cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
902 MONOCYTE SUPPRESSION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN SECRETION IN A 9-YEAR-OLD BOY WITH SCID

We report the evaluation of in vitro immunoregulation in a 9-year-old untreated boy with SCID. Ficoll-Hypaque-isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNL) from the patient failed to respond to pokeweed mitogen (PWM) with the normal increment in immunoglobulin-secreting cells (Ig-SC), as measured by a reverse hemolytic plaque assay. Removal of phagocytic cells or the addition of unrelated irradiated helper cells resulted in enhanced, but still suboptimal response to PWM, suggesting some intrinsic defect in B-cell function. Co-culture of patient with normal MNL resulted in marked (88%) suppression of PWM-induced Ig-SC. Suppressor activity was unaffected by prior irradiation of patient MNL, but was substantially reversed (32% net enhancement) by removal of his phagocytic cells; whereas the combination of the two procedures further reversed suppression (52% net enhancement). Because the patient was lymphopenic, his MNL were relatively enriched for monocytes (range=40-80%). To determine whether the suppressor cell activity was due to functional or numerical excess of patient monocytes, co-cultures were performed using varying ratios of patient to normal MNL. Suppression was most marked in cultures containing >40% monocytes, suggesting that a numerical excess of patient monocytes could account for the observed suppression. These data suggest both an intrinsic defect in B-cell function, and a relative numerical excess of monocytes which could further inhibit Ig-secretion by B-cells.
Electrocardiographic Evaluation of Broilers During the Onset of Pulmonary Hypertension Initiated by Unilateral Pulmonary Artery Occlusion

Electrocardiography previously has been used as a noninvasive method for detecting cardiac hypertrophy associated with pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS, ascites). In the present study, 36 of 100 male broiler chicks were selected for inclusion in the experiment based on their hatch weight (> or = 40 g), Day 1 to 14 BW gain (upper 50% of population distribution), and the normalcy of their Day 14 electrocardiogram (ECG). On day 16, 10 chicks were assigned to the unoperated control group (CONTROL), sham operations were performed on 10 chicks (SHAM), and pulmonary hypertension was initiated by clamping the left pulmonary artery in 16 chicks (PA-CLAMP). Electrocardiogram leads I, II, III, and aVF were recorded daily until Day 27, when 6 of the 12 birds surviving in the PA-CLAMP group had developed clinical ascites. The right: total ventricular weight ratio (RV:TV) was higher and BW was lower in the PA-CLAMP group than in the CONTROL and SHAM groups on Day 27. The RS, R, and S wave amplitudes in lead II for the CONTROL and SHAM groups did not change, whereas in lead II for the PA-CLAMP group the S wave attained a more negative amplitude by Day 21, the RS wave attained a more negative amplitude by Day 22, and the R wave declined to a less positive amplitude by Day 23 when compared with presurgery values. Similar differences were observed for the RS and S waves for leads III and aVF. The mean electrical axis (MEA) and mean resultant vector (MRV) of the CONTROL and SHAM groups did not change; however the PA-CLAMP group the MEA rotated significantly from +3 degrees to -72 degrees and to -88 degrees on Days 14, 22 and 27, respectively, and the MRV amplitude increased from 0.052 to 0.108 mV and then to 0.179 mV on Days 14, 22, and 27, respectively. When data from all treatment groups were combined, higher absolute and BW-normalized RV:TV ratios were inversely correlated (r = 0.859 to -0.880) with increasingly negative S wave amplitudes in leads II and aVF. Higher absolute and BW-normalized RV:TV ratios were directly correlated (r = 0.786 to 0.789) with increasing MRV amplitudes. These ECG characteristics constitute accurate, noninvasive predictive criteria suitable for detecting cardiac changes occurring early during the onset of primary pulmonary hypertension.
Signatures of electron-boson coupling in the half-metallic ferromagnet Mn 5 Ge 3 : Study of electron self-energy Σ(ω) obtained from infrared spectroscopy

We report results of our infrared and optical spectroscopy study of a half-metallic ferromagnet Mn$_5$Ge$_3$. This compound is currently being investigated as a potential injector of spin polarized currents into germanium. Infrared measurements have been performed over a broad frequency (50 - 50000 cm$^{-1}$) and temperature (10 - 300 K) range. From the complex optical conductivity $\sigma(\omega)$ we extract the electron self-energy $\Sigma(\omega)$. The calculation of $\Sigma(\omega)$ is based on novel numerical algorithms for solution of systems of non-linear equations. The obtained self-energy provides a new insight into electron correlations in Mn$_5$Ge$_3$. In particular, it reveals that charge carriers may be coupled to bosonic modes, possibly of magnetic origin.
DR human leukocyte antigens and disease severity in chronic hepatitis C

Abstract Background/Aims: Immune mechanisms may modulate disease severity in chronic hepatitis C and the DR human leukocyte antigens may effect these mechanisms. Our aims were to evaluate the association between the DR antigens and disease severity at presentation and to seek correlation between these antigens, disease severity and autoantibodies in this condition. Methods: Sixty-four patients were assessed prospectively and classified as having mild, moderate and severe disease by clinical, laboratory and histologic criteria. Fourteen DR antigens were determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism or polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primers. Eighty normal subjects were typed in a similar fashion. Results: Patients with mild (16), moderate (32) and severe (16) disease at presentation were indistinguishable from each other and from normal subjects by the frequencies of each DR antigen. Subjects of patients with different laboratory and histologic findings had DR frequencies comparable to those without these findings and to those of normal subjects. Patients with autoantibodies and/or concurrent immunologic diseases had mild (19% versus 32%, p =0.4), moderate (50% versus 50%) and severe (31% versus 18%, p =0.4) disease as commonly as other patients. The frequencies of the DR antigens were similar in each category of disease severity. Patients with autoimmune features differed from patients without these features (3% versus 32%, p =0.002) and normal subjects (3% versus 25%, p =0.003) by having a lower frequency of HLA DR1. Conclusions: The DR antigens are not associated with any index of disease severity at presentation. Immunologic manifestations do not identify patients with a different disease severity or a distinctive genetic predisposition for disease activity. The presence of DR 1 is associated with a lower frequency of immune manifestations.
E-manufacturing—fundamental, tools, and transformation

Abstract Manufacturing industry worldwide has been facing unprecedented challenges brought by ever changing, global and competitive market conditions as well as changing social demands, regional, governmental and environmental regulations. E-commerce and Internet technologies injected “velocity” into the front business activities and enabled companies to shift their manufacturing operations from the traditional factory integration philosophy to a supply chain-based e-factory philosophy. It transforms companies from a local factory focus to a global enterprise and business focus. This paper introduces e-manufacturing as a new concept to answer the aforementioned needs of business strategies for complete integration of all business elements including suppliers, customer service network and manufacturing units by leveraging the Internet, web-enabling, tether-free technologies and computational tools. Enabling tools will be introduced to support e-manufacturing includes the ability to monitor the plant floor assets, and predict the variation and performance loss for dynamic rescheduling of production and maintenance operations, and synchronize with other related business actions to achieve a complete integration between manufacturing systems and upper-level enterprise applications. Finally, infotronics technologies for next-generation e-manufacturing transformation are discussed.
Impurity states in SiO 2

A theory of the major chemical trends in the deep-energy levels of impurities in ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ is presented. The observations by ESR that substitutional Ge and P produce deep levels in the band gap are explained.
Vacuum ultraviolet photolysis of methane. Reaction of methylene

Abstract Methylene radicals formed in the photolysis of methane (123.6 and 104.8–106.7 nm) insert into the CH bond of methane to produce ethane molecules whose lifetime is independent of the energy of the photon. Deactivation of ethane by collision with methane is stepwise, and the lifetime of the insertion product is shorter than reported in previous CH 2 CO photolysis studies.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES OF TUMORS OF THE SPINE AND SPINAL CORD IN DOGS

Twenty-one dogs with confirmed tumors of the spinal cord or paraspinal tissues were imaged with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Anatomical location, location in relation to the dura and the medulla (spinal cord), and bone infiltration were assessed on the MR images and compared to findings at surgery or necropsy. Localization of tumors in the intradural-extramedullary compartment was not always possible. Bone infiltration was correctly assessed in all but one dog, and the anatomical locations involved were accurately determined in all dogs. Sagittal T2-weighted images were helpful to determine the anatomical location. Transverse T1-weighted images pre and post Gd-DTPA administration were helpful for additional localization and definition of tumor extension.
The Peculiarities of ‘Spanish Morocco’: Imperial Ideology and Economic Development

Perceptions of shared history, culture, and ethnicity ensured Muslim Moroccans a secure place in the traditionalist hierarchy of Francisco Franco's Spain. These perceptions shaped the colonial policies of Franco's ‘National Catholic’ dictatorship, which paradoxically portrayed Islam as compatible with Christianity and denied that Spaniards differed in essence from Moroccans. As the dictatorship continued to embrace ultra-conservative and anti-modern ideology, in Morocco its officials increasingly emphasized modern methods of economic development. In Spanish-occupied North Africa, the forces of tradition and modernity did not necessarily conflict. In fact, tradition could be harnessed to promote modernization and economic development.
Haptic and visual matches for haptically perceived extent are equivalent

Perception of the extent of hand-held rods was examined when the mode of exploration was dynamic touch and the mode of report was either a subsystem of the same mode (haptic touch) or a different mode (vision). Moment of inertia was manipulated by the position of an attached mass along the lengths of the rods. Results showed no difference between the report modes, with log of perceived length being a linear function of log of moment of inertia in both cases. This similarity between ipsemodal and cross-modal matches for perceived extent supports the generality of examinations of dynamic touch that use visual magnitude production (e.g., Solomon & Turvey, 1988; Solomon, Turvey, & Burton, 1989a, 1989b).
Tumor Stiffness Is Unrelated to Myosin Light Chain Phosphorylation in Cancer Cells

Many tumors are stiffer than their surrounding tissue. This increase in stiffness has been attributed, in part, to a Rho-dependent elevation of myosin II light chain phosphorylation. To characterize this mechanism further, we studied myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), the main enzyme that phosphorylates myosin II light chains. We anticipated that increases in MLCK expression and activity would contribute to the increased stiffness of cancer cells. However, we find that MLCK mRNA and protein levels are substantially less in cancer cells and tissues than in normal cells. Consistent with this observation, cancer cells contract 3D collagen matrices much more slowly than normal cells. Interestingly, inhibiting MLCK or Rho kinase did not affect the 3D gel contractions while blebbistatin partially and cytochalasin D maximally inhibited contractions. Live cell imaging of cells in collagen gels showed that cytochalasin D inhibited filopodia-like projections that formed between cells while a MLCK inhibitor had no effect on these projections. These data suggest that myosin II phosphorylation is dispensable in regulating the mechanical properties of tumors.
Nutritional support of hospitalized patients.

Effective nutrition support requires sound knowledge of both basic and clinical nutrition as well as familiarity with products and delivery systems. Metabolic management of most hospitalized dogs and cats is best achieved with enteral nutrition support, using defined enteral products and nutrient modules.
Seeing “Straight,” Contemporary Critical Heterosexuality Studies and Sociology: An Introduction

Sociology has not always been able to see straight. That is, heterosexuality has often been invisible in sociological inquiry. It has operated as a taken-for-granted assumption, regarded as normal,...
An EM Algorithm for Localizing Multiple Sound Sources in Reverberant Environments

We present a method for localizing and separating sound sources in stereo recordings that is robust to reverberation and does not make any assumptions about the source statistics. The method consists of a probabilistic model of binaural multi-source recordings and an expectation maximization algorithm for finding the maximum likelihood parameters of that model. These parameters include distributions over delays and assignments of time-frequency regions to sources. We evaluate this method against two comparable algorithms on simulations of simultaneous speech from two or three sources. Our method outperforms the others in anechoic conditions and performs as well as the better of the two in the presence of reverberation.
The Science of the Interactions of Colloidal Particles and Ceramics Processing

The interactions among colloidal particulates, solvent, and solutes are discussed from the perspectives required to address current and near-future research needs in ceramics processing.
The Jakarta Telephone Connection Charge and Financing Indonesian Telecommunications Development

∗ The author was an advisor to Indonesia's Ministry of Transport and Communications during 1973–76 and has observed the country's telecommunications sector sporadically since that time. He is indebted to an anonymous referee for helpful criticism of an initial draft of this article. All view expressed are the sole responsibility of the author and no endorsement by the then or current management of the Ministry or of the Harvard Institute for International Development is implied.
Benign Colorectal Disease

The incidence of benign medical and surgical diseases of the colon and rectum increases with age. Although constipation, fecal incontinence, and several other associated benign ­conditions increase in frequency with aging, a paucity of information exists regarding the normal aging effect on gastrointestinal pathophysiology. Studies documenting anatomic, physiologic, and pathologic changes that occur in the aging colon have not been definitive, and many studies have reported conflicting results. Mucosal atrophy, atrophy of ­circular muscles, thickening of longitudinal muscles (taeniae coli), increased elastin deposition, and atherosclerosis are several of the changes seen in the aging bowel [1]. These changes may factor into the development of several disease states (i.e., diverticular disease and angiodysplasia). Medications affect gastrointestinal function and many have constipation as a side effect. Preexisting diseases (cardiac, pulmonary, renal, neurologic, psychiatric) may affect colonic motility directly or secondarily. In addition, these comorbidities affect medical and surgical therapy, making geriatric operative risks higher. Early diagnosis and treatment is crucial even for seemingly benign diseases or symptoms. In this chapter, we address benign colorectal diseases frequently encountered in the elderly patient and which may increase as the population ages. Diseases common to both young and old persons, such as hemorrhoids and fissures, are not discussed.
Bcl-2 Allows Effector and Memory CD8+ T Cells To Tolerate Higher Expression of Bim

As acute infections resolve, most effector CD8+ T cells die, whereas some persist and become memory T cells. Recent work showed that subsets of effector CD8+ T cells, identified by reciprocal expression of killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1) and CD127, have different lifespans. Similar to previous reports, we found that effector CD8+ T cells reported to have a longer lifespan (i.e., KLRG1lowCD127high) have increased levels of Bcl-2 compared with their shorter-lived KLRG1highCD127low counterparts. Surprisingly, we found that these effector KLRG1lowCD127high CD8+ T cells also had increased levels of Bim compared with KLRG1highCD127low cells. Similar effects were observed in memory cells, in which CD8+ central memory T cells expressed higher levels of Bim and Bcl-2 than did CD8+ effector memory T cells. Using both pharmacologic and genetic approaches, we found that survival of both subsets of effector and memory CD8+ T cells required Bcl-2 to combat the proapoptotic activity of Bim. Interestingly, inhibition or absence of Bcl-2 led to significantly decreased expression of Bim in surviving effector and memory T cells. In addition, manipulation of Bcl-2 levels by IL-7 or IL-15 also affected expression of Bim in effector CD8+ T cells. Finally, we found that Bim levels were significantly increased in effector CD8+ T cells lacking Bax and Bak. Together, these data indicate that cells having the highest levels of Bim are selected against during contraction of the response and that Bcl-2 determines the level of Bim that effector and memory T cells can tolerate.
Effect of tocopherol supplementation during last trimester of pregnancy on mRNA abundances of interleukins and angiogenesis in ovine placenta and uterus

Background Interleukins (IL) play an important role in angiogenesis. Tocopherol possesses immunomodulating effect in addition to antioxidant property. The objective of this study was to determine whether gamma tocopherol's (gT) angiogenic activity in placental network is enhanced via promoting interleukins.
Antiretroviral Therapy: Now “It Just Works”

poor, and largely African American population. In that study, only 37% achieved virologic suppression (defined as a viral load ,500 copies/mL) 1 year after initiation of therapy. Of importance, this was approximately half the rate of treatment success achieved in contemporaneous clinical trials [3]. The authors cited several potential explanations for this difference, most prominently poor adherence to clinic visits, a phenomenon strongly linked to demographic factors that were highly prevalent in their clinic. One group in the cohort was an extreme example of the discordance between clinical trials results and what was happening in actual patient care: younger, non-white patients had a 1-year virologic suppression rate of only 25%. The results of this study were sobering and had a major impact on clinical
Epidermal growth factor and angiotensin II regulation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase in rat liver epithelial WB cells

Activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) is considered essential for mitogenesis. In the present study, rat liver epithelial WB cells were used to investigate the relative roles of Ca2+, protein kinase C (PKC), and protein tyrosine phosphorylation in mitogenesis and activation of the ERK pathway stimulated by epidermal growth factor (EGF) and angiotensin II (Ang II). The sensitivity of the ERK pathway to Ca2+ was studied by using 1,2-bis (O-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) to chelate intracellular Ca2+ and a low extracellular Ca2+ concentration to prevent Ca2+ influx. Agonist-induced PKC activation was diminished by inhibition of PKC by GF-109203X (bisindolylmaleimide) or by down-regulation of PKC by long-term treatment of the cells with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Our results show that although activation of PKC was critical for mitogenesis induced by Ang II or EGF, the initial activation of ERK by both agonists in these cells was essentially independent of PKC activation and was insensitive to Ca2+ mobilization. This is in contrast to the findings in some cell types that exhibit a marked dependency on mobilization of Ca2+ and/or PKC activation. On the other hand, an obligatory tyrosine phosphorylation step for activation of ERK was indicated by the use of protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which profoundly inhibited the activation of ERK by EGF, Ang II, and PMA. Additional experiments indicated that tyrosine phosphorylation by a cytosolic tyrosine kinase may represent a general mechanism for G-protein coupled receptor mediated ERK activation.
Elevated expression of protein biosynthesis genes in liver and muscle of hibernating black bears (Ursus americanus)

We conducted a large-scale gene expression screen using the 3,200 cDNA probe microarray developed specifically for Ursus americanus to detect expression differences in liver and skeletal muscle that occur during winter hibernation compared with animals sampled during summer. The expression of 12 genes, including RNA binding protein motif 3 (Rbm3), that are mostly involved in protein biosynthesis, was induced during hibernation in both liver and muscle. The Gene Ontology and Gene Set Enrichment analysis consistently showed a highly significant enrichment of the protein biosynthesis category by overexpressed genes in both liver and skeletal muscle during hibernation. Coordinated induction in transcriptional level of genes involved in protein biosynthesis is a distinctive feature of the transcriptome in hibernating black bears. This finding implies induction of translation and suggests an adaptive mechanism that contributes to a unique ability to reduce muscle atrophy over prolonged periods of immobility during hibernation. Comparing expression profiles in bears to small mammalian hibernators shows a general trend during hibernation of transcriptional changes that include induction of genes involved in lipid metabolism and carbohydrate synthesis as well as depression of genes involved in the urea cycle and detoxification function in liver.
Noise-resilient edge detection algorithm for brain MRI images

In this paper we introduce a noise-resilient edge detection algorithm for brain MRI images. Also, an improved edge detection based on Canny edge detection algorithm is proposed. Computer simulations show that the proposed algorithm is resilient to impulsive noise which makes up for the disadvantages of Canny algorithm, and can detect more edges of MRI brain images effectively. Also, the concept of images fusion is utilized for effective edge detection.
Trapping lifetime and carrier mobility measurements in CuInSe/sub 2/ using surface-acoustic-wave technique

A novel technique based on the measurement of the frequency spectrum of the acoustoelectric current is used to determine the trapping time associated with dominant traps in p-type CuInSe/sub 2/. At room temperature, two trap levels with trapping time constant of 2*10/sup -4/ and 6.7*10/sup -5/ s are detected. Under white incandescent light, two more traps with trapping time constants of 1.4*10/sup -3/ and 6*10/sup -4/ s are detected. The minority (electron) and majority (hole) carrier mobilities in this material are also measured using the acoustoelectric technique, and they are 6+or-3 and 3.1+or-0.15 cm/sup 2//V-s, respectively. The hole carrier concentration was estimated to be around 5*10/sup 15/ cm/sup -3/, and the surface of the sample was depleted. >
Assignments and Conformational Dependencies of the Amide III Peptide Backbone UV Resonance Raman Bands

We investigated the assignments and the conformational dependencies of the UV resonance Raman bands of the 21-residue mainly alanine peptide (AP) and its isotopically substituted derivatives in both their α-helical and PPII states. We also examined smaller peptides to correlate conformation, hydrogen bonding, and structure. Our vibrational mode analysis confirms the complex nature of the amide III region, which contains many vibrational modes. We assign these bands by interpreting the isotopically induced frequency shifts and the conformational sensitivity of these bands and their temperature dependence. Our assignments of the amide bands in some cases agree, but in other cases challenge previous assignments by Lee and Krimm (Biopolymers 1998, 46, 283−317), Overman and Thomas (Biochemistry 1998, 37, 5654−5665), and Diem et al. (J. Phys. Chem. 1992, 96, 548−554). We see evidence for the partial dehydration of α-helices at elevated temperatures.
A summary of the reasons why farmers cull cows.

A study was conducted to determine why cows are culled, whether cows are culled for multiple reasons, and whether farm characteristics can help explain why cows are culled. The primary reasons for culling were reproduction (i.e., failure to conceive), mastitis, and low production. For 35% of all cows that were culled, a secondary reason for culling was assigned by the farmer, and, for 11% of all cows that were culled, a tertiary reason was recorded. Using a weighting factor of 5:3:1 (primary:secondary:tertiary reasons for culling), a culling score was computed for each reason within a herd. Reproduction was the primary reason for culling, production was second, and mastitis was third. Much variation existed as to why dairy farmers culled cows. Computed mean culling scores suggested that culling for mastitis was lower in high producing Holstein herds, and culling for abortion was higher in high producing Holstein herds. Culling for reproduction was higher in high producing Holstein herds, and culling for production was lower in high producing Holstein herds. Culling for mastitis and production were significantly lower in high producing Holstein herds than in non-Holstein herds. A system that allows the documentation of multiple reasons for culling and the computation of a composite score appears to be reasonable for the assessment of culling management.
The RNA binding protein HuR differentially regulates unique subsets of mRNAs in estrogen receptor negative and estrogen receptor positive breast cancer

Background The discordance between steady-state levels of mRNAs and protein has been attributed to posttranscriptional control mechanisms affecting mRNA stability and translation. Traditional methods of genome wide microarray analysis, profiling steady-state levels of mRNA, may miss important mRNA targets owing to significant posttranscriptional gene regulation by RNA binding proteins (RBPs).
Method of Multiple Working Hypotheses: A chimera

The concept of multiple working hypotheses has different meanings to different scientists, but the particular essay by T. C. Chamberlin, first published in the nineteenth century, is still cited or given lip service by some as a valid scientific method. This seems to be the result of uncritical acceptance and/or the need to validate one9s own ability to be objective or fair. Chamberlin9s Method seems unrealistic and outmoded in the context of today9s science and deserves to be recognized for what it is: a chimera.
Crop residue effects on soil environment and dryland maize and soya bean production

The research reported here provides data on the effects of crop residues on the surface of no-till soil upon the soil environment and resulting biological activity, including crop growth. For maize (Zea mays L.) and soya bean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production in eastern Nebraska, U.S.A. (4 years of data), increasing crop residue rate decreased maximum soil temperatures at the soil surface by at least 5°C, and generally increased soil water storage by at least 50 mm. Availability and uptake of nitrogen from the soil organic matter and applied fertilizers (and for soya bean from decomposition of crop residues) were increased by increasing the crop residue rate from 0 to 150% of the quantity left after grain harvest of the previous crop. Hardly any of the nitrogen in maize residues was used by the next crop. These changes in the soil environment resulted in less stress on crops produced on residue-covered soil than for those on bare soil. Consequently, each Mg ha−1 of crop residues on the soil surface increased grain and stover production by approximately 120 and 270 kg ha−1 for maize, and 90 and 300 kg ha−1 for soya bean, respectively. Results show that there are major direct crop growth benefits from leaving crop residues on the soil surface, in addition to cumulative benefits that may result from reduced erosion losses and enhanced soil organic-matter contents.
Observations of the marine boundary layer thermal structure over the Gulf Stream during a cold air outbreak

Abstract Thermal structure of the marine boundary layer (MBL) was studied during a five-day cruise over the coastal Atlantic Ocean off North Carolina. Three different synoptic conditions were present: ahead of a low moving along the coast, in the area of a frontal zone and during a cold air outbreak. The marine boundary layer height was deeper (approximately 1500 m) and more sharply defined during the cold air outbreak than when the flow was southwesterly with a long fetch over water; the height was only about 1000 m for the latter case. Latent heat fluxes were significantly larger than sensible heat, but during the cold air outbreak, sensible heat fluxes increased appreciably.
A Note on the Pace of Creation and Copyright Protection

This work-in-progress explores the ways in which copyright law can favor certain types of creativity or innovation over others. The Note categorizes creativity or innovation along the lines of speed or pace, and argues that current copyright regimes favor innovators who create at a slower rate.
World-wide networking for LHC data processing

CERN's Large Hadron Collider is producing several Petabytes of physics data per year. We present the network environment used for LHC data processing, and provide outlook into evolution of computing models and networks supporting them.
Deciphering the Internet Advertising Puzzle

Internet advertising presents a puzzle to advertisers. On the one hand, total spending on Internet advertising has exploded and everybody (including your competition) seems to be advertising on it. On the other, click-through rates on banners have dropped to about 0.5% and the most basic measures of ad viewership and effectiveness have been called into question. In this article, our goal is to provide you with some guidelines on how to think of Internet advertising. We summarize the measurement problems with banners and introduce you to the concepts of permission and viral marketing. We end with six prescriptions to keep in mind when you are putting together your campaign. The Internet is evolving rapidly and managers interested in advertising on it must be prepared to adapt in real-time if they are to be successful.
Cholecystokinin expression in the β-cell leads to increased β-cell area in aged mice and protects from streptozotocin-induced diabetes and apoptosis

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone produced in the gut and brain with beneficial effects on digestion, satiety, and insulin secretion. CCK is also expressed in pancreatic β-cells, but only in models of obesity and insulin resistance. Whole body deletion of CCK in obese mice leads to reduced β-cell mass expansion and increased apoptosis. We hypothesized that islet-derived CCK is important in protection from β-cell apoptosis. To determine the specific role of β-cell-derived CCK in β-cell mass dynamics, we generated a transgenic mouse that expresses CCK in the β-cell in the lean state (MIP-CCK). Although this transgene contains the human growth hormone minigene, we saw no expression of human growth hormone protein in transgenic islets. We examined the ability of MIP-CCK mice to maintain β-cell mass when subjected to apoptotic stress, with advanced age, and after streptozotocin treatment. Aged MIP-CCK mice have increased β-cell area. MIP-CCK mice are resistant to streptozotocin-induced diabetes and exhibit reduced β-cell apoptosis. Directed CCK overexpression in cultured β-cells also protects from cytokine-induced apoptosis. We have identified an important new paracrine/autocrine effect of CCK in protection of β-cells from apoptotic stress. Understanding the role of β-cell CCK adds to the emerging knowledge of classic gut peptides in intraislet signaling. CCK receptor agonists are being investigated as therapeutics for obesity and diabetes. While these agonists clearly have beneficial effects on body weight and insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues, they may also directly protect β-cells from apoptosis.
Age, gender, and vasopressin affect survival and brain adaptation in rats with metabolic encephalopathy

Children and menstruant women are far more likely than men to develop metabolic brain damage from hyponatremia. We evaluated brain adaptation and mortality from hyponatremia in male and female rats of three different age groups. With acute hyponatremia, the mortality was 84% in prepubertal rats vs. 15% in adults and 0% in elderly rats. With chronic hyponatremia, mortality was 13% in adult males vs. 62% in females. Testosterone pretreatment significantly decreased mortality (from 62 to 9% in adult females, and from 100% to zero in prepubertal rats), but estrogen significantly increased mortality (from 13 to 44% in adult males). With acute hyponatremia in adult rats, brain sodium was significantly decreased (-17%), but in prepubertal rats it was actually increased (+ 37%). Cerebral perfusion during chronic hyponatremia was significantly impaired in adult females vs. males or controls (P < 0.01). Neither vasopressin administration nor chronic hyponatremia induced with desmopressin resulted in any mortality or decrement of cerebral perfusion. Thus age, gender, and the cerebral effects of vasopressin are major determinants of mortality in experimental metabolic encephalopathy.
Association Between Serum Levels of Testosterone and Estradiol With Meibomian Gland Assessments in Postmenopausal Women

Purpose The aims of this analysis were to determine if there is an association between serum levels of testosterone and estradiol with meibomian gland (MG) morphology and lipid layer thickness. Methods The data used for this analysis were collected from postmenopausal women with and without dry eye disease. Meibography was used to assess MG dropout on the central two-thirds of the eyelid and biomicroscopy was used for assessing MG expressibility and meibum quality. Venous blood samples were drawn for serum hormone level analysis. The Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman correlations were used for statistical analysis. Results One hundred ninety-eight postmenopausal women with an average age of 61.2 (± 9.1) years were included in this analysis. Testosterone levels showed significant differences between MG dropout grades 1 and 4 (P = 0.002) and grades 2 and 4 (P = 0.01), whereas estradiol levels were different based on MG dropout (P = 0.53). No significant correlations were found between testosterone (r = 0.10, P = 0.17) or estradiol (r = 0.05, P = 0.45) and lipid layer thickness. Conclusions Testosterone levels were increased with MG dropout, which was significant between the mild and severe dropout groups, whereas no significant differences were found with estradiol and any MG assessment. Although the literature suggests an association of serum hormone levels and pathogenesis of dry eye disease in postmenopausal women, analysis of active sex steroid precursors and local tissue hormone levels may prove more useful.
Paget's cells. New evidence linking mammary and extramammary Paget cells to a common cell phenotype.

Three mouse monoclonal anti-human cytokeratin antibodies were made against human sole epidermis. One of these (KA4) was shown to react with a variety of human simple epithelium, including eccrine and apocrine sweat glands and the luminal cells of the breast ducts and lobules, but failed to decorate interfollicular stratified squamous epithelium. This antibody reacted by the immunoblot technic with cytokeratins of Mr values 54, 46, and 40 kdaltons. KA4 reacted strongly with clear cells found in 11% of breast epithelium in clinically uninvolved nipples and with all Paget’s cells in four cases of mammary and five cases of extramammary Paget’s disease. These findings suggest a common cellular phenotype for Paget’s cells and relates them to a population of cells found in breast epithelium.
Chemical Imaging of InGaAs/InAiAs Quantum Wells

We have applied high resolution chemical imaging in a transmission electron microscope to study compositional variations across InGaAs/InAIAs double quantum well structures. The structures of interest are grown on an InP substrate and consist of two 40 A layers of InGaAs separated by 20 A of InAlAs. For this (InGa)x(InAl)1-xAs system, we have been able to obtain compositional information with an accuracy of about 20 % and a maximum spatial resolution of 1/2 X 1/2 unit cell. The results clearly show irregularities on a monatomic scale.
The effect of hyperthermia on dengue virus infection of mice.

SummaryPassively induced hyperthermia significantly delayed or prevented lethal CNS infections of mice produced by a line of type 1 dengue virus with a history of 33 serial mouse brain passages (MP-33) but not one with a history of 125 passages (MP-125). This effect was not due to any enhancement of interferon production in the brain but was the result of a reduced rate of viral multiplication. Permanent recovery from MP-33 infection in hyperthermic animals was correlated with the appearance of the immune response.
The Role of Body Habitus in Predicting Cardiorespiratory Fitness: The FRIEND Registry.

This study aimed to validate and cross-validate a non-exercise prediction model from a large and apparently healthy US cohort of individuals who underwent an analysis of body habitus (waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI)) with measured CRF. The large cohort (5 030 individuals) was split into validation (4 030) and cross-validation (1 000) groups, whereby waist circumference and maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) were assessed by rigorously approved laboratories. VO2max was estimated in 2 multiple regression equations using age, sex and either WC (r=0.77; standard error of the estimate (SEE) 6.70 mLO2∙kg−1∙min−1) or BMI (r=0.76; SEE 6.89 mLO2∙kg−1∙min−1).Cross-validation yielded similar results. However, as VO2max increased, there was increased bias, suggesting VO2max may be underestimated at higher values. Both WC and BMI prediction models yielded similar findings, with WC having a slightly smaller SEE. These measures of body habitus appear to be adequate in predicting CRF using non-exercise parameters, even without a measure of physical activity. Caution should be taken when using these equations in more fit individuals.
Differential posteclosion housing experiences and reproduction in Drosophila

Differential housing following eclosion was found to affect the mating behaviour of both sexes of Drosophila melanogaster. Flies housed in isolation showed higher mating frequencies and shorter latencies than did group-housed flies. Given a choice of an isolated or group-housed male, females tended to mate with males with similar housing experiences as themselves. Given a choice of an isolated or group-housed female, males strongly preferred the former. The possibility is advanced that these effects are mediated by olfactory stimuli.
Women and Yugoslav Partisans: A History of World War II Resistance

This book focuses on one of the most remarkable phenomena of World War II: the mass participation of women, including numerous female combatants, in the communist-led Yugoslav Partisan resistance. Drawing on an array of sources - archival documents of the Communist Party and Partisan army, wartime press, Partisan folklore, participant reminiscences, and Yugoslav literature and cinematography - this study explores the history and postwar memory of the phenomenon. More broadly, it is concerned with changes in gender norms caused by the war, revolution, and establishment of the communist regime that claimed to have abolished inequality between the sexes. The first archive-based study on the subject, Women and Yugoslav Partisans uncovers a complex gender system in which revolutionary egalitarianism and peasant tradition interwove in unexpected ways.
An initial report on the intraoperative use of indocyanine green fluorescence imaging in the surgical management of liver tumorss

Background There has been a recent interest in the use of Indocyanine green (ICG) imaging. The aim of this study is to review our initial experience in liver surgery. Methods ICG fluorescent imaging was used in 15 patients undergoing surgical treatment of their liver tumors between 2015 and 2016. ICG imaging was initially performed, followed by intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS). Findings on fluorescence were compared with preoperative cross-sectional imaging and IOUS. Result Sixty-two lesions were identified, with 34 located superficially and 28 deeply in the liver. While 13 patients underwent surgery for malignant liver metastases, two patients had operations for benign liver diseases. Seven patients underwent open or robotic liver resections, five laparoscopic microwave liver ablation, and three diagnostic laparoscopy. ICG identified all of the superficial lesions. IOUS identified 98% of all lesions. The most benefit of ICG was in showing the margins of the superficial lesions in real-time and guiding surgical treatment, which was limited by IOUS. Conclusion This is the first North American study to evaluate the potential utility of ICG during liver surgery. Its major benefit seems to be in providing real-time feedback to the surgeon about the margins of superficial tumors for resection or ablation. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:625–629. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Philosophy and Engineering: An Unconventional Work in Progress

This chapter serves to introduce the reader to the purpose and background of Philosophy and Engineering: Exploring Boundaries, Expanding Connections, and to the chapters that make up this work. Section 1.1 describes why, rather than being divided into parts, the book was deliberately organized to be a fluid whole. Section 1.2 addresses how fluidity is reflected in the contribution of the Forum on Philosophy, Engineering, and Technology to the development of the philosophy of engineering as a discipline, and in the ongoing debate over what engineering will look like in the future. This discussion points to a new perspective on what it means to do philosophy of engineering in a context of bridge-building between philosophers and engineers. Section 1.3 offers a window into the contents of the volume through brief chapter introductions.
Vein of Galen Arteriovenous Malformations

Abstract Vein of Galen malformations represent a persistent fetal deep intracerebral arteriovenous lesion. The great majority of cases have no known risk factors or inheritance pattern. The arteriovenous shunting results in cardiovascular stress, which can manifest as outright cardiac failure soon after birth (or even prenatally). Neonatally, pulmonary arterial, hepatic, and renal injury may result as well. If untreated in the first few months of life, diffuse brain parenchymal injury, with profound neurodevelopmental compromise may result. Diagnosis is often via antenatal imaging, but patients may also present in the first few months with failure to thrive, macrocrania, signs of craniofacial venous congestion, seizure, or other neurologic sequelae. Historically high morbidity and mortality have been significantly reduced with advanced neonatal intensive care and medical management, followed by timely endovascular embolization. As a result, most patients diagnosed early and treated appropriately now have excellent prognoses.
Дорога к демократии налогоплательщика и воина: '...Если захотите – это не сказка' (A Long Way to Taxpayers' Democracy...If You Will It)

Russian Abstract: Ниже рассмотрены некоторые предложения и сценарии по ликвидации всеобщей избирательной привилегии. Основа реформы, - апелляция не только к здравому смыслу избирателя, но, прежде всего, к моральному чувству, борьба против очевидных конфликтов интересов. Последние же вызывают постоянное и неуклонное снижение моральных стандартов в политике и на государственной службе (вплоть до открытого бунта против законно избранной власти бюрократов и клиентов бюджета). Показано, что опасности мощного народного движения в защиту привилегии по опыту прошлого ожидать не стоит. Не говоря уже о том, что легко доставшаяся и используемая для продажи голоса привилегия не создает достаточных стимулов ни идти на риск, ни брать на себя иные издержки политического активизма. English Abstract: In this paper authors are focused on some practical moves and scenarios of repeal of Universal Suffrage. The principal idea of the Reform is to appeal not to more or less clear practical advantages of Taxpayers' Democracy, but, first and foremost to moral feelings of the citizens. Moral failures of Universal Suffrage, numerous conflicts of interests immanent to the system cause an urgent need to stop it corrupting influence on the society. The process of dumbing down of moral standards, both voters and politicians, could be broken. Historical experience provides a number of evidences the repeal will not resulted in significant insurrections. The groups which acquired this privilege without tough struggle and using it as a leverage to extort rent aren't ready to fight, taking on the risks and costs of political struggle (political activism on personal level).
Interrelationship between Climatic, Ecologic, Social, and Cultural Determinants Affecting Dengue Emergence and Transmission in Puerto Rico and Their Implications for Zika Response

Objective. The global resurgence of dengue has been attributed to rapid population growth, urban expansion, increased air travel, globalization, and climate change. Dengue is now endemic in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico is at risk for Zika, another emerging arbovirus. The interrelationship between climatic, ecological, social, and cultural factors that affect dengue and other arboviruses’ transmission is understudied. Design. The objective of this systematic review is to examine the interrelationship between climatic, ecological, social, and cultural factors on dengue transmission in Puerto Rico and to draw lessons for Zika response. Results. A comprehensive search of peer-reviewed journal articles was performed, producing 562 articles; 26 were selected for this review. Findings indicate that human activities and behaviors (urbanization, migration, and consumption) as well as climate have a significant impact on the abundance and the transmission potential of Ae. aegypti, the vector for dengue, Zika, and other viruses. Conclusion. Despite the public health burden of dengue limited investments have been made in research and surveillance. Future research is needed to develop models that integrate the multivariate effects of climatic, ecological, social, and cultural factors, which for Puerto Rico have mostly been examined independently. Such models have the potential to inform response to dengue, Zika, and other arboviruses.