cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quality control of weigh-in-motion data incorporating threshold values and rational procedures

Weigh-in-motion (WIM) stations constitute a key source of traffic data for use in mechanistic–empirical pavement design. One of the major improvements provided by the Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) is in traffic characterization. Instead of converting all truck axles to 18,000 lb equivalent single axles (ESALs), the Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) simulates every truck axle, and the associated stresses and strains imposed on the pavement structure, from a wide range of axle load spectra (ALS). This paper presents an objective approach to quality control (QC) of WIM data that includes threshold checks that detect implausible values of individual variables in the truck weight records and rational checks that examine patterns in axle load distributions and relationships among the variables. Instead of using subjective visual comparisons of gross vehicle weight (GVW) distributions, this research implements a peak-range check, peak-shift check, and correlation analysis to quantify the ALS comparison process of rational checks. A number-of-axles check that calculates the average number of axles per vehicle class is also introduced herein. The entire QC procedure has been applied to three years of data from 12 WIM stations in Alabama that used bending plate sensors. As a result, 23.8% of data were filtered out, and all data from one WIM station were removed. Therefore, QC of WIM data is strongly recommended, regardless of the extent of WIM system calibration. Furthermore, it is also recommended that the rational checks module be integrated in the data collection process for rapid detection of systematic errors.
The thermal history of the Manicouagan Impact Melt Sheet, Quebec

Calculations for the heat transfer between superheated silicate melt and evenly dispersed 1-mm cold clasts indicate that most of the thermal gradients are smoothed out in 100 s and that the rate of equilibrium is sufficiently high so that clasts whose dissolution in the melt is slow may be preserved. The calculations also show the extent to which cold debris and clasts are melted. Calculations for cooling of the 200-m-thick melt sheet at Manicouagan suggest that complete crystallization takes 35 years at 10 m from the edge and 1600 years at the center.
Note on the origin of triploidy in maize

Triploid individuals in maize occur through the fertilization of diploid or unreduced eggs by haploid sperm. The diploid eggs have arisen by complete non-disjunction of the entire chromosome set during meiosis or through non-disjunction during one of the three mitotic divisions of the female gametophyte. In either of these eventualities, however, the female gamete carried the diploid number of chromosomes.
APT With Observed Factors and Conditional Heteroskedasticity

Several authors have raised the issue of non‐stationarity of security returns in empirical tests of the Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT). This paper tests for one form of non‐stationarity, namely, conditional heteroskedasticity, in the empirical APT with observed factors. Using monthly stock returns for the period 1970 to 1988, this paper shows that conditional heteroskedasticity is a pervasive phenomenon leading to inefficient estimates of factor betas. Ignoring the problem may produce erroneous conclusions as to which risk factors require a premium. Furthermore, grouping individual securities into portfolios does not appear to diminish the presence of conditional heteroskedasticity.
Ovarian Steroids Stimulate Adenosine Triphosphate-Sensitive Potassium (KATP) Channel Subunit Gene Expression and Confer Responsiveness of the Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Pulse Generator to KATP Channel Modulation

The ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channels couple intracellular metabolism to membrane potential. They are composed of Kir6.x and sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) subunits and are expressed in hypothalamic neurons that project to GnRH neurons. However, their roles in regulating GnRH secretion have not been determined. The present study first tested whether K(ATP) channels regulate pulsatile GnRH secretion, as indirectly reflected by pulsatile LH secretion. Ovariectomized rats received sc capsules containing oil, 17beta-estradiol (E(2)), progesterone (P), or E(2)+P at 24 h before blood sampling. Infusion of the K(ATP) channel blocker tolbutamide into the third ventricle resulted in increased LH pulse frequency in animals treated with E(2)+P but was without effect in all other groups. Coinfusion of tulbutamide and the K(ATP) channel opener diazoxide blocked this effect, whereas diazoxide alone suppressed LH. Effects of steroids on Kir6.2 and SUR1 mRNA expression were then evaluated. After 24hr treatment, E(2)+P produced a modest but significant increase in Kir6.2 expression in the preoptic area (POA), which was reversed by P receptor antagonism with RU486. Neither SUR1 in the POA nor both subunits in the mediobasal hypothalamus were altered by any steroid treatment. After 8 d treatment, Kir6.2 mRNA levels were again enhanced by E(2)+P but to a greater extent in the POA. Our findings demonstrate that 1) blockade of preoptic/hypothalamic K(ATP) channels produces an acceleration of the GnRH pulse generator in a steroid-dependent manner and 2) E(2)+P stimulate Kir6.2 gene expression in the POA. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the negative feedback actions of ovarian steroids on the GnRH pulse generator are mediated, in part, by their ability to up-regulate K(ATP) channel subunit expression in the POA.
Impact of free fatty acid concentration and structure on lipid oxidation in oil-in-water emulsions

Free fatty acids are strong prooxidants in both bulk and emulsified oils. Addition of oleic acid to an oil-in-water emulsions increased lipid hydroperoxide and hexanal formation at free fatty acid concentrations as low as 0.1% of the lipid. The prooxidant effect of free fatty acids was dependent on fatty acid type with lipid oxidation rates being in the order of linolenic<linoleic<oleic. There were no significant differences in lipid oxidation rates when free fatty acid isomers with cis or trans double bonds were compared. The prooxidant activity of the free fatty acids was postulated to be due to their ability to attract prooxidant metals as well as co-oxidise the triacylglycerol in the oil. Overall, these results show that the oxidative stability of oil-in-water emulsions is strongly linked to both the concentration and type of free fatty acids present.
Serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor activation induces 2-arachidonoylglycerol release through a phospholipase c-dependent mechanism.

To date, several studies have demonstrated that phospholipase C-coupled receptors stimulate the production of endocannabinoids, particularly 2-arachidonoylglycerol. There is now evidence that endocannabinoids are involved in phospholipase C-coupled serotonin 5-HT2A receptor-mediated behavioral effects in both rats and mice. The main objective of this study was to determine whether activation of the 5-HT2A receptor leads to the production and release of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol. NIH3T3 cells stably expressing the rat 5-HT2A receptor were first incubated with [3H]-arachidonic acid for 24 h. Following stimulation with 10 μm serotonin, lipids were extracted from the assay medium, separated by thin layer chromatography, and analyzed by liquid scintillation counting. Our results indicate that 5-HT2A receptor activation stimulates the formation and release of 2-arachidonoylglycerol. The 5-HT2A receptor-dependent release of 2-arachidonoylglycerol was partially dependent on phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C activation. Diacylglycerol produced downstream of 5-HT2A receptor-mediated phospholipase D or phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C activation did not appear to contribute to 2-arachidonoylglycerol formation in NIH3T3–5HT2A cells. In conclusion, our results support a functional model where neuromodulatory neurotransmitters such as serotonin may act as regulators of endocannabinoid tone at excitatory synapses through the activation of phospholipase C-coupled G-protein coupled receptors.
Projective polynomials, a projection construction and a family of semifields

The projection construction is a method to blend two or more semifields of the same order into a possibly new one. Early constructions which may be interpreted in this manner include the Hughes---Kleinfeld semifields and the Dickson semifields. In those cases the ingredients are isotopic versions of field multiplication. In the present paper we describe the theory of projective polynomials over finite fields in terms of an underlying non-associative algebra closely related to Knuth semifields. Using this theory and the projection construction with field multiplication and Albert twisted fields as ingredients we define a family of presemifields $$B(p,m,s,l,C_1,C_2)$$B(p,m,s,l,C1,C2) in odd characteristic $$p.$$p. In the remainder of the paper the properties of those (pre)semifields are studied. The family contains the Budaghyan---Helleseth families of commutative semifields but also many semifields which are not isotopic to commutative.
Samuel Johnson, the Ossian Fraud, and the Celtic Revival in Great Britain and Ireland

1. An introductory survey of scholarship on Ossian: why literary truth matters 2. James Macpherson's violation of literary truth 3. Johnson on truth, frauds, and folklore: in the company of Thomas Percy 4. Searching for truth in the Highlands: Macpherson throws down the gauntlet 5. Charles O'Conor and the Celtic Revival in Ireland 6. Johnson and the Irish: more opposition to Ossian 7. Johnson's last word on Ossian with William Shaw: a finale to controversy Appendix: A Reply to Mr Clark (1782) by William Shaw in Association with Samuel Johnson Bibliography Index.
The effects of caffeine on the inducibility of atrial fibrillation

Introduction There is widespread belief that caffeine consumption is linked to atrial arrhythmias; however, there is a relative lack of systematic evidence to support the assertion. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether caffeine, in doses equivalent to daily use in the general population, alter the propensity for atrial fibrillation (AF) in an experimental model comparing normal and simulated predisposition to AF.
Novel Preparation of Cyanophenylcyclopropanes Via Cyanophenylcarbene

Abstract Bromophenyldiazirine (1), is converted to cyanophenyldiazirine (2), upon stirring with tetra-n-butylammonium cyanide. Photolysis of 2 affords cyanophenylcarbene which is readily trapped by alkenes to yield cyanophenylcyclopropanes.
Socio-economic patterning in adulthood and depressive symptoms among a community sample of older adults in the United States

Objective Variation in socioeconomic position (SEP) over the life course may influence mental health later in the life course. This study sought to document the associations between patterns of SEP over the adult life course in relation to depressive symptoms among older adults.
Techniques, computations, and conjectures for semi-topological K -theory

We establish the existence of an “Atiyah-Hirzebruch-like” spectral sequence relating the morphic cohomology groups of a smooth, quasi-projective complex variety to its semi-topological K-groups. This spectral sequence is compatible with (and, indeed, is built from) the motivic spectral sequence that relates the motivic cohomology and algebraic K-theory of varieties, and it is also compatible with the classical Atiyah-Hirzebruch spectral sequence in algebraic topology. In the second part of this paper, we use this spectral sequence in conjunction with another computational tool that we introduce — namely, a variation on the integral weight filtration of the Borel-Moore (singular) homology of complex varieties introduced by H. Gillet and C. Soule – to compute the semi-topological K-theory of a large class of varieties. In particular, we prove that for curves, surfaces, toric varieties, projective rational three-folds, and related varieties, the semi-topological K-groups and topological K-groups are isomorphic in all degrees permitted by cohomological considerations. We also formulate integral conjectures relating semi-topological K-theory to topological K-theory analogous to more familiar conjectures (namely, the Quillen-Lichtenbaum and Beilinson-Lichtenbaum Conjectures) concerning mod-n algebraic K-theory and motivic cohomology. In particular, we prove a local vanishing result for morphic cohomology which enables us to formulate precisely a conjectural identification of morphic cohomology by A. Suslin. Our computations verify that these conjectures hold for the list of varieties above.
After Heaven: Spirituality in America since the 1950s. By Robert Wuthnow. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. 277 pp.

(1999). After Heaven: Spirituality in America since the 1950s. By Robert Wuthnow. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. 277 pp. Religious Education: Vol. 94, No. 4, pp. 471-473.
Inside the Empire: Ethnography of a Global Citadel in New York

For Friedmann and Wolff, the citadel’s physical form—physically defended enclaves in the global city—shapes relations between citadels and outsiders. Subsequent work claims that the designs of citadels produce simulated community life, exclude the city and sanitise public spaces. However, such claims have been based on relatively brief observations. This ethnography assesses the impact of design by examining the quintessential citadel of Battery Park City, in New York City, while the community mobilised against plans for a highway tunnel bordering their community during redevelopment of the neighbouring World Trade Center site. Community life is robust. However, the influence of the physical design is borne out in previously unrecognised ways: residents are identified as a crucial new constituency promoting exclusivity in the global city.
Maximum Likelihood Signal Classification using Second-Order Blind Deconvolution Probability Model

We address the problem of classifying a signal that has been corrupted by an unknown linear time-invariant filter. This problem is common in remote-sensing and non-destructive evaluation applications wheremultipath and spreading are prevalent. A traditional approach is blind deconvolution to estimate the original signal, followed by classification of the estimated signal. Blind deconvolution is an ill-posed estimation problem, and if only a classification is needed, then we hypothesize it is an unnecessary step. We present an alternative maximum likelihood classifier that uses second-order probability models for the original signal and the unknown corrupting filter. The resulting quadratic discriminant analysis classifier is shown to perform well over a range of signal-to-noise ratios for two different models of multipath, and in all cases performs consistently better than a standard blind deconvolution method followed by a quadratic discriminant analysis classifier.
Getting the safe minimum standard to work in the real world: a case study in moral pragmatism

Abstract There is growing endorsement of local stake-holder conventions to resolve unusual environmental disputes. The conventions are separate decision-making bodies designed to by-pass conventional institutions. The hazards of a stake-holder convention which is overly-detached from conventional decision-making leads to a discourse that never successfully confronts the value controversies which the stake-holder convention is charged to resolve. A case study uncovers obvious and robust strategic manipulations of stake-holder conventions that intrude on value dialogue. An appeal to the safe minimum standard rules of Ciriacy-Wantrup, updated to engage this question, successfully corrects some of the more egregious stumbling blocks to good faith dialogue in local discourse. The proposed constraints on the stake-holder convention can be quite directive, authoritative and bureaucratic, yet the constraints are necessary to preserve good faith conduct within the dialogue.
Block-level fault isolation using partition theory and logic minimization techniques

Multichip modules are emerging as a key packaging technology for mixed-signal circuits and systems. In this paper, we consider how to localize a failure within a chip boundary as rapidly as possible in order to expedite the rework process and to minimize its overall impact on manufacturing throughput and cycle time. A key contribution of this paper is to provide a unified block-level fault isolation framework for analog and digital circuits, and to show that optimum fault isolation reduces to set covering. This allows us to apply directly powerful set covering techniques and solvers developed recently in logic minimization. In addition, we present a greedy peeling heuristic with performance bound computation. Some preliminary experimental results are included to demonstrate the feasibility and performance of the proposed approach.
Inhomogeneous background magnetic field in biological incubators is a potential confounder for experimental variability and reproducibility

This report shows that the background magnetic field in biological incubators can vary by orders of magnitude within and between incubators. These variations can be observed within the same incubator in locations that are centimeters apart from each other as well as between incubators that are identical and located in the same laboratory. Additionally, the values measured were frequently outside the range of magnitudes found naturally on the Earth’s surface or ordinary habitation spaces. Exposure to such altered magnetic field environments has been experimentally shown to be sufficient to cause numerous effects in cell cultures. Examples of the effects reported span from differential generation of free radicals and heat shock proteins to differences in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and death. Although the effects are not well established and the molecular mechanism of action is currently under debate, these observations alone support the notion that the inhomogeneity of the background magnetic field in incubators is a potential confounding source of the variability and reproducibility for studies performed on cell cultures. In this regard, it is recommended that special measures be adopted to control the background magnetic fields in incubators when investigating the biological effects of exposure to magnetic fields of comparable characteristics as the ones measured in this study, or when studying small biological effects in general. Bioelectromagnetics 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collision awareness multiple access networks performance optimization

Collision awareness (CA) multiple access networks i nclude the carrier sense multiple access (CSMA), ALOHA, and Ethernet networks. In order to maximize throughput with minimum network delay, these networks employ control parameters such as persistence and bac koff. Based upon previous analytic results, the authors derived an asymptotic closed form solution for CA ne tworks. It is demonstrasted that by dynamically changing the persistent value one can ensure that the offered traffic will stay optimal and hence protect the network from over saturation. This technique will greatly enhance the performance of CA networks. Opnet simulation is used to validate the analysis.
Nature, Technology and the Human Condition

The publication of the journalist Bill McKibben’s The End of Nature (1989) sounded an alarm of global proportions and brought focus to numerous issues faced by this generation of scholars and activists. Generations of humanity, acting carelessly but largely without intentional malice, had polluted and altered our planet and its atmosphere.
On the optimality of finite-level quantizations for distributed signal detection

Distributed multiple sensor detection problems with quantized observations are investigated for cases of nonbinary hypothesis and possibly statistically dependent observations from sensor to sensor conditioned on the hypothesis. The observations available at each sensor are quantized to produce a multiple digit sensor decision which is sent to a fusion center. At the fusion center, the sensor decisions are combined to form a final decision using a predetermined fusion rule. First, it is demonstrated that there is a maximum number of digits that should be used to communicate the sensor decision from a given sensor to the fusion center. This maximum is based on the number of digits used to communicate the decisions from all the other sensors to the fusion center. If more than this maximum number of digits is used, the performance of the optimum scheme will not be improved. In some special cases of great interest, the upper bound on the number of digits that should be used can be made significantly smaller. Secondly, the optimum way to allocate a fixed overall number of digits across sensors is investigated. Illustrative numerical results are also presented in this correspondence.
Commercial Music: What Every SLP Should Know

In this article, I discuss the component of the commercial music field that focuses on the recording music industry and the artists participating in it. There are myriad genres of music that are in...
THE EFFECT OF PROTEIN SPLIT PRODUCTS ON THE SERUM FERMENTS AND ANTIFERMENT : STUDIES ON FERMENT ACTION. XXVI.

1. In dogs the toxic effect of primary proteoses is usually associated with the following serum changes: (a) an increase in serum antiferment, with a following fall in titer; (b) some increase in serum protease; (c) an increase in serum lipase; (d) a decrease in serum proteoses and amino nitrogen. 2. Secondary proteoses produce (a) less marked changes in the antiferment titer; (b) a marked increase in serum protease; (c) an increase in serum proteoses; (d) only a slight change in serum lipase; (e) a primary decrease in amino nitrogen. 3. The peptone which we have used (prepared from dog muscle) caused (a) a change in antiferment titer similar to that produced by the primary proteoses; (b) a marked increase in serum protease; (c) only a slight increase in serum lipase; (d) a primary decrease in proteoses, followed by an increase later; (e) an increase in amino-acids. 4. A very small dose of peptone resulted in a decrease in antiferment titer, together with a primary decrease in serum protease. 5. The peptone preparation was non-toxic when introduced into the stomach or rectum, while the intestinal injection was followed by an immediate intoxication.
A neurofuzzy arbitrage simulator for stock investing

We study the success of a neural network computer model to predict the price, of a stock, given the fluctuations in the rest of the market that day. Based on the neural net's prediction, the program then measures its success by simulating buying or selling that stock, based on whether the market's price is determined over valued or under valued. The neural net itself is a modification of a fuzzy based neural network (Kung, 1993). The program consistently averages over 20% A.P.R. and has been time tested over 6 years with several stocks.
Extracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT/visfatin) inhibits insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling and proteoglycan synthesis in human articular chondrocytes

Obesity is one of the major risk factors for the development of osteoarthritis (OA). Although the mechanical factors appear to be critical, recent studies have suggested a role for adipokines in cartilage degradation. Chondrocytes from osteoarthritic cartilage respond poorly to insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and the molecular mechanism(s) involved is not clearly understood. The purpose of the present study was to determine the role of extracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (eNAMPT/visfatin), a newly described adipokine, in regulating IGF-1 function in chondrocytes. Human articular chondrocytes isolated from normal ankle cartilage were pretreated with eNAMPT (0.1 to 5.0 μg/ml) overnight followed by stimulation with IGF-1 (50 ng/ml) for 24 hours, and proteoglycan synthesis was measured by [35S]sulfate incorporation. Chondrocytes were pretreated with eNAMPT overnight followed by IGF-1 for 10 minutes, and the cell lysates were immunoblotted for various signaling proteins that are activated by IGF-1 using phosphospecific antibodies. In addition, chondrocytes were pretreated with mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor (U0126) prior to stimulation with eNAMPT and IGF-1. Pretreatment of chondrocytes with eNAMPT inhibited IGF-1-stimulated proteoglycan synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of chondrocytes with eNAMPT inhibited IGF-1-induced phosphorylation of signaling molecules, including insulin receptor substrate-1 and AKT. Interestingly, pretreatment of chondrocytes with eNAMPT did not inhibit IGF-1-mediated phosphorylation of the IGF-1 receptor; however, it stimulated a sustained phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Inhibition of the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway restored IGF-1-mediated insulin receptor substrate-1 and AKT phosphorylation. Our study demonstrates that eNAMPT/visfatin inhibits IGF-1 function in articular chondrocytes by activating the ERK/MAPK pathway independent of the IGF-1 receptor. Since eNAMPT levels are elevated in the synovial fluid of OA patients, the signaling pathway activated by eNAMPT could contribute to IGF-1 resistance in OA.
When in Doubt, Do it Both Ways: Brain Evidence of the Simultaneous Activation of Conflicting Motor Responses in a Spatial Stroop Task

Response competition is often considered an important contributor to the delayed reaction to stimuli for which physical and semantic information are in conflict ("Stroop" effect). Response competition implies that brain areas associated with correct and incorrect responses (e.g., left and right motor cortices) should be simultaneously activated in conflict conditions. However, there is at present little direct evidence of this phenomenon, in part because of the paucity of brain imaging techniques that can independently monitor the time course of activation of adjacent brain areas, such as the motor areas. In the present study, we show that the event-related optical signal (EROS) can provide these types of data. The results confirm the prediction that conflict trials elicit simultaneous activation of both motor cortices, whereas nonconflict trials elicit brain activity only in the contralateral motor cortex. These data support a parallel view of the human information processing system.
Processing cereal grains, thin stillage, and cheese whey to fuel ethanol in a farm-scale plant

Hydrous fuel ethanol (95%) and distiller's wet grain (DWG) were produced in a farm-scale plant (< 4 million liters ethanol year−1) from corn, wheat, and grain sorghum particles of various sizes, from corn combined with thin stillage-whey, and from various other cereal grains. These variations were made in a search to find the best set of conditions for maximizing the energy balance (energy output divided by energy input) and minimizing the cost of ethanol production. We found that the optimum hammermill screen size for corn, wheat, and grain sorghum was 1·59–2·38 mm. In tests with thin stillage and whey a higher energy balance (2·91) occurred when one part whey was mixed with three parts stillage, rather than the reverse (2·69). However, the reverse (three parts whey and one part stillage) gave a lower ethanol cost ($0.45 liter−1) than the original ($0.47 liter−1). Tests with various cereal grains (corn, oats, wheat, barley, rye, and grain sorghum) gave identical energy balance values (2·26) when 10% (v/v) ethanol beers were produced. However, rye ($0.50 liter−1), grain sorghum ($0.46 liter−1), and corn ($0.51 liter−1) yielded ethanol at the lowest net cost. Recommendations for farm-scale plants are also provided.
PRECISE MEASUREMENTS OF THE VISCOSITIES OF GLASSES AT TEMPERATURES NEAR THEIR ANNEALING POINTS

The paper describes a new apparatus for measuring glass viscosities of 1013 poises and higher. It consists of causing the glass flow to take place inside a steel tube by means of air pressure. The amount of flow is observed by means of interference fringes between the top of the glass sample and a stationary plate of fused silica. Preliminary experiments with two glasses, a lime and a light flint, are described and the results given. A comparison is also made between results by this method and by that of fiber elongation. The new results indicate that the apparatus can he successfully used for observing flow-pressure relations at extremely high viscosities and also that at the temperatures used these two glasses are purely viscous liquids.
Local Mass/Heat Transfer on Turbine Blade Near-Tip Surfaces

Local mass transfer measurements on a simulated high pressure turbine blade are conducted in a linear cascade with tip clearance, using a naphthalene sublimation technique. The effects of tip clearance (0.86%–6.90% of chord), are investigated at an exit Reynolds number of 5.8 × 105 and a low turbulence intensity of 0.2%. The effects of the exit Reynolds number (4–7 × 105 ) and the turbulence intensity (0.2% and 12.0%) are also measured for the smallest tip clearance. The effect of tip clearance on the mass transfer on the pressure surface is limited to 10% of the blade height from the tip at smaller tip clearances. At the largest tip clearance high mass transfer rates are induced at 15% of curvilinear distance (Sp /C) by the strong acceleration of the fluid on the pressure side into the clearance. The effect of tip clearance on the mass transfer is not very evident on the suction surface for curvilinear distance of Ss /C < 0.21. However, much higher mass transfer rates are caused downstream of Ss /C ≈ 0.50 by the tip leakage vortex atthe smallest tip clearance, while at the largest tip clearance, the average mass transfer is lower than that with zero tip clearance, probably because the strong leakage vortex pushes the passage vortex away from the suction surface. A high mainstream turbulence level (12.0%) increases the local mass transfer rates on the pressure surface, while a higher mainstream Reynolds number generates higher local mass transfer rates on both near-tip surfaces.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Conforming design of robust multivariable control with DC/AC convertor example

It is shown that complete design for a multivariable plant with unstructured additive uncertainty requires conforming of the plant model and controller, i.e. minimization of model uncertainty bound rated to the uncertainty bound, allowed by the controller for particular design specifications. A sample design procedure is developed using a SVD controller and quasi-normalization technique in order to re-solve a DC/AC convertor robust control problem.
Effect of Aryl Ring Fluorination on the Antibacterial Properties of C4 Aryl-Substituted N-Methylthio β-Lactams

Aryl-substituted N-thiolated b-lactams are a new family of antibacterial agents possessing unique structure-activity profiles and a mode of action. Unlike traditional b-lactam antibiotics, which require highly polar enzyme-binding groups, these lactams bear hydrophobic groups on their side chains. In this study, we examine the effect that increasing hydrophobicity, through fluorine substitution in the C4 aryl ring, has on the antibacterial properties. # 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Pelobacter seleniigenes sp. nov., a selenate-respiring bacterium

Strain KM(T) is a novel bacterium with the unique metabolic abilities of being able to respire selenate as the electron acceptor using acetate as the carbon substrate and possessing the ability to grow fermentatively on short-chain organic acids such as lactate, citrate and pyruvate. Strain KM(T) was isolated from a sediment enrichment culture of a highly impacted wetland system in New Jersey, USA. Strain KM(T) is able to reduce selenate as well as selenite to elemental selenium. The unique metabolic capabilities of strain KM(T) include the respiration of nitrate, poorly crystalline Fe(III) and anthraquinone disulfonate. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of the novel isolate indicates that strain KM(T) groups within the family Geobacteraceae in the class Deltaproteobacteria with approximately 96-97 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the closest known organisms Malonomonas rubra Gra Mal 1(T), Pelobacter acidigallici Ma Gal 2(T) and species of the genus Desulfuromusa. Recognized species of the genera Malonomonas and Pelobacter cannot use any inorganic electron acceptors, while strains of the genus Desulfuromusa do not ferment organic substrates. This contrasts with the ability of strain KM(T) to ferment organic compounds as well as to couple selenate reduction to acetate utilization. Based on 16S rRNA gene phylogeny and metabolic properties, strain KM(T) represents a novel species for which the name Pelobacter seleniigenes sp. nov. (type strain KM(T)=DSM 18267(T)=ATCC BAA-1388(T)) is proposed. Based on the phylogenetic grouping of species of the genus Pelobacter within the Desulfuromusa cluster, it is suggested that Malonomonas rubra Gra Mal 1(T) should also be included in this group.
Geometric aspects of Iterated Matrix Multiplication

Abstract This paper studies geometric properties of the Iterated Matrix Multiplication polynomial and the hypersurface that it defines. We focus on geometric aspects that may be relevant for complexity theory such as the symmetry group of the polynomial, the dual variety and the Jacobian loci of the hypersurface, that are computed with the aid of representation theory of quivers.
Abstract WP363: Journey of a Five-Hospital System to Primary Stroke Center Certification

Background: In 2008, a city with a population of over one million people had no organized stroke care or Certified Primary Stroke Centers. Patients presenting with stroke symptoms had inconsistent ...
Forms of Population Movement: Prolegomena to a Study of Mental Mobility

this .... is an implicit and explicit criticism of all theorizing about ... . population movement which is not based upon culture case study, and intensive study at that. It was not designed as such a criticism when the investigation was first undertaken, but was intended simply as a preliminary survey of the field; the object was to observe, with as complete detachment from speculation and theory as possible, a wide range of population movements and their attendant phenomena. The article still primarily serves this purpose of observation, but in addition it carries implications and explicit formulations of the conclusion to which such observation guided the writer, namely, that the intensive study of a series of selected culture cases will tell us far more that is valid about the sociological aspects of population movement than all the comparison of fragments wrenched from their total setting that has heretofore passed muster.
97 THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF GASTROSCHISIS IN KENTUCKY: 1998-2001

Purpose To analyze the incidence of gastroschisis in the Commonwealth of Kentucky, using data from the recently established Kentucky Birth Surveillance Registry (KBSR). Methods Vital statistics data (reports of live births, stillbirths, and deaths) from the years 1998-2001 were confirmed by KBSR personnel. While gastroschisis and omphalocele are reported by hospitals using a single code, these defects are differentiated in the registry database. Data items included maternal age, gravidity, parity, race, initiation of prenatal care, use of tobacco or other drugs, and zip code of residence. Results There were 95 cases of gastroschisis: 86 liveborn and 9 stillborn. The overall incidence in KY during this period was 4.3/10,000 births, ˜ 1.3 times the average reported by the CDC. When comparing KY rates to 12 states reporting gastroschisis separately from omphalocele, only 2 reported higher rates (AR and MI). The rate among teen mothers ( Conclusions The incidence of gastroschisis in KY is ˜ 30% higher than the national average and is consistent with the higher teen birth rate in KY. Tobacco use among pregnant women in KY is estimated to be almost twice that of the US as a whole (23.4% vs. 12%) and was present in 28% of the cases of gastroschisis.
Collective kernel construction in noisy environment

Kernels are similarity functions, and play important roles in machine learning. Traditional kernels are built directly from the feature vectors of data instances xi, xj . However, data could be noisy, and there are missing values or corrupted values in feature vectors. In this paper, we propose a new approach to build kernel Collective Kernel, especially from noisy data. We also derive an efficient algorithm to solve the L1-norm based optimization. Extensive experiments on face data, hand written characters and image scene datasets show improved performance for clustering and semi-supervised classification tasks on our collective kernel comparing with the traditional gaussian kernel.
Sphenoid Sinus Mucocele: A Rare Complication of Transsphenoidal Hypophysectomy:

Only seven cases of a sphenoid mucocele occurring after transsphenoidal hypophysectomy have been previously reported in the world literature. In this article, we report a new case, which occurred in a 67-year-old man. The sphenoid sinus mucocele developed 12 years following transsphenoidal hypophysectomy and adjunctive radiotherapy. The patient was successfully managed with incision and drainage. Although transsphenoidal hypophysectomy is a common operation, this particular complication appears to be rare or at least under-reported. Sphenoid sinus mucocele deserves consideration in the differential diagnosis of a sphenoidal parasellar mass in a patient who has undergone an earlier transsphenoidal hypophysectomy.
The Cultural Context of American Education

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the cultural context of American education. it describes the most basic and cherished roots of the American culture and the inaction is simply due to a fear of change—a fear of what will happen if minorities are given an equal place. The educational process is inseparable from America's cultural roots. The exogenous variables having the most influence on achievement were ethnic group affiliation, region of the country, certain of the individual demographic characteristics, and many of the school and teacher characteristics. The surprising discovery of analysis was the indication that good teachers and good schools are important for educational achievement—a finding contrary to previous analyses of the same data. The education process produces students with a certain amount of knowledge, motivation, set of expectations about the future, and sense of individual efficacy. In addition, this process forms, in the pupil's mind, a perception of teacher's and parent's expectations. An individual's expectations for the future can affect and be affected by certain factors. As one conceptualize the education process as one with multiple outputs with feedback between the outputs, one employs simultaneous equations estimation procedures for modeling the process where the multiple outputs constitute the set of endogenous variables.
Waivering as Governance: Federalism During the Obama Administration

This article analyzes how the Obama administration used executive power to grant waivers from federal education policies and assesses whether they used this power differently than previous administrations and in other sectors (e.g., health or welfare). The executive use of waivers to shape state policy is not a new trend. However, we find that recent education waivers differ in purpose and specificity from past education waivers, as well as waivers in other social policy arenas, and that the Obama administration is using this executive power to further its policy objectives in ways that often circumvent congressional intent. As the executive branch continues to utilize waivers as a policy lever, this research has important implications for the future of federal involvement in educational policy and provides critical background for Congress’s reaction to waivers in the recently reauthorized Elementary and Secondary Education Act.
Identifying Early Target Cells of Nipah Virus Infection in Syrian Hamsters.

Background Nipah virus causes respiratory and neurologic disease with case fatality rates up to 100% in individual outbreaks. End stage lesions have been described in the respiratory and nervous systems, vasculature and often lymphoid organs in fatal human cases; however, the initial target organs of Nipah virus infection have not been identified. Here, we detected the initial target tissues and cells of Nipah virus and tracked virus dissemination during the early phase of infection in Syrian hamsters inoculated with a Nipah virus isolate from Malaysia (NiV-M) or Bangladesh (NiV-B). Methodology/Principal Findings Syrian hamsters were euthanized between 4 and 48 hours post intranasal inoculation and tissues were collected and analyzed for the presence of viral RNA, viral antigen and infectious virus. Virus replication was first detected at 8 hours post inoculation (hpi). Nipah virus initially targeted type I pneumocytes, bronchiolar respiratory epithelium and alveolar macrophages in the lung and respiratory and olfactory epithelium lining the nasal turbinates. By 16 hpi, virus disseminated to epithelial cells lining the larynx and trachea. Although the pattern of viral dissemination was similar for both virus isolates, the rate of spread was slower for NiV-B. Infectious virus was not detected in the nervous system or blood and widespread vascular infection and lesions within lymphoid organs were not observed, even at 48 hpi. Conclusions/Significance Nipah virus initially targets the respiratory system. Virus replication in the brain and infection of blood vessels in non-respiratory tissues does not occur during the early phase of infection. However, virus replicates early in olfactory epithelium and may serve as the first step towards nervous system dissemination, suggesting that development of vaccines that block virus dissemination or treatments that can access the brain and spinal cord and directly inhibit virus replication may be necessary for preventing central nervous system pathology.
We Can Predict the Effects of Kinase Domain Mutations using Molecular Dynamics and Machine Learning

Protein kinases, which are known to be involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival, have been shown to also play a key role in cancer formation. Numerous cancer therapies have been developed that target over-active kinases, but the ease of sequencing cancer genomes has shown that kinase proteins can be mutated at virtually any residue of the kinase catalytic domain. This raises the question of which patients should get which treatments, as these therapies generally target only over-active kinases, but it is generally not known whether each new kinase domain mutation is active without conducting laborious experiments. This has created a strong desire, both in the clinic and in the lab, to be able to computationally predict the effects of kinase domain mutations. Here, we report on a method which utilizes a convergence between standard molecular dynamics, free energy calculations, and machine learning approaches in order to predict the effects of kinase domain mutations. This method has been shown to give few false negatives and very few false positives across dozens of mutations in several different kinases, from both the tyrosine and serine/threonine families, and in both transmembrane receptor as well as soluble kinases. This method is much more accurate, sensitive, and specific than widely used mutation assessment algorithms which are either not mechanistic, not kinase specific, or are not either. As such, kinase specific mechanistic models could have a role in the clinic for directing patient care and the insights gained from these models could also be leveraged to design new generations of kinase specific inhibitors.
Risk and Reliability Analysis

Natural and anthropogenic hazards pose significant risks to individuals and communities. Over the past few decades, risk and reliability analysis have gone from a specialty topic to a mainstream subject in engineering, becoming essential tools for informed decision making, hazard mitigation, and planning. This book presents the state-of-the-art in risk and reliability analysis with a unique collection of contributions from some of the foremost scholars in the field. Combining the most advanced analysis techniques with practical applications, this book is one of the most comprehensive and up-to-date references available on this subject, makes the state-of-the-art in risk and reliability analysis accessible to a large audience, and helps make risk and reliability analysis the rigorous foundation of engineering decision-making. The fundamental concepts needed to conduct risk and reliability analysis are covered in detail, providing readers with a sound understanding of the field and making the book a powerful tool for students, researchers and practitioners (engineering professionals and risk analysts) alike. The book is a tribute to Professor Armen Der Kiureghian, one of the fathers of modern risk and reliability analysis. During his career, Professor Der Kiureghian has made fundamental and revolutionary research contributions to this field. He has pioneered methods for safety and reliability assessment of complex structures and for stochastic seismic analysis of buildings, bridges and critical equipment. Many of his publications have become mandatory readings for the current and future generations of students, researchers and practitioners. The book is organized into six parts. Part I gives a general introduction of the book including a discussion of its goal and contributions, presents an overview of the field of risk and reliability analysis, and discusses the role of Armen Der Kiureghian in modern risk and reliability analysis. Part II focuses specifically on reliability analysis, and includes a description of efficient computational methods and their applications to some of the most complex real-life problems. Part III covers the subject of stochastic dynamics, presenting both methods and applications. Part IV discusses methods for sensitivity analysis and optimization in the context of risk and reliability analysis. Part V focuses on statistical analysis and the development of probabilistic models. Finally, Part VI covers life-cycle and resilience analysis as well as different financial tools for risk mitigation. While each part has a specific focus, many of the chapters build on and use the methods and techniques covered in some of the other parts of the book. Such links help understand the relation between the different subjects, which is needed for a thorough understanding of the topic of risk and reliability analysis.
Approximate Data Collection using Resolution Control based on Context

Approximate data collection is an important mechanism for real-time and high sampling rate monitoring applications in body sensor networks, especially when there are multiple sensor sources. Unlike traditional approaches that utilize temporal or spatio-temporal correlations among the measurements of the multiple sensors observing a physical process to reduce the communication cost, in this paper we explore the idea of assigning different context-dependent priorities to the various sensors, and allocating communication resources according to data from a sensor according to its priorities. Specifically, a higher number of bits per sample is allocated to sensors that are of higher priority in the current context. We demonstrate that the proposed approach provides accurate inference results while effectively reducing the communication load.