cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A novel solution for inverse heat conduction problem in one-dimensional medium with moving boundary and temperature-dependent material properties

Abstract A novel approach for solving inverse heat conduction problems in one-dimensional domain with moving boundary and temperature dependent material properties is presented. In this study, it is assumed that two thermocouples are used to measure temperature at two interior locations within the medium while the front boundary experiences recession (moving towards the back surface). A filter coefficient-form Tikhonov regularization method is used to develop the solution for this problem. It is hypothesized that interpolation of pre-calculated filter coefficients for a medium with various thickness values can be used to calculate the filter coefficients for an IHCP with moving boundary, knowing the current thickness of the domain. This can be used along with interpolation among the pre-calculated filter coefficients at different temperatures, knowing the temperature value, to find the correct filter coefficients at each time step and accurately estimate the conducted heat flux in a near real-time fashion. The hypothesis is then validated through several numerical test cases developed in COMSOL. It is shown that the proposed solution method can accurately estimate the conducted heat flux in a domain with a moving boundary in a near real-time fashion. The main advantage of the proposed solution is in it's computationally efficient nature as well as possibility of implementation for monitoring and control purposes due to the near real-time operation of the method. The developed method can be used for calculating surface heat flux in applications that involves moving boundary and large temperature variations such as ablative thermal protection systems for space vehicles.
Brauer Type Embedding Problems

Galois theory Inverse Galois theory and embedding problems Brauer groups Group cohomology Quadratic forms Decomposing the obstruction Quadratic forms and embedding problems Reducing the embedding problem Pro-finite Galois theory Bibliography Index.
Theoretical Studies of Protein Folding

This paper summarizes some fundamental statistical mechanical aspects of protein folding and the prediction of protein structure. In order to predict the native structure of a protein, it is necessary to understand the physical conditions that determine its unique and thermodynamically-stable native structure, and to surmount the numerous local energy minima to arrive at the native structure. A statistical mechanical approach has been used to address the problem of foldability of polypeptides, and global minimization techniques have been developed to solve the multiple-minima problem. Some recent progress in these areas, made in our laboratory, is described.
Interferon gamma and interleukin 2 synergize to induce selective monokine expression in murine peritoneal macrophages.

We have examined the effects of interleukin 2 (IL-2) treatment either alone or in combination with interferon (IFN) gamma or beta on the expression of several activation associated genes (e.g. tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), IFN-inducible 10-kDa protein (IP-10] in murine peritoneal macrophages. IL-2 alone did not induce the expression of either gene while IFN gamma or IFN beta had a modest inductive effect on IP-10 but no effect on TNF alpha expression. When either form of IFN was used in combination with IL-2 there was a marked synergistic induction of both mRNAs. IFN gamma and IL-2 were maximally effective when both agents were added simultaneously, and induced mRNA expression declined over a 24-h period in cells pretreated with IFN gamma prior to addition of IL-2. Expression of both genes following combination lymphokine treatment was mediated by increased transcriptional activity. The responses to all three lymphokines were dose dependent; the concentration requirement for IL-2 indicated interaction with an intermediate or low affinity receptor. The expression of both monokine genes was transient and was comparable although not identical to that seen in cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. IFN gamma and IL-2 could synergize to stimulate the expression of either TNF alpha or IP-10 mRNA using sequential non-overlapping treatment periods regardless of the order in which the two stimuli were applied to the cells. The effect of either agent alone induced a transient (1-5 h) responsive state with respect to subsequent stimulation with the second agent. Expression of both monokine genes in response to IFN gamma/IL-2 treatment was independent of protein synthesis as cycloheximide did not inhibit the accumulation of specific mRNA. Interestingly, the combination of IL-2 and cycloheximide was as effective as IFN gamma and IL-2 together. In concert, these results indicate that both IFN and IL-2 generate independent intracellular signals which alone are incapable of inductive effect but which are potent activators of inflammatory gene expression when coincidentally expressed.
Linear optimization of predictors for secondary structure. Application to transbilayer segments of membrane proteins.

Abstract Sliding-window averaging of amino acid properties is a standard method for predicting protein secondary structure. For example, transmembrane segments are predicted to occur near the peaks in a hydropathy plot of a membrane protein. Such a scheme (linear convolutional recognizer, LCR) assigns a number (weight) to each type of monomer, and then convolutes some window function with the sequence of weights. The window has commonly been rectangular, and the weights derived from singlet amino acid frequencies in proteins of known secondary structure or from physical properties of amino acids. The accuracy of the windows and weights have remained unknown. We use linear optimization theory to develop a general method for approximating the optimal window and weights for a LCR. The method assumes that one knows the sequences of one or more chains and the locations of their “features”, regions having the secondary structure of interest. We present formulae for quantifying the accuracy of predictors. We show why the optimal LCR is more accurate than methods based on the differences between singlet monomer frequencies inside and outside features. The advantage of an optimal LCR is that its weights inherently include correlations between nearby monomer positions. The optimal predictor is not perfect, though. We argue that its inaccuracy is an intrinsic limitation of linear predictors based on monomer weights. As a practical example, we study predictors for transbilayer segments of membrane proteins. We estimate the optimal weights and windows for the two bacterial photosynthetic reaction centers whose three-dimensional structures are known. The resultant LCR, which is more accurate than previous ones, is still inexact. We apply it to bacteriorhodopsin and halorhodopsin. Several non-linear generalizations are examined as possible improvements to the LCR method: non-linear combinations of linear predictors and windowed Fourier transforms of the weight sequences. The former do not significantly increase the accuracy, while the latter reveal a weak negative correlation between the segments and periodic variations of the weights.
Wilbrand's knee of the primate optic chiasm is an artefact of monocular enucleation.

Abstract PURPOSE: The anterior chiasmal syndrome consists of a temporal hemianopia or complete visual field loss in one eye, plus a superior temporal hemianopia in the other eye. The superior temporal hemianopia in the other eye is thought to result from injury to Wilbrand's Knee of the optic chiasm. Wilbrand's Knee is a loop of decussating fibers which detours into the contralateral optic nerve before entering the optic tract. I studied the organization of fibers in the optic chiasm of monkeys and humans to verify the existence of Wilbrand's Knee and to elucidate further the pattern of visual field loss seen from lesions of the sellar region. METHODS: The primary optic pathway was labelled in monkeys by injection of [3H] proline into one eye, followed by autoradiography. There were 8 intact Rhesus monkeys and 3 intact squirrel monkeys. In addition, the optic pathway was studied in the Rhesus monkey 6 months and 4 years after monocular enucleation. The optic chiasm was also examined using myelin stains in specimens obtained post-mortem from 3 patients. The patients had lost 1 eye 5 months, 2 years, and 28 years prior to their deaths. Finally, clinical observations were recorded in 3 patients with the anterior chiasmal syndrome. RESULTS: In normal Rhesus and squirrel monkeys, optic nerve fibers crossed the optic chiasm without entering the contralateral optic nerve. After short-term monocular enucleation, fibers from the normal optic nerve were drawn closer to the entry zone of the degenerating optic nerve, but Wilbrand's Knee was still absent. After long-term enucleation, a typical Wilbrand's Knee was induced to form. In the human, Wilbrand's Knee was absent 5 months after monocular enucleation, but emerged in the two cases involving long-term enucleation, in a fashion analogous to the monkey. The case reports describe 3 patients with variants of the anterior chiasmal syndrome from parasellar tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Wilbrand's Knee does not exist in the normal primate optic chiasm. It forms gradually over a period of years following monocular enucleation, presumably from shrinkage of the optic chiasm caused by atrophy of fibers from the enucleated eye. Therefore, the superior temporal hemianopia in the "other eye" seen in the anterior chiasmal syndrome cannot be due to compression of Wilbrand's Knee. I propose that it occurs from combined compression of the optic chiasm and one (or both) optic nerves.
Toward the Development of Strategies to Prevent Ischemic Neuronal Injury

Cerebellar granule cells in culture, which are extremely vulnerable to excitotoxin glutamate or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), were used to study mechanisms of neuronal cell death and protection. Paradoxically, pretreatment of these cells with subtoxic concentrations of NMDA markedly blocked the neurotoxicity resulting from subsequent exposure to glutamate or NMDA. The NMDA-mediated neuroprotection can be antagonized by pretreatment of these cells with protein synthesis inhibitors, suggesting an involvement of protein(s) with neuroprotectant properties, most likely neurotrophic factors. Because basic fibroblast growth factor (BFGF) is well known to prevent neuronal cell death following mechanical or chemical injury, we have tested whether NMDA increases the synthesis of bFGF in cerebellar granule cells. NMDA elicited a rapid and time-dependent increase in bFGF mRNA, suggesting that availability of this trophic factor may play a role in the NMDA-mediated neuroprotection.
Learning Behaviors of Functions

We consider the inductive inference model of Gold [15]. Suppose we are given a set of functions that are learnable with certain number of mind changes and errors. What properties of these functions are learnable if we allow fewer number of mind changes or errors? In order to answer this question this paper extends the Inductive Inference model introduced by Gold [15]. Another motivation for this extension is to understand and characterize properties that are learnable for a given set of functions. Our extension considers a wide range of properties of function based on their input-output relationship. Two specific properties of functions are studied in this paper. The first property, which we call modality, explores how the output of a function fluctuates. For example, consider a function that predicts the price of a stock. A brokerage company buys and sells stocks very often in a day for its clients with the intent of maximizing their profit. If the company is able predict the trend of the stock market "reasonably" accurately then it is bound to be very successful. Identification criterion for this property of a function f is called PREX which predicts if f(x) is equal to, less than or greater than f(x+1) for each x. Next, as opposed to a constant tracking by a brokerage company, an individual investor does not often track dynamic changes in stock values. Instead, the investor would like to move the investment to a less risky option when the investment exceeds or falls below certain threshold. We capture this notion using an identification criterion called TREX that essentially predicts if a function value is at, above, or below a threshold value. Conceptually,modality prediction (i.e., PREX) and threshold prediction (i.e., TREX) are "easier" than EX learning. We show that neither the number of errors nor the number of mind-changes can be reduced when we ease the learning criterion from exact learning to learning modality or threshold. We also prove that PREX and TREX are totally different properties to predict. That is, the strategy for a brokerage company may not be a good strategy for individual investor and vice versa.
Polarized Target Experiment at Fermilab

I am reporting today on Experiment 61 at Fermilab, which is a large collaboration aimed at measuring the polarization in π+p, π-p, and p-p elastic scattering. We have preliminary results from our first run at 100 GeV.
Do teachers and students get the ed-tech products they need: The challenges of ed-tech procurement in a rapidly growing market

Ed-tech courseware products to support teaching and learning are being developed and made available for acquisition by school districts at a rapid rate. In this growing market, developers and providers face challenges with making their products visible to customers, while school district stakeholders must grapple with “discovering” which products of the many available best address their instructional needs. The present study presents the experiences with and perceptions about the procurement process from 47 superintendents representing diverse school districts in the U. S. Results indicate that, while improvements are desired in many aspects of the procurement process, the superintendents, overall, believe that, once desired products are identified, they are generally able to acquire them. Difficulties lie in tighter budgets, discovering products that are potentially the best choices, and evaluating the effectiveness of the products selected as options. These findings are presented and interpreted in relation to five major “Action Points” in the procurement process, and also with regard to implications for evaluating how educational technology impacts K-12 instruction. Keywords: Ed-tech, school districts, K-12.
BETA-GAMMA DECAY OF 115In

We have computed the beta-gamma decay width of 115In. This compound transition, through both the first and second excited levels of 115Sn, has a branching ratio of about 10−6 with respect to the dominant β− decay, and it causes an additional background were 115In used as a solar neutrino detector.
Identification of a Human Orthologue of Sec34p as a Component of the cis-Golgi Vesicle Tethering Machinery

The roles of the components of the Sec34p protein complex in intracellular membrane trafficking, first identified in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have yet to be characterized in higher eukaryotes. We cloned a human cDNA whose predicted amino acid sequence showed 41% similarity to yeast Sec34p with homology throughout the entire coding region. Affinity-purified antibodies raised against the human SEC34 protein (hSec34p) recognized a cellular protein of 94 kDa in both soluble and membrane fractions. Like yeast Sec34p, cytosolic hSec34p migrated with an apparent molecular mass of 300 kDa on a glycerol velocity gradient, suggesting that it is part of a protein complex. Immunofluorescence microscopy localized hSec34p to the Golgi compartment in cells of all species examined, where it co-localized well with the cis/medial Golgi marker membrin and partially co-localized with cis-Golgi network marker p115 and trans-Golgi marker TGN38. The co-localization with membrin was maintained at 15 degrees C and after microtubule depolymerization with nocodazole. During transport of the tsO45 vesicular stomatitis virus G protein through the Golgi, there was significant overlap with the hSec34p compartment. Green fluorescent protein-hSec34 expressed in HeLa cells was restricted to Golgi cisternae, and its membrane association was sensitive to brefeldin A treatment. Taken together, our findings indicate that hSec34p is part of a peripheral membrane protein complex localized on cis/medial Golgi cisternae where it may participate in tethering intra-Golgi transport vesicles.
A study of foam extrusion using a chemical blowing agent

An experimental study of foam extrusion was carried out to determine the effect of processing variables on the quality of the foam produced. For the study, the chemical blowing agent azodicarbonamide was used, together with an activator and a nucleating agent, to produce thermoplastic foams of low-density polyethylenes. The quality of foam was determined from photomicrographs and the tensile properties of extrudate samples. It was found that the percent elongation correlates with the foam density and that the cell structure (cell size and its distribution) correlates with the ultimate tensile properties of the foam produced. Also, an experimental study was carried out to observe the growth of gas bubbles as the polymer melt containing a blowing agent flows through a rectangular channel constructed of quartz. This experiment helped us to interpret the curved pressure profile of the polymer melt containing a blowing agent as the melt approaches the die exit, whereas the polymer without a blowing agent shows a linear pressure profile.
Synergistic neuroprotective therapies with hypothermia.

Neuroprotection is a major health care priority, given the enormous burden of human suffering and financial cost caused by perinatal brain damage. With the advent of hypothermia as therapy for term hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy, there is hope for repair and protection of the brain after a profound neonatal insult. However, it is clear from the published clinical trials and animal studies that hypothermia alone will not provide complete protection or stimulate the repair that is necessary for normal neurodevelopmental outcome. This review critically discusses drugs used to treat seizures after hypoxia–ischemia in the neonate with attention to evidence of possible synergies for therapy. In addition, other agents such as xenon, N-acetylcysteine, erythropoietin, melatonin and cannabinoids are discussed as future potential therapeutic agents that might augment protection from hypothermia. Finally, compounds that might damage the developing brain or counteract the neuroprotective effects of hypothermia are discussed.
The variational method of Djukic and Vujanovic and its relation to classical variational methods

The variational methods are classified into different types according to their Lagrangians, namely, classical-, limit-, adjoint- restricted- and Djukic, Vujanovic (DV)-Lagrangians. For some types, the existence of a Lagrangian to a given equation is discussed and examples are listed. Rules for a general application of the DV-method are presented and the equivalence of the DV-method to other variational methods is shown. This guarantees the identity of the corresponding Euler-Lagrange equations and their (exact) solutions. In special cases, even the approximate variational solutions become identical.
Graphical analysis of ligand-binding systems: evaluation by Monte Carlo studies.

Abstract Graphical methods have traditionally been the principal means for estimation of parameters (e.g., affinity constants, cooperativity parameters, and concentrations of receptor sites) in enzymology and ligand-binding problems. The present report provides a review of these methods as well as new results, as applied to three coordinate systems popularly used in ligand-binding studies: B F vs [Bound]. B F vs [Free], and B F vs [Total]. We consider two extremely general models, the statistical mechanical model and the Adair model for equilibrium ligand binding. We also consider a very specialized case of receptor interaction wherein the equilibrium constannt of dissociation is linearly related to receptor occupancy. We collect previously described equations and derive new ones, to enable the user to estimate the parameters of the models in terms of relatively easily measurable graphical characteristics. We have evaluated the performance of these methods in representative cases using Monte Carlo studies. The results indicate the kind of precision and accuracy which can be obtained with typical experimental designs. Depending upon the magnitude of experimental error, the graphical methods can provide dependable values for the binding parameters. However, in general, the results obtained by the graphical methods should be regarded as reasonable initial estimates for further refinement by weighted nonlinear least-squares curve fitting.
Stroke risk in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing endoscopy

Objective: To determine the risk of stroke in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) when anticoagulation is adjusted for bronchoscopy, gastroscopy, or colonoscopy, and to identify factors that could modify this risk. Methods: The authors reviewed patients with AF undergoing endoscopies between 1995 and 2001, with specific analysis of patients with AF in whom anticoagulation was adjusted for the procedures. The authors calculated the stroke rate within 30 days of the procedures. Results: Twelve strokes occurred in 987 patients undergoing 1,137 procedures (1.06%/procedure). The risk ranged from 0.31% for patients with nonvalvular AF undergoing routine procedures to 2.93% for complex patients undergoing endoscopies combined with other procedures or with comorbid illnesses. Patients with stroke were more likely to be complex (7/12 vs 219/975, p = 0.04); to be older than 80 years (6/12 vs 187/975, p = 0.017); to have a history of stroke (7/12 vs 194/975, p = 0.004), hypertension (10/12 vs 508/975, p = 0.04), or hyperlipidemia (9/12 vs 334/975, p = 0.005); or to have a family history of vascular disease (10/12 vs 502/975, p = 0.039). Conclusions: The risk of stroke in patients with AF whose anticoagulation is adjusted for endoscopies is low, but almost tenfold higher in patients with complex clinical situations. Age, history of stroke, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and family history of vascular disease may increase the risk of stroke.
Optimization of Gel and EMC for Micro Opto Coupler to Prevent Neck Crack of Gold Wire

This paper focuses on improvement and prevention of gold wire neck crack for a micro Opto coupler. This is a common industry problem, which often induce quality and reliability issues. The DOE simulations which include different thickness of gel, different Young's modulus and CTE of both gel and EMC are considered. TMCL simulation through FE code Ansys® is conducted to evaluate the influence of various factors to neck crack of gold bond wire. As it is known, the fatigue property of gold wire is governed by the maximum plastic strain. So in simulations, the maximum plastic strain is mainly focused on to reflect the influence of concerned factors for avoiding gold bond wire crack. Several factors are optimized and the best choice for these items is screened out to prevent neck crack of gold bond wire. The suggestions to improve the product quality and reliability are presented based on the optimization of simulation results.
Heregulin Stimulates Mitogenesis and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase in Mouse Fibroblasts Transfected with erbB2/neu and erbB3

Heregulin (HRG) is a pluripotent growth factor that can stimulate the growth of some human mammary tumor cells and the differentiation of others. Two members of the epidermal growth factor receptor family of receptor/tyrosine kinases, p180erbB3 and p180erbB4, serve as receptors for the HRG ligand. While HRG appears to be capable of stimulating the autophosphorylation activity of p180erbB4, the co-expression of p185erbC2erbC2neu with p180erbB3 is necessary for the HRG-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of both of these receptors. On the basis of the sequences surrounding their putative tyrosine phosphorylation sites, we predict that the different HRG-responsive receptors couple to different intracellular SH2 domain-containing proteins. Hence, the different receptors may mediate different cellular responses to the HRG ligand. In the present study we show that HRGβ1 is mitogenic for erbB3-transfected DHFR/G8 cells, an NIH3T3 mouse fibroblast derivative that overexpresses p185erbC2neu. HRG stimulated the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into the DNA of these cells with an EC50 of 70 ± 7 pM. HRG was not mitogenic for parental DHFR/G8 cells that do not express the ErbB3 protein. Phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase, an enzyme believed to be important in cellular growth regulation by growth factors and oncogenes, is predicted to couple to tyrosine-phosphorylated ErbB3. We observed that HRG stimulated the association of PI 3-kinase with both p185erbC2neu and ErbB3 in transfected DHFR/G8 cells, but not in the parental cell line. We conclude that the ErbB3 protein is capable of mediating a proliferative response of fibroblasts to HRG, and that the activation of PI 3-kinase is an integral part of the growth signaling mechanism.
Stacking of a stearoyl‐ACP thioesterase with a dual‐silenced palmitoyl‐ACP thioesterase and ∆12 fatty acid desaturase in transgenic soybean

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) is valued for both its protein and oil, whose seed is composed of 40% and 20% of each component, respectively. Given its high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid and linolenic acid, soybean oil oxidative stability is relatively poor. Historically food processors have employed a partial hydrogenation process to soybean oil as a means to improve both the oxidative stability and functionality in end-use applications. However, the hydrogenation process leads to the formation of trans-fats, which are associated with negative cardiovascular health. As a means to circumvent the need for the hydrogenation process, genetic approaches are being pursued to improve oil quality in oilseeds. In this regard, we report here on the introduction of the mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) stearoyl-ACP thioesterase into soybean and the subsequent stacking with an event that is dual-silenced in palmitoyl-ACP thioesterase and ∆12 fatty acid desaturase expression in a seed-specific fashion. Phenotypic analyses on transgenic soybean expressing the mangosteen stearoyl-ACP thioesterase revealed increases in seed stearic acid levels up to 17%. The subsequent stacked with a soybean event silenced in both palmitoyl-ACP thioesterase and ∆12 fatty acid desaturase activity, resulted in a seed lipid phenotype of approximately 11%-19% stearate and approximately 70% oleate. The oil profile created by the stack was maintained for four generations under greenhouse conditions and a fifth generation under a field environment. However, in generation six and seven under field conditions, the oleate levels decreased to 30%-40%, while the stearic level remained elevated.
Survival of a neonate after myocardial infarction complicated by late mitral regurgitation

A neonate born with a normal heart developed acute myocardial infarction at 12 days of age. Trivial mitral regurgitation secondary to fibrosis of posteromedial papillary muscle progressed to heart failure at 6 months of age. Mitral valve annuloplasty improved her condition.
Stimulation of prostaglandin synthetase activity in rat granulosa cells by gonadotropins in vivo.

Abstract The effect of in vivo exposure to gonadotropin on prostaglandin synthetase activity in rat granulosa cells was examined in two experimental settings. The first setting was immature rats treated with pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The second was mature rats on the day of proestrus. In the experiments using immature rats, the administration of hCG (20 I.U.) at noon of the second day after the PMSG (20 I.U.) injection led to large (more than 5 fold) increases in granulosa cell prostaglandin synthetase activity 5 and 10 h later. Follicular fluid PGE levels were also markedly increased at 5 and 10 h after hCG. Similar results were also found in experiments performed with mature proestrus rats. Granulosa cell prostaglandin synthetase activity was elevated at approximately 4 and 8 h after the endogenous LH surge (about 4 p.m. on proestrus), in comparison with the activity at midnight of diestrus, or noon and 4 p.m. on proestrus. In these experiments the changes in prostaglandin synthetase activity (10 fold) also paralleled the increases in follicular fluid PGE concentrations. Thus the exposure to gonadotropin in vivo produced essentially the same effect as we had reported earlier for isolated granulosa cells incubated with LH in vitro . The stimulation of prostaglandin synthetase activity must therefore be ascribed an important role in the physiological regulation of granulosa cell prostaglandin synthesis by LH.
Apictorial Jigsaw Puzzles: The Computer Solution of a Problem in Pattern Recognition

This paper describes the development of a procedure that enables a digital computer to solve ``apictorial'' jigsaw puzzles, i.e., puzzles in which all pieces are uniformly gray and the only available information is the shape of the pieces. The problem was selected because it provided an excellent vehicle to develop computer techniques for manipulation of arbitrary geometric patterns, for pattern identification, and for game solving. The kinds of puzzles and their properties are discussed in detail. Methods are described for characterizing and classifying piece contours, for selecting and ordering pieces that are ``most likely'' to mate with a given piece, for determining likelihood of fit, for overcoming ambiguities, and for evaluation of the progressive puzzle assembly. An illustration of an actual computer solution of a puzzle is given.
Migrations and Biological Characteristics of Adfluvial Coaster Brook Trout in a South Shore Lake Superior Tributary

Abstract We used fish traps and electrofishing surveys to characterize the biology, life history traits, and potential biotic interactors important to the rehabilitation of native, adfluvial coaster brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis in Lake Superior. This study focused on the Salmon Trout River, Michigan, which is the site of the last known remnant population of adfluvial brook trout on the south shore of Lake Superior. The brook trout captured in passive traps (weirs) in the river ranged from 56 to 554 mm in total length (TL) and from 0 (young of the year) to 6 years of age. This population displayed a protracted 5-month migration into the river but one that included relatively few fish. Coaster brook trout in this population appear to initiate adfluvial migrations near age 3 and 300 mm TL. Relative weight values increased with fish length and therefore reproductive life stage, possibly indicating the shift from river to lake habitats. This population of coaster brook trout is small and subject to potent...
Centrifugal instabilities during spin-down to rest in finite cylinders. Numerical experiments

A cylinder filled with a viscous, incompressible fluid is in an initial state of rigid-body rotation about its axis of symmetry. If the container is brought to rest impulsively, the resulting unsteady spin-down flow may be subject to sidewall instabilities due to an imbalance between centrifugal and pressure gradient forces. These instabilities are examined numerically using a finite-difference simulation to integrate the axisymmetric Navier–Stokes equations for a variety of aspect ratios and Reynolds numbers. The Taylor–Gortler vortex-wavelength spectrum, the torque and the angular momentum histories are calculated. Criteria for the onset time for instability and the spin-down time are given. The effects of the enhanced mixing due to instability on the spin-down characteristics and torque are discussed. The results are compared with experiment.
The additional benefit of extending an antidepressant trial past seven weeks in the depressed elderly

Thirty-three elderly depressed patients who had not responded to either phenelzine or nortriptyline after seven weeks of treatment were given an additional two weeks of treatment. Nearly half of these patients responded during this grace period and the overall response rate increased from 54.0% to 70.0%. Patients on phenelzine did particularly well with the extended trial. The authors conclude that for elderly patients, an antidepressant trial of at least two months may be necessary for optimal response.
Design results for a set of thin film color-scanning filters

Abstract Accurate scanning of a color image, which is absolutely essential for good colour reproduction, depends uponthe creation of a set of filters matched to the optical system of the scanner. Previous work developed a measureof goodness for a set of color filters. The measure provides an optimization criterion which can be maximized toobtain optimal scanning filters of arbitrary spectral shapes. This paper reports on the results of fabricating andtesting filters designed by this method. The results show that the filters can be fabricated accurately enough to produce increased accuracy in color measurement over existing filters. KEYWORDS: Color, Scanning, Filter Design, Color Reproduction 1 INTRODUCTION It is well known that the scanning filters need not be exact duplicates of the CIE color matching functions butneed be only a nonsingular transformation of them. The measure of goodness, which was developed in previous work [3] , [4] , [5], measures the goodness of a set of filters rather than each individual filter. The measure isbased on the closeness of the vector space spanned by the filters to the space spanned by the color matchingfunctions. Other measures which have attempted to measure the entire set, such as using the average of theNeugebauer Q-factor [1], [2], need additional information to be effective. For example, it is obvious that thepeak transmissions of the scanning filters should be well separated to produce effective filters. However, usingthe average value of the Q-factors forces this constraint to be enforced by the designer. The measure developed
Diffusion modifies the connectivity of kinetic schemes for multisite binding and catalysis

The simplest way to describe the influence of the relative diffusion of the reactants on the time course of bimolecular reactions is to modify or renormalize the phenomenological rate constants that enter into the rate equations of conventional chemical kinetics. However, for macromolecules with multiple inequivalent reactive sites, this is no longer sufficient, even in the low concentration limit. The physical reason is that an enzyme (or a ligand) that has just modified (or dissociated from) one site can bind to a neighboring site rather than diffuse away. This process is not described by the conventional chemical kinetics, which is only valid in the limit that diffusion is fast compared with reaction. Using an exactly solvable many-particle reaction-diffusion model, we show that the influence of diffusion on the kinetics of multisite binding and catalysis can be accounted for by not only scaling the rates, but also by introducing new connections into the kinetic scheme. The rate constants that describe these new transitions or reaction channels turn out to have a transparent physical interpretation: The chemical rates are scaled by the appropriate probabilities that a pair of reactants, which are initially in contact, bind rather than diffuse apart. The theory is illustrated by application to phosphorylation of a multisite substrate.
On Direct Methods for Constructing Nonlinear Normal Modes of Continuous Systems

A direct method based on the method of normal forms is proposed for constructing the nonlinear normal modes of continuous systems. The proposed method is compared with the method of multiple scales and the methods of Shaw and Pierre and King and Vakakis by applying them to three conservative systems with cubic nonlinearities: (a) a hinged-hinged beam resting on a nonlinear elastic foundation, (b) a model of a relief valve (linear elastic spring attached to a nonlinear spring with a mass), and (c) a simply supported linear beam with nonlinear torsional springs at both ends. In the absence of internal resonance, the constructed nonlinear modes with all four methods are the same. The method of multiple scales seems to be the simplest and the least computationally demanding. The methods of multiple scales and normal forms are applicable to problems with and without internal resonances, whereas the present forms of the methods of Shaw and Pierre and King and Vakakis are not applicable to problems with internal...
Typology of religiosity/spirituality in relation to perceived health, depression, and life satisfaction among older Korean immigrants

Objectives: The objectives of this study were (1) to identify distinct subtypes of older Korean immigrants based on their levels of religiosity/spirituality (R/S) and (2) to determine if the identified subtypes differed by demographic characteristics, perceived health, depression, and life satisfaction.Method: Factor mixture models were evaluated with a nonprobability sample of older Korean immigrants (N = 200) residing in the New York City area in 2009 to classify typologies of R/S. Multiple regression was used to test the associations between the R/S subtypes and outcomes (perceived health, depression, and life satisfaction) while controlling for demographics.Results: Two substantively distinct latent profiles were identified: normally religious/spiritual (‘average R/S’) and minimally religious/spiritual (‘low R/S’). The average R/S subgroup (74.4%) showed higher means than those in the low R/S subgroup (25.6%) on all six R/S class indicators. Subtypes did not differ on age, education, income, marital s...
Thinned-skull cranial window technique for long-term imaging of the cortex in live mice.

Imaging neurons, glia and vasculature in the living brain has become an important experimental tool for understanding how the brain works. Here we describe in detail a protocol for imaging cortical structures at high optical resolution through a thinned-skull cranial window in live mice using two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM). Surgery can be performed within 30–45 min and images can be acquired immediately thereafter. The procedure can be repeated multiple times allowing longitudinal imaging of the cortex over intervals ranging from days to years. Imaging through a thinned-skull cranial window avoids exposure of the meninges and the cortex, thus providing a minimally invasive approach for studying structural and functional changes of cells under normal and pathological conditions in the living brain.
Defining Art, Creating the Canon: Artistic Value in an Era of Doubt

Introduction: Normative Aesthetics and Artistic Value PART ONE: CULTURE AND ARTISTIC VALUE 1. Cultural Exclusion and the Definition of Art 2. Defining Art, Defending the Canon, Contesting Culture PART TWO: THE AESTHETIC AND THE ARTISTIC 3. From Beauty to Art Developing Kant's Aesthetics 4. The Scope and Value of the Artistic Image PART THREE: DISTINCTIVE MODES OF IMAGING 5. Twofoldness: Pictorial Art and the Imagination 6. Between Language and Perception: Literary Metaphor 7. Musical Meaning and Value 8. Eternalizing the Moment: Artistic Projections of Time Conclusion - The Status and Future of Art
Amphiphilic Scorpion-like Macromolecules as Micellar Nanocarriers

Amphiphilic scorpion-like macromolecules (AScMs), that self-assemble as nanocarriers, were evaluated for intracellular delivery. To qualitatively examine the intracellular fate of AScMs in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), representative polymers (M12P5) were labeled with a fluorescent dye, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). The FITC-labeled M12P5 micelles were prepared by mixing a low concentration of FITC-labeled M12P5 polymer (10wt%) with unlabeled M12P5 polymer (90wt%). Optical sectioning by confocal laser scanning microscopy of HUVECs incubated with FITC-labeled polymer micelles revealed that the polymers were localized in subcellular components within 60 min. Transmission electron microscopy was used to highlight the rapid accumulation of a polymer-encapsulated agent in the nucleus by 60 min. This study demonstrated that the M12P5 polymers were internalized into HUVECs. Based on these data, the polymeric nanocarriers are potential candidates for intracytoplasmic and nuclear delivery o...
Leisure and Socialization

The conceptual dichotomy between instrumental and expressive activities confines leisure to the expressive sphere and makes it dependent on more essential instrumental institutions. Ontogenetically, however, expressive experiences are prior to instrumental ones, and they serve as the criteria by which the latter are evaluated. Each generation must learn that expressive experiences are available in the instrumental roles of society, or the social system is unlikely to survive. Therefore it is essential to provide socialization into expressive experience through role models who are able to enjoy their instrumental roles. Even those social scientists who are most interested in the topic take for granted the assumption that leisure activities emerge out of, and are dependent on, the productive institutions of social systems. This assumption, rarely questioned since Huizinga argued the opposite point, has been further buttressed in recent years by the tendency to equate leisure with "expressive," as opposed to "instrumental" activities (Gordon et al.; Parsons, a, b, c). As soon as leisure is identified with expressive activities, that is, those providing immediate intrinsic rewards as opposed to delayed gratification, the logical next step is to see leisure as a nonessential, optional activity in contrast to necessary survival functions served by instrumental activities. This relationship between work and leisure is well expressed in the old fable of the grasshopper and the ant, and in popular sayings such as the following by Ben Franklin, that most eloquent apostle of the Protestant Ethic: The honest man takes his pains and then enjoys pleasure; the knave takes pleasure
Discontinuous bifurcation states for associated smooth plasticity and damage with isotropic elasticity

Abstract For many constitutive equations the tangent tensor consists of a rank one modification to the isotropic elasticity tensor with a total of two elasticity parameters and one parameter describing the current state of inelasticity. For small deformations, general expressions are derived for the loss of ellipticity, the corresponding normal to the bifurcation plane and the mode of discontinuous bifurcation for the velocity gradient. If the principal basis of an evolution tensor is used, the current stress or strain state is characterized by two additional parameters. The small number of material and state parameters makes it feasible to use contour plots to iilustrate all possible combinations that can provide a discontinuous bifurcation. These bifurcation maps can be used to illustrate the bifurcation properties of a particular plasticity or continuum damage constitutive model. Conversely, the bifurcation maps can be used in conjunction with experimental data on bifurcation features to assist in the development of constitutive equations that provide the correct failure criterion for a given material under all possible stress paths.
Human embryonic stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons reverse functional deficit in Parkinsonian rats

Human embryonic stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons reverse functional deficit in Parkinsonian rats
Perioperative clinical thromboembolic events after radical or partial nephrectomy.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the incidence of, and identify the risk factors for, clinical thromboembolic events after radical/partial nephrectomy. Cancer is an established risk factor for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE); however, their incidence after nephrectomy for renal tumors has been poorly studied. Methods We reviewed our prospective institutional renal database and identified 2208 patients who underwent renal tumor surgery from January 1989 to July 2005. The clinical parameters evaluated were age, sex, race, body mass index, smoking history, medical comorbidities, American Society of Anesthesia grade, procedure type, estimated blood loss, and length of hospitalization. Hospital records, discharge "International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision" codes, and 30-day postoperative morbidity and mortality data were reviewed to identify patients diagnosed with perioperative DVT or PE. Results A total of 34 (1.5%, 95% confidence interval 1.1% to 2.1%) thromboembolic events (20 PEs and 14 DVTs) were identified in 33 patients. Patients with a preoperative history of arrhythmia ( P = 0.02) or prior DVT ( P = 0.053) were more likely to experience PE. The estimated blood loss was directly associated with an increased risk of PE ( P = 0.001). Patients with coronary artery disease ( P = 0.050) or of advanced age ( P = 0.02) were more likely to experience DVT ( P = 0.02). Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study on the incidence of thromboembolic events after nephrectomy. Thromboembolic events are rare but are more likely to occur in patients with coronary artery disease, cardiac arrhythmia, prior DVT, Stage 3 or 4 tumors, or a large estimated blood loss.
Students' understanding of computation-related rational number skills

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences between students' and instructors' perceptions of similarities among basic computation-related rational number skills. Multidimensional scaling was used to determine how the students organized their thinking about the computational problems. This was done by estimating the parameters and assessing the fit of various spatial distance models for proximity. Results indicate that college students enrolled in developmental mathematics do see some relationships among rational number computation skills, although not necessarily the ones seen by instructors.
Technoeconomic Analysis of Microalgae Cofiring Process for Fossil Fuel-Fired Power Plants

The concept of cofiring (algal biomass burned together with coal or natural gas in existing utility power boilers) includes the utilization of CO 2 from power plant for algal biomass culture and oxycombustion of using oxygen generated by biomass to enhance the combustion efficiency. As it reduces CO 2 emission by recycling it and uses less fossil fuel, there are concomitant benefits of reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The byproducts (oxygen) of microalgal biomass can be mixed with air or recycled flue gas prior to combustion, which will have the benefits of lower nitrogen oxide concentration in flue gas, higher efficiency of combustion, and not too high temperature (avoided by available construction materials) resulting from coal combustion in pure oxygen. A technoeconomic analysis of microalgae cofiring process for fossil fuel-fired power plants is studied. A process with closed photobioreactor and artificial illumination is evaluated for microalgae cultivation, due to its simplicity with less influence from climate variations. The results from this process would contribute to further estimation of process performance and investment. Two case studies show that there are average savings about $0.264 million/MW/yr and $0.203 million/MW/yr for coal-fired and natural gas-fired power plants, respectively. These cost savings are economically attractive and demonstrate the promise of microalgae technology for reducing GHG emission from fossil fuel-fired power plants.