cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of Diagnostic Analysis Tools to the Ares I Thrust Vector Control System

The NASA Ares I Crew Launch Vehicle is being designed to send astronauts into Earth orbit in support of missions to the International Space Station, to the moon, and beyond. The launch vehicle is an in-line two-stage rocket with the crew vehicle, Orion, on top of the stack. The Ares I is undergoing design and development utilizing commercial-off-the-shelf tools and hardware when applicable, along with cutting edge launch technologies and state-of-theart design and development techniques to ensure a safe, reliable, cost-effective space transportation system. In support of the vehicle’s design and development, the Ares Functional Fault Analysis group was tasked to develop an Ares Vehicle Diagnostic Model (AVDM) and to demonstrate the capability of that model to support failure-related analyses and design integration. The AVDM is a directed graph model of failure effect propagation paths within the vehicle architecture and is a comprehensive representation of the system’s failure space behavior. The AVDM is intended to support system engineering activities during the design process, and to provide diagnostic support throughout the development and deployment of the Ares I Launch Vehicle. During the Ares I design phase, the AVDM has been demonstrated to be valuable in the systems engineering process for assessing the completeness of schematics, and improving quality of various system design documents and analyses. The AVDM, along with supporting tools, has provided detection and fault isolation information to determine which components meet the diagnostic requirements for launch pad replacement and to assess system response to off-nominal conditions. One important component of the AVDM is the Upper Stage (US) Thrust Vector Control (TVC) diagnostic model—a representation of the failure space of the US TVC subsystem. This paper first presents an overview of the AVDM, its development approach, and the software used to implement the model and conduct diagnostic analysis. It then uses the US TVC diagnostic model to illustrate details of the development, implementation, analysis, and verification processes. Finally, the paper describes how the AVDM model can impact both design and
Television: Chicago style

In a letter to the editor of the Journal, Ted Nielsen wrote, “I enjoyed doing the Chicago article, as I have been in contact, man and boy, with television in that city from its start in network production through its demise. It was sad to work at WNBQ in 1959 and listen to the stagehands and directors talk about the ‘good old days’ in a wistful sort of way. The creative people were gone, and aside from Ben Park and Don Meier returning to do some free‐lance work using the studios, they would probably never return. People would point out to me the ‘KFO Studio’ or ‘This is where the Garroway show was done.’ I don't believe that the excitement, drive, and teamwork of those early live, young days in a small production organization situation can ever be regained on a commercial production level. As a teacher and television producer, I feel it is an important aspect of television production. There are too many of the ‘bored professional’ school around . . . toward no creative end.”
Football, folk dancing and fascism: diversity and difference in multicultural Australia

The paper contextualises the 'de-ethnicising' of Australian soccer debate within an attendant debate about multicultural practice. Underlying the 'de-ethnicising' issue is a contestation over the cultural representation of soccer. Those who call for 'de-ethnicising' correspondingly demand that the sport be 'Australianised'. In some cases this involves a rejection of multiculturalism, in others an acceptance of a multiculturalism which defers to an 'Australian way of life'. Either way, the continuing affiliation of soccer clubs to 'ethnic communities' is seen to encourage a set of cultural practices which are 'un-Australian'. The paper considers this view by locating it within the broader context of a discussion of the Australian sporting culture to which an 'ethnicised' soccer league is likely to remain offensive. The difficulties for multiculturalism evinced by soccer support are discussed with reference to the author's ethnographic case study of the Bad Blue Boys (BBB), a group of young men of Croatian ...
Maximum size of fish caught with standard gears and recreational angling

We correlated maximum lengths of freshwater fishes captured during 10 years with standard gears (i.e., gill nets, boat electrofishers and trap nets) and angling from Nebraska water bodies to determine which methodology provided better estimates of maximum size of fishes produced within a given water body. In general, maximum length of fishes captured with standard gears was smaller than maximum length of fishes captured with angling. Although significant (based on sequential Bonferroni adjustment) correlation was found in only one of nine sport fishes assessed, all correlations were positive indicating a general trend between maximum size of fishes captured with these two methodologies. At present, one cannot reliably predict the maximum size of fishes that is likely to be caught with angling given the maximum size of fishes captured with standard gears during routine monitoring of a fishes population.
Comparative transcriptional profiling of two human embryonic stem cell lines.

Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have gen- erated enormous interest due to their ability to self-renew and produce many different cell types. In conjunction with microarray technology, human ESCs provide a pow- erful tool for employing a systems-based approach to deciphering the molecular mechanisms that control pluri- potency and early development. Recent work has focused on defining ''stemness'' and pluripotency based on differ- ent experimental and analytical approaches in both mouse and human ESCs. Using a mixed linear model statistical approach, we report a stringent direct comparison be- tween data sets obtained from two human ESCs (BG01 and H1) in order to obtain a list of genes that are enriched in ESCs. In addition, we used another pluripotent population derived from BG01 ESCs to obtain a list of genes that we consider important to the maintenance of pluripotency. A total of 133 genes overlapped between the three pluri- potent populations. A majority of the 133 genes were classified under the key functional categories of cell-cycle regulation, signaling, and regulation of transcription. Key genes expressed were Oct4, Sox2, LeftyA, and Fgf2. Also found to be enriched in all three populations is FLJ10713 ,a gene encoding a hypothetical protein of unknown function that has been shown in earlier studies to possess a homo- log in mouse ESCs and also to cluster tightly with Oct4 in human ESCs. Although there were many genes unique to each pluripotent population, they shared similarities based on functional ontologies that define pluripotency. The significance of our studies underscores the need for direct comparison of stem cell populations that share bio- logical similarities using uniform stringent analytical ap- proaches, in order to better define pluripotency. Our findings have important implications for the maintenance
Evaluation of biomaterials for bladder augmentation using cystometric analyses in various rodent models.

Renal function and continence of urine are critically dependent on the proper function of the urinary bladder, which stores urine at low pressure and expels it with a precisely orchestrated contraction. A number of congenital and acquired urological anomalies including posterior urethral valves, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and neurogenic bladder secondary to spina bifida/spinal cord injury can result in pathologic tissue remodeling leading to impaired compliance and reduced capacity 1 . Functional or anatomical obstruction of the urinary tract is frequently associated with these conditions, and can lead to urinary incontinence and kidney damage from increased storage and voiding pressures 2 . Surgical implantation of gastrointestinal segments to expand organ capacity and reduce intravesical pressures represents the primary surgical treatment option for these disorders when medical management fails 3 . However, this approach is hampered by the limitation of available donor tissue, and is associated with significant complications including chronic urinary tract infection, metabolic perturbation, urinary stone formation, and secondary malignancy 4,5 .
Heterogeneity of Polypeptide Hormones during Aging

Alterations in the structure of DNA, RNA and protein molecules are a well established biochemical manifestation of aging. These structural changes were originally detected as alterations in physical properties such as stability to heat denaturation or changes in intrinsic biological activity. However, these studies have not progressed to the point where a specific structural alteration of a known type occurring in a macromolecule may be held responsible for the decreased functional capacity characteris- tic of senescence. This latter condition if not surprising in view of (1) the tremendous structural complexity and functional interdependence of DNA, RNA and protein structures, and (2) the difficulty of correlating specific, frequently small, alterations in molecular structure with changes in biological and ultimately physiological activities.
Dating in the fast lane: How communication predicts speed-dating success:

Speed-dating has become a popular way to initiate relationships; however, little scholarly research has focused on these events. This research is designed to investigate positive and negative predictors of possible relationships by focusing on decisions to engage in future dates. Interpersonal attraction, homophily, and nonverbal immediacy have been linked to the predicted outcome value (POV) of relationships during initial encounters. This study investigates how these variables influence date decisions in a six minute speed-dating experience. Results indicate interpersonal attraction and nonverbal immediacy significantly predict POV but not future date decisions. Moreover, men reported higher levels of homophily and interpersonal attraction than women. Differential elements of speed-dating as an initial interaction context and the relevance of demographics are discussed.
A novel clocking strategy for dynamic circuits

This paper proposes a new clocking strategy for dynamic circuits. It provides faster performance and smaller area than conventional clocking schemes. The proposed clocking scheme for dynamic circuits provides the solution of the problem caused by logic polarity and clock skew problem simultaneously. To demonstrate the proposed clocking strategy, a 32 bit carry look ahead adder (CLA) is designed and simulated using 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS technology to demonstrate 32.7% faster speed than the conventional clocking scheme and 19.4% transistor counter reduction.
BPX assembly plan

The assembly of the BPX (Burning Plasma Experiment) machine presents several unique problems. Of particular interest are the provisions and procedures for the alignment of the toroidal field (TF) modular assemblies in the absence of an upper shelf or center column structure which would otherwise provide for a positive mechanical placement. In addition, the requirements for remote removal and replacement of a TF modular assembly, and the remote replacement of poloidal field coils, also have an impact on the assembly operations. Also considered are the preoperational testing and the remote maintenance validation tasks. >
Auroral substorms as an electrical discharge phenomenon

During the last 50 years, we have made much progress in studying auroral substorms (consisting of the growth phase, the expansion phase, and the recovery phase). In particular, we have quantitatively learned about auroral substorms in terms of the global energy input–output relationship. (i) What powers auroral substorms? (ii) Why is there a long delay (1 h) of auroral activities after the magnetosphere is powered (growth phase)? (iii) How much energy is accumulated and unloaded during substorms? (iv) Why is the lifetime of the expansion phase so short (1h)? (v) How is the total energy input–output relationship? (vi) Where is the magnetic energy accumulated during the growth phase? On the basis of the results obtained in (i)–(vi), we have reached the following crucial question: (vii) how can the unloaded energy produce a secondary dynamo, which powers the expansion phase? Or more specifically, how can the accumulated magnetic energy get unloaded such that it generates the earthward electric fields needed to produce the expansion phase of auroral substorms? It is this dynamo and the resulting current circuit that drive a variety of explosive auroral displays as electrical discharge phenomena during the expansion phase, including the poleward advance of auroral arcs and the electrojet. This chain of processes is summarized in Section 4.2. This is the full version of work published by Akasofu (2015). A tentative answer to this crucial question is attempted. Phase occurs impulsively seems to be that the magnetosphere within a distance of 10 Re becomes inflated and unstable (β ∼ 1.0), when the accumulated energy W during the growth phase (at the rate of about e = 5 × 1018 erg/s in about 1.5 h) reaches 2 × 1022—or at most 1023—ergs. Thus, the magnetosphere unloads and dissipates the energy in order to stabilize itself by deflating at the rate of about 5 × 1018 erg/s (mainly as the Joule heat in the ionosphere), resulting in an impulsive (1 h, 2 × 1022 ergs ÷ 3.5 × 1018 erg/s) expansion phase. The deflating process results in a dynamo in a thin magnetic shell near the earthward end of the current sheet by separating electrons from protons and produces an earthward electric field of more than ∼10 mV/m. The separated electrons are discharged along the circuit of the expansion phase, constituting an electrical discharge currents of 5 × 106 A and causing brightening an arc, the first indication of the onset of the expansion phase.
Computational fluctuating fluid dynamics

This paper describes the extension of a recently developed numerical solver for the Landau- Lifshitz Navier-Stokes (LLNS) equations to binary mixtures in three dimensions. The LLNS equations incorporate thermal fluctuations into macroscopic hydrodynamics by using white-noise fluxes. These stochastic PDEs are more complicated in three dimensions due to the tensorial form of the correlations for the stochastic fluxes and in mixtures due to couplings of energy and concentration fluxes (e.g., Soret effect). We present various numerical tests of systems in and out of equilibrium, including time- dependent systems, and demonstrate good agreement with theoretical results and molecular simulation.
2,4-Diaminopyridine δ-opioid receptor agonists and their associated hERG pharmacology

A number of libraries were produced to explore the potential of 2,4-diaminopyridine lead 1. The resulting diaminopyridines proved to be potent and selective δ-opioid receptor agonists. Several rounds of lead optimisation using library chemistry identified compound 17 which went on to show efficacy in an electromyography model of neuropathic pain. The structure–activity relationship of the series against the hERG ion channel proved to be a key selectivity hurdle for the series.
Hydrogenation of surface carbon on alumina-supported nickel

Abstract Four types of carbon were observed to form on an alumina-supported nickel methanation catalyst on exposure to carbon monoxide at 550 ± 50 K. In order of their reactivity toward hydrogen the carbon species may be classified as: chemisorbed carbon atoms (α), bulk nickel carbide, amorphous carbon (β), and crystalline elemental carbon. The α-phase and the initial monolayers of Ni3C are much more reactive than the elemental forms as measured by temperature-programmed surface reaction in 100 kPa H2. At 550 K the α- and β-carbon species formed by CO exposure populate the surface at a ratio of about 2:1. Both phases are relatively stable on heating to 600 K in a He atmosphere. At higher temperatures, slow conversion of α- and β-carbon to graphite was observed. Hydrogenation of the α state at 550 K leads to methane at a sufficiently fast rate to make it a likely intermediate in nickel-catalyzed methane synthesis from hydrogen and carbon monoxide.
Literacy Gaps by Educational Attainment: A Cross-National Analysis

Existing cross-national research on educational attainment does not fully address whether the same level of educational attainment generates the same level of literacy skills in different countries. We analyze literacy skills data for young adults from 19 countries in the 1994-1998 International Adult Literacy Survey and find that in all countries, individuals with a higher level of educational attainment tend to have greater literacy skills. However, there is substantial variation across countries in the size of literacy gaps by levels of educational attainment. In particular, young adults in the United States show the largest literacy gaps. Using two-level hierarchical linear models, we find that cross-national differences in the literacy gap between more- and less-educated individuals are systematically linked to the degree of between-school inequality in school resources (instructional materials, class size, teachers' experience and certification).
On the Influences of Fields of Motion, Baroclinicity and Latent Heat Source on Frontogenesis.

Abstract This study clarifies the dependence of frontogenesis on vertical and horizontal motion, baroclinicity and the liberated latent heat of vaporization. In a typical case, the relative contributions of the horizontal and vertical deformation fields were examined at the 800- and 600-mb levels. A comparison of the vertical deformation field under the dry adiabatic and pseudo-adiabatic assumptions was made to estimate the importance of the released latent heat. The vertical circulation associated with low-level convergence along a cold front was studied also. The following results emerged: 1) Low-level convergence is of primary importance in maintaining frontogenesis in the lowest layers. This convergence is chiefly responsible for drawing moist warm air and cold air into closer contact. This resulted in a solenoidally direct circulation. 2) The effect of this circulation is to cause frontolysis at higher levels. However, when the release of latent heat is taken into account frontogenesis may result, de...
Financialisation and ecological modernisation

Ecological modernisation (EM) scholarship has suggested that different national-level socio-economic institutions may provide more or less supportive environments for EM. Here, the varieties of capitalism (VoC) analysis is extended, but with an emphasis on corporate governance as the central institutional complex that characterises VoC. The liberalisation of international and domestic finance (securitised capital) in the 1970s inaugurated transformative processes in all capitalist countries. This occurred first in the liberal United States and UK, but is now proceeding in the ‘stakeholder corporate governance’ countries that provided the most supportive institutional context for EM. The reorientation of productive corporations towards financial market performance in the United States and UK has adversely affected their innovative capacity, helping to explain these countries’ relatively laggard EM performance.
Rotating Factors: The Geometric Picture

It has been pointed out in the last chapter that in factor analysis as in most scientific analysis systems, e.g., the mathematical structure of the atom, the same model can be presented either algebraically or geometrically. Having given in Chapter 2 the algebraic and arithmetic meaning of a factor common to several variables we now propose to reinforce it by a geometrical, graphic presentation and to use this as the clearest approach to the next step—that of rotation.
On the Beginnings of Warfare

First, patterns of crime are cultural phenomena which develop in the interaction of persons and groups with one another as ways of behaving in conflict situations. Second, conflict situations vary with the social structure-with the presence or absence of class, caste, ethnic sub-groups, and fragmentized social worlds in a community.'2 Third, the greater the number of lines of conflict, the greater the amount of crime. Fourth, in-groups are themselves bound together by cultural ties which may yet include patterns permissive of aggressive responses.'3 And their responses to outgroups and out-group members may be by cultural compulsion.'4 When these aggressive responses violate the norms of the larger domestic society, we call them crime. Between nations we call them war, cold or hot. Fifth, the southern cities have more of these conflict groups and more aggressive cultural definitions than the non-southern citie s which tend, by cultural definitions of appropriate responses, more to suicide than to homicide. Sixth, therefore, the southern cities have more crime. According to these hypotheses, the southern cities will continue to have more crime than their non-southern mates until the two groups become more similar in social structure and in patterns of culture.'5
Preoperative psychological findings in adolescents undergoing hip preservation surgery.

BACKGROUND Chronic pain is associated with increased anxiety, depression, and maladaptive behaviors, especially in adolescents. We hypothesized that adolescents with chronic hip pain selected for hip preservation surgery (HPS) would demonstrate increased anxiety and depression compared with same-age peers. We designed a study to assess the psychological state of adolescents before HPS. METHODS We prospectively evaluated 58 patients (23 males, 35 females), average age 16.5 years (range, 11 to 19 y) before HPS. Their diagnoses included: femoroacetabular impingement (n=25), acetabular dysplasia (16), Perthes disease (11), and slipped capital femoral epiphysis (6). Psychological questionnaires included patient-completed and parent-completed Behavioral Assessment System for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2), Beck Youth Inventory, Second Edition (BYI-II), and Resiliency Scales. Self-reported functional questionnaires included the modified Harris hip score (mHHS, max 100) and the UCLA activity score. Psychological scores were compared between diagnoses, procedures performed, and self-reported functional scores with a Student t test and ANOVA. RESULTS All patients reported pain, 52 (90%) reported pain >6 months with 28 (54%) >1 year. A total of 44 patients (76%) reported moderate or severe pain. All reported decreased function: average UCLA 7.25 (range, 2 to 10), average HHS 65.5 (range, 27.5 to 97.9). At presentation, 10 patients (17.2%) were receiving psychological intervention and 30% had a family history of mental illness. On the basis of the BYI-II scales, 10% and 31% of patients reported at-risk or clinically significant symptoms of anxiety and depression, respectively. Similarly, using the BASC-2 measure, 28% and 14% reported at-risk or clinically significant anxiety and depression, respectively. Resiliency scales demonstrated that 21% to 36% of patients report maladaptive behavior. There were no significant correlations between any psychological score and diagnosis, procedure, or preoperative functional score. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative evaluation identified patients who reported at-risk or clinically significant symptoms of anxiety and/or depression, with up to one third of patients reporting maladaptive behavior that may significantly influence their postoperative outcomes. Preoperative psychological evaluation, with appropriate intervention and follow-up, if needed, should be considered before surgery selection as mental health conditions may be undiagnosed and will likely influence functional outcomes.
Research Progress on Rice Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Streak

Rice bacterial leaf streak(BLS)caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzicola is one of the most widespread and destructive diseases,It is very important for us to explore and utilize novel resistance resources,map and clone resistant genes and elucidate the interaction mechanism between the pathogen and rice.In this review the recent research advances on resistant resources screening,inheritance analysis,mapping and cloning of resistant genes and breeding of rice with resistance to BLS were mainly summarized.Moreover,the suggestion for accelerating the breeding of rice with resistance to BLS was made.
Detection and Analysis of Urinary Lead,Hemoglobin and Erythrocyte of Lead Exposed Workers

[Objective]To understand the effect of lead on health of lead exposed workers,and analyze the relationship between urinary lead and hemoglobin,erythrocyte.[Methods]Detection of urinary lead,hemoglobin and erythrocyte was conducted on 202 lead exposed workers and 213 control subjects.[Results]The urinary lead levels of 70.8% workers in lead exposed group ≥0.34 μmol/L which was significantly higher than that of control group(P0.01);hemoglobin levels of lead exposed workers were significantly higher than that of control group with same gender(male P0.01,female P0.05);the difference of erythrocyte levels between lead exposed group and control group with same gender was significant(P0.01).[Conclusion]Long-term exposure to lead can cause urinary lead increased and hemoglobin content decreased,hemoglobin concentration and urinary lead levels were negatively correlated.
Rearrangements of the membrane-associated segments of Na+/K+ -ATPase upon phosphorylation, ion-occlusion and ouabain binding

The reaction cycle of the Na+/K+-ATPase includes several intermediate stages, which are produced by the binding of different physiological ligands accompanied by conformational changes of the enzyme (2). Recently we have shown that extensive proteolytic digestion in the presence of various physiological ligands could be a useful tool in studies of rearrangements of membrane-associated segments of Na+/K+ -ATPase (10). Distinctive conformational changes were revealed by N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of the digests following SDS PAGE (10). The changes in cleavage patterns result from alterations in domain-domain interactions of the protein. Here, we exploit this approach to shed light on events which occur following ouabain binding. We addressed this question by a comparative study of the posttryptic products obtained after extensive degradation of Na+/K+-ATPase after phosphorylation, in the presence of potassium or Mg,Pi,ouabain.
Treating primary systemic amyloidosis with stem cell transplantation: outcomes in renal amyloidosis

Primary systemic amyloidosis (amyloid light chain; AL) i nvolving major organs can result in debilitation, organ failure and early death1–5. Little progress had been made in reversing this pathology until the mid-1990s when AL patients received dose-intensive intravenous melphalan and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT)6,7. The effectiveness of SCT in reversing AL in two-thirds of surviving patients has been documented at numerous centers, and iodinated P-component scans by Drs Hawkins, Pepys and colleagues have demonstrated resorption of deposits when the clonal plasma cell disorder is eliminated in patients achieving a complete hematologic response after SCT8–20. This chapter will discuss the concept of stem cell transplantation and describe some of the toxicities associated with its use. In addition, the outcomes in patients with renal amyloidosis treated with dose-intensive melphalan and stem cell transplantation will be described. Finally, the significant contribution that immunoglobulin light chain variable region germline gene use makes to the organ tropism of primary systemic amyloidosis will be described.
HALF-METALS EXPERIENCE UPS AND DOWNS

One of the most fundamental characteristics of a material is whether it is metallic or insulating. But in 1983 Rob de Groot and co-workers, then at the University of Nijmegen in the Netherlands, predicted that a material could be a "half-metal", where some of the electrons have metallic properties and some have insulating properties. Now, after over a decade of searching, Jae-Hoon Park and collaborators at the Brookhaven National Laboratory and the University of Maryland in the US have produced clear evidence for the existence of such materials (Nature 1998 398794).
Kultursoziologie im südasiatischen Raum

Soziologie wurde in Sudostasien erst nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg etabliert. Das Fach ist stark politisiert und steht im Schatten der Politikwissenschaften. Aktuelle Themen, die mit dem Ausbau des Nationalstaats verknupft sind, bilden den Kern der Disziplin. Hierzu zahlt auch der Bereich der Kultur. Aus dieser Perspektive konnen zahlreiche Wissenschaftler als Kultursoziologen bezeichnet werden, auch wenn eine derartige Selbsteinordnung nicht vorliegt.
Intracoronary near-infrared spectroscopy: an overview of the technology, histologic validation, and clinical applications

Intracoronary near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) imaging, which is now clinically available in a combined NIRS and intravascular ultrasound catheter, is a novel catheter-based imaging modality capable of identifying lipid core plaque within the coronary arteries of living patients. The present manuscript provides an overview of intracoronary NIRS imaging with a focus on several concepts essential to individuals seeking to better understand this novel imaging modality. One of the major assets of NIRS is that it has been rigorously validated against the gold standard of histopathology and has been shown to accurately identify histologically-proven fibroatheroma. Clinical studies of NIRS have demonstrated its ability to accurately identify large lipid core plaques at culprit lesions across the spectrum of acute coronary syndromes. NIRS has also been shown to detect lesions at increased risk of causing peri-procedural myocardial infarction during PCI. With regards to predicting future risk, NIRS is seemingly capable of identifying vulnerable patients at increased risk of experiencing subsequent patient-level cardiovascular events. In addition to these clinical applications of NIRS, there are several large prospective observational studies underway to determine if NIRS imaging will be able to identify vulnerable plaques at increased risk of triggering site-specific future coronary events. These studies, once completed, are anticipated to provide valuable data regarding the ability of NIRS imaging to identify plaque vulnerability.
Can a Risk Factor Based Approach Safely Reduce Screening for Retinopathy of Prematurity

Objective. Current American retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening guidelines is imprecise for infants ≥ 30 weeks with birth weights between 1500 and 2000 g. Our objective was to evaluate a risk factor based approach for screening premature infants at low risk for severe ROP. Study Design. We performed a 13-year review from Intermountain Health Care (IHC) data. All neonates born at ≤32 weeks were reviewed to determine ROP screening and/or development of severe ROP. Severe ROP was defined by stage ≥ 3 or need for laser therapy. Regression analysis was used to identify significant risk factors for severe ROP. Results. We identified 4607 neonates ≤ 32 weeks gestation. Following exclusion for death, with no retinal exam or incomplete data, 2791 (61%) were included in the study. Overall, severe ROP occurred in 260 (9.3%), but only 11/1601 ≥ 29 weeks (0.7%). All infants with severe ROP ≥ 29 weeks had at least 2 identified ROP risk factors. Implementation of this risk based screening strategy to the IHC population over the timeline of this study would have eliminated screening in 21% (343/1601) of the screened population. Conclusions. Limiting ROP screening for infants ≥ 29 and ≤ 32 weeks to only those with clinical risk factors could significantly reduce screening exams while identifying all infants with severe ROP.
Shallow Spherical Shells Under Apex Loads

A polynomial load is developed to describe the response of a shallow spherical shell to a concentrated load applied at apex under various boundary conditions. Curves of deflection, moments, and thrusts are presented for varying values of geometrical parameters. An analogous table gives coefficients for direct computation of pertinent design quantities. Characteristic lengths for which edge boundary conditions can be ignored are given. Behavior of finite and infinite shells are compared.
Stressful life events and posttraumatic growth among police officers: A cross‐sectional study

Police officers often continue to face numerous threats and stressors in the aftermath of a disaster. To date, posttraumatic growth (PTG) has been studied primarily in the context of significant trauma; thus, it is not known whether stressful life events are associated with PTG. This study investigated the development of PTG among 113 police officers working in the New Orleans area following Hurricane Katrina. Hierarchical regression was used to evaluate if gratitude, social support, and satisfaction with life moderated the relationship between stressful life events (as measured by the total life stress score) and PTG, after adjustment for age, sex, race, level of involvement in Hurricane Katrina, and alcohol intake. Results indicate that stressful life events are independently associated with PTG. Gratitude, satisfaction with life, and social support were seen to moderate this relationship; as stressful life events increased so too did PTG-particularly among officers with higher levels of gratitude (B = 0.002, p ≤ .05), satisfaction with life (B = 0.002, p ≤ .05), and social support (B = 0.001, p ≤ .05). These findings suggest that promoting satisfaction with life, interpersonal support, and gratitude may be beneficial to those who are regularly at risk of trauma exposure.
Synthesis and Characterization of Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials with Poly(urea-urethane) Shells Containing Cellulose Nanocrystals.

The main objective of this study is to develop microencapsulation technology for thermal energy storage incorporating a phase change material (PCM) in a composite wall shell, which can be used to create a stable environment and allow the PCM to undergo phase change without any outside influence. Surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) was conducted by grafting poly(lactic acid) oligomers and oleic acid to improve the dispersion of nanoparticles in a polymeric shell. A microencapsulated phase change material (methyl laurate) with poly(urea–urethane) (PU) composite shells containing the hydrophobized cellulose nanocrystals (hCNCs) was fabricated using an in situ emulsion interfacial polymerization process. The encapsulation process of the PCMs with subsequent interfacial hCNC-PU to form composite microcapsules as well as their morphology, composition, thermal properties, and release rates was examined in this study. Oil soluble Sudan II dye solution in methyl laurate was used as a model hydrop...
Mesh Connected Computers

A d-dimensional mesh computer is a processor-based distributed memory parallel computer in which the processing elements (PEs) are arranged in a d-dimensional cube. Each PE is connected to its two neighbors in each of the d dimensions, if they exist. Two-dimensional mesh computers are particularly important (see Figure 4.1), but three-dimensional meshes have also been built.175 Each PE consists of a processor and an associated memory. Here, the focus will be on two-dimensional meshes (which are simply called “mesh connected computers”) that operate in an SIMD mode.
Understanding Cultural Influences on Dietary Habits in Asian, Middle Eastern, and Latino Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Review of Current Literature and Future Directions

This review focuses on evaluating and identifying gaps in the current literature regarding culturally specific dietary influences for patients with type 2 diabetes. As this topic has previously been examined in African American populations, we chose to focus on four other distinct populations (Hispanic, Middle Eastern, Western Pacific, South Asian). Given the rapid increase in global rates of type 2 diabetes and high rates of diabetes among certain ethnic groups, it is important to understand how culturally adapted strategies in diabetes management have been described in different regions and populations. The specific role of nutrition in controlling diabetes is tied to cultural habits and customs. Variation in cultural practices, including diet, create unique environments in which patients with diabetes must navigate. The role of family, particularly among Hispanics, is crucial to cultural adaptations of diabetes management. Incorporating alternative medicine, namely observed in Chinese and Indian populations, also guided diabetes care strategies. Language barriers, health literacy, and acculturation were all unique factors affecting cultural approaches to diabetes management in these four populations. Understanding such cultural determinants is crucial to addressing diabetes disparities and improving outcomes.
Comparison of model selection technique performance in predicting the spread of newly invasive species: a case study with Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans

Species distribution models (SDMs) increasingly have been used to anticipate the spread of invasive species. However, these models are powerful conservation tools only if they are biologically relevant, and thus validation of these models is essential. Here, we evaluate four model selection frameworks for their ability to identify a best fit model of spread under low data conditions early in an invasion, specifically testing the efficacy of methods that utilize absence data in addition to presence data in evaluating models. We test this question using a simulation where we generated data with varying confidence in the accuracy of the absence data, as absences in early invasions may become presences in the future, and increasing quantity of observation data to test the models. We create these simulations based on a real-world example of a newly emergent, invasive fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal). The simulation demonstrated that AIC and Likelihood consistently outperform both Kappa and AUC in selecting the true model as the best model when data are limited and absence data are low quality, with AIC providing the most conservative results due to penalties for overparameterization. With these results, we then used these techniques to compare five candidate models for predicting the spread of Bsal. Consistent with the simulation, the best fit model of the candidate models for Bsal was inconsistent across the four metrics. However, AIC, which performed best in the simulation study, suggested that the spread of Bsal into Western Europe was best predicted by a combination of bioclimatic suitability, salamander richness, and number of salamander imports. Our results highlight the difficulty in evaluating predictive models when data are limited and of low quality, as with a newly invasive species, but show that these challenges can be partially addressed with the appropriate model selection approach. Use of this approach is critical as SDMs of invasive species are often used to inform conservation policy and efforts before the invasion spreads, when limited data are available.
Insights from kinetic studies of photo-generated compound II models: Reactivity toward aryl sulfides.

Iron(IV)-oxo porphyrins [FeIV(Por)O] (Por = poprhyrin), commonly called compound II models, were produced in three electron-deficient ligands by visible light irradiation of highly photo-labile porphyrin-iron(III) bromates or chlorates. The kinetics of oxygen transfer atom (OAT) reactions with aryl sulfides by these photo-generated [FeIV(Por)O] (3) were studied in CH3CN solutions. The iron(IV)-oxo porphyrins under study include 5,10,15,20-tetra(2,6-dichlorophenyl)porphyrin-iron(IV)-oxo (3a), 5,10,15,20-tetra(2,6-difluorophenyl)porphyrin-iron(IV)-oxo (3b), and 5,10,15,20-tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin-iron(IV)-oxo (3c). As expected, complexes 3 were competent oxidants and reacted rapidly with thioanisoles to give the corresponding sulfoxides with minor over-oxidation sulfones. Apparent second-order rate constants determined under pseudo-first-order conditions for sulfide oxidation reactions are (9.8 ± 0.1) × 102-(3.7 ± 0.3) × 101 M-1 s-1, which are 3 to 4 orders of magnitude greater in comparison to those of alkene epoxidations and activated CH bond oxidations by the same oxo species. Conventional Hammett analyses gave non-linear correlations, indicating no significant charge developed at the sulfur during the oxidation process. For a given substrate, the reactivity order for the iron(IV)-oxo species was 3c < 3b < 3a, which is inverted from expectations on the basis of the electron-withdrawing capacity of the porphyrin macrocycles. The absolute rate constants from kinetic studies provided insights into the transient oxidants in catalytic reactions under turnover conditions where actual reactive intermediates are not observable. Our kinetic and catalytic competition results strongly suggest that 3 may undergo a disproportionation reaction to form a higher oxidized iron(IV)-oxo porphyrin radical cations as the true oxidant.
Utilizing sustainability criteria to evaluate river basin decision-making: the case of the Colorado River Basin

Increasing demands, climate change and variability, and over-allocation pose tremendous challenges for the sustainable management of water resources. Federal river systems such as the Colorado River Basin provide an opportunity to understand multi-level governance challenges to sustainability as well as opportunities to improve decision-making processes. This paper seeks to understand what components of the decision-making process are important for meeting sustainability criteria. This research uses the Colorado River Basin in a multi-method study designed to understand how those specific components not only highlight challenges to sustainability, but also how they may be utilized to further sustainability objectives. Results suggest that process components such as stakeholder participation, decision-making transparency, and fairness are important considerations in the sustainability of a river basin system. Further, a nuanced analysis of the process suggests that these components provide guidance for how decision-making might be improved. This includes emphasizing problematic hydrological or institutional events, reconciling transparency and decision-making efficiency, and acknowledging that all users in the system will need to undertake shortages. Results also suggest how the state and federal governments have specific roles in implementing and facilitating these processes.
CT in Kidney Cancer

With the advent of MDCT, the role of CT in the diagnosis and pre-surgical planning of RCC has been greatly expanded. Along with these technical improvements, new challenges facing the radiologist have emerged. These challenges include the adoption of scanning protocols designed to maximize diagnostic accuracy while at the same time minimizing radiation to the patient and image overload for the radiologist. Renal CT with multiple-phase image acquisitions as well as 3D reconstructions provides the clinician with all the information necessary for surgical planning.
Quantifying Transmission Fault Voltage Influence and Its Potential Impact on Distributed Energy Resources

With increasing shares of distributed energy resources (DERs) on the electric grid, the power system is transitioning from having fewer large generators with relatively simple dynamics to many small generators with aggregate responses to system disturbances that are difficult to predict. In particular, voltage fluctuations might cause large losses of generation via DER operation/interconnection compliance. To understand orchestral DER dynamics, a first step is to determine the influence of a disturbance on the overall bulk power system. This work introduces metrics that allow for the classification and comparison of a variety of system faults with respect to their influences on voltage profiles. These metrics are applied to standardized fault simulations on the Western Interconnection Paths with a full-scale Positive Sequence Load Flow model. The results are presented with a highlight on Path 61, which has the potential for DER generation reduction exceeding the current credible contingency of a double Palo Verde loss.
Annals for Hospitalists Inpatient Notes - Caregiver Engagement in Hospital Medicine—The Next Frontier

Caregivers often lack the training necessary to adequately care for family members after hospitalization. Hospital medicine should use the CARE Act mandate as motivation to launch effective caregiv...
An Unsupervised Learning Based Approach for Mining Attribute Based Access Control Policies

An Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) model provides a flexible and promising approach for large, dynamic systems/applications and helps overcome the limitations of other prevalent AC approaches. However, the cost of migrating to an ABAC based system is a significant obstacle for organizations. Many large enterprises/applications need to grant access privileges to a huge number of users distributed across disparate computing environments and applications including legacy systems. Each of these applications may have its own access control model. Manual development of a single access control policy through a set of attribute-based policy rules is expensive and time consuming. In this paper, we present a methodology for automatically learning ABAC policy rules from access logs in a system to facilitate the AC policy development process. The proposed approach uses an unsupervised learning-based technique for detecting patterns in a set of access records and extracting ABAC policy rules from these patterns. We present two algorithms, rule pruning, and policy refinement, to improve the quality of the mined policy. Policy refinement algorithms are useful in ABAC policy maintenance, as well. We evaluate our proposed approach on three different sample policies as well as a randomly synthesized policy to show its effectiveness.