cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
USING BLACK BEARS TO TEST IDEAL-FREE DISTRIBUTION MODELS EXPERIMENTALLY

Models on the distribution of animals are invaluable in understanding how individuals and, ultimately, populations respond to ecological processes. Rarely, have they been applied to conservation issues at a landscape level. We capitalized on the distribution of a previously unavailable novel food resource, found at the juxtaposition of urban and wildland areas, to test the generality of ideal-free distribution (IFD) models using a mammalian carnivore, the black bear (Ursus americanus). The primary question we addressed was whether an increase in the prevalence of individuals in a geographical region reflects a population increase or a landscape level redistribution. Combining spatial and temporal data sets with empirically obtained information spanning 12‐15 years, we contrasted demographic, lifehistory, and reproductive parameters between individuals at urban‐wildland interface (experimental) and wildland (control) areas at the interface of the Sierra Nevada Range and Great Basin Desert in western North America. Bears were expected to respond to natural versus artificially clumped resources according to an IFD model. Evidence only partially supported this idea because individuals in urban areas had densities 3 times the historical values from the same area, sex ratios were 4.25 times more skewed toward males, bears had 30% larger body mass, home ranges were reduced by 90% for males and 70% for females, and bears entered dens significantly later than wildland conspecifics. However, females in urban-interface areas gave birth to 3 times the number of cubs, although only half as many dispersed successfully relative to wildland females. Further, urban-interface females had a higher proportion (0.57) of potential reproductive years, in which they had young, compared with wildland females (0.29). We present evidence suggesting that bears in Nevada and in the Lake Tahoe basin conform primarily to an ideal-despotic distribution model. Our findings on population reallocation, rather than demographic increase, reemphasize how knowledge about correlates of individual performance and distribution over time helps to understand the extent to which humans change ecosystems, whether their actions are intentional or not.
Sex Ed for Legal Writers

Gender-biased language distracts readers and listeners from the message being communicated by diverting their attention away from the substance of the message and toward the words that are being used to express it. Such language also risks offending readers, and may even result in the reader receiving an entirely different message from the one intended by the writer. The article discusses problems raised by the use of gender-biased language and presents a list of potential solutions.
Embolic Protection Devices in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

The initially reported periprocedural neurological events rates associated with transcatheter aortic valve replacement raised concerns that ultimately led to the development and to the clinical research of novel embolic protection devices. Although the reduction of clinical stroke is a desired goal, the current research design of embolic protection devices focuses on surrogate markers of the clinical disease, primarily on silent central nervous system lesions observed in postprocedural diffuse-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive function testing. As the mere presence of particulate debris in brain matter may not correlate with the extent of brain injury, cognitive function, or quality of life, the clinical significance of embolic protection devices has yet to be determined, and interpretation of study results with regard to real-life clinical use should be viewed accordingly. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the updated ongoing clinical research on embolic protection devices and present its major caveats.
Work After Cessation of Career Job

The behavior of workers who have left full-time employment on their career jobs is examined using a multinomial logit technique and data from the Retirement History Study. Four distinct patterns of post-career job employment behavior were identified, with key policy and economic variables affecting the different decisions in distinct ways. Higher market wages were found to increase the probability of full-time employment, while wealth was found to reduce the probability of this type of employment. Employer pension benefits were found to reduce the probability of any type of future employment, while Social Security benefits led to an increase in the probability of part-time work. The results of this research imply that recently proposed and enacted policy will have little effect on the retirement decision.
Influence of Aging and Protein Deficiency on Neutrophil Function

This study examined the effect of age and protein deficiency on the function of mouse neutrophils. Compared with appropriate controls aging and protein deficiency caused significant reductions in respiratory burst activity, exocytosis, and enzyme release from neutrophils. Individually, neither aging nor protein deficiency caused decreases in the ability of the neutrophil to phagocytose or kill bacteria. When aged animals were fed a protein deficient diet, however, further reductions in neutrophil function occurred that resulted in significant decreases in phagocytosis and bacterial cell kill. These findings indicate that both aging and protein deficiency compromise neutrophil function. When both variables are present the abnormalities become sufficient to affect the neutrophils' most critically important functions. The results emphasize the importance of protein deficiency in the aged and help explain the high prevalence of bacterial infection in malnourished older individuals.
Thermochemistry of corrosion of ceramic hot gas filters in service

A thermochemical database has been prepared for use in predicting high-temperature, high-pressure reaction products of ceramic hot gas filters with a corrosive environment in coal combustion power generating plants. This database has been used to simulate operating conditions of laboratory reactors and existing coal combustion plants to predict the degradation of oxide and non-oxide filters in both oxidizing and reducing atmospheres. The corrosion of silicon carbide and alumina/mullite materials were modeled under normal operating conditions to study the influence of factors such as pressure, temperature and water vapor content. The modeling results were then compared with the limited results available from experiments and field experience.
B vitamin content of rat adrenals with respect to exposure to cold.

SummaryIn contrast with the expected extensive depletion of ascorbic acid, the biotin, folic acid, niacin and riboflavin content of the rat adrenal gland was observed not to be materially altered by exposure to cold.
Characterization of an NADH-dependent haem-degrading system in ox heart mitochondria

We report the identification of an NADH-dependent haem-degrading system in ox heart mitochondria. The activity was localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane, specifically associated with complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase). The mitochondrial NADH-dependent haem-degradation activity was highly effective and displayed a rate nearly 60% higher than that of the microsomal activity. The following observations suggested the enzymic nature of the activity: (i) haem degradation by complex I did not proceed upon exposure to elevated temperature and extremes of pH; (ii) it displayed substrate specificity; (iii) it was inhibited by a substrate analogue; and (iv) it showed a cofactor requirement. Moreover, the activity was distinctly different from the ascorbate-mediated haem-degradation activity. Also, complex I differed from the microsomal NADPH:cytochrome c (P-450) reductase inasmuch as the formation of an effective interaction with the microsomal haem oxygenase could not be detected. Addition of purified haem oxygenase to complex I neither influenced the rate of haem degradation nor resulted in the formation of biliverdin IX alpha. In contrast, addition of haem oxygenase to NADPH:cytochrome c (P-450) reductase enhanced the rate of haem degradation by nearly 8-fold, and more than 60% of the degraded haem could be accounted for as biliverdin IX alpha. The haem-degrading activity of complex I appeared to involve the activity of H2O2, as the reaction was inhibited by nearly 90% by catalase, and propentdyopents were detected as reaction products. Intact haemoproteins such as cytochrome c and myoglobin were not effective substrates. However, the haem undecapeptide of cytochrome c was degraded at a rate equal to that observed for haem. Haematohaem was degraded at a rate 50% lower than that observed for haem. It is suggested that the NADH-dependent haem-degradation system may have a biological role in the regulation of the concentration of respiratory haemoproteins and the disposition of the aberrant forms of the mitochondrial haemoproteins.
Neurogenic activity--angiotensin II interaction during the development and maintenance of renal hypertension in the rat.

1. Pentolinium tartrate (a ganglionic blocker) was injected in conscious rats during the early and late phases of two-kidney renal hypertension produced by aortic ligation. 2. In the early phase (5 days after aortic ligation), ganglionic blockade resulted in a decrease in blood pressure equal to that obtained in normotensive rats. Later, at days 12 and 40, for equally severe hypertension, ganglion blockade resulted in a greater decrease in blood pressure. 3. A 30 min infusion of [Sar 1 , Ala 8 ]angiotensin II during the pentolinium-induced nadir in blood pressure resulted in a further decrease in blood pressure at day 5. Later, at days 12 and 40, this effect was smaller. 4. A 300 min infusion of [Sar 1 , Ala 8 ]angiotensin II normalized the blood pressure in hypertensive rats at day 40. This delayed response may be secondary to a central effect of the antagonist, reducing neurogenic tone or peripheral antagonism of locally generated angiotensin II in the blood vessel walls. 5. At day 40, removal of the small left kidney resulted in a greater decrease in blood pressure. This suggests the presence of a renal factor other than renin in the chronic phase of this hypertension.
Identification of the Origins and Characterization of the Consequences of Megakaryocytic Hyperplasia in Idiopathic Myelofibrosis.

Abstract Megakaryocytic (MK) hyperplasia is a pathological hallmark of the Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative disorders. We studied the mechanisms of MK hyperplasia in idiopathic myelofibrosis (IMF) and evaluated the role of MKs in the generation of marrow fibrosis and increased microvessel density in IMF. Isolated CD34+ cells from normal mobilized peripheral blood (NMPB) and peripheral blood from IMF patients (IMFPB) were cultured for 15 days using serum-free media in the presence of stem cell factor (SCF) with or without thrombopoietin (TPO). 5 out of 11 IMF patients were JAK2V617F positive. In the absence of TPO, after 11 days of culture, the percentage of CD41+ cells generated in IMFPB CD34+ cell cultures was 17.3% while only 1.1% of the cells were CD41+ in cultures of NMPB CD34+ cells. The addition of TPO (5ng/ml) led to a 19-fold increase in the percentage of NMPB CD41+ cells as compared to a 1.5 fold increase of IMF CD41+ cells. The absolute numbers of CD41+ cells generated from JAK2V617F positive and negative IMF CD34+ cells in the presence of TPO by day 11 were 5.4 fold and 4 fold greater respectively than normal control CD34+ cells. IMF MKs were smaller and had a lower degree of ploidy as determined flow cytometrically. The percentage of MK undergoing apoptosis was assessed by CD41/propidium iodide (PI) staining and TUNEL assay and revealed that far fewer IMF MKs underwent apoptosis by day 15 (7.7% +/− 1.6(IMF) vs 16.8 +/− 3.2 normal controls, p
Phasing the segments of the Keck and Thirty Meter Telescopes via the narrowband phasing algorithm: chromatic effects

The narrowband phasing algorithm that was originally developed at Keck has largely been replaced by a broad- band algorithm that, although it is slower and less accurate than the former, has proved to be much more robust. A systematic investigation into the lack of robustness of the narrowband algorithm has shown that it results from systematic errors (of order 20 nm) that are wavelength-dependent. These errors are not well-understood at present, but they do not appear to arise from instrumental effects in the Keck phasing cameras, or from the segment coatings. This leaves high spatial frequency aberrations or scattering within 60 mm of the segment edges as the most likely origin of the effect.
Die Obliviologie der Organisation in dermodernen Gesellschaft

Aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven werden sowohl die moderne Gesellschaft als auch ihre charakteristische Sozialform, die Organisation, als Orte kulturellen Vergessens bezeichnet. Der Beitrag bringt diese beiden, bislang kaum miteinander assoziierten Diskussionen der Kulturwissenschaft auf der einen und der Organisations- und Managementforschung auf der anderen Seite zusammen. Daraus entstehen erste zeitdiagnostische Orientierungen im Hinblick auf einen wissenssoziologischen Vergleich der Makro- und Meso-Ebene moderner Gesellschaft en unter den Vorzeichen einer Soziologie des sozialen Gedachtnisses und Vergessens.
MitoSOX-Based Flow Cytometry for Detecting Mitochondrial ROS

MitoSOX-based assays are widely used to detect mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially superoxide. To this end, 5 µM MitoSOX is commonly used. In this ROS Protocols article, we described the flow cytometric protocol involving the use of various concentrations of MitoSOX (1, 2.5, 5 µM) for detecting mitochondrial ROS in control and mitochondrial DNA-deficient (MD) melanoma B16-F10 cells. We also compared the MitoSOX-based flow cytometry with lucigenin-derived chemiluminometry for their ability to reliably detect the relative differences in mitochondrial ROS formation in the control and MD cells. Our results suggested that 1 µM, rather than the commonly used 5 µM, appeared to be the optimal concentration of MitoSOX for detecting mitochondrial ROS via flow cytometry.
Anesthesia for the Older Patient

As a result of advances in both surgery and anesthesia, older patients are candidates for a range of surgical procedures and represent a large proportion of the surgical population. While older age is a risk factor for postoperative complications, there is significant heterogeneity such that age alone does not predict whether an individual will experience a difficult perioperative course. In this chapter we review aging physiology and how it influences anesthetic practice. While evidence for older patients is limited, we present data from studies and national expert panels that should be considered when planning the anesthetic management of an older surgical patient. Postoperatively anesthesiologists should be aware of and participate in interdisciplinary efforts to decrease perioperative morbidity and mortality in elders.
Structural and spectroscopic studies of InGaN/GaN quantum structures implanted with rare earth ions

RE-doped III-nitride semiconductors have attracted much attention as a promising new class of materials that emit light from the RE 4f-shell in the UV, visible and near IR spectral range. Regardless of evident progress in research and technological achievements towards realizing RE-doped III-nitride based electroluminescent devices and lasers, one must overcome difficulties in order to make these devices commercially attractive [1]. The most challenging obstacle on the path to achieving this goal is the low radiative quantum efficiency of RE ions in these materials. The concept of doping RE ions into semiconductors double-hetero-structures (DHs) for fabrication of novel light emitting diodes was recently experimented and explored. Much attention has been paid to RE-doped semiconductors that emit light from the RE 4f-shell by means of electrical injection [2,3]. These results show that the luminescence intensity of RE-doped semiconductor DHs is higher than that of the homo-junction counterparts. Furthermore, the progress in III-nitride materials growth creates an opportunity to investigate the sensitization of the RE ions emission when doped into low dimensional quantum structures such as quantum wells (QWs) and quantum dots (QDs). It was demonstrated that the presence of quantum structures strongly affects the carrier localization and enhance the radiative emission from RE ions [4]. In this work we investigate the luminescence of RE ions implanted into InGaN/GaN multi-QWs (MQWs) and supperlattice (SL) structures. The interface quality between the QW and SL layers before and after implantation as well as after thermal annealing treatment has been studied. The corresponding luminescence from RE-doped InGaN/GaN structures was investigated by means of optical spectroscopy in the spectral range from 300 nm to 1100 nm at different temperatures.
A Clustering-Based Device-to-Device Communication to Support Diverse Applications

In this paper, we address the issue of how to leverage Wi-Fi Direct (as an outband solution) to enable the Device-to-Device (D2D) communication that can offload massive data traffic from the LTE (Long Term Evolution)-based cellular network and support other applications. Particularly, we develop a clustering-based scheme that automatically finds the best candidates to remain connected to the LTE network while the rest of the devices can be disconnected directly from the LTE-based cellular network. By doing so, we can reduce the signal interference, increase the average throughput and spectral efficiency of the network, and also reduce unnecessary data traffic that can be transmitted locally by D2D communications instead of going through the LTE-based cellular network. Devices in established clusters can indirectly communicate with the LTE network via the cluster head, which can be dynamically selected and remains connected to the LTE network directly. Using the real-world cellular data collected from a public database related to the deployment of LTE networks, we show the effectiveness of our proposed scheme in traffic offloading in the cellular network. We also discuss how to use our developed techniques to support Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications such as smart grid communications.
Creole: a contested, polysemous term

In this paper, we critically examine the polysemous term, creole, used at different times and various geographical areas to describe diverse identities, languages, peoples, ethnicities, racial heri...
Superfast assembly and synthesis of gold nanostructures using nanosecond low-temperature compression via magnetic pulsed power

Gold nanostructured materials exhibit important size- and shape-dependent properties that enable a wide variety of applications in photocatalysis, nanoelectronics and phototherapy. Here we show the use of superfast dynamic compression to synthesize extended gold nanostructures, such as nanorods, nanowires and nanosheets, with nanosecond coalescence times. Using a pulsed power generator, we ramp compress spherical gold nanoparticle arrays to pressures of tens of GPa, demonstrating pressure-driven assembly beyond the quasi-static regime of the diamond anvil cell. Our dynamic magnetic ramp compression approach produces smooth, shockless (that is, isentropic) one-dimensional loading with low-temperature states suitable for nanostructure synthesis. Transmission electron microscopy clearly establishes that various gold architectures are formed through compressive mesoscale coalescences of spherical gold nanoparticles, which is further confirmed by in-situ synchrotron X-ray studies and large-scale simulation. This nanofabrication approach applies magnetically driven uniaxial ramp compression to mimic established embossing and imprinting processes, but at ultra-short (nanosecond) timescales.
3D printed thermoplastic polyurethane with isotropic material properties

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is an emerging field with rapid growth. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), as an AM method, is becoming increasingly popular. With the ability to create parts from a wide range of thermoplastics, it is necessary to understand the effects of FDM process on the printed part’s mechanical properties for a given material. This paper investigates the mechanical properties of 3D printed TPU parts created by a typical low cost desk-top FDM machine. TPU was first extruded into filament suitable for FDM and printed into samples for tensile tests according to the ASTM 3039 standard. The effects of raster orientation, nozzle temperature, and air gap on the mechanical properties were investigated. The compression-molded samples were used as the baseline. While the printed samples had an overall lower ultimate tensile strength (UTS) compared to the molded samples, the printed samples with a negative air gap showed nearly isotropic material properties, irrespective of raster orientation and nozzle temperature. For samples with a positive air gap, raster orientation had a large influence on the overall UTS. Nozzle temperature did not have much effect on the UTS. When compared to rigid thermoplastics TPU has a much lower glass transition temperature (Tg) at -40° C. This allows for much better interlayer bonding between print lines as TPU is above Tg for the entire printing process.
Chasing Moore's law with CLEAR

We introduce a multi-hierarchical FOM termed CLEAR (Capability-to-Latency-Energy-Amount-Resistance) applying to the device, interconnect, and system levels which accurately postdicts technology developments since 1940s, and predicts photonics as technology extension to keep-up the pace of evolution.
Circulating Progenitor Cells Correlate with Memory, Posterior Cortical Thickness, and Hippocampal Perfusion

Background Bone marrow-derived progenitor cells survey the vasculature and home to sites of tissue injury where they can promote repair and regeneration. It has been hypothesized that these cells may play a protective role neurodegenerative and vascular cognitive impairment. Objective To evaluate progenitor cell levels in older adults with and without mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and to relate circulating levels to memory, brain volume, white matter lesion volume, and cerebral perfusion. Method Thirty-two older adults, free of stroke and cardiovascular disease, were recruited from the community and evaluated for diagnosis of MCI versus cognitively normal (CN). Participants underwent brain MRI and blood samples were taken to quantify progenitor reserve using flow cytometry (CD34+, CD34+CD133+, and CD34+CD133+CD309+ cells). Results Participants with MCI (n = 10) exhibited depletion of all CPC markers relative to those who were CN (n = 22), after controlling for age, sex, and education. Post-hoc age, sex, and education matched comparisons (n = 10 MCI, n = 10 CN) also revealed the same pattern of results. Depletion of CD34+ cells correlated with memory performance, left posterior cortical thickness, and bilateral hippocampal perfusion. Participants exhibited low levels of vascular risk and white matter lesion burden that did not correlate with progenitor levels. Conclusions Circulating progenitor cells are associated with cognitive impairment, memory, cortical atrophy, and hippocampal perfusion. We hypothesize that progenitor depletion contributes to, or is triggered by, cognitive decline and cortical atrophy. Further study of progenitor cell depletion in older adults may benefit efforts to prevent or delay dementia.
Effects of Sleeve Gastrectomy vs. Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass on Eating Behavior and Sweet Taste Perception in Subjects with Obesity

The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that weight loss induced by Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) has greater effects on taste perception and eating behavior than comparable weight loss induced by sleeve gastrectomy (SG). We evaluated the following outcomes in 31 subjects both before and after ~20% weight loss induced by RYGB (n = 23) or SG (n = 8): (1) sweet, savory, and salty taste sensitivity; (2) the most preferred concentrations of sucrose and monosodium glutamate; (3) sweetness palatability, by using validated sensory testing techniques; and (4) eating behavior, by using the Food Craving Inventory and the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire. We found that neither RYGB nor SG affected sweetness or saltiness sensitivity. However, weight loss induced by either RYGB or SG caused the same decrease in: (1) frequency of cravings for foods; (2) influence of emotions and external food cues on eating behavior; and (3) shifted sweetness palatability from pleasant to unpleasant when repetitively tasting sucrose (all p-values ≤ 0.01). Therefore, when matched on weight loss, SG and RYGB cause the same beneficial effects on key factors involved in the regulation of eating behavior and hedonic component of taste perception.
Targeting the Proteostasis Network for Mycobacterial Drug Discovery.

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains one of the world’s deadliest infectious diseases and urgently requires new antibiotics to treat drug-resistant strains and to decrease the duration of therapy. During infection, Mtb encounters numerous stresses associated with host immunity, including hypoxia, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, mild acidity, nutrient starvation, and metal sequestration and intoxication. The Mtb proteostasis network, composed of chaperones, proteases, and a eukaryotic-like proteasome, provides protection from stresses and chemistries of host immunity by maintaining the integrity of the mycobacterial proteome. In this Review, we explore the proteostasis network as a noncanonical target for antibacterial drug discovery.
Epidural Abscess During a Spinal Cord Stimulator Trial: A Case Report.

Background Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) can be beneficial for low back and radicular pain. A short trial of SCS evaluates the potential effectiveness of this therapy for a specific patient, while also decreasing the likelihood of a failed permanent implant. While rare, an epidural abscess is difficult to diagnose based on its nonspecific and unreliable clinical presentation. Case We present a case of an acute-onset methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus epidural abscess 72 to 96 hours into a trial of a percutaneous spinal cord stimulator. The patient had no prior medical history of an immunocompromised state or other significant risk factors. Discussion An epidural abscess can rapidly arise from an SCS trial despite strict aseptic technique and prophylactic pre-procedural antibiotics. Spinal epidural abscesses are being detected earlier, and an increasing number of patients are being managed medically. However, it may be challenging to differentiate focal back pain from acute or chronic pain, expected post-procedural pain, and a new entity such as an abscess.
Examining the apocalyptic in Roberto Saviano’s Gomorra:

This article examines the apocalyptic in Gomorra (Saviano, 2006). Wu Ming 1 (2008) declared Saviano’s novel to be part of a new body of literature called the “New Italian Epic” based upon the narra...
Quantification of hair cortisol concentration in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and tufted capuchins (Cebus apella).

Quantifying cortisol concentration in hair is a non-invasive biomarker of long-term hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activation, and thus can provide important information on laboratory animal health. Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and capuchins (Cebus apella) are New World primates increasingly used in biomedical and neuroscience research, yet published hair cortisol concentrations for these species are limited. Review of the existing published hair cortisol values from marmosets reveals highly discrepant values and the use of variable techniques for hair collection, processing, and cortisol extraction. In this investigation we utilized a well-established, standardized protocol to extract and quantify cortisol from marmoset (n = 12) and capuchin (n = 4) hair. Shaved hair samples were collected from the upper thigh during scheduled exams and analyzed via methanol extraction and enzyme immunoassay. In marmosets, hair cortisol concentration ranged from 2,710 to 6,267 pg/mg and averaged 4,070 ± 304 pg/mg. In capuchins, hair cortisol concentration ranged from 621 to 2,089 pg/mg and averaged 1,092 ± 338 pg/mg. Hair cortisol concentration was significantly different between marmosets and capuchins, with marmosets having higher concentrations than capuchins. The incorporation of hair cortisol analysis into research protocols provides a non-invasive measure of HPA axis activity over time, which offers insight into animal health. Utilization of standard protocols across laboratories is essential to obtaining valid measurements and allowing for valuable future cross-species comparisons.
Shock and Pressure Wave Propagation in Nano-Fluidic Systems

In two types of helium-nanotube setups, no coherent transmission of mechanical energy occurred in classical MD simulations. The fluid motion thermalized too rapidly to allow this to happen. This occurred despite the fact that conditions were made as favorable as possible for energy transmission (low temperatures, static nanotubes, near liquid densities).
Rat Glioma Models for Preclinical Evaluation of Novel Therapeutic and Diagnostic Modalities

In this chapter we review eight commonly used rat brain tumor models and their application for the development of novel therapeutic and diagnostic modalities. The first three tumors that we will discuss were induced by repeated injections of methylnitrosourea (MNU) to adult rats. The 9L gliosarcoma has been widely used and has provided important information relating to brain tumor biology and therapy. The T9 glioma, although not generally recognized, was and probably still is the same as 9L. Both of these tumors arose in Fischer rats and can be immunogenic in syngeneic rats. This must be taken into consideration when used in therapy studies, especially if survival is the endpoint. The C6 glioma has been used extensively for a variety of studies, but since it arose in an outbred Wistar rat, it is not syngeneic to any inbred strain, and its potential to evoke an alloimmune response is a serious limitation. The F98 and RG2 (D74) gliomas were both chemically induced by administering ethylnitrosourea (ENU) to pregnant rats, the progeny of which developed brain tumors. They are either weakly immunogenic or non-immunogenic and have an invasive pattern of growth and uniform lethality. This makes them particularly attractive models to test new therapeutic modalities. The avian sarcoma virus-induced tumors, and a continuous cell line derived from one of them designated RT-2, have been useful for studies in which de novo tumor induction is an important requirement. These tumors are also immunogenic and this limits their usefulness for therapy studies. The CNS-1 was induced by administering MNU to a Lewis rat. It has an infiltrative pattern of growth and is weakly immunogenic, which should make it useful in experimental neuro-oncology. Finally, the BT4C was induced by administering ENU to a BDIX rat, following which brain cells were propagated in vitro until a tumorigenic clone was isolated. This tumor has been used for a variety of studies to evaluate new therapeutic modalities. It is essential to recognize, however, the limitations of each of the models that have been described, and depending upon the nature of the study to be conducted, it is important that the appropriate model be selected.
Neurologic complications of myocardial infarction

Cardiac disease, in particular coronary artery disease, is the leading cause of mortality in developed nations. Strokes can complicate cardiac disease - either as result of left ventricular dysfunction and associated thrombus formation or of therapy for the cardiac disease. Antiplatelet drugs and anticoagulants routinely used to treat cardiac disease increase the risk for hemorrhagic stroke.
Epidemiology in Community Psychiatry

Psychiatric epidemiology has played a central role in shaping the development of psychiatric care in the community over a period of 150 years. Signal developments in the evolution of community psychiatry emerged in tandem with psychiatric epidemiology in the mid-nineteenth century and again in the mid-twentieth century (Susser et al. 2010). In the current era, this close relationship continues, especially in the effort to “close the mental health gap,” that is, give the same priority to mental as to other health conditions in national as well as global health initiatives.
Treatment of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura With Antiplatelet Drugs

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a disease with an extremely high mortality rate. Many modalities of therapy have been tried with very limited success. Lately, antiplatelet drugs have been proposed in the treatment of TTP. We report a well-documented case of TTP that presented with severe hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, neurologic manifestations, kidney involvement, and fever. The patient did not respond to splenectomy, corticosteroids, and heparin sodium, but she made a full recovery after antiplatelet drugs (aspirin and dipyridamole) were added to the therapeutic regimen. The coagulation studies showed thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia, and a positive protamine sulfate test, indicative of disseminated intravascular clotting. The spleen showed numerous arterioles occluded with subendothelial hyaline material. The platelet investigations during antiplatelet therapy revealed impaired platelet aggregation and clot retraction that became normal after discontinuance of the drugs. The patient has now been in full remission more than 12 mo.
Poster: Using Consensus to Automatically Infer Post-conditions

Formal behavioral specifications help ensure the correctness of programs. Writing such specifications by hand however is time-consuming and requires substantial expertise. Previous studies have shown how to use a notion of consensus to automatically infer preconditions for APIs by using a large set of projects. In this work, we propose a similar idea of consensus to automatically infer post-conditions for popular APIs. We propose two new algorithms for mining potential post-conditions from API client code. The first algorithm looks for guarded post-conditions that test the value returned from the API and throws an exception. The second algorithm looks for values flowing from the API to another API with already known preconditions, which recommends them as post-conditions of the first API.
“Dog-Involved Bitings?” Construction of Culpability in News Stories About “Officer-Involved Shootings”

A series of police killings of unarmed individuals, as well as the resulting #BlackLivesMatter social movement, has focused attention on police use of force throughout the United States. Historical...
Readmission Rates and Associated Outcomes for Alcoholic Hepatitis: A Nationwide Cohort Study.

Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) can lead to sudden and severe hepatic decompensation necessitating recurrent hospitalizations. We evaluated the trends, predictors, and healthcare cost burden of AH-related readmissions in the USA. Utilizing the National Readmissions Database 2010–2014, we performed a retrospective longitudinal analysis to identify the index readmission with AH for up to 90 days after discharge. Annual trends of 30- and 90-day AH-related readmissions were calculated. Predictors of 30- and 90-day readmission were determined by multivariate logistic regression. Annual healthcare cost burden associated with AH-linked readmissions was estimated. Of the 21,572 (unweighted: 50,769) AH-related hospitalizations, 4917 (22.8%) and 7890 (36.6%) were readmitted in 30 and 90 day, respectively, with rates that were statistically unchanged from 2010 to 2014. Predictors of 30-day readmissions included female gender, hepatitis C virus infection, cirrhosis, ascites, acute kidney injury, urinary tract infection, history of bariatric surgery, chronic pancreatitis, and high medical comorbidity index. Acute pancreatitis and palliative care consultation were associated with a lower risk of 30-day readmission. Predictors of 90-day readmission were similar to risk factors for 30-day readmission. From 2010 to 2014, the annual cost (and total hospitalization days) burden increased in 2014 to $164 million (22,244 days) and $321 million (42,772 days) for 30- and 90-day AH-related readmissions, respectively. Despite relatively stable trends in AH-related readmission, the total LOS and cost has been rising. A target-directed approach with a focus on high-risk subpopulations may help understand the unique challenges associated with the rising cost of AH-related readmissions.
A simple sample-changing robot for grazing-incidence X-ray scattering

A simple sample-changing robot for combinatorial studies using grazing-incidence X-ray scattering has been designed, built and commissioned. The robot can be conveniently loaded with up to 20 samples. Use of the robot cuts down significantly on the time needed to access and interlock the beamline hutch. The robot was successfully employed by user groups at the CHESS D1 station.
Parallelism in Deep Learning Accelerators

Deep learning is the core of artificial intelligence and it achieves state-of-the-art in a wide range of applications. The intensity of computation and data in deep learning processing poses significant challenges to the conventional computing platforms. Thus, specialized accelerator architectures are proposed for the acceleration of deep learning. In this paper, we classify the design space of current deep learning accelerators into three levels, (1) processing engine, (2) memory and (3) accelerator, and present a constructive view from a perspective of parallelism in the three levels.
Making change happen in criminal justice settings: leveraging implementation science to improve mental health care

It is a constitutional right to receive health care, including mental health care, while incarcerated. Yet, even basic evidence-based mental health care practices have not been routinely integrated into criminal justice (CJ) settings. Strategies from implementation science, or the study of methods for integrating evidence-based practices into routine care, can accelerate uptake of established interventions within low-resource, high-need settings such as prisons and jails. However, most studies of mental health practices in CJ settings do not use implementation frameworks to guide efforts to integrate treatments, systematically select or report implementation strategies, or evaluate the effectiveness of strategies used. After introducing implementation science and articulating the rationale for its application within CJ settings, we provide two illustrative case examples of efforts to integrate mental health interventions within CJ settings. Each case example demonstrates how an implementation framework either was applied or could have been applied to promote intervention adoption. The first focuses on poor implementation of a mental health screener in a county jail, retrospectively highlighting how use of a determinants framework (e.g., the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research [CFIR]) could help staff identify factors that led to the implementation failure. The second describes an investigator-initiated research study that used a process framework (the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, Sustainment [EPIS] framework) to systematically investigate and document the factors that led to successful implementation of a psychotherapy group for survivors of sexual violence in a women’s community corrections center. Both are presented in accessible language, as our goal is that this article can be used as a primer for justice health researchers, community partners, and correctional leadership who are unfamiliar with implementation science. Scientific research on the application of implementation science to justice settings is growing, but lags behind the work done in health systems. Given the tremendous need for mental and behavioral health intervention across the full spectrum of justice settings, information on how to successfully implement evidence-based intervention and prevention efforts is sorely needed but possible to obtain with greater integration of knowledge from implementation science.
How does science advance? Theories of the evolution of science

Abstract. This study presents different theories of the evolution of science to explain how science and its scientific fields evolve over the course of time. In particular, this study clarifies, as far as possible, models and properties of the scientific development to understand structure, dynamics and drivers of the scientific and technological evolution in society. Keywords. Scientific development, Evolution of science, Scientific research, Structure of science, Research fields, Economics of science, Political economy of science, Technological change, Research labs. JEL. A19, C00, I23, L30.
Peroxidized Linoleic Acid, 13-HPODE, Alters Gene Expression Profile in Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Lipid peroxides (LOOHs) abound in processed food and have been implicated in the pathology of diverse diseases including gut, cardiovascular, and cancer diseases. Recently, RNA Sequencing (RNA-seq) has been widely used to profile gene expression. To characterize gene expression and pathway dysregulation upon exposure to peroxidized linoleic acid, we incubated intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2) with 100 µM of 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HPODE) or linoleic acid (LA) for 24 h. Total RNA was extracted for library preparation and Illumina HiSeq sequencing. We identified 3094 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in 13-HPODE-treated cells and 2862 DEGs in LA-treated cells relative to untreated cells. We show that 13-HPODE enhanced lipid metabolic pathways, including steroid hormone biosynthesis, PPAR signaling, and bile secretion, which alter lipid uptake and transport. 13-HPODE and LA treatments promoted detoxification mechanisms including cytochrome-P450. Conversely, both treatments suppressed oxidative phosphorylation. We also show that both treatments may promote absorptive cell differentiation and reduce proliferation by suppressing pathways involved in the cell cycle, DNA synthesis/repair and ribosomes, and enhancing focal adhesion. A qRT-PCR analysis of representative DEGs validated the RNA-seq analysis. This study provides insights into mechanisms by which 13-HPODE alters cellular processes and its possible involvement in mitochondrial dysfunction-related disorders and proposes potential therapeutic strategies to treat LOOH-related pathologies.
Culture and activism: Mongane Wally Serote’s To Every Birth Its Blood

For South African author Mongane Wally Serote, art and activism can only operate in tandem. In the 1970s and 1980s, Serote took leadership roles in revolutionary and anti-apartheid organizations an...
Postemergence control of bittercress in container-grown crops.

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of postemergence applied herbicides for hairy bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta L.) control in container-grown crops. Manage (halosulfuron), Image (imazaquin), Action (fluthiacet-methyl), Resource (flumiclorac pentyl), Trimec Southern (Mecoprop + 2,4-D + dicamba), and Gallery (isoxaben) were applied to emerged bittercress in ‘Variegata’ and ‘Big Blue’ liriope. ‘China Girl’ holly and ‘Midnight Flare’ azalea were also treated with Manage, Image, Trimec Southern, and Gallery to evaluate injury. Among all experiments, Gallery provided 90 to 100% bittercress control at the labeled rate of 1.12 kg ai/ha (1.0 lb ai/A) with no injury to liriope, holly, or azalea. Among non-flowering bittercress, Manage applied at 0.035 kg ai/ha (0.031 lb ai/A) provided 90 to 100% bittercress control, with slight to moderate injury to ‘Variegata’ liriope; Image applied at 0.070 kg ai/ha (0.062 lb ai/A) provided 73 to 99.5% bittercress control and caused severe in...
On cross-layer design of wireless networks

Summary form only given. The layered architecture is one of the key reasons behind the explosive and continuing growth of the Internet. There are, however, special networks in which cross-layer design is appropriate and may even be necessary. Two such cases are small wireless LAN and large-scale sensor networks. We consider first the design of medium access control (MAC) for a small wireless LAN based on a multiuser physical layer. We present a complete characterization of the throughput region and present conditions under which ALOHA is optimal. Next we consider the estimation of signal field using data collected from a large scale sensor network. The impact of medium access control on estimation is examined. We show that there exists a threshold on sensor outage probability above which a distributed random access protocol (such as ALOHA) outperforms the centralized deterministic schedulers.
Understanding products liability law

This book is an overview of the complex body of products liability case law and statutes that has developed over the past century. The chapters follow a functional approach and begin with the four theories that are the foundation of products liability cases: warranty, misrepresentation, negligence, and strict liability. Separate chapters examine the principal types of product defects and some of the problems involved with providing that the product was defective and that the defect was the cause of the injury. The book also considers the various defenses available in a products liability action and the types of damages that a plaintiff may recover.The book also contains a number of chapters examining the issues involved in the prosecution of defense of a products liability case. These include researching the case drafting the complaint, interrogatories, and requests to admit facts. Requests for the production of documents, discovery and evidence depositions, protective orders, and discovery enforcement.
Management of metastases‐induced acute pancreatitis in small cell carcinoma of the lung

Metastases-induced acute pancreatitis is an uncommon condition that has a poor prognosis. Risk factors of acute pancreatitis in known cases have been studied and there is a low survival rate with more than three risk factors on presentation regardless of treatment rendered. These patients should be treated conservatively. Chemotherapy may be attempted in patients with three or fewer poor prognostic signs.
The Case for Third Bodies as the Cause of Period Changes in Selected Algol Systems

Many eclipsing binary star systems show long-term variations in their orbital periods, evident in their O - C (observed minus calculated period) diagrams. With data from the Robotic Optical Transient Search Experiment (ROTSE-I) compiled in the SkyDOT database, New Mexico State University 1 m data, and recent American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO) data, we revisit Borkovits and Hegedus's best-case candidates for third-body effects in eclipsing binaries: AB And, TV Cas, XX Cep, and AK Her. We also examine the possibility of a third body orbiting Y Cam. Our new data support their suggestion that a third body is present in all systems except AK Her, as is revealed by the sinusoidal variations of the O - C residuals. Our new data suggest that a third body alone cannot explain the variations seen in the O - C residuals of AK Her. We also provide a table of 143 eclipsing binary systems that have historical AAVSO O - C data with new values computed from the SkyDOT database.