cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fatty Acid Composition of U.S. West Coast Albacore Tuna (Thunnus alalunga) and the Effects of Canning and Short-Term Storage

ABSTRACT Changes in the fatty acid composition of 13 bled and blast-frozen U.S. West Coast albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) were determined following custom-canning and 5 weeks of canned storage. In accordance with typical custom-canning procedures, no additional packing materials were used, and the product did not undergo a precooking step. Raw albacore tuna was found to be rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), with an average of 9.1% (% wt of total fatty acids) EPA and 33.8% DHA. Canning and short-term storage did not cause major fluctuations in the fatty acid profiles of the albacore tuna, with no significant changes in the total fractions of saturated fatty acids (30–31%), monounsaturated fatty acids (19%), PUFAs (50%), or n-3 PUFAs (46–47%). On a tissue weight basis, U.S. West Coast albacore tuna was found to contain high levels of total n-3 PUFAs, with 3.3 g/100 g tissue in raw tuna and 4.0–4.1 g/100 g tissue in products that were canned and stored for 5 weeks.
Two-dimensional pulsed EPR studies of vanadium-exchanged ZSM-5

The pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique of hyperfine sublevel correlation spectroscopy (HYSCORE) was used to obtain structural information about vanadium(VO2+)-exchanged ZSM-5. HYSCORE spectra were obtained for vanadium-exchanged ZSM-5 before and after dehydration and after the adsorption of ammonia. For the hydrated samples, proton hyperfine coupling constants were measured and assigned to equatorial water ligands with orientations perpendicular and parallel to the equatorial plane. Nitrogen hyperfine coupling constants for adsorbed ammonia were also determined from the HYSCORE spectra. The results were compared with previous density functional theory (DFT) calculations of hyperfine coupling constants for vanadyl model complexes.
Early-Time Response of an Infinitely Long Wire above a Finitely Conducting Plane Earth to a Tranisent Plane Wave

Abstract The early-time responses of overhead lines to an exponentially decaying electromagnetic transient are considered. The early-time current, voltage, and radial electric field induced in a wire is investigated. A. transient electromagnetic plane wave produces the driving electromagnetic force for the wire. The wire is assumed to be infinitely long and perfectly conducting. The wire is situated above a finitely conducting plane earth. The plane wave is assumed to have its magnetic field perpendicular to the axis of the wire. The time history of the plane wave is described by a 5O kV/m decaying exponential pulse. It Is found that peak currents of over 5 kA and associated voltage crests of several megavolts occur for small incident wave angles. These values are comparable to small lightning strikes to power transmission line structures. The rates-of-rise of the induced currents are greater than 100 kA per microsecond which exceeds the maximum rate-of-rise of nearly all lightning negative first strokes.
Rotating, inhomogeneous dust interior for the BTZ black hole

We present exact solutions describing rotating, inhomogeneous dust with generic initial data in 2+1 dimensional anti-de Sitter space-time and show how they are smoothly matched to the Banados-Teitelboim-Zanelli (BTZ) solution in the exterior. The metrics, which are the rotational analogues of the 2+1 dimensional LeMaitre-Tolman-Bondi family, are described by their angular momentum and one additional constant which, together with the angular momentum, determines the energy density of the dust cloud. The weak energy condition gives a constraint on the angular momentum profile inside the cloud. Solutions can be stationary or time dependent, but only the time-dependent solutions can be matched consistently to a BTZ exterior. No singularity is formed in either the stationary or the time-dependent cases.
Indicators of products and surjective convolution maps

In [ 5 1, we introduced a new characterization of those entire functions of exponential type that are of completely regular growth. In this paper, we examine the product of two entire functions of exponential type and discuss how the regularity of one of the functions affects the growth of the product. We then apply our results to a particular type of convolution mapping between appropriately chosen spaces of analytic functions. An entire function f of one complex variable is of exponential type if If(z)I < Ae “*’ for some constants A and B and for all z. The Lindelof indicator function of S is given by
Gas‐phase methanol solvation of Cs+ : Vibrational spectroscopy and Monte Carlo simulation

The solvation of the cesium ion by methanol has been investigated by gas‐phase vibrational spectroscopy and Monte Carlo simulations of small ion clusters: Cs(CH3OH)+N, N=4–25. The solvated ions, generated by thermionic emission and a molecular‐beam source, have considerable amounts of internal energy. After excessive energy is dissipated by evaporation, quasistable cluster ions are mass‐selected for vibrational predissociation spectroscopy using a line‐tunable cw‐CO2 laser. Analysis of the vibrational spectra indicates that the first solvation shell about the cesium ion consists of ten methanol molecules. Larger Cs(CH3OH)+N (N>18) appear to have small clusters of methanol bound to the surface of a solvated ion. Monte Carlo simulations using pairwise interaction potentials at 200, 250, and 300 K have been performed on Cs(CH3OH)+N, N=6–16 and 25. The results from the simulations are consistent with the observed solvent shell size and suggest a significant role for hydrogen bonding in the larger solvated ion...
Stray light design and analysis of the Wide-Field Infrared Explorer (WIRE)

The wide-field infrared explorer (WIRE) is a cryogenically cooled infrared telescope designed to study the evolution of galaxies. Presented in this paper is the stray light design and analysis of WIRE. Unwanted radiation from off-axis sources such as the moon, and thermal emissions from the aperture shade are suppressed by the use of key stray light design features. These include the placement of the aperture stop at the secondary mirror, tapering of the main baffle vanes, and use of ring baffles for the secondary obscuration and outer ring. Details concerning the issues of baffle design, mirror scatter, and non-optical component scatter are provided. The point source transmission (PST) curve, which characterizes the sensor's off-axis response, and the aperture shade thermal contribution were computed using the stray light analysis program APART. The results indicate that the stray light impact on the WIRE mission is minimal.
Education, evangelism, and the origins of clinical psychology: The child‐study legacy

Both contemporary psychologists and historians of the discipline have disparaged the poor quality of research generated by the Child-Study movement. The real significance of this movement, however, lay not in its scientific findings but in its institutional innovations. Its most important legacy was the structuring of a new working relationship between psychologists and schoolteachers. This mutually beneficial collaboration subtly altered the shape of professional psychology by reorienting research toward practical classroom concerns. In the midst of controversies surrounding the social role and scientific potential of Child-Study, a new clinical psychology began to emerge.
The Postschool Adjustment of Persons with Learning Disabilities: Current Status and Future Projections

Recent research on the adult status of individuals with learning disabilities was reviewed. It was found that learning disabilities persist into adulthood, that manifestations of learning disabilities in adulthood are different than in childhood, and that many adults with learning disabilities are not independent or self-sufficient. These findings are related to the changes American society is currently undergoing, particularly changes in the workplace. Implications for teachers are discussed.
Lipase-catalyzed stereoselective esterification of dl-menthol in organic solvents using acid anhydrides as acylating agents

Abstract Stereoselective esterification of racemic menthol in n -hexane using acid anhydrides as acylating agents was successfully achieved with lipase AY-30 from Candida cylindracea . Molar yields of menthyl esters as high as 23–30% were observed in the control without the presence of enzyme after 48 h incubation at 30°C in n -hexane. Molar percentage yield, enantiomeric ratio (E), and percentage enantiomeric excess (ee%) of product menthyl esters were estimated using capillary gas chromatography and a chiral column. The (−) menthol was preferentially esterified by lipase AY-30 with a yield as high as 64%. The highest E (14) and ee% (86%) were achieved in n -hexane solution containing a 1:1 molar ratio (±)menthol:butyric anhydride. The addition of a weak base, NaHCO 3 , did not enhance enantioselectivity of lipase AY-30; however, it did improve the overall yields in both the control and the systems containing lipase AY-30.
Observations of Cloud Infrared Effective Emissivity

Abstract This paper presents mean greybody infrared effective emissivity values of clouds deduced from 300 International Quiet Sun Year (IQSY) radiometersonde ascents. The cloud effective emissivity data are presented for two latitude regions: midlatitude and tropical. Mean cloud effective emissivity values for the surface to 300 mb layer ranged from 0.41 to 0.64 for the midlatitude data and from 0.54 to 0.84 for the tropical data. Clouds in the pressure interval from 400 to 600 mb exhibited the largest mean emissivity values. These data should he very useful for incorporation of realistic cloud radiative properties into modeling of atmospheric dynamics and climate.
Influence of primary care physician availability and socioeconomic deprivation on breast cancer from 1988 to 2008: a spatio-temporal analysis.

Background Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death among women in the United States. It is unclear how county-level primary care physician (PCP) availability and socioeconomic deprivation affect the spatial and temporal variation of breast cancer incidence and mortality. Methods We used the 1988–2008 public-use county-based data from nine Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) programs to analyze the temporal and spatial disparity of PCP availability and socioeconomic deprivation on early-stage incidence, advanced-stage incidence and breast cancer mortality. The spatio-temporal analysis was implemented by a novel structural additive modeling approach. Results Greater PCP availability was significantly associated with higher early-stage incidence, advanced-stage incidence and mortality during the entire study period while socioeconomic deprivation was significantly negatively associated with early-stage incidence, advanced-stage incidence, and mortality up to 1992. However, the observed influence of PCP availability and socioeconomic deprivation varied by county. Conclusions We showed important associations of PCP availability and socioeconomic deprivation with the three breast cancer indicators. However, the effect of these associations varied over time and across counties. The association of PCP availability and socioeconomic deprivation was stronger in selected counties.
A Histone Code for Regulating V(D)J Recombination

In a recent issue of Molecular Cell, Shimazaki et al. (2009) show that an interaction between RAG2 and a methylated histone might play a critical regulatory role in V(D)J recombination by enhancing DNA binding and enzymatic activity of the V(D)J recombinase.
Modeling Dam Break Behavior over a Wet Bed by a SPH Technique

Dam break evolution over dry and wet beds is analyzed with a smoothed particle hydrodynamics model. The model is shown to accurately fit both experimental dam break profiles and the measured velocities. In addition, the model allows one to study different propagation regimes during the dam break evolution. In particular, different dissipation mechanisms were identified: bottom friction and wave breaking. Although breaking dominates over wet beds at the beginning of the movement, bottom friction becomes the main dissipation mechanism in the long run.
School-age children's fears, anxiety, and human figure drawings.

Abstract Introduction: The purpose of this study was to identify the fears of school-age children and determine the relationship between fear and anxiety. Method: A descriptive, correlational, secondary analysis study was conducted using a convenience sample of 90 children between the ages of 8 and 12 years. Each child was instructed to complete the Revised Children's Anxiety Scale and then answer questions from a structured interview. On completion, each child was instructed to draw a human figure drawing. Frequency charts and correlational statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: Findings indicated that the most significant fears of the boys were in the categories of animals, safety, school, and supernatural phenomena, whereas girls were more fearful of natural phenomena. High correlations existed between anxiety scores and the number of fears and emotional indicators on human figure drawings. Discussion: Because human figure drawings are reliable tools for assessing anxiety and fears in children, practitioners should incorporate these drawings as part of their routine assessments of fearful children.
High-quality epitaxial YBCO thin films directly on LiNbO3

Abstract Pulsed laser deposition was used to deposit high-quality YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) thin films directly on y-cut LiNbO3 substrates. The as-deposited YBCO films had a high degree of in-plane orientation and showed superconducting transition temperature (T co) at 91 K with a transition width of less than 1 K. Transport critical current densities were found to be ∼ 106 A cm−2 at 77 K and zero field. An ion beam minimum channelling yield of 16% was obtained for YBCO films, indicating high crystallinity. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy studies showed that interface between the film and the substrate was quite smooth and free from interfacial interdiffusion. The defects in thin films are also identified. The work showed that high-quality high T c thin films can be deposited directly on LiNbO3. Novel devices based on the properties of both YBCO and LiNbO3 could be realized based on these results.
Laparoscopy in the diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis: in the eye of the beholder.

Laparoscopic findings of the liver in 13 cases with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) diagnosed by wedge or needle biopsy were investigated. The characteristic features of laparoscopic appearance—gentle undulation—were observed in 11 out of 13 (85%) patients with PBC. These gentle undulations were irregularly shaped areas from 0.5 to 3 cm in diameter. Those observed in s-PBC were greater in number and more pronounced than those in a-PBC. In the concave areas of these undulations, the number of portal tracts was significantly greater than in the convex areas (p < 0.005). On the contrary, the number of interlobular bile ducts in the concave area was significantly less than in the convex area (p < 0.005). Therefore, gentle undulation was relatively specific to PBC, and was caused by scar formation and chronic non-suppurative destructive cholangitis in the portal area.
Syntheses and Molecular Structures of Bis(tert-butylamido)cyclodiphosph(III)azane Cage Complexes of Thallium(I) and Indium(II)

The interaction of [(tBuNP)2(tBuNLi·THF)2] with TlCl or InCl in toluene/tetrahydrofuran mixtures has produced the cyclodiphosph(III)azane complexes [(tBuNP)2(tBuNTl)2], 1, and [(tBuNP)2(tBuN)2In]2, 2, respectively. While 1 is the expected dinuclear thallium(I) heterocube, 2 is a dimer of mononuclear indium(II) cages that are connected by an unsupported indium−indium bond. The extremely air-sensitive 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c, with unit cell dimensions a = 14.5050(6) A, b = 16.5265(7) A, c = 9.9864(1) A, β = 96.3006(9)°, and Z = 4. Orange-yellow 2 crystallizes with four molecules in the orthorhombic space group Pbca, having unit cell dimensions a = 12.9249(2) A, b = 18.3492(1) A, and c = 18.7763(3) A.
Content of 5α-reduced androgens in subcellular compartments of dog prostate

Abstract The distribution of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and 3α-androstanediol (3α-diol), 17β-hydroxyandrogens, and 5α-androstanedione, and androsterone, 17-ketoandrogens was determined by measuring their content by radioimmunoassay in subcellular components of prostate from normal adult dogs. DHT followed by 3α-diol was the most abundant 5α-reduced androgen measured in dog prostate. DHT appears to concentrate particularly in the nucleus whereas the other androgens measured do not show such a selective localization.
Stiles-Crawford Apodization

The Stiles–Crawford effect is treated as an apodization in the plane of the entrance pupil of the eye by computing the pupil function from measured values of the line spread function. The resulting apodized spread function is shown to be different from the measured spread function. The differences are in the order of 10% to 20%, but may be quite significant in the light of certain neurological phenomena.
Polyphosphazene membranes. II. Solid-state photocrosslinking of poly[(alkylphenoxy) (phenoxy)phosphazene] films

The solid-state UV photocrosslinking mechanism and the properties of dense crosslinked films composed of poly [(methylphenoxy)(phenoxy)phosphazene], poly[(ethylphenoxy)(phenoxy)phosphazene], and poly[(isopropylphenoxy)(phenoxy)phosphazene] were investigated, where the alkyl substituent was in either the meta- or para-position. Solution-cast films containing dissolved benzophenone photoinitiator (at a concentration of 1–25 mol %) were crosslinked at either 25 or 70°C. The ordering of benzophenone disappearance during polymer irradiation was methylphenoxy > ethylphenoxy > isopropylphenoxy, indicating that the rate controlling step for photoinitiator disappearance was the consumption of benzophenone, either by benzopinacole formation (with the creation of a polymer crosslink) or by reaction of a benzophenone-derived ketyl radical with a polymer macro-radical. The presence of such a ketyl adduct in crosslinked ethylphenoxy/phenoxy and isopropylphenoxy/phenoxy phosphazene films was verified by solid-state NMR. The ordering of crosslinked polymer swelling (for a given initial benzophenone concentration) when films were equilibrated in dimethylacetamide (DMAc) was isopropylphenoxy/phenoxy > ethylphenoxy/phenoxy > methylphenoxy/phenoxy, indicating that steric effects of the alkyl group were playing a role during crosslink formation. The methylphenoxy/phenoxy phosphazenes were the best materials for crosslinking; the glass transition temperature increased by approximately 25°C (from −15 to 10°C) and the film swelling (in DMAc) decreased from infinity (complete solubilization) to 35% as the benzophenone concentration was increased from 0 to 25 mol %. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1 J Appl Polym Sci 68:827–836, 1998
Appraisal of Ascorbic Acid for Acidifying the Urine of Methenamine-Treated Geriatric Patients

A study was made of 73 elderly patients receiving methenamine and ascorbic acid concurrently. Each patient had an indwelling Foley catheter. Urinary pH was assessed in relation to the dosage of ascorbic acid, duration of therapy, formulation, and dosing intervals for ascorbic acid and methenamine. Statistical analysis revealed a significant increase in urinary pH when the dosage of ascorbic acid was increased. No significant relationships were found between urinary pH and the dosage forms of ascorbic acid, the salt of methenamine used, or the duration of methenamine therapy. Changes in urinary pH at different dosing intervals for ascorbic acid were found to be significant, at the 10 percent level only, for the three-times-daily dose schedule. These data raise a question as to the value of ascorbic acid for acidifying the urine of catheterized patients receiving methenamine therapy.
The chemistry of detonations. VIII. Energetics relationships on the detonation isentrope

The ratio of energy delivered at seven volumes expansion compared with two volumes expansion on the detonation isentrope is obtained from the square of the ratio of cylinder wall velocities at 20 mm expansion and 6 mm expansion in the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory cylinder test. The velocities fit the relationship (V20V62=1.9197−0.327ϱo−0.44 [MF(H2O)]2 , where MF(H2O) is the mole fraction of water in the detonation gas mixture, as calculated using an “H2OCO2 arbitrary.” The relationship applies to CHNO, CHNOF, CNO, and HNO explosives with a standard deviation which compares favorably with the experimental precision of the measurements. The correlation described here will serve as a benchmark against which we will later test whether nonideal explosives are still reacting in the time frame of the cylinder test.
Mineral matter characteristics of some American coals

Abstract Mineral matter was separated from a number of American coals, by removing the coal substance in an oxygen plasma at low temperatures. This low temperature ashing technique was applied to some thirty-three coal samples of varying rank, twelve of which are discussed in some detail herein. The mineral matter thus obtained was analysed by x-ray diffraction, infra-red absorption, and chemical methods. By comparison with synthetic standard mineral mixtures, prepared from pure minerals, semi-quantitative data on the major mineral constituents were derived. An attempt to quantify the data for one sample was also made. Trace element analysis of the ashes was included as part of this study.
Normal fluctuations in the earth's magnetic field influence pigeon orientation

In an attempt to determine whether naturally occurring fluctuations in the earth's magnetic field influence homing pigeons' initial bearings, three series of test releases (1970, 1972, 1973) at a site 45.7 miles north of the loft were conducted under an experimental design that controlled for most extraneous variables. The mean bearings for each series showed a significant inverse correlation with the K index of magnetic activity, i.e. the bearings were more to the left when K was high. In a single series of releases at a site 43.6 miles west of the loft, the means again showed a significant inverse correlation with K. Since most of the magnetic fluctuations in all four series were less than 70 gamma, it is concluded that the sensitivity of pigeons to magnetic cues probably approaches that already demonstrated for honeybees. A brief discussion of Lamotte's (1974) paper concerning the effect of bar magnets on initial orientation is appended.
Chemical weathering associated with tafoni at Papago Park, central Arizona.

Papago Park, Arizona, is a pediment-inselberg complex that hosts a variety of well developed tafoni and alveolar weathering forms. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the nature of chemical weathering associated with the tafoni using backscatter electron microscopy (BSE) and quantitative wavelength dispersive X-ray analysis (WDS). Calcium-rich and iron-rich coatings occur on the outer shells of the tafoni. Calcium carbonate precipitation within mineral microfractures occurs on the underside of the tafoni. Chemical weathering of primary mineral grains provides a source of material found in the coatings. The WDS analyses show a near-complete lack of salt-forming elements. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stochastic Volatility Models for Asset Returns with Leverage, Skewness and Heavy-Tails via Scale Mixture

We propose and estimate a new class of equity return models that incorporate scale mixtures of the skew-normal distribution for the error distribution into the standard stochastic volatility framework. The main advantage of our models is that they can simultaneously accommodate the skewness, heavy-tailedness, and leverage effect of equity index returns observed in the data. The proposed models are flexible and parsimonious, and include many asymmetrically heavy-tailed error distributions — such as skew-t and skew-slash distributions — as special cases. We estimate a variety of specifications of our models using the Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo method, with data on daily returns of the S&P 500 index over 1987–2009. We find that the proposed models outperform existing ones of index returns.
Slavery, Emancipation, and Freedom: Comparative Perspectives – By Stanley L. Engerman

Historians, especially those trained in the 1970s, identify Stanley L. Engerman as the coauthor with Robert W. Fogel of the controversial “econometric” two‐volume Time on the Cross[1974]. Specialis...
Evaluating Policy Change in Physician Manpower Planning

The decade of the 1980s witnessed a revitalization of free-market interest in the use of incentives and voluntary participation to promote activities in a wide range of fields. Because of its history of decentralized control over physician residency training, the state of New Jersey found such an approach appealing when it sought to restructure its graduate medical education system. Two statewide task forces spent a year developing policy changes designed to produce voluntary changes in such areas as the size and growth of the state system. However, a 2-year follow-up survey of the directors of state residency programs revealed little perceivable change.
Keynote paper: Enhancing organisational metacognition – flow visualisation to make the knowledge network explicit

Knowledge networking is important. No single person or organisation can know everything in detail. The problem is, many otherwise knowledgeable people and organisations are not fully aware of their knowledge networks, and are not aware that they are not aware. Such problem points to organisational metacognition, which becomes particularly important in the context of a virtual organisation with members distributed across both time and space. This article builds upon a stream of research to understand and harness dynamic knowledge and organisation for competitive advantage. It draws from established techniques to model and visualise knowledge flows, and leverages recent fieldwork to investigate metacognition effects on knowledge networks and dynamics. Findings elucidate insightful dynamic patterns, differential performance capabilities, knowledge-flow visualisation, and enhanced organisational metacognition. This work suggests immediate results amenable to practical application, and it suggests also an exciting agenda for continued research along the lines of this investigation.
On the use of wide-field light patterns for small animal optical molecular imaging

In this work we report on the development of a fluorescence molecular imager based on patterned light excitation operating in the time-domain.
A New Method of Temperature Drift Compensation for Highly Sensitive Magnetoresistive Biochips

New bio-detection methods based on giant magnetoresistance (GMR) or tunneling magnetoresis-tance (TMR) sensors and magnetic nanoparticles are attracting much attention due to their high sensitivity and low cost. In literature, signal to noise ratio (SNR) is often used to estimate detection limit. However, because the actual bio-signal is obtained by differentiating signals before and after biological reactions, large temperature coefficient (>1000PPM/degC) of these devices can result into significant temperature drifts during the biological reaction, which may limit the resolution of the system. This will further degrade when considering the integration of biosensors and integrated circuit (IC) since analog components are also exposed to chemical solutions and contribute to drift. In this paper, a drift free detection scheme called "Double Modulation-Dual Bias" (DMDB) method is proposed as a solution to this issue.
Physician Attitude, Awareness, and Knowledge Regarding Guidelines for Transcranial Doppler Screening in Sickle Cell Disease

Objective. We explored factors that may influence physician adherence to transcranial Doppler (TCD) screening guidelines among children with sickle cell disease. Methods. Pediatric hematologists, neurologists, and primary care physicians (n = 706) responded to a mailed survey in May 2012 exploring factors hypothesized to influence physician adherence to TCD screening guidelines: physician (internal) barriers and physician-perceived external barriers. Responses were compared by specialty using chi-square tests. Results. Among 276 physicians (44%), 141 currently treated children with sickle cell disease; 72% recommend screening. Most primary care physicians (66%) did not feel well informed regarding TCD guidelines, in contrast to neurologists (25%) and hematologists (6%, P < .0001). Proportion of correct answers on knowledge questions was low (13%-35%). Distance to a vascular laboratory and low patient adherence were external barriers to receipt of TCD screening. Conclusions. Additional research regarding p...
Generalized conductor‐like screening model (GCOSMO) for solvation: An assessment of its accuracy and applicability

We present an assessment on the accuracy of a dielectric continuum solvation model, the generalized conductor-like screening model (GCOSMO), for predicting hydration free energies, tautomeric equilibria, and reaction profiles in solution. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Power Distribution Topology Design

We propose topology design of power distribution nets using a novel method for capturing the temporal characteristics of sink currents - the current compatibility graph. This graph carries information necessary for net area optimization. We propose a new algorithm for simultaneous topology design and wire sizing that can handle large designs. Our techniques result in significant area improvements on benchmark instances.
Optometric Vision Training Programs for Children with Learning Disabilities: Review of Issues and Research

This paper is a comprehensive review of the professional research literature on the effects of using vision training programs to enhance readiness skills of children entering school and for remediation of learning problems of children already in school. Focusing on the optometric developmental vision training programs, the author reviews background and assumptions, techniques and procedures, evidence relevant to program effectiveness, and issues, questions, and criticisms. It is concluded that confounding of sampling, program procedures, and research methodology make existing evidence too limited for a decision on the program effects. A definitive statement as to efficacy of developmental vision training awaits delineation of the nature of the interaction between child characteristics and program characteristics – that is, what aspects of the programs are effective for what children?
Editorial Commentary: Early High-Dose Daptomycin for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections With Elevated Vancomycin Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations: Ready for Prime Time?

In this issue of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Murray and colleagues present results from a matched cohort study addressing the clinical conundrum of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bloodstream infections caused by organisms with elevated vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) [1]. The investigators conclude that highdose daptomycin treatment led to better outcomes, and they advocate for an early switch from vancomycin to daptomycin based on finding a vancomycin MIC >1 μg/mL. Although the study provides new insight into this important clinical problem, several key questions remain. A growing body of data shows that S. aureus isolates with higher vancomycin MICs are associated with a significant increase in the risk of worse clinical outcomes, including treatment failure and death [2, 3]. It is unknown whether these poor outcomes represent relative resistance to vancomycin, a marker for a more virulent organism, or some undefined third factor associated with worse outcomes. Holmes et al found that the association between higher vancomycin MICs and clinical failure persisted even in patients with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus treated with β-lactam therapy [4]. This makes the decision regarding treatment of patients with MRSA bloodstream infection with an elevated vancomycin MIC even less clear. Should they be switched to an alternative therapy early, based on MIC testing, or wait until they develop persistent bloodstream infection or other signs of clinical failure? Current guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America recommend higher doses of vancomycin based largely on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data and suggest that “if the patient has
Area-efficient 2D shift-variant convolvers for FPGA-based digital image processing

Two dimensional (2D) convolutions are local by nature; hence every pixel in the output image is computed using a moving window of pixels. Although the operation is simple, the hardware is conditioned by the fact that due to bandwidth efficiency full raster rows must be read from the external memory, and that a row-major image scan should be performed to support shift-variant convolutions. When extending the architectures developed in prior-art to support shift-variant convolutions, we realize that they require large amounts of on-chip memory. While this fact may not have a large cost increase in ASIC implementations, it makes FPGA implementations expensive or not feasible. In this paper, we propose several FPGA-efficient architectures for generating a moving window over a row-wise print path. Because the proposed concepts have different throughput and resource utilization, we show the most efficient based on maximizing the throughput per flip-flop count.
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE

■ Abstract This article reviews the use of experiments in political science. The beginning section offers an overview of experimental design and measures, as well as threats to internal and external validity, and discusses advantages and disadvantages to the use of experimentation. The number and placements of experiments in political science are reviewed. The bulk of the essay is devoted to an examination of what we have learned from experiments in the behavioral economics, political economy, and individual choice literatures.
Analysis of homeodomain specificities allows the family-wide prediction of preferred recognition sites

We describe the comprehensive characterization of homeodomain DNA-binding specificities from a metazoan genome. The analysis of all 84 independent homeodomains from D. melanogaster reveals the breadth of DNA sequences that can be specified by this recognition motif. The majority of these factors can be organized into 11 different specificity groups, where the preferred recognition sequence between these groups can differ at up to four of the six core recognition positions. Analysis of the recognition motifs within these groups led to a catalog of common specificity determinants that may cooperate or compete to define the binding site preference. With these recognition principles, a homeodomain can be reengineered to create factors where its specificity is altered at the majority of recognition positions. This resource also allows prediction of homeodomain specificities from other organisms, which is demonstrated by the prediction and analysis of human homeodomain specificities.
Topographic, microscopic, radiographic, and computerized morphometric studies of the human adult edentate mandible for oral implantologists

Many edentate human mandibles obtained at random from cadaveric subjects of different ages were cleansed of their soft tissue coverings (macerated) and then divided into groups based upon alveolar process resorption differences. Each mandible was transected at five locations corresponding to prior sites of the molar and premolar teeth. The medial surface area of each section and its cortical and medullary components were accurately measured by computerized digital morphometry. Skeletomorphologic details were examined by gross, microscopic, and radiographic methods. Images made visible by the three methods were compared. Comparison clearly indicated that images of cortical thickness peripherally, trabecular bone density centrally, and the differences in density of canal borders and their locations in many edentate mandibles are very often inadequately portrayed by conventional oral radiographic methods. These inadequacies present a strong caveat to the unwary oral implantologist.
Otitis media in early childhood in relation to children's school-age language and academic skills.

Objective. To examine whether otitis media with effusion (OME) and associated hearing loss during the first 4 years of life are related to the language development and academic achievement of children between 4 years of age and second grade. Methods. In a prospective cohort study, 83 black children, primarily from low-income families and recruited from community-based child care programs, were examined repeatedly between the ages of 6 months and 4 years for the presence of OME and hearing loss, both when well and when ill with OME. Children’s child-rearing environments at home were assessed annually from infancy through second grade, whereas children’s language and academic skills were assessed repeatedly between 4 years of age and second grade. Results. We did not find in our longitudinal analyses a relationship between OME and hearing loss during the first 4 years of life and later academic skills in early reading and recognition of words heard. We did find that children with greater incidence of OME and hearing loss during the first 4 years of life scored lower in verbal math problems between kindergarten and second grade, even after partialing out important background factors. Children with more OME tended to score lower in math at the younger ages but caught up once they entered school. Follow-up analyses indicated also that children with more OME during the first 2 years of life scored lower in expressive language during the preschool and early elementary school years but caught up by second grade. In contrast, children from homes that were rated as more stimulating and responsive scored higher on every measure of language and academic skills than did children from less responsive homes. The home environment was related more strongly to all of the outcomes examined than was OME or hearing loss. Conclusions. There was no evidence of a significant relationship between a history of OME or hearing loss and children’s later academic skills in reading or word recognition during the early elementary school years. Children with greater incidence of OME and hearing loss scored lower in math and expressive language at the younger ages but caught up in math with their peers on entering school and in expressive language by second grade. Furthermore, a child’s home environment was more related to early math and expressive language skills than was OME or hearing loss, and the home environment continued to be predictive of all of the language and academic outcomes through second grade. These study results should be interpreted cautiously when generalizing to other populations.
Effect of gossypol on spermatozoal lactate dehydrogenase-X (LDH-X) in male rats.

Abstract The studies in this report evaluate the inhibitory effects of long-term gossypol acetic acid (gossypol) administration on spermatozoal lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-X) activity, fertility and reversibility. Gossypol at 20 mg/kg/day or vehicle only was administered orally to adult male rats for 5 consecutive weeks. Groups of control and gossypol-treated rats were sacrificed at 2-, 4-, and 5-week intervals when LDH-X analysis of spermatozoa were prepared from the tail of the epididymis. An additional group of control and gossypol-treated rats were allowed to recover for up to 8 weeks after withdrawal of the treatment. In the gossypoltreated rats, the spermatozoal LDH-X activity was depressed by 80% of control level after a 5-week treatment period. There was no significant difference in spermatozoal LDH-X activity between the control and treated animals at 2 and 4 weeks. However, the number of ejaculated sperm estimated from the vaginal smear preparations after each mating was significantly less than the control values after 2, 4 and 5 weeks of treatment. At 5 weeks after the cessation of gossypol treatment, the spermatozoal LDH-X activity had only partially recovered but the fertility (number of ejaculated sperm, embryo implantation sites and pups born) had recovered to a level comparable to the control values 5 weeks after the cessation of gossypol treatment. The inconsistencies in the response of spermatozoal LDH-X activity, sperm number and fertility to gossypol may suggest that the antifertility action of gossypol and spermatozoal LDH-X activity in adult male rats may not be directly related as suggested by the results generated from the in vitro studies.
Monovalent virus-like particle vaccine protects guinea pigs and nonhuman primates against infection with multiple Marburg viruses

Background: Virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccines have the advantage of being morphologically and antigenically similar to the live virus from which they are derived. Expression of the glycoprotein and VP40 matrix protein from Lake Victoria marburgvirus (MARV) results in spontaneous production of VLPs in mammalian cells. Guinea pigs vaccinated with Marburg virus VLPs (mVLPs) or inactivated MARV (iMARV) develop homologous humoral and T-cell responses and are completely protected from a lethal homologous MARV challenge. Aims & methods: To determine whether mVLPs based on the Musoke (aka Lake Victoria) isolate of MARV could broadly protect against diverse isolates of MARV, guinea pigs were vaccinated with mVLPs or iMARV-Musoke and challenged with MARV-Musoke, -Ravn or -Ci67. Results: Prior to challenge, the mVLP- and iMARV-vaccinated guinea pigs had high levels of homologous MARV-Musoke and heterologous MARV-Ravn and -Ci67 antibodies. The Musoke-based mVLPs and iMARV vaccines provided complete protection ...
Restricted substrate specificity for the geranylgeranyltransferase-I enzyme in Cryptococcus neoformans: implications for virulence.

ABSTRACT Proper cellular localization is required for the function of many proteins. The CaaX prenyltransferases (where CaaX indicates a cysteine followed by two aliphatic amino acids and a variable amino acid) direct the subcellular localization of a large group of proteins by catalyzing the attachment of hydrophobic isoprenoid moieties onto C-terminal CaaX motifs, thus facilitating membrane association. This group of enzymes includes farnesyltransferase (Ftase) and geranylgeranyltransferase-I (Ggtase-1). Classically, the variable (X) amino acid determines whether a protein will be an Ftase or Ggtase-I substrate, with Ggtase-I substrates often containing CaaL motifs. In this study, we identify the gene encoding the β subunit of Ggtase-I (CDC43) and demonstrate that Ggtase-mediated activity is not essential. However, Cryptococcus neoformans CDC43 is important for thermotolerance, morphogenesis, and virulence. We find that Ggtase-I function is required for full membrane localization of Rho10 and the two Cdc42 paralogs (Cdc42 and Cdc420). Interestingly, the related Rac and Ras proteins are not mislocalized in the cdc43Δ mutant even though they contain similar CaaL motifs. Additionally, the membrane localization of each of these GTPases is dependent on the prenylation of the CaaX cysteine. These results indicate that C. neoformans CaaX prenyltransferases may recognize their substrates in a unique manner from existing models of prenyltransferase specificity. It also suggests that the C. neoformans Ftase, which has been shown to be more important for C. neoformans proliferation and viability, may be the primary prenyltransferase for proteins that are typically geranylgeranylated in other species.
Reactivity and epitope mapping of single-chain T cell receptors with monoclonal antibodies

Abstract To examine further the structure of the T cell receptor (TCR) and the specificity of mAbs generated against the native protein, the TCR was expressed in Escherichia coli as a single chain in which the variable regions of the α and β chains are joined by a 25 amino acid linker. Five single-chain TCR that have different α and/or β variable (V) regions were examined with the anti-Vβ8 region mAbs KJ16 and F23.1 and the anti-Vα8 mAbs KT50, KT65 and B21.14. Each of the mAbs reacted with one or more of the single-chain receptors. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the intrachain disulfide bonds were required for proper epitope conformation and recognition of the TCR by the antibodies. KT50, KT65 and B21.14 antibodies distinguished between two related Vα regions that differed at only six residues. A model of the V regions of TCR based on immunoglobulin (Ig) structure suggests that three of these six variant residues are in the putative CDR1 of the receptor and possibly accessible to antibody. To test this possibility, site-directed mutagenesis of the unreactive Vα region demonstrated that the combination of all three residues restored binding by the anti-Vα8 antibodies. In addition, these three complimentarity determining regions (CDR) residues are likely to be in close proximity to the putative CDR3 which also influenced binding of the antibodies. The epitopes recognized by the Vα-specific antibodies are thus predicted to reside closer to the putative binding site than the epitopes previously determined to be recognized by the anti-Vβ8 antibodies, KJ16 and F23.1. Finally, the specificities of KT50 and KT65 as determined with the E. coli expression system suggests an explanation for previous observations about the differences in the T cell populations that are recognized by these antibodies.
Choice Theory and Family Counseling A Pragmatic, Culturally Sensitive Approach

Choice theory and its delivery mechanism, reality therapy, has long been utilized in therapeutic work with individuals, groups, families, and couples. Ironically, this theory is often omitted from family counseling and professional journals. Although choice theory is not perceived as a systemic approach, the effective implementation of the reality therapy can lead to second-order change for couples and families by creating systemic changes in a pragmatic manner. The focus of this article is the examination and integration of choice theory in family counseling.
Effects of fruit consumption on body mass index and weight loss in a sample of overweight and obese dieters enrolled in a weight-loss intervention trial.

Abstract Objective Fruit and vegetable consumption is an important part of a healthy diet and assumed to aid in the reduction of energy intake and body weight. Fruits and vegetables may display differential effects on weight and weight loss; however, the effects of the two food groups have rarely been investigated separately. Methods The present study focused on the effects of fruit consumption on body weight and weight loss in a sample of 77 overweight and obese dieters enrolled in an intervention program. Food consumption was assessed at baseline by food diaries and after the introduction of nutrition software through electronic food records. Body weight and additional physiologic outcomes were assessed three times, once before the intervention and again at the 3- and 6-mo follow-ups. Results Vegetable and fruit consumption differed in their associations with body weight and weight loss. Although vegetable consumption increased as a result of the intervention ( P r =−0.27 to −0.44). The relation between fruit consumption and body weight remained significant after controlling for age, gender, physical activity level, and daily macronutrient consumption (Δ R 2 =0.06–0.13). Further, increases in fruit consumption were associated with subsequent weight loss, controlling for the same covariates (Δ R 2 =0.05–0.07). Conclusion The results indicate unique contributions of fruit consumption to the management of body weight and indicate that a separation of effects for fruit and vegetable food groups may be warranted.
The Rhetoric of Power A Comparison of Hitler and Martin Luther King Jr.

Charismatic leaders present intriguing examples of the use of power through language. The prevailing neo-charismatic perspective, however, is based predominately on Western theories and research ex...