cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Colonoscopy in ischemic colitis

Fifteen patients with ischemia of the colon are presented. The majority showed a similar clinical presentation with hematochezia, abdominal pain, and diarrhea in an elderly patient population having associated disease. Colonoscopy was abnormal in all patients studied. Three endoscopic stages were recognized; (1) acute stage characterized by petechiae, pallor, and hyperemia; (2) subacute stage consisting of ulceration and exudation; and (3) chronic stage characterized by stricture, decrease in haustrations, and mucosal granularity. Conventional barium enemas were abnormal and suggested ischemic colitis in six of 15 patients. Rigid proctoscopy was normal or demonstrated nonspecific proctitis in 12 of 15 patients studied. Colonoscopic biopsies demonstrated superficial inflammatory changes in all patients. Thirteen patients had complete mucosal healing endoscopically in 2 weeks to 3 months with stricture developing in four patients. Because ischemic colitis is a distinct subtype of ischemic bowel disease most often limited to the superficial mucosa, colonoscopy is an alternative and usually safe modality in the diagnosis of this entity and proved more accurate that conventional x-ray and proctoscopy.
Implementing Intelligent Compaction Specification on Minnesota TH 64: Synopsis of Measurement Values, Data Management, and Geostatistical Analysis

An intelligent compaction (IC) specification that required variable feedback amplitude control was recently implemented on the TH-64 reconstruction project in Minnesota. At this site, IC and in situ measurement values were collected to characterize the empirical relationships and variation associated with each measurement value, ultimately to develop a process that better describes the geospatial nature of the data. A geographic information system database was created with IC measurement values and parallel quality assurance data to demonstrate one method for managing large quantities of data. Spatial geostatistics were also examined by using variogram modeling for characterizing uniformity. The findings from this study provide guidance on implementing IC specifications regarding effective use of the technology and some of the challenges that still remain.
Evaluating the impact of demand-side management on water resources under changing climatic conditions and increasing population.

This study investigated the effect of increasing population and changing climatic conditions on the water resources of a semi-arid region, the Las Vegas Valley (LVV) in southern Nevada. A system dynamics model was developed for the LVV from 1989 to 2035. The impact of climate change on water demand and the water supply from the Colorado River was modeled, using projections from 16 global climate models for 3 emission scenarios. Variability in water demand and supply under different scenarios of population growth and demand management, including water conservation and water pricing, was evaluated. With the population growth that was projected, if no further demand management policies were implemented, the LVV would not be able to meet the water demand in the near future. However, by combining water conservation and pricing policies, the available supply could last well into the future. The reduction in water demand in 2035 was predicted to be 327 million cubic meters (MCM) for ‘status quo’ population growth, or 30.6%; 408 MCM for 50% of the projected growth, or 38%; and 511 MCM for no population growth, or 47.8%. Water supply reliability decreased significantly with changing climatic conditions. Therefore, major challenges to water sustainability in the LVV would be due to rapid population growth as well as to climate variability. However, with the combination of reduced population growth rate and water conservation policies, the Colorado River supply could meet the future demand of the LVV most of the time.
Copper and Zinc Binding to Dietary Fiber Sources: An Ion Exchange Column Method

The ion exchange capacities of dietary fiber sources for copper and zinc were studied via a factorial design: 4 fiber sources X 2 treatments X 3 solutions. The treatments were: (1) neutral detergent and (2) enzymatic. The treated fiber residues were used as the stable matrix in columns and mineral-containing solutions were pumped through the columns. The amount of minerals bound varied with fiber type and treatment type. All fiber residues bound more copper than zinc. Binding of both minerals was reduced when they were applied in combination. The treatment of the fibers produced residues with dissimilar physical properties. These results indicate the variability introduced by methodology.
An Examination of Strategic Drivers Impacting U.S. Multinational Lodging Corporations

Top executives from four major multinational lodging corporations were interviewed on corporate strategies to identify key strategic drivers for creating value in the global lodging industry. In the face of greater environmental uncertainty, global competition, and technological change, it is imperative that multinational lodging firms develop strategies for protecting their domestic franchises and expanding internationally. The findings reveal shifts in current business models, strategies for changing brand architecture, searches for profitable new markets, commoditization and differentiation of the product, and development of customer-centered functional strategies. Implications of these strategic changes for the lodging industry are discussed.
Dynamic properties of neurons in cortical area MT in alert and anaesthetized macaque monkeys

In order to see the world with high spatial acuity, an animal must sample the visual image with many detectors that restrict their analyses to extremely small regions of space. The visual cortex must then integrate the information from these localized receptive fields to obtain a more global picture of the surrounding environment. We studied this process in single neurons within the middle temporal visual area (MT) of macaques using stimuli that produced conflicting local and global information about stimulus motion. Neuronal responses in alert animals initially reflected predominantly the ambiguous local motion features, but gradually converged to an unambiguous global representation. When the same animals were anaesthetized, the integration of local motion signals was markedly impaired even though neuronal responses remained vigorous and directional tuning characteristics were intact. Our results suggest that anaesthesia preferentially affects the visual processing responsible for integrating local signals into a global visual representation.
Analysis of erosion and transport of carbon impurity in the TFTR inner bumper limiter region

Carbon sputtering and transport on the TFTR inner graphite bumper limiter is investigated with the impurity transport code REDEP. Analysis is carried out for a series of ohmic discharges in TFTR. Predictions for Z{sub eff} in the core plasma agree well with in-situ experimental measurements. Run-away self-sputtering of carbon is predicted at low densities and high edge plasma temperatures when the limiter surface was purged of deuterium. Surface erosion and deposition is analyzed. In general, redeposition reduces the peak erosion by about a factor of five. Analysis is also carried out for a typical neutral beam heated discharge with a noncircular plasma. Spatial surface erosion and deposition profiles are compared qualitatively with beta backscattering measurements of metal deposition found on the limiter.
Towards billion-bit optimization via a parallel estimation of distribution algorithm

This paper presents a highly efficient, fully parallelized implementation of the compact genetic algorithm (cGA) to solve very large scale problems with millions to billions of variables. The paper presents principled results demonstrating the scalable solution of a difficult test function on instances over a billion variables using a parallel implementation of cGA. The problem addressed is a noisy, blind problem over a vector of binary decision variables. Noise is added equaling up to a tenth of the deterministic objective function variance of the problem, thereby making it difficult for simple hillclimbers to find the optimal solution. The compact GA, on the other hand, is able to find the optimum in the presence of noise quickly, reliably, and accurately, and the solution scalability follows known convergence theories. These results on noisy problem together with other results on problems involving varying modularity, hierarchy, and overlap foreshadow routine solution of billion-variable problems across the landscape of search problems.
Antioxidant defense against anthracycline cardiotoxicity by metallothionein

Anthracycline cardiotoxicity is related to oxidative stress generated from the metabolism of anthracyclines in the heart. Studies using transgenic mice with high levels of antioxidants such as catalase or metallothionein (MT) specifically in the heart have demonstrated that elevation of cardiac antioxidant defense leads to intervention of anthracycline cardiotoxicity. MT protection against anthracycline-induced cardiac toxicity is related to its anti-apoptotic effect by inhibiting both p38-MAPK-mediated and mitochondrial cytochrome c-release-mediated apoptotic signaling. The anti-apoptotic effect of MT is closely related to its antioxidant action, which involves regulation of zinc homeostasis by the MT redox cycle. MT interferes with oxidant-mediated detrimental process through at least in part zinc release and zinc transfers directly from MT to acceptor proteins. In addition, MT posttranslationally modulates critical proteins involved in mitochondrial respiration and energy metabolism. All of these processes constitute the mechanisms by which MT protects from anthracycline cardiotoxicity.
WE‐A‐BRB‐07: Critical Analysis of Strength‐Based Medical Event Definition in Prostate Seed Brachytherapy Based on a Comparative Retrospective Pre‐ and Post‐Implant Analysis

Purpose: To create a clinical basis and to describe a process that would lead to a better understanding of possible practical implementations of the treatment site concept in the strength‐base medical event definition. To explore various metrics and similarity measures defining the geometry of implants. Methods: Pre‐ and post‐implants were analyzed for 100 cases. Contour structures and seed data were extracted from Variseed (Varian Medical Systems, Inc., Palo Alto, CA). In house written Matlab software was developed to construct structures that would encompass 100% and 95% of seeds , identify seed distributions with greater than 20% of total number of seeds residing outside of ‘zones’ at distances up‐to 5 mm beyond the prostate contour, determine inter‐distances between seeds, and calculate the center of mass for prostate contours as well as seed distributions. Similarity between pre‐ and post‐implant plans was evaluated by skewness and kurtosis of the inter‐seed distance distributions. All implants studied were considered ‘good ’ or better by current D90 criteria. Results: In our dataset there were no cases in which more than 20% of the seeds were implanted outside a zone expanded 4mm from prostate. A 3mm expansion would have produced 5 events, while a 2mm expansion would have produced 11 events. Skewness of inter‐seed distances was on average 0.06 for pre‐plans and 0.14 for post‐plans. This demonstrates a displacement of inter‐seed distances toward larger values. Post to pre‐plan ratios of minimum box volume encompassing 95% of seeds increased from 1.3 to 1.72 as zones were expanded from 0 to 4mm. Kurtosis analysis revealed a significant increase in post‐plans, but outlier‐prone distributions did not correlate with the cases having more than 20% of seeds in distant zones. Conclusions: We are proposing measures based on clinical data that can assist in defining ‘treatment site’ as well as help practitioners better understand the relation between pre‐ and post‐implants.
Futures studies comes of age: twenty-five years after The limits to growth

Abstract Twenty-five years ago, the publication of The limits to growth marked a period of accomplishments in the futures field. Today, futures studies is experiencing another burst of development and is ready to move more fully into mainstream intellectual life and the standard educational curriculum. In addition to continued work on methods, theory, and empirical research, the resolution of three issues might help persuade established academic communities of the serious purposes and sound intellectual contributions of futurists. They are (1) the adoption of an adequate theory of knowledge (critical realism is proposed), (2) the recognition that prediction does play a role in futures studies (so we can deal explicitly with the philosophical challenges it poses), and (3) the formulation and justification of core values (so we have a valid basis by which to judge the desirability of alternative futures). I propose a critical discourse among futurists in order to resolve each issue. The desire to make futures thinking a part of everyone's education is not, of course, mere futurist chauvinism, but is based on the conviction that futures studies has important contributions to make to human well-being.
H+CH2CO→CH3+CO at high temperature: A high pressure chemical activation reaction with positive barrier

The Laser Photolysis-Shock Tube (LP-ST) technique coupled with H-atom atomic resonance absorption spectrometry (ARAS) has been used to study the reaction, H+CH2CO→CH3+CO, over the temperature range, 863–1400 K. The results can be represented by the Arrhenius expression, k=(4.85±0.70)×10−11 exp(−2328±155 K/T) cm3 molecule−1 s−1. The present data have been combined with the earlier low temperature flash photolysis-resonance fluorescence measurements to yield a joint three-parameter expression, k=5.44×10−14 T0.851 exp(−1429 K/T) cm3 molecule−1 s−1. This is a chemical activation process that proceeds through vibrationally excited acetyl radicals. However, due to the presence of a low-lying forward dissociation channel to CH3+CO, the present results refer to the high pressure limiting rate constants. Hence, transition state theory with Eckart tunneling is used to explain the data.
A Closer Examination of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act: A guide for the 1980s

The United States Congress has mandated that state and educational agencies make available to all handicapped children a free appropriate education. The purpose of this legislation has been primarily to protect the rights of handicapped children and their parents. The present paper discusses identification and evaluation guidelines that have been promulgated under the Education for All Handicapped Children Act. Procedures for Individual Education Programs that are in accordance with federal legislation are delineated. To satisfy federal mandates concerning the placement of handicapped children, public school systems are required to utilize a least restrictive environment, whereby complete segregation of handicapped from nonhandicapped children is prohibited. In further accordance with this legislation, either the parent or public agency may initiate a hearing for the purpose of challenging the identification, evaluation, or educational placement of the child.
Creep of conical membrane shells under aerodynamic heating and loading.

Abstract : Expressions for the creep stresses and displacements in a conical shell at a small angle of attack to a supersonic flow field are obtained. The flow is assumed to be steady adiabatic and the cone is approximated by a membrane shell. Surface shear stresses are found to have a negligible effect on the solutions. On the other hand, temperature distributions which differ slightly from a given uniform valve result in displacements which differ significantly from those obtained using the uniform temperature. (Author)
Dual Roles for Pax-6: a Transcriptional Repressor of Lens Fiber Cell-Specific β-Crystallin Genes

It has been demonstrated previously that Pax-6, a paired domain (PD)/homeodomain (HD) transcription factor critical for eye development, contributes to the activation of the alphaB-, alphaA-, delta1-, and zeta-crystallin genes in the lens. Here we have examined the possibility that the inverse relationship between the expression of Pax-6 and beta-crystallin genes within the developing chicken lens reflects a negative regulatory role of Pax-6. Cotransfection of a plasmid containing the betaB1-crystallin promoter fused to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene and a plasmid containing the full-length mouse Pax-6 coding sequences into primary embryonic chicken lens epithelial cells or fibroblasts repressed the activity of this promoter by as much as 90%. Pax-6 constructs lacking the C-terminal activation domain repressed betaB1-crystallin promoter activity as effectively as the full-length protein, but the PD alone or Pax-6 (5a), a splice variant with an altered PD affecting its DNA binding specificity, did not. DNase footprinting analysis revealed that truncated Pax-6 (PD+HD) binds to three regions (-183 to -152, -120 to -48, and -30 to +1) of the betaB1-crystallin promoter. Earlier experiments showed that the betaB1-crystallin promoter sequence from -120 to -48 contains a cis element (PL2 at -90 to -76) that stimulates the activity of a heterologous promoter in lens cells but not in fibroblasts. In the present study, we show by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and cotransfection that Pax-6 binds to PL2 and represses its ability to activate promoter activity; moreover, mutation of PL2 eliminated binding by Pax-6. Taken together, our data indicate that Pax-6 (via its PD and HD) represses the betaB1-crystallin promoter by direct interaction with the PL2 element. We thus suggest that the relatively high concentration of Pax-6 contributes to the absence of betaB1-crystallin gene expression in lens epithelial cells and that diminishing amounts of Pax-6 in lens fiber cells during development allow activation of this gene.
IDENTIFYING PATIENTS AT HIGH RISK OF SURGICAL WOUND INFECTION A SIMPLE MULTIVARIATE INDEX OF PATIENT SUSCEPTIBILITY AND WOUND CONTAMINATION

To predict the likelihood that a patient will develop a surgical wound infection from several risk factors, the authors used information collected on 58,498 patients undergoing operations in 1970 to develop a simple multivariate risk index. Analyzing 10 risk factors with stepwise multiple logistic regression techniques, they developed a model combining information on four of the risk factors to predict a patient's probability of getting a surgical wound infection. Then, with information collected on another sample of 59,352 surgical patients admitted in 1975-1976, the validity of this index as a predictor of surgical wound infection risk was verified. With the simplified index, a subgroup, consisting of half the surgical patients, can be identified in whom 90% of the surgical wound infections will develop. By the inclusion of factors measuring the risk due to the patient's susceptibility as well as that due to the level of wound contamination, the simplified index predicts surgical wound infection risk about twice as well as the traditional classification of wound contamination (Goodman-Kruskal G = 0.67 vs. 0.36, p less than 0.0001). Use of this new index might substantially increase the efficiency of routine surgical wound infection surveillance and control.
Traveling in Old and New Worlds with John Jea, the African Preacher, 1773–1816

Nineteenth-century exslave narratives allow us to understand the way in which freedmen, freedwomen, and runaways experienced and enjoyed liberty. In such narratives, liberty, naturally enough, it seems, is the opposite of slavery. Once free, one was no longer a slave. Yet we should view this understanding of slavery and freedom as a problem in itself, as a rhetorical and time-bound use of the notions of enslavement and liberty. This article argues that an early exslave narrativist, John Jea, articulated a dichotomous, unrealistic, yet characteristically American, notion of the relationship between slavery and freedom: that anyone who is not a slave is free. Expressed in evangelical Protestantism, liberal individualism, and laissez-faire economics, this notion was a staple of nineteenth-century American ideology. It is no longer a convincing notion, since it obscures not only the variety of the experience of slaves, freemen, and freewomen, but also the forms of bondage that accompanied slavery and survived it. As a man of the nineteenth century, Jea seems never to have comprehended the ways that he remained unfree once he was manumitted. As a black man and exslave, Jea might have been one of those most sensitive to the persistence of bondage after slavery, but he was not. Surely this suggests how convincing, yet how false, was new thought about slavery and freedom in the early nineteenth century.
A work-hardening model of the lower yield strength of discontinuously yielding alloys: Ni3Al and mild steel

The lower yield strengths of Ni3Al and mild steel and their respective relationships to (grain size)−0.8 and (grain size)−0.5 are explained in terms of work hardening within Luders bands.
Digital media and the law

Over the past two years, I have written seven “Legally Speaking” columns and one feature article for Communications about legal issues affecting computing professionals. These writings have covered an array of legal topics including: criminal and civil liability for hackers who breach computer security systems; first amendment issues arising in computing or electronic publishing markets; intellectual property issues, such as patent protection for computer program algorithms; copyright protection for look and feel of user interfaces; what the user interface design field thinks about such protection, and various theories by which a firm might claim to own interface specification information for software systems.
Defining Trauma: Terminology and Generic Stressor Dimensions1

The present report discusses vague and/ or confusing terminology that is employed in research and clinical work in the area of “traumatic stress”. It divides the stress process into three major aspects and suggests appropriate terminology for each aspect, focusing on the input, or stressor, aspect. Eight generic stressor dimensions are suggested that cut across different types of traumatic events, along with research supporting the association of these dimensions with stress responses. Recommendations are made for future research directions.
A single-stage power converter for a large screen LCD back-lighting

This paper presents a single-stage power converter for driving any number of power Light-Emitting-Diodes (LEDs) from a high AC input voltage. The power converter converts a high AC input voltage into a DC current source directly by using a proposed single-stage power converter. The DC output voltage can be higher or lower than the peak of the AC input voltage level. In addition, the AC input current is synchronized with the AC input voltage so that AC input power factor is close to unity. The LED current is controlled based on a current-regulated PWM method. Hence, both a Power Factor Correction (PFQ feature and LED current regulation are obtained by using a single-stage power converter. Furthermore, there are no DC bulk capacitors in the DC-link and AC-rectified line voltage or current sensors. A current sensor at the MOSFET source-side is employed only to regulate the power LED current. With the proposed scheme based on a single power conversion stage, higher efficiency with a very simple, low-cost power LED driving system is implemented. Experimental results show that the total efficiency is over 90 [%] with PF /spl ges/ 0.9 in a wide LED current control range. The experimental results for the maximum output power of 90 [W], I/sub o/=500 [mA] and V/sub o/=180 [V] are provided.
The Art Museum Today

Art historians can learn a great about art from a close study of museum installations. Knowing how to do installations is implicit practical knowledge, which perhaps doesn’t need to be made explicit. Hanging is a practice mastered by gifted curators who don’t write out the rules. And so, it is unfortunate that there is too little documentation of these installations. Assembling a wide range of examples, this essay shows what art historians can learn from the practice of curators.
Conflict Talk: Sociolinguistic Investigations of Arguments in Conversations

Conflict Talk: Sociolinguistic Investigations of Arguments in Conversations. Allen D. Grimshaw. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. 356 pp. $59.50 (cloth), $17.95 (paper)
Adaptive signaling behavior in stomatopods under varying light conditions

Stomatopod crustaceans (mantis shrimp) are aggressive benthic marine predators with extraordinary color vision. When communicating with conspecifics, many stomatopods display conspicuously colored body areas, often in combination with other types of signals such as motion and chemical cues. Some species occupy wide depth ranges (>30 m), where changing light conditions can influence color perception. To test the potential effects of differing ambient lights on signaling behavior, stomatopods (Gonodactylus smithii) interacted with conspecifics in aquaria, under full-spectrum, high intensity light or light restricted in either spectrum or intensity. During intrasexual and intersexual trials in full-spectrum, high intensity light, animals performed more aggressive acts using colored body parts (meral spread, lunge, strike). Stomatopods used significantly more antennular flicking, and performed aggressive acts at reduced distances under restricted light conditions. To compare the use of antennules in visual an...
Non-mammalian c-integrases are encoded by giant transposable elements

In a recent report in Trends in Genetics, Gao and Voytas [1] described a new family of integrase genes that were identified in diverse eukaryotic species, including slime mold, Caenorhabditis elegans, C. briggsae, zebrafish, Takifugu rubripes, Xiphophorus maculates, cow, dog and humans. These genes potentially encode proteins containing ∼400 amino acids with homology to retroviral integrases and transposases, including the integrase-like proteins encoded by Tlr, a family of atypical mobile elements with long terminal inverted repeats (TIRs) from the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila [2,3].
The male sterile 8 mutation of maize disrupts the temporal progression of the transcriptome and results in the mis-regulation of metabolic functions

Maize anther ontogeny is complex, with the expression of more than 30,000 genes over 4 days of cell proliferation, cell fate acquisition and the start of meiosis. Although many male-sterile mutants disrupt these key steps, few have been investigated in detail. The terminal phenotypes of Zea mays (maize) male sterile 8 (ms8) are small anthers exhibiting meiotic failure. Here, we document much earlier defects: ms8 epidermal cells are normal in number but fail to elongate, and there are fewer, larger tapetal cells that retain, rather than secrete, their contents. ms8 meiocytes separate early, have extra space between them, occupied by excess callose, and the meiotic dyads abort. Thousands of transcriptome changes occur in ms8, including ectopic activation of genes not expressed in fertile siblings, failure to express some genes, differential expression compared with fertile siblings and about 40% of the differentially expressed transcripts appear precociously. There is a high correlation between mRNA accumulation assessed by microarray hybridization and quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Sixty-three differentially expressed proteins were identified after two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy, including those involved in metabolism, plasmodesmatal remodeling and cell division. The majority of these were not identified by differential RNA expression, demonstrating the importance of proteomics in defining developmental mutants.
DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERNS OF ASIA'S APPAREL INDUSTRY

People in many parts of the world depend upon the manufacture of textile and apparel products for their livelihood. The status of these two closely related industries has a major impact on the economic health of many countries, both large and small. In fact, the growth of the textile and apparel industry may be one of the strongest, most reliable indicators of a developing country's economic development. Further, the level of sophistication of production in this industry may be viewed as a ‘barometer’ of the level of technological progress in a country. For this reason the developmental patterns of Asia's apparel industry are studied.
Laboratory measurements of wave-turbulence interaction for scatterometry application

Measurements of the space-time structure of short gravity-capillary waves in the presence of turbulence in a laboratory wave channel are presented. This study was stimulated by the need to investigate the influence of turbulence on the scattering surface, which contributes to a microwave scattering at grazing and moderate incidence. Mechanically generated periodic (4 to 10 Hz) waves and multijet manifold were used as sources of surface waves and subsurface turbulence. A laser slope gauge (LSG) and an imaging slope gauge (ISG) were used to measure short waves of length 2-10 cm and frequencies up to 150 Hz. A dual polarized (VV, HH) coherent CW X-band scatterometer was used to obtain Doppler spectra of the scattered signals for grazing angles from 30 to 60 degrees. Simultaneous time series of wave slopes and microwave scattering and their frequency spectra permitted a comparison of these parameters both with and without turbulence. Both scattering and decaying of the surface waves by turbulence were observed. A presence of turbulence had a pronounced distortion effect on the short waves due to scattering by submerged turbulence. Interaction with turbulence caused decrease of the energy of short waves and broadened the directional spectra of their propagation. Measurements of the Doppler frequency shift and amplitude of the scattered microwave signal are consistent with this changing in the wave field and reveal Bragg scattering by the short waves
The nuclear shell model towards the drip lines

Abstract Applications of the nuclear shell model to nuclei out to the proton and neutron drip lines are presented. The assumptions and hamiltonians for the mean-field and shell-model configuration mixing models are summarized. The properties discussed include binding energies, separation energies, displacement energies, intruder states, proton and neutron halos, diproton decay, spectroscopic factors, interaction cross sections, E1 and E2 transitions, beta decay, quadrupole moments and magnetic moments.
On fossil plants, showing structure, from the base of the waverley shale of kentucky

A large part of the material upon which the present memoir is based was derived from Prof. Charles Eastman, now of the University of Pittsburg but formerly of the staff of the Agassiz Museum of Harvard University. It was presented by him to the junior author. A considerable amount of additional material, some of it of the greatest interest, including, among other things, a Lepidodendrid cone, was purchased by the junior contributor to the present article, from Mr. Moritz Fischer, of Cincinnati, Ohio, who was associated with Prof. Eastman as a collector in his work on the deposits containing the fossil plants here described. The locality and horizon of the fossil plants under consideration are described as follows by Prof. Eastman in a letter to the junior author: “The collection of fossiliferous nodules, which I turned over to you, was obtained by myself in company with Mr. Moritz Fischer, of Cincinnati, at a locality about one mile west of Junction City in Boyle County, Kentucky, in the spring of 1906. The nodule layer is a well-marked stratum 20 to 24 inches thick, lying at the base of the Waverley (Lower Carboniferous) and immediately above the Genessee Black Shale of Upper Devonian age. The accompanying fish remains are regarded by myself and Dr. Bashford Dean, who have described some of them, as indicating Lower Carboniferous age.”
Effect of dexamethasone on electrolyte transport in the large intestine of the rat.

Abstract We examined the effect of glucocorticosteroids on fluid and electrolyte movement in the rat colon. Dexamethasone, 600 μg per 100 g of body weight daily for 3 days, significantly increased water and sodium absorption, potassium secretion, the electrical potentional difference (PD), and Na-K-ATPase activity. Significant increases in PD and Na-K-ATPase activity were also produced by doses of dexamethasone (10 and 25 μg per 100 g of body weight, respectively) that more closely approximate a physiological dose. Further, the increase in PD was observed as soon as 3 hr after dexamethasone administration and persisted for 24 to 48 hr. Five hours after the administration of dexamethasone, Na-K-ATPase activity was not increased despite significant increments in Na absorption, K secretion, and PD. Dexamethasone increased fluid and sodium absorption during both saline and deoxycholic acid perfusions. In contrast to the net water and sodium secretion in the control group during bile acid perfusions, net absorption was present in the dexamethasone-treated animals. These studies extend previous observations of the effect of glucocorticoids on water and electrolyte movement in the large intestine and provide data concerning the minimal dose and time course of the interaction of glucocorticoids with ion transport. These observations indicate that glucocorticoids may provide important regulatory control of colonic ion transport, and that the mechanism of these glucocorticoid effects is not mediated by Na-K-ATPase.
An Analytical Model for Handoff Overhead Analysis in Internet-Based Infrastructure Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) have recently emerged to be a cost-effective solution to support large-scale wireless Internet access. In this paper, the handoff support in Internet-based infrastructure mesh networks is investigated. Current handoff schemes concentrate on the link-layer handoff support and have not considered the Internet-domain handoff due to the mobility from mesh networks. This paper focuses on the handoff overhead analysis. A new analytical model is proposed to evaluate the signaling overhead percentage during handoffs in infrastructure mesh networks. The proposed model considers overhead from both the link layer and network layer. The designed analytical model is validated by simulation results. Conclusions from this study can provide great insights in designing new cost-effective handoff schemes in WMNs.
Field calibrations of a low-cost aerosol sensor at a regulatory monitoring site in California

Abstract. Health effects attributed to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) now rank it among the risk factors with the highest health burdens in the world, but existing monitoring infrastructure cannot adequately characterize spatial and temporal variability in urban PM2.5 concentrations, nor in human population exposures. The development and evaluation of more portable and affordable monitoring instruments based on low-cost sensors may offer a means to supplement and extend existing infrastructure, increasing the density and coverage of empirical measurements and thereby improving exposure science and control. Here, we report on field calibrations of a custom-built, battery-operated aerosol monitoring instrument we developed using low-cost, off-the-shelf optical aerosol sensors. We calibrated our instruments using 1 h and 24 h PM2.5 data from a class III US EPA Federal Equivalent Method (FEM) PM2.5 β-attenuation monitor in continuous operation at a regulatory monitoring site in Oakland, California. We observed negligible associations with ambient humidity and temperature; linear corrections were sufficient to explain 60% of the variance in 1 h reference PM2.5 data and 72% of the variance in 24 h data. Performance at 1 h integration times was comparable to commercially available optical instruments costing considerably more. These findings warrant further exploration of the circumstances under which this class of aerosol sensors may profitably be deployed to generate improved PM2.5 data sets.
Antioxidants attenuate myocyte apoptosis in the remote non-infarcted myocardium following large myocardial infarction

Objective: Increased oxidative stress and myocyte apoptosis co-exist in the remote non-infarcted myocardium (RM) following a large myocardial infarction. We proposed that these phenomena are causally related. Methods and results: On day 3 after induction of myocardial infarction, Sprague–Dawley rats were randomized to receive probucol and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (MI-T), or vehicle only (MI) for 7 weeks. Control rats (C) received vehicle. At 7 weeks, lipidperoxidation within the RM was assessed by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, which were significantly increased in MI vs. C, while MI-T was not different from C. There was a significant increase in cardiac myocytes positive for in situ TdT-UTP nick-end labeling within the RM in MI vs. C, which was inhibited in MI-T. Furthermore, internucleosomal DNA fragmentation was clearly demonstrated on agarose gels from RM in the MI group, while it was much less apparent on gels from RM in the C and MI-T groups. Western blot analysis showed a significant increase in p53, Bax and caspase-3 protein expression within the RM of MI vs. C, all of which were inhibited in the MI-T group. Furthermore, there was evidence for an increase in caspase-3 activity within the RM from MI vs. C, which was normalized in the MI-T group. Conclusions: Long-term treatment with the antioxidants probucol and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate attenuates oxidative stress, myocyte apoptosis, caspase-3 like activity and the expression of p53, bax and caspase-3 within RM in rats after a large myocardial infarction.
Comparisons of Photo-Fries Rearrangements of 4-Dodecylphenyl Phenylacetate and Two Structurally Related Esters in Hexane and Polyethylene Cages. How Important Are Anchoring Chains?†

Photo-Fries rearrangements of 4-dodecylphenyl phenylacetate have been investigated in polyethylene films with 0–71% crystallinity and in hexane over a range of temperatures. The results are compared to those reported previously from phenyl phenylacetate and 1-naphthyl tetradecanoate to assess the influence of a long alkyl chain on the in-cage motions of the intermediate singlet radical pairs. It is demonstrated that the reactivity and selectivity of intimate singlet radical pairs can be tuned by judicious placement of long-chain substituents and selection of a specific polyethylene type as the reaction matrix.
Epilepsy and cognition.

Patients with epilepsy are more prone to cognitive and behavioral deficits. Epilepsy per se may induce or exacerbate an underlying cognitive impairment, a variety of factors contribute to such deficits, i.e., underlying neuropathology, seizure type, age of onset, psychosocial problems, and treatment side effects. Epilepsy treatment may offset the cognitive and behavioral impairments by stopping or decreasing the seizures, but it may also induce untoward effects on cognition and behavior. The neurocognitive burden of epilepsy may even start through in utero exposure to medications. Epilepsy surgery can also induce certain cognitive deficits, although in most cases this can be minimized. Clinicians should consider cognitive side effect profiles of antiepileptic medications, particularly in extreme age groups. While no effective treatments are available for cognitive and behavioral impairments in epilepsy, comprehensive pretreatment evaluation and meticulous selection of antiepileptic drugs or surgical approach may minimize such untoward effects.
Molecular Characterization of Global Regulatory RNA Species That Control Pathogenicity Factors in Erwinia amylovora and Erwinia herbicola pv. gypsophilae

rsmB(Ecc) specifies a nontranslatable RNA regulator that controls exoprotein production and pathogenicity in soft rot-causing Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. This effect of rsmB(Ecc) RNA is mediated mostly by neutralizing the function of RsmA(Ecc), an RNA-binding protein of E. carotovora subsp. carotovora, which acts as a global negative regulator. To determine the occurrence of functional homologs of rsmB(Ecc) in non-soft-rot-causing Erwinia species, we cloned the rsmB genes of E. amylovora (rsmB(Ea)) and E. herbicola pv. gypsophilae (rsmB(Ehg)). We show that rsmB(Ea) in E. amylovora positively regulates extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production, motility, and pathogenicity. In E. herbicola pv. gypsophilae, rsmB(Ehg) elevates the levels of transcripts of a cytokinin (etz) gene and stimulates the production of EPS and yellow pigment as well as motility. RsmA(Ea) and RsmA(Ehg) have more than 93% identity to RsmA(Ecc) and, like the latter, function as negative regulators by affecting the transcript stability of the target gene. The rsmB genes reverse the negative effects of RsmA(Ea), RsmA(Ehg), and RsmA(Ecc), but the extent of reversal is highest with homologous combinations of rsm genes. These observations and findings that rsmB(Ea) and rsmB(Ehg) RNA bind RsmA(Ecc) indicate that the rsmB effect is channeled via RsmA. Additional support for this conclusion comes from the observation that the rsmB genes are much more effective as positive regulators in a RsmA(+) strain of E. carotovora subsp. carotovora than in its RsmA(-) derivative. E. herbicola pv. gypsophilae produces a 290-base rsmB transcript that is not subject to processing. By contrast, E. amylovora produces 430- and 300-base rsmB transcripts, the latter presumably derived by processing of the primary transcript as previously noted with the transcripts of rsmB(Ecc). Southern blot hybridizations revealed the presence of rsmB homologs in E. carotovora, E. chrysanthemi, E. amylovora, E. herbicola, E. stewartii and E. rhapontici, as well as in other enterobacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Y. pseudotuberculosis. A comparison of rsmB sequences from several of these enterobacterial species revealed a highly conserved 34-mer region which is predicted to play a role in positive regulation by rsmB RNA.
Building quantum wires: the long and the short of it

As quantum computing moves closer to reality the need for basic architectural studies becomes more pressing. Quantum wires, which transport quantum data, will be a fundamental component in all anticipated silicon quantum architectures. In this paper, we introduce a quantum wire architecture based upon quantum teleportation. We compare this teleportation channel with the traditional approach to transporting quantum data, which we refer to as the swapping channel. We characterize the latency and bandwidth of these two alternatives in a device-independent way and describe how the advanced architecture of the teleportation channel overcomes a basic limit to the maximum communication distance of the swapping channel. In addition, we discover a fundamental tension between the scale of quantum effects and the scale of the classical logic needed to control them. This "pitch-matching" problem imposes constraints on minimum wire lengths and wire intersections, which in turn imply a sparsely connected architecture of coarse-grained quantum computational elements. This is in direct contrast to the "sea of gates" architectures presently assumed by most quantum computing studies.
Adrenal insufficiency masquerading as sepsis in a patient with tetraparesis: a case report.

Abstract Lee LW, Glenn MB. Adrenal insufficiency masquerading as sepsis in a patient with tetraparesis: a case report. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81:830-3. Several endocrine changes have been reported in patients with tetraplegia after spinal cord injury (SCI). These changes should be considered when prescribing medications that influence the endocrine pathways. Megestrol acetate has gained acceptance as a way to promote weight gain in cachectic patients without significant adverse effects. We present a case of a 51-year-old man with C5-C6 tetraparesis who was only 67% of his ideal body weight and was placed on megestrol acetate 5 months before admission for a urologic procedure. Postoperatively, the patient had severe hypotension and tachycardia that was interpreted as a septic or cardiac event. Further workup revealed subnormal levels of 8AM cortisol. An adrenocorticotrophic hormone stimulation test demonstrated results consistent with adrenal suppression. Hydrocortisone supplementation was started, and 6 months later cortisol levels were within normal limits. Cachexia, hypotension, and mild tachycardia are not uncommon in patients with SCI. When severe hypotension and tachycardia are seen in patients with tetraplegia, the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency should be considered. © 2000 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Magic, Science, and Health: The Aims and Achievements of Medical Anthropology and Culture, Health and Illness: An Introduction for Health Professionals. 3rd ed.

Magic, Science, and Health: The Aims and Achievements of Medical Anthropology. Robert Anderson. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1996. + 454 pp. Culture, Health and Illness: An Introduction for Health Professionals. 3rd ed. Cecil G. Helman. Oxford, England: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1994. viii. 446 pp.
SEROLOGICAL STUDIES OF O ANTIGENS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI BY MEANS OF THE HEMAGGLUTINATION TEST

Kunin, Calvin M. (University of Virginia, Charlottesville) and Mary V. Beard. Serological studies of O antigens of Escherichia coli by means of the hemagglutination test. J. Bacteriol. 85:541-548. 1963.-The serological interrelationships among most of the known O antigens of Escherichia coli were studied by the hemagglutination test. Good agreement with the bacterial agglutination test was found with the major antigens, but cross reactions among groups were much more limited with the hemagglutination test. Heterogenetic cross reactions with many Enterobacteriaceae species were observed with rabbit antisera to E. coli O14, O56, O124, and O144. This effect tended to elevate antibody titers observed in human serum against almost all O antigen groups, but could not by itself account for the wide diversity of antibodies to them. E. coli antibodies were localized in human gamma-globulin, but were present in the beta-globulin fractions of a number of domestic animals. Rabbits differed from other animals studied in that antibodies to E. coli were rarely found in their sera; this was attributed in part to the low density of E. coli populations in this animal. The hemagglutination test may be used in identification of unknown O antigens, but does not have special merit over the bacterial agglutination test; it does not further characterize rough or untypable strains other than by demonstrating that they also possess heterogenetic antigens.