cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forgotten Mysteries in the Early History of Vitamin D

In the early 1920s, workers in both England and the US had discovered that rats on a rachitic diet would remain healthy if irradiated with ultraviolet light. However, they also found, to their surprise, that "control" rats too would recover if either their jar was irradiated without the rat in it or if a cage-mate was removed for irradiation and then returned. The ideas that either air or material objects that had been irradiated continued themselves to convey healthful secondary radiations were investigated but not confirmed. There was then the commercially important finding that with irradiation, some rachitic diets would become anti-rachitic. However, this effect did not explain all the previous findings. Consumption of either small irradiated fecal particles or of feces from irradiated rats was the likely explanation for the recovery of nonirradiated rats, but this was not tested by direct experiment, and it now appears unlikely that feces from irradiated rats would show significant antirachitic activity. It is suggested that an alternative possibility--activity of grease from irradiated fur--deserves investigation.
DNA flow cytometry of acinic cell carcinomas of major salivary glands.

Fifteen acinic cell carcinomas from an equal number of patients were analysed for their DNA content and proliferative (S-phase) index by flow cytometry from archival tissues. Seven of the carcinomas manifested a diploid DNA content. None of the patients with diploid acinic cell carcinomas died of their carcinomas and none developed metastases in follow-up periods extending for 10 or more years. Four of eight patients with aneuploid acinic cell carcinomas have died because of their malignancies within a 10 year period after the first surgical removal of the carcinoma. Five of the eight patients exhibited metastases. Although the number of cases does not permit strong correlations between histopathological features, abnormalities in DNA content and outcome of patients, it was noted that carcinomas with prominent necrosis, tubulo ductal differentiation and ‘dedifferentiated’ areas displayed more aggressive biological courses.
Sea Surface Elevation and Bottom Pressure Anomalies due to Thermohaline Forcing. Part I: Isolated Perturbations

Abstract Sea surface elevation and bottom pressure anomalies due to thermohaline forcing are examined through analytical and numerical models, including Boussinesq and non-Boussinesq models. It is shown that Boussinesq approximations can introduce noticeable errors, depending on the spatial and temporal scales of the perturbations. According to the theory of geostrophic adjustment, when the initial perturbations have horizontal scales comparable to the barotropic radius of deformation, the initial pressure perturbations will be basically retained through the adjustment. On the other hand, if the initial perturbations have horizontal scales much smaller than the barotropic radius of deformation, the initial pressure perturbations will be largely lost. Precipitation has horizontal scales on the order of 10–100 km, much smaller than the barotropic radius of deformation. Thus, for timescales longer than days, the contribution from individual precipitation events to the local free surface elevation and bottom ...
A comparison of the digestion and absorption of cocoa butter and palm kernel oil and their effects on cholesterol absorption in rats.

Digestion and absorption of cocoa butter and palm kernel oil and their effect on cholesterol absorp tion were studied in adult male rats. Duodenal and thoracic duct catheters were inserted surgically into the anesthe tized rats. After an overnight fast, animals were given a single duodenal dose of an aqueous emulsion containing (1,2-3H)cholesterol and one of the following:corn oil, cocoa butter or palm kernel oil. Digestion and absorption were estimated by recovering the total fatty acids in the thoracic duct lymph over a 24-h collection period (after subtraction of the baseline "endogenous fatty acids" in the lymph). Intestinal absorption of cholesterol into the thoracic duct lymph was reduced significantly (P < 0.05) in the presence of cocoa butter, compared to absorption when palm kernel oil or corn oil was administered. Compared to the absorp tion of corn oil (arbitrarily defined as 100%), the absorption of palm kernel oil and cocoa butter was 82 and 63%, respectively. The present study suggests that palm kernel oil absorption was not significantly different from that of corn oil. The lower absorbability of cocoa butter and its inhibitory effect on cholesterol absorption may explain in part why cocoa butter is less hypercholesterolemic and atherogenic than other equally saturated fats. J. Nutr. 119: 1569-1573, 1989.
The bulbus cardis and its septa in Sphenodon punctatus.

Two embryos of Sphenodon punctatus, measuring 17.4 mm and 25.2 mm in length, were used in examining the arrangement of the septa and associated vessel pattern in the bulbus cordis. As in other reptiles, two septa subdivide most of the bulbus into three arterial vessels. The aortico-pulmonary septum passes through an angle of about 160° in its descent toward the ventricle. The aortic septum describes an angle of about 150°. Both partitions terminate anterior to the level of the ventricle, leaving an undivided remnant of the bulbus cordis from which the arterial vessels spring. When compared to other reptilian embryos whose bulbi have been studied in detail (i.e., Chrysemys and Aristelliger), Sphenodon shows similarities in the proximaldistal arrangement of the arterial apertures, the mode of descent of the bulbar septa, and the endocardial cushions, which comprise the bulbar septa. The rotation of the septa, however, is substantially different from that observed in the turtle and the lizard so far studied. The aortico-pulmonary and aortic septa in Sphenodon spiral through angles greater than those in Chrysemys and Aristelliger. This pattern in Sphenodon appears to represent a primitive phylogenetic feature in terms of the evolution of the bulbus in reptiles.
The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor

In "The System of Professions" Andrew Abbott explores central questions about the role of professions in modern life: Why should there be occupational groups controlling expert knowledge? Where and why did groups such as law and medicine achieve their power? Will professionalism spread throughout the occupational world? While most inquiries in this field study one profession at a time, Abbott here considers the system of professions as a whole. Through comparative and historical study of the professions in nineteenth- and twentieth-century England, France, and America, Abbott builds a general theory of how and why professionals evolve.
STUDIES ON ANTIBODY PRODUCTION : XIII. THE EFFECT OF CHLORAMPHENICOL ON PRIMING IN MICE

Young adult mice were primed with 20 Lf (56 µg) of diphtheria toxoid and given a second injection of the same size 40 days later. This procedure produces a reproducible secondary response which can be used as a standard. Chloramphenicol in maximum dosage prevents the unknown process by which the animal is primed for the second response. To be fully inhibitory, the drug must be given from the hour of the first antigen injection in maximum dosage for 2 weeks. A delay of 48 hours in starting the drug allows completion of the priming process, and shorter delays produce partial inhibition. Hence the initiation of priming is a rapid process sensitive to chloramphenicol. Subsequent changes in the cell population necessary for the full development of priming are not sensitive to chloramphenicol. The secondary antibody response is not inhibited in mice by chloramphenicol at the doses employed.
A comprehensive numerical study of aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions in marine stratocumulus

Abstract. Three-dimensional large-eddy simulations (LES) with detailed bin-resolved microphysics are performed to explore the diurnal variation of marine stratocumulus (MSc) clouds under clean and polluted conditions. The sensitivity of the aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions to variation of sea surface temperature, free tropospheric humidity, large-scale divergence rate, and wind speed is assessed. The comprehensive set of simulations corroborates previous studies that (1) with moderate/heavy drizzle, an increase in aerosol leads to an increase in cloud thickness; and (2) with non/light drizzle, an increase in aerosol results in a thinner cloud, due to the pronounced effect on entrainment. It is shown that for higher SST, stronger large-scale divergence, drier free troposphere, or lower wind speed, the cloud thins and precipitation decreases. The sign and magnitude of the Twomey effect, droplet dispersion effect, cloud thickness effect, and cloud optical depth susceptibility to aerosol perturbations (i.e., change in cloud optical depth to change in aerosol number concentration) are evaluated by LES experiments and compared with analytical formulations. The Twomey effect emerges as dominant in total cloud optical depth susceptibility to aerosol perturbations. The dispersion effect, that of aerosol perturbations on the cloud droplet size spectrum, is positive (i.e., increase in aerosol leads to spectral narrowing) and accounts for 3% to 10% of the total cloud optical depth susceptibility at nighttime, with greater influence in heavier drizzling clouds. The cloud thickness effect is negative (i.e., increase in aerosol leads to thinner cloud) for non/light drizzling cloud and positive for a moderate/heavy drizzling clouds; the cloud thickness effect contributes 5% to 22% of the nighttime total cloud susceptibility. Overall, the total cloud optical depth susceptibility ranges from ~0.28 to 0.53 at night; an increase in aerosol concentration enhances cloud optical depth, especially with heavier precipitation and in a more pristine environment. During the daytime, the range of magnitude for each effect is more variable owing to cloud thinning and decoupling. The good agreement between LES experiments and analytical formulations suggests that the latter may be useful in evaluations of the total cloud susceptibility. The ratio of the magnitude of the cloud thickness effect to that of the Twomey effect depends on cloud base height and cloud thickness in unperturbed (clean) clouds.
The Picard Number

In this section we shall outline a method for computing the Picard number of an elliptic surface and in the last section apply the method in a number of examples. In order to minimize the technical difficulties and to avoid lengthy computations we shall restrict ourselves to a specific class of elliptic surfaces. Many of the restrictions we shall impose are unnecessary and the reader who has managed to get this far will undoubtedly see what modifications are needed to handle other cases.
A derivation of an analytic expression for the tracking index for the alpha-beta-gamma filter

The authors derive an analytic expression for the alpha of an alpha-beta-gamma filter in terms of the tracking index. The result permits a direct calculation of alpha from a simple analytic expression instead of using numerical techniques. >
Poly[tetra­kis(4‐amino­pyridinium) [hexa­deca‐μ‐oxo‐deca­oxoocta­molybdate(VI)]]

The title compound, {(C5H7N2)4[Mo8O26]}n, contains extended [Mo8O26]n4n− chains, built up from distorted MoO6 octa­hedra sharing vertices and edges. A network of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds helps to stabilize the crystal packing.
Two-Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Analysis of Plodia interpunctella Granulosis Virus

The structural polypeptides of purified Plodia interpunctella granulosis virus were analyzed by three different two-dimensional gel systems. Isoelectric focusing followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis allowed resolution of 53 acidic polypeptides in the enveloped nucleocapsid of the virus ranging in molecular weight from 97,300 to 8,000. Nine of these polypeptides were shown to be glycoproteins by the technique of radiolabeled lectin blotting. Separation of the granulin in this system allowed resolution of five species, all of which have identical tryptic peptide maps. This matrix protein was demonstrated to be a phosphoglycoprotein by radiolabeled lectin blotting and acid phosphatase dephosphorylation. Nonequilibrium pH gel electrophoresis followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis allowed resolution of the major basic protein of the virus, VP12, from a more acidic protein of the same molecular weight. Tryptic peptide analysis demonstrated that these two proteins were indeed different and acid urea gels followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis allowed localization of the acidic protein to the envelope and the basic protein to the nucleocapsid of the virus. Finally, probing of the separated envelope nucleocapsid proteins in both the isoelectric focusing and nonequilibrium pH gel electrophoresis two-dimensional systems after transfer to nitrocellulose with iodinated, purified viral proteins allowed further insight into reactions which may be important in the maintenance of the virion structure.
Estimation of linkage disequilibrium for loci with multiple alleles: basic approach and an application using data from bighorn sheep

The great expansion of population genetic data using molecular techniques now allows examination of the extent of linkage disequilibrium for many pairs of loci, each locus often with multiple alleles. The expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm for generating maximum likelihood estimates of gametic frequencies from multiallelic genotypic data is described and applied. The EM algorithm is used in desert bighorn sheep where the population size, and consequently the sample size, is often small. We calculated haplotype frequencies for all pairwise combinations of five major histocompatibility loci and three microsatellite loci in 14 populations; the performance of the algorithm is discussed. Disequilibrium values are calculated and tested for statistical significance. High levels of disequilibrium are found between all pairs of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) loci and between MHC and a linked microsatellite locus.
Injuries Following Segway Personal Transporter Accidents: Case Report and Review of the Literature

The Segway® self-balancing personal transporter has been used as a means of transport for sightseeing tourists, military, police and emergency medical personnel. Only recently have reports been published about serious injuries that have been sustained while operating this device. This case describes a 67-year-old male who sustained an oblique fracture of the shaft of the femur while using the Segway® for transportation around his community. We also present a review of the literature.
The ambiguous boundary between EBV-related hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and systemic EBV-driven T cell lymphoproliferative disorder

Epstein Barr virus (EBV)-related hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (EBV-HLH) is a form of acquired, infection-related HLH which typically represents a fulminant presentation of an acute EBV infection of CD8+ T cells with 30-50% mortality rate. Systemic EBV-positive lymphoproliferative disease of childhood (SE-LPD) is a rare T cell lymphoproliferative disorder predominantly arising in the setting of acute EBV infection, often presenting with HLH. Since both entities have been associated with clonal T cell populations, the discrimination between these diseases is often ambiguous. We report a unique case of a 21 years old female who presented with clinical and laboratory findings of florid HLH in the setting of markedly elevated EBV titers (>1 million) and an aberrant T cell population shown to be clonal by flow cytometry, karyotype, and molecular studies. This case raises the differential of EBV-HLH versus SE-LPD. Review of the literature identified 74 cases of reported EBV-HLH and 21 cases of SE-LPD with associated HLH in 25 studies. Of those cases with available outcome data, 62 of 92 cases (67%) were fatal. Of 60 cases in which molecular clonality was demonstrated, 37 (62%) were fatal, while all 14 cases (100%) demonstrating karyotypic abnormalities were fatal. Given the karyotypic findings in this sentinel case, a diagnosis of SE-LPD was rendered. The overlapping clinical and pathologic findings suggest that EBV-HLH and SE-LPD are a biologic continuum, rather than discrete entities. The most clinically useful marker of mortality was an abnormal karyotype rather than other standards of clonality assessment.
Evolving Mechanisms of Injury and Management of Pediatric Blunt Renal Trauma—20 Years of Experience

Objective To review 20 years of a prospectively maintained trauma database to identify changing trends in mechanisms of renal injury, demographics, and management outcomes. Materials and Methods Following the approval from the institutional review board, a prospectively maintained trauma database was reviewed for renal trauma patient demographics, management, and mechanisms of injury. Data were reviewed first for the entire cohort and then incrementally to identify mechanisms of injury associated with increasing frequency or grade of injury. Results A total of 228 graded renal injuries were identified from 1993 to 2013. The majority of renal injuries occurred in males (77.2%) >6 years of age (85.1%). Low grade (I-III) injuries were more common (70.6%). The most frequent mechanisms of injury identified were falls, recreational motor vehicle (RMV) accidents, bike accidents, motor vehicle collisions, and sports accidents, in descending order of frequency. RMV-related injuries have become frequent with time despite recommendations against use in the pediatric age population. Surgical intervention was rarely necessary. Over the 20 year study period, 5 nephrectomies (1.4%) were required, whereas 10 endoscopic interventions or percutaneous drainage procedures were needed (2.4%). Conclusion The majority of blunt pediatric renal injuries are low grade and can be managed nonoperatively. Nephrectomy is rarely required but is indicated for hemodynamic instability refractory to resuscitation. Pediatric blunt renal trauma secondary to RMV use is increasing despite recommendations against their use in the pediatric population.
Mechanisms of Arterial Stiffness

Current understanding for the mechanisms contributing to arterial stiffness is limited. The field is rapidly growing, however, and the complex process of functional, structural and signaling pathways working together to stiffen arteries is becoming increasingly clear. As such, arterial dilation and constriction, extracellular matrix accumulation and stiffening of individual cells via specific signal transduction pathways inter-connect providing numerous targets for potential therapeutic intervention. Herein we highlight the mechanisms that are largely implicated in arterial stiffness, and those that may be emerging as important targets.
The effects of departmental demography on turnover: The case of a university.

The argument developed here is that turnover or exit behavior is, in part, a characteristic of the demography of the social system itself. University academic departments with a dominant cohort and...
Darifenacin: another antimuscarinic for overactive bladder.

Objective To review darifenacin, a new anticholinergic for overactive bladder, approved in December 2004 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Data source A MEDLINE/PUBMED search was conducted to identify pertinent studies in the English language. In addition, proceedings of meetings of the International Continence Society, European Association of Urology, American Urological Association, and American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology were reviewed for relevant abstracts. Additional references were obtained from the bibliographies of these sources. Data over the time period of 1986 through September 2004 were reviewed. Study selection All studies evaluating any aspect of darifenacin in vitro or in vivo in animals or humans. Data synthesis Preclinical studies demonstrated that darifenacin was an antagonist at muscarinic cholinergic M1, M3, and M5 receptors. On the basis of preclinical data, darifenacin was felt to be a "uroselective" antimuscarinic. Darifenacin is extensively metabolized, with urinary excretion of parent compound being less than 10%. Darifenacin, dosed as 7.5 or 15 mg once daily, is significantly superior to placebo in reducing the numbers of micturitions, urges, incontinence episodes, and urge severity and increasing the warning time and volume per micturition. No active-controlled trial data are available. The most problematic adverse effects of darifenacin are the anticholinergic effects of dry mouth and constipation. Conclusion Although promising in preclinical studies, the "uroselectivity" of the anticholinergic activity of darifenacin has not been confirmed in clinical trials. No comparative data with marketed (for overactive bladder) anticholinergics are available. On the basis of available data, darifenacin does not appear to be a substantial advance upon existing anticholinergics in the management of overactive bladder.
THE PNEUMATIC FOSSA OF THE HUMERUS IN THE PASSERES

ONE of the greatest hinderances to the successful unravelling of the interrelationships between passerine families is the shortage of morphological features varying sufficiently between these groups to be useful as taxonomic indicators. The search for potential taxonomic characters has concentrated largely on the skeleton, which is, in spite of other shortcomings, the easiest and most convenient anatomical material to collect and study. Except for some features used to divide the perching birds into suborders, almost all of the past anatomical-systematic work was based on skeletal characters, and indeed this work has rested almost entirely on cranial features. But, although the skull can and does provide many good clues to relationships between passerine birds, a shadow of doubt always hangs over the conclusions because of the convergence hazard resulting from similar feeding habits in unrelated groups. No matter how many different cranial features are employed, all may be functionally associated and thereby are under the influence of the same selection force; hence they should be considered as members of a single character complex (= functional complex or functional unit). Evaluation and comparison of the individual components of a character complex in taxonomic work is exceedingly difficult, and even when the greatest care has been used, the results may still be subject to question. In systematic work it is safest to consider a character complex (e.g., the skull and associated structures) as a single unit or taxonomic character. It would, therefore, be most desirable to be able to check taxonomic conclusions based on cranial features by the use of postcranial skeletal characters; these latter structures are, in most instances, not directly influenced by feeding habits and hence do not belong to the same character complex as do the cranial features. Unfortunately, the postcranial skeleton is highly uniform throughout the Passeres except for differences in proportions and other minor features, such as variations in the number of the ribs and vertebrae. These proportional and numerical differences have little, if any, value in showing affinities between groups of perching birds. Any feature of the postcranial skeleton varying between passerine families is consequently of great importance to the student of avian classification as a potentially valuable taxonomic character. The pneumatic fossa of the humerus is one of the few postcranial features exhibiting marked variation within the passerine birds. Although this variation was already known in the last century (Shufeldt, 1888), it has received little attention from avian anatomists. For example, it is not mentioned in the standard texts of Fiirbringer, Gadow, and Beddard, nor
ARL PED efforts at enterprise challenge 2016

In 2011, the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) developed a framework for sensor integration and asset discovery. Because this framework continues to be relevant and necessary, ARL will again participate in Enterprise Challenge 2016 to conduct further experimentation and demonstrations. Incorporating an Expeditionary Processing, Exploitation and Dissemination (Ex-PED) model, ARL will demonstrate the utility of tactical wide-area and persistent sensing in a bandwidth constrained environment, with the inclusion of an effective Sensor 3D Common Operating Picture (COP) to enable appropriate sensor management.
QTL Analysis for Leaf Number on Main Stem in RILs of Super Hybrid Rice Xieyou 9308

QTLs for leaf number were identified with a set of recombinant inbred lines(RILs) derived from the cross of Xieqingzao B/Zhonghui 9308 as materials by the conditional composite interval mapping method.Five unconditional QTLs and two conditional QTLs were detected at different growth stages.The unconditional QTLs,qLN2.1,qLN2.2,qLN2.3 and qLN2.4,explained 11.68%-16.48% of phenotypic variation,tending to cluster on the long arm of chromosome 2.QTL analysis showed that the express period of conditional QTLs,qLN2.2 and qLN2.4,were unanimous to the dates of elongating and heading.Only one unconditional QTL for final leaf number was detected,but there was no effect of conditional QTL at all the tested developmental stages,indicating QTLs for leaf number were mainly expressed in spatial and temporal patterns.
Dialogue on Peace and Power

An analysis of how Peace and Power have evolved over time is described in this dialogue between Pamela Clarke and Peggy Chinn.
Electron-impact ionization of Se24+

Cross sections for electron-impact ionization of neonlike selenium have been calculated using close-coupling wave functions. We report cross sections for ionization of the 2${s}^{2}$2${p}^{6}$ $^{1}S$ ground state and the 2${s}^{2}$2${p}^{5}$3s $^{3}P$ excited state of the ion. We found numerous resonances in the ejected electron channels due to excitation of 2${s}^{2}$2${p}^{4}$3snl autoionizing states. The resonances are very narrow, but some have peaks that are several orders of magnitude above the nonresonant background cross section. Even with radiative decay taken into account, the resonances enhance the total integrated cross section by nearly a factor of 4.
Academies of Exhibition and the New Disciplinary Secession

Painting in fin-de-siecle Vienna, like public intellectuality in fin-de-siecle America, was an act of portrayal at a time when artists then, like intellectuals today, composed in an environment characterized by rapid technological change, conservatism, and a government bureaucracy that attempted to pre-empt individual decisions about everyday life. In Vienna, this environment was coupled with a public which “was nothing if not conservative. Not only the new, the unfamiliar, but also the great was to be distrusted … Add to which, there was a certain delight in the persecution of the great …”1 Public hostility to counter-portrayals of reality was reinforced by bureaucracies for whom “the unforeseen, the irrational was excluded; not only the administrative, but also the academic and cultural institutions of the capital ossified beyond any possibility of change …”2 Intellectual visions of alternatives are likewise judged to be extraneous in fin-de-siecle America, where a letter to The Economist in December 2008 charged: “Academics of all persuasions are where they are today because they believe they know better than anyone else how things should work. Whether many are capable of actually making the world work is quite another issue. The difficulties we face now are not academic; they are real public-policy problems.”3 It is no surprise, then, that a letter to The New Yorker in 2014 worried: “Administrators are increasingly appointed because of their willingness and ability to bring the values of the market to bear on their day-to-day decision making … What is most distressing is that many administrators appear to accept the self-evidence of market values.”4
Timing and nature of alluvial fan development along the Chajnantor Plateau, northern Chile

Abstract Alluvial systems in the Atacama Desert provide a unique opportunity to elucidate the sedimentary response to climate variability, particularly changes in precipitation, in hyperarid environments. Alluvial fans along the eastern margin of the Salar de Atacama, adjacent to the Chajnantor Plateau in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile, provide an archive of climate-modulated sediment transfer and erosion at an extreme of Earth's climate. Three regional alluvial fan surfaces (Qf1 [oldest] to Qf3 [youngest]) were mapped along the western flank of the Chajnantor Plateau. The alluvial fans were examined with geomorphic and terrestrial cosmogenic 36 Cl surface exposure dating methods to define the timing of alluvial fan formation and to determine the role of climatic processes on fan development in a hyperarid environment. Alluvial fans in the study area are comprised of hyperconcentrated flow and boulder-rich debris flow deposits that reflect deposition transitioning between cohesive and noncohesive regimes. Alluvial fan surfaces yield exposure ages that range from 49.6 ± 4.4 to 194 ± 12 ka, while debris flow boulders yield exposure ages ranging from 12.4 ± 2.1 to 229 ± 53 ka. Cosmogenic 36 Cl exposure ages indicate that abandonment of alluvial fan surfaces Qf1, Qf2, and Qf3 date to 175 ± 22.6 ka (MIS 6), 134.5 ± 9.18 ka (MIS 6), and 20.07 ± 6.26 ka (MIS 2), respectively. A 36 Cl concentration-depth profile through alluvial fan Qf1 suggests a simple depositional history with minimal nuclide inheritance implying relatively rapid aggradation (6 m in ca. 25 kyr) followed by surface abandonment ca. 180–200 ka. Our data support a strong climatic control on alluvial fan evolution in the region, and we propose that the alluvial fans along the margins of the Salar de Atacama form according to the humid model of fan formation.
Patients’ Future Expectations for Diabetes and Hypertension Treatments: “Through the Diet… I Think This is Going to Go Away.”

Background Diabetes and hypertension are chronic conditions for which over 90 % of patients require medication regimens that must be intensified over time. However, delays in intensification are common, and may be partially due to unrealistic patient expectations.
Simultaneous Transcriptional and Epigenomic Profiling from Specific Cell Types within Heterogeneous Tissues In Vivo

Summary Epigenomic mechanisms direct distinct gene expression programs for different cell types. Various in vivo tissues have been subjected to epigenomic analysis; however, these studies have been limited by cellular heterogeneity, resulting in composite gene expression and epigenomic profiles. Here, we introduce "NuTRAP," a transgenic mouse that allows simultaneous isolation of cell-type-specific translating mRNA and chromatin from complex tissues. Using NuTRAP, we successfully characterize gene expression and epigenomic states of various adipocyte populations in vivo, revealing significant differences compared to either whole adipose tissue or in vitro adipocyte cell lines. We find that chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) using NuTRAP is highly efficient, scalable, and robust with even limited cell input. We further demonstrate the general utility of NuTRAP by analyzing hepatocyte-specific epigenomic states. The NuTRAP mouse is a resource that provides a powerful system for cell-type-specific gene expression and epigenomic profiling.
Recent Technical Improvements to the HAYSTAC Experiment

We report here several technical improvements to the HAYSTAC (Haloscope at Yale Sensitive To Axion Cold dark matter) that have improved operational efficiency, sensitivity, and stability.
Simulated death enhances learner attitudes regarding simulation

Introduction Despite the widespread use of simulated death in healthcare education, some view it as a controversial learning tool due to potential psychological harm. Others believe that allowing death during simulation enhances participant learning. Sparse data exist in the literature about learner attitudes towards simulated death. Our objective was to establish a link between exposure to simulated death and learner attitudes regarding simulation. Our hypothesis was that exposure to simulated death will positively affect learner attitudes towards simulation. Methods Anonymous surveys were distributed to participants of simulations conducted by our department from January 2014 to December 2015. Collected survey data included total number of simulation scenarios, exposure to death and participants’ views towards simulation afterwards. Participants also rated the simulation on a Likert scale. We compared demographic and simulation data for participants who experienced simulated death versus participants who did not. Exposure to death and clinical level were included as predictor variables in logistic regressions using the simulator experience variables as outcomes. Results 250 survey responses were analysed. 64% of participants were attendings. 82% of participants experienced death during simulation. The group that experienced simulated death gave significantly higher ratings (4.77 vs 4.50, p=0.004) and a higher percentage of maximum ratings on the Likert scale (83% vs 59%, p=0.0002). More participants who experienced death thought that simulated death could enhance learning (76% vs 59%, p=0.021). When adjusted for training level, those who experienced death in simulation were nearly twice as likely to think that death can enhance learning (p=0.049) and 133% more likely to give the simulation the highest rating (p=0.036). Conclusions Survey participants who experienced simulated death were more likely to think that death can enhance learning and more likely to give the simulation the highest rating, thereby demonstrating that exposure to simulated death positively affects learner attitudes regarding simulation.
Finding My Voice: An Accidental Journey Into Teaching

This essay chronicles an unintended journey into university teaching by a scholar who planned to engage in every kind of professional activity except teaching. I begin by locating myself within my professional and private domains and describe my early professional career including my first awkward attempts at university teaching. The hard-earned lesson that teaching is not performance but is being fully present to students while opening myself to them is shared.
Asymmetrical Volatility and Spillover Effects

This chapter takes a closer look at the volatility-specific component of beta. Some financial practitioners have advocated the use of relative volatility, standing alone, as a risk measure. This decision would eliminate the correlation component and its insights into the diversification value of financial portfolios. For its part, volatility is asymmetrical and prone to clustering. It tends to be greater on the downside of mean returns. Far from following a random walk, volatility is serially autocorrelated. Periods of high volatility tend to cluster together, as do periods of relative calm. Different approaches to the measurement of volatility, from time-series analysis to options-based implied measures and the Yilmaz-Diebold model of volatility transmission, reveal feedback and spillover effects.
What’s the Route?

The study sought information from primary sources (the MNCs themselves) as the nature of the information sought concerned the evaluations and judgments of individual firms and their officials relative to a series of specific items thought to be included in the FDI location-decision process. The information sought from the MNCs enabled segmentation of the MNCs into identifiable smaller groups (micro-groups) for the purpose of determining if the micro-groups had similar or different preferences to the preferences of the FDI group as a whole for the various elements of developing countries’ investment attraction packages.
Autophagy: should it play a role in ICU management?

Purpose of review This review is to discuss the role of autophagy in the critically ill patient population. As the understanding of autophagy continues to expand and evolve, there are certain controversies surrounding whether intensivist should allow the benefit of autophagy to supersede gold standard of insulin therapy or early nutritional support. Recent findings The review is relevant as the current literature seems to support under-feeding patients, and perhaps the reason these studies were positive could be prescribed to the mechanisms of autophagy. It is well understood that autophagy is a physiologic response to stress and starvation, and that the inducible form could help patients with end-organ dysfunction return to homeostasis. Summary The jury is still out as to how autophagy will play into clinical practice as we review several gold standard therapies for the critically ill.
On-Farm Corn and Soybean Planter Demonstration Trials

Corn and soybean planting is one of the most critical operations of the season. Operating the planter with the proper soil conditions for proper placement of the seed to obtain the correct seed-soil contact is important to optimize yields and reduce problems later in the season with plant and root growth. As corn and soybean seed prices continue to rise, and grain prices fall, it is important for farmers to find a population that maximizes both yield and profit. Planting too high of a corn population can result in increased barrenness and thus lower yields, but too low of a population also can result in lower yields. Past studies have indicated soybean yields are similar across a wide range of populations, but too low of a population can result in reduced yields and too high of a population can reduce profits. Timely planting also is important for optimum yields. The objective of these trials was to investigate the effect of various planter operations on corn and soybean yield.
Attention in the Classroom

Trying to observe instruction in an active first-grade classroom can be a humbling experience. So much is going on and the distractions are so many, the wonder is that teacher and student make any sense of the situation. Yet they generally do—instruction and learning go on with a fair degree of success. The critical factor is attention. When the observer’s attention is properly focused, when he has learned what to look for and what to ignore, significant patterns become clear to him. Likewise, teacher and student work together effectively when each attends to the situation in an active, selective fashion.
STUDY OF $Sigma$(1385)$pi$ PRODUCTION NEAR THE $lambda$(1520) RESONANCE.

We have studied the production mechanism of the reaction ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\Sigma}(1385)\ensuremath{\pi}$ with the total energy in the vicinity of the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}(1520)$ resonance. Two different analysis techniques were used: partial waves and moments. The results establish the decay mode $\ensuremath{\Lambda}(1520)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\Sigma}(1385)\ensuremath{\pi}$. Conclusions on ${\frac{3}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ octet-singlet mixing are presented.
Translational control and metastatic progression: enhanced activity of the mRNA cap-binding protein eIF-4E selectively enhances translation of metastasis-related mRNAs.

To form metastases, tumors must break from the primary tumor site, invade surrounding tissues, enter and survive within the circulation and ultimately colonize a distal tissue. Each of these steps requires the cooperative function of numerous proteins – proteins that facilitate angiogenesis (e.g., VEGF), cell survival (e.g., Bcl-2), invasion (e.g., MMPs), and autocrine growth stimulation (e.g., c-myc, cyclin D1). Although expression of these proteins is regulated at many levels by disparate stimuli, translation of these key malignancy-related proteins is regulated primarily by the activity of the mRNA cap-binding protein eIF-4E, the rate-limiting member of the eIF-4F translation initiation complex. By binding the cap structure at the 5′ terminus of cellular mRNAs, eIF-4E recruits mRNAs to the eIF-4F complex, which then scans from the 5′ cap through the untranslated region (5′UTR), unwinding secondary structure to reveal the translation initiation codon and to enable ribosome loading. Messenger RNAs with short unstructured 5′ UTRs are more easily translated than mRNAs harboring lengthy, highly structured 5′ UTRs, as these prohibit efficient scanning and start codon recognition. As such, the translation of these mRNAs, which typically encode proteins involved in angiogenesis (e.g., VEGF), tumor growth (cyclin D1) and survival (Bcl-2), is suppressed except when eIF-4E is engaged with the eIF-4F complex – a common event in many human and experimental cancers. This review focuses on the hypothesis that enhanced eIF-4E function contributes to metastatic progression by selectively upregulating the translation of key malignancy-related proteins that together conspire to drive the metastatic process.
Exascale Computing: A New Dawn for Computational Biology

As biologists discover and learn to embrace the complexity of biological systems, computational data analysis and modeling have become critical for furthering our understanding. Exascale computing will enable the development of new predictive multiscale models, transforming how we study the behaviors of organisms and ecosystems, ultimately leading to new innovations and discoveries.
Latex Allergy Risks Live On

Reduction in the prevalence of IgE-mediated allergy to latex proteins from gloves in patients may lead to lax attention by health care personnel to avoid use of latex products in latex-allergic subjects. Recent evidence from the Pennsylvania Patient Safety Reporting System shows an alarming continuation of adverse events mostly from latex urinary catheters. We are strongly advocating that health care personnel must continue to pay close attention to avoidance of latex in patients with a history of latex allergy.
Asthma-related emergency department visits among low-income families with young children by race/ethnicity and primary language

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the existence of racial/ethnic and language disparities in asthma-related emergency department (ED) initial and return visits among young children in low-income families in California. METHODS Children younger than 6 years with at least 1 asthma-related ED visit recorded in the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development data set between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2013, and on Medicaid (Medi-Cal) were assessed. Primary outcomes were hospitalization at the first asthma-related ED visit and a return asthma-related ED visit within 12 months. Data were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS Among 47,657 children, approximately 55% were Hispanic, 20% were black, and 2.7% were Asian/Pacific Islander. For non-English-speaking families, 82% were Hispanic. Among English-speaking families, blacks were less likely to be hospitalized at the first ED visit (odds ratio [OR], 0.787; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.715-0.866) but more likely to return to the ED (OR, 1.291; 95% CI, 1.205-1.383) compared with whites. Conversely, Asian/Pacific Islanders whose primary language was English were more likely to be hospitalized (OR, 2.150; 95% CI, 1.827-2.530) compared with whites. Among families whose primary language was not English, Hispanic and Asian/Pacific Islanders are more likely to be hospitalized at the first ED visit and all groups are less likely to return to the ED compared with English-speaking whites. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that racial/ethnic and language disparities exist in eventual asthma-related hospitalizations and repeat ED visits. Continued research is needed to understand the existence of these differences and to inform future comprehensive and linguistically appropriate asthma interventions for children in low-income families.
The Folly of Financial Myopia

Few executives would argue against the notion that their firms are under intense pressure to manage costs. Unfortunately, in an effort to enhance their financial position industrial customers have pursued financial strategies that can affect supplier-buyer relationships quickly and sometimes irreparably. This article focuses on the negative outcomes that can result when industrial customers take actions that affect adversely the financial standing of their suppliers. Research findings presented here will show that strategies that are financially myopic not only reduce the probability of receiving preferential treatment from suppliers, they can also affect other important dimensions of the supplier-buyer relationship.
Protection of Geographical Indications as a Form of Consumer Rights Protection

The potential of natural resources in a region that is well managed and provides economic benefits to the local communities deserves protection for geographical indications. It is part of intellectual property rights as it relates to the protection of the identities of producer regions that are affected by both human and natural factors. The provision of protection for geographical indications, that adopts a constitutive registration system, put emphasis on the potentials of the certain region because the distinctiveness of a product from the region cannot be found in the others. The protection of geographical indications granted for an unlimited period of time protects not only the producer regions but also the reputation, quality, as well as characteristics of their products. To provide protection of geographical indications means also to protect the consumer rights; consumers that purchase or use certain products are supplied with correct information on the production sites, quality and being protected from the potentially harmful effect of the products.
A PREGNANT WOMAN WITH HISTORY OF HYPERALDOSTERONE-RELATED CARDIAC ARREST: WHAT WOULD YOU DO?

Primary aldosteronism (PA) from an adrenal adenoma during pregnancy is rare, but can cause complications for both mother and fetus. A 25 year old woman, 20 weeks pregnant with known PA, right adrenal mass, and refractory hypertension presents to the cardiology clinic. One year prior, she developed
Recent progress in flapping wings for micro aerial vehicle applications

Micro aerial vehicles using flapping wings are under investigation, as an alternative to fixed-wing and rotary-wing micro aerial vehicles. Such flapping-wing vehicles promise key potential advantag...