cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
40Ar–39Ar dating of plagioclase grain size separates from silicate inclusions in IAB iron meteorites and implications for the thermochronological evolution of the IAB parent body

Abstract In order to better constrain the thermochronological evolution of the IAB parent body we performed a 40Ar/39Ar age study on individual silicate inclusions of the IAB irons Caddo County, Campo del Cielo, Landes, and Ocotillo. In contrast to earlier studies, several plagioclase separates of different grain sizes and quality grades were extracted from each inclusion to reduce the complexity of the age spectra and study the influence of these parameters on the Ar–Ar ages. In nearly all inclusions we found significantly different Ar–Ar ages among the separates (Caddo County: 4.472 ± 0.02–4.562 ± 0.02 Ga; Campo del Cielo 2: 4.362 ± 0.04–4.442 ± 0.03 Ga; Landes 2: 4.412 ± 0.05–4.522 ± 0.04 Ga; Ocotillo: 4.382 ± 0.04–4.462 ± 0.03 Ga). These ages were calculated using the new 40K decay constant published by [Mundil R., Renne P. R., Min K. and Ludwig K. R. (2006) Resolvable miscalibration of the 40Ar/39Ar geochronometer. Eos Trans. AGU 87, Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract V21A-0543]. The ages did not systematically correlate with the respective grain size of the separate as expected, i.e., smaller grains did not necessarily show younger ages due to later closure to Ar diffusion or easier re-opening of the system in the course of a reheating event compared to larger grains. Based on the large range of Ar–Ar ages we suggest that the individual inclusions are composed of silicate grains from different locations within the IAB parent body. While some grains remained in a hot (deep) environment that allowed Ar diffusion over an extended time period—in some cases combined with grain coarsening—, others cooled significantly earlier (near surface) through the K/Ar blocking temperature. These different grains where brought together during an impact followed by mixing and reassembly of the debris as proposed by Benedix et al. [Benedix G. K., McCoy T. J., Keil K. and Love S. G. (2000) A petrologic study of the IAB iron meteorites: constraints on the formation of the IAB-Winonaite parent body. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 35, 1127–1141]. Due to rapid cooling after the impact some of the age differences among the grains could be preserved. Based mainly on our Caddo County Ar–Ar age information, the IAB parent body was destroyed by impact and reassembled between ∼4.5 and 4.47 Ga. However, IAB silicate Ar–Ar ages should depend much more on the pre- and post-impact cooling rate and burial depth than on the time of the actual impact. This is supported by a compilation of our and literature IAB and winonaite Ar–Ar ages ranging smoothly from the time of accretion of the chondritic IAB parent body down to the time of its final cooling through the K–Ar blocking temperature after impact and reassembly, instead of showing a peak in Ar–Ar ages at the time of the destructive impact.
Classifying Facial Gestures in Presence of Head Motion

This paper addresses the problem of automatic facial gestures recognition in an interactive environment. Automatic facial gestures recognition is a difficult problem in computer vision, and most of the work has focused on inferring facial gestures in the context of a static head. In the paper we address the challenging problem of recognizing the facial expressions of a moving head. We present a systematic framework to analyze and classify the facial gestures with the head movement. Our system includes a 3D head pose estimation method to recover the global head motion. After estimating the head pose, the human face is modeled by a collection of faces regions. These regions represent the face model used for locating and extracting temporal facial features. We propose using a locally affine motion model to represent extracted motion fields. The classification consists of a graphical model for robustly representing the dependencies of the selected facial regions and the support vector machine. Our experiments show that this approach could classify human expressions in interactive environments accurately.
Ranging in a dense multipath environment using an UWB radio link

A time-of-arrival (ToA)-based ranging scheme using an ultra-wideband (UWB) radio link is proposed. This ranging scheme implements a search algorithm for the detection of a direct path signal in the presence of dense multipath, utilizing generalized maximum-likelihood (GML) estimation. Models for critical parameters in the algorithm are based on statistical analysis of propagation data and the algorithm is tested on another independent set of propagation measurements. The proposed UWB ranging system uses a correlator and a parallel sampler with a high-speed measurement capability in each transceiver to accomplish two-way ranging between them in the absence of a common clock.
De-O-benzylation of benzyl ethers of carbohydrate derivatives by thiols in the presence of boron trifluoride.

Abstract Based on experiments with 2,3,4,6-tetra- O -benzyl-α- D -glucopyranose ( 1 ), 1,3,4,6-tetra- O -benzyl- D -mannitol ( 9 ), and ethyl 3,5,6-tri- O -benzyl- D -glucofuranoside ( 7 ), a mixture of boron trifluoride etherate and ethanethiol or 1,2-ethanedithiol constitutes a practical reagent for the removal of O -benzyl groups from benzyl ethers of carbohydrates at room temperature. When 1,2-ethanedithiol was used, 1 and 7 afforded D -glucose ethylene dithioacetal [ 2 ; 2-( D - gluco -pentahydroxypentyl)-1,3-dithiolane], the benzyl groups appearing as benzyl sulfide ( 3 ) and tribenzylsulfonium tetrafluoroborate ( 4 ). With ethanethiol and boron trifluoride, 1 gave a mixture of the anomeric ethyl 1-thio- D -glucopyranosides ( 5 ) and dibenzylethylsulfonium tetrafluoroborate ( 6 ). The nonreducing compound 9 simply gave D -mannitol ( 10 ) under these conditions. A mechanism for this new debenzylation procedure is proposed.
Data hosting infrastructure for primary biodiversity data

Today, an unprecedented volume of primary biodiversity data are being generated worldwide, yet significant amounts of these data have been and will continue to be lost after the conclusion of the projects tasked with collecting them. To get the most value out of these data it is imperative to seek a solution whereby these data are rescued, archived and made available to the biodiversity community. To this end, the biodiversity informatics community requires investment in processes and infrastructure to mitigate data loss and provide solutions for long-term hosting and sharing of biodiversity data. We review the current state of biodiversity data hosting and investigate the technological and sociological barriers to proper data management. We further explore the rescuing and re-hosting of legacy data, the state of existing toolsets and propose a future direction for the development of new discovery tools. We also explore the role of data standards and licensing in the context of data hosting and preservation. We provide five recommendations for the biodiversity community that will foster better data preservation and access: (1) encourage the community's use of data standards, (2) promote the public domain licensing of data, (3) establish a community of those involved in data hosting and archival, (4) establish hosting centers for biodiversity data, and (5) develop tools for data discovery. The community's adoption of standards and development of tools to enable data discovery is essential to sustainable data preservation. Furthermore, the increased adoption of open content licensing, the establishment of data hosting infrastructure and the creation of a data hosting and archiving community are all necessary steps towards the community ensuring that data archival policies become standardized.
Judicial Self-Restraint

Every society, sociological research suggests, has its set of myths which incorporate and symbolize its political, economic, and social aspirations. Thus, as medieval society had the Quest for the Holy Grail and the cult of numerology, we, in our enlightened epoch, have as significant manifestations of our collective hopes the dream of impartial decision-making and the cult of “behavioral science.” While in my view these latter two are but different facets of the same fundamental drive, namely, the age-old effort to exorcise human variables from human action, our concern here is with the first of them, the pervasive tendency in the American political and constitutional tradition directed towards taking the politics out of politics, and substituting some set of Platonic guardians for fallible politicians.
Some Relations between the Optical Spectra of Different Atoms of the same Electronic Structure. II. Aluminium-like and Copper-like Atoms

The relevant results from the writer's previous paper on the relation between spectra of atoms of different atomic structure are summarised.For non-penetrating orbits no new theoretical results are obtained, and there are few known spectra (other than those of lithium-like or sodium-like atoms already treated in the first paper) on which to test the relations previously obtained. Values of the polarisability for the A1+ and Si++ ions are calculated from terms of Al I and Si II respectively corresponding to non-penetrating orbits, and are shown to be very much greater than the values of the polarisability of the neon-like ions Al+++ and Si++++.The main new results are those for penetrating orbits. Assuming a central field of force, it is shown that the quantum defect q for such an orbit can be expressed as the sum of contributions from the electrons in groups of core orbits of different principal quantum number n, and further that if for a given atom in different states of ionisation corresponding orbits of the series electron are compared, the contribution to q from a set of core orbits of given n is very nearly independent of the degree of ionisation so long as the number of electrons in core orbits in the group remains the same. It follows that, if q is the quantum defect for a term of the spectrum of an atom core charge C, the core of which contains SM orbits of principal quantum number M and none of higher quantum number, and q″ is the quantum defect for the corresponding term in the spectrum of the atom of the same element with core charge C + sM, which differs from the atom of core charge C only in lacking the core orbits of principal quantum number M, then q −; q″ is approximately the contribution from the core orbits of principal quantum number M to the quantum defect for the term of the atom core charge C.Further, it is shown that if corresponding terms of different atoms of the same electronic structure are compared, then for large values of C the contribution to q from any group of core orbits should tend asymptotically to be proportional to the average time mean radius of these orbits, and its reciprocal should tend asymptotically to be linear in C.Somewhat similar relations are obtained for the quantity Q = dq/d (ν/R) which measures the variation of quantum defect within a sequence.These theoretical results, and in particular the result that l/(q − q″) should tend asymptotically to be proportional to C, are compared with the values of q deduced from the terms of such observed spectra of aluminium-like and copper-like atoms as are available, and it is found that though the theoretical relations are only established as asymptotically true for large C, there is a considerable measure of agreement with spectra for small values of C, which are the only ones which can be observed.
Benefit-Cost Evaluation of Traveler Information: Seattle's Washington State Department of Transportation Website

The Washington State Department of Transportation website allows those with access to a computer and the Internet to obtain current information about traffic conditions on freeways and bridges in the metropolitan Seattle area. Potential benefits of disseminating real-time traveler information are time and cost savings to users as a result of informed travel choices (route, time, mode, destination, add or forgo a trip), increased user confidence in travel choices, and reduction in congestion, pollution, and other external costs. These benefits depend on how many users access the information, what choices they make, how much time they save or in what other ways they find the information valuable, and how their choices affect the transportation system. Although a good deal of this information is available for Seattle or can be estimated from comparable contexts, the data are inadequate to determine within a broad range whether net benefits are positive or negative. A spreadsheet model is presented that allow...
pCON4 and pCON5: improved plasmid vectors to study bacterial promoters

Plasmid vectors pCON5 and pCON4 were devised to perform, with a single construction, a number of assay to characterize promoters of Escherichia coli (and related species) which usually require different steps of subcloning, fragment purification and radioactive labeling. Any DNA fragment with promoter activity can be cloned in these plasmids to generate either a lacZ-gene fusion (in pCON5) or a lacZ-operon fusion (in pCON4). Random and defined mutations to alter the activity or the regulation of the fusion can be obtained by directed saturation mutagenesis of the cloned fragment or site-directed mutagenesis usign the single-strand form of the construction. Sequencing of the mutations and in vivo assessment of their effects are carried out without any subloning step. Additional analyses such as determination of the transcription start site(s) and in vitro ‘footprinting’ of DNA-binding proteins are also possible with the use of 5′-32P-labelled primers. As an example, up-mutations at the promoter region of an iucA'-'lacZ iron-regulated fusion were isolated and analyzed with this procedure.
Measuring microRNAs: Comparisons of microarray and quantitative PCR measurements, and of different total RNA prep methods

Background: Determining the expression levels of microRNAs (miRNAs) is of great interest to researchers in many areas of biology, given the significant roles these molecules play in cellular regulation. Two common methods for measuring miRNAs in a total RNA sample are microarrays and quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR). To understand the results of studies that use these two different techniques to measure miRNAs, it is important to understand how well the results of these two analysis methods correlate. Since both methods use total RNA as a starting material, it is also critical to understand how measurement of miRNAs might be affected by the particular method of total RNA preparation used. Results: We measured the expression of 470 human miRNAs in nine human tissues using Agilent microarrays, and compared these results to qPCR profiles of 61 miRNAs in the same tissues. Most expressed miRNAs (53/60) correlated well (R > 0.9) between the two methods. Using spiked-in synthetic miRNAs, we further examined the two miRNAs with the lowest correlations, and found the differences cannot be attributed to differential sensitivity of the two methods. We also tested three widely-used total RNA sample prep methods using miRNA microarrays. We found that while almost all miRNA levels correspond between the three methods, there were a few miRNAs whose levels consistently differed between the different prep techniques when measured by microarray analysis. These differences were corroborated by qPCR measurements. Conclusion: The correlations between Agilent miRNA microarray results and qPCR results are generally excellent, as are the correlations between different total RNA prep methods. However, there are a few miRNAs whose levels do not correlate between the microarray and qPCR measurements, or between different sample prep methods. Researchers should therefore take care when comparing results obtained using different analysis or sample preparation methods.
The Female Social Structure of Philadelphia in 1775

*W "W y HEN HISTORIANS of early modern England and colonial \/\/America describe the social structure of a community, they generally employ a framework that combines status and occu pational categories. The agricultural hierarchy?lord, knight, gentle man, yeoman, husbandman and so forth?is mixed with the profes sions, trades, and crafts to form one scale.l Though often used to represent the entire society, this rendition of the social structure is, of course, only a profile of the male population. Women, if included at all in the schema, are differentiated solely by their marital state. Seventeenth and eighteenth-century men believed that a woman's status as single, married or widowed, rather than her employment, was the most notable fact about her and normally chose to record only that information after her name. Moreover, a married woman in the pre-industrial period has often been viewed by historians as simply her husband's assistant, helping him in his work on the farm or in the shop. The problem is that while in most communities 90-95% of women ultimately wed, nowhere near that proportion were married at any given point in time. Furthermore not all husbands were in an economic position to support or employ their wives. Many married women who contributed to family income worked independently from their spouses as day laborers, peddlers or at by-employments such as spinning and knitting.2 Rarely, though, did these jobs earn them an occupational title.
Beef-Noodle Casserole

Tom Jenkins, manager of the filling line for Amore Frozen Foods' beef-noodle-casserole product, must determine the proper fill rate and production rate for three filling machines. An on-line simulation requires the student to perform a number of tests using statistical design of experiments to determine the proper allocation of product to machine and the optimal settings for each machine.
Abdominal catastrophe: visceral injury as a cause of peritonitis in patients treated by peritoneal dialysis

ObjectivePeritonitis is considered an acceptable and controllable risk in patients undergoing chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD). In contrast, peritonitis due to visceralleakage represents a true “ab...
Atomistic Simulation Study of Controlled Nanostructure Patterning

We investigate the surface kinetics of Pt using the extended embedded-atom method, an extension of the embedded-atom method with additional degrees of freedom to include the nonbulk data from lower-coordinated systems as well as the bulk properties. The surface energies of the clean Pt (111) and Pt (100) surfaces are found to be 0.13 eV and 0.147 eV respectively, in excellent agreement with experiment. The Pt on Pt (111) adatom diffusion barrier is found to be 0.38 eV and predicted to be strongly strain-dependent, indicating that, in the compressive domain, adatoms are unstable and the diffusion barrier is lower; the nucleation occurs in the tensile domain. In addition, the dissociation barrier from the dimer configuration is found to be 0.82 eV. Therefore, we expect that atoms, once coalesced, are unlikely to dissociate into single adatoms. This essentially tells that by changing the applied strain, we can control the patterning of nanostructures on the metal surface.
Abstract 1697: Gadd45A expression is high in luminal A and her2 human breast cancers, but frequently absent in triple negative breast cancers

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Gadd45a is a stress sensor, playing an important role in tumorigenesis. Generation and side by side analysis of breast cancer prone MMTV-myc and MMTV-ras mice highlight a unique role for Gadd45a as either a suppressor or promoter of breast cancer development, employing distinct signaling pathways in response to distinct oncogenic stress stimuli. Thus, it appears that gadd45a can function to either promote or suppress breast tumor development in mice via engagement of different signaling pathways depending on the molecular nature of the activated oncogene. Extending the work to human breast cancer has provided initial, novel data, showing that Gadd45a, which is not expressed in normal breast tissue, is expressed at high levels in less aggressive breast cancers and is low or absent in more aggressive subtypes. Notably, Gadd45a is expressed at very high levels in luminal A and her2 positive breast cancers, but frequently is absent in triple negative breast cancers. Experiments are currently underway to elucidate the functional role of Gadd45a in human breast cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1697. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1697
Shift of Body Fluids in Severe Burns

Blalock,1 Parsons and Phemister,2 and others have shown that in traumatic shock and in severe burns there is a marked shift of fluid from the blood into the injured tissues. This fluid shift has been measured in the case of burns by burning one lateral half of the animal and then after midline sagittal section, measuring directly the difference in weight of the 2 halves. The amount of fluid shift has been found sufficient to explain the resultant shock. This method allows only one determination of the amount of shift in each animal. Because of variation in the extent of the burn and in the reaction of individual animals, a complete record of the rate of shift of fluid will not be obtained.In all experiments completely anesthetized animals who suffered no pain whatsoever were used and no burned animals were allowed to recover.The author devised the apparatus shown in Fig. 1. An animal placed on this apparatus is in a state of balance and any lateral shift in fluid will cause a tipping of the apparatus and ...
Nanoscale metal-organic frameworks for the co-delivery of cisplatin and pooled siRNAs to enhance therapeutic efficacy in drug-resistant ovarian cancer cells.

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death among women with gynecological malignancies. Acquired resistance to chemotherapy is a major limitation for ovarian cancer treatment. We report here the first use of nanoscale metal–organic frameworks (NMOFs) for the co-delivery of cisplatin and pooled small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to enhance therapeutic efficacy by silencing multiple drug resistance (MDR) genes and resensitizing resistant ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin treatment. UiO NMOFs with hexagonal-plate morphologies were loaded with a cisplatin prodrug and MDR gene-silencing siRNAs (Bcl-2, P-glycoprotein [P-gp], and survivin) via encapsulation and surface coordination, respectively. NMOFs protect siRNAs from nuclease degradation, enhance siRNA cellular uptake, and promote siRNA escape from endosomes to silence MDR genes in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells. Co-delivery of cisplatin and siRNAs with NMOFs led to an order of magnitude enhancement in chemotherapeutic efficacy in vitro, as indicat...
Timing and Frequency of Unplanned Readmissions After Lung Transplantation Impact Long-Term Survival

Background Adverse events that require hospital readmission frequently occur long after lung transplantation (LT) that has been successfully performed. We sought to identify the causes and rate of unplanned readmissions after LT and to determine whether unplanned readmissions have a significant impact on post-LT survival. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the outcomes in 174 LT recipients who underwent LT at our center from June 2005 to May 2014. The median follow-up period was 38 months (range, 17 to 72 months). Results One hundred sixty (92%) of the 174 recipients were readmitted 854 times (5.3 times per patient). The median time to first readmission was 71 days (interquartile range [IQR], 28 to 240 days), and the median hospital length of stay at readmission was 3 days (IQR, 2 to 6 days). Freedom from first readmission was observed for 65% of patients at 1 month, 48% at 3 months, 43% at 6 months, and 26% at 12 months. Gender, lung allocation score, body surface area, year of transplantation, air leak longer than 5 days after operation, and allograft function were risk factors for readmission. The causes of readmission included infections (33%), respiratory adverse events (18%), rejection (15%), gastrointestinal events (15%), renal dysfunction (5%), and cardiac events (4%). Patients who died were found to have had early readmissions ( p = 0.04) and more frequent readmissions ( p = 0.001). Conclusions The first year after LT remains a high-risk period for unplanned readmissions regardless of pretransplantation diagnosis. Readmissions soon after discharge at index hospitalization and multiple readmissions are associated with an increased risk of mortality.
Open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair is still necessary in an era of advanced endovascular repair

Objective Recent advances in endovascular aneurysm repair have overcome substantial anatomic barriers associated with short and challenging necks. With greater range to treat more difficult anatomy from an endovascular approach, one would assume the need of open surgical repair (OSR) would be diminished. The purpose of our study was to determine the need for OSR for abdominal aortic aneurysms, in a tertiary academic setting, with a moderate volume (10-15 cases/year) of fenestrated endografting being performed. Methods An Institutional Review Board approved retrospective review was performed of all patients who underwent elective aortic aneurysm repair between January 2010 and July 2014. Computed tomography scans for patients who underwent OSR were reviewed and anatomic characteristics obtained. Instructions for use of (IFU) a commercially available fenestrated device (Cook Medical, Bloomington, Ind) were used to determine if open repair patients had anatomy amenable to advanced endovascular repair. Results During the study interval, 415 patients underwent abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Of those patients who underwent elective aneurysm repair, 105 patients had OSR. The study subsequently excluded 11 patients because they underwent secondary interventions after a failed endovascular repair and thus were not further evaluated. Also excluded were 18 patients who had OSR for an emergency intervention. The remaining 76 patients (35 female, 41 male; average age, 72 ± 8 years) had OSR and were outside the IFU of the fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair (FEVAR) device. The average diameter of the abdominal aorta was 5.9 cm. Indications for OSR were an aneurysm neck 40° of angulation (37.6%), extensive aortic thrombus (23.2%), and aortic neck angulation >45° (11.8%). Rejected patients had an average of 1.7 ± 0.8 anatomic constraints (range 1-4) that prevented use of the FEVAR device. Conclusions With evidence to support the strict adherence to IFU protocols of the FEVAR device in patients, our institution's practice has been to continue to perform open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair for patients with anatomy outside device protocols. Although it was thought that the decreased requirement of aortic neck required to deploy an endograft would lead to an increased patient population amenable to endovascular repair, there is still a clinically significant need for open aortic surgery.
The Integration of Service‐Learning Research into a Community Nutrition Course

Service learning uses real-world experience to develop skills, create connections between academic study and public concerns, and foster social change. In Spring 2015, a graduate-level community nutrition course at a university in southern California was amended to include a research-focused service-learning project. Four phases of service learning were included in course content. The phases were as follows: (1) a needs assessment; (2) development, implementation, and evaluation of nutrition lessons; (3) reflection; and (4) celebration. Reflective assignments indicated that students valued needs assessment as a basis for program development and growth in assessing program impacts. Modest gains in vegetable consumption patterns were evidenced among program participants.
HIGH PREVALENCE OF APICAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY NOTED IN NON-WHITE PATIENTS REFERRED FOR CLINICAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

Background: Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (ApHCM) is considered to be a relatively rare variant of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in non-Asian populations, with most studies suggesting a prevalence of 1 to 3 percent. We noted a high prevalence of ApHCM encountered on echocardiography in our
Digital Gaming Perceptions Among Older Adult Non-gamers

A report published by the Entertainment Software Association in 2013 stated that nearly half of persons aged 50 years and above play digital games. To better understand the characteristics of this growing marking, audience studies have been conducted. However, there is a dearth of research that specifically assesses the underlying qualities that characterize older adult non-gamers. As a direct extension of a study that examined older adult gamers and resulted in the generation of theory, this study sought to understand the older non-gamer audience. In particular, this study aimed to identify aspects that occurred over the course of the adult’s life that hindered digital game engagement. By individually interviewing eleven non-gaming older adults (age 60 to 89), three notable themes emerged and provided supportive evidence for the validity of the theory. By gleaning insight from the full spectrum of the population (gamers to non-gamers), game scholars and developers may a have better understanding of how to meet the needs of a wide range of older adults.
Application of Multi-Criteria Decision Making Method for Developing a Control Plan

The control plan optimization is an important issue for manufacturing companies in order to produce high quality products at lower costs. This paper presents a Multi-Criteria Decision Making framework to establish an efficient control plan. The proposed approach models the problem of selecting the best control scenario based on the decision maker preferences, and takes into account conflicting criteria such as reducing the Risk Priority Number and minimizing the control cost and time. At the first stage, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to provide priorities ratings for the available control alternatives. In the second step, the Choquet integral operator is employed for the aggregation of the partial scores obtained for the different alternatives according to each criterion in order to deal with the existing interactions between the criteria. An industrial case study from a manufacturing enterprise is provided to illustrate the application of the suggested approach.
Structure/property (constitutive and spallation response) of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel

Abstract For additive manufacturing (AM) of metallic materials, the certification and qualification paradigm needs to evolve as there is currently no broadly accepted “ASTM- or DIN-type” additive manufacturing certification process or AM-produced material specifications. Accordingly, design, manufacture, and subsequent implementation and insertion of AM materials to meet engineering applications requires detailed quantification of the constitutive (strength and damage) properties of these evolving materials, across the spectrum of metallic AM methods, in comparison/contrast to conventionally-manufactured metals and alloys. For this study, cylindrical samples of 316L SS were produced using a LENS MR-7 laser additive manufacturing system from Optomec (Albuquerque, NM) equipped with a 1 kW Yb-fiber laser. The microstructure of the AM-316L SS was characterized in both the “as-built” AM state and following a heat-treatment designed to obtain full recrystallization to facilitate comparison with annealed wrought 316L SS. The constitutive behavior as a function of strain rate and temperature was characterized and is compared to that of annealed wrought 316L SS plate material. The dynamic shock-loading-induced damage evolution and failure response of all three 316L SS materials was quantified using flyer-plate impact driven spallation experiments at peak stresses of 4.7 and 6.5 GPa. The spall strength of AM-produced 316L SS and the recrystallized-AM-316L SS were found to decrease with increasing peak shock stress while the annealed wrought 316L SS spall strength remained essentially constant. The damage evolution, characterized using optical metallography and electron-backscatter diffraction (EBSD), was found to vary significantly across the three 316L SS microstructures while the three samples loaded to a peak shock stress of 6.5 GPa displayed only ∼12% differences in spall strength.
Enhancing the Stability of Foam by the Use of Nanoparticles

Foam generation is one of the most promising techniques to overcome gas mobility challenges and improve the sweep efficiency of reservoir fluids. The synergistic effect of surfactant and nanoparticles can help produce a stronger and more stable foam in reservoir porous media. The objective of this work is to assess the ability of anionic surfactant and a mixture of the surfactant and nanoparticles to produce foam for gas mobility control and the enhancement of oil recovery. Static, dynamic, and core flood tests were conducted to evaluate foam strength. Static foam tests in the presence of crude oil showed a clear trend on foam behavior when solid nanoparticles were added to surfactant. As the concentration of nanoparticles increases, the foam half-life increases, too. Foamability tests in Bentheimer sandstone showed better foam generation and stabilization when nanoparticles were used. The addition of nanoaprticles to surfactant solutions resulted in higher pressure drop and, therefore, higher reduction o...
Spatial prediction of near surface soil water retention functions using hydrogeophysics and empirical orthogonal functions

Abstract The hydrological community often turns to widely available spatial datasets such as the NRCS Soil Survey Geographic database (SSURGO) to characterize the spatial variability of soil properties. When used to spatially characterize and parameterize watershed models, this has served as a reasonable first approximation when lacking localized or incomplete soil data. Within agriculture, soil data has been left relatively coarse when compared to numerous other data sources measured. This is because localized soil sampling is both expensive and time intense, thus a need exists in better connecting spatial datasets with ground observations. Given that hydrogeophysics is data-dense, rapid, non-invasive, and relatively easy to adopt, it is a promising technique to help dovetail localized soil sampling with spatially exhaustive datasets. In this work, we utilize two common near surface geophysical methods, cosmic-ray neutron probe and electromagnetic induction, to identify temporally stable spatial patterns of measured geophysical properties in three 65 ha agricultural fields in western Nebraska. This is achieved by repeat geophysical observations of the same study area across a range of wet to dry field conditions in order to evaluate with an empirical orthogonal function. Shallow cores were then extracted within each identified zone and water retention functions were generated in the laboratory. Using EOF patterns as a covariate, we quantify the predictive skill of estimating soil hydraulic properties in areas without measurement using a bootstrap validation analysis. Results indicate that sampling locations informed via repeat hydrogeophysical surveys, required only five cores to reduce the cross-validation root mean squared error by an average of 64% as compared to soil parameters predicted by a commonly used benchmark, SSURGO and ROSETTA. The reduction to five strategically located samples within the 65 ha fields reduces sampling efforts by up to ∼90% as compared to the common practice of soil grid sampling every 1 ha.
Comments on C.A. Hooker: Systematic Realism

During the first half of the century, positivism had a firm hold on the great majority of physicists. It appeared, however, in recent years that this method of analysis has lost its early creativity.
Reduced Order Models in Unsteady Aerodynamic Models, Aeroelasticity and Molecular Dynamics

The state of reduced order modeling of unsteady aerodynamic flows for the efficient calculation of fluid-structure interaction (aeroelasticity) is discussed. Reduced order modeling is a set of conceptually novel and computationally efficient techniques for computing unsteady flow about airfoils, wings, and turbomachinery cascades.
Discussion by Kathryn Roeder

I would like to congratulate David Tytler for his heroic effort to explain the many intriguing questions in quasar absorption systems to the statistical community. Unfortunately, I can discuss only a few of these questions here.
Privanza e integridad nacional: Lope de Vega y las crisis del poder

Muchos dramas historicos de Lope estan arraigados en los anos previos a la caida del reino godo o en los primeros siglos de la Reconquista. En el primer caso se encuentra "El ultimo godo", y en el segundo "Las paces de los reyes y judia de Toledo". Ambas comedias reflejan la crisis de poder en el reino de Felipe III y funcionan a modo de representacion simbolica del estado, cuyo rey es paradigma de las veleidades del poder y de su decadencia. La Espana triunfante e imperial tiene su contrarreplica en la Espana derrotada y empobrecida, con unos monarcas que delegan en sus validos. Los paralelismos entre los reinados de Felipe III y de Pelayo establecidos por nuestra lectura, sugieren que en estas comedias se promueve la idea de un estado integral, cuya fundacion mitica coincidiria con el comienzo de la Reconquista. Pero a la vez, en ellas se asoman los rasgos de una crisis de poder que apuntan hacia una inexorable decadencia.
Importance of Understanding Fundamental Chemical Mechanisms

The ability to build arguments and explanations based on scientific models is emphasized in current educational standards as a central science practice that students should develop in their science classes. In chemistry, it is expected that students will be able to apply their understanding in the construction of mechanistic explanations using submicroscopic models of matter. The main goal of this contribution is to highlight and characterize a set of fundamental chemical mechanisms that enable professionals in different fields to build rationales about the properties and behaviors of chemical entities across a wide variety of systems and processes. Thus, they represent the types of understandings to which chemistry educators should aspire for their students to develop and transfer to other domains. These fundamental mechanisms define ways of reasoning that students should master and chemistry instructors must give priority to in their instructional and assessment efforts.
Towards the Selection of Optimum Alarms System in Leading Industry Automation Software

Alarm is an intrusive alert to the human operator. It notifies the operator about the behavior of a controlled process. This notification, if presented with a meaningful message, enables the operator to take corrective measures in time successfully. The alarm systems are not confined to a limited genre of industries, instead they've become a necessity in almost every tertiary sector. The alarm systems are experiencing a deep interest by the researchers; however, the literature seems to be distant from the available industry automation software (IAS) deployed in the industries. The literature available, to the best of our knowledge, lack identification of state-of-the-art solution and the proposed approaches are complex and questionable to implement at a large scale. We have tried to bridge this gap between the academia and industrial sector by compiling a list of renowned IAS tools i.e. SIMATIC WinCC, Genesis64, GeniDAQ, Wonderware, LabView, and Open Automation Software and analyzing them in the context of alarm systems. It is concluded that Genesis64 alarms outperform others concerning supported alarm types and their compatibility with numerous databases with native mobile application support etc. but costs a fortune. SIMATIC WinCC is the only one providing cross-platform support i.e. Linux, Mac and Windows but it doesn't support remote monitoring via mobile application and lacks interoperability in terms of supporting alarm servers and databases and it is too heavy on pocket.
NOSE: A Novel Odor Sensing Engine for Ambient Monitoring of the Frying Cooking Method in Kitchen Environments

How we cook and prepare our food has an enormous impact on our health and well-being. Specific cooking methods, like deep-frying, are linked to obesity and the degradation of food nutrients, which contribute to various diseases and health issues. We present NOSE, a Novel Odor Sensing Engine, that passively and continuously monitors gas emissions in the kitchen area using an array of six metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors and detects the occurrence of deep-frying. To evaluate NOSE, we collected sensor data from five foods (chicken, fish, beef, potato, and onion) cooked with three methods (deep-frying, grilling, and boiling) and three common frying oils (canola, corn, and soybean) in three different kitchens in a controlled manner. We demonstrate that NOSE can classify cooking by deep-frying with an average F1-score of 0.89. Based on the in-laboratory findings, we deployed NOSE in two different real-world households throughout a three-week period and successfully detected the occurrence of frying cooking with an average F1-score of 0.72, which is a promising result considering the relatively small number of data samples collected. Our results show the potential of using NOSE as an assistive dietary monitoring tool that periodically reports to users about their cooking habits.
Evaluation of botanical extracts against Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on different host grains

As the damage of stored legume grains by Callosobruchus maculatusis severe in Sri Lanka, the present study was conducted to find the remedial solution for this existing problem. The experiment was designed to select the most effective botanical insecticides; Azadirachta indica 10 %, Vitex negundo10 %, Eucalyptus globulus10 %, Annona squamosal 10 % and Allium sativum 10 % against the insect pest, Callosobruchus maculatus (bruchid beetle) on stored grains; Vigna unguiculata var. Waruni (red cowpea), Vigna unguiculata var. Dhawala (cowpea with black eye), Vigna radiate (green gram) and Cicer arietinum (chickpea). Among these treatments, A. indica 10 % and A. sativum 10 % were found to be the significantly best along with 80 % of mortality in adult weevils and zero damaged seeds in all treated grains whereas V. negundo 10 % and E. globulus 10 % had average mortality effect (40-50 %) at the beginning of the study. Apart from this zero seed, damage was observed in chickpea treated with all treatments including untreated control. The study showed the non-preference of chickpea by C. maculatus as the seed coating was resistant to the beetle attack.
Reviews of Science for Science Librarians: Nutritional Epidemiology

ABSTRACTNutritional epidemiology is a painstaking field that still includes some clinical observation and field work but whose most essential features today involve tests of statistical rigor and t...
The Invention of Norman Visual Culture: Art, Politics, and Dynastic Ambition

In this book, Lisa Reilly establishes a new interpretive paradigm for the eleventh and twelfth-century art and architecture of the Norman world in France, England, and Sicily. Traditionally, scholars have considered iconic works like the Cappella Palatina and the Bayeux Embroidery in a geographically piecemeal fashion that prevents us from seeing their full significance. Here, Reilly examines these works individually and within the larger context of a connected Norman world. Just as Rollo founded the Normandy 'of different nationalities', the Normans created a visual culture that relied on an assemblage of forms. To the modern eye, these works are perceived as culturally diverse. As Reilly demonstrates, the multiple sources for Norman visual culture served to expand their meaning. Norman artworks represented the cultural mix of each locale, and the triumph of Norman rule, not just as a military victory but as a legitimate succession, and often as the return of true Christian rule.
Signaling Through the interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 Receptor Complexes Regulates Cholangiocyte TMEM16A Expression and Biliary Secretion

The Ca2+-activated Cl− channel transmembrane member 16A (TMEM16A) has emerged as an important regulator of biliary secretion and hence, ductular bile formation. The present studies represent the in...
Discrimination, Prejudice, and Oppression and the Development of Psychopathology

Experiences of discrimination, prejudice, and oppression across the life span have been evidenced to impact developmental processes, including the development of psychopathology. Potential mechanisms and links underpinning this impact were reviewed in this chapter. First, a developmental framework was reviewed to provide a life span developmental context to marginalization experienced by children and their parents. Experiences of discrimination, prejudice, and oppression were also conceptualized within previously studied stress models, including the diathesis-stress model and biopsychosocial stress processes. Then important biological and psychosocial mechanisms were discussed. This review highlights the importance of examining marginalization, as well as coping skills, formation of racial/cultural identity, and institutionalized/systemic marginalization from a developmental psychopathology perspective. Future directions proposed include conducting research that examines the impact of discrimination, prejudice, and oppression from an intersectional perspective, which incorporate an individual’s culture, multiple identities, and statuses in addition to biosocial systems that explain trajectories of risk and resilience of psychopathology.
When Spatial Analytics Meets Cyberinfrastructure: an Interoperable and Replicable Platform for Online Spatial-Statistical-Visual Analytics

Developing spatial analytical methods as open source libraries is an important endeavor to enable open and replicable science. However, despite the fact that large geospatial data and geospatial cyberinfrastructure (GeoCI) resources are becoming available, many libraries and toolkits are only initialized and designed for analytics in a desktop environment. Coupling spatial analytical functionality with big data and high-performance computing will result in immediate benefits for multidisciplinary research in terms of addressing challenging socioeconomic and environmental problems, as well as supporting remote collaboration between participants from physically distributed research groups, and assisting informed decision-making. In this article, we present the design and implementation of a general workflow to integrate state-of-the-art open source libraries with GeoCI resources. We also solve various interoperability and replicability issues that arise during the implementation process. The popular open source Python Spatial Analysis Library (PySAL) was selected to build the interoperable Web service, WebPySAL, which was then successfully integrated in GeoCI. With this integration between spatial analytics and cyberinfrastructure, the new GeoCI platform provides easy-to-use, efficient, and interactive exploratory spatial analysis functions to public users. The GeoCI capability is demonstrated through two regional economic case studies of (1) evaluating global spatial autocorrelation and identifying local clusters in the spatial pattern of median household incomes for US counties (with global and local Moran’s I statistics) and (2) modeling the space-time dynamics of per capita incomes at the state level (with spatial Markov statistics).