cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alzheimer gene APOE ε4 linked to brain development in infants.

JAMA Neurology Brain Differences in Infants at Differential Genetic Risk for Late-Onset Alzheimer Disease: A Cross-sectional Imaging Study Douglas C. Dean III, MSc; Beth A. Jerskey, PhD; Kewei Chen, PhD; Hillary Protas, PhD; Pradeep Thiyyagura, MS; Auttawat Roontiva, MS; Jonathan O’Muircheartaigh, PhD; Holly Dirks, BSc; Nicole Waskiewicz, BSc; Katie Lehman, BSc; Ashley L. Siniard, PhD; Mari N. Turk, PhD; Xue Hua, PhD; Sarah K. Madsen, BS; Paul M. Thompson, PhD; Adam S. Fleisher, MD; Matthew J. Huentelman, PhD; Sean C. L. Deoni, PhD; Eric M. Reiman, MD Importance Converging evidence suggests brain structure alterations may precede overt cognitive impairment in Alzheimer disease by several decades. Early detection of these alterations holds inherent value for the development and evaluation of preventive treatment therapies. Objective To compare magnetic resonance imaging measurements of white matter myelin water fraction (MWF) and gray matter volume (GMV) in healthy infant carriers and noncarriers of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) e4 allele, the major susceptibility gene for late-onset AD. Design, Setting, and Participants Quiet magnetic resonance imaging was performed at an academic research imaging center on 162 healthy, typically developing 2- to 25-month-old infants with no family history of Alzheimer disease or other neurological or psychiatric disorders. Cross-sectional measurements were compared in the APOE e4 carrier and noncarrier groups. White matter MWF was compared in one hundred sixty-two 2- to 25-month-old sleeping infants (60 e4 carriers and 102 noncarriers). Gray matter volume was compared in a subset of fifty-nine 6- to 25-month-old infants (23 e4 carriers and 36 noncarriers), who remained asleep during the scanning session. The carrier and noncarrier groups were matched for age, gestational duration, birth weight, sex ratio, maternal age, education, and socioeconomic status. Main Outcomes and Measures Automated algorithms compared regional white matter MWF and GMV in the carrier and noncarrier groups and characterized their associations with age. Results Infant e4 carriers had lower MWF and GMV measurements than noncarriers in precuneus, posterior/middle cingulate, lateral temporal, and medial occipitotemporal regions, areas preferentially affected by AD, and greater MWF and GMV measurements in extensive frontal regions and measurements were also significant in the subset of 2- to 6-month-old infants (MWF differences, P < .05, after correction for multiple comparisons; GMV differences, P < .001, uncorrected for multiple comparisons). Infant e4 carriers also exhibited an attenuated relationship between MWF and age in posterior white matter regions. Conclusions and Relevance While our findings should be considered preliminary, this study demonstrates some of the earliest brain changes associated with the genetic predisposition to AD. It raises new questions about the role of APOE in normal human brain development, the extent to which these processes are related to subsequent AD pathology, and whether they could be targeted by AD prevention therapies.
Common questions asked by medical students about physiatry. Brief report.

This article was prepared by physiatry residency training directors to provide the answer(s) to common questions asked by medical students with respect to the specialty. These responses should aid the student and their advisors in considering Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation as their career choice
Peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of indole-3-acetaldehyde to 4-hydroxyquinoline in the presence of bisulfite ion: Elimination of pyrrole ring C2 as formic acid

Abstract Isotope labeling studies of the horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7)-catalyzed oxidation of indole-3-acetaldehyde-NaHSO 3 adduct established that 4-hydroxyquinoline was formed from indole-3-acetaldehyde with the loss of the carbon at the ring-2 position. The carbon lost was recovered as formic acid. A plausible mechanism accounting for the reaction is presented, in which the pyrrole ring is first opened by oxidation, followed by the elimination of C 2 and ring closure.
The impact of a project‐based science curriculum on minority student achievement, attitudes, and careers: The effects of teacher content and pedagogical content knowledge and inquiry‐based practices

Project-based science (PBS) curricula have project- and inquiry-based aspects that leverage the strengths of urban students from ethnic and racial groups underrepresented in science careers, potentially impacting positively these students' science achievement and attitudes and thus their college and career plans. We aimed to determine the extent to which a PBS curriculum would show this. We provided professional development to bolster urban teachers' science content knowledge (CK) and science pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) to observe the maximal impact of the PBS curriculum. We found that students' science achievement improved with the PBS curriculum, but that their attitudes toward science and plans to pursue science did not. Increases in teachers' CK and PCK with the professional development correlated with the improvements in student science achievement but did not correlate with improvements in student science attitudes or plans. However, the frequency of teachers' use of specific inquiry-based activities did correlate with improvements in students' science attitudes and plans. In sum, the extent of the success of a PBS curriculum with students from groups underrepresented in science careers appears to be dependent on elements of both teacher knowledge (CK and PCK) and teachers' frequency of use of inquiry-based activities that are consistent with culturally relevant pedagogical practices. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed94:855–887, 2010
Examination of cadmium sorption characteristics for a boreal soil near Fairbanks, Alaska

The objective of this research was to better understand cadmium (Cd) mobility in an organic-rich, boreal soil. Cadmium was selected for the study because of its tendency to be more mobile in soils than other heavy metals, such as lead or mercury. The release of metals from soil is a concern for northern regions where soils are gradually warming, resulting in an increased rate of natural organic matter (NOM) decomposition and soil erosion. Soil samples were collected from three principle soil horizons at a research site in the Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watershed (CPCRW), near Fairbanks, Alaska. A dilute Cd solution was added to the soil and the soil solution was allowed to mix for 72 h. The soil solution was then passed through a 75 microm sieve and a 0.3 microm filter. Particulate samples retained on the sieve and filter were analyzed by atomic absorption (AA) to determine how much Cd was bound to the different size particles. The NOM in each particle size fraction was analyzed by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (py-GC/MS) to determine the nature of the NOM present. Our results showed that the concentration of Cd was almost equal for the different particle sizes in each horizon. That is, the amount of Cd associated with particles larger than 75 microm was nearly the same, on a per mass basis, as the amount of Cd associated with particles ranging in size between 0.3 and 75 microm. Since the mass ratio of Cd to solids normally increases as particle size decreases, this result suggested unusual sorption behavior. Based on the Cd distribution among the particles and the percentage of NOM in each particle size range, it is believed that NOM is a primary factor influencing the sorption behavior of Cd in the boreal soil tested.
Averaging Effects In The Study Of Fixed-ratio Response Patterns

Three rats were exposed to multiple fixed-ratio schedules in which large and small ratios alternated in an irregular order. Over a series of training phases, one ratio was held constant as the second ratio was increased to higher values. On average, postreinforcement pauses increased in duration as the ratio size was increased. Pausing was controlled by the size of the upcoming ratio; the previous ratio had smaller and less consistent effects. However, more detailed consideration of the aggregated data indicated that the pause distributions were positively skewed and that changes in average performances were more a consequence of increased skew rather than shifts of the entire distributions. Moreover, the distributions of pauses from condition to condition overlapped, and brief pauses were common even at the highest ratios. These results demonstrated that depictions of pausing based on aggregated data can be misleading without corresponding information about variations in the distribution on which the averages are based.
Student Consultants’ Resource Use in Small Business Deliverables: A Case Study from the Illinois Business Consulting Program at the University of Illinois

The small business literature and business education literature contain many case studies of students consulting with small business owners and entrepreneurs. However, there appears to be no examination of the types of information resources that students use to support their recommendations to clients. The author attempts to begin addressing this gap in the literature by examining reports or “deliverables” prepared for small businesses and entrepreneurial ventures by one student consulting group at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The findings regarding the number, nature, and context of the information resources used by the students may provide insights for librarians who support student consulting groups or who engage in outreach to small businesses and entrepreneurs.
Microcellular foaming of impact-modified rigid PVC/wood-flour composites

Solid state microcellular foaming technology was employed to investigate the influence of impact modification on the foamability of neat rigid PVC and rigid PVC/ wood-flour composite samples. The effects of impact modifier types (crosslinked versus uncrosslinked) and concentrations on the void fraction of foamed samples were examined. The influence of impact modification on the sorption behavior of CO 2 in the samples was also studied. The experimental results indicate that impact modification accelerates the rate of gas loss during the foaming process, which impedes the growth of nucleated cells, independent of modifier type. Because of this accelerated gas loss, impact modification inhibits the potential of producing foamed samples with void fractions similar to those achieved in unmodified samples.
RELIGION AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY.

Summary As the psychology of religion has given increasing attention to psychopathology, a blurring of the boundary between normal and pathologic has occurred. Current psychiatric attitudes toward religious experience have been based upon generalizations drawn from patients or populations altered by psychopathology. Evidence is adduced to indicate that defective reality testing invalidates the religious ideation of the schizophrenic patient as a source of illumination for normative religious experience. Neurosis also distorts religious experience and vitiates data for inclusion in studies of normative religious phenomena. The incidence of religious symptoms in schizophrenia is relatively low and has declined in this century. There is evidence that such symptoms are culturally determined. Their occurrence appears to be a function of previous religious interest in the life of the patient. Discrimination between normal and pathologic by the psychiatrist requires an acquaintance with normative religious expression.
The Use of Developmental Test Data for Documenting Handicapped Children's Progress: Problems and Recommendations

Strategies for documenting progress of young handicapped children are summarized and discussed, with emphasis on the use of developmental test data for documentation of program impact. As small treatment effects are often the rule rather than the exception in educational programs for preschool handicapped children, the need for differentiated use of developmental test data is underscored. Possible methods for analysis of developmental test items are proposed within the context of growth patterns of handicapped children. These include consideration of range, density and scatter, and the ratio of pass-fail items. Implications of child progress data for program evaluation are discussed.
Diurnal Mitotic Studies of Psoriatic Epidermis

Diurnal variation of the mitotic index in psoriatic epidermis was studied. Ten untreated psoriatic patients each had two biopsies taken from two different psoriatic plaques every 4hr for 24hr. The mitotic index was calculated for each time interval. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in the mitotic indices for any one time over any other in a 24hr period. The results also reconfirm previous observations by other investigators that mitotic counts taken at any one time from different plaques on individual psoriatic patients are similar.
Hyperthyroidism increases the risk of ozone-induced lung toxicity in rats.

Abstract The risk of lung injury from ozone exposure has been well documented. It is also known that various factors may significantly influence the susceptibility of animals to the toxic effects of ozone. In the present study, we investigated the possibility that hyperthyroidism might be associated with increases in ozone-induced pulmonary toxicity. To create a hyperthyroid condition, mature male Sprague–Dawley rats were given injections of thyroxine (dose range: 0.1 to 1 mg/kg body wt daily for 7 days). Control rats received vehicle injections. The animals were then exposed to air or ozone (dose range: 0.5 to 3 ppm for 3 h). At 18 h postexposure, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and cells were harvested. In hyperthyroid animals, ozone exposure was associated with three- to sixfold increases in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid lactate dehydrogenase activities and albumin levels as well as the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes harvested by bronchoalveolar lavage above levels observed in ozone-exposed control rats. Additional results from the present study suggest that these thyroid hormone-linked effects cannot be fully explained by differences in whole-body metabolic rate or changes in the inhaled dose of ozone. These findings indicate that the risk of ozone-induced lung toxicity is substantially increased in a hyperthyroid state and suggest that the susceptibility of the lung to damage from ozone exposure may be significantly influenced by individual thyroid hormone status.
COMPARISON OF FALLING-HEAD AND CONSTANT-HEAD TECHNIQUES: ESTIMATING FIELD PERMEABILITY OF HOT-MIX ASPHALT PAVEMENTS

Permeability of hot-mix asphalt continues to generate considerable interest in the asphalt materials, design, and construction community. Ongoing studies of permeability report advances in permeability testing techniques for both laboratory-based and field-based testing methods. The University of Arkansas (UAF) has developed a constant-head field permeability test device for use on in-place asphalt pavements. One constructed test section and 16 in-service pavements, including both new construction and overlays of existing pavements, were tested with the UAF device and a falling-head field permeameter originally developed by the National Center for Asphalt Technology. At each field test site, cores were taken from the pavement and tested in the laboratory by the falling-head, constant-tail method described in ASTM PS-129. At a minimum, two field permeability measurements were taken at each site with each permeability device; at least three cores were taken from each test site for testing in the laboratory....
A simple method for the automatic evaluation of particle tracks in mica

Abstract It is shown that the perforation created at the impact location of high-LET charged particles, such as fission fragments in thin (∼5–15 μ m) sheets of etched muscovite mica, can be counted conveniently by an automatic “spark counter” as used previously for track-counting in organic polymer foils. Ancient fission tracks in the mica are annealed by an 800°C treatment. Mica offers advantages in certain applications as an inorganic detector which can be scanned easily by non-optical means, because of the high thermal stability of the latent tracks (>500°C) and excellent discrimination against low-LET particles.
Comparison of growth, neovascularization, and enzymatic function of fetal intestinal grafts in the omentum and renal capsule.

Abstract Fetal tissues are less immunogenic and may be a useful donor source for organ transplantation. This report compares the fate of fetal small bowel segments transplanted in the omentum and renal capsule of recipient syngeneic rats. Two-centimeter segments of fetal jejunum and ileum were obtained from 26 donor 19-day gestational age rat fetuses and transplanted into the subrenal capsule (n = 35) and omentum (n = 40) in syngeneic Fisher rats (weight, 150 g) as free grafts. No immunosuppression was used. At 2 weeks posttransplantation, the recipient rats underwent laparotomy and the grafts were evaluated for viability, growth, enzymatic function, and revascularization. Viable grafts were identified in 27 of 35 renal capsule grafts and 34 of 40 omental grafts. The order of magnitude of fetal growth in the omentum for jejunum was 16 ± 10 versus ileum 23 ± 9 (NS). However, in the renal capsule, ileal growth (15 ± 6) was significantly greater than jejunum (8 ± 5; P P P v 9.0 ± 2.3 [NS]). Fetal jejunal specimens (51.2 ± 41.9) had greater maltase activity than ileum (15.6 ± 6.7; P P ileum) were documented in both the renal capsule and omentum; however, bowel morphology and luminal patency was better in the omentum. These observations suggest that free-fetal bowel grafts may have a potential role in bowel transplantation.
Functional consequences of phosphomimetic mutations at key cAMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation sites in the type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor.

Abstract Regulation of Ca2+ release through inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (InsP3R) has important consequences for defining the particular spatio-temporal properties of intracellular Ca2+ signals. In this study, regulation of Ca2+ release by phosphorylation of type 1 InsP3R (InsP3R-1) was investigated by constructing “phosphomimetic” charge mutations in the functionally important phosphorylation sites of both the S2+ and S2- InsP3R-1 splice variants. Ca2+ release was investigated following expression in Dt-40 3ko cells devoid of endogenous InsP3R. In cells expressing either the S1755E S2+ or S1589E/S1755E S2- InsP3R-1, InsP3-induced Ca2+ release was markedly enhanced compared with nonphosphorylatable S2+ S1755A and S2- S1589A/S1755A mutants. Ca2+ release through the S2- S1589E/S1755E InsP3R-1 was enhanced ∼8-fold over wild type and ∼50-fold when compared with the nonphosphorylatable S2- S1589A/S1755A mutant. In cells expressing S2- InsP3R-1 with single mutations in either S1589E or S1755E, the sensitivity of Ca2+ release was enhanced ∼3-fold; sensitivity was midway between the wild type and the double glutamate mutation. Paradoxically, forskolin treatment of cells expressing either single Ser/Glu mutation failed to further enhance Ca2+ release. The sensitivity of Ca2+ release in cells expressing S2+ S1755E InsP3R-1 was comparable with the sensitivity of S2- S1589E/S1755E InsP3R-1. In contrast, mutation of S2+ S1589E InsP3R-1 resulted in a receptor with comparable sensitivity to wild type cells. Expression of S2- S1589E/S1755E InsP3R-1 resulted in robust Ca2+ oscillations when cells were stimulated with concentrations of α-IgM antibody that were threshold for stimulation in S2- wild type InsP3R-1-expressing cells. However, at higher concentrations of α-IgM antibody, Ca2+ oscillations of a similar period and magnitude were initiated in cells expressing either wild type or S2- phosphomimetic mutations. Thus, regulation by phosphorylation of the functional sensitivity of InsP3R-1 appears to define the threshold at which oscillations are initiated but not the frequency or amplitude of the signal when established.
Earthquake swarms driven by aseismic creep in the Salton Trough, California

[1] In late August 2005, a swarm of more than a thousand earthquakes between magnitudes 1 and 5.1 occurred at the Obsidian Buttes, near the southern San Andreas Fault. This swarm provides the best opportunity to date to assess the mechanisms driving seismic swarms along transform plate boundaries. The recorded seismicity can only explain 20% of the geodetically observed deformation, implying that shallow, aseismic fault slip was the primary process driving the Obsidian Buttes swarm. Models of earthquake triggering by aseismic creep can explain both the time history of seismic activity associated with the 2005 swarm and the ∼1 km/h migration velocity exhibited by this and several other Salton Trough earthquake swarms. A combination of earthquake triggering models and denser geodetic data should enable significant improvements in time-dependent forecasts of seismic hazard in the key days to hours before significant earthquakes in the Salton Trough.
Economic Benefits of Habitat Restoration: Seagrass and the Virginia Hard-Shell Blue Crab Fishery

Abstract Since the early 1960s, water pollution has caused the disappearance of much of the seagrass (predominantly eelgrass Zostera marina) and other submerged aquatic vegetation in Chesapeake Bay. Seagrass beds appear to serve as preferred habitat for the blue crab Callinectes sapidus during early stages of its life history, and there is a statistically significant relationship between the abundance of submerged aquatic vegetation and catch per unit of effort in the Virginia hard-shell blue crab fishery. Virginia seagrass beds might be partially or fully restored through a combination of pollution abatement and replanting. I developed a simple simulation model with minimal data requirements to generate rough estimates of some of the economic benefits that would accrue from seagrass restoration. The estimated net economic benefit to Virginia hard-shell blue crab fishermen of full seagrass restoration is about US$1.8 million per year, and additional annual benefits of about $2.4 million should accrue to U...
Electron Beam Characterization via Infrared Pyrometry of Thin Tungsten Foil

A method is explored for characterizing the energy distribution of an electron beam in vacuum. A thin (125 μm) tungsten foil intercepts the beam causing its temperature to rise. An infrared camera images the opposite side of the foil to map the temperature distribution. To the extent the thermal conduction can be neglected, the temperature distribution serves as a representation of the energy distribution of the incident electron beam. Design of experiments (DOE) methodology is used to develop an equation for predicting the shape of the temperature distribution based on the potential of a single electrostatic lens (−1000 V to 0 V) and that of the tungsten foil (0 V to 2000 V). An assessment of this technique’s utility for future electron beam characterization experiments is included.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Synthesis, DNA cleavage, and cytotoxicity of a series of bis(propargylic) sulfone crown ethers.

Abstract Compounds that couple molecular recognition of specific alkali metal ions with DNA damage may display selective cleavage of DNA under conditions of elevated alkali metal ion levels reported to exist in certain cancer cells. We have prepared a homologous series of compounds in which a DNA reactive moiety, a bis(propargylic) sulfone, is incorporated into an alkali metal ion binding crown ether ring. Using the alkali metal ion pricrate extraction assay, the ability of these crown ethers to bind Li + , Na + , and K + ions was determined. For the series of crown ethers, the association constants for Li + ions are generally low ( 4 M −1 ). Only two of the bis(propargylic) sulfone crown ethers associate with Na + or K + ions ( K a 4–8×10 4 M −1 ), with little discrimination between Na + or K + ions. The ability of these compounds to cleave supercoiled DNA at pH 7.4 in the presence of Li + , Na + , and K + ions was determined. The two crown ethers that bind Na + and K + display a modest increase in DNA cleavage efficiency in the presence of Na + or K + ions as compared to Li + ions. These two bis(propargylic) sulfone crown ethers are also more cytotoxic against a panel of human cancer cell lines when compared to a non-crown ether macrocyclic bis(propargylic) sulfone.
Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke Prevention in Aging Patients: What's Good Can be Even Better

The most common arrhythmia in older adults is atrial fibrillation, with an estimated prevalence of ≈9% in adults aged ≥80 years and a concomitant increased burden of developing stroke. Additionally, over the past decade, both the incidence and prevalence of atrial fibrillation has markedly increased1 and, with it, the total number of patients potentially requiring long-term oral anticoagulation therapy for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism. In 2009, the estimated number of atrial fibrillation diagnoses in the United States was 2 643 000, with equal distribution between men and women and 82% at ages ≥65 years, with that number increasing 10% between 1999 to 2005.2 The magnitude of the problem is exemplified by the fact that the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation increases with age and accounts for ≈45% of embolic strokes, approximately 100 000 annually in the United States.3 Article see p 138 The advent of the novel oral anticoagulants has strikingly shifted the goalposts in the field of stroke prevention. Large randomized trials of 4 agents involving 71 683 participants4 have demonstrated that these drugs are at least noninferior to warfarin for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism and, in the case of apixiban and higher doses of dabigatran, the trials demonstrated superiority over warfarin. In addition, these agents have demonstrated a consistent and striking impact on reducing intracerebral hemorrhage and major bleeding. Moreover, a recent meta-analysis demonstrated an overall reduction in mortality of ≈10%.4 A major issue in these studies is the increased bleeding and stroke rates in select populations. Among patients with atrial fibrillation treated with anticoagulation, the risk was found to be higher among Asians, blacks, and the elderly.5 Complicating the treatment for atrial fibrillation in the aging population is a higher risk of …
Class-consistent Differential Reinforcement And Stimulus Class Formation In Pigeons.

Match-to-sample training clusters of A1 (sample): B1/B2 (comparisons), A2: B2/B1, B1: A1/A2, B2: A2/A1, B1: C1/C2, B2: C2/C1, C1: B1/B2, and C2: B2/B1 were presented to pigeons with class-consistent differential reinforcement using two dissimilar types of food reinforcers. Distinctive class-consistent response patterns occurred to the samples during the fixed-ratio 5 sample observing response requirement. Subsequent tests, modeled from the equivalence class paradigm demonstrated the emergence (80% class consistent) of the transitive-like A-C and C-A relations for 4 and 2 of 12 pigeons, respectively, and a strong trend (over 70%) for 7 and 6 others, respectively; the emergence of the reflexive-like identity relation when the nonidentical comparison was from the other class; and the disruption of the trained within-class relation with the addition of a reflexive comparison. After directional training of C1: D1/D2 and C2: D2/D1, tests indicated no emergence of the symmetric-like D-C relation or the composite D-B and D-A relations, but the B-D and A-D transitive-like relation occurred with some pigeons. Off-baseline training with class-consistent differential reinforcement contingent on responding to the D stimuli alone produced distinctive responding and, in turn, a trend to D-C symmetric-like control in 4 of 12 pigeons, as well as a shift toward class-consistent control on D-B and D-A test trials. Class-consistent differential reinforcement that produced distinctive sample behavior promoted stimulus control relations like those that circumscribe equivalence class formation. Respondent—operant interactions permit an analysis of the possible enrollment of stimulus values of distinctive responding to the discriminative stimuli forming the stimulus classes via processes corresponding to naming in humans.
Hydrodynamic stability of thin spherically concentric fluid shells

Abstract The problem of thin-film stability in spherically concentric fluid shells is examined by means of linear hydrodynamic stability theory. The theory considers a system with suppressed electric double layers and two limiting cases of interfacial fluid stress conditions: (1) continuity of stress; or (2) no-slip. The critical thickness of the film at rupture is obtained as a function of the stress conditions, viscosity ratio, and Sheludko number, which are the relevant physiochemical parameters. The theory indicates the spherically concentric fluid phases are relatively stable, with thicknesses at rupture on the order of 9000 A, and that the critical thickness at rupture is independent of the hydrodynamic conditions assumed at the interface.
The accumulation of anthocyanins in green and red seedling strains of Sorghum vulgare.

Cyanidin glycoside biosynthesis was completely blocked in coleoptiles and almost completely in first internodes of “green” (drsP) in contrast to “red” (dRsP) seedlings of isogenic strains of Sorghum vulgare. Since the green seedlings can accumulate two types of deoxyanthocyanins, the block was peculiar to the synthesis of cyanidin and not to anthocyanins in general. Mature leaves of the green strain, however, could form the cyanidin glycoside in amounts equivalent to the red strain.
Metabolism of caffeine-3H in the rat

Abstract The methodology for the unequivocal identification of caffeine and 13 possible metabolites (mono, di- and tri-N-methylated xanthine and uric acid derivatives) based on TLC, UV and mass spectrometry has been developed. Upon ip administration of caffeine-3H to the rat, 64–67% of the radioactivity was recovered in the urine over a period of 24 hr. The chloroform-methanol (9:1) extract of the urine accounted for about 37% of the administered radioactivity. Water soluble metabolites constitute approximately 30% of the injected caffeine-3H. With the aid of preparative TLC, 8.8% of unchanged caffeine and the following metabolites were isolated from chloroform-methanol extract of urine: theophylline (1.2%), theobromine (5.1%), paraxanthine (8.8%) and trace amounts of 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid and 3-methyluric acid. Two unidentified metabolites (metabolite A, 11.4% and metabolite B, 1.3%) have also been isolated.
Computing blocking probabilities in multiclass wavelength routing networks

We present an approximate analytical method to evaluate efficiently and accurately the call blocking probabilities in wavelength routing networks with multiple classes of calls. The model is fairly general and allows each source-destination pair to service calls of different classes, with each call occupying one wavelength per link. Our approximate analytical approach involves two steps. The arrival process of calls on some routes is first modified slightly to obtain an approximate multiclass network model. Next, all classes of calls on a particular route are aggregated to give an equivalent single-class model. Thus, path decomposition algorithms for single-class wavelength routing networks may be readily extended to the multiclass case. This article is a first step towards understanding the issues arising in wavelength routing networks that serve multiple classes of customers.
An antihemolytic action of pyridoxal.

SummaryPretreatment of erythrocytes with 10 mM pyridoxal makes the cells subsequently more resistant to lysis by hypotonic solutions. Indoleacetic acid shows the same behavior to a smaller degree. These effects are attributed to a net loss of cell solutes in the form of potassium and chloride which the agents produce.
Periodicity of S35 uptake in rat femurs.

Du radio-soufre a ete administre intraveineusement a des rats a 09.00 h et a d'autres a 21.00 h, et ils ont ete sacrifies 2–3, 4, 8 et 12 h apres l'injection. L'analyse microdensitometrique d'autoradiographies des femurs a indique que la concentration et la retention du traceur dans le cartilage de conjugaison etaient plus grandes dans les rats traites a 09.00 h. Les tissus non-cartilagineux n'ont pas montre de changements pareils.
Solvent‐Effect investigations through the use of an extended born equation

A corrected Born equation, which describes the solute-dipolar solvent interaction by placing the charges of the atoms of the solute at their position in space inside a spherical cavity of the solvent, is used to calculate the solvent effect on three systems: the hydrated OH− ion, the lithiated aziridine, and the lithiated oxirane. It is found that the solvent effect stabilizes the addition of a water molecule to the OH−(H2O)3 system with the additional water acting as a proton donor. It is also found that the lithiation energy of aziridine and oxirane which are found to be 47 and 43 kcal/mol in gas-phase, respectively, decrease to 32 and 23 kcal/mol in water solution.
Chitosans and pectic polysaccharides both induce the accumulation of the antifungal phytoalexin pisatin in pea pods and antinutrient proteinase inhibitors in tomato leaves

The Proteinase Inhibitor Inducing Factor, PIIF, a pectic polysaccharide that induces synthesis and accumulation of proteinase inhibitor proteins in tomato and potato leaves, is an effective elicitor of the phytoalexin pisatin in pea pod tissues. The levels of pisatin induced by PIIF, and the time course of elicitation, are similar to those induced by chitosans, beta-1,4 glucosamine polymers, which are potent elicitors of pisatin in pea pods. Similarly, the chitosans, found in both insect and fungal cell walls, are the most potent inducers yet found of proteinase inhibitor accumulation in excised tomato cotyledons. The similarity in the induction of synthesis of proteinase inhibitors in tomato cotyledons and of pisatin in pea pods by pectic polysaccharides and chitosans suggests that the two polysaccharide types may be triggering a similar fundamental system present in pea and tomato plants that regulates the expression of genes for natural protection systems.
Glucose-mediated transactivation of carbohydrate response element-binding protein requires cooperative actions from Mondo conserved regions and essential trans-acting factor 14-3-3.

Carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) is a basic helix-loop-helix/leucine zipper transcription factor that binds to the carbohydrate response element in the promoter of certain lipogenic and glycolytic genes. High glucose can activate ChREBP by releasing an intramolecular inhibition within the glucose-sensing module (GSM) that occurs in low glucose. We report here that the glucose response of GSM is mediated by cooperation between five conserved submodules known as Mondo conserved regions (MCRs) I through V within GSM. Deletion of individual MCRs leads to complete (for MCR II, III, and IV) or partial (MCR I) loss of glucose response of ChREBP. MCR IV is necessary and sufficient for inhibiting the transcriptional activity of ChREBP under low glucose. The roles of MCR II and III in glucose response of ChREBP are independent of and distinct from their function in controlling subcellular localization. We further demonstrate that, instead of inhibiting ChREBP activity as would be predicted fro...
Revisiting Aggregate U.S. Meat Demand with a Bayesian Averaging of Classical Estimates Approach: Do We Need a More General Theory?

Although meat demand is one of the most studied issues in agricultural economics, our understanding of this phenomenon has been hampered by valid concerns about model specification uncertainty. This article revisits the need for more general theories of aggregate U.S. meat demand. Using a Bayesian averaging of classical estimates approach, we draw comprehensive inferences over 1,048,576 demand systems. We find very little evidence supporting the need for more general theories that include demand determinants beyond prices and expenditures. We find strong evidence in support of symmetry and negativity, but strong evidence against homogeneity, which is consistent with other research. Copyright 2008, Oxford University Press.
Void Growth as a Function of Residual Stress Level in Thin, Narrow Aluminum Lines

High tensile stresses develop in passivated aluminum line metallizations on silicon substrates after excursion to elevated temperatures. The principal mechanisms to relax these stresses at room temperature are plastic deformation and grain boundary void growth. It is shown that stress relaxation and void growth are intimately connected.
A faster method for sampling independent sets

The problem of finding a random independent set arises in several contexts. In statistical physics, it is known as the hard core gas model. These samples may also be used to approximate the number of independent sets in a graph or to find large independent sets. One sampling approach is to run a Markov chain '%r a long time". One such chain for this problem was introduced by Dyer and Greenhill, and here we develop a bounding chain for the Dyer-Greenhill chain. This bounding chain allows us to develop experimental upper bounds on the mixing time of the chain, and to create perfect samples using this chain. An implementation of this algorithm shows that on the two dimensional lattice it is faster than a competing chain, the single-site heat bath chain.
Elementary science education: Looking toward the future

The ideal elementary science curriculum — and its instructional counterpart — are seldom straightforward. Over the past few years the goal of improving science education in the elementary schools has resulted in fundamental changes in both the content and pedagogy of elementary science teaching. Current thought suggests curricular and instructional frameworks that have important implications for improving the quality of teaching in elementary science classrooms. These frameworks offer a reconceptualization of science in the elementary grades and may ultimately determine what will be taught and how. They may serve to guide elementary science into the next century.
“You Cannot Serve God and Mammon”: Economic Relations and Human Flourishing in Luke

: Economics is essentially a matter of value, and capitalism is a system of value creation in which the individual is valued at the expense of the community and the cosmos. In contrast to this, Luke tells the story of Jesus as a vision of salvation that is covenantal and communal, encompassing every dimension of life, including the economic. God and mammon represent two antithetical wellsprings of value and desire that orient intentions and actions in different directions. Mammon represents the realm of self-justification, self-reliance, self-aggrandizement, and in our own disenchanted world the “buffered” and disengaged self, while God represents the domain of human flourishing characterized by interdependence and sharing.
ON ⋆-COLON-MULTIPLICATION DOMAINS

Let ⋆ be a star operation on an integral domain R. An ideal A is a ⋆-colon-multiplication ideal if A⋆ = (B(A : B))⋆ for all fractional ideal B of R. We prove that every maximal ideal of R is a ⋆-colon-multiplication ideal if and only if R is a ⋆-CICD or R is a local ⋆-MTP domain. It is also shown that every ideal of R is ⋆-colon-multiplication if and only if R is a ⋆-CICD.
Neuroleptic-induced deficits in operant responding for temperature reinforcement.

Abstract The hypothesis that neuroleptic drugs interfere with operant behaviors by attenuating the rewarding properties reinforcers, was examined in rats trained to lever-press for external heat in a cold environment. Unlike traditional reinforcers, such as food and water, reducing the reward magnitude of heat (by reducing the intensity or duration of the stimulus) results in compensatory increases in operant responding. Neuroleptic pretreatment (0.1, 0.2, 0,4 mg/kg of alpha-flupenthixol) produced only dose-dependent decreases in responding thereby interfering with the animals' ability to behaviorally maintain their internal core temperature. In a temperature-gradient test paradigm (requiring less physical effort on the part of the subjects) alpha-flupenthixol did not alter the animals' preferred environmental temperature, nor did it disrupt behavioral thermoregulatory ability. These data suggest that at leat part of the behavioral deficit observed during neuroleptic treatment is due to a disruption in the performance capabilities of the subjects.
Intersession reliability of fMRI activation for heat pain and motor tasks

As the practice of conducting longitudinal fMRI studies to assess mechanisms of pain-reducing interventions becomes more common, there is a great need to assess the test–retest reliability of the pain-related BOLD fMRI signal across repeated sessions. This study quantitatively evaluated the reliability of heat pain-related BOLD fMRI brain responses in healthy volunteers across 3 sessions conducted on separate days using two measures: (1) intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) calculated based on signal amplitude and (2) spatial overlap. The ICC analysis of pain-related BOLD fMRI responses showed fair-to-moderate intersession reliability in brain areas regarded as part of the cortical pain network. Areas with the highest intersession reliability based on the ICC analysis included the anterior midcingulate cortex, anterior insula, and second somatosensory cortex. Areas with the lowest intersession reliability based on the ICC analysis also showed low spatial reliability; these regions included pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, and posterior insula. Thus, this study found regional differences in pain-related BOLD fMRI response reliability, which may provide useful information to guide longitudinal pain studies. A simple motor task (finger-thumb opposition) was performed by the same subjects in the same sessions as the painful heat stimuli were delivered. Intersession reliability of fMRI activation in cortical motor areas was comparable to previously published findings for both spatial overlap and ICC measures, providing support for the validity of the analytical approach used to assess intersession reliability of pain-related fMRI activation. A secondary finding of this study is that the use of standard ICC alone as a measure of reliability may not be sufficient, as the underlying variance structure of an fMRI dataset can result in inappropriately high ICC values; a method to eliminate these false positive results was used in this study and is recommended for future studies of test–retest reliability.
Possible Fe/Cu ordering schemes in the 2a superstructure of bornite (Cu5FeS4)

Based on magnetic structure and TEM studies of bornite we propose a new 2 a Fe/Cu ordered superstructure model with symmetry F 43 m and formula Cu8Fe4S8. First principles calculations (LAPW implemented in WIEN97 code) of two Fe/Cu ordering schemes indicate that, at the ground state, the Fe atoms should fill the tetrahedral sites of sulfur atoms in the anti-fluorite cube, and the vacancies are associated with Cu atoms in the zincblende cube of the superstructure. The calculated magnetic moment of iron in the Fe/Cu-ordered structure is about 4 μβ which was not expected from previous work because bornite has both covalent and metallic bonds that make crystal-field theory inappropriate for explaining the magnetic moment of Fe. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) image simulations for the newly proposed structure model are much closer to experimental HRTEM images than those for the model proposed by Kanazawa et al. (1978).
Relationship between structure and dynamic mechanical properties of a carbon nanofiber reinforced elastomeric nanocomposite

The tensile and dynamic mechanical properties of a nanocomposite, containing modified carbon nanofibers (MCNFs) homogenously dispersed in an elastomeric ethylene/propylene (EP) copolymer semicrystalline matrix (84.3 wt% P), have been correlated with the structure development. These properties were characterized by in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction during stretching, dynamic mechanical analysis and X-ray analysis techniques over a wide temperature range. Upon sequential drawing, the tensile strength of the nanocomposite film was notably higher than that of the unfilled polymer even though both samples exhibited a similar amount of crystal fraction and the same degree of crystal orientation, revealing the effect of nanofiller reinforcement in the semicrystalline matrix. The mechanical spectra of the 10 wt% MCNF filled samples in both stretched and non-stretched states showed broadening of the elastic modulus at high temperatures, where the corresponding crystallinity index also decreased. It is conceivable that a significant fraction of chain orientation is induced in the vicinity of the nanofillers during stretching, and these stretched chains with reduced mobility significantly enhance the thermal mechanical properties.
Selling candles in a post-Edison world: phasing with noble gases bound within engineered sites

The utility of noble gases for phase determination has been limited by the lack of naturally occurring binding sites in proteins. Wild-type T4 lysozyme contains one such binding site. By mutating large hydrophobic residues to alanine, additional noble-gas binding sites have been successfully introduced into this protein. Using data from xenon derivatives of the wild type, two single mutants and the corresponding double mutant, experimental phases for T4 lysozyme have been determined using standard multiple isomorphous replacement (MIR) techniques. These phases, which were obtained from room-temperature data collected on a rotating-anode source, are comparable in quality with phases calculated using selenomethionine-based multiwavelength anomalous dispersion (MAD) methods on frozen crystals at a synchrotron. In addition, this method of introducing noble-gas binding sites near specific residues should provide useful information for determining the register of amino acids within electron-density maps and the positions of molecules within the unit cell.
Toward a Theory of Behavioral Operations

Human beings are critical to the functioning of the vast majority of operating systems, influencing both the way these systems work and how they perform. Yet most formal analytical models of operations assume that the people who participate in operating systems are fully rational or at least can be induced to behave rationally. Many other disciplines, including economics, finance, and marketing, have successfully incorporated departures from this rationality assumption into their models and theories. In this paper, we argue that operations management scholars should do the same. We explore the theoretical and practical implications of incorporating behavioral and cognitive factors into models of operations management and suggest fruitful avenues for research in behavioral operations.