cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 143: Race Differences in 1-year Outcomes after Stroke can be Largely Explained by Race Differences in Physical Functioning before Stroke

Background: Several previous investigations, including the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study, have demonstrated race and sex differences in long-term outcomes after stroke. However, it is largely unknown whether some of these post-stroke outcome disparities might actually reflect functional differences between the groups that were present before the stroke events. Methods: We examined data from 192 stroke survivors who were enrolled in the Caring for Adults Recovering from the Effects of Stroke (CARES) project. CARES is a REGARDS ancillary study that is examining the long-term effects of stroke on the REGARDS participants who experience a stroke and on their family caregivers. Functional abilities were assessed at baseline and after stroke using structured telephone interviews that included the 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12). Stroke outcomes were measured during in-home examinations conducted approximately 1-year after their adjudicated stroke events. Outcome measures included the NIH Stroke Scale, Barthel index, and the subscales of the Stroke Impact Scale. Age, sex, and education were analyzed as covariates. Results: African Americans had significantly poorer covariate-adjusted 1-year outcomes than Whites on 8 of the 12 outcome measures examined. However, physical functioning before the stroke, as indexed by the Physical Component Summary (PCS) of the SF-12, was significantly lower in African Americans (adjusted Mean = 43.6) than Whites (adjusted Mean = 47.7; p = .005). When these pre-stroke PCS differences were added as additional covariates, many of the race differences in stroke outcome were no longer statistically significant. Conclusions: A substantial portion of the race differences in functional outcomes after stroke appear to reflect extensions of race differences in physical functioning that are present before stroke. In addition to ensuring adequate care after stroke to minority patients, disparities in stroke outcomes might also be further reduced by better risk factor modification and health promotion efforts for African Americans.
Isaiah Berlin’s thought and its legacy: Critical reflections on a symposium

The papers published in this issue of the EJPT discuss facets of the work of Isaiah Berlin from different perspectives and making use of varying intellectual approaches. At the same time, they focu...
Epidemiological analysis on scholastic mumps outbreaks in Qinghai Province from 2010 to 2014

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and regularity of scholastic mumps outbreaks in Qinghai province during the past five years,to provide scientific strategies to effectively cope with mumps outbreaks. Methods Epidemiological related statistical method was used to analyze the data of mumps outbreak events from 2010 to 2014 in Qinghai. Results A total of 22 mumps outbreaks and 686 cases were reported in Qinghai during the past five years. The attack rate was 2. 77%.All events were ordinary( Ⅳ level) and occurred in school. The outbreaks occurred mainly in rural and suburban primary schools,including Xining and Haidong city,which accounted for 59. 09% of all events. There were two epidemic peaks during April to May and October to November. The number of outbreaks and cases in spring semester were higher than that in fall semester. Average discovery time for the first cases and the duration of the outbreaks were in no differences with regard to area,grade and season( P 0. 05). Conclusion Scholastic mumps outbreaks in Qinghai are worrisome. Comprehensive prevention and control measures such as vaccination,epidemic monitoring and implementation of the five early systems should be taken to efficiently response to mumps outbreak.
Role of bicarbonate in biliary excretion of diisothiocyanostilbene disulfonate

Hepatic transport of 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) was studied in isolated perfused rat livers and in isolated rat hepatocytes to determine if DIDS-induced decrease in biliary HCO3- excretion is due to a DIDS-HCO3- exchange and/or due to inhibition of Cl(-)-HCO3- exchange. In isolated perfused rat livers, DIDS reversibly decreased biliary HCO3- concentration and excretion. The changes in biliary HCO3- concentration were inversely related to biliary DIDS concentration. DIDS was concentrated in bile, indicating active hepatic transport. Replacement of perfusate HCO3- with equimolar dimethyloxazolidinedione (DMO) or tricine decreased biliary excretion, but not hepatic uptake, of DIDS. Biliary excretion of DIDS was also associated with a decrease in bile pH, and this decrease in pH was greater in the presence of HCO3-. HCO3-, but not DMO or tricine, stimulated DIDS efflux from preloaded hepatocytes. DIDS efflux was also temperature dependent and increased with increasing extracellula...
Discourse on Leadership: A Critical Appraisal

In a wide-ranging and provocative new study, Bert A. Spector provides a critical analysis of past and present theories of leadership. Spector asserts that our perception of leadership influences who we vote for, who we hire and promote, and ultimately, who we choose to grant our authority to. Focusing on leadership in discourse, the book sets out to explore how the notion of leadership has been articulated, studied and debated by academics, but also by practitioners, journalists, and others who seek to influence the thoughts of others. Paying particular attention to the social, economic, political, intellectual and historical forces that have helped shape the discussion, Discourse on Leadership offers an insightful historiography of leadership as a concept and considers how our understanding of it continues to evolve.
Hydrogen bond competition in the ethanol-methanol dimer.

Previous theoretical work on the ethanol–methanol dimer has been inconclusive in predicting the preferred hydrogen bond donor/acceptor configuration. Here, we report the microwave spectrum of the dimer using a chirped pulse Fourier transform microwave spectrometer from 8–18 GHz. In an argon-backed expansion, 50 transitions have been assigned to a trans-ethanol-acceptor/methanol-donor structure that is likely stabilized by a secondary weak C–H⋯O hydrogen bond. A higher energy conformer was observed in a helium-backed expansion and tentatively assigned to a gauche-ethanol-acceptor/methanol-donor structure. No ethanol-donor/methanol-acceptor dimers have been found, suggesting such interactions are energetically disfavored. A preliminary analysis of the A–E splitting due to the internal rotation of the methanol methyl group in the ground state species is also presented. We find evidence of the Ubbelohde effect in the measured A–E splittings of three deuterated isotopologues and the normal species of this conformer.
High-Quality-Factor Cup Resonator for Plasmon Laser

We fabricate a plasmonic cup resonator exhibiting an ultrahigh-quality-factor using the template-stripping method. By introducing a gain medium into the cup-structure, we simulated and demonstrated the lasing action of this novel plasmon laser.
Small lunar craters at the Apollo 16 and 17 landing sites - morphology and degradation

Abstract New analysis and modeling approaches are applied to high-resolution images and topography of the Apollo 16 and 17 landing sites to investigate the morphology and estimate degradation of small lunar craters (SLCs; 35 to 250 m diameter). We find SLCs at the two sites are mostly degraded with an average depth-diameter ratio ( d D ) 0.1 , resulting in a landscape dominated by shallow, inverted cone-shaped craters. An improved standardized morphological classification and a novel set of quantitative shape indicators are defined and used to compare SLCs between the two sites. Our classification methodology allows morphological class populations to be designated with minimal (and measurable) ambiguity simplifying the study of SLC degradation at different target regions. SLC shape indicators are computationally obtained from topography, further facilitating a quantitative and repeatable comparison across study areas. Our results indicate that the interior slopes of SLCs evolve faster and through different processes relative to larger craters ( > 500 m). Assuming SLCs are formed with large initial depth-to-diameter ratio ( d D ≥ 0.2 ), our observation that even the fresher SLCs are relatively shallow imply that a faster mass wasting process post-formation stabilizes the crater walls and eventually slows down degradation. We also found that the Apollo 16 Cayley plains have a higher percentage of fresh craters than the Apollo 17 Taurus Littrow (TL) plains. A combination of a less-cohesive target material and/or seismic shaking resulting from moonquakes or the impact of Tycho crater secondaries was likely responsible for a higher degradation rate in the TL-plains compared to the Cayley plains. This study explores the relationship between the symmetry and probability densities of key morphological traits like d D , mean wall slope and rate of degradation. We show that the shape of d D probability density function of SLCs in a study area encodes their rate of degradation. Comparison of power-law fitting and probabilistic modeling of depth-diameter relations shows that probabilistic methods complement regression models and are necessary for robust prediction of SLC depths from diameter (and vice versa) for different geological targets.
Realpolitik: A History: Bew, John Oxford: Oxford University Press 408 pp., $27.95, ISBN 978-0-19-933193-2 Publication Date: December 2015

John Bew, professor in history and foreign policy in the Department of War Studies at King's College London, is the author of an impressive book. Realpolitik is a rigorous treatment of a basic, but...
The Free Spirit

This chapter turns directly to the notion of freedom, attending to the psychological type that Nietzsche takes Montaigne to incarnate—the “free spirit.” For Montaigne, freedom is the avoidance of servitude—whether servitude to other people or to one’s own passions or habits. Freedom also extends to the free use of the understanding, possible only for those able to overcome pernicious habits of thought promoted by fear, superstition, and custom. Montaigne understands freedom to denote both “free living” and “free thinking.” The chapter shows that Nietzsche draws inspiration from both aspects of Montaigne as he displays the free spirit’s development. At each stage of its development, the free spirit takes up a challenge that Montaigne has anticipated and engaged within the Essais. Here the analysis attends to the sustained conversation with Montaigne that Nietzsche conducts in the lesser-known works of his “middle period,” as well as in contemporaneous notebook entries.
Effects of the Light Environment and Stand History on Beargrass (Xerophyllum tenax) Morphology and Demography

Beargrass (Xerophyllum tenax [Pursh] Nutt.) is an herbaceous, evergreen perennial found in higher elevations of the northern Rocky, Sierra Nevada, Klamath, Siskiyou, Cascade and Olympic Mountains and in coastal areas from Washington to northern California. It is used by Native Americans for basketry and is an important floral green, but the conditions needed for reproduction and commercially valuable characteristics are not well known. We studied how the light environment affects size, morphology, color, and reproduction of a lowland, southeastern Olympic Peninsula beargrass population. We examined beargrass crown size distribution in relation to current and past overstory structure and found that beargrass plants had longer, greener leaves, lower crown density, smaller basal diameter, and fewer vegetative offshoots in shaded areas compared to more open areas. Flowering was less and there were fewer seedlings in shaded areas. Beargrass did not reproduce sexually in areas with < 0.3 of full photosynthetically active radiation (equivalent to at least 50% tree cover in our stand). Beargrass abundance matched the locations of anthropogenically maintained woodland openings that have since become forested preventing beargrass reproduction, suggesting that many plants have survived in the shade for more than 60 years. Overstory removal and prescribed burning in a portion of the stand stimulated sexual and asexual reproduction. We concluded that plants in shaded areas, although of somewhat higher commercial quality, are likely to recover more slowly from foliar harvest, and are less likely to be replaced after mortality. Population sustainability requires periodically or permanently open stand conditions.
The Lagrangian Map

In this chapter we give a synopsis of Lagrangian MHD, as initially developed by Newcomb (1962). The analysis is also based on the work of Webb et al. (2005a,b), Webb and Zank (2007), and Golovin (2011) where the MHD, Lie point symmetries and the fluid relabelling symmetries were investigated using the Lagrangian map. Golovin (2011) converted the MHD equations to Lagrangian form, to obtain a vector wave equation form for the Lagrangian momentum equation, that takes into account the symmetries of the equation associated with Faraday’s equation (see also e.g. Schief (2003)).
Challenges During Surgery for Hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus is caused by excessive ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), usually due to an obstruction (noncommunicating hydrocephalus) or inadequate CSF reabsorption (communicating hydrocephalus). In rare cases, hydrocephalus can result from a choroid plexus papilloma, which causes an overproduction of CSF. The most common causes of pediatric hydrocephalus are myelomeningocele (obstruction) and posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus of prematurity (inadequate reabsorbtion at the arachnoid granulations).
A Refutation of Penrose’s Gödelian Case

Those who go in for attacking AI can be indefatigable. John Searle tirelessly targets at least one brand of AI (“Strong” AI) with variations on his Chinese Room. (Searle fired the first shot in (Searle 1980). Two decades later, CR is alive and well, as the arrival of a new book (Bishop & Preston 2002) reveals.). Bringsjord has at last count published 16 formal arguments against “Strong” AI. (For a sampling, recall Table 1.) And Roger Penrose appears to have the same endless energy when it comes to producing Godelian attacks on AI: Having, as it is generally agreed, failed to improve on Lucas’ at-best-controversial primogenitor (Lucas 1964) with the argument as formulated in his The Emperor’s New Mind (ENM) (Penrose 1989),1 Penrose returned, armed with a new Godelian case, expressed in his Shadows of the Mind (SOTM) (Penrose 1994). This case, unlike its predecessor, does more than recapitulate Lucas’ argument, but it nonetheless fails, as we shall see. The great irony is that this case is based on Penrose’s near-deification of logico-mathematical reasoning, but such reasoning, as we show herein, can be used to refute Penrose’s case.
APPLICATIONS OF MODEL THEORY TO DEGREES OF UNSOLVABILITY

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses applications of model theory to degrees of unsolvability. During the past decade, the theory of degrees of unsolvability has developed rapidly. Although the concept of degree is implicit in earlier work of Post and Turing, the first study of degrees as abstract objects is the fundamental paper of Kleene and Post. The main content of the paper consists of some problems; such results as are stated are quite elementary. The problems are probably quite difficult, but not unapproachable; and their solution might cast much more light on the structure than the rather piecemeal results obtained (often at great effort) so far. It then becomes meaningful to say that a sentence of the language is valid in a certain structure of this type. In this way, the tools of model theory become available. With these new relations, one can often prove properties of the structures which could not even be stated without the new relations.
Precocious Puberty: Pathophysiology and Treatment

Pubertal maturation can be defined as the reactivation or disinhibition of a suppressed hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator system. Increased amplitude of pulsatile GnRH release and increased stimulation of pituitary gonadotropes, particularly at night, results in gonadal maturation and secretion [1–3].
A Personal History of Bioethics in Latin America: The Current Challenge to the Medical Profession and the Influence of Pharmaceutical Companies

In the 1960s, Dan Callahan and I traveled around the world together. At that time, Dan was the editor of Commonweal, a national Catholic journal of religion and politics based in New York. I was at Yale University on a fellowship after having been suspended from the priesthood for writing an article advocating change in the Church’s teachings on birth control. Dan was doing research on public policies on abortion in different cultures. I was studying different public policies on birth control. Both of us were writing books on these topics. What I remember most about our time together was that he missed his wife and children, and that he kept wondering whether he could leave his job at Commonweal in order to start an institute for the study of ethical problems raised by contemporary medicine.
Dismantling Female Solidarity in Mariama BÃ¢â€™s Scarlet Song

The article explores ways in which Mariama BA¢â€™s novel, Scarlet Song, represents the backbone of African feminismâ€”female solidarity. The idea of women working together to realize common goals and to support one another is the critical foundation on which African feminism is established and continues to flourish. Because this form of feminism often lacks the underpinning social and theoretical frameworks of Western feminism, it is in some ways more effective, transformative, and resistant to institutionalization and serves as a means by which African women unite to resist and reform paternalistic social structures marginalizing them. Within Scarlet Song, I focus primarily on ways in which female characters undermine one another in attempts to achieve impermanent forms of power or personal success. I also trace what BA¢â€™s novel reveals about the ways in which female relationships shape and are conversely shaped by patriarchal power structures and ideologies.
Solidification of Ni-Re Peritectic Alloys

Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and microstructural and microprobe measurements of DTA and as-cast Ni-Re alloys with compositions between 0.20 and 0.44 mass fraction Re provide information to resolve differences in previously published Ni-Re phase diagrams. This investigation determines that the peritectic invariant between liquid, Re-rich hexagonal close packed and Ni-rich face center cubic phases, L + HCP → FCC, occurs at 1561.1 °C ± 3.4 °C (1σ) with compositions of liquid, FCC and HCP phases of 0.283 ± 0.036, 0.436 ± 0.026, and 0.828 ± 0.037 mass fraction Re, respectively. Analysis of the microsegregation in FCC alloys yields a partition coefficient for solidification, k = 1.54 ± 0.09 (mass frac./mass frac.). A small deviation from Scheil behavior due to dendrite tip kinetics is documented in as-cast samples. No evidence of an intermetallic phase is observed.
Microbial electrolysis cells using complex substrates achieve high performance via continuous feeding-based control of reactor concentrations and community structure

Abstract Microbial electrolysis cells have potential to be integrated into biorefineries for waste valorization in the form of renewable hydrogen, a reagent needed for bio-oil upgrading. However, reaching high productivities and sustaining them during long-term operation requires a better understanding of the impact of process conditions on the biocatalyst and overall performance. The impact of feeding regime and different concentration levels in continuous vs. fed-batch delivery of a switchgrass-derived substrate were comparatively investigated. At an organic loading of 20 g/L-d, continuous operation resulted in a stable average H2 productivity of 7.9 ± 0.4 L/L-d over a 3-week period, the highest reported value for continuous hydrogen production from complex streams via microbial electrolysis. Corresponding fed-batch operation yielded 46% lower productivity on average, which dropped further to
Game-Framing to Improve Applicant Perceptions of Cognitive Assessments

Abstract. General cognitive ability is one of the best predictors of job performance, but applicant reactions are often poor. In two samples, we experimentally tested game-framing, the labeling of ...
Lower Use of DLI Post Relapse of Malignancy May Result in Shorter Post-Relapse Survival (PRS) in Patients Undergoing T Cell Replete Haploidentical Donor Transplantation (HIDT) Versus Matched Related (MRD) or Matched Unrelated Donor (MUD) Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (HCT)

Abstract Relapse of hematologic malignancies remains a major cause of treatment failure and mortality among patients receiving allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Patients relapsing after a matched related or unrelated donor transplantation may benefit from donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) as part of their post relapse therapy. DLI post-relapse has less frequently been utilized among recipients of HIDT presumably due to the potential for severe GVHD if high T-cell doss are administered without immunosuppression. However, reluctance to administer DLI may limit the possibility of remission following disease relapse in HIDT. We compared the frequency of use of DLI and survival outcomes for patients relapsing after HIDT using post-transplant cyclophosphamide to those relapsing after MRD or MUD HCT at our institution. 195 consecutive HCT recipients with relapse of hematologic malignancy occurring after HIDT (N=35), MUD (N=74) and MRD (N=81) between 1998 and 2014 were included in this analysis. The median age was 50 years (19-77 years) and median time to relapse was 159 days (25-2465 days) post HCT. Patients receiving HIDT had similar median time to relapse (5.1 vs 5.2 vs 5.2 months, p=0.638), Dana-Farber/CIBMTR disease risk index (DRI), comorbidity index (CMI) scores, longer times to neutrophil engraftment (17 vs 14 vs 14 days, p 3months post-transplant) and comorbidity index (CMI score >= 3) were all predictive of worse post relapse survival. This analysis shows that relapse post HIDT carries a worse prognosis than relapse post MRD and MUD. Efforts such as post-transplant maintenance and haploidentical DLI infusions should be investigated further in the HIDT setting. Download : Download high-res image (71KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure 1 . Download : Download high-res image (67KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure 2 . Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Patient-Reported Outcomes and Long-Term Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Single-Port Versus Conventional Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Repair.

Surgical techniques for inguinal hernia repair have evolved rapidly from open methods to conventional laparoscopic totally extra-peritoneal (CTEP) and recently single-port TEP (STEP). As there is currently no randomized controlled trial (RCT) reporting long-term patient-reported outcomes between CTEP and STEP, we reviewed patients who were randomized to CTEP or STEP 5 years after surgery. Telephone interviews were administered to patients with primary unilateral inguinal hernia recruited for the RCT comparing CTEP and STEP in 2011. The modified Body Image Questionnaire was used to measure long-term patient-reported outcomes. Forty-two out of forty-nine of the STEP group and forty-one out of fifty of the CTEP group responded to phone interviews. Median follow-up time, demographic data and clinical outcomes were comparable between both groups. The Body Image Score (5–20: 5—least dissatisfied, 20—most dissatisfied; BIS score ± SD, STEP vs. CTEP, 5.33 ± 0.90 vs. 7.17 ± 1.87, p < 0.001) and Cosmetic Score (2–20: 2—least satisfied, 20—most satisfied; CS score ± SD, STEP vs. CTEP, 19.05 ± 1.31 vs. 15.87 ± 1.57, p < 0.001) were superior in the STEP group. Similarly, self-reported scar perception (1—cannot be seen, 2—can barely be seen, 3—visible; scar perception score ± SD, STEP vs. CTEP, 1.29 ± 0.51 vs. 2.55 ± 0.64, p < 0.001) and overall experience score (1—least satisfied, 10—most satisfied; overall satisfaction score ± SD, STEP vs. CTEP, 9.57 ± 0.67 vs. 8.22 ± 0.94, p < 0.001) were superior in the STEP group. Patients who underwent STEP reported superior cosmetic and satisfaction scores and comparable surgical outcomes 5 years after surgery compared to the CTEP group. STEP should be strongly considered in patients who are concerned about long-term cosmetic outcomes and should be offered if surgical expertise is available. Trial registration NCT02302937
On the computation of discrete Legendre polynomial coefficients

A new and fast method to find the discrete Legendre polynomial (DLP) coefficients is presented. The method is based on forming a simple matrix using addition only and then multiplying two elements of the matrix to compute the DLP coefficients.
Studies on mitochondrial tRNA from animal cells. I. A comparison of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic trna and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.

Abstract Mitochondrial and cytoplasmic aminoacyl-tRNA's of rat liver have been compared by chromatography on methylated albumin kieselguhr. This comparison revealed species of leucyl-, tyrosyl-, aspartyl-, valyl- and seryl-tRNA which were found exclusively in mitochondria. These tRNA's did not arise as artifacts during the isolation or acylation procedures. This was shown by the fact that elution profiles could not be altered as a result of denaturing the tRNA's prior to acylation. Furthermore, the relative positions of these tRNA's remained unaltered as a result of interchanging synthetases. It was also found that cytoplasmic synthetases were unable to acylate species of tRNA which were exclusively mitochondrial. These studies add further support to the idea that the protein-synthesizing apparatus of the mitochondria is distinct from that operating in other areas of the cytoplasm.
Emerging electrochemical processes for materials recovery from wastewater: Mechanisms and prospects

Recovering valuable materials from waste streams is critical to the transition to a circular economy with reduced environmental damages caused by resource extraction activities. Municipal and industrial wastewaters contain a variety of materials, such as nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), lithium, and rare earth elements, which can be recovered as value-added products. Owing to their modularity, convenient operation and control, and the non-requirement of chemical dosage, electrochemical technologies offer a great promise for resource recovery in small-scale, decentralized systems. Here, we review three emerging electrochemical technologies for materials recovery applications: electrosorption based on carbonaceous and intercalation electrodes, electrochemical redox processes, and electrochemically induced precipitation. We highlight the mechanisms for achieving selective materials recovery in these processes. We also present an overview of the advantages and limitations of these technologies, as well as the key challenges that need to be overcome for their deployment in real-world systems to achieve cost-effective and sustainable materials recovery.
Evaporation and breakup effects in the shock-driven multiphase instability

Evaporation and breakup of liquid droplets are common in many applications of the shock-driven multiphase instability (SDMI), such as in liquid-fuelled detonation engines, multiphase ejector pumps and turbines and explosive dispersal of liquid particles (i.e. chemical or biological agents). In this paper, the effects of evaporation and breakup of droplets on the mixing induced by the SDMI are considered through simulations and compared with experimental results. The evaporation model is validated against previous experimental data. The capabilities of the simulations and particle models are then demonstrated through a qualitative comparison with experimental results where breakup effects are negligible (i.e. small droplets). The simulation results are explored further to quantify the effects of evaporation (i.e. mixing enhancement) in the SDMI, providing further insight into the experimental results. A new breakup model, derived from previous works, is then presented for low Reynolds number (below 500), low Weber number (below 100) droplets in a shock-driven multiphase instability. The breakup model capabilities are then demonstrated through a comparison with experimental results where breakup effects are significant (larger droplet sizes). Finally, the simulation results are used to highlight the importance of breakup parameters on the evaporation rate and large-scale mixing in the SDMI. Overall, it is shown that evaporation is enhanced by the large-scale hydrodynamics instability, the SDMI, and that breakup of the droplets significantly increases the strength of the instability, and rate of droplet evaporation.
Global Mediatized Death and Emotion: Parasocial Grieving-Mourning #stephenhawking on Twitter.

This study examined mediatized death and emotion, specifically parasocial grieving, toward high-profile celebrity Stephen Hawking’s death from a global perspective. A thematic analysis of public tw...
Coordinate Power Control of DFIGs Based on Virtual Synchronous Machine

With wind power generation connected to power grid increased in recent years, control of wind power output caused a lot of research. Wind converter is a power electronic device, which has the advantages of flexible, convenient control, and fast response speed. Howerver it has shortcomings such as lack of inertia and damping of the device, which is the potential factors of the power grid instability. The wind converter has the characteristics of synchronous motor, which enhances the stability of the power grid. This paper researches on control strategy of wind power output based on virtual synchronous machine. Virtual synchronous machine mathematical model is established and a system simulation model is established in PSCAD. The simulation results show that the active and reactive power of wind generator can be adjusted in time according to the requirements of different operating conditions. The control strategy improves the adaptability of the wind generator connected to the power grid and ensures the stable operation of the power grid.
Associated Concomitant Injuries

Infants that develop a neonatal brachial plexus palsy are subject to more than just a focal nerve injury. In this chapter we discuss injuries that both occur simultaneously with the NBPP and also develop along with the nerve injury over time. In order to appreciate the full impact that this has on an individual’s life, we have to look at more factors than neurological motor recovery. Through this chapter you will learn about physical, anatomic, respiratory, sensory, cognitive, and psychosocial injuries that can impact the overall outcome for children with neonatal brachial plexus palsy. With a better understanding of the multiple issues that may arise within this population, we hope to be able to care for them in a more comprehensive way.
Oncostatin M can sensitize sensory neurons in inflammatory pruritus

Chronic itch is a major symptom of many inflammatory skin diseases. This type of pruritus is thought to be facilitated by cytokines that activate cutaneous nerve fibers; however, the molecular comp...
Facilitation and Dominance in a Schooling Predator: Foraging Behavior of Florida Pompano, Trachinotus carolinus

Presumably an individual’s risk of predation is reduced by group membership and this ‘safety in numbers’ concept has been readily applied to investigations of schooling prey; however, foraging in groups may also be beneficial. We tested the hypothesis that, when feeding in groups, foraging of a coastal fish (Florida Pompano, Trachinotus carolinus) on a benthic prey source would be facilitated (i.e. fish feeding in groups will consume more prey items). Although this question has been addressed for other fish species, it has not been previously addressed for Florida Pompano, a fish known to exhibit schooling behavior and that is used for aquaculture, where understanding the feeding ecology is important for healthy and efficient grow-out. In this experiment, juvenile Florida Pompano were offered a fixed number of coquina clams (Donax spp.) for one hour either in a group or as individuals. The following day they were tested in the opposite configuration. Fish in groups achieved greater consumption (average of 26 clams consumed by the entire group) than the individuals comprising the group (average of 14 clams consumed [sum of clams consumed by all individuals of the group]). Fish in groups also had fewer unsuccessful foraging attempts (2.75 compared to 4.75 hr-1) and tended to have a shorter latency until the first feeding activity. Our results suggest fish in groups were more comfortable feeding and more successful in their feeding attempts. Interestingly, the consumption benefit of group foraging was not shared by all – not all fish within a group consumed equal numbers of clams. Taken together, the results support our hypothesis that foraging in a group provides facilitation, but the short-term benefits are not equally shared by all individuals.
Investigating the delivery of therapeutic recreation services on the Internet: A pilot study using leisure education for the prevention of alcohol abuse

This pilot study, grounded in social learning theory, demonstrated that leisure education services can be delivered on the Internet. Participants (n=40) successfully accessed the Web page program and responded to instruments and surveys. The treatment group (n=16) effectively completed four leisure education sessions on-line. Confidentiality, privacy, and anonymity issues were controlled. Responses were monitored and feedback provided as to the complexity of the program and comprehension of the participants. The leisure education program had no significant effect on posttest measures of alcohol expectancies and leisure motivations. Mean changes frompretest to posttest may indicate trends. The small n and convenience sample may have introduced many extraneous variables. Professional implications include compliance issues (57% experimental mortality rate), technology-related anxiety, and limited professional competency to work in this environment. Future research which examines the provision of leisure education and other components of therapeutic recreation service on-line is warranted.
Hydrogen Transfer between Substrates and Deoxyadenosylcobalamin in the Glutamate Mutase Reaction

Abstract Glutamate mutase, like other deoxyadenosylcobalamin-catalyzed enzymes, is shown to catalyze a transfer of tritium from synthetic coenzyme, labeled with tritium in the carbon 5' of the deoxyadenosyl moiety, to its substrates (glutamate and 3-methylaspartate). The fraction of the total tritium so transferred is dependent on the concentration of enzyme, the ratio of the two mutase protein components, the ratio of coenzyme to enzyme, and the amount of substrate transformed. Under suitable conditions, more than 90% of the tritium is transferred, proving that both hydrogens on carbon 5' of the coenzyme participate in the reaction. With excess coenzyme, the amount of tritium transferred is approximately proportional to the enzyme concentration, indicating that only enzyme-bound coenzyme is readily utilized, and exchange between free and enzyme-bound coenzyme is very slow compared with the mutase reaction. Tritium transfer from 3H-methyl-labeled 3-methylaspartate to the ribose portion of the deoxyadenosyl moiety of the coenzyme was demonstrated.
Anatomical location of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in urogenital tissues, peripheral ganglia and lumbosacral spinal cord of the rat

Background Previous work suggested that macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) may be involved in bladder inflammation. Therefore, the location of MIF was determined immunohistochemically in the bladder, prostate, major pelvic ganglia, sympathetic chain, the L6-S1 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and the lumbosacral spinal cord of the rat.
Congressional Close Up: Automatically exploring anomalous voting behavior in the U.S. Congress

The United States Senate has become increasingly partisan through the years; in fact it is quite unusual for a Senator to vote against his or her party. The Congressional Close Up system automatically reports on factors that might have influenced a bipartisan vote. The system begins by assigning a topic to the legislation on which a Senate or House vote was focused. The system then uses this assigned topic to find possible influences which might have changed a Senator's vote. These influences are campaign contributions, effects on local industries and general pressure from the Senator's constituency. The system concludes by generating a report in HTML format.
The Characterization and Occurrence of an Sf 20 Serum Lipoprotein

Abstract In the serum of patients with hyper-pre-β-lipoproteinemia there frequently occurs in abundance an ultracentrifugally distinct low density lipoprotein component of the Sf 20 class. This study concerns the characterization of this component, present in the serum of 14 of 15 patients. The lipoprotein has been isolated ultracentrifugally; it has the electrophoretic and immunological properties of a β-lipoprotein but is distinct from very low density lipoproteins. It has a buoyant density of 1.004 g per ml which is lighter than the major low density lipoproteins of normal serum, and this observation is consistent with its higher triglyceride content. This lipoprotein has a sedimentation coefficient corrected for concentration and viscosity of -68 S, measured in a solvent of density 1.20 g per ml, and a molecular weight of approximately 4.2 million. Electron microscopy of this larger low density lipoprotein shows spherical macromolecules with a diameter approximating 256 A.
Volatile logging in n-fault-tolerant distributed systems

The authors introduce two enhancements to optimistic recovery which allow messages to be logged without performing any I/O to stable storage. The first permits messages to be instantaneously logged in volatile storage, as in the sender-based message logging technique of D.B. Johnson and W. Zwaenepoel (1987), but without their restriction of single-fault-tolerance. The second permits message data and/or message arrival orders not to be logged in circumstances where this information can be reconstructed in other ways. They show that the combination of these two optimizations yields a transparent n-fault-tolerant system which logs to stable storage only those messages received from the outside world and a very small number of additional messages. >
Impact of non-physician health professionals' BMI on obesity care and beliefs.

Objective Examine the impact of non-physician health professional body mass index (BMI) on obesity care, self-efficacy, and perceptions of patient trust in weight loss advice.
Race, space, and nature: An introduction and critique

In this essay we put forth nested arguments about the way that racialization remains a powerful force in contemporary society, contending that intersections with space and nature offer important lessons about the (de)construction of race. We argue that the pernicious character traits of racial constructs develop through spatial practices and intersect with ideas about “nature” and belonging. We trace these concepts through recent conversations in geography and environmental studies, and we call for a persistent, critical, and prominent engagement with racialization in the spatial social sciences. Finally, we introduce the papers that constitute this symposium, which engages these questions from a range of perspectives and across a variety of landscapes. We hope to spur the conversation about “race and geography”, broadly conceived, beyond studies conceptualized around race alone. We are hopeful that this work, and the larger body of work it contributes to, travels beyond academic conversations to engage broader social justice debates about the “nature” of racial inequality—to ultimately participate in its dismantlement.
Throughput measurement for UDP traffic in an IEEE 802.11g WLAN

This paper presents the results of experiments to study throughput behavior and determine the maximum attainable throughput in an 802.11g wireless LAN under UDP traffic. The focus is on observing the measured throughput over time when the network is flooded with a continuous stream of UDP data. Whereas previous studies investigate 802.11b/a performance, or use analytical or simulation methods to study 802.11g performance, this study measures the throughput by generating actual 802.11g traffic. In order to study 802.11g behavior exclusively, minimize environmental effects, and keep the network as simple as possible, the experimental setup is restricted to an isolated wireless LAN with a single access point configured for 802.11g operation. The studies show that in almost all cases the observed throughput is well below 50% of the 802.11g maximum data rate of 54 Mbps even under ideal and controlled conditions. Although network card implementation and use of RTS/CTS have a significant impact on throughput, access point distance has little effect. We also give a formula for computing the expected throughput and compare the values it gives with the measured values.
CNN architectures for constrained diffusion based locally adaptive image processing: Research Articles

In this paper, a cellular neural network (CNN) based locally adaptive scheme is presented for image segmentation and edge detection. It is shown that combining a constrained (linear or non-linear) diffusion approach with adaptive morphology leads to a robust segmentation algorithm for an important class of image models. These images are comprised of simple geometrical objects, each having a homogeneous grey-scale level and they might be overlapping. The background illumination is inhomogeneous, the objects are corrupted by additive Gaussian noise and possibly blurred by low-pass-filtering-type effects. Typically, this class has a multimodal (in most cases bimodal) image histogram and no special (easily exploitable) characteristics in the frequency domain. The synthesized analogic (analog and logic) CNN algorithm combines a diffusion-type filtering with a locally adaptive strategy based on estimating the first-order (mean) and second-order (variance) statistics. Both PDE- and non-PDE-related diffusion schemes are examined and compared in the CNN framework. It is shown that the proposed algorithm with various diffusion-type filters offers a more robust solution than some globally optimal thresholding schemes. All algorithmic steps are realized using nearest-neighbour CNN templates. The VLSI implementation complexity and some robustness issues are carefully analysed and discussed in detail. A number of tests have been completed on original and artificial grey-scale images. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasma pharmacokinetics and cerebrospinal fluid penetration of thioguanine in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a collaborative Pediatric Oncology Branch, NCI, and Children's Cancer Group study.

PURPOSE In preclinical studies, thioguanine (TG) has been shown to be more potent than the standard acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) maintenance agent, mercaptopurine (MP), suggesting that TG may be more efficacious than MP in the treatment of childhood ALL. As part of a pilot trial in which TG was used in place of MP, we studied the plasma pharmacokinetics of oral TG and measured steady-state plasma and CSF TG concentrations during a continuous intravenous infusion (CIVI) in children with newly diagnosed standard-risk ALL. METHODS Nine plasma samples were collected after each patient's first 60 mg/m2 oral TG dose during maintenance. CIVI TG (20 mg/m2/h over 24 h) was administered during the consolidation phase of therapy, and simultaneous plasma and CSF samples were collected near the end of the infusion. TG was measured by reverse-phase HPLC with ultraviolet detection. Erythrocyte TG nucleotide (TGN) concentrations were measured 7 days after a course of CIVI TG and prior to the start of each maintenance cycle. RESULTS After oral TG (n = 35), the mean (+/- SD) peak plasma concentration was 0.46 +/- 0.68 microM and the AUC ranged from 0.18 to 9.5 microM.h (mean 1.5 microM.h). Mean steady-state plasma and CSF TG concentrations during CIVI (n = 33) were 2.7 and 0.5 microM, respectively. The mean (+/- SD) TG clearance was 935 +/- 463 ml/min per m2. Plasma TG concentrations did not correlate with erythrocyte TGN concentrations after oral or CIVI TG. The 8-OH-TG metabolite was detected in plasma and CSF. CONCLUSIONS TG concentrations that are cytotoxic to human leukemia cell lines can be achieved in plasma after a 60 mg/m2 oral dose of TG and in plasma and CSF during CIVI of TG.
L'école et le territoire: nouveaux espaces, nouveaux enjeux [School and Territory: New Spaces, New Issues].

L'ecole et le territoire: nouveaux espaces, nouveaux enjeux [School and Territory: New Spaces, New Issues]. Bernard Charlot, ed. Paris: Armand Colin, 1994. 223 pp.
Par-4, a Gene Required for Cytoplasmic Localization and Determination of Specific Cell Types in Caenorhabditis Elegans Embryogenesis

Specification of some cell fates in the early Caenorhabditis elegans embryo is mediated by cytoplasmic localization under control of the maternal genome. Using nine newly isolated mutations, and two existing mutations, we have analyzed the role of the maternally expressed gene par-4 in cytoplasmic localization. We recovered seven new par-4 alleles in screens for maternal effect lethal mutations that result in failure to differentiate intestinal cells. Two additional par-4 mutations were identified in noncomplementation screens using strains with a high frequency of transposon mobility. All 11 mutations cause defects early in development of embryos produced by homozygous mutant mothers. Analysis with a deficiency in the region indicates that it33 is a strong loss-of-function mutation. par-4(it33) terminal stage embryos contain many cells, but show no morphogenesis, and are lacking intestinal cells. Temperature shifts with the it57ts allele suggest that the critical period for both intestinal differentiation and embryo viability begins during oogenesis, about 1.5 hr before fertilization, and ends before the four-cell stage. We propose that the primary function of the par-4 gene is to act as part of a maternally encoded system for cytoplasmic localization in the first cell cycle, with par-4 playing a particularly important role in the determination of intestine. Analysis of a par-4; par-2 double mutant suggests that par-4 and par-2 gene products interact in this system.
Prediabetic blood pressure and familial predisposition to renal disease in Pima Indians with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Renal disease is a frequent complication of non-insulin-dependent diabetes in the Pima Indians from the Gila River Indian Community in Arizona. This review describes the relationship between prediabetic blood pressure and the subsequent development of renal disease, and characterizes the familial aggregation of diabetic renal disease in this population.