formation of this active ‘looped’ conformation. Thus, HSI is crucial for establishing a domain of noncoding PolII transcription, and this domain is intimately linked with chromatin organization of the active hGH‐N locus. This integration of LCR transcription with chromatin reconfiguration constitutes a robust pathway for long‐range gene activation.
State-Dependent Utilities

Several axiom systems for preference among acts lead to the existence of a unique probability and a state-independent utility such that acts are ranked according to their expected utilities. These axioms have been used as a foundation for Bayesian decision theory and the subjective probability calculus. In this paper, we note that the uniqueness of the probability is relative to the choice of what counts as a constant outcome. Although it is sometimes clear what should be considered constant, there are many cases in which there are several possible choices. Each choice can lead to a different “unique” probability and utility. By focusing attention on state-dependent utilities, we determine conditions under which a truly unique probability and utility can be determined from an agent’s expressed preferences among acts. Suppose that an agent’s preference can be represented in terms of a probability P and a utility U. That is, the agent prefers one act to another if and only if the expected utility of the one act is higher than that of the other. There are many other equivalent representations in terms of probabilities Q, which are mutually absolutely continuous with P, and state-dependent utilities V, which differ from U by possibly different positive affine transformations in each state of nature. An example is described in which two different but equivalent state-independent utility representations exist for the same preference structure. What differs between the two representations is which acts count as constants. The acts involve receiving different amounts of one or the other of two currencies and the states are different exchange rates between the currencies. It is easy to see how it would not be possible for constant amounts of both currencies to simultaneously have constant values across the different states. Savage (Foundations of statistics. John Wiley, New York, 1954, sec. 5.5) discovered a situation in which two seemingly equivalent preference structures are represented by different pairs of probability and utility. Savage attributed the phenomenon to the construction of a “small world”. We show that the small world problem is just another example of two different, but equivalent, representations treating different acts as constants. Finally, we prove a theorem (similar to one of Karni, Decision making under uncertainty. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1985) that shows how to elicit a unique state-dependent utility and does not assume that there are prizes with constant value. To do this, we define a new hypothetical kind of act in which both the prize to be awarded and the state of nature are determined by an auxiliary experiment.
920 EFFECTS OF STEROID HORMONES ON IMMUNOGLOBULIN PRODUCTION IN ADULT AMD CORD BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES

920 EFFECTS OF STEROID HORMONES ON IMMUNOGLOBULIN PRODUCTION IN ADULT AMD CORD BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES
High potassium selective permeability and extracellular ion regulation in the glial perineurium (blood-brain barrier) of the crayfish.

Abstract Selective ion permeability, ion transport properties, and electrical resistance of the perineurial barrier, as they relate to interstitial ion regulation, where studied and characterized electrophysiologically in ion substitution experiments. In high external [K + ] a transient spike-like voltage was generated across the perineurial barrier which fell over 1–2 min to a slowly decaying voltage. The glial perineurium had at least a 10 times greater permeability to K + than Cl − , and was effectively impermeant to Na + . The potential, in high external [K + ], was determined by the K + and Cl − gradients and their relative permeabilities across the sheath. For other cations the selectivity sequence of the perineurial barrier, as determined from electrophysiological measurements, was K + ⩾ Rb + « NH + 4 > Cs + > Li + > Na + corresponding most closely to the Eisenman sequence IV. The perineurium had a resistance of 260 ± 23 Ω cm 2 in crayfish physiological solution. In high [K + ] 0 the resistance fell by over half during the transient spike potential and then recovered towards resting levels as the voltage decayed. In the intact nerve cord interstitial [K + ] rose to only 10–20 mM during a 2-min exposure to 100 mM K + 0 . K influx and efflux were related to the change in barrier permeability and an increased selectivity to K + which, in these studies, was determined primarily by its electrochemical gradient across the perineurial barrier. The results suggest that the crayfish perineurium is a leaky epithelium capable of a high degree of ion regulation. Trans-perineurial barrier potential and conductance in high external [K + ] are primarily functions of passive processes of the perineurial glial cell membranes and of the paracellular conductance channels driven by the electrochemical gradient for the K + . Accordingly, the mass transport of [K + ] showed the same quantitative relationship in both directions.
Biometrics-Based Authentication: A New Approach

Authentication is a fundamental issue to any trust-oriented computing system and also a critical part in many security protocols. Performing authentication is notoriously difficult. Biometrics has been widely used and adopted as a promising authentication method due to its advantages over some existing methods, particularly, its resistance to losses incurred by theft of passwords and smart cards. However, biometrics introduces its own challenges, such as being irreplaceable once compromised. Moreover, the use of biometrics introduces privacy concern. In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective biometrics-based authentication solution. The proposed approach introduces new constructs - Reference Subject and Biometric Capsule, and stores the ``difference'' (called Biometric Capsule) between the user and the Reference Subject for authentication without revealing a user's original biometric information. This approach supports replaceability and protect users' privacy. Moreover, the proposed approach creates more advantages: (a) {\it being user-friendly} without any additional burden on users and possessing {\it one-for-all} power; (b) {\it being generic} enough to be applied to various biometrics (e.g., fingerprint, face, iris) or combinations of them; and (c) {\it being adaptive} in terms of security and privacy to fit different authentication models, application requirements, available resources, and trusted or non-fully-trusted environments. The experimental results on iris validate its performance and prove it a practical mechanism.
Effects of multiple competitors for pollination on bumblebee foraging patterns and Mimulus ringens reproductive success

When co-occurring plant species overlap in fl owering phenology they may compete for the service of shared pollinators. Competition for pollination may lower plant reproductive success by reducing the number of pollinator probes or by decreasing the quality of pollen transport to or from a focal species. Pair-wise interactions between plants sharing pollinators have been well documented. However, relatively few studies have examined interactions for pollination among three or more plant species, and little is known about how the outcomes and mechanisms of competition for pollination may vary with competitor species composition. To better understand how the dynamics of competition for pollination may be infl uenced by changes in the number of competitors, we manipulated the presence of two competitors, Lythrum salicaria and Lobelia siphilitica , and quantifi ed reproductive success for a third species, Mimulus ringens . Patterns of pollinator preference and interspecifi c transitions in mixed-species arrays were signifi cantly infl uenced by the species composition of competitor plants present. Both pair-wise and three-species competition treatments led to a similar ∼ 40% reduction in Mimulus ringens seed set. However, the patterns of pollinator foraging we observed suggest that the relative importance of diff erent mechanisms of competition for pollination may vary with the identity and number of competitors present. Th is variation in mechanisms of competition for pollination may be especially important in diverse plant communities where many species interact through shared pollinators.
Stochastic Evolutionary Dynamics: Drift versus Draft

In a small handful of papers in theoretical population genetics, John Gillespie (2000a, 2000b, 2001) argues that a new stochastic process he calls “genetic draft” is evolutionarily more significant than genetic drift. This case study of chance in evolution explores Gillespie’s proposed stochastic evolutionary force and sketches the implications of Gillespie’s argument for philosophers’ explorations of genetic drift.
A high voltage pulsed power system for repetitive vircator testing

The University of Missouri - Columbia (UMC) is beginning research into high power microwaves and their effects upon various systems. A high power microwave (HPM) laboratory is, therefore, being established at UMC to provide the capacity to perform the tests. The initial HPM source will be based on a virtual cathode oscillator, or vircator. The vircator requires a stable pulse-top voltage and will be required to be repetitively driven. The UMC has modified an existing repetitive pulse generator to achieve the required pulse characteristics. The UMC vircators will be driven by a water pulse forming line output whose output pulse is transformed to higher voltage by an induction voltage adder cell. The coaxial water pulse forming line (PFL) has an impedance of 4.8 Ω and produces a 150 kV pulse that is 70 ns in length into a matched-impedance load. A modulator has been developed to provide the requisite 365 J energy pulse at repetition frequencies up to 40 pps in continuous mode operation. The output voltage from the PFL is delivered to a matched-impedance transmission line and transformed to 300 kV by an induction voltage adder to provide sufficient voltage for the vircator to operate efficiently. Simulations of the driver connected to a vircator model were used to verify performance. Simulation results are discussed showing driver performance under rep-rate conditions.
Asynchronous Logic Implementation of Tree-Structured SISOs

Tree-structured soft-in/soft-out (SISO) processors provide an exponential speed-up relative to the standard forward-backward algorithm (FBA). These tree-SISOs were originally described analogously to fast tree-structured adders and later as standard message-passing on a binary tree graphical model for a finite state machine (FSM). In this paper, we summarize and unify these theoretical results and also summarize recent efforts to implement high-speed iterative decoders based on tree-SISOs. Specifically, we design a tree-SISO based on a traditional synchronous design flow and another based on our asynchronous design flow. The asynchronous design offers significant advantages in terms of throughput/area of the resulting high-speed iterative decoder at the cost of some additional energy consumption.
Gravity measurements at sea, 1952 and 1953

As a continuation of the long-range program of gravity measurements at sea, 489 new measurements were made during 1952 and 1953. In USS Toro (SS 422), USS Corsair (SS 435), and USS Diablo (SS 479), 209 measurements were made in the Atlantic Ocean from the Gulf of Maine to the British West Indies and Puerto Rico. In USS Redfish (SS 395) (two cruises) and USS Bugara (SS 331), 280 measurements were made in the Pacific Ocean from San Diego, California, to the Beaufort Sea with crossings to Hawaii. Instrumental improvements include a clamping mechanism to insure positional control of the light trace indicating tilt of the main pendulum swinging plane and additional level bubbles for observing this tilt.
Automated support for external consistency

Two models are presented of how to achieve an external-consistency objective motivated by the enterprise integrity of D.D. Clark and D.R. Wilson. The authors' notion of external consistency deals with the correctness of both assertions-propositions claimed to be true by their source-and requests-commands, authorizations, and similar sentences intended to change their source's environment. Each model considers assertions and requests from the perspective of both users and the automated system; this gives rise to defined responsibilities and requirements for both. The first, simple model assumes that users can reliably provide correct inputs to the automated system. The second model, taking a more realistic view of human enterprises, assumed that only experienced users have such capabilities. In both cases, the primary requirement imposed on the automated system is that it produces correct outputs provided enough of its inputs are correct. The authors call this an 'output warranty' requirement in reference to the vendor's responsibility for the quality of the automated system. >
Measurement of the mean-field interaction in a strongly-interacting Fermi gas

Summary form only given. We release a strongly-interacting, two-component Fermi gas from an optical trap. From the release energy, we determine an important, universal many-body parameter: the ratio of the mean-field energy to the local Fermi energy.
Making the Effort: The Contours of Racial Discrimination in Detroit’s Labor Markets, 1920–1940

In 1940 the Ford Motor Company employed half of the black men in Detroit but only 14 percent of the whites. We find that black Detroiters were concentrated at Ford because they were excluded from working elsewhere. Those most affected were young married black men. A Ford job was virtually the only opportunity they had to earn a family wage; but to keep it, they had to put out the extra effort that Ford required. White married men in Detroit had better employment opportunities elsewhere, so they tended to avoid Ford or leave very quickly.
Premature epiphyseal closure in a child receiving oral 13-cis-retinoic acid

A boy with epidermolytic hyperkeratosis was treated systemically for 4½ years with 13- cis -retinoic acid. At the age of 10½ years, he developed pain in his right knee and radiographic evidence of partial closure of the proximal epiphysis of the right tibia. Similar radiographic changes have been described in individuals ingesting excessive amounts of vitamin A.
Adaptation and mitigation strategies in agriculture: an analysis of potential synergies

As climate changes due to rising concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, agriculture will be one of the key human activities affected. Projections show that while overall global food production in the coming decades may keep pace with the food requirements of a growing world population, climate change might worsen existing regional disparities because it will reduce crop yields mostly in lands located at lower latitudes where many developing countries are situated. Strategies to enhance local adaptation capacity are therefore needed to minimize climatic impacts and to maintain regional stability of food production. At the same time, agriculture as a sector offers several opportunities to mitigate the portion of global greenhouse gas emissions that are directly dependent upon land use, land-use change, and land-management techniques. This paper reviews issues of agriculture and climate change, with special attention to adaptation and mitigation. Specifically, as adaptation and mitigation strategies in agriculture are implemented to alleviate the potential negative effects of climate change, key synergies need to be identified, as mitigation practices may compete with modifications to local agricultural practices aimed at maintaining production and income. Under future climate and socio-economic pressures, land managers and farmers will be faced with challenges in regard to selecting those mitigation and adaptation strategies that together meet food, fiber and climate policy requirements.
Domain Restriction and the Arguments of Quantificational Determiners

Classical generalized quantifier (GQ) theory posits that quantificational determiners (Q-dets) combine with a nominal argument of type et, a first order predicate, to form a GQ. In a recent paper, Matthewson (200 1 ) challenges this position by arguing that the domain of a Q-det is not of type et, but e, an entity. In this paper, I defend the classical GQ view, and argue that the data that motivated Matthewson' s revision actually suggest that the domain set can, and indeed in certain languages must, be contextually restricted overtly. First, I show that the central predictions of Matthewson' s proposal are too strong. The core facts are then reconsidered in the light of the hypothesis that what looks like e-formation is in fact an operation of domain restriction on the nominal argument. The implication of this analysis is that languages vary with respect to whether they overtly encode contextual restriction in the QP: languages like St' at' imcets Salish do, but languages like English resort to an implicit or covert strategy (and may allow overt restriction of a particular type only on occasion). This conclusion presents a refinement of what Neale ( 1 990) and von Fintel ( 1998) call the 'explicit' strategy of contextual restriction, i .e . the claim that domain restriction is always encoded syntactically (for recent variants see Marti 200 1 , Stanley 2002, Stanley and Szabo 2000) . What I will be showing here suggests that it matters whether a language implements restriction overtly or covertly, and where it is implemented: on the nominal argument, or on the Q-det itself. Most significantly , the specific choice will have consequences for the determiner system itself. In the overt strategy language types, Q-dets will always operate on restricted nominal domains-but in covert or implicit strategy languages there will be room for Q-dets that are not restricted, in agreement with what is observed in the literature (e.g . Cooper 1996, von Fintel 1998 and references therein). Typically, weak indefinite-like Q-dets, e .g . (modified) numerals, and Q-dets like few, many, several, etc . have been argued to not be contextually restricted the way strong Q-dets like every and each are. We would not expect to find such cases in St' at' imcets Salish-or if we do, we would expect a different syntactic pattern to arise. The impact of this distinction carries over to non-quantificational DPs, i .e . what would be the corresponding definite and indefinite DPs of the form the NP and a NP in a language like English. In an overt strategy language like St' at' imcets Salish where determiners must combine with overtly restricted nominal arguments, the distinction between definites and indefinites will be rendered superfluous: because they will always refer to a contextually salient set of individuals , in this state of affairs, definites as well as indefinites will be
Leukocyte-specific expression of the pp52 (LSP1) promoter is controlled by the cis-acting pp52 silencer and anti-silencer elements

pp52 (LSP1) is a leukocyte-specific phosphoprotein that binds the cytoskeleton and has been implicated in affecting cytoskeletal remodeling in a variety of leukocyte functions, including cell motility and chemotaxis. The expression of pp52 is restricted to leukocytes by a 549 bp tissue-specific promoter. Here, we show that promoter fragments smaller than the 549 bp pp52 promoter have activity in fibroblasts where pp52 is not normally expressed. Specifically, a truncated construct (+1 to -99) functioned as a basal promoter active in leukocytes and fibroblasts. We identified two upstream regions within the 549 bp pp52 promoter responsible for restricting pp52 promoter activity in fibroblasts. These two regions contained a silencer (pp52 NRE) and an anti-silencer (pp52 anti-NRE) with opposing activities controlling pp52 gene expression. The pp52 NRE was active in both leukocytes and fibroblasts while the pp52 anti-NRE was only active in leukocytes, thereby allowing pp52 gene transcription in leukocytes but not in fibroblasts. The pp52 NRE was localized to an 89 bp DNA segment between -324 and -235 in the 549 bp pp52 promoter and functioned as an active silencer element in a position and orientation independent manner. The pp52 anti-NRE was localized to a 33 bp segment between -383 and -350 of the 549 bp pp52 promoter and acted as an anti-silencer element against the pp52 NRE, but lacked any intrinsic enhancing activity on its own. These findings indicate that the tissue specificity of the pp52 promoter is determined by the pp52 anti-NRE anti-silencer which over-rides the general inhibitory activity of the pp52 NRE silencer.
A Peptidomimetic Approach to Targeting Pre-amyloidogenic States in Type II Diabetes

Protein fiber formation is associated with diseases ranging from Alzheimer's to type II diabetes. For many systems, including islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) from type II diabetes, fibrillogenesis can be catalyzed by lipid bilayers. Paradoxically, amyloid fibers are β sheet rich while membrane-stabilized states are α-helical. Here, a small molecule α helix mimetic, IS5, is shown to inhibit bilayer catalysis of fibrillogenesis and to rescue IAPP-induced toxicity in cell culture. Importantly, IAPP:IS5 interactions localize to the putative α-helical region of IAPP, revealing that α-helical states are on pathway to fiber formation. IAPP is not normally amyloidogenic as its cosecreted partner, insulin, prevents self-assembly. Here, we show that IS5 inhibition is synergistic with insulin. IS5 therefore represents a new approach to amyloid inhibition as the target is an assembly intermediate that may additionally restore functional IAPP expression.
Tattoo stories: A postscript to skins

This essay and accompanying script describe the author's search for a mode of scholarship suitable for the expression of passion and spirit within the communal narrative of academe.
Stimulators for psychogalvanic testing, with special reference to clinical audiometry.

Electrical stimuli have long been used in physiological and clinical studies of living tissue. Any apparatus designed to deliver an electrical discharge or shock for these purposes is called a stimulator.
Myoclonus and neurodegenerative disease--what's in a name?

Myoclonus is a clinical symptom (or sign) defined as sudden, brief, shock-like, involuntary movements caused by muscular contractions or inhibitions. It may be classified by examination findings, etiology, or physiological characteristics. The main physiological categories for myocolonus are cortical, cortical-subcortical, subcortical, segmental, and peripheral. Neurodegenerative syndromes are potential causes of symptomatic myoclonus. Such syndromes include multiple system atrophy, corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17, Huntington's disease, dentato-rubro-pallido-luysian atrophy, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease, and other Lewy body disorders. Each neurodegenerative syndrome can have overlapping as well as distinctive clinical neurophysiological properties. However, claims of differentiating between neurodegenerative disorders by using the presence or absence of small amplitude distal action myclonus appear unwarranted. When the myoclonus is small and repetitive, it may not be possible to distinguish it from tremor by phenotypic appearance alone. In this case, clinical neurophysiological offers an opportunity to provide greater differentiation of the phenomenon. More study of the myoclonus in neurodegenerative disease will lead to a better understanding of the processes that cause phenotypic variability among these disorders.
A High Resolution, High Efficiency Proportional Counter X-Ray Camera

A high-resolution, high-efficiency, gas-filled, position-sensitive x-ray camera for diagnostic Nuclear Medicine will be described. The simple integral parallel hole collimator allows a spatial resolution of less than 1 mm. and holds down the front foil allowing the counter to be pressurized to greater than 10 atmospheres for high efficiency.
CO2 transport over complex terrain

CO2 transport processes relevant for estimating net ecosystem exchange (NEE) at the Niwot Ridge AmeriFlux site in the front range of the Rocky Mountains, Colorado, USA, were investigated during a pilot experiment. We found that cold, moist, and CO2rich air was transported downslope at night and upslope in the early morning at this forest site situated on a � 5% east-facing slope. We found that CO2 advection dominated the total CO2 transport in the NEE estimate at night although there are large uncertainties because of partial cancellation of horizontal and vertical advection. The horizontal CO2 advection captured not only the CO2 loss at night, but also the CO2 uptake during daytime. We found that horizontal CO2 advection was significant even during daytime especially whenturbulentmixingwas notsignificant, such as inearly morningand evening transitionperiodsand withinthe canopy. Similar processes can occur anywhere regardless of whether flow is generated by orography, synoptic pressure gradients, or surface heterogeneity as long as CO2 concentration is not well mixed by turbulence. The long-term net effect of all the CO2 budget terms on estimates of NEE needs to be investigated. # 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Reflections on reflections: dialectical commentaries on gender and class in NTAE production

We can appreciate Gunawardana's reflections on, ''Renegotiating gender and class in the berry fields of Michoacan, Mexico,'' for providing a broad, global sweep on the nature of industrialization within which my own work is situated. We need both these encompassing accounts and the complementarity of specific, regional histories as well as more ethnographically grounded understandings to frame the wider patterns of change without losing sight of human actors and the specific diversities in forms of social, economic, and political transformations. As Roseberry's (1989) critical admiration of Eric Wolf's (1982) work clarified, Wolf accomplishes the daunting task of a global synthesis that encompasses structural transformations and processes of power and domination from a Marxist perspective, yet the short cycles and cultural questions are neglected in his presentation of long cycles of structural changes. Gunawardana also raises three issues regarding migration, resistance, and ''race.'' Gunawardana rightly questions the important issue of migration, and we want further insight into how migration, class, and gender intersect dialectically. It would be erroneous, however, even in a historical moment of globalization and free trade, to a priori assume that particular regions share an essentialized history of labor migration with other parts of the global system of flexible labor fed by patterns of migration. The maquiladora zone has not been a primary destination of either men or women in the Los Reyes region. Eighty-seven percent of households in the research community have sent from at least one to multiple family members into migration streams. Two-thirds of these are men and one-third women, yet only four percent identified Tijuana or the border region as their destination. Only one woman had worked in the maquiladora zone. We must recall the agency of women in making migration decisions to a border characterized by flexible labor and exploitation. When higher wages ensure more income in the North than in the