cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FROM BORIC ACID TO ORGANOMETALLICS: LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN METALLACARBORANE CHEMISTRY

ABSTRACT An overview of the chemistry of polyhedral metallacarboranes, concentrating mainly on the C (cage)-trimethylsilyl-substituted C2B4-carboranes will be discussed. While the main thrust of this account is on the results obtained in authors’ laboratories, comparisons will be made to similar systems and to those involving both large and small cage carboranes in order to provide a full picture of the chemistry of these systems. In this way, we hope to demonstrate the unique chemistry of the small, C2B4-cage systems that has emerged over the past few years and provide an overview of the most recent results involving the chemistry of small-cage heterocarboranes.
Synthesis of 5-(2,2'-bipyridinyl and 2,2'-bipyridinediiumyl)-2'-deoxyuridine nucleosides: precursors to metallo-DNA conjugates.

ABSTRACT The synthesis of 2,2′-bipyridinyl-2′-deoxyuridine metal-chelator nucleosides (Bipy-dU) with either ethynyl or ethylenyl linkers was now been accomplished. These new nucleosides will permit the construction of a number of corresponding metallo-DNA conjugates where many types of metals can be complexed to the 2,2′-bipyridinyl chelator group and the resulting metallo-dU conjugates incorporated into DNA oligonucleotides. Additionally this paper also reports the synthesis of a di-N-alkylated bipyridinediiumyl-2′-deoxyuridine nucleoside (Bipy2+-dU) with an ethylenyl linker. The Bipy2+-dU nucleoside was found to decompose under basic conditions precluding its use in standard automated DNA-synthesis by the phosphoramidite method. No such restrictions apply to the two Bipy-dU nucleosides reported here for use as metal chelators.
(R)- and (S)-4-TIPS-3-butyn-2-ol. Useful Precursors of Chiral Allenylzinc and Indium Reagents

A convenient route to the enantiomers of 4-TIPS-3-butyn-2-ol of >95% enantiomeric purity by reduction of the ynone precursor 4 with the Noyori N-tosyl-1,2-diphenylethylenediamineruthenium cymene catalyst is described. The mesylate derivative of the (S) enantiomer (1c) is converted in situ to an allenylzinc or indium reagent in the presence of a catalyst derived from Pd(OAc)2 and Ph3P and either Et2Zn or InI. A second in situ addition of these reagents to aldehydes leads to anti homopropargylic alcohol adducts. The additions proceed in generally high (60−90%) yield with modest to excellent diastereoselectivity and high enantioselectivity. Only slight mismatching (<5%) is observed with chiral α-methyl and α-silyloxy aldehydes. Additions to α-substituted enals are highly diastereoselective, while β,β-disubstituted enals afford ca. 2:1 mixtures of anti and syn adducts.
Low Cost Solder Bumped Flip Chip MCM‐L Demonstration

A low cost multichip module employing solder bumped flip chips mounted on an organic substrate was demonstrated. This functional prototype was used to help assess the preliminary feasibility of low temperature solder bumped flip chip applications, from wafer design, sourcing and bumping, substrate design and fabrication, to MCM‐L assembly.
Reducing transaction costs with low-latency trading algorithms

We formulate a trade execution problem at the market microstructure level and solve it using dynamic programming. The objective is to sell a single lot of an asset in a short time horizon T, using the imbalance of the top of book bid and ask sizes as a price predictor. The optimization problem takes into account the latency L of the trading algorithm, which affects the prices at which the asset is traded. The solution divides the state space into a ‘trade’ and a ‘no-trade’ region. We calculate the cost of latency per lot traded and demonstrate that the advantage of observing the limit order book can dissipate quickly as execution latency increases. In the empirical section, we show that our optimal policy significantly outperforms a TWAP algorithm in liquidating on-the-run US treasury bonds, saving on average approximately 1/3 of the spread per share if trades are executed with low latency (1 ms).
Experimental Considerations Motivated by the Diphoton Excess at the LHC

We consider the immediate or near-term experimental opportunities offered by some scenarios that could explain the new diphoton excess at the LHC. If the excess is due to a new particle X s at 750 GeV, additional new particles are required, providing further signals. If connected with naturalness, the X s may be produced in top partner decays. Then a $$ t^{\prime}\overline{t}^{\prime } $$ signal, with t ′ → tX s and X s → gg dominantly, might be discovered by reinterpreting 13 TeV SUSY searches in multijet events with low MET and/or a lepton. If X s is a bound state of quirks, the signal events may be accompanied by an unusual number of soft tracks or soft jets. Other resonances including dilepton and photon+jet as well as dijet may lie at or above this mass, and signatures of hidden glueballs might also be observable. If the “photons” in the excess are actually long-lived particles decaying to photon pairs or to electron pairs, there are opportunities for detecting overlapping photons and/or unusual patterns of apparent photon-conversions in either X s or 125 GeV Higgs decays. There is also the possibility of events with a hard “photon” recoiling against a narrow isolated HCAL-only “jet”, which, after the jet’s energy is corrected for its electromagnetic origin, would show a peak at 750 GeV.
Does Pumping Pay: Groundwater Management Institutions and Cropland Values in Nebraska?

Conflicts over agricultural water use have been an issue in the western United States and worldwide since the widespread development of irrigation. Water management institutions serve to ration scare water resources, but can impose costs on water uses. These costs can be difficult to measure as water rights are often not tradable. The option value of irrigation, or the costs imposed when producers lose the unused right to irrigate, is especially difficult to measure. This study measures the value of pumping rights under different management institutions in Nebraska. We take advantage of temporal and spatial variation in water management across the state, as well as unique plot level data that incorporate information on cropland values, irrigation status, and physical characteristics. Preliminary results indicate that irrigation rights substantially increase cropland values, and hence likely contribute significantly to farm income.
Teaching Health Policy in an Economic Framework to Non-Majors

A policy course requires a set of evaluation tools to explore the effects of proposed and existing policy initiatives. This paper offers an economic approach for teaching health policy to students ...
FAST RELAXATION TIME IN A SPIN MODEL WITH GLASSY BEHAVIOR

We consider a frustrated spin model with a glassy dynamics characterized by a slow component and a fast component in the relaxation process. The slow process involves variables with critical behavior at finite temperature Tp and has a global character like the (structural) α-relaxation of glasses. The fast process has a more local character and can be associated to the β-relaxation of glasses. At temperature T > Tp the fast relaxation follows the non-Arrhenius behavior of the slow variables. At T ≲ Tp the fast variables have an Arrhenius behavior, resembling the α - β bifurcation of fragile glasses. The model allows us to analyze the relation between the dynamics and the thermodynamics.
How to get close to the median shape

In this paper, we study the problem of L1-fitting a shape to a set of n points in Rd (where d is a fixed constant), where the target is to minimize the sum of distances of the points to the shape, or alternatively the sum of squared distances. We present a general technique for computing a (1 + e)-approximation for such a problem, with running time O(n + poly(logn, 1/e)), where poly(logn, 1/e) is a polynomial of constant degree of logn and 1/e (the power of the polynomial is a function of d). This is a linear time algorithm for a fixed e > 0, and is the first subquadratic algorithm for this problem. Applications of the algorithm include best fitting either a circle, a sphere or a cylinder to a set of points when minimizing the sum of distances (or squared distances) to the respective shape.
Migration in Arctic Alaska: Empirical evidence of the stepping stones hypothesis

This paper explores hypotheses of hierarchical migration using data from the Alaskan Arctic. We focus on migration of Inupiat people, who are indigenous to the region, and explore the role of income and subsistence harvests on migration. To test related hypotheses we use confidential micro-data from the US Census Bureaus 2000 Decennial Census of Population and Income and generate migration probabilities using a mixed multinomial and conditional logit model. Our findings are broadly consistent with Ravensteins (1885) early hypothesis of step-wise migration; we find evidence of step-wise migration, both up and down an urban and rural hierarchy. We also find that where migrants choose to live is a function of place, personal, and household characteristics.
Regression Discontinuity Applications with Rounding Errors in the Running Variable

Many empirical applications of regression discontinuity (RD) models use a running variable that is rounded and hence is discrete, e.g., age in years, or birth weight in ounces. This paper shows that standard RD estimation using a rounded discrete running variable leads to inconsistent estimates of treatment effects, even when the true functional form relating the
Aquifer Depletion in the face of Climate Change and Technical Progress.

A dynamic optimization framework is applied to the problem where groundwater stock and the state of technology and the climate are the state variables and groundwater pumping is the control variable and the objective is to maximize the net present value of the stream of rents from irrigation over the life of the aquifer. Dynamical systems govern the evolution of the aquifer, the climate, and the rate of technical progress. These dynamical systems may be dependent upon periodic groundwater allocations, as in the case of the aquifer, or independent of the periodic allocations as in the case of climate and technical change. Alternative plans are considered where the planner ignores one or more of the state variables when prescribing an extraction path. The ``information effect'' in these plans is assessed by comparing extraction, depletion, and rents from irrigation paths. A well accepted formulation of hydrologic dynamics for the aquifer is employed and simple dynamic trends for climate and technology are developed. A simplified example of the model incorporating only deterministic aquifer and technical change dynamics is presented as a linear-quadratic optimal control problem. Numerical results from Sheridan County, KS, suggest that prescribing a pumping schedule ignoring the dynamics of climate change is most costly. Furthermore, once on the optimal path, relatively large savings in groundwater may be achieved with relatively small portions of profits foregone.
Labor Responses to Rainfall Variability in Rural Ethiopia: A Model of Migration, Off-farm Activities and Remittance

This study aims to investigate the impacts of rainfall variability on migration, off-farm activities and transfers in rural Ethiopia. We develop a theoretical model in which migration, (on-farm, off-farm and urban) labor supplies and transfers are jointly decided from household utility maximization. Several hypotheses are developed from the model about the impact of rainfall variability on these decisions. These hypotheses are tested against a panel dataset we compile by matching household data with village-level historical rainfall data. We find that the share of out-migrated household members decreases with mean rainfall level and increases with the standard deviation of rainfall in main (Kiremt) growing seasons of the five years prior to the survey. Per capital off-farm labor supply and participation in public transfer programs decreases with mean rainfall level in the Kiremt season of the year prior to the survey, and increases with the standard deviation of rainfall in the Kiremt seasons of the five years prior to the survey. The level and standard deviation of rainfall may have no effect on the amount of transfers that households receive from former household members and the informal social safety nets (ISSN).
The Impact of Accurate Extinction Measurements for X-ray Spectral Models

Interstellar extinction includes both absorption and scattering of photons from interstellar gas and dust grains, and it has the effect of altering a source's spectrum and its total observed intensity. However, while multiple absorption models exist, there are no useful scattering models in standard X-ray spectrum fitting tools, such as XSPEC. Nonetheless, X-ray halos, created by scattering from dust grains, are detected around even moderately absorbed sources, and the impact on an observed source spectrum can be significant, if modest, compared to direct absorption. By convolving the scattering cross section with dust models, we have created a spectral model as a function of energy, type of dust, and extraction region that can be used with models of direct absorption. This will ensure that the extinction model is consistent and enable direct connections to be made between a source's X-ray spectral fits and its UV/optical extinction.
Knowledge-based biomedical word sense disambiguation: an evaluation and application to clinical document classification

Background Word sense disambiguation (WSD) methods automatically assign an unambiguous concept to an ambiguous term based on context, and are important to many text-processing tasks. In this study we developed and evaluated a knowledge-based WSD method that uses semantic similarity measures derived from the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) and evaluated the contribution of WSD to clinical text classification. Methods We evaluated our system on biomedical WSD datasets and determined the contribution of our WSD system to clinical document classification on the 2007 Computational Medicine Challenge corpus. Results Our system compared favorably with other knowledge-based methods. Machine learning classifiers trained on disambiguated concepts significantly outperformed those trained using all concepts. Conclusions We developed a WSD system that achieves high disambiguation accuracy on standard biomedical WSD datasets and showed that our WSD system improves clinical document classification. Data sharing We integrated our WSD system with MetaMap and the clinical Text Analysis and Knowledge Extraction System, two popular biomedical natural language processing systems. All codes required to reproduce our results and all tools developed as part of this study are released as open source, available under .
Genetic loci with parent-of-origin effects cause hybrid seed lethality in crosses between Mimulus species

In flowering plants, F1 hybrid seed lethality is a common outcome of crosses between closely related diploid species, but the genetic basis of this early-acting and potentially widespread form of postzygotic reproductive isolation is largely unknown. We intercrossed two closely related species of monkeyflower, Mimulus guttatus and Mimulus tilingii, to characterize the mechanisms and strength of postzygotic reproductive isolation. Then, using a reciprocal backcross design, we performed high-resolution genetic mapping to determine the genetic architecture of hybrid seed lethality and directly test for loci with parent-of-origin effects. We found that F1 hybrid seed lethality is an exceptionally strong isolating barrier between Mimulus species, with reciprocal crosses producing < 1% viable seeds. This form of postzygotic reproductive isolation appears to be highly polygenic, indicating that multiple incompatibility loci have accumulated rapidly between these closely related Mimulus species. It is also primarily caused by genetic loci with parent-of-origin effects, suggesting a possible role for imprinted genes in the evolution of Mimulus hybrid seed lethality. Our findings suggest that divergence in loci with parent-of-origin effects, which is probably driven by genomic coevolution within lineages, might be an important source of hybrid incompatibilities between flowering plant species.
Failures of screening and management of congenital dislocation of the hip

We report the screening of 67,093 infants for congenital dislocation of the hip from 1980 to 1989 and compare the results with those during the preceding two decades. More dislocations have been missed at neonatal examination during the last decade (0.13% of live births). Operative treatment was needed in 54 children (0.08% of live births) some of whom had been diagnosed at birth. We discuss the reasons for the failure of neonatal screening.
Enantioselective cross-coupling of meso-epoxides with aryl halides.

The first enantioselective cross-electrophile coupling of aryl bromides with meso-epoxides to form trans-β-arylcycloalkanols is presented. The reaction is catalyzed by a combination of (bpy)NiCl2 and a chiral titanocene under reducing conditions. Yields range from 57 to 99% with 78–95% enantiomeric excess. The 30 examples include a variety of functional groups (ether, ester, ketone, nitrile, ketal, trifluoromethyl, sulfonamide, sulfonate ester), both aryl and vinyl halides, and five- to seven-membered rings. The intermediacy of a carbon radical is strongly suggested by the conversion of cyclooctene monoxide to an aryl [3.3.0]bicyclooctanol.
Relationship between Gough-Joule Coefficients and Moduli of Vulcanized Rubbers

The Gough‐Joule coefficients (a) at constant stress and (b) at constant strain are defined and methods of measurement of each on vulcanized rubbers are given. It is shown mathematically and experimentally that the ratio of (b) to (a) is equal to the ``tangent'' modulus. The quotient of the Gough‐Joule coefficient at constant stress divided by the stress and the quotient of the Gough‐Joule coefficient at constant strain divided by the strain are shown to be constants which are independent of the stress‐strain‐temperature conditions of the test. Experimental data are given for stocks based on Hevea, GR‐S, Neoprene GN, Butyl Rubber, and Butaprene.
Electro-static discharge ignition of monolayers of nanocomposite thermite powders prepared by Arrested Reactive Milling

Reactive nanocomposite powders with compositions 2Al∙3CuO, 2.35Al∙Bi2O3, 2Al∙Fe2O3, and 2Al∙MoO3 were prepared by arrested reactive milling, placed in monolayers on a conductive substrate and ignited by an electro-static discharge (ESD) or spark in air, argon, and vacuum. The ESD was produced by discharging a 2000 pF capacitor charged to a voltage varied from 5 to 20 kV. Emission from ignited particles was monitored using a photomultiplier equipped with an interference filter. Experimental variables included particle sizes, milling time used to prepare composite particles, surrounding environment, and starting ESD voltage. All materials ignited in all environments, producing individual burning particles that were ejected from the substrate. The spark duration varied from 1 to 5 µs; the duration of the produced emission pulse was in the range of 80–250 µs for all materials studied. The longest emission duration was observed for the nanocomposite thermite using MoO3 as an oxidizer. The reaction rates of the ESD-initiated powders were defined primarily by the scale of mixing of and reactive interface area between the fuel and oxidizer in composite materials rather than by the external particle surface or particle dimensions. In vacuum, particles were heated by ESD while remaining on the substrate until they began generating gas combustion products. In air and argon, particles initially pre-heated by ESD were lifted and accelerated to ca. 100 m/s by the generated shock wave; the airborne particles continued self-heating due to heterogeneous redox reactions.
Infections of the eye.

The eyelids and the ocular surface, including the cornea, are amenable to topical therapy with antimicrobial agents that can be delivered in concentrations much greater than those safely achievable in serum. Hence, bacterial resistance, as reported by the laboratory, should be viewed accordingly. Conversely, because of the blood-eye barrier and absence of vessels in the vitreous humor, predictable therapeutic antibiotic levels are rarely achieved when routes of administration other than direct intravitreal delivery are used in the initial treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis.
Nonparadoxical evolutionary stability of the recombination initiation landscape in yeast

The nonrandom distribution of meiotic recombination shapes heredity and genetic diversification. Theoretically, hotspots--favored sites of recombination initiation--either evolve rapidly toward extinction or are conserved, especially if they are chromosomal features under selective constraint, such as promoters. We tested these theories by comparing genome-wide recombination initiation maps from widely divergent Saccharomyces species. We find that hotspots frequently overlap with promoters in the species tested, and consequently, hotspot positions are well conserved. Remarkably, the relative strength of individual hotspots is also highly conserved, as are larger-scale features of the distribution of recombination initiation. This stability, not predicted by prior models, suggests that the particular shape of the yeast recombination landscape is adaptive and helps in understanding evolutionary dynamics of recombination in other species.
Reversible substrate activation and catalysis at an intact metal-metal bond using a redox-active supporting ligand.

An electron rich Ni(I)–Ni(I) bond supported by a doubly reduced naphthyridine–diimine (NDI) ligand reacts rapidly and reversibly with Ph2SiH2 and Et2SiH2 to form stable adducts. The solid-state structures of these complexes reveal binding modes in which the silanes symmetrically span the Ni–Ni bond and exhibit highly distorted H–Si–H angles and elongated Si–H bonds. This process is facilitated by the release of electron density stored in the π-system of the NDI ligand. Based on this dinuclear mode of activation, [NDI]Ni2 complexes are shown to catalyze the high-yielding hydrosilylation of alkenes, dienes, alkynes, aldehydes, ketones, enones, and amides. In comparative studies of alkyne hydrosilylations, the [NDI]Ni2 catalyst is found to be significantly more active than its mononuclear counterparts for aryl-substituted substrates.
Non-destructive evaluation of wind turbine blades using an infrared camera

The use of a digital infrared as a non-destructive evaluation thermography camera (NDE) tool was ex- plored in two separate wind turbine blade fatigue tests. The fwst test was a fatigue test of part of a 13.1 meter wood-epoxy-composite blade. The second test was on a 4.25 meter pultruded fiber glass blade section driven at several mechanical resonant frequencies. The digital infrared camera can produce images of either the static temperature distribution on the surface of the specimen, or the dynamic temperature distribution that is in phase with a specific frequency on a vibrating specimen. The dynamic temperature distribution (due to thermoplastic effects) gives a measure of the sum of the principal stresses at each point on the surface. In the wood- epoxy-composite blade fatigue test, the point of ultimate failure was detected long before failure occurred. The mode shapes obtained with the digital infrared camera, from the resonant blade tests, were in very good agree- ment with the finite-element calculations. In addition, the static temperature images of the resonating blade showed two areas that contained cracks. Close-up dy- namic inf%red images of these areas showed the crack structure that agreed with subsequent dye-penetrant analysis.
A Retrospective Study of Success, Failure, and Time Needed to Perform Awake Intubation

Background:Awake intubation is the standard of care for management of the anticipated difficult airway. The performance of awake intubation may be perceived as complex and time-consuming, potentially leading clinicians to avoid this technique of airway management. This retrospective review of awake
Treaty Commitment as a Signaling Device: Explaining the Ratification of the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights

This study investigates the determinants of the ratification of International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). To do so, it proposes an explanation that postulates that states employ treaty ratification as a device to signal their resolve to implement polices required by the treaty at issue in order to appease demanding domestic constituencies, predicting that states with lower compliance capacity tend to commit faster than states with higher compliance capacity. Applying this explanation to the ICESCR leads to two expectations. First, the larger government spending a proxy of high compliance capacity is hypothesized to delay the ratification process. Second, states with the unitary system are expected to ratify the ICESCR more promptly because the centralized power structure in unitary states significantly restricts the pursuit of the policy autonomy by minorities at local level that the right to self-determination entails. The Cox proportional hazard analysis lends support to both hypotheses.
Patient-Centred Care of Older Adults With Cardiovascular Disease and Multiple Chronic Conditions

Multimorbidity, defined as the presence of 2 or more chronic conditions, is common among older adults with cardiovascular disease. These individuals are at increased risk for poor health outcomes and account for a large proportion of health care utilization. Clinicians are challenged with the heterogeneity of this population, the complexity of the treatment regimen, limited high-quality evidence, and fragmented health care systems. Each treatment recommended by a clinical practice guideline for a single cardiovascular disease might be rational, but the combination of all evidence-based recommendations can be impractical or even harmful to individuals with multimorbidity. These challenges can be overcome with a patient-centred approach that incorporates the individual's preferences, relevant evidence, the overall and condition-specific prognosis, clinical feasibility of treatments, and interactions with other treatments and coexisting chronic conditions. The ultimate goal is to maximize benefits and minimize harms by optimizing adherence to the most essential treatments, while acknowledging trade-offs between treatments for different health conditions. It might be necessary to discontinue therapies that are not essential or potentially harmful to decrease the risk of drug-drug and drug-disease interactions from polypharmacy. A decision to initiate, withhold, or stop a treatment should be on the basis of the time horizon to benefits vs the individual's prognosis. In this review, we illustrate how cardiologists and general practitioners can adopt a patient-centred approach to focus on the aspects of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular health that have the greatest effect on functioning and quality of life in older adults with cardiovascular disease and multimorbidity.
Sinusoidal Reluctance Machine With DC Winding: An Attractive Non-Permanent-Magnet Option

Important global efforts are underway toward lowering the cost of electric machines for electric and hybrid vehicles by reducing or eliminating the use of rare-earth materials which have been experiencing significant price increases and volatility. Non-permanent-magnet (non-PM) electric machines are a potential solution and are increasingly investigated by researchers worldwide. This paper presents a DC-biased reluctance machine, which is structurally similar to a conventional switched reluctance machine. This type of machine has a DC field winding and an AC three-phase armature winding. It uses a conventional three phase inverter for the armature and an additional auxiliary DC/DC converter for the field winding. This reluctance machine is designed to achieve hybrid vehicle traction requirements of 55 kW peak at 2800 $\rm{r/min}$ and 30 kW continuous over a speed range going from 2800 to 14 000 $\rm{r/min}$ .
Are Pain Management Questions in Patient Satisfaction Surveys Driving the Opioid Epidemic

In the article, the authors discuss the national opioid epidemic in the U.S. as of mid-2016 and its adverse health effects. Also examined are the link between the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' (CMS) Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) pain management satisfaction survey and opioid use, and the adverse effects of opioid use like increased deaths and HIV outbreak as seen in Indiana.
Digital Tomosynthesis: Technique for Electronic Reconstructive Tomography

A technique is described for obtaining tomographic images through retrospective reconstruction of digital data. The apparatus used for this technique, called digital tomosynthesis consists of a linear tomographic x-ray machine that has been modified by the addition of a fluoroscope and TV system, a video disk recorder, an analog-to-digital converter, and a small computer for data processing and manipulation. Video frames are collected and stored during a single tomographic sweep. The stored data are then digitized and retrospectively processed in the computer for reconstruction of any desired tomographic plane within the body. The major advantages of DTS include short patient study time, low radiation dose compared with conventional tomography, the ability to enhance the digitized image through manipulation of window and level display, and the applicability of this technique to dynamic studies such as angiotomography. Phantom studies show good diagnostic quality of the resulting images, and preliminary vascular studies in dogs indicate the clinical potential of this technique for use in digital subtraction angiotomography.
Identifying Network Perturbation in Cancer.

We present a computational framework, called DISCERN (DIfferential SparsE Regulatory Network), to identify informative topological changes in gene-regulator dependence networks inferred on the basis of mRNA expression datasets within distinct biological states. DISCERN takes two expression datasets as input: an expression dataset of diseased tissues from patients with a disease of interest and another expression dataset from matching normal tissues. DISCERN estimates the extent to which each gene is perturbed—having distinct regulator connectivity in the inferred gene-regulator dependencies between the disease and normal conditions. This approach has distinct advantages over existing methods. First, DISCERN infers conditional dependencies between candidate regulators and genes, where conditional dependence relationships discriminate the evidence for direct interactions from indirect interactions more precisely than pairwise correlation. Second, DISCERN uses a new likelihood-based scoring function to alleviate concerns about accuracy of the specific edges inferred in a particular network. DISCERN identifies perturbed genes more accurately in synthetic data than existing methods to identify perturbed genes between distinct states. In expression datasets from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), breast cancer and lung cancer, genes with high DISCERN scores in each cancer are enriched for known tumor drivers, genes associated with the biological processes known to be important in the disease, and genes associated with patient prognosis, in the respective cancer. Finally, we show that DISCERN can uncover potential mechanisms underlying network perturbation by explaining observed epigenomic activity patterns in cancer and normal tissue types more accurately than alternative methods, based on the available epigenomic data from the ENCODE project.
The Family, the State, and American Political Development as a Big Tent: Asking Basic Questions about Basic Institutions

This article evaluates the proposition that the relationship between the family and the state should be more central to the study of American political development. It compares parallel efforts in the 1980s by pioneering feminist political and legal theorists to put on the table such issues as the public/private distinction between the polity and the family, assumptions about the role of the family (and of women’s wifely and maternal labor) in the political order, and injustice within the family. It illustrates how legal scholars regularly examine not only the evolution over time of family definitions, forms, and gender roles, but also the evolution of how various forms of the state have regulated and supported the family. The article suggests that the study of American political development is a “big tent” within which scholars from diverse disciplines may benefit from fruitful conversations about parallel inquiries. To indicate the importance of the contextual and temporal examination of the family and the state, the article analyzes the recent landmark Supreme Court opinion, Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), which held that same-sex couples may exercise the fundamental right to marry in every state.
Using depletion to control colloidal crystal assemblies of hard cuboctahedra

Depletion interactions arise from entropic forces, and their ability to induce aggregation and even ordering of colloidal particles through self-assembly is well established, especially for spherical colloids. We vary the size and concentration of penetrable hard sphere depletants in a system of cuboctahedra, and we show how depletion changes the preferential facet alignment of the colloids and thereby selects different crystal structures. Moreover, we explain the cuboctahedra phase behavior using perturbative free energy calculations. We find that cuboctahedra can form a stable simple cubic phase, and, remarkably, that the stability of this phase can be rationalized only by considering the effects of both the colloid and depletant entropy. We corroborate our results by analyzing how the depletant concentration and size affect the emergent directional entropic forces and hence the effective particle shape. We propose the use of depletants as a means of easily changing the effective shape of self-assembling anisotropic colloids.
Workshops, seminars, courses—And their beginnings

This paper is an appeal to instructors of workshops, seminars, and courses in the fields of child and youth care to examine and sharpen the format of strategies for beginning such sessions. Additionally, instructors are challenged to assist the participants to becomelearners of the content and skills to be acquired in the sessions and to widen their understanding of clients' life situations. Also under scrutiny should be other environmental issues of the teaching setting such as room, time, and use of the instructor as “catalyst.” Most importantly, the article deals with prior evaluation of the anticipatedlearning experience, because these learning targets strongly influencewhat must be taught andhow.
The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Risk Taking and Firm Value

We hypothesize that CSR serves as a control mechanism to reduce deviations from optimal risk taking, and therefore, CSR curbs excessive risk taking and reduces excessive risk avoidance. Based on the stakeholder theory, firms with CSR focus must balance the interests of multiple stakeholders, and therefore, managers must allocate resources to satisfy both investing and non-investing stakeholders’ interests. Using five measures of corporate risk taking and a sample of 1718 US firms during 1998 to 2011, we find that stronger CSR performance is associated with smaller deviations from optimal risk taking levels. We examine the mechanism through which CSR has an impact on firm value and find a positive indirect impact of CSR on firm value through the impact of CSR on risk taking. CSR performance is positively associated with firm value because CSR reduces excessive risk taking and risk avoidance.
Chromosome Compaction by Active Loop Extrusion

During cell division, chromosomes are compacted in length by more than a 100-fold. A wide range of experiments demonstrated that in their compacted state, mammalian chromosomes form arrays of closely stacked consecutive ∼100 kb loops. The mechanism underlying the active process of chromosome compaction into a stack of loops is unknown. Here we test the hypothesis that chromosomes are compacted by enzymatic machines that actively extrude chromatin loops. When such loop-extruding factors (LEF) bind to chromosomes, they progressively bridge sites that are further away along the chromosome, thus extruding a loop. We demonstrate that collective action of LEFs leads to formation of a dynamic array of consecutive loops. Simulations and an analytically solved model identify two distinct steady states: a sparse state, where loops are highly dynamic but provide little compaction; and a dense state, where there are more stable loops and dramatic chromosome compaction. We find that human chromosomes operate at the border of the dense steady state. Our analysis also shows how the macroscopic characteristics of the loop array are determined by the microscopic properties of LEFs and their abundance. When the number of LEFs are used that match experimentally based estimates, the model can quantitatively reproduce the average loop length, the degree of compaction, and the general loop-array morphology of compact human chromosomes. Our study demonstrates that efficient chromosome compaction can be achieved solely by an active loop-extrusion process.
Stereodivergent Intramolecular C(sp3)–H Functionalization of Azavinyl Carbenes: Synthesis of Saturated Heterocycles and Fused N-Heterotricycles

A general approach for the formation of five-membered saturated heterocycles by intramolecular C(sp3)–H functionalization is reported. Using N-sulfonyltriazoles as Rh(II) azavinyl carbene equivalents, a wide variety of stereodefined cis-2,3-disubstituted tetrahydrofurans were obtained with good to excellent diastereoselectivity from readily available acyclic precursors. The reaction is shown to be amenable to gram scale, and judicious choice of reaction conditions allowed for stereodivergence, providing selective access to the trans diastereomer in good yield. The resulting products were shown to be valuable intermediates for the direct preparation of fused N-heterotricycles in one step by intramolecular C–H amination or Pictet–Spengler cyclization.
Who Bears the Cost of Recessions? The Role of House Prices and Household Debt

This chapter reviews empirical estimates of differential income and consumption growth across individuals during recessions. Most existing studies examine the variation in income and consumption growth across individuals by sorting on ex ante or contemporaneous income or consumption levels. We build on this literature by showing that differential shocks to household net worth coming from elevated household debt and the collapse in house prices play an underappreciated role. Using zip codes in the United States as the unit of analysis, we show that the decline in numerous measures of consumption during the Great Recession was much larger in zip codes that experienced a sharp decline in housing net worth. In the years prior to the recession, these same zip codes saw high house price growth, a substantial expansion of debt by homeowners, and high consumption growth. We discuss what models seem most consistent with this striking pattern in the data, and we highlight the increasing body of macroeconomic evidence on the link between household debt and business cycles. Our main conclusion is that housing and household debt should play a larger role in models exploring the importance of household heterogeneity on macroeconomic outcomes and policies.
Hyperglycemia and mortality in elderly patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between hyperglycemia and in-hospital mortality in elderly patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB). METHODS We reviewed the medical records of 135 elderly patients with SAB admitted to two tertiary medical centers from January 2003 until December 2004. Patients were stratified into two groups: those with a 7-day post-SAB mean blood glucose or = 170 mg/dL. A stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed to determine whether the degree of hyperglycemia was a significant predictor of mortality. RESULTS Seventy-four (54.8%) patients had methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. During the follow-up period from admission until discharge, 36 (26.7%) patients died. Twenty-one (21.4%) of 98 patients with a 7-day post-SAB mean blood glucose or = 170 mg/dL expired. Multivariate analysis identified 3 independent determinants of death: Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) score at onset of SAB > 45 (OR 5.3, 95% CI {1.8, 15.5}, P = 0.002), a 7-day post-SAB mean blood glucose > or = 170 mg/dL (OR 3.3, 95% CI {1.2, 9.2}, P = 0.03), and altered mental status at the onset of SAB (OR 7.8, 95% CI {2.5, 23.9}, P = 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS Hyperglycemia is an important marker of increased mortality among hospitalized elderly patients with SAB.
Minimax Optimal Rates for Poisson Inverse Problems With Physical Constraints

This paper considers fundamental limits for solving sparse inverse problems in the presence of Poisson noise with physical constraints. Such problems arise in a variety of applications, including photon-limited imaging systems based on compressed sensing (CS). Most prior theoretical results in CS and related inverse problems apply to idealized settings where the noise is independent identically distributed and do not account for signal-dependent noise and physical sensing constraints. Prior results on Poisson CS with signal-dependent noise and physical constraints provided upper bounds on mean-squared error (MSE) performance for a specific class of estimators. However, it was unknown whether those bounds were tight or if other estimators could achieve significantly better performance. This paper provides minimax lower bounds on MSE for sparse Poisson inverse problems under physical constraints. The lower bounds are complemented by minimax upper bounds which match the lower bounds for certain problem sizes and noise levels. The source of the mismatch between upper and lower bounds for other problem sizes and noise levels is discussed. The upper and lower bounds reveal that due to the interplay between the Poisson noise model, the sparsity constraint and the physical constraints: 1) the MSE upper bound does not depend on the sample size $n$ other than to ensure the sensing matrix satisfies Restricted Isometry Property-like conditions and the intensity $T$ of the input signal plays a critical role and 2) the MSE upper bound has two distinct regimes, corresponding to low and high intensities, and the transition point from the low-intensity to high-intensity regime depends on the sparsifying basis $D$ . In the low-intensity regime, the MSE upper bound is independent of $T$ while in the high-intensity regime, the MSE upper bound scales as $({s \log p}/{T})$ , where $s$ is the sparsity level, $p$ is the number of pixels or parameters, and $T$ is the signal intensity.
Procrastination with Variable Present Bias

Individuals working towards a goal often exhibit time inconsistent behavior, making plans and then failing to follow through. One well-known model of such behavioral anomalies is present-bias discounting: individuals over-weight present costs by a bias factor. This model explains many time-inconsistent behaviors, but can make stark predictions in many settings: individuals either follow the most efficient plan for reaching their goal or procrastinate indefinitely. We propose a modification in which the present-bias parameter can vary over time, drawn independently each step from a fixed distribution. Following Kleinberg and Oren (2014), we use a weighted {\it task graph} to model task planning, and measure the cost of procrastination as the relative expected cost of the chosen path versus the optimal path. We use a novel connection to optimal pricing theory to describe the structure of the worst-case task graph for any present-bias distribution. We then leverage this structure to derive conditions on the bias distribution under which the worst-case ratio is exponential (in time) or constant. We also examine conditions on the task graph that lead to improved procrastination ratios: graphs with a uniformly bounded distance to the goal, and graphs in which the distance to the goal monotonically decreases on any path.
RAISR: Rapid and Accurate Image Super Resolution

Given an image, we wish to produce an image of larger size with significantly more pixels and higher image quality. This is generally known as the single image super-resolution problem. The idea is that with sufficient training data (corresponding pairs of low and high resolution images) we can learn set of filters (i.e., a mapping) that when applied to given image that is not in the training set, will produce a higher resolution version of it, where the learning is preferably low complexity. In our proposed approach, the run-time is more than one to two orders of magnitude faster than the best competing methods currently available, while producing results comparable or better than state-of-the-art. A closely related topic is image sharpening and contrast enhancement, i.e., improving the visual quality of a blurry image by amplifying the underlying details (a wide range of frequencies). Our approach additionally includes an extremely efficient way to produce an image that is significantly sharper than the input blurry one, without introducing artifacts, such as halos and noise amplification. We illustrate how this effective sharpening algorithm, in addition to being of independent interest, can be used as a preprocessing step to induce the learning of more effective upscaling filters with built-in sharpening and contrast enhancement effect.
Disorders of amino acid transport.

Excerpt Within recent years authorities on cystinuria have concluded that renal clearance evidence has clarified the pathogenesis of this hereditary disease (1, 2). The National Institutes of Healt...
Amplitude modulation of streamwise velocity fluctuations in the roughness sublayer: Evidence from large-eddy simulations

Recent studies have demonstrated that large- and very-large-scale motions in the logarithmic region of turbulent boundary layers ‘amplitude modulate’ dynamics of the near-wall region (Marusic et al., Science, vol. 329, 2010, pp. 193–196; Mathis et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 628, 2009a, pp. 311–337). These contributions prompted development of a predictive model for near-wall dynamics (Mathis et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 681, 2011, pp. 537–566) that has promising implications for large-eddy simulations of wall turbulence at high Reynolds numbers (owing to the presence of smaller scales as the wall is approached). Existing studies on the existence of amplitude modulation in wall-bounded turbulence have addressed smooth-wall flows, though high Reynolds number rough-wall flows are ubiquitous. Under such conditions, the production of element-scale vortices ablates the viscous wall region and a new near-wall layer emerges: the roughness sublayer. The roughness sublayer depth scales with aggregate roughness element height, , and is typically . Above the roughness sublayer, Townsend’s hypothesis dictates that turbulence in the logarithmic layer is unaffected by the roughness sublayer (beyond its role in setting the friction velocity and thus inducing a deficit in the mean streamwise velocity known as the roughness function). Here, we present large-eddy simulation results of turbulent channel flow over rough walls. We follow the decoupling procedure outlined in Mathis et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 628, 2009a, 311–337) and present evidence that outer-layer dynamics amplitude modulate the roughness sublayer. Below the roughness element height, we report enormous sensitivity to the streamwise–spanwise position at which flow statistics are measured, owing to spatial heterogeneities in the roughness sublayer imparted by roughness elements. For (i.e. above the cubes, but within the roughness sublayer), topography dependence rapidly declines.