cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Down the Rabbit Hole: Tracking the Humanizing Effect of John Dewey?s Pragmatism on Norbert Wiener

In 1914, Norbert Wiener wrote an article on relativism in The Journal of Philosophy. Throughout the text, the young post-doctoral student puts forth the notion that ?no experience is self-sufficient, that no knowledge is absolutely certain, and that no knowledge is merely derived? [31, p.567]. All sorts of feedback, signals, and transactions ? potentially controllable elements of communication ? are at play. Relativism, Wiener posits, is ?closely related? to pragmatism and, in fact, ?only objects to pragmatism in so far as it seems to claim to have said the last word in philosophy: a relativistic pragmatism is quite possible? [31, pp. 568, 570].
Bomb radiocarbon dating and estimated longevity of Giant Sea Bass (Stereolepis gigas)

Abstract In January 2010, a massive giant sea bass (500 lbs, 227 kg; near maximum reported size of 557 lbs, 253 kg) was captured off Santa Cruz Island by commercial gill-netters. This specimen presented a unique opportunity to estimate and validate of the potential longevity of the largest nearshore teleost of the northeastern Pacific. A transverse section of the sagittal otolith produced consistent counts of 62 opaque annuli along two different axes of the ventral sulcus region, translating into an estimated birth year of 1948. This age estimate was supported by measurements of radiocarbon (14C) in the other sagittal otolith core (within the first year of growth), relative to Δ14C reference records used for bomb radiocarbon dating. Two otolith core samples produced Δ14C values that were classified as pre-bomb (prior to ∼1958–59), indicating a minimum lifespan of 51 years. It is likely that giant sea bass can live more than 60 or 70 years based on growth zone counts, but there is no evidence in the litera...
Heterogeneous job-matches and the cyclical behavior of labor turnover

Abstract Worker flows to and from unemployment simultaneously occur over the US business cycle, and the size of the flows is positively linked to the unemployment rate. Unemployment flows and the unemployment rate are highly volatile, persistent and countercyclical. Inflows lead the unemployment rate, and the unemployment rate leads outflows over the business cycle. The one-sector stochastic growth model is augmented by matching frictions in the labor market and match-specific productivity shocks that introduce ex post heterogeneous job-matches. Matching frictions help generate the lead–lag relationship between unemployment flows and the unemployment rate. Combined with heterogeneous job-matches they generate endogenous unemployment flows and an unemployment rate whose dynamic characteristics match observed data.
Two-Step Continuous-Flow Synthesis of CuInSe2 Nanoparticles in a Solar Microreactor

A novel method of copper indium diselenide nanoparticle (CuInSe2 NP) synthesis using a two-step, continuous flow, solar microreactor is reported here. This method allows for exceedingly fast heating and short reaction times using only radiative heat transfer from simulated, concentrated solar radiation. Chalcopyrite and sphalerite CuInSe2 phases have both been synthesized by changing nucleation temperature and residence time through the solar microreactor, with higher nucleation temperatures and longer residence times allowing for the formation of the chalcopyrite CuInSe2 phase.
On the analyticity of CR mappings between nonminimal hypersurfaces

Let $M\subset \mathbb{C}^2$ be a connected real-analytic hypersurface containing a connected complex hypersurface $E\subset \mathbb{C}^2$ , and let $f\colon M\to \mathbb{C}^2$ be a smooth CR mapping sending M into another real-analytic hypersurface $M'\subset \mathbb{C}^2$ . In this paper, we prove that if f does not collapse E to a point and does not collapse M into the image of E, and if the Levi form of M vanishes to first order along E, then f is real-analytic in a neighborhood of E. In general, the corresponding statement is false if the Levi form of M vanishes to second order or higher, in view of an example due to the author. We also show analogous results in higher dimensions provided that the target M' satisfies a certain nondegeneracy condition. The main ingredient in the proof, which seems to be of independent interest, is the prolongation of the system defining a CR mapping sending M into M' to a Pfaffian system on M with singularities along E. The nature of the singularity is described by the order of vanishing of the Levi form along E.
Global healthcare and the flux of technology.

Abstract For Medinfo ‘98, as an exercise in technological forecasting and analysis, we volunteered to project the direction of healthcare informatics into the next century. This paper is an extended discussion of that presentation. We open with the observation that healthcare informatics is merely one of the many endeavors that is following a turbulent but nearly inescapable path into a digital future. Our objective is to describe as best we can the overall geography of the general path we appear to be on, to anticipate some of our future checkpoints along the way, to identify some of the roughest transitional passages as they apply to healthcare, and to present this as one guide among many to those who have offered to do the steering into this exciting, electronic unknown. Emphasis is placed on the growing importance of information networks, the particular nature of complexity as applied to healthcare communications and healthcare itself, and the impact of the rising costs of what is medically possible in a technological age. Certain evident recent changes in computing technology are singled out for their present and expected importance. The whole is considered from a broader organizational perspective to better understand the turbulence of present times, and what medical informatics might address to ameliorate the most onerous healthcare issues.
Short- and long-term outcomes after large pulmonary resection for germ cell tumors after bleomycin-combination chemotherapy

Abstract Background Treatment of nonseminomatous germ cell tumors frequently requires bleomycin-combination chemotherapy followed by resection of residual disease. Bleomycin administration however raises concerns with respect to postoperative respiratory complications, particularly for patients undergoing large pulmonary resections. We undertook an institutional review to determine the outcome of large pulmonary resections after bleomycin-combination chemotherapy. Methods Between 1981 and 2001, 530 patients presented to our institution for resection of residual intrathoracic disease for either metastatic testicular or primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. We subsequently reviewed 32 of these patients who required pneumonectomy (n = 19; right=9, left=10) or bilobectomy (n = 13) after bleomycin-combination chemotherapy. Results There were four operative deaths (13%). All postoperative deaths occurred in patients undergoing right-sided resections (pneumonectomy, n=2; bilobectomy, n=2) as a consequence of pulmonary complications. Operative survivors had a pulmonary morbidity of 18%. Fourteen of 20 long-term survivors were found to have a satisfactory performance status at follow-up. Conclusions Otherwise young and healthy male nonseminomatous germ cell tumors patients requiring large pulmonary resections after bleomycin-combination chemotherapy appear to be at higher than anticipated risk for pulmonary-related morbidity and mortality. However long-term survivors report an acceptable functional status.
Fractal-like Distributions over the Rational Numbers in High-throughput Biological and Clinical Data

Fractal-like Distributions over the Rational Numbers in High-throughput Biological and Clinical Data
Growth following solid‐organ transplantation

One of the ultimate goals of successful transplantation (Tx) in pediatric solid-organ transplant recipients is the attainment of optimal final adult height. Except for kidney Tx there are limited data to address this issue. Remarkably similar factors impact on growth in pediatric kidney, liver, and heart recipients. Age is a primary factor, with younger recipients exhibiting the greatest immediate catch-up growth. Graft function is a significant contributory factor: a reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) correlates with poor growth in kidney recipients, and the need for re-Tx is associated with impaired growth in liver recipients. The known adverse impact of corticosteroids on growth has led transplant physicians/surgeons to either modify the dose or attempt steroid withdrawal. In kidney and liver recipients this is associated with the development of acute rejection episodes. In infant heart transplant recipients the avoidance of maintenance corticosteroid immunosuppression is associated with normal growth velocity in the majority of recipients. With the marked improvement in patient and graft survival rates in pediatric solid-organ graft recipients, it is timely that the quality-of-life issues receive paramount attention. In children, normal growth following solid-organ Tx should be an achievable goal that results in normal final adult height.
The Dependence of Halo Clustering on Halo Formation History, Concentration, and Occupation

We investigate the dependence of dark matter halo clustering on halo formation time, density profile concentration, and subhalo occupation number, using high-resolution numerical simulations of a ?CDM cosmology. We confirm results that halo clustering is a function of halo formation time at fixed mass and that this trend depends on halo mass. For the first time, we show unequivocally that halo clustering is a function of halo concentration and show that the dependence of halo bias on concentration, mass, and redshift can be accurately parameterized in a simple way: b(M,c|z) = b(M|z)b(c|M/M). Interestingly, the scaling between bias and concentration changes sign with the value of M/M: high-concentration (early forming) objects cluster more strongly for M M, while low-concentration (late forming) objects cluster more strongly for rare high-mass halos, M M. We show the first explicit demonstration that host dark halo clustering depends on the halo occupation number (of dark matter subhalos) at fixed mass and discuss implications for halo model calculations of dark matter power spectra and galaxy clustering statistics. The effect of these halo properties on clustering is strongest for early-forming dwarf-mass halos, which are significantly more clustered than typical halos of their mass. Our results suggest that isolated low-mass galaxies (e.g., low surface brightness dwarfs) should have more slowly rising rotation curves than their more clustered counterparts and may have consequences for the dearth of dwarf galaxies in voids. They also imply that self-calibrating richness-selected cluster samples with their clustering properties might overestimate cluster masses and bias cosmological parameter estimation.
The Devil's Chemists on Trial: The American Prosecution of I. G. Farben at Nuremberg

(1999). The Devil's Chemists on Trial: The American Prosecution of I. G. Farben at Nuremberg. The Historian: Vol. 61, No. 4, pp. 865-882.
Generation of discrete distributions from biased coins

The procedure of Knuth and Yao (1976) to simulate random numbers with specified distribution by parsing sequences of fair coin tosses is generalized to employ discrete distributions of particular form instead of fair coins. Each probability in these distributions is an integral power of some fixed value t. The parse tree for the simulation procedure is closely related to the code trees arising in Karp's optimal variable-length coding algorithm for code symbols of unequal cost.
THE DISK POPULATION OF THE UPPER SCORPIUS ASSOCIATION

We present photometry at 3-24 ?m for all known members of the Upper Scorpius association (? ~ 11 Myr) based on all images of these objects obtained with the Spitzer Space Telescope and the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer. We have used these data to identify the members that exhibit excess emission from circumstellar disks and estimate the evolutionary stages of these disks. Through this analysis, we have found ~50 new candidates for transitional, evolved, and debris disks. The fraction of members harboring inner primordial disks is 10% for B-G stars (M > 1.2 M ?) and increases with later types to a value of ~25% at M5 (M 0.2 M ?), in agreement with the results of previous disk surveys of smaller samples of Upper Sco members. These data indicate that the lifetimes of disks are longer at lower stellar masses and that a significant fraction of disks of low-mass stars survive for at least ~10 Myr. Finally, we demonstrate that the distribution of excess sizes in Upper Sco and the much younger Taurus star-forming region (? ~ 1 Myr) is consistent with the same, brief timescale for clearing of inner disks.
Neurocontrol: concepts and applications

Neural networks provide several distinctive features that are of substantial relevance to control technology. These include: accurate approximations of nonlinear functions and nonlinear dynamical systems; compact, efficient implementations; and data-intensive rather than expertise-intensive model and controller development. The benefits of neural networks for control applications are now being realized in numerous domains. We discuss several ways neural networks can be used for modeling and control. For modeling applications, neural networks have been trained to realize `black-box' forward and inverse process models as well as parametric models. Neural network controllers can be developed by emulating existing controllers, by model-free optimization, and by model-based optimization. Examples from deployed applications, available products, and the technical literature illustrate these concepts. We conclude by discussing some important topics for future research: dynamic neural networks, incremental learning, and application-specific network design.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Matched Filtering From Limited Frequency Samples

In this paper, we study a simple correlation-based strategy for estimating the unknown delay and amplitude of a signal based on a small number of noisy, randomly chosen frequency-domain samples. We model the output of this “compressive matched filter” as a random process whose mean equals the scaled, shifted autocorrelation function of the template signal. Using tools from the theory of empirical processes, we prove that the expected maximum deviation of this process from its mean decreases sharply as the number of measurements increases, and we also derive a probabilistic tail bound on the maximum deviation. Putting all of this together, we bound the minimum number of measurements required to guarantee that the empirical maximum of this random process occurs sufficiently close to the true peak of its mean function. We conclude that for broad classes of signals, this compressive matched filter will successfully estimate the unknown delay (with high probability and within a prescribed tolerance) using a number of random frequency-domain samples that scales inversely with the signal-to-noise ratio and only logarithmically in the observation bandwidth and the possible range of delays.
A Theoretical Study of the Structures of Flavin in Different Oxidation and Protonation States

Ab initio molecular orbital theory was used to investigate the structure of flavin in different oxidation and protonation states using lumiflavin as a model compound. According to our study, oxidized flavin is planar no matter what its protonation state or whether it participates in hydrogen bonding. The structures of flavin semiquinone radicals are planar or very close to planar, but the reduced flavin H3Flred (9) is bent with a ring puckering angle of 27.3° along the N5 and N10 axis. The calculations indicate that N1 is the site of protonation for oxidized flavin, which is in agreement with several crystallographic studies. The calculated spin density distribution for flavin semiquinone radicals is also consistent with experimental results. Electrostatic potential derived charges at the RHF/6-31G* level of theory are also provided for both oxidized and reduced flavins.
A glossmeter for smoothness comparisons of machine-finished surfaces

Since shininess is one indication of surface smoothness, a photoelectric glossmeter was developed for possible use as a production-inspection device for determining the roughness of machine-finished surfaces between 100 and 500 micro-inches root-mean-square deviation from mean surface. Because these roughnesses are about one thousand times the smallest roughnesses that affect gloss, it is necessary to coat each machined surface tested with a thin film of light mineral oil which fills microscopic cracks and pores, but conforms to the larger surface irregularities. A near-grazing angle, 75°, was chosen for the measurement of gloss so that surfaces on which there are ridges of metal between adjacent tool cuts are rated low in gloss and, therefore, rough. Although the glossmeter essentially measures the fraction of the unshadowed surface which is nearly parallel to mean surface, the instrument resulting from the present development has proved to be a simple and useful device for making rapid comparisons of the roughnesses of surfaces machined with about the same tool feeds.
Effect of Various Pre-Treatments on Ti/Al/Ti/Au Ohmic Contacts for AlGaN/GaN HFET Devices

The effect of a number of different treatments on the contact resistance for Ti/Al/Ti/Au (30/80/120/ 55 nm) contacts to Al 0.3 Ga 0.7 N (20 nm)/GaN HFET structures were investigated. The structures were grown by MBE. Neither preannealing of the surface at temperatures up to 1100 °C in N 2 , nor etching of the surface using chemically assisted ion beam etching (CAIBE) was effective in reducing the contact resistance. Both light CAIBE etching (5 nm) to partially remove the AlGaN layer, and deeper etching (50 nm and 100 nm) to remove the AlGaN and contact the GaN channel layer directly, resulted in a substantial increase in the measured contact resistance. The only treatment that was found to decrease the contact resistance was a brief wet etch in K 2 S 2 O 8 /KOH solution under 254 nm UV irradiation. A resist stabilization treatment was developed so that the process was self-aligned. The contact resistance in Ω mm was decreased by a factor of 1.7 for the optimum etch time. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the etching resulted in the formation of discrete holes perforating the AlGaN layer.
Synthesis and structure of metallophosphenium complexes derived from related cyclic and acyclic aminohalophosphines

Abstract The reactions of [(CH3)2N]2PCl, [(C6H5CH2)2N]2PCl, (C6H5) NCH 2 CH 2 N(C 6 -H 5 )P Cl and (C6H5CH2) NCH 2 CH 2 N(CH 2 C 6 H 5 )P Cl with NaMo(η5-C5H5)(CO)3 in THF result in the formation of the respective metallophosphenium complexes, (η5-C5H5)(CO)2MoP(NR2)2. The compounds have been characterized by infrared and NMR spectroscopy and the single crystal X-ray diffraction structure determination of one complex, (η5-C5H5)(CO)2Mo[ PN(CH 2 C 6 H 5 )CH 2 CH 2 N (CH2C6H5), has been completed.
Evidence of fractional transport in point vortex flow

Abstract Advection properties of passive particles in flows generated by point vortices are considered. Transport properties are anomalous with characteristic transport exponent μ∼1.5. This behavior is linked back to the presence of coherent fractal structures within the flow. A fractional kinetic analysis allows to link the characteristic transport exponent μ to the trapping time exponent γ=1+μ. The quantitative agreement is found for different systems of vortices investigated and a clear signature is obtained of the fractional nature of transport in these flows.
Determining On-Axis Crystal Thickness with Quantitative Position-Averaged Incoherent Bright-Field Signal in an Aberration-Corrected STEM

An accurate determination of specimen thickness is essential for quantitative analytical electron microscopy. Here we demonstrate that a position-averaged incoherent bright-field signal recorded on an absolute scale can be used to determine the thickness of on-axis crystals with a precision of ±1.6 nm. This method measures both the crystalline and the noncrystalline parts (surface amorphous layers) of the sample. However, it avoids the systematic error resulting from surface plasmon contributions to the inelastic mean-free-path thickness estimated by electron energy loss spectroscopy.
Structural Design Optimization Status and Direction

This paper discusses the use of optimization techniques for structural design. This discussion begins with a brief historical review of this technology from the initial concept to modern approximation techniques. The present state of the art is reviewed and some examples are offered to demonstrate the state of the art. Finally, future needs are addressed to indicate some of the challenges that lie ahead. It is concluded that the state of the art is now reasonably well refined. The challenge now is to assimilate this technology into the practicing design environment.
Noise in the rf SQUID

This paper presents the results of an extensive study of the sensitivity-limiting noise sources in rf-biased SQUID flux detectors. Our investigation has included both experiments with point contact and thin-film SQUIDs and digital computer simulations. The paper begins with a discussion of rf SQUID operation, with special emphasis on those aspects that determine flux detector sensitivity. We then discuss the origin and consequences of intrinsic device noise in rf SQUID systems. We describe a straightforward technique for determining intrinsic noise amplitude directly from SQUID rf I–V characteristics. Deviations in the measured intrinsic noise of many devices from the Kurkijarvi-Webb prediction are attributed to departures from the ideal Josephson sinusoidal current-phase relation in the SQUID weak link. Kurkijarvf's SQUID tank circuit noise analysis is reviewed and we show how SQUID sensitivity can be maximized by an optimal coupling between SQUID ring and tank circuit. This optimal coupling depends upon circuit parameters, ring inductance, and weak-link properties. The analysis reveals that variations in the current-phase relation can result in a difference of as much as a factor of ten in the attainable sensitivity of two otherwise identical SQUID systems. We also suggest efforts in circuit design that are most likely to lead to further improvements in flux detector sensitivity. Finally, other factors, including external magnetic noise and underdamping of the SQUID ring, are discussed.
Detecting z > 2 type IIn supernovae

Type IIn supernovae (SNe IIn) dominate the brightest supernova events in observed FUV flux (~1200-2000 ?). We show that multiband, multiepoch optical surveys complete to -->mr = 27 can detect the FUV emission of ~25 -->z > 2 SNe IIn deg?2 yr?1 (rest frame, or ~10 SNe IIn deg?2 yr?1 observed frame) to 4 ? using a technique that monitors color-selected galaxies. Moreover, the strength and evolution of the bright emission lines observed in low-redshift SNe IIn imply that the Ly? emission features in ~70% of -->z > 2 SNe IIn are above the spectroscopic thresholds of 8 m class telescopes for ~2 yr (rest frame). As a result, existing facilities have the capability to both photometrically detect and spectroscopically confirm -->z > 2 SNe IIn and pave the way for efficient searches by future 8 m class survey and 30 m class telescopes. The method presented here uses the sensitivities and wide-field capabilities of current optical instruments and exploits (1) the efficiency of -->z > 2 galaxy color selection techniques, (2) the intrinsic brightness distribution ( --> MB = ? 19.0,? ? 0.9) and blue profile of SN IIn continua, (3) the presence of extremely bright, long-lived emission features, and (4) the potential to detect blueshifted SN Ly? emission shortward of host galaxy Ly? features.
Development and validation of a pediatric severity index for sickle cell patients

There is no instrument to measure severity of sickle cell disease (SCD) in pediatric patients that is generally accepted. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a severity index for SCD in children. We developed an index consisting of 12 items and tested its validity of the index using data from 92 children. We tested whether different scores were obtained for patients classified by severity both subjectively and objectively by a partially validated existing index. Furthermore, we tested whether the index could differentiate patients classified according to genotype or the number of α-gene deletions and evaluated whether the score on the index was correlated with the average number and days of hospitalizations/year, age and a risk of death score. We explored the effect of three different weighting systems (Score A, B, and C) to summarize these items. All weightings demonstrated a significant difference between the scores of mild, moderate, and severely affected patients, as classified by a subjective rating or with an existing index (P < 0.01). The index clearly differentiated patients by genotype (P < 0.01) or α-gene deletions (P < 0.01). The correlation with hospitalization was moderate. Age and the risk of death score were weakly associated with the pediatric severity index for SCD. This is the first pediatric SCD severity index that was developed and validated using modern clinimetric methodology. The validity and reliability of this index should be further evaluated in a prospective study including a larger cohort, preferably diagnosed at birth.
Sobolev Inequalities, Riesz Transforms, and the Ricci Flow

A number of results about deriving further Sobolev inequalities from a given Sobolev inequality are presented. Various techniques are employed, including Bessel potentials and Riesz transforms. Combining these results with the \(W^{1,2}\) Sobolev inequality along the Ricci flow established by the author in earlier papers then yields various new Sobolev inequalities along the Ricci flow.
The role of oil price shocks on China's real exchange rate

Abstract This paper investigates to what extent the oil price shock and three other types of underlying macroeconomic shocks impact the trend movements of China's real exchange rate. By constructing a four-dimensional structural VAR model, the results suggest that real oil price shocks would lead to a minor appreciation of the long-term real exchange rate due to China's lesser dependence on imported oil than its trading partners included in the RMB basket peg regime and rigorous government energy regulations. The real shocks, as opposed to nominal shocks, are found to be dominant in the variations of the real exchange rate.
Design of an ocean thermal energy plant ship to produce ammonia via hydrogen

Abstract The 43°F (24°C) temperature difference that exists between surface water and deep water at selected sites in tropical oceans can be used to drive a heat engine to produce electric power, electrolyze water, and produce ammonia from the resulting hydrogen plus nitrogen from the air. A baseline design has been developed for a 100-MWe Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) plant-ship that would produce 313 tons per day of ammonia. The cost estimates for this design have been extrapolated to 500-MWe plant-ships to produce ammonia (for fertilizers and chemicals) or liquid hydrogen for shipment to the U.S. It is judged that ammonia will be producible at competitive cost ($96/short ton in 1975 dollars) by the sixth and subsequent plant-ships in the mid-1980s. This production by OTEC/ammonia plants would conserve supplies of natural gas or other fossil fuels now used to produce ammonia on shore. For the longer term (1990s), liquid hydrogen from OTEC plants should become competitive as demands for this clean fuel and efficient ways for employing it in larger markets (fuel cells, transportation, etc.) come to maturity.
Charge localization and phonon spectra in hole-doped La2NiO4

The in-plane oxygen vibrations in La2NiO4 are investigated for several hole-doping concentrations both theoretically and experimentally via inelastic neutron scattering. Using an inhomogeneous Hartree-Fock plus random-phase approximation numerical method in a two-dimensional Peierls-Hubbard model, it is found that the doping induces stripe ordering of localized charges, and that the strong electron-lattice coupling causes the in-plane oxygen modes to split into two subbands. This result agrees with the phonon band splitting observed by inelastic neutron scattering in La2-xSrxNiO4. Predictions of strong electron-lattice coupling in La2NiO4, the proximity of both oxygen-centred and nickel-centred charge ordering, and the relation between charged stripe ordering and the splitting of the in-plane phonon band upon doping are emphasized.
Electronic structure of semiconductor interfaces

Recent developments in microelectronics have focused attention on semiconductor heterostructures. Many important electronic and optical properties of such systems depend on the nature and concentration of localized electronic states at the interfaces, which in turn depend on the interfacial atomic arrangements. In this paper we will illustrate the relationship between interfacial electronic and atomic structure by considering the interfaces between lattice-matched semiconductors (Ge/GaAs); semiconductors and native oxide overlayers (Si/SiO2); semiconductors and metallic suicide overlayers (Pd2Si/Si); and crystalline and amorphous semiconductors (c-Si/a-Si).
Experimental departures from self-interest when competing partnerships share output

When every individual’s effort imposes negative externalities, self-interested behavior leads to socially excessive effort. To curb these excesses when effort cannot be monitored, competing output-sharing partnerships can form. With the right-sized groups, aggregate effort falls to the socially optimal level. We investigate this theory experimentally and find that while it makes correct qualitative predictions, there are systematic quantitative deviations, always in the direction of the socially optimal investment. Using data on subjects’ conjectures of each other’s behavior we investigate altruism, conformity and extremeness aversion as possible explanations. We show that deviations are consistent with both altruism and conformity (but not extremeness aversion).
Performance comparisons of maneuvering vehicles returning from orbit

In the present study of maneuvering reentry vehicles employing skipping and gliding flight paths, attention is given to aerodynamic heating pulses during longitudinal flight and lateral maneuvers. While skipping vehicles can achieve longer ranges than gliding ones, the deceleration loads can be an order of magnitude higher and involve heating rates 4-5 times higher, even for shallow entries, therefore requiring much heavier structural components and heavier thermal protection systems than gliders. A total lateral range of 8000 km is noted to be achievable by a gliding aerodynamic maneuver involving a 90-deg turn initiated at entry.
X-ray bursts from solar flares behind the limb

From the UCSD OSO-7 X-ray experiment data, we have identified 54 X-ray bursts with 5.1–6.6 keV flux greater than 103 photon cm−2 keV−1 which were not accompanied by visible Hα flare on the solar disk. By studying OSO-5 X-ray spectroheliograms, Hα activity at the limb and the emergence and disappearance of sunspot groups at the limb, we found 17 active centers as likely seats of the X-ray bursts beyond the limb. We present the analysis of 37 X-ray bursts and their physical parameters. We compare our results with those published by Datlowe et al. (1974a, b) for disk events. The distributions of maximum temperature, maximum emission measure, and characteristic cooling time of the over-the-limb events do not significantly differ from those of disk events. We show that of conduction and radiation, the former is the dominant cooling mechanism for the hot flare plasma. Since the disk and over-the-limb bursts are similar, we conclude that the scale height for X-ray emission in the 5–10 keV range is large and is consistent with that of Catalano and Van Allen (1973), 11000 km, for primarily 1–3 keV emission. Twenty-five or about 2/3 of the over-the-limb events had a non-thermal component. The distribution of peak 20 keV flux is not significantly different from that of disk events. However, the spectral index at the time of maximum flux is significantly different for events over the limb and for events near the center of the disk; the spectral index for over-the-limb events is larger by about δγ = 3/4. If hard X-ray emission came only from localized sources low in the chromosphere we would expect that hard X-ray emission, would be occulted over the limb; on the contrary, the observation show that the fraction of soft X-ray bursts which have a nonthermal component is the same on and off of the disk. Thus hard X-ray emission over extended regions is indicated.
Design of a high-performance ATM firewall

A router-based packet-filtering firewall is an effective way of protecting an enterprise network from unauthorized access. However, it will not work efficiently in an ATM network because it requires the termination of end-to-end ATM connections at a packet-filtering router, which incurs huge overhead of SAR (Segmentation and Reassembly). Very few approaches to this problem have been proposed in the literature, and none is completely satisfactory. In this paper we present the hardware design of a high-speed ATM firewall that does not require the termination of an end-to-end connection in the middle. We propose a novel firewall design philosophy, called Quality of Firewalling (QoF), that applies security measures of different strength to traffic with different risk levels and show how it can be implemented in our firewall. Compared with the traditional firewalls, this ATM firewall performs exactly the same packet-level filtering without compromising the performance and has the same "look and feel" by sitting at the chokepoint between the trusted ATM LAN and untrusted ATM WAN. It is also easy to manage and flexible to use.
Exploratory analysis of highly heterogeneous document collections

We present an effective multifaceted system for exploratory analysis of highly heterogeneous document collections. Our system is based on intelligently tagging individual documents in a purely automated fashion and exploiting these tags in a powerful faceted browsing framework. Tagging strategies employed include both unsupervised and supervised approaches based on machine learning and natural language processing. As one of our key tagging strategies, we introduce the KERA algorithm (Keyword Extraction for Reports and Articles). KERA extracts topic-representative terms from individual documents in a purely unsupervised fashion and is revealed to be significantly more effective than state-of-the-art methods. Finally, we evaluate our system in its ability to help users locate documents pertaining to military critical technologies buried deep in a large heterogeneous sea of information.
Effective beta-functions for effective field theory

We consider the problem of determining the beta-functions for any reduced effective field theory. Even though not all the Green's functions of a reduced effective field theory are renormalizable, unlike the full effective field theory, certain effective beta-functions for the reduced set of couplings may be calculated without having to introduce vertices in the Feynman rules for redundant operators. These effective beta-functions suffice to apply the renormalization group equation to any transition amplitude (i.e., S-matrix element), thereby rendering reduced effective field theories no more cumbersome than traditionally renormalizable field theories. These effective beta-functions may equally be regarded as the running of couplings for a particular redefinition of the fields.
A2125 and Its Environs: Evidence for an X-Ray-emitting Hierarchical Superstructure

Based on a deep ROSAT/PSPC observation, we reveal an elongated complex of extended X-ray-emitting objects in and around the galaxy cluster A2125. Multicolor optical imaging of galaxies in the field suggests that this complex represents a hierarchical superstructure spanning ~11 h−150 Mpc at the redshift ~0.247. The multiple peak X-ray morphology and large blue galaxy fraction of A2125 indicate that the cluster is undergoing a coalescence of subunits. The superstructure contains two additional clusters, projected at distances of only 3 and 4.3 h−150 Mpc from A2125. The most interesting feature is, however, the low surface brightness X-ray emission from a moderate galaxy concentration away from individual clusters. The emission likely arises in a hot (~107 K) intergalactic medium, as predicted in N-body/hydro simulations of structure formation.
Numerical models of the E-region ionosphere

Abstract Although the ambient E-region of the ionosphere has been fairly well characterized in the non-auroral regions with respect to density, ion composition, and variability, it is not as well understood as might be expected from a theoretical point of view. This is due primarily to uncertainties in the solar irradiance that produces E-region ionization (mainly the H Lyman-β line and the soft X-ray region), and to the variability of odd-nitrogen species that control ion composition. Recent measurements from the SNOE, TIMED, and SORCE satellites have greatly improved our quantitative understanding of both solar spectral irradiance and lower thermosphere nitric oxide, which in turn improves our ability to accurately model the E-region. The new measurements indicate higher solar soft X-ray irradiance but lower flux in the H Lyman-β line than earlier estimates by Hinteregger et al. [Hinteregger, H.E., Fukui, K., Gilson, B.R., Observational, reference, and model data on soalr EUV, from measurements on AE–E. Geophys. Res. Lett. 8 (1981) 1147] based on measurements from Atmosphere Explorer and from rocket flights. However, preliminary results from the Solar EUV Experiment (SEE) on the TIMED satellite are in better agreement with the EUVAC model [Richards, P.G., Fenenelly, J.A., Torr, D.G., EUVAC: a solar EUV flux model for aeronomic calculations. J. Geophys. Res. 99 (1994) 8981–8992]. This raises the question of whether either of these representations of the solar spectrum can adequately represent E-region electron density and variation. Model simulations of the E-region using these two solar model inputs are compared to the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) empirical model, which has been validated using measurements from the Boulder ionosonde. Calculations using the Hinteregger et al. solar inputs significantly underestimate the peak electron densities at all levels of activity, while using EUVAC solar inputs produces better agreement but slightly more variability than the empirical representations. As improved estimates of variability from TIMED/SEE over a complete solar cycle become available, these remaining discrepancies may be resolved.
Vibration and guiding of moving media with edge weave imperfections

Abstract This paper examines the steady-state-forced vibration of a moving medium that is guided by a partial elastic foundation, and where geometric imperfections on the medium's edge act as an excitation source. Such a system is of technical interest in the areas of web handling and magnetic tape transport where externally pressurized air bearing guides are sometimes used to control lateral position. The axially moving strip is modeled here as a string that is guided by elastic foundation segments, and that is subjected to traveling wave excitation as the edge's imperfection interacts with the foundation. The equation of motion for this “moving medium and moving load” system incorporates a skew-symmetric Coriolis acceleration component that arises from convection. The governing equation is cast in state-space form, with one symmetric and one skew-symmetric operator, as is characteristic of gyroscopic systems. Through modal analysis, the forced response of the system is obtained to the complex harmonic excitation associated with the interaction between the edge's weave pattern and the guides. Parameter studies are presented in the transport speed, foundation stiffness, guide placement, guide width, and imperfection wavelength. Of potential technological application, for a given wavelength of the edge's imperfection, it is possible to reduce the medium's vibration at a certain location by judiciously selecting the locations and spans of the foundation segments.
Effective Superpotentials for Compact D5-Brane Calabi-Yau Geometries

For compact Calabi-Yau geometries with D5-branes we study N = 1 effective superpotentials depending on both open- and closed-string fields. We develop methods to derive the open/closed Picard-Fuchs differential equations, which control D5-brane deformations as well as complex structure deformations of the compact Calabi-Yau space. Their solutions encode the flat open/closed coordinates and the effective superpotential. For two explicit examples of compact D5-brane Calabi-Yau hypersurface geometries we apply our techniques and express the calculated superpotentials in terms of flat open/closed coordinates. By evaluating these superpotentials at their critical points we reproduce the domain wall tensions that have recently appeared in the literature. Finally we extract orbifold disk invariants from the superpotentials, which, up to overall numerical normalizations, correspond to orbifold disk Gromov-Witten invariants in the mirror geometry.
Elliptic flow from partially thermalized heavy-ion collisions

Abstract We study to what extent the measured elliptic flow at RHIC constrains viscous deviations from ideal hydrodynamics. We solve a toy model where only transverse momenta are thermalized while the system undergoes longitudinal free-streaming. We show that RHIC data excluide such a model and thus require fast 3-dimensional thermalization.
The potential of shared decision making to reduce health disparities.

Current methods of obtaining an informed consent leave much to be desired. Patients rarely read consent forms or understand all of the risks, benefits, or alternatives associated with their treatment. Evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of treatment options often presents a more significant challenge for patients with lower levels of health literacy. This article reviews the evidence of shortcomings in our informed consent system and then explores the potential for a new approach to engage patients at all levels of health literacy in their treatment decisions. Specifically, the article will examine the potential of shared decision-making (SDM) to bridge gaps in knowledge, increase patient adherence to treatment, and improve health outcomes in low health literacy patient populations. Leveling barriers to treatment information for disadvantaged populations should be a public health imperative, especially if it can be shown to improve health outcomes and reduce health disparities.
Equations of state of iron sulfide and constraints on the sulfur content of the Earth

New shock and release wave data for pyrrhotite (Fe_(0.9)S) obtained over the pressure range of 3–158 GPa (0.03–1.58 Mbar) suggest that this mineral undergoes a major shock-induced phase change(s) with an onset in the range 2.7–3.8 GPa. Free-surface velocities of Fe_(0.9)S released from states between 8.9 and 24.7 GPa indicate a maximum postshock density of ∼5.54 g/cm^3. A pressure of ∼25 GPa appears to be required to drive the phase transition(s) to completion. A density for the high-pressure phase (hpp) consistent with present static high-pressure X ray data, ∼5.34 g/cm^3, was used to calculate a zero-pressure, adiabatic bulk modulus of 126–128 GPa for the hpp. Release adiabat measurements centered at 152 and 158 GPa are consistent with the assumption that the Hugoniot curve in the 25- to 158-GPa range reflects the properties of a denser polymorph, possibly with eight-fold coordination, which may be similar to the local bonding of sulfur in the liquid core of the earth. Similar, but less well constrained, reductions are presented for pyrite, FeS_2, based on the three data points of Simakov et al. (1974) in the pressure range 88–320 GPa. These are inferred to represent the behavior of an unknown hpp (approximate zero-pressure density of 5.3 g/cm^3) and indicate that this phase forms at a pressure above ∼29 GPa. Reduction of these data yields a zero-pressure bulk modulus for the hpp in the range 205–244 GPa. The raw Hugoniot data for Fe_(0.9)S, FeS_2, and Fe when constrained to the seismologically obtained density-pressure profiles of the outer core of the earth indicate a systematic decrease of apparent sulfur content from 10 to 6.5% with depth. When the shock data are reduced to isotherms, a nearly constant sulfur content in the range 9–12% is inferred. Using these bounds on the sulfur content of the core, and depending on whether an olivine or pyroxene mantle stoichiometry is assumed, the earth can be modeled as being depleted in S by a factor ranging from 1.7 to 3.2 with respect to the abundances of Si and from 2.8 to 7.5 relative to the abundance of Fe, in CCl carbonaceous chondrites. It is concluded that although the shock wave data permit the major light element in the core to be sulfur, the earth can be modeled as being depleted in sulfur, along with other volatile elements. A systematic relation, C_0(km/s) = 7.15 - 0.47 [V bar], was also discovered upon comparison of the inferred densities and bulk sound speeds (C_0) of the hpp's of the iron sulfides with other measurements for 12 sulfides and elemental sulfur. Here inline image is the volume (in cubic centimeters) per mole of atoms.
Compiling with code-size constraints

Most compilers ignore the problems of limited code space in embedded systems. Designers of embedded software often have no better alternative than to manually reduce the size of the source code or even the compiled code. Besides being tedious and error prone, such optimization results in obfuscated code that is difficult to maintain and reuse. In this paper, we present a step towards code-size-aware compilation. We phrase register allocation and code generation as an integer linear programming problem where the upper bound on the code size can simply be expressed as an additional constraint. The resulting compiler, when applied to six commercial microcontroller programs, generates code nearly as compact as carefully crafted code.
A study of scattering from an object below a rough surface

A numerical model is applied in a Monte Carlo study of scattering from a three dimensional penetrable object below a lossy dielectric rough interface. Both time and frequency domain results are investigated to illustrate the relative importance of coherent and incoherent scattering effects in the sample problem considered. Results show that introducing a reduced transmission coefficient is reasonable for object coherent scattering predictions in this example, and that incoherent object/surface interaction effects approximately follow a simple scaling behavior as surface roughness is increased.
Fast Oxy-Cope Rearrangements of Bis-alkynes: Competition with Central C−C Bond Fragmentation and Incorporation in Tunable Cascades Diverging from a Common Bis-allenic Intermediate

Fast anionic oxy-Cope rearrangements of 1,5-hexadiyn-3,4-olates can be incorporated into cascade transformations which rapidly assemble densely functionalized cyclobutenes or cyclopentenones via a common bis-allenic intermediate. The competition between fragmentation, 4π-electrocyclic closure, and aldol condensation can be efficiently controlled by the nature of the acetylenic substituents. The rearrangement of bis-alkynes with two hydroxyl substituents opens a conceptually interesting entry in the chemistry of e-dicarbonyl compounds and suggests a new approach to analogues of rocaglamide/aglafolin.