cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of 12C(d, p)13C and 16O(d, p)17O reactions to profile carbon and oxygen in solids☆

Abstract The use of nuclear reactions for depth profiling carbon and oxygen in solids is discussed. A general expression for the yield from a nuclear reaction is derived and used to extract depth profiles from the energy spectra by two methods. The first method compares data from a target of unknown composition with a target containing a known concentration of either carbon or oxygen. By dividing the yields from the samples for equal collision energies, a concentration profile within the analyzed sample can be obtained. The second method uses published reaction cross-section data to obtain the profile. The (d, p) profiling is demonstrated for carbon in ScD 2 . A comparison between the two methods is made by extracting carbon profiles in the near surface region of ScD 2 samples. Effects due to inaccurate stopping cross-section data are described. The technique is discussed for the 16 O(d, p) reactions used to profile oxygen along with the effect of interferences from the 2 H(d, p) 3 H reaction and other reactions.
Personal values and gift-giving behaviors: A study across cultures

Abstract The linkage between gift-giving behaviors and personal values was investigated in this study. Two hundred and forty students from the United States and 82 Oriental students were surveyed, utilizing the List of Values scale and two gift-giving scales (amount of gift giving and effort involved in gift selection). The two hypotheses assessed were confirmed: Individuals in active, social value segments reported higher levels of gift giving, as well as greater exertion of effort in gift selection, than did individuals in passive, nonsocial value segments. These relationships existed in both cultures studied (the United States and the Oriental culture).
Molecular mapping of hybrid necrosis genes Ne1 and Ne2 in hexaploid wheat using microsatellite markers.

Hybrid necrosis is the gradual premature death of leaves or plants in certain F1 hybrids of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and it is caused by the interaction of two dominant complementary genes Ne1 and Ne2 located on chromosome arms 5BL and 2BS, respectively. To date, molecular markers linked to these genes have not been identified and linkage relationships of the two genes with other important genes in wheat have not been established. We observed that the F1 hybrids from the crosses between the bread wheat variety ‘Alsen’ and four synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW) lines (TA4152-19, TA4152-37, TA4152-44, and TA4152-60) developed at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) exhibited hybrid necrosis. This study was conducted to determine the genotypes of TA4152-60 and Alsen at the Ne1 and Ne2 loci, and to map the genes using microsatellite markers in backcross populations. Genetic analysis indicated that Alsen has the genotype ne1ne1Ne2Ne2 whereas the SHW lines have Ne1Ne1ne2ne2. The microsatellite marker Xbarc74 was linked to Ne1 at a genetic distance of 2.0 cM on chromosome arm 5BL, and Xbarc55 was 3.2 cM from Ne2 on 2BS. Comparison of the genetic maps with the chromosome deletion-based physical maps indicated that Ne1 lies in the proximal half of 5BL, whereas Ne2 is in the distal half of 2BS. Genetic linkage analysis showed that Ne1 was about 35 cM proximal to Tsn1, a locus conferring sensitivity to the host selective toxin Ptr ToxA produced by the tan spot fungus. The closely linked microsatellite markers identified in this study can be used to genotype parental lines for Ne1 and Ne2 or to eliminate the two hybrid necrosis genes using marker-assisted selection.
Evaluation of Dry Matter Loss, Nutritive Value, and In Situ Dry Matter Disappearance for Wilting Orchardgrass and Bermudagrass Forages Damaged by Simulated Rainfall

Throughout much of the southeastern USA, hay harvest can be complicated by a high probability of rainfall events that may cause damage to the resultant hay crop. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of simulated rainfall and two postrainfall drying methods on losses of dry matter (DM) and changes in nutritive value for wilting orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] forages. Orchardgrass was wilted to moisture concentrations of 674 (WET), 153 (IDEAL), and 41 (DRY) g kg - 1 and subjected to 0,12, 25, 38, 51, 64, or 76 mm of simulated rainfall from a custom-built rainfall simulator. For IDEAL orchardgrass, DM loss reached a maximum of 88 g kg - 1 when 76 mm of simulated rainfall was applied. Dry matter loss, total N, and all fiber components except hemicellulose increased with rainfall amount, exhibiting single or multiple polynomial effects (P ≤ 0.048) in each case; however, responses were not consistent across these response variables. A second study was conducted with bermudagrass using similar techniques, except that the forage contained 761 (WET), 400 (MID), and 130 (IDEAL) g kg - 1 of moisture when simulated rainfall was applied. For IDEAL bermudagrass forage, DM losses increased in linear (P = 0.001) and quadratic (P = 0.003) relationships with simulated rainfall, but the maximum DM loss was only 21 g kg - 1 . For both forages, DM loss and deleterious changes in nutritive value generally increased with rainfall amount, but these responses appeared to be much greater for orchardgrass.
Laws of scattering applied to popular music

Billboard Top 40 singles chart data were examined to determine if the frequency distribution of artist productivity fits either of two laws of scattering. Data were ranked by artist and the observed cumulative distribution functions were compared with the theoretical cumulative distribution functions for empirical laws developed by Lotka and Bradford. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov Goodness of Fit test showed the relationships between the theoretical and the observed were not statistically significant for either law. However, the marginal deviation from statistical significance may have been due to data contamination in that Billboard charts use some data manipulation rather than strictly objective sales or air play data. © 1989 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Spin Correlation Functions of the X-Y Model

We consider the one-dimensional $X\ensuremath{-}Y$ model of Lieb, Schulz, and Mattis and study the asymptotic behavior of each of the three correlation functions $〈{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0}}^{i}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{N}}^{i}〉={{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{N}}^{i}$, where $i=x$, $y$, or $z$. We study in detail the influence of $X\ensuremath{-}Y$ anisotropy by separately studying the correlation functions in both the isotropic and anisotropic cases at both nonzero and zero temperatures. For nonzero temperature we derive both low- and high-temperature expansions for all three correlations and show that these correlations go to zero exponentially as $N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$. The behavior near $T=0$ is studied in the isotropic case by considering the $N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ limit with $\mathrm{TN}$ fixed, while in the anisotropic case we must hold ${T}^{2}N$ fixed as $N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$. In this manner we obtain the $T=0$ result that if the interaction is stronger in the $x$ direction, then ${{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{N}}^{x}$ approaches a constant exponentially while ${{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{N}}^{y}$ approaches zero exponentially as $N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$. We finally show that in the isotropic case at $T=0$ that ${{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{N}}^{x}={{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{N}}^{y}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{N}^{\frac{\ensuremath{-}1}{2}}$. In all cases, at least the first two terms of the asymptotic series are explicitly given.
Automatic locally adaptive smoothing for tree-based set estimation

Tree-based methods similar to CART have recently been utilized for problems in which the main goal is to estimate some set of interest. It is often the case that the boundary of the true set is smooth in some sense, however tree-based estimates will not be smooth, as they will be a union of ‘boxes’. We propose a general methodology for smoothing such sets that allows for varying levels of smoothness on the boundary automatically. The method is similar to the idea underlying support vector machines, which is applying a computationally simple technique to data after a non-linear mapping to produce smooth estimates in the original space. In particular, we consider the problem of level-set estimation for regression functions and the dyadic tree-based method of Willett and Nowak [Minimax optimal level-set estimation, IEEE Trans. Image Process. 16 (2007), pp. 2965–2979].
Role of serial quantitative assessment of right ventricular function by strain in pulmonary arterial hypertension.

The aim of this study was to assess whether serial quantitative assessment of right ventricular (RV) function by speckle-based strain imaging is affected by pulmonary hypertension–specific therapies and whether there is a correlation between serial changes in RV strain and clinical status. RV longitudinal systolic function was assessed using speckle-tracking echocardiography in 50 patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) before and after the initiation of therapy. The mean interval to follow-up was 6 ± 2 months. Subsequent survival was assessed over 4 years. Patients demonstrated a mean increase in RV systolic strain from −15 ± 5 before to −20 ± 7% (p = 0.0001) after PAH treatment. Persistence of or progression to a severe reduction in free wall systolic strain (
Pioneers in Our Own Lives: Grounded Theory of Lesbians' Midlife Development

Historically, human development theorists made no mention of experiences unique to lesbians. To explore implications of differences associated with lesbian midlife development, this qualitative study compared the midlife experiences of 12 lesbians between the ages of 41 and 54 to descriptions of midlife development resulting from two prior studies using similar methods with groups whose members were nearly all heterosexual women, i.e., data collected in a series of focus group meetings and analyzed using a grounded theory approach. While lesbians in this study faced many of the same occurrences described by other middle-aged women, they experienced those events in different ways. The lesbians experienced less emotional turmoil during midlife than did their heterosexual counterparts. They also expressed unique concerns about old age.
Connectivity Pattern in Electronic Composites Based on Anisothermal Heating during Microwave Sintering

Composites of BST:MgO were prepared using nano size particles and processed using multi-mode microwave sintering technique. The anisothermal behavior during microwave heating was examined to process electronic composite materials and to achieve the desired 3-0 connectivity of the phases. The difference in the absorption rate of microwaves of BST and MgO under the microwave field contributed to achieve the desired connectivity pattern in the resulted composites with low dielectric constant and appreciable electric field dielectric tunability and thus the high figure of merit. The connectivity patterns were studied using scanning electron microscopy. EDS was carried out to study the chemical reactivity between phases formed during the MW sintering process.
Transverse fold evolution in the External Sierra, southern Pyrenees, Spain

Abstract Fault-slip data are used to reconstruct varying tectonic regimes associated with transverse fold development along the eastern and southern margins of the Jaca basin, southern Pyrenees, Spain. The Spanish Pyrenean foreland consists of thrust sheets and leading-edge decollement folds which developed within piggyback basins. Guara Formation limestones on the margins of the Jaca basin were deposited synchronously with deformation and are exposed in the External Sierra. Within the transverse folds, principal shortening axes determined from P and T dihedra plots of fault-slip data show a shift from steep shortening in stratigraphically older beds to NNE–SSW horizontal shortening in younger beds. Older strata are characterized by extensional faults interpreted to result from halotectonic (salt tectonics) deformation, whereas younger strata are characterized by contraction and strike-slip faults interpreted to result from thrust sheet emplacement. The interpretation of the timing for the shortening axes in the younger strata is supported by the observation that these axes are parallel to shortening axes determined from finite strain analysis, calcite twins, and regional thrusting directions determined from fault-related folds and slickenlines. This study shows that fault population analysis in syntectonic strata provides an opportunity to constrain kinematic evolution during orogeny.
Is the encyclopedia dead? Evaluating the usefulness of a traditional reference resource

Purpose – ‐‐ The purpose of this paper is to examine past, current, and future usage of encyclopedias.Design/methodology/approach ‐‐ The paper reviews the history of encyclopedias, their composition, and usage by focusing on select publications covering different subject areas.Findings ‐‐ Due to their static nature, traditionally published encyclopedias are not always accurate, objective information resources. Intentions of editors and authors also come into question. A researcher may find more value in using encyclopedias as historical documents rather than resources for quick facts.Practical implications ‐‐ Academic librarians may begin to invest more selectively in encyclopedias, whether in print or electronic format, and market them differently to students and faculty.Originality/value ‐‐ This article explores the academic value of encyclopedias in the twenty‐first century.
The Hubbard connection

Hubbard theory is an approximation to the Pariser-Parr-Pople theory which presents many of its important features in a relatively simple form. Our Hubbard Hamiltonian employs a single electron-correlation parameter: 0x≡U/(t+U)1, where t is the one-electron hopping integral (the negative of the Hueckel β), and U is the Hubbard one-center, two-electron repulsion parameter. This parameter provides the Hubbard connection between the following: 1) Molecular orbital and valence bond theory; 2) The exchange approximation and full CI; 3) Conductors and insulators; 4) Fermi-Dirac and Boltzmann statistics; 5) Normal and superconductors. We present Hubbard theory in the freeon (spin-free) formulation where each N-electron state is pictorially represented by a Gel'fand diagram which specifies both the orbital configuration and the multiplicity. The simplicity of the freeon formulation makes the Hubbard connection quite transparent
Eosinophilic Oesophagitis in Adults

Abstract Previously considered a rare condition, eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) has become increasingly recognized as an important cause of dysphagia and food impactions in adults. This is likely attributable to a combination of an increasing incidence of EoE and a growing awareness of the condition. EoE may occur in isolation or in conjunction with eosinophilic gastroenteritis. However, the burgeoning field is likely attributable to the variant that uniquely affects the oesophagus. Adults classically present with symptoms of dysphagia, food impactions, and heartburn. Typical endoscopic features include concentric mucosal rings, linear furrowing, white plaques or exudates and a narrow caliber oesophagus. In some cases, the endoscopic features may appear normal. For years, EoE went unrecognized because eosinophilic infiltration was accepted as a manifestation of reflux, which continues to be a confounding factor in some patients. Current consensus is that the diagnosis of EoE is established by 1) the presence of symptoms, especially dysphagia and food impactions in adults, 2) ≥15 eosinophils per high power field in oesophageal tissue, and 3) exclusion of other disorders with similar presentations such as GERD. Current understanding of EoE pathophysiology and natural history are limited but the entity has been increasingly linked to food allergies and aeroallergens. The main treatment options for EoE are proton pump inhibitors, dietary manipulation, and topical or oral glucocorticoids. This review highlights recent insights into EoE in adults although, clearly, much of the available data overlap with pediatrics and, occasionally, with eosinophilic gastroenteritis.
Freezing equine semen: the effect of combinations of semen extenders and glycerol on post-thaw motility.

Objective We evaluated combinations of two commercial semen extenders and three concentrations of glycerol to determine the combination that yielded the highest post-thaw sperm motility. Design A randomised 2 × 3 block design was used. Procedure Semen was collected from four stallions (6 collections per stallion). The sample was diluted with either a dried skim-milk glucose extender (EZ Mixin Original Formula) or a chemically defined, milk-free diluent (INRA 96), and each was used in combination with 2%, 3% or 4% glycerol in standard commercial freezing medium. Sperm motility was assessed by microscopy in fresh and post-thaw semen. Results There was a significant difference between the two extenders in the motility of spermatozoa after cryopreservation (48.9% for INRA 96; 38.6% for EZ Mixin OF; P < 0.0001). Glycerol at 4% in freezing medium yielded the highest post-thaw motility, significantly better than 2% (P < 0.05). Three of four stallions had significantly higher post-thaw motility using INRA 96 relative to EZ Mixin OF (P < 0.01), and two of four stallions had significantly higher post-thaw motility using 4% glycerol (P < 0.05). The combination of INRA 96 and 4% glycerol in freezing medium gave the highest average post-thaw motility of 51.5%. Conclusion In this study, INRA 96 combined with 4% glycerol yielded an average recovery of progressively motile sperm consistently above the 35% target.
Reply to 'Comment on 'Electron-induced bond breaking at low energies in HCOOH and glycine: The role of very short-lived σ* anion states''

Rescigno et al. [Phys. Rev. A80, 046701 (2009)] criticized our theoretical treatment of dissociative electron attachment in formic acid in which we show that this process can be explained by electron attachment into the temporary negative ion state formed by occupation of the ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}(\text{OH})$ orbital. We argue that their objections do not hold up to scrutiny.
Reading the invisible ink: Assessing the responses of non-composition faculty

Abstract Writing assessment remains a pressing issue for Composition Studies, particularly in the area of cross-disciplinary evaluation and response to student papers. In this collaborative and naturalistic study, two composition specialists used the protocol method to collect data from seven content area faculty (mathematics, health sciences, nursing, history, geography, neurobiology, and physics) who routinely made writing assignments in their courses. The participants were asked to select a student writing sample at random and respond as they normally would and to voice their responses on tape. The study's objective was to examine how visible students were as writers to instructors who were not acquainted with composition theory and to ask what identities faculty were crafting for themselves and their students—both consciously and unconsciously—and how those identities were revealed in their responses to student texts. As the tapes were listened to, the transcriptions read, and the marked papers analyzed, the emerging identities were categorized as “discipline specific guide,” “intellectual mentor,” “assignment judge,” and “general editor,” while the students became “budding '-er or 'ist,” “critical thinker,” “student,” and “author of text.” Results indicated that these content-area faculty identified themselves overwhelmingly as “assignment judge” and their students as “student” (completing an assignment). Further data analysis revealed that the majority of these participants chose to speak their responses at length on tape while writing little or nothing on paper to the student. The study suggests that composition specialists, who often consult and collaborate with non-composition faculty, need to learn more about how faculty members identify themselves and their students when responding to student writing. This could, in turn, optimize students' chances for success in the areas of both writing-to-learn and learning to write within specific disciplines.
Maintenance of wakefulness test: A polysomnographic technique for evaluating treatment efficacy in patients with excessive somnolence ☆

Ten patients with narcolepsy were given five 20 min opportunities to remain awake throughout the day. Trials were offered at 2 h intervals beginning at 10:00. Polysomnographic variables were monitored during each trial. Sleep latency increased when patients were instructed to maintain wakefulness compared to when instructed to sleep; however, sleep latencies were still lower for narcoleptics than for control subjects. Unexpectedly, we were not always able to document patients' reports of increased ability to stay awake. The findings suggested that clinical data on symptom control in narcolepsy do not predict ability to stay awake. Objective measures of the ability are potentially more useful in evaluating treatment.
Die Methyl‐phenyl‐benzocyclobutene

cis- und trans-1-Methyl-2-phenyl-benzocyclobuten wurden neben anderen 1.2-disubstituierten Benzocyclobutenen dargestellt. Der durch Hydrierung von 1-Methylen-2-phenyl-benzocyclobuten erhaltene cis-Kohlenwasserstoff war unter gewohnlichen Bedingungen unbestandig, wahrend das trans-Isomere langere Zeit bestandig war. Dieses lies sich aus α.α′-Dibrom-o-athyl-benzylbenzol durch eine Ringschlusreaktion nach FINKELSTEIN oder durch Hydrogenolyse von trans-1-Hydroxymethyl-2-phenyl-benzocyclobuten-tosylat darstellen. Das dem Tosylat zugrunde liegende Carbinol wurde durch Reduktion von trans-2-Phenyl-benzocyclobuten-carbonsaure-(1) gewonnen, die in geringer Ausbeute aus 3-Phenyl-2-diazo-indanon-(1) durch eine WOLFF-Umlagerung erhalten worden war. — Die trans-Carbonsaure erwies sich als sehr reaktionsfahig mit der Neigung zu Ringoffnungsreaktionen. Sie bildete bei Raumtemperatur ein Addukt mit Maleinsaureanhydrid, wurde von heiser Alkalilauge zwischen der 1- und der 2-Stellung aufgespalten, so das beim Ansauern das δ-Lacton der Benzhydrol-o-essigsaure entstand, und lieferte bei der katalytischen Hydrierung o-Benzyl-phenylessigsaure. Der trans-Kohlenwasserstoff bildete mit Maleinsaureanhydrid in siedendem CCl4 ein Addukt, war aber bestandig gegen heise Alkalilauge und lies sich nicht katalytisch hydrieren. — 1-Methylen-2-phenyl-benzocyclobuten war selbst beim Schmelzpunkt (65–65.5°) bestandig. Es gab, im Gegensatz zu Methylencyclobuten, mit Tetracyanathylen kein Addukt. Der Exomethylen-Kohlenwasserstoff wurde aus dem N-Oxyd von 1-Dimethylaminomethyl-2-phenyl-benzocyclobuten durch Pyrolyse dargestellt. Das zugrunde liegende Amin bildete sich bei der Aminolyse des oben erwahnten Tosylats.
Mass generation by non-strong interactions

Strongly interacting gauge theories can give rise to massless fermions which are protected from mass generation by chiral symmetries. Weaker (order α) interactions can violate these symmetries and give rise to light fermion masses of order α, α2, etc. Examples of this phenomenon are described and one possible strategy for applying these ideas is described. No realistic examples are offered.
NK cells controlling virus-specific T cells: Rheostats for acute vs. persistent infections

Viral infections characteristically induce a cytokine-driven activated natural killer (NK) cell response that precedes an antigen-driven T cell response. These NK cells can restrain some but not all viral infections by attacking virus-infected cells and can thereby provide time for an effective T cell response to mobilize. Recent studies have revealed an additional immunoregulatory role for the NK cells, where they inhibit the size and functionality of the T cell response, regardless of whether the viruses are themselves sensitive to NK cells. This subsequent change in T cell dynamics can alter patterns of immunopathology and persistence and implicates NK cells as rheostat-like regulators of persistent infections.
Bottomland hardwood forest species responses to flooding regimes along an urbanization gradient

Abstract Urbanization alters stream hydrology, hence flooding frequency and duration in floodplain wetlands. Potential impacts include shifts in species composition and survival, making restoration and selection of wetland species difficult. Cephalanthus occidentalis , Fraxinus pennsylvanica , and Quercus shumardii seedlings were subjected to experimental flooding regimes typical of floodplain forests in rural and urban settings. Treatments included a rural flood regime with three 7-day floods, an Urban-short flood regime with six 4-day floods, and an Urban-long flood regime with six 10-day floods over a growing season. Specific responses, measured by stem length, leaf area, and leaf, stem, and root biomass, varied between species from different wetland indicator classes. C. occidentalis , a wetland obligate, was well adapted to both urban flooding regimes, whereas productivity of F. pennsylvanica , a facultative wetland species, and Q. shumardii , a facultative species, was significantly reduced by the Urban-long treatment. Growth rates also varied over time, indicating the importance of temporal flooding patterns on species productivity. Because urban flooding regimes directly and selectively alter species productivity, proper restoration methods in urbanizing environments should include species selection based on current and potential future hydrologic conditions and use of reference standards from reference sites subjected to similar urban hydrologic regimes.
Ultrastructural localization of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the median eminence of the rat.

Abstract The nature of cells in the hypothalamus that produce hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones remains unsettled. To investigate this problem electron microscopic immunocytochemistry was performed on thin sections of the median eminence of proestrous rats using antibodies to synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique. PAP complexes indicating the presence of LHRH were found over small, homogenously dense neurosecretory granules 75–90 nm in diameter that occurred in clusters within neurons. Positive staining was more prevalent in the palisade zone in the anterior median eminence than at more posterior levels. LHRH positive granules were not observed in neuronal processes in the neurohemal contact zone, but appeared closer to the pericappillary space in the posterior median eminence than at more anterior levels. Occasional groups of LHRH positive granules were also found in the internal layer and hypendymal zone. No staining was observed in tanycytes or glial elements. These results support the hypothesis that hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones are produced by neurons and are stored in granules of homogenous size and density in nerve processes located in the median eminence in the proximity of the hypophysial portal plexus.
Information in Observation Under the Correlated Linear Model

In this paper we propose a measure of information in a set of observations under a given design and the linear model with the observations being correlated. We then compare the different sets of observations with respect to the information measure in the situations where the underlying designs are nested and split-plot. AMS 1970 Subject Classification: Secondary 62J05, 62J10, 62K05, 62K10, 62K15, 62K99.
Effects of chronic restraint stress and estradiol on open field activity, spatial memory, and monoaminergic neurotransmitters in ovariectomized rats.

Twenty-one days of chronic restraint stress impairs male rat performance on the radial arm maze [Luine et al. (1994) Brain Res. 639, 167-170], but enhances female rat performance [Bowman et al. (2001) Brain Res. 904, 279-289]. To assess possible ovarian hormone mechanisms underlying this sexually dimorphic response to stress, we examined chronic stress effects in ovariectomized rats. Ovariectomized rats received Silastic capsule implants containing cholesterol or estradiol and were assigned to a daily restraint stress (21 days, 6 h/day) or non-stress group. Following the stress period, subjects were tested for open field activity and radial arm maze performance. Stress and estradiol treatment affected open field activity. All stressed animals, with or without estradiol treatment, made fewer total outer sector crossings. In contrast, estradiol-treated animals, with or without stress, made more inner sector visits, an indication that estradiol decreased anxious behavior on the open field across time. As measured by the total number of visits required to complete the task, stress did not affect radial arm maze performance in ovariectomized rats, but estradiol-treated animals, with or without stress, performed better than non-treated animals on the radial arm maze. Stressed subjects receiving estradiol showed the best radial arm maze performance. Following killing, tissue samples were obtained from various brain regions known to contribute to learning and memory, and monoamine and metabolite levels were measured. Several changes were observed in response to both stress and estradiol. Most noteworthy, stress treatment decreased homovanillic acid levels in the prefrontal cortex, an effect not previously observed in stressed intact females. Estradiol treatment increased norepinephrine levels in CA3 region of the hippocampus, mitigating stress-dependent changes. Both stress and estradiol decreased dentate gyrus levels of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid. In summary, the current study provides novel information showing that estradiol alters behavioral and neurochemical responses to stress in ovariectomized rats. Estradiol treatment decreased anxious behavior on the open field and stressed animals receiving estradiol had enhanced radial arm maze performance. In relation to interactions between stress and estradiol on cognition and anxiety, changes in the prefrontal cortex dopaminergic system, dentate gyrus serotonergic system, and norepinephrine levels in the CA3 region appear important. Results show that estradiol may moderate stress effects on cognition and anxiety through both organizational and activation effects.
Moving Transversal Hot Zones in Adiabatic, Shallow Packed-Bed Reactors

Transversal hot zones have been observed in industrial and laboratory packed-bed reactors. Yet, previous modeling attempts failed to predict them without making the unrealistic assumption that the transversal heat dispersion exceeds that of the reactants. It is shown that the formation of transversal hot zones in a uniformly active catalytic reactor is strongly dependent on the reaction kinetics. For example, transversal spatiotemporal concentration and temperature patterns can be predicted to form in a shallow adiabatic packed-bed reactor using realistic parameters for a catalytic reaction, the rate of which may oscillate under constant ambient conditions. Various experimentally tested rate expressions, such as those describing the oxidation of CO, exhibit this feature. A large number of different types of stable, transversal patterns may form for a sufficiently large reactor diameter, most of which do not exhibit azimuthal symmetry. Surprisingly, the time-averaged effluent reactant concentration and the period of the different spatiotemporal patterns are rather similar and close to those obtained under a uniform oscillating state. A systematic procedure is presented for finding the initial conditions leading to formation of the different patterns. Numerical simulations show that, because of their homoclinic features, the spatiotemporal patterns have a long period (order of hours), in agreement with various reported laboratory experiments. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Intra-metropolitan shifts in labor demand and the adjustment of local markets

Abstract I offer new evidence on the adjustment of local labor markets to geographic shifts in labor demand within US metropolitan areas using a unique data set in which metropolitan subregions are geographically matched across the 1970–1980 and 1980–1990 decades. The evidence uncovered paints the following picture. Workers, especially those with less education, make incomplete adjustments within metropolitan areas in response to intra-metropolitan demand shifts. Although blacks may not make especially limited adjustments, they have disproportionately suffered deleterious effects from job movements because the demand shifts have tended to be away from their places of residence.
Haptic Interfaces Using Dielectric Electroactive Polymers

Quality, amplitude and frequency of the interaction forces between a human and an actuator are essential traits for haptic applications. A variety of Electro-Active Polymer (EAP) based actuators can provide these characteristics simultaneously with quiet operation, low weight, high power density and fast response. This paper demonstrates a rolled Dielectric Elastomer Actuator (DEA) being used as a telepresence device in a heart beat measurement application. In the this testing, heart signals were acquired from a remote location using a wireless heart rate sensor, sent through a network and DEA was used to haptically reproduce the heart beats at the medical expert's location. A series of preliminary human subject tests were conducted that demonstrated that a) DE based haptic feeling can be used in heart beat measurement tests and b) through subjective testing the stiffness and actuator properties of the EAP can be tuned for a variety of applications.
A new high performance liquid crystal polyester by controlling molecular structures

A new liquid crystal polyester with improved moldability (high flow ability and high thermal stability) was developed by controlling molecular structure. This new chemical structure enabled the com...
Mycobacterial Aerosol Collection Efficiency of Respirator and Surgical Mask Filters under Varying Conditions of Flow and Humidity

Collection efficiency was measured for a wide range of surgical masks and certified respirator filters using a 0.55-μm latex sphere aerosol at 45 L/min. Results were used to select representative f...
‘L’heureuse aurore prochaine’: From Narrative Vision in Émile Zola’s Travail (1901) to Filmic Utopia in Henri Pouctal’s Silent Film Adaptation (1920)

AbstractThe first important French film of the 1920s, according to Marcel Oms, was Henri Pouctal’s silent adaptation of Emile Zola’s Travail (1901). Released in theatres on 16 January 1920, this cinematic fresco resembled other films of the post-war period as it focused on an imaginary, future France. The film was seen almost immediately in France’s biggest cities, from Paris to the provinces. Despite its initial success, its legacy is not unlike that of the Zola novel on which it is based. Relegated to the archival debris of the Cinematheque francaise, until recently Pouctal’s Travail could only be viewed on the editing bench at the Fort de Saint-Cyr. Neither the two-hour version, fully restored by Renee Lichtig in 1992, nor the unrestored eight-hour version in seven episodes, challenges the paternalism and pacifism evident in the novel and discussed by many of its earliest critics. Pouctal’s Travail recapitulates, indeed, the utopianism of the blueprint text that inspired it, recasting Zola’s apocalypti...
The campaign for civil defense and the struggle to naturalize the bomb

A key element in the government's attempt to get Americans to accept nuclear deterrence strategy in the 1950s and 1960s was the campaign for civil defense, especially the building of private fallout shelters, as a form of civic duty. A critical approach to the campaign “in the pragmatic attitude” reveals that the campaign really was the site of several competing texts, including mass‐media narratives and pacifist social movement discourse resisting civil defense. The public debate over civil defense programs reveals cultural contradictions between some of these texts and the practices of everyday life, especially the tension between competitive individualism and cooperative community.
Carbon and sediment accumulation in the Everglades (USA) during the past 4000 years: rates, drivers, and sources of error

[1] Tropical and subtropical wetlands are considered to be globally important sources of greenhouse gases, but their capacity to store carbon is presumably limited by warm soil temperatures and high rates of decomposition. Unfortunately, these assumptions can be difficult to test across long timescales because the chronology, cumulative mass, and completeness of a sedimentary profile are often difficult to establish. We therefore made a detailed analysis of a core from the principal drainage outlet of the Everglades of South Florida in order to assess these problems and determine the factors that could govern carbon accumulation in this large subtropical wetland. Accelerator mass spectroscopy dating provided direct evidence for both hard-water and open-system sources of dating errors, whereas cumulative mass varied depending upon the type of method used. Radiocarbon dates of gastropod shells, nevertheless, seemed to provide a reliable chronology for this core once the hard-water error was quantified and subtracted. Long-term accumulation rates were then calculated to be 12.1 g m−2 yr−1 for carbon, which is less than half the average rate reported for northern and tropical peatlands. Moreover, accumulation rates remained slow and relatively steady for both organic and inorganic strata, and the slow rate of sediment accretion (0.2 mm yr−1) tracked the correspondingly slow rise in sea level (0.35 mm yr−1) reported for South Florida over the past 4000 years. These results suggest that sea level and the local geologic setting may impose long-term constraints on rates of sediment and carbon accumulation in the Everglades and other wetlands.
Identification of a methylase gene for erythromycin resistance within the sequence of a spontaneously deleting fragment of Corynebacterium diphtheriae plasmid pNG2

A 9.6 Mda Corynebacterium diphtheriae plasmid, pNG2, mediates inducible resistance to erythromycin and other macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLS) antibiotics. Spontaneous deletion of a 1.2 Mda fragment of pNG2 leaves the derivative plasmid incapable of conferring MLS-resistance on its host. The pNG2 region containing this fragment was sequenced as were the regions flanking it. The fragment contained 1606 bp, was flanked by almost perfect 23 bp inverted repeats, and appeared to be excised precisely. It contained an open reading frame encoding a leader protein plus a protein which was similar in its amino acid sequence to the rRNA methylases produced by other erythromycin-resistant, Gram-positive bacteria. The C. diphtheriae gene was named ermCd.
Attachment and dispersion of Callidosoma metzi (Acari: Erythraeidae) parasitizing Platynota idaeusalis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Larvae of an erythraeid mite, Callidosoma metzi Sharma, Drooz, and Treat, parasitized males of Platynota idaeusalis (Walker) from late May to late July in eastern West Virginia. Parasitism peaked at 29% in late June (1984). Most mites attached to moths at pleural intersegmental membranes, primarily between the thorax and abdomen and between the first two abdominal segments. Dispersion of C. metzi on P. idaeusalis approximated the negative binomial distribution, with k ranging from 0.053–0.657.
Zincblende and wurtzite phases in InN epilayers and their respective band transitions

Zincblende and wurtzite phases of InN are found in InN epilayers deposited by molecular beam epitaxy on GaN buffers which were grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition. Valence electron energy loss spectroscopy (VEELS) was applied to determine band transitions in both phases of InN. GaN buffer layers were used as VEELS reference. The chemistry and crystalline structure of the observed areas was recorded simultaneously to exclude a contribution from oxides and/or metal clusters or extended defects such as grain boundaries. At room temperature a band transition for wurtzite InN was found at (1.7 ± 0.2)eV and for zincblende InN at (1.4±0.2)eV that are ascribed to the fundamental bandgaps of the respective polytypes. Those values correlate well with recent results of various research groups measuring the bandgap in InGaN alloys with VEELS.
Subthreshold current in oxide isolated structures

The effects of the shape of the sidewall oxide isolation on threshold voltage and subthreshold current is discussed. The interface charge is found to significantly alter subthreshold current.
Diagnosis and Management of Clostridium difficile Infection

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is increasing in frequency and severity in and out of the hospital, with a high probability of recurrence after treatment. The recent literature on CDI was reviewed using PubMed to include recent publications dealing with diagnosis and therapy. Real-time polymerase chain reaction is a sensitive and useful diagnostic test for CDI but there are growing concerns of false-positive test results if the rate of CDI is low in the patient population providing samples and/or if the population being studied commonly includes people with C difficile colonization. Recommended therapy of CDI includes oral metronidazole for milder cases of CDI and oral vancomycin or fidaxomicin for more severe cases, each given for 10 days. Colectomy is being performed more frequently in patients with fulminant CDI. For treatment of first recurrences the drug used in the first bout can be used again and for second recurrences longer courses of vancomycin often are given in a tapered dose or intermittently to allow gut flora reconstitution, or other treatments including fidaxomicin may be used. Bacteriotherapy with fecal transplantation is playing an increasing role in therapy of recurrent cases. Metagenomic studies of patients with CDI during successful therapy are needed to determine how best to protect the flora from assaults from antibacterial drugs and to develop optimal therapeutic approaches. Immunotherapy and immunoprophylaxis offer opportunities to prevent CDI, to speed up recovery from CDI, and to eliminate recurrent infection. Humanized monoclonal antitoxin antibodies and active immunization with vaccines against C difficile or its toxins are both in development and appear to be of potential value.
Psychometric Comparisons of Sociopathic and Psychopathological Behaviors of Alcoholics and Drug Abusers Versus a Low Drug Use Control Population

Scales derived from a self-administered questionnaire were used to assess the degree of sociopathy, alcohol/drug abuse, low moods, and sleep disturbances in 53 outpatient alcoholics, 11 prisoner-addicts, and 54 controls. Separate preadult and adult scales assessed pre- and postaddiction behaviors. Methodology differs from previous studies in that scaling permitted assessment of sociopathy, alcoholism, and drug abuse as graded phenomena; and drug scoring, as a function of number, frequency, and seriousness, was established prior to data collection. Data provide support for an affective-antisocial spectrum disorder characterized by early onset, low moods, and alcohol abuse, drug abuse, and/or antisocial behaviors.
The neck mass

Many head and neck disease processes are manifest as neck masses. These conditions are treated by surgical excision except for some inflammatory masses, and often those too must be excised before a diagnosis can be made. The real question is when to excise the lesion to expedite treatment in the most cost-effective manner. In general, when signs of inflammation are associated with the mass, antibiotic treatment with short-term observation is acceptable. Persistence of the mass or an increase in mass size during observation mandates for their evaluation. Biopsy of a mass is considered for progressive growth, isolated nature or asymmetry of the mass, location (supraclavicular), development of symptoms associated with lymphoma (fever and hypertrophy of the spleen, liver, or Waldeyer's ring), or static size (if > 3 cm). In the adult patient, a complete head and neck physical examination is mandatory before biopsy. Needle biopsy of the neck mass is the current standard of care if no cause of the mass is found on examination. Identified benign cystic lesions or lymphomas indicate a need for excision, either as definitive treatment or for diagnostic reasons. If results of the needle biopsy are positive, equivocal, or even negative in the presence of a high index of suspicion for metastatic squamous cell carcinoma, an endoscopic examination is mandatory before open excision. If no discrete lesion is seen, guided biopsy of the upper aerodigestive tract is performed. Open biopsy of the mass should be accompanied by a frozen-section examination of the mass. A concomitant definitive neck dissection should be performed if the mass proves to be metastatic carcinoma.
From the National Academies: medical school admissions requirements and undergraduate science education.

This article focuses on a series of related issues that appear to be of (sometimes passionate) interest to college and university science faculty who educate undergraduates: requirements and policies for admission to medical school and their possible influences on undergraduate science education. The Center for Education of the National Research Council (NRC) and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) are considering undertaking one or more activities that would help elucidate the relationship and interdependence of undergraduate and medical education. In the Winter 2004 issue of Cell Biology Education, we asked readers to provide their perspectives and input on issues related to introductory science courses; here, in similar fashion, we seek your input about issues you have encountered when teaching courses that are part of the premedical curriculum. To begin a discussion thread or to respond to comments that other readers have submitted, simply click on the ‘‘article discussion forum’’ box in the top left corner of the screen, or go to http://cellbioed.org/ discussion/public/main.cfm.
Transit Signal Priority Along Arterials Using Advanced Detection

This research developed and tested the concept of advanced detection and cycle length adaptation as a strategy for providing priority for transit vehicles. In a departure from control strategies that rely on detection only a few seconds in advance of the stopline, a control algorithm was developed in which transit vehicles are detected two to three cycles in advance of their arrival at an intersection stopline, and phase lengths were then constrained so that the transit-serving phase was green for a 40-s predicted arrival window. Methods were developed for selecting whether to extend or compress phase lengths to shift a green period to cover the arrival window. Adaptive control was combined with actuated control using traffic density and queue length estimation, transit stopline actuation, and peer-to-peer communication for coordination in the peak travel direction. The method was applied by simulation to Boston, Massachusetts' Huntington Avenue corridor, which is served by a light-rail line running partl...