cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introductory remarks to ‘are museums betraying the public's trust?’

"Classical Article" Reprint Series The purpose of this series is to make accessible articles written in the early days of the economics of the arts which are out of print or otherwise difficult to obtain. There is a significant early literature in the field that originally appeared in a spread of publications, and is not well known. These "classic articles" demonstrate the quality of the written heritage of cultural economists and are an excellent benchmark against to evaluate intellectual progress in the subject. We have invited a hum ber of eminent economists to write a brief introduction to each reprint.
The behavior of point defect traps during pulsed irradiation

Abstract A combination of time-dependent Effective Medium Theory and Linear Response Theory is used to determine the loss rates of interstitials and vacancies to saturable solute atom traps during pulsed irradiation. The results are couched in terms of the differences the loss rates assume when compared to those given by using steady state sink strengths and emission rates. It is shown that the approximation of employing the latter leads to a negligible error in the long-time behavior of the system. The analysis of specific examples lends support to the proposition that the behavior under pulsed irradiation should conform to that of uniform irradiation at the mean dose rate in systems in which trapping is able to mitigate void swelling.
Achilles' ear? Inferior human short-term and recognition memory in the auditory modality.

Studies of the memory capabilities of nonhuman primates have consistently revealed a relative weakness for auditory compared to visual or tactile stimuli: extensive training is required to learn auditory memory tasks, and subjects are only capable of retaining acoustic information for a brief period of time. Whether a parallel deficit exists in human auditory memory remains an outstanding question. In the current study, a short-term memory paradigm was used to test human subjects’ retention of simple auditory, visual, and tactile stimuli that were carefully equated in terms of discriminability, stimulus exposure time, and temporal dynamics. Mean accuracy did not differ significantly among sensory modalities at very short retention intervals (1–4 s). However, at longer retention intervals (8–32 s), accuracy for auditory stimuli fell substantially below that observed for visual and tactile stimuli. In the interest of extending the ecological validity of these findings, a second experiment tested recognition memory for complex, naturalistic stimuli that would likely be encountered in everyday life. Subjects were able to identify all stimuli when retention was not required, however, recognition accuracy following a delay period was again inferior for auditory compared to visual and tactile stimuli. Thus, the outcomes of both experiments provide a human parallel to the pattern of results observed in nonhuman primates. The results are interpreted in light of neuropsychological data from nonhuman primates, which suggest a difference in the degree to which auditory, visual, and tactile memory are mediated by the perirhinal and entorhinal cortices.
A (recursive) multiple objective approach to analyse changes in the utility function of farmers due to policy reforms

Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methodology is used to analyse shifts in the utility function of farmers due to policy changes. The presented approach is tested for a sample farm in the loamy region in Belgium. The utility functions under the situation before and after the CAP-reform are estimated and compared. This reveals that the change from price support to direct income support has decreased the relative importance of the risk objective, while the environmental objective, almost non-existent in the situation before 1992, is gaining importance. The example shows that the multi-objective methodology can be a useful framework for a better understanding of farmers' reactions on policy reforms.
Regioselective synthesis of unsymmetrical deuterium labelled hydrazines and azoxy compounds

A method for the preparation of deuterium labelled unsymmetrical hydrazines was developed. This method was used to prepare l-benzyl-2-methyl-2H3-hydrazine hydrobromide and l-benzyl-2H7-2-methylhydrazine hydrobromide, analogs of the cancer chemotheraputic agent procarbazine. These compounds were then used to prepare the corresponding labelled benzyl-(ONN) and (NNO)-azoxymethane isomers. A method was developed whereby the deuterium labelled azoxy isomers were separated by reversed phase semi-preparative HPLC.
AMC control in photolithography: the past decade in review

The focus of airborne molecular contamination (AMC) control within the semiconductor industry, specifically photolithography, has changed significantly over the past decade. As the focal point of concern has shifted from ammonia (or base gases), to acid gases, and recently to organic contaminants, the filtration industry has adeptly grown to provide the necessary filtration solutions. This paper attempts to provide an overview of these changes while reviewing the primary contaminants, how they are removed, the control technologies in use, and how they are applied.
High quality factor silicon nitride microdisk resonators for chip-scale visible sensing

Ultra-high-quality (Q≫4×106) microdisk resonators are demonstrated in a Si 3 N 4 platform at 655nm with straight and curved in-plane coupling waveguides. Selective coupling to specific radial orders and polarizations is demonstrated by phase-matching. TM modes show higher sensitivity to environmental modifications for sensing.
Total or partial prostate sparing cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer: long-term implications on erectile function

OBJECTIVE To review the long-term results in patients treated with either total or partial prostate-sparing cystectomy, focusing on erectile function (EF), as en-bloc radical cystectomy (RC) with or without urethrectomy has been the method of choice for managing invasive bladder carcinoma, but has inherent risks of subsequent urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction, with a marked effect on quality of life, especially in younger patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between 2003 and 2005 we assessed 21 men (mean age 56 years) who had either a prostate apex-sparing cystectomy (PASC, 15) or total prostate-sparing cystectomy (TPSC, six). The mean follow-up was 30 months for PASC and 24 months for TPSC. The evaluation before surgery included standard bladder cancer staging, prostate specific antigen level, a digital rectal examination and a complete medical history, with attention to self-reported EF before surgery and the EF domain of the International Index of EF (IIEF) after surgery. RESULTS The EF domain score was 20 after PASC and 30 after TPSC; this correlates with mild to moderate ED in the PASC group vs normal erectile function in the TPSC group. After transurethral resection of the bladder tumours (TURBT) 10 of 14 in the PASC group were T1 or T2a, and in the TPSC group, five of six were T2a and one patient was T2b. From the cystectomy specimen, in the PASC group eight were understaged compared with the TURBT specimen (T2b/T4a vs T1/T2a), while in the TPSC group there was understaging two (T3a vs T2a/T2b); this was significantly different (P < 0.05). There was recurrence of urothelial carcinoma in one of 15 and one of six after PASC and TPSC, respectively. CONCLUSION The EF domain score after PASC was 10 points lower than after TPSC, representing a 30% increase in EF by preserving the entire prostate. We conclude that in patients with invasive bladder cancer, EF can be significantly preserved by prostate-sparing cystectomy. If adequate selection criteria are applied, EF can be preserved without compromising cancer control.
Sharing and placement of on-chip laser sources in silicon-photonic NoCs

Silicon-photonic links are projected to replace the electrical links for global on-chip communications in future manycore systems. The use of off-chip laser sources to drive these silicon-photonic links can lead to higher link losses, thermal mismatch between laser source and on-chip photonic devices, and packaging challenges. Therefore, on-chip laser sources are being evaluated as candidates to drive the on-chip photonic links. In this paper, we first explore the power, efficiency and temperature tradeoffs associated with an on-chip laser source. Using a 3D stacked system that integrates a manycore chip with the optical devices and laser sources, we explore the design space for laser source sharing (among waveguides) and placement to minimize laser power by simultaneously considering the network bandwidth requirements, thermal constraints, and physical layout constraints. As part of this exploration we consider Clos and crossbar logical topologies, U-shaped and W-shaped physical layouts, and various sharing/placement strategies: locally-placed dedicated laser sources for waveguides, locally-placed shared laser sources, and shared laser sources placed remotely along the chip edges. Our analysis shows that logical topology, physical layout, and photonic device losses strongly drive the laser source sharing and placement choices to minimize laser power.
Monitoring of the upper urinary tract in patients with bladder cancer

Upper urinary tract (UUT) transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is relatively rare tumor. Approximately 0.7-4% of patients with primary bladder cancer develops UUT-TCC. The symptoms related to an UUT-TCC often occur with an advanced stage which leads one to emphasize a surveillance strategy to monitor the UUT to allow for an earlier diagnosis. Although the risk of UUT-TCC after bladder cancer is well established, there is a paucity of recommendations suggesting the optimal method and frequency of monitoring the UUT and there is no consensus among them. This article reviews the recommendations on monitoring the UUT in patients with bladder cancer.
Pulmonary/systemic flow ratio in children after cavopulmonary anastomosis

Objectives. This study attempted to provide a formula for calculation of the pulmonary/systemic flow ratio in children after bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis. Background. With the bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis, only the superior vena cava blood is oxygenated by the lungs. The inferior vena cava flow recirculates into the systemic circulation. The ratio of these flows will determine systemic arterial saturation. Methods. According to the Fick principle, 1) Systemic cardiac output (liters/min) = Pulmonary venous flow + Inferior vena cava flow; 2) Systemic blood oxygen transport (ml/min) = Pulmonary venous blood oxygen transport + Inferior vena cava blood oxygen transport. By substituting the first equation into the second, Pulmonary/systemic flow ratio = (Systemic saturation — Inferior vena cava saturation)/(Pulmonary venous saturation — Inferior vena cava saturation). Results. We applied the third formula to data obtained from 34 catheterizations in 29 patients after bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis. Mean [±SD] age at operation was 1.70 ± 1.43 years, and mean age at catheterization was 2.95 ± 1.65 years. The pulmonary/systemic flow ratio calculated for all 29 patients was 0.58 ± 0.09. Of 17 patients with aortography, 10 had systemic to pulmonary collateral vessels. Patients with collateral vessels had a significantly higher pulmonary/systemic flow ratio (0.61 ± 0.07 vs. 0.53 ± 0.07, respectively, p Conclusions. The pulmonary/systemic flow ratio after bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis can be calculated. Pulmonary blood flow in these patients determines systemic saturation and accounts for the majority of venous return in young children.
You should be teaching intelligence

Abstract In this brief paper, I attempt to convince you that you should be teaching a course on human intelligence. First, I review some of the reasons that it is important to teach a course on intelligence and argue that every psychology and education department should be teaching such a course on a regular basis. Second, I discuss my own history of beginning to teach such a course and how that course is currently taught. I also give some suggestions about how to get the course introduced into your department's regular course offerings. Finally, I discuss how you and the field of intelligence research will profit if you teach a course on intelligence.
Cardiac troponin I as a predictor of major cardiac events in emergency department patients with acute chest pain

Abstract Objectives. We sought to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in emergency department (ED) patients with chest pain. Background. Although cTnI has been shown to correlate with an increased risk for complications in patients with unstable angina, the prognostic significance of this assay in the heterogeneous population of patients who present to the ED with chest pain is unclear. Methods. cTnI and creatine kinase-MB fraction (CK-MB) mass concentration were collected serially during the first 48 h from onset of symptoms in 1,047 patients ≥30 years old admitted for acute chest pain. Sensitivity, specificity and receiver operating characteristic curves were calculated for cTnI and CK-MB collected in the first 24 h. Results. The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of cTnI for major cardiac events were 47%, 80% and 19%, respectively. Among patients were who ruled out for myocardial infarction, cTnI was elevated in 26% who had major cardiac complications compared with 5% for CK-MB; the positive predictive value for an abnormal cTnI result was 8%. Elevated cTnI in the presence of ischemia on the electrocardiogram was associated with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.8 (95% confidence interval 1.1 to 2.9) for major cardiac events within 72 h. Among patients without a myocardial infarction or unstable angina, cTnI was not an independent correlate of complications. Conclusions. In patients presenting to the ED with acute chest pain, cTnI was an independent predictor of major cardiac events. However, the positive predictive value of an abnormal assay result was not high in this heterogeneous cohort.
Modeling of the mechanism of nucleophilic aromatic substitution of fungicide chlorothalonil by glutathione

Chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile, TCIN, CAS 1897-45-6) is a broad range spectrum fungicide whose fungitoxic action has been associated with the rapid formation of conjugated chlorothalonil–cellular thiol derivatives, specifically with thiol-rich enzymes such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and with glutathione (GSH). The biotransformation reaction sequence between enzyme-activated glutathione (GSH) and chlorothalonil depletes cellular glutathione reserves. The conjugation of glutathione with chlorothalonil via nucleophilic aromatic substitution was modeled for an isolated reacting species using semiempirical self-consistent field molecular orbital (SCF-MO) theory at the PM3 level. The potential energy hypersurface at each of the three possible chlorinated attack sites on chlorothalonil was elaborated using a thiolate (CH3S–) anion as a model for an enzyme-activated glutathione molecule. Calculated free energies of activation for formation of mono-RSH conjugates suggest that the order of nucleophilic attack on chlorine positions in TCIN is 2>4, 6>5 although energy differences are small (on the order of 1–2 kcal mol–1). Meisenheimer or σ-complexes have been isolated as true intermediates on the hypersurface for each reaction, suggesting that the mechanism follows a two-step pathway.
Development of a SMA hybrid composite jet engine chevron concept

Control of jet noise continues to be an important research topic. Exhaust-nozzle chevrons have been shown to reduce jet noise, but parametric effects are not well understood. Additionally, thrust loss due to chevrons at cruise suggests significant benefit from active chevrons. The focus of this study is development of an active chevron concept for the primary purpose of parametric studies for jet noise reduction in the laboratory and technology development to leverage for full scale systems. The active chevron concept employed in this work consists of a laminated composite structure with embedded shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators, termed a SMA hybrid composite (SMAHC). SMA actuators are embedded on one side of the bending axis of the structure such that thermal excitation generates a moment and deflects the structure. Two active chevron concepts are demonstrated; one that is powered to immerse and one that is powered to retract. A brief description of the chevron designs is followed by details of the fabrication approach. Results from bench-top tests are presented and correlated with predictions from a numerical model. Very repeatable performance is achieved with excellent agreement between predicted and measured results. Although the deflection requirement is not achieved in the presented results, the approach to meeting the performance requirement is evident.
A finite element method for analyzing localization in rate dependent solids at finite strains

Abstract The finite element method for localization analysis of Ortiz et al. [Comp. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 61] is generalized to account for finite deformations and for material rate dependence. Special shape functions are added to the finite element basis to reproduce band-like localized deformation modes. The amplitudes of these additional modes are eliminated locally by static condensation. The performance of the enhanced element is illustrated in a problem involving shear localization in a plane strain tensile bar. Solutions based on the enhanced element are compared with corresponding results obtained from the underlying compatible isoparametric quadrilateral element and from crossedtriangular and uniformly reduced integration elements. In the finite deformation context, the enhanced element solution is not very sensitive to the precise specification of initial orientation of the additional band-like modes. The enhanced element formulation described here can be used for a broad range of rate independent and rate dependent material behaviors in two dimensional and three dimensional problems.
One versus two discrimination by whitenecked ravens (Corvus cryptoleucus) with non-number dimensions varied.

Abstract Three whitenecked ravens (Corvus cryptoleucus) were tested on a one versus two number-discrimination task. One bird showed a sudden jump in performance from chance levels to over 90 per cent accuracy and subsequently showed good transfer to stimuli of new colours and shapes. One bird gradually reached an average accuracy level of about 75 per cent in over 1000 trials. Testing with novel shapes indicated that the previous discrimination could have been predicted by assuming that the bird had responded to area cues. The third subject reached an average accuracy level of 67 per cent and inspection of response patterns indicated that the bird had made its responses on the basis of both position preference and area cues. The obtained results support an hypothesis that information which is partially related to reward may block acquisition of an abstract concept. Suppression of tendencies to respond on the basis of partially correlated information may be a necessary condition for determination of performance limits in animals or humans.
Apparent intrinsic prothrombinase activity of human factor X zymogen: Identification with factor VIII inhibitor by passing activity (FEIBA)

Steady state kinetic studies have provided evidence for intrinsic prothrombinase activity of human factor X zymogen in a chromogenic assay system. Using a prothrombin substrate, kinetic parameters have been obtained for the action of factors X and Xa. The Km for prothrombin is of a different order of magnitude for the zymogen as compared with the active enzyme. Using a kinetic approach, we have obtained evidence for the binding of factor X zymogen to cofactors essential for the coagulant activity of factor Xa. Zymogen enzymatic activity is not inhibited by a specific serine proteinase inhibitor, (p-amidino-phenyl)methanesulfonyl flouride (p-APMSF), a potent inhibitor of factor Xa. The apparent slow rate of zymogen inhibition by antithrombin III (AT III) as compared with the active enzyme suggests a different kind of zymogen-antithrombin interaction. Blood clotting studies paralleled the kinetic data. Factor X zymogen evidences factor VIII inhibitor bypassing activity (FEIBA) in an in vitro direct clotting system employing factor VIII deficient inhibitor plasma as substrate in both activated or nonactivated partial thromboplastin assay. Most significantly, zymogen coagulant is refractory to inhibition by p-APMSF or AT III. We conclude that a system consisting of factor X zymogen-phospholipid-factor Va can physiologically initiate blood clotting in the presence of inhibitors and may have a major role in the bypass mechanism of therapeutic prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC).
Facilitating Play Skills: Efficacy of a Staff Development Program.

Staff members of a day care center took part in a year-long training program designed to help them facilitate a child's ability to learn through play. This paper briefly describes the training objectives and methods used in the first two workshops of this program. An evaluation of the effectiveness of those methods is presented, based on pre-training and post-training observation of interactions between caregivers and children in the day care center. Results indicate that the training was very effective in increasing caregiver verbal involvement with children during play, but was less effective in reducing the number of verbal directives delivered by caregivers in interacting with the children. A negative relationship was found between caregiver's level of education and amount of verbally directive behavior after training, but not before training.
Edge gyrokinetic theory and continuum simulations

The following results are presented from the development and application of TEMPEST, a fully nonlinear (full-f) five-dimensional (3d2v) gyrokinetic continuum edge-plasma code. (1) As a test of the interaction of collisions and parallel streaming, TEMPEST is compared with published analytic and numerical results for endloss of particles confined by combined electrostatic and magnetic wells. Good agreement is found over a wide range of collisionality, confining potential and mirror ratio, and the required velocity space resolution is modest. (2) In a large-aspect-ratio circular geometry, excellent agreement is found for a neoclassical equilibrium with parallel ion flow in the banana regime with zero temperature gradient and radial electric field. (3) The four-dimensional (2d2v) version of the code produces the first self-consistent simulation results of collisionless damping of geodesic acoustic modes and zonal flow (Rosenbluth–Hinton residual) with Boltzmann electrons using a full-f code. The electric field is also found to agree with the standard neoclassical expression for steep density and ion temperature gradients in the plateau regime. In divertor geometry, it is found that the endloss of particles and energy induces parallel flow stronger than the core neoclassical predictions in the SOL.
Lithium Treatment of Aggressive Behaviorin Depressed, Drug-Dependent Patients

Four non-bipolar I methadone-maintenance patients with irritability and aggressiveness were treated with lithium. Three had met criteria for childhood conduct disorder and all four had adult antisocial features. In each case there was a noticeable reduction in aggression and an improvement in functioning. This finding suggests that there is a treatable subgroup of drug-dependent patients with antisocial behavior.
Identifiers of Predominantly Spanish-Speaking Children With Language Impairment

The purpose of this study was to identify a set of measures that would discriminate 31 predominantly Spanish-speaking children with normal language (NL children) from 31 children with language impa...
The impact of perceived organizational support and trustworthiness on trust

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the impact that trustworthiness, comprised of ability, benevolence and integrity, and perceived organizational support (POS) have on trust within a call center and warehousing organization.Design/methodology/approach – A total of 105 employees are surveyed using a 37 item instrument to assess the subjects' responses to POS, trustworthiness and trust as well as demographic characteristics.Findings – Results indicate both POS and integrity are positively related to trust. Based upon a usefulness analysis, integrity accounts for a greater amount of incremental variance in trust than POS.Research limitations/implications – The results are derived from one organization in the southern United States. While a variety of job titles and skill sets are included, the results may not be generalizable to other types of organizations or geographic areas. Also, the relatively low organizational tenure of the employees may limit the development of trust in thi...
Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the lung: radiologic features of an uncommon primary pulmonary neoplasm.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to review the chest radiographic, CT, and MRI appearances of primary pulmonary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC).CONCLUSION. Primary pulmonary LELC is histopathologically identical to nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The radiographic, CT, and MRI features of primary pulmonary LELC are nonspecific, often resembling those of bronchogenic carcinoma. Primary pulmonary LELC usually presents as a poorly circumscribed, enhancing, peripheral solitary pulmonary nodule on CT; necrosis may be present and is considered a poor prognostic sign. MRI shows isointense to low-intensity signal on T1-weighted images and mildly increased signal on T2-weighted images; enhancement of abnormal tissue is typical. Most patients present with early-stage disease. Primary pulmonary LELC should be suspected in selected patients and requires differentiation from bronchogenic carcinoma and metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
The Planar Two-Center and Two-Median Problems

We present algorithms for the solution of planar location-allocation problems with two new facilities. Euclidean distances are assumed. We address both the minimax or “two-center”, and minisum or “two-median” problems. Computational results are presented.
The Role of Capecitabine, an Oral, Enzymatically Activated Fluoropyrimidine, in the Treatment of Metastatic Breast Cancer

Capecitabine is an oral fluoropyrimidine that mimics continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil and generates 5-fluorouracil preferentially at the tumor site. It is activated via a three-step enzymatic pathway, the final step of which requires thymidine phosphorylase, an enzyme that is significantly more active in tumor than normal tissue. As an oral agent, capecitabine is more convenient for patients and medical personnel, and avoids the complications associated with venous access. This paper reviews the development and clinical experience of capecitabine in breast cancer treatment. Clinical trials have established the efficacy and tolerability of capecitabine in anthracycline- and taxane-pretreated metastatic breast cancer, showing that capecitabine is an effective therapy for patients who have exhausted all established treatment options. Moreover, randomized, phase II studies have demonstrated that capecitabine is effective in anthracycline-pretreated patients and as first-line therapy for metastatic breast cancer. In addition to its confirmed efficacy, the favorable safety profile of capecitabine, particularly the low myelosuppression rate, makes it an attractive agent for incorporation into combination regimens. Therefore numerous trials have assessed the feasibility of capecitabine-containing regimens, and have shown promising results. Capecitabine is an important new treatment option for breast cancer patients, and ongoing clinical trials should further define its role in a range of settings.
ORTHOGRAPHY AND DISTRIBUTION OF PARALEPTOPHLEBIA PACKII (EPHEMEROPTERA: LEPTOPHLEBIIDAE) IN WESTERN NORTH AMERICA

Leptophlebia packii Needham was originally described from the North Fork of the Ogden River, Weber County, Utah, by Needham (1927). This species is one of the tusked burrowing leptophlebiids of western North America (e.g. Edmunds and McCafferty 1996), and was referred to as Pack’s Tusker by Needham and Christenson (1927). Traver (1935) correctly referred to it as the recombined Paraleptophlebia packii (Needham). Beginning with its citation in a checklist by Edmunds and Allen (1957), it has been incorrectly referred to as Paraleptophlebia packi. As per the recent correction of the name Drunella doddsii (Needham) by Jacobus and McCafferty (2004), even if the subsequent emendation of orthography was deliberate, the use of the first spelling ending in “-ii” is mandated by Section 4 of Article 33 of the current International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999), and the original orthography is here restored. This species has been known from Grand and Jackson Counties in Colorado (McCafferty et al., 1993), Weber County in Utah (Needham 1927), and Teton County in Wyoming (Kroger 1974). New records of P. packii based on materials residing in the Purdue Entomological Research Collection, West Lafayette, Indiana, or on data provided by the late George Edmunds, include the following: UTAH: Summit County, Weber River, at Peoa, 14-X-1970, M. M. Boreman (larvae); Wasatch County, Provo River, at Midway, 11-XI-1947, G. F. Edmunds (larvae and adults); Weber County, South Fork Weber River, at Huntsville, 20XI-1968, G. Z. Jacobi (larvae). WYOMING: Natrona County, North Platte River, at By-The-Way Ranch, ca. 24 miles southwest of Casper, off State Road 220, 8-X-2001, W. P. and N. McCafferty (larvae).
Preparation and Characterization of Aqueous Nanothermite Inks for Direct Deposition on SCB Initiators

Nanothermites are a promising replacement energetic for many devices but their use has been limited by high sensitivity during processing, hazardous processing solvents, and time consuming deposition. Incorporating processing and deposition into a single step, especially if no organic solvents were used, could allow nanothermites to be applied safely in a wider range of applications. This work reports on the performance and characterization of direct-deposited water processed nanothermite inks on semiconductor bridge (SCB) initiators. Specifically, it investigates the replacement of nanothermites processed by resonant mixing (Resodyn LabRAM) in the solvent N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) with nanothermites processed in water. Processing safety and mixture performance were then characterized. It was found that water processed nanothermites were stable for up to 480 min in a water bath at 50 °C only if both metal and metal oxide particles were coated with palmitic acid. In addition, water processed nanothermites were found to have better mixing intimacy, which resulted in better performance than nanothermite processed in DMF. Direct deposition of water processed nanothermites also mitigates electrostatic discharge (ESD) sensitivity, while the material remains wetted, improving processing safety dramatically. For the system investigated, it was found that processing at a solids loading of 30 vol.% resulted in a high density, high performance ink that was deposited directly onto the SCBs. This resulted in a 25 % reduction in the all fire threshold over traditional energetics. This mixing approach uses an environmentally friendly mixing medium, can result in a higher density final material, and allows safe one-step mixing and deposition.
The Effect of Fabric Structure on the Properties of Two-Way Stretch Fabrics Made from Elastic Core-Spun Yarns of Cotton and Wool Blend:

Two-way stretch fabrics for apparel uses can be efficiently produced from natural fibers by using elastic core-spun yarns. The fabric structure influences stretch characteristics considerably. An o...
Ethics and Accreditation in Addictions Counselor Training: Possible Field Placement Issues for CACREP‐Accredited Addictions Counseling Programs

The Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs now recognizes addictions counseling as a specialized field of practice. Two case studies illustrate possible unintended violations of ethical and training standards.
Priming or Proteus Effect? Examining the Effects of Avatar Race on In-Game Behavior and Post-Play Aggressive Cognition and Affect in Video Games

This research uses a 2 × 2 factorial experiment to further investigate the Proteus effect for avatar race observed in previous research by measuring in-game behavior, the use of stereotypes to desc...
Population-based study of esophageal and small intestinal atresia/stenosis.

Background The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of esophageal atresia/stenosis and small intestinal atresia/stenosis in Nagano, Japan, together with associated anomalies, prenatal diagnosis and survival. Methods A population-based cohort study of the prevalence of esophageal atresia/stenosis and small intestinal atresia/stenosis was conducted in Nagano in January 1993–December 2011. The Mann–Whitney test, χ2 test and Kruskal–Wallis test were used to compare variables. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results In total, 74 cases of esophageal atresia/stenosis and 87 cases of small intestinal atresia/stenosis (31 duodenal, 56 jejuno-ileal) were identified. Prevalences were 1.97 for esophageal atresia/stenosis and 2.23 for small intestinal atresia/stenosis (0.83 for duodenal atresia/stenosis and 1.49 for jejuno-ileal atresia/stenosis) per 10 000 births, respectively. The prevalence of esophageal atresia/stenosis increased significantly from 1993–2001 to 2002–2011 (relative risk [RR], 1.6), as did the prevalences of duodenal atresia/stenosis (RR, 2.2) and jejuno-ileal atresia/stenosis (RR, 3.1). Chromosomal anomalies, particularly trisomy 21, were seen significantly more often in association with duodenal atresia/stenosis (55%) than with esophageal atresia/stenosis (28%, P < 0.01) or jejuno-ileal atresia/stenosis (2%, P < 0.01). The proportion of patients associated with prenatally diagnosed chromosomal anomaly was higher compared to postnatal diagnosis (P < 0.01) in the esophageal atresia/stenosis group. Conclusion The prevalence of esophageal and small intestinal atresia/stenosis increased significantly from 1993–2001 to 2002–2011. Prenatally diagnosed esophageal atresia/stenosis is associated with multiple anomalies, particularly chromosomal anomalies, compared to other small intestine atresia/stenosis.
Homoeosis in drosophila: maternal effect of the enhancer of polycomb locus and its interaction with polycomb and related loci

A mutation or deficiency of the Enhancer of Polycomb (E(Pc)) locus acts as a dominant enhancer of the adult mutant phenotypes of a group of similar homoeotic loci (Polycomb, Polycomblike, extra sex comb, and lethal(4)29). The E(Pc) mutation has a recessive lethal effect, and homo- and hemizygotes die as late embryos or larvae which appear cuticularly normal. E(Pc) also acts as a dominant enhancer of the embryonic homoeotic syndromes associated with Polycomb. Polycomblike, and lethal(4)29 mutations: its effect on the extra sex comb syndrome has not been effectively evaluated. At least for the interaction with Polycomb mutations, evidence is presented that the Enhancer of Polycomb locus has a maternal as well as a zygotic effect, and that its effect on Polycomb expression is not at the level of transcription. We suggest that the Enhancer of Polycomb locus acts specifically to regulate the activities of this set of homoeotic loci, and that E(Pc) recessive lethality results from noncuticular homoeotic defects which arise as a consequence of their reduced activity. In the context of this hypothesis, no present data allow us to distinguish whether Enhancer of Polycomb is a nonhomoeotic locus regulating the function(s) of Polycomb and related genes or is itself a homoeotic locus.
Visual illusions affect planning but not control

Abstract Much debate has arisen over how to account for the pattern of effects of visual illusions on action – that is, the findings that illusions affect actions in some circumstances but not others. I propose that this pattern can best be explained by postulating that visual illusions affect the planning of actions but do not affect the on-line control of actions. Strong evidence for this viewpoint comes from recent studies that show ‘dynamic illusion effects': a large illusion effect early in a movement, but a decreasing effect as the hand approaches the target. These findings pose difficulties for other models of illusion effects on action.
Salicylate induction of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli: activation of the mar operon and a mar-independent pathway.

Since the growth of wild-type Escherichia coli in salicylate results in a multiple antibiotic resistance phenotype similar to that of constitutive mutants (Mar) of the chromosomal mar locus, the effect of salicylate on the expression of the marRAB operon was investigated. The amount of RNA hybridizing with a mar-specific DNA probe was 5 to 10 times higher in wild-type cells grown with sodium salicylate (5.0 mM) than in untreated controls. Untreated Mar mutants had three to five times more mar-specific RNA than wild-type cells did. When a Mar mutant was treated with salicylate, a 30- to 50-fold increase of mar-specific RNA was seen. In wild-type cells bearing a mar promoter-lacZ fusion on the chromosome, salicylate increased beta-galactosidase activity by sixfold. Thus, salicylate induces transcription of the marRAB operon. Other inducers of phenotypic multiple antibiotic resistance, e.g., benzoate, salicyl alcohol, and acetaminophen, but not acetate, also increased transcription from the mar promoter but to a lesser extent than did salicylate. Both in wild-type and mar-deficient strains, growth in salicylate resulted in increased antibiotic resistance, decreased permeation of the outer membrane to cephaloridine, increased micF transcription, and decreased amounts of OmpF. However, the magnitude of these changes was generally greater in wild-type (mar-containing) cells. Thus, salicylate and other compounds can induce transcription of the mar operon and, presumably, give rise to multiple antibiotic resistance via this pathway. However, salicylate can also activate an unidentified, mar-independent pathway(s) which engenders multiple antibiotic resistance.
Outbreak of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Infection with an Unusually Long Duration of Illness

Background Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is an emerging cause of foodborne outbreaks of infection in the United States, yet its epidemiology is not completely understood. Methods In September 2004, we investigated an outbreak of infection due to ETEC at an Illinois corporation following a meal served to approximately 700 employees. Clinical samples were negative for enteric pathogens and were tested for ETEC using stool culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). An environmental investigation was conducted to determine whether food-service practices or conditions led to this outbreak. A case of illness caused by ETEC was defined as onset of diarrhea and > or =1 of the following symptoms during 23-30 September 2004: cramps, vomiting, nausea, headache, or weight loss. Results The 111 ill employees interviewed had only 1 meal in common. Cucumber salad and noodle salad from that meal were associated with illness; no food was available for testing. A PCR test for ETEC in stool was positive in samples from 6 of 11 patients; 3 ETEC serotypes were detected. The environmental investigation revealed no critical violations. The median duration of diarrhea (7 days) was longer than that observed for the majority of outbreaks of ETEC infection (4 days) and was associated with consumption of carbonated beverages (odds ratio, 4.5; 95% confidence interval, 2.0-10.3). Conclusions Emerging features of ETEC identified in this outbreak include the organism's role in domestic outbreaks and its ability to cause prolonged diarrheal illness. Additionally, integrating the results of nonculture-based diagnostic techniques into foodborne outbreak surveillance presents challenges under the current guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Advances in Communication Technology and Growth of the American Over-the- Counter Markets, 1876-1929

The rapid development of the nationwide telephone network following the expiration of the Bell patents in 1894, along with expansion of private wire telegraph networks, created the "nerve center" necessary for rapid growth in the decentralized, dealer-intermediated, over-the-counter security markets. Using membership roles from the National Quotation Bureau - the predecessor of the NASDAQ - I link growth in the number of dealers to the expansion of these communication networks prior to World War I. Moreover, trading activity on the organized stock exchanges fell during this period, suggesting that these technologies provided a competitive advantage to the over-the-counter markets. Secondary security markets play an important role in economic development by making bonds and stocks liquid and facilitating price discovery. Historically, two different mechanisms have been used to facilitate trading: the organized exchange and over-the-counter (or unorganized) markets. This article explores the competition between these two trading mechanisms during the telecommunications revolution of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Organized exchanges, such as the New York Stock Exchange, increase the efficiency of security trading by mitigating information problems. First, their centralized location reduces search costs. Second, they decrease information asymmetries by imposing listing requirements on traded issues. Third, exchanges reduce counterparty risk by restricting trading to member brokers. Finally, exchanges provide transparency to investors by publicizing transaction prices and quantities. Over-the-counter markets, such as the modern NASDAQ Stock Market, provide an alternative trading mechanism. In contrast to the stock exchange, buyers and sellers do not communicate their interest to trade
Tapered slot antennas on thick dielectric substrates using micromachining techniques

Tapered slot antennas operating at 35 GHz were fabricated on thick (50 mils, 1.27 mm) low dielectric constant (/spl epsi//sub r/=2.2) substrate using micromachining techniques. Several periodic hole structures were machined into the substrate and the resulting antenna pattern measurements were compared. The micromachining of the substrate improves the antenna patterns. The mechanism of improvement is believed to be the reduction in the effective dielectric constant of the substrate. This work is being extended to 94 GHz for application in an imaging array.
Mis) Conception About Generalizability Theory

In what sense is generalizability theory an extension of classical test theory? In what sense is generalizability theory an application of analysis of variance.
Locomotor behavior across an environmental transition in the ropefish, Erpetoichthys calabaricus

Many amphibious organisms undergo repeated aquatic to terrestrial transitions during their lifetime; limbless, elongate organisms that make such transitions must rely on axial-based locomotion in both habitats. How is the same anatomical structure employed to produce an effective behavior across such disparate habitats? Here, we examine an elongate amphibious fish, the ropefish (Erpetoichthys calabaricus), and ask: (1) how do locomotor movements change during the transition between aquatic and terrestrial environments and (2) do distantly related amphibious fishes demonstrate similar modes of terrestrial locomotion? Ropefish were examined moving in four experimental treatments (in which the water level was to lowered mimic the transition between environments) that varied from fully aquatic to fully terrestrial. Kinematic parameters (lateral excursion, wavelength, amplitude and frequency) were calculated for points along the midline of the body and compared across treatments. Terrestrial locomotion in the ropefish is characterized by long, slow, large-amplitude undulations down the length of the body; in contrast, aquatic locomotion is characterized by short-wavelength, small-amplitude, high-frequency undulations that gradually increase in an anterior to posterior direction. Experimental treatments with intermediate water levels were more similar to aquatic locomotion in that they demonstrated an anterior to posterior pattern of increasing lateral excursion and wave amplitude, but were more similar to terrestrial locomotion with regard to wavelength, which did not change in an anterior to posterior direction. Finally, the ropefish and another elongate amphibious fish, the eel, consistently exhibit movements characterized by 'path following' when moving on land, which suggests that elongate fishes exhibit functional convergence during terrestrial locomotion.
Crystal structure of the Leishmania major peroxidase–cytochrome c complex

The causative agent of leishmaniasis is the protozoan parasite Leishmania major. Part of the host protective mechanism is the production of reactive oxygen species including hydrogen peroxide. In response, L. major produces a peroxidase, L. major peroxidase (LmP), that helps to protect the parasite from oxidative stress. LmP is a heme peroxidase that catalyzes the peroxidation of mitochondrial cytochrome c. We have determined the crystal structure of LmP in a complex with its substrate, L. major cytochrome c (LmCytc) to 1.84 A, and compared the structure to its close homolog, the yeast cytochrome c peroxidase–cytochrome c complex. The binding interface between LmP and LmCytc has one strong and one weak ionic interaction that the yeast system lacks. The differences between the steady-state kinetics correlate well with the Lm redox pair being more dependent on ionic interactions, whereas the yeast redox pair depends more on nonpolar interactions. Mutagenesis studies confirm that the ion pairs at the intermolecular interface are important to both kcat and KM. Despite these differences, the electron transfer path, with respect to the distance between hemes, along the polypeptide chain is exactly the same in both redox systems. A potentially important difference, however, is the side chains involved. LmP has more polar groups (Asp and His) along the pathway compared with the nonpolar groups (Leu and Ala) in the yeast system, and as a result, the electrostatic environment along the presumed electron transfer path is substantially different.
Impact of Cerebral Perfusion Pressure on Survival Following Head Trauma

By carefully monitoring patients following closed head trauma, it is possible to measure parameters that correlate well with clinical outcome. Thus, high intracranial pressure (ICP) and low cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) have been shown to be effective predictors of a fatal course.