cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Localized magnetic fluid finishing of freeform surfaces using electropermanent magnets and magnetic concentration

Abstract We report a novel magnetic concentration setup for localized finishing of freeform surfaces based on employing electropermanent magnet arrays configured using a recently developed magnetic concentration principle. The setup, without the use of any rotating or moving component, is capable of creating a localized spatiotemporal magnetic field variation a specialized magnetic fluid to polish a target 1.5 cm2 area on the workpiece surface. Using a computational mechanistic model as well as experimental studies, we show that the current configuration of electropermanent magnets is capable of amplifying the magnetic strength by almost 3 times near the workpiece surface in comparison to no magnetic concentration. We also show that by modulating the strength, including toggling the polarity of electropermanent magnets, we demonstrate the sloshing motion of the fluid at a targeted region without requiring any rotating part. Experimental investigations on the localized removal of acrylic paint from a cylindrical workpiece surface suggest that the method can be used to polish localized, hard-to-access freeform geometries.
Reconfigurable ultrasonic smart sensor platform for nondestructive evaluation and imaging applications

Abstract This chapter presents a reconfigurable ultrasonic smart sensor platform (RUSSP) for real-time signal analysis and image processing. The RUSSP is designed to facilitate the development and implementation of ultrasonic signal processing algorithms with embedded software and reconfigurable hardware. It provides the opportunity to explore the full design space including software only, hardware only, and hardware/software codesign architectures. Multiple case studies are investigated including real-time ultrasonic flaw detection, signal decomposition, and parameter estimation on the RUSSP, which hosts a Linux operating system and reconfigurable fabric.
A Utility-Based Routing Scheme in Ad Hoc Networks

To efficiently address the routing problem in ad hoc networks, we introduce a new utility metric, maximum expected social welfare, and integrate the cost and stability of nodes in a unified model to evaluate the optimality of routes. The expected social welfare is defined in terms of expected benefit (of the routing source) minus the expected costs incurred by forwarding nodes. Based on this new metric, we design an optimal and efficient algorithm, and implement the algorithm in both centralized (optimal) and distributed (near-optimal) manners. We also look at several extensions in improving benefit, all optimal routes, incentive compatible routing, and applications of this new model.
Methods and limitations of subwavelength imaging

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the methods and limitation of subwavelength imaging. It provides an overview of subwavelength imaging. The common feature of current true subwavelength imaging technologies is their use of the information contained in evanescent waves; as such, the definition and features of evanescent waves are discussed briefly. Pendry's superlens remains one of the most studied subwavelength imaging techniques, and the first laws proposed as limits on the resolution of subwavelength images were developed as part of the description of Pendry's superlens. A brief description of the superlens is provided so that the limitations on its resolution are better understood. One limitation of the analysis is that the resolution limit was always taken in the limit of very low frequency and large image wavevector, to ensure that there were no confounding effects with wavelength imaging. Model systems for subwavelength imaging have been proposed to discuss the limit on resolution is applicable only to the Pendry superlens, or whether it is in fact a more general limitation.
Defending Against Chained Cyber-Attacks by Adversarial Agents

Cyber adversaries employ a variety of malware and exploit to attack computer systems. Despite the prevalence of markets for malware and exploit kits, existing paradigms that model such cyber-adversarial behaviour do not account for sequential application or “chaining” of attacks, that take advantage of the complex and interdependent nature of exploits and vulnerabilities. As a result, it is challenging for security professionals to develop defensive-strategies against threats of this nature. This chapter takes the first steps toward addressing this need, based on a framework that allows for the modelling of sequential cyber-attacks on computer systems, taking into account complex interdependencies between vulnerabilities and exploits. The framework identifies the overall set of capabilities gained by an attacker through the convergence of a simple fixed-point operator. We then turn our attention to the problem of determining the optimal/most effective strategy (with respect to this model) that the defender can use to block the attacker from gaining certain capabilities and find it to be an NP-complete problem. To address this complexity, we utilize an A*-based approach and develop an admissible heuristic. We provide an implementation and show through a suite of experiments using actual vulnerability data that this method performs well in practice for identifying defensive courses of action in this domain.
Association of Disease Recurrence With Survival Outcomes in Patients With Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck Treated With Multimodality Therapy

Importance It has previously been demonstrated that immunosuppressed patients with cutaneous squamous cell cancer of the head and neck (cSCC-HN) treated with surgery and postoperative radiotherapy have significantly inferior disease-related outcomes compared with immunocompetent patients, but data on outcomes after disease recurrence are limited. Objectives To report survival outcomes in patients with cSCC-HN after disease recurrence after surgery and postoperative radiotherapy and to investigate the association of immune status with disease-related outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants A multi-institutional study of 205 patients treated at the Cleveland Clinic, Washington University in St Louis, and the University of California, San Francisco, in which patients who underwent surgical resection and postoperative radiotherapy for primary or recurrent stage I to IV (nonmetastatic) cSCC-HN between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 2014, were identified. Patients with any disease recurrence, defined as local, regional, and/or distant failure, were included. Patients were categorized as immunosuppressed if they received a diagnosis of chronic hematologic malignant neoplasm or HIV or AIDS, or were treated with immunosuppressive therapy for organ transplantation 6 months or more before diagnosis. Statistical analysis was conducted from January 1, 1995, to December 31, 2015. Main Outcomes and Measures Overall survival calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Results Of the 205 patients in the original cohort, 72 patients (63 men and 9 women; median age, 71 years [range, 43-91 years]) developed disease recurrence after surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. Forty patients (55.6%) were immunosuppressed, and 32 patients (44.4%) were immunocompetent. Locoregional recurrence was the most common first pattern of failure for both groups (31 immunosuppressed patients [77.5%]; 21 immunocompetent patients [65.6%]). After any recurrence, 1-year overall survival was 43.2% (95% CI, 30.9%-55.4%), and median survival was 8.4 months. For patients for whom information on salvage treatment was available (n = 45), those not amenable to surgical salvage had significantly poorer median cumulative incidence of survival compared with those who were amenable to surgical salvage (4.7 months; 95% CI, 3.7-7.0 months vs 26.1 months; 95% CI, 6.6 months to not reached;P = .01), regardless of their immune status. Conclusions and Relevance Results of this study suggest that patients with cSCC-HN who experience disease recurrence after definitive treatment with surgery and postoperative radiotherapy have poor survival, irrespective of immune status. Survival rates are low for patients with recurrent disease that is not amenable to surgical salvage. The low rate of successful salvage underscores the importance of intensifying upfront treatment to prevent recurrence.
Comparison of heparinized saline and 0.9% sodium chloride for maintaining central venous catheter patency in healthy dogs.

Background The purpose of this study was to determine whether heparinized saline (HS) would be more effective in maintaining the patency of central venous catheters (CVCs) in dogs compared to 0.9% sodium chloride. This was a prospective randomized blinded study conducted at a University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Methods A total of 24 healthy purpose-bred dogs were randomized into two groups: a treatment and a control group. A CVC was placed in the jugular vein of each dog. Each dog in the treatment group had their CVC flushed with 10 IU/mL HS, while dogs in the control group had their CVC flushed with 0.9% sodium chloride every 6 h for 72 h. Immediately prior to flushing, each catheter was evaluated for patency by aspiration of blood. The catheter site was also evaluated for phlebitis, and a rectal temperature was obtained in each dog every 6 h. Prothrombin (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin (aPTT) times were evaluated prior to the administration of any flush solution. Results were then compared to values obtained 72 h later. Results All CVCs in both groups were patent after 72 h, which was demonstrated by aspiration of blood and ease of flushing the catheter. Two CVCs in the 0.9% sodium chloride group had a negative aspiration at hour 12 and 36, respectively. One CVC in the HS group had a negative aspiration at hour 18. Signs of phlebitis occurred in three dog: two in the 0.9% sodium chloride group and one in the HS group. No dog was hyperthermic (>103 °F). Two catheters were inadvertently removed by dogs in the HS group during the study. There were no significant differences in catheter patency, incidence of phlebitis, or incidence of negative aspirations between both groups. aPTT and PT values remained within the normal reference range for all dogs in both groups. Ultimately, 0.9% sodium chloride was as effective as 10 IU/mL HS in maintaining the patency of CVCs for up to 72 h in healthy dogs. Further evaluation in clinical patients is warranted.
Regulation of Bud Emergence by a MAPK Pathway

ABSTRACT All cells establish and maintain an axis of polarity that is critical for cell shape and progression through the cell cycle. A well-studied example of polarity establishment is bud emergence in yeast, where the Rho GTPase Cdc42p regulates symmetry breaking at bud sites and the establishment of polarity by interacting with effector proteins. The prevailing view of bud emergence does not account for regulation by extrinsic cues or signal transduction pathways. Here, we show that the MAPK pathway that controls filamentous growth (fMAPK pathway), which also requires Cdc42p and the effector p21 activated kinase (PAK) Ste20p, regulates bud emergence under nutrient-limiting conditions that favor filamentous/invasive growth. The fMAPK pathway regulated the expression of polarity targets that included the gene encoding a direct effector of Cdc42p, Gic2p. The fMAPK pathway also stimulated GTP-Cdc42p levels, which is a critical determinant of polarity establishment. The fMAPK pathway activity was spatially restricted to bud sites and highest at a period in the cell cycle that coincided with bud emergence. Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy showed that the fMAPK pathway stimulated the rate of bud emergence during filamentous growth. Unregulated activation of the fMAPK pathway induced growth at multiple sites that resulted from multiple rounds of symmetry breaking inside the growing bud. Collectively, our findings identify a new regulatory aspect of bud emergence that sensitizes this essential cellular process to external cues.
Effects of Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ) Supplementation on Aerobic Exercise Performance and Indices of Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Untrained Men.

Objective: Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a novel supplement involved in processes such as mitochondrial biogenesis and cellular energy metabolism. Since endurance exercise and PQQ exhibit simil...
Peer Observations: Enhancing Bedside Clinical Teaching Behaviors.

Background Medical training relies on direct observations and formative feedback. After residency graduation, opportunities to receive feedback on clinical teaching diminish. Although feedback through learner evaluations is common, these evaluations can be untimely, non-specific, and potentially biased. On the other hand, peer feedback in a small group setting or lecture format has been shown to be beneficial to teaching behaviors, however, little is known if peer observation using a standardized tool followed by feedback results in improved teaching behaviors. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine if feedback after peer observation results in improved inpatient teaching behaviors. Methods This study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital. Academic hospitalists in the Division of Hospital Medicine developed a standardized 28-item peer observation tool based on the Stanford Faculty Development Program to observe their peers during bedside teaching rounds and provide timely feedback after observation. The tool focused on five teaching domains (learning climate, control of session, promotion of understanding and retention, evaluation, and feedback) relevant to the inpatient teaching environment. Teaching hospitalists were observed at the beginning of a two-week teaching rotation, given feedback, and then observed at the end of the rotation. Furthermore, we utilized a post-observation survey to assess the teaching and observing hospitalists' comfort with observation and the usefulness of the feedback. We used mixed linear models with crossed design to account for correlations between the observations. Models were adjusted for gender, age, and years of experience. We tested the internal validity of the instrument with Cronbach's alpha. Results Seventy (range: one to four observations per faculty) observations were performed involving 27 teaching attendings. A high proportion of teachers were comfortable with the observation (79%) and found the feedback helpful (92%), and useful for their own teaching (88%). Mean scores in teaching behavior domains ranged from 2.1 to 2.7. In unadjusted and adjusted analysis, each teaching observation was followed by higher scores in learning climate (adjusted improvement = 0.09; 95% CI = 0.02-0.15; p = 0.007) and promotion of understanding and retention (adjusted improvement = 0.09; 95% CI = 0.02-0.17; p = 0.01). The standardized observation tool had Cronbach's alpha of 0.81 showing high internal validity. Conclusions Peer observation of bedside teaching followed by feedback using a standardized tool is feasible and results in measured improvements in desirable teaching behaviors. The success of this approach resulted in the expansion of peer observation to other Divisions within the Department of Internal Medicine at our Institution.
Very High Throughput Internet of Things Networks with $K$ access points and $K$ devices

This paper presents an Internet of Things (IoT) model with extremely high multi-user capacity. The IoT model has $K$ access points communicating with $K$ devices in an all-to-all configuration, generally referred to as $K$ -User MIMO. To the author's awareness, the combination of multi-user IoT within a $K$ -User MIMO framework has not been previously analyzed. The IoT $K$ -User MIMO networks described improve upon prior multi-user capacity results through the application of a new beamformer modality. This paper also derives a new theorem for the upper bound $K$ -user MIMO capacity as a function of $K$ and illustrates its application in realistic scenarios. The analytical results are compared with 5G Massive MIMO with an equivalent number of network antennas. Under this framework, an upper bound multi-user capacity of 2500 bits/sec/Hz for a $K$ = 7 IoT network in Rayleigh fading is illustrated. This represents a 10 $X$ higher upper bound capacity compared to 5G Massive MIMO. Finally, realistic $K$ = 3 network performance is analyzed in Rayleigh Fading environments with LTE Typical Urban power delay profiles. The cumulative distribution of the capacity is presented for 100, 500, and 1000 meter cell geometries.
A Low-Cost Insertion Trainer for Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA).

Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is an emergency procedure designed to treat non-compressible torso hemorrhage. Because this is a high-acuity low-occurrence event, it is difficult to train providers on the procedure and difficult for trained providers to stay proficient. Our primary objective was to develop a low-cost, high-fidelity teaching model to increase emergency medicine (EM) resident knowledge, confidence, and proficiency in performing REBOA. We utilized readily available materials to allow for ease of replication and cost-effectiveness. The aorta was simulated by a bicycle tire inner tube, and the femoral artery was simulated by natural rubber tubing. Once connected, these simulated vascular structures were threaded through a plastic torso mold and filled with simulated blood. Participants then performed the REBOA procedure with very little time required for reset between participants. After completing the training using our model, participants completed a survey rating aspects of the session on a five-point Likert scale. Participants included 21 EM residents from all levels of training. Participants rated the fidelity of the REBOA insertion trainer very highly (mean = 4.05, SD 0.67) and felt that the training was overall very useful (mean = 4.29, SD 0.56). Comments regarding the model were universally positive. We present a novel low-cost REBOA task trainer that is easy to build, reusable, and portable, and can be utilized either in a hospital or austere training environment.
Investigating the Asymmetric Core/Periphery Structure of International Labor Time Flows:

This paper studies the core/periphery hierarchy of the capitalist world-economy in the current globalization era. The central and novel argument is that the network of international labor time flows reveals the core/periphery hierarchy of the world-economy with regard to the international division of labor. Based on the analysis of the labor time network of forty economies from the world input-output table, I find that the core/periphery structure of the world-economy has in large part remained unaltered for 1995-2009, though the asymmetry of international labor time flows decreased slightly between 2003-2009. Through regression analysis, I find that per capita income of a country is strongly associated with its command over global labor time. The regression analysis also lends evidence to the existence of oligarchic wealth. This wealth is not available to all countries, implying that the struggle of a country to improve its position in the capitalist world-economy tends to put downward pressure on the income of other countries.
Surgical Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Pain in Arthroplasty Surgeons.

Abstract Background One occupational hazard inherent to total joint replacement surgeons is procedural-related musculoskeletal pain (MSP). The purpose of this study is to identify the prevalence of work-related MSP among arthroplasty surgeons and analyze associated behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs toward surgical ergonomics. Methods A survey was sent to members of the American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons. The survey included 3 main sections: demographics, symptoms by body part, and attitudes/beliefs/behaviors regarding surgical ergonomics. Pain was reported using the Numeric Rating Scale (0 = no pain, 10 = maximum pain), and well-being was assessed using the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Results In total, 586 surgeons completed the survey: 96.1% male and 3.9% female. Most surgeons (96.5%) experience procedural-related MSP. Collectively, surgeons reported an average pain score of 3.7/10 (standard deviation ±1.95). Significant levels of MSP (≥5/10) were most common in the lower back (34.2%), hands (24.8%), and the neck (21.2%). There was a positive association among higher MSP and burnout (P Conclusion The prevalence of MSP among arthroplasty surgeons is extremely high. This study demonstrates that MSP has a significant impact on career attitudes, lifestyle, and overall surgeon well-being. This study may also contribute to future work to prevent cumulative chronic ailments, disability, and lost productivity of arthroplasty surgeons through promotion of improved ergonomics and risk-reduction strategies. Level of Evidence IV.
Campaigning for the Bench: The Content of Political Advertising in Judicial Races

Since the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Republican Party of Minnesota v. White (2002), candidate running for state judicial offices have been free to engage in position-taking during their campaigns. This has led to a general concern that the floodgates have been opened for negative campaigning paid for by “special interests” – a practice many begrudgingly accept for legislative and executive races, but is considered by many observers to be inappropriate for those seeking a position as judge. Using data compiled by the Wisconsin Advertising Project and the Wesleyan Media Project, we conduct a content analysis of judicial campaign ads over the last decade. We investigate what issues candidates focus on in their ads, what factors lead to negative advertising, and how often judicial candidates try to remain “above the fray” by not invoking political language or positions in their ads. This research provides insight not only into the dynamics of judicial campaign advertising, but how those dynamics differ from those in races for other offices.
The Sandwich Conjecture

The “Sandwich Conjectyre” (SC) was originally formulated by Wheeler and his coworkers.1 In the course of several years both the original author(s) and others have proposed the statement in several different forms, and with different qualifications. Roughly, the SC asserts that in a purely gravitational field the internal geometries of two distinct three-dimensional space-like hypersurfaces determine uniquely the geometry of a four-dimensional space-time (i.e. pseudo-Riemannian) manifold that is required to obey Einstein’s field equations (i.e. to be Ricci-flat). In a careful formulation one will have to specify further whether the two three-surfaces are to be “close together”, whether the distance between them is to be given as additional data, and what sort of conditions are to be imposed at space-like infinity.
Relations Among Parentification, Parenting Beliefs, and Parenting Behaviors

Instrumental parentification occurs when children take on adult chores, and emotional parentification occurs when children take the responsibility for providing an adult-level of emotional support. This study examined how the level of parentification and perceived unfairness in the childhood home affected adults’ parenting beliefs and future parenting behaviors. One hundred and seven young adults responded to the Parentification Questionnaire which assessed levels of instrumental parentification, emotional parentification, and perceived fairness. Participants were asked to imagine themselves as parents and then respond to questions that assessed their parenting beliefs, planned parenting behaviors, and demographics. Results revealed that emotional parentification and perceived unfairness were related to adults’ decreased self-esteem and feelings of attractiveness. In addition, parentification and perceived unfairness in the childhood home were linked to negative feelings toward participants’ own parents; however, parentification did not clearly predict factors associated with parenting.
Legal Institutions, Legal Origins, and Governance

The importance of institutions, including legal institutions, to economic development is widely accepted. But to accept the importance of legal institutions does not by itself provide guidance to policymakers in the developing world. One influential body of economic analysis emphasizes the importance of legal origin - that is, the legal family (such as French, German or English) from which a particular developing country's law descended. Aside from the fact that the legal origin literature does not confront squarely its relevance to developing countries, this literature does not provide useful policy guidance because legal origin is a product of historical development and cannot be changed within a time frame relevant to the present generation of policymakers. At the same time, the legal origin literature is potentially misleading for policy purposes because the data underlying its regressions are suspect. Among the weaknesses in the data are various anomalies, including oversimplified coding of a particular country's legal origin (which may indeed differ significantly between its private law and its public law). The emerging governance literature, developed at the World Bank, is compared with the legal origin literature as a practical guide to economic development policymaking.
1.5 /spl mu/m pulse shaping by degenerate type II DFG with QPM gratings

Summary form only given. Manipulation of the temporal shape of ultrashort optical pulses is important for many applications. Here we demonstrate that degenerate type II difference frequency generation (DFG) with Fourier synthetic quasi-phase-matched (QPM) gratings can produce pulse-shaped signal at the same wavelength as the femtosecond input.
Metabolism of D-arabinose: origin of a D-ribulokinase activity in Escherichia coli.

The kinase responsible for the phosphorylation of d-ribulose was purified 45.5-fold from a strain of Escherichia coli K-12 capable of growth on d-arabinose with no separation of d-ribulo- or l-fuculokinase activities. Throughout the purification, the ratios of activities remained essentially constant. A nonadditive effect of combining both substrates in an assay mixture; identical Km values for adenosine triphosphate with either l-fuculose or d-ribulose as substrate; and, the irreversible loss of activity on both substrates, after removal of magnesium ions from the enzyme preparation, suggest that the dual activity is due to the same enzyme. A fourfold greater affinity of the enzyme for l-fuculose than for d-ribulose, as well as a higher relative activity on l-fuculose, suggest that the natural substrate for this enzyme is l-fuculose. The product of the purified enzyme, with d-ribulose as substrate, was prepared. The ratio of total phosphorous to ribulose phosphate was 1.01:1, indicating that the product was ribulose monophosphate. The behavior of the kinase product in the cysteine-carbazole and orcinol reactions, as well as the results of periodate oxidation assays, provided evidence that it was not d-ribulose-5-phosphate. Reaction of this compound with a cell-free extract of E. coli possessing l-fuculose-l-phosphate aldolase activity resulted in the production of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glycolaldehyde. The kinase product failed to reduce 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium and possessed a half-life of approximately 1.5 min in the presence of 1 n HCl at 100 C. These properties suggested that the phosphate group was attached to carbon atom 1 of d-ribulose.
Principles of English Stress

1. General introduction Part I. The Stress of Undesired Items: 2. Null vowels and extrametricality 3. The stress pattern of English 4. Stress without destressing and vowel reduction 5. Stress and vowel length Part II: Stress and Word Formation: 6. Weak preservation 7. The range of stress 'placing' suffixes 8. Strong preservation 9. The range of neutral suffixes 10. Extensions and refinements.
Ethics Education in the First Year: An Experiment

This is an account of one law school's experiment with teaching the required professional responsibility course in the first year. From spring 1992 through spring 1994, the University of California at Berkeley's School of Law (Boalt Hall) taught a required two-unit1 course entitled Legal Profession to all firstyear students, using a uniform set of teaching materials prepared and revised with the generous support of the W.M. Keck Foundation. During this experiment, the faculty members involved in the course developed a strong set of teaching materials, a strong commitment to teaching from those materials, and an unshakable conviction that the course could not be taught properly in less than three units. The majority of Boalt's faculty were unwilling to make three units available for legal ethics in the first year, but were prepared to do so in the second year. Accordingly, at the close of our experiment, the faculty voted to expand the course to three units and to move the course to the second year. The first part of this article presents the history of our required professional responsibility course, explains why our faculty initially decided to move the required course to the first year, and describes some important related decisions that influenced the course's design and reception. The next part of the article offers a history of the experiment, which describes the curriculum we assembled, how we taught it, how the students reacted (in a nutshell, not well), how we revised our curriculum and pedagogy in light of that reaction, how the course improved, and how, notwithstanding that improvement, we ultimately decided to move the course to the second year.
Isolation and Characterization of a Phosphatidylethanolamine-Deficient Mutant of Bacillus subtilis

A mutant of Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6051 deficient in phosphatidylethanolamine, an important membrane lipid, was isolated by a combination of nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis and penicillin concentration of auxotrophs employing phosphatidylethanolamine as a supplement. The mutant was compared to the parent strain with regard to lipid composition, growth, osmotic fragility, and staining character and differed substantially in each category. In addition to scant amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine, the mutant contained phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin, lysyl phosphatidylglycerol, and diglucosyldiglyceride, though in amounts differing from those found in the parent strain. The mutant was unable to grow appreciably on synthetic media, had enhanced osmotic fragility of protoplasts, and resisted decolorization in staining.
Accountability using flow‐net: design, implementation, and performance evaluation

Accountability is a very important topic for computer and networking systems. It helps to answer questions such as, “What happened?” and, “Who did it?” These two questions are also related to forensics; however, forensics normally tries to answer these questions by adding some human factors (such as a guess or an instinct due to missing evidence, as well as human involvements) under the available system. Accountability, on the other hand, can only be achieved by significantly improving the current system with the result that forensics becomes trivial in an accountable system. Furthermore, each entity in the system must be held responsible for its activities. In order to provide accountability, a better logging system is necessary so that not only their activities but also their relationships may be captured. To this end, our previous work proposed a novel logging mechanism, flow-net methodology, for accountability. In this paper, we extend the flow-net methodology and present its design and implementation in wireless networks. We also evaluate the performance of flow-net and compare it with that of audit log files. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Filial Daughter of Kwaksan : Finger Severing, Confucian Virtues, and Envoy Poetry in Early Choso˘n

Among the three cardinal human relations in Confucian morality, filiality stands out as the only one with the potential of being universally applicable. While chastity fell upon women and loyalty was meaningful for elite men, all human beings were children of some parents. This paper will investigate filiality in early Choso˘n Korea through one relatively obscure figure, Kim Sawo˘l. Severing her finger and feeding it to her ailing mother, Kim’s remarkable act of filial devotion earned the recognition of the Choso˘n court. Though not the only finger severer in Choso˘n, a fact of geography propelled her to renown among the generations of Ming envoys who passed by her hometown, many of whom left poems in her honor. Both the Ming envoys and the Choso˘ n court, however, had to grapple with the potentially heterodox implications of her cannibalistic filial act. Not only did finger severing have resonances with Buddhist notions, local religious traditions, and fringe medical lore, but it directly contradicted classical Confucian injunctions against “self-harm.” The resolution of this problem, in both the envoy poetry and the Choso˘n social context, involved reinterpretations and rewritings that converted a problematic category of behavior into symbols of a Confucian civilizing project by emphasizing the affective power of sincere filial emotion. This mechanism of conversion and accommodation may partly explain how local differences and alternative cosmologies persisted in the context of Confucian hegemony in Choso˘n Korea.
The role of new public relations practitioners as social media experts

Abstract Social media is a prevalent part of public relations practice. Research and observation suggest young practitioners are often the ones performing social media tasks. Guided by literature on public relations roles and Millennials, this qualitative study explored whether new professionals are in fact relegated to being social media practitioners. Analysis of 20 in-depth interviews with young professionals revealed several factors, including agency billing rates and mentorship, that impact the tasks new professionals are assigned.
A thin films on MLC application

The ability to create and process thin-film metal patterns directly on a multilayer ceramic (MLC) substrate has been demonstrated. The direct patterning of an MLC substrate with thin-film metallurgy enhances the substate by minimizing the number of layers required for device grid redistribution and increasing the device interconnection capability. It affords process simplification and good manufacturability as a result. The System 390-Air Cooled Thermal Conduction Module is a multidevice module with thin-film metallurgy that provides interconnection for a 10*10 device array in the test vehicle format and an 11*11 device array in the product format. The authors describe the thin film process. >
Bench-to-bedside review: Brain dysfunction in critically ill patients - the intensive care unit and beyond

Critical care physicians often find themselves prognosticating for their patients, attempting to predict patient survival as well as disability. In the case of neurologic injury, this can be especially difficult. A frequent cause of coma in the intensive care unit is resuscitation following cardiac arrest, for which mortality and severe neurologic disability remain high. Recent studies of the clinical examination, of serum markers such as neuron-specific enolase, and of somatosensory evoked potentials allow accurate and specific prediction of which comatose patients are likely to suffer a poor outcome. Using these tools, practitioners can confidently educate the family for the majority of patients who will die or remain comatose at 1 month. Delirium is a less dramatic form of neurologic injury but, when sought, is strikingly prevalent. In addition, delirium in the intensive care unit is associated with increased mortality and poorer functional recovery, prompting investigation into preventative and therapeutic strategies to counter delirium. Finally, neurologic damage may persist long after the patient's recovery from critical illness, as is the case for cognitive dysfunction detected months and years after critical illness. Psychiatric impairment including depression or post-traumatic stress disorder may also arise. Mechanisms contributing to each of these entities are reviewed.
rhPDGF-BB Promotes Early Healing in a Rat Rotator Cuff Repair Model

Background Tendon-bone healing after rotator cuff repair occurs by fibrovascular scar tissue formation, which is weaker than a normal tendon-bone insertion site. Growth factors play a role in tissue formation and have the potential to augment soft tissue healing in the perioperative period.
Passive Immunization against Cryptococcus neoformans.

Summary1) Mice were capable of being protected against a number of isolates of C. neoformans by passive immunization with antiserum. This protection was limited to the immunization period and was type-specific. 2) In vivo and in vitro phagocytosis of Cryptococcus cells has been demonstrated. When large and small capsule variants were studied separately, the former were practically resistant and the latter relatively susceptible to ingestion by mouse PMN. 3) The probable mechanism for the protection achieved has been discussed and a possible use for antiserum has been proposed.
Optic Canal Fractures after Rhinologic Surgery

In two women, 26 and 24 years old, respectively, polytomography revealed optic canal fractures. The investigation of visual loss after orbital or otolaryngologic surgery included tomography of the optic canals to rule out compression of the intracanalicular optic nerve.
Smell and the City: Miasma as a Code of Crisis in Postwar French Cinema

This essay focuses on the role the sense of smell plays as a moral barometer in the urban imagination. Smell has long been a tool by which to determine proper hygiene in the city, whether locating ...
Calculations of the frictional heating of a locomotive wheel attending rolling plus sliding

Abstract Three-dimensional and two-dimensional finite element analyses of frictional wheel heating are combined with a simplified analysis of the heat conducted across the contact patch to produce estimates of the variation of the maximum wheel temperature with time for different combinations of creep and adhesion. These analyses can be used to evaluate the wheel temperature for up to 1 h periods of rolling-sliding. After 13 min of contact at a velocity of 22.2 m s −1 , average maximum temperatures on the surface of the wheel exceed 600°C for creepadhesion products CA > 0.054. Temperature spikes of about 100°C for durations of about 10 ms are superimposed on the average maximum. The calculations show that 29% of the frictional heat deposited on the wheel surface is conducted to the rail. This corresponds with a heat flow rate partitioning factor, δ = 0.36.
Relationship between oil ducts and volatile terpenoid content in carrot roots

The number of oil ducts in freehand sections of roots of eight carrot (Daucus carota L.) genetic lines was compared to the levels of major volatile terpenoids. There was a high correlation (0.79) between number of ducts per unit area and total terpenoid amount. Individual compounds exhibited varying degrees of correlation, probably due to genetic difference between lines. Oil ducts often exhibited distinct patterns of concentric rings or radial lines, but this feature was not closely related to duct number. Oil ducts are present only in the phloem, and can form a highly interconnected network.
Surgical Treatment of Idiopathic Internal Resorption with a Concurrent Nasopalatine Duct Cyst: Report of Case

The concurrent existence of internal resorption of the root canal of a tooth and a nasopalatine duct cyst is an uncommon occurrence. This case report describes these two defects that a patient experienced, and the surgical treatment that was administered. Because of the difficulty in interpreting the radiographic appearance of these concurring lesions, the need for careful diagnostic procedures is emphasized.
Effect of Hyperpyrexia on Tonus of Human Common Bile Duct and Cardiac Sphincters

SummaryKymographic tracings are shown which clearly indicate that hyperpyrexia causes relaxation of the common bile duct sphincter and of the cardiac sphincter in the human.
Role of tropomyosin, α-actinin, and actin binding protein 280 in stabilizing triton insoluble f-actin in basal and chemotactic factor activated neutrophils

F-actin is a major component of the neutrophil (PMN) cytoskeleton. In basal PMNs, F-actin exists in two structurally and functionally distinct pools: Triton insoluble F-actin (TIF)–cold insensitive, not depolymerizable by dilution, and distributed in pseudopods and submembranous locations; and Triton soluble F-actin (TSF)–unstable in cold, diffusely distributed, and gelsolin enriched. The element(s) conferring these unique properties to the Triton insoluble F-actin pool are unknown, but logically include distinct actin regulatory proteins. To study the morphologic and functional determinants of the Triton insoluble F-actin pool, the distribution and quantity of three candidate regulatory proteins, α-actinin, tropomyosin (TM), and actin binding protein (ABP-280), were compared in F-actin (Triton insoluble and Triton soluble) and G-actin pools isolated from basal and chemotactic factor activated human PMNs in suspension, using immunoblots and ionic extraction. F-actin content was measured by NBDphallacidin binding and gel scans. The results show that: (1) α-actinin, actin binding protein 280, and tropomyosin are localized to TIF and excluded from TSF; (2) TM, α-actinin, and ABP 280 are required to stabilize fractions of Triton insoluble F-actin in PMNs; and (3) chemotactic factor activation results in release of a fraction of TM from the Triton insoluble F-actin pool in temporal association with F-actin polymerization in the Triton insoluble F-actin pool. Shifts in ABP 280 or α-actinin do not occur. The results suggest that TM, α-actinin, and ABP 280 provide structure to TIF and that TM release from TIF is involved in chemotactic factor induced actin polymerization in PMNs. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An assessment of the incidence of cigarette smoking in fourth year school children and the factors leading to its establishment

The results of this Survey have demonstrated a continuing high level of cigarette smoking amongst 4th year boys and a marked deterioration in the smoking levels amongst 4th year girls and young women. The incidence of smoking in 4th year children has been shown to be significantly related to academic ability and parental and older sibling smoking habits. The dominant influence in initiating the smoking habit was the influence of friends who were already indulging in the smoking habit. Smoking by children was found to be part of a general pattern of extensive social irresponsibility with regard to school attendance, parental control and general conformity to the law. There is disregard of the law by shopkeepers who sell cigarettes illegally to juniors. The place of health education, as a means of preventing children from smoking, was discussed and evaluated. The current level of health education was found to be inadequate in the face of such a serious problem. Even more serious was the evidence indicating that the children are being positively encouraged to disbelieve what they are taught, by powerful counter educational pressures which are operating in society. Evidence of a serious level of addiction to cigarettes was demonstrated in a significant proportion of children. Health education was seen to have an insurmountable task in reducing the level of childhood smoking, if considered in isolation from other approaches. There is a need for strong legal and fiscal measures to support the work of health education if significant progress is to be made in reducing the level of childhood smoking.
Nucleus 22 cochlear implantation results in postmeningitic deafness.

Cochlear implant surgery was performed on 13 patients with postmeningitic deafness (seven adults, six children). Two adults and two children (30.8%) had severe labyrinthitis ossificans requiring radical drill-out. Five of 13 (38.5%) had some bone growth requiring partial drill-out, and four of 13 (30.8%) had normal insertion with no drill-out. Hearing results for patients with no bone growth were similar to nonmeningitic patients; three of four (75%) had open-set speech recognition. Performance of patients with total drill-out was poor; auditory only performance was limited to detection and pattern perception of speech, and no patients had open-set speech recognition. Results for patients with partial drill-out were similar to results in patients with no bone growth. Labyrinthitis ossificans not only presents surgical challenges to cochlear implantation but may also adversely affect hearing outcome.
An exploration of social justice intent in photovoice research studies from 2008 to 2013.

In an age where digital images are omnipresent, the use of participant photography in qualitative research has become accessible and commonplace. Yet, scant attention is paid to the social justice impact of photovoice among studies that have used this innovative method as a way to promote social justice. There is a need to review this method to understand its contributions and possibilities. This literature review of photovoice research studies 1) explores whether authors implicitly or explicitly related the methodologies to their aims of promoting social justice (methodology-method fit), and 2) outlines the social justice research impact of photovoice findings using the framework of social justice awareness, amelioration, and transformation. PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases were searched from the years 2008–2013 using the keywords: photovoice; photonovella; photovoice and social justice; and photovoice and participatory action research. Of the 30 research studies reviewed, only thirteen identified an underlying methodology guiding the photovoice method. The social justice impacts emphasized were more related to social justice awareness (n= 30) than amelioration (n= 11) or transformation (n=3). Future researchers using photovoice as a way to promote social justice are encouraged to assess and plan for the social justice impact desired.
Introduction To Bistable Optical Devices For Optical Signal Processing

This paper addresses the concept of active optical processing, in which signals are processed due to a nonlinear transfer function (light output as a function of light input). The particular active device considered here is a bistable optical device (BOD), which typically has transfer curves such as those shown in Fig. 1. Devices whici have transfer functions such as these can be used fc,-- signal enhancement, optical logic, memories, and switching. The aim of developing active optical processing is to achieve high speed all-optical operation, which is not limited by electron transit time considerations. An all-optical processor should have psec response times. In addition, the all-optical nature means freedom from emi, rfi, cross-talk and security, which are also characteristics of optical fibers.
The Effect of Along-front Temperature Variation in a Two-Dimensional Primitive Equation Model of Surface Frontogenesis

The effects of along-front temperature variations on the structure and evolution of surface fronts are investigated using a two-dimensional frontogenesis model. The formulation and characteristics of the confluence-horizontal shear model are described. The structures of three frontal zones forced by confluence and characterized by zero, negative, and positive along-front potential temperature variations are analyzed; particular attention is given to the ageostrophic vertical circulation and their forcings. The temporal evolution of the model frontal zones is examined in terms of the low-level maxima of vorticity, cross-front potential temperature gradient, and convergence. The kinematic and dynamic processes influencing the frontogenesis are discussed. It is noted that the two-dimensional model is applicable to the study of the dynamical properties of frontogenesis.