cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review of Transportation engineering basics by A. S. Narasimha Murthy and Henry R. Mohle

This book is written as a lab manual to show students how to apply classroom knowledge and principles to real-world problems in the field. Used in conjunction with a transportation engineering text book, this book can help students to understand What type of work will I be doing? and How can I apply this specific knowledge to the project that I’m doing? The book presents its content in the form of a series of labs. The first part of the book covers common traffic engineering studies, such as a spot speed study, turning movements, and volume study, saturation flow study, travel time study, and delay study. Practical topics on parking analysis, pedestrian and bicycle facilities are also discussed. Guidelines and procedures for field data collection and work sheets for data collection, reduction, and summary are included in many labs. A set of questions for improving the definition and the scope of the study, practicing the procedure of field work, and formulating conclusions and recommendations are provided at the end of each lab. The passing of the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century ~TEA 21! has presented new opportunities for transportation professionals, and also specified new requirements in many different areas within the field of transportation engineering. In response to the new focuses set by TEA 21, 10 new labs are added to this second edition. Those new labs cover advanced practical
A Fast and Accurate Method for Numerical Analysis of Elastic Layered Contacts

Solution of contact problems for layered elastic solids generally required the use of numerical methods. Recently, the fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique has been applied to such contacts. While very fast. FFT is strictly applicable only to periodic contact problems. When it is applied to essentially non-periodic contacts, an error is introduced in the numerical solution. A new method that overcomes the limitation of the straightforward FFT approach for solving non-periodic layered contact problems is introduced in the present article. A special correction procedure based on the multi-level multi-summation technique is used to compensate the FFT results for the periodicity error. The use of a robust iteration scheme based on the conjugate gradient method ensures that the new method is applicable to contact problems involving real rough surfaces. Numerical examples demonstrate that the new method is both accurate and fast.
Formation of H − ions by backscattering thermal hydrogen atoms from a cesium surface

We have investigated the formation of negative hydrogen ions by backscattering thermal hydrogen atoms incident on a thick cesium surface. The incident hydrogen atoms are produced by thermal dissociation of molecular hydrogen at temperatures of about 2500 K. The negative ions are produced with an efficiency of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ions per incident atom. Our data show that the backscattering theory of Hiskes-Gardner-Karo, originally developed for incident hydrogen atoms with energies above 100 eV, can be extrapolated down to the 1-eV range. One way of comparing our experimental results with the above theory is to determine the average survival probability for the negative hydrogen ions as they leave the cesium surface. We obtain a survival probability of 0.005 for hydrogen from a 2500-K oven, in close agreement with the value of 0.004 calculated by extrapolating the experimental results of Hiskes and Schneider down to 1 eV. In addition to the negative hydrogen ions we see electrons produced with efficiencies about one hundred times greater than for the negative ions. The electrons appear to be produced by an Auger process accompanying a chemical reaction of hydrogen with cesium.
Experiment and analysis of instability of tube rows subject to liquid crossflow

A tube array subjected to crossflow may become unstable by either one or both of the two basic mechanisms: velocity mechanism and displacement mechanism. The significance of these two mechanisms depends on the mass-damping parameter. The velocity mechanism is dominant for tube arrays with a low mass-damping parameter, and the displacement mechanism is dominant for tube arrays with a high mass-damping parameter. This report presents an experimental and analytical investigation of tube rows in liquid crossflow. The main objective is to verify a mathematical model and the transition between the two mechanisms at the intermediate values of mass-damping parameter. Tests of two tube rows are conducted to determine the critical flow velocity as a function of system damping. Experimental and analytical results are found to be in good agreement.
A smoothed two- and three-dimensional interface reconstruction method

The Patterned Interface Reconstruction algorithm reduces the discontinuity between material interfaces in neighboring computational elements. This smoothing improves the accuracy of the reconstruction for smooth bodies. The method can be used in two- and three-dimensional Cartesian and unstructured meshes. Planar interfaces will be returned for planar volume fraction distributions. The algorithm is second-order accurate for smooth volume fraction distributions.
Recurrence after transanal excision of T1 rectal cancer: should we be concerned?

Transanal excision is an appealing treatment for low rectal cancers because of its low morbidity, mortality, and better functional results than transabdominal procedures. However, controversy exists about whether it compromises the potential for cure. Several, recent reports of high recurrence rates after local excision prompted us to review our results of transanal excision alone in patients with T1 rectal cancers. All patients with T1 low rectal cancer undergoing local excision alone between 1980 through 1998 were reviewed for local recurrence, distant metastasis, disease-free interval, results of salvage surgery, and overall and disease-free survival. Demographics, tumor size, distance from anal verge, and preoperative endoluminal ultrasound results also were recorded. Patients with poorly differentiated tumors, perineural or lymphovascular invasion, or with mucinous component were excluded. Fifty-two patients underwent transanal excision during the study period. Five-year recurrence was estimated to be 29.38 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 15.39–43.48). For 52 patients, five-year, cancer-specific and overall survival rates were 89 and 75 percent respectively. Fourteen of 15 patients with recurrence underwent salvage treatment with 56.2 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 35.2–90) five-year survival rate. Gender, preoperative staging by endorectal ultrasound, distance from the anal verge, tumor size, location, and T1 status discovered after transanal excision of a villous adenoma did not influence local recurrence or tumor-specific survival. Transanal excision for T1 rectal tumors with low-grade malignancy has a high rate of recurrence. Although overall cancer survival rates might be regarded as satisfactory, this high recurrence and low salvage rate raises the issue about the role of transanal excision alone for early rectal cancer and the possible need for adjuvant therapy or increased role of resective surgery.
Absorbed dose profiles for radionuclides of frequent use in radiation synovectomy

Absorbed dose profiles are presented for radionuclides of frequent or potential use in radiation synovectomy, an intraarticular technique aimed at treating rheumatoid arthritis through direct and highly selective irradiation of inflamed synovium. The radionuclides investigated were 198Au, 165Dy, 32P, 186Re, 90Y, and 166Ho. These profiles reveal the absorbed dose imparted per unit activity of injected radionuclide (Gy/mCi) as a function of penetration distance (mm) to major components of the arthritic synovial joint. Their usefulness is twofold: they can be employed to select the radionuclide best suited to achieving the proper depth of penetration in tissue (approximating the thickness of the inflamed synovium) and to determine, a priori, the necessary dose of radioactivity (delivering an absorbed dose sufficient to effectively treat all the diseased tissue). The extent of radiation of other synovial joint components, such as bone and articular cartilage, and how the advancing rheumatoid arthritis can be expected to alter the extent and pattern of absorbed dose penetration in the joint are also discussed.
A project to teach microprogrammed asynchronous system design

Teaching courses in logic and systems design is not complete unless the students are able to design a logic system as a part of their course work. A project on the design of an asynchronous computer system is presented in this paper. This system is microprogrammed and has no master clock to time the micro operations. The computer designed has sixteen machine instructions, 2K core memory, and a microcomputer with 256 word ROM.
Isolation and characterization of transposon Tn4001-generated, cytadherence-deficient transformants of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium

Cytadherence and subsequent parasitism of host cells by the human pathogens, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium, are mediated by adhesins and adherence-related accessory proteins. In this report we demonstrate the use of transposon Tn4001 to generate Tn-induced transformants displaying cytadherence-deficient characteristics. Mycoplasma pneumoniae Tn-generated transformant, designated 8R, lacked the high-molecular weight adherence-accessory proteins HMW1/4 and was deficient in hemadsorption and cytadherence capabilities. In transformant 8R, Tn4001 was not localized in or near the hmw1 gene or in the upstream adhesin (p30/hmw3) locus, suggesting an alternate site associated with the regulation of hmw1 gene expression. Sequence analysis identified the transposon insertion site at the crl locus previously reported, although the protein characteristics of transformant 8R differed from the earlier described transformants. The M. genitalium Tn-transformant, designated G26, was also defective in hemadsorption and cytadherence. However, transformant G26 synthesized adhesins P140 and P32 suggesting that Tn4001 transposed into a new gene or site previously unlinked to cytadherence, namely ORF MG032. This study demonstrates the utility of Tn4001 mutagenesis for both M. pneumoniae and M. genitalium which, in the latter case, has special relevance in light of the recent complete characterization of its continuous total genomic sequence.
Visualization of a Large Set of Hydrogen Atomic Orbital Contours Using New and Expanded Sets of Parametric Equations

Images of isosurfaces and contour lines for a large set of hydrogen atomic orbitals were generated with new and expanded sets of parametric equations. Parametric equations for 4f and 5g orbitals are derived for the first time.
Transient error in personality scores: Considering honest and faked responses

Despite the importance of reliability in personality assessment, little research has evaluated the influence of transient error on observed scores. In this study, we estimated transient error in scores from two personality measures and compared these estimates across honest and faking responding conditions. Results indicated that transient error was present in personality scores, with more transient error observed in faked responses. Consequently, the coefficient of equivalence (alpha) will overestimate the reliability of personality scores. Use of alpha will under-correct criterion-related validity coefficients and under-estimate the standard error of measurement. Results suggest these problems will be more severe when scores are affected by faking.
Efficient detection of brown dwarfs using methane-band imaging

BROWN dwarfs lie in the mass range between the most massive Jupiter-like planets and the least massive stars. They are much less luminous than stars, and so may provide a fraction of the baryonic dark matter in our Galaxy. Only one unambiguous detection of a brown dwarf has been made to date1–6—G1229B, a low-mass companion to the nearby star G1229A. The detection4 of strong methane-band absorption in the spectrum of G1229B, a feature restricted to cool substellar objects5–9, lends weight to the idea7 that differential methane-band imaging (the subtraction of an image taken in the methane band from a continuum-light image taken in the same spectral region) should provide an efficient method for detecting brown dwarfs. Here we demonstrate the potential of this approach by obtaining an image of G1229B with less than two minutes of integration time. This technique promises efficient detection of both isolated brown dwarfs in crowded regions, and brown dwarfs orbiting close to their primary stars.
Association Between Ipilimumab and Celiac Disease

A 62-year-old man with chemotherapy-naive, castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer presented with refractory diarrhea despite prolonged high-dose corticosteroid treatment after receiving 3 doses of ipilimumab as part of a phase 3 clinical trial. The investigative work-up and response to a gluten-free diet essentially confirm celiac disease. Although ipilimumab-induced enterocolitis is a well-reported complication, there have been no reported cases of celiac disease with ipilimumab therapy, to our knowledge. We suspect that ipilimumab may have amplified the symptomatic presentation of previously unrecognized celiac disease or perhaps even triggered the disease itself. With ipilimumab being used more commonly in the treatment of melanoma and prostate cancer, we believe that physicians should be aware of this potential adverse outcome when evaluating a patient who experiences persistent diarrhea during or after ipilimumab treatment.
Virtual Environment Technology

Since the late 1960s and early 1970s researchers have been building novel display devices-- including head-mounted displays (HMDs)--and a variety of manual input devices, including force input and output. With the advent of powerful graphic workstations, and relatively inexpensive HMDs and glove-like input devices, however, interest in 'virtual environments' seems to be rising exponentially. In this paper the key components of a virtual environment-- autonomy, interaction and presence--are described. Autonomy is a qualitative measure of the capability of computational models to act and react to simulated events and stimuli. Interaction measures the degree of access to model parameters at runtime, ranging from batch processing with no interaction to comprehensive, real-time access to all model parameters. Presence is a rough measure of the number and fidelity of available sensory input and output channels. Work on representing and controlling synthetic autonomous agents for virtual environments will be briefly reviewed. Videotaped examples will be shown.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Role of Stargardt-3 macular dystrophy protein (ELOVL4) in the biosynthesis of very long chain fatty acids

Stargardt-like macular dystrophy (STGD3) is a dominantly inherited juvenile macular degeneration that eventually leads to loss of vision. Three independent mutations causing STGD3 have been identified in exon six of a gene named Elongation of very long chain fatty acids 4 (ELOVL4). The ELOVL4 protein was predicted to be involved in fatty acid elongation, although evidence for this and the specific step(s) it may catalyze have remained elusive. Here, using a gain-of-function approach, we provide direct and compelling evidence that ELOVL4 is required for the synthesis of C28 and C30 saturated fatty acids (VLC-FA) and of C28-C38 very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFA), the latter being uniquely expressed in retina, sperm, and brain. Rat neonatal cardiomyocytes and a human retinal epithelium cell line (ARPE-19) were transduced with recombinant adenovirus type 5 carrying mouse Elovl4 and supplemented with 24:0, 20:5n3, or 22:5n3. The 24:0 was elongated to 28:0 and 30:0; 20:5n3 and 22:5n3 were elongated to a series of C28-C38 PUFA. Because retinal degeneration is the only known phenotype in STGD3 disease, we propose that reduced VLC-PUFA in the retinas of these patients may be the cause of photoreceptor cell death.
Theoretical investigation of the Cu EOS standard

Abstract We calculate the static lattice energy (cold curve), phonon spectrum, and electronic density of states of compressed Cu from electronic structure theory. In the regime 1 ⩾ V / V 0 ⩾ 0.6 , our ab initio thermal free energy is combined with an empirical static lattice energy based on the measured volume, bulk modulus, and Hugoniot, to give a very accurate complete equation of state. Results are given as analytic expressions for the free energy and a table of P ( V , T ) . The inferred room temperature isotherm supports the proposed modification of the ruby standard of Dewaele et al. [Phys. Rev. B 70 (2004) 094112]. At high compressions ( V / V 0 ≲ 0.5 ) , electronic structure theory provides a better estimate of the static lattice energy and room temperature isotherm than extrapolating from the Hugoniot. We give a theoretical room temperature isotherm in the terapascal regime.
Ge cages at the SiC/graphene interface: A first principles calculation

Abstract Using the first principles density functional theory calculations, we investigated the effect of Ge atoms on the electronic and structural properties of epitaxial graphene on the Si-face of SiC. We considered both the substituted Ge atoms and intercalated multilayers of Ge at the interface. Starting with Ge 3 clusters, we introduce one to six monolayers (ML) of Ge at the interface. Our first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations find that, when there are more than four ML, the periodicity of the most stable atomistic configuration of Ge atoms in between the buffer layer and the SiC substrate is influenced by the periodicity of the substrate underneath, as well as the periodicity of the honeycomb array of C atoms on the top. Two distinct Ge cages are formed which are merged in to each other. As a result of the intercalation, the buffer layer decouples from the substrate converting it to graphene. Within the scope of our calculations, we found electron-doped graphene with Ge intercalation.
Herpes simplex virus vector system: analysis of its in vivo and in vitro cytopathic effects

Abstract With its natural propensity to infect and establish life-long latency in neurons, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has been successfully employed by various laboratories as vectors for gene transfer into neurons. However, analysis of its cytopathic effects in vivo and in vitro has been limited. In this study, we examined the cytopathic effects of 2 HSV-1 α4 mutants (ts756 and d120) on adult rat hippocampus and striatum and of d120 on hippocampal neurons in culture. We assessed damage by stringent counting of surviving neurons after infection and demonstrated that while neither ts756 nor d120 infection resulted in any gross anatomical or behavioral changes of the animals, ts756, but not d120, produced a significant amount of damage in the CA4 cell field and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Thus, since crude examination is insufficient to detect subtle but significant degrees of neuron loss, the cytopathic effects of HSV or any vector system must be carefully analyzed. Furthermore, we also observed that uninfected cell lysates damaged neurons, both in vivo and in vitro. This cytotoxicity occurred within the first 24 h post-inoculation and probably arose through the activation of glutamate receptors. For the preparation of HSV vectors, purification of the virus from soluble cellular components by a simple pelleting step can significantly decrease such acute toxicity.
Bronchial Brushing in Bronchogenic Carcinoma: Factors Influencing Cellular Yield and Diagnostic Accuracy*

In a prospective study, varying the bronchial brushing technique through the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope was examined for the effects on cellular yield and diagnostic accuracy. The yield of cells obtained from the 1.7-mm brush was increased by more than twofold when the brush and bronchoscope were withdrawn as a unit through the pharynx and nose, (nonwithdrawn brushing), rather than withdrawing the brush alone through the aspiration channel of the bronchoscope (withdrawn brushing). The greater number of total cells in the nonwithdrawn brushing specimen was largely due to squamous cells, and the yield of tumor cells by the two methods was similar. The yield of cells from the same brush withdrawn through a new suction adapter available on the bronchoscope (Olympus BF-B2) was significantly decreased, as compared with the withdrawn brushing. There was a further decrease using a shielded 1-mm brush. In 23 of 30 cases of proven carcinoma, the diagnosis was made by the single withdrawn brushing, and in 26 of the 30 by the single nonwithdrawn brushing, a difference which was not statistically significant. We conclude that diagnostic accuracy is not significantly enhanced by withdrawing the brush and bronchoscope as a unit through the pharynx and nose; use of a small shielded brush offers no advantage over a larger unshielded brush; modifications of flexible bronchoscopes, such as the adapter to improve efficacy of suction, should be evaluated for effects on harvests of cells from bronchial brushes before being put into general use.
Effect of damping on impact response of a two degrees of freedom system

Abstract The impact response of a system consisting of a main mass on which a critical element of much smaller mass is mounted, is analyzed. Equations of motion are non-dimensionalized and a closed form solution obtained. System parameters are the two damping ratios and the frequency ratio. Maximum values of the non-dimensional acceleration of the critical element and the product of its acceleration and displacement are computed. Results are presented in a form to permit optimum design of the system.
High-Throughput Synthesis of HepDirect Prodrugs of Nucleoside Monophosphates

A high-throughput phosphoramidite method for HepDirect prodrug synthesis was optimized on seven representative nucleosides, adenosine, inosine, guanosine, uridine, cytidine, AICA-riboside, and thymidine, each on a 5 mg scale. The variables optimized included (1) reaction time, (2) reaction temperature, (3) activating agent, (4) solvent, (5) purification method, and (6) stoichiometry. Preparative HPLC with mass-based fraction collection and yield determination from an ELSD standard curve enabled high-throughput. The optimized conditions for the representative nucleosides required 6 mol equiv of phosphoramidite to nucleoside and resulted in an average HPLC determined yield of 31 ± 14% and HPLC purity of 93 ± 3%.
Vitreous Loss Managed by Anterior Vitrectomy: Long-term Follow-up of 59 Cases

• Fifty-nine cases of vitreous loss managed by anterior vitrectomy were followed up for an average of 26 months. Thirty-seven cases were managed by automated anterior vitrectomy and 22 by cellulose sponge anterior vitrectomy. Both techniques, when performed by resident ophthalmologists, give equivalent results. Anterior vitrectomy for vitreous loss gives significantly better results than nontreatment of vitreous loss but significantly poorer results than uncomplicated intracapsular cataract extraction. This is largely caused by the increased incidence of chronic cystoid macular edema after vitreous loss. Vitreous loss treated by anterior vitrectomy is associated with 10% to 15% greater endothelial cell loss than uncomplicated intracapsular cataract extraction.
Na(+)-dependent L-arginine transport in the pigmented rabbit conjunctiva.

Abstract The objective of this study was to characterize Na + -coupled L -arginine ( L -Arg) transport in the pigmented rabbit conjunctiva. The excised pigmented rabbit conjunctiva was mounted in the modified Ussing chamber for measurement of short-circuit current (Isc), 3 H- L -arginine ( 3 H- L -Arg) flux, and 22 Na flux. L -Arg when added to the mucosal side led to 0.32–2.65 μA cm −2 increases in the Isc at 37°C, but not at 4°C or in a Na + -free solution. L -Arg at 1 m M stimulated net Na + absorption by 0.12 μEq cm −2 h −1 . The evidence for carrier-mediated transport of L -Arg includes: (1) temperature dependence and saturability over 0.01–10 m M , (2) Na + dependence and ouabain sensitivity, (3) 84±2% reduction in the apparent permeability coefficient (P app ) of 3 H- L -Arg in the presence of excess unlabeled L -Arg (1 m M ), and (4) 16-fold difference in L -Arg transport (at 0.1 m M ) between the mucosal-to-serosal and the serosal-to-mucosal direction. Moreover, L -Arg transport was inhibited by basic amino acids, large neutral amino acids, and nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, but not by acidic and small neutral amino acids. Kinetic analysis revealed the possible existence of both high and low affinity processes for L -Arg transport. A half maximal concentration (K m ) and maximal L -Arg flux (J max ) values of the low and high affinity processes were 5.90 and 0.07 m M , and 1,248 and 111 pmol cm −2 min −1 , respectively. Hill analysis of L -Arg transport at 0.1 m M in the presence of varying Na + concentrations in the mucosal bathing fluid yielded a Hill coefficient of 0.93, suggesting a 1:1 coupling between Na + and L -Arg. In conclusion, Na + -coupled transport process(es) for L -Arg in accordance with a 1:1 stoichiometry appear to be present on the mucosal side of the pigmented rabbit conjunctiva. The pattern of inhibition by basic and large neutral amino acids and Na + dependency are suggestive of system B 0,+ -mediated L -Arg transport.
A Simultaneous Input Vector Control and Circuit Modification Technique to Reduce Leakage with Zero Delay Penalty

Leakage power currently comprises a large fraction of the total power consumption of an IC. Techniques to minimize leakage have been researched widely. However, most approaches to reducing leakage have an associated performance penalty. In this article, we present an approach which minimizes leakage by simultaneously modifying the circuit while deriving the input vector that minimizes leakage. In our approach, we selectively modify a gate so that its output (in sleep mode) is in a state which helps minimize the leakage of other gates in its transitive fanout. Gate replacement is performed in a slack-aware manner, to minimize the resulting delay penalty. One of the major advantages of our technique is that we achieve a significant reduction in leakage without increasing the delay of the circuit.
The Psychiatrist, the Counselor, and the School.

Based on a general systems analysis model, the holistic approach to counseling spans every level and interaction effect from the gene to the interpersonal to the community and beyond. One of the major functions of the counselor in this approach is opening and maintaining communications among groups in the various school and community subsystems. The author of this article, a psychiatrist, stresses the use of the holistic approach in (a) the training and role of the psychiatrist, (b) the school and its subsystems, (c) the role of the guidance counselor, and (d) the interaction between the guidance counselor and the psychiatrist.
Groundless optimism: Regression in the service of egos, England and empire in victorian ballooning memoirs

“The atmosphere in which we live weighs upon everyone with a twenty pound force, but do you feel it?” Karl Marx, “Speech at the Anniversary of the People's Paper ,” 1856 Invented in France in 1783, balloon aerostation became immensely popular in England within months. “The chief feature of the afternoon fetes” in the pleasure gardens from the 1830s on, a balloon ascent also marked the opening of the Crystal Palace in 1851. Although only a small number of Britons actually went up in balloons, ascents drew large audiences, and aeronautical entrepreneurs were able to charge admission to spectators and passengers alike. The balloon became a popular decorative emblem on fabrics, jewelry and china, and a diverse literature of ballooning attracted a wide readership. The balloon, however, was not solely or even originally an instrument for amusement. It evolved, or devolved, very quickly through three overlapping stages: from its original status as a major technical discovery, the precursor of navigable flight, it became an instrument for meteorological and atmospheric research, and then the Victorian equivalent of an amusement park ride. In Wonderful Balloon Ascents (1870), Fulgence Marion ranks the discovery of balloons with the discovery of America, “equally” in that “of all other discoveries, these two have attracted the greatest amount of attention, and given, in their respective eras, the greatest impulse to popular feeling.”
Studies on Cystic Fibrosis Using Isoelectric Focusing. IV. Distinction between Ciliary Dyskinesia Activity in Cystic Fibrosis and Asthmatic Sera and Association of Cystic Fibrosis Protein with the Activity in Cystic Fibrosis Serum

Studies on Cystic Fibrosis Using Isoelectric Focusing. IV. Distinction between Ciliary Dyskinesia Activity in Cystic Fibrosis and Asthmatic Sera and Association of Cystic Fibrosis Protein with the Activity in Cystic Fibrosis Serum
A study of switching in non-crystalline chalcogenide thin films at room and liquid nitrogen ambient temperatures using aluminum and molybdenum electrodes

Abstract Threshold and memory switching, achieved by continuous loading and pulsing, have been investigated in chalcogenide thin films using both aluminum and molybdenum electrodes. Switching has also been induced by colling the specimen with liquid nitrogen at constant source voltage at V-I conditions in the negative resistance region. Because of the increased resistance of the specimens at low temperature the cooling causes a large reduction in pre-switching power. Since the series resistance is constant, the lowering of ambient temperature forces a simultaneous increase in the electric field across the specimen until switching occurs. The effect appears to be in greater harmony with a switching mechanism that is dependent on the field and current-path temperature rather than being purely thermally activated. At room temperature, a pre-transient negative V-I region is associated with power-induced internal heating whose effect can be detected with a photo-electric cell or with a thermocouple. Studies of the specimen indicate that aluminum electrodes often undergo a reaction which results in the formation of Al2O3. This reaction initiates after switching to the on-regime but is not observed using molybdenum electrodes.
Helical Carbon Nanotubes Enhance the Early Immune Response and Inhibit Macrophage-Mediated Phagocytosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Aerosolized or aspirated manufactured carbon nanotubes have been shown to be cytotoxic, cause pulmonary lesions, and demonstrate immunomodulatory properties. CD-1 mice were used to assess pulmonary toxicity of helical carbon nanotubes (HCNTs) and alterations of the immune response to subsequent infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice. HCNTs provoked a mild inflammatory response following either a single exposure or 2X/week for three weeks (multiple exposures) but were not significantly toxic. Administering HCNTs 2X/week for three weeks resulted in pulmonary lesions including granulomas and goblet cell hyperplasia. Mice exposed to HCNTs and subsequently infected by P. aeruginosa demonstrated an enhanced inflammatory response to P. aeruginosa and phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages was inhibited. However, clearance of P. aeruginosa was not affected. HCNT exposed mice depleted of neutrophils were more effective in clearing P. aeruginosa compared to neutrophil-depleted control mice, accompanied by an influx of macrophages. Depletion of systemic macrophages resulted in slightly inhibited bacterial clearance by HCNT treated mice. Our data indicate that pulmonary exposure to HCNTs results in lesions similar to those caused by other nanotubes and pre-exposure to HCNTs inhibit alveolar macrophage phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa. However, clearance was not affected as exposure to HCNTs primed the immune system for an enhanced inflammatory response to pulmonary infection consisting of an influx of neutrophils and macrophages.
Commentary on Beutler et al.'s "Common, specific, and treatment fit variables in psychotherapy outcome"

The “gap” between science and practice is a longstanding and unresolved issue in clinical psychology and related disciplines, which has been articulated by a number of writers from a range of therapy orientations from both sides of the divide (Beutler, Williams, Wakefield, & Entwistle, 1995; Goldfried & Wolfe, 1996). In discussing this issue, Masling (1996) noted that one way to bridge this gap would be to carry out more interesting and informative research. Larry Beutler and colleagues (this issue, pp 255–281) are to be congratulated for doing just that. They provide a great service to the psychological and psychotherapy community by tackling particularly vexing issues that have long consumed the field’s attention and doing so with a creative and interesting approach that is satisfying to both sides of science–practice divide. Using a large data set that combines data from five studies examining seven treatments, Beutler and colleagues examine the relative contribution of both common (e.g., the therapeutic alliance) and specific factors (e.g., therapist directiveness) that have been shown to be related to positive treatment outcomes. They also examined patient characteristics and most creatively the fit or match between patient factors and treatment factors and their impact on
INTELLIGENCE AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AT EIGHT YEARS OF AGE IN CHILDREN RECOVERED FROM NEONATAL CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE (CLD) † 1228

Neonatal CLD is known to be associated with developmental delay during infancy. Robertson et al, studying children born in the 1970's, found that at 8 years of age, children recovered from CLD had lower IQ and poorer school performance as compared with controls [Pediatrics 1992;89:365-72]. In the current study we investigated whether these effects of CLD would be found in children born more recently. We also explored the effect of CLD on adaptive development. We evaluated 50 children, 8 years of age, who had: 1) birth weight < 1500 grams, 2) no major anomaly, 3) requirement for assisted ventilation in the neonatal period, 4) a normal neonatal cranial ultrasound or an examination showing only an uncomplicated subependymal hemorrhage, and 5) no signs of cerebral palsy at one year of age. 24 children a a history of requiring supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks post-conceptional age (CLD groups); the other 26 children did not (controls). The 2 groups were similar in terms of birth weight, gestational age, gender, and race. More mothers of CLD children had less than 12 years of education [CLD - 24% vs controls - 8%]. The evaluation included the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Third Edition, the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT), and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale. Unadjusted comparisons were made using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Comparisons adjusted for years of maternal education were made using linear regression. CLD children had lower Performance IQ [presented as median (range in parentheses)] [CLD: 86 (52-108); controls: 96 (64-130); p=0.004], lower Full-Scale IQ [CLD: 87 (52-110); controls: 101 (65-128); p=0.02], and lower Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales composite score [CLD:94(51-122); controls: 109 (81-120); p=0.03]. These differences persisted when adjusted for years of maternal education. CLD children also had lower scores on the WIAT for reading, spelling, and math, but these differences did not persist when controlling for years of maternal education. In summary, CLD is associated with lower intelligence and delayed adaptive development at eight years of age; these problems, however, need not result in lower school achievement.
Space charge effect and the Booster to AGS transfer

For high intensity proton runs, emittance blow-up is often accompanied with nontrivial beam loss. It has been suggested [10] that the largest portion of the Booster to AGS (BTA) transfer loss is located in the AGS end. It was also found that the space charge tune spread, immediately after the bunched beam enters the AGS ring, is large enough for the envelope resonance and emittance blow-up [11]. It was decided, in 1997 high intensity proton run, to raise the BTA transfer kinetic energy from 1.54 GeV to 1.9 GeV. The transfer efficiency was increased, as expected. The beam emittance in the AGS ring did not increase, even the AGS acceptance was enlarged [12], which is probably because of the reduced space charge tune spread.
Recognition of cysteine-containing peptides through prompt fragmentation of the 4-dimethylaminophenylazophenyl-4′-maleimide derivative during analysis by MALDI-MS

Under specified UV-MALDI conditions, the 4-dimethylaminophenylazophenyl-4'-maleimide (DABMI) derivative of cysteine-containing peptides undergoes prompt fragmentation to produce a characteristic mass spectral pattern. As reported previously by others, derivatization with chromophoric DABMI allows cysteine-containing peptides and proteins to be tracked during HPLC by absorbance at upper UV and visible wavelengths. Here, we describe methodology by which these same peptide derivatives can be recognized by their distinctive MALDI mass spectral fragmentation pattern, then mass mapped, allowing for easy, rapid identification of cysteine-containing peptides.
Analysis of pushout tests on an SiC-fiber-reinforced reaction-bonded Si3N4 composite☆

Abstract Fiber pushout tests on a silicon carbide (SiC) fiber-reinforced reaction-bonded silicon nitride (RBSN) composite were analyzed on the basis of a model using shear-lag theory applied to a partially debonded composite. It is shown that significant debonded zones can develop due to thermal stresses during cooldown after fabrication. Although these debonded zones are small compared to composite thicknesses for usual engineering applications, they may be significant compared to the thicknesses of the composite specimens used in the fiber pushout tests. Friction coefficients of 0.1–0.16 appear to fit the data on both the maximum pushout loads and the initial slopes of the load-displacement curves for composites with various embedded fiber lengths and fiber volume fractions.
Biliary Metabolites of 17β-Estradiol-4-14C in the Bull

After intravenous injection of 17β-estradiol-4-14C into a bull, a plot of the disappearance of radioactivity from blood indicated 2 discrete half-lives of 4.5 and 15 min. Radioactivity in bile, which was collected from the gallbladder by catheter, reached a maximum concentration at 12 min. In 3 hr, 53% of the dose was excreted in bile and 4% in urine. The radioactive metabolites in the bile were not ether-extractable until after hydrolysis in the presence of β-glucuronidase. Two steroid aglycones, estrone-MC and 17α-estradiol-14C, accounted for 94% of the biliary radioactivity of the first half hour. The remaining 6% was more hydrophilic than estriol and was not identified. (Endocrinology 78: 914, 1966)
Differentiation of genetic abnormalities in early pregnancy loss

Objective To characterize the types of genetic abnormalities and their prevalence in early pregnancy loss at different developmental stages. We hypothesized that the prevalence of genetic abnormalities in pregnancy loss would differ across developmental stages. Methods Women with a pregnancy loss at < 20 weeks' gestation (n = 86) were enrolled at the time of diagnosis. Maternal tissue without a fetal component was found in 13 samples. Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) was performed on 74 samples (including two samples from a twin pregnancy); 15 were pre-embryonic (no visible embryo on ultrasound examination), 31 were embryonic (embryo; 6 + 0 to 9 + 6 weeks' gestation) and 28 were fetal (fetus; 10 + 0 to 19 + 6 weeks' gestation) losses. The twin pregnancy was found to be monochorionic diamniotic and was subsequently treated as a single sample in our analysis. Nine samples that underwent CMA were excluded from analysis because of 100% maternal-cell contamination. Results The overall prevalence of genetic abnormalities differed across developmental stages (9.1% pre-embryonic, 69.2% embryonic and 33.3% fetal; P < 0.01). This difference persisted when comparing pre-embryonic with embryonic samples (P < 0.01) and embryonic with fetal samples (P = 0.02) but not pre-embryonic with fetal samples (P = 0.12). Additionally, the prevalence of aneuploidy differed significantly across developmental stages (0.0% in pre-embryonic samples vs 65.4% in embryonic samples vs 25.9% in fetal samples, P < 0.001). Abnormalities were most common in embryonic cases, followed by fetal and then pre-embryonic. Maternal cell contamination (MCC) was noted in 47.4% of 46,XX cases assessed. Conclusions Genetic abnormalities detected by CMA are more likely to occur in the embryonic period than in pre-embryonic or fetal stages. MCC is common in early pregnancy loss and should be excluded when results demonstrate a 46,XX karyotype. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Currency unions and trade: the effect is large

The impact of a common currency on trade can be grossly mismeasured if countries that belong to currency unions are systematically different from those that do not, and if the relationship between trade and its observable determinants is complex. I argue that such complications are plausible and likely to distort the empirical results of a recent Economic Policy paper by Andrew Rose (Issue 30, 2000: pp. 7-45). Using techniques designed to be robust in this situation, I find that the effects of common currency on international trade are considerably less dramatic and much less precisely estimated. Copyright CEPR, CES, MSH, 2001.
Severe necrotizing pneumonitis in a child with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection

Lower respiratory tract illness due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae is typically mild and self-limited. There are, however, numerous reports of serious and life-threatening cases of mycoplasma pneumonia in adults. We present a case involving a 4-year-old girl with severe mycoplasma infection and necrotizing pneumonitis requiring lobectomy. A detailed pathological report is provided.
Topical timolol, at conventional, unilateral doses causes bilateral ocular β-blockade in rabbits

The studies described herein reveal that unilateral 0.3% and 1% doses of timolol produce marked beta-adrenoceptor blockade in treated and in contralateral eyes which did not receive timolol. This indicates that unilateral, conventional topical doses of timolol administered to rabbits cause bilateral ocular beta-adrenoceptor blockade. In addition, 0.1% and 1% doses of timolol applied to one eye resulted in blockade of cardiovascular beta-adrenoceptors. Thus, the most likely explanation for bilateral ocular beta-blockade would be systemic absorption of timolol from the treated eye and redistribution to the fellow eye. Since contralateral eyes would not provide an adequate control in circumstances where a large dose of timolol is administered unilaterally, caution must be exercised in interpreting data obtained in laboratory animals with doses of timolol similar to those employed clinically. A 0.01% dose of timolol appears adequate to achieve marked, unilateral ocular beta-adrenoceptor blockade in rabbits.
Identifying Governance Dimensions to Evaluate Information Systems Security in Organizations

Prior studies in information systems security have a limited emphasis on empirically identifying security dimensions. This research paper presents the results of an empirical study to understand governance dimensions of information systems security. The research study was conducted in three phases involving interviews, an exploratory phase and a confirmatory phase. The exploratory phase generated a 4-factor, 16-item model for behavioral security of an organization. The confirmatory phase involving structural equation modeling validated the impact of governance dimensions on the overall information systems security of an organization. Data was collected from two different samples of 163 and 175 respondents for each phase respectively. The results suggest that the governance dimensions impact information system security of an organization through behavioral security
Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay licensed by the USDA for use in cattle for diagnosis of ovine paratuberculosis.

A commercially available Mycobacterium phlei-absorbed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) approved to detect antibodies to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in cattle was evaluated for its ap- plicability in sheep. The potential for interference with ELISA results from cross-reacting antibodies to Cory- nebacterium pseudotuberculosis was also investigated. Serum samples were randomly selected from a collection of samples obtained in 1986-1991 from 6 infected and 5 noninfected sheep flocks varying in breed, age, and geographic origin. Tests were performed on sera from 27 paratuberculo us sheep, confirmed by histopatholog y, bacteriologic culture, and/or acid-fast staining of ileal mucosal smears, and on sera from 246 noninfected sheep. The optical density of each sample was expressed as a percentage of the optical density of a known positive sheep serum sample tested on the same plate. These values were log-transformed to achieve normality of distribution, and sensitivity and specificity estimates were calculated based on 2 and 3 standard deviations above the mean of the percent positive value (PPV) of the noninfected sheep. A cutoff value of PPV ≥ 55.74 resulted in an estimated sensitivity of 0.48 and a specificity of 0.95. Sera from 10 noninfected sheep with PPV above the cutoff level of 55.74% were absorbed with heat-treated C. pseudotuberculosis organisms in addition to M. phlei antigens. Sera from 14 ELISA-positiv e paratuberculou s sheep and 23 ELISA-negativ e noninfected sheep were similarly treated, and results were compared. Absorption with C. pseudotubercu losis resulted in a significant decrease in PPV in all 3 groups of sheep sera, but a greater decrease was observed in the noninfected sheep with PPV above the cutoff level when compared with noninfected sheep with PPV below that level. Results of this study suggest that ELISA may be of value in screening sheep flocks for paratuberculosis, but further experimentation is needed to optimize the sensitivity and specificity of the assay. Exposure to C. pseudotuberculosis may confound results obtained by M. phlei-absorbed ELISA for paratuberculosis. Numerous serologic tests have been used to detect sheep. Four different antigen preparations of M para- the presence of antibodies to Mycobacterium paratu- tuberculosis -a lipoarabinoma nnan antigen, a proto- berculosis in ruminants, particularly cattle, but no sin- plasmic extract, and purified protein antigens A and gle test has been found to be entirely satisfactory. 3,12 D-have been used in an indirect ELISA in sheep. 19-21
What's ahead for embedded software?

Once deemed too small and retro for research, embedded software has grown complex and pervasive enough to attract the attention of computer scientists. There are many research questions, but most center around one issue: how to reconcile a set of domain-specific requirements with the demands of interaction in the physical world. How do you adapt software abstractions designed merely to transform data to meet requirements like real-time constraints, concurrency, and stringent safety considerations? The answer to this question has given rise to some promising research angles, including novel ways to deal with concurrency and real time and methods for augmenting component interfaces to promote safety and adaptability.