cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diffuse Lewy body disease manifesting as corticobasal syndrome: A rare form of Lewy body disease.

Objective To describe clinical and pathologic characteristics of diffuse Lewy body disease (DLBD) manifesting as corticobasal syndrome (CBS). Methods In 523 autopsy-confirmed cases of DLBD, we identified 11 patients diagnosed with CBS. For comparison, we studied 22 DLBD brains with antemortem presentation of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Given previous studies suggesting the importance of pathology in peri-Rolandic cortices in CBS, we used digital pathology to count Lewy bodies and to quantify intracytoplasmic and neuritic α-synuclein and phospho-tau burden in the motor cortex. Results DLBD patients with antemortem features of CBS were significantly younger at disease onset and less likely to have REM sleep behavior disorder than DLBD cases who met clinical criteria for DLB during life. Patients with DLBD manifesting as CBS had more Lewy bodies in the motor cortex than DLBD manifesting as clinically probable DLB. Three cases had concomitant progressive supranuclear palsy and 4 cases had concomitant Alzheimer disease as probable correlates of CBS. Conclusion The neuropathology underlying CBS is heterogeneous, including corticobasal degeneration, Alzheimer disease, and progressive supranuclear palsy. This study suggests that atypical variants of Lewy body disease with severe peri-Rolandic Lewy-related pathology can present clinically as CBS. Patients with DLBD who present as CBS tend to have an earlier age at onset and are less likely to have clinical features of DLB, such as dream enactment behavior during sleep, visual hallucinations, and levodopa-responsive parkinsonism. Future studies with biofluid or molecular imaging biomarkers for α-synuclein will permit better recognition of this uncommon pathologic substrate of CBS.
Helical 4D CT and Comparison with Cine 4D CT

4D CT was one of the most important developments in radiation oncology in the last decade. Its early development in single slice CT and commercialization in multi-slice CT has radically changed our practice in radiation treatment of lung cancer, and has enabled the stereotactic radiosurgery of early stage lung cancer. In this chapter, we will document the history of 4D CT development, detail the data sufficiency condition governing the 4D CT data collection; present the design of the commercial helical 4D CTs from Philips and Siemens; compare the differences between the helical 4D CT and the GE cine 4D CT in data acquisition, slice thickness, acquisition time and work flow; review the respiratory monitoring devices; and understand the causes of image artifacts in 4D CT.
Designing an augmented reality game-based curriculum

This research investigates the potential of using Augmented Reality Games on Handheld Computers (ARGH) in inquiry-based science learning. This paper presents the design and study of a game-based curriculum for scientific argumentation and conceptual change. The result suggests that the desired learning outcome have been partially achieved and most students were positive about the designed experience. We conclude with informed design decisions for the next design iteration.
The Case for Behavioral Professionalism in Leadership

It is neither appropriate nor practical for leadership/management to become a profession. In this chapter I distinguish between professionalization of a field, for which institutions restrict access to practice, and behavioral professionalism , for which the responsibility is within the individual (Weidner and Kulick, “The Professionalization of Organization Development: A Status Report and Look to the Future.” In Research in Organization Change and Development . Stamford, CT: JAI Press, 1999; Maister, True Professionalism: The Courage to Care About Your Clients, Your People, and Your Career. New York: Free Press, 1997 ). While many occupations have made the successful transition to becoming a profession, leadership/management is not a distinct occupation. Although leadership may meet the threshold of criticality necessary to be considered a profession, mistaking the field as a profession-in-waiting disregards the wide diffusion of leaders in an array of formal and informal organizations. In such dissimilar settings, all individuals can practice and attain behavioral professionalism; individuals in formal leadership positions can strive to make behavioral professionalism normative within their organizations.
Modeling myeloid malignancies with patient-derived iPSCs

Modeling human diseases with patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offers unique research opportunities and is particularly attractive for hematology research. Whereas monogenic inherited blood diseases featured prominently among the first proof-of-principle studies of iPSC modeling, malignant hematologic disorders have been off to a slower start. This has been due to challenges in the derivation of iPSCs from cancer cells and the need to establish robust differentiation protocols and to standardize phenotypic assays of iPSC-derived hematopoiesis. Recent studies of iPSC modeling of myeloid malignancies exploited the clonal heterogeneity of patient samples to derive genetically matched normal controls and recapitulate the clonal evolution of the disease. Comparisons of the malignant phenotypes and molecular signatures of primary leukemic cells, derived iPSCs, and their hematopoietic progeny stress the importance of the cell-of-origin in oncogenesis and enable investigation of the interplay between cell identity and the cancer genome. Larger collections of genetically diverse iPSC lines and more readily scalable hematopoietic differentiation protocols, ideally mimicking adult bone marrow-derived hematopoiesis, would further empower applications of iPSC modeling in myeloid malignancy in the future. Nevertheless, with recent progress in this field, the stage is set for the wider adoption of this model system by the hematology community.
Glycosyl-inositol derivatives

Abstract The disaccharides related to glycosyl phosphatidyl Inosltol anchors of membrane proteins, 4- O -(2-amino-2-deoxy-α- D -glucopyranosyl)- D - myo -inositol-1-phosphate and 4- O -(2amino-2-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranosyl)- D - chiro -inositol-1-phosphate, have been prepared from optically resolved myo -inosltol derivatives. The chiro -inositol moiety was obtained by epimerlzatlon of a selectively blocked myo -inositol-trifiate ester. The resolved inositols were subsequently phosphoryiated to yield the disaccharide aglycones. The amino-sugar components were prepared by azidonitratlon of suitably protected glucal and galactal derivatives. The derived pyranosyl chlorides were then condensed with the inositol phosphates using silver triflate as the promoter.
A novel synthetic diamond Cherenkov radiator for measuring space radiation

Abstract The measurement of cosmic rays and Solar energetic particles in space is basic to our understanding of the Galaxy, the Sun, phenomena in the Heliosphere and the emerging field of space weather. For these reasons, cosmic ray instruments are common on both scientific spacecraft and operational spacecraft such as weather satellites. Cosmic rays (CRs) and Solar energetic particles (SEPs) include ions over the full range of elements found in the Solar System. High-resolution measurements of the energy spectra of space radiation are key to understanding both acceleration and propagation processes. An inherent challenge is the large range of energies of such spectra. Cosmic ray energies range up to over 1 0 21 eV , while SEPs can reach a few GeV. Multi-instrument measurements are currently required to cover the full range of particle energies. Indeed, the highest energy particles, due to the rarity, can only be measured with ground-based instruments using the atmosphere as a calorimeter . Over limited energy ranges, SEP spectra are often approximated by a power law; however, over the full energy range, SEP events exhibit changing spectral shapes (e.g. “knees”, “roll-overs” and “cut-offs”). These features give information about the acceleration processes, such as size of the acceleration region, time of acceleration, morphology of the magnetic field during acceleration, and others, all of which can vary from event to event. Measurements of such features are often compromised by the need to combine measurements from more than one instrument, each with its own limited energy range. Even if there are no gaps between the energy intervals of the instruments, differing systematics can severely impact data analysis. A single instrument capable of measurements over a continuous and extended energy range would offer vastly more reliable measurement of the energy spectra of SEP events as well as replacing multiple instruments on resource-limited spacecraft. The most common method to measure GCRs and SEPs from a few to ∼ 100 MeV for protons, is Si Solid-State Detector (SSD) stacks. Above these energies, Cherenkov detectors are typically used together with SSDs. Ideally, to provide full energy coverage with no gaps, this requires a Cherenkov radiator with a threshold of ∼ 100 MeV. No suitable Cherenkov detector with such a low threshold has been developed. We are in the process of developing a synthetic diamond Cherenkov detector for this purpose. Diamond’s high index of refraction (2.42) results in a theoretical threshold of 92 MeV for protons. Even with a practical threshold of ∼ 110 MeV, this is ideal for extending the energy range from that of SSDs alone to that of sapphire Cherenkov detectors (202 MeV threshold) with higher energies attainable using plastic Cherenkov detectors. Both Sapphire and plastic Cherenkov radiators have spaceflight heritage.
Procedures for teaching reading in mathematics

jlV.11 teachers, Yoakam has said, should be reading teachers regardless of their content specialization [12].* The reading teacher specialist can effectively work on some content skills, but the only place to teach some of the reading pertinent to a content area is in the class dealing with that material. Teachers of self-contained classes, moreover, must be committed to the fact that reading instruction must go on all day out of the social studies text and the arithmetic book, from reference materials, from all the symbolic sources the child encounters.
A Comparison of Missing-Data Imputation Techniques in Exploratory Factor Analysis.

Background and purpose To compare the effects of missing-data imputation techniques, mean imputation, group mean imputation, regression imputation, and multiple imputation (MI), on the results of exploratory factor analysis under different missing assumptions. Methods Missing data with different missing assumptions were generated from true data. The quality of imputed data was examined by correlation coefficients. Factor structures were compared indirectly by coefficients of congruence and directly by factor structures. Results MI had the best quality and matching factor structure to the true data for all missing assumptions with different missing rates. Mean imputation had the least favorable results in factor analysis. The imputation techniques revealed no important differences with 10% of data missing. Conclusion MI showed the best results, especially with larger proportions of missing data.
Basic Sentence Equations: B 1 , B 2 , and B 3

You already have some familiarity with basic sentence equation one (B1). At its core is the most basic of basic clauses, the spark-producing noun and verb pair, “Ns + V” (see Fig. 5.1).
Theobromine and direct arylation: a sustainable and scalable solution to minimize aggregation caused quenching

A green and scalable method to synthesize organic luminophores with minimal aggregation caused quenching (ACQ) is reported where direct arylation is used to attach alkylated theobromine moieties onto luminophores. The resulting compounds demonstrated high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) in solution and as aggregates. The minimized ACQ can be ascribed to the large dihedral angles that theobromine moieties introduce into these molecules, preventing π–π interactions between the luminophores. Furthermore, the large dihedral angles promote the formation of hybridized local and charge-transfer states in these molecules. Finally, amplified spontaneous emission measurements were performed to explore their potential in lasers.
Revealing an Internal Stabilization Deficiency in the DNA Polymerase β K289M Cancer Variant Through the Combined Use of Chemical Biology and X-ray Crystallography

The human DNA polymerase (pol) β cancer variant K289M has altered polymerase activity in vitro, and the structure of wild-type pol β reveals that the K289 side chain contributes to a network of stabilizing interactions in a C-terminal region of the enzyme distal to the active site. Here, we probed the capacity of the K289M variant to tolerate strain introduced within the C-terminal region and active site. Strain was imposed by making use of a dGTP analogue containing a CF2 group substitution for the β-γ bridging oxygen atom. The ternary complex structure of the K289M variant displays an alteration in the C-terminal region, whereas the structure of wild-type pol β is not altered in the presence of the dGTP CF2 analogue. The alteration in the K289M variant impacts the active site, because the enzyme in the ternary complex fails to adopt the normal open to closed conformational change and assembly of the catalytically competent active site. These results reveal the importance of the K289-mediated stabilizing network in the C-terminal region of pol β and suggest an explanation for why the K289M cancer variant is deficient in polymerase activity even though the position 289 side chain is distal to the active site.
Within-Industry Specialization and Global Market Power

Export price levels exhibit tremendous cross-national and spatial variation, even within narrowly defined industries. Standard theories attribute this variation to within-industry quality specialization. This paper argues that a significant portion of the export price variation is driven by rich and remote economies specializing in high-market power segments of industries. I also argue that this particular pattern of specialization (i) accounts for 30 percent of the overall gains from trade, and (ii) explains more than 37 percent of the observed cross-national income inequality.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FOR BOOSTING NGO PERFORMANCE IN INDIA

This paper aims to investigate the facets of the NGOs in India: types of IT adopted, factors behind adopting IT, barriers to adopting IT, impact of IT on operational performance, and perception about how Internet and web-based technology are impact organizations internally and externally. Based on the investigation of 150 NGO leaders, a framework for adopting IT by NGOs in India is presented. The findings of this research are particularly applicable to the NGOs leaders to who wish to harness the new communication technologies in improving service delivery, managing staff and volunteers, automating accounts and customer facing functions.
Retirement: An idiosyncratic vade mecum.

Abstract Many physicians tend to regard their upcoming retirement with great trepidation. They are worried that after years of productive activity they will become useless and lose all their connections with medicine. This essay will try to impress on readers that this way of thinking is absolutely incorrect, and it will provide some personal insights regarding the retirement process. These will address why I retired (due to governmental interference), how I felt before I retired (pretty lousy), and how I felt after closing my practice (really liberated). I’ve also included some thoughts on how to minimize aggravation when shuttering a practice, as well as suggestions on how to remain active in medicine. Some reflections on staying fulfilled during postretirement are presented, ranging from making an effort to teach colleagues and young physicians (the most important project), lots of omnivorous reading (the second most important pastime), continuing medical writing, trying to travel, taking up cooking (truly marvelous!), and generally attempting to fully enjoy the leisure time afforded upon leaving practice. The bottom line is that retirement is not to be dreaded or feared but rather anticipated and enjoyed. For me, it has turned out to be simply delightful and wonderful.
Pathfinding by Arthropod Sensory Nerves

In the cellular sociology of Metazoa, no cells discriminate in their associations more than neurons. It is true that positional individuality may be highly developed in other epithelia such as insect epidermis or in embryonic primordia, but neurons are unique in expressing specificity in contacts often much removed from near neighbors. Just how specific and how flexible neuronal relations must be and how they are achieved have long been focal questions in neurobiology. And yet, despite contributions of well-known experimental studies exploring development and regeneration in the lower vertebrate visual system by Sperry, Gaze, Jacobson, and others (Hunt and Jacobson, 1974), there is much contention about the significance of such things as chemical specificity, the nature of gradients in space and time, and trial and error and functional validation as causal mechanisms. One reason why so many elegant experiments should lead to such an impasse is the level of resolution that can be achieved in measuring specificity. Most studies are concerned with populations rather than individual neurons. Other approaches to neural development include experimental modification of the developmental milieu of such well-known cell types as are found in the cerebellum (Sidman, 1974). But with the exception of the Mauthner neuron (Hibbard, 1965), single-cell interactions have been beyond the resolution of vertebrate studies.
Majorana corner pairs in a two-dimensional s -wave cold atomic superfluid

We propose a method to prepare Majorana pairs at the corners of imprinted defects on a two-dimensional cold-atom optical lattice with $s$-wave superfluid pairing. Different from previous proposals that manipulate the effective Dirac masses, our scheme relies on the sign flip of the spin-orbit coupling at the corners, which can be tuned in experiments by adjusting the angle of incident Raman lasers. The Majorana corner pairs are found to be located at the interface between two regimes with opposite spin-orbit coupling strengths in an anticlockwise direction and are robust against certain symmetry-persevered perturbations. Our work provides a way for implementing and manipulating Majorana pairs with existing cold-atom techniques.
Cytoplasmic Expression of CD3ε Heterodimers by Flow Cytometry Rapidly Distinguishes Between Mature T-Cell and Natural Killer-Cell Neoplasms.

Objectives Distinguishing between T-cell and natural killer (NK)-cell neoplasms could be difficult given their overlapping immunophenotype. In this study, we investigated whether a flow cytometry assay with cytoplasmic staining for CD3 could be used for this purpose. Methods Flow cytometry immunophenotyping was performed on 19 surface CD3 (sCD3)-negative mature T-cell neoplasms, 10 sCD3-positive mature T-cell neoplasms, 13 mature NK-cell neoplasms, and 19 normal controls. In addition to routine antibody panels (CD2, sCD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD8, CD16, CD45, CD56, CD57, CD94, CD158a, CD158b, CD158e, NKG2A TCRγ/δ), cytoplasmic staining for a monoclonal CD3 antibody (clone SK7/Leu-4) was assessed in all cases. A molecular study for T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement and an immunohistochemical study for TCRβ were performed. Results Our data showed all T-cell neoplasms were uniformly positive for cytoplasmic CD3 (cCD3) regardless of sCD3 expression, whereas 85% of NK-cell neoplasms completely lacked cCD3 expression. The 2 cases with classic NK-cell immunophenotype but partial cCD3 expression showed no molecular genetic features of T-cell lineage by TCR gene rearrangement studies. Conclusions Uniform cCD3 positivity and homogeneous cCD3 negativity highly suggest T-cell and NK lineage, respectively. When partial cCD3 expression is encountered, additional confirmatory studies should be pursued for the most accurate lineage assignment.
Black Broadcast Journalists: Implications of Mentorship and Race in the Newsroom:

In this study, 23 African American broadcast journalists, who graduated from college between 1994 and 2014, were interviewed about their experiences working in network television news, specifically...
Differential Graphical Game With Distributed Global Nash Solution

This article studies multiagent differential graphical games in linear dynamical networks. We point out that in existing graphical game formulations, being global Nash and being distributed are two contradicting properties. In particular, we prove that the best response strategy, most widely used in solving graphical games, leads to Nash but does not provide distributed solutions. On the other hand, the minmax strategy, recently developed in solving graphical games, provides distributed solutions but prevents the agents from reaching a global Nash equilibrium. In this article, we propose a novel differential graphical game formulation, which promises the existence of solutions that 1) lead to global Nash equilibrium and 2) are distributed in the sense that each agent only uses the state information of its own and its direct neighbors. Stability and Nash equilibrium properties of the proposed graphical game are proven, respectively. Simulation studies are conducted to illustrate the theoretical results.
Whose Agency by Megan Hershey

Hershey, Megan. Whose Agency: The Politics and Practice of Kenya’s HIV-Prevention NGOs. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2019.
Fluidity of Perspective

This chapter explores fluidity of the social justice educators’ subjectivities and shows their evolution. It reveals that social justice educators were born disinclined toward social justice education; however, personal and professional experiences, and social and global events led to their consciousness about social injustices in general and particularly in education. Their narratives reveal that elevation of consciousness led to a deliberate effort to teach and educate for social justice education as part of their activism. Reflection questions at the end of the chapter position readers as possible agents of change and invite them to be deliberate in acting toward social justice education.
Progress Towards a 30% Efficient GaInP/Si Tandem Solar Cell

Abstract The performance of dual-junction solar cells with a Si bottom cell has been investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Simulations show that adding a top junction with an energy bandgap of 1.6 -1.9 eV to a standard silicon solar cell enables efficiencies over 38%. Currently, top junctions of GaInP (1.8 eV) are the most promising as they can achieve 1-sun efficiencies of 20.8% [1]. We fabricated mechanically stacked, four terminal GaInP/Si tandem solar cells using a transparent adhesive between the subcells. These tandem devices achieved an efficiency of 27% under AM1.5 g spectral conditions. Higher efficiencies can be achieved by using an improved Si-bottom cell and by optimizing the dual-junction device for long-wavelength light and luminescent coupling between the two junctions.
Using tumor characteristics to classify BRCA1 and 2 variants of uncertain significance.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 5406 Approximately 8% of high-risk Caucasian women undergoing genetic testing for BRCA1 and 2 mutations are found to carry a missense change denoted as a “variant of uncertain significance” (VUS) in BRCA1 or 2. In women of other ethnic backgrounds, this percentage may be as high as 40%. Because clinical management of women with a VUS may be difficult and there is a lack of understanding in the medical community of how to manage patients with VUS, it is important that means of clinically classifying these variants be developed. From reports in the literature, a majority of tumors with germline BRCA mutations show loss of heterozygosity (LOH) or methylation of the normal allele. We hypothesized that LOH status of BRCA VUS tumors would provide some evidence for or against mutation status. In the first part of the study, we assessed normal and tumor DNA from patients with VUS and former patients with VUS reclassified as neutral polymorphisms for LOH. Of 13 tumors representing 14 different variants, 3 showed LOH of the wildtype allele, 2 showed LOH of the variant allele and 9 showed no clear imbalance. Of the two variants since reclassified by Myriad Genetics as polymorphisms, one showed no imbalance and the other showed a loss of the variant allele. Because tumors from BRCA positive individuals differ from sporadic breast tumors in other ways, we assessed tumors for additional characteristics including overall genomic instability. To do this, we conducted array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) using a 2400 clone BAC array on paraffin embedded tumor samples from additional individuals with classified and unclassified variants. We are also conducting aCGH on tumors from BRCA mutation carriers. Patterns from aCGH are being compared between BRCA positive and VUS tumors. In general, arrays from BRCA positive tumors show a high degree of rearrangement. Some tumors containing VUS show little overall genomic instability providing evidence towards neutrality.
A Model for Forecasting Dependent Demand in Inventory Replenishment Processes

We study a capacitated multi-period, multi-product inventory problem under a finite horizon. Our main goal is to understand the impacts of evolution of forecasts for demand streams for multiple products on inventory replenishment decisions. We provide an input modelling technique to model such complex inventory management problem and offer research questions for future investigations. Our main contribution is analysing a complex but very practical problem in inventory management for multiple products and multi-periods when demand streams are dependent of each other and forecasting the demand requires simulation and updating over the finite planning period.
Religion and Science

Arguably, in the course of Western intellectual history, the rise of Christian theology and the development of modern science stand alone as the most influential and widespread among all the different ideas, theories, and developments since the beginning of recorded history.2 When we think of the many fundamental ways in which Christianity and science have been responsible for shaping and molding and otherwise influencing the fundamental concepts, values, and structure of modern Western societies, it is difficult to argue with such an assessment. It is not surprising then that religion and science are frequently found to have been in conflict for control of the hearts and minds of men and women. In modern times, the scientific revolution stands alone in terms of both the breadth and depth of the social changes that have accompanied it. It is not a matter of simple hyperbole that the scientific revolution is called a revolution. Its changes have proven to be global; in contrast, the Protestant Reformation, as revolutionary as it might have proven to be, was a “domestic affair” among people in Western European countries.3
Newton’s Method Estimates from Data at One Point

Newton’s method and its modifications have long played a central role in finding solutions of non-linear equations and systems. The work of Kantorovich has been seminal in extending and codifying Newton’s method. Kantorovich’s approach, which dominates the literature in this area, has these features: (a) weak differentiability hypotheses are made on the system, e.g., the map is C 2 on some domain in a Banach space; (b) derivative bounds are supposed to exist over the whole of this domain. In contrast, here strong hypotheses on differentiability are made; analyticity is assumed. On the other hand, we deduce consequences from data at a single point. This point of view has valuable features for computation and its theory. Theorems similar to ours could probably be deduced with the Kantorovich theory as a starting point; however, we have found it useful to start afresh.
Long-Term Memory and Mental Retardation

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the historical development of the problem of studying retention in fast and slow learners. The chapter reviews the information on the long-term retention capabilities of persons with mental retardation. Evidence is accumulating that the long-term memory (LTM) capacity of young mildly handicapped individuals is intact and functions within normal ranges on an array of tasks. The growing appreciation of the extent of individual differences and the varieties of diagnostic subgroups among the mentally retarded population clearly indicates the need for more intense and subtle analyses of psychological processes, including studies of apparent neuropsychological concomitants among the severely retarded.
Case report of a 3-year-old girl with pleuropulmonary blastoma and family history of a tumor predisposition syndrome with c. 2830 gene mutation in DICER1

Abstract Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is a childhood mesenchymal pleural-based tumor that is associated with a germline mutation in DICER1 gene in familial PPB. It occurs most commonly in children between the ages of 2 and 5. Approximately 25% of patients have familial cancer syndrome which can include different combinations of PPB, lung cysts, thyroid tumors, cystic nephroma, Wilms tumor, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors, juvenile granulosa cell tumor, gynandroblastoma, medulloblastoma, other childhood central nervous system tumors, nasal chondral mesenchymal hamartoma, and small bowel polyps. Our case report presents a child diagnosed with PPB with maternal history of bilateral ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors and papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. Molecular analysis performed on the patient and mother showed a specific gene change (c. 2830) in the DICER1 gene. The patient underwent surgical resection of the tumor and five cycles of chemotherapy. Despite this aggressive treatment, she eventually succumbed to brain metastases and was made comfort care after suffering a massive brain hemorrhage several months after the initial diagnosis of her disease.
Role theory, cognitive dissonance theory, and the interdisciplinary team

In recent years there have been increasing efforts to combine the resources and special abilities of individuals from different disciplines in interdisciplinary approaches to mutual problem-solving. A special case of this is the interdisciplinary approach to diagnosis and evaluation of learning problems in children. In practice this approach has often been less effective than was hoped for because of lack of agreement among its members on the role expectations and enactment of each. The constructs of role theory are here used to elucidate the potential sources of role strain and role conflict in the interdisciplinary team. Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance is presented as an additional construct for viewing the interaction of the interdisciplinary team.
Job and health implications of VDT use: initial results of the Wisconsin-NIOSH study

Magnitudes and correlates of stress were investigated among 248 office workplace VDT users and 85 nonuser counterparts using field survey and objective physical measurement techniques. Other than a tenuous indication of increased eyestrain and reduced psychological disturbances among users, the two groups were largely undifferentiated on job-attitudinal, affective, and somatic manifestations of stress. However, aspects of working conditions were judged less favorably by VDT users. Stress mechanisms were much the same for both groups, involving psychosocial as well as physical environmental job attributes. For VDT users, the chair and workstation configuration were particularly important predictors of musculo-skeletal disturbances, as were corrective eyewear use and ambient lighting for visuo-ocular disturbances.
Globalization, power and resistance: Postcolonial and transnational feminist perspectives for social work practice:

Postcolonial and transnational feminist perspectives on globalization, power and resistance can transform our approach to human rights and development in international social work. This analysis of globalization as historical, gendered and complicated by cross-cutting power dynamics from the personal to the national to the global allows a nuanced approach that is in solidarity with the perspectives of stakeholders in the global South and marginalized populations in the global North.
173 THE EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON FOLLICULOGENESIS IN MARES

The effects of exercise on follicular development in mares have not been well established; however, a combination of exercise and heat stress can negatively affect embryo recovery rate in mares. The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of exercise, independent of heat stress, on follicular development in mares. One thoroughbred and 12 quarter horse mares, aged 3 to 15 years, were used in this study. Mares were assigned to the control group or exercised at 0700 h, 6 days a week, as follows: warmed up 5 min at a walk for 3 m s–1 and then exercised 30 min, 9 m s–1 for 10 min, 13 m s–1 for 5 min, 9 m s–1 for 5 min, 13 m s–1 for 5 min, and 9 m s–1 for 5 min. Exercised mares were given a 1-month conditioning period. Rectal temperatures were recorded immediately before and after exercise. The mean rectal temperature of mares increased by 0.85°C during exercise, whereas control mares under the same environmental conditions did not experience temperature increases. Individual mares underwent a daily transrectal ultrasound examination with a 7.5-MHz linear rectal probe to monitor follicular development. Estrous cycles were normalized to 17 days for linear follicular growth analysis. Exercise had a significant impact on follicular growth at deviation, with a greater diameter of the largest (P < 0.05) and second largest (P < 0.01) follicles in exercised v. control mares (Table 1). Additionally, growth rate of the second largest follicle was greater in the exercised group (P < 0.01). Deviation was observed in 13 of 14 cycles in control mares, whereas in exercised mares, it was clear in only 11 of 16 cycles (χ2, P = 0.086). Time of deviation was defined as the day when a difference in the growth rate between the dominant and largest subordinate follicle of a wave was first observed. The largest subordinate follicle either declined in growth rate or regressed. At Day –5 (relative to ovulation), exercised mares had significantly greater follicle diameters in both the largest and second largest follicle (P < 0.05). Exercised mares had double ovulations in 4 of 16 cycles when compared with control mares, which had double ovulations in 1 of 14 cycles. No differences were found between groups in the length of the estrous cycle or ovulatory follicular diameter. Exercised mares exhibited larger diameter follicles and an increased growth rate of the largest subordinate follicle, suggesting that exercise delayed deviation. Further research is needed to assess the impact of exercise, independent of heat stress, on fertility. Table 1.Follicle dynamics in exercised v. non-exercised mares
Diagonally optimized spread: an optimized spread for quantifying local stationarity

In previous work, the spread has been presented as a means to quantify stationarity. This is done by estimating the support of the joint time-frequency correlation function known as the expected ambiguity function. Two fundamental issues concerning the spread are addressed here. The first is that the spread is not invariant under basis transformation. We address this problem by introducing the diagonally optimized spread, based on the proposition that the spread should be calculated using the covariance that is most nearly diagonal under basis transformation. The second issue is that in previous references to spread, the availability of covariance estimates have been assumed, which is an open problem non-stationary processes. A method to provide estimates of locally stationary processes was proposed by Mallat, Papanicolaou and Zhang. In their work they derive a method which calculates the basis which most nearly diagonalize the covariance matrix in the mean square sense. This method is ideally suited to our situation, and we extend it to include calculation of the diagonally optimized spread. The optimally diagonalized spread provides an improved indicator of non-stationarity and illustrates the connections between spread and the diagonizability of the covariance of a random process.
Further studies on the metabolism of tryptophan in Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: cofactors, inhibitors, and end-products.

La transformation du tryptophane en tryptophol chez le trypanosome consiste en une transamination suivie par une decarboxylation; une reduction subsequente est probable mais n'a pas ete prouvee. La transamination requiert l'α-ketoglutarate; la conversion du tryptophane en indole-lactate requiert le NADH. L'indole-acetate est un autre produit du metabolisme du tryptophane.
Neural interferometry: first non-contact measurements of action potential-induced nerve swelling

A novel heterodyne dual-beam interferometer is used to perform non-contact measurements of swelling displacements in a lobster nerve bundle during the action potential. Displacements are ~1-8 nm in amplitude and ~10 ms in duration.
Neutron intensity gains for converging guide systems

Abstract Neutron focusing, or increased current density at the expense of increased beam divergence, can be obtained by the addition of a converging guide at the end of a straight guide. The greatest gains are achieved when the critical angle of the coating of the converging guide is much greater than that of the straight guide. The gain is limited, however, by the increase in angle that the neutron trajectory makes with the axis upon successive reflections. Acceptance diagrams are used for deriving analytical expressions for describing the transmission properties of such systems. The results can be reduced to nine basic formulae depending on the geometric configuration and the coatings of the guides. A graphical method is presented for determining the appropriate expression for the current density gain for a particular guide configuration and relative surface coatings, as a function of wavelength. The results are in agreement with earlier measurements obtained with a straight-converging guide system.
Chronic physical health conditions among children of different racial/ethnic backgrounds.

Objectives It is estimated that 20% of children in the USA are affected by at least one chronic disease. Although the burden of chronic conditions is greater for minority populations of children, research that has explored the prevalence and risk factors of chronic disease across different racial/ethnic groups is scarce. The aim of this study was to examine racial/ethnic disparities in the prevalence rates of common physical, chronic diseases in White, Black and Hispanic children; and assess the effect of several factors on the risk of having a chronic disease.
Anxiety and the Timing of Diabetes Teaching in the Hospital: A Literature Review

The literature on anxiety and learn ing, especially as it relates to the newly diagnosed hospitalized adult diabetic patient, was reviewed. The concept that the diabetes diagnosis does consti tute an anxiety-producing event was well substantiated, as well as the con cept that such anxiety can and does interfere with learning. The literature suggests that the deterrent effect of this anxiety may be modified by proper timing of the teaching as well as knowledge of other environmental stressors. Useful strategies for the health educator to employ in such situations are suggested.
Elastin Stabilization for Treatment of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms

Background— Maintaining the integrity of arterial elastin is vital for the prevention of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) development. We hypothesized that in vivo stabilization of aortic elastin with pentagalloyl glucose (PGG), an elastin-binding polyphenol, would interfere with AAA development. Methods and Results— Safety and efficacy of PGG treatment were first tested in vitro using cytotoxicity, elastin stability, and PGG-elastin interaction assays. For in vivo studies, the efficacy of PGG was evaluated within a well-established AAA model in rats on the basis of CaCl2-mediated aortic injury. With this model, PGG was delivered periadventitially at 2 separate time points during the course of AAA development; aortic diameter, elastin integrity, and other pathological aspects were monitored and evaluated in PGG-treated aortas compared with saline-treated control aortas. Our results show that a one-time periadventitial delivery of noncytotoxic levels of PGG inhibits elastin degeneration, attenuates aneurysm...
Effects of atmospherically important solvated ions on organic acid adsorption at the surface of aqueous solutions.

The effects of salts on the solubility of amphiphilic organic molecules are of importance to numerous atmospheric, environmental, and biological systems. A detailed picture of the influence of dissolved atmospheric salts, NaCl and Na2SO4, on the adsorption of hexanoic acid at the vapor/water interface is developed using vibrational sum-frequency spectroscopy and surface tension measurements as a function of time, organic concentration, and solution pH. We have found that for hexanoic acid adsorption at the vapor/water interface, a fast initial adsorption is followed by two considerably slower processes: a reorientation of the polar headgroup and a restructuring of the headgroup solvation shell. The addition of salts affects this restructuring by reducing the range of water-headgroup interactions immediately upon surface adsorption for ion containing solutions. Reorientation of the organic headgroup with time occurs at the surface of both salt-containing and salt-free solutions, but the most stable orientation differs with the added ions. The dissolved salts also enhance the interfacial concentration of hexanoic acid, consistent with the known salting-out behavior of Cl - and SO4 2anions.
Deformation Behavior of Nanostructured Metallic Multilayers

Metallic multilayers, composed of alternating layers of soft metals, are shown to possess ultra-high strengths when the bilayer periods are on the order of a few nanometers. In fact, the strength of materials may be within a factor of two to three of the theoretical strength limit. The dependence of strength on the bilayer period for these multilayers synthesized by vapor deposition techniques is reviewed. It is shown that deformation mechanisms that operate in micron-scale may not be applicable at the nanometer length scales. Dislocation-based models are developed to predict the transition from bulk-like deformation mechanisms to nano-scale deformation mechanisms, and the results presented in “deformation mechanism maps”. Factors that maximize the rate of hardening with decreasing bilayer period and the maximum strength achieved are discussed.
Congenital malformations of the brain: prenatal and postnatal imaging.

o M 2 N GENERAL, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain is the modality of choice for he evaluation of anomalies of the central nervous ystem (CNS). However, in the prenatal period, ltrasound (US) is the standard modality used for valuation of CNS anomalies. Ultrasound readily ssesses the size of the ventricles and the gross natomic features of the cerebrum and cerebellum. owever, it shows a limited sensitivity to the valuation of cerebral cortical lesions. US has urther limitations: the bony calvarium can cause everberative artifacts; fetal position, maternal ody habitus, and oligohydramnios can all diminsh the anatomical resolution of ultrasound. Thus, esions such as partial or complete agenesis of the orpus callosum, porencephaly, hemorrhages, and ray-matter anomalies may be difficult to visualize renatally.1 During the last decade, MRI has gained increasng acceptance, first in Europe and then in North merica, as a secondary approach in the imaging f the fetus. Most commonly fetal MRI is indicated o (1) confirm a fetal CNS anomaly suspected by S such as ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus, abence of corpus callosum, posterior fossa or cereral malformations, and destructive lesions (hemrrhage, infection); (2) assess equivocal or ndeterminate sonographic findings; (3) identify ssociated anomalies and detect anomalies not een by US; (4) follow fetal brain development; nd (5) recognize disorders of the brain at an early tage. Fetal MRI images are more intuitively comrehensible to the parent and consulting physician, n important element in the counseling that is an ntegral part of the study of fetal anomalies. This article will focus on the spectrum of conenital abnormalities of the brain as they appear reand postnatally. Recent advances in the clasification, genetics, and appearance on fetal US nd MRI studies will be stressed. Differences in he imaging features of anomalies between the prend postnatal periods, when present, will be ointed out. Technical aspects of fetal MRI and the ormal anatomical features of the fetal brain will e reviewed. After a discussion of ventriculoegaly and hydrocephalus, the following anomaies will be covered: agenesis of the corpus callo-
Theory of THz excitation in high mobility nanowires due to a hybrid plasmon-phonon-polariton instability

Unstable interaction of streaming electron plasma waves with phonon lattice waves causes THz excitation in high mobility nanowires. The coupled plasmon-phonon-polariton dispersion yields the instability growth rate and threshold. High gain amplification may allow lasing.
Validity of endogenous creatinine clearance in low birthweight infants.

Summary: Despite methodologic problems, endogenous creatinine clearance is commonly used as an estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Inulin clearance was compared to endogenous creatinine clearance in a group of low birthweight infants to establish the validity of the latter. Thirty-three low birthweight infants (birthweight mean = 1600 g, gestational age mean = 33 wk) were studied between 10 hr and 10 days of age to simultaneously measure GFR by inulin and endogenous creatinine clearances. Inulin and creatinine clearances correlated directly (r = 0.738, P > 0.001). The slope of the regression line suggested an overestimation of GFR (inulin clearance) by creatinine clearance at the low GFR range and an underestimation at the high GFR range. The data were divided into two groups by the median inulin clearance (12.5 ml/min/1.73m2). The ratio of creatinine to inulin clearance was significantly higher in the low GFR group (1.28 ± 0.16 vs. 0.89 ± 0.04 SEM, n = 19, P < 0.05). There was no difference between the two groups in plasma creatinine, birthweight, gestational age, incidence of respiratory distress, or oxygen requirements at the time of the studies. Endogenous creatinine clearance represents a good estimation of GFR (inulin clearance) in low birthweight infants. However, at the low GFR range, it represents an overestimation and at the high GFR range, an underestimation. Speculation: In low birthweight infants, tubular secretion of creatinine and plasma chromogens interfere with the accuracy of endogenous creatinine clearance. Tubular secretion of creatinine is probably of relatively greater importance at lower GFR's accounting for an overestimation of GFR by creatinine clearance. At higher GFR's, plasma chromogens are probably of more importance and account, in part, for the underestimation of GFR by creatinine clearance.