cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is Conditioning Supported by Modulation of an Outward Current in Pyramidal Cells of the Motor Cortex of Cats

Layer V pyramidal cells of the motor cortex of cats are necessary for short-latency blink conditioning (Woody et al., 1974). Increases in their excitability support production of this learned motor response (Woody et al., 1970; Woody and Engel, 1972; Woody and Black-Cleworth, 1973; Brons and Woody, 1980). Early evidence suggested (Woody and Black-Cleworth, 1973) that a decreased postsynaptic conductance might support the excitability increase. Further studies indicate that the input resistance (R m) of these cells is increased by acetylcholine (ACh), cGMP, and cGMP-dependent protein kinase (cGPK) but not by cAMP or Ca2+ (Woody et al., 1978, 1986; Swartz and Woody, 1979, 1984; Wallis et al., 1982; Bartfai et al., 1985; Woody and Gruen, 1986b). The increase in R m is persistent when depolarization-induced cell discharge accompanies application of ACh, cGMP, or cGPK. Recent studies using single-electrode voltage-clamp techniques in vivo now provide direct evidence that ACh and cGPK decrease a net outward current in these cells (Woody and Gruen, 1986a). We suggest that a persistent decrease in this current may mediate the excitability increase that supports short-latency conditioned blinking.
Effects of a Flood upon Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Relationships in Cherokee Reservoir, Tennessee

In May 1942 a major flood occurred on the Holston River above Cherokee Reservoir, Tennessee. It is the purpose of this paper to show: (1) the effects of such a flood upon the thermal and dissolved oxygen relationships within the reservoir during a period of no appreciable drawdown; (2) the formation of a density current; and (3) the rate of progress of such a current through the reservoir. The interpretation of the manner in which water movements took place is based upon temperature differences and dissolved oxygen changes as found on various dates at certain stations, and upon the inherent tendency of water at different temperatures to resist mixing. To Dr. A. H. Wiebe, Chief of the Biological Readjustment Division, and to Dr. R. W. Eschmeyer grateful appreciation is extended for making this study possible, for many helpful suggestions during the course of the work, and for constructive criticism of the manuscript. Acknowledgments are due Alden M. Jones and Dr. Irving J. Cantrall for their aid in collecting field data and to other members of the staff who have from time to time given assistance with various phases of the work.
The Teaching of Religion in Catholic Schools in the United States: One Faith Amidst Competing Ecclesiologies

While experiencing a slow but steady decline in enrollment since 2000, Catholic schools in the United States have become proactive and intentional about sustaining and strengthening an inviting Catholic ethos in all primary and secondary schools. The main focus of this renewal of Catholic culture and identity is the teaching of religion and concurrently the academic preparation and spiritual formation of teachers. Given the absence of vowed religious and clergy who once staffed Catholic schools in large numbers, Catholic educational leaders have experienced challenges in revising the religious education curriculum, updating classroom pedagogy, selecting appropriate textbooks and supplemental materials, and preparing and forming laymen and laywomen to assume roles of religious and spiritual leadership in the schools that were once the exclusive purview of vowed religious and clergy.
Correlations of morphology, proliferation indices, and oncogene activation in ductal breast carcinoma: nuclear grade, S-phase, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, p53, epidermal growth factor receptor, and c-erb-B-2.

The proliferative capacity of breast carcinomas has prognostic significance as measured by S-phase fraction (SPF), yet the molecular parameters that influence the proliferative capacity of breast carcinomas have not been fully elucidated. Ninety-three cases of invasive ductal breast carcinomas, not otherwise specified, were studied by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry to determine what correlations exist between nuclear grade (NG), SPF, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and the overexpression of p53, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and c-erb-B-2 in formalin-fixed tissues by the immunoperoxidase method. NG predicted elevated SPF in 78% of cases and was associated with high proliferating cell nuclear antigen score. The presence of p53 was detectable in 13% of cases, and, in each case, the NG was high (Grade 3), with nine aneuploid tumors and three diploid tumors. The SPFs for all p53-positive cases were markedly elevated, with 77.8% of the cases with SPF > 15%. EGFR was present in 20.4% of all tumors, including 77.8% of tumors positive for p53 and 14% of tumors negative for p53 (P < .001). The mean SPF for p53-positive EGFR-positive tumors was 17.5% versus 21.1% for p53-positive EGFR-negative tumors. The mean SPF for p53-negative tumors was significantly less, regardless of the presence of EGFR. The gene c-erb-B-2 was found in 28% of tumors, all of which were p53 negative. These data clearly show a close relationship between high NG and elevated SPF. As determined by flow cytometry, SPF is more consistent and more reliably related to NG than proliferating cell nuclear antigen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Reduced-power millimeter-wave reconfigurable systems

In this paper, we present a millimeter wave system that combines several innovations to enable practical use of the yet unharnessed capacity of the millimeter spectrum for high speed and secure wireless connectivity. Essential to its realization is a novel ultra-wideband array that incorporates suitable balanced feeds. Also, unique bandwidth reconfiguration technique is presented via simple tuning of the balanced feed behind antenna elements to null sensitive RF bands. Finally, a broadband beamforming is proposed with reduced power requirements using a much smaller number of analog-to-digital converters and on-site code division multiplexing technique.
Nanoconjugation prolongs endosomal signaling of the epidermal growth factor receptor and enhances apoptosis

It is becoming increasingly clear that intracellular signaling can be subject to strict spatial control. As the covalent attachment of a signaling ligand to a nanoparticle (NP) impacts ligand–receptor binding, uptake, and trafficking, nanoconjugation provides new opportunities for manipulating intracellular signaling in a controlled fashion. To establish the effect of nanoconjugation on epidermal growth factor (EGF) mediated signaling, we investigate here the intracellular fate of nanoconjugated EGF (NP-EGF) and its bound receptor (EGFR) by quantitative correlated darkfield/fluorescence microscopy and density-based endosomal fractionation. We demonstrate that nanoconjugation prolongs the dwell time of phosphorylated receptors in the early endosomes and that the retention of activated EGFR in the early endosomes is accompanied by an EGF mediated apoptosis at effective concentrations that do not induce apoptosis in the case of free EGF. Overall, these findings indicate nanoconjugation as a rational strategy for modifying signaling that acts by modulating the temporo-spatial distribution of the activated EGF-EGFR ligand–receptor complex.
Texture Analysis of Cranial MR Images

This work was carried out as part of the COVIRA (COmputer VIsion in RAdiology) project within the AIM (Advanced Informatics in Medicine) programme of the European Commission. The main goal of COVIRA in the Exploratory Action was to specify a system for knowledge based interpretation of cranial MR images, as a means of providing computer assistance in diagnostic radiology, radiation therapy planning and stereotactic neurosurgery. Within this context, the purpose of the work described here is to evaluate the usefulness of texture descriptors in the segmentation of MR images, given that the statistical distribution of the MR relaxation times is useful in characterising certain tissue types.
Structural basis for Epstein–Barr virus host cell tropism mediated by gp42 and gHgL entry glycoproteins

Herpesvirus entry into host cells is mediated by multiple virally encoded receptor binding and membrane fusion glycoproteins. Despite their importance in host cell tropism and associated disease pathology, the underlying and essential interactions between these viral glycoproteins remain poorly understood. For Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), gHgL/gp42 complexes bind HLA class II to activate membrane fusion with B cells, but gp42 inhibits fusion and entry into epithelial cells. To clarify the mechanism by which gp42 controls the cell specificity of EBV infection, here we determined the structure of gHgL/gp42 complex bound to an anti-gHgL antibody (E1D1). The critical regulator of EBV tropism is the gp42 N-terminal domain, which tethers the HLA-binding domain to gHgL by wrapping around the exterior of three gH domains. Both the gp42 N-terminal domain and E1D1 selectively inhibit epithelial-cell fusion; however, they engage distinct surfaces of gHgL. These observations clarify key determinants of EBV host cell tropism. The entry of herpesviruses (such as Epstein-Barr virus) into host cells is mediated by a multitude of glycoproteins. Here, the authors show the structure of a viral glycoprotein complex, gHgL/gp42, bound to an anti-gHgL antibody, clarifying determinants of EBV host cell tropism.
NMR reveals a dynamic allosteric pathway in thrombin.

Although serine proteases are found ubiquitously in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and they comprise the largest of all of the peptidase families, their dynamic motions remain obscure. The backbone dynamics of the coagulation serine protease, apo-thrombin (S195M-thrombin), were compared to the substrate-bound form (PPACK-thrombin). R1, R2, 15N-{1H}NOEs, and relaxation dispersion NMR experiments were measured to capture motions across the ps to ms timescale. The ps-ns motions were not significantly altered upon substrate binding. The relaxation dispersion data revealed that apo-thrombin is highly dynamic, with μs-ms motions throughout the molecule. The region around the N-terminus of the heavy chain, the Na+-binding loop, and the 170 s loop, all of which are implicated in allosteric coupling between effector binding sites and the active site, were dynamic primarily in the apo-form. Most of the loops surrounding the active site become more ordered upon PPACK-binding, but residues in the N-terminal part of the heavy chain, the γ-loop, and anion-binding exosite 1, the main allosteric binding site, retain μs-ms motions. These residues form a dynamic allosteric pathway connecting the active site to the main allosteric site that remains in the substrate-bound form.
Influence of irradiation by a novel CO 2 9.3-μm short-pulsed laser on sealant bond strength

The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate whether irradiation of enamel with a novel CO2 9.3-μm short-pulsed laser using energies that enhance caries resistance influences the shear bond strength of composite resin sealants to the irradiated enamel. Seventy bovine and 240 human enamel samples were irradiated with a 9.3-μm carbon dioxide laser (Solea, Convergent Dental, Inc., Natick, MA) with four different laser energies known to enhance caries resistance or ablate enamel (pulse duration from 3 μs at 1.6 mJ/pulse to 43 μs at 14.9 mJ/pulse with fluences between 3.3 and 30.4 J/cm2, pulse repetition rate between 4.1 and 41.3 Hz, beam diameter of 0.25 mm and 1-mm spiral pattern, and focus distance of 4–15 mm). Irradiation was performed “freehand” or using a computerized, motor-driven stage. Enamel etching was achieved with 37% phosphoric acid (Scotchbond Universal etchant, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN). As bonding agent, Adper Single Bond Plus was used followed by placing Z250 Filtek Supreme flowable composite resin (both 3M ESPE). After 24 h water storage, a single-plane shear bond test was performed (UltraTester, Ultradent Products, Inc., South Jordan, UT). All laser-irradiated samples showed equal or higher bond strength than non-laser-treated controls. The highest shear bond strength values were observed with the 3-μs pulse duration/0.25-mm laser pattern (mean ± SD = 31.90 ± 2.50 MPa), representing a significant 27.4% bond strength increase over the controls (25.04 ± 2.80 MPa, P ≤ 0.0001). Two other caries-preventive irradiation (3 μs/1 mm and 7 μs/0.25 mm) and one ablative pattern (23 μs/0.25 mm) achieved significantly increased bond strength compared to the controls. Bovine enamel also showed in all test groups increased shear bond strength over the controls. Computerized motor-driven stage irradiation did not show superior bond strength values over the clinically more relevant freehand irradiation. Enamel that is made caries-resistant with CO2 9.3-μm short-pulsed laser irradiation showed at least equal or significantly higher shear bond strength to pit and fissure sealants than non-laser-irradiated enamel. The risk of a sealant failure due to CO2 9.3-μm short-pulsed laser irradiation appears reduced. If additional laser ablation is required before placing a sealant, the CO2 9.3-μm enamel laser-cut showed equivalent or superior bond strength to a flowable sealant.
Analysis of tissue and circulating tumor DNA by next-generation sequencing of hepatocellular carcinoma.

298Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has limited treatment options. Molecular analysis of its mutational landscape may enable the discovery of new treatment option.However, biopsy is not routinely performed in HCC and involves risks. The utility of analyzing cell-free circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) by next-generation sequencing (NGS) is not established. Methods: We performed 32 ctDNA NGS and 10 tissue NGS analyses in 26 patients with advanced HCC (January 2015 – October 2015). ctDNA analysis (54 to 70 genes) was performed using Guardant 360, which detects single nucleotide variants, amplifications, fusions, and specific insertion/deletion mutations. The mutant allele fraction for detected alterations was calculated relative to wild type in ctDNA. Tissue NGS was performed using Foundation One or Molecular Health. The study ws conducted in accordance with UCSD Moores Cancer Center Institutional Review Board requirements. Results: Among 32 ctDNA NGS, at least one genomic alteration (excluding variant...
Perceiving emotions in robot body language: Acute stress heightens sensitivity to negativity while attenuating sensitivity to arousal

Abstract Reliance on socioemotional assistive robots is projected to increase, yet little is known about how our ability to perceive their emotional expression is impacted by psychological factors. In high-risk and high-tension domains such as emergency services and healthcare, how might the cognitive and physiological stress we are experiencing influence how we read a humanoid robot's nonverbally conveyed emotions? Using a novel paradigm, we asked participants under experimentally-induced acute stress vs. low stress to evaluate a set of normed emotional body language poses conveyed by a physically-present vs. virtually-instantiated humanoid robot. Participants rated each pose for emotional valence (negativity/positivity) and arousal (calm/excited). Acute stress increased the perception of negative valence in negative high arousal poses, consistent with stress-induced hypervigilance. Surprisingly, stress diminished the perception of arousal in high arousal poses, whereas repeated presentation of the low arousal poses increased perception of arousal. Participants rated emotion similarly for the physically-present vs. virtually-present robot, although positively-valenced poses conveyed by the physical robot were perceived as more positive and more animate. We propose that perceptions of emotional arousal may be especially vulnerable to context effects and misattribution. These findings have implications for how assistive robots can best be designed for high-risk and high-tension contexts.
A General-Purpose CRN-to-DSD Compiler with Formal Verification, Optimization, and Simulation Capabilities

The mathematical formalism of mass-action chemical reaction networks (CRNs) has been proposed as a mid-level programming language for dynamic molecular systems. Several systematic methods for translating CRNs into domain-level strand displacement (DSD) systems have been developed theoretically, and in some cases demonstrated experimentally. Software that facilitates the simulation of CRNs and DSDs, and that helps automate the construction of DSDs from CRNs, has been instrumental in advancing the field, but as yet has not incorporated the fundamental enabling concept for programming languages and compilers: a rigorous abstraction hierarchy with well-defined semantics at each level, and rigorous correctness proofs establishing the correctness of compilation from a higher level to a lower level. Here, we present a CRN-to-DSD compiler, Nuskell, that makes a first step in this direction. To support the wide range of translation schemes that have already been proposed in the literature, as well as potential new ones that are yet to be proposed, Nuskell provides a domain-specific programming language for translation schemes. A notion of correctness is established on a case-by-case basis using the rate-independent stochastic-level theories of pathway decomposition equivalence and/or CRN bisimulation. The “best” DSD implementation for a given CRN can be found by comparing the molecule size, network size, or simulation behavior for a variety of translation schemes. These features are illustrated with a 3-reaction oscillator CRN and a 32-reaction feedforward boolean circuit CRN.
Dietary NaCl affects bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice

ABSTRACTPurpose: High levels of NaCl in the diet are associated with both cardiac and renal fibrosis, but whether salt intake affects pulmonary fibrosis has not been examined. Aim of the Study: To test the hypothesis that salt intake might affect pulmonary fibrosis. Materials and Methods: Mice were fed low, normal, or high salt diets for 2 weeks, and then treated with oropharyngeal bleomycin to induce pulmonary fibrosis, or oropharyngeal saline as a control. Results: As determined by collagen staining of lung sections, and protein levels and cell numbers in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid at 21 days after bleomycin, the high salt diet did not exacerbate bleomycin-induced fibrosis, while the low salt diet attenuated fibrosis. For the bleomycin-treated mice, staining of the post-BAL lung sections indicated that compared to the regular salt diet, high salt increased the number of Ly6c-positive macrophages and decreased the number of CD11c and CD206-positive macrophages and dendritic cells. The low sal...
A Notion of Semantic Coherence for Underspecified Semantic Representation

The general problem of finding satisfying solutions to constraint-based underspecified representations of quantifier scope is NP-complete. Existing frameworks, including Dominance Graphs, Minimal Recursion Semantics, and Hole Semantics, have struggled to balance expressivity and tractability, in order to cover real natural language sentences with efficient algorithms. We address this trade-off with a general principle of coherence, which requires that every variable introduced in the domain of discourse must contribute to the overall semantics of the sentence. We show that every underspecified representation meeting this criterion can be efficiently processed, and that our set of representations subsumes all previously identified tractable sets.
Development of a traffic incident model involving multiple municipalities for inclusion in large microscopic evacuation simulations

Abstract Evacuating citizens might have to cross multiple regions to reach safety and, as such, evacuation models may need to include geographical areas that cross municipal boundaries. If the modeler is fortunate, the data required for the model can be obtained from a single source (i.e., a government agency). However, it is likely that several sources will be required to meet the fidelity required. This can lead to interoperability and integrity issues for the modeler due to the different format and content of the data. This paper presents a case study of determining the traffic incident features (type, duration, location, and effect), for a large-scale microscopic regional evacuation simulation, which required data from three different operating authorities (two cities in the United States and one state department of transportation). Through this case study example, many issues relating to data integration are discussed. This study contributes by extending our knowledge of traffic incidents that occur across municipal boundaries and how to represent them in simulations of evacuations. Though existing sources (e.g., Highway Capacity Manual or simulation software) provide guidelines for macroscopic incident modeling, they do not provide guidelines for large-scale microscopic incident modeling. The authors hope that this case study provides an example that will help other evacuation modelers faced with similar challenges and suggest that the modelers consider the use of estimates instead, e.g., traffic incidents increase the evacuation time by five to ten percent.
Spin decoherence of InAs surface electrons by transition metal ions

Spin interactions between a two-dimensional electron system at the InAs surface and transition metal ions, ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$, ${\mathrm{Co}}^{2+}$, and ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{2+}$, deposited on the InAs surface, are probed by antilocalization measurements. The spin-dependent quantum interference phenomena underlying the quantum transport phenomenon of antilocalization render the technique sensitive to the spin states of the transition metal ions on the surface. The experiments yield data on the magnitude and temperature dependence of the electrons' inelastic scattering rates, spin-orbit scattering rates, and magnetic spin-flip rates as influenced by ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$, ${\mathrm{Co}}^{2+}$, and ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{2+}$. A high magnetic spin-flip rate is shown to mask the effects of spin-orbit interaction, while the spin-flip rate is shown to scale with the effective magnetic moment of the surface species. The spin-flip rates and their dependence on temperature yield information about the spin states of the transition metal ions at the surface, and in the case of ${\mathrm{Co}}^{2+}$ suggest either a spin transition or formation of a spin-glass system.
Cardiac Catheterization and Coronary Angiography

In 1929, Werner Forssman performed the first human cardiac catheterization when he passed a urethral catheter from his left antecubital vein into the right side of his heart (1). The introduction of left heart catheterization by Zimmerman (2) and Limon Lason (3) and selective coronary arteriography by Sones in the 1950s (4,5) began the modern era of coronary artery disease management and revascularization. In each of the decades subsequent to the introduction of coronary arteriography, major advances in revascularization therapy were introduced: coronary artery bypass graft surgery by Favolaro in the late 1960s (6), percutaneous balloon coronary angioplasty by Gruentzig in the late 1970s (7,8), and coronary stent implantation by Sigwart in the late 1980s (9).
Modern Science and the Philosophical Tradition

One of the recurrent and most profound clusters of problems of our intellectual tradition has been that of trying to understand the process of seeking and acquiring knowledge, or at least what we take to be knowledge. What, for example, are the proper methods for seeking knowledge or well-grounded belief? What are the characteristic features by which we recognize a belief as being knowledge, or at least as being well-grounded?
Executive Privilege: A Constitutional Myth

Challenges the historical bases of modern claims of executive privilege and cites the dangers of executive secrecy.
Trust your peers! How trust among citizens can foster collective risk prevention

Abstract Reducing vulnerability to natural hazards is a shared responsibility of risk management authorities and populations, who are expected to implement safety precautions (e.g., securing furniture to wall studs in houses) and refrain from harmful behaviours (e.g., avoid parking in alluvial areas during flood alerts). In this paper we analyse resilience as a public good, where the individual interest (saving time and money, instead of investing in preventive measures) is often in conflict with that of the whole community (being prepared for potential crises). We hypothesize that, as in other real-life social dilemmas, trust among group members can encourage individual contributions to public safety, by counteracting the fear of other members’ defection. However, we also argue that the beneficial effects of trust on collective risk preparedness are conditional upon some key factors, namely, group stability and reputational pressures. We conducted three empirical studies to investigate subjects' decision-making dynamics about collective prevention in the face of risk from natural hazards. Our results suggest that trust in one's peers does increase willingness to contribute to collective risk preparedness (Study 1), and that this effect is based on expectations of direct reciprocity, thus requiring group stability to emerge (Study 2); moreover, the beneficial effect of trust is predicated on the presence of an external observer, whereas in the absence of reputational pressures willingness to invest in risk prevention decreases with trusted peers, thus indicating exploitation motives (Study 3). Taken together, these findings highlight a number of potential implications for participative risk prevention policies.
Situating the Self in Historical Narratives: “Narrative” and “Larval” Subjects in Uwe Timm’s Am Beispiel meines Bruders and Christoph Hein’s Landnahme

This essay examines the ways in which two contemporary German texts, Uwe Timm’s Am Beispiel meines Bruders and Christoph Hein’s Landnahme, situate silent characters at the centre of world-historica...
Driver licensing and motor vehicle crash rates among young adults with amblyopia and unilateral vision impairment

This retrospective cohort study investigated whether unilateral vision impairment (UVI) or amblyopia are associated with driver licensing and crash risk among young adults. Electronic health records for New Jersey residents who were patients with the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia's healthcare network were linked to statewide driver licensing and crash data. We compared young adults with a diagnosis of UVI and/or amblyopia to peers without such a diagnosis. Young adults with UVI or amblyopia were less likely to acquire a driver's license than those without these conditions. However, among licensed drivers, the risk of a police-reported crash was similar in all three groups.
Emergency department visits by patients with an internal medicine specialist: understanding the role of specialists in reducing ED crowding

As emergency department (ED) crowding continues to worsen, many visits are at academic referral hospitals. As a result, engaging specialty services will be essential to decompressing the ED. To do this, it will be important to understand which specialties to focus interventions on for the greatest impact. To characterize the ED utilization of non-surgical adult patients with an ambulatory specialist who were seen and discharged from the ED. Retrospective cohort study of all consecutive patients currently under the care from a specialist presenting to an urban, university affiliated hospital between 01 January 2015 and 31 December 2016. The identification of ED visits attributable to specialists was based on the primary diagnosis of ED visits and the frequency of visit with specialists within a given timeframe. Only patients who were discharged directly from the ED were included in the analysis. There were 29,853 ED visits by patients currently under the care of a specialist during the study period. 17.76% of these visits were related to the medical specialty of the specialist. Of these visits, 41.73% occurred during office hours, and 24.81% occurred during weekends. The specialties with the largest proportion of ED visits related to their specialty was cardiology, gastroenterology, and pulmonary, respectively. Nearly 18% of all patients that have a specialist and are treated and discharged from the ED present with a diagnosis related to their specialist's practice. This may indicate that there is a role for specialty service to play in decreasing some ED utilization that may be appropriate for the out-patient clinical setting. By focusing attention on specific specialties and interventions targeted during office hours, there may be an opportunity to decrease ED utilization.
Completely Dehiscent Posterior Sphenoid Sinus Wall During Endoscopic Pituitary Surgery

A 53-year-old man presented with a 1-week history of headache and double vision. On examination, he was found to have right cranial nerve III palsy. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed a sellar mass with right cavernous sinus invasion. There was no evidence of anterior visual pathway compression on formal neuro-ophthalmologic examination. An elective endoscopic transsphenoidal adenectomy was performed. On access to the sphenoid sinus, he was noted to have a completely dehiscent posterior bony wall of sphenoid sinus with only a thin mucous membrane covering the sella, optic nerves, carotid arteries, and clivus ( Figure 1 ). A focal area of mucosa was subsequently stripped from the posterior sphenoid sinus wall, and a micro-Doppler was used to localize the carotid arteries before sharp dural opening. The tumor was subsequently resected without complication. Failure to appreciate this uncommon anatomic variant ( Figures 2 and 3 ) could result in disastrous irreversible carotid artery or optic nerve injury.
A Cancer Education-Plus-Navigation Intervention Implemented Within a Federally Qualified Health Center and Community-Based Settings

Despite the availability of effective cancer screening tests, Latinos are screened at lower rates than non-Hispanic Whites. We implemented and evaluated the effectiveness of an evidence-based community health worker (CHW) cancer education-plus-navigation intervention designed to increase cancer screening, knowledge of screening guidelines, and the benefit of early detection. The project included a community and clinic component and served a primarily Latino population. In collaboration with a federally qualified health center (FQHC) and three community-based organizations, bilingual/bicultural CHWs recruited men and women (not up-to-date with the cancer screening guidelines) from a FQHC and the community. Participants received education plus navigation and no-cost cancer screening tests. Together with the FQHC, we outlined eligibility criteria, project protocols, project implementation, and evaluation activities. With the community organizations, we outlined recruitment protocols—when to recruit, how to recruit, and connections with other organizations. CHWs enrolled 3045 men and women into the education-plus-navigation intervention. Overall, 71% received at least one cancer screening. Stratifying by gender, 72% of women received at least one cancer screening test whereas 63% of enrolled men received a test for colorectal cancer. Knowledge of screening guidelines and the belief in early detection also increased from baseline to follow-up. Our evidence-based education-plus-navigation intervention successfully reached large numbers of underserved men and women and yielded positive changes in cancer screening and knowledge of screening guidelines and the belief in early detection. The inclusion of a clinic and community component ensured success of the project.
Why Slips, Trips, and Falls Are Still A Problem: A Hazard Assessment At Surface Mines:

Slips, trips, and falls (STF) contribute significantly to nonfatal incidents at surface mines. Although fall fatalities and STF from mobile equipment have been investigated, nonfatal incidents and ...
Leukemia inhibitory factor differentiation-inhibiting activity/human interleukin for DA cells augments proliferation of human hematopoietic stem cells

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)/differentiation-inhibiting activity (DIA)/human interleukin for DA cells (HILDA) is a cytokine with biologic activities involving a variety of different types of target cells. Here we have tested LIF/DIA for possible effects on the growth and differentiation of normal human hematopoietic cells in culture. As a single agent, LIF/DIA had no effect on colony formation by CD34-positive human bone marrow cells. However, LIF/DIA was as effective as either interleukin-6 (IL-6) or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in the enhancement of IL-3-dependent colony formation of very primitive blast colony-forming cells. Studies using neutralizing antibodies against IL-6 or G-CSF demonstrated that this was not due to induction in culture of either of the other known synergistic factors for blast cell colony formation. A 1-day delay in the time course of appearance of blast cell colonies grown in the presence of LIF/DIA relative to those grown in the presence of IL-6 suggests that the different synergistic factors may operate through different mechanisms, although we cannot rule out that high doses of LIF/DIA might yield accelerated blast cell colony formation. Our findings provide evidence that LIF/DIA may play an important role, along with IL-6 and G-CSF, in the regulation of early hematopoietic stem cells.
The regulation of the ZBP1-NLRP3 inflammasome and its implications in pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis (PANoptosis)

ZBP1 has been characterized as a critical innate immune sensor of not only viral RNA products but also endogenous nucleic acid ligands. ZBP1 sensing of the Z-RNA produced during influenza virus infection induces cell death in the form of pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis (PANoptosis). PANoptosis is a coordinated cell death pathway that is driven through a multiprotein complex called the PANoptosome and enables crosstalk and co-regulation among these processes. During influenza virus infection, a key step in PANoptosis and PANoptosome assembly is the formation of the ZBP1-NLRP3 inflammasome. When Z-RNA is sensed, ZBP1 recruits RIPK3 and caspase-8 to activate the ZBP1-NLRP3 inflammasome. Several other host factors have been found to be important for ZBP1-NLRP3 inflammasome assembly, including molecules involved in the type I interferon signaling pathway and caspase-6. Additionally, influenza viral proteins, such as M2, NS1, and PB1-F2, have also been shown to regulate the ZBP1-NLRP3 inflammasome. This review explains the functions of ZBP1 and the mechanistic details underlying the activation of the ZBP1-NLRP3 inflammasome and the formation of the PANoptosome. Improved understanding of the ZBP1-NLRP3 inflammasome will direct the development of therapeutic strategies to target infectious and inflammatory diseases.
C++ as Structured Programming: An Historical Perspective

C++ can be learned as a structured object-oriented programming language, and can be particularly well learned that way by the Pascal programmer.
Individual Psychosocial Resilience, Neighborhood Context, and Cardiovascular Health in Black Adults: A Multilevel Investigation From the Morehouse-Emory Cardiovascular Center for Health Equity Study.

Background: Despite well-documented cardiovascular disparities between racial groups, within-race determinants of cardiovascular health among Black adults remain understudied. Factors promoting car...
Pricing Misperceptions: Explaining Pricing Structure in the Cell Phone Service Market

The cell phone service market is an economically significant market that has substantially increased consumer welfare. In this article, we focus on the pricing of cell phone service. The common pricing structure is a three-part tariff comprising: (1) a monthly charge; (2) a fixed number of minutes that the monthly charge pays for; and (3) a per-minute price for minutes beyond the plan limit. Using a unique data set of consumer-level monthly billing and usage information for 3,730 consumers at a single wireless provider, we evaluate the explanatory power of three accounts of the three-part tariff: a rational choice account; a behavioral account proposed by Grubb (2009) that supposes that consumers are overconfident in their estimates of their future usage; and a second behavioral account that posits that some consumers overestimate their average future usage while others underestimate it. We quantify the mistakes that consumers make in plan choice and, extrapolating from our data, estimate that these mistakes cost U.S. consumers over $13 billion annually. Our analysis suggests that regulation mandating the disclosure of product use information can be socially desirable in the cell phone service market.
Entanglement density and particle dynamics in rigid interfacial layers of polymer nanocomposites

Intermixing between chemically different polymers around nanoparticles creates chemically heterogeneous layers, exhibiting unusual dynamic anomalies due to dynamic confinement and coupling phenomena in polymer nanocomposites. Interfacial mixing of chains is possible when adsorbed chains are mobile above their glass-transition temperature, leading to enhanced entanglement density at the interphase. Linear rheology data of polymer nanocomposites with chemically heterogeneous interphases around nanoparticles were analyzed over a wide frequency range to investigate the role of chain rigidity on matrix chain relaxations and particle diffusion. Our findings show that nanoparticles adsorbed with less rigid polymer move in a sub-diffusive mode. Nanoparticles adsorbed by flexible polymers can slow down the matrix polymer dynamics and particle diffusion, and this interphase effect enhances the viscoelastic properties of the whole polymer nanocomposite.
RF-203 Overlapping Vulnerabilities in Workers of the Electronics Recycling Industry Formal Sector

Objective Vulnerabilities in workers performing electronics recycling (e-recycling) in the informal sector worldwide have been well documented. However, the growing electronics waste industry formal sector still brings many challenges to protect the health of workers and their environment, even in high income countries. This presentation aims to draw attention to the overlooked vulnerabilities faced by the workers of the e-recycling industry in high-income countries and to discuss the potential impact on health inequalities experienced by these workers. Methods We performed a review of the peer-reviewed and gray literature in the e-recycling industry. Results Workers in the e-recycling formal sector often come from sectors of society known to be more susceptible to exposures and health effects, such as young workers, immigrants or ethnic minorities, prisoners, and workers with mental or physical disabilities. Discussion This phenomenon in high-income countries is not restricted to the e-recycling industry alone. It is rather a symptom of more generalized macro socio-economical phenomena of challenges in line with the new gig economy and changes in the global market, and their consequences on the solid waste sector. Continued efforts to strengthen the inclusion of social aspects of health into the complex interaction of the structural vulnerabilities met by e-recycling workers will be essential to anticipate and prevent health issues in this essential but still emerging workforce, not only in high-income countries but also worldwide.
Patch-based Defenses against Web Fingerprinting Attacks

Anonymity systems like Tor are vulnerable to Website Fingerprinting (WF) attacks, where a local passive eavesdropper infers the victim's activity. WF attacks based on deep learning classifiers have successfully overcome numerous defenses. While recent defenses leveraging adversarial examples offer promise, these adversarial examples can only be computed after the network session has concluded, thus offering users little protection in practical settings. We propose Dolos, a system that modifies user network traffic in real time to successfully evade WF attacks. Dolos injects dummy packets into traffic traces by computing input-agnostic adversarial patches that disrupt the deep learning classifiers used in WF attacks. Patches are then applied to alter and protect user traffic in real time. Importantly, these patches are parameterized by a user-side secret, ensuring that attackers cannot use adversarial training to defeat Dolos. We experimentally demonstrate that Dolos provides >94% protection against state-of-the-art WF attacks under a variety of settings, including adaptive countermeasures. Dolos outperforms prior defenses both in terms of higher protection performance as well as lower bandwidth overhead. Finally, we show that Dolos is provably robust to any attack under specific, but realistic, assumptions on the setting in which the defense is deployed.
BRIDGING DISABILITY DIVIDES

This paper takes a disability studies perspective on the history of the development of web content accessibility policies in the United States. Using procedural documents, popular press accounts, and policy documents themselves, augmented by personal interviews with key participants, I sketch a critical history of accessible web development. First, I argue that the world wide web consortium accessibility guidelines (WCAG 1.0, 1999) and US government Section 508 standards (2001) emerged out of the confluence of three trends: the ongoing work on telecommunications accessibility, the increasing attention to the civil rights of people with disabilities under a social model of disability, and the development of and enthusiasm for the Internet and the Web. A key tension can be traced through these historical processes, as both documents grappled with concepts of accessibility as it related to usability, universal design principles, and disability status. In my analysis of this tension, I use the recurrent theme...
HOW TUMORS BECOME ANGIOGENIC

Publisher Summary As normal cells progress to tumorigenicity, they must develop two distinct new characteristics not possessed by the normal cells from which they arise: they must become able to multiply without restraint and they must be able to create in vivo an environment where this newly acquired growth potential can be realized. Normal cells are antiangiogenic, because they secrete only low levels of inducers of angiogenesis and high levels of molecules that inhibit neovascularization. These cells develop into successful tumors that are potently angiogenic and secrete high levels of a cocktail of molecules that induce neovascularization. It is possible to halt the production and/or release of angiogenic activity by tumor cells themselves using retinoic acid and similar compounds. Endothelial cells that form the vessels that support tumor growth can be disabled in two distinct ways. Antiangiogenic agents have distinct advantages over conventional cytotoxic cancer therapies. Although the importance of angiogenesis to the growth of tumors is now well established, the mechanism by which tumor cells develop this crucial ability to attract new blood vessels is just beginning to be explored. Available data suggest that the angiogenic phenotype develops gradually as a result of many of the same genetic changes in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that are also responsible for the deregulation of cell growth. The inhibitors of angiogenesis offer a new and promising avenue for tumor therapy.
Transcription of the constitutively expressed yeast enolase gene ENO1 is mediated by positive and negative cis-acting regulatory sequences.

Abstract There are two enolase genes, ENO1 and ENO2, per haploid yeast genome. Expression of the ENO1 gene is quantitatively similar in cells grown on glucose or gluconeogenic carbon sources. In contrast, ENO2 expression is induced more than 20-fold in cells grown on glucose as the carbon source. cis-Acting regulatory sequences were mapped within the 5'-flanking region of the constitutively expressed yeast enolase gene ENO1. A complex positive regulatory region was located 445 base pairs (bp) upstream from the transcriptional initiation site which was required for ENO1 expression in cells grown on glycolytic or gluconeogenic carbon sources. A negative regulatory region was located 160 bp upstream from the transcriptional initiation site. Sequences required for the function of this negative regulatory element were mapped to a 38-bp region. Deletion of all or a portion of these latter sequences permitted glucose-dependent induction of ENO1 expression that was quantitatively similar to that of the glucose-inducible ENO2 gene. The negative regulatory element therefore prevents glucose-dependent induction of the ENO1 gene. Hybrid 5'-flanking regions were constructed which contained the upstream regulatory sequences of one enolase gene fused at a site upstream from the TATAAA box in the other enolase gene. Analysis of the expression of enolase genes containing these hybrid 5'-flanking region showed that the positive regulatory regions of ENO1 and ENO2 were functionally similar, as were the regions extending from the TATAAA boxes to the initiation codons. Based on these studies, we conclude that the negative regulatory element plays the critical role in maintaining the constitutive expression of the ENO1 structural gene in cells grown on glucose or gluconeogenic carbon sources.
Archaeological perspectives on the effects of medieval drought in prehistoric California

Abstract Inspired by Stine's [1994. Extreme and persistent drought in California and Patagonia during Mediaeval Time. Nature 369, 546–549.] findings from Mono Lake and Graumlich's [1993. A 1000-year record of temperature and precipitation in the Sierra Nevada. Quaternary Research 39, 249–255.] tree-ring study from the southern Sierra Nevada, California archaeologists have for over a decade been investigating the possibility that prehistoric societies were noticeably impacted by severe droughts during the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (MCA; cal A.D. 800–1350). Decreased production at obsidian sources, dramatic increases in bead production, trade, and sociopolitical complexity in the Channel Islands, and subsistence changes on the central coast were among the trends attributed to drought-related demographic stress by researchers in the 1990s. Review of more recent archaeological research shows that as the search for signs of unusual cultural changes during the MCA has broadened, some of these early patterns (e.g. violence and health problems) have been found to be more complicated and regionally varied than previously thought while others (e.g., settlement disruption, deterioration of long distance trade, and population movements) have been further corroborated.
Ruptured intracranial aneurysm associated with cerebral reticulum cell sarcoma

Abstract A case of ruptured anterior communicating aneurysm with association of reticulum cell sarcoma and arteriovenous malformation is reported. Sequential CT documented the evolution of a cerebral reticulum cell sarcoma, which added complexity to the clinical course. Cranial CT, cerebral angiograms, and postmortem examination are presented.