cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Meditation and academic performance.

20 students in an introductory psychology class were randomly assigned to either an experimental-treatment group or attention-control group. Baseline measures of examination grades and study time w...
Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids: time to establish a dietary reference intake

The beneficial effects of consuming omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on cardiovascular health have been studied extensively. To date, there is no dietary reference intake (DRI) for EPA and DHA, although many international authorities and expert groups have issued dietary recommendations for them. Given the substantial new evidence published since the last Institute of Medicine (IOM) report on energy and macronutrients, released in 2002, there is a pressing need to establish a DRI for EPA and DHA. In order to set a DRI, however, more information is needed to define the intakes of EPA and DHA required to reduce the burden of chronic disease. Information about potential gender- or race-based differences in requirements is also needed. Given the many health benefits of EPA and DHA that have been described since the 2002 IOM report, there is now a strong justification for establishing a DRI for these fatty acids.
Family history of prostate and breast cancer and the risk of prostate cancer in the PSA era

BACKGROUND A family history of prostate cancer (PCa) or breast cancer (BCa) has been associated with the risk of PCa, but the risks were inconsistent in terms of the affected family members, and data in the PSA era are limited. METHODS This study included a subcohort of the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study composed of a highly PSA screened population from 1986 to 2004 with 3,695 PCa cases identified. Questionnaires and a food frequency questionnaire were administered every other and every 4 years, respectively. Family history of PCa and BCa was ascertained in 1990, 1992, and 1996. All statistics were two-sided. RESULTS A family history of PCa in both a father and brother(s) was associated with a 2.3-fold increased risk of PCa [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.76–3.12]. Men with a father or brother(s) with a PCa diagnosis at age<60 and ≥60 had 2.16- and 1.95-fold increased risk of PCa, respectively. A family history of PCa was related to early-onset PCa (<65 years: RR = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.95–2.60) and weakly to late-onset PCa (≥65 years: RR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.52–1.85). History of BCa in a mother or a sister was associated with a 1.22-fold increased risk of PCa (95% CI = 1.08–1.38). CONCLUSION A family history of PCa or BCa significantly increases PCa risk. These associations are evident in a population with widespread PSA screening. Prostate 68: 1582–1591, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Young adult cannabis users report greater propensity for risk-taking only in non-monetary domains

Abstract Background Though substance use is often associated with elevated risk-taking in real-world scenarios, many risk-taking tasks in experimental psychology using financial gambles fail to find significant differences between individuals with substance use disorders and healthy controls. We assessed whether participants using marijuana would show a greater propensity for risk-taking in distinct domains including, but not limited to, financial risk-taking. Methods In the current study, we assessed risk-taking in young adult (age 18–25) regular marijuana users and in non-using control participants using a domain-specific risk-taking self-report scale (DOSPERT) encompassing five domains of risk-taking (social, financial, recreational, health/safety, and ethical). We also measured behavioral risk-taking using a laboratory monetary risk-taking task. Results Marijuana users and controls reported significant differences on the social, health/safety, and ethical risk-taking scales, but no differences in the propensity to take recreational or financial risks. Complementing the self-report finding, there were no differences between marijuana users and controls in their performance on the laboratory risk-taking task. Conclusions These findings suggest that financial risk-taking may be less sensitive than other domains of risk-taking in assessing differences in risky behavior between those who use marijuana and those who do not. In order to more consistently determine whether increased risk-taking is a factor in substance use, it may be necessary to use both monetary risk-taking tasks and complementary assessments of non-monetary-based risk-taking measures.
The Simple Analytics of Falling Profit Rates, Okishio's Theorem and Fixed Capital:

This paper uses a simple Ricardian model to analyze the compara tive static properties of the profit rate, when Okishio-profitable technological innovations are introduced. We use a constructive-geometrical proof of Okishio's Theorem and extend it to a world including fixed capital equipment of equal efficiencies over its lifetime.
The interpretation of ionospheric radio drift measurements—VI. Angle-of-arrival and group path [echolocation] measurements from digitized ionospheric soundings: The group path vector

Abstract Some interpretive procedures for high resolution ionospheric radio echo phase measurements at spaced antennas and spaced radio frequencies are described and applied. Graphical representations of the phase range and group range, both derived from phase measurements, are shown in forms which facilitate their interpretation in terms of the motions and changes occurring at and below the echo reflection level. A particular application of these results is in the estimation of the level at which fading is imposed on the reflected echo. A procedure is given for calculating the direction of arrival and group-path simultaneously (i.e. the group-path vector) of an ionospheric radio echo, from digitized recording of the complex amplitude at spaced receiving antennas and spaced frequencies. Use of four or more antennas and two or more frequencies, as in the ‘Kinesonde’, permits solution of the problem by least-squares; this yields in turn a test of the plane-wave assumption and a calculation of confidence limits on the results. Weighted phase differences between channel pairs are obtained by time-averaged complex crosscorrelation, thus increasing the accuracy of the analysis. Examples are given of applications in ionospheric diagnostics (particularly in defining the level at which fading is imposed) and in the tracking of discrete objects such as cesium ion clouds released from rockets. The procedure of correlation analysis employed previously in this series of papers to study ionospheric motions, is shown to give results consistent with the large-scale ion cloud motions deduced from echolocation calculations.
Modeling and Analysis of Functionally Graded Materials and Structures

This paper presents a review of the principal developments in functionally graded materials (FGMs) with an emphasis on the recent work published since 2000. Diverse areas relevant to various aspects of theory and applications of FGM are reflected in this paper. They include homogenization of particulate FGM, heat transfer issues, stress, stability and dynamic analyses, testing, manufacturing and design, applications, and fracture. The critical areas where further research is needed for a successful implementation of FGM in design are outlined in the conclusions. DOI: 10.1115/1.2777164
Skylab task and work performance /Experiment M-151 - Time and motion study/

The primary objective of Experiment M151 was to study the inflight adaptation of Skylab crewmen to a variety of task situations involving different types of activity. A parallel objective was to examine astronaut inflight performance for any behavioral stress effects associated with the working and living conditions of the Skylab environment. Training data provided the basis for comparison of preflight and inflight performance. Efficiency was evaluated through the adaptation function, namely, the relation of performance time over task trials. The results indicate that the initial changeover from preflight to inflight was accompanied by a substantial increase in performance time for most work and task activities. Equally important was the finding that crewmen adjusted rapidly to the weightless environment and became proficient in developing techniques with which to optimize task performance. By the end of the second inflight trial, most of the activities were performed almost as efficiently as on the last preflight trial. The analysis demonstrated the sensitivity of the adaptation function to differences in task and hardware configurations. The function was found to be more regular and less variable inflight than preflight. Translation and control of masses were accomplished easily and efficiently through the rapid development of the arms and legs as subtle guidance and restraint systems.
Morphologic plasticity of rapid-onset neurites in NG108-15 cells stimulated by substratum-bound laminin.

Abstract Undifferentiated NG108-15 cells, when replated onto laminin-coated substrata, extend multipolar, highly branched neurite-like extensions up to 200 μm in length within 4 h; morphologic and pharmacologic properties of these ‘rapid-onset neurites’ have been described recently. The present study has extended these observations, using time lapse video recordings of their dynamic behavior and additional pharmacologic studies. Rapid-onset neurites and neuronal growth cones were shown to be regulated in an identical manner in all respects examined, including inhibition of outgrowth by cytochalasin B. Of particular interest was the observation that rapid-onset neurites in contact with laminin exhibited an extremely high rate of turnover, which was inhibited by 5′-deoxy-5′-methylthioadenosine (MTA). This system provides a uniquely favorable in vitro preparation in which neuritic plasticity can be elicited, directly observed and experimentally modulated under controlled conditions.
Field Evaluation of Digital Optical Method to Quantify the Visual Opacity of Plumes

Abstract Visual Determination of the Opacity of Emissions from Stationary Sources (Method 9) is a reference method established by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to quantify plume opacity. However, Method 9 relies on observations from humans, which introduces subjectivity. In addition, it is expensive to teach and certify personnel to evaluate plume opacity on a semiannual basis. In this study, field tests were completed during a “smoke school” and a 4-month monitoring program of plumes emitted from stationary sources with a Method 9 qualified observer to evaluate the use of digital photography and two computer algorithms as an alternative to Method 9. This Digital Optical Method (DOM) improves objectivity, costs less to implement than Method 9, and provides archival photographic records of the plumes. Results from “smoke school” tests indicate that DOM passed six of eight tests when the sun was located in the 140° sector behind one of the three cameras, with the individual opacity errors of 15...
2 × 2 propagation matrix for electromagnetic waves propagating obliquely in layered inhomogeneous uniaxial media

A 2 × 2 propagation-matrix formalism for finding the obliquely propagating electromagnetic fields in layered inhomogeneous uniaxial structures is presented. The 2 × 2 propagation matrix was produced by our generalized geometrical-optics approximation method. A 2 × 1 field vector for the transverse electric field is defined together with a 2 × 2 propagation matrix, which describes the spatial propagation of the 2 × 1 field vector. Eight different equivalent forms for the propagation matrix are presented. The propagation matrix depends on the dielectric parameter and other optical parameters of the medium, the thickness of the medium, and the propagation vector of the incident light. The inhomogeneous medium is divided into sublayers, and the problem is then solved as if each layer has spatially invariant optical parameters. The propagation matrix for the inhomogeneous medium is equal to the matrix product of the propagation matrices for any complete series of layers that subdivide the inhomogeneous medium. The 2 × 2 propagation matrix reduces to the conventional Jones matrix for the case of normally incident light. The results are applied in studying the electro-optics of various liquid-crystal displays. The computation results are the same as those produced by the generalized geometrical-optics approximation and are in good agreement with those computed by the 4 × 4 propagation matrix and with experimental results.
The structure of PurR mutant L54M shows an alternative route to DNA kinking.

The crystal structure of the purine represser mutant L54M bound to hypoxanthine and to the purF operator provides a stereochemical understanding of the high DNA affinity of this hinge helix mutant. Comparison of the PurR L54M–DNA complex to that of the wild type PurR–DNA complex reveals that these purine repressers bind and kink DNA similarly despite significant differences in their minor groove contacts and routes to interdigitation of the central C·G:G·C base pair step. Modeling studies, supported by genetic and biochemical data, show that the stereochemistry of the backbone atoms of the abutting hinge helices combined with the rigidity of the kinked base pair step constrain the interdigitating residue to leucine or methionine for the LacI/GalR family of transcription regulators.
Paths to Late Midlife Well-Being for Women and Men: The Importance of Identity Development and Social Role Quality

Theories of adult development suggest that personality development and social role involvements are sources of adult well-being for both men and women. However, previous research on this topic has focused mainly on (a) women, and (b) early stages of adulthood. We tested an alternative model for predicting late-midlife adults’ well-being, with role quality, number of roles, and healthy adaptation to late midlife (reflected in lower concern about aging) as mediators of the relationship between young adult identity development and well-being in late midlife. Results indicated that the model fit women’s experience very well, and men’s experience somewhat. Follow-up analyses indicated that the model fit men’s experience with respect to family role quality, but that young adult identity played a lesser role in men’s well-being in later midlife, and that problems in the late-midlife work role were reflected in concerns about aging for men, but not for women.
Pancreatic secretion in chronic alcoholics. Effects of acute alcohol or wine on response to a meal.

To gain further insight on the effects of alcohol on human pancreatic enzyme secretion, we tested the effects of a 12% (v/v) alcohol solution, wine, and a glucose sclution added to a meal on trypsin output in duodenal aspirate of nonalcoholic volunteers and compared the results to those of chronic alcoholics. Plasma concentrations of gastrin, cholecystokinin, and pancreatic polypeptide were monitored pre-and postprandially. Similar blood alcohol concentrations were determined in nonalcoholics and alcoholics following wine and the alcohol solution. Nonstimulated trypsin output (basal) was higher in alcoholics but not significantly so when compared to nonalcoholics. However postprandial trypsin output, 2014±301 mg/5 hr was significantly greater in alcoholics (P<0.05) compared to nonalcoholics 1271±118 mg/5 hr. Alcohol and wine when added to the meal significantly (P<0.05) inhibited trypsin output in both groups. Basal and postprandial levels of gastrin and cholecystokinin were similar in nonalcoholics and alcoholics. Basal plasma pancreatic polypeptide levels were similar in both groups, but the postprandial increments in pancreatic polypeptide levels observed in nonalcoholics were not observed in alcoholics. We conclude that chronic alcoholics have increased postprandial pancreatic enzyme secretion, and that this secretion, as that of nonalcoholics, can be affected by alcohol or wine. The postprandial hypersecretion of enzymes in alcoholics is not related to increased plasma levels of cholecystokinin or gastrin. It is possible that the impaired release of pancreatic polypeptide may participate in the mechanism for increased pancreatic enzyme secretion in chronic alcoholics.
Poultry Litter Application Increases Nitrogen Cycling Compared with Inorganic Nitrogen Fertilization

Poultry litter, an inexpensive source of nutrients and available in abundant amounts in the southeastern USA, may increase N cycling and reduce N losses compared with inorganic N fertilization if applied for crop production. We evaluated the effect of long-term application of poultry litter and inorganic N fertilizer on crop N uptake, soil N fractions, and N losses in conservation and conven- tional tillage with or without cover crop at the 0- to 20-cm depth in a Decatur silt loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic, Typic Paleudults) in northern Alabama. Treatments were incomplete factorial combinations of three tillage practices (no-till (NT), mulch till (MT), and conventional till (CT)), two cropping systems (cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)-cotton-corn (Zea mays L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.)/cotton-rye/cotton-corn), and two N fertilization sources and rates (0 and 100 kg N ha -1 from NH 4 NO 3 and 100 and 200 kg N ha -1 from poultry litter). Nitrogen fractions were soil total N (STN), particulate organic N (PON), microbial biomass N (MBN), potential N mineralization (PNM), NH 4 -N, and NO 3 -N. Crop N uptake varied among treatments and years and total uptake from 1997 to 2005 was greater in rye/cotton-rye/cotton-corn than in cotton-cotton-corn and greater with NH 4 NO 3 than with poultry litter at 100 kg N ha -1 . After 10 yr, STN and PON contents at 0 to 20 cm were greater in NT with poultry litter than in other treat - ments, except in CT with poultry litter, resulting in N storage at 38 kg N ha -1 yr -1 with poultry litter compared with loss at 4 kg N ha -1 yr -1 with NH 4 NO 3 . The MBN, PNM, and NO 3 -N contents were greater with poultry litter than with NH 4 NO 3 , regardless of tillage. Calculation of estimated N balance showed that poultry litter conserved N at 191 to 556 kg N ha -1 compared with -75 to 201 kg N ha -1 with NH 4 NO 3 . Poultry litter application can increase soil N storage and mineralization and reduce the potential for N loss
Increased Incidence of Choroidal Malignant Melanoma Occurring in a Single Population of Chemical Workers

In five patients with choroidal melanoma occurring among present or former workers of the duPont Belle, West Virginia, plant the involved eye was enucleated and histopathologic confirmation of the diagnosis was made. This represents a statistically significantly greater than expected occurrence of choroidal melanomas in the white male study population.
Ultrasonic Reflectivity Imaging in Three Dimensions: Exact Inverse Scattering Solutions for Plane, Cylindrical, and Spherical Apertures

The problem of reconstructing the reflectivity of a three-dimensional medium with density and compressibility variations is examined. For the special case of continuous-wave (CW) insonification, exact inversion formulas have recently been reported for recovering an unknown scattering parameter from scattering measurements. In this work, exact solutions, or inversion formulas, are obtained for the general case of arbitrary broad-band insonification where the incident wave is assumed to be a spherically diverging broad-bandwidth pulse of arbitrary shape. Solutions are derived under the assumption that the scattering is sufficiently weak for the Born approximation to hold. Exact inversion formulas are obtained for three aperture geometries: a plane, cylindrical, or spherical recording surface enclosing the scattering region. Under most practical conditions, the process of back projection and coherent summation over spherical surfaces in image space, without prior filtering, is shown to provide a close approximation to the exact inversion procedure. Finally, in the case of the spherical geometry, the mathematical equivalence between the three-dimensional inverse Radon transform and the far-field approximation to the exact solution is demonstrated.
Effect of Statin Use in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes and a Serum Low-Density Lipoprotein ≤80 mg/dl

We identified 155 patients who were admitted with an acute coronary syndrome and a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level ≤80 mg/dl and were not on statin therapy at hospital admission. The relation between statin therapy at discharge and clinical outcome was evaluated in these patients. Compared with patients who were not discharged on statins, those who were had a lower incidence of death, reinfarction, or stroke at 6 months (29.0% vs 9.5%, p = 0.005). These results suggest that patients who have an acute coronary syndrome and a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level ≤80 mg/dl in the absence of statin therapy may benefit from such therapy at discharge.
FEED REQUIREMENTS FOR GROWING LAYER-TYPE PULLETS AS RELATED TO BODY WEIGHT.

Abstract METHODS of reporting feed consumed during the growing period for the entries of random sample laying tests have contributed to the problem of making comparisons between tests. Some of the test have kept entries separate in replicated pens during all or a major part of the growing period and have reported the measured feed consumption for each entry. The other tests have grown the chicks intermingled in one or more flocks and assigned feed consumption on the basis of body weight at housing near 150 days of age. Of the latter tests, some have measured total feed consumption for all entries while others have kept no record of feed consumption and have used either the Cornell tables (from King’s 1956 regression equation) or National Research Council tables (1960, 1954) to assign feed per survivor and Heuser’s (1946) tables to assign feed consumed by birds that died prior to housing.…
Action figures and men

Three studies were conducted to determine whether action figures contributed to negative body images in the young adult men who handled them. In Study 1 and Study 2, participants were randomly assigned to different conditions to handle action figures with different muscularity levels. The participants were instructed to place the action figures into various positions for a set time limit. Following the action figure manipulation, the participants completed scales to assess aspects of their body images (i.e., self-esteem, body esteem, and body satisfaction). Overall, the results indicate that touching and manipulating the more unrealistically muscular action figures significantly decreased participants' body esteem. In Study 3, we used a more realistic figure whose muscularity was more like an average man's. Following the same procedure as in Study 1 and Study 2, results showed that there was no significant difference between this action figure and the control group on all of the body image scales.
Hencky-Prandtl nets and constrained Michell trusses

Abstract We study minimum weight trusses (or truss-like continua) subject to technological constraints which limit the member forces. In the optimal design the principal strains are constant over part of the domain, and the principal stresses over another part—leading to a combination of a Michell truss and a slip line net. We begin with a variational treatment of the unconstrained Michell problem, indicating one possible numerical approach and also suggesting spaces of stress and displacement fields which will allow a proof of the existence of optimal trusses for very general boundary conditions.
The dissolution kinetics of major sedimentary carbonate minerals

Abstract Among the most important set of chemical reactions occurring under near Earth surface conditions are those involved in the dissolution of sedimentary carbonate minerals. These minerals comprise about 20% of Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks. Calcite and, to a significantly lesser extent, dolomite are the major carbonate minerals in sedimentary rocks. In modern sediments, aragonite and high-magnesian calcites dominate in shallow water environments. However, calcite is by far the most abundant carbonate mineral in deep sea sediments. An understanding of the factors that control their dissolution rates is important for modeling of geochemical cycles and the impact of fossil fuel CO 2 on climate, diagenesis of sediments and sedimentary rocks. It also has practical application for areas such as the behavior of carbonates in petroleum and natural gas reservoirs, and the preservation of buildings and monuments constructed from limestone and marble. In this paper, we summarize important findings from the hundreds of papers constituting the large literature on this topic that has steadily evolved over the last half century. Our primary focus is the chemical kinetics controlling the rates of reaction between sedimentary carbonate minerals and solutions. We will not attempt to address the many applications of these results to such topics as mass transport of carbonate components in the subsurface or the accumulation of calcium carbonate in deep sea sediments. Such complex topics are clearly worthy of review papers on their own merits. Calcite has been by far the most studied mineral over a wide range of conditions and solution compositions. In recent years, there has been a substantial shift in emphasis from measuring changes in solution composition, to determine “batch” reaction rates, to the direct observation of processes occurring on mineral surfaces using techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM). However, there remain major challenges in integrating these two very different approaches. A general theory of surface dissolution mechanisms, currently lacking (although see Lasaga and Luttge [Science 291 (2001) 2400]), is required to satisfactorily relate observations of mineral surfaces and the concentration of dissolved components. Studies of aragonite, high-magnesian calcites, magnesite, and dolomite dissolution kinetics are much more limited in number and scope than those for calcite, and provide, at best, a rather rudimentary understanding of how these minerals are likely to behave in natural systems. Although the influences of a limited number of reaction inhibitors have been studied, probably the greatest weakness in application of experimental results to natural systems is understanding the often profound influences of “foreign” ions and organic matter on the near-equilibrium dissolution kinetics of carbonate minerals.
Development of inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase—an enzyme involved in resistance of sarcoma 180/TG to 6-thiopurines

Abstract A number of α-(N)-heterocyclic carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazones with metal chelating activity were tested as inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase purified about 20 times from a murine ascitic cell line of Sarcoma 180 resistant to the antileukemic agents, 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine. Derivatives of this class of compounds having a morpholino group in the side chain were found to be the most potent and exhibited considerably greater inhibition of alkaline phosphatase than did some of the more conventional metal-binding agents. The inhibition caused by these agents was readily prevented and reversed by addition of equimolar concentrations of zinc and cobalt, and to a lesser extent by other transition metals. Spectral studies indicated that one of these agents, 5-hydroxy-l-formylisoquinoline 4'-diethyleneoxythiosemicarbazone (A-851), was capable of forming a complex with zinc, cobalt and other transition metals. Optimal interaction between A-851 and zinc occurred when the ratio of drug to zinc was 2:1. Structural modifications that interfered with the metal coordinating potential of these compounds decreased enzyme inhibitory activity. The results support the view that metal binding is involved in the inhibition of alkaline phosphatase by compounds of this class.
Lysergic acid diethylamide-induced Fos expression in rat brain: role of serotonin-2A receptors

Abstract Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) produces altered mood and hallucinations in humans and binds with high affinity to serotonin-2A (5-HT 2A ) receptors. Although LSD interacts with other receptors, the activation of 5-HT 2A receptors is thought to mediate the hallucinogenic properties of LSD. The goal of this study was to identify the brain sites activated by LSD and to determine the influence of 5-HT 2A receptors in this activation. Rats were pretreated with the 5-HT 2A receptor antagonist MDL 100907 (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle 30 min prior to LSD (500 μg/kg, i.p.) administration and killed 3 h later. Brain tissue was examined for Fos protein expression by immunohistochemistry. LSD administration produced a five- to eight-fold increase in Fos-like immunoreactivity in medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and central nucleus of amygdala. However, in dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens no increase in Fos-like immunoreactivity was observed. Pretreatment with MDL 100907 completely blocked LSD-induced Fos-like immunoreactivity in medial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex, but only partially blocked LSD-induced Fos-like immunoreactivity in amygdala. Double-labeled immunohistochemistry revealed that LSD did not induce Fos-like immunoreactivity in cortical cells expressing 5-HT 2A receptors, suggesting an indirect activation of cortical neurons. These results indicate that the LSD activation of medial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex is mediated by 5-HT 2A receptors, whereas in amygdala 5-HT 2A receptor activation is a component of the response. These findings support the hypothesis that the medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and perhaps the amygdala, are important regions involved in the production of hallucinations.
Torulopsis glabrata esophagitis

TO THE EDITOR: Opportunistic esophageal infections are common in immune-compromised hosts and are usually due to Candida albicans, herpes simplex, or cytomegalovirus infections. An unusual case of Torulopsis glabrata esophagitis is described in a patient who did not have the typical risk factors for developing an opportunistic infection.
An Ionized Accretion Flow in the Ultracompact H II Region G10.6–0.4

Analysis of the H66α radio recombination line velocities in the ultracompact H II region G10.6-0.4 indicates inward motion of the ionized gas within the H II region. Comparison with the velocities of molecular lines from the surrounding neutral gas suggests that a molecular accretion flow passes through the ionization boundary of the H II region and continues inward as an ionized accretion flow. Interpreted in the context of a model for star formation in hot molecular cores, these observations indicate that G10.6-0.4 is at a stage of development just after the massive star or stars at the center of the accretion flow have first formed an ionized H II region within the hot molecular core.
The genetic demography of a chimpanzee colony.

Chimpanzees used for biomedical research must be bred in captivity because of restrictions on importation. Because they are large and expensive animals, population sizes at breeding facilities are limited. This implies that inbreeding at some level is inevitable and that genetic management techniques should be employed to minimize matings between related individuals. The purpose of this paper is to consider the genetic history of the chimpanzee colony at the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research (SFBR) and to suggest ways in which genetic variability may be affected by management schemes. A total of 339 chimpanzees resided at SFBR between January, 1980, and January, 1990. Although only one mating between related individuals has occurred so far, the average level of kinship in the colony and between potential breeders is increasing. Population structure techniques were employed to assess the mating patterns which have occurred and to explore the degree of change in the characteristics of potential mates. A "gene dropping" simulation method was used to predict expected levels of heterozygosity and strategies for maintaining variability by increasing the breeding portion of the population were evaluated using a simulation approach. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Influence of an electric field on the plastic deformation of fine-grained Al2O3

The influence of an electric field E = 300 V/cm on the plastic deformation at 1450 °C to 1600 °C of fine-grained alumina with ∼300 ppm MgO and d o=1.4 to 2.5 µm was investigated. After removal of the effect of Joule heating, the field reduced the flow stress by ∼4 MPa relatively independent of temperature, representing a 25 to 70 pct reduction in the flow stress. The field had no effect on the stress exponent n=2.2, nor on the grain size exponent p=1.9. It did however have an appreciable effect on the combined constant AD o of the Weertman-Dorn equation and the activation energy Q. The latter increased from 492 kJ/mole without the field (typically that for Al3+ ion lattice diffusion) to 880 to 1070 kJ/mole with the field, which is more typical of sub-boundary or grain boundary diffusion of either Al3+ or O2−-ions in alumina. It therefore appears that the field changed the rate-controlling, grain boundary sliding accommodation mechanism from the lattice diffusion of Al3+ ions to either sub-boundary or grain boundary diffusion of Al3+ or O2−-ions. The electric field caused isotropic swelling of the specimen when applied for an extended period of time without application of stress. Pores responsible for the swelling occurred along the grain boundaries. They may have resulted from electrotransport of Al3+ ions, leaving behind an Al-deficient layer from which free oxygen bubbles formed along the grain boundaries. Electric field-enhanced gas reactions at the pores may have also contributed to the swelling. It is proposed that swelling due to electrotransport may possibly be avoided by the addition of solutes, which increase the electronic or oxygen ion conductivity transference numbers compared to the aluminum ions.
Semiconductor Detectors and Double Beta Decay

Theoretical physicists have devoted great effort to developing an adequate theory for linking the weak, electromagnetic, and strong forces of nature. Recent theoretical studies and observations of the stability of galaxies have strongly indicated the presence of large amounts of invisible mass. One element in the uncertainty associated with missing mass is the question of whether the neutrino has rest mass. A better understanding of the neutrino, explored in this paper by the possibility of double beta decay in the germanium 76 isotope, could perhaps provide some answers. Nuclear transitions are only energetically possible where the final nucleus is more tightly bound than its parent. The decay of germanium 76 to arsenic 76 is not energetically possible because the arsenic isotope is about 0.9 MeV less tightly bound than the germanium. The selenium 76 isotope, on the other hand, is about 2 MeV more tightly bound; therefore, a transition involving emission of two electrons by a germanium 76 nucleus to form a selenium 76 nucleus is energetically possible. The total energy release in kinetic energy of the beta particles and corresponding neutrinos from the excited daughter product is determined by the energy difference. This energetically possible event, if observed, willmore » provide a breakthrough in understanding the universe. This paper discusses the underlying theory and a germanium detector experiment which could make such a contribution to the resolution of this question.« less
Using carbazole as a structural modifier of CTAB-templated silicate sol-gel thin films

We report the use of organic additive carbazole as a structural modifier to change the mesophase of the mesostructured silicate cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)-templated sol−gel thin films. The films were made by a dip-coating method on glass slides, which results in optical transparency. The films were characterized by X-ray diffraction patterns. For the small molar concentrations of carbazole (0.1−0.41) to CTAB, the films exhibit a two-dimensional hexagonal structure, which is also obtained for the films that do not have carbazole. As the molar concentration increases from 0.43 to 1.2, surprisingly the films acquire a lamellar structure with an extremely long-range order. This is an unusual result for the films prepared with CTAB, which always gives a hexagonal structure. We study the solvent effect to understand the cause of such a dramatic transformation in the films.
The Origins of Ion Spray Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Featured Article: Bruins AP, Covey TR, Henion JD. Ion spray interface for combined liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 1987;59:2642–6.1 The 1987 paper highlighted here evolved from the ongoing desire to couple HPLC to mass spectrometry. HPLC-ultraviolet techniques were readily accepted and widely used, but the facile and practical coupling of this very capable separation science technique to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry had not yet been demonstrated. During the late 1970s only a handful of us were experimenting with coupling HPLC to mass spectrometry to provide LC-MS capabilities. In 1979 Hewlett-Packard developed an early approach called direct liquid introduction (DLI)2 to provide one of first commercialized LC-MS interfaces. At the same time Finnigan, Inc. commercialized its “moving belt” LC-MS interface, which could produce electron ionization (EI) mass spectra via LC-MS. Neither of these commercial LC-MS techniques was easy to use or generally accepted as a useful analytical tool. During the early 1980s a few research groups continued to explore alternative approaches to create gas-phase ions from intractable compounds for mass spectrometry (MS) detection …
In Situ Spectroscopic Ellipsometry for the Real Time Process Control of Plasma Etching of Silicon Nitride

Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) is a commonly used non-destructive, non-invasive in-situ sensor for dry etching. SE measures the change in the polarization state of light reflected from a surface. Sample thickness is obtained by fitting a model to the experimental ellipsometry data. In this paper we describe the design, testing and evaluation of an SE based adaptive real time feedback controller for etch rate regulation in CF4/O2 plasma etching of silicon nitride films. The feedback variable is the current etch rate as determined from the in-situ SE measurements of the film’s thickness. The controller compensates for drifts in etch rate which occur during a given etch, and adaptively adjusts for the run-to-run variability inherent to plasma processing. Experimental results are presented and discussed.
Review of methods for removing cast gold restorations

Most techniques and devices described for crown removal, in one way or another, destroy the integrity of today's precision cast crowns. There were only three techniques described that do not require drilling a hole, cutting a notch or slot, clamping with claws or jaws, prying with instruments, or grasping with forceps and pliers. These are the copper band filled with cement, the coping of cold-curing acrylic resin, and the Richwil crown remover. The safest and least traumatic of all crown removal devices and techniques is to cut a slot and pry the crown loose. Although the crown is destroyed, damage to the tooth is avoided.
Intrafamilial relationships of the thelypteroid ferns (thelypteridaceae)

Abstract Data from three chloroplast genes (rps4 + trnS spacer, + trnL spacer; 1350 base pairs) for 27 of the recognized segregates show the Thelypteridaceae to be monophyletic and sister to an unresolved alliance of blechnoid, athyrioid, onocleoid, and woodsioid ferns. The family comprises two primary lineages, one phegopteroid, the other thelypteroid (including cyclosoroid). The phegopteroid lineage (Macrothelypteris, Pseudophegopteris, and Phegopteris) includes those elements that are the most dissected, lack adaxial grooves on the frond axes, and are generally morphologically the most distinct elements within the family. Within the thelypteroid-cyclosoroid lineage, three predominantly north-temperate subgroups, including Thelypteris s.s., form a free-veined clade that is in turn sister to the rest of the family. All segregates possessing x=36 (Cyclosorus sensu Smith, with predominantly anastomosing veins) form a strongly supported clade. Those groups with dysploid base chromosome numbers (x=27, 29, 30...
On velocity/depth ambiguity in 3-D migration velocity analysis

Velocity/depth ambiguity in the conventional premigration (time domain) velocity analysis has been studied by Bickel (1990) and Lines (1993) for the horizontal reflector case. Rathor (1997) extended this analysis to the dipping reflector case. These studies answered some important questions that arose in traditional common midpoint (CMP) time‐domain velocity analysis. However, it is not clear that their conclusions apply to migration velocity analysis (MVA) in the prestack‐migrated depth domain.
Reaction times and force production during escape behavior of a calanoid copepod, Undinula vulgaris

Effective escape behavior contributes to the success of copepods in planktonic communities. The kinematics of escape were studied in tethered Undinulavulgaris (Calanoida) by analyzing the timing and magnitude of their power strokes to a precisely controlled, sudden mechanical perturbation in the surrounding water. Copepods responded with rapid swims to water velocities of 36 to 86 μm s−1. Reaction times were under 2.5 ms following stimulus onset. The time course of force exerted was complex, but reproducible from stimulus to stimulus. Multiple power strokes (“kicks”) were frequently observed in response to single stimuli. Time intervals of 5 ms were observed between the end of one escape kick and the beginning of the next. U. vulgaris developed maximum forces of 40 to over 100 dynes (dyn) during a rapid swim. The behavioral reaction times and intervals between multiple responses observed in this calanoid are among the shortest reported in aquatic invertebrates.
Geoscience laser altimeter system (GLAS) on the ICESat mission: pre-launch and on-orbit measurement performance

GLAS is a space lidar on NASA's ICESat Mission. GLAS was qualified and delivered and ICEsat is scheduled for launch in December 2002. This talk summarizes the as-built characteristics of GLAS and its predicted measurement performance.
Hepatitis B and D Protocols–Volume I: Detection, Genotypes, and Characterization. Robert K. Hamatake and Johnson Y.N. Lau, editors. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2004, 374 pp., $125.00, hardcover. ISBN 1-58829-105-7.

The first of these two volumes on the topic of hepatitis B and D comprises 31 chapters arranged in three sections, covering the topics detection of viral markers, viral genotypes and variants, and molecular biological characterization. Only four of the chapters are devoted to hepatitis D. In their preface, the editors indicate that the purpose of these two volumes is to allow investigators to use them as manuals for conducting research. More than half of most chapters consists of detailed instructions on how to perform the procedures described in each. The extent of details in each chapter is variable. Many of the chapters read like laboratory procedure manuals, with an expanded background followed by detailed, step-by-step instructions, often accompanied by helpful hints. Other chapters lack essential details. For example, …
The Long Arm of Warm Parenting: A Sex-Matching Perspective on Adult Children’s Physical Health

Does adulthood physical health continue to reflect parental support and warmth received during childhood? Although previous research supports this continuity, I examine this question according to a sex-matching perspective. Drawing on representative cross-sectional data featuring detailed measures of maternal and paternal warmth (1995 National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States), I focus on adults who came of age in traditional two-parent households containing a biological mother and father. Across three physical health outcomes, I find strong support for sex-matching, in that paternal warmth during childhood is usually more important to male adulthood health whereas maternal warmth tends to be more important to female adulthood health. Sex-matching effects are especially evident for physical health difficulties (number of chronic health conditions and functional limitations). These findings provide a new lens through which to view physical health disparities among today’s middle- to late-...
Market Constraints on Child Care Quality

This article uses the data from Cost, Quality and Child Outcomes in Child Care Centers, The Study of Children in Family Child Care and Relative Care, and the Economics of Family Child Care Project to argue that most child care in the United States today is mediocre or worse and that this mediocrity is the result of supply and demand conditions in the market for child care. Imperfect knowledge on the part of suppliers and researchers about how to efficiently provide good care limits quality. More important, monopolistic competition with a broad range of modes of care, each with different cost structures, forces centers without subsidies to cut their costs in order to compete. Many parents cannot afford the cost of high-quality care, and even those who can afford it have trouble identifying it. Policy to improve quality needs to be multifaceted. Regulation, incentives, and training will help providers who either do not care about quality or do not understand how to create it. Subsidies are needed for parent...
The Temperature-Effective Periods and the Growth Curves for Length and Area of the Vestigial Wings of Drosophila Melanogaster.

OBERTS (1918) first reported the increase in size of the wings of R the vestigial mutant of D. melanogaster when reared at high temperatures and showed that the effect was more pronounced in the males than in the females. STANLEY (1928) stated that "the length of vestigial wing varies directly with the temperature, but not in direct proportion." I have shown (1930a) that there is a critical temperature for the increase in the length of the vestigial wings and that the marked change occurs in the females at a temperature 1" higher than in the males, a response showing sexual dimorphism. The curves for total development at one temperature of STANLEY (1931) and mine (1930a) were similar over the temperature range examined (17" to 31"). In preliminary reports (1930b, 1932, 1933) I have indicated that the temperature-effective period for increasing the size of the vestigial wings a t 30°, 31", 32", and 33' C. is during the larval period commencing a t approximately 60 hours and extending for various intervals with different maximum rates depending upon the sex of the individuals and the temperature experienced by the larvae. STANLEY (1931) found entirely different temperature-effective periods a t 17" and 27" but in his recent paper (1935) he reports intervals at 30" and 31" easily harmonized with the periods reported here.
Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) to facilitate combined pneumonectomy and tracheoesophageal fistula repair

From the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, the University of Washington, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA. Address reprint requests to David E. Liston, MD, MPH, University of Washington, Seattle Children’s Hospital, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, W-9824, Seattle, WA 98105. E-mail: david.liston@seattlechildrens.org © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1053-0770/2602-0033$36.00/0 http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2013.05.034