cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of 1-Arylimidazole-2-thiones and N,N'-Aryldiethoxyethylthioureas with Electronically Diverse Substituents: A Manifold of Hydrogen Bonding Networks.

The 1-arylimidazole-2-thiones, (HmimAr) [Ar = 3,4,5-C6H2(OMe)3, 2,4-C6H3(NO2)(OMe), 2,4,6-C6H2Cl3 and 3,5-C6H3(CF3)2], which feature electronically diverse substituents, may be obtained via acid-catalyzed ring closure of the corresponding N,N′-aryldiethoxyethylthiourea derivatives, ArN(H)C(S)N(H)CH2CH(OEt)2, (H2detuAr), which in turn are obtained via treatment of aminoacetaldehyde diethyl acetal, H2NCH2CH(OEt)2, with the respective arylisothiocyanates (ArNCS). The molecular structures of all of the above N,N′-aryldiethoxyethylthioureas and 1-arylimidazole-2-thiones have been determined by X-ray diffraction, thereby demonstrating that the substituents have a profound effect on the crystal structures. For example, each of the N,N′-aryldiethoxyethylthiourea derivatives adopts a different hydrogen bonding pattern. Specifically, the hydrogen-bonding network in (i) H2detuArCl3 consists of chains of 9-membered rings, with an [R22(9)] motif, that feature one N–H⋯O and one N–H⋯S interaction, (ii) H2detuArOMe,NO2 consists of chains of 6-membered rings, with an [R12(6)] motif, that feature two head-to-tail N–H⋯S interactions, (iii) H2detuAr(CF3)2 consists of a dimer that features two pairs of N–H⋯O interactions, of which each pair is a component of an 8-membered ring with an [R22(8)] motif, and (iv) H2detuAr(OMe)3 consists of a chain of head-to-head dimeric rings with a basic [R22(16)] motif, a notable feature of which is that sulfur does not play a role as a hydrogen bond acceptor. Each of the 1-arylimidazole-2-thiones exists as a “head-to-head” hydrogen-bonded dimer in the solid state, with an [R22(8)] motif. However, while the hydrogen-bonded motifs for HmimArCl3 and HmimAr(OMe)3 are planar, those for HmimAr(CF3)2 and HmimArOMe,NO2 are extremely puckered, with fold angles of 24.2° (mean value) and 45.7°, respectively.
Impact of Correlated RF Noise on SiGe HBT Noise Parameters and LNA Design Implications

This paper presents analytical models of SiGe HBT and low-noise amplifier (LNA) noise parameters accounting for high-frequency noise correlation. The models are verified using measurement data and circuit simulation. The impact of noise correlation is shown to be a strong function of base resistance \(r_{\rm b}\) and emitter resistance \(r_{\rm e}\) , which act as both noise sources and resistance. Correlation and roles of \(r_{\rm b}\) and \(r_{\rm e}\) as resistance have opposite effects on minimum noise figure \(N\!F_{\rm min}\) , which explains why a widely used \(N\!F_{\rm min}\) model that neglects correlation and roles of \(r_{\rm b}\) and \(r_{\rm e}\) as resistance sometimes agreed with measurements. The agreement, however, does not hold for noise matching source resistance \(R_{\rm opt}\) , an important parameter for LNAs. With correlation, noise matching condition is better met for impedance matched LNAs.
Is Female Visual Signaling to Male Song Socially Regulated in Brown‐headed Cowbirds?

This research focused on how adult female brown-headed cowbirds, Molothrus ater, regulate social feedback on a group level to shape the development of male song. Specifically, females produce rapid wing movements in response to male song, termed ‘wing strokes,’ which have been shown to shape male song and predict song quality. These effects have been documented in captive dyads and triads, but not in more naturalistic flocks, where song development actually occurs. Here, we studied wing stroking in small seminatural flocks of differing female-to-male ratios. Despite differences in the number of females and their social selectivity, the same pattern of female feedback emerged in seven of eight flocks: One female produced the majority of wing strokes to male song, making her the primary wing stroker in her flock. Previous studies on large flocks have demonstrated females to facilitate male song improvisation and development if they exhibited higher social selectivity by approaching immature males less. Here, we found that primary wing strokers were indeed more socially selective than non-primary wing strokers. This research is the first to document social stimulation being facilitated at the group level to ensure that more highly selective females deliver the most feedback.
Russia and the WTO: Is it Time to Pierce the Article XXI(b)(iii) Security Exception?

In this research paper, the author seeks to (1) take stock of Russia’s first three years as a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and (2) analyze whether Russia’s recent trade-damaging sanctions against the US, the EU and several other states are reviewable by the WTO. Article XXI(b)(iii), the so-called security exception, allows a WTO member to adopt measures to protect its “essential security interests . . . in time of war or other emergency in international relations,” notwithstanding its other WTO obligations. Because the provision empowers states to adopt measures “which it considers necessary” to protect those interests, legal scholars agree that the exception is at least partially “self-judging.” However, there has been no authoritative determination of the boundaries of when states may invoke Article XXI(b)(iii). Thus, it remains unclear whether a state may invoke the protections of the exception at its sole discretion, or whether there are some external limits. If it is completely self-judging, the exception has the power to undermine the whole WTO system. In the specific case of Russia’s Ukraine-related sanctions, an unreviewable exception is especially galling because Russia played an important role in creating the emergency in international relations that it now uses as an excuse to impose trade-destroying measures. Ultimately, this paper concludes that Article XXI(b)(iii) is at least limited by a requirement of good faith. At the same time, however, it is unlikely that a state’s ability to invoke the security exception is similarly restrained by the “clean hands” doctrine, which, in this author’s mind, is what is needed to deter states like Russia from undermining the WTO from within.
Optimal balance between energy and performance in hybrid computing applications

The latest top 10 supercomputers are dominated by heterogeneous systems with CPUs and accelerators (GPU or Xeon Phi) tightly coupled together. As the heterogeneity of future high performance computing systems keeps increasing, it becomes paramount to judiciously use CPUs and accelerators to improve performance and/or reduce energy consumption. The widely used programming model today is to offload computation intensive workload to accelerators. Theoretically, the hybrid computing model (i.e. running a subset of calculations concurrently on both CPUs and accelerators) can potentially offer advantages of improved energy efficiency and performance. However, this is not yet a common practice due to the uncertainty of energy/performance benefits as well as the increased programming complexity. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive study on achieving the balance between energy and performance of hybrid computing applications. We show that performance and energy optimization can be conflicting goals, the sweet spot between performance and energy consumption varies with application characteristics and is highly dependent on specific implementations, that the choice of compiler can not only influence runtime but also energy use, and that the choice of cross platform strategies (e.g. OpenCL) can result in degraded performance and increased energy.
Influence of Childhood Abuse and Gender on Relationship Adjustment

This study investigates the presence of gender differences among men and women who experienced childhood abuse in regards to their romantic relationship adjustment as adults. Not only may child abuse prevalence rates differ between genders, but also experiencing childhood abuse may have varying gender-based effects on physical and mental health, coping strategies, future perpetrating behaviors, and adult intimate relationships. Attachment theory is a theoretical orientation that could help explain and connect the effects of childhood abuse on adult relationships. This study utilized measurements of dyadic consensus, cohesion, affectional expression, and satisfaction; results supported the notion that in adult relationships, gender differences do not exist among a clinical population. The discussion relates to implications for clinicians working with survivors of childhood abuse.
Effect of ethanol ingestion on liver microsomal phosphatidyl choline biosynthesis.

SummaryThe biosynthesis of phosphatidyl choline by two different pathways in liver microsomes from female rats fed alcohol has been investigated. The incorporation of 1,2-14C-choline and 1,2-14C-ethanolamine into the phosphatidyl choline fractions of liver microsomes and plasma at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 hr after intraperitoneal injection of the isotopic compounds in female rats fed a liquid diet containing 5 g % ethanol for 2 weeks has been determined. Controls were pair-fed the isocaloric diet containing sucrose. This diet when fed for 2 weeks produces a fatty liver; the liver triglycerides increased in the ethanol fed 3.5 times the controls. There was a decreased biosynthesis of phosphatidyl choline in fractions 3 and 4 by the 1,2-14C-choline pathway in liver microsomes and plasma in the ethanol fed animals. There was very little difference in the incorporation of 1,2-14C-ethanolamine in the phosphatidyl choline fractions from liver microsomes and plasma in the animals fed ethanol when compared to con...
Morfologia das vias aéreas superiores em pacientes com síndrome de Down sob sedação com dexmedetomidina

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos As criancas com sindrome de Down (SD) sao vulneraveis a obstrucao significativa das vias aereas superiores devido a macroglossia relativa e ao colapso dinâmico das vias aereas. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar as dimensoes das vias aereas superiores de criancas com SD e apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) com vias aereas normais (VAN) sob sedacao com dexmedetomidina (DEX). Metodos Aprovacao IRB foi obtida. Neste estudo retrospectivo, imagens clinicamente indicadas de ressonância magnetica da dinâmica das vias aereas superiores em plano sagital na linha media foram obtidas sob dose baixa (1 mcg/kg/h) e dose alta (3 mcg/kg/h) de DEX. Os diâmetros anteroposteriores das vias aereas e as areas seccionais foram medidas como dimensoes minimas e maximas por dois observadores independentes, no palato mole (regiao nasofaringea) e na base da lingua (regiao retroglossal). Resultados e conclusoes O diâmetro minimo anteroposterior e a area seccional minima das regioes nasofaringea e retroglossal estavam significativamente reduzidos na SD em comparacao com VAN, tanto com a dose baixa quanto com a dose alta de DEX. Contudo, nao houve diferencas significativas entre as doses baixa e alta de DEX em SD e VAN. A media do indice de apneia e hipopneia na SD foi de 16 ± 11. Sob sedacao com DEX, as criancas com SD e AOS, quando comparadas com as criancas com VAN, apresentaram reducoes significativas nas dimensoes das vias aereas, mais pronunciadas nos pontos mais estreitos das regioes nasofaringea e retroglossal.
In the Empirical Study of the Western Economic Growth and Environmental Quality

This thesis is regarding to the research on the western region of China and analyzing the regional economic growth and the environmental quality. Meanwhile, this thesis constructs the single-factor and multi-factor models of economic development and environmental quality, and studies the coordination degree of those. First of all, through the principal component analysis, the comprehensive index is built about the developmental level of economy and environmental quality. The panel regression is made to fit the single-factor and multi-factors models of the economic development and the environmental quality. Second, the fuzzy membership function is used to calculate the coordination degree between the economic development and the environmental quality. The empirical results show that the relationship between environmental qualities and economic developments is not all EKC "inverted U", but "inverted N", "S-shaped" and "U-shaped". With the continuous development of economy, the pressure of the environmental quality will increase gradually. The coordination of environmental quality and economic development in western China is in a weak state.
Study on TBM Construction and Application of Bolt-shotcrete Support in Construction of Long Water Transfer Tunnel

Research purposes: The study was done on the selection of lining structure type,support design and support technology for long water transfer tunnel in the area with unfavorable geological conditions for making a optimal design and fast construction of the tunnel with TBM and providing the reference to the similar works.Research conclusions:The construction program of open-type TBM + the composite lining(bolt-shotcrete support+ final lining) was used successfully for construction of Dahuofang water transfer tunnel according to the wall rock condition.Application of the completed composite structure of bolt-shotcrete + final lining to replace segment lining not only agreed with the design idea of NATM(New Australian Tunnel Method),but also solved the problems in sealing water and draining water and saved a lot of lands and investments.
The Lost Lullaby and Other Stories about Being an Armenian in Turkey

Nincir mangig im sirasun, Oror yem asum, Baydzar lusinn e megm hayum, Ko ororotsum.By analyzing the transmission of Armenian lullabies within the changing contexts of identity and cultural politics in Turkey, this paper addresses displacement and loss as two interrelated experiences shaping the sense of being an Armenian in Turkey. I criticize the liberal multiculturalist perspective that represents cultures in a way that cuts the link between the past and the present, by dissociating different cultures from the history of their presence in Anatolia and the destruction of that presence. I argue that in such a context where cultures are detached from lived experiences and memory, it becomes impossible to share the stories of violence and pain in the public sphere; hence, the loss itself becomes the experience of being Armenian. Finally, I try to explain how today young generations of Armenians in Istanbul, in their search for an Armenian identity, have developed a certain way of belonging to the space and culture, a way of belonging that is very much shaped by the experience of loss.
A robust, good manufacturing practice–compliant, clinical-scale procedure to generate regulatory T cells from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis for adoptive cell therapy

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a fundamental role in the maintenance of self-tolerance and immune homeostasis. Defects in Treg function and/or frequencies have been reported in multiple disease models. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting upper and lower motor neurons. Compelling evidence supports a neuroprotective role for Tregs in this disease. Indeed, rapid progression in ALS patients is associated with decreased FoxP3 expression and Treg frequencies. Thus, we propose that strategies to restore Treg number and function may slow disease progression in ALS. In this study, we developed a robust, Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant procedure to enrich and expand Tregs from ALS patients. Tregs isolated from these patients were phenotypically similar to those from healthy individuals but were impaired in their ability to suppress T-cell effector function. In vitro expansion of Tregs for 4 weeks in the presence of GMP-grade anti-CD3/CD28 beads, interleukin (IL)-2 and rapamcyin resulted in a 25- to 200-fold increase in their number and restored their immunoregulatory activity. Collectively, our data facilitate and support the implementation of clinical trials of adoptive therapy with ex vivo expanded and highly suppressive Tregs in patients with ALS.
Apodization for maximum central irradiance and specified large Rayleigh limit of resolution. II.

Suppose that the pupil function for a rotationally symmetric optical system is real valued and has a specified Rayleigh limit β. We find an upper bound for the central irradiance of the diffraction pattern formed by a point-source object on the axis of this optical system. This upper bound is strictly less than the least upper bound for the central irradiance if the pupil function is permitted to assume complex values, provided that β lies between 134% and 183% of the classical Rayleigh limit j11 = 3.8317. This upper bound is the maximum central irradiance for real pupil functions when 1.34j11 ≤ β ≤ 1.62j11 but not otherwise.
Intramammary 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 treatment increases expression of host-defense genes in mammary immune cells of lactating dairy cattle.

Bacterial infection of the mammary gland activates an intracrine vitamin D pathway in macrophages of dairy cows. The active hormone of the vitamin D pathway, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D), stimulates nitric oxide and β-defensin responses in bovine monocyte cultures, but the effect of 1,25D on innate immune genes in the mammary gland remained unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects intramammary 1,25D treatment on expression of vitamin D associated host-defenses of the bovine mammary gland. Intramammary treatment of normal, healthy mammary glands of lactating dairy cows (n=14) with 10μg 1,25D increased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and β-defensin 7 (DEFB7) gene expression in total milk somatic cells more than two-fold relative to placebo-treated glands within 8h after treatment. The vitamin D 24-hydroxylase gene (CYP24A1) also was increased nearly 100-fold in 1,25D-treated glands within 4h after treatment but was not affected in placebo-treated glands. Both macrophages and neutrophils isolated from milk had increased CYP24A1 expression in response to 1,25D treatment but only macrophages had increased iNOS expression. Repeated intramammary 1,25D treatment, every 12h for 48h, of infected mammary glands of cows diagnosed with subclinical mastitis resulted in increased expression of CYP24A1, DEFB4, DEFB7 and iNOS genes compared to placebo-treated glands. The 1,25D treatment resulted in elevated serum 1,25D concentrations (55 vs 33pg/mL) compared to placebo but it did not change serum calcium concentrations or bacteria counts in milk of infected mammary glands. In conclusion, 1,25D upregulates iNOS and β-defensin genes in vivo in cattle and affirms earlier reports that vitamin D supports innate immune functions of cattle.
Fledgling calls are a source of social information for conspecific, but not heterospecific, songbird territory selection

The choice of breeding territory can strongly affect an individual's fitness. Individuals can use information obtained from social cues emitted by other organisms to assess territory quality when making settlement decisions. Social information sourced from cues indicating the current inhabitants' reproductive success (i.e., performance-based cues) can be especially valuable as such cues may directly reveal territory quality. We tested social information use in a songbird system using experimental playbacks of Veery (Catharus fuscescens) fledgling calls (evidence of prior nest success) during the postbreeding season. We demonstrated that with year effects considered, Veeries used performance-based social information available during the postbreeding season to select sites for territory establishment in the following year. During the first year of the study, Veeries occupied a greater proportion of plots with experimental broadcast of fledgling calls relative to control plots, whereas Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapilla), a coexisting heterospecific ground-nesting species, did not. Fledgling call treatments did not have carryover effects that influenced Veery settlement decisions during the second year of the study. Ovenbird abundance varied with treatment combinations between years, but evidence indicating a carryover effect was limited. Our results indicate that postbreeding social information may vary among years for both conspecifics and heterospecifics, therefore highlighting the importance of considering year effects in studies on social information use.
eadem figura manet: Measuring morphological convergence in diplocentrid scorpions (Arachnida : Scorpiones : Diplocentridae) under a multilocus phylogenetic framework

Morphology still plays a key role in the systematics and phylogenetics of most of the scorpion families and genera, including the Diplocentridae Karsch, 1880. The monophyly of this family, and the monophyly of its two subfamilies is supported by morphological characters; however, neither hypothesis has been tested using molecular data. The lack of a molecular phylogeny has prevented the study of the evolution of morphology within the family. Here, we examine the morphological evolution of several key character systems in diplocentrid systematics. We tested the monophyly of the Diplocentridae, and subsequently the validity of its two subfamilies using a five-locus phylogeny. We examined the variation and evolution of the shape of the carapace, the external surface of the pedipalp patella and the retrolateral surface of the pedipalp chelae of males and females. We also examined the phylogenetic signal of discrete and continuous characters previously reported. We show that Diplocentridae is monophyletic, but Nebinae is nested within Diplocentrinae. Therefore, Nebinae is synonymised with Diplocentrinae (new synonymy). Finally, we show that a new character system proposed here, tarsal spiniform and macrosetal counts, retains high phylogenetic signal and circumscribes independently evolving substructures within this character system.
Navigating Uncharted Waters: First-Generation Native Hawaiian College Students in STEM.

This qualitative study explored the experiences of 10 Native Hawaiian members of Hawai‘i’s science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) community to understand how they navigate their c...
Thermochemistry of UO2 - ThO2 and UO2 - ZrO2 fluorite solid solutions

Abstract The enthalpies of formation of cubic urania – thoria (c-ThxU1−xO2+y) and urania – zirconia (c-ZrxU1−xO2, x
CNS Endothelial Cell Activation Emerges as a Driver of CAR T Cell-Associated Neurotoxicity.

Central nervous system (CNS) toxicity associated with chimeric antigen receptor-based therapeutics has emerged as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, and insights into the pathophysiology of this syndrome have been lacking. A new study provides evidence that cytokine-induced CNS endothelial cell activation leading to disruption of the blood-brain barrier plays an early and critical role in this phenomenon. These insights provide new opportunities for targeted therapeutic interventions to modulate endothelial cell activation. Cancer Discov; 7(12); 1371-3. ©2017 AACRSee related article by Gust et al., p. 1404.
Using deep neural networks for radiogenomic analysis

Radiogenomic studies have suggested that biological heterogeneity of tumors is reflected radiographically through visible features on magnetic resonance (MR) images. We apply deep learning techniques to map between tumor gene expression profiles and tumor morphology in pre-operative MR studies of glioblastoma patients. A deep autoencoder was trained on 528 patients, each with 12,042 gene expressions. Then, the autoencoder's weights were used to initialize a supervised deep neural network. The supervised model was trained using a subset of 109 patients with both gene and MR data. For each patient, 20 morphological image features were extracted from contrast-enhancing and peritumoral edema regions. We found that neural network pre-trained with an autoencoder and dropout had lower errors than linear regression in predicting tumor morphology features by an average of 16.98% mean absolute percent error and 0.0114 mean absolute error, where several features were significantly different (adjusted p-value < 0.05). These results indicate neural networks, which can incorporate nonlinear, hierarchical relationships between gene expressions, may have the representational power to find more predictive radiogenomic associations than pairwise or linear methods.
On spector classes

This paper contains an exposition of certain aspects of the theory of Spector classes. The general plan is as follows: In Section 1 we present a review of the structure theory, mainly developed in Chapter 9 of Moschovakis [1]. In Section 2 we give a comprehensive list of examples from various areas of definability theory. Finally, in Section 3, we deal with characterization and representation theorems.
An Experimental Study of the Electrostatically Controlled Heat Shutter

A cooling device which uses an electrostatic field to accelerate molecules resulting in a forced convection flow field is experimentally investigated. The region adjacent to the stagnation point of a heated, horizontal right circular cylinder is visualized using a laser holographic interferometer. With no electrostatic field present, the temperature profile in this region is essentially linear, indicating a conduction dominated situation. An electrostatic probe with approximately a 6 kV potential difference with respect to the cylinder is then applied resulting in an increase of the heat flux (temperature gradient) from the heated cylinder to the air. The preliminary results reported in this paper indicate that this device might possibly be used to advantage in some situations. For example, in spacecraft, it is possible to increase the cooling capacity of a gas without resorting to solid conductors. Space situations are usually weight limited so that some weight savings might be effected. This space application of the electrostatically driven convection has been called an “Electrostatically Controlled Heat Shutter.”
Placing Pandemics: History of the 1918-19 Influenza Epidemics in Kenya and Uganda

In 1918 and 1919, a virulent strain of influenza spread rapidly through East Africa, killing hundreds of thousands of people in a few months. Authorities struggled to control it as returning soldiers, migrant laborers, and Africans seeking famine relief travelled throughout Kenya and Uganda. Although influenza devastated African populations in both colonies, a closer examination shows that the administrations in these two places responded to influenza quite differently. In Kenya, administrators tried to deal with the crisis by responding to various groups’ calls for medical aid during and after the epidemic while in Uganda, administrators turned their attention to different disease problems. In turn, the two colonial administrations developed public health services along different lines after the epidemic that, while focused on extending health care to Africans in more areas, emphasized different diseases and health issues. Using archival sources, this paper investigates how and why influenza provoked such different administrative responses in these two places, showing that Kenya and Uganda’s differing political economies, social structures, and histories with disease shaped these responses. It examines competing and overlapping interests in both colonies during this crisis to argue that history, place, and local circumstances largely shape experiences and outcomes of pandemic disease.
Hybrid multi-scale thermoplastic composites reinforced with interleaved nanofiber mats using in-situ polymerization of cyclic butylene terephthalate

Abstract Mechanically flexible electrospun carbon and glass nanofiber mats (i.e., ECNF-mats and EGNF-mats) were prepared by electrospinning followed by thermal treatments; subsequently, a technique was applied to fabricate two types of multi-scale thermoplastic composites, involving infiltration of molten cyclic butylene terephthalate (CBT) followed by in-situ polymerization under compression. For the first composite type, eight conventional carbon fabrics were interleaved with seven ECNF-mats. For the second composite type, eight conventional glass fabrics were interleaved with seven EGNF-mats. Compared to the values acquired from the corresponding control samples without nanofiber mats, the interlaminar shear strength, flexural strength, flexural modulus, and work of fracture acquired from the hybrid multi-scale composite containing ECNF-mats were increased by 32%, 25%, 19%, and 33%, respectively; while the values acquired from the hybrid multi-scale composite containing EGNF-mats were increased by 66%, 43%, 17%, and 64%, respectively. Furthermore, the enhancements of out-of-plane properties were not at the expense of in-plane tensile strength or modulus. The study indicated that the employed fabrication technique could be adopted as an efficient approach to produce polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) thermoplastic composites through in-situ polymerization of CBT oligomer; and the ECNF-mats and EGNF-mats could be utilized as innovative reinforcement fillers for enhancing the performance of structural thermoplastic composites.
Proxy measures of premortem cognitive aptitude in postmortem subjects with schizophrenia.

BackgroundPostmortem human brain studies provide the molecular, cellular, and circuitry levels of resolution essential for the development of mechanistically-novel interventions for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. However, the absence of measures of premortem cognitive aptitude in postmortem subjects has presented a major challenge to interpreting the relationship between the severity of neural alterations and cognitive deficits within the same subjects.MethodsTo begin addressing this challenge, proxy measures of cognitive aptitude were evaluated in postmortem subjects (N = 507) meeting criteria for schizophrenia, major depressive or bipolar disorder, and unaffected comparison subjects. Specifically, highest levels of educational and occupational attainment of the decedent and their parents were obtained during postmortem psychological autopsies.ResultsConsistent with prior findings in living subjects, subjects with schizophrenia had the lowest educational and occupational attainment relative to all other subject groups, and they also failed to show the generational improvement in attainment observed in all other subject groups.ConclusionsEducational and occupational attainment data obtained during postmortem psychological autopsies can be used as proxy measures of premortem cognitive function to interrogate the neural substrate of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.
Self-Reflection and Communication: Experiences in Social Justice and Compassion

This essay is the presidential address delivered at the 90th annual Western States Communication Association convention. I argue that mindfulness and the practice of self-reflection that accompanie...
Interactions of the DASH Diet with the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System.

Background The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet is widely recommended to lower blood pressure, but its mechanisms of action are unclear. Lines of evidence suggest an interaction with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Objective We conducted a randomized, controlled, cross-over feeding trial to test RAAS-related mechanisms underlying the DASH diet in patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Methods Participants entered a 1-wk run-in period on a control (CON) diet and then consumed the DASH or CON diets for 4 wk each in randomized sequence. Calorie content was controlled to maintain weight, and sodium intake was set at 3 g daily. After each diet, participants had hormonal and hemodynamic assessments obtained at baseline, in response to RAAS inhibition with captopril (CAP) 25 mg, and to graded angiotensin II (AngII) infusions (1 ng/kg and 3 ng/kg × 45 min). Primary outcomes were mean arterial pressure (MAP) and renal blood flow (RBF), and secondary outcomes were diastolic function, pulse wave velocity (PWV), plasma renin activity (PRA), and aldosterone (ALDO) responses by diet. Results In total, 44 (19 female) participants completed the study. DASH + CAP significantly lowered MAP compared with CON + CAP (83 ± 11 mmHg compared with 88 ± 14 mmHg, P <0.01). RBF was increased with DASH + CAP compared with CON + CAP (486 ± 149 cc/min compared with 451 ± 171 cc/min, P <0.001). Study diet did not change PWV but CAP reduced diastolic function on the DASH diet (P <0.05). DASH + CAP significantly increased PRA compared with CON + CAP (1.52 ± 1.78 ng/mL/min compared with 0.89 ± 1.17 ng/mL/min; P <0.001). ALDO sensitivity to AngII infusion was greater with DASH when compared to CON (17.4 ± 7.7 ng/mL compared with 13.8 ± 6.2 ng/dL, P <0.05) as was DASH + CAP compared with CON + CAP (15.1 ± 5.3 ng/dL compared with 13.1 ± 5.9 ng/mL, P <0.05). Conclusions The DASH diet interacts with the RAAS resulting in vascular and hormonal responses similar to a natriuretic effect, which appears to augment the hypotensive effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition in individuals with isolated systolic hypertension. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00123006.
Thermophoretic Deposition in a Cylindrical Tube: Computations and Comparison with Experiments

Thermophoresis causes particle deposition on nuclear reactor components from gas/vapor streams, both during normal and accident conditions, and it is of interest to develop good computational tools for estimation of such deposition. This paper describes a numerical technique to solve the coupled equations of energy and particle continuity. The numerical technique was verified by comparing the solution of the Graetz energy transport problem obtained by using the present numerical technique with the series solution. Thermophoretic deposition efficiency obtained from the present numerical technique agrees with the analytical solution for short tubes. Deposition efficiencies for the case RePr = 1 and Pr K = 1 are in good agreement with the published theoretical expressions for thermophoretic deposition efficiency. Also, the results from the numerical solution for thermophoretic deposition efficiency compare well with some experimental data published in the literature. Dependence of deposition efficiency η on thermophoretic coefficient K was studied, and it was observed that the dependence is more linear for smaller thermal gradients than for the larger gradients. Further, the computational fluid dynamics program FLUENT® 6.3 was also used to explore calculations of the thermophoretic deposition efficiencies for some cases, and it was noted that results are sensitive to mesh size and that very fine mesh near the surface was needed for accurate results. The results computed are in good agreement with our numerical calculations and experimental data.
On Modal Properties of the Koopman Operator for Nonlinear Systems with Symmetry

This paper explores how symmetry in nonlinear dynamical systems is reflected in the modal properties of the corresponding Koopman operator. We first observe that symmetry in the dynamics is reflected in the symmetry of the Koopman eigenfunctions, as well as presence of repeated Koopman eigenvalues. Next, we show that the resulting infinite-dimensional linear system (constructed using independent Koopman eigenfunctions) also has an inherent symmetry. The proposed results are supported by an analytical example.
Longitudinal Links between Expressivity and African American Parent-Adolescent Relationships: A Dyadic Approach

Parents’ and youth’s personality qualities are associated with parent-child relationships. Given that gender shapes the organization and structure of family life, gender typed personality qualities may also have implications for relationships between parents and children. We examined longitudinal linkages between expressivity, a gender typed personality quality, and parent-child warmth and conflict in a sample of African American families and tested if parental stress moderated these associations. Data came from mothers, fathers, and two adolescent-aged siblings (53% girls) from 185 families who participated in a three-year longitudinal study. In home interviews, parents and youth rated their own expressive qualities and perceptions of their relationship. Mothers and fathers also reported their family and work-related stress. Results from Actor-Partner Interdependence Models showed that youth’s expressivity positively predicted their own and their parents’ perceptions of relationship warmth and negatively predicted their own and their parents’ perceptions of conflict. Mothers’ expressivity positively predicted their own and youth’s perceptions of warmth and fathers’ expressivity positively predicted only their own perceptions of warmth. Parents’ expressivity was unrelated to conflict. Parental stress moderated the expressivity parent-youth relationship linkages differently for mothers and fathers. Youth’s expressivity more strongly predicted maternal warmth among mothers who experienced low versus high stress. Youth’s expressivity predicted lower conflict among fathers who experienced high stress. Findings underscore the utility of moving beyond biological sex to examine the role of gender typed qualities in parent-child relationships during adolescence, as well as the contexts in which those processes are embedded.
Regression of binary network data with exchangeable latent errors

Undirected, binary network data consist of indicators of symmetric relations between pairs of actors. Regression models of such data allow for the estimation of effects of exogenous covariates on the network and for prediction of unobserved data. Ideally, estimators of the regression parameters should account for the inherent dependencies among relations in the network that involve the same actor. To account for such dependencies, researchers have developed a host of latent variable network models, however, estimation of many latent variable network models is computationally onerous and which model is best to base inference upon may not be clear. We propose the Probit Exchangeable (PX) Model for undirected binary network data that is based on an assumption of exchangeability, which is common to many of the latent variable network models in the literature. The PX model can represent the second moments of any exchangeable network model, yet specifies no particular parametric model. We present an algorithm for obtaining the maximum likelihood estimator of the PX model, as well as a modified version of the algorithm that is extremely computationally efficient and provides an approximate estimator. Using simulation studies, we demonstrate the improvement in estimation of regression coefficients of the proposed model over existing latent variable network models. In an analysis of purchases of politically-aligned books, we demonstrate political polarization in purchase behavior and show that the proposed estimator significantly reduces runtime relative to estimators of latent variable network models while maintaining predictive performance.
The Past Is Prologue? Venture-Capital Syndicates’ Collaborative Experience and Start-Up Exits

Past research has produced contradictory insights into how prior collaboration between organizations—their relational embeddedness—impacts collective collaborative performance. We theorize that the...
Factions, Constituencies, and Candidates: The Democrats

This chapter goes in search of a small set of key structural influences that recurrently shape the choice of a specific nominee. For this, party factions prove decisive, as the coordinated subgroups within one or the other major party that have both common interests and a shared sense of those interests. From one side, it is the struggles among these regularized factions that actually produce a nominee. From the other side, nominees are best understood, not through their idiosyncratic personalities, strategies, or programs, but rather as individual incarnations of the factional structure at any given point in time. So this chapter introduces the internal factions and factional struggles characterizing the Democratic Party since its founding.
An Experimental Evaluation of an Online Interview Scheduler: Effects on Fieldwork Outcomes.

In recent years, household surveys have expended significant effort to counter well-documented increases in direct refusals and greater difficulty contacting survey respondents. A substantial amount of fieldwork effort in panel surveys using telephone interviewing is devoted to the task of contacting the respondent to schedule the day and time of the interview. Higher fieldwork effort leads to greater costs and is associated with lower response rates. A new approach was experimentally evaluated in the 2017 wave of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) Transition into Adulthood Supplement (TAS) that allowed a randomly selected subset of respondents to choose their own day and time of their telephone interview through the use of an online appointment scheduler. TAS is a nationally representative study of US young adults aged 18-28 years embedded within the worlds' longest running panel study, the PSID. This paper experimentally evaluates the effect of offering the online appointment scheduler on fieldwork outcomes, including number of interviewer contact attempts and interview sessions, number of days to complete the interview, and response rates. We describe panel study members' characteristics associated with uptake of the online scheduler and examine differences in the effectiveness of the treatment across subgroups. Finally, potential cost-savings of fieldwork effort due to the online appointment scheduler are evaluated.
Single-Cell Mapping of Progressive Fetal-to-Adult Transition in Human Hematopoiesis

Whereas the human fetal immune system is poised to generate immune tolerance and suppress inflammation in utero, an adult-like immune system emerges to orchestrate anti-pathogen immune responses in post-natal life. It has been posited that cells of the adult immune system arise as a discrete ontological “layer” of hematopoietic stem-progenitor cells (HSPCs) and their progeny; evidence supporting this model in humans has, however, been inconclusive. Here, we combine bulk and single-cell transcriptional profiling of lymphoid, myeloid, and HSPCs from fetal, perinatal, and adult developmental stages to demonstrate that the fetal-to-adult transition occurs progressively along a continuum of maturity — with a substantial degree of interindividual variation at the time of birth — rather than via a transition between discrete waves. These findings have important implications in the design of strategies for prophylaxis against infection in the newborn, and for the use of umbilical cord blood (UCB) in the setting of transplantation.
Clinical Assessment and Treatment of Early-Onset Severe Obesity

This review describes clinical management of early-onset severe obesity, defined here as severe obesity in children ≤ 5 years old. It summarizes current information regarding (1) assessment, specifically growth, genetics, cardiometabolic risk, health behaviors, developmental considerations, and psychosocial factors, and (2) treatment, focusing on lifestyle modification including parent training and a brief summary of pharmacotherapy. Prevalence of severe obesity in young children has remained stable yet most of these children will become adults with obesity. Interventions that address multiple health domains, such as eating habits, physical activity, and parenting skills, are necessary for addressing early-onset severe obesity. Research into pharmacotherapy remains limited but may provide future strategies for management. Early-onset severe obesity significantly influences children’s long-term health and management should focus on intervention to promote BMI reduction. Further research into effective strategies is necessary to address the needs of this high-risk population.
Monitoring Rapid Change in the Atmosphere Using Cygnss Wind Speed Measurements

NASA's CYclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) mission operates a constellation of 8 small satellites that provide ocean wind speed measurements with dense spatial coverage and a median revisit time of about 4 hours. This paper investigates the possibility of using the “rapid revisit” characteristics of CYGNSS measurements to create a detector of convective activity by examining the variability of CYGNSS wind speeds over small intervals in space and time.
Vivarium: an interface and engine for integrative multiscale modeling in computational biology

Abstract Motivation This paper introduces Vivarium – software born of the idea that it should be as easy as possible for computational biologists to define any imaginable mechanistic model, combine it with existing models, and execute them together as an integrated multiscale model. Integrative multiscale modeling confronts the complexity of biology by combining heterogeneous datasets and diverse modeling strategies into unified representations. These integrated models are then run to simulate how the hypothesized mechanisms operate as a whole. But building such models has been a labor-intensive process that requires many contributors, and they are still primarily developed on a case-by-case basis with each project starting anew. New software tools that streamline the integrative modeling effort and facilitate collaboration are therefore essential for future computational biologists. Results Vivarium is a Pythonic software for building integrative multiscale models. It provides an interface that makes individual models into modules that can be wired together in large composite models, parallelized across multiple CPUs, and run with Vivarium’s simulation engine. Vivarium’s utility is demonstrated by building composite models that combine several modeling frameworks: agent based models, ordinary differential equations, stochastic reaction systems, constraint-based models, solid-body physics, and spatial diffusion. This demonstrates just the beginning of what is possible – future efforts can integrate many more types of models and at many more biological scales. Availability The models, simulation pipelines, and notebooks developed for this paper are available at the vivarium-notebooks repository: https://github.com/vivarium-collective/vivarium-notebooks. Vivarium-core is available at https://github.com/vivarium-collective/vivarium-core, and has been released on PyPI. The Vivarium Collective (https://vivarium-collective.github.io) is a repository of freely-available Vivarium processes and composites, including the processes used in Section 3. Supplementary materials provide with an extensive methodology section, with several code listings that demonstrate the basic interfaces.
Inquiry-based Orbital Modelling to Build Coherence in Trigonometry

Mathematics modelling education has potential to support pedagogical innovations by fostering coherence within mathematics as well as supporting interdisciplinary connections. Students often struggle to build coherence in trigonometry presented in multiple mathematical frames such as triangle, circle, vector and complex numbers. Design-based research experiments are conducted to extend the modelling of circular motion to the modelling of advanced periodic orbits from a series of trigonometric functions. Inquiry-based orbital modelling allows students experiment with modelling of periodic orbits with technology-rich tasks in interpreting the meaning and connections of periods and amplitudes of circular functions and the emergent patterns. The results show that learners experience coherence while interpreting, comparing and validating their orbital models in circular, functional and complex trigonometry with connections in between.