cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maynooth, the ‘Godless colleges’ and liberal imperial thought in the 1840s

In 1845, parliament passed an act establishing the three Queen’s Colleges in Ireland – Belfast, Galway and Cork – with the stipulation that ‘religious’ instruction in the colleges would have to be sponsored by voluntary organisations, not the state. Prior to 1845, parliament’s approach to providing spiritual guidance in state-run institutions had been one of ‘parallel patronage’, assuring that wherever there were individuals representing different denominational backgrounds, religious specialists from each denomination would be appointed to work in the institution. For example, the Prisons (Ireland) Act, 1826 required that Catholic, Presbyterian and Anglican chaplains serve their respective portions of the prison population in each gaol that housed any of their co-denominationalists. But in 1845, parliament took an ostensibly different tack, implying that denominations would have to sponsor their young men’s study of theology or any other ‘religious’ subject at university level. However, this article argues that the Irish colleges bill gained assent from the liberal wing of parliamentary opinion precisely because it seemed, to early Victorian liberals, to instantiate the logic of parallel patronage. Using Thomas Wyse, Charles Buller, and T. B. Macaulay as cases in point, this article reveals that the logic behind this vision of state ‘neutrality’ as simultaneous support for each denominational interest was steeped in a working knowledge of colonialism.
Development of an Integrated Laser-Based Reverse Engineering and Machining System

Reverse engineering technology plays an important role in a variety of manufacturing applications. It significantly reduces the production lead time and the costs of the part duplication processes. This paper evaluates the feasibility of using reverse engineering and concurrent engineering methods with data obtained from state-of-the-art laser scanning to remanufacture complex geometrical parts. Two aircraft structural components were evaluated in this study: a forward latch fitting of a C 141 and a leading edge rib of an F-15. The first phase of this project, accuracy characterisation of a reverse engineering system, demonstrated that laser scanning and CAD model reconstruction can duplicate aircraft structural components accurately and efficiently, within a tolerance of ±0.127 mm (0.005 in). The second phase of this project, development of a concurrent engineering system, showed that an integrated reverse engineering and CAM machining system can make the entire remanufacturing process snore automatic and efficient, further reducing part turnaround time.
Review of tau physics at CLEO II with prospects for the B factories

The CLEO II detector, located in Ithaca, New York, is an excellent tool for the study of the tau lepton. With a peak luminosity of about 3×1032 cm−2 s−1, CESR (Cornell Electron‐Positron Storage Ring) produces the highest luminosity of any e+e− collider. Having accumulated about 4 fb−1 of data (approximately 3.6 million τ pairs), CLEO II boasts the worlds largest sample of tau events. The CLEO II detector allows for a spectrum of measurements, including measurements of the tau mass, lifetime, a wide variety branching fractions, suppressed decays, study of rare decays, and a limit on the tau neutrino mass. As a consequence, CLEO has made a significant contribution to our understanding of the tau lepton. With the approval of the symmetric and asymmetric B factories, our knowledge will continue to increase.
Differentiation of gastrointestinal diseases in adult cattle.

An understanding of diagnostic tests and procedures for gastrointestinal diseases of adult cattle assists the practitioner in differentiating the more common gastrointestinal disturbances. A systematic approach to differentiating these conditions is used, targeting abdominal distention, anterior abdominal pain, and diarrhea.
Differential Mortality of North Atlantic Bivalve Molluscs During Harmful Algal Blooms Caused by the Dinoflagellate, Cochlodinium (a.k.a. Margalefidinium) polykrikoides

Blooms of the dinoflagellate, Cochlodinium (a.k.a.Margalefidinium) polykrikoides, have had deleterious effects on marine life across the Northern Hemisphere and, since the early 1990s, have become more frequent and widespread. While the toxic effects of C. polykrikoides have been well-described for finfish, the effects on bivalve molluscs are poorly understood, particularly in ecosystem and aquaculture settings. The purpose of this study was to characterize the comparative effects of C. polykrikoides blooms on North Atlantic bivalves and to identify the environmental factors that influence its toxic effects. The growth and survival of two age-classes (first- and second-year) of the northern quahog (Mercenaria mercenaria), the bay scallop (Argopecten irradians), and the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) were quantified in surface deployments and at depth during annual bloom events in multiple locations across eastern Long Island (NY, USA), capturing a natural gradient in C. polykrikoides. In two consecutive years, scallops deployed within surface locations experienced significant mortality (75–100%) during short-term (1–2 weeks) but intense (> 1.5 × 104 cells mL−1) C. polykrikoides blooms. Conversely, scallops deployed at depth and clams and oysters deployed at either the surface or at depth were more resistant to blooms. First-year oysters and scallops that survived blooms displayed significant reductions in growth rates, while clams and older scallops and oysters did not. Results suggest that blooms of C. polykrikoides pose significant age- and species-specific threats to native and cultured bivalve shellfish and that shellfish deployed in surface waters are at greater risk during blooms than those deployed at depth.
Abstract P383: Smoking Cessation and Weight Change in Relation to Cardiovascular Disease Incidence and Mortality Among Patients With Diabetes Mellitus

Introduction: Some studies suggested that smoking cessation could result in short-term weight gain, deterioration in glycemic control, and worsening of some diabetic symptoms. It is unclear whether...
The Era of the Genome and Dental Medicine.

Understanding the “code of life” and mapping the human genome have been monumental and era-defining scientific landmarks—analogous to setting foot on the moon. The last century has been characteriz...
Tendon Cell Deletion of IKKβ/NF-κB Drives Functionally Deficient Tendon Healing and Altered Cell Survival Signaling In Vivo

Abstract Acute tendon injuries are characterized by excessive matrix deposition that impedes regeneration and disrupts functional improvements. Inflammation is postulated to drive pathologic scar tissue formation, with nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling emerging as a candidate pathway in this process. However, characterization of the spatial and temporal activation of canonical NF-κB signaling during tendon healing in vivo, including identification of the cell populations activating NF-κB, is currently unexplored. Therefore, we aimed to determine which cell populations activate canonical NF-κB signaling following flexor tendon repair with the goal of delineating cell-specific functions of NF-κB signaling during scar mediated tendon healing. Immunofluorescence revealed that both tendon cells and myofibroblasts exhibit prolonged activation of canonical NF-κB signaling into the remodeling phase of healing. Using cre-mediated knockout of the canonical NF-κB kinase (IKKβ), we discovered that suppression of canonical NF-κB signaling in Scleraxis-lineage cells increased myofibroblast content and scar tissue formation. Interestingly, Scleraxis-lineage specific knockout of IKKβ increased the incidence of apoptosis, suggesting that canonical NF-κB signaling may be mediating cell survival during tendon healing. These findings suggest indispensable roles for canonical NF-κB signaling during flexor tendon healing. One Sentence Summary Scleraxis-lineage specific knockdown of persistent canonical IKKβ/NF-κB drives scar formation and apoptotic signaling during flexor tendon healing.
Learning when effort matters: Neural dynamics underlying updating and adaptation to changes in performance efficacy

To determine how much cognitive control to invest in a task, people need to consider whether exerting control matters for obtaining potential rewards. In particular, they need to account for the efficacy of their performance--the degree to which potential rewards are determined by their performance or by independent factors (e.g., random chance). Yet it remains unclear how people learn about their performance efficacy in a given environment. Here, we examined the neural and computational mechanisms through which people (a) learn and dynamically update efficacy expectations in a changing environment, and (b) proactively adjust control allocation based on their current efficacy expectations. We recorded EEG in 40 participants performing an incentivized cognitive control task, while their performance efficacy (the likelihood that reward for a given trial would be determined by performance or at random) dynamically varied over time. We found that participants continuously updated their self-reported efficacy expectations based on recent feedback, and that these updates were well described by a standard prediction error-based reinforcement learning algorithm. Paralleling findings on updating of expected rewards, we found that model-based estimates of efficacy prediction errors were encoded by the feedback-related P3b. Updated expectations of efficacy in turn influenced levels of effort exerted on subsequent trials, reflected in greater proactive control (indexed by the contingent negative variation [CNV]) and improved performance when participants expected their performance to be more efficacious. These findings demonstrate that learning and adaptation to the efficacy of one9s environment is underpinned by similar computations and neural mechanisms as are involved in learning about potential reward.
Improving the accuracy, adaptability, and interpretability of SSD failure prediction models

Flash-based solid state drives represent an important storage tier in today's hyperscale data centers. Although solid state drives (SSDs) are relatively reliable, data center operators are interested in predicting future drive failures to administer drive replacement, data migration, and drive acquisition strategies. We analyze telemetry data from over 30,000 SSDs running live applications in Google's datacenters over a span of six years, for predicting and explaining SSD failures using machine learning techniques. We propose the use of 1-class isolation forest and autoencoder-based anomaly detection techniques for predicting previously unseen SSD failure types with high accuracy. We show that ignoring the minority class for training can improve the performance by up to 9.5% and if adaptability to dynamic environments is required, by up to 13%. Furthermore, this paper proposes to utilize 1-class autoencoders to enable model interpretability. In particular, our autoencoder-based approach enables reasoning about the causes that lead to SSD failures. Common to all approaches, we deploy a set of powerful feature selection techniques that improve the model performance by up to 1.3X and reduce training times by up to 1.8X.
LncRNA PAINT is Associated with Aggressive Prostate Cancer and Dysregulation of Slug and Related Genes

Abstract Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play regulatory roles in cellular processes and their aberrant expression may drive cancer progression. Here we report the function of a lncRNA PAINT (Prostate Cancer Associated Intergenic Non-Coding Transcript) in promoting prostate cancer (PCa) progression. Upregulation of PAINT was noted in advanced stage and metastatic PCa. Inhibition of PAINT decreased cell proliferation, S-phase progression, increased expression of apoptotic markers, and improved sensitivity to docetaxel and Aurora kinase inhibitor VX-680. Inhibition of PAINT decreased cell migration and reduced expression of Slug and Vimentin. Ectopic expression of PAINT suppressed E-cadherin, increased S-phase progression and cell migration. PAINT expression in PCa cells induced larger colony formation and higher expression of mesenchymal markers. Transcriptome analysis followed by qRT-PCR validation showed differentially expressed genes involved in epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), apoptosis and drug resistance in PAINT-expressing cells. Our study establishes an oncogenic function of PAINT in PCa.
Engineering promiscuity of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase for microbial designer ester biosynthesis.

Robust and efficient enzymes are essential modules for metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies across biological systems to engineer whole-cell biocatalysts. By condensing an acyl-CoA and an alcohol, alcohol acyltransferases (AATs) can serve as interchangeable metabolic modules for microbial biosynthesis of a diverse class of ester molecules with broad applications as flavors, fragrances, solvents, and drop-in biofuels. However, the current lack of robust and efficient AATs significantly limits their compatibility with heterologous precursor pathways and microbial hosts. Through bioprospecting and rational protein engineering, we identified and engineered promiscuity of chloramphenicol acetyltransferases (CATs) from mesophilic prokaryotes to function as robust and efficient AATs compatible with at least 21 alcohol and 8 acyl-CoA substrates for microbial biosynthesis of linear, branched, saturated, unsaturated and/or aromatic esters. By plugging the best engineered CAT (CATec3 Y20F) into the gram-negative mesophilic bacterium Escherichia coli, we demonstrated that the recombinant strain could effectively convert various alcohols into desirable esters, for instance, achieving a titer of 13.9 g/L isoamyl acetate with 95% conversion by fed-batch fermentation. The recombinant E. coli was also capable of simulating the ester profile of roses with high conversion (>97%) and titer (>1 g/L) from fermentable sugars at 37 °C. Likewise, a recombinant gram-positive, cellulolytic, thermophilic bacterium Clostridium thermocellum harboring CATec3 Y20F could produce many of these esters from recalcitrant cellulosic biomass at elevated temperatures (>50 °C) due to the engineered enzyme's remarkable thermostability. Overall, the engineered CATs can serve as a robust and efficient platform for designer ester biosynthesis from renewable and sustainable feedstocks.
Pseudohyperkalemia and the Need for Imperative Caution With the Newly Introduced Potent Potassium Binders: Two Cases

Pseudohyperkalemia was first reported in 1955 by Hartmann and Mellinkoff, as a marked elevation of serum potassium in the absence of clinical evidence of electrolyte imbalance - simultaneous serum potassium exceeds plasma potassium by >0.4 mmol/L. We describe two patients with pseudohyperkalemia who inadvertently received inappropriate potassium binder therapy for weeks to months before the diagnosis of pseudohyperkalemia was entertained and subsequently confirmed. Potassium binders ultimately were promptly discontinued once the diagnosis of pseudohyperkalemia was confirmed. Physicians' attention must be drawn to the availability of the new potent oral potassium binders, patiromer and sodium zirconium cyclosilicate. We strongly advocate for imperative caution with these new binders. Iatrogenic life-threatening hypokalemia remains a real concern and must be avoided. Our patients highlighted the importance of caution in the use of the newer potent potassium binders to mitigate against the causation of iatrogenic hypokalemia. Also as important is the observation that in the same patient, with changing clinical scenarios, a patient might exhibit true hyperkalemia that alternated with pseudohyperkalemia, the first of such a report.
Mid-term Outcomes and Survivorship of Arthroscopic Elbow Débridement: A Comparison of Post-Traumatic Versus Primary Degenerative Osteoarthritis

Abstract Background Arthroscopic debridement is an effective means of surgical management of both degenerative osteoarthritis (DOA) and post-traumatic arthritis (PTA) of the elbow. However, the difference in the efficacy and longevity of this procedure when performed for these two distinct pathologies remains in question. The purpose of this study was to identify and compare the mid-term outcomes and survivorship of arthroscopic debridement of elbow PTA and DOA. Methods A retrospective analysis of patients undergoing arthroscopic debridement of DOA and PTA of the elbow was performed. A questionnaire containing the Oxford Elbow Score (OES), as well as questions regarding the incidence of reoperation, additional non-operative intervention, complications, pain, and satisfaction was administered at a minimum of 5 years after surgery. The mid-term survivorship of arthroscopic debridement free of reoperation for any reason, as well as the remaining outcome measurements obtained via questionnaire and in-office evaluation, were compared amongst PTA and DOA cohorts. Results Eighty patients (DOA = 36, PTA = 44) were included in this study for analysis. All 36 patients with DOA were noted to be male. Follow-up time at the date of questionnaire response was 7.9 years (range, 5.6-11.8) in the DOA cohort and 8.6 years (range, 5.7-12.7) in the PTA cohort. Reoperation rates of 5.6% and 11.4% were identified in the DOA and PTA cohorts, respectively. No statistical difference was noted in reoperation rate, survivorship, or any measured patient-reported outcomes between cohorts at final follow-up. Both cohorts demonstrated a significant improvement in VAS pain scores (p Conclusion Arthroscopic debridement is an equally efficacious treatment option for DOA and PTA of the elbow. Patients with either pathology may expect satisfactory elbow function and an improvement in pain with little chance of reoperation at a mid-term length of follow-up.
Between Death and Redemption: Hindu India and its Antique Others

I argued in the previous chapter that despite the convergences between them, there is no doubt a gap between the discourse of Hindutva as it emerged through the work of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in the 1920s and the same ideology as it has manifested in the Indian context of the late twentieth century. In the earlier version of Hindu nationalism, the callow beginnings of regulatory mechanisms of power that have as their object a massified domain of biological life are still intimately linked to disciplinary technologies of power centering on the individual human subject. In the Hindutva of the 1980s and 90s however, power increasingly has as its object not the individual Hindu soul in its differential relations to an ‘other’, but an exclusively Hinduized mass of species life that is bio-politically guaranteed, protected and insured against all contaminating deviations. This gap between the two iterations of Hindutva, is inflected, as I will demonstrate in this chapter, by yet another difference that has to do with the separable signifying practices whereby the interdependent but still autonomous discourses of 1920's Hindutva and new age Hindutva come into being. In remarking this point of distinction in relation to the matter of the two models of power associated with the earlier and later instances of Hindu nationalism, I hope to draw attention to the counterpoint between imaginations of power on one hand and the specifics of style and the politics of language on the other. I indicated in the previous chapter that the style of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar's writings is in a differential relation of proximity to the signifying practices of a contemporary ideologue of Hindutva like Jay Dubashi, for instance. While this is no doubt true in a variety of different ways for almost all of Savarkar's work, it is important to note that in writing the text for which he would be most reviled as well as memorialized – his 1922 pamphlet The Essentials of Hindutva – Savarkar chose English, or at least a kind of early Indo-Anglian idiom, rather than the regional vernacular Marathi.
Characterization of point-defect clusters by 2-12-D TEM

Abstract A new transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique for determining the vacancy or interstitial character of point-defect clusters is described. The technique utilizes the differences in shifts of dark field images of vacancy and interstitial clusters during defocusing of the objective lens. This shift difference produces a parallax difference when two photographs taken at different focus settings are viewed in stereo. The parallax difference separates the vacancy and interstitial cluster images into different stereo depths. This technique can also be used together with calculations of elastic displacement fields to determine the Burgers vectors of the clusters. It is shown that a significant number of vacancy super clusters with Burgers vector multiples of a 2〈110〉 or a 2〈111〉 are formed spontaneously at displacement cascades in 16-MeV-proton irradiated niobium.
Readers’ Eye Movements Distinguish Anomalies of Form and Content

Evidence is presented that eye-movement patterns during reading distinguish costs associated with the syntactic processing of sentences from costs associated with relating sentence meaning to real world probabilities. Participants (N = 30) read matching sets of sentences that differed by a single word, making the sentence syntactically anomalous (but understandable), pragmatically anomalous, or non-anomalous. Syntactic and pragmatic anomaly each caused perturbations in eye movements. Subsequent to the anomaly, the patterns diverged. Syntactic anomaly generated many regressions initially, with rapid return to baseline. Pragmatic anomaly resulted in lengthened reading times, followed by a gradual increase in regressions that reached a maximum at the end of the sentence. Evidence of rapid sensitivity to pragmatic information supports the use of timing data in resolving the debate over the autonomy of linguistic processing. The divergent patterns of eye movements support indications from neurocognitive studies of a principled distinction between syntactic and pragmatic processing procedures within the language processing mechanism.
An Overview of Distribution of Births in United States Hospitals in 2008 with Implications for Small Volume Perinatal Units in Rural Hospitals

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the distribution of births among United States (U.S.) hospitals in 2008 as part of the background for the Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses' Guidelines for Professional Registered Nurse Staffing for Perinatal Units. Design Descriptive analysis of birth volumes in U.S. hospitals using American Hospital Association Annual Survey: 2008. Methods U.S. hospitals providing obstetric (OB) services were identified based on information in any of three fields: OB services, OB beds, or number of births. Data were verified via telephone and/or website for the top 100 hospitals based on volume, hospitals with "Healthcare System" as part of their names, hospitals reporting births but no OB service, and hospitals reporting Results Approximately 3,265 U.S. hospitals offered OB services in 2008. The top 500 hospitals based on volume (15.3%) accounted for almost one half (47.4%) of births, the top 1,000 for 69.2%, and the remaining 2,265 for 30.8%. Fourteen percent of hospitals with Conclusions U.S. births are unevenly distributed among hospitals; 15% have a disproportionate share of nearly one half of all births. Most hospitals (69.4%) are operating medium‐ to small‐volume OB units. Most hospitals (72.3%) with
A Standardized Quality Assessment System To Evaluate Incontinence Care in the Nursing Home

Objectives: To demonstrate the reliability and feasibility of a standardized protocol to assess and score urinary incontinence care in nursing homes. Design: Descriptive. Setting: Eighteen nursing homes (NHs). Participants: Four hundred twenty-six incontinent residents. Measurements: Resident interview data were used to score three quality indicators, and usable data were retrieved from 117 (27%) of 426 incontinent residents in 18 homes who were selected for interview based on evidence that they could accurately describe the care they received. Medical record data were used to score six quality indicators for a subset of 58 participants in five homes. Results: Zero to 98% of the participants were scored as receiving care consistent with the intent of the indicator across the nine indicators. All NHs failed to provide chart documentation of an assessment to determine an incontinent resident's appropriateness for a scheduled toileting program (0% passed). The absence of an assessment to determine a resident's potential responsiveness to toileting assistance may explain why 103 incontinent residents who were documented on the Minimum Data Set as being on a scheduled toileting program reported that they received the same number of toileting assists per day (1.3) as the group of 114 incontinent residents who were not on a scheduled toileting program (1.0). The received toileting assistance frequencies reported by both groups were too low to maintain continence. Conclusion: The standardized quality assessment system generated scores for nine incontinence quality indicators with good interrater reliability and provided explicit scoring rules that can facilitate replication. The focus of the indicators on care processes that are under the control of NH staff make the protocol useful for external survey and internal quality improvement purposes.
QSAR modeling of beta-lactam binding to human serum proteins.

The binding of beta-lactams to human serum proteins was modeled with topological descriptors of molecular structure. Experimental data was the concentration of protein-bound drug expressed as a percent of the total plasma concentration (percent fraction bound, PFB) for 87 penicillins and for 115 β-lactams. The electrotopological state indices (E-State) and the molecular connectivity chi indices were found to be the basis of two satisfactory models. A data set of 74 penicillins from a drug design series was successfully modeled with statistics: r2=0.80, s = 12.1, q2=0.76, spress=13.4. This model was then used to predict protein binding (PFB) for 13 commercial penicillins, resulting in a very good mean absolute error, MAE = 12.7 and correlation coefficient, q2=0.84. A group of 28 cephalosporins were combined with the penicillin data to create a dataset of 115 beta-lactams that was successfully modeled: r2=0.82, s = 12.7, q2=0.78, spress=13.7. A ten-fold 10% leave-group-out (LGO) cross-validation procedure was implemented, leading to very good statistics: MAE = 10.9, spress=14.0, q2 (or r2 press)=0.78. The models indicate a combination of general and specific structure features that are important for estimating protein binding in this class of antibiotics. For the β-lactams, significant factors that increase binding are presence and electron accessibility of aromatic rings, halogens, methylene groups, and =N– atoms. Significant negative influence on binding comes from amine groups and carbonyl oxygen atoms.
Delocalization of holes in La2-x(Ba,Sr)xCuO4.

Des concentrations diluees des ions Sr et Ba se substituant a La dans La 2 CuO 4 creent des trous localises qui deviennent delocalises a des concentrations du dopant plus elevees. Analyse des etats des trous localises dans La 2-x Ba x CuO 4 et etude de leur delocalisation par mesures d'absorption RX aux seuils L 3 de Ba et de La. Il apparait qu'un trou localise autour d'un site Ba possede une grande quantite de poids sur les oxygenes voisins qui forment les sommets de l'octaedre CuO 6 . Les trous delocalises ne sont pas detectes au seuil L III La, indiquant que ces trous possedent un faible caractere 2P 3 sur les oxygenes situes aux sommets
Thermal fatigue resistance characterization and ranking of materials using the V-shape specimen testing method

Thermal fatigue resistance of materials is an extremely important criterion for the long-term durability and reliability performance of very high-temperature components and systems, such as advanced auto engine and exhaust systems. There is a broad range of material choices for thermal fatigue resistance applications. The final selection of the materials depends on the balance of engineering performance of the materials and the cost. To optimize the thermal fatigue resistance and cost of those materials, a reliable testing procedure for material thermal fatigue characterization and a material evaluation/selection matrix must be established. In this paper, the V-shape specimen testing method in evaluating thermal fatigue resistance performance is introduced first. The influence of several factors, such as the thickness of specimens, operating temperature and hold time, on the thermal fatigue resistance is experimentally investigated. Subsequently, the statistical and probabilistic characteristics of the thermal fatigue failure data are analysed to reveal the possible failure mechanisms. Finally, a general rational approach for thermal fatigue resistance characterization and ranking is demonstrated, and a simple parameter λ = kσf/Eα, which combines the material strength, thermal conductivity and thermal expansion, is found to be the new breakthrough parameter, correlating to V-shape thermal fatigue test results. Results on four currently used stainless steels verify the correlations and indicate the validity of this approach.
Magnesium protects against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury without compromising cisplatin-mediated killing of an ovarian tumor xenograft in mice.

Cisplatin, a commonly used chemotherapeutic for ovarian and other cancers, leads to hypomagnesemia in most patients and causes acute kidney injury (AKI) in 25–30% of patients. Previously, we showed...
Foreign Affairs, Domestic Attention: Explaining American Media Coverage of the European Financial Crisis*

Objective We explain how economic and political predictors shaped levels of American media coverage of the European financial crisis between 2008 and 2012. Methods We link exchange rates, unemployment rates, inflation, trade, protests, votes of no confidence, elections, and U.S. presidential remarks with financial crisis stories produced by The New York Times, the Associated Press, and television newscasts. Error-correction modeling is utilized to determine whether relationships exist contemporaneously and across future months. Results We find evidence across multiple models that changes in the exchange rate and elections shaped levels of media coverage. We find some evidence that votes of no confidence, protests, change in unemployment, and presidential remarks matter as well. Conclusion A combination of economic change, specific political events, and broader newsworthiness norms journalists utilize in determining which stories are worthy of attention drove American coverage of the European financial crisis.
Spatial data methods and vague regions: A rough set approach

Uncertainty management has been considered essential for real world applications, and spatial data and geographic information systems in particular require some means for managing uncertainty and vagueness. Rough sets have been shown to be an effective tool for data mining and uncertainty management in databases. The 9-intersection, region connection calculus (RCC) and egg-yolk methods have proven useful for modeling topological relations in spatial data. In this paper, we apply rough set definitions for topological relationships based on the 9-intersection, RCC and egg-yolk models for objects with broad boundaries. We show that rough sets can be used to express and improve on topological relationships and concepts defined with these models.
Spontaneous and induced absorption in amorphous Ta 2 O 5 dielectric thin films

Tantalum pentoxide (Ta 2 O 5 ) is the high index material most commonly used in optical coatings for high average-power lasers since high density sputtered oxide films with absorption losses at mid-infrared wavelengths of less than 1 ppm can be obtained. We have chosen this 'model' oxide to investigate the spontaneous and optically induced absorption at λ = 1064 nm by photothermal common-path interferometric (PCI) technique. This technique is capable of detecting sub-ppm levels of optical absorption and its changes at a given wavelength when a second beam is also incident on the thin film oxide sample. In this work dual beam experiments are implemented to assess changes in the optical absorption at λ = 1064 nm Ta2O5 thin films deposited on fused silica with accompanying electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from 266 nm to 780 nm. The accompanying radiation was found to have a substantial impact on the optical absorption at 1064 nm. The effect is associated with various electron traps existing in the forbidden gap and depends essentially on the film's preparation conditions. The substantially greater effect observed in the case of 266 nm is suggested to be the result of additional excitations from the valence band involved in the process since the photon energy of 266 nm radiation is higher than the forbidden gap.
Influence of topical heparin on stasis‐induced thrombosis of microvascular anastomoses

An experiment was done to determine whether topical heparin and the association of anastomoses with dependent tissue (free flaps) exert any influences on stasis-induced microvascular thrombosis. Rat femoral vessel anastomoses with or without free flap construction were used in a total of 50 male Sprague-Dawley rats. Saline either with or without heparin was used for intralumenal irrigation during the anastomosis. Following anastomotic repair, the femoral vessels were reclamped, inducing stasis for either 2 or 4 hr. Our results showed that static blood had little adverse effect on thrombosis at the arterial anastomosis when reclamped for up to 4 hr in both standard and flap-associated anastomoses. Topical heparin significantly reduced the incidence of stasis-induced thrombosis of venous anastomoses. The venous patency rates in standard anastomoses were lower than those in flap-associated anastomoses after both 2 and 4 hr of stasis. From these results, we conclude the following. (1) Arteries may be reclamped for up to 4 hr without detriment despite static blood being in contact with the anastomotic site. (2) Topical heparin may be helpful in increasing the patency rate of venous anastomoses after a period of blood stasis. (3) Free flap construction may play a role in decreasing stasis-induced microvascular thrombosis. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Model for Postpartum Smoking Resumption Prevention for Women Who Stop Smoking While Pregnant

Behavior change models and theories have been useful in our efforts to help people stop smoking. However, models that were developed for the general population do not always fit special populations such as pregnant women. Many women stop smoking while pregnant, but most resume smoking after giving birth. To help women who stop smoking while pregnant to stay smoke‐free, a model for tailoring a smoking resumption–prevention intervention to the special needs of pregnant and postpartum women is proposed. The intervention begins during pregnancy, continues postpartum, and addresses pregnancy and parenting contextual factors in women's lives. The model is based on motivational theory and includes conducting patient assessments, developing risk profiles, triaging women to different levels of intervention intensity, and matching intervention strategies to women's risk profiles. JOGNN, 35, 215‐222; 2006. DOI: 10.1111/J.1552‐6909.2006.00036.x
In Their Own Words: A Text Analytics Investigation of College Course Attrition

Excessive course attrition is costly to both the student and the institution. While most institutions have systems to quantify and report the numbers, far less attention is typically paid to each student’s reason(s) for withdrawal. In this case study, text analytics was used to analyze a large set of open-ended written comments in which students explained their reason(s) for course withdrawal in their own words. The text for all comments was extracted verbatim from the course withdrawals database of Florida State College at Jacksonville, a large, diverse, multicampus institution located in northeast Florida. An initial set of 616 comment records from the beginning of the fall 2010 term was used to develop a preliminary text analytics model. This model revealed 11 major category nodes and successfully classified 96.1% of all withdrawal records into one or more categories. The model was retained and further tested using a second set of 679 records from the spring 2011 term and found to successfully classify...
Characterization of acetyl-3H-labeled vinblastine binding to vinblastine-tubulin crystals.

Purified vinblastine-tubulin crystals, induced in vivo by incubation of unfertilized sea urchin eggs with [acetyl-3H]vinblastine sulfate, contained 0·7 to 1·0 mole of bound vinblastine per mole of tubulin in a form which dissociated only when crystals were suspended in stabilizing buffer containing free vinblastine. Vinblastine was found to bind to crystals with a stoichiometry of two mole per mole of tubulin in vitro. Vinblastine bound to both sites with similar affinities of 2·4 × 105 liters per mole (18°C). The binding of vinblastine to crystals was not affected appreciably by temperature between 0°C and 35°C, and was not at all influenced by the presence of high concentrations of GTP, colchicine, griseofulvin, or calcium ions. Vinblastine binding to crystals of tubulin was competitively inhibited by other active vinca alkaloid derivatives, and the abilities of the derivatives to bind crystal tubulin paralleled the abilities of the derivatives to inhibit polymerization of brain microtubules in vitro.
Correlation functions on the critical lines of the Baxter and Ashkin-Teller models☆

Abstract A universality argument is used to describe the relationship among correlation functions in different models each of which has a line of continuously varying critical behavior. In particular, the “electric” correlation functions for the Baxter model and the d = 2 Ashkin-Teller model are evaluated in terms of the known spin wave and vortex correlations of a d = 2 Gaussian model. These calculations then serve as an additional justification for previously proposed relations among the critical indices of the Baxter and Ashkin-Teller models, namely, xδ = 4xP = (xCR)−1.
High-yield high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of steroid hormone receptors on glass columns

The HPLC characteristics of extensively purified chicken oviduct progesterone receptors were compared on TSK 3000 SW size-exclusion and DEAE-5-PW media packed in either glass or stainless-steel columns. Recoveries of [3H]progesterone-labeled receptor from size exclusion were 75-95% in glass columns and less than 10% in stainless-steel columns. Similarly, recoveries from DEAE were greater than 90% in glass columns but only approximately 45% in stainless-steel columns. Recoveries in glass columns were similar on several HPLC systems. Thus, the requisite component for high yields from extensively purified receptor preparations was the glass column itself. While receptor B exhibited ionic strength-dependent mobility similar to several standard proteins on size-exclusion glass column HPLC, receptor A was very peculiar. Resolution of receptors A and B was superior to previous reports using size exclusion open-end chromatography. We also resolved functionally active proteolytic fragments. Finally, the generality of glass column size-exclusion HPLC was demonstrated by high-yield analysis of different steroid hormone receptors from different tissues and species.
Troublesome and disruptive behaviors in dementia. Relationships to diagnosis and disease severity.

Patients with dementia often manifest troublesome and disruptive behaviors in addition to intellectual impairments. This study evaluated behavioral disturbances in 126 demented patients examined sequentially, using questionnaires administered to primary caregivers to quantify the types and severity of behavioral disturbances. Eighty-three percent of the patients exhibited one or more of the targeted behaviors. The most common troublesome and disruptive behaviors clustered into three categories: aggressive, ideational, and vegetative. The prevalence and severity of the behaviors increased with global severity of dementia, but did not differ in either frequency or type when patients with three diagnoses were compared: Alzheimer's disease (AD), multi-infarct dementia (MID), and mixed AD and MID (MIX). The occurrence and severity of the target behaviors correlated modestly with the severity of dementia. Impairments of mental status correlated weakly with only a single troublesome and disruptive behavior—assaultiveness. These results suggest that troublesome and disruptive behaviors are a very frequent component of dementing disorders, are related to disease severity, and parallel (but are probably not determined by) intellectual deficit.
Some requirements for a progressive 21st-century anthropology

A partir d'un commentaire des contributions sur la flexibilite du travail, l'A. evoque trois conditions pour une anthropologie progressive au 21 eme siecle. 1)La necessite d'un plus grand realisme dans l'evaluation des themes anthropologiques. Si la recherche anthropologique veut contribuer a un changement social progressif, il faut selectionner les lieux de recherche avec une plus grande rigueur. 2) La necesite d'une clarification et specification theorique des concepts : le concept d'accumulation flexible renvoie-t-il a un nouveau regime economique ? 3) La necessite d'adapter les methodes. Quelles methodes pour une anthropologie progressive, comment articuler la recherche universitaire avec des mouvements et forces sociales pour un changement social positif ?
Oxygen isotope studies of minerals in stony meteorites

Oxygen isotope analyses demonstrate the following sequence (as in terrestrial igneous rocks) of increasing O^(18) content for coexisting minerals of stony meteorites: olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase, free silica. Except for the carbonaceous chondrites, the O^(18)/O^(16) ratio of a given mineral is quite uniform in each meteorite class. Differences exist between classes of meteorites, however, as well as between certain meteorites and terrestrial igneous rocks. For example, the O^(18)/O^(16) ratios of meteoritic pyroxenes vary from δ = −0.5 per mil to δ = + 8.6 per mil (relative to SMOW), whereas pyroxenes in 8 terrestrial igneous rocks have δ-values which range only from + 5.5 to +6.6. The oxygen isotope data suggest a separation of the stony meteorites into three groups, as follows: 1. I. Basaltic achondrites, hypersthene achondrites, and mesosiderites—with pyroxene δ-values of 3.7 to 4.4. 2. II. Hypersthene-olivine chondrites, bronzite-olivine chondrites, enstatite chondrites, enstatite achondrites, and nakhlites—with pyroxene δ-values of 5.3 to 6.3. 3. III. Types I, II and III carbonaceous chondrites, and ureilites—with highly variable olivine and pyroxene δ-values. It is suggested that the meteorites within each of these three groups are genetically related to one another, but that the three groups may themselves be only distantly related or unrelated. The chondrites have O^(18)/O^(16) ratios similar to their terrestrial analogs, the ultramafic rocks. However, whereas terrestrial basaltic rocks are 1 to 2 per mil richer in O^(18) than ultramafic rocks, the basaltic meteorites are 0.5 to 1.5 per mil lower than chondrites; thus there are serious restrictions placed on any postulated derivation of the basaltic meteorites from chondrites. In addition, the carbonaceous chondrites cannot be simply normal chondrites which have suffered a low-temperature alteration. The olivine in carbonaceous meteorites is lower in O^(18)/O^(16) and isotopically much more variable than chondrite olivine, implying that it is derived from a distinctly different source material.
Measurement of input functions in rodents: challenges and solutions

Abstract Introduction Tracer kinetic modeling used in conjunction with positron emission tomography (PET) is an excellent tool for the noninvasive quantification of physiological, biological and molecular processes and their alterations due to disease. Currently, complex multi-compartment modeling approaches are being applied in a variety of clinical studies to determine myocardial perfusion, viability and glucose utilization as well as fatty acid metabolism and oxidation in the normal and diseased heart. These kinetic models require two key measurements of tracer activity over time, tracer activity in arterial blood (input function) and its corresponding activity in the organ of interest. The alteration in the time course of tracer activity as it travels from blood to the organ of interest describes the kinetics of the tracer. To be able to implement these approaches in rodent models of disease using small-animal PET (microPET), it is imperative that the input function is measured accurately. Methods The blood input functions in rodent experiments were obtained by (1) direct blood sampling, (2) direct measurement of blood activity by a beta-detecting probe that counts the activity in the blood, (3) an arterial–venous bypass (A/V shunt), (4) factor analysis of dynamic structures from dynamic PET images and (5) measurement from region-of-interest (ROI) analysis of dynamic PET images. Direct blood sampling was used as the reference standard to which the results of the other techniques were compared. Results Beta probes are difficult to operate and may not provide accurate blood input functions unless they are used intravenously, which requires complicated microsurgery. A similar limitation applies to the A/V shunt. Factor analysis successfully extracts the blood input function for mice and rats. The ROI-based method is less accurate due to limited image resolution of the PET system, which results in severe partial volume effect and spillover from myocardium. Conclusion The current reference standard, direct blood sampling, is more invasive and has limited temporal resolution. With current imaging technology, image-based extraction of blood input functions is possible by factor analysis, while forthcoming technological developments are likely to allow extraction of input function directly from the images. These techniques will reduce the level of complexity and invasiveness for animal experiments and are likely to be used more widely in the future.
The Liking of Foods as a Result of Exposure: Eating Doughnuts in Alaska

Abstract Although researchers have suggested that mere exposure may partially account for the strong regional and cultural food preferences human beings exhibit, the existing literature is equivocal on this point. To demonstrate the role of exposure in cultural food preferences, experiments must demonstrate true liking rather than relative preferences. This field study in an Alaskan fishing and cannery village lent support to the hypothesis by demonstrating that an increased rate of consumption of doughnuts in a free-feeding situation corresponded to the number of trials subjects (N = 225) had with the food. Problems with the design are discussed, and it is proposed that cultural flavor markers may become liked as a result of exposure to them.
ALCOHOLIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY.

Abstract Electron microscopic observations were made on specimens of myocardium obtained at autopsy from 6 patients who had died of heart disease diagnosed clinically as alcoholic cardiomyopathy. The abnormalities observed consisted of swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum, degenerative changes in the myofibrils, increased numbers of lipofuscin granules and lysosomelike bodies, large numbers of lipid droplets, mitochondrial swelling, alterations of the mitochondrial cristae, and the formation of dense intramitochondrial inclusions. The significance of these changes was discussed.