cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distribution and impact of exotic gall flies (Lipara sp.) on native and exotic Phragmites australis

Two exotic gall fly species infest stems of native and exotic Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel in northeastern North America. In this study, we determined the distribution of Lipara similis Schiner and L. rufitarsis Loew in native and exotic P. australis in Rhode Island. We also studied the within-stand distributions of each fly species and their effects on flowering of native and exotic P. australis. We collected stems from populations throughout southern Rhode Island and measured stem length and diameter, and percent flowering. Stems were then dissected to determine Lipara infestation. L. similis and L. rufitarsis were found throughout Rhode Island infesting both native and exotic P. australis, but their presence and abundance varied among sites. Within stands, L. similis infests the taller, thicker interior stems and L. rufitarsis infests the shorter, thinner exterior stems. Lipara similis reduces stem length by 6%; L. rufitarsis infestation reduces stem length by 37%. The flowering rate of uninfested stems is significantly lower in native P. australis stems than in exotic stems. Both Lipara species prevent infested stems from flowering. In adjacent stands of native and exotic P. australis, L. rufitarsis infests significantly more native stems than exotic stems, possibly further reducing the reproductive potential of the native plants relative to the exotic. Lipara species may play a role in facilitating the displacement of native P. australis by the exotic genotype.
Come Fly, and Leave the Baggage Behind

One question that evolutionary biologists love to ponder is why sex evolved. As Lenski explains in his provocative Perspective, there are many theories to explain the evolution of sexual recombination. Elegant experiments in the fruit fly now lend weight to one hypothesis, which proposes that sexual recombination frees beneficial mutations from the excess baggage of deleterious mutations (Rice and Chippindale).
Dynamical structures for southwesterly airflow over southern Norway: the role of dissipation

Earlier studies have revealed mesoscale structures in southwesterly flows over the mountains of southern Norway (Rossby number ∼1): a left-side jet and an upstream wind minimum as signs of the influence of rotation; a downstream wind shadow connected to inertio-gravity waves; a weak jet on the right side of the wind shadow and a shallow coastal wind shadowbetween the left-side jet and the main wind shadow. In the present study, the dynamics of the structures have been further examined from the results of experiments performed by a mesoscale numerical model and computations using a linear model with rotation included. Ideal atmospheric conditions for a large-scale wind direction from southwest have been used to initialize the numerical model. The sensitivity of mesoscale structures was studied with respect to dissipation from wave breaking and surface friction. Nonlinearity and dissipation in breaking waves are needed to explain the location, depth and strength of the downstream wind shadow. Increased wind to the right of the shadow was found to be generated by the effect of the Coriolis force as air was pulled towards the low-pressure perturbation behind the mountains. The coastal wind shadow was found to be a direct result of differential friction between land and ocean. Nonlinear experiments and an attempt to include boundary layer effects in linear theory showed that friction is reducing the effective height of the mountain and the signal of the mesoscale structures.
Putrescine overproduction negatively impacts the oxidative state of poplar cells in culture.

While polyamines (PAs) have been suggested to protect cells against Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), their catabolism is known to generate ROS. We compared the activities of several enzymes and cellular metabolites involved in the ROS scavenging pathways in two isogenic cell lines of poplar (Populus nigramaximowiczii) differing in their PA contents. Whereas the control cell line was transformed with b-glucuronidase (GUS), the other, called HP (High Putrescine), was transformed with a mouse ornithine decarboxylase (mODC) gene. The expression of mODC resulted in several-fold increased production of putrescine as well its enhanced catabolism. The two cell lines followed a similar trend of growth over the seven-day culture cycle, but the HP cells had elevated levels of soluble proteins. Accumulation of H2O2 was higher in the HP cells than the control cells, and so were the activities of glutathione reductase and monodehydroascorbate reductase; the activity of ascorbate peroxidase was lower in the former. The contents of reduced glutathione and glutamate were significantly lower in the HP cells but proline was higher on some days of analysis. There was a small difference in mitochondrial activity between the two cell lines, and the HP cells showed increased membrane damage. In the HP cells, increased accumulation of Ca was concomitant with lower accumulation of K. We conclude that, while increased putrescine accumulation may have a protective role against ROS in plants, enhanced turnover of putrescine actually can make them vulnerable to increased oxidative damage.
Special Education: Gifted Handicapped (Blind) in the People's Republic of China: Annotated Bibliography

(1986). Special Education: Gifted Handicapped (Blind) in the People's Republic of China: Annotated Bibliography. Disability, Handicap & Society: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 301-302.
The Origin of Selkies

Conceptual integration is a basic mental operation that underlies higher human mental capacities. This article analyzes the role of conceptual integration in the conception of other minds, including minds of imaginary beings.
Comparison of Ito in young and adult human atrial myocytes: evidence for developmental changes.

In an effort to understand the ionic basis for the developmental changes that have been reported to occur in the configuration of the human atrial action potential, we characterized the transient outward current (Ito) and the inward rectifier current in atrial myocytes isolated from 20 young (ages 1 day-2.5 yr) and 8 adult (11–68 yr) human hearts using the whole cell patch-clamp technique. We found evidence for statistically significant (P < 0.05) age-related changes in the Ito, including 1) the presence of an Ito in only 67% of the cells isolated from young hearts vs. 100% of the cells isolated from adult hearts, 2) an almost twofold increase in the current density of Ito in adult cells vs. young cells, and 3) recovery kinetics that are approximately twofold slower in young myocytes relative to adult myocytes. In contrast, there were no age-related changes found in the current density of the inward rectifier current or the sustained current measured after the decay of Ito. These results suggest important...
Molecules and Conflict: Cancer, Patents, and Women's Health

Effective health care for women relies on a nexus of scientific, medical, and legal regimes. Intellectual property law offers incentives for creative accomplishments, and patent law, in particular, offers incentives for the development of medical innovations. This Article examines an intersection of women's health and the patent system. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and has been the focus of sustained basic and clinical scientific research. The Article presents an analysis of patent-related issues that have accompanied the development of leading compounds for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer, in particular, Taxol, Tamoxifen, Herceptin, and the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Collectively, these molecules track the intellectual development of the breast cancer research field. As a result, the patent issues range from those that arise in a mature pharmaceutical market to those that can only emerge from new advances in biotechnology. Through the lens of a specific disease-centered analysis, paradigmatic conflicts related to pharmaceutical patents are illustrated here: the management of public-private technology transfer efforts between government and industry and the intellectual property conflicts that can arise over an unpatentable compound (Taxol); initiatives to accelerate generic pharmaceutical development and the antitrust concerns raised by collusion between brand-name and generic pharmaceutical companies in patent settlements (Taxol, Tamoxifen); the resolution of patent rights to novel molecular targets between competing biotechnology companies, and the demand for the establishment of a regulatory pathway for biogenerics (Herceptin); the controversy over the patenting of DNA, especially genes, and whether such patent rights interfere with scientific progress or reduce clinical access, and the contrasting opportunities for public opposition between the American and European patent systems (BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes). The efforts of women's health advocates to intervene where patent-related obstacles complicate patient access to therapeutic compounds can be observed at many of these junctures. The women's health movement of the last several decades has focused attention on the health care needs of women, particularly with respect to gender-specific diseases, such as breast cancer. Increased biomedical research into women's health, a desirable outcome of such activism, may be accompanied by patent-related issues that paradoxically frustrate access to medical breakthroughs. A comprehensive effort to ensure women's access to health resources must incorporate an analysis of patent incentives for research and development as well as patent-related barriers to medical treatment in order to guarantee gender parity in health care.
Crystal structures of ThCl4 polymorphs

Abstract Thorium tetrachloride has been shown to possess two polymorphic forms. The crystal structure of the β form, stable above 405 °C has been well established by Mooney1 and by Mucker et al.2 to be tetragonal with space symmetry I41/amd and lattice parameters a = 8.486 and c = 7.465 A . The low-temperature α form has been shown to be tetragonal with space symmetry I41/a with a = 6.408 ± 0.001 and c= 12.924 ± 0.003 A . If the thorium atoms are located at the four-fold set (4a) with positions 0, 1 4 , 1 8 , the chlorine atoms reside in the general 16-fold set with x = 0.353, y = 0.483 and z = 0.202. These parameters are an average of the parameters determined from single-crystal data, diffractometer powder data and Debye-Scherrer powder data. The calculated density is 4.68 g/cm3 which compares favorably with the measured value of 4.64 g/cm3. Both the α and β forms contain four ThCl4 units per unit cell. In both structures the thorium atoms are surrounded by a coordination polyhedron of eight chlorine atoms.
Transport in Nb-InGaAs Contacts

Most contacts between superconductors (S) and semiconductors (Sm) include an insulating Schottky barrier (I), and tnerefore behave as SIN tunnel junctions (N is normal metal). We describe recent experiments which explore the role of such contacts in SSmS (SINIS) weak links. As contact transmittance increases, a crossover occurs from tunneling to metallic behavior, due to a rapid increase in the current contributed by pair-quasiparticle conversion. SSmS devices do not behave simpiv as two SSm contacts in series, due in part to the non-equilibrium nature ot the quasiparticle distribution in the normal material. The two-dimensional geometry of the device structure is also important. The current experimental and theoretical situation and the need for studies of single SSm contacts are discussed.
Ovine obstetrics: aiming for a healthy ewe and lamb

One of the few occasions that sheep veterinarians are presented with an individual animal is at the point of parturition. Whatever the circumstances, ‘the only criterion for success is a normal healthy lamb [and] a normal healthy ewe’ (Hindson and Winter 2007). Despite cases often being neither ‘normal’ nor ‘healthy’ at examination, it is paramount that veterinary success rates are optimised to encourage farmers to request veterinary assistance. In a survey undertaken by veterinary students on their lambing placements, veterinary assistance was requested for only 22 of 359 ewes with dystocia that could not be resolved on farm (Scott 2003). The only alternative to veterinary consultation was casualty slaughter although, in an disturbing breach of acceptable welfare, over three-quarters of these ewes were not humanely destroyed. It is usually the more valuable ewes that are brought to the vet with dystocia although, in my experience, there are still a number of commercial sheep farmers who will ‘do the right thing’ despite the economics of individual ewe caesareans. Usually the farm personnel have already intervened, so there may be complicating issues, but previous work has shown good outcomes from ovine caesareans, with a 98 per cent survival rate for ewes with live or recently dead lambs in utero at presentation or a 57 per cent success rate when the lambs were at a moderate or advanced state of autolysis or emphysema (Scott 1989). The veterinary skills required to treat a ewe with dystocia include rapid decision making as to whether manual or surgical intervention is required and, subsequently, good surgical technique to result in a live healthy ewe with live healthy offspring. Hence, it is valuable to …
03 Do Assemblies of God Churches in Victoria really believe in women’s participation in church leadership?

03 Do Assemblies of God Churches in Victoria really believe in women’s participation in church leadership?
Sedative choice in drug-induced sleep endoscopy: A neuropharmacology-based review.

Objective To examine the suitability of commonly used agents for drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) based on agent-specific neuropharmacology. Data Sources PubMed. Review Methods A literature search of the PubMed database was performed on January 1, 2016. A two-layered search strategy was performed to identify relevant pharmacologic agents and articles related to neuropharmacology for these agents. The first search identified relevant pharmacologic agents; the second search examined agents with greater than five results from search 1, along with medical subject headings “respiration,” “sleep,” “pharmacology,” and/or “[respective agent] (e.g., propofol).” Articles not in English were excluded. Bibliographies of pertinent articles were hand-searched for additional articles. Results Three agents were commonly identified from search 1: propofol, midazolam, and dexmedetomidine with 44, 13, and 6 results, respectively. Of note, 11 results utilized coinduction with midazolam and propofol. Search 2 for propofol, midazolam, and dexmedetomidine retrieved 219, 220, and 26 results, respectively. Eleven results for propofol, 4 for midazolam, and 9 for dexmedetomidine were found to be related to their neuropharmacology. Conclusion The current review demonstrates relatively few investigations seeking to characterize the neuropharmacologic suitability of DISE agents. Compared to propofol and midazolam, dexmedetomidine's mechanism of action appears most likely to induce natural sleep pathways. Further study of its effect on upper airway collapsibility (critical closing pressure) and pharyngeal muscle tone (genioglossus electrode electromyography) are needed. Laryngoscope, 2016 Laryngoscope, 127:273–279, 2017
COBRA-TF SIMULATION OF FUEL THERMAL RESPONSE DURING REACTIVITY INITIATED ACCIDENTS USING THE NSRR PULSE IRRADIATION EXPERIMENTS

COBRA-TF (Coolant Boiling in Rod Arrays – Two Fluid) or CTF is a transient subchannel code, selected to be the reactor core thermal hydraulic (T/H) simulation tool in the multi-physics code development project of the Consortium for Advanced Simulation of Light Water Reactor (CASL) sponsored by the US Department of Energy. CTF is currently being evaluated and further improved by CASL as part of its multi-physics software package to help the nuclear industry address operational and safety challenge problems, such as Departure from Nucleate Boiling (DNB) and Reactivity Initiated Accidents (RIA). In this paper, CTF’s capability for transient fuel thermal analysis, including DNB prediction is evaluated by modeling and simulating power burst experiments with high burnup PWR fuel rods, conducted at the Nuclear Safety Research Reactor (NSRR) in Japan. The experiments were a series of tests performed using pulse irradiation capability of the reactor to evaluate fuel rod failure with respect to fuel enthalpy, coolant conditions, and fuel design during RIAs such as control rod ejection. Specific to this study, the experiments using the Takahama-3 reactor fuel segments have been modeled and simulated to evaluate CTF’s prediction capability for DNB onset, fuel rod thermal response, and heat transfer from single-phase to post-CHF during fast RIA transients.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Need a hand?: how appearance affects the virtual hand illusion

How does the appearance of a virtual hand affect own-body perception? Previous studies have compared either two or three hand models at a time, with their appearances limited to realistic hands and abstract or simple objects. To investigate the effects of different realisms, render styles, and sensitivities to pain on the virtual hand illusion (VHI), we conduct two studies in which participants take on controllable hand models with six distinct appearances. We collect questionnaire data and comments regarding responses to impacts and threats to assess differences in the strength of the VHI. Our findings indicate that an illusion can be created for any model for some participants, but that the effect is perceived weakest for a non-anthropomorphic block model and strongest for a realistic human hand model in direct comparison. We furthermore find that the responses to our experiments highly vary between participants.
Developmental Mechanisms of Regeneration

Vertebrates use four mechanisms of regeneration: (1) cellular re-growth, (2) regeneration from differentiated parent cells, (3) transdifferentiation of one cell type to another, and (4) activation of epithelial or mesenchymal adult stem cells. Cellular regrowth is exemplified by axon regeneration. Regeneration from differentiated parent cells can involve three different mechanisms: (1) compensatory hyperplasia restores tissue by the proliferation of differentiated cells, (2) epi-thelial asmesenchymal transformation allows the migration of epithelial cells to cover wounds, and (3) dedifferentiation of differentiated cells followed by redifferentiation into the parent cell type. Transdifferentiation usually involves a dediffer-entiation step prior to redifferentiation into a new cell type. This Chapter describes examples of tissues that regenerate by these mechanisms.
Figures of entanglement: special issue introduction

To be entangled is not simply to be intertwined with another, as in the joining of separate entities, but to lack an independent, self-contained existence. Existence is not an individual affair. In...
Bordetella adenylate cyclase toxin interacts with filamentous haemagglutinin to inhibit biofilm formation in vitro.

Summary Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, secretes and releases adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT), which is a protein bacterial toxin that targets host cells and disarms immune defenses. ACT binds filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA), a surface-displayed adhesin, and until now, the consequences of this interaction were unknown. A B. bronchiseptica mutant lacking ACT produced more biofilm than the parental strain; leading Irie et al. to propose the ACT-FHA interaction could be responsible for biofilm inhibition. Here we characterize the physical interaction of ACT with FHA and provide evidence linking that interaction to inhibition of biofilm in vitro. Exogenous ACT inhibits biofilm formation in a concentration-dependent manner and the N-terminal catalytic domain of ACT (AC domain) is necessary and sufficient for this inhibitory effect. AC Domain interacts with the C-terminal segment of FHA with ∼650 nM affinity. ACT does not inhibit biofilm formation by Bordetella lacking the mature C-terminal domain (MCD), suggesting the direct interaction between AC domain and the MCD is required for the inhibitory effect. Additionally, AC domain disrupts preformed biofilm on abiotic surfaces. The demonstrated inhibition of biofilm formation by a host-directed protein bacterial toxin represents a novel regulatory mechanism and identifies an unprecedented role for ACT.
Acute Perinatal Sentinel Events, Neonatal Brain Injury Pattern, and Outcome of Infants Undergoing a Trial of Hypothermia for Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy.

Infants with perinatal sentinel events in the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network Hypothermia for Encephalopathy Trial had more basal ganglia and thalamus lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging but similar neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18 months of age than infants without perinatal sentinel events. Outcomes correlated with the neonatal magnetic resonance imaging findings. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov : NCT00005772 .
Mathematics in Business and Management

Until the mid 1950’s, the role of mathematics (and statistics to a lesser extent) in Business and Management programs was minimal: some elementary business mathematics which included a smattering of the mathematics of finance using interest tables and some algebra, as well as some cookbook statistics. Beginning roughly at that time, with the infusion of funds from various sources, business schools entered the scientific age. Numerous mathematical techniques -- some new, some not so new -- were assembled to help solve various problems of management. A particular discipline called Management Science sprang up. It incorporated various techniques -- mathematical programming, linear algebra, network methods, queuing theory, stochastic processes, statistics, recursive relations, and computer simulation to attack various management problems. Drawing upon the above techniques, management science has as its philosophy the solving of a problem.
The effects of hemorrhage and hormones on the partition of body water: II. The effects of acute single and multiple hemorrhage and adrenal corticosteroids in the dog

Summary o 1. In 12 dogs a series of experiments were conducted to observe the general effects of hemorrhage on fluid partition and in particular to study the stimuli that might result in mobilization of water from the body cell mass. 2. Fluid partition was followed by a method that allowed the regular accurate monitoring of plasma and extracellular fluid volumes. 3. Single hemorrhages as large as 50 per cent of the blood volume, multiple hemorrhages culminating in shock and death, hemorrhage with fracture, and infusions of supraphysiologic amounts of adrenal corticosteroids failed to produce mobilization of cell water. 4. The post-hemorrhage readjustment seemed to be confined to the extracellular space where blood loss produced drastic repartition of body water between the interstitial fluid and the plasma volume. This transcapillary shift of interstitial fluid was initiated rapidly and the maximal rates of refilling were observed during the period of blood loss. Subsequently the rate of circulatory refilling became very slow and the eventual volume of interstitial fluid entering the circulation fell far short of replacing the volume of blood that had been lost. The plasma volume expansions so produced were stable and were not influenced by fluctuations in blood pressure following the hemorrhage.
Retirement Investing: Analyzing the 'Roth' Conversion and Re-characterization Options

The paper explores a rich example of the importance of tax options for investment management. Starting in 2010, all individuals, regardless of income level, can convert their “traditional IRAs” into “Roth IRAs” by paying ordinary income tax on the market value (at the time of conversion) of the assets being converted. In particular, even individuals with the largest tax-deferred accounts can convert some or all of their tax-deferred holdings to Roth IRAs, prepaying the ordinary income tax. The U.S. tax law also permits investors to reverse or “re-characterize” these conversions at an individual account level until the final income tax filing deadline for that tax year (i.e., October 15th of the following year). The resulting opportunities are very different than for traditional tax-deferred investments. We examine the costs and benefits of converting to a Roth IRA from a traditional tax-deferred account and analyze the optimal conversion decisions by investors absent the re-characterization option. We then allow the investor to reverse (re-characterize) these conversions decisions and examine the implications for asset location. The insights that arise with respect to optimal conversion go beyond the conventional wisdom, such as converting if and only if the investor’s current tax rate is below his anticipated future tax rate. Volatility is very valuable for positions that are subject to potential re-characterization, which is in sharp contrast to the traditional asset location advice. Re-characterization leads to substantial optionality for investments in certain tax-deferred accounts. These perspectives raise interesting challenges for understanding the stochastic and dynamic structure of government revenue.
Do Lenders Have Favorite Auditors

Yes. We construct a novel revealed preference measure of financial statement verification based on matching among lenders, borrowers, and auditors. When borrowers use their lenders’ preferred auditors, they borrow larger amounts and at lower rates and contracts depend more on accounting information. Lender preferences are determined by their historical experience with individual auditors; when borrowers in their loan portfolio default or restate their financials, lenders shift their loan portfolio away from the implicated auditor. These preferences impact borrowers’ post-financing auditor choices as well as subsequent matching between borrowers and lenders. Finally, when borrowers follow their lenders’ preferences, loan terms are more sensitive to financials and borrowers are less likely to default in the future. Our findings suggest that, through financial statement verification, auditors play a significant role in contracting efficiency and matching in the private loan market.
Modulation of high frequency noise by engine tones of small boats

The effect of modulation of high frequency ship noise by propeller rotation frequencies is well known. This modulation is observed with the Detection of Envelope Modulation on Noise (DEMON) algorithm. Analysis of the DEMON spectrum allows the revolutions per minute and number of blades of the propeller to be determined. This work shows that the high frequency noise of a small boat can also be modulated by engine frequencies. Prior studies have not reported high frequency noise amplitude modulated at engine frequencies. This modulation is likely produced by bubbles from the engine exhaust system.
New voltage vector generation method for a MPC algorithm with constant switching frequency operation

This paper Introduces a novel voltage vector generation method for fixed switching frequency scheme of a finite-control set model predictive control (FS-MPC). The main feature of the proposed work is to search the optimum voltage vector responsible of minimizing the cost function. A novel algorithm based on two searching loops is introduced, the first loop optimizes the voltage vector angle while the second one defines its correspondent modulus. The optimal combination is then generated into a FS-MPC algorithm to control a 3L-NPC grid-tied inverter. A closed-loop space vector modulator takes in action of firing the switches and balancing the two DC capacitors of the inverter. The overall discrete model in (dq) frame is developed. The design of the proposed algorithm is then detailed. Simulation results verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method in fulfilling grid requirements during normal operation and against external disturbances.
A Posterolateral Approach to the Scapula for Evacuation of a Subscapular Abscess: A Case Report.

Case We present the case of a subscapular abscess that was drained via a posterolateral approach to the scapula. Complete evacuation of the abscess was achieved, and the incisions healed without difficulty. There were no immediate postoperative complications from this approach. Conclusion To our knowledge, a posterolateral approach for evacuating a subscapular abscess has not been described previously in the literature. Utilizing the internervous plane between the teres major and latissimus dorsi muscles, along with medial counterincisions, allows for safe drainage of this rare type of abscess.
Multimodality Treatment of Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor: Chemotherapy and Complete Cytoreductive Surgery Improve Patient Survival

Purpose: Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT), which harbors EWSR1-WT1 t(11;22)(p13:q12) chromosomal translocation, is an aggressive malignancy that typically presents as intra-abdominal sarcomatosis in young males. Given its rarity, optimal treatment has not been defined.Experimental Design: We conducted a retrospective study of 187 patients with DSRCT treated at MD Anderson Cancer Center over 2 decades. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed. We determined whether chemotherapy, complete cytoreductive surgery (CCS), hyperthermic intraperitoneal cisplatin (HIPEC), and/or whole abdominal radiation (WART) improve overall survival (OS) in patients with DSRCT. Critically, because our institutional practice limits HIPEC and WART to patients with less extensive, potentially resectable disease that had benefited from neoadjuvant chemotherapy, a time-variant analysis was performed to evaluate those adjunct treatment modalities.Results: The pre-2003 5-year OS rate of 5% has substantially improved to 25% with the advent of newer chemotherapies and better surgical and radiotherapy techniques (HR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.29-0.75). Chemotherapy response (log rank P = 0.004) and CCS (log rank P < 0.0001) were associated with improved survival. Although WART and HIPEC lacked statistical significance, our study was not powered to detect their potential impact upon OS.Conclusions: Improved 3- and 5-year OS were observed following multidisciplinary treatment that includes Ewing sarcoma (ES)-based chemotherapy and complete tumor cytoreductive surgery, but few if any patients are cured. Prospective randomized studies will be required to prove whether HIPEC or WART are important. In the meantime, chemotherapy and CCS remain the cornerstone of treatment and provide a solid foundation to evaluate new biologically targeted therapies. Clin Cancer Res; 24(19); 4865-73. ©2018 AACR.
Pole Placement Designs

In the previous chapters model reference control based adaptive actuator failure compensation schemes were developed for linear time-invariant (LTI) plants with unknown actuator failures. Model reference adaptive control (MRAC) requires that the controlled plant is minimum phase. However, many physical plants are nonminimum phase, and the adaptive control schemes based on MRAC cannot be applied to such systems. For example, the linearized aircraft model may contain both minimum phase and nonminimum phase control channels. For a Boeing 737-100 aircraft, in the case of cruise flight, the control channels from aileron, spoiler, and rudder to roll rate are all nonminimum phase. In the lateral motion model of the DC-8 aircraft, the control channel from aileron to side-slip angle is also nonminimum phase. To compensate for actuator failures in nonminimum phase plants, effective control schemes such as pole placement are needed. In this chapter, we present pole placement based actuator failure compensation control designs for systems with unknown actuator failures, which are applicable to both minimum phase and nonminimum phase LTI plants. In Section 6.1, we formulate the control problem. In Section 6.2, we present a nominal pole placement control scheme for actuator failure compensation. In Section 6.3, we develop an adaptive control scheme for the case when both plant parameters and failure parameters are unknown. In Section 6.4, we present simulation results to verify the desired adaptive system performance.
Brain Plasticity Induced by Musical Training

Music performance offers an excellent model for studying human brain plasticity. Playing music is a rich multisensory and motor experience that places unique demands on the nervous system. It usually commences at an early age, and requires the acquisition and maintenance of a range of skills over the course of a musician’s lifetime. Neuroimaging studies have confirmed that playing music relies on a strong coupling of perception and action mediated by sensory, motor, and multimodal integration regions distributed throughout the brain. This chapter summarizes research on the effects of musical training on brain organization. Although most research to date has focused on how musical training can shape the healthy brain, emerging evidence shows that music-making activities can also induce brain plasticity to overcome neurological impairments. These impairments include acquired brain injuries and neurodevelopmental disorders. We will discuss in detail our laboratory’s investigations into the effects of intensive music-based treatments on speech-motor functions of chronic stroke patients with aphasia and of nonverbal children with autism.
The NRL airborne geophysics program

The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) has been conducting large area, reconnaissance aerogeophysical surveys in the Arctic since 1991. In projects funded by the National Imagery and Mapping Agency, the Office of Naval Research, and the National Science Foundation, NRL has surveyed all of Greenland and nearly two-thirds of the Arctic Ocean basin during the course of eight field seasons. Simultaneously, NRL has developed system and methodology improvements for airborne gravimetry. These improvements have addressed all aspects of the survey from instrumentation to aircraft operation to data processing. In this paper we address both the Arctic survey and the system improvement aspects of our aerogeophysical program.
Temporal Variation in Breeding Season Survival and Cause-Specific Mortality of Lesser Prairie-Chickens

Abstract The lesser prairie-chicken Tympanuchus pallidicinctus has experienced significant declines in distribution and abundance since the early 1900s. A severe and prolonged drought from 2009 to ...
The Mind–Body Problem

What has become known in philosophy as the ‘mind–body problem’ is, in fact, best regarded as a collection of related problems. The ‘item’ problem is the problem of understanding the nature of mental items. The category of mental items, in turn, breaks down into two basic sorts: mental ‘types’ or kinds of mental state, and mental ‘tokens’ – concrete, dated, nonrepeatable instances of those kinds. Accordingly, the mind–body problem comprises two distinct item problems. The ‘essence’ problem is that of understanding the nature of the defining features of the mental – and traditionally these have been understood as ‘consciousness’ and ‘intentionality’. Accordingly, the mind–body problem also comprises two distinct essence problems. This article examines these mind–body problems.
Examining T-peel Specimen Bond Length Effects: Experimental and Numerical Explorations of Transitions to Steady-state Debonding

Abstract The broad versatility of the T-peel test, widely used for characterizing adhesion across a plethora of adhesives, adherends, and geometries, results in a range of responses that may complicate meaningful interpretation. This research effort, involving several specific specimen types, was undertaken to investigate concerns that commonly used configurations may not always result in plateaus in the force-displacement response. An experimental and numerical study is conducted on debonding of T-peel specimens having 75 mm bond length and 0.81 mm thick adherends made of either 6061 aluminum (Al) or one of the three steels (G70 70U hot dip galvanized, E60 elctrogalvanized (EGZ), 1010 cold-rolled steel) bonded with either LORD® 406 or Maxlok™ acrylic adhesive. For the EGZ and the Al adherends, specimens with a bond length of 250 mm and adherend thickness of 1.60 mm are also examined. Effects of adherend materials and thicknesses, bond lengths, and adhesives on test results are examined using three metrics to interpret the T-peel bond performance. A limited correlation is found between the commonly used “T-peel strength” and the energy dissipated per unit debond area. For these two metrics, the relative performances of the CRS and the Al specimens are quite different. Quasi-static plane strain deformations of the test specimens are analyzed by the finite element method (FEM) and a cohesive zone model using the commercial software, ABAQUS, to help interpret the test data. Numerical results provided energies required to elastically and plastically deform the adherends, and help determine the transition from non-steady-state to steady-state debonding. The FE simulations also facilitate determination of the fraction of the crosshead displacement at which steady-state debonding occurs. Results reported herein could help engineers select appropriate peel specimen dimensions for extracting meaningful data for the adhesive performance and comparisons.
Recognizing Fish Species Captured Live on Wild Sea Surface in Videos by Deep Metric Learning with a Temporal Constraint

Recognizing fish species captured live on wild sea surface in videos is a challenging task due to the deformation of fish shape, self-occlusion of body parts and similar texture between different fish classes. To address these issues, we propose a fine-grained image classification method based on a deep convolution neural network (CNN) trained by an innovative metric learning scheme with a temporal constraint. By introducing the temporal constraint in metric learning, we help the network to learn a feature embedding which implicitly takes the shape and pose changes of fish into account. Besides, for each class, we learn the representative features discriminatively by introducing an intermediate layer in the CNN before the classifier. In testing stage, we first aggregate the features of a fish from each frame into several clips in the feature space, send the clips to the classifier and then perform weighted majority vote for the final classification. The experimental results show that our approach outperforms the conventional softmax classification on our rail-fishing dataset.
The effect of climate change on the cost of dairy farms in Turkey; Case study of Thrace Region

In Turkey, studies investigating the economic effects of climate change on agriculture are limited and there is little or no research that focuses on livestock production as regards changes in climate. In this context, the main objective of this research is to analyze the impacts of climate change on dairy cattle farms in terms of costs, according to different future scenarios and farms scales. Interviews were conducted with 140 dairy farmers in Thrace Region. To analyze the change in costs, the model developed by Calil et al. (2012) was used. According to the results of cost analysis, it was determined that climate change will lead to a 10-50% cost increase on dairy farms by the year 2044. The heat stress is responsible for 48-71% of the increase in the cost of production, where 24-52% is due to an increase in feed prices. Based on the outcome of this research, it was suggested that agricultural extension activities should be carried out in order for farms to get adapted to climate change. Agricultural supports and investment projects should be related to climate change.
Reviewing Inter Partes Review Five Years In: The View From University Technology Transfer Offices

With the implementation of the inter partes review (IPR) proceeding under the America Invents Act in 2012, university technology transfer offices (TTOS) were worried that the value of their patents might be irreparably harmed. With IPR proceedings making patent challenges easy, relatively inexpensive, and a threat extending over the lifetime of a patent, TTOs wondered if IPRs might do nothing short of undermining their licensing business model. However, although IPRs have irreparably changed the patent infringement landscape outside of the university setting, the effect on university patents has not been nearly as severe. This chapter explores why that might be the case. With data culled from interviews with TTO personnel from a representative sampling of large and small, public and private universities, this chapter explains the actual rather than the assumed effect of IPR on TTO policies over the first seven years of IPR proceedings. Due partly to the early stage nature of university patents and partly to university patent enforcement practices, there are not and have not been many IPRs involving university patents. In addition, even though TTOs do worry about IPR attacks on their patents, for a variety of reasons, TTOs have not changed their filing, budgeting, enforcement or licensing practices based on the threat of IPR. Some of this is due to tight budgeting, but it also has to do with a variety of other reasons, including questions of TTO mission, reliance on new litigation funding models, interest in state sovereign immunity defenses to IPRs, overall changes in licensing practices especially in the physical sciences fields, and other issues. This chapter explores what forces do in fact affect TTO filing, licensing, enforcement and budgeting policy, and why their policies have thus far not been affected by the threat of IPR. It concludes with some advice for TTOs looking forward to the next seven years of IPR proceedings.
Reoperation in Zygomatico-orbital Trauma: A Review of Patients With Suboptimal Outcomes Following Initial Repair.

Introduction:Treatment to restore anatomy, function, and aesthetics after trauma should involve as little surgical insult as possible. As such, repeated procedures may suggest failed initial manage...
Characteristic analysis of mumps in Wenzhou city in 2006-2009

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and trend of mumps in Wenzhou, and to provide a scientific basis for taking appropriate intervening measures of mumps. Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on the data on mumps in Wenzhou from National Disease Reporting System and Emergency Public Reporting System from 2006 to 2009. Results Tbere were 18 355 mumps cases reported between 2006 and 2009, and the average annual incidence rate was 60.32 per 100 000. Mumps had obvious seasonality and reached the peaks in early summer and winter. Incidence was high in areas of high population density, the incidence in the highest population density area was 168.33 per 100 000. The highest mumps incidence occured in the children aged 2-9, accounted for 85.79%. Mumps outbreaks occurred frequently in the population of students and the pre- school children, there were incidences of 48.19% and 44.09% respectively in students and pre-school children. Conclusions The current mumps epidemic in Wenzhou city still faces with problems, intervening measures should be taken to launch mumps vaccination compaign,to increase vaccinaiton coverage rate,and to decrease mumps cases and incidence of mumps. Furthermore, the influence of density of population on mumps epidemic characteristics should be considered when epidemic factors are analysed. Key words: Mumps; Epidemiologic characteristics; Intervening measures
Botticelli, P., Mahard, M. R., & Cloonan, M. V. (2019). Libraries, Archives, and Museums Today: Insights from the Field: New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 169 pp., $33.00. ISBN: 978-1-5381-2555-7

The long history of alignment between traditional cultural heritage institutions supports continuing discussions on how, and where, libraries, archives, and museums (LAMs) converge in a rapidly cha...
Engineering CAR T Cells to Target the HIV Reservoir

The HIV reservoir remains to be a difficult barrier to overcome in order to achieve a therapeutic cure for HIV. Several strategies have been developed to purge the reservoir, including the "kick and kill" approach, which is based on the notion that reactivating the latent reservoir will allow subsequent elimination by the host anti-HIV immune cells. However, clinical trials testing certain classes of latency reactivating agents (LRAs) have so far revealed the minimal impact on reducing the viral reservoir. A robust immune response to reactivated HIV expressing cells is critical for this strategy to work. A current focus to enhance anti-HIV immunity is through the use of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). Currently, HIV-specific CARs are being applied to peripheral T cells, NK cells, and stem cells to boost recognition and killing of HIV infected cells. In this review, we summarize current developments in engineering HIV directed CAR-expressing cells to facilitate HIV elimination. We also summarize current LRAs that enhance the "kick" strategy and how new generation and combinations of LRAs with HIV specific CAR T cell therapies could provide an optimal strategy to target the viral reservoir and achieve HIV clearance from the body.
What Due Diligence Dilemma? Re-Envisioning Underwriters' Continuous Due Diligence after WorldCom

The recent WorldCom decision is widely believed to pose a due diligence dilemma. This dilemma supposedly forces underwriters for large, established corporations to choose between their clients' desire to issue securities quickly in shelf-registered offering and the obligation to exercise reasonable care in due diligence. According to most commentators, the bar for due diligence set by WorldCom is simply too high to surmount during a shelf takedown. As a result, underwriters will either lose lucrative business or lose their defense to liability for misstatements or omissions in the offering document. And the stakes are high: in WorldCom, the underwriters settled for $6.1 billion rather than test their due diligence defense at trial. Underwriters could avoid this purported quandary if they investigated clients on a continuous basis, and thus, largely completed due diligence before each offering. Yet, scholars generally agree that underwriters perform little such continuous due diligence.This article casts doubt on that scholarly consensus. This article urges that underwriters for giant corporations may perform more far continuous due diligence than most writers suppose.This article sheds light on a source of continuous due diligence that has, to date, entirely escaped scholarly attention: investigation outside of the context of securities offerings. The bulge bracket investment banks that underwrite securities for giant corporations typically are organized into client relationship teams. These teams serve all of the bank's clients' financing needs, not just securities underwriting. As such, the team has reason to investigate its clients in many contexts other than securities offerings. This investigation is continuous due diligence by another name - and it may well provide an escape from the underwriter conundrum.
Abstract P179: The Magnitude, And Not Direction, Of Blood Pressure Change Influences The Risk Of Serious Adverse Events In SPRINT

Background: The landmark Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) showed that more intensive systolic blood pressure treatment (SBP < 120 mm Hg) was associated with lower risk for cardio...