cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Information technology issues in an era of greater state responsibilities: policy concerns for seniors.

Summary Five areas of state information technology policy are of special concern to seniors and senior service providers: obtaining access; closing the digital divide; developing information management systems; creating portals; and maintaining privacy. Increasing their activities in each of these areas, states continue to vary considerably in their responsiveness to meeting the challenge of including older adults, especially those living in rural areas, with the benefits of information technology.
Einsatz geographischer Informationssysteme und dynamischer Rückkopplungsmodelle für die Hypothesenprüfung der Ursachen neuartiger Waldschäden

Im Rahmen des vom BMfT geforderten, laufenden Forschungsvorhabens werden Methoden und Verfahren zur Simulation und Darstellung flachen- und zeitpunktbezogener Entwicklungen der „neuartigen Waldschaden“ in Fichtenbestanden erarbeitet. Diederzeitigen Waldschadenshypothe­sen bilden Vorgaben in der Gewichtung von Wechselbeziehungen. Es werden Geographische Informationssysteme (GIS) und dynamische Ruckkopplungsmodelle eingesetzt, die in 4 Schwer­punktforschungsraumen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Berchtesgadener Alpen, Fichtelgebir­ge, Sudschwarzwald und Sudniedersachsisches Bergland) Anwendung finden.
Commentary: Focus the global food system on health and nutrition goals

(2006). Commentary: Focus the global food system on health and nutrition goals. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 2-4.
Vectorcardiographic studies in infants and children: I. Comparative orthogonal lead studies in the neonatal period

Abstract Planar vectorcardiographic QRS loops of 33 normal, term infants were recorded by the Grishman cube, Frank and McFee-Parungao axial lead-placement systems on the first through the third days of life. No changes occurred in direction of loop inscription or in magnitude of the mean and maximal planar and spatial QRS vectors that might reflect changing ventricular loading patterns during the period of transition from the fetal to adult circulation. In this group of infants the orthogonal systems performed quite similarly; the major differences observed among recordings were in the magnitudes of the recorded X, Y and Z deflections, which were greatest for the axial system and smallest for the Frank system. On successive days of life, mean and maximal QRS vectors were of a similar, but not identical, order of magnitude and orientation for a given lead system, but in individual instances wide deviations were observed. In general, in most infants QRS vector directions were right, inferior and anterior, thus reflecting the expected electrical and anatomic preponderance of the right ventricle at this age. The cube system, an unweighted lead system based on geometric placement of skin electrodes, performed in approximation to the orthogonal systems. It was, in general, a technically unsatisfactory system, even though electrode placement seemed to offer the advantage of fewer electrodes. Tracings in general were small, with considerable noise level produced by body tremor; this factor, together with the small signal, produced a small signal to noise ratio. These data will be expanded to encompass measurements from a much larger series of infants, with more detailed, extensive analysis made possible through the use of digital computer technics.
Of Pirates and Moneylenders: Product Market Competition and the Depth of Lending relationships in a rural market in Chile

It is often suggested that interlinked and monitored loan contract terms such as those used by trader-lenders in rural markets serve as collateral substitutes and therefore should benefit asset-poor borrowers in particular. Yet, empirically this is not always true. For example, most of the new monitored finance from contract farming firms and agro-industry traders during Chile's recent agricultural boom went to medium and large commercial farmers and traditional forms of monitored finance for collateral poor farmers from informal trader-moneylenders actually may have declined. Based on interviews and historical accounts of this market and the analysis of a theoretical model, this paper argues that lenders may have been forced to reduce tied-credit to small farmers in several crops because increased product market competition exacerbated the problem of "pirates sales'' or post-harvest opportunistic default. This further restricted the already narrow set of enforceable property claims upon which monitored credit contracts to solve ex-ante moral hazard contracting problems could have been fashioned. This problem was avoided in crops where product markets are more concentrated and in export activities where crop liens are easier to establish with better capitalized farmers. The model points to an important connection between the nature of market competition and the depth of lending relationships that appears to be important in many other contexts.
Power Device Reliability

The sections in this article are 1 Safe Operating Areas 2 Power Mosfet Electrostatic Discharge Reliability 3 ESD Protection Using Drain Extended NMOS
Book Review, Coming of Age in IP: What Goods, Infrastructures, and Property Theory Suggest About the Flourishing of Intellectual Property Scholarship

For the Fourth Annual Book Review Edition of the Tulsa Law Review, this Essay reviews the following three books: Ronald A. Cass & Keith N. Hylton, Laws of Creation: Property Rights in the World of Ideas (2013); Madhavi Sunder, From Goods to a Good Life: Intellectual Property and Global Justice (2012); and Brett M. Frischmann, Infrastructure: The Social Value of Shared Resources.
In the Civic Republic: Crime, the Inner City, and the Democracy of Arms — Being a Disquisition on the Revival of the Militia at Large

This Article examines the modern utility of the Second Amendment’s guarantee of “the right to keep and bear arms” in light of the phenomenon of modern crime, particularly black-on-black violence in urban America. Although many advocates of gun control have argued that crime in modern cities is a reason for modifying or severely truncating the right to have arms, the Authors argue that the right to have arms and the Second Amendment’s notion of a universal militia can be the basis of a new partnership between police and citizens in urban America. This new partnership can, if properly developed, be a useful tool in fighting crime in inner-city communities.
Green Tea (Camelia sinensis) Suppresses B Cell Production of IgE Without Inducing Apoptosis

Green tea (Camelia sinensis) is known to possess biological properties that are antioxidative and antimutagenic. Recent studies demonstrated beneficial effects of green tea in inflammatory allergy. However, the effect of green tea on anti-allergic activity/IgE responses in vitro has not been studied. U266 myeloma cells (2 x 10(6)/ml), which secrete IgE, were cultured for 0-72 hr with or without green tea extract (1-300 ng/ml), and IgE levels in the supernatants were determined (24-72 hr) by ELISA. The effects of green tea extract on U266 cell numbers, viability, and apoptosis were studied by flow cytometry. High levels of IgE produced by U266 cells were observed at 24, 48, and 72 hr (1.3 +/- 0.3 x 10(3), 1.7 +/- 0.3 x 10(3), 2.8 +/- 0.4 x 10(3) IU/ml, respectively). Addition of green tea extract either as (a) a single dose, or (b) repeated daily doses, suppressed IgE production with increasing suppression over time (up to 90%; p <0.05); the suppression was dose-dependent with the highest concentrations resulting in the greatest suppression. The suppression of IgE production by green tea extract was not mediated by apoptosis or cell death. This study demonstrates that green tea extract has immunoregulatory effects on human IgE responses in vitro.
Some Characteristics of Radar First Echoes in the High Plains

Radar first echoes identified in northeast Colorado and southwestern North Dakota convective clouds are examined. The first-echo temperatures in Colorado appear related to thermodynamic energy in the sounding rather than to seeding effects, when compared to earlier South Dakota studies. Mean first-echo temperatures in North Dakota are related to model-predicted maximum updraft speeds. New echoes developing near existing radar echoes have lower temperatures than ones developing far away from existing echoes. These results suggest that cloud dynamics play an important role in the temperature and height of first-echo formation. About one-third of the first-echo temperatures are higher than -5°C, which suggests that collision-coalescence rain processes may be important in High Plains clouds.
Vesicle Budding Induced by a Pore-Forming Peptide

We describe, in a system whose uniqueness is that the presence of pores allows the volume to vary as budding proceeds, how phase separation on the surface of spheres extrudes material in the process called “budding”. The system is giant phospholipid vesicles (GUVs) containing phase-separated regions of DOPC (soft, liquid) and DPPC (stiff, gel), with cholesterol and without it. Budding is triggered by adding the cationic pore-forming peptide, melittin. Without cholesterol, fluorescence experiments show that melittin selectively binds to the liquid domains, inducing them to form mainly exocytotic monodisperse smaller vesicle buds of this same material, causing the parent GUV to shrink. The effect of cholesterol is to produce just a few large buds following domain coalescence, rather than numerous smaller monodisperse ones. Line tension is experimentally shown to be essential for budding in this multicomponent membrane.
Informalization and contemporary manners: The Wouters studies

This is a discussion of two books by Cas Wouters, Sex and Manners: Female Emancipation in the West 1890–2000 (London: Sage, 2004), and Informalization: Manners and Emotions since 1890 (Sage, forthcoming 2007, English version).
Respiratory complications in patients with traumatic cervical spine injuries: case report and review of the literature

Spinal cord injuries continue to be a devastating medical problem. By impairing voluntary and involuntary nervous system function, virtually every body system function is affected. However, pulmonary function alteration and respiratory complications continue to be the major causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with spinal cord injuries. The current understanding of respiratory problems faced by patients with loss of innervation from cervical spinal cord injuries are reviewed.
Les questions d’Andromaque: Entre révolte et révélation

Le present article se propose d’etudier les questions directes du personnage eponyme de la piece de Racine Andromaque. Au travers des questions posees par l’heroine de la piece, rhetoriques ou non, nous tenterons de redefinir son portrait en mettant l’accent sur sa complexite et son pragmatisme, tout en questionnant les dires de l’exegese racinienne qui a esquisse de la veuve d’Hector un portrait pour le moins contradictoire. En effet, a la lecture des commentateurs de Racine, l’on ne peut que rester perplexe face a l’image antithetique qui emerge de l’heroine de la piece, decrite tour a tour comme une bonne mere ou une mauvaise mere; une femme deconnectee de la realite qui vit dans le passe ou un etre ruse; la veuve fidele d’Hector ou une coquette, voire une amoureuse (secrete) de Pyrrhus. Pour nous, les questions d’Andromaque representent une des clefs pour eclairer la realite du personnage qui en fait un etre parfaitement a sa place dans l’univers racinien de ‘la demolition du heros’.
Non-invasive estimation of skin thickness from hyperspectral imaging and validation using echography

Background: The skin is the largest organ and is subject to the greatest exposure to outside elements throughout one?s lifetime. Current data by the American Academy of Dermatology suggests that approximately ten people die each hour worldwide due to skin related conditions. Cancers such as melanoma are growths that originate in the epidermis. Therefore, an accurate and non-invasive method to estimate skin constitutive elements can play an important clinical role in detecting the early onset of skin tumors. It can also serve as a valuable tool for research and development in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals in general.Methods: In our prior work, we developed a method that combined a physics-based model of human skin with machine learning and Hyperspectral imaging to non-invasively estimate physiological skin parameters, including melanosomes, collagen, oxygen saturation, and blood volume. In this work, we extend that model to also estimate skin thickness. Moreover, for the first time, we develop a protocol to test our methodology for skin thickness estimation using Ultrasound to acquire a gold standard dataset.Results: We tested our methodology for skin thickness estimation on a dataset of 48 Hyperspectral signatures obtained in vivo from six patients under IRB at Johns Hopkins Hospital. We found mean absolute errors on the order of the Ultrasound resolution (i.e., our gold standard).Discussion: This is the first study of its kind to validate skin thickness estimates using a gold standard. Our preliminary results constitute a proof-of-concept that hyperspectral-based methods can accurately and non-invasively estimate skin thickness in clinical settings. HighlightsThis is the first study to validate skin thickness estimation to a gold standard.We found skin thickness errors on the order of the gold standard resolution.Proof-of-concept that skin can be robustly modeled using hyperspectral imaging.Proof-of-concept that skin thickness can be estimated using machine learning.
Introduction to the Special Issue of International Criminal Justice Review on Criminal Careers in International Perspective

It has been nearly 40 years since the publication of the classic study Delinquency in a Birth Cohort(1972) by Marvin Wolfgang, Robert Figlio, and Thorsten Sellin, a book that launched the study ofcriminal careers to the forefront of criminology. Today, criminal careers research is one of the mostpopular areas of study, and a vibrant collection of scholars around the world explores the onset,course, desistance, and termination of individual offending careers; the sources of criminal propen-sityandthewaysinwhichitmanifestsinattimesgeneralandothertimesspecificformsofantisocialbehavior; and ways that public policy and criminal justice systems can intervene to reduce crime bytargeting the small cadre of high-rate offenders. Several of these vibrant scholars participated in thecurrent special issue of International Criminal Justice Review, an issue that is devoted to the world-wide study of criminal careers and individual-level constructs that propel criminal careers based ondiverse samples of data.Using a sample of convicted adult sex offenders from the province of Quebec, Canada, PatrickLussier, Stacy Tzoumakis, Jesse Cale, and Joanna Amirault tracked their offending patterns fromadolescence to age 35. Contrary to the popular notion that all sex offenders demonstrate astable andhigh likelihood of continued offending, Lussier and his colleagues found that 56% were very low-rate offenders, 12% were late bloomers, and 25% were low-rate desisters who ‘‘aged out’’ of sexualoffending. Among the sample, 8% of offenders were high-rate, chronic sex offenders. Given theseresults, policy makers should tailor sex offender policies to treat all offenders while providing thegreatest supervision and control to the latter 8%.One of the most important individual-level constructs that drives sustained antisocial behavior islowself-control(Gottfredson&Hirschi,1990),andrecentresearchfoundthatpersonswithverylowself-control were nearly 5.5 times more likely than persons with greater self-control to becomecareer criminals (DeLisi & Vaughn, 2008). In a comparative study using samples selected fromJapan and the United States, Emiko Kobayashi, Alexander Vazsonyi, Pan Chen, and Susan Sharp
Bombesin microinfusion into the paraventricular nucleus suppresses gastric acid secretion in the rat

Bombesin is a particularly potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion when injected intracisternally in the rat. Because bombesin-like immunoreactivity is found in several forebrain regions implicated in gut regulation, the ability of bombesin to affect gastric secretion was tested in these areas by direct microinfusion. Bombesin significantly and dose-relatedly suppressed gastric acid secretion when it was infused into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Bombesin microinfusion into the ventromedial or lateral hypothalamic areas, or the caudate-putamen, had no significant effect. A further experiment using glass micropipets showed that back-diffusion of bombesin along the cannula track to a distant site of action was unlikely to account for the results obtained, and provided further evidence that the active site is limited to the paraventricular nucleus and possibly the ventralmost nucleus reuniens. The results suggest that the bombesin receptors and immunoreactive terminals previously identified in this region may be involved in the central regulation of gastric secretion.
Heterogeneous Sensory Innervation and Extensive Intrabulbar Connections of Olfactory Necklace Glomeruli

The mammalian nose employs several olfactory subsystems to recognize and transduce diverse chemosensory stimuli. These subsystems differ in their anatomical position within the nasal cavity, their targets in the olfactory forebrain, and the transduction mechanisms they employ. Here we report that they can also differ in the strategies they use for stimulus coding. Necklace glomeruli are the sole main olfactory bulb (MOB) targets of an olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) subpopulation distinguished by its expression of the receptor guanylyl cyclase GC-D and the phosphodiesterase PDE2, and by its chemosensitivity to the natriuretic peptides uroguanylin and guanylin and the gas CO2. In stark contrast to the homogeneous sensory innervation of canonical MOB glomeruli from OSNs expressing the same odorant receptor (OR), we find that each necklace glomerulus of the mouse receives heterogeneous innervation from at least two distinct sensory neuron populations: one expressing GC-D and PDE2, the other expressing olfactory marker protein. In the main olfactory system it is thought that odor identity is encoded by a combinatorial strategy and represented in the MOB by a pattern of glomerular activation. This combinatorial coding scheme requires functionally homogeneous sensory inputs to individual glomeruli by OSNs expressing the same OR and displaying uniform stimulus selectivity; thus, activity in each glomerulus reflects the stimulation of a single OSN type. The heterogeneous sensory innervation of individual necklace glomeruli by multiple, functionally distinct, OSN subtypes precludes a similar combinatorial coding strategy in this olfactory subsystem.
Ionization energies and stabilities of Na n ,n<25: shell structure from measurements on cold clusters

The stability patterns found in alkali-atomic clusters and their explanation in terms of electronic and structural factors have been controversial for some time. Generation of very cold Na n clusters in a novel source and use of a special photoion normalization method resolve the remaining questions by allowing precise determination of photoionization thresholds. This is demonstrated here for several sizes in the 7<n<26 range, where in two crucial cases the interpretations of earlier ionization threshold measurements on oven-beam clusters [M. Kappes, M. Schar, P. Radi, and E. Schumacher, J. Chem. Phys.84, 1863 (1986)] disagreed with the explanation of the observed stability pattern. Combining the new values with the charged-cluster fragmentation energies of Brechignac et al. [C. Brechignac, P. Cahuzac, J. Leygnier, and J. Weiner, J. Chem. Phys.90, 1492 (1989)] yields neutral cluster fragmentation energies that successfully account for the famous “magic-number” ledges [W.D. Knight, K. Clemenger, W.A. de Heer, W.A. Saunders, M.Y. Chou, and M.L. Cohen, Phys. Rev. Lett.52, 2141 (1984)]. Our measurements offer decisive support for the applicability of the spherical/spheroidal electronic shell-model to smaller Na n clusters, even in their low-temperature form.
Nomenclature for Aerobic and Facultative Bacteria

The following lists represent our update of the current nomenclature, taxonomy, and classification of various microbial agents. We will update these lists every two years. The primary purpose of nomenclature is to permit us to know as exactly as possible what another clinician, microbiologist, epidemiologist, or investigator is referring to when describing an organism responsible for infecting individuals or for causing an outbreak.
Teacher perception of ethnic and linguistic minority parental involvement and its relationships to children's language and literacy learning: A case study.

Abstract A year-long ethnographic study conducted in a British multiethnic primary school examined the influence of teacher perception of Pakistani ESL parent involvement and interest in their children's education on teacher expectation of Pakistani ESL children's language and literacy achievement. Results revealed that the ESL parents were very interested in their children's learning. They demonstrated their interest in their children's education in a culturally different way than middle class parents which was misinterpreted by the teachers as lack of interest. Consequently, the children's learning and achievement was frequently underestimated. Several implications for teacher practice are discussed.
Analysis of the Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act (CRIPA) of 1980: The Current Avenue for Protecting Individuals in Institutions

Despite the deinstitutionalization movement in the 1950s, more than four million individuals were living in institutions in 2000 (United States Census Bureau, 2003b). A significant problem for people who remain in institutions is the likelihood of abuse. As a means of protecting individuals from abuse, the Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act of 1980 (CRIPA) authorized the attorney general to investigate and intervene against state or local governments and their agents or employees when the rights of institutionalized persons are being denied. This article will provide social workers with an understanding of CRIPA, how CRIPA is implemented, the barriers to its implementation, and their role in implementing CRIPA.
Liver aldehyde oxidase: a form of xanthine oxidase.

Abstract Pig liver aldehyde oxidase is not specific for aldehydes, but in addition catalyzes the oxidation at reduced rates of hypoxanthine, xanthine and DPNH. The sites of binding of acetaldehyde and hypoxanthine by the enzyme appear to be different. Flavin is a component common to the pathways of oxidation of acetaldehyde and hypoxanthine. Quinacrine inhibits the enzymic catalysis by preventing the reduction of the flavin. The heme component present in preparations of the enzyme does not appear to be involved in the enzymic catalysis.
Proline transport in MDCK cells expressing a mutant regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase.

Abstract cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAK) regulates the activity of several membrane-bound ion channels and carriers. The role of cAK in regulating the transport of osmoprotective amino acids in the distal tubule is unknown. We examined the regulation of Na+- and Cl−-dependent proline transport in MDCK cells expressing a mutant murine regulatory subunit (RIαAB) of cAK. For this purpose, MDCK cells were transfected with an expression vector encoding RIαAB driven by the metallothionein 1 promoter together with neomycin-resistance (NEO) gene. Stable G418-resistant colonies were isolated that expressed RIαAB as demonstrated by Northern hybridization analysis using a cDNA probe for RIα and cAK assay that showed decreased enzyme activity. A clone constitutively expressing high levels of RIαAB (MAB) in a Zn-independent manner and a control clone transfected with the NEO gene alone (Mneo) were selected for transport studies. We examined the effect of the cAMP-stimulating agents forskolin (F) and IBMX on NaCl-dependent uptake of [3H]proline by confluent monolayers of transfected MDCK cells. While F/IBMX-induced mean inhibition of proline transport in Mneo cells was 48 and 45% at 5 and 15 min, respectively, inhibition of proline uptake in MAB cells was 9% (5 min) and 0% (15 min). These data demonstrate that the inhibition of NaCl-linked proline transport in response to elevated cAMP is reversed in MDCK clones that express mutant cAK and provide evidence that cAK mediates the modulatory action of cAMP on proline transport. cAK may play an important role in controlling transport of proline and other osmoprotective amino acids in the renal tubule.
Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) Suppresses TKR-Growth Factor Signaling Independent of Metalloproteinase Inhibition

The tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) block matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-mediated increases in cell proliferation, migration, and invasion that are associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover. Here we demonstrate a direct role for TIMP-2 in regulating tyrosine kinase-type growth factor receptor activation. We show that TIMP-2 suppresses the mitogenic response to tyrosine kinase-type receptor growth factors in a fashion that is independent of MMP inhibition. The TIMP-2 suppression of mitogenesis is reversed by the adenylate cyclase inhibitor SQ22536, and implicates cAMP as the second messenger in these effects. TIMP-2 neither altered the release of transforming growth factor alpha from the cell surface, nor epidermal growth factor (EGF) binding to the cognate receptor, EGFR. TIMP-2 binds to the surface of A549 cells in a specific and saturable fashion (K(d) = 147 pm), that is not competed by the synthetic MMP inhibitor BB-94 and is independent of MT-1-MMP. TIMP-2 induces a decrease in phosphorylation of EGFR and a concomitant reduction in Grb-2 association. TIMP-2 prevents SH2-protein-tyrosine phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) dissociation from immunoprecipitable EGFR complex and a selective increase in total SHP-1 activity. These studies represent a new functional paradigm for TIMP-2 in which TIMP suppresses EGF-mediated mitogenic signaling by short-circuiting EGFR activation.
Pulse-mode link for robust, high speed communications

This paper describes shape-preserving pulse-mode CMOS circuits for use in on-chip serial communication links. These links are competitive with conventional high-speed serial links but are simpler, more robust, and have remarkably small design overhead. In particular, they can be fabricated with limited voltage swings on minimum and medium wire sizes in highly scaled technologies as efficient point to point links. The key idea in this design is the notion of an 'atomic' pulse whose width and minimum period are preserved by circuit behavior, removing the jitter/length trade-offs of conventional techniques. Pulse-based data encoding removes the need for clock recovery or timing maintenance for time-scales larger than a single pulse. This allows quiescent link operation with no preamble, keep-alive, or channel encoding requirements. A prototype link design is developed and evaluated and is shown to be competitive for power, performance, and signalling robustness.
Measurement of fluid turbulence along the path of a heavy particle in a backward-facing step flow

Abstract To accurately model the motion of a solid particle in a turbulent air flow, characteristics of the fluid turbulence in the particle-Lagrangian reference frame must be known. This paper describes a quasi-numerical technique that uses a laser Doppler anemometer (LDA) probe mounted on a two-dimensional traverse to track the path of an emulated particle through a turbulent backward-facing step flow. Fluid velocity measurements (from the LDA) are inputs to a control loop that accelerates the LDA probe as if it were a particle allowing for particle-Lagrangian fluid statistics to be measured. Particles with time constants from 0.1 to 10 s were run through a backward-facing step flow with Reynolds number 10,000 based on step height and inlet velocity. Digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) was used to estimate the fluid vorticity along the particle path. The results show that the particle behavior is a strong function of particle path. Particles entering the shear layer see a larger range of turbulence and therefore are more affected by the flow than those that stay outside the shear layer.
Space weathering and the interpretation of asteroid reflectance spectra

Abstract Lunar-style space weathering is well understood, but cannot be extended to asteroids in general. The two best studied Asteroids (433 Eros and 243 Ida) exhibit quite different space weathering styles, and neither exhibits lunar-style space weathering. It must be concluded that at this time the diversity and mechanisms of asteroid space weathering are poorly understood. This introduces a significant unconstrained variable into the problem of analyzing asteroid spectral data. The sensitivity of asteroid surface material characterizations to space weathering effects – whatever their nature – is strongly dependent upon the choice of remote sensing methodology. The effects of space weathering on some methodologies such as curve matching are potentially devastating and at the present time essentially unmitigated. On other methodologies such as parametric analysis (e.g., analyses based on band centers and band area ratios) the effects are minimal. By choosing the appropriate methodology(ies) applied to high quality spectral data, robust characterizations of asteroid surface mineralogy can be obtained almost irrespective of space weathering. This permits sophisticated assessments of the geologic history of the asteroid parent bodies and of their relationships to the meteorites. Investigations of the diversity of space weathering processes on asteroid surfaces should be a fruitful area for future efforts.
Prospects for building the tree of life from large sequence databases.

We assess the phylogenetic potential of ∼300,000 protein sequences sampled from Swiss-Prot and GenBank. Although only a small subset of these data was potentially phylogenetically informative, this subset retained a substantial fraction of the original taxonomic diversity. Sampling biases in the databases necessitate building phylogenetic data sets that have large numbers of missing entries. However, an analysis of two “supermatrices” suggests that even data sets with as much as 92% missing data can provide insights into broad sections of the tree of life.
Assuring the safety of irradiated food

Abstract The way in which irradiation of meat and poultry is regulated in the US is discussed, together with guidelines for developing quality control programmes for irradiation within a hazard analysis and critical control point system, packaging considerations and materials, labelling requirements, and the importance of keeping international standards in mind when developing irradiation guidelines.
A Survey of Lead-Based Paint Abatement Projects Performed in Public Buildings in Erie and Crawford Counties, Pennsylvania, During the Time Period 1995-1997

A survey of lead-based paint abatement projects in public buildings of Crawford and Erie Counties, Pennsylvania, was conducted during the time period January 1995 to March 1997. These survey results suggest that few lead abatement projects were performed during this time period. Projects that were performed commonly did not employ proper lead abatement practices as described by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. These data suggest that most contractors and public officials have misunderstandings of both environmental regulations and required procedures for safe and effective lead-based paint abatement.
Development of predator evasion in Atlantic herring, Clupea harengus L.

Abstract Abstract. Development of evasive behaviour was studied from observations of juvenile Atlantic herring preying on conspecific larvae. Behavioural development was characterized by changes in timing, magnitude, and direction of escape movements. The predominant change as larvae developed was a general delay in responding to attacks. Variability also changed during development. Absolute variability increased for some measures and decreased for others. When relative variability changed through development, it only decreased. Swimming speed in escapes increased, coinciding with morphological developments in the locomotor system. The steady delay in responding to an attack coincided with developments of the mechanosensory system. The response threshold for larvae less than 20 mm in length appeared to increase with larva size, but became constant in larvae greater than 27 mm. The threshold appeared to be determined largely by predator speed and distance, but not size. Escape success depended on rapid acceleration when the predator was very near the prey, rather than prolonged flight initiated early. False alarms differed from responses to attacks, occurring when the predator was further away and moving more slowly. Their frequency diminished rapidly with development, suggesting that larger larvae are better able to judge the magnitude of a threat.
Sequential stereopsis: a simple demonstration

Abstract Most people strongly prefer to use back-and-forth eye movements in order to discriminate 3-dimensional distances among targets that are widely separated from each other in direction. This viewing strategy permits sequential stereopsis: a comparison between the foveally-seen pre-saccadic disparity of one target with post-saccadic disparity of the other. This note describes a simple and qualitatively compelling demonstration of the usefulness of sequential stereopsis, in a situation in which classical stereopsis, with steady fixation, is greatly degraded. Targets of high-spatial-frequency texture are used, with details that can be resolved foveally before and after saccades, but that are unresolvable in peripheral vision. Back-and-forth eye movements between such textured targets, separated by 8–10 deg from each other, led to estimates of threshold that averaged less than 45 sec arc disparity (corresponding to about 0.18% of viewing distance): some of the best performances ever reported for targets so widely separated.
Correction of sideslip-induced static pressure errors in flight-test measurements

During lateral flight-test maneuvers of a V/STOL research aircraft, large errors in static pressure were observed. An investigation of the data showed a strong correlation of the pressure record with variations in sideslip angle. The sensors for both measurements were located on a standard air-data nose boom. This paper describes an algorithm based on potential flow over a cylinder developed to correct the pressure record for sideslip-induced errors. In order to properly apply the correction algorithm, it was necessary to estimate and correct the lag error in the pressure system. The method developed for estimating pressure lag is based on the coupling of sideslip activity into the static ports and can be used as a standard flight-test procedure. The paper discusses the estimation procedure and presents the corrected static-pressure record for a typical lateral maneuver. It is shown that application of the correction algorithm effectively attenuates sideslip-induced errors.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF WHITE-COLLAR CRIME FOR A GENERAL THEORY OF CRIME

Advocates of the concept of white-collar crime have failed to make the case for its scientific value. Steffensmeier's efforts to save the concept further support our view that it is flawed and misleading. His efforts support our contention that the correlates of white-collar crime are the same as the correlates of crime, that the age distribution of offending is the same for white-collar crimes as for other crimes, that official statistics have sufficient validity for many etiological purposes, and that the search for a general theory of crime holds great promise for criminology.
Assessing Child and Adolescent Complex Traumatic Stress Reactions

Children and adolescents exposed to traumatic stressors may develop severe and persistent complex traumatic stress reactions. A framework for conceptualizing and assessing children's and adolescents' complex traumatic stress reactions as forms of impaired self-regulation is described. Psychometric measures for the assessment of posttraumatic dysregulation of emotion, cognition, behavior, and bodily functioning are also described. The question of whether children and adolescents who are experiencing complex traumatic stress reactions would benefit from the establishment of a distinct syndrome and psychiatric diagnosis is discussed in light of recent findings suggesting that existing psychiatric diagnoses do not fully account for the impairment suffered by such youth.
One-half milliwatt 2.31 THz continuous-wave QCL operating at 77K

THz semi-insulating surface plasmon waveguide QCL's based on the bound-to-continuum design have been developed with 2.31 THz output powers of ~0.5 milliwatt from a single facet, input powers of ~5 watts, and threshold current densities of 117 A/cm 2 operating continuous wave at 77K. These results were achieved by depositing alloy metal on both contact layers, only annealing the bottom metal layers, and thinning the substrate thickness to ~170 μm to assure good heat dissipation. The structure was based on a previously published 2.83 THz design that was scaled to emit at 2.31 THz. The demonstration of this high temperature, high power laser with low input power enables its use in compact, coherent THz transceivers for heterodyne detection with liquid nitrogen cooling.
Overshooting and the μ-Barrier

Using general arguments and without numerical calculations, we present three complementary "proofs" that the extent of overshooting (OV) outside a convective region is decreased by a gradient of the mean molecular weight.
Prediction of debris flake thickness

Earlier work has shown that plateaux of very fine-grained material can develop on the surface of a sliding test specimen. In the same tests, flake debris particles had the same chemical composition and structure as the plateau material, and it seems likely that the debris were generated from the plateaux. In this paper we describe a calculation which can yield a prediction of debris flake thickness. The work is based on an energy-based model of friction for coated systems. The basic idea is simple: one compares the friction coefficient μ1 defined when plateaux are firmly attached to the base material, with the friction coefficient μ2, defined when sliding occurs between the plateaux and the base material. Delamination occurs when μ2<μ1 and this in turn occurs when the plateaux exceed a critical thickness. The plateaux then delaminate by a local shear process and flake debris can be generated. Predictions are consistent with observed flake thicknesses.
Evaluation of Homemaking and Consumer Education Programs for Low‐Income Adults

Newly-designed home economics programs funded under Part F, Consumer and Homemaking Education, of Title I of the 1968 Amendments to the Vocational Education Act, were established in New York State to serve limited-income adults. The present study was a formative evaluation of ten of these fledgling programs. Evaluation techniques included interview; systematic observation; ratings of subjects and paraprofessionals; and recording of critical incidents by local staff and researchers. Four objectives guided the study: (1) to measure progress of subjects toward objectives of under standing and application of consumer education and homemaking concepts; (2) to assess the ability of professional staff to recognize interests and needs of learners and to present a creative, innova tive program; (3) to measure progress of paraprofessional staff toward objectives of understanding and application of consumer education, homemaking concepts and of characteristics of employabil ity; (4) to provide answers to questions regarding attendance, participation, teaching methods, and program operation. Evidence was compiled that significant learning took place, even though the attrition rate was high. Evidence showed that local programs were able both to use and supplement services of other agencies. Findings indicated that an imaginative, flexible home economics program, cognizant of target population assets, interests, and sensitivities, can both attract and serve that population.
Osteoblast elastic modulus measured by atomic force microscopy is substrate dependent.

The actin and microtubule cytoskeleton have been found to contribute to the elastic modulus of cells, which may be modulated by adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and subsequent alterations in the cytoskeleton. In this study, the apparent elastic modulus (Eapp) of osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells adhered to fibronectin (FN), vitronectin (VN), type I collagen (COLI), fetal bovine serum (FBS), or poly-l-lysine (PLL), and bare glass were determined using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The Eapp of osteoblasts adhered to ECM proteins (FN, VN, COLI, and FBS) that bind cells via integrins were higher compared to cells on glass and PLL, which adhere cells through nonspecific binding. Also, osteoblasts adhered to FN, VN, COLI, and FBS had F-actin stress fiber formation, while osteoblasts on glass and PLL showed few F-actin fibers. Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton decreased Eapp of osteoblasts plated on FN to the level of osteoblasts plated on glass, while microtubule disruption had no significant effect. This suggests that the elevated modulus of osteoblasts adhered to FN was due to remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton upon adhesion to ECM proteins. Modulation of cell stiffness upon adhesion to various substrates may influence mechanosignal transduction in osteoblasts.
A molecular analysis of matrix remodeling and angiogenesis during long bone development.

Abstract The replacement of cartilage by bone is the net result of genetic programs that control chondrocyte differentiation, matrix degradation, and bone formation. Disruptions in the rate, timing, or duration of chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation result in shortened, misshapen skeletal elements. In the majority of these skeletal disruptions, vascular invasion of the elements is also perturbed. Our hypothesis is that the processes involved in endochondral ossification are synchronized via the vasculature. The purpose of this study was to examine carefully the events of vascular invasion and matrix degradation in the context of chondrocyte differentiation and bone formation. Here, we have produced a ‘molecular map’ of the initial vascularization of the developing skeleton that provides a framework in which to interpret a wide range of fetal skeletal malformations, disruptions, and dysplasias.
Retinoid-induced epidermal hyperplasia in human skin organ culture: inhibition with soy extract and soy isoflavones

Abstract Organ cultures of human skin were incubated for 8 days with 1 μg/ml 14-all trans retinoic acid (14-all trans RA) and concomitantly treated with varying concentrations of soy extract. The epidermis of organ cultures treated with 14-all trans RA alone underwent a hyperplastic response. In cultures treated with a combination of 14-all trans RA and soy extract (4–40 μg/ml), hyperplasia was reduced by 16–41%. The same concentrations of soy extract that reduced epidermal hyperplasia in organ culture also suppressed proliferation of rapidly growing keratinocytes in monolayer culture (approximately 25% reduction at 20 and 40 μg/ml). On the other hand, soy extract did not further inhibit proliferation of quiescent keratinocytes; rather, it stimulated growth (50–52% increase relative to control). When dermal fibroblasts were examined for a response to soy extract (i.e., proliferation and synthesis of type I procollagen), both responses were stimulated (proliferation: 75% increase and collagen production 114% increase relative to control). Genistein, the major isoflavone in extracts of soy also inhibited epidermal hyperplasia in organ culture (34–40% reduction relative to control). The same concentrations that reduced epidermal hyperplasia (0.5–1.0 μg/ml) also inhibited keratinocyte proliferation in monolayer culture but had little effect on fibroblast growth. Two other isoflavones (daidzein and glycetein) were also inhibitory, but were less effective than genistein. Taken together, these data suggest that use of soy extract or its constituent isoflavones in conjunction with 14-all trans RA may provide a way to mitigate unwanted epidermal effects of topical retinoid therapy without compromising beneficial retinoid effects in the dermis.
Optimality of the least squares estimator

Abstract In a standard linear model, we explore the optimality of the least squares estimator under assuptions stronger than those for the Gauss-Markov theorem. The conclusion is then much stronger than that of the Gauss-Markov theorem. Specifically, two results are cited below: Under the assumption that the unobserved error e has a spherically symmetric distribution, the least squares estimator for the regression coefficient β is shown to maximize the probability that β − β stays in any symmetric convex set among linear unbiased estimators β. With the additional assumption that e is unimodal, the conclusion holds among equivariant estimators. The import of these results for risk functions is also discussed.
Non-toxic Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A expressing the FMDV VP1 G-H loop for mucosal vaccination of swine against foot and mouth disease virus

Synthetic peptides derived from the G-H loop of the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) capsid protein VP1 are relatively poor at recapitulating the native conformation present in the virus, and thus are often poor immunogens. We hypothesized that a candidate mucosal vaccine against FMDV could be developed using the non-toxic Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (ntPE) to deliver the G-H loop in its native conformation. An added benefit of this approach is the potential for ntPE to serve as an effective carrier/adjuvant molecule for delivery of the fusion protein across the epithelial barrier by virtue of its capacity to bind to CD91. A chimeric protein (ntPE-GH) was generated by inserting the coding sequence of the G-H loop into an expression plasmid encoding ntPE, in place of the native Ib loop. Recombinant ntPE-GH and wild-type ntPE were each expressed in Escherichia coli, purified over a nickel resin, then administered intranasally to the pigs, with or without the mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin (CT). Both the ntPE and ntPE-GH induced mucosal and systemic immune responses against ntPE; moreover, ntPE-GH administered without CT induced anti-GH loop serum IgG antibodies. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that ntPE can be used as a mucosal carrier/adjuvant to induce an immune response against the VP1 G-H loop of FMDV.
Stable explicit difference approximations to parabolic partial differential equations

A finite-difference method is developed for numerical solution of parabolic partial differential equations. This technique is explicit and stable. It is shown that the present method is more accurate and faster, in terms of computer time, than the Crank-Nicholson method. A method of handling nonlinear problems is also presented. Two examples are given to illustrate the present technique. The first problem is a linear diffusion equation. The second problem deals with two simultaneous nonlinear parabolic partial differential equations with Neumann boundary conditions describing the steady state of a packed-bed catalytic reactor with radial mixing.