cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
State Complicity and Religious Extremism: Failing the Vulnerable Individual

Religious extremism—especially when unhindered by the state—can result in unimaginable harm to individuals. That is not to suggest that the only extremism is religious extremism. That would be patently incorrect and a profound misrepresentation of history; secular extremism - Communism, Fascism, Nazism, Pol Pot, Mao to name but the most obvious - has exacted an unimaginable price on hundreds of millions of people over the ages. While our examination will focus exclusively on religious extremism that is not intended - in any way - to minimize the extraordinary harm inflicted on innocent individuals by extremism not based on religion. To suggest otherwise would be an unacceptable combination of revisionist history, disrespectful of the memories of millions of victims. As we move forward, it is important to recall that in this chapter our focus is religious extremism and its impact on the individual. In doing so, we analyze the cost to the individual impacted by extremism and argue that state complicity in the face of extremism exacerbates individual vulnerability. In focusing on individual vulnerability, the working assumption is that the state fails to protect the individual member of a closed religious extremist group. The obligation, and the consistent failure, to protect individuals in the face of religious extremism - particularly in the context of “closed communities” - has significant consequences. This chapter will focus specifically on the effect specific closed communities have on vulnerable individuals. Not only does it put individuals “at risk”, it manifests state complicity in the face of extremism, the consequences of which are profound. While religious extremism is harmful to greater society, it is especially harmful to vulnerable individuals. With respect to the impact on larger society, specific examples will be provided illuminating the consequences of state complicity, regardless of its motivation or cause.
Development of a survivorship screening tool in survivors of hematopoietic cell transplant.

This study describes the development of a screening measure focused on the potential needs of hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) survivors at least 1-year post-transplant. A multidisciplinary team met regularly to develop a screening measure to better understand the ongoing medical and clinical symptoms experienced by survivors of HCT. This measure was given to 299 patients presenting to an HCT survivorship clinic, with referrals offered for any issues reaching clinical threshold. A factor analysis was performed to examine the underlying factor structure of the measure. Analyses indicated a 3-factor underlying structure, including physical, emotional, and practical concerns. Areas most consistently endorsed as ongoing areas of concern included fatigue, financial concerns, and worry about their future. Interestingly, while many patients were interested in referrals for these issues, some patients did not wish to have their symptoms managed at our center. Survivors of hematopoietic cell transplant continue to experience symptoms well after their treatment has ended, including issues related to the emotional, physical, and practical impact of their illness and treatment regimen. It is vital that their providers understand the frequency of these concerns as well as patients’ preference for intervention. While HCT has become increasingly successful in treating hematologic cancers, many survivors experience a range of issues post-transplant. Survivorship care for these patients must include ongoing thorough assessment related to the practical, emotional, and medical symptoms experienced post-transplant, with appropriate intervention provided in-house where possible or in the community according to patient preference.
Efficacy of targeted muscle reinnervation is directly affected by timing of intervention in a neuropathic pain model

Purpose Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) coapts amputated nerves to small motor nerves to power a prosthetic limb. Additionally, clinical studies have shown TMR performed within 3 months of major limb amputation prevents or reduces phantom and residual limb pain. However, TMR delayed over 3 months is much less effective. We have previously shown that TMR performed 3 weeks following SNI returned pain behaviors to baseline. This study examined the effect of TMR performed at the time of TMR versus a delay of 12 weeks following SNI to determine whether this model reflects clinical findings. SNI was performed in male rats and interventions were applied at the time of SNI, 3 weeks, and 12 weeks following SNI. Pain behaviors were assessed with von Frey threshold, pin testing, dynamic brush testing and acetone testing prior to intervention and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 weeks following intervention. Simple neuroma excision (NE) was used as a control intervention. TMR performed immediately at the time of SNI prevented the development of a pain phenotype. Animals tested 3 and 12 weeks following SNI showed a robust pain phenotype: increased hyperalgesic responses, reduced Von Frey thresholds, and increased cold sensitivity. TMR at 3 weeks following SNI successfully reversed the pain behaviors to baseline. In contrast, if TMR or NE was delayed 12 weeks after SNI, the pain behaviors persisted. The neuropathic pain phenotype generated by SNI can be treated with TMR performed immediately and 3 weeks following development of a pain phenotype. In contrast, delayed TMR provides no relief of pain behaviors. This model closely corresponds to clinical experience in patients with limb amputation and will facilitate further understanding of the mechanisms behind TMR and how the intervention may be modified to help chronic amputation-related pain. Medical College of Wisconsin Neurosciences Research Center Plastic Surgery Foundation- American Association for Hand Surgery Pilot Grant 628811.
Need for cognition and rumination: Alternate explanations for sex differences in disaster information seeking

Abstract While a long history of research in crisis communication has suggested sex differences in information seeking, little has addressed the underlying reasons why this may be the case. The current study examines information seeking behaviors in the time leading up to Hurricane Dorian, and suggests that these differences may be a function of ruminative processing tendencies. Sex differences in information seeking are moderated such that they attenuate at higher levels of rumination. Implications for our understanding of audience responses and emergency management are discussed, along with differences in sex role normalization that may play a factor in the observed data.
Do Professor–Student Rapport and Mattering Predict College Student Outcomes?:

Background: Professor–student rapport and a sense of mattering to others are associated with several college student outcomes, but no study has examined the relation between these two variables. Ob...
Eloquence-based reperfusion scoring and its ability to predict post-thrombectomy disability and functional status.

BackgroundAngiographic reperfusion after endovascular thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke is commonly graded using volume-based reperfusion scores such as the modified thrombolysis in cerebral in...
Heat Sink Design for WBG Power Modules Based on Fourier Series and Evolutionary Multi-Objective Multi-Physics Optimization

Optimal heat dissipation in power modules can significantly increase their power density. Removing the generated heat is critical for capturing the benefits of advanced semiconductor materials and improving the reliability of the device operation. This study proposes a design optimization method for liquid-cooled heat sinks that use a Fourier analysis–based tool and an evolutionary optimization algorithm to optimize the heat sink geometry for specified objectives. The optimized heat sink geometry was compared with state-of-the-art solutions in the literature based on finite element analysis of different designs. The proposed methodology can develop complex geometries that outperform conventional heat sink geometries. Optimized heat sink design from the proposed method was fabricated and tested in an experimental setup under representative operating conditions. The experimental setup was also modeled in the finite element model that was used for the proposed heat sink optimization method. The experimental results show that developed finite element models can predict the thermal and flow performance of the complex design with high fidelity, and the results validate the proposed design approach.
How Economic Stress Impacts Risky Sex among African American Adolescents

Given the potential for unintended pregnancy and exposure to sexually transmitted infections, both of which can have long-term deleterious health consequences, the identification of predictors of adolescent risky sexual behavior remains an important line of inquiry. Although prior research has identified a variety of family and individual factors that are associated with risky sexual behavior, few studies have examined the role of family economic stress. The current study utilized three waves of data from a community sample of African American families with adolescents (N = 778, 54% girls, average age = 10.4 years old at Wave 1, 12.3 years old at Wave 2, 15.6 years old at Wave 3) to test the family stress model as an explanation of adolescent risky sexual behavior. Multi-group analyses examined gender differences in the family processes expected to link economic stress and risky sexual behavior. Unlike most studies utilizing this theoretical perspective, family structure was also taken into account. The results supported the propositions of the family stress model for boys and girls for both two-caregiver and single-mother households. Further, in single-mother households, maternal psychological distress continued to have a positive effect on adolescent risky sex even after taking into account the impact of parenting behaviors. Overall, the results suggest that economic stress ripples through the family system, increasing adolescent risky sexual behavior through its negative impact on family processes, highlighting the need for systemic policy changes rather than individual-level intervention/prevention efforts.
Oral vitamin C restores endothelial function during acute inflammation in young and older adults.

Oxidative stress has been linked to reductions in vascular function during acute inflammation in young adults; however, the effect of acute inflammation on vascular function with aging is inconclusive. The aim of this study was to determine if oral antioxidant administration eliminates vascular dysfunction during acute inflammation in young and older adults. Brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) were measured in nine young (3 male, 24 ± 4 yrs, 26.2 ± 4.9 kg/m2 ) and 16 older (13 male, 64 ± 5 yrs, 25.8 ± 3.2 kg/m2 ) adults before and 2-h after oral consumption of 2 g of vitamin C. The vitamin C protocol was completed at rest and 24 h after acute inflammation was induced via the typhoid vaccine. Venous blood samples were taken to measure markers of inflammation and vitamin C. Both interleukin-6 (Δ+0.7 ± 1.8 pg/ml) and C-reactive protein (Δ+1.9 ± 3.1 mg/L) were increased at 24 h following the vaccine (p 0.05). FMD was lower in all groups during acute inflammation (Δ-1.4 ± 1.9%, p 0.05). Vitamin C restored FMD back to initial values in young and older adults during acute inflammation (Δ+1.0 ± 1.8%, p 0.05). In conclusion, oral vitamin C restored endothelial function during acute inflammation in young and older adults, with no effect on aortic stiffness. The effect of vitamin C on endothelial function did not appear to be due to reductions in inflammatory markers. The exact mechanisms should be further investigated.
Converging Human Rights and Transitional Justice

This chapter offers an analytical framework that can help explain states’ compliance variations with adopted transitional justice norms. The starting juncture of analysis rests on the moment when states begin to adopt transitional justice norms as policies. From that point on, the spotlight is put on the aftermath of the policies to examine the possible challenges that already adopted norms as policies may be facing and why this may be the case. The findings show not a compromise of the state in abiding by norms but one where states’ interests and norms are portrayed as clashing against one another. This clash is the decisive moment in understanding why states aim to destroy their own advances in the adoption and implementation of transitional justice processes.
Podcasting as mobile learning

Debuting as “audio-blogging” in September 2004, podcasting has evolved to a much more stalwart technology and a greater societal adoption (Geoghegan & Klass, 2005). The public awareness of podcasting was marked by the integration of podcasting into Apple’s music downloading extravaganza called iTunes® in June 2005 (Lafferty & Walch, 2006). However it was in 2006-2007 that the steep incline of adoption became obvious (Li, 2007) as the iPod® became more popular. Podcasts are digital audio files which are hosted on the Internet and published via a special scripting language. Podcasts are usually produced in a series, so that there are multiple episodes. And the scripting language, XML (Extensible Markup Language) and RSS (Really Simple Syndication), enables updates of the series to be sent to the listener’s computer or wireless device automatically (King & Gura, 2007). However, readers may ask what connection does this popular broadcasting phenomenon have to distance and online learning? Or then again, how could MP3 players, iPods®, and the movement of new media have any impact or relationship to formal and informal learning? In fact podcasting provides a powerful means to bring a long desired reality of distance learning — mobile learning — to a broad base of users. Podcasting may in fact be viewed as another vital development within the constellation of distance learning options. Indeed it is not until the last ten years that distance learning has become a powerful, even demanded, alternative among college students and workplace professionals (King & Griggs, 2006). In the near future there will be few colleges and universities who will attempt to serve their students without some distance learning provisions (King & Griggs, 2006). And with workforces who must vigorously compete, collaborate and commute globally, the ability to upgrade their professional skills via distance training is no longer an option, but a necessity (Berge, 2000). Podcasting offers a new dimension to the assortment of vital distance learning solutions because it provides the means to learn at a distance and learn on the move. In the past few years, several questions about podcasting have emerged, from who is listening to podcasts and how many, to how can audio be collaborative, and what are the future trends? These questions will be addressed as this brief chapter provides an overview of the major topics of podcasting and the critical issues related to it. The impact that e-learning has had on education and the workplace over the last 20 years is paramount. From video-conferencing to online classes and desktop Webinars, technology has been integrated into educational and professional learning to create multiple and diverse distance learning solutions (King & Griggs, 2006). However audio and video podcasting as mobile learning stand to provide a very different dimension to distance learning (King & Gura, 2007). Instead of being restrained and constrained to a desktop or conference room, professional learning truly can be “anytime, anywhere.”
Where Did That Pollution Come From? A Review of Chemical and Microbial Markers of Organic Pollution

This review presents the current range of analytical markers which can be used to identify the sources of organic matter in environmental waters. Both chemical and microbial markers are presented. Applications which have been developed include identification of pollution input from human domestic sources, agriculture, landfills, and urban runoff. DNA and RNA characteristic of individual animal species, fecal sterols and bile acids, artificial sweeteners, commercial chemicals, and isotope ratios of carbon and hydrogen have been found useful as pollution markers. The review is intended to both introduce the reader to this vital area of research, and to present an overview which can be useful to practitioners in the field.
Site-specific mutagenesis of Drosophila proliferating cell nuclear antigen enhances its effects on calf thymus DNA polymerase δ

Background We and others have shown four distinct and presumably related effects of mammalian proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) on DNA synthesis catalyzed by mammalian DNA polymerase δ(pol δ). In the presence of homologous PCNA, pol δ exhibits 1) increased absolute activity; 2) increased processivity of DNA synthesis; 3) stable binding of synthetic oligonucleotide template-primers (t1/2 of the pol δ•PCNA•template-primer complex ≥2.5 h); and 4) enhanced synthesis of DNA opposite and beyond template base lesions. This last effect is potentially mutagenic in vivo. Biochemical studies performed in parallel with in vivo genetic analyses, would represent an extremely powerful approach to investigate further, both DNA replication and repair in eukaryotes.
ARE STRICT CYCLE EFFECTS DERIVABLE

Publisher Summary The chapter proposes to eliminate the strict cycle condition, arguing that derived environment effects result from the application of structure-building rules to underspecified representations. Derived environment effects, in which a rule fails to apply in non-derived environments that otherwise satisfy its structural description, are generally attributed to the strict cycle condition. The derived environment condition on pre-coronal laminalization (PCL) is predicted by the strict cycle condition, as it applies only when its environment is satisfied as the result of morphological composition. But it cannot be derived from constraints on underlying feature specification because, on analysis of sibilant harmony, at the point at which PCL applies, both the sibilants that undergo PCL and those that fail to undergo PCL are unspecified for the feature as a result of the prior application of distributed delinking. It therefore appears to be impossible to derive strict cycle effects in all cases from underspecification.
Modeling Studies on the Precipitation of Krypton After Implantation into Metals

A rate-theory approach is applied to interpreting observations on the precipitation of Kr injected into Ni at temperatures between 25 and 560/degree/C. At temperatures of 400/degree/C or higher, the implanted Kr precipitates evolve into a bi-modal size distribution containing small solid precipitates and an additional population of larger, faceted bubbles. The calculations explore the dependence of the observed bi-modal distribution on the maximum size of the solid Kr precipitates and the effect of this dependence on bubble mobility. The analysis suggests that during the irradiation, whereas the large bubbles move by surface diffusion, the solid Kr precipitates are immobile. The relevance of the Kr-Ni interaction on the solid Kr precipitates size cutoff is discussed. 18 refs., 8 figs., 2 tabs.
The solution of discrete convolutions with a bounded error constraint

In this paper, we give an algorithm for solving discrete convolutions with a bounded error constraint. Unlike least squares, the algorithm does not require inverting or forming the elements of a matrix but, rather, operates directly on the data. The algorithm is demonstrated for the prediction equation. Numerical results are presented for a second-order Butterworth filter.
A new generation of TABS II buoy for the Texas Automated Buoy System

The year 2005 marks the tenth anniversary of the Texas Automated Buoy System (TABS). The buoy network was developed for the Texas General Lands Office (TGLO) in support of oil spill modeling, mitigation and response in the Gulf of Mexico. The government of Texas, and in particular the TGLO have supported the TABS program since its inception in 1995 at seven locations in the Gulf of Mexico. The program currently has nine locations with the two additional sites receiving support through a joint industry project supported by a consortium of oil companies operating in the Flower Garden Banks region of the gulf. The initial buoy systems were developed by the Geochemical and Environmental Research Group (GERG) of Texas A&M University (TAMU) with the Woods Hole Group (WHG) of Falmouth, MA to measure and report near real time surface currents through cellular and satellite telemetry. Since the initial development in 1995, the buoy systems have evolved to include additional sensors such as ADCP's, CTD's, optical sensors, meteorological sensors, GPS, various means of telemetry and most recently, seafloor mounted sensors. In early 2003, GERG began to explore the means by which the TABS network could accommodate additional sensors to expand and enhance the data capability and data value to the end users, increase reliability, provide a faster turn around time during routine servicing and provide modularity in terms of both hardware and software. Because the TABS buoys are a spar design with limited power and space, choice of the right controller was critical. The TABS controller hardware was upgraded from a Motorola 68332 processor based system, to a more powerful PC 104 computer system operating at 100 MHz, with 12 serial ports, 16 analog ports, 24 digital I/O's, 2 USB ports and fast Ethernet. The computer and peripherals operate at approximately 3 watts on a 12 volt supply making it suitable for long term deployments with a solar charging system. The CPU runs on a Linux operating system with high level software written Perl and modular sensor support written in C. The new buoys offer much greater flexibility in terms of the type and quantity of sensors the buoy can support, overall processing speed and capability, internal diagnostic capability, as well as the ability to safely handle remote software upgrades without danger of catastrophic failure if the upgrade is corrupted through telemetry. In February 2005 the first of the new generation buoys was deployed off of San Louis Pass located south west of Galveston, Texas. During this deployment new systems and sensors were tested including the ability of a TABS buoy to acoustically collect processed wave data from a bottom mounted wave gauge ADCP. The recent addition of wave capability to the TABS network enhances the data currently available to the end users of the TABS observing network.
Higher Rydberg states of He using the polarized-orbital method

Rydberg states of He of the configuration $(1s nl)^{1,3}D$, $^{1,3}F$ for $n=3\ensuremath{-}7$ have been calculated using polarized-orbital and related approximations, notably the extended-polarization approximation. The singlet states are superior in the full polarized-orbital approximation whereas the triplet cases are better in the extended-polarization approximation. Reasons for this behavior are given. Comparison is also made with recent diagrammatic calculations of Chang and Poe. A comment on some recent polarized-orbital calculations of photoionization is included.
1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits C4‐2 prostate cancer cell growth via a retinoblastoma protein (Rb)‐independent G1 arrest

BACKGROUND The active metabolite of vitamin D, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) reduces the growth of several prostate cancer cell lines, most commonly by inducing a cell-cycle arrest in G1. This is mediated, in part, through down-regulation of c-Myc, a positive regulator of the transcription factor, E2F. There is evidence that prostate cancer cells lacking functional retinoblastoma protein (Rb), a negative regulator of E2F activity, are poorly responsive to 1,25D treatment. Since up to 60% of prostate cancers demonstrate a loss of heterozygosity for Rb, we sought to determine whether Rb is required for the growth inhibitory effects of 1,25D. METHODS Using siRNA, Rb was reduced in C4-2 prostate cancer cells, and the response of cells to 1,25D treatment or depletion of c-myc measured by [3H]-thymidine incorporation and flow cytometry. The effects of 1,25D treatment on E2F levels and activity, and E2F target gene expression were also measured. RESULTS 1,25D treatment and c-Myc depletion both cause a G1 arrest inhibiting C4-2 cell proliferation independently of Rb. 1,25D reduces c-Myc expression and causes a decrease in E2F and E2F target genes. Bcl-2, an E2F target and positive regulator of C4-2 cell growth, also is down-regulated by 1,25D independently of Rb. CONCLUSIONS Redundant growth inhibitory pathways compensate for the loss of Rb, and tumors lacking functional Rb may be responsive to 1,25D. Prostate 71: 98–110, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
High-glucose-induced structural changes in the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, perlecan, of cultured human aortic endothelial cells.

Abstract Hyperglycemia is an independent risk factor for diabetes-associated cardiovascular disease. One potential mechanism involves hyperglycemia-induced changes in arterial wall extracellular matrix components leading to increased atherosclerosis susceptibility. A decrease in heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycans (GAG) has been reported in diabetic arteries. The present studies examined the effects of high glucose on in vitro production of proteoglycans (PG) by aortic endothelial cells. Exposure of cells to high glucose (30 vs. 5 mM glucose) resulted in decreased [ 35 S] sodium sulfate incorporation specifically into secreted HSPG. Differences were not due to hyperosmolar effects and no changes were observed in CS/DSPG. Enzymatic procedures, immunoprecipitation and Western analyses demonstrated that high glucose induced changes specifically in the HSPG, perlecan. In double-label experiments, lower sulfate incorporation in high-glucose-treated cells was accompanied by lower [ 3 H] glucosamine incorporation into GAG but not lower [ 3 H] serine incorporation into PG core proteins. Size exclusion chromatography demonstrated that GAG size was unchanged and GAG sulfation was not reduced. These results indicate that the level of regulation of perlecan by high glucose is posttranslational, involving a modification in molecular structure, possibly a decrease in the number of HS GAG chains on the core protein.
Rat serum albumin biosynthesis: Evidence for a precursor

Summary An albumin-like protein (pro-albumin) has been isolated from rat liver microsomal albumin by isoelectric focusing. Unlike intracellular serum albumin, it becomes highly radioactive in the course of albumin biosynthesis at the expense of labeled amino acids in vivo . The albumin-like protein is immunologically indistinguishable from rat serum albumin and has the same (or similar) N-terminus: glutamate (or glutamine). Maps of tryptic peptides suggest that the albumin-like protein may be a peptide derivative of serum albumin.
Fluctuation-dissipation relation for giant magnetoresistive 1/f noise.

We find that Co/Cu multilayers exhibiting giant magnetoresistance (GMR) also show giant magnetoresistive 1/f noise. The largest component of this noise (which peaks at magnetic fields maximizing the GMR derivative) is accurately predicted from a fluctuation-dissipation relation using the out-of-phase GMR in an ac field. A second noise mechanism, connected with defects in the antiferromagnetic order but not related to overall magnetization fluctuations, was found near zero field.
Rigid animal-rights views not useful to ethics debate

Fern Wickson calls for animal-rights activists to be formally consulted on university animal-research programmes (Nature 463, 293; 2010). The UK practice of including lay members of the public on university animal-ethics committees might be a sounder strategy. t is true that more productive dialogue ought to exist between scientists and protesters. But for the most vocal and militant activists, no compromise is acceptable. Their adherence to the cause is almost religious. Such rigid views are unlikely to add usefully to the discussion.
FFT-JVIE algorithm for computation of electromagnetic fields in inhomogeneous dielectric objects

An FFT-volume integral equation formulation based on equivalent polarization currents is presented for the analysis of inhomogeneous dielectric objects. The Galerkin discretization scheme used herein incorporates piecewise constant functions and results into well-posed systems even for scatterers of high contrast. Moreover, the original 6-D (volume-volume) Galerkin inner products are reduced to 4-D (surface-surface) integrals, allowing existing algorithms to compute with high accuracy the pertaining singular multidimensional integrals. Finally, the resulting numerical system is solved by means of iterative methods and the convergence is accelerated with the help of an analytical preconditioner.
Thermal Lag, Fusion, and the Compensation Effect during Biomass Pyrolysis†

Results from a numerical model for endothermic biomass pyrolysis, which includes both high activation energy kinetics and heat transfer across a boundary layer to the reacting solid particle, are presented. The model accounts for conventional thermocouple thermal lag and unconventional thermal lag due to heat demand by the chemical reaction (which is governed by Arrhenius kinetics). Biomass fusion, first identified quantitatively by Lede and Villermaux, is shown to be a manifestation of severe thermal lag that results from the chemical reaction heat demand. Over the wide range of conditions studied, the true substrate temperature remains almost constant during pyrolysis, as is the case with compounds undergoing fusion or sublimation at constant pressure. A simple algebraic model, whose derivation presupposes the idea that biomass pyrolysis mimics the melting of a block of ice, accurately predicts the maximum value of thermal lag during pyrolysis. Unidentified thermal lag in TGA experiments lowers the valu...
PHOTOASSOCIATIVE IONIZATION OF HETERONUCLEAR MOLECULES IN A NOVEL TWO-SPECIES MAGNETO-OPTICAL TRAP

We describe the experimental observation of ultracold ${\mathrm{NaCs}}^{+}$ molecular formation in a novel two-species magneto-optical trap. We interpret our observations in terms of a photoassociative ionization pathway similar to that observed in a sodium trap: $\mathrm{Na}+\mathrm{Cs}+\ensuremath{\Elzxh}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{Na}}+\ensuremath{\Elzxh}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{Cs}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{NaCs}}^{+}{+e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. We have directly measured the ${\mathrm{NaCs}}^{+}$ production rate as a function of the excitation laser frequency and intensity elucidating the role of ground-state hyperfine levels. We have observed resonance structures in the frequency-dependent ion rate which we associate with the molecular character of the process.
Mechanism of asymmetric lineshape broadening in GaAs 1 − x N x Raman spectra

Resonance Raman spectroscopy is used to probe the asymmetric broadening of the LO phonon linewidth in a dilute GaAs${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$N${}_{x}$ alloy ($x=0.41\phantom{\rule{-0.16em}{0ex}}%$). Electronic Raman scattering from a broad continuum is observed that gets enhanced concurrently with the LO phonon linewidth under resonance. The Fano interaction between the LO phonon and the electronic continuum is used to develop a model that satisfactorily explains the origin of the asymmetric LO phonon linewidth broadening in this abnormal alloy as arising due to coupling between the discrete and the continuum configurations.
An Analysis of the Variability in Estimates of Bioenergetic Variables in Preterm Infants

ABSTRACT. Estimates of average daily energy expenditure and minimal observed oxygen consumption are commonly used to characterize the energy metabolism of neonates. Yet, the errors inherent in these estimates have not been defined. Using measurements of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production made in healthy growing low birth weight infants during eight consecutive 3-h interfeeding epochs, we have determined the variability in the mean oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, respiratory quotient, total daily energy expenditure, and the minimal observed oxygen consumption among the feeding epochs. The coefficient of variation for oxygen consumption ranged from 3.1 to 9.1%, for minimal observed oxygen consumption from 3.7 to 16.7%, for carbon dioxide production from 3.3 to 7.4%, and for total daily energy expenditure from 2.9 to 7.6%. The SDs for respiratory quotient ranged from 0.008 to 0.066. From these 24-h data we have calculated the error in predicting daily estimates of the mean values for these variables if observations are made for less than 24 h. As expected, this error decreases with increasing duration of observation. These data should prove useful in the design and interpretation of investigations of neonatal energy expenditure.
Relative influence of streamflows in assessing temporal variability in stream habitat

Abstract: The effects of streamflows on temporal variation in stream habitat were analyzed from the data collected 6-11 years apart at 38 sites across the United States. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the variation in habitat caused by streamflow at the time of sampling and high flows between sampling. In addition to flow variables, the model also contained geomorphic and land use factors. The regression model was statistically significant (p < 0.05; R2 = 0.31-0.46) for 5 of 14 habitat variables: mean wetted stream depth, mean bankfull depth, mean wetted stream width, coefficient of variation of wetted stream width, and the percent frequency of bank erosion. High flows between samples accounted for about 16% of the total variation in the frequency of bank erosion. Streamflow at the time of sampling was the main source of variation in mean stream depth and contributed to the variation in mean stream width and the frequency of bank erosion. Urban land use (population change) accounted for over 20% of the total variation in mean bankfull depth, 15% of the total variation in the coefficient of variation of stream width, and about 10% of the variation in mean stream width.
Physiological responses of a bloom-forming green macroalga to short-term change in salinity, nutrients, and light help explain its ecological success

Enteromorpha intestinalis is a bloom-forming species of macroalgae associated with eutrophication. The objective of this study was to investigate how this alga performs osmoregulation and nutrient uptake in order to proliferate under environmental conditions that covary with eutrophication. We quantified the response ofE. intestinalis to salinity, light, and nutrients. We performed two short-term (48 h) laboratory experiments (salinity alone and salinity × nutrients × light) to examine the algal responses of tissue water, potassium (K+), and nutrient (NO 3 − and total N) content. Tissue water content decreased with increasing salinity, and although K+ concentration decreased from the initial concentration, it decreased less with increased salinity treatment demonstrating two mechanisms to withstand short-term salinity fluctuation. The salinity × nutrient × light experiment showed that, in the short term, light had an interaction with tissue K+. Total tissue N content was positively related to N treatment level, and light did not affect total nutrient concentration. The effect of light was present whether the nutrients were present in the tissue as inorganic or organic forms. With reduced light, we hypothe size that the assimilation of inorganic to organic N was energy limited. The ability of this alga to take up available nutrients rapidly for growth and short-term osmoregulation, even under low light and salinity levels, helps to explain the bloom potential ofE. intestinalis.
Phylogenetic analysis of low pathogenicity H5N1 and H7N3 influenza A virus isolates recovered from sentinel, free flying, wild mallards at one study site during 2006.

Abstract From August 2 to October 11, 2006, clusters of low pathogenicity (LP) North American lineage H5N1 and H7N3 avian influenza A viruses (AIV), and other subtypes, were recovered from free-flying, resident, wild mallards used as sentinels at one site. The antigenic subtypes, pathogenicity potential, and Sanger sequencing of the isolates determined the H5N1 and H7N3 isolates were only recovered from samples collected on 8/2/2006 and 9/8/2006, respectively. However, subsequent efforts using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and additional Sanger sequencing found partial H7 segments in other HA–NA virus combinations on 8/2/2006, 9/8/2006 and 10/11/2006. It is well established that over larger geographic areas and years AIVs form transient genomic constellations; this sequential sampling data revealed that over a short period of time the dynamics of AIVs can be active and newer sequencing platforms increase recognition of mixed infections. Both findings provide further insight into the natural history of AIVs in natural reservoirs.
Extracellular proteins of the calf aortic media smooth muscle cells in culture

Abstract The calf aortic medial layer and confluent cultures of smooth muscle cells derived from this tissue were subjected to a non-destructive extraction scheme including 1.0% sodium dodecyl sulfate/0.33 M mercaptoethanol as the last step. The SDS/mercaptoethanol-soluble fraction obtained from both sources contained a heterogenous mixture of proteins of which two components were purified to near homogeneity. Actin was identified as the major component of this fraction by its subunit molecular weight of 45 000 and its content of N -methylhistidine (approx. 1 residue/45 000 subunit). Also a 200 000 dalton protein was partially purified and compared to the microfibrillar protein subunit and to the fibronectin class of proteins. Based on turnover studies and susceptibility to proteolysis, this protein appeared to be an extracellular component of the cultured cell. The SDS/mercaptoethanol residue from the medial layer contained the expected complement of collagen (22%) and elastin (78%). In contrast, the residue from confluent cultures grown in the absence of ascorbic acid contained proteins of high content of polar amino acids. Collagen and elastin were not detected. The SDS/mercaptoethanol-insoluble proteins accumulate extracellularly as a function of time in culture past cellular confluence but not as a function of number of population doublings. In addition to these proteins, these cultured cells deposit insoluble collagen, but not elastin, when grown in the presence of added ascorbic acid.
Euler analysis of a High-Speed Civil Transport concept at Mach 3

A marching Euler solver, GEM3D, was used to predict the Mach 3 flowfield for the wing and body of a Highspeed Civil Transport (HSCT) concept. The analysis focused on a typical cruise lift coefficient of 0.1 at a = 3 deg. The Euler solution indicated that embedded shocks formed on the upper surface of the inboard wing panel and at the leading edge of the outboard wing panel caused by its supersonic leading-edge condition. According to a simple static-pressure criterion, the embedded wing upper-surface shocks were sufficiently strong to separate a turbulent boundary layer. Comparison of aerodynamic coefficients from the Euler solver with those from linear theory showed that the linear theory estimates of lift and drag were optimistic, which would lead to optimistic estimates of cruise range.
Sensitivities of TE-polarized electromagnetic fields to shape changes in diffraction gratings

This paper presents a technique to compute the derivatives of diffraction efficiencies of optical gratings with respect to changes to their geometric parameters. The method uses adjoint equations to compute the shape derivatives efficiently. This general method is developed for the case of TE polarized fields in planar diffraction and is implemented using a coupled-wave numerical technique. Possible applications of this method are in the solution of several inverse scattering problems arising in semiconductor manufacturing.
A greenhouse gas silicon microchip sensor using a conducting composite with single walled carbon nanotubes

Abstract A new silicon substrate microsensor has been developed using a composite made of carbon nanotube and Baytron-P that senses the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide gas at 22 °C. The sensor was constructed with a Si chip by depositing the composite between two gold electrodes. Two identical Si chips were connected in a parallel configuration to reduce the initial resistance of the sensor. The resistance of the sensor decreases upon exposure to the greenhouse gas that is proportional to the concentration of carbon dioxide. The sensor showed a semiconducting behavior with a negative temperature coefficient. The response time of the sensor is about 40 s. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed peaks for the nanocomposite at 1056 cm−1, 1195 cm−1, 1296 cm−1, 1635 cm−1, 2083 cm−1, 2345 cm−1 and 3278 cm−1. The carbon dioxide adsorption on the composite results in the polystyrene sulfonate absorption band shifting from 1195 cm−1 to 1176 cm−1 suggesting a phase separation occurring in the nanocomposite that result in the increased conductivity.
Expression of platelet-derived growth factor and activated receptor in clinical specimens of epithelial ovarian cancer and ovarian carcinoma cell lines

Abstract Objectives . We determined the expression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), PDGF-receptor (PDGF-R), and phosphorylated PDGF-R (p-PDGF-R) on tumor cells and tumor-associated endothelial cells in clinical specimens of human ovarian carcinoma and human ovarian cancer cells growing in culture and in the peritoneal cavity of nude mice. Methods . Ten specimens of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma were analyzed using immunohistochemistry (IHC). IHC was used to detect ligand and receptor expression in the human ovarian cancer cells from Hey A8 and SKOV3ip1 growing in culture. Cells from these lines were also implanted orthotopically into the peritoneal cavity of nude mice. IHC was used to determine ligand and receptor expression in tumors that formed in the peritoneal cavity. Results . All 10 evaluable samples expressed both PDGF AA and BB on tumor cells. Tumor cells were positive for PDGF-Rα in 10/10 samples, PDGF-Rβ in 8/10 samples, p-PDGF-Rα in 6/10 samples, and p-PDGF-Rβ in 4/10 samples. p-PDGF-Rα was positive in 4/10 tumor-associated endothelial cell samples and p-PDGF-Rβ was positive in 3/10 samples. Human ovarian cancer cells expressed PDGF, PDGF-R, and p-PDGF-R when growing in culture or in the peritoneal cavity of nude mice. PDGF-R and p-PDGF-R were also present on tumor-associated endothelial cells as demonstrated by simultaneous staining with CD31 antibody. Conclusions . PDGF and the corresponding receptors were expressed in autochthonous human ovarian cancer lesions on both tumor cells and tumor-associated endothelial cells. The ligand and receptor were also present on Hey A8 and SKOV3ip1 human ovarian cancer cells growing in vitro and in the peritoneal cavity of nude mice.
Ambient Gas Breakdown Behavior in an Excimer Laser-Ablated Plasma

Abstract Gas breakdown in an excimer laser-ablated plasma occurs to a greater extent in an argon atmosphere than in an air or helium atmosphere. A simple relationship between the ambient gas breakdown and the physical properties of the metal target was deduced from experimental data for argon gas breakdown using a 763.9-nm argon line and aluminum, copper, iron, lead, and zinc targets.
A mitochondrial dihydroorotate oxidase system in Neurospora crassa.

Abstract A mitochondrial oxidase system of Neurospora crassa, able to utilize dihydroorotic acid as a primary substrate, was found and characterized. Another substrate for this system was isolated from yeast extract and identified as 5 N-methylformamidodihydroorotic acid. No linkage of this oxidase system to the cytochrome chain or to oxidative phosphorylation could be detected. The possible biological origins and metabolic significance of 5 N-methylformamidodihydroorotic acid are discussed.
Controlling binding orientation in hairpin polyamide DNA complexes

The effects of N-terminal acetylation and C-terminal tail structure on the orientation of binding of imidazole/pyrrole polyamide DNA ligands has been investigated. We find that N-terminal acetylation leads to an intramolecular steric clash for hairpin ligands bound in the minor groove, promoting a rotation of the spatially close C-terminal pyrrole ring. This in turn leads to loss of contacts between the tail and the groove, removing the preference for 5‘-to-3‘ orientational binding typical of this class of ligand. Similarly, introduction of a glycine linker into the tail leads to a direct steric clash with the groove, again promoting rotation of the attached ligand ring. The effects of acetylation and a glycine in the tail are additive. The implications for the design of sequence-specific ligands are discussed.
Absolute configuration of trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydro-7-methylbenzo[a]pyrene enantiomer and the unusual quasidiequatorial conformation of the diacetate and dimenthoxyacetate derivatives.

Abstract The enantiomers of trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydro-7-methylbenzo[a]pyrene (7-MBaP 7,8-dihydrodiol) and of trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-7-methylbenzo[a]pyrene (7-MBaP . 7,8-tetrahydrodiol) were directly resolved by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a commercially available column packed with an (R)-N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-phenylglycine derivative of γ-aminopropylsilanized silica. The absolute configurations of the resolved enantiomers were determined by the exciton chirality method. Circular dichroism (CD) spectral analysis of the quasidiequatorial benzo[a]pyrene 7R,8R-dihydrodiol enantiomer and its diacetate and dimenthoxyacetate derivatives indicated conformational changes were induced upon derivatization. However, the characteristic CD Cotton effects of the quasidiequatorial 7-MBaP 7,8-dihydrodiol and its diacetate and dimenthoxyacetate derivatives were similar indicating that the conformation of 7-MBaP trans-7,8-dihydrodiol was not altered upon derivatization. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral analyses confirmed that 7-MBaP 7,8-dihydrodiol, its diacetate and dimenthoxyacetate derivatives all have quasidiequatorial conformations. The results indicate that the methyl substituent of 7-MBaP 7,8-dihydrodiol maintains a quasiaxial position regardless of the size of the acyl derivatives linked to the hydroxyl groups.
Changes in self-reported food intake in bulimics as a consequence of antidepressant treatment

Twenty females with bulimia nervosa over the age of 18 monitored their eating behavior and purge frequency for 1 week before and after 16 weeks of treatment with imipramine or placebo using a standard diary. There was a significantly greater decrease in purged calories for subjects in the imipramine group once pretreatment group differences were covaried out, confirming the action of imipramine on binge eating. Subjects in both groups consumed approximately 1000 kcal/day excluding purged calories with no significant difference between groups on this measure. Nonpurged caloric intake did not increase over time, indicating continuation of a highly restricted eating pattern following medication treatment. During binges subjects in both groups combined, before and after treatment, consumed an average of 1485 kcal, although there was considerable variability associated with this mean.