cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lipid-lowering therapy in patients with renal disease

Lipid-lowering therapy in patients with renal disease. A growing number of clinical trials have examined the effects of different lipid lowering strategies in patients with renal disease. We carried out a meta-analysis to compare and contrast the relative efficacy of various antilipemic therapies in different renal disease settings. Studies that investigated one or more therapies designed to lower serum lipids were combined using weighted multiple linear regression. The analysis adjusted treatment effects for differences in baseline lipid levels and possible placebo effects. The results showed that antilipemic therapies generally had similar effects on lipids in different renal disease settings. In nephrotic syndrome the greatest and most consistent reductions in low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) were seen with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl co-enzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (regression coefficient with 95% confidence interval in mg/dl = -63, -79 to -46). Similar results were seen for LDL in renal transplant (-51, -57 to -45), renal insufficiency (-62, -82 to -42), hemodialysis (-65, -80 to -50) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients (-84, -104 to -64). Fibric acid analogues had less effect on LDL, but caused greater reductions in triglycerides: -132, -178 to -87, in nephrotic syndrome; -69, -93 to -45 in transplant; -107, -169 to -45 in renal insufficiency; -72, -120 to -24 in hemodialysis; and -96, -162 to -30 in CAPD. In general, the effects of diet and other therapies were less consistent. Despite possible limitations of this meta-analysis, the results provide a useful framework for choosing antilipemic therapy, and point to areas for future long-term studies examining the safety and efficacy of lipid lowering strategies in patients with renal disease.
A new math library

The design and development of a new mathematical function library is described. The library extends programming support to decimal, as well as binary, arithmetic, and aims to influence the future evolution of floating-point support in programming languages, libraries, and hardware. It encourages and facilitates research in new computer-arithmetic designs, and the analysis and comparison of historical ones. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Value and capacity of tax shields: An analysis of the slicing approach

Abstract Correctly valuing tax shields has been a challenge in corporate valuation. A recent study by Liu (2009) introduces the slicing approach to separating the tax shield into the earned and unearned parts. Liu also shows that the MM results are wrong, and claims that the slicing approach has finally resolved the issue of pricing tax shields, thereby bringing closure to the topic. However, through careful analysis, we refute Liu’s main claims and restore the MM results. There are still open questions and the topic is not completely resolved as claimed in Liu (2009) .
Characterization of cyanogen bromide peptides of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase by a micromethod

Abstract Human hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT-EC 2.4.2.8), either from erythrocytes labeled in vitro with 125 I or from HeLa cells labeled in vivo with [ 3 H]leucine, [ 3 H]lysine, or [ 3 H]arginine, was cleaved with cyanogen bromide. All four labeled enzymes produced cyanogen bromide peptides with molecular weights of 7800, 5600, 4100, 2500, and 1300 which were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Experiments with [ 35 S]methionine-labeled HPRT indicated that 88–94% of the 35 S label was released by the cyanogen bromide reaction. The relative distribution of radioactivity in each of the tritiated peptides indicates that there are 20 leucines, 15 lysines, and 12 arginines per enzyme subunit.
MAASTRICHTIAN–DANIAN DINOFLAGELLATE CYST BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY FROM TWO EQUATORIAL SECTIONS IN COLOMBIA AND VENEZUELA

Abstract Two outcrop sections from the Maastrichtian Colon and Mito Juan Formations were analyzed for dinoflagellate cyst biostratigraphy. Samples from the Rio Molino section (Cesar‐Rancheria Basin, Colombia) represent a subset of samples from the 240 m‐thick hemipelagic limestones and calcareous mudstones reported in Martinez's (1989) foraminiferal study. The upper Campanian, lower Maastrichtian and uppermost Maastrichtian intervals were identified in this section based on some significant dinocyst biostratigraphic events, which are in agreement with planktonic foraminiferal data. In ascending Stratigraphic order these events include the lowest occurrence (LO) of Areoligera spp., LO of Senegalinium spp., highest occurrence (HO) of Trichodinium castanea, HO of Xenascus ceratioides, LO of Cerodinium diebelii, LO of Trithyrodinium evittii, HO of Odontochitina operculata, LO of Phelodinium tricuspe, HO of Palaeohystrichophora infusorioides, LO of Glaphyrocysta perforala, LO of Disphaerogena carposphaeropsis ...
Entomophaga maimaiga (Zygomycete : Entomophthorales) resting spores and biological control of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae)

Neonate and larger gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), larvae were collected in a forest and exposed in the leaf litter and trees to determine proportions infected by the fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu & Soper. Results were used to refine a previously developed model of fungus infection of gypsy moths. The revised model only allowed infection of 4th- and larger instar gypsy moths through the germination of resting spores. Infection of neonates via germinating resting spores and of larger gypsy moths through release of conidia from sporulating cadavers was not included because adequate information about transmission rates were not available. This model produced a generally good fit to weekly infection data obtained from collected early to midsized gypsy moth larvae in 1990, 1991, and 1998, so long as a multiplying parameter that did not change the shape of the curve was permitted to vary. This parameter was correlated with a measure of infection caused by resting spores. The intensity of spore germination and resulting infection in the forest is an important predictor of infection by this fungus of early to midsized gypsy moth larvae, and ways to measure the infection potential of such spores before gypsy moth larvae hatch in the spring would greatly aid efforts to predict the impact of this biological control agent.
Induction of prostacyclin receptor expression in human erythroleukemia cells

Abstract We have identified both high-affinity (KD = 36±3 nM) and low-affinity (KD = 2.1±0.8 μM) prostacyclin (PGI2)-receptor sites on human erythroleukemia (HEL) cells using the radiolabelled prostacyclin analogue, [3H]iloprost. The addition of the phorbol ester, TPA, to the culture medium caused a 5–10-fold increase in the number of both the low- and the high-affinity sites, without any change in their affinity constants. Iloprost stimulated HEL cell membrane adenylate cyclase activity 5-fold. This stimulation was potentiated in the presence of GTP, indicating a conventional PGI2 receptor-Gs-adenylate cyclase system. HEL cells represent a source of prostacyclin receptor mRNA which may be of value in expression cloning of this receptor.
Prepregnancy obesity and the risk of birth defects: an update

The growing number of obese women worldwide has many implications for the reproductive health outcomes of mothers and their children. Specifically, prepregnancy obesity has been associated with certain major birth defects. Provided here is a summary of the most recent and comprehensive meta-analysis of reports of associations between prepregnancy obesity and birth defects, along with an update that includes a brief overview of reports of similar associations published since that meta-analysis. The possible reasons for the observed association between prepregnancy obesity and birth defects are explored, and knowledge gaps that suggest possible avenues for future research are highlighted.
What is a Wiki, and How Can it be Used in Resident Education?

Training as a radiology resident is a complex task. Residents frequently encounter multiple hospital systems, each with unique workflow patterns and heterogenous information systems. We identified an opportunity to ease some of the resulting anxiety and frustration by centralizing high-quality resources using a wiki. In this manuscript, we describe our choice of wiki software, give basic information about hardware requirements, detail steps for configuration, outline information included on the wiki, and present the results of a resident acceptance survey.
Initial Evaluation of Patients with Presumed Syncope

Syncope is a common clinical problem, but nevertheless is but one element of the broader issue of ‘transient loss of consciousness’ (TLOC). The first step is to ascertain whether the patient actually suffered a syncopal episode, and thereafter the goal must be to determine the basis of symptoms with sufficient confidence to assess prognosis and initiate an effective treatment strategy. The initial evaluation of these patients, which usually takes place in an emergency department (ED. or acute care facility, is challenging since patients are usually asymptomatic when they come for medical attention, may have little or no recall of the event, and witnesses, if any, often cannot provide reliable information. Given these circumstances, it is understandable that frontline physicians often tend to take a seemingly ‘safe’ approach, and admit both high-risk and intermediate-risk syncope patients to hospital. This strategy has many implications, including life-style and economic concerns for the patient, and health care management issues for physicians, hospital administrators and the overall health care system. The European Society of Cardiology (ESC. guidelines and several clinical studies provide helpful advice regarding “risk stratification” to help guide physicians in selecting patients for either early hospital admission or later oupatient subspeciality evaluation. The utility of syncope management units in the ED, and a guideline-based approach to the syncope patient, has tended to both diminish the number of undiagnosed cases and reduce the hospital admission rate. In this review, we have attempted to both highlight a cost-effective diagnostic pathway beginning with the initial evaluation of the patient with suspected syncope, and to provide criteria which may help frontline physicians better base their decisions regarding need for in-hospital versus outpatient clinic evaluation of syncope patients.
Effects of fluvoxamine on a multiple schedule of ethanol- and food-maintained behavior in two rat strains

Previous studies show that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), including fluvoxamine, have a greater effect on ethanol-maintained responding compared with an alternative reinforcer. However, none of these studies matched baseline responding for reinforcers. Because behavioral effects of many drugs depend on the baseline response rate, the preferential effects of SSRIs may be due to different baseline response rates. Fluvoxamine effects on ethanol- and food-maintained responding were compared using a multiple schedule of behavior, providing matched baseline responding and allowing within-subject analysis in two strains of rats. The multiple schedule consisted of three consecutive 5-min, fixed-ratio five components (Food1, Ethanol, Food2). Fluvoxamine (3–30 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 30 min presession. In Lewis rats, fluvoxamine effects were determined at several available ethanol concentrations [8, 16, 32, and 8% (w/v) redetermination]. In Sprague–Dawley rats, fluvoxamine effects were determined when the available ethanol concentration was 8% (w/v). Baseline responding was stable and well matched under all conditions except 32% ethanol, when responding for ethanol was lower than for food. After the administration of 17.8 mg/kg fluvoxamine, ethanol-maintained responding was 15–33% lower than food-maintained responding in four of the five conditions tested. Breath ethanol assessments indicated that rats had blood ethanol levels of 33 mg/dl following responding for 8% ethanol. These results are in agreement with previous findings that SSRIs preferentially reduce ethanol-maintained responding and suggest this is not likely due to different baseline levels of responding between the comparison conditions. Further, these results support the hypothesis that alteration of synaptic serotonin can modulate ethanol reinforcement.
Thermomechanical Analysis of Pressure Vessels

Regulatory Guide (RG) 1.161 and American Society of Mechanical Engineers Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (ASME Code), Section XI, Nonmandatory Appendix K contain stress intensity factor (SIF) equations for both the internal pressure and thermal gradient loading cases. However, the technical basis behind these equations was developed only for Ri/t = 10, were Ri is the inner vessel radius and t is the vessel thickness. While this geometry is appropriate for most pressurized water reactors (PWR), most boiling water reactor (BWR) vessels have Ri/t = 20. This paper explores the validity of applying these SIF equations to BWRs. This confirmatory work includes calculating SIF by independent methods. The one-dimensional heat equation is solved to provide a physical basis for the thermal stresses.
X-ray absorption spectra in rare-earth and uranium intermetallics: Localized versus itinerant final states

We report L/sub I/ and L/sub III/ x-ray absorption spectra for a series of rare-earth (RE) intermetallics and L/sub III/ and M/sub V/ spectra for uranium intermetallics. Many of the features can be understood in terms of one-electron band theory; for example, the tendency of the absorption maxima to grow stronger and narrower in the sequence U L/sub III/, RE L/sub III/, and U M/sub V/ reflects the increasing density of states in the sequence U 6d, RE 5d, and U 5f. Deviations from band theory are apparent in the systematics of the transition energies: For example, all the Ce L/sub III/ transitions occur at the same energy as do the U M/sub V/ transitions, but the U L/sub III/ and Ce L/sub I/ show substantial chemical shifts as expected in one-electron theory. The data taken together suggest that the core hole tends to localize the final 4f and 5d transition states in the rare-earth elements and the 5f in the actinides but not the 6d in the actinides nor the sp states in either case. The discussion is cast in terms of recent theories of the effect of the core-hole potential.
Gulliver, Travel, and Empire

In his article "Gulliver, Travel, and Empire" Claude Rawson analyzes Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels as a central document of European intellectual history. Rawson focuses on the relationship between ethnicity and human identity asking what constitutes humanity and how individual groups qualify (or not) for human status. Posing as a "parody" of travel books, Rawson's article is both a series of voyages and an ethnically widening arc of moral exploration as Swift's Book Four at once expresses an ambivalent perception of the Irish under English rule and extends to what Swift/Gulliver calls "all Savage Nations" and ultimately takes in what Swift described in a letter as "that Animal called Man." Claude Rawson, "Gulliver, Travel, and Empire" page 2 of 10 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 14.5 (2012): Special issue New Work about the Journey and Its Portrayals. Ed. I-Chun Wang
ES cells prove egg-straordinary.

The observation that embryonic stem cells can not only differentiate into oocytes, but also form blastocyst-like structures has provocative implications for basic research and beyond.
Theory structure, reduction, and disciplinary integration in biology

This paper examines the nature of theory structure in biology and considers the implications of those theoretical structures for theory reduction. An account of biological “theories” as interlevel prototypes embodying causal sequences, and related to each other by strong analogies, is presented, and examples from the neurosciences are provided to illustrate these “middle-range” theories. I then go on to discuss several modifications of Nagel's classical model of theory reduction, and indicate at what stages in the development of reductions these models might best apply. Finally I consider several implications of these analyses of theory structure and reduction for disciplinary integration in biology.
Three-dimensional visualization of fluid dynamics on the Responsive Workbench☆

Abstract Computational fluid dynamics is used by the automotive industry to efficiently reduce development cycles for car components. We present a system, that supports the exploration of such huge simulation data sets in a highly interactive way. Our system has the following two-key features: First, the visualization of the simulation data and the interaction occur through a virtual environment, called the Responsive Workbench. It is a high resolution stereoscopic table-top display, which supports head and hand tracking. Secondly, we tightly coupled a graphics workstation, that drives the workbench, with a parallel computer via a HIPPI connection, to offload computational expensive tasks.
Intercomparison of calorimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and second harmonic generation applied to solid-solid phase transitions.

This paper compares several different observables for use in measuring the kinetics of solid−solid phase transitions. Relative advantages and disadvantages for each technique are described, and a direct comparison of results is made for the beta to delta polymorphic phase transition of the energetic nitramine, octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine.
Interactions between pairs of DNA‐binding dyes: Results and implications for chromosome analysis

A number of DNA-binding dyes, with spectral properties making them suitable as components of energy donor-acceptor pairs, are described. If such pairs are used to stain metaphase chromosomes, and if the energy acceptor (e.g., actinomycin D or methyl green) has a binding specificity opposite to the binding or fluorescence specificity of the donor (e.g., 33258 Hoechst, quinacrine or chromomycin A3), contrast in donor fluorescence can be enhanced, leading to patterns selectively highlighting standard or reverse chromosome bands or particular polymorphic regions. Such results presumably reflect chromosomal regions enriched in 10-20 base pair clusters to which the donor binds and fluoresces but to which the acceptor cannot bind. For other pairs, involving counterstains such as netropsin or echinomycin, which are not suitable as energy acceptors, specific changes observed in polymorphic region fluorescence are most likely due to binding competition between dyes. Dye pairs producing contrast by either method can be used to differentiate between homologous chromosomes or to facilitate detection of specific chromosomal rearrangements. Preliminary data indicate that contrast enhancement generated in fixed metaphase chromosomes spread on microscopic slides can also be observed in suspensions of unfixed metaphase chromosomes, reinforcing the expectation that the methodology described will be of use in flow cytometry.
Adherence to treatment among children with cardiac disease.

OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to review the literature with respect to issues of adherence to treatment among children with congenital and acquired cardiac disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Databases used for this review included MEDLINE, Pub Med's Single Citation Manager, Cochrane Library, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus, and Google Scholar. We did not use any restrictions on date when locating peer-reviewed articles published worldwide through December of 2008. RESULTS There exists a lack of published research regarding adherence to medical treatment for children with cardiac conditions. Of the few published studies, rates of adherence for children with congenital and acquired cardiac disease ranged from a high of 96% for an in-patient exercise programme, to a low of 33% among those who made all of their medical appointments. Risk factors for nonadherence included older age, one as opposed to two parents in the home, lack of emotional availability of parents, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, use of illicit drugs, presence of tattoos, and multiple body piercings. Clinical outcomes associated with non adherence in the population of children undergoing transplantation included mortality, acute episodes of rejection, lower levels of Cyclosporine A, and lower values for the International Normalised Ratio of prothrombin. CONCLUSIONS For children with congenital and acquired heart disease, the challenges of adherence to treatment can often be overwhelming. Recommendations designed to maximize the impact and scientific rigour of future studies include obtaining quantitative and qualitative measures of adherence, identifying primary and secondary endpoints, emphasizing factors of interest, planning studies with sufficient power to impact on the adherence to treatment, and developing epidemiologic foundations.
The postendocytotic trafficking of the human lutropin receptor is mediated by a transferable motif consisting of the C-terminal cysteine and an upstream leucine.

Mutants of the human (h) lutropin receptor (LHR) were analyzed using a combination of biochemical and imaging approaches to define motifs that participate in the postendocytotic sorting of this G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). We show that a substantial portion of the human chorionic gonadotropin internalized by the hLHR sorts to a recycling pathway, and the internalized hLHR accumulates in endosomes because of the C-terminal cysteine (Cys699) and an upstream Leu683 present in the hLHR. The removal or simultaneous mutation of these two residues reroutes the internalized human chorionic gonadotropin to a degradation pathway and the internalized hLHR to lysosomes. We also show that grafting the 17 C-terminal residues of the hLHR into the C-terminal tail of two GPCRs that are routed to a lysosomal/degradation pathway (the rat LHR or the murine δ opioid receptor) reroutes them to an endosomal/recycling pathway. This is due to the Leu683 and Cys699 combination and another recycling motif (Gly687Thr688) that ...
Effectiveness of fluid loss additives in laboratory dynamic fluid loss experiments

A commercially available HTHP (high temperature, high pressure) dynamic filtration unit and a widely available HTHP rheometer was used to study dynamic fluid-loss behavior of uncrosslinked hydroxypropyl guar hydraulic fracturing fluid containing varying concentrations of silica flour, starch, and diesel. New dimensionless groups were defined for the dynamic fluid-loss problem. These groups were used first to effectively correlate previously reported laboratory data and later were employed to analyze the ensuing experimental data. Results demonstrate that low and high permeability cores require different mechanisms for fluid-loss control and that, compared to silica flour, starch may lose its effectiveness at higher concentrations.
Planar cell polarity effector gene Intu regulates cell fate-specific differentiation of keratinocytes through the primary cilia

Genes involved in the planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway are essential for a number of developmental processes in mammals, such as convergent extension and ciliogenesis. Tissue-specific PCP effector genes of the PCP signaling pathway are believed to mediate PCP signals in a tissue- and cell type-specific manner. However, how PCP signaling controls the morphogenesis of mammalian tissues remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of inturned (Intu), a tissue-specific PCP effector gene, during hair follicle formation in mice. Tissue-specific disruption of Intu in embryonic epidermis resulted in hair follicle morphogenesis arrest because of the failure of follicular keratinocyte to differentiate. Targeting Intu in the epidermis resulted in almost complete loss of primary cilia in epidermal and follicular keratinocytes, and a suppressed hedgehog signaling pathway. Surprisingly, the epidermal stratification and differentiation programs and barrier function were not affected. These results demonstrate that tissue-specific PCP effector genes of the PCP signaling pathway control the differentiation of keratinocytes through the primary cilia in a cell fate- and context-dependent manner, which may be critical in orchestrating the propagation and interpretation of polarity signals established by the core PCP components.
Open reduction and internal fixation of forearm fractures in children

We retrospectively reviewed 16 children younger than 13 years with 17 fractures of the shafts of the radius or ulna or both who had undergone an open reduction-internal fixation (ORIF). ORIF was performed when a closed reduction was deemed unacceptable in 14 radius fractures and for three unstable open fractures of the radius. The average age was 9.4 +/- 2.3 years (range, 5.0-12.5). Of the 14 fractures with an unacceptable closed reduction, soft-tissue interposition was encountered in seven. Fixation was secured by plates and screws, percutaneous Steinmann pins, or intramedullary Steinmann pins. There were no delayed unions or nonunions, no infections, and no neurovascular injuries. The average follow-up was 12.3 months; all 17 fractures had excellent results (forearm rotation loss of < 10 degrees). Our study indicates that excellent results can be expected with no increased risk of complications if the treating physician elects to proceed with an ORIF in a pediatric forearm fracture with proper indications.
Enzyme Abnormality in Human Leukaemia

CHANGES in the concentrations of several enzymes in leukaemic leucocytes have been reported, including increases in acid phosphatase1, dihydrofolate reductase2, and the first three enzymes in the pathway for the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidine3. A reduction in the activity of some enzymes has also been reported, for example, alkaline phosphatase4,5, lactic dehydrogenase6 and deoxythymidine phosphorylase7. In general, it is not clear whether these changes in concentrations are caused by abnormalities of the leukaemic process itself, or simply the consequence of a decrease in the percentage of mature cells in the peripheral blood. It is therefore important to show that the enzyme defect persists in the presence of a complete clinical and haematological remission. There have so far been few reports dealing with this question. This is partly because of the difficulty of procuring sufficient leucocytes for study because patients in remission have normal or low normal white blood cell counts. Thus most documented cases of enzyme abnormalities in leukaemia have been reported from studies with immature cells. Exceptions to this are the observations on the concentrations of leucocyte alkaline phosphatase (AP). This enzyme is low or absent in the leucocytes of patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML)4,5, and remains low in some patients in remission even though the number of mature cells in the peripheral blood is normal4,5,8,9.
Vulnerability to environmental hazards

For over 50 years, hazards researchers have focused on a series of fundamental questions:• What is the human occupancy of hazard zones? • How do people and societies respond to environmental hazards and whatfactors influence their choice of adjustments? • How do you mitigate the risk and impact of environmental hazards?
Gaming the jammer: Is frequency hopping effective?

Frequency hopping has been the most popularly considered approach for alleviating the effects of jamming attacks. In this paper, we provide a novel, measurement-driven, game theoretic framework that captures the interactions between a communication link and an adversarial jammer, possibly with multiple jamming devices, in a wireless network employing frequency hopping (FH). The framework can be used to quantify the efficacy of FH as a jamming countermeasure. Our model accounts for two important factors that affect the aforementioned interactions: (a) the number of orthogonal channels available for use and (b) the frequency separation between these orthogonal bands. If the latter is small, then the energy spill over between two adjacent channels (considered orthogonal) is high; as a result a jammer on an orthogonal band that is adjacent to that used by a legitimate communication, can be extremely effective. We account for both these factors and using our framework we provide bounds on the performance of proactive frequency hopping in alleviating the impact of a jammer. The main contributions of our work are: (a) Construction of a measurement driven game theoretic framework which models the interactions between a jammer and a communication link that employ FH. (b) Extensive experimentation on our indoor testbed in order to quantify the impact of a jammer in a 802.11a/g network. (c) Application of our framework to quantify the efficacy of proactive FH across a variety of 802.11 network configurations. (d) Formal derivation of the optimal strategies for both the link and the jammer in 802.11 networks. Our results demonstrate that frequency hopping is largely inadequate in coping with jamming attacks in current 802.11 networks. In particular, we show that if current systems were to support hundreds of additional channels, FH would form a robust jamming countermeasure1.
Coupled Cyber–Physical System Modeling and Coregulation of a CubeSat

We propose the application of state–space techniques to develop a novel coupled cyber–physical system (CPS) model and use feedback control to dynamically adjust CPS resource use and performance. We investigate the use of a gain scheduled discrete linear quadratic regulator controller and a forward-propagation Riccati-based controller to handle the discrete-time-varying system. We demonstrate the value of our approach by conducting a disturbance-rejection case study for a small satellite (CubeSat) application in which resources required for attitude control are adjusted in real-time to maximize availability for other computational tasks. We evaluate CPS performance through a set of metrics quantifying physical system error and control effort as well as cyber resource utilization and compare these with traditional fixed-rate optimal control strategies. Results indicate that our proposed coupled CPS model and controller can provide physical system performance similar to fixed-rate optimal control strategies but with less control effort and much less computational utilization.
Joining With the Client in an Open Event A Response to Davidson and Anstoos

In this article, we respond to the insightful commentary offered by Drs. Anstoos and Davidson. In particular, we discuss our humanist assumptions behind our original article and explicitly address the issue of uncertainty in psychotherapy relative to the event itself as well as to therapeutic outcome. We assert, however, that even in the face of this uncertainty, we can still open ourselves to the event and prompt the patient to do likewise, if they are willing. This openness is not without risk, so we detail the importance of enduring the experience. Such evential experiences can change the thrownness of the participants in that event, such that their experience of prison can change, although it does not necessarily. We also address the open/closed position of the therapist and patient by addressing the issue of action and potential, the Husserl’s “horizon” compared with Marion’s “manifest.” By doing so, we argue that using the language of the event, nonexclusive to the language of the horizon but rather...
Style-consistency in isogenous patterns

In many applications of pattern recognition, patterns appear in groups (fields) that have a common origin. For example, a printed word is afield of character patterns printed in the same font. A common origin induces consistency of style among features measured on patterns. In the presence of multiple styles, the features of co-occurring patterns are statistically dependent through the underlying style. Modeling such dependence among constituent patterns of afield increases the classification accuracy. Effects of style consistency on the distributions of field features (concatenation of pattern features) are modeled by hierarchical mixtures. Each field derives from a mixture of styles, while, within a field, a pattern derives from a class-style conditional mixture of Gaussians. An optimal (least-error) style-conscious classifier processes entire fields of patterns rendered in a consistent but unknown style, based on the model. In a laboratory experiment, style-conscious classification reduced errors on fields of printed digits by nearly 25% over singlet classifiers. Longer fields favor our classification method, because they furnish more information about the underlying style.
Symptomatic Atlantoaxial Instability in an Adolescent with Trisomy 21 (Down’s syndrome)

Atlantoaxial instability (AAI) occurs in 15% of children with Trisomy 21. Health supervision guidelines were revised by the American Academy of Pediatrics in 2011 to reflect advances in care for children with special health care needs (CSHCN). Previous guidelines recommended cervical spine radiological screenings in preschool years to evaluate for atlantoaxial instability. For patients with negative screening, re-screening was recommended if they wished to compete in the Special Olympics, or became symptomatic. We present the case of an adolescent who developed a symptomatic atlantoaxial dislocation despite previous negative radiological screening at the age three (under the 2001 guidelines). This case report highlights the revisions in the 2011 guidelines for health supervision and anticipatory guidance. It underlines the need for a high index of suspicion if symptoms develop. It also addresses the need for a medical home for CSHCN, with health care providers who know the child's baseline health status.
Takayasu Arteritis in the pediatric population: a contemporary United States-based single center cohort.

Takayasu Arteritis is an idiopathic, chronic, large vessel vasculitis involving the aorta and its primary branches. Few studies have been done in pediatric patients to date with the largest case series of US patients published in 2003 consisting of only 6 patients. A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients seen at Cleveland Clinic Children’s up until 2012 who met EULAR/PRINTO/PRES classification criteria for childhood Takayasu Arteritis. Twenty-one patients with a mean follow up of 2.3 years were studied. Weight loss, fatigue, and anorexia were the most common presenting complaints. 57.1% of patients were hypertensive at first visit. The most common examintation finding was diminished pulses (61.9%), followed by bruits, and then murmurs. Thoracic aorta stenosis was the most common vascular abnormality. Seven of twenty-one patients responded well to methotrexate and prednisone alone. Ten of twenty-one patients required an additional medication for symptom and disease control (infliximab most commonly). About two-thirds of patients required at least one anti-hypertensive medication. Eight of the twenty-one patients required surgical intervention for severe disease refractory to medications (renal artery stenosis being the most common indication). Almost all patients reported symptomatic improvement after surgical intervention. Two of the eight patients required a second surgery for return of symptoms. Disease sequelae included arterial aneurysms, resolved heart failure, and hypertensive emergencies. Our study emphasizes that constitutional symptoms coupled with objective findings of diminished pulses, bruits, and hypertension should raise clinical suspicion for Takayasu Arteritis in pediatric patients. Pharmacologic therapy alone can be successful in controlling disease progression, however surgery was successful in minimizing symptoms when medical therapies failed.
The Impact of Comparative State-Directed Development on Working Conditions and Employee Satisfaction

In this research, I apply and extend Kohli's (2004) state-directed development framework to better understand country-level factors influencing cross-national differences in job characteristics and job satisfaction. Prior research has indicated that the nature of work has changed dramatically in recent years in response to economic shifts and an increasingly global economy. However, there is little agreement on whether the overall quality of work has improved or declined over that period and little is known about the overall comparative quality of work and job satisfaction across the global economy. In this study I use non-panel longitudinal data from the International Social Survey Program (ISSP 1989, 1997, 2005 – survey questions on job characteristics and job quality) and various country-contextual variables. This article explores the impact of state-directed development on job satisfaction, first identifying and explaining the foundations of the statist literature, and then using various statistical methods to test for statistically significant impact and variation across countries.
Cardinal temperatures for wheat leaf appearance as assessed from varied sowing dates and infrared warming

Abstract Accurate data on crop responses to temperature are essential for predicting the potential impacts of climate extremes. Air temperature can be precisely regulated in controlled environment chambers, but chambers seldom provide realistic radiation, photoperiod, wind and humidity regimes, which raise concerns as to whether responses quantified in such environments accurately reflect field performance. Field experiments employing sowing date (SD) and artificial warming treatments can provide a wide range of temperature regimes under otherwise natural field conditions. We analyzed temperature effects on main stem leaf appearance for the spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Yecora Rojo using 15 sowing dates at Maricopa, AZ, USA. Six dates included infrared-based temperature free-air controlled enhancement (T-FACE) warming treatments. Mean air temperatures over the 15 periods of measurement varied from 11.6 to 33.2 °C. Our objective was to characterize the effect of temperature on leaf number, emphasizing air temperatures above 20 °C, a value often cited optimal for wheat development. An underlying concern was how different shapes of temperature responses functions might affect estimates of cardinal temperatures. For comparisons among four segmented linear functions, a quadratic function and two forms of the beta function, the best fit to the data was for a two-segment function with a base temperature ( T base ) of 1.9 °C and an optimum ( T optl ) of 22.2 °C. In attempting to estimate a second, upper temperature for maximum development ( T optu ), the estimation process failed. This likely reflected the low frequency of data from mean air temperatures over 25 °C and possible severe stress responses at extreme low and high temperatures. The results further demonstrated the value of growing crops under a wide range of temperature regimes, which can be attained under field conditions through use of planting date and T-FACE treatments.
Comparison of imaging modalities in pediatric thyroglossal duct cysts.

Objectives/Hypothesis: To determine and compare the accuracy of different imaging modalities including ultrasound (US), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of thyroglossal duct cysts (TGDC) in children. Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on patients under the age of 18 years who had undergone surgical excision of midline neck masses between January 2002 and June 2011. All patients had preoperative imaging. Data including age at surgery, preoperative imaging results, and postoperative pathology results were recorded. Preoperative imaging diagnoses were then compared to postoperative pathologic diagnoses. Diagnostic test statistics were performed. Results: A total of 44 patients met the study criteria. There were 15 patients who underwent more than one modality of imaging study. US had a sensitivity of 75% in diagnosis of TGDC. MRI sensitivity was 60% and CT was 82%. None of the tests had high specificity for TGDC; US was the highest at 80%. All three modalities had positive predictive values higher than 90%. US had the highest positive likelihood ratio (3.8), although the 95% confidence interval was not statistically significant. Conclusions: In a comparison of the three most commonly used imaging modalities for pediatric TGDC, US was the preferred exam given its comparable accuracy, ease of administration, and lower cost. In addition, the added risks of general anesthesia with MRI and ionizing radiation with CT are not justified in this setting given their equivalent or inferior performance when compared to US in this cohort.
SUSPECT SEARCHES: ASSESSING POLICE BEHAVIOR UNDER THE U.S. CONSTITUTION*

Research Summary: This study examines police conformity to the law by evaluating direct observations of police searches in a medium-sized American city against the applicable constitutional standards. Other researchers have investigated police misconduct, but the present study uses direct observations of police behavior. The research asks three questions: How frequently do patrol officers engage in searches? How often do their searches meet constitutional standards? What explains the proclivity to search unconstitutionally? The results paint a disquieting picture, with nearly one-third of searches performed unconstitutionally and almost none visible to the courts. The research links police misconduct to the municipality's “war on drugs,” but surprisingly, the majority of constitutional violations was concentrated in a small number of otherwise model officers engaged in community policing. Policy Implications: Based on researchers’ direct field observations, this analysis suggests that studies of constitutional violations based on secondary or official records touch only the exposed tip of the population of police searches, and far more importantly, they may vastly understate the extent of constitutional violations. This is not the picture offered by Wilson and Kelling (1982), who claimed that the police previously had been constrained by legal restrictions. If anything, the data support Kelling's (1999) more recent contention that police officers are “pushing the Fourth Amendment” to the verge of or beyond what is legally permissible. There are substantial costs when the police search unconstitutionally, not only to the rights of individuals but also to the legitimacy of law enforcement. The present observations were conducted in the midst of a war on drugs, which raises the question of what a replication would show now that the nation's local law enforcement agencies have been enlisted in a war against terrorism.
«My friend the shylock»: money-lenders and their clients in south-western Nigeria

As older ways of raising credit declined or were re-defined, the acquiring of loans from a specialized group of money-lenders flourished in colonial Western Nigeria. Money-lenders charged exorbitant interest and insisted on loan repayment at a fixed date. Borrowing from the modern banking system, the money-lenders prepared legal documents and required surety. Debt recovery was generally painful to defaulters; they were humiliated, harassed, and had their property confiscated. The practice generated many conflicts. The debtor was generally unhappy, especially if the money was used for consumption. Lenders cheated with high interest rates and other charges and promoted for their own ends indiscriminate lending to poor and vulnerable people. To minimize conflicts and protect debtors, the colonial administration decided to regulate the trade with ordinances, especially the Moneylenders' Ordinance of 1938 which set limits to interest and forced lenders to obtain licences. In general, lenders subverted the ordinance, creditors and debtors became more cunning as documents were falsified to protect lenders, and those who needed money continued to accept harsh terms.
Reactivity of oleic acid in organic particles: changes in oxidant uptake and reaction stoichiometry with particle oxidation

The heterogeneous reaction of ozone with oleic acid has been studied extensively as a simple model system for investigating the oxidation of organic compounds in atmospheric particles. In this work, we simultaneously quantify oleic acid and ozone decay during three stepwise oxidation events, allowing us to quantify reactivity of oleic acid throughout the oxidative lifetime of initially pure particles. Throughout their lifetime, uptake in these particles is driven by reaction, as evidenced by similar timescales for ozone and oleic acid decay. The oleic acid decay rate slows with increasing particle oxidation, most likely due to the continued dilution of the particles with oxidation products. However, the initial stoichiometry is as high as 3.75 oleic acid molecules destroyed per ozone molecule lost. This significantly exceeds the 2:1 ratio that can be explained by an initial ozonolysis reaction and known secondary chemistry between the Criegee intermediate and the organic acid moiety. It implies that there is additional, previously unrecognized secondary chemistry that likely involves the carbon backbone. Our understanding of reactivity, even in this simple system, remains incomplete.
Episodic receptive aphasia in a child with Landau-Kleffner Syndrome : PET correlates

We report a four-year-old boy with Landau-Kleffner Syndrome (LKS) characterized by episodic receptive aphasia lasting for few weeks followed by gradual recovery of baseline language functions. Neuropsychological evaluation during an episode showed severe impairment in verbal skills and comprehension, but relative preservation of non-verbal skills. Although he could carry on a conversation during remission, neuropsychological evaluation demonstrated findings reflective of receptive language deficits. Prolonged EEG disclosed frequent sharp-wave activity in the left and right temporal regions but no electrographic seizures. Glucose metabolism PET scan during the fourth episode of aphasia revealed intense hypermetabolism in the left temporal neocortex. Awake EEG during the PET tracer uptake period showed 6.0 spikes/min in the left temporal region and 4.0 spikes/min in the right. A repeat PET scan during remission showed hypometabolism in the left temporal cortex. Awake EEG during the FDG uptake period showed 16.0 spikes/min in the right temporal region and 0.3 spikes/min in the left. During his fifth aphasic episode, EEG (without PET) showed 0.16 spikes/min in the right temporal region and none in the left. Intermittent short episodes of predominantly receptive aphasia with near-total recovery between episodes can be one of the clinical presentations of LKS. This case illustrates the dynamic changes of glucose metabolism in the temporal lobe during episodes of aphasia and remission in a case with LKS. The clinical course of our patient with transient EEG and PET findings suggest that glucose metabolism in LKS cannot be attributed solely to interictal epileptiform activities on scalp EEG.
Phonotactics and Syllable Stress: Implications for the Processing of Spoken Nonsense Words:

phonotactics Two experiments using bisyllabic CVCCVC nonsense words that varied in phonotactic probability and stress placement were conducted to examine the influences of phonotactic and metrical information on spoken word recognition. Experiment 1 examined participants' intuitions about the phonological "goodness" of nonsense words. Experiment 2 examined processing times for the same stimuli in a speeded auditory repetition task. The results of both studies provide further evidence that the phonotactic configuration and stress placement of spoken stimuli have important implications for the representation and processing of spoken words. syllable stress