cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The biopolitics of global health: Life and death in neoliberal time:

The opening years of the 21st century have witnessed the rise of ‘global health’ as the preferred label for attempts to govern the health of the global population. In this article, I locate the epistemological origins of global health in the introduction of the Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) metric in the World Bank’s Investing in Health report. I argue that the DALY metric accomplishes an economization of life by disaggregating lifetimes into component units of time and reassembling life as a revenue stream to be maximized through practices of self-investment in one’s own health – configured here as human capital. Life is reimagined as time and the individual as a neoliberal homo oeconomicus: as an entrepreneur of the self. I argue that the DALY metric is best conceived as a biopolitical technology of power that underpins the contemporary neoliberal global health regime.
Lightweight Robust Routing in Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks

In mobile wireless networks, path breakage happens frequently due to the movement of mobile nodes, node failure, channel fading and shadowing. It is challenging to combat path breakage at the cost of minimum control overhead, while adapting to topological changes rapidly. Due to the Wireless Broadcast Advantage, all nodes inside the transmission range of the transmitting node may receive the packet. Inherently, those nodes serve as cooperative caching and backup nodes if the intended receiver fails to receive the packet. In distributed robust routing, presented here, nodes work cooperatively to enhance the robustness of routing against path failure. Our simulation results show that robust routing improves robustness in mobile wireless sensor networks while achieving energy efficiency.
Penetration of grafted astrocytic scars by regenerating optic nerve axons in Xenopus tadpoles.

Abstract The following study was performed in order to determine the effect of a dense glial scar upon the outgrowth of neurites in the regenerating optic nerves of Xenopus tadpoles. Glial scars, primarily comprised of hypertrophic astrocytes, were formed in the optic nerves of postmetamorphic, juvenile Xenopus by unilateral enucleation. After 25–40 days, segments of glial scar tissue were then grafted near the cut retinal stumps of the transected optic nerves in stage 54–56 tadpoles. Within 7–10 days bundles of unmyelinated axons were seen among the cytoplasmic processes of the implanted astrocytes, and many of the fibers had traversed the entire extent of the graft by 7–10 days. The results indicate that in this regenerating system an extremely dense glial scar, formed by mature, hypertrophic astrocytes, does not represent a major obstacle to axonal outgrowth. These observations are discussed in relation to the problem of glial scarring and the general failure of regeneration in the mammalian central nervous system.
Neutron yields from proton bombardment of thick targets

Abstract Neutron spectra and relative γ-ray yields have been obtained from the proton bombardment of thick targets of C, H2O (ice), Mg, Si, S, CaO, Ni58, Ta, W, Pt, Au and Pb. The measurements were carried out for proton energies from 8 to 13 MeV to obtain information on the relative merit of these materials as beam stops. The neutron spectra were integrated to obtain the total yield of neutrons with energies greater than 0.7 MeV. For proton energies below 10 MeV, the Ni58 target produced the lowest yield of neutrons, but the γ-ray yield was relatively high. At proton energies above 11 MeV, ice has the lowest neutron yield and the γ-ray yield was lower than that produced by the Ni58 target.
Low energy electron attachment to SF(sub 6) at sub-meV resolution using a new, tunable laser photoelectron method

Electron attachment to sulfur hexafluoride is studied using a new photoelectron source of ultralow energy electrons with sum-millielectron volt resolution.
Influence of the rain cell structure on attenuation predictions on earth-space paths

This paper examined the influence of modeled rain cell horizontal structure, size, and statistics on the prediction of rain induced attenuation of radiowaves along an earth-space slant path. Circularly symmetric uniform, exponential, and Gaussian shapes were compared. It was shown that the modeled rain cell horizontal shape has little influence on the long term slant path attenuation predictions. However, the rain cell size model can have a significant impact on the attenuation predictions. The magnitude and shape of this effect depends upon the manner in which the rain cell model is implemented into the attenuation model. The characteristics differ for commonly used models that assume a well defined relation between the cell size parameter and the rain rate than for approaches in which the statistics of the cell size parameter are applied.
A Discrete-Time Population-Control Model with Setup Cost

A discrete-time stochastic model is often used to describe a natural animal, pest, or epidemic population. Control action, representing harvesting, exterminating, etc., can be taken periodically to reduce the current population level, and so modify its future growth. Dynamic programming can be used to determine optimal control policies for models where growth and control produce economically measurable benefits and/or costs. When controlling action incurs a setup charge plus a cost component linear in the amount of state reduction produced, the optimal policy is found to be characterized by a pair sn, Sn, where reduction is made in period n to state sn if the native population is found to be above state Sn. Analogy with inventory theory is exploited in proving the result.
Electrochemical evaluation of carbon nanotubes and carbon black for the cathode of Li–air batteries

Abstract Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) was used to screen carbon catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance as electrodes for the Li–air battery. Lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (LiTF 2 N) in tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME) was used as the electrolyte during testing. The effect of manganese/manganese oxide addition on the performance of the carbons was compared to that of the bare carbons in a cycling study. From CV results, it was found that single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) had the highest peak current density per gram for ORR and OER than the other types of carbon studied. The SWCNT ORR peak decreased 49% after 100 cycles and only 36% when manganese/manganese oxide was added. The high activity of SWCNT with manganese/manganese oxide spheres make it a desirable material to use as the cathode for Li–air batteries.
‘It’s just semantics?’: investigating a school district’s decision to respect or value diversity

Value diversity and promote understanding—so read a heading in a school district’s strategic plan. The phrase was to initiate six months of controversial community debate that was eventually encapsulated into the single question: Should our schools respect or should they value diversity? This question polarized the community, ultimately shaping the final outcome of the debate. Such localized deliberations reflect and reconstruct societal discourses about diversity and democracy, ultimately influencing educational policy decisions and schooling practices. Understanding how participants navigate these discourses is crucial for formulating more inclusive educational policy and for transforming societal discourses about democracy and difference. In this essay, it is argued that two discursive practices limited the democratic potential of the Boulder, Colorado school district’s debate and undermined the transformation of dominant discourses about diversity. It is suggested that these two linguistic tools appea...
An Observational Study of Intermediate Band Students' Self-Regulated Practice Behaviors.

The purpose of this study was to investigate intermediate musicians’ self-regulated practice behaviors. Thirty sixth- through eighth-grade students were observed practicing band repertoire individu...
The apparent production of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals by hematoporphyrin and light as seen by spin‐trapping

Hematoporphyrin is known to have photodynamic properties. The exposure of biomolecules or cells to hematoporphyrin and visible light can result in damage [l] and can even be lethal [2]. This inactivating effect appears to be greater in cancer cells than in corresponding normal cells [3]. This is thought to be due in part to the greater acc~ulation of hematoporphyrin in malignant tissue than in most other tissues 14-71. There is evidence that the cytotoxic action of hematoporphyrin and light is the result of the photosensitized production of singlet oxygen, a short-lived, hi@ly reactive state of molecular oxygen (8-101, However, the interaction of hematoporphyrin with biomolecules may proceed by a radical mechanism rather than by a singlet oxygen mechanism [ 111. In [ 121 evidence indicating the production of hydroxyl radical in cell systems exposed to hematopo~hyr~ and red light appeared. He~topo~hy~ could produce superoxide radical in aprotic solvents 1131, but no free radical formation in the presence of water was observed [ 131. The photosensitized production of superoxide by hematoporphyrin has been reported in [ 141 but only in the presence of NADH or NADPH. Thus, the significance of a radical mechanism for this reaction needs to be thoroughly investigated. In [1.5-l 71 we proposed a new model for malignancy. The essence of the model is as follows: Tumor cells have diminished amounts of the mang~ese~onta~~g superoxide dismuta~, but at the same time they are capable of produc~g significant amounts of superoxide radical. We believe this difference between malignant and normal cells can be exploited in the treatment of cancer. Agents
Influence of Application Rate and Timing of Diclosulam on Weed Control in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Abstract Field studies were conducted from 1996 to 1998 in Georgia to determine peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and weed response to ethalfluralin (0.8 kg ai/ha) plus diclosulam applied preplant incor...
Zoom-Invariant Vision of Figural Shape: Effects on Cores of Image Disturbances

Abstract The medial loci called cores are generalized maxima in scale space of a form of medial information that is invariant to translation, rotation, and zoom. S. M. Pizeret al.show that these invariances imply medial loci having the property that boundary sensing is made with apertures proportional to figural width (Comput. Vision Image Understand.69, 1998). This property of cores leads to an insensitivity to image disturbances, in strong contrast to previously available medial loci. In particular, image disturbances whose amplitude under the core's aperture, proportional to the figural width, is small compared to the intensity difference of the figure and its background produce only small changes in the position and width given by the core. These insensitivities to image disturbances, including additive intensity noise, imaging blur, boundary perturbations, and object variations are discussed and demonstrated here.
Phosphodiesterase 3A (PDE3A) deletion suppresses proliferation of cultured murine vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) via inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and alterations in critical cell cycle regulatory proteins

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3) is an important regulator of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling within the cardiovascular system. In this study, we examined the role of PDE3A and PDE3B isoforms in regulation of growth of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and the mechanisms by which they may affect signaling pathways that mediate mitogen-induced VSMC proliferation. Serum- and PDGF-induced DNA synthesis in VSMCs grown from aortas of PDE3A-deficient (3A-KO) mice was markedly less than that in VSMCs from PDE3A wild type (3A-WT) and PDE3B-deficient (3B-KO) mice. The reduced growth response was accompanied by significantly less phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in 3A-KO VSMCs, most likely due to a combination of greater site-specific inhibitory phosphorylation of Raf-1Ser-259 by protein kinase A (PKA) and enhanced dephosphorylation of ERKs due to elevated mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP-1). Furthermore, 3A-KO VSMCs, compared with 3A-WT, exhibited higher basal PKA activity and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, higher levels of p53 and p53 phosphorylation, and elevated p21 protein together with lower levels of Cyclin-D1 and retinoblastoma (Rb) protein and Rb phosphorylation. Adenoviral overexpression of inactive CREB partially restored growth effects of serum in 3A-KO VSMCs. In contrast, exposure of 3A-WT VSMCs to VP16 CREB (active CREB) was associated with inhibition of serum-induced DNA synthesis similar to that in untreated 3A-KO VSMCs. Transfection of 3A-KO VSMCs with p53 siRNA reduced p21 and MKP-1 levels and completely restored growth without affecting amounts of Cyclin-D1 and Rb phosphorylation. We conclude that PDE3A regulates VSMC growth via two complementary pathways, i.e. PKA-catalyzed inhibitory phosphorylation of Raf-1 with resulting inhibition of MAPK signaling and PKA/CREB-mediated induction of p21, leading to G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, as well as by increased accumulation of p53, which induces MKP-1, p21, and WIP1, leading to inhibition of G1 to S cell cycle progression.
An enhanced method for sequence walking and paralog mining: TOPO® Vector-Ligation PCR

Although technological advances allow for the economical acquisition of whole genome sequences, many organisms' genomes remain unsequenced, and fully sequenced genomes may contain gaps. Researchers reliant upon partial genomic or heterologous sequence information require methods for obtaining unknown sequences from loci of interest. Various PCR based techniques are available for sequence walking - i.e., the acquisition of unknown DNA sequence adjacent to known sequence. Many such methods require rigid, elaborate protocols and/or impose narrowly confined options in the choice of restriction enzymes for necessary genomic digests. We describe a new method, TOPO® Vector-Ligation PCR (or TVL-PCR) that innovatively integrates available tools and familiar concepts to offer advantages as a means of both targeted sequence walking and paralog mining. TVL-PCR exploits the ligation efficiency of the pCR®4-TOPO® (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, California) vector system to capture fragments of unknown sequence by creating chimeric molecules containing defined priming sites at both ends. Initially, restriction enzyme-digested genomic DNA is end-repaired to create 3' adenosine overhangs and is then ligated to pCR4-TOPO vectors. The ligation product pool is used directly as a template for nested PCR, using specific primers to target orthologous sequences, or degenerate primers to enable capture of paralogous gene family members. We demonstrated the efficacy of this method by capturing entire coding and partial promoter sequences of several strawberry Superman-like genes. TVL-PCR is a convenient and efficient method for DNA sequence walking and paralog mining that is applicable to any organism for which relevant DNA sequence is available as a basis for primer design.
Field-widened spatial heterodyne spectroscopy: correcting for optical defects and new vacuum ultraviolet performance tests

We are developing a field-widened Spatial Heterodyne Spectrometer (SHS) for suborbital observations of the hot component of the diffuse interstellar medium. Our goal for these observations is to obtain the first velocity-resolved (20 km/s) line profiles of the CIV 154.8 nm emission line from the Cygnus loop and from one direction at high galactic latitude. Long term, our interest is to develop an SHS instrument for a radial-velocity-resolved sky survey of the 105 K 'coronal gas' component of the interstellar medium using a small satellite. We describe the basic SHS technique along with vacuum ultraviolet demonstrations using our prototype interferometer. We also describe a new data reduction technique which corrects for instrumental distortions resulting from optical defects.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Enhancement of Thomson scatter by charged aerosols in the polar mesosphere: Measurements with a 1.29‐GHz radar

The summer polar mesosphere was observed with the Sondrestrom 1.29-GHz radar with a new high-resolution data acquisition mode. On one occasion, a spatially narrow enhancement in the backscattered power was seen near an altitude of 88 km. Possible explanations are discussed and it is proposed that this layer may be the first example of polar mesosphere summer echoes detected above 1 GHz. Specifically, suggested that these echoes are enhanced Thomson scatter from a layer of charged aerosols, and speculate on the size and charge state.
d-wave superfluidity in optical lattices of ultracold polar molecules

Recent work on ultracold polar molecules, governed by a generalization of the t-J Hamiltonian, suggests that molecules may be better suited than atoms for studying d-wave superfluidity due to stronger interactions and larger tunability of the system. We compute the phase diagram for polar molecules in a checkerboard lattice consisting of weakly coupled square plaquettes. In the simplest experimentally realizable case where there is only tunneling and an XX-type spin-spin interaction, we identify the parameter regime where d-wave superfluidity occurs. We also find that the inclusion of a density-density interaction destroys the superfluid phase and that the inclusion of a spin-density or an Ising-type spin-spin interaction can enhance the superfluid phase. We also propose schemes for experimentally realizing the perturbative calculations exhibiting enhanced d-wave superfluidity.
Zimbabwe's Exodus: Crisis, Migration, Survival – Edited by Jonathan Crush and Daniel Tevera; Surviving on the Move: Migration, Poverty and Development in Southern Africa – Edited by Jonathan Crush and Bruce Frayne

The article reviews the book "Zimbabwe's Exodus: Crisis, Migration, Survival," edited by Jonathan Crush and Daniel Tevera, and "Surviving on the Move: Migration, Poverty and Development in Southern Africa," edited by Jonathan Crush and Bruce Frayne.
Mean on the Screen: Social Aggression in Programs Popular With Children

A content analysis was conducted to examine the portrayal of social aggression in the 50 most popular television programs among 2- to 11-year-old children. Results revealed that 92% of the programs in the sample contained some social aggression. On average, there were 14 different incidents of social aggression per hour in these shows, or one every 4 minutes. Compared to the portrayals of physical aggression, social aggression was more likely to be enacted by an attractive perpetrator, to be featured in a humorous context, and neither rewarded or punished. In these ways, social aggression on television poses more of a risk for imitation and learning than do portrayals of physical aggression. Findings are discussed in terms of social cognitive theory.
End-wall effects in granular tumblers: From quasi-two-dimensional flow to three-dimensional flow.

The flow of granular material in rotating tumblers is confined to a thin flowing layer at the free surface in which the particle velocity is primarily streamwise, perpendicular to the axis of rotation, with minimal axial motion. Particle tracking velocimetry was used to measure the surface velocity for 1 and $2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mm}$ glass particles and sand in cylindrical tumblers of various diameters, lengths, and rotation rates for a flat continuously flowing surface. End-wall friction slows the streamwise surface velocity adjacent to the walls, yet material just inward from the end wall flows faster than the material in the center of a long tumbler. An axial velocity occurs near the end walls both upstream and downstream of the midlength of the flowing layer. Increasing the tumbler diameter and corresponding flowing layer length causes the magnitude of the axial and streamwise velocity components, as well as the axial thickness of the end-wall region, to increase. An increase of end-wall friction slows particles directly adjacent to the end wall, further enhancing the axial flow near the end wall. Increasing the rotation rate, while still maintaining a flat continuously flowing surface, causes a corresponding increase in both the streamwise and axial velocities in the tumbler. The boundary flow effects are localized to end walls when the axial length of the tumbler $(L)$ is greater than the diameter $(D)$, so that the flow in the center region of the tumbler is independent of the end walls and hence similar to the conditions at the center of an infinitely long tumbler. Decreasing the axial length of the tumbler so that $L∕Dl1$ causes the axial velocity to decrease as the regions affected by the end walls merge. This also leads to a streamwise velocity in quasi-two-dimensional tumblers that can be more than twice that at the center of three-dimensional tumblers.
Gender Differences in Exposure to Physical Risk Factors during Standardized Computer Tasks

The aim of this study was to determine whether there were differences in exposure to physical risk factors between genders in a series of standardized laboratory-based tasks on computer workstation...
Nonlinear Behavior in the Propagation of Atmospheric Gravity Waves

Abstract The nonlinear behavior of quasi-monochromatic gravity wave breaking events is studied using a high-resolution, two-dimensional, fully nonlinear numerical model. A suite of supporting models is used alongside the nonlinear model to separate the effects of wave–wave and wave–mean flow interactions. The focus of this study is the breaking of initially monochromatic waves at two different frequencies. The results are used to address some of the issues central to the role that nonlinear effects play in gravity wave propagation and saturation. It is found that the presence or absence of wave–mean flow interactions influences the nature of wave breaking. Comparison of the results from the fully nonlinear model with those from a model from which the wave–mean flow interactions are removed indicates that wave overturning and breaking occur at lower altitudes when wave–mean flow interactions are included. This influence is found to be frequency dependent with the effect being stronger at the higher frequen...
Sea level fluctuations in the Pacific during the 1982‐83 El Nino

Sea level records are used to describe and discuss the response of the sea surface topography of the equatorial Pacific Ocean during the 1982-83 El Nino event. During the second half of 1982 westerly winds over the western Pacific caused a draining of warm water from the area north of the equator and a first peak of sea level at the Galapagos Islands in December. During the first half of 1983 westerly winds to the south of the equator caused draining of warm water from the area between the Solomon Islands and the Marquesas Islands and a second peak of sea level at the Galapagos Islands in May. At the end of El Nino in October 1983 sea level over the entire equatorial Pacific was below normal, indicating a loss of warm water from the equatorial Pacific.
The coagulation of milk with immobilized enzymes: A critical review

Abstract The milk coagulation process is described including current understanding of the mechanism and kinetics involved with emphasis on aspects which impact on coagulation with immobilized enzymes. From the studies of coagulation with immobilized enzymes reported to date there is little evidence to suggest that immobilized enzymes can be used to coagulate milk.
VIMNet - A dynamic virtual modularized NETwork architecture

The Internet has become the largest and most highly used global communications network in the world. Despite its functionality and high usage, it has shortcomings in a multitude of areas, including quality of service (QoS), security, robustness, availability, reliability, management, extensibility, and adaptability, and it has ossified. The current requirements of network applications are vast and change drastically from one network application to the next. This can not be provided by a static monolithic protocol architecture; a dynamic multidimensional protocol architecture is needed. It is envisioned that future networks will be comprised principally of very high speed wireless, multi-gigabit speed Ethernet and single as well as multi-wavelength fiber. Leveraging the power of these extremely high speed mediums and the power of virtual circuit based technologies, a dynamic protocol stack framework, VIMNet, that uses protocol modules is being designed.
Overcurrent Protection for the IEEE 34-Node Radial Test Feeder

The IEEE 34-node radial test feeder is a benchmark circuit for validating results from existing and novel load-flow algorithms. This paper discusses the addition of overcurrent protection (OCP) to the test feeder using off-the-shelf protective devices. The OCP scheme includes a recloser near the substation and fuses at the laterals. These OCP devices represent the conventional types present in most distribution systems. DIgSILENT Power Factory 13.1 was used to conduct the load-flow analysis, customize the OCP devices, and perform overcurrent protection studies on the test feeder. Recloser-fuse and fuse-fuse coordination tests were conducted. Results from the coordination studies showed that the assigned OCP devices provided adequate trip coordination for all fault types on the test feeder. The short-circuit results and overcurrent protective device data provided in this paper may serve as an extension to the test feeder's existing load-flow data.
Effects of Including a Graphic Warning Label in Advertistements for Tobacco Products: Implications for Persuasion

Considerable interest has focused on making warning labels on tobacco-product packaging more effective in communicating risk to current and potential smokers. However, none of this work to date has involved the communication of risk information about reduced-exposure products, or how a graphic warning label may function in advertisements. Reduced-exposure products pose an interesting public health challenge in light of the fact that many advertisements for such products convey safety claims that may undermine the likelihood that potential consumers will process warnings about the products. The present study examines the influence of graphic warning labels on ratings of advertisements for 3 different types of tobacco products. Results showed that including a graphic picture lowered the appeal ratings for the product.
Roles for Actin Dynamics in Cell Movements During Development

Actin-dependent cellular movements and rearrangements are crucial for development. Studies in vitro have contributed much to the knowledge of actin biology. However, interesting environmental influences common in developing systems can differentially regulate actin dynamics and organization. In this chapter, we highlight several selected examples of directed cell migration during morphogenesis, in which actin dynamics have been observed directly in live-imaging studies. We discuss similarities and differences between collective cell and single cell migration during development, and we compare what has been learned from in vivo studies in developmental systems with in vitro studies of single cells.
Field studies on the sick building syndrome.

Field studies of the sick building syndrome have generally used questionnaires developed to define symptoms present over weeks and months, such as those asking ". . . do you usually . . .?" Although such studies have implicated ventilation systems as a major contributor to indoor air quality complaints, no specific exposures have been identified. An alternative approach is based on the short-term quantification of symptoms and characterization of the indoor environment with direct-reading or short-term sampling techniques. This paper summarizes the development of such a method in two studies in problem buildings and its subsequent application in a study in nonproblem buildings. The method correctly identified the postulated cause in a first building and generated a hypothesis for intervention in the second. In the nonproblem buildings, the levels of complaints appear related to the levels of VOCs, lighting, hours spent at desks, and crowding. This approach has suggested that dose-response relationships do exist in the sick building syndrome. Weaknesses of this approach include an inability to adequately address microbial characterization of indoor environments and the social and organizational predictors of complaints that are recognized to be of importance.
Augmented inline-based navigation for stereotactic image guided neurosurgery

Image-guided neurosurgery requires navigation in 3D using a computer-assisted surgery system that tracks surgical tools in realtime and displays their positions with respect to the preoperatively acquired images (e.g. CT, MRI, fMRI etc.) A key problem in image guided procedures is the need to navigate to specific locations highlighted in the images, such as image-derived functional areas, that have no obvious corresponding anatomical landmarks - we refer to such locations as virtual landmarks. To address these issues, we contribute a novel interactive visualization technique to provide improved feedback to surgeons - Augmented inline visualization. Based on the results of an expert evaluation, we found neurosurgeons to be 30% more accurate when using our augmented inline representation.
Field Theory, Cultural Capital, and the First Amendment: Two Paradoxes in the Legitimation of News

Does law influence the legitimation of news? I examine legitimations offered during ethics debates about news stories in which private people are thrust into the media spotlight. When navigating the space between what can be published lawfully and what should be published, journalism organizations offer legitimations that vary in ways that reflect the hierarchy of legal frameworks for decision. According to field theory, the cultural capital of the juridical field is constitutive of status hierarchies in the journalism field, even though the First Amendment leaves journalism to structure itself. This structuring leads to two paradoxes. First, in the performance of negative legitimation, news organizations justify ethics violations by converting the minimum standard of lawful speech into claimsmaking about laudable speech. Second, in acts of displacing legitimation, reporters suggest that more publicity is the remedy for invading privacy, translating the valorization of speech rights over privacy rights into a puzzling norm.
Reproducible isolation of type II pneumocytes from fetal and adult rat lung using nycodenz density gradients.

Isolating fresh, relatively pure type II pneumocytes from the lung, particularly of fetal origin, is a difficult process. Separation by buoyant density gradient centrifugation has been used successfully to isolate adult type II cells. There is concern, however, that Percoll, a gradient medium that is commonly used for type II cell isolation, may be toxic to cells. We evaluated a new gradient medium, Nycodenz, that is (1) a true solution, (2) transparent, (3) not metabolized by cells, and (4) nontoxic to cells. Type II pneumocytes were isolated from 19- and 21-day gestation fetal and adult rat lung by elastase digestion and separated on preformed isotonic Nycodenz gradients (2 mL each of 27.6, 20.7, 13.8, and 4.6 (w/v) solutions). Type II pneumocytes were recovered from the density range 1.057-1.061 and identified by binding of FITC-conjugated and gold-complexed Maclura pomifera lectin. Cells derived from 19-day fetal lung contained abundant glycogen and reacted with a monoclonal antibody to the cytokeratins 8 and 18, which are markers of the fetal type II cell. Adult type II cells reacted with antibodies to cytokeratins 8, 18, and 19. Type II cell purity was 79.7 +/- 2.4%, 83.8 +/- 2.8%, and 82.6 +/- 1.8% (means +/- SEM) for 19- and 21-day gestation fetal and adult lung preparations, respectively. Cell viability was greater than 95%. The final cell yield for adult preparations was 17.8 +/- 2.7 x 10(6)/rat (means +/- SEM). To determine if the freshly isolated type II pneumocytes were functionally active, the incorporation of [3H]choline into phosphatidylcholine was measured. The percent saturation of phosphatidylcholine was high for both populations of freshly isolated cells. However, adult type II pneumocytes incorporated [3H]choline into phosphatidylcholine more rapidly than 21-day gestation fetal cells (5.97 x 10(-3) dpm/10(6) cells/h vs. 0.32 x 10(-3) dpm/10(6) cells/h, P less than .005). We have demonstrated that, using the Nycodenz isolation method, it is possible to obtain a high yield of relatively pure viable type II cells from fetal and adult lung that can be used for immediate study or cultured with an excellent plating efficiency (39 +/- 6.3%).
Kinetics of cyclic AMP-dependent accumulation of novel intermediate filament proteins in cultured chick lens cells

Purpose. To refine the parameters affecting the accumulation of cytoskeletal markers of lens fiber terminal differentiation. Methods. Primary cultures of chick lens annular pad cells were treated with a lipid soluble cyclic AMP analog under various culture conditions. The accumulation of beaded filament proteins, unique markers of lens fiber terminal differentiation, was quantified with an ELISA assay. The incorporation of beaded filament proteins into macromolecular structures was followed with immunofluorescence microscopy. Results. In a time- and dose-dependent manner, beaded filament protein levels were increased in cyclic nucleotide treated cells. The addition of serum to treated cells caused a further dose-dependent increase in beaded filament protein levels. The continuous presence of cyclic nucleotides for maximal beaded filament protein accumulation was also established. At the light microscopic level, cyclic nucleotide treatment produced much more extensive multilayering of cells and lentoid for...
Origin of juvenile loggerhead turtles ( Caretta caretta ) in a tropical developmental habitat in Caribbean Panamá

Maximum likelihood mixed stock analysis was used to identify the natal origin of immature loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) in a tropical developmental habitat in Caribbean Panama. Approximately 65‐70% of the loggerhead turtles in Chiriqui Lagoon originate from South Florida nesting beaches, and the other 30‐35% originate from Mexico. Haplotype frequencies of the Chiriqui Lagoon loggerhead population are significantly different from those observed in the pelagic environment in the eastern Atlantic, and estimated nesting beach contributions to Chiriqui Lagoon are significantly different from values expected if recruitment were based solely on the size of nesting populations. These observations suggest that dispersal of loggerheads into benthic developmental habitats from the pelagic environment is not random. The occurrence of US and Mexican loggerheads in tropical developmental habitats has not been previously recognized. Exploitation and other mortality factors operating in the Caribbean area must be taken into account in demographic models and management plans for these two populations. This exploitation could be particularly important for the small, demographically vulnerable Mexican population and for other small populations for which no genetic data are currently available.
What Is Political Obligation

Political philosophers have long been exercised by the problem of political obligation. Many have tried to solve it, and others, more recently, have dismissed it as a pseudo-problem which cannot be solved and need not be posed. This essay is an attempt to clarify the problem of political obligation and to see why it is a problem. My argument, briefly, is that the traditional understanding of the problem is misleading because it fails to distinguish questions of obedience from questions of obligation. When it is properly stated the problem can be solved–in principle, at least–and I try to show what form a solution will take.
NePTune: Optimizing Sensor Networks

We present the NePTune approach and supporting system architecture for sensor network optimization. NePTune relies on a control loop strategy with performance monitoring, dynamic source code generation, and network reprogramming. We present an application of the system architecture and explore its efficacy in the context of a resource utilization problem - specifically, to minimize the memory consumption of a neighborhood management service. All experiments are conducted using a physical network testbed consisting of 80 Tmote Sky nodes.
EVIDENCE OF AN OXYSPIRURA PETROWI EPIZOOTIC IN NORTHERN BOBWHITES (COLINUS VIRGINIANUS), TEXAS, USA

Abstract We captured 36 Northern Bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) in Mitchell County, Texas in June–September 2013, and examined them for the eyeworm Oxyspirura petrowi. We recovered 334 eyeworms from 28 of 29 adult bobwhites (97%); infections ranged from 1–40 worms and mean (±SD) abundance of 11.9±13.0. Three of seven juveniles were infected, and those infected had one eyeworm each. Prevalence of eyeworms was similar among months. However, mean abundance of eyeworms peaked in July and August (3.3±2.1, 13.5±15.0, and 16.9±15.5), and decreased in September (6.3±3.0). We suggest that several previous studies may underreport prevalence and abundance because in those studies only the eye surface and nictitating membrane were examined, and not eye-associated tissue, ducts, glands, or sinuses.
Macular Suprastructure, Stereociliary Bonding and Kinociliary/ Stereociliary Coupling in Rat Utricular Macula

This report considers rat utricular macular suprastructure after chemical treatment with the sodium salt of N,N-Naphthaloylhydroxylamine (NHA), used alone or in combination with tannic acid (TA). NHA and TA preserve calcium and complex carbohydrate-protein molecules, respectively. Macromolecules of supramacular substance appear comparable morphologically to material of the external lamina of glycocalyx. Similar material crosslinks stereocilia with approximately equal to 58 nm periodicity and couples parts of kinocilia with specific stereocilia. Particles which occur within kinocilia at certain attachment sites connect to dynein arms of the kinocilia. Interstereociliary connections are aligned with internal linkers to actin. Thus, a basis for dynamic communication between kinocilia and stereociliary actin has been shown. The mechanism would appear to be calcium dependent. The findings support the concept that kinocilia are motile and lead to the stereociliary tuft in vestibular hair cells.
Parallelizing a defect detection and categorization application

This paper presents a case study in creating a parallel and scalable implementation of a scientific data analysis application. We focus on a defect detection and categorization application which analyzes datasets produced by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In parallelizing this application, we had the following three goals. First, we obviously wanted to achieve high parallel efficiency. Second, we wanted to create an implementation that can scale to disk-resident datasets. Third, we wanted to create an easy to maintain and modify implementation, which is possible only through using high-level interfaces. We used a number of techniques for organizing the input data, achieving load balance, and efficiently parallelizing the step for updating and matching with the defect catalog. To meet our third goal, we used a system called FREERIDE (FRamework for Rapid Implementation of Datamining Engines), which was originally developed for parallelizing data mining algorithms. We have carried out a detailed evaluation of our implementation. The main observations from our experiments are as follows: 1) our implementation achieves high parallel efficiency, 2) the execution time remains proportional to the amount of computation even as the dataset becomes disk-resident, and 3) our scheme for load balancing and the method we use for parallelizing updating and matching of the defect catalog are crucial for parallel efficiency of the defect categorization phase.
The Effect of Supplemental Instruction on Retention: A Bivariate Probit Model

Single equation regression models have been used to test the effect of Supplemental Instruction (SI) on student retention. These models, however, fail to account for the two salient features of SI ...
New therapeutic agents for acromegaly

The currently available somatostatin receptor ligands (SRLs) and growth hormone (GH) antagonists are used to control levels of GH and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in patients with acromegaly. However, these therapies are limited by wide variations in efficacy, associated adverse effects and the need for frequent injections. A phase III trial of oral octreotide capsules demonstrated that this treatment can safely sustain suppressed levels of GH and IGF-1 and reduce the severity of symptoms in patients with acromegaly previously controlled by injectable SRL therapy, with the added benefit of no injection-site reactions. Phase I and phase II trials of the pan-selective SRL DG3173, the liquid crystal octreotide depot CAM2029 and an antisense oligonucleotide directed against the GH receptor have shown that these agents can be used to achieve biochemical suppression in acromegaly and have favourable safety profiles. This Review outlines the need for new therapeutic agents for patients with acromegaly, reviews clinical trial data of investigational agents and considers how these therapies might best be integrated into clinical practice.
Consumer responses to on-site Olympic sponsorship activation: the impact of interactivity, emotions, and perceived image fit on brand attitude formation

On-site sponsorship activations have become more prominent in executing a mega-sport event sponsorship program. The current study investigates factors that drive consumers' attitudes towards on-site sponsorship activation and sponsor brand. In particular, this study examines the relationships among interactivity, emotions, fit between on-site sponsorship activation and event, attitude towards on-site sponsorship activation, and attitude towards the sponsor brand. Data were obtained from 205 spectators of the 2012 London Olympic Games who experienced at least one sponsorship activation on-site. The results suggested that interactivity is a significant predictor of arousal, and in turn, arousal increases pleasure. Pleasure and high sponsor-event fit influence attitude towards on-site sponsorship activation, which eventually influences attitude towards sponsor brand. The relationship between fit and attitude towards brand was mediated by attitude towards on-site sponsorship activation suggesting the value of on-site activations for brand equity. The theoretical and managerial implications are discussed along with limitations and future directions for research.
State Rights...Or Just Wrong? A Discussion of Drone Laws and National Security Through the Lens of Federal Pre-Emption

The skies are filled with drones. Drones have interfered with firefighting efforts in California, crashed-landed at prominent sporting venues, and been routinely spotted in the same airspace by manned-aircraft. A drone even landed on the White House lawn. And more drones are on the way. In 2013, the leading drone manufacturing company acquired $131 million dollars in sales revenues. They earned an estimated $500 million the next year. The annual global drone revenue for 2016 estimates to reach one billion dollars. Drones are projected to become a multi-billion-dollar industry. As drones proliferate across the country, powers once reserved for the nation’s air forces, such as mobility, speed, range and altitude, are within the purview of radio-controlled aircraft hobbyists. Yet the regulatory landscape has failed to keep pace with technological development. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) rulemaking to assimilate drones into the national airspace (NAS) has lagged. In response, the states have attempted to fill the void. The result is a patchwork of conflicting guidance, coupled with gaping legal holes. The purpose of this article is not to review the potential threat to national security posed by drones, but rather to posit that in the wake of the democratization of airpower to individual users, the lack of clear regulation is, in and of itself, a threat to national security. As will be discussed, the current patchwork of state legislation creates conflicts and leaves gaps in regulation to the detriment of the safe inclusion of drones into the NAS. These legal and policy conflicts and gaps exist, not just between the states, but also between the states and our Federal government creating ambiguity and a lack of cohesiveness, including in response to emergencies such as terrorist attacks. Thus, this article reviews federal drone regulations and state statutes through a pre-emption lens, to discern the current state of the law and its potential impacts on national security. Part I begins this analysis with a brief overview of federal pre-emption law. Part II, continues on to discuss the drone bills passed to date, highlighting topics rightly regulated by the states and those normally reserved for federal action under pre-emption doctrine. Part IV, reviews current and proposed FAA regulations relevant to drone use in the NAS, and Part V, navigates the legal seams, conflicts, and gaps to illustrate how the ensuing legal ambiguity creates a veritable safe-haven for bad actors. Finally, Part VI concludes by summarizing the problem and suggesting that a comprehensive federal approach to drone regulation is the best approach to protect our nation’s security.
Genetic Variation Analysis of Salt-tolerant Mutant from Maize Inbred Lines(AS-9)

Chemical mutation was an effective way of creating new germplasm resources. To analyze the impact of chemical mutagenesis on AS-9 maize inbred offspring, the salt tolerance and genetic variation between mutant M4 and the corresponding original material(AS-9) were evaluated by using 44 pairs of SSR markers that may be associated with root traits. Seed germination, bud length and root number of M4 were higher than that of AS-9. After treatment with 200 and 250 mmol·L-1 Na Cl for 7 days, root numbers of IV400 and IV1600 seedlings were higher than that of AS-9, with increases of 23.1% and 19.1%, respectively. IV1600 primary root lengths of 1, 2, 3 were 1.33, 1.70, and 2.15 times longer than that of AS-9, respectively. Twenty five pairs of SSR primers gave profiles amplified in sample of M4 mutants, accounting for 56.82% of the total pairs of primers. The average value of genetic similarity coefficient between IVCK and M4 was 0.6563. With the centered genetic similarity coefficient of-0.04 by UPGMA, the maize inbred line materials were divided into three groups: the original material(IVCK), the M4 mutants including IV1400, IV1600, IV2000, and other M4 mutants(IV200, IV400, IV800, IV1200). Principal component analysis and clustering results were similar. In addition, SSR-PCR products amplified by six pairs of primers were sequenced, the results showed that there was distinct variation between AS-9 and the induced M4, indicating chemical mutagenesis made maize inbred AS-9 produce a wide range of genetic variation.