cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multivisceral Resection in Rectal Cancer

The treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer (T3/4 or N1/2) is challenging and requires a multidisciplinary approach including diagnostic radiology, medical oncology, pathology, radiation therapy, and surgery. Unlike many solid tumors, locally advanced or locally invasive rectal cancer is not necessarily unresectable (Lopez 2001). Indeed, over the past 30 years, it has been shown that a significant percentage of even large colorectal tumors remain localized and do not metastasize; therefore, en-bloc resection with clear margins can lead to cure (Lopez 2001; Gebhardt et al. 1999, Nakafusa et al. 2004; Lehnert et al. 2002; Klaassen et al. 2004; Govindarajan et al. 2006). In a study by Spratt and Spjut involving examination of more than 1,000 colorectal tumors, two-thirds of the large or locally invasive tumors had reportedly not metastasized even to locoregional lymph nodes (Spratt and Spjut 1970). However, up to 15% of rectal cancer tumors adhere to or invade adjacent pelvic organs. Since the surgeon cannot easily distinguish a malignant fistula from an inflammatory adhesion (Gebhardt et al. 1999), and because separation of a malignant fistula can lead to local tumor dissemination and recurrence, multivisceral resection should be considered. Advanced planning, with strict adherence to the principles of surgical oncology, is necessary when treating these difficult cases.y approach including diagnostic radiology, medical oncology, pathology, radiation therapy, and surgery. Unlike many solid tumors, locally advanced or locally invasive rectal cancer is not necessarily unresectable (Lopez 2001). Indeed, over the past 30 years, it has been shown that a significant percentage of even large colorectal tumors remain localized and do not metastasize; therefore, en-bloc resection with clear margins can lead to cure (Lopez 2001; Gebhardt et al. 1999; Nakafusa et al. 2004; Lehnert et al. 2002; Klaassen et al. 2004; Govindarajan et al. 2006). In a study by Spratt and Spjut involving examination of more than 1,000 colorectal tumors, two-thirds of the large or locally invasive tumors had reportedly not metastasized to even locoregional lymph nodes (Spratt and Spjut 1970). However, it is important to recognize that up to 15% of rectal cancer tumors will be adherent to or invasive into adjacent pelvic organs. Since the surgeon cannot easily differentiate a malignant fistula from an inflammatory adhesion (Gebhardt et al. 1999), and because separation of a malignant fistula can lead to local tumor dissemination and recurrence, multivisceral resection should be considered. Advanced planning, with strict adherence to the principles of surgical oncology, is necessary when treating these difficult cases.
An Anomalous Branch of the Median Nerve

An anomaly of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel has been described. Emphasis has been given to the value of direct vision when incising the flexor retinaculum.
Selective synthesis of alcohol dehydrogenase during anaerobic treatment of maize

Anaerobic treatment of a maize seedling mediates the synthesis of five major, native proteins and seven polypeptide size-classes; slab polyacrylamide and autoradiographic techniques were used to analyze extracts from single primary roots. The alcohol dehydrogenase-1 polypeptide is most dramatically synthesized and accumulated during anaerobiosis, as compared to aerobic control data. Allozymes were used to identify alcohol dehydrogenase unequivocally. Our results pertain to interpretations of previous studies on the alcohol dehydrogenase gene system in maize, and to work on the stress proteins of Drosophila.
Density Functional Theory in 1997

This paper offers a brief introduction to Density Functional Theory, an assessment of its strengths and weaknesses and a mention of some current developments. It is meant as an introduction to this session.
Food Choice Priorities Change Over Time and Predict Dietary Intake at the End of the First Year of College Among Students in the U.S.

This study assessed food choice priorities (FCP) and associations with consumption of fruits and vegetables (FV), fiber, added sugars from non-beverage sources, and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) among college students. Freshmen from eight U.S. universities (N = 1149) completed the Food Choice Priorities Survey, designed for college students to provide a way to determine the factors of greatest importance regarding food choices, and the NCI Dietary Screener Questionnaire. Changes in FCP and dietary intake from fall 2015 to spring 2016 were assessed. Multiple regression models examined associations between FCP and log-transformed dietary intake, controlling for sex, age, race, and BMI. Participant characteristics and FCP associations were also assessed. FCP importance changed across the freshmen year and significantly predicted dietary intake. The most important FCP were price, busy daily life and preferences, and healthy aesthetic. Students who endorsed healthy aesthetic factors (health, effect on physical appearance, freshness/quality/in season) as important for food choice, consumed more FV and fiber and less added sugar and SSB. Busy daily life and preferences (taste, convenience, routine, ability to feel full) predicted lower FV, higher added sugar, and higher SSB consumption. Price predicted lower FV, higher SSB, and more added sugar while the advertising environment was positively associated with SSB intake. FCP and demographic factors explained between 2%–17% of the variance in dietary intake across models. The strongest relationship was between healthy aesthetic factors and SSB (B = −0.37, p < 0.01). Self-rated importance of factors influencing food choice are related to dietary intake among students. Interventions that shift identified FCP may positively impact students’ diet quality especially considering that some FCP increase in importance across the first year of college.
Large Scale Multilingual Broadcast Data Collection to Support Machine Translation and Distillation Technology Development

The development of technologies to address machine translation and distillation of multilingual broadcast data depends heavily on the collection of large volumes of material from modern data providers. To address the needs of GALE researchers, the Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC) developed a system for collecting broadcast news and conversation from a variety of Arabic, Chinese and English broadcasters. The system is highly automated, easily extensible and robust and is capable of collecting, processing and evaluating hundreds of hours of content from several dozen sources per day. In addition to this extensive system, LDC manages three remote collection sites to maximize the variety of available broadcast data and has designed a portable broadcast collection platform to facilitate remote collection. This paper will present a detailed a description of the design and implementation of LDCs collection system, the technical challenges and solutions to large scale broadcast data collection efforts and an overview of the systems operation. This paper will also discuss the challenges of managing remote collections, in particular, the strategies used to normalize data formats, naming conventions and delivery methods to achieve optimal integration of remotely-collected data into LDCs collection database and downstream tasking workflow.
Dynamic modeling and parameter optimization of a free-piston Vuilleumier heat pump with dwell-based motion

Abstract Free-piston Vuilleumier heat pumps (VHPs) provide unique advantages for residential heating and cooling but require careful selection of machine design parameters to operate correctly, which is the focus of this work. A dynamic model for a free-piston VHP is first developed. Forces including mechanical spring, pressure, friction, gravity, and viscous damping are included. Ten machine design parameters, including displacer masses and spring constants, are optimized using the dynamic model combined with a non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm. An initial design and experimental data for a prototype free-piston VHP is used as the starting point for the optimization. Several sets of optimized machine parameters are found that produce the desired machine motion profile, with little to no external energy input. The optimization results also suggest an improved design that eliminates one of the displacer springs, reducing overall system cost and complexity. The developed optimization approach is applicable to similar free-piston VHPs.
Correction to: Voter ID Laws and Voter Turnout

The name of the third author was incorrect in the initial online publication. The original article has been corrected.
Solving the Mystery of an Outbreak Using the One Health Concept

Zoonotic diseases pass between humans and other animals and are a major global health challenge. Lyme disease, SARS, swine flu, and Ebola are all examples of diseases spilling over to humans from other animals. Students may hear about these outbreaks in the news but learn very little about them in the classroom. We describe an activity designed to teach high school or college students about zoonotic disease outbreaks. This case-based lesson also introduces how habitat disruption can lead to far-reaching impacts on livestock and humans, often indirectly. Collaborative problem solving is used to explore the One Health concept and a real-world spillover event involving Hendra virus. Active learning using a “jigsaw” format to model the value of multiple stakeholders engages students in tracing the path of transmission for a pathogen. The scenario and class activity demonstrate how scientists and health professionals routinely work together to figure out the chain of transmission for a novel pathogen and use this information to limit the spread of disease.
Barriers to CT Dose Optimization: The Challenge of Organizational Change

Background The use of diagnostic imaging with computed tomography (CT) has risen significantly, increasing cumulative life-time exposure to ionizing radiation for patients and raising concerns about increased cancer risk. Lowering the doses would reduce concerns about associated cancer risks. Purpose To determine organizational leaders’ perceptions of barriers to optimizing radiation dose in CT. Materials and Methods An observational study using semistructured interviews conducted with 26 organizational leaders from 19 health care systems in the United States, Europe, and Japan. Interviews focused on approaches the organizations used to optimize radiation dose and barriers encountered. Data were analyzed using a directed content analysis approach. Results Analysis identified six primary barriers to dose optimization: (1) resistance to change, (2) limited time and resources, (3) complex organizational structure, (4) lack of leadership support, (5) variations in CT equipment, and (6) variability in CT protocols. Conclusion Barriers to optimizing CT dose across diverse health care organizations were described by organizational leaders tasked with implementing and improving CT imaging. They identified six consistent themes that reflected barriers to optimizing radiation dose at the organizational level. These barriers impeded efforts by health care organizations to optimize radiation doses to patients from CT imaging. Identifying barriers early in any improvement process is an important first step in making meaningful and sustained change.
Geneivat Da’At: The Prohibition Against Deception in Today's World

This paper explores how Jewish law views geneivat da’at (literally theft of one’s knowledge). This is the term used in Jewish law to indicate deception, cheating, creating a false impression, and/or acquiring undeserved goodwill. Geneivat da’at goes beyond lying. Any words or actions that cause others to form incorrect conclusions about one’s motives might be a violation of this prohibition. One does not have the right to diminish the ability of another person to make a fair and honest evaluation, whether in business or interpersonal relations. Applications to modern situations including accounting, advertising, retailing, cheating on exams, and philanthropy are discussed.
Tumor and Host Determinants of Pulmonary Metastasis in Bladder Cancer

Despite the recent advances in the diagnosis of bladder cancer, ­recurrence after surgical intervention for muscle invasive disease is still problematic as nearly half of patients harbor occult distant metastases. Clinical data from human disease revealed that, invasive and metastatic bladder cancer cells can metastasize to lungs, and this in turn is associated with poor 5-year survival rate. Experimental rodent models of carcinogenesis and metastasis are available to study this phenomenon. Comparative gene expression profiling, proteomic and computational studies identified an intertwined network of metastasis promoters and suppressors that modulate the interactions between the components of the pulmonary milieu and cancer cells inflammatory mediators, ECM molecules, as well as peptide hormones. In this chapter we provide select exemplar of some of the molecular mechanisms underlying lung colonization by bladder cancer.
A Crash Course in Chopinology

As the Western world celebrated the dawn of its third millennium, devotees of nineteenth-century art music started to prepare for a spate of bicentennials. By 2013, Hector Berlioz, Felix Mendelssohn, Robert Schumann, Franz Liszt, Giuseppe Verdi and Richard Wagner had been honoured with symposia, concerts, exhibitions and premieres the world over. These events offered opportunities for participants to take stock of who these composers once were, who they are now, and how they might endure to the next milestone anniversary.
Understanding RNA Binding by the Nonclassical Zinc Finger Protein CPSF30, a Key Factor in Polyadenylation during Pre-mRNA Processing

Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor 30 (CPSF30) is a zinc finger protein that regulates pre-mRNA processing. CPSF30 contains five CCCH domains and one CCHC domain and recognizes two con...
Disease Implications of the Circadian Clocks and Microbiota Interface

Circadian rhythms are closely tied to and regulate a variety of host physiologic functions (e.g., sleep-wake, immune function, metabolism). Emerging evidence has shown that there is an interplay between host circadian rhythms and the gut microbiota. Host circadian rhythm impacts the structure and function of gut microbial community, while in turn the microbiota regulates the host circadian clock and metabolism. Disruption of host rhythms can have detrimental effects on health and have been implicated in metabolic syndrome, gastrointestinal and metabolic diseases, and cancer. In this chapter, we will cover the importance of the bi-directional relationship between circadian rhythms and the intestinal microbiota on host health and disease.
A Preliminary Investigation of Sensation-Seeking and Risk-Based Recreation among College Students: Implications for Intramural and Outdoor Programs

The primary purpose of this study was to examine sensation seeking tendencies and preference for risk-based recreational pursuits among college students who participated in intramural or outdoor programs, as well as students who had not participated in either. Also examined was expressed preference for one type of programming versus the other. The Sensation Seeking Scale Form V (Zuckerman, 1994) and Risk-Based Recreational Desires and Participation Scale were administered to students. Students who participated in outdoor programs (OP) scored higher on sensation seeking exhibiting greater tendencies (e.g., thrill and adventure seeking) than intramural program (IP) participants or nonparticipants (NP). The same was true for students who preferred outdoor versus intramural programming. Males who preferred OP versus IP scored higher on sensation seeking while this was not observed among females. OP participants engaged in more risk-based recreational pursuits than IP or NP, although over half of IP and NP exp...
Molecular detection of microscopic and submicroscopic deletions associated with Miller-Dieker syndrome

Miller-Dieker syndrome (MDS), a disorder manifesting the severe brain malformation lissencephaly ("smooth brain"), is caused, in the majority of cases, by a chromosomal microdeletion of the distal short arm of chromosome 17. Using human chromosome 17-specific DNA probes, we have begun a molecular dissection of the critical region for MDS. To localize cloned DNA sequences to the MDS critical region, a human-rodent somatic cell hybrid panel was constructed which includes hybrids containing the abnormal chromosome 17 from three MDS patients with deletions of various sizes. Three genes (myosin heavy chain 2, tumor antigen p53, and RNA polymerase II) previously mapped to 17p were excluded from the MDS deletion region and therefore are unlikely to play a role in its pathogenesis. In contrast, three highly polymorphic anonymous probes, YNZ22.1 (D17S5), YNH37.3 (D17S28), and 144-D6 (D17S34), were deleted in each of four patients with visible deletions, including one with a ring chromosome 17 that is deleted for a portion of the single telomeric prometaphase subband p13.3. In two MDS patients with normal chromosomes, a combination of somatic cell hybrid, RFLP, and densitometric studies demonstrated deletion for YNZ22.1 and YNH37.3 in the paternally derived 17's of both patients, one of whom is also deleted for 144-D6. The results indicate that MDS can be caused by submicroscopic deletion and raises the possibility that all MDS patients will prove to have deletions at a molecular level. The two probes lie within a critical region of less than 3,000 kb and constitute potential starting points in the isolation of genes implicated in the severe brain maldevelopment in MDS.
Breast cancer survival in African American women: is alcohol consumption a prognostic indicator?

Objective: Compromised breast cancer survival in African American women is well established. Factors associated with poorer survival in this group are not fully elucidated. This analysis examined the influence of alcohol consumption on breast cancer survival in African American women accrued to a hospital-based study. Methods: One hundred twenty-five postmenopausal women (mean age = 64.2 ± 12.2 years) diagnosed with invasive breast carcinoma between August 1989 and December 1994, and accrued to a hospital-based study of the disease, were followed for survival through December 1998. Cox proportional hazards regression models, adjusted for cigarette smoking, summary stage of disease, and treatment explored the association between alcohol use and breast cancer survival. Results: Premorbid alcohol consumption of at least one drink per week was associated with 2.7-fold increase in risk of death (95% CI 1.3–5.8). Conclusions: This study suggests compromised breast cancer survival among postmenopausal women who reported drinking at least one alcoholic beverage per week, a preliminary finding that warrants further investigation.
Electronic energy transfer in impure solids

In the present paper we consider the transfer of electronic excitation energy between two molecules embedded in a host lattice. We use a simple model for the electron phonon coupling and solve for the density matrix of the electronic system in the absence of radiative decay. We find, in the weak coupling limit, that the approach to equilibrium is in general complex but for large transfer rates becomes a simple exponential.
Baseline circulating IL-17 predicts toxicity while TGF-β1 and IL-10 are prognostic of relapse in ipilimumab neoadjuvant therapy of melanoma

We evaluated candidate circulating serum cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in patients with locally/regionally advanced melanoma receiving neoadjuvant ipilimumab with toxicity and clinical outcome. Patients were treated with ipilimumab (10 mg/kg IV every 3 weeks, 2 doses) before and after surgery. xMAP multiplex serum testing for 36 functionally selected cytokines and chemokines was performed at baseline and at six weeks (following ipilimumab). Based on our prior data, the association of IL-17 and immune related colitis was tested. Serum cytokines were divided into functional groups (Th1, Th2, Regulatory, Proinflammatory) and were assessed at baseline and week 6 using sparse-group Lasso modeling to assess the association of various cytokine groups with progression free survival (PFS). The linear combination of the cytokines/chemokines in this model was then used as a risk score and a Kaplan-Meier curve was generated to examine the association of the dichotomized score and PFS. Thirty-five patients were enrolled whose staging was: IIIB (3; N2b), IIIC (30; N2c, N3), IV (2). Median follow-up was 18 months. Among 33 evaluable patients, median PFS was 11 months (95 % CI = 6.2–19.2). IL-17 was found to correlate significantly with the incidence of grade 3 diarrhea/colitis when measured at baseline (p = 0.02) with a trend towards significance at 6 weeks (p = 0.06). In the modeling analysis, at baseline, the linear combination of 2 regulatory cytokines [TGF- β1 (ρ = 0.19) and IL-10 (ρ = -0.34)] was significantly associated with PFS (HR 2.66; p = 0.035). No significant correlations with clinical outcomes were found in examining the week 6 cytokines. Baseline IL-17 level was significantly associated with the later development of severe diarrhea/colitis while the combination of baseline TGF- β1 and IL-10 levels were associated with therapeutic clinical outcome after neoadjuvant ipilimumab. These findings warrant further investigation and validation. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT00972933 .
Multipole Singularities of Classical Vector and Pseudovector Fields

The general form of the equations of motion of a particle possessing multipole singularities of a neutral vector or pseudovector meson field was found by Harish-Chandra under the assumption of a divergenceless current. In a recent paper a more general form of the interaction was proposed, and the equations of motion were found for this case for neutral, charged and charge-symmetric fields. In this paper forms were established of the multipcle moments of arbitrary order compatible with these equations, and also of the moments compatible with the more restrictive interactions proposed by Harish-Chandra, which include those of electrodynamics as a special case; they are established under the assumuption that the spin of the particle is of constant magnitude and has only spatial components in the rest system, and for pure 2/sup n/ pole moments of constant magnitude ("intrinsic moments'') or of variable magnitude ("induced moments,' acceleration-dependent forces). In the Appendix the results of a previous paper on singularities of scalar and pseudoscalar fields, which established the general form of the intrinsic moments, are generalized to show the possibility of induced moments of all orders, and it is shown that a particle can carry an arbitrary linear combination of multipole singularitiesmore » of spin zero and one fields. (auth)« less
c -axis conductivity and thermoelectric power in graphite intercalation compounds

The measurements of the $c$-axis conductivity ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{c}$ at room temperature for acceptor graphite intercalation compounds typically show very small values of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{c}$, ranging from \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ to \ensuremath{\sim}10 ${(\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The formula ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{c}=\frac{N{e}^{2}{l}_{c}}{{m}_{c}{v}_{c}}$ leads to a mean-free path ${l}_{c}ll{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ cm. This implies that the $c$-axis conduction is not a band conduction but a hopping process. The model for the phonon-assisted and impurity-assisted hopping conduction is presented and the diffusion thermoelectric power along the $c$ direction is also calculated. Reasonable orders of magnitude are obtained for these transport coefficients. The phonon-assisted hopping conductivity increases with temperature, while the impurity-assisted hopping conduction is temperature independent at low temperatures and decreases with temperature in the region where the phonon scattering process is predominant. The diffusion thermoelectric power ${S}_{c}$ is proportional to temperature and takes the form which is essentially equivalent to the one in metallic conductors.
8.10: Presentation session: Keynote speaker and brain injuries and neuro-regeneration panel: “Technological challenges in clinical neurosurgery”

This presentation describes several challenges in the clinical practice of neurosurgery that may be addressed by application of nanotechnology, multimodal data acquisition and analysis, computer modeling, and materials science. Conditions including hydrocephalus, traumatic brain injury, degenerative spine disease, peripheral nerve injury, and central nervous system disease are discussed. Examples of ongoing investigations and directions for future research are highlighted.
Loading of Decoder Drivers

The load on any input wire of a decoder is calculated and shown to be independent of the state of the other inputs.
Prospects for making polar molecules with microwave fields

We propose a mechanism to produce ultracold polar molecules with microwave fields. It converts trapped ultracold atoms into vibrationally excited molecules by a single microwave transition and entirely depends on the existence of a permanent dipole moment in the molecules. As opposed to production of molecules by photoassociation or magnetic-field Feshbach resonances, our method does not rely on properties of excited states or existence of Feshbach resonances. We determine conditions for optimal creation of polar molecules in vibrationally excited states of the ground-state potential by changing frequency and intensity of the microwave field. We also explore the possibility to produce vibrationally cold molecules by combining the microwave field with an optical Raman transition or by applying a microwave field to Feshbach molecules. The production mechanism is illustrated for KRb and RbCs.
Recognizing familiar and unfamiliar faces.

These experiments addressed why, in episodic-memory tests, familiar faces are recognized better than unfamiliar faces. Memory for faces of well-known public figures and unfamiliar persons was tested, not only with old/new recognition tests, in which initially viewed faces were discriminated from dis tractors, but also with tests of memory for specific information. These included: detail recall, in which a masked feature had to be described; orientation recognition, in which discrimination between originally seen faces and mirror-image reversals was required; and recognition and recall of labels for the public figures. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that memory for orientation and featural details was not robustly related either to facial familiarity or to old/new recognition rates. Experiment 3 showed that memory for labels was not the exclusive determinant of the famous-face advantage in recognition, since famous faces were highly recognizable even they were not labelable or when labels were forgotten. These results suggest that the familiarity effect, and face recognition in general, may reflect a nonverbal memory representation that is relatively abstract.
Adrenal cortical tumors in childhood--clinicopathological features of six cases.

Summary Six cases of adrenal cortical tumors are presented with a discussion of the clinical features and histological findings. Five of the 6 children, aged between 6 mths and 6 yrs, presented with symptoms of hyperadrenalism, 4 with virilization and 1 with Cushingoid features. The remaining infant presented with an asymptomatic abdominal mass. In each case there was a unilateral tumor separated from the residual adrenal gland by a thin fibrous capsule. Surgical resection was the treatment employed and, in the 5 cases with functional tumors, perioperative hydrocortisone was given. None of the children received post-operative chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Bizarre cellular morphology, a high mitotic count and extensive necrosis were all seen in clinically benign disease, demonstrating not only the efficacy of local i-esection but also the difficulty in applying the usual histological criteria of malignancy to these pediatric adrenal tumors. At follow-up, 5 of the 6 patients are alive with no evidence of recurrent disease. The only death resulted from measles pneumonitis in the 1 child who presented with Cushing’s syndrome.
Desmethylcephalotaxinone and its correlation with cephalotaxine

Abstract A new alkaloid, desmethylcephalotaxinone (IIIa) has been isolated from Cephalotaxus harringtonia (Forbes) K. Koch var. harringtonia cv. Fastigiata. Its structure has been established by spectral methods and by a partial synthesis from cephalotaxine (Ia) via cephalotaxinone (II). Methylation of IIIa with dimethoxypropane yields II along with some isocephalotaxinone (IIIb). Compound II was confirmed as a naturally occurring minor Cephalotaxus constituent. Reduction of II with sodium borohydride proceeds stereospecifically to give Ia.
Black-white differences in serum lipoproteins during sexual maturation: The Bogalusa Heart Study

Serum lipid, lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein (A-I and B) levels were compared between 940 black and 1710 white children who were between the ages of 5 and 17 years. Stratification, matching, and analysis of covariance were used to determine whether black-white differences in levels of serum triglycerides (TG), very low- (VLDL-C), and high- (HDL-C) density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) could be explained by differences in sexual maturation, obesity, cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, oral contraceptive use, insulin, and glucose. Independently of these covariates, blacks had elevated levels of HDL-C and apoA-I (males only), and whites had increased levels of TG and VLDL-C. All differences were statistically significant at the 0.001 level. In addition, racial contrasts tended to be greater in sexually mature, as compared with prepubertal, males; a similar divergence of levels with sexual maturation was not observed in females. HDL-C levels in white males were partially explained (R2 = 0.12) by sexual maturation, insulin, and obesity; apoA-I levels were associated with only sexual maturation and insulin. Racial differences in levels of serum lipids, lipoprotein cholesterol, and apoA-I in early life, therefore, exist independently of differences in several lipoprotein determinants. Since the initial stages of atherosclerosis begin in the young, these black-white lipoprotein contrasts may influence differences in adult coronary heart disease rates between the races.
Surface Microscopy Characterizations of Large Size Graphene Films Grown by Surface Segregation on Ni and Transferred to Si/SiO2 Substrate

We report surface microscopy characterizations of large size graphene films (up to mm) grown on polycrystalline Ni foils and transferred to Si/SiO2. Wrinkles in such films are studied by both atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Local graphitic lattice structures of the films are imaged with atomic-resolution STM and compared with those of the highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG).
Steering a course for risk assessment: The impact of new draft guidance, 21 CFR part 11, scope and application, on the electronic records; electronic signatures rule

As a result of some re-organization in the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the introduction of the CGMP risk-based approach, 21 CFR Part 11 is being revisited. The FDA has decided to re-evaluate Part 11 and during the re-evaluation, the FDA issued guidance on how Part 11 will be interpreted. The proposed guidance defines the FDA's approach to the scope and application of Part 11. The draft guidance has substantial regulatory impact by withdrawing previous Part 11 draft guidance as well as the Compliance Policy Guide 71523.17. The scope of Part 11 is defined to be records required by predicate rules kept electronically in lieu of paper records or relied upon for regulated activities, as well as records submitted to the agency, and electronic signatures. Emphasis is given to following predicate rule requirements. In applying Part 11, the FDA will exercise enforcement discretion in the areas of audit trail requirements, validation, copying electronic records, electronic record maintenance, and legacy systems. Emphasis is given to creating and following documented Risk Assessment practice. This article examines the change in FDA focus and highlights key points in the draft guidance. Further, this article provides practical advice for industry, provides an overview on comments (industry feedback) submitted to the Agency on the guidance, and provides an interpretation of the likely direction for future Part 11 regulation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microphysical Processes and Synergistic Interaction between Frontal and Orographic Forcing of Precipitation during the 13 December 2001 IMPROVE-2 Event over the Oregon Cascades

Abstract On 13–14 December 2001 a vigorous cyclonic storm passed over the Pacific Northwest, producing heavy orographic precipitation over the Cascade Mountains. This storm was one of several studied during the second field phase of the Improvement of Microphysical Parameterization through Observational Verification Experiment (IMPROVE). A wide variety of in situ and remotely sensed measurements were obtained as this storm passed over the Oregon Cascades. These measurements provided a comprehensive dataset of meteorological state parameters (temperature, pressure, humidity, winds, and vertical air velocity), polarization Doppler radar measurements, and cloud microphysical parameters (cloud liquid water, particle concentrations, size spectra, and imagery). The 13–14 December case was characterized by the passage of a tipped-forward lower-tropospheric front that extended upward to a preceding vigorous upper cold-frontal rainband, which produced clouds up to ∼8–9 km. An important difference between this stor...
'A tale of two taxa' : aspects of hominid evolution

Phillip Tobias was intimately involved in the systematic analysis of two early hominin taxa, Zinjanthropus (now Paranthropus) boisei and Homo habilis. This paper compares and contrasts the way the fossil evidence for these taxa that has accumulated over the past half century has altered our perceptions of them. There is more consensus about the interpretation of P. boisei than there is about H. habilis. This may be because the former almost certainly belongs to a derived extinct hominin subclade.
Intracranial Mycotic Aneurysm Associated With Left Ventricular Assist Device Infection

Infection is a frequent complication of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) use in patients with severe heart failure. The development of bacteremia with "LVAD endocarditis" is a serious infection that has rarely been associated with mycotic aneurysm formation. We describe the first case of an LVAD-associated intracranial mycotic aneurysm. We suggest that this is an underappreciated condition that merits more aggressive evaluation and treatment in patients with chronic LVAD-associated infections.
Promoting early abstraction to promote early literacy and numeracy

A learning-set procedure was used to teach the oddity principle, insertions into series, and number conservation to 85 kindergarten children who did not grasp these abstractions. Control groups were given lessons in kindergarten literacy, numeracy, or art in sessions matched in timing and extent. The children who were taught the principles of abstraction early in the school year were a match in literacy at the end of the year for those taught literacy and a match in numeracy for those taught numeracy. They surpassed the literacy group in numeracy, surpassed the numeracy group in literacy, and surpassed the art group in both. This indicates that improving the children's mastery of the abstract thinking involved in oddity, insertions, and conservation facilitated a broad improvement in mastery of kindergarten material.
Bacteriophage replication in hyphomicrobium.

Abstract Bacteriophage Hyo30 adsorbs only to the tip of the growing stalk and to the evolving daughter cell until a constriction in the stalk occurs and the daughter cell becomes flagellated. The motile, nondividing stage is immune to phage infection. Phage maturation was seen only in the daughter cell and stalk but was delayed or inhibited in the mother cell. It is suggested that a correlation exists between synthetically active cytoplasmic areas, receptor sites and phage replication.
NLRC5/CITA: a novel regulator of class I major histocompatibility complex genes.

NLRC5/CITA: A Novel Regulator of Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex Genes In 1936, Peter Gorer reported one of the most significant work in the history of immunology; the first identification of alloantigen using serum from immunized rabbits and his own blood. This led to the discovery of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) by his coworker, George Snell at the Jackson Laboratories. After three quarters of a century, this year, 5 laboratories independently reported that mice deficient for NLRC5 display impaired expression of MHC class I molecules, confirming that NLRC5 is a MHC class I transactivator. What does this mean to us?
NIST facility for Spectral Irradiance and Radiance Responsivity Calibrations with Uniform Sources

A laser-based facility has been developed to provide high-flux, monochromatic, Lambertian radiation over the spectral range 0.2 µm to 18 µm. The facility was designed to reduce the uncertainties in a variety of radiometric applications, including irradiance and radiance responsivity calibrations. The operational characteristics of the facility are discussed and the results of detector responsivity calibrations over the spectral range 0.406 µm to 0.920 µm are presented.
Probing the Schottky barrier with conduction electron spin resonance

The Schottky barrier of a heavily doped Si layer covered with a metal film is investigated using conduction electron spin resonance, which is utilized in situ in UHV to continuously monitor the metal overlayer development from a fractional monolayer through multiple layers. Measured increases in linewidth are compared with calculations based on a kinetic theory. For Al and Ag, the data can be explained both by flat-surface and island models, even though for Al only a flat-surface model with smooth surfaces is compatible with the experiments. In contrast, for Cu and Al-Cu bilayers, the data unambiguously favor the rough-surface island model.
Replication in strategic management: scientific testing for validity, generalizability, and usefulness

A number of studies have shown that little replication and extension research is published in the business disciplines. This has deleterious consequences for the development of a cumulative body of knowledge in these same areas. It has been speculated, but never formally tested, that replication research is more likely to be published in lower tiers of the journal hierarchy. The present paper indicates very low levels of replication in management and strategic management journals, regardless of their prestige. Moreover, even those replications that are published tend not to be critical—odd in applied social sciences that are largely preparadigmatic and where extensibility, generalizability and utility of scientific constructs tend to be low. The goal of science is empirical generalization, or knowledge development. Systematically conducted replications with extensions facilitate this goal. It is clear, however, that many editors, reviewers, and researchers hold attitudes toward replication research that betray a lack of understanding about its role. Long-run strategies to dispel these misconceptions must involve changes in graduate training aimed at making the conduct of such vital work second nature. It is further suggested that journals in all tiers create a section specifically for the publication of replication research, and that top-tier journals take the lead in this regard. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pathogenicity of "Carrier" Strains of Endamoeba histolytica in the Experimental Dog.

ConclusionsFrom the evidence cited above it is highly probable that all “carrier” strains of E. histolytica are pathogenic and that “healthy human carriers” as well as those individuals exhibiting clinical manifestations of the disease should be regarded as ilinical cases.
Does Pneumonectomy Have a Role in the Treatment of Stage IIIA Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer?

Background The role of surgical resection for stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is unclear. We sought to examine outcomes after pneumonectomy for patients with stage IIIA disease. Methods All patients with stage IIIA NSCLC who had pneumonectomy at a single institution between 1999 and 2010 were reviewed. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate long-term survival and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to identify clinical characteristics associated with survival. Results During the study period, 324 patients had surgical resection of stage IIIA NSCLC. Pneumonectomy was performed in 55 patients, 23 (42%) of whom had N2 disease. Induction treatment was used in 17 patients (31%) overall and in 11 of the patients (48%) with N2 disease. Perioperative mortality was 9% (n = 5) overall and 18% (n = 3) in patients that had received induction therapy ( p = 0.17). Complications occurred in 32 patients (58%). Three-year survival was 36% and 5-year survival was 29% for all patients. Three-year survival was 40% for N0-1 patients and 29% for N2 patients ( p = 0.59). In multivariable analysis, age over 60 years (hazard ratio [HR] 3.65, p = 0.001), renal insufficiency (HR 5.80, p = 0.007), and induction therapy (HR 2.17, p = 0.05) predicted worse survival, and adjuvant therapy (HR 0.35, p = 0.007) predicted improved survival. Conclusions Long-term survival after pneumonectomy for stage IIIA NSCLC is within an acceptable range, but pneumonectomy may not be appropriate after induction therapy or in patients with renal insufficiency. Patient selection and operative technique that limit perioperative morbidity and facilitate the use of adjuvant chemotherapy are critical to optimizing outcomes.
The stories sites (do not) tell: analysing the NREGA content of state websites.

This article examines the paucity of National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA)-related information on government Internet sites. Analyzing not simply the extent but also the content of the government website material, the essay attempts to show how a lack of information on the implementation of the Act is obscured by an onslaught of statistics. Given that transparency is indispensable to the working of the NREGA, and also a fundamental tenet of the government’s IT services, the unavailability of matter on the functioning of the Act deserves serious consideration. The article finally goes on to make suggestions for how the government can use its online spaces to provide useful information for both NREGA officials and civil society groups, ultimately to aid the implementation of the Act.
Variation in Color and Color Change in Island and Mainland Boas ( Boa constrictor )

Physiological color change and geographic variation in coloration are well documented in several squamate lineages, having presumably evolved for cryptic, sexual signaling, and thermoregulatory functions. Only 11 snake species have demonstrated physiological color change, although anecdotal reports suggest it may be present in additional species. We describe color variation and physiological color change in island and mainland populations of Boa constrictor using full-spectrum reflectance spectrometry. We employed principal components analysis (PCA) summarizing the spectrometry data into two axes that describe the brightness (PC1) and chroma or relative intensity of particular wavelengths (PC2). Boas from island and mainland localities exhibited physiological color change, and this change occurred on a diel cycle. Boas from both locations were lighter at night and darker during the day. The magnitude of the color change differed between our two PC axes. Although change in brightness was similar for boas on the islands and the mainland, the change in chroma was greater in boas from the mainland. Color also varied seasonally; boas were lighter in color and reflected more long-wavelength light during the wet season than during the dry season in Belize. We suggest that a fundamental hormone cycle (melatonin/melanophore stimulating hormone, MSH) present in a wide variety of vertebrates, underlies the physiological color change in snakes. If this is true, color change may be more widespread than previously realized, and the perceptual bias of the human vision system may have caused researchers to discount its presence in snakes.
Food reinforcement and parental obesity predict future weight gain in non-obese adolescents.

Abstract Background: Food reinforcement, the extent to which people are willing to work to earn a preferred snack food, and parental obesity are risk factors for weight gain, but there is no research comparing the predictive effects of these factors for adolescent weight gain. Methods: 130 non-obese adolescents (M age = 15.2 ± 1.0; M BMI = 20.7 ± 2.0; M zBMI = 0.16 ± 0.64) at differential risk for weight gain based on parental obesity completed baseline food and money reinforcement tasks, and provided zBMI data over a 2-year follow-up. Results: The number of obese (BMI ≥ 30) parents (p = 0.007) and high food reinforcement (p = 0.046) were both significant independent predictors of greater zBMI increases, controlling for age, sex, parent education and minority status. Having no obese parents or being low or average in food reinforcement was associated with reductions in zBMI, but those high in food reinforcement showed larger zBMI increases (0.102) than having one obese parent (0.025) but less than having two obese parents (0.177). Discussion: Food reinforcement and parental obesity independently predict future weight gain among adolescents. It might be fruitful for obesity prevention programs to target both high risk groups.
D-1 Agonist, SKF 38393, but not a D-2 agonist, produces a cholinergically mediated analeptic effect in rabbits

SKF 38393 (2-15 mg/kg, IV), but not quinpirole, shortened the duration of loss of righting reflex produced in pentobarbital-narcotized rabbits. This effect was blocked by atropine (2-5 mg/kg, IV), but not by atropine methylbromide, suggesting that a central cholinergic mechanism was involved. The analeptic effect was also blocked by SCH 23390 (0.1 mg/kg, IV) or raclopride (5 mg/kg, IV). These results indicate that SKF 38393 activates central cholinergic neurons, which in turn initiate the analeptic effect. However, the fact that raclopride also blocked the SKF 38393 analeptic effect, but quinpirole did not exert any analeptic effect, suggests that a D-1/D-2 modulation of cholinergic systems may be involved in the SKF 38393-induced analeptic effect. These results also support our earlier findings and view that cocaine-induced analeptic activity is mediated by a dopaminergic-cholinergic mechanism.
MINERAL CYCLING AND THE NICHE OF SPANISH MOSS, TILLANDSIA USNEOIDES L

On the southeastern coastal plain, the occurrence and abundance of the epiphyte Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides L.; Bromeliaceae) are linked to the availability of minerals in the canopy of potential host trees. Trees with high rates of foliar leaching (e.g., cypress and oaks) provide an abundant supply of minerals (Ca, Mg, K, and P) in precipitation collected beneath the canopy. In forests of these species Spanish moss is more abundant and has higher mineral concentrations than in pine forests (e.g., phosphorus 0.04-0.06% dry weight versus 0.030.04%). In growth-chamber experiments the growth of Spanish moss increased in response to added phosphorus in the range of concentrations observed in field precipitation collections (0200 ,ug/l). In addition to the availability of minerals, the rate of bark sloughing from host trees and allelopathic effects may also control the local distribution of Spanish moss. Light and moisture appear to be less important factors. Thus, within a favorable climatic range, mineral and bark characteristics of host trees may be used to illustrate a niche hypervolume for this