cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Government outreach to the U.S. Spanish-speaking community uses social media

Case study of the use of social media by GobiernoUSA.gov, the official Spanish-language portal of the U.S. government, to reach the Spanish-speaking community in the United States with government news and information.
In situ quantification of [Re(CO)3]+ by fluorescence spectroscopy in simulated Hanford tank waste

A pretreatment protocol is presented that allows for the quantitative conversion and subsequent in situ spectroscopic analysis of [Re(CO)3]+ species in simulated Hanford tank waste. In this test case, the nonradioactive metal rhenium is substituted for technetium (Tc-99), a weak beta emitter, to demonstrate proof of concept for a method to measure a nonpertechnetate form of technetium in Hanford tank waste. The protocol encompasses adding a simulated waste sample containing the nonemissive [Re(CO)3]+ species to a developer solution that enables the rapid, quantitative conversion of the nonemissive species to a luminescent species which can then be detected spectroscopically. The [Re(CO)3]+ species concentration in an alkaline, simulated Hanford tank waste supernatant can be quantified by the standard addition method. In a test case, the [Re(CO)3]+ species was measured to be at a concentration of 38.9 μM, which was a difference of 2.01% from the actual concentration of 39.7 μM.
FREEDOM OF THE HEART

Philosophical accounts of freedom typically fail to capture an important kind of freedom—freedom to change what one cares about—that is central to our understanding of what it is to be a person. This paper articulates this kind of freedom more clearly, distinguishing it from freedom of action and freedom of the will, and gives an account of how it is possible. Central to this account is an understanding of the role of emotions in determining what we value, thus motivating a rethinking of the importance of emotions in the mental lives of persons.
Data-Driven Molecular Engineering of Solar-Powered Windows

A new initiative in data science is using the Mira and Theta supercomputers at the US Department of Energy’s Argonne National Laboratory to discover new dye materials suitable for dye-sensitized solar cells. This project aims to develop a new material-by-design methodology by using natural language processing, machine learning, and data mining in conjunction with large-scale simulation and experiments. This synergistic computational and experimental science approach will enable the discovery of new light-absorbing dye molecules, which are needed for the development of solar-powered windows that have the potential to power buildings in an entirely energy-sustainable fashion.
Physics of increased edge electron temperature and density turbulence during ELM-free QH-mode operation on DIII-D

For the first time, we report increased edge electron temperature and density turbulence levels ( Te and ne) in Edge Localized Mode free Quiescent H-mode (ELM-free QH-mode) plasmas as compared to the ELMing time period. ELMs can severely damage plasma facing components in fusion plasma devices due to their large transient energy transport, making ELM-free operation a highly sought after goal. The QH-mode is a candidate for this goal as it is ELM-free for times limited only by hardware constraints. It is found that the driving gradients decrease during the QH-mode compared to the ELMing phase, however, a significant decrease in the ExB shearing rate is also observed that taken together is consistent with the increased turbulence. These results are significant as the prediction and control of ELM-free H-mode regimes are crucial for the operation of future fusion devices such as ITER. The changes in the linear growth rates calculated by CGYRO [Candy et al., J. Comput. Phys. 324, 73 (2016)] and the measured...
More than Skin Deep: Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)-Based Attraction among Asian American Speed-daters

Abstract What might explain our instinctual attraction to certain individuals, aside from visible factors such as appearance? We examined possible biologically-driven selection for immunology genes, specifically preferences for Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)-dissimilarity, through the ecologically-valid method of speed-dating. Two-hundred-and-sixty-two single Asian Americans went on speed-dates ( N observations = 2215) with participants of the other sex, making second date offers and rating each other on measures of mate desirability, facial attractiveness, and body scent attractiveness. Using a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis, women, but not men, showed preferences for speed-dating partners based on MHC-complementarity. The direction of findings varied by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), such that SNPs closer to the major HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen) genes supported dissimilarity preferences, whereas those farther away supported similarity preferences. The relative effects of MHC-based measures in comparison to an array of behavioral predictors were examined via random forests. Results indicated that for both men and women, the importance of MHC-based indices was comparable to that of a partner's self-reported personality attributes in predicting second date offers.
Alzheimer's disease diagnosis based on anatomically stratified texture analysis of the hippocampus in structural MRI

In this paper, we propose a novel method to integrate texture and shape analysis in an anatomically-informed way to model the hippocampus from structural MRI. Specifically, Poisson map is used to stratify the segmented hippocampus into layers, and a bag-of-words (BoW) model on the image intensity is generated to analyze the texture information embedded over the layers. Another level of BoW model is used to further encode the texture over subjects and across layers. A Bayesian non-parametric (BNP) method is proposed to infer and adjust for the variability of different layers. We validate our model on hippocampus-based Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) diagnosis. A thorough comparison of related features is performed. Results demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance while using information from the hippocampus only.
Organs from deceased donors with false-positive HIV screening tests: An unexpected benefit of the HOPE act.

Organs from deceased donors with suspected false-positive HIV screening tests were generally discarded due to the chance that the test was truly positive. However, the HIV Organ Policy Equity (HOPE) Act now facilitates use of such organs for transplantation to HIV-infected (HIV+) individuals. In the HOPE in Action trial, donors without a known HIV infection who unexpectedly tested positive for anti-HIV antibody (Ab) or HIV nucleic acid test (NAT) were classified as suspected false-positive donors. Between March 2016 and March 2018, 10 suspected false-positive donors had organs recovered for transplant for 21 HIV + recipients (14 single-kidney, 1 double-kidney, 5 liver, 1 simultaneous liver-kidney). Median donor age was 24 years; cause of death was trauma (n = 5), stroke (n = 4), and anoxia (n = 1); three donors were labeled Public Health Service increased infectious risk. Median kidney donor profile index was 30.5 (IQR 22-58). Eight donors were HIV Ab+/NAT-; two were HIV Ab-/NAT+. All 10 suspected false-positive donors were confirmed to be HIV-noninfected. Given the false-positive rates of approved assays used to screen > 20 000 deceased donors annually, we estimate 50-100 HIV false-positive donors per year. Organ transplantation from suspected HIV false-positive donors is an unexpected benefit of the HOPE Act that provides another novel organ source.
MAGNETIC VOLUME CONTROL

This chapter provides an overview of magnetic volume control. Magnetic volumes should reside in a magnetic volume library at all times except when in transit between magnetic volume libraries in an authorized mode. The magnetic volume “library” should either be a room that is separate from but adjoining the computer installation or a cabinet that is designated for this purpose and residing within the computer installation. The number and types of magnetic volumes would dictate the library structure that is suitable for a given installation. To afford the proper level of protection to each of the magnetic volumes residing in a given library, it is essential that they are classified within some security classification structure that is workable and practical. Access and accountability controls can be intra and inter library in nature. Two basic access authorization lists are required. The first is a user “need to have” list, which is a list of individuals who are authorized by appropriate owner/proprietor management to use the volumes that they have indicated. The second is production run “need to have” list. In this situation, appropriate owner/proprietor management has authorized the use of specified volumes in computer center production runs.
Expression Analysis of the Circular RNA Molecules in the Human Retinal Cells Treated with Homocysteine.

PURPOSE To characterize the global profile of circular RNAs (circRNAs) and their differential expression levels in homocysteine (Hcy)-treated ARPE-19 cells, a line of human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS We treated ARPE-19 cells with and without Hcy to investigate the influence of Hcy on circRNA expression levels using dedicated human circRNA microarrays. RESULTS A total of 12,233 circRNAs were identified out of them 54 were differentially expressed (17 were down-regulated, and 37 were up-regulated) with a fold change >2.0 (p < 0.05) in Hcy-treated versus untreated cells. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first report profiling circRNAs in human RPE cells post-Hcy treatment mimicking hyperhomocysteinemic (HHcy) conditions that negatively affect retinal biology and vision. These findings are of potential clinical significance as they will help understand Hcy metabolism and HHcy-mediated diseases and identify potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for eye diseases that are caused by elevated Hcy concentrations.
Association Between Renal Function Pattern and Mortality in Patients With Cirrhosis

Background & Aims Renal dysfunction increases risk of death for patients with cirrhosis. We investigated whether mortality differs significantly among patients with acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and both. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of all non-status 1 adults on the waitlist for liver transplantation for at least 90 days, collected from the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network registry from July 1, 2007 through July 1, 2014. We assigned patients to groups of AKI (an increase of ≥0.3 mg/dL or ≥50% in serum creatinine in the last 7 days or fewer than 72 days of hemodialysis), CKD (an estimated glomerular filtration rate Results There were 22,680 patients in the cohort; they spent a median 1.6 years (range, 0.7–3.1 years) on the waitlist and a median 5 years (range, 2–9 years) undergoing assessments of renal function. In competing risk analysis, even after adjusting for confounders including final model for end-stage liver disease sodium (MELD-Na) scores, the pattern of renal function was significantly associated with waitlist mortality: AKI and CKD (subhazard ratio [SHR], 2.86; 95% CI, 2.65–3.10), AKI (SHR, 2.42; 95% CI 2.22–2.64), CKD (SHR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.45–1.67) compared with normal. The area under the curve values, based on MELD-Na score at time of placement on the waitlist, were 0.80 with renal function pattern and 0.71 without (P Conclusion In competing risk analysis, even after adjusting for confounders including final MELD-Na score, we found the pattern of renal dysfunction to associate with mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Including information on type of renal dysfunction could improve risk analysis.
Wholesome Remembrance and the Critique of Memory—From Indian Buddhist Context to Chinese Chan Appropriation

Although the major part of the chapter’s investigation is on the mode and acts of remembering in Chan Buddhism, Wang opens with a survey of the traditional Indian Buddhist context of remembering, its differentiation of wholesome and unwholesome acts of remembering, and its critique of unwholesome and discursive modes of memory, as Buddhism evolves from Theravada to Mahayana. This context is a necessary condition under which the interaction between Indian and Chinese Buddhist ideologies, or between the inherited tradition and its Chinese Chan appropriation, becomes possible. Wang then examines how Chan masters, from early to classical period, appropriate and develop the traditional distinction of wholesome and unwholesome remembrance and its affirmation of the former and critique of the latter in a Chinese context. As opposed to the widespread Chan hierarchy of forgetfulness over remembrance that has shaped much of our modern understanding, Wang presents a rediscovery of Chan teachings on remembrance, disclosing how remembrance is related to the internal tension between the positive attitude towards the traditional cultivation and the iconoclastic attitude towards it in various Chan ideologies. The approach of these examinations is a combination of textual/contextual inquiry, conceptual analysis and philosophical interpretation. The part of “summary and reflections” includes a review of the uniqueness of the Chan mode of remembering, an analysis of its ethical dimension by using, and comparing it with, Ricoeur’s ethics of memory, and an exploration of the paradoxical relationship between remembering and forgetting.
Targeted temperature management for cardiac arrest

Therapeutic hypothermia, or targeted temperature management (TTM), is a strategy of reducing the core body temperature of survivors of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) to minimize neurological damage caused by severe hypoxia. Initial clinical trials examining this technique demonstrated significant improvement in neurological function among survivors of out-of-hospital SCA with an initial shockable rhythm. Since then, TTM has become an integral part of the care provided to comatose survivors of SCA. However, multiple questions persist regarding the target cooling temperature, duration of cooling, and utility of TTM in patient populations such as survivors of out-of-hospital SCA with non-shockable rhythms or in-hospital SCA. This review article summarizes the current evidence regarding optimal application of TTM and compares the recommendations for TTM in current guidelines.
Understanding Preoperative Demographics and Risk Factors for Early Revision Surgery in Patients Undergoing Hip Arthroscopic Surgery: A Large Database Study

Background:Hip arthroscopic surgery has become an increasingly common surgical technique to diagnose and treat various hip abnormalities. While increased efficacy has been reported, debate remains ...
Preschoolers' Mathematics Skills and Behavior: Analysis of a National Sample.

This study investigated the association between children's mathematical skills and their behavior in the prekindergarten year in a national sample of children attending center-based child care. The...
Expert-level automated sleep staging of long-term scalp electroencephalography recordings using deep learning.

Study objectives Develop a high-performing, automated sleep scoring algorithm that can be applied to long-term scalp electroencephalography (EEG) recordings. Methods Using a clinical dataset of polysomnograms from 6,431 patients (MGH-PSG dataset), we trained a deep neural network to classify sleep stages based on scalp EEG data. The algorithm consists of a convolutional neural network for feature extraction, followed by a recurrent neural network that extracts temporal dependencies of sleep stages. The algorithm's inputs are four scalp EEG bipolar channels (F3-C3, C3-O1, F4-C4, and C4-O2), which can be derived from any standard PSG or scalp EEG recording. We initially trained the algorithm on the MGH-PSG dataset and used transfer learning to fine-tune it on a dataset of long-term (24-72 h) scalp EEG recordings from 112 patients (scalpEEG dataset). Results The algorithm achieved a Cohen's kappa of 0.74 on the MGH-PSG holdout testing set and cross-validated Cohen's kappa of 0.78 after optimization on the scalpEEG dataset. The algorithm also performed well on two publicly available PSG datasets, demonstrating high generalizability. Performance on all datasets was comparable to the inter-rater agreement of human sleep staging experts (Cohen's kappa ~ 0.75 ± 0.11). The algorithm's performance on long-term scalp EEGs was robust over a wide age range and across common EEG background abnormalities. Conclusion We developed a deep learning algorithm that achieves human expert level sleep staging performance on long-term scalp EEG recordings. This algorithm, which we have made publicly available, greatly facilitates the use of large long-term EEG clinical datasets for sleep-related research.
Parsing out the “Hispanic Effect” in Disaggregated Homicide Trends at the Intersection of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender from 1990 to 2016:

This study contributes to homicide research by parsing out the Hispanic Effect and applying an intersectional approach to examining U.S. homicide victimization trends by race, ethnicity, and gender...
Optimal Design of PV Systems Considering Levelized Cost of Energy and Power Density

This paper presents an optimal design framework for photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems. With the objectives of minimizing levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and maximizing power density (PD) of PV inverters, all design components of PV inverters including inverter topologies, semiconductor (SC) devices, DC bus capacitors, switching frequency, AC output filter, and cooling system are designed in a holistic framework. Particularly, the design framework is formulated as a constrained optimization problem to determine the optimal combination of key components of PV inverters. With real solar profiles, three 100-kW PV systems are designed featuring an optimal LCOE with different weather conditions, and a high PD and energy conversion efficiency can be guaranteed using the proposed framework. The testing results using field data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed optimal design framework.
Limited versus Extended Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Prostate Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Abstract Background Pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) is the most reliable procedure for lymph node staging. However, the therapeutic benefit remains unproven; although most radical prostatectomies at academic centers are accompanied by PLND, there is no consensus regarding the optimal anatomical extent of PLND. Objective To evaluate whether extended PLND results in a lower biochemical recurrence rate. Design, setting, and participants We conducted a single-center randomized trial. Patients, enrolled between October 2011 and March 2017, were scheduled to undergo radical prostatectomy and PLND. Patients were assigned to limited or extended PLND by cluster randomization. Specifically, surgeons were randomized to perform limited or extended PLND for 3-mo periods. Intervention Randomization to limited (external iliac nodes) or extended (external iliac, obturator fossa and hypogastric nodes) PLND. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis The primary endpoint was the rate of biochemical recurrence. Results and limitations Of 1440 patients included in the final analysis, 700 were randomized to limited PLND and 740 to extended PLND. The median number of nodes retrieved was 12 (interquartile range [IQR] 8–17) for limited PLND and 14 (IQR 10–20) extended PLND; the corresponding rate of positive nodes was 12% and 14% (difference −1.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI] −5.4% to 1.5%; p = 0.3). With median follow-up of 3.1 yr, there was no significant difference in the rate of biochemical recurrence between the groups (hazard ratio 1.04, 95% CI 0.93–1.15; p = 0.5). Rates for grade 2 and 3 complications were similar at 7.3% for limited versus 6.4% for extended PLND; there were no grade 4 or 5 complications. Conclusions Extended PLND did not improve freedom from biochemical recurrence over limited PLND for men with clinically localized prostate cancer. However, there were smaller than expected differences in nodal count and the rate of positive nodes between the two templates. A randomized trial comparing PLND to no node dissection is warranted. Patient summary In this clinical trial we did not find a difference in the rate of biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer between limited and extended dissection of lymph nodes in the pelvis. This study is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT01407263.
Corporate diversification and seasoned equity offering performance

We document that diversified firms experience less negative seasoned equity offering (SEO) announcement returns than focused firms. The relatively better SEO announcement stock performance of diversified firms is more pronounced among issuers with operations across unrelated industries. Furthermore, following the SEO announcement, diversified firms’ stock returns exhibit post-announcement drift, suggesting a delay in information assimilation. Our findings support the information complexity hypothesis that a more sophisticated organizational form leads to a higher degree of complexity in information processing by investors, which in turn causes a delay in the impounding of information into stock prices.
Anesthetic management of thoracoscopic procedures in neonates: a retrospective analysis of 45 cases.

Background Advances in medical techniques and equipment have enabled the thoracoscopic repair of certain congenital abnormalities in neonates including congenital esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF) and congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). A retrospective analysis was conducted to examine the anesthetic management of neonates (7 days or younger) undergoing thoracoscopic surgery in our hospital department, and to determine the efficacy of anesthetic management in neonates. Methods Clinical data from 45 neonates who underwent thoracoscopic surgery in our hospital from December 2015 to March 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 25 patients underwent repair of CDH and 20 underwent repair of an EA/TEF. Results All patients received general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation, standard ASA monitoring, and arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis. All patients survived the surgery. A total of 14 patients experienced decreases in SpO2, pH, PaO2, and increases in PETCO2 and PaCO2 30 minutes after CO2 insufflation. Our anesthetic management protocols are outline and analyzed. Conclusions Thorough preoperative preparation is critical for a desirable outcome in neonates undergoing a thoracoscopic repair of CDH or EA/TEF. In our cohort, intraoperative ventilation strategies included pressure control ventilation with peak airway pressure maintained at 15-25 cmH2O, a respiratory rate of 35-55 breaths/minute, a fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) of 60-80%, an inspiratory/expiratory ratio (I:E) of 1:1-1.5, and careful airway suctioning to clear secretions. Postoperatively, maintaining normovolemia and hemodynamic stability are critical for successful weaning of ventilatory support and extubation.
Who can speak Lenape in Pennsylvania? Authentication and language learning in an endangered language community of practice

Abstract How are new speakers of an endangered language created? In this paper we draw on a three-year ethnographic case study to explore the processes through which a group of learners at a Pennsylvania college came to be identified as speakers of Lenape, a language indigenous to the eastern United States. Using a communities of practice framework, we analyze how language learning was facilitated and how the identities of community members were negotiated and contested through processes of authentication. A community of practice lens affords a useful framework for understanding how this successful learning community functioned, and for identifying factors that may benefit other language revitalization initiatives.
Incidental dual atrioventricular nodal physiology in children and adolescents: clinical follow-up and implications.

Background: Dual atrioventricular (AV) nodal physiology is a substrate for the development of AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). However, the risk of developing AVNRT in patients with dual AV nodal physiology is not known. The purpose of this study is to identify the risk of developing AVNRT in children and adolescents with incidental findings of dual AV nodal physiology after accessory pathway ablation. Methods: This is a single center retrospective study of patients who underwent intracardiac electrophysiology study at The Children's Hospital, Denver, from March 1993 to August 2008, with findings of dual AV nodal physiology after successful ablation of an accessory pathway. Follow-up was obtained by chart review with the primary outcome of recurrent supraventricular tachycardia. Extended clinical follow-up was also achieved through phone contact with patients or parents of patients. Results: Mean age at initial electrophysiology study was 12.8 years (±3.7 years). Follow-up was obtained on all 66 patients for a mean duration of 3.1 years (±2.8 years). Mean age at follow-up was 15.8 years (±4.6 years). Recurrent supraventricular tachycardia occurred in nine of the 66 patients (13.6%). AVNRT was induced in two of the 66 patients (3.0%). Conclusion: This study supports the hypothesis that incidental dual AV nodal physiology does not predict AVNRT in children and adolescents with after successful accessory pathway ablation. (PACE 2010; 33:1528–1532)
Determining Appropriate Surface Water Quality Policies through a Law and Economics Theory of a Sanctionable Act

In this dissertation, I examine surface water quality policies using a new pragmatic policy-analysis framework, which arises from a theory of a sanctionable act. This framework emphasizes implementation-transaction-costs which are normally forgotten or misanalyzed in typical cost-benefit analyses. These costs include the costs of initially passing a policy, implementing it, and enforcing it.
Pore‐scale evaluation of uranyl phosphate precipitation in a model groundwater system

[1] The abiotic precipitation of uranium (U(VI)) was evaluated in a microfluidic pore network (i.e., micromodel) to assess the efficacy of using a phosphate amendment to immobilize uranium in groundwater. U(VI) was mixed transverse to the direction of flow with hydrogen phosphate (HPO42−), in the presence or absence of calcium (Ca2+) or sulfate (SO42−), in order to identify precipitation rates, morphology and types of minerals formed, and effects of mineral precipitates on pore blockage. Precipitation occurred over the time scale of hours to days. Relative to when only U(VI) and HPO42− were present, precipitation rates were 2.3 times slower when SO42− was present, and 1.4 times faster when Ca2+ was present; larger crystals formed in the presence of SO42−. Raman backscattering spectroscopy and micro-X-ray diffraction results both showed that the only mineral precipitated was chernikovite, UO2HPO4 · 4H2O; energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results indicate that Ca and S are not incorporated into the chernikovite lattice. A pore-scale model was developed, and simulation results of saturation ratio (SR = Q/Ksp) suggest that chernikovite is the least thermodynamically favored mineral to precipitate (0 105). Fluorescent tracer studies and laser confocal microscopy images showed that densely aggregated precipitates blocked pores and reduced permeability. The results suggest that uranium precipitation with phosphate as chernikovite is rapid on the time scale of remediation for the conditions considered and can block pores, alter fluid flow paths, and potentially limit mixing and precipitation.
Remote Sensing of Hydrazine Compounds Using a Dual Mini-TEA CO2 Laser DIAL System

In this paper we describe our direct-detection, pulsed, dual-CO2 laser differential-absorption LIDAR (DIAL) system and report the results of measurements using this system to demonstrate the practicability of remote sensing of hydrazine, unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine (UDMH) and monomethyl-hydrazine (MMH). The measurements involved LIDAR returns from a topographic target located 2.7 km from the laboratory and, to our knowledge, represent the first test of laser remote sensing of highly toxic hydrocarbon species having broad band as opposed to simple line spectra. It was found during these experiments that atmospheric fluctuations were the major factor limiting the sensitivity of these measurements. Additional experiments were carried out to achieve a better understanding of these fluctuations and of the improvements achievable through signal averaging. The results of these experiments are also discussed.
The replication of bacteriophage MS2: VII. Non-conservative replication of double-stranded RNA

The replication of phage-specific RNA duplexes in cells infected with the bacteriophage MS2 has been studied by means of density labeling and CsCl equilibrium density sedimentation. It was found that the input parental RNA strand enters a duplex and that progeny duplexes appear soon afterwards, with approximately exponential kinetics. Chase experiments indicate that most of the parental and progeny duplexes are not conserved.
Performance Analysis of Encryption in Securing the Live Migration of Virtual Machines

Virtual machine (VM) migration is a technique for transferring the execution state of a VM from one physical host to another. While VM migration is critical for load balancing, consolidation, and server maintenance in virtualized data centers, it can also increase security risks. During VM migration, an attacker with sufficient privileges can compromise a VM by modifying its memory contents during transit to subvert its applications or the guest operating system. One could maintain dedicated, and presumably more secure, control networks to carry the migration traffic, but at significant hardware and administrative complexity. Alternatively, one could encrypt the migration traffic, which eliminates the need for dedicated control networks, but might introduce performance overheads. To date, there has been no systematic study of how encryption affects VM migration, especially in high-bandwidth low-delay networks that are common within data centers. In this paper, we present a study of the impact of AES and 3DES encryption algorithms on two widely used live VM migration approaches -- pre-copy and post-copy. Our key findings are as follows. The encryption algorithm used can have a significant impact on the total migration time. The impact of encryption on downtime varies with the type of the migration technique. The overhead of encryption also depends upon the relative speeds of source and target machines. Finally, an application's performance within a VM during encrypted migration varies with the type of the application and the migration mechanism.
Lipooligosaccharides (LOS) of some Haemophilus species mimic human glycosphingolipids, and some LOS are sialylated.

Abstract The lipooligosaccharides (LOS) of strains of Haemophilus ducreyi, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Neisseria lactamica contain epitopes that are antigenically and structurally similar to carbohydrates present in human glycosphingolipids. LOS from strains of Haemophilus influenzae and H. influenzae biogroup aegyptius were tested for the binding of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that bind to human glycosphingolipids possessing Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc (MAb 3F11) and Gal alpha 1-4Gal beta 1-4Glc (MAb anti-Pk). In solid-phase radioimmunoassays, the LOS of 18 of 19 H. influenzae type b (Hib), 8 of 19 nontypeable H. influenzae, and 10 of 20 H. influenzae biogroup aegyptius strains bound MAb anti-Pk. The LOS of 13 of 19 Hib, 10 of 16 nontypeable H. influenzae, and 2 of 18 H. influenzae biogroup aegyptius strains bound MAb 3F11. Neuraminidase treatment of the strains increased the binding of MAb 3F11 by more than twofold in 47% of the H. influenzae strains, suggesting that sialic acid occluded the LOS structure recognized by MAb 3F11. The material released from neuraminidase-treated Hib LOS was confirmed to be sialic acid by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. A recombinant plasmid containing genes involved in Hib LOS biosynthesis directed the expression (assembly) of the 3F11 epitope in Escherichia coli. These studies demonstrate that H. influenzae and H. influenzae biogroup aegyptius express at least two LOS epitopes that are similar to those present in human glycosphingolipids. Sialic acid was present on the LOS of some H. influenzae strains and prevented the binding of MAb 3F11 to its epitope. The oligosaccharide portion of sialylated LOS may also resemble sialylated oligosaccharides present in human glycosphingolipids (gangliosides).
Rehabilitation of mandibular ridge height following implant failure using distraction osteogenesis

This paper report a case of 47 year old female patient with mandibular alveolus resorption followed by a lateral incisor implant failure and its managemnet using alveolar distraction to augment a vertically deficient alveolar ridge at the mandible anterior region.
The association of glycemic load and carbohydrate intake with colorectal cancer risk in the Multiethnic Cohort Study

Background High-glycemic-load diets may increase colorectal cancer risk through hyperinsulinemic effects.
Surface Inhomogeneities and Semiempirical Modeling of Metal‐poor Stellar Photospheres

La interpretacion de observaciones espectroscopicas detalladas de diversas estrellas revela inconsistencias, posiblemente debido a que las hipotesis utilizadas son inadecuadas, Los paralajes medidos por el satelite Hipparcos establecen un sistema de referencia solido que se ha utilizado para comprobar la validez de los modelos de atmosfera clasicos para estrellas frias. Esto ha permitido confirmar la existencia de errores en el equilibrio de ionizacion que ya anteriormente se intuian y que apuntan hacia importantes desviaciones del equilibrio termodinamico local para las estrellas de baja gravedad. Como alternativa a los modelos unidimensionales que conservan el flujo, se propone un nuevo metodo de construccion de modelos semi-empiricos a partir de la inversion de perfiles normalizados de lineas espectrales. La aplicacion al Sol demuestra su efectividad a partir de la comparacion con observaciones con resolucion espacial y medidas absolutas de flujo. La aplicacion a otras estrellas, en particular la estrella pobre en metales Groombridge 1830 y a la estrella activa de metalicidad solar epsylon Eridani, da lugar a modelos semi-empiricos que son capaces de reproducir todos los rasgos espectrales considerados. Los espectros de muy alta resolucion de Groombridge 1830 y la subgigante extremadamente deficiente en metales HD140283 permiten detectar asimetrias en las lineas espectrales que se interpretan como la huella de patrones convectivos que, al menos en HD140283, aparecen significativamente realzados debido a la baja opacidad de su atmosfera. Se muestra como, no solo las asimetrias de las lineas espectrales, sino tambien lso desplazamientos de los minimos de las lineas, pueden ser usados en el Sol y en otras estrellas para extraer informacion util sobre los campos de velocidades y las inhomogeneidades superficiales. Ademas, se ha trazado el incremento de los desplazamientos al azul convectiv
Optimal strategies for general price-quality decision models of new products with learning production costs

Abstract The question of product quality permeates every level of business and is becoming crucial for the survival of modern manufacturing firms in automotive and high-tech industries. In this paper, we deal with the optimal price and quality policies for the introduction of a new product. On the supply side, the firm wants to determine the unit price and quality level over time given that unit cost declines along a learning curve, and increases if quality is made greater. On the demand side, dynamic demand is related to price and quality, as well as to cumulative sales (which represent diffusion and saturation effects). We will model this problem in a general framework that includes several previous results as special cases. By applying the maximum principle, we will derive the optimal price and quality policies and discover the interactions between these two major strategic marketing instruments, and the diffusion process. Several fundamental theoretical results will be established for the model. Under certain specified conditions higher prices do imply higher quality, and under other conditions the optimal price declines over time while the product quality improves. To illustrate these results, the theoretical results are applied to two specific-cases: the first one is a simple nonseparable demand growth function in price and quality, the other is a separable demand function of price and quality.
Estimates of Carrington-class solar particle event radiation exposures on Mars

Abstract Radiation exposure estimates for crew members on the surface of Mars are made for solar particle event proton radiation environments comparable to the Carrington event of 1859. We assume that the proton energy distributions for these Carrington-type events are similar to those measured for other, more recent large events. The fluence levels of these hypothetical events are normalized to the value for the Carrington event, as reported from measurements in ice core data. In this work, we use the BRYNTRN radiation transport code, originally developed at NASA Langley Research Center, and the Computerized Anatomical Male and Female human geometry models to estimate exposures for aluminum shield areal densities similar to those provided by a spacesuit, a surface lander, and a permanent habitat located at various altitudes in the Mars atmosphere. Comparisons of the predicted organ exposures with current NASA Permissible Exposure Limits are made.
An electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical analysis of the oxide/p-indium phosphide semiconductor surface using fourier transform infrared and Raman scattering spectroscopies

Abstract Raman scattering and FTIR reflectance spectroscopies have been used to examine p-InP / oxide surfaces. The thin anodic oxide film grown in pH 6 tartaric acid solutions is found to be primarily indium dihydrogen phosphate. This layer gives rise to an appreciable reduction in band bending (as much as 300 mV) which is similar to that obtained by open circuit photovoltage measurements. The photocurrent-voltage behavior of p-InP / oxide shows that the growth of anodic oxide at p-InP introduces significant surface states which act as surface recombination centers.
Synthesis of Triblock Copolymer Brushes by Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

Surface-tethered triblock copolymers composed of poly(methyl acrylate), poly(methyl methacrylate), and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) were grown from gold substrates by a series of atom transfer radical polymerizations at ambient temperature. GPC determinations of the molecular weights of desorbed triblock homopolymers suggest that this method can yield relatively homogeneous polymer brushes. To quench polymerization after the synthesis of each block, films were either exposed to a large excess of Cu(II)Br2 or simply rinsed with solvent. Comparison of the thicknesses of multiblock homopolymer films with the thicknesses of films prepared using a single initiation step shows that in the Cu(II) quenching approach >95% of the active chains support growth of an additional block. However, for simple solvent rinsing between blocks, only 85−90% of active chains were preserved during the quenching step.
Electron induced ion desorption of oxygen adsorbed on rhenium

Abstract The behavior of low energy electron-stimulated O+ ions desorbing from oxygen adsorbed on polycrystalline rhenium samples has been found to be significantly different from those observed desorbing from other oxygen ad layers. Oxygen initially adsorbed at 300°K has an ionic desorption cross section below the level of detectability, (
Comparative morphometric study of the australopithecine vertebral series Stw-H8/H41

Lower spinal structure correlates well with positional behavior among mammals. Nonetheless, the functional morphology of the axial post-crania of australopithecines has received less attention than their appendicular skeletons. This paper presents a detailed description and comparative morphometric analysis of the australopithecine thoracolumbar vertebral series Stw-H8/H41, and examines spinal mechanics in early hominids. Stw-H8/H41 is an important specimen, as the australopithecine vertebral sample is small, and vertebral series are more useful than isolated elements for the interpretation of spinal function. Results of the study support the interpretation that australopithecine species are highly sexually dimorphic. The study also reveals a considerable amount of morphometric variation other than size among australopithecine vertebrae, though the sample is too small and incomplete to ascertain whether this indicates significant interspecific differences in spinal function. Most importantly, structural and metric observations confirm that the morphology of the lower spine in australopithecines has no modern analogue in its entirety. Aspects of zygapophyseal structure, numerical composition of the lumbar region, and centrum wedging suggest that the australopithecine vertebral column was adapted to human-like intrinsic lumbar lordosis and stable balance of the trunk over the pelvis in sustained bipedal locomotion. However, relative centrum size in australopithecines indicates that either they had a different mechanism for channeling vertical forces through the vertebral column than humans, or differed behaviorally from humans in ways that produced smaller increments of compression across their centra. These findings have important implications for hypotheses of australopithecine positional behavior, and demonstrate that larger samples and more complete vertebral series are needed to improve our understanding of australopithecine spinal function.
Poultry as a Required Course in the Agricultural Curriculum

Abstract Poultry is required of all four-year agricultural students at sixteen of the forty-four state colleges offering poultry instruction, according to information obtained from college catalogs (1921–1922) and private reports from heads of Poultry departments. Two other state colleges (Iowa and Oklahoma) require poultry of all students majoring in Animal Husbandry, and the remaining twenty-six (sixty per cent) states place poultry in the elective list. Eight of the sixteen colleges require the poultry course of freshmen, six require it of sophomores, and two require it of juniors. The number of credits allowed in the different states for this required course varies from one to four. Four state colleges require one credit; two require two credits; nine require three credits; and one requires four credits. This is an average of 2.4 credits per course required at the sixteen colleges. The New Mexico State College requires one-half credit in poultry of all . . .
Reproductive Immunology: Current Status and Future Directions (Part I)

Extensive research work over the past couple of decades has indicated a series of intricate relations between immune and reproductive systems. A range of reproductive immunology topics including the roles of adoptive and innate immunity in infertility and pregnancy, the immune system’s role in induction of labor and preterm delivery, and immuno-modulatory effects of the female sex hormones will be discussed in this and the next issue of the Journal. The implications of this research on the development of novel therapeutic approaches are also addressed.
Symbolic comparisons with and without perceptual referents: Is interval information used?

In an attempt to investigate the range effect obtained by Moyer and Bayer (1976), two groups of subjects were taught to associate colors with circles that differed in size by larger or smaller intervals and then participated in a symbolic comparison task, in which they determined which of two simultaneously presented symbols (the first letters of two colors) represented the larger magnitude. A third group of subjects, who merely learned an arbitrary ordering of the colors along the dimension of size, also participated in the symbolic comparison task. Despite the fact that no practice trials were given, there was no effect of interval size in either early or late blocks, and the circle-learning groups did not differ in performance from the group who only learned an arbitrary ordering of colors, even when pairs containing end terms were removed from the analysis. It is concluded that subjects do not use analogue codes in symbolic comparison tasks involving small, repeated sets of arbitrarily defined symbols.
Design and Optimization of On-Chip Interconnects Using Wave-Pipelined Multiplexed Routing

Every new VLSI technology generation has resulted in interconnects increasingly limiting the performance, area, and power dissipation of new processors. Subsequently, it is necessary to devise efficient interconnect design techniques to reduce the impact of VLSI interconnects on overall system design. New optimizations of a wave-pipelined multiplexed (WPM) interconnect routing circuit are described in this paper. These WPM circuits can be used with current interconnect repeater circuits to further reduce interconnect delay, interconnect area, transistor area, and/or power dissipation. For example, new area constrained WPM circuit optimizations illustrate that the interconnect circuit power can be reduced by 26% or the interconnect performance can be improved by 74%. Moreover, in both these cases, because a significant number of repeaters are eliminated, the transistor area can reduce by 41% or 29%, respectively. Finally, the tolerance of WPM circuits to crosstalk noise, power supply noise, clock skew, and manufacturing variations is also presented. This study of tolerance levels defines the conditions under which the WPM circuit will function correctly, and it is shown in this paper for the first time that WPM circuits are robust enough to operate with variability that can be encountered in deep submicrometer technologies.
Sufficient Conditions for Preference Optimality

Preference optimality is an optimality concept in multicriteria problems. Formally, the objective there is to “optimize” N criterion functions g i (·): D → ℝ, where D is a decision set, which may be a feasible set in programming or a set of admissible controls in control theory. Corresponsing to d ∈ D one obtains a set a ⊂ ℝ N of attainable criterion values. On this set one introduces a preference ≲; that is, a binary relation with the purpose of providing a hierarchy among the elements of a. A decision d* ∈ D then is preference optimal iff either g(d*) ≲ g(d) for every d ∈ D or g(d) ≲ g(d*) implies g(d) ~ g(d*) for every comparable d ∈ D. Here, sufficient conditions are given for preference-optimal decisions in general and for Pareto-optimal decisions in particular. An illustrative example is included.
Behavioral Distraction Techniques

Distraction techniques are commonly used to keep patients focused on something besides the scan or procedure they are undergoing. At Children's Hospital Boston, pediatric patients requiring radiology scans who cannot be sedated or receive general anesthesia for various reasons are offered behavioral distraction techniques. We encourage different techniques and parent involvement to improve coping skills for present and future scans or procedures. Behavioral distraction techniques include, but are not limited to, assorted visuals, breathing techniques, comfort measures, and diversional talk.