cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Understanding of Young Children and Adults of the Deictic Adequacy of Communications.

Abstract When a communication is used in a discourse context, the deictic information in the communication may be important in achieving a successful speech act. This information includes the temporal and spatial coordinates of the speech act that locate the communication in a context. In the present study, first- and fourth-grade children (6 and 9 years of age) and college adults were read short stories and asked to evaluate the adequacy of deictically ambiguous or informative communications (Experiment 1) or situations (Experiment 2). The results showed that subjects in all the grades discriminated among the deictically adequate and inadequate communications and situations, though the first graders made fewer correct judgments than did the other subjects of the adequacy of the informative communications and situations.
Interactions between beta-ecdysone and fat body during wing disk development in vitro

Abstract We have investigated the actions of beta-ecdysone and fat body on wing disks of Plodia interpunctella in a series of sequential incubations in vitro . These experiments revealed that extended treatment times of beta-ecdysone at concentrations of 0·5 μg/ml or greater inhibited development of disks, and confirm that the presence of a fat body factor in the culture medium prevents this inhibition.
Use of an integrated flow model to estimate ecologically relevant hydrologic characteristics at stream biomonitoring sites

Abstract We developed an integrated hydroecological model to provide a comprehensive set of hydrologic variables representing five major components of the flow regime at 856 aquatic-invertebrate monitoring sites in New Jersey. The hydroecological model simulates streamflow by routing water that moves overland and through the subsurface from atmospheric delivery to the watershed outlet. Snow accumulation and melt, evapotranspiration, precipitation, withdrawals, discharges, pervious- and impervious-area runoff, and lake storage were accounted for in the water balance. We generated more than 78 flow variables, which describe the frequency, magnitude, duration, rate of change, and timing of flow events. Highly correlated variables were filtered by principal component analysis to obtain a non-redundant subset of variables that explain the majority of the variation in the complete set. This subset of variables was used to evaluate the effect of changes in the flow regime on aquatic-invertebrate assemblage structure at 856 biomonitoring sites. We used non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) to evaluate variation in aquatic-invertebrate assemblage structure across a disturbance gradient. We employed multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis to build a series of MLR models that identify the most important environmental and hydrologic variables driving the differences in the aquatic-invertebrate assemblages across the disturbance gradient. The first axis of NMS ordination was significantly related to many hydrologic, habitat, and land-use/land-cover variables, including the average number of annual storms producing runoff, ratio of 25–75% exceedance flow (flashiness), diversity of natural stream substrate, and the percentage of forested land near the stream channel (forest buffer). Modifications in the hydrologic regime as the result of changes in watershed land use appear to promote the retention of highly tolerant aquatic species; in contrast, species that are sensitive to hydrologic instability and other anthropogenic disturbance become much less prevalent. We also found strong relations between an index of invertebrate-assemblage impairment, its component metrics, and the primary disturbance gradient. The process-oriented watershed modeling approach used in this study provides a means to evaluate how natural landscape features interact with anthropogenic factors and assess their effects on flow characteristics and stream ecology. By combining watershed modeling and indirect ordination techniques, we were able to identify components of the hydrologic regime that have a considerable effect on aquatic-assemblage structure and help in developing short- and long-term management measures that mitigate the effects of anthropogenic disturbance in stream systems.
Trigeminal nerve endings in gingiva, junctional epithelium and periodontal ligament of rat molars as demonstrated by autoradiography.

Tritiated-L-proline was injected into the right Gasserian ganglion of mature rats for incorporation into proteins being carried by rapid axonal transport to nerve endings. The distribution of the nerve endings in molar gingivae and periodontium was subsequently mapped in serial sections by autoradiography. We found that sensory nerve terminals are most prominent in two regions of the free gingiva: (1) In the junctional epithelium there is a rich innervation of the basal epithelial layer with many endings penetrating several cell layers. (2) In the crestal epithelium arborized endings are present, especially on the marginal side of the crest. In the attached gingiva a few terminals are found in the epithelium with more in the lamina propria; the latter appear to be encapsulated. The periodontal ligament is only moderately labeled with silver grains located over nerve bundles, over nerves associated with blood vessels, and over a few apparent endings in the apical region. In the cementum no labeled endings are seen. Labeling of Gasserian cell bodies primarily reveals specific intra-epithelial nerve endings in gingival crest and junctional epithelium. The absence of major labeling of the periodontal ligament supports the view that many nerves in that region are derived from cell bodies in the mesencephalic nucleus.
Active control of grating interferometers for extended-range low-noise operation.

An active control method is proposed and demonstrated to improve grating-based laser interferometry to achieve low-noise (subpicometer resolution) and multiwavelength unambiguous range of operation simultaneously. The method modifies a recurrent calibration-based path stabilization algorithm to extract high-resolution and low-resolution data in parallel. This extended range recurrent calibration method is experimentally verified by implementing it on the micromachined scanning grating interferometer (μSGI).
A non-iterative accurate asymptotic confidence interval for the difference between two proportions.

I propose a new confidence interval for the difference between two binomial probabilities that requires only the solution of a quadratic equation. The procedure is based on estimating the variance of the observed difference at the boundaries of the confidence interval, and uses least squares estimation rather than maximum likelihood as previously suggested. The proposed procedure is non-iterative, agrees with the conventional test of equality of two binomial probabilities, and, even for fairly small sample sizes, appears to yields actual 95 per cent confidence intervals with mean or median probabilities of coverage very close to 0⋅95. The Yates continuity correction appears to generate confidence intervals with the conditional probability of coverage at least equal to nominal levels. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Burnout in Health Care: The Role of the Five Factors of Personality

Job burnout continues to plague organizations and individuals, resulting in costly consequences. In examining the antecedents to job burnout, prior research has primarily focused on role stressors present in the job environment. with little attention given to individual characteristics. The purpose of this field study was to examine the extent to which dimensions of an individual's personality have differential efects on the 3 components of burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization. and diminished personal accomplishment) among nurses working in a hospital. After controlling for several demographic variables and 3 role stressors, findings indicate that specific dimensions of personality do significantly and differentially impact the experience of the 3 components of burnout.
The exclusion of large solutes by cartilage proteinpolysaccharide

The dialysis technique of Ogston and Phelps, using a Millipore filter as a membrane to measure the effect of a nondialyzable macromolecule on the distribution of dialyzable macromolecules, has been used to measure the effect of a compound of protein and polysaccharide (PP-L), isolated from cartilage, on the distribution of some dialyzable macromolecules. PP-L (1%) in buffer acts as if part of its solution volume were unavailable as follows: 55% for serum albumin, 64% for chondroitin sulfate made by alkaline degradation of PP-L, and 98% for chondroitin sulfate made by trypsin degradation of PP-L. The use of different buffers, variation of pH from 5 to 10, variation of temperature from 5 to 42°C., variation of salt concentration from 0.15 to 2N, and variation in ethanol concentration from 0 to 30% had no effect on the distribution of albumin, which was always excluded to about the same extent from the PP-L solution. This effect could account for the virtual absence of serum proteins and of free chondroitin sulfate from cartilage. At low salt concentration (0.10–0.02N) and at 5°C, the distribution was reversed and albumin behaved as if strongly bound by PP-L. At low-levels of albumin this binding of PP-L increased linearly with albumin concentration. This binding was partly reversed by raising the temperature or by adding urea, and completely reversed by the addition of salt. Polystyrene sulfonate, a nondiffusible polyanion, had an effect similar to that of PP-L in excluding chondroitin sulfate from its solutions. It showed a very strong binding effect for albumin which persisted even in the presence of salt as high as 2N. A quantitative comparison has been made between the excluded volume effect of the soluble macromolecules PP-L and hyaluronate and the effect of insoluble Sephadex particles to exclude large molecules from their interiors. The technique of Ogston and Phelps is thus valuable- not only for measuring the exclusion of diffusible macromolecules from part of the solution volume of nondiffusible macromolecules, but also for measuring the existence and extent of binding of diffusible macromolecules to nondiffusible macromolecules.
SYSTEMATIC RENORMALIZATION PROCEDURE FOR THE N-QUANTUM APPROXIMATION.

We reformulate the central idea of Greenberg's $N$-quantum approximation (NQA) as a power-counting procedure. This allows for a more direct application of the NQA idea. Applied to the Lee model, this reformulation yields results identical to those obtained by Pagnamenta. The procedure is also applied in the lowest two orders to the relativistic $A{(x)}^{3}$ interaction. The lowest-order results differ in a nontrivial way from those obtained by Greenberg. The power-counting procedure cannot be applied to the $A{(x)}^{3}$ model quite as straightforwardly as to the Lee model. However, with the Lee-model results at hand, the modifications necessary to produce equations that have a finite term-by-term iterative solution suggest themselves quite naturally.
C 4 photosynthesis, atmospheric CO 2 , and climate

The objectives of this synthesis are (1) to review the factors that influence the ecological, geographical, and palaeoecological distributions of plants possessing C4 photosynthesis and (2) to propose a hypothesis/model to explain both the distribution of C4 plants with respect to temperature and CO2 and why C4 photosynthesis is relatively uncommon in dicotyledonous plants (hereafter dicots), especially in comparison with its widespread distribution in monocotyledonous species (hereafter monocots). Our goal is to stimulate discussion of the factors controlling distributions of C4 plants today, historically, and under future elevated CO2 environments. Understanding the distributions of C3/C4 plants impacts not only primary productivity, but also the distribution, evolution, and migration of both invertebrates and vertebrates that graze on these plants. Sixteen separate studies all indicate that the current distributions of C4 monocots are tightly correlated with temperature: elevated temperatures during the growing season favor C4 monocots. In contrast, the seven studies on C4 dicot distributions suggest that a different environmental parameter, such as aridity (combination of temperature and evaporative potential), more closely describes their distributions. Differences in the temperature dependence of the quantum yield for CO2 uptake (light-use efficiency) of C3 and C4 species relate well to observed plant distributions and light-use efficiency is the only mechanism that has been proposed to explain distributional differences in C3/C4 monocots. Modeling of C3 and C4 light-use efficiencies under different combinations of atmospheric CO2 and temperature predicts that C4-dominated ecosystems should not have expanded until atmospheric CO2 concentrations reached the lower levels that are thought to have existed beginning near the end of the Miocene. At that time, palaeocarbonate and fossil data indicate a simultaneous, global expansion of C4-dominated grasslands. The C4 monocots generally have a higher quantum yield than C4 dicots and it is proposed that leaf venation patterns play a role in increasing the light-use efficiency of most C4 monocots. The reduced quantum yield of most C4 dicots is consistent with their rarity, and it is suggested that C4 dicots may not have been selected until CO2 concentrations reached their lowest levels during glacial maxima in the Quaternary. Given the intrinsic light-use efficiency advantage of C4 monocots, C4 dicots may have been limited in their distributions to the warmest ecosystems, saline ecosystems, and/or to highly disturbed ecosystems. All C4 plants have a significant advantage over C3 plants under low atmospheric CO2 conditions and are predicted to have expanded significantly on a global scale during full-glacial periods, especially in tropical regions. Bog and lake sediment cores as well as pedogenic carbonates support the hypothesis that C4 ecosystems were more extensive during the last glacial maximum and then decreased in abundance following deglaciation as atmospheric CO2 levels increased.
Closure to “Mean Velocity of Mudflows and Debris Flows” by Pierre Y. Julien and Anna Paris

The authors predicted mudflow and debris flow velocities with 350 field and laboratory measurements and obtained a slight trend for V=u to increase with h=d50, and the ratio of V=u is approximately 10 and rarely exceeds 30. The logarithmic relationship of turbulent resistance agrees reasonably well with the measurements. Good results also are obtained with the Manning-Strickler approach. The dispersive stress equation also compares well with the measurements, but only when h=d50 < 50. For individual series data such as Hashimoto and Puerco, there is a trend for V=u to increase with h=d50. But for other individual series data, such as Davies, Rickenmann, Paris, St. Helens, Nevado del Ruiz, Wanglin, Wang, and Wenhai, there is a trend for V=u to decrease with h=d50 (Fig. 1 of the original paper). The discussers have some field data that also show the same phenomena, which are presented in Fig. 1. The database includes a total of 119 flow velocity measurements, in which each point includes flow depth, density (volume concentration), median grain diameter d50, grain size of less than 10% d10, and slope. The data of Jiangjia were obtained from the field measurements in Jiangjia Ravine, Yunnan, China, in 1999; the data of Hunshui were obtained from the field measurements in Hunshui Ravine, Yunnan, China, in 1976–1978; and the data of Liuwan were obtained from the field measurements in Liuwan Ravine, Gansu, China, in 1963–1964. Debris flow is a gravity flow, and the gravity force plays an important role in the movement of debris flow. So debris flow moves on a large slope and deposits on a small slope. Fei and Su (2004) showed that the main driving force of debris flow is provided by particles, not by water. When the volume concentration C 1⁄4 0:27 (or density ρ 1⁄4 1:46 g=cm3), the particle driving force is equal to the water driving force in debris flow. They defined that the minimum density of debris flow is 1:46 g=cm3, and 1:46–1:80 g=cm3 is the range of less viscous debris flow. Therefore, the minimum density of viscous debris flow is 1:80 g=cm3 (C 1⁄4 0:47) (Fei and Su 2004; Yu 2008a). Two types of shear stresses describe these two kinds of debris flows: (1) the viscous stress for viscous debris flow, and (2) the turbulent stress for less viscous debris flow (Fei and Su 2004). As the driving force of debris flow is provided primarily by particles, the coarse particle plays an important role in the movement of debris flow, especially for viscous debris flow with a large volume concentration. So the larger particle diameter, the larger is the velocity. There is a trend for V to increase with d50, and there is a trend for V=u to increase with d50=h. Two empirical equations of mean velocity of viscous debris flow described this relationship (Wu et al. 1993; Yu 2001): V u 1⁄4 27:57 d50 h 0:245 ð1Þ
The Rearing of Dragonflies from Eggs

In working out the life history of certain trematode parasites which occur as adults in vertebrate animals it was necessary to rear parasite-free dragonflies which serve as intermediate hosts in the life history. Since parasitologists have to rear hosts which are free from certain kinds of parasites at least, it makes the problems of food and feeding more difficult. The literature on the subject of rearing common, well-known species of invertebrate animals in the laboratory is scarce and there is an increasing demand for such knowledge; so that the author deems it worth while to make this information available. The following excerpts are from Needham and Heywood (20, p. 239): “Some eggs obtained in September at Ithaca hatched the following January, having been kept the while in a laboratory of the normal temperature. Doubtless under normal conditions they do not hatch before spring.” “Mr. F. R. Nevin has raised vicinum from eggs, laid on October 1 by females from this same pond, which hatched, indoors, from November 28 to January 4 and yielded imagoes on May 3 to May 10, after 11 larval instars.”
Religious pluralism and the North Carolina religious adherence rate, 1926

Abstract Data from the 1926 Census of Religious Bodies are utilized to explore the 1926 North Carolina religious economy. State, regional and county variations in religious adherence are estimated and analyzed, and religious primacy groups are identified. In 1926 Baptists were the denominational primacy group, and Southern Baptists were the primacy religious group for the state, but neither group dominated the North Carolina religious marketplace. Regional-level religious pluralism and denominational primacy data provide support for the Stark, Finke and Iannaccone religious pluralism hypothesis, but county-level data fail to provide support. Further evaluation of the association among religious primacy, religious pluralism and local market penetration is warranted since support for the religious pluralism proposition appears to vary by the unit of analysis employed.
An approach to understanding the interaction of hope and desire for explicit prognostic information among individuals with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or advanced cancer.

ABSTRACT Background: Physicians often report that they are reluctant to discuss prognosis for life-threatening illnesses with patients and family out of concern for destroying their hope, yet there...
Validation of SPECT equilibrium radionuclide angiographic right ventricular parameters by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.

Recent advances in the treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), and in surgery to correct tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), have rekindled interest in evaluating right ventricular (RV) volume and ejection fraction (EF). The purpose of this investigation was to determine the accuracy of RV functional parameters assessed by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) equilibrium radionuclide angiography (ERNA). Twenty-eight patients with PPH (n = 15) or TOF (n = 13) (aged 28 ± 14 years; 57% male) were analyzed by means of SPECT ERNA algorithms that automatically identified mid-RV tomographic planes, generated regions isolating the right ventricle from other structures, and presented RV-segmented regions as a cinematic display. RV EF and volumes were computed and compared with values obtained by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Mean values were not different between SPECT ERNA and MRI for RV EF, end-diastolic volume, and end-systolic volume (42% ± 11% vs 41% ± 10%, 135 ± 67 mL vs 139 ± 91 mL, and 87 ± 54 mL vs 85 ± 61 mL, respectively; P = not significant for all comparisons). Significant linear correlation (P < .0001) was found between SPECT ERNA and MRI for RV EF, end-diastolic volume, and end-systolic volume (r = 0.85, r = 0.94, and r = 0.93, respectively). No statistically significant trends or biases for RV EF were found. Intraobserver and interobserver comparisons demonstrated good reproducibility. As expected, RV volume was significantly higher and RV EF was significantly lower for patients with PPH and TOF than were values for individuals at low likelihood for coronary artery disease or other cardiac disease. SPECT ERNA provides accurate, reproducible assessment of RV volumes and EF and should prove useful in evaluating the magnitude of RV dysfunction in patients and in providing an objective means with which to assess the results of therapeutic interventions. (J Nucl Cardiol 2002;9:153–60.)
Concomitant classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane and eyelid responses: correlations and implications.

Abstract Simultaneous recordings of muscle unit activity from the muscles of the left and right eyelids (M. obicularis oculi) and recordings of the movement of the left nictitating membrane (NM) were taken during classical conditioning in the rabbit using a tone CS paired with an airpuff UCS to the left cornea. The unconditioned eyelid responses were found to be bilateral. The conditioned eyelid responses were also bilateral in most animals. Both the conditioned and unconditioned eyelid responses were larger on the left side. The conditioned responses of the left and right eyelids and the left NM were found to increase in magnitude and decrease in latency from the onset of the CS over training trials in almost the exactly same manner (correlations as high as .99). Behaviorally, the three responses could occur independently, suggesting that the cranial nuclei which control them (left abducens/accessory abducens, left facial nucleus, right facial nucleus) are not strongly coupled. Thus, for the learned response, it is suggested that the three nuclei are controlled by a common central system. This finding has implications for the nature of the engram—the essential neuronal circuitry encoding the learned response.
Observations of the Effects of Eggshell Pimpling on Shell Ultrastructure

Abstract In the present study eggshell pimples were observed under a scanning electron microscope to determine the relationships of shell structural constituents to the intrusive mass. Structural observations suggest that the intrusions occur at various stages in shell formation and that the time at which the intrusion took place determined its effects on subsequent shell ultrastructure.
Poor survival of black patients in carcinoma of the endometrium

Abstract Purpose : To compare the prognostic factors and survivals of black and white patients with endometrial carcinoma. Methods and Materials : A retrospective study was undertaken of a total of 290 patients with endometrial carcinoma who were treated similarly at the Health Science Center at Brooklyn and Kings County Hospital Center from 1975 and 1990. One hundred and thirty-six of 290 (47.2%) were black and 135/290 (46.9%) were white. Well-known prognostic factors affecting endometrial carcinoma were studied in black and white group of patients. Their overall survival and comparison of survival in each prognostic group were also estimated using multi-variate analysis. Results : Fifty-four percent of white patients had Stage I disease, compared to 45.9% in black patients. In Stage II,51.6% were white and 48.4% were black, and in Stage III, 88.89% were black and 11.1% were white patients (p = 0.034). Fifty six percent Grade 1 patients were white and 44% were black. In Grade 2, 53.3% were white and 46.7% were black and in Grade 3 disease, 70.5% were black and 29.5% were white (p = 0.008). Up to the inner third of myometrial invasion had occurred in 60.6% of white patients and 39.4% in black patients. The middle third of the myometrium was invaded in 60.7% of white patients, and 39.3% of black patients. Thirty-seven percent of outer third of myometrial invasion was found in white patients and 63% in black patients (p = 0.038). Seventy-two percent of positive lymph nodes were found in black patients and 28.0% in white patients (p = 0.01). Sixty-one percent of patients with positive peritoneal cytology were black as compared to 38.7% in white patients (p = 0.017). The overall ten-year corrected survival for white and black patients was 72% and 40%, respectively (p = 0.0003). Survivals comparisons, when stratified by race and each prognostic group, showed statistically significant overall survival differences in favor of white patients. Conclusion : Black patients with endometrial carcinoma have poor survival. Low socio-economic status (SES) would not explain these findings. More research is required to determine the cause of poor survival in black patients with endometrial carcinoma.
Discovering the functions of cytochrome P450 in drug metabolism: the role of Alfred Hildebrandt.

The 1960s were an exciting time for those engaged in research on cytochrome P450 (P450). The discovery that this hemeprotein was the key component of the microsomal enzyme systems responsible for t...
Quasi-phase matched third harmonic generation in aligned molecular gases

We demonstrate quasi phase matching of third harmonic generation in anisotropic molecular gases by forming of a nonlinear grating by imposing a relative alignment of molecules in a gas with a spatially modulated alignment pulse. Conditions for optimal conversion efficiency and broad bandwidth phase matching will be discussed.
Ecoluminance: A New Approach to Visual Guidance for Roadways

ABSTRACT A promising approach to integrating lighting and vegetation, termed ecoluminance, along roadways for improving visual guidance and reducing energy use, is proposed. The visibility of relevant objects along several simulated roadway applications (roundabouts, curved exit ramps, and urban boulevards) were compared when illuminated conventionally, and when designed with the ecoluminance approach. The ecoluminance approach had the largest estimated impact on drivers’ visibility when detecting pedestrians and other roadway hazards for roundabouts and for urban boulevards. The roundabout also had the greatest energy savings and as a result, had the greatest operating cost reduction.
Modulation of estrogen-induced carcinogenesis by chemical modifications.

The mechanism of carcinogenesis by estrogens is still unknown. Uncontrolled stimulation of cell proliferation, an endocrine imbalance, or metabolic activation of estrogens to reactive intermediates capable of tissue injury have previously been proposed. In an attempt to gain insight into mechanistic details of estrogen-induced carcinogenesis in male Syrian hamsters, fluorine substituted estrogens, which were impaired in their capacity to be transformed into catechols, have been tested for their carcinogenic activity. 2-Fluoroestradiol was found to be non-carcinogenic in Syrian hamsters despite its estrogenic potency. In a second unrelated experiment, ascorbic acid, which reduced diethylstilbestrol quinone to cis- and trans-diethylstilbestrol in vitro, was administered to estradiolor diethylstilbestrol-treated hamsters. A lowered incidence of kidney tumors in vivo was found in animals receiving ascorbic acid vs estrogen-treated control animals. These results were taken as evidence for a role of estrogen metabolites (catechols formed from estradiol or quinone formed from diethylstilbestrol) in estrogen-induced tumorigenesis. A mechanistic model of metabolic activation of estrogens followed by damage to cellular macromolecules is proposed.
Dosimetric uncertainty in prostate cancer proton radiotherapy

Purpose: The authors we evaluate the uncertainty in proton therapy dose distribution for prostate cancer due to organ displacement, varying penumbra width of proton beams, and the amount of rectal gas inside the rectum. Methods and Materials: Proton beam treatment plans were generated for ten prostate patients with a minimum dose of 74.1 cobalt gray equivalent (CGE) to the planning target volume (PTV) while 95% of the PTV received 78 CGE. Two lateral or lateral oblique proton beams were used for each plan. The authors we investigated the uncertainty in dose to the rectal wall (RW) and the bladder wall (BW) due to organ displacement by comparing the dose-volume histograms (DVH) calculated with the original or shifted contours. The variation between DVHs was also evaluated for patients with and without rectal gas in the rectum for five patients who had 16 to 47 cc of visible rectal gas in their planning computed tomography (CT) imaging set. The uncertainty due to the varying penumbra width of the delivered protons for different beam setting options on the proton delivery system was also evaluated. Results: For a 5 mm anterior shift, the relative change in the RW volume receiving 70 CGE dose (V{submore » 70}) was 37.9% (5.0% absolute change in 13.2% of a mean V{sub 70}). The relative change in the BW volume receiving 70 CGE dose (V{sub 70}) was 20.9% (4.3% absolute change in 20.6% of a mean V{sub 70}) with a 5 mm inferior shift. A 2 mm penumbra difference in beam setting options on the proton delivery system resulted in the relative variations of 6.1% (0.8% absolute change) and 4.4% (0.9% absolute change) in V{sub 70} of RW and BW, respectively. The data show that the organ displacements produce absolute DVH changes that generally shift the entire isodose line while maintaining the same shape. The overall shape of the DVH curve for each organ is determined by the penumbra and the distance of the target in beam's eye view (BEV) from the block edge. The beam setting option producing a 2 mm sharper penumbra at the isocenter can reduce the magnitude of maximal doses to the RW by 2% compared to the alternate option utilizing the same block margin of 7 mm. The dose to 0.1 cc of the femoral head on the distal side of the lateral-posterior oblique beam is increased by 25 CGE for a patient with 25 cc of rectal gas. Conclusion: Variation in the rectal and bladder wall DVHs due to uncertainty in the position of the organs relative to the location of sharp dose falloff gradients should be accounted for when evaluating treatment plans. The proton beam delivery option producing a sharper penumbra reduces maximal doses to the rectal wall. Lateral-posterior oblique beams should be avoided in patients prone to develop a large amount of rectal gas.« less
A Laboratory Circuit for Arc Interruption Research

A synthetic laboratory circuit for arc interruption research is described. The ability of this circuit to simulate many power system fault conditions is shown. The important role it has in the development of new circuit breaker interrupters is presented. Results of some experimental studies on arc interruption are reported and discussed.
The effect of dryer load on freeze drying process design

Freeze-drying using a partial load is a common occurrence during the early manufacturing stages when insufficient amounts of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) are available. In such cases, the immediate production needs are met by performing lyophilization with less than a full freeze dryer load. However, it is not obvious at what fractional load significant deviations from full load behavior begin. The objective of this research was to systematically study the effects of variation in product load on freeze drying behavior in laboratory, pilot and clinical scale freeze-dryers. Experiments were conducted with 5% mannitol (high heat and mass flux) and 5% sucrose (low heat and mass flux) at different product loads (100%, 50%, 10%, and 2%). Product temperature was measured in edge as well as center vials with thermocouples. Specific surface area (SSA) was measured by BET gas adsorption analysis and residual moisture was measured by Karl Fischer. In the lab scale freeze-dryer, the molar flux of inert gas was determined by direct flow measurement using a flowmeter and the molar flux of water vapor was determined by manometric temperature measurement (MTM) and tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) techniques. Comparative pressure measurement (capacitance manometer vs. Pirani) was used to determine primary drying time. For both 5% mannitol and 5% sucrose, primary drying time decreases and product temperature increases as the load on the shelves decreases. No systematic variation was observed in residual moisture and vapor composition as load decreased. Further, SSA data suggests that there are no significant freezing differences under different load conditions. Independent of dryer scale, among all the effects, variation in radiation heat transfer from the chamber walls to the product seems to be the dominant effect resulting in shorter primary drying time as the load on the shelf decreases (i.e., the fraction of edge vials increases).
Using backwards design process for the design and implementation of computer science (CS) principles: A case study of a colombian elementary and secondary teacher development program

This paper describes the outcomes of a three-day teacher professional development workshop aimed at introducing concepts, principles and practices of computational thinking. The guiding research question for this study was: How teachers implement the backwards design process embodying elements of CS Principles (i.e., computational thinking big ideas and computational thinking practices) in the context of their classrooms? The participants of this study included 15 elementary, high school and college level teachers who are also graduate students from a master program in engineering. As part of the workshop participants developed a learning activity that included a set of learning objectives, the design of computational thinking related activities considering appropriate pedagogical strategies, and the integration of mechanisms to evaluate students' performance. Here we describe (a) how participants embodied the CS Principles in the design of learning activities to be integrated into their classrooms, (b) how they used the backwards design process as a tool to implement elements of the CS Principles and (c) what is teachers' performance in integrating CS Principles to the design of learning activities as evidenced by their peer evaluations. Finally, we propose the use of backwards design process together with the CS Principles as a framework for the design of computing learning activities and the development of teacher professional development programs in computing education.
The Dublin Core: A Simple Content Description Model for Electronic Resources

The Dublin Core is a 15-element metadata element set intended to facilitate discovery of electronic resources. Originally conceived for author-generated description of Web resources, it has also attracted the attention of formal resource description communities such as museums and libraries.
Predicting bilirubin neurotoxicity in jaundiced newborns.

Purpose of review The management of jaundice in the newborn infant is an area of clinical practice sorely lacking an evidence-based foundation, and neonatal bilirubin neurotoxicity (kernicterus) continues to occur worldwide. Recent findings Studies suggest that measuring serum or plasma bilirubin binding, in particular the nonalbumin-bound or unbound bilirubin concentration (Bf), would improve jaundice management as it better predicts bilirubin neurotoxicity than the conventionally used total bilirubin concentration (BT). However, many misconceptions persist regarding the relationships between BT, Bf, the magnitude and distribution of the neonatal bilirubin load, and the risk of bilirubin neurotoxicity. Summary Overcoming these misconceptions and integrating Bf and BT into the management of neonatal jaundice may help move clinical practice from its tradition-based approach centered primarily on BT toward an evidence-based approach that will substantially improve our ability to predict bilirubin neurotoxicity and improve the clinical management of this generally benign, but potentially catastrophic, newborn condition.
Stem Cell Niches for Skin Regeneration

Stem cell-based therapies offer tremendous potential for skin regeneration following injury and disease. Functional stem cell units have been described throughout all layers of human skin and the collective physical and chemical microenvironmental cues that enable this regenerative potential are known as the stem cell niche. Stem cells in the hair follicle bulge, interfollicular epidermis, dermal papillae, and perivascular space have been closely investigated as model systems for niche-driven regeneration. These studies suggest that stem cell strategies for skin engineering must consider the intricate molecular and biologic features of these niches. Innovative biomaterial systems that successfully recapitulate these microenvironments will facilitate progenitor cell-mediated skin repair and regeneration.
Dynamics of Bark Beetle Populations: Towards a General Productivity Model

The components of productivity (offspring produced per parent) in bark beetle populations are defined as multiplication and survival. Data from the literature are used to formulate simple models relating these components to initial density in infested trees. A simple monotonic exponential decay function is proposed for describing the multiplication component, although data for validation are scarce. A humpbacked function is proposed for the survival component. This model combines 2 equations, one expressing survival as a direct function of attack density, and the other survival as an inverse function of density.
Role of cytotoxic T cells in experimental myocarditis

Clearly, cytotoxic T lymphocytes play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of CVB3 experimental myocarditis. The various types of CTL generated indicate a complex immune process. Virus-specific VCTL and metabolic antigen-specific MCTL are both contained in a CD4+ T cell population, suggesting that presentation of the reactive epitopes are in the context of class II MHC, the result of less traditional virus particle recognition by CTL. ACTL, specific for epitopes on uninfected cells, are a CD8+ T cell population, and evidence indicates that they are directed to the cellular virus receptor. Generation of ACTL is the primary pathogenic effector and protection from ACTL damage is mediated by active suppression. The mediation of a pathogenic autoimmune response to the cellular virus receptor remains an enigma. Elucidation of this mechanism can provide insight into virus-induced autoimmune disease.
Countertheses: Communication, material conditions, and future sociocultural development

(1968). Countertheses: Communication, material conditions, and future sociocultural development. The Philosophy Forum: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 41-53.
Marker chromosomes in gonadal dysgenesis : avoiding unnecessary surgery

Abstract Women with partial or intact Y chromosomes are at increased risk for developing gonadoblastoma or dysgerminoma; prophylactic gonadectomy is usually recommended. However, some women with gonadal dysgenesis have marker chromosomes which can complicate assessment and management. To evaluate a young woman with gonadal dysgenesis and a 45,X/46,X,+ mar karyotype, we used a direct assay for H-Y antigen and, in addition, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ hybridization with X- and Y-specific DNA probes. The marker chromosome was found to be an X chromosome derivative, indicating that the patient was at low risk for tumor formation. The technology presented is useful for assessing the risk for tumor formation in women with marker sex chromosomes.
Design of an energy-efficient 32-bit adder operating at subthreshold voltages in 45-nm CMOS

Low-power circuits is quickly increasing their importance due to the high cost in design of cooling systems with complex chip packaging techniques, and also due to the low energy consumption requirement of portable devices powered by a limited battery capacity. This paper presents design of a low-power 32-bit adder that is a basic functional unit in most computational platforms. Its energy efficiency is highly achieved while operating in the subthreshold regime. Simulation results in 45-nm PTM CMOS show the adder consumes only 22 fJ per computation at 0.2 V with maximum operating frequency of 3.8 MHz. While targeting an acceptable frequency of 100 MHz, it consumes only 3.4 µW or 34 fJ per computation at 0.37 V. At 1.0 V, it can operate at up to 2.85 GHz while consuming only 735 µW or 257 fJ per computation. It also stably operates at only 0.1 V with throughput of 400 kHz and consumes 18 nW.
Longitudinal evaluation of the relationship between maladaptive trauma coping and distress: examination following the mass shooting at Virginia Tech.

Abstract Growing evidence supports that the coping strategies that individuals utilize are a key predictor of distress following trauma. However, there is limited longitudinal research examining the relationship between psychological distress and coping over time, and even less research examining the possibility of reciprocal relationships between distress and coping, despite the fact that prior theoretical work posits such a relationship. The current study modeled the relationship between distress (PTSD and general distress) and maladaptive coping over time in a sample of 368 college women exposed to the mass shooting at Virginia Tech (VT). Participants completed web surveys regarding their distress, shooting-related coping, and shooting-related PTSD 2 months, 6 months, and 1 year following the shooting. They also completed measures of their psychological distress prior to the shooting as part of an unrelated study. A structural cross-lagged model with latent variables supported a reciprocal relationship...
Four-Year Experience with Simultaneous Culture and Shiga Toxin Testing for Detection of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Stool Samples

We report our experience with universal Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) screening using culture and Shiga toxin antigen testing over 4 years. Twelve cases were detected—8 detected by both culture and Shiga toxin immunochromatographic assay (IA), 3 by culture, and 1 by IA only. The addition of Shiga toxin testing is of questionable benefit over culture alone for detection of STEC in areas of low prevalence.
The Case for a Modern Doctor of Education Degree (Ed.D.): Multipurpose Education Doctorates No Longer Appropriate

Educational research and professional practice, though assuredly capable of providing reciprocal benefits one to the other, have, nevertheless, evolved into decidedly different activities. Increasingly, each has a separate and defensible technical basis. Doctoral programs in education should honor and reflect, not conflate, the differences. The Ed.D. is now deserving of prominent billing as the degree of choice for education practitioners.
[Cp(PMe3)2Ru(η2-HSiCl3)]+: Structure and Bonding of a Rare Cationic η2-Silane Complex

Protonation of Cp(PMe3)2RuSiCl3 (1) leads to the formation of [Cp(PMe3)2Ru(η2-HSiCl3)]+ (2+), a rare example of a cationic η2-silane complex. The η2-silane coordination in 2+ is confirmed by an X-r...
213 FUROSEMIDE STIMULATION OF THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-VASOPRESSIN SYSTEM IN THE FETAL LAMB

We have shown previously that furosemide (FU) stimulates secretion of renin and arginine vasopressin (AVP) in the newborn lamb. Nephrectomy abolished the plasma renin activity (PRA) and AVP responses, and saralasin acetate, an angiotensin II inhibitor, blocked the AVP response, suggesting that the AVP stimulation by FU is mediated by angiotensin II. The present study was designed to assess whether FU influences the renin-angiotensin-AVP system in the fetus. Seven fetal lambs 120-142 days gestational age and 6 newborn lambs were studied (term = 145 days). FU (2 mg/kg estimated fetal weight) was infused over 1-2 min. Blood samples were drawn at 8, 20, 35, and 65 min. post infusion. In the fetal lambs the M and SEM PRA (ng/ml/hr) increased from 10.0 ± 3.3 to 12.5 ± 3.6 at 8 min. (p<.05), 16.8 ± 4.4 at 20 min. (p<.01) and 24.3 ± 5.1 (p<.01) at 35 min. post FU. In the newborn lambs PRA increased from a base of 16.7 ± 5 to 41.8 ± 6 (p<.01) 20 min post FU and remained high. The M and SEM plasma AVP (μU/ml) increased 30 min. after PRA from a baseline of 2.1 ± 0.5 to 5.7 ± 1.8 (p<.05) 35 min. and 6.1 ± 1.4 (p<.05) 65 min. post FU in the fetal lambs. In the newborns AVP increased from a baseline of 2.7 ± 0.5 to 9.9 ± 3.4 (p<.05) 35 min and 13.9 ± 4.4 (p<.05) 65 min post FU Plasma sodium, Hct, and osmolality did not change. Conclusions: 1) FU stimulates the renin-angiotensin-AVP system in the fetal lamb after 120 days gestation; 2) fetal responsiveness is less than in the newborn animal.
Painting Country: Australian Aboriginal artists’ approach to traditional materials in a modern context

AbstractTraditionally, materials used by Australian Aboriginal artists were sourced from the local environment. Rock, bark, wood and human skin were painted with pigments bound in material such as saliva, blood, plant gums and resins. Their availability, ease of use and colour range have made acrylic paints a popular choice of material for contemporary indigenous artists. Some artists, however, continue to use traditional pigments and binders. Artists may choose these materials because they are familiar and close to hand or because they have a cultural significance to the artist or perhaps represent the country from which they are sourced. The materials chosen become, therefore, not only a vehicle for expression but also an integral part of the artistic expression itself. Some contemporary indigenous artists experiment with these materials and use them alongside acrylic or oil paints. While their stability and longevity was not always traditionally important the use of these materials in paintings destine...
LDPC-coded MIMO optical communication over the atmospheric turbulence channel using Q-ary pulse-position modulation

We describe a coded power-efficient transmission scheme based on repetition MIMO principle suitable for communication over the atmospheric turbulence channel, and determine its channel capacity. The proposed scheme employs the Q-ary pulse-position modulation. We further study how to approach the channel capacity limits using low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. Component LDPC codes are designed using the concept of pairwise-balanced designs. Contrary to the several recent publications, bit-error rates and channel capacities are reported assuming that p.i.n. photodetectors are used instead of ideal photon-counting receivers. The atmospheric turbulence channel is modeled using the Gamma-Gamma distribution function due to Al-Habash et al. Excellent bit-error rate performance improvement, over uncoded case, is found.
Practical Saddlepoint Approximations

Abstract This article illustrates univariate and conditional saddle-point density and distribution function approximations. The emphasis is on the applications and on the calculations needed to compute the approximations. Uses of the approximations include p value computations for some test statistics, approximations of finite mixture distributions, and convolutions.